,,h]aldry ,,z ,,art ,,h]aldry ,,z ,,art ,,an ,,accovnt ,,( ,,its ,,developm5t ,,& ,,practice ,,*iefly ,,9 ,,engl& ,,by ,g4 ,w4 ,,eve ,illu/ration ,b4 ,t4 ,,bats=d1 #id ,,high ,,holborn ,,london #aijg ,,butl] ,,tann]1 ,,! ,,selwood ,,pr9t+ ,,works1 ,,frome1 ,,& ,,london4 ,preface ,! int5tion ( ?is book is to assi/ ! work]s 9 ! _m arts t are conc]n$ ) h]aldry1 9 v>y+ degrees1 by putt+ be=e !m z simply z possible ! ess5tial pr9ciples ( h]aldic art4 ,9 ?is way x is hop$ to contribute to ! improvem5t 9 ! treatm5t ( h]aldry t is already evid5t1 z a result ( ! r5ew$ recognition ( its ornam5tal & hi/oric importance1 b :i* /ill leaves s mu* to be desir$4 ,x is hop$ t n only arti/s b also ^? :o are1 or may become1 int]e/$ 9 ?is attractive subject 9 o!r ways1 w f9d h]e9 "s helpful in=mation & direction4 ,s t ! "w ( ! arti/ & ! judgm5t & appreciation ( ! public may alike be fur!r$ by a k ( ! factors t g to make up h]aldic design & ( ! te*nique ( v>i\s me?ods ( c>ry+ x into execution4 ,to ?is end ! illu/rations h be5 select$ f a wide range ( subjects & concise descriptions ( ! v>i\s processes h be5 includ$4 ,& al?\gh ! scope ( ! book _c include all ! me?ods ( apply+ h]aldry1 9 ,bookb9d+1 ,pott]y & ,tiles = example1 ! pr9ciples t are set =? w s]ve all design]s :o prop]ly consid] ! capabilities & limitations ( _! mat]ials4 ,= _m facilities 9 ! prep>ation ( ! "w ,i "h beg to t5d] my v s9c]e ?anks4 ,to ! ,c\ntess ( ,d]by = ! graci\s loan ( h] bookplate2 to ! ,e>l ( ,m> & ,kellie = p]mission to reproduce ! %ields at ,alloa ,h\se2 to ,mr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,weldon1 ,norroy ,k+ ( ,arms1 = ! enamel plaque ( 8 cre/2 to ,mr4 ,w4 ,br9dley = a ca/ ( ! ,w>r5 %ield2 to ,mr4 ,n4 ,h4 ,j4 ,we/lake = ! ,arms ( ,que5 ,jane ,seym\r1 f 8 ,hi/ory ( ,/a9$ ,glass2 to ,messrs4 ,h>dman ( ,birm+ham = ! loan ( ! ,pug9 draw+s2 to ,messrs4 ,e4 ,c4 & ,t4 ,c4 ,jack = a reproduction ( an embroid]$ %ield4 ,my be/ ?anks are also due to ,monsieur ,emil ,levy = leave to use illu/rations f ! ,catalogue ( ! ,spitz] ,collection2 to ! ,society ( ,antiqu>ies = ! ,black ,pr9ce's %ield2 to ! ,society ( ,arts = ! loan ( sundry blocks2 & to ! (ficials ( ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum & ! ,national ,art ,libr>y = _! usual & inv>iable helpfulness4 ,f9ally ,i am especially indebt$ to my publi%]s1 ,messrs4 ,bats=d1 :o h sp>$ nei!r "t nor tr\ble on my behalf4 ,g4 ,w4 ,e4 #bc1 ,,%e5 ,,gate ,,mansions1 ,,ea/ ,,%e51 ,s4,w4 ,octob]1 #aijg4 ,cont5ts ,,page ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,introductory #a ,! ,orig9 ( ,h]aldry--,its ,uses--,symbolism--,arti/ic ,developm5t--,! ,"* ( ,m$iaeval ,treatm5t--,! ,p]sonal ,quality--,f\rte5? c5tury ,examples--,! ,influ5ce ( ! ,t\rnam5ts--,r5aissance ,h]aldry--,decad5ce--,go?ic ,revival--,! ,use ( ,examples--,! ,aims ( ,h]aldic ,design4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,evolution ,,( ,,%ield ,,=ms #af ,! ,a*ievem5t--,its ,composition & ,proportions--,modifications ( ,proportion--,! ,design ( ! ,h]aldic ,gr\p--,ess5tial ,qualities--,v>iability ( ,gr\p+--,! ,%ield--,its ,/ructure & ,%ape z a ,fight+ ,def5ce--,! ,norman ,%ield & its ,successors--,%ields 8= ,peace0--,pageant ,%ields--,h[ !y 7 ,made--,! ,t\rnam5t ,%ield--,evolution ( ,decorative ,=ms--,foliat$ ,%ields--,fifte5? & ,sixte5? ,c5tury ,examples--,fre$om 9 ,%ield ,design--,h]aldic ,accuracy--,:at is ,ess5tial4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,h]aldic ,,rules #ci ,a ,simple ,manual ( ,h]aldic ,facts--,! ,%ield ,surface--,! ,t9ctures--,divisions ( ! ,field--,ord9>ies--,sket*es 89 ,trick0--,*>ges & _! ,arrangem5t4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,animals ,,& ,,mon/]s #ff ,! ,h]aldic ,lion z a ,type--,examples ( ,v>i\s ,p]iods--,h]aldic ,"*--,obligatory ,poses & ,decorative ,di/ribution--,me?ods ( ,spac+--,*>act]ization--,imag9>y ,creatures--,unicorns1 ,dragons & ,griff9s4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,h]aldic ,,birds ,,& ,,o!r ,,figures1 ,,animate ,,& ,,inanimate #hi ,eagles--,e>ly ,types--,plan ( ,di/ribution--,o!r ,birds--,bird ,mon/]s--,human ,figures--,inanimate ,*>ges--,crosses ( _m ,=ms--,fleurs-de-lis--,examples ( ,v>i\s ,p]iods--,! ,rose--,! ,iri% ,h>p--,surface ,treatm5t--,diap]1 its use 9 ,sculpture1 ,pa9t+ & ,engrav+--,diap]s ( ,badges4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,helm1 ,,cre/ ,,& ,,mantl+ #aag ,! ,helm--,its ,/ructure--,c]emonial ,use--,developm5t z ,arm\r--,helmets & _! ,me*anism--,t\rney ,helms--,! ,cre/--,h[ ,made & ,fix$--,examples ( ,actual ,cre/s--,influ5ce ( ,practical ,conditions on _! ,pose--,difficulties 9 ,design & ,h[ to ,deal ) ,!m--,! ,pose ( ,helmets--,! ,torse--,mantl+--,its ,evolution f ,simple ,drap]y--,its ,treatm5t 9 ,relation to ,%ield & ,cre/$ ,helm--,col\r--,c]ta9 ,re/rictions4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,armorial ,,accessories #aci ,support]s--,d]ivation f ,badges--,special ,conditions ( _! ,pose--,non-,h]aldic ,support]s--,amor9i--,angels--,symbolic ,figures--,! ,eagle ( ! ,holy ,roman ,empire--,& ( ,prussia--,! ,imp]ial ,cr[n--,au?oriz$ ,type = ,pres5t ,use--,! ,coronet ( ! ,pr9ce ( ,wales--,coronets ( ,pe]s--,! ,"q ( ! ,cap--,b>onets' ,badges--,insignia ( ,knigh?ood--,! ,g>t]--,! ,coll> & ,george--,o!r ,ord]s--,relation ( ,ord]s to ! ,%ield--,_! ,importance z ,indications ( ,relative ,rank--,typical ,examples4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,me?ods ,,& ,,mat]ials #afd ,illum9ation--,practical ,directions--,me?ods ( ! ,e>ly ,illum9ators--,col\r ,treatm5t--,h]aldry 9 ,enamel--,*amplev ,enamel1 ,p]sonal & ,monum5tal--,! ,cloak ,clasp ( ,que5 ,eleanor--,! ,%ield ( ,william de ,val5ce--,/all-plates ( ! ,g>t]--8,limoges0 ,enamel--,h]aldic ,enamel by ,n>don ,p5icaud--,bassetaille--,plique-a-j\r --,h]aldry 9 ,metal--,application ( ,old ,examples to ,pres5t ,use--,bronze--,monum5tal ,brasses--,ca/ ,iron ,firebacks--,pi]c$ & ,*isell$ ,iron ,lock-plates--,keys--,rep\ss--,engrav$ ,metal--,c]emonial ,weapons & ,implem5ts--,lead-"w--,deposit$ ,metal4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,ar*itectural ,,decoration #bjd ,badges at ,blois--,& at ,hampton ,c\rt--,sculpture--,sgraffito--,gesso z a ,mat]ial = ,h]aldic ,relief--,me?ods ( ,prep>ation--,a ,s]ies ( ,%ields 9 ,pa9t$ ,gesso--,pok] ,"w--,s*emes ( ,decoration--,/a9$ ,glass--,te*nical ,conditions--,col\r ,s*eme--,work+ ,draw+s--,pug9's ,designs = ! ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t--,p[ell's ,draw+s--,armorial ,w9d[s at ,ockwells ,manor--,pa9t$ ,w9d[s 9 ,flor5ce--,! ,swiss ,pa9t$ ,glass--,holbe94 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,embroid]$ ,,h]aldry #bdf ,surcoats--,b>d+s--,embroid]$ ,l95--,bann]s--,appliqu ,"w--,embroid]$ ,badges--,! ,toison d'or ( ,*>les ! ,bold--,/&>ds--,! ,proportions ( ,bann]s f ,e>ly ,times--,! ,direction ( _! ,*>ges & ! ,reasons !re=--,! ,composition ( ! ,union ,jack--,practical ,explanation ( its ,con/ruction--,pa9t$ ,bann]s--,h[ ,prep>$--,trumpet ,bann]s--,h]aldic ,lace4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,"s ,,miscellane\s ,,*>ges #bfg ,h]aldic ,cr[ns--,*aplets--,r\ndels--,knots4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,m>ks ,,( ,,cad5cy #bhf ,! ,orig9 ( ! ,label--,its ,%ape & ,v>ieties--,ord9>y ,m>ks ( ,cad5cy--,_! ,significance--,h[ ,display$--,royal ,cad5cy--,! ,di/+ui%+ ,m>ks ( ,cad5cy ( ,pres5t ,p]sonages ( ! ,blood ,royal4 ,,index #bic ,,analytical ,,index ,,to ,,illu/rations #cjc ,,h]aldry ,,z ,,art ,,*apt] ,i ,introductory ,9 deal+ ) h]aldry f ! arti/'s po9t ( view1 z a decorative subject :i* (f]s int]e/+ scope = te*nical ef=t1 x w n be necess>y to g ov]mu* into ! "q ( its orig91 nor to elaborate its hi/ory beyond :at is ne$$ to give su* k ( its me?ods z may help ! do+ ( pres5t "w or ! intellig5t appreciation ( ! old4 ,nev]!less1 ! ar*aeological aspect ( ! subject1 ! conditions & rules ( its exi/5ce1 mu/ also be c>efully /udi$ 9 ord] to ensure ! correctness ( ! /atem5t t h]aldry makes & ( :i* h]aldic art is ! expression4 ,z = its orig91 we may safely say t h]aldry1 9 its ess5ce1 began :5 man fir/ us$ natural =ms to symbolize1 & ascribe to himself1 ^? qualities--/r5g?1 c\rage1 cunn+--:i* he _h full cause to recognize 9 ! bea/s ) :om he /ruggl$ = exi/5ce2 :5 he reproduc$1 z well z he c\ld1 _! f]oci\s aspect1 to /rike t]ror into 8 human enemies :ile satisfy+ 8 own w>like vanity1 & s adopt$ !m z badges or ev5 z totems4 ,9 ,europe h]aldry began to be sy/ematiz$ 7z we "k x7 some:]e ab\t ! elev5? c5tury1 & x fl\ri%$ exce$+ly until ab\t ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 ! p]iod ?us indicat$ be+ t ( its greate/ /r5g? & beauty4 ,! developm5t ( def5sive arm\r dictat$ ! plac+ on x ( ! badges t _h = long be5 us$ 9 o!r ways1 s t1 be+ depict$ on ! %ield1 !y became ! arms1 & became ! cre/ :5 display$ on ! head-piece4 ,! device work$ on ! g>m5t :i* cov]$ ! body arm\r made x a v]itable coat ( arms1 & ?is t]m1 z well z t ( coat arm\r1 came 9 "t to be also appli$ to ! simil> armorials ( ! %ield4 ,! ,crusades1 9 _! aggregation ( troops ( v>i\s nationalities1 help$ to ext5d1 9 %[+ ! necessity =1 a regul> sy/em ( h]aldry z a means ( di/+ui%+ "o p>ty f ano!r1 & ! feudal sy/em itself ) its num]\s gr\ps1 ea* "u its knightly or noble head 9 ev]-ext5d+ subord9ation1 conduc$ to ! same end4 ,! ,t\rnam5ts :i* play$ s brilliant a "p 9 ! spl5d\rs ( ! ,middle ,ages also af=d$ fre% & greate/ scope = h]aldic magnific5ce4 ,be+ re/rict$ = ! mo/ "p to competitors ( noble bir?1 _m ( :om 7 attract$ f di/ant places1 !y af=d$ opportunity = obs]vation & comp>ison ( ! v>i\s be>+s4 ,!y naturally sugge/$ ! inclusion ( =eign z well z native armorials 9 ! h]aldic ,,ms4 ( ! times1 z we f9d !m depict$ 9 ! ,rolls ( ,arms4 ,! necessity = well-ord]$ arrangem5t soon made itself felt1 & !nce 0 evolv$ sy/ematic h]aldry z x n[ exi/s4 ,! rules ?us orig9at$1 be+ bas$ on ! ev]-pres5t difficulties :i* arose 9 ! actual use ( coat arm\r1 7 admirable = _! purpose1 = !y 7 devis$ ) a common-s5se reg>d = ! conditions "u :i* !y 7 to be appli$1 7 at fir/ simple & !re=e easily und]/ood4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ! arms 7 display$ 0 ! mo/ conspicu\s t 0 possible1 e suitable space t (f]$ itself be+ employ$ to be> !m 9 "o =m or ano!r4 ,?us 9 "t !y appe>$ on ! %ield1 helmet & surcoat1 & also on ! ailettes1 ^? flat pieces ( /eel :i* 7 us$ to /ill fur!r deflect a bl[ :i* _h slid f ! helmet & might o!rwise h injur$ ! %\ld]4 ,! use ( h]aldry 9 battle or t\rnam5t by no means exhau/$ its possibilities1 h[ev]1 = ev5 9 ! w>like ,middle ,ages armorials 7 us$ by prie/s & wom51 & by /atesm5 ^: s]vices 7 ^? ( ! c\ncil *amb] r ?an ( ! field4 ,9 e case _! /rong p]sonal & allusive quality 0 felt to ! full1 & int5sifi$ ! human int]e/ 9 ord9>y ?+s4 ,s t ! enamell$ broo* ( ,que5 ,eleanor1 ) its arms ( h] w>rior husb& ,edw>d ,i l9k$ ) h] own1 becomes some?+ m ?an a m]e fa/5+2 & ! armorial robes ( ! noble wife :o we>s h] husb&'s armorials on h] mantle1 cov]+ & protect+ h] own arms embroid]$ on h] g[n1 are made beautiful expressions ( a *ivalr\s idea4 ,h]aldry 0 made especially int]e/+ by ! symbolic mean+s :i* x embodi$1 ?us express+ 9 its own way a v univ]sal desire = significance 9 decorative =ms4 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages1 especially full z !y 7 ( militant f]v\r & *ivalric my/icism1 symbolism ent]$ into ev]y?+4 ,n ! h]aldry alone b e "p ( a knight's arm\r _h a my/ic mean+1 ! k ( :i* 0 an important "p ( a knightly education4 ,_m ( ^! mean+s are qua9tly set =? 9 "o ( ! books t ,caxton pr9t$1 ,! ,ord] ( ,*ivalry4 ,!re9 ! %ield is consid]$ z ! especial emblem ( its be>] & ( 8 knightly duty1 = 8l z ! /roke falle? d[n ^u ! %ield & save? ! knight "r s ! knight ought to app>el him & pres5t 8 body t(ore 8 "l :5 he is 9 p]il hurt or tak540 ,ev5 ! mann] ( do+ ?+s 0 und]laid by beautiful ideas4 ,s he :o bore ! sword ( ,ju/ice 9 a c]emony 0 enjo9$ to be> x truly upright1 = ,ju/ice %\ld lean nei!r to "o side nor ! o!r1 b be imp>tial betwe5 ! two4 ,besides ! creatures 7lions & s =?7 :i* 7 tak5 to signify /r5g?1 c\rage1 fidelity & o!r virtues1 !re 7 also ^? :i* symboliz$ ! great my/]y ( ! p]petuation ( life1 :i* has appeal$ to ! imag9ation ( man ?r\gh\t hi/oric times4 ,! ,peacock1 9 ! p]iodical r5ew+ ( 8 spl5d\r ( plumage2 ! ,swan1 em]g+ 9 spotless beauty f ! dusky obscurity ( its cygnet /ate1 bo? express$ ?is univ]sal idea4 ,to ,*ri/ian *ivalry ! ,peacock typifi$ ! ,resurrection & !re=e ,immortality1 & ! ,swan became ! emblem ( t cult ( womanhood :i* 0 s beautiful & *>act]i/ic ( knightly reg>d4 ,! symbolism ( ! ,cross & ! emblems ( sa9ts & m>tyrs =m a l>ge "p ( h]aldry1 z is natural4 ,plants & fl[]s 7 naturally tak5 to express beautiful qualities--con/ancy1 purity1 love--z ) simil> int5tion !y may /ill be acceptably employ$ 9 ! wrea?s & g>l&s :i* are1 on occasion1 associat$ ) armorials4 ,symbolism ( ?is k9d has be5 lo/ to h]aldry1 n1 h[ev]1 leav+ x )\t significance2 = arms h also allusive mean+s t are no less int]e/+ z records ( incid5ts t are ?\ght wor?y ( remembrance4 ,_m m$iaeval be>+s orig9at$ 9 ?is way1 ! belt & buckles ( ,pelham1 :i* commemorate ! capture ( ! ,fr5* k+ at ,poiti]s1 = in/ance4 ,! m mod]n k9d ( h]aldic symbolism occurs 9 ! arms ( ! great ,admiral ,sir ,cl\desley ,%ovel1 :o commemorat$ 8 victory ov] ! fleets ( ,turkey & ,france at ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury by add+ two cresc5ts 9 *ief1 & a fleur-de-lis 9 base to 8 exi/+ coat1 gules a *evron erm9e4 ,9 our own "t successful g5]als embody 9 _! armorials ! badges ( regim5ts ) :i* !y h be5 connect$1 or be> allusions to places :]e _! successes h be5 won4 ,9 a m peaceful field ! skill & assiduity ( a di/+ui%$ physician may be rew>d$ by ! addition to 8 arms ( "s "p ( ! ,royal insignia1 to m>k = all "t ! s]vices he has r5d]$ to ! ,/ate4 ,su* arms are conf]r$ by special grant1 & are call$ ,arms ( ,augm5tation or ,augm5tations ( ,hon\r4 ,9 ?is way ! inh]5t qualities ( h]aldry are se5 to be v /able & to rema9 con/ant ?r\gh ! ages 9 spite ( *anges ( mann]s & ( g5]al environm5t4 ,our h]aldry1 :i* quickly rea*$ a high degree ( decorative excell5ce1 develop$ z a sy/em1 9 a natural way1 on ! l9e ( its own necessities2 z did its arti/ic expression 9 a great measure1 ?\gh ! latt] ow$ mu* to transmitt$ designs & 7ma9ly ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ! textiles & o!r importations7 help$ to p]petuate 9 ,we/]n art ! bea/s & birds & /range composite conceptions ( ! ,ea/4 ,^! anci5t prototypes ( famili> h]aldic =ms are s+ul>ly int]e/+1 z sometimes possess+ 9 a v m>k$ degree qualities1 su* z vigor\s expression & *>act]i/ic g5]alization ( =m1 :i* tea* valuable lessons 9 _! application to mod]n use4 ,al?\gh at fir/ ! m$iaeval draughtsman foll[$ ! draw+ ( 8 import$ or traditional motives v closely 7z 9 ! lions ( "s ( ! ?irte5? c5tury ,,mss4 & seals71 he soon began to treat !m 9 8 own way1 ! way t came to be consid]$ peculi>ly h]aldic4 ,9 ?us h&l+ 8 motives he 0 entirely himself1 & ! outcome 0 ! natural result ( ! spl5did s5se ( design :i* *>act]iz$ him4 ,! /yle is rightly consid]$ purely h]aldic because x arose f its own h]aldic conditions1 & 0 ! result ( ! v sane int5tion t ! ?+ done %\ld be suit$ to ! use to :i* x 0 to be put1 viz4 to s]ve z a di/9ctive badge :i* c\ld be se51 & easily read at a di/ance or :5 9 motion4 ,su* conditions dictat$ simple directness ( treatm5t & result$ 9 t bold cle> def9ition :i* comb9$ ) good di/ribution & ! f9e balance ( col\r t results f x1 to produce a v decorative :ole4 ,?us1 z s frequ5tly happ5s 9 o!r ways1 ! treatm5t at fir/ sugge/$ by reasons ( practical conv5i5ce result$ 9 an effect ( great decorative value4 ,! me?od ( depict+ ! patt]n-l figures v>i$1 z 0 natural1 ) ! mat]ials employ$ & ) o!r v>y+ circum/ances1 &1 :]e opportunity s]v$1 a high degree ( elaboration 0 rea*$2 b :e!r ! treatm5t 0 simple or elaborate1 bread? ( effect & decorative quality are ne>ly always conspicu\s4 ,! v>i\s me?ods ( work+1 ea* satisfactory 9 its own way1 are extremely int]e/+1 z giv+ hi/oric sanction to ! *oice ( treatm5t 9 h]aldic expression1 & 9 opposition to ! n>r[ view t z a c]ta9 k9d ( "w admirably suits its purpose 9 its own place t same treatm5t %\ld be obligatory 9 all o!r cases4 ,! old "w confirms ! broad] view1 s t :5 a flat treatm5t1 = example1 9 h>mony or 9 contra/ ) surr\nd+ decoration1 seems desirable1 ! armorials may be done flatly2 & :51 on ! o!r h&1 a m elaborate treatm5t seems fit1 modell+ 9 relief or any o!r means ( decorative expression may be prop]ly employ$4 ,nev]!less1 ! broad-m9d$ advice to 8d z y l0 has be5 sometimes tak5 too lit]ally4 ,ord] z well z fre$om is necess>y to ! do+ ( good "w1 & t c only be secur$ by /udy ( ! subject f ! sy/ematic or ar*aeological1 z well z f ! arti/ic side4 ,h]aldic art rea*$ its greate/ /r5g? 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 z appe>s 9 :at 0 p]haps ! mo/ beautiful example ( ! "w ( ! p]iod1 ! %ield ( arms 9 ,cant]bury ,ca!dral1 said to be t ( ,edw>d ! ,black ,pr9ce 7,fig4 #a74 ,x is probably "o ( ! %ields t 7 us$ = 8 fun]al4 ,"h ! lions ( ! ,engli% coat are admirably di/ribut$ & are full ( p[] & _s4 ,! fleurs-de-lis ( ,france are beautifully free & graceful1 & are equally well-design$ to occupy _! spaces & z well proportion$ to !m4 ,! :ole "w1 :i* is s valuable a lesson 9 ! be/ qualities ( h]aldic design1 has suff]$ f ! we> ( ! c5turies2 b suffici5t rema9s to %[ t :5 un9jur$ x mu/ h be5 sup]b4 ,h]aldic art cont9u$ f9ely decorative & expressive = a v consid]able "t until ! =ms :i* _h %[n s mu* spontaneity became m patt]n-l1 rev]t+ 9 a measure to ! "* ( su* ( ! e>li] figures z m ne>ly reproduc$ ^? ( ! textiles2 = ! f\rte5? c5tury examples1 su* z t to :i* we h j ref]r$1 %[ a consci\s ef=t to express ! attributes ( /r5g? & vitality :i* 7 associat$ ) & 7 symboliz$ by ! animals t 7 depict$4 ,9 ! late m$iaeval "w ?is vivify+ =ce became weak5$ "u ! numb+ influ5ce t is insep>able f ! reit]at$ use ( =ms t h become /]eotyp$4 ,9 respect to ! appeal :i* visible expression makes to ! ord9>y m9d z oppos$ to m]e diagrammatic indication1 ! be/ "w ( ! f\rte5? c5tury 9 its ef=t to depict recogniz$ attributes l9ks itself 9 int5tion ) ! "w ( ! ,r5aissance1 al?\gh ! me?ods t 7 employ$ diff]$ s greatly4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--,%ield ( ! ,black ,pr9ce 9 ,cant]bury ,ca!dral4 ,f\rte5? ,c5tury4 ,at ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury ! p]sonal be>+ ( h]aldry 9 w> _h almo/ ceas$1 b x rema9$ an important feature ( ! t\rnam5ts dur+ ! :ole p]iod ( _! exi/5ce4 ,besides satisfy+ ! m>tial s5se :i* ev] delights 9 brilliance & col\r1 x also gratifi$ ! desire = ! expression ( mean+ 9 decoration1 a m5tal attitude :i* h]aldry exactly fitt$4 ,& h]aldry !nce=w>d became ma9ly decorative1 :ile reta9+ ! allusive & symbolic qualities t are h>dly sep>able f x4 ,9 ,tudor times ! numb] ( armorials increas$ 9 a v m>k$ degree1 no d\bt %>+ 9 ! impetus giv5 to ! arts 9 ,engl& by ! mu*-ne$$ peace :i* foll[$ ! dyna/ic w>s ( ,york & ,lanca/]4 ,z ?\gh to l9k x ) t welcome ev5t1 beautiful & simple fl[]s add$ _! *>m to h]aldry 9 notable quantity1 & gillyfl[]s1 columb9e1 m>ygold1 & _m m1 appe> on %ields ( arms & 9 cre/s1 z well z 9 ! g>l&s :i* 7 s admirably us$ z decorative accessories to ! armorials4 ,! ,go?ic h]aldry1 9 common ) ! o!r decorative arts1 hav+ become =maliz$ into a /yle f :i* ! human int]e/ _h to a great ext5t gone1 a *ange took place 9 h>mony ) ! new feel+2 b 9 ! revolt f ! =malism ( late ,go?ic art h]aldry frequ5tly w5t to ! opposite extreme1 & employ$ naturali/ic =ms 9 an unsuitable way4 ,mu* ( ! ,r5aissance "w1 h[ev]1 reta9$ "s ( ! be/ qualities ( ! ,go?ic1 9 ! pose ( ! figures & 9 ! g5]al composition1 :ile 9 addition x attempt$ a m detail$ *>act]ization ?an be=e4 ,9 _m respects x 0 v admirable & seems1 9 its sugge/ion ( individual ?\ght work+ on ! traditions ( an old] /yle1 to sugge/ ! l9es on :i* mod]n h]aldic design might develop4 ,g]man h]aldry has foll[$ ^! l9es to a l>ge ext5t1 & ?\gh x has p]haps become ov]-florid1 is /ill full ( pro(s ( ! advantage :i* results f cont9u$ t\* ) ! ,go?ic4 ,9 ?is c\ntry !re _h be5 a con/ant succession ( =eign masons & sculptors1 f ! "t :51 9 ! twelf? c5tury1 ! ,fr5*man ,william ( ,s5s came to re/ore ,cant]bury ,ca!dral1 & ! ,r5aissance /yle probably receiv$ its mo/ effective impetus 9 ,engl& f ,torregiano & 8 fell[ ,flor5t9e arti/s :5 !y sup]s$$ ! native work]s 9 ! design+ & c>ry+ out ( ! tombs ( ,h5ry ,,vii & o!rs 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,! k+'s tomb 0 begun 9 #aejc1 & is a useful l&m>k 9 ! hi/ory ( ! evolution ( h]aldic /yle4 ,f ?is & simil> works ! ,engli% sculptors & design]s le>nt ! me?ods ( t revival ( art on classic l9es :i* _h become develop$ 9 ,italy = ne>ly a c5tury be=e x made s def9ite an impression "h4 ,! "w t 0 produc$ "u ^! influ5ces 0 m>k$ by great vitality1 v>iety & grace1 until x1 9 its turn1 became weak & un9t]e/+1 s t by ! sev5te5? c5tury x _h deg5]at$ into %e] /iff ugl9ess t x is almo/ impossible to connect ) ! graceful /r5g? ( its prototypes4 ,holbe91 :o work$ "h 7except = a %ort int]val7 f #aebf until 8 dea?1 execut$1 besides 8 pa9t+s1 _m designs = goldsmi?'s "w & s =?1 & has left "s few h]aldic draw+s1 probably designs = ! decoration ( books1 su* z d$icatory plates1 or = /a9$ glass2 b ! ,italian influ5ce 0 ov]p[]+1 & he left little p]man5t impression on h]aldic /yle4 ,an example ( 8 h]aldry may be ref]r$ to 9 ,fig4 #bba1 p4 #bdc4 ,z "t w5t on1 & ! practical use ( h]aldry 9 ! field became m remote1 ! s5se ( proportion became weak5$1 ! decorative di/ribution ( ! e>ly "w 0 no long] s\ght aft]1 & ! g5]al loss ( grip is ev]y:]e p]ceptible 9 ! design2 :ile 9 ! execution1 especially 9 lat] times1 m9ute f9i% ( detail took ! place ( ! e>li] bread? ( treatm5t4 ,! m>k$ inf]iority ( ! h]aldry to ! o!r decorative "w ( its "t 7a fault t is frequ5tly visible 9 ! "w ( ! pres5t day7 po9ts to a g5]al loss ( int]e/ 9 ! expression ( h]aldry1 al?\gh its use 0 t5aci\sly adh]$ to1 & x is abundantly evid5t t 9 ! p]iod :i* ext5d$ f ! e>ly sev5te5? c5tury until rec5t times reg>d = h]aldry 7:5 su* reg>d exi/$ at all except z a m]e desire ( display7 0 ma9ly direct$ to its sy/ematic side & to ! ev]-increas+ detail ( its rules & prec$5ts4 ,h[ev]1 ! ,go?ic revival 9 ! e>ly "p ( la/ c5tury aga9 direct$ att5tion to h]aldry1 & ! "w ( ,willim5t1 ,pug91 ,p[ell1 ,burges & o!rs1 %[$ once m h[ decoratively & expressively x c\ld be h&l$ :5 x 0 s]i\sly /udi$ & appli$4 ,) ref]5ce to ! old examples1 a /udy ( :i* is absolutely necess>y 9 ord] to und]/& ! pr9ciples :i* und]lie all h]aldic design1 x w be well to s\nd a note ( w>n+ aga9/ mak+ a feti% ( ! "w ( any p]iod1 h[ev] good2 aga9/ m]e copy+ ( old examples h[ev] excell5t1 except1 ( c\rse1 = purposes ( /udy4 ,to m]ely copy & piece toge!r bits ( prec$5t is n ! way to make an arti/ic ?+ at all4 ,a copy c h no vitality ( its own1 & _c ev5 reproduce t ( its orig9al4 ,ev5 ,pug9 & ,p[ell _c be said1 9 spite ( all _! sympa?y & p[] ( draughtsman%ip1 to h altoge!r succe$$ 9 sugge/+ ! int5se vig\r :i* *>act]iz$ ! "w ( ! orig9als t 7 foll[$4 ,a broad view mu/ be tak5 if new "w is to h>monize ) new conditions or be any?+ m ?an a m]e %ad[ ( a prec$+ /yle4 ,h]aldry 9 ord] to be expressive & int]e/+ ought to be orig9al1 or p]haps "o %\ld r say individual1 9 treatm5t2 an ef=t to express itself by means ( ! arti/ic qualities t ! old "w possesses & tea*es u to admire1 r ?an a copy ( its =ms4 ,by orig9al is meant some?+ t ! arti/ ?9ks out = himself1 8 individual expression ( :at he wi%es to convey1 ) all ! help t he c obta9 f 8 k ( previ\s "w1 b )\t feel+ himself b\nd to imitate x4 ,po9ts ( resemblance are inevitable4 ,x is h>dly possible to avoid %[+ ! influ5ce ( ! examples f :i* ! arti/ has le>nt 8 craft1 nor does x matt]2 b :5 ! copy is int5tional & ! int5tion /ops at t1 ! "w ceases to int]e/ z individual design4 ,all /yles %\ld be /udi$ = ! sake ( ! lessons !y may tea* 9 ! application ( ! ord9>y pr9ciples ( design to correct h]aldic motives1 =1 aft] all1 t & fitness are :at con/itute good h]aldry4 ,composition1 ! balance ( mass & arrangem5t ( l9e1 ) all _! v>i\s possibilities1 may be le>n$ f all =ms & /yles ( art1 pictorial z well z ornam5tal1 t is itself bas$ on s\nd pr9ciples4 ,! appreciation ( su* po9ts & _! satisfactory application con/itute :at we "k z ! s5se & p[] ( design1 & !y mu/ be und]/ood be=e "o c pret5d to practise or discuss x4 ,h]aldry 9 its sett+ =? may be reg>d$ 9 two ways4 ,z ! depict+ ( an actual %ield1 cre/1 helm & s =?1 z !y w\ld be %[n 9 a picture ( a t\rnam5t1 = in/ance2 or1 z a pres5tation ( ! h]aldic facts 9 ! way t is ?\ght mo/ expressive )\t hav+ too mu* reg>d to prec$+ r5d]+s4 ,! =m] way seems m suitable to ! execution ( anci5t & hi/oric arms or ( su* z are to accompany ,go?ic surr\nd+s1 & ! latt] to be m likely to h>monize ) mod]n decorative conditions1 z well z to possess m vitality & v>iety 9 itself4 ,?is h>mony ) surr\nd+ decoration1 :e!r on a wall or 9 a book or 9 any o!r way1 is "o ( ! ess5tials ( good design & mu/ be cont9ually kept 9 m9d4 ,ano!r1 equally important1 is t "w %\ld be design$ ) direct reg>d to ! mat]ials & me?ods by :i* x is to be done4 ,^! v obvi\s po9ts _c be too (t5 insi/$ ^u1 h[ev] we>isome ! reit]ation1 = neglect ( !m is at ! bottom ( mo/ bad "w4 ,c>eless treatm5t ( ! h]aldry1 ) :i* x is1 nev]!less1 oblig$ to deal m or less1 soon] or lat]1 seems to p]vade appli$ art & to spoil :at is o!rwise m]itori\s "w4 ,d\btless mu* ( ! mis*ief arises f fe> le/ improv+ ! draw+ or composition may violate h]aldic rules2 & ?is br+s u to ! necessity ( acquir+ s mu* k ( ! sy/ematic side ( h]aldry z w suffice to %[ :at po9ts are really ess5tial 7& !re=e to be c>efully pres]v$ & if ne$ be acc5t$71 & :at1 on ! o!r h&1 may be modifi$ or ignor$4 ,?is may be/ be done by /udy ( ! sy/em ( h]aldic description kn[n z blazon1 :i* is describ$ fur!r on4 ,b be=e proce$+ to d s x w be necess>y to deal fir/ ) an h]aldic composition z a :ole4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,evolution ( ,%ield ,=ms ,! armorial gr\p1 call$ an 8,a*ievem5t0 ( ,arms1 pr9cipally consi/s ( ! %ield & ! cre/1 ! latt] support$ on its helm1 & accompani$ by ! mantl+ or lambrequ9s1 & 9 addition1 mottoes1 coronets1 support]s & o!r accessories prop] to ! occasion may =m "p ( its composition4 ,! t]m 8a*ievem5t0 7sometimes corrupt$ into hat*m5t7 may be appli$ to any h]aldic gr\p :e!r x be a complete pres5tation ( full armorials or only a select$ "p ( !m4 ,9 ! simple arrangem5t ( %ield1 helmet & cre/1 ! proportion ( ! p>ts to ea* o!r rema9$ fairly con/ant f ! end ( ! ?irte5? c5tury d[n to ! ,r5aissance1 t is to say ?r\gh\t ! :ole m$iaeval p]iod1 & may be tak5 r\ghly to be r m ?an two-fif?s ( ! :ole height = ! %ield & r less ?an ?ree-fif?s = ! helmet & cre/4 ,?is1 x ne$ h>dly be said1 mu/ n be tak5 = actual measurem5t1 b only z sugge/+ ! relative weight 9 ! design ( its compon5t p>ts4 ,! result ( ^! proportions is to br+ ! helm a little above ! actual middle ( ! composition1 & its place is !n f\nd to be a v satisfactory "o1 9 :i* x s]ves z a c5tral po9t on :i* ! o!r objects gr\p !mselves4 ,!re is also se5 to be due scope = ! cle> def9ition ( ! details ( bo? arms & cre/1 :ile !re is an appropriate sugge/ion ( dignity 9 ! :ole effect4 ,! pr9cipal arti/s ( ! ,r5aissance1 ,dr] above all1 appe> to h fully appreciat$ ?is1 simil> proportions appe>+ 9 ! be/ type ( ,r5aissance "w z 9 t ( ! ,go?ic p]iod4 ,su* proportions 7 no d\bt sugge/$ by ^? ( ! actual ?+s !mselves1 b n :olly s2 = 9 o!r cases ! object ( ! arti/ 0 r to display ! armorials to ! be/ effect ?an to copy _! appe>ance :5 !y 7 be+ us$ 9 ano!r way4 ,fig4 #b1 ! rev]se ( ! ,great ,seal ( ,h5ry ,,iv1 a spl5did example ( ! seal engrav]'s art1 is an int]e/+ illu/ration ( h[ armorials 7 borne by man & horse1 z well z ( _! approximate proportion4 ,an example ( ! influ5ce ( local consid]ations 9 modify+ proportion is ! gr\p :i* occupies ! middle ( ! canopy ( ! tomb1 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey1 ( ,l\is ,robs>t1 ,"l ,b\r*i]1 :o 0 /&>d-be>] to ,h5ry ,v4 ,! %ield is m9imis$ z mu* z possible because its be>+s appe> l>ge & bold on ! c>v$ bann]s at ! sides2 ! cre/1 h[ev]1 n occurr+ else:]e on ! monum5t1 is comp>atively enorm\s4 ,9 ?is case ! %ield t is associat$ ) ! cre/ is de/itute ( *>ges1 :i* may1 h[ev]1 h be5 modell$ 9 gesso on ! /one & h disappe>$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--,seal ( ,h5ry ,,iv4 ,rev]se4 ,9 a simil> way ! arms 9 ! gr\p ov] ! po9t ( ! ar* ( ! *antry ( ,h5ry ,v ne> by are extremely small1 a "p ( ! mantl+ is ev5 all[$ to fall ov] !m1 because !y are fully display$ on ! %ields support$ by angels 9 ! sp&rils bel[4 ,! %ape ( ! space t is available = display+ ! a*ievem5t & ! "* ( ! be>+s also influ5c$ proportion1 s t a cre/ may be exagg]at$1 or a %ield may be comp>atively enl>g$1 9 ! latt] case 9 ord] to accommodate qu>t]+s p]haps1 & ! s5se ( proportion may /ill be satisfi$ because ( ! evid5t reason = ! treatm5t4 ,! object ( an a*ievem5t be+ to display ! armorials 9 ! mo/ di/9ctive way1 x foll[s t ! subord9ate p>ts ( x1 especially ! helmet & mantl+1 %\ld all be design$ to t end1 t _! l9es %\ld compose 9 su* a way z to conc5trate ! att5tion on ! m important subjects1 & t _! details1 h[ev] intricate1 %\ld n detract f a broad effect4 ,9 %ort1 !y %\ld be s arrang$ z to support ! c5tral motive & n to compete ) x4 ,:atev] ! /yle ( ! design x %\ld fir/ ( all express ! subject 9 ! mo/ explicit way1 & c>efully avoid lett+ scrolls out%9e ! cre/ or mantl+ di/ract att5tion f ! %ield :i* is encompass$ by x4 ,*oice ( me?od %\ld naturally be bas$ on ! desire to repres5t ?+s 9 ! mo/ direct way & by ! simple/ means t are suitable to ! purpose 9 h&1 us+ exactly ! "r am\nt ( elaboration1 f ! p]fect simplicity dem&$ by a figure 9 p]=at$ iron1 ?r\gh ! v>y+ detail ( diff]5t =ms ( appli$ art1 /a9$ glass1 enamel1 modell+1 c>v+1 pa9t+ & engrav+4 ,!re is always great *>m ab\t simple treatm5t t is at ! same "t expressive1 b ! "r simplicity c only be rea*$ ?r\gh k1 & is a v diff]5t ?+ f ! empt9ess :i* ignorance hopes to h mi/ak5 = x4 ,cle>ness ( /atem5t express$ by vig\r ( draw+1 beauty ( l9e1 balance ( mass & h>moni\s coh]5ce ( composition1 are obvi\sly ess5tial qualities2 & :5 to ^! are add$ suitability to environm5t & mat]ial1 ! result w be t expression ( rightness :i* con/itutes /yle1 :atev] ! /yle may be4 ,h]aldic accuracy is assum$ z a matt] ( c\rse1 = h]aldry t is n accurate /ultifies itself4 ,! usual gr\p+ ( an a*ievem5t 0 sugge/$1 no d\bt1 by ! me?od ( display+ armorials 9 processions & o!r c]emonials1 :5 ! cre/$ & mantl$ helmet 0 plac$ on a lance /aff or "s simil> support1 & ! %ield 0 hung bel[ by its guige4 ,t ! gr\p+ 0 also a natural "o is visible 9 ! seal ( ,h5ry ,,iv 7p4 #ah71 especially if we imag9e ! figure to be se5 f ! opposite side4 ,!re is no?+ h]aldically ess5tial 9 arrang+ ! armorials 9 ?is ord]1 = ! cre/ may be plac$ 9 any o!r relation to ! %ield t circum/ances may r5d] pref]able4 ,:51 = in/ance1 x is undesirable to pile up ! design 9 height ! cre/ is plac$ at ! side ( ! %ield4 ,! e>lie/ in/ance ( :i* ,i am aw>e is t ( ,"l ,basset ( ,drayton1 ^: arms ?us appe>$ on 8 /all-plate z a ,knight ( ! ,g>t]4 ,9 su* cases x is usually mo/ conv5i5t to pose ! cre/ on ! true "r ( ! %ield because ! sw+ back ( ! mantl+ s]ves admirably to tie up ! :ole design1 b !re is no reason :y ! positions %\ld n be rev]s$ if ! l9es c be made to compose satisfactorily2 t is to say1 x is only a matt] ( ornam5tal design & n 9 any way ( h]aldic "r or wrong4 ,,! ,,%ield4--,9 ! application ( badges to ! di/9ctive decoration ( arm\r1 :5ce arose ! t]m armory = ! sci5ce ( h]aldry1 ! %ield naturally s+l$ itself out to be made ( especial importance z ! mo/ suitable space on :i* to display ! device2 = n only 0 x mo/ conspicu\s f its position ) reg>d to ! re/ ( ! arm\r1 b its deta*ability1 & ! facility ) :i* x c\ld be hung by its guige f "s suitable support1 r5d]$ x a ready means ( repres5t+ its ma/] 9 c]emonials & pageants4 ,z su* a repres5tative x became ! pr9cipal vehicle ( hon\rable di/9ctions1 & conv]sely 0 also made a means ( puni%+ misconduct4 ,! decorative value ( %ields _h be5 recogniz$ f ! e>lie/ times2 on ! ,greek pott]y1 = example1 !y appe> be>+ ! symbolic repres5tations ( birds1 lions & o!r animals1 :i* are !re drawn ) all ! vigor\s beauty & s5se ( design t we %\ld naturally expect f su* a s\rce4 ,9 ! ,roman sculptures also %ields frequ5tly occur1 ( ^: %apes "s 7 to reappe> at ! ,r5aissance4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,back ( ,fig4 #d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,norman ,%ield4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4 ,elev5? ,c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4 ,back ( ,fig4 #e4 ,! ,norman %ields1 z !y are repres5t$ 9 ! ,bayeux tape/ry1 9 e>ly c>v+s & 9 seals1 7 long & n>r[1 & ! lea!r guige by :i* !y c\ld be susp5d$ f ! neck 0 already 9 use1 z well z ! o!r ?ongs :i* s]v$ z arm & h& holds 7,figs4 #c & #f71 & 7 s arrang$ z to p]mit ! grasp to be appli$ 9 a v>iety ( ways z ! positions ( ! %ield might dem&4 ,! two sets ( grips1 call$ en>mes1 t are "h %[n w s]ve to make cle> ! g5]al arrangem5t1 b _! plac+ v>i$ consid]ably1 & 0 naturally adapt$ to individual requirem5ts & peculi>ities4 ,! %ields 7 /rongly curv$ 9 a horizontal direction1 p>tially encircl+ ! body &1 9 _m in/ances1 _h 9 ! c5tre a project+ boss or umbo4 ,!y 7 r\nd$ at ! top1 z 9 ,fig4 #e1 or ! top 0 /raight ) r\nd$ com]s1 z 9 ,fig4 #d4 ,be+ po9t$ at ! base !y 7 capable ( be+ ?ru/ into ! gr\nd1 s z to be easily held 9 position by m5 fight+ on foot1 to :om !y =m$ a v effici5t def5ce1 be+ ab\t #d feet high1 9 comb9ation ) ! h$ge ( lances t accompani$ !m4 ,_! wid? 0 ab\t #b feet or p]haps a little m4 ,!y usually consi/$ ( a f\ndation ( wood cov]$ ) /rong ?icknesses ( lea!r1 additionally /r5g!n$ ) b&s & bosses ( metal1 & 7 (t5 ri*ly pa9t$1 & ev51 x is said1 sometimes adorn$ ) gems4 ,! r\nd-topp$ po9t$ %ield appe>s on ! seals = a consid]able l5g? ( "t1 & 9 ,italy has nev] gone out ( decorative use4 ,?r\gh\t ! elev5? & twelf? c5turies ! ,norman %ield rema9$ ) v little modification1 & 0 !re=e ! fir/ %ape to :i* regul> h]aldry 0 appli$4 ,! subjects1 besides ! armorials :i* 7 gradually increas+ 9 numb] & 9 regul>ity ( arrangem5t1 7 at fir/ little m ?an fanciful decoration1 ! signs ( ! zodiac & simil> devices1 z well z ! badges1 :i* long cont9u$ to be us$ f "t to "t 9 a m ephem]al way ?an ! regul> armorials1 ?\gh ne>ly approa*+ !m 9 "*4 ,v e>ly 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury ! height ( ! %ield began to decrease1 & cont9u$ to d s until by ! middle ( ! c5tury an almo/ equilat]al =m 0 arriv$ at 7,figs4 #g1 #h1 #i74 ,?is 0 probably ! effect ( ! progress 9 ! mak+ ( def5sive arm\r1 ^: improvem5t ultimately result$ 9 ! disuse ( ! %ield altoge!r4 ,by ! end ( ! ?irte5? c5tury h]aldry _h become g5]al1 & ! triangul> %ields bore coats ( arms :i* %[$ 9 _! composition ! influ5ce ( ! %ape t conta9$ !m4 ,! fact t a s+le lion 0 depict$ z rampant r ?an 9 ano!r pose1 0 probably due at fir/ to ! great] ease ) :i* x c\ld ?us be adapt$ to ! space & s satisfy ! decorative s5se ( di/ribution4 ,& ! attitude 0 already 9 exi/5ce 9 ! designs ( ! textiles & 9 o!r works ( ,ea/]n orig94 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4 ,until ! beg9n+ ( ! f\rte5? c5tury ! curves :i* describe ! sides ( ! %ield comm5c$ q at ! top1 b soon aft]w>ds 7! %ape becom+ r n>r[] 9 proportion to ! height7 ! side l9es began /raightly at "r angles ) ! top &1 at ab\t "o-f\r? ( ! height1 began to develop into ! curve :i* =m$ ! po9t 7,fig4 #aa74 ,?is is kn[n z ! heat] %ape f its resemblance to ! heat] ( a smoo?+ iron4 ,soon aft]w>ds ! /raight "p ( ! sides ext5d$ d[nw>ds & ! %ield1 ?us becom+ wid] at ! base1 m ne>ly approa*$ ! squ>e =m1 z 9 ,fig4 #ab4 ,! %apes "h giv5 are design$ to expla9 ! v>y+ =ms f "t to "t1 & n ! relative size ( actual %ields4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4 ,! po9t$ %ield 0 "o ( ! mo/ satisfactory %apes = ! display ( a s+le coat ( arms1 b x became inconv5i5t1 9 mo/ cases1 :5 two coats 7 impal$ toge!r or :5 qu>t]+s 7 involv$1 ! re/rict$ base r5d]+ x extremely difficult to deal ) objects 9 t "p ( ! %ield4 ,! seals & monum5ts naturally repres5t %ields z v flat1 b !y 7 n actually s1 b 7 almo/ always curv$ 9 section to a great] or less ext5t1 & 9 "o or m directions2 = arm\r 0 design$ to deflect a bl[ r ?an to directly resi/ x1 ?is be+ "o ( ! ord9>y pr9ciples on :i* mo/ k9ds ( def5ce are bas$4 ,z we h se5 9 ! ,norman %ields1 ! curve 0 at fir/ simply f side to side1 aft]w>ds1 9 ord] to prev5t a bl[ f glanc+ d[nw>ds1 ! l[] "p ( ! %ield 0 made to project1 & f9ally ! top 0 br\ght =w>d s t ! %ield _h a d\ble curvature1 convex f side to side & concave p]p5dicul>ly 7,fig4 #ac74 ,a l>ge %ield call$ a pavoise 0 us$ = fight+ on foot1 a p>tial rev]sion1 = def9ite practical reasons1 to ! long %ield ( ! ,normans4 ,l ! ,norman %ields1 x 9 "s cases _h a po9t$ or r\nd$ base1 :ile 9 o!rs x 0 r\ghly rectangul>1 its mo/ m>k$ *>act]i/ic be+ ! l>ge & project+ rib ^: holl[ s]v$ on occasion to accommodate a support+ /ake 7,figs4 #ad & #ae74 ,x 0 provid$ ) h&grips &1 9 mo/ cases1 ) a guige by :i* x c\ld be slung on ! %\ld]s or c>ri$ on ! back :5 n 9 use4 ,besides ^? :i* 7 pa9t$ ) subjects :i* ext5d$ ov] ! :ole surface 9 ! usual way1 o!rs 7 decorat$ ) small pa9t$ %ields drawn on ! l>g] "o4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4 ,pavoise4 ,afli4 ,violet-le-duc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4 ,back ( ,fig4 #ad4 ,! t]m pavoise is sometimes giv5 to ! l>ge decorative %ields 7( v>i\s %apes7 :i* 7 made 9 consid]able numb]s 9 ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies1 especially 9 ,italy2 b !re is no d\bt t ! t]m1 9 /rictness1 %\ld be conf9$ to ?is special def5ce ( ! foot-soldi]4 ,a %ield ) a %>p arris or ridge & a r\nd base is said to h be5 ! la/ =m to be us$ 9 actual w> 7,fig4 #af71 & is int]e/+ z ! prototype ( ! ridg$ ,r5aissance %ield1 :i* became ( su* decorative value1 especially :5 modell$ 9 relief1 because ( ! play ( light & %ade :i* x af=d$ 7,fig4 #af;,a4 ,see also ,figs4 #bj & #ba74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4--;,fifte5? ,c5tury4 ,x w1 ( c\rse1 be und]/ood t ! v>i\s %apes ( %ields1 z !y 7 gradually evolv$ "o f ! o!r1 did n 9 repres5tation sup]s$e _! pr$ecessors altoge!r1 h[ev] m or less completely !y may h done s z actual def5ce1 & a consid]able am\nt ( ov]lapp+ took place 9 ?is z 9 o!r h]aldic fa%ions4 ,! armorials !mselves hav+ be5 influ5c$ 9 _! composition by ! %ield %ape t 0 9 vogue :5 !y 7 devis$1 ! *oice ( a =m t is equally conv5i5t = all ! arms ( a s]ies pres5ts consid]able difficulty1 & !re=e %\ld n be decid$ ^u until ! nature ( _! :ole cont5ts has be5 prop]ly consid]$4 ,%ields 7 us$ 9 ! t\rnam5t 9 a v>iety ( c]emonial ways4 ,froiss>t describes1 9 8 acc\nt ( ! meet+ t 0 held ne> ,calais 9 #acij1 h[ !y 7 hung outside ! pavilions ( ! def5d]s1 s t by t\*+ !m ! *all5g]s c\ld signify _! int5tion z to ! k9d ( enc\nt] t 0 to ensue4 ,= ?is purpose two %ields 7 display$1 "o 8= peace0 & ano!r 8= w>10 & accord+ z "o or ! o!r 0 t\*$ ! enc\nt] took place ) blunt or po9t$ weapons4 ,simil> %ields are ref]r$ to by ,edw>d ! ,black ,pr9ce 9 8 w1 dat$ #acgf3 8l'un pur la gu]re1 de nos armes enti]s qu>telles0 7^? repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #a at p4 #i71 8et l'autre pur la paix1 de nos bages des plumes d'o/ruce0 7,fig4 #ag71 bo? ( :i* decorate 8 tomb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af;,a4--,ridg$ ,%ield4 ,fifte5? ,c5tury4 ,m>t9 ,s*ongau]4 ,toge!r ) ! bann]s & p5nons ( ! *ief p]sonages1 %ields 7 hung f ! w9d[s ( ! knights' lodg+s 9 ! neighb\r+ t[n to :]e ! li/s 7 set4 ,!y also adorn$ ! walls ( ! banquet hall1 & 9 e way ! actual %ields contribut$ to ! pageantry ( ! "t1 & naturally sugge/$ _! repres5tation 9 tape/ries & 9 o!r p]man5tly decorative ways4 ,! treatm5t ( ! be>+s on ! actual %ield 01 no d\bt1 by means ( pa9t+ 9 flat col\rs1 ! *>ges be+ drawn 9 ! simple/ & mo/ direct way2 = al?\gh !re are examples 9 ! illum9at$ manuscripts ( knights arm$ ) %ields ^: *>ges are 9 relief1 su* treatm5t 0 probably exceptional ow+ to its co/ & to ! difficulty ( repair+ damage1 or may ev5 h be5 due to ! elaboration ( ! illum9ator4 ,s t al?\gh relief 0 employ$ 9 cases ( unusual magnific5ce ! ord9>y treatm5t 0 probably flat4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4--,%ield 8= ,peace0 ( ,! ,black ,pr9ce4 ,aft] ,/o?