,illu/ration3 ,by p]mission ( ,h>rison ,h ,dodge1 ,sup]9t5d5t ,a ,,corn] ,,( ,,wa%+ton',s ,,kit*5 ,,at ,,m\nt ,,v]non ,,s*ool ,,& ,,home ,,cook+ ,,by ,,c>lotta ,c4 ,,gre] ,,head ,,( ,,! ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,foods ,,& ,,h\sehold ,,managem5t1 ,,ea/ ,,te*nical ,,high ,,s*ool ,,clevel&1 ,,ohio ,,preface ,s*ool & ,home ,cook+ is a text :i* c be plac$ 9 ! h&s ( ! pupils & us$ by !m z a guide bo? 9 ! s*ool & home4 ,its use elim9ates note-tak+ 7:i* 9 reality is dictation7 & ?us saves mu* "t4 ,! psy*ological me?od ( education1 :i* treats fir/ ( mat]ial )9 ! exp]i5ce ( ! beg9n] & ) t z a basis develops new mat]ial to meet ! ne$s ( ! pupil1 0 kept 9 m9d 9 prep>+ ?is text4 ,al?\gh ! gr\p+ ( foods ri* 9 ea* food/uff may be consid]$ a logical arrangem5t1 ! me?od ( arrangem5t ( ! cont5t ( ea* division & ! me?od ( approa* ( ea* lesson is psy*ological4 ,! manipulative processes & k9ds ( di%es are suffici5tly v>i$ to ar\se & su/a9 ! int]e/ ( a pupil4 ,exp]i5ce ) pupils 9 ! classroom %[s t _! int]e/ 9 any subject _c be awak5$ by us+ a li/ or classification involv+ te*nical t]ms 9 introduc+ ! subject4 ,= ?is reason a classification ( ! food/uffs is n plac$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! text2 !y are classifi$ aft] ea* is consid]$4 ,at ! close ( ea* division ( ! text !re is plac$ a gr\p ( lessons call$ ,relat$ ,"w1 :i* includes table s]vice lessons1 home projects1 & meal cook+4 ,table s]vice lessons are introduc$ 9 ?is way to emphasize ! fact t a complete meal %\ld be prep>$ be=e all types ( foods are /udi$ & manipulative processes are p]=m$4 ,! co/ & food value ( meals are consid]$ 9 conjunction ) _! prep>ation4 ,wise selection & ?rifty buy+ ( foods are also treat$ 9 ^! lessons4 ,home projects :i* progressive tea*]s h f\nd effective 9 mak+ home economics function 9 ! home--"o ( ! goals to be atta9$ 9 democratic education--conta9 sugge/ive mat]ial :i* may be adapt$ to ! p>ticul> ne$s ( ! pupils 9 _! homes4 ,an adaptation ( ! meal me?od1 i4e41 meal cook+1 is us$ bo? = ! purpose ( review+ processes ( cook+1 & also = ga9+ skill & spe$ 9 ! prep>ation ( sev]al foods at ! same "t4 ,exp]im5ts reg>d+ food prep>ation & composition & processes ( dige/ion are f\nd 9 ?is book4 ,special c>e has be5 tak5 to /ate ^! exp]im5ts 9 t]ms )9 ! und]/&+ ( ! pupil & to int]sp]se def9ite que/ions s t a pupil c foll[ directions1 make obs]vations1 & draw helpful d$uctions4 ,! recipes h be5 adapt$ f v>i\s s\rces4 ,:]e x is possible1 )\t a sacrifice ( flavor or food value1 ! lea/ exp5sive food mat]ials are us$4 ,! m exp5sive mat]ials are us$ z sp>+ly z possible4 ,def9ite & practical me?ods ( prep>+ foods foll[ ! li/ ( +r$i5ts4 ,! recipes h prov$ satisfactory 9 ! home kit*54 ,special ?anks are due to ,mrs4 ,m>y ,sw>tz ,rose1 ,assi/ant ,pr(essor ( ,nutrition1 ,tea*]s ,college1 ,columbia ,univ]sity1 = criticiz+ portions ( ! text reg>d+ dietetics2 to ,miss ,s4 ,g]trude ,hadl[1 ,head ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,engli%1 ,longwood ,high ,s*ool ( ,comm]ce1 ,clevel&1 = valuable sugge/ions ( mat]ial =m]ly prep>$ :i* aid$ 9 ! prep>ation ( ?is "w2 to ,mrs4 ,jessie ,m4 ,osgood = pa9/ak+ read+ ( ! manuscript2 & to ! foll[+ = ! use ( illu/rative mat]ial3 ,! ,macmillan ,company1 ,d4 ,appleton & ,company1 ,william ,wood & ,company1 ,! ,j\rnal ( ! ,am]ican ,m$ical ,association1 ,! ,j\rnal ( ,home ,economics1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture4 ,,clevel&1 ,july1 #aibj4 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,,li/ ,,( ,,exp]im5ts ,,=eword ,,division ,,"o ,,introduction ,i4 ,bak$ ,apples--,di%wa%+ ,,ii4 ,measurem5ts--,/uff$ & ,scallop$ ,tomatoes ,,iii4 ,fuels & ,combu/ion--,saut$ & ,bak$ ,squa% ,,iv4 ,coal ,ranges--,corn ,di%es ,v4 ,gas ,ranges--,scallop$ ,fruit ,,vi4 ,/oves & ,heat+ ,devices--,/uff$ ,pepp]s1 ,butt]scot* ,apples ,,division ,,two ,,body-,,regulat+ ,,food--,,wat] ,,vii4 ,wat] & ,bev]ages 7,a7 ,,viii4 ,wat] & ,bev]ages 7,b7 ,,relat$ ,,"w ,,ix4 ,home ,projects ,x4 ,aft]noon ,tea ,,division ,,?ree ,,body-,,build+ ,,& ,,body-,,regulat+ ,,foods1--,,ri* ,,9 ,,a% 7,,m9]al ,,matt]7 ,,xi4 ,fre% ,vegetables 7,a7 ,,xii4 ,fre% ,vegetables 7,b7 ,,xiii4 ,fre% ,fruits ,,relat$ ,,"w ,,lesson ,,xiv4 ,review3 ,meal ,cook+ ,,xv4 ,home ,projects ,,division ,,f\r ,,en]gy-,,giv+ ,,or ,,fuel ,,foods1--,,ri* ,,9 ,,c>bohydrates ,,xvi4 ,sug>3 ,dige/ion ( ,sug> ,,xvii4 ,sug>-ri* ,fruits3 ,dri$ ,fruits 7,a7 ,,xviii4 ,sug>-ri* ,fruits3 ,dri$ ,fruits 7,b7 ,,xix4 ,c]eals3 ,/>* & ,cellulose ,,xx4 ,c]eals3 ,rice 7,a7 ,,xxi4 ,c]eals3 ,rice 7,b7 ,,xxii4 ,c]eals & ! ,fireless ,cook] ,,xxiii4 ,c]eals = ,fry+ or ,bak+ ,,xxiv4 ,p[d]$ ,c]eals ,us$ = ,?ick5+ ,,xxv4 ,toa/3 ,dige/ion ( ,/>* ,,xxvi4 ,root ,vegetables 7,a7 ,,xxvii4 ,root ,vegetables 7,b7 ,,xxviii4 ,root ,vegetables 7,c7 ,,xxix4 ,/>*y ,foods ,cook$ at ,high ,temp]ature ,,relat$ ,,"w ,,xxx4 ,d9+ ,room ,s]vice ,,xxxi4 ,cook+ & ,s]v+ ,breakfa/ ,,xxxii4 ,review3 ,meal ,cook+ ,,xxxiii4 ,home ,projects ,,division ,,five ,,en]gy-,,giv+ ,,or ,,fuel ,,foods1--,,ri* ,,9 ,,fats ,,an ,,oils ,,xxxiv4 ,fat z a ,fry+ ,m$ium ,,xxxv4 ,fat z a ,fry+ ,m$ium--,food ,fats ,,xxxvi4 ,fat z a ,fry+ ,m$ium--,dige/ion ( ,fat ,,xxxvii4 ,fat ,sav+ ,,relat$ ,,"w ,,xxxviii4 ,d9+ ,room ,c\rtesy ,,xxxix4 ,cook+ & ,s]v+ ,breakfa/ ,,xl4 ,review3 ,meal ,cook+ ,,xli4 ,home ,projects ,,division ,,six ,,en]gy-,,giv+ ,,& ,,body-,,build+ ,,foods1--,,ri* ,,9 ,,prote9 ,,xlii4 ,eggs ,,xliii4 ,eggs3 ,dige/ion ( ,prote9 ,,xliv4 ,eggs3 ,omelets 7,a7 ,,xlv4 ,eggs3 ,omelets 7,b7 ,,xlvi4 ,milk ,,xlvii4 ,milk ) ,cocoa & ,*ocolate ,,xlviii4 ,milk & ,cream ,,xlix4 ,cream ,s\ps 7,a7 ,l4 ,cream ,s\ps 7,b7 ,,li4 ,milk ,?ick5$ ) ,egg 7,a7 ,,lii4 ,milk ,?ick5$ ) ,egg 7,b7 ,,liii4 ,milk ,?ick5$ ) ,egg 7,c7 ,,liv4 ,milk ,?ick5$ ) ,egg & ,/>*y ,mat]ials 7,a7 ,,lv4 ,milk ,?ick5$ ) ,egg & ,/>*y ,mat]ials 7,b7 ,,lvi4 ,milk ,?ick5$ ) ,egg & ,/>*y ,mat]ials 7,c7 ,,lvii4 ,*eese 7,a7 ,,lviii4 ,*eese 7,b7 ,,lix4 ,/ructure ( ,beef--,me?ods ( ,cook+ ,t5d] ,cuts ,,lx4 ,beef3 ,me?ods ( ,cook+ ,t5d] ,cuts 7,appli$ to ,*opp$ ,beef7 7,a7 ,,lxi4 ,beef3 ,me?ods ( ,cook+ ,t5d] ,cuts 7,appli$ to ,*opp$ ,beef7 7,b7 ,,lxil4 ,beef3 ,me?ods ( ,cook+ ,t\gh ,cuts 7,a7 ,,lxiii4 ,beef2 ,me?ods ( ,cook+ ,t\gh ,cuts 7,b7 ,,lxiv4 ,beef3 ,me?ods ( ,cook+ ,t\gh ,cuts 7,c7 ,,lxv4 ,beef3 ,me?ods ( ,cook+ ,t\gh ,cuts 7,d7 ,,lxvi4 ,beef3 ,uses ( ,cook$ ,beef ,,lxvii4 ,gelat9e 7,a7 ,,lxviil4 ,gelat9e 7,b7 ,,lxix4 ,fi% 7,a7 ,,lxx4 ,fi% 7,b7 ,,lxxi4 ,fi% 7,c7 ,,lxxii4 ,legumes 7,a7 ,,lxxiii4 ,legumes 7,b7 ,,lxxiv4 ,legumes 7,c7 ,,relat$ ,,"w ,,lxxv4 ,co/ ( ,food ,,lxxvi4 ,cook+ & ,s]v+ a ,breakfa/ ,,lxxvii4 ,review3 ,meal ,cook+ ,,lxxviii4 ,home ,projects ,,division ,,sev5 ,,heal? ,,& ,,gr[?-,,promot+ ,,foods1--,,ri* ,,9 ,,vitam9es ,,lxxix4 ,vitam9es--,vegetables ( ,delicate ,flavor ,,lxxx4 ,vitam9es--,vegetables ( ,/rong ,flavor ,,lxxxi4 ,salads 7,a7 ,,lxxxii4 ,salads 7,b7 ,,lxxxiii4 ,classification ( ,food/uffs ,,relat$ ,,"w ,,lxxxiv4 ,select+ ,food ,,lxxxv4 ,cook+ & ,s]v+ a ,lun*eon or ,supp] ,,lxxxvl4 ,review3 ,meal ,cook+ ,,lxxxvii4 ,home ,projects ,,division ,,eight ,,flavor+ ,,mat]ials3 ,,food ,,adjuncts ,,lxxxviii4 ,food ,adjuncts--,di%es ,conta9+ ,food ,adjuncts ,,relat$ ,,"w ,,lxxxix4 ,sp5d+ = ,food ,,xc4 ,cook+ & ,s]v+ a ,lun*eon or ,supp] ,,xci4 ,review3 ,meal ,cook+ ,,xcii4 ,home ,projects ,,division ,,n9e ,,food ,,comb9ations ,,xciii4 ,vegetables ) ,salad ,dress+ 7,a7 ,,xciv4 ,vegetables ) ,salad ,dress+ 7,b7 ,,xcv4 ,fi% ,salad & ,salad ,rolls ,,xcvi4 ,cream ( ,tomato ,s\p & ,*eese ,/raws ,,xcvii4 ,veal & ,potatoes ,,xcviii4 ,mutton & ,lamb ,di%es ,,xcix4 ,pork1 ,vegetables1 & ,apple ,sauce ,c4 ,*ick5 & ,rice ,,ci4 ,*ick5 & ,peas ,,cii4 ,oy/] ,di%es ,,ciii4 ,meat-sub/itute ,di%es ,,civ4 ,meat ,ext5d]s & ,"o-di% ,meals ,,relat$ ,,"w ,,cv4 ,m5u-mak+ ,,cvi4 ,plann+1 ,cook+1 & ,s]v+ a ,lun*eon or ,supp] ,,cvii4 ,review3 ,meal ,cook+ ,,cviii4 ,home ,projects ,,division ,,t5 ,,quick ,,breads3 ,,p\r ,,batt]s ,,cix4 ,leav5+ ) ,/eam & ,air3 ,popov]s ,,cx4 ,leav5+ ) ,bak+ ,soda & ,s\r ,milk3 ,spid] ,corn ,bread ,,cxi4 ,leav5+ ) ,bak+ ,soda1 ,s\r ,milk1 & ,molasses3 ,g+]bread ,,cxii4 ,leav5+ ) ,bak+ ,p[d]3 ,griddle ,cakes ,,cxiii4 ,leav5+ ) ,bak+ ,soda1 ,s\r ,milk1 & ,bak+ ,p[d]3 ,s\r ,milk ,griddle ,cakes ,,cxiv4 ,leav5+ ) ,bak+ ,soda1 ,s\r ,milk1 & ,cream ( ,t>t>3 ,/eam$ ,br[n ,breads ,,cxv4 ,=mulat+ ,recipes--,waffles ,,relat$ ,,"w ,,cxvi4 ,measurem5t ( ! ,fuel ,value ( ,foods ,,cxvii4 ,plann+1 ,cook+1 & ,s]v+ a ,d9n] ,,cxviii4 ,review3 ,meal ,cook+ ,,cxix4 ,home ,projects ,,division ,,elev5 ,,quick ,,breads3 ,,drop ,,batt]s ,,cxx4 ,f9e & ,co>se ,fl\rs--,muff9s ,,cxxi4 ,comp>ison ( ,:eat & ,o!r ,gra9s--,muff9s ,,cxxii4 ,bak+ ,p[d] ,loaf ,breads ,,cxxiii4 ,eggs = ,quick ,breads--,cream ,puffs ,,relat$ ,,"w ,,cxxiv4 ,food ,requirem5t ,,cxxv4 ,plann+1 ,cook+1 & ,s]v+ a ,d9n] ,,cxxvi4 ,review3 ,meal ,cook+ ,,cxxvii4 ,home ,projects ,,division ,,twelve ,,quick ,,breads3 ,,s(t ,,d\ghs ,,cxxviii4 ,me?od ( ,mix+ ,fat 9 ,quick ,breads--,drop ,biscuit ,,cxxix4 ,quantity ( ,fat 9 ,quick ,breads--,%ort ,cake ,,cxxx4 ,cut ,biscuit ,,relat$ ,,"w ,,cxxxi4 ,measurem5t ( ! ,fuel ,value ( ,food ,appli$ to ! ,daily ,food ,requirem5t4 ,,cxxxii4 ,plann+1 ,cook+1 & ,s]v+ a ,d9n]4 ,,cxxxiii4 ,review3 ,meal ,cook+4 ,,cxxxiv4 ,home ,projects4 ,,division ,,?irte5 ,,yea/ ,,breads3 ,,/iff ,,d\ghs ,,cxxxv4 ,yea/--,loaf ,bread4 ,,cxxxvi4 ,:eat ,fl\r--,bread ,sponge4 ,,cxxxvii4 ,modifications ( ,pla9 ,:ite ,bread4 ,,cxxxviii4 ,rolls & ,buns4 ,,relat$ ,,"w ,,cxxxix4 ,food = ,girls & ,boys4 ,,cxl4 ,plann+ a ,day's ,diet--,cook+ & ,s]v+ a ,meal4 ,,cxli4 ,review3 ,meal ,cook+4 ,,cxlii4 ,home ,projects4 ,,division ,,f\rte5 ,,cake ,,cxliii4 ,cake )\t ,fat--,sponge ,cake4 ,,cxliv4 ,cake ,conta9+ ,fat--,"o-egg ,cake4 ,,cxlv4 ,cake ,conta9+ ,fat--,pla9 ,cake & ,its ,modifications 7,a7 ,,cxlvi4 ,cake ,conta9+ ,fat--,pla9 ,cake & ,its ,modifications 7,b7 ,,cxlvii4 ,cake ,conta9+ ,fat--,cookies ,,cxlviii4 ,cakes )\t ,eggs ,,relat$ ,,"w ,,cxlix4 ,! ,lun*eon ,box ,,cl4 ,plann+ & ,prep>+ ,box ,lun*eons ,,cli4 ,review--,meal ,cook+ ,,clii4 ,home ,projects ,,division ,,fifte5 ,,pa/ry ,,cliii4 ,pies ) ,"u ,cru/ ,,cliv4 ,pies ) ,upp] ,cru/ ,,clv4 ,two-cru/ ,pies ,,relat$ ,,"w ,,clvi4 ,infant ,fe$+ ,,clvii4 ,modify+ ,milk ,,clviii4 ,review--,meal ,cook+ ,,clix4 ,home ,projects ,,division ,,sixte5 ,,froz5 ,,dess]ts ,,clx4 ,me?od ( ,freez+--,wat] ,ice ,,clxi4 ,froz5 ,creams ,,relat$ ,,"w ,,clxii4 ,diet = ,"y ,*ildr5 ,,clxiii4 ,plann+ & ,prep>+ ,m5us = ,*ildr5 ,,clxiv4 ,review--,meal ,cook+ ,,clxv4 ,home ,projects ,,division ,,sev5te5 ,,food ,,pres]vation ,,clxvi4 ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,pres]v+ ,food ,,clxvii4 ,process+ ) ,little or ,no ,sug>--,cann$ ,fruit ,,clxviii4 ,process+ ) ,mu* ,sug>--,pres]ves1 ,jams1 & ,cons]ves ,,clxix4 ,process+ ) ,mu* ,sug>--,jellies ,,clxx4 ,process+ ) ,v9eg> & ,spices--,reli%es ,,clxxi4 ,cann$ ,vegetables ,,clxxii4 ,dri$ ,vegetables ,,relat$ ,,"w ,,clxxiii4 ,! ,sick-room ,tray ,,clxxiv4 ,prep>+ ,trays = ! ,sick & ,convalesc5t ,,clxxv4 ,review--,meal ,cook+ ,,clxxvi4 ,home ,projects ,,division ,,eighte5 ,,supplem5t>y ,i4 ,?anksgiv+ ,sauce ,,ii4 ,?anksgiv+ ,dess]ts ,,iii4 ,*ri/mas ,sweets ,,iv4 ,*ri/mas ,c&y ,,app5dix ,sugge/ions = ,tea*+ ,books = ,ref]5ce ,,index ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,a corn] 9 ,wa%+ton's kit*5 at ,mt4 ,v]non ,frontispiece #a4 ,skew] & knitt+ ne$le = te/+ foods #b4 ,a s9k arrang$ = effici5cy 9 di%-wa%+ #c4 ,ut5sils = di%-wa%+ #d4 ,di%-dra9] #e4 ,di%-dra9] #f4 ,di%-rack #g4 ,di%-rack #h4 ,a rack = dry+ di%es #i4 ,ut5sils = measur+ & weigh+ foods #aj4 ,coal range1 %[+ c\rse ( direct draft #aa4 ,coal range1 %[+ c\rse ( indirect draft #ab4 ,gas burn]1 %[+ mix] #ac4 ,gas burn]s #ad4 ,gas range1 %[+ direction ( draft #ae4 ,cross-section ( wickless k]os5e /ove #af4 ,electric range #ag4 ,pressure cook] #ah4 ,/eam cook]1 conta9+ v>i\s foods #ai4 ,sc5e on a tea plantation #bj4 ,tea-ball teapot #ba4 ,c(fee b]ries #bb4 ,c(fee p]colator #bc4 ,gra9s ( />* #bd4 ,a cupful ( rice be=e & aft] boil+ #be4 ,insulat$ wall ( a refrig]ator #bf4 ,fireless cook]1 hav+ excelsior pack+ #bg4 ,fireless cook]1 ) /one disks #bh4 ,electric fireless cook] #bi4 ,gas range1 hav+ fireless cook] atta*m5t1 insulat$ ov5 & hoods #cj4 ,me?od ( fold+ filt] pap] #ca4 ,ut5sil = /eam+1--a /eam] #cb4 ,/eam )\t pressure1 & /eam :i* has be5 "u pressure #cc4 ,table laid = an in=mal lun*eon #cd4 ,:eel tray #ce4 ,h[ to hold ! knife & =k #cf4 ,keep+ ! =k 9 ! left h& to c>ry food to ! m\? #cg4 ,! teaspoon %\ld re/ on ! sauc] #ch4 ,h[ to hold ! s\p spoon #ci4 ,app>atus to det]m9e ! temp]ature at :i* eggs coagulate #dj4 ,me?od ( hold+ pan to turn an omelet on to a platt] #da4 ,cocoa pods #db4 ,dri$ bread crumbs #dc4 ,/ructure ( meat #dd4 ,club or ,delmonico /eak #de4 ,port]h\se #df4 ,sirlo91--hip /eak #dg4 ,sirlo91--flat bone #dh4 ,sirlo91--r\nd bone #di4 ,fir/ cut prime rib roa/ #ej4 ,second cut prime rib roa/ #ea4 ,blade rib roa/ #eb4 ,*uck rib roa/ #ec4 ,colonial fireplace1 %[+ a roa/+ kit*5 #ed4 ,r\nd #ee4 ,*uck #ef4 ,cuts ( beef #eg4 ,rump #eh4 ,cross rib1 ,bo/on cut1 or ,engli% cut #ei4 ,skirt /eak2 flank /eak #fj4 ,fi% kettle1 %[+ rack #fa4 ,a sugge/ion = ! division ( ea* doll> sp5t = food #fb4 ,! composition ( roots & succul5t vegetables #fc4 ,! composition ( butt] & o!r fat-yield+ foods #fd4 ,! composition ( milk & milk products #fe4 ,cuts ( veal #ff4 ,cuts ( lamb or mutton #fg4 ,lamb *ops #fh4 ,! composition ( fre% & cur$ meats #fi4 ,cuts ( pork #gj4 ,! composition ( fre% & dri$ fruits #ga4 ,remov+ t5dons f ! leg ( a f[l #gb4 ,f[l truss$ = roa/+1--brea/ view #gc4 ,f[l truss$ = roa/+1--back view #gd4 ,composition ( fi%1 fi% products1 & oy/]s #ge4 ,! composition ( eggs & *eese #gf4 ,! composition ( legumes & corn #gg4 ,! composition ( bread & o!r c]eal foods #gh4 ,foods conta9+ calcium #gi4 ,foods conta9+ phosphorus #hj4 ,foods conta9+ iron #ha4 ,ov5 heat regulator #hb4 ,illu/rat+ ! am\nt ( heat repres5t$ by "o ,calorie #hc4 ,comp>ative weights ( #ajj-;,calorie portions ( food #hd4 #ajj-;,calorie portions ( food #he4 ,longitud9al section ( :eat gra91 %[+ bran1 fl\ry "p1 & g]m #hf4 ,gr[+ yea/ plants #hg4 ,graduat$ measure & dipp] = measur+ ! +r$i5ts ( modifi$ milk #hh4 ,"s species ( molds #hi4 ,! f\r types ( bact]ia #ij4 ,cann+ foods #ia4 ,rack = hold+ j>s #ib4 ,! composition ( fruits & fruit products #ic4 ,dri] = vegetables or fruits #id4 ,! composition ( sug> & simil> foods ,,li/ ,,( ,,exp]im5ts #a4 ,measurem5t equival5ts4 #b4 ,use ( ! wood5 spoon4 #c4 ,lack ( draft4 #d4 ,pres5ce ( draft4 #e4 ,! regulation & purpose ( a gas mix]4 #f4 ,! dissolv+ p[] ( wat]4 #g4 ,pres5ce ( gases 9 wat]4 #h4 ,simm]+ & boil+ ( wat]4 #i4 ,tann9 9 tea4 #aj4 ,! solubility ( granulat$ sug> 9 cold wat]4 #aa4 ,! solubility ( granulat$ sug> 9 hot wat]4 #ab4 ,! solubility ( p[d]$ sug>4 #ac4 ,! solubility ( c>amel4 #ad4 ,! />* te/4 #ae4 ,! effect ( cold wat] on />*4 #af4 ,! effect ( heat on />*4 #ag4 ,/iff5+ ( cook$ />*4 #ah4 ,! /ructure ( />*4 #ai4 ,sep>ation ( cellulose & />*4 #bj4 ,! diff]5ce 9 ! nutritive value ( boil$ rice & rice cook$ ov] boil+ wat]4 #ba4 ,ret5tion ( heat4 #bb4 ,/>* gra9s & boil+ wat]4 #bc4 ,sep>ation ( />* gra9s ) cold wat]4 #bd4 ,sep>ation ( />* gra9s ) sug>4 #be4 ,sep>ation ( />* gra9s ) fat4 #bf4 ,! *ange ( />* into dextr94 #bg4 ,! solubility ( dextr94 #bh4 ,/>* 9 crack]4 #bi4 ,action ( saliva ^u />*4 #cj4 ,! effect ( soak+ />*y vegetables 9 wat]4 #ca4 ,temp]ature at :i* fats & oils decompose or burn4 #cb4 ,bread fri$ 9 cool fat4 #cc4 ,! temp]ature ( fat = fry+ #cd4 ,saponification ( fat #ce4 ,action ( oil & wat] #cf4 ,emulsion ( fat #cg4 ,! coagulation ( egg-:ite #ch4 ,! solubility ( album9 #ci4 ,temp]ature at :i* eggs coagulate #dj4 ,comp>ison ( cook$ & boil$ eggs #da4 ,effect ( beat+ a :ole egg #db4 ,comp>ison ( eggs beat5 ) a ,dov] egg beat] & ) a wire spoon #dc4 ,effect ( beat+ egg yolk & :ite sep>ately #dd4 ,sep>ation ( milk into food/uffs #de4 ,scald+ milk #df4 ,comp>ison ( ! conduct+ p[] ( metal & e>!nw>e #dg4 ,effect ( r5net on milk #dh4 ,sep>ation ( curd & :ey #di4 ,effect ( acid on milk #ej4 ,division ( muscle #ea4 ,effect ( dry heat on 7a7 connective tissue1 7b7 muscle fib] #eb4 ,effect ( moi/ure & heat on 7a7 connective tissue1 7b7 muscle fib] #ec4 ,comp>ison ( />* & dextr9 = ?ick5+ #ed4 ,effect ( cold wat] on meat #ee4 ,effect ( boil+ wat] on meat #ef4 ,effect ( salt on meat #eg4 ,effect ( cold wat] on gelat9e #eh4 ,effect ( hot wat] on gelat9e #ei4 ,effect ( soak+ fi% 9 wat] #fj4 ,effect ( boil+ fi% rapidly #fa4 ,effect ( acid on milk #fb4 ,neutralization ( acid by means ( soda #fc4 ,prote9 9 oy/] liquor #fd4 ,leav5+ ) /eam & air #fe4 ,comp>ison ( ?ick & ?9 quick breads #ff4 ,prep>ation ( fl\r = quick breads #fg4 ,action ( bak+ soda on s\r milk #fh4 ,*emical *ange #fi4 ,quantity ( bak+ soda to use ) s\r milk #gj4 ,action ( bak+ soda on molasses4 #ga4 ,quantity ( bak+ soda to use ) molasses4 #gb4 ,effect ( cold wat] on a mixture ( cream ( t>t> & bak+ soda4 #gc4 ,effect ( hot wat] on a mixture ( cream ( t>t> & bak+ soda4 #gd4 ,effect ( hot wat] on bak+ p[d]4 #ge4 ,/>* 9 bak+ p[d]4 #gf4 ,comp>ison ( ! "t ( action ( diff]5t types ( bak+ p[d]s4 #gg4 ,conditions = gr[? ( ! yea/ plant4 #gh4 ,prote9 9 fl\r4 #gi4 ,mixtures = freez+4 #hj4 ,effect ( air1 light1 & dry+ ^u ! gr[? ( molds4 #ha4 ,effect ( moi/ure & light ^u ! gr[? ( molds4 #hb4 ,effect ( moi/ure & d>kness ^u ! gr[? ( molds4 #hc4 ,effect ( moi/ure & l[ temp]ature ^u ! gr[? ( molds4 #hd4 ,gr[? ( molds on cut fruit4 #he4 ,gr[? ( molds ^u :ole fruits4 #hf4 ,gr[? ( molds on o!r foods4 #hg4 ,gr[? ( molds ^u wood4 #hh4 ,gr[? ( molds ^u clo?4 #hi4 ,contam9ation ( fre% food by means ( moldy food4 #ij4 ,gr[? ( bact]ia4 #ia4 ,effect ( boil+ ^u ! gr[? ( bact]ia4 #ib4 ,effect ( pres]vatives on ! gr[? ( bact]ia4 #ic4 ,use ( sug> z a pres]vative4 #id4 ,pect9 9 fruit juice4 #ie4 ,pect9 9 ! inn] portion ( orange & lemon peel4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ble/ ,,be ,,! ,,fea/ ,,) ,,simple ,,pl5ty ,,cr[n$ ,,=eword ,"o ( ! slogans ( ! ,_w ,w>1--,food w w9 ! ,w>1--%[$ t food 0 mu* m important ?an _m p]sons _h believ$4 ,x confirm$ ! fact t food 0 n m]ely some?+ t ta/es good1 or relieves ! s5sation ( hung]1 b t x 0 a vital factor 9 a*iev+ "o ( ! noble/ ideals ( all "t4 ,! subject ( food is a broad "o1--"o t is gr[+ 9 int]e/4 ,_m pres5t-day sci5ti/s are f9d+ a lifework 9 food /udy4 ,tell me :at y eat & ,i w tell y :at y are1 0 spok5 _m ye>s ago4 ,! mo/ rec5t "w 9 sci5ce confirms ! fact t ! k9d ( food an individual eats has mu* to d ) 8 heal? & 8 ability to "w4 ,if y w\ld be well1 /rong1 happy1 & full ( vim *oose y\r food c>efully4 ,a /udy ( food means a k ( _m ?