,,:o ,,wrote ,,! ,,bible8 ,,by ,,wa%+ton ,,gladd5 ,,cont5ts4 ,i4 ,a ,,look ,,into ,,! ,,hebrew ,,bible ,,ii4 ,,:at ,,did ,,moses ,,write8 ,,iii4 ,,s\rces ,,( ,,! ,,p5tateu* ,,iv4 ,,! ,,e>li] ,,hebrew ,,hi/ories ,v4 ,,! ,,hebrew ,,prophecies ,,vi4 ,,! ,,lat] ,,hebrew ,,hi/ories ,,vii4 ,,! ,,poetical ,,books ,,viii4 ,,! ,,e>li] ,,new ,,te/am5t ,,writ+s ,,ix4 ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,gospels ,x4 ,,new ,,te/am5t ,,hi/ory ,,& ,,prophecy ,,xi4 ,,! ,,canon ,,xii4 ,,h[ ,,! ,,books ,,7 ,,writt5 ,,xiii4 ,,h[ ,,mu* ,,is ,,! ,,bible ,,wor?8 ,,:o ,,wrote ,,! ,,bible8 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,a ,,look ,,into ,,! ,,hebrew ,,bible4 ,! aim ( ?is volume is to put into compact & popul> =m1 = ! b5efit ( intellig5t read]s1 ! pr9cipal facts ^u :i* s*ol>s are n[ g5]ally agre$ conc]n+ ! lit]>y hi/ory ( ! ,bible4 ,! doctr9es taught 9 ! ,bible w n be discuss$2 its claims to a sup]natural orig9 w n be ! pr9cipal matt] ( inquiry2 ! book w conc]n itself *iefly ) ^? purely natural & human ag5cies :i* h be5 employ$ 9 writ+1 transcrib+1 edit+1 pres]v+1 transmitt+1 translat+1 & publi%+ ! ,bible4 ,! writ] ( ?is book has no difficulty 9 believ+ t ! ,bible conta9s sup]natural elem5ts4 ,he is ready to affirm t o!r ?an natural =ces h be5 employ$ 9 produc+ x4 ,x is to ^! sup]human elem5ts 9 x t ref]5ce & appeal are mo/ frequ5tly made4 ,b ! ,bible has a natural hi/ory also4 ,x is a book among books4 ,x is a ph5om5on among ph5om5a4 ,its orig9 & gr[? 9 ?is _w c be /udi$ z ^? ( any o!r natural object c be /udi$4 ,! old apple-tree gr[+ 9 my g>d5 is ! witness to me ( "s transc5d5t tru?s1 ! %r9e ( my/]ies t ,i _c unravel4 ,:at ! life is t 0 hidd5 9 ! se$ f :i* x sprang1 & t has %ap$ all its gr[?1 cord9at+ ! =ces ( nature1 & produc+ ?is individual =m & ?is p>ticul> v>iety ( fruit1--?is ,i d n "k4 ,!re are que/ions "h t no man ( sci5ce c answ]4 ,life 9 ! se$ ( ! apple z well z 9 ! s\l ( man is a my/]y4 ,b !re are "s ?+s ab\t ! apple-tree t may be kn[n4 ,i may "k--if any "o has be5 curi\s en\gh to keep ! record--:5 ! se$ 0 plant$1 :5 ! %oot fir/ appe>$ above ! gr\nd1 h[ _m bran*es x _h :5 x 0 five ye>s old1 h[ high x 0 :5 x 0 t5 ye>s old1 :5 ?is limb & t twig 7 add$1 :5 ! fir/ blossom appe>$1 :5 t bran* 0 graft$ & ^? o!rs 7 trimm$ (f4 ,all ?is k ,i may h ga9$2 & 9 sett+ =? ^! facts1 or su* z ^!1 conc]n+ ! natural hi/ory ( ! tree1 ,i d n assume t ,i am tell+ all ab\t ! life t is 9 x4 ,9 l mann] we may /udy ! orig9 & gr[? ( ! ,bible )\t attempt+ to decide ! deep] que/ions conc]n+ ! inspiration ( its writ]s & ! mean+ ( ! tru?s !y reveal4 ,t ! ,bible has a natural z well z a sup]natural hi/ory is ev]y:]e assum$ ^u its pages4 ,x 0 writt5 z o!r books are writt51 & x 0 pres]v$ & transmitt$ z o!r books are pres]v$ & transmitt$4 ,x did n come into be+ 9 any su* m>vel\s way z t 9 :i* ,joseph ,smi?'s ,book ( ,mormon1 = example1 is said to h be5 produc$4 ,! /ory is1 t an angel appe>$ to ,smi? & told him :]e he w\ld f9d ?is book2 t he w5t to ! spot designat$1 & f\nd 9 a /one box a volume six in*es ?ick1 compos$ ( ?9 gold plates1 eight in*es by sev51 held toge!r by ?ree gold r+s2 t ^! plates 7 cov]$ ) writ+ 9 ! ,re=m$ ,egyptian tongue1 & t ) ?is book 7 ! ,urim & ! ,?ummim1 a pair ( sup]natural spectacles1 by means ( :i* he 0 able to read & translate ?is ,re=m$ ,egyptian language4 ,?is is ! sort ( /ory :i* has be5 believ$1 9 ?is n9ete5? c5tury1 by t5s ( ?\s&s ( ,mormon vot>ies4 ,conc]n+ ! books ( ! ,bible no su* a/oni%+ /ories are told4 ,nev]!less "s good p seem incl9$ to ?9k t if su* /ories are n told1 !y might well be2 !y imag9e t ! ,bible mu/ h orig9at$ 9 a mann] purely miracul\s2 & ?\gh !y "k v little ab\t its orig91 !y conceive ( x z a book t 0 writt5 9 heav5 9 ! ,engli% tongue1 divid$ !re into *apt]s & v]ses1 ) head l9es & ref]5ce m>ks1 pr9t$ 9 small pica1 b\nd 9 calf1 & s5t d[n to e>? by angels 9 its pres5t =m4 ,:at ,i desire to %[ is1 t ! "w ( putt+ ! ,bible into its pres5t =m 0 n done 9 heav51 b on e>?2 t x 0 n done by angels1 b by m52 t x 0 n done all at once1 b a little at a "t1 ! "w ( prep>+ & p]fect+ x ext5d+ ov] sev]al c5turies1 & employ+ ! labors ( _m m5 9 diff]5t l&s & long-divid$ g5]ations4 ,& ?is hi/ory ( ! ,bible z a book1 & ( ! natural & human ag5cies employ$ 9 produc+ x1 w prove1 ,i tru/1 ( mu* int]e/ to ^? :o c>e to /udy x4 ,mr4 ,huxley has writt5 a delightful treatise on ,a ,piece ( ,*alk1 & ano!r on ,! ,crayfi%2 a ,fr5* writ] has produc$ an ent]ta9+ volume entitl$ ,! ,/ory ( a ,/ick2 ! books ( ! ,bible1 consid]$ f a sci5tific or bibliographical po9t ( view1 %\ld repay our /udy n less ri*ly ?an su* simple1 natural objects4 ,a great am\nt ( /udy has be5 exp5d$ ( late on ! ,scriptures1 & ! conclusions rea*$ by ?is /udy are ( imm5se importance4 ,:at is call$ ! ,high] ,criticism has be5 busy scann+ ^! old writ+s1 & try+ to f9d out all ab\t !m4 ,:at is ! ,high] ,criticism8 ,x is ! attempt to le>n f ! ,scriptures !mselves ! tru? ab\t _! orig94 ,x consi/s 9 a c>eful /udy ( ! language ( ! books1 ( ! mann]s & cu/oms ref]r$ to 9 !m1 ( ! hi/orical facts m5tion$ by !m2 x comp>es "p ) "p1 & book ) book1 to discov] agreem5ts1 if !y exi/1 & discrepancies1 t !y may be reconcil$4 ,?is ,high] ,criticism has subject$ ^! old writ+s to su* an analysis & inspection z no o!r writ+s h ev] und]gone4 ,"s ( ?is "w has und\bt$ly be5 de/ructive4 ,x has />t$ out ) ! assumption t ^! books are 9 no respect diff]5t f o!r sacr$ books2 t !y are no m a revelation f ,god ?an ! ,z5dave/a or ! ,nibelung5 ,li$ is a revelation f ,god2 & x has b5t its en]gies to discr$it+1 9 e way1 ! v]acity & ! au?ority ( our ,scriptures4 ,b mu* ( ?is criticism has be5 ?or\ghly c&id & rev]5t1 ev5 cons]vative 9 its temp] & purpose4 ,x has n be5 unwill+ to look at ! facts2 b x has held t[>d ! ,bible a dev\t & sympa!tic attitude2 x believes x to conta91 z no o!r book 9 ! _w conta9s1 ! message ( ,god to m52 & x has only s\ght to le>n f ! ,bible itself h[ t message has be5 convey$4 ,x is ?is cons]vative criticism ^: lead]%ip w be foll[$ 9 ^! /udies4 ,no conclusions respect+ ! hi/ory ( ^! writ+s w be /at$ :i* are n accept$ by cons]vative s*ol>s4 ,nev]!less x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! results ( cons]vative s*ol>%ip h be5 v imp]fectly report$ to ! laity ( ! *ur*es4 ,_m facts ab\t ! ,bible are n[ kn[n by intellig5t m9i/]s ( :i* _! congregations d n he>4 ,an anxi\s & n unnatural feel+ has prevail$ t ! fai? ( ! p 9 ! ,bible w\ld be %ak5 if ! facts 7 kn[n4 ,! belief t ! tru? is ! safe/ ?+ 9 ! _w1 & t ! ?+s :i* _c be %ak5 w rema9 aft] x is all told1 has l$ to ! prep>ation ( ?is volume4 ,i h no d\bt1 h[ev]1 t "s ( ! /atem5ts :i* foll[ w fall ^u "s m9ds ) a %ock ( surprise4 ,! facts :i* w be br\ght to light w conflict v %>ply ) "s ( ! traditional !ories ab\t ! ,bible4 ,"s ( my read]s may be incl9$ to fe> t ! f\ndations ( fai? are giv+ way4 ,let me1 at ! outset1 reque/ all su* to susp5d _! judgm5t & read ! book ?r\gh be=e !y come to su* a conclusion4 ,d\btless x w be necess>y to make "s readju/m5t ( !ories2 to look at ! ,bible less z a miracul\s & m z a spiritual product2 to put less emphasis ^u ! lett] & m ^u ! _s2 b aft] all ?is is done x may appe> t ! ,bible is wor? m to u ?an x ev] 0 be=e1 because we h le>n$ h[ rightly to value x4 ,! ^w ,bible is n a biblical ^w4 ,! ,old ,te/am5t writ+s 7 9 ! h&s ( ! m5 :o wrote ! books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 b !y d n call ^! writ+s ! ,bible2 !y "n !m ! ,scriptures1 ! ,holy ,scriptures1 ! ,sacr$ ,writ+s1 or else !y ref] to !m "u ! names t 7 giv5 to specific p>ts ( !m1 z ! ,law1 ! ,prophets1 or ! ,psalms4 ,our ^w ,bible comes f a ^w :i* began to be appli$ to ! sacr$ writ+s z a :ole ab\t f\r hundr$ ye>s aft] ,*ri/4 ,x is a ,greek plural n\n1 mean+ ! books1 or ! little books4 ,^! writ+s 7 call$ by ?is plural "n = ab\t eight hundr$ ye>s2 x 0 n till ! ?irte5? c5tury t !y began to be famili>ly spok5 ( z a s+le book4 ,?is fact1 ( itself1 is in/ructive4 ,= ?\gh a c]ta9 spiritual unity does p]vade ^! sacr$ writ+s1 yet !y are a collection ( books1 r ?an "o book4 ,! e>ly ,*ri/ians1 :o honor$ & priz$ !m suffici5tly1 always spoke ( !m z ,! ,books1 r ?an z ,! ,book1--& _! "n 0 m accurate ?an ours4 ,! names ,old & ,new ,te/am5t are ,bible words2 t is to say we f9d ! names 9 our ,engli% ,bibles1 ?\gh !y are n us$ to describe ^! books4 ,paul calls ! old disp5sation ! old cov5ant2 & t phrase came into g5]al use among ! e>ly ,*ri/ians z contra/$ ) ! ,*ri/ian disp5sation :i* !y call$ ! new cov5ant2 !re=e ,greek-speak+ ,*ri/ians us$ to talk ab\t ! books ( ! old cov5ant1 & ! books ( ! new cov5ant2 & by & by !y %ort5$ ! phrase & sometimes call$ ! two collections simply ,old ,cov5ant & ,new ,cov5ant4 ,:5 ! ,lat9-speak+ ,*ri/ians began to use ! same t]ms1 !y translat$ ! ,greek ^w cov5ant by ! ^w te/am5t :i* means a w1 & :i* does n fairly convey ! s5se ( ! ,greek ^w4 ,& s x 0 t ^! two collections ( sacr$ writ+s began to be call$ ,! ,old ,te/am5t & ,! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,x is ! =m] ( ^! t we are fir/ to /udy4 ,:5 ,jesus ,*ri/ 0 on ! e>? he (t5 quot$ 9 8 disc\rses f ! ,jewi% ,scriptures1 & ref]r$ to !m 9 8 conv]sations4 ,8 apo/les & ! o!r ,new ,te/am5t writ]s also quote freely f ! same ,scriptures1 & books ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ian ,fa!rs are full ( ref]5ces to !m4 ,:at 7 ^! ,jewi% ,scriptures8 ,at ! "t :5 our ,"l 0 on ! e>?1 ! sacr$ writ+s ( ! ,jews 7 collect$ 9 two diff]5t =ms4 ,! ,pale/9ian collection1 s call$1 0 writt5 9 ! ,hebrew language1 & ! ,alex&rian collection1 call$ ! ,septuag9t1 9 ! ,greek4 ,= _m ye>s a l>ge colony ( dev\t & le>n$ ,jews _h liv$ 9 ,alex&ria2 & z ! ,greek language 0 spok5 !re1 & _h become _! common spee*1 !y translat$ _! sacr$ writ+s into ,greek4 ,?is translation soon came into g5]al use1 because !re 7 ev]y:]e _m ,jews :o knew ,greek well en\gh b knew no ,hebrew at all4 ,:5 our ,"l 0 on e>?1 ! ,hebrew 0 a dead language2 x may h be5 ! language ( ! temple1 z ,lat9 is n[ ! language ( ! ,roman ,ca?olic mass2 b ! common p did n und]/& x2 ! v]nacul> ( ! ,pale/9ian ,jews 0 ! ,aramaic1 a language simil> to ! ,hebrew1 sometimes call$ ! lat] ,hebrew1 & hav+ "s su* relation to x z ! ,engli% has to ! ,g]man tongue4 ,!re is "s dispute z to ! "t :5 ! ,jews lo/ ! use ( _! own language & adopt$ ! ,aramaic2 _m ( ! ,jewi% hi/orians hold ! view t ! p :o came back f ! captivity to ,j]usalem _h le>n$ to use ! ,aramaic z _! common spee*1 & t ! ,hebrew ,scriptures _h to be int]pret$ :5 !y 7 read to !m4 ,o!rs ?9k t ?is *ange 9 language took place a little lat]1 & t x result$ 9 great measure f ! close int]c\rse ( ! ,jews ) ! peoples r\nd ab\t !m 9 ,pale/9e1 mo/ ( :om us$ ! ,aramaic4 ,at any rate ! *ange _h tak5 place be=e ! com+ ( ,*ri/1 s t no ,hebrew 0 !n spok5 famili>ly 9 ,pale/9e4 ,:5 ! ,hebrew tongue is m5tion$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t x is ! ,aramaic t is meant1 & n ! anci5t ,hebrew4 ,! ,greek1 on ! o!r h&1 0 a liv+ language2 x 0 spok5 on ! /reets & 9 ! m>kets ev]y:]e1 & _m ,jews und]/ood x almo/ z well z !y did _! ,aramaic v]nacul>1 j z _m ( ! p ( ,con/ant9ople & ! ,levant n[ speak ,fr5* m flu5tly ?an _! native tongues4 ,! ,greek v]sion ( ! ,scriptures 01 = ?is reason1 m freely us$ by ! ,jews ev5 9 ,pale/9e ?an ! ,hebrew orig9al2 x 0 f ! ,septuag9t t ,*ri/ & 8 apo/les made mo/ ( _! quotations4 ,out ( ?ree hundr$ & fifty citations 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t f ! ,old ,te/am5t writ+s ab\t ?ree hundr$ appe> to be directly f ! ,greek v]sion made at ,alex&ria4 ,betwe5 ^! two collections ( sacr$ writ+s1 ! "o writt5 9 ,hebrew1 !n a dead language1 & ! o!r 9 ,greek1--! "o us$ by s*ol>s only1 & ! o!r by ! common p1--!re 7 "s important diff]5ces1 n only 9 ! phraseology & 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! books1 b 9 ! cont5ts !mselves4 ,( ^! ,i %all speak m fully 9 ! foll[+ *apt]s4 ,x is to ! ,hebrew collection1 :i* is ! orig9al ( ^! writ+s1 & f :i* our ,engli% ,old ,te/am5t 0 translat$1 t we %all n[ give our att5tion4 ,:at 7 ^! ,hebrew ,scriptures ( :i* all ! writ]s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t knew1 & f :i* !y sometimes directly quote8 ,! cont5ts ( ?is collection 7 sub/antially if n exactly ! same z ^? ( our ,old ,te/am5t1 b !y 7 arrang$ 9 v diff]5t ord]4 ,inde$ !y 7 reg>d$ z ?ree di/9ct gr\ps ( writ+s1 r ?an z "o book1 & ! ?ree gr\ps 7 ( diff]5t degrees ( sacr$ness & au?ority4 ,two ( ^! divisions are frequ5tly ref]r$ to 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 z ,! ,law & ,! ,prophets2 & ! ?reefold division is d\btfully h9t$ at 9 ,luke xxiv4 #dd1 :]e our ,"l speaks ( ! pr$ictions conc]n+ himself :i* are f\nd 9 ! ,law & ! ,prophets & 9 ! ,psalms4 ,! fir/ ( ^! holy books ( ! ,jews 01 !n1 ,,! ,,law conta9$ 9 ! fir/ five books ( our ,bible1 kn[n among u z ! ,p5tateu*1 & call$ by ! ,jews sometimes simply ,! ,law1 & sometimes ,! ,law ( ,moses4 ,?is 0 suppos$ to be ! olde/ portion ( _! ,scriptures1 & 0 by !m reg>d$ z mu* m sacr$ & au?oritative ?an any o!r portion4 ,to ,moses1 !y1 said1 ,god spake face to face2 to ! o!r holy m5 mu* less di/9ctly4 ,consequ5tly _! appeal is mo/ (t5 to ! law ( ,moses4 ,! gr\p ( writ+s kn[n z ,! ,prophets is subdivid$ into ! ,e>li] & ! ,lat] ,prophets4 ,! ,e>li] ,prophets comprise ,jo%ua1 ! ,judges1 ! two books ( ,samuel1 c\nt$ z "o1 & ! two books ( ! ,k+s1 c\nt$ also z "o4 ,! ,lat] ,prophets comprise ,isaiah1 ,j]emiah1 ,ezekiel1 & ! twelve ,m9or ,prophets1 ! la/ books 9 our ,old ,te/am5t1--,hosea1 ,joel1 ,amos1 ,obadiah1 ,jonah1 ,micah1 ,nahum1 ,habakkuk1 ,zephaniah1 ,haggai1 ,ze*>iah1 & ,mala*i4 ,^! twelve 7 c\nt$ z "o book2 s t !re 7 f\r volumes ( ! e>li] & f\r ( ! lat] prophets4 ,:y ! ,jews %\ld h call$ ,jo%ua1 ,judges1 ,samuel1 & ! ,k+s books ( ! ,prophets is n cle>2 p]haps because !y 7 suppos$ to h be5 writt5 by prophets2 p]haps because prophets h a conspicu\s place 9 _! hi/ories4 ,?is portion ( ! ,hebrew ,scriptures1 conta9+ ! f\r hi/orical books nam$ & ! fifte5 prophetical books 7reckon$1 h[ev]1 z f\r71 0 reg>d$ by ! ,jews z /&+ next 9 sacr$ness & value to ! book ( ! ,law4 ,! ?ird gr\p ( _! ,scriptures 0 kn[n among !m z ,ke?ubim1 or ,writ+s1 simply4 ,sometimes1 possibly1 !y call$ x ,! ,psalms1 because ! book ( ! ,psalms 0 ! initial book ( ! collection4 ,x consi/$ ( ! ,psalms1 ! ,prov]bs1 ,job1 ! ,song ( ,solomon1 ,ru?1 ,lam5tations1 ,ecclesia/es1 ,e/h]1 ,daniel1 ,ezra1 ,nehemiah1 & ! ,*ronicles4 ,?is gr\p ( writ+s 0 e/eem$ by ! ,jews z less sacr$ & au?oritative ?an ei!r ( ! o!r two gr\ps2 ! au?ors 7 suppos$ to h _h a small] measure ( inspiration4 ,respect+ two or ?ree ( ^! books !re 0 also "s dispute among ! rabbis1 z to _! "r to be reg>d$ z sacr$ ,scripture4 ,su*1 !n1 7 ! ,hebrew ,scriptures 9 ! days ( our ,"l1 & su* 0 ! mann] ( _! arrangem5t4 ,!y _h1 inde$1 o!r books ( a religi\s "*1 to :i* ref]5ce is sometimes made 9 ! books ( ! ,bible4 ,9 ,numb]s xxi4 #ad1 #ae1 we h a brief w> song quot$ f ,! ,book ( ! ,w>s ( ,jehovah1 a collection ( :i* we h no o!r k4 ,9 ,jo%ua x4 #ac1 ! /ory ( ! sun /&+ /ill ov] ,gibeon is said to h be5 quot$ f ,! ,book ( ,ja%]1 & 9 #b ,samuel i4 #ah1 ! beautiful ,song ( ! ,b[1 writt5 by ,david on ! dea? ( ,saul & ,jona?an1 is said to be conta9$ 9 ! ,book ( ,ja%]4 ,x is evid5t t ?is mu/ h be5 a collection ( lyrics celebrat+ "s ( ! great ev5ts ( ,hebrew hi/ory4 ,! title seems to mean ,! ,book ( ! ,j4 ,! exploits ( ! wor?ies ( ,israel probably furni%$ its pr9cipal !me4 ,9 #a ,*ronicles xxix4 #bi1 we read3 ,n[ ! acts ( ,david ! k+1 fir/ & la/1 behold !y are writt5 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,samuel ! ,se]1 & 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,na?an ! ,prophet1 & 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,gad ! ,se]4 ,!re is no reason to d\bt t ! fir/ nam$ ( ^! is ! hi/ory conta9$ 9 ! books ( ,samuel 9 our ,bible2 b ! o!r two books are lo/4 ,we h ano!r ref]5ce to ! ,hi/ory ( ,na?an1 9 #b ,*ronicles ix4 #bi1--! conclud+ words ( ! sket* ( ,k+ ,solomon's life4 ,n[ ! re/ ( ! acts ( ,solomon1 fir/ & la/1 are !y n writt5 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,na?an ! ,prophet1 & 9 ! ,prophecy ( ,abijah ! ,%ilonite1 & 9 ! ,visions ( ,iddo ! ,se] conc]n+ ,j]oboam ! son ( ,nebat8 ,"h are two m books ( :i* we h no o!r k2 _! titles quot$ ^u ! page ( ?is *ronicle are all t is left ( !m4 ,a simil> ref]5ce1 9 ! la/ words ( ! sket* ( ,solomon's son ,rehoboam1 gives u our only k ( ! ,hi/ories ( ,%emaiah ! ,prophet4 ,9 ! ,k+s & 9 ! ,*ronicles1 ref]5ce is repeat$ly made to ! ,books ( ! ,*ronicles ( ! ,k+s ( ,israel1 & ! ,books ( ! ,*ronicles ( ! ,k+s ( ,judah1 "u :i* titles volumes t are n[ lo/ are br\ght to our notice4 ,und\bt$ly mu* ( ! hi/ory 9 ! biblical books ( ,k+s & ,*ronicles 0 d]iv$ f ^! anci5t annals4 ,!y are ! s\rces f :i* ! writ]s ( ^! books drew _! mat]ials4 ,we are also told 9 #b ,*ronicles xxvi4 #bb1 t ,isaiah wrote a hi/ory ( ! ,acts ( ,uzziah1 :i* is :olly lo/4 ,o!r casual ref]5ces are made to hi/orical writ+s ( v>i\s sorts1 compos$ by prophets & se]s1 & ?us app>5tly accr$it$ by ! biblical writ]s z au?oritative utt]ances ( div9e tru?4 ,:y 7 !y suff]$ to p]i%8 ,has n ,em]son c]tifi$ u t ,"o acc5t ( ! ,holy ,gho/ ,! he$less _w has nev] lo/8 ,b ?is is a fond exagg]ation4 ,mr4 ,em]son 0 c]ta9ly n himself inspir$ :5 he utt]$ x4 ,_m & _m an acc5t ( ! ,holy ,gho/ has be5 lo/ by ?is he$less _w4 ,& x is n at all improbable t "s ( ^! hi/ories ( ,na?an & ,gad & ,%emaiah held vital & preci\s tru?1--tru? t ! _w has ne$$4 ,! v fact t !y are hopelessly lo/ raises "s curi\s que/ions ab\t ! me?od ( revelation4 ,is x to be suppos$ t ! ,provid5ce :i* suff]s :ole books to be lo/ by m5 w\ld infallibly gu>antee ^? t rema9 aga9/ errors 9 ! copies1 & o!r imp]fections8 ,z a matt] ( fact1 we "k t ,he has n s protect$ any ( !m4 ,/ill ,i d\bt n t ,provid5ce has kept = u ! be/ ( ?is ,hebrew lit]ature4 ,to say t x is ! be/ lit]ature t ! _w has produc$ is to say v little4 ,x is sep>at$ widely f all o!r sacr$ writ+s4 ,its con/ructive ideas are z f> above ^? ( ! o!r books ( religion z ! heav5s are above ! e>?4 ,i pity ! man :o has _h ! ,bible 9 8 h& f 8 infancy1 & :o has le>n$ 9 8 matur] ye>s some?+ ( ! lit]ature ( ! o!r religions1 b :o n[ ne$s to h ?is /atem5t v]ifi$4 ,true x is t we f9d pure maxims1 elevat$ ?\ghts1 g5u9e fai?1 l(ty morality1 9 _m ( ! ,bibles ( ! o!r races4 ,true x is t 9 "s ( !m visions are v\*saf$ u ( ! highe/ tru?s ( religion1 ( ! v sub/ance ( ! gospel ( ! ,son ( ,god4 ,b :5 we take ! sacr$ books ( ! o!r religions 9 _! entirety1 & comp>e !m ) ! sacr$ writ+s ( ! ,hebrews1 ! sup]iority ( ^! 9 _! fundam5tal ideas1 9 ! conceptions t dom9ate !m1 9 ! gr& uplift+ visions & purposes t vitalize !m1 c be felt by any man :o has any disc]nm5t ( spiritual realities4 ,x is 9 ^! great ideas t ! value ( ^! writ+s consi/s1 & n 9 any petty infallibility ( phrase1 or in]rancy ( /atem5t4 ,!y are ! record1 z no o!r book 9 ! _w is a record1 ( t increas+ purpose ( ,god :i* runs ?r\gh ! ages4 ,i hope t x w appe> z ! result ( our /udies1 t "o may cont9ue to rev]5ce ! ,scriptures z conta9+ a unique & special revelation f ,god to m51 & yet cle>ly see & frankly ackn[l$ge ! facts conc]n+ _! orig91 & ! human & fallible elem5ts 9 !m1 :i* are n conceal$1 b lie ^u _! v face4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,:at ,,did ,,moses ,,write8 ,we are n[ to /udy ! fir/ five books ( ! ,bible1 kn[n z ! ,p5tateu*4 ,?is ^w ,p5tateu* is n 9 ! ,bible2 x is a ,greek ^w signify+ lit]ally ! ,five-fold ,"w2 f p5ta1 five1 & teu*os1 :i* 9 ! lat] ,greek means roll or volume4 ,! ,jews 9 ! "t ( our ,"l always consid]$ ^! five books z "o connect$ "w2 !y call$ ! :ole sometimes ,torah1 or ,! ,law1 sometimes ,! ,law ( ,moses1 sometimes ,! ,five-fif?s ( ! ,law4 ,x 0 orig9ally "o book1 & x is n easy to det]m9e at :at "t its division into five p>ts took place4 ,lat] criticism is also incl9$ to add to ! ,p5tateu* ! ,book ( ,jo%ua1 & to say t ! fir/ six books ( ! ,bible 7 put into _! pres5t =m by ! same h&4 ,! ,hexateu*1 or ,six-fold ,"w1 has tak5 ! place 9 ^! lat] discussions ( ! ,p5tateu*1 or ,five-fold ,"w4 ,d\btless !re is good reason = ! new classification1 b x w be m conv5i5t to beg9 ) ! traditional division & speak fir/ ( ! five books reckon$ by ! lat] ,jews z ! ,torah1 or ! ,five-fif?s ( ! ,law4 ,:o wrote ^! books8 ,our mod]n ,hebrew ,bibles give !m ! g5]al title1 ,qu9que ,libri ,mosis4 ,?is means ,! ,five ,books ( ,moses4 ,b ,moses c\ld nev] h giv5 !m ?is title1 = ^! are ,lat9 words1 & x is n possible t ,moses %\ld h us$ ! ,lat9 language because !re 0 no ,lat9 language 9 ! _w until _m hundr$s ( ye>s aft] ! day ( ,moses4 ,! ,lat9 title 0 giv5 to !m1 ( c\rse1 by ! editors :o compil$ !m4 ,! preface & ! explanatory notes 9 ^! ,hebrew ,bibles are also writt5 9 ,lat94 ,b ov] ?is ,lat9 title 9 ! ,hebrew ,bible is ! ,hebrew ^w ,torah4 ,?is 0 ! "n by :i* ^! books 7 *iefly kn[n among ! ,jews2 x signifies simply ,! ,law4 ,?is title gives u no in=mation1 !n1 conc]n+ ! au?or%ip ( ^! books4 ,:5 we look at our ,engli% ,bibles we f9d no sep>ation1 z 9 ! ,hebrew ,bible1 ( ^! five books f ! re/ ( ! ,old ,te/am5t writ+s1 b we f9d ov] ea* "o ( !m a title by :i* x is ascrib$ to ,moses z its au?or1--,! ,fir/ ,book ( ,moses1 commonly call$ ,g5esis2 ,! ,second ,book ( ,moses1 commonly call$ ,exodus2 & s on4 ,b :5 ,i look into my ,hebrew ,bible aga9 no su* title is !re4 ,no?+ is said ab\t ,moses 9 ! ,hebrew title to ,g5esis4 ,x is c]ta9 t if ,moses wrote ^! books he did n call !m ,g5esis1 ,exodus1 ,leviticus1 ,numb]s1 ,deut]onomy2 = ^! words1 aga91 come f languages t he nev] he>d4 ,f\r ( !m are ,greek words1 & "o ( !m1 ,numb]s1 is a ,lat9 ^w4 ,^! names 7 giv5 to ! sev]al books at a v late day4 ,:at are _! names 9 ! ,hebrew ,bible8 ,ea* ( !m is call$ by ! fir/ ^w1 or "s ( ! fir/ words 9 ! book4 ,! ,jews 7 apt to "n _! books1 z we "n our hymns1 by ! initial ^w or words2 ?us !y call$ ! fir/ ( ^! five books1 ,b]e%i?1 ,9 ! ,beg9n+2 ! second "o ,veelleh ,%emo?1 ,n[ ^! are ! names2 ! ?ird "o ,vayikra1 ,& he call$1 & s on4 ,! titles 9 our ,engli% ,bible are mu* m significant & appropriate ?an ^! orig9al ,hebrew titles2 ?us ,g5esis signifies orig91 & ,g5esis is ! ,book ( ,orig9s2 ,exodus means dep>ture1 & ! book describes ! dep>ture ( ,israel f ,egypt2 ,leviticus po9ts out ! fact t ! book is ma9ly occupi$ ) ! ,levitical legislation2 ,numb]s gives a hi/ory ( ! numb]+ ( ! p1 & ,deut]onomy1 :i* means ! second law1 conta9s :at seems to be a recapitulation & renactm5t ( ! legislation ( ! prec$+ books4 ,b ^! ,engli% titles1 :i* are p>tly translat$ & p>tly transf]r$ to ,engli% f old] ,lat9 & ,greek titles1 tell u no?+ tru/wor?y ab\t ! au?or%ip ( ! books4 ,h[1 !n1 y desire to "k1 did ^! books come to be kn[n z ! books ( ,moses8 ,!y 7 quot$1 answ] "s1 & ?us accr$it$ by our ,"l & 8 apo/les4 ,!y are frequ5tly m5tion$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t z inspir$ & au?oritative books2 !y are ref]r$ to z ! writ+s ( ,moses2 we h ! te/imony ( ,jesus ,*ri/ & ( 8 apo/les to _! g5u95ess & au!nticity4 ,let u see h[ mu* tru? ?is answ] conta9s4 ,x confronts u ) a v important matt] :i* may z well be settl$ be=e we g on4 ,x is true1 to beg9 )1 t ,jesus & ! ,evangeli/s d quote f ^! books1 & t !y ascribe to ,moses "s ( ! passages :i* !y quote4 ,! s\nde/ criticism _c impugn ! hone/y or ! intellig5ce ( su* quotations4 ,!re is good reason1 z we %all see1 = believ+ t a l>ge "p ( ?is lit]ature 0 writt5 9 ! "t ( ,moses1 & "u ! eye ( ,moses1 if n by 8 h&4 ,9 a c]ta9 important s5se1 :i* w be cle>] to u z we g on1 ?is lit]ature is all ,mosaic4 ,! ref]5ce to x by ! ,"l & 8 apo/les is !re=e legitimate4 ,b ?is ref]5ce does by no means w>rant ! sweep+ conclusion t ! five books ( ! law 7 all & entire f ! p5 ( ! ,lawgiv]4 ,our ,"l n[h]e says t ! fir/ five books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t 7 all writt5 by ,moses4 ,mu* less does he tea* t ! cont5ts ( ^! books are all equally inspir$ & au?oritative4 ,inde$ he quotes f !m sev]al times = ! express purpose ( repudiat+ _! doctr9es & repeal+ _! legislation4 ,9 ! v =e-front ( 8 tea*+ /&s a /]n array ( judgm5ts 9 :i* und\bt$ comm&m5ts ( ! ,mosaic law are expressly condemn$ & set aside1 "s ( !m because !y are inadequate & sup]ficial1 "s ( !m because !y are morally defective4 ,ye h he>d t x 0 said to !m ( old "t ?us & ?us2 b ,i say unto y--& !n foll[ words t directly contradict ! old legislation4 ,aft] quot+ two ( ! comm&m5ts ( ! ,decalogue & giv+ !m an int]pretation t :olly trans=ms !m1 he proce$s to cite sev]al old laws f ^! ,mosaic books1 9 ord] to set 8 own ^w firmly aga9/ !m4 ,"o ( ^! also is a law ( ! ,decalogue itself4 ,!re c be little d\bt t ! ?ird comm&m5t is quot$ & criticis$ by our ,"l1 9 ?is disc\rse4 ,t comm&m5t =bids1 n *iefly pr(anity1 b p]jury2 by implication x p]mits judicial oa?s4 ,& ,jesus expressly =bids judicial oa?s4 ,swe> n at all4 ,i am aw>e t ?is is n ! usual int]pretation ( ^! words1 b ,i believe t x is ! only mean+ t ! words w be>4 ,n to insi/ ^u ?is1 h[ev]1 sev]al o!r examples are giv5 9 ! disc\rse conc]n+ :i* !re c be no "q4 ,jesus quotes ! law ( divorce f ,deut]onomy xxiv4 #a1b4 ,:5 a man take? a wife & m>rie? h]1 !n x %all be1 if %e f9d no fav\r 9 8 eyes1 because he ha? f\nd "s unseemly ?+ 9 h]1 t he %all write h] a bill ( divorcem5t1 & give x 9 h] h&1 & s5d h] out ( 8 h\se4 ,& :5 %e is dep>t$ out ( 8 h\se %e may g & be ano!r man's wife4 ,^! are ! words ( a law :i* ,moses is repres5t$ z utt]+ by ! au?ority ( ,jehovah4 ,?is law1 z ?us express$1 ,jesus ,*ri/ unqualifi$ly repeals4 ,i say unto y t e "o t putte? away 8 wife1 sav+ = ! cause ( =nication1 make? h] an adult]ess1 & :osoev] %all m>ry h] :5 %e is put away committe? adult]y4 ,! law ( rev5ge is treat$ 9 ! same way4 ,ye h he>d t x 0 said1 ,an eye = an eye & a too? = a too?4 ,:o said ?is8 ,0 x "s rabb9 ( ! old5 "t8 ,x 0 ,moses2 nay1 ! old record says t ?is is ! ^w ( ! ,"l by ,moses3 ,! ,"l spake unto ,moses1 say+ among o!r ?+s1 ,if a man cause a blemi% 9 8 neighbor1 z he ha? done s %all x be done to him2 brea* = brea*1 eye = eye1 too? = too?2 z he ha? caus$ a blemi% 9 a man1 s %all x be r5d]$ unto him4 7,lev4 xxiv4 #ai1bj47 ,s 9 ,exodus xxi4 #bd1 ,?\ %alt give life = life1 eye = eye1 too? = too?1 h& = h&1 burn+ = burn+1 w\nd = w\nd1 /ripe = /ripe4 ,x is sometimes said t ^! retaliations 7 simply p]mitt$ "u ! ,mosaic law1 b ?is is a great error2 !y 7 enjo9$3 ,?9e eye %all n pity1 x is said 9 ano!r place 7,deut4 xix4 #ba72 life %all g = life1 eye = eye1 too? = too?1 h& = h&1 foot = foot4 ,?is law ( retaliation is an integral "p ( ! moral legislation ( ! ,p5tateu*4 ,x is no "p ( ! c]emonial law2 x is an e?ical rule4 ,x is cle>ly ascrib$ to ,moses2 x is di/9ctly said to h be5 enact$ by comm& ( ,god4 ,b ,*ri/ 9 ! mo/ unhesitat+ mann] condemns & c\nt]m&s x4 ,ye h he>d1 he cont9ues1 t x 0 said1 ,?\ %alt love ?y neighbor & hate ?9e enemy2 b ,i say unto y1 ,love y\r enemies1 & pray = !m t p]secute y4 ,b ?is1 x is object$1 is n a quotation f ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,^! words d n occur 9 t old legislation4 ,at any rate ,jesus introduces !m ) ! v same =mula :i* he has all along be5 apply+ to ! words :i* he has quot$ f ! ,mosaic law4 ,x is evid5t t he means to give ! impression t !y are "p ( t law4 ,he is n c>eful 9 any ( ^! cases to quote ! exact words ( ! law1 b he does give ! mean+ ( x4 ,he gives ! exact mean+ ( x "h4 ,! ,mosaic law comm&$ ,jews to love _! neighbors1 memb]s ( _! own tribe1 b to hate ! p ( surr\nd+ tribes3 ,an ,ammonite or a ,moabite %all n ent] into ! assembly ( ! ,"l2 ev5 to ! t5? g5]ation %all none belong+ to !m ent] into ! assembly ( ! ,"l = ev]4444 ,?\ %alt n seek _! peace nor _! prosp]ity all ?y days = ev]4 7,deut4 xxiii4 #c-f47 ,:5 ! ,"l ?y ,god %all br+ !e into ! l& :i!r ?\ goe/ to possess x1 & %alt ca/ out _m nations be=e !e1 444 !n ?\ %alt utt]ly de/roy !m2 ?\ %alt make no cov5ant ) !m1 nor %[ m]cy unto !m4 7,deut4 vii4 #a1b47 ,?is is ! _s ( mu* ( ?is anci5t legislation2 & ^! laws 71 if ! record is true1 lit]ally execut$1 9 aft] times1 by ,jo%ua & ,samuel1 ^u ! p ( ,canaan4 ,& ^! bloody comm&s1 albeit !y h a ,?us said ! ,"l beh9d e "o ( !m1 ,jesus1 9 ! great disc\rse :i* is ! *>t] ( 8 k+dom1 di/9ctly repeals4 ,su* is ! me?od by :i* our ,"l sometimes deals ) ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,x is by no means true t he assumes ?is attitude t[>d all p>ts ( x4 ,sometimes he quotes ,lawgiv] & ,prophets 9 confirmation ( 8 own words2 (t5 he ref]s to ^! anci5t ,scriptures z prep>+ ! way = 8 k+dom & =e%ad[+ 8 p]son & 8 "w4 ,nay1 he ev5 says ( t law :i* we are n[ /udy+ t n "o jot or tittle %all 9 any wise pass f x till all ?+s be accompli%$4 ,:at he means by t we %all be able by & by to discov]4 ,b ^! passages :i* ,i h cit$ make x cle> t ,jesus ,*ri/ _c be appeal$ to 9 support ( ! traditional view ( ! nature ( ^! old writ+s4 ,! common argum5t by :i* ,*ri/ is made a witness to ! au!nticity & infallible au?ority ( ! ,old ,te/am5t runs z foll[s3 ,*ri/ quotes ,moses z ! au?or ( ?is legislation2 !re=e ,moses mu/ h writt5 ! :ole ,p5tateu*4 ,moses 0 an inspir$ prophet2 !re=e all ! tea*+ ( ! ,p5tateu* mu/ be infallible4 ,! facts are1 t ,jesus n[h]e te/ifies t ,moses wrote ! :ole ( ! ,p5tateu*2 & t he n[h]e gu>antees ! infallibility ei!r ( ,moses or ( ! book4 ,on ! contr>y1 he sets aside z inadequate or morally defective c]ta9 laws :i* 9 ?is book are ascrib$ to ,moses4 ,x is ne$ful1 ?us1 on ! ?re%old ( our argum5t1 to h a cle> und]/&+ respect+ ! nature ( ! te/imony borne by our ,"l & 8 apo/les to ?is anci5t lit]ature4 ,x is ^u ?is t ! advocates ( ! traditional view ( ! ,old ,te/am5t :olly rely4 ,*ri/ 0 au?ority1 !y say2 ! ,new ,te/am5t writ]s 7 inspir$2 y all admit ?is2 n[ ,*ri/ & ! ,new ,te/am5t writ]s con/antly quote ! ,scriptures ( ! ,old ,te/am5t z inspir$ & z au?oritative4 ,!re=e !y mu/ be ! infallible ^w ( ,god4 ,to ?is x is suffici5t to reply1 ,*ri/ & ! apo/les d quote ! ,old ,te/am5t ,scriptures2 !y f9d a great treasure ( inspir$ & inspir+ tru? 9 !m1 & s c we2 !y recognize ! fact t !y are organically relat$ to t k+dom :i* ,*ri/ came to f\nd1 & t !y record ! e>li] /ages ( t great c\rse ( revelation :i* culm9ates 9 ,*ri/2 b !y n[h]e pron\nce any ( ^! writ+s free f error2 !re is n a h9t or sugge/ion any:]e 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t t any ( ! writ+s ( ! ,old ,te/am5t are infallible2 & ,*ri/ himself1 z we h se51 cle>ly w>ns 8 disciples t !y d n ev5 furni% a safe rule ( moral conduct4 ,aft] ?is1 ! attempt to prove ! in]rancy ( ! ,old ,te/am5t by summon+ z witnesses ! writ]s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t may z well be ab&on$4 ,b did n ,jesus say1 ,se>* ! ,scriptures1 = 9 !m ye ?9k ye h et]nal life1 & !y are !y t te/ify ( me8 ,well1 if he _h said t1 x w\ld n prove t ! ,scriptures !y se>*$ 7 errorless4 ,! injunction w\ld h all ! =ce to-day t x ev] _h4 ,"o may v pr(itably /udy docum5ts :i* are f> f infallible4 ,?is 0 n1 h[ev]1 :at our ,"l said4 ,if y w look into y\r ,revis$ ,v]sion y w see t 8 words1 address$ to ! ,jews1 are n a comm& b an ass]tion3 ,ye se>* ! ,scriptures1 = 9 !m ye ?9k ye h et]nal life 7,john v4 #ci72 if y se>*$ !m c>efully y w\ld f9d "s te/imony !re conc]n+ me4 ,x is n an injunction to se>* ! ,scriptures2 x is simply ! /atem5t ( ! fact t ! ,jews to :om he 0 speak+ did se>* ! ,scriptures1 & se>*$ !m z _m p 9 our own "t d1 to v little purpose4 ,b does n ,paul say1 9 8 lett] to ,timo?y1 t ,all ,scripture is giv5 by inspiration ( ,god8 ,no1 ,paul does n say t4 ,look aga9 at y\r ,revis$ ,v]sion 7#b ,tim4 iii4 #af73 ,e ,scripture inspir$ ( ,god is also pr(itable = tea*+1 = repro(1 = correction1 = in/ruction1 :i* is 9 righte\sness4 ,e writ+ inspir$ ( ,god is pr(itable read+4 ,t is ! :ole /atem5t4 ,b ,paul says 9 ! v]ses prec$+1 t ,timo?y _h kn[n f a *ild ! ,sacr$ ,writ+s :i* 7 able to make him wise unto salvation ?r\gh fai? 9 ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,0 !re n1 !n1 9 8 h&s1 a volume or collection ( books1 kn[n z ! ,sacr$ ,writ+s1 ) a def9ite table ( cont5ts2 & did n ,paul ref] to ?is collection1 & imply t all ^! writ+s 7 inspir$ ( ,god & pr(itable = ! uses specifi$8 ,no1 ?is is n ! precise /ate ( ! case4 ,^! ,sacr$ ,writ+s _h n at ?is "t be5 ga!r$ into a volume by !mselves1 ) a fix$ table ( cont5ts4 ,:at is call$ ! ,canon ( ! ,old ,te/am5t _h n yet be5 f9ally det]m9$4,footnote3 ,see *apt] xi ,!re 71 inde$1 z we saw 9 ! la/ *apt]1 two collections ( sacr$ writ+s1 "o 9 ,hebrew & ! o!r 9 ,greek4 ,! ,hebrew collection 0 n at ?is "t def9itely clos$2 !re 0 /ill a dispute among ! ,pale/9ian ,jews z to :e!r two or ?ree ( ! books :i* x n[ conta9s %\ld g into x2 t dispute 0 n conclud$ until half a c5tury aft] ! dea? ( our ,"l4 ,! o!r collection1 z ,i h said1 0 9 ! ,greek language1 & x includ$1 n only our ,old ,te/am5t books1 b ! books n[ kn[n z ! ,old ,te/am5t ,apocrypha4 ,?is 0 ! collection1 rememb]1 mo/ us$ by our ,"l & 8 apo/les4 ,:i* ( ^! collections 0 9 ! h&s ( ,timo?y we d n c]ta9ly "k4 ,b ! fa!r ( ,timo?y 0 a ,greek1 ?\gh 8 "m 0 a ,jewess2 & x is altoge!r probable t he _h /udi$ f 8 *ildhood ! ,greek v]sion ( ! ,old ,te/am5t writ+s4 ,%all we und]/& ,paul1 !n1 z c]tify+ ! au!nticity & infallibility ( ?is :ole collection8 ,does he mean to say t ! ,/ory ( ,susanna & ,bel & ! ,dragon1 & all ! re/ ( ^! fables & tales1 are pr(itable = tea*+ & in/ruction 9 righte\sness8 ,?is text1 s int]pret$1 evid5tly proves too mu*4 ,d\btless ,paul did mean to comm5d to ,timo?y ! ,old ,te/am5t ,scriptures z conta9+ preci\s & sav+ tru?4 ,b we mu/ n =ce 8 language into any :olesale indorsem5t ( e lett] & ^w1 or ev5 ( e *apt] & book ( ^! old writ+s4 ,s f>1 !re=e1 z our ,"l himself & 8 apo/les are conc]n$1 we h no decisive judgm5t ei!r z to ! au?or%ip ( ^! old writ+s or z to _! absolute fre$om f error4 ,!y h&l$ ^! ,scriptures1 quot$ f !m1 f\nd inspir$ tea*+ 9 !m2 b ! ,scriptures :i* !y *iefly h&l$1 f :i* !y g5]ally quot$1 9 :i* !y f\nd _! inspir$ tea*+1 conta9$1 z we "k1 wor?less matt]4 ,x is n to be assum$ t !y did n "k ?is matt] to be wor?less2 & if !y knew ?is1 x is n to be ass]t$ t !y int5d$ to place ^u ! :ole ( x ! /amp ( _! approval4 ,we h w&]$ some:at f ! pa? ( our discussion1 b x 0 necess>y 9 ord] to det]m9e ! significance ( ^? ref]5ces to ! ,old ,te/am5t ) :i* ! ,new ,te/am5t ab\nds4 ,! "q be=e u is1 ,:y d we believe t ,moses wrote ! five books :i* be> 8 "n 9 our ,bibles8 ,we h se5 t ! ,new ,te/am5t writ]s give u no decisive te/imony on ?is po9t4 ,on :at te/imony is ! belief f\nd$8 ,d\btless x re/s :olly on ! traditions ( ! ,jews4 ,su* 0 ! tradition pres]v$ among !m 9 ! "t ( our ,"l4 ,!y believ$ t ,moses wrote e ^w ( ^! books2 t ,god dictat$ ! syllables to him & t he record$ !m4 ,b ! traditions ( ! ,jews are n1 9 o!r matt]s1 highly reg>d$ by ,*ri/ians4 ,our ,"l himself speaks m ?an once 9 /]n c5sure ( ^! traditions by :i*1 z he *>ges1 _! moral s5se 0 blunt$ & ! law ( ,god 0 made ( none effect4 ,_m ( ^! old tales ( !irs 7 extremely *ildi%4 ,"o tradition ascribes1 z we h se51 to ,moses ! au?or%ip ( ! :ole ,p5tateu*2 ano!r decl>es t :51 dur+ an invasion ( ! ,*aldeans1 all ! books ( ! ,scripture 7 de/roy$ by fire1 ,ezra wrote !m all out f memory1 9 an incr$ibly %ort space ( "t2 ano!r tradition relates h[ ! same ,ezra "o day he>d a div9e voice bidd+ him retire into ! field ) five swift amanu5ses1--h[ he !n receiv$ a full cup1 full z x 7 ( wat]1 b ! color ( x 0 l fire1 444 & :5 he _h drank ( x1 8 he>t utt]$ und]/&+ & wisdom grew 9 8 brea/1 = 8 _s /r5g!n$ 8 memory1 444 & 8 m\? 0 op5$ & %ut no m & = =ty days & nights he dictat$ )\t /opp+ till two hundr$ & f\r books 7 writt5 d[n4 ,footnote3 #b ,esdras xiv4 ,see1 also1 ,/anley's ,jewi% ,*ur*1 iii1 #aea4 ,^! fables _h wide curr5cy among ! ,jews2 !y 7 believ$ by ,ir5u1 ,t]tullian1 ,augu/9e1 & o!rs ( ! great fa!rs ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*2 b !y are n cr$it$ 9 ^! days4 ,x is evid5t t ,jewi% tradition is n always to be tru/$4 ,we %all ne$ "s bett] reason ?an ?is = believ+ t ,moses 0 ! au?or ( ! ,p5tateu*4 ,i d n "k :]e else we c g = in=mation except to ! books !mselves4 ,a c>eful exam9ation ( !m may ?r[ "s light ^u ! "q ( _! orig94 ,a great multitude ( s*ol>s h be5 be=e u 9 _! exam9ation2 :at is _! v]dict8 ,fir/ we h ! v]dict ( ! traditionali/s1--^?1 ,i mean1 :o accept ! ,jewi% tradition1 & believe ) ! rabb9s t ,moses wrote ! :ole ( ! fir/ five books ( ! ,bible4 ,"s :o hold ?is !ory are ready to admit t !re may be a few v]ses "h & !re int]polat$ into ! record by lat] scribes2 b !y ma9ta9 t ! books 9 _! sub/ance & entirety came 9 _! pres5t =m f ! h&s ( ,moses4 ,?is is ! !ory :i* has be5 g5]ally receiv$ by ! ,*ri/ian *ur*4 ,x is held to-day by v few em95t ,*ri/ian s*ol>s4 ,ov] aga9/ ?is traditional !ory is ! !ory ( ! radical & de/ructive critics t ,moses wrote no?+ at all2 t p]haps ! t5 comm&m5ts 7 giv5 by him1 b h>dly any?+ m2 t ^! books 7 n ev5 writt5 9 ! "t ( ,moses1 b hundr$s ( ye>s aft] 8 dea?4 ,moses is suppos$ to h liv$ ab\t #adjj ,b4,c42 ^! writ+s1 say ! de/ructive critics1 7 fir/ produc$ 9 "p ab\t #gcj ,b4,c41 b 7 ma9ly writt5 aft] ! ,exile 7ab\t #ddd ,b4,c471 almo/ a ?\s& ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ,moses4 ,/rict & imp>tial inve/igation has %[n1 says ,dr4 ,knapp]t1 t 444 no?+ 9 ! :ole ,law really comes f ,moses himself except ! t5 comm&m5ts4 ,& ev5 ^! 7 n deliv]$ by him 9 ! same =m z we f9d !m n[4 ,footnote3 ,! ,religion ( ,israel1 p4 #i4 ,?is is1 to my m9d1 an a/\nd+ /atem5t4 ,x illu/rates ! l5g?s to :i* de/ructive criticism c g4 ,& ,i d>e say t we %all f9d 9 our /udy ( ^! books reason = believ+ t su* views z ^! are z f> a/ray on ! "o side z ^? ( ! traditionali/s are on ! o!r4 ,let u te/ ^! two !ories by int]rogat+ ! books !mselves4 ,fir/1 !n1 we f9d ^u ! face ( ! record sev]al reasons = believ+ t ! books _c h come1 9 _! pres5t =m1 f ! h& ( ,moses4 ,moses di$ 9 ! wild]ness1 be=e ! ,israelites rea*$ ! ,promis$ ,l&1 be=e ! ,canaanites 7 driv5 out1 & ! l& 0 divid$ among ! tribes4 ,x is n likely t he wrote ! acc\nt ( 8 own dea? & burial :i* we f9d 9 ! la/ *apt] ( ,deut]onomy4 ,!re are ^?1 x is true1 :o ass]t t ,moses 0 inspir$ to write ?is acc\nt ( 8 own fun]al2 b ?is is go+ a little f>!r ?an ! rabb9s2 !y decl>e t ?is *apt] 0 add$ by ,jo%ua4 ,x is conceivable t ,moses might h left on record a pr$iction t he w\ld die & be buri$ 9 ?is way2 b ! ,_s ( ! ,"l c\ld nev] inspire a man to put 9 ! pa/ t5se a pla9 n>rative ( an ev5t :i* is yet 9 ! future4 ,! /atem5t :5 writt5 w\ld be false1 & ,god is n ! au?or ( falsehood4 ,x is n likely ei!r t ,moses wrote ! words 9 ,exodus xi4 #c3 ,moreov] ! man ,moses 0 v great 9 ! l& ( ,egypt1 9 ! sight ( all ! p2 nor ^? 9 ,numb]s xii4 #c3 ,n[ ! man ,moses 0 v meek above all ! m5 :i* 7 on ! face ( ! e>?4 ,x has be5 said1 inde$1 t ,moses 0 direct$ by inspiration to say su* ?+s ab\t himself2 b ,i d n believe t egotism is a sup]natural product2 m5 take t 9 ! natural way4 ,o!r passages %[ ^u ! face ( !m t !y mu/ h be5 add$ to ^! books aft] ! "t ( ,moses4 ,x is /at$ 9 ,exodus xvi4 #ce1 t ! ,israelites cont9u$ to eat manna until !y came to ! bord]s ( ! l& ( ,canaan4 ,b ,moses 0 n liv+ :5 !y ent]$ t l&4 ,9 ,g5esis xii4 #f1 9 connection ) ! /ory ( ,abraham's entrance into ,pale/9e1 ! hi/orical explanation is ?r[n 93 ,& ! ,canaanite 0 !n 9 ! l&4 ,x w\ld seem t ?is mu/ h be5 writt5 at a day :5 ! ,canaanite 0 no long] 9 ! l&1--aft] ! occupation ( ! l& & ! expulsion ( ! ,canaanites4 ,9 ,numb]s xv4 #cb1 an incid5t is relat$ :i* is prefac$ by ! words1 ,:ile ! *ildr5 ( ,israel 7 9 ! wild]ness4 ,does n ?is look back to a pa/ "t8 ,c we imag9e t ?is 0 writt5 by ,moses8 ,aga91 9 ,deut]onomy iii4 #aa1 we h a description ( ! b$/ead ( ,og1 "o ( ! giants captur$ & kill$ by ! ,israelites1 j be=e ! dea? ( ,moses2 & ?is b$/ead is ref]r$ to z if x 7 an antique curiosity2 ! village is m5tion$ 9 :i* x is kept4 ,9 ,g5esis xxxvi4 we f9d a g5ealogy ( ! k+s ( ,moab1 runn+ ?r\gh sev]al g5]ations1 prefac$ ) ! words3 ,^! are ! k+s t reign$ 9 ! l& ( ,edom be=e !re reign$ any k+ ov] ! *ildr5 ( ,israel4 ,?is is look+ backw>d f a day :5 k+s 7 reign+ ov] ! *ildr5 ( ,israel4 ,h[ c\ld x h be5 writt5 five hundr$ ye>s be=e !re ev] 0 a k+ 9 ,israel8 ,9 ,g5esis xiv4 #ad1 we read ( ! city ( ,dan2 b 9 ,judges xviii4 #bi1 we are told t ?is city did n receive its "n until hundr$s ( ye>s lat]1 long aft] ! "t ( ,moses4 ,simil>ly ! acc\nt ( ! nam+ ( ! villages ( ,jair1 :i* we f9d 9 ,deut]onomy iii4 #ad1 is q inconsi/5t ) ano!r acc\nt 9 ,judges x4 #c1 #d4 ,"o ( !m mu/ be errone\s1 & x is probable t ! passage 9 ,deut]onomy is an ana*ronism4 ,mo/ ( ^! passages c\ld be expla9$ by ! admission t ! scribes 9 lat] ye>s add$ s5t5ces "h & !re by way ( int]pretation4 ,b t admission w\ld ( c\rse discr$it ! infallibility ( ! books4 ,o!r difficulties1 h[ev]1 ( a mu* m s]i\s k9d1 pres5t !mselves4 ,9 ! fir/ v]se ( ! tw5tie? *apt] ( ,numb]s we read t ! p came to ,kade% 9 ! fir/ mon?4 ,! fir/ mon? ( :at ye>8 ,we look back1 & ! fir/ note ( "t previ\s to ?is is ! second mon? ( ! second ye> ( ! w&]+ 9 ! wild]ness4 ,_! arrival at ,kade% describ$ 9 ! tw5tie? *apt] w\ld seem1 !n1 to h be5 9 ! fir/ mon? ( ! ?ird ye>4 ,9 ! tw5ty-second v]se ( ?is *apt] ! camp moves on to ,m\nt ,hor1 & ,a>on dies !re4 ,!re is no note ( any int]val ( "t :atev]2 yet we are told 9 ! ?irty-?ird *apt] ( ?is book t ,a>on di$ 9 ! =tie? ye> ( ! w&]+4 ,"h is a skip ( ?irty-eight ye>s 9 ! hi/ory1 )\t an indication ( any?+ hav+ happ5$ meantime4 ,on ! supposition t ?is is a cont9u\s hi/ory writt5 by ! man :o 0 a *ief actor 9 x1 su* a gap is inexplicable4 ,!re is a reasonable way ( acc\nt+ = x1 z we %all see1 b x _c be acc\nt$ = on ! !ory t ! book 9 its pres5t =m came f ! h& ( ,moses4 ,"s ( ! laws also be> int]nal evid5ce ( hav+ orig9at$ at a lat] day ?an t ( ,moses4 ,! law =bidd+ ! removal ( l&m>ks presupposes a long occupation ( ! l&2 & ! law regulat+ milit>y enli/m5ts is m naturally expla9$ on ! !ory t x 0 fram$ 9 ! settl$ p]iod ( ! ,hebrew hi/ory1 & n dur+ ! w&]+s4 ,?is may1 inde$1 h be5 anticipatory legislation1 b ! explanation is n probable4 ,v>i\s repetitions ( laws occur :i* are inexplicable on ! supposition t ^! laws 7 all writt5 by ! h& ( "o p]son4 ,?us 9 ,exodus xxxiv4 #ag-bf1 !re is a collection ( legal enactm5ts1 all ( :i* c be f\nd1 9 ! same ord] & almo/ ! same words1 9 ! tw5ty-?ird *apt] ( ! same book4 ,?us1 to quote ! summ>y ( ,bleek1 we f9d 9 bo? places1 7a7 t all ! males %all appe> be=e ,jehovah ?ree times 9 e ye>2 7b7 t no leav5$ bread %all be us$ at ! kill+ ( ! ,pas*al ,lamb1 & t ! fat %all be pres]v$ until ! next morn+2 7c7 t ! fir/ ( ! fruits ( ! field %all be br\ght into ! h\se ( ! ,"l2 7d7 t ! "y kid %all n be see!d 9 its "m's milk4,footnote3 ,introduction to ! ,old ,te/am5t1 i4 #bdj4 ,we _c imag9e t "o man1 ) a fairly good memory1 mu* less an infallibly inspir$ man1 %\ld h writt5 ^! laws twice ov]1 9 ! same words1 )9 s small a space1 9 ! same legal docum5t4 ,9 ,leviticus we h a simil> in/ance4 ,if any "o w take t book & c>efully comp>e ! eighte5? ) ! tw5tie? *apt]1 he w see "s reason = d\bt+ t bo? *apt]s c\ld h be5 ins]t$ by "o h& 9 ?is collection ( /atutes4 ,x is n probable1 z ,bleek has said1 t ,moses w\ld h writt5 ! two *apt]s "o aft] ! o!r1 & w\ld s %ortly aft] h repeat$ ! same precepts :i* he _h be=e giv51 only n s well arrang$ ! second "t4 ,footnote3 ,introduction to ! ,old ,te/am5t1 i4 #bdj4 ,!re are also q a numb] ( inconsi/5cies & contradictions 9 ! legislation1 all ( :i* may be easily expla9$1 b n on ! !ory t ! laws all came f ! p5 ( "o infallibly inspir$ lawgiv]4 ,we f9d also sev]al hi/orical repetitions & hi/orical discrepancies1 all ( :i* make aga9/ ! !ory t ,moses is ! au?or ( all ?is ,p5tateu*al lit]ature4 ,a s+le au?or1 if he 7 a man ( fair intellig5ce1 good common s5se1 & reasonably firm memory1 c\ld n h writt5 x4 ,& unless tautology1 ana*ronisms1 & contradictions are a pro( ( inspiration1 mu* less c\ld x h be5 writt5 by a s+le inspir$ writ]4 ,! traditional !ory _c !re=e he true4 ,we h appeal$ to ! books !mselves1 & !y be> swift witness aga9/ x4 ,n[ let u look at ! o!r !ory ( ! de/ructive critics :i* n only d5ies t ,moses wrote any portion ( ! ,p5tateu*1 b alleges t x 0 writt5 9 ,pale/9e1 none ( x less ?an six or sev5 hundr$ ye>s aft] he 0 dead & buri$4 ,9 ! fir/ place ! book expressly decl>es t ,moses wrote c]ta9 portions ( x4 ,he is m5tion$ sev]al times z hav+ writt5 c]ta9 hi/orical records & c]ta9 words ( ! law4 ,9 ,exodus xxiv41 we are told t ,moses n only rehe>s$ to ! p ! ,cov5ant :i* ! ,"l _h made ) !m1 b t he wrote all ! words ( ! ,cov5ant 9 a book1 & t he took ! book ( ! ,cov5ant & read x 9 ! audi5ce ( all ! p4 ,aft] ! idolatry ( ! p ,moses 0 aga9 comm&$ to write ^! words1 & x is add$1 he wrote ^u ! tables ! words ( ! ,cov5ant1 ! t5 comm&m5ts4 ,9 ,exodus xvii4 #ad1 we are told t ,moses wrote ! n>rative ( ! defeat ( ,amalek 9 a book2 & aga9 9 ,numb]s xxxiii4 #ba1 we read t ,moses record$ ! v>i\s m>*es & halts ( ! ,israelites 9 ! wild]ness4 ,we h also 9 ! ,book ( ,deut]onomy 7xxxi4 #bd-bf7 a /atem5t t ,moses wrote ! words ( ! law 9 a book1 & put x 9 ! ark ( ! cov5ant = pres]vation4 ,precisely h[ mu* ( ! law ?is /atem5t is meant to cov] is n cle>4 ,"s h int]pret$ x to cov] ! :ole ,p5tateu*1 b t int]pretation1 z we h se51 is inadmissible4 ,we may conc$e t x does ref] to a body or code ( laws1--probably t body or code on :i* ! legislation ( ,deut]onomy is bas$4 ,^! are all ! /atem5ts made 9 ! writ+s !mselves conc]n+ _! orig94 ,!y prove1 if !y are cr$ible1 t portions ( ^! books 7 writt5 by ,moses2 !y d n prove t ! :ole ( !m came f 8 h&4 ,i see no reason :atev] to d\bt t ?is is ! ess5tial fact4 ,! !ory ( ! de/ructive critics t ?is lit]ature & ?is legislation 0 all produc$ 9 ,pale/9e1 ab\t ! eigh? c5tury be=e ,*ri/1 & palm$ (f ^u ! ,jews z a pi\s fraud1 does n be> inve/igation4 ,9 l>ge portions ( ^! laws we are con/antly meet+ ) legal provisions & hi/orical allusions t take u directly back to ! "t ( ! w&]+ 9 ! wild]ness1 & _c be expla9$ on any o!r !ory4 ,:51 says ,bleek1 we meet ) laws :i* ref] 9 _! :ole t5or to a /ate ( ?+s utt]ly unkn[n 9 ! p]iod subsequ5t to ,moses1 & to circum/ances exi/+ 9 ! ,mosaic age1 & 9 t only1 x is 9 ! highe/ degree likely t ^! laws n only 9 _! ess5tial purport proce$$ f ,moses1 b also t !y 7 writt5 d[n by ,moses or at lea/ 9 ! ,mosaic age4 ,( ^! laws :i* appe> to c>ry ) !m su* cle> & exact traces ( ! ,mosaic age1 !re are _m occurr+1 especially 9 ,leviticus1 & also 9 ,numb]s & ,exodus1 :i* laws relate to situations & surr\nd+ circum/ances only exi/+ :il/ ! p1 z 0 ! case 9 ,moses' "t1 w&]$ 9 ! wild]ness & 7 dwell]s 9 ! close conf9em5t ( camps & t5ts4 ,footnote3 ,vol4 i4 p4 #bab4 ,x is n necess>y to draw out ?is evid5ce at l5g?2 ,i w only ref] to a few out ( scores ( in/ances4 ,! fir/ sev5 *apt]s ( ,leviticus1 conta9+ laws regulat+ ! burnt (f]+s & meat (f]+s1 con/antly assume t ! p are 9 ! camp & 9 ! wild]ness4 ,! refuse ( ! bea/s (f]$ 9 sacrifice 0 to be c>ri$ out ( ! camp to ! public a% heap1 & burn$4 ,! law ( ! ,great ,day ( ,atonem5t 7,lev4 xvi47 is also full ( allusions to ! fact t ! p 7 9 camp2 ! scapegoat 0 to be driv5 into ! wild]ness1 & ! man :o drove x out 0 to wa% 8 clo!s & ba!1 & aft]w>d come into ! camp2 ! bullock & ! goat1 sla9 = ! sacrifice1 7 to be c>ri$ =? )\t ! camp2 he :o be>s !m =? mu/ also wa% himself be=e he returns to ! camp4 ,l>ge p>ts ( ! legislation conc]n+ leprosy are full ( ! same incid5tal ref]5ces to ! fact t ! p 7 dwell+ 9 camp4 ,!re are also laws requir+ t all ! animals kill$ = food %\ld be slaught]$ be=e ! door ( ! ,tab]nacle4 ,!re 0 a reason = ?is law2 x 0 int5d$ to gu>d aga9/ a debas+ sup]/ition2 b h[ w\ld x h be5 possible to obey x :5 ! p 7 scatt]$ all ov] ! l& ( ,pale/9e8 ,x 0 adapt$ only to ! "t :5 !y 7 dwell+ 9 a camp 9 ! wild]ness4 ,besides1 x mu/ n be ov]look$ t 9 all ?is legislation ! prie/s are n at all ref]r$ to 9 g5]al1 b by "n1 z ,a>on & 8 sons1 or ! sons ( ,a>on ! prie/s4 ,all ! legislation respect+ ! con/ruction ( ! tab]nacle1 ! disposition ( x 9 ! camp1 ! transportation ( x f place to place 9 ! wild]ness1 ! ord] ( ! m>*1 ! summon+ ( ! p :5 camp 0 to be brok51 ) all its m9ute & circum/antial directions1 w\ld be de/itute ( mean+ if x _h be5 writt5 :ile ! p 7 liv+ 9 ,pale/9e1 scatt]$ all ov] ! l&1 dwell+ 9 _! own h\ses1 & engag$ 9 agricultural pursuits4 ,! simple1 un=c$1 natural int]pretation ( ^! laws takes u back1 ,i say1 to ! "t ( ,moses1 to ! ye>s ( ! w&]+ 9 ! wild]ness4 ,! incid5tal ref]5ces to ! conditions ( ! wild]ness life are f> m conv9c+ ?an any explicit /atem5t w\ld h be54 ,c any "o conceive t a writ] ( laws1 liv+ 9 ,pale/9e hundr$s ( ye>s aft]w>ds1 c\ld h fabricat$ ^! allusions to ! camp life & ! t5t life ( ! p8 ,su* a noveli/ did n exi/ among !m2 & ,i "q :e!r ,pr(essor ,ku55 & ,pr(essor ,wellhaus51 ) all _! weal? ( imag9ation1 c\ld h done any su* ?+4 ,_m ( ^! laws 7 c]ta9ly writt5 9 ! "t ( ,moses2 & ,i d n believe t any man 0 liv+ 9 ! "t ( ,moses :o 0 m compet5t to write su* laws ?an 0 ,moses himself4 ,! conclusion ( ,bleek seems !re=e to me altoge!r reasonable3 ,al?\gh ! ,p5tateu* 9 its pres5t /ate & ext5t may n h be5 compos$ by ,moses1 & also _m ( ! s+le laws !re9 may be ! product ( a lat] age1 /ill ! legislation conta9$ 9 x is g5u9ely ,mosaic 9 its entire _s & "*4 ,footnote3 ,vol4 i4 p4 #bba4 ,we are br\ght1 !re=e1 9 our /udy1 to ^! inevitable conclusions3 #a4 ,! ,p5tateu* c\ld nev] h be5 writt5 by any "o man1 inspir$ or o!rwise4 #b4 ,x is a composite "w1 9 :i* _m h&s h be5 engag$4 ,! production ( x ext5ds ov] _m c5turies4 #c4 ,x conta9s writ+s :i* are z old z ! "t ( ,moses1 & "s t are mu* old]4 ,x is impossible to tell h[ mu* ( x came f ! h& ( ,moses1 b !re are consid]able portions ( x :i*1 al?\gh !y may h be5 some:at modifi$ by lat] editors1 are sub/antially z he left !m4 ,i h said t ! ,p5tateu* is a composite "w4 ,9 ! next *apt] we %all f9d "s curi\s facts conc]n+ its compon5t p>ts1 & ! way 9 :i* !y h be5 put toge!r4 ,& al?\gh x did n come into be+ 9 ! way 9 :i* we h be5 taught by ! traditions ( ! rabb9s1 yet we %all see t x conta9s "s wond]ful evid5ce ( ! sup]9t5d+ c>e ( ,god1--( t cont9u\s & gr[+ manife/ation ( 8 tru? & 8 love to ! p ( ,israel1 :i* is :at we mean by revelation4 ,revelation1 we %all be able to und]/&1 is n ! dictation by ,god ( words to m5 t !y may be writt5 d[n 9 books2 x is r ! disclosure ( ! tru? & love ( ,god to m5 9 ! processes ( hi/ory1 9 ! developm5t ( ! moral ord] ( ! _w4 ,x is ! ,light t lighte? e man1 %9+ 9 ! pa?s t lead to righte\sness & life4 ,!re is a moral lead]%ip ( ,god 9 hi/ory2 revelation is ! record ( t lead]%ip4 ,x is by no means conf9$ to words2 its mo/ impressive disclosures are 9 ! field ( action4 ,?us did ! ,"l1 z ,dr4 ,bruce has said1 is a m p]fect =mula ( revelation ?an ,?us said ! ,"l4 ,x is 9 t great hi/orical movem5t ( :i* ! ,bible is ! record t we f9d ! revelation ( ,god to m54 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,s\rces ,,( ,,! ,,p5tateu*4 ,9 ! la/ *apt] we f\nd evid5ce t ! ,p5tateu* z x /&s c\ld n h be5 ! "w ( ,moses1 ?\gh x conta9s mu* mat]ial :i* mu/ h orig9at$ 9 ! "t ( ,moses1 & is m likely to h be5 dictat$ by him ?an by any "o else2 t l>ge portions ( ! ,mosaic law 7 ( ,mosaic au?or%ip2 t ! entire sy/em ( ,levitical legislation grew up f ?is ,mosaic g]m1 ?\gh mu* ( x appe>$ 9 lat] g5]ations2 & t1 !re=e1 ! habit ( ! ,jews ( call+ x all ! law ( ,moses is easily und]/ood4 ,we ?us discov]$ 9 ?is /udy t ! ,p5tateu* is a composite book4 ,! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* 9 all ! ages has be5 incl9$ to p9 its fai? to :at ! rabb9s said ab\t ! orig9 ( ?is book1 & ?is is n altoge!r surpris+2 b 9 ^! days :5 te/imony is sift$ by criticism we f9d t ! traditions ( ! rabb9s are n at all tru/wor?y2 & :5 we g to ! ,book itself1 & ask x to tell u :at x c ( ! secret ( its orig91 we f9d t x has a v diff]5t /ory to tell f t ) :i* ! rabb9s h beguil$ u4 ,a c>eful /udy ( ! ,book makes x p]fectly c]ta9 t x is n ! production ( any "o man1 b a gr[? t has be5 go+ on = _m c5turies2 t x embodies ! "w ( _m h&s1 put toge!r 9 an artless way by v>i\s editors & compil]s4 ,! framework is ,mosaic1 b ! details ( ! "w 7 add$ by rev]5t disciples ( ,moses1 ! la/ ( :om mu/ h liv$ & writt5 _m hundr$ ye>s aft] ,moses' day4 ,"s ( ! evid5ces ( composite /ructure :i* lie ^u ! v face ( ! n>rative w n[ come "u our notice4 ,x is pla9 t ! :ole ( ?is lit]ature c\ld n h be5 writt5 by any "o man )\t "s k9d ( assi/ance4 ,all ! books1 except ! fir/1 are inde$ a record ( ev5ts :i* occurr$ ma9ly dur+ ! lifetime ( ,moses1 & ( mo/ ( :i* he might h _h p]sonal k4 ,b ! /ory ( ,g5esis goes back to a remote antiquity4 ,! la/ ev5t relat$ 9 t book occurr$ f\r hundr$ ye>s be=e ,moses 0 born2 x 0 z di/ant f him z ! discov]y ( ,am]ica by ,columbus is f u2 & o!r portions ( ! n>rative1 su* z ! /ory ( ! ,flood & ! ,creation1 /ret* back into ! %ad[s ( ! age :i* prec$es hi/ory4 ,nei!r ,moses nor any "o liv+ 9 8 day c\ld h giv5 u ^! reports f 8 own k4 ,:oev] wrote ?is mu/ h obta9$ 8 mat]ials 9 "o ( ?ree ways4 #a4 ,!y might h be5 giv5 to him by direct revelation f ,god4 #b4 ,he might h ga!r$ !m up f oral tradition1 f /ories1 folk-lore1 transmitt$ f m\? to m\?1 & s pres]v$ f g5]ation to g5]ation4 #c4 ,he might h f\nd !m 9 writt5 docum5ts exi/+ at ! "t ( 8 writ+4 ,! fir/ ( ^! conjectures embodies ! rabb9ical !ory4 ,! lat] =m ( t !ory decl>$1 h[ev]1 t ,god did n ev5 dictate :ile ,moses wrote1 b simply h&$ ! law1 all writt5 & punctuat$1 out ( heav5 to ,moses2 ! only "q ) ^! rabb9s 0 :e!r he h&$ x d[n all at once1 or "o volume at a "t4 ,x is c]ta9 t ?is is n ! correct !ory4 ,! repetitions1 ! discrepancies1 ! ana*ronisms1 & ! errors :i* ! writ+ c]ta9ly conta9s prove t x c\ld n h be5 dictat$1 ^w = ^w1 by ! ,omnisci5t ,"o4 ,^? :o ma9ta9 su* a !ory z ?is %\ld bew>e h[ !y ascribe to ,god ! imp]fections ( m54 ,x seems to me t ! advocacy ( ! v]bal !ory ( inspiration comes p]il\sly ne> to ! s9 aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,! second conjecture1 t ! writ] ( ^! books might h ga!r$ up oral traditions ( ! e>li] g5]ations & incorporat$ !m into 8 writ+s1 is m plausible2 yet a c>eful exam9ation ( ! writ+s !mselves does n confirm ?is !ory4 ,! =m ( ?is lit]ature %[s t x mu/ h _h ano!r orig94 ,! only rema9+ conjecture1 t ! books are compilations ( writt5 docum5ts1 has be5 e/abli%$ beyond controv]sy by ! mo/ pati5t /udy ( ! writ+s !mselves4 ,9 ! ,book ( ,g5esis ! evid5ce ( ! comb9ation ( two docum5ts is s obvi\s t he :o runs may read4 ,^! two docum5ts are di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r1 p>tly by ! /yle ( writ+1 & p>tly by ! diff]5t names :i* !y apply to ! ,supreme ,be+4 ,"o ( ^! old writ]s call$ ! ,deity ,elohim1 ! o!r call$ him ,yahveh1 or ,jehovah4 ,^! docum5ts are kn[n1 !re=e1 z ! ,elohi/ic & ! ,jehovi/ic n>ratives4 ,sometimes x is a little difficult to tell :]e ! l9e runs :i* sep>ates ^! n>ratives1 b usually x is di/9ct4 ,read]s ( ,g5esis f9d _m passages 9 :i* ! "n giv5 to ! ,deity is ,god1 & o!rs 9 :i* x is ,,"l1 9 small capitals4 ,! fir/ ( ^! names repres5ts ! ,hebrew ,elohim1 ! second ! ,hebrew ,yahveh or ,jehovah4 ,9 "o important section1 beg9n+ ) ! f\r? v]se ( ! second *apt]1 & cont9u+ ?r\gh ! *apt]1 ! two names are comb9$1 & we h ! ,supreme ,be+ spok5 ( z ,! ,,"l ,god1 ,jehovah-,elohim4 ,x is evid5t to e obs]v+ read] t we h 9 ! beg9n+ ( ,g5esis two di/9ct acc\nts ( ! ,creation1 ! "o occupy+ ! fir/ *apt] & ?ree v]ses ( ! second1 ! o!r occupy+ ! rema9d] ( ! second *apt] ) ! :ole ( ! ?ird4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ^! acc\nts is q m>k$4 ,! /yle ( ! writ+1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! ,hebrew1 is /rongly contra/$2 & ! details ( ! /ory are n entirely h>moni\s4 ,9 ! fir/ n>rative ! ord] ( creation is1 fir/ ! e>? & its vegetation1 !n ! l[] animals1 !n man1 male & female1 made 9 ,god's image4 ,9 ! second n>rative ! ord] is1 fir/ ! e>? & its vegetation1 !n man1 !n ! l[] ord]s ( animals1 !n woman4 ,9 ! fir/ /ory plant life spr+s into exi/5ce at ! direct comm& ( ,god2 9 ! second x results f a mi/ :i* rose f ! e>? & wat]$ ! :ole face ( ! gr\nd4 ,^! /rik+ diff]5ces w\ld be h>d to expla9 if we _h n be=e our faces ! cle> evid5ce ( two old docum5ts jo9$ toge!r4 ,i spoke 9 ! la/ *apt] ( c]ta9 hi/orical discrepancies :i* are n explicable on ! supposition t ?is is ! "w ( a s+le writ]4 ,su* are ! two acc\nts ( ! orig9 ( ! "n ( ,be]%eba1 ! "o 9 ! tw5ty-fir/ & ! o!r 9 ! tw5ty-six? *apt] ( ,g5esis4 ,! fir/ acc\nt says t x 0 nam$ by ,abraham1 & gives ! reason :y he call$ ! place by ?is "n4 ,! second acc\nt says t x receiv$ its "n f ,isaac1 ab\t n9ety ye>s lat]1 & gives a :olly diff]5t explanation ( ! reason :y he call$ x by ?is "n4 ,:5 we f9d t 9 ! fir/ ( ^! /ories ,god is call$ ,elohim1 ,footnote3 ,9 ! la/ v]se ( ?is n>rative ! ^w ,jehovah is us$1 b ?is is probably an int]polation4 & 9 ! second ,jehovah1 we c readily expla9 ?is discrepancy4 ,! compil] took "o ( ^! n>ratives f "o ( ^! old docum5ts1 & ! o!r f ! o!r1 & 0 n c>eful to reconcile ! two4 ,a simil> duplication ( ! n>rative is f\nd 9 *apt]s xx4 & xxvi41 ) respect to ! incid5t ( ,abimele*2 9 ! fir/ ( ^! n>ratives a s]i\s complication is describ$ z aris+ betwe5 ,abimele* ,k+ ( ,g]> on ! "o h& & ,abraham & ,s>ah on ! o!r2 9 ! second ,abimele* is repres5t$ z int]f]+1 9 precisely ! same way & ) ! same results1 9 ! dome/ic felicity ( ,isaac & ,rebekah4 ,! h>moniz]s h done _! "w1 ( c\rse1 ^u ^! two passages2 !y h said t !re 7 two ,abimele*s1 & t ,isaac repeat$ ! blund] ( 8 fa!r2 b x is a little s+ul>1 if ?is 7 s1 t no ref]5ce is made 9 ! latt] n>rative to ! =m]4 ,x is altoge!r probable t we h ! same /ory ascrib$ to diff]5t actors2 & :5 we f9d t ! "o n>rative is ,elohi/ic & ! o!r ,jehovi/ic1 ! problem is solv$4 ,m curi\s ?an any o!r ( ^! comb9ations is ! acc\nt ( ! ,flood1 9 :i* ! compil] has tak5 ! n>ratives ( ^! two old writ]s & piec$ !m toge!r l pat*work4 ,ref] to y\r ,bibles & note ?is piece ( lit]>y jo9]-"w4 ,at ! fif? v]se ( ! six? *apt] ( ,g5esis ?is /ory beg9s2 f ?is v]se to ! end ( ! eigh? v]se ! ,jehovi/ic docum5t is us$4 ,! "n ( ! ,deity is ,jehovah1 translat$ ,,"l4 ,f ! n9? v]se to ! end ( ! *apt] ! ,elohi/ic docum5t is us$4 ,! ^w appli$ to ,god is ,elohim1 translat$ ,god4 ,) ! sev5? *apt] beg9s aga9 ! quotation f ! o!r docum5t1 ,& ! ,,"l ,jehovah said unto ,noah4 ,?is ext5ds only to ! six? v]se2 !n ! ,elohi/ic n>rative beg9s aga91 & cont9ues to ! n9ete5? v]se ( ! eigh? *apt]1 includ+ x2 !n ! ,jehovi/ic n>rative beg9s aga91 & cont9ues ?r\gh ! *apt]2 !n ! ,elohi/ takes up ! tale = ! fir/ sev5te5 v]ses ( ! n9? *apt]2 !n ! ,jehovi/ goes on to ! tw5ty-sev5? v]se1 & ! ,elohi/ closes ! *apt]4 ,x is true t we h 9 ! mid/ ( "s ( ^! ,elohi/ic passages a v]se or two ( ! o!r docum5t ins]t$ by ! compil]2 b ! outl9es ( ! diff]5t docum5ts are m>k$ z ,i h told y4 ,if y take ?is /ory & dissect out ( x ! portions :i* ,i h ascrib$ to ! ,elohi/ & put !m toge!r1 y w h a cle>1 complete1 consecutive /ory ( ! ,flood2 ! portions ( ! ,jehovi/ic n>rative ins]t$ r t5d to confusion4 ,! consid]ation ( ! context "h1 says ,bleek1 q ap>t f ! *anges 9 ! nam+ ( ,god1 %[s t ! ,jehovi/ic passages ( ! n>rative did n orig9ally belong to x4 ,x _c fail to be obs]v$ t ! connection is (t5 int]rupt$ by ! ,jehovi/ic passages1 & t by cutt+ !m out a m valuable & cle>] cont9uity ( ! n>rative is almo/ always obta9$4 ,= in/ance1 9 ! exi/+ n>rative c]ta9 repetitions keep on occurr+2 "o ( ^!1 especially1 is connect$ ) a diff]5ce 9 ! matt]s ( fact relat$1 introduc+ no slight difficulty & obscurity4 ,footnote3 ,vol4 i4 p4 #bgc4 ,he> ! ,jehovi/3 ,& ,jehovah saw t ! wick$ness ( man 0 great 9 ! e>? 