>d4 ,%ields = great c]emonial purposes be+ m purely decorative 7 naturally m elaborate1 & ( ^! ! %ield at ,cant]bury mu/ be aga9 in/anc$4 ,su* a %ield aft] s]v+ 9 ! fun]al procession 0 susp5d$ ov] ! tomb1 toge!r ) ! sword & cre/$ helmet1 z 0 done = ,edw>d ,,iii & ,h5ry ,v 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey & = ,humphrey1 ,duke ( ,gl\ce/]1 8! ,good ,duke ,humphrey10 9 old ,/4 ,paul's2 b ( ^! only ! insignia ( ,h5ry ,v rema91 & !y are by no means 9 su* int]e/+ pres]vation z ^? at ,cant]bury4 ,a simil> trophy adorn$ ! tomb ( ,edw>d ,,iv at ,w9dsor1 & is said to h be5 embroid]$ ) pe>ls & gold4 ,! %ields t 7 int5d$ = c]emonial or decorative purposes 7 v c>efully made ( lay]s ( v>i\s mat]ials1 su* z canvas & lea!r1 :i* 7 /ret*$ ov] & glu$ d[n to ! wood5 und]/ructure 9 ord] to af=d a key to ! mat]ial t =m$ a surface = ! subsequ5t "w1 9 mu* ! same way t panels 7 prep>$ = o!r k9ds ( pa9t+ at t "t4 ,! *>ges 7 !n modell$ 9 gesso1 aft]w>ds gilt & pa9t$1 or else 7 fa%ion$ 9 modell$ lea!r & p9n$ d[n to ! surface4 ,! spaces 7 (t5 div]sifi$ ) diap]$ patt]ns 9 rais$ l9es ( gesso or by means ( pun*es1 & :5 ! gold & col\r 7 add$ ! :ole effect 0 extremely ri* & beautiful4 ,( su* pageant %ields excell5t specim5s 7 9 ! great ,b>d9i collection1 n[ disp]s$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4--;,italian ,decoration ,%ield4 ,f\rte5? ,c5tury4 ,fig4 #ah1 a kite-%ap$ %ield ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 be>s b5dwise ! ^w ,lib]tas1 ! motto ( ! republic ( ! t[n ( ,luroques1 9 beautiful lett]s1 ^: treatm5t is p]fectly appropriate to ! gesso 9 :i* !y are execut$4 ,! %ape ( ! %ield foll[s closely "o ( ! e>ly ,norman =ms1 & is some:at ( ! same proportion1 be+ #dd in*es high by #ba in*es broad4 ,! squ>e pavoise 7,fig4 #ai7 ( wood cov]$ ) vellum is pa9t$ ) ! arms ( ! ,buonamici1 & ov] !m z cre/ is ! portrait ( ! head ( t family1 ,bi5heureux ,buonamici4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai4--;,flor5t9e ,decoration ,%ield4 ,f\rte5? ,c5tury4 ,at ! "t t ! use ( %ields 9 actual combat 0 becom+ less & less frequ5t1 ! inv5tion ( engrav+ on metal plates1 ! improvem5t 9 wood-engrav+1 & f9ally ! production ( pr9t$ books1 op5$ a fre% field = h]aldic art 9 ! mak+ ( ! plates ( arms :i* m>k$ ! patronage ( a lit]>y "w1 or 9 ! m famili> bookplate :i* signifi$ ! own]%ip ( ! book4 ,!n began t long s]ies ( beautiful little works by ,m>t9 ,s*ongau]1 ,israel van ,meck551 & by ,dr] & _! successors4 ,9 ! l>ge numb] ( designs ?us produc$ ! %ields1 9 _m in/ances1 became mu* less simple1 ceas+ to be a repres5tation ( ! real def5ce1 ?\gh "s ( !m 7 developm5ts f x4 ,! cusp$ =ms su* z ,figs4 #bj & #ba1 :i* came into use 9 ! latt] half ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 & became /ill m frequ5t 9 ! ,tudor p]iod1 p]haps h "s aff9ity ) ! elaborate flut$ arm\r ( ! "t1 b o!rs 7 frank adaptations ( ! contempor>y decorative scrolls & 7 really c>t\*es m or less 9 place ( a %ield4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj4--;,fifte5? ,c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba4--,sixte5? ,c5tury4 ,! special t\rnam5t %ield1 ! %ield b\*e1 _h a m>k$ influ5ce on subsequ5t =ms4 ,9 ord] t ! %ield might1 dur+ ! j\/1 fit closely to ! %aft ( ! lance a semi-circul> op5+ 0 made1 sometimes at ! top b m usually at ! side1 z 9 ! example 7,fig4 #bb71 & f ?is simple exp$i5t a v great v>iety ( %ape result$1 ( :i* ! mann] ( evolution is int]e/+4 ,9 ! ornam5tal =ms t 7 bas$ on ! actual ones ?is emb\*ure 0 sometimes pla9ly indicat$1 z 9 ! %ield f ! gr\p ( ,dr]'s coat ( arms 7,fig4 #bc7 & 9 ! ,fr5* wood-c>v+ 7,fig4 #bd72 9 o!rs ! l[] po9t ( ! op5+ 0 m]g$ into "o sw++ l9e1 z 9 ! %ield ( ! well-kn[n ,dea?'s ,head coat ( arms4 ,! next /ep 0 to duplicate ! curve sugge/$ by ! b\*e1 & f ! result+ =m proce$$ an endless v>iety ( simil> %apes1 ! addition ( foliat$ or scroll ornam5t complet+ ! transition f ! practical %ield to ! ornam5tal "o4 ,an int]e/+ in/ance ( ?is duplication ( =m occurs 9 ! %ield f a fifte5? c5tury monum5t 9 ,/4 ,gati5 ,ca!dral 7,fig4 #be74 ,) ! recognition ( ! purely ornam5tal "* ( ! %ield-=m ! plac+ ( ! spe> op5+ on ! naturally correct side1 ! dext]1 ceas$ to be ?\ght important1 & x 0 plac$ indiff]5tly on "o side or ! o!r1 & :5 su* %ields occur 9 pairs1 z 9 ^? on ! ,pirckheim] bookplate by ,dr]1 ! b\*e-d]iv$ curves are plac$ symmetrically on opposite sides4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb4--,t\rnam5t ,%ield4 ,fifte5? ,c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc4--;,dr]'s ,arms4 ,e>ly ,sixte5? ,c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd4--;,fr5* ,wood-c>v+4 ,fifte5? ,c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be4--;,fifte5? ,c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf4--aecj4 ,foliat$ decoration appli$ to ! duplicat$ t\rnam5t =m is well exemplifi$ 9 ! %ield f ! plate ( ! arms ( ,h]r ,kress1 :o 0 ! fri5d ( ,dr]1 ?\gh ! plate is n ,dr]'s "w 7,fig4 #bf74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bg4 ,,fig4 #bh4 ,,fig4 #bi4 ,,fig4 #cj4 ,%ields by ,aldegrev]4 #aeeb4 ,among ! "w ( ,dr]'s s*ool ! beautiful plates ( 8 pupil ,hans ,sebald ,beham w well repay /udy = _! excell5t composition & = _! extreme beauty ( draughtsman%ip & engrav+4 ,beham's %ields 7 (t5 scroll$ at ! edge1 b n extravagantly s1 & he frequ5tly employ$ pla9 %ields1 :i*1 l mo/ o!rs at ! "t1 h[ev] pla9 9 outl9e1 7 %[n m or less concave 9 "s or all directions3 a well-kn[n device to obta9 relief = ! light side ( ! *>ges by means ( ! adjac5t %ad[ t is =m$ by ! concavity ( ! %ield4 ,! %ields t accompany ! figures ( ! ,virtues & ,vices1 engrav$ by ,aldegrev] 9 #aeeb1 are mo/ unusual 9 _! curi\sly %ap$ edges1 & %[ v emphatically ! complete dep>ture f ! "* ( ! def5ce %ield 7,figs4 #bg-cj74 ,! ,italian =m d]iv$ f ! t\rnam5t %ield took a long] %ape1 /ill reta9+ ! b\*e1 & (t5 _h ! base divid$ into ?ree p>ts1 & _m examples ( ?is %ape occur on ! walls ( ! ,palazzo del ,pode/a1 ,flor5ce4 ,! surface 0 g5]ally kept :ole & n flut$1 z 9 ! analog\s ,engli% =m4 ,! mo/ *>act]i/ic ,italian %ield1 h[ev]1 0 t d]iv$ f ! angul> ,roman ones1 su* z ^? on ,trajan's column1 ) ! outl9es curv$ into cusps4 ,?is is sometimes call$ ! *ampfri5 %ape f its resemblance to ! face-plate ( horse-arm\r1 b ! appe>ance ( ! =m at ! "t ( ! reviv$ int]e/ 9 classic art leaves little d\bt ( ! s\rce f :i* x 0 tak54 ,among o!rs 7 oval %ields1 also ( classic orig92 & ! r\nd-topp$ ,norman %ape also occurs v frequ5tly4 ,triangul> %ields ) concave outl9es 7 also us$4 ,9 ! use ( m or less elaborate decoration ! ,g]man arti/s p>ticipat$4 ,virgil ,solis & ,jo/ ,amman among o!rs frequ5tly us$ ! scroll$ %ield1 z ,beham also _h done4 ,t ,engli% h]aldry felt all ^! influ5ces is evid5t 9 ! examples f ,/4 ,alban's ,abbey 7,figs4 #ca & #cb71 sculptures ^: =ms are directly d]iv$ f ! t\rnam5t %ield & 7 c>v$ 9 ! e>ly sixte5? c5tury4 ,! application ( foliat$ ornam5t occurs 9 ! ,g>t] ,plates e>ly 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 9 t ( ,h5ry1 ,pr9ce ( ,wales1 aft]w>ds ,h5ry ,v 7,fig4 #cc71 & m completely 9 ! sixte5? c5tury %ield1 :i* be>s ! arms ( ! ,abbey ( ,/4 ,alban's 7"h omitt$71 ,fig4 #cb4 ,9 ! ,elizabe?an & ,jacobean decoration !re is a rev]sion to ! pla9 squ>e %ield1 :i* usually occurs z a c5tre = scrolls & /rapwork1 ! corn]s becom+ slightly po9t$1 a feature :i* develop$ into ! hide\s e>$ %ields ( lat] times1 :5 also ! decorat$ =m _h become ! clumsy 8ornam5tal0 %ield t 0 s long endur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ca4--,sixte5? ,c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cb4--,sixte5? ,c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cc4 ,^! v>i\s =ms po9t to ! useful fact t ! %ape ( a %ield is only limit$ by ! inv5tion & judgm5t ( ! design]4 ,! only1 & un=tunate1 exception is ! loz5ge1 on :i* ! arms ( ladies are plac$ 9 c]ta9 cases3 an un=tunate %ape because 9 mo/ in/ances x is extremely difficult1 if n impossible1 to accommodate its be>+s to x 9 a satisfactory way4 ,usage says t an unm>ri$ lady mu/ be> h] fa!r's arms1 & a wid[ mu/ be> h] fa!r's & husb&'s arms toge!r on a loz5ge4 ,?is is a po9t t _c be ignor$1 = an isolat$ loz5ge conta9+ b "o coat is an h]aldic /atem5t t ! own] is unm>ri$3 except ! /atem5t be modifi$ by ! association ( o!r arms1 z 9 ! case ( pe]esses 9 _! own "r4 ,aga9 ! necessity ( be+ cle> ab\t ! h]aldic facts be=e attempt+ to depict !m is evid5t4 ,9 "o in/ance1 at lea/1 ! arms ( ,h] late ,maje/y ,que5 ,victoria 7 drawn on a loz5ge1 9 spite ( ! und\bt$ fact t 8! ,royal /ate is mascul9e40 ,x is also = ?is reason t a ,cre/ is borne by ! ,sov]eign ev5 :5 a lady occupies t exalt$ position4 ,! imm5se scope t is af=d$ by ! v>iety ( %ield %apes is extremely valuable 9 adapt+ h]aldry to g5]al design1 9 fitt+ a %ield to its space1 9 adapt+ x to its be>+s1 & 9 br++ its l9es into prop] relation to ^? ( accompany+ figures or ornam5t4 ,x may also help 9 ! expression ( a g5]al idea1 z 9 ! burnt wood panel on p4 #bah1 :]e !re is a sugge/ion ( rose-leaves 9 ! edges ( ! %ield4 ,x is obvi\s t z ! /atem5t :i* h]aldry makes is a v def9ite "o1 its accuracy %\ld be ! fir/ c>e1 & t ?is vital consid]ation is frequ5tly lo/ sight ( is b too evid5t f ! fact t ev5 ! ,k+'s ,arms are z frequ5tly maltreat$ z ! ,k+'s ,engli%4 ,x w be ne$less to specify in/ances--!y are n few--( works ( great public z well z arti/ic int]e/ :]e9 ! arms h no real connexion ) ! matt] !y are suppos$ to illum9ate1 ?\gh d\btless ! int5tion 0 "r1 & if x _h be5 accurately c>ri$ out w\ld h be5 appropriate en\gh4 ,sometimes ! arms t are ascrib$ to ! family ( ,fitzjames appe> on ! %ield on :i* ! arti/ ?\ght he 0 depict+ ! ,royal ,arms ( ,engl&4 ,f ! ,royal ,arms ( ,scotl& ! di/9ctive tressure flory c\nt]flory :i* encloses ! lion is left out1 & ?is occurs on ! walls ( a public libr>y :i* happ5s to be ! gift ( a ,scotti% philan?ropi/4 ,errors are also due to faulty int5tion1 = if we h to deal ) a subject :i* applies to ! :ole c\ntry x is manife/ly wrong to use ! lions ( ,engl& only1 to ! exclusion ( ! armorials ( ! re/ ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 & yet ?is is con/antly done4 ,c>eful obs]vance ( cu/om>y rules by no means precludes v>iety ( treatm5t1 h[ev]1 b1 on ! contr>y1 af=ds ample scope = excell5ce ( design 9 /at+ ! h]aldic facts ) p]fect accuracy4 ,z already said1 x is ?is symbolic /atem5t t gives h]aldry its peculi> value 9 decoration1 = a simil> effect ( mass & l9e c\ld d\btless be got 9 ano!r way1 b n ! same quality ( p]sonal allusion4 ,x w !re=e be necess>y to asc]ta9 h[ to di/+ui% 9 "s way betwe5 ! uness5tial1 & !re=e available1 v>iation :i* is s valuable to design1 & su* dep>ture f accurate r5d]+ ( ! subject z con/itutes h]aldic mis-/atem5t t may /ultify ! :ole "w4 ,9 ?is important respect guidance may be f\nd1 z already intimat$1 9 ! sy/em ( description call$ ,blazon1 9 :i* %\ld be express$ all t is ess5tial1 & f :i* ev]y?+ t is n ess5tial %\ld be omitt$4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,h]aldic ,rules ,) ! regul> e/abli%m5t ( h]aldry ! ne$ = a te*nical me?od ( describ+ ! v>i\s be>+s at once made itself felt1 & ! sy/em ( ,blazon 0 ! result4 ,l ! h]aldry :i* x describ$ x 0 admirably adapt$ to its purpose1 be+ simple1 p]fectly explicit ( ! "*1 pose1 & position ( its subject1 )\t excessive m9ut5ess 9 detail4 ,9 "t1 h[ev]1 x n only became m complicat$1 z 0 natural1 b x at la/ became a vehicle = ! p$antry :i*1 succe$+ ! arti/ic feel+ ( ! ,middle ,ages1 exp5d$ itself 9 ! mak+ ( unnecess>y rules4 ,by ! "t ! sev5te5? c5tury 0 rea*$ x seem$ to be ?\ght to %[ ! height ( h]aldic k to insi/ on e insignificant detail1 & s prev5t ! arti/ f deviat+ into any?+ m excell5t ?an 0 cu/om>y at ! mom5t4 ,inde$ ?is p$antic affection = exactness 9 trifles sometimes makes "o wond] t 9 blazon+ a maid5's face x 0 n ?\ght necess>y to m5tion t x includ$ a nose betwe5 two eyes 9 *ief & a m\? 9 base ppr4 ,z a guide to ! degree beyond :i* fre$om ( treatm5t may n g )\t de/roy+ ! h]aldic validity ( ! subject1 blazon+ %\ld be assidu\sly practis$1 h[ev] irksome & p$antic x may appe>1 until a te*nical note ( any armorials c be writt5 ) precision & su* a description be translat$ into a sket* ) equal c]ta9ty4 ,aft] /udy+ ! sy/em z expla9$ h]e91 ,i w\ld recomm5d z practice ! endeav\r+ to prop]ly describe ! armorials 9 an illu/rat$ "w1 a ,pe]age = in/ance1 ) subsequ5t ref]5ce to ! au!ntic blazon = confirmation or correction4 ,conv]sely a sket* %\ld be made f a blazon1 & !n comp>$ 9 a simil> way ) ! illu/ration4 ,= ?is purpose ,fo/]'s ,pe]age & ,b>onetage1 #ahha-c1 ) its beautiful woodcuts aft] draw+s by ,dom ,anselm & ,=bes ,nixon1 w be ( admirable s]vice1 & at ! same "t w famili>ize ! /ud5t ) excell5t h]aldic design4 ,! a*ievem5ts 9 t "w are repres5t$ ) great /r5g? & directness1 & h mu* aff9ity ) ! _s ( ! m$iaeval "w1 & are !re=e wor?y ( c>eful /udy4 ,at ! same "t any t5d5cy to make a /yle 7:i* may easily become an ecc5tricity7 into an aim r ?an an incid5t %\ld be c>efully avoid$4 ,blazon is n int5d$ to enable two p]sons to depict a coat exactly alike 9 petty detail1 b r t ea* 9 r5d]+ ! subject 9 8 own fa%ion may be correct 9 ess5tials1 s t !re c be no "q ( :at coat is int5d$4 ,simil>ly1 :5 a ,pat5t ( ,arms ref]s to ^? 89 ! m>g90 !re( 8m pla9ly depict$0 7i4e4 m legibly ?an 9 ! te*nically word$ blazon71 x is n meant t ! treatm5t 7x may be bad7 or ! exact quality ( t9cture 7x may be discol\r$7 is to be copi$1 & ?is is by no means an unnecess>y w>n+1 z exp]i5ce has %[n4 ,9 nam+ ! p>ts ( ! field or g5]al surface1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! %ield ( arms is reg>d$ z be+ held 9 position 9 front ( its be>]3 ! side t[>ds ! "r %\ld] be+ call$ ! dext]1 & t t[>ds ! left ! s9i/]4 ,( ^! ! =m] is 8m wor?y0 ?an ! latt]2 t is to say1 a *>ge t is n c5trally plac$ w\ld be to ! dext] r ?an to ! s9i/] side ( ! %ield2 ?is1 x may be rememb]$1 be+ ! rev]se ( ! mann] ( we>+ m$als & ord]s on ! brea/4 ,! upp] "p ( ! %ield is ! *ief & ! l[] "p ! base1 ! =m] naturally tak+ prec$5ce ov] ! latt]4 ,?is is important 9 relation to ! blazon ( p>ti-col\r$ fields4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cd4 ,9 ord] to facilitate ! accurate plac+ ( objects 9 _! int5d$ positions on ! field its v>i\s p>ts 7 ?us nam$ 7,fig4 #cd73-- ,a4 ,dext] ,b4 ,middle ,*ief4 ,c4 ,s9i/] ,d4 ,! hon\r po9t1 probably s nam$ f its relative position to t ( ! he>t 9 ! human body4 ,e4 ,! fess po9t1 nam$ aft] ! ord9>y :i* passes ?r\gh x horizontally1 z h]eaft] describ$4 ,f4 ,! nombril or navel po9t1 ano!r fanciful allusion to ! human body4 ,g4 ,dext] ,h4 ,middle ,base4 ,i4 ,s9i/] ,mo/ ( ^! t]ms h n[ become obsolete1 b x is /ill necess>y to "k !m ) reg>d to _! application 9 old blazon4 ,9 mod]n blazon :5 x is necess>y to specify ! "p ( ! field t is occupi$1 ! t]ms 9 *ief1 or 9 base1 9 dext] *ief1 9 s9i/] *ief1 9 dext] base1 or 9 s9i/] base1 or1 if 9 ! sides ( ! %ield1 ! dext] or s9i/] side simply1 z ! case may be4 ,x w be r>ely necess>y1 h[ev]1 to use any o!r ?an ! fir/ two ( ^! phrases1 = ! position ( *>ges is 9 mo/ in/ances und]/ood f o!r circum/ances4 ,e blazon beg9s by describ+ ! field1 its divisions 7if any7 & col\r4 ,! p>tition l9es by :i* x may be divid$ are nam$ l ! ord9>ies1 & may !re=e be mo/ usefully consid]$ 9 connexion ) !m 7see p4 #dg74 ,h]aldic t9ctures1 z !y are all call$1 consi/ ( metals1 col\rs & furs4 ,! metals & _! te*nical names are3 ,or gold1 & ,arg5t silv]4 ,9 pa9t+1 yell[ is equival5t to gold & may be sub/itut$ = x2 z :ite may be1 & g5]ally is1 sub/itut$ = silv]4 ,x may be not$1 h[ev]1 t :5 an animal is naturally yell[1 & is blazon$ prop] 7ppr47 x mu/ be pa9t$ yell[ & n gold4 ,! col\rs are3 ,gules1 signify+ r$2 ,azure = blue2 ,v]t = gre52 ,purpure1 purple2 & ,sable1 black4 ,?\gh ! t]ms are m imm$iately d]iv$ f ,norman-,fr5*1 ! e>ly language ( *ivalry1 "s ( !m at lea/ are believ$ to h be5 d]iv$ f ,ea/]n1 probably ,p]sian1 s\rces4 ,9 practice !y are consid]$ to be completely angliciz$ & are pron\nc$ accord+ly4 ,?is also applies to mo/ h]aldic t]ms1 b n to all1 ! practice 9 ?is respect be+ some:at arbitr>y4 ,t9ctures are sometimes indicat$ by means ( l9es & o!r m>ks1 a sy/em :i* arose 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & 0 d]iv$ f ! l9e t9ts :i* _h long be5 us$ 9 engrav+ to di/+ui% contigu\s spaces f ea* o!r1 & us$ 9 ?is way !y 7 valuable & unobjectionable because !y 7 "u control4 ,:51 h[ev]1 a col\r mean+ 0 giv5 to ! l9es ! design] 0 no long] able to re/rict _! employm5t to :]e !y 7 arti/ically useful1 b mu/ use !m ?r\gh\t or n at all4 ,& ! latt] is1 on ! :ole1 ! m satisfactory way4 ,on flat spaces1 if ! l9es are suffici5tly pron\nc$ to be legible1 !y may lead ! eye 9 a direction t is n helpful to ! composition1 & on modell$ *>ges or cre/s !y h a flatt5+ & confus+ effect t is v disagreeable4 ,9 "s in/ances ! t9cture l9es h be5 us$ only 9 small pat*es1 su* z 9 %ad[s1 & ?is is lea/ objectionable1 b is only possible 9 v simple cases4 ,! signs ( ! t9ctures are z foll[s3-- ,arg5t is %[n by a pla9 surface4 ,or is signifi$ by spots & sometimes by slight pecks :i* produce ! appe>ance ( a gra94 ,gules by p]p5dicul> l9es4 ,azure by horizontal l9es4 ,v]t by oblique l9es drawn d[nw>ds f dext] to s9i/]4 ,purpure by oblique l9es f s9i/] to dext]1 & ,sable by horizontal & p]p5dicul> l9es hat*$ across ea* o!r 7,fig4 #ce74 ,illu/ration3 ,or4 ,arg5t4 ,gules4 ,azure4 ,v]t4 ,purpure4 ,sable4 ,,fig4 #ce4--,! ,t9ctures4 ,! t9ctures are usually contract$ into arg41 gu41 az41 vt41 purp41 & sa4 = conv5i5ce4 ,x w probably be f\nd t errors ( memory are mo/ likely to occur f confus+ ! direction ( ! l9es :i* signify blue & r$ respectively2 ?is may be avoid$ to "s ext5t by connect+ ! lett]s ,h4,b41 :i* di/+ui% :at is p]haps ! mo/ us$ grade ( lead-p5cil1 ) ! fact to be rememb]$3 ,horizontal ,blue4 ,also ! fact t objects on ! horizon are blue may assi/ ! memory4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cf4 ,! furs are z foll[s3 ,erm9e1 x is h>dly necess>y to say1 is :ite ) black spots 7,fig4 #cf74 ,erm9es is black ) :ite spots1 & is probably a purely h]aldic inv]sion ( erm9e4 ,erm9ois is erm9e ) a gold gr\nd in/ead ( :ite1 & ,pean1 :i* is inv]t$ erm9ois1 has a black gr\nd spott$ ) gold4 ,! actual erm9e be+ compos$ ( _m small sk9s sewn toge!r1 ! black-tipp$ tails =m$ a regul> p[d]+ ( spots4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 h f ! e>lie/ h]aldic times be5 repres5t$ by conv5tional =ms ( imm5se v>iety1 :i* usually consi/ ( a divid$ c5tral portion ) ! addition ( ?ree spots above1 ! latt] be+ sometimes embelli%$ ) div]g+ l9es4 ,! conv5tional v]sion ( erm9e 0 ev5 us$ 9 co/ume1 be+ pa9t$ on ! mat]ial :i* 0 us$ by ^? to :om ! we>+ ( real erm9e 0 =bidd5 by sumptu>y law4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! body ( ! spot has become turn$ upside d[n 9 its transition f ! =m ( ! natural tail4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ch4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ci4 ,by a simil> comb9ation ( small sk9s1 9 ?is case grey & :ite1 ,vair 0 =m$ 7,fig4 #cg71 & ?is fur also acquir$ a g5]ally conv5tionaliz$ %ape1 :i* became1 9 its late v>iety1 some:at l a s]ies ( ! hide\s e>$ %ields ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,vair is und]/ood to be arg5t & azure 9 alt]nate spaces1 ! blue repres5t+ ! grey "p ( ! natural fur1 & x is only :5 o!r t9ctures are employ$ t !y ne$ to be m5tion$ 9 ! blazon4 ,9 ! latt] case ! t]m *anges to vairy1 or vair1 ( su* & su* t9ctures4 ,"o ( ! old] =ms ( vair 0 made ) undulat+ l9es alt]nat+ ) /raight ones 7,fig4 #ch71 & is obvi\sly bett] ?an ! mod]n =m4 ,ano!r e>ly v>iety c>ri$ ! curv$ l9es up to ! /raight ones1 & 0 drawn some:at z ?\gh ! angles ( ! mod]n vair 7 r\nd$ into curves1 ! result be+ a pleasant =m t is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ci4 ,vair may be ( ?ree t9ctures or ev5 m1 & in/ances are m5tion$1 by ,g]>d ,leigh = example1 b su* cases are v r>e4 ,pot5t is a fur simil>ly built up ^: sk9s are 9 ! %ape ( crut*-heads1 & x is subject to ! same col\r conditions z vair 7,fig4 #dj74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #da4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #db4 ,c\nt]-vair & ,c\nt]-pot5t h pieces ( ! same col\r oppos$ to ea* o!r1 z 9 ! example ( c\nt]-vair 7,fig4 #da71 & x w be notic$ t ^! v>iations ( ! simpl] furs are inf]ior to !m 9 t !y lose ! complet5ess ( ! c\nt]-*ange4 ,9 bo? vair & pot5t ! col\r pieces are m frequ5tly ?an n plac$ po9t upw>ds 9 relation to ! metal ones1 b !re is no def9ite rule ab\t ?is4 ,an anci5t =m ( vair :i* some:at resembles pot5t is ,fig4 #db4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #de4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #df4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dh4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #di4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ej4 ,hav+ describ$ ! t9ctures x w n[ be conv5i5t to return to divisions ( ! field1 ! simple/ possible v>iation f a pla9 %ield4 ,a surface is p>ty p] pale 7,fig4 #dc7 :5 x is divid$ by a p]p5dicul> l9e into two halves1 p>ty p] fess 7,fig4 #dd7 :5 ! l9e :i* equally divides ! %ield is a horizontal "o1 p>ty p] b5d 7,fig4 #de7 :5 x goes diagonally d[nw>ds f dext] to s9i/]1 & p>ty p] b5d-s9i/] :5 ! diagonal is rev]s$4 ,! ^w p>ty1 h[ev]1 has n[ fall5 into disuse1 & ! t]ms p] fess1 p] pale & s =? are consid]$ suffici5t4 ,p] *evron1 p] saltire & qu>t]ly are z repres5t$ 7,figs4 #df1 #dg1 #dh74 ,gyronny 7,fig4 #di7 is a comb9ation ( ! two la/ nam$1 & ! numb] ( its pieces be+ normally eight1 any v>iation f t numb] mu/ be expressly m5tion$4 ,b>ry 7,fig4 #ej7 is compos$ ( repeat$ horizontal l9es1 :i* are odd 9 numb]1 s t ! spaces beg9 & end ) diff]5t t9ctures4 ,paly 7,fig4 #ea7 & ,b5dy 7,fig4 #eb7 are simil>ly compos$ ( p]p5dicul> & oblique l9es respectively4 ,*equey 7,fig4 #ec7 is1 ( c\rse1 made into squ>es by p]p5dicul> & horizontal l9es1 & ,loz5gy 7,fig4 #ed7 simil>ly results f cross+ oblique ones4 ,v>ieties ( ! latt] =m arise f a comb9ation ( p]p5dicul> ) oblique l9es1 call$ paly b5dy1 & ( horizontal ) oblique1 :i* is call$ b>ry b5dy4 ,bo? are ( r>e occurr5ce & p]haps result$ f bad draw+ ( loz5gy4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ea4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ec4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ed4 ,! field be+ ! fir/ "p ( a coat ( arms to be describ$1 ! "* ( its division1 if any1 prec$es ! m5tion ( its col\r4 ,= example3 p] pale ,or & ,gules4 ,"h x may be not$ t a field may be p>ty ( two metals or ( two col\rs1 = ! g5]al rule aga9/ col\r be+ plac$ ^u col\r or metal on metal does n apply 9 ^! cases1 ! spaces be+ b divisions ( "o plane & n p>ts t are sup]pos$ "o on ! o!r4 ,nor does x apply to objects t are *>g$ on a p>ty field1 = 9 t case x is inevitable t ! t9cture ( ! *>ge mu/ int]f]e ) "o or o!r ( ! t9ctures ( ! field4 ,nev]!less1 :5 confusion w\ld be v pron\nc$ c\nt]-*ange is resort$ to1 z = example 7,fig4 #ee73 p] pale arg4 & az4 ?ree roses c\nt]-*ang$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ee4 ,9 blazon+ p>ty fields ! t9ctures c\nt f ! dext] side :5 ! divisions are p]p5dicul>1 & f ! *ief :5 !y are horizontal4 ,9 cases ( diagonal division x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! *ief has prec$5ce ov] ! dext] side1 & !re=e 9 a field 8p] b5d or & gules10 = in/ance1 ! space above ! diagonal c\nts fir/ & is !re=e or4 ,if ?is po9t is kept 9 m9d1 ! difficulties t are frequ5tly exp]i5c$ 9 su* blazon disappe>4 ,?us 9 p] saltire ! divisions c\nt f ! upp]mo/ space1 & 9 gyronny1 ?is space be+ aga9 divid$ by ! p]p5dicul> l9e1 ! alt]nation beg9s ) t "p ( ! *ief :i* is ne>e/ ! dext]1 or 9 o!r words1 ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! %ield is p] b5d4 ,9 b5dy ! space next above ! middle diagonal may be tak5 = ! fir/ t9cture z ! key to ! alt]nation4 ,b>ry1 ,paly & ,b5dy are ea* und]/ood to be compos$ ( six pieces unless x is o!rwise m5tion$4 ,:5 *equey is appli$ to ord9>ies1 at lea/ ?ree r[s or tracks are consid]$ ess5tial2 s t :5 !re is b "o r[ x is call$ ,gobony or ,compony1 & is ,c\nt]-compony :5 !re are two4 ,! two latt] v>ieties occur mo/ frequ5tly 9 bordures4 ,! objects t are borne on ! %ield are divid$ into two ma9 gr\ps t are respectively call$ ,ord9>ies & ,*>ges4 ,ord9>ies comprise ^? simple flat figures :i* are 9 mo/ cases =m$ by divisions ( ! %ield & g5]ally ext5d to its edges4 ,!y are ! ,fess1 ! ,b5d1 ! ,*ief1 ! ,pale1 ! ,*evron1 ! ,cross & ! ,saltire4 ,"s ( ^! h dim9utives1 simil> figures drawn di/9ctly small] & hav+ sep>ate names1 & ^! w be f\nd "u _! pr9cipals4 ,o!r =ms1 sometimes call$ sub-ord9>ies are ! ,pile1 ,qu>t]1 ,canton1 ,gyron1 ,bordure1 ,orle1 ,tressure & ,flan*es4 ,o!r objects1 animals1 fl[]s1 trees1 any?+ depictable1 animate or inanimate1 may be borne z ,*>ges on ! field1 on ord9>ies1 or on ea* o!r4 ,! ,fess 7,fig4 #ef7 is drawn horizontally across ! %ield & occupies ! middle ( x f side to side1 & ! blazon might be1 = example1 ,or1 a fess gules1 i4e4 a r$ fess on a gold5 %ield4 ,:]e m ?an "o occurs 9 ! same coat !y are necess>ily small] & are call$ ,b>s1 e4g4 ,arg5t ?ree b>s sable4 ,:5 b>s are di/9ctly arrang$ 9 pairs ea* pair is call$ a ,b>-gemelle1 ?us ,az4 ?ree b>s-gemelles ,or1 means ?ree pairs ( b>s4 ,! proportion ( ! ord9>ies to _! fields v>ies v consid]ably1 & ?is = _m reasons4 ,:5 ! ord9>y is alone1 :5 x is betwe5 *>ges or :]e x is itself *>g$1 ! proportion w *ange ) ! conditions4 ,! "* ( su* *>ges & !re=e _! weight 9 ! composition mu/ also be tak5 into acc\nt1 = ! adequate display ( all ! con/itu5ts ( ! coat is ! object 9 view4 ,z an approximate proportion ! wid? ( an ord9>y may be tak5 z some:at less ?an "o-?ird ( ! field :5 nei!r1 or bo?1 are *>g$2 z a full ?ird :5 itself *>g$ & on a pla9 field2 & z r m ?an "o-fif? :5 ! field only is *>g$4 ,by simil> niceties ( design ! s5se ( lightness or weight may be convey$1 s t = decorative purposes ! %ield may be br\ght into due relation ) ! "* ( surr\nd+ ornam5t4 ,col\r also w affect ! app>5t proportion1 a d>k object on a light gr\nd appe>+ small] ?an x really is1 & vice v]sa1 & ?is requires c>eful att5tion 9 ! c\nt]-*ange :i* occur 9 h]aldry z 9 o!r =ms ( design4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ef4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eh4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ei4 ,! ,b5d is drawn f ! dext] *ief to ! s9i/] base 7,fig4 #eg71 & is sometimes accompani$ by a small] b5d on ei!r side1 :5 x is said to be cotis$ & mu/ s be di/9ctly describ$1 z arg4 a b5d cotis$ sa42 if1 h[ev]1 ! cotises 7 ( ano!r t9cture to ! b5d ! blazon w\ld be1 = in/ance1 arg4 a b5d sa4 cotis$ gu41 t is1 a black b5d betwe5 two small] r$ ones on a :ite %ield4 ,! ^w cotise is also us$ = o!r dim9utives t accompany _! ord9>ies on ei!r side1 & !re are in/ances ( %ields be+ said to be cotis$ by _! support]s4 ,:]e two or m b5ds ( equal wid? occur !y are call$ b5dlets1 & :5 !y are rais$ above _! normal position z 9 ! ,arms ( ,byron & ( ,birm+ham !y are said to be enhanc$4 ,! ,b5d-s9i/] is a b5d rev]s$2 t is to say1 desc5d+ f ! s9i/] *ief to ! opposite base2 inde$1 x sometimes occurs 9 wood-c>v+ m]ely by reason ( ! c>v] hav+ inadv]t5tly turn$ 8 trac+ ov]4 ,! b5d-s9i/] is sometimes us$ z a m>k ( illegitimacy4 ,"o ( its dim9utives1 ! ,baton 7a small b5d-s9i/]1 ^: ends /op consid]ably %ort ( ! edges ( ! %ield71 is especially us$ ) ?is int5tion4 ,a b5d-s9i/] is n necess>ily a m>k ( illegitimacy4 ,! old h]alds inde$ d n seem to h m>k$ a coat 9 ?is way 9 ord] to hold up its be>] to obloquy1 b simply employ$ ! ord9>y z a diff]5ce4 ,a dim9utive ( ! b5d call$ a ,ribbon occurs 9 ! ,arms ( ,ab]ne?y--,or a lion rampant gules1 debruis$1 i4e4 pass$ ov] by a ribbon sable4 ,! ,*ief occupies ! top ( ! %ield f side to side & has no dim9utive 7,fig4 #eh74 ,! ,pale is drawn p]p5dicul>ly d[n ! c5tre ( ! coat 7,fig4 #ei71 & :5 "o ( a numb] is call$ a ,pallet1 :i* aga9 is sometimes call$ an ,endorse :5 x accompanies ! pale z ! cotise does ! b5d4 ,! ,*evron 7,fig4 #fj71 usually drawn z a "r angle1 may be v>i$ to a v l>ge ext5t z conditions ( space require2 x becomes unpleasant1 h[ev]1 :5 m obtuse ?an a "r angle4 ,9 lat] ,fr5* & ,italian h]aldry x is frequ5tly drawn rem>kably acute1 its po9t (t5 ext5d+ to ! top ( ! %ield1 & ?is =m is usually f\nd associat$ ) v small & weakly drawn *>ges4 ,:5 m *evrons ?an "o are us$ toge!r !y are call$ ,*evronels4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fa4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fb4 ,! ,cross 7,fig4 #fa7 & its diagonal v>iety ! ,saltire 7,fig4 #fb7 are sometimes void$1 z 9 ,fig4 #fc1 s t ! field %[s ?r\gh1 & may also be int]lac$1 z arg4 a cross void$ & int]lac$ sa 7,fig4 #fd74 ,p>t$ & fretty is an equival5t t]m4 ,its proportion1 ev5 9 %ields ( :i* x 0 ! only be>+1 0 mu* n>r[] 9 m$iaeval times ?an lat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fd4 ,! great v>iety ( its =m z a *>ge is ref]r$ to "u t head1 & "s ( its less usual =ms z an ord9>y are3 ,fig4 #fe1 a cross qu>t] pi]c$2 ,fig4 #ff1 a cross quadrate2 ,fig4 #fg1 a cross n[y2 & ,fig4 #fh1 a cross c\p$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ff4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fh4 ,! ,pile is repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #fi4 ,:5 m ?an "o occur !y po9t t[>ds ! base1 unless _! position is o!rwise specifi$1 & _! po9ts may ei!r be 9 a l9e p]p5dicul> to _! wide/ "p or !y may conv]ge t[>ds ! c5tre2 9 ! latt] position !y are blazon$ 8piles 9 po9t40 ,sometimes ?ree piles are alt]nat$ s t !re are 8two 9 *ief & "o 9 base10 ! latt]1 ( c\rse1 be+ po9t upw>ds betwe5 ! o!r two4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fi4 ,) ! important exception ( ! *ief all ! =ego+ ord9>ies1 z be>+s occupy+ ! pr9cipal p>ts ( ! %ield1 are m5tion$ 9 blazon imm$iately aft] ! field & be=e ! *>ges1 if any1 z3 ,arg5t a b5d betwe5 two fleurs-de-lis ,gules1 = example4 ,! *ief1 on ! o!r h&1 is n blazon$ until aft] ! re/ ( ! %ield has be5 fully describ$4 ,ord9>ies may !mselves be *>g$1 & 9 t case ! sequ5ce 9 ! blazon is3 7#a7 ! field2 7#b7 ! objects imm$iately on x2 & la/ly1 ! *>ges ) :i* ! latt] are *>g$4 ,= example3 ,az4 on a *evron betwe5 ?ree roses ,or1 z _m fleurs-de-lis ( ! field4 ,x w be notic$ t ! fact t ! ord9>y is *>g$ is m5tion$ e>ly 9 ! blazon1 ?\gh ! description ( ! *>ges is left till lat] 9 accordance ) ! sequ5ce already /at$4 ,also t ! *evron & roses be+ ( ! same t9ctures ! ^w ,or only foll[s ! la/ ( ! objects to :i* x ref]s4 ,ano!r po9t t is "h exemplifi$ is ! avoidance ( tautology by ! use ( ! words 8z _m0 in/ead ( ! repetition ( ! numb] ?ree1 & aga9 9 describ+ ! fleurs-de-lis by t9ctur+ !m 8( ! field0 in/ead ( repeat+ az4 ,?is extreme objection to tautology is v *>act]i/ic ( h]aldic language1 & :]e x is impossible to o!rwise avoid repeat+ a t9cture ! ord9>y ^w w be us$ 9 place ( ! te*nical "o1 z ,gold 9 place ( ,or4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gj4 ,hav+ proce$$ s f> ) ! subject ( blazon1 two v conv5i5t me?ods ( not+ h]aldic facts may n[ be describ$4 ,t :i* is call$ a 8trick0 is a slight sket*1 9 :i* simplification is c>ri$ to ! ultimate ext5t by indicat+ ) numb]s ! *>ges :i* are repeat$4 ,z an in/ance1 ! coat blazon$ above w\ld appe> 9 trick ?us 7,fig4 #gj74 ,9 ! o!r me?od1 :i* is a sort ( h]aldic %or?&1 ! blazon w\ld be writt53 ,az4 on a ,%ape #a bet #c ,%ape #b ,or #c ,%ape #c ,az41 ! niceties ( ord9>y blazon 9 avoid+ repetition be+ ignor$4 ,,v>i\s ,,l9es4--,! l9es ) :i* simple objects are drawn & fields divid$ are1 normally1 pla9 ones2 b v>i\s o!rs are also employ$1 & con/itute important diff]5ces betwe5 "o coat & ano!r4 ,^? 9 ord9>y use are z foll[s 7,fig4 #ga73-- ,illu/ration3 ,engrail$ ,invect$ ,wavy ,nebule ,ind5t$ ,dancette ,embattl$ ,raguly ,dovetail$ ,pot5ty ,rompu ,fig4 #ga4 ,engrail$ may be drawn ) cusps ( any suitable size or quality ( curvature4 ,its po9ts mu/ turn outw>ds f an ord9>y1 & :5 us$ z a p>ty l9e !y po9t to ! dext] 9 p] pale & upw>ds 9 p] fess & p] *evron4 ,all l9es o!r ?an pla9 ones mu/ be m5tion$ 9 ! blazon 9 imm$iate connexion ) ! objects to :i* !y ref] & be=e ! t9cture1 z1 ,gules a bordure engrail$ ,or4 ,z ! only p>ty l9e t appe>s to face 9 "o direction1 engrail$ foll[s ! g5]al h]aldic feel+ 9 turn+ its po9t to ! dext] or to ! *ief unless !re is special reason to ! contr>y4 ,invect$ is engrail$ rev]s$1 s t ! po9ts turn inw>d4 ,its use is comp>atively r>e & ! effect is n v pleas+4 ,9 wavy any =m ( regul> undulation may be employ$ s long z !re is no possibility ( confusion ) nebule4 ,nebule is usually drawn 9 "s modification ( ! two =ms giv5 above1 b !re is an old & int]e/+ treatm5t 9 :i* a ne>]1 ?\gh /ill conv5tional1 sugge/ion ( cl\ds cov]s ! ord9>y1 z 9 ,fig4 #gb4 ,?is is a bordure nebuly equally ) t drawn 9 ! ord9>y way4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gb4 ,ind5t$ is compos$ ( small s]rations1 :ile ,dancette usually consi/s ( n m ?an ?ree *evrons :i*1 9 ! case ( a fess1 = in/ance1 may be complete1 or ! s]ies may beg9 & end ) a half *evron z 9 ! example4 ,9 e>ly in/ances ! angles are v acute1 & 9 ! case ( p>ty l9es ext5d well across ! field4 ,9 su* a case ! l9e %\ld beg9 on "o side ( ! %ield & f9i% on ! o!r 9 ord] to equalize ! direction ( ! po9ts4 ,embattl$1 :5 appli$ to fesses & *evrons1 is conf9$ to ! upp] l9e unless ! ord9>y is blazon$ 8embattl$ c\nt] embattl$10 9 :i* case bo? l9es are simil>ly treat$4 ,:5 appli$ to a *evron ! sides ( ! cr5ellations are usually kept v]tical1 z ?\gh 9 ! wall ( a slop+ way1 r ?an at "r angles to ! ord9>y1 ?\gh ! latt] =m also occurs4 ,raguly1 especially :5 appli$ to a fess or a pale1 is sugge/ive ( /umps ( bran*es t h be5 lopp$ f ! p>5t /em1 & ?is probably indicates its orig94 ,?us ! projections on bo? sides ( ! ord9>y slope ! same way1 &1 9 _m examples1 !y alt]nate4 ,9 ! case ( a cross !y po9t along ! limbs outw>ds f ! c5tre4 ,_m ( ! h]aldic l9es are ( v anci5t usage1 & ! popul> idea t !y are signs ( mod]nity is q an errone\s "o1 "s ( !m occurr+ z e>ly z ! reign ( ,edw>d ,i4 ,a l9e is ,rompu :5 x is int]rupt$ z 9 ,fig4 #fb1 & an in/ance ( ?is occurs 9 ! ,arms ( ,all51 :i* is p] b5d rompu4 ,,sub-,,ord9>ies4--,! ,canton1 ,gyron1 ,inescut*eon1 ,orle1 ,tressure1 ,bordure & ,flan*es are class$ z ,sub-ord9>ies4 ,! fusil or loz5ge 7q4v47 & "s o!rs are also sometimes includ$ 9 ?is division1 b classification ( ?is k9d is ( little practical importance4 ,! ,canton 7,fig4 #gc7 is frequ5tly a means ( display+ an augm5tation1 a special di/9ction add$ to a previ\sly exi/+ coat1 z 9 ! arms ( ! family ( ,lane & o!rs4 ,x is drawn ( any conv5i5t size %ort ( be+ possibly confus$ ) ! ,qu>t]1 ! latt] occupy+ ! proportion ( ! %ield t its "n implies4 ,! fact t ev5 9 mod]n coats ! canton p>tially cov]s1 if necess>y1 a *>ge ne> ! same "p ( ! %ield sugge/s t x 0 9 its orig9 an add$ m>k ( hon\r2 & also because l ! *ief1 x is m5tion$ 9 ! blazon only aft] ! ma9 "p ( ! %ield has be5 describ$4 ,! ,orle 7,fig4 #fi7 becomes a ,tressure 7,fig4 #gj7 by ! addition ( fleurs-de-lis1 & :5 d\bl$ & decorat$ ) alt]nat+ fleurs-de-lis on bo? sides ! beautiful 8d\ble tressure flory c\nt]flory0 ( ! ,royal arms ( ,scotl& is =m$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ge4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gf4 ,o!r ord9>ies may also be made flory 9 a simil> way1 & a p>tition l9e may be flory c\nt]flory1 s t ea* division ( ! field int]p5etrates ! o!r 9 a v beautiful c\nt]-*ange4 ,! ,bordure 7,fig4 #ga7 0 ext5sively us$ 9 ! ,middle ,ages z an addition to ! arms ( a family by :i* to di/+ui% its individual memb]s f ea* o!r1 z x /ill is 9 ,scotl&1 & 9 its application to hi/oric p]sonages is a subject ( great int]e/2 = example1 ! %ield ( ,john ( ,el?am bore ! arms ( 8 fa!r1 ,edw>d ,,ii1 ! lions ( ,engl&1 diff]5c$ ) a bordure *>g$ ) fleurs-de-lis1 9 allusion to 8 "m1 ,isabella ( ,france4 ,! %ield 7,fig4 #gg7 appe>s on ! tomb ( 8 nephew1 ,pr9ce ,edmund1 at ,k+s ,langley1 b a mu* f9] example is t f ,pr9ce ,john's own monum5t 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey1 at p4 #gg4 ,?is "p ( ! subject w well repay pursuit1 ?\gh space =bids its fur!r consid]ation "h4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gg4 ,arms ( ,pr9ce ,john ( ,el?am4 ,f ! ,monum5t to ,pr9ce ,edmund ( ,langley at ,k+s ,langley4 ,x %\ld be not$ t :5 a *ief or a canton occurs 9 ! same arms ) a bordure x surm\nts ! latt]1 or r ! bordure /ops :5 x t\*es ! o!r1 = bo? are usually repres5t$ z 9 ! same plane4 ,also1 :5 a coat ) a bordure is impal$ ) ano!r1 z 9 ! arms ( husb& & wife1 ! bordure /ops at ! junction ) ! o!r coat4 ,nev]!less1 ! *>ges on ! bordure1 if any1 & ( specifi$ numb]1 rema91 ) ! re/ ( ! arms1 unaffect$ by its dim9ution4 ,! fact t ! *ief surm\nts a bordure l5ds probability to ! ass]tion t *iefs l cantons 7 at fir/ honorific additions to pre-exi/+ arms4 ,flan*es are repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #gh1 & _! dim9utives1 ,flasques & ,void]s1 are sometimes met ) 9 old works4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gh4 ,a %ield ( arms is said to be *>g$ ) ! figures ^u x1 b ! t]m *>ge is usually und]/ood to mean "s object o!r ?an ! ord9>ies j describ$4 ,be=e proce$+ fur!r1 h[ev]1 x w be well to consid] ! v>i\s ways 9 :i* *>ges may be arrang$ ) reg>d to ! %ield1 to ! ord9>y & to ea* o!r4 ,a s+le *>ge ^: position is n o!rwise fix$ by ! blazon naturally occupies ! :ole %ield1 b :5 *>ges are repeat$ ! arrangem5t is1 ( c\rse1 m complex4 ,! mo/ usual numb] ( repeat$ *>ges 9 a coat ( arms is ?ree1 two 9 *ief & "o 9 base1 an arrangem5t obvi\sly sugge/$ by ! space available on a po9t$ %ield1 & 9 blazon+ !y are said to be two & "o4 ,z a rule1 h[ev]1 ?is di/ribution is assum$ to exi/ unless ano!r is specifi$4 ,:5 ! *>ges are m ?an ?ree _! disposition mu/ always be m5tion$1 z3 ,gules six horse-%oes1 ?ree two a "o1 ,arg4 & s on = t5 or m1 c\nt+ always f ! *ief or top ( ! %ield4 ,an indef9ite numb] ( *>ges equally di/ribut$ ov] a surface1 :e!r ( field1 ord9>y or *>ge1 is said to be ,seme1 z 9 ! ,arms ( ,france t 7 assum$ by ,edw>d ,,iii & 8 successors1 az4 seme-de-lis or4 ,z 9 ?is in/ance1 a field seme ( any?+ 0 depict$ z ?