,transcriber ,note ,emphasis is displayed as ,italics and ,bold4 ,whole and fractional parts of numbers as #abc-d_/e4 ,illustration3 ,a ,manual of ,face ,brick ,construction ,illustration3 ,doorway of ,face ,brick ,cottage1 ,chicago4 ,designed by ,j4 ,scheller ,a ,,manual of ,,face ,,brick ,,construction ,a,f,b,a ,,use ,,face ,,brick --it ,pays ,american ,face ,brick ,association #aaj ,,south ,,dearborn ,,street ,,chicago ,copyright #aibj by ,john ,h4 ,black for ,a4 ,f4 ,b4 ,a4 ,table of ,contents ,modern ,brickmaking #g ,pre-eminent ,merits of ,face ,brick #i ,types of ,face ,brick ,wall #ae ,putting in ,foundations #ag ,solid ,face ,brick ,construction #ah ,face ,brick on ,hollow ,tile ,construction #be ,face ,brick ,veneer ,construction #bf ,special ,uses of ,face ,brick #bi ,brick ,bonds #cc ,mortar ,joints #ce ,increasing ,fire ,protection #cg ,face ,brick ,house ,designs #dj ,useful ,tables and ,suggestions #ajd ,problems in ,estimating ,quantities #ajg ,glossary of ,usual ,terms in ,bricklaying #aaj ,index and ,list of ,illustrations #aab ,members of ,association #aad ,illustration3 ,,the ,,ancient ,,and ,,honorable ,,art ,,of ,,building ,no man has more reason to feel pride and satisfaction in his art than the builder4 ,from the time when men wove together branches of trees or piled up loose stones and mud for shelter to the present day1 when they erect huge heaven-soaring structures of steel to house a multitude1 the builder has played a most important part in the progress and development of human civilization4 ,fundamentals of ,building ,the old ,roman authority on architecture1 ,vitruvius1 long ago laid down the three fundamentals of all good building1 viz41 firmness1 utility1 and charm4 ,in working for firmness 7strength1 durability7 and for utility 7serviceableness1 convenience71 the builder1 we might say1 is an engineer2 in seeking to give charm 7attractiveness1 beauty7 to his work1 he is an artist4 ,in other words1 the builder always has before him structural and artistic problems which1 aside from his wit in planning the inner conveniences and serviceableness of the house1 depend largely upon the material he chooses to work in4 ,to what extent does this material meet the structural requirements of strength1 permanence1 durability1 and to what extent the artistic requirements of attractiveness1 charm1 beauty1 are the main issues4 ,aim of ,this ,book ,this book is meant not only to show how perfectly brick1 as a building material1 meets all of these requirements1 but to serve as a ,manual for the master carpenter builder in offering various designs and plans of face brick houses1 and in pointing out the practical methods of constructing either the solid brick1 hollow tile1 or veneered wall4 ,in fact1 the book in many ways will be of use to the mason who will doubtless find in it helpful suggestions on the application of his craft to the problems of building4 ,before giving briefly the reasons for the use of face brick1 a word about the history of brick and its manufacture may be of interest4 ,,the ,,story ,,of ,,brick ,the manufacture and use of brick go back to the remotest antiquity1 far beyond the earliest recorded history1 which is supposed to be about #c1hjj ,b4 ,c1 the date of a clay tablet assigned to the age of ,sargon of ,akkad1 founder of the ,chaldean dynasty1 fully two thousand years before the time of ,abraham4 ,babylonian ,origin ,naturally the use of brick originated where clay1 of which they are made1 was abundant2 and there is every reason to believe that the brick industry had its beginning in the broad alluvial valley of the ,euphrates which is the traditional cradle of human civilization4 ,at any rate1 according to one authority1 good brick have been taken from excavations in old ,babylonia1 dating back to #d1ejj ,b4 ,c1 as good as the day they were made4 ,and the same authority adds that brickmaking was doubtless practiced ten thousand years ago4 ,it was ,nature that gave the hint1 for the sun hardened the mud along the river bank and cracked it into irregular pieces which the native could utilize1 after shaping them to the desired size1 for piling up in the walls of his crude hut4 ,it was an easy step in advance to shape the mud beforehand while soft and lay it out in the sun to bake4 ,this produced what we call adobe brick1 afterwards greatly improved by mixing chopped reeds or straw with the soft mud before baking4 ,it will be remembered how the ,egyptian ,pharaoh embittered the slavery of the children of ,israel by compelling them to find their own straw for the brick they were required to make4 ,at a very early date the dwellers in the ,euphrates valley learned to burn brick1 as indicated by the biblical story of the ,tower of ,babel2 and by the time of ,nebuchadnezzar1 the great ,babylonian king 7#fjd-efb ,b4 ,c71 not only were well-burned brick made and used extensively1 but colored enamels were successfully applied for decorative effects4 ,considerable remains of this ancient brickwork are still found1 although for many centuries the ruined cities of the ,mesopotamian plain were used as sources of building material for the more modern cities which have since come into being4 ,spread of the ,craft in ,antiquity ,from the ,euphrates1 brickcraft spread eastward to ,persia1 ,india1 and ,china1 and westward to ,egypt1 ,greece1 and ,rome4 ,the ,romans1 who were the great builders of ancient times1 made very extensive use of brick in their immense building operations1 wherever good clay could be found4 ,from the numerous monuments of ,roman brickwork that still remain1 the brick are seen to be of an excellent hard-burned quality1 and generally of a large1 flat1 thin rectangular or triangular form4 ,brickwork in the ,middle ,ages ,when the nations of ,europe took form out of the ruins of the ,roman ,empire1 they inherited among other arts that of making brick1 and subsequently carried it to a higher state of development1 especially in countries such as ,northern ,italy1 ,southern ,france1 the ,netherlands1 and ,northern ,germany1 where the absence of good building stone gave a natural impulse to brickmaking4 ,in the great ,gothic epoch of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries1 brick enjoyed a wide vogue and was freely and effectively used in the best types of building such as city halls1 great churches1 palaces1 and mansions of the wealthy4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,man returning after carrying the bricks4 ,figs4 #g1 #i1 #aa1 #ac4 ,digging and mixing the clay or mud4 ,fig4 #af4 ,fetching water from tank 7h74 ,figs4 #c1 #f4 ,taskmasters4 ,figs4 #d1 #e4 ,men carrying bricks4 ,figs4 #h1 #ad4 ,making bricks with a wooden mold1 d1 k4 ,at e the bricks 7tobi7 are said to be made at ,thebes4 ,foreign captives employed in making bricks at ,thebes4 ,from ,wilkinson's ,ancient ,manners and ,customs of the ,egyptians ,illustration3 ,brickwork in old ,persian ,tomb at ,ardebil ,in ,england ,the use of brick in ,england began with the ,romans in the early centuries of our era1 but native brickmaking does not appear until well after the days of ,magna ,charta4 ,in ,henry ,,viii's time1 ,english brickmaking1 probably under ,flemish influence1 was greatly developed4 ,but it was not until the days of ,queen ,anne and the ,georges1 in the eighteenth century1 that brick building reached its greatest vogue1 so much so that brick nearly drove out all other materials4 ,this period accounts for those fine old country houses so representative of substantial comfort and dignity1 scattered throughout ,england1 which delight the eye of the traveler today4 ,and ever since that time ,english builders have maintained a fine sense of the architectural values in sound and beautiful brickwork1 as may be seen in many splendid examples of modern construction4 ,the ,use of ,brick in ,america ,in ,america1 aside from the adobe construction which the ,spanish found in ,mexico and ,peru1 the first brick were brought over from ,england or ,holland4 ,the native industry1 however1 had an early start in the seventeenth century1 so that the ,colonial times saw many fine specimens of brick building from ,new ,england to ,virginia4 ,in the nineteenth century1 up to about #ahhj1 there was no general attempt to use brick to the best advantage4 ,for the most part the brick building of that period was confined to the use of common brick for ordinary construction or for backing stone-faced walls4 ,from that date1 however1 to the present1 a growing taste has demanded and secured artistic effects in the brick wall by the use of specially manufactured face brick which1 in a bewildering variety of beautiful color tones and textures1 have been sympathetically and artistically treated by our leading architects1 as may be seen all over our country4 ,,modern ,,brick ,,making ,it is a long cry from the primitive method of mixing and molding brick by hand and drying them in the sun1 to the modern technical methods and power machinery used by the ,american manufacturer4 ,determined by the kind of material1 whether surface clay1 fire clay or shale1 and the kind of brick wanted1 there are three chief methods of manufacture1 slop-mold1 wire-cut1 and dry-press4 ,by the first method1 the clay1 in a soft condition1 is pressed by the machine into molds which have been flushed with water--hence the term slop-mold--or sprinkled with sand1 in which case the brick are called sand-mold4 ,by the second method1 the clay or shale is ground and tempered into the consistency of a stiff mud which is forced by an auger machine through a die1 in the form of a stiff mud ribbon1 having the cross section of a brick4 ,this stiff mud ribbon is carried by a belt to a steel table under a series of piano wires strung on a frame which is revolved by the machine at proper intervals1 cutting the clay ribbon into the desired sizes4 ,these stiff mud machines will turn out as many as #ajj1jjj face brick a day1 and in some common brick plants they are built for a #bej1jjj to #cjj1jjj daily output4 ,the dry-press method reduces the clay to a fine granular form which is then1 in nearly a dry condition1 forced under immense pressure into the proper sized molds4 ,the brick as they come from the machines are known as green and require1 except in the case of the best dry-press brick1 a certain period of drying before being set in the kilns where1 for from five to ten days1 depending on the quality of the ware and the general conditions1 they are subjected to a process of burning before they are ready to be built into the wall4 ,burning the ,brick ,this process of burning passes through three main stages which require very skillful attention on the part of the burner4 ,first1 the water chemically combined with the material must be driven off2 then the various impurities of the clay must be burnt out or oxidized2 and finally1 the ware1 except in case of fire clays1 must be brought to the point of incipient vitrification4 ,throughout the whole process there is danger of distortion or discoloration in the ware unless the fires are skilfully handled4 ,properly done1 the brick come out of the kiln in their beautiful1 natural colors1 due to the constitution of the clay or the various metallic oxides contained in it4 ,to enhance these effects1 different clays are sometimes mixed in going through the machines1 certain ores may be added to modify the color1 the brick surfaces may be scored in various ways1 or the ware may be set in the kiln so as to avoid or get the flash of the fire4 ,so that when you specify a fine face brick1 you are getting a product which ,nature has taken long to create and to which man has devoted his best scientific knowledge and inventive art4 ,illustration3 ,the ,philadelphia ,carpenters used ,brick ,two ,centuries ,ago ,a ,wide ,choice ,offered ,the ,american manufacturer of face brick has far outstripped the rest of the world in the wide range of color tones and textures he offers4 ,so that the prospective builder has before him the possibility of giving to the exterior wall surface an enduring color scheme of monochrome uniformity or polychrome blending1 as his taste may dictate4 ,the whole sweep of color1 in smooth or rough textures1 is at his command from the pure1 severe tones of pearl grays or creams1 through buff1 golden1 and bronze tints to a descending scale of reds1 down to purples1 maroons1 and even gun metal blacks4 ,thus1 instead of building for your client a house of a dull1 insubstantial1 unattractive appearance1 you can1 by the use of face brick1 build a substantial1 enduring house that presents to the eye a veritable symphony in color1 at once a satisfaction to yourself as well as to him1 and a cause of appreciative remark by his neighbors or the casual passersby4 ,it will always stand to the credit of your art as a builder4 ,growing ,demand for ,brick ,houses ,you represent the best work that can be done in your community4 ,people come to you when they want to build because they know you as an able designer and one capable not only of giving them sound advice but of carrying the work through to a successful termination4 ,why then confine yourself to one type of building such as frame or stucco8 ,more and more people are going to ask you about a brick house1 and for very good reasons which we intend shortly to give you4 ,why not tell them you can build a brick house as easily as you can one of frame or stucco2 and what is more1 why not tell them the fact1 viz41 that it is a better house in every way1 safer1 more enduring1 more comfortable1 more attractive1 and in the end more economical6 ,illustration3 ,face ,brick ,residence1 ,canton1 ,ohio4 ,james ,buehl1 ,architect ,enlarge ,your ,field as a ,builder ,you will thus greatly enlarge your field of action1 increase your profits1 and gain a much higher standing in the community as an all-around builder4 ,if you hesitate about taking up building in brick1 it is doubtless because you share the common erroneous belief that it costs your client too much1 or because you think it outside of your building practice1 presenting difficulties you do not care to face4 ,but we are very sure that a careful reading of this ,manual will convince you of the pre-eminent value of the face brick house for your client1 and of your complete competence to build it for him4 ,what ,you ,owe to the ,community ,then we want you to read this ,manual because1 as a citizen1 you owe something to the community in which you live4 ,and as a builder you can discharge that obligation in no better way than in building more enduring and more beautiful houses1 as you can by building in brick4 ,by doing so1 your dividends will be not only in material rewards but in a higher standing among your fellow citizens4 ,you owe it to yourself to make the most of your noble craft and thus take the place in the community to which it entitles you4 ,,pre-,,eminent ,,merits ,,of ,,face ,,brick ,the material you put into the walls of a house should1 as ,vitruvius said1 always have structural and artistic merit4 ,face brick have both in a striking measure1 and in consequence can show the strongest economic and personal reasons why they should be used4 ,structural ,merits of ,face ,brick ,structurally1 bricks are a material easy to handle and when laid in the wall endure the heaviest pressures and strains4 ,hardened and matured in fire1 they resist the ravages of flame4 ,examine the scene of any conflagration for evidence4 ,nor will they corrode or decay with the passing of time1 as remains of ancient brickwork abundantly prove4 ,artistic ,merits of ,face ,brick ,artistically considered1 face brick excel all other materials4 ,even a well-burned1 selected common brick1 with proper bond treatment and mortar color1 may be made attractive1 but the endless variety of color tones and textures found in face brick give to the artistic sense of the builder an unlimited choice4 ,this variety is such that the most diverse tastes may be met in uniform shades or1 preferably1 in blended tones of the most delicate and charming effects4 ,no other building material can approach face brick in the possibility of color schemes for the wall surface1 either within or without--and the colors last1 for they are an integral part of the enduring brick4 ,illustration3 ,glimpse of an ,attractive ,chicago ,face ,brick ,cottage ,illustration3 ,face ,brick ,residence1 ,chicago4 ,l4 ,j4 ,batchelder1 ,architect ,effect of ,bond and ,mortar ,joint ,but this is not all there is to be said on the artistic side by any means4 ,the structural necessity of bonding the brick makes possible any number of beautiful bond and pattern effects1 as illustrated on pages #cc-ce2 and the kind of mortar joint1 struck1 cut flush1 tooled1 or raked 7,fig4 #eg71 properly toned with a color to harmonize with the brick1 produces the most charming results which1 in sunshine or shadow1 give ever varying artistic effects4 ,in the beauty of brickwork1 you have a great opportunity to arouse and hold the interest of your possible clients4 ,on that basis alone you can make a strong appeal in offering your services4 ,economic ,merits ,but perhaps the strongest appeal you can make is based on what naturally grows out of the strength and beauty of good brickwork1 and that is real economy4 ,but don't be deceived by the superficial error of initial cost4 ,a #d4jj pair of shoes are cheaper than a #e4jj pair1 it is true1 but if the #e4jj pair fit better1 look better1 and wear twice as long1 the #d4jj pair are dearer1 and you would lose not only in money but in personal satisfaction by getting them4 ,real economy would lead you to buy the #e4jj pair4 ,illustration3 ,face ,brick ,bungalow1 ,north ,evanston1 ,ill4 ,robert ,e4 ,seyfarth1 ,architect ,the ,importance of ,building a ,home ,much more is this principle true in building a house4 ,it is a very important undertaking for every man1 for it involves considerable outlay of money and intimately concerns his comfort and welfare for a long period of years4 ,a man rarely builds more than one house in his life-time1 so that it is a serious matter to make a mistake1--he will always regret it4 ,in other words1 when he builds1 he wants to avoid fooling himself1 as he does1 if he builds wrong2 he wants to build right at the very start4 ,this is what he certainly can do by building with brick4 ,for out of the structural strength and artistic beauty of brick he gains advantages that make it the most economical investment in the end4 ,upkeep or ,maintenance ,take the items as they come1 in their effect upon the value of the house4 ,first1 there is upkeep4 ,so far as brick enter into the construction of a house1 it requires practically no maintenance4 ,you do not have to patch1 repair1 or paint a brick wall1--it wears4 ,it is as sound in twenty-five years as the day it was built1 and even more attractive4 ,figure up the paint bill for a frame house in ten years1 then add the various little repairs necessitated by the shrinking1 cracking1 and decaying of wood exposed to the weather1 and you have a neat little bill of upkeep1 for the frame house1 which is exactly nothing for brick4 ,depreciation ,next consider depreciation which is a separate item from maintenance or upkeep1 and is practically nil in the case of the brick house4 ,appraisal engineers have estimated it1 for the brick house1 at only one per cent a year1 beginning after the first five years4 ,and the one per cent in reality should apply only to such portions of the building as are subject to wear1 as finished floors1 plumbing1 hardware1 roofs1 and the like4 ,approximately #fj per cent of a well built brick house does not depreciate at all through a long period of years4 ,on the other hand1 a frame house1 according to the same authorities1 begins to depreciate from the day it is finished at from #b to #c per cent annually4 ,at the lowest estimate of #b per cent a #f1ejj frame house would depreciate #acj a year or #a1cjj in ten years4 ,a similar house of brick1 worth let us say #g1jjj1 would depreciate1 allowing the full one per cent1 #gj a year from the fifth year on1 or #cej in ten years4 ,that is1 when you add to the #cej depreciation the #ejj excess cost of the brick house1 the resulting #hej is still less by #dej than the depreciation alone on the frame house4 ,the wear and tear of time do not allow us to get away from these facts4 ,illustration3 ,face ,brick ,bank ,building1 ,detroit4 ,geo4 ,m4 ,lindsey ,co41 ,architects ,saving on ,insurance ,rates ,furthermore1 there is the matter of fire insurance1 not a large one1 but growing in the course of years to an appreciable sum4 ,the reason for better insurance rates on the brick house is one that makes the strongest appeal to a man1 and that is1 safety from the fear and fact of fire1 protection for himself and family from a justly dreaded misfortune4 ,acting on this reason1 the insurance company will put from #ai to #cg per cent higher rate on a frame or stucco than on a brick house4 ,besides1 you can carry #bj per cent less insurance on the more substantial structure4 ,comfort and ,health ,again the builder must consider the question of comfort and health4 ,an #h-;inch furred brick wall will require less coal to keep the house warm than in case of frame4 ,this saving1 however1 is not nearly as important as uniform comfort which1 especially in winter1 has a vital bearing on the health and welfare of the family1 more particularly as it affects very young or delicate children and old people1 or even the strong who may1 for the time being1 be indisposed4 ,the man who builds a good brick house saves on his coal and doctor bills4 ,illustration3 ,face ,brick ,bungalow1 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,j4 ,r4 ,stone1 ,architect ,illustration3 ,face ,brick ,public ,library1 ,coatsville1 ,ind4 ,graham ,hill1 ,architects ,economic ,value of ,beauty ,but if the brick house1 because of its structural merits1 is more economical on the score of upkeep1 depreciation1 insurance rate1 comfort and health1 it has a money value because of its artistic appearance4 ,the substantial and attractive appearance of a face brick house makes the same appeal to everybody else as it did to the owner when he built it1 so that if he desires1 he can borrow more money on it1 or if he must1 can sell or rent it to better advantage4 ,beauty has a real economic value4 ,sentimental ,value an ,asset ,finally1 there is a sentimental value in owning the better house which can't be put in terms of money but is1 nevertheless1 real in terms of personal satisfaction4 ,every man feels a certain justifiable pride in his home if he knows that others admire it4 ,this exerts an unconscious influence on him and raises his sense of self-respect4 ,besides1 as a good citizen1 a man should make his home as attractive as possible1 not simply in the way of doing his share to improve his neighborhood1 but as showing what he and his family stand for before the community1 the soundest and best things4 ,taking it all in all1 you can tell your clients that in building a face brick house1 they get more completely than in case of any other material the structural values of permanence1 fire-safety1 comfort and health1 and the artistic value of beauty1 out of which follow a real economy and a genuine personal satisfaction4 ,what1 then1 are the facts about the real economy of a face brick house8 ,to begin with1 we frankly admit and1 in fact1 assert that such a house costs more than the less substantial frame or stucco house1--as it ought1 because it is worth more4 ,it wears better1 it looks better1 it sells and rents better4 ,you can never get something for nothing4 ,you have to pay for it4 ,but what we can show from actual figures is that the face brick house at the start costs only a little more than the frame or stucco house and in the end1 when all the bills are paid1 costs much less4 ,it is a question of initial and final cost4 ,let us first look at the initial cost4 ,the ,test of ,figures ,the accompanying table gives the results of actual figures obtained during the past ten years from all parts of our country by face brick manufacturers4 ,as the prices of material have changed greatly1 during the period in question1 the percentages of difference will prove to be the only instructive figures1 and are calculated on the total costs of the houses4 ,the bids for #aiai we have in our files for reference and we are ready to show them to any interested person4 ,as frame construction is generally the lowest1 we take it as the base of comparison and give the percentage in excess over frame for 7#a7 a solid1 #h-;inch brick wall1 or face brick on common brick backing2 7#b7 a brick veneer wall1 or face brick in place of clapboards or shingles on frame2 7#c7 a face brick on hollow tile wall1 #h inches thick2 and 7#d7 a stucco on frame wall4 ,a moderate sized #g-room dwelling is used as a typical example and is the same in every respect1 except the exterior wall construction4 ,first class face brick are used and the solid wall is furred4 ,table of ,percentage ,differences #a #b #c #d ,year ,frame ,brick ,veneer ,tile ,stucco ---- ----- ----- ------ ----- ------ #aiaj #j4j #i4a #f4i #aj4g #b4i #aiac #j4j #h4a #e4i 44444 #d4j #aiae #j4j #f4i #d4i 44444 #a4f #aiai #j4j #e4a #d4d #f4e #j4a ,illustration3 ,face ,brick ,store ,front1 ,birmingham1 ,ala4 ,w4 ,m4 ,c4 ,weston1 ,architect ,these figures represent from nine to twenty-two bids in each case1 on which the average is given4 ,different contractors in the same place and different parts of the country sometimes show considerable divergence1 but in view of the wide territory from which these bids have been gathered and the time covered1 the averages may be taken as indicative of about the constant percentage of difference in initial cost4 ,the ,face ,brick ,house ,saves ,money ,it should be noted1 in the case of the #h-;inch solid brick wall and the brick on tile wall1 that they are both over two inches thicker than the frame or stucco wall4 ,but taking the #h-;inch face brick solid1 or hollow tile1 wall as a fair comparison with frame and stucco1 you can readily calculate what you really save by paying a little more at the start for the more substantial construction4 ,reverting to the economies of the face brick house you will find that the maintenance and depreciation items alone on the frame construction will1 in a very few years1 entirely wipe out the #e or #f per cent excess initial cost of the brick1 to say nothing of all the other items that go to make your face brick home all the time an investment of a permanent and remunerative value4 ,thus1 a #g1jjj frame house would mean1 