7*4 vi4 #e74 ,n[ he> ! ,elohi/ 7vi4 #aa73 ,& ! e>? 0 corrupt be=e ,elohim1 & ! e>? 0 fill$ ) viol5ce4 ,! ,jehovi/ says 7vi4 #g73 ,& ,jehovah said1 ,i w de/roy man :om ,i h creat$ f ! face ( ! gr\nd4 ,! ,elohi/ says 7vi4 #ac73 ,! e>? is fill$ ) viol5ce ?r\gh !m1 & behold ,i w de/roy !m ) ! e>?4 ,9 ! n9? v]se ( ! six? *apt] we read3 ,noah 0 a righte\s man & p]fect 9 8 g5]ations2 ,noah walk$ ) ,elohim4 ,9 ! fir/ v]se ( ! sev5? *apt]1 we read1 ,& ,jehovah said unto ,noah1 ,come ?\ & all ?y h\se into ! ark2 = !e h ,i se5 righte\s be=e me 9 ?is g5]ation4 ,^! repetitions %[ h[ ! same /ory is twice told4 ,b ! contradictions are m significant4 ,"h ! "o n>rative repres5ts ,elohim z say+ 7vi4 #ai73 ,& ( e liv+ ?+ ( all fle%1 two ( e k9d %alt ?\ br+ into ! ark to keep !m alive ) !e2 !y %all be male & female4 ,( ! f[l aft] _! k9d & ( ! cattle aft] _! k9d1 ( e creep+ ?+ ( ! e>? aft] its k9d1 two ( e sort %all come unto !e to keep !m alive4 ,b ! o!r n>rative repres5ts ,jehovah z say+1 ,( e clean bea/ ?\ %alt take to !e sev5 & sev51 ! male & ! female2 & ( ! bea/s t are n clean1 two1 ! male & ! female2 ( ! f[l also ( ! air sev5 & sev51 male & female1 to keep se$ alive ^u ! face ( all ! e>?4 ,! "o /ory says t ( e k9d ( liv+ creature "o pair %\ld be tak5 into ! ark2 ! o!r says t ( clean bea/s1 sev5 pairs ( ea* species %\ld be receiv$1 & ( unclean bea/s only "o pair4 ,! h>moni/s h wre/l$ ) ?is passage also2 "s ( !m say t p]haps ! fir/ passage only meant t !y %\ld walk 9 two & two2 o!rs say t a good _m ye>s _h elaps$ betwe5 ! giv+ ( ! two comm&s 7( :i* !re is n a p>ticle ( evid5ce71 & we are left to inf] t 9 ! mean "t ! ,almighty ei!r =got 8 fir/ ord]s1 or else *ang$ 8 m9d4 ,x is a pitiful in/ance ( an attempt to evade a difficulty t _c be evad$4 ,"o ( ! v cons]vative comm5tators1 ,dr4 ,p][ne1 9 ,smi?'s ,bible ,diction>y1 concludes to face x3 ,may we n suppose1 he timidly asks1 t we h "h traces ( a sep>ate docum5t1 int]wov5 by a lat] writ]1 ) ! =m] hi/ory8 ,! passage has n1 inde$1 be5 incorporat$ intact1 b !re is a color+ ab\t x :i* seems to indicate t ,moses1 or :oev] put ! book ( ,g5esis into its pres5t %ape1 _h "h consult$ a diff]5t n>rative4 ,! di/9ct use ( ! div9e names 9 ! same phrase 7vi4 #bb2 vii4 #e71 9 ! =m] ,elohim1 9 ! latt] ,jehovah1 sugge/s t ?is may h be5 ! case4 ,footnote3 ,art4 ,noah1 iii4 #bagi1 ,am]ican ,edition4 ,may we n suppose1 ! good doctor asks1 t we h traces ( two docum5ts "h8 ,c]ta9ly1 y\r rev]5ce4 ,x is j z safe to suppose x1 z x is to suppose1 :5 y see a nose on a man's face1 t x is a nose4 ,!re is no m d\bt ab\t x ?an !re is ab\t any o!r palpable fact4 ,! tru? is1 t ! composite "* ( ,g5esis is no long]1 9 s*ol>ly circles1 an op5 "q4 ,! mo/ cauti\s1 ! mo/ cons]vative ( s*ol>s conc$e ! po9t4 ,ev5 ,presid5t ,b>tlett1 ( ,d>tm\? ,college1 a ,hebrai/ ( "s em95ce1 & z /urdy a def5d] ( old-fa%ion$ or?odoxy z ?is c\ntry holds1 made ?is admission m ?an tw5ty ye>s ago3 ,we may accept ! traces ( e>li] n>ratives z hav+ be5 employ$ & au!nticat$ by him ,moses2 & we may admit ! m>ks ( lat] date z indications ( a surface revision ( au?oriz$ p]sons n lat] ?an ,ezra & ,nehemiah4 ,& ,dr4 ,p][ne1 ! cons]vative s*ol> already quot$1 9 ! article on ! ,p5tateu* 9 ,smi?'s ,bible ,diction>y1 sums up z foll[s3-- #a4 ,! ,book ( ,g5esis re/s *iefly on docum5ts mu* e>li] ?an ! "t ( ,moses1 ?\gh x 0 probably br\ght to v ne>ly its pres5t %ape ei!r by ,moses himself1 or by "o ( ! eld]s :o act$ "u him4 #b4 ,! books ( ,exodus1 ,leviticus1 & ,numb]s are to a great ext5t ,mosaic4 ,besides ^? portions :i* are expressly decl>$ to h be5 writt5 by him1 o!r portions1 & especially ! legal sections1 71 if n actually writt51 9 all probability dictat$ by him4 #c4 ,deut]onomy1 except+ ! conclud+ "p1 is entirely ! "w ( ,moses1 z x pr(esses to be4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #e4 ,! fir/ composition ( ! ,p5tateu* z a :ole c\ld n h tak5 place till aft] ! ,israelites ent]$ ,canaan4 #f4 ,! :ole "w did n f9ally assume its pres5t %ape till its revision 0 und]tak5 by ,ezra aft] ! return f ! ,babyloni% captivity4 ,! volume f :i* ,i h quot$ ^! words be>s ! date ( #ahgj4 ,tw5ty ye>s ( v busy "w h be5 exp5d$ ^u ! ,p5tateu* s9ce ,dr4 ,p][ne wrote ^! words2 if he 7 to write to-day he w\ld be mu* less confid5t t ,moses wrote ! :ole ( ,deut]onomy1 & he w\ld probably modify 8 /atem5ts 9 o!r respects2 b he w\ld retract none ( ^! admissions respect+ ! composite "* ( ^! five books4 ,! same fact ( a comb9ation ( diff]5t docum5ts c easily be %[n 9 all ! ?ree middle books ( ! ,p5tateu*1 z well z 9 ,g5esis4 ,?is is ! fact :i* expla9s ^? repetitions ( laws1 & ^? s+ul> breaks 9 ! hi/ory1 to :i* ,i call$ y\r att5tion 9 ! la/ *apt]4 ,!re is1 z ,i believe1 a l>ge elem5t ( purely ,mosaic legislation 9 ^! books2 _m ( ^! laws 7 writt5 ei!r by ! h& ( ,moses or "u 8 eye2 & ! re/ are s con=m$ to ! _s :i* he impress$ ^u ! ,hebrew jurisprud5ce t !y may be fairly call$ ,mosaic2 b _m ( !m1 on ! o!r h&1 7 writt5 long aft] 8 day1 & ! :ole ,p5tateu* did n rea* its pres5t =m until aft] ! exile1 9 ! days ( ,ezra & ,nehemiah4 ,! uphold]s ( ! traditional !ory--t ,moses wrote ! ,p5tateu*1 j z ,black/one wrote 8 ,comm5t>ies--are wont to make mu* acc\nt ( ! disagreem5ts ( ^? critics :o h und]tak5 to analyze x into its compon5t p>ts4 ,^! critics1 !y say1 are all at logg]heads2 !y d n agree ) "o ano!r2 none ( !m ev5 agrees ) himself v long2 mo/ ( !m h sev]al times revis$ _! !ories1 & !re seems to be nei!r c]ta9ty nor coh]5cy 9 _! speculations4 ,b ?is is n q true4 ,) respect to "s subord9ate que/ions !y are n agre$1 & probably nev] w be2 b ) respect to ! fact t ^! books are composite 9 _! orig9 !y are p]fectly agre$1 & !y are also rem>kably unanim\s 9 _! judgm5ts z to :]e ! l9es ( cleavage run betwe5 ^! compon5t p>ts4 ,! cons5sus ( critical op9ion n[ is t !re are at lea/ f\r great docum5ts :i* h be5 comb9$ 9 ! ,p5tateu*2 & ! critics agree 9 ! ma9 features ( ! analysis1 ?\gh !y d n all call ^! sep>at$ p>ts by ! same names1 nor d !y all ?9k alike conc]n+ ! relative antiquity ( ^! portions4 ,"s ?9k t "o ( ^! docum5ts is ! olde/1 & "s give t di/9ction to ano!r2 nor d !y agree z to h[ old ! olde/ is1 "s br++ ! e>lie/ composition d[n to a rec5t p]iod2 b on ! ma9 "q t ! lit]ature is composite !y are at "o4 ,! clos5ess ( _! agreem5t is %[n by ,pr(essor ,ladd 9 a s]ies ( tables ,footnote3 ,! ,doctr9e ( ,sacr$ ,scripture1 ,"p ,,ii4 *ap4 vii4 9 :i* he displays to ! eye ! results ( ! analysis ( f\r indep5d5t inve/igators1 ,knobel1 ,s*rad]1 ,dillmann1 & ,wellhaus54 ,he goes ?r\gh ! :ole ( ! ,p5tateu* & ! ,book ( ,jo%ua1--! ,hexateu*1 z x is n[ call$1--& picks out ( e *apt] ^? v]ses assign$ by ^! sev]al au?orities to t anci5t writ+ :i* we h be5 call+ ! ,elohi/ic n>rative1 & arranges !m 9 p>allel columns4 ,y c see at a glance :5 !y agree 9 ?is analysis1 & :5 !y disagree4 ,i ?9k t y w\ld be a/oni%$ to f9d t ! agreem5ts are s _m & ! disagreem5ts s few4 ,s mu* unity ( judgm5t w\ld be impossible if ! l9es ( cleavage betwe5 ^! old docum5ts 7 n m>k$ ) consid]able di/9ctness4 ,! only satisfactory explanation1 says ,pr(essor ,ladd1 ( ! possibility ( accompli%+ su* a "w ( analysis is ! fact t ! analysis is sub/antially correct4 ,footnote3 ,:at is ! ,bible8 p4 #caa4 ,pr(essor ,c4 ,a4 ,briggs1 ( ! ,union 7,presbyt]ian7 ,!ological ,sem9>y 9 ,new ,york1 bore ?is te/imony ?ree ye>s ago 9 ! ,presbyt]ian ,review3 ,! critical analysis ( ! ,hexateu* is ! result ( m ?an a c5tury ( pr(\nd /udy ( ! docum5ts by ! greate/ critics ( ! age4 ,!re has be5 a /eady advance until ! pres5t position ( agreem5t has be5 rea*$1 9 :i* ,jew & ,*ri/ian1 ,roman ,ca?olic & ,prote/ant1 ,rationali/ic & ,evangelical s*ol>s1 ,re=m$ & ,lu!ran1 ,presbyt]ian & ,episcopal1 ,unit>ian1 ,me?odi/1 & ,bapti/ all concur4 ,! analysis or ! ,hexateu* into sev]al di/9ct orig9al docum5ts is a purely lit]>y "q 9 :i* no article ( fai? is involv$4 ,:oev] 9 ^! times1 9 ! discussion ( ! lit]>y ph5om5a ( ! ,hexateu*1 appeals to ! ignorance & prejudices ( ! multitude z if !re 7 any p]il to fai? 9 ^! processes ( ! ,high] ,criticism1 risks 8 reputation = s*ol>%ip by s do+4 ,!re are no ,hebrew pr(essors on ! cont95t ( ,europe1 s f> z ,i "k1 :o w\ld d5y ! lit]>y analysis ( ! ,p5tateu* into ! f\r great docum5ts4 ,! pr(essors ( ,hebrew 9 ! ,univ]sities ( ,ox=d1 ,cambridge1 & ,ed9burgh1 & tutors 9 a l>ge numb] ( !ological colleges1 hold to ! same op9ion4 ,a v consid]able numb] ( ! ,hebrew pr(essors ( ,am]ica are 9 accord ) !m4 ,!re are1 inde$1 a few pr(essional s*ol>s :o hold to ! traditional op9ion1 b ^! are 9 a hopeless m9ority4 ,i d\bt :e!r !re is any "q ( s*ol>%ip :atev] 9 :i* !re is great] agreem5t among s*ol>s ?an 9 ?is "q ( ! lit]>y analysis ( ! ,hexateu*4 ,i h b "o m witness to introduce1 & x %all be ! di/+ui%$ ,g]man pr(essor ,delitzs*1 :o has long be5 reg>d$ z ! bulw>k ( evangelical or?odoxy 9 ,g]many4 ,8 "n1 says ,pr(essor ,ladd1 has = _m ye>s be5 connect$ ) ! conception ( a dev\t ,*ri/ian s*ol>%ip us$ 9 ! def5se ( ! fai? aga9/ attacks ^u ! sup]natural "* ( ! ,old ,te/am5t religion & ( ! writ+s :i* record its developm5t4 ,9 a preface to 8 comm5t>y on ,isaiah publi%$ s9ce 8 rec5t dea?1 he speaks ) great humility ( ! "w t he has done1 add+1 ,( "o ?+ only d ,i ?9k ,i may be confid5t1--t ! _s by :i* x is animat$ comes f ! good ,_s t guides along ! ev]la/+ way4 ,! op9ion ( su* a s*ol> ought to h weight ) all s]i\s-m9d$ ,*ri/ians4 ,:5 ,i give y 8 late/ ^w on ?is "q1 y w recognize t y h all t ! ripe/ & mo/ dev\t s*ol>%ip c claim4 ,let me quote1 !n1 ,pr(essor ,ladd's ab/ract ( 8 v]dict3-- ,9 ! op9ion ( ,pr(essor ,delitzs* only ! basis ( ! sev]al codes444 incorporat$ 9 ! ,p5tateu* is ,mosaic2 ! =m 9 :i* ^! codes444 are pres5t$ 9 ! ,p5tateu* is ( an orig9 mu* lat] ?an ! "t ( ,moses4 ,! ,decalogue & ! laws =m+ ! ,book ( ! ,cov5ant are ! mo/ anci5t portions2 !y pres]ve ! ,mosaic type 9 its relatively olde/ & pure/ =m4 ,( ?is type ,deut]onomy is a developm5t4 ,! /atem5t t ,moses 'wrote' ! ,deut]onomic law 7,deut4 xxxi4 #i1 #bd7 does n ref] to ! pres5t ,book ( ,deut]onomy1 b to ! code ( laws :i* und]lies x4 ,! ,prie/'s ,code1 :i* embodies ! m di/9ctively rituali/ic & c]emonial legislation1 is ! result ( a long & progressive developm5t4 ,c]ta9 ( its pr9ciples orig9at$ ) ,moses1 b its =m1 :i* is utt]ly unlike t ( ! o!r p>ts ( ! ,p5tateu*1 0 receiv$ at ! h&s ( ! prie/s ( ! nation4 ,probably "s p>ticul> prie/1 at a mu* lat] date1 inde$1 ?an ! "t ( ,moses1 b prior to ! composition ( ,deut]onomy1 0 especially influ5tial 9 %ap+ x4 ,b ! la/ /ages ( its developm5t may belong to ! p]iod aft] ! ,exile4 ,! hi/orical traditions :i* are incorporat$ into ! ,hexateu* 7 committ$ to writ+ at diff]5t times & by diff]5t h&s4 ,! n>ratives ( !m are sup]impos$1 z x 71 /ratum ^u /ratum1 9 ! ,p5tateu* & ! ,book ( ,jo%ua4 ,= ! ,book ( ,jo%ua is connect$ intimately ) ! ,p5tateu*1 & :5 analyz$ %[s ! same composite /ructure4 ,! diff]5ces :i* ! sev]al codes exhibit are due to modifications :i* !y receiv$ 9 ! c\rse ( hi/ory z !y 7 v>i\sly collect$1 revis$1 & pass$ f g5]ation to g5]ation4444 ,! ,p5tateu*1 l all ! o!r hi/orical books ( ! ,bible1 is compos$ ( docum5t>y s\rces1 diff]+ alike 9 "* & age1 :i* critical analysis may /ill be able1 ) great] or less c]ta9ty1 to di/+ui% & sep>ate f "o ano!r4 ,footnote3 ,:at is ! ,bible8 pp4 #dhi-dia4 ,t su* is ! fact ) respect to ! /ructure ( ^! anci5t writ+s is n[ beyond "q4 ,& our !ory ( inspiration mu/ be adju/$ to ?is fact4 ,evid5tly nei!r ! !ory ( v]bal inspiration1 nor ! !ory ( pl5>y inspiration c be made to fit ! facts :i* a c>eful /udy ( ! writ+s !mselves br+ be=e u4 ,^! writ+s are n inspir$ 9 ! s5se :i* we h commonly giv5 to t ^w4 ,! v]bal !ory ( inspiration 0 only t5able :ile !y 7 suppos$ to be ! "w ( a s+le au?or4 ,to su* a composite lit]ature no su* !ory w apply4 ,to make ?is claim1 says ,pr(essor ,ladd1 & yet accept ! be/ asc]ta9$ results ( criticism1 w\ld compel u to take su* positions z ! foll[+3 ,! orig9al au?ors ( ea* "o ( ! writ+s :i* ent] into ! composite /ructure 7 infallibly inspir$2 e "o :o made any *anges 9 any "o ( ^! fundam5tal writ+s 0 infallibly inspir$2 e compil] :o put toge!r two or m ( ^! writ+s 0 infallibly inspir$1 bo? z to 8 selections & transmissions omissions81 & z to any connect+ or explanatory words :i* he might himself write2 e r$actor 0 infallibly inspir$ to correct & supplem5t & omit t :i* 0 ! product ( previ\s infallible inspirations4 ,or p]haps x might seem m conv5i5t to atta* ! claim ( a pl5>y inspiration to ! la/ r$actor ( all2 b !n we %\ld probably h select$ ( all o!rs ! "o lea/ able to be> ! weight ( su* a claim4 ,?9k ( mak+ ! claim = a pl5>y inspiration ( ! ,p5tateu* 9 its pres5t =m on ! gr\nd ( ! infallibility ( t "o ( ! ,scribes :o gave x its la/ t\*es "s "t subsequ5t to ! date ( ,ezra6 ,footnote3 ,! ,doctr9e ( ,sacr$ ,scripture1 i4 #dii ,& yet ?is does n signify t ^! books are valueless4 ,:5 x 0 discov]$ t ! ,hom]ic writ+s 7 n all ! "w ( ,hom]1 ! value ( ! ,hom]ic writ+s 0 n affect$4 ,z pictures ( ! life ( t remote antiquity !y _h n lo/ _! significance4 ,! value ( ^! ,mosaic books is ( a v diff]5t sort f t ( ! ,hom]ic writ+s1 b ! discov]ies ( ! ,high] ,criticism affect !m no m s]i\sly4 ,ev5 _! hi/orical "* is by no means ov]?r[n4 ,y c f9d 9 ,h]odotus & 9 ,livy discrepancies & contradictions1 b ?is does n lead y to reg>d _! writ+s z wor?less4 ,!re are no infallible hi/ories1 b t is no reason :y y %\ld n /udy hi/ory1 or :y y %\ld read all hi/ory ) ! incl9ation to reject e /atem5t :i* is n =c$ on y\r acceptance by evid5ce :i* y _c ga9say4 ,^! books ( ,moses are ! treasury1 inde$1 ( no little valuable hi/ory4 ,!y are n infallible1 b !y conta9 a great deal ( tru? :i* we f9d n[h]e else1 & :i* is yet wond]fully corroborat$ by all t we d "k4 ,ewald decl>es t 9 ! f\rte5? *apt] ( ,g5esis ,abraham is br\ght be=e u 9 ! cle> light ( hi/ory4 ,f monum5ts & o!r s\rces ! sub/antial accuracy ( ?is n>rative is confirm$2 & ! acc\nt ( ! visit ( ,abraham to ,egypt con=ms1 9 all its m9ute incid5ts1 to ! life ( ,egypt at t "t4 ,! "n ,ph>aoh is ! "r "n = ! k+s reign+ !n2 ! behavior ( ! s]vants ( ,ph>aoh is p]fectly 9 keep+ ) ! popul> ideas & practices z ! monum5ts reveal !m4 ,! /ory ( ,joseph has be5 confirm$1 z to its ess5tial accuracy1 z to ! v]isimilitude ( its pictures ( ,egyptian life1 by e rec5t discov]y4 ,georg ,eb]s decl>es t ?is n>rative conta9s no?+ :i* does n accurately correspond to a c\rt ( ,ph>aoh 9 ! be/ times ( ! ,k+dom4 ,_m features ( ?is n>rative :i* a ra% skepticism has assail$ h be5 v]ifi$ by lat] discov]ies4 ,we are told 9 ! ,exodus t ! ,israelites 7 impress$ by ,ph>aoh into build+ = him two /ore-cities 7treasure cities1 ! old v]sion calls !m71 nam$ ,pi?om & ,rameses1 & t 9 ?is "w !y 7 made to s]ve ) rigor2 t _! lives 7 embitt]$ ) h>d s]vice 9 mort> & brick & all mann] ( h>d s]vice 9 ! field2 t !y 7 sometimes =c$ to make brick )\t /raw4 ,! :]eab\ts ( ^! /ore-cities1 & ! precise mean+ ( ! t]m appli$ to !m1 has be5 a matt] ( mu* conjecture1 & ! /ory has sometimes be5 set aside z a my?4 ,to ,pi?om !re is no cle> hi/orical ref]5ce 9 any o!r book except ,exodus4 ,only f\r or five ye>s ago a ,g5ovese explor] une>!d1 ne> ! r\te ( ! ,suez ,canal1 ?is v city2 f\nd sev]al ru9$ monum5ts ) ! "n ( ! city pla9ly inscrib$ on !m1 ,pi ,tum1 & excavat+ /ill fur!r uncov]$ a ru9 ( :i* ! foll[+ is ,mr4 ,rawl9son's description3 ,! t[n is altoge!r a squ>e1 inclos$ by a brick wall tw5ty-two feet ?ick1 & measur+ six hundr$ & fifty feet along ea* side4 ,ne>ly ! :ole ( ! space is occupi$ by solidly built1 squ>e *amb]s1 divid$ "o f ano!r by brick walls1 f eight to t5 feet ?ick1 :i* are unpi]c$ by w9d[ or door or op5+ ( any k9d4 ,ab\t t5 feet f ! bottom ! walls %[ a r[ ( recesses = beams1 9 "s ( :i* decay$ wood /ill rema9s1 indicat+ t ! build+s 7 two-/ori$1 hav+ a l[] room :i* c\ld only be ent]$ by a trap-door1 us$ probably z a /ore-h\se1 or magaz9e1 & an upp] "o 9 :i* ! keep] ( ! /ore may h _h 8 abode4 ,!re=e ?is discov]y is simply t ( a '/ore-city1' built p>tly by ,rameses ,,ii42 b x fur!r appe>s f sev]al %ort inscriptions1 t ! "n ( ! city 0 ,pa ,tum1 or ,pi?om2 & ?us !re is no reasonable d\bt t "o ( ! two cities built by ! ,israelites has be5 laid b>e1 & answ]s completely to ! description giv5 ( x4 ,footnote3 ,quot$ by ,rob9son 9 ,! ,ph>aohs ( ! ,bondage1 p4 #ig4 ,! walls ( ,egypt 7 n all laid ) mort>1 b ! record speaks ( mort> 9 ?is case1 & "h x is3 ! sev]al c\rses ( ^! build+s 7 usually laid ) mort> 9 regul> ti]s4 ,m /rik+ /ill is ! fact t 9 "s ( ^! build+s1 :ile ! l[] ti]s are compos$ ( bricks hav+ /raw 9 !m1 ! upp] ti]s consi/ ( a poor] quality ( bricks )\t /raw4 ,photographs may be se5 9 ?is c\ntry ( "s ( ^! brick gran>ies ( ?is old /ore-city ( ,pi?om1 ) ! l9e ( division pla9ly %[+ betwe5 ! two k9ds ( bricks2 & ?us we h be=e our eyes a mo/ /rik+ confirmation ( ! tru? ( ?is /ory ( ! bondage ( ! ,israelites 9 ,egypt4 ,q a numb] ( su* te/imonies to ! sub/antial hi/orical v]ity ( ^! ,old ,te/am5t records h be5 discov]$ 9 rec5t ye>s z old m\nds h be5 op5$ 9 ,egypt & 9 ,*aldea1 & ! monum5ts ( buri$ c5turies h told _! /ory to ! wond]+ _w4 ,! books are n infallible1 b he :o sets !m all aside z a collection ( my?s or fables exposes 8 ignorance 9 a lam5table way4 ,b :at is f> m to ! purpose1 ! ideas runn+ all ?r\gh ! old lit]ature1 ! con/ructive tru?s ( sci5ce1 ( e?ics1 ( religion1 are pure & l(ty & full ( sav+ p[]4 ,ev5 sci5ce1 ,i say1 owes mu* to ,g5esis4 ,! /ory ( ! ,creation 9 ! fir/ *apt] ( ,g5esis mu/ n inde$ be tak5 = v]itable hi/ory2 b x is a solemn hymn 9 :i* "s great tru?s ( ! _w's orig9 are sublimely set =?4 ,x gives u ! di/9ct idea ( ! unity ( ,creation1--sweep+ away1 at "o mighty /roke1 ! :ole sy/em ( naturali/ic poly!ism1 :i* makes sci5ce impossible1 :5 x decl>es t ,9 ! beg9n+ ,god creat$ ! heav5s & ! e>?4 ,9 ! same words x sets =? ! tru? by ^: light sci5ce alone walks safely1 t ! s\rce ( all ?+s is a spiritual cause4 ,! ,god f ^: p[] all ?+s proce$ is n a =tuit\s conc\rse ( atoms1 b a spiritual intellig5ce4 ,f ?is liv+ ,god came =? matt] ) its =ces1 life ) its organisms1 m9d ) its fre$om4 ,& al?\gh x may n be possible to =ce ! words ( ?is anci5t hymn into sci5tific /atem5ts ( ! ord] ( creation1 x is mo/ cle> t x implies a cont9u\s process1 a law ( developm5t1 9 ! g5]ations ( ! heav5 & ! e>?4 ,?is is n a sci5tific treatise ( creation1 b ! alphabet ( sci5ce is "h1 z ,dr4 ,newman ,smy? has said2 & x is correct4 ,! guid+ lights ( sci5tific /udy are 9 ^! great pr9ciples4 ,simil>ly ! e?ical elem5ts & t5d5cies ( ^! old writ+s are s\nd & /rong4 ,i h %[n y h[ defective _m ( ! ,mosaic laws are :5 judg$ by ,*ri/ian /&>ds2 b all ?is legislation conta9s =mative ideas & pr9ciples by :i* x t5ds to purify itself4 ,human sacrifices 7 common among ! surr\nd+ nations2 ! /ory ( ,abraham & ,isaac bani%es t horror =ev] f ,hebrew hi/ory4 ,slav]y 0 univ]sal1 b ! law ( ! ,jubilee ,ye> made an end ( dome/ic slav]y 9 ,israel4 ,! family 0 f\ndationless2 ! wife's rights re/$ :olly on ! caprice ( h] husb&2 b t law ( divorce :i* ,i quot$ to y1 & :i* our ,"l repeal$1 set "s b\nds to ?is caprice1 = ! husb& 0 compell$ to g ?r\gh c]ta9 =malities be=e he c\ld turn 8 wife out ( doors4 ,! law ( blood v5geance1 ?\gh 9 t]ms x au?oriz$ murd]1 yet 9 effect p[]fully re/ra9$ ! viol5ce ( t rude age1 & gave a *ance = ! developm5t ( t idea ( ! sacr$ness ( life :i* to u is a moral commonplace1 b :i* _h sc>cely dawn$ ^u ! m9ds ( ^? old ,hebrews4 ,?us ! hi/ory %[s a p mov+ /eadily =w>d "u moral lead]%ip1 out ( b>b>ism into high] civilization1 & we c trace ! v process by :i* ! moral maxims :i* to u are almo/ axioms h be5 cle>$ ( ! crudities ( passion & animalism1 & /amp$ ^u ! consci\sness ( m54 ,is n ,god 9 all ?is hi/ory8 ,^? fir/ pr9ciples :i* ,i h call$ ! guid+ lights ( sci5ce are also ! elem5ts ( pure religion4 ,sci5ce & religion spell out diff]5t messages to m51 b !y />t ) ! same alphabet4 ,& ! religi\s purity ( t hymn ( ! ,creation is n less wond]ful ?an its sci5tific v]ity4 ,comp>e x ) ! o!r traditional /ories ( ! orig9 ( ?+s2 comp>e x ) ! my?ologies ( ,egypt1 ( ,*aldea1 ( ,greece & ,rome1 & see h[ f> above !m x /&s 9 spiritual dignity1 9 moral beauty4 ,we c\ld m easily1 inde$1 says ,dr4 ,newman ,smy?1 compute h[ mu* a pure spr+ well+ up at ! s\rce ( a brook t wid5s into a riv]1 has done = mead[ & grass & fl[]s & ov]hang+ trees1 = ?\s&s ( ye>s1 ?an e/imate ! influ5ce ( ?is pure/ ( all anci5t traditions ( ! ,creation1 z x has ent]$ into ! lives & reviv$ ! consci5ces ( m52 z x has purifi$ c\ntries ( idolatries & swept away sup]/ition2 & has fl[$ on & on ) ! increas+ tru? ( hi/ory1 & kept fre% & fruitful1 f g5]ation to g5]ation1 fai? 9 ! ,"o ,god & ! common p>5tage ( m54 ,footnote3 ,old ,fai?s 9 ,new ,light1 p4 #gc4 ,above all1 we f9d 9 all ?is lit]ature ! plant+ & ! fir/ g]m9ation ( t great hope :i* turn$ ! ?\ght ( ?is p f ! e>lie/ g5]ations t[>d ! future1 & made !m tru/ & pray & wait1 9 d>ke/ times1 = bett] days to come4 ,speak unto ! *ildr5 ( ,israel t !y g =w>d6 ,?is is ! voice t is always s\nd+ f ! heights above !m1 :e!r !y halt by ! %ore ( ! sea1 or biv\ac 9 ! wild]ness4 ,!y d n always obey ! voice1 b x nev] fails to r\se & summon !m4 ,no p ( all hi/ory has liv$ 9 ! future z ,israel did4 ,by fai? !y wor%ip$ & tru/$ & wr\ght & f\ght1 ! wor?ies ( ?is old religion2 t[>ds l&s t !y _h n se5 !y set _! faces2 conc]n+ ?+s to come !y 7 always prophesy+2 & x is ?is great hope t =ms ! g]m ( ! ,messianic expectation by :i* !y rea* =? to ! glories ( ! latt] day4 ,?is attitude ( ,israel1 9 all ! g5]ations1 is ! "o /rik+ feature ( ?is hi/ory4 ,no s\lless sph9x fac+ a trackless des]t ) bl9d eyes--no impassive ,buddha ensph]$ 9 placid sil5ce--is ! g5ius ( ?is p1 b "s /rong angel pois$ on mighty p9ion above ! highe/ peak ( ,pisgah1 & scann+ ) swift glances ! beauty ( ! promis$ l&4 ,n[ any p ( :i* ?is is true mu/ be1 9 a l>ge s5se ( ! ^w1 an inspir$ p2 & _! lit]ature1 ) all ! signs ( imp]fection :i* mu/ appe> 9 x1 on acc\nt ( ! m$ium ?r\gh :i* x comes1 w give pro( ( ! div9e ideas & =ces t are work+ !mselves out 9 _! hi/ory4 ,x is 9 ?is l>ge way ( look+ at ! ,hebrew lit]ature t we discov] its real preci\sness4 ,& :5 we get ?is l>ge conception1 !n petty que/ions ab\t ! absolute accuracy ( texts & dates no long] tr\ble u4 ,he :o has once ga9$ ?is broad] view ( ! ,bible1 says ,dr4 ,newman ,smy?1 z ! developm5t ( a c\rse ( hi/ory itself guid$ & inspir$ by ,jehovah1 w n be disconc]t$ by ! confus$ noises ( ! critic4 ,8 fai? 9 ! ,^w ( ,god lies deep] ?an any difficulties or flaws ^u ! surface ( ! ,bible4 ,he w n be di/urb$ by see+ any !ory ( its me*anical =mation1 or s*ool-book infallibility brok5 to fragm5ts "u ! repeat$ bl[s ( mod]n inve/igation2 ! wat] ( life w fl[ f ! rock :i* ! s*ol> /rikes ) 8 rod4 ,he c wait1 )\t fe>1 = a c&id & ?or\gh /udy ( ^! sacr$ writ+s to det]m9e1 if possible1 :at p>ts are g5u9e1 & :at n>ratives1 if any1 are unhi/orical4 ,8 belief 9 ! ,^w ( ,god1 f g5]ation to g5]ation1 does n dep5d ^u ! m9or incid5ts ( ! ,biblical /ories2 x w\ld n be de/roy$ or weak5$1 ev5 ?\gh human traditions c\ld be %[n to h ov]gr[n "s p>ts ( ?is sacr$ hi/ory1 z ! ivy1 creep+ up ! wall ( ! *ur*1 does n loos5 its anci5t /ones4 ,footnote3 ,old ,fai?s 9 ,new ,light1 p4 #ei4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,e>li] ,,hebrew ,,hi/ories4 ,we f\nd reasons1 9 previ\s *apt]s1 = believ+ t consid]able portions ( ! ,levitical legislation came f ! h&s ( ,moses1 al?\gh ! n>ratives ( ! ,p5tateu* & _m ( its laws 7 put into _! pres5t =m long aft] ! "t ( ,moses4 ,! composite "* ( all ?is old lit]ature has be5 demon/rat$4 ,! fact t its mat]ials 7 collect$ f sev]al s\rces1 by a process ext5d+ ?r\gh _m c5turies1 & t ! "w ( r$action 0 n complet$ until ! p return$ f ! exile ab\t five c5turies be=e ,*ri/1 & almo/ a ?\s& ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ,moses1 are facts n[ z well e/abli%$ z any o!r results ( s*ol>ly rese>*4 ,nev]!less1 we h ma9ta9$ t ! ,israelites possess$1 :5 !y ent]$ ,canaan1 a consid]able body ( legislation fram$ "u ! eye ( ,moses & be>+ 8 "n4 ,?r\gh\t ! ,book ( ,jo%ua ?is legislation is frequ5tly ref]r$ to4 ,if ! ,book ( ,jo%ua 01 z we h assum$1 orig9ally connect$ ) ! fir/ five books1 con/itut+ :at is n[ call$ ! ,hexateu*1 if ^! six books 7 put into _! pres5t =m by ! same writ]s1 we %\ld expect t ! ,mosaic legislation w\ld be cle>ly trac$ ?r\gh all ^! books4 ,b :5 we g =w>d 9 ?is hi/ory we come at once ^u a rem>kable fact4 ,! ,book ( ,judges1 ! ,book ( ,ru?1 & ! two books ( ,samuel cov] a p]iod ( ,jewi% hi/ory e/imat$ 9 our common *ronology at m ?an f\r hundr$ ye>s1 & 9 ^! f\r books !re is no m5tion :atev] ( t ,mosaic legislation :i* con/itut$1 z we h suppos$1 ! g]m ( ! ,p5tateu*4 ,! "n ( ,moses is m5tion$ only six times 9 ^! f\r books2 twice 9 ! e>ly *apt]s ( ! ,judges 9 connection ) ! settlem5t ( ! k9dr$ ( 8 wife 9 ,canaan2 once 9 a ref]5ce to an ord] giv5 by ,moses t ,hebron %\ld be giv5 to ,caleb2 twice 9 a s+le passage 9 ,i ,samuel xii41 :]e ,moses & ,a>on are ref]r$ to z lead]s ( ! p out ( ,egyptian bondage1 & once 9 ,judges iii4 #d1 :]e x is said t c]ta9 ( ! native races 7 left 9 ,canaan1 to prove ,israel by !m1 :e!r !y w\ld he>k5 to ! comm&m5ts ( ! ,"l :i* he comm&$ _! fa!rs by ! h& ( ,moses4 ,?is la/ is ! only place 9 all ^! books :]e !re is ! fa9te/ allusion to any legislation left to ! ,israelites by ,moses2 & ?is ref]5ce does n make x cle> :e!r ! comm&m5ts ref]r$ to 7 writt5 or oral4 ,! ^w law is n f\nd 9 ^! f\r books4 ,!re is no?+ 9 any ( ^! books to indicate t ! *ildr5 ( ,israel possess$ any writt5 laws4 ,!re are1 inde$1 9 ,ru? & 9 ! ,judges frequ5t acc\nts ( obs]vances t are enjo9$ 9 ! ,p5tateu*2 & 9 ,samuel we read ( ! tab]nacle & ! ark & ! (f]+ ( sacrifices2 ! hi/ory tells u t "s ( ! ?+s comm&$ 9 ! ,mosaic law 7 obs]v$ dur+ ?is p]iod2 b :5 we look 9 ^! books = any ref]5ce or appeal to ! sacr$ writ+s ( ,moses1 or to any o!r sacr$ writ+s1 or to any laws or /atutes or writt5 ord9ances = ! gov]nm5t ( ! p1 we look 9 va94 ,samuel ! ,prophet ano9t$ ,saul & aft]w>d ,david z ,k+s ( ,israel2 b if1 on ^! solemn occasions1 he said any?+ ab\t ! writ+s ( ,moses or ! law ( ,moses1 ! fact is n m5tion$4 ,! records af=d u no gr\nd = affirm+ t ei!r ,samuel or ,saul 0 aw>e ( ! exi/5ce ( su* sacr$ writ+s4 ,?is is a notable fact4 ,t ! writt5 law ( ,moses %\ld1 = f\r c5turies ( ,hebrew hi/ory1 h disappe>$ s completely f notice t ! hi/orian did n f9d x necess>y to make any allusion to x1 is a circum/ance t ne$s explanation4 ,x is true1 z ,i h said1 t dur+ ?is p]iod c]ta9 obs]vances requir$ by ! law 7 kept m or less regul>ly4 ,b x is also true t _m ( ! mo/ specific & solemn requirem5ts ( ! law 7 neglect$ or violat$ dur+ all ^! ye>s by ! holie/ m54 ,! ,mosaic law utt]ly =bids ! (f]+ ( sacrifices at any o!r place ?an ! c5tral sanctu>y1 ! tab]nacle or ! temple2 b ! n>rative ( ^! e>ly hi/orical books %[s all ! sa9ts & h]oes ( ! e>li] hi/ory build+ alt>s1 & (f]+ sacrifices freely 9 _m places1 ) no app>5t consci\sness ( transgression1--nay1 ) ! /ronge/ assurance ( ! div9e approval4 ,samuel1 says ,pr(essor ,rob]tson ,smi?1 sacrifices on _m high places1 ,saul builds alt>s1 ,david & 8 son ,solomon p]mit ! wor%ip at ! high places to cont9ue1 & ! hi/orian recognizes ?is z legitimate because ! temple 0 n yet built 7,i ,k+s iii4 #b-d74 ,9 ,nor!rn ,israel ?is /ate ( ?+s 0 nev] *ang$4 ,! high places 7 an e/abli%$ feature 9 ! ,k+dom ( ,ephraim1 & ,elijah himself decl>es t ! de/ruction ( ! alt>s ( ,jehovah--all illegitimate accord+ to ! ,p5tateu*--is a brea* ( ,jehovah's cov5ant4 ,footnote3 ,! ,old ,te/am5t 9 ! ,jewi% ,*ur*1 pp4 #bbj1 #bba4 ,accord+ to ! ,levitical law x 0 positively unlawful = any p]son b ! high prie/ ev] to g into ! inn]mo/ sanctu>y1 ! holy ( holies1 :]e ! ark ( ,god 0 kept2 & ! high prie/ c\ld g into t awful place b once a ye>4 ,b we f9d ! boy ,samuel actually sleep+ 9 ! temple ( ! ,"l :]e ! ark ( ! ,"l 04 ,! old v]sion conceals ?is fact by a mi/ranslation4 ,^! are only a few ( _m violations ( ! ,p5tateu*al legislation :i* we f9d record$ 9 ^! books4 ,f ! sil5ce ( ^! e>li] hi/ories conc]n+ ! law ( ,moses1 & f ^! _m transgressions1 by ! holie/ m51 ( ! positive requirem5ts ( ! ,p5tateu*al legislation1 ! conclusion has be5 drawn by rec5t critics t ! ,p5tateu*al legislation c\ld n h be5 9 exi/5ce dur+ ?is p]iod ( hi/ory2 t x mu/ h be5 produc$ at a lat] day4 ,x mu/ be admitt$ t !y make out a /rong case4 ,= reasons pres5t$ 9 ! second *apt]1 ,i am unable to accept _! !ory4 ,x is probable1 h[ev]1 t ! code ( laws 9 exi/5ce at ?is "t 0 a limit$ & simple code--no su* elaborate ritual z t :i* we n[ f9d 9 ! ,p5tateu*2 & t ^? p>ticul> requirem5ts ) respect to :i* ! e>li] ,judges & ,samuel & ,david appe> to behave !mselves s disord]ly1 _h n !n be5 enact$4 ,moreov]1 x seems to be necess>y to admit t !re 0 a surpris+ am\nt ( popul> ignorance respect+ ev5 ^? portions ( ! law :i* 7 !n 9 exi/5ce4 ,?is is ! a/oni%+ ph5om5on4 ,attempts are made to illu/rate x by ! ignorance ( ! ,bible :i* prevail$ among our own ance/ors be=e ! inv5tion ( pr9t+2 b no p>allel c be f\nd1 z ,i believe1 9 ! m$ival hi/ory ( ,europe4 ,x is true t _m ( ! common p 7 altoge!r unfamili> ) ! ,bible 9 m$ival times2 b we _c conceive ( su* a ?+ z t ! prie/s1 ! le>n$ m51 & ! lead]s ( ! *ur* at t "t1 %\ld h be5 unaw>e ( ! exi/5ce ( su* a book4 ,on 8 dea?-b$ ,david is said to h admoni%$ ,solomon 7,i ,k+s ii4 #c71 t he %\ld keep ! /atutes & comm&m5ts ( ! ,"l1 accord+ to t :i* is writt5 9 ! law ( ,moses4 ,?is is ! fir/ ref]5ce to ! ,mosaic law :i* we f9d 9 connection ) ! hi/ory ( ,david2 ! fir/ m5tion ( a writt5 law s9ce ! dea? ( ,jo%ua1 f\r c5turies be=e4 ,aft] ?is !re are ?ree o!r casual allusions to ! law ( ,moses 9 ! fir/ book ( ,k+s1 & f\r 9 ! second book4 ,! books ( ,*ronicles1 :i* foll[ ! ,k+s1 conta9 frequ5t allusions to ! law2 b ^! books1 z we %all see by & by1 7 writt5 long aft]w>d2 & ! tradition :i* !y embody _c be s safe a guide z t ( ! e>li] hi/ories4 ,x is 9 ,*ronicles t we le>n ( ! attempt :i* 0 made by "o ( ! good k+s ( ,judah1 ,jeho%aphat1 to h c]ta9 pr9ces1 prie/s1 & ,levites appo9t$ to tea* ! law2 !y w5t ab\t ! l&1 x is said1 tea*+ ! p1 & _h ! book ( ! law ( ,jehovah ) !m4 ,i ?9k t ?is is ! fir/ intimation1 aft] ! dea? ( ,moses1 t ! law deliv]$ by him _h be5 publicly taught or ev5 read 9 connection ) ! ord9ances ( wor%ip4 ,! e>li] n>rative ( ,jeho%aphat's reign1 :i* we f9d 9 ! ,book ( ! ,k+s1 makes no allusion to ?is circum/ance4 ,ne>ly ?ree hundr$ ye>s aft] ,jeho%aphat1 & ne>ly five hundr$ ye>s aft] ,david1 ! "y ,k+ ,josiah 0 reign+ 9 ,j]usalem4 ,! temple _h fall5 into ru91 & ! good k+ det]m9$ to h x repair$4 ,hilkiah1 ! high prie/1 :o 0 rummag+ among ! rubbi% ( ! dilapidat$ sanctu>y1 f\nd !re ! ,book ( ! ,law ( ! ,"l4 ,! surprise :i* he manife/s at ?is discov]y1 ! trepidation ( ,%aphan ! scribe1 :o ha/5s to tell ! k+ ab\t x1 & ! con/]nation ( ! k+ :5 he li/5s = ! fir/ "t 9 8 life to ! read+ ( ! book1 & discov]s h[ griev\sly its comm&m5ts h be5 disobey$1 =m "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ sc5es ( ! old hi/ory4 ,h[ are we to expla91 asks ,dr4 ,p][ne1 ?is surprise & al>m 9 ! m9d ( ,josiah1 betray+1 z x does1 su* utt] ignorance ( ! ,book ( ! ,law & ! sev]ity ( its ?reat5+s1--except on ! supposition t z a writt5 docum5t x _h well-nigh p]i%$8 ,footnote3 ,smi?'s ,bible ,diction>y1 art4 ,p5tateu*4 ,und\bt$ly ! ,book ( ! ,law ?us discov]$ 0 t body ( legislation :i* lies at ! he>t ( ! ,deut]onomic code2 & ?is 0 nev] aga9 lo/ sight ( by ! ,jewi% p4 ,x 0 less ?an fifty ye>s aft] ?is t ,nebu*adnezz> de/roy$ ! city & ! temple & c>ri$ ! p away into captivity4 ,& x 0 n until _! return f ! ,captivity1 sev5ty ye>s lat]1 t ^! sacr$ writ+s began to assume t place ( em95ce 9 ! religi\s sy/em ( ! ,jews :i* !y h held 9 lat] times4 ,! man by :om ! ,jews 7 taught to *]i% & /udy ^! writ+s 0 ,ezra1 "o ( ! return+ exiles4 ,?is ,ezra1 ! record says1 0 a ready scribe 9 ! law ( ,moses :i* ! ,"l ,god ( ,israel _h giv51 & he _h prep>$ 8 he>t to seek ! law ( ! ,"l1 & to d x & to tea* 9 ,israel /atutes & judgm5ts4 ,he x 01 no d\bt1 :o gave to ^! laws _! la/ revision1 & :o put ! ,p5tateu* sub/antially into ! %ape 9 :i* we h x n[4 ,d\btless mu* 0 add$ at ?is "t2 ritual rules :i* _h be5 h&$ d[n orally 7 writt5 out & made "p ( ! code2 ! ,p5tateu*1 aft] ! ,exile1 0 a m elaborate law book ?an t :i* ,hilkiah f\nd 9 ! old temple4 ,"u ! presid5cy ( ,ezra 9 ,j]usalem1 & 9 ! days :i* foll[$1 ! ,book ( ! ,law 0 exalt$2 x 0 ! /&>d ( au?ority2 x 0 read 9 ! temple & expla9$ 9 ! synagogues2 its writ+s 7 wov5 into all ! ?\ght & life ( ! p ( ,israel2 !re nev] has be5 a "t s9ce t day :5 ! hi/ory ( ! reign ( any k+ c\ld h be5 writt5 )\t m5tion+ ! law ( ,moses2 !re nev] has be5 a decade :5 any adequate acc\nt ( ! life ( ! ,jewi% p c\ld h be5 giv5 :i* w\ld n br+ ?is book con/antly into view4 ,?is ,book ( ! ,law1 z f9ally complet$ by ,ezra & 8 co-labor]s1 0 ! f\ndation ( ! ,hebrew ,scriptures2 x possess$ a sacr$ness 9 ! eyes ( ! ,jews f> high] ?an t p]ta9+ to any o!r "p ( _! writ+s4 ,next to ?is 9 age & importance 0 ! great division ( _! ,scriptures kn[n by !m z ,! ,prophets4 ,aft] ! ,book ( ! ,law 0 giv5 to ! p ) great solemnity1 9 ! days ( ,ezra1 & ! public read+ & explanation ( x became a pr9cipal "p ( ! wor%ip ( ! ,jews1 x began to be nois$ abroad t !re 7 c]ta9 o!r sacr$ writ+s wor?y to be kn[n & treasur$4 ,! only in=mation we h conc]n+ ! beg9n+ ( ?is second collection is f\nd 9 "o ( ! apocryphal books1 ! second ( ,maccabees 7ii4 #ad71 9 :i* we are told t ,neemias 7,nehemiah71 9 f\nd+ a libr>y1 ga!r$ toge!r ! acts ( ! k+s1 & ! writ+s ( ! prophets1 & ( ,david1 & ! epi/les ( ! k+s conc]n+ ! holy gifts4 ,^! la/ nam$ docum5ts are n n[ 9 exi/5ce4 ,!y appe> to h be5 ! lett]s & commissions ( ,babylonian & ,p]sian k+s respect+ ! return ( ! p to ,j]usalem & ! rebuild+ ( ! temple4 ,! o!r writ+s m5tion$ are1 h[ev]1 all kn[n to u1 & are includ$ 9 our collection4 ,x is n c]ta9 t ,nehemiah began ?is collection2 x may h be5 initiat$ be=e 8 day1 & ! f\nd+ ( ! libr>y may h be5 only ! "w ( provid+ = ! pres]vation & arrangem5t ( books already 9 8 possession4 ,?is second collection ( sacr$ writ+s1 call$ ,! ,prophets1 0 divid$1 z ,i h be=e /at$1 into ! ,e>li] & ! ,lat] ,prophets2 ! =m] subdivision conta9+ ! books ( ,jo%ua1 ,footnote3 ,jo%ua1 al?\gh orig9ally a portion ( ! p5tateu*al lit]ature1 01 ab\t ! "t ( ! ,exile1 sep>at$ f ! fir/ five books1 & put into ?is lat] collection4 ,judges1 ,samuel1 & ,k+s2 ! latt]1 ! books :i* we n[ reg>d & class z ! prophecies4 ,ru? 0 at fir/ consid]$ z a "p ( ! ,judges1 & 0 includ$ among ! ,e>li] ,prophets1 & ,lam5tations 0 app5d$ to ,j]emiah1 & includ$ among ! ,lat] ,prophets4 ,^! two books 7 aft]w>d remov$ f ?is collection1 = liturgical reasons1 & plac$ 9 ! ?ird gr\p ( writ+s1 ( :i* we %all speak f>!r on4 ,x is probable t ! prophetic writ+s prop] 7 fir/ collect$2 b x w be m conv5i5t to speak fir/ ( ! books kn[n to ! ,jews z ! ,e>li] ,prophets1 & to u z ! ,old ,te/am5t ,hi/ories1--,judges1 ,ru?1 ,samuel1 & ! ,k+s4 ,^! books take up ! hi/ory ( ,israel at ! dea? ( ,jo%ua1 & cont9ue x to ! "t ( ! ,captivity1 a p]iod ( m ?an eight c5turies4 ,"s ( ! critics are incl9$ to connect !m all toge!r z successive volumes ( "o great hi/ory2 b !re is n mu* f\ndation = ?is judgm5t1 & x is bett] to treat !m sep>ately4 ,! ,book ( ,judges conta9s ! annals ( ! ,israelites aft] ! dea? ( ,jo%ua1 & cov]s a p]iod ( ?ree or f\r c5turies4 ,x 0 a p]iod ( disord] & turbul5ce1--! ,d>k ,ages ( ,jewi% hi/ory2 :5 e man1 z ! record (t5 says1 did t :i* 0 "r 9 8 own eyes4 ,!re is frequ5t m5tion ( ! keep+ ( v>i\s obs]vances enjo9$ 9 ! laws ( ,moses2 b !re is no express m5tion ( ^! laws 9 ! book4 ,! /ory is *iefly occupi$ ) ! nor!rn tribes2 no m5tion is made ( ,judah aft] ! ?ird *apt]2 & x is l>gely a recital ( ! v>i\s w>s ( deliv]ance & def5se wag$ by ^! nor!rn ,hebrews aga9/ ! surr\nd+ peoples1 "u c]ta9 lead]s :o arose1 9 a provid5tial way1 to take comm& ( !m4 ,! que/ions1 ,:o wrote x8 & ,:5 0 x writt58 are n easily answ]$4 ,x w\ld appe> t portions ( x mu/ h be5 writt5 aft] ! "t ( ,saul1 = ! phrase1 frequ5tly repeat$1 !re 0 !n no k+ 9 ! l&1 looks back f a p]iod :5 !re 0 a k+ 9 ! l&4 ,& x w\ld appe> t ! fir/ *apt] mu/ h be5 writt5 be=e ! middle ( ! reign ( ,k+ ,david2 = x tells u t ! ,jebusites _h n yet be5 driv5 out ( ,j]usalem2 t !y /ill held t /ronghold2 :ile 9 #b ,samuel v4 #f1 #g1 we are told ( ! expulsion ( ! ,jebusites by ,david1 :o made ! place 8 capital f t "t4 ,! tradition t ,samuel wrote ! book re/s on no adequate f\ndation4 ,! evid5ce t ?is book also 0 compil$1 by "s lat] writ]1 f v>i\s writt5 docum5ts1 is abundant & conv9c+4 ,!re are two di/9ct introductions1 "o ( :i* comprises ! fir/ *apt] & five v]ses ( ! second1 & ! o!r ( :i* occupies ! rema9d] ( ! second *apt]4 ,! fir/ ( ^! beg9s ?us3 ,& x came to pass aft] ! dea? ( ,jo%ua t ! *ildr5 ( ,israel ask$ ( ! ,"l1 say+1 ,:o %all g up = u aga9/ ! ,canaanites1 to fight aga9/ !m8 ,! second ( ^! introductions beg9s by tell+ h[ ,jo%ua s5t ! p away1 aft] 8 f>ewell address1 & goes on 7ii4 #h7 to say1 ,& ,jo%ua ! son ( ,nun ! s]vant ( ! ,"l di$1 be+ an hundr$ & t5 ye>s old4 ,aft] rec\nt+ a numb] ( ev5ts :i* happ5$1 z x tells u1 aft] ! dea? ( ,jo%ua1 ! n>rative goes on to give u z naively z possible an acc\nt ( ,jo%ua's dea?4 ,if ?is 7 a consecutive n>rative f ! h& ( "o writ]1 inspir$ or o!rwise1 su* an arrangem5t w\ld be inexplicable2 b if we h "h a comb9ation ( two or m indep5d5t docum5ts1 ! explanation is n difficult4 ,x is a little puzzl+1 too1 to f9d ! circum/ances ( ! dea? ( ,jo%ua repeat$ "h1 9 almo/ ! same words z ^? :i* we f9d 9 ! ,book ( ,jo%ua 7xxiv4 #bi-ca74 ,x w\ld seem ei!r t ! writ] ( ,jo%ua mu/ h copi$ f ,judges1 or ! writ] ( ,judges f ,jo%ua1 or else t bo? copi$ f "s old] docum5t ?is acc\nt ( ,jo%ua's dea?4 ,ano!r /ill m /rik+ illu/ration ( ! mann] 9 :i* ^! old books are con/ruct$ is f\nd 9 ! acc\nt giv5 9 ! fir/ *apt] ( ! capture ( ,debir1 by ,caleb 7i4 #aa-ae74 ,"h x is expressly said t ?is capture took place aft] ! dea? ( ,jo%ua1 z a consequ5ce ( ! lead]%ip assign$ by ,jehovah to ! tribe ( ,judah 9 ?is w> aga9/ ! ,canaanites4 ,b ! same n>rative1 9 ! same words1 is f\nd 9 ! ,book ( ,jo%ua 7xv4 #ae-ai71 & "h we are told no less explicitly t ! incid5t happ5$ dur+ ! lifetime ( ,jo%ua4 ,!re is no d\bt t ! incid5t happ5$2 x is a simple & natural /ory1 & c>ries ! m>ks ( cr$ibility ^u its face2 b if x happ5$ aft] ! dea? ( ,jo%ua x did n happ5 be=e 8 dea?2 "o ( ^! n>rators borr[$ ! /ory f ! o!r1 or else bo? borr[$ x f a common s\rce2 & "o ( !m1 c]ta9ly1 put x 9 ! wrong place1--"o ( !m mu/ h be5 mi/ak5 z to ! "t :5 x occurr$4 ,su* a mi/ake is ( no consequ5ce at all to "o :o holds a rational !ory ( inspiration2 he expects to f9d 9 ^! old docum5ts j su* errors & misplacem5ts2 !y d n 9 ! lea/ affect ! true value ( ! book2 b x mu/ be obvi\s to any "o t in/ances ( ?is nature _c be reconcil$ ) ! !ory ( an infallible book1 :i* has be5 g5]ally reg>d$ z ! only true !ory4 ,! book is ( ! utmo/ value z %[+ u ! /ate ( morals & mann]s 9 t f>-(f "t1 & lett+ u see ) :at crude mat]ial ! great ideas committ$ to ,israel--! unity & spirituality & righte\sness ( ,god--7 compell$ to "w !mselves out4 ,! ,book ( ,ru?1 :i* 0 =m]ly1 9 ! ,jewi% collections1 reg>d$ z a "p ( ! ,book ( ,judges1 is a beautiful pa/oral idyl ( ! same p]iod4 ,its sc5e is laid 9 ,judea1 & x s]ves to %[ u t 9 ! mid/ ( all ^? turbul5t ages !re 7 quiet homes & g5tle lives4 ,no sweet] /ory c be f\nd 9 any lit]ature2 mat]nal t5d]ness1 filial affection1 g5u9e *ivalry1 f9d 9 ! book _! typical repres5tatives4 ,! fir/ s5t5ce ( ! book gives u ! approximate date ( ! incid5ts record$3 x 0 9 ! days :5 ! judges judg$4 ,! conclud+ v]ses give u ! g5ealogy ( ,k+ ,david1 %[+ t ,ru? 0 8 great-gr&mo!r2 x mu/1 !re=e1 h be5 writt5 z late z ! reign ( ,david1--probably mu* lat]2 = x describes1 z if !y belong$ to a remote antiquity1 c]ta9 usages ( ! ,jews :i* mu/ ne$s h %ap$ !mselves aft] ! occupation ( ,canaan4 ,yet x c\ld sc>cely h be5 writt5 s late z ! ,captivity1 = ! m>riage ( ,ru?1 :o is a ,moabitess1 to ,boaz1 is m5tion$ z if x 7 a matt] ( c\rse1 ) no h9t ( c5sure4 ,9 ! latt] days ( ,israel su* an alliance ( a ,jew ) a =eign] w\ld h be5 reg>d$ z highly repreh5sible4 ,inde$ ! ,deut]onomic law mo/ /r+5tly =bids all social relations ) t p>ticul> tribe to :i* ,ru? belong$4 ,an ,ammonite or a ,moabite %all n ent] into ! assembly ( ! ,"l2 ev5 to ! t5? g5]ation %all none belong+ to !m ent] into ! assembly ( ! ,"l = ev]4444 ,?\ %alt n seek _! peace nor _! prosp]ity all ?y days = ev]4 7,deut4 xxiii4 #c1 #f47 ,b ,ru?1 ! ,moabitess1 becomes ! wife ( "o ( ! *ief m5 ( ,be?lehem1 ) ! applause ( all ! ,be?lehemites1 & ! highe/ approval ( ! au?or ( ?is n>rative2 nay1 %e becomes1 9 ! f\r? g5]ation1 ! ance/ress ( ! greate/ ( all ! k+s ( ,israel4 ,?is c]ta9ly %[s t ! p ( ,be?lehem did n "k ( ! ,deut]onomic law1 = !y 7 a ,god-fe>+ & a law-abid+ p2 & x also makes x probable t ! incid5t occurr$1 & t ! book :i* describes ! incid5t 0 writt51 be=e ?is "p ( ! ,deut]onomic code 0 9 exi/5ce4 ,x is !re=e valuable1 n only z ?r[+ light on ! life ( ! p at t e>ly p]iod1 b also z illu/rat+ ! gr[? ( ! p5tateu*al lit]ature4 ,! two ,books ( ,samuel & ! two ,books ( ,k+s appe> 9 ! ,septuag9t & 9 ! ,lat9 ,vulgate z "o "w 9 f\r volumes1--!y are call$ ! ,f\r ,books ( ,k+s4 ,9 ! rec5t ,hebrew ,bibles !y are divid$1 h[ev]1 z 9 our ,bible1 & be> ! same names4 ,!y con/itute1 x is true1 a cont9u\s hi/ory2 b ! supposition t !y 7 all writt5 at "o "t & by "o au?or is sc>cely cr$ible4 ,! /&po9t ( ! writ] ( ! ,k+s is consid]ably %ift$ f t occupi$ by ! writ] ( ,samuel2 we f9d ourselves 9 a new circle ( ideas :5 we pass f ! "o book to ! o!r4 ,! ,books ( ,samuel are g5]ally ascrib$ to ,samuel z _! au?or4 ,?is is a fair sample ( t lazy traditionalism :i* ,*ri/ian op9ion has be5 con/ra9$ to foll[4 ,!re is n ! slighte/ reason = believ+ t ! ,books ( ,samuel 7 writt5 by ,samuel any m ?an t ! ,odyssey 0 writt5 by ,ulysses1 or ! neid by neas1 or ,bruce's ,address by ,bruce1 or ,p>acelsus by ,p>acelsus1 or ,/4 ,simeon ,/ylites by ,simeon himself4 ,ev5 9 ,bible books we d n hold t ! ,book ( ,e/h] 0 writt5 by ,e/h]1 or ! ,book ( ,ru? by ,ru?1 or ! ,book ( ,job by ,job1 or ! ,books ( ,timo?y by ,timo?y4 ,! fact t ,samuel's "n is giv5 to ! book proves no?+ z to its au?or%ip4 ,x may h be5 call$ ,samuel because x beg9s ) ! /ory ( ,samuel4 ,! ,hebrews 7 apt to "n _! books by "s ^w or fact at ! beg9n+ ( !m1 z we h se5 9 _! nam+ ( ! books ( ! ,p5tateu*4 ,x is true t c]ta9 facts are m5tion$ 9 ?is book ( :i* ,samuel w\ld h bett] k ?an any "o else2 & he is said to h made a record ( c]ta9 ev5ts1 7,i ,sam4 x4 #be47 ,b 8 dea? is relat$ 9 ! fir/ v]se ( ! tw5ty-fif? *apt] ( ,fir/ ,samuel2 & x is c]ta91 !re=e1 t consid]ably m ?an half ( ! docum5t ascrib$ to him mu/ h be5 writt5 by "s "o else4 ,z to ! "n ( ! writ] we are :olly ignorant1 & x is n easy to det]m9e ! date at :i* he wrote4 ,if we reg>d$ ?is z a cont9u\s hi/ory f ! h& ( "o writ]1 we %\ld be compell$ to ascribe x to a date some:at lat] ?an ! sep>ation ( ! two k+doms2 = 9 ,i ,sam4 xxvii4 #f1 we read ( ! pres5t made by ! k+ ( ,ga? to ,david ( ! city ( ,ziklag1 at ! "t :5 ,david 0 hid+ f ,saul2 :]e=e1 x is add$1 ,ziklag p]ta9e? unto ! k+s ( ,judah ev5 unto ?is day4 ,n[ !re 7 no k+s ( ,judah until aft] ! t5 tribes sec$$2 ,rehoboam 0 ! fir/ ( ! k+s ( ,judah1 !re=e ?is mu/ h be5 writt5 aft] ! "t ( ,rehoboam4 ,d\btless ?is s5t5ce 0 writt5 aft] t "t2 & 9 all probability ! books ( ,samuel did n receive _! pres5t =m until "s "t aft] ! secession ( ! t5 tribes4 ,! mat]ials f :i* ! writ] compos$ ! book are h9t$ at "h & !re2 x is almo/ c]ta9 t "h1 z 9 ! o!r books1 old docum5ts are comb9$ by ! au?or1 & n always ) ! be/ editorial c>e4 ,sev]al old songs are quot$3 ! ,song ( ,hannah1 ,david's exquisite lam5t ov] ,saul & ,jona?an1 :i* is kn[n z ,! ,b[2 ,david's ,song ( ,deliv]ance1 aft] he _h escap$ f ,saul1 :i* we f9d 9 ! ,psalt] z ! ,eighte5? ,psalm1 & ,! ,la/ ,words ( ,david4 ,! books conta9 a vivid n>rative ( ! times ( ,eli & ,samuel & ,saul1 & ( ! spl5did reign ( ,k+ ,david4 ,no portion ( ! ,old ,te/am5t has be5 m dilig5tly /udi$1 & ! moral tea*+ ( ! books is cle> & lum9\s4 ,! e?ical ?or\ghness ( ^! writ+s :5 comp>$ ) almo/ any lit]ature ( equal antiquity is always rem>kable4 ,take1 z an example1 ! treatm5t :i* ,david receives at ! h&s ( ! writ]4 ,he is a great h]o1 ! "o gr& figure ( ,hebrew hi/ory2 b !re is no?+ ( ! demigod 9 ?is picture ( him2 8 faults & crimes are expos$ & d5\nc$1 & he ga9s our respect only by 8 he>ty contrition & am5dm5t4 ,v]ily ! ,god ( ,israel :om ?is book reveals is a ,god :o love? righte\sness & hate? iniquity4 ,! ,books ( ! ,k+s 7 orig9ally "o book1 & ought to h rema9$ "o4 ,! manuscript 0 torn 9 two by "s scribe or copyi/ long ago1 9 ! middle ( ! /ory ( ! reign ( ,k+ ,ahaziah2 ! fir/ ^w ( ,second ,k+s goes on )\t s mu* z tak+ brea?1 f ! la/ ^w ( ,fir/ ,k+s4 ,!re is no excuse = ?is bisection ( ! n>rative2 x mu/ be due to "s accid5t1 or to ! arbitr>y & un9tellig5t act ( "s p]son :o paid no att5tion to ! mean+ ( ! docum5t4 ,z ! ,books ( ,samuel c>ry ! hi/ory f ! bir? ( ,samuel d[n to ! end ( ,david's reign1 s ! ,books ( ! ,k+s take up ! /ory 9 ! la/ days ( ,david & c>ry x on to ! "t ( ! ,exile1 a p]iod ( f\r hundr$ & fifty ye>s4 ,! "n ( ! au?or is conceal$ f u2 !re is a tradition1 n altoge!r improbable1 t x 0 writt5 by ! ,prophet ,j]emiah4 ,if y w comp>e ! la/ *apt] ( ,second ,k+s ) ! la/ *apt] ( ,j]emiah1 y w discov] t !y are almo/ v]bally ! same4 ,"h1 aga91 if ,j]emiah 0 n ! au?or1 ei!r writ] may h copi$ ! passage f ! o!r1 or bo? may h tak5 x f "s old] book4 ,b ?is passage gives u a note ( "t4 ,x tells u t ,evil-,m]oda*1 k+ ( ,babylon1 9 ! fir/ ye> ( 8 reign1 releas$ ! captive k+ ( ,judah1 ,jehoia*91 f 8 long conf9em5t1 & gave him a seat at 8 own table4 ,! book mu/ h be5 writt51 !n1 aft] ! beg9n+ ( ! reign ( ,evil-,m]oda*2 & !re is pl5ty ( hi/ory to %[ t 8 reign began #efa ,b4,c4 ,& inasmu* z ! book gives no h9t ( ! return ( ! ,jews f _! captivity1 :i* began 9 #ech ,b4,c41 we may fairly conclude t ! book 0 writt5 "s "t betwe5 ^? dates4 ,let u suppose t ,j]emiah wrote x2 ev5 he1 z prophet ( ! ,"l1 c]ta9ly us$ ! mat]ials ( hi/ory :i* _h accumulat$ 9 ! ar*ives ( ! two nations4 ,x is evid5t t1 aft] ! e/abli%m5t ( ! k+dom1 consid]able att5tion 0 paid to ! pres]vation ( ! records ( important national ev5ts4 ,! k+s kept *ronicl]s :o n only pres]v$ & edit$ old docum5ts1 b :o wrote ! annals ( _! own times4 ,9 ,i ,k+s xi4 #da1 at ! conclusion ( ! n>rative ( ,solomon's reign1 we read1 ,n[ ! re/ ( ! acts ( ,solomon1 & all t he did1 & 8 wisdom1 are !y n writt5 9 ! ,book ( ! ,acts ( ,solomon8 ,= 8 hi/ory ( ,j]oboam ! writ] ref]s 9 ! same way to ,! ,book ( ! ,*ronicles ( ! ,k+s ( ,israel1 & = 8 hi/ory ( ,rehoboam to ,! ,book ( ! ,*ronicles ( ! ,k+s ( ,judah4 ,! same is true ( ! reigns ( o!r k+s4 ,^! 7 n1 ( c\rse1 our ,books ( ,*ronicles1 = ^! 7 n writt5 = two hundr$ ye>s aft] ! ,book ( ,k+s 0 f9i%$4 ,x is ?us evid5t1 z "o mod]n writ] has said1 t ! au?or labori\sly employ$ ! mat]ials )9 8 rea*1 v mu* z a mod]n hi/orian might d1 & fur!r t he 0 z mu* puzzl$ by *ronological difficulties z a mod]n hi/orian frequ5tly is4 ,footnote3 ,horton's ,inspiration & ! ,bible1 p4 #ahb4 ,prophet or n1 he took ! mat]ials at 8 h&s1 & put !m toge!r 9 ?is hi/ory4 ,! spl5did b corrupt reign ( ! son ( ,david2 ! secession ( ! t5 tribes "u ,j]oboam2 ! ho/ile relations ( ! two k+doms ( ,israel & ,judah = two hundr$ & fifty ye>s1 by :i* bo? 7 weak5$1 & ?r\gh unholy alliances corrupt$1 & ! result ( :i* 0 ! f9al de/ruction ( bo?1 are describ$ 9 ?is book 9 a spirit$ & evid5tly v]aci\s mann]4 ,! two great prophets1 ,elijah & ,eli%a1 are gr& figures 9 ?is n>rative2 mu* ( ! /ory revolves ar\nd !m4 ,z witnesses = ! righte\s ,jehovah !y /& =?1 w>n+1 rebuk+1 c\nsel+ k+s & p2 ! moral lead]%ip by :i* ,israel is *a/5$ & correct$ & l$ 9 ! way ( righte\sness expresses itself l>gely ?r\gh _! m9i/ry4 ,! words ( ,"l ,ar?ur ,h]vey1 9 ,smi?'s ,bible ,diction>y1 none too /rongly convey ! hi/orian's s5se ( ! value ( ?is "p ( ! ,old ,te/am5t3-- ,consid]+ ! concis5ess ( ! n>rative & ! simplicity ( ! /yle1 ! am\nt ( ! k :i* ^! books convey ( ! *>act]s1 conduct1 & mann]s ( k+s & p dur+ s long a p]iod is truly wond]ful4 ,! insight :i* !y give u into ! aspect ( ,judah & ,j]usalem1 bo? natural & artificial1 ) ! religi\s1 milit>y1 & civil in/itutions ( ! p1 _! arts & manufactures1 ! /ate ( education & le>n+ among !m1 _! res\rces1 comm]ce1 exploits1 alliances1 ! causes ( _! decad5ce1 & f9ally ( _! ru91 is mo/ cle>1 int]e/+1 & in/ructive4 ,9 a few brief s5t5ces we acquire m accurate k ( ! affairs ( ,egypt1 ,tyre1 ,syria1 ,assyria1 ,babylon1 & o!r neighbor+ nations ?an _h be5 pres]v$ to u 9 all ! o!r rema9s ( antiquity up to ! rec5t discov]ies 9 hi]oglyphical & cunei=m monum5ts4 ,footnote3 ,vol4 iii4 p4 #aefa1 ,am]ican ,edition4 ,! sub/antial hi/orical v]acity ( ^! books has be5 confirm$ 9 _m ways by ^! v monum5ts to :i* ,"l ,h]vey ref]s4 ,& yet ?is sub/antial hi/orical accuracy is f\nd1 z 9 o!r hi/ories ( ! old5 "t1 9 ! mid/ ( _m m9or errors & discrepancies4 ,x w\ld seem z if ,provid5ce _h tak5 ! utmo/ pa9s to %[ u t ! ess5tial tru? & ! moral & religi\s value ( ?is hi/ory c\ld n be id5tifi$ ) any !ory ( v]bal or ev5 pl5>y inspiration4 ,take1 = example1 "s ( ! *ronological items ( ?is record4 ,mr4 ,horton's cle> /atem5t w br+ a few ( !m be=e u3-- ,! au?or seems to h be5 cont5t1 9 deal+ ) an ,israelite k+1 to give ! date reckon$ by ! ye> ( ! reign+ k+ 9 ,judah j z he f\nd x /at$ 9 ! ,israelite *ronicles1 & !n to d ! same 9 deal+ ) ! dates ( ! reign+ k+s ( ,israel2 b he did n consid] :e!r ! two *ronicles h>moniz$4 ,we may take "s illu/rations f ! latt] "p ( ! "w4 ,ho%ea began to reign 9 ,israel 7#b ,k+s xv4 #cj7 9 ! tw5tie? ye> ( ,jo?am ! k+ ( ,judah4 ,s f> writes our au?or1 foll[+ ! records ( ! ,nor!rn ,k+dom4 ,= 8 next p>agraph he turns to 8 records ( ! ,s\!rn ,k+dom1 & naively tells u t ,jo?am nev] rea*$ a tw5tie? ye>1 b only reign$ sixte5 ye>s 7xv4 #cc72 b ev5 ?is is n ! end ( ! difficulty2 9 *apt] xvii4 he goes back to ! ,nor!rn ,k+dom & tells u t ,ho%ea began to reign1 n 9 ,jo?am's reign at all1 b 9 ! reign ( ,ahaz1 ,jo?am's successor2 & if n[ he _h said1 '9 ! f\r? ye> ( ,ahaz1' we might see our way ?r\gh ! p]plexity1 = ! f\r? ye> ( ,ahaz w\ld1 at any rate1 be tw5ty ye>s f ! beg9n+ ( ,jo?am's reign1 ?\gh ,jo?am himself _h di$ aft] reign+ sixte5 ye>s2 b he says1 n 9 ! f\r?1 b '9 ! twelf? ye> ( ,ahaz k+ ( ,judah4' ,we may give x up1 & exclaim ) ! ,speak]'s comm5tator1 ',! *ronological confusion ( ! hi/ory1 z x /&s1 is /rik+1' & !n p]haps we may exclaim at ! ,speak]'s comm5tator1 t he & ! l ( him h giv5 u s little acc\nt ( ^! unmi/akable ph5om5a1 & ! cause ( !m1 9 ! hi/ory4 ,"o o!r illu/ration may suffice4 ,k+ ,ahaz1 accord+ to "o au?ority1 liv$ tw5ty ye>s & !n came to ! ?rone & reign$ = sixte5 ye>s4 7#b ,k+s xvi4 #b47 ,at 8 dea?1 !re=e1 ,ahaz 0 ?irty-six ye>s ( age4 ,9 t ye> he 0 succe$$ by 8 son ,hezekiah1 :o 0 tw5ty-five ye>s ( age4 ,?is w\ld mean t ,k+ ,ahaz 0 m>ri$ at ! age ( t51 :i*1 mak+ all all[ance = ! e>li] pub]ty ( ,ea/]n boys1 does n seem probable2 & ! explanation is mu* m likely to be f\nd 9 ! *ronological inaccuracies ( our au?or1 to :i*1 if we h be5 obs]vantly read+ 8 book ?r\gh1 we %all by ?is "t h become q accu/om$4 ,footnote3 ,inspiration & ! ,bible1 pp4 #ahi-aia4 ,obs]ve t we are n go+ to any ho/ile or =eign s\rces = ^! evid5ces ( inaccuracy2 we are simply lett+ ! book tell its own /ory4 ,su* ph5om5a z ^! appe> ?r\gh\t ?is hi/ory4 ,!y lie ^u ! v face ( ! n>rative4 ,probably few ( ! read]s ( ^! pages h not$ !m4 ,= myself1 ,i mu/ confess t ,i read ! ,bible ?r\gh1 f cov] to cov]1 sev]al times be=e ,i 0 ?irty ye>s old1 b ,i _h nev] obs]v$ ^! inaccuracies4 ,! comm5tators1 = ! mo/ "p1--! or?odox comm5tators1--c>efully keep ^! facts out ( sight4 ,sometimes !y attempt1 inde$1 to expla9 or reconcile !m1 b su* explanations g5]ally increase ! incr$ibility ( ! n>rative4 ,! late/ v]dict ( ultra-cons]vatism is t ^! dates & *ronological notes are int]polat$ by "s lat] h&2 b ?is1 too1 is q out ( ! "q4 ,! only true acc\nt ( ! matt] is1 t ! au?or took ^! records f ! ,*ronicles ( ! ,k+s ( ,judah & ! ,*ronicles ( ! ,k+s ( ,israel1 & piec$ !m toge!r )\t notic+ or c>+ :e!r !y agre$4 ,8 m9d 0 n fix$ ^u sci5tific accuracy ( dates4 ,he 0 ?9k+ only ( ! great e?ical & spiritual problems work+ !mselves out 9 ?is hi/ory1--( ! "q :e!r or n ^! k+s did t :i* 0 "r 9 ! sight ( ! ,"l1 & ( ! effects ( _! "r do+ & _! evil do+ ^u ! lives ( ! p4 ,:at diff]5ce1 inde$1 does x make to y & me :e!r ,jo?am reign$ sixte5 ye>s or tw5ty ye>s8 ,x seems to me t ^! inaccuracies are suff]$ to lie ^u ! face ( ! n>rative t our ?