+s4 ,be=e pur*as+ foods "o %\ld "k :at foods to select at m>ket1 :5ce !y come1 h[ !y are prep>$ = m>ket1 by :at means !y are transport$1 & h[ !y are tak5 c>e ( 9 ! m>ket4 ,!re is a great v>iety ( foods 9 ! pres5t-day m>ket2 "s are ri* 9 nutri5ts2 o!rs conta9 little n\ri%m5t1 yet are high 9 price4 ,x has be5 said t = food mo/ p]sons sp5d ! l>ge/ "p ( _! incomes2 x is a pity if !y buy sickness in/ead ( heal?4 ,:e!r foods are pur*as$ at ! lun* c\nt] or at m>ket1 x is necess>y to "k :at foods to *oose to meet be/ ! ne$s ( ! body4 ,meal plann+ is an important factor ( food /udy4 ,! matt] ( comb9+ foods t are v>i$ 9 composition or t supplem5t "o ano!r 9 nutriti\s prop]ties des]ves mu* consid]ation4 ,n only nutrim5t b flavor ent]s into food comb9ation4 ,x is mo/ important to comb9e foods t ta/e well4 ,9 le>n+ to prep>e foods1 ! exp]i5ce ( ^? :o h cook$ foods successfully is mo/ helpful4 ,h5ce ! pupil is told to foll[ directions = cook+ a type ( food or to use a recipe4 ,foll[+ a direction or recipe 9 a me*anical way1 h[ev]1 does n result 9 rapid progress4 ,ke5 obs]vation & m5tal al]tness are ne$$ if y w\ld become skilful 9 food prep>ation4 ,"o class ( food or "o pr9ciple ( cook+ may be relat$ to ano!r or associat$ ) ano!r4 ,= example1 ! me?od ( cook+ a typical breakfa/ c]eal may be appli$ to c]eals 9 g5]al4 ,!re may be "s exceptions to ! rule1 b :5 ! basic pr9ciple ( cook+ is kept 9 m9d1 ! v>iations c be readily made4 ,if a pupil has le>n$ to prep>e ,cream$ ,potatoes %e %\ld be able to apply ! pr9ciple to ! cook+ ( ,potato ,s\p4 ,9 mak+ *ocolate bev]age1 ! pupil le>ns to bl5d *ocolate ) o!r +r$i5ts4 ,! k ga9$ 9 mak+ *ocolate bev]age %\ld be appli$ to ! flavor+ ( a cake or ( a dess]t ) *ocolate4 ,9 all ! ?\s&s ( recipes appe>+ 9 cook books1 only a few pr9ciples ( cook+ are involv$4 ,! pupil :o appreciates ?is fact becomes a mu* m res\rceful work] & acquires skill 9 a mu* %ort] "t4 ,! results ( e process %\ld be obs]v$4 ,c>eful obs]vations %\ld be made :5 "w is n successful4 ,!re is no su* ?+ z good luck 9 cook+4 ,!re is a cause = e failure4 ,! cause ( ! failure %\ld be f\nd & ! rem$y asc]ta9$4 ,! same mi/ake %\ld nev] be made a second "t4 ,progress is sure to result f su* an attitude t[>ds "w4 ,moreov]1 confid5ce 9 ! result ( "o's "w is ga9$4 ,?is is ( incalculable value1 besides be+ a great satisfaction1 to ! home-keep]4 ,a d9+ table ) c>efully laid cov]s is always invit+4 ,graceful s]v+ ( food at su* a table is an art4 ,! ability to s]ve food 9 an attractive way is an accompli%m5t t no girl %\ld fail to acquire4 ,consid]ations reg>d+ success 9 le>n+ to cook may be summ$ up z foll[s3 7a7 ,"k :at foods to select f ! /&po9t ( economy1 nutrim5t1 & flavor4 7b7 ,obs]ve & ?9k :5 work+4 ,relate or associate "o class ( foods ) ano!r & "o pr9ciple ( cook+ ) ano!r4 7c7 ,note ! results ( y\r "w2 "k :y ! results are successful or :y !y are unsuccessful4 ,food selection1 food comb9ation1 & food prep>ation are all important factors ( good cook+4 ,x is to be hop$ t ! pupil w realize t ! /udy ( food & cook+ means ! ability n only to boil1 broil1 & bake1 b to select1 comb9e1 use1 & s]ve food prop]ly4 ,all ?is dem&s mu* e>ne/ ?\ght & ef=t4 ,,s*ool ,,& ,,home ,,cook+ ,,division ,,"o ,,introduction ,,lesson ,i ,,bak$ ,,apples--,,di%-,,wa%+ ,,bak$ ,,apples 7,/uff$ ) ,rais9s7 #f apples ,se$$ rais9s #f tablespoonfuls br[n sug> #f tablespoonfuls wat] ,wa% ! apples2 ) an apple cor] or p>+ knife1 remove ! core f ea*4 ,place ! apples 9 a granite1 e>!nw>e1 or glass bak+-di%4 ,wa% a few rais9s & place #f ( !m & ,i level tablespoonful ( sug> 9 ea* core4 ,p\r ! wat] ar\nd ! apples4 ,bake 9 a hot ov5 until t5d]4 ,te/ ! apples = suffici5t bak+ ) a =k1 skew]1 or knitt+ ne$le 7see ,figure #a74 ,dur+ bak+1 occasionally ba/e ! apples1 i4e4 take spoonfuls ( ! wat] f ar\nd ! apples & p\r x on ! top ( !m4 ,! "t = bak+ apples v>ies ) ! k9d ( apple & ! temp]ature ( ! ov54 ,f #bj to #dj m9utes at #djj degrees ,f4 is usually requir$4 ,,di%-,,wa%+ ,,& ,,effici5cy4--,!re is almo/ inv>iably a wa/e ( ef=t 9 bo? ! wa%+ & ! dry+ ( di%es4 ,?is may be due to3 7a7 ,poorly arrang$ di%-wa%+ equipm5ts4 7b7 ,inadequate ut5sils = di%-wa%+4 7c7 ,lack ( =e?