figuring excess cost at #f per cent1 a #g1dbj face brick house4 ,depreciation at the lowest estimate of #b per cent annually on the frame in five years would be #gjj2 add to this a repainting bill of #bej and you have a total of #iej4 ,for the five years under consideration there would be no depreciation at all to be calculated on the brick house1 but a repainting bill of about #che for doors1 windows1 and outside trim would have to be charged up4 ,this means that the difference of #chfe between frame and brick upkeep or maintenance covers1 in five years1 more than twice the #dbj excess initial cost of the brick4 ,you may well suggest to your client that to be penny wise and pound foolish in building a home looks like an inexcusable folly4 ,as you are his trusted adviser in all such important matters1 you can not avoid your obligation of giving him the advice best suited to his interests4 ,illustration3 ,face ,brick ,primary ,school1 ,highland ,park4 ,holmes ,flynn1 ,architects ,lumber ,enters into the ,problem ,please note in the figures of the table the decided tendency toward a diminished difference of percentages4 ,the probable explanation is the rising price of lumber which has1 from all accounts1 by no means reached its crest1 and which is forced by the tremendous demand now being made for that material in the world markets4 ,lumber is one of those staples of such wide and varied use that it is well to consider seriously its conservation1 both in guarding its supply and in maintaining a reasonable price4 ,we are all interested1 for everybody at one time or another uses some form of lumber4 ,illustration3 ,face ,brick ,store ,front1 ,st4 ,louis1 ,mo4 ,preston ,j4 ,bradshaw1 ,architect ,need of ,saving ,lumber ,however wide and varied the normal use of lumber may be1 it is at the present time1 due to the conditions in which the great war has left us1 subject to abnormally excessive demands and will be for a period of years to come4 ,when you consider that even in fireproof homes built of concrete1 stone1 or brick1 lumber bears from #bj to #be per cent of the cost of the building1 and that now #hj per cent of the houses in the ,united ,states are built entirely of wood1 you can easily guess why so much used to be said1 even in pre-war times1 about the disappearance of our forests and the advancing prices of lumber4 ,the ,wastes of ,war ,but picture what the war has done1 and its inevitable effect upon the demand for lumber4 ,according to a comprehensive report on the ,direct and ,indirect ,costs of the ,war recently issued 7,november1 #aiai7 by the ,carnegie ,endowment for ,international ,peace1 the direct cost to the warring nations amounts to #ahf billions1 of which the property loss on land was thirty billions and on sea seven billions4 ,to this must be added forty-five billions as loss of production4 ,that is1 not only were vast amounts of property destroyed1 but the normal supply was greatly lowered4 ,take the matter of houses alone1 not only were great numbers of them destroyed in the warring zones1 but neither could they be replaced1 nor could the new houses be built which were normally required by the community4 ,fortunately for us in ,america the war destroyed no property1 but for a period of two years it prevented normal building to the extent of hundreds of thousands of houses4 ,as a consequence1 in ,europe all the waste places must be rebuilt and1 in both ,europe and ,america1 new houses in great numbers must be erected to catch up with normal requirements4 ,there is a house famine the world over4 ,illustration3 ,attractive ,small ,face ,brick ,house1 ,buffalo1 ,n4 ,y4 ,thos4 ,a4 ,fisher1 ,designer ,the ,lumber ,burden of ,america ,where is all the needed lumber so lavishly used in building to come from8 ,the average normal supply would not be sufficient and the supply cannot be increased for a period of years simply because ,russia1 which normally supplies #ej per cent of the lumber for the ,european markets1 has fallen into such industrial chaos1 and needs so much material for her own reconstruction that1 according to one authority1 she will not be able to export lumber again before #aibb or #aibc4 ,in consequence1 the burden of supplying lumber to the world market at the present time will fall upon ,america4 ,the effect upon prices1 as well as upon quality of product1 will be inevitable4 ,the excessive demand will not only compel injurious denudation of our forest lands1 but will more and more force the cutting of inferior timber4 ,how to ,save ,lumber ,in view of such conditions there is urgent need of conserving our lumber supply by every available means1 the simplest and most direct of which is to confine lumber strictly to its legitimate uses or1 at any rate1 not use it where more fitting materials are at hand4 ,take the abnormal demand pressure off lumber in every possible way1 and we reduce the danger of a lumber famine that threatens us for some years to come4 ,thus1 lumber should not be used in the exterior walls of a house1 where it is exposed to the vicissitudes of the weather or to the trial of fire1 especially when building material such as brick1 which is nearly as cheap1 and considering its durability and fire-safety1 far more economical1 is everywhere in evidence4 ,lumber has its very legitimate and varied uses1 but among them is not outside work where wind and rain and frost and fire search out its weaknesses4 ,in view of its very nature and the great variety of its proper uses1 it should never displace the exterior masonry wall1 which in stone1 tile1 or brick makes the most secure and enduring structure4 ,if the #hj per cent of building in this country1 now done of frame1 were put into brick1 or other durable and fire-resistive materials1 it would result in a great economic national gain1 people would have better and more substantial houses1 and the lumber which everybody needs would be conserved for the legitimate uses to which it is admirably adapted4 ,,types ,,of ,,face ,,brick ,,wall ,there are three possible ways of using face brick in building a wall1 determined by the backing up material employed1 each of which will be given special attention in the following pages4 ,sidenote3 ,solid ,brick ,first1 there is the solid brick wall1 consisting of face brick with a common brick backing4 ,of the strength1 permanence1 and structural value of this construction there can be no question4 ,objection is sometimes made to its cost but1 in view of the facts we give later1 this objection loses its force and proves to be a claim of actual economy4 ,the only other objection heard is that of the dampness of the wall4 ,this comes from one or both of two causes1 pervious mortar joints1 or sweating due to condensation of interior moisture on the cooled wall4 ,either condition may be completely overcome by furring the interior wall surface1 a method recommended in this ,manual1 and provided for in the plans offered4 ,the furring provides an air space that insulates against dampness and cold4 ,with this furring1 the other methods1 sometimes employed1 of mixing so-called waterproofing material with the mortar or of using colorless liquid waterproofing on the surface of the brickwork are not necessary4 ,even the furring1 in certain climatic conditions as proved out by local experience and practice1 is not needed4 ,but in any case1 it must always be seen that all the exterior joints of the wall1 especially the head or vertical joints1 are solidly filled with mortar4 ,the possibility of efflorescence1 which occasionally appears on the surface of the brick when the outside of the wall has been subjected to excessive moisture1 may be prevented to a great extent by avoiding such ledges and projections in construction as permit the soaking of water into the surface of the brick work4 ,see ,glossary1 page #aaj4 ,sidenote3 ,hollow ,tile ,backing ,secondly1 the face brick wall may be built by using hollow tile in place of common brick for backing4 ,this wall1 like that of solid brick1 being all of burnt clay1 has the advantage of being fire-resistive1 although insurance rates are not always as favorable because1 in case of fire1 the salvage is not as large as with the solid wall4 ,some builders prefer this type of wall1 claiming that it is less expensive to build and that the hollow dead air spaces act as a heat insulation1 giving a drier and warmer wall4 ,on these points we have no means of forming a definite1 final opinion4 ,your best plan would be to consult both the common brick and hollow tile people so as to form a judgment of your own on the subject4 ,either wall is sound construction and will give you entire satisfaction4 ,sidenote3 ,face ,brick ,veneer ,the third type of wall1 known as veneer1 is simply the application of face brick to the wooden framing of a frame house1 in place of the clapboards or shingles4 ,although1 as a substantial or a fire restrictive wall this type is not equal to solid brick or hollow tile1 it has its friends among builders1 largely on the score of local custom1 familiarity1 speed of construction1 and cost4 ,what it has to recommend it is the fact that in outer appearance and value it is a brick house1 and in reality a big step in the right direction4 ,but whichever type of wall you build1 it is the face brick that gives to it character1 distinction1 class1 all of which means not only deep personal satisfaction to the owner1 but real money in higher rental or sales value1 far in excess of the initial cost of the face brick over poorer and less attractive material4 ,illustration3 ,face ,brick ,bungalow1 ,atlanta1 ,ga4 ,leila ,ross ,wilburn1 ,architect ,sidenote3 ,weakness of ,frame ,take the frame wall4 ,where it is exposed to the weather1 it shrinks1 decays1 and depreciates1 requiring repeated paintings and repairs4 ,now substitute1 at an added cost of only #d or #e per cent1 a fine face brick for the drop siding and at once there is practically cut out painting1 repairs1 and depreciation4 ,the brick veneer has surrounded the house with a solid1 monolithic1 permanent1 windproof1 shell of fireproof material1 so that in consequence the owner has on the exterior1 to all intents and purposes1 the strength and beauty of a face brick house4 ,besides his own personal satisfaction1 he has added many times more than #d or #e per cent to the market value of his property4 ,or1 suppose your client has an old frame house that is built on a good plan1 but outwardly grown dilapidated in appearance and hard to rent or sell4 ,induce him to veneer it with an attractive face brick1 as we explain on a later page1 and for every dollar he puts in he will get two out4 ,sidenote3 ,weakness of ,stucco ,then take hollow tile wall construction and compare the value of it finished with stucco or with face brick4 ,the face brick will cost from #b to #c per cent more on the cost of the house1 but what will it give the owner in wear1 appearance1 and solidity of construction6 ,if you stucco hollow tile the interior face of the wall in most cases must be furred4 ,if you use face brick1 not only additional solidity and strength are added to the wall but if1 as we recommend throughout this ,manual1 an air space is left between brick and tile1 the inside furring is not needed4 ,besides1 stucco is apt to stain1 crack1 or1 in damp climates with freezing weather1 peel off in spots1 presenting an unsightly appearance4 ,you can assure your client1 who is debating between stucco and face brick1 that years of usage will prove the brick surface to be both in artistic appearance and actual economy by far the better investment4 ,it costs a little more at the start1 but is worth much more in the end4 ,sidenote3 ,value of ,looks ,or1 it may be that your client concludes to build a thoroughly good solid brick wall1 but wants to save #c to #d per cent on the total cost of the house by using common brick throughout4 ,this will be a good wall1 no doubt1 but how will it look6 ,common brick are not made with an eye to external appearance2 their great merit lies in solid structural value4 ,occasionally a well-burned selected common brick1 made of a clay that burns to a good color may be found and used1 with proper care of bond and mortar joint1 for facing purposes2 but as a rule1 the method of manufacturing common brick1 and the structural uses for which they are intended do not contribute to the attractiveness of the wall surface4 ,hence1 the natural development of the great face brick industry which adds to the solid structural merits of brick the invaluable merit of looks4 ,and how much do looks have to do with both the sentimental and commercial value of a house6 ,what does the good wife think of the looks of the house she lives in8 ,what do the neighbors think of it8 ,and to be purely practical1 what does the prospective renter or buyer think of it8 ,you know that when a man wishes to sell his house1 he cleans up the yard1 repairs the fence1 patches up the holes1 and paints the house from top to bottom because he knows the value of looks4 ,he knows that his restoring the house to its pristine glory attracts the purchaser1 helps to persuade him1 and secures a far better price of sale4 ,cleanliness1 looks1 beauty1 have a very real value in dollars and cents4 ,the same principle applies to a face brick finish of the wall surface4 ,face brick are made with more care1 are handled and shipped with more care1 and laid with more care1 just for the purpose of producing a more attractive wall4 ,when you use face brick for your clients1 you give them the last word in wall construction1 which is at once1 as no other material1 strong1 enduring1 comfortable1 fire-safe1 economical1 and beautiful4 ,illustration3 ,start of ,veneering over ,frame ,note footing below and wall ties above ,illustration3 ,veneering above ,kitchen ,roof ,note angle irons and work at windows ,,putting ,,in ,,foundations ,the following data have been compiled and the drawings made by ,mr4 ,george ,w4 ,repp1 a ,chicago architect1 and are based on the most widely followed building practice4 ,there is no intention of trying to inform the master mason or the master carpenter about his craft with which he is perfectly familiar1 but to show the master carpenter builder the best methods of handling the brick problems that may confront him in solid brick1 hollow tile1 and veneer wall construction4 ,a glossary of technical terms will be found at the close of this volume4 ,sidenote3 ,footings ,whatever type of construction is chosen1 solid brick1 hollow tile1 or veneer1 it should rest upon a solid brick foundation4 ,in the majority of cases1 where soil conditions are favorable1 the brick foundation walls of moderate sized houses do not need a footing except at points bearing concentrated loads4 ,naturally1 the excavation should be carried down to good solid earth1 free from loose1 spongy soil or filled-in ground which might later permit sufficient unequal settlement to result in serious cracks throughout the wall of the house4 ,where conditions seem to require a footing1 it may be either of brick laid in good cement mortar 7,fig4 #a7 or of concrete as shown in our working drawings1 and should be strengthened at points of special bearing stress4 ,which footing is chosen will depend largely on convenience of getting local material and labor4 ,the bottom of the foundation wall or footing must always be below frost line which1 of course1 varies in different sections of the country2 and this rule applies as well to all brickwork outside of the foundation wall proper4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,brick ,footing ,sidenote3 ,drains or ,drainage ,where the conditions of soil require1 porous tile with open joints should be laid around the base of the foundation wall1 not above the level of the basement floor nor below the bottom of the wall or footing1 and slightly pitched to a point where it may be connected with the sewer or some natural outlet4 ,where this tile is laid in loose sandy ,soil1 the open joints should be wrapped with building paper to prevent the sand from clogging the drain4 ,in heavy clay soil1 the tile should be covered to the depth of about a foot with crushed stone to prevent packing of clay around the tile4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,wall ,foundation walls1 technically speaking1 are those walls below the grade line of the building that support the super-structure4 ,similar walls around areas are termed retaining walls and are not properly a part of the foundation4 ,the thickness of foundation1 as well as other walls for different structures1 is usually established by ordinance in cities and towns2 but1 where there are no ordinances on the subject1 a brick foundation wall of #ab inches1 for two-story buildings1 or one of #h inches1 for small one-story buildings1 conforms to good practice4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,bond ,the foundation wall should be built of a hard-burned common brick1 and laid in ,common ,bond 7,see ,fig4 #dg71 with a good cement-lime mortar1 starting at the bottom with a header course4 ,as the headers1 which serve as transverse bond1 are not long enough to extend through the entire thickness of the #ab-;inch1 as they do through the #h-;inch wall1 the header courses in the #ab-;inch wall very naturally cannot be on the same level at the front and back of the wall4 ,in the bottom course1 the header row is laid inside and the stretcher row outside1 while in the next course above the position is reversed1 and so on wherever the bonding header courses come4 ,sidenote3 ,laying the ,brick ,the first course of brick is well bedded in mortar on the footing or the solid ground1 as the case may be4 ,at the corners and at proper intervals along the wall where necessary1 a few brick1 four or five courses high1 are laid up in the advance to serve as leads or starting points for the bond and supports for the line which guides the mason to the proper level and alignment of the brick4 ,the mortar is well spread with the trowel along the top of the brick course1 and the brick to be laid is firmly pressed down on this mortar bed next the lead4 ,the mortar thus squeezed out of the joint is cut off by the trowel and scraped on the head of the next brick to be laid which is then pressed on the mortar bed and shoved against the brick just laid1 so as to squeeze mortar into the bottom of the vertical or head joint which is then thoroughly filled from the top by slushing with mortar4 ,the stretcher courses for structural reasons should be well slushed with mortar between the front and back rows or tiers of brick1 laid to break joint4 ,as the work progresses1 the joints on the inside face of the basement wall should be neatly struck1 while the outside joints should be cut flush for receiving a waterproof coating4 ,the inside joints are struck by running the point of the trowel1 held firmly at an angle1 along the upper or lower edge of the brick1 thus making a smooth beveled joint 7,see ,fig4 #eg74 ,the wall should be widened where indicated on any plan to serve as a foundation for the fireplace1 and should be built hollow to provide for an ash pit4 ,where other chimneys occur1 the wall at their base should be corbeled out to serve as a support for them4 ,sidenote3 ,scaffolding ,after the wall has risen four or five feet1 scaffolding is erected to carry on the upper portion4 ,the scaffolding1 necessary for the usual house1 or other small building1 consists of a series of rigid horses or trestles1 approximately #e'-j wide and #e'-j high1 on which are placed a half-dozen #b #aj planks laid close4 ,the joists for the floor above may be used for this planking and then lifted into place when the wall is ready to receive them1 thus effecting a saving in labor4 ,care should be taken to keep the horses several inches away from the inside face of the wall1 lest the jarring caused by bricks and mortar being deposited on the scaffold may push the green wall out of plumb4 ,the scaffolding for the foundation wall may be dispensed with1 if it is found more convenient to lay the upper portion of the wall from the outside4 ,sidenote3 ,waterproofing ,all brick foundation walls should be water-proofed on the outside except in gravelly1 sandy1 or very dry soil4 ,in case there is danger of moisture rising in the wall by capillary attraction1 the top of the footing should be water-proofed1 before starting the walls1 by a course of slate well bedded in mortar or by a strip of composition roofing4 ,in wet locations1 it would be well to carry the waterproofing under the basement floor also4 ,for waterproofing the foundation walls1 in slightly wet soils where the drainage is fair1 a coating of one-half inch cement plaster may be applied to the outside surface of the brick as the wall is carried up4 ,this plaster should be composed of one part ,portland cement and two parts clean1 sharp sand4 ,the possibility of settlement cracking this cement coating makes it undesirable for use in heavy soils such as wet clay1 or in low-lying land where the subsoil is likely to be wet4 ,in such conditions1 a coating of asphalt applied while boiling hot1 thoroughly covering the brickwork1 is very satisfactory4 ,a less expensive though excellent waterproofing1 which we suggest in our specifications1 is made of three parts of tar and one of pitch4 ,tar alone is sometimes used1 but is not recommended as it becomes brittle and is subject to cracks1 similar to cement4 ,except in dry1 warm weather1 it is well to prepare the wall for the waterproofing by sizing or priming it with hot creosote1 to overcome any dampness that might prevent the asphalt or tar-pitch from taking proper hold4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #b ,fig4 #c ,fig4 #d ,fig4 #e ,fig4 #f ,fig4 #g ,types of ,exterior ,basement ,walls ,,solid ,,face ,,brick ,,construction ,sidenote3 ,thickness of the ,wall ,where ordinances do not govern1 the thickness of brick walls above the foundation may be #h inches 7two brick thick7 for one or two-story small houses1 except in the case of an unusually high gable where the first story wall should be #ab inches 7three brick thick74 ,sidenote3 ,water ,table ,at the grade line the face brick is started1 sometimes with a rowlock course or a soldier course1 set either flush with the outer surface of the foundation wall or1 as usual1 slightly projected1 in which case it is known as the water table4 ,on the other hand1 the entire base or lower portion of the building from the grade to the first floor sometimes extends as a water table beyond the wall above4 ,figs4 #b-g show various ways of treating this portion of the wall which add to the interest of the brickwork4 ,the method of laying the face brick is substantially the same as that for the foundation wall except that much greater care must be taken with the bond and mortar joints on the surface of the wall4 ,a description of various bonds and patterns will be found on pages #cc-ce4 ,sidenote3 ,building ,the method of bonding the face brick to the common brick backing follows the usual method ,bonding means of headers every five or six courses1 the headers in other than ,common ,bond1 not used for bond1 being cut in half4 ,in the widely used ,stretcher ,bond where no headers occur except at corners1 three methods of bonding may be employed4 ,first1 but only in case of walls #ab inches or more thick1 the back corners of the face brick may be clipped so that the backing brick fit diagonally into the notches thus provided 7,fig4 #h74 ,this sort of concealed bond is weak and should be avoided4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,concealed ,bond ,illustration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,metal ,wall ,ties ,secondly1 the face brick may be tied to the backing by laying metal strips or wires1 supplied by any material dealer1 in the bed joints of face and backing brick 7,fig4 #i74 ,although this method is frequently used and in a way answers the purpose1 we do not regard it as the simplest and best4 ,we recommend the third method which is a natural bond1 thoroughly workmanlike and sound4 ,every sixth or seventh course1 pairs of headers are laid with a tight buttered1 and hence invisible1 joint alternating with the stretchers4 ,as the joint between the headers is hardly seen1 the two headers give the appearance of a stretcher1 so that the effect of the ,running or ,stretcher ,bond is maintained 7,see ,fig4 #ca74 ,sidenote3 ,backing ,the face brick are laid up five or six courses in advance of the backing and the joints on the face of the wall are finished 7,see ,fig4 #eg7 as the work progresses4 ,on outside exposed surfaces1 the struck joint should be avoided1 and particular care should be taken in seeing that all head or vertical joints are thoroughly filled with mortar from bottom to top4 ,each face course should be started so as to care for the bond or pattern chosen1 as well as for the transverse structural bond4 ,the backing is then laid in the usual way1 always1 so far as possible1 breaking joint with the face brick4 ,no attempt1 except where strength is specially demanded1 should be made to slush the thin space between the front and back tiers of brick1 as this space helps to make the wall drier and warmer4 ,wherever the common brick backing is to be exposed1 the joints must be neatly struck as in the basement wall4 ,at the close of the day's work1 face and backing should be brought to approximately the same level and covered to protect the work from the weather4 ,sidenote3 ,treatment of ,joints ,the brickwork should be stopped at the point where the first floor joists are to rest upon it1 and care should be taken to have the top course perfectly level1 so that the joists may be set without wedging or blocking4 ,the joists set by the carpenter should have1 at intervals of approximately six feet1 wrought iron joist anchors solidly spiked to them1 and extending into the wall4 ,great care should be exercised in placing these anchors as near the bottom of the joists as possible in order to lessen the strain on the brick wall1 in case a fire causes the joists to drop4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,correct ,joist ,anchor ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,bad ,joist ,anchor ,for the same reason1 the ends of all the joists1 with or without anchors1 should be beveled so that1 in like conditions1 the joists will readily fall out without injury to the wall4 ,fig4 #aj illustrates the correct method of attaching the anchor to the joist4 ,the dotted lines show how the joist would drop without damaging the wall4 ,fig4 #aa shows the destructive effect caused by