\ghts may be turn$ away f ^! details ( ! record to ! great pr9ciples ( morality & religion ^: developm5t x reveals to u4 ,^! errors :i* appe> ^u ! surface are obvi\s en\gh to any c>eful read]4 ,b o!r facts1 mo/ important & sugge/ive1 are br\ght to light :5 we comp>e ^! n>ratives ( ,samuel & ,k+s z we f9d !m 9 ! ,hebrew text ) ! same n>rative 9 ! ,greek text1 ! ,septuag9t4 ,! ,old ,te/am5t1 z we h se51 0 translat$ into ! ,greek language1 = ! b5efit ( ^? ,jews :o spoke only ,greek1 e>ly 9 ! ?ird c5tury be=e ,*ri/4 ,und\bt$ly x 0 a pretty fai?ful translation at ! "t :5 x 0 made4 ,b a c>eful comp>ison ( ! two texts z !y exi/ at ! pres5t "t %[s t consid]able additions h be5 made to bo? ( !m2 & t "s *anges & misplacem5ts h occurr$ 9 bo? ( !m4 ,sometimes x is evid5t t ! ,hebrew is ! m correct1 because ! /ory is m ord]ly & consi/5t2 & sometimes x is equally evid5t t ! ,greek v]sion1 :i*1 z y rememb]1 0 commonly us$ by our ,"l & 8 apo/les1 is ! bett]4 ,?is comp>ison gives u a vivid & conv9c+ illu/ration ( ! fre$om ) :i* ! text 0 h&l$ by scribes & copyi/s2 h[ bits ( n>rative--mo/ commonly leg5ds & popul> tales conc]n+ ! h]oes ( ! nation--7 ?ru/ into ! text1 sometimes q break+ its cont9uity2 !y make x pla9 t t pret]natural sup]vision ( x1 = ! prev5tion ( error1 :i* we h frequ5tly he>d ab\t1 is itself a my?4 ,x is 9 ^! books ( ,samuel & ! ,k+s t ^! v>iations ( ! ,septuag9t f ! ,hebrew text are mo/ frequ5t & mo/ in/ructive4 ,9 ! /ory ( ,david's introduction to ,saul1 = example1 our v]sion1 foll[+ ! ,hebrew1 tells u 7,i ,sam4 xvi4 #ad-bc71 t :5 ,david 0 fir/ made kn[n to ,saul he 0 a mighty man ( valor1 & a man ( w>1 & prud5t 9 spee*1 & a comely p]son4 ,he comes into ,saul's h\sehold2 ,saul loves him greatly1 & makes him 8 armor-be>]4 ,9 ! next *apt] ,david is repres5t$ z a m]e lad1 & x appe>s t ,saul _h nev] se5 or he>d ( him4 ,inde$1 he asks 8 g5]al1 ,abn]1 :o ?is /ripl+ is4 ,! contradiction 9 ^! n>ratives is palpable & irreconcilable4 ,:5 we turn n[ to ! ,septuag9t1 we f9d t x omits f ! sev5te5? *apt] v]ses #ab-ca inclusive2 also f ! #ee? v]se to ! end ( ! *apt] & ! fir/ five v]ses ( ! next *apt]4 ,tak+ out ^! passages1 ! ma9 difficulties ( ! n>rative are at once remov$4 ,x appe>s probable t ^! passages 7 n 9 ! n>rative :5 x 0 translat$ into ,greek1 b t !y embodi$ a curr5t & a v beautiful tradition ab\t ,david :i* "s lat] ,hebrew transcrib] v5tur$ to incorporate into ! text4 ,9 ! ,books ( ! ,k+s ! v>iations betwe5 ^! two v]sions are also extremely sugge/ive4 ,y c see di/9ctly1 z if x 7 done be=e y\r eyes1 h[ supplem5t>y matt] has be5 ins]t$ into ! "o text or ! o!r1 s9ce ! ,greek translation 0 made4 ,9 ! six? *apt] ( ,fir/ ,k+s1 ! ,septuag9t omits v]ses #aa-ad1 :i* is an exhortation to ,solomon1 inject$ into ! specifications respect+ ! temple build+4 ,omit ^! v]ses1 & ! description goes on smoo?ly4 ,simil>ly 9 ! n9? *apt] ( ! same book ! ,septuag9t omits v]ses #ae-be4 ,?is passage breaks ! connection2 ! n>rative ( ,solomon's deal+s ) ,hiram is consecutively told 9 ! ,greek v]sion2 9 ! ,hebrew x is int]rupt$ by ?is extrane\s matt]4 ,y c readily see :i* is ! orig9al =m ( ! writ+4 ,n[ :at does all ?is signify8 ,( c\rse x signifies mo/ di/9ctly t ?is hi/ory mu/ n be judg$ by ! canons ( mod]n hi/orical criticism4 ,mr4 ,horton quotes "s /r5u\s advocate ( ! traditional !ory ( ! ,bible z ma9ta9+ t :5 ,god writes hi/ory he w be at lea/ z accurate z ,bi%op ,/ubbs or ,mr4 ,g>d9]2 & if we are to admit errors 9 8 hi/orical "w1 !n :y n 9 8 plan ( salvation & doctr9e ( atonem5t8 ,x is ?is k9d ( reason+ t drives intellig5t m5 into infidelity4 ,= ! errors are "h2 !y speak = !mselves2 no?+ b a mole-ey$ dogmatism c evade !m2 & if we l9k ! great doctr9es ( ! ,bible ) ?is dogma ( ! hi/orical in]rancy ( ! ,scriptures1 !y w all g d[n toge!r4 ,b :at1 aft] all1 d ^! errors am\nt to8 ,:at is ! mean+ & purport ( ?is hi/ory8 ,:at are ^! writ]s try+ to d8 ,x seems1 says ,mr4 ,horton1 z if _! purpose 0 n s mu* to tell u :at happ5$ z to emphasize = u ! lesson ( :at happ5$4 ,x is appli$ hi/ory1 r ?an hi/ory pure & simple2 & on ?is gr\nd we c und]/& ! t5d5cy to irritation :i* critical hi/orians sometimes betray 9 approa*+ x4444 ,! prophetic hi/orian w\ld nev] dream1 l a mod]n hi/orian1 ( writ+ int]m9able monographs ab\t a disput$ "n or a d\btful date2 he might ev5 take a /ory :i* re/$ on v d\btful au?ority1 f9d+ 9 x m t w\ld suit 8 purpose ?an ! b>e & accurate /atem5t ( ! fact :i* c\ld be au!nticat$4 ,! /&po9t ( ! prophetic hi/orian & ( ! sci5tific hi/orian are :olly diff]5t2 !y _c be judg$ by ! same canons ( criticism4 444,to ! prophetic eye ! significance ( all ev5ts seems to be 9 _! relation to ! w ( ,god4 ,! prophet may n always disc]n :at ! w ( ,god is2 he may int]pret ev5ts 9 a q inadequate mann]4 ,b 8 pr$om9ant ?\ght makes itself felt2 & consequ5tly ! /udy ( ^! hi/ories leaves u 9 a widely diff]5t frame ( m9d f t :i* ,?ucydides or ,mr4 ,freeman w\ld produce4 ,we d n feel to "k1 p]haps1 s accurately ab\t ! w>s betwe5 ,israel & ,judah z we "k ab\t ! w>s betwe5 ,a!ns & ,sp>ta2 we d n feel to "k1 p]haps1 s mu* ab\t ! mon>*y ( ,israel z we "k ab\t ! ,anglo-,norman mon>*y2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 we seem to be m aw>e ( ,god1 we seem to recognize 8 h& controll+ ! wav]+ affairs ( /ates1 we seem to compreh5d t ob$i5ce to 8 w is ( m importance ?an any political consid]ation1 & t 9 ! long c\rse ( hi/ory disob$i5ce to 8 w means national di/ress & national ru94 ,! /udy ( sci5tific hi/ories has its advantages2 b x is n q c]ta9 t ^! advantages are great] ?an ^? :i* ! /udy ( prophetic hi/ory yields4 ,p]haps1 aft] all1 ! "o fact ( hi/ory is ,god's "w 9 x2 9 :i* case ! sci5tific hi/ories1 ) all _! le>n+1 ) all _! toil1 w look r small by ! side ( ^! imp]fect compositions :i* at lea/ saw vividly & recogniz$ fai?fully ! "o fact4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,hebrew ,,prophecies4 ,9 ! la/ *apt] ! op9ion 0 express$ t ! fir/ books collect$ by ,nehemiah1 :5 he made up 8 libr>y1 a c5tury aft] ! ,exile1 7 ! writ+s ( ! prophets4 ,we /udi$ ! hi/orical books fir/1 because !y /& fir/ 9 ! ,hebrew ,bible1 & are !re nam$ ! ,e>li] ,prophets2 b ! probabilities are t ! prophetical writ+s prop]1 call$ by ! ,jews ! ,lat] ,prophets1 7 fir/ ga!r$4 ,:5 0 ?is collection made8 ,if x 0 made by ,nehemiah 7& !re is no?+ to discr$it ! /atem5t ( ! au?or ( #b ,maccabees t he 0 ! collector71 !n x 0 n compil$ until "o hundr$ ye>s aft] ! ,exile1 or only ab\t f\r hundr$ & tw5ty ye>s be=e ,*ri/4 ,mo/ ( ! prophets _h writt5 be=e or dur+ ! ,exile4 ,joel1 ,hosea1 & ,amos _h fl\ri%$ ?ree or f\r hundr$ ye>s be=e ?is collection 0 made2 ,isaiah1 ! greate/ ( !m all1 _h be5 9 8 grave almo/ ?ree c5turies2 ,micah1 ne>ly z long2 ,nahum1 ,habakkuk1 & ,zephaniah _h be5 sil5t f "o to two hundr$ ye>s2 ,j]emiah1 :o 0 alive :5 ! sev5ty ye>s' captivity began1 & ,ezekiel1 :o prophesi$ & p]i%$ among ! captives on ! banks ( ! ,euphrates1 7 m remote f ,nehemiah ?an ,samuel ,johnson & ,jona?an ,edw>ds are f u2 ev5 ,haggai & ,ze*>iah1 :o came back ) ! return+ exiles & help$ to build ! second temple1 _h pass$ away f fifty to "o hundr$ ye>s be=e ! "t ( ,nehemiah4 ,mala*i alone1--,! ,mess5g]1--& ! la/ ( ! prophets1 may h be5 alive :5 ! compilation ( ! prophetic writ+s 0 made4 ,x may be safely conjectur$ t ! ,jews1 al?\gh !y _h nev] possess$ any collection ( ! books ( ! prophets1 _h kn[n some?+ ( _! cont5ts4 ,sev]al ( ! prophets _h =etold ! desolation & ! captivity1 & !re _h be5 abundant "t dur+ ! ,exile to recall ! words !y _h spok5 & to wi% t _! fa!rs _h he$$ !m4 ,^! rememb]$ words ( ! prophets1 pass+ f lip to lip1 w\ld ?us h acquir$ peculi> sacr$ness4 ,x seems cle>1 also1 t copies ( ^! books mu/ h be5 kept1--p]haps 9 ! s*ools ( ! prophets2 = ! lat] prophets quote1 v]bally1 f ! e>li] ones4 ,x may1 !re=e1 h be5 9 response to a popul> wi% t ?is collection ( _! writ+s 0 und]tak54 ,words s mom5t\s z ^! ought to be sacr$ly treasur$4 ,fur!rmore1 !re 7 reasons to appreh5d t ! holy flame ( prophecy 0 dy+ out4 ,mala*i may h be5 speak+ /ill1 b !re 0 n mu* promise t he w\ld h a successor1 & ! expectation ( prophetic voices 0 gr[+ dim among ! p4 ,! ,levitical ritual1 n[ s elaborate & cumb]some1 _h supplant$ ! prophetic oracle4 ,! rituali/ is nev] a prophet2 & out ( su* a =mal cult no words ( inspiration are apt to fl[4 ,) all ! great] c>efulness1 !re=e1 w\ld ! p treasure ! messages t _h come to !m f ! pa/4 ,accord+ly ^! prophetic writ+s1 :i* _h exi/$ 9 a fragm5t>y & scatt]$ =m1 7 ga!r$ into a collection by !mselves4 ,x mu/ be admitt$ t :5 we try to tell h[ ^! writ+s _h be5 pres]v$ & transmitt$ ?r\gh all ^! c5turies1 we h b little solid gr\nd ( fact to g ^u4 ,! ,scriptures !mselves are entirely sil5t ) respect to ! mann] ( _! pres]vation2 ! traditions ( ! ,jews are :olly wor?less4 ,we mu/ n imag9e t ^! books ( ,isaiah & ,j]emiah & ,hosea 7 writt5 & publi%$ z our books are writt5 & publi%$2 !re 0 no book trade !n ?r\gh :i* lit]ature c\ld be m>ket$1 & no subscription ag5cies hawk+ books f door to door4 ,y mu/ n imag9e t e family 9 ,judea _h a copy ( ,isaiah's ,works1--nor ev5 t a copy c\ld be f\nd 9 e village2 x is possible t !re 7 n1 :5 ! p 7 c>ri$ into captivity1 m ?an a few doz5 copies ( ^! prophecies 9 exi/5ce1 & ^! 7 9 ! h&s ( "s ( ! prophets or lit]>y dignit>ies ( ! nation1 or 9 ! ar*ives ( "s ( ! prophetical s*ools4 ,! notion t ^! works 7 di/ribut$ among ! p = /udy & devotional read+ is n to be ent]ta9$4 ,no su* g5]al use ( ! prophetical writ+s 0 ev] conceiv$ ( by ! ,jews be=e ! ,captivity4 ,inde$1 _m ( ^! prophecies1 z we call !m1 7 n1 prim>ily1 lit]ature at all4 ,!y 7 s]mons or addresses1 deliv]$ orally to ! individuals conc]n$1 or to assemblies ( ! p4 ,y c see ! evid5ce1 9 _m cases1 t !y mu/ h be5 ?us deliv]$4 ,we speak ( ! prophecy ( ,isaiah1 or ! prophecy ( ,j]emiah2 b ! books be>+ _! names are made up ( a numb] ( prophecies1 utt]$ on v>i\s occasions4 ,! division betwe5 ^! sep>ate prophecies is g5]ally indicat$ by ! language2 9 all ,p>agraph ,bibles x is m>k$ by blank l9es4 ,9 ea* ( ^! e>li] prophetical books we ?us h1 9 all probability1 a succession ( deliv]ances1 ext5d+ ?r\gh long p]iods ( "t & prep>$ = v>i\s occasions4 ,aft] ! oracle 0 spok5 to ^? = :om x 0 design$1 x 0 writt5 d[n by ! prophet or by 8 fri5ds & disciples1 & ?us pres]v$4 ,?is supposition seems1 at any rate1 m plausible ?an any o!r t ,i h f\nd4 ,manife/ly _m ( ^! prophecies 7 orig9ally s]mons or public addresses2 x is natural to suppose t !y 7 fir/ deliv]$1 & !n1 = sub/ance1 r$uc$ to writ+1 t a record might be made ( ! utt]ance4 ,x is sometimes alleg$ t ^! prophecies1 z soon z !y 7 produc$1 7 at once add$ to a collection ( sacr$ ,scriptures :i* 0 pres]v$ 9 ! sanctu>y4 ,!re 0 a ,book or ,scripture1 x is said1 :i* f ! "t ( ,moses 0 kept op51 & 9 :i* ! writ+s ( ! prophets may h be5 record$ z !y 7 produc$4 ,footnote3 ,alex&] on ,isaiah1 i4 #g4 ,! le>n$ div9e :o v5tures ?is conjecture admits t x w\ld be z h>d to prove x z to disprove x4 ,my own op9ion is t x w\ld be mu* h>d]4 ,if !re _h be5 any su* (ficial receptacle ( sacr$ writ+s1 ! prophets 7 n g5]ally 9 a position to secure ! admission ( _! docum5ts into x4 ,!y 7 (t5 9 op5 controv]sy ) ! p :o kept ! sanctu>y2 ! political & ! religi\s au?orities ( ! nation 7 ! objects ( _! sev]e/ d5unciations2 x is n likely t ! prie/s w\ld make ha/e to transcribe & pres]ve 9 ! sanctu>y ! s]mons & lectures ( ! m5 :o 7 sc\rg+ !m ) c5sure4 ,?is national biblio!ca sacra 9 :i* ! writ+s ( ! prophets 7 deposit$ z soon z !y 7 compos$ is ! product ( pure fiction4 ,x 0 n ?us t ! prophetical utt]ances 7 pres]v$2 r is x to be suppos$ t ! pupils & fri5ds ( ! prophet fai?fully kept 8 manuscripts aft] he 0 gone2 t occasional copies 7 made ( !m by ^? :o wi%$ to /udy !m1 & t ?us !y 7 h&$ d[n f g5]ation to g5]ation4 ,:5 ,nehemiah made 8 collection he f\nd ^! manuscripts1 9 ^: h&s we "k n1 & br\ght !m toge!r 9 "o place4 ,we may presume t ! writ+s ( ea* prophet 7 copi$ ^u a sep>ate roll1 & t ! rolls 7 kept toge!r 9 "s receptacle 9 ! temple4 ,mo/ ( ^! prophets _h n[ be5 dead "s hundr$s ( ye>s2 ! tru? ( _! messages 0 no long] disput$ ev5 by ! prie/s & ! scribes2 _! h]esy 0 n[ ! s\nde/ or?odoxy2 ! cu/odians ( or?odoxy w\ld ( c\rse n[ make a place = _! writ+s 9 ! national ar*ives4 ,! prie/s h always be5 ready to build sepul*res = ! prophets aft] !y 7 dead1 & to pay !m pl5ty ( po/ mortem rev]5ce4 ,! books ( ! prophets /& 9 ! lat] ,hebrew ,bibles 9 ! same ord] z t 9 :i* !y are plac$ 9 our own2 !y occupy a diff]5t place 9 ! :ole collection3 !y are 9 ! middle ( ! ,hebrew ,bible1 & !y are at ! end ( ours2 b _! relation to "o ano!r is ! same 9 bo? ,bibles4 ,?is ord] is n *ronological2 9 "p1 at lea/1 x seems to repres5t :at 0 suppos$ to be ! relative importance ( ! books4 ,isaiah1 ,j]emiah1 & ,ezekiel are plac$ fir/1 p]haps because !y are longe/1 al?\gh sev]al ( ! m9or prophets are ( e>li] date ?an !y4 ,daniel is n among ! prophets 9 ! ,hebrew ,bible2 ! book :i* be>s ?is "n is "o ( ! books ( ! ?ird collection1--! ,hagiographa1--( :i* we %all speak at ano!r "t4 ,:5 we foll[ fur!r ! same collection1 says ,pr(essor ,murray1 we f9d ,hosea imm$iately foll[+ ,ezekiel al?\gh ,hosea liv$ m ?an two c5turies be=e ,ezekiel & 9 turn foll[$ by ,joel & ,amos1 ma9ly on ! pr9ciple ( comp>ative bulk4 ,haggai1 ,ze*>iah1 & ,mala*i 7 plac$ at ! end = reasons purely *ronological1 aft] ! re/ ( ! collection _h be5 made up4 ,we _c see any cle> or consi/5t reason = ! position ( ,obadiah1 ,jonah1 ,micah1 ,nahum1 ,habakkuk1 & ,zephaniah1 :i* /& toge!r 9 ! middle ( ! collection4 ,an exam9ation ( ! *ronological notes on ! m>g9 ( our ,engli% ,bibles 7:i* are n always correct ?\gh !y are approximately s7 w %[ t ^! prophetical books are n arrang$ 9 ! ord] ( "t4 ,x w\ld be a great improvem5t to h !m s arrang$4 ,pupils 9 ! ,sunday-s*ools :o attempt$ a few ye>s ago to foll[ ! ,int]national lessons ?r\gh ^! prophecies1 s]iatim1 f\nd !mselves skipp+ back & =w>d ov] ! c5turies 9 a hi/ory-defy+ dance :i* 0 q bewild]+ to all b ! cle>e/ heads4 ,we c\ld und]/& ^! prophecies mu* bett] if !y 7 arrang$ 9 ! ord] ( _! dates4 ,& z no "o supposes t ! pres5t arrangem5t1 made by ,jewi% scribes1 is 9 any wise inspir$1 !re seems to be no good reason :y ! late revis]s might n h alt]$ x1 & set ^! books 9 a hi/orical & intelligible ord]4 ,:o 7 ^! prophets & :at 0 _! function8 ,to give any adequate answ] to ?is inquiry w\ld require a treatise2 x is only 9 ! mo/ cursory mann] t we c deal ) x 9 ?is place4 ,! prophet is ! man :o speaks = ,god4 ,he is ! int]pret] ( ! div9e w4 ,by "s means he has come to und]/& ,god's purpose1 & 8 function is to decl>e x4 ,?us 9 ,exodus iv4 #af1 ,jehovah says to ,moses1 ,a>on ?y bro!r 444 %all be ?y spokesman unto ! p1 & x %all come to pass t he %all be to !e a m\? & ?\ %alt be to him z ,god4 ,& aga9 7vii4 i71 ,see1 ,i h made !e a god to ,ph>aoh1 & ,a>on ?y bro!r %all be ?y prophet4 ,^! passages indicate ! ,biblical mean+ ( ! ^w4 ,! prophet is ! spokesman or int]pret] ( "s sup]ior au?ority4 ,9 ,classic ,greek1 also1 ,apollo is call$ ! prophet ( ,jupit]1 & ! ,py?ia is ! prophetess ( ,apollo4 ,almo/ univ]sally1 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ! ^w is us$ to signify an exp\nd] or int]pret] ( ! div9e w4 ,! ,engli% words 'prophet1 prophecy1 prophesy+1' says ,dean ,/anley1 orig9ally kept tol]ably close to ! ,biblical use ( ! ^w4 ,! celebrat$ dispute ab\t 'prophesy+s' 9 ! s5se ( 'prea*+s' 9 ! reign ( ,elizabe?1 & ! treatise ( ,j]emy ,taylor on ',! ,lib]ty ( ,prophesy+1' i4e41 ! lib]ty ( prea*+1 %[ t ev5 d[n to ! sev5te5? c5tury ! ^w 0 /ill us$ z 9 ! ,bible1 = prea*+ or speak+ accord+ to ! w ( ,god4 ,9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 h[ev]1 ! limitation ( ! ^w to ! s5se ( pr$iction _h gradually begun to appe>4 ,?is second>y mean+ ( ! ^w _h by ! "t ( ,dr4 ,johnson s entirely sup]s$$ ! orig9al ,scriptural signification t he gives no o!r special def9ition ( x ?an 'to pr$ict1 to =etell1 to progno/icate1' 'a pr$ict]1 a =etell]1' '=esee+ or =etell+ future ev5ts2' & 9 ?is s5se x has be5 us$ almo/ d[n to our own day1 :5 ! revival ( ,biblical criticism has resuscitat$1 9 "s measure1 ! ,biblical use ( ! ^w4 ,footnote3 ,hi/ory ( ! ,jewi% ,*ur*1 i4 #dei1 #dfj4 ,! pr$ictive function ( ! prophet is n1 !n1 ! only1 nor ! prom95t feature ( 8 "w4 ,by f> ! l>g] portion ( ! prophetic utt]ances 7 conc]n$ ) ! pres5t1 & made no ref]5ce to ! future4 ,! prophet ex]cis$ 8 (fice 9 _m ways4 ,moses 0 a prophet1 ! fir/ & greate/ ( ! prophets2 b we h f him few pr$ictions2 he int]pret$ ! w ( ,god 9 ! enactm5t ( laws4 ,samuel 0 a great prophet2 b ,samuel 0 n employ$ 9 =etell+ future ev5ts2 he s\ght to "k ! w ( ,god1 t he might adm9i/] ! affairs ( ! ,jewi% commonweal? 9 accordance ) x4 ,elijah & ,eli%a 7 great prophets1 b !y 7 n progno/icators2 !y 7 prea*]s ( righte\sness to k+s & p1 & !y deliv]$ _! message 9 a way to make ! e>s ( ^? :o he>d !m to t+le4 ,& ?is1 = all ! prophets :o succe$$ !m1 0 ! "o great bus9ess4 ,! e?ical function ( ^! m5 ( ,god came m & m di/9ctly into view4 ,:5 ,paul admoni%$ ,timo?y 7#b ,tim4 iv4 #b7 to prea* ! ^w2 be in/ant 9 season1 out ( season2 reprove1 rebuke1 exhort ) all long-suff]+ & tea*+1 he 0 call+ on him to be a foll[] ( ! prophets4 ,:5 k+s became pr(ligate & fai?less1 :5 prie/s grew =mal & gre$y1 :5 ! ri* wax$ extortionate & tyrannical1 ^! m5 ( ,god arose to d5\nce ! transgressors & ?reat5 !m ) ! div9e v5geance4 ,!y might arise 9 any qu>t]1 f any class4 ,!y 7 conf9$ to no tribe1 to no locality1 to no call+4 ,nei!r sex monopoliz$ ?is gift4 ,miriam1 ,deborah1 ,huldah 7 %9+ names ^u _! roll ( honor4 ,to no ecclesia/icism or (ficialism did !y owe _! au?ority2 no man's h&s _h be5 laid ^u !m 9 ord9ation2 !y 7 ,jehovah's mess5g]s2 f him alone !y receiv$ _! messages1 to him alone !y held !mselves responsible4 ,no su* prea*]s ( politics ev] exi/$ z ^! ,hebrew prophets2 ) all ! affairs ( /ate !y con/antly int]m$dl$2 bad laws & unholy policies f\nd 9 !m %>p & unsp>+ critics2 ! entangl+ alliances ( ,israel ) ! surr\nd+ nations 7 d5\nc$ by !m 9 season & out ( season4 ,! p ( _! own "t (t5 /igmatiz$ !m z unpatriotic2 because !y w\ld n approve popul> iniquities1 or refra9 _! lips f rebuk+ ev5 favorite sons1 or ! idols ( ! populace1 !y (t5 f\nd !mselves "u ! ban ( public op9ion2 !y liv$ lonely lives2 n a few ( !m di$ viol5t dea?s4 ,:i* ( ! prophets did n y\r fa!rs p]secute8 dem&$ ,/eph51 & !y kill$ !m :i* %[$ be=e ( ! com+ ( ! ,righte\s ,"o2 ( :om ye h n[ become betray]s & murd]]s4 ,footnote3 ,acts vii4 #eb4 ,! relation ( ! prophets to ! political life ( ! ,jewi% p is br\ght out 9 a /rik+ way by ,john ,/u>t ,mill 9 8 book on ,repres5tative ,gov]nm5t4 ,9 t *apt] 9 :i* he discusses ! crit]ion ( a good gov]nm5t1 he %[s h[ ! ,egyptian hi]>*y & ! ,*9ese pat]nal despotism de/roy$ ^? c\ntries by /]eotyp+ _! in/itutions4 ,!n he goes on3-- ,9 contra/ ) ^! nations let u consid] ! example ( an opposite "*1 af=d$ by ano!r & a comp>atively insignificant ,ori5tal p1 ! ,jews4 ,!y1 too1 _h an absolute mon>*y & a hi]>*y1 & _! organiz$ in/itutions 7 z obvi\sly ( sac]dotal orig9 z ^? ( ! ,h9doos4 ,^! did = !m :at 0 done = o!r ,ori5tal races by _! in/itutions1 subdu$ !m to indu/ry & ord]1 & gave !m a national life4 ,b nei!r _! k+s nor _! prie/s ev] obta9$1 z 9 ^? o!r c\ntries1 ! exclusive m\ld+ ( _! "*4 ,_! religion1 :i* enabl$ p]sons ( g5ius & a high religi\s tone to be reg>d$ & to reg>d !mselves z inspir$ f heav51 gave exi/5ce to an ine/imably preci\s unorganiz$ in/itution1--! ,ord] 7if x may be s t]m$7 ( ,prophets4 ,"u ! protection1 g5]ally ?\gh n always effectual1 ( _! sacr$ "*1 ! ,prophets 7 a p[] 9 ! nation1 (t5 m ?an a mat* = k+s & prie/s1 & kept up 9 t little corn] ( ! e>? ! antagonism ( influ5ces :i* is ! only real security = cont9u$ progress4 ,religion1 consequ5tly1 0 n !n :at x has be5 9 s _m o!r places1 a consecration ( all t 0 once e/abli%$1 & a b>ri] aga9/ fur!r improvem5t4 ,! rem>k ( a di/+ui%$ ,hebrew1 ,m4 ,salvador1 t ! ,prophets 7 9 *ur* & /ate ! equival5t ( ! mod]n lib]ty ( ! press1 gives a j b n an adequate conception ( ! "p fulfill$ 9 national & univ]sal hi/ory by ?is great elem5t ( ,jewi% life2 by means ( :i*1 ! canon ( inspiration nev] be+ complete1 ! p]sons mo/ em95t 9 g5ius & moral feel+ c\ld n only d5\nce & reprobate1 ) ! direct au?ority ( ! ,almighty1 :atev] appe>$ to !m des]v+ ( su* treatm5t1 b c\ld give =? bett] & high] int]pretations ( ! national religion1 :i* !nce=? became "p ( ! religion4 ,accord+ly1 :oev] c dive/ himself ( ! habit ( read+ ! ,bible z if x 0 "o book1 :i* until lately 0 equally invet]ate 9 ,*ri/ians & unbeliev]s1 sees ) admiration ! va/ int]val betwe5 ! morality & religion ( ! ,p5tateu*1 or ev5 ( ! hi/orical books 7! unmi/akable "w ( ,hebrew ,cons]vatives ( ! ,sac]dotal ord]71 & ! morality & religion ( ! ,prophecies4 ,conditions m favorable to progress c\ld n easily exi/2 accord+ly1 ! ,jews1 in/ead ( be+ /ation>y l o!r ,asiatics1 71 next to ! ,greeks1 ! mo/ progressive p ( antiquity1 &1 jo9t ) !m1 h be5 ! />t+-po9t & ma9 propell+ ag5cy ( mod]n civilization4 ,footnote3 ,consid]ations on ,repres5tative ,gov]nm5t1 pp4 #ea-ec1 ,am]ican ,edition4 ,n only 9 ! sph]e ( politics1 b 9 t ( religion also1 7 !y con/antly appe>+ z critics & c5sors4 ,! t5d5cy ( religion to become m]ely ritual1 to divorce itself f righte\sness1 is invet]ate4 ,aga9/ ?is t5d5cy ! prophets 7 ! con/ant witnesses4 ,! religi\s ma*9e is always 9 ! same dang] ( becom+ corrupt & mis*iev\s z is ! political ma*9e2 ! man ) ! sl$ge-hamm] :o w sma% x & fl+ x into ! junk-pile has a "w to d 9 e g5]ation4 ,?is 0 ! "w ( ! ,hebrew prophets4 ,i desir$ m]cy1 & n sacrifice1 cries ,hosea1 speak+ = ,jehovah4 ,i hate1 ,i despise y\r fea/ days1 says ,amos1 & ,i w n smell 9 y\r solemn assemblies1444b let judgm5t run d[n z wat]s1 & righte\sness z a mighty /ream4 ,y\r new moons & y\r appo9t$ fea/s my s\l hate?1 proclaims ,isaiah2 !y are a tr\ble unto me2 ,i am we>y to be> !m4 ,wa% ye1 make y clean2 cease to d evil2 le>n to d well4 ,is n ?is ! fa/ t ,i h *os51 to loose ! b&s ( wick$ness1 to undo ! heavy burd51 & to let ! oppress$ g free8 ,?is is1 !n1 ! *ief function ( ! ,hebrew prophet2 he is ! exp\nd] ( ! righte\s w ( ,god1 n ma9ly ) respect to future ev5ts1 b ) respect to pres5t transgressions & pres5t obligations ( k+s & prie/s & p4 ,& yet x w\ld be an error to ov]look or disp>age 8 deal+s ) ! future4 ,z a tea*] ( righte\sness he saw t pres5t disob$i5ce w\ld br+ future retribution1 & he po9t$ x out ) ! utmo/ fidelity4 ,any man :o c>efully /udies ! laws ( ,god c make "s pr$ictions ) great confid5ce4 ,he kn[s t c]ta9 c\rses ( conduct w be foll[$ by c]ta9 consequ5ces4 ,"s ( ! pr$ictions ( ! ,hebrew prophets 7 ( ?is nature4 ,yet pr$ictions ( ?is nature 7 always conditional4 ,! condition 0 n always express$1 b x 0 always und]/ood4 ,! ?reat5+ ( de/ruction to ! disob$i5t 0 )drawn :5 ! disob$i5t turn$ f _! evil ways4 ,! pr$ictions ( ! prophets 7 n always fulfill$ = ?is good reason4 ,! rule is explicitly laid d[n by ! ,prophet ,j]emiah3 ,at :at in/ant ,i %all speak conc]n+ a nation444to de/roy x2 if t nation444turn f _! evil1 ,i w rep5t ( ! evil t ,i ?\ght to d unto !m4 ,& at :at in/ant ,i %all speak conc]n+ a nation444to build & to plant x2 if x d evil 9 my sight1 t x obey n my voice1 !n ,i w rep5t ( ! good :]e) ,i said ,i w\ld b5efit !m4 ,footnote3 ,j]emiah xviii4 #g-i4 ,& !re is some?+ m ?an ?is4 ,in/ances are "h record$ ( specific pr$ictions ( future ev5ts1 :i* came to pass z !y 7 pr$ict$1--pr$ictions :i* _c be expla9$ on naturali/ic pr9ciples4 ,( ?is sort1 says ,bleek1 are ! prophecies ( ,isaiah z to ! closely imp5d+ de/ruction ( ! k+doms ( ,israel & ,syria1 :i* he pr$ict$ ) great confid5ce at a "t :5 ! two k+doms appe>$ p>ticul>ly /rong by _! treaty ) ea* o!r1444besides ! repeat$ pr$ictions z to ! de/ruction ( ! mighty ho/s ( ,s5na*]ib1 k+ ( ,assyria1 :i* besieg$ ,j]usalem1 & ! deliv]ance ( ! /ate f ! greate/ di/ress4 ,among ^! pr$ictions1 ^? 9 ,isaiah xxix4 #a-h1 appe> to me p>ticul>ly notewor?y1 :]e he =etells t a long "t h5ce ,j]usalem %\ld be besieg$ by a =eign ho/ & press$ v h>d1 b t ! latt]1 j z !y believ$ !y 7 gett+ possession ( ! city1 %\ld be scatt]$ & annihilat$2 = ?is pr$iction1 f its :ole "*1 appe>s to h be5 utt]$ be=e any dang] %[$ itself f ?is qu>t]4 ,footnote3 ,introduction to ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ii4 #bg4 ,beyond & above all ?is is ! gradual rise 9 ,israel ( t great ,messianic hope1 ( :i* ! prophets 7 ! inspir$ & inspir+ witnesses4 ,we f9d1 at a v e>ly day1 an expectation ( a future revelation ( ! glory ( ,god1 dawn+ ^u ! consci\sness ( ! nation1 & express+ itself by ! words ( its mo/ dev\t spirits4 ,ev5 9 prosp]\s days !re 0 a dim outrea*+ aft] some?+ bett]2 9 times ( disa/] & ov]?r[ ?is hope 0 k9dl$ to a passionate long+4 ,( ?is ,messianic hope1 its nature & its fulfillm5t1 no words ( m9e c tell s eloqu5tly z ^! words ( ,dean ,/anley3-- ,x 0 ! di/+ui%+ m>k ( ! ,jewi% p t _! gold5 age 0 n 9 ! pa/1 b 9 ! future2 t _! greate/ h]o 7z !y deem$ him to be7 0 n _! ,f\nd]1 b _! ,f\nd]'s late/ ,desc5dant4 ,_! traditions1 _! fancies1 _! glories1 ga!r$ r\nd ! head1 n ( a *ief or w>rior or sage t _h be51 b ( a ,k+1 a ,deliv]]1 a ,prophet :o 0 to come4 ,( ?is s+ul> expectation ! ,prophets 71 if n ! *ief au?ors1 at lea/ ! *ief expon5ts4 ,sometimes he is nam$1 sometimes he is unnam$2 sometimes he is almo/ id5tifi$ ) "s actual ,pr9ce ( ! pres5t or ! com+ g5]ation1 sometimes he rec$es into ! di/ant ages4 ,b aga9 & aga91 at lea/ 9 ! late prophetic writ+s1 ! vi/a is clos$ by ?is p]son1 8 "*1 8 reign4 ,& almo/ ev]y:]e ! ,prophetic _s 9 ! del9eation ( 8 com+ rema9s true to itself4 ,he is to be a ,k+1 a ,conqu]or1 yet n by ! common weapons ( e>?ly w>f>e1 b by ^? only weapons :i* ! ,prophetic ord] recogniz$2 by ju/ice1 m]cy1 tru?1 & goodness2 by suff]+1 by endurance1 by id5tification ( himself ) ! joys1 ! suff]+s ( 8 nation2 by op5+ a wid] sympa?y to ! :ole human race ?an _h ev] be5 (f]$ be=e4 ,t ?is expectation1 h[ev] expla9$1 exi/$ 9 a great] or less degree among/ ! ,prophets is n d\bt$ by any !ologians ( any s*ool :atev]4 ,x is no matt] ( controv]sy4 ,x is a simply & univ]sally recogniz$ fact t1 fill$ ) ^! ,prophetic images1 ! :ole ,jewi% nation--nay1 at la/1 ! :ole ,ea/]n _w--did look =w>d ) long+ expectation to ! com+ ( ?is future ,conqu]or4 ,0 ?is unp>allel$ expectation realiz$8 ,& "h aga9 ,i speak only ( facts :i* are ackn[l$g$ by ,g]mans & ,fr5*m5 no less ?an by ,engli%m51 by critics & by skeptics ev5 m ?an by !ologians & ecclesia/ics4 ,!re did arise out ( ?is nation a ,"* z unp>allel$ z ! expectation :i* _h prec$$ him4 ,jesus ( ,naz>e? 01 on ! mo/ sup]ficial no less ?an on ! deepe/ view ( 8 com+1 ! greate/ "n1 ! mo/ extraord9>y p[] t has ev] cross$ ! /age ( ,hi/ory4 ,& ?is greatness consi/$ n 9 outw>d p[]1 b precisely 9 ^? qualities 9 :i* f fir/ to la/ ! ,prophetic ord] _h laid ! utmo/ /ress1--ju/ice & love1 goodness & tru?4 ,footnote3 ,hi/ory ( ! ,jewi% ,*ur*1 i4 #eai1 #ebj4 ,?is is ! great fact f :i* ! /ud5t ( ! ,old ,te/am5t mu/ nev] remove 8 att5tion4 ,t ?is wond]ful hope & expectation did suffuse all ! utt]ances ( ! prophets is n to be ga9said by any c&id man4 ,t ! expectation assum$1 z ! ages pass$1 a m & m def9ite & p]sonal =m is equally c]ta94 ,isaiah 0 p]haps ! fir/ to give di/9ct %ape to ?is prophetic hope4 ,ewald ?us summ>izes ! ,messianic idea 9 ! writ+s ( ,isaiah3-- ,!re mu/ come "s "o :o %\ld p]fectly satisfy all ! dem&s ( ! true religion1 s z to become ! c5tre f :i* all its tru? & =ce %\ld op]ate4 ,8 s\l mu/ possess a m>vel\s & surpass+ nobl5ess & div9e p[]1 because x is 8 function p]fectly to realize 9 life ! anci5t religion1 ! requirem5ts ( :i* no "o has yet satisfi$1 & t1 too1 ) t spiritual glorification :i* ! great prophets _h ann\nc$4 ,unless !re fir/ comes "s "o :o %all transfigure ?is religion into its pure/ =m1 x w nev] be p]fect$1 & its k+dom w nev] come4 ,b he w & mu/ come1 = o!rwise ! religion :i* dem&s him w\ld be false2 he is ! fir/ true ,k+ ( ! community ( ! true ,god1 & z no?+ c be conceiv$ ( z supplant+ him1 he w reign =ev] 9 irresi/ible p[]2 he is ! div9e-human ,k+1 ^: com+ _h be5 due ev] s9ce ! true community _h set up a human mon>*y 9 its mid/1 b :o _h nev] come4 ,he is to be look$ =1 to be long$ =1 to be pray$ =2 & h[ bless$ x is simply to expect him dev\tly1 & to trace out e feature ( 8 lik5ess4 ,to sket* ! nobl5ess ( 8 s\l is to pursue 9 detail ! possibility ( p]fect+ all religion2 & to believe 9 ! necessity ( 8 com+ is to believe 9 ! p]fect+ ( all div9e ag5cy on e>?4 ,footnote3 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,israel1 iv4 #bjc1 #bjd4 ,x is precisely "h t we get at ! he>t ( ! ,old ,te/am5t2 ?is wond]ful =e-look+ t[>d ! ,messianic manife/ations ( ,god ^u ! e>?1 :i* k9dl$ ! he>ts ( ! p & f\nd cle>e/ utt]ance by ! lips ( its mo/ inspir$ m51 :i* b9ds ?is lit]ature all toge!r1 hi/ories1 songs1 precepts1 allegories4 ,?is x is :i* reveals ! true inspiration ( ^! old writ+s1 & :i* makes !m1 to e ,*ri/ian he>t1 preci\s beyond all price4 ,su* be+ ! "* ( ^! prophetic books1 let u glance = a mom5t at a few ( !m1 m]ely = ! purpose ( locat+ ! prophecy 9 ! hi/ory1 & ( disc]n+1 :5 x is possible1 ! provid5tial causes :i* call$ x =?4 ,x is difficult to tell :i* ( ^! fifte5 prophets1 ^: utt]ances are treasur$ 9 ?is collection1 fir/ appe>$ ^u ! sc5e4 ,! probability seems to be t ! e>lie/ ( !m 0 ,joel4 ,op9ions diff] widely2 ,i _c discuss !m nor ev5 cite !m2 b ! old !ory t ,joel liv$ & prea*$ ab\t eight hundr$ & sev5ty-five ye>s be=e ,*ri/ does n seem to me to be invalidat$ by mod]n criticism4 ,he 0 a native ( ! ,s\!rn ,k+dom2 & at ! "t we h nam$1 ! ,k+ ( ,judea 0 ,joa%1 ^: dramatic elevation to ! ?rone 9 8 sev5? ye>1 by ,jehoiada ! prie/1 is n>rat$ 9 ! ,book ( ,k+s4 ,x 0 a "t ( di/urbance & disa/] 9 ,judah & ,j]usalem2 ! boy-k+ 0 b a nom9al rul]2 ! reg5t 0 ,jehoiada2 & incursions ( ! surr\nd+ tribes1 :o c>ri$ away ! p & sold !m z slaves1 kept ! l& 9 a con/ant /ate ( al>m4 ,worse ?an ?is 0 ! visitation ( locu/s1 cont9u+1 z x w\ld seem1 = sev]al ye>s1 by :i* ! c\ntry 0 /ripp$ & deva/at$4 ,?is visitation furni%es ! !me ( ! %ort disc\rse :i* is "h report$4 ,! description ( ! m>* ( ! locu/s ov] ! l& is full ( poetic beauty2 & ! p are admoni%$ to accept ?is z a div9e *a/isem5t = _! s9s1 & to d ! works meet = rep5tance4 ,!n comes ! promise ( ! div9e =giv5ess1 & ( t great gift ( ! ,_s1 ^: fulfillm5t ,pet] claim$ on ! day ( ,p5teco/3 ,9 ! mid/ ( ! deepe/ woes :i* !n afflict$ ! k+dom1 says ,ewald1 8 great s\l grasp$ all ! m p[]fully ! et]nal hope ( ! true community1 & impress$ x all ! m indelibly ^u 8 p1 alike by ! fi]y gl[ ( 8 cle> insight & ! entranc+ beauty ( 8 passionate utt]ance4 ,footnote3 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,israel1 iv4 #aci4 ,! next prophet 9 ! ord] ( "t is und\bt$ly ,amos4 ,he tells u t he liv$ 9 ! days ( ,uzziah1 ,k+ ( ,judah1 ab\t sev5ty ye>s aft] ,joel4 ,he 0 a h]dsman ( ,tekoa1 a small city ( ,judah1 twelve miles s\? ( ,j]usalem4 ,9 ^! days ! ,nor!rn ,k+dom 0 f> m prosp]\s & p[]ful ?an ! ,s\!rn2 "u ,j]oboam ,,ii4 ,israel _h become ri* & luxuri\s2 & ! prophet 0 summon$1 z he decl>es1 by ! call ( ,jehovah himself to leave 8 h]ds ^u ! ,judean hills1 & betake himself to ! ,nor!rn ,k+dom1 !re to be> witness aga9/ ! pride & oppression ( its p4 ,?is mess5g] & int]pret] ( ,jehovah to 8 p is a poor man1 a labor+ man2 b he kn[s ^: commission he be>s1 & he is n afraid4 ,/]n & t]rible are ! woes t fall f 8 lips3 ! words vibrate yet ) ! en]gy ( 8 righte\s wra?4 ,ye t put f> away ! evil day1 & cause ! seat ( viol5ce to come ne>2 t lie ^u b$s ( ivory1 & /ret* !mselves ^u _! c\*es1 & eat ! lambs out ( ! flock1 & ! calves out ( ! mid/ ( ! /all2 t s+ idle songs to ! s\nd ( ! viol2 t devise = !mselves in/rum5ts ( music1 l ,david2 t dr9k w9e 9 b[ls1 & ano9t !mselves ) ! *ief o9tm5ts2 b !y are n griev$ = ! affliction ( ,joseph4 ,su* luxury always goes h& 9 h& ) contempt ( ! l[ly & oppression ( ! poor2 x is s to-day2 x 0 s 9 t f>-(f "t2 & ?is prophet p\rs ^u x ! vials ( ! wra? ( ,god3-- ,=asmu* !re=e z ye trample ^u ! poor1 & take exactions f him ( :eat3 ye h built h\ses ( hewn /one1 b ye %all n dwell 9 !m2 ye h plant$ pleasant v9ey>ds1 b ye %all n dr9k ! w9e !re(4 ,= ,i "k h[ manifold are y\r transgressions & h[ mighty are y\r s9s2 ye t afflict ! j1 t take a bribe1 & t turn aside ! ne$y 9 ! gate f _! "r4 ,x is no wond] t ,amaziah1 ! prie/ ( ,be!l1 wri!d "u ! sc\rge ( ! h]dsman prophet1 & want$ to be rid ( him3 ,o ?\ se]1 he cri$1 g1 flee !e away into ! l& ( ,judah1 & !re eat bread1 & prophesy !re3 b prophesy n aga9 any m 9 ,be!l4 ,b ! prophet /ood 8 gr\nd & deliv]$ 8 message1 & x /ill res\nds z ! v voice ( ,god ?r\gh e l& :]e ! gre$ ( gold makes m5 unju/1 & ! love ( pleasure bani%es compassion f human he>ts4 ,! ne>e/ successor ( ,amos1 9 ?is collection1 seems to h be5 ,hosea1 :o tells u 9 ! op5+ ( 8 prophecy t ! ^w ( ! ,"l came unto him 9 ! days ( ,uzziah1 ,jo?am1 ,ahaz1 & ,hezekiah1 k+s ( ,judah1 & 9 ! days ( ,j]oboam1 son ( ,joa%1 k+ ( ,israel4 ,!re is "s d\bt ab\t ! g5u95ess ( ?is sup]scription2 b x 0 ab\t ?is "t1 und\bt$ly1 t ,hosea fl\ri%$4 ,to :i* k+dom he belong$ x is n kn[n2 probably1 h[ev]1 to ,israel1 ) ^: affairs 8 tea*+ is *iefly conc]n$4 ,he mu/ h foll[$ close ^u ! h]dsman ( ,tekoa2 possibly !y 7 contempor>ies4 ,8 prophecy1 too1 is a bla/ f ! trumpet ( ! ,"l our ,righte\sness4 ,su* an indictm5t ( a p has n (t5 be5 he>d4 ,he> ! ^w ( ! ,"l1 ye *ildr5 ( ,israel3 = ! ,"l ha? a controv]sy ) ! inhabitants ( ! l&1 because !re is no tru?1 nor m]cy1 nor k ( ,god 9 ! l&4 ,!re is n\ght b swe>+ & break+ fai?1 & kill+1 & /eal+1 & committ+ adult]y2 !y break out1 & blood t\*e? blood4 ,especially sev]e is ! prophet 9 8 d5unciation ( ! prie/hood4 ,!y fe$ on ! s9 ( my p1 & set _! he>t on _! iniquity4 ,& x %all be1 l p1 l prie/3 & ,i w puni% !m = _! ways1 & w rew>d !m _! do+s4 ,^! prophecies ( ,hosea are in/9ct ) a sev]e morality2 ! e?ical ?or\ghness ) :i* he *a/ises ! national s9s is unfl9*+2 b x is n all ?reat5+2 n[ & aga9 we he> ! ^w ( t5d]ness1 ! promise ( ! div9e =giv5ess3-- ,i w heal _! backslid+4 ,i w love !m freely2 = m9e ang] is turn$ away f him4 ,i w be z ! dew unto ,israel2 he %all blossom z ! lily1 & ca/ =? 8 roots z ,lebanon4 ,micah foll[s ,hosea1 at an int]val ( p]haps fifty ye>s4 ,he liv$ 9 a little village ( ,judah1 we/ ( ,j]usalem1 & ex]cis$ 8 m9i/ry 9 bo? k+doms1 te/ify+ imp>tially aga9/ ! wick$ness ( ,j]usalem & ,sam>ia1 ?\gh ! weight ( 8 c5sure seems to re/ ^u ! ,judean capital4 ,8 /ra9 is an e*o ( ! outcry ( ,amos & ,hosea2 x is ! same int5se indignation aga9/ ! viol5ce & rapacity ( ! ri*1 aga9/ corrupt judges1 false prophets1 rascally trad]s1 trea*]\s fri5ds4 ,= all ^! s9s condign puni%m5t is ?reat5$2 & yet1 aft] ^! retributive woes are pa/1 !re is promise ( a bett] day4 ,! great ,messianic hope "h beg9s to f9d cle> utt]ance2 ! =m] prophets h se5 9 _! visions only ! re/oration ( ! p ( ,israel2 to ,micah !re comes ! anticipation ( an individual ,lead] & ,deliv]]4 ,b ?\1 ,be?lehem ,ephratah1 :i* art little to be among ! ?\s&s ( ,judah1 out ( !e %all "o come =? t is to be rul] 9 ,israel1 ^: go+s =? are f old1 f ev]la/+4444 ,& he %all /& & %all fe$ 8 flock 9 ! /r5g? ( ! ,"l1 9 ! maje/y ( ! "n ( ! ,"l 8 ,god2 & !y %all abide2 = n[ %all he be great unto ! ends ( ! e>?4 ,?us sl[ly broad5s ! dawn ( ! ,messianic hope4 ,! fir/ "p ( ! f\r? *apt] ( ,micah1 :i* is a pr$iction ( ! glory t %all come to ,zion 9 ! latt] day1 is v]bally id5tical ) ! fir/ "p ( ! second *apt] ( ,isaiah4 ,"o ( ! prophets mu/ h quot$ f ! o!r or else1 z ,dr4 ,geikie sugge/s1 bo? copi$ f "s old] prophet4 ,aft] ,micah comes ! greate/ ( ! prophets1 ,isaiah4 ,he appe>$ ^u ! sc5e 9 8 native city ( ,j]usalem ab\t ! middle ( ! eigh? c5tury be=e ,*ri/4 ,8 "w 0 ma9ly done dur+ ! reigns ( ,ahaz1 ! ,grasp]1 "o ( ! vile/ & mo/ ungodly ( ! ,judean mon>*s1 & ( ,hezekiah1 ! good k+1 ab\t a c5tury & a half be=e ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem4 ,ab\t ?is "t ,judea 0 con/antly expos$ to ! rapacity ( ! great ,assyrian p[] be=e ^: armies %e f9ally fell2 sometimes h] rul]s ent]$ into coalitions ) ! surr\nd+ nations to resi/ ! ,assyrian2 sometimes !y submitt$ & paid heavy tribute4 ,egypt1 on ! s\?1 0 also a mighty empire at ?is "t1 con/antly at w> ) ,assyria2 & ! k+s ( ,judah sometimes s\ght alliances ) "o ( ^! great p[]s1 z a means ( protection aga9/ ! o!r4 ,!y prov$ to be ! upp] & ne!r mill/ones betwe5 :i* ! ,jewi% nationality 0 gr\nd to p[d]4 ,x 0 9 ! mid/ ( ^! al>m+ signs ( national de/ruction t ,isaiah arose4 ,( ! prophetic disc\rses :i* he deliv]$ 9 ,j]usalem we h ab\t ?irty2 8 words are ! words ( a patriot1 a /atesman1 a s]vant & mess5g] ( ,jehovah4 ,he w>n$ ! k+s aga9/ ^! entangl+ alliances ) =eign p[]s2 he admoni%$ !m to /& fa/ 9 _! allegiance to ,jehovah1 & obey 8 laws2 yet he saw t !y w\ld n he$ 8 ^w1 & t swift & sure de/ruction 0 com+ ^u ! nation4 ,& 8 expectation 0 n l t ( ! o!r prophets1 t ! nation z a :ole w\ld be sav$ out ( ^! judgm5ts2 to him x 0 made pla9 t only a remnant w\ld survive2 b t f t remnant %\ld spr+ a noble race1 ) a pur] fai?1 9 :om all ! nations ( ! e>? %\ld be bless$4 ,( ! ,messianic hope z x f9ds expression 9 ^! words ( ,isaiah ,i h already spok54 ,?is ,book ( ,isaiah conta9s ?irty-"o prophetic disc\rses1 "s ( !m m]e fragm5ts4 ,!re is reason = d\bt z to :e!r !y 7 all spok5 by ,isaiah2 :5 !y 7 ga!r$ up1 two hundr$ ye>s lat]1 "s utt]ances ( o!r prophets may h be5 m+l$ ) !m4 ,inde$ x is n[ reg>d$ z well-nigh c]ta9 t ! la/ tw5ty-sev5 *apt]s are ! "w ( a lat] prophet1--( "o :o wrote dur+ ! ,captivity4 ,pr(essor ,delitzs*1 9 ! la/ edition ( 8 comm5t>y on ,isaiah1 f9ally conc$es t ?is is probable4 ,! ,book ( ,isaiah1 he is report$ z say+1 may h be5 an an?ology ( prophetic disc\rses by diff]5t au?ors2 t is1 x may h be5 compos$ p>tly & directly by ,isaiah1 & p>tly by o!r lat] prophets ^: utt]ances con/itute a really homog5e\s & simultane\s cont9uation ( ,isaian prophecy4 ,^! lat] prophets s closely resemble ,isaiah 9 prophetic vision t po/]ity might1 on t acc\nt1 well id5tify !m ) him1--8 "n be+ ! correct common d5om9ator = ?is collection ( prophecies4 ,^! words ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ & dev\t ( ! ,old ,te/am5t critics ?r[ a flood ( light on ! /ructure n only ( ,isaiah1 b ( o!r ,old ,te/am5t writ+s2 !y %[ h[ unlike our own 7 ! primitive ideas ( au?or%ip2 & h[ ! ,p5tateu*1 = example1 drawn f _m s\rces & revis$ by _m editors1 c\ld be call$ ! law ( ,moses2 h[ 8 "n may h be5 ! common d5om9ator ( all t collection ( laws4 ,i h %[n1 p]haps1 9 ^! ha/y notices1 some?+ ( ! nature & purpose ( five ( ^! prophetic books4 ,( ! re/ ,i mu/ speak b a s+le ^w1 = ! "t fails me to tell ( ,zephaniah1 :o 9 ! "t ( good ,k+ ,josiah1 d5\nc$ ! idolatry ( ! p1 ! inju/ice ( its pr9ces & judges1 & ! corruption ( its prophets & prie/s1 ?reat5$ ! rebelli\s ) ext]m9ation1 & promis$ to ! remnant an endur+ peace2 ( ,j]emiah1 :o ab\t ! same "t fir/ lift$ up 8 voice1 & cont9u$ speak+ until aft] ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem1--f ^: writ+s we may d]ive a m complete & intelligible acc\nt ( ! p]iod prec$+ ! ,exile ?an f any o!r s\rce2 ( ,nahum1 :o1 j be=e ! fall ( ,j]usalem1 utt]$ 8 oracle aga9/ ,n9eveh2 ( ,obadiah1 :o1 aft] ! fall ( ! holy city1 laun*$ 8 ?und]bolts aga9/ ! p]fidi\s ,edomites because ( _! rejoic+ ov] ! fate ( ,j]usalem2 ( ,ezekiel1 ! prophet ( ! ,exile1 :o wrote among ! captives by ! riv]s ( ,babylon2 ( ,haggai & ,ze*>iah1 :o came back ) ! return+ exiles1 & ^: c\rage\s voices *e]$ ! labor]s :o wr\ght to re/ore ! city & ! temple2 ( ,mala*i1 ^: pung5t repro(s ( ! p = _! lack ( consecration foll[$ ! erection ( ! second temple1 & clos$ ! collection ( ! ,hebrew prophets4 ,! limits ( ?is small volume =bid u to ent] ^u sev]al int]e/+ critical inquiries respect+ ! compon5t p>ts ( ,isaiah & ,ze*>iah1 & especially ! matt] ( ! v>iations ( ! ,septuag9t f ! ,hebrew text 9 ! ,book ( ,j]emiah4 ,9 ?is la/ nam$ book we f9d ! same ph5om5a t we enc\nt]$ 9 our /udy ( ,samuel & ,! ,k+s3 ! ,greek v]sion diff]s consid]ably f ! ,hebrew2 a comp>ison ( ! two illu/rates1 z no?+ else c d1 ! processes ?r\gh :i* ! text ( ^! old docum5ts has pass$1 & ! fre$om ) :i* !y h be5 h&l$ by scribes & copyi/s4 ,! ,hebrew text1 f :i* our ,engli% v]sion 0 made1 is g5]ally bett] ?an ! ,greek2 b !re are sev]al cases 9 :i* ! ,greek is manife/ly m accurate4 ,!re is "o book1 reckon$ among ^! m9or prophets1 ( :i* ,i h n spok51 & to :i* ,i ought to make "s ref]5ce4 ,t is ! book ( ,jonah4 ,x is f\nd among ! m9or prophets1 b x is n 9 any s5se prophetical2 x is nei!r a s]mon nor a pr$iction2 x is a n>rative4 ,probably x 0 plac$ by ! ,jews among ^! prophetical books because ,jonah 0 a prophet4 ,b ?is book 0 n writt5 by ,jonah2 !re is n a ^w 9 ! book :i* w>rants ! belief t he 0 its au?or4 ,x is a /ory ab\t ,jonah1 told by somebody else long aft] ,jonah's day4 ,jonah1 ! son ( ,amittai1 0 a prophet ( ! ,nor!rn ,k+dom 9 ! days ( ,j]oboam ,,ii41 f> back 9 ! n9? c5tury4 ,! only ref]5ce to him conta9$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t is f\nd 9 #b ,k+s xiv4 #be4 ,b ?is book 0 almo/ c]ta9ly writt5 long aft] ! de/ruction ( ,n9eveh1 :i* took place two hundr$ ye>s lat]4 ,"o reason = ?is belief is 9 ! fact t ! writ] ( ! book feels x necess>y to expla9 :at k9d ( a city ,n9eveh 04 ,he /ops 9 ! mid/ ( 8 /ory to say3 ,n[ ,n9eveh 0 an exce$+ great city ( ?ree days' j\rney4 ,t explanation w\ld h be5 sup]flu\s any:]e 9 ,israel 9 ! days ( ,j]oboam ,,ii41 & ! pa/ t5se indicates t x 0 writt5 by "o :o 0 look+ back to a city no long] 9 exi/5ce4 ,n9eveh 04 ,! "* ( ! ,hebrew also favors ! !ory ( a lat] date = ! book4 ,we h1 !re=e1 a tale t 0 told ab\t ,jonah probably ?ree or f\r hundr$ ye>s aft] 8 day4 ,is x a true tale1 or is x a "w ( didactic fiction8 ,i believe t x is ! latt]4 ,x is a v sugge/ive apologue1 full ( moral beauty & spiritual p[]1 design$ to convey sev]al important lessons to ! m9ds ( ! ,jewi% p4 ,i _c reg>d x z ! actual exp]i5ce ( a v]itable prophet ( ,god1 because ,i c h>dly imag9e t su* a prophet c\ld h suppos$1 z ! ,jonah ( ?is tale is said to h suppos$1 t by gett+ out ( ! b\nds ( ! ,k+dom ( ,israel1 he w\ld get out ( ! sight ( ,jehovah4 ,?is is precisely :at ?is ,jonah ( ! /ory und]took to d4 ,:5 he 0 bidd5 to g to ,n9eveh & cry aga9/ x1 he rose up to flee unto ,t>%i% f ! pres5ce ( ! ,"l2 & he w5t d[n to ,joppa1 & f\nd a %ip go+ to ,t>%i%3 s he paid ! f>e !re(1 & w5t d[n into x1 to g ) !m unto ,t>%i% f ! pres5ce ( ! ,"l 7*4 i4 #c74 ,is ?is actual hi/ory8 ,is ?is ! belief ( a g5u9e prophet ( ! ,"l8 ,:at sort ( a prophet is he :o holds ideas z crude z ?is conc]n+ ! ,be+ ) :om he is 9 con/ant communication & f :om he receives 8 messages8 ,if ,jonah did ent]ta9 ?is belief1 !n x is n likely t he c tea* u any?+ ab\t ,god :i* x is important t we %\ld "k4 ,?us1 )\t t\*+ ! miracul\s features ( ! /ory1 we h s\nd reasons = believ+ t ?is _c be ! actual exp]i5ce ( any v]itable prophet ( ,god2 t x is n hi/ory1 b fiction4 ,:y n8 ,c any "o :o has read ! p>able ( ! ,prodigal ,son or ! ,good ,sam>itan d\bt t fiction may be us$ 9 ,sacr$ ,scripture = ! highe/ purpose8 ,b x is argu$ t ! ref]5ces to ?is /ory :i* are f\nd 9 ! words ( ,*ri/ au!nticate ! /ory4 ,our ,"l1 9 ,matt4 xii1 #ci-db1 ref]s to ?is book4 ,he speaks ( ! rep5tance ( ! ,n9evites "u ! prea*+ ( ,jonah z a rebuke to ! ,jews :o _h he>d ! ^w ( life f him & _h n rep5t$2 & he uses ^! words3 ,an evil & adult]\s g5]ation seeke? a sign2 & !re %all no sign be giv5 to x b ! sign ( ,jonah ! prophet3 = z ,jonah 0 ?ree days & ?ree nights 9 ! belly ( ! :ale2 s %all ! ,son ( man be ?ree days & ?ree nights 9 ! he>t ( ! e>?4 ,?is confirms1 say ! or?odox comm5tators1 ! hi/orical accuracy ( ! /ory ( ,jonah4 ,if1 says ,canon ,liddon1 he w\ld put 8 f+] on a fact 9 pa/ ,jewi% hi/ory :i*1 by its admitt$ reality1 w\ld w>rant belief 9 8 own resurrection1 he po9ts to ,jonah's be+ ?ree days & ?ree nights 9 ! belly ( ! :ale4 ,?is use ( ! incid5t by our ,"l cle>ly au!nticates ! incid5t z an actual hi/orical fact4 ,s say ! cons]vative !ologians4 ,& s say also ! m5 :o labor to de/roy ! au?ority ( ,*ri/4 ,mr4 ,huxley p]fectly agrees ) ,canon ,liddon4 ,he praises ! ,canon's p5etration & consi/5cy2 he agrees t !re c be no o!r possible int]pretation ( ,*ri/'s words4 ,! ultra-cons]vative & ! anti-,*ri/ian critics are at "o 9 insi/+ t ,*ri/ /&s committ$ to ! lit]al tru? ( ! n>rative 9 ,jonah4 ,! inf]5ce ( ! ultra-cons]vative is t ! n>rative is hi/orically true2 ! inf]5ce ( ! anti-,*ri/ian critic is t ,jesus is unwor?y our confid5ce z a religi\s tea*]2 t "o :o fully indors$ su* a prepo/]\s tale _c be div9e4 ,x is in/ructive to obs]ve ! ultra-cons]vative critics ?us play+ /eadily into ! h&s ( ! anti-,*ri/ian critics1 furni%+ !m ) ammunition ) :i* to assail ! v citadel ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,x is a k9d ( bus9ess 9 :i*1 ,i am sorry to say1 !y h be5 dilig5tly engag$ = a good :ile4 ,n[ ,i1 = my "p1 utt]ly d5y ! proposition :i* ^! alli$ =ces ( skepticism & traditionalism are enli/$ 9 support+4 ,i d5y t ,jesus ,*ri/ c be fairly quot$ z au!nticat+ ?is n>rative4 ,i ma9ta9 t he us$ x allegorically = purposes ( illu/ration1 )\t int5d+ to express any op9ion z to ! hi/orical v]ity ( ! n>rative4 ,x 0 us$ 9 a lit]>y way1 & n 9 a dogmatic way4 ,our ,"l speaks always aft] ! mann] ( m51--speaks ! common spee* ( ! p1 takes up ! phrases & ev5 ! fables t he f9ds ^u _! lips1 & uses !m = 8 own purposes4 ,he does n /op to criticise all _! /ories1 or to set !m "r 9 all _! sci5tific errors2 t w\ld h be5 utt]ly aside f 8 ma9 purpose1 & w\ld c]ta9ly h confus$ !m & l$ !m a/ray4 ,he speaks always ( ! ris+ & ! sett+ ( ! sun1 us+ ! phrases t 7 curr5t at t "t1 & nev] h9t+ at ! error und]nea? !m4 ,he knew :at ^! p meant by ^! phrases4 ,if he knew t ^! phrases convey$ an errone\s mean+1 :y did he n correct !m8 ,s1 too1 he quotes f ! /ory ( ! ,creation 9 ,g5esis1 & nev] intimates t ! six days !re m5tion$ are n lit]al days ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs ea*4 ,he knew t ^? to :om he 0 speak+ ent]ta9$ ?is belief1 & put ?is int]pretation ^u ^! words4 ,:y does he n set x aside8 ,^! que/ions may admit ( m ?an "o answ]2 b1 tak+ ! v highe/ view ( ,*ri/'s p]son1 x is c]ta9ly en\gh to say t any su* discussion ( sci5tific que/ions w\ld h be51 z ev5 we c see1 palpably unwise4 ,!re 0 no prep>ation 9 ! human m9d at t day = ! reception & v]ification ( su* a sci5tific revelation4 ,x c\ld n h be5 receiv$4 ,x w\ld n h be5 pres]v$4 ,x w\ld only h confus$ & puzzl$ ! m9ds ( 8 he>]s1 & w\ld h %ut _! m9ds at once aga9/ t moral & spiritual tru? :i* he came to imp>t4 ,& :at we h said ab\t sci5tific que/ions applies ) equal =ce to que/ions ( ,old ,te/am5t criticism4 ,to h ent]$ ^u ! discussion ( ^! que/ions ) ! ,jews w\ld h ?w>t$ 8 highe/ purpose4 ,9 ! l>ge/ s5se ( ! ^w ^! ,scriptures 7 true4 ,_! sub/antial hi/orical accuracy he wi%$ to confirm4 ,_! great conv]g+ l9es ( light unit$ 9 him4 ,he con/antly claim$ _! fulfillm5t 9 8 p]son & 8 k+dom4 ,:y1 !n1 %\ld he ent] ^u a k9d ( discussion :i* w\ld h t5d$ to confuse & obscure ! ma9 tru?s :i* he came to tea*8 ,if1 !n1 he ref]s to ^! ,scriptures1 he uses !m = 8 own e?ical & spiritual purposes1--n to indorse _! sci5tific errors2 n to confirm ! me?ods ( int]pretation 9 use among ! ,jews4 ,b ,mr4 ,huxley insi/s1 & all ! ultra-cons]vative comm5tators jo9 him 9 insi/+1 t ,*ri/ c\ld n1 if he _h be5 an hone/ man1 h spok5 ?us ( ,jonah if ! /ory ( ,jonah _h n be5 hi/orically accurate4 ,?is is ! way he puts x3 ,if ,jonah's ?ree days' resid5ce 9 ! :ale is n an 'admitt$ fact1' h[ c\ld x 'w>rant belief' 9 ! 'com+ resurrection'8 ,footnote3 ,! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 ,july1 #ahij4 ,mr4 ,huxley is us+ ,canon ,liddon's phrases "h2 b he is us+ !m to confute ^? = :om1 z he kn[s v well1 ,canon ,liddon does n speak4 ,^? :o say t ! /ory ( ,jonah is an admitt$ reality may1 p]haps1 be able to see t x w>rants belief 9 ! com+ resurrection4 ,to my own m9d1 ev5 ?is is by no means cle>4 ,i d n see h[ ! "o ev5t1 ev5 if x 7 an admitt$ reality1 c\ld w>rant belief 9 ! o!r4 ,no pa/ ev5t c w>rant belief 9 any future ev5t1 unless ! two ev5ts are sub/antially id5tical4 ,! gr[? ( an acorn into an oak 9 ! la/ c5tury w>rants ! belief t an acorn w gr[ into an oak 9 ! pres5t c5tury2 b x does n w>rant ! belief t a city plant$ on an eligible site w gr[ to be a great metropolis4 ,! "o ev5t might illu/rate ! o!r1 b no conclusions ( logic c be c>ri$ f ! "o to ! o!r4 ,x is precisely s ) ^! two ev5ts4 ,!re is a c]ta9 analogy betwe5 ! exp]i5ce ( ,jonah1 z told 9 ! book1 & t ( our ,"l2 b x is ridicul\s to say t ! "o ev5t1 if an admitt$ reality1 w>rants belief 9 ! o!r1--:e!r x is said by ,mr4 ,huxley or ,canon ,liddon4 ,our ,"l's words convey no su* mean+4 ,9 tru?1 if we are "h deal+ ) sci5tific comp>isons1 ! "o ev5t1 if tak5 z an admitt$ reality1 w>rants disbelief 9 ! o!r4 ,:at are our ,"l's precise words8 ,z ,jonah 0 ?ree days & ?ree nights 9 ! :ale's belly1 s %all ! ,son ( man be ?ree days & ?ree nights 9 ! he>t ( ! e>?4 ,we are told by ,mr4 ,huxley & 8 or?odox allies t we mu/ take ?is z a lit]al hi/orical p>allel1 or n at all2 t if we treat x 9 any o!r way1 we accuse our ,"l ( di%one/y4 ,:at1 !n1 0 ! condition ( ,jonah dur+ ^! ?ree days & nights8 ,0 he dead or alive8 ,he 0 c]ta9ly alive1 if ! tale is hi/ory--v ?or\ghly alive 9 all 8 faculties4 ,he 0 pray+ "p ( ! "t1 & "p ( ! "t he 0 writ+ poetry4 ,we h a long & beautiful poem :i* he is said to h compos$ dur+ t en=c$ retirem5t f active life4 ,x w\ld appe> t 8 release took place imm$iately aft] ! poem 0 f9i%$4 ,if1 n[1 ^! ev5ts are b\nd toge!r ) ! l9ks ( logic1 if ! "o ev5t is ! hi/oric c\nt]p>t ( ! o!r1 ! ,son ( man1 dur+ ! ?ree days ( 8 soj\rn 9 ! he>t ( ! e>?1 0 n dead at all6 ,he 0 only hidd5 = a little space f ! sight ( m54 ,he 0 alive all ! :ile1 & !re 0 no resurrection6 ,x is to ?is t y come :5 y beg9 to apply to ^! p>ables & allegories ( ! ,bible ! me?ods ( sci5tific exposition4 ,?is may be satisfactory en\gh to ,mr4 ,huxley4 ,i %\ld l to "k h[ x suits 8 or?odox allies4 ,! fact is1 t y are n deal+ "h ) equival5ts1 b ) analogies2 n ) laws ( evid5ce1 b ) figures ( rhetoric3 & x is absurd to say t "o memb] ( an analogy w>rants belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( ! o!r4 ,!re is no su* logical nexus4 ,! leav5 9 ! meal does n w>rant belief 9 ! spread ( ,*ri/ianity1 b x s]ves to illu/rate x4 ,! /ory ( ! ,prodigal ,son does n w>rant belief 9 ! fa!rly love ( ,god1 b x helps u to und]/& some?+ ( t love1 & x helps u precisely z mu* z if x _h be5 a v]itable hi/ory1 in/ead ( be+1 z x is1 a pure "w ( fiction4 ,:at sort ( value1 asks ,mr4 ,huxley1 z an illu/ration ( ,god's me?ods ( deal+ ) s91 has an acc\nt ( an ev5t t nev] happ5$8 ,su* an admonition1 he says1 is morally ab\t on a level ) tell+ a naughty *ild t a bogy is com+ to fet* x away4 ,let u apply ?is maxim to "s ( ,mr4 ,huxley's homilies3-- ,surely1 he says 9 "o ( 8 ,lay ,s]mons1 our innoc5t pleasures are n s abundant 9 ?is life t we c af=d to despise ?is or any o!r s\rce ( !m4 ,we %\ld fe> be+ bani%$ = our neglect to t limbo :]e ! great ,flor5t9e tells u are ^? :o dur+ ?is life wept :5 !y might be joyful4 ,footnote3 ,lay ,s]mons & ,addresses1 p4 #ib4 ,?is limbo ( ,dante's is n1 ,i d>e say1 an admitt$ reality 9 ,mr4 ,huxley's physical geography4 ,:at sort ( value1 !re=e1 has 8 ref]5ce to x8 ,is he m]ely rais+ ! cry ( bogy8 ,he c]ta9ly does int5d :at he says z a dissuasive f a c]ta9 c\rse ( errone\s conduct4 ,i v5ture to insi/ t he has a real mean+1 & t1 al?\gh ! limbo is a my?1 ! condition :i* he int5ds to illu/rate by 8 allusion to x is a reality4 ,once m3 ,i d n suppose t ! dead s\l ( ,pet] ,bell1 ( :om ! great poet ( nature says1-- ',a primrose by ! riv]'s brim ,a yell[ primrose 0 to him1 ,& x 0 no?+ m1' w\ld h be5 a :it r\s$ f its apa?y by ! in=mation t ! primrose is a ,dicotyl$on\s ,exog51 ) a monopetal\s corolla & a c5tral plac5tation4 ,footnote3 ,ibid4 p4 #ia4 ,does ,mr4 ,huxley believe t ,pet] ,bell 0 a hi/orical p]son8 ,if he 0 n1 h[1 9 ! "n ( biological !ology1 c\ld 8 dead s\l h be5 r\s$ by any in=mation :atev]8 ,yet ^! s5t5ces ( 8 h a real & valuable mean+4 ,x is evid5t t ,mr4 ,huxley does und]/& ! uses ( allegory & fable = purposes ( illu/ration2 t he c employ *>act]s & situations :i* are n hi/orical1 b purely imag9>y1 to illu/rate ! realities :i* he is try+ to pres5t1--speak+ ( !m all ! :ile j z if !y 7 hi/orical p]sons or places1 & tru/+ 8 read]s to int]pret him aright4 ,su* a use ( language is common 9 all lit]ature4 ,to affirm t our ,"l c\ld n resort to x )\t di%one/y is to d5y to him ! ord9>y in/rum5ts ( spee*4 ,we may conclude1 !n1 ) ,pr(essor ,ladd1 t ! ref]5ce to ,jonah does n cov] ! "q :e!r ! prophet's alleg$ soj\rn 9 ! sea mon/] is an hi/orical v]ity2 & t x is no less uncritical ?an invidi\s to make ! hold+ ( any p>ticul> !ory ( ! ,book ( ,jonah a te/ ( allegiance to ! tea*+s ( ! ,ma/]4 ,footnote3 ,! ,doctr9e ( ,sacr$ ,scripture1 i4 #fg4 ,x is evid5t en\gh1 z ,pr(essor ,*eyne has said1 t ! symbolic mean+ ( ! book 0 ! mo/ important "p ( x 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t times4 ,b o!r & m obvi\s mean+s are convey$ by ! n>rative4 ,inde$1 !re is sc>cely ano!r book 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t ^: mean+ is s cle>1 ^: message is s div9e4 ,apologue ?\gh x is1 x is full ( ! v tru? ( ,god4 ,!re is n "o ( ! m9or prophecies t has m ( ! real gospel 9 x4 ,to ! p :o fir/ receiv$ x1 h[ full ( admonition & repro( x mu/ h be56 ,t great city ,n9eveh--a city :i* 01 9 its day1 z ,dr4 ,geikie says1 z int5sely abhorr$ by ! ,jews z ,c>?age 0 by ,rome1 or ,france "u ! eld] ,napoleon 0 by ,g]many--0 a city de> to ,god6 ,he _h s5t 8 own prophet to w>n x ( its dang]2 & 8 prophet1 in/ead ( be+ /on$ or torn asund]1 z ! prophets ( ,god _h (t5 be5 by _! own p1 _h be5 he>d & 8 message he$$4 ,! ,n9evites _h turn$ to ,god1 & ,god _h =giv5 !m6 ,god 0 no less ready to =give & save ,n9eveh ?an ,j]usalem4 ,:at a wond]ful disclosure ( ! love ( ! univ]sal ,fa!r6 ,:at a tell+ bl[1 ev5 9 ^? old days1 at ! middle wall ( p>tition by :i* ! ,jew f5c$ out ! ,g5tile f 8 sympa?y6 ,& !n ! g5tle rebuke ( ,jonah's petulant n>r[ness6 ,h[ true is ! t\* t describes ,jonah z angry because ,god _h =giv5 ! ,n9evites6 ,8 cr$it z a prophet 0 gone4 ,i suppose t he 0 afraid also1 l _m !ologians ( m mod]n times1 t if ?reat5$ p5alty 7 remitt$ solely on ! gr\nd ( ! rep5tance ( ! s9n]s1 ! f\ndations ( ! div9e gov]nm5t w\ld be und]m9$4 ,h[ m>vel\sly does ! inf9ite pity & clem5cy ( ,god %9e out ?r\gh all ?is /ory1 z contra/$ ) ! petty consi/5cy & ! grudg+ compassion ( man2 & h[ cle>ly d we he> 9 ?is beautiful n>rative ! v message ( ! gospel3 ,let ! wick$ =sake 8 way1 & ! unrighte\s man 8 ?\ghts3 & let him return to ! ,"l1 & he w h m]cy ^u him2 & to our ,god1 = he w abundantly p>don4 ,= my ?\ghts are n y\r ?