\gh cut f a l>ge surface simil>ly decorat$1 s t "h & !re at ! edges a "p only ( ! figures rema9$4 ,?is e>ly me?od has be5 rel9qui%$ 9 fav\r ( :at 0 anci5tly call$ ,g]att+1 by s arrang+ ! p[d]+ ( *>ges t !y d n t\* ! sides ( ! %ield or any o!r object ) :i* !y are associat$4 ,consid]able managem5t is requir$ to s arrange !m t !y %all be equally di/ribut$1 & c>e mu/ be tak5 t !y d n appe> to be 9 orle1 z is expla9$ bel[4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gi4 ,some:at simil> to seme is :at is kn[n z gutte or g\ttee 7,fig4 #gi71 a means ( cov]+ a field or o!r object by means ( a k9d ( seme ( drops1 :i* h diff]5t names accord+ to _! t9ctures4 ,?us :5 !y are gold !y are g\tts d'or2 :5 arg5t1 g\tts d'eau2 :5 gules1 g\tts de sang2 azure1 g\tts de l>mes2 sable !y are g\tts de poix2 & g\tts d'olive are v]t4 ,x is q p]missible to blazon !m by _! t9cture2 ?us 8arg4 g\tte de sang10 w\ld be equally correctly writt51 arg4 gutte gules4 ,! direction ( ! ord9>ies af=ds ano!r excell5t means ( plac+ *>ges2 ?us1 objects 9 a horizontal l9e across ! middle ( ! %ield are 9 fess1 :5 at ! top !y are 9 *ief1 & s =?4 ,simil>ly1 *>ges "o above ! o!r are blazon$ 9 pale4 ,"h x %\ld be not$ t 9 pale & 9 fess d n mean occupy+ ! space ( a pale or ( a fess1 b m]ely t !y are dispos$ 9 ! indicat$ direction4 ,?us ! lions ( ,engl& are 9 pale1 b %\ld1 ( c\rse1 be drawn "r across _! field1 & 9 a simil> mann] *>ges 9 fess ext5d f *ief to base :5 _! "* admits ( ! ext5sion4 ,9 "s in/ances a numb] ( *>ges are plac$ on ! field betwe5 o!rs1 z3 ?ree roses 9 b5d betwe5 two r\ndles2 b ! result c r>ely be made satisfactory z design1 su* a coat seem+ to ne$ ! /eady+ effect ( ! l9es ( an ord9>y4 ,*>ges t are rang$ r\nd ! field1 z 9 ! enamell$ %ield ( ,william de ,val5ce at ,we/m9/]1 p4 #agf1 are 9 orle2 if ! numb] ( m>tlets 7 specifi$1 ! blazon w\ld be s _m m>tlets 9 orle2 b if ! numb] 7 indef9ite1 ! t]m w\ld be an orle ( m>tlets4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hj4--;,arms ( ! ,groc]s ,company ( ,london4 ,c>toon = mural decoration4 ,geo4 ,w4 ,eve4 ,:5 a fess or a *evron is betwe5 ?ree *>ges ! latt] naturally fall into ! position ( two 9 *ief & "o 9 base1 & t is ! mo/ usual numb] & arrangem5t4 ,in/ances ( great] numb]s s dispos$ are r>e among anci5t examples1 = 9 design+ !m ! po9t$ %ield seems to h be5 kept always 9 view ) ! notable exception ( ,b]keley1 ,gu4 a *evron erm9e betwe5 t5 crosses patte ,ar2 b ^! adapt !mselves p]fectly to ! %ield & *evron1 be+ balanc$ by ! l>ge numb] above1 z also d ! cloves ( ! ,groc]s ,company t are simil>ly arrang$4 ,fig4 #hj %[s a r5d]+ ( ! la/-m5tion$ arms z design$ to accompany "w ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,animals & ,mon/]s ,among ! =ms t are *>act]i/ically h]aldic ! ,lion1 ! symbol ( c\rage1 p[] & magnanimity1 is mo/ prom95t & typical4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ha4 ,?irte5? ,c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hb4 ,,fig4 #hc4 ,device ,seals4 ,?irte5? ,c5tury4 ,x has already be5 m5tion$ t ! e>lie/ h]aldic lion1 foll[$ ! ,ea/]n examples ) consid]able fidelity1 z may be se5 by comp>+ ! lions ( ! e>ly ,,mss41 su* z ,fig4 #ha1 ) ^? ( ! textiles :i* 7 ! product ( ,ori5tal looms1 & ( su* z 7 set up 9 ,sicily ) ,ori5tal workm5 9 ! twelf? c5tury4 ,^! e>ly examples 7 drawn broadly & simply z 0 fitt+ to ! mat]ial 9 :i* !y 7 express$1 & _! %ape & proportion approa*$ t ( nature4 ,! lion ( ! e>ly seals1 su* z ,figs4 #hb & #hc1 pres5t ! same *>act]i/ics4 ,! =m] seal is t ( ,alex&] ,fir/ 9 ! twelf? c5tury1 & ! latt] t ( ,h5ry1 son ( ,swanus de ,d5ehy1 9 ! ?irte5?4 ,! att5uation :i* became s *>act]i/ic a feature ( ! animals 9 lat] "w arose f ! necessity ( cle> def9ition ( ! object :i* 0 to s]ve z a di/9ctive badge t w\ld be visible at a di/ance & :5 9 motion1 z has be5 already po9t$ out4 ,! device 0 int5d$ to be easily read "u ! v>i\s conditions ( use1 & 9 comply+ ) ^? conditions ! e>ly draughtsman well prov$ t spl5did s5se ( design :i* di/+ui%$ him4 ,to ?is end ! object 0 drawn z l>ge z ! conta9+ space w\ld fairly p]mit1 & its =m 0 att5uat$ s z to all[ ! gr\nd to %[ ?r\gh 9 due proportion to complete ! necess>y cle>ness ( def9ition4 ,a figure ?us treat$ became a symbol1 r ?an a repres5tation ( ! int5d$ creature1 b 01 nev]!less1 9 ! be/ in/ances1 full ( "*1 vig\r & vitality2 t is to say1 ! qualities t 7 attribut$ to ! animal1 n its m]e =m1 7 ! object ( expression4 ,! plac+ ( ! bea/s 9 ! %ield & _! proportion to x is always satisfactory at ?is "t1 & sugge/s t too mu* c>e _c be tak5 9 try+ to atta9 a simil> excell5ce 9 pres5t "w1 b by express+ qualities r ?an by copy+ =ms4 ,( ! examples ( lions ( v>i\s p]iods1 ,fig4 #hd is tak5 f ! seal ( ,h5ry de ,p]cy1 #acjj4 ,figs4 #he & #hf1 a lion rampant & passant gu>dant respectively1 are f ! enamell$ arms on ! tomb ( ,edw>d ,,iii 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey4 ,fig4 #hg is f a fifte5? c5tury %ield ( /a9$ glass t is n[ 9 ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hd4--;,end ( ,twelf? ,c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #he4--,late ,f\rte5? ,c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hf4--,lat] ,f\rte5? ,c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hg4--;,fifte5? ,c5tury4 ,! exact proportion :i* *>ges %\ld be> to ! field _c1 ( c\rse1 be /at$ ) accuracy1 !re be+ no ready means ( measurem5t1 ev5 if su* 7 desirable1 & x mu/ necess>ily rema9 a matt] = arti/ic p]ception to f9d ! j mean betwe5 cr[d+ a space & fail+ to fill x4 ,x is evid5t also t ! proportion w\ld be modifi$ by circum/ances1 su* z ! "* ( ! *>ge 7:e!r cond5s$ or disp]s$71 & also to "s ext5t by col\r1 ) reg>d to ! respective effects ( light on d>k or d>k on light z affect+ app>5t size4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be sugge/$ t ! *>ges %\ld be insi/$ ^u to ! fulle/ ext5t t is compatible ) ! g5]al /yle ( ! design1 ! field rema9+ ( su* weight t ! ,scotti% qu>t] ( ! ,royal ,bann]1 = example1 if se5 z a mass at a di/ance1 w tell z gold r ?an r$4 ,& aft] all is said1 ! actual balance mu/ be left to ! decision ( ! tra9$ eye4 ,:5 /rong outl9e fill$ 9 ) col\r is ! me?od ( work+1 due all[ance mu/ be made = ! t5d5cy ( ! l9e to become m]g$ 9 ! d>k] ( ! two t9ctures2 & ! object w !re=e ne$ to be drawn slightly l>g] or small] accord+ly4 ,!re are also illusions ( an optical nature t are produc$ by c]ta9 comb9ations ( l9es4 ,if1 = in/ance1 ?ree pallets are *>g$ ^u a *evron1 x w be f\nd t ! middle "o mu/ be appreciably wid] ?an ^? beside x if ! ?ree are to appe> equal4 ,fig4 #hh %[s ?is1 ?\gh ! fact is m cle>ly appreciable 9 a draw+ on a l>g] scale4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hh4 ,! ,pose ( ! ,animals mu/ be c>efully obs]v$ z be+ ( ! utmo/ h]aldic importance1 & mu/ 9 ! ma9 be adh]$ to ) complete fidelity4 ,to neglect 9 ?is respect is due mu* ( ! bad h]aldry :i* too (t5 vitiates o!rwise good "w4 ,9 ! e>ly days ( ! sci5ce1 :5 ! be>+s 7 few1 ! nature ( ! creature 01 no d\bt1 suffici5t = ! int5d$ purpose1 = !re w\ld be no o!r ne> ) :i* to confuse x1 & ! pose 0 probably dictat$ by ! =m ( ! space t ! animal 0 requir$ to fill1 b :5 x became necess>y to di/+ui% betwe5 diff]5t be>]s ( ! same animal1 pose assum$ a special significance & !re=e became "o ( ! pr9cipal means ( h]aldic di/9ction4 ,( ! two pr9cipal poses1 rampant & passant1 ! =m] is m suitable to upright spaces & ! latt] to horizontal ones4 ,:5 h[ev] a passant lion has to fill an upright space1 su* z a canton or a qu>t] ( a %ield1 or a rampant lion to fill a horizontally flatt5$ "o su* z ! second qu>t] ( ! ,royal ,/&>d :5 x is con/ruct$ 9 accordance ) ,admiralty measurem5ts difficulties occur4 ,"o su* problem occurs 9 ! arms ( ,cambridge ,univ]sity1 ,gules a cross ,erm9e betwe5 f\r lions ( ,engl&1 a ,bible fesswise ( ! field clasp$ & g>ni%$ ,or 7,fig4 #hi74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hi4--;,arms ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge4 ,panel 9 copp] silv]$ & oxidiz$4 ,g4 ,w4 ,eve4 ,x 0 ! rampant position t 0 consid]$ ! typical leon9e "o1 h[ev]1 & !re=e x 0 t ! lions ( ,engl& 7 call$ leop>ds 9 e>ly times3 n t !y diff]$ 9 _! relation to ! natural =m1 b simply t !y 7 n 9 ! und]/ood leon9e po/ure4 ,x w be se5 f ! example 7,fig4 #ij7 t rampant signifies an upright pose ) all ! legs sep>at$ 9 a sugge/ion ( vigor\s rage4 ,?is arrangem5t ( ! limbs is h]aldically ess5tial1 = :5 ! h9d legs are plac$ toge!r ! position is call$ sali5t or leap+ 7,fig4 #ia74 ,) reg>d to ! heads ( animals1 x mu/ be und]/ood t 9 h]aldry ! normal position is 9 pr(ile1 & !n x requires no special m5tion 9 ! blazon4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! blazon is1 = example1 a lion rampant gu>dant1 ! head is turn$ until x looks /raight out ( ! %ield at ! spectator 7,fig4 #ib74 ,reg>dant is :5 ! head is turn$ /ill f>!r s t x looks backw>d ov] ! %\ld] 7,fig4 #ic74 ,9 "s e>ly works ! t]m reg>dant is us$ 9 ! same s5se z gu>dant1 full fac$1 b ! position fir/ describ$ is :at is n[ und]/ood by ! t]m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ij4--,rampant4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ia4--,sali5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ib4--,rampant ,gu>dant4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ic4--,rampant ,reg>dant4 ,! tail ( ! rampant lion1 :i* 9 e>ly examples 0 elaborat$ into a highly ornam5tal app5dage1 is usually held 9 an erect position1 b !re is no h]aldic reason :y x %\ld n occupy any o!r position :i* ! %ape ( ! field might r5d] desirable4 ,x seems to h be5 always believ$ t ! rage ( a lion 0 indicat$ by ! agitation ( ! tail1 & ,leigh1 writ+ 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 says3 8,:5 ! lion is angry1 fir/ he beate? ! e>? & !n 8 own backe ) 8 taile40 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is n[ ass]t$ by wild bea/ tam]s t a lion is mo/ dang]\s :5 8 tail assumes ! rigidity ( an iron b> & possibly ! fir/ draughtsman to depict ! ,h[>d or ! ,p]cy lion1 9 8 well-kn[n & n[ /]eotyp$ attitude ) ! tail ext5d$ horizontally1 0 aw>e ( ?is4 ,x is sometimes said t ! tail pass+ betwe5 ! legs con/itutes a def9ite h]aldic v>iation1 b ?is is extremely unlikely4 ,! t]m ascrib$ to x ( 8c[>d0 is mu* too dang]\s to h be5 int5tionally borne on a %ield :i* symbolically /ood = its own]1 except ) "s o!r symbol 9 a position ( sup]iority1 su* z ! eagle ov] ! dragon 9 ! ,guelph arms4 ,mo/ probably x 0 "o ( ! trivial inv5tions by :i* ! lat] h]aldic writ]s s\ght to fix & give mean+ to an accid5tal & uness5tial detail4 ,!re are num]\s in/ances ( ?is free treatm5t ( ! tail :5 !re c\ld be no possible h]aldic int5tion1 & 9 e case x is app>5t t "s difficulty 9 arrangem5t 0 ov]come1 z 9 bo? ! ,great ,seals = ,scotl& ( ,*>les ,i ! lion support] has ! tail betwe5 ! legs1 & x is n possible to consid] ?is a ,scotti% joke1 ?\gh ! animal looks s+ul>ly mild & *e]ful4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 ! tail may c]ta9ly g any:]e outside ! legs4 ,a lion's tail may be d\ble or =k$1 & 9 t case ! blazon says d\ble queu$ or queue =*e4 ,bo? t]ms mean ! same ?+1 = ! d\ble tail issues f b "o root4 ,9 r>e in/ances x is twi/$ into a knot1 & is !n said to be n[$4 ,al?\gh ! lion has be5 conv5tionaliz$1 m or less1 into a patt]n1 & 8 positions are always ! subject ( c>eful regulation1 he is /ill susceptible ( consid]able v>iation ( pose1 )9 h]aldic limits1 bas$ on ! facts ( anatomical /ructure2 s t :ile ! possibilities ( animal movem5t are obs]v$1 x may be design$ to cov] its field patt]n-wise :atev] ! %ape ( ! %ield may be1 & at ! same "t reta9 great vitality & p[]4 ,! ef=t to express vigor\s action )\t sugge/+ progression out ( ! space is n easy p]haps1 b ! contr>y effect is v ludicr\s1 z is (t5 app>5t 9 mod]n mural decorations t are bas$ on h]aldic motives1 rampant lions seem+ to be walk+ placidly up a wall 9 a procession ( _! fell[s4 ,! lion passant is depict$ ) all ! limbs sep>at$ & ! "r =epaw rais$ 7,fig4 #id71 & :5 its head is full fac$1 affronte1 x is passant gu>dant1 ! position ( ! lions 9 ! ,royal arms ( ,engl&1 viz4 ,gules ?ree lions passant gu>dant 9 pale ,or4 ,! mo/ frequ5t error 9 r5d]+ ?is coat is ! turn+ ! heads 9 pr(ile1 & x _c !re=e be too (t5 insi/$ ^u t lions s treat$ are n 8lions ( ,engl&0 at all4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #id4--,passant4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ie4--,/atant4 ,! %ield at ,cant]bury t is ascrib$ to ,edw>d ! ,black ,pr9ce has be5 already describ$ z a mo/ satisfactory example1 :i* is 9 brilliant contra/ to ! mod]n in/ances :]e9 ! lions occupy a c5tral column 9 a broad field ) a wide blank space at ei!r side ( !m4 ,?is p]haps arose f a mis-read+ ( ! words 89 pale0 ( ! blazon1 :i* 7 p]haps tak5 to mean 89 place ( a pale10 :]eas !y mean 89 ! direction ( a pale10 i4e4 "o ov] ! o!r b )\t lat]al limits o!r ?an ^? ( ! field4 ,passant reg>dant has ! head look+ backw>ds z 9 rampant reg>dant4 ,! lion /atant 7,fig4 #ie7 /&s on all f\r feet1 & may be /atant gu>dant or /atant reg>dant1 accord+ to ! position ( ! head z be=e m5tion$4 ,sejant is 9 ! position ( ,fig4 #if & c\*ant t ( ,fig4 #ig4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig #if44--,sejant4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ig4--;,c\*ant4 ,! expression ( vig\r is ! mo/ important individual quality to /rive aft] 9 ! treatm5t ( h]aldic animals1 ! l9e ( ! back & lo9s may be made to express li! /r5g?1 & p[] be sugge/$ by ! massive %\ld]1 ) ! p[]ful =e-leg tap]+ to ! wide-/ret*$ & vigor\s paw4 ,dignity & life %\ld be 9 ! pose ( ! leon9e head & mane1 & broad h>moni\s effect 9 ! :ole treatm5t4 ,! widely spread toes 7 sometimes v mu* exagg]at$1 z 9 ! ,arms ( ,john ( ,el?am 7,fig4 #ih71 b 9 "* & draw+ 7 mu* ne>] ! natural facts ?an ! foot ( a quiesc5t lion might lead "o to imag9e4 ,?is may be se5 on a small scale 9 ! dome/ic cat :5 %e /ret*es h] leg ) h] claws protrud+4 ,:5 ! lions ( ! lat] ,go?ic type lo/ ! vigor\s qualities ( ! e>li] examples ! toes lo/ _! p[] & became l radiat+ leaf-=ms4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ih4--;,arms ( ,pr9ce ,john ( ,el?am4 ,we/m9/] ,abbey4 ,! sett+-on ( ! tail may also help ! expression ( vigor\s life1 its junction ) ! body be+ well m>k$ in/ead ( be+ all[$ to fl[ s(tly out ( ! l9e ( ! back4 ,?is is well %[n 9 ,dr]'s lion at ,fig4 #ii1 t spl5did example ( ! be/ k9d ( ,r5aissance h]aldry ^: f9e draw+1 well-balanc$ design & beautiful te*nique h caus$ its frequ5t in/ance z a /rik+ "w ( h]aldic art4 ,! illu/ration is reproduc$ f ! v f9e impression 9 ! ,national ,art ,libr>y at ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum4 ,bo? ^! examples are excell5t = _! good decorative di/ribution1 ! =m] %ield be+ probably ! be/ extant in/ance ( t necess>y quality4 ,9 ! lions ( v>i\s p]iods x w be se5 h[ ! type alt]$ f "t to "t1 f t ( ! ?irte5? c5tury ,,mss41 :i* possesses a consid]able am\nt ( a natural leon9e %ape1 ?r\gh ! att5uat$ bea/ ( ! lat] m$iaeval p]iod d[n to ! ,r5aissance =m 9 its two some:at dissimil> /yles3 t ( ,g]many1 f :i* mod]n ,g]man h]aldry is d]iv$1 :i* %[s a /rong survival ( ,go?ic influ5ce2 & t ( ,italy1 f :i* appe>s to h be5 drawn ! h]aldry ( ! re/ ( ,europe until ! /ill rec5t ,go?ic revival "h4 ,9 mod]n ,g]man h]aldry ! lions h become s ov]-elaborat$ t 9 _m in/ances ! preval5t effect is "o ( fluff9ess4 ,too mu* is made ( ! hair1 especially 9 ! legs1 :i* are sometimes mu* m sugge/ive ( ! well-fea!r$ legs ( a dork+ f[l ?an ( ! clean & p[]ful1 ?\gh hairy1 limb ( a lion2 & ) ! lo/ sugge/ion ( vital en]gy goes any symbolic dignity t x expresses4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ii4--,! ,coat ( ,arms ) a ,cock4 ,a4 ,dr]4 ,! lat] ,italian h]aldry & ! /yle :i* foll[$ x ultimately disp5s$ ) att5uation 9 ! animals toge!r ) mo/ ( ! o!r decorative qualities ( ! hat$ ,go?ic1 & ! ef=ts at naturali/ic repres5tation result$ 9 =ms :i* at a little di/ance became m]e undi/+ui%able blobs1 to ! complete defeat ( ! object ( _! exi/5ce4 ,! rampant lions became tame & !re=e ludicr\s 9 ! upright pose :i*1 depriv$ ( any sugge/ion ( rage & /r5g? becomes mean+less1 :ile 9 :at may be call$ ! decorative treatm5t ! sugge/ion ( ! creature & ( its attribut$ qualities 9 a broad & simple way sanctions an arrangem5t :i* makes = decorative di/ribution z well z = symbolic expressiv5ess4 ,vig\r also makes = ! dignity t is an important consid]ation 9 s]i\s design1 = :5 once a ludicr\s sugge/ion is atta*$ to a ?+ x becomes insep>able f x4 ,probably ! mo/ frequ5t accompanim5t ( su* want ( vig\r is ! production ( a feebly human expression :i* inevitably sugge/s ! connexion ) x ( "s trivial or ludicr\s phrase4 ,n[ ! gr9n+ jaws ( ! e>ly lions are nev] imbecile4 ,) reg>d to ! /rong *>act]ization t is requir$ valuable lessons may be le>nt f ! lions ( ! ,assyrian bas-reliefs1 "o ( :i* is repres5t$ "h 7,fig4 #ajj74 ,! acc5tuation ( ! pr9cipal muscul> =ms & masses is v /rik+1 & pres5ts sugge/ions ( a me?od t l5ds itself well to ! expression ( h]aldic "*4 ,x is n1 ( c\rse1 int5d$ to import an ,assyrian lion bodily into ! %ield1 or t ! ,assyrian /yle %\ld be visible 9 ! result+ "w1 b only t ! me?od %\ld be /udi$ & appli$ z a special means to a def9ite end4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajj4--,lion f ,assyrian ,bas-relief4 ,! degree ( detail & ! am\nt ( its elaboration w dep5d on ! size & g5]al "* ( ! "w4 ,sometimes m]e outl9e w suffice1 ?\gh on a l>g] scale or 9 o!r conditions x w\ld look empty4 ,!nce to complete modell+ embraces a wide field ( *oice 9 :i* to f9d me?ods suitable to all purposes4 ,"u ord9>y conditions a simple broad treatm5t is mu* to be desir$1 def9ition be+ obta9$ by few b accurately plac$ l9es1 su* z ^? ( ribs & lo9s 9 ! body1 & ( br[1 jaw & mane 9 ! head4 ,! degree ( relief ( *>ges %\ld1 ( c\rse1 /op %ort ( any sugge/ion ( deta*m5t f ! field4 ,?is might seem too obvi\s = rem>k1 b an example to ! contr>y1 a l>ge1 & 9 _m respects beautiful1 "w 9 col\r$ lea!r 0 rec5tly to be se5 9 :i*1 ! arms ( ! ,m$ici be+ ! pr9cipal motive1 ! *>ges appe>$ to be susp5d$ 9 front ( ! %ield f :i* !y seem$ to be s di/ant z to ca/ full r\nd %ad[s4 ,9 adju/+ a rampant lion or o!r bea/ to its field a skeleton sket* ( ! ma9 l9es ( di/ribution may be usefully employ$ z a guide 9 fir/ block+ out ! animal1 9 ! same way t simil> diagrammatic =ms are sometimes us$ 9 figure composition4 ,on ?is ! figure w be drawn1 ! head be+ ?r[n well back & ! h9dmo/ leg be+ br\ght t[>ds ! c5tre l9e s z to help ! spac+ 9 ! dext] base ( ! %ield4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 n to make ! high] ( ! =elegs too %ort1 or ! value is lo/ ( ! /rong =w>d rea* f ! %\ld]1 :i* expresses ! action :ile x helps ! di/ribution4 ,9 pos+ animals on a %ield x mu/ nev] be =gott5 t n only is a patt]n be+ arrang$ b t x is made ) ! body & limbs ( a suppos$ly liv+ ?+4 ,fig4 #aja is "o ( ! me?ods t sugge/ !mselves1 & passant lions may be spac$ 9 a simil> way 7,fig4 #ajb74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aja4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajb4 ,a lion's claws & tongue1 ( :i* he is arm$ & langu$ respectively1 are gules except :5 he or ! field is ( t t9cture1 & 9 ei!r ( ! latt] cases he is arm$ & langu$ azure1 z 9 ! ,royal coat ( ,scotl&4 ,?is is tak5 z ( c\rse1 & ne$ n be m5tion$ 9 ! blazon1 ?\gh x v (t5 is4 ,demi-lions are usually demi-lions rampant1 & 9 ?is =m !y 7 l>gely us$ z cre/s1 :i* w be discuss$ lat] on4 ,!y are depict$ z sev]$ l[ d[n at ! lo9s1 & ! tail is reta9$ 9 mo/ cases1 ?\gh n always4 ,:51 z a *>ge1 !y are 9 contact ) a l9e ( an ord9>y1 z ?\gh aris+ f x1 !y mu/ be describ$ 9 ! blazon z issuant4 ,demi-lions passant or passant gu>dant are ( m r>e occurr5ce1 ! latt] g5]ally 9 conjunction ) ano!r object1 z 9 ! arms ascrib$ to ! ,c9que ,ports on ! seal ( ,s&wi* 7,fig4 #ajc71 :]e ! demi-lions are jo9$ to ! hulls ( %ips4 ,?is evid5tly arose f ! jo9+ toge!r by dimidiation or halv+ ( two sep>ate coats1 viz4 ! ,arms ( ,engl& ) "o ( local allusion3 ,az4 ?ree hulls ( %ips ,or4 ,by a simil> me?od 7 evolv$ ! ,arms ( ! city ( ,*e/]1 :]e9 ! lions ( ,engl& are conjo9$ ) ! :eat%eaves ( ! ,e>ldom4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajc4--,seal ( ,s&wi* 7,mayor's ,seal74 ,among ! sep>ate p>ts ( animals us$ alone or 9 repetition a lion's head is a frequ5t *>ge1 & x foll[s ! g5]al rule ( be+ repres5t$ 9 pr(ile unless o!rwise describ$4 ,! lion's leg1 call$ a jamb1 is also sep>ately us$ z a *>ge1 ! tail be+ likewise ?us employ$4 ,x mu/ be rem>k$1 t :5ev] a sep>ate "p ( an animal is us$ z a *>ge ! me?od ( its sev]ance mu/ be c>efully di/+ui%$1 :e!r c\p$1 cleanly cut (f1 or eras$1 r\ghly torn away4 ,9 ! latt] case ! erasure g5]ally consi/s ( ?ree po9ts or tufts1 ?\gh n necess>ily ( t exact numb] s long z ! erasure is suffici5tly m>k$4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be not$ "h t a demi-lion z a cre/ is consid]$ to be c\p$ unless x is o!rwise describ$1 ! junction ) ! helm usually disappe>+ )9 ! torse t encircles x at t po9t4 ,animals t c nei!r be describ$ z actual nor purely imag9>y are ! s-call$ 8h]aldic0 tig] & 8h]aldic0 antelope1 :i* h little app>5t relation to _! natural namesakes1 b 7 p]haps evolv$ 9 ! ef=t ( an e>ly arti/ to realize ! wond]ful description ( "s m>vell\s travell]4 ,!y h a family lik5ess1 h[ev]1 9 _! arm$ sn\ts & 9 _! leon9e tails1 ! latt] be+ an app5dage ) :i* ! m$iaeval arti/ 0 fond ( f9i%+ (f 8 creatures 9 default ( m accurate in=mation4 ,! poses ( ! lion are foll[$ 9 a g5]al way by o!r animals1 bo? natural & 8h]aldic02 b 9 _m in/ances ! attitudes are call$ by diff]5t names = diff]5t creatures1 a practice t 0 usual 9 m$iaeval times1 & also has its pres5t examples1 su* z t two p>tridges are a brace & two h\nds a c\ple1 :i* ne$ h>dly be fur!r specifi$4 ,! ,/ag1 emblematic ( spe$ & sport r ?an ( combative virtues1 has a special set ( t]ms1 :i* 7 naturally borr[$ 9 "p f ^? us$ 9 hunt+4 ,?us he is 8at gaze0 :5 /&+ ) 8 head affronte1 b :5 he /&s ) 8 head 9 pr(ile he is /atant l any o!r bea/2 spr++ :5 9 ! sali5t position1 trippant :5 he is walk+1 at spe$ :5 runn+1 & :5 c\*$ he is lodg$1 & s he mu/ be describ$ 9 ! blazon4 ,8 antl]s1 :i* are call$ attires1 mu/1 if !y are ( a diff]5t col\r1 be c>efully m5tion$ & also 8 ho(s 9 a simil> case1 e4g4 ,azure a /ag trippant ,arg4 attir$ & ungul$ 7i4e4 ho($7 ,or4 ,a di/9ction is made betwe5 ! /ag & o!r horn$ animals 9 t ! latt] are said to be arm$ ) _! horns1 z 9 ! cre/ ( ! ,duke ( ,b$=d1 a goat /atant ,arg4 arm$ ,or4 ,horses & o!r man$ animals1 real & imag9>y1 are cr9$ ( _! manes4 ,?us1 ! support]s ( ! ,goldsmi?s ,company 7,fig4 #ajd7 are unicorns or1 arm$1 cr9$ & ho($ arg4 79 "s examples purpure74 ,?is treatm5t ( ! ,goldsmi?s' arms 0 design$1 l ^? ( ! ,groc]s ,company at p4 #fd1 to h>monize ) e>ly eighte5? c5tury decorations4 ,! unicorn has a horse's head & body ) ! legs & clov5 ho(s ( a /ag4 ,its twi/$ horn issues f ! middle ( its =ehead1 & its tail is t ( a lion1 ! =ego+ examples :i* h horses' tails be+ extremely r>e exceptions to ! g5]al rule4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajd4--,! ,arms ( ! ,goldsmi?s ,company ( ,london4 ,c>toon = mural decoration4 ,geo4 ,w4 ,eve4 ,illu/ration3 ,portion ( a ,pageant ,c>1 ) ,h]aldic ,mon/]s4 ,by ,alb]t ,dr]4 ,illu/ration3 ,griff9 f ! ,triumphal ,ar* ( ! ,emp]or ,maximilian ,i4 ,dr]4 ,( o!r imag9>y animals ! ,griff9 or ,gryphon is probably ! be/ kn[n next to ! unicorn1 see+ t its "n is t :i* is popul>ly appli$ to mo/ non-natural bea/s4 ,evid5tly d]iv$ f "o ( ^? creatures by :i* e>ly ea/]n art express$ ! conjunction ( v>i\s attributes1 x came1 l _m o!r mon/]s1 to be implicitly believ$ 9 z an actual bea/ until a comp>atively late date4 ,?us ,g]>d ,leigh has some?+ to say ( griff9s :i* 8be> great enmity to man & horse1 ?\gh ! man be arm$ & on horseback yet !y take ! "o ) ! o!r q f ! gr\nd & c>ry !m clean away4 ,i ?9k !y are ( great hug5ess10 he goes on1 8= ,i h a claw ( "o ( _! paws :i* %\ld %[ !m to be z big z two ,lyons60 ,9 ano!r place ,leigh refuses to believe some?+ t he _h he>d because he 8_h n se5 ! pro( !re(06 ,! griff9 is half eagle & half lion1 ! head =ep>t & w+s be+ ^? ( an eagle & ! re/ ( ! body ) ! h9d legs & tail are leon9e4 ,! head ( a griff9 has e>s1 & ^! s]ve to di/+ui% x f t ( an eagle :5 x is us$ alone4 ,a curi\s v>iety ( griff91 borne by ! ,m>quis ( ,ormonde1 is w+less1 has two horns on its head & gr\ps ( rays issu+ f its body1 & is t]m$ a male-griff91 = "s inscrutable reason4 ,x %\ld be not$ t ! t]m = a griff9 9 a rampant position is segreant1 all o!r poses be+ describ$ 9 ! ord9>y way4 ,! treatm5t ( ! composite animals naturally foll[$ t ( ! creatures :i* ent]$ into _! composition1 :ile ! ,dragons1 m purely imag9>y creatures1 h sugge/ions ( a snakelike "* 9 _! scales & annulations4 ,9 cont95tal h]aldry ! dragon has b "o pair ( legs & beh9d !m ! body dim9i%+ into a snakelike tail1 :i* sometimes t]m9ates 9 a b>b$ end4 ,?is =m we t]m a ,wyv]n1 res]v+ ! ^w dragon = ! f\r-legg$ v>iety4 ,! conception ( a dragon v>i$ greatly1 ! prevail+ *>act]i/ic 9 _m in/ances be+ a h>d scal9ess some:at sugge/ive ( ! ,*9ese & o!r ori5tal types4 ,9 o!r examples great] s9uosity & a m lea!ry texture is app>5t1 recall+ to m9d ! idea ( ! 8loa?ly worm0 ( "s ( ! m$iaeval dragon leg5ds4 ,z a symbol ( evil1 t]rible b ov]come1 x is associat$ ) ,/4 ,george & ) ,/4 ,mi*ael1 & also appe>s1 ) m p]sonal allusion1 9 ! well-kn[n device ( ! ,guelphic faction 9 _! conte/ ) ! ,ghibell9es4 ,illu/ration3 ,arms ( ! ,city ( ,london4 ,wallis4 #afgg4 ,illu/ration3 ,wyv]n 7s-call$ 8,dragon07 ,f ,p>ad91 8,devices ,h]oiques10 #aeeg4 ,illu/ration3 ,privy ,seal ( ,h5ry ,,viii4 ,,*apt] ,v ,h]aldic ,birds & o!r ,figures1 ,animate & ,inanimate ,9 ! same way t ! lion ass]t$ its pre-em95ce among h]aldic bea/s ! ,eagle1 ! mo/ p[]ful ( birds ( prey1 0 adopt$ z ! symbol ( victory f a "t s e>ly t "o hesitates to set a p]iod to x1 = 9 ,*aldea & ,assyria1 #djjj ,b4,c41 ! eagle typifi$ conque/1 ev5 z x did 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,! especially *>act]i/ic attitude ( ! h]aldic eagle :5 x is said to be display$ is fir/ f\nd 9 ^! e>ly picture writ+s ( ! ,ea/1 & f !nce ?r\gh c\ntless /ages comes to adorn ! surface ( ! %ields1 to ^: decoration its spread+ =m & radiat+ l9es s admirably l5d !mselves4 ,! pose is1 ( c\rse1 a natural "o1 z "o may see :5 a gull hov]s & backs 9 ! air2 b its decorative p[] & its adaptability to a %ield %ape are s /rik+ z to sugge/ its inv5tion = ! purpose4 ,! same necessity = cle> def9ition t influ5c$ ! draw+ ( ! m$iaeval lion caus$ ! eagle to be treat$ 9 a some:at simil> way1 & ! fea!rs ( ! w+s be+ wide spread ) ample cle> space betwe5 !m1 :ile ! body became to "s ext5t att5uat$1 made ! figure z conv5tional z ! lion1 & simil>ly adaptable to decorative di/ribution on a surface4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aje4--,%ield ( ! ,emp]or f ! ,tomb ( ,pr9ce ,edmund at ,k+s ,langley4 ,e>ly ,fifte5? ,c5tury4 ,a good example ( ! h]aldic eagle ( ! ,middle ,ages is on "o ( ! %ields t decorate ! tomb ( ,edmund ,plantag5et at ,k+s ,langley1 ,h]ts 7,fig4 #aje74 ,?is1 ! eagle ) two heads ( ! ,holy ,roman ,empire1 alludes to ,ri*>d1 ,e>l ( ,cornwall1 :o ?\gh he 0 nev] actually ,emp]or1 got s f> z to be elect$ ,k+ ( ! ,romans 9 #abeg1 & ! arms ( ! ,empire are con/antly ascrib$ to him4 ,! skeleton sket* t is useful 9 block+ out an eagle 9 its space w take "s su* =m z ,fig4 #ajf4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajf4 ,9 ! m$iaeval p]iod eagles 7 always %[n on %ields 9 ! patt]n-l display$ position1 :e!r !y 7 s+le or d\ble head$1 until ,r5aissance h]aldry 9 its rev]sion to classic types introduc$ ! eagle ( ! ,roman ,ensigns & ,monum5ts1 :i* !nce=? has _h to be tak5 into acc\nt :5 eagles are describ$ 9 blazon4 ,?us x is n[ necess>y to /ate :e!r ! bird is display$1 is close or is ris+4 ,an eagle is close :5 x /&s 9 pr(ile ) its w+s fold$1 & is ris+ :5 x /&s 9 ! same g5]al position b ) its w+s rais$4 ,an eagle 9 ! position ( t ( ! ,roman ,ensign is sometimes blazon$ 8an eagle ) w+s display$10 & mu/ n1 ( c\rse1 be confus$ ) 8an eagle display$40 ,:5 !y are fly+ !y1 l o!r birds1 are said to be volant4 ,!y are arm$ & memb]$ z to _! beaks & feet :5 diff]5ce ( col\r r5d]s x necess>y to m5tion ^? details4 ,o!r birds are r>ely if ev] display$4 ,falcons usually h bells /rapp$ to _! legs ) ?ongs call$ jesses1 & !n are blazon$ z jess$ & bell$4 ,!y are sometimes hood$ also4 ,! hood cov]+ ! eyes has an op5+ = ! beak & is usually decorat$ ) a tuft ( fea!rs4 ,a cock is said to be arm$ ) 8 beak & spurs1 cre/$ z to 8 comb1 & j[lopp$ ( 8 wattles4 ,a peacock :5 x c>ries its tra9 rais$ & fully spread is blazon$1 ) great & obvi\s propriety1 8a peacock 9 8 pride10 b simply z a peacock1 )\t qualification1 :5 ! tail is trail$4 ,! pelican1 ! well-kn[n emblem ( mat]nal love1 is %[n /&+ 9 h] ne/ & fe$+ h] brood ) blood f h] brea/1 & ) h] w+s 9 a display$ position ) ! po9ts d[nw>d 9 an attitude ( protection4 ,9 ?is position %e is call$ a pelican 9 h] piety4 ,z an imag9>y v>iant ( an actual ?+ x may be conv5i5t to ref] "h to ! m>tlet1 ! v di/9ctive h]aldic bird )\t feet1 ! 8m>tlette ( ! sunne10 z old armori/s call x4 ,x is %ap$ l a swall[ b )\t feet1 = x 0 believ$ to live entirely 9 ! air4 ,h5ce x 0 assign$ z a m>k ( cad5cy to ! f\r? son1 :o1 be+ s f> f succession to ! l&1 _h only 8 own p[]s to su/a9 him 7see ,fig4 #bid74 ,m>tlets =m "p ( ! arms t are ascrib$ to ,edw>d ! ,confessor1 ?\gh 9 ! example at ,we/m9/] ,abbey ! birds di/9ctly h feet & may p]haps h be5 meant = "s o!r bird altoge!r1 p]haps doves1 ^: symbolism ( peace caus$ _! e>ly appe>ance among ,royal insignia4 ,illu/ration3 ,seal ( ! ,emp]or ,sigismund1 z ,k+ ( ,hung>y4 ,illu/ration3 ,seal ( ,*>les ,,iv4 z ,emp]or4 ,illu/ration3 ,seal ( ,dauph9y1 #adid4 ,illu/ration3 ,italian ,m$al by ,pisano1 #adda4 ,illu/ration3 ,italian ,m$al1 attribut$ to ,b>tolo ,talpas1 ,x,vth ,c5tury4 ,( imag9>y birds ! pho5ix is mo/ int]e/+ z a symbol ( ! p]petuation ( life1 & e>ly writ]s nev] tir$ ( describ+ 9 elaborate detail h[ ! fabl$ bird1 :i* !y1 h[ev]1 accept$ & believ$ 9 z a natural fact1 effect$ 8 rejuv5esc5ce ?r\gh fire ( 8 own k9dl+4 ,!re=e ! pho5ix is repres5t$ 9 h]aldry z re/+ ^u its pyre4 ,9 rec5t times x has be5 cu/om>y to depict ! bird z %ap$ l an eagle1 b 9 e>li] examples ! head 0 cre/$ l a peacock4 ,its prop] col\r 0 purely fanciful1 "s examples ( great beauty be+ blue & gold1 ! prepond]ance ( t9cture v>y+ ) ! fancy ( ! arti/4 ,! ,h>py ( classic /ory appe>s 9 h]aldry 9 ! %apes ( eagles ) ! faces & brea/s ( wom51 & ?is appe>s to h be5 ! only figure1 ) "o exception1 :i* comb9es ! human =m ) t ( a bird1 = ! bird-head$ be+s ( ! ,assyrian bas-reliefs & o!r =ms ( ,ea/]n art 7 n among ^? adopt$ into our h]aldry1 ?\gh !re are a few in/ances 9 ,g]man "w4 ,! exceptions are ! swans ) wom5's faces t 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury decorat$ "s ( ! hall+s1 ( hang+s ( tape/ry or embroid]y1 z especially emphasiz$ v]sions ( ! *ivalric symbol ( womanhood t ! swan 0 consid]$ to be4 ,= ?is reason x 0 adopt$ z a badge at a "t :i* assidu\sly fa%ion$ its mann]s aft] ! tradition>y *ivalry ( ,k+ ,ar?ur & 8 knights1 & :5 e k9d ( poetic & symbolic h]aldry rea*$ its fulle/ developm5t4 ,,fi%4--,( h]aldic fi% ! ,dolph9 may p]haps be consid]$ ! mo/ di/+ui%$1 ma9ly f its association 9 =m] times ) ! heir to ! ?rone ( ,france2 b x is occasionally met ) 9 our h]aldry1 g5]ally p]haps z typical ( fi% 9 g5]al1 z 9 ! arms ( ! ,fi%mong]s ,company ( ,london4 ,x is repres5t$ ) its body curv$1 & is !n said to be emb[$1 & x also occurs 9 ! o!r position ref]r$ to bel[4 ,:5 x is blazon$ prop] its col\r1 h]aldically1 is gre5 ) r$ f9s & tail4 ,o!r fi% occur z punn+ allusions to _! own]s' names1 e4g4 ! ,lucies 7pike7 ( ! family ( ,lucy1 ^: arms are "o ( ! qu>t]+s ( ! ,duke ( ,nor?umb]l&4 ,a fi% :5 plac$ horizontally across ! %ield is blazon$ naiant1 or swimm+1 & :5 p]p5dicul> z ?\gh brea?+ on ! surface x is hauriant4 ,,human ,,figures4--,! human figure appe>s h]aldically z repres5t+ religi\s or symbolic p]sons1 & 9 comb9ation ) o!r =ms x makes ^? composite figures :i* express a conjunction ( symbolic ideas4 ,a woman's head & brea/s jo9$ to ! body ( a lion made ! well-kn[n ,sph9x1 a figure closely associat$ ) ,egypt1 to :i* c\ntry & to s]vices r5d]$ !re9 x usually alludes 9 mod]n h]aldry4 ,! ,greek sph9x is compos$ ( ! head & bu/ ( a woman jo9$ to ! body & legs ( a dog1 & 9 addition is w+$4 ,its occurr5ce is r>e 9 h]aldry1 a rec5t in/ance be+ ! ,greek sph9x sejant1 :i* is ! cre/ ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,le$s4 ,illu/ration3 ,pr9t]'s ,m>k ( ,grimm ,wirsung1 ,augsburg1 #aeba4 ,f a volume by ,erasmus4 ,hans ,weidlitz4 ,illu/ration3 ,arms ( ,s*w+%rte91 a ,nuremb]g family4 ,g]man1 ca4 #aehj4 ,! device is a punn+ "o1 ! figure wav+ hair be+ 9 allusion to ! "n ( ! family4 ,illu/ration3 ,bookplate by ,alb]t ,dr]4 ,circa #aebj4 ,9 conjunction ) a fi%'s tail ! body ( a woman =ms ! ,m]maid1 ! beautiful ,syr5a ( old writ]s1 :o nev] tire ( tell+ h[1 l ! h>py1 %e *>ms ! %ipm5 ) h] song4 ,nev]!less1 %e 0 ( s9i/] "*1 8glad & m]ry 9 tempe/ & heavy & sad 9 faire wea!r40 ,%e is usually repres5t$ hold+ a look+-glass 9 :i* %e reg>ds h]self :ile %e combs h] long hair4 ,! male ( ! species is call$ a ,triton1 & usually holds a trid5t z ! symbol ( naval dom9ion4 ,inde$ he is sometimes call$ ,neptune1 & cr[n$ ) a spik$ cr[n1 ! =m kn[n z an ,ea/]n cr[n t is describ$ & illu/rat$ "u t head4 ,ano!r semi-human =m is ! ,c5taur1 ! fav\rite badge ( ,k+ ,/eph51 ! classic mon/]1 half man & half horse & arm$ ) a b[1 t is sometimes call$ a ,sagitt>ius4 ,male figures 7 frequ5tly describ$ z ,savage ,m51 & 7 repres5t$ r\gh & %aggy ) hair1 & ) wrea?s ( oak ab\t _! lo9s1 ! blazon be+3 a savage man ppr4 wrea!d ab\t ! lo9s ) an oak wrea? v]t4 ,9 "s in/ances !y 7 wrea!d ab\t ! temples also4 ,heads ( bo? sexes1 arms & legs1 are us$ z *>ges & m frequ5tly z cre/s1 & are describ$ z c\p$ or eras$1 at ! %\ld] or ! neck1 z ! case may be4 ,! :ole ,arm f ! %\ld] is %[n b5t & is !n blazon$1 an arm emb[$4 ,x %\ld also be /at$ 9 ! blazon :e!r ! arm is dext] or s9i/]1 & :e!r1 if n nak$1 x is ve/$ 7& if s ( :at col\r71 or 9 arm\r1 :5 x is describ$ z an arm vambrac$4 ,9 arm\r is (t5 sub/itut$ = ! lat] t]m4 ,pairs ( arms grasp+ an object1 draw+ a b[ or wield+ a hamm]1 are also met )4 ,:5 ! arm does n ext5d beyond ! elb[ x is blazon$ a cubit arm1 & its position1 :e!r erect or o!rwise1 mu/ be specifi$4 ,human h&s are borne by sev]al families into ^: "n 8,ma90 ent]s1 ei!r z ,trema9e1 ,mayn>d1 etc41 & among o!r families by ! ,o',neils1 & 9 ! well-kn[n badge ( ,ul/]1 ! di/+ui%+ badge ( a b>onet4 ,!y are usually depict$ erect & c\p$ at ! wri/1 & are assum$ to be op5 unless x is o!rwise /at$4 ,any?+ depictable may be us$ z a *>ge1 b 9 ?is wide field !re are /ill c]ta9 p>ticul> objects1 t s+le !mselves out = m detail$ treatm5t ?an ! re/1 & ( ^! ! cross 9 its _m v>i$ =ms1 ! rose & ! fleur-de-lis are ! pr9cipal4 ,,crosses4--,9 a sy/em ( h]aldry :i* took its rise f a milit>y ,*ri/ianity ! cross naturally became a mu*-employ$ symbol "u ! v>i\s =ms :i* ! necessities ( di/9ction or decoration sugge/$4 ,al?\gh x has be5 dealt ) to "s ext5t "u ! head ( ord9>ies1 x is z a *>ge t x rea*es its greate/ v>iety & beauty4 ,! pla9 cross ) limbs ( unequal l5g?1 :i* is call$ a passion cross1 is sometimes plac$ ^u /eps or degrees1 z 9 ,fig4 #ajg1 :5 x may be describ$ z a cross calv>y4 ,( ! m decorative v>ieties ^? :i* t]m9ate 9 a mann] sugge/$ by ! fleur-de-lis are among ! mo/ usual & beautiful4 ,probably _m ( !m 7 decorative be=e !y became di/9ctive1 = among ! e>ly sculptures are _m examples ( decorat$ crosses ) foliat$ ends :i* foll[ none ( ! famili> =ms & are obvi\sly purely ornam5tal4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajg4--;,cross ,calv>y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajh4--;,cross ,flory4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aji4--;,cross ,fleurett4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aaj4--;,cross ,patonee4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aaa4--;,cross ,mol9e4 ,crosses 9 g5]al are drawn ) limbs ( equal l5g? except :]e ! %ape ( a %ield sugge/s ! l5g!n+ ( ! l[] limb 9 ord] to satisfactorily place ! object 9 its field1 b ! int5tion is t ! limbs are to be consid]$ equal & n l ^? ( ! passion cross4 ,! wid? ( crosses may be consid]ably v>i$1 = diff]5ce consi/s n 9 ! proportions ( p>ts to ea* o!r b 9 ess5tial v>iations ( =m4 ,! floriat$1 or o!rwise v>i$1 cross may !re=e be made ( any proportion t ! arrangem5t ( ! %ield may sugge/2 t is to say1 ! same adaptability exi/s 9 ^! crosses z 9 ! ord9>ies1 & _! proportions may & %\ld be v>i$ 9 relation to ! field !y occupy & ! *>ges ) :i* !y are associat$4 ,?\gh ! floriat$ crosses are all d]iv$ f "o s\rce1 _! v>i\s %apes h long become fix$ & n[ con/itute h]aldic diff]5ce4 ,x w be useful !re=e to obs]ve t ! end ( a cross flory 7,fig4 #ajh7 may approa* v closely ! =m ( a fleur-de-lis s long z confusion is n caus$ ) ! cross fleurett 7,fig4 #aji71 9 :i* ! fleur-de-lis appe>s jo9$ to ! cross1 r ?an z ?\gh develop$ f x4 ,! cross patonee 7,fig4 #aaj7 diff]s f ! cross flory m]ely 9 t ! limbs ( ! =m] increase 9 wid? outw>ds1 ! l9es radiat+ f ! c5tre 9 a v pleasant way4 ,9 e>ly %ields ! two latt] =ms are us$ indiff]5tly = ea* o!r1 z 9 ! arms ascrib$ to ,edw>d ! ,confessor1 & 9 su* cases *oice may1 ( c\rse1 be made ( "o or o!r =m2 b x is obvi\s t :5 def9ite di/9ction betwe5 simil> =ms has be5 arriv$ at x %\ld be obs]v$ & foll[$ 9 lat] r5d]+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aab4--,seal ( ,an?ony de ,bec1 ,bi%op ( ,durham1 #abhc-acaa4 ,! cross mol9e 7,fig4 #aaa7 has ends l a f]-de-mol9e or millr9d4 ,a v beautiful example occurs on ! seal ( ,an?ony de ,bec1 ,bi%op ( ,durham at ! end ( ! ?irte5? c5tury 7,fig4 #aab74 ,?is =m ( cross mol9e 0 di/+ui%$ by writ]s ( a late "t f ! ord9>y =m ) m po9t$ ends z a cross rec]cele1 b x 0 really ! same ?+ "u a diff]5t "n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aac4--;,cross ,pate4 ,! cross pate or =me 7,fig4 #aac7 is t :i* occurs on ! ,imp]ial cr[n & o!r ,royal insignia4 ,?is is a v graceful =m :5 ! limbs are well divid$ & are drawn ) pleasant curves1 z 9 ! cr[n 9 ,fig4 #afd4 ,9 lat] examples !re has be5 an un=tunate wid5+ ( ! ends until !y almo/ t\* ea* o!r at ! corn]s ) ! result t ! figure has ! appe>ance ( a squ>e t is pi]c$ ) f\r radiat+ vesica-%ap$ holes & h>dly t ( a cross at all4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aad4--;,cross ,crosslet4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aae4--;,cross crosslet ,fit*e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aaf4--,maltese ,cross4 ,! cross crosslet 7,fig4 #aad7 becomes 79 ,fig4 #aae7 a cross crosslet fit*e by its l[] limb be+ po9t$1 9 allusion to ! tempor>y cross ?ru/ upright into ! gr\nd 9 ord]1 x may be1 to s]ve z a symbol ( hope & consolation to a dy+ soldi]4 ,x mu/ n be suppos$1 h[ev]1 t e coat ) a cross crosslet fit*e orig9at$ 9 ! ,crusades4 ,o!r crosses may be fit*e 9 a simil> way1 ! po9t tak+ ! place ( ! :ole l[] limb z 9 ! example1 b 9 "s cases x is made to m]ely cont9ue ! l[] limb1 or1 9 ! case ( a cross pate fit*e1 to issue f ! middle ( ! l[] end1 & 9 su* cases ! cross is said to be fit*$ at ! foot4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aag4--;,cross ,bottone4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aah4--;,cross ,pommel4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aai4--;,cross ,urde4 ,! eight-po9t$ or ,maltese cross1 a developm5t f ! cross pate 7,fig4 #aaf71 is "o ( ! =ms mo/ us$ 9 ! insignia ( ,ord]s ( ,knigh?ood1 ! ,ord] ( ! ,ba?1 = example1 & ( ,/4 ,john ( ,j]usalem among o!rs1 & is "o ( a gr\p ( crosses di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r by ! numb] ( _! po9ts4 ,a cross ( f\rte5 po9ts occurs 9 ! badge ( ! ,ord] ( ,/4 ,mi*ael & ,/4 ,george1 & consi/s ( sev5 limbs ( two po9ts ea*4 ,! cross bottone 7,fig4 #aag7 is sometimes ?\ght to be a corruption ( ! cross crosslet1 ^: corn]s are frequ5tly r\nd$ 9 e>ly examples1 or x may inde$ h be5 design$ to repres5t buds1 z old armori/s say1 & if s is a p]fectly intelligible & expressive symbol4 ,crosses pomell 7,fig4 #aah71 urde or cli*e 7,fig4 #aai71 pot5t 7,fig4 #abj71 fur*e 7,fig4 #aba71 are "s ( a l>ge numb] ( crosses t are b r>ely us$4 ,! cross tau1 d]iv$ f ! ,greek lett] ( t "n1 is ! cross ( ,/4 ,an?ony 7,fig4 #abb74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abj4--;,cross ,pot5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aba4--;,cross ,fur*e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abb4--;,cross ,tau4 ,crosses may at any "t be repres5t$ z 9 relief1 :i* aga9 may be acc5t$ by means ( a c5tral arris or ridge :i* gives l9es ( light & %ade2 & ?is treatm5t is especially suitable to metal "w1 z is witness$ by _m beautiful examples on *ur* bells among o!r ?+s4 ,c>e is necess>y1 h[ev]1 9 black & :ite draw+ t ! indication ( an arris does n sugge/ t ! cross is 8p>ty0 9 any way4 ,,! ,,fleur-,,de-,,lis is "o ( ! =ms d]iv$ f a remote antiquity to become a widespread symbol ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( m$iaeval h]aldry4 ,probably d]iv$ f ! iris or "s simil> fl[] =m1 x is f\nd 9 ! mo/ anci5t & ! mo/ mod]n decoration4 ,ev5 ! rec5t excavations ( ! palace ( ,k+ ,m9os at ,knossos 9 ,crete disclos$ =ms ( ?is figure on ! wall frescoes4 ,its ornam5tal beauty z well z its spiritual symbolism easily acc\nt = its h]aldic preval5ce1 & ev5 be=e regul> h]aldry 0 =mulat$ ! emblem _h a quasi-h]aldic exi/5ce on ! cr[ns & sceptres ( ! ,royal seals4 ,its decorative value ne$s no po9t+ out1 = its graceful l9es are n only beautiful 9 !mselves b are easily adapt$ to h>monize ) almo/ any =m ) :i* !y may be 9 ornam5tal or h]aldic relation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abc4--;,e>ly ,twelf? ,c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abd4--,late ,twelf? ,c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abe4--,late ,twelf? ,c5tury4 ,( ! examples t are giv5 "h ,fig4 #abc is tak5 f ! seal ( ,k+ ,l\is ,,vii ( ,france1 e>ly 9 ! twelf? c5tury1 on :i* x appe>s z ! t]m9ation ( a sceptre4 ,! m di/9ctively h]aldic =m occurs on ! oval c\nt]-seal ( 8 successor1 ,philip ,,ii1 on :i* x appe>s z a badge )\t a %ield1 ab\t ! ye> #aahj 7,fig4 #abd74 ,a v beautiful =m ( ! ?irte5? c5tury 7,fig4 #abf7 is also ( ,fr5* orig91 & t :i* occurs on ! %ield ( ! ,black ,pr9ce may be consid]$ typical ( ! f\rte5? c5tury 7,fig4 #abg74 ,z 9 all ^! in/ances1 ! fleur-de-lis g5]ally has b ?ree leaves1 b 9 "s e>ly examples ! :ole five petals ( ! iris are sugge/$ by ! inclusion ( int]m$iate =ms betwe5 ! ?ree pr9cipal ones 7,fig4 #abe74 ,^! 7 sometimes leaflike1 z 9 ,fig4 #abh1 an example ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 b m usually are ?9 /ems :i* t]m9ate 9 small fl[]like =ms4 ,a fur!r beautiful example is ! common seal ( ,godman*e/]1 co4 ,hunts 7,fig4 #abi74 ,fleurs-de-lis are !n said to be se$$ 7a t]m t 0 probably made by "s late armori/ 9 giv+ a mean+ to a =m he did n und]/&7 or flor5ce1 f ! inv>iable "* ( ! fleur-de-lis1 ! 