the anchor being placed at the top of the joist4 ,the importance of these points cannot be emphasized too much as walls have had to be rebuilt which by proper framing construction would have stood intact4 ,after the joists are placed1 the brickwork is continued up between1 and leaving a small breathing space around1 them4 ,the same method of joisting is followed at the upper floors4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ab4 and ,fig4 #ac4 ,true ,corbeling ,between ,joists ,if the lower part of a wall is thicker by a brick than the upper part1 it should be carried up its full thickness nearly to the top of the joists ,fire ,stops where ft is stepped back to the inside face of the upper part1 thus forming with the plastering a fire stop at the top of the joists1 while a projection of a quarter brick length should always be provided as a fire stop at the bottom of the joists1 as shown in ,fig4 #ab4 ,if the wall is the same thickness throughout1 the brickwork should be corbeled out between the joists two inches1 the full height of the joists1 to form a fire stop as in ,fig4 #ac4 ,the object of the fire stop is to block all possible passage of fire from the space between the joists to that between the furring strips on the wall1 or the reverse4 ,without these fire stops1 a fire originating in the floor could communicate with the furring space on the wall above1 or originating in the furring space could communicate with the floor4 ,with the stops1 the fire is confined to certain spaces and is retarded instead of spreading4 ,these corbels also serve the wholesome purpose of checking vermin of all kinds from passage through the floor and wall spaces4 ,sidenote3 ,ceiling ,lath ,figs4 #ab and #ac also show the proper way of placing the lath at the corner of the ceiling so as to take full advantage of the fire stops4 ,the ceiling lath1 usually placed first1 should be started far enough away from the side walls so that when the side wall lath is placed tight1 as it ought to be1 against the underside of the floor joist1 there will be space enough for the plaster to push through and form a key touching the bottom brick of the corbel4 ,as the corbel by construction is necessarily the distance of a mortar joint above the bottom of the joists1 the openings are thus completely sealed by the plaster key4 ,in cheap speculative buildings1 these fire stops are too often omitted or a pretext for them is resorted to by projecting only one brick at the top or bottom of the joists4 ,this1 however1 is as good as no fire stop at all4 ,figs4 #ad and #ae show the lath as they ought not to be placed and also how false corbeling leaves the passages really unstopped1 thus defeating altogether the purpose of fire stops4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ad ,fig4 #ae ,false ,corbeling ,between ,joists ,masonry walls that are to be furred1 sometimes have1 as the work progresses1 common wood laths laid in the joints of the brickwork on the inside face of the wall1 about every seventh course1 except over chimneys4 ,the lath should be staggered so as to avoid two vertical lath joints in succession4 ,these serve as nail holds for the furring strips as explained on page #bd4 ,sidenote3 ,laying a #b-;inch ,wall ,where local requirements demand a #ab-;inch wall1 the method of construction is the same as in the #h-;inch wall1 except that two rows or tiers of backing brick1 instead of one1 are carried up to the advanced level of the face brick1 leaving the thin spaces between the tiers of brick open as the best way of securing a warmer and drier wall4 ,of course1 in the case of piers and points in the wall that carry heavy loads1 all interior joints should be well slushed with mortar for evident structural reasons4 ,sidenote3 ,roof ,plate ,anchor ,before the top of the wall is reached1 the anchors for bolting down the roof plate should be placed and the brickwork carried up around them 7,fig4 #af74 ,they should be made of half-inch bolts at least #ab inches long1 with a tee or washer at the bottom and a nut and washer at the top1 and should be set approximately every #f feet along the wall4 ,after the carpenter has placed the roof plate and before it is bolted down1 the mason should bed with cement mortar under it4 ,sidenote3 ,nogging ,when the wall is finally carried to the top and the roof rafters set1 but before the roof boarding is in place1 the mason should fill in between the roof rafters with one tier of brick as shown in ,fig4 #af4 ,this is called nogging4 ,its purpose is to block effectually the openings between the roof rafters and prevent the wind from entering the walls and attic4 ,this adds greatly to the comfort of the house in cold weather4 ,in warm climates nogging will be found unnecessary4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #af4 ,rafters and ,roof ,plate ,the ,chimney ,while the chimney may be made one of the most charming and effective elements of the house design1 its structural and practical necessities are its most striking features4 ,the proper construction1 size1 and height of chimneys are of the utmost importance both for the successful working of the heating system and for the prevention of fires4 ,the chimney may1 though it need not be1 a point of danger to the safety of the home4 ,a little intelligent care in its construction will prove to be the best insurance4 ,as a first precaution1 all wood framing of floor and roof must be kept at least #b inches away from the chimney and no other woodwork of any kind be projected into the brickwork surrounding the flues4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ag4 ,chimney ,height ,chimneys should be tightly built of solid brick1 have no openings except those required for the connection of the heating apparatus1 and should always extend at least one foot above the highest point of the roof4 ,in some cases1 depending on local surroundings1 it may be desirable to carry them somewhat higher4 ,those terminating below the level of the roof usually have poor draft because the wind1 sweeping across or against the roof1 may form eddies that drive down the chimney or check the natural rise of the smoke 7,fig4 #ag74 ,sidenote3 ,flue ,lining ,the flues of chimneys should not start from the bottom of the foundation but only about a foot below the first smoke pipe openings1 and should be lined with terra cotta flue lining their entire height4 ,care should be taken in setting flue linings to be sure that the joints are well cemented and1 at the same time1 that all spaces between the lining and brickwork are tightly filled with mortar4 ,any openings in the joints of the tile lining1 or even of the brickwork1 not only check the draft but are a fire menace4 ,cement plaster should not be substituted for the flue lining as it is likely to crack and fall off1 thus leaving the flue in a dangerous condition4 ,however1 where flue linings are not available1 a strong smooth cement plaster may be used1 in which case the chimney wall should be at least #h inches thick4 ,modern heating plants necessitate accurate construction of chimneys1 and most manufacturers of heating apparatus nowadays recommend the area and height of the flue necessary for their installations4 ,the following table will prove useful in considering the question of heating plant or fireplace1 by showing the dimensions of flue linings to be ordered when the required area is ascertained4 ,table of ,commercial ,flue ,linings ,outside ,dimensions ,actual ,inside ,area #h-a_/b #h-a_/b #eb sq4 in4 #h-a_/b #ac #hj #ac #ac #abf #ac #ah #afi #ah #ah #bdj ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ah4 ,chimney ,withes ,sidenote3 ,offsets ,where two or more flues are contained in one chimney1 they should always be separated by a brick partition #d inches thick1 called a withe1 and bonded to the outside brickwork as shown in ,fig4 #ah4 ,chimneys should run as straight as possible from bottom to top1 in order to secure better draft and facilitate cleaning4 ,if1 however1 offsets are necessary from one story to another1 they should be very gradual1 never less than at an angle of #cj from the vertical4 ,if abrupt offsets occur in flues1 soot will soon be deposited1 choking the flue and making cleaning almost impossible 7,fig4 #ai74 ,care should be taken while the chimney is building that the bottom does not become filled with mortar or brick bats4 ,at the bottom of the furnace flue in the basement1 an iron cleanout door should be provided as a convenience for removing soot4 ,chimneys erected on the interior of a building are apt to be more efficient because the warm air surrounding them facilitates the draft1 while those located on the exterior naturally are somewhat affected by the cool air on the outside4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ai4 ,chimney ,offset ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bj ,fig4 #ba ,outside ,angle ,corners ,angles1 ,bays1 and ,corners ,all the houses represented in this book are designed without any obtuse or acute angled corners4 ,if1 however1 you wish to erect a brick building with an angular corner or bay1 specially shaped face brick for the purpose1 called splay or octagon brick1 may be obtained from the dealers or manufacturers4 ,if for any reason these special shapes are not easily available1 the angle may be formed by the use of standard size brick4 ,the method shown in ,fig4 #bj is used only on cheap work and should be discouraged1 for it leaves ledges for the lodgment of snow and dirt1 decreases the thickness of the wall1 and besides is rather unsightly4 ,the better method1 as shown in ,fig4 #ba1 also has the objection of forming ledges for the lodgment of snow and dirt1 but it makes a wall of full thickness1 and has been used by some architects in a very artistic manner4 ,the best method of all1 for treating these corners1 is shown in ,fig4 #bb4 ,standard bricks are used with the minimum amount of cutting4 ,fig4 #bc shows a method of laying brick at an acute angled corner4 ,it is simple to lay up1 there is little cutting of brick1 and it presents a better looking corner than one with a sharp angle4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bb4 ,obtuse ,angle ,turns ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bc4 ,acute ,angle ,turns ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bd ,the ,solid ,brick ,wall ,openings ,window sills in brick buildings should be of brick or stone4 ,cement1 unless pre-cast1 is not well adapted for the purpose4 ,brick window sills are preferable to stone for1 besides adding a charming touch to the building1 they are inexpensive since they are of the same material as the wall and placed by the same workmen who lay up the wall1 thus obviating the necessity of additional labor to place the heavy stone4 ,brick for sills should be laid on edge and pitched approximately at an incline of #a inch in #f to shed the water4 ,they should also project at least an inch beyond the face of the wall to form a drip1 and be laid in rich cement mortar composed of equal parts of cement and sand1 with joints well filled and finished with a hard smooth surface4 ,door sills may be of wood1 brick1 or stone4 ,in case of a stone sill1 it should be exactly the height of either two or three courses of brick4 ,sidenote3 ,window ,frames ,the window frames are set by the carpenter on top of the sill in a thin bed of mortar4 ,when they are leveled1 plumbed1 and braced1 the brickwork is carried up around the jambs or weight boxes1 as shown in ,fig4 #bd1 always making certain that the corner or jamb of the brick opening is perfectly plumb4 ,great care should be taken to fill solid with mortar the spaces between the brickwork and the window frame1 to stop the wind4 ,stock ,window ,sizes ,double ,hung ,sash1 #a-c_/h ,thick ,glass ,size1 ,masonry ,d4 ,s4 ,lights,a ,sash ,size ,opening #af #af #b #a'- #h #c'- #b #b'-j #c'- #f #af #bf #b #a'- #h #d'-aj #b'-j #e'- #b #bb #bj #b #b'- #b #c'-aj #b'-f #d'- #b #bh #bf #b #b'- #h #d'-aj #c'-j #e'- #b #cj #bd #b #b'-aj #d'- #f #c'-b #d'-aj #cj #bf #b #b'-aj #d'-aj #c'-b #e'- #b #cd #af #b #c'- #b #c'- #b #c'-f #c'- #f #cd #bj #b #c'- #b #c'-aj #c'-f #d'- #b #cd #bf #b #c'- #b #d'-aj #c'-f #e'- #b #dj #bf #b #c'- #h #d'-aj #d'-j #e'- #b #db #bf #b #c'-aj #d'-aj #d'-b #e'- #b #eb #bf #b #d'- #h #d'-aj #e'-j #e'- #b ,basement ,sash1 #a-c_/h ,thick #bj #ad #b #b'- #j #a'- #e #b'-d #a'- #i #cj #ad #c #b'-aj #a'- #e #c'-b #a'- #i #db #ad #c #c'-aj #a'- #e #d'-b #a'- #i ,casement ,sash1 #a-c_/h or #a-c_/d ,thick #bj #bd #d #b'- #j #b'- #e #b'-d #b'- #i;,b #bj #cf #f #b'- #j #c'- #e #b'-d #c'- #i;,b #bj #db #f #b'- #j #c'-aa #b'-d #d'- #c;,b #bj #dh #h #b'- #j #d'- #e #b'-d #d'- #i;,b #bj #ef #h #b'- #j #e'- #a #b'-d #e'- #e;,b ,footnote ,a3 ,if divided lights are wanted1 a special order will be necessary1 the total glass size remaining the same4 ,footnote ,b3 ,these heights are for outswinging casements2 for inswinging casements1 add #c_/h to the height of the dimensions given4 ,stock ,door ,sizes,c ,exterior ,doors #a-c_/h or #a-c_/d ,thick #b'-h #f'-h #b'-h #g'-j #c'-j #f'-h #c'-j #g'-j ,footnote ,c3 ,openings will be #d wider and #b-c_/d higher than dimensions given4 ,sidenote3 ,stock ,sizes ,brick linear dimensions should1 wherever possible1 be calculated so as to reduce cutting of brick to a minimum1 especially where openings1 bays1 chimneys1 and the like are concerned4 ,our plans are drawn with this in view2 and to facilitate readily obtaining sash and exterior door sizes1 we would suggest that contractors1 so far as possible1 use stock dimensions taken from the accompanying tables which cover the vast majority of requirements4 ,for each mullion between grouped1 double-hung windows allow #f inches1 and between casement windows #b inches4 ,the stock window frames1 which are essentially the same as those used in frame construction1 require no more labor to set and brace than in case of frame walls4 ,all that is necessary is to box them in to make a housing for the sash weights4 ,after the brickwork is laid around the frame1 a staff bead or brick mold is nailed to its outside face1 fitting snugly up to the brickwork1 adding if so desired a scribing bead4 ,should local stock frames vary slightly from the dimensions given1 or if a scribing bead is used in addition to the regular staff mold1 the brickwork can easily be laid so as to take up the difference4 ,in case the masonry opening is finished before the frames arrive on the job1 great care should be taken to have them built the exact size of the frame ordered1 always taking into consideration the #a inch to #f inches slope of the sill1 and the scribing bead if used4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #be ,fig4 #bf ,fig4 #bg ,fig4 #bh ,fig4 #bi ,opening ,supports ,sidenote3 ,lintels and ,arches ,sidenote3 ,relieving ,arches ,the brickwork over all openings may be supported1 either by a steel or wood lintel1 or by a brick arch4 ,either the full thickness of the wall or the face brick only may be carried on a steel lintel or an arch4 ,lintels are rarely used in combination with semi-circular arches4 ,when a steel lintel or an arch supports the face brick1 the backing usually rests on a wooden lintel1 set higher than the arch or else concealed by the frame4 ,there should be a brick relieving arch above wooden lintels1 spanning more than #c feet1 bearing on the wall beyond the ends of the lintel1 so that the brickwork will not be weakened should the lintel be destroyed by fire 7,fig4 #bh74 ,the space between arch and lintel is filled with brick after the arch is built4 ,seasoned brickwork will support itself over the smaller spans4 ,sidenote3 ,steel ,lintels ,for a steel lintel over a small opening1 an angle is sufficient4 ,if the interior wall surface is also to be of face brick1 the lintel is made by placing two angles back to back1 as the usual wood lintel in such a place would be unsightly4 ,for openings up to #d feet wide1 a #d #c or a #c #c angle is sufficient2 wider openings up to #e feet would require a #c #e angle4 ,over larger openings heavier sections of steel have to be used4 ,both steel and wood lintels are usually made #h inches longer than the width of the opening4 ,sidenote3 ,brick ,arches ,the brick arches generally employed in small buildings are flat1 segmental1 or full semi-circular 7,figs4 #be-bi74 ,the segmental and semi-circular arches are usually best built of rowlock courses1 their number depending upon the width of the opening4 ,flat brick arches over two feet wide should be supported by steel1 the brick being usually set soldier fashion4 ,as these brick are slightly inclined from the vertical1 their end edges should be clipped to make the joints on the face of the arch come in a horizontal line1 as in ,fig4 #bf4 ,in ,fig4 #be1 the appearance of the arch face is not so workmanlike and neat because the brick have not been clipped along the line of the middle joints4 ,for either type of arch1 the brickwork both sides of the opening must be beveled in the form of skewbacks1 to serve as beds for receiving the thrust of the arch as shown in the figures4 ,if these arches are properly handled both as to design and execution1 they add greatly to the appearance of the entire wall surface4 ,various ,methods of ,furring ,sidenote3 ,wood ,sidenote3 ,hollow ,tile ,sidenote3 ,metal ,the inside of all exterior brick walls should be furred1 except in climatic conditions where it has proved unnecessary1 in order to form an air space between the brickwork and the plaster4 ,this furring may be of wood1 hollow tile1 or metal4 ,the first1 which is ordinarily used1 consists of #a #b wooden strips placed vertically on the wall and spaced #af inches on center 7,fig4 #bd74 ,the strips are either nailed to the lath which have been placed in the joints of the brickwork by the mason1 or attached by driving the nails into the mortar joints4 ,the carpenter1 in placing the strips1 should wedge behind them where necessary to make them plumb4 ,the grounds and lath are placed directly on these strips4 ,hollow tile furring is formed by splitting #c-;inch or #d-;inch split furring tile1 which have been scored in manufacturing for this purpose1 placing the webs against the brick wall1 and anchoring them by driving ten-penny nails into the mortar joints over every third tile in every second course4 ,the tile should be laid without mortar so as not to make a solid connection which would transmit moisture4 ,this tile furring makes a good surface for interior plastering4 ,metal furring is only used with metal lath and consists of small steel rods or other stiffening members either placed separately on the wall or as part of the metal lath4 ,cleaning and ,pointing ,not until after the plasterer has left the job should the face brick be cleaned or washed down4 ,this is done with a #e per cent muriatic acid solution or about one pint of acid to four gallons of water4 ,a stronger solution is likely to do injury4 ,apply with a good scrubbing brush to remove all dirt and spattered mortar1 and then rinse with clean water4 ,while washing the wall1 defects in joints should be pointed up4 ,the ,hollow ,brick ,wall ,a variation of solid brick construction is the so-called hollow or vaulted wall in which the face and common brick are separated by a two-inch air space and bonded together by metal ties laid in the mortar joints at proper intervals4 ,this type of wall has been extensively used for many years1 especially in the ,east4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cj4 ,hollow or ,vaulted ,brick ,wall ,sidenote3 ,for and ,against ,its friends claim that it is stiffer than a solid wall of the same amount of brick2 that it offers a better insulation1 by reason of the air space1 against cold and dampness2 and that therefore it saves the necessity of furring and fire stops on the interior wall surface4 ,on the other hand1 admitting the value of the air space and the consequent saving of furring1 objection is made that the air space is apt to get filled with mortar and brick chips during construction2 that the metal ties1 unless heavily galvanized or dipped in asphaltum1 rust out in a comparatively short time2 and that it is not as strong a bearing wall as the solid wall of the same brick content4 ,mr4 ,arthur ,w4 ,joslin1 a contractor and builder of ,boston1 whose extensive practice gives his judgment weight1 says in summing up the pros and cons3 ,the #aj-;inch vaulted wall is strong enough for ordinary dwellings1 even though the ties do rust out1 unless it is built out of the poorest kind of brick with very poor mortar4 ,in my opinion1 a vaulted wall1 if properly built1 the vault not filled up with droppings1 and provisions made for ventilating from the inside1 is an ideal wall for dwelling house construction1 but ,i would not recommend it for buildings for other purposes where there would be more or less of a dead load coming on the floors4 ,on the matter of comparative costs1 ,mr4 ,joslin adds3 ,it is cheaper to build an #h-;inch solid than a #aj-;inch vaulted wall1 and slightly cheaper to build a #aj-;inch vaulted than a #ab-;inch solid wall4 ,the accompanying drawing shows a cross section of this type of brick wall4 ,except in a few particulars1 its construction does not differ essentially from that of the solid brick wall as already described4 ,a #ab-;inch brick foundation is wide enough for the #aj-;inch wall and a #af-;inch foundation for the #ad-;inch wall4 ,the metal ties1 heavily galvanized or coated with asphaltum1 should be placed about #ah inches apart at every fifth or sixth course and extend at least #b inches into the mortar joints4 ,fire stops are not needed1 nor is furring1 as the plaster may be laid directly on the brick4 ,in order to preserve the chief merit of this type of brick wall1 great care should be taken1 during construction1 that the #b-;inch air space be not allowed to fill up with mortar and brick chips4 ,,face ,,brick ,,on ,,hollow ,,tile ,,construction ,the local ordinances in some municipalities require thicker walls with hollow tile construction than where common brick backing is used1 which affects the comparative cost of the buildings2 but1 where the total thickness may be kept the same as for solid brick1 the cost is practically the same1 with slight differences one way or the other in different communities4 ,the tile used for backing may be either soft or hard burned1 but never with an absorption of over #ab per cent1 and are scored variously so that there may always be a good keying surface for plaster4 ,these tile may be set with the hollow spaces or cells running either horizontally or vertically1 as the case demands or the builder chooses4 ,sidenote3 ,construction ,walls of this form of construction are built in much the same manner as walls with common brick backing1 except that it is always desirable to use cement mortar with the tile to insure the needed strength of bond4 ,the face brick are first carried up four or five courses and then the hollow tile units1 of whatever thickness chosen1 are laid up behind the brick1 leaving an inch space between the tile and brick 7,fig4 #ca74 ,the tile are laid1 with broken joint as in running bond1 in a half-inch mortar bed4 ,when the tile width is over #d inches1 the mortar should be spread only on the front and back edges of the tile1 leaving a hollow space in the center4 ,in the vertical joints only the front and back webs require mortar4 ,if vertical tile are used all the webs should be well mortared1 while the vertical joints are simply buttered4 ,care must be taken that the space between the tile and brick does not get filled up with mortar1 for this would defeat its purpose of serving as an insulation against moisture and cold4 ,with this one-inch space between brick and tile open1 furring and lathing are saved1 as the plaster may be directly laid on the tile and the necessity of fire stops avoided4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ca4 ,face ,brick on ,hollow ,tile ,at window and door openings1 in case #d #e #ab or #h #e #ab horizontal tile are laid1 either common brick or special half and full closure tile 7,figs4 #ca and #ei7 should be used1 in order to close the openings at the end of the horizontal tile courses1 thus making around the frames good joints which should be tightly filled with mortar4 ,when the #ab #ab tile are laid horizontal1 those in the window and door jambs need simply be set vertical to serve as closures4 ,it will be found that an even number of tile does not always work out with the length of the wall or pier1 leaving a space of a few inches4 ,this space may be filled by cutting a tile or using pieces of tile slabs4 ,sidenote3 ,tile ,sizes ,for houses of the character presented in this ,manual1 tile either #d1 #f1 or #h inches wide may be used1 depending on local ordinance or the choice of the owner4 ,a #e-;inch backing may be obtained by simply laying the #d #e #ab tile on the #e-;inch edge4 ,both #d- and #h-;inch widths are made #e #ab or #ab #ab in height and length4 ,the #f-;inch width generally comes #ab #ab in height and length1 but may be obtained in the #e #ab size from certain manufacturers1 if so desired4 ,the #e #ab tile in either width are laid horizontal1 while the #ab #ab tile in either width may be laid vertical or horizontal4 ,either method is satisfactory although1 for heavy bearing walls1 some builders prefer the vertical method on the ground that it gives a stronger bearing wall because the vertical webs directly bear on each other4 ,if laid vertical1 the top course of tile should be placed horizontal to give a good bed for the wall plate4 ,sidenote3 ,face ,brick to ,tile ,four courses of standard size brick1 provided a #c_/h-;inch mortar joint is used1 will equal in height two #e #ab tile1 making every fifth course a bonding course 7,fig4 #ca74 ,and five courses of standard size brick1 provided a #a_/d-;inch mortar joint is used1 will equal in height one #ab #ab tile1 or if #a_/b-;inch joints are used1 will equal in height #c courses of #d #ab tile #e inches wide1 making every sixth course a bonding course4 ,if wider mortar joints are desired1 you can in the latter case make every fifth course a bonding course by using #ab #ab vertical tile which you can order cut to any length required4 ,but where either the #e #ab or the #ab #ab tile are laid horizontal1 the number of courses of face brick and the size of mortar joints cannot be changed4 ,sidenote3 ,bonding ,the face brick are bonded to the tile backing 7,fig4 #ca7 precisely in the same manner as previously explained for common brick1 double headers being used in case