,,transcrib]',s ,,note ,italic text is d5ot$ by und]scores4 ,! orig9al text us$ ! "* 7long-=m s72 ^! h be5 replac$ by ! normal s 9 ?is etext4 ,footnote an*ors are d5ot$ by numb]1 & ! footnotes h be5 plac$ at ! end ( ! book4 ,"s m9or *anges to ! text are not$ at ! end ( ! book4 ,,consid]ations ,,on ,,! ,,negroe ,,cause ,,commonly ,,s ,,call$1 ,,address$ ,,to ,,! ,,"r ,,hon\rable ,,"l ,,mansfield1 ,,"l ,,*ief ,,ju/ice ( ! ,,c\rt ( ,,k+',s ,,b5*1 c4 ,by ,,samuel ,,e/wick1 ,a4 ,m4 ,,ll4,d4 ,memb] ( ,p>liam5t = ! ,bor\gh ( ,we/bury4 ,,! ,,?ird ,,edition4 ,,london3 ,pr9t$ = ,j4 ,,dodsley1 9 ,,pall-,,mall4 ,m4,,dcc4,,lxxxviii4 ,price #bs4 ,,adv]tisem5t ,,to ,,! ,,read]4 ,! judgm5t t 0 giv5 9 ! case ( ,som]set & ,kn[les1 s contr>y to ! receiv$ op9ions at t "t1 & to ! g5]al s5se ( ! nation be=e1 hav+ laid ! f\ndation ^u :i* all ! v>i\s speculations t ^u ?is subject h s9ce be5 rais$1 & :i* are at l5g? s magnifi$ & enl>g$ z to become ! object ( a ,p>liam5t>y ,inquiry2 x is imag9$1 t a review ( "s ( ! argum5ts :i* 7 made use ( on t occasion may n1 9 ! pres5t mom5t1 be ?\ght ei!r imp]t95t or unseasonable4 ,x is "u ?is idea !n1 t ! foll[+ ,consid]ations are aga9 br\ght =w>d to ! public notice3 & al?\gh _! prim>y object 0 to fix & asc]ta9 ! gr\nd ^u :i* ! ,own] claim$ a "r to 8 ,negroe1 & insomu* to develope ! subject f ! mi/ & my/]y ) :i* x 0 want to be surr\nd$2 yet 9 ! c\rse ( _! p]usal x w1 p]haps1 be f\nd1 t !re are n want+ answ]s to "s ( ! mo/ lead+ & popul> objections ( ! day2 t !re are "s obs]vations & rem>ks1 z new 9 !mselves1 z !y h be5 & are /ill unansw]$2 & )al1 t no "p ( ! p]=mance is ( a complexion t c d injury1 t may n produce "s good1 & ( :i* ! au?or1 not)/&+ ! di/ance ( "t f its publication1 feels t he has ei!r cause to be a%am$1 or reason to rep5t4 ,,preface4 ,! fir/ ,edition ( ! foll[+ ,consid]ations on ! ,negroe ,cause 0 writt5 ) ha/e1 & publi%$ 9 a hurry4 ,! hope ( see+ "s mu* abl] p5 ?an m9e engag$ 9 ! discussion ( s important a "q1 & yet seem+ly s little und]/ood1 )held me f ! und]tak+2 till disappo9tm5t made x ! resolution ( an h\r1 & want ( "t ! effect ( a few days att5tion only4 ,x 0 evid5t t :atev] 0 to h be5 sugge/$ on ! subject1 ought to h be5 kn[n antec$5tly to ! legal decision ( ! ,case3 b l$ on by ! expectation ( ! m useful endeav\rs ( o!rs1 already 0 ! ,t]m1 9 :i* judgm5t 0 to be giv51 tread+ closely on my heels1 )\t my hav+ tak5 "o s+le /ep 9 advance ( ! design4 ,?us circum/anc$1 su* dispat* became necess>y z c\ld n fail to produce errors1 imputable bo? to me & ! pr9t]4 ,:il/ "o "p ( ! pamphlet 0 pr9t+1 ! o!r 0 prep>+ = ! press3 b ev5 ?is exp$ition _h n its desir$ effect4 ,! ,judgm5t 0 be=eh& ) ! ,publication3 :]eby ! ,consid]ations !mselves 7 depriv$ ( _! object1 & ,i1 9 "s measure1 foil$ 9 my purpose4 ,^u f9d+ h[ev] t ! v gr\nds ( my argum5t 7to wit1 ! op9ions ( ! ,"l ,*ancellors ,h>dwick & ,talbot7 7 ! subjects ( due att5tion to ! ,c\rt1 & t ! det]m9ation re/$ on ?is p>ticul> ,case only1 f circum/ances ( insuffici5cy aris+ out ( ! return made to ! writ ( ,habeas ,corpus1 ,i 0 induc$ to suff] ?is p]=mance to make its appe>ance to ! public eye1 ?\gh1 l ,hamlet's ,gho/1 ) all its imp]fections on its head4 ,b be+ n[ call$ ^u = a second ,edition1 ,i h c>efully correct$ ! errors ( ! fir/1 s f> z !y 7 p]ceiveable to me4 ,i h consid]ably enl>g$ ! "w itself4 ,i h ins]t$ sev]al notes1 9 "s ( :i* ! pr9ciples ( ! late publi%$ argum5t ( ,mr4 ,h>grave1 & ! argum5t itself1 z appli$ to ! m]its ( ?is "q1 are %ortly exam9$1 ?\gh 7) :at is (f]$ 9 ! text7 x is to be presum$1 fully refut$4 ,suppos+ too1 t ! judgm5t ( ! ,c\rt ( ,k+'s ,b5* 9 ?is case might be no improp] addition1 ,i h1 f ! mo/ au!ntic copy ,i 0 able to procure1 ins]t$ x "h3 tak+ ! lib]ty at ! same "t ( mak+ "s few occasional rem>ks ^u x4 ,! foll[+ is said to be ! sub/ance ( ,"l ,mansfield's spee* 9 ! case ( ,som]set & ,kn[les3 8,we pay due att5tion to ! op9ion ( ,sir ,philip ,yorke & ,mr4 ,talbot 9 ! ye> #agbi1 by :i* !y pl$g$ !mselves to ! ,briti% ,plant]s = ! legal consequ5ces ( br++ ,negroe-slaves into ?is k+dom1 or _! be+ baptiz$20 :i* op9ion 0 repeat$ & recogniz$ by ,"l ,h>dwick1 sitt+ z ,*ancell\r1 on ! #ai? ( ,octob] #agdi1 to ! foll[+ effect3 ,he said1 8t ,trov] w\ld lay = a ,negroe-slave3 t a notion prevail$1 t if a slave came into ,engl&1 or became a ,*ri/ian1 he !reby became emancipat$2 b !re 0 no f\ndation 9 law = su* a notion3 t :5 he & ,"l ,talbot 7 ,attorney & ,solicitor ,g5]al1 ?is notion ( a slave becom+ free by be+ baptiz$ prevail$ s /rongly1 t ! ,plant]s indu/ri\sly prev5t$ _! becom+ ,*ri/ians3 ^u :i* _! op9ion 0 tak52 & ^u _! be/ consid]ation !y 7 bo? cle>ly ( op9ion1 t a slave did n 9 ! lea/ alt] 8 situation or /ate t[>ds 8 ,ma/] or ,own]1 ei!r by be+ *ri/5$1 or com+ to ,engl&3 t ?\gh ! /atute ( ,*>les ,,ii4 _h aboli%$ ,t5ure s f>1 t no man c\ld be a ,ville9 reg>dant2 yet if he w\ld ackn[l$ge himself a ,ville9 engross$ 9 any ,c\rt ( ,record1 he knew ( no way by :i* he c\ld be entitl$ to 8 fre$om1 )\t ! cons5t ( 8 ,ma/]4 ,we feel ! =ce ( ! inconv5i5ces & consequ5ces t w foll[ ! decision ( ?is "q3 yet all ( u are s cle>ly ( "o op9ion ^u ! only "q be=e u1 t we ?9k we ought to give judgm5t )\t adj\rn+ ! matt] to be argu$ be=e all ! judges1 z usual 9 ! ,habeas ,corpus1 & z we at fir/ intimat$ an int5tion ( do+ 9 ?is case4 ,! only "q !n is1 ,is ! ,cause return$ suffici5t = ! rem&+ him8 ,if n1 he mu/ be dis*>g$4 ,! ,cause return$ is1 ! slave abs5t$ himself & dep>t$ f 8 ma/]'s s]vice1 & refus$ to return & s]ve him dur+ 8 /ay 9 ,engl&2 :]eupon1 by 8 ma/]'s ord]s1 he 0 put on bo>d ! %ip by =ce1 & !re deta9$ 9 secure cu/ody1 to be c>ri$ out ( ! k+dom & sold4 ,s high an act ( dom9ion mu/ d]ive its au?ority1 if any su* x has1 f ! law ( ! k+dom :]e execut$4 ,a =eign] _c be imprison$ "h on ! au?ority ( any law exi/+ 9 8 own c\ntry4 ,! p[] ( a ma/] ov] 8 s]vant is diff]5t 9 all c\ntries1 m or less limit$ or ext5sive2 ! ex]cise ( x !re=e mu/ always be regulat$ by ! laws ( ! place :]e ex]cis$4 ,! /ate ( slav]y is ( su* a nature1 t x is incapable ( be+ n[ introduc$ by ,c\rts ( ,ju/ice ^u m]e reason+1 or inf]5ces f any pr9ciples natural or political2 x mu/ take its rise f positive law2 ! orig9 ( x c 9 no c\ntry or age be trac$ back to any o!r s\rce4 ,immemorial usage pres]ves ! memory ( positive law long aft] all traces ( ! occasion1 reason1 au?ority1 & "t ( its introduction1 are lo/2 & 9 a ,case s odi\s z ! condition ( slaves mu/ be1 tak5 /rictly1 ! p[] claim$ by ?is return 0 nev] 9 use "h3 no ma/] ev] 0 all[$ "h to take a slave by =ce to be sold abroad because he _h des]t$ f 8 s]vice1 or = any o!r reason :atev]2 we _c say1 ! ,cause set =? by ?is return is all[$ or approv$ ( by ! laws ( ?is k+dom1 & !re=e ! man mu/ be dis*>g$40 ,i mu/ confess1 ,i h be5 greatly puzzl$ 9 endeav\r+ to reconcile ?is judgm5t ) ?is /ate ( x1 & ) my compreh5sion4 8,we pay due att5tion to ! op9ion ( ,sir ,philip ,york & ,mr4 ,talbot10 are ! words ( ! ,noble ,"l :o deliv]$ ! judgm5t ( ! ,c\rt2 & yet ! judgm5t is1 9 op]ation & effect1 directly subv]sive ( ! op9ion4 ,n[ ,i mu/ take = grant$ t ?is op9ion w\ld n h be5 cit$1 especially 9 s affirmative a mann]1 if x _h _h no?+ at all to d ) ! ,case !n be=e ! ,c\rt3 because su* citation w\ld h be5 unmean+ & unnecess>y4 ,?is be+ admitt$1 x foll[s1 t ! law laid d[n 9 ?is op9ion 0 ei!r ! law ( ! ,case1 or x 0 n4 ,if x 7 ! law ( ! ,case1 ! judgm5t w\ld h be5 gov]n$ by t law1 & consequ5tly contr>y to :at x is4 ,if x 7 n ! law ( ! ,case1 9 ord] to %ew :at ! law is1 & t ! law & ! judgm5t might correspond ) ea* o!r1 z cause & effect1 x w\ld seem1 ex necessitate rei1 t ! doctr9e advanc$ 9 ?is op9ion %\ld h be5 set aside by ! sup]ior =ce ( legal argum5tation & au?ority4 ,b ! reason+ ^u ! judgm5t /&s ?us3 ,9 ! ,premises ?is op9ion is cit$ z au?ority2 !n1 )\t any middle t]m d5y+ t au?ority1 ! conclusion is1 by ! judgm5t1 t x is no au?ority at all4 ,"u ^! problematical circum/ances ! only solution possible to me 01 t !re might be two decisions int5tionally conta9$ "u "o judgm5t3 t is to say1 t ! op9ion ( ,sir ,philip ,york & ,mr4 ,talbot1 0 ! law ^u ! g5]al m]its ( ! "q2 & t ?is judgm5t ( ! ,c\rt 0 ! law ^u ?is p>ticul> /ate ( x4 ,?us = in/ance3 if ! return made to ! writ ( ,habeas ,corpus 9 ?is ,case _h d5i$ ! lawfulness ( ! writ itself1 & ,mr4 ,/eu>t _h claim$ ,som]set ^u ! gr\nd only ( be+ 8 comm]cial prop]ty2 !n ! op9ion ( ,sir ,philip ,york & ,mr4 ,talbot _h op]at$ z law & au?ority3 b z ! return _h admitt$ ! "r ( slav]y1 & ,mr4 ,/eu>t _h claim$ ,som]set z 8 slave1 !re be+ no laws ( slav]y n[ 9 use 9 ?is c\ntry1 ei!r = ,negroes1 or = any o!r species ( ! human be+1 ! judgm5t ( ! c\rt 01 f ! insuffici5cy ( ! ,cause return$1 ! law ( ?is ,case4 ,b no soon] _h ?is reconciliation tak5 place 9 my m9d1 ?an ano!r p]plexity foll[$4 ,9 ! recital ( ! op9ion recogniz$ by ,"l ,h>dwick1 sitt+ z ,*ancell\r1 x is made to conclude ?us3 8t ?\gh ! ,/atute ( ,*>les ,,ii4 _h aboli%$ ,t5ure s f> t no man c\ld be a ,ville9 reg>dant1 yet if he w\ld ackn[l$ge himself a ,ville9 +ross$ 9 any ,c\rt ( ,record1 he knew ( no way by :i* he c\ld be entitl$ to 8 fre$om )\t ! cons5t ( 8 ,ma/]40 ,n[1 by connect+ ?is latt] ) ! =m] "p ( ! op9ion1 9 ! mann] x is done1 x appe>s1 z if ,"l ,h>dwick meant to decl>e1 t ! /ate or situation ( ,negroes t[>ds _! ma/]s or own]s arose out (1 & 0 f\nd$ ^u1 ! rema9s ( ! anti5t laws ( vill5age 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,t ,"l ,h>dwick might h said :at is "h /at$1 9 ord] to %ew 7by way ( illu/ration ( ! ,case ^u :i* he 0 !n argu+7 t ev5 an ,engli%man might /ill become a slave 9 ?is c\ntry1 if he pleas$1 ,i _c d5y3 b ) any int5tion to prove t ! condition ( ,negroes proce$$ f1 & 0 ! same )1 ! condition ( ville9s1 is1 ,i mu/ ass]t1 ei!r ! mi/ake ( ! p]son f ^: notes ?is spee* 0 tak51 or ! int5tion ( him to puzzle & p]plex ! ,case3 = x is manife/ly impossible t ! ,c\rt c\ld h put s mu* self-contradiction & ignorance ( ! law 9 ! m\? ( s wise & s great a lawy]4 ,8 ,lord%ip says1 8t ,trov] w lie = a ,negroe slave40 ,n[1 c any ?