,,bromoil ,,pr9t+ ,,& ,,bromoil ,,transf] ,,by ,,dr4 ,,emil ,,may] ,,presid5t ,,( ,,! ,,vi5na ,,club ,,( ,,amateur ,,photograph]s ,,au?oriz$ ,,translation ,,f ,,! ,,sev5? ,,g]man ,,edition ,,by ,,frank ,,roy ,,fraprie1 ,s4,m41 ,f4,r4,p4,s4 ,,editor ,,( ,,am]ican ,,photography ,illu/ration ,,am]ican ,,photographic ,,publi%+ ,,co41 ,,bo/on #ag1 ,,massa*usetts #aibc ,,copyright1 #aibc ,,by ,,am]ican ,,photographic ,,publi%+ ,,co4 ,manufactur$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica ,electrotyp$ & pr9t$1 ,m>*1 #aibc ,,! ,,plimpton ,,press ,,norwood,,mass,u,s,a ,,preface ,! bromoil process has always be5 "o 9 :i* x has seem$ difficult to atta9 success4 ,?\gh _m books & articles on ! subject h be5 publi%$1 e writ] seems to give diff]5t directions & e exp]im5t] to h difficulty 9 foll[+ !m4 ,! consequ5ce is t almo/ e successful exp]im5t] ) ?is process has develop$ me?ods ( 8 own & has frequ5tly be5 unable to imp>t !m to o!rs4 ,"o reason = ?is has be5 t ea* make ( bromide pap] v>ies 9 its *>act]i/ics f ! o!rs & t me?ods1 :i* are successful ) "o1 d n always succe$ ) ano!r4 ,v>i\s blea*+ solutions h be5 describ$1 &1 z ! blea*+ solution has two functions--blea*+ & tann+1 :i* progress ) diff]5t spe$s at diff]5t temp]atures--a lack ( att5tion on ?is po9t has d\btless be5 a frequ5t cause ( unsuccess4 ,little att5tion has also be5 paid to ! necessity = obs]v+ ! temp]ature ( ! wat] us$ = soak+ ! pr9t4 ,! au?or ( ! pres5t book has inve/igat$ ^! v>i\s po9ts v c>efully1 & = ! fir/ "t1 p]haps1 has br\ght to ! att5tion ( ! photographic read] ! ne$ = an accurate k ( ! effect ( ^! diff]5t v>iables4 ,9 ! foll[+ book he describes only a s+le me?od ( "w1 )\t v>iations until ! process is le>n$1 ?\gh he does describe v>i\s me?ods ( "w :i* may be us$ to v>y results by ! exp]i5c$ work]4 ,8 me?od ( in/ruction is logical & bas$ on accept$ educational pr9ciples4 ,he describes "o /ep at a "t fully & c>efully1 expla9s ! reasons = adopt+ x1 & !n proce$s to ! next /ep 9 l mann]4 ,we feel sure t e read]1 :o w be reasonably c>eful 9 8 me?ods ( "w & w foll[ ^! in/ructions lit]ally1 w le>n h[ to make a good bromoil pr9t4 ,aft] atta9+ success 9 ?is way1 ! v>iations may be tri$1 if desir$4 ,:ile ! au?or gives in/ructions = te/+ out pap]s to see if !y are suitable1 x may be advisable to record "h ! results ( "s ,am]ican & ,engli% work]s4 ,h4 ,g4 ,clevel& 9 ,,am]ican ,,photography = ,febru>y1 #aibc1 recomm5ds1 9 addition to ! pap]s specially m>k$ by _! mak]s z bromoil grades1 ! foll[+3 ,ea/man ,portrait ,bromide2 ,p4 ,m4 ,c41 ,nos4 #g & #h2 & ,well+ton1 ,cream ,crayon ,smoo?1 ,r\gh1 or ,extra ,r\gh4 ,he sugge/s t a r\gh te/ may be made ( a new br& ( pap] by plac+ a small te/ /rip 9 wat] at #abj to #adj ,fahr5heit = a few m9utes & !n scrap+ ! emulsion surface ) a knife blade4 ,if ! coat+ is entirely s(t & jelly-l1 x w probably be suitable = ! process4 ,if x is t\gh & lea!ry1 x w be unsuitable1 &1 if a portion ( ! coat+ is s(t b ! o!r portion t\gh1 !n x w also be unsuitable4 ,8 exp]i5ce is t ,well+ton ,bromoil pap] is entirely suitable = ! process4 ,*ris ,j4 ,symes 9 ,! ,briti% ,j\rnal ( ,photography = ,decemb] #a1 #aibb1 recomm5ds = bromoil ! foll[+ ,engli% pap]s3 ,kodak ,royal1 :ite & ton$2 ,vitegas1 specially prep>$ = bromoil2 ,b>net ,cream ,crayon ,natural ,surface1 ,r\gh ,ord9>y & ,tig] ,tongue4 ,= transf]1 he has f\nd ! foll[+ suitable3 ,kodak ,royal1 :ite & ton$2 ,kodak ,velvet2 ,b>net ,smoo? ,ord9>y2 & ,b>net ,semi-matt ,c>d4 ,! read] :o is int]e/$ 9 bromoil transf]1 w f9d ! directions ( ,mr4 ,guttmann on ?is process slightly diff]5t f ^? ( ,dr4 ,may] 9 m9or po9ts1 b ! work] :o is f> en\gh advanc$ to essay ?is difficult process w be able to recognize ^! discrepancies & *oose ! process :i* seems m useful to himself4 ,metal et*]'s presses = transf] are sold at comp>atively high prices 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 b second h& ones may (t5 be f\nd 9 ! l>g] cities4 ,small wood5 mangles ) maple rolls may be _h at fairly l[ prices f deal]s 9 laundry supplies1 & h be5 f\nd to be useful4 ,foll[+ ! /yle ( ! ,g]man orig9al1 italics h be5 freely us$ = ! purpose ( call+ att5tion to ! mo/ important /ages ( ! process1 r ?an = ! ord9>y purposes ( emphasis4 ,grateful ackn[l$gm5t is made to ,mr4 ,e4 ,j4 ,wall = assi/ance 9 ! fir/ draft ( ! translation1 & also 9 revision ( ! pro(s4 ,,frank ,,roy ,,fraprie4 ,,bo/on1 ,febru>y1 #aibc4 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,preface iii ,,cont5ts vi ,,prelim9>y ,,rem>ks #a ,,*apt] ,i ,,production ,,( ,,! ,,bromide ,,pr9t--,def9ition ( ,p]fect ,pr9t--,! ,*oice ( ! ,pap]--,developm5t--,control ( ! ,silv] ,bromide ,pr9t--,fixation #aj ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,removal ,,( ,,! ,,silv] ,,image--,blea*+--,! ,int]m$iate ,dry+ #bi ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,ink+-,,up--,! ,production ( ! ,diff]5tial ,swell+--,! ,prop]ties ( ! ,relief & ,its ,influ5ce on ! ,"* ( ! ,picture--,effect ( ,w>m ,wat]--,effect ( ,ammonia--,! ,ut5sils--,bru%es--,! ,inks--,! ,support--,removal ( ! ,wat] f ! ,surface ( ! ,pr9t--,! ,bru% ,"w--,use ( ,dissolv$ ,inks--,use ( ,roll]s--,resoak+ ( ! ,pr9t dur+ ! ,work+-up--,removal ( ! ,ink f ! ,surface--,failures--,alt]ation ( ! ,"* ( ! ,picture by ! ,ink+--,! ,/ructure ( ! ,ink--,diff]5t ,me?ods ( ,work+--,h>d ,ink ,te*nique 7,co>se-gra9 ,pr9ts7--,s(t ,ink ,te*nique--,sket* ,te*nique--,l>ge ,heads--,oil ,pa9t+ ,/yle--,night ,pictures--,pr9ts ) ,:ite ,m>g9s--,! ,swell$-gra9 ,image--,mix+ ! ,inks--,poly*rome ,bromoils #ch ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,aft]-,,treatm5t ,,( ,,! ,,f9i%$ ,,pr9t--,defatt+ ! ,ink ,film--,ret\*+ ! ,pr9t--,refatt+ ( ! ,pr9t--,application ( ,ink to ,dry ,pr9ts #ajd ,,*apt] ,v ,,transf] ,,me?ods--,simple ,transf]--,comb9ation ,transf] ) ,"o ,pr9t-plate--,%ad[ ,pr9t--,high ,light ,pr9t--,comb9ation ,transf] f ,two ,pr9ts #aae ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,oil ,,vs4 ,,bromoil #acd ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,bromoil ,,transf]1 by ,eug5 ,guttmann--,! ,bromoil ,pr9t--,! ,*oice ( ! ,pap]--,! ,ma*9e--,pr9t+--,comb9ation ,pr9t+ ) ,"o ,bromoil--,! ,value ( ,comb9ation ,pr9t+--,ret\*+ & ,work+-,up--,dry+ #adb ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,! ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,bromoil ,,inks1 by ,eug5 ,guttmann--,! ,v>ni%--,p[d]--,colors--,tools--,practic e ( ,ink ,gr9d+--,ink ,mix+--,p]man5cy--,ink ,gr9d+ ,ma*9es #agf ,,bromoil ,,pr9t+ ,,& ,,bromoil ,,transf] ,,prelim9>y ,,rem>ks ,we all "k :at great progress photography has made 9 ! la/ few ye>s4 ,! mo/ obvi\s sign ( ?is advance is ! fact t x has gradually escap$ f ! practice ( lit]al reproduction ( ! objects se5 by ! l5s1 & sl[ly atta9$ to ! rank ( a recogniz$ means ( arti/ic expression1 s t x c ju/ly be consid]$ z a new bran* :i* has gr[n out ( ! old tree ( reproductive art4 ,?is pleas+ developm5t may prim>ily be ascrib$ to ! fact t ! practice ( photography1 :i* 0 orig9ally conf9$ almo/ exclusively to pr(essional work]s1 has gradually spread & has become a means ( recreation to ! multitude 9 _! leisure h\rs4 ,x 0 ! amateur :o dem&$ new me?ods & app>atus & ?us gave a new impulse to photographic manufactur+4 ,improvem5ts ( ! mo/ fundam5tal "* 7 made 9 optical app>atus1 9 ! con/ruction ( cam]as ( ! mo/ v>i$ types1 & 9 ! fabrication ( plates & films4 ,an extraord9>y numb] ( novelties has appe>$ 9 ^! l9es 9 ! c\rse ( "t2 mod]n photographic app>atus makes possible ! solution ( problems :i* w\ld n h be5 attempt$ a few ye>s ago1 & improvem5ts are /ill appe>+4 ,! situation 9 ! matt] ( pr9t+ processes is q diff]5t4 ,we are provid$ ) app>atus & s5sitive mat]ial = ! production ( ! photographic negative1 9 a p]fection :i* leaves no?+ to be desir$4 ,to produce a pr9t f ! negative1 h[ev]1 we _h until rec5tly no positive processes :i* 7 n well-kn[n to previ\s g5]ations4 ,?is may be confirm$ by a glance at any photographic textbook writt5 ar\nd #ahhj4 ,! v>i\s pr9t+ processes1 plat9um1 bromide1 c>bon1 & gum1 :i* 7 until rec5tly ! alpha & omega ( pr9t+ te*nique1 _h be5 kn[n = decades4 ,comp>$ ) ! me?ods = ! production ( negatives1 pr9t+ me?ods %[$ practically no advance2 !y rema9$ 9 complete /agnation4 ,we c sc>cely consid] z an exception c]ta9 new me?ods br\ght =w>d 9 rec5t ye>s1 :i* prov$ unsuccessful & quickly disappe>$ f practice4 ,^! facts c only be expla9$ by rememb]+ t ! positive processes1 :i* 7 available to photograph]s & ) :i* !y _h to be satisfi$1 7 r num]\s & (f]$ a consid]able v>iety ( effects4 ,nev]!less1 a s+le *>act]i/ic 0 common to all previ\sly kn[n photographic pr9t+ processes--_! inflexibility4 ,ea* ( ^! processes1 9 spite ( its individual peculi>ities1 c\ld d no?+ m ?an exactly reproduce ! negative :i* 0 to be pr9t$4 ,x 0 possible to produce c]ta9 modifications ( ! negative image z a :ole1 by pr9t+ x d>k] or light]1 or by us+ a h>d] or s(t] work+ process4 ,*anges on ! negative itself = ! purpose ( giv+ a m arti/ic r5d]+ mu/1 h[ev]1 always be v c>efully ?\ght out 9 advance & effect$ by ret\*+1 (t5 difficult & n )9 ! p[] ( e photograph]1 or by o!r me?ods :i* *ange ! negative itself4 ,if su* modifications ( ! negative prov$ unsuccessful1 x 0 irrep>ably lo/2 if !y succe$$1 ! plate1 z a rule1 c\ld no long] be us$ 9 any diff]5t mann]4 ,! possibility ( und]tak+ radical *anges :i* might realize ! arti/ic int5tions ( ! work] on ! pr9t itself1 9 ord] to save ! negative1 & especially ( plann+ & c>ry+ out ! deviations f ! orig9al negative1 :i* express$ ! work]'s arti/ic feel+s1 dur+ ! pr9t+1 0 n af=d$ by any previ\sly kn[n pr9t+ me?ods4 ,a s+le exception 0 f\nd 9 gum pr9t+1 if ! production ( ! image 0 divid$ into a s]ies ( p>tial pr9t+s4 ,ea* ( ^! phases1 h[ev]1 0 9 itself incapable ( modification except = ! possibility ( do+ a c]ta9 small am\nt ( ret\*+2 nev]!less1 by means ( effici5t managem5t ( ! s+le pr9t+s & by prop]ly comb9+ !m1 beautiful arti/ic effects c\ld be obta9$4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 requir$ an extraord9>y am\nt ( practice & skill1 & a v consid]able exp5diture ( "t1 & x mu/ also be rememb]$ t ! failure ( "o ( ! la/ pr9t+s (t5 de/roy$ all ! previ\s "w4 ,also1 9 gum pr9t+1 to h a reasonable expectation ( success1 ! "w mu/ be ?\ght out f ! v beg9n+ & c>ri$ out 9 exact accordance ) a plan f :i* x 0 sc>cely possible to deviate dur+ ! "w1 ev5 :5 x became app>5t t ! desir$ result c\ld n be satisfactorily obta9$4 ,! possibility ( plann+ results dur+ ! c\rse ( ! pr9t+ & c>ry+ !m out directly on ! pr9t itself did n previ\sly exi/4 ,! fir/ process to br+ u ne>] to ?is ideal & make possible a fre] me?od ( work+ 0 oil pr9t+4 ,! te*nique ( ?is process consi/$ 9 s5sitiz+ pap] :i* _h be5 coat$ ) a lay] ( gelat9e1 by means ( a solution ( potassium bi*romate1 & ( pr9t+ x "u ! negative4 ,! yell[i% image 0 !n wa%$ out2 ! bi*romate _h1 h[ev]1 produc$ v>i\s degrees ( tann+ ( ! gelat9e1 correspond+ to ! v>i\s d5sities ( ! silv] deposit 9 ! negative4 ,! light] portions1 :i* _h be5 protect$ f ! action ( light by ! d5se p>ts ( ! negative1 reta9$ _! orig9al p[] ( swell+ & c\ld !re=e lat] absorb wat]4 ,! %ad[s1 h[ev]1 correspond+ to ! transp>5t p>ts ( ! negative1 7 tann$1 _h lo/ _! absorptive p[]1 & _h become incapable ( tak+ up wat]4 ,consequ5tly1 ! high lights swell$ up fully 9 wat]1 ! %ad[s rema9$ un*ang$1 & ! middle tones %[$ v>i\s degrees ( swell+ correspond+ to ! gradation ( ! negative4 ,if ! pr9t 0 blott$ (f & greasy inks spread ^u x by means ( a prop]ly %ap$ bru%1 ! inks 7 entirely repell$ by ! swoll5 high lights :i* _h absorb$ wat]1 & completely reta9$ by ! fully tann$ %ad[s1 :ile ! middle tones1 9 proportion to ! am\nt ( tann+1 reta9$ or repell$ ! greasy ink m or less completely4 ,9 ?is process1 = ! fir/ "t1 !re 0 f\nd a possibility ( *ang+ v>i\s p>ts ( ! image absolutely at ! work]'s w1 ev5 dur+ ! progress ( ! "w4 ,by ! use ( h>d] or s(t] inks x 0 possible to color ! swoll5 high lights m deeply1 or to hold back ! %ad[s s t !y did n take up all ! ink t 0 possible4 ,x 0 possible to leave c]ta9 p>ts ( ! pr9t entirely unt\*$ & "w up o!r p>ts to ! highe/ degree2 9 %ort1 oil pr9t+ op5$ ! way to free arti/ic h&l+ ( ! pr9t4 ,?us1 ! oil process 0 ! fir/ photographic pr9t+ process 9 :i* we 7 completely emancipat$ f ! previ\s inflexibility :i* rul$ 9 all pr9t+4 ,nev]!less1 a numb] ( disadvantages atta* to oil pr9t+ :i* h9d] its g5]al use4 ,! mo/ important %ortcom+ ( ?is process is t bi*romat$ gelat9e z a pr9t+ m$ium c only reproduce a comp>atively %ort scale ( tone values4 ,! production ( pr9ts f contra/y negatives is !re=e impossible1 = ! %ad[s are mu* ov]pr9t$ be=e details appe> 9 ! high lights1 or on ! o!r h&1 !re is no detail 9 ! lights if ! %ad[s are fully pr9t$4 ,?is difficulty c be only p>tly ov]come by ! mo/ skilful use ( inks ( v>i\s consi/5cy4 ,x is inde$ possible to ink up ! lights by ! use ( v s(t ink1 b ?is does n replace ! miss+ details2 & ov]pr9t$ %ad[s1 :i* x is tri$ to improve by keep+ d[n ! quantity ( ink appli$1 appe> empty4 ,?us x happ5s t mo/ ( ! oil pr9ts yet exhibit$ %[ a c]ta9 muddy family lik5ess1 :i*1 at fir/1 :5 ! process 0 new1 0 consid]$ to be advantage\s on acc\nt ( ! novelty ( ! effect1 b lat] receiv$ des]v$ criticism4 ,a second disadvantage ( ! oil pr9t is ! fact t x is n possible to obs]ve ! progress ( ! pr9t+ on ! bi*romat$ gelat9e film4 ,! br[ni% image on a yell[ backgr\nd is v deceiv+1 & x is usually necess>y to det]m9e ! prop] am\nt ( pr9t+ = ea* individual negative by actual exp]im5t1 & to make additional pr9ts by means ( a photomet]4 ,ano!r inconv5i5ce ( o!r previ\sly kn[n pr9t+ processes1 to :i* oil pr9t+ is also subject1 comes f ! fact t ! great majority ( negatives are n[ made ) small cam]as4 ,on acc\nt ( ! extraord9>y p]fection ( mod]n objectives1 ! small negatives produc$ by mod]n h& cam]as c be enl>g$ practically )\t limit4 ,! advantages ( a portable cam]a are s consid]able t l>ge & heavy tripod cam]as h practically gone out ( use1 except = c]ta9 special purposes4 ,on ! o!r h&1 h[ev]1 direct pr9ts f small negatives are1 z a rule1 entirely unsatisfactory f an arti/ic /&po9t4 ,if we desire to use any ( ! previ\sly m5tion$ positive processes1 includ+ oil1 to produce arti/ic effects1 we mu/ fir/ make an enl>g$ negative4 ,?is requires1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! production ( a glass transp>5cy f ! small negative1 f :i* we may prep>e ! desir$ enl>g$ work+ negative4 ,v>i\s work]s held v>i\s views z to :e!r ?is requirem5t 7 a help or a h9drance1 b x 0 univ]sally accept$ z a necessity4 ,! way f ! plate to ! enl>g$ negative1 nev]!less1 always rema9$ unc]ta91 t$i\s1 & exp5sive4 ,simple z x may appe> to be1 x includes a :ole s]ies ( /ages :]e x is possible to come to grief4 ,at e s+le /ep lurks ! dang] t undesir$ *anges ( gradation 9 ! negative may result f inaccuracy 9 exposure & developm5t1 f ! use ( improp]ly *os5 s5sitive mat]ial1 & f v>i\s o!r causes1 & ev5 if ^! factors are all correctly h&l$1 !re is /ill an unavoidable loss ( detail4 ,!re=e ! pa? f ! small orig9al negative to ! enl>g$ negative necess>y 9 previ\sly us$ processes is nei!r simple nor safe4 ,naturally x 0 also necess>y to travel ?is we>isome pa? 9 work+ ! oil process1 :5 x 0 desir$ to make l>ge pr9ts f small negatives4 ,:5 x 0 ann\nc$ 9 ,engl& t ,welborne ,pip] _h discov]$ a process :i* />t$ f a f9i%$ silv] bromide pr9t in/ead ( f a gelat9e film s5sitiz$ ) bi*romate1 new vi/as 7 op5$4 ,if ! process %\ld prove to be practically useful1 we c\ld consid] t all ! previ\sly m5tion$ difficulties 7 ov]come at a s+le /roke4 ,! pr9ciple ( ?is process1 bromoil pr9t+1 is ! removal ( ! silv] image f a f9i%$ silv] bromide pr9t by means ( a blea*+ solution :ile1 simultane\sly ) ! solution ( ! silv] image1 ! gelat9e film is tann$ 9 su* a way 9 relation to ! previ\sly pres5t image t ! portions ( gelat9e :i* repres5t ! high lights ( ! image pres]ve _! capability ( swell+1 :ile ! %ad[s ( ! image are tann$4 ,!re=e ! bromoil process is a modification ( oil pr9t+1 bas$ n ^u a bi*romat$ gelat9e film1 b ^u a complet$ bromide pr9t4 ,?is repres5ts extraord9>y progress4 ,! two previ\sly m5tion$ disadvantages ( oil pr9t+ are completely avoid$ 9 ! bromoil process4 ,we n[ h at our comm& ! f> long] scale ( tone values ( bromide pap] & we c use ! great possibilities ( modification all[$ by ! highly develop$ bromide process4 ,! difficulties ( pr9t+ are completely remov$1 = we h at our comm& a p]fectly visible image z a />t+ po9t4 ,a fur!r advantage :i* c n be too highly e/imat$ is inh]5t 9 ! bromoil process3 complete indep5d5ce ( ! size ( ! orig9al negative4 ,:5 ,i began my inve/igations 9 ! field ( bromoil pr9t+1 ! process _h1 z f> z practical value w5t1 only a purely !oretical exi/5ce1 z is ! case 9 ! e>ly days ( mo/ photographic processes4 ,! fact t x 0 possible to produce images on a blea*$ bromide pr9t by ! application ( greasy inks 0 well e/abli%$4 ,! practical application ( ! process 0 absolutely unc]ta9 & only occasionally 7 satisfactory results obta9$4 ,mo/ ( ! pr9ts produc$ 9 ?is way 7 flat & muddy4 ,x is easy to und]/& t ! process c\ld f9d no widespread popul>ity :ile x 0 s incompletely work$ out4 ,! rese>*es1 :i* ,i !n began1 %[$ t mo/ bromide pap]s took up greasy inks aft] developm5t by any me?od & subsequ5t blea*+ ( ! image4 ,! pictures ?us obta9$1 h[ev]1 7 muddy1 flat1 & n am5able to control1 & !re=e 7 less satisfactory ?an ! bromide pr9ts f :i* ,i _h />t$4 ,dur+ ! c\rse ( my "w1 ,i h succe$$ 9 obviat+ ^! difficulties1 9 ! fir/ place1 by prep>+ a satisfactory blea*+ solution1 next1 by det]m9+ :at prop]ties bromide pap] mu/ possess 9 ord] to give p]fect bromoil pr9ts1 &1 f9ally1 by work+ out a s]ies ( o!r necess>y conditions1 :i* ,i h describ$ 9 ?is book & :i* mu/ be adh]$ to if ! process is to "w smoo?ly & c]ta9ly1 & produce satisfactory results4 ,! bromoil process1 :i* is n[ completely ma/]$1 (f]s1 9 brief1 ! foll[+ advantages3 ,simplicity1 c]ta9ty & controllability ( ! pr9t+ mat]ial2 ,indep5d5ce ( ! size ( ! negative & easy production ( enl>g$ arti/ic pr9ts2 ,fre$om 9 ! *oice ( basic /ock & its surface2 ,! possibility ( freely produc+ on ! pr9t any desir$ deviations f ! negative1 dur+ ! "w2 ,full ma/]y ( ! tone values )\t dep5d5ce on ^? ( ! negative2 ,indep5d5ce ( daylight1 bo? 9 pr9t+ & 9 work+ up ! pr9t2 ,! possibility ( ! mo/ radical alt]ations ( ! pr9t z a :ole & 9 "p dur+ ! "w2 ,fre$om ( *oice ( colors2 ,! possibility ( prep>+ poly*romatic pr9ts ) any desir$ *oice ( colors1 & complete fre$om 9 ! h&l+ ( ! colors2 ,! possibility ( compreh5sive & h>moni\s modifications ( ! f9i%$ pr9t2 ,! possibility ( produc+ pr9ts on any desir$ k9d ( non-s5sitiz$ pap] by ! me?od ( transf]4 ,! description ( work+ me?ods w be divid$ into ! foll[+ phases3 ,i4 ,production ( ! bromide pr9t2 ,,ii4 ,removal ( ! silv] image2 ,,iii4 ,application ( ! ink2 ,,iv4 ,aft]-treatm5t ( ! f9i%$ pr9t4 ,,*apt] ,i ,,production ,,( ,,! ,,bromide ,,pr9t ,failures 9 ! bromoil process 9 ! great majority ( cases c be ascrib$ to ! fact t ! basic bromide pr9t 0 n satisfactory4 ,!re=e ! me?od ( prep>ation ( ! bromide pr9t or enl>gem5t des]ves ! mo/ c>eful consid]ation1 = ! bromide pr9t is ! mo/ important factor 9 ! prep>ation ( a bromoil pr9t4 ,! beg9n]1 especially1 c n proce$ too c>efully 9 mak+ 8 bromide pr9t4 ,because ( ! extraord9>y importance ( ?is po9t1 we mu/ fir/ def9e :at is "h meant by a p]fect bromide pr9t4 ,9 decid+ h[ to produce a satisfactory bromide pr9t z a basis = a bromoil1 we mu/ exclude f consid]ation e/hetic or arti/ic gr\nds4 ,! bromide pr9t mu/ be te*nically absolutely p]fect1 t is1 x mu/ h absolutely clean high lights1 well grad$ middle tones1 & d5se %ad[s4 ,especial /ress mu/ be laid on ! brilliancy ( ! high lights4 ,x is be/ to comp>e ^! high lights ) an edge ( ! pap] :i* has n be5 expos$ & is n fogg$ or1 ev5 bett]1 ) ! back ( ! pap]4 ,! highe/ lights %\ld %[ sc>cely a trace ( a silv] precipitate & mu/ !re=e be almo/ z :ite z ! pap] itself4 ,negatives :i* d n all[ ( ! production ( pr9ts z p]fect z ?is %\ld n be us$ :ile ! bromoil process is be+ le>n$4 ,?is app>5tly sup]flu\s def9ition ( a p]fect bromide pr9t has to be giv5 9 ?is way1 because x only too (t5 occurs 9 practice t ! work] himself is n cle> z to :at is meant by ! expression1 p]fect bromide pr9t4 ,?is may be p>tly ascrib$ to ! fact t ! silv] bromide process--:e!r rightly or wrongly ne$ n be det]m9$ "h--has n be5 prop]ly appreciat$ among amateurs :o are /riv+ = arti/ic results4 ,bromide pr9t+ has frequ5tly be5 consid]$ n to be satisfactory z an arti/ic means ( expression1 & has !re=e be5 consid]ably neglect$4 ,9 _m qu>t]s x is consid]$ z j good en\gh = beg9n]s4 ,nev]!less1 ! bromide process is p] se an uncommonly flexible me?od & gives1 ev5 ) a v consid]able am\nt ( ov]exposure or und]exposure1 t is1 ev5 :5 v badly h&l$1 results :i* are consid]$ usable4 ,x is ev5 possible t an improp]ly made bromide pr9t1 "o = in/ance1 :i* is s(t & foggy1 might 9 "s circles be consid]$ z e/hetically m int]e/+ ?an a p]fect pr9t4 ,?is is an und5iable advantage ( ! process4 ,x may also become a dang]1 if an imp]fect bromide pr9t is us$ z a />t+ po9t 9 ! bromoil process4 ,if anyone is n sure on ?is po9t1 let him comp>e 8 own bromide pr9ts ) su* samples z are frequ5tly %[n by manufactur]s 9 w9d[ displays & sample books4 ,he w !n see :at ri*ness ( tones & weal? ( gradation are inh]5t 9 ! process4 ,if1 h[ev]1 an imp]fect silv] bromide pr9t is us$ z a />t+ po9t = a bromoil1 x c n be expect$ t ! latt] w display all ! possibilities ( ?is process4 ,if ! bromide pr9t is muddy1 ! "w ( ink+ w be difficult1 & x w be impossible to obta9 clean high lights4 ,if x is und]expos$ & too contra/y1 x c n be expect$ t ! bromoil w %[ details 9 ! high lights :i* 7 lack+ 9 ! bromide pr9t4 ,if ! work] himself does n "k t 8 silv] bromide pr9t is faulty1 he is incl9$ to ascribe ! difficulties :i* he f9ds 9 mak+ ! bromoil pr9t & 8 dissatisfaction ) ! results1 to ! bromoil process itself4 ,mo/ ( ! unsatisfactory results 9 bromoil "w mu/ be ascrib$ to ! imp]fect quality ( ! bromide pr9t :i* is us$1 & ?is is ! m important z ?is lack is n p]ceptible to ! eye aft] ! blea*+ is complet$4 ,:oev]1 !re=e1 desires to successfully practice bromoil pr9t+1 mu/ fir/ decide imp>tially & critically :e!r he actually kn[s h[ to make bromide pr9ts1 & mu/ acquire full ma/]y ( ?is process4 ,! te*nically p]fect bromide pr9t made f a prop]ly grad$ negative c1 z w lat] be describ$1 h its gradations *ang$ 9 ! bromoil process )\t any difficulty1 & ?us be made s(t] or m contra/y4 ,! advanc$ bromoil pr9t] :o is a ?or\gh ma/] ( ! te*nique ( ! process w !re=e easily be able to "w ev5 ) poor negatives2 :5 mak+ 8 bromide pr9ts f su* negatives1 he w consid] ! ideas :i* he int5ds to incorporate 9 ! bromoil pr9t & w make 8 bromide pr9t h>d] or s(t] ?an ! negative & at ! same "t reta9 ! necess>y cleanness ( ! high lights4 ,! be/ />t+ po9t = a bromoil pr9t1 h[ev]1 especially = ! beg9n]1 is & mu/ be a bromide pr9t z ne>ly p]fect z possible4 ,a sugge/ion = ! c]ta9 obta9+ ( su* pr9ts may be add$ "h4 ,:5 we are work+ ) a negative ) /rong high lights1 judgm5t z to ! fre$om ( ! bromide pr9t f fog by comp>ison ) an unexpos$ edge is n difficult4 ,?is is n ! case ) negatives :i* %[ no well m>k$ high lights4 ,9 su* cases x is advisable to det]m9e :at is und]exposure by mak+ te/ /rips 9 :i* details 9 ! high lights & middle tones are lack+ &1 work+ f ?is po9t1 det]m9e by gradual increase ( exposure ! correct "t :i* gives a p]fectly clean pr9t4 ,,! ,,*oice ,,( ,,! ,,pap]4--,"o ( ! mo/ important problems is to f9d a suitable pap] = ! process4 ,n all ( ! bromide pap]s :i* are on ! m>ket w give satisfactory results4 ,x is only possible to use pap]s ^: swell+ p[] has n be5 too completely remov$ 9 process ( manufacture by ! use ( h>d5]s4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! bromoil process is t a tann+ ( ! gelat9e %all occur simultane\sly ) ! blea*+ ( ! silv] bromide image4 ,z we h already rem>k$1 ?is does n affect ! high lights & leaves !m /ill absorb5t1 :ile ! %ad[s are tann$ & !re=e become incapable ( tak+ up wat]4 ,! half-tones are tann$ or h>d5$ to an int]m$iate degree & !re=e c take up a c]ta9 am\nt ( wat]4 ,!re=e1 9 place ( ! vani%$ silv] image1 we get a totally or p>tially invisible tann$ image 9 ! gelat9e film4 ,! v>i\sly h>d5$ p>ts ( ! gelat9e film1 correspond+ to ! v>i\s portions ( ! vani%$ bromide image1 display ! prop]ty acquir$ ?r\gh diff]5t degrees ( tann+ by ! fact t ! portions ( ! gelat9e :i* rema9 unh>d5$ & :i* correspond to ! high lights ( ! silv] image =m]ly pres5t1 absorb wat] gre$ily4 ,consequ5tly !y swell up & acquire a c]ta9 %99ess1 because ( _! wat] cont5t2 9 addition !y g5]ally rise above ! o!r p>ts ( ! gelat9e film1 :i* conta9 little or no wat]1 & give a c]ta9 am\nt ( relief :5 !y are fully swell$4 ,! portions ( ! film 9 :i* ! deep %ad[s ( ! bromide image lay are completely tann$ ?r\gh1 c !re=e take up no wat]1 & rema9 matt & sunk54 ,?is grad$ swell+ ( ! gelat9e film becomes m app>5t1 ! high] ! temp]ature ( ! wat] 9 :i* ! film is swoll54 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! pap] 0 /rongly tann$ 9 ! process ( manufacture1 ! gelat9e has already lo/ all or mo/ ( its swell+ p[] be=e x is pr9t$ &1 al?\gh ! blea*+ solution 9 su* cases c inde$ remove ! silv] image1 x c no long] develop ! diff]5ces ( absorptive p[] :i* are necess>y = a bromoil pr9t2 =1 al?\gh ! blea*+ solution c h>d5 an untann$ gelat9e lay]1 x _c br+ back ! lo/ p[] ( swell+ to a film :i* is already h>d5$ ?r\gh & ?r\gh4 ,!re=e bromide pap]s :i* h already be5 v ?or\ghly h>d5$ 9 manufacture %[ no trace ( relief aft] blea*+1 & v slight1 if any1 %99ess 9 ! lights4 ,?is is ! case especially ) ^? :ite1 smoo?1 matt1 heavyweight pap]s :i* are especially us$ = po/c>d pr9t+4 ,:5 su* pap]s are tak5 out ( ! solutions1 z a rule1 ^! run (f quickly & leave an almo/ dry surface4 ,x is g5]ally n possible to make satisfactory bromoil pr9ts on su* pap]s4 ,x is true t ! image c be ink$ by protract$ labor2 x is1 h[ev]1 muddy & flat &1 z a rule1 _c be ess5tially improv$ ev5 by ! use ( v w>m wat]4 ,o!r types ( bromide pap] :i* h n be5 s ?or\ghly h>d5$ may %[ no relief aft] blea*+1 yet1 aft] ! surface wat] has be5 remov$1 !y d %[ a c]ta9 small am\nt ( %99ess 9 ! high lights :5 c>efully inspect$ sidewise4 ,) su* pap]s ! necess>y diff]5ces ( swell+ c g5]ally be develop$ if1 z w lat] be m completely describ$1 !y are soak$ 9 v w>m wat] or 9 an ammoniacal solution4 ,x is r>e to f9d 9 comm]ce silv] bromide pap]s :i* h n be5 h>d5$ at all1 or only v slightly h>d5$1 9 _! manufacture4 ,su* pap]s1 because _! films are v susceptible to me*anical injury1 are n likely to /& ! we> & te> ( ! v>i\s ba?s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 z a rule1 !y usually produce a /rong relief ev5 9 cold wat]1 & !re=e t5d to produce h>d pr9ts4 ,! greate/ adaptability = bromoil pr9t+ may be anticipat$ f bromide pap]s :i* are mod]ately h>d5$ dur+ manufacture4 ,to det]m9e :e!r a giv5 br& ( bromide pap] is suitable = bromoil "w1 an unexpos$ %eet ( ! pap] %\ld be dipp$ 9 wat] at a temp]ature ( ab\t #cj ,c4 7#hf ,f47 & ! behavior ( ! gelat9e film obs]v$4 ,if ?is swells up consid]ably & becomes slipp]y & %9y1 ! pap] has ! necess>y swell+ p[] & c be us$ ) success4 ,on acc\nt ( ! great v>iety ( bromide pap]s :i* are on ! m>ket1 we h a v wide *oice z reg>ds ! ?ickness & color ( ! pap] & ! /ructure ( its surface4 ,x may be rem>k$ "h t pap]s ( any desir$ surface1 ev5 r\gh & co>se gra9$ pap]s1 c be us$ = bromoil pr9t+1 z easily z pap]s ) a smoo? surface4 ,! difficulties exp]i5c$ ) v r\gh surfac$ pap]s 9 "s o!r processes d n exi/ 9 bromoil4 ,because ( ! ela/icity ( its hairs1 ! bru% c>ries ! ink z easily into ! holl[s ( ! surface z to its high po9ts4 ,! ?ickness ( ! pap] is ( no importance 9 bromoil pr9t+1 except t ! h&l+ ( ! ?ick] pap]s is easi]1 because !y lie flatt] dur+ ! "w & di/ort less on dry+2 also1 z a rule1 ?ick pap]s are easi] to ink4 ,gaslight pap]s c also be us$ if _! gelat9e films satisfy ! above m5tion$ requirem5ts4 ,!re=e we h ! wide/ possible *oice 9 ! pr9t+ mat]ials = bromoil4 ,a great numb] ( bromide pap]s ( diff]5t manufactur]s are well suit$ = bromoil pr9t+2 x is1 h[ev]1 advisable to make a prelim9>y inve/igation z to ! am\nt ( h>d5+ !y h und]gone1 = x occasionally happ5s t diff]5t emulsions ( ! same br& %[ q diff]5t grades ( h>d5+1 s t on "o occasion x is possible to make bromoil pr9ts on !m )\t ! lea/ difficulty1 :ile ! same pap] at ano!r "t may absolutely refuse to take ! ink4 ,on acc\nt ( ! great popul>ity ( ! bromoil process 9 rec5t ye>s1 x c be easily und]/ood t "s manufactur]s might seek a wid] sale = _! products by claim+ = !m a special suitability = ?is process4 ,x is !re=e a wise precaution to previ\sly te/ ev5 ^? br&s :i* are adv]tis$ z specially adapt$ = bromoil pr9t+1 & n to dep5d too mu* on su* claims4 ,,developm5t4--,! processes ( tann+ 9 ! film ( a bromide pr9t1 produc$ by ! blea*+ ( ! silv] image1 :i* w be describ$ lat]1 are ( an extremely subtle nature4 ,we mu/ !re=e endeavor to avoid all causes = damage 9 ?is process & especially ev]y?+ :i* t5ds to h>d5 ! :ole film ev5 to ! slighte/ degree4 ,any tann+1 :i* affects ! :ole gelat9e film1 has ! same effect z g5]al fog 9 a negative4 ,x is well kn[n t almo/ all ! develop]s us$ 9 photography h m or less t5d5cy to h>d5 ! gelat9e film4 ,a v consid]able damage to ! bromoil pr9t ?r\gh ! use ( a tann+ develop] might naturally be imp]ceptible to ! eye4 ,yet ?is may at times manife/ itself 9 a v undesirable & di/urb+ =m1 especially :5 ! bromide pap] has be5 s mu* h>d5$ 9 manufacture t x possesses only j ! necess>y qualification = bromoil pr9t+4 ,x may !n happ5 t ! la/ rema9d] ( swell+ capacity c be tak5 f ! pap] by ! use ( a tann+ develop]4 ,h[ev] desirable x might be & h[ev] x might simplify ! process to be able to use any desir$ develop] 9 produc+ ! bromide pr9t1 to avoid tr\ble x mu/ be obs]v$ t ! use ( develop]s :i* tan ! film may s]i\sly influ5ce ! result1 ev5 ?\gh x is possible to get "s k9d ( pr9ts 9 _m cases4 ,if ! work] is absolutely sure t ! bromide pap] :i* he is us+ is n /rongly h>d5$ & is !re=e well suit$ = bromoil pr9t+1 he may und]take developm5t ) any "o ( ! ord9>y develop]s :i* he pref]s4 ,! develop]s1 :i* d n ex]cise a h>d5+ influ5ce on ! gelat9e1 are ! iron develop] & amidol 7diamidoph5ol hydro*loride74 ,z ! iron develop] is n really suit$ to ?is purpose on acc\nt ( c]ta9 unpleasant qualities inh]5t 9 x1 x is advisable to use amidol = ! developm5t ( bromide pap] = bromoil pr9t+ :5ev] possible1 & ! be/ develop] is compos$ z foll[s3 ,amidol #a4g g #ab4c gr4 ,sodium sulphite1 dry #aj g #gg gr4 ,wat] #ajjj ccm #af oz4 ,! sodium sulphite is fir/ dissolv$ 9 wat]1 & ! easie/ way is to p\r ! necess>y quantity ( wat] into a develop+ di% & spr9kle ! pulv]iz$ or granul> dry sodium sulphite into x :ile ! di% is con/antly rock$2 solution takes place almo/ in/antly "u ^! conditions4 ,l>g] lumps1 :i* w\ld /ick to ! bottom ( ! di%1 mu/ be imm$iately /irr$ up4 ,z soon z ! sodium sulphite is dissolv$1 ! amidol %\ld be add$ & ?is w also dissolve imm$iately4 ,! addition %\ld be made 9 ! ord] describ$1 =1 if ! amidol is dissolv$ fir/1 ! solution is (t5 turbid4 ,if dry sodium sulphite is n available1 d\ble ! quantity ( cry/alliz$ sulphite may be us$4 ,! amidol develop] %\ld be fre%ly prep>$ ea* "t t x is us$1 z x does n keep 9 solution4 ,! measurem5t ( ! quantities ( amidol & sulphite giv5 above does n ne$ to be made ) ! mo/ pa9/ak+ c>e1 z small v>iations 9 ! quantities are unimportant4 ,9 us+ amidol develop] ! greate/ c>e mu/ be tak5 to avoid all[+ amidol p[d]1 9 ev5 ! smalle/ quantity1 to come into contact ) ! blea*$ pr9t ready = bromoil pr9t+4 ,ev5 ! f9e/ p>ticles ( amidol1 al?\gh invisible to ! nak$ eye1 w produce yell[i% br[n spots on ! gelat9e :i* p5etrate ?r\gh ! film & into ! pap] itself4 ,^! dots & spots1 especially if1 z is usual1 !y occur 9 l>ge numb]s1 w make ! pr9t completely useless1 & x is impossible to remove !m4 ,if amidol develop] is n available1 any o!r develop] :i* is desir$ may be us$4 ,z we h already /at$1 h[ev]1 c]ta9 possibilities ( failure are to be anticipat$1 b w n necess>ily occur4 ,e ef=t %\ld be made to produce a bromide pr9t z p]fect z possible1 ) clean high lights4 ,! be/ bromide pr9ts or enl>gem5ts = bromoil pr9t+ are ^? :i* are correctly expos$1 b are n develop$ out to ! greate/ possible d5sity4 ,a pr9t :i* is ?us fully develop$ is v satisfactory z a bromide b (f]s c]ta9 difficulties 9 bromoil pr9t+1 :i* w be describ$ lat]4 ,!re=e ! developm5t %\ld be /opp$ z soon z ! lights %[ full detail )\t any fog1 b be=e ! %ad[s h rea*$ full d5sity4 ,! deepe/ %ad[s %\ld !n be ( a deep greyi% black1 b %\ld n be clogg$ up4 ,:5 a bromide pr9t is prop]ly expos$1 !re is suffici5t "t betwe5 ! appe>ance ( ! details 9 ! lights & ! atta9m5t ( ! deepe/ possible black 9 ! %ad[s to easily select ! prop] mom5t = cessation ( developm5t4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 desirable n to g beyond ?is /age ( developm5t1 = ! reason t a v d5se silv] deposit di/ribut$ completely ?r\gh ! gelat9e emulsion to ! pap] support is n easily blea*$ out4 ,:5 ?is difficulty occurs1 ! blea*+ solution is g5]ally1 b incorrectly1 blam$ = x4 ,if1 9 spite ( ?is difficulty1 complete blea*+ is atta9$1 ! %ad[s ( ! image usually reta9 a yell[i% color :i* _c be remov$ by ! ba?s :i* foll[ ! blea*+4 ,if x is int5d$ to ink up ! :ole surface ( su* a pr9t1 ?is discoloration ( ! %ad[s is n important1 = x w be completely cov]$ by ! ink4 ,b if ! pr9t is to be treat$ 9 a sket*y mann]1 & "s p>ts ( its surface are n to be ink$1 ?is _c be successfully done on acc\nt ( ! yell[i% color+ ( ! %ad[s4 ,und]exposure mu/ be c>efully avoid$1 = details :i* are n pres5t 9 ! bromide pr9t w1 ( c\rse1 n appe> 9 ! bromoil pr9t4 ,ov]exposure w occasionally give usable results1 if ! developm5t ( ! ov]expos$ pr9t is /opp$ at ! prop] po9t4 ,9 su* cases1 we mu/ usually expect "s deposit 9 ! high lights & consequ5tly a c]ta9 fogg+ ( ! image1 ?