of ,stretcher ,bond and the headers1 wherever required1 in other bonds 7,see page #ah74 ,but as this wall is full #i inches or more thick1 the headers in the bonding courses leave recesses one inch or more deep at intervals on the inside face of the wall 7,fig4 #ca74 ,these if shallow1 should be filled with plaster1 containing a large amount of fibre1 before the regular plastering is started2 if deep1 as when the #h-;inch wide tile is used for backing1 a stretcher course of common brick or brick-size hollow tile fills the space4 ,the chimney construction does not differ in any essential from that used for the solid brick wall1 but we strongly urge the use of brick for the chimney1 rather than tile or concrete blocks1 as affording more reliable protection for the flue4 ,the window sills1 door sills1 and lintels are the same as in solid brick construction except that1 preferably1 instead of the wooden lintel supporting the backing1 the lintel be made of hollow tile filled with cement and reinforced by one or more steel rods 7,fig4 #cb74 ,these tile lintels should be made on the ground by standing the tile on end for filling4 ,when the concrete is set1 they are ready to be lifted into place4 ,illustration3 ,hollow ,tile and ,steel ,lintels ,sidenote3 ,laying ,out ,the story heights should be figured so that an exact number of whole tile may be used from the bottom of the joists on one floor to the bottom of those on the next floor1 always allowing one-half inch for the bed joints4 ,but where this is not possible1 special tile slabs one inch thick1 which may be had from the dealer1 should be used to obtain the exact height required1 so that an even and solid bearing may be formed for the floor joists4 ,the wall plates for the roof construction are anchored in the same manner as in the solid brick wall1 except that anchors should be #bj inches long2 likewise1 brick nogging should be placed between the roof rafters4 ,as in the case of the solid brick construction1 when the plasterers have gone1 the face brick should be cleaned down and pointed where necessary4 ,,face ,,brick ,,veneer ,,construction ,sidenote3 ,advantages ,as already indicated1 this type of wall construction is preferred by some builders because it is somewhat less expensive than solid brick or hollow tile and can be more quickly built4 ,the wooden frame may be completed and roofed before the brick veneer is started on the outside4 ,if constructed according to our specifications1 the veneered wall makes a much warmer and more comfortable house than frame1 not only because the veneer wall is over #b inches thicker than the frame1 but because the brick veneering forms a solid monolithic shell that steadies the framework and is proof against the wind pressure that searches out the cracks and crannies of the less substantial construction4 ,furthermore1 while the veneer house does not get the favored insurance rates of the solid brick structure1 it is1 if provided with a non-combustible roof1 safe against adjacent fires2 in fact1 from the exterior1 presents the advantages of a solid face brick house4 ,sidenote3 ,construction ,in this type of construction the studding is not placed at the face of the foundation wall1 but set at the back of the wall1 allowing sufficient space in front of the sheathing for the veneer of face brick4 ,the studs are then sheathed as for the usual frame building and covered with building paper1 held in place with #b #a or #a #e_/h furring strips1 laid on vertically or horizontally over each lap of paper and once between4 ,the face brick1 set one inch from the sheathing1 are laid up1 so far as the outer bond is concerned1 in the same manner as for facing the solid masonry wall1 and are fastened to the framework by metal ties spaced horizontally about on every stud and vertically every four or five courses 7,fig4 #cc74 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cc4 ,veneer ,construction ,sidenote3 ,bonding ,ties ,these ties are of two kinds1 either corrugated metal strips with one end nailed to the sheathing and the other laid in the bed joints1 or thirty-penny wire nails which must be spaced with the studs into which they are driven through the sheathing1 so as to leave a projection sufficient to extend about one inch into the bed joints of the brickwork4 ,the last method is recommended as the most substantial and permanent1 but care should be taken that the nails be driven with a slant into the wood frame at a point somewhat above the brick so that when tapped by a hammer they may be bent down to the level of the joint 7,fig4 #cd74 ,if they are driven in at the exact level of the brick1 they will1 when bent down1 push the brick out of alignment4 ,sidenote3 ,sills and ,lintels ,brick window sills with this type of construction are the same as for the solid masonry wall1 except that the inner ends of the brick must be cut to fit against the sheathing4 ,the window and door frames are set in place as in frame construction4 ,while the brickwork over openings may be carried on arches1 steel angles are almost universally used for this purpose4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cd4 ,nail ,wall ,ties ,the brick porches should have the porch walls and piers of solid brickwork faced on both sides1 with bond pattern or ornamentation following1 in the main1 the design of the house walls4 ,chimney construction for the veneer house is the same as for the brick house1 except that care should be taken in setting outside chimneys clear of the sheathing1 so as not to cut into the frame construction4 ,veneering ,old ,frame ,structures ,sidenote3 ,old ,house ,made ,new ,it often occurs that a frame house is not kept in repair and depreciates to such an extent that the expenditure for necessary painting and repairs to restore it would amount to an unwarranted figure4 ,or1 as in many cases1 the frame house1 though kept in fair condition by dint of frequent painting and repairs1 is decidedly out of date1 or lacks the class that surrounding buildings may have4 ,this often applies also to the old spotted and stained stucco house4 ,in either case1 the owner suffers loss in the value of his investment4 ,there is a simple way1 however1 to recover this loss and more than restore the value of his investment1 and that is by veneering the house with an attractive face brick4 ,the framing of the house is in all probability substantially sound1 it is only the exterior that is dilapidated and outclassed4 ,by veneering his house with a well-chosen face brick1 laid in proper bond and mortar joint1 the owner at a comparatively small expenditure has got what is to all intents and purposes a new house4 ,sidenote3 ,paying ,investments ,in the first place1 he has painted it once and for all with beautiful colors that will never come off1 and he has eliminated all future paint and repair bills for the exterior where much of his cost of upkeep for the old frame house came4 ,in the second place1 he has a far more uniformly comfortable house with a very appreciable reduction of his coal bills1 due to the solid1 monolithic shell of brick covering the frame4 ,practical heating engineers engaged in installing heating apparatus calculate that in a moderate sized veneer house as compared with frame there is1 during an average winter in the ,north1 a saving of approximately #h per cent on the coal bill4 ,finally1 he would have1 so far as the community is concerned1 or a possible future purchaser1 an attractive modern face brick house1 of which he may be proud as a place of residence1 or which would be more profitable as a renting or selling property4 ,the enhanced value of his property would be far beyond his expenditure4 ,sidenote3 ,increasing ,your ,profits ,many contractors could comfortably increase their profits and keep busy through dull months by presenting the above facts to the owner whose old frame or stucco house needs repairs4 ,instead of giving him a staggering figure for repair work that is only temporary1 he could be shown how1 by investing a little more1 he could greatly contribute to his personal satisfaction and substantially increase the value of his property4 ,veneering an old house1 either frame or stucco1 is no more difficult than veneering a new structure and is accomplished in much the same manner4 ,sidenote3 ,how ,it is ,done ,an eight-inch concrete footing should be placed against the outside of the existing foundation wall1 extending from grade to below frost line and resting on good solid soil4 ,the brick veneer1 starting from this footing1 is carried up with an inch air space between it and the old siding 7which is not removed7 and tied by driving thirty-penny nails through the siding or other finish into the sheathing and studs 7,fig4 #ce74 ,the usual steel lintels are used over window and door openings4 ,where the veneer is to be carried over porches or other low additions1 the siding immediately above the roof should be removed and a steel angle placed against the sheathing and securely attached to the studs by lag screws1 so that no weight of the brickwork comes on the roof4 ,see illustrations of work on page #af4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ce ,veneering old frame ,the brickwork is laid up to the door and window trim and a staff bead molding1 in the corner formed by the brick1 securely nailed to the old trim1 making a tight joint 7,see ,fig4 #ce74 ,similar mouldings should be placed at the underside of roofs1 porch ceilings1 and like places where the brick meets the old frame finish4 ,new ,store ,fronts ,a very remunerative addition to his business may be made by the builder in veneering old frame or stucco store buildings4 ,all that applies to the advantage of veneering the old frame house especially applies here4 ,an attractive store front is one of the merchant's best advertisements4 ,it indicates that he is prosperous1 and it draws customers who always prefer to deal with the successful merchant1 and where the surroundings are pleasant4 ,show the merchant of your town the increased value of his property and the increased profits of his business made possible by a beautiful store front of face brick1 and you will get more business yourself4 ,a ,new ,face ,brick ,porch ,sidenote3 ,method of ,construction ,sometimes the porch on a frame building is in need of a new floor1 railing1 and steps4 ,instead of rebuilding the frame porch which will need constant repair and painting1 a new face brick porch with either a brick or wooden floor could be built which would not only end all repair bills but vastly improve the appearance of the house4 ,this may be accomplished very easily4 ,remove the entire porch except the roof which should be held by temporary supports4 ,after excavating to the necessary depth1 build a common brick foundation to grade for the piers and wall of the porch4 ,the piers should be the same dimensions as the brick piers above1 and the connecting wall should be #h inches thick4 ,above the grade this #h-;inch wall should be finished with face brick on the outside1 while above the porch floor it should be face brick on both sides2 and1 at the correct height1 should have a coping of face brick laid on edge4 ,the piers should be carried up to the porch cornice and may be finished with a course of brick on edge1 projecting slightly1 to match the coping on the porch wall1 or in any other plain or ornamental fashion desired4 ,where the walls join the frame building they should be anchored with nails driven into the wall the same as already explained for brick veneer work4 ,while the cost of a new brick porch on an old house is moderate1 it adds greatly to the appearance of the house and thus appreciably increases its market value4 ,,special ,,uses ,,of ,,face ,,brick ,the ,glow of the ,friendly ,hearth ,it is the dream of most people when planning a home to have a real fireplace in which they may have a real fire of real logs1 around which to sit with family or friends during the long winter evenings4 ,every home1 even one built of frame or stucco1 should be provided with at least one real fireplace4 ,and no matter what kind of a house a man may build1 he won't find anything else quite so good or appropriate for a fireplace as brick4 ,for having stood the test of flame in their making1 they defy the flame in their use4 ,the feeling that the roaring fire on the hearth beats harmlessly against the enduring brick1 as the sea beats in vain against a granite headland1 gives a genuine sense of security and satisfaction4 ,then the texture and color of the brick make them at once adaptable to any type of room or scheme of interior decoration the lady of the house may choose4 ,sidenote3 ,location ,the location of the fireplace in the room is of great importance to its enjoyment4 ,as it is the most ornamental feature of the interior of the house1 it should be given a prominent position1 but it should not be in the line of travel through the room1 near the entrance door1 or where a cross draft sweeps it4 ,the far end of the room is one of the best locations2 or better still1 an ingle nook4 ,if placed on the broad side of a room1 it is pretty sure to project so far as to reduce the practicable width of-the room and force the rug over the hearth4 ,if placed on an outside wall1 it is best not to have large flanking windows1 as one does not like to sit facing too much light1 especially where a strong sun is shining4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cf4 ,part ,perspective of ,fireplace ,proper proportions of the fireplace opening and flue are among the most essential features of fireplace construction4 ,the larger the opening1 the larger the fire may be and the more air required or taken from the room for proper combustion1 provided the flue is large enough to give sufficient draft4 ,in the average home1 the actual inside area of flue should never be less than one-tenth of the area of the fireplace opening4 ,each fireplace should have its own individual flue carried full size to the top of the chimney without connections of any kind from other sources4 ,a low1 broad opening is preferred to a narrow1 high one1 and splayed sides are best in any case1 because better draft and radiation are thus secured4 ,a low1 broad opening will catch the smoke better and direct it up the chimney4 ,the following dimensions for fireplaces are considered good practice3 ,fireplace ,openings ,width ,height ,depth #b'-h #b'-d #ag to #ba #c'-j #b'-d to #f #ba #d'-j #b'-h #ba to #be ,arched openings may be higher than indicated in the above dimensions1 as their average height may be taken as the top line of the opening4 ,sidenote3 ,construction ,the ideal form of a fireplace would be a cone with all sides tapering to the apex for the escape of smoke4 ,therefore1 to approach this ideal in practice1 the sides of the fireplace are splayed and the back curved forward as shown in ,figs4 #cf and #cg4 ,this forward curve of the back throws the smoke from the fire forward to a throat #d inches wide1 extending the full width of the opening at the front and top of the fireplace1 and at the same time forms a shelf above for the deflection of down drafts in the chimney4 ,the rear wall of the fireplace should never be straight1 having the throat at the rear1 as down drafts would be sure to blow smoke and dust into the room4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cg4 ,cross ,section of ,fireplace ,sidenote3 ,the ,damper ,always place a damper in the throat for regulation of the draft4 ,the damper should completely fill the throat4 ,there are many dampers on the market that also serve the purpose of a lintel for the brickwork1 giving a smooth surface for the exit of the smoke4 ,these patent combinations of damper and throat give a good draft1 prevent smoke1 and deserve a more general use4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ch4 ,hearth ,with ,brick on ,edge ,especial care should be taken in laying up the brickwork above and around the damper4 ,the joints should be well filled1 and nowhere should there be less than an #h-;inch thickness of brickwork unless protected by the flue lining4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,flue ,immediately above the damper1 the brickwork should be corbeled in both ways to the size of the flue lining1 which should always be started on a line with the middle of the fireplace and run vertically for one length4 ,it then may be jogged over to the location desired on the floor above4 ,it should be started as low as possible as this is the hottest part of the chimney4 ,the back and sides of the fireplace1 as well as the back portion of the hearth are usually built of fire brick4 ,certain kinds of face brick are suitable for this purpose and have been used by architects with very artistic results4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,hearth ,the hearth may be either of face brick or tile4 ,if of brick1 they should be preferably smooth so as to facilitate cleaning4 ,they may be laid either on edge or flat in a variety of patterns4 ,two examples of brick hearths are shown in ,figs4 #ch and #ci1 one with the brick set on edge and the other with the brick laid flat4 ,tiles may be of any size and laid in various patterns1 and if suitable1 may be used also in the back portion of small hearths4 ,the mortar joints of the hearth should be thin and preferably of a fire clay mortar1 though pure cement mortar will answer the purpose4 ,wherever possible1 an opening and ash chute in the back hearth1 with a pit and iron cleanout door in the basement1 should be installed4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ci4 ,hearth ,with ,brick ,flat ,always build the fireplace in the rough first1 leaving the brick facing and hearth to be finished after the plasterer has completed his work4 ,the accompanying designs1 ,a1 ,b1 and ,c1 suggest various methods of treatment4 ,illustration3 ,fireplace ,design ,a ,illustration3 ,fireplace ,design ,b ,illustration3 ,fireplace ,design ,c ,outside ,ornamental ,features ,the possibilities of the use of brick for floors1 walks1 steps1 pergolas1 gate posts1 seats1 and other places about the house and garden are unlimited4 ,for outside work it is a most permanent and beautiful material which never cracks or decays requiring periodic repairs or painting such as other materials do4 ,it may always be the same color and texture as the brickwork of the house1 thereby linking the house and garden together into one harmonious whole4 ,sidenote3 ,steps ,brick steps1 except where supported by the foundation wall1 as shown in our working drawings1 should always be laid over a concrete slab1 reinforced1 unless resting on solid1 undisturbed soil4 ,the concrete slab is poured in the form of steps1 to correspond to the finished brick steps1 but with proper allowance for laying the brick flat or on edge in a cushion of sand1 at the option of the owner4 ,figs4 #dj-db illustrate different pitches of steps and methods of setting the brick4 ,great care should be taken in the laying of brick steps1 if they have to withstand severe usage4 ,the joints should all be filled with a rich cement mortar composed of one part cement to two parts sand4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dj4 ,steps with ,end-set ,treads ,illustration3 ,fig4 #da4 ,steps with ,flat-set ,treads ,illustration3 ,fig4 #db4 ,steps with ,edge-set ,treads ,sidenote3 ,walks and ,floors ,brick walks and floors1 with the brick on edge or flat1 are usually laid on a filling of cinders or sand1 but if subjected to hard use1 they should be placed on a bed of concrete the same as steps4 ,two favorite patterns of edge set brick are shown in ,figs4 #ee and #ef4 ,the brick may be laid flat in the same patterns1 but the effect is not quite so pleasing4 ,the joints in the brick walk or floor are usually filled with sand1 swept into place with a broom so as thoroughly to fill the joints1 but they may be filled with cement grouting if desired4 ,the thin grouting is carefully poured into the joints after the brick are laid1 and all grouting that spills on the surface of the brick cleaned off before it hardens4 ,the borders of the walk or floor may be made of brick set on edge or on end2 or1 if preferred1 of concrete1 especially when the walk or floor is placed on concrete4 ,if it is desired to prevent grass and moss from growing in sanded joints1 mix salt with the sand before filling the joints4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dc4 ,pergola ,post ,sidenote3 ,pergolas ,for pergola posts1 brick imparts a feeling of strength and solidity1 yet care must be taken not to make the posts too large1 as they will be entirely out of fit proportion to the light wooden rafters and vines which they support4 ,in most cases1 a post #ab inches square will be about the right size4 ,foundations for these posts should always extend below the frost line and be of brick or concrete4 ,a long1 one half inch steel rod with nuts and large washers at each end should be imbedded about #ah inches in this foundation and extend beyond the top of the finished post4 ,the brickwork of the post above grade should be one brick thick1 laid in cement or cement-lime mortar giving a hollow space #d inches square in the center of the #ab-;inch post4 ,as the work progresses this space is filled with concrete around the rod1 which1 passing through the center1 binds the brickwork together in a solid1 reinforced mass 7,fig4 #dc74 ,the cap of the post may be either brick1 stone1 or concrete placed when filling the interior4 ,the wooden girders of the pergola may now be bolted to the post by means of the bolt projecting above the top4 ,if conditions or design demand a heavier post than #ab inches square1 as in ,fig4 #dd1 no steel rod reinforcing will be necessary for stability4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dd4 ,large ,porch or ,pergola ,post ,sidenote3 ,gate posts ,gate posts are usually lower and heavier than pergola posts and made stable enough to carry whatever weight the iron or wooden gate may demand4 ,large driveway gates 7,fig4 #de7 should have a steel ,i-beam or angle placed in the center of the post and extending from the bottom of the foundation to the top of the post4 ,the anchors for the support of the gates should be riveted to this steel beam or angle so that no undue strain will be exerted on the brickwork4 ,the brickwork should always be laid in cement or cement-lime mortar4 ,if ornamental caps are desired1 they should be of stone or concrete4 ,on large posts1 it is desirable to lay brickwork in some natural bond as this not only increases the rigidity of the post but gives a beautiful effect4 ,sidenote3 ,garden ,walls ,long1 straight garden walls under #d feet in height may be built #h inches thick2 over #d feet high they should be #ab inches thick4 ,if the walls are snort or reinforced at intervals with buttresses they may be only #h inches thick provided they are not carried up over #f feet4 ,a footing is not needed but the foundation of common brick should extend below frost line4 ,the wall should be finished on both sides with face brick1 laid with cement-lime mortar in a natural bond1 and should have a brick rowlock coping laid in rich cement mortar4 ,fig4 #de gives an idea of a garden wall with soldier base and rowlock coping4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #de4 ,face ,brick ,gate ,post ,,brick ,,bonds ,bond in brickwork is the overlapping of the brick one upon the other1 either along the length of the wall or through its thickness1 in order to bind them together into a secure structural mass4 ,it is true1 mortar is used to cement the brick together into a monolithic whole1 but the real bond is the overlapping of the brick which the mortar serves to maintain4 ,units are shifted back and forth so that the vertical joints in two successive layers or courses do not come into line2 in other words1 the brick are laid so as to break joint1 the whole forming a natural bond or a structural unity giving strength to the wall4 ,the strength and rigidity of a wall due to this bonding are clearly shown in ,fig4 #df4 ,a concentrated load at any point on the wall is thus distributed over a larger area as indicated by the dotted arrows4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #df4 ,bonding ,strength ,sidenote3 ,stretcher and ,header ,in speaking of brick bond1 two terms are constantly recurring1 viz41 stretcher and header4 ,when a brick is laid lengthwise of the wall1 thus showing its long1 narrow dimension or face on the surface1 it is called a stretcher4 ,if its length extends back into the wall1 so that its short dimension shows on the surface1 it is called a header4 ,the stretcher secures strength in the length of the wall4 ,the header serves to form the transverse bond1 that is1 the strength of the wall through its thickness4 ,when a brick is broken1 as the case may require1 the fragment is called a bat4 ,bats are used either simply to fill in2 or1 as definite sized pieces1 cut and used to make the bond come out right1 in which case they are called closures4 ,while at certain points of the wall bats may be necessary1 they should be sparingly used and then only according to the best practices of the craft4 ,sidenote3 ,design in ,bonds ,in the old days1 and indeed up to comparatively recent times1 brick bond was used only in a structural or natural way1 that is1 to secure the strength of the wall as a solid mass2 but in the seventeenth century ,european builders began to see an artistic possibility in the bond as it appeared on the surface4 ,they began to see the fine tracery of the mortar joint running over the background of the brick1 which could be varied into attractive patterns by different arrangement of the brick bond4 ,as a consequence1 there have been developed1 in the main1 three different types of bond1 ,running or ,stretcher1 ,english1 and ,flemish1 which are used at the present day1 with various modifications1 to secure attractive effects in pattern4 ,when1 as compared with the past1 the great variety of brick colors and textures now offered is taken into consideration1 it may be realized what charming results may be secured in the wall surface by the combination of brick patterns1 colors1 textures1 and mortar joints4 ,sidenote3 ,running ,the first and most obvious of these bonds is what is called ,running or ,stretcher ,bond4 ,the wall surface is made up of stretcher courses having at the corners a header which appears as a stretcher on the return side4 ,this bond has the merit of being very strong longitudinally1 but lacks transverse strength2 consequently1 it is modified into