+ be m expressive ( ! law & condition ( ,negroes ?an ?is is8 ,:at ! nature ( an action ( ,trov] is1 & :at k9d ( prop]ty is requir$ 9 a pla9tiff to ma9ta9 su* an action1 e ,tyro ( ! law mu/ be acqua9t$ )4 ,w\ld 8 ,lord%ip h said1 t ,trov] w\ld lie = a ville98 ,e ,tyro ( ! law kn[s t x w\ld n4 ,b if a ,negroe & a ville9 7 gov]n$ by ! same laws1 ,trov] w\ld lie = a ville94 ,8 ,lord%ip's own words !re=e1 & n ?is comb9ation ( !m1 are ! be/ comm5t ^u 8 mean+2 & he 9 me1 non tali auxilio eget1 c4 ,x is en\gh t ,i h giv5 ! clew2 ! read] w unravel ! re/ himself4 ,i h n[ only a %ort ^w or two m to add1 9 address to ! read]2 rely+1 f my own consci\sness1 ^u 8 c&\r1 t :atev] errors ( ! head he may discov]1 he w impute no?+ t is wrong to ! dictates ( my he>t4 ,x is n ! want ( humanity1 x is n ! want ( feel+1 b ! possession ( bo?1 ) ! love ( tru?1 t has giv5 bir? to ^! ,consid]ations4 ,my motives h be51 to %ew t ,am]ica does n af=d t sc5e ( b>b>ity1 :i* misrepres5tation w\ld h pa9t$ ^u x3 t cruelties & di/ress are to be f\nd 9 mu* great] excess ev5 9 ?is elysium ( lib]ty3 t :atev] is ! /ate & condition ( ,negroes1 x is ,great ,brita9 & n ,am]ica t is responsible = x3 t ?is !re=e is a ,briti%1 & n an ,am]ican "q2 z well x might be1 s9ce1 if ,i may be all[$ to reason *ymically ^u ! occasion1 :atev] prop]ty ,am]ica may h 9 its drugs1 x is ,great ,brita9 t receives ! ess5tial oyl extract$ f !m4 ,^! h be5 my views4 ,i nei!r meant to condemn or approve ! /ate & condition ( ,negroes4 ,i h appeal$ to ! law3 if ! traffic made ( !m be z agreeable to "r reason z x is accord+ to law1 ,i am glad ( x2 if x be n1 let /ate necessities ju/ify /ate tricks4 ,b ,i meant an apology =1 & n a panegyrick ^u1 myself4 ,,consid]ations ,,on ,,! ,,negroe ,,cause1 c4 ,,my ,,"l1 ,be+1 bo? by bir? & =tune1 connect$ ) "o ( ! ,isl&s 9 ,am]ica1 ,i 0 l$1 some:at int]e/$ly z y\r ,lord%ip may suppose1 to att5d to ! argum5ts t 7 lately (f]$ 9 ! ,c\rt ( ,k+'s ,b5*1 9 ! ,case ( ,som]set ! ,negroe v]sus ,kn[les & o!rs4 ,x 0 a new case1 said to be full ( conc]n to ,am]ica2 & x _h engross$ mu* ( g5]al expectation4 ,my object !re=e 0 t ( in=mation3 b1 )\t mean+ to less5 ! lab\rs1 or depreciate ! m]its ( ! le>n$ c\nsel conc]n$ !re91 ,i mu/ confess1 t ! lights ?r[n on ! case did by no means appe> to me z1 on ei!r side1 decisive ( ! po9t 9 "q#a4 ,x is true t a va/ & ext5sive v>iety ( read+ 0 %ewn & discov]$3 ! pr(\nde/ dep?s ( le>n+ & sci5ce 7 fa?om$ & explor$3 lawgiv]s1 philosoph]s1 civilians1 f all hi/oric exi/5ce1 7 br\ght to light & exam9$3 ! examples1 def9itions1 & op9ions1 :i* ,moses1 ,ari/otle1 ,ju/9ian1 ,grotius1 ,puf5dorff1 & ! re/1 _h giv5 ( slav]y1 7 cit$1 expla9$1 & enl>g$ ^u3 ! edicts & regulations ( ,fr5*1 ,spani%1 ,g]man1 ,flemi%1 & ,dut* police on ?is head 7 m5tion$ & produc$4 ,b1 my ,"l1 ) all due def]5ce & submission1 may ,i ask1 h[ applicable 0 ?is antiquat$ & =eign doctr9e to ! case !n "u y\r ,lord%ip's contemplation8 ,! politics ( ,ari/otle are n ! rules ( ! ,c\rt ( ,k+'s ,b5*2 nei!r is ,roman jurisprud5ce ! law ( t c\rt4 ,z a display ( g5]al k1 x _h ) me1 z x mu/ h _h ) e "o pres5t1 its great abundance ( m]it & comm5dation2 & ,i _h foll[$ ! le>n$ g5tlem51 ) ! highe/ pleasure1 9 _! travels & pursuits abroad 9 se>* ( matt] ( illu/ration1 if ! case _h be5 br\ght home ) !m at la/1 & re/$ on its own native gr\nd & f\ndation4 ,b h]e91 my ,"l1 ,i f\nd myself unsatisfi$ & disappo9t$3 = h[ ! "q rema9$ ) y\r ,lord%ip z a po9t ( law = ! judgm5t ( ! ,c\rt1 ,i own1 ,i 0 unable to compreh5d1 or to le>n4 ,x is !re=e1 my ,"l1 t ,i n[ take ! lib]ty to (f] ! foll[+ ,consid]ations to y\r ,lord%ip's notice & obs]vance2 tru/+ to ! importance ( ! subject1 & to y\r wont$ c&\r1 = my apology & p>don 9 ! attempt4 ,i h read1 my ,"l1 to di/+ui%1 & h be5 ev] taught to "k1 t ! ,"l ,*ief ,ju/ice ( ! ,c\rt ( ,k+'s ,b5* is ! great & fir/ exp\nd] ( ! laws ( ?is ,realm2 great & fir/ 9 dignity & 9 (fice2 9 y\r ,lord%ip's p]son1 great & fir/ pr(ess$ly 9 capacity also4 ,( ^! laws !n1 my ,"l1 ,i h appreh5d$ t !re are b two k9ds1 h[ev] sub-divid$ into sorts or species3 ! unwritt51 or common law1 ( :i* judicial decisions are ! evid5ce3 or ! writt5 or /atute law1 o!rwise call$ acts ( p>liam5t4 ,n[1 my ,"l1 s f> z ?is case is ref]able to ei!r ( ^! e/abli%m5ts1 s f> x lies be=e ! ,c\rt1 & falls "u ! cognizance ( y\r ,lord%ip4 ,?is is ! s\rce ( enquiry lead+ to y\r judgm5t & det]m9ation2 & all )\t ! circle ( ?is1 ,i conceive to be inapposite & ecc5tric4 ,! fir/ "q !n1 t w\ld seem to arise on ?is position1 is1 ,:at is ! common law ( ! l& respect+ ! case 9 issue1 consid]$ z a case ( slav]y8 ,x 0 said1 ,i rememb]1 by "o ( ! c\nsel1 t ! pres5t /ate ( slav]y among ,negroes 0 totally diff]5t f ! anci5t condition ( vill5age2 t x 0 a new species ( slav]y utt]ly unkn[n to ! common law ( ,engl&4#b ,9 ?is op9ion ,i readily co9cide1 & agree ) ! le>n$ g5tleman4 ,! next "q is1 ,:at d acts ( p>liam5t say on ?is head8 ,i believe x mu/ be said = !m1 t !y are1 enactively1 if ,i may be all[$ ! expression1 sil5t4 ,if ?is be s1 !n ! conclusion w op]ate 9 ! nature ( a plea to ! jurisdiction ( y\r ,lord%ip's ,c\rt4 ,if ! case be unkn[n to ! common law1 & acts ( p>liam5t are sil5t !reupon1 :at basis mu/ y\r ,lord%ip's judgm5t take8 ,:]e !re is no law1 !re c be no rem$y4 ,if ! common law be defective1 x is ! bus9ess ( acts ( p>liam5t to supply ! defects3 b until ^? defects are suppli$1 sub judice lis e/1 & ! matt] mu/ rema9 undet]m9$4 ,y\r ,lord%ip may h[ev] tell me1 t1 :]e positive law is want+1 :]eupon to gr\nd ! decisions ( a ,c\rt1 rec\rse may be _h to ! maxims & pr9ciples ( law1 to ! _s ( ! con/itution4 ,! result ( ?is1 my ,"l1 at be/1 is b matt] ( op9ion2 besides1 cases f\nd$ on ! self-same pr9ciples w (t5 h v diff]5t det]m9ations1 accord+ to ! diff]5ce ( circum/ances1 & ! alt]ation or *ange ( times4 ,?us1 if x _h ev5 be5 an orig9al maxim ( ! common law1 t slav]y 0 incompatible ) ! frame & con/itution ( ?is c\ntry1 yet x does n !re=e foll[1 t occasions h n s9ce aris5 to combat ) ?is pr9ciple1 & to ju/ify p>ticul> conclusions diff]+ f ^! g5]al premises4 ,= in/ance1 my ,"l1 ! impress+ ( seam51 is an idea z het]og5e\s to ! nature & ess5ce ( ?is gov]nm5t1 z slav]y pa9t$ on ! blacke/ gr\nd c be4 ,x is slav]y itself1 9 its v def9ition2 & :at signifies ! "n1 says ,hudibras1 s9ce ! ?+ is ! same8 ,b ! indisp5sabl5ess ( ! measure has nev]!less 7to cont9ue ! metaphor7 giv5 col\r to ! practice1 & x is n[ se5 9 ano!r light & view4 ,b to return3 ,if y\r ,lord%ip %\ld be ( op9ion1 = op9ion x mu/ be1 if !re is no positive law to gr\nd y\r judgm5t ^u1 t ,negroes 9 ?is c\ntry are free1 ,i w place 9 opposition to ?is1 ! op9ions ( ! late ,"l ,*ancell\r ,h>dwick1 & 8 pr$ecessor ! ,"l ,*ancell\r ,talbot1 to wit1 t ,negroes 9 ?is c\ntry are n free4 ,y\r ,lord%ip p]ceives1 t ,i take y\r op9ion ^u supposition only2 ! o!r op9ions are well-kn[n facts4 ,to se>* !n = ! gr\nds ( y\r op9ion1 )\t ! c]ta9ty ( its be+ s1 w\ld be n[ premature & unnecess>y3 b1 kn[+ ! op9ions ( ^! two great oracles ( ! law1 x is ( necessity to conclude1 t !y _h ! mo/ suffici5t f\ndation = !m1 see+ t x is all[$ on e h&1 t no op9ion 0 ev] giv5 9 any case :atev] ) great] solemnity1 or m delib]ation1 ?an ^! 74 ,n[1 my ,"l1 to inve/igate ! reasons ( ^! op9ions1 is "o way1 p]haps1 to arrive at ! tru?3 b to foll[ m5 l ^!1 9 _! rese>*es1 is a proc$ure fitt$ only to abilities su* z y\r ,lord%ip's are4 ,z conjecture h[ev] is op5 to all1 ?\gh positive k is b ! gift ( a few2 ,i %all !re=e v5ture to sugge/ :at might 9 "p h l$ ! ideas ( ^! great & wise m5 to ! conclusion :i* !y h drawn1 namely1 t ,negroes 9 ?is c\ntry d n become free4 ,i h be=e /at$1 my ,"l1 & h agre$ ) "o ( ! le>n$ c\nsel1 t ! condition ( slav]y among ,negroes is unkn[n to ! common law ( ?is l&3 t x is a new species ( slav]y1 :i* has aris5 )91 & n beyond1 ! memory ( man1 z is necess>y to ! descriptive quality ( ?is k9d ( law2 &1 !re=e1 be+ n "u ! compreh5sion1 x _c be )9 ! absolute provision ( x1 h[ev] r$uceable !reto x may be made1 by analogy1 implication1 or con/ruction4 ,i h said too1 t acts ( p>liam5t are sil5t on ?is head4 ,i h repeat$ :at ,i _h be=e /at$ & said1 9 ord] to draw ?is inf]5ce3 t al?\gh ! slav]y ( ,negroes is unkn[n to ! common law ( ?is c\ntry1 & acts ( p>liam5t are sil5t !reupon2 yet ! "r :i* ,mr4 ,/eu>t claims 9 ! ,negroe1 ,som]set1 is a "r giv5 him by act ( p>liam5t4 ,i mu/ !n apprize y\r ,lord%ip1 t f ?is in/ant x is my int5tion to drop ! t]m ,slav]y1 at lea/ z a t]m 9 argum5t ) me4 ,x is an odi\s ^w1 t eng5d]$ ?is law-suit1 & n[ fe$s & supports x ) ! fuel ( heat$ passions & imag9ations4 ,in/ead !re=e ( su* prejudic$ & unpopul> gr\nd1 :]eupon ! case has hi!rto be5 made to /&1 ,i %all take ! lib]ty to remove its situation1 to *ange its po9t ( view1 & to re/ x on ! l& ( comm]cial ,prop]ty2 f :5ce1 p]haps1 x w be se51 n only 9 a less (f5sive light1 b :]e also x may f9d a f\ndation m solid & sub/antial = its support4 ,x is matt] ( c\rse1 my ,"l1 to say1 t y are well acqua9t$ ) all ! acts ( p>liam5t relative to ! royal ,african company ( ,engl&1 f its e/abli%m5t by *>t] 9 ! reign ( ,*>les ! ,second d[n to ! pres5t "t#c4 ,n[1 my ,"l1 ! end ( ?is company 0 trade3 ! object ( t trade ,negroes1 z ! preamble to ! act ( ! #bc;d ( ,geo4 ,,ii4 c4 xxxi4 ?us expressly decl>es3 8,:]eas ! trade to & f ,africa is v advantage\s to ,great ,brita91 & necess>y = supply+ ! plantations & colonies !reunto belong+ ) a suffici5t numb] ( ,negroes1 at reasonable rates1 x is !re=e enact$1 c4 c40 ,:atev] !n1 my ,"l1 is matt] ( trade1 y\r ,lord%ip kn[s1 mu/ be matt] ( prop]ty4 ,! idea ( ! "o is necess>ily involv$ 9 ! o!r4 ,b1 my ,"l1 ^! acts h n be5 cont5t ) ?is g5]al con/ruction3 !y h gone f>!r1 & h !mselves set ! m>k & /amp ( prop]ty ^u ,negroes4 ,:e!r1 my ,"l1 ! ,legislature is ju/ifiable h]e91 or :e!r x has au?ority by ! laws ( nature to d ?is1 is n = me to det]m9e4 ,x is1 p]haps1 a "r1 l _m o!r civil rights1 e/abli%$ by p[]1 & ma9ta9$ by =ce3 b ?is is matt] ( speculation = ! speculative4 ,i "h cont5d only1 t ! fact is z ,i h /at$ x to be2 & z x w appe> by ! /atute ( ! #be? ( ,geo4 ,,ii4 c4 xl4 8:i* 0 made = ! application ( a sum ( money !re9 m5tion$1 grant$ to 8 ,maje/y1 = mak+ comp5sation & satisfaction to ! ,royal ,african company ( ,engl&1 = _! *>t]1 l&s1 =ts1 ca/les1 slaves1 milit>y /ores1 & all o!r _! effects :atsoev]2 & to ve/ ! l&s1 =ts1 ca/les1 slaves1 milit>y /ores1 & all o!r _! effects1 9 ! company ( m]*ants trad+ to ,africa20 & :]e9 x is enact$1 t 8! royal ,african company ( ,engl&1 f & aft] ! t5? day ( ,april "o ?