\gh ?is c (t5 be ov]come1 at lea/ p>tly1 by swell+ ! pr9t at a high] temp]ature4 ,p]fect pr9ts _c be expect$1 if ! basic pr9t is lack+ 9 quality4 ,if ! ov]exposure is n too great1 ! pr9t c be improv$ to a c]ta9 ext5t by cle>+ x 9 v dilute ,f>m]'s r$uc]4 ,treatm5t ) ?is r$uc] has no delet]i\s effect on ! lat] processes4 ,! ,f>m]'s r$uc] %\ld only be us$ = a slight cle>+ up ( too d>k p>ts ( ! bromide pr9t2 = ?is purpose ! p>ts ( ! moi/ pr9t :i* are to be r$uc$ %\ld be gone ov] ) a bru% dipp$ 9 v dilute r$uc] & imm$iately plung$ into pl5ty ( wat]1 to avoid any spread+ ( ! r$uc] into o!r p>ts ( ! image4 ,develop+ fog %\ld naturally be avoid$ z mu* z possible4 ,fogg+ ( ! bromide pr9t is caus$ by ! =mation ( a m or less d5se silv] precipitate )\t any relation to ! image ov] ! :ole surface ( ! pr9t4 ,z ! blea*] takes effect :]ev] metallic silv] is pres5t 9 ! film1 ! result 9 su* cases is a g5]al tann+ ( ! film1 :i* is detrim5tal to ! production ( ! necess>y diff]5ces 9 swell+ p[] 9 ! gelat9e4 ,! tann$ gelat9e image is !n also fogg$4 ,consequ5tly ! be/ results may be obta9$ f v brilliant1 b n excessively develop$1 bromide pr9ts4 ,we mu/ also avoid fall+ into ! opposite extreme 9 ! developm5t ( ! bromide pr9t1 by gett+ too ?9 pr9ts lack+ 9 contra/4 ,9 pr9ts :i* are too ?91 only a v small quantity ( metallic silv] has be5 r$uc$ 9 ! developm5t1 & ?is lies :olly on ! surface ( ! film4 ,su* pr9ts usually %[ full detail1 b ! contra/s betwe5 ! lights & ! %ad[s are too small4 ,s9ce ! tann+ produc$ by ! lat] blea*+ occurs because ( ! pres5ce ( metallic silv] 9 ! film1 & s9ce its int5sity dep5ds on ! quantity ( ?is silv]1 we _c obta9 ! necess>y diff]5ce 9 swell+ p[] by blea*+ ! film ( pr9ts :i* are too ?9 because ( insuffici5t developm5t4 ,! result is a weak tann$ image 9 ! gelat9e film2 bromoil pr9ts ?us produc$ c consequ5tly only exhibit a v %ort scale ( tone values1 & ?is _c be ess5tially l5g!n$ by ! use ( ! bromoil process alone4 ,su* bromide pr9ts may f9d a special application 9 comb9ation transf]s1 :i* w be describ$ lat]4 ,x is also possible1 "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 to use incomplete developm5t z a me?od = produc+ s(t bromoil pr9ts f contra/y negatives4 ,,control ,,( ,,! ,,silv] ,,bromide ,,pr9t4--,al?\gh 9 bromoil pr9t+ ! mo/ v>i\s r5d]+s c be obta9$ f a p]fect bromide pr9t1 by v>iation ( ! temp]ature ( swell+ & by prop] h&l+ ( ! ink+1 x is also possible1 "u "s circum/ances1 to v>y ! f9al result by prop] treatm5t dur+ ! mak+ ( ! bromide pr9t1 especially :5 we are n deal+ ) normal negatives4 ,if1 = in/ance1 we h to deal ) a v ?9 negative1 x is possible t ev5 ! extreme possibilities (f]$ by ! bromoil process are n suffici5t to insure ! atta9m5t ( ! desir$ modulation1 =1 z w lat] appe>1 ! possibility ( increas+ ! diff]5ce 9 swell+ 9 ! film is limit$ by ! limit$ resi/+ p[] ( ! gelat9e4 ,9 su* cases1 we mu/ take advantage ( ! accumulation ( all possible aids & !re=e1 9 mak+ ! bromide pr9t1 d all t is possible 9 ord] to br+ out desir$ objects1 :i* are only indicat$ 9 ! negative & d n %[ suffici5t detail4 ,!re=e1 if we desire to increase ! contra/ ( ! negative 9 ! f9al pr9t1 we %\ld use a h>d] work+ pap] & add potassium bromide to ! develop]4 ,if we desire to get s(t pr9ts f a contra/y negative1 we may use diff]5t me?ods4 ,! simple/ way is ! use ( a v rapid & consequ5tly s(t work+ pap]4 ,ord9>ily1 h[ev]1 ?is me?od is n suffici5tly helpful4 ,we mu/ !re=e also use suitable me?ods 9 lat] /eps ( ! process1 su* z mak+ ! diff]5ce 9 swell+ 9 ! gelat9e lay] z small z possible 9 ord] to br+ d[n ! contra/1 or ink+ up ) s(t inks4 ,a v reliable process = ! production ( s(t pr9ts or enl>gem5ts1 ev5 f contra/y negatives1 is ! foll[+3 ! prop] exposure = ! d5se/ portions ( ! negative %\ld be fir/ det]m9$ by means ( a trial /rip2 !n a full siz$ %eet ( pap] is expos$ = exactly ! "t :i* has be5 det]m9$1 soak$ 9 wat] until x is p]fectly limp1 & !n plac$ 9 ! develop]4 ,z soon z ! fir/ outl9es ( ! image appe>1 ! pr9t is plac$ 9 a di% ( pure wat] & all[$ to lie !re1 film d[n4 ,z soon z developm5t has ceas$1 ! pr9t is tak5 out ( wat]1 dipp$ into ! develop] = an in/ant1 & !n imm$iately put back into ! wat]4 ,?is me?od requires consid]able "t = full developm5t1 b produces pr9ts or enl>gem5ts ( especial s(tness4 ,9 ?is process1 ! develop] :i* is absorb$ by ! film is soon exhau/$ 9 r$uc+ ! heavy deposit 9 ! %ad[s1 s t _! developm5t ceases1 :ile en\gh develop] /ill rema9s unexhau/$ 9 ! o!r portions ( ! image to keep on develop+4 ,) v d5se negatives1 develop] w>m$ to #be ,c4 7#gg ,f47 c be us$ = ! production ( s(t pr9ts1 b x mu/ be v mu* dilut$ & c>efully us$1 = developm5t proce$s v quickly4 ,v s(t pr9ts may also be obta9$ by ba?+ ! expos$ bromide pr9ts = ab\t two m9utes 9 a "o p] c5t solution ( potassium bi*romate be=e developm5t4 ,?is solution is ?or\ghly wa%$ out ( ! pr9t1 & x is !n develop$4 ,yet ) v h>d negatives all ^! rem$ies frequ5tly fail1 because ! high lights are almo/ completely opaque to light because ( _! d5sity4 ,9 su* cases ! negative itself mu/ be improv$4 ,! ammonium p]sulphate r$uc] usually recomm5d$ = su* plates1 :i* acts m /rongly on ! lights ?an on ! %ad[s1 is1 h[ev]1 too unc]ta9 9 its action & may imp]il ! negative4 ,x is bett] to adopt ,ed]'s *loriz+ me?od1 :i* enables "o to improve too contra/y negatives 9 a conv5i5t & c]ta9 mann]4 ,! pr9ciple ( ?is process is z foll[s3 ! metallic silv] ( ! negative is conv]t$ into silv] *loride1 :i* is aga9 develop$4 ,?is r$evelopm5t is accompli%$ 9 su* a way t ! silv] *loride on ! surface ( ! film is fir/ r$uc$ to metallic silv]2 if developm5t is cont9u$1 ! r$uction is cont9u$ to ! bottom ( ! film4 ,! delicate details1 ly+ on ! surface ( ! film1 are ?us fir/ develop$1 :ile developm5t ( ! ov]d5se high lights1 9 :i* ! silv] deposit ext5ds "r ?r\gh to ! glass1 is f9i%$ only aft] "s "t4 ,x is !re=e possible to /op developm5t at ! in/ant at :i* ! %ad[s & half-tones are completely r$evelop$1 :ile ! ov]d5se high lights are1 = in/ance1 only half develop$1 & !re=e only half consi/ ( metallic silv]1 ! l[] half be+ /ill silv] *loride4 ,if ! developm5t is int]rupt$ at ?is /age & ! negative plac$ 9 a fix+ ba?1 ! /ill undevelop$ silv] *loride is dissolv$4 ,! %ad[s & half-tones ?us reta9 _! orig9al values1 & only ! ov]d5se deposits 9 ! %ad[s are r$uc$4 ,if ! developm5t is n /opp$ at ?is /age1 b is c>ri$ ?r\gh to completion1 ! negative is obta9$ unalt]$1 & ! process c be repeat$4 ,if ! second developm5t is /opp$ too soon1 ! negative may be endang]$ & a v ?9 negative1 lack+ 9 contra/s1 obta9$4 ,! practical application ( ! *loriz+ process is effect$ by blea*+ ! negative 9 ! foll[+ solution3 ,cupric sulphate #ajj g #a oz4 ,common salt #bjj g #b oz4 ,wat] #ajjj ccm #aj oz4 ,z soon z ! negative is completely blea*$1 :i* %\ld be judg$ n only by transmitt$ light b also by exam9ation f ! glass side1 x %\ld be well wa%$ & imm]s$ 9 a sl[-act+ develop]4 ,all ^! processes c be c>ri$ out 9 daylight1 & ! second developm5t ( ! negative is be/ controll$ by frequ5t exam9ation ( ! glass side4 ,developm5t %\ld be /opp$ :5 ! %ad[s & half-tones are black5$1 & !re is /ill a :iti% film ( silv] *loride 9 ! high lights4 ,obs]vation ( ! negative by look+ ?r\gh x is n advisable1 = ! negative v soon appe>s d5se by transmitt$ light1 because ! metallic silv] =m$ 9 developm5t masks ! silv] *loride4 ,z soon z ! developm5t is consid]$ to h gone f> en\gh1 ! plate %\ld be r9s$ & !n fix$ & wa%$ 9 ! usual mann]4 ,aft] a few trials1 ! judgm5t ( ! correct /age at :i* to /op developm5t pres5ts no difficulty4 ,i ord9>ily use ! *loriz+ process 9 ! foll[+ way1 :i* practically excludes any possibility ( failure3 ! negative is completely blea*$ 9 ! solution j m5tion$1 & !n wa%$ = five m9utes4 ,x is !n develop$ 9 any desir$ develop] until x %[s by transmitt$ light practically ! same d5sity1 ?\gh 9 a br[ni% color1 z x _h be=e *loriz+4 ,x is !n r9s$ (f1 plac$ 9 a solution ( hypo1 n /rong] ?an two p] c5t1 & c>efully wat*$ by light pass+ ?r\gh ! plate2 x is tak5 out z soon z ! desir$ /age is rea*$1 well wa%$1 & dri$4 ,9 ?is modification ( ! *loriz+ process ! condition ( ! plate c be obs]v$ at e /age4 ,! f9al negative1 to be sure1 does n consi/ ( pure metallic silv]1 b z a rule ( a comb9ation ( silv] & silv] *loride2 b su* negatives are suffici5tly p]man5t = mak+ pr9ts & enl>gem5ts on bromide pap]4 ,x is also advisable to less5 ! h>% contra/s 9 a normal negative1 ei!r by mask+ ! m transp>5t p>ts on ! glass side1 or by hold+ !m back 9 pr9t+ or enl>g+4 ,briefly1 e possible means %\ld be employ$ 9 ord] to obta9 z good & h>moni\s a bromide pr9t z possible4 ,! beg9n] is /rongly recomm5d$1 h[ev]1 9 8 fir/ trials ) bromoil1 to />t z f> z possible ) normal negatives & correct1 & especially v clean1 bromide pr9ts4 ,! use ( ?is process = ! improvem5t ( ! results f difficult negatives %\ld be left = m exp]t work]s4 ,x is (t5 desir$ to provide l&scapes ) cl\ds1 & ?is c be easily atta9$ if enl>gem5ts are us$ z ! basis = bromoil pr9ts4 ,acceptable results are giv5 by a process1 :i* has (t5 be5 recomm5d$4 ,?is is1 aft] block+ out ! sky on ! negative1 to enl>ge ! l&scape1 develop ! pr9t & aga9 place x :ile /ill wet on ! enl>g+ scre5 & expose = ! cl\ds1 disreg>d+ ! exi/+ image1 & !n develop ! cl\ds4 ,i might describe "h ano!r process = obta9+ cl\ds1 because x is especially suitable = ! bromoil process4 ,if !re is no object 9 ! negative :i* is cut by ! upp] edge ( ! plate1 x is extremely easy to introduce cl\ds into su* a l&scape1 & at ! same "t l5g!n out ! picture at ! top4 ,a cl\d negative suitable = ! l&scape is *os51 & ! relative exposures = ! l&scape & cl\ds f\nd z accurately z possible by te/ /rips4 ,! l&scape negative is !n focus$ on ! enl>g+ scre5 s t !re is pl5ty ( pap] above ! upp] edge ( ! plate1 & !n ! exposure is made :ile ! upp] "p ( ! pap] is cov]$ ) a c>d1 :i* is kept mov+ con/antly betwe5 ! light s\rce & ! enl>g+ scre51 s t ! upp] edge ( ! plate is n imag$ on ! scre54 ,aft] ! exposure is f9i%$1 ! pap] is %ift$ d[n on ! scre5 until ! upp] edge ( ! pap] comes at ! place :i* 0 previ\sly occupi$ by ! edge ( ! plate1 ! l&scape negative is *ang$ = ! cl\d negative1 & ! cl\ds are expos$ on ! upp] & hi!rto unexpos$ "p ( ! enl>g+ pap]1 :ile ! l&scape is protect$ f exposure by means ( a piece ( c>d1 %ap$ l ! previ\s "o = ! sky1 & cont9ually mov$ to avoid a %>p l9e ( sep>ation4 ,9 ! subsequ5t developm5t a p]fectly uni=m picture is obta9$1 9 :i* !re %\ld be no visible trace ( its comp\nd nature4 ,obvi\sly1 9 ! prep>ation ( ! bromoil pr9t1 x is advisable to employ to ! utmo/ ! _m possibilities :i* bromide pr9t+ (f]s4 ,?us too ?9 p>ts ( a negative may be held back by prop] block+ out on ! back & num]\s o!r possible modifications1 :i* h be5 describ$ 9 textbooks & te*nical j\rnals1 b :i* _c be fur!r dealt ) "h1 may be pr(itably employ$4 ,,fixation4--,! develop$ bromide pr9t %\ld be well r9s$ & fix$ 9 ! usual way4 ,if ! r9s+ is omitt$ or is too sup]ficial1 complete or p>tial r$uction ph5om5a may occur 9 ! fix+ ba?1 & make ! pr9t unusable4 ,! bromide pr9t %\ld be left 9 ! hypo solution = ab\t #aj m9utes1 & c>e %\ld be tak51 if sev]al pr9ts are simultane\sly treat$1 t !y d n /ick to "o ano!r4 ,!n %\ld foll[ ?or\gh wa%+ = removal ( ! hypo2 if traces ( hypo rema9 9 ! film1 ! subsequ5t blea*+ is r5d]$ m difficult1 z ! image does n disappe> b only turns br[ni%4 ,:ile x is feasible to subject ! bromide pr9t to ! blea*+ process1 z soon z x comes f ! wa%+1 an int]m$iate dry+ is an advantage2 = ! gelat9e ga9s great] resi/ance by ?is dry+4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,removal ,,( ,,! ,,silv] ,,image ,,blea*+4--,! blea*+ process has ! purpose ( mak+ ! bromide pr9t1 correctly prep>$ accord+ to ! previ\sly describ$ me?od1 suitable = ! bromoil process4 ,to ?is end ! silv] image mu/ be made to disappe> & 9 its place t condition ( ! gelat9e produc$ :i* r5d]s x possible = x to take up ! greasy ink4 ,! blea*+ solution has1 !re=e1 two functions3 x mu/ remove ! metallic silv]1 imb$d$ 9 ! gelat9e film1 :i* =ms ! bromide image1 & at ! same "t cause a tann+ ( ! gelat9e film correspond+ to ! image t disappe>s4 ,9 ! place ( ! silv] image !re !n exi/s an invisible tann$ image 9 ! gelat9e film4 ,!re are a l>ge numb] ( *emical comp\nds kn[n to photographic te*nique1 :i* enable u to dissolve out ! metallic silv] imb$d$ 9 ! gelat9e film4 ,su* are1 = example1 ! _m r$uc]s :i* h f\nd practical application4 ,_m ( ^! *emicals also cause *anges 9 ! gelat9e simultane\sly ) ! solution ( ! silv]4 ,b n "o ( ! hi!rto kn[n blea*+ solutions possesses ! d\ble p[] requir$ ( x3 solution ( ! silv] image & correspond+ tann+ ( ! film4 ,"s produce too great a tann+ :i* acts ^u ! :ole film1 & ! result 9 ink+-up is muddy flat pr9ts1 :i* d n l5d !mselves to arti/ic modification4 ,) o!r blea*+ solutions a diff]5tial tann+ ( ! gelat9e is produc$1 b at ! same "t !y s alt] ! surface ( ! gelat9e t x becomes glossy all ov]1 & only takes ev5 s(t inks ) difficulty4 ,my exp]im5ts h l$ to ! comp\nd+ ( a blea* :i* completely fulfils ! requirem5ts set = x2 ! silv] image is quickly & completely remov$1 :ile simultane\sly a tann+ ( ! film1 /rictly analog\s to ! disappe>+ image1 is effect$2 easi] & m c]ta9 ink+-up is r5d]$ possible1 & besides ?is ! advantage is obta9$ t ! diff]5ces ( relief1 produc$ 9 ! gelat9e by ! blea*+ process1 c be influ5c$ to a wide degree by v>y+ ! temp]ature ( ! wat]4 ,! composition ( ?is blea*+ solution1 :i* prep>es ! gelat9e film 9 ! mo/ p]fect mann] = ! bromoil pr9t1 is z foll[s1 ?ree /ock solutions be+ requir$3 ,i4 ,cupric sulphate #bjj g #b oz4 ,wat] #ajjj ccm #aj oz4 ,,ii4 ,potassium bromide #bjj g #b oz4 ,wat] #ajjj ccm #aj oz4 ,,iii4 ,cold saturat$ solution ( potassium bi*romate4 ,a conc5trat$ blea* is made by mix+3 ,solution ,i4 #c p>ts ,solution ,,ii4 #c p>ts ,solution ,,iii4 #a "p ,to e #ajj ccm ( ?is mixture %\ld be add$ #aj drops ( pure hydro*loric acid 7#aj drops to #c oz474 ,?is conc5trat$ blea* w keep indef9itely & %\ld be dilut$ be=e use ) ?ree to f\r times its volume ( wat]4 ,! use ( a m conc5trat$ solution is n advisable1 z irregul>ities frequ5tly occur 9 consequ5ce ( too rapid blea*+1 especially t[>ds ! m>g9s ( ! pr9ts4 ,! color ( ! conc5trat$ blea* is gre51 or :5 dilut$1 yell[i%2 ! solution mu/ be absolutely cle>4 ,:5 ! /ock solutions are mix$ !re is usually "s cl\d9ess1 b ?is is cle>$ up by ! hydro*loric acid4 ,by /&+ = a long "t at l[ temp]atures a precipitate is sometimes =m$1 b ?is is ( no mom5t4 ,! comp\nd+ ( ?is blea* %\ld be made ) ! greate/ accuracy4 ,inaccuracies or modifications 9 its composition are s]i\s1 because al?\gh ! solution does n lose 9 blea*+ p[]1 yet ! invisible tann+ action is !n (t5 n complet$ 9 ! desir$ mann]4 ,too great an addition ( hydro*loric acid = example1 accel]ates ! process ( blea*+1 b ! ink+-up ( pr9ts ?us blea*$ is frequ5tly difficult4 ,if ! blea*+ ( ! %ad[s ( ! bromide pr9ts goes on sl[ly1 ! reason z a rule lies 9 ! fact t ! pr9ts 7 ov]develop$ & h an excessively d5se silv] deposit4 ,! bromide pr9ts %\ld be imm]s$ 9 ?is blea*+ solution1 aft] previ\s soak+ 9 cold wat]4 ,if !y h be5 correctly made1 ! image rapidly gr[s weak] & aft] a few m9utes its greyi%-black color *anges into a pale citron yell[4 ,if ! bromide pr9t 0 develop$ too f>1 ! blea*+ takes r long]1 z ! %ad[s1 develop$ "r ?r\gh to ! base1 require a l5g?y p]iod = solution4 ,if sev]al pr9ts are to be blea*$ at once1 ! be/ proc$ure is to place "o pr9t 9 ! solution & turn x film side d[n :5 ! fir/ traces ( blea*+ are noticeable4 ,!n ! next pr9t %\ld be imm]s$ ) ! film up & by ?us proce$+ gradually x is possible to blea* a l>ge numb] ( %eets simultane\sly 9 ! "o di%4 ,cont9ual movem5t w prev5t ! =mation ( air bells4 ,if air bells adh]e to ! film1 !y protect ^? places f ! action ( ! blea* & d>k po9ts or spots ( un*ang$ metallic silv] rema91 ! subsequ5t blea*+ ( :i* naturally prolongs ! process4 ,! same applies to pr9ts :i* lie on top ( "o ano!r4 ,) too sl[ blea*+1 ! hydro*loric acid may be gradually increas$1 at ! mo/ to d\ble t prescrib$2 "o %\ld n ha/5 ! blea*+ process by w>m+ ! solution4 ,! blea*+ is rapidly effect$ 9 w>m solutions2 yet g5]ally ! film ( mod]ately h>d5$ pap]s is s alt]$ t !y swell up too mu* ev5 9 cold wat] & take ! ink badly or n at all4 ,! dilute blea*+ solution w keep & may be us$ repeat$ly z long z x acts2 :5 x becomes exhau/$1 ! sl[+ up ( ! blea*+ _c be ha/5$ by ! addition ( hydro*loric acid4 ,! *emical reactions 9 ! blea*+ ba? are1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,p4 ,r4 von ,s*rott1 z foll[s3 #b;,cu,br ,ag #b;,ag,br ,cu,br ,! cupr\s bromide1 ,cu,br1 :i* is =m$1 r$uces ! bi*romate z foll[s3 #c;,cu,br #f;,cr,o #c;,cu,br #c;,cu,cr,o ,cr,o4,cr,o ,x sometimes happ5s t bromide pr9ts1 9 spite ( long imm]sion 9 ! blea*+ solution1 app>5tly w n blea* & only *ange _! color to br[n4 ,! reason = ?is usually unimportant ph5om5on is1 z a rule1 t su* pr9ts h n be5 suffici5tly wa%$ & /ill conta9 hypo4 ,x may also happ5 t pr9ts :i* h la9 on top ( ea* o!r 9 wa%+ are badly wa%$ 9 p>ts2 !n ! image blea*es1 b ! film %[s d>k pat*es or /reaks at ^? places :i* /ill conta9 hypo4 ,su* app>5tly unblea*$ pr9ts %\ld be left = ab\t #aj m9utes 9 ! blea*+ solution2 ! di/urb+ coloration1 :e!r ( ! :ole picture or only ( p>ts1 disappe>s completely 9 ! subsequ5t ba?s1 ev5 :5 ! image _h app>5tly rema9$ at full /r5g?4 ,if su* a pr9t1 app>5tly n blea*$ or spotty1 is imm]s$ 9 ! sulphuric acid ba? m5tion$ bel[1 ! discoloration ( ! film is quickly remov$ by its action2 ! pr9t !n (t5 passes ?r\gh a phase 9 :i* x appe>s to be a negative1 ! second>y image becom+ visible on ! yell[ gr\nd1 & !n blea*es out completely4 ,) su* pr9ts x may also happ5 t x is only notic$ aft] removal ( ! /a9 t unblea*$ traces ( ! silv] image /ill rema94 ,!n ! blea*+ mu/ be repeat$4 ,if ! color ( ! bromide pr9t only *anges to br[n ev5 aft] protract$ imm]sion 9 ! blea*+ solution1 o!rwise reta9+ full gradation1 & rema9+ un*ang$ ev5 9 ! sulphuric acid ba?1 ?\gh x blea*es out 9 ! hypo1 ! pr9t _c be ink$4 ,! reason = ?is difficulty is improp] composition ( ! blea*+ solution1 or occasionally improp] developm5t & fixation ( ! bromide pr9t4 ,x may also be due to excessive use ( ! blea*+ solution2 #c to #d ccm 7#ej to #gj m9ims7 ( conc5trat$ blea*+ solution %\ld be all[$ = e #ac by #ah cm 7#e by #g7 pr9t4 ,obvi\sly all ^! processes may be c>ri$ out by diffus$ daylight4 ,! blea*$-out pr9ts %\ld be repeat$ly wa%$1 until ! dra9+s are q cle>1 & %\ld !n be imm]s$ 9 ! foll[+ ba?3 ,sulphuric acid1 pure #aj ccm #gg m94 ,wat] #ajjj ccm #af oz4 ,9 ?is ba? any rema9+ color disappe>s quickly & completely1 & pr9ts1 :i* h app>5tly :olly or p>tially resi/$ blea*+1 are also v rapidly decoloriz$ 9 ?is ba?4 ,any spots & /reaks also disappe>4 ,if1 h[ev]1 !re is any?+ left1 !n ! blea*+ 0 n complete1 & unr$uc$ metallic silv] rema9s 9 ! film4 ,aft] ! sulphuric acid ba? ! pr9ts %\ld %[ ! pure color ( ! pap] base2 ! film side ought to be h>dly diff]5t f ! back 9 color4 ,) pr9ts t h be5 ov]develop$1 a c]ta9 slight v>iation ( color rema9s 9 ! film1 :i*1 h[ev]1 9 no wise prejudices ! ink+-up4 ,if !re are /ill "s spots1 !y are usually due to a slight precipitate ly+ on ! surface ( ! film1 :i* c be easily swabb$ (f4 ,:5 ?is po9t ( colorlessness is rea*$1 & x usually requires only a few m9utes1 x is useless to leave ! pr9ts long] 9 ! acid ba?4 ,!y %\ld be wa%$ 9 repeat$ *anges ( wat] & imm]s$ 9 ! foll[+ fix+ ba?3 ,hypo #ajj g #a oz4 ,wat] #ajjj ccm #aj oz4 ,! use ( ?is fix+ ba? is ess5tial & is bas$ on ! foll[+ consid]ations4 ,dur+ ! blea*+ process a second>y silv] bromide image is =m$ 9 ! gelat9e film4 ,?is second>y image is n visible on :ite & yell[i% bromide pap]s1 because x is :iti%-grey4 ,if a blea*$ pr9t1 :i* has n be5 fix$1 is expos$ = a long "t to daylight a di/9ctly visible blue-grey image is =m$1 :i* naturally is tr\blesome 9 ! fur!r op]ations4 ,?is second>y image ( silv] bromide is completely remov$1 h[ev]1 by ! fix+ ba?4 ,! ord9>y acid fix+ ba?s c also be us$ )\t disadvantage = fix+4 ,if ! sulphuric acid is n suffici5tly wa%$ out1 decomposition ( ! fix+ ba? may ensue1 :i* w be made app>5t by ! unpleasant smell1 & :i* is prejudicial to ! action ( ! ba?4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 t ! pr9ts d n /ick to "o ano!r 9 ! fix+ ba? & t !y are ?or\ghly fix$ out1 z ! second>y bromide image t is n remov$ w make its appe>ance 9 insuffici5tly fix$ places & may cause d>k] pat*es4 ,wa%+ !n completes ! prelim9>y prep>ation ( ! pr9ts4 ,= ! sake ( complet5ess x %\ld be m5tion$ t ! pr9ts may be imm]s$ 9 ! blea*+ solution 9 ! d>kroom aft] ! fir/ developm5t1 & c be fix$ aft] ! solution ( ! silv] image4 ,?is %ort5$ process is1 h[ev]1 unc]ta9 & c n be recomm5d$4 ,,! ,,int]m$iate ,,dry+4--,aft] ! blea*+ process outl9$ 9 ! previ\s section ! pr9t mu/ be dri$ )\t fail4 ,:ile dry+ aft] ! developm5t & fixation ( ! bromide pr9t is advisable b n absolutely necess>y1 ! int]m$iate dry+ aft] blea*+ is ( ! greate/ importance4 ,x is possible t ! lat] op]ations may be successful 9 spite ( neglect ( ?is recomm5dation4 ,z a rule1 h[ev]1 v>i\s mi%aps occur :5 ! int]m$iate dry+ is omitt$4 ,9 _m cases ! ink c only be caus$ to adh]e ) difficulty1 9 o!rs1 n at all2 sometimes ! ink+ w proce$ up to a c]ta9 po9t & !n sudd5ly completely /op4 ,sometimes ! image appe>s z a negative1 t is to say1 ! ink is tak5 up by ! high lights & reject$ by ! %ad[s4 ,all ^! failures w be obviat$ by ! int]m$iate dry+ at ?is /age4 ,:e!r ?is int]m$iate dry+ takes place rapidly or sl[ly is practically immat]ial2 naturally x ought n to be s prolong$ t ! gelat9e suff]s4 ,! pr9ts ?us prep>$ c ei!r be aga9 soak$ 9 wat] & imm$iately work$ up1 or kept & treat$ at any "t4 ,x is v conv5i5t1 especially = an amateur1 to h a /ock ( su* ready prep>$ & dry pr9ts1 because he is !n 9 a position to "w :5 he f9ds "t & opportunity4 ,! pr9ts1 prep>$ & dri$ z has be5 describ$1 w keep indef9itely4 ,) correct treatm5t !re c be se5 on ! gelat9e film ( ! dry pr9t sc>cely a trace ( ! blea*$-out image2 only 9 ! v deepe/ %ad[s a slight coloration ( ! film1 t5d+ to grey1 c sometimes be notic$4 ,x is advisable1 !re=e1 to m>k ! pr9t on ! pap] side be=e blea*+1 z o!rwise x is subsequ5tly difficult to di/+ui% ?is4 ,be=e we g any fur!r1 ! :ole prelim9>y process is summ>iz$ once m3 ,developm5t1 ,fixation1 ,wa%+1 ,blea*+1 ,%ort wa%+1 ,sulphuric acid ba?1 ,%ort wa%+1 ,fixation1 ,wa%+1 ,int]m$iate dry+4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,ink+-,,up ,,! ,,production ,,( ,,! ,,diff]5tial ,,swell+4--,9 ! *apt] on ! blea*+ we fully expla9$ ! processes :i* take place 9 ! gelat9e film "u ! action ( ! blea*+ solution1 & t ! mo/ important result ( ! blea*+ process1 aside f ! disappe>ance ( ! silv] image1 is ! =mation ( diff]5t degrees ( swell+ correspond+ to ! prim>y image1 :i* 9 _! totality =m ! tann$ image produc$ 9 place ( ! photo*emical image by ! blea*+4 ,= ! success ( ! bromoil pr9t1 x is n[ ( ! utmo/ importance t ! diff]5t capabilities ( swell+1 n[ lat5t 9 ! gelat9e film1 %\ld be satisfactorily utiliz$4 ,x is obvi\sly possible to produce ?is swell+ 9 v diff]5t degrees4 ,! cold] ! wat] us$ = ! swell+1 ! small] ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! lights & %ad[s1 :ile ! w>m] ! wat] ! m ?is diff]5ce is acc5tuat$4 ,if1 = example1 a pr9t prep>$ = ! bromoil process is plac$ 9 cold wat] & all[$ to swell = "s m9utes1 ! exi/+ capacity = swell+ w only be excit$ to a slight degree4 ,! high lights ( ! invisible image only take up a little wat]1 & :5 dry are diff]5tiat$ f ! %ad[s "u oblique visual exam9ation by a v delicate gloss or n at all4 ,if ?is picture is n[ work$-up ) greasy ink1 a pr9t is obta9$ ) a %ort scale ( gradation1 & its tone values are usually less satisfactory ?an ^? ( ! orig9al bromide pr9t4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! pr9t is plac$ 9 v w>m wat]1 ! swell+ ( ! gelat9e rea*es a maximum4 ,! high lights are v mu* swoll51 ev5 ! half-tones are some:at rais$1 & ! %ad[s1 :i* d n absorb wat]1 appe> sunk54 ,! result ( ! swell+ 9 su* w>m wat] 9 ?is case is ! =mation ( a v pron\nc$ relief1 t is n only visible1 b is almo/ p]ceptible to ! t\*4 ,if su* a picture is ink$ up1 a bromoil pr9t is obta9$1 ! contra/s ( :i* are mu* /rong] ?an ^? ( ! orig9al bromide pr9t4 ,betwe5 ^! two extremes !re is obvi\sly a :ole s]ies ( int]m$iate /ages1 ! suitable employm5t ( :i* p]mits ( ! mo/ v>i$ gradations4 ,z already m5tion$1 ! capacity = swell+ ( ! diff]5t makes ( bromide pap]s is n ! same 9 ba?s ( ! same temp]ature4 ,?is fact1 h[ev]1 argues nei!r = nor aga9/ ! usefulness ( ! v>i\s bromide pap]s4 ,x makes necess>y1 to be sure1 a c]ta9 c>e 9 ! use ( a pap]1 ! qualities ( :i* are unkn[n4 ,if "o has to deal ) su* a pap]1 ! prep>$ pr9t %\ld fir/ be soak$ 9 q cold wat]2 x %\ld !n be remov$ f ! wat]1 plac$ on a support1 dri$ 9 ! mann] to be lat] describ$1 & exam9$ by oblique illum9ation z to :e!r ! high lights %[ by a slight gloss t !y h absorb$ wat]4 ,?is w be ! case if ! image %[s well swoll5 high lights2 if !y are n pres5t1 x w h>dly be possible to f9d di/9ctly glossy places4 ,9 any case "o may beg9 ) ! ink+-up1 prep>$1 z w be expla9$ lat]1 to increase ! swell+ if necess>y dur+ ! ink+-up by imm]sion 9 w>m wat]4 ,if on ! o!r h&1 ! pr9t1 :5 tak5 f ! cold wat]1 di/9ctly %[s places :]e diff]5ces ( swell+ are %[n by a gloss or ev5 a delicate relief 9 ! film1 ! "w may be proce$$ )1 )\t fur!r tr\ble4 ,"u any circum/ance "o %\ld be c>eful at fir/ 9 ! production ( ! diff]5tial swell+4 ,!re %\ld r be no relief ?an too pron\nc$ a "o2 = diff]5ces ( swell+ t are too small c be easily & satisfactorily increas$ dur+ ! "w2 on ! o!r h& x is sc>cely possible aga9 to r$uce too /rong a relief4 ,:ile le>n+1 or :5 us+ an unfamili> br& ( pap]1 x is !re=e advisable to all[ ! %eet to swell fir/ 9 cold wat] & to c>efully beg9 ! ink+-up4 ,only if ?is is n satisfactory1 %\ld a w>m] ba? be us$ & ! ink+ aga9 tri$4 ,?is me?od is1 h[ev]1 dealt ) m fully 9 ! section ( ,*apt] ,,iii1 entitl$ 8,diff]5t ,me?ods ( ,work+0 7page #he74 ,,! ,,prop]ties ,,( ,,! ,,relief ,,& ,,its ,,influ5ce ,,on ,,! ,,"* ,,( ,,! ,,picture4--,9 ord] t ! foll[+ explanations may be und]/ood1 an important prop]ty ( ! prep>$ & dri$ gelat9e film mu/ be m5tion$4 ,! film ( ! prep>$ pr9t1 9 :i* ! diff]5ces ( swell+ necess>y = ! =mation ( ! bromoil pr9t are lat5t1 develops v>iations ( relief :5 x is plac$ 9 wat]4 ,!n ! untann$ high lights absorb wat]1 z already describ$1 :ile ! h>d5$ %ad[s d n absorb x4 ,! result ( ?is process is ! =mation ( ^? swell+s1 :i*1 :5 !y h atta9$ a c]ta9 degree1 are *>act]iz$ by ! =mation ( a relief4 ,a def9ite degree ( swell+ corresponds to a def9ite temp]ature ( wat]4 ,?is swell+ disappe>s aga9 if ! film is dri$4 ,! gelat9e has1 h[ev]1 acquir$ ! prop]ty ( aga9 atta9+ ! same degree ( swell+ :5 imm]s$ 9 wat] at any "t aft] dry+1 ev5 if ! temp]ature ( ?is wat] be a good deal l[]4 ,a pr9t1 = example1 on :i* a c]ta9 relief has be5 produc$ 9 wat] at #ce ,c4 7#ie ,f47 & :i* has giv5 up ?is wat] aga9 because ( dry+1 aga9 atta9s ! same relief if imm]s$ 9 ord9>y tap wat] at #aj ,c4 7#ej ,f474 ,if1 h[ev]1 ?is pr9t aft] dry+ is imm]s$ 9 wat] at #dj ,c4 7#ajd ,f471 t is 9 hott] wat] ?an t fir/ us$1 a /ill high] relief is obta9$1 & aga9 9 a simil> mann]1 aft] dry+1 x w atta9 ?is high] relief :5 imm]s$ 9 wat] at any l[] temp]ature4 ,! degree ( swell+ t is once atta9$ c1 !re=e1 s f> z ! resi/ance ( ! gelat9e film w p]mit1 be increas$1 b x _c be r$uc$1 if ! pr9t z a :ole is n subject$ to a tann+1 z ) =maldehyde1 a process t is n easily controllable4 ,?is peculi>ity ( gelat9e makes x necess>y to g to "w c>efully 9 ! =mation ( ! relief1 s z n to c>ry ! latt] too f>4 ,if ! "w is begun on a too l[ relief ?is c be easily increas$ to ! necess>y height1 z w be %[n lat]1 absolutely )\t any reg>d to any ink+ up t may h be5 done4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! =mation ( ! relief has once be5 c>ri$ too f>1 z a rule ! pr9t c n be us$1 al?\gh r$uction ( ! excessive swell+ by a tann+ ag5t may be attempt$4 ,! prop]ty ( ! gelat9e film1 j describ$1 (f]s a fur!r conv5i5ce = ! bromoil work]2 = he c br+ ! blea*$ & dri$ pr9t to ! necess>y degree ( relief 9 wat] ( suitable temp]ature1 &1 if he does n wi% to "w x up at once1 x c be dri$ & laid aside until ne$$4 ,9 work+-up su* pr9ts he is !n1 z a rule1 reliev$ ( ! necessity ( obta9+ w>m wat]4 ,! "q h[ f> ! swell+ ( ! film has to g or 9 o!r words :at k9d ( a relief %\ld exi/1 if any1 9 ord] to obta9 a h>moni\sly graduat$ bromoil pr9t1 is extremely difficult to answ]4 ,a few practical trials quickly give ! ability to judge ?is correctly4 ,if a well-modulat$ negative is us$1 "o 9 :i* ! diff]5ces ( gradation betwe5 ! high lights & ! %ad[s are n too great1 ! swoll5 gelat9e film aft] dry+ %\ld %[ a v delicate b /ill noticeable relief2 yet ! high lights ( ! pr9t %\ld sc>cely be rais$ above ! %ad[s1 & %\ld n %[ too m>k$ a gloss4 ,! visibility ( ! relief is ess5tially det]m9$ by ! "* ( ! pr9t4 ,! m contra/y ! bromide pr9t 01 ! m easily are ! diff]5t degrees ( swell+ made app>5t by ! =mation ( a visible relief4 ,a picture ) %>p outl9es & great contra/s1 su* z an ar*itectural /udy1 easily gives a di/9ct relief visible 9 all its details4 ,pictures ) s(t] gradation1 z1 = in/ance1 delicate portraits1 behave diff]5tly4 ,"o c n expect a /rik+ relief 9 su* pr9ts4 ,if ?is %\ld be =c$ by w>m+ ! wat]1 ! bromoil pr9t may easily atta9 an undesirable h>%ness4 ,) portraits1 "o %\ld !re=e be satisfi$ :5 ! outl9e ( ! pr(ile aga9/ ! backgr\nd1 ! cont\rs ( ! eyes & ! m\?1 are rais$ to a b>ely visible ext5t f ! gelat9e base4 ,at ! same "t v d5se p>ts1 l a :ite coll>1 a lady's light dress1 lace1 etc41 may %[ a v di/9ct relief1 ev5 :5 ! %>p] l9es ( ! face sc>cely /& out 9 relief4 ,yet ev5 9 su* cases ! features c be recogniz$ by ! diff]5t gloss ( ! high lights & %ad[s "u oblique obs]vation4 ,naturally "s att5tion mu/ be paid "h to ! p>ticul> views ( ! op]ator4 ,if /rong contra/s are desir$1 great] diff]5ces ( swell+ mu/ be us$2 if1 on ! o!r h&1 s(tly modulat$ effects are s\ght1 di/9ct relief mu/ be avoid$4 ,9 any case x is advisable n to atta9 ?is at once1 b to get x z ne$$ dur+ ! work+-up by ! use ( wat] gradually increas+ 9 temp]ature4 ,x mu/ be laid d[n z an axiom t ! effici5cy ( a relief %\ld nev] be judg$ by ! eye alone1 b %\ld always be c>efully te/$ out by ink+-up ) ! bru%4 ,! degree ( swell+ is correctly e/imat$ at ! fir/ attempt :51 9 ink+-up1 ! picture appe>s q cle>ly aft] a little hopp+1 & ?is may happ5 if ! "* ( ! image is "r1 ev5 ?\gh no relief c\ld be se54 ,! /rong] ! relief =m$ by w>m+ ! wat]1 ! m contra/y ! bromoil pr9t w be4 ,nev]!less !re is a c]ta9 limit :i* %\ld n be ov]/epp$4 ,if ! pr9t is w>m$ 9 ! wat] ba? s mu* t an excessive relief1 :i* c almo/ be felt ) ! f+]1 is =m$1 9 :i* deeply cut l9es alt]nate ) highly glaz$ places 9 relief1 !n ! high lights are s saturat$ ) wat] t "u no circum/ances w !y take ink2 ev5 ! s(te/ inks w n adh]e to !m4 ,?us we obta9 h>% highlights )\t details1 :ile ! deeply sunk5 %ad[s lit]ally fill up ) ink & become sooty4 ,if ! =mation ( ! relief has be5 driv5 s f>1 x is n advisable to treat ! pr9t ) ink4 ,! =c+ ( ! relief to ! extreme possible limit is only ju/ifi$ :5 work+ ) a flat negative1 9 ord] to obta9 z ri* a gradation z possible f a flat pr9t4 ,also1 ?is %\ld n be done all at once be=e ! comm5cem5t ( ! ink+-up1 b effect$ gradually dur+ ! "w4 ,work+ 9 ?is way1 extraord9>ily successful results c be obta9$ & ! contra/ ( ! bromoil pr9t c be made f> m ri* ?an t ( ! orig9al bromide pr9t4 ,! limit lies only 9 ! resi/+ p[] ( ! gelat9e film & ! flatt] ! bromide pr9t 0 ! soon] ?is is rea*$4 ,! upp] limit ( temp]ature p]missible = ! wat] c h>dly be def9$2 x dep5ds entirely on ! h>dness ( ! gelat9e film4 ,x may happ5 t x is necess>y gradually to g almo/ to ! boil+ po9t4 ,films t are h>d5$ "r ?r\gh w )/& ev5 boil+ wat] )\t =m+ a relief4 ,if1 9 w>m+ ! pr9t1 ! melt+ po9t ( ! gelat9e is approa*$1 ^? p>ts :i* are b slightly tann$1 su* z ! high lights1 & especially any unexpos$ edges1 beg9 to %[ a granul> /ructure1 & f9ally1 :5 ! heat+ is c>ri$ fur!r1 to melt4 ,9 ! developm5t ( ! relief great c>e %\ld be tak5 t no "p ( ! pr9t rema9s dry1 &1 if ! film is plac$ face d[n1 air bubbles %\ld be avoid$4 ,if ! pr9t is plac$ face up 9 ! di%1 no "p ( x %\ld project above ! wat]1 z x w !n n absorb en\gh wat]2 if ! swell+ has already tak5 place & a "p ( ! film projects above ! wat] 7& ?is frequ5tly happ5s1 z ! pr9t1 :i* at fir/ lies on ! bottom ( ! di%1 aft] "s "t rises to ! surface71 ! relief ( ! expos$ p>ts goes d[n aft] "s "t1 s9ce ! wat] evaporates f !m into ! air4 ,su* insuffici5tly swoll5 p>ts1 or ^? :i* h dri$ out1 behave exactly z ?