\ghts1 nei!r are y\r ways my ways1 sai? ! ,"l4 ,may ,i say1 9 clos+1 t ! treatm5t :i* ! ,book ( ,jonah has receiv$1 alike f skeptics & f def5d]s ( ! fai?1 illu/rates1 9 a /rik+ way1 ! k9d ( controv]sy :i* is rais$ by ! attempt to ma9ta9 ! infallibility ( ! ,bible4 ,! crux ( all ! critics1 or?odox & het]odox1 is ! /ory ab\t ! fi%4 ,! or?odox h assum$ t ! n>rative )\t ! miracle 0 mean+less1 & ! het]odox h tak5 !m at _! ^w4 ,9 _! dispute ov] ! "q :e!r ,jonah did really compose t psalm 9 ! belly ( ! fi%1 ) 8 head fe/oon$ ) seawe$1 !y h almo/ :olly ov]look$ ! great lessons ( fidelity to duty1 ( ! univ]sal div9e fa!rhood1 & ! univ]sal human bro!rhood1 :i* ! /ory s beautifully en=ces4 ,h[ easy x is = sa9ts z well z sc(f]s1 9 _! deal+ ) ! messages ( ,god to m51 to ti! ! m9t1 anise1 & cumm9 ( ! lit]al s5se1 & neglect ! weighti] matt]s ( judgm5t1 m]cy1 & tru? :i* !y are int5d$ to convey6 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,lat] ,,hebrew ,,hi/ories4 ,aft] ! ,book ( ! ,law _h be5 revis$ by ,ezra1 & ! ,book ( ! ,prophets _h be5 compil$ by ,nehemiah1 !re /ill rema9$ a body ( sacr$ writ+s1 n ,mosaic 9 _! orig9 & n f ! h&s ( any recogniz$ prophet1 b /ill ( value 9 ! eyes ( ! ,jews4 ,we _c tell ! "t at :i* ! "w ( collect+ ^! ,scriptures 0 begun2 possibly x 0 go+ on :ile ! ,books ( ! ,prophets 7 be+ compil$4 ,?is ?ird collection 0 call$ f ! fir/ by ! ,jews1 ,ketubim1 mean+ simply writ+s2 ! ,greeks aft]w>d call$ x by a "n :i* has be5 angliciz$1 & :i* has become ! common designation ( ^! writ+s among u1 ,! ,hagiographa1 or ! ,holy ,writ+s4 ,! adjective holy 0 n a "p ( ! ,jewi% title2 x w\ld h ov]/at$1 some:at1 _! fir/ e/imate ( ?is "p ( _! ,bible4 ,= :ile ! degree ( sacr$ness atta*$ to ^! books gradually increas$1 !y 7 always held z q inf]ior to ! o!r two gr\ps ( ,scriptures4 ,= conv5i5ce ! li/ ( books 9 ?is collection may be "h repeat$3-- ,! ,psalms4 ,! ,prov]bs4 ,job4 ,! ,song ( ,solomon4 ,ru?4 ,lam5tations4 ,ecclesia/es4 ,e/h]4 ,daniel4 ,ezra4 ,nehemiah4 #a ,*ronicles4 #b ,*ronicles4 ,! arrangem5t is topical2 fir/1 ?ree poetical books1 ,! ,psalms1 ,! ,prov]bs1 & ,job2 !n five s-call$ ,megillo?1 or ,rolls1 read 9 ! lat] synagogues on c]ta9 great fea/ days1--,! ,song ( ,songs at ! ,passov]1 ,ru? at ,p5teco/1 ,lam5tations on ! anniv]s>y ( ! burn+ ( ! temple1 ,ecclesia/es at ! ,fea/ ( ,tab]nacles1 & ,e/h] at ! ,fea/ ( ,purim2 la/ly1 ! hi/orical & quasi-hi/orical books1 ,daniel1 ,ezra1 ,nehemiah1 & ! ,*ronicles4 ,( ,ru? ,i h already spok5 9 its prop] hi/orical connection1 tak+ x ) ! ,book ( ,judges4 ,9 treat+ ( ! rema9+ books ,i %all n foll[ ! ord] ( ! ,hebrew ,bible1 :i* ,i h giv5 above1 b %all r rev]se x1 treat+ fir/ ( ! hi/orical books1 ,ezra1 ,nehemiah1 & ! ,*ronicles1 also ( ,e/h] & ,daniel2 !n1 9 a subsequ5t *apt]1 ( ! poetical books1 ! ,lam5tations1 ! books attribut$ to ,solomon1--,prov]bs1 ,ecclesia/es1 & ,solomon's ,song1--& f9ally ( ,job & ! ,psalms4 ,! hi/ories :i*1 "u ! title ( ! ,e>li] ,prophets1 are conta9$ 9 ! middle gr\p ( ! ,hebrew ,scriptures1 h be5 /udi$ 9 a =m] *apt]4 ,9 ?is lat] gr\p ( writ+s we f9d c]ta9 o!r hi/orical works :i* cov] ! same gr\nd4 ,9 ! words ( ,mr4 ,horton3-- ,tak+ hi/orical exc]pts f ! fir/ six books ( ! ,bible1 & !n go+ on 9 a cont9u\s n>rative f ! beg9n+ ( ,judges to ! end ( ! ,second ,book ( ,k+s1 we h a /ory--true1 a /ory ) _m gaps 9 x1 /ill a connect$ /ory--f ! e>lie/ times to ! captivity ( ,judah4 ,!n1 />t+ f ! ,fir/ ,book ( ,*ronicles & read+ on to ! end ( ,nehemiah1 we h1 9 a v compress$ =m1 ?\gh enl>g$ 9 "s p>ts1 a complete record f ,adam to ! return f ! ,captivity2 at ! end ( ?is long sweep ( n>rative comes ! ,book ( ,e/h]1 :i* is a brief app5dix conta9+ a hi/orical episode ( ! ,captivity4 ,tak+ ^! two di/9ct hi/ories1 we h two l9es ( n>rative1 an old] & a lat]1 :i* run toge!r up to ! ,captivity2 ! old]1 ?\gh cov]+ a %ort] "t1 is mu* ! l>g] & full]2 ! lat]1 v ?9 9 mo/ p>ts1 becomes v full 9 its acc\nt ( ! ,temple-wor%ip & ,temple-k+%ip at ,j]usalem1 & !n cont9ues ! /ory alone up to ! end ( ! ,captivity1 & ! re/abli%m5t ( ! ,temple-wor%ip aft] ! return4 ,footnote3 ,inspiration & ! ,bible1 pp4 #aei1 #afj4 ,! old] hi/ory1 conta9$ 9 ,samuel & ,k+s1 breaks (f abruptly 9 ! "t ( ! ,captivity2 we "k t x mu/ h be5 writt5 dur+ ! ,exile1 & c\ld n h be5 writt5 e>li] ?an ab\t #eej ,b4,c4 ,! lat] hi/ory1 9 ,*ronicles & ,ezra-,nehemiah1 beg9s ) ,adam1 & goes on1 by "o or two g5ealogical tables1 = almo/ two c5turies aft] ! ,captivity4 ,9 #a ,*ronicles iii4 #ai1 ! g5ealogy ( ,z]ubbabel1 :o came back ) ! captives1 is c>ri$ on = at lea/ six g5]ations4 ,c\nt+ ?irty ye>s = a g5]ation1 ! table ext5ds ! "t ( ! writ+ ( ?is record to at lea/ "o hundr$ & eighty ye>s aft] ! return ( ! exiles4 ,?is occurr$ 9 #ech ,b4,c41 & ! book mu/ !re=e h be5 writt5 z late z #cej ,b4,c41 or v ne>ly two c5turies aft] ! e>li] hi/ory 0 f9i%$4 ,!re are conclusive reasons = believ+ t ! f\r books n[ "u consid]ation1 ! two books ( ,*ronicles1 ,ezra1 & ,nehemiah1 7 orig9ally b "o book4 ,9 ! ,hebrew ,canon ! ,*ronicles is n[ b "o book2 & 9 ! old ,hebrew collections ,ezra & ,nehemiah 7 b "o book4 ,x 0 9 ! ,septuag9t t !y 7 fir/ sep>at$4 ,?us we h ! f\r c]ta9ly r$uc$ to two4 ,& x is n difficult1 on an inspection ( ! docum5ts1 to r$uce ! two to "o4 ,if y w op5 y\r ,bible at ! la/ v]ses ( ,second ,*ronicles1 beg9n+ ) ! tw5ty-second v]se ( ! la/ *apt]1 &1 fix+ y\r eyes on ?is passage1 w ask "s "o to read to y ! fir/ ?ree v]ses ( ! ,book ( ,ezra1 y w see h[ ^! two books 7 =m]ly "o2 & h[ ! manuscript 0 torn 9 two 9 ! wrong place2 s t ! ,book ( ,*ronicles actually ends 9 ! middle ( a s5t5ce4 ,! p]iod at ! end ( ?is book ought to be expung$4 ,! explanatfon ( ?is curi\s ph5om5on is n difficult4 ,! la/ gr\p ( sacr$ writ+s1 :at ! ,jews call ! ,ketubim1 0 kept op5 = additions to a v late day4 ,aft] ?is hi/ory 0 writt5 7,*ronicles-,ezra-,nehemiah7 ! "q arose :e!r x %\ld be admitt$ into ! canon4 ,! fir/ answ] to ?is "q evid5tly 03 ,we d n ne$ ! fir/ "p ( ! hi/ory1--! ,book ( ,*ronicles1--= we h ! sub/ance ( x already 9 ! ,books ( ,samuel & ,k+s & 9 ! e>li] writ+s2 b we d ne$ ! la/ "p ( x1 ',ezra-,nehemiah1' = ?is c>ries ! hi/ory on beyond ! ,captivity1 & gives ! acc\nt ( ! return ( ! exiles & ! rebuild+ ( ! city & ! temple4 ,s !y tore ! book 9 two1 & put ! la/ "p ( x into ! gr[+ collection ( ,ketubim1 or ,writ+s4 ,! c>eless division ( ! manuscript1 n at ! beg9n+ ( a p>agraph1 b 9 ! middle ( a s5t5ce1 made x necess>y1 ( c\rse1 = ! scribe to copy at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,ezra-roll ! words belong+ to x :i* _h be5 torn (f2 b !y 7 n eras$ f ! fir/ "p1 & h be5 left !re1 z ! old hi/orians say1 unto ?is day4 ,by & by !re 7 reque/s t ?is fir/ "p--! ,*ronicles--be admitt$ to ! ,ketubim4 ,! prie/s & ! ,levites ( ! temple w\ld be sure to urge ?is reque/1 = ! ,*ronicles is ! "o book ( ! ,old ,te/am5t 9 :i* _! ord] is glorifi$2 & at l5g? ! reque/ 0 grant$2 ! ,*ronicles 7 add$ to ! collection1 & z !y w5t 9 la/ !y foll[ ,ezra-,nehemiah1 al?\gh !y belong1 *ronologically1 be=e x4 ,!y /& to-day at ! end ( ! ,hebrew ,bible1 & ?us te/ify1 by _! position1 respect+ ! lat5ess ( ! date at :i* !y 7 admitt$ to ! canon4 ,?us ! ,hebrew ,bible ends ) an incomplete s5t5ce4 ,:at ?is lat] hi/ory may h be5 call$ be=e x 0 torn 9 two we h no means ( kn[+2 b ! ,jews call$ ! la/ "p ( x 7:i* /&s fir/ 9 _! collection7 by ! "n ( ,ezra1 & ! fir/ "p ( x 7:i* is la/ 9 _! canon7 !y nam$1 ,ev5ts ( ! ,times1 or ,annals4 ,9 ! ,septuag9t ?is book ( ! ,*ronicles 0 call$ ,p>aleipom5a1 ,leav+s1 ,?+s ,left ,ov]1 ,supplem5ts4 ,j]ome fir/ gave x ! "n ( ,*ronicles1 by :i* we "k x4 ,! "n ( ! au?or ( ?is book is unkn[n4 ,! /rong probabilities are t he 0 a ,levite1 connect$ ) ! temple s]vice 9 ,j]usalem4 ,! ,levites _h *>ge ( ! public religi\s s]vices ( ! temple1 especially ( its music2 & ! fullness ) :i* ?is writ] expatiates ^u all ?is "p ( ! ritual %[s t x 0 v de> to 8 he>t4 ,footnote3 ,see #a ,*ron4 vi4 #ca-dh2 xv4 #af-bd2 xvi #d-db2 xxv4#b ,*ron4 v4 #ab1 #ac2 vii4 #f2 viii4 #ad2 xx4 #ai-ba2 xxiii4 #ac2 xxix4 #be-cj2 xxxi #b2 zxxiv4 #ab2 xxxv4 #ae4 ,ev]y?+ relat+ to ! ,levitical prie/hood & its s]vices is dwelt ^u 9 ?is book ) emphasis & elaboration2 z ! hi/ories ( ,samuel & ! ,k+s are writt5 f ! prophetical /&po9t1 ?is is mo/ evid5tly writt5 f ! prie/ly po9t ( view4 ,9 ^! books ( ! ,*ronicles ! au?or con/antly po9ts out ! s\rces ( 8 in=mation4 ,he tells u t he quotes f ! ,book ( ! ,k+s ( ,judah & ,israel1 f ! ,acts ( ! ,k+s ( ,israel1 & f ,! ,/ory ( ! ,book ( ! ,k+s4 ,! id5tity ( ^! books is a disput$ "q4 ,x is suppos$ by "s critics t he ref]s to ! ,books ( ,k+s 9 our ,bible2 o!rs ma9ta9 t he draws f ano!r & mu* l>g] book ( a simil> "n :i* has be5 lo/4 ,! latt] !ory is g5]ally ma9ta9$ by ! m cons]vative critics2 & x is easi] to v9dicate ! au?or's tru/wor?9ess on ?is supposition2 yet ev5 s !re are s]i\s difficulties 9 ! case2 = x is h>d to believe t he c\ld h writt5 ^! annals )\t hav+ _h be=e him ! e>li] record1 & betwe5 ! two are _m discrepancies4 ,! ma9 facts ( ! hi/ory are sub/antially ! same 9 ! two n>ratives2 b 9 m9or matt]s ! disagreem5ts & contradictions are num]\s4 ,x is "p ( ! purpose ( ?is /udy to look difficulties ( ?is k9d fairly 9 ! face2 x is treason to ! _s ( all tru? to refuse to d s4 ,let u exam9e1 !n1 a few ( ^! discrepancies betwe5 ! e>li] & lat] hi/ory4 ,9 #b ,samuel viii4 #d1 we are told t 9 ,david's victory ov] ,hadadez] k+ ( ,zobah1 he took f ! latt] a ?\s& & sev5 hundr$ horsem54 ,9 #a ,*ronicles xviii4 #d1 he is said to h tak5 a ?\s& *>iots & sev5 ?\s& horsem54 ,9 #b ,samuel xxiv4 #i1 ,david's c5sus is said to h return$ #hjj1jjj w>riors = ,israel1 & #ejj1jjj = ,judah4 ,9 #a ,*ronicles xxi4 #e1 ! numb] is /at$ z #a1ajj1jjj = ,israel1 & #dgj1jjj = ,judah4 ,9 #b ,samuel xxiv4 #bd1 ,david is said to h paid ,araunah = 8 ?re%+-floor fifty %ekels ( silv]1 e/imat$ at ab\t ?irty doll>s ( our money2 9 #a ,*ronicles xxi4 #be1 he is said to h giv5 him six hundr$ %ekels ( gold by weight1 am\nt+ to a little m ?an ?irty-f\r hundr$ doll>s4 ,9 #b ,*ronicles xiv4 i1 we read t ,asa reign$ 9 ! /ead ( 8 fa!r ,abijah1 & t 9 8 days ! l& 0 quiet t5 ye>s4 ,aga9 9 ! #aj? & ! #ai? v]ses ( ! foll[+ *apt] we le>n t f ! fifte5? to ! ?irty-fif? ye> ( ,asa !re 0 no w> 9 ! l&4 ,9 #a ,k+s xv4 #cb1 we are explicitly told t !re 0 w> betwe5 ,asa & ,baa%a k+ ( ,israel all _! days4 ,9 #a ,*ronicles xx4 ! /ory ( ! tak+ ( ,rabbah seems to be abridg$ f #b ,samuel xi41 xii42 b ! abridgm5t is curi\sly done1 s t ! "p tak5 by ,david 9 ! siege & capture ( ! city is n br\ght out2 & ! :ole n>rative ( ,david's relation to ,uriah & ,ba?%eba1 ) ! rebuke ( ,na?an & ! dea? ( ,david's *ild1 is n allud$ to4 ,! relation ( ! two n>ratives at ?is po9t is significant2 x des]ves c>eful /udy4 ,"o m curi\s diff]5ce is f\nd 9 ! two acc\nts ( ! numb]+ ( ,israel4 ,9 #b ,samuel xxiv4 #a1 we read1 ,& ! ang] ( ! ,"l 0 k9dl$ aga9/ ,israel1 & he mov$ ,david aga9/ !m1 say+1 ,g1 numb] ,israel & ,judah4 ,9 #a ,*ronicles xxi41 we read1 ,& ,satan /ood up aga9/ ,israel & mov$ ,david to numb] ,israel4 ,! numb]+ 9 bo? n>ratives is assum$ to be a griev\s s92 & ! p5alty ( ?is s91 :i* 0 ,david's1 0 visit$ ^u ! p 9 ! =m ( a pe/il5ce1 :i* slew sev5ty ?\s& ( !m4 ,i obs]ve t ! comm5tators try to reconcile ^! /atem5ts by say+ t ,god p]mitt$ ,satan to tempt ,david4 ,i wond] if t explanation af=ds to any m9d a %ade ( relief4 ,b ! old] record utt]ly =bids su* a gloss4 ,! ang] ( ! ,"l aga9/ ,israel prompt$ ! ,"l to move ,david aga9/ !m1 & ! ,"l said1 ,g1 numb] ,judah & ,israel6 ,x 0 n a p]mission2 x 0 a direct in/igation4 ,!n because ,david did :at ! ,"l mov$ him to d1 ! ,"l s5t a pe/il5ce ^u ,israel1 :i* de/roy$ sev5ty ?\s& m54 ,we are n conc]n$ to reconcile ^! two acc\nts1 = nei!r ( !m c be true4 ,let u n suppose t we c be requir$1 by any !ory ( inspiration1 to blaspheme ,god by accus+ him ( any su* mon/r\s iniquity4 ,let no man op5 8 m\? 9 ?is day to decl>e t ! ,judge ( all ! e>? in/igat$ ,david to d a presumptu\s de$1 & !n slew sev5ty ?\s& ( ,david's subjects = ! s9 ( _! rul]4 ,su* a view ( ,god might h be5 held )\t c5sure ?ree ?\s& ye>s ago2 x _c be held )\t s9 by m5 :o h ! ,new ,te/am5t 9 _! h&s4 ,?is n>rative belongs to t class ( crude & defective tea*+s :i* ,jesus1 9 ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 po9ts out & sets aside4 ,we may1 nay we mu/ apply to ! morality ( ?is transaction ! pr9ciple ( judgm5t :i* ,jesus gives u 9 t disc\rse1 & say3 ,ye h he>d t x ha? be5 said by !m ( old "t t ,god sometimes in/igates a rul] to d wrong1 & !n puni%es 8 p = ! wrong done by ! rul] :i* he himself has in/igat$2 b ,i say unto y t ',god _c be tempt$ ) evil1 nei!r tempte? he any man2' moreov] ! rul] %all n be> ! s9 ( ! subject1 nor ! subject ! s9 ( ! rul]2 = e man %all give acc\nt ( himself unto ,god4 ,x is by ! high] /&>d t ,*ri/ has giv5 u 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t t we mu/ judge all ^! n>ratives ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & :5 we f9d 9 ^! old writ+s /atem5ts :i* repres5t ,god z p]fidi\s & unju/1 we are n to try to h>monize !m ) o!r /atem5ts2 we are simply to set !m aside z ! views ( a d>k age4 ,su* blurr$ & di/ort$ ideas ab\t ,god & 8 tru? we d c]ta9ly f9d "h & !re 9 ^! old writ+s2 ! treasure :i* !y h pres]v$ = u is 9 e>!n vessels2 ! human elem5t1 :i* is a necess>y "p ( a writt5 revelation1 all ! :ile displays itself4 ,x is human to err2 & ! m5 :o wrote ! ,bible 7 human4 ,we may h a !ory t ,god mu/ h gu>d$ !m f e =m ( error1 b ! ,bible itself has no su* !ory2 & we mu/ try to make our !ories ( inspiration fit ! facts ( ! ,bible z we f9d !m ly+ ^u its pages4 ,! second portion ( ?is hi/ory1 ! ,book ( ,ezra-,nehemiah1 pres5ts few] ( ^! difficulties ?an ! ,book ( ,*ronicles4 ,x is a fragm5t>y1 b to all appe>ance a v]aci\s record ( ! ev5ts :i* took place aft] ! fir/ return ( ! exiles to ,j]usalem4 ,! fir/ c>avan return$ 9 ! fir/ ye> ( ,k+ ,cyrus2 & ! hi/ory ext5ds to ! la/ "p ( ! reign ( ,artax]xes ,longimanus1--cov]+ a p]iod ( m ?an a hundr$ ye>s4 ,! docum5ts on :i* x is bas$ 7 l>gely (ficial2 & !re is no d\bt t consid]able portions ( ! fir/ book came f ! p5 ( ,ezra himself1 & t ! second book 0 made up 9 "p f writ+s left by ,nehemiah4 ,! language ( ! second book is ,hebrew2 t ( ! fir/ is p>tly ,hebrew & p>tly ,*aldee or ,aramaic4 ,we read 9 ! f\r? *apt] ( ,ezra t a c]ta9 lett] 0 writt5 to ,k+ ,artax]xes1 & x is said t ! writ+ ( ! lett] 0 writt5 9 ! ,syrian "*4 ,! m>g9 ( ! revis$ v]sion says ,aramaic4 ,we f9d ?is lett] 9 our ,hebrew ,bibles 9 ! ,aramaic language4 ,& ! writ]1 aft] copy+ ! lett] 9 ,aramaic1 goes "r on ) ! hi/ory 9 ,aramaic2 f ! twelf? v]se ( ! f\r? *apt] to ! eighte5? v]se ( ! six? *apt] ! language is all ,aramaic2 !n ! hi/orian drops back into ,hebrew aga91 & goes on to ! twelf? v]se ( ! sev5? *apt]1 :5 he returns to ,aramaic to record ! lett] ( ,artax]xes1 :i* ext5ds to ! tw5ty-sev5? v]se4 ,! re/ ( ! book is ,hebrew4 ,) ! exception ( "s %ort sections ( ! ,book ( ,daniel1 ?is is ! only portion ( our ,old ,te/am5t t 0 n writt5 orig9ally 9 ! ,hebrew tongue4 ,! cont5ts ( ^! two books may be briefly summ>iz$4 ,! fir/ book tells u h[ ! ,p]sian k+ ,cyrus1 9 ! fir/ ye> ( 8 reign1 issu$ a proclamation to ! ,jews dwell+ 9 8 k+dom1 p]mitt+ & enc\rag+ !m to return to _! own c\ntry & to rebuild ! temple 9 ,j]usalem4 ,! conque/ ( ! ,babylonians by ! ,p]sians _h plac$ ! captive ,jews 9 va/ly improv$ circum/ances4 ,betwe5 ! fai? ( ! ,p]sians & t ( ! ,jews !re 0 close aff9ity4 ,! ,p]sians 7 mono!i/s2 & ,cyrus1 z ,rawl9son says1 evid5tly id5tifi$ ,jehovah ) ,ormazd1 &1 accept+ z a div9e comm& ! prophecy ( ,isaiah1 und]took to rebuild _! temple = a p :o1 l 8 own1 all[$ no image ( ,god to defile ! sanctu>y4444 ,! f\ndation 0 !n laid = t fri5dly intimacy betwe5 ! two peoples ( :i* we h abundant evid5ce 9 ! books ( ,ezra1 ,nehemiah1 & ,e/h]4 ,! words ( ! decree ( ,cyrus1 ) :i* ! ,book ( ,ezra op5s1 %[ h[ he reg>d$ ! ,god ( ! ,jews3 ,:osoev] !re is among y ( all 8 p1 8 ,god be ) him1 & let him g up to ,j]usalem1 :i* is 9 ,judah1 & build ! h\se ( ! ,"l1 ! ,god ( ,israel1 7he is ,god17 :i* is 9 ,j]usalem4 ,! p>5!tical clause is a cle> confession ( ! fai? ( ,cyrus t ,jehovah 0 only ano!r "n = ,ormazd2 t !re is b "o ,god4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is decree1 a c>avan ( ne>ly fifty ?\s& p]sons1 l$ by ,z]ubbabel1 c>ry+ ) !m lib]al free-w (f]+s ( ^? :o rema9$ 9 ,babylon = ! build+ ( ! temple1 w5t back to ,j]usalem1 & 9 ! second ye> began ! erection ( ! second temple4 ,) ?is pi\s design c]ta9 ,sam>itans int]f]$1 f9ally procur+ an injunction f ! successor ( ,cyrus by :i* ! build+ ( ! temple 0 int]rupt$ = sev]al ye>s4 ,on ! accession ( ,d>ius1 ! prophets ,haggai & ,ze*>iah /irr$ up ! p to resume ! "w1 & at l5g? succe$$ 9 gett+ f ! great k+ complete au?ority to proce$ ) x4 ,9 ! six? ye> ( 8 reign ! second temple 0 complet$1 & d$icat$ ) great rejoic+4 ,?is closes ! fir/ section ( ! ,book ( ,ezra4 ,! re/ ( ! book is occupi$ ) ! /ory ( ,ezra himself1 :o is said to h be5 a ready scribe 9 ! law ( ,moses1 & :o1 9 ! sev5? ye> ( ,artax]xes1 k+ ( ,p]sia1 l$ a second c>avan ( exiles home to ,j]usalem1 ) great /ore ( silv] & gold & :eat & w9e & oil = ! resumption ( ! ritual wor%ip ( ! ,"l's h\se4 ,! /ory ( ?is return ( ! exiles is m9utely told2 & ! rema9d] ( ?is book is devot$ to a recital ( ! matt] ( ! mix$ m>riages betwe5 ! ,jewi% m5 & ! wom5 ( ! surr\nd+ tribes1 :i* caus$ ,ezra great di/ress1 & :i* he succe$$ 9 annull+1 s t ^! /range wom51 z !y are call$1 7 all put away4 ,to our eyes ?is seems a piece ( d\btful morality1 b we mu/ consid] ! *ang$ /&>ds ( our "t1 & rememb] t ^! m5 might h done ) ! pure/ consci5ti\sness "s ?+s :i* we c\ld n d at all4 ,! ,book ( ,nehemiah is 9 "p a recital by ,nehemiah himself ( ! circum/ances ( 8 com+ to ,j]usalem1 :i* seems to h tak5 place ab\t ?irte5 ye>s aft] ! com+ ( ,ezra4 ,he 0 ! cupbe>] ( ,artax]xes ! k+2 he _h he>d ( ! di/ress & pov]ty ( 8 p at ,j]usalem1 & 9 ! f]vid patriotism ( 8 nature he begg$ ! privilege ( go+ up to ,j]usalem to rebuild its walls4 ,p]mission 0 ga9$1 & ! fir/ "p ( ! book conta9s a /irr+ acc\nt ( ! exp]i5ces ( ,nehemiah 9 build+ ! walls ( ,j]usalem4 ,aft] ?is "w 0 f9i%$1 ,nehemiah und]took a c5sus ( ! re/or$ city1 b he f\nd1 z he says1 ! book ( ! g5ealogy ( !m t came up at ! fir/1--! li/ ( families :i* appe>s 9 ,ezra1--& ?is he copies4 ,x may be in/ructive to take ^! two li/s--! "o 9 ,ezra ii4 & ! "o 9 ,nehemiah vii4--& comp>e !m4 ,aft] ?is we h an acc\nt ( a great congregation :i* assembl$ 9 ! broad place t 0 be=e ! wat] gate1 :5 ,ezra ! scribe /ood ^u a pulpit ( wood f e>ly morn+ until midday1 & read to ! assembl$ multitude f ! book ( ! law4 ,& ,ezra op5$ ! book 9 ! sight ( all ! p 7= he 0 above all ! p72 & :5 he op5$ x all ! p /ood up1 & ,ezra bless$ ,jehovah ! great ,god4 ,& all ! p answ]$1 ,am51 ,am51 ) ! lift+ up ( _! h&s2 & !y b[$ _! heads1 & wor%ip$ ,jehovah1 ) _! faces to ! gr\nd4 ,o!r scribes /ood by1 app>5tly to take turns 9 ! read+2 & x is said t !y read 9 ! book1 9 ! law ( ! ,"l di/9ctly or1 ') an int]pretation1' ,m>g41 & !y gave ! s5se1 s t !y und]/ood ! read+4 ,f ?is x has be5 inf]r$ t ! p _h already become1 9 _! soj\rn 9 ! ,ea/1 m famili> ) ,aramaic ?an ) _! own tongue1 & t !y 7 unable to und]/& ! ,hebrew )\t "s words ( int]pretation4 ,x is d\btful1 h[ev]1 :e!r all ?is mean+ c be read into ?is passage4 ,at any rate1 we h "h1 und\bt$ly1 ! hi/ory ( ! inauguration ( ! read+ ( ! law z "o ( ! regul> acts ( public wor%ip4 ,& ?is mu/ h be5 ab\t #ddj ,b4,c4 ,! n>rative ( ! fir/ complete & =mal obs]vance ( ! ,fea/ ( ,tab]nacles s9ce ! days ( ,jo%ua2 ! n>rative ( ! solemn league & cov5ant by :i* ! p b\nd !mselves to keep ! law2 ! n>rative ( ! d$ication ( ! wall ( ! city1 & ! acc\nt ( v>i\s re=ms :i* ,nehemiah prosecut$1 ) c]ta9 li/s ( prie/s & ,levites1 fill up ! rema9d] ( ! book4 ,tak+ x all 9 all x is a v valuable record2 no hi/orical book ( ! ,old ,te/am5t gives great] evid5ce ( v]acity2 none excels x 9 human int]e/4 ,! pa!tic tale ( ! return ( ?is p f _! long exile1 ( ! rebuild+ ( _! city & _! temple1 & ( ! h]oic & self-d5y+ labors ( ,z]ubbabel & ,nehemiah1 ! gov]nors1 & ,haggai & ,ze*>iah1 ! prophets1 & ,ezra ! scribe1 ) all _! coadjutors1 is full ( significance to all ^? :o trace 9 ! hi/ory ( ! p ( ,israel1 m cle>ly ?an any:]e else1 ! increas+ purpose ( ,god :i* runs ?r\gh all ! ages4 ,t portions ( ! fir/ book 7 writt5 by ,ezra1 & ( ! second book by ,nehemiah1 is n d\bt$2 b bo? books 7 revis$ some:at by lat] h&s2 additions 7 und\bt$ly made aft] ! dea? ( ,nehemiah2 = "o1 at lea/1 ( ! g5ealogies %[s u a c]ta9 ,jaddua z high prie/1 & tells u t he 0 ! great gr&son ( ! man :o 0 high prie/ :5 ,nehemiah came to ,j]usalem4 ,x is n probable t ,nehemiah liv$ to see ?is ,jaddua 9 ! high prie/'s (fice4 ,x is probable t ! la/ revision ( ! ,bible 0 made "s "t aft] #djj ,b4,c4 ,i h n[ to speak1 9 ! conclusion ( ?is *apt]1 ( two o!r books ( ?is la/ gr\p1 conc]n+ :i* !re has always be5 mu* misconception1 ! ,book ( ,e/h] & ! ,book ( ,daniel4 ,e/h] /&s 9 our ,bibles imm$iately aft] ,ezra-,nehemiah1 :ile ,daniel is includ$ among ! prophets4 ,b 9 ! ,hebrew ,bibles bo? books are f\nd 9 ! gr\p :i* 0 la/ collect$ & lea/ valu$4 ,i h /yl$ ^! hi/orical books2 are !y truly hi/orical8 ,t !y are f\nd$ ^u fact ,i d n d\bt2 b x is1 p]haps1 saf] to reg>d !m bo? r z hi/orical fictions ?an z v]itable hi/ories4 ,! reason = ?is judgm5t may appe> z we g on ) ! /udy4 ,! ,book ( ,e/h] may be briefly summ>iz$4 ,! sc5e is laid 9 ,%u%an ! palace1 bett] kn[n z ,susa1 "o ( ! royal resid5ces ( ! k+s ( ,p]sia4 ,! /ory op5s ) a great fea/1 la/+ "o hundr$ & eighty days1 giv5 by ! ,k+ ,ahasu]us to all ! nabobs ( ! realm4 ,x is assum$ t ?is k+ 0 ,x]xes ! ,great1 b ! id5tification is by no means conclusive4 ,at ! close ( ?is monum5tal debau*1 ! k+1 9 8 drunk5 pride1 calls 9 8 que5 ,va%ti to %[ h] beauty to ! inebriat$ c\rti]s4 ,%e refuses1 & ! refusal ought to be rememb]$ to h] honor2 b ?is book does n s reg>d x4 ,! sympa?y ( ! book is ) ! bibul\s mon>*1 & n ) 8 *a/e & mode/ sp\se4 ,! k+ is v wro?1 & aft] tak+ mu* le>n$ advice f 8 c\nselors1 puts away 8 que5 = ?is act ( insubord9ation1 & proce$s to look = ano!r4 ,8 *oice falls ^u a ,jewi% maid51 a daught] ( ! ,exile1 :o has be5 br\ght up by h] c\s9 ,mordecai4 ,e/h]1 at ,mordecai's comm&1 at fir/ conceals h] ,jewi% desc5t f ! k+4 ,an opportunity soon comes = ,mordecai to reveal to ,e/h] a plot aga9/ ! k+'s life2 & ! circum/ance is record$ 9 ! *ronicles ( ! realm4 ,soon aft] ?is a c]ta9 ,haman is made ,gr& ,vizi] ( ! k+dom1 & ,mordecai ! ,jew refuses to d obeisance to him2 9 consequ5ce ( :i* ,haman secures f ! k+ an edict ord]+ ! assass9ation ( all ! ,jews 9 ! k+dom4 ,8 wra? aga9/ ,mordecai be+ /ill fur!r inflam$1 he erects a gall[s fifty cubits high1 ) ! purpose ( hang+ !reon ! te/y ,israelite4 ,! int]v5tion ( ,e/h] puts an end to ^! malici\s s*emes4 ,at ! risk ( h] life %e pres5ts h]self be=e ! k+1 & ga9s 8 favor2 !n1 :ile ,haman's purpose halts1 ! k+ is rem9d$1 :5 ! annals ( 8 k+dom are read to him on a wakeful night1 ( ! fru/ration ( ! plot aga9/ 8 p]son by ,mordecai1 & le>n+ t no recomp5se has be5 made to him1 sudd5ly det]m9es to elevate & honor him2 & ! consequ5ce is1 t ,haman himself1 8 purposes be+ disclos$ by ! que51 is hang$ on ! gall[s t he _h prep>$ = ,mordecai1 & ,mordecai is elevat$ to ,ha9an's place4 ,! decree ( an ,ea/]n k+ _c be annull$1 & ! massacre ( ! ,jews /ill rema9s a legal requirem5t2 yet ,e/h] & ,mordecai are p]mitt$ to s5d royal ord]s to all p>ts ( ! realm au?oriz+ ! ,jews ^u ! day ( ! appo9t$ massacre to /& = _! lives1 & to kill z _m z !y c ( _! enemies4 ,?us enc\rag$1 & support$ also by ! k+'s (ficials 9 e prov9ce1 :o are n[ ! creatures ( ,mordecai1 ! ,jews turn ^u _! enemies1 & slay 9 "o day sev5ty-five ?\s& ( !m1--five hundr$ 9 ! palace ( ,%u%an1--among :om are ! t5 sons ( ,haman4 ,on ! ev5+ ( ?is bloody day1 ! k+ says to ,e/h] ! que53 ,! ,jews h sla9 five hundr$ m5 9 ,%u%an ! palace1 & ! t5 sons ( ,haman2 :at !n h !y done 9 ! re/ ( ! k+'s prov9ces8 ,f ?is sample ( _! f]ocity y c judge h[ mu* blood mu/ h be5 %$ ?r\gh\t ! k+dom4 ,n[ :at is ?y petition8 & x %all be grant$ !e2 or :at is ?y reque/ fur!r8 & x %all be done4 ,x might be suppos$ t ?is fair ,jewi% pr9cess w\ld be satisfi$ ) ?is banquet ( blood1 b %e is n2 %e wants m4 ,!n said ,e/h]1 if x please ! k+1 let x be grant$ to ! ,jews :i* are 9 ,%u%an to d to-morr[ also1 accord+ unto ?is day's decree1 & let ,haman's t5 sons be hang$ ^u ! gall[s4 ,! reque/ is grant$2 ! next day ?ree hundr$ m ,p]sians are but*]$ 9 ,%u%an ! palace2 & ! dead bodies ( ! t5 sons ( ,haman1 welt]+ 9 _! gore1 are lift$ up & hang$ ^u ! gall[s1 & all to please ,que5 ,e/h]6 ,if a s+le ,jew loses 8 life 9 ?is outbreak1 ! writ] =gets to m5tion x4 ,x is idle to say t ?is is repres5t$ z a def5sive act on ! "p ( ! ,jews2 ! impression is giv5 t ! ,p]sians1 by ! m5ac+ action ( _! own (ficials "u ,mordecai's au?ority1 7 completely c[$1 & 7 simply slaught]$ 9 _! tracks by ! infuriat$ ,jews4 ,z a memorial ( ?is fea/ ( blood1 ! ,jewi% fe/ival ( ,purim 0 in/itut$1 :i* is kept to ?is day2 & ! ,book ( ,e/h] is read at ?is fea/1 9 dramatic fa%ion1 ) passionate responses by ! congregation4 ,is ?is hi/ory8 ,!re is e reason to hope t x is n4 ,t "s deliv]ance ( ! ,jews f _! enemies 9 ,p]sia may be commemorat$ by ! fea/ ( ,purim is possible2 t precisely su* a fi5di% outbreak ( fanatical cruelty z ?is ev] occurr$1 we may safely & *>itably d\bt4 ,! fact t ! /ory 0 told1 & t x ga9$ great popul>ity among ! ,jews1 & by "s ( ^? 9 lat] ages came to be reg>d$ z "o ( ! mo/ sacr$ books ( _! canon is1 h[ev]1 a revelation to u ( ! ext5t to :i* ! mo/ baleful & horrible passions may be *]i%$ 9 ! "n ( religion4 ,x is precisely = ?is purpose1 p]haps1 t ! book has be5 pres]v$ 9 our canon4 ,if any "o wi%es to see ! p]fect anti!sis ( ! precepts & ! _s ( ! gospel ( ,*ri/1 let him read ! ,book ( ,e/h]4 ,fr$]ick ,bleek is entirely ju/ifi$ 9 8 /atem5t t a _s ( rev5ge & p]secution prevails 9 ! book1 & t no o!r book ( ! ,old ,te/am5t is s f> remov$ z ?is is f ! _s ( ! gospel4 ,footnote3 ,introduction to ! ,old ,te/am5t1 i4 #dej4 ,= x is n m]ely true t ^! atrocities are "h recit$2 !y are cle>ly indors$4 ,!re is n a ^w said 9 deprecation ( ! bea/l9ess ( ! k+ or ! v9dictiv5ess ( ! h]o & ! h]o9e4 ,x is cle>1 z ,bleek says1 t ! au?or f9ds a peculi> satisfaction 9 ! *>act]s & mode ( act+ ( 8 ,jewi% compatriots1 ,e/h] & ,mordecai2 & t ! disposition %[n by !m appe>s to him z ! "r "o1 & "o wor?y ( _! nation4 ,e/h] ! beautiful que51 ^: praises h be5 sung by _m ( our poets1 possesses1 inde$1 "s admirable qualities2 h] c\rage is illu/ri\s2 h] patriotism is beautiful2 b h] blood?ir/9ess is t]rible4 ,z to ! "t :5 ?is book 0 writt51 or :o wrote x1 ,i am n curi\s4 ,probably x 0 writt5 long aft] ! ,exile1 b by "s "o :o 0 some:at famili> ) ! mann]s ( ,ori5tal c\rts4 ,! "n ( ,god is n once m5tion$ 9 ! book2 & x seems l blasphemy to intimate t ! ,_s ( ,god c\ld h _h any?+ to d ) its composition4 ,x is absolutely sick5+ to read ! comm5t>ies1 :i* assume t x 0 dictat$ by ! ,holy ,gho/1 & :i* labor to ju/ify & palliate its frightful n>rative4 ,"o le>ns1 ) a s5se ( relief1 t ! ,jews !mselves long disput$ its admission to _! canon2 t ! s*ool ( ,s*ammai w\ld n accept x1 & t sev]al ( ! wise/ & be/ ( ! e>ly fa!rs ( ! ,*ri/ian *ur*1 ,a?anasius & ,melito ( ,s>dis among ! re/1 d5i$ x a place 9 sacr$ ,scripture4 ,dr4 ,m>t9 ,lu!r is or?odox en\gh = me1 & he1 m ?an once1 express$ ! he>ty wi% t ! book _h p]i%$4 ,t1 inde$1 we ne$ n desire2 let x rema9 z a d>k backgr\nd on :i* ! ,*ri/ian morality may /& =? respl5d5t2 z a /rik+ example ( ! k9d ( ideas :i* ,*ri/ians ought n to ent]ta91 & ( ! k9d ( feel+s :i* !y ought n to *]i%4 ,! ,book ( ,daniel br+s u into a v diff]5t atmosph]e4 ,e/h] is absolutely b>r5 ( religi\s ideas or sugge/ions2 ,daniel is full ( ! _s ( fai? & pray]4 ,:e!r ! "* ( ,daniel1 z "h pres5t$1 is a sket* f life or a "w ( ! imag9ation1 x is a noble p]sonality4 ,! self-control1 ! fidelity to consci5ce1 ! h]oic purposes :i* are "h attribut$ to him1 make up a picture :i* has always attract$ ! admiration ( g5]\s he>ts4 ,z 9 ! /ory ( ! ,?ree ,*ildr51 says ,dean ,/anley1 s 9 t ( ! ,d5 ( ,lions1 ! elem5t :i* has liv$ on ) immortal vigor is t :i* tells h[1 ':5 ,daniel knew t ! writ+ 0 sign$1 he kneel$ ^u 8 knees ?ree times a day & pray$ & gave ?anks to ,god1 z he did a=etime4' ,h[ (t5 h ^! words confirm$ ! solit>y prote/1 n only 9 ! ,flavian amphi!atre1 b 9 ! ord9>y yet n m easy task ( ma9ta9+ ! "r ( consci5ce aga9/ arbitr>y p[] or invidi\s insult6 ,h[ _m an indep5d5t patriot or unpopul> re=m] has be5 n]v$ by !m to resi/ ! unreasonable comm&s ( k+ or prie/6 ,h[ _m a little boy at s*ool has be5 /r5g!n$ by !m = ! ef=t1 :5 he has knelt d[n by 8 b$side = ! fir/ "t to say 8 pray]s 9 ! pres5ce ( indiff]5t or sc(f+ companions4444 ,%adra*1 ,me%a*1 & ,ab$nego 9 ! c\rt ( ,nebu*adnezz>1 ,daniel 9 ! c\rt ( ,d>ius1 are ! lik5esses ( '! small transfigur$ b& :om ! _w _c tame1' :o1 by fai? 9 ! ,unse51 h 9 e age '/opp$ ! m\?s ( lions1 & qu5*$ ! viol5ce ( fire4' ,?is 0 ! example to ^? on :om1 9 all ages1 9 _s if n 9 lett]1 '! fire _h no p[]1 nor 0 an hair ( _! head s+$1 nei!r 7 _! coats *ang$1 nor ! smell ( fire pass$ ^u !m2' b x 0 'z x 7 a moi/1 :i/l+ w9d1 & ! =m ( ! f\r?1 :o walk$ ) !m 9 ! mid/ ( ! fire1 0 l a ,son ( ,god4' ,footnote3 ,hi/ory ( ! ,jewi% ,*ur*1 pp4 #da1 #db4 ,0 ,daniel a hi/orical p]son8 ,! "q has be5 mu* disput$1 b ,i ?9k t we may safely answ] x 9 ! affirmative4 ,x is true t 9 all ^! writ+s ( ! lat] p]iod ( ,israel ,daniel is m5tion$ b twice1 bo? times 9 ! ,book ( ,ezekiel 7xiv4 #ad2 xxviii4 #c74 ,! fir/ ( ^! allusions is a decl>ation t a few righte\s m5 _c save a wick$ city1 :5 ! decree ( de/ruction aga9/ x has be5 issu$2 ?\gh ^! ?ree m51 ,noah1 ,daniel1 & ,job 7 9 x1 !y %\ld deliv] b _! own s\ls by _! righte\sness1 sai? ! ,"l ,god4 ,! o!r is 9 a prophecy aga9/ ! ,k+ ( ,tyre1 9 :i* he is repres5t$ z say+ to himself t he is wis] ?an ,daniel2 t !re is no secret t c be hidd5 f him4 ,:e!r ^! casual uses ( ! "n ( ,daniel = purposes ( illu/ration c be reg>d$ z e/abli%+ 8 hi/orical "* may be que/ion$4 ,& x is a s+ul> fact t we h n 9 ,ezra1 or ,nehemiah1 or ,haggai1 or ,ze*>iah1 or ,mala*i1 any ref]5ce to ! exi/5ce ( ,daniel4 ,nev]!less1 x is h>dly to be suppos$ t su* a "* 0 :olly fictiti\s2 we may well suppose t he exi/$1 & t ! n>ratives ( 8 great fidelity & piety are at any rate f\nd$ ^u fact4 ,! fir/ six *apt]s ( ! book are n ascrib$ to ,daniel z _! au?or2 he is spok5 ( 9 ! ?ird p]son1 & sometimes 9 a way t a good man w\ld n be likely to speak ab\t himself4 ,! rema9d] ( ! book claims to be writt5 by him4 ,! "q is :e!r ?is claim is to be tak5 z an ass]tion ( hi/orical fact1 or z a device ( lit]>y workman%ip4 ,ecclesia/es 0 und\bt$ly writt5 long aft] ! ,exile1 yet x purports to h be5 compos$ by ,k+ ,solomon4 ,! au?or puts 8 words into ! m\? ( ,solomon1 to ga9 att5tion = !m4 ,x is n fair to call ?is a fraud2 x 0 a p]fectly legitimate lit]>y device4 ,x is entirely possible t ?is may be ! case ) ! au?or ( ?is book4 ,daniel 0 a p]son ^: "n 0 well-kn[n among 8 contempor>ies1 & ! au?or makes him 8 m\?piece4 ,!re may h be5 a special reason :y ! au?or %\ld h desir$ to s5d out ^! n>ratives & visions "u ! "n ( a h]o ( antiquity1 a reason :i* we %all pres5tly discov]4 ,! ,book ( ,daniel is n :at is commonly call$ a prophecy2 x is r an apocalypse4 ,x belongs to a class ( lit]ature :i* sprang up 9 ! la/ days ( ! ,jewi% nationality1 aft] ! old prophets _h disappe>$2 x is design$ to com=t ! p ) hopes ( future re/oration ( ! national p[]2 its me?od is t ( vision & symbolic repres5tation4 ,daniel is ! only book ( ?is k9d 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t2 ! ,new ,te/am5t canon closes1 z y "k1 ) a simil> book4 ,i %all n und]take to int]pret to y ^! visions ( ! ,book ( ,daniel2 !y are confess$ly obscure & my/]i\s4 ,b !re is "o portion ( ! book1 ! elev5? *apt]1 :i* is admitt$ to be a m9ute & reali/ic description ( ! coalitions & ! conflicts betwe5 ! ,grco-,syrian & ! ,grco-,egyptian k+s1 ev5ts :i* took place ab\t ! middle ( ! second c5tury be=e ,*ri/4 ,^! p]sonages are n nam$1 b !y are vividly describ$1 & ! intrigues & vicissitudes ( t portion ( ,jewi% hi/ory 9 :i* !y are ! *ief actors are fully told4 ,moreov] ! recital is put 9 ! future t5se2 ,!re %all /& up yet ?ree k+s 9 ,p]sia2 & ! f\r? %all be ri*] ?an !y all2 & :5 he is wax$ /rong ?r\gh 8 ri*es1 he %all /ir up all aga9/ ! realm ( ,greece4 ,if1 n[1 ! ,book ( ,daniel 0 writt5 9 ! e>ly days ( ! ,exile1 ?is 0 a v circum/antial pr$iction ( :at happ5$ 9 ! second c5tury1--a pr$iction utt]$ ?ree hundr$ ye>s be=e ! ev5t4 ,& respect+ ^! pr$ictions1 if su* !y are1 we mu/ say ?is1 t we h no o!rs l !m4 ,! o!r prophets nev] und]take to tell ! p>ticul>s ( :at is com+ to pass2 !y give out1 9 t]ms v l>ge & g5]al1 ! nature ( ! ev5ts :i* are to come4 ,no su* c>efully elaborat$ programme z ?is is f\nd 9 any o!r pr$ictive utt]ance4 ,b !re are ^?--& !y include ! va/ majority ( ! lead+ ,*ri/ian s*ol>s ( ! pres5t day--:o say t ^! words 7 n writt5 9 ! e>ly days ( ! ,exile2 t !y mu/ h be5 writt5 ab\t ! middle ( ! second c5tury2 t !y 7 !re=e an acc\nt ( :at 0 go+ on1 by an onlook]1 c\*$ 9 ^! phrases ( vision & prophecy4 ,! p ( ,israel 7 pass+ ?r\gh a t]rible ordeal2 !y ne$$ to be he>t5$ & n]v$ = resi/ance & endurance4 ,_! h]oic lead]1 ,judas ,maccabeus1 0 urg+ !m on to prodigies ( valor 9 _! conflict ) ! vile ,antio*us2 su* a r++ manife/o z ?is1 put =? 9 ! progress ( ! conflict1 might h a p[]ful influ5ce 9 re9=c+ _! patriotism & confirm+ _! fai?4 ,x might also h appe>$ at "s /age ( ! conflict :5 x w\ld h be5 imprud5t & p]haps impossible to secure curr5cy = ! book if ! ref]5ce to exi/+ rul]s _h be5 explicit2 su* a device z ! au?or adopt$ may h be5 p]fectly und]/ood by ! read]s2 al?\gh slightly veil$ 9 ! =m ( its deliv]ance1 x 01 p]haps1 = ?is v reason1 all ! bett] fitt$ = its purpose4 ,x might1 !n1 h be5 writt5 :5 ! ,ptolemies & ! ,seleucid 7 wa/+ ! fields ( ,pale/9e ) _! conflicts4 ,b 0 x writt5 !n8 ,h[ d we "k t x 0 n a circum/antial pr$iction made ?ree hundr$ ye>s be=e8 ,we d n "k1 ) absolute c]ta9ty1 :5 x 0 writt52 b !re are /rong reasons = believ+ t ! lat] date is ! true date4 #a4 ,! book is n 9 ! ,hebrew collection ( ! ,prophets4 ,t collection 0 made at lea/ a hundr$ ye>s aft] ! "t at :i* ,daniel is "h said to h liv$2 if s great a prophecy _h be5 exi/+ !n1 x is /range t x %\ld n h be5 ga!r$ ) ! o!r prophets into ,nehemiah's collection4 ,x is f\nd1 in/ead1 among ! ,ketubim1--! lat] & supplem5t>y writ+s ( ! ,hebrew ,bible4 #b4 ,x is /range also1 z ,i h intimat$1 t no m5tion ( ,daniel or ( 8 book is f\nd 9 ! hi/ories ( ! ,exile & ! return1 or 9 any ( ! prophecies utt]$ 9 ,israel aft] ! return4 ,t !re %\ld be no allusion 9 any ( ^! books to s di/+ui%$ a p]sonage c h>dly be expla9$4 #c4 ,jesus1 ! son ( ,sira*1 "o ( ! writ]s ( ! ,apocrypha1 :o liv$ ab\t #bjj ,b4,c41 gives a full catalogue ( all ! great wor?ies ( ,israel2 he has a li/ ( ! prophets2 he names all ! o!r prophets2 he does n "n ,daniel4 #d4 ,! nature ( ?is pr$iction1 if x be a pr$iction1 is unacc\ntable4 ,daniel is said to h liv$ 9 ! ,babylonian p]iod1 & look$ =w>d f t day4 ,8 p 7 9 exile1 b !re is n a vision ( 8 t has any ref]5ce to _! return f ! captivity1 to ! rebuild+ ( ! temple1 or to any ( ! ev5ts ( _! hi/ory belong+ to ! two c5turies foll[+4 ,x is /range t if1 /&+ at t po9t ( "t1 he 0 inspir$ to pr$ict ! future ( ! ,jewi% p1 he %\ld n h _h "s message respect+ ^? great ev5ts 9 _! hi/ory :i* 7 to happ5 )9 ! next c5tury4 ,in/ead ( ?is1 8 visions1 s f> z 8 own p are conc]n$1 ov]leap ?ree c5turies & l& 9 ! days ( ,antio*us ,epiphanes4 ,"h !y beg9 at once to be v specific2 !y tell all ! p>ticul>s ( ?is p]iod1 b beyond ?is p]iod !y give no p>ticul>s at all2 ! vision ( ! ,messianic triumph :i* foll[s is vague & g5]al l ! re/ ( ! prophecies4 ,^! circum/ances /rongly support ! !ory ( ! lat] date4 #e4 ,words appe> 9 ?is writ+ :i* almo/ c]ta9ly fix x at a lat] date ?an ! ,babylonian p]iod4 ,!re are c]ta9ly n9e und\bt$ ,p]sian words 9 ?is book2 !re are no ,p]sian words 9 ,ezekiel1 :o liv$ at ! "t :5 ,daniel is plac$ at ! ,babylonian c\rt1 nor 9 ,haggai1 ,ze*>iah1 or ,mala*i4 ,!re are sev]al ,greek words1 names ( musical in/rum5ts1 & x is almo/ c]ta9 t no ,greek words 7 9 use 9 ,babylonia at t e>ly day4 ,?is philological argum5t may seem v dubi\s & f>-fet*$1 b x is really "o ( ! mo/ conclusive te/s ( ! date ( a docum5t4 ,!re is no witness s compet5t z ! writt5 ^w4 ,let me give y a homely illu/ration4 ,suppose y f9d 9 "s late hi/ory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates a quot$ lett] said to h be5 writt5 by ,presid5t ,za*>y ,taylor1 :o di$ 9 #ahej1 respect+ a c]ta9 political conte/4 ,! lett] conta9s ! foll[+ p>agraph3-- ,on receiv+ ?is intellig5ce1 ,i call$ up ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate by telephone1 & ask$ him h[ he expla9$ ! defeat4 ,he told me t1 9 8 op9ion1 boodle 0 at ! bottom ( x4 ,i det]m9$ to make an inve/igation1 & aft] wir+ to ! memb] ( ,congress 9 t di/rict1 ,i ord]$ my s]vant to engage me a section 9 a ,pullman c>1 & />t$ ! same night = ! sc5e ( ! conte/4 ,n[ ( c\rse y "k t ?is p>agraph c\ld n h be5 writt5 by ,presid5t ,taylor1 nor dur+ ! p]iod ( 8 adm9i/ration4 ,! telephone 0 n !n 9 exi/5ce2 !re 7 no ,pullman c>s2 ! words boodle & wire1 9 ! s5se "h us$1 _h nev] be5 he>d4 ,9 precisely ! same way ! tra9$ philologi/ c (t5 det]m9e ) great c]ta9ty ! date ( a writ+4 ,he kn[s ! biography ( words or ^w-=ms2 & he may "k t "s ( ! words or ! ^w-=ms conta9$ 9 a c]ta9 writ+ 7 n yet 9 ! language at ! date :5 x is said to h be5 writt54 ,x is by evid5ce ( ?is nature t ! critics fix ! date ( ! ,book ( ,daniel at a p]iod long aft] ! close ( ! ,babylonian empire4 ,?is v]dict r$uces1 some:at1 ! elem5t ( ! m>vel\s conta9$ 9 ! book2 x does n 9 any wise r$uce ! moral & spiritual value ( x4 ,! age ( ! ,maccabees1 :5 ?is book appe>$1 0 "o ( ! great ages ( ,jewi% hi/ory4 ,judas ,maccabeus is "o ( ! fir/ ( ! ,israeliti% h]oes2 & ! /ruggle1 9 :i* he 0 ! lead]1 aga9/ ! dissolute ,syrian ,greeks br\ght out "s ( ! /ronge/ qualities ( ! ,hebrew "*4 ,! g5u9e humility1 ! f]vid consecration1 ! dauntless fai? ( ! ,jews ( ?is g5]ation put to %ame ! conduct ( _! c\ntrym5 9 _m ages m celebrat$4 ,& x _c be d\bt$ t ?is book 0 bo? ! effect & ! cause ( ?is l(ty national purpose4 ,r>ely1 says ,ewald1 does x happ5 t a book appe>s z ?is did1 9 ! v crisis ( ! times1 & 9 a =m mo/ suit$ to su* an age1 artificially res]v$1 close & sev]e1 & yet %$d+ s cle> a light ?r\gh obscurity1 & s m>vel\sly captivat+4 ,x 0 natural t x %\ld soon a*ieve a success entirely correspond+ to its inn] tru? & glory4 ,& s1 = ! la/ "t 9 ! lit]ature ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 we h 9 ?is book an example ( a "w :i*1 hav+ sprung f ! deepe/ necessities ( ! noble/ impulses ( ! age1 c r5d] to t age ! pure/ s]vice2 & :i*1 by ! developm5t ( ev5ts imm$iately aft]1 receives ) su* p[] ! /amp ( ,div9e witness t x subsequ5tly atta9s imp]i%able sanctity4 ,footnote3 ,quot$ by ,/anley1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,jewi% ,*ur*1 iii4 p4 #ccf4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,! ,,poetical ,,books4 ,! poetical books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t n[ invite our att5tion1--,! ,lam5tations1 ,prov]bs1 ,ecclesia/es1 ,! ,song ( ,solomon1 ,job1 & ,! ,psalms4 ,ecclesia/es is n 9 poetical =m1 b x is a prose poem2 ! movem5t ( ! language is (t5 lyrical1 & ! ?\ght is all express$ 9 poetic phrases4 ,! o!r books are all poetical 9 =m z well z 9 fact4 ,,lam5tations1 call$ 9 ! ,hebrew ,bible by ! qua9t title ,ah ,h[1 ! fir/ two words ( ! book1 & 9 ! ,greek ,bible ,?r5oi1 signify+ m\rn+1 is plac$ 9 ! middle ( ! late/ gr\p ( ! ,hebrew writ+s4 ,9 ! ,engli% ,bible x foll[s ! prophecy ( ,j]emiah4 ,x is call$ 9 our v]sion ,! ,lam5tations ( ,j]emiah4 ,?is title pres]ves ! anci5t tradition1 & !re is no reason to d\bt t ! tradition embodies ! tru?4 ,9 favor ( ?is op9ion1 says ,bleek1 we may note ! agreem5t ( ! songs ) ,j]emiah's prophecies 9 _! :ole "* & _s1 9 _! purport1 & 9 ! tone ( disposition %[n 9 !m1 z well z 9 ! language4444 ,z reg>ds ! occasion & sub/ance ( ^! songs1 ! two fir/ & ! two la/ relate to ! mis]y :i* _h be5 s5t on ! ,jewi% p1 & p>ticul>ly on ,j]usalem2 ! middle "o1 h[ev]1 *iefly ref]s to ! p]sonal suff]+s ( ! au?or4 ,footnote3 ,vol4 ii4 p4 #ajb4 ,^! five p>ts are n ! five *apt]s ( a book2 !y are five di/9ct poems1 ea* complete 9 itself1 ?\gh !y are all connect$ 9 mean+4 ,y notice ! regul>ity ( ! /ructure1 :i* is ev5 exhibit$ to "s ext5t 9 ! ,old ,v]sion4 ,! fir/ & second1 ! f\r? & fif?1 h ea* tw5ty-two v]ses or /anzas2 ! ?ird "o has sixty-six /anzas4 ,all b ! la/ are acro/ical poems4 ,!re are tw5ty-two lett]s 9 ! ,hebrew alphabet2 ea* ( ^! lett]s1 9 regul> ord]1 beg9s a v]se 9 f\r ( ^! songs2 9 ! ?ird lam5tation !re are ?ree v]ses = ea* lett]4 ,! "t at :i* ^! elegies 7 writt5 0 und\bt$ly ! ye> ( ! capture ( ,j]usalem by ! army ( ,nebu*adnezz>1 #ehf ,b4,c4 ,! ,*aldean army _h be5 inve/+ ! city = m ?an a ye>2 ! walls 7 f9ally brok5 d[n1 & ! ,*aldeans ru%$ 92 z !y ga9$ entrance on "o side1 ! wret*$ ,k+ ,z$ekiah escap$ on ! o!r ) a few foll[]s & fl$ d[n ! ,j]i*o road2 he 0 pursu$ & ov]tak51 8 sons & pr9ces 7 sla9 be=e 8 face1 !n 8 own eyes 7 put out1 & he 0 l$ away 9 *a9s to ,babylon1 :]e he aft]w>d di$ 9 captivity4 ,aft] a few mon?s' "w ( ?is sort1 a portion ( ! ,*aldeans "u ,nebuz>-adan return$ to ! dismantl$ & pillag$ city & utt]ly de/roy$ bo? ! city & ! temple4 ,x is suppos$ t ,j]emiah1 :o 0 all[$ to rema9 9 ! city dur+ ?is bloody int]val1 wrote ^! elegies 9 ! mid/ ( ! desolation & fe> !n imp5d+4 ,nev]1 says ,dean ,milman1 0 ru9$ city lam5t$ 9 language s exquisitely pa!tic4 ,j]usalem is1 z x 71 p]sonifi$ & bewail$ ) ! passionate sorr[ ( private & dome/ic atta*m5t2 :ile ! m g5]al pictures ( ! fam9e1 common mis]y ( e rank & age & sex1 all ! desolation1 ! c>nage1 ! violation1 ! dragg+ away into captivity1 ! remembrance ( =m] glories1 ( ! gorge\s c]emonies1 & ( ! glad fe/ivals1 ! awful s5se ( ! ,div9e wra?1 height5+ ! pres5t calamities1 are successively drawn ) all ! life & reality ( an eye-witness4 ,footnote3 ,hi/ory ( ! ,jews1 i4 #ddf4 ,! e?ical & spiritual qualities ( ! book are pure & high2 ! writ] does n fail to en=ce ! tru? t x is because ,j]usalem ha? griev\sly s9n$ t %e is become an unclean ?+4 ,& 9 ! mid/ ( all ?is calamity !re is no rebellion aga9/ ,god2 x is only ! cry ( a desolate b tru/+ s\l to a j & fai?ful ,rul]4 ,,! ,,prov]bs1 9 ! ,hebrew ,bible1 is call$ ,mi%le1 or sometimes ,mi%le ,%elomoh4 ,! fir/ ^w signifies ,p>ables or ,prov]bs or ,say+s2 ! second ^w is ! suppos$ "n ( ! au?or1 ,solomon4 ,by ! lat] ,jews x is sometimes call$ ,seph] ,*okmah1--! ,book ( ,wisdom1--! same title z t :i* is borne by "o ( ! apocryphal books4 ,"h1 d\btless1 we h aga91 9 ! "n ( ! au?or1 :at ,delitzs* calls a common d5om9ator4 ,on ?is subject ! words ( ,william ,aldis ,wright1 9 ,smi?'s ,bible ,diction>y1 express a cons]vative judgm5t3-- ,! sup]scriptions :i* are affix$ to sev]al portions ( ! ,book ( ,prov]bs 9 i4 #a1 x4 #a1 xxv4 #a1 attribute ! au?or%ip ( ^? portions to ,solomon1 ! son ( ,david1 k+ ( ,israel4 ,) ! exception ( ! la/ two *apt]s1 :i* are di/9ctly assign$ to o!r au?ors1 x is probable t ! /atem5t ( ! sup]scriptions is 9 ! ma9 correct1 & t ! majority ( ! prov]bs conta9$ 9 ! book 7 utt]$ or collect$ by ,solomon4 ,x 0 natural & q 9 accordance ) ! practice ( o!r nations t ! ,hebrews %\ld connect ,solomon's "n ) a collection ( maxims & precepts :i* =m a "p ( _! lit]ature to :i* he is kn[n to h contribut$ mo/ l>gely 7#a ,k+s1 iv4 #cb74 ,9 ! same way ! ,greeks attribut$ mo/ ( _! say+s to ,py?agoras2 ! ,arabs to ,lokman1 ,abu ,obeid1 ,al ,m(addel1 ,meidani1 & ,samakh%>i2 ! ,p]sians to ,f]id ,att>2 & ! nor!rn p to ,od94 ,b !re c be no "q t ! ,hebrews 7 mu* m ju/ifi$ 9 assign+ ! ,prov]bs to ,solomon ?an ! nations :i* h j be5 enum]at$ 7 9 attribut+ ! collections ( national maxims to ! traditional au?ors above m5tion$4 ,footnote3 ,art4 ,book ( ,prov]bs4 ,?is is1 und\bt$ly1 z mu* z c be truly said respect+ ! ,solomonian au?or%ip ( ^! say+s4 ,pr(essor ,davidson1 writ+ at a lat] day1 is m gu>d$4 ,9 ! book :i* n[ exi/s we f9d ga!r$ toge!r ! mo/ preci\s fruits ( ! wisdom ( ,israel dur+ _m hundr$s ( ye>s1 & und\bt$ly ! lat] c5turies 7 ri*]1 or at all ev5ts full]1 9 _! contributions ?an ! e>li]4 ,! tradition1 h[ev]1 :i* connects ,solomon ) ! direction ( m9d kn[n z ',! ,wisdom' _c be reasonably set aside4444 ,mak+ all[ances = ! exagg]ations ( lat] times1 we %\ld leave hi/ory & tradition altoge!r unexpla9$ if we disall[$ ! claim ( ,solomon to h ex]cis$ a creative influ5ce ^u ! wisdom 9 ,israel4 ,footnote3 ,art4 ,prov]bs1 ,encyc4 ,brit4 ,! book is divid$ into sev]al sections3 #a4 ,a g5]al introduction1 expla9+ ! "* & aim ( ! book1 :i* occupies ! fir/ six v]ses4 #b4 ,a connect$ disc\rse ^u wisdom1 n 9 ! =m ( maxims1 b r 9 ! mann] ( a connect$ essay1 fills ! fir/ n9e *apt]s4 #c4 ,! next ?irte5 *apt]s 7x4-xxii4 #af7 conta9 ?ree hundr$ & sev5ty-f\r miscellane\s prov]bs1 ea* consi/+ ( two phrases1 ! second ( :i* is g5]ally anti!tical to ! fir/1 z ,a wise son make? a glad fa!r1 b a fooli% son is a heav9ess to 8 "m4 ,!re is only "o exception 7xix4 #g71 :]e ! c\plet is a triplet4 ,probably "o phrase has be5 lo/4 ,! head+ ( ?is section is ,! ,prov]bs ( ,solomon2 ! section ends ) ! tw5ty-second *apt]4 #d4 ,f xxii4 #ag to xxiv4 #bb is a m connect$ discussion1 ?\gh 9 ! prov]bial =m1 ( ! pr9ciples ( conduct4 ,?is is introduc$ by a brief exhortation to li/5 to ! words ( ! wise4 #e4 ,at xxiv4 #bc1 beg9s ano!r %ort section :i* ext5ds ?r\gh ! *apt]1 "u ?is title3 ,^! also are say+s ( ! wise4 #f4 ,! next five *apt]s 7xxv4-xxix47 h = _! caption ?is s5t5ce3 ,^! also are prov]bs ( ,solomon1 :i* ! m5 ( ,hezekiah1 k+ ( ,judah1 copi$ out4 #g4 ,*apt] xxx4 is said to conta9 ,! words ( ,agur1 ! son ( ,jakeh1 ! oracle4 ,! au?or is :olly unkn[n4 #h4 ,*apt] xxxi4 #a-i1 conta9s ,! words ( ,k+ ,lemuel1 ! prophecy t 8 "m taught him4 ,he too /&s "h ^u ! sacr$ page b ! %ad[ ( a "n4 #i4 ,! book closes ) an acro/ical poem---tw5ty-two v]ses beg9n+ ) ! ,hebrew lett]s 9 ! ord] ( ! alphabet--^u ,! ,virtu\s ,woman4 ,! ^w virtue "h is us$ 9 ! ,roman s5se2 x signifies r ! vigor\s woman1 ! capable woman4 ,( ^! sections x seems probable t ! "o "h numb]$ #f is ! olde/1 & t x conta9s ! l>ge/ proportion ( ,solomonian say+s4 ,pr(essor ,davidson ?9ks t x _c h tak5 its pres5t =m e>li] ?an ! eigh? c5tury4 ,! "* ( ! tea*+ ( ! book is n uni=m1 b on ! :ole x is be/ describ$ z prud5tial r ?an prophetic4 ,x embodies :at we are 9 ! habit ( call+ good common s5se4 ,!re is an occasional maxim ^: application to our own "t may be d\bt$1 & n[ & !n "o ^: morality has be5 sup]s$$ by ! high] /&>ds ( ! ,new ,te/am5t2 b1 aft] mak+ all due d$uctions1 we %all d\btless agree t x is a preci\s legacy ( practical c\nsel1 & %all cons5t to ^! words ( ,pr(essor ,conant3-- ,! gnomic poetry ( ! mo/ enlight5$ ( o!r nations w n be> comp>ison ) x 9 ! dep? & c]ta9ty ( its f\ndation pr9ciples1 or 9 ! compreh5siv5ess & moral gr&eur ( its conceptions ( human duty & responsibility4 ,footnote3 ,smi?'s ,bible ,diction>y1 iii4 #bfaf4 ,ecclesia/es1 or ! ,prea*]1 be>s 9 ! ,hebrew collection ! "n1 ,kohele?1 :i* means ! assembl] ( ! p1 & !re=e1 probably1 ! man :o addresses ! assembly4 ,ecclesia/es is ! ,greek "n ( ! book 9 ! ,septuag9t2 we h simply copi$ ! ,greek ^w 9 ,engli% lett]s4 ,! fir/ v]se is1 ,! words ( ,kohele? 7! ,prea*]71 ! son ( ,david1 ,k+ 9 ,j]usalem4 ,! only son ( ,david :o 0 ev] k+ 9 ,j]usalem 0 ,solomon2 0 ,solomon ! au?or ( ?is book8 ,?is is ! app>5t claim2 ! "q is :e!r we h n "h1 z 9 ! case ( ,daniel1 a book put =? pseudonym\sly2 :e!r ! au?or does n p]sonate ,solomon1 & speak 8 message ?r\gh ,solomon's lips4 ,t ?is is ! fact mod]n s*ol>s almo/ unanim\sly ma9ta94 ,_! reasons = _! op9ion may be briefly /at$3 #a4 ,9 ! conclusion ( ! book ! au?or speaks 9 8 own p]son1 lay+ aside ! ?9 disguise :i* he has be5 we>+4 ,9 sev]al o!r passages ! lit]>y veil becomes transp>5t4 ,?us 7i4 #ab71 ,i ,kohele? 0 k+ ov] ,israel 9 ,j]usalem4 ,?is s\nds l ! voice ( "o look+ backw>d & try+ to put himself 9 ,solomon's place4 ,aga91 9 ?is & ! foll[+ *apt]1 he says ( himself3 ,i h gott5 me great wisdom above all t 7 be=e me 9 ,j]usalem2 ,i 0 great1 & increas$ m ?an all t 7 be=e me 9 ,j]usalem1 etc41--all ( :i*1 says ,bleek1 does n appe> v natural z com+ f ! son ( ,david1 :o fir/ captur$ ,j]usalem4 ,nobody _h be5 be=e him 9 ,j]usalem except 8 fa!r ,david4 #b4 ,! /ate ( society z describ$ 9 ! book1 & p>ticul>ly ! ref]5ce to rul]s1 agree bett] ) ! !ory t x 0 writt5 dur+ ! ,p]sian p]iod1 aft] ! ,captivity1 :5 ! satraps ( ! ,p]sian k+ 7 rul+ ) vacillat+ arbitr>9ess & fitful viol5ce4 #c4 ,! religi\s condition ( ! p z "h depict$1 & ! religi\s ideas ( ! book repres5t ! p]iod foll[+ ! ,captivity1 & d n repres5t ! gold5 age ( ,israel4 #d4 ,m important & inde$ p]fectly decisive is ! fact t ! book is full ( ,*aldaisms1 & t ! ,hebrew is ! lat] ,hebrew1 ( ! days ( ,ezra1 ,nehemiah1 ,daniel1 & ,e/h]4 ,x c\ld n h be5 writt5 by ,solomon1 any m ?an ! ,idylls ( ! ,k+ c\ld h be5 writt5 by ,edmund ,sp5s]4 ,!re are ^?1 ( c\rse1 :o ma9ta9 t ! book 0 writt5 by ,solomon2 j z !re are ^? :o /ill ma9ta9 t ! sun revolves ar\nd ! e>?4 ,! reason = ?is op9ion is f\nd 9 ! fir/ s5t5ce ( ! book itself4 ,! book ann\nces its own au?or1 x is said2 & to "q ! tru? ( ?is claim is to d5y ! v]acity ( ,scripture4 ,on ?is "q we may call1 f ! array ( cons]vative writ]s :o h giv5 u ,smi?'s ,bible ,diction>y1 su* a witness z ,pr(essor ,plumptre3-- ,! hypo!sis t e su* /atem5t 9 a canonical book mu/ be receiv$ z lit]ally true is1 9 fact1 an assumption t inspir$ writ]s 7 deb>r$ f =ms ( composition :i* 7 op51 )\t blame1 to o!rs4 ,9 ! lit]ature ( e o!r nation ! =m ( p]sonat$ au?or%ip1 :5 !re is no animus decipi5di1 has be5 recogniz$ z a legitimate *annel = ! expression ( op9ions1 or ! quasi-dramatic repres5tation ( "*4 ,:y %\ld we v5ture on ! ass]tion t if adopt$ by ! writ]s ( ! ,old ,te/am5t x w\ld make !m guilty ( falsehood8444,!re is no?+ t ne$ />tle u 9 ! ?\ght t an inspir$ writ] might use a lib]ty :i* has be5 grant$ )\t hesitation to ! tea*]s ( mank9d 9 e age & c\ntry4 ,footnote3 ,art4 ,ecclesia/es1 vol4 i4 p4 #fde4 ,t su* is ! "* ( ! book & t x appe>$ "s "t dur+ ! ,p]sian age are well-asc]ta9$ results ( s*ol>%ip4 ,! doctr9e ( ! book is n s easily summ>iz$4 ,x is a h>d book to int]pret4 ,dr4 ,g9sb]g gives a /rik+ rsum ( ! diff]5t !ories ( its tea*+ :i* h be5 promulgat$4 ,!re is no room "h to ent] ^u ! great "q4 ,let x suffice to say t we seem to h 9 ^! words ! soliloquy ( a s\l /ruggl+ ) ! problem ( evil1 sometimes borne d[n by a dismal skepticism1 sometimes ass]t+ 8 fai? 9 ! endur+ righte\sness4 ,! writ]'s problem is ! "o to :i* ,mr4 ,mallock has giv5 an epigrammatic /atem5t3 ,is life wor? liv+8 ,he greatly d\bts1 yet he /rongly hopes4 ,mu* ( ! "t x appe>s to him t ! be/ ?+ a man c d is to enjoy ! pres5t good & let ! _w wag4 ,b ! outcome ( all ?is /ruggle is ! conviction t !re is a life beyond ?is life & a tribunal at :i* all wrongs w be right$1 & t to fe> ,god & keep 8 comm&m5ts is ! :ole duty ( man4 ,!re are ?us _m passages 9 ! book :i* express a bitt] skepticism2 to w9n[ ! :eat f ! *aff & to f9d out :at we ought to ?9k ab\t life is a s]i\s und]tak+4 ,x is only ! wise & skillful int]pret] :o c /e] 8 b>k along ^! tortu\s *annels ( reflection1 & n run agr\nd4 ,yet1 prop]ly int]pret$1 ! book is s\nd = sub/ance ( doctr9e1 & ! exp]i5ce :i* x del9eates1 ?\gh sad & depress+1 is full ( in/ruction = u4 ,dean ,/anley's words ab\t x are z true z !y are eloqu5t2 !y w ?r[ "s light on ! pa? :i* lies j be=e u3-- ,z ! ,book ( ,job is c\*$ 9 ! =m ( a dramatic argum5t betwe5 ! patri>* & 8 fri5ds1 z ! ,song ( ,songs is a dramatic dialogue betwe5 ! ,lov] & ! ,lov$ ,"o1 s ! ,book ( ,ecclesia/es is a drama ( a /ill m tragic k9d4 ,x is an int]*ange ( voices1 high] & l[]1 m\rnful & joyful1 )9 a s+le human s\l4 ,x is l ! /ruggle betwe5 ! two pr9ciples 9 ! ,epi/le to ! ,romans4 ,x is l ! "q & answ] ( ',! ,two ,voices' ( our mod]n poet4444 ,e speculation & ?\ght ( ! human he>t is he>d & express$ & recogniz$ 9 turn4 ,! conflicts1 :i* 9 o!r p>ts ( ! ,bible are conf9$ to a s+le v]se or a s+le *apt]1 are "h exp&$ into a :ole book4 ,& aft] quot+ a few ( ! d>k] & m cynical utt]ances1 ?is cle>-sight$ tea*] goes on3 ,_! cry is inde$ full ( d\bt & despair & p]plexity2 x is su* z we (t5 he> f ! melan*oly1 skeptical1 inquir+ spirits ( our own age2 su* z we (t5 refuse to he> & reg>d z unwor?y ev5 a good man's ?\ght or c>e1 b ! admission ( su* a cry into ! ,book ( ,ecclesia/es %[s t x is n b5ea? ! notice ( ! ,bible1 n b5ea? ! notice ( ,god4 ,footnote3 ,hi/ory ( ! ,jewi% ,*ur*1 ii4 #bhc1 #bhd4 ,,! ,,song ,,( ,,songs is ano!r ( ! books ascrib$ to ,solomon4 ,x may h be5 writt5 9 ,solomon's "t2 t x 0 compos$ by ,solomon himself is n probable4 ,x has g5]ally be5 reg>d$ z an allegorical poem2 ! ,jews int]pret$ x z sett+ =? ! love ( ,jehovah = ,israel2 ! ,*ri/ian int]pret]s h made x ! repres5tation ( ! love ( ,*ri/ = 8 ,*ur*4 ,^! are ! two pr9cipal !ories1 b x might be in/ructive to let ,ar*deacon ,f>r> recite to u a %ort li/ ( ! explanations :i* h be5 giv5 ( ! book 9 ! c\rse ( ! ages3-- ,x repres5ts1 say ! comm5tators1 ! love ( ,god = ! congregation ( ,israel2 x relates ! hi/ory ( ! ,jews f ! ,exodus to ! ,messiah2 x is a consolation to afflict$ ,israel2 x is an occult hi/ory2 x repres5ts ! union ( ! div9e s\l ) ! e>?ly body1 or ( ! mat]ial ) ! active intellect2 x is ! conv]sation ( ,solomon & ,wisdom2 x describes ! love ( ,*ri/ to 8 ,*ur*2 x is hi/orico-prophetic2 x is ,solomon's ?anksgiv+ = a happy reign2 x is a love-song unwor?y ( any place 9 ! canon2 x treats ( man's reconciliation to ,god2 x is a prophecy ( ! ,*ur* f ! ,crucifixion till aft] ! ,re=mation2 x is an anticipation ( ! ,apocalypse2 x is ! sev5 days' epi?alamium on ! m>riage ( ,solomon ) ! daught] ( ,ph>aoh2 x is a magaz9e = direction & consolation "u e condition2 x treats 9 hi]oglyphics ( ! sepul*re ( ! ,savi\r1 8 dea?1 & ! ,old ,te/am5t sa9ts2 x ref]s to ,hezekiah & ! ,t5 ,tribes2 x is writt5 9 glorification ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y4 ,su* 7 ! impossible & div]g+ int]pretations ( :at _m reg>d$ z ! v ,^w ( ,god4 ,a few only1 till ! beg9n+ ( ?is c5tury1 saw ! tru?1--:i* is s obvi\s to all :o g to ! ,bible ) ! humble desire to "k :at x says1 & n to int]pret x into _! own baseless fancies1--t x is ! exquisite celebration ( a pure love 9 humble life2 ( a love :i* no spl5dor c dazzle & no flatt]y s$uce4 ,^! la/ s5t5ces ( ,canon ,f>r> give ! probable clew to ! int]pretation ( ! book4 ,x is a dramatic poem1 celebrat+ ! /ory ( a beautiful peasant girl1 a native ( ! nor!rn village ( ,%unem1 :o 0 c>ri$ away by ,solomon's (fic]s & conf9$ 9 8 h>em at ,j]usalem4 ,b 9 ! mid/ ( all ?is spl5dor h] he>t is true to ! peasant lov] :om %e has left beh9d1 nor c any bl&i%m5ts ( ! k+ di/urb h] con/ancy2 h] honor rema9s un/a9$1 & %e is c>ri$ home at l5g?1 he>t-:ole & happy1 by ! swa9 :o has come to ,j]usalem = h] rescue4 ,?is is ! beautiful /ory4 ,! phrases 9 :i* x is told are1 inde$1 too explicit = ,occid5tal e>s2 ! color & ! heat ( ! tropics is 9 ! poetry1 b x is p]fectly pure2 x celebrates ! triumph ( maid5 mode/y & innoc5ce4 ,! song brea!s at ! same "t1 says ,ewald1 su* deep mode/y & *a/e innoc5ce ( he>t1 su* det]m9$ defiance ( ! ov]-ref9em5t & deg5]acy ( ! c\rt-life1 su* /++ scorn ( ! gr[+ corruption ( life 9 great cities & palaces1 t no cle>] or /rong] te/imony c be f\nd ( ! heal?y vigor :i*1 9 ?is c5tury1 /ill *>act]iz$ ! nation at l>ge1 ?an ! comb9ation ( art & simplicity 9 ! ,canticles4 ,footnote3 ,hi/ory ( ,israel1 iv4 #dc4 ,! ,book ( ,job has be5 ! subject ( a great am\nt ( critical /udy4 ,! e>lie/ ,jewi% tradition is t x 0 writt5 by ,moses2 ?is tradition is pres]v$ 9 ! ,talmud1 :i* aft]w>d /ates t x 0 compos$ by an ,israelite :o return$ to ,pale/9e f ! ,babylonian ,captivity4 ,x is almo/ c]ta9 t ! fir/ ( ^! traditions is baseless4 ,! !ory t x 0 writt5 aft] ! ,captivity is held by _m s*ol>s1 b x is beset ) s]i\s difficulties4 ,! book conta9s no allusion :atev] to ! ,levitical law1 nor to any ( ! religi\s rites & c]emonies ( ! ,jews4 ,! inf]5ce has !re=e be5 drawn t x mu/ h be5 writt5 be=e ! giv+ ( ! law1 probably 9 ! p]iod betwe5 ,abraham & ,moses4 ,x seems inconceivable t a dev\t ,hebrew %\ld h treat$ all ! great que/ions discuss$ 9 ?is book )\t any ref]5ce to ! religi\s in/itutions ( 8 own p4 ,x is equally difficult to und]/& h[ ! div9e int]position = ! puni%m5t ( ! wick$ & ! rew>d+ ( ! righte\s c\ld h be5 s fully consid]$ )\t a glance at ! lessons ( ! ,exodus1 if ! ,exodus _h tak5 place be=e ! book 0 writt54 ,b ^! argum5ts = an e>ly orig9 are q neutraliz$ by ! doctr9e ( ! book4 ,! view ( div9e provid5ce set =? 9 x is v unlike t conta9$ 9 ! ,p5tateu*4 ,x is n necess>y to say t !re is any contradiction betwe5 ^! two views2 b ! subject is approa*$ f a v diff]5t direction1 & ! :ole tone ( ! book indicates a /ate ( religi\s ?