,! ,riv]side ,libr>y = ,"y ,p ,numb] #e ,,coal ,,& ,,! ,,coal ,,m9es ,by ,,hom] ,,gre5e ,illu/ration ,,coal ,,& ,,! ,,coal ,,m9es ,,by ,,hom] ,,gre5e ,,) ,,illu/rations ,,f ,,draw+s ,,by ,,! ,,au?or ,illu/ration ,,bo/on ,,& ,,new ,,york ,,h\ghton1 ,,miffl9 ,,& ,,company ,! ,riv]side ,press1 ,cambridge #ahih ,copyright1 #ahhi4 ,,by ,,hom] ,,gre5e4 ,all rights res]v$4 ,! ,riv]side ,press1 ,cambridge1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a43 ,electrotyp$ & ,pr9t$ by ,h4 ,o4 ,h\ghton ,company4 ,to ,,my ,,son1 ,,giles ,,poll>d ,,gre5e1 ,,:o ,,0 ,,born ,,on ,,! ,,day ,,?is ,,book ,,0 ,,begun1 ,,& ,,^: ,,smiles ,,& ,,te>s ,,?r\gh ,,half ,a ,,ye> ,,h ,,be5 ,a ,,daily ,,inspiration ,,9 ,,! ,,"w1 ,?is ,complet$ ,task ,,is ,,n[ ,,d$icat$ ,,by ,,! ,,au?or4 ,,preface4 ,illu/ration ,9 treat+ ( s l>ge a !me 9 s small a compass x is impossible to d m ?an make an outl9e sket*4 ,x has be5 ! aim ( ! au?or to give reliable in=mation free f m9ute details & te*nicalities4 ,t in=mation has be51 = ! mo/ "p1 ga!r$ ?r\gh p]sonal exp]i5ce 9 ! m9es4 ,! lit]ature ( ?is special subject is v meagre1 & ! au?or is unable to ackn[l$ge any real indebt$ness to m ?an half a doz5 volumes4 ,fir/ among ^! is ! valuable treatise on 8,coal ,m9+10 by ,h4 ,m4 ,*ance ( ! ,p5nsylvania ,geological ,survey4 ,o!r volumes f :i* ! au?or has d]iv$ consid]able in=mation are ! ,/ate geological reports ( ,p5nsylvania1 ! m9e inspector's reports ( ! same ,/ate1 & ! 8,coal ,trade ,annuals10 issu$ by ,fr$]ick ,e4 ,saw>d ( ,new ,york4 ,! au?or desires also to ackn[l$ge 8 indebt$ness = valuable assi/ance 9 ! prep>ation ( ?is "w to ,john ,b4 ,law & ,&rew ,bryd51 m9+ sup]9t5d5ts1 & ,george ,johnson1 real e/ate ag5t1 all ( ! ,p5nsylvania ,coal ,company1 at ,pitt/on1 ,p5nsylvania1 & to ! (fic]s ( ! ,wyom+ ,hi/orical & ,geological ,society ( ,wilkes ,b>re1 ,p5nsylvania4 ,,hom] ,,gre5e4 ,honesdale1 ,pa41 ,may #ae1 #ahhi4 ,,cont5ts4 ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,,page ,i4 ,,9 ,,! ,,beg9n+ #a ,,ii4 ,,! ,,composition ,,( ,,coal #f ,,iii4 ,,:5 ,,coal ,,0 ,,=m$ #ad ,,iv4 ,,h[ ,,! ,,coal ,,b$s ,,lie #bb ,v4 ,,! ,,discov]y ,,( ,,coal #ce ,,vi4 ,,! ,,introduction ,,( ,,coal ,,into ,,use #ea ,,vii4 ,,! ,,way ,,into ,,! ,,m9es #ge ,,viii4 ,a ,,plan ,,( ,a ,,coal ,,m9e #id ,,ix4 ,,! ,,m9] ,,at ,,"w #aab ,x4 ,,:5 ,,! ,,m9e ,,ro( ,,falls #abg ,,xi4 ,,air ,,& ,,wat] ,,9 ,,! ,,m9es #adg ,,xii4 ,,! ,,dang]\s ,,gases #aei ,,xiii4 ,,! ,,an?racite ,,coal ,,break] #agf ,,xiv4 ,,9 ,,! ,,bitum9\s ,,coal ,,m9es #aib ,,xv4 ,,! ,,boy ,,work]s ,,at ,,! ,,m9es #bjd ,,xvi4 ,,m9]s ,,& ,,_! ,,wages #bbb ,,coal ,,& ,,! ,,coal ,,m9es4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,9 ,,! ,,beg9n+4 ,e "o kn[s t m9]al coal is dug out f ! cru/ ( ! e>?4 ,b ! "q frequ5tly is ask$ conc]n+ x1 ,h[ & "u :at conditions 0 x =m$8 ,9 ord] to answ] ?is inquiry x is necess>y to h rec\rse to ! sci5ce ( geology4 ,a brief review ( ! geological hi/ory ( ! e>?'s cru/ w be ( prime importance1 & x w n be inappropriate to g back to ! orig9 ( ! e>? itself4 ,b no man c beg9 at ! beg9n+2 t is too f> back 9 ! et]nal mi/s2 only ! ,inf9ite ,m9d c rea* to x4 ,!re is a po9t1 h[ev]1 to :i* speculation c j\rney1 & f :i* x has br\ght back brilliant !ories to acc\nt = ! exi/5ce ( ! planet on :i* we live4 ,! mo/ philosophic ( ^! !ories1 z x c]ta9ly is ! mo/ popul>1 is ! "o kn[n z ! ,nebul> ,hypo!sis1 prop\nd$ by ,laplace1 ! great ,fr5* a/ronom]1 9 #agif4 ,?is !ory accords s well ) ! laws ( physics1 & ) ! human k ( ! age1 t mo/ ( ! great a/ronom]s h adopt$ x z ! be/ t has be5 giv5 to u1 & ! _w ( sci5ce may be said to h accept$ x z f9al4 ,let u suppose1 !n1 9 accordance ) ?is !ory1 t our e>? 01 at "o "t1 a ball ( liquid fire1 revolv+ on its axis1 & mov+1 9 its orbit1 ar\nd ! p>5t sun ) ! motion imp>t$ to x 9 ! beg9n+4 ,z cool+ & cond5sation w5t on1 a cru/ 0 =m$ on its surface1 & wat] 0 =m$ on ! cru/4 ,! wat]s1 h[ev]1 7 no soon] spread out ?an !y 7 toss$ by ! motion ( ! atmosph]e into waves1 & ^! waves1 by con/ant friction aga9/ ! rock cru/ ( ! e>?1 wore x d[n into pebbles1 s&1 & mud4 ,! silt ?us made be+ wa%$ up on to ! primitive rock & left !re by ! rec$+ wat]s became aga9 z h>d & firm z be=e4 ,occasionally a subsid5ce1 due to ! contraction ( ! e>?'s body1 w\ld take place & ! sea w\ld aga9 sweep ov] ! entire surface1 deposit+ ano!r lay] ( silt on ! "o already =m$1 or possibly wa%+ t aga9 into s& & pebbles4 ,?is process cont9u$ ?r\gh an indef9ite p]iod ( "t1 =m+ lay] ^u lay] ( /ratifi$ rock1 or excavat+ great holl[s 9 ! surface already =m$4 ,t p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( ! e>?'s cru/ be=e /ratification began is kn[n z ,ar*ean "t4 ,?is 0 foll[$ by ! p]iod kn[n z ,paleozoic "t1 :i* is divid$ into ?ree ages4 ,! fir/ is ! age ( ,inv]tebrates4 ,x 0 dur+ ?is age t life made its adv5t on ! e>?4 ,! wat]s 7 ! fir/ to br+ x =?1 b be=e ! close ( ! age x began also to appe> on ! l&1 9 isolat$ spots1 9 ! simple/ =ms ( vegetation4 ,! next age is kn[n z ! age ( ,fi%es1 dur+ :i* vegetable life became m v>i$ & abundant1 w+$ insects float$ 9 ! air1 & great %>ks & g>s swam 9 ! seas4 ,!n came ! ,c>bonif]\s age or age ( ,coal ,plants1 9 :i* va/ areas ( :at are n[ ! ,middle1 ,s\!rn1 & ,we/]n ,/ates 7 cov]$ ) l[ m>%es & %all[ seas1 & 7 ri* & rank ) multitud9\s =ms ( vegetation4 ,b ^! m>%es 7 aga9 & aga9 subm]g$ & cov]$ ) mat]ial wa%$ up by ! waves be=e ! f9al subsid5ce ( ! wat]s left !m z a cont9u+ portion ( ! dry l&4 ,x 0 at ! close ( ! ,c>bonif]\s age t great di/urbances took place 9 ! e>?'s cru/4 ,be=e ?is ! rock /rata _h be5 comp>atively level2 n[ !y 7 fold$1 flex$1 brok51 r\nd$ into hills1 pu%$ resi/lessly up into m\nta9 ranges4 ,x 0 at ?is "t t ! upheaval ( ! great ,appala*ian ,range 9 ,nor? ,am]ica took place4 ,foll[+ ?is came ,mesozoic "t1 :i* _h b "o age1 ! age ( ,reptiles4 ,x 0 dur+ ?is age t ! type ( reptiles rea*$ its culm9ation4 ,! l& g5]ally br\ght =? vegetation1 ?\gh n ) ! prolific ri*ness & luxury ( ! ,c>bonif]\s age4 ,birds1 insects1 & creep+ ?+s 7 abundant1 & mon/]s ( ! saurian tribe swam 9 ! seas1 roam$ ?r\gh ! m>%es1 crawl$ on ! s&y %ores1 & took %ort flights ?r\gh ! air4 ,! la/ great division is kn[n z ,c5ozoic "t1 & cov]s two ages1 ! age ( ,mammals & ! age ( ,man4 ,x 0 dur+ ! mammalian age t trees ( mod]n types1 su* z oak1 maple1 bee*1 etc41 fir/ made _! appe>ance1 & mammalian animals ( great v>iety & size1 bo? h]bivor\s & c>nivor\s1 roam$ ?r\gh ! =e/s4 ,true birds flew 9 ! air1 true snakes crawl$ ^u ! gr\nd1 & 9 ! wat]s 7 :ales & _m k9ds ( fi%es ( ! pres5t day4 ,b ! m>9e mon/]s & ! gigantic & f]oci\s saurians ( an e>li] age _h disappe>$4 ,s ! _w became fitt$ to be ! dwell+-place ( ! human race4 ,!n began ! age ( ,man1 an age :i* is yet n complete4 ,su*1 9 brief1 is ! hi/ory ( ! e>? z ! rocks h told x to u4 ,)\t _! help we c\ld "k b little ( ! /ory4 ,?r\gh all ! p]iods ( "t & all ! ages1 !y 7 be+ =m$1 lay] ^u lay]1 ( s& & silt1 ( mud & pebbles1 h>d5+ ) ! pass+ ( ! c5turies4 ,b :ile !y 7 /ill s(t !y receiv$ impressions ( ! feet ( birds & ( bea/s1 !y 7 m>k$ by ! waves & 7 crack$ 9 ! fi]ce heat ( ! sun1 & _! surfaces 7 pitt$ by ! ra9-drops ( pass+ %[]s4 ,%ells1 corals1 & sponges 7 imb$d$ 9 !m2 ! skeletons ( fi%es & ! bones ( animals t walk$ or crept ^u ! l& or flew 9 ! air 7 cov]$ ov] by !m2 !y caught & held ! droop+ f]n1 ! fall+ leaf & twig & nut2 !y clos$ ar\nd ! body ( ! tree itself & buri$ x f sight2 & z ! soil h>d5$ into rock1 bone & %ell1 leaf & /em1 h>d5$ ) x & became "p ( x4 ,to-day we f9d ^! fossil rema9s1 sometimes ne> ! surface ( ! e>?1 sometimes hundr$s or ?\s&s ( feet bel[ x4 ,we uncov] !m f ! soil1 we break !m f ! rock1 we bla/ !m out 9 ! qu>ries1 we dig !m f ! m9es ( coal & ore4 ,x is by !m & by ! /ructure ( ! rock :i* conta9s !m t we read ! hi/ory ( ! e>?1 a hi/ory cov]+ s long a p]iod ( "t f ! beg9n+ ( ! /ratification ( ! rocks to ! age :5 man appe>$ ^u ! globe t no "o has yet d>$ to reckon ! millions ^u millions ( ye>s :i* int]v5$1 & give ! result ( 8 computation to ! _w z true4 ,illu/ration3 ,,column> ,,section ,,( ,,! ,,e>?',s ,,cru/4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,composition ,,( ,,coal4 ,! fir/ "q t w\ld naturally be ask$ conc]n+ ! subject ) :i* we are deal+ is1 ,:at is coal8 ,9 reply x may be said t x is a m9]al4 ,x is black or br[n 9 color1 solid1 heavy1 & amorph\s4 ,! specific gravity ( ! av]age ,p5nsylvania an?racite is ab\t #a4f1 & ( ! bitum9\s coal ab\t #a4d4 ,!re are f\r v>ieties ( m9]al coal1 namely3 an?racite1 bitum9\s1 lignite or br[n coal1 & cannel coal4 ,to ?is li/ x w\ld n be improp] to add peat1 s9ce x p>takes ( mo/ ( ! *>act]i/ics ( m9]al coal1 & w\ld d\btless develop into su* coal if ! process ( trans=mation 7 all[$ to cont9ue undi/urb$4 ,! pr9cipal elem5t conta9$ 9 ea* ( ^! diff]5t k9ds ( coal is c>bon4 ,an analysis ( an av]age piece ( ,p5nsylvania an?racite w\ld %[ ! foll[+ *emical composition3 ,fix$ c>bon #hf4d ,a% #f4b ,wat] #c4g ,volatile matt] #c4a ,sulphur 4#f ,total #ajj ,! composition ( ! bitum9\s coals ( ,p5nsylvania1 z repres5t$ by ! gas coal ( ,we/morel& ,c\nty1 is %[n by analysis to be z foll[s3 ,fix$ c>bon #ee4 ,volatile matt] #cg4e ,a% #e4d ,wat] #a4d ,sulphur 4#g ,total #ajj ,an analysis ( coal f ! ,pittsburgh region w\ld %[ its p]c5tage ( c>bon to be f #eh to #fd1 & ( volatile matt] & a% to be proportionately less4 ,!re is no /rict l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 ! an?racite & ! bitum9\s coals4 ,!y are class$ g5]ally1 accord+ to ! am\nt ( c>bon & volatile matt] conta9$ 9 !m1 z3 ,h>d-dry ,an?racites1 ,semi-,an?racite1 ,semi-,bitum9\s1 ,bitum9\s4 ,coals ( ! fir/ class conta9 f #ia to #ih p] c5t1 ( c>bon1 & ( ! second class f #he to #ij p] c5t4 ,! volatile matt] 9 ! ?ird class is usually less ?an #ah p] c5t41 & 9 ! f\r? class m ?an #ah p] c5t4 ( its composition4 ,! an?racite coal is h>d & brittle1 & has a ri* black color & a metallic lu/re4 ,x ignites ) difficulty1 & at fir/ burns ) a small blue flame ( c>bonic oxide4 ,?is disappe>s1 h[ev]1 :5 ignition is complete4 ,no smoke is giv5 (f dur+ combu/ion4 ,semi-an?racite coal is nei!r s h>d1 s d5se1 nor s brilliant 9 lu/re z ! an?racite1 ?\gh :5 once fully ignit$ x has all ! *>act]i/ic features ( ! latt] 9 combu/ion4 ,x is f\nd pr9cipally at ! we/]n ends ( ! an?racite coal bas9s4 ,bitum9\s coal is usually deep black 9 color1 ) little or no lu/re1 hav+ planes ( cleavage :i* run ne>ly at "r angles ) ea* o!r1 s t :5 ! coal is brok5 x sep>ates into cubical fragm5ts4 ,x ignites easily & burns ) a yell[i% flame4 ,x gives (f smoke & leaves a l>ge p]c5tage ( a%es aft] combu/ion4 ,t v>iety ( x kn[n z cak+ or cok+ coal is ! mo/ important4 ,?is is q s(t1 & w n be> mu* h&l+4 ,dur+ combu/ion x swells1 fuses1 & f9ally runs toge!r 9 l>ge por\s masses4 ,foll[+ ! "q ( ! composition ( coal comes ! "q ( its orig91 ( :i*1 inde$1 !re is no long] any s]i\s d\bt4 ,x is g5]ally conc$$ t coal is a vegetable product1 & !re are excell5t reasons = ?is belief4 ,! fragm5ts ( :i* coal is compos$ h be5 greatly de=m$ by compression & decomposition4 ,b :5 "o ( ^? fragm5ts is made s ?9 t x w transmit light1 & is !n subject$ to a p[]ful microscope1 its vegetable /ructure may readily be di/+ui%$2 t is1 ! fragm5ts are se5 to be ! fragm5ts ( plants4 ,imm$iately "u e sep>ate seam ( coal !re is a /ratum ( :at is kn[n z fire clay4 ,x may1 "u ! b$s ( s(t] coals1 be ( ! consi/5cy ( clay2 b "u ! coal seams ( ! h>d] v>ieties x is usually 9 ! =m ( a slaty rock4 ,?is fire clay /ratum is always pres5t1 & conta9s 9 great abundance ! fossil impressions ( roots & /ems & twigs1 %[+ t x 0 once ! soil f :i* vegetation grew luxuriantly4 ,x is common also to f9d fossil tree-/ems ly+ ma%$ flat betwe5 ! lay]s ( black slate :i* =m ! ro( ( ! coal m9es1 also ! impressions ( ! leaves1 nuts1 & se$s :i* fell f ^! trees :ile !y 7 liv+4 ,9 "s b$s ( cannel coal :ole trees h be5 f\nd1 ) roots1 bran*es1 leaves1 & se$s complete1 & all conv]t$ into ! same quality ( coal by :i* !y 7 surr\nd$4 ,9 %ort1 ! /rata ( ! coal measures ev]y:]e are full ( ! fossil impressions ( plants1 ( great v>iety bo? 9 k9d & size4 ,if a piece ( wood be subject$ to heat & great pressure1 a sub/ance is obta9$ :i* /rongly resembles m9]al coal4 ,t coal conta9s a v l>ge proportion ( c>bon 9 its composition has already be5 not$4 ,if1 !re=e1 x is a vegetable product1 ! vegetation f :i* x 0 =m$ mu/ h be5 subject$ to "s process by :i* a l>ge "p ( its sub/ance 0 elim9at$1 s9ce wood or woody fibre conta9s only f #bj to #be p] c5t4 ( c>bon4 ,b wood c be trans=m$1 by combu/ion1 into *>coal1 a mat]ial conta9+ 9 its composition #ih p] c5t1 ( c>bon1 or a great] p]c5tage ?an ! be/ an?racite conta9s4 ,?is _c be done1 h[ev]1 by burn+ wood 9 an op5 fire1 = 9 t case its c>bon unites ) atmosph]ic oxyg5 & passes invisibly into ! air4 ,x mu/ be subject$ to a process ( smo!r$ combu/ion2 free access ( air mu/ be d5i$ to x :ile x is burn+4 ,!n ! volatile matt] w be fre$ & expell$1 &1 s9ce ! c>bon _c come 9 contact ) ! oxyg5 ( ! air1 x w be reta9$1 toge!r ) a small p]c5tage ( a%4 ,! result w be *>coal1 or coal artificially made4 ,! pr9ciple on :i* ?is trans=mation is bas$ is combu/ion or decomposition out ( contact ) atmosph]ic air4 ,b ,nature is z famili> ) ?is pr9ciple z is man1 & %e may n only be discov]$ putt+ x 9 practice1 b ! entire process may be wat*$ f beg9n+ to end4 ,"o mu/ g1 = ?is purpose1 fir/1 to a peat b$4 ,?is is simply an accumulation ( ! rema9s ( plants :i* grew & decay$ on ! spot :]e !y are n[ f\nd4 ,z ^! rema9s 7 deposit$ ea* ye>1 e lay] became buri$ "u its succe$+ lay]1 until f9ally a great ?ickness 0 obta9$4 ,:5 we remove ! upp] lay] we f9d peat ) its #eb to #ff p] c5t4 ( c>bon1 & ! deep] we g ! bett] is ! quality ( ! sub/ance4 ,x may be cut out 9 blocks ) %>p spades1 ! wat] may be press$ f ! blocks1 & !y may be /ack$ up1 cov]$ & dri$1 & us$ = fuel4 ,9 mo/ peat bogs ! process ( gr[? is go+ on1 & may be wat*$4 ,!re is a c]ta9 k9d ( moss call$ sphagnum1 :i* 9 l>ge "p makes up ! peat-produc+ vegetation4 ,its roots die annually1 b f ! liv+ top new roots are s5t out ea* ye>4 ,! workm5 :o dig peat und]/& t if ?is surface is de/roy$ ! gr[? ( ! b$ mu/ /op2 consequ5tly 9 _m in/ances !y h remov$ ! sod c>efully1 & aft] tak+ out a /ratum ( peat h replac$ ! sod 9 ord] t ! b$ may be r5ew$4 ,!re is little d\bt t if ^! b$s ( peat c\ld lie undi/urb$ & cov]$ ov] ?r\gh _m ages !y w\ld take on all ! *>act]i/ics ( m9]al coal4 ,a /ep f>!r back 9 geological hi/ory we rea* ! p]iod ( ! late/ =mations ( lignite or br[n coal4 ,?is coal is fir/ f\nd 9 ! /rata ( ! glacial p]iod1 or fir/ p]iod 9 ! age ( ,man4 ,b x is f\nd !re 9 an undevelop$ /ate4 ,! woody fibre has n yet und]gone ! complete trans=mation into coal4 ,! trunks & bran*es ( trees h inde$ become s(t5$ to ! consi/5ce ( soap1 b !y /ill reta9 _! natural color4 ,go+ back1 h[ev]1 to ! /rata ( ! ,mioc5e or second p]iod ( ! ,t]ti>y age or age ( ,mammals1 we f9d t ?is wood has become black1 ?\gh x has n yet h>d5$4 ,b :5 we rea* ! upp] cretace\s or la/ p]iod ( ! age ( ,reptiles1 ! trans=mation into coal has become complete4 ,! woody fibre is n[ black1 h>d1 & compact1 ?\gh x may /ill be easily disaggregat$ by atmosph]ic action1 & we h ! true lignite1 s call$ because ( its app>5t woody /ructure4 ,! next /ep takes u back to ! bitum9\s coal ( ! ,c>bonif]\s age1 ! "* & consi/5cy ( :i* has already be5 not$1 & f9ally we rea* ! complete developm5t 9 an?racite4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 ! op9ion ( ! be/ geologi/s t ! bitum9\s & an?racite coals are ( ! same age1 & 7 orig9ally ( ! same =mation & "*4 ,t is1 !y 7 all bitum9\s2 b dur+ ! viol5t contortions & upheavals ( ! e>?'s cru/ at ! "t ( ! ,appala*ian revolution at ! close ( ! ,c>bonif]\s age1 ! bitum9\s coals involv$ 9 t di/urbance 7 *ang$ by heat1 pressure1 & motion1 & ! consequ5t expulsion ( volatile matt]1 f bitum9\s to an?racite4 ,cannel coal is a v>iety ( bitum9\s coal1 burn+ ) great fre$om1 ! flame ( :i* af=ds consid]able light4 ,x 0 call$ 8c&le coal0 by ! ,engli% p :o fir/ us$ x1 z x (t5 s]v$ z a sub/itute = t h\sehold necessity4 ,b ! "n soon became corrupt$ to 8cannel10 & has s rema9$4 ,x is dull] & m compact ?an ! ord9>y bitum9\s coal1 & x c be wr\ght 9 a la! & poli%$4 ,a c]ta9 v>iety ( x1 f\nd 9 ! l[] olitic /rata ( ,york%ire 9 ,engl&1 is manufactur$ into a k9d ( jewelry1 well kn[n by its popul> "n ( jet4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,:5 ,,coal ,,0 ,,=m$4 ,x becomes ( int]e/ n[ to exam9e briefly into ! causes & process ( ! trans=mation f vegetable sub/ance into coal1 to note ! "* ( ! vegetation :i* w5t to make up ! coal b$s1 & to glance at ! animal life ( ! p]iod4 ,z has already be5 said1 ! plants ( ! ,c>bonif]\s age 7 exce$+ly abundant & luxuriant4 ,!y grew up ri*ly f ! clayey soil1 & =m$ d5se jungles 9 ! va/ m>%es :i* cov]$ s l>ge an area ( ! e>?'s surface4 ,f]ns1 mosses1 & tufts ( surface vegetation1 & ! leaves1 bran*es1 & trunks ( trees fell & decay$ on ! place :]e !y grew1 only to make ! soil m f]tile & ! next gr[? ri*] & m luxuriant4 ,ye> aft] ye>1 c5tury aft] c5tury1 ?is process ( gr[? & decay w5t on1 until ! b$s ( vegetable matt] ?us deposit$ _h rea*$ a great ?ickness4 ,b cond5sation 0 /ill 9 progress 9 ! e>?'s body1 & 9 consequ5ce ( x h] cru/1 ( necessity1 at times contract$ & fell4 ,:5 x did s ! l& sank ?r\gh\t va/ areas1 ^! b$s ( incipi5t coal w5t d[n1 & ov] ! great m>%es ! wat]s swept aga91 br++ drift ( vegetation f high] levels to add to t already buri$4 ,!n ov] ^! deposits ( vegetable matt] ! s& & mud & gravel 7 laid up anew1 & ! clayey soil f :i* ! next ri* gr[? %\ld spr+ 0 spread out ^u ! surface4 ,?is process 0 repeat$ aga9 & aga91 z (t51 inde$1 z we f9d seams ( coal 9 any coal b$4 ,?us ! f9al condition = ! =mation ( coal 0 met1 ! exclusion ( atmosph]ic air f ?is mass ( decay+ vegetation 0 complete1 & "u ! wat] ( ! ocean1 "u ! s& & silt ( ! %ore1 "u ! new deposits ( succe$+ ages1 ! trans=mation w5t on1 ! wood ( ! ,c>bonif]\s era became ! coal ( to-day1 :ile above & bel[ x ! s& & clay 7 h>d5$ into rock & %ale4 ,! rem>kable features ( ! vegetation ( ! coal era 7 ! size & abundance ( its plants4 ,trees ( t "t ^: trunks 7 f "o to ?ree feet 9 diamet]1 & :i* grew to a height ( f =ty to "o hundr$ feet1 are repres5t$ 9 our day by m]e /ems a fraction ( an in* 9 diamet] & b "o or two feet high4 ,a comp>ison ( quantity w\ld %[ diff]5ces z great z does ! comp>ison ( size4 ,b at t "t all ! conditions 7 favorable = ! rapid & enorm\s gr[? ( vegetation4 ,! air 0 lad5 ) c>bon1 :i* is ! pr9cipal food = plants2 s lad51 inde$1 t man1 :o is em95tly an oxyg5-brea?+ animal1 c\ld n h liv$ 9 x4 ,! great humidity ( ! atmosph]e 0 ano!r elem5t favorable to gr[?4 ,vegetation nev] lack$ = an abundance ( moi/ure ei!r at root or leaf4 ,!n1 too1 ! climate 0 univ]sally w>m4 ,ov] ! entire surface ( ! e>? ! heat 0 great] ?an x is to-day at ! torrid zone4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! int]nal fires ( ! globe h be5 con/antly cool+ & rec$+1 & t ! e>?1 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s age1 0 subject$ to ! great] p[] ( a l>g] sun ?an %9es ^u u to-day4 ,) all ^! circum/ances 9 its favor1 w>m?1 moi/ure1 & an atmosph]e *>g$ heavily ) c>bon1 vegetation c\ld n help b fl\ri%4 ,t x did fl\ri% amaz+ly is abundantly %[n by its fossil rema9s4 ,! impressions ( m ?an five hundr$ diff]5t species ( plants t grew 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s era h be5 f\nd 9 ! coal measures4 ,!re are few ( !m t be> any direct analogy to exi/+ species1 & ^! few h _! c\nt]p>ts only 9 ! torrid zone4 ,! mo/ abundant ( ! plants ( ! coal era 7 ! f]ns4 ,_! fossil rema9s are f\nd 9 great pr(usion & v>iety 9 mo/ ( ! rocks ( ! coal-be>+ /rata4 ,!re 0 also ! plant kn[n z ! tree f]n1 :i* atta9$ a height ( tw5ty or ?irty feet & c>ri$ a s+le tuft ( leaves radiat+ f its top4 ,probably ! species next 9 abundance1 z x c]ta9ly is next 9 importance1 to ! f]ns is t ( ! ,lepidod5drids4 ,x d\btless contribut$ ! greate/ proportion ( woody mat]ial to ! composition ( coal4 ,! plants ( ?is species 7 =e/ trees1 b are suppos$ to h be5 analog\s to ! l[ club mosses ( ! pres5t4 ,fossil trunks ( ,lepidod5drids h be5 f\nd measur+ f "o hundr$ to "o hundr$ & ?irty feet 9 l5g?1 & f six to t5 feet 9 diamet]4 ,simil> 9 appe>ance to ! ,lepidod5drids 7 ! ,sigill>i1 :i* 7 also v abundant4 ,! ,conif]s 7 ( q a diff]5t species f ^? already nam$1 & probably grew on high] gr\nd4 ,!y 7 some:at analog\s to ! mod]n p9e4 ,! ,calamites belong$ to ! horsetail family4 ,!y grew up ) long1 re$-l1 articulat$ /ems to a height ( tw5ty feet or m1 & ) a diamet] ( t5 or twelve in*es4 ,!y /ood close toge!r 9 ! muddy gr\nd1 =m+ an almo/ imp5etrable ?icket1 & probably made up a v l>ge p]c5tage ( ! vegetation :i* 0 trans=m$ into coal4 ,"o ( ! mo/ abundant species ( plants ( ! coal era is t ( ,/igm>ia4 ,/\t /ems1 f two to f\r in*es 9 diamet]1 bran*$ d[nw>d f a %ort trunk1 & !n grew out 9 long root-l processes1 float+ 9 ! wat] or trail+ on ! mud to di/ances ( tw5ty or ?irty feet4 ,^! are ! roots ) :i* ! "u clay ( e coal seam is usually fill$4 ,! plants :i* h be5 describ$1 toge!r ) _! k9dr$ species1 =m$ ! l>ge/ & mo/ important "p ( ! vegetation ( ! ,c>bonif]\s age4 ,b ( ! hundr$s ( v>ieties :i* !n ab\nd$1 ! great] portion rea*$ _! highe/ /age ( p]fection 9 ! coal era1 & became ext9ct be=e ! close ( ,paleozoic "t4 ,o!r types 7 lo/ dur+ ,mesozoic "t1 & to-day !re is sc>cely a c\nt]p>t 9 exi/5ce ( any ( ! multitude ( =ms ( plant life t grew & fl\ri%$ 9 t f>-(f age ( ! _w4 ,! animal life ( ! ,c>bonif]\s era 0 conf9$ almo/ entirely to ! wat]4 ,! dry l& _h n yet begun to produce 9 abundance ! high] =ms ( liv+ ?+s4 ,!re 7 spid]s !re1 h[ev]1 & scorpions1 & c5tip$es1 & ev5 cockroa*es4 ,!re 7 also l& snails1 beetles1 locu/s1 & mayflies4 ,reptiles1 ) clumsy feet & dragg+ tails1 pr[l$ ab\t on ! wet s&s ( ! %ore1 leav+ footpr9ts t 7 nev] effac$ by "t or ! elem5ts1 & are f\nd to-day 9 ! lay]s ( ! rocks1 almo/ z p]fect z :5 !y 7 =m$1 millions ( ye>s ago4 ,b ! wat]s teem$ ) animal life4 ,on ! bottom ( ! %all[ seas lay %ells & corals 9 su* abundance & v>iety t f ! deposits ( _! rema9s great b$s ( lime/one h be5 =m$4 ,brok5 into m9ute fragm5ts by ! action ( ! waves & wa%$ up by ! sea dur+ p]iods ( subm]g5ce1 !y 7 spread ov] ! b$s ( c>bonif]\s deposits1 & became ! rock /rata ?r\gh :i* ! drills & %afts ( to-day are sunk to rea* ! ve9s ( m9]al coal4 ,fi%es 7 num]\s4 ,"s ( !m1 belong+ to species alli$ to ! mod]n %>k1 7 ( great size1 ) huge f9 sp9es fully eighte5 in*es 9 l5g?4 ,^! sp9es h be5 f\nd z fossils1 z h also ! scales1 tee?1 & bones4 ,complete skeletons ( small] fi%es ( ! ganoid ord] 7 pres]v$ 9 ! rock z x h>d5$1 & n[ =m fossil specim5s :i* are unequal$ 9 beauty & p]fection4 ,besides ! fi%es1 !re 7 ! swimm+ reptiles2 amphibian mon/]s1 alli$ to ! i*?yosaurs & plesiosaurs :i* 7 s abundant dur+ ! ,reptilian age t foll[$4 ,^! animals are kn[n z enaliosaurs4 ,!y atta9$ great size1 be+ f tw5ty-five to fifty feet 9 l5g?2 !y _h air-brea?+ app>atus1 & propell$ !mselves ?r\gh ! wat] ) paddles l ! paddles ( :ales4 ,_! enorm\s jaws 7 l9$ ) r[s ( %>p1 po9t$ tee?1 & _! food 0 fi%1 %ell-fi%1 & any o!r k9d ( animal life t came )9 _! rea*4 ,!y dev\r$ ev5 _! own species4 ,liv+ mo/ly 9 ! op5 seas or fre%-wat] lagoons1 !y sometimes *as$ _! prey f> up ! riv]s1 & sometimes bask$ 9 ! sun%9e on ! s&s ( ! %ore4 ,frightful 9 aspect1 fi]ce1 & voraci\s1 !y 7 ! t]ror & ! tyrants ( ! seas4 ,su* 7 ! animals1 su* 7 ! plants1 t liv$ & di$1 t fl\ri%$ & decay$1 9 ! age :5 coal 0 be+ =m$ & fa%ion$ & hidd5 away 9 ! cru/ ( ! e>?4 ,t ! fauna & flora ( to-day h few prototypes among !m %\ld be little cause = regret4 ,!re 01 inde$1 h>dly a feature 9 ! l&scape ( ! coal era t w\ld h _h a famili> look to an inhabitant ( ! _w 9 its pres5t age4 ,9 place ( ! hills & valleys z we h !m n[1 !re 7 great pla9s slop+ imp]ceptibly to ! bord]s ( ! sea4 ,!re 7 va/ m>%es1 %all[ fre%-wat] lakes1 & broad & sluggi% riv]s4 ,save by isolat$ peaks ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s _h n yet be5 uplift$ f ! face ( ! deep1 & ! great ,we/ ( to-day 0 a wa/e ( wat]s4 ,9 ! wide =e/s no bird's song 0 ev] he>d1 no fla%+ ( a w+ 0 ev] se51 no s]p5t trail$ its l5g? ^u ! gr\nd1 no wild bea/ se>*$ ! woods = prey4 ,! spid] spun 8 web 9 sil5ce f ! dew-wet twigs1 ! locu/ hopp$ dr[sily f leaf to leaf1 ! mayfly float$ lightly 9 ! heavy air1 ! sl[-pac$ snail left 8 damp track on ! surfaces ( ! rocks1 & ! beetles1 lift+ ! h>d cov]+s f _! gauzy w+s1 flew aimlessly f place to place4 ,9 seas & lakes & swampy pools /range fi%es swam1 up f ! salt wat]s odd reptiles crawl$ to sun !mselves ^u ! s&y %ore or make _! way ?r\gh ! d5se jungles ( ! swamps1 & out :]e ! ocean waves 7 da%+1 fi]ce mon/]s ( ! sea d>t$ on _! prey1 or *urn$ ! wat] into foam 9 savage fights ) ea* o!r4 ,b 9 all ! _w !re 7 no fl[]s4 ,/ems grew to be trunks1 bran*es 7 s5t out1 leaves =m$ & fell1 ! l& 0 rob$ & wrapp$ 9 ! ri*e/1 mo/ luxuriant foliage1 yet ! few buds t tri$ to blossom 7 sc5tless & hidd51 & e>? 0 /ill void ( ! beauty & ! fragrance ( ! fl[]s4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,h[ ,,! ,,coal ,,b$s ,,lie4 ,! process ( gr[?1 deposition1 subm]g5ce1 & burial1 describ$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 cont9u$ ?r\gh\t ! ,c>bonif]\s age4 ,ea* p]iod ( inundation & ( ! cov]+ ov] ( b$s ( vegetable deposit by s& & silt is m>k$ by ! lay]s ( /ratifi$ rock t int]v5e betwe51 & t ov]lie ! sep>ate seams ( coal 9 ! coal measures ( to-day4 ,! numb] ( ^! coal seams indicates ! numb] ( p]iods dur+ :i* ! gr[? & decay ( vegetation 0 un9t]rupt$4 ,?is numb]1 9 ! an?racite coal regions1 v>ies f t5 to ?irty or !reab\ts1 b 9 ! bitum9\s regions x sc>cely ev] exce$s eight or t54 ,! ?ickness ( ! sep>ate coal seams also v>ies greatly1 rang+ f a fraction ( an in* up to sixty or sev5ty feet4 ,inde$1 !re are bas9s ( small ext5t 9 ! s\? ( ,france & 9 ,india :]e ! seam is two hundr$ feet ?ick4 ,x is seldom1 h[ev]1 t workable seams ( an?racite exce$ tw5ty feet 9 ?ickness1 & by f> ! l>ge/ numb] ( !m d n g above eight or t51 :ile ! seams ( bitum9\s coal d n ev5 av]age ^! la/ figures 9 ?ickness4 ,nei!r is ! entire ?ickness ( a seam made up ( pure coal4 ,b&s ( slate call$ 8p>t+s0 usually run horizontally ?r\gh a seam1 divid+ x into 8b5*es40 ,^! p>t+s v>y f a fraction ( an in* to sev]al feet 9 ?ickness1 & make up f "o fif? to "o sev5? ( ! entire seam4 ,! rock /rata betwe5 ! coal seams range f ?ree feet to ?ree hundr$ feet 9 ?ickness1 & 9 exceptional cases g z high z five or six hundr$ feet4 ,p]haps a fair av]age w\ld be f eighty to "o hundr$ feet4 ,^! rock int]vals are made up mo/ly ( s&/ones & %ales4 ,! comb9$ av]age ?ickness ( ! coal seams ( ,p5nsylvania v>ies f tw5ty-five feet at ,pittsburgh 9 ! we/]n bitum9\s region to "o hundr$ & tw5ty feet at ,pottsville 9 ! ea/]n an?racite di/rict1 & may be said to av]age ab\t "o fiftie? ( ! entire ?ickness ( ! coal measures1 :i* is plac$ at #d1jjj feet4 ,"s conception may be _h ( ! enorm\s vegetable deposits ( ! ,c>bonif]\s era by recall+ ! fact t ! resultant coal 9 ea* seam is only f "o n9? to "o sixte5? 9 bulk ( ! woody fibre f :i* x has be5 d]iv$1 ! loss be+ ma9ly 9 oxyg5 & hydrog54 ,x is probable t ! coal seams z well z ! rock /rata _h atta9$ a comp>ative degree ( h>dness be=e ! close ( ! ,c>bonif]\s age4 ,x 0 at ! close ( ?is age t ^? pr(\nd di/urbances ( ! e>?'s cru/ ?r\gh\t ea/]n ,nor? ,am]ica took place :i* h already be5 ref]r$ to4 ,hi!rto1 ?r\gh ! long ages ( ,paleozoic "t1 !re _h be5 comp>ative quiet4 ,z cool+ & contraction ( ! e>?'s body 7 /ill go+ on1 !re 7 d\btless oscillations ( surface & subsid5ce ( /rata 9 almo/ cont9u\s progress4 ,b ^! movem5ts 7 v sl[1 am\nt+1 p]haps1 to n m ?an a foot 9 a c5tury4 ,yet 9 ,p5nsylvania & ,virg9ia ! s9k+ ( ! cru/ up to ! close ( ! ,c>bonif]\s age am\nt$ to #ce1jjj or #dj1jjj feet4 ,t ! subsid5ce 0 quiet & unm>k$ by viol5t movem5t is atte/$ by ! regul>ity ( /rata1 especially ( ! c>bonif]\s measures1 :i* alone %[ a s9k+ ( #c1jjj or #d1jjj feet4 ,nei!r 7 ! di/urbances :i* foll[$ viol5t1 nor 7 ! *anges p>oxysmal4 ,inde$1 ! probability is t !y took place gradually ?r\gh long p]iods ( "t4 ,!y 71 nev]!less1 productive ( enorm\s results 9 ! %ape ( hills1 peaks1 & m\nta9 ranges4 ,^! movem5ts 9 ! e>?'s cru/ 7 due1 z always1 to contractions 9 ! e>?'s body or r$uctions 9 its bulk4 ,on ! same pr9ciple by :i* ! sk9 ( an apple t has dri$ )\t decay is ?r[n into folds & wr9kles1 ! e>?'s cru/ became corrugat$4 ,!re is ?is diff]5ce1 h[ev]3 ! cru/1 be+ h>d & unyield+1 has (t5 be5 torn & brok5 9 ! process ( *ange4 ,naturally ^! ridges 9 ! e>?'s surface h be5 lift$ along ! l9es ( lea/ resi/ance1 & ^! l9es seem to h be51 at ! "t ( ! ,appala*ian revolution1 practically p>allel to ! l9e ( ! ,atlantic coa/1 ?\gh long spurs 7 ?r[n out 9 o!r directions1 isolat$ dome-%ap$ elevations 7 rais$ up1 & b[l-%ap$ valleys 7 holl[$ out among ! hills4 ,! an?racite coal b$s 7 9 ! regions ( greate/ di/urbance1 &1 toge!r ) ! rock /rata above & bel[ !m1 assum$ new positions1 :i* 7 incl9$ at all angles to _! old ones ( horizontality4 ,m ?an ?is1 ! heat & pressure ( t p]iod ex]t$ ^u ^! b$s ( coal1 :i* up to ?is "t _h be5 bitum9\s 9 "*1 result$ 9 ! expulsion ( s l>ge a portion ( ! volatile matt] /ill rema9+ 9 !m z to *ange _! "* f bitum9\s to an?racite4 ,al?\gh ! /rata1 9 ! positions to :i* !y h be5 =c$1 are at times brok5 & abrupt1 yet z a rule !y rise & fall 9 wave-l folds or ridges4 ,^! ridges are call$ anticl9als1 because ! /rata slope 9 opposite directions f a common plane4 ,! valleys betwe5 ! ridges are call$ syncl9als1 because ! /rata slope f opposite directions t[>d a common plane4 ,"o result ( ?is great =ce ( compression ex]t$ on ! e>?'s cru/ 0 to make r5ts 9 x across ! l9es ( /rata4 ,^! r5ts are call$ fissures4 ,sometimes ! faces ( a fissure are p>allel & sometimes !y inclose a w$ge-%ap$ cavity4 ,?is cavity1 :atev] its %ape1 is usually fill$ ei!r ) igne\s rock t has come up f ! molt5 mass bel[1 or ) surface drift or brok5 rock fragm5ts t h be5 deposit$ !re f above4 ,:]e !re is displacem5t z well z fracture1 t is :5 ! /rata on "o side ( a fissure h be5 pu%$ up or h fall5 bel[ ! correspond+ /rata on ! o!r side1 we h :at is kn[n z a fault4 ,sometimes ! displacem5t seems to h be5 accompli%$ ) little di/urbance to ! sides ( ! fissure2 at o!r times we f9d1 along ! l9e ( fracture1 evid5ces ( great de/ruction caus$ by ! pu%+ up ( /rata 9 ?is way4 ,a fault may rea* a comp>atively %ort di/ance1 or x may trav]se a c\ntry = miles4 ,! v]tical displacem5t may be only a few in*es1 or x may am\nt to hundr$s or ?\s&s ( feet4 ,9 ! bitum9\s coal regions1 :]e ! /rata lie comp>atively undi/urb$1 faults are b little kn[n4 ,9 ! an?racite di/ricts !y are common1 b n great4 ,illu/ration3 ,,v]tical ,,section ,,?r\gh ,,s\!rn ,,coal ,,field4 ,illu/ration3 ,,v]tical ,,section ,,?r\gh ,,nor!rn ,,coal ,,field4 ,besides ! great folds into :i* ! e>?'s cru/ 0 cr[d$1 !re are usually small] folds corrugat+ ! slopes ( ! great] ones1 sometimes runn+ p>allel ) !m1 (t5] /ret*+ across !m at v>i\s angles4 ,a m>k$ in/ance ( ?is =mation is f\nd 9 ! ,wyom+ coal bas91 ! g5]al coal b$ ( :i* is 9 ! %ape ( a canoe1 ab\t fifty miles long1 f two to six miles broad1 & ) a maximum dep? ( p]haps "o ?\s& feet4 ,runn+ diagonally across ?is bas91 9 practically p>allel l9es f "o extremity to ! o!r1 is a s]ies ( g5tle anticl9als1 divid+ ! bas9 into "s ?irty small] syncl9al valleys or sub-bas9s4 ,! irregul>ities produc$ by folds1 fissures1 faults1 & p>t+s are n ! only ones ) :i* ! m9] has to deal4 ,s f> we h suppos$ ! coal seams to h be5 laid d[n 9 horizontal lay]s ( uni=m ?ickness1 ) smoo? & regul> "u & upp] surfaces4 ,?is is true only 9 a l>ge s5se4 ,z a matt] ( fact ea* sep>ate seam v>ies greatly 9 ?ickness1 & its ro( & floor are (t5 brok5 & irregul>4 ,! b$s ( clay on :i* ! deposits 7 laid 7 pu%$ up unev5ly by ! exub]ant gr[? ( vegetation f !m4 ,! action ( waves & ocean curr5ts made holl[s 9 !m1 & laid d[n ridges & m\nds ( s& on !m1 ar\nd & ov] :i* ! decay+ vegetation rose & h>d5$4 ,! same =ces1 toge!r ) ! action ( runn+ /reams1 made *annels & holl[s 9 ! upp] surfaces ( ^! b$s ( incipi5t coal1 :i* cavities became fill$ by s& & gravel1 & ?is also h>d5$ into rock4 ,^! irregul>ities are f\nd by ! m9] ( to-day 9 ! floor & ro( ( ! coal seam1 & are call$ rolls1 horses1 or horse-backs4 ,:5 ! coal seam ?9s out s rapidly t ! floor & ro( come ne>ly toge!r1 ?is /ate ( ?+s is call$ a p9*1 or squeeze1 ?\gh ! latt] t]m is m prop]ly appli$ to ! settl+ ( ! ro( rock aft] ! coal has be5 m9$ out4 ,! inequalities ( a coal seam t h n[ be5 m5tion$1 al?\gh p]haps b a small portion ( ^? t are daily met ) 9 ! process ( m9+1 are nev]?less *>act]i/ic ( ! :ole4 ,! hills & m\nta9 ranges t 7 ?r[n up at ! close ( ! ,c>bonif]\s age 7 _m times high] & broad] !n ?an !y are to-day4 ,heat & cold & ! /orms ( a ?\s& c5turies1 work+ by dis9tegration & erosion1 h worn away _! sub/ance1 ! valleys & l[ l&s are fill$ ) x1 & ! riv]s are always c>ry+ x d[n to ! sea4 ,! peaks & ! cre/s h be5 ! portions ( ! elevations t h suff]$ mo/4 ,x is (t5 z ?