\s& sev5 hundr$ & fifty-two1 %all be1 & !y are h]eby1 absolutely dive/$ ( & f _! said *>t]1 l&s1 =ts1 ca/les1 & milit>y /ores1 canoe-m51 ca/le-slaves1 & all o!r _! e/ate1 prop]ty1 & effects :atsoev]2 & t all & e ! ,briti% =ts1 l&s1 ca/les1 settlem5ts1 & factories1 on ! coa/ ( ,africa1 beg9n+ at ,port ,sally1 & ext5d+ f !nce to ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope inclusive1 :i* 7 grant$ to ! said company by ! said *>t]1 or :i* h be5 s9ce erect$ or pur*as$ by ! said company2 & all o!r ! regions1 c\ntries1 dom9ions1 t]ritories1 cont95ts1 coa/s1 ports1 bays1 riv]s1 & places1 ly+ & be+ )9 ! a=esaid limits1 & ! isl&s ne> adjo9+ to ^? coa/s1 & compreh5d$ )9 ! limits describ$ by ! said *>t]2 & :i* n[ are1 or at any "t h]et(ore h be51 9 ! possession (1 or claim$ by1 ! said royal ,african company ( ,engl&1 toge!r ) ! cannon & o!r milit>y /ores1 canoe-m51 ca/le-slaves1 at & belong+ to ! said =ts1 ca/les1 settlem5ts1 & factories1 p>ticul>ly m5tion$ & set =? 9 ! fir/ s*$ule to ?is act annex$ 7su* /ores z h be5 made use ( 9 ! s]vice ( ! =ts1 & su* canoe-m5 & slaves z may h di$ s9ce ! tak+ ( ! said survey1 only except$72 & also all contracts & agreem5ts made by or =1 or on ! behalf (1 ! said royal ,african company1 ) any ( ! k+s1 pr9ces1 or natives1 ( any ( ! c\ntries or places on ! said coa/s2 & all o!r ! prop]ty1 e/ate1 & effects :atsoev]1 ( ! said royal ,african company1 %all1 f & aft] ! said t5? day ( ,april "o ?\s& sev5 hundr$ & fifty-two1 be ve/$ 91 & ! same & e ( !m are & is h]eby fully & absolutely ve/$ 9 ! said corporation1 call$ & kn[n by ! "n ( #8,! company ( m]*ants trad+ to ,africa1' & _! successors1 fre$ & absolutely dis*>g$ ( & f all claims & dem&s ( ! said royal ,african company ( ,engl&1 & _! cr$itors1 & e ( !m1 & ( all & e p]son or p]sons claim+ "u !m1 or any or ei!r ( !m40 ,"h1 my ,"l1 ! legal nature ( ,negroes1 if ,i may s speak1 is fully e/abli%$ & cle>ly asc]ta9$1 by act ( p>liam5t4 ,y\r ,lord%ip p]ceives1 t !y are 9 hoc v]bo decl>$ to be prop]ty1 & are ve/$ z goods & *attels1 & z o!r effects are1 9 own]s prescrib$ = !m4 ,if x is obs]v$1 my ,"l1 t ! t]m ,slave is made use (1 & recogniz$ by ?is act ( p>liam5t2 x is answ]$1 n relatively s1 z to a /ate ( slav]y1 b descriptively only ( su* ?+s z %all be deem$ ! prop]ty & effects ( ?is company4 ,! /atute1 my ,"l1 ( ! #e? ( ,8 pres5t ,maje/y1 *4 xliv4 enacts1 8t su* p>ts ( ,africa z 7 c$$ by ! la/ treaty ( ,p>is1 toge!r ) ! goods1 slaves1 & o!r effects !reunto belong+1 & :i* 71 by a =m] act1 ve/$ 9 ! company ( m]*ants trad+ to ,africa1 %all n[ become ! prop]ty ( ! ,cr[n20 s t ! ,k+1 z well z ?is corporation ( m]*ants1 are1 by ! law ( ! l&1 possess$1 & are n[ ! actual & rightful own]s1 ( a v consid]able numb] ( ,negroes1 "u ! a=e-m5tion$ description1 ( canoe-m51 ca/le-slaves1 wom51 *ildr51 c>p5t]s1 & o!r artific]s1 p>ticul>ly set =? 9 s*$ules annex$ to ! a=e-m5tion$ acts4 ,x is also enact$1 8t ! trade to ,africa %all be free & op5 to all ,8 ,maje/y's subjects1 )\t pref]5ce or di/9ction20 & x is fur!r provid$1 8t ^! acts %all be tak5 & deem$ z public acts1 & %all be judicially tak5 notice ( z su* by all ,judges1 ,ju/ices1 & o!r p]sons :atsoev]1 )\t specially plead+ ! same40 ,?us f>1 my ,"l1 d acts ( p>liam5t ext5d 9 ! confirmation & e/abli%m5t ( ?is trade to ,africa4 ,i %all n[ beg leave to cite "o /atute m1 9 ord] unque/ionably to prove :at ! s5se ( ! ,legislature ( ?is c\ntry is1 ) respect to ! /ate & condition ( ,negroes4 ,?is /atute1 my ,"l1 is ! #e? ( ,geo4 ,,ii4 c4 vii?1 :]e9 7x be+ made = ! m easy recov]y ( debts 9 ,8 ,maje/y's plantations & colonies 9 ,am]ica7 x is enact$ 8t1 f & aft] ! tw5ty-n9? day ( ,septemb] "o ?\s& sev5 hundr$ & ?irty-two1 ! h\ses1 l&s1 ,negroes1 & o!r h]$itam5ts & real e/ates1 situate or be+ )9 any ( ! said plantations1 belong+ to any p]son indebt$1 %all be liable to1 & *>geable )1 all j debts1 duties1 & dem&s1 ( :at nature or k9d soev] ow+ by any su* p]son to ,8 ,maje/y1 or any ( 8 subjects1 & %all & may be assets = ! satisfaction !re(1 9 l mann] z real e/ates are by ! law ( ,engl& liable to ! satisfaction ( debts due by bond or o!r specialty1 & %all be subject to ! l rem$ies1 proce$+s1 & process1 9 any c\rt ( law or equity1 9 any ( ! said plantations respectively1 = seiz+1 ext5d+1 fell+1 or dispos+1 ( any su* h\ses1 l&s1 ,negroes1 & o!r h]$itam5ts1 & real e/ates1 t[>ds ! satisfaction ( su* debts1 duties1 & dem&s1 9 l mann] z p]sonal e/ates 9 any ( ! said plantations respectively are seiz$1 ext5d$1 sold1 or dispos$ (1 = ! satisfaction ( su* debts40 ,h]e9 !n1 my ,"l1 is n to be f\nd ev5 ! trace ( an idea ( slav]y consid]$ z su* by ,p>liam5t1 among ,negroes3 b1 on ! contr>y1 :at _! legal /ate & condition is1 is conceiv$ & express$ 9 t]ms s pla9 & cle>1 s explicit & precise1 t ! mo/ sceptical _c d\bt ! mean+1 nor ! mo/ simple fail to und]/& x4 ,!y are1 z h\ses1 l&s1 h]$itam5ts1 & real e/ate1 assets2 &1 9 l mann] z p]sonal e/ate1 to be dispos$ (1 = ! paym5t ( debts due to ! ,k+ & 8 subjects4 ,^u ?is /ate & exposition !n1 my ,"l1 ( ^! sev]al /atutes1 x w\ld seem t ,i am well w>rant$1 by _! au?ority1 9 my idea1 t ! "r :i* ,mr4 ,/eu>t claims 9 ! ,negroe ,som]set1 is a "r giv5 him by act ( p>liam5t2 & confirm$ 9 my proposition1 t ?is is a case ( prop]ty4 ,b1 my ,"l1 9 ord] fully to e/abli% ?is doctr9e1 x may p]haps be expect$1 t ,i %\ld n only %ew :at ! law is1 b t ,i %\ld prove also :at ! law is n2 & ?is mu/ necess>ily lead me to reason some:at m closely on ! subject4 ,i am aw>e x may be object$1 my ,"l1 t prop]ty 9 ,negroes s ve/$1 is a prop]ty creat$ 9 ,africa = ! use & purpose ( ! colonies 9 ,am]ica3 f :5ce a "q w be d$uc$1 ,:e!r ,negroes are prop]ty 9 ,engl&8 ,x appe>s1 my ,"l1 t a trade is op5$1 ) ! sanction1 & n[ "u ! protection ( p>liam5t1 betwe5 ! subjects ( ,great ,brita9 & ! natives or inhabitants ( ,africa4 ,! m$ium ( ?is trade on ! "o h& are1 manufactures1 goods1 w>es1 & o!r m]*&ize3 on ! o!r1 captive ,negroes1 or slaves2 :i*1 = ^! commodities1 are giv5 9 b>t] & ex*ange4 ,x w be all[$1 ,i presume1 my ,"l1 t ^! ,briti% trad]s1 or m]*ants1 h an absolute prop]ty 9 _! m]*&ize2 to truck & to traffic ) ?is m]*&ize is ! legal in/itution ( ! trade3 x w be absurd !n to d5y1 t !y h n an equal int]e/ 9 ! ?+ receiv$1 z !y _h 9 ! ?+ giv54 ,to avoid ?is dilemma !n1 ! objection recurs2 t1 9 ,africa !y may h an int]e/1 9 ,am]ica !y may h ! same1 9 ,europe !y h none3 b ass]tion )\t pro(1 is argum5t )\t weight4 ,:]e is ! law t has drawn ?is l9e ( di/9ction8 ,is !re any act ( p>liam5t1 or clause ( an act ( p>liam5t1 t has fix$ & describ$ ! zones or climates :]e9 prop]ty 9 ,negroes may be held1 or :]e x may n be held8 ,until ,i am bett] in=m$1 my ,"l1 ,i mu/ take = grant$1 t no su* law exi/s2 & if no su* law does exi/1 ! manife/ conclusion is1 t :]e prop]ty is once legally ve/$1 x mu/ legally rema92 until alt]$ or ext+ui%$ by "s p[] co-equal to t :i* gave x#d4 ,b z x may p]haps be to ! purpose1 my ,"l1 to try ! =ce & effect ( ^! acts ( trade ref]r$ to1 ,i w1 ) y\r ,lord%ip's indulg5ce1 /ate a case or two1 :]eby _! op]ation 9 ?is c\ntry might be felt & p]ceiv$4 ,suppose1 my ,"l1 t a fleet ( m]*ant %ips belong+ to ! ,african company1 conta9+ tw5ty ?\s& ,negroes on bo>d 7m or less1 x is ( no matt]71 b\nd f ,africa to ,am]ica1 %\ld1 by /range1 contr>y1 & adv]se w9ds1 be driv5 & wreck$ ^u ! coa/ ( ,engl&2 t ! %ips 7 lo/ & de/roy$1 b t ! ,negroes _h be5 l&$ 9 safety on ?is %ore ( fre$om3 w\ld ! ,african company1 my ,"l1 be ju/ifi$ & entitl$ to re-%ip ^! ,negroes 9 o!r vessels1 to ! end t !y might be convey$ to _! de/9$ ports 9 ,am]ica8 ,or1 w\ld ! pure air ( ?is c\ntry1 z has be5 insi/$ on1 set !m1 ) caps ( lib]ty on _! heads1 free & at l>ge2 !reby robb+1 = s ,i mu/ call x1 ^! m]*ants ( _! prop]ty to ! am\nt ( "o million ( money1 at ! all[ance1 & on ! mod]ate computation1 ( fifty p\nds price = ea* individual ,negroe8 ,9 ?is k+dom ( comm]ce1 my ,"l1 :]e ! rights ( m]*ants are s well di/+ui%$1 & ! laws ( trade are s m9utely kn[n1 ,i %\ld presume t ! case w\ld n admit ( a "q4 ,( :at use w\ld ! *>t] ( ?is company be to !m1 if ! laws protective ( t *>t] %\ld be f\nd inadequate & ineffectual to ! ma9t5ance & security ( _! prop]ty8 ,b aga93 x has be5 obs]v$1 t by ! /atute ( ! #e? ( ,george ,,iii4 *ap4 xliv4 a numb] ( canoe-m51 & o!r ,negroes1 9 ,africa1 7 ve/$ 9 ! ,cr[n4 ,n[1 by canoe-m51 ,i suppose1 my ,"l1 are meant1 ,african sailors4 ,suppose !n1 t "o hundr$1 = example1 ( ^! sailors %\ld1 by "s contrivance or o!r1 f9d _! way into ,engl&2 w\ld ! ,k+1 my ,"l1 h au?ority to rem& !m to _! place ( duty8 or1 w\ld writs ( ,habeas ,corpus1 9 despite ( ?is act ( ,p>liam5t1 protect !m "h2 !reby det]m9+ ! "r ( ! ,cr[n 9 !m8 ,! case1 my ,"l1 speaks & det]m9es = itself4 ,:]e9 !n1 my ,"l1 diff]s ! case ( ,mr4 ,/eu>t f ^!8 ,_! importance is great]1 b ! pr9ciple ?r\gh\t is ! same4 ,i believe x is n d5i$ t ,mr4 ,/eu>t 0 ! bona fide pur*as] ( ,som]set1 9 ! legal c\rse ( trade4 ,i d n appreh5d t any evid5ce 0 (f]$ to %ew t he _h /ol5 him1 or t he came by him o!rwise surreptiti\sly4 ,if my memory does n fail me1 ! prop]ty 0 prov$1 by affidavit1 be=e y\r ,lord%ip2 or x 0 /at$ 9 ! return made to ! ,writ ( ,habeas ,corpus2 b 9 ei!r way x is ( no conc]n1 s9ce ! title-de$s are n n[ be=e ! ,c\rt z ! objects ( ,litigation#e4 ,"h !n1 my ,"l1 )\t f>!r disquisition1 ,i might v5ture to re/ ! def5ce ( ,mr4 ,/eu>t1 & !re9 ! law ( ! case itself4 ,! reason+1 p]haps1 may be said to be new1 & x is op9ion only ( my own t supports ! doctr9e3 b1 ,i tru/1 t1 ^u exam9ation1 x w be f\nd to be n !re=e ! less conclusive4 ,h[ev]1 z ,i am ^u ! subject1 x may n be amiss t ,i %\ld pursue x some:at f>!r2 &1 by ext5d+ ! *a9 ( enquiry1 /r5g!n & en=ce ! argum5ts t h be5 already (f]$ & appli$4 ,x 0 said1 by "o ( ! pla9tiff's c\nsel1 t municipal laws 7 b9d+ only 9 ! /ate :]e9 !y 7 made2 t1 z soon z a memb] ( t /ate 0 out ( x1 !y ceas$ to h _! influ5ce on him2 & ! laws ( nature ( c\rse succe$$ to him4 ,z a g5]al proposition1 my ,"l1 ?is might h _h its admission2 b ev5 z su*1 x is n )\t its exception4 ,i ?9k ,i h ! mo/ classical au?ority ( ! law to say o!rwise4 ,= in/ance1 allegiance1 :i* is ! duty t e subject owes to ! sov]eign1 or sov]eignty1 ( t p>ticul> /ate to :i* he belongs1 is a municipal law2 & yet1 nei!r "t1 place1 nor circum/ance1 c alt]1 =feit1 or cancel1 ! obligation4 ,an ,engli%man 7says ,judge ,black/one7#f1 :o removes to ,france or to ,*9a1 owes ! same allegiance to ! ,k+ ( ,engl& !re z at home1 & tw5ty ye>s h5ce z well z n[4 ,b1 my ,"l1 ) reg>d to ! p>ticul> application ( ?is proposition1 :5 ! g5tleman endeav\r$ to make a di/9ction betwe5 ! laws ( ! colonies & ! laws ( ,engl&1 9 my appreh5sion he 0 extremely mi/ak54 ,i fancy ! relation%ip & dep5d5cy ( ! *ildr5 colonies on _! "m c\ntry did n occur to 8 m9d4 ,! circum/ance ( _! hav+ int]nal laws ( _! own1 by no means argues a diff]5ce 9 ^? laws1 indep5d5t ( ! laws ( ,engl&4 ,z well might x be said1 t ! laws ( ,engl& are n ! laws ( ! c\nty ( ,k5t1 because by ! cu/om ( gavelk9d !y diff] f ! g5]al laws 9 ! disposition ( ,e/ates2 & s ( ,bor\gh-,engli%1 & :]ev] 9 ?is k+dom p>ticul> cu/oms are to be f\nd or met )4 ,=1 my ,"l1 x is n only a fir/ & lead+ pr9ciple ( legislation 9 ! colonies1 aris+ out ( _! orig9al grants & *>t]s1 & en=c$ by ! royal in/ructions giv5 to comm&]s 9 *ief !re2 b x is also enact$ by ! /atute ( ! #g? & #h? ( ,william ,,iii4 *4 xxii4 8t no law1 usage1 or cu/om1 %all be made or receiv$ 9 ! plantations1 repugnant to ! laws ( ,engl&30 s t1 by ^! re/rictions1 ! v leges loci 7:]e91 f situation1 f climate1 & f o!r circum/ances1 "o might naturally suppose "s diff]5ce7 are =c$ z mu* z may be to a con=mity ) ! con/itution & laws ( ?is c\ntry2 & to prev5t ev5 ! accid5t ( a contr>y occurr5ce1 y\r ,lord%ip kn[s1 t !re is a c\nsell\r appo9t$ to ! bo>d ( trade "h1 ^: especial bus9ess x is1 to exam9e all ! colony acts1 & !reupon to make 8 report1 if necess>y1 previ\s to ! royal confirmation ( !m4 ,if prop]ty1 !re=e1 9 ,negroes1 0 repugnant to ! law ( ,engl&1 x c\ld n be ! law ( ,am]ica3 = 7besides ! reasons already assign$7 by ! same /atute :]ev] ?is repugnancy is1 !re ! law is ipso facto null & void4 ,b ,i w fur!r endeav\r to elucidate ?is matt]1 by begg+ a "q or two1 by way ( case 9 po9t4 ,let x be admitt$ !n1 t a colony ( ,engli% _h emb>k$ f h5ce1 9 ord] to e/abli% settlem5ts = !mselves 9 "s "o ( ! late c$$ isl&s 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 & t !y 7 arriv$1 x may be said1 9 ! isl&1 :]e ,engli% troops1 trampl+ on ! laws ( ,god & man1 are slaught]+ ev5 to extirpation a guiltless race ( ,c>ibs1 ! aborig9es ( ! c\ntry4 ,i mean ! isl& ( ,/4 ,v9c5t1 an isl& "u ! tutelage ( a ,sa9t too6 ,& suppose t1 ^u _! arrival !re1 ! ,legislature ( t c\ntry _h tak5 x into _! heads to pass an act simil> to ! #be? ( ,geo4 ,,ii4 *4 xl4 already ref]r$ to1 !reby ve/+ ^! p z prop]ty1 9 c]ta9 own]s allott$ to !m3 ,i %\ld be glad to "k1 my ,"l1 :e!r ?is act c\ld possibly h op]at$ z a law1 & :e!r x 0 n1 eo in/anti1 ^u its be+ enact$1 de/itute & void ( all =ce1 validity1 & effect8 ,y\r ,lord%ip's answ] d\btless w\ld be1 t ?is act mu/ h be5 its own execution]1 t x 0 felo de se4 ,:y !n1 my ,"l1 does n ! pr9ciple directive ( ?is conclusion on ! case ( ! colony ( ,engli%1 det]m9e likewise on ! case ( ! ,negroes8 ,if an act ( an ,am]ican plantation mak+ prop]ty ( a colony ( ,engli% !re1 is nullifi$ ab initio f its be+ enact$1 :y is n an act mak+ prop]ty ( a colony ( ,africans susceptible ( ! same nullity8 ,! reason1 my ,"l1 is tw(old3 fir/1 because 9 ! "o act1 su* a law is n only repugnant to1 b absolutely subv]sive (1 ! laws ( ,engl&3 secondly1 because 9 ! o!r act1 su* a law is n only consi/5t )1 b f\nd$ on1 ! laws ( ,engl&3 & ?is1 my ,"l1 proves to ma!matical demon/ration1 t ! colony laws are n only 9 g5]al dep5dant on ! laws ( ,engl&1 b1 9 p>ticul> in/ances1 owe _! orig9 & s\rce to !m3 s t1 z ! refract$ rays ( light1 div]g+ f "o po9t ?r\gh a prism1 may be conc5tr$ 9 ! same focus2 9 l mann] may ^! laws1 not)/&+ _! numb] & v>iety1 be collect$ & dispos$ ( 9 "o common sy/em or dige/1 z p>ts ( ! same :ole4 ,f :at !re=e ,i h "h sugge/$1 my ,"l1 ,i mean to conclude g5]ally1 t ! "r & prop]ty1 n only ( ,mr4 ,/eu>t 9 8 ,negroe ,som]set1 b ( e subject ( ,great ,brita9 9 8 ,negroe or ,negroes1 ei!r 9 ! colonies or else:]e1 is a "r & prop]ty f\nd$ 9 him by ! law ( ?is l&2 t ! royal grants1 lett]s pat5t1 & *>t]s1 = & ( ! ,african trade & company1 confirm$ & e/abli%$ by acts ( ,p>liam5t1 are ! f\ndation :]eupon all ! laws ( ! colonies1 respect+ _! ,negroes1 are built2 & t1 )\t su* sanction1 ^? laws c\ld nev] h be5 made4 ,=1 my ,"l1 x is evid5t t ! colonies c\ld n h _h p[] ( !mselves to in/itute ?is trade to ,africa2 nei!r h !y ! means to support x4 ,)\t ?is trade !n to ,africa1 no ,negroes c\ld h be5 import$ to !m2 & if !y _h _h no ,negroes among !m1 !y _h ne$$ no laws app]ta9+ to ,negroes#g4 ,b1 my ,"l1 x may be urg$1 t al?\gh ! laws ( ,engl& may make prop]ty ( ,negroes1 !y d n make slaves ( !m4 ,i %\ld imag9e t1 al?\gh an individual1 ,i might answ] individually = e ,am]ican subject ( ! ,k+1 t !y d n desire any great] int]e/ 9 _! ,negroes ?an t ( prop]ty4 ,x is self-suffici5t to answ] all _! purposes1 & to produce all t great good :i* ?is nation exp]i5ces !refrom4 ,x is a supposition ( inhumanity1 ,i hope1 inapplicable to ^! p1 t !y %\ld wi% to make slaves ( _! ,negroes1 m]ely = ! sake ( slav]y2 & if x %\ld appe>1 t !re is no su* law exi/+ 9 ,am]ica1 z ! law ( slav]y1 consid]$ z su*1 ,i %\ld inf] t ! contr>y presumption 0 fitte/ to be ent]ta9$ & receiv$4 ,! law respect+ ,negroes !re1 my ,"l1 is ! law ( prop]ty1 cons5tane\s to ! law ( ,engl&4 ,by ?is law !y are made real e/ate1 = ! purpose ( desc5t1 & goods & *attels quoad ! paym5t ( debts4 ,?is is ! orig9al & fundam5tal law conc]n+ ,negroes4 ,i d n rememb] ev] to h se5 ! ^w ,slav]y made use (1 9 any law1 ( any colony1 9 ,am]ica4 ,i admit t ,negroes are !re t]m$ slaves3 b ,i w tell y\r ,lord%ip :y4 ,9 ! crim9al law1 :]e !y become necess>ily ! objects ( puni%m5t1 x is ess5tial t !y %\ld h "s descriptive "n or title giv5 to !m4 ,x is = ?is reason1 !re=e1 t !y are !re1 & !re only s call$4 ,z !y _h be5 already def9$ to be prop]ty1 z ,negroes1 x c\ld n be said t1 if prop]ty %\ld /rike 8 ma/]1 prop]ty %all be puni%$2 b x is said1 t if a slave %\ld /rike 8 ma/]1 ?is slave %all be puni%$ accord+ly4 ,n[ 9 ! anti5t law ( ,engl&1 my ,"l1 :5 slav]y 0 "p ( ! con/itution1 y\r ,lord%ip kn[s1 t n only ! ville9 0 describ$1 b ! law ( vill5age or bondage 0 also kn[n & laid d[n4 ,9 ! laws ( ,am]ica1 ! slave is made m5tion (1 = ! reason assign$2 b ! law ( slav]y1 h[ev] impli$ly1 is no :]e expressly to be f\nd4 ,b "h1 my ,"l1 ,i mu/ beg leave to make a %ort digression1 int5tionally to wipe (f an imputation1 :i* by "o ( ! pla9tiff's c\nsel 0 ?r[n on ! own]s & possessors ( ,negroes 9 ,am]ica4 ,9 ! c\rse ( 8 plead+1 he took occasion to draw a horrid & a frightful picture ( ! b>b>ity1 & cruelties1 t 7 ex]cis$ on ^! be+s 9 ! colonies2 & conclud$ ) hop+1 t su* practices w\ld = ev] rema9 =bidd5 to ?is c\ntry4 ,y\r ,lord%ip kn[s1 t :]ev] ord] is1 !re discipl9e mu/ ensue4 ,l z cause & effect1 !y are insep>able "o f ! o!r4 ,n[ x is n to be presum$1 t an hundr$ ?\s& ,negroes are to be held 9 ob$i5ce to t5 or fifte5 ?\s& own]s 7= ?is p]haps may be f\nd to be ne> ! av]age7 )\t "s means or me?ods1 :i*1 f _! accid5tal application1 might s g5]ally op]ate on _! fe>s1 z to produce ! end requir$4 ,x is s 9 ! case ( ! navy2 x is s 9 ! army ( e c\ntry 9 ! kn[n _w4 ,a soldi] w\ld n put himself 9 ! front ( a battle1 to run ! risque ( be+ %ot ?r\gh ! head1 if he did n "k t ?is w\ld be ! c]ta9 consequ5ce ( 8 des]tion4 ,! fe> ( ! latt] gives him c\rage to engage 9 ! =m]3 or1 h[ o!rwise c\ld fifty (fic]s1 p]haps1 comm& a regim5t ( a ?\s& m58 ,b1 my ,"l1 ! design ( ?is g5tleman's gr\pe ( figures1 0 to induce a belief 9 ! ,c\rt1 t ,engli% feel+s 7 to revolt at ,am]ican puni%m5ts4 ,z m>tial law is n ! law ( ,we/m9/]-hall1 x is likely t he has n /udi$ x3 b1 liv+ 9 ?is c\ntry1 ,i _c suppose him a /rang] to ! effects ( x4 ,:o h n be5 eye-witnesses to ! hundr$s ( /ripes t h be5 giv5 to soldi]s on ! p>ade ( ,/4 ,james's8 ,i saw once1 my ,"l1 two sailors :o 7 p]haps impress$ m5 too "u ! s5t5ce ( receiv+ five hundr$ la%es ea*1 flogg$ on _! nak$ backs along ! sides ( ?irty-f\r m5 ( w>1 ly+ at an*or 9 ! h>b\r ( ,spi!ad4 ,0 su* a puni%m5t ev] kn[n to h be5 inflict$ on any ,negroe 9 ! ,am]ican plantations8 ,no1 my ,"l3 ! laws ( e colony =bid x3 b a /rong] law ?an ^! prev5ts x1 ! law ( self-int]e/4 ,negroes are ! ri*es ( ^? :o possess !m4 ,l&1 )\t _! aid & assi/ance1 9 ord] to cultivation1 is useless1 & ( no value4 ,if _! heal?s are impair$1 _! lab\r is lo/1 & pr(it ceases4 ,if _! lives are de/roy$1 _! places mu/ be suppli$ ) m difficulty1 & at a mu* great] exp5ce1 ?an is commonly suppos$4 ,! good consequ5ce ( :i*1 my ,"l1 is1 t ! /ate ( ,negroes1 ct]is p>ibus1 9 ,am]ica1 is pref]able1 nay inf9itely m desireable1 ?an ! condition ( ! poor] sort ( p resid+ ev5 9 ?is boa/$ happy isle4 ,i w n say1 my ,"l1 t ?is is a rule )\t an exception4 ,!re are madm5 9 all p>ts ( ! _w1 :o1 z su*1 act diametrically opposite to _! int]e/4 ,su* !re are 9 ,am]ica3 b y\r ,lord%ip sees1 t ! obs]vation is f\nd$ on reason2 & ,i c assure y\r ,lord%ip1 t x is ! effect ( g5]al exp]i5ce4 ,b1 my ,"l1 ,i _c quit ?is subject )\t mak+ all due all[ance = ! le>n$ c\nsel's zeal = 8 cli5t1 & = ! w>m? ( 8 y\?1 :i* probably might h hurri$ him into ?is ill-gr\nd$ & uncall$-= reproa*4 ,x 0 ill-gr\nd$1 z1 ,i hope1 ,i h prov$3 x 0 uncall$-=1 because n necess>y to ! "q2 & c\ld no o!rwise h be5 appli$ or receiv$1 ?an z m]e argum5ta ad passiones3 :i*1 h[ev] admissable to ! e>s ( a jury1 to ! di/+ui%+ eye ( a c\rt1 nev] fail to c>ry ) !m _! own impropriety4 ,b 9 ju/ice to ! g5tleman1 9 o!r respects1 ,i am call$ ^u to say1 t x 0 ) inf9ite pleasure ,i p]ceiv$ ^? rays ( g5ius & abilities 9 him1 :i* promise to %9e =? s conspicu\sly1 to ! ornam5t ( ?is c\ntry1 & to ! hon\r ( ,b>badoes1 8 native isl&1 9 ,am]ica#h4 ,i come n[1 my ,"l1 to say1 t ,i hope x w n be imput$ to me z vanity1 t ,i h v5tur$ to sugge/ :at might 9 "p h l$ ! ideas ( ^? great & wise m51 ! ,"l ,*ancell\rs ,talbot & ,h>dwick1 to ! conclusion :i* !y h drawn1 namely1 t ,negroes 9 ?is c\ntry d n become free4 ,i 0 enc\rag$ 9 ! und]tak+1 by ! greatness ( _! au?ority4 ,i 0 enlight5$ 9 ! pursuit1 by ! evid5ce ( _! op9ion4 ,i ?