what is called ,common or ,american ,bond by laying a course of headers about every sixth course 7,fig4 #dg74 ,in order to maintain the effect of the running bond1 a special double header bond is sometimes used as explained on page #ai4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dg4 ,common or ,american ,bond ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dh4 ,english ,bond ,this method of using headers as in ,common or ,american ,bond1 in order to secure transverse strength of wall1 can be treated in a way to produce very much more pleasing effects1 as may be seen in the ,english and ,flemish ,bonds4 ,sidenote3 ,english or ,dutch ,the ,english ,bond is made up of alternating courses of stretchers and headers 7,fig4 #dh74 ,this produces a very pleasing series of ,greek crosses and ripple lines up and down the surface of the wall1 and the ,english brickbuilders claim for it the great merit of giving transverse strength to the wall4 ,it however has a certain monotony that has lead to a modification which greatly beautifies it as a pattern1 by breaking the joints of the successive stretcher courses 7,fig4 #di74 ,this is called ,english ,cross or ,dutch ,bond and results in a very attractive pattern in the wall of ,greek crosses running in diagonal lines4 ,the ,dutch ,bond differs from the ,english ,bond only in the way the corners of the wall are treated4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #di4 ,english ,cross or ,dutch ,bond ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ej4 ,flemish ,bond ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ea4 ,garden ,wall ,bond ,sidenote3 ,flemish ,the ,flemish ,bond 7,fig4 #ej7 secures its effect by laying each course in alternate stretchers and headers1 the header resting upon the facile of the stretcher in successive courses4 ,this produces a very attractive pattern of inlaid ,greek crosses and is a favorite among builders because of its artistic effect4 ,it also may be modified in various ways by shifting the stretcher or header so as to produce different pattern effects1 thus the ,garden ,wall ,bond so-called 7,fig4 #ea71 is made by laying the courses with from two to four stretchers alternating with a header4 ,figs4 #dg-ea1 illustrating the above bonds1 are all drawn to show both exterior and interior corners of a wall1 which is drawn as a two-brick wall at the left end and a three-brick wall at the right4 ,the inside face of the three-brick wall in all cases is bonded to the middle tier by ,common ,bond4 ,the method of starting the bond at the corner is clearly shown1 whether by a quarter1 half1 three-quarter1 or whole brick1 also how the brick are cut or clipped1 and how closures are used4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #eb ,fig4 #ec ,diamond ,bond ,patterns ,sidenote3 ,face ,brick ,patterns ,with these three fundamental bonds--the ,running or ,stretcher1 the ,english1 and the ,flemish1 innumerable other patterns may be made by the simple device of shifting the stretcher or header in successive courses back and forth1 always breaking the joint1 that is1 never permitting two successive vertical joints to lie in the same line4 ,to illustrate1 we give examples of diamond-shaped patterns in ,figs4 #eb and #ec which are secured by a modification of the ,garden ,wall ,bond4 ,it is1 however1 only in case of large wall surfaces that patterns of an elaborate character could be recommended2 ordinarily1 the three bonds mentioned1 with their simple modifications1 will cover all requirements of domestic architecture4 ,simple patterns in brickwork may be made very attractive4 ,any departure from simple bonds adds to the cost of the bricklaying4 ,in addition to bonds proper and the patterns that may be woven out of them1 there are certain other pleasing ornamental effects that may be secured in the wall surface by the arrangement of the brick4 ,thus for a water table or a sill course1 the header or the stretcher may be set vertically4 ,treated in this way headers are called row-locks and stretchers1 soldiers 7see ,figs4 #dd and #de74 ,for dadoes and friezes or for paneling1 especially on large surfaces1 patterns of a simple or ornate design may be used1 as in ,figs4 #eb-ef4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ed4 ,checkerboard ,pattern ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ee4 ,basket ,weave ,pattern ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ef4 ,herringbone ,pattern ,,mortar ,,joints ,sidenote3 ,great ,importance ,in examining the bond in a brick wall1 the eye naturally is first attracted to the brick units as so many colored spots arranged in different order so as to produce a certain pattern effect2 but this pattern effect in the brickwork depends very largely upon what at first may be overlooked or disregarded1 the mortar joint4 ,the mention of mortar suggests in the mind a very commonplace thing which the workman mixes and carries in a hod to the bricklayer2 but it is concave one of the most important elements entering into the beauty1 as well as the strength1 of a brick wall4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #eg4 ,mortar ,joints ,sidenote3 ,effect of ,mortar ,color ,when you consider that all the joints in brickwork1 both vertical or head joints1 and horizontal or bed joints1 are filled with mortar weathered of one color or another1 amounting on an average to one-seventh of the wall1 it is evident what a vital part they play in the appearance of the entire wall surface4 ,an artist will tell you that this amount of color introduced into any surface will greatly modify1 by contrast or analogy1 the general effect1 so that it is of the utmost importance1 in selecting the sort of brick you wish for your wall surface1 that you also select the mortar joint4 ,sidenote3 ,three ,elements ,involved ,three elements must be carefully considered in dealing with the mortar joint3 its color1 its texture1 and its size and kind4 ,the color of the mortar joint may be such as entirely to destroy the beauty of the brick4 ,on the other hand1 if it is properly chosen1 it will bring out the fine shades and tones of the brick in such a way as to enhance very greatly its natural beauty4 ,then1 the mortar joint has a certain texture which is produced either by finishing it rough or smoothing it with the trowel or a tool made for that purpose4 ,this mere treatment of the surface of the mortar joint has more to do with the appearance of the wall than one might at first suppose4 ,in addition to that1 the size of the mortar joint1 running from a thin buttered joint up to an inch in width affects the color relation of the whole surface2 and the kind of joint1 whether cut flush1 raked out1 or tooled in various shapes1 has a distinct bearing on the whole effect 7,fig4 #eg74 ,in a word1 do not neglect the mortar joint1 for it is one of the most important elements that go to make up the beautiful fabric of the brick wall1 in the building of which there is deserved and required the exercise of a fine discriminating taste4 ,all in all1 what with the convenient units of stretcher and header1 each with its color and texture1 you have a medium in the choice of bond1 mortar joint1 and pattern for weaving the most charming mosaic or tapestry effects into the wall surface1 a possibility offered by no other material than face brick4 ,mortar ,colors ,colored mortar joints may be produced in two ways1 first1 by the use of a natural colored sand or ground granite or other stone1 and secondly1 by the use of artificial mortar colors4 ,pure white joints are obtained by using white sand or ground limestone or marble4 ,as the color of the mortar greatly affects the appearance of the finished wall1 much care should be given to the selection and proper use of these colors1 whether natural or artificial4 ,as the color of the finished mortar after it has set and dried is never the same as that of the fresh mortar1 experience is the only guide for the proper preparation of the mortar4 ,someone has well said that the right way to make mortar is to mix brains with it4 ,when artificial color is used1 it should first be thoroughly mixed with the dry sand4 ,never add this mixture to hot lime4 ,but after the slaked lime has thoroughly cooled1 mix it with the colored sand in batches in a separate box4 ,if preferred1 the color may be made into a thick paste with water and then added directly to the mortar4 ,in either case1 thorough mixing and uniform proportion of quantities are essential4 ,the more thorough the mixing and uniform the proportions1 the more permanent and uniform will be the color and the less color required4 ,use the best colors obtainable on the market1 as cheap colors may ruin the appearance of the wall4 ,sidenote3 ,quantities ,as to quantity required1 the exact amount of color varies greatly with the exact shade of the color selected1 the width of the mortar joint1 and the brand used4 ,as a fair general estimate1 it will take approximately #ge pounds of coloring matter for every #ajjj bricks laid with #c_/h to #a_/b-;inch mortar joints4 ,but it is always safest to follow the directions of the manufacturer as to the kind of color and the exact amount required4 ,various ,kinds of ,mortar ,sidenote3 ,materials ,mortar1 as the bonding material between brick1 must be given careful attention as the strength of the wall depends on its quality4 ,mortar is composed of sand and either lime or cement1 or both4 ,in all cases the materials should be the best4 ,the cement should pass the test of the ,american ,society for ,testing ,materials4 ,the lime should be either fresh and well-burned lump lime1 slaked so as to produce a smooth1 puttylike mass without lumps1 or the prepared hydrated kind found on the market4 ,the sand should be sharp1 clean1 and free from foreign matter1 and screened through a mesh of the size to secure the proper fineness4 ,for wide joints1 the mortar needs1 instead of sand1 fine gravel of the size required to give it sufficient body4 ,sidenote3 ,kinds of ,mortar ,in large cities the building ordinances require certain mixtures of mortar4 ,for various mixtures see page #ajd4 ,but where there are no legal requirements1 the contractor's own judgment and experience should guide him in the selection of the proper mix1 as each one has certain qualities which recommend it4 ,portland cement mortar is stiffer and harder to work than lime mortar1 but should always be used where permanence and strength are required1 as in exposed or heavy bearing situations1 or in cold weather when the mortar must set before it freezes4 ,lime mortar may do for the usual work1 above the grade in dry warm climates4 ,it should not1 however1 be used for basement walls1 except possibly where the soil is extremely dry1 nor for piers or points in the wall that carry heavy loads4 ,it is smooth and works easily1 so that more brick can be laid per day than with cement mortar1 but its use should be limited to the proper situations4 ,cement-lime mortar has the combined qualities of both cement mortar and lime mortar4 ,it has both strength and good working qualities1 and costs less than cement mortar4 ,it is preferred by many to cement mortar2 we recommend its use in proper situations1 throughout this ,manual4 ,sidenote3 ,mixing ,cement ,mortar ,cement mortar must be mixed and used immediately1 as cement sets very quickly4 ,on this account1 it should not be made in large quantities and1 once it has obtained a partial set1 should never be re-tempered4 ,the cement and sand for cement mortar should be thoroughly mixed while dry1 by turning the material over three or four times with a shovel1 when sufficient water to make a plastic mass should be added1 turning again several times4 ,it is always desirable to add a small quantity of lime1 when tempering the cement mortar1 in order to make it easier to work4 ,sidenote3 ,mixing ,lime ,mortar ,lump lime should be slaked as soon as possible after delivery on the job4 ,if it is allowed to stand for any length of time1 it should be stored in an air-tight box2 otherwise1 it may become air slaked1 reducing mostly to powder and soft1 crumbly lumps4 ,the fresh lime is always in hard lumps and should be free from cinders4 ,lime is slaked in a mortar box by adding water to the lump lime4 ,on adding water the lime becomes very hot1 gives off vapor1 and finally burst into a powder which gradually reduces to a paste known as lime putty4 ,the exact amount of water necessary varies with different limes1 but in all cases1 the right proportions used in slaking must be watched carefully4 ,an excess of water will stop the slaking process4 ,if not enough water is used the lime will burn and lose its strength4 ,if left overnight1 the mortar box should be covered with planks4 ,when slaking is completed1 the lime is reduced to what is called putty1 which should be of uniform consistency throughout1 containing no unslaked lumps4 ,the sand should now be added1 the exact amount depending upon the quality of mortar desired1 and thoroughly mixed with the putty1 and then shoveled out on wooden planks where it should remain for at least a week before using4 ,sidenote3 ,hydrated lime ,hydrated lime is in powdered form and needs no other preparation than the addition of water4 ,its quality is uniform and produces satisfactory results1 even when experienced labor cannot be obtained1 and may be used at once on the job4 ,its uniformity and the facility it gives in handling the mortar make it preferable to lump lime although it costs somewhat more4 ,the mixing of cement-lime mortar is very simple1 as all that is needed is to add the proper amount of cement to the lime mortar1 at the time it is tempered for use1 and very thoroughly mix into a consistent mass4 ,sidenote3 ,tempering ,mortar ,working the mortar and adding water to bring it to proper consistency for actual use on the job is called tempering1 a process that should be continued until the mortar slides easily off the trowel4 ,all white spots1 which are really small lumps of lime1 should be made to disappear2 otherwise1 these lumps will swell and pop after the mortar is laid in the wall4 ,,increasing ,,fire ,,protection ,sidenote3 ,lessons from ,europe ,the loss by fire which the people of this country suffer every year1 both in human lives and in property values1 is appalling4 ,the loss of life1 according to conservation estimates of the ,national ,board of ,fire ,underwriters amounts to #ae1jjj persons annually1 and the destruction of property approaches an average of a quarter of a billion dollars every year4 ,this certainly is a fearful tribute to pay for our criminal negligence and mistaken economies4 ,we have recently been learning the science and art of war from ,europe to combat unjust aggression1 but we have a much better lesson to learn from the older country in our fight against the ruthless fire fiend4 ,making all allowance for difference in the purchasing value of money between ,europe and ,america1 it still speaks ill for our good sense that we1 over a hundred million strong1 besides enduring all the suffering involved1 should allow our ,national ash heap to cost us upwards of #b4jj a piece1 when the ,european countries manage to get through on a per capita cost of from #aa to #di cents4 ,the ,demon of ,carelessness may account for much of this inexcusable difference1 but our mistaken sense of economy1 in using cheap1 combustible types of construction1 is largely to blame4 ,sidenote3 ,individual ,duty ,the cure for this disgraceful status in our fire losses should not be left entirely to municipal ordinances and fire insurance requirements1 but should begin with every individual who builds a home4 ,he should make it his first concern to see that his house is as completely protected from fire as possible1 not only for the safety of himself and family but also for that of the community in which he lives and of which he should form a responsible part4 ,therefore1 brick as a building material makes the strongest sort of appeal to your prospective clients because of its entire proofness against fire4 ,every brick you put into a house is fireproof1 so that the more brick you use1 the more completely is the house free from the risk of fire4 ,but in situations where brick are not or cannot be used in house construction1 as much protection against fire as possible should be secured4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,roof ,as the roof is always a very vulnerable part of the house1 in case of outside fires1 it should be covered with a non-combustible or fire-resisting material such as shingle tile1 slate1 asbestos1 or asphalt4 ,this will not only reduce insurance rates but will complete the house consistently with the permanent fireproof nature of face brick wall construction4 ,serious consideration should be given this point when planning a house2 for1 by adopting a roof of this character1 each individual owner not only guards his own welfare but helps to reduce the enormous annual fire loss in this country which rests as a burden upon everyone4 ,sidenote3 ,wooden ,shingles ,the wooden shingle roof is just so much tinder ready to be set ablaze by an adjacent fire or a flying firebrand and in turn throws off similar sparks which are carried by the wind1 thus communicating fire from one house to another4 ,sidenote3 ,fire ,resistive ,shingles ,shingle tile1 slate1 and asbestos are the most fireproof as well as the most expensive in the group of permanent roof coverings4 ,they are heavier than the wooden shingle and generally require a stronger roof construction to support them4 ,each has artistic qualities of its own in the way of permanent textures and colors which recommend it4 ,asphalt shingles1 while not fireproof1 are fire-resistive to a very great degree4 ,they do not support combustion1 cannot be set afire by flying brands1 and thus retard the spread of fire4 ,they are light in weight and can be placed over the same roof construction as the wooden shingle4 ,we strongly recommend the use of any of the above mentioned roof materials in connection with a face brick house4 ,sidenote3 ,costs ,as a general approximate estimate1 we might say that a slate roof of #c_/af-;inch commercial slate would increase the cost of the house two per cent1 as compared with the use of a wooden shingle roof4 ,shingle tile would cost perhaps a little more than slate1 while asbestos shingle would come a little less4 ,asphalt would cost no more than wooden shingles1 perhaps not quite so much4 ,but we suggest your seeing the local dealer who will gladly furnish all information on these different materials as to durability and exact local cost4 ,sidenote3 ,fire ,risks ,according to the figures of the ,national ,board of ,fire ,underwriters1 the relation of outside to inside fires1 for #aiaf to #aiah1 is presented in the table given below4 ,the figures for #aiai were not compiled at this writing but the ratios would doubtless run about the same1 and the lesson is obvious4 ,if the #be to #cj per cent of fires started from without call for fire-safe exterior construction1 the #gj to #ge per cent of interior fires demand special care against fire within4 ,much of the interior of a house is of burnable material1 and the matter becomes very serious when it concerns the wooden floors and partitions which in case of fire may be consumed1 resulting in the total collapse of the interior4 ,these portions may be protected from the attack of fire by the use of a first-class metal lath or even gypsum plaster board1 as a base for plastering1 which would at least retard the fire from spreading until it could be subdued and put under control4 ,sidenote3 ,protect ,weak ,parts ,instead of protecting the entire interior by metal lath or gypsum board the desired result may be obtained by using it in certain places considered most hazardous4 ,first of all1 the frame bearing partitions through the middle of the brick or tile house1 which are the main supports for the floors above1 and ceilings under inhabited floors1 should be protected2 and1 in case of veneer construction1 similar treatment on the inside surface of exterior walls would add greatly to the safety and value of the house4 ,as fires may originate in the ceiling over the heater and coal bins1 at chimney breasts1 and around flues1 metal lath or gypsum board at these points would retard the spread of fire2 and its use around1 but especially under1 stairs would give a far safer exit from the upper story of the house4 ,having built a face brick house for your client1 as the most substantial and attractive construction to be had1 protected on the outside with a roof of permanent material1 and on the inside with fire-resistive material at the weakest points1 you have given him the best possible value for his money1 in a structure at once beautiful1 enduring1 economical1 and safe against fire4 ,outside and ,inside ,causes of ,fire ,outside ,causes ,all ,causes ,outside ,causes ,percentage #aiaf ,claims #cfa1gdb #aad1ijj #ca4gf ,loss #bjh1gje1cdj #ef1fhd1hcg #bb4cf #aiag ,claims #cef1hif #hh1edi #bd4ha ,loss #bca1fbh1jjj #fa1iga1aef #bf4ge #aiah ,claims #cbh1gcg #ajd1fbb #ca4hc ,loss #bhc1ajc1aja #gi1idg1ice #bh4bd ,a ,,collection of ,,practical ,,plans ,,carefully ,,studied ,,to ,,meet ,,modern ,,requirements ,illustration ,illustration3 ,,face ,,brick ,,house ,,designs ,the thirty-one face brick houses here shown were designed for us by ,messrs4 ,dean ,dean1 well-known architects of ,chicago1 who have been especially successful in planning the small house4 ,to get the effect of various color-toned brick1 we had the architects' perspectives done in oil1 and were fortunate enough to secure for this purpose the skillful hand of ,mr4 ,alfred ,juergens1 an artist who has won an enviable reputation in this country for his exquisite color work4 ,while the reproductions1 here presented1 cannot adequately give the effect of the originals1 they fairly represent the possibility of beautiful color effects in brickwork4 ,if you study the floor plans carefully1 you will find them modern in arrangement and conveniently planned so as to save steps for the woman of the house4 ,this economical interior arrangement also effects an economy in cost of construction4 ,the dimensions of the rooms are shown1 also the location of the furniture is suggested1 helping more than anything else to visualize the size and proportions of the plans4 ,the lighting outlets1 switches1 and receptacles are indicated according to the table of symbols given below4 ,sidenote3 ,working ,drawings ,the full working drawings1 done at a scale of one-quarter inch to the foot1 include floor plans1 elevations1 and all necessary details4 ,the elevations show the size and shape of all windows1 doors1 cornices1 porches1 steps1 chimneys1 and the pitch of all roofs4 ,the plans give the size of all rooms and closets1 the location of all doors1 windows1 stairs1 plumbing fixtures1 cabinets1 lights and heating registers1 and are fully dimensioned4 ,the details drawn to a larger scale include sections of all interior trim1 kitchen or pantry cabinets1 and sections through the exterior wall1 giving story and window heights4 ,one of the special merits of these drawings is that three wall sections are given for each house1 showing the complete wall construction for solid brick1 face brick on hollow tile1 and face brick on wood studs4 ,this feature is valuable as the purchaser may build the house according to the method of construction he wishes2 he is also thus put in a position to obtain figures each way to determine for himself the costs of the different types of construction in his locality4 ,sidenote3 ,specifications ,the specifications give full description of all materials and items not usually shown on the plans4 ,they are very clear and explicit1 so that there can be no possibility of misunderstanding4 ,such items as kind and grade of lumber1 interior finish and floor1 and kind of brick1 are left for the individual to determine for himself1 as they are matters of personal preference4 ,different kinds of roofs are specified1 including tile1 slate1 asbestos1 asphalt1 and wooden shingle4 ,the owner may strike out from the specifications the ones he does not wish4 ,sidenote3 ,quantity ,survey ,the quantity survey is a complete bill of materials for the brickwork1 carpentry1 and plastering work1 with blank columns for the use of the estimator in filling in his prices4 ,this feature is not only of great assistance to the contractor when estimating1 but assures the owner that competing contractors are figuring on the same materials4 ,this survey is compiled to list the materials necessary for a house with walls of solid brick1 giving at the same time alternative quantities for walls of face brick on hollow tile1 and face brick on wood studs4 ,the quantity survey given is based upon a level lot so that if the house is to be built upon a slope1 certain changes will have to be made in the quantities of face and common brick4 ,it must also be noted that the porch foundations are shown four feet below grade1 a depth meeting the average climatic conditions4 ,if the house1 therefore1 is to be constructed in a warm climate1 these foundations need not extend so deep4 ,if in a very cold climate1 on the other hand1 all foundations may have to be extended to the customary depth for that locality4 ,in either case1 the quantity of common brick should be adjusted4 ,illustration3 ,,symbols4 ,sidenote3 ,reversal ,a very valuable feature of these plans and elevations is the fact that each set is drawn in the reverse with a different exterior design1 so as to meet the requirements of any location you desire4 ,if1 however1 you prefer the plans of one set and the elevations of the reverse1 order the drawings that way4 ,we will send both elevations1 so that for your convenience you can use the figures on the original in place of the reversed figures on the reverse4 ,you thus have in the case of each house three choices1 the original1 its complete reverse1 and its partial reverse4 ,in locations where no public method of sewage disposal exists1 the owner will have to install a disposal system of his own4 ,if this is the case1 let us know when ordering your plans1 and we will send you1 without additional charge1 details and description of an inexpensive system of sewage disposal that will fill your requirements4 ,you will find this subject amply treated in ,bulletin ,no4 #eg of the ,u4 ,s4 ,department of ,agriculture on ,water ,supply1 ,plumbing1 and ,sewage ,disposal for ,country ,houses4 ,sidenote3 ,costs ,we could not venture to state the total cost of any of the houses shown1 