\gh ! tops ( ! anticl9al folds _h be5 slic$ (f = ! purpose ( fill+ ! valleys ) !m to ! level ( ! decapitat$ hills4 ,a great "p ( ! coal measures h ?us wa/$ away2 9 "s portions ( ! an?racite di/rict by f> ! great] "p1 includ+ _m valuable coal seams4 ,:5 a fold or flexure ( ! e>?'s cru/ has be5 decapitat$ 9 ! mann] m5tion$1 ! expos$ edge ( any /ratum ( rock or coal is call$ its outcrop4 ,! angle ( incl9ation at :i* any /ratum desc5ds into ! e>? is call$ its dip4 ,! direction ( a horizontal l9e drawn along ! face ( a /ratum ( rock or coal is its /rike4 ,x is obvi\s t ! /rike mu/ always be at "r angles to ! dip4 ,t is1 if ! dip is d[nw>d t[>d ! ea/ or t[>d ! we/1 ! direction ( ! /rike mu/ be nor? & s\?4 ,x is n[ app>5t t if "o beg9s at ! outcrop ( a coal seam & traces ! c\rse ( ! seam d[nw>d along ! l9e ( dip1 8 pa? w lie d[n ! incl9ation = a long] or %ort] di/ance1 until ! bottom ( ! syncl9al valley is rea*$4 ,?is is kn[n z ! bas9 or swamp4 ,"h ! seam may be comp>atively level = a %ort di/ance2 m (t5 x has a mild v]tical curve1 & />ts up ! dip on ! o!r side ( ! valley1 :i* incl9ation may be foll[$ till ! outcrop is rea*$4 ,if n[ ! decapitat$ portion ( ! fold c\ld be replac$ 9 its natural position1 we c\ld trace ! same seam up to & ov] ! anticl9al axis & d[n ^u ! o!r side4 ,z x is1 we mu/ cross on ! surface f ! outcrop to ! place :]e ! correspond+ seam ent]s ! e>?4 ,9 ! s\!rn & ea/]n an?racite coal di/ricts ( ,p5nsylvania decapitation ( folds to a po9t bel[ ! coal measures is g5]al2 ! coal seams dip into ! e>? ) a v %>p pit*1 & ! coal bas9s are (t5 v deep & v n>r[1 /rik+ into ! e>? almo/ l a w$ge4 ,9 ! nor!rn or ,wyom+ di/rict decapitation is n s g5]al1 ! angle ( incl9ation ( /rata is mild1 & ! bas9s are wide & comp>atively %all[4 ,9 ! bitum9\s di/ricts1 :]e ! di/urbance to ! e>?'s cru/ has be5 slight1 ! coal b$s lie v ne>ly z !y 7 =m$1 ! dip seldom exce$+ an angle ( five degrees ) ! horizon4 ,! exposures "h are due g5]ally to ! erosive action ( wat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,old ,,op5+ ,,into ,,an ,,out-,,crop ,,( ,,! ,,baltimore ,,ve94 ,! c>bonif]\s measures are ! highe/ & late/ geological =mation 9 ! great coal fields ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,!re=e :]e ! /rata h n be5 di/urb$ by flexure ! coal seams lie ne> ! surface4 ,?is is g5]ally ! case 9 ! bitum9\s di/ricts1 & x is also p>tially true 9 ! nor!rn an?racite coal field4 ,deep m9+ is necess>y only 9 ! middle & s\!rn an?racite coal fields1 :]e ! folds are close & precipit\s1 & ! deep & n>r[ bas9s =m$ by !m h be5 fill$ ) deposits ( a lat] geologic age4 ,"s ( ! difficulties to be met & ov]come 9 m9+ coal w by ?is "t h be5 appreciat$ by ! read]4 ,b "s ( !m only4 ,! inequalities ( ro( & floor1 ! pit*+ seams1 ! folds & faults & fissures1 all ! accid5ts & irregul>ities ( =mation & ( location1 make up b a few ( ! problems :i* face ! m9+ eng9e]4 ,b ! intellect & +5uity ( m5 h ov]come mo/ ( ! ob/acles :i* ,nature plac$ 9 ! way ( successful m9+ :5 %e h>d5$ ! rocks above h] coal b$s1 cr[d$ ! e>?'s cru/ into folds1 & lift$ ! m\nta9 ranges into ! air4 ,x w n be out ( place at ?is "t to make m5tion ( ^? localities 9 :i* coal is f\nd4 ,inde$1 !re are few c\ntries on ! globe 9 :i* !re are n c>bonif]\s deposits ( great] or less ext5t4 ,great ,brita91 ) ,irel&1 has ab\t #ab1jjj squ>e miles ( !m4 ,9 ,engl& alone !re is an area ( #h1aci squ>e miles ( workable coal b$s4 ,9 cont95tal ,europe ! coal fields are num]\s1 b ! "* ( ! deposit is inf]ior4 ,coal is f\nd also 9 ! ,asiatic c\ntries1 9 ,au/ralia1 & 9 ,s\? ,am]ica2 & 9 ,nova ,scotia & ,new ,brunswick !re is an area ( #ah1jjj squ>e miles ( coal measures4 ,! comb9$ areas ( coal measures 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates am\nt to ab\t #ahe1jjj squ>e miles4 ,! ,appala*ian or ,alleghany region conta9s ab\t #fj1jjj squ>e miles1 includ$ 9 ! ,/ates ( ,p5nsylvania1 ,virg9ia1 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,m>yl&1 ,ohio1 ,k5tucky1 ,t5nessee1 ,georgia1 & ,alabama4 ,! ,ill9ois & ,miss\ri region conta9s also ab\t #fj1jjj squ>e miles1 & has areas n only 9 ! ,/ates nam$1 b also 9 ,indiana1 ,i[a1 ,k5tucky1 ,kansas1 & ,arkansas4 ,mi*igan has ab\t #e1jjj & ,rhode ,isl& ab\t #ejj squ>e miles4 ,!re are also small areas 9 ,utah & ,texas1 & 9 ! f> ,we/ !re are workable coal fields 9 ,colorado1 ,dakota1 ,indian ,t]ritory1 ,montana1 ,new ,mexico1 ,wa%+ton1 ,wyom+ ,t]ritory1 ,oregon1 & ,cali=nia4 ,! entire coal area ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ) ! exception ( t 9 ,rhode ,isl& & a few outly+ sections 9 ,p5nsylvania1 conta9s coal ( ! bitum9\s v>iety only4 ,bo? ! area & supply are !re=e practically )\t limit4 ,9 ! coal regions ( ,rhode ,isl& ! di/urbances affect+ ! e>?'s cru/ h be5 v viol5t4 ,! motion1 heat1 & compression h be5 s great z to give ! rocks associat$ ) ! coal measures a true metamorphic or cry/all9e /ructure1 & to trans=m ! coal itself into an extremely h>d an?racite2 9 "s places1 inde$1 x has be5 alt]$ to graphite4 ,! flexures ( ! coal =mation are v abrupt & full ( faults1 & ! coal itself is greatly brok5 & displac$4 ,its condition is su* t x _c be m9$ ) great pr(it1 & b little ( x is n[ s5t to m>ket4 ,! only areas ( readily workable an?racite 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates are !re=e 9 ,p5nsylvania4 ,^! are all ea/ ( ! ,alleghany ,m\nta9s1 & are locat$ 9 f\r di/9ct regions4 ,! fir/ or ,s\!rn ,coal ,field ext5ds f ! ,lehigh ,riv] at ,mau* ,*unk1 s\?we/ to )9 a few miles ( ! ,susquehanna ,riv]1 end+ at ?is extremity 9 ! =m ( a fi%'s tail4 ,x is sev5ty-five miles 9 l5g?1 av]ages some:at less ?an two miles 9 bread?1 & has an area ( "o hundr$ & =ty squ>e miles4 ,x lies 9 ,c>bon1 ,s*uylkill1 & ,dauph9 c\nties4 ,! second or ,we/]n ,middle field1 kn[n also z ! ,mahanoy & ,%amok9 field1 lies betwe5 ! ea/]n headwat]s ( ! ,little ,s*uylkill ,riv] & ! ,susquehanna ,riv]4 ,x has an area ( ab\t n9ety squ>e miles1 & is situat$ 9 ! c\nties ( ,s*uylkill1 ,columbia1 & ,nor?umb]l&4 ,x lies j nor? ( ! ,s\!rn field1 & ! two toge!r are frequ5tly spok5 ( z ! ,s*uylkill ,region4 ,! ,ea/]n ,middle or ,upp] ,lehigh field lies nor!a/ ( ! fir/ two fields1 & is sep>at$ into n9e di/9ct p>allel canoe-%ap$ bas9s4 ,^! ext5d f ! ,lehigh ,riv] on ! ea/ to ! ,catawissa ,creek on ! we/1 & comprise an area ( ab\t =ty miles4 ,!y are pr9cipally 9 ,luz]ne ,c\nty1 b ext5d also into ,c>bon1 ,s*uylkill1 & ,columbia c\nties4 ,! ,nor!rn or ,wyom+ field is a cresc5t-%ap$ bas9 ab\t fifty miles long & f two to six miles broad1 ) an area ( ab\t two hundr$ squ>e miles4 ,its we/]ly cusp is j nor? ( ! ,ea/]n ,middle field1 & x ext5ds f t po9t nor!a/]ly ?r\gh ,luz]ne & ,lackawanna c\nties1 j cutt+ into ,wayne & ,susquehanna c\nties ) its nor!rn cusp4 ,x lies 9 ! valleys ( ! ,susquehanna & ,lackawanna riv]s1 & 9 x are situat$ ! m9+ t[ns ( ,plym\?1 ,wilkes ,b>re1 ,pitt/on1 ,scranton1 & ,c>bondale4 ,!re is also a fif? di/rict1 kn[n z ! ,loyalsock & ,mehoopany coal field1 ly+ 9 ,sullivan & ,wyom+ c\nties4 ,x is f tw5ty to tw5ty-five miles nor?we/ ( ! ,wyom+ & ,lackawanna field1 its area is limit$1 & its coals are n true an?racite4 ,x w ?us be se5 t aside f ?is la/ field ! an?racite coal area ( ,p5nsylvania conta9s ab\t f\r hundr$ & sev5ty squ>e miles4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,discov]y ,,( ,,coal4 ,al?\gh x has be5 )9 comp>atively rec5t times t coal has come into g5]al use z a fuel1 yet !re c be no d\bt t x 0 discov]$1 & t its qualities 7 kn[n1 _m c5turies ago4 ,to prove its use by ! anci5ts1 m5tion is sometimes made ( a passage f ! writ+s ( ,!ophra/us1 a pupil & fri5d ( ,ari/otle & = _m ye>s ! head ( ! p]ipatetic s*ool ( philosophy4 ,?is passage dates back to ab\t #cjj ,b4 ,c41 & is z foll[s3 8,^? sub/ances t are call$ coals & are brok5 = use are e>?y1 b !y k9dle & burn l wood5 coals4 ,!y are f\nd 9 ,liguria :]e !re is amb]1 & 9 ,elis ov] ! m\nta9s t[>d ,olympus4 ,!y are us$ by ! smi?s40 ,! ^w 8coal10 h[ev]1 z us$ 9 ! ,bible & o!r anci5t books1 usually means *>coal1 or burn+ wood4 ,x is claim$1 & n )\t plausibility1 t coal 0 m9$ 9 ,brita9 prior to ! ,roman invasion4 ,! c9d] heaps f\nd among ru9s ( ! "t ( ,roman supremacy 9 ! isl& po9t to q an ext5sive use ( coal by ! p ( t age4 ,b no writ+s h be5 f\nd record+ ! use ( coal prior to #heb ,a4 ,d4 ,9 t ye> twelve c>tloads ( 8fossil fuel10 or 8pit coal10 7 receiv$ by ! abbey ( ,pet]bor\gh 9 ,engl&1 & ! receipt 0 record$4 ,x is said t coal fir/ began to be sy/ematically m9$ 9 ,great ,brita9 ab\t ! ye> #aahj4 ,x is c]ta9 t by ! end ( ! ?irte5? c5tury ! exportation ( coal f ,newca/le 0 consid]able1 & ! new fuel _h come to be l>gely us$ 9 ,london4 ,b ! p ( t city conceiv$ ! idea t its use 0 injuri\s to ! heal? ( ! inhabitants g5]ally4 ,! coal1 be+ ( ! bitum9\s v>iety1 burn$ ) consid]able flame & gave (f a good deal ( smoke1 & ! ignorance ( ! p l$ !m into ! belief t ! air 0 contam9at$ & poison$ by ! products ( combu/ion4 ,s !y pres5t$ a petition to ,p>liam5t ask+ t ! burn+ ( coal be prohibit$ 9 ! city ( ,london4 ,n only 0 ! pray] ( ! petition]s grant$1 b 9 ord] to r5d] ! prohibition effectual an act 0 pass$ mak+ x a capital (f5se to burn ! dread$ fuel4 ,?is 0 9 ! reign ( ,edw>d ,i41 & is *>act]i/ic ( ! policy ( t /rong1 unyield+ k+1 ^: ends1 great & j p]haps1 7 too (t5 atta9$ by h>% & cruel means4 ,! coal indu/ry 0 *eck$1 b x 0 n de/roy$2 =1 half a c5tury lat]1 we f9d ,edw>d ,,iii4 grant+ a lic5se to ! inhabitants ( ,newca/le 8to dig coals & /ones 9 ! common soil ( ! t[n )\t ! walls !re( 9 ! place call$ ! ,ca/le ,field & ! ,=?40 ,aft]w>d ?is t[n1 ow+ to ! f9e coal b$s 9 its vic9ity1 became "o ( ! great c5tres ( ! ,briti% coal trade1 f :i* fact d\btless arose t anci5t say+ conc]n+ useless tr\ble or labor1 t x is l 8c>ry+ coals to ,newca/le40 ,9 ,scotl& coal 0 m9$ 9 ! twelf? c5tury & 9 ,g]many 9 ! ?irte5?1 & ! ,*9ese _h already become famili> ) its use4 ,b 9 ,p>is ! same prejudice 0 excit$ aga9/ x t _h prevail$ 9 ,london1 & x did n come into use 9 t city z a h\sehold fuel until ab\t ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,?is 0 also ! date ( its introduction into ,wales1 ,belgium1 & o!r ,european c\ntries4 ,t coal 0 famili>1 9 appe>ance at lea/1 to ! natives ( ,am]ica1 long be=e ! feet ( :ite m5 ev] press$ ,am]ican soil1 _c well be d\bt$4 ,!y mu/ h se5 x at its num]\s outcrops2 p]haps !y took pieces ( x 9 _! h>d h&s1 h&l$ x1 broke x1 p[d]$ x1 or ca/ x away f !m z useless4 ,inde$1 x is n improbable t !y %\ld h kn[n some?+ ( its qualities z a fuel4 ,b ( ?is !re is no pro(4 ,! fir/ record we h ( ! obs]vation ( coal 9 ?is c\ntry 0 made by ,fa!r ,h5nep91 a ,fr5* explor]1 9 #afgi4 ,on a map ( 8 explorations he m>k$ ! site ( a coal m9e on ! bank ( ! ,ill9ois ,riv] above ,=t ,crevecur1 ne> ! pres5t t[n ( ,ottawa4 ,9 8 record ( travel he /ates t 9 ! c\ntry !n occupi$ by ! ,pimit\i or ,pimitwi ,indians 8!re are m9es ( coal1 slate1 & iron40 ,! olde/ coal work+s 9 ,am]ica are d\btless ^? 9 :at is kn[n z ! ,ri*mond or ,*e/]field coal b$1 ne> ,ri*mond 9 ,*e/]field & ,p[hatan c\nties 9 ! ,/ate ( ,virg9ia4 ,x is suppos$ t coal 0 discov]$ & m9$ !re z e>ly z #agej4 ,b by :om & "u :at circum/ances ! discov]y 0 made we h only tradition to in=m u4 ,?is says t "o day1 dur+ ! ye> la/ nam$1 a c]ta9 boy1 liv+ 9 t vic9ity1 w5t out into an unfrequ5t$ di/rict on a private & p]sonal fi%+ excursion4 ,ei!r ! fi% bit bett] ?an he _h ?\ght !y w\ld1 or = "s o!r cause 8 supply ( bait ran out1 & x became necess>y = him to r5ew x4 ,hunt+ ar\nd 9 ! small creeks & inlets = crawfi% ) :i* to bait 8 hook1 he *anc$ to /umble ^u ! outcrop ( a coal b$ :i* crosses ! ,james ,riv] ab\t twelve miles above ,ri*mond4 ,he made 8 discov]y kn[n1 & fur!r exam9ation disclos$ a seam ( ri* bitum9\s coal1 :i* has s9ce be5 conc$$ to be a =mation ( ,mesozoic "t r ?an ( ! ,c>bonif]\s age4 ,m9+ op]ations 7 soon begun1 & 7 c>ri$ on s successfully t by ! ye> #agge ! coal 0 9 g5]al use 9 ! vic9ity = smi?+ & dome/ic purposes4 ,x play$ a "p 9 ! w> = indep5d5ce by ent]+ into ! manufacture ( cannon balls1 & by #aghi x _h a*iev$ s mu* ( a reputation t x 0 be+ %ipp$ to ,philadelphia1 ,new ,york1 & ,bo/on1 & sold 9 ^? m>kets4 ,b ! m9es 7 op]at$ by slave labor1 & m9+ 0 c>ri$ on 9 ! mo/ primitive fa%ion = ?ree qu>t]s ( a c5tury4 ,s late z #ahfj ! improv$ sy/ems ( m9+1 long 9 use 9 ! ,nor?1 7 /ill comp>atively unkn[n at ! ,virg9ia m9es4 ,dur+ ! w> ( ! rebellion ^! m9es 7 seiz$ by ! ,conf$]ate gov]nm5t & op]at$ by x1 9 ord] to obta9 directly ! necess>y fuel = purposes ( mod]n w>f>e2 & ^u ! cessation ( ho/ilities ! p>alysis :i* _h fall5 ^u all o!r ,s\!rn indu/ries fell also ^u ?is4 ,b ) ! revival ( bus9ess1 m9+ 0 aga9 begun 9 ! ,ri*mond field1 & f #ahgd to ! pres5t "t ! indu/ry has prosp]$ & gr[n1 & ,virg9ia has furni%$ to ! c\ntry at l>ge a consid]able am\nt ( an excell5t quality ( bitum9\s coal4 ,?is coal b$ cov]s an area ( ab\t #ahj squ>e miles1 & has an av]age ?ickness ( tw5ty-f\r feet4 ,x is suppos$ to conta9 ab\t #ej1jjj1jjj ( tons yet unm9$4 ,ano!r ( ! e>ly discov]ies ( coal 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 t ( ! ,rhode ,isl& an?racite b$ 9 #agfj4 ,m9es began to be regul>ly work$ "h 9 #ahjh1 b only ab\t #gej1jjj tons1 all told1 h be5 tak5 f !m4 ,= reasons :i* h be5 already giv5 ^! m9es _c be pr(itably work$ 9 competition ) ! an?racite m9es ( ,p5nsylvania1 9 :i* ! location & =mation ( ! coal b$s are greatly sup]ior4 ,x is impossible to say :5 ! coal ( ! great bitum9\s di/rict ( ,p5nsylvania & ,ohio 0 fir/ se5 by :ite m54 ,9 ! summ] ( #agee ,g5]al ,braddock l$ 8 army ?r\gh we/]n ,p5nsylvania by a milit>y road to t t]rible defeat & slaught] 9 :i* he himself receiv$ 8 dea? w\nd4 ,?is road1 laid out by ! army's eng9e]s & grad$ by its m51 0 s well built t its c\rse c /ill be trac$1 & x is se5 to h cross$ ! outcrop ( ! ,pittsburgh coal seam 9 _m places4 ,x is n improbable t a l>ge numb] ( ! soldi]s 9 ! ,engli% army 7 famili> ) ! appe>ance ( coal1 & knew h[ to m9e x & use x4 ,inde$1 ,colonel ,james ,burd1 :o 0 engag$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ! road1 claims to h burn$ ab\t a bu%el ( ?is coal on 8 camp-fire at t "t4 ,"s ( ! ,engli% soldi]s :o surviv$ t t]rible disa/] to _! arms aft]w>d return$ & pur*as$ l&s 9 ! vic9ity1 & x is reasonable to suppose t ! coal 0 dug & put to use by !m4 ,a lease1 /ill 9 exi/5ce1 dat$ ,april #aa1 #agfg1 mak+ a grant ( l&s on 8,coal ,pitt ,creek10 9 ,we/morel& ,c\nty1 indicates t !re 7 coal op5+s !re at t date4 ,capta9 ,?omas ,hut*9s1 :o visit$ ,=t ,pitt 7n[ ,pittsburgh7 9 #agfj1 m5tions ! fact t he f\nd an op5 coal m9e on ! opposite side ( ! ,monongahela ,riv]1 f :i* coal 0 be+ tak5 = ! use ( ! g>rison4 ,f #aggj to #aggg x 0 common = maps ( c]ta9 portions ( ! ,ohio ,riv] c\ntry to h m>k$ on !m sites ( coal b$s along ! %ores ( t /ream 9 regions :i* are n[ kn[n to conta9 seams ( ! great bitum9\s deposit4 ,probably ! ,susquehanna ,riv] region 0 ! fir/ 9 :i* ?is coal 0 dug sy/ematically & put to use4 ,x 0 burn$ by blacksmi?s 9 _! =ges1 & z e>ly z #aghe ! riv] t[ns 7 suppli$ ) x by ,samuel ,boyd1 :o %ipp$ x f 8 m9es 9 arks4 ,9 #ahac ,philip ,k>?aus took a quantity ( coal to ,=t ,deposit1 & s5t x !nce by canal to ,philadelphia4 ,aft] ?is he s5t c>goes regul>ly to ,philadelphia & ,baltimore1 & sold !m readily at ! rate ( ?irty-?ree c5ts p] bu%el4 ,?is trade 0 /opp$1 h[ev]1 by ! build+ ( dams across ! ,susquehanna1 & x 0 n until _m ye>s aft]w>d t ! m9]al res\rces ( ?is section ( ! coal field 7 develop$ aga9 ?r\gh ! introduction ( railroads4 ,9 ! ,pittsburgh region ! dem& = coal increas$ ) ! increase ( population1 & at ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury x 0 9 g5]al use1 n only 9 ! manufactur+ indu/ries b also z a dome/ic fuel1 ?r\gh\t t section ( c\ntry4 ,! fir/ coal s5t f ,pittsburgh to an ea/]n m>ket 0 %ipp$ to ,philadelphia 9 #ahjc4 ,x 0 c>ri$ by ! ,l\isiana1 a boat ( #cej tons burd51 & 0 sold at ! rate ( ?irty-sev5 & a half c5ts p] bu%el4 ,f t "t ! increase 9 ! m9+ ( bitum9\s coal 9 ! ,pittsburgh region has be5 /eady & enorm\s4 ,its pres5ce1 its quality & abundance1 h induc$ ! e/abli%m5t ( great manufactur+ ent]prises 9 t section ( ! ,/ate1 & _m millions ( tons ( x are s5t e ye> to ! m>kets ( ! seabo>d4 ,p5nsylvania 0 a region mu* 9 favor ) ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1 & x is m ?an probable t !y 7 aw>e1 to "s ext5t1 ( ! exi/5ce ( m9]al weal? b5ea? h] soil1 long be=e :ite m5 ev] came among !m4 ,besides ! num]\s outcropp+s ( coal :i*1 9 _! j\rney+s1 !y mu/ h cross$ & recross$ = c5turies1 !re 7 _m places :]e ! coal seams1 hav+ be5 cut ?r\gh by creeks & riv]s1 7 expos$ fully to view4 ,9 ?is way1 9 ! ,wyom+ di/rict1 ! sev5 feet ve9 along ! ,nanticoke ,creek _h be5 disclos$1 & ! n9e feet ve9 on ,ransom's ,creek at ,plym\?2 :ile at ,pitt/on ! ,susquehanna ,riv] _h b>$ ! coal seams 9 ! faces ( its rocky banks1 & up ! ,lackawanna ! black /rata 7 frequ5tly visible4 ,b :atev] k ! ,indians _h on ! subject 01 ) prov]bial retic5ce1 kept to !mselves4 ,x is said t ab\t ! ye> #agej a p>ty ( ,indians br\ght a bag ( coal to a gunsmi? liv+ ne> ,naz>e? 9 ,p5nsylvania1 b refus$ to say :]e !y _h obta9$ x4 ,! gunsmi? burn$ x successfully 9 ! =ge :i* he us$ = ! purpose ( repair+ _! guns4 ,! presumption t ! ,indians knew some?+ ( ! uses ( coal1 & actually m9$ x1 is borne out by ! foll[+ incid5t3 ,9 ! ye> #agff a trad] by ! "n ( ,john ,&]son 0 settl$ at ,wyom+1 & c>ri$ on a small bus9ess z a %opkeep]1 trad+ l>gely ) ! r$ m54 ,9 ,septemb] ( t ye> a company ( six ,nanticoke1 ,conoy1 & ,mohican ,indians visit$ ! gov]nor at ,philadelphia1 & made to him ! foll[+ address3 8,bro!r1,z we came d[n f ,*5ango we /opp$ at ,wyom+1 :]e we _h a m9e 9 two places1 & we discov]$ t "s :ite p _h be5 at "w 9 ! m9e1 & _h fill$ ?ree canoes ) ! ore2 & we saw _! tools ) :i* !y _h dug x out ( ! gr\nd1 :]e !y _h made a hole at lea/ =ty feet long & five or six feet deep4 ,x happ5$ =m]ly t "s :ite p did take1 n[ & !n1 only a small bit & c>ry x away1 b ^! p h be5 work+ at ! m9e1 & h fill$ _! canoes4 ,we desire t y w tell u :e!r y "k any?+ ( ?is matt]1 or if x be done by y\r cons5t4 ,we in=m y t !re is "o ,john ,&]son1 a trad]1 n[ liv+ at ,wyom+1 & we suspect t he1 or somebody by him1 has robb$ our m9e4 ,?is man has a /ore ( goods !re1 & x may happ5 :5 ! ,indians see _! m9e robb$ !y w come & take away 8 goods40 ,!re is little d\bt t ! m9es ref]r$ to 7 coal m9es4 ,! pres5ce ( coal on ! same side ( ! riv] a few miles bel[ ,wyom+ 0 c]ta9ly kn[n1 if n at t "t !n v soon aft]w>d2 = 9 #agfh ,*>les ,/ew>t made a survey ( ! ,manor ( ,sunbury opposite ,wilkes ,b>re = ! 8,propriet>ies'0 gov]nm5t1 & on ! orig9al map ( ! survey 8/one coal0 is not$ z appe>+ on ! site ( :at is n[ call$ ,ros%ill4 ,?is valley ( ,wyom+1 ! seat ( su* va/ m9]al weal?1 0 fir/ settl$ by p f ,connecticut 9 #agfb1 & 9 ! fall ( t ye> !y report$ ! discov]y ( coal4 ,^! en]getic1 ent]pris+ ,yankee settl]s c\ld n fail to "k ! location ( ! coal b$s be=e !y _h be5 long 9 ! valley4 ,"s ( !m 7 probably famili> ) ! ,engli% bitum9\s coals1 :i* 7 !n be+ export$ 9 small quantities to ,am]ica "u ! "n ( 8sea coal20 & f ! fact t our an?racite 0 kn[n to !m z 8/one coal0 x is probable t !re 7 ^? among !m :o knew t ! ,engli% p _h a v h>d coal :i* !y c\ld n burn1 & to :i* !y _h giv5 ! "n 8/one coal40 ,specim5s ( ?is ,wyom+ valley /one coal _h already be5 ga!r$ & s5t to ,engl& = exam9ation4 ,inde$1 !re is no d\bt t ! fir/ an?racite coal ev] f\nd by :ite m5 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 discov]$ 9 ?is valley4 ,b ^! ,yankee settl]s c\ld n make _! /one coal burn4 ,repeat$ trials met ) repeat$ failures4 ,!re 0 "o among !m1 h[ev]1 ,obadiah ,gore1 a blacksmi?1 :o w\ld n be disc\rag$4 ,9 #agfi he took a quantity ( ^! coals to ! blacksmi?'s %op conduct$ by him & 8 bro!r1 put !m 9 8 =ge1 & cont9u$ 8 ef=ts & exp]im5ts until f9ally ! black lumps yield$ to 8 p]si/5cy1 & he _h ! satisfaction ( see+ ! blue flames d>t f !m1 & ! r$ color creep ov] !m1 & ( feel+ ! int5se heat s5t out by _! combu/ion4 ,b _! ignition & burn+ 7 dep5d5t ^u ! /rong air curr5t s5t ?r\gh !m by ! bell[s2 )\t t he c\ld d no?+ ) !m4 ,s ?is ,yankee blacksmi?1 :o 0 aft]w>ds "o ( ! associate judges ( ! c\rts ( ,luz]ne ,c\nty1 became1 s f> z is kn[n1 ! fir/ :ite man to demon/rate practically ! value ( an?racite coal z a fuel4 ,! success ( ,gore's exp]im5ts soon became kn[n1 o!r smi?s began to recognize ! m]its ( ! lately despis$ /one coal1 & x 0 n long be=e ! =ge fires ( ne>ly e smi?y 9 ! region 7 ablaze ) an?racite4 ,! fame ( ! new fuel soon spread beyond ! limits ( ! valley1 & if ! difficulties ( transportation *eck$ its use else:]e1 ! k ( h[ to use x 9 =ges & furnaces 0 n uncommon4 ,! dem& = x ov]came1 at times1 ev5 ! ob/acles 9 ! way ( %ipm5t1 & x 0 s5t to po9ts at long di/ances f ! m9es4 ,9 #aggf ! propriet>y gov]nm5t ( ,p5nsylvania _h an armory at ,c>lisle 9 t ,/ate1 9 :i* !y 7 manufactur+ fire>ms to be us$ by ! ,cont95tal troops 9 ! w> ) ,great ,brita92 & ! fir/ coal ev] s5t out f ! ,wyom+ valley 0 %ipp$ by !m to ,c>lisle dur+ t ye> & ! succe$+ ye>s ( ! w>1 = use 9 _! armory4 ,! next discov]ies ( an?racite 7 made 9 :at is n[ kn[n z ! ,s\!rn coal field4 ,x _h long be5 a matt] ( tradition among ! /olid ,g]man f>m]s ( ,p5nsylvania t coal exi/$ 9 ! rugg$ hills along ! ,lehigh ,riv]1 b no "o succe$$ 9 f9d+ x !re until ! ye> #agia4 ,x 0 !n discov]$ by "o ,philip ,g9!r1 a hunt] & backwoodsman1 :o _h built a r\gh cab9 9 ! =e/ ne> ! ,mau* ,*unk m\nta91 & !re gave to himself & 8 family a prec>i\s support by kill+ game1 l>ge & small1 c>ry+ x to ! ne>e/ settlem5t1 & ex*ang+ x at ! village /ore = ! necess>ies ( life4 ,tell+ ! /ory aft]w>d1 himself1 he said t at "o "t ! supply ( food 9 8 cab9 *anc$ to run out1 & he />t$ into ! woods ) 8 gun 9 que/ ( some?+ :i* %\ld satisfy ! hung] ( ^? :o 7 at home4 ,x 0 a mo/ unsuccessful hunt+ exp$ition4 ,! morn+ pass$1 ! aft]noon w5t by1 night approa*$1 b 8 game-bag 0 /ill empty4 ,he 0 tir$1 hungry1 & sadly disappo9t$4 ,a drizzl+ ra9 set 9 z he />t$ homew>d across ! ,mau* ,*unk m\nta91 d>kness 0 com+ rapidly on1 & despond5cy fill$ 8 m9d z he ?\ght ( ! expectant faces ( little ones at home to :om he 0 return+ empty-h&$4 ,mak+ 8 way sl[ly ?r\gh ! ?ick1 wet und]gr[?1 & /ill look+ ab\t him1 if p]*ance some?+ 9 ! way ( game might yet come )9 ! range ( 8 gun1 8 foot happ5$ to /rike a h>d sub/ance :i* roll$ away be=e him4 ,he look$ d[n at x1 & !n b5t ov] & pick$ x up1 & saw by ! deep5+ twilight t x 0 black4 ,he 0 famili> ) ! traditions ( ! c\ntry conc]n+ ! exi/5ce ( /one coal 9 ?is region1 & he began to wond] if ?is1 inde$1 0 n a specim5 ( x4 ,he c>ri$ ! black lump home ) him t night1 & ! next day he set out ) x to f9d ,colonel ,jacob ,weiss at ,=t ,all51 n[ ,weissport1 to :om he exhibit$ :at he _h f\nd4 ,colonel ,weiss became deeply int]e/$ 9 ! matt]1 & br\ght ! specim5 to ,philadelphia1 :]e he submitt$ x to ! inspection ( ,john ,ni*olson1 ,mi*ael ,hillegas1 & ,*>les ,ci/4 ,^! m51 aft] assur+ !mselves t x 0 really an?racite coal1 au?oriz$ ,colonel ,weiss to make su* a contract ) ,g9!r z w\ld induce him to po9t out ! exact spot :]e ! m9]al 0 f\nd4 ,x happ5$ t ! hunt] covet$ a vacant piece ( l& 9 ! vic9ity conta9+ a f9e wat]-p[] & mill-site1 & on ,colonel ,weiss agree+ to obta9 a pat5t = him f ! ,/ate = ! desir$ lot ( l&1 he v readily gave all ! in=mation 9 8 possession conc]n+ ! 8/one coal40 ,9 ! ,pottsville di/rict ( ! ,s\!rn an?racite region coal 0 discov]$ at ab\t ! same "t z 9 ! ,mau* ,*unk field4 ,?is discov]y too 0 made by accid5t1 & ! discov]] 9 ?is case also 0 a hunt]1 ,ni*olas ,all54 ,he _h be5 out ) 8 gun all day1 & at nightfall _h f\nd himself too f> away f 8 home to make ! attempt to rea* x4 ,he accord+ly built a fire "u a project+ l$ge at ! foot ( ,broad ,m\nta91 &1 ly+ d[n by x1 soon fell asleep4 ,he 0 wak5$ 9 ! night by a /rong light %9+ on 8 eyes1 & by ! s5sation ( great heat4 ,spr++ to 8 feet1 he discov]$ t ! l$ge itself 0 burn+1 or1 z he aft]w>d express$ x1 8t ! m\nta9 0 on fire40 ,he c\ld n und]/& ! ph5om5on1 & rema9$ 9 ! vic9ity until morn+1 :5 he saw1 by daylight1 t :at he _h ?\ght to be a l$ge ( rocks 0 really a project+ outcrop ( m9]al coal1 :i* _h become ignit$ f 8 camp-fire ( /icks4 ,:e!r ?is /ory is or is n au!ntic1 x is c]ta9 t no practical results att5d$ ! discov]y ( coal 9 ?is region4 ,x 0 n until tw5ty-six ye>s aft] ,obadiah ,gore's exp]im5ts 9 ! ,wyom+ valley t coal 0 successfully burn$ "h 9 a blacksmi?'s =ge4 ,! attempt 0 made by "o ,:et/one1 & met ) ! same m>k$ success t _h att5d$ ! e>li] ef=t4 ,b ow+ to ! difficulty /ill ord9>ily exp]i5c$ 9 combu/ion1 ! coal ( ?is region 0 n g5]ally us$ until aft] ! ye> #ahjf4 ,9 t ye> ,david ,b]l91 ano!r blacksmi?1 exp]im5t$ ) x 9 8 =ge1 ) su* complete success t a new impetus 0 giv5 to ! coal trade1 m9+ 0 resum$1 & ! new fuel came into g5]al use 9 ! blacksmi?s' %ops ( ! vic9ity4 ,9 ! ,middle an?racite di/rict coal 0 n discov]$ until #ahbf4 ,?is discov]y also 0 made by a hunt]1 ,john ,*>les4 ,on "o ( 8 hunt+ exp$itions he *anc$ to f9d a gr\ndhog's hole1 &1 lay+ d[n 8 rifle1 he began to dig = 8 game4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! excavation he uncov]$ a project+ %elf ( /one coal4 ,he made 8 discov]y kn[n1 fur!r explorations 7 set on foot1 ! coal b$ 0 locat$1 & a company call$ ! ,hazleton ,coal ,company 0 =m$ to "w ! field4 ,f ^! sev]al po9ts ( discov]y ! se>* = an?racite coal 0 ext5d$ 9 all directions1 ! limits ( ! b$s 7 ev5tually def9$1 & ea* field 0 survey$ & mapp$ ) mu* c>e4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,introduction ,,( ,,coal ,,into ,,use4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury ! an?racite or /one coal 0 9 g5]al use1 9 all ! di/ricts :]e x 0 f\nd1 z a fuel = ! blacksmi?'s fire & ! iron work]'s =ge4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 0 ! limit ( its utility4 ,x 0 ?\ght to be necess>y to =ce a /rong artificial air curr5t up ?r\gh x to make x burn1 & s9ce ?is c\ld n well be done 9 grates1 /oves1 or furnaces1 !re 0 no dem& = coal = dome/ic use1 or = ! great manufactur+ indu/ries4 ,ef=ts 7 inde$ made to ov]come ?is difficulty4 ,s*emes )\t numb] 7 set on foot & ab&on$4 ,x 0 propos$1 at "o "t1 to =ce air ?r\gh a tube to ! "u "p ( ! grate by means ( clockwork op]at$ by a weight or by a spr+4 ,b ! co/ ( su* an arrangem5t made x impracticable4 ,x seems1 h[ev]1 t ,weiss1 ,ci/1 & ,hillegas1 :o 7 develop+ ! discov]y made by ,g9!r 9 ! ,mau* ,*unk m\nta91 also solv$ ! problem ( burn+ ! /one coal )\t an artificial draft4 ,!y _h s5t specim5s ( _! coals to ,philadelphia1 & presumably _h accompani$ !m ) in/ructions z to ! prop] me?od ( burn+ !m4 ,?is presumption is borne out by c]ta9 lett]s s5t to ,jacob ,ci/ ( ,wilkes ,b>re1 a son ( ,*>les ,ci/ ! pr9t]1 :o 0 9 company ) ,weiss & ,hillegas4 ,two ( ^! lett]s are n[ 9 ! possession ( ! ,wyom+ ,hi/orical & ,geological ,society at ,wilkes ,b>re4 ,an extract f "o ( !m reads z foll[s3 8,i h exp]i5c$ ! use ( !m0 7! ,lehigh coals7 89 a close /ove & also 9 a fireplace t may be clos$ & op5$ at pleasure1 s con/ruct$1 z to cause a brisk curr5t ( air to pass up ?r\gh a small contract$ grate on :i* !y 7 laid4 ,i f9d !m m difficult to be k9dl$ ?an ! ,virg9ia coal1 yet a small quantity ( dry wood laid on ! grate "u !m is suffici5t to ignite !m1 :i* be+ done1 !y cont9ue to burn :ile a suffici5t am\nt be add$ to keep up ! combu/ion1 occasionally /irr+ !m to keep d[n ! a%es4 ,!y produce no smoke1 conta9 no sulphur1 & :5 well ignit$ exhibit a vivid bright appe>ance1 all :i* r5d] !m suitable = w>m+ rooms40 ,?is lett] is dat$ 8,philadelphia1 ,feb4 #ae? #ahjc10 & is sign$ 8,oliv] ,evans40 ,! second lett] is simil> 9 its recomm5dation & report ( success1 & /ates t ! writ]1 8,fr$k ,graff1 cl]k ( ! ,wat] ,works ( ,phila 444 made a trial ( ! ,lehigh coals 9 ! ye> #ahjb 9 ! l>ge /ove at ! ,p5nsylvania ,bank 9 ,phila40 ,s f> z is kn[n ^! are ! fir/ record$ in/ances ( any successful attempts to burn an?racite coal 9 grates & /oves4 ,dr4 ,james ( ,philadelphia has also left on record ! fact t he made con/ant use ( an?racite coal = heat+ purposes f ! ye> #ahjd4 ,^! well-au!nticat$ in/ances ( ! use ( an?racite appe> to de/roy ! commonly accept$ belief t ,judge ,jesse ,fell ( ,wilkes ,b>re 0 ! fir/ p]son ^: attempts to burn ?is coal 9 an op5 grate 7 rew>d$ ) complete success4 ,nev]!less ! value ( ,judge ,fell's exp]im5ts _c be que/ion$1 nor c he be depriv$ ( ! full measure ( cr$it due to him = br++ ^? exp]im5ts to a successful issue4 ,until ! ye> #ahjh all ef=ts 9 ! ,wyom+ valley to burn ! 8/one coal0 ( ! region )\t an artificial air bla/ _h utt]ly fail$4 ,p did n believe t x c\ld be done4 ,! successes ( ,evans & ,graff 9 ?is direction 7 ei!r n kn[n or n cr$it$4 ,x is c]ta9 t ,judge ,fell _h n he>d ( !m4 ,8 op9ion t ?is coal c\ld be made to burn 9 an op5 fireplace 0 bas$ :olly on ! reason+ ( 8 own m9d4 ,he 0 a memb] ( ! ,society ( ,fri5ds1 & _h come to ,wilkes ,b>re "s ye>s be=e f ,b]ks ,c\nty4 ,he 0 a blacksmi? by trade1 ! proprietor ( ! be/ hotel 9 t[n1 & he came aft]w>d to be "o ( ! associate judges ( ,luz]ne ,c\nty4 ,:5 he _h fully consid]$ ! matt] ( burn+ ! /one coal1 & _h rea*$ def9ite conclusions1 he began to exp]im5t4 ,at fir/ he con/ruct$ a grate ( gre5 hickory /icks1 & ! presumption is t ! fire he k9dl$ 9 x 0 a success2 = he began1 imm$iately aft]w>d1 to make an iron grate simil> to ! grates n[ 9 use4 ,! "w 0 done by 8 nephew ,edw>d ,fell & himself 9 ! blacksmi? %op ( ! =m]1 & 0 complet$ 9 a s+le day4 ,judge ,fell took ! grate home late 9 ! aft]noon & set x ) brick 9 ! fireplace ( 8 b>-room4 ,9 ! ev5+ he k9dl$ 9 x1 ) oak wood1 a gl[+ coal fire1 & invit$ a l>ge numb] ( ! mo/ respect$ citiz5s ( ! place to come 9 & see ! /one coal burn4 ,only a few came1 h[ev]1 9 response to 8 invitation2 !y believ$ 8 !ory to be impracticable1 & fe>$ t !y might be made ! victims ( a hoax4 ,b to ^? :o came ! fire 0 a revelation4 ,x cle>$ ! way = imm5se possibilities4 ,judge ,fell himself realiz$ ! importance ( 8 discov]y1 & ?\ght ! incid5t wor?y ( record4 ,be+ a devot$ memb] ( ! ord] ( ,free & ,accept$ ,masons1 he *ose f 8 libr>y a book entitl$ 8,! ,free ,mason's ,monitor10 & wrote on ! fly-leaf1 9 a cle>1 bold h&1 ?is memor&um3 8,fe'b #aa?1 ( ,masonry #ehjh4 ,made ! exp]im5t ( burn+ ! common /one coal ( ! valley 9 a grate 9 a common fire place 9 my h\se1 & f9d x w answ] ! purpose ( fuel2 mak+ a cle>] & bett] fire1 at less exp5se1 ?an burn+ wood 9 ! common way4 ,sign$ ,,jesse ,,fell4 8,,bor\gh ,,( ,,wilkesb>re1 ,febru>y #aa? #ahjh40 ,! complete success ( ,judge ,fell's exp]im5t 0 soon nois$ abroad1 & a new era ( usefulness = an?racite coal set 94 ,f ,wilkes ,b>re up & d[n ! entire ,wyom+ valley fireplaces = wood 7 disc>d$ & grates 7 set = ! burn+ ( ! new dome/ic fuel4 ,?is 0 foll[$1 n long aft]1 by ! introduction ( /oves1 s t by #ahbj1 says ,/ew>t ,pe>ce 9 8 8,annals ( ,luz]ne ,c\nty10 grates & coal /oves 7 9 g5]al use ?r\gh\t ! valley1 coal = dome/ic purposes sell+ at ?ree doll>s p] ton4 ,at ! "t ( ,judge ,fell's exp]im5t !re 0 no outside m>ket = ! product ( ! m9es ( ! ,wyom+ valley4 ,! di/ances to ! l>ge cities & manufactur+ c5tres 7 too great1 ! means ( transportation too rude1 & ! k ( ! use ( an?racite too limit$1 to w>rant any s]i\s ef=t to create a =eign m>ket = x4 ,! attempt _h nev]!less be5 made 9 #ahjg by ,abijah ,smi?1 :o %ipp$ an ark-load ( coal d[n ! ,susquehanna ,riv] to ,columbia1 & 0 oblig$ to leave x !re unsold4 ,9 #ahjh ! exp]im5t 0 repeat$ by ,abijah & 8 bro!r ,john1 :o1 pr(it+ by ! success ( ,judge ,fell's late exp]im5t1 took ) !m an iron grate1 set x up at ,columbia1 & proce$$ to demon/rate to ! d\bt+ inhabitants ! practical value ( _! coal z a dome/ic fuel4 ,! v5ture prov$ successful1 & aft] ?is !y f\nd no difficulty 9 sell+ at ! riv] t[ns all ! coal !y c\ld m9e4 ,aft] #ahab !y ext5d$ _! trade by runn+ _! coal to ,havre de ,grace1 & s5d+ x !nce by s*oon] to ,new ,york4 ,! success :i* att5d$ ! ef=ts ( ! ,smi?s appe>s to h be5 an inducem5t to o!r ent]pris+ citiz5s ( ! ,wyom+ valley to emb>k 9 ! coal trade1 & 9 #ahac & #ahad ,colonel ,george ,m4 ,holl5back1 ,colonel ,"l ,butl]1 ,joseph ,wright1 ,esq41 & ,cr&al ,wilcox all engag$ 9 ! m9+ & %ipp+ ( coal4 ,!y s5t ! product ( ! m9es d[n ! riv] 9 arks1 & up to #ahcj #he1jjj tons _h be5 m9$ 9 ! valley = su* %ipm5t4 ,aft] t ye> coal 0 s5t by ! ,nor? ,bran* ,canal j complet$ to ,nanticoke1 & 9 #ahdf ! ,lehigh & ,susquehanna ,railroad pi]c$ ! valley1 & op5$ a new era 9 transportation4 ,s x came ab\t t ?is region1 :i* 9 #ahjg op5$ ! an?racite coal trade ) a %ipm5t ( fifty-five tons1 s5t to m>ket 9 #ahhg a gr& total ( #ai1fhd1ibi tons4 ,illu/ration3 ,,map ,,%[+ ,,an?racite,,coal,,fields -,,(- ,,p5nsylvania ,9 ! mean "t ,weiss1 ,ci/1 & ,hillegas pu%$ _! coal ent]prise on ! ,mau* ,*unk m\nta91 op5+ :at 0 aft]w>d kn[n z ! ,great ,summit ,m9e1 & 9 #ahjc />t$ six ark-loads ( coal d[n ! ,lehigh ,riv]1 to be float$ to its junction ) ! ,delaw>e1 & !nce to ,philadelphia4 ,only two ( ! arks rea*$ _! de/9ation1 ! o!rs hav+ met ) disa/] on ! way1 ow+ to swift curr5ts & unskillful navigation4 ,( ! two c>goes t arriv$ safely at ,philadelphia n a lump c\ld be sold4 ,! own]s made /r5u\s ef=ts to f9d a m>ket = x1 b p did n wi% to pur*ase a fuel t !y c\ld n make burn4 ,at la/ ! city au?orities 7 appeal$ to1 &1 aft] "s hesitation1 !y agre$ to take ! coal & try to make use ( x = a /eam-eng9e employ$ at ! city wat]works4 ,?is !y did2 b all _! attempts to make ! alleg$ fuel burn prov$ unavail+4 ,!y f9ally gave up ! task 9 disgu/1 decl>$ ! coal to be a nuisance1 & caus$ :at rema9$ ( x to be brok5 up & spread on ! footpa?s ( ! public gr\nds1 9 place ( gravel4 ,?is 0 inde$ a mo/ ignom9i\s failure4 ,x caus$ a sudd5 cessation ( m9+ op]ations at ,summit ,hill1 & = sev]al ye>s ! ,lehigh ,m9e ,company1 utt]ly disc\rag$1 made no ef=t to retrieve its fall5 =tunes4 ,william ,turnbull attempt$ to revive ! project a few ye>s lat]1 b 8 ef=t also met ) a dismal failure4 ,9 #ahac ,*>les ,m9]1 ,jacob ,ci/1 & ,john ,w4 ,rob9son1 all ( ,wilkes ,b>re1 r5ew$ ! ent]prise at ,summit ,hill ) great en]gy1 & on ! #i? ( ,augu/1 #ahad1 />t$ _! fir/ ark-load ( coal d[n ! riv] to ,philadelphia4 ,be=e x _h gone eighty rods f ! place ( />t+ x /ruck a l$ge :i* tore a hole 9 ! b[ ( ! boat1 8&10 ,mr4 ,m9] says1 8! lads /ripp$ !mselves ne>ly nak$ to /op ! ru% ( wat] ) _! clo!s40 ,aft] _m & v>i$ adv5tures on ! swift curr5ts ( ! riv]s ! ark rea*$ its de/9ation on ! foll[+ ,sunday morn+ at eight o'clock1 hav+ be5 five days on ! way4 ,its arrival _h be5 anticipat$ by its own]s1 & !y _h call$ public att5tion to its c>go by means ( h&bills pr9t$ 9 bo? ,engli% & ,g]man1 & di/ribut$ freely ?r\gh\t ! city4 ,^! h&bills1 besides adv]tis+ ! coal1 gave in=mation z to ! me?od ( burn+ x 9 grates1 /oves1 & smi?'s =ges4 ,!y 7 also accompani$ by pr9t$ c]tificates f blacksmi?s & o!rs atte/+ ! value & availability ( ! ,lehigh coal z a fuel4 ,! own]s ( ! ark w5t /ill f>!r4 ,!y put up /oves 9 conspicu\s public places 9 ! city1 built coal fires 9 !m1 & invit$ ! p to /op & inspect !m4 ,!y w5t to private h\ses & prevail$ on ! inmates to be all[$ to k9dle an?racite fires 9 ! grates :i* _h be5 built = ! use ( ,liv]pool coals4 ,!y att5d$ at blacksmi?'s %ops1 & ev5 brib$ ! j\rneym5 to give _! coals a fair trial 9 ! =ge4 ,?us1 by p]si/5t & indu/ri\s1 nay by presumptu\s1 ef=ts1 ^! m5 succe$$ 9 awak5+ public int]e/ 9 _! ent]prise1 & 9 creat+ a dem& = _! w>es4 ,! proprietors ( ! ,lehigh coals gave p>ticul> att5tion also to ! in/ruction ( ! p 9 ! matt] ( ignit+ ! new fuel4 ,hav+ once disabus$ !m ( ! idea t a /rong artificial air curr5t 0 necess>y1 ! next /ep 0 to prev5t !m f di/urb+ ! coals con/antly by pok+1 pun*+1 & rak+ !m1 a proce$+ :i* ! un9itiat$ seem$ to consid] ( prime importance1 9 ord] to induce !m to ignite4 ,&1 /range z x may seem1 ?is fallacy 0 ! h>de/ to ov]come4 ,among ! pur*as]s ( ! ,lehigh coals 9 #ahad 0 ! firm ( ,:ite ,haz>d1 manufactur]s ( iron wire at ! falls ( ! ,s*uylkill4 ,!y _h be5 told by ,mr4 ,jo%ua ,mal91 proprietor ( a roll+ mill1 t he _h succe$$ 9 us+ ! new fuel1 & z ! ,virg9ia coal 0 v sc>ce at t "t1 ,:ite ,haz>d decid$ to te/ ! qualities ( ! an?racite4 ,!y pur*as$ a c>t-load ( x1 pay+ a doll> a bu%el = x1 & took x to _! works4 ,"h !y tri$ to build a fire ) x 9 _! furnace1 giv+ x :at !y consid]$ ! mo/ skillful manipulation & ! mo/ assidu\s att5tion4 ,_! ef=ts 7 9 va94 ,! entire c>t-load 0 wa/$ 9 a futile attempt to make ! coals burn4 ,no?+ daunt$1 !y obta9$ ano!r c>tload1 & det]m9$ to sp5d ! night1 if ne$ %\ld be1 9 ! "w ( build+ a coal fire4 ,& !y did sp5d ! night4 ,b :5 morn+ came !y 7 app>5tly z f> f ! atta9m5t ( _! object z ev]4 ,!y _h pok$ & pun*$ & rak$2 !y _h labor$ incessantly2 b not)/&+ ! mo/ con/ant manipulation1 ! coals above ! burn+ wood w\ld n suffici5tly ignite4 ,by ?is "t ! m5 7 di%e>t5$ & disgu/$1 & slamm+ ! door ( ! furnace1 !y left ! mill 9 despair1 & w5t to breakfa/4 ,x happ5$ t "o ( !m _h left 8 jacket 9 ! furnace room1 & return+ = x ab\t half an h\r lat]1 he discov]$ t ! furnace door 0 r$-hot4 ,9 great surprise he flung ! door op5 & f\nd ! int]ior gl[+ ) int5se :ite heat4 ,! o!r h&s 7 imm$iately summon$1 & f\r sep>ate p>cels ( iron 7 heat$ & roll$ by ! same fire be=e x requir$ r5ew+4 ,seek+ = ! cause ( ?is unexpect$ result ! m5 came to ! conclusion t x 0 due to simply lett+ ! fire alone1 a !ory ! correctness ( :i* !y aft]w>d abundantly prov$4 ,?us1 by *ance1 ^! m5 hit ^u ! secret ( success 9 ! matt] ( build+ a fire ( an?racite coals4 ,t secret is simply to ?r[ ! coals loosely on ! burn+ wood1 & !n let !m alone4 ,! incid5t at ,:ite ,haz>d's mills becom+ g5]ally kn[n1 p le>n$ m f x ab\t ! process ( build+ a coal fire ?an !y _h le>n$ f all _! previ\s in/ruction4 ,nev]!less ! ent]prise ( ! ,lehigh op]ators 0 /ill n de/9$ to meet ) success4 ,!y _h emb>k$ 9 ! coal trade 9 #ahad1 :ile ! w> ) ,great ,brita9 0 /ill 9 progress1 :5 x 0 impossible to procure coal f ,engl&1 & :5 coal f ! ,ri*mond di/rict 0 v sc>ce4 ,!y 7 !re=e able to obta9 f\rte5 doll>s p] ton = ! ,lehigh coal1 b ev5 at ?is price ! co/ & risk ( m9+ & %ipp+ 0 s great t ! bus9ess 0 b>ely a pay+ "o4 ,9 #ahae1 h[ev]1 peace 0 conclud$ ) ,great ,brita91 ! m>ket 0 aga9 op5$ to ! reception ( =eign coals1 & ! ,lehigh op]ators1 be+ unable to compete ) ! sell]s ( s(t coal1 7 oblig$ to ab&on ! field4 ,not)/&+ ! ef=ts & en]gy ( ^! proprietors ! ,summit ,hill m9+ indu/ry did n pay1 & 9 #ahag ! m9es pass$ into ! h&s ( ,josiah ,:ite & ,ersk9e ,haz>d4 ,!y p]fect$ a sy/em ( slack-wat] navigation on ! ,lehigh1 & 9 #ahbj made _! fir/ %ipm5t ( #cfe tons4 ,! tables commonly pr9t$ %[+ ! gr[? ( ! an?racite coal trade usually make t trade beg9 ) ?is %ipm5t ( ,lehigh coal 9 #ahbj4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n q correct1 z we h se5 t coal 0 s5t to m>ket f ! ,wyom+ region at a mu* e>li] date4 ,x is rem>kable t1 :]eas 9 #ahbj ! #cfe tons ( ,lehigh coal /ock$ ! m>ket1 9 #ahca1 ! ye> 9 :i* ! sy/em ( slack wat] navigation 0 sup]s$$ by %ipm5t on ! ,delaw>e division ( ! ,p5nsylvania ,canal1 ?is region s5t d[n #dj1iff tons4 ,& 9 #ahhg !re 0 s5t to m>ket f ! ,lehigh di/rict a total ( #d1cdg1jfa tons1 an am\nt :i* w\ld h be5 mu* great] _h n a prolong$ /rike ( coal m9]s s]i\sly int]f]$ ) ! output4 ,9 ! ,s*uylkill region ( ! ,s\!rn coal field simil> ob/acles to ! introduction ( coal 7 enc\nt]$4 ,ni*olas ,all51 ! discov]] ( coal 9 t region1 _h =m$ a p>tn]%ip ) ,colonel ,george ,%oemak]1 & ! firm _h pur*as$ a tract ( coal l& ne> ,pottsville1 on :i* !y began m9+ op]ations 9 ! ye> #ahab4 ,!y rais$ sev]al wagon loads ( coal1 & (f]$ x = sale 9 ! vic9ity1 b ) ! exception ( a few blacksmi?s1 :o _h be5 taught its value z a fuel by ,colonel ,%oemak]1 no "o c\ld be f\nd to pur*ase x4 ,all5 soon became di%e>t5$ & sold 8 entire int]e/ 9 ! prop]ty to 8 p>tn]1 :o1 /ill p]si/+ 9 ! ent]prise1 m9$ a consid]able quantity ( ! coal1 fill$ t5 wagons ) x1 & took x to ,philadelphia 9 que/ ( a m>ket4 ,b x did n meet ) a ready sale4 ,p look$ at ! coals curi\sly1 consid]$ !m to be no?