\ght 9 prep>+ ! di%es = wa%+ & too _m motions 9 wa%+ & dry+ !m4 ,s9ce di%-wa%+ is "o ( ! con/ant duties ( h\sekeep+1 effici5cy me?ods1 i4e4 me?ods :i* accompli% satisfactory results ) ! fewe/ motions & 9 ! lea/ "t1 %\ld be appli$ to x4 ,! wa%+ ( di%es1 inv>iably consid]$ commonplace1 may become an int]e/+ problem if x is made a matt] ( motion /udy4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #a4--,,skew] ,,& ,,knitt+ ,,ne$le ,,= ,,te/+ ,,foods4 ,note t ! knitt+ ne$le has "o end ?ru/ into a cork1 :i* s]ves z a h&le4 ,= ?or\gh & rapid di%-wa%+1 ! foll[+ equipm5t is desirable3 ,a s9k plac$ at a height t admits ( an erect position :ile wa%+ di%es1 ,footnote #a3 ,9 case x is necess>y = "o to wa% di%es at a s9k :i* is plac$ too l[1 ! di%-pan may be rais$ by plac+ x on an inv]t$ pan or on a s9k-rack1 :i* may be pur*as$ = ?is purpose4 & equipp$ ) two dra9+ bo>ds1 "o on ea* side ( ! s9k1 or ) "o dra9+ bo>d on ! left side2 di% & dra9+ pans2 di%-dra9] 7see ,figures #d & #e72 di%-rack 7see ,figures #f & #g72 di%- mop 7see ,figure #c72 wire di%-clo? or pot-scrap] 7see ,figure #c72 di%- clo?s 7n rags72 di%-t[els2 rack = dry+ clo?s & t[els2 soap- hold] 7see ,figure #c7 or c ( p[d]$ soap2 c ( sc\r+ soap & a l>ge cork = sc\r+2 tissue pap] or newspap]s cut 9 conv5i5t size = use2 scrubb+-bru%2 bottle-bru% 7see ,figure #c72 rack made ( slats = dry+ bru%es 7see ,figure #b74 ,,prep>+ ,,di%es ,,= ,,wa%+4--,if possible1 z soon z s]v+ di%es1 i4e4 di%es us$ at ! d9+ table1 are soil$1 scrape away bits ( food f !m4 ,! scrap+ may be done )3 7a7 a piece ( s(t pap]1 7b7 plate-scrap] 7see ,figure #c71 7c7 a knife or spoon4 ,! latt] is d\btless ! mo/ commonly us$ = di% scrap+1 b x is less effici5t & may scrat* *9a4 ,if x is impossible to wa% di%es soon aft] soil+1 let !m soak 9 wat] until !y c be wa%$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #b4--;,a ,,s9k ,,arrang$ ,,= ,,effici5cy ,,9 ,,di%-,,wa%+4 ,note ! dra9+ bo>d on ea* side ( ! s9k1 ! di%-cupbo>d 9 ! upp] left corn]1 & ! rack = dry+ bru%es bel[ ! s9k4 ,cook+ ut5sils ne$ special c>e be=e wa%+1 especially if !y h held greasy foods4 ,oil & wat] d n mix6 ,! grease f di%-wat] (t5 collects 9 ! dra9-pipe & prev5ts or ret>ds ! dra9age ( wa/e wat]4 ,?is (t5 means exp5sive plumb]'s bills & great inconv5i5ce4 ,be> 9 m9d ! foll[+ cautions ,be=e putt+ a ut5sil :i* has held fat into ! di%-wat]1 always wipe x c>efully ) a piece ( pap]4 ,aft] wip+ mo/ ( ! grease f a pan or kettle1 ! rema9+ fat c be entirely remov$ by fill+ ! ut5sil ) hot wat] & !n add+ wa%+-soda4 ,boil ! solution a few m9utes4 ,fat & wa%+-soda react & =m soap2 h5ce ! effectiv5ess ( ?is me?od 7,see ,exp]im5t #cd7 7,?is me?od %\ld n be appli$ to alum9um ut5sils2 wa%+-soda or any alkal9e sub/ance makes a d>k /a9 on alum9um7 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #c--,,ut5sils ,,= ,,di% ,,wa%+ ,a1 soap-hold]1 ,b1 ,c bottle-bru%es1 ,d1 di%-mop1 ,e ,f1 wire di%-clo?s ,g plate scrap] ,ut5sils us$ 9 cook+ c g5]ally be wa%$ ) great] effici5cy if !y are soak$ be=e wa%+4 ,fill ea* di% or pan ) wat]1 us+ cold wat] = all ut5sils :i* h held milk1 cream1 eggs1 fl\r1 or />*1 & hot wat] = all di%es hav+ conta9$ sug> or sirup4 ,,arrang+ ,,di%es4--,arrange di%es & all ! requisite di%-wa%+ ut5sils 9 conv5i5t ord] = wa%+1 plac+ all ( "o k9d ( di%es toge!r4 ,also place ! di%es to be wa%$ at ! "r ( ! di%-pan4 ,wa% !m & place ! wa%$ di%es at ! left ( ! pan4 ,a di%-wa%] inv>iably holds a di% t is be+ wa%$ 9 h] left h& & ! di%-clo? or mop 9 h] "r h&4 ,t !re may be no unnecess>y motions1 ! di%es %\ld be plac$ to dra9 aft] wa%+ at ! left ( ! di%-pan4 ,9 ?is way !re is no cross+ ( ! left h& ov] ! "r arm z !re w\ld be if ! wa%$ di%es 7 plac$ at ! "r ( ! di%-pan4 ,a cupbo>d locat$ above ! dra9+ bo>d at ! left makes ! /or+ ( di%es an effici5t process 7see ,figure #b74 ,,wa%+ ,,& ,,sc\r+ ,,di%es ,,& ,,ut5sils4--,fill ! di%-pan ab\t two ?irds full ( hot wat]4 ,soap ! wat] be=e plac+ ! di%es 9 ! pan2 use soap-p[d]1 a soap-hold]1 or a b> ( soap4 ,if ! latt] is us$1 d n all[ x to rema9 9 ! wat]4 ,fill ano!r pan ab\t two ?irds full ( hot wat] = r9s+ ! di%es4 ,a wire basket may be plac$ 9 ! r9s+ pan4 ,place ! di%es1 a few at a "t1 9 ! di%-pan4 ,wa% ! cleane/ di%es fir/1 usually 9 ! foll[+ ord]3 glasses1 silv]w>e1 cups1 sauc]s1 plates1 l>ge di%es1 platt]s1 cook+ ut5sils1 !n ! soap- di% & di%-pan4 ,9 wa%+ decorat$ *9a1 use soap sp>+ly4 ,d n wa% glassw>e 9 v hot wat]4 ,use slices ( potato1 f9ely torn bits ( blott+ pap]1 or egg %ells to clean ! inside ( wat] bottles or v9eg> cruets4 ,wood5-h&l$ ut5sils or ! cogs ( ! ,dov] egg beat] %\ld n soak 9 wat]4 ,if ! cogs ( ! egg beat] are soil$1 wipe !m ) a damp clo?4 ,*ange ! di%-wat] occasionally1 n all[+ x to become cold or greasy4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #d4--;,,di%-,,dra9]4 ,wa% /eel knives & =ks & place !m )\t r9s+ on a t9 pan to sc\r4 ,) a cork apply p[d]$ ba? brick or o!r sc\r+ mat]ial to ! /eel4 ,aga9 wa% ! sc\r$ ut5sils1 r9se1 & dry4 ,if !re are any /a9s on t91 iron1 or enamel w>e1 remove ) sc\r+ soap4 ,apply ! latt] ) a cork1 or wr+ out ! di%-clo? z dry z possible1 rub sc\r+ soap on x1 & apply to ! ut5sils4 ,scrub meat1 pa/ry or bread bo>ds1 wood5 roll+ p9s1 & wood5 table tops ) cold wat] & sc\r+ soap4 ,!n r9se & wipe ! sc\r$ wood ) a clo? :i* is free f grease4 ,if x is n necess>y to scrub meat1 pa/ry1 or bread bo>ds on bo? sides1 !y %\ld be r9s$ on ! clean side to prev5t w>p+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #e4--;,,di%-,,dra9]4 ,,r9s+ ,,& ,,dra9+ ,,di%es4--,place ! wa%$ di%es 9 wire baskets 7see ,figures #d & #e7 or 9 di%-racks 7see ,figures #f1 #g1 & #h74 ,if ! =m] has be5 plac$ 9 ! r9s+ pan1 ! basket may be lift$ out ( ! wat] to dra9 ! di%es4 ,9 case ! wa%$ di%es are plac$ 9 di%- racks1 r9se !m by p\r+ hot wat] ov] !m & let !m dra9 aga94 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #f--;,,di%-,,rack4 ,,dry+ ,,di%es ,,& ,,ut5sils4--,if su* di%es z plates1 platt]s1 & sauc]s are plac$ upright to dra9 & are r9s$ ) v hot wat]1 no t[el-dry+ is requir$4 ,glassw>e & silv] %\ld be dri$ ) a s(t t[el4 ,t[els made f fl\r sacks or f glass t[el+ are good = ?is purpose4 ,co>s] t[els may be us$ to dry cook+ ut5sils4 ,to prev5t ru/+1 dry t91 iron1 & /eel ut5sils mo/ ?or\ghly4 ,aft] us+ a t[el on ^! w>es x is well to place !m on ! back ( ! range or 9 ! w>m+ ov54 ,wood5w>e %\ld be all[$ to dry ?or\ghly 9 ! op5 air4 ,/& bo>ds on end until dry4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #g4--;,,di%-,,rack4 ,,c>e ,,( ,,di%-,,t[els ,,& ,,clo?s4--,use di%-t[els & clo?s = no o!r purpose ?an wa%+ & dry+ di%es4 ,x is a matt] ( mu* importance to keep di%-t[els & clo?s clean4 ,to clean ! t[els & clo?s soak !m 9 cold wat]4 ,!n wa% 9 hot soapy wat] & r9se !m well4 ,wr+1 /ret*1 & hang to dry on a rack1 or pref]ably 9 ! sun4 ,at lea/ once a week boil ! t[els4 ,fir/ soak1 wa%1 & r9se !m z direct$ above4 ,!n place !m 9 cold wat] & heat ! wat] until x boils4 ,wr+1 /ret*1 & hang to dry4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ,home ,furni%+1 by ,alice ,m ,kellogg ,,figure #h4--;,a ,,rack ,,= ,,dry+ ,,di%es4 ,,c>e ,,( ,,! ,,s9k4--,if ! s9k is ( porcela9 or enamel1 x may be clean$ ) soap1 b n ) sc\r+ soap or p[d]4 ,! latt] we>s away ! smoo? f9i%1 makes x slightly r\gh & h5ce m difficult to clean4 ,be=e apply+ soap to a s9k1 wr+ out ! clo? us$ 9 clean+ x z dry z possible & !n ) ! h& pu% any wat] /&+ 9 ! s9k d[n ! dra9pipe4 ,!n apply soap to ! clo? & wa% ! s9k4 ,d n let ! wat] run f ! faucet :ile clean+ ! s9k4 ,if ! dirt & grease on a s9k d n yield to soap1 apply a small quantity ( k]os5e4 ,aft] clean+1 r9se ! s9k by op5+ ! hot-wat] faucet1 lett+ a g5]\s supply ( wat] fl[ d[n ! dra9-pipe s z to r9se ! trap4 ,! dra9-pipe & trap ( a s9k ne$ special clean+ occasionally4 ,?is is (t5 done by p\r+ a solution ( wa%+-soda d[n ! dra94 ,if ?is is us$1 special c>e %\ld be tak5 to r9se ! dra9 ) mu* hot wat]4 ,z previ\sly expla9$1 grease & wa%+-soda =m soap4 ,if ! latt] is all[$ to rema9 9 ! trap1 x may h>d5 & /op ! dra9-pipe4 ,because ( ! =mation ( soap & ! possible /oppage ( ! dra9-pipe :5 wa%+-soda is us$1 k]os5e is advis$4 ,to use ?is1 fir/ flu% ! dra9 ) ab\t half a gallon ( hot wat]4 ,imm$iately p\r 9 "o half cupful ( k]os5e4 ,let ! k]os5e rema9 9 ! trap = at lea/ #e m9utes4 ,!n r9se ) ano!r half gallon ( wat]4 ,k]os5e emulsifies grease & makes x easy to r9se away4 ,,sugge/ions ,,= ,,p]sonal ,,neatness ,,9 ,,! ,,s*ool ,,kit*5 ,,& ,,at ,,home4--,= bo? com=t & cleanl9ess a wa%able g[n %\ld be worn 9 ! kit*5 or ! g[n %\ld be well cov]$ by an apron4 ,x is advisable to cov] ! hair ) a hair net or cap4 ,r+s are an inconv5i5ce :5 worn 9 ! kit*54 ,! h&s %\ld be wa%$ be=e prep>+ or cook+ food1 & aft] t\*+ ! hair or h&k]*ief4 ,x is desirable to h a h& t[el conv5i5tly plac$4 ,clean cook+ means clean ta/+4 ,?is c be done by tak+ "s ( ! food ) ! cook+ spoon & !n p\r+ x f ! cook+ spoon into a teaspoon4 ,ta/e f ! teaspoon4 ,,que/ions ,are apples sold by weight or by measure1 i4e4 by ! p\nd or peck8 ,:at is ! price p] p\nd or p] peck ( apples8 ,:y %\ld di%es :i* h held milk1 cream1 egg1 fl\r1 or />* be r9s$ ) cold wat]8 ,:y %\ld di%es hav+ conta9$ sug> or sirup be soak$ 9 hot wat]8 ,:y %\ld greasy di%es & ut5sils be wip$ ) pap] & !n r9s$ ) hot wat] be=e wa%+8 ,:y %\ld n a b> ( soap soak 9 di%-wat]8 ,:y n fill ! di%-pan ) soil$ di%es8 ,:y %\ld glass be wa%$ 9 w>m 7n hot7 wat]8 ,:y %\ld n wood5-h&l$ ut5sils & ! cogs ( ! ,dov] egg beat] soak 9 di%-wat]8 ,:y %\ld glass & silv] be wip$ ) a s(t t[el8 ,:y %\ld t91 iron1 & /eel ut5sils be dri$ mo/ ?or\ghly8 ,:y %\ld wood5w>e be all[$ to dry 9 ! op5 air8 7,see ,exp]im5t #hg47 ,:y %\ld di%-t[els be plac$ 9 boil+ wat] dur+ laund]+8 ,:y %\ld sc\r+ soap or p[d] n be us$ 9 clean+ a porcela9 or enamel s9k8 ,:at is ! purpose ( wr++ out dry a s9k-clo? & lett+ no wat] run f ! faucet :ile clean+ a s9k8 ,,lesson ,,ii ,,measurem5ts--,,/uff$ ,,& ,,scallop$ ,,tomatoes ,,exp]im5t #a3 ,footnote #b3 ,! pupil %\ld record ea* exp]im5t 9 a notebook 9 a me?odical way1 giv+ 7a7 ! aim ( ! exp]im5t1 7b7 ! process1 7c7 ! result1 & 7d7 ! conclusion or practical