\ght myself ju/ifi$ 9 re/+ _! *ief reasons & motives on ! pr9ciples ( prop]ty2 & ,i w produce ! op9ion itself1 z ! w>rant ( my ju/ification3 8,we are ( op9ion1 ,t a slave1 by com+ f ! ,we/ ,indies1 ei!r ) or )\t 8 ma/]1 to ,great ,brita9 or ,irel&1 do? n become free2 & t 8 ma/]'s prop]ty or "r 9 him is n !reby det]m9$ or v>i$2 & baptism do? n be/[ fre$om on him1 nor make any alt]ation 9 8 temporal condition 9 ^! k+doms3 ,we are also ( op9ion1 t ! ma/] may legally compel him to return to ! plantations#i4 8,p4 ,,york4 8,c4 ,,talbot40 ,jan4 #bd1 #agbi4 ,^u ?is op9ion1 my ,"l1 ,i %all make no o!r rem>k1 ?an t "r & prop]ty seem to be ! obvi\s gr\nd & f\ndation ( x1 or ! h+es :]eupon ! :ole is made to hang & to turn4 ,b1 my ,"l1 ,i w n[ admit1 t1 :at is held to be law1 is at v>iance ) ?is op9ion4 ,x is laid d[n 8t a ,slave or ,negroe1 ! in/ant he l&s 9 ,engl&1 becomes a freeman20 t is1 8! law w protect him 9 ! enjoym5t ( 8 p]son & 8 prop]ty2 yet ) reg>d to any "r :i* ! ma/] may h acquir$ to ! p]petual s]vice ( ,john or ,?omas1 ?is w rema9 exactly 9 ! same /ate z be=e40 ,! int]pret]s ( ?is law1 my ,"l1 may be "r 9 po9t ( reason2 b1 ,i submit x1 t !y are wrong 9 po9t ( law#aj4 ,! case is ?is1 my ,"l3 see+ t ,negroes are human creatures1 x w\ld seem+ly foll[ t !y %\ld be all[$ ! privileges ( _! nature1 :i*1 9 ?is c\ntry p>ticul>ly1 are 9 "p ! enjoym5t ( p]son & prop]ty4 ,n[1 f h5ce a relation is inf]r$1 t has n ! lea/ col\r ( exi/5ce 9 law4 ,a ,negroe is look$ ^u to be ! s]vant ( 8 ma/]2 b by :at au?ority is ! relation ( s]vant & ma/] creat$8 ,n by ! au?ority ( ! law1 h[ev] x may be by ! evid5ce ( reason4 ,by ! law1 ! relation is1 z ,negroe & ,own]3 he is made matt] ( trade2 he is an article ( comm]ce1 he is said to be prop]ty2 he is goods1 *attels1 & effects1 ve/able & ve/$ 9 8 own]4 ,?is1 my ,"l1 is ! law ( ,engl&1 h[ev] contradictory to1 or subv]sive (1 ! law ( reason#aa4 ,n[ z to ! fact ( prop]ty 9 ,negroes1 )\t exception to ?is k+dom or limitation to o!r c\ntries1 ,i am support$ 9 op9ion by ! au?ority ( ! le>n$ ,judge ,black/one2 ?\gh he ascribes ! rise ( ?is prop]ty to a s\rce v diff]5t f me4 ,9 ! *apt] (1 ,title to ?+s p]sonal by occupancy1 he says1 8,z 9 ! goods ( ! enemy1 s also 9 8 p]son1 a man may acquire a sort ( qualifi$ prop]ty1 by tak+ him a prison] 9 w>1 at lea/ till 8 ransom be paid4 ,& ?is doctr9e seems to h be5 ext5d$ to ,negroe s]vants1 :o are pur*as$ :5 captives1 ( ! nations ) :om !y are at w>1 & cont9ue !re=e 9 "s degree ! prop]ty ( _! ma/]s 7he %\ld h r said own]s7 :o buy !m40 ,"h !n he ref]s to ! law ( nations1 = ! e/abli%m5t ( t :i* ,i appeal to ! law ( ,engl& =4 ,n[1 al?\gh ! law ( nations might h be5 a good gr\nd to re/ ! municipal law ( ?is c\ntry ^u1 & might h s]v$ z a preamble to1 or reason =1 an act ( p>liam5t2 yet x is n )9 my conception1 h[1 9 su* an int]nal conc]n z ?is is1 ! law ( nations c\ld h be5 ! law itself4 ,= example1 if 9 ! return to ! writ ( ,habeas ,corpus 9 ?is case1 x _h be5 set =?1 t ,negroe s]vants are pur*as$ :5 captives ( ! nations ) :om !y are at w>1 & !re=e ! law ( nations gives _! ma/]s a prop]ty 9 _! p]sons2 w\ld y\r ,lord%ip h ?\ght ?is a lawful plea = ! rem&+ ( ,som]set8 ,if n1 y\r ,lord%ip f9ds t ! fact ( prop]ty is admitt$ by ! le>n$ ,judge1 )\t ! prop] f\ndation ( law to support x4 ,b he proce$s to say1 8?\gh1 accurately speak+1 t prop]ty consi/s r 9 ! p]petual s]vice1 ?an 9 ! body or p]son ( ! captives40 ,accurately speak+1 my ,"l1 ,i jo9 issue ) ! le>n$ ,judge3 b1 legally speak+1 ! law is z he _h /at$ x to be4 ,^? :o speak accurately reason f ! real nature ( ,negroes1 & draw _! conclusions f !nce3 ! ,lords ,talbot & ,h>dwick spoke legally1 & drew _! op9ions f ! f\nta9-head ( law4 ,besides1 my ,"l1 ,i conceive x to be impossible t ! law %\ld be z ^! int]pret]s or report]s h made x to be2 because ! result ( x is pla9--inconsi/5cy1 & positive absurdity4 ,if ,som]set is protect$ by ! law ( ,engl& 9 ! enjoym5t ( 8 p]son & prop]ty1 h[1 9 appeal to common s5se1 c ,mr4 ,/eu>t's "r 9 him rema9 exactly 9 ! same /ate z be=e8 8,yes1 x may be said1 he has a "r to ! p]petual s]vice ( him2 = ?is is no m ?an ! same /ate ( subjection = life1 :i* e appr5tice submits to = ! space ( sev5 ye>s1 or sometimes = a long] "t40 ,b by :at mode or me?od does ,mr4 ,/eu>t acquire ?is p]petual "r to 8 s]vice8 ,!re is no ind5ture ( appr5tice%ip on ! "p ( ,som]set to him3 !re is no writt5 contract ( any sort or k9d :atev]1 !re is no p>ole agreem5t betwe5 !m1 to en=ce ?is "r ( s]vice4 ,h[ is x to be ma9ta9$ !n8 ,if by ! pur*ase ( him1 prop]ty is ! (fspr+ ( pur*ase2 &1 z su*1 ,mr4 ,/eu>t claims him4 ,if he is n 8 prop]ty1 he has o!rwise no "r 9 him1 nor to 8 s]vices1 &1 aga91 if he is 8 prop]ty1 :o %all disseise him !re(8 ,z ,i began1 my ,"l1 ) mak+ a di/9ction betwe5 slav]y & prop]ty1 & h p]si/$ 9 _! legal diff]5ce relatively to ! /ate & condition ( ,negroes1 "s f>!r explanation on ?is po9t may p]haps be look$ = & requir$ ( me4 ,i am s5sible x may objectively be said1 t 9 e k9d ( slav]y !re is an includ$ degree ( prop]ty1 m or less limit$ or ext5d$2 & t ?is k9d ( prop]ty !re=e 9 ,negroes is b an accumulat$ degree ( slav]y3 s t ! di/9ction ,i h made is a di/9ction )\t a diff]5ce1 & a m]e cont5ti\sness ab\t words4 ,b1 al?\gh ,i admit ! tru? ( ?is objection 9 "p1 ,i mu/ d5y1 9 ! :ole1 its application to ! pr9ciples ( my argum5t4 ,slav]y1 my ,"l1 is t /ate ( subjection1 :i* mank9d1 by =ce or o!rwise1 acquire ! "o ov] ! o!r4 ,9 e society !re=e :]e ?is /ate ( subjection prevails1 ! object & subject ( ^? laws necess>y = ! regulation !re( are1 :at8 are human nature itself4 ,let x be consid]$ !n :e!r human nature is ei!r ! object or subject ( ! laws ( ,engl&1 respect+ ! /ate & condition ( ,negroes4 ,& "h1 my ,"l1 ,i beg leave to ass]t1 t ! appeal ,i h already made to ^? laws ma9ta9s ! contr>y matt] ( fact1 ) ! und5iable pro( ( self-evid5ce4 ,b x may aga9 be urg$1 t au?ority1 h[ev] respectable1 is n ! te/ ( tru?2 & !re=e1 says ! disputant1 %ew me ! reason1 ! ,cur1 ! ,qu>e1 ! ,quamobrem1 ( ^! laws4 ,to :i*1 9 ! language & po/ulate ( ! ,greek ,philosoph]1 ,i reply2 t1 z matt] ( fact is ! ( my argum5t1 beyond ?is1 x is n incumb5t on me to ext5d my enquiries4 ,& yet1 my ,"l1 a rese>* ( ?is nature be+ p]haps f\nd$ ^u no imp]t95t or unmean+ curiosity1 ! sugge/ions ev5 ( fancy & imag9ation may n be "h undes]v+ y\r ,lord%ip's att5tion2 & z su* ! subject is1 9 ?is view1 ( c\rse n unwor?y my notice4 ,x be+ !n evid5tly ! w1 x is n to be presum$1 till ! contr>y appe>s1 t x 0 ! effect also ( ! wisdom ( p>liam5t1 t ,negroes "u ! law %\ld n be consid]$ z human be+s2 & !re=e ,i am l$ to surmise t ?is det]m9ation ( ! ,legislature might h aris5 f "o or ! o!r ( two motives or consid]ations3 ! "o physical1 ! o!r political4 ,) respect !n to ! physical motive1 y\r ,lord%ip ne$ n be told h[ mu* ! orig9 ( ,negroes1 ! cause ( t rem>kable diff]5ce 9 complexion f ! re/ ( mank9d1 & ! woolly cov]+ ( _! heads s simil> to ! fleece ( %eep1 h puzzl$ & p]plex$ ! ,naturali/s ( all c\ntries = ages pa/4 ,x 0 a subject ( ! deepe/ reflection to ! great & le>n$ ,mr4 ,boyle2 & :at c\ld engage 8 div9e abilities1 )\t satisfaction ei!r to himself or o!rs1 is likely to rema9 among ^? arcana ( nature t are n to be reveal$ to human und]/&+4 ,b1 al?\gh ^! phnom5a 9 nature are n to be acc\nt$ =1 & !re=e admit ( no pr9ciple ( law inf]ible f !m2 yet _! v incompreh5sibl5ess1 :5 comp>$ ) o!r circum/ances m kn[n & bett] und]/ood1 may s]ve to ?is end1 z s _m less] weights 9 ! scales ( great] probability4 ,n[1 my ,"l1 x is an op9ion univ]sally receiv$1 t human nature is univ]sally ! same3 b ,i %\ld appreh5d t ?is 0 a proportion r tak5 = grant$1 ?an admitt$ to be prov$3 = al?\gh ! prop] /udy ( mank9d is man1 & !re=e ! univ]sality ( su* an op9ion is prima facie evid5ce ( its tru?2 yet1 x is to be obs]v$1 t1 ( all o!r /udies1 ! sci5ce ( man has be5 lea/ ( all cultivat$ & improv$4 ,man only1 :o exam9es all ,nature else1 /&s unexam9$ by himself4 ,if we look into ! vegetable & m9]al k+doms ( ?is _w1 we %all p]ceive a scrut9y made 9 !m ! mo/ nice1 accurate1 & compreh5sive1 we %all f9d ^! gr& divisions ( nature arrang$ 9 classes1 ord]s1 k9ds1 & sorts3 we %all contemplate sy/ems morally p]fect4 ,if we take a view ( ! animal k+dom bel[ ourselves1 we %all be witnesses !re also ( ! same ord]1 regul>ity1 & p]fection4 ,:y !n is human nature exempt f ?is disquisition & arrangem5t8 ,are m5 afraid to turn _! eyes ^u !mselves1 le/ !y behold !mselves 9 ! mirror ( tru?8 ,or is x pride1 or vanity1 t causes ?is neglect8 ,yes1 m5 w\ld be angels1 angels w\ld be gods1 says ,mr4 ,pope#ab2 & yet man1 z ,dr4 ,li/] obs]ves#ac1 is z v a quadrup$ z any animal on e>?2 & ^: actions are mo/ ( !m resolvable into in/9ct1 not)/&+ ! pr9ciples :i* cu/om & education h sup]9duc$4 ,( o!r animals !n1 x is well kn[n1 !re are _m k9ds1 ea* k9d hav+ its prop] species subord9ate !reto3 b man is "o k9d ( animal1 & yet1 )\t di/9ction ( species1 univ]sally ! same4 ,does n ?is seem to break 9 ^u & unl9k t great *a9 ( ,heav51 :i* 9 due gradation jo9s & unites ! :ole ) all its p>ts8 ,may x n be m p]fective ( ! sy/em to say1 t human nature is a class1 compreh5d+ an ord] ( be+s1 ( :i* man is ! g5us1 divid$ into di/9ct & sep>ate species ( m58 ,all o!r species ( ! animal k+dom h _! m>ks ( di/9ction3 :y %\ld man be univ]sally indiscrim9ate "o to ! o!r8 ,! great ,mr4 ,locke says#ad1 t reason is suppos$ to make ! *>act]i/ic diff]5ce betwe5 man & bea/s3 b1 :at is ! *>act]i/ic t di/+ui%es man f man8 ,t !re may & %\ld be su* a di/9ction1 ,i h already endeav\r$ to %ew2 & ,i am apt to ?9k t ?is is a "q n )\t its answ]4 ,! le>n$ ,dr4 ,hut*9son#ae has demon/rat$ ! exi/5ce ( a moral s5se 91 & peculi> to1 human nature2 :i* z x s]ves ess5tially to di/+ui% man f bea/s1 & to raise him f ! t5? to ! t5 ?