+ m ?an black /ones1 &1 see+ no reason :y !y %\ld burn bett] ?an /ones ( any o!r color1 w\ld n buy !m4 ,colonel ,%oemak] s\nd$ ! praises ( 8 w>es s vigor\sly & p]si/5tly1 h[ev]1 t at la/ a few pur*as]s 7 induc$ to take !m 9 small quantities1 j = trial4 ,! trials1 z usual1 prov$ to be unsuccessful1 & ! p :o _h pur*as$ ! coals1 believ+ !y _h be5 victimiz$1 d5\nc$ ,colonel ,%oemak] z a *eat & a sw9dl]2 :ile "o p]son1 ^: wra? rose to a high pit*1 procur$ a w>rant = ! colonel's arre/1 on ! *>ge t he 0 a common impo/or4 ,at ?is /age ( ! proce$+s1 ,colonel ,%oemak]1 believ+ discretion to be ! bett] "p ( valor1 quietly left ! city & />t$ t[>d 8 home by a circuit\s r\te1 driv+1 x is said1 "s ?irty miles out ( 8 way1 9 ord] to avoid ! (fic] ( ! law hold+ ! w>rant = 8 arre/4 ,?is 0 inde$ a disc\rag+ beg9n+ = ! ,s*uylkill coal trade4 ,=tunately1 h[ev]1 n all ( ! colonel's cu/om]s at ,philadelphia _h met ) failure 9 ! ef=t to burn 8 coal4 ,messrs4 ,mell5 ,bi%op1 a firm ( iron factors 9 ,delaw>e ,c\nty1 at ! e>ne/ solicitation ( ,colonel ,%oemak]1 made ! exp]im5t ) ! small quantity ( coals pur*as$ by !m1 & f9d+ t ! fuel burn$ successfully !y ann\nc$ t fact ?r\gh ! ,philadelphia newspap]s4 ,o!r iron work]s 7 ?us induc$ to try ! coal1 & f9ally all ! furnaces along ! ,s*uylkill _h op5 doors = x4 ,ev5tually x came into use = ! purpose ( g5]at+ /eam1 ! exp]im5ts ( ,john ,price ,we!rill 9 t direction hav+ be5 only p>tially satisfactory1 b ^? at ! ,phnixville iron works 9 #ahbe meet+ ) complete success4 ,/ill ! prices :i* coal comm&$ 9 ! ,philadelphia m>ket 7 n suffici5t to pay = ! labor ( m9+ x & ! co/ ( %ipp+ x4 ,s t1 prior to #ahah1 ne>ly all ! coal m9$ 9 ! ,s*uylkill region 0 sold to ! blacksmi?s ( ! surr\nd+ c\ntry4 ,9 t ye>1 h[ev]1 ! improvem5ts ( ! ,s*uylkill navigation 7 complet$1 & af=d$ an additional1 ?\gh n by any means safe or suffici5t1 outlet = ! products ( ! m9es4 ,by #ahbf & #ahbg ! gr[+ importance ( ! coal trade became manife/1 ! ,s*uylkill navigation sy/em 0 plac$ 9 excell5t repair1 & ! m9+ bus9ess ( ! di/rict grew rapidly to enorm\s proportions4 ,! nor!a/]ly ext5sion ( ! ,wyom+ coal bas91 leav+ ! ,susquehanna ,riv] at ,pitt/on1 foll[s ! valley ( ! ,lackawanna up to a po9t sev5 miles beyond ,c>bondale1 :]e x cuts slightly into ! c\nties ( ,wayne & ,susquehanna1 & !re runs out4 ,?is ext5sion is kn[n z ! ,lackawanna region4 ,coal 0 dug up & exp]im5t$ ) "h at ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury4 ,its outcrop at ! riv] bank 0 not$ by ,pre/on1 a surveyor1 9 #ahjd4 ,9 #ahab x 0 m9$ at ,provid5ce & burn$ 9 a rude grate by ,h4 ,c4 ,l4 ,von ,/or*4 ,ab\t ?is "t ! bro!rs ,william & ,maurice ,wurts1 hav+ be5 attract$ by ! m9]al weal? ( ! region1 came !re f ,philadelphia & began explorations = ! purpose ( asc]ta9+ ! location1 area1 & quality ( ! b$s ( an?racite coal4 ,william1 ! y\ng] bro!r1 9 ! c\rse ( 8 w&]+s ?r\gh ! rugg$ hills & ?ick =e/s ( ! c\ntry1 *anc$ to meet a hunt] by ! "n ( ,david ,nobles1 :o1 hav+ fl$ f ! adjo9+ c\nty ( ,wayne to avoid imprisonm5t = debt1 0 lead+ a prec>i\s exi/5ce 9 ! woods4 ,nobles 0 well acqua9t$ ) ! c\ntry1 knew :]e ! outcropp+s ( coal 71 & hav+ ent]$ into ! s]vice ( ,wurts1 r5d]$ him mo/ valuable assi/ance4 ,_! inve/igations hav+ prov$ ! pres5ce ( l>ge bodies ( coal1 ! ,wurts bro!rs next procur$ title to ! l&s conta9+ x1 & !n turn$ _! att5tion to ! problem ( f9d+ an outlet to m>ket4 ,!y decid$ f9ally to %ip coal on rafts by ! ,wall5paupack ,creek to ! ,lackawax51 by ! ,lackawax5 to ! ,delaw>e1 & !nce to ,philadelphia4 ,?is me?od 0 exp]im5t$ on f #ahad to #ahbb ) v>y+ degrees ( disa/]4 ,9 ! ye> la/ m5tion$ !y succe$$ 9 tak+ to ,philadelphia #ajj tons ( coal1 only to f9d ! m>ket flood$ ) #b1bdj tons ( ,lehigh coal4 ,competition 0 app>5tly hopeless2 b in/ead ( ab&on+ ! ent]prise1 z m5 ( less en]gy & p]sev]ance w\ld n[ h done1 ,maurice ,wurts turn$ 8 att5tion to a new project4 ,?is 0 no?+ less ?an to make an outlet to ! ,new ,york m>ket by build+ a canal :i* %\ld rea* f ! ,hudson ,riv] at ,rond\t1 across to ! ,delaw>e at ,port ,j]vis1 & !nce up t /ream & ! ,lackawax5 to ! ne>e/ practicable po9t ea/ ( ! coal b$s4 ,b :5 t po9t %\ld be rea*$ !re w\ld /ill be ! ,moosic ,m\nta91 ) its t[]+ heights & precipit\s bluffs1 ly+ betwe5 ! boats & ! m9es4 ,! ,wurts bro!rs did n ackn[l$ge ?is to be a s]i\s ob/acle4 ,!y propos$ to ov]come ?is difficulty by build+ across ! m\nta9s a railroad1 :i* %\ld consi/ l>gely ( incl9$ planes1 ! c>s to be drawn up & let d[n ^! planes by means ( /ation>y /eam-eng9es1 & to move along ! /ret*es betwe5 ! planes by =ce ( gravity4 ,hav+ =m$ _! plans !y set to "w to c>ry !m out4 ,!y procur$ ! necess>y legislation f ! ,/ates ( ,new ,york & ,p5nsylvania1 !y secur$ a *>t] 9 #ahbc-be = a corporation kn[n z ! ,delaw>e & ,hudson ,canal ,company1 & by d9t ( supreme p]sonal ef=t !y succe$$ 9 obta9+ capital en\gh to beg9 & c>ry on ! "w4 ,9 #ahbh ! canal 0 complet$ to its t]m9us at ,honesdale1 ! gravity railroad hav+ be5 already con/ruct$ f ! coal fields to t po9t1 & 9 #ahbi ! company began to %ip coal to tide-wat] on ! ,hudson4 ,x 0 a bold & +5i\s s*eme1 & = ^? days x 0 an ent]prise ( imm5se proportions4 ,t ^! two m5 conceiv$ x & e>n$ x out 9 ! face ( great difficulties & aga9/ ov]:elm+ odds entitles !m to a place 9 ^? high] ord]s ( g5ius t are t\*$ ) ! light ( ! h]oic4 ,! ,lackawanna region has be5 pi]c$ by _m o!r l9es ( railway1 & to-day by ^! great highways a va/ am\nt ( ,lackawanna coal is s5t to ! ea/]n cities & ! seabo>d4 ,b z a rule1 m5 :o inve/$ _! money 9 coal l&s 9 ! e>ly days aft] ! discov]y ( coal lo/ ! am\nt ( ! inve/m5t4 ,!y1 ) prophetic vision1 saw ! com=t1 ! comm]ce1 ! manufactures1 ( a nation dep5d5t on ! products ( ! coal m9es1 b ! p at l>ge c\ld n see s f>4 ,^! pione]s made ready to supply an anticipat$ dem&1 b x did n come4 ,talk+ did n br+ x4 ,exhibitions ( ! wond]ful utility ( ! black coals s]v$ to ar\se b a pass+ int]e/4 ,no o!r product ( ! globe :i* has obta9$ a position ( equal importance ev] _h to fight its way into public favor ) su* p]si/5t ef=t ?r\gh s _m ye>s4 ,b :5 at la/ its wor? became g5]ally recogniz$1 :5 ! p _h rea*$ ! conclusion t !y want$ x1 & its value 9 doll>s _h become fix$ & p]man5t1 !n ! pione]s ( ! indu/ry _h vani%$ f ! field2 !y 7 di%e>t5$1 de/itute1 or dead2 new h&s & bra9s took up ! "w1 matur$ ! plans ( ! eld]s1 & reap$ ! =tunes ( :i* =m] g5]ations _h s[n ! se$4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ! coal l&s 7 mo/ly divid$ into small tracts1 & held by p]sons _m ( :om ?\ght to op5 m9es on _! prop]ty & c>ry on ! bus9ess ( m9+ z an individual ent]prise4 ,?is plan ( "w 0 p>tially successful s long z coal c\ld be dug f ! outcrop & c>t$ away l /ones f a qu>ry2 b :5 x became necess>y1 z x soon did1 to p5etrate m deeply into ! e>? = ! article ( trade1 !n ! co/ ( %aft+1 tunnel+1 & m9+ 9 g5]al usually exce$$ ! res\rces ( ! individual op]ator1 & ei!r he succumb$ to f9ancial di/ress1 or dispos$ ( 8 m9+ int]e/s to m5 or firms ) m money4 ,z ! art ( m9+ advanc$ ) its necessities1 x 0 le>n$1 sometimes aft] bitt] exp]i5ce1 t ! bus9ess 0 pr(itable only :5 a l>ge am\nt ( capital 0 beh9d x4 ,!re=e m5 :o _h inve/$ a few ?\s& doll>s transf]r$ _! int]e/s to m5 :o _h a few hundr$ ?\s& to inve/1 & ^!1 9 turn1 associat+ o!r capitali/s ) !m1 d\bl$ or trebl$ ! inve/m5t or ran x into ! millions1 =m+ companies or corporations to accompli% ) _! m p]fect organization t :i* w\ld be impossible to ! individual4 ,s x has come ab\t t 9 ^! lat] days ! individual op]ators h giv5 place l>gely to ! corporations2 ^? :o /ill rema9 9 ! field (t5 op]at+ _! m9es on a small capital at great disadvantage4 ,9 ! bitum9\s regions1 h[ev]1 ?is rule does n hold good4 ,!re ! coal lies ne> ! surface1 is accessible1 & easily m9$4 ,x ne$s only to be c>ri$ to ! riv] bank & scre5$ z x is load$ into boats & />t$ on its way to m>ket4 ,comp>$ ) ! an?racite regions1 x requires b a small capital "h to su/a9 an ext5sive plant1 & produce a l>ge quantity ( coal4 ,!re=e we f9d1 z we %\ld expect to f9d1 t 9 ! bitum9\s di/ricts ! bulk ( ! coal is produc$ by individuals1 firms1 & small companies4 ,9 ! an?racite regions1 h[ev]1 ?is rule is rev]s$4 ,( ! #cf1bjd1jjj tons ( an?racite produc$ 9 ! ye> #ahhg1 #af1aji1chg tons1 or ne>ly "o half1 7 m9$ by five great companies2 namely3 ,! ,philadelphia & ,read+2 ,delaw>e & ,hudson2 ,delaw>e1 ,lackawanna1 & ,we/]n2 ,lehigh ,valley2 & ,p5nsylvania ,coal ,company4 ,! imm5se out-put ( z _m m l>ge corporations left b a v small proportion ( ! total product to ! small companies1 firms1 & individuals4 ,x foll[s1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 t ! acreage ( coal l&s held by ^! companies be>s ! same proportion to ! total acreage t _! coal out-put be>s to ! entire coal out-put4 ,t is1 !y ei!r own or hold "u lease ! great bulk ( ! coal b$s ( ! an?racite regions4 ,! value ( coal l&s v>ies ) ! numb]1 ?ickness1 & accessibility ( ! coal seams conta9$ 9 x4 ,9 ! v e>ly days ( an?racite m9+ ^! l&s 7 pur*as$ f f>m]s & o!rs at f tw5ty & ?irty doll>s to "o hundr$ doll>s p] acre4 ,be=e #ahej ! price _h advanc$1 9 ! ,wyom+ region1 to f sev5ty-five doll>s to two hundr$ doll>s p] acre4 ,rec5tly a piece ( coal l& 0 sold 9 ?is region = #a1bjj p] acre1 & ano!r piece1 conta9+ ?irty-six acres1 0 sold at ! rate ( #a1ejj p] acre4 ,p]haps f #hjj to #a1jjj p] acre might be consid]$ an av]age price4 ,9 ! ,middle & ,s\!rn an?racite regions ! coal l&s are ( /ill great] value2 n because ! quality ( ! m9]al is bett]1 nor because ! m>ket = x is m accessible1 b because ! coal seams dip at a great] angle1 &1 !re=e1 a giv5 numb] ( acres conta9s a l>g] am\nt ( coal4 ,! sy/em ( leas+ coal l&s to coal op]ators is a v common "o1 especially 9 ! ,wyom+ valley1 :]e ! surface is s ri*ly adapt$ to agricultural uses4 ,! proprietor c1 9 ?is way1 reta9 ! use ( ! soil1 & at ! same "t reap a h&some pr(it f ! developm5t ( ! m9]al deposits b5ea? x4 ,he inve/s no capital1 runs no risk1 & is sure ( a /eady income4 ,z x is usual to "w leas$ coal seams1 :]ev] conv5i5t1 f op5+s made on ! adjo9+ l&s own$ by ! company1 x is n (t5 t ! surface ( leas$ prop]ty is int]f]$ )1 or if x is1 b a comp>atively small area ( x is tak54 ,! contract ( lease usually /ipulates t a c]ta9 royalty %all be paid to ! lessor = ea* ton ( coal m9$1 & x b9ds ! lessee to m9e n less ?an a c]ta9 numb] ( tons ea* ye>2 or at lea/ to pay royalties on n less ?an a c]ta9 numb] ( tons ea* ye>1 :e!r t numb] is or is n m9$4 ,tw5ty ye>s or m ago coal l&s 9 ! ,wyom+ di/rict c\ld be leas$ at ! rate ( t5 c5ts p] ton4 ,lately a l>ge body ( coal l& 0 r5t$ to ! ,lehigh ,valley ,coal ,company at =ty-five c5ts p] ton1 & x is said t "o proprietor at ,k+/on has be5 (f]$ a lease at fifty c5ts p] ton1 & has refus$ x4 ,p]haps f tw5ty-five c5ts to ?irty-five c5ts p] ton w\ld be an av]age rate4 ,z an example ( ! imm5se pur*ases made by ^! companies1 x may be not$ t ! ,philadelphia & ,read+ ,company1 9 #ahga1 pur*as$ "o hundr$ ?\s& acres ( coal l&s 9 ! ,s*uylkill region1 at a co/ ( =ty millions ( doll>s4 ,& z an example ( ! am\nt ( bus9ess done 9 a ye>1 x may be not$ t ! ,delaw>e & ,hudson ,canal ,company paid 9 #ahhg #e1jai1adg4af = ! s+le item ( m9+ coal1 & t _! coal sales = ! same ye> am\nt$ to #aj1ajj1aah4fi4 ,?is conc5tration ( coal l&s & coal m9+ 9 ! h&s ( great corporations1 aside f its t5d5cy to /ifle heal?y competition1 is productive ( _m b5efits4 ,coal c be m9$ mu* *eap] :5 ! m9+ is done on a l>ge scale4 ,?is is ! rule1 inde$1 9 all productive indu/ries4 ,an ent]prise back$ by ! comb9$ capital ( _m individuals is m c]ta9 to become successful & p]man5t ?an an ent]prise inaugurat$ by1 & c>ri$ on )1 ! entire capital ( a s+le individual4 ,especially is ?is ! rule 9 a bus9ess att5d$ ) z mu* risk z is ! bus9ess ( coal m9+4 ,"o p]son may put 8 entire =tune ( two or ?ree hundr$ ?\s& doll>s into a s+le colli]y4 ,a depression 9 ! coal trade1 a /rike among ! m9]s1 an explosion1 or a fire w\ld be v apt to br+ f9ancial ru9 on him4 ,a company1 ) its great res\rces & its ela/ic "*1 c meet & recov] f an adv]se incid5t ( ?is k9d ) sc>cely a p]ceptible %ock to its bus9ess4 ,x is simply "o ( ! items ( loss :i* x is prep>$ to cov] ) a l>g] item ( pr(it4 ,!re is also ! additional assurance t all "w t is done w be well done4 ,! mo/ c>eful obs]vations & calculations are made ( ! am\nt & quality ( includ$ coal 9 any tract ( l& be=e x is pur*as$1 & ! be/ surveyors are employ$ to m>k out ! b\nd>y l9es ( l&s4 ,! s]vices ( ! mo/ skillful m9+ eng9e]s are reta9$1 at sal>ies :i* no individual op]ator c\ld af=d to pay4 ,_! =ces are well organiz$1 _! m9+ op]ations are conduct$ ) sy/em & economy1 & !y are able to keep abrea/ ( ! age 9 all inv5tions & appliances t insure great] facility 9 m9+ & manufactur+1 & great] safety to ! workm54 ,_! employees are paid promptly at /at$ p]iods1 & ! possibility ( a workman los+ 8 wages by reason ( neglect or failure on ! "p ( 8 employ] is r$uc$ to a m9imum4 ,9 g5]al1 x may be said t ! control ( ! an?racite coal bus9ess by ! great corporations1 r ?an by individual op]ators1 is an und\bt$ b5efit1 n only to all ! p>ties 9 direct int]e/1 b to comm]ce & society z a :ole4 ,! only dang] to be fe>$ is f an abuse ( ! great p[]s to :i* ^! companies h atta9$2 a dang] :i*1 ?us f>1 has n s]i\sly m5ac$ ! community4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,! ,,way ,,into ,,! ,,m9es4 ,a wise coal op]ator nev] beg9s to op5 a m9e = ! purpose ( tak+ out coal until he kn[s ! "* ( ! b$ & ! quality ( ! m9]al4 ,?is k c only be obta9$ by an exhau/ive se>* =1 & a c>eful exam9ation (1 all surface indications1 & by drill+ or bor+ holes d[n to & ?r\gh ! /rata ( coal4 ,?is is call$ 8prospect+40 ,! exam9] 9 a new field w fir/ look = outcrops4 ,he w foll[ up ! valleys & inspect ! l$ges & ! banks ( /reams4 ,if he be s =tunate z to f9d an exposure ( ! coal seams1 or ( any "o ( !m1 he w measure its ?ickness1 w calculate its dip & /rike1 & w foll[ its outcrop4 ,he w also /udy & make c>eful note ( ! rock /rata ) :i* x is associat$1 = by ?is means he may be able to det]m9e ! probability ( o!r seams ly+ above or bel[ x4 ,?is exam9ation ( ! rock /rata he w make1 :e!r coal is visible or n visible4 ,x w be ( mu* s]vice to him4 ,= in/ance1 x is kn[n t ! great ,baltimore ve9 9 ! ,wyom+ valley is usually ov]laid by a co>se r$ s&/one4 ,if ! exam9] f9ds rock ( ?is "* 9 t section1 he has good reason to hope t coal lies b5ea? x4 ,"u ! l[e/ coal seam ( ! an?racite b$s !re is f\nd1 z a rule1 a rock kn[n z ! conglom]ate4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! explor] f9ds an outcrop ( conglom]ate1 he w "k t1 z a rule1 he ne$ n look = coal beyond x4 ,?is rock1 com+ to ! surface on ! we/]ly side ( ! ,moosic range ( m\nta9s1 m>ks ! limit ( ! ,lackawanna coal field t[>d ! ea/4 ,no "o1 hav+ once /udi$ ! conglom]ate rock1 c\ld mi/ake x = any o!r1 ?\gh its composition is v simple4 ,x is no?+ m ?an :ite1 wat]-worn qu>tz pebbles1 held toge!r by a firm1 lead-color$ cem5t4 ,b x is a rock ( unusual h>dness & durability4 ,x is pro( aga9/ ! erosive action ( wat]1 gr[s h>d] by exposure to ! air1 & has a consi/5cy t approximates to t ( iron4 ,9 ! coal di/ricts x is us$ l>gely = build+ purposes1 :]e heavy walls & f\ndations are requir$4 ,exp]i5ce has taught t !re are no coal seams bel[ ! conglom]ate1 s t :]ev] ?is is f\nd z a surface rock1 or :]ev] x is pi]c$ by ! drill1 x is usually unnecess>y to explore bel[ x4 ,if no coal outcrop is f\nd1 ! b$ ( a /ream is se>*$ = fragm5ts ( ! m9]al1 &1 if any are discov]$1 !y are trac$ to _! s\rce4 ,coal is sometimes expos$ :]e a tree has be5 uproot$ by ! w9d1 & pieces ( x h be5 f\nd 9 ! soil ?r[n out at a gr\ndhog's burr[4 ,wagon roads cross+ ! c\ntry may be scann$ = traces ( ! 8smut0 or 8blossom40 ,?is is ! decompos$ outcrop1 :i* has become m+l$ ) ! soil1 & may be m readily di/+ui%$ 9 ! b$ ( a travel$ road ?an else:]e4 ,o!r surface indications fail+1 ! topographical features ( ?is section ( c\ntry %\ld be /udi$4 ,:]ev] ! coal seams come to ! surface1 be+ s(t] ?an ! rock /rata above & bel[ !m1 !y are dis9tegrat$ & erod$ m rapidly by ! action ( ! atmosph]e & ! elem5ts4 ,?is we>+ away ( ! expos$ coal leaves ! surface outl9e 9 ! =m ( a b5* or t]race1 :i* foll[s ! l9e ( ! outcrop4 ,& ?is =m is reta9$ ev5 ) a ?ick deposit ( soil ov] ! edges ( ! /rata4 ,small %afts may be sunk or tunnels driv5 ?r\gh ?is ?ickness ( e>?1 & ! outcrop explor$ 9 ?is way4 ,?is process ( exam9ation is ( m value 9 ! bitum9\s ?an 9 ! an?racite regions1 s9ce ! bitum9\s coal1 be+ s(t1 is m rapidly erod$1 & ! t]race =mation result+ f su* erosion is m di/9ct & c]ta94 ,9 ^! days1 9 ! an?racite coal fields1 !re is h>dly an area ( any great ext5t 9 :i* m9es h n be5 actually op5$4 ,^! m9es1 !re=e1 9 ! facilities !y af=d = /udy+ expos$ /rata & develop$ coal seams1 (f] ! be/ means ( acquir+ k conc]n+ ! coal b$s ( adjo9+ tracts4 ,9 a c\ntry :]e no surface indications ( coal are f\nd ov] a l>ge area1 x is h>dly wor? :ile to explore = x by bor+4 ,9 ! an?racite regions ( ,p5nsylvania ! limits ( ! coal b$s are n[ s accurately def9$ t x is seldom necess>y to bore = ! purpose ( te/+ ! pres5ce ( coal4 ,b x is always advisable1 be=e op5+ a m9e 9 a new field1 to te/ ! dep?1 dip1 & quality ( ! coal & ! "* ( ! seams by s9k+ "o or m bore holes4 ,surface measurem5ts ( a seam are1 at be/1 v unc]ta91 z indications ( its cont9u+ "*4 ,! angle ( dip may *ange radically be=e a dep? ( "o hundr$ feet %all be rea*$4 ,& coal und]goes s great det]ioration by long exposure to ! atmosph]e t1 9 ord] to judge ! quality ( a coal b$1 x is necess>y to h a specim5 fragm5t f x t has be5 hidd5 away 9 ! rocks4 ,h5ce ! necessity ( bor+4 ,h& drills 7 g5]ally us$ 9 ! e>ly days ( prospect+1 & a s& pump drew out ! sludge or bor+s = exam9ation4 ,?is 0 sup]s$$ by ! spr+ pole me?od1 :i* 9 turn gave way to ! rope me?od 9 use 9 ! oil regions1 ! bor+s 9 ea* case be+ c>efully pres]v$ = inspection4 ,! diamond drill is ! "o n[ 9 common use 9 ! coal regions4 ,its cutt+ end is 9 ! =m ( a circle set ) black1 amorph\s diamonds4 ,x cuts an annul> groove 9 ! rock z x desc5ds1 =m+ a core1 :i* is )drawn ) ! drill1 & :i* may be exam9$ 9 v]tical section4 ,! sludge is wa%$ out by a /ream ( wat] :i* passes d[n ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! drill rod1 & is =c$ back to ! surface betwe5 ! rod & ! face ( ! bore hole4 ,! inv5tion ( ?is rot>y cutt+ drill is due to ,les*ot ( ,g5eva1 & ! me?od ( flu%+ ! hole to ,flauvelle4 ,aft] hav+ obta9$ all possible in=mation conc]n+ 8 coal prop]ty1 &1 if he be wise1 embody+ x 9 ! =m ( maps1 ! coal op]ator mu/ decide :]e he %all make an op5+ = m9+ purposes1 & :at k9d ( an op5+ he %all make4 ,! answ]s to ^! two que/ions are1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 dep5d5t on ea* o!r1 z c]ta9 k9ds ( op5+s mu/ be locat$ at c]ta9 places4 ,:5 coal 0 fir/ ga!r$ = exp]im5t or obs]vation1 x 0 tak5 up loosely f ! gr\nd1 :]e x _h fall5 or be5 brok5 d[n f ! outcrop ( "s seam4 ,z x came into dem& = practical purposes1 x 0 qu>ri$ f ?is outcrop backw>d & d[nw>d1 z /ones = build+ purposes are n[ qu>ri$1 ! seam be+ uncov]$ z ! "w proce$$4 ,?is process 0 foll[$ along ! l9e ( ! outcrop1 b excavations 7 n made to any consid]able dep?1 ow+ to ! great exp5se ( uncov]+ ! coal4 ,! op5 qu>ry sy/em ( m9+ coal has be5 successfully practic$ 9 ,am]ica 9 b a few places4 ,"o ( ^! 0 ! great ,summit ,hill op5 m9e1 ne> ,mau* ,*unk1 :]e ! ,lehigh coal 0 fir/ discov]$4 ,"h1 on a hill-top1 0 a horizontal coal b$1 "s sixty acres 9 ext5t1 & v>y+ 9 ?ickness f fifte5 to fifty feet4 ,ov] ?is 0 a cov]+ ( rock1 slate1 & e>? f ?ree to fifte5 feet 9 ?ickness4 ,?is b$ 0 m9$ by simply remov+ ! cov]+ & tak+ ! coal out z f a qu>ry4 ,o!r examples ( ?is me?od are se5 at ,hollywood ,colli]y1 & at ,hazleton ,no4 #f ,colli]y1 bo? ne> ,hazleton1 9 ,luz]ne ,c\nty4 ,!re are isolat$ in/ances ( ?is me?od ( /ripp+ else:]e 9 ! an?racite regions1 b z a rule ! conditions are n favorable = x4 ,ord9>ily !re are f\r me?ods ( mak+ an entrance into a m9e = ! purpose ( tak+ out coal4 ,^! are kn[n z ! drift1 ! tunnel1 ! slope1 & ! %aft4 ,to ! e>ly m9]s ! drift 0 ! favorite mode ( entry4 ,f9d+ an expos$ seam ( coal 9 ! face ( a l$ge or cliff1 !y w\ld dig 9 on x & br+ ! coal out f ! op5+ 9 :eelb>r[s4 ,a place 0 select$1 if possible1 :]e a creek or riv] ran at ! base ( ! l$ge1 & ! coal 0 dump$ f ! :eelb>r[ directly into a boat4 ,9 default ( a wat] way a wagon road 0 built at ! foot ( ! hill or cliff1 a plat=m ext5d$ out ov] x1 & ! coal 0 ?us load$ f ! :eelb>r[ into ! wagon4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cross ,,section ,,( ,,drift ,,or ,,gangway ,,) ,,timb]s ,,& ,,lagg+4 ,! mod]n drift1 ?\gh fa%ion$ on an improv$ plan1 is ! simple/ & lea/ exp5sive way ( mak+ an entrance into a coal m9e4 ,! outl9e ( ! propos$ op5+ is fir/ m>k$ out on ! edge ( ! expos$ coal seam4 ,f fifte5 to eighte5 feet is an ord9>y wid? to accommodate two tracks1 & t5 feet w readily accommodate "o4 ,sev5 feet is an av]age height1 ?\gh1 if ! seam be comp>atively flat1 ! coal w be tak5 d[n until ! rock is rea*$1 ev5 ?\gh a great] height %\ld be atta9$4 ,) ?is wid? & height ! op5+ is cut into ! hill ?r\gh ! coal seam4 ,! floor ( ! drift mu/ h a con/ant upw>d grade z x progresses inw>d1 9 ord] t ! wat] may run out1 & t load$ c>s may be haul$ m easily4 ,! m\? ( ! drift mu/ be above ! level ( ! adjac5t valley or /ream1 s t ! wat] may be c>ri$ away1 & ! drift is !re=e :at is kn[n z a wat]-level op5+4 ,x is usually necess>y to support ! ro( & sides ( ! drift by timb]s jo9$ toge!r 9 ! =m ( a b5t1 & plac$ m or less closely to ea* o!r4 ,^! timb]s are also sometimes l9$ by /icks plac$ beh9d & ov] !m horizontally1 & kn[n z 8lagg+40 ,x w be se5 t ! conditions "u :i* ! op5+ by drift may be made place a s]i\s limitation on ! use ( ?is me?od4 ,x w also n[ be se5 :y ! drift is ! simple/ & mo/ economical mode ( mak+ an entrance to a m9e4 ,9 ?is me?od !re is no exp5se = remov+ e>? or = cutt+ ?r\gh rock1 nor any co/ at any "t ( pump+ wat] or ( hoi/+ coal4 ,:5 ! fact is rememb]$ t x sometimes co/s f #ej1jjj to #ajj1jjj to s9k a deep %aft ?r\gh h>d rock1 & t to ?is am\nt mu/ be add$ ! co/ ( build+s1 ma*9]y1 & repairs1 & ! p]petual co/ ( pump+ wat] & ( hoi/+ coal1 ! economy ( ! drift me?od w be appreciat$4 ,b ! day ( drift m9+ 9 ! an?racite regions has gone by4 ,^? portions ( ! coal b$s ly+ above wat] level h be5 l>gely m9$ out1 & ! areas ( coal t are n[ accessible by drift are v limit$4 ,9 ! bitum9\s di/ricts1 h[ev]1 :]e ! seams lie comp>atively flat & ! coal is mo/ly above wat] level1 ! me?od by drift is /ill almo/ univ]sally us$4 ,next to a drift1 ! tunnel is ! simple/ & mo/ economical me?od1 "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 ( mak+ an entrance into a m9e4 ,?is is a passage driv5 across ! measures1 & at "r angles to ! seam1 9 ord] to rea* coal :i* at ! po9t ( op5+ is n expos$4 ,! tunnel is usually driv5 into ! side ( a hill4 ,! e>? is fir/ dug away until ! rock is expos$1 or1 if ! soil be too deep = t1 only en\gh ( x is tak5 to make a v]tical face = ! m\? ( ! tunnel4 ,! op5+ is !n driv5 into ! hill at ab\t ! same wid? & height t a drift w\ld be made1 & 9 practically ! same mann]4 ,if !re is a section ( e>? tunnel+ at ! m\?1 ! timb]+ mu/ be close1 & ! lagg+ w be ( heavy planks4 ,:5 ! solid rock is rea*$1 h[ev]1 x is n (t5 t any timb]+ is necess>y1 ! sides & ro( be+ s h>d & firm z n to ne$ support4 ,?is passage is driv5 aga9/ ! face ( a coal seam1 & :5 ! coal is f9ally rea*$ ! tunnel prop] ends1 a passage is op5$ to ! "r & "o to ! left along ! /rike ( ! seam1 & f ^! gangways ! coal is m9$4 ,! tunnel1 l ! drift1 mu/ be above wat] level1 & its floor mu/ h a desc5d+ grade t[>d ! m\?1 to c>ry (f wat]4 ,! exp5se ( ! tunnel1 & its sup]iority to ! slope or %aft1 w dep5d ^u ! di/ance ?r\gh :i* ! rock mu/ be pi]c$ be=e coal is rea*$4 ,x is especially advisable1 !re=e1 be=e op5+ a tunnel1 to h an accurate map ( ! location & dip ( ! coal seams to be /ruck by x1 o!rwise no approximate calculation c be made ( ! ext5t or co/ ( ! "w4 ,9 ! an?racite di/ricts1 :]e ! seams are %>ply pit*+1 tunnels are driv5 9 ! int]ior ( a m9e f ! work+s ( a seam already op5$ across ! int]v5+ measures to /rike an adjac5t seam4 ,9 ?is way two1 ?ree1 or m coal seams c be work$1 & ! coal c all be br\ght out at "o surface op5+4 ,?is is virtually ! only k9d ( tunnel+ t is n[ done 9 ! an?racite regions2 =1 z has already be5 expla9$1 ! coal t lay above wat] level & 0 ?us accessible by tunnel has n[ be5 mo/ly m9$ out4 ,if !re is an outcrop ( coal on ! tract to be m9$1 & ! dip ( ! seam is m ?an tw5ty degrees1 x is usually advisable to ent] ! m9e by means ( a slope4 ,?is is a passage :i*1 beg9n+ at ! outcrop1 foll[s ! coal seam d[n until ! necess>y dep? is rea*$4 ,x is driv5 9 ! coal4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ! drift & ! slope is t ! drift is driv5 f ! surface on ! /rike ( ! seam :ile ! slope is driv5 on its dip4 ,:]e ! coal seam comes )9 a mod]ate di/ance ( ! surface1 z at an anticl9al ridge1 a slope may be driv5 ?r\gh ! rock until ! coal is rea*$ at ! axis1 & f t po9t foll[ ! seam d[n4 ,sometimes a %aft is sunk to ! top ( an anticl9al ridge1 & f its foot two slopes are driv51 "o d[n ea* side ( ! roll1 9 opposite directions4 ,if ! seam is v irregul>1 or if x is mu* brok5 by faults1 !re may be a great deal ( rock cutt+ to be done 9 ord] to pres]ve ! uni=mity ( grade necess>y = ! slope4 ,! co/ may1 inde$1 9 ?is case1 am\nt to m ?an w\ld h be5 suffici5t to s9k a %aft to ! same dep?1 al?\gh1 z a rule1 ! entrance by slope %\ld co/ only ab\t "o f\r? ( t by %aft4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cross ,,section ,,( ,,slope ,,) ,,d\ble ,,track4 ,! same me?ods are employ$ 9 s9k+ a slope z are us$ 9 driv+ a drift1 except t g5]ally ! timb]+ ne$ n be s heavy4 ,! m9imum height ( ! slope is ab\t #f feet1 ! wid? at ! top1 or coll>1 ab\t #h feet1 & ! wid? at ! bottom1 or spread1 ab\t #ab feet4 ,if a d\ble track is desir$ ! spread %\ld be #ah feet & ! coll> #ad feet4 ,9 ! ,wyom+ region1 :]e ! dip is usually less ?an tw5ty degrees1 ) infrequ5t outcrops1 ! slope is n 9 g5]al use2 b 9 ! ,s\!rn coal field1 :]e ! dip v>ies f tw5ty degrees to ! v]tical1 ! slope is ! mo/ common me?od ( ent]+ a m9e4 ,!re ! op5+ is driv5 d[n = a di/ance ( #cjj feet1 at :i* po9t gangways are />t$ out to "r & left1 along ! /rike1 & *amb]s driv5 f !m back t[>d ! surface4 ,?is is call$ ! fir/ lift4 ,! slope is !n cont9u$ d[nw>d = ano!r di/ance ( #cjj feet1 new gangways & *amb]s are laid (f1 & ?is is call$ ! second lift4 ,?is process is cont9u$ until ! syncl9al bas9 is rea*$4 ,:]e ! dip ( ! slope is less ?an ?irty degrees ! coal is br\ght to ! surface 9 ! c> into :i* x 0 fir/ load$ 9 ! m9e4 ,at a great] angle ?an ?is ! ord9>y m9e c> is sup]s$$ by a c> or c>riage especially adapt$ to c>ry+ coal up a /eep incl9e4 ,:]e !re is no outcrop 9 ! tract to be m9$1 & ! coal lies bel[ wat] level1 ! be/ mode ( mak+ an entrance to x is by %aft4 ,9 ! ,wyom+ region1 s9ce ! upp] ve9s h be5 s g5]ally m9$ out1 ne>ly all ! op5+s are by %aft4 ,! location ( ! %aft at ! surface %\ld be su* t :5 x is complet$ its foot %all be at ! bottom1 or ne>ly at ! bottom1 ( ! syncl9al valley into :i* x is sunk4 ,z w be m readily se5 h]eaft]1 ?is is necess>y 9 ord] to c>ry ! wat] ( ! m9e to ! foot ( ! %aft1 to facilitate ! transportation ( coal "u gr\nd1 & to get room to op5 up ! greate/ possible work+ area4 ,! dep? to :i* a %aft mu/ be sunk dep5ds on ! seam to be rea*$1 & on ! di/rict 9 :i* x is locat$4 ,at ,c>bondale1 9 ! nor!a/]ly extremity ( ! ,wyom+ bas91 ! av]age dep? to ! conglom]ate or b$ ( ! l[e/ coal seam is #bej feet4 ,f ,scranton to ,pitt/on x is f #ejj to #fjj feet4 ,at ,wilkes ,b>re x is #a1bjj feet4 ,x rea*es its greate/ av]age dep? a mile nor!a/ ( ,nanticoke1 :]e x is f #a1ejj to #a1fjj feet4 ,?is w be ! limit ( dep? = %afts 9 ! ,wyom+ region4 ,at pres5t ! av]age dep? is f #cjj to #djj feet1 & !re are few t are m ?an #hjj feet deep4 ,! r$-a% ve9 to :i* mo/ ( ! %afts are n[ be+ sunk is1 at ,pitt/on 9 ! middle ( ! g5]al bas91 f #dej to #fej feet bel[ ! surface4 ,9 ! s\!rn an?racite region ! av]age dep? ( %afts is some:at great]1 ! maximum dep? be+ rea*$ 9 ! vic9ity ( ,pottsville1 :]e ! ,pottsville deep %afts are ab\t #a1fjj feet 9 dep?4 ,9 beg9n+ to op5 a %aft a rectangul> space is /ak$ out on ! gr\nd f f\r to eight feet wid] & long] ?an ! propos$ dim5sions ( ! %aft2 & ! soil & loose /ones are ?r[n out f ?is l>g] area until b$ rock is rea*$1 :i* is usually done1 except 9 ! riv] bottom l&s1 )9 a dep? ( tw5ty feet4 ,f ?is rock z a f\ndation a cribb+ ( solid timb]1 twelve in*es squ>e1 is built up to ! surface on ! f\r sides ( ! op5+ to prev5t ! e>? f cav+ 94 ,sometimes heavy walls ( masonry are built up in/ead ( ! timb] cribb+1 & ?\gh ! orig9al co/ is great]1 ! purpose is f> bett] answ]$ by ! /one curb+4 ,:5 ?is has be5 complet$1 s9k+ ?r\gh ! rock goes on by ! ord9>y process ( bla/+1 plumb l9es be+ hung at ! corn]s ( ! %aft to keep ! op5+ v]tical4 ,an act ( ! ,p5nsylvania legislature1 approv$ ,june #cj1 #ahhe1 regulates ! conduct ( coal m9+ 9 ! ,/ate s f> z ! safety ( p]sons employ$ 9 & ab\t ! m9es is conc]n$4 ,=m] acts are consolidat$ & revis$ 9 ?is1 & new provisions are add$4 ,by virtue ( ?is act bo? ! an?racite & bitum9\s coal fields are divid$ into di/ricts1 ea* ( :i* is plac$ 9 *>ge ( an inspector1 ^: duty x is to see t ! provisions ( ! law are c>ri$ out1 & to make annual report to ! ,secret>y ( ,int]nal ,affairs ( su* facts & /ati/ics z ! law requires to be made4 ,z !re w be frequ5t occasion h]eaft] to ref] to v>i\s provisions ( ?is act ( assembly1 x w be m5tion$ simply z ! act ( #ahhe4 ,! matt] is br\ght up "h 9 ord] t ! rules relat+ to ! s9k+ ( %afts1 z laid d[n 9 ! act1 may be ref]r$ to4 ,^! rules provide ! mann] 9 :i* ! necess>y /ructures at ! m\? ( ! op5+ %all be erect$1 :at precautions %all be tak5 to prev5t mat]ial f fall+ into ! pit1 h[ ! asc5t & desc5t %all be made1 t all bla/s dur+ ! process ( s9k+ %all be explod$ by an electric batt]y1 etc4 ,all ^! rules h b "o object1 ! safety ( ! workm54 ,! horizontal dim5sions ( ! mod]n %aft av]age ab\t twelve feet 9 wid? by ?irty feet 9 l5g?4 ,?is space is divid$ crosswise1 d[n ! entire dep? ( ! %aft1 into comp>tm5ts ( :i* !re are usually f\r4 ,! fir/ ( ^! comp>tm5ts is ! pump way1 a space devot$ to ! pipes1 pump-rod1 & o!r appliances connect$ ) ! pump+ sy/em4 ,to ?is six feet 9 bread? is all[$4 ,!n come1 9 succession1 ! two c>riage ways1 ea* ( :i* may be sev5 feet wide1 &1 f9ally1 ! air passage ?r\gh :i* ! f\l air is exhau/$ f ! m9e1 & to :i* t5 feet is appropriat$4 ,! p>titions betwe5 ^! comp>tm5ts are made ( oak /icks six in*es squ>e1 call$ buntons4 ,! ends ( ! buntons are let into ! rock sides ( ! %aft1 & !y are plac$ horizontally at a v]tical di/ance f ea* o!r ( ab\t f\r feet4 ,^! bunton p>titions are !n closely bo>d$ d[n ! entire di/ance4 ,! p>tition betwe5 ! hoi/+ comp>tm5t & ! airway is n only bo>d$ up1 b ! bo>ds are mat*$ & are rabbet$ toge!r4 ,x is necess>y to make z ne>ly air-tight z possible ?is way = ! passage ( air1 & :]e ! edges ( ! bo>d+ meet ! rock sides ( ! %aft ! irregul>ities are c>efully fill$ 9 ) brick & mort>4 ,fa/5$ to ! buntons at ea* side ( ea* hoi/+ comp>tm5t are cont9u\s /rips ( h>d wood1 f f\r to six in*es squ>e1 rea*+ f ! top ( ! %aft to its bottom4 ,^! are ! 8guides40 ,to ea* side ( ! c>riage1 :i* raises & l[]s m5 & mat]ials1 is fa/5$ an iron %oe1 %ap$ l a small rectangul> box )\t top or ends4 ,?is %oe fits loosely on to ! guide1 slides up & d[n x1 & s]ves to keep ! c>riage /eady :ile x is asc5d+ or desc5d+4 ,?is inv5tion is due to ,john ,curr ( ,%effield1 ,engl&1 :o introduc$ x z e>ly z #agih4 ,! ord9>y c>riage consi/s ( a wood5 plat=m ) v]tical po/s at ! middle ( ! sides unit$ by a cross-beam at ! top1 & all solidly built & ?or\ghly brac$4 ,! po/s are j inside ( ! guides :5 ! c>riage is 9 place1 & are kept p>allel to !m by ! %oes already m5tion$4 ,to ! middle ( ! cross-beam is atta*$ ! end ( a wire cable1 f :i* ! c>riage is susp5d$1 & by :i* x is rais$ & l[]$4 ,on ! floor ( ! plat=m1 :i* is plank$ ov]1 a track is built uni=m ) ! track at ! foot & head ( ! %aft1 & cont9u\s ) x :5 ! c>riage is at re/ at ei!r place4 ,! m9e c> is pu%$ on to ! plat=m ( ! c>riage & fa/5$ !re by a device :i* cl+s to ! axle or blocks ! :eels4 ,illu/ration3 ,,v]tical ,,section ,,at ,,foot ,,( ,,%aft1 ,,) ,,asc5d+ ,,c>riage4 ,at ! m\? ( ! %aft & project+ into x are ! 8w+s10 8keeps10 or 8cage re/s10 :i* are press$ aga9/ ! sides ( ! %aft by ! asc5d+ c>riage1 b spr+ back into place und]nea? x & support x :ile x is at re/4 ,:5 ! c>riage is ready to desc5d ! w+s are )drawn by h& lev]s4 ,! safety c>riage is n[ 9 g5]al use 9 at lea/ "o hoi/+ comp>tm5t ( e %aft4 ,?is c>riage is built ( wr\ght iron in/ead ( wood2 x has a bonnet or ro( z a protection aga9/ objects fall+ d[n ! %aft1 & x has safety clut*es or dogs to /op ! c>riage & hold x 9 place 9 case ( accid5t by break+ ropes or ma*9]y4 ,op]ators are requir$ by ! act ( #ahhe to provide safety c>riages = ! use ( _! employees1 & also to keep movable gates or cov]s at ! m\? ( ea* %aft to prev5t p]sons & mat]ials f fall+ into ! op5+4 ,:]e m9+ is done by %aft !re is seldom any o!r way provid$ = ! passage ( workm5 9 & out ?an ! way by ! c>riage4 ,a small %aft = ! admission ( air is sometimes driv5 d[n to ! highe/ "p ( ! seam1 & ladd]s are plac$ 9 ! op5+ on :i* m5 may climb up & d[n1 b ^! ladd]s are seldom us$ save 9 an em]g5cy4 ,x is made obligatory ^u op]ators1 by ! act ( #ahhe1 to provide two op5+s to e seam ( coal t is be+ work$2 ^! op5+s to be at lea/ sixty feet ap>t und]gr\nd1 & "o hundr$ & fifty feet ap>t at ! surface4 ,! object ( ?is rule is to provide a way ( escape = workm5 9 case ( accid5t to ! ma9 outlet4 ,x is seldom necess>y1 h[ev]1 9 ^! days1 to s9k a sep>ate %aft 9 ord] to comply ) ?is provision ( ! law2 ! und]gr\nd work+s ( ! m9es hav+ su* ext5sive connections t (t5 n only two b _m op5+s are accessible f ea* seam4 ,z to ! comp>ative co/ ( ! diff]5t me?ods ( entry1 ! drift is ( c\rse ! *eape/4 ,9 ?is me?od ! v fir/ bl[ ( ! pick br+s d[n a fragm5t ( coal t may be s5t to m>ket & sold4 ,= ?is reason ! s9k+ ( a slope is less exp5sive ?an tunnel+ or %aft+1 because ! excavation is made 9 ! coal4 ,x may be said to co/ f tw5ty-five to fifty doll>s p] l9e> y>d to s9k an ord9>y d\ble track slope1 f fifty to sev5ty-five doll>s p] l9e> y>d to drive a tunnel ( av]age cross-section to accommodate two tracks1 & f ?ree hundr$ to five hundr$ doll>s p] l9e> y>d to s9k a %aft ) f\r comp>tm5ts4 ,( c\rse circum/ances1 especially ! "* ( /rata1 may greatly increase or less5 ^! limits ( co/4 ,inde$1 x has happ5$ t a %aft 9 process ( s9k+1 :i* _h already co/ _m ?