8,lily ( ! ,city10 9 ! ,arms ( ,flor5ce 7,fig4 #acj74 ,! elaboration ( ! simple leaflike =ms began z e>ly z ! middle ( ! f\rte5? c5tury at a "t :5 ! decorative s5se 0 untrammell$1 & x is 9 ! freely design$ illu/rations ( ! ,,mss4 t ! fir/ examples are f\nd4 ,! illu/ration 7,fig4 #aca7 is aft] "o ( a numb] ( !m t are repeat$ 9 v>i\s col\rs1 b ( simil> =m1 9 a book ( ! poems ( ,conv5evole da ,prato1 ,petr>*'s tutor1 :i* 0 made & pa9t$ ) m9iatures & o!r ornam5ts = ,rob]t ( ,anj\1 ,k+ ( ,naples1 ab\t ! ye> #acdj1 & 0 probably execut$ 9 ,flor5ce4 ,x is some:at surpris+ to f9d at s e>ly a date an example ( ! highly elaborat$ =m :i* became v g5]al 9 ! lat] ,italian decoration4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abf4--,?irte5? ,c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abg4--;,f\rte5? ,c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abh4--;,fifte5? ,c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abi4--,seal ( ,godman*e/]1 ,co4 ,hunts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acj4--;,fleur-de-lis f ! ,p$e/al ( ! ,lion1 ,flor5ce4 ,donatello4 ,fifte5? ,c5tury4 ,a beautiful example ( ! decorat$ fleur-de-lis ( ! fifte5? c5tury has already be5 ref]r$ to 7,fig4 #abh74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aca4--;,f\rte5? ,c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acb4--;,fifte5? ,c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acc4--;,eighte5? ,c5tury4 ,ab\t ?is "t also in/ances occur ( fleur-de-lis ( ! simpl] =m b ) decorat$ surfaces1 z 9 t f a fifte5? c5tury book ( ! h\rs t is "o ( ! illu/rations to ! ,comte de ,laborde's treatise on 8,les ,fleurs-de-lis ,h]aldiques et les ,fleurs-de-lis ,naturelles10 ,revue ,ar*aelogique1 9 :i* ! conv5tional fleur-de-lis 7,fig4 #acb7 is decorat$ ) natural lilies4 ,l o!r decorative details ! fleur-de-lis rapidly det]iorat$ 9 ! g5]al arti/ic decad5ce t foll[$ ! ,tudor p]iod1 & dur+ & aft] ! latt] half ( ! sixte5? c5tury ! beautiful & *>act]i/ic grace ( l9e 0 lo/1 & ! =m became blobby & heavy1 z 9 ! eighte5? c5tury ,fr5* example 7,fig4 #acc71 :ile ! co>se & ugly %apes t are commonly se5 9 ord9>y mod]n "w make x difficult to believe t !y c\ld h be5 d]iv$1 ev5 remotely1 f s beautiful a s\rce4 ,,roses4--,z a ,royal badge a gold5 rose 0 us$ by ,edw>d ,i1 & 0 depict$ ) a /alk & leaves simil> to ! badge ( ! ,malate/a 9 ,italy 9 lat] times4 ,9 su* cases x mu/ be blazon$ 8leav$ & slipp$10 o!rwise x w\ld be r5d]$ z ! conv5tionaliz$ fl[] alone1 ! only leaves %[n 9 ! latt] be+ ^? ( ! calyx1 :i* appe> betwe5 ! petals & are h]aldically call$ b>bs4 ,^! are frequ5tly m5tion$ on ! blazon1 e4g4 a rose gules b>b$ & se$$ ppr41 ! se$s be+ ! c5tre4 ,( ! conflict+ roses t br\ght su* ru9 on ! g5try ( ,engl& ! r$ rose ( ,lanca/] _h be5 ! badge ( ,h5ry ,,iv1 z ! :ite rose irradiat$ 0 t ( ,edw>d ,,iv1 ! latt] badge result+ f a comb9ation ( ! rose ) ! sun1 :i* 0 ano!r ,yorki/ emblem4 ,h5ry ,,vii unit$ ! r$ & :ite rose badges1 z he _h unit$ ! great rival h\ses t !y symboliz$4 ,sometimes a s+le rose 0 made p] pale gu4 & ar41 or else qu>t]ly ( ^? t9ctures 79 ! =m] case ! :ite half reta9$ ! rays t usually surr\nd$ ! :ite rose ( ,york71 b ! me?od :i* has come d[n 9 g5]al use is t ( a d\ble rose1 ! :ite )9 ! r$1 or vice v]sa4 ,9 ?is =m ,h5ry ,,vii made x "p ( ! coll> ( ! ,ord] ( ! ,g>t]1 & ?us x appe>s sculptur$ on ! walls ( ,/4 ,george's ,*apel at ,w9dsor4 ,9 _m in/ances ! ,york rose reta9$ its rays & ! rose ( ,lanca/] 0 plac$ )9 x1 z 9 ,fig4 #acd1 :i* is sculptur$ on ! ext]ior walls ( ! *oir4 ,9 _m ( ^! ! ends ( ! petals d n turn ov] z is mo/ usual1 b ! modell+ indicates a some:at simil> =m4 ,an int]e/+ example ( ! ,tudor rose z us$ by ,que5 ,elizabe? is t :i* 0 f\nd deeply incis$ 9 ! wood ( h] c(f9 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey 7,fig4 #ace74 ,?is ,que5 signifi$ ! union ( ! ,roses 9 yet ano!r way 9 ! badge t _h be5 h] "m's1 9 :i* ! tree-/ock :i* supports ! :ite falcon spr\ts ) r$ & :ite roses on ! same /em4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ace4 ,! ,tudor rose has be5 unit$ by dimidiation to _m o!r badges1 to ! pomegranate & to a %eaf ( arr[s by ,que5 ,m>y1 & to ! ?i/le by ,james ,i & 8 successors1 ( :om ,que5 ,anne us$ ! two emblems gr[+ f "o /em1 z 9 ! pres5t ,union badge ( ! rose1 ?i/le & %amrock4 ,! ,tudor rose cr[n$ /ill rema9s ! ,royal badge = ,engl&4 ,,! ,,h>p4--,z ! ,arms ( ,irel& z well z = ! beauty ( =m ) :i* x may be inve/$1 ! h>p is ( ! greate/ int]e/ bo? g5]ally 7z ! symbol ( m9/relsy7 & appropriately2 = ! fame ( ! ,iri% z h>pi/s 0 widespread ev5 9 ! e>ly ,middle ,ages1 :5 !y 7 among ! f9e/ ( ! _w4 ,& al?\gh any symbol1 :atev] x may be1 becomes hall[$ by association1 x _c b be felt t ! h>p is peculi>ly fitt$ to be ! emblem ( a p s full ( arti/ic & romantic en?usiasm4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acf4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ach4 ,! h]aldic h>p 0 at fir/ v simple & always graceful 9 =m1 foll[+ t ( ! m9/rels1 ! small h>p t 0 play$ re/+ on ! knee or held susp5d$ f ! neck4 ,examples ( ! m9/rel's h>p are ,fig4 #acf f a ?irte5? c5tury ,fr5* ,,ms4 & ,fig4 #acg f a ,tudor ,,ms4 ,z a device = ,irel&1 x fir/ appe>s on ! ,great ,seal 9 t ( ,que5 ,elizabe? 7,fig4 #ach71 :5 x 0 us$ z a badge & 0 ensign$ ) ! ,imp]ial cr[n1 z are all ,royal badges4 ,?is type ( h>p is ! same z t 9 ! ,wapp5 und ,/ammbu* by ,jo/ ,amman1 #aegi1 & 0 evid5tly ! %ape t 0 9 h]aldic fa%ion at t p]iod4 ,9 ! next reign x became def9itely ! ,arms ( ,irel&1 z is s qu>t]$ on ! ,royal ,%ield by ,james ,i1 :]e x has occupi$ ! ?ird qu>t] unmov$ ?r\gh\t ! *anges ( its fell[ qu>t]+s4 ,its =m cont9u$ to foll[ m or less t ( ! m9/rel's h>p until ! "t ( ,*>les ,,ii1 :5 ! famili> w+$ figure 0 made its pr9cipal *>act]i/ic 7,fig4 #aci74 ,?is1 h[ev]1 has no special h]aldic significance1 b is m]ely a v>iety ( ornam5tal treatm5t4 ,:ile x pres5ts opportunities = ! highe/ ef=ts ( art 9 ! treatm5t ( its figure1 z is evid5c$ by ,mr4 ,alfr$ ,gilb]t's beautiful h>p on ! tomb ( ! ,duke ( ,cl>5ce at ,w9dsor1 9 ! majority ( in/ances x is altoge!r )\t ! grace :i* is its reason = exi/5ce1 ev5 :5 x does n q desc5d to ! unlovely lump9ess ( ,georgian & lat] times4 ,! possible advantages ( its great] weight 9 ! design z comp>$ ) ! slight] =m1 a weight :i* t5ds to effect satisfactory balance ) ! o!r qu>t]s1 are c\nt]balanc$ by its disadvantages1 :ile ! addition ( ,celtic trac]y to ! m9/rel's h>p makes x m completely allusive & helps ! composition at ! same "t4 ,nev]!less ! figure h>p may be v beautiful4 ,! simpl] =m is n[ v g5]ally rev]t$ to1 & :5 arti/ic reasons direct ! *oice1 !re are no h]aldic consid]ations t ne$ fett] x4 ,! ,arms ( ,irel& are blazon$3 ,az4 a h>p ,or /r+$ ,arg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aci4--,! ,great ,seal ( ,*>les ,,ii = ,irel&4 ,be=e leav+ = a "t ! fur!r consid]ation ( ! %ield x w be conv5i5t to ref] to ! v beautiful me?od ( reliev+ & enri*+ surfaces :i* is call$ ,diap]+1 & is a notable feature ( ! m elaborate k9ds ( h]aldry4 ,num]\s & excell5t examples ( its use may be f\nd on ! sculptur$ %ields ( ! monum5ts & *antries1 z well z on incis$ brasses1 9 enamels & 9 /a9$ glass4 ,com+ into h]aldic use 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 x 0 soon ext5sively appli$ to ! decoration ( armorial %ields & especially ( _! fields & ord9>ies4 ,9 "s in/ances *>ges also 7 diap]$1 b only :5 !y 7 flat 9 "* & :5 ! g5]al treatm5t & mat]ial l5t !mselves to ! me?od4 ,9 mo/ cases x 0 conf9$ to pla9 surfaces4 ,! patt]ns 7 9 _m in/ances d]iv$ f ^? t _h be5 employ$ f anci5t times 9 textile decoration4 ,:5ev] diap]+ is appli$ to a %ield x is purely ornam5tal 9 "*1 & 9 _m in/ances is geometrical 9 plan1 hav+ no =ms t c\ld possibly be mi/ak5 = *>ges1 & s be likely to int]f]e ) ! cle> /atem5t ( ! arms4 ,! example is "o ( ! _m beautifully diap]$ %ields t decorate ! %r9e ( ! ,p]cies 9 ,bev]ley ,m9/]4 ,9 sculpture prop]1 :5 ! design 0 cut out ( ! surface1 a patt]n su* z t ( ,fig4 #adj 0 f\nd v suitable to ! mat]ial & to ! me?od ( work+ x2 :51 h[ev]1 ! diap] 0 modell$ up1 z 9 ! gesso decoration ( c]emonial %ields1 or 0 incis$ 9 rev]se1 z 9 a seal1 ! design frequ5tly took ! =m ( fl[+ l9es z ! readie/ means ( gett+ ! ornate effect t 0 requir$4 ,an example ( ?is latt] me?od may be ref]r$ to 9 ! ,great ,seal ( ,h5ry ,,iv at p4 #ah1 ,fig4 #b4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adj4--;,diap]$ ,%ield f ! ,p]cy ,%r9e 9 ,bev]ley ,m9/]4 ,f\rte5? ,c5tury4 ,9 ! e>ly examples ! diap]1 l ! seme already ref]r$ to1 0 treat$ z ?\gh x 7 a piece ( an ornam5tal fabric /ret*$ ov] ! %ield & pass+ beh9d ! *>ges )\t be+ affect$ or displac$ by !m4 ,! ,r5aissance "w %[s ! diap] m especially adapt$ to ! occasion1 z 9 a ,flor5t9e %ield f ! ,palazzo ,guadagni & n[ 9 ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum1 :i* is beautifully decorat$ 9 rais$ l9es ( gesso :i* foll[ ! outl9e ( ! figure at a little di/ance f x1 & ! re/ ( ! decoration accommodates itself to ! %ape ( ! spaces 9 a mann] t is especially satisfactory1 z convey+ ! impression ( be+ c>efully design$ = its p>ticul> purpose1 ) ea* "p 9 due relation to ! o!rs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ada4--;,diap]$ ,%ield 9 ,pa9t$ ,gesso at ,alloa ,h\se4 ,! ,arms ( ,h5ricus de ,ersk9e4 #abbd4 ,geo4 ,w4 ,eve4 ,! illum9ations ( ! manuscripts 7 frequ5tly diap]$ ) designs drawn 9 l9es ( gold on ! gr\nd col\r1 & a light] or d>k] t9t ( ! gr\nd col\r 0 simil>ly employ$1 sometimes also 9 comb9ation ) gold4 ,inde$1 ! possibilities ( diap]+ z surface decoration are almo/ )\t limit if x is reasonably h&l$4 ,its effect 9 enri*+ & add+ int]e/ to simple =ms & spaces is %[n 9 ! treatm5t ( ! ,arms ( ,h5ricus de ,ersk9e 7,fig4 #ada7 & ! %ield ( ,john1 fif? ,"l ,ersk9e1 & 8 wife1 ,lady ,m>g>et ,campbell 7,fig4 #adb71 two ( ! s]ies ( %ields execut$ 9 pa9t$ gesso = ! hall1 ,alloa ,h\se1 ,clackmannan%ire4 ,x is v useful 9 mono*rome1 z 9 engrav+ = in/ance1 z a means ( di/+ui%+ contigu\s spaces2 9 ! way t l9e t9ts 7 employ$ to d be=e a col\r value 0 ascrib$ to !m4 ,be+1 ( c\rse1 completely "u control to be employ$ or omitt$ at w1 x has none ( ! objections ( ! t9cture l9es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adb4--,%ield ( ,john1 ,fif? ,"l ,ersk9e4 ,pa9t$ gesso4 ,geo4 ,w4 ,eve4 ,! tone effect ( diap]+ mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt1 & ! consequ5t emphasis ( ! *>ges1 unless _! "* is v elaborate & brok5 up1 & 9 t case !re may be a t5d5cy to confuse _! lights & ?us obscure & spoil ! :ole effect4 ,discretion is !re=e v necess>y 9 apply+ t :i* prop]ly h&l$ is a v useful & decorative device4 ,x has be5 said t diap] mu/ h no design ( h]aldic significance1 & ?is mu/ be s :]ev] x is employ$ on ! actual armorials4 ,:51 h[ev]1 x is us$ z a backgr\nd or o!r extra-armorial decoration ! conv]se is ! case1 & badges & *>ges ( an allusive "* become ! mo/ suitable motives t c be employ$4 ,diap]s ( complete arms occur on a box ( *amplev enamel 9 ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum1 ^: decorations consi/ ( loz5ge-%ap$ spaces fill$ ) ! arms ( de ,val5ce & o!rs1 & 9 ! simil> "w on ! table ( ! tomb ( ,william de ,val5ce 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey4 ,9 ! portrait m$als ! backgr\nd 0 (t5 enri*$ ) armorial diap]s ( di/9ctive *>ges1 su* z ! fleur-de-lis backgr\nd to ! head ( ,l\is ,,xii & ! erm9e "o ( ,anne de ,bretagne1 bo? ( :i* are excell5t examples 7,fig4 #adc74 ,simil> diap]s appli$ to ar*itectural features are allud$ to at p4 #bje4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adc4--,m$al ( ,l\is ,,xii & ,anne ( ,brittany4 ,fifte5? ,c5tury4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,helm1 ,cre/ & ,mantl+ ,! treatm5t ( ! helm & mantl+ is a matt] ( especial int]e/ bo? z a significant "p ( an a*ievem5t ( arms & z t "p ( x :i* af=ds a great am\nt ( fre$om & v>iety 9 arti/ic arrangem5t1 = ! l9es ( ! helm1 ! "* ( ! mantl+1 its direction & fl[1 & to "s ext5t its col\r effect1 are l ! %ape ( ! %ield1 at ! disposal ( ! design] to d z he w or c ) !m4 ,) reg>d to ! %ield1 :i* 9 c\rse ( "t develop$ into a m]ely ornam5t$ surface on :i* to be> a device1 ! s5se ( p]sonal allusion 0 always reta9$1 ev5 :5 ! close association ( armorials ) a milit>y idea became to a great ext5t weak5$1 b a m ess5tially w>like "* 0 always ascrib$ to ! helmet & cre/1 z is evid5c$ by _! omission f ! arms ( ecclesia/ics &1 9 _m in/ances & ) great propriety1 f ^? ( corporations4 ,?is feel+ may also h influ5c$ ! small size ( ! helmets ( ! lat] sixte5? c5tury onw>ds4 ,! int5tion1 h[ev]1 0 n /rong en\gh to disp5se ) !m altoge!r z ! m$iaeval m5 did1 & ! result 0 m]ely to weak5 ! design 9 includ+ ! helmet & cre/ 9 a some:at %amefac$ way4 ,9 ! /ately c]emonial ( ! t\rnam5t1 helm & cre/ play$ no less di/+ui%$ a "p ?an ! %ield1 = ^? milit>y sports :i* took s firm a hold on ! vigor\s ta/es ( m$iaeval *ivalry 7 accompani$ by brilliant c]emonial1 9 :i* h]aldry f\nd its wide/ field ( display 9 all k9ds ( sumptu\s application to ! dress & decoration ( ! sc5e4 ,! lodg+s ( ! knights & nobles 7 di/+ui%$ by pa9t+s ( _! armorials1 & bann]s & p5nons project$ f ! w9d[s4 ,! tribunes ( ! ,ladies & ( ! ,judges ( ! ,t\rnam5t 7 gay ) badges brilliant 9 col\r & ( endless v>iety ( =m1 :ile ! combatants !mselves 9 surcoats & %ields ( ,arms & ) cre/$ helms & armorial horse trapp+s1 exhau/$ ! h]aldic possibilities ( p]sonal adornm5t4 ,on a day be=e t :i* 0 fix$ = ! combats ! helms & cre/s ( ! t\rney]s 7 br\ght toge!r ) mu* c]emony & 7 arrang$ 9 due ord] to ! satisfaction ( ! ,judges ( ! ,t\rnam5t4 ,ea* _h its own]'s bann] susp5d$ ov] x &1 all be+ ready1 ! ,ladies 7 conduct$ r\nd ! ,hall1 :5 if any "o ( !m1 by t\*+ a cre/1 accus$ its own] ( any fault or crime aga9/ *ivalry he 0 seiz$1 tri$ & puni%$1 accord+ to ! magnitude ( 8 (f5ce & ! cu/om ( ! ,t\rnam5t4 ,! helm & cre/ ( ! ,*evali] d'honneur1 ! knight select$ to att5d ! ,lady ( ! ,t\rnam5t & at h] bidd+ to ext5d ! 8,m]ci des ,dames0 :i* =bade fur!r attacks on a combatant un=tunate 9 ! mle1 7 ! objects ( especial c]emonial1 & 7he be+ )drawn by 8 (fice f active p>ticipation 9 ! combat7 7 tak5 f 8 head ) mu* c\rtesy by ! ,judges & ! ,h]ald & 7 solemnly giv5 9 *>ge ( ! ,ladies until su* "t z 8 duties %\ld cease at ! close ( ! ,t\rnam5t4 ,until t "t an esquire or g5tleman bore !m al(t ^u a lance /aff ne> to ! ,lady ( ! ,t\rnam5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #add4--,?irte5? ,c5tury4 ,) reg>d to ! helm1 x w n be desirable to discuss its developm5t z arm\r ?r\gh ! v>i\s =ms :i* prec$$ ^? :i* 7 employ$ to support h]aldic cre/s2 & x w suffice to beg9 ) ! e>ly =m1 :i* 0 m or less cyl9drical1 z 9 ,fig4 #add1 & aft]w>ds develop$ into ! m complex curves & projections ( ! t\rnam5t helm4 ,at fir/1 comp>atively %ort & re/+ on ! camail :i* cov]$ ! head1 9 "t x 0 made long]1 until ! helm re/$ on ! %\ld]s1 & be+ buckl$ back & front to ! body arm\r became1 z x 71 "p ( x1 & besides be+ a bett] def5ce 0 able to support ! additional pressure ( a cre/ 7:i* ?\gh fa%ion$ ( light mat]ial 0 /ill ( consid]able weight7 ) a m9imum ( fatigue to its we>]4 ,! cre/ 0 atta*$ to ! cr[n plate ( ! helm by means ( laces1 or by small bolts or o!r fa/5+s :i* pass$ ?r\gh holes made = ! purpose4 ,x appe>s improbable t cre/s 7 us$ to any g5]al ext5t 9 actual battle1 & = ! be/ ( all practical reasons1 t a cre/ _h be5 f\nd to be a v dang]\s ornam5t :i*1 at close qu>t]s1 s]v$ z a h&le1 :ile ! laces held1 by :i* to pull d[n ! we>]'s head1 & ,k+ ,/eph5 is said to h be5 among ^? t suff]$ 9 ?is way4 ,t !y 7 us$ 9 battle to "s ext5t is evid5t1 & ,viollet-le-duc1 9 ref]r+ to ! abuse ( ! ,t\rnam5t1 po9ts out t ! feudal nobility attempt$ to treat w> itself l a gr& t\rnam5t & appe>$ on ! field extravagantly array$ ) long surcoats & lambrequ9s t encumb]$ _! movem5ts & gave !m an easy prey to simple ar*]s & simil> workmanlike troops4 ,! %ape ( ! helm 0 naturally susceptible ( mu* v>iety b its ess5tial /ructural "* rema9$ ! same ?r\gh\t1 & consi/$ pr9cipally ( ?ree p>ts1 ! cr[n plate & two o!rs = ! front & back ( ! helm respectively4 ,sight 0 provid$ = 9 "o ( two ways1 ei!r by leav+ an op5+ betwe5 ! cr[n & front plate or by pi]c+ ! latt] ) horizontal op5+s :i* 7 /r5g!n$ by an additional piece1 g5]ally 9 ! =m ( a cross1 & s splay$ z to deflect a po9t t _h /ruck ne> ! op5+4 ,bo? op5+ & re9=c+ piece may be ( value 9 design1 ! =m] f its /rong l9e :i* mu/ always be reckon$ )1 & ! latt] = ! opportunity x af=ds ( introduc+ decorative detail :]e x may be useful4 ,x is int]e/+ to obs]ve t ! back ( ! helm is ( ?9n] plate ?an ! front1 ?us disp5s+ ) weight :]e x 0 possible to d s4 ,9 ! lat] =ms ( helm1 :i* 7 fa/5$ by /raps to ! brea/ & back1 ! buckle & ! me?ods ( rivett+ x to ! plates af=d o!r opportunities = utiliz+ /ructural details ornam5tally4 7,fig4 #ade47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ade4--;,fifte5? ,c5tury4 ,tilt+ ,helm4 ,! p]=ations :i* facilitat$ brea?+ 7 g5]ally on ! "r-h& side1 & ?\gh !re 7 in/ances ( _! be+ on bo? sides x 0 v unusual 9 view ( ! fact t ! t\rnam5t attack 0 f ! left1 & t al?\gh ! tilt+ spe> _h a coronal in/ead ( a po9t1 c>e w\ld /ill be tak5 to give z little hold z possible to ! weapon4 ,?is ref]s to brea?+ holes1 spiracula1 9 ! front plate1 b !re 7 also op5+s1 sometimes ( consid]able size1 9 ! backplate beh9d ! v]tical jo9t1 ?r\gh :i* ! knight c\ld he> & p]haps1 by turn+ 8 head1 see & speak to ! squire :o att5d$ him4 ,9 ! fifte5? c5tury ! dem& = great] mobility & less weight 9 ! arm\r t 0 us$ = actual battle _h produc$ ! ,helmet or small helm1 hav+ a front :i* op5$ & a m or less flexible neck1 ! ,basc9et1 ! ,salade & o!r =ms ( head arm\r2 & !nce=w>d ! great helm 0 res]v$ = ! uses ( ! t\rnam5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adf4--;,helmet4 ,fifte5? ,c5tury4 ,an example ( helmet at ,fig4 #adf1 aft] ,viollet-le-duc1 w s]ve to expla9 its /ructure4 ,! vizor1 9 two p>ts1 op5s upw>ds on a pivot1 & ! front op5s sideways by means ( a h+e to p]mit ! helmet to be put on1 & ?\gh !re 0 a great v>iety 9 %ape & con/ruction !y 7 all modifications ( ! me?ods ( ! example4 ,! head 0 capable ( movem5t1 ! lam9at$ plates ( ! gorget giv+ a c]ta9 am\nt ( flexibility f side to side z well z up & d[n1 provision be+ also made = "s am\nt ( turn+ movem5t4 ,z pieces ( def5sive me*anism helmets 7 v excell5t1 b 7 r>ely associat$ ) cre/s 9 ! "t ( _! actual use--?\gh !y 7 frequ5tly s repres5t$ 9 ! lat] times :5 h]aldry _h become out ( t\* ) ! arm\r$ p]iod & did n tr\ble to g f>!r back = its cre/ support ?an ! mo/ rec5t =m ( clos$ def5ce = ! head4 ,9 all arm\r1 & mu* besides helms is us$ 9 h]aldry1 x w be f\nd useful to acquire a practical k ( its /ructure & me?od ( work+ & also ! practical reasons = ! =m ( its v>i\s p>ts4 ,by s do+ x w become unnecess>y to se>* = a model = e ne$1 r x w be possible 9 ! case ( a figure to draw ! man & put ! arm\r on him 9 ! =m t seems mo/ suitable4 ,=ms ( great] or less simplicity c ?us be design$ z circum/ances may dictate1 z x may be desirable 9 ! int]e/s ( light & %ade to elaborate or m9imize ! details4 ,arm\r %\ld be s design$ t its pr9cipal l9es help ! composition & express ! =m 9 ! mo/ =cible1 suitable & simple way4 ,9 an arm1 = in/ance1 :i* is ( frequ5t occurr5ce z a cre/1 x %\ld be obs]v$ h[ ! gauntlet has its def5ce add$ to ! glove1 h[ its wri/ fits ov] ! arm piece1 ! arrangem5t ( ! elb[ piece1 ! cubiti]e1 on its inn] & out] sides ) reg>d to ! holl[ ( ! arm1 & s =?4 ,by ?us famili>iz+ oneself ) ! ess5tial /ructure1 x becomes possible to h&le ! subject ) confid5ce 9 design1 s t p]spective1 light & %ade & ! h>moni\s relation%ip ( l9es may be help$1 :ile ! /ructure appe>s conv9c+ly "r4 ,besides ! clos$ helm :i* 0 us$ 9 ! j\/1 ! mimic duel ) lances1 a m op5 v>iety 0 us$ 9 ! t\rney1 = 9 ! latt]1 :i* 0 f\ght by oppos+ p>ties ( m5 arm$ ) blunt$ swords & ) wood5 maces1 !re 0 no attack ) ! po9t to be provid$ aga9/1 & x 0 !re=e possible to light5 ! arm\r by means ( p]=ations & to op5 ! face by sub/itut+ b>s = plates4 ,9 ! helm %[n at ,fig4 #adg x w be notic$ t n only is ! face op51 b !re are num]\s holes 9 ! upp] "p ( ! gorget1 & ! brea/-plate & o!r p>ts ( ! arm\r 7 also pl5tifully p]=at$4 ,su* arm\r = t\rney+ 0 frequ5tly modell$ 9 lea!r in/ead ( metal1 ! light] mat]ial be+ a suffici5t def5ce aga9/ sword & mace1 ?\gh x w\ld h f>$ badly aga9/ ! m conc5trat$ lance %ock ( ! j\/1 & !re=e :5 ! lance 0 also p]mitt$ 9 ! t\rney m effici5t arm\r 0 worn4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adg4--,t\rney ,helm1 aft] ,viollet-le-duc4 ,fifte5? ,c5tury4 ,fig4 #adg %[s a =m ( appliance = fix+ ! cre/ by means ( a sort ( skull cap1 :i* 0 lac$ to ! helm ?r\gh ! holes provid$ = ! purpose4 ,! e>lie/ decoration ( symbolic ?\gh /ill m]ely g5]al significance on ! helms ( ! ,middle ,ages 0 ! re9=c+ piece surr\nd+ ! two sight op5+s1 t 0 made 9 "o ( ! _m =ms ( cross2 & ! coronets & decorative fillets :i* d5ote high rank4 ,^! latt] 7 succe$$ ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! f\rte5? c5tury by ! actual cre/s1 :i* 7 sometimes repetitions1 modifi$ or n1 ( ! device on ! %ield1 sometimes ( a diff]5t nature altoge!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adh4--,pana*e ,cre/4 ,fr5*4 ,f\rte5? ,c5tury4 ,! fir/ attempt to decorate ! top ( ! helm appe>s to h be5 by pana*es ( fea!rs1 p]haps also ( horsehair1 = :i* repres5tations 9 gild$ lea!r or o!r m p]man5t mat]ial 7 aft]w>ds sub/itut$4 ,z e>ly z ! n9? c5tury movable cre/s ( col\r$ lea!r _h decorat$ ! head arm\r1 be+ fa/5$ back & front to ! bronze or iron cap4 ,^! 7 purely ornam5tal1 except s f> z diff]5ce ( col\r may h made !m p]sonal to "s ext5t4 ,an example ( ! middle ( ! f\rte5? c5tury appe>s z ,fig4 #adh4 ,"s ( ! pana*e cre/s reta9$ _! fea!ry "* & ultimately became cre/s t 7 9 e way h]aldic1 :ile o!rs 7 develop$ into a fan-l =m :i* itself s]v$ z a field = ! display ( a device or ev5 ( ! :ole arms z 9 ! case ( ,sir ,ge(frey ,l\t]elle's cre/ t is quot$ by ,b\tell4 ,^! ornam5ts appe> to h be5 purely decorative additions to ! helmet1 & c\ld h _h no def5sive value2 on ! contr>y1 ! angle =m$ by ! base ) ! cr[n ( ! helmet w\ld1 if rigid1 h provid$ lodgm5t & pur*ase = a bl[ :i* might o!rwise h slid (f4 ,h]aldic cre/s came into def9ite use ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! f\rte5? c5tury & soon became ( v g5]al application on seals & 9 o!r armorial ways4 ,! ,t\rnam5t cre/s 7 l>ge & boldly design$ & 7 con/ruct$ ( v>i\s light mat]ials su* z lea!r1 pap] & canvas1 work$ ov] a wick] frame2 ! surface details 7 modell$ 9 f9e pla/]1 & ! :ole 0 pa9t$ & gilt4 ,few anci5t examples exi/ 9 ?is c\ntry1 ! mo/ notable be+ t ( ,edw>d ! ,black ,pr9ce :i* accompanies 8 %ield at ,cant]bury4 ,abroad !y are m num]\s & ,fig4 #adi is an excell5t example ( !m4 ,?is spirit$ dragon's head1 ( ,flor5t9e "w ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 is modell$ 9 gesso ov] a wood core1 & 0 pa9t$ & gilt4 ,x is notewor?y t 9 ?is in/ance ! torse is modell$ ) ! cre/4 ,:5 a device became a cre/ x 0 g5]ally modifi$ to "s ext5t 9 ord] to fit x practically = its position4 ,h5ce ! frequ5cy ( ! demi-animals1 :i*1 :ile admitt+ ( m secure adju/m5t to ! helm1 reta9$ all ! vigor\s & symbolic qualities ( ! :ole figure4 ,animals' heads 7 also l>gely us$ & are equally satisfactory f ! po9t ( view ( design1 because ( ! ease ) :i* _! l9es may be made to h>monize ) ^? ( ! support+ helmet4 ,:5 a lion or o!r animal 0 us$ :ole x 0 g5]ally 9 a /atant position1 z x is 9 ! ,royal ,cre/ ( ,engl&1 ,p]cy & o!rs1 = t 0 ! mo/ /able po/ure 9 :i* su* a modell$ object c\ld be fix$ to a helm4 ,9 su* cases ! animal look$ directly 9 front ( x & fac$ z ! helm did4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adi4--;,dragon's ,head ,cre/ f ! ,b>d9i collection4 ,flor5t9e4 ,fifte5? ,c5tury4 ,flat objects1 ! sun 9 spl5d\r = example1 7 plac$ edgeways to ! front1 s t !y 7 be/ se5 f ! sides1 b 9 "s cre/s1 ! device1 especially :5 a fleur-de-lis1 0 =m$ ( two planes :i* int]sect$ ea* o!r at "r angles1 s t ! complete =m 0 visible f e po9t ( view4 ,! mantl+1 or lambrequ9s1 hung f ! top ( ! helmet1 be+ fa/5$ to x by laces1 & ov] x ! torse1 =m$ ( twi/$ silk ( two or sometimes m t9ctures1 encircl$ ! cr[n ( ! helm bel[ ! cre/4 ,! arti/ic treatm5t ( ! cre/$ & mantl$ helm 0 ne>ly always satisfactory dur+ ! :ole p]iod ( ! t\rnam5ts until !y ceas$ 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 b ab\t ! middle ( t c5tury began ! un=tunate increase ( re/rictive rules t 7 devis$ ) s little reg>d to _! practical arti/ic application4 ,9 place ( ! great helm :i* _h previ\sly be5 us$ 9 ! way t 0 be/ suit$ to ! display ( ! cre/1 t is to say 9 pr(ile or ne>ly s1 ! light] helmet 0 sub/itut$1 & x 0 also decre$ t x %\ld be v>i$ 9 %ape1 twi/$ ab\t & op5$ & %ut1 accord+ to ! rank ( its own]1 b ) total disreg>d to ! cre/4 ,s t we h a lion /&+ sideways on its helmet & ev5 look+ d[n ! back ( x4 ,= 9 ! wor/ cases a helmet may be se5 turn$ completely r\nd1 :ile its cre/ rema9s 9 ! orig9al direction4 ,?is arose f ! /upid application ( ! excell5t rule t helms :5 m ?an "o are employ$ %\ld be pos$ ) reg>d to "s common c5tre ( int]e/2 an obvi\sly prop] & arti/ic me?od1 b x %\ld be equally obvi\s t :5 ! helm turns ! cre/ mu/ turn too4 ,al?\gh x w 9 mo/ in/ances be possible to ignore ^! rules1 = ! be>]'s rank w usually be suffici5tly indicat$ 9 "s o!r way1 x is1 ( c\rse1 necess>y to "k !m1 & ! pres5t rules = helmets ( rank are z foll[s3--,an ,esquire or g5tleman has a helmet ( /eel ) gold ornam5ts & x is pos$ 9 pr(ile ) ! vizor clos$4 ,! position is n int]pret$ v /rictly1 h[ev]1 & ! helmet may be ?ree-qu>t] face or may make an ev5 ne>] approa*1 9 reason1 to ! full affronte position4 ,?is =tunate latitude af=ds a way by :i*1 :5 ! use ( ! small helm is insi/$ ^u1 ! cre/ & its support may be br\ght into intelligible relation%ip4 ,a ,knight's or ,b>onet's helmet is simil> to t ( an ,esquire1 b is borne full fac$ ) ! vizor op54 ,x is difficult s see any reason = multiply+ indications ( rank :i* is already m>k$ 9 o!r ways1 ?\gh ! difficulty c]ta9ly exi/s 9 ! case ( a ,knight 7) a ,b>onet !re is ( c\rse none71 b x w\ld be easy to devise "s di/+ui%+ m>k on or ab\t ! %ield or on ! helmet itself if ! au?orities w\ld give a rul+ 9 ?is s5se4 ,! helmet ( a ,pe] is ( /eel or silv] & gold1 ! front hav+ b>s or grilles in/ead ( a movable vizor1 & its pose is pr(ile wise1 simil> to t ( ! ,esquire's helmet4 ,its b>s are usually five 9 numb]1 & attempts to signify exact rank by ! numb] ( b>s h n result$ 9 any rules t are obs]v$4 ,! ,sov]eign & ,pr9ces ( ! ,blood ,royal h b>r$ helmets ( gold :i* are plac$ affronte4 ,! mod]n rev]sion to ! t\rnam5t helm z a support = ! cre/ 0 begun 9 ! illu/rations to ,fo/]'s ,pe]age by ,dom ,anselm & ,=bes ,nixon 9 #ahhj & ) :at advantage may be se5 by inspection ( t admirable "w4 ,!re c be no "q ( ! sup]ior value ( ! great helm f an arti/ic po9t ( view4 ,its /rong simplicity makes x especially suitable z a support = a cre/ t is treat$ 9 a bold & expansive mann] & its bold curves compose well ) ! l9es ( ! mantl+ & %ield4 ,! c5tral position :i* ! helm occupies is necess>ily an important "o1 & 9 ord] to avoid ov]-acc5tuation x %\ld be s design$ z to be a l9k betwe5 ! %ield & ! cre/1 & n be p]mitt$ to conc5trate att5tion on itself4 ,! avoidance ( su* undue prom95ce is help$ by ! tilt+ =w>d ( ! helm1 a position :i* t5ds to make ! horizontal l9es1 ( ! 8sight0 = in/ance1 curve upw>ds & s help ! composition1 ) respect to ! cre/1 :ile ! /rong l9e ( ! front ridge com+ d[n 9 ! direction ( ! %ield is also valuable4 ,! =w>d lean ( ! helm is always noticeable & probably po9ts to its be+ c>ri$ on a /aff z already m5tion$1 = its highe/ "p1 :i* w\ld be ! po9t ( support1 be+ usually beh9d ! c5tre1 w\ld t5d to ?r[ x =w>d & s br+ x into "s approa* to ! degree ( incl9ation t x w\ld h :5 x 0 on ! head ( a *>g+ knight4 ,! difficulty ( deal+ ) mod]n cre/s usually arises f _! hav+ be5 design$ ) reg>d only to _! repres5tation on flat surfaces1 b ! problem may be solv$ to "s ext5t--x is frequ5tly impossible to d s completely--by c>efully adju/+ ! cre/ & helm to ea* o!r & by plac+ !m 9 ! aspect t produces ! be/ effect & at ! same "t expresses _! "* mo/ fully2 & = ?is a sket* model 9 clay or o!r pla/ic mat]ial w be f\nd v helpful4 ,! leav+ out ( sight ( all me?ods & mat]ials o!r ?an ^? employ$ = ! imm$iate purpose 9 h& has result$ 9 mo/ un=tunate1 & 9 "s cases ridicul\s1 cre/s :i* c\ld nev] h be5 us$ 9 ! anci5t way1 & n[ if !y h to be c>v$ 9 relief or 9 ! r\nd1 z mural decoration or z ! newel ( a /airway1 %[ !mselves :olly inadaptable to reasonable treatm5t4 ,on ! o!r h& ! e>ly cre/s are always 8possible10 = ! m$iaeval h]ald 0 naturally famili> ) ! appe>ance ( an actual cre/ modell$ 9 ! r\nd1 ?\gh he may nev] h modell$ "o himself1 & s 8 design is always /ructurally "r4 ,b :at c be said = "s mod]n examples1 a dove fly+ ov] wat] = in/ance8 ,x seems to h be5 =gott5 until rec5tly t h]aldry ev] _h a real exi/5ce or c\ld possibly be c>ri$ out 9 m ?an "o way1 & ! result 0 t any?+ t 0 suitable to a flat %ield 0 ?\ght equally appropriate = a cre/ s long z x 0 suffici5tly diff]5c$ f o!r be>+s4 ,a few exp]im5ts ) a lump ( clay w\ld h %[n ! fallacy ( ?is idea1 & incid5tally might h sav$ _m a family1 (t5 9 spite ( itself1 f be+ labell$ = ev] ) an absurd be>+4 ,z1 h[ev]1 we _c always *oose ! h]aldic motives ) :i* we h to deal we mu/ make ! be/ ( ! refractory ones1 z well z ( ! re/1 & ! /ructural side ( ! subject may be reg>d$ z ! direction 9 :i* ! solution ( difficult problems may be f\nd4 ,z an example1 let u take a rampant lion & pose x on a helm1 & x becomes obvi\s t if x is tak5 f a %ield )\t modification x w look ridicul\sly insecure on "o leg z x is g5]ally pos$1 ,fig4 #aej1 b t x is mu* improv$ if arrang$ 9 firm] relation to its base1 ! helm1 z 9 ,fig4 #aea4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aej4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aea4 ,ano!r difficult k9d ( cre/ is t :i* is diff]5c$ ) a r[ ( objects 9 front4 ,= in/ance3 ,9 front ( a t[] betwe5 two w+s ?ree fleurs-de-lis2 :i* is usually drawn z ,fig4 #aeb1 al?\gh w+s w\ld nev] h be5 modell$ =e & aft 9 t way4 ,if ! solidity ( a cre/ is kept 9 m9d ! model w\ld come out some?+ l ,fig4 #aec1 & on simil> l9es ! mo/ unpromis+ mat]ial may ) a little pa9s be made pres5table by ! use ( sket* models 9 ! r\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aeb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aec4 ,:5 two helmets & cre/s occur toge!r !y turn t[>ds ea* o!r & s naturally help ! unity ( design1 & :5 !re are ?ree1 ! out] ones turn simil>ly t[>ds t 9 ! c5tre4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! cre/ be ( su* a nature t x _c be turn$ ab\t1 x w ( c\rse be pref]able = ! cre/ to dictate ! position ( ! helm r ?an to repeat ! s5seless fault ( ! helm & cre/ fac+ diff]5t ways4 ,! arrangem5t ab\t ! helmet ( ! ,torse or ,wrea? is ( consid]able importance4 ,x %\ld always be treat$ z a silk5 fav\r wrea!d r\nd ! helmet1 & n z a support = ! cre/1 to :i* x is m]ely a decorative accessory4 ,an un=tunate phrase :i* has be5 us$ 9 blazon+ cre/s1 f z e>ly z ! sixte5? c5tury1 may be answ]able = mu* ridicul\s treatm5t ( ! wrea? z a solid object1 viz41 ,on a wrea?1 etc41 :i* sugge/s a mat]ial connexion betwe5 x & ! cre/1 & result$ 9 ! /iff rods :i* 7 balanc$ on _! c5tres1 or1 :5 two cre/s 7 us$1 7 treat$ z plat=ms on :i* ! cre/s /ood on ei!r side (1 & away f1 ! helmet4 ,t ?is me?od ( blazon+ a cre/ is n unavoidable is evid5t 9 a draft ( ! grant ( a cre/ to ! ,groc]s ,company ( ,london 9 :i* ! =mula is 8uppon ! healme a camell golde bryd$ sable b]ynge two bagges ( pep]10 etc4 ,9 e>ly times ! col\rs ( ! torse _h no relation to ^? ( ! %ield1 be+ adopt$ 9 a purely fanciful way1 b 9 ! c\rse ( "t ! pres5t cu/om 0 arriv$ at1 namely1 t ! wrea? %\ld consi/ ( ! pr9cipal metal & col\rs ( ! arms1 z %[n by _! priority1 9 ! blazon4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aed4 ,z ! torse 0 compos$ ( pieces ( silk ( diff]5t col\rs twi/$ toge!r1 ! col\rs appe> alt]nately1 six spaces be+ g5]ally %[n1 _! alt]nation beg9n+ on ! dext] side ) ! metal1 z mo/ h]aldic alt]nations d1 = ! idea 0 t metal 0 m 8wor?y0 ?an col\r1 b !re is no?+ ess5tial 9 ?is4 ,9 "s in/ances ! torse resembles drap]y cut into leaves1 z 9 ,fig4 #aed1 a fifte5? c5tury example f ! ,palazzo del ,pode/a1 ,flor5ce4 ,its place is sometimes tak5 by a decorative circlet call$ a cre/ coronet1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is no indication ( rank1 ?\gh x is probably d]iv$ f ! practice at a "t be=e coronets signifi$ specific degrees ( nobility1 :5 x (t5 appe>s encircl+ ! helmets ( p]sonages ( high rank4 ,lat]1 :5 coronets 7 beg9n+ to take ! =m t soon became regul>1 ! cre/ ( a ,pe] 0 made to issue f a coronet1 z 9 t ( ,ri*>d ,e>l ( ,w>wick1 on 8 tomb4 ,an excell5t practice1 & "o q 9 h>mony ) h]aldic feel+1 t !re has be5 "s attempt to revive 9 mod]n times4 ,o!r coronets t occur 9 cre/s & are also us$ z *>ges are describ$ at p4 #bga4 ,! ,,mantl+ or ,,lambrequ91 t dep5ds f ! helmet1 & is a mo/ valuable asset to ! design]1 0 d]iv$ f "s su* protection to ! helmet z ! surcoat 0 to ! body arm\r1 & l x 0 soon made to s]ve decorative purposes4 ,! surcoats1 mantles & o!r g>m5ts ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 be+ ornam5t$ ) dagg$ edges cut into v>i\s tongue-%ap$ patt]ns1 ! mantl+ naturally foll[$ _! example & !nce proce$$ to o!r ornam5tal developm5t1 v simply at fir/1 b cont9u+ ) ev]-increas+ elaboration until x became1 9 _m in/ances1 simil> to ! contempor>y ar*itectural trac]y4 ,its e>ly =m is %[n 9 ,fig4 #aee1 & ! beg9n+ ( its decorative developm5t 9 ,fig4 #aef4 ,an ev5 e>li] in/ance ( dagg$ edges to drap]y occurs on ,trajan's column1 9 ! decoration ( a t5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aee4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aef4 ,?\gh ! mantl+ probably rema9$ comp>atively simple 9 actual use its treatm5t 9 ! illum9at$ ,,mss4 & on monum5ts %[s a v ready acceptance ( its ornam5tal possibilities1 bo? z a decorative adjunct to ! armorials & also z a l9k betwe5 !m & o!r decoration4 ,dur+ ! ,middle ,ages x foll[$ ! me?od ( ! ,go?ic trac]y 9 divid+ & sub-divid+ 9 gr\ps ( ?ree1 :i* curv$ & int]lac$ 9 inf9ite v>iety4 ,9 addition to be+ lac$ to ! helm x 01 9 "s cases1 secur$ by two /raps :i* 7 rivett$ to ! helm on ei!r side & buckl$ at ! back4 ,x 0 also frequ5tly decorat$ ) badges1 & 9 "s cases ! coat ( arms 0 :olly repeat$ on x4 ,x sometimes took ! =m ( a cap :i* fitt$ ov] ! helm1 & 0 cont9u$ beh9d1 & a curi\s example ( a t\rney helm ) su* an ornam5t is ,fig4 #aeg1 aft] ,viollet-le-duc1 :i* is "p ( ! equipm5t ( a knight ab\t to t\rney1 ^: surcoat is *>g$ ) a d\ble-head$ eagle1 &1 he be+ ab\t to enc\nt] ) swords & !re=e hav+ no %ield1 ! *>ge is repeat$ on ! helm 9 ! bold & effective mann] "h %[n4 ,on ! /all plate ( ,ga/on de ,foix z a ,knight ( ! ,g>t]1 "p ( ^: arms is ,or ?ree pallets ,gules1 ! mantl+ has "o side simil>ly /rip$ ) gold & r$4 ,examples ( mantl+ *>g$ ) badges are also to be f\nd on ! ,g>t] /all-plates4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aeg4 ,! practice ( decorat+ ! surface ( mantl+ is /ill c>ri$ out to "s ext5t 9 t ( a ,knight ( ! ,g>t]1 z x hangs ov] 8 /all 9 ,/4 ,george's ,*apel1 ! col\r$ side be+ sewn ) a twi/$ ornam5t 9 lace & spangles4 ,! edges are jagg$ ) cuts 9 accordance ) ! !ory t t 0 ! orig9 ( ! ornam5tal =m4 ,a f>-fet*$ reason = :at 0 aft] all a purely ornam5tal developm5t4 ,! (fice ( mantl+ be+ a purely decorative "o sugge/s t its treatm5t1 z =m1 %\ld be su* z to support & supplem5t ! l9es ( ! %ield & its cont5ts1 & to assi/ 9 l9k+ toge!r ! :ole composition4 ,x w !re=e avail itself ( ! well-kn[n p[] ( curves to emphasize :at !y enclose & w f9d endless v>iety ( design 9 ! way its l9es may be made to help ea* o!r 9 direction & =ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,bookplate ( ,john ,/abius1 ,pr(essor ( ,ma!matics4 ,dr]4 ,illu/ration3 ,arms ( ,kress ( ,kress5/e94 ,s*ool ( ,dr]4 ,illu/ration3 ,arms ( ,don ,p]o ,lasso di ,ca/illa4 ,g]man1 #af? ,c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,armorials by ,dr]4 ,! facility ( fold+ ov] ! edges w be f\nd extremely useful 9 correct+ balance z well 9 =m z 9 tone & col\r1 & its use 9 ?is way is practically )\t limit4 ,su* fold+s %\ld ( c\rse be design$ 9 due relation to ! g5]al direction ( ! mantl+1 s z to assi/ its sw+ & fl[1 or else be obvi\sly & int5tionally oppos$ to x4 ,9 o!r words1 !re %\ld be int5tion 9 e detail4 ,x w also be notic$ h[ valuable are /raight l9es1 ei!r 9 ! ,arms or z ! top ( ! %ield1 to play aga9/ ! curves4 ,x has be5 indicat$ t ! treatm5t z reg>ds =m is practically untrammell$1 b z to col\r !re are c]ta9 rules t mu/ be obs]v$4 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages !re 7 no rules o!r ?an sumptu>y laws1 to :i* x is probably due t erm9e came to be pa9t$ on mantl+s & caps ( ma9t5ance 9 ! same conv5tional way t x appe>$ on ! %ield4 ,o!rwise1 mantl+s 7 m]ely gov]n$ by fancy until late 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 except t 9 ! latt] "p ( t p]iod x _h become cu/om>y = ^? ( ,pe]s to be d\bl$1 i4e4 l9$1 ) ,erm9e4 ,) ! sev5te5? c5tury began a uni=m mantl+ ( ,gules2 d\bl$ ) ,erm9e = ,pe]s & ) ,arg5t = ^? bel[ t rank4 ,p]haps ! col\rs 7 consid]$ national z be+ tak5 f ,/4 ,george's cross on its arg5t field4 ,! pres5t rule is = ! mantl+ to be ( ! col\r & metal fir/ m5tion$ 9 ! blazon ( ! arms1 z ! torse does1 & x dates f ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,! exceptions to ?is g5]al rule are z foll[s3--,! ,sov]eign's & ! ,heir ,app>5t's arms are mantl$ ,or1 & d\bl$ erm9e1 z also are ^? ( ! o!r ,pr9ces ( ! ,blood ,royal4 ,pe]s =m]ly us$ ! fir/ col\rs ( _! blazon also d\bl$ ) erm9e1 z !y /ill d 9 ,scotl&1 b o!rwise !y n[ foll[ ! g5]al rule4 ,h[ev] "o may regret ! old] cu/om :i* produc$ v>iety ( col\r 9 ! surr\nd+s ( ! arms !mselves & s gave scope = mu* beautiful arrangem5t1 ! e/abli%$ cu/om %\ld c]ta9ly be obs]v$1 h[ev] reluctantly1 & col\r relief be obta9$ 9 o!r ways2 su* z by treatm5t ( ! backgr\nd :]e su* is practicable4 ,( c\rse modification ( tone /ill rema9s available4 ,x is sometimes held t arms t 7 grant$ at ! "t :5 r$ & :ite mantl+s 7 usual1 & 7 m5tion$ 9 ! blazon ( ! ,grant1 %\ld n[ & h5ce=? be s accompani$1 & ?is w\ld seem to be a case :5 *oice ( me?od w\ld be legitimate4 ,! description 9 ! blazon1 usually s b9d+1 is "h ( little =ce1 = x 0 9 su* cases a m]e r\t9e phrase :i* convey$ no di/9ction ( "o case f ano!r1 & ! *ange ( (ficial cu/om may be tak5 to h sup]s$$ ! =m] rule4 ,c]ta9ly x is n p]missible n[adays to col\r ! mantl+ )\t ref]5ce to ! arms or )\t w>rant f prop]ly transmitt$ cu/om4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,armorial ,accessories ,! armorial %ield1 &1 9 a r less degree1 ! cre/1 are 9 an especial s5se ess5tial p>ts ( an h]aldic a*ievem5t1 & h always be5 consid]$ fully repres5tative ( _! be>]s4 ,!re=e !y may be us$ toge!r1 or s+ly1 )\t ! support]s or o!r accessories to :i* _! own] may be entitl$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 support]s1 ?\gh !y may be employ$ )\t ! arms to support badges or monograms1 h1 9 t case1 little m ?an ! =ce ( fanciful devices4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aeh4--,seal ( ,john de ,segrave 7c4 #acjj74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aei4--,seal ( ,anne ,c\ntess ( ,devon4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afj4--,seal ( ,ralph ,neville1 ,e>l ( ,we/morel&4 ,support]s 7 9 _! orig9 badges :i* _h acquir$ p]man5ce by cu/om 9 ! same way t ! arms ( ! %ield _h acquir$ x at an e>li] "t4 ,?us1 9 addition to ! regul> armorials :i* s pr(usely adorn$ ! ,seals1 c]ta9 badges 7 freely us$ :i* f association acquir$ 9 _m cases a p]man5ce by frequ5t recurr5ce equal to t ( ! arms ) :i* !y 7 associat$4 ,9 ?is way lions appe> 9 _m ( ! ,great ,seals1 notably 9 ^? ( ,edw>d ,,iii & 9 ! beautiful seal ( ,h5ry ,,iv4 ,su* emblems 7 plac$ decoratively 9 any spaces t 7 suitable1 & 9 ! simpl] seals ! int]vals betwe5 ! circumscription & ! m or less triangul> %ield )9 x invit$ _! display1 z 9 ,fig4 #aeh1 ! seal ( ,john de ,segrave 7c4 #acjj71 :i* has a g>b on ei!r side ( ! %ield4 ,9 ,fig4 #aei1 ! seal ( ,anne ,c\ntess ( ,devon1 lions occupy simil> spaces1 b ) _! backs to ! %ields4 ,! seal ( ,ralph ,neville1 ,e>l ( ,we/morel&1 ,fig4 #afj1 %[s greyh\nds1 :i*1 ?\gh ( subord9ate proportion1 h assum$ ! regul> pose ( support]s2 :ile 9 ! spl5did seal ( ,edmond ,beau=t1 ,duke ( ,som]set1 ,fig4 #afa1 ! f9ely design$ support+ figures h complete h]aldic =ce4 ,ano!r f9e example is t ( ,william ,"l ,ha/+s1 ,fig4 #afb4 ,! connexion betwe5 anci5t ,badges & ! ,support]s 9 pres5t use is easily trac$1 &1 z "o in/ance ( _m1 x w suffice to m5tion ! :ite lion ,badge ( ,m[bray1 :i* has become "o ( ! support]s ( ! ,duke ( ,norfolk4 ,! actual recogniz$ use ( ^! accessories appe>s to h begun at ! end ( ! f\rte5? c5tury2 & to h become firmly e/abli%$ 9 ! foll[+ "o4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afa4--,seal ( ,edmond ,beau=t1 ,duke ( ,som]set4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afb4--,seal ( ,william ,"l ,ha/+s4 ,fifte5? ,c5tury4 ,! idea t support]s orig9at$ 9 fanta/ically dress$ pages at a t\rnam5t seems to h little or no f\ndation1 & ?