as prices not only vary in different localities throughout the country and fluctuate from time to time in the same locality1 but each prospective owner's taste would require different materials for both exterior and interior finish1 so that it would be impossible to make any definite statement of cost hold good4 ,we are prepared to supply you with complete working drawings1 specifications1 and quantity surveys of materials1 for any house you may desire1 at an extremely low fee4 ,in view of the fact that these instruments are the work of architects of high standing and long experience1 the prices indicated in connection with the designs are merely nominal4 ,additional copies of the plans1 specifications1 and quantity surveys may be obtained at the following prices3 ,plans #a4be1 specifications #a4be1 quantity surveys #ej cents4 ,working drawings with bill of materials of fireplaces shown on pages #cj and #ca will be sent for #a4jj each4 ,we shall be glad to be of any help we can on points that are not clearly understood4 ,illustration ,illustration3 ,four ,room ,house ,no4 #da ,illustration3 ,floor ,plan ,an attractive exterior and a cozy interior characterize this house4 ,the living room1 exposed on three sides1 is light and airy4 ,the cozy corner1 formed by the fireplace and stairs1 looks out upon the garden4 ,there is a convenient coat closet off the living room near the front entrance4 ,the stairs to the basement are close to the kitchen and have an entrance door at grade giving access to the basement from outside4 ,the kitchen is large enough for dining purposes1 frequently convenient1 and has a large porch and pantry4 ,the second floor is complete with two bedrooms and their closets1 a linen closet1 and a bath4 ,size #ae'j #bh'j4 ,this design and plan are the reverse of ,no4 #db4 ,full working drawing1 specifications1 and bill of materials may be had for #ab4jj from ,the ,american ,face ,brick ,association1 #aaj ,south ,dearborn ,street1 ,chicago4 ,illustration3 ,four ,room ,house ,no4 #db ,illustration3 ,floor ,plan ,it is seldom that a small house which comes within the limits of a modest income is as complete as this attractive home4 ,the living room with its open stairway and fireplace1 forming an ingle nook1 is very cheery4 ,a coat closet is convenient to the front entrance4 ,the combination kitchen and dining room is well-arranged and has a large pantry and porch4 ,the two bedrooms on the second floor are exposed on two sides and the closets have windows4 ,the bathroom and linen closet complete the plan4 ,size #ae'j #bh'j4 ,this design and plan are the reverse of ,no4 #da4 ,full working drawing1 specifications1 and bill of materials may be had for #ab4jj from ,the ,american ,face ,brick ,association1 #aaj ,south ,dearborn ,street1 ,chicago4 ,illustration3 ,four ,room ,house ,no4 #dc ,illustration3 ,floor ,plan ,an excellent house1 reduced in size so that it represents a moderate investment1 yet completely fulfilling the requirements of a small family4 ,as one enters the living room he is greeted by the attractive fireplace opposite4 ,the open stairway at the end of the living room gives exposure on that side so that the room is light and airy4 ,the coat closet is located on the stairs convenient to the entrance4 ,the kitchen is large enough for dining purposes1 and is connected with the living room by a good-sized pantry4 ,the basement stairs have an entrance at grade1 thereby saving the cost of outside stairs4 ,the two bedrooms on the second floor are good-sized1 have large closets1 and exposure on two sides4 ,one of the rooms has an additional closet and there is a fine linen closet off the hall4 ,size #ai'j #bf'f4 ,this design and plan are the reverse of ,no4 #dd4 ,full working drawing1 specifications1 and bill of materials may be had for #ab4jj from ,the ,american ,face ,brick ,association1 #aaj ,south ,dearborn ,street1 ,chicago4 ,illustration3 ,four ,room ,house ,no4 #dd ,illustration3 ,floor ,plan ,a very cozy and convenient home for the family of moderate means4 ,the welcome of an open stairway is always pleasing and in this house it serves a double purpose by adding to the apparent length of the room4 ,the kitchen is especially large for this small house and may also be used1 if desired1 as a dining room4 ,it is connected with the living room through the pantry4 ,stairs lead to the basement from this pantry with a landing and entrance at grade4 ,there are two rooms on the second floor well supplied with closets1 a bathroom1 and a linen closet4 ,there is no waste space anywhere throughout the house1 every square foot being put to use4 ,size #ai'j #bf'f4 ,this design and plan are the reverse of ,no4 #dc4 ,full working drawing1 specifications1 and bill of materials may be had for #ab4jj from ,the ,american ,face ,brick ,association1 #aaj ,south ,dearborn ,street1 ,chicago4 ,illustration3 ,four ,room ,bungalow ,no4 #de ,illustration3 ,floor ,plan ,the convenience of a home with all the rooms on one floor is appreciated not only by those who have dwelt in an apartment1 but by many others4 ,this small bungalow is very compact and complete4 ,notice how the bedroom group is secluded from the living quarter4 ,both rooms have access to the bathroom and linen closet by a private hall4 ,the kitchen being small1 saves many steps for the housewife4 ,it is supplemented by a good pantry in which is placed the refrigerator1 with an outside icing door4 ,there is an excellent rear porch large enough to be screened in and used1 if desired1 either as a summer kitchen or dining room4 ,the basement stairs are within the house and have an outside entrance at grade4 ,size #bh'j #cj'j4 ,this design and plan are the reverse of ,no4 #df4 ,full working drawing1 specifications1 and bill of materials may be had for #ab4jj from ,the ,american ,face ,brick ,association1 #aaj ,south ,dearborn ,street1 ,chicago4 ,illustration3 ,four ,room ,bungalow ,no4 #df ,illustration3 ,floor ,plan ,an attractive little bungalow with hipped roof1 suitable for a small family1 and very conveniently arranged4 ,the bedroom and bath are separated from the living room by a hall4 ,a linen closet at the end of the hall completes this part of the house4 ,the living room is of a good size and is connected with the kitchen by a pantry in which is placed the refrigerator which is iced from the porch4 ,the basement stairs are within the house4 ,size #bh'j #cj'j4 ,this design and plan are the reverse of ,no4 #de4 ,full working drawing1 specifications1 and bill of materials may be had for #ab4jj from ,the ,american ,face ,brick ,association1 #aaj ,south ,dearborn ,street1 ,chicago4 ,illustration3 ,five ,room ,house ,no4 #ea ,illustration3 ,floor ,plan ,a most livable home for a small family4 ,the one large living room1 extending from front to rear of this house1 makes it appropriate for a location on the south side of the street or with an attractive view to the rear4 ,the kitchen has been combined with the dining room but has the advantage of a door opening through the pantry to one end of the living room which1 on occasion1 may be used for large dinners1 and convenient connection is also made with the front hall4 ,on the second floor are a bath and three bedrooms with ample closets4 ,size #bb'b #cj'h4 ,this design and plan are the reverse of ,no4 #eb4 ,full working drawing1 specifications1 and bill of materials may be had for #ae4jj from ,the ,american ,face ,brick ,association1 #aaj ,south ,dearborn ,street1 ,chicago4 ,illustration3 ,five ,room ,house ,no4 #eb ,illustration3 ,floor ,plan ,a cozy little home1 substantial and comfortable4 ,in this plan the living room is larger than usually found in houses of this size1 arranged so that the far end1 connected with the kitchen by a pantry1 may be used1 if desired1 for dining purposes4 ,the kitchen is of such dimensions and so arranged that it may be used regularly as the dining room1 a point readily appreciated by the woman without help4 ,the second floor contains three bedrooms1 with the customary closets1 and a bath4 ,size #bb'b #cj'h4 ,this design and plan are the reverse of ,no4 #ea4 ,full working drawing1 specifications1 and bill of materials may be had for #ae4jj from ,the ,american ,face ,brick ,association1 #aaj ,south ,dearborn ,street1 ,chicago4 ,illustration3 ,five ,room ,house ,no4 #ec ,illustration3 ,floor ,plan ,a very conveniently arranged home4 ,the roomy front porch1 all of brick1 affords a delightfully cool spot for hot summer evenings4 ,entrance is through a vestibule to a hall with an open stairway1 and a coat closet on the lower landing4 ,the living room has an attractive fireplace across the corner of the room and wide openings to dining room and hall4 ,there is a large pantry and a good porch in connection with the kitchen4 ,the basement stairs have an entrance at grade1 a point readily appreciated in stormy weather4 ,on the second floor there are two very large bedrooms4 ,the closet space is much larger than is found in most houses4 ,size #bc'j #bh'h exclusive of pantry and porches4 ,this design and plan are the reverse of ,no4 #ed4 ,full working drawing1 specifications1 and bill of materials may be had for #ae4jj from ,the ,american ,face ,brick ,association1 #aaj ,south ,dearborn ,street1 ,chicago4 ,illustration3 ,five ,room ,house ,no4 #ed ,illustration3 ,floor ,plan ,a simple design with good proportions and roof lines1 and an excellent plan4 ,the living and dining room are connected by a wide cased opening1 and the hall is practically a part of the living room because of the large opening between them4 ,there is a coat closet adjacent to the vestibule1 and a direct connection from the hall to the kitchen and basement stairs4 ,a large pantry is connected with the kitchen and convenient to the dining room4 ,the entire second floor is devoted to two large bedrooms and a bath4 ,note the dimensions of the bedrooms and the large closets1 also the extra closet in the main bedroom4 ,there is a fine linen room off the hall4 ,size #bc'j #bh'h not including pantry and porch4 ,this design and plan are the reverse of ,no4 #ec4 ,full working drawing1 specifications1 and bill of materials may be had for #ae4jj from ,the ,american ,face ,brick ,association1 #aaj ,south ,dearborn ,street1 ,chicago4 ,illustration3 ,five ,room ,bungalow ,no4 #ee ,illustration3 ,floor ,plan ,simple in design1 this bungalow requires nothing more than the color and texture of face brick for its success4 ,the arrangement of the plan is excellent and all the rooms are large4 ,the bedrooms are placed on the corners to obtain light and air from two directions1 and have exceptionally large closets4 ,in addition1 there are two closets off the hall4 ,the dining and living rooms are connected by a wide cased opening4 ,there is a built-in sideboard in the dining room and an attractive brick fireplace in the living room4 ,connecting with the kitchen there is a fine pantry with an outside window1 a large rear porch and stairs to the basement and attic4 ,the basement stairs have an entrance at grade1 very convenient on washday1 for garden use1 for the removal of ashes1 etc4 ,size #bh'j #ch'j4 ,this design and plan are the reverse of ,no4 #ef4 ,full working drawing1 specifications1 and bill of materials may be had for #ab4jj from ,the ,american ,face ,brick ,association1 #aaj ,south ,dearborn ,street1 ,chicago4 ,illustration3 ,five ,room ,bungalow ,no4 #ef ,illustration3 ,floor ,plan ,country or town1 seashore or mountain1 this bungalow is suitable for all locations4 ,cleverly arranged1 with fireplace1 built-in sideboard1 and closets ample in size and number1 this plan has much to recommend it4 ,the bedrooms and bath are grouped together and separated from the main rooms of the house by a hall4 ,the main porch is enclosed for all-year-round use4 ,there is a large attic over the entire house4 ,size #bi'j #ch'j4 ,this design and plan are the reverse of ,no4 #ee4 ,full working drawing1 specifications1 and bill of materials may be had for #ae4jj from ,the ,american ,face ,brick ,association1 #aaj ,south ,dearborn ,street1 ,chicago4 ,illustration3 ,five ,room ,bungalow ,no4 #eg ,illustration3 ,floor ,plan ,the pleasing lines of the roof1 combined with the color and texture of the brickwork1 make this design a success for either town or country use4 ,the porch is recessed under the main roof1 an economy in a small house4 ,the living and dining rooms have a large cased opening between them and there is a coat closet adjacent to the entrance4 ,in the dining room there is a recess for a sideboard4 ,the bedrooms are exposed on two sides and have good closets4 ,the bathroom1 placed between the bedrooms1 is connected directly with them1 an arrangement preferred by many4 ,the kitchen is equipped with cabinets to take the place of the pantry4 ,the refrigerator is iced from outside4 ,size #bd'f #cf'j4 ,this design and plan are the reverse of ,no4 #eh4 ,full working drawing1 specifications1 and bill of materials may be had for #ae4jj from ,the ,american ,face ,brick ,association1 #aaj ,south ,dearborn ,street1 ,chicago4 ,illustration3 ,five ,room ,bungalow ,no4 #eh ,illustration3 ,floor ,plan ,the very simplicity of this attractive little bungalow makes a strong appeal to some tastes4 ,the recessed porch which may be easily glazed in and used during the winter leads to the living room4 ,the living and dining room are practically one1 due to the large opening between them4 ,the bedrooms have the convenience of the bath placed between them4 ,the kitchen has a fine back porch from which the refrigerator may be iced4 ,there are cabinets in the kitchen in place of the usual pantry4 ,stairs lead from the kitchen to the attic1 which extends over the entire house4 ,size #bd'f #cf'j4 ,this design and plan are the reverse of ,no4 #eg4 ,full working drawing1 specifications1 and bill of materials may be had for #ae4jj from ,the ,american ,face ,brick ,association1 #aaj ,south ,dearborn ,street1 ,chicago4 ,illustration3 ,six ,room ,house ,no4 #fa ,illustration3 ,floor ,plan ,one can easily imagine the comfort of a house like this4 ,the plan is cleverly arranged and complete4 ,the hall1 with its open staircase and view across the living room to the fireplace beyond1 will charm the visitor and delight the owner4 ,the passage from the kitchen to the hall or to the basement stairs will be appreciated by the housewife4 ,as in its reverse1 ,no4 #fb1 the convenience of the porch to the kitchen permits outside dining in pleasant weather4 ,the second floor contains three bedrooms1 with closets1 a bath1 and a large linen closet4 ,all bedrooms are exposed on two sides1 thereby securing excellent cross draft4 ,size #bh'i #cj'j4 ,this design and plan are the reverse of ,no4 #fb4 ,full working drawing1 specifications1 and bill of materials may be had for #ah4jj from ,the ,american ,face ,brick ,association1 #aaj ,south ,dearborn ,street1 ,chicago4 ,illustration3 ,six ,room ,house ,no4 #fb ,illustration3 ,floor ,plan ,a very pleasing and convenient home for a small family4 ,the low1 rakish effect of the roof sweeping down over the porch produces a very charming exterior and should make this design a great favorite4 ,the porch exposed on three sides1 affords an ideal summer lounging place4 ,as it covers a kitchen door it may be used in pleasant weather as a dining porch also4 ,the entrance hall opens into the living room with a large cased opening4 ,it has a good coat closet1 and connects with the kitchen and basement stairs4 ,the pantry between the kitchen and dining room is very convenient from either room1 and is considered by many as an ideal arrangement4 ,the bedrooms on the second floor are well arranged and have large closets4 ,size #bh'i #cj'j4 ,this design and plan are the reverse of ,no4 #fa4 ,full working drawing1 specifications1 and bill of materials may be had for #ah4jj from ,the ,american ,face ,brick ,association1 #aaj ,south ,dearborn ,street1 ,chicago4 ,illustration3 ,six ,room ,house ,no4 #fc ,illustration3 ,floor ,plan ,an attractive and substantial looking house1 with a broad porch suggestive of rest and quiet4 ,the fireplace and open stairway in the living room welcome the stranger and give a feeling of cheerfulness to the home4 ,the dining room and living room are connected by a wide opening4 ,the kitchen is small and conveniently arranged and has a large rear porch4 ,there is a pantry between the kitchen and dining room from which one may go to the basement4 ,the basement stairs have the convenience of an entrance at grade4 ,the three bedrooms on the second floor are each provided with a large closet4 ,the bathroom is conveniently located at the head of the stairs with a linen closet adjacent4 ,the balcony over the rear porch will be much appreciated as a convenience for domestic purposes4 ,size #bd'j #bh'h4 ,this design and plan are the reverse of ,no4 #fd4 ,full working drawing1 specifications1 and bill of materials may be had for #ah4jj from ,the ,american ,face ,brick ,association1 #aaj ,south ,dearborn ,street1 ,chicago4 ,illustration3 ,seven ,room ,house ,no4 #fd ,illustration3 ,floor ,plan ,because of its convenient arrangement and economical shape1 this house should become a great favorite4 ,in addition to the fine front porch there is a good-sized porch in the rear1 overlooking the garden4 ,the open stair at the end of the living room is attractive and especial attention is called to the novel pantry arrangement by which one may go to the side entrance or basement4 ,the second floor has three large bedrooms1 each with ample closet room1 a bathroom1 and a linen closet4 ,over the rear porch there is a flat deck accessible from the rear bedroom and useful for airing of bedding1 beating rugs1 etc4 ,size #bd'j #bh'h4 ,this design and plan are the reverse of ,no4 #fc4 ,full working drawing1 specifications1 and bill of materials may be had for #bj4jj from ,the ,american ,face ,brick ,association1 #aaj ,south ,dearborn ,street1 ,chicago4 ,illustration3 ,seven ,room ,house ,no4 #ga ,illustration3 ,floor ,plan ,a very popular plan in which the owner gets most for his money4 ,the combination entrance porch and sun parlor is a feature most desired nowadays4 ,the hall1 with its open stair1 window seat1 and large opening to the living room1 gives a feeling of spaciousness and welcome4 ,the kitchen is very conveniently arranged with cabinets1 and is connected with the dining room by the pantry4 ,the refrigerator1 iced from outside1 is placed in this pantry where it is convenient to both kitchen and dining room4 ,there is also a rear stairway from the kitchen connecting with the main stairs midway to the second floor4 ,the second floor has four corner bedrooms and one bath4 ,each room has its closet1 and there are two closets off the hall4 ,size #bh'h #cd'h4 ,full working drawing1 specifications and bill of materials may be had for #bj4jj from ,the ,american ,face ,brick ,association1 #aaj ,south ,dearborn ,street1 ,chicago4 ,illustration3 ,seven ,room ,bungalow ,no4 #gc ,illustration3 ,floor ,plan ,a well-proportioned home of the bungalow type1 with the advantage of a commodious second story1 having three large bed rooms4 ,this result is made possible by the graceful gambrel roof which dominates the whole design1 as it sweeps down over the enclosed porch1 and extends across the entire face of the house4 ,the large openings between the enclosed porch1 living1 dining and breakfast room give the effect of openness to the house1 while the porch and breakfast room may be closed off by ,french doors4 ,the den is conveniently placed and has a closet so that it can be converted into a bedroom4 ,the kitchen is compact and has a large porch and pantry arranged so that the refrigerator may be iced from outside4 ,the basement stairs leading from the pantry have an entrance door at the grade1 thus obviating outside steps1 so frequently filled with snow in wintertime4 ,the size of the house1 #bd'h #ea'j makes it adaptable to a narrow or a wide lot4 ,this design and plan are the reverse of ,no4 #gd4 ,full working drawing1 specifications1 and bill of materials may be had for #bj4jj from ,the ,american ,face ,brick ,association1 #aaj ,south ,dearborn ,street1 ,chicago4 ,illustration3 ,seven ,room ,house ,no4 #gd ,illustration3 ,floor ,plan ,the unusually graceful roof lines make this a most attractive house and will appeal to the discriminating house owner4 ,the first floor is very well-arranged4 ,the effect of the living and dining room and the two porches thrown together is excellent4 ,the den is a feature desired by many1 not alone for such use as office or library1 but for an emergency bedroom on the ground floor4 ,the basement stairs are within the house but open on the outside at the grade line1 serving the double purpose of outside and inside stairs4 ,there are three bedrooms with closets1 a bathroom1 and a storeroom on the second floor4 ,size #bd'h #ea'j1 including porches4 ,this design and plan are the reverse of ,no4 #gc4 ,full working drawing1 specifications1 and bill of materials may be had for #bj4jj from ,the ,american ,face ,brick ,association1 #aaj ,south ,dearborn ,street1 ,chicago4 ,illustration3 ,seven ,room ,farm ,house ,no4 #ge ,illustration3 ,floor ,plan ,to those who admire the bungalow type for a home1 this design1 which is especially meant for rural localities1 should make a strong appeal4 ,its low1 horizontal lines immediately suggest hominess1 enhanced by the winter scene in which it is depicted4 ,the first floor provides in two good-sized bedrooms accommodations for the family1 while there are two bedrooms with closets and a bath on the second floor for farm help or guests4 ,the house is of the economical rectangular type and is so arranged that all the rooms are large1 light1 and airy4 ,although primarily designed for the farm1 this house is quite adaptable for town use4 ,size #bh'j #dh'j4 ,this design and plan are the reverse of ,no4 #gf4 ,full working drawing1 specifications1 and bill of materials may be had for #bj4jj from ,the ,american ,face ,brick ,association1 #aaj ,south ,dearborn ,street1 ,chicago4 ,illustration3 ,seven ,room ,farm ,house ,no4 #gf ,illustration3 ,floor ,plan ,in this charming house both the beautiful and practical have been attained to a high degree4 ,the porch is exposed on three sides and is glazed in for winter use4 ,the well-proportioned roof and the half-timber gables instantly catch and hold the eye4 ,the first floor has been planned for the farmer and his family1 while the second floor is specially fitted for the farm help1 being complete with a separate bathroom4 ,the stairway from the second floor descends to a side entrance from which access is had to the dining room4 ,the living room is larger than found in most houses1 and has a large open fireplace at one end with a nook and seat at the other4 ,especial attention is called to the arrangement of the bedrooms on the first floor4 ,the kitchen is large enough for dining purposes1 with a well-arranged pantry4 ,there is a good-sized storeroom in the unoccupied part of the second story4 ,size #bh'j #dh'j4 ,this design and plan are the reverse of ,no4 #ge4 ,full working drawing1 specifications1 and bill of materials may be had for #bj4jj from ,the ,american ,face ,brick ,association1 #aaj ,south ,dearborn ,street1 ,chicago4 ,illustration3 ,eight ,room ,house ,no4 #ha ,illustration3 ,floor ,plan ,a unique and rambling design with an excellent plan4 ,the wide1 overhanging eaves and gentle slope of the roof give dignity as well as charm to the house4 ,the plan speaks for itself4 ,it is open1 light and airy4 ,the hall1 pantry1 and kitchen arrangement has been very cleverly worked out4 ,there are two stairs1 one from the hall and one from the pantry that meet on a common landing and continue to the second floor4 ,the side entrance1 giving access to the basement stairs and the first floor is very convenient1 with closet under stairway at entrance for general use4 ,the second floor has four bedrooms and two baths4 ,one bathroom is connected with one of the bedrooms and the other contains a shower stall in addition to the tub1 a feature worth considering4 ,this plan is especially adapted to a narrow lot1 although it may be turned in any direction desired4 ,the size is #bd'i #dg'j4 ,this design and plan are the reverse of ,no4 #hb4 ,full working drawing1 specifications1 and bill of materials may be had for #bb4jj from ,the ,american ,face ,brick ,association1 #aaj ,south ,dearborn ,street1 ,chicago4 ,illustration3 ,eight ,room ,house ,no4 #hb ,illustration3 ,floor ,plan ,stately and dignified1 a splendid example of the modern ,american home4 ,the lines of the roof and fine proportion of the gables are very effective from all angles4 ,the plan is simple4 ,the rooms of the first floor are all open1 giving a feeling of spaciousness4 ,the hall1 large and light1 with its open staircase1 is at once the keynote of the whole house1 welcoming all who may enter4 ,for convenience1 a rear stairway leads from the service pantry to a landing over the side entrance where it joins the main staircase4 ,the kitchen is of a good size1 not too large1 and has a fine rear porch4 ,there is a closet under stairway at entrance1 for general use4 ,of the two bathrooms on the second floor1 one is directly connected with one of the bedrooms4 ,this arrangement meets the convenience of the family as well as that of guests or boarders4 ,the size of the house is #bd'i #dg'j4 ,this design and plan are the reverse of ,no4 #ha4 ,full working drawing1 specifications1 and bill of materials may be had for #bb4jj from ,the ,american ,face ,brick ,association1 #aaj ,south ,dearborn ,street1 ,chicago4 ,illustration3 ,eight ,room ,farm ,house ,no4 #hc ,illustration3 ,floor ,plan ,a good type of farm house fitting snugly into the landscape4 ,as in case of ,no4 #hd1 it would also suit well as a country town boarding house4 ,the large living and dining room is connected with the kitchen by a pantry4 ,the six bedrooms may be used either for a large family or1 if desirable1 the upper rooms might be set aside for the help4 ,two baths1 one on each floor1 are necessary in an arrangement of this kind4 ,there are ample closets and linen space4 ,the porches are adequate4 ,size #bf'f #ch'h4 ,this design and plan are the reverse of ,no4 #hd4 ,full working drawing1 specifications1 and bill of materials may be had for #bb4jj from ,the ,american ,face ,brick ,association1 #aaj ,south ,dearborn ,street1 ,chicago4 ,illustration3 ,eight ,room ,house ,no4 #hd ,illustration3 ,floor ,plan ,this commodious house may be used admirably for either a boarding house in a country town1 or a farm