\s&s ( doll>s1 has be5 necess>ily ab&on$ because an intractable b$ ( quicks& has be5 enc\nt]$4 ,! exp]i5c$ coal op]ator1 kn[+ ! advantages & disadvantages ( ea* ( ^! me?ods ( ent]+ a m9e1 & ! adaptability ( ea* to 8 p>ticul> coal b$1 w f9d no difficulty 9 mak+ a selection f !m4 ,inde$1 !re may be1 & usually is1 practically1 no *oice4 ,! selection ( a site = ! op5+ is ord9>ily att5d$ ) b little m fre$om ( *oice4 ,! outcrop1 if !re be "o1 ! topography ( ! surface1 ! outl9e ( ! coal seam1 ! accessibility ( ! spot1 ! location ( ! break]1 all gov]n 9 ! selection ( ! site1 & usually all po9t to ! "o mo/ available spot4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,a ,,plan ,,( ,a ,,coal ,,m9e4 ,! progress t has be5 made 9 ! sci5ce ( m9+ coal )9 ! la/ half c5tury be>s favorable comp>ison ) ! progress t has be5 made 9 ! o!r indu/rial sci5ces4 ,to-day ! ripe/ exp]i5ce & ! be/ eng9e]+ skill 9 ! l& are br\ght to be> ^u ! problems connect$ ) coal m9+4 ,9 comp>ison ) ! m>k$ ability employ$ & ! m>k$ success atta9$ 9 ! m9+ ent]prises ( to-day1 ! ef=ts ( ! e>ly m9]s are almo/ amus+4 ,! pick & ! w$ge 7 ! *ief in/rum5ts us$ 9 gett+ out coal4 ,p[d] 0 n ?\ght to be available until ,john ,flanigan1 a m9] = ,abijah ,smi?1 introduc$ x into ! m9es 9 #ahah4 ,x is said t :5 op5+s 7 fir/ made = coal 9 ! vic9ity ( ,pottsville %all[ %afts 7 sunk1 & ! coal 0 hoi/$ 9 a l>ge vessel by means ( a common w9dlass4 ,z soon z ! wat] became tr\blesome1 :i* 0 usually z soon z ! %aft _h rea*$ a dep? ( tw5ty or ?irty feet1 ?is op5+ 0 ab&on$1 a new %aft sunk1 & ! process repeat$4 ,! m9e op]ator ( to-day1 hav+ decid$ ^u ! %aft z ! be/ me?od ( entry into 8 m9e1 s9ks x to ! bottom ( ! coal b$1 s t its longe/ dim5sion %all be ) ! dip ( ! seam4 ,!n f ea* side ( ! %aft1 & at "r angles to x1 he cuts a passage out ?r\gh ! coal ) a wid? ( f t5 to f\rte5 feet4 ,^! are ! beg9n+s ( ! 8gangways40 ,!n f ea* end ( ! rectangul> foot ( ! %aft he cuts ano!r passage1 at "r angles to ! fir/ "o1 ab\t six or eight feet wide1 & ext5d+ to a di/ance ( f fifte5 to ?irty feet4 ,^! are ! fir/ 8cross-head+s40 ,at ! extremities ( ! cross-head+s passages are n[ driv5 p>allel to ! gangways4 ,^! la/ passages are call$ 8airways40 ,:5 ! gangways & airways h rea*$ a di/ance ( f sixty to "o hundr$ feet f ! foot ( ! %aft !y are unit$ by new cross-head+s4 ,x is n[ app>5t t two pill>s ( coal1 ea* f fifte5 to ?irty feet wide & f sixty to "o hundr$ feet long are left on ea* side ( ! %aft4 ,l>g] pill>s ?an ^! may be left if ! ro( ab\t ! %aft %\ld ne$ m support4 ,x is also app>5t1 ! coal seam be+ incl9$1 t ! level ( "o ( ! airways is high] ?an ! level ( ! gangway1 & ! level ( ! o!r airway is l[]4 ,x w be rememb]$ t ! design 0 to s9k ! %aft s t its foot %\ld be ne>ly to ! bottom ( ! syncl9al valley or bas94 ,if ?is has be5 done1 !n x is possible t ! passage bel[ ! foot ( ! %aft p>allel to ! gangway actually runs along ! syncl9al axis4 ,b if ! bottom ( ! valley is /ill l[]1 ! cross-head+s w be driv5 f>!r d[n & a new p>allel passage made1 &1 if necess>y1 /ill ano!r4 ,^! op5+s n[ slope f ! foot ( ! %aft d[nw>d1 & 9 !m is collect$ n only ! wat] t may fall f ! %aft1 b1 z ! "w advances1 all ! wat] t comes f all p>ts ( ! m9e4 ,?is bas9 :i* is ?us made to receive ! m9e wat] is call$ ! 8sump10 & f x ! wat] is pump$ up ?r\gh ! %aft & dis*>g$ at ! surface4 ,if ! m9e happ5s to be a v wet "o x w require ! con/ant labor ( ! mo/ p[]ful pump+ eng9e to keep ! level ( ! wat] 9 ! sump l[] ?an ! foot ( ! %aft4 ,9 "s cases1 9 old] work+s1 a section ( ! m9e :i* has be5 work$ out & ab&on$ is us$ = a sump1 & !n ! wat] may cov] an area _m acres 9 ext5t4 ,:5 a %aft has be5 newly sunk1 ! op5+s = ! sump are ! only ones t are made bel[ ! level ( ! foot ( ! %aft or bel[ ! level ( ! gangway4 ,h5ce=? all ! work+s w be made on ! upp] side ( ! gangway1 ext5d+ up ! slope ( ! seam1 until su* "t z x may be deem$ advisable to s9k an inside slope to op5 a new set ( work+s on a l[] level4 ,! ma9 gangway on "o side ( ! %aft & ! airway above x are n[ c>ri$ along simultane\sly1 & p>allel ) ea* o!r1 & are unit$ at di/ances ( f =ty to sixty feet by cross-head+s4 ,z soon z ! la/ cross-head+ is op5$ ! "o :i* imm$iately prec$$ x is wall$ up z tightly z possible4 ,?is is to insure v5tilation4 ,a curr5t ( air comes d[n ! hoi/+-way ( ! %aft1 passes into ! gangway & along x to ! la/ cross-head+1 :]e x crosses up into ! airway & trav]ses ! airway back to ! cross-head+ t 0 driv5 up f ! upp] end ( ! foot ( ! %aft4 ,pass+ d[n ?is cross-head+ x comes to ! air comp>tm5t ( ! %aft1 & is drawn out to ! surface by a p[]ful fan4 ,?is is ! v5tilat+ sy/em ( ! m9e 9 its simple/ =m4 ,x is app>5t t if any ( ! cross-head+s ne>] to ! %aft ?an ! la/ "o %\ld be left op51 ! air curr5t w\ld take a %ort c\rse ?r\gh x up to ! airway1 & s back to ! %aft1 )\t go+ to ! extremity ( ! gangway at all4 ,?is gangway is ! ma9 art]y ( ! m9e2 x is ! highway by :i* all ! empty c>s g 9 to ! work+ faces1 & by :i* all ! load$ c>s come out to ! foot ( ! %aft2 x is ! g5]al wat]c\rse by :i* ! entire m9e above x is dra9$1 & by :i* ! wat] is c>ri$ to ! sump4 ,9 comp>atively flat seams its height is ! height ( ! slate or rock ro( ( ! coal b$1 b 9 /eep pit*+ seams x is made sev5 or eight feet high ) a ro( :olly or p>tly ( coal4 ,9 "s cases ! ro( & sides are s firm t no timb]+ is requir$1 & 9 o!r cases ! timb]+ mu/ be close & heavy 9 ord] to give ! necess>y support & security4 ,! floor ( ! gangway mu/ be giv5 a con/antly asc5d+ grade1 usually f six in*es to "o foot 9 e hundr$ feet1 z x is driv5 inw>d4 ,?is is to facilitate dra9age & ! movem5t ( load$ c>s4 ,:]e ! /rata are horizontal1 or ne>ly s1 z 9 _m ( ! bitum9\s m9es1 ! gangway may1 & usually does1 take a p]fectly /raight c\rse4 ,?is is also true :]e ! l9e ( /rike has b a s+le direction1 no matt] h[ /eep ! pit* ( ! seam may be4 ,b bo? ( ^! conditions are s r>e 9 ! an?racite regions t "o seldom f9ds a gangway driv5 = any consid]able di/ance 9 "o direction4 ,! surface ( an incl9$ coal seam is n dissimil> to ! surface ( "o side ( a range ( small hills4 ,any "o :o has se5 a railroad track w9d+ 9 & out along su* a range1 keep+ to ! surface ( ! gr\nd & pres]v+ a uni=mity ( grade1 c und]/& :y1 = ! same reasons1 ! gangway mu/ (t5 *ange direction 9 foll[+ ! seam ( coal4 ,x mu/ curve 9 ar\nd ! valleys & holl[s t ind5t ! seam 9 ! same mann] t a surface railroad curves 9 ar\nd ! depression :]e "s hillside brook runs d[n to meet ! /ream1 ! c\rse ( :i* ! railroad tries to foll[2 & x mu/ /rike out ar\nd ! projections ( ! seam 9 ! same way 9 :i* a surface railroad b5ds out ar\nd ! project+ spurs ( ! hill range along :i* x runs4 ,b ! coal seam is m irregul> & m unc]ta9 9 its outl9e ?an ! hillside1 & ! curves 9 x are %>p] & m v>i$4 ,! surface railroad too may %ort5 its r\te & relieve its curves by bridg+ its small valleys & cutt+ ?r\gh its n>r[ ridges4 ,= ! gangway ?is _c be done4 ,z a rule ! coal seam mu/ be foll[$1 no matt] :]e x leads4 ,& x (t5 leads 9 /range c\rses19 c\rses t at times curve back on !mselves l a horse%oe & po9t t[>d ! foot ( ! %aft4 ,! m9+ sup]9t5d5t or eng9e] nev] kn[s 9 advance j :at tortu\s c\rse 8 ma9 art]y may take4 ,he _c g ov] ! gr\nd & /ake out 8 l9e z a civil eng9e] does = a surface railway2 he mu/ build z he advances1 n kn[+ :at ! rock & coal may hide 9 ! next foot ahead ( him4 ,he mu/ be prep>$ to enc\nt] faults1 fissures1 /reams ( wat]1 diluvial deposits1 & e o!r ob/acle kn[n to m9+ eng9e]s4 ,!re are sev]al sy/ems ( lay+ out a m9e = actual work+ aft] ! gangway has be5 driv5 a suffici5t di/ance4 ,! "o mo/ commonly 9 use 9 ! an?racite region is kn[n z ! 8pill> & brea/0 sy/em4 ,9 ! bitum9\s m9es x is call$ ! 8pill> & room10 & 9 ! m9es ( ,great ,brita9 ! 8bord & pill>40 ,x w be borne 9 m9d t ! m9e :i* is n[ be+ describ$ is 9 ! ,wyom+ region1 :]e ! seams are comp>atively flat1 ! entrance usually by %aft1 & ! me?od ( work+ is ! pill> & brea/ sy/em4 ,! gangway & airway are n driv5 f>1 n m ?an two or ?ree hundr$ feet1 p]haps1 be=e ! op5+s are made = ! l>g] production ( coal4 ,beg9n+ on ! upp] side ( ! airway1 at su* a di/ance f ! %aft z w leave a reasonably l>ge su/a9+ pill>1 p]haps f sixty to "o hundr$ feet1 an op5+ is made & driv5 up ! seam at "r angles to ! airway4 ,?is op5+ is call$ a 8*amb]0 or 8brea/40 ,9 ! bitum9\s di/ricts x is kn[n z a 8room40 ,! *amb] is usually ab\t tw5ty-f\r feet wide1 ?\gh :]e ! ro( is exceptionally good its wid? may be increas$ to ?irty-six feet4 ,x is n (t5 op5$ ! full wid? at ! airway4 ,in/ead ( ?is a n>r[ passage1 l>ge en\gh to accommodate ! m9e c> track1 is driv5 up to a di/ance n exce$+ fifte5 feet1 & x is f ?is po9t t ! *amb] is driv5 up at its full wid?4 ,?is n>r[ op5+ c be m easily clos$ 9 case x is desir$ to prev5t ! passage ( air ?r\gh x1 & besides a great] proportion ( coal is left 9 pill>s along ! airway to prev5t ! passage f becom+ blockad$ by falls4 ,:5 ! fir/ *amb] has be5 driv5 up a di/ance equal to its wid?1 a new *amb] is begun p>allel to x & on ! side f>!/ f ! %aft4 ,^! two *amb]s are n[ sep>at$ by a wall ( coal f f\rte5 to tw5ty feet ?ick4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! work+s are deep & !re is dang] f ! weight ( sup]9cumb5t /rata1 ! wall %\ld be made z ?ick z ! *amb] is wide4 ,:5 ! new *amb] has be5 driv5 to a di/ance ( tw5ty-five feet1 or1 if ! m9e is free f gas & ! v5tilation is good1 to a di/ance ( =ty or sixty feet1 ! wall betwe5 ! two *amb]s is pi]c$ by an op5+ f six to t5 feet wide4 ,?is is call$ a cross-head+ or 8entrance40 ,a p>tition is n[ built across ! airway betwe5 ! op5+s to ! two *amb]s1 & ! air curr5t is ?us =c$ up into ! la/ *amb]1 across ?r\gh ! entrance into ! fir/1 d[n x to ! airway aga91 & s 9 its regul> c\rse back to ! foot ( ! %aft4 ,9 ! mean "t progress has be5 made 9 ! fir/ *amb]1 & by ! "t ! second *amb] has be5 driv5 ano!r di/ance ( ?irty or sixty feet1 ! entrance :i* w !n be cut ?r\gh ! wall w f9d ! fir/ *amb] /ill 9 advance4 ,! inn] extremity ( ! *amb] is call$ ! 8face40 ,x is sometimes spok5 ( also z ! 8brea/10 ?\gh ?is la/ "n is prop]ly t ( ! *amb] z a :ole4 ,! wall ( coal at ! side ( ! *amb] is call$ ! 8rib40 ,a ?ird *amb] is n[ begun & driv5 up p>allel to ! o!r two1 !n a f\r?1 a fif?1 & s on2 z _m *amb]s1 inde$1 z c be laid (f 9 ?is way )\t deviat+ too greatly f a "r angle to ! airway4 ,b ! face ( ! fir/ *amb] is kept 9 advance ( ! face ( ! second1 ! face ( ! second 9 advance ( ! face ( ! ?ird1 & s on1 until ! limit ( l5g? is rea*$4 ,?is limit is det]m9$1 to "s ext5t1 by ! dip ( ! seam4 ,9 comp>atively flat work+s a set ( *amb]s may be driv5 9 to a di/ance ( five hundr$1 or ev5 six hundr$ feet4 ,:]e ! pit* is /eep1 h[ev]1 two hundr$ or ?ree hundr$ feet is ! greate/ l5g? at :i* *amb]s c be economically work$4 ,! limit ( l5g? ( *amb]s is sometimes det]m9$ also by an outcrop1 an anticl9al axis1 a fault1 or a b\nd>y l9e4 ,! wall ( coal left betwe5 any two *amb]s is divid$ by ! entrances cut ?r\gh x into a l9e ( pill>s ne>ly uni=m 9 size4 ,z soon z ! second entrance f ! airway is cut ?r\gh ! wall ! fir/ entrance is block$ tightly up1 & z soon z ! ?ird entrance is cut ?r\gh ! second is clos$1 & s on to ! extremity ( ! l9e ( pill>s4 ,?is is to compel ! air curr5t to pass up to ! v face ( ! *amb] be=e x c f9d a way across to ! o!r *amb]s & d[n aga9 into ! airway4 ,if ! air ( ! m9e is bad1 or if ! coal is giv+ (f delet]i\s gases ) rapidity1 a 8brattice0 or rude bo>d p>tition is built f ! l[] side ( ! la/ entrance diagonally up t[>d ! face ( ! *amb] to =ce ! air to ! v po9t :]e m5 are work+ be=e x f9ds its way out ?r\gh an op5 entrance4 ,^! bo>ds are sometimes replac$ by a %eet ( co>se canvas1 call$ brattice clo?1 :i* is light]1 m easily h&l$1 & answ]s ! same purpose4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,plan ,,( ,,an ,,an?racite ,,m9e ,,) ,a ,,%aft ,,entrance4 ,f ! m9e c> track 9 ! gangway a bran* track is built1 cross+ ! airway & runn+ up ea* *amb] to its face4 ,up ?is bran* track a mule draws ! empty c>1 & :5 x is load$ x is let d[n to ! gangway by ! m9]'s labor]4 ,if ! dip ( ! *amb] is too /eepm ?an t5 degrees= a mule to draw ! c> up1 a light c>1 us$ only 9 ! *amb] & call$ a 8buggy10 is pu%$ up by h&1 & :5 ! dip is too /eep = ?is ! coal is pu%$ or all[$ to slide d[n to ! foot ( ! *amb]4 ,*amb]s are (t5 driv5 up obliquely 9 ord] to r$uce ! grade1 or are curv$ 9 _! c\rse = ! same reason4 ,:51 on acc\nt ( ! /eepness ( pit* or a *ange 9 ! direction ( ! gangway1 or = any o!r reason1 "o set ( p>allel *amb]s is br\ght to a close1 a new set is begun f>!r along ) a diff]5t c\rse4 ,! direction 9 :i* a gangway1 airway1 or *amb] is to be driv5 is fix$ by ! m9e boss4 ,8 be>+s are obta9$ ) a small m9]'s compass1 & he m>ks on ! ro(1 ne> ! face ( ! op5+1 a *alk l9e 9 ! direction desir$4 ,! m9]1 sight+ back on ?is l9e1 is ?us able to take 8 c\rse & to keep 8 op5+ /raight4 ,sets ( *amb]s simil> to ^? describ$ are driv5 up f ! gangway along its entire l5g?4 ,?is l5g? may be limit$ by v>i\s causes4 ,a b\nd>y l9e ( prop]ty1 a fault1 a ?9n+ out ( ! coal seam1 are "s ( !m4 ,!y are usually driv51 h[ev]1 z f> z /rict pr9ciples ( economy w all[4 ,a gangway t requires no timb]+ & is easily kept 9 good work+ condition may be driv5 to a di/ance ( ?ree or f\r miles4 ,b :]e ^! conditions are rev]s$1 a mile may be z great a di/ance z coal c be haul$ ?r\gh ) economy4 ,beyond t limit x w be *eap] to s9k a new %aft or slope ?an to increase ! di/ance = und]gr\nd haulage4 ,z ! ma9 gangway progresses inw>d x may sep>ate into two bran*es1 ea* foll[+ a depression 9 ! coal seam1 & ^! bran*es may sep>ate into o!rs2 s t !re may be a numb] ( gangways all keep+ ! same g5]al level1 f ea* ( :i* sets ( *amb]s are driv54 ,:5 ! *amb]s tribut>y to a gangway h rea*$ _! limit ( l5g?1 & !re is /ill an area ( coal above !m to be m9$1 a new gangway is op5$ along ! faces ( ! *amb]s1 or is driv5 j above !m 9 ! solid coal1 & f ?is1 :i* is call$ a 8c\nt]-gangway10 new sets ( *amb]s are driv5 up ! seam4 ,x is (t5 necess>y to raise & l[] c>s pass+ f "o gangway to ! o!r on an incl9$ plane1 on :i* ! load$ c>s1 desc5d+1 & atta*$ to "o end ( a rope1 pull up ! light c>s1 asc5d+ & atta*$ to ! o!r end1 ! rope itself w9d+ ar\nd a revolv+ drum at ! head ( ! plane4 ,?is sy/em c be put into use on any incl9e :]e ! gradi5t is "o 9 ?irty1 or /eep]4 ,by ?is g5]al sy/em ( gangways1 c\nt]-gangways1 airways1 *amb]s1 & planes1 ! area ( coal ly+ on ! upp] side ( ! ma9 gangway & on bo? sides ( ! %aft is m9$ out1 haul$ by mules to ! foot ( ! %aft1 & rais$ to ! surface4 ,on long /raight gangways ! mule is sometimes replac$ by a small m9e locomotive1 & 9 ^! lat] days ! electric eng9e has be5 introduc$ into ! m9es z a haul+ ag5t4 ,s f>1 h[ev]1 9 ?is m9e :i* we are suppos$ to be work+1 n a tap ( a drill nor a bl[ ( a pick has be5 made into ! coal on ! l[] side ( ! gangway save :]e ! sump 0 excavat$ at ! foot ( ! %aft4 ,if ?is %aft has be5 sunk ne>ly to ! bottom ( ! bas9 or syncl9al axis1 a %ort tunnel may be driv5 f ! ma9 gangway ?r\gh ! rock or upp] b5* ( coal across ! valley to ! rise ( ! seam on ! o!r side4 ,a new gangway may "h be driv5 "r & left1 & ?is area ( coal be made tribut>y to ! %aft already sunk4 ,x (t5 happ5s t a l>ge body ( coal lies betwe5 ! ma9 gangway & ! syncl9al axis1 = ^! two l9es may div]ge greatly z !y rec$e f ! %aft4 ,b *amb]s _c be driv5 d[n f ! ma9 gangway ow+ to ! difficulties ( transportation & dra9age4 ,x !re=e becomes necess>y1 9 ord] to "w ?is area1 to s9k a slope f ! ma9 gangway d[n to or t[>d ! syncl9al axis1 & f ! foot ( ?is slope to drive a new gangway4 ,f ?is new gangway *amb]s w be op5$ ext5d+ up ! seam to ! l9e ( ! ma9 gangway1 b n g5]ally break+ ?r\gh into x4 ,! coal is run d[n to ! l[] level gangway1 haul$ to ! foot ( ! slope1 & hoi/$ up x to ! ma9 gangway4 ,x is app>5t1 h[ev]1 t ! incl9$ plane sy/em _c "w "h2 ! conditions are rev]s$2 ! load$ c>s are drawn up & ! light ones are let d[n4 ,to d ?is "w x is necess>y to br+ into use a small /eam /ation>y eng9e1 or "o work+ by compress$ air4 ,a common me?od is to locate ! /eam eng9e on ! surface v]tically above ! head ( ! und]gr\nd slope1 & to c>ry p[] to ! %eaves bel[ by wire ropes runn+ d[n ?r\gh bore holes drill$ = t purpose4 ,! sy/em ( slope m9+ by lifts1 :i* is 9 common use 9 ! ,middle & ,s\!rn an?racite di/ricts1 has be5 expla9$ 9 a prec$+ *apt]4 ,9 ?is sy/em ! sump is always made by ext5d+ ! slope a %ort di/ance bel[ ! level ( ! gangway4 ,?is gangway is driv5 f ! foot ( ! slope to ! "r & left 9 ! same mann] z 9 ! ,wyom+ region1 except t1 ! seam be+ s greatly incl9$1 ! gangway ro(1 or a "p ( x at lea/1 w usually be ( coal in/ead ( slate or rock1 & 9 v /eep pit*+ seams ! airway w be almo/ v]tically above ! gangway4 ,! gangway is n usually s crook$ z :]e ! work+s are flat1 & hav+ be5 />t$ only ?ree hundr$ feet d[n ! slope f ! surface1 x (t5 foll[s ! coal to "s l[ po9t on ! l9e ( outcrop1 & is !n kn[n z a wat] level gangway1 :i* is practically ! same z a drift4 ,! sy/em ( op5+ & work+ brea/s diff]s some:at f t 9 use 9 ! ,nor!rn field4 ,beg9n+ at su* a di/ance f ! foot ( ! slope z w leave a good ?ick slope pill> = its protection1 a n>r[ %ute is driv5 up f ! gangway into ! coal to a di/ance ( p]haps ?irty feet1 at a height ( six feet1 & ) a wid? ( f six to n9e feet4 ,x is !n op5$ out to its full wid? z a brea/ & cont9u$ up ! seam t[>d ! outcrop1 n (t5 break+ ?r\gh to daylight unless an airway or manway is to be made4 ,p>allel brea/s are !n laid (f & work$ out by ! usual pill> & brea/ sy/em4 ,if ! dip is less ?an twelve or fifte5 degrees1 ! coal may be run d[n f ! work+ face 9 a buggy1 dump$ on to a plat=m or into ! %ute1 & load$ !nce into a m9e c> /&+ on ! gangway4 ,if ! dip is m ?an fifte5 degrees ! pieces ( coal w slide d[n ! brea/ to ! %ute1 ?\gh if x is "u tw5ty-five or ?irty degrees ! floor ( ! brea/ %\ld be laid ) %eet iron to less5 ! friction & give great] facility 9 movem5t4 ,9 a /eep-pit*+ brea/ a plank p>tition is built across ! %ute j above ! gangway1 to hold back ! coal until x is desir$ to load a c> ) x4 ,?is p>tition is call$ a 8batt]y10 or1 if !re is a simil> p>tition to hold ! coal 9 ! brea/1 a 8*eck batt]y40 ,9 ?is p>tition !re is an op5+ ?r\gh :i* ! coal may be drawn :5 desir$1 & ?r\gh :i* ! m5 may also g to _! "w1 ?\gh a sep>ate manway is (t5 provid$4 ,9 ^! /eep-pit*+ brea/s ! m9] works by /&+ on ! coal :i* he has already m9$1 & :i* is held back by ! batt]y1 9 ord] to rea* ! uncut coal above him4 ,!re are v>i\s sy/ems ( %utes1 batt]ies1 man ways1 etc41 9 use1 b all are bas$ on ! same pr9ciples4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gr\nd ,,plan ,,& ,,longitud9al ,,section ,,( ,,*amb]4 ,:5 ! gangway ( ! fir/ lift has rea*$ its limit 9 bo? directions1 & ! brea/s f x h be5 work$ up to _! limit1 ! slope is sunk to ano!r di/ance ( ?ree hundr$ feet1 & ! process is repeat$4 ,f ! gangway ( ! second lift ! brea/s are n ext5d$ up f> en\gh to break ?r\gh into ! gangway above2 a wall ( coal is left betwe5 t gangway & ! faces ( ! brea/s1 f fifte5 to =ty feet 9 ?ickness1 kn[n z ! 8*a9-pill>40 ,?is is = ! protection ( ! upp] gangway aga9/ falls & cru%es1 & is also necess>y to hold back wat] f escap+ into ! l[] level4 ,^! lifts w cont9ue1 at di/ances ( ab\t ?ree hundr$ feet ap>t1 until ! syncl9al valley is rea*$4 ,:5 ! me?od ( op5+ ! m9e by a %aft is employ$ 9 ^! /eep-pit*+ seams1 ! %aft is sunk to ! l[e/ level1 & ! successive sets ( gangways & brea/s are laid (f z ! "w progresses upw>ds2 t is1 ! slope me?od ( ext5d+ ! lifts d[nw>ds is simply rev]s$4 ,! me?od ( m9+ by tunnel & drift1 & by slope 9 ! flat work+s1 is n diff]5t f ! me?od already describ$ = %afts4 ,s soon z ! drift1 tunnel1 or slope has ext5d$ f> en\gh into ! coal seam x becomes a gangway1 *amb]s are laid (f f x1 & m9+ goes on 9 ! famili> mode4 ,v>i\s modifications ( ! pill> & brea/ sy/em are employ$ 9 ! an?racite coal m9es1 b no sy/em is 9 use :i* is radically diff]5t4 ,9 ! 8long wall sy/em10 common 9 ,great ,brita91 & us$ to "s ext5t 9 ! bitum9\s m9es ( ,p5nsylvania & ! ,we/]n ,/ates1 ! process ( cutt+ coal is c>ri$ on simultane\sly along an ext5d$ face4 ,! ro( is all[$ to fall1 back ( ! work]s1 roads be+ pres]v$ to ! gangway1 & ! ro( at ! face is tempor>ily support$ by an abundance ( wood5 props4 ,! descriptions ( und]gr\nd work+s t h n[ be5 giv5 h1 ( necessity1 be5 v g5]al 9 _! "*4 ,x is impossible1 9 a limit$ space1 to describe ! v>i\s me?ods & modifications ( me?ods :i* are 9 use4 ,no two m9es1 ev5 9 ! same di/rict1 are work$ exactly alike4 ,sometimes !y diff] widely 9 plan & op]ation4 ,t sy/em mu/ be employ$ 9 ea* "o :i* w be/ meet its peculi> requirem5ts4 ,!re is l>ge scope "h = ! play ( inv5tive g5ius4 ,!re is sc>cely a m9e ( any importance 9 ! entire coal region 9 :i* "o _c f9d "s new contrivance1 "s +5i\s s*eme1 "s ma/]piece ( inv5tion devis$ to meet "s special em]g5cy :i* may h aris5 = ! fir/ "t 9 ! hi/ory ( m9+4 ,yet ! g5]al features ( all coal m9+ me?ods mu/ ( necessity be ! same 9 und]gr\nd work+s4 ,no "o reasonably famili> ) !m c\ld ev] mi/ake a map ( a coal m9e = a map ( any?+ else "u ! sun4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,! ,,m9] ,,at ,,"w4 ,! numb] ( p]sons employ$ 9 a s+le m9e 9 ! an?racite regions v>ies f a doz5 9 ! newe/ & smalle/ m9es to sev5 hundr$ or eight hundr$ 9 ! l>ge/ & busie/4 ,! av]age w\ld probably be betwe5 two hundr$ & ?ree hundr$4 ,9 ! bitum9\s di/ricts ! av]age is n s l>ge4 ,fir/ among ^? :o g d[n into ! m9e is ! m9e boss1 or1 z he is sometimes call$1 ! 8inside boss40 ,x is 8 duty 8to direct & g5]ally sup]vise ! :ole work+ ( ! m9e40 ,all ! workm5 are "u 8 control1 & ev]y?+ is done 9 ob$i5ce to 8 ord]s4 ,he reports to1 & receives in/ructions f1 ! g5]al sup]9t5d5t ( ! m9es4 ,next 9 au?ority is ! fire boss4 ,x is 8 duty to exam9e1 e morn+ be=e ! m5 come to _! "w1 e place 9 ! m9e :]e explosive gas is evolv$ or likely to be evolv$1 & to give ! necess>y in/ructions to ! workm5 reg>d+ ! same4 ,he also has g5]al ov]sight ( ! v5tilat+ sy/em1 & sees t all /opp+s1 doors1 brattices1 & airways are kept 9 prop] condition4 ,! driv] boss has *>ge ( ! driv] boys & door boys1 & sees t ! mules are prop]ly c>$ = & are n abus$4 ,ea* driv] boy has *>ge ( a mule1 & ! mule draws ! empty c>s 9 along ! gangway & up to ! faces ( ! *amb]s1 & draws ! load$ c>s out to ! foot ( ! %aft4 ,! door boy mu/ /ay at 8 po/ all day & op5 & close ! door = ! c>s to pass 9 & out4 ,! use & necessity ( ^! doors w be expla9$ 9 a subsequ5t *apt]4 ,!n !re are ! footm51 c>p5t]s1 blacksmi?s1 masons1 & tracklay]s1 ^: occupations 9 ! m9es are app>5t f ! names :i* indicate _! sev]al call+s4 ,f9ally we h ! m9]s & ! m9]s' labor]s1 & x n[ becomes a matt] ( especial int]e/ to inquire into ! "* ( _! "w & _! mann] ( p]=m+ x4 ,to drive a gangway or airway is mu* ! same z driv+ a *amb]1 except t ! gangway is only ab\t "o ?ird ! wid? ( a *amb]1 & mu/ be driv5 on a slightly asc5d+ grade4 ,gangway driv+ is special "w1 = :i* ! m9] receives special wages1 x be+ impossible 9 ?is "w to s5d out z mu* coal ) ! same am\nt ( labor z c be s5t out 9 *amb] "w4 ,& s9ce ! great bulk ( coal is tak5 f ! *amb]s1 x w be bett] to obs]ve 9 "o ( !m ! processes ( m9+4 ,!re are usually f\r workm51 two m9]s & two labor]s1 employ$ 9 ea* *amb]4 ,! m9]s are employ$ by1 or are "u contract )1 ! coal company1 & ! labor]s are employ$ by ! m9]s1 subject to ! approval ( ! m9+ sup]9t5d5t4 ,! two m9]s divide _! pr(its or wages equally ) ea* o!r1 & are call$ 8butties40 ,a m9]'s butty is ! man :o works ! *amb] ) him on halves4 ,a labor]'s butty is ! man :o is associat$ ) him 9 ! employ ( ! same m9]s4 ,betwe5 ! m9] & ! labor] !re is a well-def9$ & /rictly obs]v$ l9e ( social dem>cation4 ,! m9] belongs to ! ari/ocracy ( und]gr\nd work]s2 ! labor] is ( a l[] ord]1 ^: great ambition x is to be elevat$1 at an e>ly day1 to t height on :i* 8 employ] /&s4 ,n[ z to ! "w done by ^! f\r m54 ,be=e ! *amb] has progress$ a pill>'s l5g? above ! airway1 propp+ w usually be necess>y to su/a9 ! ro(1 s l>ge an area ( :i* has be5 left )\t support4 ,h>dwood props ab\t n9e in*es 9 diamet] are us$ = ! purpose4 ,!y are pur*as$ by ! m9+ companies 9 l>ge quantities1 & are usually cut & haul$ to ! railroad 9 ! w9t] "t to be %ipp$ at any season to ! m9es4 ,by ! law ( #ahhe ! p]son or company op]at+ a m9e is oblig$ to furni% to ! m9]1 at ! face ( 8 *amb]1 z _m props ( ! requir$ l5g? z he may ne$4 ,hav+ receiv$ ! props ! m9] himself sets !m on ea* side ( ! middle l9e ( ! *amb] at su* po9ts z he ?9ks require !m1 or at su* po9ts z ! m9e boss designates4 ,he drives ! prop to its place by means ( a l>ge flat w$ge ins]t$ betwe5 ! top ( x & ! ro(1 ?us mak+ ! /ick tight & firm & also giv+ x a l>g] be>+ aga9/ ! ro(4 ,"s *amb]s require v few props2 o!rs mu/ be well l9$ ) !m4 ,_! necessity dep5ds ^u ! "* ( ! ro(4 ,if x is s(t1 slaty1 & loose x mu/ be support$ at frequ5t int]vals4 ,x v r>ely occurs t a *amb]1 work$ to its limit1 has ne$$ no propp+ f its foot to its face4 ,usually a good "p ( ! m9]'s "t is occupi$ 9 sett+ props z 8 "w at ! face advances4 ,e seam has its top & bottom b5* ( coal1 divid$ ab\t midway by a ?9 slate p>tition1 & "o b5* is always tak5 out to a horizontal dep? ( f\r or five feet be=e ! o!r "o is m9$4 ,if ! upp] b5* conta9s ! be/ & cleane/ coal1 ) ! smoo!/ plane ( cleavage at ! ro(1 t is fir/ tak5 out2 b if ! *oice coal lies at ! bottom1 !n ! l[] b5* is fir/ m9$4 ,! reason = ?is is t a %ot heavy en\gh to bla/ out effectually ! section ( r\gh1 bony1 or slaty coal :i* /icks to ! ro( or floor w\ld be heavy en\gh to %att] ! adjo9+ b5* ( clean brittle coal1 & make a l>ge "p ( x s f9e z to be useless4 ,let u n[ suppose t ! m9] has a clean1 v]tical wall ( coal at ! face ( 8 *amb] 9 :i* to beg9 "w4 ,mak+ sure t 8 tools & mat]ials are all at h&1 he fir/ takes up 8 drill4 ,?is is a r\nd or hexagonal iron b> ab\t "o & an eigh? in*es 9 diamet]1 & ab\t five & a half feet long1 tipp$ at ! work+ end ) /eel4 ,?is end is flatt5$ out into a blade or *isel1 hav+ a slight concave curve on its edge1 & be+ some:at wid] at its extremity ?an ! diamet] ( ! b>4 ,at ! o!r end ( ! drill ! diamet] is increas$ to "o & a half in*es1 =m+ a circul> ridge at ! extremity ( ! b>1 9 "o side ( :i* ridge a semicircul> not* is cut into ! face ( ! drill4 ,! use ( ?is not* w be subsequ5tly expla9$4 ,?is1 !n1 is ! tool ) :i* ! m9] beg9s 8 "w4 ,select+ ! b5* to be fir/ m9$ he *ooses a po9t a few feet to ! "r or left ( ! middle l9e ( ! face & deliv]s ^u x ! fir/ /roke ) ! %>p edge ( 8 drill2 & z he /rikes successive bl[s he rotates ! drill 9 8 h&s 9 ord] to make ! hole r\nd4 ,! drill is nev] /ruck on ! head ) sl$ges4 ,its cutt+ =ce dep5ds on ! mom5tum giv5 to x 9 ! h&s ( ! m9]1 & ! /roke made by x is a jump+ or ela/ic /roke4 ,in/ead ( ! b> drill1 :i* has be5 describ$1 _m ( ! m9]s use a ma*9e h&-drill = bor+ holes4 ,?is ma*9e works ^u ! same pr9ciple t ! jackscrew does4 ,x is op]at$ by h& by means ( a crank1 & an aug]-l projection =ces its way into ! coal4 ,! "w ( turn+ ! crank is m labori\s ?an t ( drill+ ) ! b>-drill1 b ! extra labor is mu* m ?an comp5sat$ = by ! great] spe$ at :i* bor+ is done4 ,x is probably due to ! _s ( cons]vatism among m9]s t ?is ma*9e is n 9 g5]al use by !m4 ,coal-cutt+ ma*9es1 work+ by /eam or compress$ air1 are n us$ 9 ! an?racite m9es4 ,! "* ( ! coal1 ! ?ickness ( ! seams1 & ! incl9ation ( ! /rata make _! employm5t impracticable4 ,:5 ! hole has be5 drill$ to a dep? ( ab\t f\r & a half feet x is c>efully clean$ out ) a scrap]4 ,?is is a light iron rod ) a h&le on "o end ( x & a little spoon1 turn$ up l a mu/>d spoon1 on ! o!r end4 ,!n ! c>tridge is ins]t$ & pu%$ 9 to ! f>!r extremity ( ! hole4 ,! c>tridge is simply a tube made ( heavy manila pap] =m$ ov] a c>tridge /ick1 fill$ ) black p[d]1 & fold$ at ! ends4 ,dynamite & o!r high explosives are n us$1 because !y create too mu* wa/e4 ,ready-made c>tridges 9 jo9t$ sections are l>gely us$1 b z a rule ! m9] makes 8 own c>tridge z he ne$s x4 ,! m9]'s ne$le is an iron rod ab\t five & "o half feet 9 l5g?1 ) a h&le at "o end4 ,x is ab\t five eigh?s ( an in* 9 diamet] at ! h&le end1 & tap]s to a po9t at ! o!r end4 ,:5 ! c>tridge has be5 pu%$ 9 to ! extreme end ( ! bore hole1 ! ne$le is ins]t$ also1 ! po9t ( x pi]c+ ! out] end ( ! c>tridge4 ,! ne$le is !n all[$ to re/ on ! bottom or at ! side ( ! drill hole :ile ! m9] ga!rs f9e dirt f ! floor ( ! m9e1 damp5s x slightly if x is dry1 & pu%es x into ! hole alongside4 ,?is dirt is !n =c$ 9 aga9/ ! c>tridge ) ! head ( ! drill4 ,m dirt is put 9 & driv5 home1 & /ill m1 until1 by ! "t ! hole is fill$ to its out] extremity1 ! pack+ is h>d & firm4 ,?is process is call$ tamp+4 ,x c n[ be se5 t ! semicircul> not* on ! rim ( ! blunt end ( ! drill is = ! purpose ( all[+ ! drill to slip along ov] ! ne$le1 :i* /ill reta9s its position1 & at ! same "t to fill ! diamet] ( ! hole4 ,! tamp+ be+ f9i%$ ! m9] takes hold ( ! ne$le by ! h&le1 turns x once or twice g5tly 9 its b$1 & !n sl[ly )draws x4 ,a r\nd1 smoo? *annel is ?us left f ! outside directly 9 to ! p[d] ( ! c>tridge1 & into ?is *annel ! squib is ins]t$4 ,! squib is simply an elongat$ fire-crack]4 ,x has ab\t ! diamet] ( a rye /raw1 is ab\t f\r in*es 9 l5g?1 & its cov]+ projects an in* or two at "o end & is twi/$ up = a fuse4 ,! cov]+ ( ! squib may inde$ be ( /raw1 sometimes x is ( hemp5 mat]ial1 b m (t51 9 ^! days1 x is made ( pap]4 ,x is fill$ ) p[d] & is !n dipp$ into a res9\s mixture to make x wat]-pro(1 to coat ov] ! op5 end s t ! p[d] %all n run out1 & to make ! wick at ! o!r end mildly inflammable4 ,if ! bore hole %\ld be v wet an iron or copp] tube1 ?r\gh :i* ! ne$le is run1 is laid to ! c>tridge be=e ! hole is tamp$1 & :5 ! ne$le is )drawn ! squib is ins]t$ into ! m\? ( ! tube4 ,if inflammable gases are exud+ f ! coal ?r\gh ! bore hole1 or if = any o!r reason x is fe>$ t ! c>tridge w be explod$ too quickly1 a %ort piece ( cotton wick1 dipp$ 9 oil1 is atta*$ to ! fuse ( ! squib to l5g!n x1 & ?is extra section ( fuse is all[$ to hang d[n f ! m\? ( ! bore hole aga9/ ! face ( coal4 ,:5 all is ready ! tools are remov$ to a safe di/ance1 a light$ lamp is t\*$ to ! fuse1 ! m5 cry 8,fire60 to w>n all :o may be 9 ! vic9ity1 &1 retreat+ d[n ! *amb]1 !y take refuge beh9d "s conv5i5t pill>4 ,! fuse burns s sl[ly t ! m5 h ample "t 9 :i* to get out ( h>m's way1 if ord9>y c>e is tak54 ,:5 ! fire rea*es ! p[d] 9 ! squib ! same =ce t propels a fire-crack] or a rocket acts ^u ! squib & s5ds x viol5tly ?r\gh ! *annel or tube into contact ) ! p[d] ( ! c>tridge4 ,! explosion t results ?r[s out a section ( coal f ! face1 break+ x into l>ge pieces4 ,s soon z ! place has settl$ aft] ! fir+ ( ! %ot ! m5 g back to ! face to note ! result4 ,! brok5 coal is pu%$ to "o side1 & prep>ations are made = drill+ ! next hole4 ,x usually takes five %ots to break d[n a s+le b5*4 ,:5 bo? b5*es ( coal h be5 bla/$ out ! l5g? ( ! *amb] has be5 increas$ by five or six feet4 ,9 bla/+1 ! m9] mu/ take advantage ( su* conditions z are pres5t$ to him at ! face ( ! work+1 & he w bore 8 hole & fire 8 %ot :]e1 9 8 judgm5t1 ! be/ result w be atta9$4 ,he _c always take "o position at 8 drill+2 x is r>ely t he f9ds a com=table "o4 ,sometimes he mu/ hold ! drill at arm's l5g? above 8 head1 at o!r times he mu/ re/ on 8 knees :ile work+1 /ill (t5] he is oblig$ to lie on 8 back or side on ! wet floor ( ! m9e1 & "w 9 t position1 ) occasional respite1 = h\rs at a "t4 ,9 ne>ly e *amb] ! m9] has a p[d] *e/ :i* he keeps lock$1 & :i* is /or$ at "s safe & conv5i5t place1 n too close to ! face4 ,9 ?is *e/ he keeps1 besides 8 p[d]1 8 c>tridge pap]1 c>tridge p91 squibs1 lamp-wick1 *alk1 & su* o!r little conv5i5ces & necess>ies z e work+man mu/ h at h&4 ,! o!r tools are usually at ! face4 ,he has !re a m9+ pick4 ,?is pick is /raight & po9t$1 & f ! head or eye1 :]e ! h&le ent]s1 x w measure ab\t n9e in*es to ea* end4 ,x is us$ = br++ d[n slate & coal f ro(1 ribs1 & face4 ,! bottom pick is us$ by ! labor] = break+ up ! coal aft] x is d[n4 ,?is pick measures ab\t two feet f tip to tip1 & is curv$ slightly upw>d at ! po9ts4 ,ea* m9] has two drills1 & p]haps a h& ma*9e-drill4 ,he has also a /eel cr[b> = pry+ d[n loose portions ( ! ro(1 & = turn+ heavy pieces ( slate or coal4 ,he has an eight-p\nd /eel hamm]1 ) a h&le two feet & f\r in*es 9 l5g?1 :i* he uses 9 sett+ props2 & he has a heavy sl$ge = break+ rock & coal4 ,! li/ is complet$ by ?ree l>ge scoop %ovels1 us$ g5]ally to %ovel ! small] pieces ( brok5 coal f ! floor ( ! *amb] into ! m9e c>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,m9]',s ,,tools4 ,! m9] mu/ furni% 8 own tools4 ,8 p[d]1 fuse1 & oil he gets f ! company t employs him1 & !y are *>g$ to him 9 ! acc\nt t is /at$ betwe5 !m mon?ly4 ,x w n d to omit ! m9]'s lamp f ! li/ ( appliances us$ 9 8 call+2 x is too great a necessity4 ,)\t x he c\ld d absolutely no?