\gh !re may h be5 "s su* repres5tation ( already e/abli%$ devices1 lat] /atem5ts on ! subject h probably be5 mu* ov]-valu$4 ,viollet-le-duc quotes an in/ance ( a celebrat$ t\rnam5t1 :i* 0 held on ,may ,day1 #acdf1 at ,*amb]y1 :5 ,am$ee ,,vi ( ,savoy _h 8 %ield hung on a tree & gu>d$ by two lions4 ,! int]e/+ fact is m5tion$ t ! %ields1 helms & cre/s ( ! knights :o figur$ at ?is t\rnam5t rema9$ 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,francis at ,*amb]y1 until #affj or !reab\ts4 ,!n ! *ur* 0 r$ecorat$1 & 9 ! disreg>d = antiquity1 :i* we f9d s difficult to und]/&1 ! relics ( *ivalry disappe>$4 ,at fir/ & = a consid]able "t ! proportion ( support]s to ! arms 0 v satisfactory1 be+ bold )\t ov] emphasis1 b dur+ ! sixte5? & foll[+ c5turies1 a t5d5cy to increase _! size 0 felt1 & x is 9 ?is respect t mod]n sculptur$ h]aldry is lack+ 9 balance1 = to ov]-acc5tuate ! support]s is necess>ily to m9imize ! arms1 & s div]t int]e/ f ! c5tral motive4 ,:5 ! space to be fill$ by ! a*ievem5t dem&s x1 ! pose ( ! support]s may be v>i$ to a consid]able ext5t1 b ! rampant position %\ld always be adh]$ to :5 x is possible4 ,:]e1 = in/ance1 ! space is wide1 z on a mantelpiece1 !re is no h]aldic objection to plac+ ! figures 9 a c\*ant position on ei!r side ( ! %ield1 an arrangem5t t has be5 frequ5tly resort$ to 9 ,friezes4 ,sanction is giv5 to ?is fre$om ( treatm5t by ! fact t x is n usual 9 blazon+ support]s to specify ! h]aldic attitude1 except 9 s f> z x affects ! pose ( ! head4 ,t is to say1 if ! head is 9 ! normal position1 9 pr(ile1 ! figure is blazon$1 = example1 a lion ,or4 ,if x 7 gu>dant or reg>dant1 ! fact w\ld likewise be m5tion$ b n ! g5]al pose1 rampant or any?+ else4 ,9 ! fifte5? & sixte5? c5turies ! support]s 7 sometimes employ$ 9 pairs1 & sometimes s+ly1 to hold up ! bann]s ( arms t 7 repres5t$ 9 h]aldic manuscripts or sculptur$ on monum5ts1 & !y 7 !n usually plac$ 9 a sejant position4 ,9 "s in/ances1 m frequ5t 9 ,italy & ,g]many ?an 9 ?is c\ntry1 support]s be> cre/$ helms on _! heads 9 a v curi\s way4 ,an ,engli% in/ance is on ! seal ( ,edmond ,mortim]1 ,a4,d4 #acgb1 m5tion$ by ,b\tell4 ,on ! seals ( ! fifte5? c5tury onw>ds1 ! support]s 7 freely adapt$ to ! available spaces1 )\t mu*1 if any1 reg>d = actual physical support to any o!r "p ( ! a*ievem5t4 ,x 0 h]aldically suffici5t t !y 7 pres5t1 & ! re/ 0 left to ! ta/e & skill ( ! design]4 ,! v>iety ( support]s has ( c\rse increas$ ) ! numb] ( ^? entitl$ to be> !m1 & creatures are n[ us$ :i*1 ?\gh p]fectly suitable 9 an allusive way1 are n equally adapt$ to ! ord9>y h]aldic treatm5t1 & ! result ( work+ 9 an outworn groove appe>s :5 ,troop horses1 ,camels1 ,elephants1 & s =? are se5 climb+ up ! side ( a %ield1 in/ead ( /&+ beside x4 ,admit t ! rampant attitude 9 an animal t does n ramp is n obligatory1 & ! difficulty is easily ov]come ) e advantage to ! dignity ( ! composition4 ,! idea ( moral support w\ld also be mu* to ! advantage ( symbolic human figures t are already burd5$ 9 a v>iety ( ways1 = ! sight ( a figure1 ) bo? h&s full1 try+ to obey a non-exi/5t law z to t\*+ ! %ield t x 8supports0 is pa!tically ridicul\s4 ,nev]!less1 ! hold on ! %ield is ( value 9 l9k+ a design toge!r1 :5 x c be effect$ )\t viol5ce to ease & probability4 ,too great fre$om ( natural treatm5t is n desirable1 = x is out ( h>mony ) ! especial decorative quality ( h]aldry1 s t "o objects to ! natural animal support]s t *>act]iz$ ! illu/rations ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 pr[l+ f beh9d ! %ields1 n z h]aldic error1 b z want+ 9 dignity z decorative design4 ,z a g5]al rule1 ) "s few special exceptions1 ! "r to be> support]s is conf9$ to ,pe]s & ,pe]esses & to ! highe/ classes1 ,knights ,gr& ,cross or analog\s ranks1 ( ,ord]s ( ,knigh?ood4 ,knights ( ! ,g>t]1 ( ! ,?i/le1 or ( ,s4 ,patrick are entitl$ z su* to be> ,support]s1 b z memb]s ( ^? ord]s are n[ inv>iably ,pe]s1 ! "q does n arise4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afc4--;,amor9i ,support]s f ,v5ice4 ,figures ( ,angels & ,amor9i t are n consid]$ to h ! te*nical qualification ( h]aldic support]s are ( con/ant occurr5ce 9 ornam5tal art1 & symbolical figures hold+ ! %ields ( arms are pos$ 9 ! sp&rels ( ar*es ) admirable effect & p]fect propriety1 & ! fact t symbolic figures are sometimes adopt$ z actual h]aldic support]s c h>dly be all[$ to cramp decorative art 9 s important a p>ticul>1 nev]!less ! di/9ction %\ld be recogniz$4 ,at ,v5ice !re is an admirably design$ incis$ tablet 9 :i* ,amor9i /& beside ! %ield1 ea* support+ on a pole "o ( ! two l>ge cre/s1 ,fig4 #afc2 & ! demi-angels :i* support ! ,royal ,arms on ! sp&rels ( ! scre5 ( ,h5ry ,v4 ,*antry at ,we/m9/]1 & ! s]ies ( simil> figures hold+ ,badges 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,abbey %\ld also be not$4 ,ano!r admirable "w 9 :i* ,amor9i figure is ! f9e panel ( ! ,arms ( ,c>d9al ,wolsey1 :i* faces ! ,cr[n ,c\rt at ,hampton ,c\rt ,palace1 ,fig4 #afd1 a "w t is no less rem>kable = ! /r5g? & bold relief ( its h]aldry ?an = ! grace & beautiful modell+ ( ! figures4 ,"u ! head ( support]s ref]5ce may also be made to ! eagles1 d\ble or s+le-head$1 on :i* 9 c]ta9 cases armorials are borne z a m>k ( special privilege4 ,! arms ( ,pr9ces & ,pe]s ( ! ,holy ,roman ,empire are borne on ! d\ble-head$ ,imp]ial ,eagle1 l ^? ( ! ,duke ( ,m>lbor\gh z ,pr9ce ( ,m9delheim1 z a privilege inh]5t 9 _! rank4 ,! s+le-head$ eagle ( ! ,k+dom ( ,prussia supports 9 a simil> way ! armorials ( ,! ,c\ntess ( ,d]by1 to "o ( ^: ance/ors1 ,"l ,c>n>von1 ,ambassador at ,b]l9 at ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ! privilege 0 grant$ by ,fr$]ick ,william ,i4 ,x !re=e appe>s on h] book plate1 :i* ,i am p]mitt$ to reproduce "h1 ,fig4 #afe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afd4--,sculptur$ ,arms ( ,c>d9al ,wolsey4 ,hampton ,c\rt ,palace4 ,o!r accessories consi/ ( ,cr[ns1 ,coronets1 ,insignia ( ,ord] ( ,knigh?ood1 ,mottoes1 ,symbols ( ,(fice1 ,m$als or any o!r emblem ( p]sonal dignity or ornam5t4 ,! pr9cipal ( ^!1 ! ,imp]ial ,cr[n1 01 9 its e>lie/ =m1 a decorat$ circlet :i* 0 frequ5tly ( a mo/ beautiful & elaborate "*1 b ^: decoration1 ap>t f its g5]al =m1 _h n acquir$ specific symbolic =ce1 unless ! fleur-de-lis t sometimes appe>$ z "p ( x may be s reg>d$4 ,if s1 x 0 probably introduc$ ) ! same idea ( religi\s symbolism1 z an emblem ( ! ,resurrection1 or ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y1 or ( ! ,tr9ity1 :i* caus$ x to be us$ on sceptres & 9 o!r ways4 ,! cr[ns ( ! e>ly seals %[ traces ( ar*es 9 "s in/ances1 b x 0 only 9 ! "t ( ,h5ry ,v t ! cr[n1 ! "o t succe$$ ! 8gold5 c>e0 ( ,%akespe>e1 f9ally became ar*$4 ,! numb] ( ! ar*es1 z ( ! fleurs-de-lis & ! crosses patte t 7 add$1 v>i$ f "t to "t1 b s9ce ! re/oration ( ,*>les ,,ii ! ess5tial details h rema9$ con/ant1 ?\gh ! g5]al %ape has *ang$ ) ! contempor>y ta/e 9 o!r ornam5t4 ,a consid]able v>iety ( =m is also f\nd 9 ! same p]iod1 ! ar*es 9 ,tudor times hav+ sometimes ! ,go?ic po9t$ "*1 z x appe>s 9 ,fig4 #aff1 on ! rev]se ( ! beautiful gold5 ,bulla ) :i* ,h5ry ,,viii seal$ ! treaty ( ! ,field ( ! ,clo? ( ,gold4 ,9 ?is in/ance x w be obs]v$ t ! numb] ( ar*es is d\bl$1 & ! fleurs-de-lis & crosses patte proportionately increas$4 ,9 a simil> way ! ,scotti% ,royal ,cr[n is repres5t$ ) an unusually l>ge numb] ( crosses & fleurs-de-lis on ! rim4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afe4--,! ,c\ntess ( ,d]by's ,bookplate4 ,geo4 ,w4 ,eve4 ,9 o!r examples1 notably ^? sculptur$ on ,/4 ,george's ,*apel 9 ,w9dsor ,ca/le1 ! ar* is mu* flatt5$ & ! crosses & fleurs-de-lis /& high on ! rim1 ?us produc+ a c]ta9 squ>5ess :i* is v happily sugge/ive ( /r5g?4 ,x 0 ?is type ( cr[n t influ5c$ ! treatm5t ( ^? on ! pres5t ,royal bookplates4 ,9 ! sev5te5? c5tury ! ar*es 7 depress$ :]e !y cross1 & 9 ! ,georgian p]iod ! ext5t ( ! depression 0 v consid]able1 z may be se5 9 ! maces ( t "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aff4--;,gold5 ,bulla ) :i* ! ,treaty ( ! ,field ( ! ,clo? ( ,gold 0 ,seal$4 ,sixte5? ,c5tury4 ,x seems to evid5ce ! want ( int5tion1 & t ignor+ ( symbolic value t 0 *>act]i/ic ( ! "t1 = o!rwise ! idea w\ld c]ta9ly h sugge/$ itself t ! orb1 ! emblem ( sov]eignty1 %\ld be held /rongly up1 & ! cr[n be made to sugge/ its adequacy to its pre-em95t dignity4 ,d\btless ?is 0 9 sympa?y ) ! some:at heavy curves ( o!r ornam5t1 b its effect is common-place1 weak & un=tunate4 ,! g5]al "* ( ! pres5t day %ape is a return to ! m beautiful po9t$ ar*1 & ,fig4 #afg is ! =m approv$ by ,8 ,maje/y = (ficial use4 ,x is to be und]/ood t ?is does n ref] to ! actual cr[n1 :i* has rema9$ mu* z x 0 9 ! "t ( ,*>les ,,ii1 b to its h]aldic equival5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afg4--,! ,royal ,cr[n z sanction$ = (ficial use4 ,! decoration ( ! ar*es may take _m =ms1 sometimes consi/+ ( l>ge pe>ls1 z 9 ! usual way1 sometimes ( ar*itectural crockets z 9 mu* ( ! c>v$ decoration1 or z jewell$ runn+ ornam5t compos$ ( national ,badges1 or ( oak-leaves & acorns z 9 t :i* is kn[n z ! ,imp]ial ,/ate ,cr[n4 ,a f9e example ( ! ,tudor cr[n occurs 9 ! /a9$ glass r\ndel ( ! ,arms ( ,que5 ,jane ,seym\r1 9 :i* ! ar*es are crockett$1 & ! crosses h ! cusp$ "* t 0 preval5t at ?is p]iod1 ,fig4 #afh4 ,9 ! jewels on ! rim1 no attempt is usually made to copy ^? ( ! actual cr[n & great v>iety ( jewell$ decoration is !re=e possible4 ,! gems are mo/ (t5 repres5t$ ( antique =m1 t is to say1 cut en cabu*on1 in/ead ( 9 facets1 ?us pres5t+ a decorative simplicity t is v suitable to ornam5tal effect4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afh4--;,arms ( ,que5 ,jane ,seym\r1 ,/a9$ ,glass ,r\ndel4 ,sixte5? ,c5tury4 ,) reg>d to ! cross on ! orb ! =m] rem>ks conc]n+ crosses patte are especially applicable1 & 9 addition x %\ld be obs]v$ h[ mu* m satisfactory x is = ! l9es ( ! l[] limb ( ! cross to be produc$ f ! circumf]5ce ( ! orb ?an = ! corn]s to be project$ beyond x4 ,9 ! latt] case ! cross has ! un=tunate effect ( be+ balanc$ on ! orb in/ead ( ris+ f & be+ "p ( x4 ,! ess5tial =m ( ! cr[n1 !n1 is a circlet height5$ ) crosses & fleurs-de-lis alt]nately1 f :i* rise two ar*es t spr+ f beh9d ! crosses patte & uphold ! orb1 :i* is itself surm\nt$ by a cross4 ,c>e is necess>y 9 ord] t ! curves ( ! ar*es may be kept suffici5tly flat1 = o!rwise too mu* t5d5cy to a half-circle may result4 ,! crosses & fleurs-de-lis (f] rem>kable opportunities = /rong1 graceful1 & v>i$ treatm5t1 & if !y are kept fairly high1 & well def9$1 ! dignity ( ! design is mu* enhanc$4 ,! cap :i* is enclos$ 9 ! actual cr[n is ( purple velvet1 b is repres5t$ h]aldically z ( crimson1 & is l9$ ) erm9e1 :i* be+ turn$ up at ! edge1 appe>s r\nd ! l[] rim4 ,! ,coronets ( ! sons & daught]s ( ! ,sov]eign h simil> circlets to t ( ! cr[n1 b are n en>*$1 except 9 ! case ( ! ,pr9ce ( ,wales1 :o has "o ar* support+ an orb4 ,! latt] coronet is usually drawn f a po9t ( view f :i* ! complete ar* is se5 spread+ f side to side4 ,fig4 #afi4 ,o!r ,pr9ces & ,pr9cesses be> coronets t are v>i$ accord+ to ne>ness to ! ,?rone1 ! gr&*ildr5 ( ! ,sov]eign hav+ ducal leaves 9 place ( two ( ! crosses1 :ile nephews h simil> leaves 9 place ( all ! fleurs-de-lis4 ,?is mu/ n be tak5 z an inv>iable rule ( h]aldry b z an indication ( ! sy/em t is obs]v$ 9 fram+ ! ,royal ,w>rants by :i* alone ! "r to ^! coronets1 & also to ! ,royal m>ks ( cad5cy 7q4v47 is conf]r$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afi4--;,coronet ( ! ,pr9ce ( ,wales4 ,royal coronets1 o!r ?an t ( ! ,pr9ce ( ,wales1 d n *ange automatically z private m>ks ( cad5cy d1 b be+ arrang$ "u ! same ,royal ,w>rant by :i* ! arms are assign$1 !y rema9 z s designat$ until !y are *ang$ by ! same au?ority4 ,! ,coronets ( ,pe]s 7 def9itely assign$ to ! v>i\s ranks by w>rant ( ,*>les ,,ii1 hav+ by t "t become develop$ into di/9ctive =ms1 z ! ,cr[n _h be51 f ! circlets :i* 9 !mselves 7 m>ks ( high rank & 7 s us$ c]emonially 9 conf]r+ a title4 ,! coronet ( a ,duke is compos$ ( eight ornam5tal leaves ( equal height1 wrongly call$ /rawb]ry leaves1 set on a rim :i* is ornam5t$ ) jewel-l trac]y b n ) actual gems4 ,eight be+ ! full numb] ( leaves1 five ( :i* are visible 9 repres5tation4 ,a ,m>quis's coronet has f\r leaves alt]nately ) an equal numb] ( silv] balls1 call$ pe>ls1 :i* are set on po9ts to ! height ( ! leaves1 & ! coronet is always repres5t$ z s pos$ t ?ree leaves & two balls are visible4 ,x is direct$ t 9 all coronets ! balls %all be ( silv] & n c\nt]feit pe>ls4 ,an ,e>l's coronet has eight balls rais$ on high po9ts & %[+ betwe5 !m leaves :i* are set l[ d[n4 ,five balls & f\r alt]nate leaves are usually %[n4 ,?is =m is evid5tly d]iv$ f ! beautiful coronet t is sculptur$ on ! tomb ( ,?omas ,fitzalan1 ,e>l ( ,arundel1 #adde1 & 9 ! same way t ! coronet ( ano!r ,e>l ( ,arundel 7,a4,d4 #adhg7 =e%ad[$ t ( a duke4 ,! =m] ( ^! is v f9e1 hav+ gr\ps ( ?ree pe>ls on alt]nate po9ts1 & ) ! leaves also on po9ts to ! same height z ! o!rs4 ,a ,visc\nt's coronet is a circle ) surface decorations :i*1 l all ! prec$+1 is z 9 t ( a ,duke & has sixte5 silv] balls set close on ! rim1 & ( !m n9e are %[n4 ,a ,b>on's coronet has six silv] balls1 also set directly on ! rim & n on po9ts1 ! circlet 9 ?is in/ance be+ pla91 i4e41 )\t indications ( jewel =ms4 ,9 ! w>rant ( ,*>les ,,ii x is direct$ t all ! coronets %all be worn ov] a cap ( crimson velvet l9$ ) erm9e1 & hav+ a tassel ( gold at ! top4 ,?is cap1 h[ev]1 is n an ess5tial "p ( ! coronet1 al?\gh a head cov]+ ( consid]able di/9ction 9 itself4 ,dur+ ! great] "p ( ! ,middle ,ages ! temporal pe]age consi/$ pr9cipally ( e>ls & b>ons1 ! =m] di/+ui%$ by ! circlet ( gold1 :i* 0 v>i\sly decorat$1 & ! latt] by a cap ( crimson l9$ ) fur4 ,= milit>y purposes1 ! coronet 0 fix$ to ! helmet1 & at o!r times x 0 plac$1 = practical reasons ( com=t among o!rs1 r\nd ! cap :i* =m$ "p ( contempor>y co/ume1 z may be se5 9 _m ( ! beautiful ,fr5* & ,italian m$als ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 notably 9 "o ( ,l\is ,,xii at ! end ( t p]iod4 ,fig4 #adc4 ,9 ano!r composition ( ab\t ! same "t1 a head ( ,k+ ,h]od has a cr[n :i* encircles a cap ( ! %ape usually ascrib$1 9 mod]n times1 to a ,cap ( ,ma9t5ance4 ,! la/-nam$ head cov]+ is "o ( mu* int]e/ z an e>ly subject ( privilege1 al?\gh b little appe>s to be kn[n ab\t x4 ,its %ape 0 obvi\sly n its di/9ctive quality1 & x mu/ !re=e h be5 ! mat]ial or col\r :i* con/itut$ its especial value2 & hav+ reg>d to ! sumptu>y re/rictions conc]n+ ! we>+ ( erm9e1 among o!r ?+s1 x seems probable t its l9+ ( ?is fur 0 its di/9ctive quality1 & t be+ prohibit$ to ^? ( inf]ior rank1 x w\ld naturally be ! cap t w\ld be associat$ ) a coronet :5 x 0 actually worn4 ,?us 0 =m$ ! prototype ( ! coronets z describ$ 9 ! w>rants ( ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 :5 caps ( ?is "* _h ceas$ to be "p ( ! ord9>y co/ume ( p ( position4 ,! cap is !re=e a means ( we>+ ! coronet & no indication ( def9ite rank & may c]ta9ly be omitt$ 9 h]aldic design1 s9ce x adds no?+ to :at is signifi$ by ! coronet itself & is n an ess5tial "p ( x4 ,?is view w\ld appe> to h be5 ! contempor>y (ficial "o1 = _m ( ! ,g>t] plates subsequ5t to ! w>rant ( ,*>les ,,ii h no caps to ! coronets1 & t ( ,john1 ,duke ( ,argyle1 #agjj1 may be cit$ z an example1 among o!rs4 ,by ! be=e-m5tion$ w>rant1 ! use ( ! erm9e-l9$ caps 0 ext5d$ to b>ons equally ) o!r ranks ( ! pe]age4 ,! rank ( ,b>onet1 also h]$it>y1 is ( two classes1 "o ( :i* 0 in/itut$ 9 #afaa to enc\rage ! plantation ( ,ul/]1 & ! o!r 9 #afbd = ! plantation ( ,nova ,scotia4 ,all new creations ( ! rank ( b>onet are ( ! =m] k9d1 & ! ,badge consi/s ( ! well-kn[n r$ h& ( ,ul/] on an arg5t field4 ,?is is borne on ! coat ( arms ei!r on a canton or on a small escut*eon1 :i*ev] is mo/ conv5i5t1 & if ! latt] x may be any:]e on ! ma9 %ield 9 ! same way t a m>k ( cad5cy is plac$4 ,! ,badge ( a ,b>onet ( ,nova ,scotia is an actual jewel l t ( an ord] & usually appe>s bel[ ! %ield p5d5t f its ribbon ( orange tawny silk4 ,x is also worn r\nd ! neck l ! insignia ( an ord]1 & consi/s ( an oval m$allion on :i* is ! ,cross ( ,/4 ,&rew beh9d a %ield ensign$ ) ! ,imp]ial cr[n & *>g$ ) ! ,arms ( ,scotl&1 & on ! m>g9 ( ! badge is ! motto 8,fax m5tis hone/ gloria40 ,! ,insignia ( ,ord]s ( ,knigh?ood are also among ! mo/ important & decorative accessories1 ei!r surr\nd+ ! %ield1 su* z coll>s1 ! ,g>t]1 & ! motto circle ( o!r ord]s2 or susp5d$ bel[ x z crosses & jewels4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agj4--;,arms ( ,john second ,e>l ( ,m>1 ,k4,g41 #afcd4 ,modell$ gesso1 aft]w>ds pa9t$4 ,geo4 ,w4 ,eve4 ,knights ( ! ,g>t] surr\nd ! %ields ( _! arms ) repres5tations ( ! ,g>t] inscrib$ ) ! motto ( ! ord]1 8,honi soit qui mal y p5se10 9 ! well-kn[n way4 ,x 0 =m]ly light blue1 b s9ce ! "t ( ,george ,i has be5 ( ! d>k ri* col\r to :i* x has giv5 ! "n ( ,g>t] ,blue4 ,! buckle1 motto & o!r embelli%m5ts are ( gold & x is n[ edg$ ) ! same4 ,?is la/1 h[ev]1 is purely decorative1 b has become usual f ab\t ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,! motto beg9s above ! buckle1 :i* is always plac$ 9 ! dext] side1 & may be 9 any "* ( lett]+ t seems fit4 ,fig4 #agj %[s a g>t]$ %ield f ! s]ies at ,alloa ,h\se4 ,! coll> consi/s ( tw5ty-six small g>t]s 79 allusion to ! ,sov]eign & tw5ty-five ,knight ,companions71 ea* enclos+ a rose1 alt]nately ) an equal numb] ( knots1 ! :ole be+ jo9$ toge!r ) l9ks ( gold4 ,x is notable t ! roses are ,tudor ones1 ! coll> hav+ be5 add$ to ! insignia ( ! great ,ord] by ,h5ry ,,vii1 & are a r$ rose )9 a :ite "o & a :ite )9 a r$ alt]nately4 ,dep5d+ f ! coll> is ! repres5tation ( ,/4 ,george slay+ ! ,dragon1 ! jewel :i* is kn[n z ! ,great ,george4 ,compos$ ( gold & enamel x 0 frequ5tly ri*ly jewell$1 & o!rwise treat$ z a spl5did subject = arti/ic elaboration4 ,:5 ! coll> is us$ ) ! arms x is plac$ outside ! ,g>t]4 ,^! con/itute ! insignia t are imm$iately associat$ ) ! %ield1 b !re are 9 addition ! ,/>1 ! ,ribbon & ! ,less] ,george4 ,! ,/> is worn on ! left brea/1 consi/s ( gr\ps ( rays1 9 silv] or diamonds1 arrang$ 9 eight po9ts1 & be>+ 9 ! c5tre ! enamell$ ,cross ( ,/4 ,george encircl$ ) ! ,g>t]4 ,! ,less] ,george1 ! jewel :i* is worn p5d5t at ! side f ! ribbon ( ! ord] :i* is worn ov] ! left %\ld]1 consi/s ( an oval badge ( a simil> gr\p to t ( ! ,great ,george1 b plac$ )9 ! ,g>t] :i* =ms a frame to ! badge4 ,x w be notic$ t ! ,great ,george has no conta9+ =m4 ,! ,coll> :5 x surr\nds ! %ield is plac$ outside ! ,g>t]1 & ei!r "o or bo? may be us$ to enclose a cre/ or o!r device4 ,9 ?us us+ ! coll> ( an ord] 9 a decorative way1 x w n be necess>y to repres5t ! actual numb] ( pieces 9 x1 b only _! nature & ! prop] ord] 9 :i* !y occur1 & a consid]able latitude may be tak5 9 treat+ ! details s long z _! ess5tial "* rema9s cle>4 ,! cu/om ( encircl+ arms ) ! ,g>t] has influ5c$ ! :ole ,briti% practice ) reg>d to ord]s ( knigh?ood1 o!r ord]s us+ 9 a simil> way ! motto circle :i* =ms "p ( _! badge4 ,! =eign practice is to use ! coll> ) its badge to surr\nd ! arms1 or 9 o!r cases to susp5d a badge f its rib& bel[ ! %ield4 ,a knight ( sev]al ord]s uses pr9cipally t :i* is ( sup]ior rank ei!r alone or 9 conjunction ) o!rs4 ,9 ! latt] case ! emblem ( ! sup]ior is inn]mo/ 9 surr\nd+ ! %ield2 & is ! dext] ( two1 or ! mo/ c5tral ( a great] numb]1 :5 dep5d5t f x4 ,:51 h[ev]1 "s special allusion is int5d$ ! insignia ( an inf]ior ord] may be us$ alone4 ,?us 9 ! case ( an a*ievem5t t 0 to be us$ 9 connexion ) a specific ord]1 ! insignia ( t ord] w\ld be prop]ly us$ to ! exclusion ( "o ( sup]ior rank4 ,x w be und]/ood t ! h]aldic be>+ ( su* insignia is a privilege t ne$ n always be ex]cis$1 & :5 x is1 may be us$ 9 a v>iety ( ways4 ,?us ! ,g>t] may closely surr\nd ! %ield 9 ! famili> way or may encircle ! :ole a*ievem5t z 9 "s co9s & m$als1 or ev5 be /raight5$ out z 9 ! design ( "s ( ! ,tudor bookb9d+s4 ,9 view ( cases t h actually occurr$1 x %\ld be not$ t />s ( ord]s mu/ n be susp5d$ bel[ a %ield z a badge may be1 ?\gh !y may be embodi$ 9 accessory design 9 a suitable way4 ,t is to say1 t only ^? decorations %\ld hang bel[ ! %ield :i* actually h a p5d5t "* & hang f coll>s1 ribbons1 & s =?1 :ile />s may decorate panels1 be enclos$ 9 trac]y1 or be employ$ 9 any o!r way t is n unsuitable to _! naturally appliqu "*4 ,! ,ord] ( ! ,?i/le has a ,coll> compos$ ( ?i/les alt]nat+ ) a badge made ( f\r sprigs ( ! anci5t rue int]lac$1 ! :ole be+ enamell$ 9 ! prop] col\rs4 ,dep5d+ f ! c5tre ?i/le ( ! coll> is ! ,badge1 a /> ( eight po9ts be>+ ! figure ( ,/4 ,&rew support+ 8 :ite cross4 ,8 g[n is gre5 & ! surcoat purple1 & he /&s on a m\nt ( gre54 ,:5 n us$ ) ! coll> ! ,jewel hangs f ! d>k gre5 ribbon t is worn ov] ! left %\ld]4 ,fig4 #aga f ! s]ies at ,alloa ,h\se %[s a me?od ( treat+ ! coll> 9 gesso photograph$ be=e pa9t+4 ,! /> ( ! ord] consi/s ( a silv] ,/4 ,&rew's cross hav+ rays issu+ f its angles & be>+ 9 ! c5tre a ?i/le )9 a circle ( gre5 enamel1 t is edg$ ) gold & be>s 9 gold5 lett]s ! motto1 8,nemo me impune lacessit40 ,x is ?is circle & motto t are plac$ r\nd ! %ields ( ! knights ( ! ord] & sometimes ) ! coll> 9 addition4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aga4--,%ield ) ,coll> ( ! ,ord] ( ! ,?i/le4 ,arms ( ,john1 six? ,e>l ( ,m>1 ,k4,t4 ,gesso1 be=e pa9t+4 ,geo4 ,w4 ,eve4 ,! ,knights ( ! ,ord] ( ,/4 ,patrick surr\nd _! arms ) ! sky-blue circle ( t ord] inscrib$ ) ! motto1 8,quis sep>abit10 & ! date ,,mdcclxxxiii4 ,! ,coll> is compos$ ( roses & h>ps alt]nately1 ti$ toge!r ) knots ( gold4 ,! roses are d\ble & are :ite )9 r$1 & r$ )9 :ite alt]nately1 l ^? ( ! ,g>t] coll>4 ,9 ! c5tre is an imp]ial cr[n ensign+ a h>p f :i* hangs ! badge ( gold1 oval 9 %ape1 & surr\nd$ ) a wrea? ( %amrocks :i* encloses ! circle ( light blue enamel on :i* is ! motto & ! date ,,mdcclxxxiii 9 gold5 lett]s4 ,)9 ! circle is ! cross ( ,/4 ,patrick1 ,gules on a field ,arg5t1 surm\nt$ ) a trefoil slipp$ & ) ea* ( its leaves *>g$ ) an imp]ial cr[n1 ,or4 ,! /> is ( eight po9ts1 ! p]p5dicul> & horizontal rays be+ l>g] ?an ! diagonal ones1 & be>s ! device )9 a motto circle exactly simil> to ^? ( ! badge1 b )\t ! %amrock wrea?4 ,^! are ! ?ree pr9cipal ord]s :i* =m a gr\p t is some:at ap>t f ! re/4 ,9 ! =ego+ ord]s consi/+1 z 0 cu/om>y 9 e>li] times1 ( a ,gr& ,ma/] & ( ,knight ,companions rank+ equally among !mselves1 ! am\nt ( insignia associat$ ) _! arms is unimportant z a m>k ( rank1 ! simple/ be+ equally efficaci\s h]aldically ) ! m elaborate4 ,9 ! case1 h[ev]1 ( ord]s :i* are divid$ into classes1 ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! insignia h acquir$ a special importance z indications ( rank )9 ! ord] :i* mu/ be v c>efully obs]v$4 ,tak+ ! ,ord] ( ! ,ba? z typical1 ! l[e/ rank1 t ( ,companion 7,c4,b471 is %[n by susp5d+ ! badge bel[ ! %ield4 ,! next grade1 ,knight ,comm&] 7,k4,c4,b471 9 addition to ! susp5d$ badge1 encircles ! %ield ) ! motto ( ! ord]4 ,& f9ally1 a ,knight ,gr& ,cross 7,g4,c4,b47 adds to ! prec$+ ! coll> ( ! ord] r\nd 8 arms1 outside ! motto circle4 ,x mu/ be not$ t ! ord] has two divisions1 civil & milit>y1 ^: badges diff]4 ,! re/ ( _! insignia is id5tical1 except t a wrea? ( laurel accompanies ! motto circle ( ! ,milit>y ,division4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,me?ods & ,mat]ials ,! me?ods ( pa9t+ h]aldry h *ang$ v little f ^? t 7 employ$ 9 ! e>ly ,,mss4 ,9 ! unf9i%$ ,bible at ,w9*e/] ,ca!dral1 ( :i* ! illum9ations are 9 e /age ( progress f ! sket* to ! f9i%$ "w1 ! sequ5ce is cle>ly %[n4 ,fir/1 ! design lightly sket*$ 9 ) f9e *>coal or a lead5 /ylus1 !n c>efully gone ov] ) a black l9e4 ,! gold masses put 9 & burni%$ & !n ! col\r4 ,%ad+ & correction ( ! outl9e foll[$1 & f9ally ! high lights put a f9i% to ! "w4 ,vellum1 a f9e p>*m5t made ( calf sk91 is ! mo/ suitable surface = h]aldic pa9t+ 9 wat]-col\r1 al?\gh pap]1 :i* includes v>i\s 8bo>ds10 is useful = /ud5ts' "w & = prelim9>y draw+s4 ,! col\rs be> up1 & gold acquires an appe>ance ( solidity on vellum :i* _c be obta9$ on pap]4 ,no d\bt ! surface is some:at difficult to deal ) at fir/ & pa9t+ on x has a te*nique ( its own1 b !re is no?+ t _c be ov]come if x is approa*$ 9 a practical way4 ,! col\r ( vellum v>ies f a yell[i% :ite to d>ki% ivory col\r1 a v>iety t is due to ! natural col\r ( ! sk94 ,x c also be obta9$ 9 positive col\rs1 ! k9d t is us$ 9 book-b9d+4 ,x is some:at ?ickly coat$ on "o side ) a *alky prep>ation1 & if ?is side1 ! front1 is us$ x requires delicate h&l+1 = x is easily injur$ by ! scrap+ t may be necess>y = erasure1 s t a r\gh spot ( sk9 appe>s ?r\gh ! prep>ation & ! surface c only be re/or$ ) great difficulty4 ,unless1 !re=e1 x is necess>y to use bo? sides z = a leaf ( a book1 ! back ( ! sk9 w be f\nd pref]able4 ,x is a little d>k] 9 tone & n q s smoo?1 is tol]ably h>d & be>s erasure well1 b ! knife requires deft h&l+1 & !n small corrections c be made ) x successfully1 = col\rs d n p5etrate vellum v f>1 ?\gh :5 prop]ly prep>$ !y adh]e to ! surface ) ample t5acity4 ,x w be f\nd v desirable to keep vellum clean r ?an to tru/ to subsequ5t clean+4 ,z x is difficult to prop]ly remove p5cil m>ks except ) ! knife1 ! design %\ld fir/ be made z fully z necess>y on pap] or o!r surface1 & transf]r$ to ! vellum by trac+ or rubb+ d[n or by p\nc+4 ,! be/ way ( transf]r+ a design is to g c>efully ov] ! back ( a trac+ ( x ) a %>p p5cil & hav+ c>efully plac$ x 9 position on ! vellum to rub x d[n ) a knife held slant+1 a palette knife w d v well1 & 9 t way ! l9es are cle>ly transf]r$ to ! vellum )\t ! depression on ! surface t a po9t is likely to make4 ,trac+ d[n ! design ) a /yle & col\r$ transf] pap] is less satisfactory ow+ to ! blurr+ ( ! l9e1 unless ! po9t us$ is v %>p & !n x is likely to cut ?r\gh4 ,9 mak+ ! prelim9>y design ! col\r composition ) reg>d to su* p>ts z are susceptible ( free treatm5t 7su* z ! mantl+7 %\ld be c>efully not$ s t no?+ exp]im5tal ne$ be tri$ on ! vellum4 ,unless bo? sides ( ! sk9 are to be us$ x is well to /ra9 ! vellum ov] an ord9>y frame by means ( glue or ) small tacks at frequ5t int]vals1 fir/ well damp+ x on ! rev]se side to t :i* is to be us$4 ,a piece ( c>dbo>d %\ld be plac$ betwe5 ! vellum & ! frame to give support to ! surface & help to ?r[ up ! col\r1 c>e be+ tak51 h[ev]1 t ! vellum ?\gh damp is n actually wet or x w /ick to ! c>dbo>d 9 pat*es ) disa/r\s effect4 ,hav+ ! design trac$ on ! vellum ! next /ep is to lay 9 ! gold4 ,?is is provid$ 9 %ells or cakes & is pa9t$ on v ev5ly ) a sable bru% & :5 dry is burni%$ ) an agate burni%]1 or a tusk does v well4 ,burni%+ is facilitat$ by fir/ g5tly pass+ ! f+] tip ov] ! gold1 & a piece ( c>d or o!r firm sub/ance %\ld be plac$ beh9d ! "w dur+ ! :ole process1 or1 :5 a high degree ( poli% is desir$1 a piece ( plate glass may take ! place ( ! c>d4 ,b x mu/ be rememb]$ t ov]-burni%+ deprives ! gold ( its beautiful col\r & t5ds to blackness4 ,! pr9cipal col\rs are !n laid 9 _! places & _! quality w dep5d ( c\rse on ! ta/e & int5tion ( ! arti/1 b 9 ! abs5ce ( necessity = modification1 ! traditional /rong brilliance w probably be s\ght aft] & ! col\rs w be us$ 9 _! fulle/ /r5g? & purity4 ,= r$1 ,v]milion is unapproa*able 9 its place1 has great body & is !re=e easy to use4 ,= blue1 ,cobalt is v beautiful b is some:at difficult to lay f its want ( opacity1 a quality :i* is n improv$ by ! glyc]9e :i* is us$ 9 8moi/0 col\rs4 ,fr5* ultram>9e or ,fr5* ,blue 7x is kn[n "u v>i\s names7 =ms :5 mix$ ) :ite a fairly effici5t sub/itute = cobalt & pres5ts no difficulties 9 lay+4 ,gre54 ,! mo/ brilliant is ( c\rse ,em]ald ,gre51 b z x is extremely difficult to lay & easily works up x is mu* fe>$ & avoid$4 ,x is v useful 9 comb9ation ) gre5s ( l[] tone mix$ ) :ite to light5 !m4 ,gre5 oxide ( *romium 7n *rome gre57 is excell5t 9 ?is way & possesses good body4 ,! :ite w be ,*9ese ,:ite1 made f oxide ( z9c1 :i* does n *ange col\r z ! lead :ites d4 ,! latt]1 h[ev]1 are extremely useful = tempor>y "w1 su* z = design t is to be c>ri$ out 9 o!r mat]ials1 :5 ! draw+ is no long] ( consequ5ce aft] x has s]v$ its purpose4 ,! difficult col\rs ,cobalt & ,em]ald ,gre5 c nev]!less be laid satisfactorily by means ( pati5t trial1 ! result dep5d+ on t skill ( manipulation :i* c only come by mu* practice z well z on ! exact degree ( moi/ure ) :i* ! col\rs are us$4 ,inde$1 x may be well to po9t out1 especially = ! b5efit ( ^? :o are famili> ) wat]-col\r sket*+1 h[ comp>atively dry all ! col\rs are work$ 9 illum9ation4 ,t9ts1 ev51 are be/ put on ) a sp>ely fill$ bru% 9 a mann] t approa*es a scumble mu* m ne>ly ?an a wa%4 ,?is w be f\nd mo/ tr\blesome 9 t9ts t are pa9t$ on ! vellum itself1 z 9 :ite mantl+1 = in/ance1 or 9 objects t are 8prop]10 & any?+ l a wa% ) a full bru% be+ impossible1 a c]ta9 am\nt ( /ippl+ w probably become inevitable4 ,! "w is c]ta9ly some:at difficult1 & too mu* disappo9tm5t1 !re=e1 %\ld n be felt at ! failure ( fir/ ef=ts4 ,%ortly1 ! ef=t %\ld be direct$ to gett+ ! col\r on ) z little moi/ure z w suffice1 s t ! surface ( ! vellum may n become wet & di/urb$4 ,! pr9cipal masses ( col\r be+ 91 su* divid+ or o!r /rong l9es z occur w be drawn ) black4 ,a draw+ p5 w probably be us$ = /raight ones & 9 ?is also c>e mu/ be tak5 t ! black1 lamp black or ivory black1 is n too dilut$1 or x w probably spread1 especially :5 9 contact ) col\rs t conta9 glyc]9e or waxy con/itu5ts4 ,?is done1 ! next /age ( ! "w1 if x is to h ! elaboration ( ! real illum9at$ ,,mss4 r ?an ( ! diagrammatic ,rolls ( ,arms1 w be to model up ! =ms ) %ad[ col\r1 us+ c>m9e or crimson lake to %ade v]milion ) ! addition ( a little sepia :5 /rong] col\r is requir$4 ,blue w be %ad$ ) ,fr5* blue to ! requir$ tone1 & gre5 ) d>k] gre54 ,! lights may !n be put 9 ) light tones ( _! respective col\rs4 ,gold is %ad$ ) a l[ tone ( yell[ z a g5]al %ad[ col\r & ) umb]1 & is sometimes high light$ ) ,naples yell[ & :ite4 ,9 accessory decoration gold may be %ad$ ) gre5 & f9i%$ ) a d>k] t9t ( ! same col\r4 ,9 ! col\r treatm5t ( mantl+ ! tone may well be kept l[ 9 relation to t ( ! %ield to :i* x w ?us lead up & give value4 ,in/ead ( light+ ) tones ( _! own col\r ! p>ts 9 :i* modell+ is sugge/$1 a v beautiful & decorative effect is produc$ by ! m$iaeval practice ( height5+ ! :ole design ) gold 9 l9es :i* coalesce into masses on ! high lights & trail (f into ! %ad[s :]e also !y help to def9e ! =m 9 a v effective way4 ,?is use ( gold ?r\gh\t ! "w s]ves at ! same "t to h>monize & pull ! :ole ?+ toge!r into unity4 ,x is a me?od :i* requires consid]able skill ( h& & cle>ness ( int5tion1 = ! l9es mu/ be drawn ) firm c]ta9ty1 b :5 successful is mo/ effectively beautiful4 ,9 ! treatm5t ( ! helmet its relative importance 9 ! composition mu/ n be =gott51 nor its brilliancy 9 comb9ation ) its c5tral position be all[$ to attract undue att5tion4 ,! broad %ad[ :i* its body takes 9 its =w>d tilt$ position is v useful 9 keep+ d[n ! g5]al tone1 9 col\r "w z well z 9 black & :ite4 ,also x may be rememb]$ t helmets 7 !mselves pa9t$ & _! rivets gilt4 ,9 pa9t+ on pap]1 :]e yell[ is sub/itut$ = gold1 ,cadmium w be f\nd to be ! mo/ useful k9d ( t col\r4 ,until ! inv5tion ( moi/ col\r ! pigm5ts 7 obta9$ 9 p[d] & mix$ ) gum wat]1 a great deal ( small k be+ requir$ 9 ord] t ! col\rs %\ld n rub (f ! surface on ! "o h&1 or crack or o!rwise misbehave on ! o!r4 ,gold 0 mix$ 9 ! same way1 b if ) too little gum x rubb$ (f & if ) too mu* x refus$ to burni%4 ,nev]!less1 ! col\rs :5 s mix$ h a c]ta9 advantage 9 hav+ m body1 & a bett] because less waxy surface4 ,h[ev]1 ! great] conv5i5ce ( moi/ col\r is und\bt$ & 9 "s ( !m ! surface is v good4 ,s-nam$ lum9\s body col\r made by ,newman ( ,soho ,squ>e has be5 rec5tly tri$ ) v satisfactory results1 ! cobalt among ! 8difficult col\rs0 be+ p>ticul>ly good4 ,! notable revival ( ,enamell+ has re/or$ to h]aldry a v beautiful means ( expression1 "o :i* has prov$ f ! twelf? c5tury d[nw>ds to be especially suitable to its subject1 z well f its broad simplicity ( treatm5t z f its p]man5ce & beauty4 ,9 ?is connexion "o's ?\ghts inevitably turn to ! /all-plates ( ! ,knights ( t ,mo/ ,noble ,ord] ( ! ,g>t] 9 its ,*apel 9 ,w9dsor ,ca/le1 & "o is l$ to hope t !y may once aga9 be done 9 a way n unwor?y ( _! spl5did & monum5tal pr$ecessors ( ! old days4 ,enamel ent]$ to an enorm\s ext5t into ! decorative metal "w ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,alt>s1 ,*ur* vessels1 & crosi]s1 caskets1 nefs & o!r dome/ic objects1 ! girdles & clasps = ladies' use1 z well z ! details ( milit>y trapp+s 7 among ! _m ?+s t 7 adorn$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,! massive milit>y belts t 7 worn bel[ ! hips & 7 indicative ( high rank 7 especially ri* 9 goldsmi?s' "w & enamels1 inf9ite pa9s & enorm\s sums be+ sp5t on _! execution4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agb4--,que5 ,eleanor's ,cloak ,clasp4 ,*amplev ,enamel4 ,?irte5? c5tury4 ,( ! v>i\s me?ods ( enamell+ t :i* is kn[n z ,*amplev is especially associat$ ) ,go?ic art4 ,among ! mo/ int]e/+ ( ! p]sonal ornam5ts is ! cloak clasp ( ,que5 ,eleanor1 wife ( ! w>rior ,k+ ,edw>d ,i 7,fig4 #agb74 ,"h ! arms ( h] husb&1 ,engl&1 ) ^? ( h] own blood1 ,ca/ile & ,leon1 unite to make a unique fa/5+ to ! ,royal mantle ( t ,que5 8( ,good ,memory40 ,?is clasp 0 probably made at ,limoges1 :]e ,*amplev enamel 0 c]ta9ly produc$ z e>ly z ! latt] half ( ! twelf? c5tury & probably e>li]1 ! art hav+ be5 import$1 x is said1 f ,v5ice1 :i!r x _h come f ! ,ea/4 ,at ?is same "t h]aldry 0 com+ into sy/ematic =m1 & enamel 0 soon employ$ to display x on ! ,royal & o!r monum5ts1 beg9n+ p]haps ) ! memorial slab to ,ge(frey ,plantag5et1 ,c\nt ( ,anj\ 7fa!r ( ,h5ry ,,ii71 :o di$ 9 #aaea1 :i* is n[ 9 ! ,museum at ,le ,mans4 ,! succe$+ c5turies are increas+ly ri* 9 h]aldic enamels1 ! %ields 9 ! monum5ts ( ,edw>d ,,iii & 8 ,que51 ,philippa ( ,ha9ault1 & on ! magnific5t tomb ( ,william de ,val5ce1 ,e>l ( ,pembroke1 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey1 may be tak5 z examples4 ,! %ield on ! latt] monum5t is reproduc$ by ,b\tell & o!rs & w well repay /udy1 especially :5 x is r5d]$ 9 ! col\r :i* is necess>y to a full appreciation ( its beauty 7,fig4 #agd74 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! m$iaeval p]iod began ! ,g>t] /all-plates already allud$ to z /ill to be se5 on ! panels ( ,/4 ,george's ,*apel1 :i* date f ! e>ly fifte5? c5tury1 ?\gh "s ( !m relate to p]sonages ( an e>li] "t4 ,^! h mo/ =tunately be5 br\ght )9 rea* ( /udy 9 ! valuable facsimile reproductions 9 ! "w by ,mr4 ,/4 ,john ,hope1 :i* includes 9 its scope ! plates :i* 7 execut$ d[n to ne>ly ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,z examples ( h]aldic composition !y are invaluable1 = al?\gh ! det]ioration ( ! ,go?ic 0 already begun1 !y possess to a rem>kable ext5t ^? decorative qualities t _! mod]n successors s un=tunately lack4 ,enamel itself consi/s ( a r d5se glass col\r$ ) metallic oxides1 & mu/ n be confus$ ) ! enamel col\rs :i* are employ$ 9 pa9t+ on porcela94 ,! latt] are vitrifiable b n vitrifi$ mat]ial2 t is to say1 9 !m ! metallic col\rs 9 p[d] are mix$ ) p[d]$ glass1 & ! :ole becomes flux$ toge!r :5 ! "w is fir$ 9 ! kiln or muffle1 :ile 9 true enamel ! glass & its col\r+ are intimately comb9$ f ! fir/4 ,by way ( def9ition x may be said t enamel "w is !re=e an arrangem5t ( "o or m lay]s ( col\r$ glass on fus$ metal4 ,9 ,*amplev "w ! design is fir/ outl9$ on a metal plate1 usually copp]1 & !n1 by means ( grav]s & *isel-l tools call$ scorp]s1 ! space :i* is to receive ! enamel is cut out to ! necess>y dep?1 f to ( an in*1 ! r r\gh surface t is left by ! scorp] s]v+ z an additional key to ! enamel 7see ,fig4 #agc71 :i* hav+ be5 gr\nd to a p[d] & moi/5$ ) wat]1 is !n plac$ 9 ! cavities prep>$ = x1 &1 aft] be+ c>efully dri$1 is put into a muffle rais$ to a r$ heat1 & ?us fir$ until ! enamel is flux$4 ,! "w is !n all[$ to cool1 is smoo!d & poli%$1 & ! metal p>ts may !n be gilt4 ,*amplev is usually execut$ 9 opaque enamel2 t is1 9 glass made opaque by an admixture ( oxide ( t94 ,9 v e>ly specim5s two or m col\rs are f\nd 9 contact 9 "o space1 b ?is is extremely difficult to d1 & ! result+ l9e is a some:at ragg$ "o 9 ,european "w1 ?\gh wond]ful effects ( opaque col\rs are produc$ by ! ,japanese4 ,s9ce ! ?irte5? c5tury ea* col\r1 9 ,we/]n "w1 fills its own space4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agc4--,plate prep>$ = ,*amplev ,enamel4 ,! design1 mu/1 f ! nature ( ! "w1 be kept v simple )\t too mu* subtlety ( l9e t might be lo/ 9 ! cutt+1 & ! lay+ ( ! enamel w be facilitat$ if ! angles ( small spaces are n made too po9t$4 ,! pr9cipal qualities ( =m w consi/ 9 good di/ribution & well-balanc$ masses r ?an 9 expression ( detail4 ,! outl9es ( *>ges :i* are 9 col\r on metal1 or vice v]sa1 are =m$ by ! edges ( ! sunk spaces & su* fur!r def9ition t maybe requir$1 su* z ! m>k+ ( ! junction ( ! fur!r legs ) a lion's body1 is effect$ ) a l9e ( ! gr\nd col\r laid 9 a groove cut = ! purpose4 ,?is p]fectly natural me?od ( draw+ ) ! mat]ials t are imm$iately conc]n$ has result$ 9 "s s+ul>ly inept mod]n examples ( h]aldry1 :]e ! limbs are delib]ately repres5t$ z deta*$ f ! bodies1 z ?\gh !re 7 some?+ my/]i\sly m$iaeval 9 su* an unreason+ trave/y ( a p]fectly simple exp$i5t4 ,:]e "o col\r approa*es ano!r1 z 9 ! de ,val5ce %ield 7,fig4 #agd71 x w be necess>y to leave a n>r[ rim ( metal z an outl9e1 & :]e ! "w is suffici5tly l>ge o!r details ( =m w be %[n 9 a simil> way4 ,diap] also may be ?us drawn 9 l9es ( metal among col\r1 z is %[n "h 9 ! runn+ ornam5t1 or by l9es ( col\r 9 metal1 z ! case may be4 ,! gilt outl9es ( ! de ,val5ce ,*amplev %ield some:at sugge/ ! effect ( ,cloisonn "w1 ! way 9 :i* ! ,byzant9e enamels 7 execut$2 b ?is me?od has be5 little1 if at all1 employ$ h]aldically4 ,9 x ! spaces to be fill$ are made ( flat wires t are b5t to ! requisite =m & sold]$ into _! places on a metal plate1 & ! "w !n proce$s z 9 ,*amplev4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agd4--,%ield on ,*amplev ,enamel f ! ,monum5t to ,william de ,val5ce1 ,e>l ( ,pembroke1 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey4 ,9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 :5 ,r5aissance art 0 beg9n+ to look at ?+s 9 a new way & 0 discov]+ new me?ods by :i* to express itself1 a new k9d ( enamel "w took ! place ( ! m =mal ,*amplev1 j z a fre] k9d ( h]aldry 0 ab\t to sup]s$e ! decad5t ,go?ic4 ,?is became kn[n 9 "t z 8,limoges ,enamel10 ?\gh1 z we "k1 t place _h be5 celebrat$ = enamel 9 ano!r =m = hundr$s ( ye>s4 ,?is pa9t$ enamel did n1 h[ev]1 take ! place ( ,*amplev on monum5ts1 r ! use ( enamel 9 t way di$ out4 ,probably ! pa9t$ plaques 7 too t5d] = ! purpose1 & 9 any case ! treatm5t w\ld h _h to be mu* modifi$ to br+ !m into h>mony ) monum5tal conditions4 ,al?\gh ! me?od 0 new ! treatm5t ( ! subjects 0 l>gely t ( ! missal pa9t+s1 & figure compositions1 bo? sacr$ & secul>1 7 accompani$ by decorative bord]s into :i* h]aldry naturally ent]$4 ,fig4 #age is an h]aldic example ( ?is me?od z x 0 practis$ by ! celebrat$ ,n>don ,p5icaud4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #age4--;,arms 9 ,limoges ,enamel4 ,"p ( a ,tripty* by ,n>don ,p5icaud4 ,?is k9d ( enamel is done on a smoo? plaque ( ?9 copp] or o!r metal :i* has be5 slightly dom$ = ! purpose4 ,x is cov]$ ) a coat ( enamel :i* =ms ! gr\nd1 ! back also be+ enamell$ 9 ord] to equalize ! contractile /ra9s1 & fir$4 ,! design is !n pa9t$ 9 :ite ( suitable ?icknesses1 :i* on be+ fir$ =m tones ) ! gr\nd col\r accord+ to _! relative opacity1 & ! result is call$ grisaille4 ,?is is a v *>m+ =m ( decoration 9 itself1 & is frequ5tly done ) t int5tion4 ,usually1 h[ev]1 col\r$ enamel is pa9t$ ov] x1 ! "w be+ c>efully fir$ at ea* /age1 a v anxi\s process1 & f9ally x may be height5$ ) gold aft] ! mann] ( ! illum9ations4 ,an additional me?od ( obta9+ decorative effects1 9 diap]s1 etc41 pres5ts itself 9 ! p[] ( scrat*+ ! pa9t$ gold ) a ne$le be=e fir+4 ,fig4 #agf1 execut$ 9 ?is mann]1 is a plaque t is ! prop]ty ( ,w4 ,h4 ,weldon1 ,esq4 ,f ! capacity ( pa9t$ enamel to imitate ! effects ( ! illum9ations x pres5ts few te*nical difficulties z design4 ,its practice1 h[ev]1 is ano!r matt]1 z may be imag9$ :5 ! risk ( ! num]\s fir+s is tak5 into acc\nt4 ,a =m ( enamel t is occasionally us$ = badges & simil> h]aldic subjects is t :i* is call$ bassetaille4 ,9 ?is me?od ! subject1 usually 9 ! =m ( a m$allion1 is c>v$ 9 l[ relief & ! transp>5t enamel flux$ completely ov] x1 ! surface be+ aft]w>ds gr\nd & poli%$4 ,! v>y+ ?ickness ( ! enamel1 f ! deepe/ "p ( ! relief to ! highe/1 gives a quality ( gradat$ col\r t is extremely beautiful4 ,9 a badge or jewel ( ?is k9d !re is1 ( c\rse1 a rim rais$ to ! height necess>y to conta9 ! enamel & ext5d+ above ! highe/ po9t ( ! c>v$ subject4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agf4--;,enamell$ ,plaque4 ,cre/ ( ,w4 ,h4 ,weldon1 ,esq41 ,c4,v4,o41 ,norroy ,k+ ( ,arms4 ,geo4 ,w4 ,eve4 ,/ill ano!r me?od is t :i* came into use 9 ! fifte5? c5tury = jewels1 & is kn[n z plique-a-j\r1 a k9d ( transp>5t ,cloisonn :i* is said to h be5 produc$ by ,cell9i1 :o c]ta9ly knew ( x4 ,x is an extremely difficult process1 b ! effect is rem>kably preci\s & jewel-l1 ! enamel be+ fir$ into a design :i* has be5 built up ( b5t wire & sold]$ toge!r l ,cloisonn )\t ! b$plate1 s t ! "w looks l a m9iature piece ( /a9$ glass 7z inde$ x is7 & ( great beauty4 ,9 a simil> way a design may be cut out or saw pi]c$ ?r\gh a plate ( metal & fill$ ) enamel j\r4 ,9 all me?ods ( enamell+1 a draw+ ( ! design mu/ ( necessity be fir/ made1 & x is ( c\rse ess5tial t ! design] %\ld h a practical k ( ! me?ods t are conc]n$1 ! design & ! f9i%$ "w be+ necess>ily int]dep5d5t1 & ?