\ght q diff]5t f t :i* exi/$ among ! ,hebrews be=e ! ,exodus4 ,if we are to believe t ,moses wrote x1 says a late critic1 !n we mu/ believe t he held ^! views z an esot]ic philosophy1 & omitt$ f ! religion :i* he gave to 8 p ! tru?s :i* _h be5 reveal$ to him 9 ! des]t4 ,! book itself mu/ h be5 suppress$ until long aft] 8 day4 ,! ignorant ,israelites c\ld n h be5 tra9$ "u ! discipl9e ( ! ,law if !y _h _h at ! same "t ! fi]y1 cynical1 half-skeptical1 & enigmatical comm5t>y :i* ! ,book ( ,job furni%es4 ,!re is no?+ abnormal or contr>y to ! conception ( an inspir$ revelation 9 ! developm5t ( tru? by wid] views & deep] analysis ?r\gh successive sacr$ writ]s4 ,b x is repulsive to conceive an inspir$ tea*] z fir/ ga9+ ! wid] view1 & !n delib]ately hid+ x1 to utt] ! tru? 9 crud] & m p>tial =ms4 ,footnote3 ,raymond's ,! ,book ( ,job1 p4 #ah4 ,! fact t nei!r ! p]son nor ! ,book ( ,job is m5tion$ 9 ! hi/orical books ( ! ,jews1 & t ! fir/ ref]5ce to him is 9 ! ,book ( ,ezekiel1 w\ld indicate t ! date ( ! book mu/ h be5 mu* lat] ?an ! "t ( ,moses4 ,?is argum5t c\ld n be press$1 h[ev]1 = we h not$ already ! sil5ce ( ! e>li] hi/orical books conc]n+ ! ,mosaic law4 ,! dilemma ( ! critics may be summ$ up z foll[s3-- #a4 ,! abs5ce ( allusion to ! hi/ory ( ! ,exodus & to ! ,mosaic sy/em %[s t x mu/ h be5 writt5 be=e ! ,exodus4 #b4 ,! abs5ce ( all ref]5ce to ! book 9 ! ,hebrew hi/ory1 & m especially ! doctr9al "* ( ! book1 %[s t x c\ld n h be5 writt5 be=e ! age ( ,solomon4 ,! latt] conclusion is held mu* m firmly ?an ! =m]2 & ! sil5ce respect+ ! hi/ory & ! ,law is expla9$ on ! !ory t ! book is a hi/orical drama1 ! sc5e ( :i* is laid 9 ! p]iod be=e ,moses1 & ! hi/oric unities ( :i* h be5 p]fectly obs]v$ by ! writ]4 ,! p ( ?is drama liv$ be=e ! ,exodus & ! giv+ ( ! ,law1 & _! conv]sations d n1 !re=e1 ref] to any ( ! ev5ts :i* h happ5$ s9ce4 ,! locality ( ! drama is ! ,l& ( ,uz1 & ! geograph]s agree t ! descriptions ( ! book apply to ! region kn[n 9 ! classical geographies z ,arabia ,des]ta1 s\!a/ ( ,pale/9e4 ,x is admitt$ t ! sc5]y & co/ume ( ! book are n ,jewi%2 & !y agree m p]fectly ) :at is kn[n ( t c\ntry ?an ) any o!r4 ,t ,job 0 a real p]sonage1 & t ! drama is f\nd$ ^u hi/orical tradition _c be d\bt$4 ,x is probable t x 0 writt5 aft] ! "t ( ,josiah4 ,i ne$ n rehe>se ! /ory4 ,job is ov]tak5 by great losses & suff]+s2 9 ! mid/ ( 8 calamities ?ree fri5ds draw ne> to condole ) him1 & also to adm9i/] to him a little :olesome repro( & admonition4 ,_! !ory is t suff]+ su* z he is endur+ is a sign ( ! div9e displeasure2 t ,job mu/ h be5 a great s9n]1 or he c\ld n be su* a suff]]4 ,?is argum5t ,job indignantly repels4 ,he does n claim to be p]fect1 b he kn[s t he has be5 an upright man1 & he kn[s t bad m5 r\nd ab\t him are prosp]+1 :ile he is sc\rg$ & ov]:elm$ ) tr\ble2 he sees ?is happ5+ all ov] ! e>?1--! good afflict$1 ! evil exalt$2 & he kn[s1 !re=e1 t ! doctr9e ( 8 mis]able com=t]s _c be true4 ,s9 does br+ suff]+1 t he admits2 b t all suff]+ is ! result ( s9 he d5ies4 ,he _c und]/& x2 8 he>t is bitt] :5 he reflects ^u x2 & ! insi/5ce ( 8 visitors awakes 9 him a fi]ce indignation1 & leads him to *>ge ,god ) inju/ice & cruelty4 ,!y are %ock$ & sc&aliz$ at 8 almo/ blasphem\s outcries aga9/ ,god2 b he ma9ta9s 8 righte\sness1 & drives 8 critics & c5sors f ! field4 ,f9ally ,jehovah himself is repres5t$ z answ]+ ,job out ( ! :irlw9d1 9 "o ( ! mo/ sublime passages 9 all lit]ature1--sil5c+ ! argum5ts ( 8 fri5ds1 sweep+ away all ! reason+s :i* h prec$$1 expla9+ no?+1 b only affirm+ 8 own inf9ite p[] & wisdom4 ,be=e ?is augu/ manife/ation ,job b[s ) submission2 ! my/]y ( evil is n expla9$2 he is only conv9c$ t x _c be expla9$1 & is cont5t to be sil5t & wait4 ,! tea*+ ( ! book is well summ>iz$ 9 ^! words ( ,dr4 ,raymond3-- ,! curr5t notion t calamity is always ! puni%m5t ( crime & prosp]ity always ! rew>d ( piety is n true4 ,nei!r is x true t ! di/ress ( a righte\s man is an indication ( ,god's ang]4 ,!re are o!r purposes 9 ! ,div9e m9d ( :i* we "k no?+4 ,= in/ance1 a good man may be afflict$1 by p]mission ( ,god1 & ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ,satan1 to prove ! g5u9e "* ( 8 goodness4 ,b :e!r ?is or "s o!r reason1 involv$ 9 ! adm9i/ration ( ! univ]se1 und]lies ! disp5sation ( temporal bless+s & afflictions1 "o ?+ is c]ta93 ! plans ( ,god are n1 w n be1 _c be reveal$2 & ! resignation ( fai?1 n ( fatalism1 is ! only wisdom ( man4 ,footnote3 ,! ,book ( ,job1 p4 #di4 ,i h res]v$ = ! la/ ! mo/ preci\s ( all ! ,hebrew writ+s1 ! ,book ( ,psalms4 ,! ,hebrews call$ x ,tehillim1 praise-book or hymn-book1 & ! title exactly describes x2 9 ! =m 9 :i* we h x1 x 0 a hymn-book prep>$ = ! s]vice ( ! lat] temple4 ,if ! "q ,:o wrote ! ,psalms8 7 to be prop\nd$ 9 any meet+ ( ,sunday-s*ool tea*]s1 n9e t5?s ( !m w\ld unhesitat+ly answ]1 ,david4 ,if ! same "q 7 put to an assembly ( mod]n ,biblical s*ol>s "s w\ld answ] t ,david wrote v few & p]haps n any ( ! psalms2 t !y 7 writt5 dur+ ! ,maccabean dyna/y1 only "o or two hundr$ ye>s be=e ,*ri/4 ,bo? ^! views are extreme4 ,we may believe t ,david did write sev]al ( ! psalms1 b x is m ?an probable t ! great majority ( !m are f o!r writ]s4 ,sev5ty-?ree psalms ( ! book seem to be ascrib$ to ,david 9 _! titles4 ,a ,psalm ( ,david1 ,mas*il ( ,david1 ,mi*tam ( ,david1 or some?+ simil> is writt5 ov] sev5ty-?ree diff]5t psalms4 ,conc]n+ ^! titles !re has be5 mu* discussion4 ,x has be5 ma9ta9$ t !y are f\nd 9 ! anci5t ,hebrew text z con/itu5t p>ts ( ! ,psalms1 & are !re=e entitl$ to full cr$it4 ,b ?is !ory does n seem to be held by ! majority ( mod]n s*ol>s4 ,! v>iations ( ! inscriptions1 says a late cons]vative writ]1 9 ! ,septuag9t & ! o!r v]sions suffici5tly prove t !y 7 n reg>d$ z fix$ portions ( ! canon1 & t !y 7 op5 to conjectural em5dations4 ,footnote3 ,speak]'s ,comm5t>y1 iv4 #aea4 ,dr4 ,moll1 ! le>n$ au?or ( ! monograph on ! ,psalms 9 ,lange's ,comm5t>y1 says 9 8 introduction3 ,! assumption t all ! inscriptions orig9at$ ) ! au?ors ( ! ,psalms1 & are !re=e insep>able f ! text1 _c be consi/5tly ma9ta9$4 ,x c at mo/ be held only ( a few4444 ,!re is n[ a disposition to admit t "s ( !m may h orig9at$ ) ! au?ors !mselves4 ,! probability is t mo/ ( ^! inscriptions 7 add$ by editors & transcrib]s ( ! ,psalms4 ,y op5 y\r hymn-book1 & f9d ov] "o hymn ! "n ( ,watts1 & ov] ano!r ! "n ( ,wesley1 & ov] ano!r ! "n ( ,montgom]y4 ,:o ins]t$ ^! names8 ,n ! au?ors1 ( c\rse1 b ! editor or compil] ( ! collection4 ,compil]s 9 ^! days are c>eful & accurate1 b !y d make mi/akes1 & y f9d ! same hymn ascrib$ to diff]5t au?ors 9 diff]5t books1 :ile hymns t are anonym\s 9 "o book are cr$it$ 9 ano!r1 rightly or wrongly1 to ! "n ( "s au?or4 ,! m5 :o collect$ ! hymn-book ( ! ,jews made simil> mi/akes1 & ! old copies d n agree 9 all _! titles4 ,b :ile ! inscriptions ov] ! psalms d n1 g5]ally1 belong to ! psalms !mselves1 & are n 9 all cases accurate1 mo/ ( !m 71 no d\bt1 suffix$ to ! psalms at a v e>ly day4 ,on ! :ole1 says ,dr4 ,moll1 an op9ion favorable to ! antiquity & value ( ^! sup]scriptions has aga9 be5 wr\ght out1 :i* ascribes !m = ! mo/ "p to tradition1 & inde$ a v anci5t "o4 ,ev5 if ! titles 7 rightly translat$1 !n1 !y w\ld n give u conclusive pro( ( ! au?or%ip ( ! ,psalms4 ,b "s ( ! be/ s*ol>s ass]t t !y are n rightly translat$4 ,! late ,pr(essor ,murray ( ,johns ,hopk9s ,univ]sity1 ^: little book on ! ,psalms is v\*$ = z "o ( ! mo/ admirable productions ( ,biblical s*ol>%ip :i* has yet appe>$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 says t :5ev] we h an inscription 9 our v]sion /at+ t ! psalm is '( ,david' x is almo/ inv>iably a mi/ranslation ( ! orig9al4 ,x %\ld be writt5 to ,david1 & x signifies t ! compil]s ascrib$ ! psalm to a m anci5t collection to :i* ! "n ( ,david _h be5 app5d$1 n because he wrote all ! poems 9 x1 b because he orig9at$ ! collection & wrote _m ( its songs4 ,?is old] collection 0 call$ ,! ,psalms ( ,david some?+ z a popul> hymn-book ( ^! times is call$ ,rob9son's ,laudes ,dom9i1 because ,dr4 ,rob9son compil$ ! book1 & wrote "s ( ! hymns4 ,?is old ,davidic collection is n 9 exi/5ce1 b _m ( ! psalms 9 our book 7 tak5 f x1 & ! titles 9 our v]sion are attempts to cr$it to ?is old book su* ( !m z 7 ?us borr[$4 ,?is me?od ( cr$it+ is n altoge!r unkn[n 9 ?is critical age4 ,9 ! v>i\s eclectic comm5t>ies on ! ,sunday-s*ool lessons ,i (t5 f9d s5t5ces & p>agraphs cr$it$ to ,william ,smi? :i* 7 tak5 f ,dr4 ,smi?'s ,bible ,diction>y1 ! articles f :i* !y are tak5 be+ sign$ 9 all cases by ! initials ( ! m5 :o wrote !m4 ,i f9d1 also1 quotations f ! ,speak]'s ,comm5t>y1 ( :i* ,canon ,cook is ! editor1 ascrib$ to ,f4 ,c4 ,cook1 or to ,cook1 ?\gh ! table ( cont5ts 9 ! volume f :i* ! quotation 0 tak5 be>s 9 capital lett]s ! "n ( ! writ] ( ! comm5t>y on ?is p>ticul> book4 ,9 l mann] ,lange gets ! cr$it ( all t is writt5 9 8 fam\s ,bibelw]k1 ?\gh he wrote v little ( x himself4 ,! p[] to di/+ui% betwe5 editor%ip & au?or%ip 0 n1 probably1 possess$ by anci5t compil]s 9 any great] degree ?an by mod]n ones2 & ! inscriptions ov] ! psalms mu/ be e/imat$ ) ?is fact 9 view4 ,i h spok5 ( ! pres5t collection ( ! ,psalms z "o book1 b x is 9 reality five books4 ,x is s divid$ 9 ! ,revis$ ,v]sion4 ,! conclud+ v]se ( ! ,=ty-fir/ ,psalm is z foll[s3 ,bless$ be ! ,"l ,god ( ,israel1 f ev]la/+ to ev]la/+4 ,am5 & am54 ,?is doxology m>ks ! close ( ! fir/ hymn-book prep>$ by ! ,jews = ! wor%ip ( ! second temple4 ,x 0 probably =m$ soon aft] ! fir/ return f ! ,exile4 ,all ! ,psalms except ! fir/1 ! t5?1 & ! ?irty-?ird are cr$it$ to ! old ,davidic ,psalm ,book4 ,! title ( ! ?irty-?ird has probably be5 omitt$ by "s copyi/2 ! n9? & t5? 9 "s old ,hebrew copies are writt5 z "o psalm1 & !re is an acro/ical arrangem5t :i* %[s t !y really belong toge!r4 ,! psalm may h be5 divid$ = liturgical purposes1 or by accid5t 9 copy+4 ,! title ( ! n9?1 !re=e1 cov]s ! t5?4 ,! fir/ & second are1 !n1 ! only psalms t are n ascrib$ to ! old book ( :i* ?is book 0 simply an abridgm5t4 ,at ! end ( ! ,sev5ty-second ,psalm is ! doxology :i* m>ks ! close ( ! second ( ^! hymn-books4 ,aft] a :ile ! psalms ( ! fir/ book grew /ale & famili>1 & a new book 0 want$4 ,gospel ,hymns ,no4 #a1 ( ! ,moody & ,sankey psalmody1 _h to be foll[$ aft] a ye> or two by ,gospel ,hymns ,no4 #b1 & !n by ,no4 #c & ,no4 #d & ,no4 #e1 & f9ally !y 7 all b\nd up toge!r4 ,i may be p>don$ = associat+ ?+s sacr$ ) ?+s n v sacr$1 & poetry ) some?+ t is n always poetry1 b ! illu/ration1 famili> to all1 %[s exactly h[ ^! five hymn-books ( ! ,jews fir/ came to be1 & h[ !y 7 at l5g? comb9$ 9 "o4 ,! la/ v]se ( ! ,sev5ty-second ,psalm has puzzl$ _m read]s3 ,! pray]s ( ,david ! son ( ,jesse are end$4 ,aft] ?is y f9d 9 our collection sev]al psalms ascrib$ to ,david1 "s ( :i* he und\bt$ly wrote4 ,! probable explanation is t ! ,sev5ty-second ,psalm 0 ! la/ psalm ( ! old ,davidic hymn-book2 ! compil] made x ! la/ "o ( ?is second book1 & c>elessly copi$ into ?is psalm ! inscription ) :i* ! old book end$4 ,! second ( ^! hymn-books beg9s1 !re=e1 ) ,psalm xlii41 & ends ) ,psalm lxxii41 a collection ( ?irty-"o songs ( praise4 ,numb] ?ree ( ! temple-s]vice conta9s eighte5 psalms1 & ends ) ,psalm lxxxix2 ?is book1 z well z ! "o t prec$es x1 is ascrib$ by a probable tradition to ,nehemiah z its compil]4 ,! la/ v]se ( ,psalm cvi4 indicates ! close ( ! f\r? book4 ,x conta9s b sev5te5 psalms1 & is ! %orte/ book ( ! five4 ,! fif? book includes ! rema9+ =ty-f\r psalms1 among !m ! ,songs ( ,david1 or ,pilgrim ,songs1 sung by ! p on _! j\rneys to ,j]usalem to keep ! solemn fea/s4 ,x is probable t ?is fif? book 0 compil$ by ! au?orities 9 *>ge ( ! temple wor%ip1 & t !y at ! same "t collect$ ! o!r f\r books & put !m all toge!r1 complet+ 9 ?is way ! great] book ( sacr$ lyrics :i* has be5 s preci\s to _m g5]ations n only ( ,jews1 b also ( ,*ri/ians4 ,v>i\s unsuccessful attempts h be5 made to classify ^! books accord+ to _! subject-matt]4 ,x is pla9 t ! fir/ two are compos$ *iefly ( ! olde/ psalms & ( ^? adapt$ to ! g5]al purposes ( wor%ip2 ! ?ird book reflects ! grief ( ! nation 9 ! ,captivity2 ! f\r?1 ! joy ( ! return+ exiles2 ! fif? conta9s a m miscellane\s collection4 ,! ,jewi% s*ol>s recognize & sometimes attempt to expla9 ?is arrangem5t ( ! ,psalms into five books4 ,! ,hebrew ,midra% on ,psalm i4 ,i41 says3 ,moses gave ! five books ( ! law to ! ,israelites1 & z a c\nt]p>t ( !m1 ,david gave ! ,psalms consi/+ ( five books4 ,?is is1 ( c\rse1 errone\s2 ! pres5t collection ( ,psalms 0 made long aft] ! "t ( ,david2 b x is n unlikely t "s notion ( a symmetrical arrangem5t ( ! ,psalms1 to correspond to ! five-fold division ( ! ,law1 influ5c$ ! compil]s ( ?is ,praise ,book4 ,( ! cont5ts ( ?is book1 ( ! peculi> /ructure ( ,hebrew poetry1 & ( ! hi/oric ref]5ces 9 _m ( ! psalms1 mu* might be said1 b ?is inve/igation w\ld lead u some:at aside f our pres5t purpose4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be well to add a ^w or two respect+ "s ( ! inscriptions & notations borne by ! ,psalms 9 our translation4 ,_m ( !m are compos$ ( ,hebrew words1 translit]at$ into ,engli%1--spell$ out ) ,engli% lett]s4 ,k+ ,james' translators did n "k :at !y meant1 s !y reproduc$ !m 9 ?is way4 ,!re has be5 mu* discussion z to ! mean+ ( sev]al ( !m1 & ! s*ol>s are by no means agre$2 ! int]pretations :i* foll[ are ma9ly ^? giv5 by ,pr(essor ,murray3-- ,fir/ is ! fam\s ,selah1 :i* we us$ to he> pron\nc$ ) great solemnity :5 ! ,psalms 7 read4 ,x is a musical t]m1 mean+1 p]haps1 some?+ l our ,da ,capo or1 possibly1 ,=te--a m>k ( expression l ^? ,italian words :i* y f9d ov] ! /aff on y\r %eet music4 ,mi*tam & ,mas*il are also musical notes1 indicat+ ! "t ( ! melody1--metronome-m>ks1 s to speak2 & ,gitti? & ,%iggaion are m>ks t indicate ! k9d ( melody to :i* ! psalm is to be sung4 ,negilo? means /r+$ in/rum5ts2 x indicates ! k9d ( accompanim5t ) :i* ! psalm 0 to be sung4 ,nehilo? signifies pipes or flutes1 p]haps w9d in/rum5ts 9 g5]al4 ,! inscription ,to ! ,*ief ,musician means1 probably1 ,= ! ,lead] ( ! ,*oir1 & indicates t ! orig9al copy ( ! psalm ?us ins]t$ 9 ! book 0 "o t _h belong$ to ! *ori/] 9 ! old temple4 ,^u ,%emimi? means set = bass voices2 ,^u ,alamo?1 set = female voices4 ,^u ,mu?labb51 a curi\s translit]ation1 means arrang$ = tra9+ ! soprano voices4 ,pr(essor ,murray supposes t ?is p>ticul> psalm 0 us$ = rehe>sal by ! wom5 s+]s4 ,"s ( ^! inscriptions designate ! airs to :i* ! psalms 7 set1 "p ( :i* seem to be sacr$1 & "p secul>4 ,su* is ,%u%an ,edu?1 ov] ,psalm lx41 mean+ ,fair z lilies is ?y law1 app>5tly ! "n ( a popul> religi\s air4 ,ano!r1 probably secul>1 is ov] ,psalm xxii41 ,aijele? ,%ah>1 ,! /ag at dawn1 & ano!r1 ov] ,psalm #avi41 ,jona!lem ,re*okim1 :i* is1 be+ int]pret$1 ,o sil5t dove1 :at br+e/ ?\ u f out ! di/ance8 ,^! inscriptions & _m o!r features ( ?is anci5t ,hebrew poetry h furni%$ puzzles = ! unle>n$ & problems = ! s*ol>s1 b ! mean+ ( ! psalms !mselves is = ! mo/ "p cle> en\gh4 ,! humble disciple pauses ) "s bewild]m5t ov] ,neg9o? or ,mi*tam2 he classes !m p]haps among ! my/]ies :i* ! angels desire to look into2 b :5 he reads a little f>!r on1 ,! ,"l is my %eph]d2 ,i %all n want2 or ,god is our refuge & /r5g?1 a v pres5t help 9 tr\ble2 or ,create 9 me a clean he>t1 ,o ,god1 & r5ew a "r _s )9 me1 he kn[s full well :at ^! words mean4 ,!re is no life s l(ty t ^! psalms d n lift up a /&>d be=e x2 !re is no life s l[ly t x does n f9d 9 !m words t utt] its deepe/ humility & its fa9te/ tru/4 ,:]ev] we are ^! psalms f9d u2 !y se>* ! deep ?+s ( our he>ts2 !y br+ to u ! great ?+s ( ,god4 ,( h[ _m h]oic *>act]s h ^! old temple songs be5 ! inspiration6 ,jewi% sa9ts & patriots *ant$ !m 9 ! synagogue & on ! battle-field2 apo/les & evangeli/s sung !m among p]ils ( ! wild]ness1 z !y trav]s$ ! rugg$ pa?s ( ,syria & ,galatia & ,mac$onia2 m>tyrs 9 ,rome s(tly humm$ !m :5 ! lions ne> at h& 7 cr\*+ = _! prey3 9 ,g]man =e/s1 9 ,highl& gl5s1 ,lu!rans & ,cov5ant]s brea!d _! lives out ?r\gh _! cad5ces2 9 e l& p5it5t s\ls h f\nd 9 !m words to tell ! /ory ( _! sorr[1 & victori\s s\ls ! voices ( _! triumph2 mo!rs wat*+ _! babes by night h *e]$ ! vigil by s++ !m2 m\rn]s walk+ 9 lonely ways h be5 light$ by ! great hopes t %9e ?r\gh !m1 & pilgrims go+ d[n into ! valley ( ! %ad[ ( dea? h f\nd 9 _! firm assurances a /rong /aff to lean ^u4 ,lyrics l ^!1 into :i* s mu* ( ! div9e tru? 0 brea!d :5 !y 7 writt51 & :i* a hundr$ g5]ations ( ! *ildr5 ( m5 h saturat$ ) te>s & praises1 ) battle %\ts & sobs ( pa91 ) all ! highe/ & deepe/ exp]i5ces ( ! human s\l1 w live z long z joy lives & long aft] sorr[ ceases2 w live beyond ?is life1 & be sung by pure voices 9 t l& f :i* ! sil5t dove1 com+ f af>1 br+s u n[ & !n ^u h] %9+ w+s "s glimpses ( a glory t eye ha? nev] se54 ,,note4 ,! ref]5ce on pages #bjj & #bja to ! ,gospel ,hymns is n /rictly accurate4 ,numb] ,five has n be5 b\nd up ) ! o!r numb]s4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,! ,,e>li] ,,new ,,te/am5t ,,writ+s4 ,! books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t are n[ be=e u4 ,our task is n )\t its difficulties2 que/ions w confront u :i* h nev] yet be5 answ]$1 & probably w nev] be2 nev]!less1 comp>$ ) ! ,old ,te/am5t writ+s1 ! books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t are well-kn[n docum5ts2 we are on firm gr\nd ( hi/ory :5 we talk ab\t !m2 ( b few ( ! fam\s books ( ,greek & ,lat9 au?ors c we speak s confid5tly z to _! date & _! au?or%ip z we c conc]n+ mo/ ( !m4 ,we h 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t a collection ( tw5ty-sev5 books1 by n9e diff]5t au?ors4 ,( ^! books ?irte5 are ascrib$ to ! ,apo/le ,paul2 five to ,john ! son ( ,zeb$ee2 two to ,pet]2 two to ,luke2 "o ea* to ,mat!w1 ,m>k1 ,james1 & ,jude1 & ! au?or%ip ( "o is unkn[n4 ,( ^! books x mu/ be fir/ rem>k$ t !y 7 n only writt5 sep>ately b t !re is no trace 9 any ( !m ( ! consci\sness on ! "p ( ! au?or t he 0 contribut+ to a collection ( sacr$ writ+s4 ,( ! v>i\s epi/les x is especially evid5t t !y 7 writt5 on special occasions1 ) a c]ta9 audi5ce imm$iately 9 view2 ! ?\ght t !y 7 to be pres]v$ & ga!r$ into a book1 :i* 0 to be h&$ d[n ?r\gh ! com+ c5turies z an inspir$ volume1 does n appe> to h ent]$ ! m9d ( ! writ]4 ,b ?is fact ne$ n detract f _! value2 (t5 ! highe/ tru? to :i* a man gives utt]ance is tru? ( ^: value he is imp]fectly aw>e4 ,x mu/ also be rememb]$ t ^! books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t 7 ne>ly all writt5 by apo/les4 ,! only cle> exceptions are ! ,gospel ( ,m>k1 ! ,gospel ( ,luke1 ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 & ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews2 & ! au?ors ( ^! books1 ?\gh n apo/les1 7 und\bt$ly 9 ! close/ relations ) apo/olic m51 & reflect$ _! ?\ght4 ,^! apo/olic m5 _h receiv$ a special tra9+ & a def9ite commission to be> witness ( _! ,ma/]1 to tell ! /ory ( 8 life & dea?1 & to build up 8 k+dom 9 ! _w4 ,we mu/ admit t !y possess$ unusual qualifications = ?is "w4 ,^? :o _h be5 = ?ree ye>s 9 con/ant & lov+ int]c\rse ) ,jesus ,*ri/ ought to h be5 inspir$ m54 ,& he promis$ !m1 be=e he p>t$ f !m1 t ! ,_s ( tru? %\ld come to !m & abide ) !m to lead !m into all tru?4 ,n[ al?\gh we may f9d x difficult to give a satisfactory def9ition ( inspiration2 ?\gh we may be utt]ly unable to express1 9 any =mul>ies ( our own1 ! influ5ce ( ! ,inf9ite ,_s ^u human m9ds1 yet we c easily believe t ^! apo/olic m5 7 exceptionally qualifi$ to tea* religi\s tru?4 ,no prophet ( ! old5 "t _h any su* prep>ation = 8 mission z t :i* 0 v\*saf$ to !m4 ,no s*ool ( ! prophets1 f ! days ( ,samuel d[nw>d1 c\ld be comp>$ to t sacr$ college ( apo/les1--t gr\p ( div9e p]ipatetics1 :o foll[$ _! ma/] ?r\gh ,galilee & ,p]ea1 & sat d[n ) him day by day1 = ?ree memorable ye>s1 on ! m\nta9 top & by ! lake side1 to li/5 to ! words ( life f ! lips ( ,"o :o spake z nev] man spake4 ,to say t ?is tra9+ made !m infallible is to speak beyond ! record4 ,!re is no promise ( infallibility1 & ! hi/ory makes x pla9 en\gh t no su* gift 0 be/[$4 ,! ,_s ( all tru? 0 promis$2 b x 0 promis$ = _! guidance 9 all _! "w1 9 _! prea*+1 _! adm9i/ration1 _! daily conduct ( life4 ,!re is no h9t any:]e t any special illum9ation or protection w\ld be giv5 to !m :5 !y took ! p5 into _! h&s to write2 !y 7 !n inspir$ j z mu* z !y 7 :5 !y /ood up to speak1 or sat d[n to plan _! mission>y campaigns1--j z mu* & no m4 ,n[ x is c]ta9 t ! inspiration v\*saf$ !m did n make !m infallible 9 _! ord9>y tea*+1 or 9 _! adm9i/ration ( ! *ur*4 ,!y made mi/akes ( a v s]i\s nature4 ,x is beyond "q t ! majority ( ! apo/les took at ! beg9n+ an errone\s view ( ! relation ( ! ,g5tiles to ! ,*ri/ian *ur*4 ,!y insi/$ t ,g5tiles mu/ fir/ become ,jews be=e !y c\ld become ,*ri/ians2 t ! only way into ! ,*ri/ian *ur* 0 ?r\gh ! synagogue & ! temple4 ,x 0 a griev\s & radical error2 x /ruck at ! f\ndations ( ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,& ?is error 0 ent]ta9$ by ^! inspir$ apo/les aft] ! day ( ,p5teco/2 x influ5c$ _! tea*+2 x l$ !m to proclaim a defective gospel4 ,?is is n ! ass]tion ( a skeptic1 x is ! cle> te/imony ( ! ,apo/le ,paul4 ,if y w read ! second *apt] ( 8 ,epi/le to ! ,galatians y w le>n f ! m\? ( an unimpea*able witness t ! v lead]s ( ! apo/olic b&1 ,pet] & ,james & ,john1 7 greatly 9 error ) respect to a mo/ important subject ( ! ,*ri/ian tea*+4 ,9 8 acc\nt ( t fam\s c\ncil at ,antio*1 ,paul says t ,pet] & ,james & ,john 7 :olly 9 ! wrong1 & t ,pet]1 = 8 "p1 _h be5 act+ dis+5u\sly3-- ,b :5 ,cephas came to ,antio*1 ,i resi/$ him to ! face1 because he /ood condemn$4 ,= be=e t c]ta9 came f ,james1 he did eat ) ! ,g5tiles3 b :5 !y came1 he drew back & sep>at$ himself1 fe>+ !m t 7 ( ! circumcision4 ,& ! re/ ( ! ,jews ! ,jewi% ,*ri/ians dissembl$ likewise ) him2 insomu* t ev5 ,b>nabas 0 c>ri$ away ) _! dissimulation4 ,b :5 ,i saw t !y walk$ n uprightly accord+ to ! tru? ( ! gospel1 ,i said unto ,cephas be=e !m all1 ,if ?\1 be+ a ,jew1 live/ z d ! ,g5tiles1 & n z d ! ,jews1 h[ compelle/ ?\ ! ,g5tiles to live z d ! ,jews8 ,n[ x is evid5t t "o or ! o!r ( ^! oppos+ p>ties 9 ! apo/olic college mu/ h be5 9 error1 if n greatly at fault1 ) respect to ?is mo/ vital "q ( ,*ri/ian fai? & doctr9e4 ,:5 "o apo/le resi/s ano!r to ! face because he /&s condemn$1 & tells him t he walks n uprightly1 accord+ to ! tru? ( ! gospel1 x mu/ be t "o or ! o!r ( !m has1 = ! "t be+1 ceas$ to be infallible 9 8 adm9i/ration ( ! tru? ( ! gospel4 ,& if ^! apo/olic m51 sitt+ 9 _! c\ncils1 tea*+ 9 _! congregations1 c make su* mi/akes z ^!1 h[ c we be sure t !y nev] make a mi/ake :5 !y sit d[n to write1 t !n _! words are always ! v ^w ( ,god8 ,we c h no su* assurance4 ,inde$ we are expressly told t _! words are n1 9 "s cases1 ! v ^w ( ,god2 = ! ,apo/le ,paul pla9ly tells u ov] & ov]1 9 8 epi/les to ! ,cor9?ians 7#a ,cor4 vii42 #b ,cor4 xi471 t ^u c]ta9 que/ions he is giv+ 8 own op9ion1--t he has no comm&m5t ( ! ,"l4 ,) respect to "o matt] he says t he is speak+ aft] 8 own judgm5t1 b t he ?9ks he has ! ,_s ( ! ,"l2 two or ?ree times he di/9ctly decl>es t x is he1 ,paul1 & n ! ,"l1 t is speak+4 ,all ( ^! facts1 & o!rs ( ! same nature cle>ly br\ght be=e u by ! ,new ,te/am5t itself1 mu/ be held firmly 9 our m9ds :5 we make up our !ory ( :at ^! writ+s are4 ,t ^! books 7 writt5 by inspir$ m5 is1 inde$1 indubitable2 t ^! m5 possess$ a degree ( inspiration f> exce$+ t v\*saf$ to any o!r religi\s tea*]s :o h liv$ on ! e>? is to my m9d pla92 t ?is degree ( inspiration enabl$ !m to be> witness cle>ly to ! great facts ( ! gospel ( ,*ri/1 & to pres5t to u ) suffici5t fullness & ) sub/antial v]ity ! doctr9es ( ! k+dom ( heav5 ,i am v sure2 b t !y 7 absolutely protect$ aga9/ error1 n "o ^w 9 ! record affirms1 & !y !mselves h tak5 ! utmo/ pa9s to disabuse our m9ds ( any su* impression4 ,t is a !ory ab\t !m :i* m5 made up out ( _! own heads hundr$s ( ye>s aft] !y 7 dead4 ,we %all c]ta9ly f9d t !y 7 n infallible2 b we %all also f9d t1 9 all ! great matt]s :i* p]ta9 to ,*ri/ian fai? & practice1 :5 _! f9al te/imony is collect$ & dige/$1 x is cle>1 h>moni\s1 consi/5t1 conv9c+2 t !y h be5 guid$ by ! ,_s ( ! ,"l to tell u ! tru? :i* we ne$ to "k respect+ ! life t n[ is & t :i* is to come4 ,fur!rmore1 x is a matt] ( rejoic+ :5 we take up ^! books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t to f9d _! sub/antial integrity unimpea*$4 ,!re is no reason to suspect t any important *anges h be5 made 9 any ( ^! books s9ce !y came f ! h&s ( _! writ]s4 ,:atev] may be said ab\t ! fir/ ?ree ,gospels 7& we %all come to t "q 9 our next *apt]71 ! rema9+ books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t h come d[n to u1 unalt]$1 f ! m5 :o fir/ wrote !m4 ,!re is none ( t process ( r$action1 & accretion1 & recon/ruction ^: traces we h f\nd 9 _m ( ! ,old ,te/am5t books4 ,!re may be1 "h & !re1 a ^w or two or a v]se or two :i* has be5 int]polat$ by "s (fici\s copyi/1 b ^! alt]ations are v slight4 ,! books 9 our h&s are ! v same books :i* 7 9 ! h&s ( ! contempor>ies & successors ( ! apo/les4 ,i %all n attempt any elaborate discussion ( ^! tw5ty-sev5 books4 ,i only propose to g rapidly ov] !m1 indicat+1 ) ! utmo/ brevity1 ! sali5t facts1 s f> z we "k !m1 respect+ _! au?or%ip1 ! date & ! place at :i* !y 7 writt51 & ! circum/ances :i* att5d$ ! production ( !m4 ,f ! fact t ! ,gospels /& fir/ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t collection x is g5]ally assum$ t !y are ! e>lie/ ( ! ,new ,te/am5t books1 b ?is is an error4 ,sev]al ( ! ,epi/les 7 c]ta9ly writt5 be=e any ( ! ,gospels2 & "o ( ! ,gospels1 t ( ,john1 0 writt5 lat] ?an any ( ! ,epi/les1 except ! ?ree brief ones by ! same au?or4 ,! fir/ ( ^! ,new ,te/am5t books t saw ! light 01 z is g5]ally suppos$1 ! ,fir/ ,epi/le to ! ,!ssalonians4 ,x 0 9 ! ye> #dh ( our era t ,/4 ,paul set out on 8 fir/ mission>y j\rney f ,antio* ?r\gh ,cyprus & ,ea/]n ,asia ,m9or1 a j\rney :i* occupi$ ab\t a ye>4 ,two ye>s aft]w>d1 8 second j\rney took him ?r\gh ! ea/]n "p ( ,asia ,m9or & across ! gean ,sea to ,europe1 :]e he prea*$ 9 ,troas1 ,philippi1 ,!ssalonica1 ,a!ns1 & ,cor9?4 ,8 /ay 9 ,!ssalonica 0 int]rupt$1 z y w rememb]1 by ! ho/ility ( ! ,jews1 & he rema9$ b a %ort "t 9 t place2 long en\gh1 h[ev]1 to ga!r a vigor\s *ur*4 ,aft]w>d1 :ile he 0 9 ,cor9?1 he le>n$ f "o ( 8 help]s t ! p ( ,!ssalonica _h misund]/ood portions ( 8 tea*+1 & 7 9 pa9ful d\bt on c]ta9 important subjects4 ,to set !m "r on ^! matt]s he wrote 8 fir/ epi/le1 :i* 0 =w>d$ to !m f ,cor9?1 probably ab\t ! ye> #eb4 ,?is explanation 0 also misund]/ood by ! ,!ssalonians1 & x became necess>y dur+ ! next ye> to write to !m aga94 ,^! two lett]s are 9 all probability ! fir/ ( ! ,*ri/ian writ+s t we possess4 ,!y conta9 in/ruction & c\nsel ( :i* ! ,*ri/ians ( ,!ssalonica 7 j !n 9 ne$4 ,! "q :i* _h mo/ di/urb$ !m _h relation to ! second com+ ( ,*ri/4 ,!y expect$ him to return v soon2 !y 7 impati5t ( delay2 !y ?\ght t ^? :o di$ be=e 8 com+ w\ld miss ! glori\s spectacle2 & !re=e !y deplor$ ! h>d fate ( "s ( _! numb] :o _h be5 snat*$ away by dea? be=e ?is sublime ev5t4 ,9 8 fir/ epi/le ! apo/le assures !m t ! dead 9 ,*ri/ w\ld be rais$ to p>ticipate 9 _! rejoic+4 ,we :o are alive :5 ! ,"l returns1 he says1 w h no advantage ov] ^? :o h be5 call$ to _! rew>d be=e u2 = !y w be rais$ f _! graves to take "p ) u 9 ?is great triumph4 ,x is manife/ t ,paul1 :5 he wrote ?is1 expect$ t ,*ri/ w\ld return to e>? :ile he 0 alive4 ,al=d & o!r cons]vative comm5tators say t he "h def9itely expresses t expectation2 o!rs d5y t ^! words c be s int]pret$1 b conc$e t he did ent]ta9 "s su* expectation4 ,x does n seem improp] to admit1 says ,bi%op ,ellicott1 t 9 _! ignorance ( ! day ( ! ,"l ! apo/les might h imag9$ t he :o 0 com+ w\ld come spe$ily4 ,footnote3 ,com4 9 loc4 ,x is unmi/akably cle> f ?is1 says ,ol%aus51 t ,paul deem$ x possible t he & 8 contempor>ies might live to see ! com+ aga9 ( ,*ri/4 ,! e>ly *ur*1 & ev5 ! apo/les !mselves1 say ,conybe>e & ,h[son1 expect$ _! ,"l to come aga9 9 t v g5]ation4 ,/4 ,paul himself %>$ 9 t expectation1 b be+ "u ! guidance ( ! ,_s ( tru?1 he did n d$uce any errone\s conclusions f ?is mi/ak5 premise4 ,footnote3 ,life & ,epi/les ( ,/4 ,paul1 i4 #dja4 ,x is evid5t1 !n1 t ,/4 ,paul & ! re/ ( ! apo/les 7 mi/ak5 on ?is po9t2 ?is is "o ( ! evid5ces :i* !y !mselves h tak5 pa9s to po9t out to u ( ! fact t ?\gh !y 7 inspir$ m5 !y 7 n infallible4 ,paul's fir/ lett] to ! ,*ri/ians at ,!ssalonica 0 int]pret$ by !m1 v naturally1 z tea*+ t ! return ( ! ,"l 0 imm95t2 & !y began to neglect _! daily duties & to behave 9 ! same fooli% way t m5 h behav$ 9 all ! lat] ages1 :5 !y h got _! heads full ( ?is notion4 ,8 second lett] 0 writt5 *iefly to rebuke ?is fanaticism1 & to bid !m g "r on ) _! "w mak+ ready = ! ,"l's com+ by a fai?ful dis*>ge ( ! duties ( ! pres5t h\r4 ,/4 ,paul might h be5 mi/ak5 9 8 !ories ab\t ! return ( 8 ,ma/]1 b 8 practical wisdom 0 n at fault2 x 0 8 _s t surviv$ 9 ,abraham ,dav5port1 ! ,connecticut legislator1 :o1 9 ! d>k day ( #aghj :5 8 colleagues ?\ght t ! end ( ! _w _h come1 refus$ to vote = ! adj\rnm5t ( ! ,h\se1 b insi/$ on call+ up ! next bill2 say+ z ,:itti] has phras$ x3-- ',?is well may be ,! ,day ( ,judgm5t :i* ! _w awaits2 ,b be x s or n1 ,i only "k ,my pres5t duty1 & my ,"l's comm& ,to occupy till he come4 ,s at ! po/ ,:]e he ha? set me 9 8 provid5ce1 ,i *oose1 = "o1 to meet him face to face1-- ,no fai?less s]vant fright5$ f my task1 ,b ready :5 ! ,"l ( ! h>ve/ calls2 ,& !re=e1 ) all rev]5ce1 ,i w\ld say1 ,let ,god d 8 "w1 we w see to ours4 ,br+ 9 ! c&les4' ,& !y br\ght !m 94 ,^! two lett]s are1 !n1 ! e>lie/ ( ! ,new ,te/am5t writ+s4 ,l mo/ ( ! o!r ,epi/les ( ,paul !y beg9 ) a salutation4 ,! common salutation ) :i* ! ,greeks began _! lett]s 0 ,live well6 t ( ! ,roman 0 ,heal? to y6 ,b ,paul almo/ always began ) a ,*ri/ian greet+1 ,grace1 m]cy1 & peace to y4 ,9 ^! lett]s he associates ) himself 9 ?is greet+ 8 two companions1 ,timo?y & ,silas4 ,! la/ words ( 8 epi/les are almo/ always p]sonal messages to individuals kn[n to him 9 ! sev]al *ur*es1--to m5 & wom5 :o _h labor$ ) him 9 ! gospel1--casual yet significant words1 :i* %[ a he>t )9 blood-t9ctur$1 ( a ve9$ humanity4 ,! lett]s 7 writt5 by an amanu5sis1--all save ^! conclud+ words :i* ,paul add$ 9 8 own *irography4 ,he seems to desire to put m ( himself into ^! p]sonal messages ?an into ! didactic & doctr9al p>ts ( 8 epi/les4 ,at ! end ( ! second ( ! lett]s to ! ,!ssalonians we f9d ^! words3 ,! salutation ( me ,paul ) m9e own h&1 :i* is ! tok5 9 e epi/le3 s ,i write2 bett]1 p]haps1 ,?is is my h&writ+4 ,?is signature & ?is conclud+ greet+ are to be pro( to !m ( ! g5u95ess ( ! lett]4 ,x appe>s f o!r ref]5ces 9 ! same epi/le 7*4 ii4 #b7 t "s busybody _h be5 writ+ a lett] to ! ,!ssalonians1 :i* purport$ to be a message f ,paul2 he puts !m on _! gu>d aga9/ ^! supposititi\s docum5ts4 ,at ! end ( ! lett] to ! ,galatians y f9d 9 ! old v]sion3 ,ye see h[ l>ge a lett] ,i h writt5 unto y ) my own h&2 b ! "r r5d]+ is 9 ! new v]sion3 ,see ) h[ l>ge lett]s :at a bold *irography ,i h writt5 unto y ) my own h&4 ,^! la/ co>se *>act]s are my own h&writ+4 ,x is almo/ univ]sally assum$ t ,paul 0 a suff]] f "s affection ( ! eyes2 ! l>ge lett]s are ?us expla9$4 ,mr4 ,conybe>e1 9 a foot-note on ?is passage1 speaks ( receiv+ a lett] f ! v5]able ,ne&] a few mon?s be=e 8 dea?1 :i* illu/rates ?is po9t 9 a /rik+ mann]3 ,8 lett]1 says ,mr4 ,conybe>e1 is writt5 9 ! fair & fl[+ h& ( an amanu5sis1 b x ends ) a few irregul> l9es 9 l>ge & rugg$ *>act]s1 writt5 by himself & expla9+ ! cause ( 8 ne$+ ! s]vices ( an amanu5sis1 namely ! weakness ( 8 eyes 7probably ! v malady ( ,/4 ,paul74 ,x 0 impossible to read ?is autograph )\t ?9k+ ( ! pres5t passage1 & obs]v+ t he might h express$ himself 9 ! v words ( ,/4 ,paul3 ',behold ! size ( ! *>act]s 9 :i* ,i h writt5 to y ) my own h&4' ,footnote3 ,life & ,epi/les ( ,/4 ,paul1 ii4 #adi4 ,!re is ano!r t\*+ s5t5ce at ! end ( ,paul's lett] to ! ,colossians :i* 0 writt5 f ,rome :5 he 0 prison] !re3 ,! salutation ( me ,paul ) m9e own h&4 ,rememb] my bonds4 ,grace be ) y4 ,am54 ,?is seems to say3 ,!re is a manacle1 y rememb]1 on my wri/4 ,i _c write v well4 ,grace be ) y4 ,i w only add t ! subscriptions :i* foll[ ! epi/les 9 ! old v]sion are no "p ( ! epi/les1 & 9 sev]al cases !y are errone\s4 ,!y embody conjectures ( lat] copyi/s1 or traditions :i* are )\t f\ndation4 ,^! lett]s to ! ,!ssalonians1 = example1 are said to h be5 writt5 f ,a!ns2 b we "k t !y 7 writt5 f ,cor9?4 ,= ,paul expressly says 7iii4 #f7 t ! lett] 0 writt5 imm$iately aft] ! return ( ,timo?y f ,!ssalonica1 & we are told1 9 ,acts xviii4 #e1 t ,silas & ,timo?y jo9$ him at ,cor9? aft] he _h left ,a!ns & _h gone to ,cor9?4 ,besides1 he associates ,silas & ,timo?y ) himself 9 8 greet+s1 & !y 7 n ) him at ,a!ns4 ,! evid5ce is !re=e conclusive1 t ! subscription is incorrect4 ,y w n f9d any ( ^! subscriptions 9 ! new v]sion4 ,"s ( !m are und\bt$ly correct1 b "s ( !m are n2 & 9 no case is ! subscription an integral "p ( ! epi/le4 ,! excision ( ^! traditional add5da 0 "o ( ! fir/ results ( :at is call$ ! ,high] ,criticism1 & admirably illu/rates ! uses ( ?is k9d ( criticism1 :i*1 to "s ( our dev\t bre?r51 is su* a frightful ?+4 ,:y %\ld x be reg>d$ z a dang]\s1 almo/ a diabolical proce$+1 to let ! ,bible tell its own /ory ab\t its orig91 in/ead ( tru/+ to rabb9ical traditions & m$ival guesses & a priori !ories ( sev5te5? c5tury !ologians8 ,^! two lett]s 71 no d\bt1 read 9 ! assemblies ( ! ,!ssalonian ,*ri/ians m ?an once1 & 7 sacr$ly treasur$ by !m4 ,!y 7 ! only ,*ri/ian docum5ts possess$ by !m2 & !re 01 at ?is "t1 no o!r *ur* s ri* z !y 74 ,! ,gospels1 z we h !m n[1 7 n !n 9 ! possession ( any ,*ri/ian *ur*4 ,! /ory ( ! gospel _h be5 repeat$ to !m by ,paul & ,silas & ,timo?y1 & _h be5 dilig5tly impress$ ^u _! memories2 b x 0 only an oral gospel t _h be5 deliv]$ to !m2 ! writt5 record ( ,*ri/'s life & say+s 0 n 9 _! h&s4 ,!y rememb]$1 !re=e1 ! ?+s :i* _h be5 told !m conc]n+ ! life & dea? ( ,jesus ,*ri/2 !y repeat$ !m ov] "o to ano!r1 & !y expla9$ & supplem5t$ ^! rememb]$ words by ! two lett]s :i* !y _h receiv$ f ! great apo/le4 ,! next ye> aft] ,paul wrote ^! lett]s to ! ,!ssalonians f ,cor9?1 he return$ to ,j]usalem & ,antio* 7,acts xviii4 #ah-bc71 & ! ye> foll[+1 probably #ed1 he set out on 8 ?ird mission>y j\rney1 :i* took him ?r\gh ,galatia & ,phrygia 9 ,asia ,m9or to ,ephesus1 :]e 8 home 0 = two or ?ree ye>s4 ,:ile !re1 p]haps 9 ! ye> #eg1 he wrote ! fir/ ( 8 lett]s to ! ,*ri/ians 9 ,cor9?4 ,%ortly aft] writ+ x he w5t on to ,mac$onia1 :5ce ! second ( 8 lett]s to ! ,cor9?ians 0 writt52 pres5tly he foll[$ 8 lett]s to ,cor9?1 & :ile !re1 probably 9 #eh1 he wrote 8 lett] to ! ,galatians4 ,galatia 0 a prov9ce r ?an a city2 !re may h be5 sev]al *ur*es1 :i* _h be5 e/abli%$ by ,paul1 9 ! prov9ce2 & ?is may h be5 a circul> lett]1 to be h&$ ab\t among !m1 copies ( x to be made1 p]haps1 = ! use ( ea* ( ! *ur*es4 ,x 0 9 ! spr+ ( ! next ye>1 :ile he 0 /ill 9 ,cor9?1 t he wrote 8 lett] to ! ,romans1 ! longe/1 & f "s po9ts ( view1 ! mo/ important ( 8 epi/les4 ,he _h nev]1 at ! "t ( ?is writ+1 be5 9 ,rome 7*4 i4 #ac71 b he _h met ,roman ,*ri/ians 9 _m ( ! cities ( ! ,ea/ :]e he _h liv$ & taught2 &1 d\btless1 s9ce all roads l$ to ,rome1 & ! metropolis ( ! _w 0 con/antly draw+ to itself m5 ( e nation & prov9ce1 _m ( ,paul's conv]ts 9 ,asia & ,mac$onia & ,a*aia _h made _! way to ! ,et]nal ,city1 & _h jo9$ !mselves !re to ! ,*ri/ian community4 ,! long li/ ( p]sonal greet+s ) :i* ! epi/le closes %[s h[ l>ge 0 8 acqua9tance 9 ! ,roman *ur*1 &1 d\btless1 by 8 correspond5ce1 he _h become fully in=m$ conc]n+ ! ne$s ( ^! disciples4 ,he tells ! ,romans1 9 ?is lett]1 t he hopes to visit !m by & by2 he did n1 h[ev]1 at t "t1 expect to appe> among !m z a prison]4 ,?is 0 ! fate await+ him4 ,%ortly aft] writ+ ?is epi/le he return$ f ,cor9? to ,j]usalem1 be>+ a collection :i* _h be5 ga!r$ 9 ,europe = ! poor ,*ri/ians ( ! "m *ur*2 at ,j]usalem he 0 arre/$2 9 t city & 9 ,cs>ea he 0 = a long "t imprison$2 f9ally1 probably 9 ! spr+ ( #fa1 he 0 s5t z a prison] to ,rome1 because he _h appeal$ to ! imp]ial c\rt2 & "h1 = at lea/ two ye>s1 he dwelt a prison]1 9 lodg+s ( 8 own1 *a9$ by day & night to a ,roman soldi]4 ,dur+ ?is imprisonm5t1 probably 9 #fb1 he wrote ! lett]s to ! ,colossians1 ! ,ephesians1 ! ,philippians1 & ,philemon4 ,f ! fir/ imprisonm5t he seems to h be5 releas$2 & to h gone we/w>d z f> z ,spa91 & ea/w>d z f> z ,asia ,m9or1 prea*+ ! gospel4 ,dur+ ?is j\rney he is suppos$ to h writt5 ! fir/ lett] to ,timo?y & ! lett] to ,titus4 ,at l5g? he 0 re-arre/$1 & br\ght to ,rome :]e1 9 ! spr+ ( #fh1 j be=e 8 dea?1 he wrote ! second lett] to ,timo?y1 ! la/ ( 8 ?irte5 epi/les4 ,mu* ( ?is acc\nt ( ! late ye>s ( ,paul's life1 foll[+ ! close ( 8 fir/ two ye>s at ,rome1 :]e ! n>rative 9 ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les abruptly leaves him1 is traditional & conjectural2 ,i d n give x to y z indubitable hi/ory2 x furni%es ! mo/ reasonable explanation t has be5 sugge/$ ( t productive activity ( 8 :i* f9ds its *ief expression 9 ! lett]s t be> 8 "n4 ,( ^! lett]s x is impossible to give any adequate acc\nt 9 ?is place4 ,let x suffice to say t ! pr9cipal !me ( ! two epi/les to ! ,!ssalonians is ! expect$ return ( ,*ri/ to e>?2 t ^? to ! ,cor9?ians are l>gely occupi$ ) que/ions ( ,*ri/ian casui/ry2 t ^? to ! ,galatians & ! ,romans are ! great doctr9al epi/les unfold+ ! relation ( ,*ri/ianity to ,judaism1 & discuss+ ! philosophy ( ! new cre$2 t ! ,epi/le to ! ,philippians is a lum9\s exposition ( ,*ri/ianity z a p]sonal exp]i5ce2 t ^? to ! ,colossians & ! ,ephesians are ! def5se ( ,*ri/ianity aga9/ ! insidi\s errors ( ! ,gno/ics1 & a wond]ful revelation ( ! imman5t ,*ri/2 t ! ,epi/le to ,philemon is a lett] ( p]sonal fri5d%ip1 embody+ a great pr9ciple ( practical religion2 & t ! lett]s to ,timo?y & ,titus are ! c\nsel ( an ag$ apo/le to y\ng] m5 9 ! m9i/ry4 ,may we g f>!r1 ) ,ar*deacon ,f>r>1 & attempt1 9 "o or two words1 a description ( ea* sep>ate epi/le1 necess>ily imp]fect f ! v brevity1 & yet p]haps expressive ( "s "o ma9 *>act]i/ic4 ,if s we might p]haps say t ! ,fir/ ,epi/le to ! ,!ssalonians is ! epi/le ( consolation 9 ! hope ( ,*ri/'s return2 & ! second ( ! imm$iate h9drances to t return1 & our duties ) reg>d to x4 ,! ,fir/ ,epi/le to ! ,cor9?ians is ! solution ( practical problems 9 ! light ( et]nal pr9ciples2 ! second1 an impassion$ def5se ( ! apo/le's impugn$ au?ority1 8 ,apologia pro vita sua4 ,! ,epi/le to ! ,galatians is ! epi/le ( fre$om f ! bondage ( ! law2 t to ! ,romans ( ju/ification by fai?4 ,! ,epi/le to ! ,philippians is ! epi/le ( ,*ri/ian gratitude & ( ,*ri/ian joy 9 sorr[2 t to ! ,colossians ! epi/le ( ,*ri/ ! univ]sal ,"l2 t to ! ,ephesians1 s ri* & _m-sid$1 is ! epi/le ( ! 'heav5lies1' ! epi/le ( grace1 ! epi/le ( asc5sion ) ! asc5d$ ,*ri/1 ! epi/le ( ,*ri/ 9 8 "o & univ]sal *ur*2 t to ,philemon ! ,magna ,*>ta ( ,emancipation4 ,! ,fir/ ,epi/le to ,timo?y & t to ,titus are ! manuals ( a ,*ri/ian pa/or2 ! ,second ,epi/le to ,timo?y is ! la/ message ( a ,*ri/ian ere 8 dea?4 ,footnote3 ,! ,life & ,"w ( ,/4 ,paul1 *ap4 xlvi4 ,! g5u95ess ( sev]al ( ^! books has be5 assail$ by mod]n criticism4 ,! au?or%ip ( ,paul has be5 disput$ 9 ! cases ( n9e out ( ! ?irte5 epi/les4 ,! ,epi/le to ! ,galatians1 t to ! ,romans1 & ! two to ! ,cor9?ians are undisput$2 all ! re/ h be5 spok5 aga9/4 ,i h att5d$ to ^! criticisms2 b ! reasons urg$ = d5y+ ! ,paul9e au?or%ip ( ^! epi/les seem to me 9 _m cases f>-fet*$ & fanciful 9 ! extreme4 ,respect+ ! pa/oral epi/les1 ^? to ,timo?y & ,titus1 x may be admitt$ t !re are "s difficulties4 ,x is n easy = u to und]/& h[ !re c\ld h be5 develop$ 9 ! *ur*es at t e>ly day s mu* ( an ecclesia/icism z ^! lett]s assume2 & !re is =ce 9 ! sugge/ion t ! peculi> errors aga9/ :i* "s ( ^! c\nsels are direct$ belong to a lat] day r ?an to ! apo/olic age4 ,to ?is x may be repli$ t ecclesia/icism is a we$ :i* gr[s rapidly :5 once x has tak5 root1 & t ! g]ms ( ,gno/icism 7 9 ! *ur* f ! e>lie/ day4 ,& al?\gh ! vocabul>y ( ^! epi/les diff]s 9 r a /rik+ way1 z ,dr4 ,h>nack has po9t$ out1 ,footnote3 ,encyc4 ,brit41 art4 ,pa/oral ,epi/les4 f t ( ,paul's o!r epi/les1 ,i c easily imag9e t 9 famili> lett]s to 8 pupils he w\ld drop into a diff]5t /yle f t 9 :i* he wrote 8 m elaborate !ological treatises4 ,"o c\ld f9d 9 ! lett]s ( ,macaulay or ,*>les ,k+sley _m words t he w\ld n f9d 9 ! hi/ory ( ! "o or ! s]mons ( ! o!r4 ,putt+ all ^! objections toge!r1 ,i d n f9d 9 !m any adequate reason = d5y+ t ^! epi/les 7 writt5 by ,/4 ,paul4 ,inde$1 x seems to me incr$ible t ! ,second ,epi/le ( ,timo?y %\ld h be5 writt5 by any o!r h& ?an t :i* wrote ! und\bt$ lett]s to ! ,cor9?ians & ! ,romans4 ,:5 we come to ! o!r disput$ epi/les1 ^? to ! ,!ssalonians1 ! ,ephesians1 ! ,philippians1 & ! ,colossians1 ,i confess t ! d\bts ( _! g5u95ess seem to me ! outcome ( a willful dogmatism4 ,:at ,ar*deacon ,f>r> says ( ! cavils respect+ ! epi/les to ! ,philippians applies to mu* ( ?is !oretic criticism3 ,! ,tb+5 s*ool1 9 its e>li] /ages1 attack$ x ) ! monoton\s argum5ts ( _! cr$ul\s skepticism4 ,) ^? critics1 if an epi/le t\*es on po9ts :i* make x accord ) ! n>rative ( ! ,acts x 0 =g$ to suit !m2 if x seems to disagree ) !m ! discrepancy %[s t x is spuri\s4 ,if ! diction is ,paul9e x /&s =? z a prov$ imitation2 if x is un-,paul9e x c\ld n h proce$$ f ! apo/le4 ,footnote3 ,life & ,"w ( ,/4 ,paul1 *ap1 xlvi ,"o gr[s we>y ) ?is reckless & c>p+ skepticism1 mu* ( :i* spr+s f a !ory ( a p]man5t s*ism 9 ! e>ly *ur*1--a !ory :i* 0 ma9ly evolv$ f ! inn] consci\sness ( "s my/ical ,g]man philosoph]1 & :i* has be5 utt]ly explod$4 ,we may1 !n1 receive z g5u9e ! ?irte5 epi/les ascrib$ to ,/4 ,paul2 & we h good reason = believ+ t we h !m 9 _! integrity1 sub/antially z he wrote !m4 ,! title ( "o ( ^! epi/les1 t to ! ,ephesians1 is1 h[ev]1 und\bt$ly errone\s4 ,z ,mr4 ,conybe>e says1 ! lea/ disputable fact ab\t ! lett] is t x 0 n address$ to ! ,ephesians4 ,= x is incr$ible t ,paul %\ld h describ$ a *ur* 9 ^: fell[%ip he _h liv$ & labor$ = two ye>s z "o ( ^: religi\s life he knew only by report 7*4 i4 #ae72 & x is /range t he %\ld n h a s+le ^w ( greet+ to any ( ^! ,ephesian ,*ri/ians4 ,sev]al ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ian fa!rs te/ify t ! words at ,ephesus are omitt$ f ! fir/ v]se ( ! manuscript kn[n to !m4 ,! two olde/ manuscripts n[ 9 exi/5ce1 t ( ! ,vatican & t kn[n z ! ,s9aitic manuscript1 bo? omit ^! words4 ,! de/9ation ( ! epi/le is n indicat$4 ,! place fill$ by ! words at ,ephesus is left blank4 ,?us x reads3 ,paul1 an apo/le ( ,*ri/ ,jesus ?r\gh ! w ( ,god1 to ! sa9ts :i* are & ! fai?ful 9 ,*ri/ ,jesus4 ,"s ( ! old fa!rs expatiate on ?is title1 draw+ di/9ctions betwe5 ! sa9ts :i* are & ! sa9ts :i* seem to be1--an amus+ example ( exegetical ?or\ghness4 ,und\bt$ly ! lett] 0 design$ z a circul> lett] to sev]al *ur*es 9 ,we/]n ,asia1--,laodicea among ! numb]2 & a blank 0 left 9 ea* copy made1 9 :i* ! "n ( ! *ur* to :i* x 0 deliv]$ might be ent]$4 ,"s kn[+ copyi/ at a lat] day wrote ! words at ,ephesus into "o ( ^! copies2 & x is f ?is t ! manuscript desc5d$ f :i* our translation 0 made4 ,t ^! lett]s ( ,paul 7 highly priz$ & c>efully pres]v$ by ! *ur*es to :i* !y 7 writt5 we _c d\bt2 & z f "t to "t mess5g]s pass$ back & =? betwe5 ! *ur*es1 copies 7 made ( ! lett]s = ex*ange4 ,! *ur* at ,!ssalonica w\ld s5d a copy ( its lett] to ! *ur* at ,philippi & to ! *ur* at ,cor9? & to ! *ur* at ,ephesus1 & w\ld receive 9 return copies ( _! lett]s2 & ?us ! writ+s ( ,paul e>ly obta9$ a consid]able di/ribution4 ,we h an illu/ration ( ^! ex*anges 9 ! clos+ words ( ! ,epi/le to ! ,colossians 7iv4 #af73 ,& :5 ?is epi/le ha? be5 read among y1 cause t x be read also 9 ! *ur* ( ! ,laodiceans2 & t y also read ! epi/le f ,laodicea4 ,x is probable t ! la/-nam$ epi/le 0 ! "o ( :i* we h j be5 speak+1 call$ 9 our v]sion1 ! ,epi/le to ! ,ephesians4 ,! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews is ascrib$ 9 its title to ,paul ! ,apo/le4 ,b ! title 0 add$ at a late date2 ! ,greek ,te/am5ts conta9 only ! brief title ,to ! ,hebrews1 leav+ ! "q ( au?or%ip unsettl$4 ,( all ! o!r epi/les ascrib$ to ,paul 8 "n is ! fir/ ^w2 ?is epi/le does n ann\nce its au?or4 ,9 ! e>ly *ur* !re 0 mu* controv]sy ab\t x2 ! ,ea/]n ,*ri/ians g5]ally ascrib$ x to ,paul1 :ile ! ,we/]n *ur*1 until ! f\r? c5tury1 refus$ to recognize 8 au?or%ip4 ,"o s5t5ce 9 ! epi/le 7*4 ii4 #c7 is suppos$ to signify t ! writ] 0 ( ! numb] ( ^? :o _h receiv$ ! gospel at second h&1 & ?is 0 an admission t ,paul always refus$ to make2 he /eadily cont5d$ t 8 k ( ! gospel 0 z direct & imm$iate & copi\s z t ( any ( ! apo/les4 ,= ^! & o!r reasons x has be5 cont5d$ t ! lett] 0 writt5 by "s "o n an apo/le1 b an associate & pupil ( apo/olic m52 ! mo/ plausible conjecture ascribes x to ,apollos4 ,! date ( x is n easily fix$2 x 0 probably writt5 be=e ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem2 su* an elaborate discussion ( ! ,jewi% ritual w\ld sc>cely h be5 made aft] ! temple 0 de/roy$1 )\t any ref]5ce to ! fact ( its de/ruction4 ,foll[+ ! lett] to ! ,hebrews 9 our ,new ,te/am5t are sev5 epi/les ascrib$ to f\r diff]5t au?ors1 ,james1 ,pet]1 ,john1 & ,jude4 ,^! are commonly call$ ! ,ca?olic ,epi/les1--ca?olic mean+ g5]al or univ]sal1--s9ce !y are n address$ to any "o congregation1 b to ! :ole *ur*1 to ,*ri/ians 9 g5]al4 ,two ( !m1 h[ev]1 ! ,second & ,?ird ( ,john1 h>dly des]ve ! designation1 = !y are address$ to individuals4 ,! au?or ( ! ,epi/le ( ,james is n easily id5tifi$4 ,!re are num]\s ,jameses 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t hi/ory2 we d n readily di/+ui% !m4 ,x 0 n ,james ! son ( ,zeb$ee1 = he 0 put to dea? by ,h]od only six or sev5 ye>s aft] ! dea? ( our ,"l 7,acts xii4 #b74 ,probably ?is 0 ! "o nam$ ,james ! ,"l's bro!r1 :o 0 a ne> relative ( ,jesus1 bro!r or c\s91 & :o 0 ! lead+ man--p]haps !y call$ him bi%op--( ! *ur* at ,j]usalem4 ,he may1 also1 be id5tical ) t ,james ! son ( ,alpheus1 :o 0 "o ( ! apo/les4 ,! lett] 0 issu$ at an e>ly day1 probably be=e ! ye> #fj4 ,x 0 address$ to ! twelve tribes :i* are ( ! ,disp]sion1--t 0 ! "n by :i* ! ,jews scatt]$ ?r\gh ,asia & ,europe 7 g5]ally kn[n4 ,to ,*ri/ians :o _h be5 ,jews1 !re=e1 ?is lett] 0 writt52 9 ?is respect x is to be class$ ) ! lett] to ! ,hebrews2 b 9 ! t5or ( its tea*+ x is :olly unlike t lett]2 in/ead ( putt+ emphasis on ! ritual & symbolical elem5ts ( religion1 x leaves ^! :olly on "o side1 & makes ! e?ical cont5ts ( ! ,*ri/ian tea*+ ! matt] ( supreme conc]n4 ,!re is m ( appli$ ,*ri/ianity 9 ?is ?an 9 any o!r ( ! epi/les2 & bo? 9 /yle & 9 sub/ance we are rem9d$ by x ( ! tea*+ ( our ,"l m /rongly ?an by any o!r portion ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,! ,fir/ ,epi/le ( ,pet] is address$ to ! same class ( p]sons1--to ! elect :o are soj\rn]s ( ! ,disp]sion 9 v>i\s prov9ces ( ,asia ,m9or4 ,! only intimation ( ?a locality ( ! writ+ is conta9$ 9 "o ( ! conclud+ v]ses3 ,%e t is 9 ,babylon1 elect toge!r ) y1 salute? y4 ,:at ,babylon is ?is8 ,is x ! fam\s capital ( ! ,euphrates8 ,s "s h suppos$1 = !re is a tradition t ,pet] j\rney$ to ! di/ant ,ea/ & f\nd$ ,*ri/ian *ur*es among ! ,jews1 :o1 9 l>ge numb]s1 7 dwell+ !re4 ,o!rs take x to be ! my/ical ,babylon1--,rome ^u h] sev5 hills4 ,?is !ory helps to support ! cont5tion1 = :i* !re is small evid5ce1 t ,pet] 0 ! fir/ bi%op ( ,rome4 ,! fir/ conjecture has a firm] basis4 ,b :o is %e t s5ds h] salutations to ^! ,asian sa9ts8 ,0 x ! *ur* or ! wife ( ! apo/le8 ,ei!r int]pretation is difficult2 ,i _c *oose betwe5 !m4 ,( ! orig9 ( ?is lett] we "k little2 b !re is no?+ 9 x inconsi/5t ) ! unbrok5 tradition :i* ascribes x to ! impetu\s lead] ( ! apo/olic b&4 ,l ! ,epi/le ( ,james x is full ( a /r5u\s morality2 :ile x does n disreg>d ! ess5tials ( ,*ri/ian doctr9e x puts ! emphasis on ,*ri/ian conduct4 ,! ,second ,epi/le ( ,pet] is ! "o book ( ! ,new ,te/am5t conc]n+ ^: g5u95ess !re is mo/ d\bt4 ,f ! e>lie/ days ! canonicity ( ?is book has be5 disput$4 ,x is n m5tion$ by any e>ly ,*ri/ian writ] be=e ! ?ird c5tury2 & ,orig51 :o is ! fir/ to allude to ! book1 te/ifies t its g5u95ess has be5 d\bt$4 ,! e>ly v]sions d n conta9 x2 ,eusebius m>ks x d\btful2 ,erasmus & ,calv91 9 lat] times1 reg>d$ x z a dubi\s docum5t4 ,x seems almo/ incr$ible1 ) su* witnesses aga9/ x1 t ! book %\ld be g5u9e2 b if x is n ! "w ( ,/4 ,pet] x is a fraudul5t writ+1 = x op5ly ann\nces him z its au?or & ref]s to 8 fir/ epi/le4 ,!re is a rem>kable simil>ity betwe5 ?is lett] & ! %ort ,epi/le ( ,jude2 x w\ld appe> t ?is mu/ be an imitation & enl>gem5t ( t1 or t a cond5sation ( ?is4 ,!re are "s passages 9 ?is book ) :i* we c\ld ill af=d to "p1--) :i*1 inde$1 we nev] %all "p2 = :e!r !y 7 writt5 by ,pet] or by ano!r !y express cle> & indubitable v]ities2 & ev5 ?\gh ! au?or1 l t ,balaam :om he quotes1 may h be5 no true prophet1 he 0 con/ra9$1 ev5 z ,balaam 01 to utt] "s :olesome & /imulat+ tru?4 ,! ?ree epi/les ( ,john are ! la/ words ( ! disciple t ,jesus lov$4 ,! evid5ce ( _! g5u95ess1 p>ticul>ly ( ! fir/ ( !m1 is abundant & conv9c+2 ,polyc>p1 :o 0 ,john's pupil & fri5d1 quotes f ?is book1 & !re is an unbrok5 *a9 ( te/imony f ! e>ly fa!rs respect+ x4 ,( c\rse ^? :o h det]m9$1 = dogmatic reasons1 to reject ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 are b\nd to reject ^! epi/les also2 b t proc$ure is :olly unw>rant$1 z we %all see 9 ! next *apt]4 ,^! epi/les 7 probably writt5 f ,ephesus dur+ ! la/ ye>s ( ! fir/ c5tury4 ,! fir/ is a m$itation on ! great fact ( ! inc>nation & its my/ic relation to ! life ( m52 x s\nds ! v dep?s ( t wond]ful revelation :i* 0 made to ! _w 9 ! p]son & "w ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,! o!r two are p]sonal lett]s1 :]e9 ! fragrance ( a graci\s fri5d%ip /ill l+]s1 & 9 :i* we see h[ ! _s ( ,*ri/ 0 beg9n+1 ev5 !n1 to transfigure ) its b5ignant g5tl5ess ! c\rtesies ( life4 ,! ,book ( ,jude1 ! la/ ( ! epi/les1 is "o ( ^: au?or we h little k4 ,he /yles himself ! bro!r ( ,james1 b t1 z we h se51 is a vague description4 ,( ! close relation betwe5 ?is lett] & ,second ,pet] ,i h spok54 ,x is n 9 ! e>ly ,syriac v]sion2 ,eusebius & ,orig5 "q x1 & ,*ryso/om does n m5tion x2 we may fairly d\bt :e!r x came f ! h& ( any apo/olic witness4 ,"o feature ( ?is %ort lett] des]ves m5tion2 ! writ] quotes f "o ( ! old apocryphal books1 ! ,book ( ,eno*1 treat+ x z ,scripture4 ,if a ,new ,te/am5t citation au!nticates an anci5t writ+1 ,eno* mu/ be reg>d$ z an inspir$ book4 ,we mu/ ei!r reject ,jude or accept ,eno*1 or ab&on ! rule t makes a ,new ,te/am5t citation ! pro( ( ,old ,te/am5t canonicity4 ,! ab&onm5t ( ! rule is ! simple/ & ! mo/ rational solution ( ! difficulty4 ,i h n[ run rapidly ov] ! hi/ory ( tw5ty-"o ( ! tw5ty-sev5 books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1--all ( ! ,epi/les ( ! inspir$ book4 ,! end ( ! fir/ c5tury f\nd ^! books scatt]$ ?r\gh ,europe & ,asia1 ea* probably 9 possession ( ! *ur* to :i* x _h be5 s5t2 ^? address$ to individuals probably 9 ! h&s ( _! *ildr5 or *ildr5's *ildr54 ,"s ex*anges1 su* z ,i h sugge/$1 _h tak5 place2 & "s *ur*es might h possess$ sev]al ( ^! apo/olic lett]s1 b !re 0 yet no collection ( !m4 ,( ! beg9n+ ( ?is collection ( ! ,new ,te/am5t writ+s ,i %all speak 9 ! *apt] ^u ! canon4 ,i said at ! beg9n+ t ^! writ]s probably _h no ?\ght :5 !y compos$ ^! lett]s t !y 7 contribut+ to a volume t w\ld outla/ empires1 & be a manual ( /udy & a guide ( conduct 9 l&s to ! _w !n unkn[n1 & 9 g5]ations f>!r f !m ?an !y 7 f ,abraham4 ,b ea* ( !m utt]$ 9 s9c]ity ! ^w t to him seem$ ! ^w ( ! h\r2 & ,god :o gives life to ! se$ gave vitality to ^! true words1 s t !y are z full ( div9e en]gy to-day z ev] !y 74 ,x is easy to cavil at a s5t5ce "h & !re1 or to pick flaws 9 _! logic2 b ! "q always returns1 ,:at k9d ( fruit h !y borne8 ,by _! fruits ye %all "k !m4 ,"o ( ! mo/ preci\s gifts ( ,god to m5 is conta9$ 9 ^! tw5ty-"o brief lett]s4 ,x is n 9 equal measure 9 all ( !m1 b !re is none among !m t does n conta9 "s portion ( x4 ,! treasure is 9 e>!n vessels2 x 0 s :5 ! apo/les 7 alive & speak+2 x is s n[2 x always 0 & always w be s2 b ! treasure is !re1 & he :o ) op5 m9d & rev]5t _s seeks = x w f9d x !re1 & w "k t ! excell5cy ( ! p[] is ( ,god1 & n ( m54 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,gospels4 ,we h arriv$ 9 our /udy ( ! ,sacr$ ,scriptures at ! ?re%old ( ! mo/ int]e/+ & ! mo/ mom5t\s topic :i* is pres5t$ to ! /ud5t ( ! ,biblical lit]ature1--! "q ( ! orig9 ( ! ,gospels4 ,^! ,gospels conta9 ! record ( ! life & ! dea? ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 t m>vel\s ,p]sonality 9 :om ! hi/ories1 ! prophecies1 ! liturgies ( ! ,old ,te/am5t are fulfill$1 & f :om ! gr[+ light & fre$om & happ9ess ( eighte5 ,*ri/ian c5turies are se5 to fl[4 ,mo/ c]ta9 x is t ! hi/ory ( ! mo/ enlight5$ l&s ( e>? dur+ ^! ,*ri/ian c5turies c\ld n be und]/ood )\t con/ant ref]5ce to ! p[] :i* came into ! _w :5 ,jesus ,*ri/ 0 born4 ,"s trem5d\s social =ce made its appe>ance j !n by :i* ! :ole life ( mank9d has be5 affect$ ev] s9ce t day4 ,! mo/ p[]ful in/itutions1 ! mo/ b5ign influ5ces :i* are at "w 9 ! _w to-day1 c be foll[$ back to t p]iod z surely z any great riv] c be foll[$ up to ! spr+s f :i* x takes its rise4 ,if we _h n ^! f\r ,gospels we %\ld be compell$ to seek = an explanation ( ! *ief ph5om5a ( mod]n hi/ory4 ,we trace1 says ,mr4 ,horton1 ?is a/oni%+ influ5ce back to t life1 & if we knew no?+ at all ab\t x1 b _h to con/ruct x out ( ! creative imag9ation1 we %\ld h to figure to ourselves facts1 say+s1 & impressions :i* w\ld acc\nt = :at has fl[$ f x4 ,?us1 if ! place :]e ?is biography comes 7 actually a blank1 we %\ld be able to surmise some?+ ( :at ought to be !re1 j z a/ronom]s surmis$ ! exi/5ce ( a new planet1 & knew 9 :at qu>t] ( ! heav5s to look = x by obs]v+ & regi/]+ ! influ5ces :i* ret>d$ or deflect$ ! movem5ts ( ! o!r planets4 ,footnote3 ,inspiration & ! ,bible1 p4 #fe4 ,t place is n a blank2 x is fill$ ) ! f\rfold record ( ! ,life f :i* all ^! mighty influ5ces h fl[$4 ,mu/ n ?is record prove to be ! mo/ inspir+ !me op5 to human inve/igation8 ,is x any wond] t m /udy has be5 exp5d$ ^u ?is !me ?an ^u any o!r :i* has ev] claim$ ! att5tion ( m58 ,:at d we "k ( ! orig9 ( ?is f\r-fold record8 ,orig9 x mu/ h _h l e o!r book1 an orig9 9 "t & space4 ,t !re are div9e elem5ts 9 x ! mo/ ( u believe2 b ! =m 9 :i* we h x is a purely human =m1 & x w\ld be wor?less to u if x 7 n 9 purely human =m4 ,! s5t5ces ( :i* x is compos$ 7 con/ruct$ by human m9ds1 & 7 writt5 d[n by human h&s on p>*m5t or papyrus leaves4 ,:51 & :]e1 & by :om8 ,^! are ! que/ions n[ be=e u4 ,let u g back to ! la/ half ( ! second c5tury & see :at traces ( ^! books we c f9d4 ,ir5u1 ,bi%op ( ,lyons1 9 ,france1 :o di$ ab\t #bjj1 speaks di/9ctly ( ^! f\r ,gospels1 :i*1 he decl>es1 are equal 9 au?ority to ! ,old ,te/am5t ,scriptures1 & :i* he ascribes to ! f\r au?ors ^: names !y n[ be>4 ,) ! fanciful reason+ !n common among ,*ri/ian writ]s1 he f9ds a reason 9 ! f\r qu>t]s ( ! globe :y !re %\ld h be5 f\r ,gospels & no m4 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria 0 liv+ at ! samq "t4 ,he also quotes lib]ally 9 8 writ+s f all ^! f\r books1 ( :i* he speaks z ! f\r ,gospels t h be5 h&$ d[n to u4 ,t]tullian1 :o 0 born 9 ,c>?age ab\t #afj1 also quotes all ^! ,gospels z au?oritative ,*ri/ian writ+s4 ,x is cle>1 !re=e1 t 9 ! ,we/1 ! ,ea/1 & ! ,s\?1--9 all qu>t]s :]e ,*ri/ianity 0 !n e/abli%$1--! f\r ,gospels 7 recogniz$ & read 9 ! *ur*es 9 ! latt] half ( ! second c5tury4 ,let u g back a little f>!r4 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr 0 born at ,rome ab\t ! ye> #ajj1 & 0 writ+ mo/ abundantly f 8 =tie? to 8 =ty-fif? ye>4 ,9 "o ( ! books :i* he has left u1 9 describ+ ! cu/oms ( ! ,*ri/ians1 he uses ! foll[+ language3 ,on ! day :i* is call$ ,sunday !re is an assembly 9 ! same place ( all :o live 9 cities or 9 c\ntry di/ricts1 & ! records ( ! apo/les or ! writ+s ( ! prophets are read z long z we h "t4 ,!n ! read] concludes1 & ! presid5t v]bally in/ructs & exhorts u to ! imitation ( ^! excell5t ?+s4 ,!n we all rise up toge!r & (f] our pray]s4 ,9 ano!r place he speaks ( some?