+2 he c\ld n ev5 f9d 8 way to 8 *amb]4 ,=m]ly c&les 7 mu* us$ 9 ! m9es2 9 ,great ,brita9 !y are /ill common2 b ! an?racite m9] inv>iably uses a lamp4 ,?is is a r\nd1 flat-bottom$ t9 box1 ab\t ! size ( a small aft]-d9n] c(fee cup4 ,x has a h+$ lid on top1 a sp\t on "o side1 & a h&le %ap$ l a hook ) ! po9t d[n on ! opposite side4 ,by ?is hook$ h&le ! lamp is fa/5$ to ! front ( ! m9]'s cap1 & he we>s x s at 8 labor1 remov+ x only = ! purpose ( r5ew+ ! mat]ial 9 x1 or ( approa*+ ! p[d] *e/1 or ( exam9+ m closely "s portion ( 8 "w4 ,9 ! lamp he burns crude petroleum1 :i* is f$ f a cotton wick em]g+ f ! sp\t4 ,v rec5tly electricity has be5 introduc$ into ! gangways ( "s l>ge m9es1 = light+ purposes1 & has giv5 great satisfaction4 ,p]haps ! day is n f> di/ant :5 an electric light w sw+ f ! ro( at ! face ( e work+ *amb]4 ,:5 ! coal has be5 bla/$ d[n & ! props h be5 set ! m9]'s "w is done2 ! re/ belongs to ! labor]s4 ,!y mu/ break up ! coal1 load x into ! c>s1 run x d[n to ! gangway1 pile up ! refuse1 & cle> ! *amb] = ! next day's "w4 ,! m9e c>p5t]s h laid a track1 consi/+ ( wood5 rails set into caps or not*$ ties1 z f> up ! *amb] z ! work+ at ! face w\ld p]mit4 ,up ?is track ! mule & driv] boy h br\ght ! empty c> & left x at ! face4 ,! labor]s ?r[ into x fir/ ! small] pieces ( coal :i* !y %ovel up f ! floor ( ! *amb]1 !n huge *unks are tumbl$ 9 & pil$ skillfully on top until ! c> is almo/ ov]balanc$ ) its load4 ,x is !n pu%$ out to ! gangway to await ! com+ ( ! driv] boy1 :o atta*es x to 8 trip ( loads & takes x to ! %aft4 ,! m9e c> is usually b a small] edition ( ! coal c>s t c be se5 any day on ! surface railways ( ! c\ntry4 ,! runn+ portion is ( iron1 & ! box is /\tly built ( h>dwood1 brac$ & /iff5$ by iron tie-rods1 bolts1 & %oes4 ,at ! end ( ! c> is a v]tical sw++ door1 hung f ! top by an iron rod1 :i* crosses ! box4 ,?is door is lat*$ on ! outside ne> ! bottom1 & ! coal is dump$ f ! c> by tipp+ x up & lett+ ! unlat*$ door sw+ outw>d4 ,! size ( ! c> dep5ds greatly on ! size & "* ( ! work+s 9 :i* x is us$4 ,p]haps an av]age size w\ld be t5 feet long1 five feet wide1 & five feet high f ! rail4 ,su* a c> w\ld conta9 ab\t "o hundr$ cubic feet1 & w\ld hold f two & "o half to ?ree tons ( coal4 ,! track gauges 9 common use v>y by ?ree in* wid?s f two feet & six in*es to f\r feet4 ,! m9] & labor] />t to _! "w 9 ! morn+ at six o'clock4 ,if !y ent] ! m9e by %aft !y mu/ g d[n be=e sev5 o'clock1 = at t h\r ! eng9e] /ops l[]+ m5 & beg9s to hoi/ coal4 ,imm$iately aft] arriv+ at ! face ( 8 *amb] ! m9] beg9s to cut coal4 ,if ! ve9 is ?ick & clean1 if 8 %ots are all effective1 & if he has good luck g5]ally1 he w cut 8 all[ance ( coal = ! day by t5 or elev5 o'clock 9 ! =5oon4 ,x w be und]/ood t by ! sy/em 9 use by mo/ ( ! coal companies n m ?an a c]ta9 numb] ( c>loads may be s5t out f ea* *amb] p] day4 ,& :5 ! m9] has bla/$ d[n en\gh coal to make up t numb] ( loads 8 day's "w is done4 ,x is v seldom inde$ t he is n ?r\gh be=e two o'clock 9 ! aft]noon4 ,b he nev] /ays to assi/ ! labor]4 ,x is b5ea? 8 dignity z a m9] to help break up & load ! coal :i* has be5 br\ght d[n by means ( 8 judgm5t & skill4 ,s ! labor] is always la/ 9 ! *amb]4 ,8 "w is seldom done be=e f\r or five o'clock 9 ! aft]noon4 ,he has j s mu* coal to break up1 load1 & pu% d[n to ! gangway1 no matt] h[ successful ! m9] may h be54 ,he consoles himself1 h[ev]1 by look+ =w>d to ! "t :5 he %all himself become a m9]4 ,bla/+ is always a dang]\s occupation1 & ! law 9 ,p5nsylvania1 embodi$ 9 ! act ( #ahhe1 has recogniz$ its especial dang] 9 ! m9es1 by mak+ c]ta9 provisions conc]n+ x = ! protection ( life & limb4 ,! rules laid d[n are /rict & complete1 yet1 9 spite ( !m1 accid5ts f p[d] explosions & premature bla/s are frequ5t & de/ructive4 ,b x mu/ be said t ^! accid5ts are due1 9 mo/ "p1 to violations ( ^! rules4 ,x is impossible = colli]y au?orities to keep con/ant wat* ov] ! workm5 9 e *amb]4 ,! conduct ( ^! m5 mu/ be l>gely gov]n$ by !mselves1 & ! frequ5cy ( accid5ts1 bo? s]i\s & fatal1 z a result ( c>elessness on ! "p ( workm51 does n seem to det] o!r workm5 f con/antly runn+ ! same risks4 ,! mo/ preval5t & ! mo/ s]i\s s\rce ( dang] to ! m9] is n1 h[ev]1 9 bla/+1 b 9 falls ( coal1 slate1 & rock f ! ro(1 ribs1 & face ( ! *amb]4 ,mat]ial t has become loos5$ by bla/+ is pull$ d[n c>elessly1 or falls )\t w>n+4 ,9 _m cases ! ro( is insuffici5tly propp$1 & l>ge sections ( x give way4 ,m5 are caught "u ^! fall+ masses e day1 & are ei!r kill$ outright or s]i\sly injur$4 ,yet1 z 9 ! case ( bla/+1 _! injuries are l>gely ! result ( _! own c>elessness4 ,any "o :o reads ! reports ( ^! cases _c fail to be conv9c$ ( ?is fact4 ,! m9e inspector's reports ( ,p5nsylvania %[ t dur+ ! ye> #ahhg !re 7 9 ! an?racite di/rict ?ree hundr$ & ?irte5 fatal accid5ts :i* occurr$ 9 & ab\t ! m9es4 ,( ?is numb] "o hundr$ & =ty-sev5 7 due to falls ( ro( & coal1 :ile only tw5ty-"o 7 caus$ by explosions ( bla/+ mat]ial4 ,^! figures indicate pla9ly ! direction 9 :i* ! skill & sup]vision ( op]ators & ! c>e & wat*fulness ( workm5 %\ld be ex]t$ = ! protection ( life4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,:5 ,,! ,,m9e ,,ro( ,,falls4 ,a fir/ visit to a coal m9e w be prolific ( /range sights & s\nds & ( novel s5sations4 ,if "o ent]s ! m9e by a %aft1 ! fir/ notewor?y exp]i5ce w be ! desc5t on ! cage or c>riage4 ,! visitor w probably be "u ! c>e ( "o ( ! m9e =em51 )\t ^: pres5ce or au?ority he w\ld n be all[$ to desc5d1 & inde$ w\ld n wi% to4 ,f ! head to ! foot ( e %aft a speak+ tube ext5ds1 & signal+ app>atus1 :i* is cont9u$ to ! eng9e-room4 ,^! appliances are requir$ by law4 ,9 ^! days ! signals are (t5 op]at$ by electricity4 ,at ! head ( ! %aft is /ation$ a headman & at ! foot ( ! %aft a footman1 ^: assi/ants aid 9 pu%+ c>s on & (f ! c>riages4 ,! footman is notifi$ ( y\r com+1 & y take y\r place on ! empty safety c>riage4 ,x sw+s slightly z y /ep on to x1 j en\gh to make y realize t y h pass$ f ! /able to ! un/able1 & t besides ! few in*es ( plank+ "u y\r feet1 !re is no?+ betwe5 y & ! floor ( ! m9e1 five hundr$ feet or m bel[ y4 ,:5 all is ready ! =eman cries3 8,slack (f60 ! signal to ! eng9e] is giv51 ! c>riage is slightly rais$1 ! w+s are )drawn1 & ! desc5t beg9s4 ,if ! c>riage goes d[n z rapidly z x ord9>ily does y\r fir/ s5sation w be t ( fall+4 ,x w seem z ?\gh t on :i* y 7 /&+ has be5 sudd5ly remov$ f b5ea? y\r feet1 & y\r impulse w be to grasp = some?+ above y4 ,y w h>dly h recov]$ f ?is s5sation :5 x w seem to y t ! motion ( ! c>riage has be5 rev]s$1 & t y are n[ go+ up m rapidly ?an y 7 at fir/ desc5d+4 ,!re w be an alt]nation ( ^! s5sations dur+ ! m9ute or two occupi$ 9 ! desc5t1 until f9ally ! motion ( ! c>riage becomes sudd5ly sl[]1 & y feel x /rike g5tly at ! bottom ( ! %aft4 ,z y /ep out into ! d>kness no?+ is visible to y except ! %ift+ flames ( ! workm5's lamps2 y _c ev5 see di/9ctly ! m5 :o c>ry !m4 ,y are giv5 a seat on ! footman's b5* ne> by until y\r eyes h accommodat$ !mselves to ! situation4 ,aft] a few m9utes y are able to di/+ui% objects t are t5 or fifte5 feet away4 ,y c see ?r\gh ! murky atmosph]e ! r\gh walls ( solid coal ab\t y1 ! flat1 black1 moi/ ro( ov]head1 ! m9e c> tracks at y\r feet4 ,! c>riages appe> & disappe>1 & are load$ & unload$ at ! foot ( ! %aft1 :ile ! passage1 at "o side ( :i* y sit1 is fill$ ) m9e c>s1 mules1 & driv] boys 9 app>5tly inextricable confusion4 ,! body ( a mule looms up sudd5ly 9 front ( y2 y cat* a glimpse ( a boy hurry+ by2 a sw>?y face1 light$ up by ! flame ( a lamp gleams out ( ! d>kness1 b ! body t belongs to x is 9 deep %ad[1 y _c see x4 ,b>e1 brawny arms become visible & are )drawn1 m5's voices s\nd /range1 !re is a con/ant rumbl+ ( c>s1 a regul> click+ s\nd z ! c>riage /ops & />ts1 incessant %\t+ by ! boys2 some:]e ! s\nd ( fall+ wat]4 ,su* are ! sights & s\nds at ! %aft's foot4 ,if n[ y pass 9 along ! gangway1 y w be apt to ?r[ ! light ( y\r lamp to y\r feet to see :]e y are /epp+4 ,y w exp]i5ce a s5se ( conf9em5t 9 ! n>r[ passage ) its l[ ro( & close1 black walls4 ,occasionally y w h to cr[d aga9/ ! rib to let a trip ( m9e c>s1 drawn by a smok+ mule1 9 *>ge ( a boy ) soil$ face & greasy clo!s1 pass by4 ,p]haps y walk up "o ( ! incl9$ planes to a c\nt] gangway4 ,y are lucky if y are 9 a m9e :]e ! ro( is s high t y ne$ n b5d ov] z y walk4 ,! m5 :om y meet h little lamps on _! caps1 smok+ & fl>+ 9 ! /rong air curr5t4 ,y c see little ( ^! p]sons except _! soil$ faces4 ,ev]y?+ "h is black & d+y2 !re is no color relief to outl9e ! =m ( any object4 ,n[ y come to a door on ! upp] side ( ! gangway4 ,a small boy jumps up f a b5* & pulls ! door op5 = ! p>ty to pass ?r\gh4 ,z x closes beh9d y ! /rong curr5t ( air ne>ly ext+ui%es y\r lamp4 ,y walk along ! airway = a little di/ance1 & !n y come to ! foot ( a *amb]4 ,up some:]e 9 ! d>kness1 app>5tly f> away1 y see lights tw9kl+1 f\r ( !m4 ,!y appe> & disappe>1 !y bob up & d[n1 !y wav] f side to side1 till y wond] :at /range contortions ! p :o c>ry !m mu/ be go+ ?r\gh to give !m su* erratic movem5ts4 ,by & by !re is a cry ( 8,fire60 ! cry is repeat$ sev]al times1 ?ree lights move d[n ! *amb] t[>d y & sudd5ly disappe>1 !n ! f\r? "o approa*es app>5tly ) m action1 & disappe>s also4 ,! m5 :o c>ry !m h hidd5 beh9d pill>s4 ,y wait "o1 two1 ?ree m9utes1 look+ into d>kness4 ,!n !re is a sudd5 wave-l movem5t 9 ! air2 x /rikes y\r face1 y feel x 9 y\r e>s2 ! flame ( y\r lamp is bl[n aside4 ,imm$iately !re is ! s\nd ( an explosion & ! cra% ( fall+ blocks ( coal4 ,! waves ( di/urb$ air /ill t\* y\r face g5tly4 ,soon ! lights reappe>1 all f\r ( !m1 & advance t[>d ! face4 ,9 a m9ute !y are swall[$ up 9 ! p[d] smoke t has roll$ out f ! bla/2 y see only a fa9t blur1 & _! movem5ts are indi/9ct4 ,b :5 ! smoke has rea*$ & pass$ y ! air is cle>] aga91 & ! lights tw9kle & dance z m]rily z !y did be=e ! bla/ 0 fir$4 ,n[ y g up ! *amb]1 tak+ c>e n to /umble ov] ! high caps1 into ! not*es ( :i* ! wood5 rails ( ! track are laid4 ,on "o side ( y is a wall1 built up ) pieces ( slate & bony coal & ! refuse ( ! m9e1 on ! o!r y c rea* out y\r h& & t\* ! heavy wood5 props t support ! ro(1 & beyond ! props !re is d>kness1 or if ! rib ( coal is visible x is b>ely di/9ct4 ,up at ! face !re is a sc5e ( great activity4 ,b>e-arm$ m51 )\t coat or ve/1 are work+ ) b> & pick & %ovel1 mov+ ! fall5 coal f ! face1 break+ x1 load+ x into ! m9e c> :i* /&s ne> by4 ,! m9]s are at ! face pry+ d[n loose pieces ( coal4 ,"o takes 8 lamp 9 8 h& & fla%es its light along ! black1 brok51 %9y surface1 decid+ ^u ! be/ po9t to beg9 ! next drill hole1 discuss+ ! matt] ) 8 companion1 giv+ quick ord]s to ! labor]s1 act+ ) en]gy & a w4 ,he takes up 8 drill1 runs 8 f+]s across ! edge ( x pr(essionally1 balances x 9 8 h&s1 & /rikes a c]ta9 po9t on ! face ) x1 turn+ x slightly at ea* /roke4 ,he has tak5 8 position1 ly+ on 8 side p]haps1 & !n beg9s ! regul> tap1 tap1 ( ! drill into ! coal4 ,! labor]s h load$ ! m9e c>1 remov$ ! block f ! :eel1 & n[1 grasp+ ! end ( x firmly1 hold back on x z x moves by gravity d[n ! *amb] to ! gangway4 ,y may foll[ x out1 wat* ! driv] boy z he atta*es x to 8 trip1 & g ) him back to ! foot ( ! %aft4 ,y h se5 some?+ ( ! op]ation ( tak+ out coal1 some?+ ( ! ceaseless activity :i* p]vades ! work+ portions ( ! m9e4 ,b y\r visit to ! m9e has be5 at a "t :5 hundr$s ( m5 are busy ar\nd y1 :5 ! rumble1 ! click1 ! tap1 ! noise ( bla/+1 ! s\nd ( human voices1 are incessant4 ,if y 7 !re alone1 ! only liv+ be+ 9 ! m9e1 y w\ld exp]i5ce a diff]5t set ( s5sations4 ,if y /ood or sat motionless y w\ld f9d ! sil5ce oppressive4 ,"o :o has n _h ?is exp]i5ce c h no adequate conception ( ! pr(\nd /illness ( a des]t$ m9e4 ,on ! surface ( ! e>? "o _c f9d a "t nor a place 9 :i* ! e> is n assail$ by noises2 ! /irr+ ( ! grasses 9 ! field at midnight s5ds s\nd-waves travel+ ?r\gh space4 ,:]ev] !re is life !re is motion1 & :]ev] !re is motion !re is s\nd4 ,b d[n "h !re is no life1 no motion1 no s\nd4 ,! sil5ce is n only oppressive1 x is pa9ful1 x becomes unbe>able4 ,no p]son c\ld be long subject$ to x & reta9 8 reason2 x w\ld be l try+ to live 9 an elem5t to :i* ! human body is n adapt$4 ,suppose y are n only 9 sil5ce b 9 d>kness4 ,!re is no d>kness on ! surface ( ! e>? t is at all comp>able ) ! d>kness ( ! m9e4 ,on ! surface ! eyes c gr[ accu/om$ to ! deepe/ gloom ( night4 ,cl\ds _c %ut out e ray ( light f hidd5 moon or />s4 ,b d[n 9 ! m9e1 :e!r 9 night-"t or daytime1 !re is no possible light5+ up ( ! gloom by nature2 %e _c s5d h] brighte/ sunbeam ?r\gh ?ree hundr$ feet ( solid rock4 ,if "o is 9 ! m9es )\t a light1 he has be=e him1 beh9d him1 ev]y:]e1 utt] blackness4 ,to be lo/ 9 ?is way1 a mile f any op5+ to day1 9 ! mid/ ( a confusion ( gall]ies1 9 an ab&on$ m9e1 & to be compell$ to feel "o's way to safety1 is a pa9ful exp]i5ce1 is "o inde$ :i* ! writ] himself has _h4 ,!re comes a "t 9 ! hi/ory ( e m9e :5 x is p]vad$ only by sil5ce & d>kness4 ,all ! coal t c be c>ri$ f x by ! %aft or slope or o!r outlet has be5 m9$ & tak5 out1 & ! place is ab&on$4 ,b be=e ?is comes to pass ! "w ( robb+ ! pill>s mu/ be done4 ,?is "w consi/s 9 break+ f ! pill>s z mu* coal z c possibly be tak5 )\t too great risk to ! workm54 ,! process is begun at ! faces ( ! *amb]s1 at ! f>!/ extremity ( ! m9e1 & ! "w progresses con/antly t[>d ! %aft or o!r op5+ by :i* ! coal ?us obta9$ is tak5 out4 ,x c readily be se5 t robb+ pill>s is a dang]\s bus9ess4 ,= s soon z ! column becomes too sl5d] to support ! ro( x w give way & ! slate & rock w come cra%+ d[n into ! *amb]4 ,! workm5 mu/ be con/antly on ! al]t1 wat*ful = e sign ( dang]1 b at ! be/ "s w be injur$1 "s w p]haps be kill$1 by ! fall+ masses f ! ro(4 ,yet ?is "w mu/ be done1 o!rwise coal m9+ w\ld n be pr(itable1 ! wa/e w\ld be too great4 ,! coal t c be tak5 out "u ! prevail+ sy/ems w av]age only fifty p] c5t4 ( ! :ole body 9 ! m9e1 & at lea/ t5 p] c5t4 m w be lo/ 9 wa/e at ! break]1 s t x behooves a company to h its pill>s robb$ z closely z possible4 ,x is aft] all ?is has be5 done1 & all tools & appliances h be5 remov$ f ! m9e1 t x is ab&on$4 ,p]haps ! l[] levels ( x become fill$ ) wat]4 ,x is a wa/e ( cru%$ pill>s1 fall5 rock1 & block$ passages4 ,inde$1 x is difficult to conceive ( any?+ m weird & desolate ?an an ab&on$ m9e4 ,to walk or climb or creep ?r\gh "o is l walk+ ) ,dante ?r\gh ! regions ( ! lo/4 ,!re are masses ( rock pil$ up 9 great confusion to ! jagg$ ro(1 dull surfaces ( coal & slate1 rott+ timb]s pat*$ "h & !re ) spots ( sn[-:ite fungus1 black /ret*es ( /ill wat] into :i* a bit ( fall+ slate or coal w /rike & s5d a ?\s& e*oes rattl+ ?r\gh ! gho/ly *amb]s4 ,= a noise :i* on ! surface ( ! e>? w n break ! quiet ( a summ] night1 d[n "h w almo/ make y\r he>t /& /ill ) fe>1 s />tl+ is x 9 di/9ctness4 ,b x is n only 9 ab&on$ m9es t falls ( ro( take place1 nor yet alone at ! unpropp$ face ( brea/ or gangway4 ,!y are liable to occur at almo/ any po9t 9 any m9e4 ,sometimes only a small piece ( slate1 n l>g] p]haps ?an a %+le1 w come d[n2 aga9 ! ro( ( an entire *amb] w fall4 ,x is possible t two or m *amb]s w be involv$ 9 ! di/urbance1 & in/ances occasionally occur 9 a work+ m9e :]e a fall cov]s an area _m acres 9 ext5t4 ,! falls t are limit$ 9 ext5t1 t are conf9$ to a s+le *amb] or ! face ( a *amb]1 d n int]f]e ) ! pill>s & c be readily cle>$ away4 ,!y are due to lack ( support = ! ro(1 to insuffici5t propp+ & injudici\s bla/+1 & may1 to a great ext5t1 be gu>d$ aga9/ successfully by c>e & wat*fulness4 ,b to =esee or prev5t ! m ext5d$ falls is (t5 impossible4 ,!y are due to ! g5]al pressure ( ov]ly+ /rata ov] a consid]able area1 & bo? props & pill>s give way "u s great a /ra94 ,sometimes !y come )\t a mom5t's w>n+2 usually1 h[ev]1 _! approa* is indicat$ by unmi/akable signs days or ev5 weeks 9 advance ( ! actual fall4 ,!re w be cracks 9 ! ro(1 small pieces ( slate w drop to ! floor1 ! di/ance betwe5 floor & ro( w gr[ p]ceptibly less1 pill>s w bulge 9 ! middle & little fragm5ts ( coal n l>g] ?an peas w break f !m ) a crackl+ s\nd & fall to ! floor1 until a deposit ( f9e coal is ?us =m$ at ! base ( ea* pill> 9 ! infect$ di/rict4 ,?is crackl+ & fall+ is kn[n z 8work+10 & ?is g5]al condition is call$ a 8cru%0 or a 8squeeze40 ,if "o /&s q /ill 9 a section ( a m9e :]e !re is a squeeze1 he w he> all ab\t him1 com+ f ! 8work+0 pill>s1 ^! fa9t crackl+ noises1 l ! snapp+ ( dry twigs "u ! feet4 ,sometimes ! floor ( und]clay or ! ro( ( %ale is s s(t t ! pill>1 in/ead ( bulg+ or break+1 ent]s ! /rata above or bel[ z ! ro( settles4 ,:5 ?is occurs x is call$ 8creep+40 ,9 ! /eep-pit*+ ve9s ! t5d5cy ( ! pill>s on ! approa* ( a squeeze is to 8slip10 t is1 to move p]ceptibly d[n ! incl9e4 ,:5 ^! indications occur ! workm5 are )drawn f ! portion ( ! m9e :i* is 8work+10 & vigor\s measures are tak5 to c\nt]act ! pressure1 by props & o!r supports plac$ "u ! ro(4 ,sometimes ?is "w is effectual1 sometimes x is ( no avail :atev]4 ,(t5 ! fall comes be=e ! fir/ prop c be set2 & :5 x comes ! cra% is t]rible1 ! de/ruction is great4 ,h[ev]1 n _m feet 9 ?ickness ( ! ro( /rata c come d[n2 ! slate & rock :i* fir/ fall are brok5 & heap$ 9 su* irregul> masses on ! floor t !y soon ext5d up to ! ro( & af=d x new & effectual support4 ,x is !re=e only ne> ! outcrop1 or :]e ! m9e is n deep1 t a fall 9 x di/urbs ! e>? at ! surface4 ,b 9 ! m9+ ( ! upp] ve9s su* di/urbances 7 frequ5t4 ,9 pass+ ?r\gh ! coal regions "o w occasionally see a depression1 or a s]ies ( depressions1 9 ! e>?'s surface to :i* 8 att5tion w be attract$ on acc\nt ( _! peculi> %ape4 ,!y are n (t5 m ?an t5 or fifte5 feet 9 dep?1 & ?\gh ( irregul> outl9e _! approximate diamet] seldom exce$s sixty feet4 ,!y are ! surface indications ( a fall 9 %all[ m9es1 & are kn[n z 8caves0 or 8cave holes40 ,a section ( c\ntry "o or m acres 9 ext5t may1 h[ev]1 be s /rewn ) !m z to make ! l& practically valueless4 ,:5 ! upp] ve9 9 ! ,wyom+ region 0 be+ m9$1 build+s on ! surface 7 occasionally di/urb$ by ^! falls1 b n (t54 ,if h\ses _h be5 erect$ ov] a %all[ m9e be=e ! coal 0 tak5 out1 /rong pill>s 7 left "u !m to support ! ro(1 & if ! m9+ _h already be5 done & ! pill>s robb$1 no "o w\ld risk ! erection ( a build+ ov] a place liable to fall1 = ^! places 7 kn[n1 & po9ts above !m on ! surface c\ld be def9itely locat$4 ,s5sational /ories are sometimes />t$ conc]n+ a m9+ t[n or city t x is liable any night1 :ile its inhabitants are asleep1 to be engulf$ 9 ! dep?s ( "s m9e1 ! va/ cavities ( :i* are spread out b5ea? x4 ,x is almo/ unnecess>y to say t su* dang]s are purely imag9>y4 ,!re is probably n a t[n or city 9 ! m9+ di/ricts s locat$ t a s+le /one ( x 9 ! populat$ portion w\ld be di/urb$ by a fall 9 ! m9es und]nea? x1 suppos+ !re 7 m9es und]nea? x1 & t a fall is liable to take place 9 !m4 ,! areas ( surface :i* c\ld possibly be di/urb$ by a fall are too limit$ 9 ext5t1 & are too well kn[n1 to make su* a g5]al cata/rophe at all )9 ! possibilities4 ,! m9es 9 ! upp] coal seams h = ! mo/ "p be5 work$ out & ab&on$ long ago1 & ! ro( rock has settl$ into p]man5t position & rigidity4 ,9 ! deep m9es ( ! pres5t day no fall1 h[ev] ext5sive1 c\ld be felt at ! surface4 ,! brok5 masses ( ro( rock t come d[n fir/ w\ld h fill$ up ! cavities & support$ ! /rata above !m1 long be=e any p]ceptible movem5t c\ld h rea*$ ! surface4 ,! conditions t lead to surface falls 9 ! ,middle & ,s\!rn regions are some:at diff]5t f ^? t prevail 9 ! ,wyom+ field4 ,9 ! fir/-m5tion$ di/ricts /eep-pit*+ coal seams are ! rule1 & !y all come to ! surface 9 l9es ( outcrop4 ,9 driv+ brea/s up f ! gangway ( ! fir/ level1 x is int5d$ to leave f t5 to twelve y>ds ( coal betwe5 ! face ( ! brea/ & ! outcrop2 :ile ov] ! outcrop w be f twelve to tw5ty feet ( soil4 ,any exp]i5c$ m9] c tell :5 ! face ( ! brea/ is approa*+ ! outcrop2 ! coal becomes s(t]1 *anges 9 color1 breaks into small] pieces1 sometimes wat] runs d[n ?r\gh4 ,x is obvi\sly unsafe to erect build+s on ! l9e ( ?is outcrop1 or imm$iately inside ( x1 :]e ! ro( is ?94 ,!re is no assurance t ! body ( coal left w n slip d[n ! brea/2 & ! pill>s ( coal ne> ! surface are s s(t t any di/urbance ( ?is k9d may cause !m to give way & let d[n ! entire ?ickness ( /rata above !m4 ,?is 0 :at occurr$ at ! ,/ockton m9es ne> ,hazleton on ,decemb] #ah1 #ahfi4 ,two d\ble t5em5t h\ses 7 situat$ ov] ! face ( a work$-out brea/1 ne> ! outcrop4 ,ab\t five o'clock 9 ! morn+ ! ro( fell1 c>ry+ bo? h\ses d[n ) x a di/ance ( ab\t eighty feet into ! old brea/4 ,! inhabitants ( "o ( ! h\ses escap$ f x a mom5t be=e x w5t d[n1 ^? 9 ! o!r h\se1 t5 9 numb]1 7 c>ri$ into ! m9e1 & 7 kill$4 ,! build+s 9 ! pit took fire almo/ imm$iately1 & rescue ( ! bodies cru%$ !re among ! dbris 0 impossible4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gangway ,,9 ,,koh9oor ,,colli]y1 ,,ne> ,,%5&oah1 ,,pa4 ,accid5ts ( ?is class are happily v r>e4 ,! ex]cise ( ord9>y judgm5t is suffici5t to prev5t !m4 ,! li/ ( disa/]s due to falls ( ro( at ! faces ( *amb]s might1 z has already be5 expla9$1 be greatly r$uc$ by ! same means4 ,b x is (t5 impossible to prev5t1 or ev5 to gu>d aga9/1 ^? falls :i* cov] a l>ge area1 ?\gh _! com+ may be h]ald$ = days by ! work+ ( pill>s & all ! indications ( a squeeze4 ,?is 0 ! case at ! fall 9 ! ,c>bondale m9es 9 #ahdf1 "o ( ! mo/ ext5sive falls t has ev] be5 kn[n4 ,x cov]$ an area ( f =ty to fifty acres1 f\rte5 p]sons 7 kill$ by x1 & ! bodies ( eight ( !m 7 nev] recov]$4 ,al?\gh ?is disa/] occurr$ m ?an =ty ye>s ago1 ! writ] _h ! privilege1 9 ! summ] ( #ahhh1 ( he>+ an acc\nt ( x f "o ( ! survivors1 ,mr4 ,&rew ,bryd54 ,mr4 ,bryd5 is n[1 & has be5 = _m ye>s1 "o ( ! g5]al m9+ sup]9t5d5ts = ! ,p5nsylvania ,coal ,company1 ) headqu>t]s at ,pitt/on1 ,p5nsylvania4 ,8 /ory ( ! fall is z foll[s3 8,?is disa/] occurr$ on ! twelf? day ( ,janu>y1 #ahdf1 at ab\t eight o'clock 9 ! =5oon4 ,x 0 9 ,drifts ,no4 #a & ,no4 #b ( ! ,delaw>e & ,hudson ,canal ,company's m9es at ,c>bondale4 ,! "p ( ! m9e 9 :i* ! cav+ 9 0 mo/ s]i\s 0 on ! plane head+1 at ! face ( :i* ,i 0 at "w4 ,we he>d ! fall2 x came l a ?und]clap4 ,we felt ! concussion di/9ctly1 & ! ru% ( air occasion$ by x put out our lights4 ,i & ^? :o 7 work+ ) me knew t ! fall _h come1 & we ?\ght x bett] to try imm$iately to f9d our way out1 al?\gh we _h no idea t ! fall _h be5 s ext5sive or ! calamity s great4 ,we did n d\bt b t we %\ld be able to make our way along ! faces ( ! *amb]s1 next to ! solid coal1 to an op5+ at ! outcrop2 s we relight$ our lamps & />t$4 ,we _h gone b a little way be=e we saw ! effects ( ! trem5d\s ru% ( air4 ,load$ c>s _h be5 lift$ & ?r[n f ! track1 & ! heavy walls ) :i* entrances 7 block$ _h be5 torn out & ! dbris scatt]$ ?r\gh ! *amb]s4 ,we began !n to believe t ! fall _h be5 a l>ge "o1 b be=e we rea*$ ! l9e ( x we met a p>ty ( tw5ty-five or ?irty m54 ,!y 7 mu* fright5$1 & 7 runn+ 9 t[>d ! face ( ! head+1 ! po9t f :i* we _h j come4 ,!y said t ! entire m9e _h cav$ 92 t ! fall _h ext5d$ close up to ! faces ( ! *amb]s along ! l9e ( solid coal1 leav+ no possible means ( escape 9 ! direction we 7 go+2 & t ! only safe place 9 ! entire section 0 ! place :i* we 7 leav+1 at ! face ( ! head+4 ,?is head+ hav+ be5 driv5 = "s di/ance into ! solid coal1 ! fall c\ld n well rea* 9 to ! face ( x4 ,we 7 greatly disc\rag$ by ! news t ^! m5 told u1 & we turn$ back & w5t ) !m 9 to ! face ( ! head+4 ,we _h little hope ( be+ able to get out ?r\gh ! body ( ! fall1! way 9 :i* we did f9ally escape1= we knew t ! m9e _h be5 work+1 & t ! ro( _h be5 break+ d[n t morn+ 9 ! l[] level4 ,inde$1 we c\ld he> x at t mom5t crack+1 cra%+1 & fall+ ) a great noise4 ,we felt t ! only safe place 0 at ! face ( ! head+ :]e we 71 & mo/ ( ! p>ty clung closely to x4 ,"s ( u w\ld g out occasionally to ! la/ entrance to li/5 & inve/igate1 b ! noise ( ! /ill fall+ ro( 0 s al>m+ t no "o d>$ v5ture f>!r4 ,aft] a long "t sp5t ?us 9 wait+ ,i sugge/$ t we %\ld />t out 9 p>ties ( ?ree or f\r1 s t we %\ld n be 9 ea* o!r's way1 & s t all ( u %\ld n be expos$ to ! same p>ticul> dang]1 & try to make our way ?r\gh ! fall4 ,b ! majority ( ! m5 7 too mu* fright5$ to acc$e to ?is proposition2 !y 7 det]m9$ t we %\ld all rema9 toge!r4 ,s :5 "s ( u />t$ out ! :ole body ru%$ out aft] u1 & foll[$ along until we came to ! l9e ( ! fall4 ,we _h succe$$ 9 pick+ our way b a %ort di/ance ?r\gh ! fall5 portion ( ! m9e :5 we met my fa!r1 ,alex&] ,bryd51 com+ t[>d u4 ,he 0 =eman ( ! m9e4 ,we he>d him call+ u out be=e he rea*$ u1 & y may be sure t no m welcome s\nd ev] /ruck ^u our e>s4 ,he 0 outside :5 ! fall came1 b ! ?und] ( x _h sc>cely ceas$ be=e he />t$ 9 to le>n its ext5t1 & to rescue1 if possible1 ! endang]$ m54 ,he _h n gone f> :5 he met ?ree m5 ha/5+ t[>d ! surface1 :o told him h[ ext5sive & dreadful ! calamity _h be51 & urg$ him n to imp]il 8 life by go+ f>!r4 ,b my fa!r 0 det]m9$ to g1 & he pu%$ on4 ,he made 8 way ov] hills ( fall5 rock1 he crawl$ "u lean+ slabs ( slate1 he =c$ 8 body ?r\gh ap]tures sc>cely l>ge en\gh to admit x1 he hurri$ "u hang+ pieces ( ro( t cra%$ d[n 9 8 pa? ! mom5t he _h pass$2 & f9ally he came to u4 ,i h no d\bt t he 0 z glad to f9d u & help u z we 7 to see him4 ,!n he l$ u back ?r\gh ! t]rible pa? by :i* he _h come1 & br\ght u e "o beyond ! fall to a place ( safety4 ,:5 we 7 !re my fa!r ask$ if any p]son _h be5 left inside4 ,he 0 told t "o1 ,d5nis ,f>rell1 0 at ! face ( 8 *amb]1 s badly injur$ across 8 sp9e t he c\ld n walk4 ,! m9]s 9 _! retreat to ! face ( our head+ _h f\nd him ly+ "u a heavy piece ( coal4 ,!y _h roll$ x (f f him1 b see+ t he c\ld n walk !y set him up 9 ! corn] ( 8 *amb]1 ?9k+ x might be z safe a place z ! "o to :i* !y 7 go+1 & gave him a light & left him4 ,my fa!r ask$ if any "o w\ld g 9 ) him & help c>ry ,d5nis out1 b none ( !m d>$ to g2 x 0 too dang]\s a j\rney4 ,s my fa!r made 8 way back alone ?r\gh ! fall5 m9e1 & f\nd ! crippl$ & imprison$ m9]4 ,! man 0 totally helpless1 & my fa!r lift$ him to 8 back & c>ri$ him z f> z he c\ld4 ,he drew him g5tly ?r\gh ! l[ & n>r[ passages ( ! fall1 he climb$ ) him ov] ! hills ( brok5 rock1 & f9ally he br\ght him out to :]e ! o!r m5 74 ,!y c>ri$ him to ! surface1 a mile f>!r1 & !n to 8 home4 ,d5nis & 8 bro!r ,john 7 work+ ! *amb] toge!r1 & :5 ! piece ( coal fell ^u ,d5nis 8 bro!r ran into ! next *amb] = help4 ,he _h sc>cely got into x :5 ! ro( ( ! *amb] fell & buri$ him1 & he 0 nev] se5 aga91 alive or dead4 8,x 0 only a little :ile aft] we got out be=e ! ro( fell 9 on ! way we _h come & clos$ x up1 & x 0 n op5$ aga9 = a ye> aft]w>d4 ,b we knew !re 7 o!rs /ill 9 ! m9e1 & aft] we got ,f>rell out my fa!r organiz$ a rescu+ p>ty1 & kept up ! se>* = ! imprison$ m9]s night & day4 8,john ,hosie 0 9 ! m9e :5 ! fall came4 ,he 0 "o ( ! =em51 & he & my fa!r 7 fri5ds4 ,two days _h pass$ 9 unavail+ se>* = him1 & x 0 ?\ght t he mu/ h be5 cru%$ "u ! rock ) ! re/4 ,b on ! morn+ ( ! ?ird day my fa!r met him face to face 9 "o ( ! desolate fall5 portions ( ! m9e4 ,he 0 9 d>kness1 he 0 almo/ exhau/$1 8 clo?+ 0 9 rags1 & 8 f+]s 7 torn & ble$+4 ,:5 he saw my fa!r he c\ld give utt]ance to only two words3 #8,oh1 ,bryd56' he said1 & !n 8 he>t fail$ him & he cri$ l a *ild4 ,he _h be5 caught 9 ! fall & _h lo/ 8 light1 & ?\gh he 0 famili> ) ! passages ( ! m9e he c\ld n f9d 8 way along !m on acc\nt ( ! dbris ) :i* !y 7 fill$1 & ! utt] confusion into :i* ev]y?+ _h be5 ?r[n4 ,he _h w&]$ ab\t = two days & nights 9 ! fall5 m9e1 clamb]+ ov] jagg$ hills ( rock1 digg+ 8 way1 ) torn f+]s1 ?r\gh masses ( wreckage1 9 con/ant p]il f fall+ ro( & yawn+ pit1 hungry1 ?ir/y1 & alone 9 ! t]rible d>kness4 ,:at wond] t 8 he>t gave way 9 ! mom5t ( rescue6 8,! bodies ( "s ( ^? :o 7 %ut 9 by ! fall1 or buri$ "u x1 7 f\nd :5 ! drift 0 aga9 op5$1 b = o!rs ! m9e has be5 an undi/urb$ grave = m ?an =ty ye>s40 ,,note ,,add$ ,,9 #ahih4,! late/ disa/] result+ f a squeeze or fall 9 ! m9es occurr$ ,june #bh1 #ahif1 at ! ,tw9 ,%aft ( ,! ,newton ,coal ,m9+ ,company at ,pitt/on1 ,luz]ne ,c\nty1 ,p5nsylvania4 ,?is m9e _h be5 work+ = "s days1 & :5 ! fall came ! ,sup]9t5d5t1 toge!r ) 8 =em5 & workm51 7 engag$ 9 timb]+ or propp+ ! affect$ region1 9 ord]1 if possible1 to prev5t a fall4 ,! ef=t 0 useless1 h[ev]1 & ^! (ficials & workm5 7 caught :ile at _! "w1 & p]i%$ 9 ! disa/]4 ,!re 7 fifty-eight ( !m4 ,sup]human ef=ts 7 put =? to rescue !m1 b ! attempt 0 useless1 & lat] on x 0 f\nd utt]ly impossible ev5 to recov] _! bodies1 ow+ to ! ext5t & magnitude ( ! fall4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,air ,,& ,,wat] ,,9 ,,! ,,m9es4 ,man is an air-brea?+ animal4 ,s soon z 8 supply ( air is cut (f he dies4 ,9 proportion z t supply is less5$ or vitiat$1 8 physical & m5tal en]gies fail4 ,"o ( ! fir/ requisites1 !re=e1 9 all m9+ op]ations is t ! v5tilation %all be good4 ,to accompli% ?is end an air curr5t mu/ be e/abli%$4 ,x is true t into any accessible cavity atmosph]ic air w ru%1 b if x be all[$ to rema9 9 t cavity )\t any replacem5t x becomes dead & unfit to brea!4 ,if1 9 addition to ?is1 x takes up delet]i\s gases1 l ^? :i* escape f ! coal measures1 x becomes poison$ & dang]\s to human life4 ,h5ce ! necessity ( a cont9u\s curr5t4 ,provisions = su* a curr5t are made ) ! op5+ into e m9e4 ,! sep>ate air comp>tm5t ( a %aft has already be5 notic$4 ,9 drifts1 tunnels1 & slopes a "p ( ! op5+ is p>tition$ (f = an airway1 or1 :at is m common1 a sep>ate passage is driv5 p>allel )1 & alongside (1 ! ma9 "o4 ,9 drifts & tunnels1 s9ce ! m9es !re are n deep1 air %afts are (t5 driv5 at "s o!r po9t above ! work+s1 or slopes are sunk f ! outcrop to accommodate ! return air f ! m9e4 ,x is due to ! necessity ( ma9ta9+ an air curr5t t all passages & *amb]s are driv5 9 pairs or sets 9 ! mann] already expla9$4 ,x has also be5 expla9$ h[ ! fre% air go+ 9 at ! c>riage ways ( ! %aft1 or o!r op5+s1 passes along ! gangway to its extremity1 back along ! airway1 up to & across ! faces ( ea* set ( *amb]s1 & !n d[n into ! airway aga91 to be c>ri$ to ! foot ( ! %aft & up by ! air passage to ! surface4 ,b 9 ! l>g] m9es !re are _m passages besides ! ma9 gangway t mu/ be suppli$ ) air1 & ! curr5t mu/ !re=e be divid$ or split to accommodate !m2 s ^! sep>ate curr5ts1 tak5 9 ?is way f ! ma9 curr5t1 & !mselves (t5 divid$ & subdivid$1 are call$ 8splits40 ,! air *annels ?us bran*+1 unit+1 cross+1 & recross+ =m a mo/ complicat$ sy/em ( v5tilation4 ,b ! curr5t goes n[h]e by *ance4 ,e c\rse is m>k$ out = x4 ,on ! fact t x foll[s t giv5 pa? dep5ds ! lives ( ! workm5 & ! successful op]ation ( ! m9e4 ,sometimes x becomes necess>y to c>ry two curr5ts ( air ?r\gh ! same passage 9 opposite directions4 ,9 t case ! passage w ei!r be p>tition$ along its l5g?1 or a wood5 box laid ?r\gh x to conduct "o ( ! air curr5ts4 ,if "o air c\rse crosses ano!r1 z is (t5 ! case1 a *annel w be cut 9 ! ro( ( "o ( ! passages1 & ! l[] side ( ! *annel w be clos$ tightly by masonry1 to prev5t any possible int]m+l+ ( ! curr5ts1 a circum/ance :i* might prove disa/r\s4 ,entrances & cross-head+s cut ?r\gh betwe5 p>allel passages = purposes ( v5tilation are clos$ z soon z ! next cross-head+ is made1 = reasons already expla9$4 ,?is clos+ is usually done by build+ up 9 ! ap]ture a wall ( slate1 rock1 & coal1 & fill+ ! *9ks ) dirt f ! floor ( ! m9e4 ,sometimes wood5 p>titions are put 9 in/ead1 & betwe5 pr9cipal air passages ! cross-head+s are clos$ by heavy walls ( masonry4 ,:5 x is necess>y to turn ! air f any travel+ way1 or to prev5t x f fur!r foll[+ su* travel+ way1 a p>tition is built across ! passage1 & 9 ! op5+ left 9 ! p>tition a door is swung4 ,if ?is is across a way ?r\gh :i* m9e c>s pass1 a boy w be /ation$ at ! door to op5 x :5 ! c>s come & close x z soon z !y h gone ?r\gh4 ,he is call$ a 8door boy40 ,all doors are s hung z to sw+ op5 aga9/ ! curr5t ( air1 & are !re=e self-clos+4 ,! law directs t ?is %all be done4 ,!re are sev]al pat5t$ devices = giv+ an automatic movem5t to m9e doors2 b few if any ( !m are 9 practical op]ation 9 ! an?racite m9es4 ,! conditions "h are n favorable = ! use ( self-act+ doors1 & besides ?is ! act ( #ahhe provides t all ma9 doors %all h an att5dant4 ,! law is v explicit on ?is subject ( v5tilation2 x is a matt] ( ! utmo/ importance 9 op]at+ a m9e4 ,a failure ( ! air curr5t = ev5 an h\r might1 9 "s m9es1 result 9 ! dea? ( all ^? :o *anc$ to be inside4 ,= ?is curr5t n only supplies air = brea?+ purposes1 b x takes up ! smoke1 ! du/1 ! dang]\s & ! poison\s gases1 & c>ries !m to ! surface4 ,9 ! same way pure air is drawn into ! lungs1 load$ ) ! refuse matt] br\ght !re by ! blood1 & !n expell$4 ,s life is pres]v$ 9 bo? cases4 ,9 ord] to create ?is circulation ( air & make x cont9u\s1 artificial means are ord9>ily us$4 ,! e>lie/ me?od ( creat+ an artificial air curr5t :i* %\ld be con/ant1 & "o /ill 9 use to a limit$ ext5t1 is t by ! op5 furnace4 ,?is is an ord9>y fireplace ) grate b>s1 built ne> ! foot ( an op5+ into ! m9e1 & hav+ a brick$-9 smoke-flue :i* leads into ! air passage ( t op5+ at "s little di/ance above ! floor ( ! m9e4 ,! volume ( heat ?us pass+ into ! airway w r>efy ! air !re91 & s create & ma9ta9 a /rong1 inv>iable1 upw>d curr5t4 ,sometimes ! furnace is plac$ at ! foot ( an air %aft a long di/ance f ! ma9 op5+1 ?us mak+ x an upca/ %aft4 ,! rev]se1 h[ev]1 is usually ! case4 ,all air t ent]s ! m9e by any op5+ is usually drawn out at ! ma9 %aft or o!r ma9 entrance4 ,b z ! air return+ f ! work+ places ( ! m9e is (t5 lad5 ) inflammable gases1 x is n all[$ to come into contact ) ! fire ( ! furnace1 b is c>ri$ into ! %aft by a *annel cut into ! rock above ! ro( ( ! m9e4 ,furnace v5tilation 9 m9es 9 :i* explosive gases are g5]at$ is dang]\s at ! be/1 & is n[ prohibit$ by ! act ( #ahhe4 ,! mod]n & mo/ common me?od ( creat+ & ma9ta9+ a circulation ( air 9 a m9e is by a fan built at ! m\? ( ! air comp>tm5t ( ! %aft or slope4 ,! fan exhau/s ! air f ! m9e by ! airway1 & fre% air ru%es 9 by ! c>riage way1 or any o!r op5+ to ! surface to re/ore ! equilibrium4 ,sometimes ! fan is us$ z a bl[] & =ces air into ! m9e in/ead ( exhau/+ x4 ,! advantage ( ?is me?od is t x gives bett] air to ! workm5 at ! faces ( *amb]s & head+s1 b ! objection to x is t x br+s all ! smoke & gases out by ! ma9 gangway4 ,?is is a s]i\s objection1 n only mak+ ?is pr9cipal passage unfit to see or brea! 91 b mak+ x dang]\s also by ! pres5ce ( inflammable gases4 ,! fan is !re=e commonly us$ z an exhau/]4 ,!re are v>i\s k9ds ( fans 9 use at ! m9es1 b ! k9d g5]ally employ$ is patt]n$ aft] ,guibal's inv5tion4 ,x is simply a great :eel )\t a rim1 & in/ead ( spokes x has blades l ^? ( a w9dmill4 ,x is run by a /eam-eng9e1 makes =ty revolutions p] m9ute at an av]age rate ( spe$1 & s5ds f "o hundr$ ?\s& to two hundr$ ?\s& cubic feet ( fre% air p] m9ute into ! m9e4 ,! act ( #ahhe requires ! m9e op]ator to furni% two hundr$ cubic feet ( air p] m9ute to e man 9 ! m9e4 ,?is is ! maximum am\nt necess>y = p]fect respiration4 ,9 ! l>g] work+s p]haps six hundr$ m5 & boys are employ$4 ,= ?is numb] "o hundr$ & tw5ty ?\s& cubic feet ( air p] m9ute w\ld be requir$ by law4 ,a l>ge fan w\ld supply ?is am\nt by runn+ at almo/ its m9imum rate ( spe$4 ,s long1 !re=e1 z ! fan & air passages are 9 good work+ condition !re ne$ be no fe> ( lack ( prop] v5tilation4 ,b to give absolutely pure air to ! work]s 9 ! m9e is an utt] impossibility "u any sy/em t has yet be5 devis$4 ,! out] atmosph]e t is drawn into ! m9es has h>dly got beyond ! light ( ! sun be=e x has tak5 up a c]ta9 p]c5tage ( impurities4 ,z x passes by ! work+ faces ( ! *amb]s x c>ries along ) x ! gases evolv$ f ! coal2 pr9cipally ! c>bonic acid gas or black damp1 & ! light c>buret$ hydrog5 or fire damp4 ,x also takes up & c>ries along ! p[d] smoke1 ! organic matt] conta9$ 9 ! exhalations ( m5 & animals1 ! products ( decay+ timb]1 & ! du/ :i* is always 9 ! air4 ,nor is ?is ! only det]ioration :i* ?is air curr5t und]goes4 ,! proportion ( oxyg5 9 x is dim9i%$ by ! burn+ ( _m lamps1 by ! respiration ( _m m51 & by ! con/ant decay ( wood4 ,x is se51 !re=e1 t ! air 9 :i* ! m9] mu/ brea! is f> f be+ ! pure oxyg5 & nitrog5 ( ! outside atmosph]e4 ,x foll[s also t ! long] ! r\te is ( any p>ticul> curr5t1 & ! m work+ faces x passes 9 its c\rse1 ! m heavily lad5 w x be ) impurities1 & ! m poison\s = ^? m5 :o la/ brea! x on its return to ! upca/ air %aft4 ,?is evil1 h[ev]1 is limit$ 9 ext5t by ! act ( #ahhe1 :i* provides t no m ?an sev5ty-five p]sons %all be employ$ at ! same "t 9 any "o split or curr5t ( air4 ,! wond] is t ! heal? ( ^! m9e work]s does n soon] fail !m1 especially :5 we take into consid]ation ! wet condition ( _m ( ! m9es4 ,x is a fact1 h[ev]1 t m9]s z a class are n m subject to disease ?an o!r workm54 ,! decimation 9 _! ranks is due mo/ly to accid5ts produc+ bodily injuries & dea?1 n to diseases :i* attack !m z a result ( _! occupation4 ,next 9 importance to ! matt] ( v5tilation 9 m9es is ! matt] ( dra9age4 ,! fir/ difficulty exp]i5c$ f wat] is :ile ! %aft or slope is 9 process ( s9k+4 ,x is usually necess>y to hold ! wat] 9 "o side ( ! op5+ :ile "w is go+ on 9 ! o!r side4 ,a small pump+ eng9e is g5]ally suffici5t to keep ! pit cle> until ! bottom is rea*$1 b occasionally ! am\nt ( wat] is su* t a l>ge eng9e & pump+ appliances h to be put 9 place at once4 ,9 ,europe mu* tr\ble is (t5 exp]i5c$ f ! excessive fl[ ( wat] :ile s9k+ ! %aft1 & a wat]tight cas+ has frequ5tly to foll[ ! %aft d[nw>d 9 ord] t "w may g on at all4 ,su* appliances are n z a rule necess>y 9 ?is c\ntry1 ?\gh mu* difficulty has be5 enc\nt]$ 9 s9k+ %afts ?r\gh ! quicks& deposits ( ! ,susquehanna bas9 9 ! ,wyom+ valley4 ,! g5]al pr9ciple ( m9e dra9age has be5 already expla9$4 ,x is1 9 brief1 t ! floor ( ! m9e %all be s grad$ t all wat] w gravitate to a c]ta9 po9t4 ,t po9t is ne> ! foot ( ! %aft or slope1 & is at ! m\? ( ! drift or tunnel4 ,b f ! sump ( ! %aft or slope ! wat] mu/ be rais$ by artificial means4 ,a p[]ful /eam pump+ eng9e1 locat$ at ! surface1 is employ$ to d ?is "w1 & "o comp>tm5t ( ! %aft or slope1 kn[n z ! pump-way1 is set aside = ! accommodation ( pipe1 pump-rods1 & support+ timb]s1 :i* ext5d f ! top to ! bottom ( ! %aft4 ,! mo/ p[]ful ( ^! pumps w ?r[ out a volume ( twelve hundr$ gallons ( wat] p] m9ute4 ,x is seldom t ! tonnage ( wat] pump$ f a m9e falls bel[ ! tonnage ( coal hoi/$1 & 9 "s ( ! wet colli]ies ( ! ,lehigh di/rict eight or t5 tons ( wat] are pump$ out = e ton ( coal hoi/$4 ,9 ! ,wyom+ di/rict a ?