\gh writt5 descriptions are useful to indicate ! nature ( ! processes no?+ c supply ! place ( actual exp]im5t "u compet5t in/ruction4 ,famili>ity ) ! practical side ( art craftsman%ip ne$ n imply an int5tion to produce ! "w itself1 b is absolutely necess>y to adequately design+ = x4 ,enamel is increas+ly employ$ 9 commemorative tablets & 9 objects ( c]emonial use1 & is also us$ ) equally *>m+ effect on ! decoration ( cab9ets1 jewel caskets1 & o!r boxes to :i* z w$d+ gifts or o!r pres5tations1 h]aldry1 prop]ly m>%all$ & well execut$1 is peculi>ly appropriate4 ,to su* purposes ! 8,limoges0 pa9t$ me?od readily l5ds itself1 especially :5 ! g5]al design is ( some:at ornate "*4 ,) reg>d to ! m\nt+ ( enamels1 metal z framework seems especially suitable to _! p]fect display1 z ! sett+ to ! gem1 & s :5 a plaque is us$ to decorate a wood5 panel x is well to introduce metal z an int]m$i>y4 ,b1 nev]!less1 ,i h f\nd a well-cut ebony frame v satisfactory 9 itself1 & ! matt] is cle>ly "o = exp]im5t4 ,*amplev & ,cloisonn g well ) ! m sev]e /yles ( design1 bo? ornam5tal & h]aldic1 9 fact1 enamel goes be/ ) /yles simil> to ^? ) :i* x 0 associat$ 9 ! e>ly practice4 ,! "o ) ! fre$om ( ! ,r5aissance1 ! o!rs ) ! great] sev]ity & /r5g? ( ! ,go?ic4 ,= salv]s1 ink/&s1 lamps & o!r ut5sils h]aldry 9 ,*amplev enamel is v suitable & x is some:at rem>kable t x is n m (t5 employ$ 9 place ( ! engrav+ :i* is usually inappropriate because ( its lack ( decorative quality4 ,,metal4--,al?\gh h]aldry 9 metal "w has s wide a range1 f ! massive bronze gate to ! badge work$ on a buckle1 t x c only be p>tially dealt ) 9 a g5]al "w1 x is desirable to t\* ^u su* p>ts ( s l>ge a subject z may help ! /ud5t to f9d 9 e>ly "w good examples = pres5t application4 ,! value ( ! beautiful metal c(fret1 ! jewel case ( ! ,middle ,ages1 = in/ance1 to ! design+ ( ! mod]n box1 :e!r x be int5d$ = a simil> use or z ! repository ( a city's ?anks to a h]o1 is obvi\s4 ,ev5 ! obsolete weapons ( e>ly times may be made useful = _! decoration1 z admirable models = ! mak+ ( tr[els & o!r c]emonial implem5ts ^: aft] "* z s\v5irs ( int]e/+ occasions r5d]s !m suitable to1 if inde$ x does n dem&1 h]aldic or symbolic decoration4 ,( ! l>ge "w ! /ately bronze doors ( ,h5ry ,,vii's ,*apel 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey are among ! mo/ di/+ui%$ examples 9 _! p]=at$ design ( "w ^: duty is r t ( a gate ?an a door4 ,! panels are fill$ ) badges 9 pi]c$ "w1 ! ,beau=t ,portcullis1 ,h5ry's fav\rite badge1 ! ,falcon & ,fett]lock ( ,york1 ! entw9$ roses ( ,york & ,lanca/]1 & ! ,royal ,monogram1 all tell+ _! /ory 9 t]ms ( beautiful metal "w4 ,)9 is ! monum5t ) ! effigies ( ! ,k+ & ,que5 recumb5t on ! tomb1 :ile at ! foot amor9i support a %ield ( arms & at ! corn]s are plac$ angels :o once held cr[ns4 ,design$ by ,torregiano & execut$ by him or "u 8 direction1 x is )\t d\bt ! mo/ spl5did & complete h]aldic metal "w ( its "t & /yle 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,ov] ! gates 9 ! grille :i* surr\nds ! tomb are ! ,royal ,arms1 ,france & ,engl& qu>t]ly ) ! dragon & greyh\nd support]s4 ,! latt] 0 ! badge ( ! ,nevilles1 b ! =m]1 ! ,dragon ( ,cadwallad]1 0 ( especial value 9 ! ,k+'s eyes4 ,x d5ot$ 8 desc5t f ,llewellyn & ,k+ ,ar?ur1 & p]haps he lik$ to feel t 8 greatness 0 n :olly dep5d5t ^u ,york & ,lanca/]4 ,x _h be5 fl[n1 on a flag ( ! ,tudor col\rs1 arg5t & v]t1 on ! field ( ,boswor? :5 ! 8,:ite ,bo>0 0 sla9 & 8 cr[n 0 pluck$ f ! haw?orn bu% into :i* x _h fall5 & plac$ on ! head ( ! victor4 ,z badges1 ! dragon & ! greyh\nd are repeat$ on ! upp] "p all r\nd ! grill & 9 its p>apet portcullises & roses alt]nate 9 ! cusp+s ( ! trac]y4 ,"o ( ^! dragons is %[n 9 ,fig4 #agc4 ,ev5 ! great c&le sconces are ,tudor roses plac$ horizontally1 :i* support cr[ns ^: crosses & fleur-de-lis =m a decorative rim4 ,z h]aldic design ! proportion ( ! p>ts1 ! vig\r ( ! animals & ! excell5ce ( ! spac+ 7& ?is may be especially se5 9 ! support]s ov] ! gates7 leave no?+ to be desir$1 :ile ! g5]al arrangem5t ( ! repeat$ h]aldic motives 9 a decorative & yet retic5t way is z admirable an example z c be f\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agg4--;,dragon f ! ,grills 9 ,h5ry ,,vii's ,*apel1 ,we/m9/] ,abbey4 ,sixte5? ,c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agh4--,memorial ,brass to ,sir ,j4 de ,brewys1 ,wi/on ,*ur*1 ,sussex4 ,relief 9 metal "w1 ca/ or wr\ght1 0 v fully employ$ 9 ! ,r5aissance monum5ts 9 place ( ! flatt] treatm5t :i* prec$$ x4 ,! m$iaeval memorials m frequ5tly employ$ ! flat decoration done 9 ,*amplev enamel fix$ into ! spaces ( sculptur$ /one1 or else ! incis$ metal slab1 some:at simil> 9 its me?od ( production1 :i* is kn[n z a ,monum5tal ,brass4 ,^! are s comp>atively num]\s & ( su* admirable workman%ip z to =m "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ & in/ructive means ( /udy+ mo/ t p]ta9s to good h]aldry4 ,!y 7 execut$ ) great c>e1 & af=d examples ( almo/ e k9d ( application ( arms & badges to co/ume4 ,_! weal? ( h]aldic lore is ably set =? 9 ! works ( ,cre5y1 ,wall]1 & o!rs1 & a s+le illu/ration mu/ suffice "h4 ,fig4 #agh is ! int]e/+ brass to ! memory ( ,sir ,john de ,brewys1 :i* is 9 _m respects typical4 ,! figure ( ! knight 9 8 arm\r1 8 h&s 9 an attitude ( pray]1 8 head re/+ on 8 great helm1 :i* be>s 8 cre/1 & 8 feet on a c\*ant lion4 ,ar\nd him are %ields ( 8 arms six times repeat$1 & betwe5 !m on little scrolls ! words 8,jesus0 & 8,m]cy0 _m times occur4 ,! me?od ( "w is v simil> to t ( ! ,*amplev enamels1 all[+ = ! diff]5ce 9 scale1 ! l9es be+ boldly incis$ 9 ! metal ) *isel-l tools & !n fill$ 9 ) black or col\r mu* aft] ! way ( ! niello & enamel ( ! small] & m preci\s "w1 a h>d waxy composition be+ us$ z ! col\r+ mat]ial4 ,among ! small] metal "w ( dome/ic use1 ! fir$ogs1 firebacks1 h+es1 locks & o!r p>ts ( furniture1 !re is no lack ( examples4 ,! slabs ( ca/ iron t are kn[n z firebacks 7 v g5]ally us$ z spaces = h]aldry1 ! emphatic c5tral position :i* !y %>$ ) ! *imney-piece mak+ !m simil>ly appropriate4 ,) ! revival ( dog-grates ! accompany+ fireback has also return$ to fav\r1 & a /udy ( old ca/+s !re=e becomes additionally necess>y4 ,! ,tudor examples are usually v excell5t & bold 9 design1 z 9 t illu/rat$ "h 7,fig4 #agi71 :i* displays ! ,royal ,arms1 probably ( ,h5ry ,,viii4 ,9 a =m ( "w :i* is to be subject$ to ! action ( fire1 & ev5 to be se5 = ! mo/ "p ?r\gh light$ fuel1 a design is obvi\sly fitt+ 9 proportion to ! degree ( elim9ation ( uness5tial detail t is effect$1 & 9 ! case 9 po9t ?is has be5 mo/ effici5tly done4 ,! arms1 & ! l[] "p ( ! c5tre g5]ally1 are mu* fireworn1 b any?+ ( ?is nature simpl] & f9] 9 pose & modell+ ?an are ! support]s x w\ld be difficult to f9d1 :ile ! proportion & spac+ ( ! :ole composition leave no?+ to be desir$4 ,fig4 #ahj is ano!r well-design$ ,tudor example1 ! arms be+ ^? ( ,que5 ,elizabe?1 :o sometimes us$ ! greyh\nd = a support] z h] fa!r _h done1 in/ead ( ! dragon4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agi4--;,armorial ,fireback4 ,engli%4 ,sixte5? ,c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahj4--;,armorial ,fireback4 ,engli%4 ,sixte5? ,c5tury4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$1 9 design+ firebacks1 t ! "w is to be c>ri$ out by ca/+ & %\ld !re=e be ( suitable "*4 ,ca/+ is necess>y because e "t t wr\ght iron becomes r$-hot & cools aga9 x scales1 & s loses a consid]able ?ickness ( mat]ial 9 a comp>atively %ort "t1 a disadvantage t does n exi/ 9 ! ca/ metal4 ,! design 9 mo/ cases is treat$ panel-wise )9 a rais$ bord]1 b 9 ! lat] backs ! outl9e ( ! design1 ( ! mantl+ & cre/1 sometimes =m$ ! edge ( ! fireback )\t a conta9+ rim4 ,a space at ! bottom1 ! "p t 0 mo/ emb$d$ 9 ! fire1 is frequ5tly left pla91 or simply flut$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aha4--,mort> 9 ,ca/ ,bronze4 ,fig4 #aha is also int]e/+ z h]aldry 9 ca/ metal1 :i* 9 ?is case is bronze2 & an ,italian example is f\nd 9 ! arms ( ! ,m>telli1 ca/ 9 bronze by ,donatello 7,fig4 #ahb71 :i* has mu* _s1 b lacks ! excell5t di/ribution ( ! same creature on ! decorative %ield = ! ,palazzo ,guadagni n[ 9 ! ,museum at ,s\? ,k5s+ton4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahb4--;,arms ( ! ,m>telli1 by ,donatello4 ,! elaborate h+es1 clasps1 & locks ( doors & c(f]s t 7 (t5 enri*$ /ill fur!r ) coats ( arms are also ( great int]e/ & appe> to h be5 made subjects ( lavi% decoration be=e ! l>g] dome/ic belong+s 7 s treat$4 ,( ! decorations ( lock-plates ! ,g]man example ( ! ,imp]ial ,eagle f ! ,t[n ,hall1 ,nuremb]g 7,fig4 #ahc71 is int]e/+ z an in/ance ( great simplification ( =m to suit ! mat]ial 9 :i* x is express$4 ,fig4 #ahd is ano!r b m ornate example ( ! treatm5t ( pi]c$ & *as$ metal4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahc4--,lock-plate4 ,g]man4 ,f ! ,t[n ,hall1 ,nuremb]g4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahd4--;,decorat$ ,h+e 9 ,pi]c$ & ,*isell$ ,metal4 ,g]man4 ,sev5te5? ,c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahe4--,lock-plate4 ,*isell$ ,iron4 ,fr5*4 ,fifte5? ,c5tury4 ,! ,fr5* lock-plate 9 *isell$ iron 7,fig4 #ahe7 0 9 ! ,spitz] ,collection1 & is decorat$ ) ! cr[n$ ,arms ( ,france1 & ) ,nav>re1 ,aragon1 ,be>n & ,b\rbon qu>t]ly & ) a coat at top repeat$ on ei!r side1 consi/+ ( ?ree pommes de p91 or p9e cones4 ,! fleur-de-lis 9 ,go?ic trac]y on ! hasp is also notable4 ,fig4 #ahf be>s ! cr[n$ ,arms ( ,france surr\nd$ by ! beautiful coll> ( ,/4 ,mi*ael4 ,bel[ is ! well-kn[n monogram :i* comb9es ! initials ( ,h5ry ,,ii & ( ,diana de ,poiti]s1 & h] badge ( cresc5ts =ms a circul> device int]lac$ )9 ! guillo*e bord]1 & a fur!r allusion to h] goddess namesake occurs 9 ! b[s & arr[s at ! sides4 ,a fell[ bolt-plate 9 ! same collection has ! ,arms ( ,france dimidiat+ ^? ( ,m$ici & ,dauph9y on ! %ield at top1 & 9 place ( ! cresc5t badge bel[1 is a ra9b[ 9 cl\ds & surr\nd$ by laurel2 & ! monogram1 a d\ble ,k = ,que5 ,ka!r9e1 is sev]al times repeat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahf4--;,bolt-plate4 ,fr5*4 ,sixte5? ,c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahg4--,panel 9 ,*isell$ ,iron4 ,sixte5? ,c5tury4 ,a v beautiful "w1 also 9 *isell$ iron1 is ! panel ( ! armorial insignia ( ! ,emp]or ,*>les ,v1 ! ,arms ) ! ,columns ! latt] ris+ f waves ( ! sea1 be+ ! device t repres5t$ ! ,pill>s ( ,h]cules & ! motto 8plus oultre0 7,fig4 #ahg74 ,! arms are encircl$ ) ! coll> ( ! ,toison d',or v boldly treat$4 ,! "w is ,spani% ( ! e>ly sixte5? c5tury1 & is notable = its exquisite f9i% z well z = its g5]al excell5ce ( design & draw+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahh4--,key ) ! ,arms ( an ,ar*bi%op4 ,eighte5? ,c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahi4--,key4 ,eighte5? ,c5tury4 ,examples ( keys1 also f ! ,spitz] ,collection1 are giv5 9 ,figs4 #ahh & #ahi4 ,! =m] be>s ! arms ( a ,c>d9al ,ar*bi%op1 & ! latt]1 :i* is excell5tly pi]c$ & *isell$1 has two lions support+ a badge1 a cr[n$ ca/le4 ,ea* is ( good design1 its use & mat]ial hav+ be5 well consid]$ s t x is ( a decorative %ape t does n imp$e its usefulness4 ,! latt] is full ( m9ute & exquisite detail1 indi/+ui%able 9 ! illu/ration4 ,besides ! decoration ( ! b>rel ) a spiral b&1 !re are eagles' heads on its w>ds & ! words 8vive le roi0 are twice inscrib$ on x 9 lett]s ( gold4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aij4--,rep\ss ,buckl] 9 ! ,royal ,arm\ry1 ,/ockholm4 ,! beautiful & elaborate rep\ss & engrav$ "w t 0 v l>gely employ$ 9 ! decoration ( metal 9 ! ,middle ,ages & ! ,r5aissance1 f\nd full scope 9 ! magnific5t arm\r 9 :i* ! greate/ arti/s & ! mo/ skilful craftsm5 comb9$ _! =ces to make a gift t %\ld be wor?y ( a pr9cely h&4 ,rep\ss decoration consi/$ = ! mo/ "p ( ! allegorical & my?ological subjects t 7 s fa%ionable at ! p]iod1 & comp>atively little h]aldry 0 done 9 t way4 ,engrav+ & et*+1 on ! o!r h&1 7 ext5sively us$ to decorate metal ) arms & badges4 ,9 ! execution ( rep\ss "w a metal plate is fix$ d[n to a b$ ( pit*1 a mat]ial :i* af=ds an effici5t support :ile be+ s(t en\gh to yield to ! %ap+ metal z x is hamm]$ & pun*$ into ! design$ =m4 ,! "w is aft]w>ds *as$ & f9i%$ on ! face1 b ! ess5tial quality is1 ( c\rse1 t ( be+ modell$ into relief f beh9d4 ,a v beautiful piece ( rep\ss "w is ! quadrangul> buckl]1 ( late sixte5? c5tury "w1 9 ! ,royal ,arm\ry at ,/ockholm1 :i* 0 b\ght 9 ,holl& by ,*>les ,,xv ( ,sw$5 7,fig4 #aij74 ,! design is a f9e bold treatm5t ( ! ,arms ( ! ,visconti1 & ! workman%ip is probably ,italian4 ,!re is a backplate ) rep\ss arms 9 ! same collection4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aia4--,p[d]-horn ) ,armorials4 ,! ,royal ,arm\ry1 ,dresd54 ,sixte5? ,c5tury4 ,! p[d] horn 7,fig4 #aia7 9 ! ,royal ,arm\ry at ,dresd5 is a v good example ( ! treatm5t ( h]aldry on a small object1 & incid5tally %[s ! practice ( plac+ helms on ! heads ( support]s 9 ord] to display "s ( ! cre/s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aib4--;,bill or ,glaive1 ,g]man 7#afbj74 ,engrav+ be+ ext5sively us$ to cut decorative b&s ( ornam5t on ! arm\r1 0 naturally ! me?od adopt$ = ornam5t+ ! blades ( weapons & o!r flat surfaces4 ,inde$1 x 0 f ! engrav+ = ornam5t's sake t engrav+ = ! purpose ( reproduction by pr9t+ 0 evolv$ by ,f9igu]ra1 ! fam\s ,flor5t9e goldsmi?1 9 ! middle ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,?is int]e/+ exp]im5t1 if x 7 an exp]im5t & n a practice ^: application _h be5 be=e unnotic$1 is said to h be5 made on a piece ( plate1 a pix1 ( :i* ! only impression is said to be 9 ! ,biblio?que ,nationale1 ,p>is4 ,engrav+ 0 also prelim9>y to niello "w & to damasc5+1 two some:at analog\s me?ods ( decoration1 t are peculi>ly suitable to ! ornam5tation ( metal4 ,9 ! =m] ! l9es ( ! engrav+ are fill$ ) a sort ( black enamel :i* is fix$ 9 its place by heat1 :ile 9 damasc5+ ! design1 drawn ) boldly cut l9es on ! /eel1 is fill$ 9 ) gold or o!r metal hamm]$ 9 ) mallets1 & ! :ole surface is !n poli%$4 ,! halb]ds & p>tisans t 7 ( ! nature ( c]emonial weapons1 ! arms ( body gu>ds1 = example1 7 usually decorat$ 9 "s su* way4 ,! bill or glaive 7,fig4 #aib7 is a good example ( ,g]man "w ( its p]iod1 & ! halb]d 7,fig4 #aic7 is a v int]e/+ specim5 ( ,fr5* "w ( a little e>li] date4 ,^! examples w be f\nd valuable 9 _! be>+ on ! decoration ( c]emonial tools su* z ! tr[els ) :i* f\ndation-/ones are laid4 ,9 engrav+ a surface = subsequ5t treatm5t ) ano!r metal or ) enamel ! process itself w dictate ! use ( a /rong & suitable me?od ( cutt+4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! engrav+ is to /& on its own qualities x is important to be> 9 m9d ! diff]5ce betwe5 engrav+ t is employ$ z decoration & t int5d$ = pr9t+4 ,?is di/9ction has frequ5tly be5 lo/ sight (1 ) ! result t !re is mu* engrav+ ( ! sort t1 h[ev] well x might pr9t1 & 9 "s cases ?is is m ?an d\btful1 x c]ta9ly does n decorate2 :ile f9e bold cutt+ t is done 9 ! "r way w realize ! value ( ! play ( light on ! incis$ l9e1 & ! consequ5t ornam5tal effect4 ,9 ?is connexion x may p]haps be p]mitt$ to def9e %ortly ! te*nical di/9ction betwe5 et*+ & engrav+4 ,9 et*$ "w1 !n1 ! design is bitt5 into metal ) an acid mordant1 :ile engrav+ is done ) a cutt+ tool4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aic4--;,halb]d1 ,damasc5$4 ,fr5* 7#aeif74 ,et*+ is l>gely evid5t 9 ! decoration ( metal1 frequ5tly tak+ ! =m ( l[]+ ! backgr\nd by bit+-9 ) acid1 & ?us leav+ ! design to appe> 9 masses ( poli%$ surface 9 contra/ ) ! d>k5$ col\r ( ! bitt5 metal1 & ! details are put 9 ) l9es t are et*$ or engrav$1 z may be mo/ conv5i5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aid4--;,ci/]n 9 ,ca/ ,lead4 ,an important quality ( ?is k9d ( treatm5t is t :ile ! objects are enri*$ & v expressively decorat$ _! practical effici5cy = "w is 9 no way impair$1 & ?is may fairly be tak5 to be a conclusive te/ ( "r decorative treatm5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aie4--;,f\nta9 9 ,ca/ ,lead4 ,dut*4 ,sev5te5? ,c5tury4 ,int]e/+ features ( ,r5aissance dwell+s 7 ! ra9wat] heads1 ci/]ns1 f\nta9s1 /atues & o!r g>d5 accessories t 7 ca/ 9 lead2 ar*itectural fa%ions :i* are aga9 com+ into vogue ) ! return+ reg>d = ! /yle ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,! ci/]n 7,fig4 #aid7 is an h]aldic example 9 ca/ lead1 & ,fig4 #aie is a f\nta9 9 ! same mat]ial4 ,! latt] is ,dut* "w ( ! e>ly sev5te5? c5tury1 & 0 br\ght f ,bois-le-duc4 ,! motives1 eagles display$1 lions' heads & ! lion rampant ( ,holl& :i* holds 9 its paws a sword & a %eaf ( arr[s1 are ?rice repeat$ r\nd ! c5tral pipe1 :i* is surm\nt$ by a cr[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aif4--;,arms ( ,ox=d ,univ]sity4 ,panel1 ,copp]1 silv]$ & oxidiz$4 ,g4 ,w4 ,eve4 ,yet ano!r me?od ( metallic production is %[n 9 electro deposit$ replicas ( modell$ designs su* z ,fig4 #aif1 a panel treatm5t ( ! ,arms ( ,ox=d ,univ]sity1 :i* may be consid]$ 9 connexion ) its fell[ ( ,cambridge1 ,fig4 #hi4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,ar*itectural ,decoration ,9 its application to ar*itectural decoration h]aldry put =? "s ( its f9e/ "w z became "o ( ! family ( ! 8"m ( ! arts10 & x 0 9 ar*itecture too t ! mod]n revival ( h]aldic art began1 mu* 9 ! same way t ! ,r5aissance _h fir/ made its influ5ce felt 9 ! decoration ( ! monum5ts ( an e>li] "t4 ,! sculptur$ h]aldry ( ! ,middle ,ages 0 conf9$ to ! monum5ts & *antries1 su* z ^? ( ,we/m9/] ,abbey1 ,pet]bor\gh1 ,k+s ,langley1 ,cant]bury1 ,bev]ley & _m o!r places ^: sculptur$ %ields are memorials no less ( ! p]sonages ^: arms !y be> ?an ( ! vigor\s art ( _! "t4 ,c]ta9 x is t ev5 9 ! wor/ p]iods ! h]aldic decoration ( ar*itectural objects cont9u$ to %[ a great] degree ( excell5ce ?an 0 g5]ally evid5t 9 o!r =ms ( h]aldic expression4 ,) ! gr[? ( ! ,r5aissance1 dome/ic ar*itecture & its att5dant decoration1 9 :i* armorials 7 display$1 increas$ enorm\sly 9 ext5t & beauty1 & ! colleges :i* 7 f\nd$ or rebuilt 9 ! e>ly sixte5? c5tury foll[$ 9 ! decoration ( ! *apels & halls ! excell5t examples ( _! pr$ecessors1 b 9 ! new & adaptable /yle t _h come into fa%ion4 ,h5ry ,,viii patroniz$ art ) en?usiasm z a "p ( 8 g5]al rivalry ) ! magnific5t ,francis ,i1 & 8 example 0 foll[$ by ! new families :o 7 tak+ ! place ( ! old nobility t civil w> & ! scaffold _h ne>ly ext]m9at$1 9 build+ /ately mansions1 _m ( :i* /& z pres5t examples ( ! skill & ?or\ghness ) :i* ! "w 0 done4 ,9 ,france ! beautiful *teaux :i* /ill rema9 z /ore-h\ses ( h]aldic & o!r arti/ic weal? 7 built dur+ ! same p]iod "u ,*>les ,,viii1 ,l\is ,,xii & ,francis ,i1 & x is difficult to describe 9 adequate language h[ p]fectly !y display$ _! *>act]i/ic devices ) a dignity t 0 )\t "o t\* ( obtrusiv5ess4 ,fonta9ebleau1 ,blois1 ,*ambord & _m ano!r /ately build+ te/ify to ! ta/e & magnific5ce ( _! own]s z well z to ! skill t 0 lavi%$ on _! mak+4 ,fig4 #aig1 ! ,gateway ( ! ,*teau de ,blois1 is especially int]e/+ = ! employm5t ( badges & h]aldic diap]s4 ,! porcup9e badge ( ,l\is ,,xii appe>s ov] ! doorways z x does )91 :ile ! ma9 ar*way is flank$ by columns ornam5t$ ) a diap] :i* encloses 9 its reticulations ! fleur-de-lis ( ,france & ! erm9e spot ( ,brittany4 ,a range ( simil> columns is 9 "o ( ! int]ior c\rts4 ,fig4 #bjb is an example ( ! badge-adorn$ fireplaces 9 ! *teau4 ,! :ole is a re/oration1 v little inde$ ( ! orig9al "w hav+ rema9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aig4--;,gateway ( ! ,*teau de ,blois4 7,re/or$47 ,fifte5? ,c5tury4 ,9 ,spa9 extremely bold & vigor\s h]aldic sculpture 0 plac$ ov] doorways & "u w9d[s1 b x 0 (t5 execut$ ) magnific5t effect 9 l>ge rectangul> panels at ! sides ( ! pr9cipal entrance4 ,f9e examples are at ! doorway ( ! ,hospital at ,santiago & at t ( ! ,univ]sity ,libr>y at ,salamanca4 ,italian examples are f\nd 9 ! ,flor5t9e wall decoration 9 ! ,palazzo ,vec*io & ,palazzo del ,pode/a1 9 ! composition ( :i* small %ields be>+ ! symbols ( ,sa9ts & ! arms ( cities 7 usually associat$ ) ! pr9cipal device4 ,h]aldic gr\ps 7 also employ$ ) excell5t effect on angles ( build+s1 break+ ! /raight l9e 9 pr(ile 9 a v satisfactory way4 ,9 ! s*eme ( h]aldry = a h\se ! pr9cipal position on ! ext]ior 0 ov] ! ma9 entrance1 & !re ! armorials ( ! own] 7 boldly display$1 arms ( alliance & g5ealogical trees be+ res]v$ = ! m intimate surr\nd+s ( ! int]ior4 ,o!r p>ts ( ! ext]ior 7 ornam5t$ ) less elaborate insignia su* z seem$ to fit ! spaces t (f]$ !mselves1 badges be+ freely us$ 9 ?is way z well inside z out4 ,*imney /acks & o!r flat spaces 7 reliev$ ) panels1 & ridges & p9nacles 7 adorn$ ) figures ( h]aldic significance 9 relation to ! family ( ! h\se4 ,9 arms 9 relief1 :e!r 9 l>ge mural decorations or 9 ! m9ute workman%ip ( a seal1 contigu\s spaces1 :i* 9 flat pa9t+ w\ld be consid]$ divisions ( ! same plane1 are di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r by s9k+ ! surface 9 p>ts or by means ( diap]+4 ,! qu>t]ly %ield ( ,h5ry ,,iv on 8 great seal 7,fig4 #b1 p4 #ah7 has ! field ( ! ,engli% qu>t] sunk s t ! edge ( ! ,fr5* qu>t] be+ high] takes light or ?r[s a %ad[ :i* def9es ! space4 ,additional emphasis is giv5 to ord9>ies by /rongly bevell+ _! edges :i* !n reflect light 9 ! same way4 ,& diap]+1 :i* has be5 already ref]r$ to1 may h ! effect ( rais+ or l[]+ ! tone ( ! decorat$ surface1 accord+ to ! am\nt ( light x reflects or ( %ad[ t x includes4 ,! mantl+ t occurs 9 sculpture1 especially :5 done 9 wood1 does n hesitate to g to ! fulle/ ext5t 9 ! direction ( free ornam5tal treatm5t1 & 9 ?us seiz+ ^u ! decorative possibilities ( its s lightly fett]$ "* x may =m a connect+ decoration betwe5 ! con/itu5ts ( an h]aldic s*eme :i* might o!rwise h a c]ta9 effect ( spott9ess4 ,! pose ( ! h]aldic elem5ts ( ! design may also be made to help mat]ially ! g5]al unity ( effect4 ,?us ! helmets ( a s]ies ( armorials may be fac$ t[>ds a c5tral po9t1 su* z ! alt> 9 a *ur*1 or ! he>? or ! das ( a secul> ap>tm5t4 ,%ields may be incl9$ 9 a common direction ) simil> int5tion & all ! h]aldry h def9ite relation to its surr\nd+s4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t 9 ?us pos+ ! elem5ts ( a s]ies1 a %ield mu/ be treat$ z a :ole1 & ! cont5ts mu/ n be alt]$ 9 sympa?y ) ! direction ( its reg>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aih4--;,frieze 9 ,sgraffito4 ,a =m ( ext]nal decoration :i* has be5 b little us$ = h]aldry1 ?\gh x is "o :i* is readily adapt$ to ! purpose1 is t k9d ( cem5t "w 9 lay]s t is kn[n z ,sgraffito4 ,examples ( ?is me?od ( "w are %[n 9 ! friezes1 ,figs4 #aih & #aii1 9 :i* ! h]aldry adds int]e/ to v graceful design1 & 9 ! panel ( ! ,armorials ( ,pope ,paul ,,iii 7,fig4 #bjj74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aii4--;,frieze 9 ,sgraffito4 ,9 ,sgraffito "w ! design is drawn ?r\gh a coat ( moi/ pla/] on to a l[] "o ( ano!r col\r1 mu* z et*+ is drawn ?r\gh ! gr\nd on to ! copp]1 & l x is1 9 its simple/ =m1 a l9e art4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bjj4--;,arms ( ,pope ,paul ,,iii 7,f>nese74 ,panel 9 ,sgraffito4 ,h]aldry 9 int]ior decoration f\nd its fir/ application 9 ! actual %ields1 :i* 7 hung on ! walls ( ! great ,halls ( m$iaeval /rongholds1 0 closely foll[$ by ! simil> use ( ! m ornate c]emonial ones & cont9u$ 9 ! tape/ries & embroid]$ hall+s :i* 7 ! wall cov]+s ( ! halls & *amb]s4 ,"s ( ^! are /ill extant1 & _m o!rs are m5tion$ 9 ! wills ( great p]sonages & 9 ! h\sehold acc\nts ( ! "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bja4--;,armorial c>v+ 9 ! ,gall]y ( ! ,vyne1 ,hamp%ire4 ,at ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury panell+ 0 sup]s$+ ! decorative drap]ies & sculpture 0 tak+ ! place 9 dome/ic build+s t x _h long held 9 ecclesia/ical ones1 ! h]aldry :i* _h be5 display$ 9 beautiful ne$lework be+ execut$ 9 c>v+ t 0 no less beautiful 9 ano!r way4 ,pla/] "w also came l>gely into use = int]ior decoration4 ,_m in/ances ( beautifully appli$ h]aldry are giv5 9 ,mr4 ,got*'s admirable "w#a & notably ! doorway & panell+ ( ! ,gall]y ( ! ,vyne1 ,hamp%ire1 ,fig4 #bja1 :i* ,i am p]mitt$ to reproduce "h4 ,! doorway is adorn$ by arms support$ by amor9i & ! panell+ is full ( %ields & badges2 ! appropriat5ess ( ! "w is imm$iately felt1 & !re is no?+ obtrusive1 ev]y?+ 8occurs0 ) an inevitabl5ess t is delightful4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,e>ly ,r5aissance ,ar*itecture 9 ,engl&4 ,9 ! decoration ( a room ! fireplace is naturally ! c5tral feature1 to :i* 9 "s cases ! h]aldry is conf9$2 9 o!rs1 & ! l>g] numb]1 x cov]s ! panel above1 ! decoration v>y+ 9 am\nt f a c>v+ 9 ! c5tre ( ! frieze ( ! *imney-piece1 or on comp>atively small c5tres ( panell+1 to ! :ole armorials fully display$4 ,fig4 #bjb is an example ( badges employ$ 9 ?is way1 & is ano!r ( ! _m repres5tations ( ! devices ( ,l\is ,,xii & 8 ,que51 ,anne ( ,brittany4 ,^! l>ge *imney-piece a*ievem5ts are produc$ 9 a v>iety ( ways1 be+ sometimes sculptur$ 9 /one or wood1 b !y are also ca/ 9 pla/] or modell$ 9 situ 9 ! same mat]ial4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bjb4--;,fireplace 9 ! ,salon ,l\is ,,xii ,*teau de ,blois4 7,re/oration 9 ! /yle ( ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury47 ,9 ! decoration ( ceil+s complete armorials & ev5 %ields ( arms are by no means s mu* us$ z are badges & o!r fanciful devices1 ! int]sections ( ribs & ! c5tres ( panels be+ naturally select$ = ! purpose4 ,two examples ( ceil+ bosses consi/+ ( wrea?s enclos+ a %ield ( ! ,royal ,arms & a fleur-de-lis badge respectively are f ceil+s at ,hampton ,c\rt 7,fig4 #bjc71 = :i* also ,i am indebt$ to ,mr4 ,got*'s "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bjc4--;,ceil+ ,bosses f ,hampton ,c\rt ,palace4 ,sixte5? ,c5tury4 ,! upp] divisions ( wall panell+ are especially suitable = a s]ies ( %ields & badges :5 !y are at a suffici5t height to br+ ! h]aldry above ! l9e ( ! eye4 ,?is w probably be 9 c>v$ "w1 ! mo/ direct & natural way ( decorat+ wood1 b %ields 9 col\r1 flat or 9 relief1 may occupy ! panels ) v satisfactory effect4 ,a frieze is also an obvi\sly suitable space = su* a purpose1 :e!r ! decoration be modell$ or pa9t$1 or bo?4 ,among ! mat]ials suitable = int]ior decoration gesso is an excell5t means ( obta9+ relief 9 "w t is to be pa9t$1 & x is m readily h&l$ ?an modell$ pla/]1 f ! ease ) :i* x c be kept moi/4 ,9 e>ly "w ! small] details ( monum5ts 7 frequ5tly modell$ 9 ?is mat]ial1 z 7 ! arms on "s ( ! /one %ields 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey2 & on ! decorative panell+1 on :i* jewels & enamels 7 also modell$ & pa9t$4 ,gesso is simply ! ,italian "n = ,pla/] ( ,p>is1 burnt gypsum1 b is te*nically und]/ood to mean a prep>ation ( pla/] or o!r mat]ial :i* dep5ds = its h>d5+ on ! solidify+ ( "s cohesive m$ium1 usually a =m ( glue1 & n on *emical action 9 ! mat]ial4 ,me?ods ( mak+ gesso are describ$ by ,c5n9o ,c5n9i 9 ! ,,ms41 writt5 9 #adcg1 9 :i* he describes m9utely ! te*nical practices ( 8 "t4 ,fir/ ! pla/] is to be 8well wa%$ & kept moi/ 9 a tub = at lea/ a mon?0 & is to be /irr$ up well e day until 8x almo/ rots & is completely slak$ & x w become s(t z silk40 ,x 0 !n made into cakes1 dri$ & kept = use4 ,by ?is process x became :at 0 call$ gesso sottile1 ?\gh ! t]m is also appli$ to ! simil> prep>ation ( :it+1 to be m5tion$ pres5tly4 ,z to its use1 x is direct$ to 8,put "s cakes ( gesso sottile into a pipk9 ( wat] & let !m absorb z mu* z !y w4 ,gr9d x f9e1 mix x ) f9e glue 9 a pipk91 put ! pipk9 9 wat] s t x becomes hot b does n boil1 = if x did x w\ld be spoil$40 ,a v important po9t is ! ?or\gh slak+ & temp]+ ( ! pla/]1 :i* cont9ues to improve ! long] x is kept4 ,! glue t 0 us$ 0 made f hides1 size be+ made f ! f9e k9ds ( sk91 vellum & p>*m5t1 z ! f9e/ k9d is made n[4 ,fi% glue 0 also us$ f v e>ly times4 ,v useful gesso is made ) :it+ 7calc9$ *alk7 in/ead ( ! pla/]4 ,! latt] is said to be t\gh]1 b :it+ is c]ta9ly easi] 9 work+4 ,! :it+ %\ld be soak$ 9 wat] = at lea/ tw5ty-f\r h\rs 7l ! prec$+ prep>ation ?is k9d ( gesso is all ! bett] ! m ?or\ghly x is prep>$71 & mix$ 9 a vessel1 ) ! f9e ?9 glue1 ! :ole be+ plac$ 9 a saucepan ( wat] & kept hot4 ,by keep+ ! pot ( gesso 9 ! wat] :ile x is be+ us$ x w be kept liquid = "s "t 7?\gh ! top w sk9 ov] r soon7 & x may be remelt$ by aga9 heat+ x f "t to "t4 ,i f9d ord9>y gelat9e a good adhesive & melt x into ! consi/5cy ( a n too /rong size be=e add+ x to ! :it+1 toge!r ) a few drops ( oil or glyc]9e z a prev5tive f crack+4 ,! gesso is be/ us$ ) a long-hair$ bru%1 su* z ^? call$ rigg]s1 f :i* x is all[$ to fl[ 9 a blobby way1 ! lights be+ fir/ load$ on & aft]w>ds jo9$ d[n by subsequ5t pa9t+4 ,x may at ?is /age be modell$ to "s ext5t1 & = ?is a /iffi% bru% moi/5$ ) w>m wat] is an effici5t tool4 ,:5 x is dry ! gesso may be c>v$ & %ap$ ) knives & riffles ) ! same facility z pla/]4 ,x may !n h a coat ( gelat9e 7:i* %\ld be v ?91 z o!rwise x w =m a sk9 t is likely to blur detail71 & ! "w is ready = pa9t+ or o!r treatm5t4 ,9 ! treatm5t ( wood5 %ields 9 ?is way c>e %\ld be tak5 t !y are well season$1 & unless !y are suffici5tly ?ick !y %\ld h transv]se pieces at ! back to prev5t w>p+2 a coat ( gesso on ! back is also useful = ! same purpose4 ,if ! wood is well /opp$ by be+ siz$ sev]al times & is slightly r\gh5$ ! lay]s ( l95 or o!r key+ mat]ial may be disp5s$ )4 ,gesso "w is well adapt$ = treatm5t 9 col\r1 & ( ?is ! quality may be mu* improv$ by ! use ( und]ly+ metal1 gold "u r$1 & silv] "u blue4 ,^! metals are appli$ by ! ord9>y gild]s' me?ods & are !n pa9t$ ov]4 ,v beautiful effects may also be obta9$ 9 mono*rome on modell$ gesso1 :5 ! gradations ( tone may be made to help ! relief & v>y ! col\r4 ,pyrography1 or burnt ^w et*+1 is also employ$ 9 h]aldic decoration1 a notable in/ance be+ ! s]ies ( %ields on ! fireplace ( ,"l ,lev5 & ,melville at ,gl5f]ness4 ,an example ( ?is me?od ( "w is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bjd1 a fanciful composition design$ = ! door ( a cab9et4 ,9 arrang+ a s*eme ( h]aldic decoration1 ! field ( *oice is a v l>ge & v>i$ "o1 f ! simple/ %ield or badge on ! frieze ( a mantelpiece to ! c>efully plann$ s]ies decoration ( a :ole build+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bjd4--;,burnt ,wood ,panel1 8,love's ,armorials10 execut$ by ,mrs4 ,geo4 ,w4 ,eve aft] design by ,geo4 ,w4 ,eve4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bje4--;,arms ( ! ,e>l & ,c\ntess ( ,m> & ,kellie4 ,pa9t$ ,gesso4 ,geo4 ,w4 ,eve4 ,z an example ( "o =m ( g5ealogical s*eme maybe in/anc$ ! s]ies ( arms & devices 9 pa9t$ gesso n[ 9 ! hall ( ,alloa ,h\se1 ,alloa1 :i* 7 done to fill a range ( panels 9 a dado1 & beg9n+ ) ! simple/ %ield ( ,h5ricus de ,ersk9e 9 #abbd 7,fig4 #ada71 ext5d r\nd ! ap>tm5t & end1 on ! opposite side ( ! fireplace1 ) ! qu>t]$ & impal$ arms ( ! pres5t ,e>l & ,c\ntess ( ,m> & ,kellie 7,fig4 #bje74 ,alt]nat+ ) ! arms ( ea* g5]ation are repetitions ( ?ree devices1 design$ = ! purpose & consi/+ ( ! cre/ & motto ( ! ,e>ldom ( ,m>1 ^? ( ,kellie 7,fig4 #bjf7 & ! monogram & motto ) ! support]s 7,fig4 #bjg7 respectively4 ,^! devices 7 ( c\rse capable ( any necess>y am\nt ( repetition1 & :5 a knigh?ood ( an ord] necessitat$ a gr\p ( two or m %ields ! devices s]ve to m>k ! gr\p+1 & z x 7 to punctuate ! :ole s*eme4 ,! gesso 0 made ( :it+ & gelat9e z already describ$1 & ! surface 0 v>i$ by ! use ( diff]5t textures4 ,! col\r 0 appli$ ov] metal :i* 0 all[$ to %[ ?r\gh on ! ridges ( ! diap] t 0 also introduc$ to give v>iety & int]e/ to ! simpl] =ms4 ,o!rs ( ?is s]ies are illu/rat$ 9 ,figs4 #ada & #adb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bjf4--;,device4 ,cre/ ( ! ,e>ldom ( ,kellie4 ,gesso1 be=e pa9t+4 ,geo4 ,w4 ,eve4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bjg4--;,device4 ,monogram & ,support]s ( ! ,e>l ( ,m> & ,kellie4 ,gesso1 be=e pa9t+4 ,geo4 ,w4 ,eve4 ,ano!r me?od ( arrang+ a s*eme ( decoration is t :i* traces ! adv5t ( qu>t]+s into ! %ield ( a family1 by pick+ f ! p$igree ! mat*es by :i* ! v>i\s coats ( arms came 91 & mak+ !m ! motives ( ! "w1 to ! exclusion ( int]m$iate mat*es1 proce$+ 9 regul> ord] f ! simple arms to ! f9al %ield ( complete qu>t]+s4 ,_m o!r s*emes w readily sugge/ !mselves4 ,! visits ( gue/s ( di/9ction may be m>k$ by panels ( _! arms 9 ! *amb]s !y occupi$1 p]haps by an enamel plaque 9 ! c5tre ( a panel4 ,! arms ( ,s*ools1 ,colleges & ,univ]sities1 & ( o!r corporations & in/itutions1 motives t are allusive r ?an p]sonal1 are yet ( ! ke5e/ int]e/ to ^? conc]n$1 an int]e/ t is too (t5 temp]$ by ! unwor?9ess ( ! h]aldic treatm5t4 ,! practice ( hang+ on ! wall %ields ( arms ( ! /ation]s' %op type may be necess>y = comm]cial reasons1 b is mu* to be deplor$4 ,x seems impossible to get !m improv$1 ! feel+ t !y are 8good en\gh0 7& p]haps !y are67 appe>s to be suffici5t recomm5dation4 ,ev5 :5 ! arms are well treat$1 z is r>ely ! case1 & ,i am n n[ ref]r+ only to ! k9d :i* satisfies ! ae/hetic p]ception ( ! casual s*oolboy1 ! effect ( ! hang+ %ield 9 an ord9>y room sugge/s at be/ a k9d ( ,/rawb]ry ,hill ,go?ic t is out ( keep+ ) any probable surr\nd+s4 ,:5 h]aldry t c be treat$ z a movable picture is ne$$1 & some?+ ( ?is k9d is made necess>y by ! want ( p]man5ce 9 our dwell+-places1 a fram$ panel ( arms is probably ! mo/ suitable =m t mod]n h]aldic wall decoration c take4 ,x may be 9 wood or metal1 9 col\r or mono*rome1 ( any quality & int]e/ t may be f\nd mo/ pleas+1 & be+ fram$1 x w take its place 9 ! adornm5t ( an ord9>y room 9 ! same way t a picture does4 ,,/a9$ ,,glass4--,( all me?ods ( h]aldic expression /a9$ glass is p]haps ! mo/ appropriate z purely decorative treatm5t ( ! subject1 = n only is ! spl5d\r ( col\r peculi>ly fitt+1 b ev5 ! commemorative quality ( h]aldry assimilates 9 feel+ ) ! memorial "* :i* is r>ely abs5t f a /a9$ w9d[4 ,! temptation :i* x naturally (f]$ to p>tisan fury has left comp>atively little ( ! e>ly "w1 b suffici5t has rema9$ to %[ h[ p]fectly x c\ld be made to s]ve its purpose4 ,9 a =m ( design :i* is c>ri$ out ) pieces ( col\r$ glass cut to ! necess>y %apes & held toge!r by /rips ( groov$ lead1 :i* is sold]$ into position1 ?is /ructural lead-"w pres5ts consid]able difficulty4 ,x foll[s ! l9es ( ! composition :]ev] possible1 b :5 ! %ape ( ! glass makes ano!r c\rse desirable1 x does n hesitate to g across a space1 & 9 t case1 be+ frankly us$ = /ructural reasons1 x mu/ n cla% ) ^? l9es t help to def9e =m4 ,9 %ort1 design 9 ?is1 p]haps m ?an 9 o!r arts1 mu/ con=m to ! dictation ( ! mat]ial4 ,?us x is important t ! pieces ( glass %\ld be design$ ( cutable %ape )\t too small re-ent]+ angles1 & ! limits ( b5d+ 9 ! lead mu/ also be recogniz$4 ,its pass+ across objects is v9dicat$ by /ructural necessity1 & by t alone1 & n>r[ places are lead$ across1 n only because ( any difficulty t !re may be 9 ! cutt+1 b because ! glass w\ld probably break !re :5 be+ fir$ 9 a kiln1 or :5 "u ! /ra9s t are set up 9 a w9d[ by w9d pressure4 ,! t5d5cy ( outl9e to lose itself 9 ! d>k] ( ! col\rs t x divides has already be5 ref]r$ to1 & is v notable 9 ?is connexion4 ,:5 !re=e ! objects are light on d>k1 ! lead-"w w s9k into ! backgr\nd1 & al?\gh x may leave small space = ! glass1 x is sometimes surpris+ h[ effici5tly t little lights up & expresses ! col\r4 ,if ! *>ges are inconv5i5tly small = ! lead+1 resort is _h to :at is call$ fla% glass1 :i* consi/s ( two lay]s1 ( :i* "o only is col\r$1 & is made by dipp+ a piece ( molt5 :ite into a col\r$ glass1 :5 ! mass is ab\t to be bl[n into ! bulb :i*1 %ap$ & exp&$1 ultimately becomes a %eet ( glass4 ,! desir$ %apes are pi]c$ ?r\gh ! col\r$ lay] ( ! composite %eet by means ( gr9d+1 or by et*+ ) hydr(luoric acid1 & are left :ite1 or /a9$ yell[ ) a solution ( silv]1 z ! case may be4 ,9 addition to ! lead-"w1 :i* def9es ! g5]al =ms ) m or less accuracy1 details are depict$ by means ( a br[n enamel col\r1 :i* s]ves also z a g5]al %ad[ t9t1 be+ pa9t$ on ! glass1 & !n fir$4 ,! br[n enamel is also us$ = ! diap]+ :i* is s especially valuable 9 glass decoration1 & = ?is purpose x may express ! design 9 l9es drawn ) ! col\r or1 be+ appli$ z a broad wa%2 ! diap] patt]n may be scrat*$ out ( x ) a po9t4 ,z a g5]al rule ov]-pa9t+ %\ld be us$ z sp>+ly z possible = ! purpose ( def9+ or emphasiz+ =m4 ,! silv] /a9 c be simil>ly put on1 ei!r 9 l9es or 9 wa%es1 ^! mat]ials1 ei!r alone or 9 comb9ation1 s]v+ to express surface decorations ( all degrees ( elaboration4 ,9 addition to ! accurate & expressive draw+ :i* goes to make good h]aldry1 ! pr9cipal feature ( glass design is obvi\sly its col\r effect1 ! gr\p+ ( ! col\r masses 9 su* a way z w be/ express ! subject 9 beautiful col\r$ light4 ,9 view ( ! obligatory nature ( h]aldic t9ctures1 ?\gh n ( _! exact quality1 ! h>mony ( col\r may be help$ by suitable treatm5t ( ! backgr\nd 7:i* is susceptible ( v>iation t is only limit$ by ! nature ( ! mat]ials7 9 comb9ation ) ! prescrib$ col\rs ( ! h]aldry4 ,& "h occurs t temptation to alt] ! t9ctures ( mantl+s :i* has prov$ too mu* = ! correctness ( "s h]aldic compositions4 ,! design is usually made on a small scale1 %[+ ! col\r s*eme & ! g5]al composition1 & a full-size draw+ 9 black & :ite is !n prep>$1 9 :i* ! arrangem5t ( ! lead+ & ! "* ( o!r details are c>efully indicat$4 ,on ?is ! v>i\s col\r$ glass is laid & cut into ! requir$ %apes1 :i* are !n arrang$ 9 due ord] ) ! lead1 & ! :ole is securely sold]$ toge!r4 ,! lead hav+ a d\ble groove is 9 section l ! lett] ,h1 ! inside surfaces be+ mill$1 to af=d a bett] key = ! glass & = ! cem5t :i* is add$ = additional security4 ,pug91 ^: influ5ce on ar*itecture 0 s impressive1 _h no less /rong an effect on ! h]aldry :i* accompanies x s appropriately1 & ! beautiful armorial decoration ( ! ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t1 = :i* he is answ]able1 is a wond]ful mass ( f9e "w 9 glass & /one & o!r mat]ials4 ,no less rem>kable 9 t x succe$$ a long p]iod ( su* extreme weakness1 & 0 itself b ! fir/fruits ( ! reviv$ int]e/ 9 ! subject4 ,9 ?is "w ,pug9 0 =tunate 9 ! effici5t assi/ance t 0 at 8 comm&1 & ! draw+s by 8 son-9-law & pupil1 ,john ,p[ell1 by ,burgess & o!rs1 %[ h[ admirably ! ma/] m9d 0 s]v$4 ,! draw+s reproduc$ "h 7 probably design$ by ,pug91 b ! actual "w is t ( ,john ,p[ell4 ,h[ev] imbu$ ) ! m$iaeval _s ,pug9 01 ! ,r5aissance feel+ unmi/akably ass]ts itself 9 ^! designs1 & 9 spite ( ! ,go?ic detail ( ! trac]y !y seem to associate !mselves naturally ) ! ,tudor h]aldry r ?an ) t ( an e>li] "t4 ,inde$1 x is possible t ,pug9 0 n unm9dful ( ?is1 = !re is little d\bt t he _h /udi$ ! ,r5aissance "w t is to be f\nd1 z well z t ( ! ,middle ,ages1 9 ! neighb\r+ ,abbey4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bjh4--;,c>toon = ,/a9$ ,glass4 7,upp] ,"p7 ,royal ,gall]y1 ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t4 ,tudor h]aldry m>k$ ! close ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,9 "* x 0 a comb9ation ( ! m$iaeval /yle ) t ( ! ,r5aissance2 t is to say1 x 0 ! expression ( :at rema9$ ( m$iaeval reg>d = its subject1 9 a =m t 0 /rongly influ5c$ by ! new feel+ 9 ,art4 ,besides ! te*nical k & ! p[] ( draughtsman%ip !re is ample evid5ce ( individual design work+ ?r\gh v>i\s influ5ces1 h&l+ & assimilat+ !m1 a fur!r pro( t no "o possess+ real arti/ic p[]1 9 :atev] degree1 is cont5t m]ely to reproduce ! dry bones ( any p]iod4 ,h[ev] t may be1 !y are v beautiful draw+s1 s]v+ admirably z models ( work+ draw+s1 9 :i* is set =? all t is necess>y to ! c>ry+ out ( ! "w1 & ,i am mu* indebt$ to ,messrs4 ,h>dman = p]mission to reproduce !m4 ,! disposition ( ! lead is v c>efully %[n ?r\gh\t1 & ! small] details are drawn j s f> z is necess>y = ! direction ( ! pa9t]4 ,repetitions ( figures be+ simil>ly f9i%$ only :5 !y diff] 9 "s important respect f ! initial %ape1 z 9 ! case ( ! lion 9 ! base ( ! %ield ( ! ,royal ,arms 7,fig4 #bjh71 :5 ! pose is suffici5tly v>i$ f ! upp] ones1 by ! field space1 z to w>rant its sep>ate treatm5t4 ,^! arms occupy ! upp] "p ( ! light 9 ! ,royal ,gall]y1 ,fig4 #bji be+ ! l[] "p ( ! same w9d[4 ,p]haps ! mo/ rem>kable = vig\r is ! little :ite horse :i* s admirably occupies its space1 a quatrefoil op5+ 7,fig4 #baj74 ,all ! animals are full ( vitality1 b none h q s mu* z ?is4 ,9 ?is respect x may well be contra/$ ) ! mu* inf]ior ,dragon ( ,cadwallad] 9 ,fig4 #bji4 ,! "* ( ! unicorn 7,fig4 #baa7 is altoge!r unusual 9 ,engli% h]aldry1 & foll[s ! =eign type :i* d]ives its =m f t ( a goat ) "o horn1 in/ead ( t :i* is ! comb9ation ( a horse's body ) ! legs ( a /ag & ! tail ( a lion1 a =m ) :i* o!r examples h made u famili>4 ,! wild bo> ( ,ri*>d ,,iii 7,fig4 #bab71 = all 8 enorm\s tusks1 seems n unwor?y ( ! irrev]5t way 9 :i* he is ref]r$ to1 9 a work+ note p5cill$ on ! c>toon1 z 8! pig40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bji4--;,c>toon = ,/a9$ ,glass4 7,l[] ,"p7 ,royal ,gall]y1 ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #baj4--;,design = ,/a9$ ,glass 9 ! ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t4 ,drawn by ,john ,p[ell4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #baa4--,unicorn4 ,c>toon = ,/a9$ ,glass1 ,royal ,gall]y1 ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bab4--,! ,:ite ,bo> ( ,ri*>d ,,iii4 ,c>toon = ,/a9$ ,glass4 ,royal ,gall]y1 ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bac4--,! ,royal ,cre/4 ,c>toon = ,/a9$ ,glass4 ,royal ,gall]y1 ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t4 ,! comp>ative smallness ( ! ,royal ,cre/ 9 ,fig4 #bac is due to ! design]'s int5tion to br+ ! head into ! c5tral l9e ( ! composition ) a view to up/&+ effect1 & 9 ?is respect is ( c\rse a reasonable problem to h solv$4 ,:e!r1 h[ev]1 x 0 wor? :ile s to sacrifice ! l>g] proportion :i* ! lion w\ld h _h to ! cr[n 9 m$iaeval design is ano!r matt]4 ,nev]!less1 ! :ole s]ies ( "w is f9ely design$ & beautifully drawn ) cle>ly ?\ght-out int5tions z a :ole1 & ) mu* delightful fancy 9 ! v>iation ( ! decorat$ detail1 & to conclude ?is v int]e/+ s]ies ,fig4 #bad is f a col\r$ draw+ ( ! :ite swan ( ! de ,bohuns t 0 "o ( ! badges ( ,h5ry ,,iv4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bad4--;,c>toon = ,/a9$ ,glass4 ,col\r$4 ,royal ,gall]y1 ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t4 ,9 dome/ic /a9$ glass conditions t 7 diff]5t f ^? t 7 involv$ 9 *ur* w9d[s _h to be consid]$1 & especially excessive obscuration ( ! light 0 to be avoid$1 ?is be+ effect$ by ! use ( pla91 or slightly decorat$1 qu>ries1 ! /rong] col\r be+ conf9$ to a c5tre r\ndel or m$allion1 a v suitable space = h]aldic treatm5t1 & to decorat$ bord]s4 ,9 addition1 f ! "t ( ! ,middle ,ages su* /a9$ w9d[s _h be5 made movable by be+ enclos$ 9 frames :i* c\ld be tempor>ily fa/5$ into w9d[ spaces1 z is /ill done1 & = a simil> reason armorial r\ndels may rema9 deta*$ f ! w9d[ & be susp5d$ by wires 7see ,fig4 #afh74 ,( su* r\ndels !re are _m excell5t examples1 t 7 orig9ally 9 ,netley ,abbey1 9 ! ,h>tley ,museum at ,s\?ampton4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bae4--;,arms ( ,h5ry ,,vi1 ,ockwells ,manor1 ,b]ks4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #baf4--;,arms ( ! ,e>l ( ,w>wick1 ,k4,g4 ,ockwells ,manor4 ,f ! second half ( ! fifte5? c5tury onw>ds armorial /a9$ glass increas$ greatly 9 ext5t & fre$om4 ,! %ields became squ>e & 9 _m in/ances h ! =m 7d]iv$ f ! t\rnam5t %ield b\*e7 :i* became associat$ lat] ) ! "n ( ! ,tudors4 ,probably ! f9e/ examples ( dome/ic /a9$ glass t we h are ! spl5did h]aldic w9d[s at ,ockwells ,manor1 ,b]ks4 ,9 ^! ! %ields are mu* curv$1 ! helmets & mantl+s are v elaborate1 & ! figures are drawn ) great vitality & beauty4 ,ea* light has an a*ievem5t1 consi/+ ( arms ) mantl$ helm & cre/1 9 ! middle1 ^u a backgr\nd ( qu>ries plac$ diamondwise & be>+ ! ,norreys ,badge1 ?ree di/affs1 9 yell[ /a94 ,9 diagonal l9es1 ! motto 9 text lett]s1 8,fey? fully s]ve10 is sev]al times repeat$ 9 all b two ( ! lights1 ! exceptions be+ ! ,royal ones1 :]e 8,dieu et mon droit0 accompanies ! ,arms ( ,h5ry ,,vi 7,fig4 #bae7 & 8,humble et ,loiall10 ! motto ( 8 ,que51 ,m>g>et ( ,anj\1 is ) h] armorials4 ,9 bo? ^! lights ! ,norreys ,badge appe>s z 9 ! o!rs4 ,bel[ ! ,k+'s ,arms are 8 two support]s1 h]aldic antelopes ,arg5t1 :i* are spott$1 z well z arm$1 cr9$ & ungul$ 7i4e4 horn$1 hair$ & ho($7 ,or4 ,! s]ies1 :i* includ$ twelve lights t are n[ vacant1 0 erect$ by ,sir ,john ,norreys1 ! build] ( ,ockwells ,manor ,h\se1 & consi/s ( 8 arms & ^?1 to quote ,mr4 ,ev]>d ,gre51 8( 8 sov]eign1 patrons & k9sfolk4 ,9 %ort a lib] amicorum 9 glass1 a n unpleasant way = light to come to u40 ,! arms "h illu/rat$ are ^? ( ,sir ,edmund ,beaumont1 ,k4,g41 & ,sir ,james ,butl]1 ,k4,g4 7,figs4 #bag & #bah71 ( ,sir ,h5ry ,beau*amp1 ,e>l ( ,w>wick 7,fig4 #baf71 & ! ,royal ,arms1 to :i* ref]5ce has already be5 made4 ,! h]aldic p>ticul>s ( ^? & o!rs t rema9 w be f\nd amply set =? 9 ,ar*aeologia1 vol4 lvi41 #ahii4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! arms ( su* z 7 ,k4,g4 are n encircl$ ) ! ,g>t]1 t practice n hav+ z yet come into full g5]al use4 ,"s att5tion %\ld be giv5 to ! badges on ^! w9d[s z be+ good examples ( ! practice 9 dome/ic glass ( decorat+ transp>5t qu>ries ) devices1 badges & monograms1 floral & o!r runn+ patt]ns1 9 /a9 & grisaille1 z admirably s]v+ its purpose )\t too mu* sacrifice ( light1 & !re=e z af=d+ sugge/ions = mod]n "w :i* has to comply ) simil> conditions4 ,! lights h]e9 illu/rat$ are f ! excell5t draw+s by ,mr4 ,w4 ,t4 ,cleobury1 9 ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bag4--;,arms ( ,sir ,edmund ,beaumont1 ,k4,g41 ,ockwells ,manor4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bah4--;,arms ( ,sir ,james ,butl]1 ,k4,g41 ,ockwells ,manor4 ,! glass t has be5 hi!rto m5tion$ is t :i*1 l ! true enamels1 is col\r$ 9 ! mak+ ) metallic oxides1 ! pa9t+ on x be+ conf9$ to ! use ( ! br[n %ad[ col\r1 & ! yell[ silv] /a94 ,w9d[s made :olly 9 t way c be describ$ z pa9t$ glass because ?\gh ! silv] is a true /a91 x is us$ z pa9t & fir$1 in/ead ( be+ incorporat$ ) ! glass 9 ! pot4 ,ab\t ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 ! practice came into vogue ( us+ panes ( transp>5t glass z surfaces = decorative design 9 pa9t$ col\rs or 9 grisaille1 & l>ge w9d[s ( squ>e panes ( :ite glass ) elaborate designs ( arabesque ornam5t 7 done 9 v]ifiable enamel col\rs & ) a m9imum ( lead+1 su* z ^? 9 ! ,laur5tian ,libr>y1 ,flor5ce 7,fig4 #bai74 ,! m$allion 9 ! c5tre conta9s ! arms ( ! ,m$ici1 ! family ( ,pope ,clem5t ,,vii1 ^: ti>a & keys accompany ! arms 9 ano!r ( ! same s]ies ( w9d[s t has be5 reproduc$ 9 ,mr4 ,lewis ,day's admirable book1 ,w9d[s4 ,a v rem>kable s*ool ( enamell$ glass pa9t+ t l>gely conc]n$ itself ) h]aldry exi/$ 9 ,switz]l&1 enc\rag$ by ! cu/om :i* _h gr[n up ( p]sons & guilds pres5t+ pa9t$ w9d[s to ea* o!r4 ,^! l>gely consi/$ ( portrait subjects accompani$ by armorial be>+s4 ,into ?is "w ! use ( ! po9t ent]$ to a surpris+ ext5t1 ! wa%es ( col\r be+ frequ5tly cov]$ ) ! scrat*$ l9es ) :i* details 7 drawn or textures indicat$ ) ! m9ut5ess ( f9e engrav+4 ,inde$ ! process ( obta9+ effects by draw+ ) a ne$le 9 l9es ( light ?r\gh a d>k m$ium inevitably sugge/s ! art ( et*+ on metal4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bai4--,pa9t$ ,w9d[ 9 ! ,laur5tian ,libr>y1 ,flor5ce4 ,sixte5? ,c5tury4 ,m>vell\s z 7 ! effects produc$ by ! ne$le 9 ! h&s ( a ma/] ! me?od 0 a dang]\s "o "u less capable control1 & 9 any case ! effect is altoge!r diff]5t & less glass-l ?an t ( ! e>li] me?od1 be+ *>act]iz$ by a %>p glitt]+ brilliancy 9 place ( ! deep effulg5ce ( pot metal4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bbj4--;,draw+ = ,/a9$ ,glass1 ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum4 ,?is pa9t$ glass ( ! sixte5? c5tury conta9s mu* f9e vigor\s h]aldic draw+1 z may be se5 9 ! work+ draw+s t are extant1 z well z 9 ! w9d[s !mselves1 ,burgmair & _m o!rs1 ^: p[] 9 h]aldic art is well-kn[n 9 o!r directions1 hav+ also made designs = ! glass pa9t]s4 ,fig4 #bae is a *>act]i/ic sket* ( lions support+ bann]s & %ields1 a fav\rite me?od ( gr\p+ 9 compositions ( ?is k9d4 ,! vig\r & 8g0 ( ^! animals is v rem>kable1 & x is un=tunate t ! arti/'s "n is n on ! draw+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bba4--;,draw+ by ,holbe91 ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bbb4--;,draw+ = ,/a9$ ,glass1 ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum4 ,a4 ,r5t54 ,sixte5? ,c5tury4 ,! draw+ by ,holbe91 ,fig4 #bba1 is v *>act]i/ic ( 8 "w1 & ( ! /yle ( cont95tal h]aldry 9 ! sixte5? c5tury :5 ! e>ly simplicity 0 giv+ way to great elaboration ( design4 ,! helmets 9 ! glass "w ( ?is p]iod are useful indications ( h[ /ructural facts1 re9=c+ pieces = example1 & surface ornam5t may be made available z decorative detail1 & ,fig4 #bbb1 by ,a4 ,r5t51 is "o ( _m good examples t are f\nd among draw+s ( ?is k9d4 ,! mantl+s by ?is arti/ are p>ticul>ly well drawn1 z is evid5t 9 ! illu/ration4 ,,*apt] ,x ,embroid]$ ,h]aldry ,! romantic associations t embroid]$ h]aldry call to m9d1 ( fair f+]s work+ ! devices on battle flags & on knightly surcoats1 r5d] x a subject ( ! utmo/ fasc9ation1 & al?\gh its adequate treatm5t w\ld dem& m space ?an c be devot$ to x "h1 x w /ill be possible to ref] 9 "s measure to an art t1 l ! h]aldry x embodi$1 t\*$ 9 "o way or ano!r all ! life ( ! ,middle ,ages & has transmitt$ no little ( its beauty & *>m to ! "w ( our own "t4 ,long be=e h]aldry 0 =mulat$ noble ladies practis$ ! art & f\nd 9 x a delightful occupation4 ,embroid]$ h]aldry is ev5 allud$ to 9 t dim "t :]e my? & hi/ory meet1 z :5 ! ,rav5 bann] ( ! ,vik+s1 ! dread ,l&eyda1 desolation ( ! l&1 0 wov5 & embroid]$ 9 "o noontide by ! daught]s ( ,reyn] ,lodbrock1 son ( ,sigurd4 ,9 ,engl& 9 ! six? c5tury ,aldels)a1 a noble ,saxon lady1 taught ! art to "s "y girls & s =m$ ! fir/ s*ool ( art ne$lework ( :i* we h any record4 ,! f\r daught]s ( ,edw>d ! ,eld] 7 celebrat$ embroid]]s1 & !re 0 a con/ant succession ( skill$ ne$lework]s ^: names & ev5 _m ( _! notable works 7 h&$ d[n z wor?y ( remembrance2 ! alt> clo?s & ve/m5ts1 cov]$ ) gold5 eagles1 t _h be5 work$ by ,que5 ,aelgi?a ! wife ( ,canute among _m o!rs4 ,& ! reputation 0 n m]ely a local "o1 b ?r\gh\t ,europe ! praises are record$ ( ! ,opus ,anglicum1 ^: "n1 f be+ at fir/ a g5]al "o1 aft]w>ds acquir$ a p>ticul> te*nical mean+4 ,! excell5ce t call$ =? su* univ]sal appreciation cont9u$ ?r\gh\t ! m$iaeval p]iod1 z :5 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury ,pope ,innoc5t ,,iii 0 en?usia/ic 9 its praise4 ,9 ! developm5t ( h]aldry embroid]y f\nd a cong5ial subject1 & ladies busi$ !mselves 9 depict+ ) ! ne$le _! husb&s' armorials1 z _! pr$ecessors _h pictur$ ! incid5ts ( _! own times1 on hall+s & bann]s & emblazon$ g>m5ts1 su* employm5t be+ a frequ5t subject ( ! beautiful illum9ations ( ! pa9t$ ,,mss4 :i* _h s mu* aff9ity ) f9e ne$lework1 f :i* x copi$ & 0 itself copi$ 9 return4 ,ecclesia/ical ve/m5ts & alt> frontals conta9 mu* h]aldry1 & ! ,syon ,cope1 t mo/ int]e/+ "w ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 conta9s on its orphreys & bord]s "s sixty coats ( arms on r\nd or diamond %ap$ %ields4 ,"o ( ^? on ! orphreys is %[n at ,fig4 #bbc1 al?\gh x is p]haps m curi\s ?an beautiful4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bbc4--;,arms ( ,g5eville f ! ,syon ,cope4 ,among ! e>lie/ examples ( h]aldic embroid]y t survive is ! surcoat ( ,edw>d ! ,black ,pr9ce1 no less admirable 9 its way ?an ! already m5tion$ %ield1 & on acc\nt ( its unique "* x is necess>ily reproduc$ aga9 & aga94 ,x consi/s ( ! arms ( ! %ield translat$ into t]ms ( embroid]y1 & if x 7 b 9 bett] pres]vation a f9] model = h]aldic "w x w\ld be h>dly possible to conceive4 ,?is is b "o ( ! _m spl5did h]aldic g>m5ts ( :i* s little rema9s1 b :i* are depict$ on ! monum5tal effigies ) absolute fidelity4 ,( ! latt] fact ?is surcoat is "o ( ! pro(s1 = its copy on ! effigies 0 made ) su* accuracy t ev5 ! faults ( ! ne$lework are !re4#b ,! embroid]y ( badges on g>m5ts in/ead ( ! regul> arms 0 also common1 z witness ! effigies ( ,ri*>d ,,ii & 8 ,que51 ,anne ( ,bohemia1 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey4 ,,footnotes3 #b ,ne$lework z ,art1 ,lady ,m>ion ,al=d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bbd4--;,embroid]$ ,cap ) badges1 ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum4 ,sixte5? ,c5tury4 ,a sixte5? c5tury example ( embroid]$ badges1 a cap ( f9e l95 beautifully work$ ) fleurs-de-lis & roses z ! pr9cipal motives1 is 9 ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum1 & is reproduc$ 9 ,fig4 #bbd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bbe4--;,alt> ,frontal 9 ,embroid]$ ,l951 ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum4 ,ano!r example ( embroid]$ l95 7,fig4 #bbe7 9 ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum1 is an alt> frontal :i* is decorat$ ) h]aldic motives 9 appliqu "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bbf4--;,embroid]$ ,badge4 ,"p ( ! ,insignia ( ,*>les ! ,bold1 ,duke ( ,burgundy4 ,fifte5? ,c5tury4 ,"s int]e/+ & in/ructive fragm5ts ( embroid]y exi/ 9 ! ,museum at ,b]ne1 "p ( ! spoil tak5 f ! t5t ( ,*>les ! ,bold1 ,duke ( ,burgundy1 aft] ! disa/r\s ,battle ( ,gr&son 9 #adgf4 ,fig4 #bbf is ! badge1 ! fl9t & /eel1 ( ! ,great ,burgundian ,ord] ( ! ,gold5 ,fleece1 ^: insignia are conspicu\s 9 ! decoration ( ! next c5tury 9 association ) ! ,emp]ors ,maximilian & ,*>les ,v4 ,9 ?is in/ance ! /eel /rik] s]ves z a space = ! qu>t]$ arms ( ,burgundy1 ,limb\rg & ,fl&]s4 ,fig4 #bbg %[s ! same arms on :at 0 p]haps "p ( ! b>d+s1 ! t\rnam5t or o!r c]emonial drap]y ( a *>g]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bbg4--;,h]aldic ,embroid]y4 ,"p ( ! ,insignia ( ,*>les ! ,bold1 ,duke ( ,burgundy4 ,fifte5? ,c5tury4 ,bo? %[ admirably h[ h]aldic embroid]y %\ld be done1 namely1 9 flat applique /rongly design$ & simply execut$4 ,! sable lions ( ,fl&]s are conclusive pro(s ( h[ h]aldic vig\r & decorative di/ribution may be atta9$ 9 embroid]y4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury embroid]y began to be padd$ into relief1 a practice :i* aft]w>ds develop$ to a rem>kable ext5t 9 spite ( its in>ti/ic unsuitability to ! mat]ial & "w4 ,x 0 naturally lea/ (f5sive 9 its beg9n+s1 & ! %ield ( ,eric ,,xiv1 ,k+ ( ,sw$5 7,fig4 #bbh71 is a some:at exceptionally good example ( ! h]aldry ( its "t 7ab\t #aefj74 ,! arms are well-design$1 ! lions ( ! f\r? qu>t]1 ,d5m>k1 be+ p>ticul>ly spirit$1 :ile ! execution is v excell5t ( its k9d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bbh4--;,arms ( ,eric ,,xiv1 ,k+ ( ,sw$54 ,b]ne ,museum4 ,ab\t #aefj4 ,an in/ance ( dome/ic embroid]y occurs 9 ,fig4 #bbi1 :]e ! arms ( ,james ,i are us$ z a c5tre to a design t is1 9 ! ma91 floral4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bbi4--;,arms ( ,james ,i4 ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum4 ,e>ly ,sev5te5? ,c5tury4 ,"w ( ! highe/ h]aldic importance mu/ always h be5 t ( ! bann]s1 z ! v conc5tration ( battle h]aldry1 b ( ^!1 alas6 !re are no v e>ly examples4 ,! bann]s ( ! ,knights ( ! ,g>t] 9 ,/4 ,george's ,*apel 7 d\btless all embroid]$ =m]ly1 z t ( ! ,sov]eign /ill is1 b !y h = long be5 done 9 an inf]ior way1 ev5 z ! pa9t$ /all plates sup]s$$ _! enamell$ pr$ecessors4 ,( ! v>i\s =ms ( flag t 7 9 use 9 ! day ( ! t\rnam5t & ev5 surviv$1 at fun]al c]emonies1 until comp>atively mod]n times1 ! pr9cipal 7 ! ,bann]1 ! ,p5non & ! ,/&>d4 ,! ,bann]1 sometimes call$ ! ,great ,bann]1 0 squ>e 9 %ape & bore ! arms ( its "l exactly z !y 7 borne on 8 %ield1 i4e41 occupy+ ! :ole surface4 ,its use 0 conf9$ to su* knights z 7 especially privileg$1 & :o 7 !re=e call$ ,knights ,bann]ets1 & to nobles ( high] rank4 ,al?\gh ! bann] z su* bore ! :ole arms ( ! %ield1 o!r l>ge & squ>e flags1 ev5 :5 *>g$ ) badges1 7 sometimes call$ by ! same "n :5 employ$ = a special purpose1 z1 = in/ance1 ! bann] ( ! ,r$ ,dragon ( ,cadwallad] t 0 borne at ,boswor? ,field4 ,! ,p5non 0 a long po9t$ flag1 :i* 0 borne by a knight & 0 *>g$ ) 8 arms or device4 ,! cutt+ (f ( ! tail ( ! p5non1 leav+ ! flag squ>e1 conf]r$ on its own] ! "r to h a bann] !nce=w>d1 :i* c]emony ( creat+ a ,bann]et always took place on ! field ( battle & "u ! royal bann] display$4 ,! ,/&>d1 prop]ly s-call$1 0 also a po9t$ flag1 ?\gh bann]s 7 sometimes call$ /&>ds :5 !y 7 fl[n f a ma/ t 0 ei!r fix$ 9 ! gr\nd or 0 support$ on a solid plat=m or wagon4 ,f ?is comes ! inaccurate cu/om ( describ+ ! ,royal ,bann] z ! ,royal ,/&>d4 ,! ,/&>d always1 9 ,engl&1 _h ! national emblem1 ! ,cross ( ,/4 ,george1 next ! /aff1 & ! rema9d] ( ! flag 0 ( ! own]'s col\rs1 & 0 *>g$ ) 8 badges & motto 7,fig4 #bcj74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bcj4--;,a ,/&>d4 ,sixte5? ,c5tury4 ,! e>ly =m ( ! bann] 0 high] ?an x 0 long1 t is to say1 ! hoi/1 t "p ( a flag t is next ! /aff1 0 great] ?an ! fly or ! l5g? f ! /aff to ! fur!r edge ( ! flag1 & t %ape cont9u$ ?r\gh\t ! ,tudor p]iod2 lat]1 h[ev]1 ! =m became m squ>e & f9ally ext5d$ 9 ! o!r direction until at ! pres5t "t ! ,admiralty patt]n is great] 9 l5g? ?an 9 height 9 ! proportion ( two to "o4 ,?is has1 no d\bt1 be5 arrang$ z ! be/ suit$ to naval use1 & = ! ,union ,flag & = ! ,ensigns x appe>s satisfactory1 b :5 a m armorial sort ( flag is 9 "q ! naval proportion becomes m or less objectionable accord+ to ! nature ( ! be>+s4 ,9 ! ,royal ,bann]1 z s proportion$1 ! difficulty ( design+ ! rampant lion ( ! ,scotti% qu>t]1 s t x may be well di/ribut$ 9 its space & /ill vigor\s1 or ( ! ,iri% h>p s t x may prop]ly balance ) ! o!r qu>t]+s1 is ne>ly insup]able4 ,:5 we rememb] t ! :ole plan on :i* armorial be>+s are devis$ is bas$ on fill+ an upright space1 ! %ield %ape1 x is n difficult to und]/& h[ x is t ! attempt to adapt su* emblems to a horizontal space s frequ5tly sugge/s ! ludicr\s effect ( a di/ort+ mirror4 ,!re is ( c\rse no reason :y ! proportion ( flags %\ld be ! same :e!r !y are fl[n on l& or sea1 & ?is is v prop]ly recogniz$ 9 regim5tal col\rs & 9 ! bann]s ( ! ,knights ( ! ,g>t] at ,w9dsor1 all ( :i* are m ne>ly squ>e4 ,animals on flags1 & also on ! b>d+s ( horses1 always fac$ t[>ds ! /aff 9 ! "o case & t[>ds ! head ( ! horse 9 ! o!r1 & ?is = a v natural reason4 ,! flag fl[+ backw>d w\ld cause ! figure t turn$ t[>ds its /aff to face 9 ! direction ( advance & ! figures on ! b>d+s w\ld1 ( c\rse1 h ! same direction "u ! simil> circum/ances1 :ile x is evid5t t if !y fac$ 9 ! opposite direction !y w\ld inevitably h giv5 rise to ! (f5sive gibe t !y 7 runn+ away4 ,! bann] t conc]ns u m especially1 ! ,union ,jack1 may h its ess5tial con/ruction expla9$ by ref]5ce to ! diagrams 9 ,fig4 #bca4 ,fir/ we h two ( ! ?ree national emblems 7#a7 & 7#b71 ! cross ( ,/4 ,george & ! saltire ( ,/4 ,&rew1 z !y _h long be5 us$ by ,engl& & ,scotl& respectively4 ,soon aft] ,k+ ,james succe$$ to ! ,engli% ,cr[n a bann] 0 made 7#c7 :i* comb9$ ! two by plac+ ! r$ cross ( ,/4 ,george 7) a n>r[ l9e1 tak5 f its :ite field1 left r\nd x7 ov] t ( ,/4 ,&rew1 & !nce 0 =m$ ! fir/ ,union ,jack1 "u :i* ! great naval actions ( ! eighte5? c5tury 7 f\ght4 ,at ! ,union ) ,irel&1 9 #ahja1 a fre% elem5t1 a r$ saltire on a :ite field = ,/4 ,patrick 7#d71 0 introduc$1 & ! r$ ( ,/4 ,patrick & ! :ite ( ,/4 ,&rew 7 unit$ 9 equal proportions 9 ?is mann]--7#e71 ! r$ be+ made to reta9 a little ( its :ite field z ,/4 ,george _h done =m]ly1 & ! result s f> appe>s 9--7#f74 ,! cross ( ,/4 ,george1 ) its :ite edge1 0 !n plac$ ov] all1 to complete ! ,union ,jack z we "k x4 ,?is w be f\nd q easy to foll[ if c>e is tak5 to rememb] ! con/ruction1 & t ! l9es f corn] to corn] ( ! flag divide equally ! broad :ite & ! r$ ( ! saltires4 ,also t 9 ! upp] qu>t]1 next ! /aff1 ! broad :ite mu/ be upp]mo/1 & = ?is reason3 x is h]aldically usual to beg9 a c\nt]-*ange ( two t9ctures1 a metal 7silv] or :ite7 & a col\r 7r$71 by nam+ ! metal fir/4 ,fur!r1 ! t9cture t is m5tion$ fir/ is always plac$ next above ! l9e ( diagonal division4 ,!re=e1 z ! blazon 9 ! w>rant is a 8saltire p] saltire qu>t]ly arg5t & gules10 ! :ite mu/ be :]e x is4 ,& s any possible "q ( prec$5ce 0 automatically avoid$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bca4 ,! =m ( ! flag z %[n on ! ,royal ,w>rant ( #ahja is se5 9 7#g71 & is t :i* has be5 foll[$ 9 regim5tal col\rs4 ,9 ?is x w be obs]v$ t 9 consequ5ce ( ! n>r[ :ite ( ! saltire be+ a fimbriation t is add$ to ! r$ ! outl9e ( ! saltire does n regi/] across4 ,! ,admiralty patt]n1 h[ev]1 9 :at "o _c b feel 0 an unnecess>y ef=t to avoid ?is1 seems to place n>r[ r$ /rips on top ( ! :ite saltire1 s t ! outside diagonal l9es manage to regi/]1 b ! result is to r$uce ,/4 ,patrick's half ( ! jo9t saltire by ! wid? ( ! n>r[ :ite4 ,n[1 ! evid5t int5tion 9 devis+ ! flag 0 to effect equal repres5tation ( ,scotl& & ,irel& 9 ord] to less5 ! probability ( qu>rels su* z _h occurr$ betwe5 ! ,scot* & ,engli% seam5 be=e ! fir/ ,union ,jack 0 made 9 ! e>ly sev5te5? c5tury2 & ?is is p]fectly effect$ by ! patt]n ( ! ,royal ,w>rant4 ,! int5tion ( equality is also evid5c$ 9 ! w>rant by simil> c>e 9 design+ ! ,union badge ( ,rose1 ,?i/le1 & ,%amrock1 = aft] ! badge has be5 describ$ z a rose ) a ?i/le on "o side & a trefoil on ! o!r1 ! description is c>efully repeat$1 b ) ! positions ( ! %amrock & ?i/le rev]s$1 ! obvi\s int5tion be+ to remove any gr\nd = a claim to priority t might h aris5 by assign+ ! dext] side to "o emblem 9 pref]5ce to ! o!r4 ,inde$ ,i h kn[n exception to be tak5 to a p]fectly correct r5d]+ ( ?is ,union ,badge1 "u ! impression t su* prec$5ce did 9 fact exi/4 ,ano!r =m ( bann] :i* survives is t :i* 01 f a v e>ly p]iod1 us$ to decorate trumpets & is /ill s employ$ by ! trumpet]s ( ! ,h\sehold ,cavalry & by ^? ( ! ,%]iffs ( c\nties = use on occasions ( c]emony4 ,su* decorations usually conta9 ! arms alone1 z a great bann] does1 b !re are also in/ances ( badges be+ borne on !m & also complete armorial insignia4 ,!y are ti$ to ! in/rum5ts by ribbons or laces1 & hang squ>ely d[n4 ,! be>+s1 :e!r simple or complex1 are made to read upright1 :5 ! trumpet is held horizontally1 z ?\gh !y 7 on a hang+ %ield4 ,?is is1 ( c\rse1 ! natural way1 ?\gh !re are in/ances to ! contr>y4 ,z we h se51 flags 7 g5]ally embroid]$ & ) m or less elaboration accord+ to ! circum/ances :i* influ5c$ o!r h]aldic treatm5t4 ,frequ5tly !y 7 done 9 cutwork1 sewn d[n & done ov] ) beautiful ne$lework & ev5 adorn$ ) gems4 ,! greate/ arti/s 7 employ$ to design !m1 ,s&ro ,botticelli among _m o!rs4 ,! me?ods ( ! missal pa9t] 9 8 use ( gold l9es = lights & o!r def9itions & decorations 7 employ$ 9 ! ne$lework1 inde$ all ! arts ( illum9at$ decoration1 tak+ ! t]m 9 its wide/ s5se1 copi$ f ea* o!r1 b ea* adapt$ ! me?od to its own ne$s & mat]ials2 & t is ! gi/ ( ! :ole matt]4 ,at ! beg9n+1 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ( ! p]iod t 0 s fatal to all decorative art1 :5 embroid]y took :at 0 probably ?\ght to be a wond]ful new dep>ture1 its subjects 7 rais$ to an increas+ height f ! gr\nd :]e be=e x _h be5 flatly treat$4 ,!nce=w>d ! embroid]y became lumpy z ! h]aldry became weak1 & bo? 7 alike in>ti/ic until comp>atively rec5tly1 until 9 fact x began to be aga9 recogniz$ t ! m$iaeval arti/s 7 "r1 t ! "r way to use a mat]ial 0 ! natural way & n 9 attempt+ to make x resemble some?+ else4 ,at ! "t ref]r$ to x seems to h be5 ?\ght t ! m embroid]y 0 made to look l a col\r$ relief & ! less l embroid]y ! bett] embroid]y x 01 & !re=e ! lions1 = example1 7 /uff$ up & rais$ z high z possible & ! :ole effect became co>se & clumsy1 an effect t 0 l>gely contribut$ to by ! inf]ior design4 ,! co/l9ess ( embroid]y help$ ! introduction ( pa9t$ bann]s1 :i* 9 "t1 assi/$ by ! decay ( embroid]$ z ( o!r decorative arts1 sup]s$$ ! ne$lework4 ,h[ev]1 ! inf]iority ( ! pa9t$ bann] 0 always recogniz$1 & al?\gh ev5 ! bann]s ( ! ,knights ( ! ,g>t] _h come to be done 9 ! *eap] me?od1 t :i* hung ov] ! /all ( ! ,sov]eign cont9u$ to be embroid]$1 z x is to ?is day4 ,! pres5t bann] is beautifully work$1 & is on ! correct l9es ( flat design4 ,9 pa9t$ bann]s1 usually ( silk1 ! mat]ial is /ra9$ 9 a frame1 by means ( laces pass$ ?r\gh tapes sewn to ! edges1 & ! design be+ drawn or p\nc$ on x1 is c>efully gone ov] ) size1 :i* fills ! int]/ices ( ! silk1 & :5 dry =ms an excell5t surface = ! subsequ5t gild+ & pa9t+ 9 oils4 ,!re c be no d\bt1 h[ev]1 t embroid]y1 n[ t x has s brilliantly reviv$1 is ! me?od ( all o!rs 9 :i* mod]n bann]s %\ld be execut$1 & if ?is 7 recogniz$ !re ne$ be no lack ( opportunity4 ,among o!rs ! trumpet bann]s ( ! ,%]iffs :o e ye> are appo9t$ to ! respective c\nties1 are us$ to display _! arms dur+ ! ye> ( (fice1 & aft]w>ds1 _! (ficial life be+ end$1 are frequ5tly made into scre5s = dome/ic use4 ,x is 9 ?is connexion t _! me?od ( production becomes ( especial importance4 ,_! some:at tawdry & incongru\s appe>ance is quickly felt1 & !y soon disappe> into ! retirem5t t !y m]it4 ,! bann]s ( ! ,city ,companies w\ld bett] decorate _! v5]able halls if fa%ion$ 9 beautiful ne$lework1 & :5 !y 7 c>ri$ 9 ! procession on ,"l ,mayor's ,day w\ld imp>t a gleam ( real spl5d\r into t prop]ties-9-daylight pageant4 ,! pa9t$ bann]s c\ld /ill s]ve = bad wea!r flags4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bcb4--;,b$ ,cov]1 ,flemi% ,"w4 ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum4 ,9 mod]n h]aldic embroid]y ! design is ! weak po9t1 b improvem5t w\ld c]ta9ly foll[ ! /udy ( good e>ly "w & also ( good examples ( o!r decorative me?ods if !y 7 intellig5tly adapt$ to ! mat]ials employ$4 ,! purpose & "* ( ! object mu/ influ5ce ! "w1 & consid]ations ( weight & sub/ance affect ! mak+ ( a bann]1 :i* is to wave & fl[1 at lea/ to "s ext5t t w\ld n ne$ to be insi/$ on 9 a fram$ panel4 ,n t ! treatm5t ne$ be :olly flat1 l ! diagrammatic %ield ( an e>ly roll ( arms1 = x may well h su* def9ition ( ! *>ges z are se5 on ! ,black ,pr9ce's surcoat2 also ! complete =m ( an object may be suffici5tly sugge/$ )\t ! employm5t ( me?ods m suitable to ano!r mat]ial4 ,?us1 x is n p>ticul>ly difficult to indicate t a ?+ is r\nd )\t mak+ x z r\nd z possible4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bcc4--;,design = ,lace4 ,arms ( ,fr$]ick ,,ii1 ,k+ ( ,d5m>k4 ,f ! patt]n-book ( ! ,du*ess ( ,brunswick4 ,,lace4--,al?\gh h]aldry does n appe> to h be5 s ext5sively practis$ 9 lace z 9 o!r =ms ( ne$lework1 x is /ill us$ to a consid]able ext5t1 & g5]ally z a device t is introduc$ z a p]sonal detail 9 a l>ge patt]n4 ,among ! few examples ( h]aldic lace at ,s\? ,k5s+ton are a piece ( ,engli% ne$lepo9t & ! b$cov] ( ,flemi% "w 9 :i* ! d\ble-head$ eagle is well done 7,fig4 #bcb71 :i* w repay /udy1 & s]ve to expla9 ! me?od ( ?is k9d ( "w4 ,! me?od ( mak+ ! prelim9>y designs = lace is set =? 9 ! patt]n-books :i* began to be produc$ 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 & ( :i* v int]e/+ examples are extant4 ,! lace design1 ,fig4 #bcc1 is f a book ( patt]ns :i* belong$ to ! ,du*ess ( ,brunswick & is n[ 9 ! ,national ,art ,libr>y ( ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum1 & repres5ts ! arms ( ,fr$]ick ,,ii1 ,k+ ( ,d5m>k4 ,x has ! usual *>act]i/ics ( ! ,g]man h]aldry ( its "t4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,"s ,miscellane\s ,*>ges ,,annulet4--,a simple r+1 z 9 ! m>k ( cad5cy ( a fif? son1 ,fig4 #bie1 p4 #bhh4 ,a r+ 9 :i* a preci\s /one is m\nt$ is call$ a gem-r+1 & an int]e/+ example occurs 9 "o ( ! badges ( ! ,m$ici1 ,fig #bcd2 ano!r ,m$ici badge has ?ree gem-r+s int]lac$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bcd4--;,badge ( ,m$ici f ,dialogo dell' imprese1 #aeei4 ,,b>nacles ,,or ,,breys4--,an in/rum5t t 0 us$ to control a re/ive horse by ex]t+ pressure on 8 no/rils4 ,!y are repres5t$ z 9 ,fig4 #bce1 or op5 z 9 ,fig4 #bcf4 7,see also ,g5eville1 ,fig4 #bbc1 p4 #bdh47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bce4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bcf4 ,,batt]+-,,ram4--,a siege weapon consi/+ ( a heavy beam head$ l a ram & hav+ hooks or o!r means ( fa/5+ ! *a9s by :i* x 0 support$ & swung4 ,figs4 #bcg to #bci are "s ( its =ms4 ,:5 diff]5ce ( t9cture requires x is said to be head$1 or arm$1 & g>ni%$ ( ^! appliances4 ,sometimes ! t]m purfl$ is us$ = g>ni%$4 ,"o ( ! be/ kn[n examples is ! coat ( ,b]tie3 ,az4 ?ree batt]+ rams b>ways 9 pale ppr4 head$ & g>ni%$1 az4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bcg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bch4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bci4 ,,buckles4--,be+ important "p ( milit>y equipm5t 7 frequ5tly employ$ z *>ges or z badges 9 allusion to battle occurr5ces or o!r notable ev5ts4 ,?us ! ,badge ( ! ,pelhams commemorates ! capture ( ,k+ ,john ( ,france at ! ,battle ( ,poicti]s4 ,buckles af=d "s scope = decoration1 z 9 ,fig4 #bdj1 a fifte5? c5tury example f ,we/m9/] ,abbey4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bdj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bda4 ,,bugle ,,horn4--,?is1 ! mo/ frequ5t ( ! *>ges d]iv$ f ! ,*ase1 =ms an int]e/+ subject = decorative treatm5t1 9 its possible grace ( l9e & 9 ! ornam5tal "* ( its details4 ,x is usually %[n z if susp5d$ f a knott$ or twi/$ cord1 ( :i* x is /r+$1 ?\gh x is occasionally hung f a flatt] =m ( baldric4 ,its g>ni%+s1 m\?-piece1 rim r+s1 etc41 are usually gold 7,fig4 #bda74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bdb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bdc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bdd4 ,,*aplet4--,a wrea? ( leaves or ( fl[]s & leaves4 ,9 ! latt] ! fl[]s are usually f\r 9 numb] 7,fig4 #bdb74 ,:5 a 8*aplet0 )\t fur!r qualification is m5tion$1 a sev]ely conv5tionaliz$ =m is sometimes employ$1 consi/+ ( a r+ ) f\r fl[] bosses1 z ,fig4 #bdc4 ,see ,g>l&4 ,a *aplet ( oak is call$ a civic cr[n 7,fig4 #bdd71 & "o ( laurel a triumphal cr[n4 ,,*ess-,,rook 7,fig4 #bde74--,?is is probably ! result ( a mis-read+ ( roc1 ! coronal ( a tilt+ spe>4 ,x is always repres5t$ ) ! cleft %ape ( ! latt] & nev] z a ca/le1 ! usual =m ( *ess-rook4 ,,c9que-,,foil 7,fig4 #bdf74--;,a five memb]$ leaf1 or conv5tional fl[] ( five petals4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bde4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bdf4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bdg4 ,,cl>ion4--,a comb9ation ( musical pipes 9 a h& case1 ! ,syr9x or ,pan-pipe4 ,x is ( frequ5t occurr5ce 9 ! h]aldry ( ! ,middle ,ages & 9 a l>ge v>iety ( m or less elaborate =ms1 "o ( :i* is "h repres5t$ 7,fig4 #bdg74 ,x is sometimes call$ a re/1 ) ! sugge/ion t x repres5ts ! piece fix$ on a brea/-plate z a support = ! tilt+ spe>1 b ?is appe>s to be extremely improbable4 ,,cl\ds occur z bordures & o!r ord9>ies 9 v>i\s int]e/+ conv5tional =ms & also z po9ts f :i* em]ge arms & o!r objects4 ,ord9>ies compos$ ( cl\ds 9 ?is way are blazon$ nebuly equally ) ! m simplifi$ nebuly l9e4 ,!re are _m examples ( ?is treatm5t ( :i* ,fig4 #gb1 p4 #eg1 w give an idea ( a bordure nebuly1 z x appe>s 9 "o ( ! repres5tations at ! ,h]alds ,college ( ! arms ( ! ,m]c]s ,company4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bdh4 ,,cockatrice4--,a wyv]n-l mon/] ) a cock's head1 z 9 ! _m sixte5? c5tury draw+s ( ! arms ( ! ,city ( ,basle1 to :i* x 0 a support] "u its o!r "n ( ,basilisk1 z 9 ,fig4 #bdh1 "p ( a draw+ by ,holbe94 ,,coronets4--,cr[n & coronets o!r ?an ^? ( rank1 already describ$1 may be consid]$ z ( two k9ds1 & are ( purely symbolic import4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bdi4 ,cr[ns 7includ+ coronets7 us$ z *>ges1 are g5]ally ^? t are m accurately describ$ z h]aldic cr[ns1 t is1 ^? :i* h no allusion to specific rank1 b are emblematic 9 v>i\s o!r ways4 ,! coronet ( decorative leaves set on a rim & sometimes call$ a cre/ coronet 7,fig4 #bdi7 is ?us borne z a *>ge 9 ! arms ( "s ( ! ,companies ( ,london 9 allusion to ev5ts 9 :i* k+s h be5 conc]n$4 ,:51 h[ev]1 a specifically ,royal ,cr[n appe>s x is usually z an ,augm5tation by special grant f ! ,sov]eign4 ,a f9e example ( cr[ns & _! di/ribution z *>ges on a %ield is ,fig4 #bej1 f ! tomb ( ,pr9ce ,edmund ( ,langley1 at ,k+s ,langley1 ,h]ts4 ,! arms are ^? ascrib$ to ,/4 ,edmund4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bej4--,%ield f ! tomb ( ,pr9ce ,edmund ( ,langley4 ,e>ly ,fifte5? ,c5tury4 ,o!r h]aldic cr[ns are ! mural cr[n1 repres5t+ a =tifi$ wall 7,fig4 #bea71 & ! naval cr[n1 compos$ ( sails & /]ns ( %ips 7,fig4 #beb71 & bo? are at ! pres5t "t re/rict$ ) c>e1 9 ! cases ( new grants or augm5tations1 to circum/ances 9 :i* _! obvi\s symbolism applies4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bea4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #beb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bec4 ,! mural cr[n is usually compos$ 9 our h]aldry ( ! simple cr5ellations %[n 9 ! example4 ,abroad1 h[ev]1 a m elaborate & picturesque =m occurs 9 ! =m ( a ca/ellat$ wall %[+ ?ree t[]s at int]vals4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bed4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bee4 ,! cr[n vall]y is int5d$ to repres5t palisades1 z 9 ,fig4 #bec1 & :5 ! palisades are m def9ite & are fa/5$ to ! rim in/ead ( ris+ out ( x1 ! cr[n is palisado in/ead ( vall]y 7,fig4 #bed74 ,! ,ea/]n cr[n1 sometimes call$ an antique cr[n1 is =m$ ( five /raight rays 7,fig4 #bee71 & :5 9 addition !re is a /> on ea* po9t x becomes a cele/ial cr[n4 ,,cresc5t4--,?is *>ge1 beautiful z x appe>s 9 ! badges connect$ ) ,h5ry ,,ii ( ,france & ,diana ( ,poiti]s1 has come to be drawn clumsily z to look m l a biscuit ) a bite out ( x ?an a graceful %ape d]iv$ f ! cresc5t moon4 ,:5 x is simply describ$ z a cresc5t x always has its po9ts upw>ds1 & x becomes a decresc5t if !y po9t to ! s9i/]1 & an incresc5t :5 !y are po9t$ to ! dext]4 ,/ill r>] z a *>ge ?an ^! latt] is ! full moon1 & :5 %e ?us occurs %e is blazon$ a ,moon 9 h] ,pl5itude4 ,x is und]/ood t ! proportionate ?ickness ( a cresc5t may be any t is felt to be 9 h>mony ) ! g5]al "* ( ! design t accompanies x4 ,,escallop ,,%ell4--,?is beautiful *>ge1 ) its radiat+ l9es )9 its outl9e1 appe>s to h be5 specially connect$ ) ! ,crusades z ! pilgrim's badge1 z su* be+ sewn on to ! cloak or hat4 ,lat] ! %ells s worn 7 sometimes elaborately pa9t$ 9 ! mann] ( ! illum9ators1 9 memory ( ! pilgrimage4 ,! escallop is especially associat$ ) ,/4 ,james1 & s frequ5tly occurs 9 ,spani% decoration su* z t ( ! ,h\se ( ! ,%ells1 ,s>agossa1 ! :ole front ( :i* is seme ( escallops 9 high relief4 ,also1 an old writ] says3 8,! %ell !re( is ! faire/ in/rum5t t c be1 be+ ( nature's mak+1 :i* = ! beauties sake is put 9 ! coll>s ( ,sa9t ,mi*ael's ,ord]40 ,,e/oile4--,a /> ( six wavy po9ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bef4 ,,esc>buncle 7,fig4 #bef74--;,is d]iv$ f ! /r5g!n+ b&s ( ! %ield :i* ! m$iaeval metal work]'s decorative in/9ct made into beautiful ornam5t ev5 z x did ! h+es ( a door4 ,! metal plates radiat+ f ! c5tral boss ( ! %ield t]m9at$ 9 foliat$ =ms ( great beauty1 ! fleurs-de-lis ( ! pres5t *>ge1 :ile ! holl[ r+ 9 ! c5tre enabl$ x to fit ov] ! boss4 ,_m beautiful examples exi/ ( ?is piece ( arm\r become ! ,badge ( ,anj\1 worn by ,h5ry ,,ii4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #beg4 ,,f\nta9 7,fig4 #beg74--,! symbol ( a spr+ ( wat]1 is a r\ndle b>ry1 wavy arg5t & azure1 wavy l9es hav+ be5 emblematic ( wat] f "t immemorial4 ,its occurr5ce 9 ! arms ( ,"l ,/\rton 7,sable a b5d or betwe5 six f\nta9s7 is v int]e/+ z an example ( h]aldry ( :i* ! mean+ is well und]/ood4 ,9 ! admirable acc\nt giv5 by ,mr4 ,fox ,davies 9 ,! ,art ( ,h]aldry he po9ts out t ! manor ( ,/\rton on ! bord]s ( ,wilts & ,som]set obta9$ its "n f ! riv] ,/\r :i* rises )9 ! manor4 ,! s\rces ( t riv] are six wells :i* exi/ 9 a t9y valley 9 ,/\rton ,p>k1 :i* is /ill call$ ,six ,wells ,bottom4 ,:5 ,lel& wrote 9 #aedj to #aedb ! :ole six 7 9 exi/5ce 7"s h s9ce disappe>$71 = he wrote3 8,! ryv] ( ,/\re risi? !r ( six f\ntaynes or spr+es1 :]e( #c be on ! nor! side ( ! ,p>ke1 h>de )yn ! ,pale1 & o!r #c be nor! also b )\te ! ,p>ke4 ,! ,lorde ,/\rton give? ^! #f f\ntaynes yn 8 ,armes40 ,9 addition1 n only 7 ?ree spr+s inside ! p>k & ?ree outside1 b also ?ree 7 9 ,wilt%ire & ?ree 9 ,som]set4 ,! appropriat5ess ( ?ree f\nta9s on ei!r side ( ! ord9>y is !re=e manife/4 ,w\ld t all h]aldic orig9s 7 equally cle>6 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #beh4 ,,fylfot 7,fig4 #beh74--;,a symbolic figure :i* appe>s to h be5 us$ f ! remote/ antiquity & r\nd :i* mu* lit]ature has be5 writt5 9 common ) its ,indian =m1 ! ,swa/ica4 ,its pres5ce 9 h]aldry is probably to be ascrib$ to m]e copy+ f "s ea/]n example1 ?\gh ev5 ?us a symbolic mean+ may h be5 ascrib$ to its cross-l =m1 or p]haps "s "o ( ! transmitt$ mean+s may ev5 h be5 kn[n4 ,x occurs 9 ! arms ( ,sir ,wm4 ,kellaway 9 a 8,copy ( an anti5t roll ( ,arms10 9 ! ,h]alds' ,college4 ,9 ,japan x is well-kn[n z ! ,mon or badge ( ! ,matsudaira family4 ,,hamm]4--,9 h]aldry bo? ! workman's hamm]1 emblematic ( indu/ry1 if x h no m def9ite symbolism1 occurs z well z ! milit>y m>tel-de-f]4 ,examples ( bo? are giv5 9 ,figs4 #bei & #bfj4 ,ano!r in/ance ( ! fir/ is 9 ! ,arms ( ! ,blacksmi?s ,company ( ,london1 ,sa a *ev4 ,or betwe5 ?ree hamm]s ,arg4 h&l$ & ensign$ ) cr[ns gold2 & ) ?is is _! sw++ motto1 8,by hamm] & h& all arts d /&40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bei4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bfj4 ,,hawk',s ,,bells ,,& ,,jesses4--,! bells are ( ! globul> k9d 7,fig4 #bfa71 & jesses are ! lea!r /raps by :i* !y 7 secur$ to ! falcons' legs4 ,also atta*$ to ! jesses 7 pieces ( metal1 call$ v]vels1 t 7 /amp$ ) ! own]'s monogram or badge4 ,,hawk',s ,,lure4--,a bird's w+ t 0 atta*$ to a cord by means ( :i* x 0 ?r[n 9 ! air 9 ord] to attract ! falcons to h&4 ,its usual %ape z a *>ge is z 9 ,fig4 #bfb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bfa4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bfb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bfc4 ,,hemp-,,brake ,,or ,,hackle4--,an in/rum5t = bruis+ hemp4 ,its be/ kn[n h]aldic example is z ! badge ( ,sir ,reg9ald ,bray 7,fig4 #bfc71 ! ar*itect to ,h5ry ,,vii1 = :om he built ! magnific5t ,*apel 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey & complet$ ,/4 ,george's ,*apel at ,w9dsor4 ,! badge is n[ us$ by ,"l ,bray1 :o is desc5d$ f ,sir ,reg9ald's bro!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bfd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bfe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bff4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bfg4 ,,knots4--,a =m ( badge t is compos$ ( "o or m cords or /raps twi/$ into op5 knots & us$ to symbolize ! bond ( a v[4 ,! be/ kn[n1 p]haps1 is ! ,/af=d knot 7,fig4 #bfd71 :i* f be+ ! badge ( ! ,e>ls ( ,/af=d has be5 appropriat$ by _m in/itutions connect$ ) t c\nty4 ,! ,h5eage knot1 also on a s+le l9e1 is ,fig4 #bfe1 & is sometimes accompani$ by ! motto1 8,fa/ ?\gh unti$10 & ,fig4 #bff is ! ,b[5 knot ( f\r b[s4 ,fig4 #bfg is f among ! devices on ! robe ( ! effigy ( ,anne ( ,bohemia on h] tomb at ,we/m9/] ,abbey1 & is ?