\s&? l9k ( ! *a91 s is x1 9 my humble appreh5sion1 an evid5t crit]ion ( ! specific diff]5ce betwe5 man & man4 ,n[ ,mr4 ,locke1 speak+ ( reason z t faculty :]eby man is di/+ui%$ f bea/s1 says1 t bea/s h reason 9 common ) m52 9 :i* h[ev] he is to be und]/ood1 t bea/s possess ! faculty1 & 9 "s measure h ! use1 ( reason2 b man's sup]iority ov] bea/s consi/s 9 ! p[] ( ex]t+ t faculty1 & 9 ! comp\nd ratio ( its ex]tion4 ,z bea/s !re=e h ! faculty ( reason1 & x is ! ex]tion 9 degree ( t faculty 7p>ticul>ly 9 obta9+ ab/ract ideas7 t creates ! great diff]5ce betwe5 man & bea/s3 s by ! same p>ity ( reason+1 ! moral s5se be+ a faculty ( ! human m9d common to all m51 ! capacity ( p]ceiv+ moral relations1 ! p[] ( ex]cis+ t faculty1 & ! comp\nd ratio ( its ex]cise1 is t :i* makes ! gr& diff]5ce & di/9ction betwe5 man & man4 ,all nature1 my ,"l1 :i* is ! art ( ,god1 is wisely fitt$ & adapt$ to t use & purpose = :i* x 0 orda9$2 & ! same obs]vation is to be made ev5 9 ! art ( man4 ,a flea is n less p]fect ?an an elephant because ( its size3 nei!r is ! cup t holds a p9t less compleat ?an ! vessel t conta9s an hundr$ gallons2 :5 bo? are full1 ! end = :i* bo? 7 design$ is answ]$ & fulfill$4 ,! use !n to be made ( ?is doctr9e1 my ,"l1 is1 t z exp]i5ce1 obs]vation1 & exp]im5t1 are ! f\ndations ^u :i* all speculative philosophy is rais$2 s1 f exp]i5ce & obs]vation1 ,i judge t ! tru? ( ?is hypo!sis may be v cle>ly prov$ & demon/rat$4 ,n[1 9 ord] to ?is1 x is necess>y to h rec\rse to ! hi/ories ( nations3 to read1 to exam9e1 & comp>e !m1 "o ) ! o!r4 ,to obs]ve ! moral improvem5ts _h by !m1 to rem>k ! social virtues t prevail2 & ?is w br+ me to ! acc\nts t h be5 giv5 ( ,negroes 7= hi/ories !y h none ( _! own7 & consequ5tly back to ! subject ( ?is address to y\r ,lord%ip4 ,b1 my ,"l1 =be>+ to tr\ble y\r ,lord%ip ) a detail ( ^! acc\nts1 ,i %all1 ref]r+ !m to y\r ,lord%ip's memory1 cont5t myself ) ! b>e m5tion ( a few facts only#af4 ,mr4 ,gu?rie1 9 8 acc\nt ( ,africa f ! tropic ( ,canc] to ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 says1 8,! hi/ory ( ?is cont95t is little kn[n1 & probably af=ds no mat]ials :i* des]ve to r5d] x m s4 ,we "k f ! anti5ts1 :o sail$ a consid]able way r\nd ! coa/s1 t ! inhabitants 7 9 ! same rude situation ne> #bjjj ye>s ago 9 :i* !y are at pres5t2 t is1 !y _h no?+ ( humanity ab\t !m b ! =m4 ,?is may ei!r be acc\nt$ = by suppos+1 t nature has plac$ "s insup]able b>ri] betwe5 ! natives ( ?is division ( ,africa & ! inhabitants ( ,europe2 or t ! =m]1 be+ s long accu/om$ to a savage mann] ( life1 & deg5]at+ f "o age to ano!r1 at l5g? became altoge!r incapable ( mak+ any progress 9 civility or sci5ce4 ,x is v c]ta9 t all ! attempts ( ! ,europeans1 p>ticul>ly ( ! ,dut* at ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 h be5 hi!rto ineffectual = mak+ ! lea/ impression on ^! savage mortals1 or giv+ !m ! lea/ incl9ation or ev5 idea ( ! ,european mann] ( life40 ,all o!r writ]s on ?is subject agree 9 ^! relations1 or furni% o!rs simil> to !m3 nor h ,i be5 able to f9d "o au?or1 by :om ,i c\ld discov] t !re 0 any sort ( plan or sy/em ( morality conceiv$ by ^! tribes ( ,africa1 or practis$ among !m4 ,_! b>b>ity to _! *ildr5 debases _! nature ev5 bel[ t ( brutes4 ,_! cruelty to _! ag$ p>5ts is ( a k9 to ?is4 ,!y h a religion1 x is true3 b x is a religion :i* seems ! effect only ( outw>d impressions1 & 9 :i* nei!r ! head nor ! he>t h any conc]n4 ,!y h laws f\nd$ on pr9ciples1 :i* pla9ly prove ! defective use ( ! moral s5se1 z appe>s 9 ?is in/ance among ! re/4 ,_! ,judges are judges & execution]s at "o & ! same "t4 ,:5 a crim9al is condemn$ by !m1 ! ,*ief ,ju/ice fir/ /rikes him ) a club1 & !n all ! re/ ( ! ,judges fall ^u him1 & drub him to dea?2 & nei!r ?is1 nor any o!r ( _! cu/oms1 c "t make any alt]ation 91 nor precept nor example am5d4 ,inde$1 if x 7 o!rwise1 x w\ld p]haps be unnatural3 = ! ,e?iopian _c *ange 8 sk91 nor ! ,leop>d 8 spots4 ,f ?is !n1 my ,"l1 ,i inf]1 t ! measure ( ^! be+s may be z compleat1 z t ( any o!r race ( mortals2 fill+ up t space 9 life beyond ! b\nds ( :i* !y are n capable ( pass+2 diff]+ f o!r m51 n 9 k9d1 b 9 species2 & v]ify+ t un]r+ tru? ( ,mr4 ,pope1 t 8,ord] is ,heav5's fir/ law2 & ?is confe/1 ,"s are1 & mu/ be1 great] ?an ! re/30 ,! application ( :at has be5 said1 is1 t ! ,legislature1 p]ceiv+ ! corporeal z well z intellectual diff]5ces ( ,negroes f o!r p1 kn[+ ! irreclaimable savag5ess ( _! mann]s1 & ( c\rse suppos+ t !y 7 an inf]ior race ( p1 ! conclusion 01 to foll[ ! comm]cial g5ius ( ?is c\ntry1 9 enact+ t !y %\ld be consid]$ & di/+ui%$ 7z !y are7 z articles ( its trade & comm]ce only#ag4 ,?us1 my ,"l1 borne on ! w+s ( ,fancy1 & l$ by ,imag9ation's wily tra91 h ,i v5tur$ 9 untrodd5 pa?s to trespass on philosophic gr\nd2 to :i* (f5ce1 h[ev]1 plead+ guilty at y\r ,lord%ip's b>1 ,i submit to ! ju/ice ( ! s5t5ce1 be y\r ,lord%ip's judgm5t :atev] x may4 ,b hav+ n[ discuss$ ! physical motive1 :i*1 z x is appreh5d$1 might h occasion$ ! civil exi/5ce1 if ,i may s say1 ( ,negroes 9 ?is k+dom2 ! political consid]ation propos$ comes next 9 ! ord] ( enquiry4 ,x mu/ be obs]v$1 my ,"l1 t if ! cause already assign$ be ! real cause1 :atev] is to be advanc$ on ?is head1 is useless & sup]flu\s4 ,bo? causes _c be true at "o & ! same "t4 ,!y are meant & mu/ be receiv$ 9 ! alt]native2 or z ! two /r+s ( ,nimrod's b[1 ( :i* if ei!r fail$1 ! o!r suppli$ ! want2 & ( :om ,mr4 ,pope ?us speaks3 8,bold ,nimrod fir/ ! savage *ace began1 ,a mighty ,hunt]1 & 8 game 0 man40 ,n[ ! physical motive supposes a diff]5ce ( species among m51 & an inf]iority ( t species 9 ,negroes3 :]eas ! political consid]ation1 on ! o!r h&1 inf]s an univ]sal sam5ess 9 human nature2 t is to say1 9 fact1 t ,engli%m5 are ,negroes1 & ,negroes are ,engli%m51 to all natural int5ts & purposes4 ,= :at signifies ! black sk91 & ! flat nose1 z ! great ,b>on ,montesquieu w\ld ins9uate#ah8 ,& yet me?9ks1 if ! ,b>on _h _h a black sk91 & a flat nose1 ! _w nev] w\ld h _h ! b5efit ( 8 ,esprit des ,loix4 ,^u ?is gr\nd !n1 ! "q t arises is1 :at c\ld h giv5 rise to ?is degradation & debasem5t ( human nature8 ,if ^! our fell[-creatures 7 in/rum5ts necess>y = ! coloniz+ ( ,am]ica1 & to ?is end compulsory laws 7 exp$i5t also1 :y 7 ^! laws n made suitable & suit$ to _! nature8 ,:y 7 ,negroes orda9$ a mortuum vadum1 in/ead ( a vivum vadum1 7s to speak = comp>ison sake7 to ^? "u ^: dom9ion !y came8 ,might n ! laws ( vill5age h be5 reviv$ quoad !m8 ,might n o!r laws ( slav]y h be5 enact$ = _! gov]nm5t8 ,"h is x !n t policy1 :i* is ! object ( my discov]y1 mu/ h int]v5$4 ,n[ ! plant+ ( ! colonies op5+ ) ! #af? c5tury1 & consequ5tly comm5c+ ne>ly ) ! reign ( ,james ,i4 x appe>s1 t dur+ ! reigns ( ?is race ( k+s1 _! cultivation & improvem5t 7 s rapidly _h1 t1 f a /ate ( infancy1 be=e ! end ( ! reign ( ,*>les ,,ii4 !y _h gr[n up & increas$ to ! vig\r ( manhood4 ,x is 9 ?is p]iod ( hi/ory1 !re=e1 my ,"l1 t ,i am to se>* =1 & to trace1 ! cause ( ?is allott$ condition ( ,negroes3 b1 z x _c be expect$ t ,i %\ld "h ent] into ! p>ticul>s ( ^? times1 s nei!r is x necess>y to my purpose4 ,a s+le incontrov]tible obs]vation w s]ve to re/ ! :ole ( :at ,i h to (f] on ?is subject2 & :i* is ?is3 t f ! alpha ( ! reign ( ,james ,i4 to ! omega ( ! reign ( ,james ,,ii4 to enslave1 0 ! fix$ pr9ciple & uni=m plan ( gov]nm5t4 ,?is !n at once acc\nts = ! tol]ation ( a measure1 s inconsi/5t ) ! pr9ciples ( ! con/itution ( ?is c\ntry3 b ! reason ^u :i* ! measure 0 gr\nd$ is n s imm$iately obvi\s4 ,f ?+s t are m kn[n1 ?+s t are less kn[n mu/ be d$uc$4 ,n[ x is a maxim 9 politics1 t to obta9 an end1 direct means are n always to be pursu$1 or r t indirect means are all[$ to be practic$2 & ?is w lead me to m5tion two que/ions t h be5 already /at$4 ,:y 7 n ! laws ( vill5age en=c$8 or :y 7 n o!r laws ( slav]y enact$ = ! gov]nm5t ( ^! p8 ,! answ] is pla92 ^! 7 edg$ tools1 :i* ! complexion ( ! times w\ld n suff] ! use (4 ,en\gh 0 ! plan ( gov]nm5t expos$1 ?\gh hid "u ! cloak ( religion4 ,su* a /ep w\ld h left x nak$1 & )\t a cov]+4 ,policy !re=e prev5t$ t :i* ! jeal\sy ( ! p w\ld h =bidd54 ,9 va9 w\ld h be5 ! argum5t1 t ^! laws 7 int5d$ = op]ation 9 ! new _w ( ,am]ica4 ,ev] to beg9 at ! extremes is a well-kn[n rule 9 ! art ( atta9+ to despotism4 ,! m di/ant ! design1 ! deep] laid is ! s*eme1 & ! m sure 9 its consequ5ces4 ,z 9 ! body natural1 ev5 s is x 9 ! body politic4 ,! disease t lays hold ( ! toe1 (t5 f9ds its way to ! he>t4 ,gradual encroa*m5ts by imp]ceptible movem5ts are ! mo/ dang]\s symptoms4 ,!y call (f att5tion to rem$ies1 & lull suspicion to sleep4 ,b may all lov]s ( lib]ty ev] h _! eyes op5 & awake to ?is despotic process6 ,he t w\ld tyrannise 9 ,am]ica or abroad1 awaits only ! opportunity ( becom+ a tyrant at ,home2 b ?ank ,god1 my ,"l1 ! pres5t times ) u1 ( all o!rs1 give lea/ occasion = any appreh5sions ( ?is sort4 ,b to return4 ,in/ead !n ( t ,demon ,slav]y be+ call$ 9 to preside ov] ,negroes1 ,trade1 ! gu>dian angel ( ,engl&1 0 made ! rul] ( !m4 ,?is ,i attribute to policy2 :i*1 h[ev] seem+ly m con/itutional1 0 n less fav\rable to ! rul+ pr9ciple ( ! ,cr[n4 ,i h already admitt$1 t to erect corporations1 & to grant ,lett]s ,pat5t = ! purposes ( trade1 are 9 ! ,cr[n its und\bt$ pr]ogative2 b1 consid]+ ,negroes z human creatures1 & ^u a level ) ourselves1 ,i submit x to y\r ,lord%ip1 t ! ,cr[n _h no "r to make slaves ( !m2 :atev] ! uncontr\lable p[] ( an act ( p>liam5t might d3 & yet ,*>les ! ,second1 by 8 ,*>t] only to ! ,duke ( ,york1 enslav$ :ole nations ( ^! p4 ,! apology1 ,i appreh5d1 = ?is1 my ,"l1 w be2 t nei!r ?is ,*>t]1 nor any o!r ,grant1 h ev] conceiv$ ,negroes 9 ?is light & view2 z1 relation be+ !reunto _h1 w m fully appe>#ai4 ,if s1 my ,"l1 two ?