\s& tons ( wat] a day is n an unusual am\nt to be ?r[n out ( a m9e by a s+le pump4 ,9 driv+ gangways or *amb]s t[>d ab&on$ work+s t h be5 all[$ to fill ) wat] mu* c>e is necess>y1 especially if ! new m9e is on a l[] level1 :i* is usually ! case4 ,! act ( #ahhe provides t 8:5ev] a place is likely to conta9 a dang]\s accumulation ( wat]1 ! work+ approa*+ su* place %all n exce$ twelve feet 9 wid?1 & !re %all con/antly be kept1 at a di/ance ( n less ?an tw5ty feet 9 advance1 at lea/ "o bore hole ne> ! c5tre ( ! work+1 & suffici5t flank bore holes on ea* side40 ,x (t5 happ5$1 be=e accurate surveys ( m9es 7 requir$ to be made & fil$1 t op]ators w\ld drive *amb]s or gangways t[>d ^! res]voirs ( wat] 9 ignorance ( _! :]eab\ts4 ,! fir+ ( a bla/1 ! bl[ ( a pick1 p]haps1 w\ld s weak5 ! b>ri] pill> t x w\ld give way & ! wat] break+ ?r\gh w\ld sweep into ! l[] work+s ) irresi/ible =ce1 c>ry+ dea? to ! workm5 9 its pa? & de/ruction to ! m9e4 ,"s v di/ress+ accid5ts h occurr$ 9 ?is way4 ,x is cu/om>y n[ = op]ators1 :5 approa*+ ) _! work+s a b\nd>y l9e ( prop]ty1 to leave a b>ri] pill> at lea/ "o hundr$ feet ?ick betwe5 t l9e & ! out] rib or face ( _! work+s2 & ?is :e!r ! area on ! o!r side ( ! l9e is or is n work$ out4 ,"u ! pres5t sy/em ( accurate survey+ & mapp+1 accid5ts result+ f flood+ by m9e wat] %\ld be r>e1 s9ce ! location ( b\nd>y l9es may be calculat$ almo/ to ! in*1 z well z ! location ( all work+s 9 _! relation to ea* o!r4 ,b accid5ts due to a flood+ by surface wat] are n always to be obviat$4 ,sometimes :5 a /ream crosses ! l9e ( outcrop ! wat] w break ?r\gh into ! m9e & flood ! l[] levels 9 an incr$ibly %ort space ( "t2 & ?is too :5 good judgm5t & prud5ce h be5 us$ 9 leav+ suffici5t coal = protection4 ,! cont9uity & "* ( ! /rata ly+ betwe5 ! e>?'s surface & ! coal face _c always be det]m9$4 ,x is n (t5 t accid5ts f flood+ occur :ile m9+ is go+ on "u l>ge bodies ( wat]4 ,! precaution>y measures tak5 9 pres5ce ( a kn[n dang] are suffici5t to r$uce t dang] to a m9imum4 ,disa/]s occur occasionally z ! result ( a peculi>ly deceptive condition ( ! ov]ly+ /rata1 :]eby a ru% ( e>?1 quicks&1 or mud into a m9e causes loss ( life & de/ruction ( prop]ty4 ,! b$ ( a /ream cut deep into ! rocks 9 "s =m] geological p]iod1 & !n fill$ to ! level ( ! surr\nd+ c\ntry ) drift 9 "s lat] age1 leaves a dang]\s & unsuspect$ depression 9 ! /rata :i* ! m9]'s drill may pi]ce or 8 bla/ break into at any "t ) disa/r\s results4 ,"o ( ! mo/ *>act]i/ic ( ?is class ( accid5ts occurr$ at ,nanticoke 9 ! ,wyom+ region on ! #ah? ( ,decemb]1 #ahhe1 9 a m9e op]at$ by ! ,susquehanna ,coal ,company4 ,a m9] by ! "n ( ,kivel] broke into a depression ( ?is k9d :ile bla/+1 & imm$iately ?r\gh ! ap]ture a great volume ( wat]1 quicks&1 & culm came ru%+ d[n4 ,x fill$ up t entire portion ( ! m9e1 bury+ tw5ty-six m5 & boys beyond possible hope ( rescue & endang]+ ! lives ( hundr$s ( o!rs4 ,en]getic ef=ts 7 made to tunnel ?r\gh ! masses ( s& & culm pack$ 9 ! passages ( ! m9e 9 ord] to rea* ^? ^: av5ues ( escape _h be5 cut (f1 _m believ+ t !y _h be5 able to rea* high en\gh gr\nd to escape ! flood4 ,^! ef=ts1 la/+ ?r\gh _m weeks1 7 :olly unsuccessful4 ,! m5 7 nev] rea*$4 ,bore holes1 drill$ into ! *amb]s :]e !y 7 imprison$1 bo? f ! inside & f ! surface1 prov$ conclusively t ! passages 7 cr[d$ full ( s& & culm1 & t ! m5 mu/ h p]i%$ imm$iately ^u ! occurr5ce ( ! disa/]4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,! ,,dang]\s ,,gases4 ,"o ( ! *ief dang]s to :i* workm5 9 ! m9es are subject arises f ! gases giv5 (f by m9]als & metals4 ,?\gh ^! delet]i\s gases are commonly f\nd 9 m or less abundance 9 ! coal m9es1 & are usually consid]$ 9 connection ) su* m9es1 !y are1 nev]!less1 n conf9$ to ! coal measures4 ,!y h be5 notic$ also 9 m9es ( lead1 sulphur1 salt1 & o!r sub/ances4 ,x is said t an?racite conta9s a mu* l>g] proportion ( ^! gases ?an d bitum9\s or o!r coals1 b t be+ h>d x holds !m m t5aci\sly1 & is !re=e work$ ) less risk4 ,! s(t coals1 on ! contr>y1 be+ por\s z well z s(t1 all[ ! gases to escape f !m mu* m readily1 & s increase ! dang] at ! work+ faces ( ! m9es4 ,! gas giv5 out mo/ abundantly by ! coal is light c>buret$ hydrog51 kn[n z m>% gas1 f ! fact t be+ a product ( vegetable decomposition "u wat]1 bubbles ( x rise to ! surface on /irr+ ! wat]s ( a m>%4 ,?is is ! gas t is kn[n to m9]s z fire damp4 ,! ,fr5* call x gris\4 ,m>% gas1 9 its simple =m1 consi/s ( f\r p>ts ( hydrog5 to "o ( c>bon4 ,x is ab\t "o half ! weight ( air1 & !re=e rises & ga!rs at ! ro( ( a m9e *amb]1 ext5d+ d[nw>d z x accumulates4 ,:5 x is mix$ ) f f\r to twelve times its volume ( atmosph]ic air x becomes viol5tly explosive4 ,if ! mixture is above or bel[ ?is proportion x is simply inflammable1 burn+ )\t explosive =ce1 ) a pale blue flame4 ,! value ( a p]fect v5tilat+ curr5t across ! faces ( *amb]s :i* are mak+ gas rapidly c n[ be appreciat$4 ,x is n only necess>y t ! supply ( air %\ld be suffici5t to make ! gas non-explosive1 b t x %\ld be suffici5t to dilute x beyond ev5 ! po9t ( inflammability4 ,= to its inflammable m ?an to its explosive quality is due mo/ ( ! disa/]s ) :i* x is accr$it$4 ,a peculi> & dang]\s feature ( ?is gas is t x does n always escape f ! coal at a uni=m rate1 b (t5 comes out sudd5ly 9 l>ge compact bodies4 ,^! are call$ 8bl[]s40 ,!y are f\nd mo/ commonly 9 faults1 9 cracks 9 ! coal seams1 or 9 op5 spots 9 ! body ( coal1 :]e !y h opportunity to accumulate4 ,!y conta91 besides m>% gas1 less ?an "o p] c5t4 ( c>bonic acid1 & f "o to f\r p] c5t4 ( nitrog54 ,x is impossible to anticipate _! com+2 ! m9]'s drill may /rike into "o & free x at any "t )\t a mom5t's w>n+4 ,x may ev5 bur/ ?r\gh ! face by its own p[]4 ,9 su* cases dang] is imm95t1 disa/] is mo/ common4 ,:5 ! nak$ light ( ! m9] comes into contact ) any consid]able quantity ( fire damp 9 an explosive /ate ! %ock t foll[s is t]rific4 ,m5 & mules1 c>s & coal1 are hurl$ toge!r to de/ruction4 ,walls are swept out1 iron rails are b5t d\ble1 doors are torn f _! fa/5+s1 ! m9e is laid wa/e4 ,! damage :i* results f an explosion ( gas is ( c\rse mu* great] ?an t :i* is due to m]e ignition & burn+ )\t ! explosive =ce4 ,9 ! latt] case1 h[ev]1 ! dang] to ! m9] is b slightly dim9i%$4 ,he is liable to receive injuries :i* may prove imm$iately fatal4 ,8 burn+ lamp no soon] t\*es ! body ( fire damp ?an x bur/s into flame1 :i*1 propell$ by expansive =ce1 passes swiftly d[n along ! ro( ( ! *amb]4 ,tak+ up en\gh oxyg5 f ! atmosph]ic air to make combu/ion m fi]ce1 x returns to ! face ( ! *amb] ) a viol5t contractile surge1 scor*+ ev]y?+ 9 its pa?1 & !n1 p]haps aft] ano!r brief sally1 x burns itself out4 ,! m9] :o accid5tally fires a block ( fire damp falls sudd5ly flat on 8 face on ! floor ( ! m9e1 bury+ 8 m\?1 nose1 & eyes 9 ! dirt to protect !m f ! flame & int5se heat4 ,!n he clasps 8 h&s ov] ! back ( 8 head & neck to protect ^! p>ts f injury1 & lies wait+ = ! m9ute or two to pass be=e ! fire %all h burn$ itself out4 ,b he mu/ n wait too long4 ,! fatal aft] damp foll[s quick ^u ! heels ( ! flame1 & 8 only safety f c]ta9 dea? lies n[ 9 imm$iate flight4 ,! dang] f inflammable gases 0 kn[n & appreciat$ v e>ly 9 ! hi/ory ( m9+4 ,b x 0 long ?\ght to be an unavoidable dang]4 ,light mu/ be _h or no "w c\ld be done1 & ! only light t c\ld be obta9$ 0 f ! flame produc$ by combu/ion4 ,c&les 7 commonly us$4 ,!y 7 /uck into a ball ( clay & fa/5$ to ! sides ( ! work+ places at ! mo/ advantage\s po9ts4 ,! bitum9\s m9es ( ,engl& 7 peculi>ly prolific ( inflammable gases2 accid5ts 7 almo/ ( daily occurr5ce4 ,on ! #be? ( ,may1 #ahab1 a great disa/] occurr$ at ,fell+ ,colli]y1 ne> ,newca/le1 9 :i* eighty-n9e p]sons lo/ _! lives by explosion ( fire damp1 & public att5tion & ! public consci5ce 7 direct$ to ! matt] ( safety 9 m9es m int5sely ?an ev]4 ,sir ,humphrey ,davy 0 !n 9 ! z5i? ( 8 fame4 ,9 ,april1 #ahae1 he return$ to ,london aft] a triumphal t\r ?r\gh ,france & ,italy1 9 :i* 8 progress _h be5 m>k$ by a s]ies ( brilliant exp]im5ts4 ,he _h no soon] rea*$ home ?an he 0 ask$ by ,mr4 ,buddie1 a well-kn[n colli]y own] ( t day1 to turn 8 att5tion t[>d improv$ me?ods ( light+ ! m9es4 ,specim5s ( ! dang]\s gas 7 s5t to him f ,newca/le1 & he exp]im5t$ ) !m4 ,he f\nd t ! flame f !m w\ld n pass ?r\gh a small tube1 nor ?r\gh a set ( small tubes /&+ side by side4 ,he f\nd also t ! l5g? ( ! tube 0 immat]ial4 ,he !re=e %ort5$ !m until !y 7 m]e sections1 until 8 set ( p>allel tubes became simply wire gauze4 ,! prop] proportion betwe5 ! sub/ance ( ! wire & ! size ( ! ap]ture 0 f\nd to be tw5ty-eight wires to ! l9e> in*1 & sev5 hundr$ & eighty-f\r ap]tures to ! squ>e in*1 a proportion t is /ill 9 use4 ,?is wire gauze 0 !n made into ! =m ( a cyl9drical tube ab\t six in*es long & "o & "o half in*es 9 diamet]1 ) a flat gauze top4 ,to ! bottom ( ?is tube 0 fa/5$ a small cyl9drical oil vessel1 & to ! top a r+ h&le4 ,! wick ext5d$ up f ! oil vessel inside ! tube4 ,:5 ,sir ,humphrey _h p]fect$ 8 lamp to a po9t ( safety he took x & w5t ) ,mr4 ,buddie d[n to ,newca/le1 & toge!r !y trav]s$ ) impunity "s ( ! mo/ dang]\s p>ts ( ! ,b5?am seam1 at t "t "o ( ! mo/ fi]y coal b$s kn[n4 ,at ab\t ! same "t ! celebrat$ ,george ,/eph5son also inv5t$ a safety lamp simil> 9 mo/ respects to ! ,davy1 s also1 lat]1 did ,clanny & ,musel]1 & all f\r k9ds are 9 g5]al use4 ,o!r /yles h be5 inv5t$ also1 b = ! purposes to :i* a safety lamp is prop]ly appli$ ! ,davy d\btless /ill excels all o!rs4 ,^? purposes are pr9cipally ! inve/igation ( work+s to discov] ! pres5ce ( gas1 & to aid 9 ! erection ( prop] appliances = driv+ x out4 ,x is n necess>y1 9 ^! days ( p[]ful v5tilat+ ma*9]y1 to all[ dang]\s gases to rema9 9 work+ places & to m9e ! coal !re by ! light ( safety lamps4 ,x is f> saf]1 & bett] 9 e way1 to sweep ! *amb]s clean f f\l air by /rong v5tilat+ curr5ts1 s t ! m9] may "w by ! light ( 8 nak$ & mo/ conv5i5t common t9 lamp4 ,! objection1 !re=e1 to ! ,davy lamp1 t ! light giv5 out by x is too dim1 ne$ n be consid]$ a s]i\s "o4 ,! size ( ! flame _c be increas$ )\t de/roy+ ! proportion betwe5 x & ! gauze cyl9d]1 & ! size ( ! cyl9d] _c be increas$ )\t mak+ a dang]\sly l>ge *amb] = ! accommodation ( explosive gas4 ,!re=e ! light giv5 out mu/1 ( necessity1 be dim4 ,b ! safety lamp itself mu/ be us$ ) c>e & prud5ce1 o!rwise x may become no less an in/rum5t ( dang] ?an ! nak$ lamp4 ,:5 x is c>ri$ into a *amb] t conta9s fire damp ! gas ent]s freely ?r\gh ! gauze into ! cyl9drical *amb]1 & is !re ignit$ & consum$ )\t communicat+ its flame to ! outside body4 ,! pres5ce ( gas is indicat$ by ! conduct ( ! flame ( ! lamp4 ,if ! p]c5tage ( m>% gas is small ! flame simply elongates & becomes smoky4 ,if x is mix$ ) f eight to twelve or f\rte5 times its volume ( atmosph]ic air ! flame ( ! wick disappe>s entirely1 & ! int]ior ( ! cyl9d] becomes fill$ ) ! blue flame ( burn+ gas4 ,x w n d to hold ! lamp long 9 ?is mixture1 ! wires w become r$ ) heat1 & ! out] gas may !n become ignit$ f !m4 ,nei!r w x d to hold ! lamp 9 a curr5t ( gase\s air mov+ at a great] rate ( spe$ ?an six or eight feet p] second1 s9ce 9 t case ! flame is apt to be driv5 ?r\gh ! gauze & to set fire to ! gas outside4 ,!re is also dang] if ! lamp be ?ru/ sudd5ly into an explosive mixture t ! =ce ( ! explosion inside ! wire-gauze cyl9d] w =ce ! flame ?r\gh ! me%4 ,x w be se51 !re=e1 t ev5 ! safety lamp is n an absolute protection aga9/ dang] f explosive & inflammable gases4 ,! position & duties ( ! fire boss at ea* colli]y h already be5 ref]r$ to4 ,he goes into ! m9e ab\t f\r o'clock 9 ! morn+ & makes 8 r\nd be=e ! m5 arrive4 ,if gas has be5 f\nd 9 an inflammable or explosive condition ! workm5 are n all[$ to ent] ! place until x has be5 cle>$ out by ! erection ( brattices & o!r v5tilat+ appliances4 ,if only an insignificant quantity has be5 f\nd 9 any *amb]1 ! m9] :o works ! place is w>n$ ( its exi/5ce & told to bru% x out4 ,9 ob$i5ce to ?is ord] he goes to ! work+ face1 sets 8 lamp on ! floor1 & remov+ 8 coat sw+s t g>m5t vigor\sly ov] 8 head1 ?us mix+ & dilut+ ! gas & driv+ x d[n into ! curr5t4 ,x is n 9 ! work+ *amb]s1 h[ev]1 t ! mo/ dang]\s accumulations ( fire damp are f\nd1 b 9 ! work$ out & ab&on$ portions ( ! m9e4 ,"h x may collect unnotic$ until l>ge bodies ( x are =m$1 & !n :5 "s "o blund]s into x ) a nak$ lamp a t]rific explosion is ! inevitable result4 ,! act ( #ahhe recognizes ?is especial dang]1 & makes x obligatory on op]ators to keep old work+s free ( dang]\s bodies ( gas2 & to ?is end x directs t !y %all be inspect$ at lea/ once a week by ! fire boss or 8 assi/ant4 ,:]e x is kn[n t su* gas exi/s1 or is liable to accumulate 9 old work+s1 ! entrances to su* places are b>r$ across1 & ! ^w 8,fire60 is writt5 conspicu\sly at ! op5+ to !m4 ,b not)/&+ all rules & precautions1 ignitions & explosions ( fire damp are /ill dang]\sly common4 ,among ! ?\s&s ( m9e work]s !re is always "s "o :o is c>eless1 "s "o :o blund]s2 ! lessons ( p]fect wat*fulness & ob$i5ce are h>d lessons to be le>n$4 ,z has already be5 intimat$1 ! dang] :i* results f ! burn+ ( fire damp lies n alone 9 ! fi]ce flame giv5 =?1 b also1 & p]haps 9 a /ill great] degree1 9 ! product ( its combu/ion4 ,?is product is kn[n to ! m9] z 8aft] damp10 & consi/s pr9cipally ( c>bonic acid gas ) "s nitrog54 ,x is irrespirable1 & a s+le inhalation ( x1 9 its pure /ate1 w produce imm$iate ins5sibility & spe$y dea?4 ,x is heavi] ?an atmosph]ic air & !re=e falls to ! bottom ( ! m9e z soon z x is =m$ f ! combu/ion ( ! light c>buret$ hydrog54 ,x is = ?is reason t ! m9]1 :o has fall5 on 8 face on ! floor ( ! m9e to escape ! flame ( ! burn+ fire damp1 rises z soon z t flame has disappe>$ & ha/5s1 if he is able1 to a place ( safety4 ,inde$1 x is easi] to protect "o's self f ! surg+ fire above ?an f ! invisible & insidi\s gas bel[1 s quickly does x =m1 s deadly is x 9 effect4 ,"o ( ! mo/ *>act]i/ic disa/]s ( rec5t times1 result+ f ! explosion ( fire damp & ! accumulation ( aft] damp1 occurr$ on ,monday1 ,augu/ #ad1 #ahga1 at ! ,eagle ,%aft1 situat$ ab\t a mile bel[ ! t[n ( ,pitt/on1 9 ,luz]ne ,c\nty1 ,p5nsylvania4 ,at n9e o'clock on ! morn+ ( t day a driv] boy by ! "n ( ,m>t9 ,mangan 0 pass+ along an upp] gangway1 driv+ a mule ) a trip ( m9e c>s4 ,j above him lay a section ( ! m9e t _h be5 work$ out & ab&on$1 9 ! old *amb]s ( :i* a l>ge body ( fire damp _h be5 all[$ to accumulate4 ,at ! h\r m5tion$ !re came a sudd5 & ext5sive fall ( ro( 9 ^! old work+s4 ,! impulse giv5 to ! air by ?is fall drove x out into ! work+ gall]ies1 & ) x ! inflammable gas4 ,:5 ! fire damp rea*$ ! head+ & t\*$ ! flame ( ,m>t9 ,mangan's light$ lamp !re 0 a t]rific explosion4 ,at ! m\? ( ! %aft timb]s 7 crack$1 cl\ds ( du/ p\r$ out1 & dbris f ! m9e 0 ?r[n viol5tly into ! out] air4 ,p :o 7 a mile away he>d ! noise ( ! explosion & ha/5$ to ! sc5e4 ,m9+ exp]ts knew at once :at _h occurr$4 ,z soon z suffici5t repairs c\ld be made to ! %aft a rescu+ p>ty1 l$ by ,sup]9t5d5t ,&rew ,bryd5 ( ! ,p5nsylvania ,coal ,company's m9es1 desc5d$ into ! m9e & began to se>* = victims4 ,^? workm5 :o 7 on ! o!r side ( ! %aft f :]e ! explosion took place 7 rescu$ & br\ght out alive4 ,b little progress c\ld be made1 h[ev]1 t[>d ! region ( ! tr\ble on acc\nt ( ! aft] damp :i* _h accumulat$4 ,up to two o'clock on ,tuesday morn+ five dead bodies _h be5 discov]$1 & dur+ t day twelve m 7 tak5 out2 all :o _h work$ 9 t section ( ! m9e4 ,! positions ( ^! bodies %[$ t ! m5 _h fall5 :]e !y *anc$ to be :5 ! explosion occurr$4 ,! fir/ wave ( aft] damp t t\*$ !m _h made !m ins5sible1 & dea? spe$ily foll[$4 ,!y di$ f asphyxia4 8,black damp0 is pure c>bonic acid gas1 conta9+ two p>ts ( oxyg5 to "o ( c>bon4 ,x is ! pr9cipal con/itu5t ( aft] damp1 :i* may1 inde$1 conta9 no o!r elem5ts 9 appreciable quantities4 ,! two mixtures are !re=e (t5 spok5 ( z be+ ! same1 & ! m9]s apply ! t]m 8*oke damp0 indiscrim9ately to ei!r4 ,black damp is also giv5 (f by ! coal 9 ! same mann] t fire damp is1 & frequ5tly ! two mixtures are evolv$ toge!r4 ,c>bonic acid gas is also "o ( ! products ( burn+ coal1 ( burn+ oil1 & ( ! respiration ( man & bea/4 ,x is ab\t "o & a half times z heavy z air1 & is !re=e always f\nd next to ! floor ( ! m9e4 ,?is gas is n inflammable4 ,its pres5ce may be detect$ by ! conduct ( ! flame ( ! lamp4 ,9 an atmosph]e conta9+ b a small p]c5tage ( x ! lamp light w gr[ dim1 &1 z ! proportion ( gas increases1 w become m & m feeble until x is f9ally ext+ui%$4 ,an atmosph]e conta9+ f eight to t5 p] c5t4 ( ?is gas may be brea!d )\t imm$iate dang]2 x w simply occasion dullness ( intellect & numbness ( body4 ,?is condition *anges into "o ( ins5sibility z ! inhalation cont9ues1 or z ! p]c5tage ( gas is increas$1 & to ent] an undilut$ body ( x means sudd5 dea?4 ,x is /at$ t ! workm5 9 ! ,creuzot m9e1 9 ,france1 desc5d$ ! %aft "o morn+1 on _! way to "w1 n kn[+ t c>bonic acid _h =m$ 9 ! m9e dur+ ! night4 ,foll[+ "o aft] ano!r along ! ma9 passage1 !y _h rea*$ a po9t n f> f ! foot ( ! %aft :5 ! lead] sudd5ly ent]$ into a body ( black damp & fell1 /rick5 ) asphyxia1 be=e he c\ld utt] a cry4 ,! man foll[+ him fell also4 ,! ?ird1 b5d+ ov] to draw 8 comrade out ( dang]1 0 himself pro/rat$1 & ! f\r?1 by reason ( a simil> ef=t1 %>$ ! fate ( ! o!rs4 ,b ! fif?1 be+ an exp]i5c$ ma/] m9]1 turn$ quickly 9 8 tracks & oblig$ ^? beh9d him to asc5d ! %aft4 ,! black damp is ?us quick & t]rible 9 its effect4 ,! greate/ dang] f x1 h[ev]1 exi/s1 n at ! work+ faces1 :]e x is usually swept away 9 ! v5tilat+ curr5t1 b 9 ab&on$ work+s1 :]e x (t5 accumulates unnotic$4 8,:ite damp0 is a m dang]\s gas ?an ei!r ( ! o!rs1 b is n s frequ5tly f\nd4 ,x is c>bonic oxide1 & consi/s ( equal portions ( c>bon & oxyg54 ,x is a v little light] ?an air1 & has a t5d5cy to rise4 ,:5 pres5t 9 a suffici5tly pure /ate x burns ) a blue flame1 b ord9>ily x is incombu/ible & produces no effect ^u ! flame ( ! lamp4 ,x is ta/eless & odorless1 & its pres5ce _c be detect$ be=e x has done its dang]\s "w4 ,to brea! an atmosph]e conta9+ a v small p]c5tage ( x w spe$ily produce a fatal result4 ,x acts on ! sy/em z a n>cotic1 & its effect is produc$ ev5 m quickly ?an is t ( black damp4 ,x is n ?\ght to be giv5 (f 9 appreciable quantities by ! coal at ! op5 faces2 b x is =m$ :5 ! c>bonic acid passes ?r\gh any ignit$ c>bonace\s mat]ial1 or :5 /eam passes ov] burn+ coal4 ,x is !re=e produc$ mo/ frequ5tly by sm\ld]+ gob fires1 by burn+ wood 9 ! m9es1 or by a %aft on fire1 & may exi/ z "o ( ! results ( an explosion ( fire damp or ( bla/+ p[d]4 ,x is ! mo/ to be dread$ ( any ( ! gases :i* ! m9] has to enc\nt]4 ,he may possibly avoid ! surg+ flame ( ! fire damp1 he may escape f ! fall+ aft] damp1 & make 8 way unh>m$ ?r\gh bodies ( black damp ly+ ?ick ab\t 8 feet1 b if he has /ill to enc\nt] ?is t]rible :ite damp 8 good =tune w h be5 ( little avail2 dea? w almo/ surely seize him4 ,9 connection ) ?is may be m5tion$ ! fact t "u c]ta9 conditions coal du/ may become viol5tly explosive4 ,:5 x is mix$ ) air1 ) or )\t ! pres5ce ( fire damp1 & is set into sudd5 & int5se vibration by a heavy p[d] bla/1 a fall ( ro(1 or o!r means1 x may explode ) great] de/ructive =ce ?an ev5 fire damp is capable (4 ,happily su* explosions are n frequ5t1 all ! conditions necess>y be+ r>ely pres5t at ! same "t4 ,x is obvi\s1 moreov]1 t an accid5t ( ?is k9d c\ld occur only 9 a v dry m9e4 ,x is true also t ! du/ ( bitum9\s coals is mu* m liable to be explosive ?an ! du/ ( an?racite4 ,no well au!nticat$ in/ances ( coal du/ explosions h be5 report$ f ! an?racite regions1 :ile 9 m9+ s(t coals !y h und\bt$ly occurr$4 ,two cases ( ?is k9d 7 report$ f ,france1 "o 9 #ahge & "o 9 #ahgg4 ,no long] ago ?an ,novemb] #i1 #ahhh1 a t]rible explosion ( coal du/ occurr$ 9 a bitum9\s coal m9e at ,pittsburg1 ,kansas1 by :i* m ?an "o hundr$ lives 7 lo/4 ,9 "s m9es ! inflammable & poison\s gases are giv5 (f 9 su* abundance by ! coal t x is dang]\s to rema9 9 !m = ev5 an h\r aft] v5tilation has be5 /opp$4 ,at su* colli]ies :51 on acc\nt ( accid5t1 or = any reason1 ! fan /ops runn+1 ! m5 are call$ out imm$iately1 & are n all[$ to ent] aga9 until a new circulat+ curr5t has be5 e/abli%$4 ,"o ( ! mo/ notable m9e disa/]s ( rec5t ye>s 0 caus$ by ! quick accumulation ( black damp & :ite damp 9 a m9e1 ! v5tilat+ sy/em ( :i* _h be5 de/roy$ & ! %aft burn$ out by fire4 ,?is 0 at ,avondale1 ne> ,plym\?1 9 ,luz]ne ,c\nty1 ,p5nsylvania1 on ! #f? ( ,septemb]1 #ahfi4 ,!re 7 ?ree conditions "h1 ! pres5ce & cop]ation ( :i* made ?is calamity possible4 ,fir/1 ! m9e 0 v5tilat$ by a furnace at ! foot ( ! %aft2 second1 ! break] 0 built ov] ! m\? ( ! %aft2 &1 ?ird1 ! %aft 0 ! only outlet f ! m9e4 ,! p>tition ( ! v5tilat+ flue took fire f ! furnace draught4 ,at t5 o'clock 9 ! =5oon a "y man by ! "n ( ,palm] ,/eele /epp$ on ! c>riage ) a load ( hay to take to ! inside /ables4 ,half way d[n ! %aft ! hay took fire f ! burn+ buntons4 ,! eng9e] saw ! flames rise f ! m\? & let ! c>riage1 ) ! "y man on x1 z quickly z possible to ! bottom4 ,!re 7 !n 9 ! m9e "o hundr$ & eight m54 ,n "o ( !m came out f x alive4 ,9 an incr$ibly %ort space ( "t ! flames leap$ to ! top ( ! break]1 "o hundr$ feet f ! gr\nd1 & by ! middle ( ! aft]noon ! great build+ 0 a mass ( ru9s1 cov]+ ov] & block+ up ! only entrance to ! m9e4 ,x 0 f> into ! night be=e ! dbris _h be5 suffici5tly cle>$ away to p]mit ( desc5t into ! %aft4 ,!n two m51 ,?omas ,w4 ,williams & ,david ,jones1 w5t d[n to se>* = ! imprison$ m9]s4 ,!y 7 sc>cely beyond ! foot ( ! %aft :5 !y /umbl$ into a body ( :ite damp & 7 /rick5 ) dea?4 ,! fire occurr$ on ,monday4 ,x 0 n until t5 o'clock ,tuesday morn+ t a suffici5t v5tilat+ curr5t _h be5 e/abli%$ to make x safe = m5 to desc5d4 ,! greate/ di/ance t x 0 possible to g f ! foot ( ! %aft on ,tuesday 0 sev5ty-five feet4 ,beyond t po9t ! dang] f suffocation 0 /ill imm95t4 ,only ?ree bodies _h be5 ?us f> f\nd4 ,w$nesday morn+ a rescu+ p>ty w5t up ! plane at "s di/ance f ! foot ( ! %aft1 & at ! head ( ! plane !y f\nd a b>ri] across ! gangway4 ,x _h be5 =m$ by plac+ a m9e c> 9 position & pack+ ! space betwe5 x & ! walls ) clo?+ & refuse4 ,?is b>ri] 0 brok5 d[n1 b !re 0 no "o beh9d x4 ,lat] ano!r p>ty 0 able to g a little f>!r1 & came to a second b>ri]4 ,outside ( ?is lay ! dead body ( ,john ,b[54 ,he _h come out = "s purpose f beh9d ! b>ricade1 leav+ op5 an ap]ture ?r\gh :i* to crawl back1 b be=e he c\ld d s he _h di$ f asphyxia4 ,?is b>ri] 0 brok5 d[n1 & beh9d x lay ! victims1 "o hundr$ & five ( !m1 all dead1 suffocat$ by ! f\l gases ( ! m9e4 ,! /ory ( _! exp]i5ces1 _! /ruggles1 _! suff]+s1 c nev] be kn[n4 ,! disa/] :i* occurr$ at ! ,we/ ,pitt/on m9e on ,may #bg1 #ahga1 0 simil> 9 _m respects to t at ,avondale4 ,9 ?is case also ! break]1 built ov] ! %aft1 ! only op5+ to ! m9e1 took fire & burn$ to ! gr\nd1 clos+ ! av5ue ( escape to ?irty-six m5 & boys4 ,^! prison]s %ut !mselves into a *amb]1 build+ a b>ricade across ! foot ( x to keep out ! f\l gases2 b :5 ! rescu+ p>ty broke 9 to !m on ! foll[+ day f\rte5 ( !m 7 f\nd dead & ! re/ 7 unconsci\s4 ,( ^? :o 7 br\ght out alive f\r di$ soon aft] rea*+ ! surface4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,! ,,an?racite ,,coal ,,break]4 ,9 ! act ( #ahhe x is provid$ t 8no inflammable /ructure o!r ?an a frame to su/a9 pulleys or %eaves %all be erect$ ov] ! entrance ( any op5+ connect+ ! surface ) ! und]gr\nd work+s ( any m9e1 & no break] or o!r inflammable /ructure = ! prep>ation or /orage ( coal %all be erect$ ne>] ?an two hundr$ feet to any su* op5+40 ,?is 0 = ! purpose ( prev5t+1 if possible1 su* lam5table disa/]s z ^? ( ,avondale & ,we/ ,pitt/on4 ,! results ( ?is legislation 9 provid+ great] security to ! employees 9 m9es is invaluable4 ,=m]ly x _h be5 ! cu/om to build n only ! %aft-h\se ov] ! op5+ into ! m9e1 b ! break] itself1 :]ev] !re 0 "o1 0 usually erect$ ov] ! m\? ( ! %aft4 ,?is 0 conv5i5t & economical1 s9ce ! coal c\ld be hoi/$ directly f ! m9e to ! top ( ! break]1 )\t ! delay ( a horizontal transf] at ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,_m ( ! %aft h\ses & break]s t _h ?us be5 built at ! "t ( ! passage ( ! act are /ill 9 op]ation1 & w s rema9 until ! "t ( _! utility is pass$4 ,b all new build+s are erect$ 9 accordance ) ! law4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,sloan ,,coal ,,break]1 ,,hyde ,,p>k1 ,,pa4 ,at ! m\? ( ! %aft heavy upright timb]s are set up1 inclos+ ! op5+4 ,^! are unit$ by cross-beams1 & ! :ole /ructure is well brac$4 ,9 ?is head-frame are set ! %eaves1 at a di/ance f ! gr\nd ( f ?irty to fifty feet1 al?\gh1 :5 ! entire surface plant 0 "u "o cov]1 !y 7 set mu* l[]4 ,^! %eaves are huge upright :eels sixte5 feet 9 diamet]1 ov] :i* ! ropes pass t connect ) ! cages4 ,a %eave simil> 9 =m to ! bicycle :eel is n[ com+ rapidly into use2 x is f\nd to be> a great] /ra9 9 comp>ison ) its weight ?an does any o!r =m4 ,! hoi/+ eng9e mu/ be 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ! %aft1 & ! rooms = ?is & ! boil]1 furnace1 & pump are usually all "u "o ro(4 ,! iron or /eel wire ropes ext5d f ! %eaves 9 ! head frame to ! drum 9 ! eng9e-room1 ar\nd :i* !y are coil$ 9 su* a mann] t z "o is be+ w\nd up ! o!r is be+ unw\nd4 ,!re=e z "o c>riage asc5ds ! o!r desc5ds by virtue ( ! same movem5t ( ! eng9e4 ,s9ce ! break] may receive coal f two or m op5+s x mu/ be s locat$ z to be conv5i5t to bo? or all ( !m4 ,if ! gr\nd slopes suffici5tly ! break] may be s built t its head w be on a level ) ! head ( ! %aft4 ,?is w save break] hoi/+4 ,:5 coal is br\ght out by a slope ! track & grade ( ! slope are usually cont9u$1 by an op5 tre/lework1 f ! m\? ( ! op5+ to ! head ( ! break]4 ,:]ev] x is possible to d s1 ! load$ c>s are run by gravity f ! m\? ( ! op5+ to ! break]1 & ! empty ones are drawn back by mules4 ,sometimes !y are haul$ bo? ways by mules1 & sometimes a small /eam locomotive eng9e is employ$ to draw !m back & =?4 ,! coal break] is an in/itution t is peculi> to ! an?racite coal fields ( ,p5nsylvania4 ,its ne$ 0 made manife/ e>ly 9 ! hi/ory ( an?racite m9+1 its developm5t 0 rapid1 & x has n[ come to be :olly indisp5sable 9 ! prep>ation ( an?racite coal = ! m>ket4 ,x is v seldom inde$ t "o sees ?is coal 9 ! %ape & size 9 :i* x 0 m9$4 ,all an?racite coal = dome/ic use is n[ brok51 scre5$1 & sep>at$ into grades ( uni=m size be=e be+ plac$ ^u ! m>ket1 & ?is "w is done 9 ! coal break]s4 ,previ\s to ! ye> #ahdd ^! break]s 7 unkn[n4 ,sev]al exp]im5ts _h be5 made 9 ! matt] ( break+ coal by ma*9]y1 b !re _h be5 no practical results1 & ! break+ /ill cont9u$ to be done by h&4 ,9 t ye>1 h[ev]1 a break] aft] ! mod]n plan 0 erect$ at ! m9es ( ,gideon ,ba/1 9 ,s*uylkill ,c\nty1 by ,j4 ,s4 ,batt9 ( ,philadelphia4 ,x 0 />t$ on ! #bh? ( ,febru>y1 #ahdd4 ,!re 7 two ca/-iron roll]s 9 x1 ea* ab\t ?irty in*es long & ?irty in*es 9 diamet]1 & on ! surface ( ^! roll]s 7 set iron tee? or projections ab\t two & "o half in*es long & f\r in*es f c5tre to c5tre4 ,^! roll]s 7 plac$ horizontally1 side by side1 & 7 s ge>$ t1 z !y revolv$1 _! upp] surfaces turn$ t[>d ea* o!r1 & ! tee? on "o roll] 7 opposite to ! spaces on ! o!r4 ,^! rolls 7 aft]w>d improv$ by be+ p]=at$ betwe5 ! tee?1 ?us pres5t+ less ( solid surface to ! coal1 & caus+ less cru%+4 ,ano!r set ( roll]s 0 aft]w>d add$1 be+ plac$ above ! fir/ set1 & hav+ ! tee? l>g] & wid] ap>t1 s t l>ge lumps ( coal might fir/ be brok5 into pieces small en\gh to be cru%$ readily by ! l[] set4 ,aft] ! p]fect+ ( ! rolls came ! p]fect+ ( ! scre5s = ! purpose ( sep>at+ ! brok5 coal into grades accord+ to size4 ,be=e ! introduction ( coal break]s a h& scre5 0 us$4 ,?is scre5 0 set 9 a frame1 0 cyl9drical 9 =m1 & 0 slightly incl9$ f ! horizontal4 ,x 0 turn$ by a crank at "o end1 9 ! mann] ( a gr9d/one4 ,! scre5 plac$ 9 ! break] 0 ( mu* ! same patt]n1 except t in/ead ( be+ f five to eight feet long ! l5g? 0 increas$ to tw5ty feet1 & ! diamet] correspond+ly enl>g$4 ,mr4 ,h5ry ,j5k9s ( ,pottsville !n inv5t$ a me?od ( weav+ ?ick wire into scre5 plates ab\t ?ree feet wide1 hav+ ! prop] curve4 ,^! curv$ plates be+ jo9$ toge!r =m$ ! necess>y holl[ cyl9d]4 ,^! sep>ate plates are call$ jackets1 & :5 "o ( !m we>s out x may be tak5 f ! cyl9d] & replac$1 ) b little tr\ble & delay4 ,! scre5 is set 9 heavy framework1 & is incl9$ slightly f ! horizontal4 ,! fir/ segm5t at ! upp] end ( ! scre5 is made ( wire wov5 into a me% s f9e t only ! smalle/ p>ticles ( coal w pass ?r\gh x2 ! me% ( ! next segm5t is l>g]1 & t ( ! next l>g] /ill4 ,! scre5 may conta9 f two to five segm5ts 9 its l5g?4 ,n[ ! coal1 be+ p\r$ 9 on top ( ! revolv+ rolls1 comes out f "u !m brok5 into small pieces1 & passes imm$iately into ! upp] or highe/ end ( ! holl[ cyl9drical scre5 z x w\ld pass into a b>rel4 ,b1 z ! scre5 revolves on its axis1 ! f9] p>ticles ( coal fall out ?r\gh ! f9e me% ( ! fir/ segm5t1 & are c>ri$ away 9 an incl9$ tr\gh1 :ile ! re/ ( ! coal slides on to ! next segm5t4 ,"h ! next smalle/ p>ticles fall ?r\gh & are c>ri$ away1 & ! process is cont9u$ until ! l[] end ( ! scre5 is rea*$1 out ( :i* end all ! coal t 0 too l>ge to pass ?r\gh ! me% ( ! la/ segm5t is n[ p\r$4 ,x w be se5 t by ?is means ! diff]5t sizes ( coal h be5 sep>at$ f ea* o!r & c be c>ri$ by sep>ate %utes to ! load+ place4 ,?is is ! pr9ciple ( ! rolls & scre5s :i* are ! ma9 features ( e coal break]1 ?\gh ea* break] usually conta9s two or m sets ( rolls & f eight to twelve scre5s4 ,! ,woodw>d break] rec5tly erect$ ne> ,k+/on1 ,p5nsylvania1 has six pairs ( roll]s & tw5ty scre5s4 ,"s ( ^! scre5s are d\ble2 t is1 !y h a l>g] outside scre5 surr\nd+ ! small] "o1 & ! coal t passes ?r\gh ! inn] scre5 is caught by ! out] "o & aga9 divid$ by means ( a small] me%4 ,be=e ! days ( break]s & scre5s coal 0 s5t to m>ket 9 ! lump1 z x came f ! m9e1 & x 0 g5]ally brok5 & prep>$ = use by ! consum]4 ,b :5 ! sep>ation ( coal 9 ! break] became r$uc$ to a sy/em1 ! f\r small] sizes ?an lump coal 7 soon grad$4 ,!y 7 kn[n z /eamboat1 egg1 /ove1 & *e/nut4 ,x 0 ?\ght at ! "t t no f9] grade ( coal ?an *e/nut c\ld be burn$ to advantage4 ,b x 0 n long be=e a small] size1 kn[n z pea coal1 0 sep>at$1 plac$ on ! m>ket1 & readily sold2 & n[1 )9 rec5t ye>s1 ano!r /ill small] size call$ buck:eat has be5 sav$ f ! refuse & has come into g5]al use4 ,ev]y?+ small] ?an ?is is culm & goes to ! wa/e pile4 ,! names ( ! diff]5t sizes ( m>ketable coal & ! spaces ov] & ?r\gh :i* !y pass 9 ! process ( sep>ation are giv5 9 ! foll[+ table1 tak5 f ,saw>d's 8,coal ,trade ,annual10 = #ahhh3 ,,ov]4 ,,?r\gh4 ,in*es4 ,in*es4 ,lump coal b>s #d to #i ,/eamboat 8 #c to #e #g ,brok5 me% #b to #b #c to #d ,egg 8 #a to #b #b to #b ,l>ge /ove 8 #a to #a #a to #b ,small /ove 8 #a to #a #a to #a ,*e/nut 8 to #a to #a ,pea 8 to to ,buck:eat 8 to to ,dirt 8 to ,! necessity :i* controls ! =m & con/ruction ( ! break] build+ is t ! unbrok5 & unscre5$ coal mu/ fir/ be tak5 to a po9t 9 ! build+ suffici5tly high to all[ ( its passage1 by gradual desc5t1 ) sl[ movem5t1 ?r\gh successive rolls1 scre5s1 %utes1 & tr\ghs until1 ?or\ghly brok5 & fully clean$ & sep>at$1 x rea*es ! railroad c>s1 /&+ "u ! pockets1 & is load$ into !m = %ipm5t4 ,x is sometimes possible1 z has already be5 intimat$1 to locate a break] on ! side ( a hill s t ! coal may be run into ! head ( x f ! m9e by a surface track )\t ! necessity ( hoi/+4 ,9 ?is case ! build+ w hug ! hill1 ext5d+ = a long di/ance d[n ! slope ( x1 b )\t ris+ at any po9t to a great height f ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,9 ^! days1 h[ev]1 ! break] is m frequ5tly erect$ 9 ! valley4 ,! g5]al results are ?\ght to be bett]1 & ! special conv5i5ce to railroad outlets to m>ket is c]ta9ly great]4 ,besides ?is1 ! necessities ( ! case 9 %aft m9+ seem to dem& x4 ,a peculi> & *>act]i/ic feature ( a break] s built is ! great v]tical height to :i* "o portion ( ! build+ is run up4 ,?is is ! portion t conta9s ! %aft up :i* ! coal is hoi/$1 & f ! top ( :i* x />ts on its long desc5d+ r\te to ! surface aga94 ,f "o hundr$ to "o hundr$ & fifty feet is n an unusual height = ?is portion ( ! build+4 ,f ?is topmo/ "p ( ! /ructure ! ro( slopes d[n by /ages1 on "o or two sides1 wid5+ out1 runn+ (f at an angle to cov] a w+1 spread+ by a projection "h & !re until1 by ! "t ! la/ t5 feet 9 height are rea*$1 ! gr\nd space cov]$ by ! build+ has come to be v great4 ,"u ! la/ or l[e/ portion ( ! /ructure are ! railroad sid+s on :i* ! c>s /& to be load$ f ! _m pockets 9 :i* ! %utes h t]m9at$4 ,two eng9es are necess>y at ! break]1 "o a w9d+ eng9e to hoi/ coal f ! surface to ! top ( ! break]1 & ! o!r a break] eng9e to move ! rolls1 scre5s1 & o!r break] ma*9]y4 ,! w9d+ eng9e is usually put on ! opposite side ( ! %aft t[] f ! rolls & scre5s1 & ! ropes f x1 ei!r expos$ or "u cov] ( a long slop+ ro(1 rea* up to ! %eaves 9 ! head frame4 ,! break] eng9e is usually h\s$ 9 a w+ at "o side ( ! ma9 build+1 :ile ! sev]al ne/s ( boil]s1 "u a sep>ate cov]1 are requir$ by ! act ( #ahhe to be at lea/ "o hundr$ feet away f ! break]4 ,no "o1 hav+ once se5 & exam9$ an an?racite coal break]1 c\ld ev] mi/ake "o = a build+ erect$ = any o!r purpose4 ,^! break]s h a "* peculi>ly _! own4 ,!y are ! mo/ prom95t features 9 ! l&scape ( e an?racite coal region1 :]e !y t[] up black1 maje/ic1 _m-w+$1 & _m-w9d[$1 9 ! range ( almo/ e outlook4 ,:5 ! m9e c> full ( coal is hoi/$ to ! head ( ! break] x is run by two headm5 f ! c>riage across ! scale plat=m to ! dump %ute b>s on to :i* x is dump$4 ,^! are long1 slop+1 p>allel iron b>s1 set two & "o half in*es ap>t4 ,! dirt & all ! coal t is small en\gh falls ?r\gh ^! b>s into a hopp]1 f :i* x is f$ into a pair ( scre5s1 "o on ea* side4 ,^! sep>ate ! dirt 9 ! mann] already describ$1 & divide ! clean coal into sizes small] ?an1 & includ+1 egg4 ,ea* size z x falls ?r\gh ! segm5t (1 or out at ! end (1 ! scre51 is caught 9 a sep>ate %ute & c>ri$ to a second set ( revolv+ scre5s :]e x is aga9 clean$ & sep>at$1 pass+ f ^! scre5s into ! pick+ %utes4 ,all ! %utes or tr\ghs 9 :i* ! coal is c>ri$ h a suffici5t incl9ation to make ! mat]ial move by gravity1 &1 to decrease ! am\nt ( friction1 ! bottom & sides ( ea* %ute are l9$ ) %eet iron4 ,! l>ge coals :i* pass$ ov] ! dump %ute b>s n[ slide d[n to a second set ( b>s1 set f\r & "o half in*es ap>t1 call$ /eamboat b>s2 all coal fall+ ?r\gh ^! be+ sep>at$ by /ill a ?ird set ( b>s into /eamboat & egg1 & ev5tually f9d+ its way to ! pick+ %utes or to ! rolls :i* break ! prep>$ coal4 ,all coal :i* pass$ ov] ! /eamboat b>s is lump coal1 &1 aft] hav+ ! slate & bony coal remov$ f x by h& z x passes1 is c>ri$ into ! lump-coal %ute & s5t d[n to ! load+ place2 or else x is c>ri$1 by ano!r %ute1 into ! heavy rolls & cru%$4 ,z x em]ges1 brok51 f ^! rolls1 x passes into revolv+ scre5s1 & ! same process ( scre5+ & sep>at+ goes on t has be5 already describ$ 9 ! case ( coal fall+ ?r\gh ! fir/ or dump-%ute b>s4 ,b all ?is brok51 scre5$1 & sep>at$ coal f9ds its way ev5tually into ! pick+ %utes4 ,^! are n>r[ tr\ghs d[n :i* ! sep>ate grades ( coal pass sl[ly 9 %all[ /reams4 ,across ! top ( ea* tr\gh1 at two or m po9ts 9 its r\te ?r\gh ! pick+-room1 n>r[ seats are plac$ on :i* boys sit fac+ up ! %ute4 ,^! boys are call$ slate pick]s4 ,x is _! duty to pick out ! pieces ( slate1 /one1 or bone1 f ! /ream ( coal :i* passes "u !m1 & ?r[ ?is refuse into a tr\gh at ! side ( ! %ute1 f :i* po9t x slides rapidly away4 ,! coal z x comes f ! m9e is full ( wa/e mat]ial1 s t ! boy :o sits fir/ or highe/ on ! %ute has no tr\ble 9 f9d+ pl5ty to d1 &1 "w z h>d z he may1 mu* ( ! unfit mat]ial mu/ /ill escape him4 ,! boy :o sits bel[ him on ! %ute is able to give ! pass+ /ream a clos] inspection & m c>eful treatm5t1 &1 %\ld !re be "o /ill bel[1 he mu/ h %>p eyes & skillful f+]s to detect wor?less pieces t h be5 left by 8 comrades4 ,! boys (t5 put _! feet 9 ! %ute & dam ! coal back = a mom5t to give !m "t to ?r[ out ! abundance ( slate t !y may see1 b no matt] h[ c>eful !y are1 nor h[ _m h&s ! coal may pass ?r\gh 9 ! pick+ process1 a c]ta9 p]c5tage ( slate & bone is sure to rema94 ,! slate pick]s are n all /ation$ 9 "o room1 ?