\gh !y _h be5 tann$ m ?an ! o!r p>ts ( ! surface4 ,!y h be5 able to absorb little or no wat]1 or h lo/ ! absorb$ wat] by evaporation4 ,!y !re=e take ! ink1 l ! tann$ %ad[s1 f> m readily ?an !y w\ld if !y _h reta9$ ! "r am\nt ( wat]1 & f> m ink adh]es to !m ?an %\ld be ! case & ?an adh]es to ! correctly swoll5 p>ts ( ! film4 ,?us pat*es ( diff]5t =m & size are =m$ at ^! places by ! /rong] adh]5ce ( ! ink4 ,yet by r5ew$ soak+ ( ! pr9t 9 ! wat] ^! neglect$ places may be easily br\ght anew to ! correct degree ( swell+1 & z f> z conc]ns small spots caus$ by air bells1 c be easily correct$4 ,if l>g] pat*es ( ! film are insuffici5tly swoll51 aft] ! application ( ! ink !y are usually mu* d>k] ?an ! re/ ( ! surface1 & 9 su* cases x is n always easy to obta9 aga9 ! necess>y ev5ness ( ! ink2 x is !n (t5 necess>y to ink up ! :ole pr9t mu* m /rongly ?an 0 orig9ally plann$1 or to remove ! :ole film ( ink4 ,besides ! w>m wat] ba? !re is also ano!r means at our comm& to produce ! diff]5ces ( swell+4 ,?is is ! use ( ammonia4 ,a4 ,l4 ,lumire & ,seyewetz1 9 a treatise publi%$ 9 #aiac1 on ! resi/ance ( gelat9e to alkalis1 f\nd t cold solutions ( ammonia did n attack gelat9e b caus$ x to swell m4 ,if a blea*$ pr9t is imm]s$ 9 an aque\s "o p] c5t solution ( ammonia1 ! film atta9s 9 a v %ort "t ! highe/ degree ( swell+ ( :i* x is capable1 )\t ! gelat9e 9 ! high lights be+ s(t5$ or damag$4 ,! e/imation ( ! height ( ! relief1 :i* is s important = ! successful c>ry+ out ( ! ink+1 is sc>cely possible ) ! ammonia ba?1 z x is extremely difficult to gauge its action4 ,!re=e1 x %\ld only be us$ 9 ^? cases 9 :i* ! highe/ swell+ is absolutely necess>y1 z = in/ance1 :5 us+ pap]s :i* h be5 /rongly h>d5$ 9 ! manufacture1 or ) pr9ts ) v poor contra/s4 ,a fur!r application is ) ! transf] process1 9 :i* on ! "o h& x p]mits ( ! use ( v s(t inks & on ! o!r h& enables "o to keep ! gelat9e v resi/ant4 ,full details on ! transf] ( bromoil pr9ts w be f\nd 9 a lat] *apt]4 ,9 v extreme cases1 "o may try to comb9e ! action ( ! w>m wat] & ! ammonia ba?1 & use a w>m ammonia ba?4 ,! to #c p] c5t solution ( sodium c>bonate recomm5d$ by ,e4 ,guttmann acts ev5 m en]getically ?an ! ammonia solution4 ,z is obvi\s f ! =ego+ rem>ks1 x w be z well to "w usually ) wat] ba?s & leave ! ammonia ba? = a la/ res\rce1 ! m s z 9 ! swell+ ( pr9ts 9 ?is ba? c]ta9 tr\blesome ph5om5a may appe>1 :i* d n occur :5 us+ ! wat] ba?s4 ,sometimes ! blea*$ image reappe>s 9 ! ammonia ba? 9 a br[n color2 sometimes small :ite spots appe> on ! pr9ts :i* w n take ! ink & :i*1 z c be det]m9$ by exam9+ !m by transmitt$ light1 also exi/ 9 ! sub/ance ( ! pap]2 f9ally ! gelat9e film sometimes swells all ov]1 s t ! ink is n tak5 up any:]e4 ,pr9ts :i* are failures 9 consequ5ce ( ! use ( ! ammonia ba?1 %\ld be dri$ & c be aga9 treat$ 9 a w>m wat] ba?4 ,,! ,,ut5sils4--,= ! application ( ! ink ! foll[+ are requir$3 ,bru%es4--,a be/ quality oil-pr9t+ bru% ) v ela/ic hairs cut on ! slant1 ! s-call$ /ag's-foot bru%1 %\ld be us$4 ,to apply ! ink1 a bru% %\ld be us$ ) a work+ surface ( f #a to #b cm 7 to #a 947 diamet]2 by diamet] is meant ! l5g? ( ! long] axis ( ! elliptical surface produc$ by ! slant+ cut ( ! bru%4 ,= work+-up v small surfaces or = plac+ acc5ts ( color1 a bru% ( ab\t cm 7 947 measurem5t %\ld be us$4 ,9 c]ta9 cases /ill small] bru%es may be useful4 ,su* bru%es are only us$ = work+ up details2 !y are only aids = special "w4 ,= ! application ( ! ink g5]ally1 only ! l>g] bru%es %\ld be us$4 ,x is f> m difficult to apply ! ink ev5ly ) small bru%es ?an ) ! l>g] ones1 s t _! use may cause ne$less disc\ragem5t4 ,! application ( ! ink is effect$ by plac+ ! :ole work+ surface ( ! bru% *>g$ ) ink on ! pr9t1 & !n sl[ly lift+ x up2 ?is results 9 a deposition ( ink correspond+ to ! work+ surface ( ! bru% us$4 ,! small] ! bru% ! m (t5 x mu/ be appli$1 & !re=e1 ! great] ! probability ( irregul> ink+1 especially 9 ^? p>ts :]e ! bru% m>ks ov]lap4 ,also small bru%es are h&l$ less conv5i5tly ?an l>g] ones & sme> easily4 ,! fir/ ?+ to d 9 ink+ a bromoil is to obta9 a good1 ev51 ?9 film ov] ! :ole surface1 to get a g5]al impression ( ! :ole effect4 ,only !n is "o 9 a position to judge h[ ! tone values %\ld be v>i$4 ,! use ( too small a bru% unduly protracts ?is fir/ op]ation & makes x difficult4 ,! bru%es %\ld be ela/ic b n too s(t4 ,too s(t bru%es sme>1 t is to say1 !y deposit ! ink 9 a ?ick] lay] at _! edges ?an 9 ! middle & produce elliptical r+s ( ink1 :i* mu/ always be ev5$ out by hopp+4 ,9 det]m9+ ! size ( ! bru%1 ! size ( ! bromoil pr9t mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,g5]ally x is easi] to "w ) bru%es ( f #a to #b cm 7 to #a 947 9 diamet]4 ,= l>ge sizes up to #cj #dj cm 7#ab #af 947 bru%es ( ev5 #d or #e cm 7#a or #b 947 may be us$4 ,su* bru%es are n *eap1 b are practically inde/ructible1 if !y are prop]ly clean$ e "t aft] use4 ,! bru%es are sold 9 tubul> pap] cases2 ^! latt] %\ld be pres]v$ & ! bru%es1 aft] clean+1 put back into !m1 s t !y are cov]$ & ! hairs d n get ruffl$4 ,9 ord] to pres]ve ! bru%es & keep !m 9 good work+ ord]1 !y mu/ be clean$ z soon z ! "w is f9i%$1 o!rwise ! ink left 9 !m sets & makes ! hairs brittle4 ,bru%es ( long sw9e bri/les ) cut ends may also be us$2 ) ^! especially1 clean pr9ts are quickly atta9$4 ,!y are sup]ior to hair bru%es ( poor grade4 ,! clean+ ( ! bru%es is be/ effect$ z foll[s3 ,p\r into a deep di% a readily volatile fat solv5t1 su* z b5zol1 tri*lore?yl5e1 c>bon tetra*loride 7c>bona71 etc42 b n turp5t9e1 = if ?is be us$ ! bru%es _c be us$ sometimes = days4 ,dip ! bru% into ! liquid & press out ! solv5t on ! edges ( ! di%1 & /roke ! bru% vigor\sly on a piece ( l9tless l951 :i* %\ld be us$ = ?is purpose only4 ,! solv5t c be us$1 ignor+ ! opacity :i* x soon assumes1 z long z x w dissolve ! ink4 ,only ! hairs ( ! bru% %\ld be dipp$ 9 ! solv5t1 b n ! b9d+1 z 9 "s cases ! cem5t ) :i* !y are fa/5$ may be attack$4 ,! ,inks4--,!oretically1 any ink prep>$ ) a fatty m$ium is suitable = bromoil pr9t+4 ,9 ord] to give satisfactory results1 ! inks mu/ satisfy two conditions3 !y mu/ h ! correct consi/5cy & _! m$ium mu/ be soluble 9 b5zol4 ,z reg>ds ! consi/5cy ( ! ink x %\ld be not$ t ! prep>$ film 9 its swoll5 condition1 t is :5 ! lights are saturat$ ) wat]1 absolutely repels greasy inks only :5 ?is swell+ atta9s ! highe/ possible degree2 a case :i* "o seldom ne$s & :i* w usually h to be avoid$4 ,if ?is swell+ is n c>ri$ to ! limit1 ! high lights1 9 spite ( ! wat] !y hold1 w take up ! greasy ink1 yet usually only :5 ! ink is v s(t4 ,! swoll5 high lights ?us repel ink ( ?ick] consi/5cy1 :ile !y take ! s(t] inks m easily 9 proportion z !y become ?9n]4 ,t ! tann$ %ad[s also take h>d ink is natural1 = !y d n conta91 or conta9 only to a v small ext5t1 ! wat] :i* repels ! ink4 ,f ^! consid]ations x foll[s t 9 _m cases satisfactory results _c be obta9$ by us+ ink ( only "o consi/5cy4 ,! h>d or heavy ink %\ld h ab\t ! consi/5cy ( table butt]1 & x %\ld be possible to spread x into an ev5 smoo? film on a glass plate ) light pressure4 ,! s(t or light ink %\ld h ab\t ! ?ickness ( honey & %\ld spread "u ! knife )\t noticeable pressure4 ,collotype or copp]-plate pr9t+ inks ( v>i\s makes are frequ5tly usable4 ,z a rule1 h[ev]1 !y mu/ be te/$ z to _! usefulness = our process2 _! consi/5cy is frequ5tly too h>d1 & sometimes !y are n tak5 up by ! film or _c be di/ribut$ well1 ev5 :5 !y are consid]able dilut$ ) l9se$ oil v>ni%1 9 spite ( an app>5tly correct consi/5cy4 ,! nature ( ! ink is n only influ5c$ by ! greasy sub/ance us$ z a m$ium1 b also by ! mat]ial ( ! color+ matt] itself4 ,?is is :y _m inks1 9 spite ( _! app>5t s(tness1 "w t5aci\sly or 8%ort10 :ile sometimes inks ( h>d consi/5cy sme>4 ,if occasionally ! dilution ( an ink ( too h>d consi/5cy appe>s necess>y1 ?is is be/ effect$ ) l9se$ oil v>ni%1 :i*1 h[ev]1 %\ld n conta9 any dri]s4 ,if ! "w has be5 begun ) a /iff ink ( a c]ta9 %ade & x is desir$ to reta9 ?is tone to ! end1 x is advisable n to use a ?9 ink = dilution1 b to ?9 d[n ! /iff ink ) v>ni%4 ,inks ( too h>d nature are n practicable4 ,su* 7 necess>y 9 ! oil-pr9t+ process4 ,9 ! bromoil process1 :i* is mu* less s5sitive to ! consi/5cy ( ! ink1 _! use m]ely means a ne$less loss ( "t4 ,an ink ( correct consi/5cy is easily tak5 up & produces quick draw+ )\t sme>+1 :ile too h>d inks are difficult to apply & soon refuse to take if !y are n dilut$4 ,x is extremely simple & advantage\s to prep>e ! inks oneself1 z outl9$ by ,e4 ,guttmann 9 ,*apt] ,,viii1 p4 #agg4 ,! process recomm5d$ by him is to place ! p[d]$ colors on a matt glass plate & rub up ) v>ni% by means ( a mull] or pe/le4 ,?is proc$ure is consid]ably facilitat$1 if1 accord+ to my sugge/ion1 a few drops ( a readily volatile oil-solv5t be add$4 ,! ink is ?us imm$iately liquefi$ & c be quickly & p]fectly rubb$ up4 ,! solv5t evaporates dur+ ! gr9d+1 :i* is mu* easi] ?an 9 ! old way1 & ! ink aga9 acquires ! desir$ "* )\t suff]+ 9 any way4 ,z a palette = ! ink ! be/ ?+ is a piece ( wax$ or p>*m5t pap]1 fa/5$ on a :ite support1 su* z a c>d4 ,su* a palette has ! advantage t aft] use x c be disc>d$ )\t clean+4 ,moreov] ! color value ( ! ink c be fairly easily det]m9$ on x4 ,if necess>y old negatives1 or o!r glass1 may be us$ z a palette1 & _! use also makes clean+ unnecess>y1 :i* is an unpleasant & messy job4 ,a small quantity ( ink %\ld be tak5 & di/ribut$ z ?9ly & ev5ly z possible on ! palette4 ,a ?ick lay] is n conv5i5t1 z !n ! bru% takes up too mu* ink & too mu* is deposit$ at a "t on ! bromoil pr9t4 ,! film ( ink %\ld %[ z smoo? & uni=m a surface z possible2 ?ick] ridges %\ld be avoid$1 because ! bru% is ?us m /rongly ink$ 9 spots & !re=e transf]s ! ink unev5ly to ! pr9t4 ,! di/ribut$ ink %\ld be p]fectly homog5e\s & flexible4 ,a ?9 lay] ( ink sets to a sk9 on its surface aft] a %ort "t & !n _c be us$4 ,?is sett+ also takes place 9 ! body ( ! ink & becomes evid5t by ! =mation ( a delicate sk9 or h>d crumbly p>ticles on ! surface ( ! ink4 ,^! mu/ always be remov$2 su* h>d5$ inks c only ) difficulty be di/ribut$ on ! palette4 ,f9ally x %\ld be m5tion$ t h>d inks may be slightly s(t5$ by w>m+4 ,,! ,,support4--,a /\t glass plate or draw+ bo>d %\ld be us$ z a support1 & incl9$ at an angle ( ab\t #cj degrees by propp+ up at ! top2 a damp & ela/ic pad mu/ be plac$ on ! glass or bo>d4 ,?is pad is n = ! purpose ( keep+ ! pr9t damp dur+ ! work+-up1 z is usually /at$2 on ! "o h& ?is is sup]flu\s 9 view ( ! possibility ( repeat$ soak+1 :i* is to be describ$ lat]1 & on ! o!r h& x w\ld n produce ! desir$ result4 ,x is errone\s to suppose t ! wat] :i* passes f ! damp support to ! pap] side c equalize ! loss ( wat] :i* ! film suff]s by evaporation f its surface4 ,! pad %\ld1 !re=e1 only be s damp t ! bromoil pr9t adh]es firmly to x1 :5 "u ! bru%4 ,! pad %\ld absorb & hold moi/ure2 b ?is %\ld n be imp>t$ to ! bru% :5 x t\*es ! pad 9 work+-up ! edges1 o!rwise wat] w be c>ri$ on to ! pr9t & cause spots4 ,= ?is reason damp blott+ pap] or filt] pap]s %\ld be absolutely reject$ = ! pad4 ,if su* pap]s are us$ = ! damp pad1 ! bru%1 :i* 9 work+ ! edges mu/ inevitably t\* !m1 w n only take up wat] b also ! pap] fib]s &1 transf]r+ !m to ! pr9t1 cause tr\ble4 ,moreov]1 %eets ( pap] 9 a damp /ate are difficult to lay smoo? & are sc>cely usable4 ,! be/ mat]ial = ! pad is ! copy+ %eets us$ = copy+ books1 :i* consi/ ( two lay]s ( l95 ) an int]m$iate film ( rubb]4 ,su* %eets h ! advantage t :5 damp !y always rema9 flat & smoo?4 ,a damp piece ( l951 d\bl$ & smoo!d out1 is also simple & c]ta94 ,! pad mu/ lie absolutely flat1 because any ridges become mo/ unpleasantly visible 9 ink+-up1 p>ticul>ly ) ?9 pap]s1 z ! bru% always slips f ! highe/ p>ts ( ! ridges & causes inequalities 9 ! pr9t4 ,,removal ,,( ,,! ,,wat] ,,f ,,! ,,surface ,,( ,,! ,,pr9t4--,aft] ! prep>$ pr9t is remov$ f ! wat] & laid on ! pad1 ! wat] adh]5t to its surface mu/ be remov$4 ,?is is be/ effect$ 9 ! foll[+ way3 ,take a l>ge1 absorb5t1 l9tless clo?1 spread x smoo?ly ov] ! pr9t1 & press x g5tly ) ! flat ( ! h&4 ,by repeat+ ?is1 ! wat] is easily remov$ )\t endang]+ ! film2 :e!r ! dry+ is complete c be judg$ by exam9+ x obliquely4 ,! fre$om ( ! clo?1 us$ = dry+ ! pr9t1 f fluff & l9t is ( great importance4 ,if ! clo? gives up fib]s to ! surface ( ! pr9t1 ^! _c be se5 at fir/4 ,9 ink+-up1 innum]able m9ute d>k spots & l9es appe> on ! film1 z ! deposit$ fib]s take ! ink v /rongly & ?us sudd5ly become visible4 ,x is frequ5tly errone\sly assum$ t su* tr\blesome defects come f ! bru%4 ,?is is seldom ! case2 on close exam9ation ^! fib]s w be se5 to be p>ticles ( ! textile mat]ial4 ,:5 possible1 l95 t has be5 frequ5tly wa%$ %\ld be us$ = ! dry+4 ,:5 ! wat] is to be remov$ f a pr9t t has already be5 ink$ & aga9 soak$1 c>e %\ld be tak5 t ! clo? is fre$ f any folds by damp+ & subsequ5t dry+1 = su* folds c1 :5 press$ on ! pr9t1 damage ! film ( ink4 ,al?\gh ?is is n ( mat]ial importance1 z su* faults c be easily ev5$ out by hopp+1 yet ^! small precautions avoid unnecess>y tr\ble4 ,sidewise or wip+ movem5ts ( ! clo? %\ld be c>efully avoid$1 especially if ! pr9t has already be5 ink$1 because ! ink is unnecess>ily sme>$ by ! wip+4 ,aft] removal ( ! clo? "o %\ld make sure by exam9+ ! pr9t obliquely t ! wat] has be5 completely remov$ f ! surface4 ,x is advisable to keep sev]al clo?s ready = dry+ (f ! film1 = ?is w h to be done fairly frequ5tly dur+ ! "w4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 to remove mo/ c>efully e trace ( wat]2 wat] :i* is pick$ up by ! bru% causes spots1 = ! drops ( wat] 9 ! bru% keep ! ink away f ! po9ts ( contact4 ,9 su* cases x w be se5 t :ite spots make _! appe>ance 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! pr9t1 cont9u\sly %ift+ _! position dur+ ! "w4 ,by p]fect dry+ (f1 ^! ph5om5a1 :i* are 9 any case n necess>ily important z reg>ds ! f9al result1 c be avoid$4 ,9 dry+ (f a pr9t already ink$-up1 ! clo? w z a rule remove "s ink f ! surface2 su* clo?s %\ld n be us$ aga9 until !y h be5 wa%$1 because !y may transf] ink to a place :]e x is n want$4 ,,! ,,bru% ,,"w4--,! prep>$ pr9t1 ly+ flat on ! pad1 & ) its surface fre$ f adh]5t wat]1 %\ld n[ be ink$ up4 ,be=e beg9n+ ! application ( ! ink a little /iff ink1 at lea/ z l>ge z ! work+ surface ( ! bru%1 %\ld be plac$ 9 a corn] ( ! palette4 ,?is %\ld be spread out flat1 ?9 & free f ridges2 !n ! knife %\ld be wip$ & a little s(t ink spread 9 ano!r place4 ,! bru% %\ld n[ be press$ d[n on ! h>d ink already di/ribut$ on ! glass plate1 & ! ink dabb$ v c>efully f ! bru% on a clean place ( ! palette4 ,"o %\ld nev] g ) ! bru% direct f ! ink itself to ! pr9t1 z ?is w =m a spot :i* x is difficult to "w out4 ,x is ( ! greate/ importance always to "w ) a bru% t has be5 well dabb$ out & 9 :i* ! ink is ev5ly di/ribut$4 ,if ! bru% has n be5 suffici5tly dabb$ out x leaves on ! pr9t a quantity ( small1 mu* d>k] & usually l9e> p>ticles ( ink1 :i* _c be di/ribut$ or are only removable ) difficulty4 ,su* spots mu/ !n z a rule be remov$ by ! me?od describ$ on page #gb4 ,! :ole bru% te*nique is bas$ on ! foll[+ pr9ciple3 if ! bru% *>g$ ) ink is plac$ on ! pr9t & all[$ to rema9 !re = a mom5t1 & !n sl[ly lift$ up1 ! ink rema9s on ! image4 ,if x is set d[n %>ply & quickly lift$ 7! s-call$ 8hopp+071 x removes ink4 ,9 ! fir/ ink+-up ( a pr9t1 ! swell+ ( :i* has be5 correctly c>ri$ out1 ! application ( ! ink may be effect$ by a g5tle dabb+4 ,a v ?9 film ( ink is ?us produc$ & almo/ simultane\sly correctly di/ribut$4 ,! bru% %\ld always be held by ! extreme end betwe5 two f+]s1 nev] by ! middle or ne> ! hairs4 ,! m lightly & m delicately ! bru% is manag$ ! bett] x works4 ,x is be/ to beg9 ! "w at "s *>act]i/ic place ( ! picture1 :i* is well kn[n to ! work]2 ! ink %\ld fir/ be spread z delicately & ev5ly z possible on a small spot1 avoid+1 z f> z possible1 go+ ov] ! same place twice ) fre% ink4 ,:5 ! place select$ has be5 cov]$ ) a light film ( ink1 ! surface %\ld be hopp$ ov] ) light movem5ts1 :51 ) correct prep>ation ( ! pr9t1 ! outl9es w soon appe>4 ,a bromoil pr9t correctly prep>$1 & ) swell+ suitable to ! ink us$1 is easily recognizable by ! fact t ! image appe>s delicately b di/9ctly "u ! v fir/ /rokes ( ! bru%4 ,if ?is does n happ5 ev5 aft] "s "t1 ei!r ! degree ( swell+ ( ! pr9t is too l[ or !re is "s fault 9 ! prep>ation ( ! pr9t1 su* z1 = in/ance1 unsuitable pap]1 a poor bromide pr9t1 errors 9 blea*+1 etc4 ,! long] ! hopp+ cont9ues1 ! m di/9ct ! details %\ld become4 ,!n ! application ( ! ink %\ld be cont9u$ 9 places adjac5t to ^? already work$ up1 until f9ally ! :ole surface ( ! pr9t has be5 ev5ly gone ov] ) ink & ! image is visible 9 all its details1 al?\gh /ill v ?9 & delicate4 ,x is advisable to use a r\gh pr9t f ! negative z a guide4 ,beg9n]s usually make ! mi/ake ( jump+ f "o spot to ano!r )\t fill+ up ! int]v5+ p>ts4 ,?is makes ! "w m difficult4 ,ink+ up %\ld be c>ri$ out cont9u\sly by pass+ f ^? places already work$ on to ^? n ink$ up4 ,if x is notic$ t ! places :i* 7 fir/ ink$ up appe> too pale comp>$ to _! surr\nd+s1 s9ce !y h /ill too little ink1 !y %\ld be ink$ up m /rongly4 ,too d>k spots %\ld be ev5$ out ) ! bru% by remov+ ! excess ( ink & deposit+ x on ! less ink$ p>ts4 ,! am\nt ( ink us$ on ! pr9t is v small2 t :i* is fir/ tak5 up by ! bru% la/s = a long "t4 ,x is n necess>y to h frequ5t rec\rse to ! ink spread on ! palette by ! knife1 b is mu* bett] to take up1 z long z possible1 fre% ink f ! spot on ! palette on :i* ! bru% 0 dabb$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 h[ev]1 e application ( ! bru% to ! pr9t %\ld actually deposit "s ink on ! pr9t4 ,if ^? p>ts t\*$ by ! bru% d n increase 9 int5sity1 x mu/ be det]m9$ :e!r ! d>k places on ! palette f :i* ink is suppos$ to be tak51 are actually giv+ up ink2 = if ! film ( ink rema9+ on ! palette is too ?91 fre% ink mu/ be deposit$ & di/ribut$ on x by ! bru%4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 n to ov]load ! bru% ) ink1 = !n ! hairs /ick toge!r1 di/ribute ! ink badly on ! pr9t &1 moreov]1 frequ5tly leave l>ge coh]5t p>ticles ( ink on ! film1 ?us caus+ spots4 ,z ! bru% is cut on ! slant1 x may happ5 t 9 dabb+ out ! bru% on ! palette & 9 ! application ( ! ink to ! pr9t1 ! front & long] "p ( ! bru% is us$ m /rongly4 ,!n ! ink collects at ! back edge ( ! bru% & causes spots :5 ! bru% is us$ m vigor\sly4 ,9 _m cases x is possible to complete ! pr9t ) ! h>d ink alone4 ,if x is notic$ t ! h>d ink does n take well on ! pr9t & is remov$ aga9 9 lift+ ! bru%1 its consi/5cy is too /iff = ! "w4 ,"o %\ld n !n cont9ue to use x1 b %\ld s(t5 ! ink 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,fir/ place ! bru% 9 ! h>d ink & dab x out well 9 ano!r place on ! palette4 ,n[ dip ! ends ( ! bru% hairs c>efully & v lightly into ! s(t ink & dab out ! v small quantity ( ! s(t ink tak5 up by ! bru% on ! same spot1 on :i* ! h>d ink has be5 previ\sly di/ribut$4 ,!re is ?us =m$ on ! palette z well z 9 ! bru% a mixture ( ! two inks4 ,n[ try c>efully :e!r ! n[ s(t5$ ink adh]es well to ! pr9t1 by plac+ ! bru% lightly on a light place ( ! pr9t4 ,if x leaves beh9d a light trace ( ink )\t any tr\ble1 ! consi/5cy is correct2 b if ?is does n happ51 ! ink mu/ be dilut$ aga9 9 ! same way ) ! s(t ink4 ,if on ! o!r h& ! bru% leaves beh9d a /rong trace ( ink f a light t\*1 ! ink is too s(t & requires ! addition ( "s h>d ink4 ,x is n advisable to mix ! s(t & h>d inks on ! palette ) ! knife1 z x is v difficult to /rike ! "r consi/5cy 9 ?is way4 ,?is applies to all mixtures & dilutions ( ! ink :i* may be necess>y 9 ! c\rse ( ! "w1 z 9 /r5g!n+ a color$ ink ) black1 or 9 ! prep>ation ( any desir$ t9t by admixture ( diff]5t inks1 & f9ally 9 s(t5+ inks ) v>ni%4 ,9 all ^! cases mix+ ( ! inks on ! palette ) ! knife puts too mu* ink into use2 also1 z long z ! ink is on ! palette1 "o _c e/imate ) ! necess>y exactitude ei!r ! t9t or ! consi/5cy4 ,! correct proc$ure is r fir/ to g ) ! bru% to ! fir/ color & di/ribute ?is on a clean place1 !n set ! same bru% 9 ! second color & make ! mixture on ! palette by dabb+4 ,!n ! mixture ?us obta9$ %\ld be te/$ z to its %ade ( consi/5cy by g5tle application to ! pr9t1 & m ( "o or ! o!r ink add$ 9 ! same way ) ! bru%4 ,x %\ld be not$ t inks ( a s(t consi/5cy g a v long way2 ! :ole surface ( ! bru% %\ld nev] be dipp$ into su* inks1 b only ! po9t ( ! bru%4 ,s(t5+ ( ! inks ) v>ni% %\ld be effect$ 9 ! same way4 ,:5 ! fir/ ink+ up is f9i%$1 ! addition ( ink ( ! same consi/5cy is cont9u$ until ! pr9t is complet$ or w no long] take ink1 :i*1 z has already be5 po9t$ out1 is kn[n by ! fact t ! newly appli$ ink no long] adh]es1 b t ! bru% removes x f ! pr9t4 ,!n "o proce$s to a fur!r dilution ( ! ink by tak+ m s(t ink ) ! bru% & add+ x to t already mix$1 & cont9ues ! "w4 ,! use ( ! unmix$ s(t ink is n ev5 necess>y 9 _m cases4 ,if1 h[ev]1 x proves to be necess>y1 x %\ld be us$1 b ) c>e1 = a bru% /roke :i* puts too mu* s(t ink on any "p ( ! pr9t1 especially 9 ! %ad[s1 causes a pat*4 ,! beg9n] w "w mo/ easily & successfully if he always keeps ! applications ( ink z delicate z possible & obta9s dep? only by a repeat$ & ev5 coat+ ( ink1 fully di/ribut$ e "t4 ,if a place %\ld /ill turn out to be too d>k1 "o c try remov+ ! excess ( ink1 if x be a h>d "o1 ) a clean bru%4 ,if a d>k pat* is =m$ by too vigor\s application ( a mix$ or ev5 a s(t ink1 ano!r bru% %\ld be dipp$ into ! h>d ink1 dabb$ out1 & ! spot remov$ ) ?is bru%4 ,moreov]1 su* places c z a rule be easily rectifi$ aft] ! second soak+ ( ! pr9t1 :i* w be describ$ pres5tly4 ,if ! fault _c be remov$ 9 ?is way1 ! ink mu/ be p>tially or entirely remov$1 accord+ to ! in/ructions 9 ,*apt] ,,iii1 page #gc1 & ! "w begun anew4 ,?is %\ld be done )\t hesitation by ! le>n] if ! application ( ! ink does n succe$ z he desires2 ! prep>$ pr9t c be us$ = practice l a s*ool slate by wa%+ x (f aft] ea* attempt ) a solv5t ( ! greasy m$ium4 ,= ! application & ! hopp+ (f ( ! ink = l>ge areas ( ! pr9t "o %\ld always use ! :ole work+ surface ( ! bru%4 ,small] surfaces or outl9es %\ld be work$ up ) ! front edge ( ! slant+ly-cut bru%2 9 lay+ on ! ink "o %\ld nev] cont9ue ) ! po9t1 because ?is b5ds & gives unpleasantly %>ply def9$ ink edges4 ,9 ord] to cov] a place ) ink v ?or\ghly1 "o %\ld hold ! bru% firmly1 give x a slight twi/ & !n raise x up /raight & sl[ly4 ,if x is desir$ to coat a :ole pr9t ev5ly ) ink1 x %\ld be appli$ 9 /ripes ov] ! :ole pr9t1 ! bru% be+ pu%$ =w>d & n necess>ily completely lift$ up f ! surface4 ,! bru% is press$ d[n firmly1 ! pressure relax$ a little1 ! bru% mov$ =w>d half its wid?1 !n press$ aga91 & s on4 ,9 ?is way ) a little exp]i5ce !re may be produc$ p]fectly ev5 ink /ripes :i* br+ out ! outl9es ( ! image & :i* are made close toge!r until ! :ole pr9t has be5 gone ov]1 :5 "o beg9s ) ! hopp+4 ,) pap]s ) m>k$ /ructure ^! /ripes are be/ made 9 ! direction ( ! /ructure & n at "r angles4 ,especial c>e %\ld always be tak5 t ! %ad[s ( ! pr9t1 :i* take ! ink mo/ easily1 are n too /rongly ink$ up1 & "o %\ld try by light hopp+ to br+ out all ! desir$ details at ! v fir/ application ( ! ink4 ,:5 ! %ad[s h once tak5 too mu* ink1 x is n easy to cle> !m up by bru% "w alone4 ,! ink+ up ( l>ge deep %ad[s mu/ always1 !re=e1 be v c>efully done4 ,su* p>ts ( ! picture are ! mo/ /rongly tann$ & !re=e take ! ink v readily & hold x v t5aci\sly4 ,!y %\ld !re=e nev] be t\*$ ) a bru% fre%ly *>g$ ) ink1 b "o %\ld "w on ! heavi] %ad[s only :5 ! bru% has giv5 up ! great] "p ( its ink to ! less s5sitive p>ts ( ! image4 ,ev5 !n x always conta9s en\gh ink = ! d>k] p>ts ( ! pr9t4 ,! fir/ application ( ink 9 ! %ad[s1 especially1 ought nev] to be heavy & _c be kept too delicate4 ,:5 ! desir$ details 9 ! %ad[s appe> to be well def9$1 !y %\ld !n be /r5g!n$4 ,b ev5 ?is %\ld n be effect$ by a s+le ?ick coat+ ( ink1 b by successive additions ( ?9 ink films & hopp+ aft] ea*4 ,especial emphasis mu/ be laid on ! /atem5t t all details1 :i* x is desir$ to h 9 ! f9i%$ pr9t1 mu/ be br\ght out by ! fir/ application ( ! ink4 ,if p>ts ( ! image are /rongly ink$ up be=e ! desir$ details h appe>$1 x is difficult to develop ^! lat]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 detail1 :i* has be5 br\ght out 9 ! fir/ ink+1 _c be suppress$ by any fur!r skilful application ( ink1 b only /r5g!n$4 ,^! ph5om5a c on ! o!r h& be successfully us$ to prev5t ! appe>ance ( undesirable details 9 ! picture4 ,if = arti/ic reasons "o desires to suppress detail & "w flatly1 ! p>ts 9 "q %\ld be ink$ up f ! />t m /rongly & ev5ly1 & ! hopp+ be ei!r entirely omitt$ or /opp$ be=e ! details :i* are to be omitt$ are br\ght out4 ,= beg9n]s especially1 x is useful 9 apply+ ! ink1 z well z 9 hopp+1 to lift ! bru% aft] e few /rokes & exam9e ! results obta9$1 s z to decide on fur!r proc$ure4 ,"o %\ld accu/om oneself to exam9e ! pr9t f "t to "t at a c]ta9 di/ance1 :ile x is be+ work$ on2 = ! correct impression z to :e!r ! tonal values are correctly *os51 c be ga9$ only at a great] di/ance2 x is !n se5 m easily & cle>ly :e!r or n individual p>ts ( ! pr9t c>ry too mu* or too little ink4 ,p>ticul> p>ts ( ! pr9t1 :i* "o wi%es to h m contra/y1 %\ld be gone ov] aft] ! hopp+ ) a wip+ motion ( ! bru%2 ! ink is ?us remov$ f ! rais$ p>ts ( ! relief4 ,if "o goes too f> 9 ?is1 ! ink+ c be done ov] aga9 9 ! usual way4 ,if x is desir$ to free a bru% f ! s(t ink1 x %\ld be dipp$ into h>d ink specially spread on ! palette = ?is purpose1 & dabb$ out well on a clean place1 & ?is op]ation repeat$ two or ?ree times1 us+ ea* "t ano!r "p ( ! palette4 ,at ! end ( ?is manipulation ! bru% w practically no long] conta9 any?+ b h>d ink4 ,:5 "o has once le>nt ! initial /eps ( bru% te*nique1 9 ! c\rse ( "t "o fails to notice ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! lay+ on & ! hopp+ (f ( ! ink4 ,! h& 9 "t acquires an in/9ctive h&l+ ( ! bru%1 :i* takes c>e at once ( bo? ! application & ! di/ribution ( ! ink2 if ! prop] relation betwe5 ! consi/5cy ( ! ink & ! degree ( swell+ ( ! gelat9e has be5 hit ^u1 a simplifi$ h&l+ ( ! bru% comes ( itself1 because !n ! application ( ! ink is especially easy4 ,:51 ) pap]s ( r\gh surface1 ! gra9 ( ! pap] rema9s :ite 9 ! %ad[s1 9 spite ( hopp+1 su* places %\ld be treat$ by go+ ov] !m ) ! ink$ bru% ) light pressure ) a rot>y motion4 ,practice tea*es t !re is always a def9ite consi/5cy ( ink :i* corresponds to a def9ite degree ( swell+ & ) ?is ! pr9t may be execut$ f />t to f9i%4 ,if ! op]ator has le>nt by exp]i5ce :at ink consi/5cy corresponds to ! exi/+ swell+ ( ! film1 he w prep>e 8 ink ( ! suitable consi/5cy1 & is !n 9 a position to c>ry out ! "w un9t]rupt$ly )\t any new mix+ ( ! ink4 ,x is a little difficult = ! tyro to answ] ! "q z to :5 ! application ( ! ink %\ld be /opp$1 t is to say1 :5 ! pr9t may be look$ ^u z f9i%$4 ,!re is frequ5tly a temptation to consid] ! pr9t f9i%$ :5 x is v delicate yet completely visible 9 all its details4 ,! beg9n] (t5 lacks ! c\rage to apply m ink at ?is /age2 he usually believes also t ! pr9t w take no m ink1 because1 z has be5 m5tion$ above1 ! "p ( ! palette f :i* he has hi!rto tak5 ! ink1 gives up no m4 ,su* pr9ts1 :i* recall sket*y p5cil draw+s1 deceive "o dur+ ! "w1 b only satisfy lat] if ?is p>ticul> te*nique is suit$ to ! "* ( ! picture1 :i* is c]ta9ly n always ! case4 ,"o mu/ !re=e c>efully consid] dur+ ! "w :e!r "o %\ld actually /op4 ,! second dang] lies 9 ! opposite direction1 & is due to ! fact t1 l$ on by ! con/antly increas+ vigor ( ! image1 "o _c rightly decide :5 to /op4 ,! dang] "h is t "o is tempt$ by ! vigor ( "s "p ( ! picture to make ! o!r p>ts also z /rong 9 color1 until by su* cont9u$ action ! pr9t is imm]s$ 9 ! deepe/ gloom1 :i* becomes /ill m gloomy aft] defatt+ ! f9i%$ pr9t4 ,su* excess mu/ be avoid$ z a rule4 ,exp]i5ce & ta/e soon tea* "o to hit ! happy mean4 ,! fir/1 delicate & g5]al application ( ink1 :i* may be consid]$ z a guide pr9t1 is 9 _m cases some:at we>isome1 especially :5 ! picture has l>ge areas ( ri*1 deep %ad[s4 ,) correct prelim9>y treatm5t ( ! pr9t !re are no real difficulties 9 ! prep>ation ( su* a guide pr9t4 ,yet ! "w1 especially ) l>ge sizes1 is really "t-consum+ & also (f]s1 :5 consid]$ f ! arti/ic /&po9t1 b little int]e/1 s9ce ! actual creative "w ( ! op]ator only beg9s aft] ! guide pr9t is f9i%$2 only !n is he 9 a position to actually give expression to 8 arti/ic feel+s by suitable ink+ ( ! diff]5t p>ts4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 ! "w 9 ! prep>ation ( ! guide pr9t is actually q me*anical1 x is natural to make use ( any means :i* enables "o to facilitate & ha/5 ?is "w4 ,= ?is !re may be us$1 b only by ! exp]t work]1 a me?od bas$ on ! foll[+ consid]ations3 ,if an ink ( suitable consi/5cy is dissolv$ 9 a suitable solv5t1 su* z b5zol1 c>bon tetra*loride1 tri*lore?yl5e1 etc41 ! pigm5t is v ev5ly dissem9at$ 9 ?is solv5t4 ,if ! latt] aga9 evaporates1 ! ink deposits 9 an ev5 coat+1 un*ang$ 9 its nature4 ,x is !re=e1 possible1 9 ! fir/ application ( ! ink1 to use su* a solv5t on ! pr9t & by its aid ! we>isome me*anical "w ( ! fir/ ink+ may be rapidly & easily c>ri$ out4 ,9 practice ! me?od ( proc$ure is z foll[s3 !re is fir/ produc$1 on ! pr9t :i* is to be work$ up1 a relief :i* is vigor\s en\gh to suffici5tly develop all ! detail 9 ! %ad[s4 ,an ink :i* is fairly /iff = ?is degree ( swell+ is *os52 ! bru% is fir/ dipp$ 9 ! solv5t & !n into ! ink1 :i* has be5 ?9ly spread on ! palette4 ,aft] a few dabb+s on ! palette ! ink solution ) :i* ! bru% is *>g$ is spread on ! pr9t ) a hopp+ motion & di/ribut$ ) ! same bru% z ev5ly z possible4 ,if ! di/ribution becomes difficult 9 consequ5ce ( evaporation ( ! solv5t1 ! bru% %\ld be aga9 dipp$ 9 ! solv5t1 & !n ! di/ribution c be easily complet$4 ,! film ( ink ?us obta9$ %\ld be fairly ?91 b mu/ n be q ev54 ,aft] ! complete evaporation ( ! solv5t1 ! ink is work$ up ) a clean bru%1 ) :i* ! guide pr9t c be f9i%$ )\t tr\ble & 9 ! briefe/ "t4 ,!re are also o!r v>iations ( ?is me?od ( ! application ( dissolv$ inks4 ,= in/ance1 "o may fir/ apply "s ink ) ! bru% to ! pr9t & !n di/ribute x ) a second bru% dipp$ 9 ! solv5t2 "o may also prep>e a solution ( ! ink 9 a di% & pa9t x on ! picture1 or ba! ! :ole pr9t 9 a solution ( ! ink4 ,all ^! v>iants1 especially ! la/ two1 h1 h[ev]1 c]ta9 disadvantages1 s t ! proc$ure fir/ outl9$ is to be pref]r$4 ,aft] ! guide pr9t is prep>$ 9 ?is way1 ! fur!r application ( ! ink is c>ri$ out 9 ! normal mann]4 ,! solv5t is mo/ conv5i5tly *os5 s t x is n too volatile1 z = in/ance heavy b5zol4 ,b x ought n to conta9 any oil4 ,:5 plac$ on ! surface ( ! h&1 x %\ld evaporate fairly sl[ly1 b )\t leav+ any trace ( grease4 ,c]ta9 failures1 :i* sometimes appe> 9 ?is process1 mu/ be m5tion$4 ,if ! film ( ink is too ?91 x c be repeat$ )\t fur!r tr\ble 9 ! same way1 ) r m ink4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 too mu* ink is appli$1 a complete image is imm$iately =m$ )\t any possibility ( ! %ad[s be+ work$ up4 ,9 ?is case ! ink mu/ be aga9 remov$ by ! solv5t4 ,if individual p>ts ( ! picture are too d>k1 f too mu* ink1 x is suffici5t to g ov] ^! p>ts ) a bru% dipp$ 9 ! solv5t1 9 ord] to cle> !m up4 ,if1 aft] evaporation ( ! solv5t1 great irregul>ities 9 ! di/ribution ( ! ink are se51 z = in/ance1 spots & /reaks :i* _c be easily work$ out1 ! pr9t %\ld aga9 be plac$ 9 wat]2 aft] dry+ (f1 ! ev5+-up may be c>ri$ out )\t difficulty4 ,if 9 hopp+ ) ! second clean bru% ! image does n appe> at once )\t tr\ble1 ei!r ! relief 0 too l[1 or ! ink too s(t1 or ! solv5t conta9$ oil4 ,! ink c obvi\sly be plac$ on ! bromoil pr9t n only ) ! bru% b ) any o!r suitable ink c>ri]1 su* z roll]s4 ,yet by ?is ! process is r5d]$ m me*anical & depriv$ ( all ^? great advantages1 :i* di/+ui% x f all o!r pr9t+ me?ods4 ,especially1 ! possibility ( local treatm5t is mo/ly lo/2 ! unlimit$ comm& ( ! tonal values & ! /ructure ( ! ink c only be gu>ante$ by ! use ( ! bru%4 ,! only (fset to ?is loss is a ga9 9 spe$4 ,agility1 h[ev]1 is n s\ght aft] 9 arti/ic labors4 ,if "o wants to prep>e a lot ( pr9ts quickly1 x is bett] to use ! bromide process1 :i* is especially suitable = su* a task1 & ?us save ! tr\ble ( ! blea*+ & ! o!r processes necess>y 9 mak+ bromoil pr9ts4 ,,resoak+ ,,( ,,! ,,pr9t ,,dur+ ,,! ,,work+-,,up4--,resoak+ ! pr9t dur+ ! ink+ up1 )\t reg>d to ! exi/5t film ( ink1 is "o ( ! mo/ important aids 9 ! bromoil process4 ,?is proc$ure is bas$ on ! foll[+ consid]ations3 ,x has already be5 po9t$ out t ! prep>$ gelat9e film possesses ! prop]ty ( aga9 assum+ aft] dry+ ! same degree ( relief :i* 0 imp>t$ to x by ! w>m wat] ba?4 ,:5 a swoll5 pr9t is tak5 out ( ! wat] & plac$ on ! pad = work+ up1 evaporation imm$iately beg9s at ! surface ( ! film2 ! gelat9e1 !re=e1 cont9u\sly gives up wat] to ! surr\nd+ air dur+ ! "w1 & m quickly 9 proportion z ! air is dri] & w>m]4 ,z has already be5 m5tion$1 ! damp pad does n alt] ?is1 s9ce ! supply ( wat] f ! pad ?r\gh ! pap] is n suffici5t to re/ore ! wat] cont5t ( ! film4 ,!re=e1 :ile "o inks up "o "p ( ! pr9t1 all o!r p>ts gradually lose _! wat]2 & s9ce x is ?is wat] :i* r5d]s ! gelat9e1 aft] its tann+1 capable ( repell+ or tak+ ! greasy ink1 ! "w gradually becomes m & m difficult4 ,! gelat9e film1 :i* feels smoo? :5 ! film is remov$ f ! wat]1 especially 9 ! high lights & any expos$ m>g9s1 becomes gradually lea!ry4 ,x may /ill take ink1 b ! di/ribution ( ?is1 & especially ! developm5t ( ! draw+ & ! details1 become m & m difficult4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! pr9t1 :i* is p>tly or entirely ink$ up1 is aga9 plac$ 9 wat] & ?is "t 9 cold wat]1 ! gelat9e film v rapidly absorbs ?is & aga9 atta9s ! same degree ( relief t x _h at fir/4 ,sometimes x appe>s z ?\gh a m>k$ cle>+ up ( ! image takes place 9 ! wat]2 ! high lights become clean]1 & _m details appe> 9 ! %ad[s :i* 7 n visible dur+ ! work+-up4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ) "s inks ! picture appe>s to become weak] "u ! wat]4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is only an illusion & is ( no importance1 z 9 dry+1 or 9 aga9 go+ ov] ! picture ) ! bru%1 ! image aga9 atta9s ! previ\s dep? & color & /ill great] cle>ness4 ,"h also1 "o mu/ take c>e t ! pr9t is completely imm]s$ & t no air bells adh]e to ! film1 s9ce ^? places to :i* ! wat] does n h access d n reswell1 & on fur!r "w may give rise to spots4 ,9 remov+ ! pr9t f ! wat] ! ink$-up surface %\ld n be t\*$ ) ! f+]s1 or f+] pr9ts w rema9 9 ! ink4 ,! pr9t %\ld !re=e be tak5 hold ( by ! edges4 ,:ile ! pr9t is soak+ 9 ! wat]1 ! br++ out ( ! details1 especially 9 ! %ad[s1 may be facilitat$ by /rok+ ^? p>ts ) ! tip ( ! f+] or a swab ( absorb5t cotton4 ,9 ! same way dirt :i* has collect$ on ! surface dur+ ! "w may be remov$4 ,9 ! latt] case "o may also use m vigor\s friction1 ev5 ?\gh ! ink film is ?us remov$1 s9ce ! removal ( ! tr\blesome p>ticles is m important ?an sav+ ! ?9 film ( ink1 :i* c be easily r5ew$4 ,! pr9t is !n remov$ f ! wat]1 plac$ on ! pad1 & dri$ z previ\sly by spread+ ov] & press+ d[n a l9tless clo?1 al?