+s come out 9 pro(3 presumptively1 t ! ,cr[n _h no "r ( itself to make slaves ( ,negroes1 or x w\ld1 9 ^? days at lea/1 h ex]t$ x2 positively by ^! au?orities !mselves1 t ,negroes are n consid]$ z slaves "u ! idea ( slav]y1 b m]ely z matt] ( comm]cial prop]ty1 & articles ( ! trade ( ?is c\ntry4 ,if n[1 my ,"l1 ,i h support$ ! doctr9e :i* ,i took ^u me to ev9ce1 & h satisfactorily %ewn1 t prop]ty is ! gift ( action 9 ?is case1 !reby prov+ t ,mr4 ,/eu>t may ( c\rse legally compel ,som]set to return to ! ,plantations1 ,i %all leave its decision to y\r ,lord%ip1 on a quotation ( y\r own words3 8,x is n my bus9ess to alt] ! law2 or to make x1 b to f9d ! law40 ,x rema9s !n only to obs]ve1 t if ,som]set is ! legal prop]ty ( ,/eu>t1 he1 ,som]set1 _c legally be entitl$ to ! writ :i* he has su$ out 9 aid ( relief4 ,! writ ( ,habeas ,corpus is a writ ( "r giv5 to ! subjects ( ! ,cr[n ( ,engl&1 = ! security ( _! lib]ties4 ,if ,som]set c fall "u ?is pr$icam5t & description1 he is op5 to ! b5efits t may arise !refrom2 b if ! law has already fix$ ! fiat ( prop]ty on him1 ,i appreh5d x is a legal exception to ! writ1 & 8 "r is =eclos$ !reby4 ,hav+ said ?us mu*1 my ,"l1 on "o side ( ! "q1 ,i d n mean to conceal my s5tim5ts on ! o!r4 ,my aim is1 to e/abli% ! tru?3 my wi%1 t :at is "r %\ld be done4 ,:atev] !n is "h ! result ( my reflections1 to obta9 ! end ,i propose1 is necess>y to y\r ,lord%ip's in=mation4 ,:5 ?is matt]1 !re=e1 0 fir/ 9 agitation1 x /at$ itself ?us g5]ally to my compreh5sion3 t z x 0 a case :i* exi/+ = two c5turies & upw>ds1 & nev] receiv+ f9ally any judicial det]m9ation1 x _h bett] rema9 9 ! situation x 04 ,x comp>$ itself to me ) "s cases ( royal pr]ogative1 & ( p>liam5t>y privilege1 :i* 7 excell5t 9 !ory1 b subject to inconv5i5ce 9 practice2 & ^: be/ & safe/ law 0 t ( susp5se3 b1 my ,"l1 :5 ,i f\nd t ! case 0 to be argu$1 & ! judgm5t ( ! ,c\rt ( ,k+'s ,b5* tak5 !reupon1 my hopes 71 t1 if x 0 possible to c\nt]act ! law ( ! l&1 ! decision w\ld be 9 fav\r ( ! ,negroe3 = al?\gh ! k ( _! be+ free might _s !m up to insurrections 9 ,am]ica1 yet x w\ld put a /op to _! importation "h by _! own]s1 & !y w\ld be m usefully kept & employ$ 9 ! colonies to :i* !y belong$4 ,on ! contr>y det]m9ation too1 my ,"l1 x be+ solemnly adjudg$ t ,negroes 9 ?is c\ntry 7 n free1 ,i =esaw t ?is fatal consequ5ce might foll[3 t ! trade f ,africa to ,am]ica w\ld be div]t$ f ,africa to ,engl&2 & ,negroes1 9 process ( "t1 w\ld be sold 9 ,smi?field m>ket1 z horses & cattle n[ are4 ,ea* f>m] w\ld h 8 ,negroe to drive 8 pl\gh1 ea* manufactur] 8 slave "u 8 own contr\l2 & ,am]ica t 0 conqu]$ 9 ,g]many1 z 0 ! say+ ( a v great man1 w\ld become ,am]ica ru9$ 9 ,engl&4 ,a great deal1 my ,"l1 0 urg$ by ! le>n$ c\nsel1 ( ! edicts ( ,france1 relative to ,negroes3 b x does n occur to my memory t ?is1 among ! re/1 0 tak5 notice (4 ,x may be1 t ,i am mis9=m$ ) respect to ! fact2 b ,i w tell y\r ,lord%ip h[ ,i came by x4 ,i h be5 myself1 my ,"l1 a travell] ?r\gh e prov9ce ( ,france1 & dur+ my t\r ,i nev] _h opportunity ( see+ m ?an two ,noirs 7or ,blacks7 z !y are !re call$2 "o ( :i* 0 at ,m>seilles1 ! o!r at ,b\rdeaux1 ! two *ief ports ( trade ) ! ,am]ican colonies ( t k+dom4 ,kn[+ !re=e ! int]c\rse )1 & obs]v+ ! fewness ( ^! p1 ,i 0 l$ to enquire into ! reason ( x2 :5 ,i 0 in=m$1 t !re 0 an absolute edict ( ! pres5t ,k+ ( ,france1 prohibit+ ! importation ( !m into t c\ntry1 ^u ?is political idea1 t o!rwise ! race ( ,fr5*m5 w\ld1 9 "t to come1 be *ang$4 ,great] mu*1 my ,"l1 is ! reason 9 ?is c\ntry to appreh5d ?is ev5t4 ,x 0 9 repres5tation1 if n 9 pro(1 to y\r ,lord%ip1 t !re 7 already fifte5 ?\s& ,negroes 9 ,engl&2 & sc>ce is !re a /reet 9 ,london t does n give _m examples ( t1 :i*1 ) mu* less reason1 _h al>m$ ! fe>s ( ,france4 ,^u ! :ole1 !n1 my ,"l1 let ,am]ica & ,engl& look up to y\r ,lord%ip1 z ! man qualifi$ to draw ! l9e ( propriety betwe5 !m4 ,to ?is end1 let a ,bill orig9ate 9 ! ,h\se ( ,lords1 "u y\r ,lord%ip's =mation3 let slav]y1 s f> z prop]ty is su* 9 ,negroes1 be held 9 ,am]ica3 let ! importation ( !m be prohibit$ to ?is c\ntry1 ) su* o!r regulations & provisions z y\r ,lord%ip %all see fit to lake place4 ,"s c5turies back1 slav]y 0 ! law1 & slaves ! objects ( t law1 z ,i obs]v$ be=e1 9 ?is k+dom3 b civilization has ext+ui%$ ! exi/5ce ( bo?4 ,:5 ,am]ica %all be :at ,engl& is1 "s yet undiscov]$ l& w become :at ,am]ica is4 ,9 %ort1 my ,"l1 by ?is act y w pres]ve ! race ( ,britons f /a9 & contam9ation2 & y w rightly conf9e a prop]ty to ^? colonies1 ^u ^: prosp]ity & welf>e ! indep5d5t be+ ( ?is c\ntry re/s4 ,,samuel ,,e/wick4 ,portman-,squ>e1 ,dec4 #aj1 #aggb4 ,,f9is4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,! late publication ( ,mr4 ,h>grave's argum5t1 z "o ( ,som]set's c\nsel1 gives me ! satisfaction ( see+ 9 ! :ole1 :at ,i _h be=e ! opportunity ( he>+ only 9 "p4 ,i confess ,i "k n :i* mo/ to admire1 ! lab\r ( ?is ,g5tleman's rese>*es1 or ! +5uity ) :i* 8 collect$ mat]ials are sy/ematiz$ & dispos$4 ,x is a hi/ory1 p]haps ! mo/ compleat t is1 ( ! rise1 progress1 decl9e1 & g5]al /ate ( ,slav]y2 &1 :il/ x does z mu* hon\r to 8 humanity z to 8 und]/&+1 w s]ve z a light to enlight5 ! foot/eps ( po/]ity1 %\ld a revival ( ! laws ( ,vill5age be ev] attempt$ 9 ?is c\ntry3 b1 hav+ said ?is1 ,i mu/ recur to my =m] op9ion1 t1 le>n$ z 8 argum5ts are 9 g5]al1 9 ?is p>ticul> case !y are f\nd$ on false & mi/ak5 pr9ciples1 & are totally inapplicable to ! m]its ( ! pres5t "q4 ,8 fir/ pr9ciple or po9t is1 7vid4 p4 #ab47 t 8:atev] ,mr4 ,/eu>t's ,"r may be1 x spr+s out ( ! condition ( slav]y2 & accord+ly1 says he1 ! return fairly admits slav]y to be ! sole f\ndation ( ,mr4 ,/eu>t's ,claim40 ,?us1 ) a ,petitio ,pr9cipii1 :i* nei!r is1 c1 or w be admitt$1 & ^u a manife/ error 9 ! return made to ! writ ( ,habeas ,corpus1 does ! argum5t ( ,mr4 ,h>grave comm5ce1 re/1 & dep5d4 ,b if1 in/ead ( admitt+1 !re be+ no law to c\nt5ance su* admission1 ! return _h rel9qui%$ ! "r1 & d5i$ ! claim1 ( slav]y3 if x _h set =?1 t ,mr4 ,/eu>t 0 ! bona fide pur*as] ( ,som]set 9 ! legal c\rse ( trade3 t he _h b\ght him out ( a %ip's c>goe f ,africa1 toge!r ) "s elephants tee?1 wax1 lea!r1 & o!r commodities ( t c\ntry1 = :i* he paid 8 money1 or o!rwise gave 9 ex*ange ! manufactures ( ?is c\ntry3 t he _h br\ght him "h z an article ( comm]ce ) 8 o!r goods1 "u ! sanction ( ! laws ( trade3 t he meant to export him h5ce "u ! same protection1 ) 8 o!r prop]ty1 9 ord] to be sold = 8 bett] advantage 9 "o ( ! ,engli% ,colonies 9 ,am]ica3 t a writ ( ,habeas ,corpus might z well issue on acc\nt ( 8 elephants tee?1 8 wax1 8 lea!r1 & 8 o!r commodities ( t c\ntry1 z on acc\nt ( 8 ,negroe1 !y be+ expressly "u ! same pr$icam5t ( law1 & s =?3 ,i say1 "u su* circum/ances1 & ^u su* a return1 :at w\ld h become ( ?is /ately pile ( elaborate argum5t8 ,high-built1 l ,babel's t[]1 to magnify ! fall6 ,mu/ n ! lawy]s h saught new gr\nd to build ^u8 ,mu/ n ! ,c\rt h lo/ t error ( insuffici5cy1 :i* n[ supports its only "r ( ,judgm5t8 ,note1 ,al?\gh ?is argum5t ( ,mr4 ,h>grave is said to h be5 deliv]$ 9 ! p>ticul> ,case ( ,som]set a ,negroe1 yet x is meant & int5d$ z a c\rse ( reason+ ^u ! g5]al "q ( ! /ate & condition ( ,negroes4 #b ,x is said 9 ,mr4 ,h>grave's argum5t1 p4 #bc4 8su* 0 ! expir+ /ate ( dome/ic slav]y 9 ,europe at ! comm5cem5t ( ! #af? c5tury1 :5 ! discov]y ( ,am]ica & ( ! ,we/]n & ,ea/]n coa/s ( ,africa1 gave occasion to ! introduction ( a new species ( slav]y40 ,if ! argu] _h said a new species ( traffic1 in/ead ( a new species ( slav]y1 he _h express$ ! real matt] ( fact2 see+ t ! law by :i* ?is conc]n is regulat$1 consid]s x 9 no o!r light or view :atev]4 ,= ?is reason too1 x _c be enum]at$ among ! sev]al species ( slav]y t he has m5tion$1 & tak5 notice (2 ea* di/9ct species hav+ its di/9ct laws1 appropriat$ !reto di/9ctly1 z ! laws ( slav]y4 ,among ! ,portuguese & ,spani>ds1 ,i h be5 giv5 to und]/&1 t ,negroes are1 & h ev] be5 consid]$1 z ) ! ,engli%1 matt] ( ,prop]ty1 & articles ( comm]ce 9 ! common c\rse ( traffic2 & 7 s e/imat$ by ! ,fr5*1 until ! ref9$ age ( ,lewis ,,xiv4 gave rise to a new in/itution ( law1 "u ! title ( ! ,code noir1 = ! p>ticul> gov]nm5t ( ,negroes 9 _! ,am]ican colonies4 ,x 7 to be wi%$ t a fit & prop] dige/ ( ?is sort c\ld take place ) u3 b1 ,i fe>1 ! difficulty 7:i* arises n s mu* f ! subject1 z f ! means ( introduction7 w prev5t ! execution ( any su* plan4 ,f ! unlimit$ p[] ( ! ,cr[n ( ,france1 :5 laws are made1 x is easy to en=ce an ob$i5ce to !m3 f ! limit$ p[] ( our mon>*y1 su* ob$i5ce is n to be exact$4 ,ea* ,engli% colony has a legislature ( its own2 & al?\gh !y all agree 9 ! fram+ ( laws n repugnant to ! laws ( ,engl&1 yet !y all widely diff] among !mselves 9 ! mode & practice ( ^? laws4 #c ,i h ref]r$ to ?is p]iod ( ! ,negroe-trade to ,africa1 because ,acts ( ,p>liam5t g no f>!r back 9 confirmation ( x2 b its comm5cem5t 0 ( mu* e>li] date4 ,x began 9 ?is c\ntry ab\t ! middle ( ! #ae? c5tury1 & 0 c>ri$ on by means ( lett]s pat5t obta9$ by individual trad]s = _! private emolum5t1 until ! gr[? ( ! ,engli% plantations 9 ,am]ica1 9 ! next c5tury1 made x an object ( su* importance1 z n only to r5d] ! e/abli%m5t ( a company necess>y1 b ( su* pr(it z to engage ev5 cr[n$ heads to be conc]n$ !re94 ,! fir/ *>t] 0 grant$ 9 ! ye> #affa1 9 fav\r ( ! ,duke ( ,york2 b be+ revok$ by cons5t ( p>ties1 x 0 r5ew$ 9 ! ye> #affc1 ) m ample privileges ?an ! =m]4 ,! pr9cipal adv5tur]s "h1 7 ,que5 ,ca?>9e ( ,portugal1 ,m>y ,que5 ( ,france1 ! ,duke ( ,york1 ,h5rietta ,m>ia ,du*ess ( ,orleans1 ,pr9ce ,rup]t1 & o!rs ( ! ,c\rt4 ,?us ^u ! gr\nd ( an exclusive ,"r 0 ?is trade cont9u$1 till1 by ! va/ increase ( ! colonies1 x became1 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury1 a weight too heavy = ! support ( pr]ogative2 & s fall+ "u ! protection ( ,p>liam5t1 0 made1 z x n[ is1 a free1 op51 & national conc]n4 #d ,mr4 ,h>grave says1 9 8 argum5t1 p4 #fg4 8,ano!r objection w be1 t !re are ,engli% acts ( p>liam5t1 :i* give a sanction to ! slav]y ( ,negroes2 & !re=e t x is n[ lawful1 :atev] x might be antec$5tly to ^? /atutes4 ,! /atutes 9 fav\r ( ?is objection are ! #e? ( ,geo4 ,,ii4 *4 #g1 :i* makes ,negroes 9 ,am]ica liable to all debts1 simple contract z well z speciality1 & ! /atutes regulat+ ! ,african trade1 p>ticul>ly ! #bc;d ,geo4 ,,ii4 *4 #ca1 :i* 9 ! preamble recites t ! trade to ,africa is advantage\s to ,great ,brita91 & necess>y = supply+ its colonies ) ,negroes4 ,b ! utmo/ :i* c be said ( ^! /atutes is1 t !y impli$ly au?orize ! slav]y ( ,negroes 9 ,am]ica2 & x w\ld be a /range ?