\ght by ,b\tell to convey ! idea ( a monogram4 ,he also sees 9 ! ,wake & ,ormond knot 7,fig4 #bfh7 ! initials ,w & ,o entw9$4 ,a mod]n attempt 0 made to =m a monogram ( ! silk5 tags repres5t$ z dep5d+ f ! seal %ape ( ! bookplate 7by ,c4 ,w4 ,%]born1 ,r4,e47 ( ! celebrat$ ,j4 ,rob9son ,plan*1 ,dramati/ & ,som]set ,h]ald4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bfh4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bfi4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bgj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bga4 ,! ,b\*i] knot is ,fig4 #bfi1 & ,b\tell m5tions a ,b\*i] badge =m$ ( ! knot ti$ to a c\di]e or elb[ piece1 z f a monum5t 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey4 ,! ,dacre knot is less a knot ?an a badge1 consi/+ ( an escallop %ell l9k$ by a cord ) a ragg$ /aff or a billet 7,fig4 #bgj74 ,9 ! same way a sickle & a g>b are ti$ toge!r 9 ! badge ( ,"l ,ha/+s1 & are sugge/ive ( ! way 9 :i* initial lett]s ( names 7 l9k$ ) ea* o!r & ) badges 9 ! spl5did pageants ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,! ,lacey knot is %[n at ,fig4 #bga4 ,,loz5ge4--,fig4 #bgb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bgb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bgc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bgd4 ,,man*e ,,or ,,maun*e4--,a sev]ely conv5tionaliz$ =m ( a sleeve1 d]iv$ f ! actual sleeve :i* 0 worn at a t\rnam5t1 z a ladies' fav\r1 float+ f ! %\ld] ( a fav\r$ knight4 ,! illu/rations are f ! fifte5? c5tury seal ( ,"l ,ha/+s 7,fig4 #bgc71 & f a ,,ms4 ( ! foll[+ c5tury relat+ to ! same family 7,fig4 #bgd74 ,,mullet4--,a five-po9t$ />-l figure ^: "n is d]iv$ f ,mollette1 ! r[el ( a spur 7,fig4 #bic74 ,,pall4--,an h]aldic figure :i* occurs 9 ! arms ( c]ta9 ,ar*bi%oprics1 be+ inde$ a repres5tation ( ! ,pallium1 :i* is an especial ve/m5t ( an ,ar*bi%op4 ,mr4 ,ev]>d ,gre51 ,r\ge ,dragon ,pursuivant1 has fully dealt ) ?is 9 an admirable monograph :i* is among ! ,ar*aeologia ( ! ,society ( ,antiqu>ies1 f :i* x appe>s c]ta9 t ! pall is n ! arms ( a p>ticul> see1 b is an ensign ( ! ecclesia/ical rank ( an ar*bi%op4 ,,pheon4--,! head ( a d>t1 ! s-call$ broad arr[ ( ,gov]nm5t /ores4 ,x usually has its inn] edges engrail$1 b ?is is n ess5tial any m ?an are ! rigidly /raight l9es ) :i* x is g5]ally drawn4 ,!re are _m o!r =ms 9 e>ly use t are mu* m satisfactory1 su* z ,fig4 #bge1 :i* is f an e>ly sixte5? c5tury ,,ms4 ,! pheon is und]/ood to be po9t d[nw>ds z 9 ! example1 unless x is o!rwise describ$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bge4 ,,r\ndels4--,circul> *>ges ^: names diff] accord+ to _! t9cture4 ,?us a r\ndel or is suppos$ to be a flat piece ( gold & is call$ a ,bezant aft] ,byzantium4 ,a r\ndel arg4 is a ,plate2 a r\ndel gules is a ,torteau2 ! ,hurt is azure2 ! ,pellet or ,ogress is sable2 ! ,pomme is v]t4 ,anci5t armori/s also m5tion ,golpes1 :i* are purpure2 ,guzes1 sangu9e2 & ,oranges1 t5n2 b ^! are n actually us$ 9 ,engli% h]aldry4 ,ano!r r\ndel1 call$ a ,f\nta91 is b>ry-wavey arg4 & az41 & is fur!r allud$ to "u its "n 7,fig4 #bej74 ,! use ( ! h]aldic names ( ! v>i\s r\ndels is n obligatory1 h[ev]1 _! description by t9ctures1 l o!r *>ges1 be+ equally correct4 ,!y are frequ5tly !mselves *>g$ & may be ( erm9e or o!r fur1 & be treat$ 9 e way z o!r flat spaces4 ,_! treatm5t 9 relief or o!rwise is l>gely a matt] ( ta/e1 & :e!r a r\ndel be treat$ z flat or globul> mu/ dep5d on ! "* ( ! surr\nd+ "w4 ,! frequ5tly made sugge/ion t bezants & plates1 be+ d]iv$ f flat objects1 %\ld always be flat1 :ile o!rs %\ld always be globul>1 w\ld (t5 be awkw>d if c>ri$ out 9 practice1 especially 9 sculpture2 & ev5 if ! d]ivations be correct1 a r\ndel z a circul> object )\t o!r qualification is j z conceivable z a r\ndel d]iv$ f a co94 ,suitability to ! g5]al design seems to be ! gov]n+ factor "h z else:]e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bgf4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bgg4 ,,portcullis4--,a /rong grille = ! protection ( a =tifi$ gateway4 ,x 0 made ( heavy beams securely clamp$ toge!r & %od ) iron1 & is repres5t$ ) ! *a9s on ei!r side by :i* x 0 susp5d$4 ,! example 7,fig4 #bgf7 is f ! ,*>tul>y ( ,we/m9/] ,abbey1 :]e x =ms "p ( ! pa9t$ decoration ( ! ,,ms4 z "o ( ! fav\rite badges ( ,h5ry ,,vii4 ,x has giv5 a "n to "o ( ! pursuivants ( arms1 & z "p ( ! armorials ( ! city ( ,we/m9/] is "o ( ! mo/ famili> *>ges4 ,,quatrefoil 7,fig4 #bgg74--;,a f\r-leav$ *>ge1 d]iv$ f clov] or f a f\r-petall$ fl[]4 ,,%ake=k 7,fig4 #bgh74--;,an unusual *>ge :i* occurs 9 ! ,arms ( ,cunn+ham4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bgh4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bgi4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bhj4 ,,spade4--,emblematic ( agriculture & indu/ry4 ,x is ( great v>iety ( =m4 ,figs4 #bgi & #bhj are fifte5? & sixte5? c5tury =ms ( ^! implem5ts1 :i* 7 usually ( wood %od ) iron1 z 9 ! examples4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bha4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bhb4 ,,spe>4--,is usually describ$ z a tilt+ spe>1 & :5 its %aft is )\t swell z a javel94 ,x is reg>d$ z ! emblem ( manhood1 z ! di/aff is ! symbol ( womanhood4 ,z usually depict$1 )\t ! vamplate1 x appe>s z 9 ,fig4 #bha2 b !re is no reason aga9/ repres5t+ ! plate 9 addition if x is ?\ght desirable4 ,al?\gh ! tilt+ spe> 0 mo/ frequ5tly us$ ) ! blunt$ head1 ! coronel or roc1 x is almo/ always repres5t$ h]aldically ) a %>p spe> po9t4 ,! %aft is sometimes p>ti-col\r$1 or else groov$ into flut+s z x 0 9 actual use4 ,9 "s cases ^! grooves 7 s l>ge & deep z to result 9 a =m ( ! gird] pr9ciple by :i* great lightness & /r5g? 7 obta9$4 ,! ,arms ( ,%akespe>e1 grant$ 9 #aedf1 are3 ,or on a b5d ,sable a spe> ,gold4 ,,spurs4--,z ! peculi> symbol ( knigh?ood are naturally ( frequ5t occurr5ce z *>ges4 ,!y are giv5 />-%ap$ r[els unless ! m anci5t =m ) a s+le po9t is int5d$1 & x is !n blazon$ a ,prick ,spur4 8,! ,spurs b5 giv5 to a knight to signify dilig5ce & swiftness40 ,,sruttle4--,ano!r "n = w9n[+ fan 7,fig4 #bhb74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bhc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bhd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bhe4 ,,sword4--,is sometimes borne 9 allusion to ,/4 ,paul1 z x is 9 ! ,arms ( ! ,city ( ,london4 ,unless o!rwise describ$1 a /raight sword ) a cross hilt1 an arm+ sword z x 0 sometimes call$1 is und]/ood4 ,its position--t is to say1 ! direction ( ! blade--:e!r pale1 wise or fesswise1 & :]e !re are m swords ?an "o1 _! relative positions & ! direction ( _! po9ts are duly /at$4 ,,trefoil 7,fig4 #bhc74--;,is always repres5t$ ) a /alk1 z 9 ! example1 b ! t]m slipp$ is always includ$ 9 ! blazon nev]!less4 ,! =m ( ! *>ge is usually z giv51 b 9 r>e in/ances x appe>s z 9 ,fig4 #bhd1 :i* is f a fifte5? c5tury ,,ms4 9 ! ,h]alds' ,college4 ,,wat] ,,b\get4--,?is1 l ! maun*e1 is an in/ance ( ! conv5tionalization ( an actual ?+ into a %ape t be>s b remote lik5ess to ! orig9al =m4 ,al?\gh !re are in/ances 9 :i* its d]ivation f wat] c>ri]s1 its und\bt$ orig91 is m ne>ly sugge/$1 its h]aldic =m 0 cle>ly e/abli%$ 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 *iefly 9 connexion ) ! family ( ,b\r*i]1 :i* furni%$ s _m p]sons ( note to m$iaeval hi/ory4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,m>ks ( ,cad5cy ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bhf4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bhg4 ,9 ord] to di/+ui% ! v>i\s memb]s ( a family among !mselves c]ta9 additions to ! %ield call$ m>ks ( cad5cy are employ$2 & 9 ! e>lie/ days ( ! h]aldic sy/em a son *>g$ ! arms t he d]iv$ f 8 fa!r ) su* a m>k ( diff]5ce z he ?\ght fit & effectual1 b by ! middle ( ! f\rte5? c5tury "s am\nt ( regul>ity 0 arriv$ at1 & by ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury ! pres5t me?od _h become usual4 ,9 ?is sy/em ! elde/ son is di/+ui%$ by a file or label ( ?ree po9ts1 :i* consi/s ( a horizontal "p f :i* dep5d ! lambeaux 7,fig4 #bhf et seq474 ,its orig9 is extremely obscure1 & :e!r x repres5ts ! po9ts ( g>m5ts1 or tongues or labels ?read$ on a cord1 no "o c say ) c]ta9ty4 ,x seems probable t x may h orig9ally be5 a fav\r or di/9ction ^: hi/ory & orig9al significance h be5 lo/4 ,! effigy at ,artois ( ,*>les ,c\nt d',eu has a label :i* passes r\nd ! %\ld]s1 exactly z o!r coll>s did1 & consi/s ( l>ge labels *>g$ ) ca/les & susp5d$ f :at appe>s to be a n>r[ cord 7,fig4 #bhh74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bhh4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bhi4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bij4 ,on a %ield ! label is borne 9 *ief & passes ov] any *>ges t may be 9 t "p ( ! arms4 ,9 e>ly examples ! p5dant p>ts are wid] ?an ! re/1 9 "s cases mu* wid]1 z 9 ! ,g>t] ,plate ( ,ga/on de ,foix1 ,comte de ,longueville & ,captal de ,bu*1 ^: label is *>g$ ) a complete coat ( arms repeat$ on ea* po9t1 a cross *>g$ ) five escallop %ells1 :i* are ! arms ( ,john de ,grielly1 a previ\s ,captal de ,bu* :o m>ri$ ,blan*e de ,foix4 ,9 lat] times ! po9ts ( labels 7 wid5$ at ! ends z 9 ,fig4 #bhi1 a =m :i* 9 ! eighte5? & n9ete5? c5turies _h become z squat & ugly z ! /ill common type 7,fig4 #bij74 ,9 ord9>y cad5cy ! label :i* ext5ds f side to side ( ! %ield is no long] us$1 be+ res]v$ = memb]s ( ! ,blood ,royal1 & a %ort5$ =m takes its place 9 ord9>y coats ( arms4 ,di/9ctions ( cad5cy are provid$ to ! numb] ( n9e1 & no regul> provision is made beyond ! n9? son2 n because o!rs are to g undiff]5c$1 b because 9 old h]aldic treatises great importance is ascrib$ to t my/ic figure #i4 ,!re 7 n9e t9ctures 7includ+ ! r>e col\rs t5n & sangu9e71 n9e ord9>ies1 n9e p>titions1 or me?ods ( display+ *>ges ) ord9>ies1 & s =?4 ,! diff]5ces are z foll[s3-- ,! elde/ son a label4 second 0 a cresc5t4 ?ird 0 a mullet4 f\r? 0 a m>tlet4 fif? 0 an amulet4 six? 0 a fleur-de-lis4 sev5? 0 a rose4 eigh? 0 a cross mol9e4 n9? 0 a d\ble quatrefoil4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #bia-bii4 ,a m>k ( cad5cy is borne on any "p ( a coat t may be f\nd mo/ suitable = its conspicu\s display1 b always 9 su* a mann] t x may n be mi/ak5 = a *>ge4 ,x is g5]ally plac$ some:]e 9 *ief or sometimes 9 ! c5tre ( ! %ield1 & its col\r may be any t is well se54 ,bossewell says 7#aegb73 8,e diff]5ce ought to be plac$ 9 ! mo/e evid5te "p ( ! coat arm\r1 videlicit1 9 ! place :]e ! same maie soone/ be sc5e or p]ceiv$40 ,& ano!r e>ly writ] indicates ! di/ance at :i* a diff]5ce %\ld be easily p]ceiv$ on a bann] or o!r flag z eighte5 y>ds4 ,! sons ( ! elde/ son be> ea* 8 own diff]5ce *>g$ ^u ! label ( 8 fa!r1 & 9 simil> mann] ! sons ( ! second son ( ! head ( ! family *>ge _! diff]5ces on _! fa!r's cresc5t1 & s =?4 ,z m>k+ ! degree ( ne>ness to ! head%ip ( ! family su* di/9ctions are disus$ or *ang$ z circum/ances dictate1 b 9 "s cases a second or o!r junior son cont9ues to use 8 diff]5ce aft] 8 fa!r's dea? 9 ord] to prev5t confusion ) 8 eld] bro!r :o has 9 due c\rse succe$$ to ! undiff]5c$ coat1 & 9 spite ( ! inevitable cla%+ ) ! second son ( t eld] bro!r1 :o w\ld also be> a cresc5t = diff]5ce4 ,su* a me?od ( di/+ui%+ 8,h\ses0 z well z sons w\ld1 ( c\rse1 become impossible 9 a v few g5]ations1 & ?is po9ts to ! sup]iority ( ! m$iaeval me?od ( diff]5c+ z well z to :at is ! pr9cipal weakness ( mod]n h]aldry 9 ,engl& z a sy/em1 namely1 ! want ( di/9ction betwe5 ! bran*es ( a family4 ,t1 h[ev]1 is m a matt] = ! sci5tific h]ald4 ,! m>k ( cad5cy may be plac$ on ! cre/ z well z on ! arms1 b x is n commonly done1 except :5 ! cre/ is us$ alone4 ,x %\ld be not$ "h t ?\gh daught]s 7o!r ?an ,pr9cesses ( ! ,blood7 d n diff]5ce _! arms p]sonally1 = !y rank equally among !mselves1 !y d be> _! fa!r's diff]5ce s long z he be>s x4 ,:5 by impalem5t or o!r means ! individuality ( ! be>] is suffici5tly po9t$ out1 m>ks ( cad5cy are frequ5tly consid]$ to be r$undant1 & are !re=e omitt$2 b _! inclusion is pref]able4 ,royal cad5cy foll[s a me?od ap>t1 & :5 arms are assign$ by ! ,sov]eign to ! v>i\s memb]s ( ! ,royal ,family1 z is done by w>rant on _! arrival at full age1 ! prop] individual m>k ( cad5cy is assign$ at ! same "t4 ,at ! pres5t day x always takes ! =m ( a label2 :i* is pla9 = ! ,pr9ce ( ,wales1 & *>g$ 9 "s di/9ctive mann] = o!r memb]s ( ! ,blood ,royal4 ,! labels ( ! o!r liv+ ,pr9ces & ,pr9cesses to :om arms h be5 assign$ are z foll[s3 & x %\ld be not$ t all ^! v>i\s labels are ,arg5t4 ,! ,pr9cess ,royal 7,du*ess ( ,fife7 be>s ov] ! ,royal ,arms a label ( five po9ts *>g$ ) ?ree crosses gules alt]nat+ ) two ?i/les ppr4 ,! ,pr9cess ,victoria diff]5ces h] arms ) a label ( five po9ts *>g$ ) ?ree roses alt]nately ) two crosses gules4 ,! ,pr9cess ,maud 7,que5 ( ,norway7 be>s a label ( five po9ts *>g$ ) ?ree he>ts & two crosses gules4 ,! ,duke ( ,connaught has a label ( ?ree po9ts1 *>g$ on ! c5tre po9t ) ,/4 ,george's ,cross & on ea* ( ! o!rs ) a fleur-de-lis ,azure4 ,! ,pr9cess ,*ri/ian1 ( ,s*leswig-,hol/e91 be>s a label ( ?ree po9ts1 ! c5tre ( :i* is *>g$ ) ,/4 ,george's ,cross & ea* ( ! o!rs ) a rose gules4 ,! ,pr9cess ,l\ise 7,du*ess ( ,argyll7 be>s a label ( ?ree po9ts1 ! c5tre po9t *>g$ ) a rose1 ea* ( ! o!rs ) a canton gules4 ,! ,pr9cess ,beatrice 7,pr9cess ,h5ry ( ,batt5b]g7 be>s a label ( ?ree po9ts1 ! c5tre "o *>g$ ) a he>t & ea* ( ! o!rs ) a rose4 ,9 ,royal ,a*ievem5ts ! labels are *>g$ on ! cre/ & support]s z well z ! arms1 & 9 ^! positions are usually c\p$ at ! ends1 ?\gh !re is no reason :y !y %\ld be s2 on ! contr>y1 rememb]+ t ^! figures are 89 ! r\nd0 x w\ld be pref]able to foll[ ! anci5t usage4 ,a fur!r di/9ction f ! arms ( ! ,sov]eign is made by sub/itut+ = ! ,imp]ial ,cr[n1 :i* is borne on ! heads ( ! lion cre/ & support] & also encircles ! ?roat ( ! unicorn1 ! coronet :i* is prop] to ! p]sonage conc]n$4 ,,index ,,page ,,accessories1 #aci ,,a*ievem5ts1 #af1 #ai ,,aldegrev]1 #cd ,,alex&] ,,fir/1 ,,seal ,,(1 #ff ,,alloa ,,h\se1 ,,%ields ,,at1 #aac1 #aad1 #aae1 #aeg1 #afa1 #bag1 #bai ,,alt> ,,frontal1 #bej ,,amman1 ,,jo/1 #ce1 #ajh ,,amor9i1 #add ,,angels1 #add ,,animals z cre/s1 #abg2 & mon/]s1 #ff2 on flags1 #beg2 on ! b>d+s ( horses1 #beg ,,anne ,,( ,,bohemia1 ,,device ,,knot ,,(1 #bgh 0 ,,( ,,brittany1 #aaf1 #bab 0 ,,c\ntess ,,( ,,devon1 ,,seal ,,(1 #adj 0 ,,que51 #ajh ,,annulet1 #bfg1 #bhh ,,anselm1 ,,dom1 #dj ,,an?ony ,,de ,,bec1 ,,seal ,,(1 #ih ,,ar*itectural ,,h]aldry1 #bjd ,,arg5t1 #dd ,,argyll1 ,,duke ,,(1 #aee ,,armorial ,,accessories1 #aci 0 ,,g>m5ts1 #c ,,arm\r1 #abc ,,arundel1 ,,coronet ,,( ,,! ,,e>l ,,(1 #aed ,,assyrian ,,lion1 #hj ,,att5uation1 #fg ,,augm5tations1 #f ,,azure1 #dd ,,badges1 #ada ,,bann]s1 #bh1 #fi2 ( ! ,g>t]1 #bee2 pa9t$1 #bfb ,,b>1 #ej ,,b>nacles1 #bfh ,,b>onet1 #aef2 ( ,nova ,scotia1 #aef ,,b>onet',s ,,helmet1 #abi ,,b>on',s cap1 #aed2 coronet1 #aed ,,b>ry1 #dg ,,b>s-,,gemelle1 #ej ,,basle1 ,,arms ,,(1 #bga ,,basset1 ,,"l1 ,,( ,,drayton1 #bj ,,bassetaille ,,enamel1 #agh ,,ba?1 ! ,ord] ( !1 #af2 insignia ( v>i\s ranks1 #afc ,,baton1 #eb ,,batt]+-,,ram1 #bfh ,,beaumont1 ,,sir ,,edmund1 ,,arms ,,(1 #bch ,,b$cov]1 ,,lace1 #bfd ,,b$=d1 ,,duke ,,(1 #he ,,beham1 ,,hans ,,sebald1 #cd1 #ce ,,bells1 #bgg ,,b5d1 #ea ,,b5dlet1 #eb ,,b5d-,,s9i/]1 #eb ,,b5dy1 #dh ,,b]keley1 ,,arms ,,(1 #fd ,,b]tie1 ,,arms ,,(1 #bfh ,,bezant1 #bha ,,bible1 #gj 0 ,,w9*e/] ,,ca!dral1 #afd ,,bill1 #aig ,,birds1 #hi ,,birm+ham1 ,,city ,,(1 #eb ,,black ,,pr9ce1 ,,!1 #h1 #ge2 surcoat1 #ajb1 #bdh ,,blacksmi?s' ,,company1 ,,arms ,,(1 #bgg ,,blazon1 #ae1 #ch1 #ed1 #ge ,,blois1 ,,badges ,,at1 #bje ,,bo>1 #bcb ,,bolt-,,plate1 #aib ,,bordure1 #ei ,,botticelli1 ,,s&ro1 #bfa ,,b\r*i]1 ,,l\is ,,robs>t1 ,,"l1 #ag 0 ,,knot1 #bgi ,,b[5 ,,knot1 #bgh ,,brass1 ,,monum5tal1 #ahd ,,bray1 ,,sir ,,reg9ald1 ,,badge ,,(1 #bgg ,,brewys1 ,,sir ,,john ,,de1 ,,brass ,,(1 #ahd ,,brittany1 ,,badge ,,(1 #bje ,,bronze ,,mort>1 #ahh ,,brunswick1 ,,du*ess ,,(1 #bfe ,,buckles1 #bfh ,,bugle ,,horn1 #bfi ,,bulla ,,( ,,gold ,,( ,,h5ry ,,viii41 #adi ,,buonamici1 #ca ,,burges1 #ac1 #bbf ,,burgundy1 ,,*>les1 ,,duke ,,(1 #bea ,,butl]1 ,,sir ,,james1 ,,arms ,,(1 #bch ,,byron1 ,,arms ,,(1 #eb ,,cad5cy1 #bhf ,,cambridge ,,univ]sity1 ,,arms ,,(1 #gj ,,canton1 #eh ,,cap ,,( ,,ma9t5ance1 #aee ,,c>n>von1 ,,"l1 #adf ,,ca/ ,,iron1 #ahe ,,caxton1 #d ,,ceil+s1 #bac ,,cell9i1 #ahj ,,c5taur1 #ie ,,c]emonial ,,%ields1 #i1 #bi2 /ructure (1 #cj ,,*amplev ,,enamel1 #aga ,,*aplet1 #bfi ,,*>ges1 #ej2 flat & 9 relief1 #bi2 _! arrangem5t1 #fa ,,*>les ,i41 ,,great ,,seal ,,(1 #gd 0 ,,ii41 ,,great ,,seal ,,(1 #aaj 0 ,v41 ,,emp]or1 ,,arms ,,(1 #aib 0 ,,c\nt ,d',,eu1 ,,effigy ,,) ,,label1 #bhg 0 ,,! ,,bold1 #bea ,,*equey1 #dh ,,*ess-,,rook1 #bgj ,,*e/]1 ,,city ,,(1 #hc ,,*evron1 #eb ,,*ief1 #eb ,,*imney ,,pieces1 #bab ,,*ivalry1 ,,! ,,ord] ,,(1 #d ,,*oice ,,( ,,treatm5t1 #g1 #ai ,,c9que ,,ports1 #hc1 #hd ,,c9quefoil1 #bgj ,,ci/]n1 ,,lead1 #bjj ,,civic ,,cr[n1 #bgj ,,cl>5ce1 ,,duke ,,(1 #aji ,,cl>ion1 #bgj ,,clem5t ,,vii1 ,,pope1 #bdj ,,cleobury1 ,w4 ,t41 #bch ,,cloisonn ,,enamel1 #aha ,,cl\ds1 #bgj ,,cock1 #gi1 #ib ,,cockatrice1 #bga ,,coll>1 ( ! ,ord] ( ! ,g>t]1 #aeh2 ( ,/4 ,patrick1 #afb2 ( ! ,?i/le1 #afj2 ( ! ,ba?1 #afb2 ( ,toison d',or1 #aic ,,col\rs ,,( ,,mantl+1 #acg ,,compony1 #di ,,coronets1 #bga2 cre/ coronet1 #bga2 mural cr[n1 #bgc2 naval cr[n1 #bgc2 cr[n vall]y1 #bgc2 cr[n palisado1 #bgc2 ea/]n cr[n1 #bgc2 cele/ial cr[n1 #bgd ,,coronets1 ,,royal1 #aeb 0 ,,( ,,pe]s1 #aec ,,cotise1 #ea ,,c\nt]*ange1 #di ,,c\nt]-,,compony1 #di ,,c\nt]-,,pot5t1 #df ,,c\nt]-,,vair1 #df ,,c\p$1 #ed1 #hd ,,crosses1 #if ,,cross1 #e1 #ec2 bottone1 #ajj2 c\p$1 #ed2 calv>y1 #ig2 crosslet1 #ii2 crosslet-fit*y1 #ii2 fleurett1 #ig2 flory1 #ig2 fur*e1 #aja2 int]lac$1 #ec2 mol9e1 #ig2 n[y1 #ed2 p>t$ & fretty1 #ec2 patonee1 #ig2 pate1 #ii2 pomell1 #ajj2 pot5t1 #aja2 quadrate1 #ed2 qu>t] pi]c$1 #ed2 rec]cele1 #ii2 tau1 #aja2 urde1 #ajj2 void$1 #ec ,,cre/1 #cg1 #aah2 c]emonial use1 #aah2 difficulties 9 treatm5t1 #acj2 dragon's head1 #abg2 ( ! ,black ,pr9ce1 #abf2 pana*e1 #abe2 t\rney cre/1 #acf ,,cre/s ,,( ,,que5s ,,regnant1 #cg ,,cresc5t1 #aib1 #bgd1 #bhh ,,cr[n1 ,imp]ial1 #adh2 ( ,h5ry ,v41 ( ,h5ry ,,viii41 ( ,*>les ,,ii41 #adh2 ,georgian1 #adi ,,crusades1 #b ,,cutwork1 #bfa ,,dacre ,,knot1 #bgi ,,damasc5+1 #aih ,,dancett,e1 #ef ,,day1 ,,lewis ,f41 #bdj ,,demi-,,lions1 #hc ,,d]by1 ,,c\ntess ,,(1 #adf ,,devices ,,at ,,alloa ,,h\se1 #bbj1 #bba ,,diana ,,de ,,poiti]s1 ,,badge ,,(1 #aib ,,diap]+1 #aaj ,,dimidiation1 #hc ,,di/ribution1 ,,plans ,,=1 #hb1 #ia ,,division ,,( ,,! ,,field1 #dg ,,dolph91 #ic ,,donatello1 #ahi ,,dovetail$1 #ef ,,dragon ,,( ,,cadwallad]1 #ahb1 #ahc ,,dragon',s ,,head ,,cre/1 #abg ,,duke',s ,,coronet1 #aec ,d,,r]1 #ca1 #cb1 #cd1 #gi ,,eagles1 #hi2 plan = di/ribution1 #ia ,,eagle ( ! ,emp]or1 #ij2 ( ! ,holy ,roman ,empire1 #adf2 ( ,prussia1 #adf2 on lock-plate1 #aij ,,e>l',s ,,coronet1 #aed ,,ea/]n ,,influ5ce ,,on ,,h]aldry1 #f ,,edmond ,,beau=t1 ,,duke ,,( ,,som]set1 ,,seal ,,(1 #ada ,,edmund1 ,,pr9ce1 ,,( ,,langley1 #fj1 #ij1 #bgb ,,edw>d ,,! ,,black ,,pr9ce1 #h1 #ge 0 ,,! ,,confessor1 #ib 0 ,i1 #c 0 ,,ii1 #ei 0 ,,iii1 #bi1 #fb1 #fh1 #adj 0 ,,iv1 #bi ,,eleanor1 ,,que51 #c ,,electrotype1 #bjb ,,elizabe?1 ,,que51 #ajg1 #aji ,,elizabe?an ,,decoration1 #cf ,,embattl$1 #ef ,,embroid]y1 #bdf ,,embroid]$ ,,arms1 #beb 0 ,,badges1 #bej ,,enamel1 #agj2 ,bassetaille1 #agh2 ,*amplev1 #aga2 ,cloisonn1 #aha2 designs & draw+s1 #ahj2 8,limoges enamel10 #agg2 plique-a-j\r1 #ahj ,,engl&1 ,,arms ,,(1 #h1 #fi1 #ge1 #hc ,,engrail$1 #ef ,,engrav+1 ,,decorative1 #aif ,,enhanc$1 #eb ,,eras$1 #hd ,,eric1 ,,k+ ,,( ,,sw$51 ,,arms ,,(1 #bec ,,erm9es1 #dd ,,erm9ois1 #dd ,,ersk9e1 ,,h5ricus ,,de1 #aac ,,escallop ,,%ell1 #bgd ,,esc>buncle1 #bge ,,e/oile1 #bge ,,esquire',s ,,helmet1 #abi ,,et*$ ,,decoration1 #bjj ,,falcon1 #ia ,,fess1 #ej ,,field1 ,,!1 #da 0 ,,( ,,! ,,clo? ,,( ,,gold1 ,,gold ,,seal ,,( ,,treaty1 #adi ,,firebacks1 #ahe ,,fi%1 #ic ,,fi%mong]s' ,,company1 #id ,,fitzalan1 ,,e>l ,,( ,,arundel1 #aed ,,fitzjames1 #cg ,,flan*es1 #fa ,,fl&]s1 ,,arms ,,(1 #beb ,,flasques1 #fa ,,fleurs-,,de-,,lis1 #aja ,,flor5ce1 ,,arms ,,(1 #ajc ,,flor5t9e ,,h]aldry1 #ce 0 ,,%ield1 #aab ,,fl[]s1 #e ,,=eign ,,influ5ce1 #aa ,,fo/]',s ,,pe]age1 #dj ,,f\nta91 #bge2 lead1 #bja ,,france1 ,,arms ,,(1 #h1 #fb ,,fr$]ick ,,ii1 ,,arms ,,(1 #bfe ,,fr5* ,,*,,teaux1 #bje ,,friezes1 #bji ,,froiss>t1 #bg ,,fusil1 #eh ,,fylfot1 #bgf ,,gall]y ,,( ,,! ,,vyne1 #bab ,,g>bs1 #hd ,,g>l&s1 #e ,,g>t]1 !1 #aef1 #aeh2 coll> ( !1 #ajg2 ,knight ( !1 #bj2 ord] ( !1 #acf1 #aeh ,,g>t] ,,plates1 #ce ,,ga/on ,,de ,,foix1 #acf1 #bhg ,,g5eville1 ,,arms ,,(1 #bdh ,,george ,,! ,,less]1 ,,ord] ,,( ,,!1 #aeh ,,g]att+1 #fb ,,g]man ,,h]aldry1 #gh2 ,go?ic influ5ce 91 #gh ,,gesso1 #ah1 #bad2 its prep>ations1 #bae2 use1 #aaf2 ,c5n9o ,c5n9i1 #bae ,,gilb]t1 ,,alfr$1 #aji ,,glaive1 #aig ,,gl\ce/]1 ,,duke ,,(1 #bi ,,goat1 #he ,,gobony1 #di ,,godman*e/]1 ,,seal ,,(1 #ajc ,,gold5 ,,fleece1 #aic1 #bea ,,goldsmi?s' ,,company1 ,,arms ,,(1 #he ,,golpes1 #bha ,,go?ic ,,lions1 #gf 0 ,,revival1 #ab 0 ,,"w1 #ag ,,g\tt ,d',,or1 ,,etc41 #fb ,,great ,,george1 ,,!1 #aeh 0 ,,seals1 #ag1 #aaj1 #adj ,,greek ,,symbolic ,,figures1 #ba ,,gre51 ,,ev]>d1 #bch1 #bhj ,,greyh\nds1 #adj ,,grielly1 ,,arms ,,(1 #bhg ,,griff9 ,,or ,,gryphon1 #hg ,,groc]s' ,,company1 #acc2 arms (1 #fd ,,gules1 #dd ,,gutt,e1 #fb ,,guzes1 #bha ,,gyron1 #eh ,,gyronny1 #dg ,,halb]d1 #aih ,,hamm]1 #bgf ,,hampton ,,c\rt1 #adg1 #bad ,,h>ps1 #ajh ,,h>py1 #ic ,,hawk',s bells & jesses1 #bgg2 lure1 #bgg ,,helm1 #aag2 c]emonial use1 #aah2 developm5t ( =m1 #aai2 its /ructure1 #abj ,,helmet1 #abb2 z a sign ( rank1 #abh ,,hemp-,,brake1 #bgg ,,h5eage ,,knot1 #bgh ,,h5ry ,v1 #ajf1 #adj2 ,great ,seal (1 #ag1 #ah1 #bj 0 ,v1 #ag1 #ah1 #bi1 #ce2 *antry1 #adf 0 ,,vi1 ,,arms ,,(1 #bcf 0 ,,vii1 #aa1 #ajf1 #aeh2 badge (1 #bhb2 tomb1 #ahb 0 ,,ii ,,( ,,france1 ,,arms ,,(1 #aib 0 ,,pr9ce ,,( ,,wales1 #ce 0 ,,son ,,( ,,swanus1 ,,seal ,,(1 #ff ,,h]aldry1 orig9 (1 #a2 ea/]n influ5ce1 #f2 =eign influ5ce on1 #aa2 ,go?ic influ5ce1 #aj1 #aa2 ,italian influ5ce1 #ab ,,h]aldic ,,qualities1 #bj 0 ,,%or?&1 #ee 0 ,,antelope1 #hd 0 ,,tig]1 #hd ,,h+e ,,) ,,lions1 #aia ,,holbe91 #ab1 #bdc ,,holy ,,roman ,,empire1 ,,eagle ,,(1 #adf ,,horse1 #he1 #bcj ,,human ,,figures1 #id2 arms1 #ie2 h&s1 #ie2 heads1 #ie ,,hurt1 #bha ,,illum9ations1 #afd2 me?ods1 mat]ials1 #afd ,,impal+1 #fa ,,9 ,,fess1 ,,etc41 #fc ,,9 ,,orle1 #fb ,,ind5t$1 #ef ,,inescut*eon1 #eh ,,insignia ,,( ,,ord]s1 #aef ,,int]ior ,,decoration1 #baj ,,invect$1 #ef ,,irel&1 arms (1 #aaj2 ,great ,seal =1 #aaj ,,iri% ,,h>p1 #ajh ,,isabella ,,( ,,france1 #ei ,,italian ,,glass ,,pa9t+1 #bdj 0 ,,influ5ce1 #gh 0 ,,%ields1 #cj1 #ca1 #ce ,,jacobean ,,decoration1 #cf ,,jamb1 #hd ,,james ,i1 #ajg1 #aji2 arms (1 #bed ,,jane ,,seym\r1 ,,que51 #aej ,,javel91 #bhc ,,jesses1 #bgg ,,john1 ,,duke ,,( ,,argyll1 #aee 0 ,,e>l ,,( ,,m>1 ,k4,t41 #afa 0 ,,k+ ,,( ,,france1 #bfh 0 ,,"l ,,ersk9e1 #aad 0 ,,pr9ce1 ,,( ,,el?am1 #ej1 #agf ,,ka!r9e1 ,,que5 ,,( ,,france1 #aib ,,kellie1 ,,device ,,= ,,e>ldom ,,(1 #bbj ,,keys1 #aid ,,knights helmet1 #abi2 ( ord]s1 #add2 support]s (1 #add2 o!r insignia1 #aef ,,knots1 #bgh ,,kress1 #cd ,,label1 #bhf ,,laborde1 ,,comte ,,de1 #aje ,,lace1 #bfe ,,lacey ,,knot1 #bgi ,,ladies1 ,,arms ,,(1 #cf ,,lambrequ9s1 #abg ,,lanca/] ,,rose1 #ajf ,,le$s ,,univ]sity1 ,,cre/ ,,(1 #id ,,leigh1 ,,g]>d1 #hg ,,lel&1 #bge ,,lev5 ,,& ,,melville1 ,,"l1 #bag 8,,limoges0 ,,enamel1 #agg ,,l9es1 ,,v>i\s1 #ef ,,lions1 #ff2 ,assyrian #hj2 head1 #hd2 leg1 #hd2 ,r5aissance1 #gh ,,lock-,,plates1 #ahi ,,l\is ,,vii1 #ajb 0 ,,xii1 #aee1 #bje2 badge (1 #bab2 m$al (1 #aaf ,,loz5ge1 #eh 0 ,,%ield1 #cf ,,loz5gy1 #dh ,,luroques1 ,,arms ,,(1 #cj ,,malate/a1 #ajf ,,male-,,griff91 #hh ,,mantl+1 #abg1 #acd1 #bjh2 col\r treatm5t (1 #acg2 rules = v>i\s ranks1 #acg ,,m> ,,& ,,kellie1 ,,e>l ,,(1 #bai ,,m>g>et ,,campbell1 ,,lady1 #aad 0 ,,( ,,anj\1 #bcf ,,m>ks ,,( ,,cad5cy1 #bhh ,,m>quis',s ,,coronet1 #aec ,,m>tel-,,de-,,f]1 #bgf ,,m>telli1 ,,arms ,,(1 #ahi ,,m>tlet1 #ib ,,m>y1 ,,que51 #ajg ,,maun*e1 #bhj ,,meck551 ,,israel ,,van1 #ca ,,m$al ,,) ,,diap]+1 #aaf ,,m$iaeval ,,treatm5t1 #f ,,m$ici1 ,,badge ,,(1 #bfg ,,m]maid1 #id ,,metal ,,"w1 #aha ,,modell$ ,,arms1 #aeg ,,mon ,,( ,,matsudaira ,,family1 #bgf ,,mon/]s1 #ff ,,monum5tal ,,brasses1 #ahd ,,moon1 #bgd ,,mort>1 ,,bronze1 #ahh ,,motto ,,%ield1 #cj ,,m[bray1 #ada ,,mullet1 #bhj ,,nebul,e1 #ef ,,neptune1 #ie ,,niello1 #aih ,,nixon1 ,,=bes1 #dj ,,norfolk1 ,,duke ,,(1 #ada ,,norreys1 ,,badge ,,( ,,sir ,,john1 #bcf ,,ockwells ,,manor1 ,,/a9$ ,,glass ,,at1 #bcf ,,ogress1 #bha ,,or1 #dd ,,oranges1 #bh ,,ord9>ies1 #ea2 proportion (1 #ea ,,orig9 ,,( ,,h]aldry1 #a ,,orig9ality1 #ac ,,orle1 #ei ,,ormonde1 ,,m>quis ,,(1 #hg ,,ox=d ,,univ]sity1 ,,arms ,,(1 #bjb ,,pa9t$ ,,bann]s1 #bfb ,,pale1 #eb ,,pall1 #bhj ,,paly1 #dh ,,pana*e ,,cre/1 #abe ,,pan-,,pipe1 #bgj ,,p>ty ,,l9es1 #dg 0 ,,p] ,,pale1 ,,etc41 #dg ,,pavoise1 #bf ,,peacock1 #d1 #ib ,,pean1 #dd ,,pe]',s ,,helmet1 #abi ,,pelham1 #e 0 ,,badge1 #bfh ,,pelican1 #ib ,,pellet1 #bha ,,p5icaud1 ,,n>don1 ,,enamel ,,by1 #agg ,,p5non1 #bee ,,p] ,,pale1 ,,etc41 #dg ,,p]cy1 ,,h5ry ,,de1 #fh 0 ,,%r9e1 #aaa ,,pheon1 #bhj ,,philip ,,ii1 #ajb ,,ph,,nix1 #gc ,,pile1 #ed ,,pirckheim]1 #cd ,,plan*1 ,j4 ,,rob9son1 #bgi ,,plants1 #e ,,plate1 #bha ,,plique-,a-,,j\r ,,enamel1 #ahj ,,po9ts ,,( ,,! ,,field1 #da ,,poiti]s1 ,,battle ,,(1 #e ,,pok] ,,"w1 #cg1 #bag ,,pomme1 #bha ,,portcullis1 #bhb ,,pose ,,( ,,animals1 #gj ,,pot5t1 #df ,,pot5ty1 #ef ,,p[d]-,,horn1 #aif ,,p[ell1 ,,john1 #ac1 #bbf ,,prick ,,spur1 #bhd ,,proportion1 #af1 #ai2 ( ord9>ies1 #ea ,,pug91 #ac1 #bbf ,,purpure1 #dd ,,pyrography1 #cg1 #bag ,,raguly1 #ef ,,ralph ,,neville1 ,,e>l ,,( ,,we/morel&1 ,,seal ,,(1 #adj ,,r5aissance ,,h]aldry1 #i1 #aj 0 ,,%ields1 #bg 0 ,,"w1 #ag ,,rep\ss ,,buckl]1 #aie ,,ribbon1 #eb ,,ri*>d1 ,,e>l ,,( ,,connaught1 #ia ,,rob]t1 ,,k+ ,,( ,,naples1 #aje ,,robs>t1 #ag ,,rolls ,,( ,,arms1 #b ,,roman ,,sculpture1 #ba ,,roman ,,%ields1 #ce ,,rompu1 #ef ,,roses1 #ajf ,,r\ndel1 ,,/a9$ ,,glass1 #aea2 f ,netley ,abbey1 #bcf ,,r\ndels1 #bha ,,royal ,,arms1 #cg1 #ch1 #adf1 #bbg1 #bcf 0 ,,bann]1 #fi 0 ,,cad5cy1 #aec1 #bij 0 ,,coronets1 #aeb 0 ,,cre/1 #bcc 0 ,,cr[ns1 #adh1 #adi1 #aej2 (ficial type1 #aej ,,royal ,,helmets1 #abi 0 ,,mantl+1 #ach ,,sable1 #dd ,,sagitt>ius1 #ie ,,/4 ,,alban',s ,,abbey1 ,,%ields ,,f1 #ce ,,/4 ,,edmund1 ,,arms ,,ascrib$ ,,to1 #bgb ,,/4 ,,gati5 ,,ca!dral1 ,,%ield ,,91 #cc ,,/4 ,,george',s ,,*apel1 ,,cr[ns ,,on1 #adh ,,/4 ,,james1 #bgd ,,/4 ,,patrick1 ,,! ,,ord] ,,(1 #afb ,,saltire1 #ec ,,s&wi*1 ,,seal ,,(1 #hd ,,savage ,,m51 #ie ,,s*emes ,,( ,,decoration1 #bag ,,s*ongau]1 ,,m>t91 #bh1 #ca ,,scotl&1 ,,royal ,,arms ,,(1 #ch ,,scotti% ,,royal ,,cr[n1 #adh ,,sculpture1 #adg1 #bjh ,,seal1 #hd1 #ih1 #ajc1 #aji1 #aci1 #adi ,,seals1 #fg1 #adj1 #ada ,,segrave1 ,,john ,,de1 ,,seal ,,(1 #aci ,,sem,e1 #fb ,,sgraffito1 #bji ,,%akespe>e1 ,,arms ,,(1 #bhd ,,%]born1 ,c4 ,w41 #bgi ,,%ield ,,be>+ ,,motto1 #cj2 con/ruction1 #bc2 foliat$1 #cc1 #cf2 %apes1 #cb1 #cc1 #cd1 #cf ,,%ields1 #ba1 #bh2 c]emonial use (1 #bh2 8= ,peace10 #bh1 #bi2 ,norman1 #bb1 #bc1 #be1 #bf2 ridg$1 #bg1 #bh2 squ>e1 #be2 triangul>1 #bd1 #be1 #ce ,,%ips1 #hc ,,%ovel1 ,,adm4 ,,sir ,,cl\desley1 #e ,,solis1 ,,virgil1 #ce ,,som]set1 ,,seal ,,( ,,! ,,duke ,,(1 #ada ,,spade1 #bhb ,,spe>1 #bhc ,,sph9x1 #id ,,spurs1 #bhd ,,sruttle1 #bhd ,,/af=d ,,knot1 #bgh ,,/ag1 #he ,,/a9$ ,,glass1 #aea1 #bbc 0 ,,designs ,,& ,,draw+s1 #bbe ,,/&>d1 #bee ,,/>s ,,( ,,ord]s1 #afj ,,/eph51 ,,k+1 #ie1 #abj ,,/\rton1 ,,"l1 #bge ,,sub-,,ord9>ies1 #eh ,,support]s1 #aci ,,swan1 #d ,,swiss ,,pa9t$ ,,glass1 #bdj ,,sword1 #bhd ,,symbolism1 #d ,,syon ,,cope1 #bdg ,,syr5a1 #id ,,syr9x1 #bgj ,,?i/le1 ,,! ,,ord] ,,( ,,!1 #afj ,,tilt+ ,,spe>1 #bhc ,,t9ctures1 #db ,,toison ,d',,or1 ,,badge ,,(1 #bea ,,torregiano1 #aa1 #ahb ,,torse1 #abg ,,torteau1 #bha ,,t\rnam5ts1 #b1 #bg1 #aah ,,t\rney ,,helm1 #abc ,,treasure1 #ei ,,trefoil1 #bhd ,,trick1 ,,sket*es ,,91 #ee ,,triton1 #ie ,,trumpet ,,bann]s1 #bfa ,,tudor ,,h]aldry1 #aj1 #bbf 0 ,,rose1 #ajg ,,ul/] ,,badge1 #if ,,unicorn1 #bcj ,,union ,,badge1 #bfj 0 ,,jack1 #beh ,,vair1 #de ,,val5ce1 ,,william ,,de1 #fc1 #abf ,,vellum1 #afd ,,v]t1 #dd ,,v]vels1 #bgg ,,victoria1 ,,que51 #cg ,,visconti1 ,,arms ,,(1 #aie ,,visc\nt',s ,,coronet1 #aed ,,void]s1 #fa ,,wake ,,& ,,ormond ,,knot1 #bgi ,,wales1 ,,coronet ,,( ,,! ,,pr9ce ,,(1 #aec ,,w>wick1 ,,e>l ,,(1 ,,arms ,,(1 #bcg ,,wat] ,,b\get1 #bhe ,,wavy1 #ef ,,weldon1 ,w4 ,h41 ,,esq41 ,c4,v4,o41 #agh ,,we/morel&1 ,,e>l ,,(1 ,,seal1 #adj ,,:eat%eaves1 #hd ,,wid[s1 ,,arms ,,(1 #cf ,,william ,,de ,,val5ce1 #fc1 #abf 0 ,,"l ,,ha/+s1 ,,seal ,,(1 #ada 0 ,,( ,,s5s1 #aa ,,willim5t1 ,j41 #ab ,,w9*e/] ,,ca!dral1 ,,bible1 #afd ,,w9n[+ ,,fan1 #bhd ,,wolsey1 ,,arms ,,( ,,c>d9al1 #adg ,,wood-,,c>v+1 #baa ,,wrea?1 #bfi ,,wyv]n1 #hh ,,york ,,rose1 #ajf ,,index ,,to ,,illu/rations ,,page ,,alt> ,,frontal1 #bej ,,amor9i1 #ade1 #adg1 #bji1 #baa1 #bah ,,angel1 #adj ,,anne ,,( ,,bohemia1 ,,knot1 #bgh 0 ,,( ,,brittany1 ,,m$al1 #aaf ,,annulet1 #bfg1 #bhh ,,antelopes1 8,,h]aldic01 #bcg ,,ar*bi%op',s ,,hat1 #aid ,,arm\r1 #ahd ,,arms1 imag9>y1 #bah2 9 trick1 #ee 0 ( ,cambridge ,univ]sity1 #ga2 ( ,city ( ,london1 #hh2 ( ,edw>d ! ,confessor1 #bbi2 ( ,ersk9e1 #aac1 #aae1 #aeg2 ( ,goldsmi?s' ,company1 #hf2 ( ,groc]s' ,company1 #fd2 ( ,pr9ce ,john ( ,el?am1 #fj1 #gg2 ( ,kress 7,g]man71 #acf2 ( ,ox=d ,univ]sity1 #bjb2 ( ,pope ,paul ,,iii1 #baj ,,assyrian ,,bas-,,relief1 #ha ,,badge1 ,,embroid]$1 #bea 0 ( ,diane de ,poiti]s1 #aib2 ( ,l\is ,,xii1 #bjf2 ( ,m$ici1 #bfg2 ( ,toison d',or1 #hf1 #hg2 ,,badges1 #bi1 #acf1 #bac ,,balances1 #hf ,,bann]s1 #bdb ,,b>d+s1 #ah ,,b>nacles1 #bfh ,,b>ry1 #dg ,,basilisk1 #bga ,,basle1 ,,arms ,,(1 #bga ,,batt]+-,,ram1 #bfh ,,beaumont1 ,,arms ,,( ,,sir ,e41 #bci ,,b5d1 #ea1 #acg ,,b5dy1 #dh ,,bill1 ,,engrav$1 #aig ,,billet1 #bgh ,,bo>1 #bcb ,,book1 #ga1 #bjb ,,bookplate1 by ,dr]1 #ie1 #acf2 ,g]man1 #id ,,bordure1 #eg1 #ei1 #fj ,,b\*i] ,,knot1 #bgi ,,b[5 ,,knot1 #bgh ,,b[s1 #aib ,,breys1 #bfh ,,bronze ,,mort>1 #ahh 0 ,,%ield1 #ahi ,,buckle1 #bfi ,,buckles1 #hf1 #agd ,,bugle ,,horn1 #ie1 #bfi ,,bulls1 #bai 0 ,,head1 #adj ,,burgundy1 ,,arms ,,(1 #bea1 #beb ,,burnt ,,wood ,,panel1 #bah ,,butl]1 ,,arms ,,( ,,sir ,,james1 #bci ,,cad5cy ,,m>ks1 #bhh ,,cambridge ,,univ]sity1 ,,arms ,,(1 #ga ,,cant+ ,,coat ,,( ,,arms1 #id ,,canton1 #ei ,,cap1 ,,embroid]$1 #bdi ,,c>1 ,,pageant1 #hf ,,c>d9al',s ,,hat1 #adg ,,ca/le1 #acg ,,ca/les1 #aga ,,ceil+ ,,bosses1 ,,hampton ,,c\rt1 #bad ,,*amplev ,,enamel1 #aga1 #agd1 #agf ,,*aplet1 #bfi ,,*>les1 ,,c\nt ,d',,eu1 ,,effigy1 #bhg ,,*>les ,,ii1 ,,great ,,seal1 #aaj 0 ,,iv1 ,,seal ,,z ,,emp]or1 #ib ,,*equey1 #dh ,,*ess-,,rook1 #bgj ,,*evron1 #ec ,,*ief1 #ea ,,c9quefoil1 #bgj ,,ci/]n1 #bjj ,,city ,,( ,,london1 ,,arms ,,(1 #hh ,,civic ,,cr[n1 #bfi ,,cl>ion1 #bgj ,,clem5t ,,vii1 ,,arms ,,( ,,pope1 #bda ,,cock1 #gi ,,cockatrice1 #bga ,,coll> ( ! ,g>t]1 #adi2 ( ! ,?i/le1 #afa2 ( ! ,toison d',or1 #aic ,,columb9e1 #bcg ,,columns1 #aic ,,copp] ,,panel1 ,,silv]$1 #bjb ,,corni% ,,*\gh1 #adg ,,coronet1 #aie2 cre/1 #bga2 ( an e>l1 #bai2 ( ! ,pr9ce ( ,wales1 #aec ,,coronets1 #bjb ,,c\nt]-,,vair1 #df ,,cresc5t1 #bhh ,,cresc5ts1 #aib ,,cre/1 #hh1 #id1 #ie1 #acf1 #ahd1 #bbj1 #bcg1 #bci1 #bdd2 enamell$1 ( ,w4 ,h4 ,weldon1 ,esq41 #agi2 pana*e1 #abe1 #ace2 v>i\s treatm5ts1 #acb ,,cre/s1 #ade1 #aif ,,cross1 #ec1 #hh1 #bfe 0 calv>y1 #ig2 c\p$1 #ed2 crosslet1 #ii2 crosslet fit*e1 #ii1 #aae1 #aeg1 #afa1 #bai2 engrail$1 #adg2 fleurett #ig2 flory1 #ig1 #bbi2 =me1 #ii2 ,maltese1 #ii2 mol9e1 #ig1 #ih1 #bhh2 n[y1 #ed2 pate1 #ii2 patonee1 #ig2 quadrate1 #ed2 qu>t] pi]c$1 #ed2 void$1 #ec2 void$ & int]lac$1 #ec ,,cr[n1 #hi1 #acf1 #acg1 #ahf1 #ahg1 #aib1 #aic1 #aid1 #bja1 #baa1 #bah1 #bbg1 #bcc1 #bdb2 (ficial type1 #aea2 ( a ,k+ ( ,arms1 #agi2 palisado1 #bgc2 ,tudor1 #adi1 #aea2 vall]y1 #bgc ,,cr[ns1 #bgb1 #bgc2 embroid]$1 #bec1 #bed ,,cupid1 #bah ,,cups1 #hf ,,dacre ,,knot1 #bgi ,,dauph9y1 ,,seal ,,(1 #ic ,,decoration ,,%ield1 ,,italian1 #cj1 #ca ,,device ,,%ields1 #bbj1 #bba ,,diane ,,de ,,poiti]s1 ,,badge1 #aib ,,diap]1 #aae1 #aeg1 #afa1 #bah1 #bjf ,,diap]$ m$al1 #aaf2 %ield1 #aab1 #aac1 #aae ,,dogs1 #ie ,,dolph91 #bjj ,,dolph9s1 #ic ,,donatello1 ,,%ield ,,by1 #ahi ,,d\ble quatrefoil1 #bhh2 badge1 #bbi ,,dragon1 #hf1 #hi1 #ahc1 #ahf1 #ahg1 #bbi ,,dragons1 #hh ,d,,r]1 ,,albre*t1 #gi1 #hf1 #hg1 #ie1 #acf1 #acg 0 pageant c> by1 #hf2 s*ool (1 #acf ,,eagle1 #hf1 #acf1 #ada1 #bci 0 d\ble-head$1 #ij1 #aij1 #aic1 #aig2 lace1 #bfd2 ( ! ,emp]or1 #ij2 plan = di/ribution on %ield1 #ia ,,eagles1 #ib1 #bja ,,e>l',s ,,coronet1 #bai1 #bbj1 #bba ,,ea/]n ,,cr[n1 #bgc ,,edw>d ,,! ,,confessor1 ,,arms ,,(1 #bbi ,,eleanor1 ,,que51 ,,cloak ,,clasp1 #aga ,,embroid]$ ,,badge1 #bea 0 ,,l951 #bej ,,embroid]y1 #bdh1 #bed ,,enamel ,,by ,,n>don ,,p5icaud1 #agg 0 ,,*amplev1 #aga1 #agd1 #agf 0 ,,limoges1 #agg1 #agi2 plate =1 #agd ,,enamell$ ,,cloak ,,clasp1 #aga 0 ,,%ield1 #agf ,,engl&1 ,,arms ,,(1 #i ,,engrav$ ,,decoration1 #h1 #aig1 #aii ,,eque/rian ,,figure1 #bjf 0 ,,seal1 #ah ,,eric ,,xiv1 ,,k+ ,,( ,,sw$51 ,,arms ,,(1 #bec ,,erm9e1 #dd 0 ,,badge1 #bac ,,ersk9e1 ,,arms ,,(1 #aac1 #aae1 #aeg1 #afa ,,escallop1 #bgh ,,esc>buncle1 #bge ,,fea!rs1 #bi1 #bfg2 peacocks'1 #acf ,,fess1 #ea1 #acg ,,fireback1 #ahf1 #ahg ,,fireplace1 ,,*,,teau ,,de ,,blois1 #bac ,,flags1 #bei ,,flan*es1 #fa ,,fleurs-,,de-,,lis1 #i1 #fj1 #gg1 #hi1 #ic1 #ajb-e1 #ada1 #aea1 #aia1 #aib1 #bjj1 #bja1 #bad1 #bcg1 #bci1 #bhh2 embroid]$1 #bdi1 #bea1 #beb ,,flor5t9e ,,glass ,,decoration1 #bda ,,f\nta91 #bge ,,france1 ,,arms ,,(1 #i ,,fr$]ick ,,ii ,,( ,,d5m>k1 ,,arms ,,(1 #bfe ,,frieze ,,9 ,,sgraffito1 #bji ,,fylfot1 #bgf ,,g>bs1 #aci ,,g>t]1 #bbg 0 ,,coll>1 #adi ,,g>t]$ ,,%ield1 #aeg ,,gateway1 ,,*,,teau ,,de ,,blois1 #bjf ,,gesso1 #bbj1 #bba 0 ,,%ields1 #afa1 #bai ,,glaive1 #aig ,,godman*e/]1 ,,seal ,,(1 #ajc ,,g\ttee1 #fb ,,great ,,seal ,,( ,,*>les ,,ii1 #aaj ,,greyh\nd1 #ahg ,,greyh\nds1 #adj ,,griff91 #ahi1 #bba2 seat$1 #hg ,,griff9s1 #hf ,,grille ,,( ,,h5ry ,,vii',s ,,*apel1 ,,we/m9/]1 #ahc ,,grimm1 ,,arms ,,(1 #id ,,groc]s' ,,company1 ,,arms ,,(1 #fd ,,gyronny1 #dg1 #aae ,,halb]d1 ,,engrav$1 #aii ,,hamm]1 #bgg ,,h>p1 #ajh1 #aji1 #bbg ,,hawk',s ,,bells ,,& ,,jesses1 #bgh2 lure1 #bgh ,,he>t1 ,,enflam$1 #bah ,,helm1 #aai2 tilt+1 #aba2 t\rney1 #abd2 cre/ = t\rney1 #acf ,,helmet1 #ah1 #ca1 #gi1 #hf1 #hh1 #id1 #aai1 #aba-e1 #ace1 #acf1 #acg1 #adj1 #ada1 #ade1 #agi1 #ahd1 #aif1 #bah1 #bbj1 #bcg1 #bci1 #bdd ,,hemp-,,brake1 #bgh ,,h5eage ,,knot1 #bgh ,,h5ry ,,vi1 ,,arms ,,(1 #bcg 0 ,,vii ,,badge1 #ahc 0 ,,viii ,,privy ,,seal ,,(1 #hi ,,h]aldic ,,antelopes1 #bcg 0 ,,slab1 #ade 0 ,,tig]1 #ada ,,h+e ,,) ,,lions1 #aia ,,holbe91 #bga ,,holy ,,gho/1 #bdb ,,horns1 #ie ,,horse1 #bbi ,,h\nds1 #ie ,,human ,,figure1 #id1 #ie1 #ahd1 #ahi1 #aie1 #aif1 #bdd ,,human ,,figures1 #hf1 #ade1 #bji1 #baa1 #bah ,,imag9>y ,,arms1 #bah ,,iron ,,"w1 #aij1 #aia1 #aib1 #aic ,,james ,i1 ,,arms ,,(1 ,,embroid]$1 #bed ,,keys1 #aid2 papal1 #baj ,,knots1 #bgh1 #bgi ,,label1 #bhf1 #bhg1 #bhh ,,lace1 #bfd1 #bfe ,,lacey ,,knot1 #bgi ,,lasso ,,de ,,ca/illa1 ,,arms ,,( ,,don ,,p]o1 #acg ,,lead ,,ci/]n1 #bjj 0 ,,f\nta91 #bja ,,leop>d',s ,,face1 #adg 0 ,,faces1 #hf ,,lett]+1 #bbj1 #bba ,,lett]s1 #bef 8,,limoges0 ,,enamel1 #agg1 #agi ,,l9es1 ,,v>i\s1 #ef ,,lion1 #hi1 #acg1 #ahf1 #ahh1 #bbj1 #bcc 0 ,assyrian1 #ha2 passant1 #fg1 #ge1 #adg2 passant gu>dant1 #i1 #ah1 #fj1 #fh1 #ga1 #gg1 #ada2 rampant1 #ff1 #fg1 #fh1 #gb1 #gi1 #acg1 #aci1 #adj2 rampant gu>dant1 #gb2 rampant reg>dant1 #gb1 #hi2 sali5t1 #gb2 sejant1 #gf ,,lions1 #i1 #ah1 #fj1 #hi1 #aea1 #ahd1 #bbg1 #bcg1 #bci1 #bdb1 #bdc2 conjo9$ ) %ips1 #hd2 embroid]$1 #bdh-ed2 faces (1 #acg2 heads (1 #acg2 9 enamel1 #aga1 #agd2 lace1 #bfe2 on h+e1 #aia2 plans = di/ribution on %ields1 #hc1 #hi1 #acg ,,lock-,,plate1 #aia2 ) eagle1 #aij ,,london1 ,,city ,,(1 ,,arms1 #hh ,,l\is ,,xii ,,m$al1 #aaf ,,loz5ge1 #bgi ,,loz5ges1 #dh ,,lymphad1 #aae ,,man1 ,,savage1 #id1 #ie ,,mantl+1 #gi1 #hh1 #id1 #ie1 #ace1 #acf1 #acg1 #agi1 #bbj1 #bcg1 #bdd ,,m> ,,& ,,kellie1 ,,arms ,,( ,,! ,,e>l ,,& ,,c\ntess ,,(1 #bai ,,m>tlet1 #bbi1 #bhh ,,maun*e1 #ada1 #bhj ,,maximilian ,i1 ,,emp]or1 #hf1 #hg ,,m$al ,,) ,,diap]1 #aaf ,,m$als1 ,,italian1 #ic ,,m$ici ,,badge1 #bfg ,,memorial ,,brass1 #ahd ,,mitre1 #bdc ,,monogram1 #bba ,,mort>1 ,,bronze1 #ahh ,,mottoes1 #cj1 #fd1 #hf1 #hh1 #ahd1 #bjb1 #bah1 #bbj1 #bba1 #bcc1 #bcg1 #bci1 #bef1 #bfg ,,mullet1 #bhh ,,mural ,,cr[n1 #bgc2 decoration1 #fd1 #hf ,,naval ,,cr[n1 #bgc ,,nebul,e1 #eg ,,ockwells ,,glass1 #bcg1 #bci ,,orle1 #ei ,,o/ri* ,,fea!rs1 #bfg ,,pageant ,,c>1 "p (1 #hf ,,pale1 #ea1 #aae1 #aeg1 #afa1 #bai ,,pale1 ,,diap]$1 #aac ,,pallets ,,on ,a ,,*evron1 #fi ,,paly1 #dh ,,pana*e ,,cre/1 #abe1 #ace ,,panel ,,by ,,donatello1 #ajd 0 ,,9 ,,*isell$ ,,iron1 #aic 0 ,,9 ,,copp]1 #ga ,,pan-,,pipe1 #bgj ,,papal keys1 #baj2 ti>a1 #baj ,,p>t$ ,,& ,,fretty1 #ec ,,paul ,,iii1 ,,arms ,,( ,,pope1 #baj ,,pavoise1 #bf ,,pelican1 #ic ,,p] ,,b5d1 #dg 0 ,,*evron1 #dg 0 ,,fess1 #dg2 ind5t$1 #bci 0 ,,pale1 #dg1 #di 0 ,,saltire1 #dg ,,pheon1 #bha ,,ph,,nix1 #ic ,,pile1 #ed ,,pisano1 ,,m$al ,,by1 #ic ,,plate ,,prep>$ ,,= ,,enamel1 #agd ,,po9ts ,,( ,,! ,,%ield1 #da ,,pok] ,,"w1 #bah ,,porcup9e1 #bjf1 #bac ,,portcullis1 #bhb ,,pot5t1 #df ,,p[d]-,,horn1 #aif ,,pr9ce ,,( ,,wales' ,,coronet1 #aec ,,pr9t]',s ,,m>k1 ,,h]aldic1 #id ,,pyrography1 #bah ,,qu>t]ly1 #dg ,,quatrefoil1 #bhb ,,rep\ss ,,%ield1 #aie ,,rose1 #ajg1 #adg1 #bhh2 irradiat$1 #ajg ,,roses1 #di ,,r\ndles1 #bda ,,royal ,,arms1 #i1 #ah1 #fj1 #gg1 #hi1 #adi1 #ahf1 #ahg1 #baa1 #bad1 #bbg1 #bcg 0 ,,cre/1 #bcc ,,/4 ,,edmund1 ,,arms ,,(1 #bgb ,,saltire1 #ec1 #adj ,,savage ,,man1 #id1 #ie ,,scales1 #hf ,,sculptur$ ,,arms1 #adg ,,seal1 ,gold ,bulla ( ,h5ry ,,viii1 #adi2 ( ,anne1 ,c\ntess ( ,devon1 #adj2 ( ,an?ony de ,bec1 ,bi%op ( ,durham1 #ih2 ( ,*>les ,,iv1 #ib2 ( ,dauph91 #ic2 ( ,edmond ,beau=t1 ,duke ( ,som]set1 #ada2 ( ,h5ry ,,iv1 #ah2 ( ,john de ,segrave1 #aci2 ,privy1 ( ,h5ry ,,viii1 #hi2 ( ,ralph ,neville1 ,e>l ( ,we/morel&1 #adj2 ( ,s&wi*1 #hd2 ( ,sigismund1 #ib2 ( ,william ,"l ,ha/+s1 #ada2 ,segrave ,seal1 #adi ,,s]p5t1 #hi1 #aie2 n[$1 #bef ,,sgraffito ,,frieze1 #bji 0 ,,panel1 #baj ,,%ield1 #hh1 #hi1 #id1 #ie1 #acf1 #acg1 #bcg1 #bci1 #bdd2 bronze1 by ,donatello1 #ahi2 cusp$1 fifte5? & sixte5? c5tury1 #cb2 decoration1 #cj1 #ca2 diap]$1 #aab1 #aac1 #aae2 embroid]$1 #bec2 f ! tomb ( ,pr9ce ,edmund ( ,langley1 #ij2 9 enamel1 #agf2 9 gesso1 #afa1 #bai2 ,italian1 #ade1 #baj2 ( ! ,black ,pr9ce1 #i2 po9ts (1 #da ,,%ields ,,at ,,alloa ,,h\se1 #aac1 #aae1 #aeg2 decorat$1 #cc1 #cd1 #cf2 d]iv$ f ! t\rnam5t =m1 #cc2 f\rte5? c5tury1 #bd2 heat] %ape1 #bd1 #be2 9 gesso1 #aac1 #aae1 #aeg1 #bbj1 #bba2 ,norman1 #bb2 ridg$1 #bg1 #bh2 squ>e1 #be2 t\rnam5t1 #bf1 #cc ,,%ip1 #aae ,,%ips1 ,,conjo9$ ,,) ,,lions1 #hd ,,snake1 #hi1 #aie ,,spade1 #bhc ,,spe>1 ,,tilt+1 #bhc ,,sruttle1 #bhc ,,/abius1 ,,arms ,,(1 #acf ,,/af=d ,,knot1 #bgh ,,/a9$ ,,glass1 #bbg1 #bbi1 #bcj1 #bca1 #bcb1 #bcc1 #bce1 #bcg1 #bci1 #bda1 #bdb1 #bdc1 #bdd ,,/&>d1 #bef ,,support]s1 #hf1 #hh1 #hi1 #adj1 #ada1 #ade1 #ahf1 #ahg1 #aif1 #baa1 #bji1 #baa2 royal1 #bcg ,,swan1 #bcd ,,sword1 #hh1 #acf ,,syon ,,cope1 ,,arms ,,f1 #bdh ,,syr9x1 #bgj ,,talpas1 ,,m$al ,,by1 #ic ,,?i/le ,,coll>1 #afa ,,ti>a1 ,,papal1 #baj ,,tig]1 ,,h]aldic1 #ada ,,tilt+ ,,helm1 #aba2 spe>1 #bhc ,,t9ctures1 #dd ,,toison ,d',,or ,,badge1 #hf1 #hg1 #bea2 coll>1 #aic ,,torse1 ,,flor5t9e1 #acd ,,t\rnam5t ,,coll>1 #bhg ,,t\rney ,,helm1 #abd 0 ,,helm ,,& ,,cre/1 #acf ,,trefoil1 #bef1 #bhd ,,tressure1 #ei1 #bai ,,trick$ ,,arms1 #ee ,,ts*]tts1 ,,arms ,,(1 #ie ,,tudor ,,cr[n1 #adj ,,unicorn1 #hf1 #bca ,,union ,,jack1 #bei ,,vair1 #de1 #aea2 anci5t =m (1 #df ,,v>i\s ,,l9es1 #ef ,,wake ,,& ,,ormond ,,knot1 #bgi ,,w>wick1 ,,arms ,,( ,,! ,,e>l ,,(1 #bcf ,,wat] ,,b\get1 #bhd ,,weidlitz1 ,,hans1 #id ,,weldon1 ,w4 ,h41 ,,cre/ ,,(1 #agi ,,william ,,de ,,val5ce ,,%ield1 #agf ,,w+s1 #id2 dragons'1 #hh ,,w+s ,,conjo9$ ,,9 ,,lure1 #aea ,,w9n[+ ,,fan1 #bhc ,,wirsung1 ,,arms ,,(1 #id ,,wolsey1 ,,c>d9al1 ,,arms ,,(1 #adg ,,wood-,,c>v+1 #baa ,,wyv]n1 #id ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,m9or errors & omissions 9 punctuation1 hyph5ation1 & capitalization h be5 fix$4 ,"s words ) pot5tial alt]native spell+s 7 left z 9 ! text1 includ+ j[lopp$1 m>ygold1 sp&rils1 ,poicti]s1 applique1 & g\ttee4 ,page #ee3 ,?ree in/ances ( non-,unicode %apes h be5 designat$ by ,%ape4 ,%ape #a is simil> to an ,greek lambda 771 b obtuse4 ,%ape #b is a circle ) a dot 9 ! middle & five l9es radiat+ f x4 ,%ape #c is a cross ) ?ree arcs on ! top4 ,page #eh3 8display+ an augum5tation0 *ang$ to 8display+ an augm5tation04 ,page #fb3 8kn[n z guttee or g\tee0 *ang$ to 8kn[n z gutte or g\ttee04 ,page #ii3 8pate or =mee0 *ang$ to 8pate or =me04 ,page #ajj3 8,cross ,pomell0 *ang$ to 8,cross ,pommel0 9 ! ,fig4 #aah caption4 ,page #ajf3 8,malte/a 9 ,italy0 *ang$ to 8,malate/a 9 ,italy04 ,page #aaa3 8l ! sem0 *ang$ to 8l ! seme04 ,page #aai3 8m or less cyl9dical0 *ang$ to 8m or less cyl9drical04 ,page #agc3 8,*amplv is usually0 *ang$ to 8,*amplev is usually04 ,page #baf3 89 ?is way c>0 *ang$ to 89 ?is way c>e04 ,page #bgi3 8,j4 ,rob9son ,plan*e0 *ang$ to 8,j4 ,rob9son ,plan*04 ,index entry spell+s 7 *ang$ to mat* ! spell+ 9 ! text3 ,page #bie3 8fur*ee0 9 ! index *ang$ to 8fur*e04 ,page #bie3 8botone0 9 ! index *ang$ to 8bottone04 ,page #bie3 8,dur]0 9 ! index *ang$ to 8,dr]04 ,page #bif3 8,fr5* *ateaux0 9 ! index *ang$ to 8,fr5* *teaux04 ,page #bih3 8,lambriqu9s0 9 ! index *ang$ to 8,lambrequ9s04 ,page #bih3 8,nebulee0 9 ! index *ang$ to 8,nebule04 ,page #bih3 8,ogresse0 9 ! index *ang$ to 8,ogress04 ,pages #bii1 #cjg3 8,e>l ( ,we/morl&0 9 ! index *ang$ to 8,e>l ( ,we/morel&04 ,page #cjd3 8crosslet fit*0 9 ! index *ang$ to 8crosslet fit*e04 ,page #cjd3 8patonce0 9 ! index *ang$ to 8patonee04 ,page #cje3 8,*ateau de ,blois0 9 ! index *ang$ to 8,*teau de ,blois0 9 two places4 ,page #big1 #cje3 8,gyrony0 9 ! index *ang$ to 8,gyronny04 ,page #cjf3 8saliant0 9 ! index *ang$ to 8sali5t04