\gh because ( ! film ( ink any wip+ action %\ld be avoid$4 ,!n :5 ! bru% "w is resum$1 x c be complet$ 9 an extraord9>ily easy mann]4 ,x %\ld be specially not$ t ! pr9t mu/ be work$ up aft] ?is second soak+ ) ! same bru% z be=e1 :i* ne$ n be re*>g$ ) ink4 ,only aft] ! pr9t has be5 hopp$ 9 ?is way1 %\ld fre% ink be appli$4 ,dur+ ! "w1 ! bromoil pr9t1 z a rule1 w sc>cely reta9 ! necess>y degree ( dampness long] ?an a qu>t] ( an h\r1 & n ?is long 9 dry & w>m wea!r4 ,! resoak+ ( ! pr9t %\ld be und]tak5 )\t hesitation z (t5 z any difficulty 9 ! di/ribution ( ! ink is met )2 = ?is saves a great "p ( ! bru% "w1 & almo/ automatically br+s out contra/s & details4 ,especially :ile le>n+ ! process & lat] ) m difficult pr9ts1 ! "w is mo/ conv5i5tly divid$ z foll[s3 fir/ application ( ! ink & di/ribution by hopp+1 z long z x is easy2 resoak+ ! pr9t2 dry+ (f & hopp+ anew ) ! bru% n fre%ly *>g$ ) ink2 second application ( ! ink & hopp+ ( ! ink n[ appli$2 ano!r soak+1 & s on4 ,! op]ation may be repeat$ z (t5 z desir$ )\t ! film tak+ any h>m4 ,because ( ! possibility ( always br++ ! pr9t to ! correct degree ( relief dur+ ! bru% "w by means ( resoak+1 !re is absolutely no limit to ! size ( ! bromoil pr9t4 ,"o c simply f9i% a "p ( a pr9t ( any desir$ size & !n1 aft] ano!r soak+1 g on to ! next "p & s on until ! :ole pr9t is ink$4 ,if ! relief ( ! film corresponds to ! desires ( ! op]ator1 ! bromoil pr9t may be f9i%$ completely 9 ?is way4 ,if x is se5 t ! relief is n suffici5t to give ! desir$ model+ & contra/1 ! resoak+ may be effect$ ) w>m] wat] ?an 0 us$ at fir/4 ,yet1 until ! work] has completely ma/]$ ! process1 ?is %\ld be done c>efully & ! temp]ature ( ! wat] gradually rais$ by add+ hot wat]1 9 /eps ( n m ?an five degrees1 until ! requisite relief is atta9$4 ,! use ( a !rmomet] is "h absolutely ess5tial1 = ! e/imation ( ! temp]ature ( ! wat] by ! h& is q unreliable & may lead to ! greate/ errors4 ,?is applies to all wat] ba?s us$ 9 ! bromoil process4 ,at ?is po9t x %\ld be not$ t a pr9t1 :i* on acc\nt ( its *>act]i/ics has to be plac$ at ! beg9n+ 9 v hot wat] to atta9 ! necess>y relief1 is usually cov]$ ) v t9y air bells1 :i* c easily be ov]look$2 !y mu/ be remov$ by wip+ "u wat] s z to avoid tr\blesome spots4 ,if ! relief ( ! :ole pr9t is satisfactory1 b1 because ( ! "* ( ! negative1 a few places 9 ! deep %ad[s d n %[ ! necess>y details1 ! desir$ %ad[ detail might possibly be atta9$ by increas+ ! :ole relief1 yet at ! same "t ! relief 9 ! re/ ( ! image w\ld be c>ri$ too f>4 ,9 su* cases1 ! places :i* %\ld be relatively m swoll5 c be sep>ately m highly swoll5 :ile ! re/ ( ! surface ( ! pr9t reta9s ! orig9al relief1 by press+ on !m a clo? soak$ 9 w>m wat] or a suitably =m$ swab ( absorb5t cotton4 ,a /ill /rong] effect is obta9$ :5 su* places are pa9t$ ) a wat]-color bru% *>g$ ) a "o p] c5t solution ( ammonia1 ei!r on ! film or1 aft] previ\sly m>k+ ! outl9es1 on ! back4 ,:5 ! relief ( ! gelat9e has be5 increas$ by soak+ 9 wat] :i* is w>m] ?an t us$ = ! fir/ ba?1 c]ta9 precautions mu/ be obs]v$ 9 remov+ x f ! wat]4 ,x frequ5tly happ5s1 :5 us+ c]ta9 inks1 t ! wat] :i* runs f ! film causes /reaks & spots1 & t ev5+ ^! out is at lea/ tr\blesome & frequ5tly v difficult4 ,?is action1 :i* does n occur :5 resoak+ 9 a ba? ( ! same or a l[] temp]ature1 is expla9$ by ! fact t ! greasy m$ium ( ! ink is liquefi$ by ! high temp]ature ( ! wat]1 & runs d[n irregul>ly or mixes ) ! wat] & is c>ri$ (f by x4 ,!re are ?us =m$ on ! film ( ink m>ks :i* %[ ! =m ( ! /reams ( wat] :i* h run (f4 ,su* tr\bles may be avoid$ by br++ ! support close to ! di% 9 :i* ! pr9t is soak$1 lift+ ! pr9t out ( ! wat] z f> z possible 9 a horizontal position & plac+ x 9 ! same position on ! support1 & imm$iately spread+ ! previ\sly dri$ clo? ov] x & c>efully dry+4 ,by obs]v+ ?is precaution1 ! runn+ (f ( ! wat] f ! film1 :i* is ! cause ( ?is difficulty1 is prev5t$4 ,any traces left by ! clo?1 us$ = dry+ (f1 c be easily ev5$ out aga9 by ! bru%4 ,by mak+ use ( ?is soak+ ( ! pr9t dur+ ! "w1 ! bromoil pr9t] is absolutely unlimit$ 9 ! "t us$ = 8 "w & is n driv5 by any necessity = ha/e4 ,he c cont9ue 8 "w 9 peace & )\t hurry1 & devote himself to any p>ticul> "p ( 8 picture at w1 )\t be+ afraid t o!r p>ts w mean:ile lose _! capacity = be+ work$ up4 ,,! ,,removal ,,( ,,! ,,ink ,,f ,,! ,,surface4--,if1 9 ! application ( ! ink1 a fault occurs1 :i* = any reason _c be correct$ ) ! bru%1 or if "o sees 9 ! c\rse ( ! "w t ! ink film is n satisfactory 9 tonal values or %ad+1 ! pr9t w\ld h to be disc>d$1 if x 7 n possible to remove ! ink )\t damage to ! film4 ,?is is feasible1 h[ev]1 )\t any special difficulty2 "o ne$ n1 !re=e1 ?r[ away su* a pr9t1 b aft] removal ( ! ink c aga9 ink x up1 b ?is "t ) avoidance ( ! previ\s fault4 ,if !re are only small faulty places1 ! ink may be remov$ f ! pr9t z x lies on ! pad1 z foll[s3 ,cut a small piece ( transp>5t1 wax$ pap]1 or1 lack+ ?is1 ( ?9 smoo? :ite pap] ( approximately ! %ape ( ! ov]9k$ spot1 b slightly l>g]1 & place x on ! faulty spot1 turn+ up a little corn] s z to be able to lift ! pap] aga94 ,!n rub ) ! f+] tip c>efully & pull (f4 ,! ink is ?us remov$ f ! bromoil pr9t & transf]r$ to ! pap]4 ,if ! removal is n complete1 ! op]ation is repeat$ ) a second piece ( wax$ pap]4 ,if v small places1 z1 = in/ance1 ! eyes ( a portrait1 h to be dealt )1 ! rubb+ %\ld be done ) a r\nd /ick1 su* z a p5hold]4 ,by ink+ aga91 ! "p t has be5 ?us remov$ may be replac$ )\t any trace ( a correction4 ,if ! :ole film ( ink is to be remov$ f a bromoil pr9t1 a s(t dry clo? or bett] /ill a swab ( absorb5t cotton %\ld be soak$ 9 b5zol or o!r solv5t1 & ! picture wa%$ ) x4 ,! m$ium ( ! ink is dissolv$ by ! b5zol & ! ink tak5 up by ! wip+ clo?4 ,e /roke mu/ be made ) a clean portion ( ! swab1 :i* mu/ frequ5tly be soak$ aga9 ) b5zol1 o!rwise ! ink dissolv$ by ! b5zol & tak5 up by ! swab w be aga9 put d[n on ! pap]4 ,if1 aft] wa%+ ) b5zol "s traces ( ink /ill rema9 on ! film1 ! pr9t %\ld be imm]s$ 9 wat]1 b only aft] ! b5zol has completely evaporat$ n only f ! film b also f ! fib]s ( ! pap]1 & x %\ld !n be g5tly wip$ ) ! f+]4 ,ev5 if ! film /ill %[s a slight t9t aft] ?is1 ! work+-up may be begun aga9 successfully1 s9ce ! traces ( ! previ\s ink+ disappe> "u ! new application ( ink4 ,?is complete removal ( ! ink ) b5zol may also be repeat$ly effect$4 ,beg9n]s c1 !re=e1 use any prep>$ pr9t sev]al times = exp]im5ts4 ,b exp]ts %\ld n ?9k ( wa%+ an unsatisfactory pr9t ) b5zol4 ,^? :o possess a transf] ma*9e c remove ! film ( ink me*anically 9 ! simple/ way by transf]4 ,if x is desir$ to remove ! ink f v small portions ( ! pr9t1 ?is is mo/ easily effect$ by repeat$ use ( art-gum1 :i* %\ld be %>p5$ to a po9t4 ,aft] e application ( ! art-gum1 a fre% surface ( ! gum mu/ be us$1 s t ! ink is n aga9 transf]r$ to ! picture4 ,x %\ld be not$1 h[ev]1 t repeat$ use ( ! gum on ! same spot may cause bli/]s4 ,,failures4--,to assi/ ! beg9n]1 "s possible failures w be "h describ$4 ,x may happ5 t dur+ ! ink+ ! pr9t becomes cov]$ ) fib]s & small hairs ( ! mo/ diff]5t %apes4 ,?is ph5om5on may sometimes become s tr\blesome t a successful pr9t appe>s problematical4 ,x is frequ5tly incorrectly assum$ t ^! impurities are caus$ entirely by ! bru%4 ,hairs t h fall5 f ! bru% are always recognizable z su*1 = !y are /raight1 relatively ?ick1 lie entirely on ! surface ( ! film1 & c be easily remov$4 ,:5 !re is an excessive appe>ance ( fib]s1 !y are due to ! use ( an unsuitable clo? = dry+4 ,! fib]s are ( ! mo/ diff]5t %apes1 f dots to recurv$ & entangl$ l9es4 ,f ! fact t !y always appe> mo/ /rongly & frequ5tly dur+ ! ink+ up1 x is frequ5tly errone\sly assum$ t !y are caus$ by ! bru% us$ = ! ink+1 or t du/ is deposit$ f ! air2 ?is is n s4 ,a dirty bru% may be to blame2 mo/ly1 h[ev]1 !y are fib]s ( v diff]5t %apes1 :i* are br\ght on to ! damp & some:at tacky gelat9e film by ! pressure ( an unsuitable clo?1 :i* is n free f l9t1 & !y are held fa/ by ! gelat9e & torn f ! clo? z ?is is lift$4 ,at fir/ ^! ?9 & almo/ transp>5t fib]s are n visible4 ,b !y take ! ink1 & ?us x happ5s t !y seem to appe> 9 ev] increas+ numb]s dur+ ! ink+4 ,if individual fib]s 7:i* may come f an o!rwise suitable clo?71 or bru% hairs t h fall5 out1 h to be remov$1 ?is is readily effect$ by art-gum1 work$ to a po9t ) ! f+]s4 ,) su* a po9t long fib]s c be v easily lift$ f ! film1 :ile ! t9y clo? fib]s cl+ v firmly to ! film4 ,a small :ite spot1 :]e ! gum po9t has t\*$1 rema9s1 z ?is remov$ ! ink also f ! gelat9e4 ,su* po9ts c be completely clos$ up by repeat$ly go+ ov] !m ) ! bru%4 ,s+le hairs or fib]s ly+ on ! surface may be all[$ to rema91 :5 !y occur 9 places :]e = any reason "o mu/ n de/roy ! ink film2 !y c be v easily remov$ f ! film ) a %>p in/rum5t 9 ! aft] treatm5t ( ! f9i%$ pr9t2 usually !y leave sc>cely any m>k4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! fib]s h appe>$ 9 l>ge numb]s1 ! pr9t %\ld be imm]s$ 9 wat] & "o %\ld try to remove !m by g5tle friction ) ! tip ( ! f+]1 :i* is g5]ally successful1 ev5 if ! film ( ink is also remov$ at ! same "t4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! fib]s adh]e s firmly t !y _c be remov$ 9 ?is way1 :i* is p>ticul>ly likely to happ5 9 ! %ad[s1 ! :ole coat+ ( ink mu/ be remov$ 9 ! mann] outl9$ 9 ! previ\s section1 page #gc4 ,! only safegu>d aga9/ ! appe>ance ( ?is difficulty is ! use ( a mat]ial z free f l9t z possible = dry+ ! film4 ,x may happ5 t ! pr9t takes ! fir/ h>d ink in/antly & v readily1 b t ev5 ) long hopp+ cle>ness ( ! details is n obta9$2 ! picture inde$ %[s up well1 b rema9s muddy1 z ev5 ! high lights reta9 ! ink & become d>k] ) fur!r application ( ! ink4 ,!n1 z a rule1 ! requisite relief has n yet be5 atta9$1 & ! pr9t mu/ be plac$ 9 w>m] wat]4 ,if all ! in/ructions = ! developm5t ( ! bromide pr9t1 ! blea*+ & ! swell+ h be5 adh]$ to1 & success is /ill want+1 !n ! fault lies 9 ! pap]1 :i* 0 h>d5$ too mu* 9 manufacture4 ,! bromoil process is bas$ on ! fact t ! %ad[s are tann$ m ?an ! high lights1 & t !n ! tann$ places take up m ink ?an ! untann$4 ,if ! :ole film 0 completely h>d5$ f ! />t1 !re _c be m tann+ add$ by ! blea*+1 & ! ink w take ev]y:]e1 9 ! lights & 9 ! %ad[s4 ,if ! high lights ( ! picture completely repel any grade ( ink1 :ile ?is adh]es ?ickly 9 ! %ad[s1 !n ! =mation ( ! relief has be5 =c$ too f>4 ,if ! pr9t takes ! ink nei!r 9 ! high lights nor ! %ad[s1 !re is ei!r a fault 9 ! prelim9>y prep>ation1 z1 = in/ance1 blea*+ 9 too w>m a solution1 or "o too /rongly acidifi$1 or ! pr9t has be5 act$ on too en]getically by ! ammonia ba?4 ,9 ! la/ case ! pr9t may be dri$ & aga9 swoll5 9 wat]4 ,if l>ge or small irregul> spots :i* take ! ink m /rongly ?an ! surr\nd+ p>ts1 are =m$ dur+ ! ink+1 ! reason is ei!r t ! pr9ts h la9 "o on top ( ! o!r 9 ! prelim9>y ba?s1 or ! film has be5 prev5t$ f swell+ by air bubbles1 or by hav+ ris5 out ( ! wat]4 ,?us c]ta9 places are less well prep>$ or are n swoll51 & !re=e behave z ?\gh !y _h be5 m /rongly tann$1 t is to say1 !y take ev5 ! fir/ ink /rongly & /& out f _! surr\nd+s z spots & /reaks4 ,sometimes su* spots are improv$ by putt+ m ink on ! pr9t2 if !y are n ( l>ge area & are 9 ! less important p>ts ( ! picture1 !y may be ignor$1 z !y c be remov$ f ! f9i%$ pr9t )\t special tr\ble1 z w be expla9$ lat]4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! spots h a l>ge area1 or occur 9 an important "p ( ! picture1 = in/ance1 9 ! eyes ( a portrait1 x is pref]able to /op fur!r "w4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 all su* blemi%es may be remov$ by aft] treatm5t ( ! pr9t1 b ! tr\ble entail$ by ! correction ( l>ge faults is great] ?an ! "w ( prep>+ a new pr9t4 ,sometimes d>k] spots or /reaks ( irregul> outl9e %[ !mselves dur+ ! "w1 :i* f _! %ape _c be ascrib$ ei!r to air bubbles or to p>tial s9k+ ( ! relief4 ,!n !re are probably irregul>ities 9 ! gelat9e coat+1 = :i* ! prelim9>y treatm5t ( ! bromide pr9t is n responsible4 ,if ! pr9t %[s a satisfactory relief1 b /ill takes ! ink badly or n at all1 ! reason is 9 ! incorrect composition ( ! blea*+ solution1 or ! omission ( ! int]m$iate dry+ aft] blea*+4 ,f9ally x may happ5 t ! image appe>s almo/ z a negative dur+ ink+-up1 s9ce ! high lights take ! ink quick] ?an ! %ad[s4 ,?is ph5om5on appe>s :5 ! int]m$iate dry+ aft] blea*+ has be5 omitt$1 or if ! "w has be5 begun ) too s(t an ink4 ,9 su* cases1 if too mu* ink has n be5 appli$1 ! fault c be correct$ by fur!r work+-up ) a h>d ink4 ,if ?is is ( no use1 all ! ink mu/ be remov$ f ! faulty places 9 ! mann] already describ$4 ,if dur+ ! ink+-up small irregul> :ite spots 9 gr\ps %[ !mselves & %ift _! places1 !n !re are drops ( wat] 9 ! bru% or on ! pr9t4 ,! pr9t %\ld be dri$1 ! bru% also1 & ! spots hopp$ dry & work$ ov]4 ,yell[ or br[n spots & pat*es1 :i* (t5 appe> dur+ ! "w1 increas+ 9 numb] & cont9ually enl>g+1 or ev5 p5etrat+ ?r\gh ! film into ! fib] ( ! pap]1 are to be ascrib$ to ! fact t p>ticles ( amidol 7 deposit$ on ! film be=e ! soak+ ( ! pr9t4 ,:5 ^! p>ticles dissolve 9 wat] !y cause ! tr\ble j describ$4 ,if !re are m]ely scatt]$ spots ( ?is k9d :i* h n p5etrat$ ! pap]1 !y may be scrap$ out ( ! f9i%$ pr9t & !n ret\*$4 ,! real rem$y1 h[ev]1 is 9 keep+ ! amidol c>efully clos$ & z f> z possible n 9 ! same room z ! prep>$ pr9ts4 ,ink /reaks1 :i* a pr9t treat$ ) a s(t ink %[s :5 x is tak5 out ( ! w>m wat]1 only appe> :5 ! pr9t is plac$ 9 a slant+ or v]tical position2 !y c be avoid$ by tak+ ! pr9t f ! wat] & imm$iately br++ x into a horizontal position on ! support & rapidly dry+1 s t ! wat] _c run (f4 ,! failures caus$ by ! use ( ! ammonia ba? 7 describ$ on page #df4 ,,alt]ation ,,( ,,! ,,"* ,,( ,,! ,,picture ,,by ,,! ,,ink+4--,if ! ink+ is c>ri$ out exactly accord+ to ! previ\s in/ructions1 :i* h be5 giv5 *iefly = ! b5efit ( beg9n]s1 ! result w be a picture :i*1 z reg>ds gradation1 w be l ! orig9al bromide pr9t be=e x 0 blea*$4 ,! f9i%$ bromoil pr9t1 produc$ by a p]fectly ev5 application ( ink ov] ! :ole picture by means ( successive additions1 ea* ?or\ghly work$ ov] ) ! bru%1 diff]s f ! orig9al bromide pr9t 9 coloration1 /ructure1 m ext5d$ gradation1 & *ange 9 ! "* ( its surface4 ,z ! work] is at lib]ty to /op at any desir$ /age ( ! "w1 he c obta9 f ! orig9al bromide pr9t1 accord+ to 8 ta/e1 a delicate light-ton$ bromoil or a v ri* & highly modulat$ pr9t1 or any int]m$iate /age betwe5 ^! two extremes4 ,yet ^! possibilities by !mselves alone w\ld n ju/ify ! conv]sion ( ! orig9al bromide pr9t into a bromoil4 ,! sub/itution ( a new photographic positive process = an old "o is only ju/ifi$ if ! new process accompli%es some?+ ess5tially diff]5t & above all some?+ bett]4 ,b absolutely uni=m work+ ov] ( ! blea*$ bromide pr9t ) greasy inks does n completely fulfil ?is po/ulate4 ,m]e *anges ( gradation ( ! :ole picture or ( its color c c]ta9ly be atta9$ by simpl] photographic me?ods4 ,! extraord9>y advantages ( ! bromoil process lie 9 o!r directions4 ,bromoil pr9t+1 = in/ance1 p]mits u to ink any individual "p ( ! pr9t m or less1 or ev5 n at all1 at w2 x is possible to give enorm\s brilliance & a]ial p]spective to ! high lights2 !y may %[ :5 f9i%$ e tonal value repres5t$ 9 ! negative2 x is also possible to d>k5 !m to an extraord9>y ext5t by ! application ( m or s(t] ink4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! %ad[s may be kept p]fectly light by omitt+ to ink !m or by v delicate treatm5t1 or1 by successive applications ( ! ink1 !y may be /r5g!n$ to v great int5sity & yet reta9 all _! details4 ,! work] has wide opportunity = control 9 ! local treatm5t ( 8 pr9ts4 ,8 dep5d5ce on ! negative is limit$ to ! draw+1 :ile 9 ! treatm5t ( ! tonal values he is absolute ma/]4 ,mo/ ( ! o!r positive processes are dep5d5t on ! negative = _! extremes ( dep? & ( delicacy2 ! bromoil process does n "k ?is dep5d5ce4 ,if x is desir$ to obta9 a delicate picture f any negative1 "o uses only a little ink1 & hops x (f ?or\ghly2 !n !re may be obta9$ f ev5 ! mo/ contra/y negative a delicate pr9t1 b "o ?or\ghly work$ out 9 all its details4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re is practically no limit to ! cont9u$ application ( ink2 ! film is /ill capable ( tak+ up m ink1 long aft] ! limits ( arti/ic pictorial effect h be5 pass$4 ,! result is t 9 ! bromoil process vigor & dep? ( ! %ad[s c be produc$ 9 any desir$ int5sity4 ,! mo/ /rik+ advantage ( ! process lies1 h[ev]1 9 ! possibility ( *ang+ ! tonal values ( any individual portion ( ! pr9t at w4 ,if = example1 a negative 0 us$ 9 mak+ ! orig9al bromide pr9t :i* _h be5 tak5 )\t any att5tion to ! requirem5ts = gett+ correct tones1 by suitable treatm5t 9 mak+ ! bromoil "o c obta9 an approximately correct pr9t )\t special tr\ble1 s9ce "o c1 = in/ance1 conv]t an absolutely clogg$-up sky1 :i* is pure :ite 9 ! bromide pr9t1 to a suitable grey tone by ! use ( s(t ink1 & at ! same "t light5 foliage :i* is too d>k2 a flat pr9t1 want+ 9 pla/icity1 may be improv$ by mak+ objects 9 ! =egr\nd m vigor\s1 & acc5tuat+ appropriate p>ts ( ! middle di/ance4 ,x is easily possible to supply ! lack+ a]ial p]spective ( c]ta9 k9ds ( pr9ts4 ,9 portrait "w 9 ! bromoil process1 skilful workman%ip r5d]s "o absolutely indep5d5t ( ! nature ( ! backgr\nd4 ,a light backgr\nd c be made d>k1 a d>k "o light4 ,9 portraits tak5 out ( doors1 ! small details ( ! backgr\nd t are out ( focus or obtrusive may be omitt$1 ton$ d[n or completely remodel$4 ,unpleas+ details ( ! clo?+ or ! hair c be omitt$ or s f> s(t5$ d[n t !y are no long] di/urb+4 ,we are able to acc5tuate c]ta9 p>ts ( ! picture to make !m dom9ant1 :ile o!r p>ts ( ! image may be treat$ v sket*ily2 9 %ort1 ! possibilities ( control :i* ?is process (f]s are almo/ inexhau/ible4 ,i w n[ try to outl9e ! me?ods ( c>ry+ out "s ( ^! modifications1 z f> z is possible )\t practical demon/ration4 ,! beg9n] is fir/ ( all recomm5d$ to use a pro( pr9t f ! negative z a *eck1 s t he may h a cle> idea z to :at *anges he ne$s to make1 & s t fur!r1 9 c>ry+ out 8 ideas1 he does n *ange neighbor+ p>ts ( ! pr9t :i* %\ld rema9 un*ang$4 ,! simple/ example ( control is ! light5+ ( ! %ad[s4 ,?is is done by v c>eful application ( ! ink1 :i* is /opp$ be=e ! %ad[ p>ts become too d>k4 ,"o %\ld avoid t\*+ su* p>ts lat] ) ! bru%1 :5 x is *>g$ ) s(t ink4 ,if light portions are to be made d>k]1 ! proc$ure dep5ds ^u ! size ( ! p>ts involv$4 ,ext5sive p>ts ( ! picture 9 high relief1 z = in/ance ! sky1 %\ld be gone ov] z ev5ly z possible ) a suitable s(t ink1 & ) ?is1 simultane\sly1 by go+ lightly ov] ! light] places & apply+ x m heavily "h & !re1 cl\ds may be put 94 ,! ev5ness ( ! ink+ is ( ! greate/ importance "h1 z x _c lat] be hopp$ (f v mu*2 frequ5tly 9 su* cases ! ink only lies on ! surface1 )\t adh]+ firmly2 if left unt\*$1 x comb9es intimately ) ! surface :5 ! pr9t is dry1 b is easily remov$ by hopp+4 ,x is possible to *ange ! outl9es ( neighbor+ p>ts ( ! image2 if too d>k edges are =m$1 !y c be easily s(t5$ by aft] treatm5t ( ! f9i%$ pr9t4 ,9 "s cases x may be necess>y to add consid]able quantities ( v>ni% or l9se$ oil to dilute ! ink4 ,! d>k5+ ( too light places may be also effect$ by dabb+ ink ) ! bru% on ! f9i%$ dri$ pr9t1 :i* ! pr9t !n naturally takes all ov]4 ,if t9y light pat*es are to be made d>k]1 ! po9t ( ! l>ge bru%1 or if necess>y ( a v small bru% %\ld be us$1 avoid+ any di/urbance ( surr\nd+ p>ts1 z f> z possible4 ,su* *anges are difficult only :5 ! bright spots t are to be work$ out are 9 imm$iate contact ) v d>k p>ts4 ,! process is mu* simpl] :5 p>ts ( ! pr9t ( m$ium tones1 :i* are surr\nd$ by light] p>ts1 are to be d>k5$4 ,if1 = in/ance1 ! eyes ( a portrait are to be d>k5$1 ink %\ld be appli$ to ! :ole ( ! eye ) a small bru%1 & !n hopp$ (f4 ,a tree trunk1 :i* mu/ be br\ght out 9 relief1 %\ld be cov]$ ?r\gh\t its :ole l5g? ) s(t ink1 & ! ink %\ld !n be work$ ov]1 by hopp+ x f ! light] t[>d ! d>k] p>ts4 ,9 practice1 ! br++ toge!r ( neighbor+ tones1 :i* diff] consid]ably 9 value1 c be easily effect$ by hopp+ (f ! ink f ! d>k] p>ts ) a bru% t has n be5 fre%ly *>g$ ) ink1 & deposit+ x on ! light] p>ts4 ,! light5+ ( too d>k places c also be atta9$ by go+ ov] !m ) a p]fectly clean bru% t has n be5 dipp$ 9 ! ink4 ,isolat$ high lights c be acc5tuat$ by t\*+ !m ) a po9t$ wat]-color bru%1 dipp$ 9 wat]2 !n ! film swells & repels ! ink4 ,/a9$ high lights or too d>k middle tones may be light5$ by wett+ a bru% ( prop] size by means ( a wet clo? & !n lightly hopp+ ) ?is ! places :i* are to be correct$4 ,! bru% picks up ! color1 b mu/ be imm$iately clean$ by rubb+ x on a clean portion ( ! palette1 aft] :i* x may be aga9 wet & us$ aga94 ,cl\ds c be work$ into d>k p>ts ( ! sky 9 ?is way4 ,,! ,,/ructure ,,( ,,! ,,ink4--,indep5d5tly ( ! surface ( ! pap] on :i* ! "w is done1 ! /ructure ( ! coat+ ( ink c be influ5c$ by ! nature ( ! bru% "w4 ,if a bru% well *>g$ ) ink has its full surface plac$ firmly on ! gelat9e film & !n sl[ly lift$ up1 an impression ( ! surface ( ! bru% rema9s2 ! individual hairs or gr\ps ( hairs ( ! bru% h ea* deposit$ a "p ( ! ink t !y _h tak5 up1 & a v co>se-gra9$ spot ( ink is produc$4 ,if we n[ hop1 t is1 dab ) quick light bl[s ( ! bru%1 ! ink beg9s to be di/ribut$1 s9ce x is tak5 away f ! light] p>ts & tak5 up by ! %ad[s4 ,! draw+ ( ! picture ?us appe>s "u ! bru%1 at fir/ ) a v co>se gra9 & )\t _m details4 ,! long] "o hops & ?us di/ributes ! ink1 ! f9] becomes ! gra91 & x especially becomes mu* f9] on ! addition ( s(t] ink4 ,! bromoil pr9t] h5ce has x completely )9 8 p[] to limit ! division ( ! ink to any desir$ co>s5ess ( gra91 assum+1 ( c\rse1 t he has suit$ ! consi/5cy ( ! ink to ! degree ( relief1 & is !re=e able to completely f9i% ! pr9t ) ! orig9al ink )\t add+ any s(t]4 ,pr9ts may ?us be prep>$1 :i* because ( _! co>se /ructure1 resemble c]ta9 graphic me?ods4 ,b1 :5 ?is is int5d$1 ! application ( ! ink mu/ be c>ri$ on z ev5ly z possible f ! beg9n+1 s t x ne$s v little hopp+ (f1 = any consid]able am\nt ( hopp+ unavoidably produces a f9] gra94 ,ev5 if ! use ( s(t] inks is necess>y1 a co>se /ructure c be obta9$ by suitable bru% "w4 ,! long]1 h[ev]1 ! ink is di/ribut$ by hopp+1 ! f9] becomes ! /ructure ( ! ink film & ! smoo!r ! surface4 ,! mo/ p]fect smoo?ness is also atta9able1 if x is desir$ = any reason4 ,= ?is a n too volatile solv5t %\ld be us$1 su* z heavy b5zol4 ,! me?od ( us+ ?is is z foll[s3 :5 ! pr9t has be5 fully ink$ & is complete1 ?\gh /ill some:at co>se-gra9$1 a clo? %\ld be wet ) ! b5zol1 & ! bru% lightly press$ !reon & !n pass$ quickly ov] ! desir$ p>ts ( ! picture4 ,at fir/ a sme>$ spot is =m$ on ! surface ( ! pr9t2 by cont9u$ g5tle hopp+ ! spot is gradually work$ out1 & by cont9u$ work+ we get a f95ess ( detail1 equal to t ( pr9t+-out pap]4 ,x is true t ev5 ! highe/ lights acquire a delicate film ( ink1 s t a pr9t treat$ 9 ?is way is some:at l[ 9 key4 ,if ! hopp+ ) ! bru% *>g$ ) b5zol is n cont9u$ until ! f9e/ possible gra9 is atta9$1 a mi/y effect may be produc$1 ) "s suppression ( ! f9e/ details2 a me?od :i* is frequ5tly useful 9 ! production ( l&scapes4 ,by suitable ink & bru% te*nique ! effect ( any o!r kn[n photographic pr9t+ process may be atta9$ 9 bromoil pr9t+1 f ! ri*-9-detail gloss ( collodio-*loride pap] to ! *>act]i/ic effects ( gum-bi*romate4 ,yet ! f>-rea*+ possibilities :i* bromoil places at our comm& really only beg9 :]e mo/ ( ! o!r processes end4 ,,diff]5t ,,me?ods ,,( ,,work+4--,9 ! foll[+ pages "s ( ! diff]5t me?ods ( te*nique1 :i* ! bromoil process p]mits1 w be briefly sket*$4 ,obvi\sly1 h[ev]1 ! description ( ^! me?ods _c be made complete )\t practical demon/ration4 ,nor c all conceivable me?ods ( work+ be m5tion$1 z individual treatm5t ( ! process c be v>i$ 9 _m ways4 ,we w fir/ describe ! me?od ( work+ :i* is mo/ suitable = ! beg9n]1 because x (f]s tol]able c]ta9ty to ^? :o h n yet ma/]$ ! process4 ,! beg9n]1 9 ord] to obta9 good results1 mu/ />t ) a bromide pr9t z clean & well-model$ z possible1 & its high lights %\ld n be fogg$ 9 ! lea/4 ,he %\ld place ! pr9t1 blea*$ & prep>$ exactly accord+ to ! me?ods detail$ 9 ?is book1 9 wat] at ab\t #ah ,c4 7#fe ,f471 leave x !re = a few m9utes1 dry its surface1 & beg9 ! application ( ! ink ) ! /iff] ink1 :i* %\ld be ?9ly appli$ & !n work$ ov] until ! hopp+ br+s out no fur!r detail4 ,if ! draw+ ( ! image does n quickly appe> ^u hopp+ ! pr9t1 & ! result is only a detailless pat* ( ink1 ! orig9al temp]ature ( ! soak+ ba? mu/ be increas$4 ,!n ! pr9t %\ld be aga9 imm]s$ 9 ! wat]1 left = two m9utes1 & aga9 dri$4 ,! "w ( hopp+ is n[ cont9u$ ) ! same bru% ) :i* ! pr9t 0 orig9ally treat$1 & )\t its hav+ be5 aga9 put into ! ink4 ,z a rule ! m]e plac+ ( ! pr9t 9 wat] aga9 w h increas$ ! contra/s1 & new details w h appe>$1 :i* c be consid]ably acc5tuat$ by n[ go+ ov] ) ! bru%4 ,only :5 ! pr9t has be5 aga9 work$ ov]1 %\ld fre% ink be c>efully appli$ ) ! bru%2 ?is %\ld !n be di/ribut$ by hopp+1 & ! pr9t aga9 soak$ 9 wat]4 ,! proc$ure ?us outl9$3 application ( ! ink1 hopp+1 soak+1 go+ ov] x ) ! empty bru%1 fre% ink application1 hopp+1 soak+1 & s on1 is cont9u$ z long z ! pr9t ga9s 9 /r5g? & dep?1 )\t becom+ dull or muddy4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ?is po9t is rea*$1 ! ink$ pr9t %\ld be imm]s$ 9 wat] at a r high] temp]ature & left 9 x = "s m9utes4 ,! pr9t is !n fur!r treat$ ) ! bru%1 )\t fre% ink+1 & w soon become mu* cle>] 9 ! high lights4 ,if ! cle>+ ?us obta9$ is n suffici5t1 ! temp]ature ( ! wat] ba? %\ld be increas$ by a few degrees1 b n m ?an #e ,c4 7#i ,f47 at a "t4 ,z ! high lights become cle>] x may happ5 t ! /iff ink w no long] be tak5 up4 ,!n x is necess>y to s(t5 x a little4 ,?is me?od ( work+ w gu>antee to ! beg9n] ! atta9m5t ( good results ) tol]able c]ta9ty4 ,,h>d ,,ink ,,te*nique 7,co>se-gra9 ,pr9ts74--,if x is desir$ to prep>e a bromoil pr9t ( r\gh surface & co>s] "*1 ! work] mu/ be able to f9i% ! pr9t exclusively ) a relatively h>d ink4 ,= ?is x is necess>y to det]m9e by trial ! temp]ature ( ! wat] ba? at :i* ! film ( ! pr9t acquires a relief :i* is absolutely suitable = ! /iff ink4 ,:5 ?is degree ( relief has be5 f\nd1 ! pr9t %\ld be ink$ up /rongly b ev5ly f ! v />t1 s t "o is n compell$ to g ov] individual places sev]al times ) ! bru%4 ,?us ! co>se /ructure ( ! ink is obta9$4 ,! use ( hog's bri/le bru%es is also efficaci\s 9 co>se-gra9$ "w4 ,,s(t ,,ink ,,te*nique4--,?is me?od ( work+ is us$ on ! "o h& = ! prep>ation ( l[-ton$ mi/y effects1 on ! o!r h& to obta9 fully & ri*ly model$ pr9ts4 ,9 ! fir/ case ! bromide pr9t %\ld be correctly expos$1 b n completely develop$2 :ile 9 ! second case x %\ld be ?or\ghly develop$4 ,! pr9t is !n1 accord+ to ! *oice ( ! op]ator1 ei!r br\ght at once to a fairly high relief1 or only gradually rais$ to ! same relief dur+ ! application ( ! ink4 ,!n1 9 ! c\rse ( ink+1 a po9t is soon rea*$ at :i* ! /iff] ink is repell$ by ! high lights & p]haps also by ! light] half-tones1 & dur+ ! hopp+ is aga9 tak5 up by ! bru%4 ,!n ! ink %\ld be c>efully s(t5$ ) l9se$ oil or v>ni%1 & ! :ole pr9t gone ov] ) ! s(t] ink4 ,pr9ts :i* are execut$ 9 ! s(t ink te*nique are *>act]iz$ by a specially f9e velvety surface aft] defatt+4 ,,sket* ,,te*nique4--,if "o proposes to completely "w up c]ta9 p>ts ( a pr9t & leave ! re/ treat$ 9 a sket*y mann]1 & possibly to omit "s p>ts altoge!r1 "o %\ld beg9 by work+ up ! "p :i* %\ld /& out4 ,?us1 9 a portrait1 ! head %\ld be fir/ work$ up2 !n proce$ sy/ematically1 ) ! ink rema9+ 9 ! bru%1 to sket* 9 ! clo?+ & ! backgr\nd1 & p]haps leave unimportant p>ts ( ! pr9t completely unt\*$4 ,to facilitate ! "w1 di/urb+ details or a too prom95t backgr\nd may be remov$ or r$uc$ on ! bromide pr9t1 be=e blea*+1 ) dilute ,f>m]'s r$uc]4 ,if1 :5 ! "w is f9i%$1 ! p>ts t h n be5 ink$ are visible ?r\gh _! relief & gloss9ess1 ^! traces ( ! un9k$ picture completely disappe> 9 dry+1 if ! orig9al bromide pr9t 0 n develop$ too vigor\sly4 ,if "o contemplates produc+ a vignette1 x is absolutely unnecess>y to obta9 ?is by ! use ( masks or vignett]s :5 mak+ ! bromide pr9t4 ,! effects :i* result f ! suitable treatm5t ( ! bromoil pr9t are f> m free & beautiful4 ,if c]ta9 p>ts ( ! picture are to be acc5tuat$ & all ! re/ is to be r5d]$ visible1 ev5 if only sket*ily1 "o may also "w 9 ! rev]se way4 ,! :ole picture %\ld be giv5 a ?9 coat+ ( ink1 z ev5 z possible1 :i* %\ld be hopp$ only j en\gh to b>ely br+ out ! draw+4 ,!n "w out ^? p>ts1 to :i* att5tion is to be direct$1 keep+ z closely z possible to ! outl9es4 ,:5 ^!1 ! mo/ important p>ts ( ! pr9t1 are f9i%$1 x is frequ5tly se5 t ! re/ ( ! picture is too delicate4 ,?is %\ld !n be gone ov] aga9 ) ! ink z at fir/1 )\t completely work+ x up1 until ! correct tonal value is atta9$4 ,!n ! necess>y h>mony is obta9$ by go+ ov] ! outl9es ) ! bru%4 ,,l>ge ,,heads4--,! f>-rea*+ possibilities ( ! bromoil process (f] special advantages = ! free modification ( tones 9 portraits4 ,x is advisable to take ! portraits ) a neutral or d>k backgr\nd4 ,! only exception is :5 a head is to be done 9 r$ *alk1 :5 a :ite backgr\nd is pref]able4 ,/>t+ f su* a negative 9 bromoil pr9t+ ! backgr\nd may be kept1 accord+ to *oice1 ei!r light or v d>k1 or be %ad$4 ,"o precaution %\ld1 h[ev]1 be obs]v$ 9 e case2 be=e />t+ on ! head itself1 ! backgr\nd %\ld be work$ 9 lightly f ! m>g9s t[>d ! head1 s t no d>k l9e may be =m$ :5 work+ on ! outl9es ( ! portrait4 ,if ?is %[s dur+ ! "w1 x mu/ be work$ d[n to h>mony ) ! backgr\nd at once be=e x gets too d>k4 ,"o c1 !re=e1 f a giv5 negative1 produce at w ei!r a fully work$-up head aga9/ a d>k gr\nd1 or a light1 sket*y image on ! light backgr\nd ( ! pap]1 or any int]m$iate /age4 ,if1 z previ\sly sugge/$1 p>ts ( ! picture are to be treat$ sket*ily1 :ile o!rs are to be fully work$ up1 ! p>ts :i* %\ld appe> sket*y are all[$ to rema9 co>se-gra9$1 :ile ! /ructure gradually becomes f9] 9 pass+ into ! work$-up portions4 ,no portion1 h[ev]1 %\ld be made p]fectly /ructureless4 ,bromoil pr9ts ?us work$ up are mu* m arti/ic ?an ^? pictures :i* are kn[n by ! "n ( photo-sket*es4 ,! latt] usually %[ a head1 pr9t$ ) all ! gradation & fullness ( detail giv5 by pr9t+-out pap]4 ,! tone becomes gradually light] t[>d ! edges1 :]e we f9d "s /rong l9es1 imitat+ ! "* ( a l9e draw+1 all surr\nd$ by a p]fectly :ite backgr\nd4 ,to ! tra9$ eye ! te*nique ( su* photo-sket*es is abom9able1 = ! contra/ betwe5 ! inimitable detail ( ! head & ! p]fectly blank backgr\nd is s great t x _c be bridg$ ov] by ! ef=t to imitate ! mann] ( an et*+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 su* problems c be solv$ 9 an arti/ic way ) our process1 = ! head may always be produc$ 9 a r co>se gra91 s t x dovetails h>moni\sly into ! sket*ily treat$ surr\nd+s4 ,,oil-,,pa9t+ ,,/yle4--,if x is desir$ to prep>e portraits :i* resemble reproductions ( oil pa9t+s1 "o %\ld proce$ z foll[s3 ! head %\ld be fir/ ink$ 9 consid]ably deep] ?an x %\ld appe> 9 ! f9al pr9t2 !n1 if ! head is on a light backgr\nd1 x w appe> vigor\s1 ev5 if n mu* ink is us$4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! backgr\nd is d>k & heavy1 ! ink$-up head w appe> consid]ably light] because ( ! contra/4 ,= ?is /yle ( "w x is be/ to select a w>m d>k br[n ink4 ,:5 ! head is f9i%$1 "s v s(t ink ( ! same %ade %\ld be plac$ v ?ickly 9 ! corn]s & m>g9s ( ! picture1 & ?is %\ld be work$ f all sides t[>ds ! head1 :i* naturally mu/ n be t\*$ ) ! s(t ink4 ,f9ally ! bl5d+ ( ! head ) ! backgr\nd %\ld be v c>efully done4 ,9 ! l[] "p ( ! portrait ! clo?+ %\ld bl5d into ! backgr\nd 9 a simil> mann]2 only "o mu/ take c>e 9 mak+ ! negative t no light pieces ( drap]y or accessories are us$1 because !y _c be easily completely cov]$4 ,any light] acc5ts1 :i* may be desir$ 9 ! backgr\nd1 %\ld be made by remov+ ! ink ) a clean bru%4 ,"o may ?us make ! head /& out 9 a d>k oval1 or atta9 simil> pa9t+ effects4 ,pr9ts prep>$ 9 ?is way ought n to be defatt$1 z !y !n lose _! simil>ity to oil pa9t+s4 ,!y mu/ be left to dry = sev]al days1 9 a place free f du/1 until ! ?ickly-appli$ ink has h>d5$4 ,,night ,,pictures4--,twilight & night effects c be easily obta9$ f ord9>y negatives by c>efully swell+ ! blea*$ pr9t s t ! diff]5ces ( relief exi/5t 9 ! pr9t are only slightly br\ght out4 ,!n ! capacity ( ! lights & %ad[s = tak+ ! ink is n s v diff]5t1 & ! gradation is %ort]4 ,a second possibility ( obta9+ ! same effect is (f]$ by us+ ma9ly s(t ink1 :i*1 z is well kn[n1 adh]es to a c]ta9 ext5t ev5 9 ! high lights ( ! pr9t2 only ! s(t ink mu/ be appli$ v c>efully & ?9ly 9 ! %ad[s1 s t ^! d n become *ok$ up ) ink4 ,9 ?is way "o may make night pictures f daylight exposures1 accurately correspond+ 9 tone values to night exposures4 ,previ\s practice has be5 to use ei!r und]expos$ negatives or ov]expos$ pr9ts = su* effects2 9 bo? cases ! night effects 7 gloomy1 b false 9 tone values1 & usually )\t details 9 ! %ad[s4 ,9 bromoil pr9t+ ! gradation c be %ort5$ z describ$1 )\t loss ( draw+1 & "o c simulate p]fectly ! %ort scale & my/]i\s gloom ( night4 ,if ! too d5se sky ( ! negative _c be suffici5tly d>k5$ by ! use ( s(t ink1 its ink+ %\ld be po/pon$ till ! pr9t is dry4 ,,pr9ts ,,) ,,:ite ,,m>g9s4--,if x is desir$ to obta9 bromoil pr9ts ) m>g9s ( ! natural pap]1 ! negative %\ld be mask$ ) clean-cut black safe-edges ( lant]n slide b9d+ /rips1 or "o may use a mask1 & pr9t or enl>ge on a %eet ( bromide pap] l>ge en\gh to leave unexpos$ m>g9s ( ! desir$ wid?4 ,9 mak+ enl>gem5ts ! mask1 cut out ( r ?9 c>d1 %\ld be p9n$ on ! enl>g+ scre5 ov] ! %eet ( bromide pap]4 ,aft] blea*+ su* a pr9t ! tann$ image w appe> slightly depress$ )9 a /rongly swoll51 :ite frame ( less tann$ gelat9e4 ,! ink+ is done )\t any att5tion be+ paid to ?is unpr9t$ edge4 ,9 consequ5ce ( its /rong relief ?is gelat9e does n take any ink f ! bru%1 or1 at mo/1 a m]e trace4 ,:5 ! pr9t is f9i%$1 ! ink is easily wip$ f ! :ite m>g9s by means ( a damp clo?1 :i* removes ?is ink ) ! greate/ ease4 ,! f9i%$ & dri$ pr9t is enhanc$ 9 effect if a plate m>k is impress$ 9 ?is wide :ite m>g94 ,,! ,,swell$-,,gra9 ,,image4--,co>se-gra9 pr9t+ 9 bromoil has previ\sly dep5d$ on a v c>efully det]m9$ relation betwe5 ! degree ( relief ( ! film & ! consi/5cy ( ! ink1 :i* _h to be s *os5 t ! ink 0 n v easily tak5 up by ! film4 ,if ink+ 0 !n skilfully done1 ! /ructure ( ! face ( ! bru% 0 visible to a c]ta9 ext5t all ov] ! pr9t & gave ! effect ( a m or less co>se & irregul>-gra9$ image4 ,x 0 obvi\sly necess>y = ! success ( a pr9t ( ?is type t no portion ( ! image %\ld be gone ov] sev]al times ) ! bru%1 =1 if ?is 0 done1 ! /ructure 0 oblit]at$ & ! spot 9 "q became smoo?4 ,s9ce1 also1 ! requirem5t t ! degree ( relief mu/ be r high = ! *os5 consi/5cy ( ! ink c\ld nev] be fulfill$ by ! %ad[s1 s9ce ^! always take ! color easily1 we (t5 obta9$ an undesir$ smoo?ness ( effect 9 ! %ad[s4 ,= ?is reason typical co>se-gra9 pr9ts c\ld n always be produc$ ) c]ta9ty4 ,i !re=e endeavor$ to improve ! te*nique ( bromoil 9 ?is respect & to "w out a gra9 me?od :i* c\ld be dep5d$ ^u ) c]ta9ty 9 e case4 ,! basic ?