+ to say1 t p]mitt+ slav]y !re1 includes a p]mission ( slav]y "h4 ,by an unhappy concurr5ce ( circum/ances1 ! slav]y ( ,negroes is ?\ght to h become necess>y 9 ,am]ica2 & !re=e 9 ,am]ica our ,legislature has p]mitt$ ! slav]y ( ,negroes4 ,b ! slav]y ( ,negroes is unnecess>y 9 ,engl&1 & !re=e ! ,legislature has n ext5d$ ! p]mission ( x to ,engl&2 & n hav+ done s1 h[ c ?is ,c\rt be w>rant$ to make su* an ext5sion80 ,n[ ?is is ! v ass]tion )\t pro( t ,i h compla9$ ( above1 & h !re fully answ]$3 b1 9 tru?1 ! be/ answ] x c receive1 is its own futility4 ,:y did n ,mr4 ,h>grave1 in/ead ( 8 ipse dixit1 produce au?orities to set aside ?is objection8 ,he is on o!r occasions n sp>+ ( pro(s & citations4 ,b :at is 8 ipse dixit8 ,x is ?is3 ,! ,legislature has p]mitt$ ! slav]y ( ,negroes 9 ,am]ica3 ,b ! slav]y ( ,negroes is unnecess>y 9 ,engl&3 ,ergo1 ! ,legislature has n ext5d$ ! p]mission ( x to ,engl&4 ,?is is 8 mode ( reason+1 & ^! are 8 v words1 :i*1 :5 exam9$ syllogi/ically1 %ew1 if ,i h n =gott5 my logic1 t !y are z little con=mable to rule1 z to matt] ( fact4 ,b1 ! fact is1 ,mr4 ,h>grave has f\nd ?is objection a /umbl+ block 9 8 way1 & !re=e1 nimbly leap+ ov] x himself1 to left x to trip up ! heels ( 8 foll[]s4 #e ,) respect to ! /atute ( ! #e? ( ,geo4 ,,ii4 c4 #g4 !re are n want+ frequ5t in/ances ( its hav+ be5 in=c$ 9 ?is c\ntry2 p>ticul>ly 9 a case ( ! not$ ,rice3 :o1 =g+ a ,lett] ( ,attorney ) int5t to defraud ! ,bank ( ,engl& ( a consid]able sum ( money1 fl$ to ,france1 0 deliv]$ up by t ,c\rt1 & aft]w>ds hang$ at ,tyburn4 ,x seems1 ^u 8 abscond+1 a commission ( ,bankruptcy 0 aw>d$ aga9/ him2 & ! ,commission]s1 z ,i am cr$ibly in=m$1 "u ?is v ,act ( ,p>liam5t "h m5tion$1 sold a ,negroe ( 8 9 ! city ( ,london1 z 8 prop]ty1 & among 8 o!r goods & *attels1 = ! satisfaction ( ! cr$itors4 ,b ?is act does n require cases = its confirmation1 nei!r is x ! place :]e execut$ t ,i cont5d =2 x is ! ve/+ ( ! prop]ty1 )\t proviso or condition1 t surm\nts all objection4 ,suppose ,i _h pur*as$ a ,negroe 9 ! isl& ( ,b>badoes1 or 9 any o!r "p ( ,am]ica1 t _h be5 ext5d$ !re at ! suit ( ! ,k+ = a debt due to him1 & _h br\ght ?is ,negroe ) me to ,engl&3 w\ld ,mr4 ,h>grave1 or any o!r lawy]1 say1 t a writ ( ,habeas ,corpus1 or any o!r writ :atsoev] n f\nd$ on ! v]dict ( a jury1 c\ld dispossess me ( a prop]ty1 :i* ,i held "u ! s5se1 lett]1 & _s ( an ,act ( ,p>liam5t8 ,c any implication ( law op]ate aga9/ ! express words & mean+ ( a law8 ,& w\ld n su* argum5t 9 its consequ5ces be a m]e r$uctio ad absurdum8 #f ,vide ,black/one's ,comm5t>ies1 vol4 i4 p4 #cfi4 #g ,mr4 ,h>grave fur!r says1 9 8 argum5t1 p4 #fg & #fh1 8,! slav]y ( ,negroes be+ admitt$ to be lawful n[ 9 ,am]ica1 h[ev] que/ionable its fir/ introduction !re might be1 x may be urg$ t ! lex loci ought to prevail1 & t ! ma/]'s prop]ty 9 ! ,negroe z a slave hav+ _h a lawful comm5cem5t 9 ,am]ica1 _c be ju/ly v>i$ by br++ him into ,engl&40 ,?is is "o among o!r objections rais$ by ,mr4 ,h>grave 9 ord] to receive 8 answ]4 ,n[ z to ! d\bt express$ "h1 namely1 8h[ev] que/ionable its fir/ introduction !re might be10 ! "r ( grant+ lett]s pat5t1 & ( erect+ corporations = ! purposes ( trade1 be+ ! und\bt$ pr]ogative ( ! k+ z arbit] ( ! comm]ce ( 8 dom9ions2 ! lawfulness ( ?is trade to ,africa is no m to be que/ion$ :il/ x 0 c>ri$ on "u ?is direction1 ?an x is to be que/ion$ n[ x is "u ! contr\l ( p>liam5t4 ,x 0 be=e con/itutionally legal1 x is n[ p>liam5t>y s3 b ! answ] to ! objection itself is z little satisfactory z ! d\bt is4 ,"h a mo/ unnatural di/9ction is aim$ at betwe5 ! colony laws 9 ,am]ica1 & ! laws ( _! "m c\ntry3 putt+ ! lex loci ( ^! colonies ^u ! same foot+ ) ! lex loci ( ,russia or ,prussia1 or any o!r =eign c\ntry3 :]eas ! lex loci ( ! colonies is f\nd$ on ! lex loci ( ,engl&1 & is1 9 totidem v]bis1 ! same1 z has be5 made to appe>4 #h ,?is 0 a ,mr4 ,alleyne4 #i ,?is op9ion 0 repeat$ by ,"l ,h>dwick1 sitt+ z ,*ancell\r1 tw5ty ye>s aft] x _h be5 giv51 ) additional assurances1 & "u ! fulle/ conviction ( its /rict con=mity to ! law4 #aj ,x is said1 ,lex e/ summa ratio4 ,i am sorry t s excell5t a rule ( law %\ld admit ( contradiction2 & ,i wi% t ?is 0 ! only in/ance ( an exception3 b1 let x be consid]$1 :e!r our ,game laws1 our ,m>riage acts1 &1 = ! mo/ "p1 ! p5al laws ( ?is c\ntry1 cum multis aliis qu1 c4 are n contr>y bo? to reason & nature4 #aa 8,x is laid d[n10 says ,judge ,black/one1 t 8acts ( p>liam5t contr>y to reason are void3 b if ! p>liam5t w positively enact a ?+ to be done :i* is unreasonable1 ,i "k ( no p[] t c contr\l x40----,v4 8 ,comm4 ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #ia4 #ab ,vid4 8 ,essay on ,man4 #ac ,vid4 8 ,j\rn4 to ,p>is4 #ad ,vid4 8 ,essay on ,human ,und]/&+4 #ae ,vid4 8 ,moral ,philosophy4 #af ,9 look+ into ,mr4 ,hume's ,essays1 p>ticul>ly ! "o ( national *>act]s 7:i* ,i _h nev] se5 till aft] ! above argum5t 0 f9i%$7 ,i 0 made happy to obs]ve ! ideas ( s +5i\s a writ] correspond+ ) my own3 b z we diff] 9 "s respects1 & mu* ( :at ,i h sugge/$ has be5 n at all tak5 notice ( by him1 ,i %all beg leave to ins]t "h :at he has said ^u ! subject4 8,!re is10 says he1 8"s reason to ?9k1 t all nations1 :i* live beyond ! pol> circles1 or betwixt ! tropics1 are inf]ior to ! re/ ( ! species1 & are utt]ly incapable ( all ! high] atta9m5ts ( ! human m9d40 ,^u :i* he has ! foll[+ note3 8,i am apt to suspect ! ,negroes1 & 9 g5]al all ! o!r species ( m5 7= !re are f\r or five diff]5t k9ds7 to be naturally inf]ior to ! :ites40 ,n[ ,i d n appreh5d1 t1 9 ord] to h diff]5t species ( m51 x is at all necess>y to h f\r or five diff]5t k9ds4 ,i inf]1 t !re is b "o g5us or k9d ( man 7"u ! t]m mank9d7 subord9ate to :i* !re are sev]al sorts or species ( m51 diff]+ f ea* o!r ^u ! pr9ciple t ,i h assign$2 &1 z ,hudibras says1 ,if "o w d1 ,:at ne$ ( two8 ,besides1 x is seem+ly a less sy/ematical arrangem5t4 ,b he proce$s to say1 8,!re nev] 0 a civiliz$ nation ( any o!r complexion ?an :ite1 nor ev5 any individual em95t ei!r 9 action or speculation4 ,no +5i\s manufactures among/ !m1 no arts1 no sci5ces4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! mo/ rude & b>b>\s ( ! :ites1 su* z ! anti5t ,g]mans1 or ! pres5t ,t>t>s1 h /ill some?+ em95t ab\t !m1 9 _! val\r1 =m ( gov]nm5t1 or "s o!r p>ticul>4 ,su* a uni=m & con/ant diff]5ce c\ld n happ51 9 s _m c\ntries & ages1 if nature _h n made an orig9al di/9ction betwixt ^! bre$s ( m54 ,n to m5tion our colonies1 !re are ,negroe slaves disp]s$ all ov] ,europe1 ( :i* none ev] discov]$ any symptoms ( +5uity2 ?\gh l[ p )\t education w />t up among u1 & di/+ui% !mselves 9 e pr(ession4 ,9 ,jamaica inde$ !y talk ( "o ,negroe z a man ( p>ts & le>n+2 b1 'tis likely he is admir$ = v sl5d] accompli%m5ts1 l a p>rot :o speaks a few words pla9ly40 ,?us ,mr4 ,hume m>ks ! diff]5ce betwixt ! sev]al species ( m51 by _! natural capacity or incapacity ( ex]t+ 9 degree ! rational p[]s1 or faculties ( ! und]/&+2 :i* is ! di/9ction t ,mr4 ,locke makes betwe5 man & brutes4 ,i di/+ui% man f man by ! moral s5se or moral p[]s2 & al?\gh a ,negroe is f\nd1 9 ,jamaica or else:]e1 ev] s s5sible & acute2 yet if he is incapable ( moral s5sations1 or p]ceives !m only z bea/s d simple ideas1 )\t ! p[] ( comb9ation1 9 ord] to use 7:i* ,i v]ily believe to be ! case7 x is a m>k t di/+ui%es him f ! man :o feels & is capable ( ^! moral s5sations1 :o kn[s _! application & ! purposes ( !m1 z suffici5tly1 z ! ,negroe himself is di/+ui%$ f ! highe/ species ( brutes4 #ag ,!re are two cases ref]r$ to 9 ,mr4 ,h>grave's argum5t1 7p4 #eb4 & p4 #ed47 :i* are n only fully explanatory ( ! above pr9ciples1 b support ! op9ion ( ! ,"l ,*ancell\rs1 ,h>dwick & ,talbot2 & are 9 direct pro( ( ! :ole ( my argum5t4 ,! cases ,i allude to1 are ^? ( ,butts & ,p5ny1 & ,gelly aga9/ ,cleve4 ,! fir/ 0 an action ( ,trov] = #aj ,negroes2 & !re 0 a special v]dict1 c4 ,! ,c\rt held1 t ,negroes be+ usually b\ght & sold among/ ,m]*ants1 & be+ infidels1 !re might be a prop]ty 9 !m suffici5t to ma9ta9 ! action4 ,9 ! second case1 ! ,c\rt is said to h held1 t ,trov] w lie = a ,negroe boy1 because ,negroes are ,hea!ns2 & !re=e a man may h prop]ty 9 !m2 & ! ,c\rt )\t av]m5t w take notice1 t !y are ,hea!ns4 ,n[ ^u two judicial det]m9ations are ! v reasons ( my argum5t held & all$g$4 ,negroes are infidels3 ,negroes are ,hea!ns3 ( c\rse unpossess$ ( ^? religi\s & moral tru?s1 :i* ! ,gospel impresses ^u all m9ds capable ( receiv+ !m2 & !re=e ! law1 reg>d+ ! inf]ior /ate ( _! nature1 has consid]$ !m m]ely z prop]ty b\ght & sold among m]*ants4 #ah ,vid4 8 ,_s ( ,laws1 vol4 i4 p4 #cda4 #ai ,see also ! ,assi5to1 or ,contract made ) ! ,s\? ,sea ,company1 = supply+ ! ,spani>ds ) ,negroes by treaty ( comm]ce betwe5 ,great ,brita9 & ,spa91 9 ! ye> #agac-ad2 :]e9 !y are consid]$ z dutyable commodities1 & nam$ m]ely z matt]s ( m]*&ize2 & if ?us conceiv$ ( at ?is "t1 & on s solemn an occasion z a ,treaty ( ,peace1 by :at new law or magic is x t !y are n[ become ! subjects ( ! ,cr[n ( ,engl&1 & intitl$ to ! b5efit ( ! ,habeas ,corpus8 ,,transcrib]',s ,,note ,obvi\s typographical errors & punctuation errors h be5 correct$ aft] c>eful comp>ison ) o!r occurr5ces )9 ! text & consultation ( ext]nal s\rces4 ,"s hyph5s 9 words h be5 sil5tly remov$1 "s add$1 :5 a pr$om9ant pref]5ce 0 f\nd 9 ! orig9al book4 ,except = ^? *anges not$ bel[1 all misspell+s 9 ! text1 & inconsi/5t or ar*aic usage1 h be5 reta9$4 ,pg ix3 #8himself a ,velle9' replac$ by #8himself a ,ville9'4 ,pg #dg3 #8! objects ( (' replac$ by #8! objects ('4 ,pg #gj3 #8 ' c\ld be replac$ by #8 ' to avoid ! unusual pi & /igma *>act]s4