+ comm&$ by ! apo/les 9 ! records :i* !y made1 & :i* are call$ ,gospels4 ,ju/9 does n say h[ _m ( ^! ,gospels ! *ur* 9 8 day possess$1 b we f9d 9 8 writ+s unmi/akable quotations f at lea/ ?ree ( !m4 ,dr4 ,edw9 ,abbott1 ( ,london1 :om ,mrs4 ,humphry ,w>d ref]s to z ma/] ( all ! ,g]man le>n+ on ?is subject1 says t x w\ld be possible to recon/ruct f 8 7,ju/9's7 quotations a fairly connect$ n>rative ( ! inc>nation1 bir?1 tea*+1 crucifixion1 resurrection1 & asc5sion ( ! ,"l2 t ?is n>rative is all f\nd 9 ! ?ree ,synoptic ,gospels1 & t ,ju/9 quotes no words ( ,*ri/ & ref]s to no incid5ts t are n f\nd 9 ^! ,gospels4 ,footnote3 ,encyc4 ,brit41 vol4 x4 p4 #hag4 ,we may fully accept ,dr4 ,abbott's te/imony s f> z ! quotations ( ,ju/9 f ! fir/ ?ree ,gospels are conc]n$2 b 8 argum5ts1 :i* are int5d$ to prove t !re is no c]ta9 ref]5ce to ! f\r? ,gospel 9 ,ju/9's works1 appe> to me inconclusive4 ,:5 ,ju/9 says3 ,= inde$ ,*ri/ also said1 'except ye be born aga91 ye %all n ent] into ! k+dom ( heav51' b t x is impossible = ^? :o 7 once born to ent] into _! "m's womb is pla9 to all1 he is quot+ words t are f\nd 9 ! f\r? ,gospel1 & n 9 any ( ! o!r ?ree4 ,! attempt to %[ t he f\nd ^! & simil> citations 9 ! same s\rces f :i* ! au?or ( ! f\r? ,gospel d]iv$ !m is n successful4 ,sev]al indirect l9es ( evid5ce t5d to confirm ! belief t ,ju/9 possess$ all f\r ( our ,gospels4 ,?is1 !n1 c>ries u back to ! fir/ half ( ! second c5tury4 ,betwe5 #ajj & #aej ,papias ( ,hi]apolis1 ,clem5t ( ,rome1 & ,polyc>p ( ,smyrna 7 writ+4 ,papias1 :o wrote ab\t #acj-adj ,a4 ,d41 compos$ five books or comm5t>ies on :at he calls ,! ,oracles ( ! ,"l4 ,he gives u "s acc\nt ( ! orig9 ( at lea/ two ( ^! ,gospels4 ,m>k1 he says1 0 ! int]pret] ( ,pet]2 ,mat!w wrote 8 scriptures 7logia7 9 ,hebrew1 & ea* man int]pret$ !m z be/ he c\ld4 ,int]pret$ "h evid5tly means translat$4 ,else:]e he repeats a tradition ( ! eld]1 by :i* ^w he app>5tly means ! ,apo/le ,john1 :om he may h kn[n1 9 ^! words3 ,m>k1 hav+ become ,pet]'s int]pret]1 wrote d[n accurately all t he rememb]$1--n1 h[ev]1 9 ord]1--bo? ! words & ! de$s ( ,*ri/4 ,= he nev] he>d ! ,"l1 nor atta*$ himself to him1 b lat] on1 z ,i said1 atta*$ himself to ,pet]1 :o us$ to adapt 8 lessons to ! ne$s ( ! occasion1 b n z ?\gh he 0 compos+ a connect$ treatise ( ! disc\rses ( our ,"l2 s t ,m>k committ$ no error 9 writ+ d[n "s matt]s j z he rememb]$ !m4 ,= "o object 0 9 8 ?\ghts1 to make no omissions & no false /atem5ts 9 :at he he>d4 ,footnote3 ,quot$ by ,abbott1 z above4 ,?is is a p]fect description ( ! ,gospel ( ,m>k z we h x 9 our h&s to-day4 ,& ! te/imony ( ,papias to its au?or%ip1 & to ! _s & purpose ( ! au?or1 is significant & memorable4 ,evid5ce ( ?is nature w\ld be reg>d$ z decisive 9 any o!r case ( lit]>y criticism4 ,polyc>p1 :o 0 ! fri5d & pupil ( ,john ! ,apo/le1 0 born ab\t ! ye> #fi1 & suff]$ m>tyrdom ab\t #aee4 ,9 8 writ+s we f9d no express m5tion ( ! ,gospels1 b we d f9d v]bally accurate quotations f !m4 ,x is cle> t he 0 acqua9t$ ) ! books4 ,polyc>p 0 ! tea*] ( ,ir5u ( ,lyons :om ,i fir/ quot$1 & he 0 ! pupil & fri5d ( ,/4 ,john & ! o!r apo/les2 & ,ir5u1 :o quotes all ^! ,gospels s freely1 be>s ?is te/imony respect+ ,polyc>p1 9 a lett] :i* he wrote to ,flor9us4 ,i saw y1 :5 ,i 0 yet a boy1 9 ,l[] ,asia ) ,polyc>p4444 ,i c\ld ev5 po9t out n[ ! place :]e ! bless$ ,polyc>p sat & spoke1 & describe 8 go+ out & com+ 91 8 mann] ( life1 8 p]sonal appe>ance1 ! addresses he deliv]$ to ! multitude1 h[ he spoke ( 8 int]c\rse ) ,john1 & ) ! o!rs :o _h se5 ! ,"l1 & h[ he recall$ _! words1 & ev]y?+ t he _h he>d ab\t ! ,"l1 ab\t 8 miracles & 8 tea*+4 ,polyc>p told u1 z "o :o _h receiv$ x f ^? :o _h se5 ! ,^w ( ,life ) _! own eyes1 & all ?is 9 complete h>mony ) ! ,scriptures4 ,to ?is ,i !n li/5$1 ?r\gh ! m]cy ( ,god v\*saf$ to me1 ) all eag]ness1 & wrote x n on pap]1 b 9 my he>t1 & /ill by ! grace ( ,god ,i ev] br+ x into fre% remembrance4 ,^! liv+ witnesses give u solid gr\nd = our /atem5t t ! ,gospels--! fir/ ?ree ( !m at any rate--7 9 exi/5ce dur+ ! la/ ye>s ( ! fir/ c5tury4 ,inde$1 n to prolong ?is se>* = ! orig9 ( ! books1 x is n[ freely admitt$1 by _m ( ! mo/ radical critics1 t ! fir/ ?ree ,gospels 7 writt5 be=e ! ye> #hj1 & t ,m>k mu/ h be5 writt5 be=e #gj4 ,x is int]e/+ to contra/ ! c\rse ( ,new ,te/am5t criticism ) t engag$ ^u ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,9 ! /udy ( ! orig9 ( ! ,p5tateu* ! gravitation ( op9ion has be5 /eadily d[nw>d1 t[>d a lat] date1 s t ! great majority ( s*ol>s are n[ c]ta9 t ! books mu/ h be5 put into _! pres5t =m long aft] ! "t ( ,moses4 ,9 ! /udy ( ! orig9 ( ! ,gospels ! date has be5 /eadily pu%$ upw>d1 to ! v age ( ! apo/les4 ,! e>li] critics1 ,/rauss & ,baur1 insi/$ t !y mu/ h appe>$ mu* lat]1 f> on 9 ! second c5tury2 b ! m rec5t & m sci5tific criticism has demoli%$ or badly discr$it$ _! !ories1 & has c>ri$ ! ,gospels back to ! la/ "p ( ! fir/ c5tury4 ,are we entitl$1 !n1 to say t ^! ,gospels 7 writt5 by ,mat!w1 ,m>k1 ,luke1 & ,john8 ,we %\ld be cauti\s1 no d\bt1 9 mak+ su* a /atem5t4 ,! ,gospels !mselves are n s explicit on ?is po9t z we c\ld desire4 ,_! titles d n w>rant ?is ass]tion4 ,x is n ,! ,gospel ( ,/4 ,mat!w or ,! ,gospel ( ,/4 ,m>k2 x is ! ,gospel accord+ to ,/4 ,mat!w or ,/4 ,m>k4 ,! import ( ! title w\ld be fully satisfi$ ) ! explanation t ?is is ! /ory z ,mat!w or ,m>k 0 wont to tell x1 put into =m by "s p]son or fri5d ( 81 9 8 la/ days1 or ev5 aft] 8 dea?4 ,b ! te/imony ( ,papias1 to :i* ,i h ref]r$1 is to my own m9d good evid5ce t ^! ,gospels 7 writt5 by ! m5 :o be> _! names4 ,9 ! case ( ,luke1 z we %all pres5tly see1 ! evid5ce is mu* /rong]4 ,& aft] go+ ov] ! evid5ce z c>efully z ,i am able1 ! !ory t ! f\r ,gospels 7 writt5 by ! m5 ^: names !y be>1 all ( :om 7 ! contempor>ies ( our ,"l1 & two ( :om 7 8 apo/les1 seems to me1 on ! :ole1 ! be/ support$ by ! :ole volume ( evid5ce4 ,! case is n absolutely cle>2 p]haps x 0 left some:at obscure = ! v purpose ( /imulat+ /udy4 ,at all ev5ts1 ! /udy :i* has be5 giv5 to ! subject has confirm$ r ?an weak5$ ! belief t ! ,gospels are contempor>y records ( ! life ( ,*ri/4 ,mr4 ,norton1 a di/+ui%$ ,unit>ian s*ol>1 sums up ! evid5ce z foll[s3 ,x consi/s 9 ! indisputable fact t ?r\gh\t a community ( millions ( individuals1 scatt]$ ov] ,europe1 ,asia1 & ,africa1 ! ,gospels 7 reg>d$ ) ! highe/ rev]5ce1 z ! works ( ^? to :om !y are ascrib$1 at s e>ly a p]iod t !re c\ld be no difficulty 9 det]m9+ :e!r !y 7 g5u9e or n1 & :5 e intellig5t ,*ri/ian mu/ h be5 deeply int]e/$ to asc]ta9 ! tru?4444 ,?is fact is itself a ph5om5on admitt+ ( no explanation except t ! f\r ,gospels _h all be5 h&$ d[n z g5u9e f ! apo/olic age1 & _h ev]y:]e accompani$ our religion z x spread ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,:5 we turn f ! ext]nal or hi/orical evid5ce = ! g5u95ess ( ! ,gospels to /udy _! int]nal /ructure & _! relations to "o ano!r1 we come ^u "s curi\s facts4 ,^! ,gospels1 9 ! =m 9 :i* we possess !m1 are writt5 9 ! ,greek language4 ,b ! ,greek language 0 n ! v]nacul> ( ! ,jews 9 ,pale/9e :5 our ,"l 0 on ! e>?2 ! language :i* 0 !n spok5 by !m1 z ,i h be=e expla9$1 0 ! ,aramaic4 ,x is true t ,pale/9e 01 to "s ext5t1 a bil+ual c\ntry1--l ,wales1 "o writ] sugge/s1 :]e ! ,engli% & ! ,wel% languages are n[ freely spok51--t ,aramaic & ,greek 7 us$ indiff]5tly4 ,i c h>dly imag9e t a p z t5aci\s ( _! own in/itutions z ! ,jews c\ld h adopt$ ,greek z g5]ally z ! ,wel% h adopt$ ! ,engli% tongue4 ,ev5 9 ,wales1 if a ,wel%man 7 speak+ to a congregation ( 8 c\ntrym5 on any important topic1 he w\ld be likely to speak ! ,wel% language4 ,& mu* m probable does x seem to me t ! disc\rses & ! common conv]sation ( ,jesus mu/ h be5 spok5 9 ! v]nacul>4 ,! disc\rses & say+s ( our ,"l1 z report$ = u 9 ^! ,gospels1 are n !re=e giv5 u 9 ! words t he us$4 ,we h a translation ( 8 words f ! ,aramaic into ! ,greek1 made ei!r by ! writ]s ( ! ,gospels1 or by "s "o 9 _! day4 ,we h quot$ ! te/imony ( ,papias1 t ! ,gospel ( ,mat!w 0 orig9ally writt5 9 ,hebrew 7by :i* he und\bt$ly means ,aramaic71 & t ea* "o int]pret$ x z be/ he c\ld2 & if ?is be true1 !n t copy fir/ made by ,mat!w did conta9 _m ( our ,"l's v words4 ,b t ,aramaic copy has nev] be5 se5 s9ce t day2 we h no manuscript ( any ,new ,te/am5t book except 9 ! ,greek language4 ,!re are a few cases 9 :i* ! writ]s ( ! ,gospels h pres]v$ = u ! v words us$ by ,*ri/4 ,?us 9 ! heal+ ( ! deaf man 9 ! neighborhood ( ,decapolis1 ( :i* ,m>k tells u 7vii4 #cd71 ,jesus t\*$ 8 e>s1 & said unto him1 ,ephpha?a1 t is1 ,be op5$4 ,! ,evangeli/ gives u ! ,aramaic ^w :i* ,jesus us$1 & translates x = 8 read]s into ,greek4 ,likewise 9 ! heal+ ( ! rul]'s daught] 7,m>k v4 #da7 he took h] by ! h&1 & said unto h]1 ,tali?a cumi1 :i* is1 be+ int]pret$1 ! ,evangeli/ expla9s1 ,damsel1 ,i say unto !e1 ,arise4 ,d\btless mo/ read]s get ! impression t our ,"l us$ "h "s cabali/ic words 9 a =eign tongue2 ! fact is t ^! are ! words ( ! common spee* ( ! p2 only ! ,evangeli/ seems to h ?\ght !m especially memorable1 & he has giv5 u n m]ely1 z he g5]ally does1 a translation into ! ,greek ( our ,"l's words1 b ! ,aramaic words !mselves1 ) _! mean+ app5d$ 9 a ,greek phrase4 ,! same is true ( our ,"l's words on ! cross3 ,eli1 ,eli1 lama saba*?ani8 ,^! are ,aramaic words1 ! v words t ,jesus utt]$4 ,! ,roman soldi]s :o /ood ne> might n "k :at he meant2 b e ,jew :o di/9ctly he>d him mu/ h und]/ood him1 = he 0 speak+ 9 no =eign tongue1 b 9 ! language ( 8 own p4 ,:5 we speak1 !re=e1 ( ! ,greek z ! orig9al language ( ! ,gospels1 we d n speak ) entire accuracy4 ,! ,greek does n give u our ,"l's orig9al words4 ,^! we h n1 except 9 ! cases ,i h nam$1 & a few o!rs less important4 ,no man on e>? kn[s or ev] w "k :at 7 ! precise words t our ,"l us$ 9 8 ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 9 8 conv]sation ) ! woman at ! well1 9 8 la/ disc\rses ) 8 disciples4 ,we h e reason to believe t ! sub/ance ( :at he said is fai?fully pres]v$ = u2 ! f\rfold record1 s m>vel\sly accordant 9 its report ( 8 tea*+s1 makes ?is p]fectly cle>4 ,b 8 v words we h n1 & ?is fact itself is ! mo/ conv9c+ dis-pro( ( ! dogma ( v]bal inspiration4 ,if our ,"l _h ?\ght x important t we %\ld h 8 v words he w\ld h se5 to x t 8 v words 7 pres]v$ & record$ = u1 in/ead ( t ,greek translation ( 8 words1 made by 8 foll[]s1 :i* we n[ possess4 ,^! evangeli/s c\ld h writt5 ,aramaic1 d\btless did write ,aramaic2 & !y w\ld c]ta9ly h kept our ,"l's disc\rses & say+s 9 ! ,aramaic orig9al if !y _h be5 in/ruct$ to d s4 ,! fact t !y 7 n in/ruct$ to d s1 b 7 p]mitt$ to give 8 tea*+s to ! _w 9 o!r words ?an ^? 9 :i* !y 7 spok51 %[s h[ little !re 0 ( mod]n lit]alism 9 ,*ri/'s conception ( ! "w ( revelation4 ,! fir/ ?ree ( ^! ,gospels exhibit _m /rik+ simil>ities2 !y appe> to give1 f some:at diff]5t /&po9ts1 a cond5s$ & complete synopsis ( ! ev5ts ( our ,"l's life2 !re=e !y are call$ ! ,synoptic ,gospels4 ,! f\r? ,gospel diff]s widely f !m 9 matt] & =m4 ,x w be m conv5i5t1 !re=e1 to speak fir/ ( ! ,synoptic ,gospels1 ,mat!w1 ,m>k1 & ,luke4 ,! s+ul> fact respect+ ^! ,gospels is ! comb9ation 9 !m ( lik5ess & diff]5ce4 ,a consid]able portion ( ea* "o ( !m is to be f\nd1 ^w = ^w1 9 "o or bo? ( ! o!rs2 o!r consid]able portions ( ea* are n f\nd 9 ei!r ( ! o!rs2 "s passages are ne>ly alike1 b slightly diff]5t 9 two or 9 all ( !m4 ,did ^! ?ree au?ors write indep5d5tly ea* ( ! o!r8 ,if s1 h[ does x happ5 t _! phraseology is s (t5 id5tical8 ,did !y copy "o f ano!r8 ,if s1 :y did !y copy s little8 ,:y1 = example1 did ea* "o ( !m omit s mu* t ! o!rs _h writt58 ,& :y are !re s _m slight diff]5ces 9 passages t are ne>ly id5tical8 ,if we accept$ ! !ory ( v]bal inspiration1 we might (f] "s sort ( explanation ( ?is ph5om5on4 ,we might say t ! ,holy ,gho/ dictat$ ^! words1 & t t is ! end ( x2 s9ce no explanation c be (f]$ ( ! reason :y ! ,holy ,gho/ *ose "o =m ( expression r ?an ano!r4 ,b ! ,gospels !mselves conta9 abundant pro( t ! ,holy ,gho/ did n dictate ! words employ$ by ^! writ]s4 ,! two g5ealogies ( our ,"l1 "o 9 ,mat!w & ! o!r 9 ,luke1 are widely diff]5t4 ,f ,abraham to ,david !y sub/antially agree2 f ,david to ,*ri/1 ,mat!w makes tw5ty-eight g5]ations1 & ,luke ?irty-eight2 only two ( ! int]m$iate names 9 ! "o table are f\nd 9 ! o!r2 ! "o li/ makes ,jacob ! fa!r ( ,joseph1 & ! o!r decl>es t ! "n ( ,joseph's fa!r 0 ,heli4 ,all sorts ( explanations1 "s plausible & o!rs prepo/]\s1 h be5 (f]$ ( ?is difficulty2 ! "o explanation t _c be all[$ is t ^! words 7 dictat$ by ,omnisci5ce4 ,9 ! /ory ( ! heal+ ( ! bl9d ne> ,j]i*o1 ,mat!w & ,m>k expressly say t ! heal+ took place z ,*ri/ 0 dep>t+ f ! city2 ,luke t x 0 be=e he ent]$ x4 ,mat!w says t !re 7 two bl9d m52 ,m>k & ,luke t !re 0 b "o4 ,ab\t ^! details ( ! transaction !re is "s mi/ake1--t is ! only ?+ to be said ab\t x4 ,! v>i\s explanations (f]$ are weak & inadmissible4 ,b :at diff]5ce does x make to anybody :e!r ! heal+ took place be=e or aft] ,jesus ent]$ ! city1 or :e!r !re 0 "o man heal$ or two8 ,! moral & spiritual lessons ( ! /ory are j z di/9ct 9 ! "o case z 9 ! o!r2 & x is ^! moral & spiritual values only t inspiration is int5d$ to secure4 ,simil>ly1 ,luke 7iv4 #ch-ci7 expressly tells u t ! heal+ ( ,pet]'s wife's "m took place be=e ! call+ ( ,simon & ,&rew2 :ile ,mat!w & ,m>k tell u ) equal explicitness t ! call+ took place be=e ! heal+4 ,no reconciliation is possible "h2 ei!r ,luke or ,mat!w & ,m>k mu/ h misplac$ ^! ev5ts4 ,s 9 ,mat!w xxvii4 #i1 c]ta9 words are said to h be5 spok5 by ,j]emiah ! prophet4 ,^! words are n 9 ,j]emiah2 !y are 9 ,ze*>iah xi4 #ac4 ,x is simply a slip ( ! ,evangeli/'s memory4 ,s 9 ! record ( ! inscription on ! cross :5 ,jesus 0 crucifi$4 ,ea* ( ! f\r ,evangeli/s copies x = u 9 a diff]5t =m4 ,! mean+ is ! same 9 all ! cases1 b ! copy 0 n exactly made by "s ( !m1 p]haps n by any ( !m4 ,if ! ,holy ,gho/ _h dictat$ ! words1 !y mu/1 9 a case l ?is1 h be5 exactly alike 9 all ! ,evangeli/s4 ,! sub/ance is giv51 b ! inexactness ( ! copy %[s t ! words c\ld n h be5 dictat$ by ,omnisci5ce4 ,x is sometimes expla9$ t ?is inscription 0 9 ?ree languages1 ,greek1 ,lat91 & ,hebrew1 & t we may h ! exact translations ( ! diff]5t inscriptions4 ,?is might acc\nt = ?ree ( !m1 b n = f\r4 ,f ^! & _m o!r simil> facts1 we "k t ! !ory ( v]bal inspiration is n true2 b t ^! ,evangeli/s 7 all[$ to /ate ea* 9 8 own language ! facts kn[n by him conc]n+ our ,"l1 & t no?+ l infallible accuracy 0 s mu* z attempt$4 ,! only inspiration t c be claim$ = !m is t :i* br\ght ! important facts to _! remembrance1 & gu>d$ !m aga9/ s]i\s errors ( hi/ory or doctr9e4 ,b n[ ! "q returns1 if !y wrote ^! ,gospels 9 _! own language & indep5d5tly ( "o ano!r1 h[ happ5s x t !y use s (t5 ! v same words & phrases & s5t5ces8 ,take1 = example1 ! foll[+ v]ses f p>allel n>ratives 9 ,mat!w & 9 ,m>k1 conc]n+ ! call+ ( ! fir/ apo/les3-- ,,mat!w iv4 #ah-bb4 ,& walk+ by ! sea ( ,galilee1 he saw two bre?r51 ,simon :o is call$ ,pet]1 & ,&rew 8 bro!r1 ca/+ a net into ! sea2 = !y 7 fi%]s4 ,& he sai? unto !m1 ,come ye aft] me1 & ,i w make y fi%]s ( m54 ,& !y /raightway left ! nets1 & foll[$ him4 ,& go+ on f !nce he saw two o!r bre?r51 ,james ! son ( ,zeb$ee1 & ,john 8 bro!r1 9 ! boat ) ,zeb$ee _! fa!r1 m5d+ _! nets2 & he call$ !m4 ,& !y /raightway left ! boat & _! fa!r1 & foll[$ him4 ,,m>k i4 #af-bj4 ,& pass+ along by ! sea ( ,galilee1 he saw ,simon & ,&rew ! bro!r ( ,simon ca/+ a net 9 ! sea3 = !y 7 fi%]s4 ,& ,jesus said unto !m1 ,come ye aft] me1 & ,i w make y to become fi%]s ( m54 ,& /raightway !y left ! nets1 & foll[$ him4 ,& go+ on a little fur!r1 he saw ,james ! son ( ,zeb$ee1 & ,john 8 bro!r1 :o also 7 9 ! boat m5d+ ! nets4 ,& /raightway he call$ !m3 & !y left _! fa!r ,zeb$ee 9 ! boat ) ! hir$ s]vants1 & w5t aft] him4 ,!re are slight v]bal v>iations1 b 9 g5]al ! words are ! same1 & ! correspond+ s5t5ces are 9 precisely ! same ord] 9 bo? n>ratives4 ,n[1 z ,ar*bi%op ,?omson says1 9 ,smi?'s ,bible ,diction>y1 ,! v]bal & mat]ial agreem5t ( ! fir/ ?ree ,evangeli/s is su* z does n occur 9 any o!r au?ors :o h writt5 indep5d5tly ( ea* o!r4 ,besides _m su* passages :i* are sub/antially alike b v]bally or syntactically diff]5t1 !re are q a numb] :i* are id5tical1 ^w = ^w1 & phrase = phrase4 ,^! v]bal agreem5ts occur mo/ frequ5tly1 z is natural1 9 ! reports ( our ,"l's disc\rses & say+s2 b !y also occur 9 ! descriptive & n>rative portions ( ! gospel4 ,?is is ! fact :i* is s difficult to reconcile ) ! !ory t ! books 7 produc$ by indep5d5t writ]s4 ,suppose ?ree compet5t & tru?ful report]s are employ$ by y to write an exact & unv>ni%$ report ( "s s+le transaction :i* has occurr$1 & :i* ea* ( !m has witness$4 ,ea* is requir$ to d 8 "w )\t any conf]5ce ) ! o!rs4 ,:5 ^! reports are br\ght to y1 if !y are v fai?ful & accurate = sub/ance1 y w n be surpris$ to f9d "s circum/ances m5tion$ by ea* t are n m5tion$ by ei!r ( ! o!rs1 & x w be /range if !re are n "s important discrepancies4 ,b if on read+ !m1 y f9d t ! reports1 tak5 s5t5ce by s5t5ce1 are almo/ id5tical1--t !re is only an occasional diff]5ce 9 a ^w or 9 ! ord] ( a phrase1--!n y at once say1 ,^! report]s mu/ h be5 copy+ f "s o!r report]'s note-book1 or else !y mu/ h be5 comp>+ notes2 !y c\ld n h writt5 ) su* v]bal agreem5t if !y _h writt5 indep5d5tly4 ,suppose1 = example1 t ea* ( ! ?ree reports began 9 j ^! words3 ,! fir/ object t attract$ my notice on ent]+ ! door 0 a *air4 ,n[ x is extremely improbable t all ^! writ]s1 writ+ indep5d5t reports ( a transaction1 %\ld beg9 9 ! same way by m5tion+ ! fir/ object t attract$ ! att5tion ( ea*4 ,& ev5 if !y %\ld s beg91 x is :olly beyond ! range ( possibilities t !y %\ld all select f all ! multitude ( ! words 9 ! ,engli% language ! v same words 9 :i* to make ?is /atem5t2 & %\ld put ^! words 9 ! v same ord]1 out ( ! multitude ( diff]5t ord]s into :i* !y c\ld grammatically be put4 ,!re is n "o *ance 9 a million t su* a co9cid5ce w\ld occur4 ,b su* co9cid5ces occur v (t5 9 ! fir/ ?ree ,gospels4 ,h[ c we acc\nt = x8 ,we say t !y wrote indep5d5tly1 t _! words 7 n dictat$ to !m2 h[ does x happ5 t !re is s mu* v]bal agreem5t8 ,we may get "s h9t ( ! mann] 9 :i* ^! biographies 7 produc$ if we turn to ! beg9n+ ( ,luke's ,gospel3-- ,=asmu* z _m h tak5 9 h& to draw up a n>rative conc]n+ ^? matt]s :i* h be5 fulfill$ among u1 ev5 z !y deliv]$ !m unto u1 :i* f ! beg9n+ 7 eyewitnesses & m9i/]s ( ! ^w1 x seem$ good to me also1 hav+ trac$ ! c\rse ( all ?+s accurately f ! fir/1 to write unto !e 9 ord]1 mo/ excell5t ,!ophilus2 t ?\ mighte/ "k ! c]ta9ty conc]n+ ! ?+s :]e9 ?\ wa/ in/ruct$4 ,! m>g9al read+ ( ?is la/ phrase is1 :i* ?\ wa/ taught by ^w ( m\?4 ,?is is ! m exact mean+ ( ! ,greek4 ,! passage conta9s ^! /atem5ts3-- #a4 ,!ophilus _h be5 orally taught ! ,gospels4 #b4 ,_m p]sons1 n apo/les1 _h und]tak5 to write out p>ts ( ! gospel /ory1 z !y _h he>d x f eyewitnesses & m9i/]s ( ! ^w4 #c4 ,luke also1 z "o :o _h full & accurate in=mation1 _h det]m9$ to r$uce 8 k to an ord]ly writt5 n>rative1 = ! b5efit ( 8 fri5d ,!ophilus4 ,x appe>s f ?is cle> /atem5t t writt5 memor&a ( ! disc\rses ( our ,"l & ( ! incid5ts ( 8 life _h be5 made by _m p]sons4 ,numb]s ( ^! _h und]tak5 to comb9e _! memor&a ) _! recollections 9 an ord]ly /atem5t4 ,?is fact itself %[s h[ p[]ful an impression _h be5 made by our ,"l's life & dea? ^u ! p ( ,pale/9e4 ,ev]y?+ relat+ to him 0 treasur$ ) ! utmo/ c>e2 ,luke1 = 8 "p1 believ+ t he _h ga9$ by c>eful inve/igation suffici5t k to w>rant ! und]tak+1 sets out to collect ! facts & pres5t !m 9 a consecutive & intelligible lit]>y =m4 ,yet ,luke1 9 ?is ann\ncem5t ( 8 purpose1 betrays no consci\sness t he is us+ any diff]5t p[]s f ^? employ$ by ! _m o!rs ( :om he speaks4 ,r does he mo/ cle>ly rank himself ) !m1 z "o ( _m glean]s 9 ?is fruitful field4 ,he does claim ?or\ghness & pa9/ak+ accuracy2 ,i believe t e hone/ man w conc$e 8 claim4 ,?is1 !n1 0 ! way 9 :i* ,luke w5t to "w to write 8 ,gospel4 ,?is is n guesswork2 x is ! explicit /atem5t ( ! au?or himself4 ,h we n good reason = believ+ t ! ,gospels ( ,mat!w & ,m>k 7 compos$ 9 mu* ! same way8 ,9 addition to ! writt5 memor&a ( ,*ri/'s life :i* 7 9 ! h&s ( ! apo/les1 & ( _m o!rs1 !re 0 ano!r s\rce f :i* ! ,evangeli/s mu/ h drawn4 ,luke alludes to x :5 he speaks ( ! fact t ,!ophilus _h receiv$ mu* ( 8 n>rative by ^w ( m\?4 ,!re 01 unque/ionably1 an oral gospel1 cov]+ ! l>g] "p ( ! de$s & ! words ( ,jesus1 :i* _h be5 widely circulat$ 9 ,pale/9e & 9 ! :ole mission>y field4 ,:5 x is said 7,acts viii4 #a-d2 xi4 #ai7 t !y :i* 7 scatt]$ abroad by ! e>ly p]secutions w5t ev]y:]e prea*+ ! ^w1 x mu/ be und]/ood t !y w5t ab\t simply tell+ ! /ory ( ,jesus1 8 bir?1 8 life1 8 de$s1 8 words1 8 dea? ^u ! cross4 ,sometimes1 :5 prea*+ to ,jews1 !y w\ld %[ ! correspond5ce betwe5 8 life & ! ,old ,te/am5t prophecies1 to prove t he 0 ! ,messiah2 b ! sub/ance ( _! prea*+ 0 ! tell+ ov] & ov] aga9 ( ! /ory ( ,jesus4 ,x 0 ^u ?is oral gospel t ! apo/les & ! fir/ mission>ies ma9ly reli$4 ,:at !y desir$ to d 0 to make kn[n z spe$ily & z rapidly z possible ! words ( 8 lips & ! facts ( 8 life4 ,& x is highly probable t be=e !y set out on ^! mission>y t\rs1 !y took great pa9s to rehe>se to "o ano!r ! /ory :i* !y 7 go+ =? to tell4 ,! apo/les1 says ,pr(essor ,we/cott1 guid$ by ! promis$ ,_s ( tru?1 rema9$ toge!r 9 ,j]usalem 9 close communion = a p]iod long en\gh to %ape a common n>rative1 & to fix x ) requisite surr\nd+s4 ,x 0 ^! conc]t$ recollections & rehe>sals t gave to s _m passages ( ! gospel its id5tity 9 =m4 ,"s ( ! s5t5ces (t5 & dev\tly repeat$ 7 rememb]$ by all1 ^w = ^w2 9 "s ( !m !re 7 v]bal diff]5ces & discrepancies1 z !y 7 repeat$ by "o & ano!r4 ,! v]bal resemblances z well z ! v]bal diff]5ces are ?us expla9$ by ?is !ory ( an oral gospel1 prep>$ at fir/ = prea*+ by ! apo/les1 & held only 9 _! memory4 ,! pres]vation ( s _m passages 9 words & s5t5ces ne>ly or exactly simil> is no?+ miracul\s4 ,ev5 9 our own "t !re are1 z we are told1 secret societies ^: ritual has nev] be5 writt51 b has be5 h&$ d[n ) ne>ly v]bal accuracy1 f g5]ation to g5]ation4 ,= ! ,hebrews1 :o 7 a p at ?is "t greatly dis9cl9$ to write1 & ?or\ghly practic$ 9 rememb]+ & repeat+ ! say+s ( _! wise m51 ?is task w\ld n be difficult4 ,! apo/les & ! e>ly evangeli/s1 z ,we/cott sugge/s1 7 prea*]s1 n hi/orians1 n pamphlete]s4 ,!y believ$ 9 liv+ witnesses m ?an 9 transmitt$ docum5ts4 ,!y did n write out ! record at fir/1 p>tly because !y 7 naturally dis9cl9$ to write1 & p>tly1 no d\bt1 because !y expect$ ! imm$iate return ( our ,"l to e>?4 ,_! gospel 0 !re=e = _m ye>s a spok5 & n a writt5 ^w4 ,z !y w5t on repeat+ x1 *anges w\ld occur 9 ! repetition ( ! words2 to ! remembrance ( "o & ano!r ( !m ! ,_s ( tru? w\ld br+ facts & circum/ances t !y did n ?9k ( at fir/2 words1 phrases1 ge/ures ( our ,"l w\ld reappe> 9 ! memory ( ea*1 & ?us ! n>rative became v>i$ & %ad$ ) ! p]sonal peculi>ities ( ! sev]al writ]s4 ,ye>s pass$1 & ! expect$ return ( ! ,"l to e>? did n take place4 ,! *ur*es 7 spread+ ov] ,asia & ,europe1 & ! apo/les 7 unable p]sonally to in/ruct ^? :o 7 prea*+ ! gospel 9 o!r l&s4 ,?us ! ne$ ( a writt5 record began to make itself felt2 & ! apo/les !mselves wrote out ! /ory :i* !y _h be5 tell+1 or x 0 writt5 = !m by _! companions & fell[-help]s 9 ! gospel4 ,! oral gospel z x liv$ 9 _! memories w\ld =m1 no d\bt1 ! sub/ance ( x1 & ! writt5 memor&a ( ! disc\rses & incid5ts1 to :i* ,luke ref]s1 w\ld be drawn ^u 9 complet+ ! biography4 ,! oral gospel ?us c>efully prep>$ & transmitt$ by memory w\ld be sub/antially ! same1 yet _m diff]5ces 9 arrangem5t ( words & phrases w\ld naturally h crept 92 ! writt5 memor&a w\ld 9 _m cases be v]bally id5tical4 ,& ea* ,evangeli/1 glean+ f ?is wide field1 w\ld collect "s facts & say+s omitt$ by ! o!rs4 ,!re are o!r explanations ( ! orig9 ( ! ,synoptic ,gospels1 "s ( :i* are +5i\s & plausible1 b ,i %all n burd5 y\r m9ds ) !m1 s9ce ! !ory :i* ,i h pres5t$ appe>s to me ! simple/1 ! mo/ natural1 & ! mo/ compreh5sive ( !m all4 ,! ,f\r? ,gospel1 x is evid5t1 mu/ h _h a diff]5t orig94 ,beyond "q x is a consecutive n>rative1 compos$ by a s+le writ]1 & n1 l ! ,synoptics1 a compilation ( memor&a1 oral or writt54 ,x appe>s to be1 9 "p at lea/1 a supplem5t>y n>rative1 omitt+ mu* t is conta9$ 9 ! o!r ,gospels1 supply+ "s omissions1 & correct+1 possibly1 c]ta9 unimportant errors4 ,mr4 ,horton illu/rates ! supplem5t>y "w ( ?is ,evangeli/ by sev]al in/ances4 ,! communion ( ! ,"l's ,supp]1 he says1 0 s univ]sally kn[n & obs]v$ :5 he wrote t he actually does n m5tion its in/itution1 b he records a wond]ful disc\rse conc]n+ ! ,bread ( ,life :i* is an indisp5sable comm5t>y on ! unnam$ in/itution1 & by fill+ 9 ) great detail ! circum/ances ( ! la/ ev5+1 he furni%$ a framework = ! ord9ance :i* is among our mo/ preci\s possessions4 ,on ! o!r h&1 because ! common tradition 0 v vague 9 its date he gave precision to ! ev5t :i* !y _h record$ by fix+ ! "t ( its occurr5ce4444 ,9 ,matt1 iv4 #ab & ,m>k i4 #ad1 ! temptation1 imm$iately foll[+ ,*ri/'s baptism1 is imm$iately foll[$ by ! /atem5t1 ',:5 he he>d t ,john 0 deliv]$ up1 he )drew into ,galilee2 & leav+ ,naz>e? he came & dwelt 9 ,cap]naum4' ,b ?is summ>y n>rative _h exclud$ "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ features ( ! e>ly m9i/ry ( ,jesus4 ,accord+ly ! ,f\r? ,gospel enl>ges ! /ory & emphasizes ! m>ks ( "t4 ,aft] ! ,baptism1 accord+ to ?is au?ority1 ,jesus 'w5t d[n to ,cap]naum1 he & 8 "m & 8 bre?r5 & 8 disciples1 & !re !y abode n _m days' 7ii4 #ab74 ,!n he w5t up to ! ,passov] at ,j]usalem1 :]e he _h ! int]view ) ,nicodemus4 ,aft] t he w5t into ! c\ntry di/ricts ( ,judea1 :]e ,john 0 baptiz+ 9 non1 & !n ! writ] adds1 z if 8 eye 7 on ! cond5s$ & mislead+ n>rative ( ! common tradition1 ',= ,john 0 n yet ca/ into prison4' ,! two great tea*]s1 ! ,=]unn]1 & ! ,great]-?an-he1 7 actually baptiz+ side by side1 & x 0 because ,jesus saw 8 reputation ov]%ad[+ ,john's t he volunt>ily )drew into ,galilee1 pass+ ?r\gh ,sam>ia4 ,s t :ile !re _h be5 two j\rneys to ,galilee be=e ,john 0 imprison$1 & t e>ly p]iod ( ! life 0 full ( unique & wond]ful int]e/1 all _h be5 compress$ & cru%$ into ! brief /atem5t ( ,matt4 iv4 #ab & ,m>k i4 #ad4 ,9 ?is case we seem to see ! ,evangeli/ delib]ately loos5+ & break+ up ! curr5t hi/ory 9 ord] t he might ins]t into ! cramp$ & lifeless framework "s ( ! mo/ valuable episodes ( ! ,"l's life4 ,if ! f\r? ,evangeli/ _h treat$ ! triple n>rative 9 ! way t _m ( u h treat$ x1 reg>d+ x z a s9 aga9/ ! ,holy ,_s to sugge/ t !re 0 any incomplet5ess or any mislead+ abbreviations 9 x1 we %\ld h lo/ ! wond]ful acc\nts ( ! conv]sation ) ,nicodemus & ) ! woman at ! well4 ,footnote3 ,inspiration & ! ,bible1 pp4 #ie-ii4 ,if su* is ! relation ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel to ! ,synoptics1 x foll[s t x mu/ h be5 ! "w ( "o :o 0 ?or\ghly famili> ) ! ev5ts record$4 ,t ! n>rative be>s evid5ce ( hav+ be5 writt5 by an eyewitness is to my own m9d cle>4 ,t ! writ] int5ds to convey ! impression t he is ! belov$ disciple is also manife/4 ,ei!r x 0 writt5 by ,john ! ,apo/le1 or else ! writ] 0 a delib]ate deceiv]4 ,!re c be no su* explanation ( 8 p]sonation ( ,john z t :i* satisfies our m9ds 9 ! case ( ,daniel & ,ecclesia/es2 ! book is ei!r ! "w ( ,john1 or x is a cunn+ & consci5celess fraud4 ,& x seems to me t any "o :o w read ! book w f9d x impossible to believe t x is an impo/ure4 ,if any book ( ! ages be>s 9 itself ! witness to ! tru? x is ! ,f\r? ,gospel4 ,x %9es by its own light4 ,any ( u c\ld tell ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! sun 9 ! heav5s & a brass disk susp5d$ 9 ! sky reflect+ ! sun's rays2 & 9 mu* ! same way ! fact is app>5t t ! book is n a c\nt]feit gospel4 ,x is true t hi/orical criticism has rais$ difficulties ab\t x2 ! battle ( ! critics has be5 rag+ ar\nd x = half a c5tury2 b "o aft] ano!r ( ! positions tak5 by m5 l ,/rauss & ,baur h be5 %[n to be unt5able2 & x c tru?fully be said1 9 ! words ( ,pr(essor ,ladd1 t ! vigor\s & det]m9$ attacks ^u ! g5u95ess ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel h greatly increas$ in/ead ( impair+ our confid5ce 9 ! traditional view4 ,footnote3 ,:at is ! ,bible8 p4 #cbg4 ,& ,i am ready to g f>!r ) ! same brave b rev]5t s*ol>1 & say1 ,hav+ ?us gr\nd$ 9 hi/orical & critical rese>*es ! g5u95ess ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 we h no hesitation 9 affirm+ :at position x mu/ take 9 ,sacr$ ,scripture4 ,x is ! he>t ( ,jesus ,*ri/ ) :i* we "h come 9 contact4 ,inspiration & reflection unit+ ^u ! *oice/ & mo/ und\bt$ mat]ial ( hi/ory1 & fus+ all ! mat]ial ) ! holy *>act]i/ics ( revelation1 are n[h]e else s app>5t z 9 ! ,gospel ( ! ,apo/le ,john4 ,footnote3 ,doctr9e ( ,sacr$ ,scripture1 i4 #egc ,su*1 !n1 is ! f\rfold biography ( ,jesus ! ,*ri/ pres]v$ = u 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,if ?is /udy has remov$ some?+ ( ! my/]y ) :i* ! orig9 ( ^! writ+s has be5 %r\d$1 x has1 ,i tru/1 at ! same "t1 made !m appe> m real & m human2 & x has %[n ! provid5tial ov]sight by :i* _! artless record1 _m-sid$1 manifold1 yet simple & cle> z ! daylight1 has be5 pres]v$ = u4 ,( ^! f\r ,gospels we are c]ta9ly entitl$ to say z mu* z ?is1 t :atev] v]bal discrepancies may be detect$ 9 !m1 & h[ev] difficult x may be satisfactorily to expla9 all ! ph5om5a ( _! /ructure & relations1 9 "o ?+ !y m>vel\sly agree1 & t is 9 ! picture :i* !y give u ( ! life & "* ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,9 ?is ea* "o ( !m is self-consi/5t1 & !y are all consi/5t ) "o ano!r4 ,& ?is1 if we w reflect ^u x1 is a m>vel\s1 n to say a miracul\s fact4 ,t f\r su* m5 z ^! ,evangeli/s inconte/ably 7 %\ld h succe$$ 9 giv+ u f\r portraitures ( ! ,div9e ,man1 )\t contradict+ !mselves1 & )\t contradict+ "o ano!r1--f\r di/9ct views ( ?is wond]ful ,p]son1 :i* %[ u diff]5t sides ( 8 "*1 & :i* we yet in/antly recognize z ! same p]son1 is a v great wond]4 ,no su* task 0 ev] laid on any o!r human biograph] z t :i* confront$ ^! m52 no "* s difficult to compreh5d & describe ev] exi/$2 = "o man to pres]ve all ! unities ( art 9 describ+ him w\ld be notable2 = f\r m5 to give u1 indep5d5tly1 f\r n>ratives1 f ! simple pages ( :i* ! same l9eam5ts %9e out1 s t no "o ev] ?9ks ( say+ t ! ,jesus ( ,mat!w is a diff]5t p]son f ! ,jesus ( ,m>k or ,luke or ,john1--?is1 ,i say1 is m>vel\s4 ,& x is ?is "*1 maje/ic 9 its simplicity1 glori\s 9 its humility1 ! ,ideal ( ,humanity1 ! ,my/]y ( ,godl9ess1 t ^! ,gospels are meant to %[ u4 ,if !y only br+ him cle>ly be=e u1 make 8 p]sonality real & famili> & vivid be=e our eyes1 s t we may "k him & love him1 t is all we want ( !m4 ,infallibility 9 details w\ld be wor?less if ?is 7 want+2 any small discrepancies are b5ea? notice if ?is is "h4 ,& ?is is "h4 ,read = y\rselves4 ,f ! page ( ,mat!w1 illum9at$ ) ! words ( prophecy t tell ( ! ,messiah's com+2 f ! vivid & rapid record ( ,m>k1 9 :i* ! ,wond]-work] displays 8 p[]2 f ! t5d] /ory ( ,luke1 speak+ ! ^w ( grace to ^? t are l[e/ d[n & f>!/ (f2 f ! my/ical ,gospel ( ! belov$ disciple op5+ to u ! deep ?+s t only love c see1 ! same div9e =m appe>s1 ! same div9e face %9es1 ! same div9e voice is speak+4 ,behold ! man6 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,new ,,te/am5t ,,hi/ory ,,& ,,prophecy4 ,! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les conta9s ! hi/ory ( ! ,*ri/ian *ur* f ! "t ( ! asc5sion ( our ,"l to ! end ( ! second ye> ( ,paul's fir/ imprisonm5t at ,rome4 ,! p]iod cov]$ by ! hi/ory is !re=e only ab\t ?irty ye>s4 ,! pr9cipal ev5ts record$ 9 x are ! great ,p5teco/al ,revival1 ! ,m>tyrdom ( ,/eph51 ! fir/ p]secution ( ! *ur* & ! disp]sion ( ! disciples1 ! conv]sion & ! mission>y "w ( ,paul1 ) ! circum/ances ( 8 arre/ at ,j]usalem1 8 j\rney z a prison] to ,rome1 & a brief acc\nt ( 8 resid5ce 9 t city4 ,9 ! fir/ "p ( ! book ,pet]1 ! lead] ( ! apo/olic b&1 is ! c5tral figure2 ! la/ "p is occupi$ ) ! life & "w ( ,paul4 ,:o is ! writ]8 ,ir5u1 ab\t #ahb1 names ,luke z ! au?or ( ! book1 & speaks z ?\gh ! fact 7 undisput$4 ,he calls him a foll[] & disciple ( apo/les1 & decl>es t he 0 insep>able f ,paul & 0 8 fell[-help] 9 ! gospel4 ,?is is ! e>lie/ di/9ct ref]5ce to ! book 9 any anci5t ,*ri/ian writ+4 ,aft] ?is1 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 ,t]tullian1 ,orig51 & ,eusebius be> ! same te/imony4 ,b ^! are late witnesses4 ,! e>lie/ ( !m te/ifi$ a hundr$ ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ,luke4 ,! direct te/imony to ! exi/5ce ( ?is book 9 ! fir/ two c5uries is n1 !re=e1 altoge!r satisfactory4 ,! indirect te/imony is1 h[ev]1 cle> & /rong4 ,t ! ,acts 0 writt5 by ! au?or ( ! ,?ird ,gospel is sc>cely d\bt$ by any critical s*ol>4 ,! fact ( ! id5tity ( au?or%ip is /at$ ) ! utmo/ explicitness 9 ! introduction ( ! ,acts4 ,! =m] treatise ,i made1 ,o ,!ophilus1 conc]n+ all t ,jesus began bo? to d & to tea* 7,luke i4 ,i1 #b74 ,! au?or ( ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les c]ta9ly int5ds to say t he is ! writ] ( ! ,?ird ,gospel4 ,if he is n ! au?or ( ! ,?ird ,gospel he is an artful & %ameless deceiv]4 ,b ! :ole atmosph]e ( ! book =bids ! !ory t x is a cunn+ imposition4 ,& ! int]nal evid5ce t ! two books 7 writt5 by ! same au?or is ample & conv9c+4 ,! /yle & ! me?od ( ! treatm5t ( ! two books are unmi/akably id5tical4 ,e page be>s witness to ! fact t ! au?or ( ! ,?ird ,gospel & ! au?or ( ! ,acts are "o & ! same p]son4 ,n[ we "k1 beyond all reasonable d\bt1 t ! ,gospel ( ,luke 0 writt5 c]ta9ly z e>ly z ! ye> #hj ,a4 ,d4 ,& !re is z good reason1 z we h se5 already1 = accept+ ! anci5t & univ]sal tradition ( ! *ur* t ,luke 0 its au?or4 ,if ,luke wrote ! two books1 ! date ( bo? ( !m is c>ri$ back to ! la/ "p ( ! fir/ c5tury4 ,b ! conclud+ portion ( ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les seems to fix ! date ( t book mu* m precisely4 ,! au?or1 aft] n>rat+ ,paul's j\rney to ,rome1 8 arrival !re1 & 8 fir/ unsatisfactory int]view ) ! ,jewi% lead]s1 closes 8 book ) ?is comp5di\s /atem5t3-- ,& he abode two :ole ye>s 9 8 own hir$ dwell+1 & receiv$ all t w5t 9 unto him1 prea*+ ! k+dom ( ,god1 & tea*+ all ?+s conc]n+ ! ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/ ) all boldness1 none =bidd+ him4 ,?is is ! la/ ^w 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t hi/ory respect+ ! ,apo/le ,paul4 ,n[ x is evid5t t ?is writ] 0 ,paul's fri5d & travel+ companion4 ,x is true t he keeps himself out ( sight 9 ! hi/ory4 ,we only "k :5 he jo9$ ,paul by ! fact t ! n>rative *anges f ! ?ird p]son s+ul> to ! fir/ p]son plural2 he ceases to say he1 & beg9s to say we4 ,?us we are made aw>e t he jo9$ ,paul at ,troas on 8 second mission>y j\rney1 & w5t ) him z f> z ,philippi2 rejo9$ him at ! same place on 8 ?ird mission>y t\r1 & accompani$ him to ,j]usalem2 0 8 fell[-voyag] on t memorable j\rney to ,rome1 & !re abode ) him = two ye>s4 ,! ,epi/le to ! ,colossians & ! ,epi/le to ,philemon 7 writt5 dur+ ?is imprisonm5t at ,rome1 & 9 bo? ( ^! ,epi/les ,paul speaks ( ! fact t ,luke is ne> him4 ,9 ! second lett] to ,timo?y1 :i* is suppos$ to h be5 writt5 dur+ ! second imprisonm5t at ,rome1 & ne> ! close ( 8 life1 he says aga91 ,only ,luke is ) me4 ,take ,m>k1 & br+ him unto me1 = he is useful to me = m9i/]+4 ,if ! common op9ion conc]n+ ! date ( ?is lett] is correct1 !n ,luke mu/ h rema9$ ) ,paul at ,rome until ! close ( 8 life4 ,b ! n>rative 9 ,luke does n give any acc\nt ( ! clos+ ye>s ( ,paul's life4 ,x breaks (f abruptly at ! end ( 8 two ye>s' resid5ce 9 ,rome4 ,:y is ?is8 ,evid5tly because !re is no m to tell at ?is "t4 ,! writ] cont9ues ! hi/ory up to ! date ( 8 writ+ & /ops !re4 ,if he _h be5 writ+ aft] ! dea? ( ,paul1 he w\ld c]ta9ly h told u ( ! circum/ances ( 8 dea?4 ,!re is no rational explanation ( ?is abrupt end+1 except t ! book 0 writt5 at ab\t ! "t :5 ! /ory closes4 ,?is 0 c]ta9ly ab\t #fc ,a4 ,d4 ,& if ! ,book ( ,acts 0 writt5 z e>ly z ?is1 ! ,gospel ( ,luke1 ! =m] treatise by ! same au?or1 mu/ h be5 writt5 e>li] ?an ?is4 ,?us ! ,book ( ,acts n only furni%es /rong evid5ce ( its own e>ly date1 b helps to e/abli% ! e>ly date ( ! ?ird ,gospel4 ,^! conclusions1 to my own m9d1 are irresi/ible4 ,no !ory :i* consi/s ) ! common hone/y ( ! writ] c br+ ^! books d[n to a lat] date4 ,& ,i _c d\bt ! hone/y ( ! writ]4 ,8 writ+s prove him to be a c>eful1 pa9/ak+1 v]aci\s hi/orian4 ,9 _m slight matt]s ?is accuracy appe>s4 ,! political /ructure ( ! ,roman ,empire at ?is "t 0 some:at complicat$4 ,! prov9ces 7 divid$ betwe5 ! ,emp]or & ! ,s5ate2 ^? heads ( prov9ces :o 7 directly responsible to ! ,emp]or & ! milit>y au?orities 7 call$ proprtors2 ^? :o 7 "u ! jurisdiction ( ! ,s5ate 7 call$ proconsuls4 ,9 m5tion+ ^! (fic]s ,luke nev] makes a mi/ake2 he gets ! precise title e "t4 ,once1 inde$1 ! critics ?\ght !y _h caught him 9 an error4 ,s]gius ,paulus1 ! ,roman rul] ( ,cyprus1 he calls proconsul4 ,wrong6 said ! critics1 ,cyprus 0 an imp]ial prov9ce2 ! title ( ?is (fic] mu/ h be5 proprtor4 ,b :5 ! critics /udi$ a little m1 !y f\nd out t ,augu/us put ?is prov9ce back "u ! ,s5ate1 s t ,luke's title is exactly "r4 ,& to cl9* ! matt]1 old co9s ( ?is v date h be5 f\nd 9 ,cyprus1 giv+ to ! *ief magi/rate ( ! isl& ! title ( proconsul4 ,su* evid5ces ( ! accuracy ( ! writ] are n want+4 ,x is ne$less to insi/ t he nev] makes a mi/ake2 d\btless he does1 9 "s small matt]s1 & we h le>n$ to take su* a view ( ! inspiration ( ! ,scriptures t ! discov]y ( "s small error does n tr\ble u 9 ! lea/2 b ! admission t he is n infallible is p]fectly consi/5t ) ! belief t he is an hone/1 compet5t1 fai?ful witness4 ,?is is all t he claims = himself1 ?is is all t we claim = him1 b ?is we d claim4 ,we d n believe t he 0 a consci5celess impo/or4 ,we d n believe t ! man :o told ! /ory ( ,ananias & ,sapphira 0 himself a monum5tal li>4 ,we believe t he meant to tell ! tru?1 & ! :ole tru?1 & no?+ b ! tru?4 ,!re=e1 we believe t he liv$ 9 ! times ( ! apo/les1 & receiv$ f !m1 z he says t he did1 ! facts t he record$ 9 8 ,gospel2 t he 0 ! travel+ companion & mission>y help] ( ,paul1 z he intimates t he 01 & t he has giv5 u a true acc\nt ( ! life & "w ( t great apo/le4 ,! con/ant & undesign$ co9cid5ces betwe5 ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les & ! ,epi/les ( ,paul--! _m ways 9 :i* ! p]sonal & hi/orical ref]5ces ( ! latt] support ! /atem5ts ( ! =m]--are also /rong evid5ce ( ! g5u95ess ( ! ,acts4 ,putt+ all ^! indirect & incid5tal pro(s toge!r ! hi/orical v]ity ( ! ,acts seems to me v firmly e/abli%$4 ,t !re are critical difficulties may be admitt$2 "s passages ( ?is anci5t writ+ are n easily expla9$2 !re are discrepancies1 = example1 betwe5 ! /ory ( ! resurrection & asc5sion ( ,*ri/ z told 9 ,luke & ! same /ory z relat$ 9 ! ,acts2 possibly ! writ] obta9$ full] in=mation 9 ! int]val betwe5 ! publication ( ^! two books by :i* he correct$ ! e>li] n>rative4 ,9 ! diff]5t acc\nts ( ! conv]sion ( ,paul !re are also disagreem5ts :i* we _c reconcile2 nev]!less1 9 ! words ( ,dr4 ,donaldson1 ,ev5 ^! v acc\nts conta9 evid5ce 9 !m t !y 7 writt5 by ! same writ]1 & !y d n de/roy ! =ce ( ! re/ ( ! evid5ce4 ,footnote3 ,encyc4 ,brit41 i4 #abd4 ,! !ory ( ,baur t ?is book 0 writt5 9 ! la/ "p ( ! second c5tury by a disciple ( ,/4 ,paul1 & t x is ma9ly a "w ( fiction1 int5d$ to br+ ab\t a reconciliation betwe5 two bitt]ly ho/ile p>ties 9 ! *ur*1 ! ,paul9e & ! ,petr9e sects1 ne$ n deta9 u long4 ,baur cont5ds t ! *ur* 9 ! fir/ two c5turies 0 split 9 twa91 ! foll[]s ( ,pet] insi/+ t no man c\ld become a ,*ri/ian )\t fir/ becom+ a ,jew1 ! foll[]s ( ,paul ma9ta9+ t ! ,jewi% ritual 0 aboli%$1 & t ! ,g5tiles ought to h imm$iate access to ! ,*ri/ian fell[%ip4 ,_! antagonism 0 s radical & f>-rea*+ t at ! end ( ! apo/olic age ! two p>ties _h no deal+s ) ea* o!r4 ,!n1 9 ! words ( ,pr(essor ,fi%]1 :o is "h summ>iz+ ! !ory ( ,baur1 foll[$ attempts to reconcile ! diff]5ce1 & to bridge ! gulf t sep>at$ ,g5tile f ,jewi%1 ,paul9e f ,petr9e ,*ri/ianity4 ,to ?is end v>i\s ir5ical & compromis+ books 7 writt5 9 ! "n ( ! apo/les & _! help]s4 ,! mo/ important monum5t ( ?is pacify+ ef=t is ! ,book ( ,acts1 writt5 9 ! e>li] "p ( ! second c5tury by a ,paul9e ,*ri/ian :o1 by mak+ ,paul some?+ ( a ,judaiz]1 & !n repres5t+ ,pet] z agree+ ) him 9 ! recognition ( ! rights ( ! ,g5tiles1 hop$1 n 9 va91 to produce a mutual fri5dl9ess betwe5 ! respective p>tisans ( ! rival apo/les4 ,! ,acts is a fiction f\nd$ on facts1 & writt5 = a specific doctr9al purpose4 ,! n>rative ( ! c\ncil or conf]5ce ( ! ,apo/les1 = example 7,acts xx471 is pron\nc$ a pure inv5tion ( ! writ]1 & su* a repres5tation ( ! condition ( ?+s z is inconsi/5t ) ,paul's own /atem5ts1 & = ?is & o!r reasons pla9ly false4 ,! same gr\nd is tak5 9 respect to ! conv]sion ( ,cornelius1 & ! vision ( ,pet] conc]n+ x4 ,footnote3 ,! ,sup]natural ,orig9 ( ,*ri/ianity1 pp4 #baa1bab4 ,= ?is !ory !re is1 ( c\rse1 "s slight hi/orical basis4 ,x is true1 z we h se51 t ,pet] & ,paul did h a %>p disagreem5t on ?is v "q at ,antio*4 ,x is also true t bo? ^! great apo/les behav$ q inconsi/5tly1 ,pet] at ,antio*1 & ,paul aft]w>ds at ,j]usalem1 :5 he cons5t$ to ! propositions ( ! ,judaiz]s1 & burd5$ himself ) c]ta9 ,jewi% obs]vances 9 a va9 attempt to conciliate "s ( ! weak] bre?r54 ,t ! /ory ( ! ,acts unfl9*+ly %[s u ! weaknesses & errors ( ! great apo/les is good evid5ce ( its v]acity4 ,b ! notion t x is a "w ( fiction fabricat$ = su* purposes z are outl9$ above is utt]ly incr$ible4 ,^? ,epi/les ( ,paul :i* ,baur admits to be g5u9e conta9 abundant dispro( ( 8 !ory4 ,!re nev] 0 any su* s*ism z he fancies4 ,paul sp5ds a good "p ( 8 "t 9 8 la/ mission>y j\rney 9 collect+ funds = ! relief ( ^? poor sa9ts1 = s he calls !m1 at ,j]usalem2 & e ref]5ce t he makes to !m is ( ! mo/ affectionate "*4 ,paul recognizes 9 ! mo/ emphatic way ! au?ority ( ! o!r apo/les1 & ! fell[%ip ( labor & suff]+ by :i* he is unit$ to !m4 ,all ?is & mu* m ( ! same import we f9d 9 ^? epi/les :i* ,baur admits to be ! g5u9e writ+s ( ,paul4 ,9 %ort1 x may be said t aft] ! ?or\gh discussion to :i* 8 !ory has be5 subject$ = ! la/ tw5ty-five ye>s1 x has sc>cely a s\nd leg left to /& on4 ,x may be admitt$ to be "o ( ! mo/ brilliant works ( ! hi/orical imag9ation :i* ! c5tury has produc$4 ,x is support$ by va/ le>n+1 & x has ?r[n mu* light on c]ta9 movem5ts ( ! e>ly *ur*2 b1 tak5 z a :ole x is unsci5tific & contradictory2 x raises two difficulties1 :]e x disposes ( "o1 & x ignores m facts ?an x includes4 ,we return f ?is excursion ?r\gh ! fields ( de/ructive criticism ) a /rong conviction t ?is n>rative ( ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les 0 writt5 by ,luke ! ,evangeli/1 ! companion & fell[-work] ( ,paul1 & t x gives u a v]aci\s hi/ory ( ! e>lie/ ye>s ( ! ,*ri/ian *ur*4 ,! la/ ( ! ,new ,te/am5t books does n belong *ronologically at ! end ( ! collection4 ,!re 0 a tradition1 to :i* ,ir5u gives curr5cy1 t x 0 writt5 dur+ ! reign ( ,domitian1 ab\t #ig or #ih ,a4 ,d4 ,b ?is tradition is n[ almo/ univ]sally discr$it$4 ,critics ( all classes date ! book z e>ly z #ge-gi ,a4 ,d41 :ile ! be/ au?orities put x ne>ly t5 ye>s e>li]1 9 ! autumn ( #fh or ! spr+ ( #fi4 ,z ,ar*deacon ,f>r> sugge/s1 x w\ld be va/ly bett] if ^! books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t 7 arrang$ 9 true *ronological ord]2 !y c\ld be m easily und]/ood4 ,! fact t ?is weird production /&s at ! end ( ! collection has made ^u _m m9ds a wrong impression z to its mean+1 & has giv5 x a k9d ( significance to :i* x is n entitl$4 ,! au?or%ip ( ! book is q g5]ally ascrib$ to ,john ! son ( ,zeb$ee1 bro!r ( ,james1 & "o ( ! apo/les ( our ,"l4 ,ev5 ! de/ructive critics agree to ?is2 "s among !m say t !re is less d\bt ab\t ! date & ! au?or%ip ( ?is book ?an ab\t almo/ any o!r ,new ,te/am5t writ+4 ,9 mak+ ?is concession !y int5d1 h[ev]1 to discr$it ! ,johann9e au?or%ip ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel4 ,! m c]ta9 we are t ,john wrote ! ,revelation1 !y argue1 ! m c]ta9 are we t he did n write ! ,gospel :i* be>s 8 "n2 = ! /yle ( ! two writ+s is s gl>+ly contra/$ t x is simply impossible t bo? c\ld h come f ! same writ]4 ,?is does n seem ne>ly s cle> to me z x does to "s ( ^! le>n$ & p]spicaci\s critics4 ,a great contra/ !re is1 inde$1 betwe5 ! /yle ( ! ,revelation & t ( ! ,gospel2 b ?is contra/ may be expla9$4 ,x is said1 9 ! fir/ place1 t ! ,greek ( ! ,apocalypse is v bad ,greek1 full ( ungrammatical s5t5ces1 ab\nd+ 9 ,hebraisms1 :ile t ( ! ,gospel is good ,greek1 accurate & rhetorical 9 its /ructure4 ,b ?is is by no means an unacc\ntable ph5om5on4 ,! fir/ book 0 writt5 by ! apo/le v soon1 probably1 aft] 8 removal to ,ephesus4 ,he _h nev]1 ,i suppose1 be5 accu/om$ to use ! ,greek famili>ly 9 8 own c\ntry2 _h nev] writt5 9 x at all1 & x is n /range t he %\ld express himself awkw>dly :5 he fir/ began to write ,greek2 t ! ,aramaic idioms %\ld con/antly reproduce !mselves 9 8 ,greek s5t5ces4 ,aft] he _h be5 liv+ = tw5ty-five ye>s 9 ! cultivat$ ,greek city ( ,ephesus1 us+ ! ,greek language cont9ually1 x is probable t he w\ld write x m elegantly4 ,b x is said t ! rhetorical /yle ( ! "o book diff]s radically f t ( ! o!r4 ,d\btless4 ,! "o book is an apocalypse1 ! o!r is a biography4 ,john may n h be5 a practic$ litt]ateur1 b he c]ta9ly _h lit]>y s5se & feel+ en\gh to "k h[ to put a v diff]5t color & atmosph]e into an apocalyptical writ+ f t :i* he w\ld employ 9 a report ( ! life & words ( ,jesus4 ,)\t any reflection1 inde$1 he w\ld in/9ctively use ! apocalyptic imag]y2 8 pages w\ld fl>e & res\nd ) ! lurid symbolism peculi> to ! apocalypses4 ,h[ def9ite a type ( lit]ature ?is 0 we %all pres5tly see2 no writ]1 :ile us+ x1 w\ld cle>ly manife/ 8 own p]sonality4 ,& if ?r\gh all ?is disguise we d disc]n symptoms ( a temp] m f]vid & a _s m ,judaic ?an t :i* f9ds expression 9 ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 let u rememb] t ! rip5$ wisdom ( ! old man speaks 9 ! latt]1 & ! int5se en?usiasm ( consci\s /r5g? 9 ! =m]4 ,?is ,john1 let u n =get1 0 n 9 8 y\? a p>agon ( mildness2 x 0 he & 8 bro!r ,james :o e>n$ ! sobriquet ( ,boan]ges1 ,sons ( ?und]2 x 0 !y :o want$ to call d[n fire f heav5 to consume an inhospitable ,sam>itan village4 ,moreov]1 we %all see z we g on t ! times 9 :i* ?is apocalypse 0 writt5 7 times 9 :i* ! milde/1 mann]$ m5 w\ld be apt to =get _! decorum1 & speak ) unwont$ int5sity4 ,a man ) any blood 9 him1 :o und]took to write 9 ! ye> #fh ( ! !mes ) :i* ! s\l ( ?is apo/le 0 !n on fire1 w\ld be likely to %[1 no matt] 9 :at vehicle ( spee* 8 ?\ght might be convey$1 "s sign ( ! tumult !n rag+ )9 him4 ,all ^! circum/ances1 tak5 toge!r1 enable me to expla9 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! lit]>y =m ( ! ,revelation & t ( ! ,gospel4 ,b :5 we come to look a little m deeply into ! mean+ ( ! two books1 we %all f9d t b5ea? all ?is dissimil>ity !re are "s rem>kable po9ts ( agreem5t4 ,q a numb] ( ! lead+ ideas & conceptions ( ! "o book reappe> 9 ! o!r2 ! idea ( ,*ri/ z ! ,^w or ,logos ( ,god1 ! repres5tation ( ,*ri/ z ! ,lamb1 z ! ,good ,%eph]d1 z ! ,light1 are peculi> to ,john2 we f9d !m emphasiz$ 9 ! ,gospel & 9 ! ,revelation4 ,! unity ( ! two books 9 fundam5tal conceptions has be5 admirably br\ght out by ,dr4 ,se>s1 9 8 volume entitl$ ,! ,he>t ( ,*ri/4 ,& aft] weigh+ ! evid5ce1 ,i f9d nei!r hi/orical nor psy*ological reasons suffici5t to ov]?r[ my belief t ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 z well z ! ,revelation1 0 writt5 by ,john ! ,apo/le4 ,! ,greek "n ( ! book means an uncov]+ or unveil+1 & is fairly int]pret$1 !re=e1 by our ^w ,revelation4 ,x belongs to a class ( books :i* 7 produc$ 9 great numb]s dur+ ! two c5turies prec$+ ! bir? ( ,*ri/ & ! two c5turies foll[+2 & no "o c und]/& x or int]pret x :o does n "k some?+ ( ?is species ( lit]ature1 ( ! =ms ( expression peculi> to x1 & ( ! purposes :i* x 0 int5d$ to s]ve4 ,we h 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t "o ,apocalyptic book1 t ( ,daniel1 & !re are apocalyptical elem5ts 9 two or ?ree ( ! prophecies4 ,! fact t ! ,book ( ,daniel be>s ?is "* is a /rong argum5t = ! lat5ess ( its orig92 = x 0 9 ! la/ ye>s ( ! ,jewi% nationality t ?is k9d ( writ+ became popul>4 ,we h six or sev5 books ( ?is k9d1 :i* are writt5 ma9ly f ! /&po9t ( ! old disp5sation1 "p ( :i* appe>$ j be=e & "p %ortly aft] ! beg9n+ ( our era2 & !re are ne>ly a doz5 volumes ( ,*ri/ian apocalypses1 all ( :i* employ simil> =ms ( expression1 & are direct$ t[>ds simil> ends4 ,d\btless ^! are only a few ( ! great numb] ( apocalyptical books :i* ^? ages produc$4 ,_! *>act]i/ics are well set =? by ,dr4 ,davidson3-- ,?is bran* ( lat] ,jewi% lit]ature took its rise aft] ! old] prophecy _h ceas$1 :5 ,israel suff]$ sorely f ,syrian & ,roman oppression4 ,its object 0 to enc\rage & com=t ! p by hold+ =? ! spe$y re/oration ( ! ,davidic ,k+dom ( ,messiah4 ,atta*+ itself to ! national hope1 x proclaim$ ! imp5d+ ( a glori\s future1 9 :i* ,israel fre$ f h] enemies %\ld enjoy a peaceful & prosp]\s life "u h] long-wi%$-= deliv]]4 ,! old prophets became ! vehicle ( ^! utt]ances4 ,revelations1 sket*+ ! hi/ory ( ,israel & ( hea!nism1 are put into _! m\?s4 ,! prophecies take ! =m ( symbolical images & m>vel\s visions4444 ,work+ 9 ?is fa%ion ^u ! basis ( well-kn[n writ+s1 imitat+ _! /yle1 & artificially reproduc+ _! sub/ance1 ! au?ors naturally adopt$ ! anonym\s4 ,! difficulty 0 increas$ by _! hav+ to pa9t z future1 ev5ts actually ne>1 & to fit ! manife/ation ( a p]sonal ,messiah into ! hi/ory ( ! times4 ,_m apocalypti/s employ$ obscure symbols & my/]i\s pictures1 veil+ ! mean+ t x might n be readily se54 ,footnote3 ,encyc4 ,brit41 i4 #agd4 ,e "t1 says ,dr4 ,h>nack1 ! political situation culm9at$ 9 a crisis = ! p ( ,god1 ! apocalypses appe>$ /irr+ up ! believ]s2 9 _s1 =m1 plan1 & execution !y closely resembl$ ea* o!r4444 ,!y all spoke 9 riddles2 t is1 by means ( images1 symbols1 my/ic numb]s1 =ms ( animals1 etc41 !y half conceal$ :at !y meant to reveal4 ,! reasons = ?is proc$ure are n f> to seek3 7#a47 ,cle>ness & di/9ctness w\ld h be5 too pr(ane2 only ! my/]i\s appe>s div9e4 7#b47 ,x 0 (t5 dang]\s to be too di/9ct4 ,footnote3 ,encyc4 ,brit41 xx4 #dif4 ,t ^! writ+s appe>$ 9 tr\bl\s times1 & t !y dealt ) affairs ( ! pres5t & ( ! imm$iate future1 mu/ always be borne 9 m9d4 ,c]ta9 symbolical conceptions are common to !m2 e>?quakes d5ote revolutions2 />s fall+ f heav5 typify ! d[nfall ( k+s & dyna/ies2 a bea/ is (t5 ! emblem ( a tyrant2 ! turn+ ( ! sun into d>kness & ! moon into blood signify c>nage & de/ruction ^u ! e>?4 ,we h ^! symbolisms 9 sev]al ( ! ,old ,te/am5t writ+s z well z 9 _m ( ! apocalyptical books :i* are n 9 our canon2 & ! int]pretation ( su* passages is n at all difficult :5 we und]/& ! usage ( ! writ]s4 ,( ^! apocalyptic books "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable is ! ,book ( ,eno*1 :i* appe>s to h be5 writt5 a c5tury or two be=e ,*ri/4 ,x purports to be a revelation made to & ?r\gh ! patri>* ,eno*2 x conta9s an acc\nt ( ! fall ( ! angels1 & ( a prog5y ( giants t sprung f ! union ( ^! exil$ cele/ials ) ! daught]s ( m52 x takes ,eno* on a t\r ( obs]vation ?r\gh heav5 & e>? "u ! guidance ( angels1 :o expla9 to him _m ?+s sup]nal & mundane2 x deals 9 a/ronomical & meteorological my/]ies ( v>i\s sorts1 & 9 a s]ies ( symbolical visions seeks to disclose ! ev5ts ( ! future4 ,x is a grotesque production2 "o does n f9d mu* spiritual nutrim5t 9 x1 b ,jude makes a quotation f x1 9 8 epi/le1 z if he consid]$ x ,holy ,scripture4 ,! ,f\r? ,book ( ,esdras is ano!r ,jewi% book ( ! same k9d1 :i* may h be5 writt5 ab\t ! hundr$? ye> ( our era4 ,x purports to be ! "w ( ,ezra1 :om x misplaces1 *ronologically1 putt+ him 9 ! ?irtie? ye> ( ! ,captivity4 ,! problem ( ! writ] is ! re/oration ( ! nation1 de/roy$ & scatt]$ by ! ,roman p[]4 ,he makes ! anci5t scribe & law-giv] ( ,israel 8 m\?piece1 b he is deal+ ) ! ev5ts ( 8 own "t4 ,nev]!less1 8 allusions are veil$ & obscure2 he speaks 9 riddles1 yet he speaks to a p :o und]/& 8 riddles1 & "k h[ to take 8 symbolic visions4 ,?is book is 9 our ,engli% ,apocrypha1 "u ! title #b ,esdras4 ,! ,book ( ,jubilees1 :i* assumes to be a revelation made to ,moses on ,m\nt ,s9ai1 ,! ,asc5sion ( ,moses1 ,! ,apocalypse ( ,moses1 & ! ,apocalypse ( ,b>u*1 are o!r simil> books ( ! ,jewi% lit]ature4 ,( apocalyptical ,*ri/ian writ+s1 ,i may m5tion ,! ,sibyll9e ,books1 ,! ,apocalypse ( ,paul1 ,! ,apocalypse ( ,pet]1 ,! ,revelation ( ,b>?olomew1 & ,! ,asc5sion ( ,isaiah1 & !re is also ano!r ,apocalypse ( ,john1 a feeble imitation ( ! "o ) :i* our canon closes4 ,^! books appe>$ 9 ! second1 ?ird1 & f\r? c5turies ( our era2 !y g5]ally look =w>d to ! second com+ ( ,*ri/1 & set =? 9 v>i\s figures & symbols ! conflicts & p]secutions :i* 8 sa9ts mu/ enc\nt]1 ! de/ruction ( 8 foes1 & ! e/abli%m5t ( 8 k+dom4 ,x w be se51 !re=e1 t ! ,revelation ( ,/4 ,john is n unique2 & ! inf]5ce w n be ra% t mu* light may be ?r[n ^u its d>k say+s by a c>eful /udy ( k9dr$ books4 ,x may be answ]$ t ! writ] ( ?is book is inspir$1 & t no?+ c be le>n$ ( ! mean+ ( an inspir$ book by /udy+ un9spir$ books4 ,i reply t no inspir$ book c be und]/ood at all )\t a c>eful /udy ( un9spir$ books4 ,! ,greek gramm> & ! ,greek lexicon are un9spir$ books1 & no man c und]/& a s+le "o ( ! books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t )\t c>efully /udy+ bo? ( !m1 or else avail+ himself ( ! labor ( "s "o else :o has dilig5tly /udi$ !m4 ,an inspir$ writ] uses language1--! same language t un9spir$ writ]s use2 ! mean+ ( language is fix$ n by inspiration1 b by usage2 y mu/ /udy ! gramm> & ! lexicon to le>n ab\t ! usage4 ,& ! case is precisely simil> :5 an inspir$ writ] uses a peculi> =m ( lit]ature l ! apocalyptical writ+s4 ,he kn[s :5 he uses symbolisms ( ?is class t !y w be int]pret$ accord+ to ! common usage2 he expects & desires t !y %all be s und]/ood2 &1 !re=e1 9 ord] to und]/& !m1 we mu/ "k :at ! usage is4 ,:5 our ,"l1 speak+ ( ! calamities :i* 7 ab\t to fall ^u ! ,jewi% p1 said1 ,imm$iately aft] ! tribulation ( ^? days1 ! sun %all be d>k5$1 & ! moon %all n give h] light1 & ! />s %all fall f heav51 & ! p[]s ( ! heav5s %all be %ak51 he 0 speak+ to p :o 7 p]fectly famili> ) language ( ?is sort1 because ! same expressions occur ov] & ov] aga9 9 _! prophets1 & are !re di/9ctly decl>$ to mean great political ov]turn+s4 ,he us$ ! apocalyptic phraseology1 & he expect$ !m to give x ! apocalyptic signification4 ,if we wi% to und]/& ! ,scripture1 we mu/ und]/& ! language ( ,scripture1 & ?is means n only ! grammatical =ms1 b also ! symbolic usages ( ! language4 ,we h se5 t ! apocalypses are apt to appe> 9 times ( great calamity1 & we h accept$ ! v]dict ( lat] s*ol>%ip1 t ?is ,apocalypse ( ,/4 ,john appe>$ ab\t #fh or #fi ,a4,d4 ,0 ?is a "t ( tr\ble 9 t ,ea/]n _w8 ,v]ily x 02 ! mo/ appall+ h\r p]haps 9 ! _w's hi/ory4 ,! unspeakable ,n]o 0 ei!r /ill ^u ! ?rone ( ! ,roman ,empire1 or _h j reel$ f t em95ce to ! doom ( a crav5 suicide4 ,! la/ ye>s ( 8 life 7 gorg$ ) horror4 ,! murd] ( 8 bro!r1 ! burn+ ( ,rome1 probably by 8 connivance1 if n by 8 comm&1 9 ord] t he might sate 8 appetite = s5sations ^u ?is horrid spectacle2 foll[+ ?is ! fi5di% s*eme to *>ge ?is inc5di>ism ^u ! ,*ri/ians1 & slaught] !m by t5s ( ?