\ght 0 t ! fundam5tal basis = mak+ a co>se gra9 pr9t %\ld be a "p ( ! film itself1 & ,i endeavor$ to prep>e ! latt] s t a gra9 /ructure c\ld be produc$ :i* %\ld equally und]lie all p>ts ( ! image4 ,su* a gra9 /ructure c !oretically be obta9$ 9 ! foll[+ way3 if we all[ a prop]ly prep>$ un9k$ bromoil pr9t1 :i* has be5 br\ght to ! prop] degree ( relief1 to dry (f a little & !n spray x by means ( an atomiz] ) extremely f9e liquid drops1 ! film w aga9 swell up "u e drop1 b only "u ^!2 & :5 we ink up1 we obta9 a def9ite gra9 effect :i*1 h[ev]1 only p]si/s if ! ink+ is complet$ be=e ! spray$-on wat] gra9 aga9 dries out4 ,su* a relief gra9 is n p]man5t1 because ! subsequ5tly swoll5 portions ( ! film _c reta9 ! diff]5ce 9 swell+4 ,?is process1 !re=e1 has only exp]im5tal int]e/ & practically c be us$ b r>ely4 ,to make ! swell$ gra9 useful1 ! second>ily swoll5 po9ts ( ! film mu/ p]man5tly reta9 ! diff]5ce 9 swell+ :i* has be5 imp>t$ to !m4 ,to atta9 ?is end1 ,i />t f ! fact t portions ( ! gelat9e :i* are treat$ ) alkal9e solution w swell mu* m 9 a ba? ( w>m wat] ?an spots :i* h n be5 ?us h&l$4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! desir$ gra9 c be appli$ to ! film by means ( an alkal9e solution1 all ! elem5ts ( ! gra9 w swell up m /rongly 9 ! wat] ba? ?an _! surr\nd+s1 & w !re=e protrude above ! re/ ( ! film & ?us atta9 & reta9 a bett] degree ( swell+ ?an ! lat5t tann$ image4 ,! next /ep 0 obvi\sly a practical treatm5t ( ! film by spray+ x z ev5ly z possible ) extremely f9e drops ( an alkal9e solution4 ,x soon appe>$ t ! greate/ att5tion mu/ be paid to ! type ( app>atus ) :i* ! spray+ 0 to be done4 ,any atomiz] ^: spray comb9es f9e & co>se drops is useless4 ,any atomiz] :i* is work$ by bl[+ ) ! m\? or by int]mitt5t bla/s ( a pump is unsuitable1 = at ! in/ant :5 ! /ream ( air is int]rupt$1 a c]ta9 quantity ( liquid rema9s 9 ! m\?piece & is ?r[n out by ! next bla/ ( air 9 ! =m ( co>se drops4 ,!re=e1 only cont9u\sly function+ atomiz]s c be us$1 pref]ably ^? types :i* are actuat$ by d\ble rubb] bell[s4 ,only ) su* atomiz]s is x possible to c\nt ) a fair degree ( c]ta9ty on ! production ( a sy/em ( uni=mly f9e drops4 ,ammonia1 :i* has previ\sly be5 g5]ally us$ 9 bromoil pr9t+ z a swell+ ag5t1 _c be us$ to produce su* a gra91 because ! ammonia gas volatilizes 9 great "p 9 its passage ?r\gh ! air4 ,a five p] c5t solution ( potassium c>bonate has be5 f\nd to be mo/ satisfactory4 ,! next "q is at :at /age ( ! process ! swell$ gra9 %\ld be produc$4 ,mak+ x on ! dry pr9t is n p]missible1 because ! droplets are tak5 up too gre$ily by ! dry film & diffuse quickly & irregul>ly4 ,! safe/ me?od ( work+ is to place ! blea*$ & dri$ pr9t 9 cold wat] until x becomes limp1 !n blot x (f until q dry on ! surface1 & !n treat x4 ,! practical me?od ( produc+ ! swell$ gra9 is z foll[s3 ! pr9t1 :i* has be5 swell$ 9 cold wat] & ?or\ghly dri$ (f1 is plac$ on a horizontal support & ! atomiz] set 9 action2 z soon z x works ) complete uni=mity1 x is pass$ back & =? across ! pr9t z ev5ly z possible "u cont9u\s obs]vation1 until ! :ole pr9t is uni=mly cov]$ ) a lay] ( extremely f9e drops4 ,! mo/ important precaution is ! cont9u\s obs]vation ( ! pr9t :ile ! spray+ is be+ done1 & ?is is be/ done by hav+ ! light fall on ! pr9t at z small an angle z possible4 ,! practical way to d ?is is z foll[s3 ! pr9t is laid on a table ne> ! w9d[4 ,! op]ator sits 9 front ( ! w9d[ & gets bo? 8 eye & ! atomiz] v slightly above & 9 front ( ! pr9t4 ,"u ^! conditions !re is a reflection ( light 9 e s+le drop1 :i* makes ! obs]vation ( ! di/ribution ( ! drops v easy4 ,at ! in/ant :5 ! :ole film seems to be uni=mly cov]$ ) dew1 ! atomiz] is quickly turn$ away f ! pr9t4 ,x is necess>y to be ?or\ghly famili> ) ! action ( ! atomiz] :i* is be+ us$2 ) mo/ atomiz]s ! f9e/ drops1 on acc\nt ( _! lightness1 fall d[nw>ds n v f> f ! m\?piece1 :ile o!rs project _! f9e/ drops to a great] di/ance4 ,! spray$ pr9t1 :i* naturally _c be t\*$ on ! film side1 mu/ be left undi/urb$ = a c]ta9 p]iod1 :i* mu/ be det]m9$ by exp]im5t1 = x dep5ds1 among o!r ?+s1 on ! temp]ature ( ! room & ! peculi>ities ( ! pap] :i* is us$4 ,an approximate idea may be _h by consid]+ ^! po9ts3 ! long] ! potassium c>bonate solution lies on ! pr9t1 ! m ! f9e/ drops evaporate1 :ile some:at l>g] drops cont9ue _! action1 s t ! gra9 becomes co>s] ?r\gh long] action4 ,a co>se gra9 c also be obta9$ by ! use ( co>se drops4 ,if ! drops are all[$ to dry completely1 ! diffusion produc$ dur+ ?is long] "t results 9 an extra swell+ ( ! :ole film1 )\t any gra9 effect4 ,aft] a suffici5t "t has elaps$1 ! potassium c>bonate solution is remov$ f ! film by r9s+ or blott+ (f1 & ! pr9t is swoll5 to ! necess>y degree4 ,x is obvi\s t mu* l[] temp]atures mu/ be us$ = ?is ?an if ! pr9t _h n be5 treat$ ) ! gra9+ solution1 = ! drops ( ! potassium c>bonate solution cov] a consid]able fraction ( ! surface ( ! pr9t4 ,! fact t ! great] portion ( ! surface ( ! pr9t has be5 affect$ by ! spray makes x app>5t t ! alkal9e solution _c be replac$ by a tann+ solution1 = ! great] portion ( ! film w\ld become less capable ( swell+ if su* a solution 7 us$1 & !re=e ! lat5t tann$ image w\ld be de/roy$4 ,:5 ! pr9t is blott$ (f aft] swell+1 x %\ld %[ a sc>cely visible relief :5 look$ at by light fall+ f ! side4 ,! actual effect ( ! gra9 _c be p]ceiv$ until aft] ! ink+ has be5 done4 ,! pr9ts obta9$ 9 ?is way h1 if ! treatm5t has be5 successful1 a v beautiful gra9$ /ructure :i* ext5ds ov] ! lights & %ad[s q ev5ly4 ,x is possible to "w on su* a pr9t q normally )\t hav+ to h>monize ! degree ( relief & ! consi/5cy ( ! ink ) great accuracy4 ,especially is x possible to "w up any giv5 "p ( ! pr9t z long z desir$ ) ! bru% )\t endang]+ ! /ructure2 on ! contr>y1 x is improv$ by ?is treatm5t4 ,= bromoil transf]1 !re are ! foll[+ special advantages3 e new transf] has exactly ! same co>s5ess ( gra91 if ?is is imp>t$ to ! film once = all4 ,9 comb9ation transf]1 ! gra9 p]si/s 9 spite ( ! fact t sev]al impressions are made on ! same pap]1 because ! swell$-gra9 elem5ts are re-impress$ 9 ! same spots1 if ! regi/ration is accurate4 ,f9ally1 x might be well to m5tion a few causes ( failure :i* frequ5tly occur 9 ! fir/ exp]im5ts4 ,if ! pr9t appe>s to be cov]$ ) _m small :ite spots at a c]ta9 di/ance ap>t b n 9 contact1 ! gra9 is too heavy & !re=e does n take up en\gh ink4 ,9 ?is case1 aft] r9s+1 ! pr9t may be spray$ once m1 c>efully & n too heavily4 ,l>g] :ite spots on ! pr9t %[ t :5 ! gra9 0 made l>ge drops 7 produc$ by ! atomiz]4 ,if su* drops are notic$ :ile spray+1 ! pr9t %\ld be imm$iately plac$ 9 wat]1 dri$ (f & spray$ aga94 ,if ! pr9t %[s spots ( r l>ge area :i* d n take ink & only %[ irregul> ink spots "h & !re1 x has be5 spray$ too long1 t is1 too mu* pota% solution 0 appli$1 & ! pr9t is !n useless z x _c be correct$4 ,9 addition1 su* a pr9t may be easily recogniz$ aft] swell+1 = a co>se gra9 patt]n w be cle>ly visible on ! film4 ,?is swell$-gra9 process p]mits ( v beautiful & *>act]i/ic results1 yet1 l all v>iations1 x assumes a solid k ( ! bromoil process1 & mu/ be practically us$ ov] & ov] aga9 be=e x c be appli$ ) c]ta9ty4 ,,mix+ ,,! ,,inks4--,z has already be5 m5tion$1 we h at our comm& = bromoil n only black & br[n1 b any o!r color ( ink 9 v>i\s %ades4 ,z a rule1 h[ev]1 color$ inks are some:at too bright to be us$ pure2 moreov]1 z a rule !y c only be _h comm]cially 9 a fairly s(t consi/5cy4 ,?is is actually no disadvantage1 z "o is (t5 =c$ by ! consi/5cy ( ! ink to d :at is c\nsell$ by good ta/e1 t is to tone d[n ! color$ ink ) h>d black ink4 ,x is n practicable to make a mixture ( h>d black ink ) ! color$ ) ! knife on ! palette1 because x is difficult to hit ! exact %ade ) c]ta9ty 9 ?is way4 ,x is bett] :5 us+ gre51 blue or any o!r color$ ink to mix ! inks ) ! bru% on ! bromoil pr9t itself4 ,fir/ "o %\ld g ov] ! :ole pr9t v delicately ) h>d black ink & almo/ complete ! draw+ by hopp+4 ,!n ! "w %\ld be cont9u$ z w\ld be done if we 7 mix+ h>d & s(t ink1 m]ely replac+ ! s(t black ink by ! color$ "o4 ,!n ! "w %\ld be cont9u$ ) ! mix$ ink2 if ! exact %ade has n be5 hit1 m or less ( "o or ! o!r color is tak5 up by ! bru% until ! desir$ color effect is obta9$4 ,x is immat]ial t ^? p>ts ( ! pr9t on :i* "o has te/$ ! mixture %[ a little too bright or too d>k a tone4 ,by go+ ov] ^! aga9 ) ! f9al correct color ^! places1 ?\gh p]haps only aft] resoak+1 w rea* ! prop] tone1 z ! ink 9 ! bru% & t already on ! pr9t quickly mix to a uni=m value4 ,if1 9 ! c\rse ( ! "w1 x appe>s t ! mixture ( ?is & ! color$ ink1 ! color tone adh]e prop]ly1 x is n advisable to attempt fur!r s(t5+ by ! addition ( s(t black ink4 ,by ! mixture ( ?is & ! color$ ink1 ! color tone already decid$ on w be alt]$4 ,9 su* a case v>ni% or l9se$ oil mu/ be us$ to s(t5 ! mix$ ink4 ,,poly*rome ,,bromoils4--,pr9ts ( two or m colors h previ\sly be5 made1 aside f ! ?ree-color process pr9t$ f ?ree-color sep>ation negatives1 *iefly by ! gum-bi*romate process1 by coat+ ! pr9t successively 9 diff]5t colors4 ,aft] ea* coat+ ! negative 0 pr9t$1 usually ) masks1 & ! unnecess>y p>ts ( ea* color$ coat+ 7 wa%$ away dur+ developm5t4 ,! prep>ation ( a poly*rome gum pr9t is extremely t$i\s & unc]ta94 ,n ! lea/ ( ! difficulties is ! fact t 9 consequ5ce ( ! addition ( ! *romate ! color effect _c be det]m9$ ) accuracy until ! pr9t is f9i%$ & ! *romium salts are remov$4 ,moreov]1 z a rule ! color lay]s are p]fectly di/9ct & ! color mixtures =m$ by _! juxtaposition mu/ be accept$ z !y happ5 to come4 ,a correction ( ! colors dur+ ! "w is n easily effect$4 ,! bromoil process1 on ! o!r h&1 is 9 its v ess5ce prem95tly suitable = "w 9 sev]al colors1 & (f]s all ! possibilities :i* h previ\sly be5 lack+4 ,)\t any special prelim9>y prep>ation ! work] c apply any numb] ( diff]5t colors to "o & ! same pr9t at "o sitt+2 he c h>monize !m to ea* o!r dur+ ! progress ( ! "w1 comb9e neighbor+ colors by work+ !m into ea* o!r on ! pr9t & easily correct any error t may occur4 ,x is true t ! execution ( a bromoil pr9t 9 poly*rome requires complete ma/]y ( ! process2 an indisp5sable condition is a p]fect comm& ( ! h&l+ ( bru% & ink4 ,!re=e1 exp]im5ts 9 poly*rome bromoil pr9t+ c only be recomm5d$ to ^? :o h ! mono*rome process absolutely at _! f+]s' tips4 ,if a negative is to be pr9t$ 9 sev]al colors1 ! work] mu/ fir/ be absolutely cle> z to 8 arti/ic s*eme & "k exactly 9 :at color ea* individual "p ( ! pr9t mu/ be execut$2 he mu/ fur!r be sure t ! *os5 colors h>monize ) ea* o!r4 ,he w n always be satisfi$ ) ! colors to be f\nd 9 comm]ce1 b mu/ prep>e ! necess>y inks = himself4 ,at fir/ pictures %\ld be *os5 :i* conta9 l>ge areas ( uni=m coloration1 & z few colors z possible %\ld be us$4 ,if y are n p]fectly famili> ) ! pr9t1 x is necess>y to h a pro( z a guide1 s z n to ov]/ep ! outl9es ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! image :i* are to be individually color$4 ,! be/ way ( sett+ to "w is z foll[s3 fir/ select ! color necess>y = "o or m ( ! l>g] areas ( ! picture1 = in/ance gre5 = ! foliage1 & "w up ^! areas completely1 until !y h acquir$ ! requisite vigor & detail4 ,su* p>ts ( ! outl9es z are adjac5t to light]1 & h5ce m /rongly swoll5 p>ts ( ! pr9t1 ne$ be giv5 no special att5tion1 = color t does n belong on !m may easily be remov$ aga9 ) ! damp clo?1 z previ\sly m5tion$4 ,on ! o!r h& x is well to "w c>efully ) e outl9e :i* lies next to a d>k] "p ( ! picture :i* is f9ally to be ( ano!r color4 ,"h x is be/ n to apply ! ink "r up to ! b\nd>y1 b to complete ! ink+ ) a small bru% only aft] ! adjac5t p>ts are coat$ ) _! own color4 ,if1 h[ev]1 su* outl9es are ov]/epp$ & ! adjac5t p>ts are color$ ) an ink t %\ld n be appli$ to !m1 ?is %\ld be remov$ ) a v wet clo?1 twi/$ to a f9e po9t1 by g5tle rubb+4 ,dur+ ?is ! pr9t %\ld rema9 on ! pad4 ,if ! incorrectly ink$ portions are small 9 area ! ink may be remov$ ) art-gum4 ,:5 ! fir/ l>ge areas are f9i%$1 ! pr9t %\ld be aga9 soak$ 9 wat]1 z x w probably h dri$ some:at1 !n dri$ (f1 & ano!r "p ( ! picture dealt )1 ) a fre% color4 ,if ! adjac5t colors are prop]ly *os51 ! result1 ) objects :i* h no %>p outl9es b m]ge into "o ano!r1 w be t ! adjac5t p>ts w spontane\sly bl5d into a h>moni\s transition ( color4 ,p>ts ( ! picture :i* h ! same basic color mu/ n be done ?r\gh\t 9 "o & ! same %ade2 ?us l>ge /ret*es ( vegetation1 :i* ext5d into ! di/ance1 %\ld be execut$ 9 front 9 a yell[i% gre51 & %\ld be %ad$ back into a blui% gre5 & ins5sibly into blue 9 ! di/ance2 su* transitions c be effect$ )\t difficulty4 ,if 9 ! %ad[s !re are small p>ts :i* require ano!r color1 !y %\ld be ink$ ) a v bright color1 :i* is !n r$uc$ by go+ ov] ! :ole surface at "o "t4 ,if x is f\nd t a mi/ake has be5 made 9 any color1 t "p ( ! pr9t may be cle>$ ( ink z describ$ on page #gb1 & ! "w repeat$4 ,if x %\ld f9ally appe> t individual colors are too gl>+ or t ! :ole color s*eme is too h>%1 x is possible to g ov] individual p>ts or ! :ole pr9t ) "s suitable color1 s t ! colors already appli$ are improv$ by a slight admixture ( ?is cov]+ color4 ,su* a proc$ure %[s mo/ emphatically :at advantages !re are 9 ! possibility ( mix+ & ton+ d[n ! colors on ! pr9t itself4 ,z a rule1 to tone d[n too bright colors1 ^! portions or ev5 ! :ole pr9t are gone ov] ) black ink1 b if necess>y o!r colors may be us$ = ! same purpose4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 a picture 9 :i* !re are br[n ro(s1 yell[i%-gre5 foliage1 a sky ( a pron\nc$ blue %ade & wat] ( ano!r blue1 c be made h>moni\s by go+ ov] ! :ole pr9t v lightly ) ! blue ( ! sky4 ,?us ! vegetation w lose "s ( its yell[i% tone1 & all o!r colors1 )\t los+ _! own *>act]i/ics1 w acquire a c]ta9 unity4 ,if ! sky p>ts ( a picture are swoll5 too mu*1 _! uni=m ink+ is n easy4 ,!n x is advisable to ink up ! sky only on ! dry pr9t1 z is sugge/$ on page #aab4 ,because ! tonality ( any color1 :i* has already be5 appli$1 c be alt]$ ) ! bru%1 poly*rome bromoil pr9t+ af=ds v great possibilities4 ,obvi\sly good ta/e & a s\nd color s5se are indisp5sable requisites1 = )\t !m !re is dang] ( produc+ ! undesirable effects *>act]i/ic ( c]ta9 color$ po/c>ds4 ,x may also be rem>k$ t ! colors1 aft] defatt+1 h a some:at less pron\nc$ brilliancy1 z !y lose _! gloss4 ,9 poly*rome bromoil pr9t+1 ! *oice ( too small sizes is n to be recomm5d$4 ,! l>g] ! picture is1 ! l>g] also are ! areas :i* may be uni=mly treat$ &1 !re=e1 ! easi] x is to keep )9 ! outl9es4 ,)9 ! limits ( ?is *apt]1 x is n possible to tea* poly*rome bromoil pr9t+1 only to outl9e its fundam5tals4 ,! unlimit$ fre$om :i* x (f]s w c]ta9ly 9 ! c\rse ( "t produce _m excesses 9 color4 ,= ?is1 h[ev]1 we %\ld condemn1 n ! process itself1 b ^? :o h abus$ x4 ,9 g5]al x w be z well n to approa* too closely ! actual colors ( ! objects repres5t$1 b to "w = ! atta9m5t ( arti/ic effects4 ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 9 any case avoid ev5 ! mo/ remote imitation ( ! pa9t]2 we _c arrive at ! solution ( ! problem ( natural colors on pap] by ! poly*rome bromoil process4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,aft]-,,treatm5t ,,( ,,! ,,f9i%$ ,,pr9t ,! film ( ink on ! dri$ bromoil pr9t aft] ! completion ( ! bru% "w is z a rule n v t5d]1 except :]e mu* s(t ink lies on ! surface4 ,x is n advisable1 h[ev]1 to put ! pr9t "u pressure1 z = in/ance 9 a pr9t+ frame1 = "u /rong pressure ! ink may /ill p>tially (fset on ! adjac5t pap]1 s t ! image is damag$4 ,no pressure %\ld be appli$ until aft] ! removal ( ! fatty m$ium1 :i* is describ$ lat]4 ,:5 ! bru% "w is complet$1 ! :ole surface ( ! bromoil pr9t %[s a slight gloss1 caus$ by ! fatty m$ium ( ! ink4 ,! %ad[s %[ a /rong] %e51 especially 9 ^? places :]e !re is m s(t ink1 = s(t inks conta9 m m$ium4 ,! surface ( ! pr9t1 s f> z ! gloss is conc]n$1 is l t ( a f9i%$ gum pr9t4 ,b ) ! latt] ! gloss _c be remov$2 :5 x is desir$ to get rid ( ! unpleasant prop]ty ( gum pr9ts1 t ! %ad[s are m glossy ?an ! re/ ( ! pr9t1 x is necess>y to make ! :ole pr9t glossy by pa9t+ x ) a solution ( gum4 ,?is is also ! case ) ! c>bon process4 ,) ! bromoil process1 on ! o!r h&1 x is easily possible to remove ! gloss entirely4 ,! %99ess ( a f9i%$ bromoil pr9t is especially unpleasant :5 se5 sideways1 b1 9 c]ta9 cases1 x imp>ts dep? to ! picture & may be made fairly in(f5sive by glaz+ ! pr9t4 ,pr9ts :i* are to keep _! gloss mu/ be expos$ to ! air = "s days1 protect$ f du/1 until ! ink has completely h>d5$4 ,until ?is has happ5$1 ! surface ( ! picture1 especially :]e ! ink is s(t1 is s5sitive & ought n to be t\*$4 ,,defatt+ ,,! ,,ink ,,film4--,be=e removal ( ! fatty m$ium f ! ink1 ! pr9t mu/ be absolutely dri$ out4 ,x mu/ be s dry t x r+s %>ply :5 ! f+] is snapp$ aga9/ x4 ,also1 ! di% 9 :i* ! defatt+ is to be c>ri$ out mu/ n conta9 ! slighte/ trace ( moi/ure1 o!rwise tr\ble w be caus$4 ,an easily volatile solv5t ( ! fat1 su* z b5zol1 tri*lore?yl5e1 c>bon tetra*loride1 etc41 %\ld be p\r$ into ! di%1 & ! pr9t imm]s$ 9 ! liquid & all[$ to rema9 = "s m9utes ) con/ant rock+4 ,on acc\nt ( ! dang] ( fire f ! vapors ( b5zol1 no nak$ flame %\ld be all[$ 9 ! room4 ,c>bon tetra*loride 7c>bona71 on ! o!r h&1 is non-inflammable2 its solv5t action1 & t ( ! tri*lore?yl5e1 on fats1 is mu* m rapid ?an t ( b5zol4 ,! film ( ink is1 z a rule1 n damag$ by ! solv5t1 ?\gh c>e %\ld be tak5 ) pr9ts :i* h be5 execut$ :olly or mo/ly 9 s(t ink4 ,) su* pr9ts x may happ5 t ! ink is entirely dissolv$ 9 p>ts1 or t irregul> %>p l9es & /reaks are sudd5ly =m$4 ,s(t ink pr9ts %\ld1 !re=e1 be all[$ to dry = sev]al days be=e !y are defatt$4 ,by ! use ( v en]getic solv5ts1 su*1 = in/ance1 z tri*lore?yl5e & c>bon tetra*loride1 s(t ink pr9ts1 z a rule1 are completely dissolv$4 ,b5zol is1 !re=e1 to be pref]r$ 9 all cases4 ,! pr9t %\ld be remov$ f ! liquid )\t t\*+ ! ink film1 s(t5$ by ! solv5t4 ,?is evaporates fairly quickly1 & n[ ! bromoil pr9t has an absolutely matt surface ( great beauty4 ,x is "h naturally assum$ t ! fatty m$ium ( ! ink is soluble 9 b5zol1 :i* is usually ! case4 ,! solution ( ! m$ium f ! fatty ink1 besides ! removal ( ! gloss1 has also ! effect ( fix+ ! surface ( ! picture & mak+ x m resi/ant4 ,:ile ! film ( ink be=e ! defatt+ is fairly t5d]1 x aft]w>ds has a /ability at lea/ equal to t ( a p5cil draw+4 ,! surface ( ! f9i%$ bromoil pr9t is g5]ally at lea/ z little liable to damage z ! film ( pr9ts prep>$ by o!r photographic me?ods4 ,x seems z if ! v m9ute gra9s ( pigm5t conta9$ 9 ! fatty ink are made firmly adh]5t by ! dry+ ( ! some:at tacky gelat9e film & !re=e rema9 fix$ ev5 aft] ! removal ( ! fatty m$ium4 ,x is only f places 9 :i* a specially ?ick lay] ( s(t ink 0 deposit$1 t a trifle ( pigm5t du/ c sometimes be remov$ by light friction4 ,! defatt+ is !re=e a proc$ure :i* is advisable 9 mo/ cases & only aft] ?is is ! bromoil pr9t actually complete4 ,aft] x has be5 c>ri$ out1 ! image consi/s ( pure m9]al pigm5t adh]+ firmly to ! gelat9e4 ,x is self-evid5t t a pr9t treat$ 9 su* a way is absolutely p]man5t1 provid$ t ! inks us$ are non-fad+1 :i* is almo/ always ! case4 ,"o c also subsequ5tly moi/5 or soak ! pr9t )\t any dang] if1 = example1 x is to be m\nt$ on c>dbo>d4 ,,ret\*+ ,,! ,,pr9t4--,! defatt$ bromoil pr9t is susceptible to ! mo/ f>-rea*+ me*anical modification4 ,! picture n[ consi/s1 z already m5tion$1 entirely ( extremely f9e p>ticles ( pigm5t adh]+ to ! film ab\t z /rongly z ! l9es ( a p5cil draw+4 ,?is pigm5t c also n[ be treat$ ) rubb] exactly l a p5cil draw+4 ,! ink1 z f> z x 0 put on by degrees1 c also be remov$ by degrees f any desir$ place by prop] measures4 ,9 ! f9i%$ bromoil pr9t ! deepe/ %ad[s are =m$ by a comp>atively ?ick lay] ( pigm5t1 :ile ! lights h only a v delicate coat+ ( ink4 ,we are consequ5tly able to dim9i% ! ?ickness ( ! film by prop] treatm5t1 remov+ x lay] by lay]1 s t ! %ad[s become m transp>5t1 or ! film ( ink may be entirely remov$1 s t ! gelat9e base is laid b>e4 ,! be/ tool = ?is is a piece ( a h>d rubb] eras] %>p5$ to a f9e po9t ) s&pap] or a file4 ,x is also advisable to use a v s(t %>p5$ eras] = treat+ v light places4 ,e "p ( ! pr9t :i* is to be light5$ %\ld n[ be gone ov] ) ! po9t ( ! rubb] 9 f9e l9es v close toge!r4 ,! ink p[d]1 :i* is tak5 up by ! rubb]1 mu/ be remov$ f "t to "t by rubb+ ! rubb] on ! s&pap]1 or x w be left on ! pr9t aga9 9 ! =m ( d>k l9es4 ,if g5tle rubb+ ) ! eras] does n h ! desir$ effect1 x %\ld be us$ m en]getically4 ,sometimes ! ink adh]es s firmly t ! rubb] mu/ be us$ q vigor\sly 9 ord] to remove x4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :]e s(t ink has be5 appli$1 "o mu/ "w v lightly1 or m ink may be remov$ ?an is desir$4 ,important details ( ! picture may be completely tak5 out ) ! rubb] )\t gett+ d[n to ! pap]1 if ! "w is done c>efully4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 un%>p figures 9 ! =egr\nd ( a /reet sc5e1 di/urb+ details 9 ! backgr\nd ( a portrait1 undesirable details ( a l&scape1 su* z telegraph wires1 ugly poles1 trees1 etc41 may be remov$ almo/ )\t leav+ a trace beh9d4 ,if ?is treatm5t does leave visible m>ks1 !y c be easily made to disappe> ) bru% & ink4 ,= remov+ or light5+ t9y spots or l9es1 or = remov+ bru% hairs & simil> imp]fections left dur+ ! ink+1 "o may use a %>p lancet or p5knife1 or a /eel ne$le set 9 a h&le4 ,yet 9 ! use ( ^! %>p in/rum5ts "o mu/ be c>eful to scrape ! surface v g5tly & c>efully1 or ! gelat9e film may be cut1 :i* leaves noticeable m>ks4 ,! possibility ( remov+ ! ink f ! f9i%$ pr9t 9 lay]s by ! use ( an eras]1 )\t leav+ any trace1 gives ! bromoil pr9t] ano!r means = modify+ ! tone values ( ! pr9t at w4 ,if preconceiv$ ideas 7 n fully c>ri$ out 9 ! application ( ! ink1 because t9y places c\ld n be prop]ly work$ out ) ! bru%1 or because !y 7 ov]look$1 ! desir$ *ange ( tone values c n[ be effect$2 ) ! aid ( ! rubb]1 also1 especially effective lights may be add$ to ! picture4 ,if1 9 ! application ( ! ink1 l>ge areas 7 n q uni=mly treat$1 !y c be correct$ n[ )\t tr\ble4 ,d>k spots ( ink c be easily remov$ ) ! rubb]1 & x is (t5 easi] to ev5 out a r brok5 surface ) ! eras] ?an ) ! oil-pr9t+ bru%4 ,b>e spots1 :ite po9ts1 & o!r defects ( ! image1 or places f :i* too mu* ink has be5 remov$ ) ! eras] or p5knife1 are be/ spott$ ) wat]-color ( prop] %ade1 or 9 ! case ( br[ni%-black pr9ts1 ev5 ) *>coal4 ,! defatt$ film takes ! wat]-color easily & places treat$ ) x rema9 p]fectly matt2 on ! o!r h&1 ret\*+ ) lead p5cil %\ld be avoid$ :5ev] possible1 z ?is always produces a c]ta9 %99ess1 :i* is r5d]$ p>ticul>ly prom95t by ! dull surface ( ! re/ ( ! pr9t4 ,a bromoil pr9t :i* has n be5 defatt$ may also be ret\*$ 9 ! same way1 b ! p>ts work$ up ) ! rubb] are !n noticeable4 ,fill+ up spots on su* pr9ts is be/ effect$ ) oil-pr9t+ ink1 appli$ ) a wat]-color bru% dipp$ 9 heavy b5zol s z to dilute x4 ,x is ?us possible 9 ! bromoil process to produce v compreh5sive *anges ) rubb]1 ne$le & ink1 )\t de/roy+ ! "* ( ! picture4 ,) "s exp]i5ce ?is "w is done s quickly & easily t x is n necess>y to ret\* ! negative at all1 ev5 ) portraits4 ,! removal ( imp]fections 9 ! complexion or ! s(t5+ ( too %>p features c be effect$ mu* m quickly & ) m c]ta9ty z to ! effect on ! f9i%$ bromoil pr9t ?an on ! negative1 especially z ret\*+ on ! negative %[s up unpleasantly 9 enl>g+4 ,! possibilities ( aft]-treatm5t ( a bromoil pr9t are manifold4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 by means ( ! eras] v natural appe>+ cl\ds c be rubb$ into ! cl\dless sky ( a l&scape n tak5 ) an or?o*romatic plate1 if 9 ink+ ! sky is prop]ly d>k5$4 ,9 ! backgr\nd & subord9ate planes ( a portrait1 a c]ta9 draughtsmanlike "* c be atta9$ by suitable delicate /rokes ) ! rubb]4 ,ugly l9es ( ! hair or clo?+ :i* c\ld n be suitably dealt ) 9 ! ink+-up1 c n[ be alt]$ ) a little skill4 ,a dull l&scape may be made m lively by pick+ out a few lights4 ,f9ally1 x may be m5tion$ t x is also possible to *ange ! color ( ! pap] base ( ! pr9t1 ?\gh ?is is be/ done be=e ! application ( ! ink4 ,comm]cial bromide pap]s z a rule are only obta9able 9 :ite or yell[i% t9ts4 ,ano!r tone may be imp>t$ to ! pap]1 = in/ance r$di% or blui% = c]ta9 effects2 ?is is effect$ by swell+ ! blea*$ & fix$ bromoil pr9t 9 a dye solution :i* has be5 f\nd suitable by prelim9>y trial ) :ite pap]4 ,! pap] fib]s & ! gelat9e assume ! desir$ color & ! pr9t aft] soak+ is remov$ & work$ up z usual2 ?is /a9+ may also be done ) f9i%$ pr9ts4 ,,refatt+ ,,( ,,! ,,pr9t4--,z already m5tion$1 ! f9i%$ bromoil pr9t %[s on its surface places ) diff]5t degrees ( gloss1 s9ce ! p>ts ( ! picture :i* took a good deal ( ink1 z = in/ance ! %ad[s1 are m %9y ?an ! re/4 ,9 ord] to remove ^! sometimes unpleasant effects2 ! f9i%$ bromoil pr9t c be imm]s$ 9 a fat solv5t1 :i* completely removes ! glossy m$ium f ! ink film4 ,aft] ! evaporation ( ! solv5t ! bromoil pr9t has a p]fectly matt surface4 ,frequ5tly1 h[ev]1 ?is complete dullness ( ! surface does n please ! work]1 because1 especially ) s(t ink pr9ts1 x causes a m>k$ loss ( brilliancy4 ,x is ?us necess>y to *oose betwe5 a brilliant surface ) unequally glossy places1 or a uni=m matt surface4 ,i h und]tak5 exp]im5ts to place 9 ! h&s ( ! bromoil pr9t] a means ( imp>t+ to 8 pr9ts any desir$ degree ( gloss1 aft] removal ( ! unpleasant unev5 %99ess4 ,attempts to obta9 brilliancy by ! use ( ord9>y v>ni%es fail$4 ,:e!r ! v>ni% 0 spray$ on or ! pr9t 0 imm]s$1 !re 0 always a c]ta9 damage to ! surface1 s9ce ! ink film1 :i* lies r loosely 9 ! =m ( p[d] on ! defatt$ s(t ink pr9ts1 comb9$ irregul>ly ) ! v>ni% & caus$ "s tr\ble4 ,i 0 f9ally successful ) ! foll[+ plan1 :i* is a logical consequ5ce ( ! nature ( ! bromoil pr9t & ! v>ni% inks us$ 9 mak+ x4 ,dissolve f #e to #aj ccm ( l9se$ oil v>ni% 9 #ejj ccm ( b5zol 7#gg to #aed m9ims to #af oz474 ,!n ! defatt$ & p]fectly flat pr9t is completely imm]s$ 9 ?is solution = "o m9ute & hung up to dry4 ,p]fect flatness ( ! pr9t is necess>y1 o!rwise tr\blesome m>k+s are =m$ 9 dry+1 :i*1 h[ev]1 may be remov$ )\t difficulty by repeat+ ! process4 ,irregul>ities may also be caus$ by support+ ! pr9t by ! f+]s on ! back be=e hang+ x up2 ! w>m? ( ! f+]s evaporates ! solv5t m quickly1 s t spots are caus$4 ,! pr9t %\ld only be h&l$ by ! edges until x is dry4 ,aft] ! evaporation ( ! solv5t1 ! l9se$ oil v>ni% dissolv$ !re9 is v ev5ly di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole film ( ink2 ?is re/ores to ! ink a "p ( its v>ni% :i* 0 remov$ 9 ! defatt+1 b m ev5ly di/ribut$1 s t n[ ! :ole pr9t %[s a gloss1 :i* is h>dly noticeable1 b :i* consid]ably increases ! brilliancy4 ,if ?is gloss is n suffici5t1 m v>ni% %\ld be add$ to ! ba?2 if x is too /rong1 m ( ! solv5t is add$4 ,9 ?is way any degree ( gloss desir$ c be obta9$4 ,if x is too /rong1 x c be remov$ aga9 ) b5zol4 ,:5 ! bromoil pr9t is to be ret\*$ x %\ld be defatt$ be=e ret\*+ & aft]w>d treat$ z j describ$1 s t ! v>ni% ba? may also act on ! ret\*$ places4 ,if no ret\*+ is requir$1 !n ! defatt+ c be effect$ 9 ! v>ni% ba?1 :i* !n effects a k9d ( equalization1 s9ce ! %ad[s ri* 9 v>ni% give up ! m$ium1 :ile ! o!r p>ts ( ! picture take x up4 ,by ! use ( weak v>ni% ba?s = aft] treatm5t ( defatt$ bromoil pr9ts1 surfaces ( velvety appe>ance may be obta9$4 ,,application ,,( ,,ink ,,to ,,dry ,,pr9ts4--,:5 ! gelat9e film has be5 swoll5 to ! highe/ possible relief ev5 ! v s(t inks take only ) difficulty & 9 consequ5ce frequ5tly irregul>ly4 ,sometimes ! =mation ( su* places is unavoidable1 especially :5 pr9ts ) v great contra/s h to be us$4 ,we are !n =c$ to *oose a relief :i* p]mits ! ink+ ( ! d>ke/ p>ts ( ! pr9t4 ,! w>m wat]1 or ammonia1 ba? requisite = ?is acts s /rongly on ! slightly tann$ or untann$ p>ts1 t an excessive relief is obta9$1 & !n ! ink takes ) difficulty or n at all4 ,?is mo/ frequ5tly happ5s ) skies :i* are v d5se 9 ! negative4 ,su* p>ts ( ! pr9t1 resi/ant :ile x is wet1 c1 h[ev]1 be ink$ up )\t difficulty aft] ! pr9t has be5 all[$ to dry4 ,!n !y are ink$ up ) a bru%1 us+ an ink ( ! same t9t & consi/5cy z 0 us$ 9 mak+ ! bromoil pr9t itself4 ,! dry gelat9e takes ! ink q ev5ly1 & 9 ?is way any desir$ tone f ! mo/ delicate to ! d>ke/ may be obta9$4 ,by omitt+ to ink 9 suitable places1 cl\ds may be imitat$1 & if necess>y ^! may be work$ up by ret\*+4 ,) poly*rome bromoils1 :5 ! skies are too swoll51 "o %\ld c>efully remove all areas ( ink :i* project f ! l&scape into ! sky1 & ?is is also advisable 9 mono*rome "w4 ,! be/ ?+ to use = ?is1 especially ) complicat$ outl9es1 is a wat]-color bru% dipp$ 9 two p] c5t solution ( ammonia1 :i* easily removes ! obtrusive ink f ! gelat9e4 ,l>g] areas %\ld be c>efully rubb$ ) a po9t ( wet l95 or ) ! f+] tip wrapp$ 9 a wet clo?4 ,9 ?is way ! highly swoll5 p>ts ( ! gelat9e are completely fre$ f ink2 !n ! pr9t %\ld be dri$ & ! sky ink$ up z desir$ 9 ! mann] describ$ above4 ,! me?od ( apply+ ! ink to ! dry film is valuable = obta9+ o!r effects1 z is m fully describ$ 9 ! next *apt]1 on bromoil transf]4 ,9 bromoil1 photographic pr9t+ has be5 enri*$ by a process t c fulfil e wi% ( ! photograph] :o is /riv+ = arti/ic results4 ,x comb9es 9 itself all ! advantages ( previ\sly kn[n processes1 b surpasses !m all 9 ! possibility ( g5]al & local control1 & especially 9 ! fact t control c be effect$ at w at any desir$ /ep ( ! process f ! beg9n+ to ! end1 t x ne$ n ext5d ov] ! :ole pr9t b may be limit$ to p>ticul> p>ts1 & t ! results ( ! control are visible imm$iately1 dur+ ! "w4 ,n ! lea/ important1 h[ev]1 is ! fact t ! flexibility ( ! process enables "o to imm$iately repair any error )\t impairm5t ( ! pr9t4 ,:5 x is fur!r consid]$ t ! bromoil process is indep5d5t ( ! size ( ! negative1 t x p]mits ! op]ator to use any support1 any /ructure1 any gra9 & any color1 we %\ld be w>rant$ 9 say+ t ! bromoil process is ! process ( ! future = amateurs /riv+ = arti/ic results4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,transf] ,,me?ods ,,simple ,,transf]4--,bromoil pr9ts1 :i* h be5 ink$ up b n defatt$1 c be effectively us$ z pr9t-plates1 f :i* pulls on any desir$ pla9 pap] c be tak54 ,! process ( mak+ su* transf]s is simple & c]ta9 & op5s a :ole s]ies ( new possibilities to ! amateur4 ,briefly ! me?od is z foll[s3 ,! greasy ink on a f9i%$ bromoil pr9t lies on a gelat9e film4 ,if ! ink$ pr9t is br\ght into contact ) any uncoat$ pap] & pass$ betwe5 two rolls "u pressure1 ! ink transf]s f ! bromoil pr9t to ! pap]4 ,obvi\sly ! picture ?us produc$ is lat]ally rev]s$1 :i* mu/ be kept 9 view 9 prep>+ bromoil pr9ts = transf]4 ,bromide enl>gem5ts to be us$ = transf] %\ld1 !re=e1 be made rev]s$4 ,! bromoil pr9t c aga9 be ink$ up aft] ?is process & aga9 us$ = transf]2 ) bromide pap]s ) resi/ant gelat9e films ?is process may be repeat$ _m times4 ,! advantages :i* bromoil transf] (f]s are z foll[s3 9 ! fir/ place we atta9 ! end s (t5 s\ght ( be+ able to use any suitable pap] = mak+ photographic pr9ts1 :i* op5s a new field = arti/ic endeavor4 ,obvi\sly1 also1 any desirable oil-pr9t+ ink c be us$1 s t ! :ole gamut ( colors is at ! comm& ( ! op]ator4 ,! p]sonal control ( ! tone values ( ! pr9t1 :i* atta9s its maximum developm5t 9 bromoil pr9t+1 is equally possible 9 bromoil transf]4 ,! picture is obta9$ on an uncoat$ pap] &1 !re=e1 ! pr9ts are ( a "* :i* hi!rto c\ld sc>cely be obta9$4 ,! f9i%$ pr9ts1 if ! pap] is prop]ly *os51 c be ret\*$ z mu* z desir$4 ,f a s+le bromoil pr9t a :ole s]ies ( impressions c be obta9$1 :i* may ei!r be all alike or q diff]5t4 ,!y c be made heavy or light1 9 "o or m colors1 or ev5 9 poly*rome1 accord+ to h[ ! re-ink+ is done4 ,! transf] process is also v *eap1 z ! pap]s us$ are naturally mu* *eap] ?an photographic pr9t+ pap]s4 ,moreov]1 "o c make ! pulls f small bromoil pr9ts on l>g] %eets1 s t ! picture may be suitably surr\nd$ ) :ite m>g9s4 ,! foll[+ details %\ld be obs]v$ 9 ! prep>ation ( bromoil transf]s3 ,! bromoil pr9t design$ to be us$ z a pr9t-plate c be made on pap]s ( ! *>act]s describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,i1 page #ac4 ,! bromide pap] ne$ n necess>ily be free f /ructure1 = ) ! pressure to :i* ! %eet is subject$ 9 ! transf]1 ! effect ( ! /ructure is lo/4 ,! /ructure ( ! bromide pap] may also be r$uc$ by pass+ ! blea*$ pr9t ?r\gh ! roll]s ( ! transf] ma*9e "u heavy pressure be=e ink+4 ,! bromide pr9t or enl>gem5t mu/ be kept v clean & free f fog1 s9ce ! cleanness ( ! high lights plays a v important "p 9 ! transf]4 ,! ink+ is done 9 ! usual way2 only "o %\ld use all possible means to obta9 ! greate/ possible cleanness ( ! high lights1 & good modulation4 ,aft] ink+-up1 any bru% hairs & especially any little p>ticles ( ink t are n brok5 up mu/ be remov$1 z ! latt] are especially tr\blesome 9 ! transf]4 ,! process succe$s be/ :5 ! bromoil pr9t has z high a relief z possible4 ,su* a relief facilitates & requires ! use ( inks ( s(t consi/5cy2 s(t inks adh]e to ! gelat9e film f> less firmly ?an h>d] ones &1 !re=e1 transf] v mu* m easily to ! transf] pap]4 ,a simple exp]im5t makes ?is fact v cle>3 if ! tip ( ! f+] is plac$ on a "p ( ! bromoil pr9t work$-up ) h>d ink1 "s ( ! ink /icks to ! f+]1 b at ! mo/ !re is =m$ on ! pr9t an impression ( ! tip ( ! f+]1 z ! place t\*$ /ill reta9s ! great] "p ( its ink4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! tip ( ! f+] is plac$ on a "p ( ! pr9t work$ up ) s(t ink1 ! latt] w be almo/ entirely remov$4 ,?is may s]ve to %[ :y bromoil pr9ts :i* h be5 entirely or *iefly work$ up ) h>d ink _c be entirely transf]r$ to ! transf] pap]4 ,! %ad[s especially1 :5 cov]$ ) h>d ink1 are likely to appe> mu* reticulat$ 9 consequ5ce ( ! imp]fect transf] ( ! ink4 ,to obta9 ) c]ta9ty a faultless bromoil transf]1 s(t ink %\ld !re=e be us$2 ! s(t5+ ( ! ink mu/ naturally n exce$ a c]ta9 limit1 because o!rwise ! high lights w take ! ink & a clean pull _c be obta9$4 ,9 ord] to be able to use a s(t ink successfully1 ! relief ( ! bromoil pr9t mu/ z a rule be kept r high2 h5ce usually wat] ba?s ( suitably high temp]ature %\ld be us$4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 happ51 especially ) contra/y pr9ts1 t ! gelat9e 9 ! high lights becomes too s(t1 & if x is n already damag$ :5 tak5 f ! w>m wat]1 x pulls (f 9 ink+-up or 9 ! transf]4 ,9 ord] to avoid ?is1 x is be/ to use ! ammonia ba? describ$ on page #de4 ,bromoil pr9ts :i* are to be us$ = transf] mu/1 z already m5tion$1 always be kept v clean4 ,?is is necess>y = ! foll[+ reasons4 ,9 ! transf] ! ink on ! high lights transf]s completely 9 e case to ! transf] pap]1 = ! high lights are 9 ! highe/ relief1 & ! ink adh]es to !m v lightly4 ,on ! o!r h& ! ink is g5]ally n completely remov$ f ! %ad[s1 z !y h ! l[e/ relief &1 9 consequ5ce ( _! tann+1 ! ink adh]es to !m m t5aci\sly4 ,?us x happ5s t ! transf] is usually some:at %ort] 9 gradation ?an ! orig9al bromoil4 ,all[ance mu/ be made = ?is1 & ! bromoil pr9t %\ld be made consid]ably m brilliant ?an ! transf] ought to be1 unless l[-ton$ transf]s are int5tionally s\ght4 ,9 ord] to obta9 clean1 %>p edges ! bromide pr9t :5 dry %\ld be cut to ! desir$ size & a small tab ( pap] left at "o corn]1 :i* is useful = hang+ x up 9 ! fur!r processes1 :]eby any damage to ! film ( ! picture itself is avoid$4 ,?is little tab %\ld be cut (f j be=e ink+4 ,if a plate m>k is desir$1 ! pr9t %\ld be made ) a suitable n>r[ :ite m>g94 ,! f9i%$ bromoil pr9t c be imm$iately us$ = ! transf]4 ,if x is n us$ at once1 x rema9s fit = transf] until ! ink beg9s to h>d54 ,any desir$ k9d ( pap] may !oretically be us$ = ! transf]2 b obvi\sly1 ! success ( ! transf] greatly dep5ds on ! *oice ( ! pap]4 ,! f9e/ effects are obta9$ on matt & absorb5t1 b /rong & well-made pap]s1 ! v be/ be+ pap]s int5d$ = copp]-plate pr9t+4 ,z ! ink p5etrates into ! fib] ( su* pap]s to a c]ta9 ext5t1 !y give beautiful transf]s ) an absolutely matt surface4 ,absorb5t pap]s also make x possible to transf] almo/ all ( ! ink f ! bromoil4 ,x is diff]5t ) siz$ or highly cal5d]$ pap]s4 ,) ^!1 ! ink only p5etrates a v little way because ( ! film ( size4 ,! ink1 !re=e1 lies *iefly on ! surface ( ! transf] & appe>s glossy 9 ! %ad[s2 also1 z x is n suffici5tly absorb$ by ! transf] pap]1 ! transf] ( ! ink f ! bromoil to ! pap] is usually n complete4 ,x is advisable1 :5 us+ cal5d]$ pap]1 to remove ! gloss by prelim9>y dipp+ 9 wat]4 ,o!r k9ds ( pap] also frequ5tly give bett] transf]s1 if !y are fir/ moi/5$2 ?is is mo/ easily done by dipp+ !m 9 wat] & !n dry+ !m betwe5 two blott]s4 ,pap]s :i* are incl9$ to bli/] because ( %ort fib]s easily split 9 transf]1 z p>ts ( ! surface ( ! pap] adh]e to ! high lights ( ! pr9t & te> away4 ,su* pap]s may be made available = transf]1 if !y are coat$ ) two p] c5t :eat />* pa/e & all[$ to dry 7,process ( ,e4 ,guttmann74 ,?is is prep>$ by /irr+ up #b g 7#fj gr47 ( :eat />* 9 a little cold wat]1 & add+ to ! mixture #ajj ccm 7#c oz47 ( actually boil+ wat]1 /irr+ well & all[+ to cool4 ,! bli/]+ ( weak pap]s mu/ be diff]5tiat$ f ! /ick+ to ! transf] pap] ( p>ts :i* are too mu* swoll52 9 ?is case ! surface ( ! pap] rema9s undamag$1 b ! gelat9e film ( ! high lights is torn (f & adh]es to ! transf] pap]4 ,z a rule1 ?is only occurs ) ^? p>ts t are swoll5 too mu*1 :5 too great pressure is us$ 9 ! transf]4 ,! prelim9>y siz+ ( ! transf] pap] ) :eat />* prev5ts ?is also4 ,p>ts ( ! gelat9e film :i* h high relief may also be protect$ f /ick+ to ! transf] pap] by a slight coat ( v>ni%4 ,! be/ ma*9e to use is t describ$ by ,e4 ,guttmann on page #aec4 ,x has prov$ satisfactory 9 e way1 especially z x p]mits accurate & easy regulation ( ! pressure ( ! rolls4 ,if su* a press is n available1 an ord9>y burni%] c be us$4 ,! simultane\s movem5t ( ! rolls 9 burni%]s is produc$ z a rule by two ge> :eels4 ,! inaccurate fitt+ ( ! ge> tee?1 h[ev]1 causes p]iodic irregul>ities 9 ! pressure1 :i* cause tr\ble 9 ! transf]4 ,9 ord] to prev5t ?is "o ( ! ge> :eels %\ld be remov$1 s t ! simultane\s movem5t ( ! rolls is produc$ by ! pressure alone4 ,a burni%] is useful = ! prep>ation ( transf]s only if x is possible to obta9 suffici5t pressure on ! rolls4 ,on ! o!r h& x is difficult to obta9 ) ?is ma*9e ! necess>y regulation ( ! pressure dur+ ! transf]1 :i* is describ$ 9 ! foll[+ p>agraph4 ,! foll[+ is ! proc$ure 9 transf]r+4 ,a blanket mu/ fir/ be int]pos$ betwe5 ! rolls ( ! press4 ,! be/ ?