\gh ! pick+-room usually holds ! great] numb] ( !m4 ,!y are put at ! %utes 9 any "p ( ! break] :]e _! s]vices may be useful or necess>y4 ,inde$1 !re are pick]s :o sit at ! refuse %utes to pick out ! pieces ( good coal :i* h be5 inadv]t5tly ?r[n 9 by ! o!r pick]s4 ,9 "s break]s ! coal passes f ! %ute across a g5tly slop+ plat=m1 by ! side ( :i* ! boy sits to pick out ! wa/e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,scre5-,,room ,,9 ,,break]1 ,,%[+ ,,scre5 ,,& ,,%utes4 ,b ! "t is und\bt$ly com+ :5 ! occupation ( ! pick] boy w be gone4 ,! inv5tive g5ius ( ! age has already devis$ ma*9]y :i* does its "w fa/]1 bett]1 & ) great] c]ta9ty ?an ! mo/ consci5ti\s break] boy c\ld hope to d x4 ,! great colli]ies are1 "o by "o1 adopt+ ! new me?ods1 & ! army ( break] boys is gradually b surely decreas+4 ,ne>ly all ! slate-pick+ ma*9es are bas$ on ! fact t ! specific gravity ( coal is light] ?an t ( slate or /one4 ,"o me?od br+s ! pr9ciple ( friction into play4 ,a section1 a few feet 9 l5g?1 ( ! floor ( ! %ute d[n :i* ! coal passes is made ( /one4 ,at ! end ( ?is /one section is a n>r[ slot cut 9 ! floor1 crosswise ( ! %ute1 & beyond ! slot ! iron bottom is cont9u$ z be=e4 ,n[ :5 ! %all[ /ream ( brok5 coal /rikes ! /one bottom ! friction betwe5 t bottom & ! pieces ( slate & /one is s great t ^! p>ticles are imp$$ 9 _! progress1 & by ! "t !y rea* ! slot !y h n impetus en\gh to cross x & mu/ !re=e drop into x & be c>ri$ away4 ,b ! friction betwe5 coal & /one is slight 9 comp>ison1 & ! pieces ( coal reta9 en\gh ( _! impetus to c>ry !m safely across ! slot & on d[n ! %ute4 ,?is is n a p]fect sep>ation1 & ! coal & slate :i* x divides has usually to be look$ ov] aga91 to insure satisfactory results4 ,! be/ & mo/ practicable inv5tion ?us f> br\ght into use is t ( ,mr4 ,*>les ,w4 ,ziegl]1 pick] boss at ! ,von ,/or* colli]y1 ,scranton4 ,?is ma*9e acts some:at ^u ! me?od la/ describ$1 ?\gh by a sy/em ( roll]s1 lev]s1 & scre5s 9 connection ) x & atta*$ to x1 x is able to make q p]fect sep>ation ( ! coal & slate4 ,two or ?ree ( ^! ma*9es plac$ on a s+le %ute %\ld d ! "w requir$ ( !m v ?or\ghly4 ,! exp]i5ce ( dome/ic buy]s ( coal w\ld seem to indicate1 ei!r t ! pick] boys d n d _! :ole duty or t ! pick+ ma*9es h n yet be5 made p]fect4 ,b x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! sep>ation ( slate & bony coal f good mat]ial is made only 9 a r\gh & g5]al way 9 ! m9e1 & t a v l>ge p]c5tage ( ! output1 z x rea*es ! break]1 is unfit = use4 ,to clean & sep>ate ?is mat]ial ?or\ghly1 !re=e1 requires mu* labor1 & extreme c>e & skill4 ,aft] ^! sep>ate /reams ( coal h pass$ ! scrut9y ( ! pick] boys or ! te/ ( ! pick+ ma*9e1 ! %utes 9 :i* !y run are n>r[$ into pockets or b9s1 clos$ at ! end by a gate4 ,! pocket projects ov] ! c> track high en\gh f x = a railroad coal c> to /& b5ea?1 & ! coal is !n f$ f ! pocket into ! c> at w4 ,!re is also a load+ place = ! rock & slate :i* h be5 sep>at$ f ! coal on its way ?r\gh ! break]2 & !re are two or ?ree po9ts :]e ! coal dirt is ga!r$ f its pockets to be tak5 away4 ,all ?is refuse is run out by sep>ate tracks to a conv5i5t di/ance f ! break] & !re dump$4 ,x is e/imat$ t sixte5 p] c5t4 ( ! mat]ial :i* goes into ! break] to be prep>$ comes out z wa/e1 & is s5t to ! refuse dump4 ,x c readily be suppos$1 !re=e1 t 9 ! c\rse ( a few ye>s ^! wa/e heaps w gr[ to an enorm\s size2 & z a matt] ( fact !y d4 ,! dirt or culm1 :i* includes all mat]ial f9] ?an buck:eat coal1 is usually dump$ on a sep>ate pile f ! rock1 slate1 & bony coal1 s9ce x is n :olly )\t at lea/ prospective value4 ,x has be5 us$ frequ5tly 9 ! coal regions to fill 9 b5ea? railroad tracks support$ by tre/le-"w1 & x is valuable z a f\ndation on :i* to lay /one flagg+ = footwalks1 s9ce x does n yield readily to ! action ( fro/4 ,culm has also be5 utiliz$ by add+ to x a c]ta9 p]c5tage ( mucilag9\s or pit*y mat]ial & compress+ x into bricks = fuel4 ,9 "s ,european c\ntries a l>ge am\nt ( wa/e is burn$ 9 ?is way1 b 9 ,am]ica ! co/ ( prep>ation is /ill too great to p]mit ( competition ) prep>$ an?racite4 ,! mo/ *>act]i/ic feature ( sc5]y 9 ! an?racite coal regions1 aside f ! break]s !mselves1 is ! pres5ce ( ^! great1 b>e1 black hills ( culm1 %9+ 9 ! sunlight1 smoo?ly :ite "u ! sn[s ( w9t]4 ,sometimes ^! culm banks take fire1 ei!r spontane\sly or z ! result ( c>elessness or accid5t4 ,if ! pile is ne> en\gh to ! break] to m5ace x1 or ne> en\gh to an outcrop to c>ry combu/ion into ! coal ( ! m9e1 ! fire mu/ be ext+ui%$1 & ?is is sometimes done ) mu* labor & at great exp5se4 ,if no dang] is appreh5d$1 ! fire is all[$ to sm\ld] until x burns out1 a process :i* may take mon?s or ev5 ye>s1 dur+ :i* "t little blue flames flick] on ! surface ( ! bank1 ! sky above x is t+$ ) r$ at night1 & ! :ole black hillside is f9ally cov]$ ) great blot*es ( :ite a%4 ,to ! poor p :o live 9 ! vic9ity ( ! break]s ^! heaps ( refuse coal are an unmix$ bless+4 ,pieces ( good coal are always be+ ?r[n out inadv]t5tly ) ! wa/e1 & ! bony coal t is disc>d$ is n by any means )\t value z a fuel2 inde$ x makes a v respectable fire4 ,s1 too1 "o c obta91 ) a scre51 f ! culm heap q a little p]c5tage ( mat]ial t w burn4 ,?us x comes ab\t t e day wom5 & *ildr5 & old m5 g to ^! black hills ) hamm] & scre5 & ga!r fuel = _! fires1 & c>ry x home 9 bags1 or :eelb>r[s1 or little h&c>ts4 ,x is ! old /ory ov] aga9 ( ! glean]s 9 ! field4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,9 ,,! ,,bitum9\s ,,coal ,,m9es4 ,a brief hi/ory ( ! discov]y & introduction into use ( ! bitum9\s coals ( ,p5nsylvania has already be5 giv52 b only casual ref]5ce has be5 made to ! me?ods ( m9+ 9 ! bitum9\s regions4 ,x is true t ( ! "o hundr$ & tw5ty ?\s& squ>e miles ( workable coal b$s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates less ?an five hundr$ squ>e miles are ( an?racite coal4 ,x is true1 also1 t m ?an two ?irds ( ! coal produc$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates dur+ ! ye> #ahhg 0 ( ! bitum9\s v>iety1 & t ! income f bitum9\s coal dur+ t ye> 0 ne>ly twice z mu* z ! income f an?racite4 ,yet x is obvi\s t 9 any description ( coal m9+ me?ods ! an?racite m9es %\ld be us$ z ! *ief examples4 ,?is is n only because ( ! great] comm]cial importance ( an?racite1 & ( its great] famili>ity z a dome/ic fuel1 b x is pr9cipally because ( ! f> great] skill1 judgm5t1 & +5uity requir$ 9 m9+ x & prep>+ x = m>ket4 ,9 ! bitum9\s regions ! coal is s(t1 lies flat & ne> ! surface1 & is m9$ by ! simple/ me?ods4 ,! read] is already famili> ) "s ( ! complications1 ob/acles1 & problems t meet & beset ! op]ator 9 ! an?racite regions1 & ) ! great labor1 va/ exp5ditures1 & high degree ( skill necess>y to rea*1 take out1 & prep>e ! an?racite coal4 ,9 view ( ^! facts no excuse is necess>y = atta*+ ! great] importance to ! description ( me?ods 9 ! an?racite region4 ,b a brief outl9e ( ! sy/ems 9 vogue at ! bitum9\s m9es w n be un9t]e/+1 s f> at lea/ z !y diff] f ^? 9 use at ! an?racite m9es4 ,9 ! ye> #ahhg a little m ?an "o ?ird ( ! bitum9\s coal output ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates came f ! ,p5nsylvania m9es4 ,pittsburgh is ! c5tre ( ! s(t coal trade ( t /ate1 & ! pr9cipal coal seam ( ! region is kn[n z ! 8,pittsburgh b$40 ,x is includ$ 9 an area ab\t fifty miles squ>e1 & v>ies 9 ?ickness f two or ?ree feet 9 ! nor?we/]n "p1 & six feet at ,pittsburgh1 to t5 feet up ! ,monongahela ,riv]1 & twelve feet up ! ,y\ghiog5y4 ,! exhau/ion ( s va/ a coal b$ is a practical impossibility1 & ! que/ions t engage ! att5tion ( ! m9+ eng9e] 9 ^! regions are n s mu* que/ions ( ! economy ( coal z !y are que/ions ( ! economy ( labor4 ,! coal lies ne> ! surface1 & ! outcrops on ! flanks ( ! hills & banks ( ! riv]s are s num]\s t mo/ ( ! m9+ c be1 & is1 done by drift above wat] level4 ,! outlay ( capital requir$ 9 op5+ a m9e is !re=e v small1 m>ketable coal be+ obta9$ at almo/ ! fir/ bl[ ( ! pick4 ,be=e m9+ op]ations are begun a complete survey is made ( all outcropp+s1 & _! diff]5ces 9 level are obta9$4 ,f ?is data a comp>atively accurate k may be _h ( ! position ( ! coal b$ "u gr\nd1 z ! dip ( ! seams is v mod]ate & uni=m1 & b few faults & o!r irregul>ities are enc\nt]$4 ,x is !n decid$ :]e to locate ! m\? ( ! drift s t ! entry c be driv5 9 on ! rise ( ! coal & ! m9e become self-dra9+4 ,x is important1 h[ev]1 to h ! op5+ at a conv5i5t po9t ne> ! riv] or railroad1 & x is usually s made if possible1 ev5 ?\gh ! dip %\ld be away f ! op5+4 ,! incl9ation is always s slight z n to int]f]e greatly ) ! haul+ ( c>s1 & x is n mu* ( a task to make a sep>ate op5+ = dra9age4 ,! coal seam is divid$ by v]tical cleavage planes1 runn+ at "r angles to ea* o!r1 "o ( :i* is kn[n z ! butt cleavage & ! o!r z ! face cleavage4 ,! ma9 entries are driv5 91 if possible1 on ! face cleavage1 z are also ! *amb]s1 or 8rooms0 z !y are call$ "h2 :ile ! entries f :i* ! rooms are turn$ are always driv5 on ! butt cleavage4 ,! drift1 or ma9 entry1 has an airway runn+ p>allel ) x2 sometimes x has "o on ea* side ( x4 ,x is driv5 eight or n9e feet 9 wid?1 except :]e two tracks are necess>y1 9 :i* case x is made f twelve to fifte5 feet wide4 ,^! d\ble or treble entries are p>allel to ea* o!r1 & are sep>at$ by a wall ( coal f tw5ty-five to =ty feet 9 wid?4 ,?r\gh ?is wall1 at ab\t e ?irty y>ds1 entrances1 or1 z !y are call$ "h1 8break-?r\ghs10 are made1 hav+ ! same wid? z ! entry4 ,! height ( ro( 9 ! entries ( ! ,pittsburgh seam is usually five & "o half or six feet 9 ! cle>4 ,at "r angles to ! ma9 entry butt entries are driv5 9 pairs1 p>allel to ea* o!r & ab\t ?irty or =ty feet ap>t1 ) break-?r\ghs or cross-cuts = ! passage ( air1 z on ! ma9 entries4 ,f ea* ( ^! butt entries1 at "r angles to !m1 & 9 opposite directions1 ! rooms are driv54 ,!y are made ab\t tw5ty-"o feet wide1 ) pill>s betwe5 !m twelve feet ?ick1 & are n (t5 m ?an eighty y>ds 9 l5g?4 ,!y are usually driv5 to meet ! faces ( ! rooms :i* are be+ work$ f ! next p>allel butt entry1 or are ext5d$ to t butt entry itself4 ,at ! po9t :]e ! room turns (f f ! butt entry x is made only sev5 feet wide = a di/ance ( f fifte5 to tw5ty-"o feet1 !n ! room is wid5$ out to its full wid? ( tw5ty-"o feet4 ,! track on :i* ! m9e wagon runs is laid /raight up ! side ( ! room f ! op5+ at ! entry1 occupy+ a cle> space ab\t sev5 feet wide4 ,! re/ ( ! room is well fill$ ) ! refuse :i* has be5 sep>at$ f ! coal z m9+ has progress$1 & ! ro( is support$ by an abundance ( props1 or 8po/s0 z !y are "h call$4 ,9 "o room1 ) an ord9>y ro(1 ab\t six hundr$ & fifte5 po/s w\ld be necess>y4 ,! pill>s are long1 ! di/ances betwe5 break-?r\ghs av]ag+ ?irty y>ds4 ,?is is kn[n z ! 8d\ble entry0 sy/em1 to di/+ui% x f ! s+le entry sy/em :i* 0 =m]ly 9 g5]al use4 ,! me?od by s+le entry consi/$ 9 driv+ ! butt entries s+ly1 ab\t "o hundr$ & sixty y>ds ap>t1 & ! face entries ! same di/ance ap>t1 at "r angles to ! butt entries1 ?us lay+ (f ! m9e 9 l>ge squ>e blocks :i* 7 !n m9$ out4 ,! difficulty ) ?is sy/em 0 t f tw5ty-five to fifty p] c5t4 ( ! pill>s 7 necess>ily lo/1 :ile by ! d\ble entry sy/em1 :i* n[ prevails1 all or ne>ly all ! pill>s c be tak5 out4 ,( c\rse ! features 9 ! plan ( ea* m9e v>y accord+ to ! special necessities ( t m9e1 b 9 g5]al !y d n diff] greatly f ^? t h be5 describ$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plan ,,( ,a ,,bitum9\s ,,coal ,,m9e4 ,! me?od ( cutt+ coal "h is also peculi> to ! s(t coal m9es4 ,! m9] has a pick ) %>p1 po9t$ ends1 & ) ?is he cuts a horizontal groove or *annel1 f two & a half to ?ree & a half feet deep across ! entire wid? ( ! entry or room4 ,?is groove is cut 9 t horizontal section ( ! face kn[n z ! be>+-9 section4 ,x may be 9 ! bottom lay] ( coal1 or x may be "o or two feet above ! bottom4 ,! process itself is kn[n z 8be>+ 910 8"u cutt+10 8hol+10 or 8und]m9+40 ,:ile he is at ?is "w ! m9] mu/ lie on ! floor ( ! room1 p>tly on 8 side1 b ) h&s & arms free4 ,:5 ! horizontal groove has be5 complet$ a v]tical groove simil> to x 9 size & %ape is made at "o side ( ! face4 ,^! *annels are sometimes cut ) m9+ ma*9es hav+ compress$ air = a motive p[]4 ,?is ma*9e is small b p[]ful4 ,x is plac$ on a l[ incl9$ plat=m at ! face ( coal1 & is op]at$ by a man call$ a 8runn]40 ,! incl9ation ( ! plat=m causes ! ma*9e1 :i* is on :eels1 to gravitate con/antly t[>d1 & to press aga9/1 ! face ( coal4 ,! compress$ air cyl9d] drives a pi/on-rod to :i* is atta*$ a /eel bit two in*es 9 diamet] project+ f ! front ( ! ma*9e4 ,?is bit /rikes ! coal ) %>p1 swift bl[s1 *ipp+ x out 9 small fragm5ts1 & eats its way rapidly into ! seam4 ,! compress$ air is c>ri$ to ! ma*9e 9 an iron pipe f ! compress+ eng9e1 :i* is locat$ at ! m\? ( ! m9e4 ,:5 a ma*9e is us$1 sev5 m5 usually "w ?ree rooms4 ,?ree ( ^! m5 are contractors or p>tn]s1 ?ree ( !m are labor]s employ$ by ! contractors1 & "o ( !m1 call$ ! 8scrap]10 is a labor] employ$ by ! coal company4 ,:5 ! *annel has be5 cut a suffici5t dep? & di/ance ! coal above x is br\ght d[n ei!r by w$g+ or bla/+4 ,if bla/+ is to be resort$ to x w be unnecess>y to cut ! v]tical groove4 ,if ! be>+-9 *annel 0 cut above ! floor1 ! bottom coal is !n lift$ by w$g+1 & brok5 up4 ,! m9]s d ! cutt+ & bla/+1 ! labor]s break up ! coal & load x into ! m9e wagons1 & ! scrap] is kept busy clean+ ! cutt+s away f ! *annels & att5d+ to ! lamps4 ,! m9e c> track t is ext5d$ up into ! room is ( wood5 rails1 & ! empty wagon is pu%$ 9 to ! face by ! labor]s1 & load$ & run out by !m to ! entry4 ,ea* wagon w hold a little m ?an a ton1 & a mule w draw f\r wagons to ! m\? ( ! drift4 ,! :eels ( ! m9e c> are set close to ea* o!r1 ne> ! middle ( ! c>1 to facilitate its movem5t ar\nd %>p curves2 ! doors at ! ends ( ! c> are swung f a b> h+e at ! top1 & ! c>s are dump$ 9 ! same mann] z ^? 9 ! an?racite region4 ,9 "s ( ! bitum9\s m9es a small locomotive is us$ to draw ! tra9s ( m9e wagons f ! work+ p>ts ( ! m9e to ! op5+4 ,x w draw f twelve to sixte5 wagons at a "t1 & w d ! "w ( tw5ty mules4 ,!re is usually a sep>ate split ( ! air curr5t to supply ! locomotive road 9 ord] to keep ! smoke out ( ! work+ rooms4 ,:5 a set ( rooms has be5 driv5 to its limit ! m9]s !n 8draw back ! rib20 t is1 take out ! pill>s betwe5 ! rooms1 beg9n+ at ! face & work+ back4 ,po/s mu/ be us$ freely to support ! ro( :ile ?is "w is 9 progress1 ab\t sixty or sev5ty be+ necess>y 9 draw+ a rib4 ,v5tilation "h is obta9$ by bo? ! fan & ! furnace sy/ems4 ,9 m9es t are work$ bel[ wat] level fire damp (t5 accumulates1 b :]e ! coal does n desc5d at any po9t bel[ ! wat]-level l9e1 !re is no probability t m9e gases w be f\nd4 ,z has already be5 said1 ! usual me?od ( entry into ! bitum9\s m9es has be51 & /ill is1 by drift4 ,b z ! work+ faces ( ! m9es rec$e f>!r & f>!r f ! g5]al l9es ( outcrop1 x (t5 becomes necess>y to resort to ! me?od ( entry by %aft1 & ?is latt] me?od w d\btless 9 "t sup]s$e ! =m] almo/ entirely4 ,! ma9 %aft1 z x is n[ con/ruct$1 is usually ab\t tw5ty feet long by n9e feet wide1 & has ?ree comp>tm5ts1 two = hoi/+ & "o = v5tilation & pump+4 ,x r>ely exce$s two hundr$ feet 9 dep?4 ,! hoi/+ app>atus is mu* l t 9 use 9 ! an?racite di/ricts4 ,air %afts f fifty to "o hundr$ feet deep1 sunk = purposes ( v5tilation & dra9age1 are frequ5t1 & /air %afts 9 :i* are fix$ ladd]s = ! purpose ( asc5t & desc5t1 & :i* may be us$ z air %afts also1 are n uncommon4 ,slopes1 l ^? 9 ! an?racite regions1 are n usual "h2 ! coal seams d n dip suffici5tly to make !m practicable4 ,n>r[ rock slopes are sometimes driv5 diagonally ?r\gh ! /rata1 at an incl9ation ( tw5ty degrees or less1 to /rike ! coal b$1 b !y are us$ only z air ways1 z travel+ ways = m5 & mules1 & to s]ve z ! 8second op5+0 requir$ by ! m9e law4 ,9 ! bitum9\s regions coal break]s are unnecess>y & are unkn[n4 ,z ! v]tical planes ( cleavage ( ! coal are at "r angles to ea* o!r1 & z ! /ratification is ne>ly horizontal1 ! coal :5 brok5 takes a cubical =m1 l>ge blocks ( x be+ made up ( small] cubes1 & ^! ( /ill small]1 to an almo/ microscopic limit4 ,all slate is sep>at$ f ! coal z x is m9$1 & ! refuse is pil$ up 9 ! room4 ,! m9e wagon is load$ only ) good coal1 & is tak5 directly f ! m9e to a build+ :i*1 ) its appliances1 is call$ a 8tipple40 ,x is "h dump$ into a scre51 x runs f ! scre5 into a c> or boat1 & is !n ready to be haul$ or float$ to m>ket4 ,if ! op5+ ( ! m9e is practically on ! same level z ! tipple ! arrangem5ts are v simple1 z no extra motive p[] is requir$ to get ! c>s to ! dump+ place4 ,x is usual1 h[ev]1 to f9d ! op5+ at a high] po9t ?an ! tipple1 s9ce ! latt] mu/ always be at ! railroad track or on ! bank ( a riv]4 ,x becomes necess>y1 !re=e1 9 ?is case1 to raise & l[] ! c>s betwe5 ! op5+ ( ! m9e & ! tipple4 ,?is is usually done by ! incl9$ plane sy/em1 9 :i* ! load$ c>s desc5d+ draw ! light ones up4 ,! same sy/em is mu* us$ 9 ! an?racite m9es1 & has already be5 expla9$4 ,! railroad tipple consi/s simply ( a frame build+ f =ty to sixty feet long1 fifte5 feet high1 & f eighte5 to ?irty feet wide4 ,?is /ructure is set ^u f\r or five pla9 timb] b5ts1 & its floor is usually tw5ty-sev5 feet high] ?an ! top ( ! track rails :i* run b5ea? ! out] end ( x4 ,a plat=m on ?is floor is s adju/$ by a s+le %aft t1 :5 a load$ c> is pu%$ on x1 x tips =w>d to an angle ( ab\t ?irty degrees4 ,! end gate ( ! wagon is !n op5$ & ! coal runs out on to ! scre54 ,?is scre5 is simply a set ( longitud9al iron b>s incl9$ outw>dly at di/ances ap>t ( "o & "o half in*es4 ,all coal t passes ov] ^! b>s is call$ 8lump coal0 & is run into a %eet-iron pan susp5d$ f ! scales plat=m1 :]e x is weigh$1 & x is !n dropp$ directly into a c> /&+ on ! track bel[ x4 ,! coal :i* pass$ ?r\gh ! fir/ set ( b>s has1 9 ! mean "t1 fall5 on to a second scre5 ) b>s only ?ree qu>t]s ( an in* ap>t4 ,! coal t passes ov] ^! b>s is call$ nut coal1 & is also weigh$ & dropp$ into ! c>s1 :ile ! coal t passes ?r\gh ! b>s is call$ 8slack40 ,?is is dropp$ into a %ute1 is c>ri$ by x into a c> on ! slack track1 & is run !nce to ! dump+ gr\nd4 ,:5 all ?ree k9ds ( coal are load$ toge!r x is call$ 8run ( m9e10 :ile lump & nut coal toge!r make 8?ree qu>t] coal40 ,^! tipples may1 ( c\rse1 be built ) two sets ( scre5s & plat=ms1 & ?us be made to d d\ble "w1 & "s ( !m are s built4 ,"u ! project+ end ( ! tipple !re are usually f\r tracks2 ! fir/ or outside "o = box-c>s1 ! next = lump-coal c>s1 ! next = nut-coal c>s1 & ! la/ = c>s = slack4 ,f\r m5 op]ate a s+le railroad tipple2 two dump & weigh ! coal above1 :ile ! o!rs trim & move ! railroad c>s on ! track bel[4 ,to ?is numb] a help] is (t5 add$1 bo? above & bel[4 ,besides ^! m5 a boy is usually employ$ to rake ! nut coal f ! l[] scre5+ b>s :]e x /icks & prev5ts ! slack f pass+ ?r\gh4 ,sometimes x takes two boys to d ?is "w prop]ly4 ,boys are also employ$ to pu% ! slack ) a scrap] d[n ! %utes into ! c> on ! slack track :5 ! elevation ( ! tipple above ! rails is n suffici5t to af=d ! necess>y grade4 ,b>s are be+ l>gely sup]s$$ n[ by revolv+ scre5s = sep>at+ slack f nut coal2 !y d ! "w f> bett]1 & make ! employm5t ( a rak+ boy unnecess>y4 ,! riv] tipple is op]at$ 9 mu* ! same way z ! railroad tipple1 except t its app>atus mu/ be s arrang$ z to accommodate itself to high or l[ wat]4 ,! floor ( ! riv] tipple is usually plac$ f =ty to fifty feet above l[-wat] m>k1 & ! weigh+ pan is held 9 position by a c\nt]-weight1 :i* may be rais$ or l[]$ at pleasure4 ,a small /ation>y eng9e1 or a h& w9dlass1 draws ! empty boat or b>ge into position "u t end ( ! tipple :i* projects ov] ! wat]4 ,ab\t twice z _m m5 are requir$ to op]ate a riv] tipple z are necess>y to op]ate a railroad tipple1 & :ile ! railroad tipple co/s b f two ?\s& to f\r ?\s& doll>s ! riv] tipple is built at an exp5se ( f f\r ?\s& to t5 ?\s& doll>s4 ,b ev5 ?is latt] figure is small :5 comp>$ ) ! co/ ( an an?racite break]1 :i* may run any:]e f tw5ty ?\s& to "o hundr$ ?\s& doll>s4 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,! ,,boy ,,work]s ,,at ,,! ,,m9es4 ,9 ! coal m9es ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates boys are employ$ at two k9ds ( labor3 to att5d ! doors on ! travel+ roads1 & to drive ! mules4 ,?is is kn[n z inside "w4 ,_! outside "w consi/s 9 pick+ slate at ! break]1 & 9 driv+ ! mules t draw m9e c>s on ! surface4 ,no "o ( ^! diff]5t k9ds ( employm5t is su* z to ov]tax ! physical /r5g? ( boys ( a prop] age1 b !y are all conf9+1 "s are dang]\s1 & "s are labori\s4 ,yet ! sy/em ( *ild labor 9 ! coal m9es ( ,am]ica has nev] be5 comp>able to t :i* 0 =m]ly 9 vogue 9 ,great ,brita94 ,! ,briti% 8,coal ,m9es ,regulation ,act0 ( #ahgb rem$i$ ! !n exi/+ evils to a consid]able ext5t2 b ! h>d%ips /ill to be endur$ by *ildr5 9 ! ,briti% m9es are great] ?an ^? :i* _! ,am]ican bro!rs mu/ suff]4 ,! act ( #ahgb1 j ref]r$ to1 provides t boys "u t5 ye>s ( age %all n be employ$ "u gr\nd1 & t boys betwe5 t5 & twelve ye>s ( age %all be all[$ to "w only 9 ?9 m9es4 ,x is ! duty ( ^! *ildr5 to pu% ! c>s1 or trams z !y are call$1 f ! work+ faces to ! ma9 road & back4 ,boys :o are ?us employ$ are call$ 8hurri]s0 or 8putt]s40 ,!y are (t5 oblig$ to crawl on _! h&s & knees1 pu%+ ! c> ahead ( !m1 because ! ro( ( ! excavation is s l[4 ,t is :y boys :o are s "y are all[$ to "w "h2 because1 be+ small1 !y c ! m readily crawl ?r\gh ! passages cut 9 ^! ?9 seams1 :i* (t5 d n h a v]tical measurem5t ( m ?an f tw5ty to tw5ty-eight in*es4 ,! act ( #ahgb =bids ! employm5t ( females 9 ! ,briti% m9es2 b =m]ly n only boys b girls & wom5 also work$ und]gr\nd4 ,!re 0 !n no re/riction z to age1 & girls 7 s5t into ! m9es to labor at an e>li] age ?an 7 boys1 because !y 7 cr$it$ ) be+ sm>t] & m ob$i5t4 ,x 0 common to f9d *ildr5 ( bo? sexes n m ?an six ye>s old work+ und]gr\nd2 & girls ( five ye>s 7 employ$ at ! same tasks z boys ( six or eight4 ,!y took ! coal f ! work+ faces 9 ! ?9 m9es to ! foot ( ! pit4 ,sometimes !y c>ri$ x1 sometimes !y drew x 9 little c>ts4 ,! old] *ildr5 & "y wom5 _h a sort ( sl$ge1 call$ a 8corve10 on :i* !y dragg$ ! coal1 b sometimes !y pref]r$ to c>ry x 9 baskets on _! backs4 ,!y 7 call$ 8panni] wom540 ,! girls tuck$ _! hair up "u _! caps1 dress$ l _! bro!rs1 & 9 ! d>kness ( ! m9e c\ld sc>cely be di/+ui%$ f boys4 ,& ! girls & boys n only dress$ alike1 b work$ alike1 liv$ alike1 & 7 treat$ alike at _! tasks1 & t treatm5t 0 r\gh & h>% at ! v be/4 ,z ! girls grew !y 7 giv5 h>d] "w to d4 ,on "o occasion ,mr4 ,william ,hunt]1 ! m9e =eman at ,ormi/on ,colli]y said t 9 ! m9es wom5 always did ! lift+ or heavy "p ( ! "w1 & t nei!r !y nor ! *ildr5 7 treat$ l human be+s4 8,females10 he said1 8submit to "w 9 places 9 :i* no man nor lad c\ld be got to labor4 ,!y "w on bad roads1 up to _! knees 9 wat]1 & b5t ne>ly d\ble4 ,! consequ5ce ( ?is is t !y are attack$ ) disease1 drag out a mis]able exi/5ce1 or are br\ght prematurely to ! grave40 ,says ,rob]t ,bold1 ! em95t m9]3 8,9 survey+ ! work+s ( an ext5sive colli]y und]gr\nd a m>ri$ woman came =w>d1 groan+ "u an excessive weight ( coals1 trembl+ 9 e n]ve1 & almo/ unable to keep h] knees f s9k+ "u h]4 ,on com+ up %e said 9 a pla9tive1 melan*oly voice3 #8,oh1 sir6 ?is is sore1 sore1 sore "w4 ,i w\ld to ,god t ! fir/ woman :o tri$ to be> coals _h brok5 h] back & none ev] tri$ x aga94'0 ,"o _c read ( su* ?+s z ^!1 ( a slav]y t condemn$ ev5 ! babes to a life ( wret*$ toil 9 ! blackness ( ! m9es1 & !n wond] t ! great he>t ( ,mrs4 ,br[n+ %\ld h be5 wr5*$ by ! contemplation ( su* sorr[ until %e gave voice to h] feel+ 9 t mo/ pa!tic & wond]ful ( all h] poems1 8,! ,cry ( ! ,*ildr540 8,d ye he> ! *ildr5 weep+1 ,o my bro!rs6 ,ere ! sorr[ comes ) ye>s8 ,!y are lean+ _! "y heads aga9/ _! mo!rs1 ,& t _c /op _! te>s4 ,! "y lambs are bleat+ 9 ! mead[s1 ,! "y birds are *irp+ 9 _! ne/1 ,! "y fawns are play+ ) ! %ad[s1 ,! "y fl[]s are bloom+ t[>d ! we/4 ,b ! "y1 "y *ildr51 ,o my bro!rs6 ,!y are weep+ bitt]ly2 ,!y are weep+ 9 ! playtime ( ! o!rs1 ,9 ! c\ntry ( ! free4 8#8,=1 oh6' say ! *ildr51 #8we are we>y1 ,& we _c run or leap2 ,if we c>$ = any mead[s1 x 7 m]ely ,to drop d[n 9 !m & sleep4 ,our knees tremble sorely 9 ! /oop+1 ,we fall ^u our faces try+ to g1 ,&1 und]nea? our heavy eyelids droop+1 ,! r$de/ fl[] w\ld look z pale z sn[4 ,= all day we drag our burd5 tir+1 ,?r\gh ! coal d>k und]gr\nd1 ,or all day we drive ! :eels ( iron ,9 ! factories r\nd & r\nd4' 8#8,h[ long1' !y say1 #8h[ long1 ,o cruel nation6 ,w y /& to move ! _w on a *ild's he>t1 ,/ifle d[n1 ) a mail$ heel1 its palpitation1 ,& tread onw>d to y\r ?rone amid ! m>t8 ,our blood spla%es upw>d1 ,o gold heap]6 ,& y\r purple %[s y\r pa?2 ,b ! *ild's sob 9 ! sil5ce curses deep] ,?an ! /rong man 9 8 wra?4'0 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates nei!r girls nor wom5 h ev] be5 employ$ 9 or ab\t ! m9es4 ,! legislative prohibition ( su* employm5t1 enact$ 9 ,p5nsylvania 9 #ahhe1 0 !re=e unnecess>y b n inappropriate4 ,! g5]al m9e law ( ,p5nsylvania ( #ahgj1 :i* 0 ! fir/ to limit ! employm5t ( boys 9 ! m9es accord+ to _! age1 fix$ twelve ye>s z ! age "u :i* a boy might n "w und]gr\nd2 b ma9ta9$ sil5ce z to ! age at :i* he might "w at a colli]y outside4 ,?is provision 0 am5d$ & enl>g$ by ! act ( #ahhe1 :i* prohibit$ ! employm5t ( boys "u f\rte5 ye>s ( age inside ! m9es1 & ( boys "u twelve ye>s ( age 9 or ab\t ! outside /ructures or work+s ( a colli]y4 ,! duties ( a driv] boy are m labori\s ?an ^? ( a door-t5d]1 b less monoton\s & tiresome ?an ^? ( a slate pick] or break]-boy4 ,:5 ! mules are kept 9 ! m9es night & day1 z !y frequ5tly are 9 deep work+s1 ! driv] mu/ g d[n ! %aft be=e sev5 o'clock1 get 8 mule f ! m9e /able1 br+ him to ! foot ( ! %aft1 & hit* him to a trip ( empty c>s4 ,he usually takes 9 to ! work+ faces f\r empty c>s & br+s out f\r load$ ones4 ,:5 he is ready to />t 9 ) 8 trip1 he climbs into ! =w>d c>1 cracks 8 :ip ab\t ! bea/'s head1 & goes (f %\t+4 ,8 :ip is a long1 braid$ lea!r la%1 atta*$ to a %ort /\t /ick = a h&le4 ,he may h a j\rney ( a mile or m be=e rea*+ ! foot ( ! fir/ *amb] he is to supply2 b :5 he comes to x he unfa/5s ! fir/ c> f ! o!rs & drives ! mule up ! *amb] ) x1 leav+ x at a conv5i5t di/ance f ! face4 ,he cont9ues ?is process at ea* ( ! *amb]s 9 succession1 until 8 supply ( empty c>s is exhau/$4 ,at ! foot ( ! la/ *amb] :i* he visits he f9ds a load$ c> to :i* he atta*es 8 mule1 & pick+ up o!r load$ c>s on 8 way back1 he makes up 8 return trip1 & is soon on ! long1 unbrok5 j\rney to ! %aft4 ,!re are sid+s at int]vals along ! head+1 :]e trips go+ 9 ! opposite direction are met & pass$1 & :]e !re is opportunity to /op = a mom5t & talk ) or *aff "s o!r driv] boy4 ,if !re be a plane on ! ma9 road1 ei!r asc5d+ or desc5d+ f ! fir/ level1 two sets ( driv] boys & mules are necess>y1 "o set to draw c>s betwe5 ! brea/s & ! plane1 & ! o!r set to draw !m betwe5 ! plane & ! %aft4 ,( c\rse1 9 /eep pit*+ seams1 all c>s are left at ! foot ( ! *amb] & are load$ !re4 ,!re are two dang]s to :i* driv] boys are *iefly subject$2 "o is t ( be+ cru%$ betwe5 c>s1 or betwe5 c>s & pill>s or props1 & ! o!r is t ( be+ kick$ or bitt5 by vici\s mules4 ,! boy mu/ n only le>n to drive1 b he mu/ le>n to gov]n 8 bea/ & keep out ( h>m's way4 ,he is g5]ally suffici5tly skillful & agile to d ?is1 b x is n unusual to read ( sev]e injuries to boys1 giv5 by kick+1 buck+1 or bit+ mules4 ,if ! m9e 9 :i* ! boy works is ent]$ by drift or tunnel1 8 duties lie p>tly outside ( x1 s9ce he mu/ br+ e trip ( c>s n only to ! m\? ( ! op5+ b to ! break] or o!r dump+ place1 :i* may be locat$ at a consid]able di/ance f ! entrance to ! m9e4 ,s t = a great] or less numb] ( times ea* day he has f t5 m9utes to half an h\r 9 ! op5 air4 ,9 ! summ] "t1 :5 ! wea!r is pleasant1 ?is occasional glimpse ( out-(-doors is v gratify+ to him4 ,he likes to be 9 ! sunlight1 to look out ov] ! woods & fields1 to feel ! fre% w9d bl[+ 9 8 face1 & to brea! an unpollut$ atmosph]e4 ,b 9 ! w9t] "t1 :5 x is cold1 :5 ! /orms are rag+1 :5 ! sn[ & sleet are :irl$ savagely into 8 face1 !n ! outside portion ( 8 trip is n pleasant4 ,9 ! m9e he f9ds a uni=m temp]ature ( ab\t sixty degrees ,fahr5heit4 ,to g f ?is1 )9 t5 m9utes1 )\t additional clo?+1 into an atmosph]e 9 :i* ! m]cury /&s at z]o1 & :]e ! w9d is bl[+ a hurricane1 is necess>ily to suff]4 ,x _c be o!rwise4 ,s !re is no lagg+ outside on w9t] days2 ! driv] boy deliv]s 8 loads1 gets 8 empty c>s1 & ha/5s back to ! fri5dly %elt] ( ! m9e4 ,at su* op5+s z ^! ! m9e /able is outside1 & ! boy mu/ g !re 9 ! morn+ to get 8 mule1 & mu/ leave him !re :5 he quits "w at night4 ,sometimes1 :5 ! m9+ is done by %aft or slope1 !re is a sep>ate entrance = m5 & mules1 a n>r[ tunnel or slope1 n too /eep1 & 9 ?is case1 ?\gh 8 duties lie entirely 9 ! m9e1 ! driv] boy mu/ take ! mule 9 f ! outside /able 9 ! morn+ & br+ him back at night4 ,"o aft]noon ,i *anc$ to be 9 a c]ta9 m9e 9 ! ,wyom+ di/rict1 9 company ) ! fire boss4 ,we 7 /&+ 9 a passage t l$ to "o ( ^! mule ways4 ,9 ! di/ance we he>d a clatt]+ ( ho(s1 gr[+ l\d] z x came ne>]1 &1 z we /epp$ aside1 a mule w5t da%+ by ) a boy ly+ close on 8 back1 ! flame f ! little lamp 9 ! boy's cap j a t9y backw>d /reak ( blue t gave no light4 ,!y _h appe>$ f ! int5se d>kness & _h disappe>$ into x aga9 almo/ :ile "o c\ld draw a brea?4 ,i look$ at ! fire boss inquir+ly4 8,oh6 t's all "r10 he said1 8!y've got ?r\gh "w & !y're go+ out1 & ! mule is 9 j z mu* ( a hurry z ! boy is40 8,b ! dang]10 ,i sugge/$1 8( rac+ at su* spe$ ?r\gh n>r[1 w9d+ passages1 9 almo/ total d>kness60 8,oh60 he repli$1 8t bea/ kn[s ! way out j z well z ,i d1 & he c f9d x z easy z if he c\ld see e in* ( x1 & ,i don't "k b :at he c4 ,anyway ! boy a9't afraid if ! mule a9't40 ,9 deep m9es1 z has already be5 said1 x is cu/om>y to build /ables n f> f ! foot ( ! %aft1 & to keep ! mules !re except :5 = any reason !re is a long susp5sion ( "w4 ,at _m m9es1 h[ev]1 ! great] conv5i5ce ( hav+ ! /ables on ! surface induces ! op]ators to h ! mules hoi/$ f ! %aft e night & tak5 d[n e morn+4 ,!y /ep on ! c>riage v demurely1 & asc5d or desc5d )\t mak+ tr\ble4 ,!y are especially glad to g up to _! /ables at night4 ,:]e mules are f$ 9 ! m9e1 & especially 9 ^? m9es t h /ables 9 !m1 rats are usually f\nd4 ,h[ !y get d[n a %aft is a my/]y4 ,! common explanation is t !y g ) ! hay4 ,b !y take up _! qu>t]s 9 ! m9e1 live1 ?rive1 increase rapidly1 & gr[ to an enorm\s size4 ,!y are mu* l ! :>f rats t infe/ ! :>ves ( great cities1 bo? 9 size & ugl9ess4 ,!y are v bold & aggressive1 & :5 attack$ w turn on _! enemy1 :e!r man or bea/1 & fight to ! dea?4 ,!re is a sup]/ition among m9]s to ! effect t :5 ! rats leave a m9e "s great disa/] is ab\t to take place 9 x2 probably an ext5sive fall4 ,rats are h>dly to be cr$it$1 h[ev]1 ) an in/9ct t w\ld lead !m to =eca/ su* an ev5t ) m c]ta9ty ?an human exp]i5ce & skill c d4 ,b x is n improbable t ! driv] boy & 8 mule w be sup]s$$1 at no di/ant day1 by electricity4 ,9 "o in/ance at lea/ ?is new motive p[] has already be5 put into use4 ,?is is at ! ,lyk5s ,valley ,colli]y ( ! ,lyk5s ,valley ,coal ,company1 9 ,dauph9 ,c\nty1 ,p5nsylvania4 ,! duty ( an outside driv] boy is to take ! load$ c>s f ! head ( ! %aft or slope to ! break]1 & to br+ ! empty ones back2 8 "w be+ all done 9 ! op5 air4 ,( late ?is s]vice1 especially :]e ! di/ance is consid]able1 is p]=m$ by a small locomotive1 :i* draws tra9s ( z _m c>s z c well be held toge!r4 ,! wages paid to inside driv] boys by ! ,p5nsylvania ,coal ,company 9 #ahhh 7 f "o doll> to "o doll> & t5 c5ts a day1 & to outside driv] boys eighty-eight c5ts a day4 ,! door boys are usually y\ng] & small] ?an ! driv] boys1 & ?\gh _! duty is n s labori\s z t ( ! latt] class1 x is f> m monoton\s & tiresome4 ,! door boy mu/ be at 8 po/ :5 ! fir/ trip goes 9 9 ! morn+1 & mu/ rema9 !re till ! la/ "o comes out at night4 ,he is alone all day1 save :5 o!r boys & m5 pass back & =? ?r\gh 8 door1 & he has b little opportunity = companion%ip4 ,he fa%ions = himself a rude b5* to sit on2 sometimes he has a rope or o!r contrivance atta*$ to 8 door by :i* he c op5 x )\t ris+2 b usually he is glad to move ab\t a little to break ! monotony ( 8 task4 ,!re is little he c d to ent]ta9 himself1 except p]haps to :ittle4 ,he seldom tries to read2 inde$1 ! light giv5 =? by a m9]'s lamp is too feeble to read by4 ,9 r>e cases ! door boy ext+ui%es 8 light1 on ! score ( economy1 & sits 9 d>kness1 p]=m+ 8 duties by ! light ( ! lamps ( ^? :o pass4 ,b !re are few :o c endure ?is4 ,x is h>d en\gh to be> ! oppressive sil5ce t settles d[n on ! neighborhood :5 no c>s are pass+2 if d>kness be add$ to ?is ! /ra9 becomes too great1 ! effect too depress+1 a *ild _c be> x4 ,! wages ( ! door boy are ab\t sixty-five c5ts p] day4 ,al?\gh ! duties ( ! break] boy or slate pick] are m labori\s & m monoton\s ?an ^? ( ei!r driv] boy or door t5d]1 he does n receive s high a rate ( wages z ei!r ( !m4 ,8 daily comp5sation is only f fifty to sixty-five c5ts1 & he works t5 h\rs a day4 ,at sev5 o'clock 9 ! morn+ he mu/ h climb$ ! d>k & du/y /airway to ! scre5 room1 & tak5 8 place on ! little b5* across ! long %ute4 ,! :i/le screams1 ! pond]\s ma*9]y is set 9 motion1 ! iron-tee!d roll]s beg9 to revolve heavily1 crun*+ ! big lumps ( coal z !y turn1 ! deaf5+ noise breaks =?1 & !n ! black1 %all[ /reams ( brok5 coal />t on _! j\rney d[n ! iron-%ea!d %utes1 to be scre5$ & clean$1 & pick$ & load$4 ,at fir/ glance x w\ld n seem to be a difficult task to pick slate1 b !re are sev]al ?+s to be tak5 into consid]ation be=e a judgm5t c prop]ly be made up 9 ! matt]4 ,to beg9 )1 ! "w is conf9+ & monoton\s4 ,! boy mu/ sit on 8 b5* all day1 b5d+ ov] con/antly to look d[n at ! coal t is pass+ b5ea? him4 ,8 t5d] h&s mu/ become t\gh5$ by long & h>% contact ) %>p pieces ( slate & coal1 & aft] _m cuts & bruises h left m>ks & sc>s on !m = a lifetime4 ,he mu/ brea! an atmosph]e ?ick ) ! du/ ( coal1 s ?ick t "o c b>ely see across ! scre5 room :5 ! boys are sitt+ at _! tasks4 ,x is no wond] t a p]son long subject$ to ! irritat+ pres5ce ( ?is du/ 9 8 bron*ial tubes & on 8 lungs is liable to suff] f ! disease kn[n z 8m9]'s consumption40 ,9 ! hot days ( summ] ! scre5-room is a /ifl+ place4 ,! sun p\rs its rays ^u ! broad1 slop+ ro( ( ! break]1 j ov]head2 ! du/-lad5 atmosph]e is nev] cle>$ or fre%5$ by s mu* z a brea? ( pure sweet air1 & ! v ?\ght ( gre5 fields & blossom+ fl[]s & ! sway+ bran*es ( trees r5d]s ! task "h to be p]=m$ m burd5some4 ,yet ev5 ?is is n s bad z x is to "w "h 9 ! cold days ( w9t]4 ,x is almo/ impossible to heat satisfactorily by any ord9>y me?od s rambl+ a /ructure z a break] necess>ily is1 & x is q impossible to divide ! portion devot$ to scre5+ & pick+ into clos$ rooms4 ,! scre5-rooms are1 !re=e1 always cold4 ,/oves are (t5 set up 9 !m1 b !y radiate heat ?r\gh only a limit$ space1 & _c be said to make ! room w>m4 ,not)/&+ ! pres5ce ( /oves1 ! boys on ! b5*es %iv] at _! tasks1 & pick slate ) numb f+]s1 & suff] f ! extreme cold ?r\gh _m a w9t] day4 ,b sci5ce & ! progress ( ideas are com+ to _! aid4 ,9 "s break]s1 rec5tly erect$1 /eam-heat+ pipes h be5 introduc$ into ! scre5-rooms ) great success2 ! w>m? & com=t giv5 by !m to ! little work]s is beyond measurem5t4 ,fans h be5 put into ! break]s1 also1 to collect & c>ry away ! du/ & keep ! air ( ! pick+-room clean & fre%1 & electric lamps h be5 swung f ! beams to be light$ 9 ! e>ly morn+s & late aft]noons1 t ! "y toil]s may see to d _! "w4 ,inde$1 su* improvem5ts z ^! pass beyond ! doma9 ( sci5ce & progress into t ( humanit>ianism4 ,illu/ration3 ,,slate ,,pick]s ,,at ,,"w4 ,:5 night comes no labor] is m rejoic$ at leav+ 8 task ?an is ! break] boy4 ,"o c see 8 eyes %9e & 8 :ite tee? gleam z he />ts out into ! op5 air1 :ile all else1 h&s1 face1 clo?+1 are ?ickly cov]$ ) coal du/1 are black & unrecognizable4 ,b he is happy because 8 day's "w is done & he is free1 = a few h\rs at lea/1 f ! tyranny ( ! 