\s&s 9 all ! cities ( ! ,empire1--^! are only in/ances ( a c>e] :i* words are too feeble to portray4 ,^? :o succe$$ him 9 ?is supreme p[] 7 n mu* less f]oci\s2 ! v "n ( pity seem$ to h be5 blott$ f ! ,roman spee*2 ! :ole ,empire reek$ ) cruelty & p]fidy4 ,:ile su* m5 rul$ at ,rome x c\ld n be suppos$ t ! imp]ial repres5tatives 9 ! prov9ces w\ld be temp]ate & j4 ,"s ( !m1 at any rate1 _h le>n$ ! lesson ( ! h\r1 & 7 z p]fidi\s1 z trucul5t1 z base z _! ma/] c\ld h wi%$4 ,su* a "o 0 t ,gessius ,floras :o 0 ! procurator ( ,judea1 & :o seem$ to h exhau/$ ! +5uity ( a malignant nature 9 /irr+ up ! ,jews to insurrection4 ,by e species ( indignity & cruelty he f9ally /ung ! long-suff]+ p into a p]fect fury1 & ! rebellion :i* broke out 9 ,pale/9e 9 ! ye> #ff 0 "o ( ! mo/ fe>ful eruptions ( human nature t ! _w has ev] se54 ,florus _h rais$ ! demon2 n[ ! legions ( ,rome mu/ be call$ 9 to exorcise x4 ,x 0 a t]rible /ruggle4 ,all ! en]gies ( ,jewi% fanaticisms 7 enli/$2 ! ,zealots1 ! fi]ce/ p>ty among !m1 n cont5t ) slaught]+ _! ,roman enemies1 turn$ _! h&s aga9/ e man ( _! own nation :o v5tur$ to "q ! wisdom ( _! desp]ate resi/ance4 ,9 ,j]usalem itself a reign ( t]ror rag$ :i* makes ! ,fr5* ,revolution seem 9 comp>ison a calm & ord]ly proc$ure4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! outbreak ,n]o _h s5t "o ( 8 tru/$ g5]als1 ,vespasian1 & ,vespasian's son ,titus1 to put d[n ! insurrection4 ,nei!r ( ^! soldi]s 0 a s5tim5tali/2 bo? believ$ z he>tily z did ,w5twor? 9 lat] ye>s t ! ^w ( ! h\r 0 ,?or\gh4 ,!y />t$ ) _! armies f ,antio* 9 ,m>*1 #fg1 resolv$ on sweep+ ,pale/9e ) ! besom ( de/ruction4 ,cities & villages1 "o by "o1 7 besieg$1 captur$1 de/roy$2 m51 wom51 & *ildr5 7 indiscrim9ately massacr$4 ,! ,jewi% army f\ght e in* ( ! gr\nd l tig]s2 b !y 7 ov]p[]$ & beat5 9 detail1 & /eadily =c$ s\?w>d4 ,black5$ walls1 pools ( blood1 & putrefy+ corpses 7 all t ! ,romans left 9 _! re>2 ru?lessly !y drove ! doom$ p be=e !m t[>d _! /ronghold ( ,j]usalem4 ,9 ! autumn ( t ye> ,vespasian )drew 8 army into w9t]-qu>t]s1 & left ! ,zealots 9 ,j]usalem to _! orgy ( brig&age & but*]y4 ,he c\ld well af=d to re/ & let !m d 8 deadly "w4 ,9 ! spr+ ( ! foll[+ ye>1 ! siege ( ,j]usalem began4 ,! ,*ri/ians ( ! city _h fl$ to ,pella1 ea/ ( ! ,jordan2 ! remnant ( ! ,jews held _! sacr$ heights ) ! c\rage ( despair4 ,x is at ?is v juncture t ?is book ( ! ,revelation 0 writt54 ,john te/ifies t x 0 writt5 on ,patmos1 a desolate islet ( ! gean ,sea1 we/ ( ,asia ,m9or1 to :i* he _h ei!r be5 bani%$ by "s tool ( ,n]o1 or else _h betak5 himself = solitude & reflection4 ,to him1 9 ?is retreat1 ! awful tid+s _h come ( ! sc\rge t _h fall5 on ! l& ( 8 fa!rs2 add$ to ?is1 ! conflagration at ,rome1 ! ,n]onian p]secution1 all ! horrors ( ! pa/ decade 7 fre% 9 8 memory4 ,may we n say t ! "t 0 ripe = an apocalyptic message8 ,x is 9 ^! ev5ts1 !n1 t we mu/ f9d ! explanation ( mu* ( ?is symbolical language4 ,su* is ! law ( ! apocalypse1 & ?is apocalypse may be expect$ to con=m to ! law4 ,/4 ,john is in/ruct$ by ! angel to write ! ?+s :i* ?\ sawe/1 & ! ?+s :i* are1 & ! ?+s :i* %all come to pass h]eaft]1--! ?+s :i* mu/ %ortly come to pass1 ! fir/ v]se m explicitly /ates4 ,x is ! pa/ :i* he has se51 ! pres5t1 & ! imm$iate future ) :i* 8 visions are conc]n$4 ,x is n any attempt to outl9e ! :ole c\rse ( human hi/ory2 x is ! picture1 9 my/ic symbols1 ( ! pres5t crisis & ( ! deliv]ance :i* is to foll[ x4 ,!re is no room "h = a comm5t>y on ! ,apocalypse2 ,i w only indicate1 9 a rapid glance1 ! outl9e ( ! book4 ,! fir/ ?ree *apt]s are occupi$ ) ! epi/les to ! sev5 *ur*es :i* are 9 ,asia1 adm9i/]+ repro(1 exhortation1 com=t1 & c\nsel to ! ,*ri/ians 9 ^! *ur*es1--fai?ful1 /irr+1 p]suasive appeals1 ^: mean+ c be easily und]/ood1 & ^: tru? is (t5 sorely ne$$ by ! *ur*es ( our own "t4 ,!n beg9s ! prop] ,apocalypse1 ) ! fir/ vision ( ! ?rone 9 heav51 & sitt+ !reon ! ,lamb t 0 sla91 :o is also ! ,lion ( ! tribe ( ,judah4 ,! book seal$ ) sev5 seals is giv5 to him to op51 & ! op5+ ( ea* seal discloses a new vision4 ,! fir/ seal op5$ %[s a :ite horse be>+ a rid] :o c>ries a b[ & we>s a cr[n1 & :o goes =? conqu]+ & to conqu]4 ,?is is ! emblem ( ! ,messiah ^: conque/ ( ! _w is repres5t$ z beg9n+4 ,b ! ,messiah once said1 ,i came n to br+ peace1 b a sword1 & ! consequ5ces ( 8 com+ mu/ (t5 be /rife & sorr[ because ( ! malignity ( m54 ,& !re=e ! ?ree seals :i* are op5$ next disclose a fi]y horse1 ! symbol ( ,w>1 a black horse1 ^: rid] is ,fam9e1 a pale horse 9 ^: saddle is ,dea?4 ,! op5+ ( ! fif? seal %[s ! m>tyr$ multitude be=e ! ?rone ( ,god4 ,! six? discloses ! desolation & ! ru9 tak+ place ^u ! e>?4 ,?us ! mighty panorama passes con/antly be=e our eyes2 ! confusion1 ! deva/ation1 ! woes1 ! sc\rges ( mank9d ?r\gh :i* ,messiah's ,k+dom is advanc+ to its triumph4 ,! seals1 ! trumpets1 ! vials br+ be=e u repres5tations ( ! retributions & calamities :i* are fall+ ^u mank9d4 ,sometimes we seem to be able to fix ^u a hi/orical ev5t :i* ! vision cle>ly symbolizes2 sometimes ! mean+ to u is vague2 p]haps if we _h liv$ 9 t day ! allusion w\ld h be5 m intelligible4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "o great c5tral gr\p ( ^! visions r\nd ab\t :i* ! o!rs seem to be array$ z sc5ic accessories1 ^: int]pretation ! writ] has tak5 great pa9s to indicate4 ,^! are ! visions f\nd 9 *apt]s xii41 xiii41 xvi41 & xvii4 ,! woman1 sun-clad1 ) ! moon "u h] feet & a cr[n ( twelve />s ^u h] head 7*ap1 xii471 is beyond all "q ! anci5t ,jewi% *ur*2 ! *ild :i* is born to ! woman is ! ,*ri/ian *ur*2 ! great r$ dragon t seeks to dev\r ! *ild is ! ,satanic p[]1 ! ,pr9ce ( ?is _w4 ,! ,dragon is "h on ! e>? because he has be5 expell$ f heav54 ,! w> ( ! ,dragon aga9/ ! woman indicates ! p]secutions ( ! *ur*2 ! flight ( ! woman to ! wild]ness may symbolize ! rec5t escape ( ! "m *ur* f ,j]usalem to ,pella4 ,! next vision %[s a ,bea/1 com+ up out ( ! sea1 ) sev5 heads & t5 horns1 & on 8 horns t5 diadems1 & on 8 heads names ( blasphemy4 ,"h we h an in/ance ( t conf\nd+ ( symbols1 ! m]g+ ( "o 9 ano!r1 :i* is v common 9 ! apocalyptic writ+s4 ,! bea/ is1 prim>ily1 ,n]o1 or ! ,roman ,empire1 z repres5t$ by--,n]o4 ,! t5 horns are ! t5 *ief prov9ces2 ! sev5 heads are sev5 emp]ors4 ,x is a symbol1 says ,dr4 ,f>r>1 int]*angeably ( ! ,roman ,empire & ( ! ,emp]or4 ,9 fact1 to a great] degree ?an at any p]iod ( hi/ory1 ! two 7 "o4 ,roman hi/ory _h dw9dl$ d[n into a p]sonal drama4 ,! ,roman ,emp]or c\ld say ) lit]al tru?1 ',l',etat c'e/ moi'4 ,& a wild bea/ 0 a ,jew's natural symbol ei!r = a ,pagan ,k+dom or = its autocrat4 ,footnote3 ,! ,e>ly ,days ( ,*ri/ianity1 p4 #dfc4 ,i c d no bett] ?an to repeat to y a small "p ( ,dr4 ,f>r>'s fur!r comm5t ^u ?is vision4 ,?is wild bea/ ( ,hea!n ,rome has t5 horns1 :i* repres5t ! t5 ma9 prov9ces ( ,imp]ial ,rome4 ,x has ! p[] ( ! ,dragon1 t is1 x possesses ! ,satanic dom9ion ( ! ',pr9ce ( ! p[] ( ! air4' ,on ea* ( its heads is ! "n ( blasphemy4 ,e "o ( ! sev5 ,k+s1 h[ev] c\nt$1 _h borne ! 7to ,jewi% e>s7 blasphem\s surname ( ,augu/us 7,seba/os1 "o to be ador$72 _h receiv$ apo!osis1 & be5 spok5 ( z ,div9e aft] 8 dea?2 _h be5 cr[n$ ) /atues1 adorn$ ) div9e attributes1 _h be5 salut$ ) div9e titles1 &1 9 "s in/ances1 _h be5 absolutely wor%ip$1 & t 9 8 lifetime4444 ,! diadems are on ! horns1 because ! ,roman ,proconsuls1 z delegates ( ! ,emp]or1 enjoy no little %>e ( ! ,cs>ean autocracy & spl5dor1 b ! "n ( blasphemy is only on ! heads1 because ! ,emp]or alone receives div9e honors & alone be>s ! d>+ title ( ,augu/us4 ,footnote3 ,ibid41 p4 #dfd4 ,"o ( ! heads ( ?is ,bea/ 0 w\nd$ to dea?1 b ! deadly w\nd 0 heal$4 ,x 0 ! univ]sal belief among ,pagans & ,*ri/ians t ! _w _h n yet se5 ! la/ ( ,n]o4 ,ei!r 8 suicide 0 feign$ & ineffectual1 & he 0 9 hid+1 or else he w\ld come to life & resume 8 savage spl5dors & 8 gild$ villa9ies4 ,to make x c]ta9 t ! writ] "h ref]s to ?is expectation1 we f9d1 9 *apt] xvii41 ano!r ref]5ce to ! ,bea/1 :i* seems at fir/ a riddle1 b :i* is easily int]pret$4 ,! five are fall51 ! "o is1 ! o!r is n yet come2 ,! ,bea/ t ?\ sawe/ 0 & is n1 & is ab\t to come out ( ! abyss4 ,! ,bea/ t 0 & is n1 ev5 he is an eigh?1 & is ( ! sev54 ,! head & ! ,bea/ are "h id5tifi$4 ,! mean+ is t five ,roman ,emp]ors are dead1 ,augu/us1 ,tib]ius1 ,caligula1 ,claudius1 ,n]o2 "o is1--,galba is n[ reign+2 ! o!r 7,o?o7 is n yet come2 b he mu/ come soon = ,galba is an old man & _c long survive1 & ! ,bea/ t 0 & is n1--,n]o1--:o is ab\t to come out ( ! abyss1--to return to life1--ev5 he is an eigh?1 & is ( ! sev54 ,he is "o ( ! sev51 = he 0 ! fif?1 & he w be ! eigh?4 ,x 0 ! univ]sal ,*ri/ian belief t ,n]o1 rais$ f ! dead1 w\ld be ! future ,anti*ri/1 & x is ?is belief :i* ! vision reflects4 ,to make ! case /ill cle>] ! writ] gives u1 by ! curr5t ,hebrew ,kabbali/ic me?od1 ! numb] ( ! ,bea/1 t is to say1 ! num]ical value ( 8 "n4 ,ea* lett] ( ! old alphabets has a num]ical value4 ,?us ! writ] ( ! ,sibyll9es po9ts out ! ,greek "n ( ,jesus--,greek3 ,ies\s1--by say+ t its :ole numb] is equival5t to eight units1 eight t5s1 & eight hundr$s4 ,?is is ! exact num]ical value ( ! six ,greek lett]s compos+ ! ,savi\r's "n1 #ajhbjjgjdjjbjjhhh4 ,precisely s ,john "h tells u :at is ! num]ical value ( ! lett]s 9 ! "n ( ! ,bea/4 ,if we tri$ ! ,lat9 or ! ,greek names ( ,n]o ! clue w\ld n be f\nd2 b ,john 0 writ+ ma9ly = ,hebrews1 & ! ,hebrew lett]s ( ,kes> ,n]on1 ! "n by :i* e ,jew knew ?is ,emp]or1 am\nt to exactly #fff4 ,_m o!r ( ! features ( ?is veil$ description tally p]fectly ) ! "* ( ?is infam\s rul]2 & :5 ! evid5ce is all br\ght toge!r x seems z ?\gh ! apo/le c\ld sc>cely h made 8 mean+ m obvi\s if he _h writt5 ,n]o's "n 9 capital lett]s4 ,?is is ! c5tral vision ( ! ,apocalypse1 z ,i h said2 r\nd ab\t ?is ! :ole cyclorama revolves2 & x has be5 ! /&+ enigma ( ! int]pret]s 9 all ! ages4 ,! e>ly *ur* g5]ally div9$ its mean+2 b 9 lat] ye>s ! high-so>+ exegesis :i* has spread ?is ,apocalypse all ov] ! c5turies & f\nd 9 x prophetic symbols ( almo/ all ! ev5ts t h happ5$ 9 m$ival & mod]n hi/ory1 has id5tifi$ ! ,bea/ ) c\ntless *>act]s1 among !m ,g5s]ic1 ,k+ ( ! ,v&als1 ,b5$ict1 ,trajan1 ,paul ,v41 ,calv91 ,lu!r1 ,mohamm$1 ,napoleon4 ,all ?is wild guess+ arises f ignorance ( ! ess5tial "* & purpose ( ! apocalyptical writ+s4 ,i c foll[ ?is entic+ !me no fur!r4 ,let x suffice to call ! att5tion ( all :o desire to rea* "s sob] conclusions ^u ! mean+ ( ! book to ,ar*deacon ,f>r>'s ,e>ly ,days ( ,*ri/ianity1 9 :i* ! :ole subject is treat$ ) ! ample/ le>n+ & ! s\nde/ lit]>y judgm5t4 ,! ,book ( ,revelation has be51 z ,i h intimat$1 ! favorite tramp+ gr\nd ( all ! ho/s ( !ological vision>ies2 m5 :o possess$ n ! slighte/ k ( ! hi/ory or ! nature ( apocalyptic lit]ature1 & ^: appetite = ! my/]i\s & ! mon/r\s 0 insatiable1 h expatiat$ "h ) b\ndless lic5se4 ,to f9d 9 ^! visions descriptions ( ev5ts n[ pass+ & *>act]s n[ ^u ! /age is a sore temptation4 ,to use ^! h>d words1 ! ,bea/1 ! ,dragon1 ! ,false ,prophet1 z missiles :]e) to assail ^? :o belong to a s*ool or a p>ty ) :i* y are at v>iance1 is a *ance t no prop]ly con/itut$ p>tisan c\ld will+ly =e-g4 ,?us we h se5 ?is book dragg$ into ! controv]sies & appli$ to ! ev5ts ( all ! c5turies1 & ! hi/ory ( its int]pretation is1 z "o ( its int]pret]s confesses1 ! opprobrium ( exegesis4 ,b if "o ceases to look among ^! symbols = a pr$ictive outl9e ( mod]n hi/ory1 a sort ( anticipat$ ,gibbon1 & beg9s to read x 9 ! light ( ! apocalyptic me?od1 x may h ri* & l>ge mean+s = him4 ,he w n be able1 inde$1 to expla9 x all2 to "s ( ^! riddles ! clue has be5 lo/2 b1 9 ! words ( ,dr4 ,f>r>1 he w f9d t ! ,apocalypse is :at x pr(esses to be1--an inspir$ outl9e ( contempor>y hi/ory1 & ( ! ev5ts to :i* ! six? decade ( ! fir/ c5tury gave imm$iate rise4 ,he w read 9 x ! trem5d\s manife/o ( a ,*ri/ian se] aga9/ ! blood-/a9$ triumph ( imp]ial hea!nism2 a pan & a prophecy ov] ! a%es ( ! m>tyrs2 ! ?und]+ rev]b]ations ( a mighty _s /ruck by ! fi]ce plectrum ( ! ,n]onian p]secution1 & answ]+ 9 impassion$ music :i*1 l _m ( ,david's ,psalms1 dies away into ! language ( raptur\s hope4 ,footnote3 ,e>ly ,days ( ,*ri/ianity1 p4 #dbi4 ,= we mu/ n =get t ?is is a song ( triumph4 ,?is se] is no pessimi/4 ,! /rife is hot1 ! c>nage is fe>ful1 !y t rise up aga9/ our ,"l & 8 ,messiah are _m & mighty1 b !re is no misgiv+ z to ! ev5t4 ,= all ^! woes !re is solace1 aft] all ^! conflicts peace4 ,ev5 9 ! mid/ ( ! rag+ w>s & p]secutions1 ! door is op5$ n[ & aga9 into ! upp] realm ( endless joy & unfad+ light4 ,& he ^: "n is call$ ,! ,^w ( ,god1 ^u ^: g>m5t & ^: ?igh ! "n is writt51 ,k+ ( ,k+s & ,"l ( ,lords1 w prevail at la/ ov] all 8 foes4 ,! ,bea/ & ! ,dragon1 & ! ,false ,prophet & ! ,sc>let ,woman 7! h>lot city ^u h] sev5 hills ^: my/ic "n is ,babylon7 w all be ca/ into ! lake ( fire2 !n to ! purifi$ e>? ! ,new ,j]usalem %all come d[n out ( heav5 f ,god4 ,?is is ! emblem & ! prophecy1 n ( ! city beyond ! />s1 b ( ! purifi$ society :i* %all yet exi/ ^u ! e>?1--! fruition ( 8 "w :o came1 n to judge ! _w1 b to save ! _w4 ,x is on ^! pla9s1 along ^! riv]s1 by ^! fair %ores t ! ,new ,j]usalem is to /&2 x is n heav52 x is a city t comes d[n out ( heav5 f ,god4 ,no /atem5t c\ld be m explicit4 ,! glori\s visions :i* fill ! la/ *apt]s ( ?is wond]ful book are ! promise ( t ,all hail ,h]eaft]1 = :i* e ,*ri/ian patriot1 e lov] ( mank9d1 is always look+ & long+ & fight+ & wait+4 ,& he :o1 by ! m\? ( ?is se]1 te/ifie? ! words ( ! prophecy ( ?is book sai?1 ,yea1 ,i come quickly4 ,ev5 s1 come1 ,"l ,jesus4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,! ,,canon4 ,we h /udi$ ) :at c>e we 7 able tee hi/orical problem ( ! orig9 & au?or%ip ( ! sev]al books ( ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5t2 we n[ come to a deeply int]e/+ "q1--! "q ( ! canon4 ,?is ^w1 z us$ 9 ?is connection1 means simply an au?oritative li/ or catalogue4 ,! canon ( ! ,bible is ! det]m9$ & (ficial table ( cont5ts4 ,! settlem5t ( ! canon is ! process ( det]m9+ :at & h[ _m books ! ,bible %all conta94 ,9 ! ,old ,te/am5t are ?irty-n9e books1 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t tw5ty-sev52 & x is a fix$ pr9ciple ) ,prote/ants t ^! books & no o!rs con/itute ! ,sacr$ ,scriptures1--t no m c be add$ & none tak5 away4 ,! popul> belief respect+ ?is matt] has be5 l>gely f\nd$ ^u ! words ) :i* ! ,book ( ,revelation concludes3-- ,= ,i te/ify unto e man t he>e? ! words ( ! prophecy ( ?is book1 ,if any man %all add unto !m1 ,god %all add unto him ! plagues :i* are writt5 9 ?is book3 & if any man %all take away f ! words ( ! book ( ?is prophecy1 ,god %all take away 8 "p f ! tree ( life1 & out ( ! holy city1 :i* are writt5 9 ?is book4 ,! common notion is t ! book "h ref]r$ to is ! ,bible2 & t ^! s5t5ces1 !re=e1 are ! div9e au?orization ( ! pres5t cont5ts ( ! ,bible1 a solemn te/imony f ! ,"l himself to ! integrity ( ! canon4 ,b ?is is a misappreh5sion4 ,! book ref]r$ to is ! ,revelation ( ,/4 ,john1--n ! ,bible1 n ev5 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,:5 ^! words 7 writt51 says ,dr4 ,b>nes 9 8 ,comm5t>y1 ! books t n[ con/itute :at we call ! ,bible 7 n collect$ into a s+le volume4 ,t passage1 !re=e1 %\ld n be adduc$ z ref]r+ to ! :ole ( ! ,sacr$ ,scriptures4 ,9 fact1 :5 ^! words ( ! ,revelation 7 writt51 sev]al ( ! books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t 7 n yet 9 exi/5ce2 = ?is is by no means ! la/ ( ! ,new ,te/am5t writ+s1 ?\gh x /&s at ! end ( ! collection4 ,! ,gospel & ! ,epi/les ( ,john 7 add$ aft] ?is2 & we may tru/ t no plagues 7 add$ to ! belov$ disciple = writ+ !m4 ,nev]!less1 z ,i said1 x is assum$ t ! cont5ts ( ! ,bible are fix$2 t ! collection is & = a long "t has be5 complete & p]fect2 t x admits nei!r ( subtractions nor ( additions2 t no?+ is 9 ! book :i* ought n to be !re1 & t !re is no?+ outside ( its cov]s :i* ought to be )9 !m2 t ! canon is settl$1 inflexibly & infallibly & f9ally4 ,! que/ions n[ to be consid]$ are ^!3 ,:o settl$ x8 ,:5 0 x settl$8 ,on :at gr\nds 0 x det]m9$8 ,0 any "q ev] rais$ conc]n+ ! sacr$ness or au?ority ( any ( ! books n[ includ$ 9 ! canon8 ,did any o!r books1 n n[ includ$ 9 ! canon1 ev] claim a place 9 x8 ,if s1 :y 7 ^! reject$ & ^? reta9$8 ,?is is1 z w be se51 a simple "q ( hi/ory4 ,we c trace ) tol]able c]ta9ty ! /eps by :i* ?is collection ( sacr$ writ+s 0 made2 we "k pretty well :o did x1 & :5 & h[ x 0 done4 ,& !re is no?+ pr(ane or irrev]5t 9 ?is inquiry1 = ! "w ( collect+ ^! writ+s & fix+ ?is canon has be5 done ma9ly1 if n :olly1 by m5 :o 7 n inspir$ & did n claim to be4 ,!re is no?+ my/]i\s or miracul\s ab\t _! do+s any m ?an !re is ab\t ! acts ( ! fram]s ( ! ,we/m9/] ,confession1 or ! ,am]ican ,con/itution4 ,!y 7 deal+ ) sacr$ matt]s1 no d\bt1 :5 !y 7 try+ to det]m9e :at books %\ld be receiv$ & us$ z ,scriptures1 b !y 7 deal+ ) !m 9 exactly ! same way t we d1 by us+ ! be/ lights !y _h4 ,z we h le>n$ 9 previ\s *apt]s1 ! beg9n+ ( our canon 0 made by ,ezra ! scribe1 :o1 9 ! fif? c5tury be=e ,*ri/1 newly publi%$ & consecrat$ ! ,p5tateu*1 or ,five ,books ( ,moses1 z ! ,holy ,book ( ! ,jewi% p4 ,aft] ,ezra came ,nehemiah1 to :om ! beg9n+ ( ! second collection ( ,jewi% ,scriptures1 call$ ! ,prophets1 is ascrib$ 9 "o ( ! apocryphal books4 ,b ?is collection 0 n app>5tly f9i%$ & clos$ by ,nehemiah4 ,! hi/ories ( ,jo%ua & ,judges1 ( ,samuel & ,k+s1 & ! pr9cipal books ( ! ,prophets 7 und\bt$ly ga!r$ by him2 b x w\ld seem t ! collection 0 left op5 = future prophecies4 ,ab\t ! same "t ! ?ird gr\p ( ! ,old ,te/am5t ,scriptures1 ,! ,hagiographa1 or ,writ+s1 began to be collect$4 ,no book ( ! ,bible conta9s any in=mation conc]n+ ! mak+ ( ^! two lat] collections1 ! ,prophets & ! ,hagiographa2 & we are oblig$ to rely :olly ^u ,jewi% tradition1 & ^u ref]5ces :i* we f9d 9 ,jewi% writ]s4 ,pr(essor ,we/cott1 :o is "o ( ! mo/ cons]vative ( ,biblical s*ol>s1 says t ! comb9$ evid5ce ( tradition & ( ! g5]al c\rse ( ,jewi% hi/ory leads to ! conclusion t ! canon 9 its pres5t %ape 0 =m$ gradually dur+ a l5g!n$ int]val1 beg9n+ ) ,ezra & ext5d+ ?r\gh a "p1 or ev5 ! :ole ( ! ,p]sian p]iod1 or f ,b4,c4 #deh to #ccb4 ,)\t adopt+ ?is conclusion1 we may rem>k t ?is la/ date1 #ccb1 0 ne>ly a c5tury aft] ,nehemiah & ,mala*i1 ! la/ ( ! prophets2 s t if ! canon 0 clos$ at a date s late z ?is1 x mu/ h be5 clos$ by m5 :o 7 c]ta9ly n kn[n to h be5 inspir$4 ,if x 0 =m+1 ?r\gh all ?is p]iod1 !n x mu/ h be5 =m$ 9 "p by m5 9 behalf ( :om no claim ( inspiration has ev] be5 set up4 ,accord+ to ,jewi% tradition ! "w ( collect+1 edit+1 & au?oriz+ ! sacr$ writ+s 0 done by a c]ta9 ,great ,synagogue1 f\nd$ by ,ezra1 presid$ ov] by ,nehemiah1 aft] him1 & cont9u+ 9 exi/5ce d[n to ab\t ! ye> #bjj ,b4,c4 ,?is is :olly a tradition1 & has be5 prov$ to be baseless4 ,!re nev] 0 su* a synagogue2 ! ,scriptures "k no?+ ab\t x2 ! apocryphal writ]s1 s num]\s & widely disp]s$1 h nev] he>d ( x2 ,philo & ,josephus are ignorant conc]n+ x4 ,none ( ! ,jewi% au?ors ( ! p]iod :o freely discuss ! ,scriptures & _! au?ority makes m5tion ( ?is ,great ,synagogue4 ,! /ory ( its exi/5ce is fir/ he>d f "s ,jewi% rabb9 hundr$s ( ye>s aft] ,*ri/4 ,we h pro( en\gh 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t t ! ,jews _h c]ta9 ,sacr$ ,scriptures2 ! ,new ,te/am5t writ]s (t5 quote !m & ref] to !m2 b !re is no conclusive pro( t !y _h be5 ga!r$ at ?is "t into a complete collection4 ,jesus tells ! ,jews t !y se>* ! ,scriptures1 b he does n say h[ _m ( ^! ,scriptures !re 7 9 8 day2 ,paul rem9ds ,timo?y t f a *ild he _h kn[n ! ,holy ,scriptures1 b he gives no li/ ( _! titles4 ,if we f\nd all ! books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t quot$ or ref]r$ to by ! ,new ,te/am5t writ]s1 !n we %\ld "k t !y possess$ ! same books t we h4 ,mo/ ( ^! books are ?us ref]r$ to2 b !re are sev5 ,old ,te/am5t books ^: names ! ,new ,te/am5t nev] quotes1 & at lea/ five to :i* x makes no ref]5ce :atev]3 ,ecclesia/es1 ,song ( ,solomon1 ,e/h]1 ,ezra1 & ,nehemiah4 ,to ,judges1 ,*ronicles1 & ,ezekiel x ref]s only 9 ! same way t x ref]s to a numb] ( ! apocryphal books4 ,"s ( ^! omissions appe> to be significant4 ,! ,new ,te/am5t gives u !re=e no def9ite in=mation by :i* we c det]m9e :e!r ! ,old ,te/am5t canon 0 clos$ at ! "t ( ,*ri/1 nor does x tell u ( :at books x 0 compos$4 ,we h se5 already t two diff]5t collections ( ,old ,te/am5t writ+s 7 9 exi/5ce1 "o 9 ,hebrew1 & ! o!r a translation into ! ,greek1 made by ,jews 9 ,alex&ria1 & call$ ! ,septuag9t4 ,! latt] collection 0 ! "o mo/ us$ by our ,"l & ! apo/les2 mu* ! great] numb] ( quotations f ! ,old ,te/am5t f\nd 9 ! ,gospels & ! ,epi/les are tak5 f ! ,septuag9t4 ,?is ,greek ,bible conta9$ q a numb] ( books :i* are n 9 ! ,hebrew ,bible3 !y 7 lat] 9 _! orig9 ?an any ( ! ,old ,te/am5t books2 mo/ ( !m 7 orig9ally writt5 9 ,greek2 & :ile !y 7 reg>d$ by "s ( ! m cons]vative ( ! ,jews 9 ,egypt z inf]ior to ! ,law & ! ,prophets1 !y 7 g5]ally rank$ ) ! books ( ! ,hagiographa z sacr$ writ+s4 ,?is is evid5t f ! fact t !y 7 m+l$ indiscrim9ately ) ^! books ( ! old] ,scriptures4 ,y "k t ,i am speak+ n[ ( ! apocryphal books :i* y f9d 9 "s ( y\r old ,bibles1 betwe5 ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts4 ,^! 7 ! lat] books conta9$ 9 ! ,septuag9t1 & n 9 ! ,hebrew ,bible4 ,b !y 7 n sort$ out by !mselves 9 ! ,septuag9t2 !y 7 int]sp]s$ ?r\gh ! o!r books1 z ( equal value4 ,?us 9 ! ,vatican ,bible1 ( :i* we %all le>n m by & by1 ,esdras ,fir/ & ,second succe$ ! ,*ronicles2 ,tobit & ,judi? are betwe5 ,nehemiah & ,e/h]2 ! ,wisdom ( ,solomon & ,sira* foll[ ,solomon's ,song2 ,b>u* is next to ,j]emiah2 ,daniel is foll[$ by ,susanna & ,bel & ! ,dragon1 & ! collection closes ) ! ?ree books ( ,maccabees4 ,all ! old manuscripts ( ! ,bible :i* we possess--^? :i* are reg>d$ z above all o!rs sacr$ & au?oritative--conta9 ^! apocryphal writ+s ?us int]m+l$ ) ! books ( our own canon4 ,x is cle>1 !re=e1 t to ! ,alex&rian ,jews ^! lat] books 7 ,sacr$ ,scriptures2 & x is c]ta9 also t our ,"l & 8 apo/les us$ ! collection :i* conta9$ ^! books4 ,x is said t !y d n ref] to !m1 & x is true t !y d n m5tion !m by "n2 b !y d use !m occasionally4 ,let me read y a few passages :i* w illu/rate _! famili>ity ) ! apocryphal books4 ,james i4#ai3 ,let e man be swift to he>1 sl[ to speak4 ,sira* v4 #aa2 iv4 #bi3 ,be swift to he>4 ,be n ha/y 9 ?y tongue4 ,hebrews i4 #c3 ,:o be+ ! effulg5ce ( 8 glory1 & ! v image ( 8 sub/ance1 & uphold+ all ?+s by ! ^w ( 8 p[]4 ,wisdom vii4 #bf3 ,= %e 7,wisdom7 is ! brightness ( ! ev]la/+ light1 ! unspott$ mirror ( ! p[] ( ,god1 & ! image ( 8 goodness4 ,rom4 ix4 #ba3 ,ha? n ! pott] a "r ov] ! clay1 f ! same lump to make "o "p a vessel unto honor1 & ano!r unto di%onor8 ,wisdom xv4 #g3 ,= ! pott]1 temp]+ s(t e>?1 fa%ione? e vessel ) mu* labor = our s]vice2 yea1 ( ! same clay he make? bo? ! vessels t s]ve = clean uses1 & likewise also su* z s]ve to ! contr>y3 b :at is ! use ( ei!r sort1 ! pott] himself is ! judge4 ,i ,cor4 ii4 #aj1 #aa3 ,! ,_s se>*e? all ?+s1 yea1 ! deep ?+s ( ,god4 ,= :o among m5 kn[e? ! ?+s ( a man1 save ! _s ( ! man1 :i* is 9 him8 ev5 s ! ?+s ( ,god none kn[e? save ! ,_s ( ,god4 ,judi? viii4 #ad3 ,= ye _c f9d ! dep? ( ! he>t ( man1 nei!r c ye p]ceive ! ?+s t he ?9ke?3 !n h[ c ye se>* out ,god1 t ha? made all ^! ?+s1 & "k 8 m9d1 or compreh5d 8 purpose8 ,sev]al simil> indications ( ! famili>ity ( ! ,new ,te/am5t writ]s ) ^! apocryphal books might be po9t$ out4 ,^! are n express citations1 b !y are cle> appropriations ( ! ?\ght & ! language ( ! apocryphal writ]s4 ,we h1 !n1 ! mo/ indubitable pro( t ! apocryphal books 7 9 ! h&s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t writ]s2 & s f> z ,new ,te/am5t use au!nticates an ,old ,te/am5t writ+1 sev]al ( ! apocryphal books /& on mu* bett] foot+ ?an d five ( our ,old ,te/am5t books4 ,x is true t ! ,hebrew or ,pale/9ian canon diff]$ f ! ,greek or ,alex&rian canon2 ! books :i* 7 writt5 9 ,greek _h nev] be5 translat$ into ! ,hebrew1 & c\ld n1 ( c\rse1 be incorporat$ into ! ,hebrew canon2 & !re 0 und\bt$ly a /rong feel+ among ! /rict] ,jews aga9/ recogniz+ any ( ^! lat] books z ,sacr$ ,scriptures2 nev]!less1 ! ,greek ,bible1 ) all its additions1 _h l>ge curr5cy among ! ,jews ev5 9 ,pale/9e1 & ! ass]tion t our ,"l & 8 apo/les measur$ ! ,alex&rian ,bible by ! ,pale/9ian canon1 & accept$ all ! books ( ! latt] :ile decl9+ to recognize any ( ! additions ( ! =m]1 is %e] assumption1 = :i* !re is n a p>ticle ( evid5ce1 & aga9/ :i* ! facts already adduc$ be> conv9c+ly4 ,paul1 9 8 lett] to ,timo?y1 ref]s to ! ,scriptures z hav+ be5 9 ! h&s ( ,timo?y f 8 *ildhood2 & we h e reason to believe t ! ,scriptures to :i* he ref]s 0 ?is ,greek collection conta9+ ! ,apocrypha4 ,:atev] ,paul says ab\t ! inspiration ( ! ,scriptures mu/ be int]pret$ ) ?is fact 9 m9d4 ,to f9d 9 ^! words ( ,paul ! gu>antee ( ! inspiration & infallibility ( ! books ( ! collection :i* are translat$ f ! ,hebrew1 & n ^? :i* are writt5 9 ,greek1 is a freak ( exegesis n m viol5t ?an fanta/ic4 ,we "k t ,paul read & us$ "s ( ^! apocryphal books1 & !re are sev]al ( ! books 9 our ,hebrew ,bible t he nev] quotes or ref]s to 9 ! remote/ way4 ,! attempt :i* is (t5 made to %[ t ! ,new ,te/am5t writ]s h e/abli%$1 by _! te/imony1 ! ,old ,te/am5t canon1 z conta9+ j ^? books :i* are 9 our ,old ,te/am5t1 & no m1 is a mo/ unw>rantable di/ortion ( ! facts4 ,x is true t at ! "t ( ,*ri/ ! ,pale/9ian ,jews _h n1 = a c5tury or s1 add$ any new books to _! collection1 & 7 n incl9$ to add any m4 ,_! canon 0 practically clos$ to ?is ext5t1 t no new books 7 likely to get 94 ,b x 0 n yet settl$ t "s lat] books1 :i* _h be5 try+ to ma9ta9 a foot+ 9 ! canon1 %\ld n be put out4 ,e/h]1 ,ecclesia/es1 & ,solomon's ,song 7 reg>d$ by "s ( ! ,pale/9ian ,jews z sacr$ books1 b _! "r to ?is di/9ction 0 hotly disput$ by o!rs4 ,?is "q 0 n settl$ at ! "t ( our ,"l4 ,! canon1 says ,davidson1 0 n consid]$ to be clos$ 9 ! fir/ c5tury be=e & ! fir/ aft] ,*ri/4 ,!re 7 d\bts ab\t "s portions4 ,! ,book ( ,ezekiel gave (f5se1 because "s ( its /atem5ts seem$ to contradict ! ,law4 ,d\bts ab\t "s ( ! o!rs 7 ( a m s]i\s nature--ab\t ,ecclesia/es1 ! ,canticles1 ,e/h]1 & ! ,prov]bs4 ,! fir/ 0 impugn$ because x _h contradictory passages & a h]etical t5d5cy2 ! second because ( its worldly & s5sual tone2 ,e/h] = its want ( religi\sness2 & ,prov]bs on acc\nt ( inconsi/5cies4 ,?is skepticism w5t f> to procure ! exclusion ( ! suspect$ works f ! canon & _! relegation to ! class ( ! g5uzim4 ,b x did n prevail4 ,hananiah1 son ( ,hezekiah1 son ( ,g>on1 ab\t #cb ,b4,c41 is said to h reconcil$ ! contradictions & allay$ ! d\bts4 ,b ^! traces ( resi/ance to ! fixity ( ! canon 7 n ! la/4 ,!y reappe>$ ab\t #fe ,a4 ,d41 z we le>n f ! ,talmud1 :5 ! controv]sy turn$ ma9ly ^u ! canonicity ( ,ecclesia/es1 :i* ! s*ool ( ,s*ammai1 :i* _h ! majority1 oppos$2 s t t book 0 probably exclud$4 ,! "q em]g$ aga9 at a lat] synod 9 ,jabneh or ,jamnia1 :5 ,r4 ,eleas] b5 ,as>ia 0 *os5 patri>*1 & ,gamaliel ! ,second1 depos$4 ,"h x 0 decid$1 n unanim\sly1 h[ev]1 b by a majority ( ,hillelites1 t ,ecclesia/es & ! ,song ( ,songs 'pollute ! h&s1' i4 e41 belong prop]ly to ! ,hagiographa4 ,?is 0 ab\t #ij ,a4 ,d4 ,?us ! "q ( ! canonicity ( c]ta9 books 0 discuss$ by two synods4 ,footnote3 ,encyc4 ,brit41 v4 #c4 ,by su* a pla9 tale d we put d[n ! fiction1 s widely dissem9at$1 t ! canon ( ! ,old ,te/am5t 0 fix$ long be=e ! "t ( ,*ri/1 &1 presumably1 by inspir$ m54 ,x 0 n fix$1 ev5 9 ,pale/9e1 until sixty ye>s aft] our ,"l's dea?2 sev]al ( ! books 7 9 dispute dur+ ! :ole apo/olic p]iod1 & ^! are ! v books :i* are n ref]r$ to 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,:e!r ! m5 :o f9ally fix$ x 7 exceptionally qualifi$ to judge ( ! e?ical & spiritual values ( ! writ+s 9 "q may be d\bt$4 ,!y 7 ! k9d ( m5 :o slew our ,"l & p]secut$ 8 foll[]s4 ,:5 we are ask$ :at are our hi/orical reasons = believ+ t ,e/h] & ,ecclesia/es & ,solomon's ,song are sacr$ books & ought to be 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t canon1 let u answ]3 ,x is n because any prophet or inspir$ p]son adjudg$ !m to be sacr$1 = no su* p]son _h any?+ to say ab\t !m2 x is n because our ,"l & 8 apo/les indors$ !m1 = !y d n ev5 m5tion !m2 x is n because !y held a place 9 a collection ( ,sacr$ ,scriptures us$ by our ,"l & 8 apo/les1 = _! position 9 t collection 0 9 dispute at t "t2 x is because ! *ief prie/s & scribes :o reject$ ,*ri/ pron\nc$ !m sacr$4 ,! ext]nal au?ority = ^! books r$uces to exactly ?is4 ,^? :o insi/ t all p>ts ( ! ,old ,te/am5t are ( equal value & au?ority1 & t a que/ion+ ( ! sacr$ness ( "o book ca/s d\bts ^u ! :ole collection1 ought to look ^! facts 9 ! face & see on :at a sl5d] ?read !y susp5d ! ,bible :i* !y s highly value4 ,^! lat] books1 says "o1 h be5 deliv]$ to u2 !y h _! use & value1 :i* is to be asc]ta9$ by a frank & rev]5t /udy ( ! texts !mselves2 b ^? :o insi/ on plac+ !m on ! same foot+ ( undisput$ au?ority ) ! ,law1 ! ,prophets1 & ! ,psalms1 to :i* our ,"l be>s direct te/imony1 & s make ! :ole doctr9e ( ! canon dep5d on its weake/ "p1 sacrifice ! true /r5g? ( ! evid5ce on :i* ! ,old ,te/am5t is receiv$ by ,*ri/ians4 ,footnote3 ,! ,old ,te/am5t 9 ! ,jewi% ,*ur*1 p4 #age4 ,su*1 !n1 is ! /atem5t ) respect to ! ,old ,te/am5t canon 9 ! apo/olic age4 ,! ,pale/9ian canon1 :i* 0 id5tical ) our ,old ,te/am5t1 0 practically settl$ at ! synod ( ,jamnia ab\t #ij ,a4 ,d41 ?\gh d\bts 7 /ill ent]ta9$ by dev\t ,jews conc]n+ ,e/h]4 ,! ,alex&rian collection1 conta9+ our apocryphal books1 01 h[ev]1 widely circulat$2 & z x 0 ! ,greek v]sion :i* _h be5 mo/ us$ by ! apo/les1 s x 0 ! ,greek v]sion :i* ! e>ly ,*ri/ian fa!rs univ]sally /udi$ & quot$4 ,v few if any ( ^! ,*ri/ian fa!rs ( ! fir/ two c5turies und]/ood ! ,hebrew2 !y c\ld n1 !re=e1 use ! ,pale/9ian manuscripts2 ! ,greek ,bible 0 _! only treasury ( inspir$ tru?1 & ! ,greek ,bible conta9$ ! ,apocrypha4 ,accord+ly we f9d !m quot+ freely z ,sacr$ ,scripture all ! apocryphal books4 ,we/cott gives u a table1 9 ,smi?'s ,bible ,diction>y1 ( citations made f ^! apocryphal books by fifte5 ( ! ,greek fa!rs1 beg9n+ ) ,clem5t ( ,rome & end+ ) ,*ryso/om1 & by eight ,lat9 writ]s1 beg9n+ ) ,t]tullian & end+ ) ,augu/9e4 ,e "o ( ^! apocryphal books is ?us quot$ ) "s su* =mula z ,! ,scripture sai?1 or ,x is writt51 by "o or m ( ^! writ]s2 ! ,book ( ,wisdom is quot$ by all ( !m except ,polyc>p & ,cyril2 ,b>u* & ! ,additions to ,daniel are quot$ by ! great majority ( !m2 ,orig5 quotes !m all1 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria all b "o1 ,cyprian all b two4 ,x w !re=e be se5 t ^! books mu/ h _h wide acceptance z ,sacr$ ,scriptures dur+ ! fir/ c5turies ( ! ,*ri/ian *ur*4 ,9 ! face ( ^! facts1 :i* may be f\nd 9 s\rces z unassailable z ,smi?'s ,bible ,diction>y1 we h su* /atem5ts z ! foll[+1 put =? by tea*]s ( ! p1 & indors$ by em95t !ological pr(essors3-- ,we may say ( ! apocryphal books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t t1 :ile "s :o 7 n ,jews & :o 7 unacqua9t$ ) ,hebrew us$ !m to "s ext5t1 yet !y nev] ga9$ wide acceptance1 & soon dropp$ out altoge!r4 ,c]ta9 apocryphal writ+s h s9ce be5 b\nd up ) ! ,septuag9t1 b !re is no reason to ?9k t !y made any "p ( x 9 ! days ( our ,savi\r6 ,^! books 7 n receiv$ z canonical by ! ,*ri/ian fa!rs1 b 7 expressly decl>$ to be apocryphal6 ,! la/ /atem5ts are copi$ f a volume on ! ,bible1 prep>$ = popul> circulation by ! presid5t ( a !ological sem9>y6 ,x is true t "s ( ! mo/ inquisitive & critical ( ! ,*ri/ian fa!rs ent]ta9$ d\bts ab\t ^! apocryphal books2 ,melito ( ,s>dis travel$ to ,pale/9e on purpose to inquire into ! matt]1 & came back1 ( c\rse1 ) ! ,pale/9ian canon to :i*1 h[ev]1 he did n adh]e4 ,orig5 made a simil> inve/igation1 & seems to h be5 conv9c$ t ! lat] books ought to be reg>d$ z uncanonical2 nev]!less1 he keeps on quot+ !m2 ,j]ome 0 ! fir/ /r5u\sly to *all5ge ! canonicity ( ^! lat] ,greek books & to ma9ta9 a tol]ably consi/5t opposition to !m4 ,:ile1 !re=e1 sev]al ( ^! e>ly fa!rs 7 l$ by _! inve/igations 9 ,pale/9e to believe t ! n>r[] canon 0 ! m correct "o1 _! op9ions _h b little weight ) ! p at l>ge2 & ev5 ^! fa!rs !mselves freely & con/antly quot$ z ,sacr$ ,scripture ! que/ionable writ+s4 ,9 #cic ! ,african bi%ops held a c\ncil at ,hippo1 9 :i* ! canon 0 discuss$4 ,! li/ agre$ ^u includes all ! ,old ,te/am5t ,scriptures ( our canon1 &1 9 addition to !m1 ,wisdom1 ,ecclesia/icus1 ,tobit1 ,judi?1 & ! two books ( ,maccabees4 ,9 #cig ano!r c\ncil at ,c>?age reaffirm$ ! li/ ( its pr$ecessor4 ,augu/9e 0 ! lead] ( bo? c\ncils4 ,9 spite ( ! prote/s ( ,j]ome & ( o!r s*ol>s 9 all ! c5turies1 ?is li/1 = sub/ance1 0 reg>d$ z au?oritative1 until ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t1 9 #aedf1 :5 ! long debate 0 f9ally settl$1 s f> z ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur* is conc]n$1 by ! adoption ( ! ,augu/9ian canon1 embrac+ ! apocryphal books1 ! li/ conclud+ ) ! foll[+ ana!ma4 ,if any "o w n receive z sacr$ & au?oritative ! :ole books ) all _! p>ts1 let him be accurs$4 ,?is det]m9es ! matt] = all good ,ca?olics4 ,s9ce #aedf1 !y h kn[n exactly h[ _m books _! ,bible conta9s4 ,& if usage & tradition are & ought to be au?oritative1 !y h ! /ronge/ reasons = receiv+ z sacr$ ! books ( _! ,bible2 = x is beyond "q t ! books :i* !y accept & :i* we reject h be5 receiv$ & us$ z ,sacr$ ,scriptures 9 all ! ages ( ! *ur*4 ,mo/ ( u :o d n accept usage & tradition z au?oritative w cont9ue1 no d\bt1 to ?9k our own ?\ghts ab\t ! matt]4 ,! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t m>ks ! def9ite sep>ation ( ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur* f ! ,prote/ant re=m]s4 ,up to ?is "t !re _h be5 among ! re=m]s "s diff]5ces ( op9ion respect+ ! ,old ,te/am5t books2 :5 !y 7 exclud$ f ! ,holy ,*ur* & 7 compell$ to fall back ^u ! au?ority ( ! ,bible1 ! pres5t limits ( ! canon at once became an important "q4 ,!y did n settle x all at once4 ,lu!r1 9 mak+ 8 ,g]man v]sion ( ! ,bible1 translat$ ,judi?1 ,wisdom1 ,tobit1 ,sira*1 ,b>u*1 #a & #b ,maccabees1 ! ,greek additions to ,e/h] & ,daniel1 ) ! ,pray] ( ,manasseh4 ,ea* ( ^! books he prefaces ) comm5ts ( 8 own4 ,fir/ ,maccabees he reg>ds z almo/ equal to ! o!r books ( ,holy ,scripture1 & n unwor?y to be reckon$ among !m4 ,he _h d\bt$ long :e!r ,wisdom %\ld n be admitt$ to ! canon1 & he truly says ( ,sira* t x is a "r good book1 ! "w ( a wise man4 ,b>u* & #b ,maccabees he f9ds fault )2 b ( none ( ^! apocryphal books does he speak s sev]ely z ( ,e/h]1 :i* he is m ?an will+ to ca/ out ( ! canon4 ,! fact t ,lu!r translat$ ^! apocryphal books is good evid5ce t he ?\ght !m ( value to ! *ur*2 nev]!less1 he consid]$ ! books ( ! ,hebrew canon1 ) ! exception ( ,e/h]1 z occupy+ a high] plane ?an ^? ( ! ,apocrypha4 ,gradually ?is op9ion ga9$ acceptance among ! ,prote/ants2 ! apocryphal books 7 sep>at$ f ! re/1 & al?\gh by "s ( ! ,re=m$ *ur*es1 z by ! ,anglican *ur*1 !y 7 comm5d$ to be read = example ( life & in/ruction ( mann]s1 !y ceas$ to be reg>d$ z au?oritative s\rces ( ,*ri/ian doctr9e4 ,s9ce ! sixte5? c5tury1 !re has be5 little "q among ,prote/ants z to ! ext5t ( ! canon4 ,! books :i* n[ compose our ,old ,te/am5t1 & no o!rs1 h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,bible ( ! ,prote/ants = ! pa/ ?ree hundr$ ye>s4 ,! apocryphal books h sometimes be5 pr9t$ betwe5 ! ,old & ! ,new ,te/am5ts1 b !y h n be5 us$ 9 ! *ur*es1 ,footnote3 ,! ,engli% ,*ur* uses "s portions ( !m4 nor h !y be5 reg>d$ z "p ( ! ,sacr$ ,scripture4 ,! hi/ory ( ! ,new ,te/am5t canon is mu* less obscure1 & may be m briefly treat$4 ,! ,bible ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ians 0 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,!y reli$ :olly ^u ?is = religi\s in/ruction2 !y _h no ?\ght ( any o!r ,sacr$ ,scripture4 ,i h expla9$ 9 a =m] *apt] h[ ! ,epi/les & ! ,gospels orig9at$2 b :5 ^! writ+s fir/ came into ! h&s ( ! disciples !re 0 n1 x is probable1 any conception 9 _! m9ds t ^! 7 sacr$ writ+s1 to be rank$ along ) ! books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,!y read !m = in/ruction & sugge/ion2 !y did n at fir/ ?9k ( !m z holy4 ,b _! conviction ( ! value & sacr$ness ( ^! writ+s soon began to /r5g!n2 we f9d !m quot+ ,gospels & ,epi/les ) ! same =mula t !y apply to ! ,old ,te/am5t books2 & ?us !y began to feel ! ne$ ( mak+ a collection ( ?is apo/olic lit]ature = use 9 ! *ur*es4 ,x is n until ! second half ( ! second c5tury t any su* collection comes into view4 ,x consi/$ at fir/ ( two p>ts1 ,! ,gospel & ,! ,apo/le2 ! fir/ "p conta9$ ! f\r ,gospels1 & ! second ! ,acts1 ?irte5 ,epi/les ( ,paul1 "o ( ,pet]1 "o ( ,john1 & ! ,revelation4 ,x w be se5 t ?is tw(old ,te/am5t omitt$ sev]al ( our books1--! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews1 two ( ,john's ,epi/les1 "o ( ,pet]'s1 & ! ,epi/les ( ,james & ,jude4 ,ab\t ?is "t !re 0 also 9 circulation c]ta9 writ+s :i* are n n[ 9 our canon1 b :i* 7 sometimes includ$ by ! au?orities ( t "t among ! apo/olic writ+s1 & 7 quot$ z ,scripture by ! e>ly fa!rs4 ,!re 0 a book call$ ,! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,egyptians1 & ano!r entitl$ ,! ,prea*+ ( ,pet]1 & ano!r call$ ,! ,acts ( ,paul1 & ano!r call$ ,! ,%eph]d ( ,h]mas1 & an epi/le attribut$ to ,b>nabas1 & sev]al o!rs1 all claim+ to be sacr$ & apo/olic writ+s4 ,x became1 !re=e1 a delicate & important "q = ^! e>ly ,*ri/ians to decide :i* ( ^! writ+s 7 sacr$1 & :i* 7 n2 & !y began to make li/s ( ^? :i* !y reg>d$ z canonical4 ,! e>lie/ ( ^! li/s is a fragm5t>y anonym\s canon1 :i* 0 made ab\t #agj4 ,x m5tions all ! books 9 our ,new ,te/am5t b f\r1--,hebrews1 ,fir/ & ,second ,pet]1 & ,james4 ,ir5u1 :o di$ ab\t #bjj1 _h a canon :i* includ$ all ! books ( our ,new ,te/am5t except ,hebrews1 ,jude1 ,james1 ,second ,pet]1 & ,?ird ,john4 ,fir/ ,pet]1 ,second ,john1 & ,! ,%eph]d ( ,h]mas he put by !mselves 9 a second class ( writ+s1 :i* he ?\ght excell5t b n inspir$4 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria 7#ahj7 puts into 8 li/ mo/ ( our canonical books1 b reg>ds sev]al ( !m z ( inf]ior value1 among !m ,hebrews1 ,second ,john1 & ,jude4 ,9 ! same li/ ( inf]ior writ+s he includes ,! ,%eph]d ( ,h]mas1 ! ,epi/le ( ,b>nabas1 & ! ,apocalypse ( ,pet]4 ,t]tullian 7#bjj7 omits entirely ,james1 ,second ,pet]1 & ,?ird ,john1 b includes among useful ?\gh n inspir$ books1 ,hebrews1 ,jude1 ,! ,%eph]d ( ,h]mas1 ,second ,john1 & ,second ,pet]4 ,^! are ! greate/ au?orities ( ! fir/ two c5turies4 ,no ,*ri/ian tea*]s ( t day 7 bett] in=m$ or m tru/wor?y ?an ^!1 & x w be se5 t !y 7 f> f agree+ ) "o ano!r or ) our canon2 t ea* "o ( !m receiv$ z sacr$ "s books :i* we d n possess1 & reject$ "s :i* we receive4 ,com+ d[n into ! ?ird c5tury1 we f9d ,orig5 7#bej71 "o ( ! great s*ol>s1 wre/l+ ) ! problem4 ,he seems to h made ?ree classes ( ! ,new ,te/am5t writ+s1 ! au!ntic1 ! non-au!ntic1 & ! d\btful4 ,! au!ntic books are ! ,gospels1 ! ,acts1 ! ?irte5 ,epi/les ( ,paul1 & ! ,apocalypse2 ! non-au!ntic ones are ,! ,%eph]d ( ,h]mas1 ,! ,epi/le ( ,b>nabas1 & sev]al o!r books n 9 our canon2 & ! d\btful ones are ,james1 ,jude1 ,second & ,?ird ,john1 & ,second ,pet]4 ,x w be se5 t ,orig5 admits none t are n 9 our collection1 b t he is 9 d\bt respect+ "s t are 9 x4 ,facts l ^! are writ l>ge ov] e page ( ! hi/ory ( ! e>ly *ur*4 ,& yet we h em95t !ological pr(essors ass]t+ t ! canon ( ! ,new ,te/am5t 0 f9ally settl$ dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! second c5tury1 )9 fifty ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ! ,apo/le ,john4 ,a m baseless /atem5t c\ld n be fabricat$4 ,x is f tea*]s ( ?is class t we he> ! mo/ vehem5t outcries aga9/ ! ,high] ,criticism4 ,eusebius1 :o di$ 9 #cdj1 has a li/ agree+ sub/antially ) t ( ,orig54 ,cyril ( ,j]usalem 7#chf7 includes all ( our books except ! ,apocalypse1 & no o!rs4 ,a?anasius 7#cfe7 & ,augu/9e 7#dcj7 h li/s id5tical ) ours4 ,?is indicates a /eady progress t[>d unanimity1 & :5 ! two great c\ncils ( ,hippo & ,c>?age confirm$ ?is judgm5t ( ! two great fa!rs la/ nam$1 ! "q ( ! ,new ,te/am5t canon 0 practically settl$4 ,footnote3 ,x is not$1 h[ev]1 t ! reception ( ! d\btful books into ! canon does n imply a recognition ( _! equality ) ! o!r books4 ,! di/9ct admission ( _! inf]iority 0 made by all ! ecclesia/ical au?orities ( t p]iod4 ,none ( ! e>ly fa!rs believ$ t all ^! writ+s 7 equally inspir$ & equally au?oritative4 ,nev]!less1 consid]able indep5d5t judgm5t on ! subject /ill seems to h be5 tol]at$1 & writ+s :i* we d n n[ receive 7 long includ$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t collection4 ,! ?ree olde/ manuscripts ( ! ,bible n[ 9 exi/5ce are ! ,s9aitic1 ! ,vatican1 & ! ,alex&rian ,bibles1 dat+ f ! f\r? & ! fif? c5turies4 ,( ^! ! ,s9aitic & ! ,alex&rian ,bibles bo? include "s ( ^! d\btful books 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t collection2 ! ,s9ai ,bible has ,! ,epi/le ( ,b>nabas & ,! ,%eph]d ( ,h]mas2 ! ,alex&rian ,bible ! ,epi/le ( ,clem5t & "o ( ,a?anasius4 ,^! old ,bibles are cle> witnesses to ! fact t ! cont5ts ( ! ,new ,te/am5t 7 n cle>ly def9$ ev5 s late z ! fif? c5tury4 ,inde$1 !re 0 always "s fre$om ( op9ion conc]n+ ?is matt] until ! ,re=mation era4 ,!n1 ( c\rse1 ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t fix$ ! canon ( ! ,new ,te/am5t z well z ( ! ,old = all good ,ca?olics2 & ! ,new ,te/am5t ( ! ,ca?olics1 unlike _! ,old ,te/am5t1 is id5tical ) our own4 ,! ,prote/ants ( t "t 7 /ill 9 d\bt ab\t c]ta9 ( ! ,new ,te/am5t books4 ,lu!r1 z e "o kn[s1 0 incl9$ to reject ! ,epi/le ( ,james2 he call$ x a "r /rawy epi/le4 ,! lett] to ! ,hebrews 0 a good book1 b n apo/olic2 he put x 9 a subord9ate class4 ,jude 0 a poor transcript ( ,second ,pet]1 & he assign$ t also to a l[] place4 ,! ,apocalypse1 says ,davidson1 he consid]$ nei!r apo/olic nor prophetic1 b put x almo/ on a level ) ! ,f\r? ,book ( ,esdras1 :i* he spoke else:]e ( toss+ into ! ,elbe4 ,lu!r's pr9ciple ( judgm5t 9 _m ( ^! cases 0 q too subjective2 he c>ri$ ! ,prote/ant pr9ciple ( private judgm5t to an extreme2 ,i only quote 8 op9ions to %[ ) :at fre$om ! /rong m5 ( ! ,re=mation h&l$ ^! que/ions ( ,biblical criticism4 ,zw+li reject$ ! ,apocalypse4 ,o,ecolampadius plac$ ,james1 ,jude1 ,second ,pet]1 ,second & ,?ird ,john & ! ,apocalypse along ) ! ,apocryphal books1 on a l[] level ?an ! o!r ,new ,te/am5t ,scriptures4 ,! great majority ( ! ,re=m]s1 h[ev]1 spe$ily fix$ ^u t canon :i* we n[ receive1 & _! decision has n be5 s]i\sly call$ 9 "q s9ce ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,i h n[ answ]$ mo/ ( ! que/ions propos$ at ! beg9n+ ( ?is *apt]4 ,we h se5 t :ile ! great majority ( ! books 9 bo? ,te/am5ts h be5 univ]sally receiv$1 que/ions h be5 rais$ at v>i\s times conc]n+ ! canonicity ( sev]al ( ! books 9 ei!r ,te/am5t2 t _m good m51 f ! second c5tury be=e ,*ri/ until ! sixte5? c5tury aft] ,*ri/1 h disput$ ! au?ority ( "s ( ^! books4 ,we h se5 also t q a numb] ( o!r books h at "o "t & ano!r be5 reg>d$ z sacr$ & numb]$ among ! ,holy ,scriptures2 we h se5 t ! f9al judgm5t respect+ ^! d\btful books is diff]5t 9 diff]5t bran*es ( ! *ur*1 ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur* & ! ,greek ,ca?olic ,*ur* admitt+ into _! canons sev]al books t ! ,re=m$ *ur*es exclude f !irs4 ,we h se5 t ! decision :i* has be5 rea*$ by ! sev]al bran*es ( ! *ur* respect+ ?is matt] has be5 rea*$ z ! result ( discussion & argum5t2 t ! canonicity ( ! disput$ books 0 freely canvass$ by ! *ur* fa!rs 9 _! writ+s1 by ! *ur* c\ncils 9 _! assemblies1 by ! ,re=m]s 9 _! inquiries2 t no sup]natural me?ods h be5 employ$ to det]m9e ! canonicity ( ^! sev]al books2 b t ! enlight5$ reason ( ! *ur* has be5 ! arbit] ( ! :ole matt]4 ,! gr\nds ^u :i* ! ,jews act$ 9 admitt+ or reject+ books into _! ,scriptures x might be difficult = u to det]m9e4 ,9 "s cases we "k t !y 7 fanciful & absurd4 ,b ! gr\nds on :i* ! ,*ri/ians proce$$ 9 mak+ up _! canon we "k pretty well4 ,! fir/ "q respect+ ea* "o ( ! ,*ri/ian writ+s seems to h be53 ,0 x writt5 by an apo/le8 ,if ?is "q c\ld be answ]$ 9 ! affirmative1 ! book 0 admitt$4 ,& 9 decid+ ?is "q1 ! ,*ri/ians ( lat] times made appeal to ! op9ions ( ^? ( e>li] times2 au?ority & tradition _h mu* to d 9 det]m9+ x4 ,0 x ! g5]al op9ion ( ! e>ly *ur* t ?is book 0 writt5 by an apo/le8 !y ask$4 ,& if ?is seem$ to be ! case1 !y 7 incl9$ to admit x4 ,besides1 !y comp>$ ,scripture ) ,scripture3 c]ta9 books 7 unque/ionably writt5 by ,paul or ,luke or ,john2 o!r books :i* 7 d\bt$ 7 also ascrib$ to !m2 if !y f\nd ! language ( ! disput$ book correspond+ to t ( ! undisput$ book1 9 /yle & 9 =ms ( expression1 !y judg$ t x mu/ h be5 writt5 by ! same man4 ,^u su* gr\nds ( ext]nal & int]nal evid5ce1 x f9ally came to be believ$ t all ( ! ,new ,te/am5t books except f\r 7 writt5 by apo/les1 & t ^! f\r1 ,m>k1 ,luke1 ,! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 & ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews1 7 writt5 by m5 "u ! imm$iate direction ( apo/les4 ,b1 x may be said1 !re h be5 great diff]5ces ( op9ion on ?is matt] ?r\gh all ! ages1 d[n to ! sixte5? c5tury2 h[ d we "k b t ^? good & holy m51 l ,ignatius & ,clem5t & ,t]tullian & ,orig5 9 ! e>ly *ur*1 & ,lu!r & ,zw+li & ,o,ecolampadius 9 ! ,re=m$ *ur*1 7 "r 9 reject+ "s books t we receive & 9 receiv+ "s t we reject8 ,if y 7 a good ,ca?olic1 t "q w\ld n tr\ble y4 ,= ! fundam5tal article ( y\r cre$ w\ld !n be1 ,! ,holy ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 :5 %e is repres5t$ by h] bi%ops 9 a g5]al c\ncil1 c nev] make a mi/ake4 ,& ! ,holy ,ca?olic ,*ur* 9 a g5]al c\ncil at ,tr5t1 9 #aedf1 said t su* & su* books belong$ to ! ,bible1 & t no o!rs d2 & ! c\ncil ( ! ,vatican1 9 #ahgj1 said ! same ?+ ov] aga91 mak+ x d\bly sure2 s1 t1 z a good ,ca?olic1 y w\ld h no "r to any d\bts or que/ions ab\t x4 ,b1 be+ a ,prote/ant1 y _c help kn[+ t all g5]al c\ncils h made grave & t]rible mi/akes2 t no "o ( !m ev] 0 infallible2 & s y c\ld n re/ satisfi$ ) ! decisions ( ,tr5t & ! ,vatican1 ev5 if !y gave y ! same ,bible t y n[ possess1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 !y d n4 ,:at c]ta9ty has ! ,prote/ant1 !n1 t 8 canon is ! correct "o8 ,he has no absolute c]ta9ty4 ,!re is no su* ?+ z absolute c]ta9ty ) respect to hi/orical religi\s tru?4 ,b ?is discussion has made "o or two ?+s pla9 to ! dulle/ appreh5sion4 ,! fir/ is t ! books ( ?is ,bible are n all ( equal rank & sacr$ness4 ,if !re is "o tru? :i* all ! ages1 ) all _! voices1 jo9 to decl>e1 x is t ! ,bible is made up ( _m diff]5t k9ds ( books1 ) v diff]5t degrees ( sacr$ness & au?ority4 ,= "o1 ,i d n wi% to "p ) any ( !m2 ,i f9d in/ruction 9 all ( !m1 ?\gh 9 "s ( !m1 z 9 ,e/h] & ,ecclesia/es1 x is r z records ( savag]y & ( skepticism1 f :i* e ,*ri/ian ought to recoil1 t ,i c see any value 9 !m4 ,z p[]ful del9eations ( ! k9d ( s5tim5ts t ! ,*ri/ian ought n to *]i%1 & ! k9d ( d\bts t he _c ent]ta9 )\t imp]ill+ 8 s\l1 !y may be useful4 ,x is n1 !re=e1 at all desirable t ^! anci5t records %\ld be torn asund] & portions ( !m flung away4 ,t process ( mutilation none ( u is wise en\gh to attempt4 ,let ! ,bible /&2 !re are good uses = e "p ( x4 ,b let u rememb] ! lesson :i* ?is survey has br\ght home to u1 t ^! books are n all alike1 & t ! message ( div9e wisdom is spok5 to u 9 "s ( !m f> m cle>ly ?an 9 o!rs1 ,ri*>d ,baxt] is an au?ority 9 religion = ^: op9ion all cons]vative p ought to ent]ta9 respect4 ,he _c be suspect$ ( be+ a ,new ,dep>ture man2 he 0 a /an* ,presbyt]ian1 & he pass$ to ! ,sa9ts' ,re/ ne>ly two hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,) a few words ( 8 ^u ! "q n[ be=e u1 ?is *apt] may fitly close3-- ,& "h ,i mu/ tell y a great & ne$ful tru?1 :i* ,*ri/ians1 fe>+ to confess1 by ov]do+1 tempt m5 to infidelity4 ,! ,scripture is l a man's body1 :]e "s p>ts are b = ! pres]vation ( ! re/1 & may be maim$ )\t dea?4 ,! s5se is ! s\l ( ! ,scripture1 & ! lett]s b ! body or vehicle4 ,! doctr9e ( ! ,cre$1 ,"l's ,pray] & ,decalogue1 ,baptism & ! ,"l's ,supp]1 is ! vital "p & ,*ri/ianity itself4 ,! ,old ,te/am5t lett] 7writt5 z we h x ab\t ,ezra's "t7 is t vehicle :i* is z imp]fect z ! revelation ( ^? times 04 ,b z1 aft] ,*ri/'s inc>nation & asc5sion1 ! ,_s 0 m abundantly giv51 & ! revelation m p]fect & seal$1 s ! doctr9e is m full1 & ! vehicle or body1 t is ! words1 are less imp]fect & m sure to u2 s t he :i* d\bte? ( ! tru? ( "s words 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t or ( "s circum/ances 9 ! ,new1 ha? no reason !re=e to d\bt ( ! ,*ri/ian religion ( :i* ^! writ+s are b ! vehicle or body1 suffici5t to asc]ta9 u ( ! tru? ( ! ,hi/ory & ,doctr9e4 ,footnote3 ,! ,cate*iz+ ( ,*ri/ian ,families1 p4 #cf4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,h[ ,,! ,,books ,,7 ,,writt54 ,! books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t 7 orig9ally writt5 ^u sk9s ( "s sort4 ,! ,talmud provid$ t ! law might be inscrib$ on ! sk9s ( clean animals1 tame or wild1 or ev5 ( clean birds4 ,^! sk9s 7 usually cut into /rips1 ! ends ( :i* 7 neatly jo9$ toge!r1 mak+ a cont9u\s belt ( p>*m5t or vellum :i* 0 roll$ ^u two /icks & fa/5$ by a ?read4 ,!y 7 commonly writt5 on "o side only1 ) an iron p5 :i* 0 dipp$ 9 ink compos$ ( lampblack dissolv$ 9 gall juice4 ,! ,hebrew is a language q unlike our own 9 =m & appe>ance4 ,n only d we read x f "r to left1 in/ead ( f left to "r1 b ! consonants only ( ! sev]al words are writt5 9 di/9ct *>act]s on ! l9e2 ! v[els be+ little dots or da%es /&+ "u ! consonants1 or )9 _! curves4 ,^! v[el po9ts 7 n us$ 9 ! orig9al ,hebrew2 !y are a mod]n inv5tion1 orig9at+ "s c5turies aft] ,*ri/4 ,x is true t x 0 ! belief ( ! ,jews 9 =m] times t ^! v[el po9ts 7 an orig9al "p ( ! language2 _! s*ol>s made ?is claim ) great confid5ce1 :i* %[s h[ little reliance is to be plac$ on ,jewi% tradition4 ,! evid5ce is abundant t ! ,hebrew 0 orig9ally writt5 )\t v[els1 precisely z /5ograph]s (t5 write 9 ^! days4 ,we "k f ! te/imony ( old /ud5ts & int]pret]s ( ! ,hebrew t !y con/antly enc\nt]$ ?is difficulty 9 read+ ! language4 ,write a p>agraph ( our own language )\t v[els & look at x4 ,or1 bett]1 ask "s "o else to treat = y 9 ! same way a p>agraph ) :i* y are n famili>1 & see if y c deciph] x4 ,und\bt$ly1 y c\ld ) "s difficulty make out ! s5se ( mo/ passages4 ,x w\ld puzzle y at fir/1 b aft] y _h _h "s practice 9 supply+ ! v[els y w\ld le>n to read q readily4 ,/5ograph]s1 z ,i h said1 h a some:at simil> task4 ,nev]!less1 y w\ld sometimes be 9 unc]ta9ty z to ! words4 ,suppose y h ! ?ree consonants brd1 h[ w\ld y "k :e!r ! ^w 0 b>d1 or bird1 or bread1 or bo>d1 or brad1 or broad1 or bride1 or braid1 or brood1 or bre$8 ,x might be any "o ( !m4 ,y c\ld usually tell :at x 0 by a glance at ! connection1 b y c\ld n tell infallibly1 = !re might be s5t5ces 9 :i* m ?an "o ( ^! words w\ld make s5se1 & x w\ld be impossible to det]m9e :i* ! writ] meant to use4 ,n[ ! old ,hebrew z x came f ! h&s ( ! orig9al writ]s 0 all 9 ?is =m2 :ile1 !re=e1 ! mean+ ( ! writ] c g5]ally be ga9$ ) suffici5t accuracy1 y see at a glance t absolute c]ta9ty is out ( ! "q2 t ! ,jewi% s*ol>s :o suppli$ ^! v[el po9ts a ?\s& ye>s or m aft] ! orig9al manuscripts 7 writt5 may sometimes h got ! wrong ^w4 ,j]ome gives num]\s illu/rations ( ?is unc]ta9ty4 ,9 ,j]4 ix4 #ba1 ,dea? is come up into our w9d[s1 he says t we h = ! fir/ ^w ! ?ree ,hebrew consonants correspond+ to our dbr2 ! ^w may be dab>1 signify+ dea?1 or deb]1 signify+ pe/il5ce2 x is impossible to tell :i* x is4 ,9 ,habakkuk iii4 #e1 we h ! same consonants1 & !re ! ^w is writt5 pe/il5ce4 ,ei!r ^w w made good s5se 9 ei!r place2 & we are p]fectly helpless 9 our *oice betwe5 !m4 ,aga91 9 ,isaiah xxvi4 #ad1 we h a pr$iction conc]n+ ! wick$1 ,!re=e ha/ ?\ visit$ & de/roy$ !m & made all _! memory to p]i%4 ,! ,hebrew ^w "h translat$ memory consi/s ( ?ree consonants repres5t$ by our ,engli% zkr2 x may be ! ^w zek]1 :i* signifies memory1 or ! ^w zak>1 :i* signifies a male p]son4 ,& ,j]ome says t x is believ$ t ,saul 0 deceiv$1 p]haps will+ly1 by ! diff]5ce 9 ^! words 7,i ,sam4 xv472 hav+ be5 comm&$ to cut (f e zek]--memorial or ve/ige--( ,amaiek1 he took ! ^w to be zak>1 in/ead ( zek]1 & cont5t$ himself ) de/roy+ ! males ( ! army & keep+ = himself ! spoil4 ,j]ome's conjecture 9 ?is case is suffici5tly fanciful2 nev]!less he illu/rates ! impossibility ( det]m9+ ! exact mean+ ( _m ,hebrew s5t5ces4 ,?is impossibility is abundantly demon/rat$ by ! ,septuag9t1 = we f9d _m und\bt$ errors 9 t translation f ! ,hebrew into ! ,greek1 :i* h aris5 f ?is lack ( precision 9 ! ,hebrew language4 ,:51 !re=e1 we "k t ! ,bible 0 writt5 9 su* a language--a language )\t v[els--& t x 0 n until six hundr$ ye>s aft] ,*ri/ t ! v[el po9ts 7 inv5t$ & ! words 7 writt5 out 9 full1 ! !ory ( ! v]bal in]rancy ( ! text z we n[ h x becomes incr$ible4 ,unless ! m5 :o suppli$ ! v[el po9ts 7 gift$ ) sup]natural k !y mu/ h made mi/akes 9 spell+ out "s ( ^! words4 ,i d n believe t ^! mi/akes 7 s]i\s1 or t !y affect 9 any important way ! mean+ ( ! ,scripture1 b ! assumption t 9 ?is /up5d\s game ( guess-"w no wrong guesses 7 made is 9 ! highe/ degree gratuit\s4 ,! sub/antial tru?fulness ( ! record is n impea*$ by ?is discov]y1 b ! v]bal in]rancy ( ! docum5t c nev] be ma9ta9$ by any hone/ man :o kn[s ^! facts4 ,x is unsafe & mis*iev\s to indulge 9 a priori reason+s ab\t inspiration2 we h _h too mu* ( t2 b ! foll[+ proposition is unassailable3 ,if ! ,div9e ,wisdom _h propos$ to deliv] to man an infallible book1 he w\ld n h _h x record$ 9 a language ^: writt5 words consi/ only ( consonants1 leav+ read]s a ?\s& ye>s aft] to fill 9 ! v[els by conjecture4 ,! v fact t su* a language 0 *os5 is ! conclusive & unansw]able evid5ce t ,god nev] design$ to give u an infallible book4 ,we are famili> ) ! fact t ! ,old ,te/am5t writ+s 9 g5]al use among ! e>ly *ur*es 7 ^? ( ! ,septuag9t4 ,! ,*ri/ians f ! second to ! sixte5? c5turies knew v little ,hebrew4 ,b dur+ all ^! ages ! ,pale/9ian ,jews & _! successors 9 o!r l&s 7 pres]v+ _! own ,scriptures2 x 0 !y :o add$ at a late day--probably z late z ! six? c5tury--! v[el po9ts1 :i* 7 inv5t$ 9 ,syria2 & :51 at l5g?1 "u ! impulse ( ,biblical /udy :i* l$ to ! ,re=mation1 ,*ri/ian s*ol>s began to ?9k ( go+ back to ! orig9al ,hebrew1 !y 7 oblig$ to obta9 f ! ,jews ! copies :i* !y /udi$4 ,x is some:at rem>kable t ! ,jews1 :o 7 ! exclusive cu/odians ( ! ,hebrew writ+s up to ! sixte5? c5tury1 _h n be5 c>eful to pres]ve _! old manuscripts4 ,aft] ! v[el po9ts _h be5 introduc$ into ! text1 !y seem to h be5 will+ t copies n writt5 9 ?is mann] %\ld pass out ( exi/5ce4 ,accord+ly we h few ,hebrew manuscripts t are ev5 suppos$ to be m ?an six or sev5 hundr$ ye>s old4 ,!re is "o copy ( ! ,p5tateu* :i* may h be5 made z e>ly z #ehj ,a4 ,d41 b ?is is extremely d\btful2 aside f ?is ,i d n "k t !re are any ,hebrew ,bibles :i* claim to be old] ?an ! n9? c5tury4 ,( ^! ,hebrew manuscripts ne>ly six hundr$ are n[ kn[n to be 9 exi/5ce1 b ! great] "p ( ^! are only fragm5t>y copies ( ! ,p5tateu* or ( s+le books4 ,!re are two classes ( ^!--synagogue rolls1 prep>$ = read+ 9 ! way t ,i h describ$1 & manuscripts 9 ! book =m1 "s on p>*m5t & "s on pap]4 ,! v>iations 9 ^! manuscripts are few4 ,comp>$ ) ! ,greek manuscripts ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ! accuracy ( ^! ,hebrew codices is rem>kable4 ,x is evid5t t ! c>e ( ! ,scribes to gu>d _! ,scriptures aga9/ error has be5 scrupul\s & vigilant4 ,d\btless ?is int5se devotion to ! v lett] ( ! sacr$ books has be5 ex]cis$ = _m c5turies4 ,we "k t 9 ! e>lie/ days ?is precision 0 n s\ght2 = ! ,septuag9t translation1 made dur+ ! second & ?ird c5turies be=e ,*ri/1 gives u indubitable pro(1 :5 we comp>e x ) ! ,hebrew text1 t *anges1 "s ( !m radical & sweep+1 h be5 made 9 ! text ( ! ,hebrew books s9ce t translation 0 f9i%$4 ,b x is evid5t t ! ,scribes at an e>ly day1 c]ta9ly z e>ly z ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 det]m9$ to h a uni=m & an un*angeable text4 ,= ?is purpose !y *ose "s manuscript copy ( ! ,scriptures1 d\btless ! "o :i* seem$ to !m mo/ accurate1 & made t ! /&>d2 all ! copies made s9ce t "t h be5 religi\sly con=m$ to t4 ,consequ5tly1 all ! ,hebrew manuscripts n[ 9 exi/5ce are rem>kably uni=m4 ,! ,old ,te/am5t conta9s m ?an ?ree times z _m pages z ! ,new ,te/am5t2 b :ile we h m ?an "o hundr$ & fifty ?\s& v>i\s read+s 9 ! ,greek manuscripts & v]sions ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 we h less ?an t5 ?\s& su* v>iations 9 ^? ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t ?is uni=mity has its s\rce 9 "s copy *os5 to be ! /&>d hundr$s ( ye>s aft] mo/ ( ! ,old ,te/am5t books 7 writt52 & x does n gu>antee ! close correspond5ce betwe5 ?is copy & ! autographs ( ! orig9al writ]s4 ,footnote3 ,= an int]e/+ discussion ( ! pres]vation & transmission ( ! ,hebrew text1 ! read] is ref]r$ to ,mr4 ,rob]tson ,smi?'s ,! ,old ,te/am5t 9 ! ,jewi% ,*ur*1 ,lectures ii4 & iii4 ,our *ief int]e/ c5tres1 h[ev]1 9 ! ,greek manuscripts ( ! ,bible pres]v$ & transmitt$ by ,*ri/ians1 & includ+ bo? ,te/am5ts4 ,all ! olde/ & mo/ preci\s docum5ts t we possess belong to ?is class4 ,! orig9al ,new ,te/am5t writ+s :i* came f ! h&s ( ! apo/les & _! amanu5ses we d n possess4 ,^! 7 probably writt51 n on sk9s1 b ^u ! papyrus pap] commonly us$ at t day1 :i* 0 a frail & flimsy fabric1 & "u ord9>y circum/ances w\ld soon p]i%4 ,fragm5ts ( ?is papyrus h come d[n to u1 b only ^? :i* 7 pres]v$ ) exceptional c>e4 ,j]ome tells u ( a libr>y 9 ,cass>ea t 0 p>tly de/roy$1 ow+ to ! crumbl+ ( its pap]1 ?