+ to use = ?is is two or f\r ?9 smoo? c>ds1 :i* may be cov]$ at top & und]nea? ) two %eets ( ?9 l9oleum4 ,! latt] are n absolutely necess>y4 ,! pr9t may n[ be introduc$ into ! ma*9e ei!r by entirely remov+ ! blankets1 or by roll+ !m out f> en\gh s t ! middle %eets c be easily b5t away f "o ano!r4 ,! position ( ! transf] on ! transf] pap] %\ld be m>k$ ) a p5cil1 &1 if a plate m>k is desir$1 a piece ( c>dbo>d cut to ! prop] size %\ld be prop]ly plac$ on ! transf] pap]1 & ! :ole pass$ ?r\gh ! ma*9e4 ,! transf] pap]1 ?us prep>$1 %\ld be laid on a p]fectly flat :ite blott]1 & ! bromoil pr9t1 :i* %\ld be held v c>efully by ! extreme edges1 %\ld be l[]$ to ! position on ! transf] pap] previ\sly m>k$ ) ! p5cil4 ,any small ink m>ks ?us caus$ c be easily work$ out lat]4 ,! back ( ! pr9t %\ld be dri$ ) a :ite blott] & !n a second %eet ( ! same size z ! bottom "o plac$ on x4 ,! transf] pap] ) ! pr9t ly+ on x is ?us plac$ betwe5 ! two %eets ( blott+ pap]1 s t ! wat] press$ out 9 ! transf] may be readily absorb$4 ,if att5tion is n paid to ?is precaution1 x may easily happ5 t ! transf] pap]1 z a result ( p>tial moi/5+ by means ( wat] press$ out ( ! bromoil1 may become wr9kl$ or di/ort$4 ,!n ! two blott]s1 ) ! transf] & ! pr9t betwe5 !m1 are plac$ betwe5 ! two middle c>ds & ! transf] begun4 ,! pr9ciple ( gradually increas+ ! pressure 9 ?is1 :i* 0 introduc$ by ,e4 ,guttmann1 has prov$ satisfactory 9 practice4 ,"o beg9s fir/ ) a light pressure1 s t ! transf] passes ?r\gh ! rolls ) sc>cely noticeable resi/ance4 ,!n ! pressure %\ld be increas$ a little by tight5+ ! upp] :eel ( ! ma*9e1 & ! "w cont9u$ 9 ?is way until a c]ta91 n v high pressure ( ! rolls is obta9$1 :i* "o soon le>ns to e/imate ) a little exp]i5ce4 ,"o c n[1 or at any lat] /age1 take ! transf] pap] ) ! adh]+ pr9t out ( ! press &1 hold+ "o "p ( ! pr9t firmly d[n on ! transf] pap]1 ) ! h& or a /raight edge1 lift ! free end c>efully1 9 ord] to asc]ta9 :e!r any & h[ mu* ( ! ink has be5 transf]r$ f ! pr9t to ! transf] pap]4 ,accord+ to ! result ( ?is obs]vation1 ! pr9t is ei!r entirely lift$ (f or ! transf] cont9u$ ) increas+ pressure4 ,9 ?is way1 ) c>eful managem5t ( ! "w1 "o is absolutely c]ta9 ( obta9+ ! be/ possible results 9 transf]r+4 ,/ill1 my op9ion diff]s f t ( ! inv5tor z to ! reason = ! satisfactory action ( ! gradual increase ( ! pressure4 ,:at happ5s is t 9 ! initial passage "u l[ pressure ! pr9t is imm$iately firmly atta*$ to ! transf] pap]1 s t its %ift+ on ! transf] pap]1 :i* previ\sly v frequ5tly occurr$1 is avoid$4 ,:5 ?is adh]5ce is once atta9$1 we c proce$ at once to t pressure ( ! rolls :i* is ! mo/ favorable = ! transf] ( ! ink1 if we are sure ( x4 ,?is frequ5tly happ5s :5 "o has already made transf]s f a pr9t4 ,) /ill unkn[n conditions1 naturally ! gradual increase ( pressure is advisable4 ,! pr9t1 remov$ aft] ! completion ( ! transf]1 c be aga9 ink$ up imm$iately or lat]1 & aga9 transf]r$4 ,naturally x mu/ fir/ be imm]s$ 9 wat]1 s t x c aga9 take up t :i* x has lo/ 9 ! transf]4 ,9 ! new ink+-up "o c use z desir$ ! same ink or ano!r color1 & also alt] ! pr9t z seems be/4 ,if ! bromoil pr9t1 :i* has be5 once us$ = transf]1 is to be aga9 us$ = ! same purpose1 x is well to completely remove any adh]5t traces ( ink by go+ ov] x ) a swab ( cotton soak$ 9 a solv5t4 ,x may !n be dri$ & c be us$ aga9 at any desir$ "t4 ,:5 transf]s h be5 repeat$ly made f a bromoil pr9t1 x may happ5 t ! film bli/]s4 ,?is ph5om5on is usually only noticeable :5 ! pr9t is aga9 imm]s$ 9 wat] aft] ! transf]2 z long z ! bli/]s are n too num]\s1 !y d n cause mu* tr\ble 9 ! transf]4 ,! answ] to ! "q z to h[ (t5 a bromoil pr9t c be transf]r$ dep5ds on ! resi/ance ( ! gelat9e film4 ,9 practice x has be5 obs]v$ t ! numb] ( possible transf]s v>ies betwe5 five & tw5ty-five4 ,! transf] process c also be us$ 9 bromoil pr9t+ z a me?od to free a pr9t t has be5 too heavily ink$ f ! excess ( ink2 su* a pr9t is pass$ ?r\gh ! ma*9e toge!r ) any completely smoo? pap] :i* is free f folds1 until x has giv5 up its excess ( ink to ! pap]1 & x c !n be soak$ & ink$ up anew4 ,! process ( application ( ink to ! dry pr9t1 outl9$ 9 ,*apt] ,,iv1 c also be us$ to advantage 9 ! transf] process4 ,any b>e spots on ! f9i%$ transf] c be ink$ up at w1 by dabb+ on ink ( any tone value ) ! oil-pr9t+ bru%2 ?us ! sky1 :i* may n be satisfactory1 may be=e transf] be wip$ q clean on ! pr9t1 ! outl9es ( ! l&scape cle>$ up ) a bru% dipp$ 9 ammonia wat] if necess>y1 & ! values ( ! sky put 9 on ! f9i%$ transf]4 ,?is proc$ure is p>ticul>ly advisable 9 poly*rome transf]s1 ) :i* a blue sky fleck$ ) cl\ds c be easily obta9$ 9 ?is way4 ,! subsequ5t application ( ink to ! f9i%$ transf] f9ally (f]s ! possibility1 by t9t+ ! :ole transf] ) a v delicate coat+ ( a suitably *os5 ink1 ( imp>t+ a diff]5t mood to ! picture4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 "o may give a transf] made on :ite pap] a fa9t yell[i% t9t2 x may be effective to surr\nd ! picture ) a bord] ( ?is t9t1 us+ a suitable mask to obta9 %>p outl9es2 ?is yell[i% t9t is only visible 9 ! high lights1 z x does n %[ 9 ! deep %ad[s4 ,9 simil> fa%ion a d>k] t9t surr\nd+ ! pr9t may be put on ) ink & bru%4 ,x is obvi\s t ! transf]1 especially :5 fre% f ! press1 c be easily & ?or\ghly ret\*$ ) rubb]1 wat]-color or *>coal2 fir/ ( all ^? places %\ld be treat$ f :i* ! ink has be5 remov$ 9 consequ5ce ( ! unavoidable t\*+ ( ! pr9t ) ! f+]s1 or to :i* ! ink has n transf]r$ = any reason4 ,) transf]s fre% f ! press1 any places t are too d>k c be easily light5$ ) ! rubb]4 ,! transf] v soon dries4 ,obvi\sly x does n require defatt+4 ,! inks act bett] on ! absorb5t transf] pap] ?an on ! bromoil pr9t itself1 z !y s9k into ! pap] in/ead ( rema9+ on ! surface ( a gelat9e film4 ,! f9al result no long] resembles a bromoil pr9t1 b has its own individual "* & is a product :i* x is difficult to comp>e ) ! bromoil pr9t z reg>ds e/hetic effect4 ,! bromoil pr9t has a c]ta9 *>m :i* is lack+ 9 ! transf] & vice v]sa4 ,9 any case ! transf] process is wor? att5tion1 s9ce on ! "o h& x c be ( practical value because ( ! possibility ( ! duplication ( bromoil pr9ts1 & on ! o!r h& x enables "o to use v>ieties ( pap] :i* 7 n hi!rto available to ! amateur4 ,,comb9ation ,,transf]4--,9 ord] to r5d] possible ! reproduction ( e possible tonal value ( ! negative1 ,i h work$ out ! comb9ation transf] process outl9$ 9 ! foll[+ p>agraphs4 ,! ess5ce ( ?is process lies 9 ! fact t two or m transf]s c be made on "o transf] %eet1 :i* diff] s mu* 9 _! quality t ea* ( !m reproduces a diff]5t s]ies ( tone values1 :i* !n supplem5t "o ano!r on ! transf]4 ,?is is atta9$ ei!r by execut+ ! two sup]posable transf]s ) inks ( diff]5t consi/5cy1 or by ! use ( two pr9ts ( diff]5t gradation to make "o transf]4 ,,comb9ation ,,transf] ,,) ,,"o ,,pr9t-,,plate4--,! bromoil pr9t us$ z ! pr9t-plate mu/ be made on a %eet ( bromide pap]1 :i* reproduces ! tone values ( ! negative z closely z possible1 )\t %[+ any h>dness4 ,! lights mu/ be clean & all ! half-tones pres5t2 x is1 h[ev]1 nei!r necess>y nor desirable t ! %ad[s %\ld be too d5se4 ,9 mak+ ! bromide pr9t f a mod]ately difficult negative "o %\ld use ! process1 outl9$ on page #bc1 or develop+ slightly & !n complet+ ! developm5t 9 a di% ( wat]4 ,bromide pr9ts ( ?is k9d are necess>y because !y satisfy ! mo/ rigor\s requirem5ts 9 ! high lights & half-tones1 :ile ! dep? lack+ 9 ! %ad[s is produc$ by ! repeat$ transf]4 ,on ! pr9t ?us prep>$ two bromoil pr9ts1 diff]+ entirely f ea* o!r 9 "*1 are made1 "o ( :i* we w call ! %ad[ pr9t 7,kraftdruck7 & ! o!r ! high light pr9t 7,lasurdruck74 ,?is phraseology does n co9cide1 h[ev]1 ) ! simil>ly nam$ t]ms :i* are famili> 9 gum pr9t+2 ! middle-tone pr9t usual 9 gum-pr9t+ is want+ "h & is also unnecess>y1 s9ce ea* ( ! two p>tial pr9ts conta9s a "p ( ! middle tones1 &1 !re=e1 :5 add$ toge!r1 !y give a picture p]fectly correct 9 tone4 ,! %ad[ pr9t is execut$ by ink+ up ) a /iff ink1 s adju/$ to ! relief t only ! deep %ad[s & a "p ( ! half-tones take ! ink1 :ile ! delicate half-tones are lo/ & ! highe/ lights rema9 absolutely un9k$4 ,hav+ suitably adju/$ ! ink to ! relief1 "o %\ld also use ! correspond+ bru% te*nique1 :i* 0 describ$ z h>d ink te*nique on page #hg4 ,! use ( a hog's hair bru% is advisable4 ,p]fect cleanness ( ! high lights1 :i* is v important1 %\ld be assur$ by ! use ( art gum4 ,! %ad[s mu/ %[ ! full draw+1 b ought n to be ov]9k$4 ,?is %ad[ pr9t %\ld n[ be transf]r$ to ! transf] pap]2 :5 x leaves ! press1 ! regi/ration m>ks mu/ be imm$iately appli$1 s t ! subsequ5t transf] may come exactly 9 ! same place4 ,x may be rem>k$1 t ! mat*+ ( ! pr9t to ! transf] does n (f] ! slighte/ difficulty 9 practice1 & t ! regi/ration m>ks c (t5 be omitt$ entirely1 especially ) pr9ts :i* are ink$ "r up to _! edges1 because bromoils1 9 mak+ :i* r ?ick pap] is us$1 leave a fairly /rong impression on ! transf] pap]1 into :i* "o c fit ! pr9t 9 ! subsequ5t transf]4 ,at ! same "t x is safe to use ! foll[+ simple regi/ration arrangem5t 9 e case4 ,:5 ! transf] is tak5 f ! press1 draw1 by means ( a rule1 two p>allel l9es p]p5dicul> to ! side edges ( ! pr9t1 runn+ ov] onto ! transf] pap] ab\t "o c5timet] or "o-half an in* ap>t4 ,also draw ) ! rule a l9e p]p5dicul> to ! upp] surface ( ! pr9t1 also runn+ ov] onto ! transf] pap]4 ,9 prep>+ = ! next p>tial pr9t1 ! side l9es are fir/ to be br\ght into exact co9cid5ce & !n ! upp] l9e4 ,?is insures exact co9cid5ce = ! subsequ5t pr9ts4 ,aft] transf] ( ! %ad[ pr9t1 ! bromoil is aga9 imm]s$ 9 wat]1 9 :i* x mu/ rema9 = "s "t1 s t x aga9 becomes saturat$ ) wat]4 ,only !n does x rega9 ! same size z x _h at fir/1 = ! expansion caus$ by ! absorption ( wat] is q consid]able4 ,if ! bromoil is n left long en\gh 9 ! wat] be=e ! second pr9t+1 x w be slightly small] ?an 9 ! fir/ transf] & ! comb9ation pr9t w n be %>p4 ,,high ,,light ,,pr9t4--,! ink+ up ( ! high light pr9t is effect$ ) s(t ink1 s z to produce a v ?9 & smoo? film ( ink2 yet "h too ! high lights mu/ be kept z clean z possible4 ,!n ?is high light pr9t is transf]r$ by means ( ! above describ$ regi/ration arrangem5t1 :5 z a rule ! comb9ation transf] is f9i%$4 ,x may happ5 t "o has ink$ up "o or o!r ( ! pr9ts too lightly4 ,9 ?is case ei!r ! %ad[ or ! high light pr9t may be repeat$1 b ! am\nt ( ink appli$ = ?is supplem5t>y impression mu/ be v c>efully judg$1 9 ord] to avoid an ov]9k+ ( ! comb9ation transf]4 ,by ! mann] ( ink+ ! con/itu5t pr9ts & judgm5t 9 ! quantity ( ink appli$1 ! f9al result may be controll$ ?r\gh a wide range at w2 "o c1 = in/ance1 by emphasiz+ ! %ad[ pr9t r ?an ! high light pr9t1 get m contra/y effects1 or1 by emphasiz+ ! high light pr9t1 end ) v s(t effects4 ,! ord] 9 :i* ! two pr9ts are transf]r$ is immat]ial4 ,9 any case1 h[ev]1 c>e mu/ be tak5 t ! transf] pap] is well dri$ out aft] mak+ ! fir/ transf]2 = x always takes up "s moi/ure 9 ! press & !n appe>s slightly wr9kl$ & di/ort$4 ,if ! second transf] is made on su* a damp transf] pap]1 ! result w obvi\sly be complete or p>tial want ( %>pness 9 ! comb9ation transf]4 ,aft] ! fir/ transf]1 !re=e1 ! transf] pap] %\ld be hung up to dry spontane\sly1 n by heat1 z o!rwise x may alt] 9 size4 ,! process j outl9$ = comb9ation transf] f a s+le pr9t w 9 mo/ cases p]fectly reproduce ! tone values ( an ord9>y negative4 ,if negatives ) a v long gradation h to be dealt )1 !n ! foll[+ process may be us$4 ,,comb9ation ,,transf] ,,f ,,two ,,pr9ts4--,! und]ly+ idea 9 us+ two pr9ts is to ov]come ! impossibility ( completely reproduc+ an ext5d$ scale ( tones on bromide pap]1 by ! use ( two pr9ts1 :i* are s made t !y divide ! scale ( tones 9 su* a way t "o end ( ! scale is repres5t$ by "o pr9t & ! o!r end by ! o!r4 ,!re=e we make f ! negative "o h>d pr9t ) well modulat$ %ad[s & only ! d>k] half-tones4 ,?is is obta9$ by %ort exposure & suitable developm5t4 ,! high lights %\ld %[ no deposit ( silv]4 ,:5 ma/] ( ! process1 x is possible to include m or less ( ! middle half-tones 9 ?is p>tial pr9t :i* is int5d$ = ! %ad[ pr9t1 accord+ to ! f9al result desir$1 & ?is c be readily regulat$ by ! l5g? ( ! exposure4 ,! few] middle tones ! %ad[ pr9t conta9s1 ! m contra/y w be ! comb9ation transf]4 ,! second p>tial pr9t is ! high light pr9t1 & mu/1 !re=e1 be kept z delicate & s(t z possible1 & include all ! delicate middle tones up to ! highe/ lights4 ,! latt] may ev5 be v slightly veil$1 yet only s f> t aft] swell+ absolutely pure :ites c be obta9$4 ,no fur!r demon/ration is ne$$ to prove t a comb9ation ( ^! two p>tial pr9ts c include ! :ole scale ( tone values ( ! longe/-scal$ negative2 = ! p>tial pr9t de/9$ = ! high light pr9t-plate gives e possible half-tone1 :ile ! o!r1 int5d$ = ! %ad[ pr9t1 imp>ts full dep? to ! %ad[s )\t bury+ ! details1 & /r5g!ns ! half-tones1 b does n affect ! cle>ness ( ! high lights4 ,! comb9ation transf] is n[ prep>$ f ^! two pr9ts1 :i* are transf]r$ 9 succession to ! transf] pap]1 ! ord] be+ immat]ial4 ,= ?is an accurate sup]position ( ! two p>tial pr9ts is absolutely ess5tial4 ,?is mu/ be accompli%$ by mak+ ! two pr9ts ( exactly ! same size1 ) ! images 9 exactly ! same position on ! pap]4 ,?is may be done by mask+ ! negative ) black lant]n-slide /rips gumm$ on ! film = contact pr9ts & on ! glass = enl>gem5ts4 ,! /rips mu/ be absolutely /raight & ! slighte/ curvature avoid$ 9 /ick+ !m d[n4 ,two pr9ts or enl>gem5ts1 prep>$ f su* a negative1 c easily be regi/]$4 ,! desir$ end may also be obta9$ by pr9t+ or enl>g+ ! two bromide pr9ts "u ! same /raight-edg$ mask4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 "h t ! image occupies exactly ! same place 9 ! mask = bo? pr9ts4 ,?is is easily accompli%$ ) v>i\s comm]cial pr9t+ ma*9es4 ,9 enl>g+1 a mask made ( /iff c>d c be h+$ to ! easel4 ,! pr9ts or enl>gem5ts ?us made %\ld be v c>efully trimm$ along ! :ite m>g9s & ! diff]5ce 9 size ought n to exce$ "o-t5? ( a millimet] 7"o two-hundr$-fiftie? ( an in*74 ,fur!r1 z diff]5t pap]s h diff]5t degrees ( expansion1 x is necess>y to use ! same k9d ( pap] = ! two p>tial pr9ts1 & x is be/ to take x f ! same packet4 ,x is also necess>y to make bo? pr9ts 9 ! same direction ( ! pap] fib]s1 = ! expansion is diff]5t ) & across ! run ( ! pap]4 ,"o ( ! p>tial pr9ts is transf]r$ j z 9 ! previ\s me?od4 ,! regi/ration m>ks are also made z 0 previ\sly describ$1 only ! p5cil m>ks mu/ be plac$ exactly at ! same po9ts on ! two p>tial pr9ts1 :i* c be done by exact measurem5t4 ,) ?is process1 also1 ! regi/ration is n difficult 9 practice & ! c>eful work] w f9d t ! impression 9 ! transf] pap] caus$ by ! fir/ p>tial pr9t1 supplem5t$ by ! two l9es on ! edges1 is suffici5t4 ,! ink+ up ( ! two p>tial pr9ts is effect$ 9 ! same way z 0 outl9$ = ! process ) "o pr9t-plate4 ,bo? v>iants ( comb9ation transf] (f] op]ators ) a little dext]ity a wide range ( possibilities4 ,by suitable treatm5t ( ! p>tial pr9ts ! tone gradations c be controll$ at w4 ,! resultant transf] w be s(t] or h>d]1 z ! %ad[ or ! high light pr9t pr$om9ates2 x is possible to omit c]ta9 portions 9 ei!r ( ! pr9ts or subsequ5tly pr9t 9 m deeply any p>ts :i* ne$ special /r5g!n+2 ! two pr9ts may also be execut$ 9 diff]5t %ades ( ink1 ) suitable discretion1 & d\ble tones ?us obta9$4 ,x is also possible to pr9t 9 cl\ds f a sep>ate negative4 ,comb9ation transf] is also well suit$ = poly*rome transf]s1 s9ce x r5d]s possible ! ov]lay+ ( a delicate black impression ) diff]5t color tones4 ,aga91 s9ce all ! possibilities ( control (f]$ by ! bromoil process are available1 an almo/ unlimit$ new field ( activity is giv5 by comb9ation transf]4 ,f9ally1 !re is /ill ano!r field 9 :i* ! comb9ation transf] all[s rem>kable effects4 ,if "o has a negative ) excessive contra/s1 z = in/ance1 a d>k ar* ) a vi/a ( a sunny l&scape1 a satisfactory pr9t c be made )\t difficulty by means ( comb9ation transf]4 ,"o p>tial pr9t %\ld be s made t x reproduces z correctly z possible ! details ( ! d>k "p ( ! negative1 9 ?is case ! ar*1 irrespective ( ! fact t ! sunny l&scape w be p>tly und]expos$4 ,ano!r p>tial pr9t is !n expos$ = ! sunny l&scape1 :5 naturally ! details ( ! ar* are completely lo/4 ,"o may ev5 g fur!r /ill1 s9ce ! two p>tial pr9ts may be prep>$ f two negatives tak5 f ! same /&po9t1 ! "o be+ expos$ = ! high lights & ! o!r = ! %ad[s4 ,a comb9ation transf]1 correctly execut$ f two su* p>tial pr9ts1 gives a result 9 :i* bo? ! d>k] & ! light] p>ts ( ! negative are reproduc$ 9 suitable tone values4 ,x may also be m5tion$ t multiple transf] r5d]s x possible to apply pl5ty ( ink to cal5d]$ &1 !re=e1 non-absorb5t pap]s1 & ?us p]mits ( ! atta9m5t ( deep %ad[s1 full ( detail1 on su* pap]s4 ,9 ! v>i\s k9ds ( multiple transf] "h outl9$ pr9ciples h be5 introduc$ into ! transf] process :i* h be5 us$ 9 ! gum-bi*romate process & _m graphic reproduction processes1 9 ord] to produce wide ranges ( tone values by sev]al pr9t+s on "o pr9t4 ,yet ! means ( atta9+ ?is end are novel1 namely1 ei!r diff]5t consi/5cy ( inks ) "o pr9t-plate1 or ! use ( two diff]5t pr9t-plates = "o transf]4 ,9 my fir/ publications on su* comb9ation transf] processes1 ,i m5tion$ /ill a ?ird possibility ( obta9+ ! desir$ end1 namely ! prep>ation ( two p>tial transf]s f "o pr9t by us+ two diff]5t degrees ( relief4 ,! process fir/ outl9$1 us+ diff]5t consi/5cies ( ink ) "o pr9t1 is1 h[ev]1 to be pref]r$ to ! process 9 :i* two reliefs are us$1 :]e=e ! latt] 0 n fur!r proce$$ )4 ,! value ( ! transf] process has be5 s increas$ by ! me?ods j outl9$ t x is capable ( solv+ ! mo/ difficult photographic problem1 & by its aid ev5 negatives c be pr9t$1 :i* _c be satisfactorily r5d]$ ev5 9 bromoil4 ,:ile hi!rto ! transf] process 0 only an (f%oot ( ! bromoil process x is1 s9ce ! introduction ( comb9ation transf]1 at lea/ z valuable & 9 _m cases ev5 surpasses x4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,oil vs4 ,,bromoil ,,oil ,,pr9t+ ,,& ,,bromoil ,,pr9t+4--,oil pr9t+ & bromoil pr9t+ are frequ5tly consid]$ z two diff]5t photographic processes4 ,f ?is premise diff]5t conclusions h be5 drawn1 ?us = in/ance1 t oil pr9t+ is m suitable = c]ta9 subjects & t bromoil pr9t+ is to be pref]r$ = o!r purposes4 ,!re has also be5 discussion z to :i* ( ! two processes des]ves ! pref]5ce1 :i* produces ! f9] arti/ic effects1 & s on4 ,all ^! discussions are1 h[ev]1 sup]flu\s1 = ! assumptions on :i* !y are bas$ are errone\s4 ,oil pr9t+ & bromoil pr9t+ are actually n two ess5tially diff]5t te*niques4 ,9 bo? cases !re is "o & ! same process2 oil & bromoil pr9t+ are basically id5tical4 ,?is c be prov$ bo? !oretically & practically4 ,! !oretical consid]ations are z foll[s3 9 mo/ photographic processes ! *emical prop]ty ( c]ta9 sub/ances ( be+ *ang$ by action ( light is us$ = ! production ( ! f9al image4 ,su* photo*emical processes only play a prep>atory rle 9 oil & bromoil pr9t+4 ,! production ( ! f9al image is "h bas$ on a physical prop]ty ( ! gelat9e1 namely on its innate possibility ( be+ tann$ or h>d5$4 ,9 oil & bromoil pr9t+ an image is fir/ =m$ 9 ! gelat9e photo*emically4 ,?is image is1 h[ev]1 n ! f9al "o2 x is m]ely a means to an end4 ,its actual purpose is ! atta9m5t ( a suitable tann+ ( ! gelat9e4 ,! photo*emically produc$ image is !re=e remov$1 b 9 su* a way t simultane\sly ) ! elim9ation ( ! image1 ! gelat9e :i* c>ri$ x is proportionately tann$ 9 ! lights & %ad[s ( ! picture4 ,only by ?is tann+ is ! gelat9e made ready = ! production ( ! f9al picture4 ,! purpose ( ^! prelim9>y /eps is ! production ( ! tann$ image 9 ! gelat9e1 :i* by itself is invisible or sc>cely visible4 ,aft] c>ry+ out ! prelim9>y processes ! result is a pure gelat9e film1 :i* %[s places ( great] & less] tann+ correspond+ to ! photo*emical image :i* has disappe>$ & :i*1 !re=e1 has great] or less] capacity = swell+ 9 ^! places4 ,if at ?is /age !re are /ill *emicals 9 ! film !y are ( no value = ! fur!r processes4 ,if a gelat9e film ?us prep>$ is swoll5 9 wat]1 ! untann$ places suck up wat]1 :ile ! tann$ p>ts d n take x up4 ,fatty inks1 appli$ ) suitable bru%es1 are !n repell$ by ^? p>ts ( ! gelat9e :i* hold ! wat]1 :ile ! tann$ p>ts ( ! film freely take ! greasy ink4 ,! f9al image1 !re=e1 is n =m$ until ! ink+-up ( ! film ) greasy inks4 ,?is te*nique may1 !re=e1 be mo/ suitably *>act]iz$ by ! "n 8ink+-up process40 ,! usual names oil pr9t & bromoil pr9t m]ely designate1 al?\gh 9 t]ms :i* are t]m9ologically unsatisfactory1 two me?ods ( prep>+ ! base = ! ink+-up process4 ,oil & bromoil pr9t+ are1 !re=e1 no?+ m ?an ! two me?ods :i* h hi!rto be5 at our disposal = ! production ( a tann$ image 9 gelat9e4 ,bo? me?ods lead to ! same result2 only ! bromoil me?od is by f> ! m complete te*nically1 z is %[n 9 ! foll[+ discussion4 ,9 oil pr9t+1 pr9t+ is effect$ direct on a bi*romat$ gelat9e film4 ,! *romate image is only fa9tly visible & is n easy to judge4 ,f its nature x has a v %ort scale ( tones &1 !re=e1 only gives satisfactory pr9ts f s(t h>moni\s negatives1 :ile ) m contra/y negatives x mu/ inevitably fail2 if ) su* negatives ! high lights are correctly pr9t$1 ! %ad[s h long lo/ all details2 if ! %ad[s are correctly expos$1 ! high lights are want+ 9 detail4 ,control ( ! *romate image is only possible to a v mod]ate ext5t4 ,?is *romate image is wa%$ out & leaves beh9d z a result ! tann$ image 9 ! gelat9e1 9 :i* all ! disadvantages ( ! %ort scale ( tones are inh]5t1 & :i* besides ?is c be f> less easily ink$-up ?an a tann$ image prep>$ by ! bromoil me?od4 ,! process ( bromoil pr9t+ has be5 fully expla9$ 9 ?is book2 a direct comp>ison ( ! two processes w be made v briefly4 ,a correct pr9t is prep>$ on a suitable bromide pap]1 ei!r by contact or enl>gem5t4 ,?r\gh ! possibility ( us+ direct enl>gem5t1 ! enl>g$ negative1 necess>y 9 oil pr9t+1 is done away )4 ,! bromoil image1 9 contradi/9ction to ! *romate image is visible1 & c be controll$ 9 ! mo/ v>i$ ways to atta9 ! desir$ arti/ic effect4 ,x has a mu* great] scale ( tones ?an ! *romate image2 & ?is c 9 addition be increas$ 9 ! subsequ5t processes f> beyond ! possible gradation ( ! bromide pr9t4 ,! result+ bromide image is !n remov$ by a blea*+ solution conta9+ bi*romate1 & 9 ?is way ! tann$ image is =m$ 9 ! gelat9e4 ,oil pr9t+ & bromoil pr9t+1 !re=e1 lead to ! same result2 b ! tann$ image1 obta9$ by way ( ! bromoil pr9t1 is qualitatively ( mu* great] value1 = x has a mu* bett] gradation4 ,! op9ion is frequ5tly express$ t x is a specific prop]ty ( ! oil pr9t to give pictures ( a peculi>ly arti/ic "*4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 absolutely errone\s to assume t ! same effect _c be obta9$ 9 a bromoil pr9t4 ,z already m5tion$1 ! tann$ images produc$ 9 ! two me?ods are alike1 b ! bromoil pr9t may h a f> long] scale ( tones4 ,! ri* gradation ( ! bromoil pr9t is h[ev] n pres5t f ! beg9n+1 b is only produc$ by all[+ x to swell 9 wat] ( suitable temp]ature4 ,! w>m] ! wat] us$1 ! long] is ! scale ( tones1 naturally )9 def9ite limits4 ,9 bromoil pr9t+ x is !re=e entirely at ! *oice ( ! op]ator :e!r he w or w n make use ( ! long scale ( tones :i* ! process c give4 ,if cold wat] is us$ = ! soak+1 ! gradation ( ! tann$ image is mu* less ?an t ( ! oil pr9t or ! bromide image4 ,by ! *oice ( a suitable temp]ature ( ! wat]1 ! %ort gradation ( ! oil pr9t ) all its peculi>ities c be exactly obta9$4 ,) high] temp]atures ! gradation may be f9ally increas$ f> beyond t ( ! orig9al bromide image4 ,if "o kn[s & has ma/]$ ! prop]ties ( ! tann$ image produc$ by ! bromoil pr9t1 "o may easily obta9 ! same effects z ) oil pr9t+2 "o c1 on ! o!r h&1 obta9 incomp>ably m ?an ) ! latt]4 ,no limitation is impos$ on arti/ic aims by ! imp]fection ( ! tann$ image4 ,! foll[+ %[s ! practical comp>ison ( ! two me?ods3 if we h be=e u pr9ts ) gelat9e films :i* conta9 tann$ images1 ( :i* "o has be5 produc$ by ! oil process1 ! o!r by bromoil1 !y behave absolutely alike 9 ! ink+-up1 = ! bromoil pr9t receives1 by soak+ 9 cold wat]1 a gradation :i* is j z %ort z t ( ! oil pr9t4 ,! two pr9ts absolutely _c be diff]5tiat$ 9 practice1 & are indi/+ui%able1 if ! pap]1 on :i* ! gelat9e film is support$1 or ! /ructure ( ! gelat9e1 does n give "o a h9t4 ,9 su* cases x is impossible to det]m9e f ! f9i%$ pr9t :e!r ! picture 0 made by oil or bromoil pr9t+4 ,! portfolios ( "s ( my fri5ds furni% /rik+ pro( ( ?is2 ! au?ors !mselves c no long] recall by :i* ( ! two processes "s ( _! e>li] pictures 7 made4 ,nev]!less ! op9ion is (t5 held t "o c obta9 pictures ( mu* f9] arti/ic quality by means ( oil pr9t+1 because ! pr9ts ?us made h a *>act]i/ic tonality & bett] treatm5t ( masses4 ,?is op9ion may be expla9$ by ! fact t oil pr9t+ has be5 us$ long] & is bett] kn[n ?an bromoil1 & t fir/ class bromoil pr9ts h n (t5 be5 exhibit$ 9 public until rec5tly4 ,especially1 x has n be5 widely kn[n h[ manifold are ! effects t c be produc$ by ! diff]5t me?ods ( work+ describ$ 9 ?is book4 ,!re is also ano!r explanation4 ,:oev] has completely ma/]$ any process & has kept 9 view a def9ite arti/ic purpose1 w z a rule f9d t ! process w give him ! results :i* he desires4 ,x is n[ an indisputable fact t ev5 su* an imp]fect process z oil pr9t+ has _m times1 because ( ?is v imp]fection1 l$ to results :i* h be5 proclaim$ z arti/ic4 ,if = in/ance1 an oil pr9t is made f a contra/y negative1 ! process _c correctly reproduce ! tone values ( ! negative4 ,! %ort gradation sets a limit to ! ink+-up1 be=e ! tone values ( ! negative are fully develop$4 ,! result is !n c]ta9 to be a gloomy pr9t ) heavy masses4 ,te*nically1 h[ev]1 ?is means no?+ m ?an t ! high lights are n clean & ! %ad[s lack detail4 ,?is does n imply t ! resultant picture may n h an arti/ic effect4 ,! "q is only :e!r ?is effect 0 actually tri$ = or :e!r necessity 0 n made a virtue & ! imp]fections ( ! process call$ an advantage4 ,)\t "q1 ! work] :o int5tionally /rives = a giv5 arti/ic effect c atta9 ?is easily & c]ta9ly by means ( bromoil4 ,if1 h[ev]1 he has no def9ite aim1 b all[s himself to be bl9dly driv5 on1 z x 71 by ! idiosyncrasies ( ! process1 x may happ5 t he w obta9 q ano!r result4 ,! great] gradation ( ! bromide pr9t may induce him to keep on work+ on ! picture until he f9ally obta9s a pr9t1 :i* exactly corresponds 9 tone values ) ! gradation ( 8 contra/y negative1 :i* c\ld n happ5 ) ! oil pr9t4 ,9 su* cases "o (t5 he>s ! op9ion express$ t ! special quality ( ! oil pr9t _c be atta9$ 9 bromoil1 & t a simil> result c\ld be obta9$ by any process1 ev5 pr9t+-out pap]4 ,b ! fault does n lie 9 ! bromoil process1 b 9 ! fact t ! work] has n ma/]$ x1 & has be5 c>ri$ beyond 8 aim by its great] possibilities4 ,oil pr9t+ is satisfactory :5 "o desires a %ort] gradation ?an is pres5t 9 ! negative2 beyond ?is1 h[ev]1 x fails4 ,bromoil pr9t+1 on ! contr>y1 p]mits on ! "o h& ! %ort5+ ( ! tone gradations ( ! negative to any desir$ ext5t1 on ! o!r h&1 h[ev]1 ! ext5sion ( ! gradation beyond t ( ! negative4 ,x (f]s1 !re=e1 to ! arti/ic aspirant a f> great] lib]ty & 9 e respect a te*nically m p]fect & !re=e m effective in/rum5t4 ,by bromoil pr9t+1 !re=e1 "o c prep>e at w f a giv5 negative1 ei!r a l[-ton$ picture )\t detail1 or "o ri*ly model$ & full ( detail & vigor4 ,oil pr9t+ does n (f] ?is alt]native4 ,if1 9 spite ( all ?is1 errone\s ideas z to assum$ fundam5tal diff]5ces betwe5 oil & bromoil pr9t+1 & p>ticul>ly z ! special suitability ( oil pr9t+ = c]ta9 effects are /ill dissem9at$1 ! reason usually lies 9 ! fact t _m :o h previ\sly work$ 9 oil h drawn errone\s g5]al conclusions f _! fir/ & naturally imp]fect results 9 bromoil pr9t+4 ,!y ov]look ! fact t ev5 ! work] exp]i5c$ 9 oil pr9t+ mu/ fir/ le>n bromoil pr9t+ & !n practice x ?or\ghly 9 ord] to ma/] x4 ,! oil pr9t] does n br+ to x any?+ beyond a bru% te*nique1 :i* is n suffici5t = e bromoil pr9t4 ,ev]y?+ else mu/ be newly acquir$2 especially an actual ma/]y ( ! te*nique ( bromide pr9t+1 :i* _m lack1 ?\gh !y believe !y possess x4 ,cons]vative ?