house when accommodation is desired for the help4 ,the living and dining room has been made especially large on this account4 ,there are four bedrooms with a bath on the second floor4 ,there are two bedrooms with bath on the first floor4 ,the rear porch is exceptionally large1 being designed for family use1 while the front porch is for the boarders or the help4 ,there are both inside and outside stairs to the basement1 a very desirable convenience4 ,size #bf'f #ch'h4 ,this design and plan are the reverse of ,no4 #hc4 ,full working drawing1 specifications1 and bill of materials may be had for #bb4jj from ,the ,american ,face ,brick ,association1 #aaj ,south ,dearborn ,street1 ,chicago4 ,illustration3 ,nine ,room ,house ,no4 #ib ,illustration3 ,floor ,plan ,a striking house for a village street1 and yet quite appropriate for a country home4 ,the porch1 an outstanding feature of the modern ,american home1 is here partly enclosed1 forming a sun parlor for all-year-round use4 ,from the reception hall with its open stairway and hall seat1 one obtains an attractive view1 across the living room1 of the fireplace opposite4 ,likewise the vista from the dining room to the sun parlor is quite as charming4 ,the kitchen is arranged with cabinets in addition to the pantry1 and has the convenient feature of a stairway leading up to a landing where it meets the main stairs midway to the second floor4 ,the second floor arrangement is simple4 ,the rooms are large and the closets ample1 without an inch of waste space4 ,there are two bedrooms with closets1 and a bathroom on the third floor1 not shown on these plans4 ,the size of the house is #bh'h #cd'h exclusive of porches and pantry4 ,full working drawing1 specifications1 and bill of materials may be had for #bb4jj from ,the ,american ,face ,brick ,association1 #aaj ,south ,dearborn ,street1 ,chicago4 ,illustration3 ,nine ,room ,farm ,house ,no4 #ic ,illustration3 ,floor ,plan ,a well-proportioned house with fine roof lines and charming brickwork which should arouse admiration throughout the country-side4 ,it has been designed for the farmer and provides for the help4 ,there are two bedrooms with separate entrance and bath on the first floor1 connected with the dining room4 ,the living room1 dining room1 and porch form a very convenient group4 ,the kitchen has a large pantry and a separate grade entrance on the basement stairs inside the house1 a decided convenience4 ,four bedrooms1 with a closet each1 a bathroom1 a linen room1 and a large storeroom1 amply provide for the family4 ,size #cj'f #ch'f4 ,this design and plan are the reverse of ,no4 #id4 ,full working drawing1 specifications1 and bill of materials may be had for #bb4jj from ,the ,american ,face ,brick ,association1 #aaj ,south ,dearborn ,street1 ,chicago4 ,illustration3 ,nine ,room ,farm ,house ,no4 #id ,illustration3 ,floor ,plan ,a simple1 dignified home1 relying for its beauty upon its proportions and the exquisite charm of the brickwork4 ,it has been designed with the farmer's needs in view4 ,the living room1 with its low1 open fireplace adjoins the dining room and both open directly on the main porch4 ,the kitchen1 which is large and conveniently arranged1 may1 on occasion1 serve as a dining room for the family1 and is provided with a commodious pantry4 ,the basement stairs are inside the house1 an appealing feature in cold or stormy weather4 ,particular attention is called to the bedroom arrangement1 which provides two bedrooms on the first floor for the farm help1 complete with closets1 bath1 and linen room4 ,there is an individual entrance from outside and direct communication with the dining room1 a feature readily appreciated by the woman on the farm4 ,the second floor is devoted to the family sleeping rooms1 with exceptionally large closets and an ample storeroom4 ,size #cj'f #ch'f4 ,this design and plan are the reverse of ,no4 #ic4 ,full working drawing1 specifications1 and bill of materials may be had for #bj4jj from ,the ,american ,face ,brick ,association1 #aaj ,south ,dearborn ,street1 ,chicago4 ,illustration3 ,four ,flat ,building ,illustration3 ,floor ,plan ,this building has been planned for a seventy-five foot lot1 which1 together with its specially planned form1 would give a maximum of light and air4 ,a party wall divides the building so that either half1 complete in itself1 might be sold separately4 ,the hall1 living1 and dining rooms form a pleasant group4 ,particular attention is called to the arrangement of the bedrooms1 which together with the bathroom1 are isolated from the balance of the house4 ,an inside stairway leads to the basement from the first floor4 ,the rear porches which too often are quite unsightly on the rear of the building1 are here recessed between the bedroom wings1 a feature which also gives considerable protection to the porches in the winter months4 ,the second floor is the same as the first except that there is an additional bedroom1 #h'h #aj'c in each flat1 over the entrance vestibules4 ,full working drawing1 specifications1 and bill of materials may be had for #be4jj from ,the ,american ,face ,brick ,association1 #aaj ,south ,dearborn ,street1 ,chicago4 ,,useful ,,tables ,,and ,,suggestions ,mortar ,mixes for ,laying #a1jjj ,brick1 #a_/h ,joint ,,proportions ,,quantities ,cement ,mortars ,cement ,lime ,sand #a part cement #a-c_/d bbls4 #a_/d bbl4 #a_/b cu4 yd4 #b parts sand optional #a part cement #a-c_/h bbls4 #a_/d bbl4 #a_/b cu4 yd4 #b-a_/b parts sand optional #a part cement #a_/ah bbls4 #a_/d bbl4 #a_/b cu4 yd4 #c parts sand optional ,lump ,lime ,mortars #a part lime #g_/h bbl4 #a_/b cu4 yd4 #b parts sand #a part lime #c_/d bbl4 #a_/b cu4 yd4 #b-a_/b parts sand #a part lime #e_/h bbl4 #a_/b cu4 yd4 #c parts sand ,hydrated ,lime ,mortar #a part lime #c-a_/b sacks #a_/b cu4 yd4 #b parts sand #a part lime #c sacks #a_/b cu4 yd4 #b-a_/b parts sand #a part lime #b-a_/b sacks #a_/b cu4 yd4 #c parts sand ,cement-,lime ,mortars #a part cement #a sack #a part lime #a_/b bbl4 hydrated1 or #a_/b cu4 yd4 #f parts sand #a_/d bbl4 lump lime ,grout for #c_/af-a_/d ,joints #a part cement approx4 approx4 #c parts sand #c_/d bbl4 #a_/c cu4 yd4 ,mortar ,mixes for ,laying #a1jjj ,tile1 #a_/b ,joint ,size of ,tile ,cement ,lime ,sand #d #e #ab #a-b_/c bbls4 #a_/d bbl4 #b_/c cu4 yd4 #h #e #ab #c bbls4 #a_/b bbl4 #a-a_/c cu4 yd4 #d #ab #ab #a-c_/d bbls4 #a_/d bbl4 #c_/d cu4 yd4 #h #ab #ab #d-a_/d bbls4 #a_/b bbl4 #a-c_/d cu4 yd4 ,the above quantities are based on a #chj lb4 barrel of ,portland cement2 a #ahj lb4 barrel of lump lime1 and a #ej lb4 sack of hydrated lime4 ,portland cement is sold by the bag or barrel4 ,a bag of ,portland cement weighs approximately #id pounds4 ,four bags make one barrel of approximately #chj pounds4 ,lump lime is sold by the bushel or barrel4 ,a bushel of lump lime weighs approximately #ge to #he pounds4 ,a barrel of lump lime weighs approximately #ahj pounds1 and equals #d sacks of hydrated lime4 ,brick joints other than #c_/h will require about #a_/c more or less mortar for each #a_/h difference4 ,estimating ,quantities of ,face ,brick ,sidenote3 ,size of ,brick ,the dimensions of the standard size face brick adopted by the ,american ,face ,brick ,association are #h #b-a_/d #c-c_/d2 but sometimes1 due to special conditions in the clay or the kiln burn1 these brick may slightly vary from the dimensions given4 ,besides1 there are other sizes of brick used1 such as pavers1 ,romans1 etc41 so that the contractor should always ascertain the exact size of the brick specified1 whether standard size or not1 and take into consideration the width of mortar joint desired1 in order to calculate more accurately the number of bricks required for a given wall area4 ,the following table gives the number of standard size brick per square foot of wall surface1 #d inches or one brick thick1 estimated for different widths of mortar joint up to #c_/d-;inch3 ,,table #a ,number of ,face ,brick per ,square ,foot ,joint #a_/h #a_/d #c_/h #a_/b #e_/h #c_/d ,no4 of ,brick #g-a_/b #g #f-a_/b #f-a_/h #e-c_/d #e-a_/b ,sidenote3 ,general ,rule ,the method employed in getting these numbers is very simple and may be applied to any sized brick and joint whatsoever4 ,thus1 take the brick given in the accompanying illustration 7,fig4 #eh7 and let us use1 say1 a #c_/h mortar joint4 ,this makes a length of #h-a_/d #c_/h1 or #h-e_/h and a height of #b-c_/h #c_/h or #b-c_/d4 ,hence1 the total area occupied in the wall by this brick1 with its mortar joint1 is #h-e_/h #b-c_/d4 ,you can work this out by tractions1 thus1 #fi_/h #aa_/d #gei_/cb2 or by decimals1 thus1 #h4fbe #b4 #ge #bc4gb1 the area of the brick and mortar joint in square inches4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #eh4 ,brick and ,mortar ,joint ,in either case1 to get the number of brick required per square foot you1 of course1 divide into #add1 the number of square inches in a square foot4 ,that is1 #add #gei_/cb #add #cb_/gei #dfjh_/gei #f-ed_/gei or about #f-a_/ae4 ,or divide #add by #bc4gb and you get #f4jg1 which amounts to your previous figure4 ,in estimating the whole number of brick you need1 use no fraction less than the eighth next above the fraction obtained in your number for the square foot4 ,thus in the present example1 you will count on using #f-a_/h brick for every square foot of wall area4 ,sidenote3 ,quantities for ,various ,bonds ,as ,table #a gives the quantities for standard size brick laid in ,running ,bond1 additional allowances must be made for the number of brick when other bonds using headers are employed4 ,the following percentages are to be added to the number of brick required1 as calculated by the use of ,table #a1 when the face brick are laid in the bonds indicated3 ,,table #b ,percentages ,added for ,various ,bonds ,common 7full header course every #eth course7 #bj 7#a_/e7 ,common 7full header course every #fth course7 #af-b_/c 7#a_/f7 ,common 7full header course every #gth course7 #ad-a_/c 7#a_/g7 ,english or ,english ,cross 7full headers every #fth course7 #af-b_/c 7#a_/f7 ,flemish 7full headers every #fth course7 #e-b_/c 7#a_/ah7 ,double ,header 7two headers and a stretcher every #fth course7 #h-a_/c 7#a_/ab7 ,double ,header 7two headers and a stretcher every #eth course7 #aj 7#a_/aj7 ,for garden walls1 porch walls1 and other places where an #h-;inch wall is used1 with face brick on both sides1 no additional brick are required for any type of bond4 ,for walks and floors where the brick are laid on edge1 in any pattern except diagonal ones1 calculate as you would for the number of face brick in a wall laid in running bond4 ,for her- ring-bone pattern or other diagonal work1 an additional number of brick will be required to compensate for the clipping of the ends of the brick at the borders4 ,the exact additional amount depends on the total width of the walk or floor1 as the wider the surface the smaller will be the average wastage per square foot4 ,walks and floors where the brick are laid flat require one-third less than the number required where the brick are laid on edge4 ,provided with these tables1 it is a simple matter to calculate the number of face brick required for every job4 ,thus1 estimate the total area of wall surface in square feet1 deduct all openings1 except those #aj square feet or less1 and taking into consideration the mortar joint1 multiply the result by the number of brick per square foot as shown in ,table #a4 ,this will give you the number required for ,running ,bond4 ,for other bonds simply add to the number of brick obtained for ,running ,bond the percentages as given in ,table #b4 ,soldier courses make no difference in the count2 nor do rowlock courses1 if half brick only are used4 ,although window sills laid rowlock fashion require additional brick1 these are amply provided for in the usual allowances for wastage4 ,sidenote3 ,wastage ,if the workmen are careful to use bats for closures1 instead of breaking whole bricks1 no waste need be figured4 ,the area of the small openings1 not deducted in figuring quantities1 and the doubling of brick at the corners1 will give a certain number of extra brick2 and1 as it is the usual custom to order the brick to the quarter-thousand next above the actual number figured1 the ordinary wastage on the job will be provided for4 ,if the number of square feet of face brick where there is no common brick or tile backing1 such as chimneys1 porch walls1 steps1 floors1 etc41 is kept separated from the number of square feet of face brick with backing1 then the latter number of square feet1 once obtained1 may be used in figuring the number of common brick or tile required for backing1 thus saving the contractor time in estimating4 ,estimating ,quantities of ,common ,brick ,as the sizes of common brick1 for all practical purposes1 approximate the size of the standard face brick1 their quantity may be calculated on the same basis4 ,thus1 for a single thickness of common brick backing1 the number required will be practically the same as that of the face brick laid in ,running ,bond4 ,if1 however1 two or more thicknesses of backing brick are used1 the proper deductions should be made for the thickness of the walls at the corners4 ,two thicknesses of common brick backing will1 of course1 take just twice the number for one thickness1 and so on4 ,in a word1 multiply the number required for face brick by the number of thicknesses or tiers of the common brick backing1 always considering the turns at the corners1 as just indicated4 ,where other than ,running ,bond is used in the facing brick1 allowance should be made for the common brick displaced by the bonding face brick4 ,the deduction in the number of common brick1 it is evident1 just equals the increased number of face brick required for the bond selected4 ,in estimating quantities of common brick for fireplaces1 figure the portions projecting beyond the line of the wall1 such as breast and ash pit1 as if solid1 that is1 the number of brick for the surface multiplied by the number of tiers deep1 and then deduct the number of bricks displaced by all flues and openings1 face brick facing1 and fire brick lining4 ,estimating ,quantities of ,hollow ,tile ,hollow tile for backing1 as already indicated1 may be obtained in the following sizes3 ,stock ,tile ,sizes #d' #e #ab 7turned1 #e #d #ab7 #d' #ab #ab #f' #ab #ab 7sometimes #f #e #ab7 #h' #e #ab #h' #ab #ab ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ei4 ,stock ,tile ,units ,when ordering the #e #ab tile shapes1 which are laid on the side1 the contractor should state that the usual allowance of #f-;inch and #i-;inch length cuts be included for use in piers and other narrow places1 so as to reduce the cutting of tile on the job to a minimum2 also1 enough half and full closures should be ordered for use at window and door openings4 ,see ,fig4 #ei and ,hollow ,tile ,problem on opposite page4 ,when it comes to the case of the #ab #ab tile1 it is an easy matter for bricklayers to split off one or more cells to get the proper shapes for closures1 but the usual allowance of half-lengths should be ordered4 ,enough #a-;inch tile slabs should be included for use in leveling up the wall for joist bearings4 ,tile is calculated in terms of pieces1 and to arrive at the number required1 use the same square feet dimensions you would for common brick backing and multiply by the proper one of the following coefficients3 ,coefficients for ,tile ,quantities ,dimensions of ,tile ,face ,coefficient #d #ab' #b4f #e #ab' #b4ae #ab #ab #j4id ,as the face brick is bonded to the tile backing by a double header bonding course1 as shown on page #be1 the amount of tile will have to be reduced accordingly4 ,for instance1 if #ab #ab tile are used1 the bonding course occurs every sixth course and one-sixth of the tile should be deducted1 but at the same time1 there must be added brick-size hollow tile at the rate of #ab to every #bj square feet of wall surface for use behind the stretchers in the bonding courses4 ,or1 if #e #ab tile are used1 the bonding course occurs every fifth course and one-fifth of the tile should be deducted1 and brick-size hollow tile at the rate of #ab to every #af square feet of wall surface should be added for use behind the stretchers in the bonding courses4 ,when the backing is #h inches thick1 an additional course of brick-size tile should be calculated behind every bonding course4 ,if the brick-size tile cannot be obtained in the local market1 an equal number of common brick will answer the purpose just as well4 ,two to three per cent should be added to all tile quantities calculated1 to provide for waste4 ,in giving the following examples of estimating quantities it is not meant to indicate that each wall of the house is necessarily to be estimated by itself1 but simply to show the way of estimating any extent of wall4 ,except in very elaborate and diverse elevations1 the best way is to figure on the total surface of the four sides in one operation4 ,this is the more easily done as1 generally speaking1 opposite sides of the house are of like area4 ,,problems ,,in ,,estimating ,,quantities ,brick ,problem ,to find the number of standard size brick1 face and common1 laid in a sixth course ,common ,bond with a #c_/h-;inch joint1 for an #h-;inch gable wall1 #be feet wide and #ah feet high from grade to eaves and thence to ridgepole #ab feet4 ,the #ab-;inch basement wall is #g-a_/b feet high1 #d feet being below grade4 ,there are #d windows each requiring an opening of #c'-f #e'-b and #a window requiring an opening of #b'-f #d'-b4 ,see window sizes page #bb4 ,the basement windows being less than #aj square feet are disregarded4 ,face ,brick ,first find the area in sq4 ft4 for face brick3 ,rectangle of wall #ah' #be' #dej sq4 ft4 ,gable triangle #ab' #be' #cjj - #b #aej sq4 ft4 ,total area #fjj sq4 ft4 ,deduct the #e window openings1 thus3 #d #c'-f #e'-b #gb-a_/c sq4 ft4 #a #b'-f #d'-b #aj-e_/ab sq4 ft4 ,window openings to be deducted #hc sq4 ft4 --- ,total area to be covered with face brick #eag sq4 ft4 ,by ,table #a1 it takes #f4e standard size face brick per sq4 ft4 for ,running ,bond with a #c_/h joint4 ,hence1 #eag #f4e #c1cfj ,add #af-b_/c as per ,table #b #efj ----- ,number of face brick required #c1ibj ,total of face brick to be ordered #d1jjj ,common ,brick ,the common brick backing takes the same number as face brick1 except that we deduct the #af-b_/c added to the face brick quantity as per ,table #b4 ,hence1 the number of common brick for backing is #c1cfj - #efj #b1hjj ,as the wall from grade to first floor is three brick thick1 the same as the foundation wall1 it requires two tiers of common brick and1 therefore1 an additional tier must be figured in4 ,hence1 #be' #c' or #ge sq4 ft4 at #f4e per sq4 ft4 #dhh ,the #d'-f of foundation wall1 being three brick thick1 gives us #be' #d'-f #c or #chh sq4 ft4 to figure on4 ,hence1 common brick for foundation is #chh #f4e #b1aig ----- ,total common brick required #e1dhe ,total common brick to be ordered #e1ejj ,hollow ,tile ,problem ,by referring to pages #be and #bf1 it will be seen that four courses of brick with a #c_/h-;inch joint equal in height two #e #ab tile1 so that1 in our present example1 if we wish to use the #c_/h-;inch joint1 we shall have to introduce our bonding course of brick every fifth instead of every sixth course4 ,this would also naturally involve a slight change in the number of face brick required4 ,that is1 instead of adding #af-b_/c or we should have to add #bj or #a_/e to the number required for ,running ,bond1 in order to get the right number for fifth course ,common ,bond and1 in consequence1 we subtract #bj or one fifth from the backing tile wanted4 ,with these changes understood1 our problem for a hollow tile backing for the gable wall will work out as follows3 ,if the hollow tile backing is started at grade1 the tile and face brick area will be the same4 ,but as1 in the present case1 we start the tile backing from the first floor1 we subtract the area of the wall from grade to first floor or #be' #c' #ge'1 and get #eag - #ge or #ddb sq4 ft4 to be backed with tile4 ,the closures for horizontal tile are figured separately4 ,a full and a half closure are respectively #ab and #f inches in length and amount to about one foot in height1 and hence cover an area of #c_/d sq4 ft4 on each side or #a-a_/b sq4 ft4 on both sides of the opening4 ,as the height of our five window openings is approximately #be feet1 we have #be #a-a_/b #cg-a_/b sq4 ft4 to be deducted from area of regular tile surface1 giving #ddb - #cg-a_/b or #djd-a_/b sq4 ft4 ,as per coefficient table1 page #ajf1 we have #djd4e #b4ae #hgj ,deduct #a_/e of tile for brick bond #agd --- #fif ,add #c for wastage or #ba --- ,total number of tile to be ordered #gag ,requiring #d closures1 #b full and #b half1 for each foot of height 7both sides71 we need #be #d or #ajj closures ,add #c for wastage or #c --- ,total number of closures needed #ajc ,order #eb of each size4 ,brick-size tile1 #ab to every #af sq4 ft4 needed4 ,hence1 #ddb #af gives about #bh1 and #ab #bh #ccf ,add #c for wastage or #aj --- ,total brick-size tile to be ordered #cdf ,estimating ,labor ,required ,sidenote3 ,placing ,brick and ,tile ,the usual method of estimating the labor bill for brickwork or tile is to reduce it to the amount per thousand brick or tile placed1 which not only covers the bricklayers' time1 but the mortar1 the necessary labor for mixing it1 and the labor tending the bricklayers4 ,this1 of course1 varies in different localities and with the different kinds of brick or tile1 mortar1 and joints4 ,the contractor is urged to keep an accurate record of the number of brick or tile laid per day1 the amount of mortar of various kinds used1 and the number of bricklayers for which one laborer is necessary1 so that he may determine for himself1 from the total1 the unit costs per thousand for placing brick or tile according to different specifications4 ,it must be carefully noted that such items as arches1 piers1 panels1 special bond patterns1 etc41 require additional time for execution1 depending upon their nature4 ,the contractor will have to be guided by his own experiences in making allowances for the additional labor necessary for this work4 ,sidenote3 ,building a ,fireplace ,it is difficult to estimate the labor required for building a fireplace1 due to the variety of designs and the necessary amount of cutting and fitting required4 ,therefore many masons estimate this work at so much per fireplace or at a unit price per thousand brick4 ,it may be said that a bricklayer should lay the face of a fireplace #e to #f feet wide and #d to #e feet high in ten hours1 and the fire brick lining in from #d to #f hours4 ,it will take about #d hours' time to lay the entire hearth4 ,one-half hour of laborer's time should be allowed for every hour of bricklayers' time4 ,sidenote3 ,cleaning ,brickwork ,the cost of cleaning and pointing face brickwork will vary with the kind of brick to be cleaned1 as it is easier to clean brick with a smooth surface than with a rough texture4 ,an experienced man should clean #ie to #ajj smooth brick or #ge to #hj rough brick per hour4 ,sidenote3 ,waterproofing ,foundation ,walls ,for one-half inch plaster coating1 composed of one part ,portland cement to two parts sand1 #b bags ,portland cement and #d cubic feet of sand will be required to cover one square1 that is1 #ajj sq4 ft4 of wall surface1 and it will require one-half hour of laborer's time for mixing4 ,an experienced workman and helper should cover from #dj to #de sq4 ft4 of surface per hour4 ,for a coating either of hot asphalt or of pitch1 to be well applied with a heavy mop1 approximately #bjj pounds of material and a half day for two men will be required to cover #aj squares of wall surface4 ,about one gallon of creosote sizing would be required per square1 with only one-half to a quarter as much labor as for the waterproofing4 ,handling of ,materials ,the storage space for all materials should be convenient to the building1 and where the team can reach it so that rehandling may be avoided4 ,sidenote3 ,face ,brick ,when face brick are delivered on the job1 they should be immediately compared with the sample1 previously selected1 for color1 size1 and quality1 to prevent any misunderstanding later when they are laid in the wall4 ,if shipped by freight1 they should be examined before being unloaded from the car4 ,face brick should be stacked in neat piles1 laid either on edge1 face up and protected with straw1 or on their sides in such a way as to protect the faces4 ,laborers1 in carrying face brick to the mason1 should place them face up for the convenience of handling4 ,sidenote3 ,common ,brick and ,tile ,except on large jobs1 common brick are not usually stacked4 ,they are dumped in a pile which makes it easier to wet them down thoroughly as explained later4 ,hollow tile should be stacked in neat piles to prevent undue breakage1 each size and shape being piled separately4 ,sidenote3 ,lime and ,cement ,lump lime should always be stored in a covered box to keep it dry4 ,this box should have a hinged opening on one side1 at the bottom1 from which the lime may be conveniently removed4 ,lump lime should be slaked at least a week before used to allow for thorough hydration and cooling4 ,hydrated lime and cement should be carefully protected from the weather by stacking the sacks on planks laid on the ground and by a covering of planks and tarpaulin4 ,sidenote3 ,sand ,the sand pile should be located as near the mortar box as possible for convenience in handling4 ,in case the sand needs screening1 an the sand pile should be located at such a distance from the mortar box that when the sand is thrown through the sieve1 it will form a pile adjacent to the mortar box4 ,sidenote3 ,wetting ,common ,brick ,all brick1 especially the softer grades of common brick1 should be thoroughly wetted just before being placed in the wall1 but not made so wet as to cause sliding on the mortar4 ,the object of this wetting is to prevent the bricks from absorbing moisture from the mortar which must be allowed to dry slowly so as to obtain a good bond4 ,if they are laid dry1 the bricks will quickly take up a large amount of water from the mortar1 preventing proper setting and adhesion4 ,water increases the weight of brick and consequently the labor of handling1 so that some workmen are inclined to lay them dry4 ,this should not be allowed except in freezing weather1 when the conditions require quicker setting4 ,good mortar bond is essential to a good wall4 ,work ,done in ,cold ,weather ,in latitudes where the winter temperature