\gh x 0 only a hundr$ ye>s old4 ,p>*m5t 0 sometimes us$ by ! apo/les2 ,paul reque/s ,timo?y1 9 8 second lett]1 to br+ ) him1 :5 he comes1 c]ta9 p>*m5ts t belong to him4 ,b ^! mat]ials 7 co/ly1 & x is n likely t ! apo/les us$ !m to any ext5t 9 ! prep>ation ( ! books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,at any rate ! autographic copies ( ^! books disappe>$ at an e>ly date4 ,?is seems /range to u4 ,plac+ ! e/imate t we d ^u ^! writ+s1 we %\ld h tak5 ! greate/ c>e to pres]ve !m4 ,x is cle> t ! ,*ri/ians into ^: h&s !y fell did n value !m z highly z we d4 ,z ,we/cott says1 ,!y 7 giv5 z a h]itage to man1 & x 0 "s "t be=e m5 felt ! full value ( ! gift4 ,at ! close ( ! second c5tury !re 7 disputes conc]n+ ! correct read+ ( c]ta9 passages1 b nei!r p>ty appeals to ! apo/olic orig9als1--%[+ t !y mu/ be=e t "t h p]i%$4 ,9 aft] ye>s leg5ds 7 told ab\t ! pres]vation ( ^! orig9als1 b ^! are contradictory & incr$ible4 ,no manuscript is n[ 9 exi/5ce :i* 0 writt5 dur+ ! fir/ ?ree c5turies4 ,b we h "o or two t date back to ! f\r? c5tury2 & f t "t ?r\gh all ! ages to ! inv5tion ( pr9t+ _m copies 7 made ( ! ,sacr$ ,scriptures1 9 :ole or 9 "p1 :i* are /ill 9 ! h&s ( s*ol>s4 ,x is f ^! old ,greek manuscripts t our receiv$ text ( ! ,new ,te/am5t is d]iv$2 by a comp>ison ( !m ! s*ol>s ( ! sev5te5? c5tury made up a ,greek ,new ,te/am5t :i* !y reg>d$ z approximately accurate1 & f t our ,engli% v]sion 0 made4 ,! numb] ( ^! old manuscripts is l>ge1 & ! fir/ g5]al division ( !m is into uncials or cursives1 z !y are call$2 ! uncial manuscripts be+ writt5 9 capital lett]s1 ! cursives 9 small lett]s m or less connect$1 z 9 our writt5 h&4 ,! uncials are ! olde/1 z !y are ! fewe/2 !re are only "o hundr$ & tw5ty-sev5 ( !m 9 all2 :ile ( ! cursives !re are ab\t fifte5 hundr$4 ,yet mo/ ( ^! manuscripts are fragm5t>y4 ,"s ( !m conta9 only ! ,gospels or portions ( !m2 "s ( !m conta9 ! ,acts & ! ,ca?olic ,epi/les2 "s ( !m ! ,epi/les ( ,paul or a s+le epi/le2 "s are selections f ! ,gospels or ! ,epi/les1 prep>$ to be read 9 *ur*1 & call$ lection>ies4 ,pr(essor ,ezra ,abbot gives u a classification ( ^! manuscripts :i* w be f\nd in/ructive4 ,= ! ,new ,te/am5t1444we h manuscripts m or less complete1 writt5 9 uncial or capital lett]s1 & rang+ f ! f\r? to ! t5? c5tury2 ( ! ,gospels tw5ty-sev51 besides ?irty small fragm5ts2 ( ! ,acts & ,ca?olic ,epi/les t51 besides six small fragm5ts2 ( ! ,paul9e ,epi/les elev51 besides n9e small fragm5ts1 & ( ! ,revelation five4 ,all ( ^! h be5 mo/ ?or\ghly collat$1 & ! text ( ! mo/ important ( !m has be5 publi%$4 ,"o ( ^! manuscripts1 ! ,s9aitic1 conta9+ ! :ole ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 & ano!r1 ! ,vatican1 conta9+ mu* ! l>g] "p ( x1 7 writt5 probably z e>ly z ! middle ( ! f\r? c5tury2 two o!rs1 ! ,alex&rian & ! ,ephraem1 belong to ab\t ! middle ( ! fif?1 ( :i* date are two m1 conta9+ consid]able portions ( ! ,gospels4 ,a v rem>kable manuscript ( ! ,gospels & ,acts--! ,cambridge manuscript1 or ,codex ,bez--belongs to ! six? c5tury4444 ,i pass by a numb] ( small b valuable fragm5ts ( ! fif? & six? c5turies4 ,z to ! cursive manuscripts rang+ f ! t5? c5tury to ! sixte5?1 we h ( ! ,gospels m ?an six hundr$2 ( ! ,acts ov] two hundr$2 ( ! ,paul9e ,epi/les ne>ly ?ree hundr$2 ( ! ,revelation ab\t "o hundr$1--n reckon+ ! lection>ies1 or manuscripts conta9+ ! lessons f ! ,gospels1 ,acts1 & ,epi/les1 read 9 ! s]vice ( ! *ur*1 ( :i* !re are m ?an f\r hundr$4 ,footnote3 ,anglo-,am]ican ,bible ,revision1 p4 #ie4 ,out ( all ?is va/ mass ( extant manuscripts1 only tw5ty-sev5 conta9 ! ,new ,te/am5t entire4 ,! ?ree olde/ & mo/ valuable manuscripts among ^? nam$ by ,pr(essor ,abbot1 9 ! passage above1 are ! ,s9aitic1 ! ,vatican1 & ! ,alex&rian manuscripts4 ,( ^! old ,bibles p]haps ! olde/ is ! "o 9 ! ,vatican ,libr>y at ,rome4 ,x 0 enroll$ 9 t libr>y z late z ! ye> #adge2 :at its hi/ory 0 be=e t "t is unkn[n4 ,by ^: h&s or at :at place x 0 writt51 no "o c tell4 ,"s h suppos$ t x 0 br\ght f ,con/ant9ople to ,rome1 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 by ,john ,bess>ion1 a le>n$ patri>*2 "s t x 0 writt5 9 ,alex&ria1 :5 t city 0 ! metropolis ( ! _w's culture2 "s t x 0 produc$ 9 ,s\!rn ,italy :5 t region 0 celebrat$ = its le>n+4 ,! signs favor ! latt] !ory4 ,! =m ( ! lett]s is l ^? f\nd on papyri 9 ,h]culaneum2 & o!r manuscripts ( ! ,bible f\nd 9 s\!rn ,italy agree rem>kably ) ?is "o 9 _m peculi> read+s4 ,b ?is is all guess-"w4 ,nobody kn[s :]e ! old ,bible came f or :o br\ght x to ,rome4 ,"s ?+s1 h[ev]1 ! old book pla9ly tells u ab\t its own hi/ory4 ,x be>s ! unmi/akable m>ks ( great antiquity4 ,! s*ol> :o is famili> ) old ,greek manuscripts c judge by look+ at a docum5t some?+ ab\t its probable age4 ,by ! =m ( ! lett]s1 by ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( c]ta9 m>ks ( punctuation1 by ! g5]al /yle ( ! manuscript1 he c det]m9e )9 a c5tury or s ! date at :i* x 0 writt54 ,?is old ,bible is writt5 9 ! uncial or capital lett]s2 ?is w\ld make x tol]ably c]ta9 t x mu/ be old] ?an ! t5? c5tury4 ,we h sc>cely any uncial manuscripts lat] ?an ! t5? c5tury4 ,b o!r unmi/akable m>ks take x back mu* f>!r ?an ?is4 ,! words are writt5 cont9u\sly1 ) no breaks or spaces betwe5 !m2 !re are no acc5ts1 no r\gh or smoo? brea?+s1 no punctuation m>ks ( any sort4 ,^! are signs ( great age4 ,ano!r peculi>ity is ! mann] ( ! division ( ! books into sections4 ,i _c /op to describe to y ! v>i\s me?ods ( division adopt$ 9 antiquity4 ,! pres5t sep>ation into *apt]s & v]ses 01 z y "k1 a q mod]n device4 ,b ! divisions ( ?is old ,bible foll[ a me?od t we "k to h be5 9 use at a v e>ly day2 & ! conclusion ( all ! s*ol>s is t x mu/ h be5 writt5 z e>ly z ! ye> #cej1 possibly z e>ly z #cjj4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 a roll1 b a book 9 =m l ^? we h&le e day4 ,be=e ?is date manuscripts 7 g5]ally prep>$ 9 ?is way4 ,m>tial1 ! ,lat9 poet1 :o di$ ab\t #ajj1 m5tions z a novelty 9 8 day books ) squ>e leaves1 b\nd toge!r at ! edges4 ,! ,vatican ,bible is a heavy qu>to1 ! cov]s are r$ morocco discolor$ ) age1 ! leaves1 ( :i* !re are #gei1 are ( f9e & delicate vellum4 ,x conta9s ! ,septuag9t translation ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 except ! fir/ =ty-five *apt]s 9 ,g5esis & a few ( ! ,psalms1 :i* h be5 torn out & lo/4 ,( ! ,new ,te/am5t writ+s1 ! la/ five *apt]s ( ,hebrews1 ,fir/ & ,second ,timo?y1 ,titus1 ,philemon1 & ! ,apocalypse are want+4 ,o!rwise bo? ,te/am5ts are complete4 ,we may recall ano!r fact1 to :i* allusion has be5 made1 t ?is old ,bible conta9s among ! ,old ,te/am5t books ^? books :i* we n[ call apocryphal1 & t ^! apocryphal books1 in/ead ( be+ divid$ f ! re/ 9 a sep>ate gr\p1 are m+l$ ) !m1 ! ord] ( ! books be+ q unlike t ( our ,bibles or ( ! ,hebrew canon4 ,! apocryphal ,fir/ ,book ( ,esdras prec$es our ,book ( ,ezra2 :ile our ,book ( ,ezra is unit$ ) ,nehemiah1 =m+ ! ,second ,book ( ,esdras4 ,judi? & ,tobit foll[ ,e/h]1 & next comes ! twelve m9or prophets1 & s on4 ,! same ?+ is true ( all ^! olde/ ,bibles2 !y all conta9 ! apocryphal books1 & ^! books are m+l$ ) ! o!r books1 ei!r promiscu\sly1 or by "s sy/em ( classification :i* accepts !m z equal 9 value ) ! o!r ,old ,te/am5t writ+s4 ,!re is no indication 9 ^! old ,bibles t ! apocryphal books are any less sacr$ or au?oritative ?an ! o!rs4 ,ano!r manuscript ,bible1 sc>cely less v5]able & no less preci\s ?an ! ,vatican ,bible1 is ! "o kn[n z ! ,s9aitic manuscript ,?is 0 discov]$ by ,con/ant9e ,tis*5dorf1 a ,g]man s*ol>1 9 an anci5t conv5t at ! base ( ,m\nt ,s9ai4 ,! fir/ j\rney ( ,tis*5dorf to ! ,s9aitic p59sula 0 und]tak5 9 #ahdd1 = ! express purpose ( se>*+ 9 ! old mona/]ies ( ?is neighborhood = anci5t copies ( ! ,scriptures t might be pres]v$ 9 !m4 ,! monks ( ?is old conv5t admitt$ him to _! anci5t libr>y1--a place n greatly frequ5t$ by !m1--& !re 9 ! middle ( ! room he f\nd a wa/e basket1 fill$ ) leaves & torn pieces ( old p>*m5t ga!r$ to be burn$4 ,9 look+ !m ov] he discov]$ "o hundr$ & tw5ty leaves ( a ,bible t seem$ to him ( great antiquity4 ,he ask$ = ^! leaves1 b :5 !y f\nd t he want$ !m1 ! monks began to suspect _! value1 & p]mitt$ him to take only =ty-?ree ( !m4 ,9 #ahec he return$ aga91 b ?is "t c\ld n f9d ! re/ ( ! preci\s manuscript4 ,he fe>$ t x _h be5 de/roy$ long be=e1 b ?is 0 n ! case4 ,/imulat$ by 8 desire to possess ! loose leaves1 ! monks _h made se>* = ! re/ ( ! volume1 &1 us+ z samples ! leaves !y _h refus$ to give him1 !y _h f\nd !m all & secret$ !m4 ,^u 8 second visit !y did n %[ him ! book1 h[ev]1 nor reveal to him 9 any way its exi/5ce4 ,six ye>s lat]1 9 #ahei1 he return$ aga91 ?is "t =tifi$ ) a lett] f ! ,emp]or ( ,russia1 ! head ( ! ,greek ,*ur*2 & ?is mighty docum5t made ! monks op5 _! treasures = 8 inspection4 ,he obta9$ p]mission1 fir/1 to c>ry ! old ,bible to ,cairo to be copi$1 & f9ally1 "u ! imp]ial influ5ce1 ! monks surr5d]$ x1 & suff]$ x to be remov$ to ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 :]e s9ce #ahei x has be5 sacr$ly kept4 ,! ,s9ai ,bible1 says ,dr4 ,f4 ,p4 ,woodbury1 conta9s ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ! ,epi/le ( ,b>nabas1 a portion ( ! ,%eph]d ( ,h5nas1 & tw5ty-two books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,! :ole is writt5 on f9e vellum made f antelope sk9s into ! l>ge/ pages kn[n 9 our anci5t manuscripts4 ,:ile mo/ ( ! olde/ manuscripts h only ?ree columns to ! page1 & ! ,vatican ,bible has ?ree1 ! ,s9ai ,bible alone %[s f\r4 ,! lett]s are some:at l>g] ?an ^? ( ! ,vatican & mu* m r\ghly writt54 ,! book conta9s _m blund]s 9 copy+1 & !re are a few cases ( willful omission4 ,its remote age is atte/$ by _m ( ! same pro(s t h be5 m5tion$ 9 ! description ( ! ,vatican ,bible4 ,footnote3 ,f an int]e/+ sket* ( ,?ree ,old ,bibles1 9 ,sunday ,aft]noon1 vol4 i pp4 #fe-ga4 ,x is kn[n t ! ,emp]or ,con/ant9e1 9 ! ye> #cca1 au?oriz$ ! prep>ation ( fifty co/ly & beautiful copies ( ! ,holy ,scriptures "u ! c>e ( ,eusebius ( ,cs>ea4 ,tis*5dorf himself ?9ks--& 8 conjecture is accept$ by o!r s*ol>s--t ?is is "o ( ^? fifty ,bibles1 & t x 0 s5t f ,byzantium to ! monks ( ?is conv5t by ! ,emp]or ,ju/9ian1 :o 0 its f\nd]4 ,at all ev5ts1 x is inconte/ably a manuscript ( great age1 c]ta9ly ( ! f\r? c5tury1 & probably ( ! fir/ half ( t c5tury4 ,! o!r great ,bible is ! "o kn[n z ! ,alex&rian1 :i* 0 pres5t$1 9 #afbh1 to ,k+ ,*>les ,i ( ,engl& by ,cyril ,luc>1 patri>* ( ,con/ant9ople1 :o _h br\ght x f ,alex&ria4 ,x 0 transf]r$ 9 #agec f ! k+'s private libr>y to ! ,briti% ,museum1 :]e x is n[ pres]v$4 ,x is b\nd 9 f\r folio volumes1 ?ree ( :i* conta9 ! text ( ! ,old & "o ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,! portion :i* conta9s ! ,old ,te/am5t is m p]fect ?an t :i* conta9s ! ,new1 q a numb] ( leaves hav+ be5 lo/ f ! latt]4 ,! mat]ial ( :i* ?is volume is compos$ is ?9 vellum1 ! page be+ ab\t ?irte5 in*es high by t5 broad1 conta9+ f fifty to fifty-two l9es on ea* page1 ea* l9e consi/+ ( ab\t tw5ty lett]s4 ,! numb] ( pages is #ggc1 ( :i* #fdj are occupi$ ) ! text ( ! ,old ,te/am5t & #acc ) ! ,new4 ,! *>act]s are uncial1 b l>g] ?an ! ,vatican manuscript4 ,!re are no acc5ts or brea?+s1 no spaces betwe5 ! lett]s or words save at ! end ( a p>agraph1 & ! contractions1 :i* are n num]\s1 are only su* z are f\nd 9 ! olde/ manuscripts4 ,! punctuation consi/s ( a po9t plac$ at ! end ( a s5t5ce1 usually on a level ) ! top ( ! prec$+ lett]4 ,footnote3 ,encyc4 ,brit41 i4 p4 #dif4 ,! g5]al v]dict ( s*ol>s is t ?is manuscript belongs to ab\t ! middle ( ! fif? c5tury4 ,! cont5ts ( ?is old ,bible are curi\s1 & !y are curi\sly arrang$4 ,! fir/ volume conta9s ! ,p5tateu*1 ,jo%ua1 ,judges1 ,ru?1 ! two books ( ,samuel1 ! two books ( ,k+s1 & ! two books ( ,*ronicles4 ,! second conta9s1 fir/1 ! twelve m9or prophets 7f ,hosea to ,mala*i71 !n ,isaiah1 ,j]emiah1 ,b>u*1 ,lam5tations1 ,! ,epi/le ( ,j]emiah1 ,ezekiel1 ,daniel1 ,e/h]1 ,tobit1 ,judi?1 ,esdras ,i4 7! apocryphal ,esdras71 ,esdras ,,ii4 7includ+ our ,nehemiah & "p ( our ,ezra71 & ! f\r books ( ! ,maccabees4 ,! ?ird volume conta9s ,an ,epi/le ( ,a?anasius to ,m>cell5us on ! ,psalms2 ,! ,hypo!sis ( ,eusebius on ! ,psalms2 !n ! ,book ( ! ,psalms1 ( :i* !re are "o hundr$ & fifty-"o1 & fifte5 ,hymns2 !n ,job1 ,prov]bs1 ,ecclesia/es1 ,canticles1 ,wisdom ( ,solomon1 & ,ecclesia/icus1 or ,sira*4 ,! f\r? volume conta9s ! f\r ,gospels1 ! ,acts1 ! sev5 ,ca?olic ,epi/les 7"o ( ,james1 two ( ,pet]1 ?ree ( ,john1 & "o ( ,jude71 f\rte5 ,epi/les ( ,paul 7includ+ ! "o to ! ,hebrews71 ,! ,revelation ( ,john1 two ,epi/les ( ,clem5t to ! ,cor9?ians1 & eight ,psalms ( ,solomon4 ,?is1 x w be admitt$1 is a g5]\s ,bible4 ,x conta9s mo/ ( ! apocryphal books1 & sev]al o!rs t we d n f9d 9 ! o!r collections4 ,x is probable t ! works ( ,a?anasius & ,eusebius on ! ,psalms 7 admitt$ r z introduction or comm5t>y ?an z text2 b ! re/1 judg+ f ! positions 9 :i* !y /&1 mu/ h be5 reg>d$ z ,sacr$ ,scriptures4 ,^!1 !n1 are ! ?ree olde/1 mo/ complete1 & mo/ tru/wor?y copies ( ! ,sacr$ ,scriptures n[ 9 exi/5ce4 ,by all s*ol>s !y are reg>d$ z preci\s beyond price2 & any read+ 9 :i* !y agree w\ld probably be reg>d$ z ! "r read+1 if all ! o!r manuscripts 9 ! _w 7 aga9/ !m4 ,i h sugge/$ t ^! old manuscripts d n always agree4 ,! fact is t no two ( !m are exactly alike1 & t !re are a great _m slight diff]5ces betwe5 ^? :i* are mo/ closely assimilat$4 ,( ^! diff]5ces ,pr(essor ,we/cott says t !re _c be less ?an #abj1jjj1--?\gh ( ^! a v l>ge proportion consi/s ( diff]5ces ( spell+ & isolat$ ab]rations ( scribes4 ,x is n g5]ally difficult = ! /ud5t on comp>+ !m to tell :i* is ! "r read+4 ,a ^w may be misspell$1 = example1 9 sev]al diff]5t ways2 ! /ud5t kn[s ! "r way to spell x1 & is n 9 d\bt conc]n+ ! ^w4 ,probably1 says ,mr4 ,we/cott1 !re are n m ?an f sixte5 hundr$ to two ?\s& places 9 :i* ! true read+ is a matt] ( unc]ta9ty1 ev5 if we include 9 ?is que/ions ( ord]1 inflection1 & or?ography2 ! d\btful read+s by :i* ! s5se is 9 any way affect$ are v mu* few]1 & ^? ( dogmatic importance c be easily numb]$4 ,! ways 9 :i* ^! errors & v>iations arose are easily expla9$4 ,! m5 :o copi$ ^! manuscripts 7 c>eful m51 _m ( !m1 b all ( !m 7 fallible4 ,sometimes !y w\ld mi/ake a lett] = ano!r lett] mu* l x1 & *ange ! =m ( a ^w 9 t way2 sometimes !re w\ld be two clauses ( a s5t5ce end+ ) ! same ^w1 & ! eye ( ! copyi/1 glanc+ back to ! manuscript aft] writ+ ! fir/ ( ^! words1 w\ld alight ^u ! second "o1 & g on f t2 s t ! clause prec$+ x w\ld be omitt$4 ,sometimes 9 copy+ ! cont9u\s writ+ ( ! uncial manuscripts1 mi/akes w\ld be made 9 divid+ words4 ,= example1 if a numb] ( ,engli% words1 writt5 9 close ord]1 ) no spaces betwe5 !m1 7 giv5 y to copy1 & y f\nd infancy1 y might make two words ( x or "o2 & if y 7 a little c>eless y might write x 9 fancy :5 x %\ld be infancy1 or vice v]sa4 ,a case might arise 9 :i* x w\ld be difficult = y to tell :e!r x %\ld be 9 fancy or infancy4 ,su* unc]ta9ties ! copyi/s enc\nt]$1 & su* mi/akes !y sometimes made4 ,mi/akes ( memory !y also made 9 copy+1 j z ,i sometimes d :5 ,i und]take to copy a passage f ,mr4 ,we/cott or ,mr4 ,davidson into "o ( ^! *apt]s4 ,i look ^u ! book1 & take a s5t5ce 9 my m9d1 b p]haps :ile ,i am writ+ x d[n ,i w *ange slightly ! ord] ( ! words1 or x may be put a ^w ( my own 9 ! place ( ano!r t mu* resembles x1 z b = ?\gh1 or f = out (1 or d\btless = )\t d\bt4 ,i try to copy v exactly1 b !re are1 unque/ionably1 n[ & !n su* slips z ^! 9 my quotations4 ,& su* mi/akes 7 made by ! copyi/s ( ! ,old ,scriptures4 ,!re are "s in/ances ( int5tional *anges4 ,sometimes a copyi/ evid5tly sub/itut$ a ^w t he ?\ght 0 pla9] = "o t 0 m obscure2 a m elegant ^w = "o less elegant2 a grammatical con/ruction = "o t 0 n grammatical4 ,o!r diff]5ces h aris5 f ! habit ( "s ( ! copyi/s or own]s ( manuscripts ( writ+ glosses1 or brief explanatory notes1 on ! m>g94 ,"s ( ^! m>g9alia 7 copi$ by subsequ5t scribes into ! text1 :]e1 9 our v]sion1 !y /ill rema94 ,"s ( !m1 h[ev]1 7 remov$ 9 ! late revision4 ,! great majority ( ^! errors are1 h[ev]1 z ,i h said1 extremely unimportant2 & ne>ly all ( !m seem to h aris5 9 ! ways ,i h sugge/$--?r\gh simple c>elessness1 & n ) any int5t ( corrupt+ ! text4 ,! translations ( ! ,bible :i* 7 made 9 e>ly days into o!r languages ?an our own mu/ be dismiss$ ) ! briefe/ m5tion4 ,! mo/ important v]sion ( ! ,old ,te/am5t 0 ! ,septuag9t1 ( :i* no?+ m ne$s to be said4 ,y w rememb] t ! ,hebrew 0 a dead language :ile our ,"l 0 on ! e>?1 ! ,jews ( ,pale/9e speak+ ! ,aramaic4 ,= _! use1 translations ( ! ,hebrew into ! ,aramaic1 call$ ,t>gums1 7 made4 ,!re is a great v>iety ( ^!1 & !re are _m op9ions ab\t _! age2 b x is n likely t ! olde/ ( !m 0 committ$ to writ+ be=e ! second c5tury ,a4 ,d4 ,!y are curi\s specim5s ( ! translator's "w1 comb9+ text & comm5t>y 9 a rem>kable mann]4 ,additions & *anges are freely made2 ! simple s5t5ces ( ! old record are greatly exp&$2 n only is a spade g5]ally call$ a useful ligne\s & f]rug9\s agricultural implem5t1 b _m ?+s are said conc]n+ ! a=esaid spade :i* ,moses or ,david or ,isaiah nev] dream$ ( say+4 ,= example1 9 ,judges v4 #aj1 ! ,hebrew is lit]ally translat$ 9 our ,engli% ,bible ?us3 ,speak1 ye t ride on :ite asses1 ye t sit 9 judgm5t & walk by ! way4 ,! ,t>gum ( ,jona?an expatiates !reon z foll[s3 ,^? :o _h int]rupt$ _! occupations are rid+ on asses cov]$ ) _m color$ cap>isons1 & !y ride ab\t freely 9 all ! t]ritory ( ,israel1 & congregate to sit 9 judgm5t4 ,!y walk 9 _! old ways1 & are speak+ ( ! p[] ,?\ ha/ %[n 9 ! l& ( ,israel1 etc4 ,?is may be pron\nc$ a rem>kably free translation2 & ! ,t>gums g5]ally ev9ce a simil> lib]ality ( s5tim5t & phraseology4 ,besides ^!1 ! anci5t translations ( ! ,bible1 :i* mu/ be m5tion$1 are ! ,old ,lat91 made 9 ! second c5tury1 out ( :i*1 by _m revisions1 grew t ,lat9 ,vulgate :i* is n[ us$ 9 ! ,ca?olic ritual2 an anci5t ,syriac v]sion ( ab\t ! same age2 two ,egyptian v]sions1 9 diff]5t dialects1 made 9 ! ?ird c5tury2 ! ,pe%ito-,syriac1 ! ,go?ic1 & ! ,e?iopic 9 ! f\r?1 & ! ,arm5ian 9 ! fif?2 besides sev]al lat] translations1 includ+ ! ,arabic & ! ,slavonic4 ,^! anci5t translations are all ( value to mod]n s*ol>s 9 help+ !m to rea* m c]ta9 conclusions respect+ ! nature ( ! ,sacr$ ,scriptures & ! "r read+ 9 disput$ passages4 ,! ages :i* we h be5 trav]s+ 9 ?is *apt]--:5 ! ,bible 0 a manuscript--7 ages ( great d>kness4 ,! copies ( ! book 7 few1 & ! common p c\ld nei!r possess !m nor read !m4 ,x is h>d = u :o h _h ! book 9 our h&s f our infancy1 :o h gone to x s freely = light 9 d>kness1 = com=t 9 sorr[1 = wisdom to "w )1 = weapons to fight )1 to und]/& h[ m5 c\ld h liv$ ! life ( fai? )\t x2 h[ a godly se$ c\ld h be5 n\ri%$ 9 ! e>? )\t ! s9c]e milk ( ! ^w = !m to fe$ on4 ,x 0 inde$ a great privation t !y suff]$1 b we mu/ n suppose t !y 7 left )\t witness4 ,= !re is ano!r & ev5 a cle>] revelation ?an ! writt5 ^w1 & t is a godly life4 ,godly lives !re 7 9 all ^! d>k times2 & x 0 at _! fires t ! tor* ( gospel tru? 0 k9dl$ & kept burn+4 ,!re may be reason = a "q :e!r we h n come to tru/ 9 ^! times too mu* 9 a ^w t is writt51 & to und]value t o!r revelation :i* ,god is mak+ ( 8 tru? & love 9 ! *>act]s ( 8 *ildr54 ,= x is only 9 ! light t ,*ri/ is con/antly manife/+ to ! _w 9 ! lives ( m5 t we c see any mean+ 9 ! words ( ! book4 ,! ,*ri/ian1 says ,dr4 ,*ri/lieb1 is ! _w's ,bible4 ,?is is ! ^w t is kn[n & read ( m54 ,let x be our c>e to make x1 n an infallible1 b a cle>1 an adequate1 & a safe revelation ( ! tru? & love ( ,god to m54 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,h[ ,,mu* ,,is ,,! ,,bible ,,wor?8 ,( ! ,bible z a book among books1 ( ! human elem5ts :i* ent] into its composition1 "s acc\nt has be5 giv5 9 ! prec$+ *apt]s4 ,b 9 ^! /udies ! :ole /ory ( ! ,bible has n be5 told4 ,!re is ne$1 !re=e1 t we %\ld enl>ge our view some:at1 & take m directly into acc\nt c]ta9 elem5ts ) :i* we h n hi!rto be5 *iefly conc]n$4 ,our /udy has1 inde$1 made a few ?+s pla94 ,among !m is ! c]ta9ty t ! ,bible is n an infallible ,book1 9 ! s5se 9 :i* x is popul>ly suppos$ to be infallible4 ,:5 we /udy ! hi/ory ( ! sev]al books1 ! hi/ory ( ! canon1 ! hi/ory ( ! di/ribution & reproduction ( ! manuscript copies1 & ! hi/ory ( ! v]sions1--:5 we discov] t ! v>i\s read+s ( ! diff]+ manuscripts am\nt to "o hundr$ & fifty ?\s&1 ! impossibility ( ma9ta9+ ! v]bal in]rancy ( ! ,bible becomes evid5t4 ,we see h[ human ignorance & error h be5 suff]$ to m+le ) ?is /ream ( liv+ wat] ?r\gh\t all its c\rse2 if our assurance ( salvation 7 made to dep5d ^u our k t e ^w ( ! ,bible 0 ( div9e orig91 our hopes ( et]nal life w\ld be altoge!r insecure4 ,! book is n infallible hi/orically4 ,x is a v]aci\s record2 we may dep5d ^u ! tru?fulness ( ! outl9e :i* x gives u ( ! hi/ory ( ! ,jewi% p2 b ! discrepancies & contradictions :i* appe> "h & !re ^u its pages %[ t its writ]s 7 n miracul\sly protect$ f mi/akes 9 dates & numb]s & ! ord] ( ev5ts4 ,x is n infallible sci5tifically4 ,x is idle to try to =ce ! n>rative ( ,g5esis into an exact correspond5ce ) geological sci5ce4 ,x is a hymn ( creation1 wond]fully beautiful & pure2 ! c5tral tru?s ( mono!i/ic religion & ( mod]n sci5ce are involv$ 9 x2 b x is n int5d$ to give u ! sci5tific hi/ory ( creation1 & ! attempt to make x be> ?is con/ruction is highly injudici\s4 ,x is n infallible morally4 ,by ?is ,i mean t portions ( ?is revelation involve an imp]fect morality4 ,_m ?+s are "h comm&$ :i* x w\ld be wrong = u to d4 ,?is is n say+ t ^! comm&s 7 n div9ely wise = ! p to :om !y 7 giv52 nor is x d5y+ t ! morality ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 :i* is ! fulfillm5t & consummation ( ! moral progress :i* ! book records1 is a p]fect morality2 x is simply ass]t+ t ! /ages ( ?is progress f a l[] to a high] morality are "h cle>ly m>k$2 t ! /&>ds ( ! e>li] "t are !re=e inadequate & mislead+ 9 ^! lat] times2 & t any man :o accepts ! ,bible z a code ( moral rules1 all ( :i* are equally b9d+1 w be l$ into ! grave/ errors4 ,x is no m true t ! c]emonial legislation ( ! ,old ,te/am5t is obsolete ?an t l>ge portions ( ! moral legislation are obsolete4 ,! notions ( ! writ]s ( ^! books conc]n+ _! duties to ,god 7 dim & imp]fect2 s 7 _! notions conc]n+ _! duties to man4 ,all ! tru? t !y c\ld receive 0 giv5 to !m2 b !re 7 _m tru?s :i* !y c\ld n receive1 :i* to u are z pla9 z ! daylight4 ,n to recognize ! p>tialness & imp]fection ( ?is record 9 all ^! respects is to be guilty ( a grave disloyalty to ! k+dom ( ! tru?4 ,) all ^! facts />+ him 9 ! face1 ! attempt ( any intellig5t man to ma9ta9 ! !oretical & ideal infallibility ( all p>ts ( ^! writ+s is a crim9al blund]4 ,nor is !re any use 9 l\dly ass]t+ ! in]rancy ( ^! books1 ) vehem5t d5unciations ( all :o call x 9 "q1 & !n 9 a brea? admitt+ t !re may be "s errors & discrepancies & int]polations4 ,p]fection is p]fection4 ,to /\tly affirm t a ?+ is p]fect1 & !n admit t x may be 9 "s respects imp]fect1 is an ins5sate proc$ure4 ,infallibility is infallibility4 ,! ,scriptures are1 or !y are n1 infallible4 ,! admission t !re may be a few errors gives e man ! "r1 nay x lays ^u him ! duty1 ( f9d+ :at ^? errors are4 ,our fri5ds :o s /urdily ass]t ! traditional !ory c h>dly be aw>e ( ! ext5t to :i* !y /ultify !mselves :5 _! sweep+ & reit]at$ ass]tion t ! ,bible c nev] conta9 a mi/ake is foll[$1 z x always mu/ be1 by _! timid & deprecatory1 h>dly ev]4 ,! old rabb9ical !ory1 z adopt$ & ext5d$ by "s ( ! po/-,re=mation !ologians1 t ! ,bible 0 v]bally dictat$ by ,god & is absolutely accurate 9 e ^w1 lett]1 & v[el-po9t1 & t x is !re=e blasphemy to raise a "q conc]n+ any "p ( x1 is a consi/5t !ory4 ,betwe5 ?is & a free b rev]5t inquiry into ! ,bible itself1 to discov] :at human elem5ts x conta9s & h[ x is affect$ by !m1 !re is no middle gr\nd4 ,t x is useless & mis*iev\s to make = ! ,bible claims t x n[h]e makes = itself1--to hold & tea* a !ory conc]n+ x :i* at once breaks d[n :5 an intellig5t man beg9s to /udy x ) op5 m9d--is beg9n+ to be v pla94 ,! quibbl+1 ! concealm5t1 ! dis+5u\sness :i* ?is me?od ( us+ ! ,bible involves are n conducive to ,*ri/ian integrity4 ,?is k9d ( ly+ = ,god has driv5 hundr$s ( ?\s&s already into irreconcilable ali5ation f ! ,*ri/ian *ur*4 ,x is "t to /op x4 ,h[ did ?is !ory ( ! infallibility ( ! ,bible arise8 ,^? :o h foll[$ ^! discussions to ?is po9t "k t x has n always be5 held by ! ,*ri/ian *ur*4 ,! hi/ory ( ! canon1 told ) any measure ( tru?fulness1 w make ?is pla94 ,! hi/ory ( ! v>iations betwe5 ! ,septuag9t & ! ,hebrew %[s1 beyond ! %ad[ ( a d\bt1 t ?is !ory ( ! un*angeable & absolute div9ity ( ! words ( ! ,scripture _h no practical hold ^u transcrib]s & copyi/s 9 ! e>ly ,jewi% *ur*4 ,! ,new ,te/am5t writ]s c\ld n h consi/5tly held su* a !ory respect+ ! ,old ,te/am5t books1 else !y w\ld n h quot$ !m1 z !y did1 ) small c>e = v]bal accuracy4 ,!y believ$ !m to be sub/antially true1 & !re=e !y give ! sub/ance ( !m 9 _! quotations2 b !re is no su* slavi% att5tion to ! lett] z !re mu/ h be5 if !y _h reg>d$ !m z v]bally dictat$ by ,god himself4 ,! ,*ri/ian ,fa!rs 7 incl9$1 no d\bt1 to accept ! rabb9ical !ories ( inspiration respect+ ! ,old ,te/am5t2 b !y sometimes avoid ! difficulties gr[+ out ( manife/ errors 9 ! text by a !ory ( an inn] s5se :i* is faultless1 frankly admitt+ t ! natural mean+ _c always be def5d$4 ,z to ! e>ly ,re=m]s1 we h se5 h[ freely !y h&l$ ! ,sacr$ ,writ+s1 submitt+ !m to a scrut9y :i* !y w\ld n h v5tur$ ^u if !y _h believ$ conc]n+ !m :at we h be5 taught4 ,x 0 n until ! p]iod succe$+ ! ,re=mation t ?is dogma ( ,biblical ,infallibility 0 cle>ly =mulat$ & impos$ ^u ! ,prote/ant *ur*es4 ,z taught by ,qu5/$t & ,voetius & ,calovius1 ! dogma ass]ts t n only ! sub/ance ( tru? & ! views propos$ 9 _! m9ute/ detail1 b ev5 ! id5tical words1 all & 9 p>ticul>1 7 suppli$ & dictat$ by ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,n a ^w is conta9$ 9 ! ,holy ,scriptures :i* is n 9 ! /ricte/ s5se inspir$1 ! v int]punctuation n except$4444 ,errors ( any sort :atev]1 ev5 v]bal or grammatical1 z well z all inelegancies ( /yle1 are to be d5i$ z unwor?y ( ! ,div9e ,_s :o is ?r\gh\t ! prim>y au?or ( ! ,bible4 ,footnote3 ,! ,doctr9e ( ,sacr$ ,scripture1 ii4 p4 #bji4 ,?is view 0 long ma9ta9$ ) all /rictness1 & _m a man has be5 made a h]etic = d5y+ x4 ,)9 ! la/ c5tury ! =m ( ! doctr9e has be5 some:at modifi$ by !ologians1 yet ! sub/ance ( x is /ill reg>d$ z ess5tial or?odoxy4 ,dr4 ,*>les ,hodge1 9 8 ,!ology1 vol4 i4 p4 #aeb1 says1 ,prote/ants hold t ! ,scriptures ( ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts are ! ^w ( ,god1 writt5 "u ! inspiration ( ,god ! ,holy ,gho/1 & are !re=e infallible1 & consequ5tly free f all error1 :e!r ( doctr9e1 ( fact1 or ( precept4 ,& aga9 7p4 #afc71 ,all ! books ( ,scripture are equally inspir$4 ,all alike are infallible 9 :at !y tea*4 ,su* is ! doctr9e n[ held by ! great majority ( ,*ri/ians4 ,intellig5t pa/ors d n hold x1 b ! body ( ! laity h no o!r conception4 ,:5ce is x d]iv$8 ,:]e d ! tea*]s quot$ above get _! au?ority = _! affirmations8 ,n1 z we h se51 f any /atem5ts ( ! ,bible itself4 ,!re is n "o ^w 9 ! ,bible :i* affirms or implies t ?is "* ( in]rancy atta*es to ! entire collection ( writ+s1 or to any "o ( !m4 ,! doctr9e arose1 z ,i h said1 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & x 0 9 "p1 no d\bt1 a reflection ( ! tea*+ ( ! lat] rabb9s1 ^: fanta/ic notions ab\t ! orig9 ( _! sacr$ books ,i h be=e allud$ to4 ,x 0 also develop$1 z a polemical necessity1 9 ! exig5cies ( t conflict ) ! ,roman ,ca?olic !ologians :i* foll[$ ! ,re=mation4 ,! em95t ,g]man s*ol> & sa9t1 ,pr(essor ,?oluck1 gives ! foll[+ acc\nt ( its orig93 ,9 proportion z controv]sy1 %>p5$ by ,jesuitism1 made ! ,prote/ant p>ty s5sible ( an ext]nally =tifi$ gr\nd ( combat1 9 t same proportion did ,prote/antism seek1 by ! exaltation ( ! outw>d au?oritative "* ( ! ,sacr$ ,writ+s1 to recov] t infallible au?ority :i* x _h lo/ ?r\gh its rejection ( infallible c\ncils & ! infallible au?ority ( ! ,pope4 ,9 ?is mann] arose1 n e>li] ?an ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ^? s5tim5ts :i* reg>d$ ! ,holy ,scripture z ! infallible production ( ! ,div9e ,_s--9 its entire cont5ts & its v =m--s t n only ! s5se b also ! words1 ! lett]s1 ! ,hebrew v[el po9ts1 & ! v punctuation 7 reg>d$ z proce$+ f ! ,_s ( ,god4 ,footnote3 ,!ological ,essays1 collect$ by ,george ,r4 ,noyes4 ,! fact t ! doctr9e _h ?is orig9 is itself suspici\s4 ,a !ory :i* is fram$ 9 ! heat ( a great controv]sy1 by "o p>ty 9 ! *ur*1 is apt to be some:at extreme4 ,! /r5g? ( ! doctr9e lies1 h[ev]1 9 ! fact t x is a !ological inf]5ce f ! doctr9e ( ,god4 ,god is ! au?or ( ! ,bible1 m5 h said2 ,god is omnisci5t2 he c make no mi/akes2 !re=e ! ,book mu/ be infallible4 ,to d5y t x is infallible is to d5y t x is ,god's book2 if x is n 8 book x is wor?less4 ,or1 putt+ x 9 ano!r =m1 !y h said1 ,! ,bible is an inspir$ book4 ,god is ! s\rce ( inspiration4 ,he _c inspire m5 to write error4 ,!re=e e ^w ( ! inspir$ book mu/ be true4 ,?is is :at ! logicians call an a priori argum5t4 ,! view ( :at inspiration is1 & ( :at ! ,bible is1 are d$uc$ f our !ory ( ,god4 ,x am\nts to j ?is3 ,if ,god is :at we ?9k him to be1 he mu/ d :at seems wise to u4 ,?is is h>dly a safe argum5t4 ,d\btless we w\ld h said be=eh& t if ,god1 :o is all-wise & all-p[]ful1 %\ld create a _w1 he w\ld make "o free f suff]+ & e =m ( evil4 ,we f9d1 h[ev]1 t he has n made su* a _w4 ,& x may be wis] = u1 in/ead ( mak+ up our m9ds be=eh& :at ,god mu/ d1 to try & f9d out :at he has done4 ,x might seem to u1 d\btless1 t if he has giv5 u a revelation1 x mu/ be a faultless revelation4 ,b has he8 ,t is ! "q4 ,we c only "k by /udy+ ! revelation itself4 ,we h no "r to det]m9e be=eh& :at x mu/ be4 ,we might h said ) equal confid5ce1 t if ,god wi%$ to h 8 tru? taught 9 ! _w1 he w\ld c]ta9ly s5d infallible tea*]s4 ,he has n done s4 ,! treasure ( 8 tru? is 9 e>!n vessels1 to-day4 ,has x n always be5 s8 ,! tr\ble 9 ?is :ole matt] arises f ! fact t m5 h made up _! !ories ( ! ,bible out ( _! ideas ab\t ,god1 & h !n gone to "w to fit ! facts ( ! ,bible to _! preconceiv$ !ories4 ,?is has requir$ a great deal ( /ret*+ & twi/+ & lopp+ (f "h & !re2 ! tru? has be5 badly di/ort$1 sometimes mutilat$4 ,! *ang$ view ( ! ,bible1 :i* greatly al>ms "s good p1 arises f ! fact t c]ta9 hone/ m5 h det]m9$ to g directly to ! ,bible itself & f9d out by /udy+ x :at mann] ( book x is4 ,!y h discov]$ t x is n precisely su* a book z x has be5 believ$ to be1 & ! answ] t !y make to ^? :o hold ! old !ory ab\t x is simply ?is3 ,we _c believe :at y h told u ab\t ! ,bible1 because ! ,bible contradicts y4 ,x is because we believe ! ,bible itself t we reject y\r !ory4 ,we believe t ! ,bible is an inspir$ book1 nay1 t x is by em95ce ,! ,inspir$ ,book2 b :5 y ask u ',:at is an inspir$ book8' in/ead ( mak+ up a def9ition ( inspiration out ( our own heads1 we only say1 ',x is su* a book z ! ,bible is1' & !n we proce$ to frame our def9ition ( inspiration by ! /udy ( ! ,bible4 ,!re=e1 :5 y say t inspiration mu/ imply infallibility1 we answ]1 ,no2 x does n2 = "h is ,! ,inspir$ ,book & x is n infallible4 ,9 :at s5se ! book is inspir$ we may be able1 aft] a little1 to see m cle>ly4 ,= ! pres5t ,i only desire to po9t out ! s\rces ( ! traditional doctr9e ( ! ,bible1 & ! s\rces ( ! new doctr9e4 ,! "o is ! result ( ! speculations ( m5 ab\t :at ! ,bible mu/ be2 ! o!r is ! result ( a c>eful & rev]5t /udy ( ! ,bible itself4 ,:at1 !n1 d we f9d ! ,bible to be8 ,i4 ,x is ! book ( righte\sness4 ,no o!r book 9 ! _w fixes our ?\ghts s /eadily ^u ! great int]e/ ( "*4 ,:atev] else ! ,bible may %[ u or may fail to %[ u1 x does keep always be=e u ! fact t ! "o great conc]n ( e man is to be "r 9 he>t & 9 life4 ,righte\sness t5de? to life2 righte\sness is salvation2 ,jehovah is ,he :o love? righte\sness & hate? iniquity1 & 9 8 favor is life2 ^! are ! tru?s :i* =m ! v sub/ance ( ?is revelation4 ,x is q true t 9 ! application ( ?is pr9ciple to ! affairs ( e day1 ! e>ly records %[ u mu* confusion & unc]ta9ty2 ! def9itions ( righte\sness :i* suffic$ = ! p ( t "t w\ld n suffice = u at all2 b ! fact rema9s t ! only int]e/ ( ?is ,book 9 ! individuals & ! races :i* x br+s be=e u is 9 _! loyalty or disloyalty to t ideal ( conduct :i* x always lifts up be=e u4 ,righte\sness is life2 righte\sness is salvation2 ?is is ! "o message ( ! ,bible to m54 ,!re are rites & c]emonies1 b ^! are n ! pr9cipal ?+2 ,to obey is bett] ?an sacrifice1 & to he>k5 ?an ! fat ( rams4 ,he ha? %[$ !e1 ,o man1 :at is good2 & :at do? ! ,"l require ( !e1 b to d ju/ly1 & to love m]cy1 & to walk humbly ) ?y ,god8 ,?is great tru? ( ! ,bible has be5 b imp]fectly appreh5d$1 ev5 among mod]n ,*ri/ians2 !re is always a t5d5cy to make ! belief 9 s\nd dogma1 or ! p]=mance ( decor\s rites1 or ! exp]i5ce ( emotional raptures ! pr9cipal ?+2 b ! te/imony ( ! ,bible to ! supremacy ( "* & conduct is cle> & conv9c+1 & ! _w is com+ to und]/& x4 ,n[ = any man :o c>es = ! "r1 to :om "* is m preci\s ?an any?+ else 9 ! _w1 ?is book is wor? m ?an any o!r book c be4 ,ev5 ! ,old ,te/am5t n>ratives1 indi/9ctly z !y reveal ! real nature ( true conduct to u 9 ?is day1 %[ u pla9ly ! fact t no?+ else 9 ! _w is to be comp>$ ) x2 & ! /ruggles & temptations ( ! h]oes ( t old book are full ( in/ruction = u2 _! failures & follies & s9s admoni% & w>n u2 _! /eadfa/ness & fidelity inspire & he>t5 u4 ,,ii4 ,! ,bible is ! record ( ! developm5t ( ! k+dom ( righte\sness 9 ! _w4 ,man kn[s intuitively t he ought to d "r2 8 notion ( :at is "r is cont9ually be+ purifi$ & enl>g$4 ,! ,bible is ! record ( ?is moral progress 9 ! "o nation ( ! e>? to :i* morality has be5 ! great conc]n4 ,we h se51 cle>ly en\gh1 ! imp]fection ( ! e?ical /&>ds to :i* ! e>ly ,hebrew legislation 0 made to con=m2 we h also se5 t ?is legislation 0 always a little 9 advance ( ! popul> morality1 lead+ x on to pur] conceptions & bett] practices4 ,! legislation conc]n+ divorce1 ! legislation regulat+ blood-v5geance1 recognizes ! evils ) :i* x deals & accommodates itself to !m1 b always ) ! purpose & ! result ( giv+ to m5 a l>g] ?\ght & a bett] /&>d4 ,laws :i* con=m$ to our moral ideal w\ld h be5 p[]less to control su* a semi-b>b>\s p z ! ,hebrews 7 :5 !y came out ( ,egypt4 ,! high] morality mu/ be imp>t$ little by little2 "o pr9ciple aft] ano!r mu/ be drill$ into _! appreh5sion2 !y c\ld n well be le>n+ m ?an "o or two simple lessons at a "t1 & :ile !y 7 le>n+ ^!1 o!r co>se & cruel & savage practices ( !irs mu/ be w9k$ at1 z ,paul says4 ,aga9/ any rule m /rict at ?is e>ly "t ! ,hebrews w\ld h revolt$2 ! div9e wisdom ( ?is legislation is se5 9 ?is me?od :i* takes m5 z !y are1 & does = !m ! ?+ t is feasible1 pati5tly lead+ !m on & up to high] gr\nd4 ,if y w\ld seize a runn+ horse by ! re9 & /op him1 y _h bett] run ) him = a little4 ,?is homely p>able illu/rates mu* ( ! ,old ,te/am5t legislation :i* we f9d s defective1 :5 judg$ by our /&>ds4 ,x is 9 ?is l>g] s5se t we see ! signs ( div9ity 9 ?is old ,book4 ,x is a book ( inspiration because x is ! record ( an inspir$ or div9ely guid$ developm5t2 because ! life x %[s z unfold+ is div9e2 because ! goal to :i* we see ! p /eadily conduct$ 9 its vivid *apt]s is ! goal :i* ,god has m>k$ = human progress2 because x gives u ! orig9 & gr[? ( ! k+dom ( ,god 9 ! _w4 ,:5ce came1 asks "o1 & ( :at mann] ( _s is ?is anti-hi/oric p[] 9 ,israel & ! ,bible8 ,"s inn] pr9ciple ( developm5t /ruggles aga9/ ! outw>d hi/orical environm5t1 & w n re/ until x prevails4 ,:at 0 x :i* select$ ,israel1 & 9 "o n>r[ l&1 :ile all ! surr\nd+ c\ntry 0 s9k+1 lift$ man up 9 spite ( himself8 :i* along ! c\rse ( "o national hi/ory c>ri$ on a progressive developm5t ( religi\s life & tru?1 :ile o!r peoples1 ?\gh taught by _m wise m5 & se]s1 & n )\t _! tru?s1 /ill c %[ no "o connect$ & progressive revelation l ?is8 ,footnote3 ,old ,fai?s 9 ,new ,light1 p4 #ha4 ,:at is ! p[] t has wr\ght all ?is b ! div9e ,p[]8 ,if y ask = a pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 ,i po9t y to ! life ( ! ,jewi% p z ! ,bible records x4 ,t hi/ory is ! revelation ( ,god4 ,9 ! record ( ?is nation's life1 9 its privileges & its vicissitudes1 its captivities & its re/orations1 its bless+s & its *a/5+s1 its in/itutions & its laws1 its tea*]s & its legislators1 its se]s & its lawgiv]s1 9 all ! =ces t comb9e to make up ! great movem5t ( ! national life1 ,i see ,god pres5t all ! :ile1 %ap+ ! ends ( ?is nation1 no matt] h[ p]v]sely x may r\gh-hew !m1 till at la/ x /&s on an elevation f> above ! o!r nations1 brea?+ a bett] atmosph]e1 ?9k+ wor?i] & m spiritual ?\ghts ( ,god1 obey+ a f> pur] moral law1 hold+ fa/ a nobl] ideal ( righte\sness1--poly!ism gradually & f9ally root$ out ( ! national consci\sness2 ! family e/abli%$ & honor$ z 9 no o!r nation2 woman lift$ up to a dignity & purity kn[n n[h]e else 9 ! _w2 ! ,sabba? ( re/ sanctifi$2 ! pr9ciples ( ! decalogue fa/5$ 9 ! convictions ( ! p1 ! sure f\ndations laid ( ! k+dom ( ,god 9 ! _w4 ,we are q too apt unduly to disp>age ,judaism4 ,d\btless ! =malism t our ,"l f\nd 9 x ne$$ rebuke2 its wor%ip & its morality 7 yet f> away f ! ideal :5 ,jesus came to e>?2 nev]!less1 comp>$ ) all ! peoples r\nd ab\t !m ev5 !n--comp>$ ) classic ,greeks & noble ,romans--! e?ical & spiritual developm5t ( ! ,jews _h rea*$ a high] /age4 ,x is n extravagant to claim = ?is race ! moral lead]%ip ( ! _w4 ,he> ,erne/ ,r5an1 no *ampion ( or?odoxy1 z y "k3 ,i am eag]1 g5tlem51--,i quote f a lecture ( 8 on ,! ,%>e ( ! ,semitic ,p 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,civilization1--to come at ! prime s]vice :i* ! ,semitic race has r5d]$ to ! _w2 its peculi> "w1 its provid5tial mission1 if ,i may s express myself4 ,we owe to ! ,semitic race nei!r political life1 art1 poetry1 philosophy1 nor sci5ce4 ,we owe to !m religion4 ,! :ole _w--we except ,india1 ,*9a1 ,japan1 & tribes altoge!r savage--has adopt$ ! ,semitic religions4 ,speak+ !n ( ! gradual decay ( ! v>i\s pagan fai?s ( ! ,aryan races1 ,r5an cont9ues3 ,x is precisely at ?is epo* t ! civiliz$ _w f9ds itself face to face ) ! ,jewi% fai?4 ,bas$ ^u ! cle> & simple dogma ( ! div9e unity1 disc>d+ naturalism & pan!ism by ! m>vel\sly t]se phrase1 ',9 ! beg9n+ ,god creat$ ! heav5s & ! e>?1' possess+ a law1 a book1 ! depository ( gr& moral precepts & ( an elevat$ religi\s poetry1 ,judaism _h an inconte/able sup]iority1 & x might h be5 =ese5 !n t "s day ! _w w\ld become ,jewi%1 t is to say1 w\ld =sake ! old my?ology = mono!ism4 ,footnote3 ,religi\s ,hi/ory & ,criticism1 pp4 #aei1 #afj4 ,"h is ! te/imony ( a man :o c be suspect$ ( no undue lean+s t[>d ! religion ( ! ,bible1 to ! fact t ! _w is indebt$ = its great ?\ghts ( religion to ! ,semitic races1 & *iefly to ! ,hebrew race2 t ! religion ( ,judaism1 br\ght into comp>ison ) ! o!r religions1 is inconte/ably sup]ior4 ,n[ any man :o believes 9 religion & 9 ,god mu/ believe t ! p to :om su* a task 0 committ$ mu/ h be5 tra9$ by ,god to p]=m x4 ,! hi/ory ( ?is nation w !n be ! hi/ory ( ?is tra9+4 ,t is exactly :at ! ,old ,te/am5t is4 ,no disputes ov] ! nature ( inspiration mu/ be suff]$ to obscure ?is great fact4 ,! ,old ,te/am5t ,scriptures d conta9 9 biography & hi/ory1 9 /atute & /ory & song & s]mon1 ! records ( ! life ( ! nation to :i* ,god at sundry times & 9 div]s mann]s 0 reveal+ himself2 :i* he 0 prep>+ to be ! be>] ( ! tor* ( 8 own tru? into all ! _w4 ,& n[ ,i ask :e!r anybody ne$s to be told t ^! records are preci\s1 preci\s above all price8 ,are !re any au!ntic portions ( !m t any man c af=d to despise8 ,is n e /ep 9 ! progress ( ?is p out ( savag]y into a spiritual fai?1 matt] ( ! pr(\nde/ int]e/ to e human s\l8 ,ev5 ! dullness & ignorance & crudity ( ?is p1--ev5 ! crook$ness & bl9dness ( _! lead]s & tea*]s1 are full ( in/ruction = u2 !y %[ u ) :at mat]ials & :at in/rum5ts ! div9e wisdom & pati5ce wr\ght out ?is great result4 ,:at o!r book is !re t c comp>e 9 value ) ?is book1 :i* tells u ! way ( ,god ) ! p :om he *ose1 z ,r5an decl>es1 to tea* ! _w religion8 ,& :5 "o has firmly grasp$ ?is great fact1 t ! ,bible conta9s ! hi/ory ( ! religi\s developm5t ( ! ,jewi% p "u provid5tial c>e & tuition1 h[ little is he tr\bl$ by ! small difficulties :i* gr[ out ( !ories ( inspiration6 ,we c li/51 says ,dr4 ,newman ,smy?1 ) incuri\s complac5cy :ile small disputants discuss vehem5tly ! /ory ( ! ark or ,jonah's /range adv5ture4444 ,aft] all ! "w ( ! critics1 ! ,bible /ill rema9s1 ! great1 sublime1 endur+ "w ( ! ,et]nal :o loves righte\sness & hates iniquity4 ,footnote3 ,old ,fai?s 9 ,new ,light1 pp4 #fj1 #fa4 ,b :at h ,i be5 v9dicat+8 ,! ,bible8 ,nay1 ,i h c>efully re/rict$ my argum5t to ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,x is 9 behalf ( ! ,old ,te/am5t writ+s alone t ,i h s\ght to e/abli% ?is exalt$ claim4 ,:at ,i h %[n y is only ! p$e/al on :i* ! beauty & /r5g? ( ! ,bible re/s1 ! endur+ portals :i* op5 into ! glory t excelle?4 ,! ,old ,te/am5t %[s u ! progressive revelation ( ,god to ! ,jewi% p2 ! ,new ,te/am5t gives u ! consummation ( t "w1 ! p]fect fl[] ( t gr[? ( c5turies4 ,aft] %ad[s & h9ts & refract$ lights ( prophecy1 breaks at la/ ^u ! _w ! ,light t lighte? e man6 ,:5 ! fullness ( "t _h come1 ,god s5t =? 8 ,son4 ,x 0 = ?is t ! age-long discipl9e ( ?is p _h be5 prep>+ !m4 ,true1 ,he came to 8 own1 & !y receiv$ him n1 b :]e else 9 ! _w w\ld ! se$ ( 8 k+dom h f\nd any lodgm5t at all8 ,! multitude reject$ him1 b !re 0 a remnant :o did receive him1 & to :om he gave p[] to become ! sons ( ,god4 ,s ! ^w ( ,god1 t _h be5 pa9fully & dimly communicat$ to ! anci5t p 9 laws & ord9ances & prophecies1 9 provid5tial m]cies & *a/5+s1 9 lives ( sa9ts & prophets & m>tyrs1 0 n[ made fle%1 & dwelt among m5 full ( grace & tru?1 & !y beheld 8 glory4 ,x is "h t we f9d ! real mean+ ( ! ,bible4 ,! end1 z ,canon ,mozley has s /rongly %[n1 is ! te/ ( a progressive revelation4 ,jesus ,*ri/1 :o is himself ! ,^w1 t[>d :om ^! laws & prophecies po9t1 & 9 :om !y culm9ate1 is inde$ ! p]fect ,revelation ( ,god4 ,f 8 judgm5t !re is no appeal2 at 8 feet ! wise/ ( u mu/ sit & le>n ! way ( life4 ,) 8 words all ^! old ,scriptures mu/ be comp>$2 s f> z !y agree ) 8 tea*+s we may take !m z et]nal tru?2 ^? portions ( !m :i* fall bel[ ?is /&>d1 we may pass by z a p>tial revelation ^u u no long] b9d+4 ,he himself has giv5 u1 9 ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 ! me?od by :i* we are to te/ ! old] ,scriptures4 ,:5 we refuse to apply 8 me?od & g on to decl>e e portion ( ^? old records au?oritative1 we are n honor+ him4 ,! mis*ief & bane ( ! traditional !ory is t x equalizes ?+s :i* are utt]ly unlike4 ,:5 x says t all ! books ( ! ,scripture are equally inspir$2 all alike are infallible 9 :at !y tea*1 x puts ! ,gospels on ! same level ) ,deut]onomy & ,ecclesia/es & ,e/h]4 ,! effect ( ?is is n to lift ! latt] up1 b to drag ! =m] d[n4 ,!y are n on ! same level2 x is treason to our ,ma/] ,*ri/ to say t !y are alike2 ! "o is z mu* high] ?an ! o!r z ! heav5s are high] ?an ! e>?4 ,x is "h1 !n1 9 ! simple v]aci\s records t br+ be=e u ! life ( ,*ri/1 t we h ! v ,^w ( ,god4 ,:atev] else ! f\r ,gospels may or may n be1 !y c]ta9ly d conta9 ! /ory ( ! ,life t has be5 = _m c5turies ! light & ! hope ( ! _w4 ,x is ! same unique ,p]son :o /&s be=e u 9 e "o ( ^! n>ratives1-- ,s meek1 =giv+1 godlike1 high1 ,s glori\s 9 humility4 ,:at fault has criticism to f9d ) ?is ,life8 ,:at ^w or de$ is "h ascrib$ to him t is n wor?y ( him1 t is n l him8 ,is x any wond] to u :5 we read ?is record ?r\gh1 t ! guileless ,na?anael cri$ out z he commun$ ) him1 ,rabbi1 ?\ art ! ,son ( ,god1 ?\ art ! ,k+ ( ,israel4 ,if1 !n1 ! ,new ,te/am5t gives u ! artless record ( ! life & words ( ?is div9e ,p]son1 ! ,son ( ,god & ! ,savi\r ( ! _w2 if x br+s ,him be=e u & manife/s to u1 s f> z words c d x1 8 p[] & 8 glory2 if x %[s u h[1 by be>+ witness to ! tru? 9 8 life & 9 8 dea?1 he e/abli%$ 9 ! _w ! k+dom :i* = long ages _h be5 prep>+2 if x makes kn[n to u ! messages he br\ght ( p>don & salvation2 if x gives u ! record ( ! plant+ & tra9+ ( 8 *ur* 9 ! e>ly ages1 is !re any ne$ t ,i %\ld g ab\t to praise & magnify its wor? to ! *ildr5 ( m58 ,if light is wor? any?+ to ^? :o sit 9 d>kness1 or hope to ^? :o are oppress$ ) torm5t+ d\bt2 if wisdom is to be desir$ by ^? :o are 9 p]plexity1 & com=t by ^? :o are 9 tr\ble1 & peace by ^? ^: he>ts are full ( /rife1 & =giv5ess by ^? :o be> ! burd5 ( s92 if /r5g? is a good gift to ! weak1 & re/ to ! we>y1 & heav5 to ! dy+1 & ! et]nal life ( ,god to ! fa9t+ s\l ( man1 !n ! book t tells u ( ,jesus ,*ri/ & 8 salvation is n to be comp>$ ) any o!r book on e>? = preci\sness2 x is ! "o book t e "o ( u ought to "k by he>t4 ,! value ( ! ,bible1 ! greatness ( ! ,bible1 are 9 ?is ,life t x discloses to u4 ,x is ^u ,jesus1 says a mod]n rationali/1 t ! :ole ,bible turns4 ,9 ?is lies ! value1 n only ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 a great "p ( :i* ref]s to him directly1 b ( ! ,old ,te/am5t z well4 ,rationali/ ?\gh he is1 no man c\ld h /at$ ! tru? m cle>ly4 ,x is ^u ,jesus t ! :ole ,bible turns4 ,! ,old ,te/am5t %[s u ! way prep>+ by :i* ! swift feet ( ! mess5g]s approa* t tell u ( 8 com+2 ! ,new ,te/am5t lifts ! veil & bids u1 ,behold ! man6 ,! ,bible is ( value to u1 j 9 proportion z x helps u to see him1 to "k him1 to tru/ him4 ,y may h a ca/-iron !ory ( inspiration ) e jo9t rivet$2 y may believe 9 ! infallible accuracy ( e v[el po9t & e punctuation m>k2 b if ! ,bible does n br+ y into a vital union ) ,jesus ,*ri/1 s t y h 8 m9d & foll[ 9 8 foot/eps1 x pr(ite? y no?+4 ,& if1 by y\r /udy ( x1 y are br\ght into ?is sav+ fell[%ip1 y\r !ories ( inspiration w take c>e ( !mselves4 ,i fe> t we d n always compreh5d ! fact t x is ?is div9e ,life %9+ out ( its pages t makes ! ,bible glori\s4 ,we /ra9 our eyes s mu* 9 v]ify+ commas1 & 9 try+ to prove t ! dot ( a c]ta9 i is n a fly-speck1 t we fail to get mu* impression ( ! mean+ or ! beauty ( ! ,savi\r's life4 ,see ^? two critics1 ) _! eyes close to ! wond]ful ,ecce ,homo ( ,correggio1 disput+ :e!r !re is or is n a visible /it* 9 ! g>m5t ( ,*ri/ t ought to be seamless4 ,h[ r$ _! faces2 h[ hot _! words6 ,/& back a little1 bro!rs6 look away1 = a mom5t1 f ! g>m5t's seam2 let ! inf9ite pa9 & ! inf9ite pity & ! inf9ite ye>n+ ( t ,face dawn on y = a mom5t1 & y w cease y\r qu>rel+4 ,s1 n seldom1 d ! idolat]s ( ! lett] :olly miss ! mean+ ( ! sacr$ book1 & rema9 9 m\rnful ignorance ( him :o himself is ! ,^w4 ,!re are ^? to :om ! view ( ! ,bible pres5t$ 9 ^! *apt]s seems n only inadequate b de/ructive4 ,if ! ,bible is n infallible1 !y say1 x is no m ?an any o!r book2 we h no fur!r use = x4 ,9 "o ( ! lead+ *ur* reviews ,i f9d ^! words1 ! jo9t utt]ance ( two em95t ,am]ican !ologians3 ,a prov$ error 9 ,scripture contradicts n only our doctr9e b ! ,scripture's claims1 & !re=e its inspiration 9 mak+ ^? claims4 ,footnote3 ,presbyt]ian ,review1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bde4 ,a prov$ error 9 ,scripture /amps ! book z fraudul5t & wor?less6 ,wor?less x is !n6 ,prov$ errors !re are1 scores ( !m4 ,x is fatuity1 x is imbecility1 to d5y x4 ,& e man :o c f9d an error 9 ^! old writ+s has ! w>rant ( ^! tea*]s = ?r[+ ! book away4 ,t5s ( ?\s&s ( +5u\s & fair-m9d$ m5 h tak5 ! ^w ( su* tea*]s1 & h ?r[n ! book away4 ,may ,god =give ! folly ( ^! bl9d guides6 ,b :at /upid reason+ is ?is6 ,if ! ,bible is n infallible1 x is wor?less4 ,y\r wat* is n infallible2 is x !re=e wor?less8 ,y\r physician is n infallible2 are 8 s]vices !re=e wor?less8 ,y\r fa!r is n infallible2 are 8 c\nsels wor?less8 ,w y say t ! mom5t y discov] 9 him an error conc]n+ any subject 9 heav5 or on e>?1 t mom5t y w refuse to li/5 to 8 c\nsel8 ,! *ur* ( ,god is n infallible1 & nev] 01 :atev] infatuat$ ecclesia/ics may h claim$ = x2 are its solemn s]vices & its inspir+ labors & its uplift+ fell[%ips wor?less8 ,a %ip on a lee %ore1 says "o1 9 ! mid/ ( a driv+ /orm1 ?r[s up signal rockets or fires a gun = a pilot4 ,a :ite sail em]ges f ! mi/2 x is ! pilot boat4 ,a man climbs on bo>d1 & ! capta9 gives to him ! comm& ( ! %ip4 ,all 8 ord]s are obey$ implicitly4 ,! %ip1 lad5 ) a preci\s c>go & hundr$s ( human lives1 is confid$ to a r\gh-look+ man :om no "o ev] saw be=e1 :o is to guide !m ?r\gh a n>r[ *annel1 :]e to v>y a few fa?oms to ! "r or left w be utt] de/ruction4 ,! pilot is inve/$ ) absolute au?ority z reg>ds br++ ! vessel into port4 ,footnote3 ,or?odoxy2 its ,tru?s & ,errors1 by ,james ,freeman ,cl>ke1 p4 #aad4 ,is ?is because ! man is infallible1 because he has nev] be5 detect$ 9 hold+ an errone\s op9ion8 ,d\btless any ( ^! intellig5t pass5g]s c\ld f9d out1 by half an h\r's conv]sation ) him1 t 8 m9d 0 full ( crass ignorance & misconception4 ,& nobody supposes t he is infallible1 ev5 z a pilot4 ,he may make a mi/ake4 ,:at !n8 ,w ^! pass5g]s ga!r ar\nd ! capta91 & dem& t he be ord]$ d[n f ! bridge & ?r[n ov]bo>d if he disobeys8 ,w !y say1 ,a pilot :o is n on all subjects infallible is "o :om we w n tru/8 ,no2 !y believe him to be1 n omnisci5t1 b compet5t & tru/wor?y1 & a great burd5 is lift$ f _! he>ts :5 !y see him take comm& ( ! %ip4 ,on all o!r subjects besides religion1 p are able to ex]cise _! common s5se2 :y c !y n use a modicum ( ! same common s5se :5 !y come to deal ) religi\s tru?8 ,x is n true1 z a matt] ( fact1 t ! ,bible no long] has any value = ^? :o h ceas$ to hold ! traditional view ( x4 ,n seldom1 inde$1 ^? :o h be5 compell$ by ov]:elm+ evid5ce to rel9qui% ! traditional view h be5 driv5 by ! natural reaction aga9/ x to und]value ! ,bible1 & ev5 to treat x ) contempt & bitt]ness2 b ev5 "s ( ^! h come back to x aga9 & h f\nd 9 x1 :5 !y /udi$ x ) op5 m9d1 m tru? ?an !y ev] be=e _h kn[n4 ,let me cite an extreme case4 ,i c\ld take y to a society ( free-?9k]s1 consi/+ ( p :o h long be5 outspok5 9 _! rejection ( all ! doctr9es ( hi/orical ,*ri/ianity1 _m ( :om =m]ly fl\t$ ! ,bible z a book ( fables1 b :o are n[ /udy+ x dilig5tly week by week1 9 ! mo/ sympa!tic _s4 ,!y d n n[ accept its sup]naturalism2 b !y believe t z a manual ( conduct1 z a guide to life1 x excels all o!r books4 ,! "y p ( _! ,sunday-s*ool are told t ! ,bible is n l o!r books2 t ! m5 :o wrote x knew m ab\t ! human s\l & its /ruggles & its aspirations aft] good ?an any o!r m5 :o ev] liv$2 & !y are bes\ght to att5d1 mo/ c>efully1 to ! lessons ( life :i* ?is anci5t book tea*es4 ,i %\ld l to take "s ( our ultra or?odox fri5ds1 :o are petti%ly cry+ out t ! ,bible1 if n infallible1 is good = no?+1 & set !m d[n = a ,sunday or two 9 ! mid/ ( ?is free-?9k+ ,sunday-s*ool2 !y might le>n "s ?+s ab\t its value t !y nev] knew be=e4 ,?is incid5t ought to be ( s]vice1 also1 to ^? :o1 hav+ discov]$ t ! ,bible conta9s human elem5ts1 h ru%$ to ! conclusion t x is no m ?an any o!r book1 & :o1 al?\gh !y d n ca/ x f !m1 hold x (f1 at arm's l5g?1 z x 71 & ma9ta9 t[>d x an attitude ( critical sup]iority4 ,ev5 ^! free-?9k]s treat x m fairly4 ,!y are le>n+ to approa* x ) op5 m9d2 !y sit d[n be=e x ) rev]5t expectancy4 ,! ,bible has a "r to ?is sympa!tic treatm5t4 ,x is n j l o!r books4 ,d n take my ^w = ?is2 li/5 r to ! te/imony ( "o :o 0 kn[n1 :ile he 0 alive1 z ! ar*-h]etic ( ,new ,engl&3-- ,?is collection ( books has tak5 su* a hold on ! _w z no o!r4 ,! lit]ature ( ,greece1 :i* goes up l inc5se f t l& ( temples & h]oic de$s1 has n half ! influ5ce ( ?is book1 f a nation alike despis$ 9 anci5t & 9 mod]n times4 ,x is read ( a ,sabba? 9 all ! t5 ?\s& pulpits ( our l&4 ,9 all ! temples ( religion is its voice lift$ up week by week4 ,! sun nev] sets on its gleam+ page4 ,x goes equally to ! cottage ( ! pla9 man & ! palace ( ! k+4 ,x is wov5 into ! lit]ature ( ! s*ol>1 & colors ! talk ( ! /reet4 ,! b>k ( ! m]*ant _c sail ! sea )\t x2 no %ips ( w> g to ! conflict1 b ! ,bible is !re4 ,x ent]s m5's closets2 m+les 9 all _! grief & *e]fulness ( life4 ,! affianc$ maid5 prays ,god 9 ,scripture = /r5g? 9 h] new duties2 m5 are m>ri$ by ,scripture4 ,! ,bible att5ds !m 9 _! sickness1 :5 ! fev] ( ! _w is on !m4 ,! a*+ head f9ds a s(t] pill[ :5 ! ,bible lies und]nea?4 ,! m>9] escap+ f %ipwreck clut*es ?is fir/ ( 8 treasures & keeps x sacr$ to ,god4 ,x goes ) ! p$dl] 9 8 cr[d$ pack2 *e]s him at ev5tide :5 he sits d[n du/y & fatigu$2 bright5s ! fre%ness ( 8 morn+ face4 ,x blesses u :5 we are born1 gives names to half ,*ri/5dom2 rejoices ) u2 has sympa?y = our m\rn+2 temp]s our grief to f9] issues4 ,x is ! bett] "p ( our s]mons4 ,x lifts man above himself2 our be/ ( utt]$ pray]s are 9 its /ori$ spee*1 :]e) our fa!rs & ! patri>*s pray$4 ,! timid man1 ab\t awak+ f ?is dream ( life1 looks ?r\gh ! glass ( ,scripture & 8 eye gr[s bright2 he does n fe> to /& alone1 to tread ! way unkn[n & di/ant1 to take ! dea? angel by ! h& & bid f>ewell to wife & babes & home4 ,m5 re/ on ?is _! de>e/ hopes2 x tells !m ( ,god & ( 8 bless$ ,son1 ( e>?ly duties & ( heav5ly re/4 ,footnote3 ,!odore ,p>k]1 ,disc\rses on ,religion4 ,?is is n m]e rhetoric2 x is simple/ tru? ( human exp]i5ce4 ,h[ is x possible = any man to treat ?is book j z he w\ld any o!r book8 ,he ought to come to its p]usal ) ! expectation ( f9d+ 9 x wisdom & light & life4 ,he mu/ n /ultify 8 reason & /ifle 8 moral s5se :5 he reads x2 he mu/ keep 8 m9d awake & 8 consci5ce active2 b !re is treasure "h if he w se>* = x2 se>* he mu/1 yet ! only "r attitude be=e x is "o ( rev]5ce & tru/4 ,any man ( ripe wisdom & high "*1 :o has be5 kn[n to y all y\r life1 ^: judgm5t y h v]ifi$1 ^: goodness y h witness$ & exp]i5c$1 comm&s y\r respectful att5tion ! mom5t he beg9s to speak4 ,y d n believe him to be infallible1 b y li/5 to :at he says ) tru/fulness2 y expect to f9d x true4 ,to say t y li/5 to him z y d to e o!r man is n ! fact2 ! po/ure ( y\r m9d 9 8 pres5ce is diff]5t f t 9 :i* y /& be=e mo/ o!r m54 ,x ought to be4 ,he has ga9$1 by 8 probity1 ! p[] to speak to y ) au?ority4 ,! ,bible has ga9$ ! same p[]4 ,y d n use x fairly :5 y use x z y d e o!r book4 ,!re is ! nation's flag pr\dly fly+ f ! summit ( ! ,capitol4 ,x may be a bann] t 0 borne ^u ! battlefield1 decorat$ n[ ) well-m5d$ r5ts1 & ) /a9s ( c>nage4 ,behold x6 cries ! idolat]4 ,x is absolutely faultless 9 p]fection & beauty6 ,!re is n a blemi% on its folds1 !re is n an imp]fection 9 its web2 e ?read 9 w>p & wo( is flawless2 e seam is absolutely /raight2 e /> is geometrically accurate2 e proportion is exact2 ! man :o d5ies x is a traitor6 ,absurd6 replies ! iconocla/4 ,see ! holes & ! /a9s2 !re is n "o /raight seam2 !re is n a /> t is 9 p]fect =m2 ravel x1 & y w f9d no ?read 9 w>p or wo( t is flawless2 nay1 y may ev5 discov] %r$s ( %oddy mix$ ) ! f9e fibre4 ,y\r flag is no?+ m ?an any o!r old piece ( bunt+1 & if y ?9k x is1 y are a fool4 ,nay1 good fri5ds1 y are bo? wrong4 ,! blemi%es are !re2 x w\ld be fanaticism to d5y !m2 & he :o says t no man c be loyal to ! nation :o w n pr(ess t ?is bann] is immaculate is sett+ up a fanta/ic /&>d ( patriotism4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ?is flag is some?+ m ?an any o!r old piece ( bunt+1 & he :o ?9ks x some?+ m is n a fool4 ,x is ! symbol ( lib]ty2 x is ! emblem ( sov]eignty2 x is ! pl$ge ( protection2 x is ! sign & gu>antee ( ju/ice & ord] & peace4 ,:at memories clu/] r\nd x1 ( dauntless h]oism1 & holy sacrifice1 & noble consecration6 ,:at hopes are gleam+ f its />s & flutt]+ 9 its %9+ folds--hopes ( a day :5 w>s %all be no m & all mank9d %all be "o bro!rhood6 ,! man to :om ! flag ( 8 c\ntry is no m ?an any o!r piece ( wea!r-beat5 bunt+ is a man )\t a c\ntry4 ,is n my p>able already int]pret$8 ,are n ! idolat]s :o make x treason to disbelieve a s+le ^w ( ! ,bible1 & ! iconocla/s :o treat x z no?+ bett] ?an any o!r book1 equally f> f ! tru?8 ,is x n ! "p ( wisdom to use ! book rationally1 b rev]5tly2 to refra9 f wor%ip+ ! lett]1 b to rejoice 9 ! gifts ( ! ,_s :i* x pr(f]s8 ,! same div9e influ5ce :i* illum9es & sanctifies its pages is wait+ to enlight5 our m9ds t we may compreh5d its words1 & to prep>e our he>ts t we may receive its messages4 ,"s ?+s h>d to und]/& are "h1 b ! ,_s ( tru? c make pla9 to u all t we ne$ to "k4 ,no man wisely op5s ! book :o does n fir/ lift up 8 he>t = help to f9d 9 x ! way ( life1 & to him :o /udies x 9 ?is _s x w %[ ! salvation ( ,god4