\ght easily ov]values its own possessions & is likely to %[ itself some:at antagoni/ic to new accompli%m5ts :i* co/ new ef=ts4 ,! work] :o sp>es no tr\ble to make himself a ?or\gh ma/] ( bromoil pr9t+ w be 9 possession ( a te*nique :i* r5d]s feasible1 by its extraord9>y _m-sid$ness & capacity ( expression1 ! solution ( ! mo/ difficult problems ( arti/ic photography4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,bromoil ,,transf] ,,by ,,eug5 ,,guttmann ,! idea ( transf]r+ a bromoil pr9t to an ord9>y1 uncoat$ pap] 0 fir/ introduc$ by ! ,engli% & lat] fur!r work$ out by ! ,fr5*4 ,! ,g]mans turn$ to ?is new process comp>atively late1 b obta9$ f9e results4 ,yet ! practice ( ?is beautiful =m ( arti/ic photography 0 limit$ to a small circle ( adh]5ts1 & ev5 to-day1 :5 bromoil pr9t+1 ?anks to ! in/ruction ( "s excell5t textbooks1 has become kn[n to almo/ all arti/ic work]s1 "o _c /ate t x enjoys wide popul>ity4 ,?is may well come f ! fact t n ev]yone has ! absolutely necess>y pr9t+ ma*9e1 & t ! sub/itutes = ?is ma*9e1 su* z burni%]s & wa%+ mangles1 _c br+ out all t lies 9 ! process4 ,9 addition1 :5 ! process 0 fir/ introduc$1 ! transf]s 7 nev] /rong en\gh1 & 7 mo/ly muddy & flat4 ,?is happ5$ because1 9 ! fir/ ye>s ( ! process1 /rong & vigor\s %ad[s 7 n produc$ on ! pap]4 ,! ,engli% & ,fr5* improv$ ?is by pigm5t+ ! %ad[s ( ! bromoil pr9t mu* m /rongly ?an 0 ne$$ = ?is process4 ,!y /at$ t ! *romat$ film took ! ink v readily 9 ! %ad[s1 b p>t$ ) x aga9 v unwill+ly4 ,!nce !y conclud$ t1 9 ord] to be able to transf] mu* ink to ! pap]1 a surplus ( ink mu/ be imp>t$ to ! %ad[s2 !y ?us correct$ ! tone values by deep5+ ! %ad[s1 & cont5d$ t !y produc$ _! beautiful transf]s 9 ?is way4 ,i h nev] se5 an ,engli% transf]1 b pl5ty ( ! ,fr5*1 :i* 7 said to h be5 prep>$ 9 ?is way4 ,f my own exp]im5ts ext5d+ ov] a long p]iod1 ,i d\bt :e!r ! dep? 9 ! %ad[s c\ld be atta9$ 9 ?is way1 & c only assume t v important p>ticul>s h n be5 made kn[n 9 ! excell5t publications on ?is process4 ,a simple reason+1 )\t any trial1 also leads to ! same conclusion4 ,if1 = in/ance1 ,i ov]9k ! %ad[s by imp>t+ to !m m ink ?an ! tone values require1 !n ,i smo!r all ! details 9 !m & 9 ! transf] ,i %all obta9 a black1 absolutely detailless pat*4 ,! ,engli% & ,fr5* cont5d1 h[ev]1 t all details1 :i* are made invisible by ov]9k+ ! bromoil pr9t1 become visible aga9 9 ! transf]4 ,!y ?us expla9 ! matt] approximately z if we 7 deal+ ) a c>bon pr9t1 9 :i* ! :ole film is 8rev]s$0 dur+ ! developm5t4 ,?is is absurd4 ,a mod]ate ov]9k+ w obvi\sly give bett] %ad[s1 b ?is limitation is ( no advantage4 ,= an important advance 9 ! direction ( ! production ( vigor\s %ad[s 9 ! transf] we are indebt$ to ! "w ( ,hanns ,b5ndorf1 :i* 0 describ$ 9 an article1 8,! ,te*nique ( ! ,bromoil ,transf] ,process0 7,phot4 ,runds*au1 #aiad1 ,heft #i1 #aj74 ,he us$ ! me?od ( pr9t+ 9 sup]position common to all gum pr9t]s1 s9ce he fir/ pigm5t$ ! orig9al pr9t 9 a normal mann] b ) weak] %ad[s1 pr9t$ x & !n ink$ up a second "t1 treat+ ?is "t m]ely ! %ad[ p>ts :i* 7 to be /r5g!n$1 & !n pr9t$ x on ! fir/ transf]4 ,! results 7 actually v good4 ,b ! process /ill requir$ consid]able dext]ity2 its *ief difficulties appe> to me to lie 9 ! fact t 9 ! second pigm5t+ x is uncommonly difficult to s br+ out ! %ad[s t !y d n appe> too deep 9 ! f9al pr9t1 & ! middle tones & high lights are ?us out ( tone4 ,! process is v suitable = br++ out individual p>ts ( ! %ad[s4 ,on ! o!r h& a consid]able advance 9 ! developm5t ( ! process 0 made by ,dr4 ,emil ,may]1 & ?is consi/$ ( giv+ to ! bromide pr9t by exposure & developm5t a p>ticul> "* only suitable = ?is purpose4 ,full] details ( ?is are giv5 "u ! head+ 8,comb9ation ,transf] ) "o ,pr9t ,plate10 page #abe4 ,9 mo/ publications on bromoil transf]1 directions are f9ally giv5 to pass ! f9i%$ bromoil pr9t quickly once ?r\gh ! ma*9e ) a heavy pressure ( ! rolls1 & at ! mo/ twice4 ,?is advice has receiv$ my special att5tion1 because ,i f\nd t 9 ?is way good z well z bad transf]s c\ld be obta9$2 b ,i decid$ly c\ld n c\nt on always obta9+ equally good results4 ,i notic$ t ?+s w5t well :5 ,i _h a pressure on ! rolls :i* 0 suitable = ! bromoil pr9t & ! /ructure ( ! pap]4 ,gett+ ?is correct pressure 0 pure luck4 ,if ! pressure 0 too great1 !n ,i inde$ got all ! ink on ! pap]1 b ! %ad[s 7 want+ 9 detail & flat2 if on ! o!r h& x 0 too weak1 ! %ad[s rema9$ mu* too grey4 ,h5ce ,i came to ! idea ( s adju/+ ! rolls t ,i pr9t$ at fir/ ) only a light pressure4 ,i !n _h z a result a transf] :i* 0 absolutely :ite 9 ! highe/ lights1 yet %[$ all ! gradations ( ! bromoil pr9t 9 ! high lights z well z 9 ! f9e/ & f9e half-tones4 ,! %ad[s1 on ! o!r h&1 7 grey & n fill$ up1 = mu* ( _! ink /ill rema9$ on ! bromoil pr9t4 ,!n ,i aga9 ink$ ! same bromoil pr9t & pr9t$ aga9 z be=e1 b did n take ! pap] f ! ma*9e1 obs]v+ ! transf] by c>efully lift+ ! bromoil pr9t4 ,x 0 exactly z describ$ above4 ,n[ ,i all[$ ! pap] 7! l[] "p ( :i* 0 /ill held by ! roll]s1 fur!r details ( :i* w be f\nd 9 ! section 8,pr9t+07 to aga9 come into contact ) ! bromoil pr9t1 screw$ d[n ! c5tral sp9dle to increase ! pressure1 & pass$ ! pack aga9 ?r\gh ! ma*9e4 ,! result 0 highly satisfactory4 ,! highe/ & ! high lights1 z well z ! half-tones1 rema9$ z !y appe>$ at ! fir/ pull1 b ! %ad[s 7 fully fill$ up & completely transf]r$ f ! bromoil pr9t to ! pap]4 ,?us ,i _h discov]$ ! pr9ciple ( pr9t+ ) increas+ pressure ( ! rolls4 ,fur!r exp]im5ts l$ me to improve ! me?od1 & ! foll[+ in/ructions give all necess>y explanations & directions4 ,i mu/ rem>k t f ! />t ,i us$ a ma*9e ! arrangem5t ( :i* p]mitt$ me to see ! pr9t dur+ ! pr9t+1 & ) :i* ! pressure on ! roll]s c\ld be regulat$ at w4 ,! transf] is n only a /ep t[>d ! great] developm5t ( ! bromoil pr9t1 x is s beautiful 9 its results t no o!r photographic process1 ) ! exception ( gum pr9t+1 at all approa*es x4 ,by ! transf] process1 photography has made its fir/ entry into ! ranks ( ! graphic arts4 ,no positive process1 o!r ?an bromoil transf] & gum pr9t+1 has ov]come ! (t-bewail$ %ortcom+ ( photography1 t !re is no sun 9 ! picture1 z well z ^! two processes4 ,x is ev5 possible 9 !m to use z ! highe/ light ! pure :ite ( ! pap]4 ,9 ?is respect transf] /ill has ! advantage ( (f]+ a m rapid if n an easi] te*nique4 ,c]ta9ly ! ord9>y bromoil pr9t also gives excell5t results4 ,its :ites are1 h[ev]1 =m$ by ! photographic film1 & ?is is its only disadvantage4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 always a diff]5ce ( beauty betwe5 a bromoil pr9t & its transf]1 ! appreciation ( :i* is purely subjective4 ,we c accept x z c]ta9 t feel+ 9 a picture pr9t$ 9 bromoil is atta9able by simpl] means ?an 9 ! m difficult transf]4 ,! photographic arti/ w decide = ! "o or ! o!r accord+ to ! results desir$4 ,,! ,,bromoil ,,pr9t4--,= e transf] !re mu/ be a bromoil pr9t1 complete 9 e "p4 ,t is an indisp5sable requirem5t = ^? :o desire to practise transf]4 ,t a p]fect bromoil pr9t c only be prep>$ f a p]fect bromide pr9t is g5]ally kn[n4 ,x is n my prov9ce to describe bo? processes fully1 = t 0 long s9ce done by v>i\s writ]s 9 excell5t works4 ,b x is my duty to give "s h9ts z to ! way 9 :i* ! bromoil pr9t %\ld be prep>$ 9 ord] to obta9 ! be/ possible results by my new pr9t+ te*nique1 :i* w lat] be fully describ$4 ,! transf] pr9t] mu/ always keep 9 view ! fact t he mu/ prep>e ! way = 8 f9al arti/ic results 9 all previ\s phases ( ! te*nical prep>ation ( 8 pr9t4 ,he w1 = ?is reason1 9 a c>eful & well plann$ work+ up ( ! negative1 br+ out ! *>act]i/ics & feel+ ( 8 ideal result by ton+ d[n or suppression ( su* p>ts ( ! picture z may be necess>y1 a task :i* has no?+ 9 common ) ! process g5]ally call$ ret\*+4 ,he w also make ! bromide pr9t1 :e!r by contact or enl>g+1 ) great] delib]ation & c>e ?an is us$ 9 mo/ cases4 ,too mu* reliance 9 ?is respect is (t5 plac$ on ! omnipot5t te*nique ( bromoil1 :i* all[s u to c>ry out ! mo/ f>-rea*+ alt]ations on ! pr9t4 ,?is c c]ta9ly be done2 b p]haps ?is way is ev5 m difficult ?an tak+ e necess>y precaution "r f ! />t & produc+ x correctly--9 "o ^w3 creat+ x4 ,f> too little use1 = example1 is made 9 enl>g+ ( bolt+ clo?1 *iffon1 or "s su* op5-me%$ fabric :i*1 accord+ to requirem5ts1 may be us$ ) wide or n>r[ me%1 or ev5 d\bl$1 two pieces 9 contact pref]ably ) ! ?reads at an angle ( #de4--,trans44 ,us$ ) discretion1 ?is gives valuable assi/ance 9 produc+ an arti/ic s(t5+ ( cont\rs & contra/s4 ,! same purpose is atta9$ 9 p]haps ev5 great] p]fection1 by us+ ! proc$ure recomm5d$ by ,l4 ,v]n\ille ( ,vi5na4 ,9 ?is me?od ( enl>g+ two %eets ( tissue pap]1 ( ! size ( ! enl>gem5t1 are laid ^u ! film side ( ! bromide pap]1 & ! exposure is made ?r\gh ^! two %eets4 ,x is important t ! "t ( exposure be exactly det]m9$2 ?is is ab\t d\ble t ( ! usual enl>gem5t4 ,! tissue pap] mu/ be p]fectly :ite & free f imp]fections1 black specks & folds1 etc4 ,besides ^! tricks a slight want ( %>pness may be us$ to give ! desir$ effect1 or also ! int]position ( rul$ scre5s betwe5 ! film & ! negative4 ,if x is desir$ t ! bromoil transf] %all %[ a canvas effect simil> to t ( oil pa9t+s1 ! simple/ proc$ure is z foll[s4 ,a piece ( clo? is cut f a mat]ial :i* has ! necess>y /ructure1 slightly l>g] ?an ! size ( ! pr9t1 & laid flat on a /iff support su* z pressbo>d4 ,!n a new piece ( c>bon pap]1 su* z is us$ 9 typewrit+1 z ?9 & free f faults z possible1 is cut to ! same size1 imm]s$ 9 wat]1 all[$ to dra91 & plac$ smoo?ly on ! mat]ial2 a second %eet ( pressbo>d is !n plac$ on top & ! :ole subject$ to a /rong pressure1 say betwe5 ! roll]s ( a burni%+ ma*9e or wa%+ mangle2 if "o has n ^!1 !n 9 a copy+ press4 ,! c>bon pap] %[s :5 dry ! p]fect /ructure ( ! mat]ial4 ,if ?is /ructure pap] is n[ plac$ betwe5 ! pap] & ! negative1 or 9 enl>g+ 9 contact ) ! pap]1 ! bromide pr9t %[s ?is /ructure toge!r ) a v pla/ic r\nd$ image1 & a long] exposure is n necess>y4 ,i consid] ?is proc$ure bett] ?an ! use ( ! comm]cial /ructure scre5s1 s9ce "o is free 9 ! *oice ( ! mat]ial f f9e lawn to ! co>se/ canvas1 :ile among ! comm]cial articles !re is seldom "o :i* is q satisfactory1 & ( c\rse no su* v>iety4 ,! f9al size ( ! picture mu/ be drawn on ! bromide pr9t 9 p5cil be=e ! blea*+1 = ! positions ( ! edges _c be det]m9$ on ! blea*$-out pr9t1 especially :5 ! blea*+ is complete4 ,aft] ! blea*+ & dry+ are f9i%$1 ! p5cil m>ks %\ld be cut ?r\gh ) a %>p knife on a glass plate1 & ! pr9t is ?us giv5 ! desir$ size4 ,f ?is po9t on1 "o %\ld be mo/ c>eful n to t\* ! pr9t ) ! f+]s1 except on ! back1 :i* c be easily done ) a little c>e1 by always lift+ up ! edge ) a knife4 ,x is immat]ial :at bromide pap] is us$4 ,x may h any surface1 be ?ick or ?91 ?\gh ?ick pap] is to be pref]r$4 ,= pr9ts & transf]s :i* %\ld %[ ! greate/ possible f95ess & model+1 x is bett] to *oose a smoo? bromide pap]4 ,! prep>$ pr9t is swoll5 & pigm5t$ z 9 mak+ an ord9>y bromoil pr9t4 ,x is n necess>y1 :5 plann+ to make a transf]1 to produce a high] relief by a w>m wat] or ammonia ba?1 :i* requires ! use ( s(t] inks & limits arti/ic fre$om 9 work+ up4 ,"o's :ole att5tion mu/ be focus$ on a s+le po9t3 ! %ad[s mu/ be clean1 ! lights pure :ite4 ,if ?is condition be neglect$ a good transf] _c be expect$4 ,deviations f ?is fundam5tal requirem5t are only p]missible = ^? :o h absolutely ma/]$ ! pr9t+ te*nique1 & :o1 !re=e1 c =esee ! results ) c]ta9ty4 ,"o mu/ take into acc\nt ! fact t ! transf] process has a v m>k$ t5d5cy to l[] ! tones4 ,! high lights & f9e half-tones always appe> some:at d>k] 9 ! transf] ?an 9 ! bromoil pr9t1 :ile ! %ad[s1 ) correct pr9t+1 rema9 ! same4 ,x is1 !re=e1 absolutely necess>y to light5 up ! high lights & ! f9e half-tones j z mu* z !y lose 9 brilliancy 9 ! transf]4 ,obvi\sly no description is ( any value on ?is po9t2 a few exp]im5ts made = ?is purpose w quickly put "o on ! "r track4 ,! fact t ! bromoil pr9t is trimm$ be=e be+ plac$ on ! pad has caus$ "s n]v\s s\ls to be afraid t wat] may ?us come f ! support ?r\gh ! bru% on to ! film1 b ?is is n likely to occur4 ,! pad %\ld be arrang$ by fir/ lay+ on ! glass plate a ?or\ghly wet copy+ %eet2 on top ( ?is a second %eet is laid1 equally wet & ) no air-bubbles betwe54 ,! wat] is completely dri$ (f ! surface ( ! second %eet ) ! aid ( a %eet ( l9tless blott+ pap]1 & !n "o c "w all day long ev5 9 summ] 9 ! greate/ heat )\t *ang+ ! support2 !re w always be en\gh moi/ure to produce adhesion betwe5 ! %eet & ! support1 b "o w nev] c>ry a drop ( wat] on to ! pr9t ) ! bru%4 ,,! ,,*oice ,,( ,,! ,,pap]4--,! pigm5t$ gelat9e film gives up its ink :5 x is br\ght into contact ) pap] "u pressure2 f :i* x seems t !oretically pap] ( any quality may be us$ = ! transf]4 ,9 practice ! matt] is n q s simple1 = e pap] surface possesses an individual "* :i* def9itely influ5ces ! ink transf] & ! f9al result4 ,pap]s may be r\ghly classifi$ z r\gh1 m$ium & smoo?1 obvi\sly ) _m int]m$iate grades1 ea* ( :i* may be divid$ into siz$1 half-siz$ & unsiz$ sorts4 ,:e!r a r\gh1 m$ium or smoo? /ructure is to be *os51 mu/ be decid$ f a purely arti/ic po9t ( view1 & 9 ?is decision ! "* ( ! subject & ! effect desir$ are ( equal importance4 ,x is diff]5t1 h[ev]1 z reg>ds siz+4 ,! quality ( ! picture frequ5tly dep5ds on a correct decision on ?is po9t4 ,?is is at once cle> :5 we consid] t unsiz$ pap] is mu* m por\s ?an half-siz$ or fully-siz$ pap]1 & ?us c remove ! ink mu* fa/] & m completely f ! bromoil pr9t4 ,if1 = example1 a bromoil is transf]r$ ) a c]ta9 roll pressure on copp]-plate pap]1 t is1 on a v absorb5t por\s pap]1 ! ink w be quickly transf]r$ to x1 :]eas a siz$ pap]1 "u ! same conditions1 t is1 ) ! same pressure on ! rolls1 w take up only a small "p ( ! ink4 ,a comp>ison ( ! two transf]s w\ld !n %[ t ! %ad[s on ! copp]-plate pap] are block$ up & h lo/ _m details1 :ile ^? on ! siz$ pap] appe> mu* too light1 :i* is readily und]/ood1 z ! por\s pap] has tak5 up all ! ink1 ! siz$ pap] m]ely a portion ( x4 ,h[ f> ^! prop]ties ( pap]s c be equaliz$ or us$ w be dealt ) 9 ! section on 8,pr9t+40 ,9 *oos+ ! pap] de/9$ = ! transf]1 !re=e1 att5tion n only has to be paid to ! /ructure1 :i* mu/ s]ve ! arti/ic purpose1 b "o mu/ be c]ta9 ( ! am\nt ( siz+2 ?is latt] is necess>y s t "o may correctly c>ry out ! actual pr9t+ process4 ,z a basic pr9ciple ! work] %\ld use only pure rag pap] & avoid all pap] conta9+ wood pulp4 ,al?\gh !oretically x _c be disput$ t any pap] is suitable = transf]1 x is also practically accept$ & und\bt$ly correct t beautiful pr9ts c only be prep>$ on good pap]s1 & ! arti/ic photograph] %\ld n be induc$ by any consid]ation to use o!r ?an ! be/ mat]ials4 ,all ! comm]cial draw+ & wat]-color pap]s ( all t9ts & /ructure1 made by reliable firms1 c be recomm5d$4 ,extraord9>ily f9e results are obta9$ on copp]-plate pr9t+ pap]1 :i* may be obta9$ 9 :ite & yell[i% t9ts4 ,equally z good1 & specially suitable = c]ta9 effects1 are ! ,japanese & ,*9ese pap]s4 ,! /ock ( pap] %\ld be kept 9 a dry place & free f du/4 ,pr9t+ %\ld only be effect$ on dry pap]4 ,damp pap] is us$ :5 x is v co>se-gra9$ & r\gh1 z !n ! ink is m easily tak5 9 ! depressions4 ,su* %eets are be/ damp5$ by imm]s+ !m = "s m9utes 9 wat]1 all[+ to dra9 & pass+ !m ?r\gh ! ma*9e betwe5 two %eets ( cal5d]$ l9tless blott+ pap] ) /rong pressure2 !y are !n imm$iately ready = pr9t+4 ,if "o has to deal ) v absorb5t pap]s1 ) :i*1 especially 9 ! pure :ites1 !re is always dang] t 9 spite ( c>eful pr9t+ ! gelat9e film may adh]e to ! surface ( ! pap] & ?us spoil bo? bromoil pr9t & transf] pap]1 ! pap] %\ld be giv5 a slight siz+4 ,! prep>ations to be us$ = ?is %\ld be ^? us$ by ! gum pr9t]3 gelat9e h>d5$ ) alum1 *rome alum or =maldehyde4 ,b ^! solutions mu/ be appli$ w>m & !n ! orig9al brightness ( ! pap] suff]s4 ,x is1 !re=e1 m advantage\s to use ! cold prelim9>y coat+ recomm5d$ by von ,hbl to prev5t ! s9k+-9 ( ! plat9um-iron solution = plat9otype2 #b g 7#fj gr47 ( rice or :eat />* or arr[root %\ld be rubb$ up ) a little wat] & add$ ) con/ant /irr+ to #ajj ccm 7#c oz47 ( boil+ wat]4 ,:5 q cold ! solution %\ld be appli$ ev5ly to ! pap] ) a swab4 ,! application mu/ result 9 a slight matt gloss on ! pap] )\t any damp places any:]e4 ,:5 dry x is ready = use4 ,! long] ! pap] is kept aft] ?is prelim9>y prep>ation1 ! bett] x is4 ,! beg9n] w be well advis$ always to use "o & ! same quality ( pap] until he has succe$$ 9 atta9+ full comm& ( ! pr9t+ te*nique2 ,i h already po9t$ out t pap]s ( diff]5t surfaces take ! ink f ! bromoils ) diff]5t degrees ( ease or difficulty4 ,simil> diff]5ces also occur ) increase ( pressure4 ,:5 ! op]ator has once become p]fectly famili> ) ! necess>y adju/m5ts ( pressure ) "o sort ( pap]1 he w be able )\t difficulty to e/imate ! degree ( pressure = o!r pap]s4 ,at ! />t x is advisable to use a good1 half-siz$ mod]ately r\gh draw+ or wat]-color pap]4 ,x may be rem>k$ t transf]s may be made on silk or o!r textile fabrics z well z on pap]4 ,if p]man5t results are desir$1 c>e mu/ be tak5 t pure fabrics are *os51 t is1 su* z are n fill$1 z is usually ! case ) silk4 ,z ! fill]s are usually metallic salts1 !y may easily h a de/ructive *emical effect on ! inks4 ,,! ,,ma*9e4--,9 ord] to obta9 a good transf]1 a ma*9e is requir$ :i* mu/ satisfy to ! fulle/ ext5t two requirem5ts3 ! pressure on ! rolls mu/ be capable ( be+ regulat$ at w be=e & dur+ ! pr9t+1 & "o mu/ be 9 a position to exam9e ! condition ( ! pr9t at any "t1 )\t dang] t ! bromoil pr9t & ! transf] pap] w %ift4 ,by pressure on ! rolls is meant ! di/ance betwe5 ! two cyl9d] surfaces4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a ,! autographic metal h& press1 model ,a1 z suppli$ by ! firm ( ,hugo ,c>m9e1 ,vi5na ,,vii1 at comp>atively reasonable prices ) diff]5t l5g?s ( rolls1 is almo/ an ideal ma*9e = our purpose4 ,x is %[n 9 ,fig4 #a & consi/s1 z w be se51 ( a massive metal /&1 :i* may easily be screw$ to any table4 ,?r\gh ! c5t] goes ! l[] roll or pr9t+ cyl9d]1 :i* is prep>$ ( an ela/ic mat]ial1 & ?is /&s at ! same height z ! two tables se5 on bo? sides4 ,above ?is l[]1 immovable roll1 !re is ! upp] "o1 :i* c be set high] or l[] z requir$ by ! c5tral sp9dle1 9 ! c5t] ( :i* is ! :eel4 ,! c5tral sp9dle is s arrang$ t ! upp] roll c be rais$ or l[]$ by screw ge>s at ! "r & left1 ! arrangem5t be+ su* t absolutely ev5 pressure is ex]t$ at ! two ends4 ,on ! "r screw ge> !re is a not* 9 ! =m ( an ,i1 :i* ) e half revolution ( ! c5tral sp9dle moves ! l5g? ( "o too? =w>ds or backw>ds1 accord+ to ! direction *os51 s t x is always possible to produce an absolutely det]m9able pressure4 ,! rolls1 aft] ! sett+ ( ! pressure1 are rotat$ by ! h&le visible on ! "r4 ,?is is ! :ole ma*9e4 ,its dim5sions are det]m9$ by ! l5g? ( ! rolls1 & ^! are *os5 z may be ne$$4 ,"o ) #dj cm 7#af 947 rolls ought to be suffici5t = mo/ "w4 ,x may be possible to rig up exi/+ burni%]s or wa%+ mangles4 ,:e!r good results c be obta9$ !re)1 ,i _c say f my own exp]i5ce4 ,! c>e ( ! ma*9e is v simple2 x ne$s only to be oil$ f "t to "t4 ,al?\gh ?is1 or any o!r suitable ma*9e1 is s simple 9 con/ruction1 & its manipulation is s easy1 yet "o ought n to =get t he :o uses x ought n to be a ma*9e4 ,! pr9t] mu/ be v famili> ) 8 press1 if x is to give its be/4 ,:oev] does n believe ?is %\ld ask an et*]1 :o w soon tell him h[ mu* a good pr9t] c add to a copp]-plate pr9t4 ,,pr9t+4--,9 ord] to obta9 f any bromoil pr9t "o or m pulls on uncoat$ pap]1 "o requires1 besides a pr9t+ ma*9e1 also--exp]i5ce4 ,be=e ,i proce$ ) ! te*nical description ( ! :ole process x w be z well t we become p]fectly cle> z to ! conditions "u :i* transf] takes place4 ,bromoil pr9t+ has be5 describ$ z a direct d]ivative ( ! collotype process1 & x is4 ,?is v close relation%ip1 h[ev]1 is m]ely because ( ! common prop]ty ( ! expos$ & swoll5 *romat$ gelat9e film1 b does n ext5d to ! me?od ( execution1 9 :i* bromoil pr9t+ displays an indep5d5t te*nique4 ,! prim>y diff]5ce lies 9 ! support3 collotype uses a glass plate z ! support = ! *romat$ image1 bromoil pr9t+ uses pap]4 ,?is causes a v>iation 9 ! subsequ5t proc$ure1 especially :5 ! bromoil pr9t is n ! f9al result1 b m]ely ! means = mak+ ! transf]4 ,! application ( ! ink to ! swoll5 gelat9e also is q diff]5t 9 collotype & bromoil pr9t+1 & ! transf] ( ! ink to ! pap] by means ( a ma*9e is done diff]5tly1 all ( :i* are bas$ on ! diff]5ces ( ! support4 ,! bromide pr9t1 :i* is tak5 z ! />t+ po9t 9 bromoil pr9t+1 %\ld be made on a pap] z d5se 9 /ructure z possible2 ?ick pap]1 !re=e1 is advisable1 because ! film rema9s damp long] dur+ ! "w ( pigm5t+1 & also because all subsequ5t manipulations are c>ri$ out m easily ) ?ick ?an ) ?9 pap]s4 ,9 ! collotype process1 on ! o!r h&1 ! *romat$ film is c>ri$ on glass4 ,:5 x comes to pr9t+1 x is cle>1 f :at has be5 said1 t ! bromoil pr9t n only conta9s ! moi/ure :i* is absolutely necess>y 9 mak+ x1 b also t :i* is 9 ! fib]s ( ! pap]4 ,! :ole ( ?is dampness is press$ out ( ! pap] fib]s & ! film1 dur+ ! pr9t+1 & comb9es ) ! ink to a k9d ( emulsion4 ,?is emulsion-l mass is br\ght on to ! pap] by ! ma*9e1 n ! ink alone1 z 9 collotype1 ! *romat$ film ( :i* holds only t moi/ure :i* is requisite = its swell+1 :ile its support1 ! glass1 c reta9 no moi/ure4 ,x is also ! fact t ! am\nt ( moi/ure 9 ! collotype film is s small t ! =mation ( ?is emulsion practically does n occur4 ,f ^! comp>isons & explanations x also foll[s t ! pr9t+ te*nique ( ! two processes mu/ diff]4 ,i h dealt ) ^! facts ) m complet5ess because x is commonly assum$ t ! pr9t+ ( a bromoil pr9t mu/ be c>ri$ out l t ( a collotype pr9t1 & mo/ ( ! failures result f ignorance ( ! diff]5ces discuss$4 ,s1 :ile ! collotype matrix only gives up its ink1 ! bromoil matrix gives up a mixture ( ink & wat] to ! pap]4 ,?is emulsion is s con/itut$ t x readily adh]es to ! pap] :]e x is 9 ! f9e/ /ate ( division1 b :]e x is ?ick] x is m difficult to made x adh]e4 ,9 o!r words3 ! high lights & ! mo/ delicate & m$ium half-tones readily transf] to ! pap] "u light pressure1 :ile d>k] half-tones & ! %ad[s mu/ receive a /rong] pressure1 f :i* x aga9 foll[s1 t 9 ord] to obta9 f a bromoil pr9t a transf] equally good 9 all its tones1 ,i mu/ pr9t ) gradually increas+ pressure4 ,t is ! reason t induc$ me to use a ma*9e1 ) roll pressure :i* c be v>i$ at w1 z ,i h describ$ m fully 9 ! *apt] on 8,! ,ma*9e40 ,! proc$ure 9 pr9t+ mu/ n[ be v accurately describ$1 & takes place z foll[s3 ,! pressure :i* ! rolls ex]t on ! bromoil pr9t & ! pap] z !y pass ?r\gh mu/ be absolutely ev51 at e po9t4 ,9 ord] to make ! pressure m uni=m ?an ! rolls ( ev5 a good ma*9e c give alone1 x is necess>y to imb$ ! pr9t & ! pap] 9 a press-pack4 ,?is press-pack g5]ally consi/s ( two pressbo>ds 7h>d1 ?ick1 glaz$ pa/ebo>d71 at ! bottom1 an ord9>y pa/ebo>d1 a copp]-plate blanket1 t is a ?ick felt1 & ano!r ord9>y pa/ebo>d4 ,on ?is pa/ebo>d ! bromoil pr9t is laid1 & on ?is ! pr9t+ pap]4 ,on ?is pr9t+ pap] !re are n[ plac$ 9 ord] ano!r copp]-plate blanket1 an ord9>y pa/ebo>d & f9ally two pressbo>ds4 ,be=e1 h[ev]1 we pass a press-pack1 ?us prep>$1 ?r\gh ! rolls1 x mu/ be expla9$ 9 full] detail1 :i* is be/ done f an actual example4 ,let u assume t we h a pr9t prep>$ z describ$ 9 ! *apt] 8,bromoil ,pr9t+10 ready = transf]4 ,its size %all be #af #ba cm 7#f #h 9474 ,our int5tion is to pr9t ?is on pap] ( ! dim5sions ( #cj #dj cm 7#ab #af 9471 & to surr\nd x ) a plate m>k4 ,z ! size ( ! pap] is #cj #dj cm 7#ab #af 9471 ! f\r pressbo>ds1 ! ?ree ord9>y pa/ebo>ds & ! two copp]-plate blankets %\ld be cut exactly #cb #db cm4 ,! two pressbo>ds are accurately sup]pos$ on a table & !n ! pa/ebo>d & ! blanket are plac$ on top4 ,on ! la/1 z already /at$1 ano!r pa/ebo>d is plac$1 :i* mu/1 h[ev]1 be previ\sly m>k$ ) p5cil guide l9es1 = on x are to be laid ! bromoil1 ! pap] & ! plate-m>k patt]n4 ,z we wi% to surr\nd ! pr9t1 :i* is #af #ba cm1 ) a plate-sunk m>k1 we mu/ cut a suffici5tly l>ge pressbo>d to impress ?is m>k4 ,let u say we wi% to surr\nd our v]tical pr9t ) a m>g9 :i* %all be #a cm 7 947 wide above & "r & left1 b #b cm 7 947 bel[1 !n we mu/ cut ! pressbo>d #ah #bd cm 7#g #i 9474 ,:5 we h done ?is we m>k on x ) a p5cil exactly ! position ( ! #af #ba cm bromoil pr9t4 ,n[ we f9d on ! #cb #db cm pa/ebo>d ! position at :i* we wi% to h ! #ah #bd cm pressbo>d j cut 7z a rule ?is w be a little above ! c5t]71 & fa/5 x !re v lightly ) libr>y pa/e or mucilage4 ,! #ah #bd cm pressbo>d n[ lies on ! #cb #db cm pa/ebo>d4 ,z ! size ( ! pap] is only #cj #dj cm1 ?is w leave a m>g9 ( #a cm on all sides1 & ?is future position ( ! pap] %\ld be accurately m>k$ ) ! p5cil on ! pa/ebo>d4 ,extreme c>e hav+ be5 tak5 t all ! l9es are p>allel & ! measurem5ts correct1 we c n[ place 9 ! press-pack ! bromide pr9t & ! transf] pap]1 & proce$ to pr9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b ,a pa/ebo>d ,b ! plate-m>k patt]n ,c ! location guides = ! transf] pap] ,d ! location guides = ! bromoil pr9t4 ,! m>k+ ( ! individual lay]s may be done v simply & accurately if x is c>ri$ out z %[n 9 ! accompany+ diagram4 ,?is m>k+ ( ! lay]s has also ! advantage t we may use x = all sizes ) slight alt]ations = individual cases4 ,! lay-out is v easy4 ,! pa/ebo>d :i* c>ries ! plate-m>k patt]n is cut accurately "r-angl$ & mu/ be ab\t #b cm 7 947 l>g] all ar\nd ?an ! transf] pap] t is to be us$4 ,on ?is bo>d we n[ draw1 exactly #b cm bel[ ! upp] edge1 a %>p l9e ) ink t w n sme>1 su* z wat]pro( draw+ ink1 /opp+ exactly also #b cm f ea* edge4 ,!n ?is l9e is bisect$ & ! c5t] po9t m>k$ z]o2 "r & left ( ?is z]o po9t we n[ draw equally di/ant upright l9es1 ab\t cm 7 947 ap>t1 :i* are numb]$ #a1 #b1 #c1 444 to ! ends ( ! l9e4 ,l divisions are drawn on ! plate-m>k patt]n1 or if ?is is n to be us$1 at ! place x %\ld occupy4 ,! bromoil & ! transf] pap] are n[ laid d[n ) ! help ( ^! l9es s t ! upp] corn]s are equidi/ant f ! z]o po9t1 :i* c be v easily done4 ,^! location guides are also v conv5i5t 9 comb9ation pr9t+4 ,we n[ h ly+ 9 front ( u "o on top ( ea* o!r3 two pressbo>ds1 an ord9>y pa/ebo>d1 ! copp]-plate blanket & ! pa/ebo>d ) ! plate-m>k patt]n & ! m>ks = locat+ ! pap]4 ,n[ ! bromoil pr9t is lift$ f its pad by pass+ a knife "u its edges1 & laid c>efully ) its back on ! work]'s left h&4 ,?us ! pr9t c be laid d[n face up )\t dang] ( damage on ! plate-m>k patt]n1 adju/+ x by ! position guide be=e slid+ out ! h&1 all )\t t\*+ ! face ( ! pr9t4 ,great c>e mu/ be tak5 t ! pr9t lies absolutely flat4 ,x w adh]e to ! pa/ebo>d )\t any aid except its own moi/ure4 ,n[ we take ! pr9t+ pap]1 hold x at ! upp] ?ird ( its surface ) ! two h&s & br+ ! upp] edge to co9cide ) ! p5cil l9es on ! pa/ebo>d :i* c>ries ! plate-m>k patt]n1 tak+ c>e t x does n t\* ?is pa/ebo>d4 ,:5 ! edge ( ! pap] & ! p5cil l9es co9cide1 ! pap] is c>efully all[$ to drop into position f ! top to ! bottom4 ,x n[ lies on ! bromoil pr9t2 n[1 hold+ x v g5tly on ! bromoil pr9t ) "o h&1 ! previ\sly prep>$ copp]-plate blanket is spread out ) ! o!r h& ov] ! pap] & pa/ebo>d1 & ! two pressbo>ds are plac$ on ! clo? 9 ! same way4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 t ! :ole arrangem5t is fairly ev5ly made up1 s t none ( ! edges ( ! bo>ds or blankets project beyond o!rs4 ,if ?is precaution be omitt$ x may happ5 t ! transf] pap] is squeez$ into wr9kles runn+ f ! edges to ! middle1 :i* may ev5 encroa* on ! pr9t itself4 ,^! squeez$-9 wr9kles1 :i*1 if ! pressure be great1 may appe> l %>p cracks1 make ! pr9t useless4 ,?is :ole manipulation is r difficult to p]=m at fir/1 b x is le>nt v rapidly1 especially if ! fir/ exp]im5ts are made ) a damp %eet ( pap] ! size ( ! bromoil pr9t in/ead ( ! pr9t itself1 & "o ?us becomes exp]t4 ,:5 ! press-pack has be5 made up 9 ! above-describ$ mann]1 x %\ld be tak5 firmly 9 bo? h&s1 s t no?+ c %ift1 & ! upp] edge plac$ on ! ma*9e table & guid$ betwe5 ! roll]s1 ! sep>ation ( :i* mu/ be su* t !y j grip ! pack )\t ex]t+ any pressure4 ,?is sep>ation mu/ be det]m9$ by exp]im5t4 ,! pack %\ld !n be g5tly drawn ?r\gh until ab\t #d cm 7#a 947 ( its l[] edge rema9s protrud+4 ,%ift+ is !n no long] possible4 ,! rolls %\ld n[ be tight5$1 = :i* purpose ! c5tral sp9dle %\ld be giv5 six to eight half revolutions4 ,! exact pressure _c be prescrib$1 b x w always be bett] to beg9 ) light pressure4 ,! h&le is aga9 turn$ & ! pack drawn ?r\gh ! press1 until its upp] edge /icks out ab\t #d cm 7#a 9474 ,?is process is repeat$ f\r times--twice 9 ea* direction4 ,if1 aft] ! f\r? revolution1 we c>efully lift up ! upp] lay]s includ+ ! pap]--obvi\sly :ile ! l[] edge is /ill held fa/ = ab\t #d cm by ! rolls--we c inspect ! fir/ impression & w see t ! high lights & f9e half-tones h already giv5 up all _! ink1 :ile ! deep] tones /ill look v flat4 ,! pap] %\ld be all[$ to drop back aga9 g5tly1 & !n ! o!r lay]s4 ,!n ! pressure is increas$ by giv+ ! c5tral sp9dle ab\t ?ree or f\r half-turns1 z1 aft] ! fir/ impression1 !re is little dang] to ei!r bromoil or transf] ?r\gh heavi] pressure1 & ! pack is aga9 pass$ ?r\gh ! rolls1 b only twice1 once 9 ea* direction4 ,if ! pr9t is n[ exam9$ aga9 x w be f\nd t ! full half-tones & ! light] %ad[s are already transf]r$1 b t ! deep %ad[s d n appe> 9 full tones4 ,!n ! pr9t+ is repeat$ ) /ill great] roll pressure1 ?ree or f\r m half-turns ( ! c5tral sp9dle2 aga9 ! pack %\ld only g twice ?r\gh ! rolls4 ,ano!r exam9ation %\ld n[ %[ ! pr9t 9 full vigor 9 all its details4 ,if1 h[ev]1 x %\ld happ51 especially :5 us+ r\gh pap]s1 t ! %ad[s d n yet appe> q deep en\gh1 "o %\ld pr9t aga9 twice ) increas$ pressure4 ,all ! ink :i* 0 on ! bromoil pr9t w n[ be transf]r$ to ! pap]2 if ! pr9t+ 0 c>ri$ out prop]ly ! bromoil w look z if x _h n be5 pigm5t$ at all4 ,x %\ld nev] be =gott5 t ! rolls ought nev] to be s /rongly screw$ d[n t !y c only be />t$ by great ef=t2 !y mu/ always move easily1 & ) little muscul> ef=t4 ,repeat$ sl[ passage ( ! press-pack ?r\gh mod]ately tight5$ roll]s is always m advantage\s ?an a s+le pr9t+ "u v heavy pressure4 ,heavy pressure n only endang]s ! bromoil1 s9ce ! gelat9e film1 especially 9 ! lights1 adh]es to ! pap] & te>s :5 remov$1 b ! transf] also1 because ! wat]1 press$ out quickly & ) great =ce1 is deposit$ 9 ! ink 9 ! =m ( f9e globules4 ,aft] evaporation1 :i* takes place v quickly1 ^! places %[ curi\s1 light1 circul> or elliptical spots1 :i* produce ! g5]al impression ( a picture pa9t$ 9 ! po9tilli/ mann]--an undesir$ effect :i*1 h[ev]1 may occasionally be satisfactory4 ,x is v advisable to turn back ! c5tral sp9dle be=e f9ally tak+ ! press-pack out ( ! ma*9e1 z o!rwise "o may uselessly & prematurely ru9 ! compon5ts ( ! press-pack4 ,! bromoil c be imm$iately imm]s$ 9 wat] & aga9 pigm5t$--z 0 done at fir/1 or ) diff]5t ink4 ,?is process may be repeat$ until ! pap] breaks d[n1 ) c>eful treatm5t 9 pr9t+ & suitable /\t bromide pap]1 up to tw5ty times4 ,if ! pressure ( ! rolls 0 too great1 !n ! film %[s bli/]s1 :i* at fir/1 & if !y only appe> "h & !re1 are h>mless1 ev5 :5 !y occur on important p>ts ( ! pr9t4 ,if _! numb] increases1 h[ev]1 x is bett] to make a new bromoil4 ,if ! bromoil is to be kept = future "w1 !n x %\ld be all[$ to become bone dry1 9 ord] to dissolve (f any grease ) b5zol or o!r solv5t1 exactly z is done ) a bromoil pr9t 9 defatt+4 ,pr9ts ?us treat$ c be us$ aga9 aft] any lapse ( "t4 ,?is me?od ( pr9t+ is prop] = ei!r mono*rome or poly*rome impressions4 ,9 conclusion ! fact may be m5tion$--fir/ publi%$ 9 ,france1 ,i believe--t bromoil pr9ts1 :i* 9 ! c\rse ( mak+ h be5 soak$ 9 ammonia wat]1 c be m easily transf]r$1 & t !re is less dang] ( ! bromoil pr9t & ! pap] /ick+ toge!r1 ev5 ) v /rongly absorb5t pap]s4 ,rob]t ,dema*y has /at$ t transf]s c also be prep>$ by remov+ ! ink1 n by a press1 b ) a solv5t1 su* z b5zol1 by moi/5+ ! pap] ) ?is solv5t & !n br++ x into contact ) ! pigm5t$ bromoil4 ,my exp]im5ts 9 ?is direction c\ld n be br\ght to a conclusion1 z at ! "t ,i und]took !m a suitable solv5t 0 n available4 ,i _h only succe$$ 9 det]m9+ t x is v important t ! bromoil pr9t %\ld be all[$ to dry ?or\ghly--f six to eight h\rs--& t !n a less volatile solv5t ?an b5zol1 su* z heavy b5z9e1 or be/ ( all1 gasol9e or petroleum e!r1 c be us$4 ,if ! bromoil pr9t is laid on a %eet ( pap] & moi/5$ ) ?is1 !n pressure 9 a pr9t+ frame is suffici5t 9 ord] to obta9 a transf]4 ,a ma*9e is n requir$4 ,! pictures :i* ,i h obta9$ 9 ?is way h n be5 satisfactory1 up to ! pres5t "t2 ! cause ( ! failure obvi\sly 0 t ,i lack$ exp]i5ce z to ! necess>y degree ( moi/5+ & ! duration ( contact4 ,z /at$1 = lack ( mat]ials1 ,i 0 oblig$ to discont9ue exp]im5ts4 ,,comb9ation ,,transf]4--,! process j describ$ p]mits ! transf] ( all t 0 9 ! bromide pr9t4 ,if1 h[ev]1 x is a "q ( improv+ ! inadequate gradation ( a bromide pr9t f a long-scale negative1 we mu/ use o!r means4 ,bromide pap] has only a limit$ scale ( tones & !re=e _c reproduce ! full modulation ( a negative ( full gradation4 ,if ! details 9 ! %ad[s are to be reta9$ 9 su* a case1 !n ! high lights w appe> b>e2 if well-model$ high lights are desir$1 !n we risk block$-up %ad[s4 ,?is difficulty has be5 l>gely ov]come by ,dr4 ,emil ,may]1 by ! introduction ( a comb9ation pr9t+ process = bromoil transf]1 ( :i* full details w be f\nd on page #abe4 ,he />ts f ! above-m5tion$ fact t bromide pap] does n reproduce ! :ole scale ( tones ( ! negative1 :5 ?is is too long1 & !re=e divides ! tones ( ! negative into two p>ts by expos+ "o bromide pr9t only = ! %ad[s & ! adjac5t half-tones1 & a second m]ely = ! high lights & ! light] half-tones4 ,he !n transf]s ^! two con/itu5t pr9ts 9 sup]position & ?us obta9s ! full gradation ( ! negative4 ,x is ?us possible !re=e to l5g!n ! scale ( tones ( ! negative4 ,if1 h[ev]1 x is m]ely desir$ to ext5d ! scale ( tones ( ! bromide pr9t1 !n x is suffici5t to make ! comb9ation transf] f "o pr9t only1 :i* mu/1 h[ev]1 be prep>$ 9 a way diff]+ slightly f ! usual4 ,i w n repeat "h ! !ory ( ! two k9ds ( comb9ation transf]1 :i* may be f\nd 9 an e>li] *apt] by ,dr4 ,may] 7page #abe71 b 9 giv+ my own in/ructions = ! practical p]=mance ( ! process1 ,i h ess5tially adh]$ also to ,dr4 ,may]'s in/ructions1 ) 8 full p]mission4 ,,comb9ation ,,pr9t+ ,,f ,,two ,,bromoils4--,x has frequ5tly be5 po9t$ out 9 ! lit]ature ( ! gum process t ! be/ positive transp>5cies may be obta9$ f a long-scale negative by mak+ two positives f ! "o negative & !n br++ ^! two positives into sup]position2 = ?is comb9ation1 "o positive mu/ be fully expos$ & develop$ s(t1 ! second1 on ! o!r h&1 kept h>d by a v %ort exposure & full developm5t4 ,if ^! two positives are laid film to film1 8!re is obta9$10 z von ,hbl wrote z e>ly z #ahih1 9 apply+ ?is me?od to gum pr9t+ 7see ,ed]1 ,das ,pigm5tv]fahr51 d] ,gummi-1 ,oel- und ,bromldruck1 ,halle1 #aiag71 8a result :i* (t5 surpasses1 9 tru? & fidelity to ! orig9al1 a normal pr9t f ! negative4 ,9 su* a comb9$ pr9t ! high lights are d]iv$ f ! %ort1 ! %ad[ details f ! long-scale negative2 ! two images supplem5t ea* o!r & reciprocally increase ! brilliancy4 ,x is also possible to make good defects 9 ! negative or ! pr9t+ process40 ,?is same pr9ciple is us$ 9 our process1 al?\gh n exactly z 9 gum pr9t+4 ,! process itself is n difficult4 ,x is necess>y to make two p]fectly regi/]$ bromide pr9ts1 :i* is mo/ easily done by always plac+ ! pr9t+ frame 9 ! same position 9 fill+1 z = in/ance by fitt+ ! same two sides into a rigid iron angle fa/5$ on a draw+ bo>d1 or1 9 enl>g+1 by us+ a "r angl$ piece ( /rong1 black c>d glu$ to ! enl>g+ easel1 & fitt+ ! pap] into ?is angle4 ,i h prep>$ a simple & absolutely c]ta9 arrangem5t = secur+ regi/]+ pr9ts by hav+ a bevel$-edge rectangle cut out ( %eet iron #b mm 7 947 ?ick1 ! op5+ be+ some:at small] ?an ! bromide pap]4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 = #bd #cj cm 7#i #ab 947 pap]1 ! cut-out is only #bc #bi cm 7#i #aa 9474 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 9 ?is "w1 h[ev]1 t ! bromide pap] = bo? pr9ts is tak5 f ! same packet1 s9ce only id5tical pap]s exp& absolutely equally 9 ! ba?s & contract equally 9 dry+4 ,al?