8crack] boss40 ,=1 9 ! e/imation ( ! pick] boys1 ! crack] boss is inde$ ! mo/ tyrannical ( ma/]s4 ,h[ else c\ld !y reg>d a man ^: sole duty x is to be con/antly 9 _! mid/1 to keep !m at _! tasks1 to urge !m to great] zeal & c>e1 to repress all boyi% freaks1 to rule ov] !m almo/ lit]ally ) a rod ( iron8 ,b1 alas6 ! be/ comm5t>y on ! sev]ity ( 8 gov]nm5t is t x is necess>y4 ,z has already be5 said1 ! day is evid5tly n f> di/ant :5 ! "w :i* ! break] boy n[ does w be p]=m$ almo/ :olly by ma*9]y4 ,& ?is w be n alone because ! ma*9e does its "w bett]1 m surely1 m economically1 ?an ! break] boy has done 81 b x w be also because ! requisite numb] ( boys = break] "w w n be obta9able4 ,ev5 n[ x is m ?an difficult to keep ! ranks ( ! slate pick]s full4 ,p>5ts 9 ! coal regions ( to-day h too mu* reg>d = ! heal?1 ! com=t1 ! future welf>e ( _! *ildr51 to s5d !m g5]ally to su* gr9d+ tasks z ^!4 ,?is is "o ( ! signs ( t advanc+ civilization :i* has already lift$ girls & wom5 f ?is1 = !m1 exhau/+ & degrad+ labor at ! colli]ies2 :i* is less5+1 "o by "o1 ! h>d%ips ( ! boys :o /ill toil !re2 :i*1 x is fondly hop$1 w 9 ! c\rse ( "t give to all *ildr5 ! quiet ( ! s*ool-room1 ! fre$om ( ! play-gr\nd1 & ! task t love sets1 9 place ( t irksome toil t /unts ! body & dw>fs ! s\l4 ,x is n[ ma9ly f ! homes ( ! v poor t ! *ild-work]s at ! colli]ies are recruit$1 & ! scant wages t !y e>n may s]ve to keep bread 9 ! m\?s ( ! y\ng] *ildr5 ( _! h\seholds & clo?+ on _! own backs4 ,accid5ts to boys employ$ at ! m9es are ( frequ5t occurr5ce4 ,sc>cely a day passes b ! t5d] fle% ( "s poor little fell[ is cut or bruis$1 or 8 bones1 twi/$ & brok54 ,x is only ! m s]i\s ( ^! accid5ts t rea* ! notice ( ! m9e inspector & are return$ 9 8 annual report4 ,yet1 to ! humanit>ian & ! lov] ( *ildr51 ^! annual returns tell a sad /ory4 ,! m9e inspector's reports = #ahhg %[ t 9 ! an?racite region alone dur+ t ye> eighte5 boys fifte5 ye>s ( age & "u 7 kill$ :ile fulfill+ ! duties ( _! employm5t 9 & ab\t ! coal m9es1 & t sev5ty-?ree o!rs 7 s]i\sly injur$1 _m ( !m d\btless maim$ = life4 ,^! figures tell _! own /ory ( sorr[ & ( suff]+4 ,yet ) all _! h>d%ips x _c be said t ! boys :o "w 9 ! colli]ies are :olly unhappy4 ,x is difficult1 inde$1 to s limit1 conf9e1 & gird d[n a boy t he w n snat* "s enjoym5t f 8 life2 & ^! boys seek to get mu*4 ,"o :o has be5 long accu/om$ to !m c g5]ally tell ! nature ( _! sev]al occupations by ! way 9 :i* !y try to amuse !mselves4 ,! driv] boys are incl9$ to be rude & boi/]\s 9 _! fun1 free & imp]t95t 9 _! mann]1 & *afe greatly "u re/ra9t4 ,! slate pick]s1 conf9$ all day at _! tasks1 ) no opportunity = sport ( any k9d1 are incl9$ to bubble ov] :5 night & fre$om come1 b1 z a rule1 !y are too tir$ to display m ?an a pass+ ef=t at jocul>ity4 ,door boys are quiet & contemplative4 ,sitt+ s long alone 9 ! d>kness !y become ?\ghtful1 sob]1 sometimes melan*oly4 ,!y g sil5tly to _! homes :5 !y leave ! m9e2 !y d n /op to play tricks or to joke ) _! fell[s2 !y d n run1 nor s+1 nor :i/le4 ,d>kness & sil5ce are always depress+1 & s mu* ( x 9 ^! "y lives _c help b sadd5 )\t sweet5+ !m4 ,we %all nev] see1 9 ,am]ica1 ^? horrors ( *ild slav]y t drew s passionate a prote/ f ! great-he>t$ ,mrs4 ,br[n+1 b c]ta9ly1 look+ at ! progress already made1 x is n too mu* to hope = t ! day w come :5 no *ild's h& %all ev] aga9 be soil$ by ! labor ( ! m9e4 ,x w be a fitt+ close to ?is *apt]1 & w be an act ( ju/ice to ! memory ( a brave & h]oic boy1 to relate ! /ory ( ,m>t9 ,crahan's sacrifice at ! "t ( ! disa/] at ! ,we/ ,pitt/on %aft4 ,m>t9 0 a driv] boy1 ( humble p>5tage1 poor & unle>n$4 ,he 0 9 ! m9e :5 ! fire 9 ! break] broke out1 & he ran1 ) o!rs1 to ! foot ( ! %aft4 ,b j z he 0 ab\t to /ep on ! c>riage t w\ld h tak5 him 9 safety to ! surface he be?\ght him ( ! m5 on ! o!r side ( ! %aft1 :o might n h he>d ( ! fire1 & 8 brave he>t prompt$ him to g to !m ) ! al>m4 ,he ask$ ano!r boy to g ) him1 b t boy refus$4 ,he did n /op to p>ley2 he />t$ at once alone4 ,b :ile he ran ?r\gh ! d>k passage on 8 err& ( m]cy1 ! c>riage w5t spe$+1 = ! la/ "t1 up ! burn+ %aft4 ,he gave ! al>m & return$1 9 brea?less ha/e1 ) ^? :om he _h s\ght2 b x 0 too late1 ! cage _h already fall54 ,:5 ! p>ty 0 driv5 away f ! foot ( ! %aft by ! smoke & ! gas1 he1 9 "s unexpla9$ way1 became sep>at$ f ! re/1 & w&]$ (f alone4 ,! next day a rescu+ p>ty f\nd him 9 ! m9e-/able1 dead4 ,he lay !re beside ! body ( 8 mule4 ,depriv$ ( ! pres5ce ( human be+s 9 ! h\rs ( t dreadful night1 he _h s\ght ! company ( ! bea/ t _h long be5 8 companion 9 daily labor& !y di$ toge!r4 ,b he _h ?\ght ( ^? :o 7 de> to him1 = on a r\gh bo>d ne> by he _h writt5 ) *alk ! "n ( 8 fa!r & ( 8 "m1 & ( a little c\s9 :o _h be5 nam$ = him4 ,he 0 only twelve ye>s old :5 he di$1 b ! title ( h]o 0 nev] m fairly e>n$ ?an x 0 by him4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,m9]s ,,& ,,_! ,,wages4 ,a good m9] may be call$ a 8skill$ workman10 &1 z su*1 he is entitl$ to great] comp5sation = 8 labor ?an an ord9>y workman4 ,he expects x & gets x4 ,!re are two pr9cipal sy/ems by :i* paym5ts are made to m9]s4 ,! fir/ is accord+ to ! numb] ( cubic y>ds ( coal cut1 & ! second is accord+ to ! numb] ( tons ( coal m9$ & s5t out4 ,! fir/1 :i* is preval5t 9 ! regions ( /eep-pit*+ seams1 is foll[$ because ! coal may rema9 9 ! *amb] = an indef9ite "t aft] be+ cut4 ,! second1 :i* 9 ! ,wyom+ region is almo/ univ]sal1 is some:at m complicat$4 ,a *amb] is tak5 by two m9]s1 b ! acc\nt on ! books ( ! coal company is usually kept 9 ! "n ( only "o ( !m1 :o is held to be ! responsible memb] ( ! firm4 ,= in/ance1 8,patrick ,coll9s ,co40 "w a *amb] 9 ,law ,%aft1 & ! firm is s designat$4 ,! fir/ ?+ !y d is to adopt "s di/9ctive m>k :i* may be *alk$ on ! sides ( _! load$ c>s to di/+ui% !m f ! load$ c>s f o!r *amb]s4 ,! lett]s ( ! alphabet are frequ5tly us$ by m9]s1 b1 9 default ( ^!1 "s simple design t _c readily be mi/ak5 = any o!r is put into s]vice4 ,! triangle is a v common symbol ) !m1 s is ! long1 horizontal l9e1 cross$ by %ort v]tical ones1 ?us3 4 ,! m9]s call ?is a c&le4 ,:5 a c> has be5 load$ ! symbol is *alk$ on ! side ( x1 toge!r ) a numb] :i* tells h[ _m c>s h be5 s5t f ! *amb] dur+ ! day4 ,= in/ance1 :5 a m9e c> appe>s at ! surface m>k$ 8 #e0 x means t ! c> is f a c]ta9 *amb] designat$ by t symbol1 & t ?is is ! fif? c> :i* has be5 s5t f t *amb] dur+ ! day4 ,on its way f ! head ( ! break] to ! dump+ cradle1 ! load$ c> passes ov] ! plat=m ( ! weigh+ scales & regi/]s its weight on ! scale beam4 ,?is weight is quickly read by ! weigh-ma/]1 is transf]r$ to 8 book1 & goes to make up ! daily report4 ,9 "s di/ricts a sy/em 9 :i* tickets are us$ in/ead ( *alk m>ks is 9 vogue1 & 9 o!r di/ricts duplicate *ecks are employ$1 b ev]y:]e ! g5]al features rema9 ! same4 ,9 ord] to get a *amb] f any ( ! l>ge m9+ corporations1 a m9] mu/ apply 9 p]son to ! m9+ sup]9t5d5t4 ,he mu/ come well recomm5d$1 or he mu/ be kn[n z a skillful1 indu/ri\s1 & temp]ate workman4 ,! responsibility ( driv+ a *amb] prop]ly is n a small "o1 & m9+ companies *oose to take z little risk z possible 9 ! selection ( _! m54 ,hav+ accept$ an applicant = a *amb]1 ! company makes a contract ) him1 usually a v]bal "o1 to pay him at a c]ta9 rate p] ton or y>d = ! coal m9$ by him4 ,! rate1 ?\gh n :olly uni=m1 on acc\nt ( ! great] or less difficulty ( cutt+ coal at ! diff]5t colli]ies1 is practically ! same ?r\gh\t an entire di/rict4 ,a m9] work+ at full "t & 9 a good seam w s5d out en\gh coal ea* mon? to am\nt1 at ! contract price1 to #aej4 ,b 8 exp5ses = labor]s' wages1 p[d]1 oil1 fuse1 etc41 w am\nt to #ge p] mon?1 leav+ him a net income ( #ge p] mon?4 ,! labor] is also paid accord+ to ! numb] ( tons ( coal s5t out1 & 8 wages w probably av]age #b p] day4 ,x is n (t5 9 ^! days ( ?9 seams t ^! rates ( income are exce$$4 ,& :5 ! m9es are 9 op]ation only a portion ( ! "t1 z is n[ (t5 ! case1 ^! figures are s]i\sly r$uc$4 ,! subject ( wages frequ5tly has be5 "u discussion betwe5 m9]s & op]ators1 & ! diff]5ces ( op9ion on x h be5 prolific ( _m /rikes4 ,by "s corporations & at "s colli]ies a slid+ scale has be5 adopt$4 ,t is1 ! m9] has be5 paid1 n at a fix$ rate1 b at a rate :i* con/antly adju/s itself to ! m>ket price ( coal4 ,! objection to ?is me?od is said to be t ! great companies :o practically control ! an?racite coal bus9ess =m syndicates1 fix ! m>ket price ( _! coal = a c]ta9 p]iod ( "t1 & !n limit ! output ( ea* memb] ( ! syndicate to a c]ta9 numb] ( tons dur+ t p]iod4 ,x is c]ta9 t no s*eme ( paym5t has yet be5 devis$ :i* is p]fectly satisfactory to ! great body ( work]s 9 ! m9es4 ,b x is true also t employ] & employee are work+ toge!r m h>moni\sly n[ ?an !y h work$ at any "t 9 ! pa/1 & t long & /ubborn /rikes ( m9]s are gr[+1 ye> by ye>1 less frequ5t4 ,x is to be hop$ t ! "t w come :5 ev5 ! /rike w n be consid]$ necess>y z a weapon ( def5se = ! workman4 ,z a rule /rikes result 9 loss1 & 9 loss only1 to bo? capital & labor2 &1 z a rule also1 labor suff]s f !m m ?an does capital1 & ?is is ! sadde/ feature ( ! case4 ,hon4 ,c>roll ,d4 ,wright1 ! ,national ,commission] ( ,labor1 has compil$ ! /ati/ics ( m9]s' /rikes 9 ,p5nsylvania = ! ye>s #ahha to #ahhf inclusive4 ,8 tables %[ t ( #hhj su* /rikes1 :i* 0 ! total numb] t occurr$ dur+ ! p]iod nam$1 #ahf succe$$1 #eb p>tly succe$$1 & #fdb fail$4 ,! loss to employ]s result+ f ^! /rikes 0 #a1edi1bai2 ! loss to employees 0 #e1hej1chb2 & ! assi/ance giv5 to ! /rik]s dur+ ! p]iods ( susp5sion am\nt$ to #aja1jec4 ,^! figures =m ! be/ comm5t>y to be _h on ! subject ( /rikes2 !y are eloqu5t ) tales ( h>d%ip1 ( suff]+1 & ( despair4 ,9 ^? regions :i* h _h long immunity f /rikes1 & 9 :i* "w at full "t has be5 ! rule1 ! m9e-work]s are n only com=table1 b frequ5tly are prosp]\s4 ,!y r>ely occupy rooms 9 ! *eap t5em5t h\ses ( ! t[ns1 ev5 if su* occupancy w\ld be to _! conv5i5ce4 ,!y pref] to live 9 ! outly+ di/ricts1 :]e !y c h homes ( _! own & g>d5s t !y may cultivate4 ,9 ! colli]y villages ! lots are usually laid out & sold or r5t$ by ! m9+ company to its workm54 ,r5t is n high1 &1 9 case ( sale1 a long t]m contract is giv51 s t paym5ts are 9 easy in/allm5ts4 ,! m9] pref]s to own 8 h\se & lot4 ,su* own]%ip has a t5d5cy to impress any man ) ! importance & responsibility ( 8 duty z a citiz51 & ! m9] is no exception to ! rule4 ,he is apt to wa/e nei!r 8 "t nor 8 money :5 he has prop]ty & a family to c>e =4 ,he tries1 too1 to lay by some?+ = a ra9y day2 he kn[s t ! probabilities are t ei!r he or 8 family w ev5tually ne$ x4 ,z 8 h\rs ( labor are comp>atively %ort he has consid]able leisure :i* he may sp5d pr(itably or fooli%ly z he w4 ,_m ( ! m5 sp5d ?is leisure work+ 9 _! g>d5s or ab\t _! premises4 ,x is seldom t any ( !m g s f> z to h regul> extra employm5t to occupy _! "t :ile out ( ! m9es4 ,inde$ ! prevail+ t5d5cy among m9]s is to d z little "w z possible outside ( ! m9es4 ,! op9ion seems to be preval5t among !m t :5 a m9] has cut 8 coal he has done 8 full duty = ! day1 & is entitl$ !n to re/ & recreation4 ,he does n take k9dly to o!r k9ds ( "w4 ,he r>ely des]ts 8 occupation ( m9+ to take up any o!r call+1 & x may be said t aft] he has pass$ middle age he nev] does4 ,!re is a fasc9ation to ! old m9] ab\t ! d>k *amb]s1 ! black walls1 ! tap ( ! drill1 ! cra% ( fall+ coal1 ! smell ( p[d] smoke 9 ! air1 a fasc9ation t is irresi/ible4 ,he w\ld almo/ r die 9 ! famili> gloom ( ! m9e ?an live & toil 9 ! sunlight on ! surface4 ,ye>s ( walk+ "u ! l[ m9e ro(s h b5t 8 back1 h ?r[n 8 head & %\ld]s =w>d1 h giv5 him t long sw++ /ride *>act]i/ic ( old m9]s4 ,8 face is always pale2 ?is is due1 no d\bt1 to ! abs5ce ( sunlight 9 8 work+ place2 b1 z a rule1 8 g5]al heal? is good2 except :5 he has work$ = a long "t 9 dry & du/y m9es4 ,9 t case he is apt to f9d himself1 soon] or lat]1 a victim to ! disease kn[n z 8m9]'s consumption40 ,! m9]'s appe>ance1 z he passes along ! /reet or road on 8 way home f 8 "w1 is1 to eyes unaccu/om$ to ! sight1 any?+ b favorable4 ,he we>s heavy1 hobnail$ %oes or boots1 flannel %irt1 co>se jacket & pantaloons1 all ( !m black ) coal dirt & saturat$ ) oil4 ,he has a habit1 :5 he comes f 8 "w1 ( ?r[+ 8 coat loosely ab\t 8 %\ld]s1 & we>+ x s z he goes to 8 home4 ,he usually we>s a cap on 8 head1 sometimes a sl\* hat1 r>ely ! helmet or fireman's hat ) :i* arti/s are accu/om$ to picture him4 ,?is latt] is too heavy & clumsy = common use2 he only puts x on :5 work+ 9 places :]e wat] comes d[n freely on 8 head4 ,hook$ to ! front ( 8 cap is ! little t9 lamp already describ$4 ,:5 he goes to or comes f 8 "w 9 ! d>k he all[s x to burn & light him on 8 way4 ,8 face & h&s are also black ) coal dirt & p[d] smoke1 & 8 features are h>dly recognizable4 ,! pr$om9at+ race among ! m9e work]s is ! ,iri%1 next 9 po9t ( numb]s comes ! ,wel%1 !n foll[ ! ,scot* & ,engli%1 &1 f9ally1 ! ,g]man4 ,( late ye>s1 h[ev]1 ,hung>ian1 ,italian1 & ,russian labor]s h come to ! m9es 9 l>ge numb]s1 especially 9 ! s\!rn di/ricts4 ,^! p c h>dly be comp>$ ) ! ,engli% or ,g]man speak+ races2 !y d n become citiz5s ( ! c\ntry1 h 9 ! ma9 no family life1 & are1 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 slaves ^: ma/]s are _! own c\ntrym54 ,9 speak+ ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ! m9e work]s z a class1 x may be well1 & x c]ta9ly is j1 to correct a misappreh5sion conc]n+ !m :i* has become preval5t4 ,f read+ ! descriptions giv5 by newspap] correspond5ts & by c]ta9 writ]s ( fiction1 _m p h come to ?9k t all m9]s are little less ?an outlaws1 t !y are rude1 ignorant1 brutal 9 _! in/9cts1 & bl9d 9 _! passions & animosities4 ,?is is v f> inde$ f ! tru?4 ,m9e work]s1 z a class1 are peaceful1 law-abid+1 intellig5t citiz5s4 ,t !y are economical & indu/ri\s is well atte/$ by ! com=table appe>ance ( _! homes1 & ! mode/ deposits t are made1 9 l>ge numb]s1 9 ! num]\s m9]'s sav+s banks ( ! diff]5t di/ricts4 ,!re are1 inde$1 among !m ^? :o are intemp]ate1 ^? :o are co>se & viol5t1 a disgrace to !mselves & a m5ace to society4 ,^! are always ! ones :o come to ! surface at a "t :5 /ra9$ relations exi/ betwe5 employ]s & employees1 & by _! h>% language & unlawful conduct 9 ! "n ( oppress$ labor call d[n j retribution on !mselves1 b unju/ condemnation on ! true m9e work]s1 :o compose n9ety-n9e "o hundr$?s ( ! class1 b :o d n g ab\t dr9k+1 rant+1 de/roy+ prop]ty1 & incit+ to crime4 ,! proportion ( 8good-=-naughts0 among ! m9]s1 h[ev]1 is no great] ?an x is among any o!r class ( workm5 hav+ ! same numb]s1 & ! same advantages & disadvantages4 ,) ! exception ( ! ,hung>ians1 ,russians1 ,italians1 & ,poles1 ( :om m5tion has already be5 made1 ! m9]s & _! families comp>e favorably ) any class ( work]s 9 ! same grade ( labor 9 ,am]ica4 ,_m ( !m inde$ atta9 to prom95t & responsible positions 9 bus9ess & society4 ,n a few ( ! cl]ks1 m]*ants1 contractors1 m9+ eng9e]s1 bank]s1 lawy]s1 prea*]s1 ( ! coal regions ( to-day h /epp$ into ^? positions f ! *amb]s ( ! m9es1 & h fill$ !m admirably4 ,! m9] is fond ( 8 family2 8 *ildr5 are de> to him1 &1 :5ev] ! grim necessities ( life p]mit1 he s5ds !m to ! s*ools in/ead ( to ! m9es or break]s4 ,he wi%es to prep>e !m = a l>g] enjoym5t ( life ?an he himself has _h1 ev5 ?\gh t life %\ld be sp5t 9 ! occupation :i* he himself has foll[$4 ,&1 inde$1 !re are few o!r occupations 9 :i* ! possibilities ( advancem5t are s great & s favorable4 ,!re mu/ be m9e bosses1 m9e inspectors1 m9e sup]9t5d5ts1 & _m ( !m1 & !y are1 z a rule1 promot$ f ! ranks4 ,"y m5 ( "*1 skill1 & judgm5t are almo/ sure to /ep into ! high] places4 ,if x 7 n = two evils t con/antly m5ace & hamp] him1 ! coal m9] ( to-day w\ld be ! mo/ favor$ ( workm54 ,^! tw9 evils are /rikes & lock\ts4 ,aboli% !m & !re w\ld be no m com=table1 happy1 & g5]ally prosp]\s class ( p 9 ,am]ica ?an ! work]s 9 ! coal m9es4 ,,gloss>y ,,( ,,m9+ ,,t]ms4 ,aft] damp4 ,! mixture ( gases result+ f ! burn+ ( fire damp4 ,air %aft4 ,a v]tical op5+ into a m9e = ! passage ( air4 ,airway4 ,any passage 9 ! m9e along :i* an air curr5t passes2 b ! t]m is commonly appli$ to t passage :i* is driv51 = v5tilat+ purposes1 p>allel to & simultane\sly ) ! gangway4 ,anticl9al4 ,a fold ( /rata 9 :i* ! incl9ation ( ! sides ( ! fold is f ! axis d[nw>d4 ,b>ri] pill>s4 ,l>ge pill>s ( coal left at a b\nd>y l9e1 or on ! outskirts ( a squeeze4 ,bas94 ,! holl[ =m$ by a fold ( ! seam2 any l>ge area ( includ$ coal4 ,batt]y4 ,9 /eep-pit*+ seams1 a wood5 /ructure built across ! %ute to hold ! m9$ coal back4 ,be>+ 94 ,cutt+ a horizontal groove at ! bottom or side ( ! face ( a brea/4 ,b$4 ,any sep>ate /ratum ( rock or coal4 ,b5*4 ,a horizontal section ( ! coal seam1 includ$ betwe5 p>t+s ( slate or %ale4 ,black damp4 ,c>bonic acid gas2 kn[n also z *oke damp4 ,blossom4 ,decompos$ coal1 indicat+ ! pres5ce ( an outcrop4 ,bl[]4 ,a =cible & copi\s dis*>ge ( gas f a cavity 9 ! coal seam4 ,bony coal4 ,coal conta9+ 9 its composition slaty or argillace\s mat]ial4 ,bore-hole4 ,a hole ( small diamet] drill$ or bor$1 ei!r v]tically or horizontally1 ?r\gh ! measures or 9 ! coal2 usually1 a hole drill$ v]tically = prospect+ purposes4 ,brattice4 ,a p>tition made ( bo>ds or ( brattice clo?1 & put up to =ce ! air curr5t to ! face ( ! work+s4 ,break]4 ,a build+1 ) its appliances1 us$ 9 ! prep>ation ( an?racite coal = ! m>ket4 ,break-?r\gh4 ,a cross-head+ or entrance1 us$ 9 ! bitum9\s m9es4 ,brea/4 ,! pr9cipal excavation 9 ! m9e f :i* coal is tak52 kn[n also z *amb]4 ,brok5 coal4 ,"o ( ! regul> sizes ( prep>$ an?racite4 ,buck:eat coal4 ,"o ( ! regul> sizes ( prep>$ an?racite4 ,buggy4 ,a small c> or wagon us$ = transport+ coal f ! work+ face to ! gangway4 ,buntons4 ,! timb]s plac$ crosswise ( a %aft d[n its entire dep?1 divid+ x into v]tical comp>tm5ts4 ,butt4 ,9 bitum9\s coal seams1 ! v]tical planes ( cleavage at "r angles to ! face cleavage4 ,butty4 ,a comrade2 a fell[-work] 9 ! same *amb]4 ,cage4 ,see ,c>riage4 ,c>riage4 ,! app>atus on :i* coal is hoi/$ 9 a %aft4 ,c>tridge p94 ,a r\nd /ick ( wood on :i* ! pap] tube = ! c>tridge is =m$4 ,cave-hole4 ,a depression at ! surface1 caus$ by a fall ( ro( 9 ! m9e4 ,*a9 pill>s4 ,heavy pill>s ( coal1 l9+ "o or bo? sides ( ! gangway1 & left = ! protection ( t passage4 ,*amb]4 ,see ,brea/4 ,*e/nut coal4 ,"o ( ! regul> sizes ( prep>$ an?racite4 ,*oice damp4 ,see ,aft]-damp4 ,cleavage4 ,! prop]ty ( splitt+ on a c]ta9 plane4 ,coll>4 ,! upp] horizontal crosspiece unit+ ! legs 9 ! timb]+ ( a drift1 tunnel1 slope1 or gangway4 ,colli]y4 ,all ! work+s ( "o m9e1 bo? und]gr\nd & at ! surface4 ,conglom]ate4 ,! rock /rata ly+ next b5ea? ! coal measures4 ,c\nt]-gangway4 ,a gangway :i* is tribut>y to ! ma9 gangway1 & f :i* a new section ( coal is work$4 ,crack] boss4 ,! (fic] 9 *>ge ( ! scre5 room 9 a break]4 ,creep4 ,a cru% 9 :i* ! pill>s are =c$ d[n into ! floor or up into ! ro( ( ! m9e4 ,cribb+4 ,! timb] l9+ ( a %aft1 ext5d+ usually f ! surface to b$-rock4 ,crop-fall4 ,a cav+ 9 ( ! surface at ! outcrop4 ,cross-head+4 ,a n>r[ op5+ = v5tilation1 driv5 ?r\gh a wall ( coal sep>at+ two passages or brea/s4 ,cru%4 ,a settl+ d[nw>d ( ! /rata ov]ly+ a portion ( an excavat$ coal seam4 ,culm4 ,all coal refuse f9] ?an buck:eat size4 ,dip4 ,! angle :i* any incl9$ /ratum makes ) a horizontal l9e4 ,door boy4 ,a boy :o op5s & %uts ! door plac$ across any passageway 9 ! m9es to control ! direction ( ! v5tilat+ curr5t4 ,d\ble entry4 ,"o ( ! sy/ems by :i* op5+s into ! bitum9\s coal m9es are made4 ,d[nca/4 ,! passage or way ?r\gh :i* air is drawn into a m9e4 ,drift4 ,a wat]-level entrance to a m9e1 driv5 9 f ! surface on ! coal4 ,drill4 ,any tool us$ = bor+ holes 9 ! rock or coal4 ,driv+4 ,excavat+ any horizontal passage 9 or into ! m9es4 ,drum4 ,a revolv+ cyl9d]1 at ! head ( any hoi/+-way1 on :i* ! w9d+ rope is coil$4 ,egg coal4 ,"o ( ! regul> sizes ( prep>$ an?racite4 ,entrance4 ,see ,cross-head+4 ,entry4 ,! ma9 entrance & travel+ road 9 bitum9\s m9es4 ,face4 ,! end wall at ! inn] or work+ extremity ( any excavation 9 or into ! m9es4 ,9 bitum9\s m9es ! v]tical plane ( cleavage at "r angles to ! butt cleavage4 ,fan4 ,a ma*9e us$ to =ce a v5tilat+ curr5t ( air ?r\gh a m9e4 ,fault4 ,a displacem5t ( /rata 9 :i* ! measures on "o side ( a fissure are pu%$ up above ! correspond+ measures on ! o!r side4 ,fire-bo>d4 ,a blackbo>d1 fix$ ne> ! ma9 entrance ( a m9e1 on :i* ! fire boss indicates ea* morn+ ! am\nt & location ( dang]\s gases4 ,fire boss4 ,an (ficial ^: duty x is to exam9e ! work+s = accumulations ( dang]\s gases4 ,fire clay4 ,! geological =mation :i* is usually f\nd imm$iately und]ly+ a coal b$4 ,fire damp4 ,light c>buret$ hydrog54 ,fissure4 ,a sep>ation ( rock or coal across ! measures4 ,floor4 ,! upp] surface ( ! /ratum imm$iately und]ly+ a coal seam4 ,gangway4 ,an excavation or passageway1 driv5 9 ! coal1 at a slight grade1 =m+ ! base f :i* ! o!r work+s ( ! m9e are begun4 ,gas4 ,fire damp4 ,gob4 ,! refuse sep>at$ f ! coal & left 9 ! m9e4 ,guides4 ,n>r[ v]tical /rips ( timb] at ea* side ( ! c>riage way 9 %afts1 to /eady & guide ! c>riage 9 its upw>d or d[nw>d movem5t4 ,gunboat4 ,a c> us$ = hoi/+ coal on /eep slopes4 ,head-frame4 ,! frame erect$ at ! head ( a %aft to support ! %eaves & hold ! c>riage4 ,head+4 ,synonym\s ) gangway4 ,any sep>ate cont9u\s passage us$ z a travel+ way or z an airway4 ,hopp]4 ,a fe$+ %ute or pocket 9 a break]4 ,horseback4 ,a small ridge 9 ! ro( or floor ( a coal seam4 ,inside slope4 ,an incl9$ plane 9 a m9e1 on :i* coal is hoi/$ f a l[] to a high] level4 ,jacket4 ,"o ( ! sections or frames ( wire me% ( :i* a revolv+ scre5 is made up4 ,keeps4 ,projections ( wood or iron on :i* ! c>riage re/s :ile x is 9 place at ! head ( ! %aft4 ,lagg+4 ,small timb]s or planks driv5 9 beh9d ! legs & ov] ! coll>s to give additional support to ! sides & ro( ( ! passage4 ,legs4 ,! incl9$ /icks on :i* ! coll> re/s 9 gangway1 tunnel1 drift1 & slope timb]+4 ,lift4 ,all ! work+s driv5 f "o level 9 a /eep-pit*+ seam4 ,load+ place4 ,! l[e/ extremity ( ! break]1 :]e prep>$ coal is load$ into railway c>s4 ,lump coal4 ,! l>ge/ size ( prep>$ an?racite4 ,manway4 ,a passageway 9 or into ! m9e1 us$ z a footway = workm54 ,m\?4 ,! op5+1 at ! surface1 ( any way into ! m9es4 ,ne$le4 ,an in/rum5t us$ 9 bla/+ coal1 ) :i* a *annel is =m$ ?r\gh ! tamp+ = ! entrance ( ! squib4 ,nut coal4 ,"o ( ! regul> sizes ( bitum9\s coal4 ,op5+4 ,any excavation 9 or into a m9e4 ,op]ator4 ,! p]son1 firm1 or corporation work+ a colli]y4 ,outcrop4 ,t portion ( any geological /ratum :i* appe>s at ! surface4 ,output4 ,! am\nt ( coal produc$ f any m9e1 or f any area ( c\ntry4 ,p>t+4 ,! lay] ( slate or bony coal :i* sep>ates two b5*es ( a coal seam4 ,pea coal4 ,"o ( ! regul> sizes ( prep>$ an?racite4 ,pick+ %ute4 ,a %ute 9 ! break] f :i* ! pieces ( slate are pick$ out by a boy z !y pass d[n ) ! coal4 ,pill>4 ,a column or body ( coal left unm9$ to support ! ro(4 ,pill> & brea/4 ,! "n ( a common m9+ me?od4 ,p9*4 ,see ,cru%4 ,pit*4 ,see ,dip4 ,plane4 ,any incl9e on :i* a track is laid = ! purpose ( l[]+ or hoi/+ coal4 ,pockets4 ,receptacles at ! l[] ends ( %utes1 9 break]s1 f :i* coal is load$ into railway c>s4 ,po/4 ,a wood5 prop to support ! ro( 9 bitum9\s m9es4 ,prop4 ,a timb] set at "r angles to ! seam1 9 an?racite m9es1 to support ! ro(4 ,prospect+4 ,se>*+ = indications ( coal on ! surface1 & te/+ coal seams f ! surface4 ,pump way4 ,t comp>tm5t ( a %aft or slope d[n :i* ! pump rods & pipes are ext5d$4 ,rib4 ,! side ( an excavation z di/+ui%$ f ! end or face4 ,rob4 ,to m9e coal f ! pill>s aft] ! brea/s are work$ out4 ,rock tunnel4 ,a tunnel driv5 ?r\gh rock /rata4 ,rolls4 ,9 break]s1 heavy iron or /eel cyl9d]s set ) tee?1 us$ = break+ coal4 ,ro(4 ,! /ratum imm$iately ov]ly+ a coal seam4 ,! rock or coal ov]head 9 any excavation4 ,room4 ,synonym\s ) brea/ or *amb]2 us$ 9 bitum9\s m9es4 ,safety lamp4 ,a lamp t c be c>ri$ into inflammable gases )\t ignit+ !m4 ,scrap]4 ,a tool us$ = clean+ out bore holes 9 bla/+4 ,scre54 ,any app>atus us$ = sep>at+ coal into diff]5t sizes2 usually1 ! revolv+ cyl9d] ( wire me% 9 a break]4 ,seam4 ,a /ratum ( coal4 ,sep>ator4 ,a ma*9e = pick+ slate4 ,%aft4 ,a v]tical entrance into a m9e4 ,%eave4 ,! :eel 9 ! head-frame t supports ! w9d+ rope4 ,%ift4 ,! "t dur+ :i* a m9] or labor] works cont9u\sly1 alt]nat+ ) "s o!r simil> p]iod4 ,%ute4 ,a n>r[ passageway ?r\gh :i* coal desc5ds by gravity f ! foot ( ! brea/ to ! gangway2 an incl9$ tr\gh1 9 a break]1 d[n :i* coal slides by gravity4 ,s+le entry4 ,"o ( ! sy/ems by :i* bitum9\s m9es are ent]$4 ,slack4 ,! dirt f bitum9\s coal4 ,slate pick]4 ,a boy :o picks slate f coal4 ,a ma*9e us$ = ! same purpose4 ,slope4 ,an entrance to a m9e driv5 d[n ?r\gh an incl9$ coal seam4 ,inside slope3 a passage 9 ! m9e driv5 d[n ?r\gh ! seam1 by :i* to br+ coal up f a l[] level4 ,slope c>riage4 ,a plat=m on :eels on :i* c>s are rais$ & l[]$ 9 /eep slopes4 ,smut4 ,see ,blossom4 ,split4 ,a bran* ( a v5tilat+ air curr5t4 ,spread4 ,! bottom wid? ( a slope1 drift1 tunnel1 or gangway betwe5 ! legs ( ! timb]+4 ,squeeze4 ,see ,cru%4 ,squib4 ,a p[d] crack] us$ = ignit+ ! c>tridge 9 bla/+4 ,/eamboat coal4 ,"o ( ! regul> sizes ( prep>$ an?racite4 ,/opp+4 ,a wall built across an entrance or any passage to control ! v5tilat+ curr5t4 ,/ove coal4 ,"o ( ! regul> sizes ( prep>$ an?racite4 ,/rike4 ,! direction ( a l9e drawn horizontally along any /ratum4 ,/ripp+4 ,m9+ coal by fir/ remov+ ! surface d[n to ! coal b$2 op5 work+4 ,sump4 ,a bas9 9 m9es ent]$ by a slope or %aft1 9 :i* ! wat] ( ! m9e is collect$ to be pump$ out4 ,swamp4 ,a depression 9 ! seam4 ,syncl9al4 ,a fold ( /rata 9 :i* ! incl9ation ( ! sides is f ! axis upw>d4 ,tipple4 ,9 ! bitum9\s regions1 a build+ 9 :i* coal is dump$1 scre5$1 & load$ into boats or c>s4 ,trapp]4 ,see ,door boy4 ,travel+ way4 ,a passageway = m5 & mules 9 or into ! m9es4 ,trip4 ,! numb] ( c>s less ?an en\gh to con/itute a tra9 drawn at "o "t by any motive p[]4 ,tunnel4 ,an op5+ into a m9e driv5 horizontally across ! measures4 ,"u-clay4 ,see ,fire clay4 ,und]hol+4 ,see ,be>+ 94 ,upca/4 ,an op5+ f a m9e ?r\gh :i* air is tak5 out4 ,ve94 ,us$ 7improp]ly7 synonym\sly ) seam1 b$1 or /ratum4 ,wagon4 ,a m9e c>4 ,wa/e4 ,gob2 coal dirt4 ,wat] level4 ,an entrance into or passage 9 a m9e1 driv5 ) j suffici5t grade to c>ry (f wat]4 ,:ite damp4 ,c>bonic oxide4 ,w+s4 ,see ,keeps4 ,"w4 ,to m9e4 ,work+ face4 ,a face at :i* m9+ is be+ done4 ,work+s4 ,! excavations ( a m9e1 tak5 z a :ole2 or1 m p>ticul>ly1 t portion ( ! m9e 9 :i* m9+ is be+ done4 ,,index4 ,accid5ts result+ f falls1 #abf2 to boys1 #bah4 ,act ( #ahhe1 #hh4 ,aft] damp1 composition (1 etc41 #afg4 ,air curr5ts 9 m9es1 #adh1 #adi4 ,air1 det]ioration (1 9 m9es1 #adg1 #aeb4 ,airways1 beg9n+ (1 #ie4 ,all51 ,ni*olas1 #di1 #fb4 ,anci5ts1 use ( coal by1 #ce4 ,animal life ( ,c>bonif]\s era1 #ah4 ,an?racite coal1 analysis (1 #f2 comm]cial sizes (1 #aha2 description (1 #h2 ignition (1 #ei2 ( bitum9\s orig91 #be2 skill 9 m9+1 #aib4 ,anticl9als1 #be4 ,appala*ian ,range1 #c4 ,ar*ean "t1 #c4 ,areas ( coal measures1 #ca2 ( ,p5nsylvania coal fields1 #cc1 #cd4 ,avondale ,m9e1 disa/] at1 #agc4 ,baltimore ve91 #ge4 ,bas9 9 a coal seam1 #bi4 ,batt]y 9 /eep *amb]s1 #ajh4 ,be>+ 91 9 bitum9\s m9es1 #aig4 ,b5*es 9 coal seams1 #bc-aae4 ,bitum9\s coal1 analysis (1 #g2 description (1 #h2 process ( m9+1 #aid4 ,black damp1 composition1 etc41 #afi4 ,bla/+ 9 m9es1 #aai1 #abj1 #abe1 #aca4 ,blossom ( coal1 #gg4 ,bl[] ( gas1 #afj4 ,boys1 accid5ts to1 #bah2 amusem5ts (1 #bai2 at tipple "w1 #bjb2 *>act]i/ics (1 #bag2 duties (1 at break]1 #bae2 9 ,briti% coal m9es1 #bje4 ,boy door-t5d]s1 duties (1 #bad4 ,boy driv]s1 duties (1 #baj4 ,braddock's road1 #dj4 ,brattice at face ( *amb]1 #ajc4 ,break]1 description (1 #agi2 location (1 #agh1 #ahc2 passage ( coal ?r\gh1 #ahe2 pick+ %utes 91 #ahf2 /ructure & appe>ance (1 #ahd4 ,break ?r\gh1 9 bitum9\s m9es1 #aie4 ,brea/4 ,see ,*amb]4 ,bryd51 ,alex&]1 #adc4 ,bryd51 ,&rew1 #adj1 #afh4 ,build+s at m\? ( %aft1 #agf4 ,buntons 9 %aft1 #hi4 ,butl]1 ,col4 ,"l1 #ef4 ,butt cleavage 9 bitum9\s m9es1 #aid4 ,butty1 #aad4 ,calamites1 #ag4 ,c&les1 use (1 9 m9es1 #afb4 ,cannel coal1 #f1 #ac4 ,c>bondale ,m9es1 fall 91 #adj4 ,c>bonif]\s age1 #c4 ,c>bonif]\s era1 animal life (1 #ah4 ,c>bonif]\s plants1 #ad-af4 ,c>riage 9 %aft1 #ij4 ,c>tridge1 h[ made & us$1 #aag4 ,cave holes1 #acg4 ,c5ozoic "t1 #d4 ,*a9 pill>s1 #aji4 ,*amb]1 c> track 91 #ajc2 description (1 #ajj2 l5g? (1 #ajb2 sc5e at face (1 #aca4 ,*>coal1 process ( =mation1 #aj4 ,*>les1 ,john1 #ej4 ,*e/1 m9]'s1 #abj4 ,*oke damp1 #afi4 ,ci/1 ,*>les1 #dh4 ,ci/1 ,jacob1 #eb1 #eh4 ,coal1 classification (1 #g2 orig9ally all bitum9\s1 #ab2 orig9 (1 #h2 production1 by corporations1 #gj2 specific gravity (1 :at is x8 #f4 ,coal du/1 explosive quality (1 #agb4 ,coal l&s1 division (1 #fi2 inve/m5ts 91 #fh2 leas+ (1 #ga2 value (1 #gj4 ,coal m9+ by corporations1 #gb4 ,coal plants1 age (1 #c4 ,coal seams1 numb] & ?ickness (1 #bb1 #bc4 ,coal-wa/e1 heaps (1 #aia4 ,conglom]ate1 #gf4 ,conif]s1 #ag4 ,corve1 9 ,briti% coal m9es1 #bje4 ,co/ ( diff]5t me?ods ( entry1 #ib4 ,c\nt]-gangway1 #aje4 ,crahan1 ,m>t91 /ory (1 #bbj4 ,creep+ pill>s1 #acf4 ,creuzot ,m9e1 accid5t at1 #agj4 ,crop falls1 #aci4 ,cross-head+s1 #ie4 ,cr[b>1 m9]'s tool1 #aba4 ,cru/ ( e>?1 subsid5ce (1 etc41 #bd4 8,cry ( ! ,*ildr510 ,mrs4 ,br[n+'s1 #bjg4 ,culm1 its disposition & use1 #aij4 ,curr1 ,john1 #ij4 ,davy1 ,sir ,humphrey1 exp]im5ts (1 #afb4 ,decapitation ( coal seams1 #bi4 ,delaw>e & ,hudson gravity railroad1 #ff2 canal1 #ff4 ,diamond drill1 #gi4 ,dip ( /rata1 #bi4 ,door boy1 duties (1 etc41 #adi1 #bad4 ,doors 9 m9es1 #adi4 ,dra9age 9 m9es1 #aed4 ,drift1 z a mode ( entry1 #hj4 ,drill+1 by diamond drill1 #gi2 by h&1 #gh2 by rope me?od1 #gh2 by spr+ pole me?od1 #gh4 ,drill1 ma*9e h&1 #aaf2 m9]'s1 #aaf4 ,driv] boss1 8 duties1 etc41 #aac4 ,driv] boy1 duties (1 etc41 #aac1 #baj1 #bac4 ,dump %ute b>s 9 break]1 #ahe4 ,eagle ,%aft1 disa/] at1 #afh4 ,e>ly m9+ me?ods1 #id4 ,ea/]n middle coal field1 #cc4 ,electricity 9 break]s1 #bag2 9 m9es1 #aje1 #abb1 #abg1 #bac4 ,enaliosaurs1 #bj4 ,entrances 9 m9es1 #aja4 ,entries 9 bitum9\s m9es1 #aie1 #aif4 ,evans1 ,oliv]1 #eb4 ,exp]im5ts ) an?racite1 #eb1 #ec4 ,face cleavage 9 bitum9\s m9es1 #aid4 ,face ( *amb]1 #aja4 ,falls ( ro( & coal1 #abe1 #ace4 ,fan = v5tilation1 #aea4 ,fault 9 /rata1 #bf4 ,fell+ ,colli]y1 disa/] at1 #afb4 ,fell1 ,judge ,jesse1 #ec4 ,females 9 ,briti% coal m9es1 #bjf4 ,f]ns ( coal era1 #af4 ,fire boss1 duties (1 etc41 #aab1 #aff4 ,fire damp1 *>act]i/ics (1 #afj2 explosions (1 #afa2 9 ab&on$ work+s1 #aff4 ,fi%es1 age (1 #c2 ( ,c>bonif]\s age1 #ai4 ,fissures 9 /rata1 #bf4 ,flanigan1 ,john1 #id4 ,fl[]s 9 ,c>bonif]\s age1 #ba4 ,gangways1 beg9n+ (1 #ie2 description (1 #ig2 direction (1 #ih2 driv+1 #aac2 l5g? (1 #ajd2 walk+ 91 #abi4 ,gases n conf9$ to coal measures1 #aei4 ,g]many1 m9+ ( coal 91 #cg4 ,g9!r1 ,philip1 #dg4 ,girls 9 ,briti% coal m9es1 #bje4 ,gore1 ,obadiah1 exp]im5ts (1 #de4 ,graff1 ,fr$]ick1 #eb4 ,great ,summit ,m9e1 #eg4 ,guibal1 inv5tor ( fan1 #aeb4 ,guides 9 %aft1 #ij4 ,hamm]1 m9]'s1 #aba4 ,head-frame at m\? ( %aft1 #agg4 ,heal? ( m9e work]s1 #aec4 ,h5nep91 ,fa!r1 explor]1 #ch4 ,hillegas1 ,mi*ael1 #dh4 ,hoi/+ app>atus at %aft1 #agg4 ,holl5back1 ,colonel ,george ,m41 #ef4 ,horsebacks 9 coal seams1 #bh4 ,hosie1 ,john1 adv5ture (1 #ade4 ,hurri] 9 ,briti% m9es1 #bje4 ,incl9$ planes 9 m9es1 #aje4 ,indians1 coal kn[n to1 #cg1 #dc1 #dd4 ,inside slopes1 #ajf4 ,inv]tebrates1 age (1 #c4 ,inve/m5ts 9 coal l&s1 #fh4 ,j5k9s1 ,h5ry1 #ahj4 ,labor]s1 duties (1 etc41 #aad1 #abb4 ,lackawanna region1 e>ly coal trade 91 #fe4 ,lagg+1 its use1 etc41 #hb4 ,lamp1 m9]'s1 #aba4 ,laplace1 a/ronom]1 #a4 ,lehigh coal1 e>ly trade 91 #eg1 #eh1 #fb4 ,lepidod5drids1 #ag4 ,les*ot1 inv5tor1 #gi4 ,lift m9+1 #he1 #ajg4 ,light c>buret$ hydrog51 #aei4 ,lignite1 #f1 #aa4 ,load+ place 9 break]1 #ahi4 ,localities 9 :i* coal is f\nd1 #ca1 #cb4 ,locomotives 9 m9es1 #aii4 ,london1 burn+ ( coal 91 #cf4 ,long wall m9+ sy/em1 #aaj4 ,loyalsock coal field1 #ca4 ,lump coal1 bitum9\s1 #bjb4 ,ma*9e = m9+ s(t coal1 #aig4 ,mammals1 age (1 #d1 #ab4 ,man1 age (1 #d4 ,m>% gas1 composition (1 etc41 #afj4 ,mell5 & ,bi%op1 exp]im5t]s1 #fd4 ,mesozoic "t1 #d4 ,m9e1 an?racite1 numb] ( employees 91 #aab4 ,m9e boss1 duties1 etc41 #aab4 ,m9e c>1 #abc4 ,m9e1 d>kness 9 a1 #acc2 9 an ab&on$1 #acd2 sil5ce 9 a des]t$1 #acb4 ,m9e law ( #ahgj & #ahhe1 #bjh4 ,m9]1 ,*>les1 #eh4 ,m9]1 appe>ance (1 #bbg2 "* & ambition (1 #bcj2 clo?+ (1 #bbh2 duties (1 etc41 #aad1 #abb1 #abd2 home & outside occupation (1 #bbf2 nativity (1 #bbh4 ,m9es1 flood+ (1 #aef4 ,mioc5e p]iod1 #ab4 ,mules 9 m9es1 #bab4 ,nanticoke1 accid5t at1 #aeg4 ,nebul> ,hypo!sis1 #a4 ,ne$le1 m9]'s1 #aag4 ,newca/le1 c>ry+ coals to1 #cg4 ,nobles1 ,david1 hunt]1 #fe4 ,nor!rn coal field1 #cc4 ,nut coal1 bitum9\s1 #bjb4 ,op5 qu>ry m9+1 #hj4 ,outcrop ( /rata1 #bi1 #ge4 ,paleozoic "t1 #c4 ,panni] wom5 9 ,briti% m9es1 #bje4 ,p>is1 burn+ ( coal 91 #cg4 ,p>t+s 9 coal seams1 #bc4 ,peat1 #f1 #aa4 ,p5nsylvania1 coal fields (1 #cb1 #cc1 #cd4 ,pick+ ma*9e 9 break]1 #ahg4 ,pick+ %ute 9 break]1 #ahf4 ,pick1 m9]'s1 #aba4 ,pill> & brea/ m9+ sy/em1 #ii4 ,pill>s at foot ( %aft1 #ie2 creep+1 #acf2 robb+ (1 #acc2 slipp+1 #acf4 ,p9* 9 a coal m9e1 #bh4 ,pittsburgh1 coal b$s ne>1 #aic2 coal trade (1 #db2 discov]y ( coal ne>1 #da4 ,pittsburg1 ,kansas1 disa/] at1 #agb4 ,pockets 9 break]1 #ahi4 ,props1 use & sett+ (1 #aad4 ,prospect+ = coal1 #ge4 ,pump m9+1 #aee4 ,pumpway 9 %aft1 #aee4 ,putt]1 9 ,briti% m9es1 #bje4 ,rats 9 m9es1 #bab4 ,reptiles1 age (1 #d1 #ab4 ,rhode ,isl&1 coal 91 #cb1 #dj4 ,rib ( coal1 #aja4 ,ri*mond coal field1 #ch4 ,robb+ pill>s1 #acc4 ,rob9son1 ,john ,w41 #eh4 ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 #bj4 ,rolls 9 break]1 #agi4 ,rolls 9 coal seams1 #bh4 ,rooms 9 bitum9\s m9es1 #aie4 ,run ( m9e1 bitum9\s coal1 #bjb4 ,safety c>riage1 #ia4 ,safety lamps1 h[ to use1 #afe2 inv5tion (1 #afc4 ,s*uylkill region1 e>ly coal trade 91 #fb1 #fd4 ,scotl&1 m9+ ( coal 91 #cg4 ,scrap]1 9 bitum9\s m9es1 #aih4 ,scrap]1 use (1 #aag4 ,scre51 revolv+1 9 break]1 #ahj4 ,semi-an?racite coal1 #h4 ,%aft1 comp>tm5ts (1 #hi2 desc5d+ a1 #abh2 foot (1 #abh2 9 bitum9\s m9es1 #aii2 9 /eep-pit*+ seams1 #aji2 location & dep? (1 #hf2 s9k+ (1 #hg2 wat] 91 :ile s9k+1 #aed4 ,%eaves 9 head-frame1 #agg4 ,%oemak]1 ,colonel ,george1 #fb4 ,%ovel1 m9]'s1 #aba4 ,sigill>i1 #ag4 ,slack1 bitum9\s wa/e1 #bjb4 ,slate pick]'s duties1 etc41 #ahf4 ,sl$ge1 m9]'s1 #aba4 ,slipp+ pill>s1 #acf4 ,slope1 dim5sions (1 #he2 entrance by1 #hd2 9 /eep-pit*+ seams1 #he4 ,smi?1 ,abijah1 #ef4 ,smi?1 ,john1 #ef4 ,smut ( coal1 #gg4 ,s\!rn coal field1 #cb4 ,sphagnum1 #aa4 ,splits ( ! air curr5t1 #adh4 ,squeeze 9 a m9e1 #bh1 #acf4 ,squib1 use (1 #aah4 ,/air %aft 9 bitum9\s m9es1 #bjj4 ,/ates 9 :i* coal is f\nd1 #ca1 #cb4 ,/eep-pit*+ seams1 ra9+ 91 #ajg4 ,/igm>ia1 #ah4 ,/ockton ,m9es1 accid5t at1 #aci4 ,/rike ( /rata1 #bi4 ,/rikes among m9]s1 #bbe4 ,summit ,hill ,m9e1 #hj4 ,sump 9 m9e1 #if4 ,surface1 di/urbance (1 by falls1 #ach4 ,susquehanna ,riv]1 coal trade1 #da4 ,swamp 9 m9es1 #bi4 ,symbols m>k$ on c>s1 #bbc4 ,syncl9als1 #be4 ,tamp+1 process (1 #aah4 ,temp]ature 9 m9es1 #baj4 ,t]race 9 coal outcrop1 #gg4 ,!ophra/us1 #ce4 ,tipple1 at ! bitum9\s m9es1 #bja1 #bjc4 ,tunnel1 entrance by1 #hb4 ,tunnels 9 m9e int]iors1 #hd1 #ajf4 ,turnbull1 ,william1 #eh4 ,v5tilation by fan1 #aea2 by op5 furnace1 #aej2 9 bitum9\s m9es1 #aii2 pr9ciple (1 9 m9es1 #ig1 #adh4 ,von ,/or*1 ,h4 ,c4 ,l41 #fe4 ,wages ( m9]s1 #bbd2 comput+ & paym5t (1 #bbb2 ( boys1 #bac-bae2 slid+ scale = comput+1 #bbd4 ,wa/e 9 coal m9+1 #acd2 ( ! coal measures1 #bh4 ,wat]1 driv+ work+s t[>d1 #aee2 9 m9e1 #if2 tonnage (1 hoi/$1 #aee4 ,weigh+ coal1 #bbc4 ,weiss1 ,colonel ,jacob1 #dh4 ,we/]n middle coal field1 #cc4 ,we/ ,pitt/on1 disa/] at1 #age4 ,:ite ,haz>d1 coal trade (1 #fb2 exp]im5ts (1 #fj4 ,wilcox1 ,cr&al1 #ef4 ,w+s 9 %aft1 #ia4 ,woodw>d break]1 #aba4 ,work+ pill>s1 #acf4 ,wright1 ,joseph1 #ef4 ,wurts1 ,william & ,maurice1 #fe4 ,wyom+ coal field1 #cc4 ,wyom+ valley1 discov]y ( coal 91 #de2 e>ly coal trade (1 #ef4 ,ziegl]1 ,*>les ,w41 #ahh4 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,text 9 italics is enclos$ by und]scores 7italics74 ,sup]script$ *>act]s foll[ a c>et 7,fr$k1 #aa?7 ,obvi\s pr9t]'s1 punctuation & spell+ inaccuracies 7 sil5tly correct$4 ,ar*aic & v>iable spell+ has be5 pres]v$4 ,v>iations 9 hyph5ation & comp\nd words h be5 pres]v$4