is prevailingly below freezing1 all material for mortar1 including water1 should be heated4 ,if this is done1 the mortar will take its initial set before it freezes and no damage will result4 ,in extremely cold weather1 added precautions should be taken in case of footings by protecting them with manure4 ,the following suggestions will be found useful for cold weather work4 ,when being laid the brick should be thoroughly dry2 and if possible warmed4 ,no bricks with ice on them should be laid in the wall1 and cement or cement-lime mortar should be used to get quick setting4 ,for heating sand and gravel1 a corrugated sheet metal culvert1 about #bj inches in diameter and about #aj feet long1 may be used4 ,a wood fire is built in the ends of the pipe over which the sand and gravel are piled4 ,this easy and simple method will melt all frozen lumps in the material and dry out the resulting moisture4 ,where city water pressure is available1 the water may be heated in a coil attached to the main and large enough to have a fire built in the center1 a very simple and efficient method which any plumber can easily install4 ,place a sheet-iron guard around the coil to conserve the heat4 ,this equipment proves very satisfactory1 as it warms the water as fast as it is drawn off through the hose4 ,the entire installation may be found on the market at a comparatively small cost4 ,without such an arrangement the water may be heated in an ordinary iron kettle over a wood fire4 ,water should never be heated to the boiling point1 as too high a temperature will injure the setting properties of the mortar4 ,a temperature of about #afe degrees1 or the same as generally required for household uses1 is best4 ,if the above conditions are met1 brickwork may be continued practically throughout the entire winter1 except only so far as the comfort of the workmen dictates4 ,they will usually quit at about #bj degrees above zero1 depending somewhat upon other weather conditions4 ,if it is not too windy1 they will work outside in a lower temperature than when it is very windy4 ,a shelter1 however1 may very easily be constructed for the workmen by nailing a few #b #d scantlings upright to the scaffolding with another #b #d nailed along the top as a support for a tarpaulin4 ,a salamander behind this shelter will make it quite comfortable for the workmen as well as help the mortar to set4 ,as the use of wood in the salamander makes a too intense and irregular heat1 besides giving off more or less smoke1 coke is recommended4 ,the amount of coke required on an ordinary job is so small as to be almost negligible4 ,the wall at any one point should not be carried very high in one day4 ,it is better to work around the entire building a few feet at a time rather than to work on one side and carry the wall six or more feet high4 ,walls thus erected are apt to get out of plumb from the alternating effect of the night cold and the day sun4 ,as soon as the floor joists of any story are set in place and floored1 the window and door openings of the floor below should be tightly closed1 either by the permanent sash or by temporary boarding or building paper1 so that salamanders may be placed inside to dry out the building thoroughly4 ,once a day the building should be aired4 ,if the above suggestions are followed1 there is no reason why brickwork should not be continued through the average winter months4 ,the extra work accomplished during the usually dull season is worth more to the contractor than the trouble he has taken or the additional cost of labor4 ,,glossary ,,of ,,usual ,,terms ,,in ,,brick ,,laying ,angle ,iron4 ,a structural piece of steel in the form of a #ij angle used in certain situations to sustain brickwork4 ,backing4 ,the part of the wall behind the face brick4 ,bat4 ,any part of a brick intentionally or accidentally broken off4 ,bed4 ,the horizontal surface on which the bricks of the wall lie in courses4 ,also1 the mortar on which the brick rest4 ,bed ,joint4 ,a joint between two horizontal courses of brick4 ,belt ,course4 ,a horizontal course of brick or other material usually projecting1 and generally in line with window sills or heads4 ,bench-,mark4 ,a well defined mark1 accurately established1 in a protected location on some immovable object1 as a point of reference4 ,bond4 ,the overlapping of brick in various ways so as to give both longitudinal and transverse strength to the wall1 and at the same time produce a pleasing appearance4 ,breaking ,joint4 ,the placing of brick so that no two vertical or head joints come immediately over one another4 ,buttered ,joint4 ,a very thin mortar joint made by scraping a small quantity of mortar with the trowel on all edges of the brick and laying it without the usual mortar bed4 ,cell4 ,one of the hollow spaces in building tile4 ,centering4 ,the temporary frame or template on which an arch is turned4 ,chase4 ,a vertical recess on the inside face of a wall formed by omitting one or more bricks in each course to accommodate plumbing1 heating1 or other pipes4 ,chimney ,breast4 ,the projection on the interior or exterior face of a wall caused by fireplace or flues4 ,closure4 ,a quarter or three-quarter brick to close1 when required1 the end of a course1 as distinguished from a half-brick4 ,this term equally applies to tile4 ,coping4 ,a row of brick1 usually projecting1 used to cap or finish the top of a wall and protect it from the weather4 ,it is usually laid up in very rich ,portland cement mortar with tooled joints4 ,corbel4 ,one or more courses of brick projecting from the wall to form a support4 ,course4 ,a horizontal row of brick in a wall4 ,culling4 ,sorting brick for size1 color1 and quality4 ,culls4 ,the brick rejected in culling4 ,diaper4 ,any continuous pattern in brickwork of which the various bonds are examples4 ,it is usually applied however1 to diamond or other diagonal patterns4 ,edge-set4 ,a brick set on its narrow instead of on its flat side4 ,efflorescence4 ,the deposition of a white powder or crust on the surface of brickwork1 due to soluble salts usually in the mortar but sometimes in the brick1 and1 drawn out with the moisture by the sun1 left as a deposit on the surface4 ,brick clays containing these salts are now cured by using a carbonate of barium4 ,against mortar efflorescence care should be taken to protect all brickwork at eaves and sill courses from excessive moisture4 ,also ,whitewash or ,whitewashing4 ,face ,brick4 ,a well-burned brick1 especially prepared1 selected1 and handled to secure attractive appearance in the face of a wall1 as distinguished from common brick as used for backing or other structural work4 ,face4 ,the long1 narrow side of a brick1 specially treated in the manufacture of face brick to produce certain color tones and textures4 ,fire ,stop4 ,a projection of brickwork on the walls between the joists to prevent the spread of fire or vermin4 ,flat ,stretcher ,course4 ,a course of stretchers set on edge and exposing their flat sides on the surface of the wall4 ,frequently done with brick finished for the purpose on the flat side1 such as enameled or glazed brick4 ,flue4 ,a passage in a chimney especially for the exit of smoke and gases1 one or more of which may be enclosed in the same chimney4 ,flue ,lining4 ,a smooth one-celled hollow tile for protecting flues4 ,footing4 ,the broadened base of a foundation wall1 or other super-structure4 ,green ,brickwork4 ,brickwork in which the mortar has not yet set4 ,grout4 ,rich mortar made very thin so that it will readily run into the joints of brickwork and fill them4 ,header4 ,a brick laid on its flat side across the thickness of the wall1 so as to show the end of the brick on the surface of the wall4 ,header ,course4 ,a course composed entirely of headers4 ,head ,joint4 ,a joint between the ends of two bricks in the same course4 ,also ,vertical ,joint4 ,hearth4 ,that portion of a fireplace level with the floor1 upon which the fire is built4 ,the rear portion extending into the fire opening is known as the back hearth4 ,lead4 ,a part of the wall at the corners1 or elsewhere when needed1 built in advance of the rest of the wall as a guide to which the line is attached4 ,lime ,putty4 ,slaked lime in a soft puttylike condition before sand or cement is added4 ,line4 ,the string stretched taut from lead to lead as a guide for laying the top edge of a brick course4 ,lintel4 ,a horizontal support for brickwork over an opening4 ,mantel4 ,a shelf projecting beyond the chimney breast above the fireplace opening4 ,nogging4 ,a filling of brick between the roof rafters from wall plate to roof boards for the purpose of making the building wind-tight4 ,pointing4 ,inserting mortar into the joints after the brickwork is completed1 in order to correct defects left in the progress of the work4 ,quoins4 ,projecting courses of brick at the corners of buildings as ornamental features4 ,racking4 ,laying the end of the wall with a series of steps so that when work is resumed1 the bond can be easily continued4 ,more convenient and structurally better than toothing4 ,reveal4 ,the vertical side of a window or door opening from face of wall to frame4 ,rowlock ,course4 ,a course of headers laid on the edge instead of on the flat side of the brick as usual4 ,salmon ,brick4 ,the softer brick of the kiln suitable for places protected from outside exposure or where great crushing strength is not required4 ,selects4 ,the bricks accepted as the best after culling4 ,shove ,joint4 ,a vertical joint filled by shoving the brick1 when it is being laid in the bed of mortar1 against the next brick4 ,also ,shoved ,joint4 ,skewback4 ,in brickwork1 a brick or stone cut to make an inclined surface for receiving thrust or pressure1 as of an arch4 ,slush ,joint4 ,a vertical joint filled by throwing mortar in with the trowel after the bricks are laid4 ,also ,slushed ,joint4 ,smoke ,chamber4 ,the space in a fireplace immediately above the throat1 where the smoke gathers before passing into the flue1 and narrowed by corbeling to the size of the flue lining above4 ,also ,smoke ,cavern4 ,soldier ,course4 ,a course of stretchers set on end with the face showing on the wall surface4 ,splay4 ,a slope or bevel1 particularly at the sides of a window or door4 ,story ,pole4 ,a pole on which the height from joist to joist1 as well as all intermediate openings1 brick courses1 etc41 is indicated4 ,stretcher4 ,a brick laid on its flat side so as to show its face on the surface of the wall4 ,template4 ,any form or pattern1 such as centering1 over which brickwork may be formed4 ,thickness of ,wall4 ,the thickness of a wall stated in terms of brick1 inches1 or tiers1 thus3 ,in ,number of ,brick4 ,in ,inches4 ,in ,tiers4 ------------ ------------ ---------- ,one brick #d #a tier ,two #h or #i #b tiers ,three #ab or #ac #c tiers ,four #af or #ag #d tiers ,throat4 ,an opening at the top of a fireplace through which the smoke passes to the smoke chamber and chimney4 ,tier4 ,one of the four-inch1 or one-brick1 layers in the thickness of a wall4 7,gilbreth74 ,toothing4 ,the method of building the end of a wall so that the end stretcher of every alternate course projects one-half its length1 against which another wall may be built4 ,toothing-in4 ,joining a new wall to an old toothed wall4 ,trimmer ,arch4 ,a brick arch built in front of and below a fireplace opening to support the hearth1 abutting on the fireplace foundation and thrusting against the header joist4 ,tuck-pointing4 ,the filling in of joints in old brickwork with fresh mortar1 usually cement4 ,vertical ,joint4 ,same as ,head ,joint4 ,washing ,down4 ,cleaning the surface of the brick wall1 after it is completed and pointed1 with a mild solution of muriatic acid4 ,water ,table4 ,a slight projection of the lower courses of brickwork at the base of a building4 ,webb4 ,the thin wall bounding and separating the cells in hollow tile4 ,whitewashing1 ,whitewash4 ,see ,efflorescence4 ,wind ,shelf4 ,the ledge back of the damper at the bottom of the smoke cavern4 ,withe4 ,a partition between two flues in the same chimney4 ,,index ,additional copies of plans1 etc4 #da ,adobe1 first brick made #e in ,america #g ,aim of this ,manual #e ,america1 brick manufacture and use in #g ,american ,bond #cc ,american ,face ,brick ,association #ajd ,anchors1 for joist #ai for roof plate #bj ,angle ,irons1 use of #bc ,angles in wall construction #ba-bb best method for #bb ,arches1 face brick #bc ,architectural ,symbols table of #dj ,asbestos ,shingles #cg-ch ,ash ,chute for hearth #cj ,ash ,pit for fireplace #ah ,asphalt for waterproofing #ah1 #ajh ,asphalt ,shingles #cg-ch ,babylonian origin of brick #e ,backing1 common brick #ae1 #ai1 #aje hollow tile #ae1 #be1 #ajf ,basket ,weave ,pattern #ce ,bats1 care in using #cc ,bays1 laying corners of #ba ,beauty of ,house1 economic value #aa ,bill of ,materials1 see ,quantity ,survey ,bonding1 face brick to common #ah-ai face brick to frame #bg face brick to hollow tile #bf in foundation walls #ag ,bonds1 see ,face ,brick ,bonds ,brick1 burning of #g common1 see ,common ,brick face1 see ,face ,brick manufacture and use in ,america #g method of laying #ag on edge or flat #ca per square foot1 table #ajd story of #e treatment for color #g ,brickmaking1 ancient and modern #f-g ,brick ,veneer1 see ,face ,brick ,veneer ,brickwork1 extent of ancient use #e-f in ,england and ,america #f-g in ,middle ,ages #f mortar joints used in #ce strength and rigidity of #cc ,builder1 opportunity for the #h ,building a ,home1 importance of #aj ,buttered ,joints #ai1 #be1 #ce ,casement ,windows #bc ,cement1 for waterproofing #ah1 #ajh handling #ajh in mortar #cf1 #ajd ,cement-lime ,mortar #cf1 #ajd ,cement ,plaster1 when used for flues #ba when used for waterproofing #ah ,chimneys1 interior and exterior #bj1 #ba with hollow tile construction #bf with veneer construction #bg ,china #f ,clays in brickmaking #g ,cleaning down wall #bd1 #bf labor for #ajh ,closing in building #aji ,closures1 brick #cd hollow tile #be1 #ajf1 #ajg ,coefficients for tile1 table #ajf ,coke for salamanders #aji ,cold ,weather1 work in #aji ,color ,effects1 in brick wall #h ,comfort and ,health1 in brick house #aa ,common ,bond #cc ,common ,brick1 compared with face #af for backing #ae1 #ai1 #aje handling #ajh hard-burned #f1 #ag in place of tile #ajf quantities required #aje1 #ajg selected #af wetting before use #ajh ,comparative ,costs1 in percentages #ab ,concave ,mortar ,joint #ce ,concealed ,bond #ai ,concrete1 for footings #ag for step forms1 path borders1 etc4 #ca ,convex ,mortar ,joint #ce ,copies1 plans and specifications #da ,corbeling1 between joists #ai-bj for chimney support #ah in fireplaces #cj ,corners of ,wall1 not right-angled #ba-bb ,costs1 initial and final #i1 #ab getting a unit of #ajh percentage differences #ab ,cradle of human civilization #e ,creosote in damp proofing #ah ,dampness1 how to prevent #ae ,dean ,dean1 architects #dj ,depreciation1 in value of house #aj ,diamond ,patterns #cd ,door ,frame ,sizes1 table of #bc ,door ,sills1 in brick construction #bb in hollow tile construction #bf in veneer construction #bh ,double ,header ,bond #ai1 #be ,drains1 at base of foundation walls #ag ,drying ,brick1 before setting in kiln #g ,drying out building #aji ,dry-press ,brick #g ,economic merits of face brick #i ,economic value of beauty #aa ,effect of bond and mortar joint #i ,efflorescence #ae ,egypt1 brickmaking in #f ,england1 brickwork in #f ,english and ,english ,cross ,bond #cc-cd ,english ,country ,houses #f ,estimating1 amount of common brick #aje amount of face brick #ajd amount of hollow tile #ajf ,euphrates ,valley #e ,face ,brick1 arches #bc artistic possibilities of #i1 #cf bond or pattern in #i bonding to common #ah-ai bonding to frame #bg bonding to tile #bf bonds #cc-ce care in making and handling #af color and texture #g-h handling on the job #ajh inspection of #ajh pre-eminent merits of #i quantities required #ajd1 #ajg standard size of #ajd veneer on old frame #af1 #bg wastage #aje ,face ,brick ,construction1 comfort of #aa economy of #i1 #ab1 #ch fire-safety of #ch solid #af1ah types of wall #ae ,face ,brick ,veneer ,construction #ae1 #bf1 #bh on old frame houses1 etc4 #af1 #bg1 #bh ,fire ,brick1 in fireplaces #cj ,fireplaces1 construction of #bi damper1 flue1 hearth #cj designs #cj-ca foundation for #ah labor for #ajh openings1 table of #bi ,fire ,causes1 interior and exterior1 table #ch ,fire ,protection #aa fire-resistive shingles #cg-ch interior protective measures #ch ,fire ,protection for the roof #cg to be increased #cg ,fire ,stops #ai check vermin #bj right and wrong practice #bj when not needed #bd-be ,flat ,brick ,arches1 construction of #bc ,flemish ,bond #cd ,flemish influence in ,england #f ,floors and ,walks of brick #ca ,flues and ,flue ,linings #ba ,flush-cut ,mortar joint #ce ,footings1 for foundations #ag for veneer on old frame #bh ,foundation ,walls #ag waterproofing #ah ,frame ,construction1 up-keep and depreciation #aj veneering old #af-bg-bh weakness of #ae ,frames1 window and door #bb-bc ,freezing ,weather1 work in #aji ,fundamentals of building #e ,furnace ,flue ,cleanout #ba ,furring1 kinds of #bd when1 and when not1 needed #ae1 #bd1 #be ,garden ,walls1 bond in #cd1 #aje of face brick #cb ,gate ,posts1 face brick #cb ,general rule for brick quantities #ajd ,georges1 ,the1 days of #f ,gothic ,epoch of building #f ,gravel1 for wide mortar joints #cf ,greek ,crosses1 seen in bonds #cd ,green ,brick #g ,green ,brickwork1 in wall #ah ,grounds #bd ,grouting of brick walks #ca ,growing demand for brick building #h ,gypsum ,board1 as fire retardant #ch ,handling ,materials #ajh ,hearth1 ,the #cj ,henry ,,viii1 times of #f ,herringbone ,pattern #ce1 #aje ,hollow or ,vaulted ,brick ,wall #bd ,hollow ,tile1 backing for face brick #e1 #ae bonding to face brick #bf brick-size #ajf closures #be1 #ajf1 #ajg construction #be1 #bf handling #ajh methods of laying #be quantities required #ajf1 #ajg reinforced lintel #bf sizes of #be1 #ajf split furring #bd table of sizes #ajf wastage #ajf ,home-building1 importance of #aj ,homes1 shortage of #ad ,hydrated ,lime #cg1 #ajd ,increasing ,profits #h1 #bh ,india #f ,insurance1 saving on #aa ,israel in ,egypt #e ,joints1 slushing of #ag1 #ai ,joist ,anchors1 beveling ends of #ai ,joslin1 ,arthur ,w41 on the hollow wall #bd ,juergens1 ,alfred1 artist #dj ,labor ,required #ajh ,lath1 where and how placed #bj ,laying out work for brick #bc for hollow tile #bf ,leads1 laying up at corners #ag ,lime1 handling #ajh ,lime1 lump or hydrated #cf1 #cg1 #ajd ,lintels and ,arches #bc ,lumber #ac-ad ,magna ,charta1 days of #f ,maintenance or ,upkeep #aj ,mesopotamian ,plain #e ,metal ,wall ,ties #ai1 #bg ,mexico #g ,modern ,brick ,making #g ,mortar ,colors #cf ,mortar ,joints #ce ,mortars1 mixing and tempering #cf-cg table of mixes #ajd ,muriatic ,acid1 for cleaning walls #bd ,nail ,holds1 for furring #bj ,nails1 as anchors or ties #bd1 #bg1 #bh ,national ,board of ,fire ,underwriters #ch ,nebuchadnezzar #e ,nogging1 where1 and where not1 needed #bj ,octagon or ,splay brick #ba ,offsets in chimneys #ba ,openings #bb supports for #bc ,origin of brickmaking #e ,ornamental ,brickwork1 outside #cj-cb ,patterns in brickwork #cd-ce ,paying ,investments #bg ,percentages1 of brick added for bonds #aje of difference in costs #ab ,pergola ,posts1 face brick #ca ,persia #f ,peru #g ,pitch for waterproofing #ah1 #ajh ,plans and ,specifications1 prices #dj-da ,plastering without furring #bd-be ,pointing up wall #bd ,porches1 bond in walls of #aje of face brick on old buildings #bh ,protection1 of bricklayers in winter #aji of the day's work #ai ,putty1 lime #cg ,quantities of ,materials #ajd1 #ajg ,quantity ,survey #dj ,queen ,anne1 days of #f ,raked ,mortar ,joint #ce ,reinforcing1 of pergola and gate posts #cb of tile lintels #bf ,relieving ,arches #bc ,repp1 ,geo4 ,w41 architect #ag ,reversal of ,plans #dj ,rodded ,mortar ,joint #ce ,roman ,brickwork #f ,roof1 fire-resistive material for #cg point of danger in fire #cg ,roof ,plate ,anchors #bj ,rowlock ,courses #ah1 #ce effect on quantities #aje in arches #bc ,running ,bond #cc ,salamanders1 use of #aji ,sand1 handling #ajh for mortars #cf ,sand-mold ,brick #g ,sargon of ,akkad #e ,scaffolding #ah ,scribing ,bead #bc ,segmental ,face ,brick ,arches #bc ,semi-circular ,face ,brick ,arches #bc ,sentimental ,value of the house #aa ,sewage ,disposal #dj ,shingle ,tile #cg-ch ,sills1 window and door #bb ,sizes1 common brick #aje hollow tile #be1 #ajf standard face brick #ajd ,skewbacks1 in arch construction #bc ,slaking ,lime #cg ,slate ,shingles #cg-ch ,slop-mold ,brick #g ,slushing ,joints #ag1 #ai ,soldier ,courses #ah1 #ce effect on quantities #aje ,solid ,face ,brick ,construction #ae1 #ah ,spanish in ,mexico and ,peru1 the #g ,specifications and ,plans #dj ,splay or ,octagon ,brick #ba ,staff ,bead or ,brick ,mold #bc ,steel ,lintels #bc1 #bh ,steps1 brick #ca ,stiff-mud ,brick #g ,storage ,space #ajh ,store ,fronts ,veneered #bh ,stretcher ,bond #cc ,striking ,joints #ag1 #ai ,stripped ,mortar ,joint #ce ,struck ,joint1 the #ce when to avoid #ai ,structural ,merits of face brick #i ,stucco1 veneering old #bg weakness of #af ,tables ,architectural ,symbols #dj ,coefficients for ,tile ,quantities #ajf ,comparative ,costs #ab ,door ,frame ,sizes #bc ,fire ,causes #ch ,fireplace ,openings #bi ,flue ,linings #ba ,mortar ,mixes for #ajjj ,brick #ajd ,mortar ,mixes for #ajjj ,tile #ajd ,number ,brick per ,square ,foot #ajd ,percentages ,added for ,bonds #aje ,tile ,sizes #ajf ,window ,frame ,sizes #bb ,tar1 for waterproofing #ah1 #ajh ,tempering ,mortars #cg ,terra ,cotta ,flue ,linings #ba ,texture of brick #h ,thickness of walls #ah1 #aaa ,tower of ,babel #e ,upkeep1 see ,maintenance ,value of ,face ,brick ,house1 artistic #aa1 #af economic #i1 #aa selling or renting #aa sentimental #aa ,vaulted or ,hollow ,brick ,wall #bd ,veneering1 see ,face ,brick ,veneer ,vermin ,stops1 see ,fire ,stops ,vitruvius on elements in architecture #e1 #i ,v-tooled ,mortar ,joint #ce ,walks and ,floors of brick #ca estimating brick for #aje ,walls1 hollow tile #ae1 #be methods of laying #ab #bj solid brick #ae1 #ah veneer #ae1 #bf when #h or #ab #ah ,washing down1 see ,cleaning down wall ,wastage1 of brick #aje of hollow tile #ajf ,wastes of ,war #ac ,waterproofing ,foundation ,walls #ah labor for #ajh ,water ,tables #ah ,weathered ,mortar ,joint #ce ,wetting ,common ,brick #ajh ,wide ,choice1 in color and texture #h ,wide ,mortar ,joint1 how secured #cf ,window ,frames and ,sash #bb table of sizes #bb ,window ,sills1 in brick construction #bb in hollow tile construction #bf in veneer construction #bh ,wire-cut ,brick #g ,withes in chimneys #ba ,wood ,shingles #cg ,work in cold weather #aji ,,list ,,of ,,illustrations ,,half-,,tones ,page ,frontispiece #d ,brickwork of ,old ,persian ,tomb #f ,carpenters' ,hall1 ,philadelphia #g ,face ,brick ,bungalow1 ,evanston1 ,ill4 #aj ,face ,brick ,bank1 ,detroit1 ,mich4 #aj ,face ,brick ,bungalow1 ,windsor ,park1 ,ill4 #aa ,face ,brick ,library1 ,coatsville1 ,ind4 #aa ,face ,brick ,store ,front1 ,birmingham1 ,ala4 #ab ,face ,brick ,school1 ,highland ,park1 ,ill4 #ac ,face ,brick ,store ,front1 ,st4 ,louis1 ,mo4 #ac ,face ,brick ,house1 ,buffalo1 ,n4 ,y4 #ad ,face ,brick ,bungalow1 ,atlanta1 ,ga4 #ae ,veneering over ,old ,frame #af ,,zincs ,page ,brickmaking in ,egypt #f ,brick ,footing #ag ,types of ,basement ,walls #ah ,concealed ,bond #ai ,metal ,wall ,ties #ai ,good and ,bad ,joist ,anchors #ai ,true ,corbeling between ,joists #ai ,false ,corbeling between joists #bj ,rafters and ,roof ,plate #bj ,chimney ,height #ba ,chimney ,withes #ba ,chimney ,offset #ba ,outside ,angle ,corners #ba ,obtuse ,angle ,turns #bb ,acute ,angle ,turns #bb ,the ,solid ,brick ,wall #bb ,brick ,arches #bc ,hollow or ,vaulted ,brick ,wall #bd ,face ,brick on ,hollow ,tile #be ,hollow ,tile and ,steel ,lintels #bf ,veneer ,construction #bg ,nail ,wall ,ties #bg ,veneering ,old ,frame #bh ,perspective of ,fireplace #bi ,cross ,section of ,fireplace #bi ,hearth ,edge ,set #cj ,hearth ,flat ,set #cj ,fireplace ,designs #cj ,steps1 ,end ,set ,treads #ca ,flat ,set ,treads #ca ,edge ,set ,treads #ca ,pergola ,post #ca ,fireplace ,design #ca ,porch or ,pergola post #cb ,gate ,post #cb ,bonding ,strength #cc ,common or ,american ,bond #cc ,english ,bond #cc ,english ,cross or ,dutch ,bond #cd ,flemish ,bond #cd ,garden ,wall ,bond #cd ,diamond ,bond ,patterns #cd ,checkerboard ,pattern #ce ,basket ,weave ,pattern #ce ,herringbone ,pattern #ce ,mortar ,joints #ce ,pergola #da ,color ,plates #db-ajb ,brick and ,mortar ,joint #ajd ,stock ,tile ,shapes #ajf ,the ,american ,face ,brick ,association ,,john ,h4 ,,black1 ,president ,s4 ,c4 ,,martin1 #ast ,vice ,president ,b4 ,w4 ,,ballou1 #bnd ,vice ,president ,r4 ,d4 ,t4 ,,hollowell1 ,sec4-,treas4 ,illustration ,directors ,b4 ,w4 ,,ballou ,t4 ,p4 ,,cuthbert ,kansas ,buff ,brick ,mfg4 ,co4 ,fallston ,fire ,clay ,company ,kansas ,city1 ,mo4 ,pittsburgh1 ,pa4 ,,george ,a4 ,,bass ,w4 ,h4 ,,hoagland ,hydraulic-,press ,brick ,company ,claycraft ,mining and ,brick ,company ,st4 ,louis1 ,mo4 ,columbus1 ,o4 ,h4 ,r4 ,,beegle ,b4 ,,mifflin ,,hood ,beaver ,clay ,manufacturing ,company ,legg ,brick ,company ,new ,galilee1 ,pa4 ,atlanta1 ,ga4 ,p4 ,b4 ,,belden ,g4 ,b4 ,,luckett ,the ,belden ,brick ,company ,crawfordsville ,shale ,brick ,co4 ,canton1 ,o4 ,crawfordsville1 ,ind4 ,j4 ,h4 ,,black ,s4 ,c4 ,,martin ,jewettville ,clay ,products ,company ,kittanning ,brick ,fire ,clay ,co4 ,buffalo1 ,n4 ,y4 ,pittsburgh1 ,pa4 ,w4 ,h4 ,,brecht ,d4 ,h4 ,,miller ,boone ,brick1 ,tile ,paving ,company ,milton ,brick ,company ,boone1 ,ia4 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,f4 ,w4 ,,butterworth ,j4 ,w4 ,,moulding ,western ,brick ,company ,thomas ,moulding ,brick ,company ,danville1 ,ill4 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,,chas4 ,c4 ,,stratton ,alumina ,shale ,brick ,company ,bradford1 ,pa4 ,illustration ,members4 ,,alabama ,alphons ,custodis ,chimney ,const4 ,co4 ,ragland ,birmingham ,clay ,products ,co4 ,birmingham ,stephenson1 ,l4 ,l4 ,lovick ,,arkansas ,fort ,smith ,brick ,co4 ,fort ,smith ,,georgia ,legg ,brick ,co4 ,atlanta ,,idaho ,burley ,brick ,sand ,co4 ,burley ,idaho ,pressed ,brick ,co4 ,pocatello ,,illinois ,acme ,brick ,co4 ,danville ,alton ,brick ,co4 ,alton ,barr ,clay ,co4 ,streator ,decatur ,brick ,manufacturing ,co4 ,decatur ,hydraulic-,press ,brick ,co4 ,chicago ,lacon ,clay ,coal ,co4 ,lacon ,peoria ,brick ,tile ,co4 ,peoria ,richards ,brick ,co4 ,edwardsville ,southern ,fire 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