\gh ! pap] us$ by ! manufactur] may be ( ! same quality1 yet x may n always be h&l$ exactly ! same 9 coat+1 s t a regi/ration ( ! pr9ts may n be possible :5 "o uses pap] prep>$ at diff]5t times4 ,! fir/ pr9t is n[ v fully expos$ & develop$ s(t1 j long en\gh s t ! high lights & upp] half-tones are well br\ght out4 ,:5 ?is is atta9$1 developm5t is /opp$ )\t pay+ att5tion to ! %ad[s1 :i* w be full ( detail1 b weak4 ,! second pr9t is expos$ z briefly z is requir$ = ! p]fect reproduction ( ! %ad[s1 ) ! use ( a h>d-work+ develop]4 ,z soon z ! %ad[s appe> 9 full dep?1 ! pr9t %\ld be r9s$ & fix$4 ,! pr9t !n %[s1 besides ! %ad[s1 only ! transition into ! half-tones4 ,x is n easy to give m accurate in/ructions = ! prep>ation ( ! bromide pr9ts1 z ! "w mu/ be c>ri$ out diff]5tly accord+ to ! negative4 ,only1 z a h9t1 & no?+ m1 x may be /at$ t 9 a pr9t :]e exposure ( ab\t twelve seconds 0 requir$ = ! complete pr9t+ ( ! high lights & half-tones1 ! %ad[ pr9t ne$$ only ab\t ?ree seconds1 or ab\t "o-f\r? ! exposure4 ,?is ratio obvi\sly alt]s 9 accordance ) ! dep? & quality ( ! %ad[s 9 ! negative1 & mu/ be left to ! feel+ & exp]i5ce ( ! work]4 ,:5 ! two pr9ts h be5 develop$1 fix$1 wa%$ & dri$1 !y %\ld be te/$ = equality ( size by measurem5t ) a millimet] scale4 ,!n rule p5cil l9es ar\nd ! edges ( ! pr9ts v exactly1 & treat !m 9 ! usual way 9 ! blea*+ ba?1 ! second fix+ & wa%+4 ,:5 ?or\ghly dry ! pictures %\ld be cut along ! p5cil l9es ) absolute accuracy1 & _! regi/ration aga9 te/$4 ,x is advisable to write on ! back be=e blea*+ 8high light pr9t0 & 8%ad[ pr9t40 ,pigm5t+ is effect$ z usual4 ,practically1 "o %\ld always beg9 ) ! high light pr9t1 z ?is is int5d$ to give ! f9e/ model+ 9 ! high lights & half-tones1 :ile ! %ad[s are treat$ s t !y %[ all ! details1 b no dep?4 ,?is ord] ( work+ leaves "o absolutely free 9 ! treatm5t ( ! f9e tones1 indep5d5t ( ! dep? ( ! %ad[s4 ,^! dep?s are produc$ 9 ! transf] 9 any desir$ /r5g? by means ( ! second bromoil4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! "w is />t$ 9 ! rev]se way1 by pr9t+ ! %ad[s fir/1 !n ! half-tones & high lights mu/ be adju/$ to ! exi/+ dep?1 :i* may produce a dislocation ( ! tone values1 ev5 to a de/ruction ( ! :ole desir$ effect4 ,! be/ way is !re=e to direct ! :ole att5tion 9 ! fir/ place to ! light] p>ts ( ! picture1 & to suit ! %ad[s to ^!4 ,:5 ! high light pr9t is complet$ z desir$1 ! transf] may be made4 ,! bromoil pr9t is plac$ on ! location guides1 describ$ 9 ! previ\s *apt] on 8,pr9t+40 ,!n ! transf] pap] is plac$ on its guide & p5cil l9es v c>efully drawn across ! edges ( ! back1 on to ! pa/ebo>d4 ,!n x is pr9t$4 ,! picture w n[ appe> 9 full beauty z reg>ds ! light] tones1 b obvi\sly z a :ole w be flat1 s9ce ! %ad[s are grey & )\t dep?4 ,n[ we proce$ to ! work+ up ( ! %ad[ pr9t1 :i* :5 complete %\ld appe> absolutely b>e ( high lights & light half-tones4 ,no protective measures to prev5t ! /ick+ ( ! non-pigm5t$ p>ts to ! transf] pap] are necess>y1 z ^! :ite portions ( ! %ad[ pr9t are already cov]$ f ! fir/ transf]4 ,! pr9t is n[ plac$ exactly on ! m>ks made on ! plate-m>k patt]n be=e ! fir/ transf]1 ! fir/ transf] also br\ght into ! same position by ! m>ks on its back & _! prolongations1 :i* is v simple 9 practice1 & is !n pr9t$4 ,! transf] n[ %[s ! full gradation ( ! negative1 or ! sum ( ! gradations ( ! two bromide pr9ts1 :i*1 h[ev]1 w be enhanc$ 9 effect by ! pla/ic s(tness produc$ by ! d\ble pr9t+4 ,if x %\ld be necess>y to /r5g!n any "p ( ! pr9t1 to deep5 any %ad[1 we c aga9 pigm5t ! necess>y portion ( ! prop] bromoil & transf] x to ! picture by a ?ird pr9t+1 = x is ?or\ghly practicable to sup]impose z _m impressions z may appe> necess>y f an arti/ic /&po9t4 ,?is me?od ( comb9ation pr9t+ f two bromoils is ! be/ atta9able result 9 ! pres5t /ate ( ! art1 b conta9s also ! g]m ( future developm5ts1 especially z reg>ds color photography1 :i* problem appe>s to me to be mo/ easily solvable 9 ?is1 purely arti/ic1 way4 ,only x is necess>y to f9d an arti/ :o c conduct ! v>i\s pr9t+s ) su* f9e color s5se t ! f9al result w actually produce ! impression ( a "w ( art 9 color1 n t ( a color$ photograph1 :i* has un=tunately hi!rto be5 ! case ) all exp]im5ts 9 ?is direction4 ,?is is obvi\sly no?+ m ?an a hope = ! future4 ,= ! pres5t we mu/ cont5t ourselves ) :at has actually be5 atta9$1 :i* is no m & no less ?an to br+ u close to our aim1 ability to consid] & use ! photographic plate m]ely z a f\ndation = our graphic art4 ,,comb9ation ,,pr9t+ ,,) ,,"o ,,bromoil4--,x is frequ5tly n easy to reproduce p]fectly 9 ! transf] ! :ole scale ( tones pres5t 9 a giv5 bromide pr9t2 or at lea/ 9 _m cases a high degree ( skill mu/ be employ$4 ,x is consequ5tly (t5 v mu* simpl] to make two transf]s f ! same bromoil1 "o be+ ink$ up = ! light p>ts1 :ile ! o!r is us$ to fill out & deep5 ! %ad[s4 ,! practical execution ( ! process is z foll[s3 ! bromide pr9t is swoll5 9 ! normal way & pigm5t$ ) a s(t ink suitable = ! high lights1 ! %ad[s be+ v lightly ink$4 ,! transf] obta9$ f ?is bromoil pr9t %[s all ! details 9 ! high lights1 ) grey %ad[s4 ,! pr9t is n[ imm]s$ 9 cold wat] to swell aga9 & !n ink$ up ) a h>d ink1 s t only ! %ad[s & ! adjac5t half-tones are fully work$ up4 ,?is pr9t is n[ transf]r$ to ! same pap]1 s t a transf] is obta9$ 9 :i* ! scale ( tones ( ! bromide pr9t is consid]ably l5g!n$4 ,a second me?od ( mak+ two transf]s f "o bromoil is fir/ to swell x normally1 !n ink up ?or\ghly & transf]4 ,x is !n highly swoll5 ) ammonia & ! %ad[s only treat$ ) h>d ink4 ,! result ( ! second transf] on ! fir/ "o is aga9 full gradation 9 ! pr9t4 ,?is me?od1 h[ev]1 is n v advisable1 z ! pr9t _c be us$ aga9 if ! second transf] is n successful4 ,x is bett] to adh]e to ! fir/ me?od1 & pref]able to use two inks ( diff]5t consi/5cy r ?an two diff]+ degrees ( relief4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! comb9ation transf] f a s+le bromoil is to give ! be/ possible gradation1 ! exposure & developm5t ( ! bromide pr9t mu/ be prop]ly done1 ! process be+ ess5tially t ( ,b5ndorf1 ref]r$ to on page #adc4 ,! bromide pr9t mu/ be fully expos$ & develop$ v s(t2 ! image !n seems flat1 & yet e gradation ( tone pres5t 9 ! negative is actually %[n 9 ! bromide pr9t4 ,if a pr9t ?us prep>$ is treat$ ) inks ( two consi/5cies1 ! be/ results are obta9$4 ,,! ,,value ,,( ,,comb9ation ,,pr9t+4--,) ! aid ( comb9ation transf] x is possible to solve problems 9 ! bromoil pr9t+ process1 :i* 7 hi!rto unsolvable1 & ,dr4 ,may] correctly rem>ks at ! end ( 8 treatise3 8,! transf] process has advanc$ to ! fir/ place & 9 future 9 ! h&s ( ! exp]t1 bromoil pr9t+ is likely to be consid]$ z a process ( second>y importance40 ,i 0 e>ly conv9c$ t transf] w\ld replace bromoil pr9t+ & am absolutely ( ! op9ion t comb9ation transf] w d its %>e 9 mak+ my op9ion univ]sal4 ,/ill ,i d n believe t x is necess>y to use comb9ation pr9t+ 9 all cases4 ,i w\ld especially w>n ! beg9n] aga9/ us+ x exclusively2 he %\ld r endeavor to make simple transf]s />t+ f a p]fect bromide & a p]fect bromoil pr9t1 = by ?is means he w atta9 mu* m c]ta9ty 9 pr9t+ te*nique4 ,only :5 he has absolutely ma/]$ ?is te*nique1 %\ld he beg9 exp]im5ts 9 comb9ation transf] f "o bromoil4 ,e work] %\ld endeavor to use ! te*nique ( comb9ation transf] = ! execution ( an arti/ic idea1 r ?an = ov]com+ te*nical difficulties 9 s+le transf]4 ,!n x w1 h[ev]1 always give excell5t results4 ,aside f ! solution ( su* problems z views f a d>k space into a brilliantly light$ di/ance1 or pictures ( fall+ wat] 9 conjunction ) its d>k surr\nd+s1 etc41 x w be especially useful to ! portraiti/ 9 treat+ 8 backgr\nds4 ,comb9ation transf] f two orig9als w1 h[ev]1 be mo/ valuable arti/ically1 :5 !re is a "q ( comb9+ %>ply def9$ p>ts ( a picture ) s(t] p>ts4 ,?us1 = in/ance 9 a l&scape1 we may make a %>p pr9t &1 by ! use ( bolt+ clo?1 "o ) s(t outl9es2 ! p>ts :i* x is desir$ to emphasize w be work$ up on ! =m] & arti/ic s(t5+ add$ f ! latt]4 ,briefly1 ! possibilities are s _m t !y c h>dly be indicat$1 n to speak ( describ+ !m 9 full4 ,?is is1 besides1 h>dly necess>y1 = ! work] :o has rea*$ full ma/]y ( comb9ation transf] is necess>ily s f> advanc$ arti/ically1 t he w f9d out = himself all t is necess>y4 ,,ret\*+ ,,& ,,work+ ,,up4--,a good bromide pr9t c only be prep>$ f a good negative4 ,s says ! exp]t bromide pr9t]4 ,! bromoil pr9t] requires a faultless bromide pr9t z ! fundam5tal condition4 ,! transf]r]1 f9ally1 w n use an imp]fect bromoil pr9t = transf]4 ,i belong to ! s*ool :i* w\ld produce a photographic picture only by purely photographic means1 )\t1 h[ev]1 be+ too or?odox2 ,i w\ld n1 !re=e1 repeat ! :ole labori\s mak+ ( a bromoil pr9t1 because ,i might n ?9k x photographic to spot out ) wat]-color a small spot ! size ( a p9's head1 or to remove a small p>ticle ( ink ) ! et*+ knife4 ,?is is actually n ret\*+1 b !re are p :o consid] ^! *anges z su*4 ,by ret\*+ ,i mean ! ju/ly condemn$ excessive 8work+ up0 ( a positive pr9t1 t is a *ange ( values on ! f9i%$ pr9t4 ,t %\ld n be done4 ,bromoil pr9t+ is /ill t exquisite process :i* p]mits ! correction ( false tones1 ! suppression ( undesirable & ! emphasis ( ! mo/ *>act]i/ic details 9 ! mo/ ext5sive way dur+ ! "w4 ,i consid] x objectionable to leave all faults :i* occur dur+ ! long process ( picture mak+1 = ! sake ( conv5i5ce1 to be improv$ on ! positive pr9t4 ,b if x does become necess>y to use ret\*+ on ! transf]1 x c be done ) a s(t eras]4 ,an excell5t means ( work+ up l>g] areas has be5 describ$ by ,dr4 ,may] 7see page #abc71 :i* consi/s 9 work+ on ! transf] ) ! same bru% & ! same ink z 0 us$ 9 mak+ ! bromoil4 ,?us cl\ds may be imitat$ by pigm5t+ ! :ite surface & !n work+ 9 ! cl\ds ) ! eras]1 etc4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 ?is & o!r improvem5ts c be c>ri$ out1 n only z well1 b ev5 bett] on ! bromoil pr9t itself1 x is advisable to d s mu* ) ! bru% t no?+ rema9s to be done on ! transf]4 ,,dry+4--,z soon z ! transf] leaves ! press1 x is f9i%$1 b z ! ink is v easily sme>$ x is advisable to leave x expos$ to ! air = two or ?ree days4 ,aft] ! lapse ( ?is "t ! ink has usually h>d5$4 ,v heavily ink$ pr9ts require f eight to t5 days to dry & may be consid]$ z absolutely dry :5 ! oily %e5 :i* c be se5 imm$iately aft] pr9t+1 especially 9 ! %ad[s saturat$ ) ink1 is replac$ by a velvety1 p]fectly matt surface4 ,ret\*+ c be begun ab\t "o or two h\rs aft] x has left ! ma*9e4 ,a transf] %\ld n be m\nt$1 = x looks be/ z x is1 if ! m>g9 is suffici5tly l>ge4 ,,conclusion4--,! te*nical difficulties ( mak+ a good transf] are n small1 & to ov]come !m requires a c]ta9 degree ( skill 9 ! work]1 :i* o!r processes d n require to an equal degree4 ,by 8work]s0 ,i mean especially amateurs1 n ^? pr(essionally skill$ 9 ! graphic arts4 ,aft] ov]com+ ^! difficulties1 caus$ *iefly by ! mat]ials1 !re is a c]ta9 feel+ ( satisfaction 9 hav+ actually produc$ a "w ( art4 ,by us+ ! diff]5t te*niques ( bromoil pr9t+3 s(t ink1 h>d ink1 sket*1 & co>se gra91 "o c obta9 transf]s ( su* beauty z may confid5tly be said c be atta9$ by no o!r process4 ,!re is unlimit$ possibility ( v>iation2 & ?is alone assures ! bromoil transf] process prem95ce ov] any o!r me?od ( pr9t+4 ,t a transf] c be us$ z a basis = work+ up ) pa/el & wat]-color ne$ only be incid5tally m5tion$1 because su* "w is outside ( pure photography & x is unnecess>y to express an op9ion z to ! arti/ic value ( su* productions 9 ?is place4 ,! photograph] %\ld always adh]e to ! fundam5tal law3 ,d n =sake photographic me?ods4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,! ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,bromoil ,,inks ,,by ,,eug5 ,,guttmann ,ev]yone :o devotes himself to ! high] aims ( photography1 & /udies ! works ( pa9t]s1 mu/ le>n to see ) ! arti/'s eye if he w apply 8 k 9 pictorial pres5tation ( 8 subjects4 ,9 ! same way ! bromoil pr9t] %\ld become m famili> ) ! work+ tools ( ! pa9t]1 & especially ) ! mo/ valuable mat]ial at 8 comm&1 ! ink1 ?an has hi!rto be5 ! case4 ,:5 we look back on ! hi/ory ( pa9t+1 we note ! (t5-m5tion$ fact t n only ! old ma/]s ( all s*ools1 ,italian1 ,g]man & ,dut*1 b also ! lat] g5]ations till ab\t ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury1 gr\nd _! own colors4 ,!y did ?is n m]ely to be assur$ ( ! mo/ p]fect purity & ?us absolute p]man5cy1 b also because !y want$ to obta9 ! greate/ possible brilliancy4 ,z reg>ds ! purity ( ! mat]ials us$--! colors & ! m$iums--!re is no d\bt t to-day1 ?anks to ! high p]fection ( manufactur+ me?ods1 ?is c usually be dep5d$ ^u2 b z reg>ds ! brilliancy1 no positive in/ructions ( any k9d = obta9+ ?is h come d[n to u4 ,! pa9t]s took _! secrets ) !m to ! grave4 ,b z ! result ( exhau/ive rese>*1 toge!r ) advances 9 ! manufacture ( colors1 we c assume ) "s c]ta9ty t ! ma/]s ( pa/ times atta9$ vigor 9 _! colors *iefly by ! f9e/ possible gr9d+ ( ! colors & by a relatively small addition ( m$ium4 8,x may s\nd p>adoxical10 says ,pr(essor ,?4 ,petrus*effsky 9 "o ( 8 treatises on ! te*nique ( pa9t+1 8b x is1 h[ev]1 true1 t 9 oil pa9t+ oil %\ld be avoid$ z mu* z possible40 ,! old ma/]s knew ?is & act$ accord+ly1 & ! mod]n manufactur] also kn[s x1 & replaces any excessive quantity ( oil 9 ! m$ium1 :i* is mix$ ) ! pigm5ts to br+ !m into a pa9table =m1 by o!r sub/ances1 = in/ance turp5t9e1 & c]ta9 res9 solutions1 :i* h no b9d+ prop]ties2 dur+ ! "w ^! sub/ances evaporate & leave beh9d ! color ) v little m$ium4 ,^! facts ! bromoil pr9t] mu/ "k1 = he %\ld also use colors f :i* he c get ! v be/ possible results4 ,! ink is "o ( ! mo/ important p>ts ( 8 equipm5t4 ,?is fact 0 fully recogniz$ by ,engli%1 ,fr5*1 & ,g]man manufactur]s1 & inks 7 obta9able t left no?+ to be desir$4 ,at ! outbreak ( ! w> ! position ( affairs 0 imm$iately alt]$4 ,x 0 n possible to use ,engli% & ,fr5* s\rces ( supply & ! ,g]man supply gradually fail$4 ,:at 0 furni%$ z ink = ! oil process 0 suitable = any?+ else b t--a s(t1 sme>y & sme>+ mess1 :i* did n p]mit any f9] work+ up ( ! picture1 & requir$ s high a relief t individuality 9 ! "w 0 exclud$4 ,^! conditions induc$ me to try & prep>e ! necess>y inks myself1 & aft] _m trials & exhau/ive exp]im5tal /udy ( ! manufacture ( arti/ oil colors ,i f9ally succe$$ 9 rea*+ my goal4 ,,inks ,,& ,,bru%es4--,my />t+ po9t 0 a great desire to make a h>d ink1 s9ce ,i recogniz$ t ?is consi/5cy 0 ! necess>y />t+ po9t to be able to use any degree ( relief4 ,i fur!r desir$ to atta9 a mixture ( color & m$ium :i* %\ld be z p]fectly homog5e\s & z f9e z possible1 & moreov] to provide a palette1 :i* %\ld n only satisfy all requirem5ts ( ! bromoil pr9t]1 b also give him only fa/ colors1 p]fectly suitable = ! transf] process & soluble 9 b5zol4 ,comm& ( a h>d ink--:i* c be suitably s(t5$ to meet any ne$--is v necess>y to ! bromoil pr9t]1 if clean %ad[s are to be obta9$4 ,z already m5tion$1 x has long be5 kn[n among pa9t]s t ! colors appe> pur] & m lum9\s :5 !y conta9 z little m$ium z possible4 ,9 ord] to be able to apply su* /iffly gr\nd colors1 ! pa9t]s use bri/le bru%es1 :i* d n produce ! same results z hair bru%es4 ,naturally !re is no?+ to prev5t ! bromoil pr9t] f us+ bri/le bru%es1 only !y mu/ fulfil c]ta9 requirem5ts4 ,! lit]ature ( bromoil pr9t+ gives _m h9ts on ?is po9t1 b ,i h n be5 able to locate a practical use ( ^! bru%es4 ,"s ye>s ago ,i _h made1 by a manufactur] :o makes excell5t hair bru%es = our process1 bri/le bru%es 9 /ag's foot %ape4 ,! result 0 extraord9>ily gratify+4 ,^! bru%es d n drop _! bri/les nor d !y suff] f ! tr\blesome break+ (f ( ! po9ts1 !y d n pick up ! du/ & d n sme> ev5 :5 v s(t inks are us$1 because ! bri/les1 unlike hairs1 d n cl+ toge!r4 ,!y c be easily & ?or\ghly clean$ & are obvi\sly v la/+1 & 9 addition co/ only a fraction ( :at mu/ be paid = really good hair bru%es4 ,z reg>ds ! size "o is n limit$1 z ) ! hair bru%es1 to small sizes1 s9ce ! hog's bri/le bru%es c be made ( any desir$ diamet]1 ev5 #aj1 #ae or #bj cm or m 7#d1 #f or #h in*es or m7 s t ! work+ up ( l>ge pr9ts is consid]ably facilitat$4 ,two conditions mu/1 h[ev]1 be c>efully obs]v$ = good results4 ,fir/1 ^! bru%es mu/ actually be made f ! v f9e/ cut bri/les &1 be=e !y are us$1 !y mu/ be repeat$ly & v ?or\ghly clean$1 because !y are v dirty :5 pur*as$4 ,! pr9cipal advantage ( ^! bru%es is t !y enable "o to use consid]ably h>d] inks ?an is possible ) hair bru%es1 :i* results 9 mu* great] cle>ness ( ! %ad[s4 ,:5 ?is cle>ness ( ! %ad[s is obta9$1 "o c always use a hair bru% = work+ up ! f9] half-tones & high lights4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 n necess>y1 at lea/ 9 ! majority ( cases4 ,i h n notic$ any disadvantage 9 ! use ( ^! bru%es2 ! gelat9e has nev] be5 pi]c$1 ev5 9 ! highe/ reliefs4 ,al?\gh ,i am av]se to any?+ t may smack ( adv]tis+1 yet ,i w /ate "h ! s\rce ( ^! bru%es1 because ! exp]t manufacture ( ^! tools1 s important 9 our h&icraft1 is n f\nd ev]y:]e 9 equal p]fection1 & because ,i believe t x w be ( consid]able s]vice to ^? want+ bru%es4 ,! bru% manufactur] is ,magnus ,bhl]1 ,wi5 ,,vii1 ,breitegasse #d1 ,au/ria4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c ,i might add a ^w "h z to ! clean+ ( bru%es 9 g5]al1 :e!r hair or bri/le4 ,x is usually recomm5d$ to wa% out ! ink ) b5zol or simil> solv5t1 c>bon tetra*loride1 tri*lore?yl5e1 etc4 ,a really ?or\gh wa%+ is nev] obta9$ ) ^!2 & ! bru%es almo/ always give up a great] or less] quantity ( small p>ticles ( ink to ! new pr9t :5 us$ aga94 ,! foll[+ process is mu* bett]4 ,! bru% to be clean$ %\ld be dipp$ into lukew>m wat] & !n rubb$ firmly on a piece ( ord9>y soap 7s(t soap is bett]71 s t x takes up z mu* soap z possible4 ,!n ! soap %\ld be work$ up into a la!r on ! palm ( ! h& & wa%$ (f4 ,if ?is is repeat$ a second "t & ! bru% is !n r9s$ two or ?ree times 9 lukew>m wat]1 repeat$ly *ang$1 ! bru% w be f> clean] ?an c be obta9$ 9 any o!r way4 ,aft] x has be5 well r9s$ & %ak5 out x %\ld be put into its tube & hung up by ! h&le 9 a place free f du/ to dry 7see ,fig4 #c74 ,?is v]tical position has ! effect ( facilitat+ ! dra9+ ( ! moi/ure f ! quill base1 :]e x o!rwise collects4 ,any bru% ?us treat$ w be dry 9 a few h\rs4 ,! f9e/ hair bru%es are n damag$ at all by ?is treatm5t1 :i* is commonly us$ by pa9t]s4 ,,! ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,! ,,bromoil ,,inks4--,! prep>ation ( ! bromoil inks is v simple4 ,! foll[+ are necess>y3 ,l9se$ oil v>ni% ( ! ?icke/ consi/5cy2 ,p[d] colors2 ,a rubb+ plate2 ,a pe/le2 ,a spr+y spatula 7palette knife72 ,a /iff spatula1 ! s-call$ ink knife 7putty knife74 ,! foll[+ sections w give ! necess>y in=mation z to ! prop]ties & nature ( ea* item 9 ?is small ars5al4 ,,! ,,v>ni%4--,only su* v>ni% %\ld be us$ z is prep>$ f l9se$ oil & *emically pure4 ,its color %\ld be light to br[ni%-yell[ or at mo/ r$di%-br[n4 ,d>k br[n or blacki%-br[n v>ni% po9ts to adult]ation4 ,! smell is t ( l9se$ oil & is n exactly pleasant1 b x %\ld n smell badly4 ,9 ! latt] case "o may reckon ) c]ta9ty on ! addition ( fi% or res9\s oil4 ,"o pr9cipal requisite ( ?is v>ni% is t x %\ld be absolutely cle>4 ,! v>ni% is produc$ ( v>i\s consi/5cy1 f q fluid to q visc\s1 & ?is is "o ( ! pr9cipal prop]ties1 to :i* ! bromoil pr9t] mu/ pay special att5tion1 = e degree ( consi/5cy dem&s & mu/ h only "o def9ite quantity ( color1 o!rwise ! resultant ink w n satisfy ! desir$ end4 ,m z to ?is lat]4 ,i us$ = all my exp]im5ts & lat] = all actual mix+ ! l9se$ oil v>ni%es1 ,no4 #a & ,no4 #b 7*emically pure7 ( ! firm ( ,ka/ ,eh+]1 ( ,/uttg>t1 :i* h always giv5 me excell5t results1 )\t failures4 ,excell5t also is ! some:at less /iff 8collotype v>ni%40 ,b any o!r v>ni%1 if x only has ! "r consi/5cy & is n adult]at$1 mu/ also give good inks1 ?\gh great c>e mu/ also be tak5 z to cle>ness & color4 ,w>n+ %\ld be made aga9/ oils simil> to v>ni%1 :i* c be recogniz$ by a cl\dy appe>ance & a v unpleasant rancid odor4 ,!y h>d5 v quickly & ?us become useless & are v co/ly4 ,! /iff v>ni% is v visc\s1 l ?ick syrup4 ,9 ! cold x ?ick5s ) ! =mation ( a ?9 sk9 on ! surface4 ,on a hot wat] ba?1 x aga9 obta9s its orig9al "*4 ,well cork$ up1 good v>ni% w keep = ye>s2 x ev5 becomes bett] by long /orage4 ,x is mo/ conv5i5t to fill ! v>ni% into small wide-m\!d bottles1 hold+ f #bj to #dj g 7ab\t an ounce71 ) gr\nd-9 /opp]s1 z "o c note its appe>ance at any "t ?r\gh ! glass4 ,9 tak+ ! v>ni% out ( ! bottle1 c>e mu/ be tak5 t none gets on ! inside ( ! neck1 or else ! bottle c only be op5$ ) difficulty ?r\gh ! v>ni% gumm+ x up4 ,,p[d] ,,colors4--,only su* colors %\ld be us$ z are fa/ bo? to light & air4 ,! foll[+ may be select$ ) absolute c]ta9ty3 ,= black3 bone black1 ivory black1 crayon sauce2 ,= br[n3 burnt umb]1 burnt si5na1 burnt d>k o*re2 ,= yell[3 cadmium1 light & d>k1 yell[ o*re1 light & d>k2 ,= r$3 ,engli% r$1 light & d>k1 ,indian r$2 ,= blue3 indigo1 ultram>9e1 cobalt blue2 ,= gre53 cobalt gre51 light & d>k1 ,bohemian & ,v]onese e>?2 ,= :ite tones3 z9c :ite4 ,! bromoil pr9t] obvi\sly does n ne$ all ^!4 ,"o repres5tative ( ea* gr\p w be q suffici5t1 & ,i %\ld /ate t :5 colors are obta9able 9 bo? light & d>k %ades1 ! light "o %\ld always be *os54 ,! colors mu/ be v f9ely gr\nd2 x w n be necess>y1 or only exceptionally1 to prep>e ! p[d] colors oneself1 = !y c be obta9$ comm]cially 9 e high grade /ore deal+ 9 pa9t]s' mat]ials4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ?is becomes necess>y1 !n ! lumps ( color %\ld be cru%$ on a /one or glass ) a flat mull]1 & ! co>se granul> masses ?us =m$ knead$ ) a little wat]1 or1 bett] /ill1 "s alcohol & !n ?or\ghly gr\nd4 ,! mass %\ld be all[$ to dry ?or\ghly & ! process repeat$ two or ?ree times4 ,! f9] ! p[d] is rubb$ up 9 ?is way ! f9] ! tone x w give4 ,! co>se color p[d]s1 (t5 f\nd 9 drug /ores1 are n suitable = our purpose2 !y are us$ m = indu/rial purposes4 ,anil9e colors1 or ^? bright5$ ) anil9es1 %\ld be absolutely avoid$1 z !y /a9 ! gelat9e & ?us spoil ! pr9t4 ,on ! o!r h& ,i call ! att5tion ( all bromoil pr9t]s to ! pa/el colors1 :i* c be us$ ) excell5t results4 ,!y (f] _m advantages ov] ! p[d] colors1 s9ce among ! hundr$s ( color %ades1 9 :i* !y c be obta9$1 x is easy to *oose t :i* is mo/ suit$ = ! subject4 ,! t9ts are ready to use1 :ile ) ! p[d] colors ! desir$ t9t c only be obta9$ by mixtures4 ,^! colors h ! fur!r advantage ( cov]+ mu* m /rongly1 ev5 to obta9+ bru% texture2 !y are some:at m difficult to apply to ! pr9t1 because ( ! fact t !y are mix$ ) a m$ium :i* is f its nature n s well adapt$ to our process4 ,^?1 h[ev]1 :o h well ma/]$ ! bru% te*nique1 w easily ov]come ?is small h9drance4 ,if ! pa/el colors are us$ "o %\ld only take ^? ( reliable manufacture1 su* z ^? made accord+ to ,m5gs' =mulas1 :i* are ev]y:]e obta9able "u ! "n ( ,m5g's pa/el p5cils1 ?\gh ?is does n mean t ^? ( o!r makes w n give excell5t results4 ,,! ,,rubb+ ,,plate4--,= ?is we use a ?ick plate glass slab1 gr\nd on "o side1 ab\t #ae by #bj cm 7#f #h 9474 ,,pe/le ,,or ,,mull]4--,a pe/le ( glass is ! be/4 ,! head mu/ be r\nd1 n flatti%1 & h a matt surface4 ,,spatulas4--,x is necess>y to h a flexible spatula 7palette knife7 ab\t #a cm 7 947 wide & a /iff "o1 an ink or putty knife1 ab\t #d to #e cm 7#a to #b 947 wide4 ,n[ t we h become conv]sant ) all ! necess>y mat]ials1 ,i come to !3 ,,practice ,,( ,,ink ,,gr9d+4--,z ,i h m5tion$ above1 ! purpose ( ! "w is to obta9 an ink ( z /iff a "* z possible4 ,to ?is purpose1 aft] ! vessel 9 :i* ! v>ni% is kept has be5 all[$ to /& at lea/ #aj m9utes 9 hot wat]1 or an h\r 9 w9t]1 we remove f x by means ( a wood or glass rod a v small quantity ( ! v>ni%1 spread x on a glass plate & rub x ) ! pe/le s t x cov]s a surface ( #c to f\r qcm 7- sq4 9474 ,to ! v>ni% ?us spread out we add ) ! flexible spatula a small quantity1 ab\t z mu* z w lie on ! end ( a pocket knife blade1 ( ! p[d] color & rub x ) ! pe/le until c]ta9 t ! color is absolutely mix$ 94 ,if too little color has be5 tak51 m %\ld be add$ & rubb$ aga9 until a firm d\ghy mass is obta9$ :i* has a slaty & n oily gloss1 & c sc>cely be work$ ) ! pe/le4 ,n[ ) ! spr+y spatula ! :ole ink mass is pu%$ toge!r f ! edges to ! middle to make a little heap1 & ! ink t rema9s on ! pe/le scrap$ (f & add$ to x2 ! :ole mass %\ld !n be aga9 work$ up ) ! pe/le & ?is proc$ure repeat$ two or ?ree times4 ,!n ! ink is ready4 ,x mu/ be s h>d t a bru% set into a small quantity ( ! ink t has be5 tak5 f ! heap ) ! /iff spatula & spread out 9 a ?9 film1 nei!r takes up ! ink nor gives x up aga9 to :ite pap]4 ,9 ord] to make x fit = use1 "o mu/ add to ?is ?9 film "o small drop1 n m1 ( pure l9se$ or poppy oil1 petroleum1 light copp]-plate pr9t+ v>ni%1 or m$ium1 & mix x well ) ! ink ) ! /iff spatula4 ,petroleum c be highly recomm5d$ = ! s(t5+ m$ium4 ,"o c use ! ord9>y lamp petroleum1 b ! s-call$ purifi$ petroleum is bett]4 ,x ought only to be add$ to ! ink drop by drop4 ,n[ ! bru% w take up & give up ! ink4 ,if x %\ld n be suffici5tly s(t1 ! proc$ure %\ld be repeat$1 b always c>efully1 s t too mu* l9se$ oil is n add$ & ?us ! ink made too s(t4 ,if we use ! pa/el in/ead ( ! p[d] colors x is n necess>y to break ^! up fir/4 ,small pieces brok5 f ! p5cils dissolve readily 9 ! v>ni%4 ,x w\ld seem p]missible to assume t ! :ole "w ( dilution ) l9se$ oil c\ld be sav$ by n add+ s mu* color to ! v>ni%1 b by proce$+ ) ! ink+-up z soon z ! ink is tak5 up by ! bru%1 b ?is is n ! case4 ,z ,i h /at$ above "u 8,v>ni%10 e degree ( consi/5cy ( ! v>ni% requires a def9ite quantity ( color4 ,if "o adds too little color1 ! pa/e w be too s(t = bromoil pr9t+1 & _c be spread4 ,too mu* color is h>dly possible ) ! /iffe/ consi/5cy2 ! limit lies :5 ! color no long] dissolves 9 ! v>ni%4 ,too little1 on ! o!r h&1 results 9 ! ink sme>+ on ! pr9t4 ,x is1 !re=e1 absolutely necess>y 9 us+ v ?ick v>ni% to absolutely saturate x ) color4 ,n go+ f> en\gh 9 ?is direction1 or ! omission ( ! prelim9>y w>m+ ( ! v>ni%1 are ! only s\rces ( failure4 ,9 work+ ) v>ni% ( light] consi/5cy1 x w be necess>y to /op ! addition ( color z soon z ! slaty gloss appe>s4 ,if ! gr9d+ ( ! ink 7 to require z long z x takes to read ?is description1 ! wa/e ( "t w\ld be consid]able4 ,actually ! :ole "w may be c>ri$ out 9 two or ?ree m9utes if "o uses ! me?ods sugge/$1 & aft] a little exp]i5ce is ga9$1 :i* soon comes aft] a few trials4 ,long be=e ! wat] = ! bromoil pr9t is hot1 ! ink w be ready4 ,,ink ,,mix+4--,z x is n always possible to use exi/+ colors1 & x is necess>y 9 _m cases to alt] ! %ades = arti/ic effects1 ! basic colors mu/ be dilut$ ) o!r colors4 ,?is c be effect$ 9 _m ways1 be/ by add+ ano!r color to ! pr$om9ant color p[d] dur+ ! mix+4 ,bone black is specially valuable = ?is purpose4 ,?is is by itself an unpleasant color1 = x is a discordant br[n-black :i* c h>dly be us$ alone4 ,if o!r colors1 h[ev]1 are add$ to ?is bone black x produces beautiful tones4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 ! addition ( a m9imum ( blue 7indigo or ultram>9e7 gives a deep1 velvety black2 if a little m blue is add$1 we obta9 a beautiful blue-black4 ,a little bone black mix$ ) burnt umb] gives a f9e w>m black1 & s on4 ,! tone ( crayon sauce is especially beautiful1 if x is us$ )\t ! addition ( any o!r color1 & especially t quality obta9able "u ! "n ( ,sauce ,vel\rs is p>ticul>ly excell5t4 ,ano!r k9d ( color mixture is t 9 :i* black is tak5 z ! fundam5tal color 7:i* is desirable :5 x is n desir$ to mix up ink = ea* pr9t7 & !n in/ead ( dilut+ ! /iff ink ) l9se$ oil or o!r dilu5t1 an ord9>y good copp]-plate ink or ev5 ord9>y oil colors are us$4 ,by ?is me?od ( work+ ,i c %ade & s(t5 9 "o op]ation1 & x is highly advisable to use x :5 x is desir$ to obta9 diff]5t t9ts easily4 ,! me?od ( mix+ is v important & ,i w !re=e give "s examples4 ,if to ! /iff black ink 7bone black71 ,i add a little indigo oil color1 ,i h at once a deep black2 ! addition ( v&yke br[n or burnt umb] gives a magnific5t br[n2 a f9e d>k gre5 is obta9$ ) light cadmium2 ?is d>k gre5 becomes blue-gre5 :5 ,i add a little indigo4 ,an admixture ( caput mortuum %[s violet tones2 r$ tube colors1 su* z ,indian or ,pompeian r$1 o*re1 etc41 give v>i\s r$di% br[n nuances4 ,^! additions c be v>i$ 9 manifold ways1 dep5d5t only on :at tube colors are at h&4 ,x is /rictly necess>y1 h[ev]1 t only ! lea/ possible quantity ( tube color %\ld be add$1 ab\t z mu* z ! head ( a good-siz$ p91 to keep ! ink f becom+ too s(t & go+ beyond ! desir$ t9t4 ,:5 a suitable %ade has be5 atta9$1 all fur!r dilution mu/ be effect$ ) l9se$ oil1 petroleum1 etc4 ,:5 ,i specially recomm5d$ ! ,muss9i or ,fi$l] colors1 x 0 because !y are prep>$ ) res9 oils & are !re=e specially suitable = our purpose4 ,b all o!r good oil colors c be us$4 ,:5 ,i write briefly only oil colors1 ,i mean obvi\sly arti/s' oil colors1 & n o!rs :i* may be us$ = o!r purposes ?an = arti/ic pa9t+4 ,f9ally ! black may be dilut$ ) l9se$ oil to ! usable consi/5cy ( h>d ink & also dilut$ on ano!r "p ( ! palette ) oil color or copp]-plate ink ( ano!r %ade to ! consi/5cy ( a s(t ink1 & !n bo? colors may be mix$ ei!r on ! pr9t or 9 ! bru%4 ,v f9e gradations may also be produc$ z foll[s3 ! bromoil pr9t is pigm5t$ z usual to obta9 z cle> %ad[s & clean high lights z possible1 ) n too high a relief4 ,:5 ! pr9t is completely f9i%$1 x %\ld be plac$ 9 a #b p] c5t cold solution ( ammonia1 ?is all[$ to act = two m9utes & !n r9s$ = "o m9ute 9 clean wat]4 ,!n ! pr9t1 :i* is consid]ably swoll51 %\ld be v c>efully dri$ (f1 s t no ink comes (f on ! clo?1 & ! latt] leaves no impr9t ( its /ructure4 ,n[ ! :ole pr9t is gone ov] ) a clean bru%1 on :i* is a v little pure oil color4 ,by ?us us+ light1 transp>5t 7lasur7 colors1 & only su* ought to be us$ = ?is purpose1 ! pr9t may be giv5 an extremely delicate film ( ink1 ?r\gh :i* ! fir/ image %9es ) full vigor4 ,?is gives an effect simil> to t :i* ! gum pr9t] obta9s by multiple pr9t+4 ,accord+ to :e!r ! :ole or only p>ts ( ! pr9t are gone ov] ) ! 8lasur0 color1 ! mo/ v>i$ effects are obta9$1 su* z deep5+ ( ! %ad[s1 or l[]+ ( ! high lights1 or bo?4 ,x is naturally impossible to describe ?is process exactly 9 pr9t4 ,mu* mu/ be left to arti/ic feel+1 )\t :i* hair-rais+ color discords w probably be produc$4 ,/ill1 9 ord] to give ! beg9n] "s />t+ po9t1 x may be m5tion$ t black1 br[n or r$ tones may be easily treat$ ) inks %ad$ t[>ds grey1 blue ) pure grey1 & s on4 ,! foll[+ summ>y ( color mixtures = ! beg9n] is also giv53 r$-br[n is obta9$ by mix+ bone black1 ,indian r$1 & possibly d>k aliz>9 lake2 violet results f bone black ) r$ & blue2 d>k gre51 f black1 cadmium & blue2 br[ni%-gre51 f black & indigo2 bright gre51 f a little black ) cadmium & indigo2 r$ *alk1 f black1 br[n & ,indian r$4 ,! individual t9ts w obvi\sly v>y consid]ably1 accord+ z m or less ( any giv5 color is tak54 ,?is is entirely a matt] ( ta/e & mu/ be left to ! judgm5t ( ! individual4 ,:5 ! /iff ink is ready on ! glass plate1 x is advisable to c>ry out all fur!r manipulations on a :ite porcela9 palette or tile1 because ! mixtures c be mu* m easily judg$ 9 tone & consi/5cy on ^! :ite supports4 ,! mixtures are be/ made ) ! /iff spatula 7putty knife74 ,,p]man5cy4--,! p]man5cy ( home-made inks prep>$ by oneself is satisfactory if !y are pres]v$ f du/ & air4 ,my inks h kept = p]iods exce$+ ?ree mon?s1 ) ! mo/ satisfactory results4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d ,,ink-,,gr9d+ ,,ma*9es4--,= all ord9>y purposes ! inks prep>$ 9 ! mann] j describ$ are p]fectly satisfactory4 ,= inks1 h[ev]1 :i* mu/ be extremely f9e ?is me?od ( mix+ is n suffici5t1 !re=e1 ,i _h a small ma*9e con/ruct$ 7,fig4 #d71 :i* consi/s ( two roll]s turn+ 9 opposite directions4 ,! h&-gr\nd inks are plac$ on ^! roll]s & knead$ ) /rong pressure = two or ?ree m9utes4 ,! :ole ma*9e is #be cm high & #bj cm wide 7#aj #h 9471 & c be conv5i5tly fa/5$ on ! corn] ( any table4 ,! resultant inks are ( a f95ess & quality :i* h n be5 bett]$ by l>ge manufactur]s4 ,,additions ,,to ,,! ,,inks4--,if x is desir$ t ! inks %\ld dry matt on ! bromoil pr9t1 s t ! defatt+ ) b5zol may be omitt$1 !n "o %\ld add to ! home-made inks a small quantity ( "o ( ! foll[+ mixtures3 7a7 ,beeswax #a g 7#ae gr472 melt by heat & add ) /irr+ #bj drops ( l9se$ oil4 ,z x cools a salve-l mass is =m$4 ,or3 7b7 #a g 7#ae gr47 kieselguhr 7infusorial e>?7 rubb$ up ) l9se$ oil to a q ?9 fluid pa/e4 ,x %\ld be not$ t ^! mixtures1 9 consequ5ce ( _! cont5t ( l9se$ oil1 make ! inks s(t]4 ,books on ,photography ,optics = ,photograph]s1 by ,hans ,h>t+1 ,ph4,d4 ,translat$ by ,frank ,r4 ,fraprie1 ,s4,m41 ,f4,r4,p4,s4 #bcb pages4 ,clo?1 #b4ej4 ,*emi/ry = ,photograph]s1 by ,william ,r4 ,fl9t4 #bnd edition4 #bah pages4 ,clo?1 #b4ej4 ,pictorial ,composition 9 ,photography1 by ,ar?ur ,hammond4 #bcd pages1 #di illu/rations4 ,clo?1 #c4ej4 ,photo-,engrav+ ,prim]1 by ,/eph5 ,h4 ,horgan4 #ha pages4 ,clo?1 #a4ej4 ,ca% f ,y\r ,cam]a4 ,edit$ by ,frank ,r4 ,fraprie1 ,s4,m41 ,f4,r4,p4,s4 #hg pages4 ,pap]1 #a4jj4 ,pictorial ,l&scape ,photography1 by ! ,photo ,pictoriali/s ( ,buffalo4 #beb pages1 #ee illu/rations4 ,clo?1 #c4ej4 ,photographic ,amusem5ts1 by ,walt] ,e4 ,woodbury4 #i? edition4 #abh pages1 #ajj illu/rations4 ,clo?1 #a4ej4 ,practical ,color ,photography1 by ,e4 ,j4 ,wall1 ,f4,c4,s41 ,f4,r4,p4,s4 #bdh pages4 ,clo?1 #c4jj4 ,bromoil ,pr9t+ & ,bromoil ,transf]1 by ,dr4 ,emil ,may]4 ,translat$ by ,frank ,r4 ,fraprie1 ,s4,m41 ,f4,r4,p4,s4 #aii pages4 ,clo?1 #b4ej4 ,,practical ,,photography ,,s]ies ,edit$ by ,frank ,r4 ,fraprie1 ,s4,m41 ,f4,r4,p4,s4 ,editor ( ,am]ican ,photography #a4 ,! ,secret ( ,exposure4 #b4 ,beg9n]s' ,tr\bles4 #c4 ,h[ to ,*oose & ,use a ,l5s4 #d4 ,h[ to ,make ,pr9ts 9 ,color4 #e4 ,h[ to ,make ,enl>gem5ts4 #f4 ,h[ to ,make ,portraits4 #g4 ,h[ to ,make ,lant]n ,slides4 #h4 ,! ,elem5ts ( ,photography4 #i4 ,practical ,ret\*+4 #aj4 ,practical ,pr9t+ ,processes4 #aa4 ,mod]n ,developm5t4 ,ea* volume sold sep>ately4 ,clo?1 #a4jj2 pap]1 #ej c5ts4 ,am]ican ,photography ,exposure ,tables1 #aja/ ?\s&4 ,clo?1 #ce c5ts4 ,!rmo ,developm5t ,*>t4 #be c5ts4 ,am]ican ,photography1 a mon?ly magaz9e1 repres5t+ all t its "n implies4 #be c5ts a copy4 #b4ej a ye>4 ,,publi%$ ,,by ,am]ican ,photographic ,publi%+ ,co4 #dbh ,newbury ,/41 ,bo/on #ag1 ,massa*usetts