application4 ,,measurem5t ,,equival5ts4--,9 measur+ solid mat]ials ) teaspoon1 tablespoon1 or /&>d measur+ cup 7see ,figure #i71 fill ! measur+ ut5sil ) ! mat]ial & !n level x ) a knife4 ,use bo? wat] & fl\r or sug> = ! foll[+ measurem5ts3 7a7 ,f9d ! numb] ( teaspoonfuls 9 "o tablespoonful 7b7 ,f9d ! numb] ( tablespoonfuls 9 "o cup 7c7 ,f9d ! numb] ( cupfuls 9 "o p9t ,half a spoonful is obta9$ by divid+ ?r\gh ! middle l5g?wise ,a qu>t] ( a spoonful is obta9$ by divid+ a half crosswise ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #i--,,ut5sils ,,= ,,measur+ ,,& ,,weigh+ ,,foods ,an eigh? ( a spoonful is obta9$ by divid+ a qu>t] diagonally ,a ?ird ( a spoonful is obta9$ by divid+ twice crosswise ,a set ( measur+ spoons 7see ,figure #i7 is mo/ conv5i5t = measur+ fractional teaspoonfuls ,,ne$ ,,( ,,accuracy--,:5 le>n+ to cook1 x is necess>y to measure all +r$i5ts ) exactness4 ,exp]i5c$ cooks c measure "s +r$i5ts = c]ta9 purposes q satisfactorily by eye4 ,! result is satisfactory1 h[ev]1 only :5 ! cook has e/abli%$ h] own /&>ds ( measurem5ts by mu* practice4 ,ev5 !n _m h\sewives are n sure ( success4 ,= c]ta9 foods ! +r$i5ts %\ld always be measur$ accurately1 no matt] h[ skilful ! cook4 ,z f> z possible1 ! exact quantity ( a recipe is giv5 9 ?is text4 ,:5 ! quantity ( an +r$i5t is too small = practical measurem5t1 m]ely ! "n ( ! +r$i5t is giv5 & no def9ite quantity indicat$4 ,:5 l>ge quantities ( mat]ials are to be measur$1 a qu>t measure on :i* ! p9t & half p9t quantities are indicat$ usually proves m conv5i5t ?an a measur+ cup4 ,_m foods1 especially fats1 are m conv5i5tly weigh$ ?an measur$4 ,kit*5 scales are a useful equipm5t = cook+ 7see ,figure #i74 ,! amateur %\ld1 h[ev]1 tra9 h] eye to approximate measurem5ts4 ,%e %\ld le>n to e/imate ! size ( saucepans & o!r cook+ ut5sils1 & also ( s]v+ di%es4 ,measure by cupfuls ! capacity ( sev]al ut5sils 9 con/ant use & ?us e/abli% a few /&>ds ( measurem5t4 ,also x is well to be on ! al]t to le>n ! prop] quantity ( food to buy at m>ket1 & ! prop] quantity ( food to cook = a /at$ numb] ( p]sons4 ,%e w\ld make a sad failure :o w\ld prep>e j en\gh rice to s]ve f\r p]sons :5 six 7 to be seat$ at ! table4 ,%e might be able to cook ! c]eal well & to tell _m int]e/+ facts conc]n+ its gr[?1 composition1 & prep>ation1 yet = ! lack ( a little homely k ! meal w\ld be disappo9t+4 ,a ?rifty h\sekeep] w\ld n buy en\gh lettuce or sp9a* = t5 p :5 !re 7 only six to be s]v$4 ,9 ! s*ool kit*5 always note ! quantity ( ! mat]ials us$1 & !n obs]ve ! quantity ( ! f9i%$ product4 ,,exp]im5t #b3 ,,use ,,( ,,! ,,wood5 ,,spoon4--,place a t9 & a wood5 spoon 9 a saucepan ( boil+ wat]4 ,aft] ! wat] has boil$ = at lea/ #e m9utes grasp ! h&les ( ! spoons4 ,:i* is ! hott]8 ,:i* w\ld be ! m com=table to use :5 /irr+ hot foods8 ,:at k9d ( spoon--t9 or wood--%\ld be us$ = acid foods8 ,:y8 7,see ,sugge/ions = ,cook+ ,fruits47 ,expla9 :y x is t ! h&les ( teakettles1 knobs on cov]s = saucepans1 etc41 are ( wood4 ,,/uff$ ,,tomatoes #f ripe tomatoes #b cupfuls s(t bread crumbs #a #a_/b teaspoonfuls salt ,da% pepp] #c_/d teaspoonful mix$ h]bs #b tablespoonfuls butt] or sub/itute ,wa% ! tomatoes1 remove a slice f ! tops1 & take out mo/ ( ! se$ portion4 ,add ! season+ to ! bread crumbs1 melt ! fat1 !n add ! season$ bread crumbs to ! fat4 ,fill ! tomatoes ) ! prep>$ crumbs1 place !m 9 an oil$ bak+-pan1 & bake sl[ly 7ab\t #bj m9utes7 until ! tomatoes are s(t b n brok51 & ! crumbs br[n4 ,te/ ! tomatoes ) a knitt+ ne$le or skew] 7see ,figure #a7 r ?an ) a =k4 ,= mix$ h]bs use equal p>ts ( m>joram1 savory1 & ?yme4 ,s(t bread crumbs are prep>$ f /ale bread1 i4e4 bread t has be5 out ( ! ov5 = at lea/ tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,vegetables1 su* z corn & cann$ peas1 may be us$ in/ead ( bread crumbs to /uff tomatoes4 ,use salt1 pepp]1 & butt] ) ^! vegetables4 ,use a granite1 glass1 or e>!nw>e ut5sil = cook+ tomatoes4 7,see ,sugge/ions = ,cook+ ,fruits47 ,,scallop$ ,,tomatoes ,footnote #c3 ,,note ,,to ,,! ,,tea*]4--,recipes = bo? fre% & cann$ vegetables are giv5 s t a selection dep5d+ ^u ! season c be made4 #a c or #a qu>t tomatoes #a tablespoonful salt ,da% pepp] #c cupfuls bread crumbs #c tablespoonfuls butt] or sub/itute ,if fre% tomatoes are us$1 plunge !m into boil+ wat]1 !n dra9 & peel & cut into pieces4 ,mix ! salt & pepp] ) ! tomatoes & p\r into a butt]$ bak+- di%4 ,cov] ) butt]$ crumbs 7see ,/uff$ ,tomatoes7 & bake at #djj degrees ,f41 #cj to #dj m9utes4 ,cov] dur+ fir/ "p ( bak+ to prev5t ! crumbs f br[n+ too rapidly4 ,s]ve hot4 ,a scallop$ di% %\ld be s]v$ f ! di% 9 :i* x is bak$4 ,gre5 tomatoes may be scallop$ 9 ! same mann] z ripe tomatoes4 ,s(t or dri$ bread crumbs may be us$ 9 scallop+ tomatoes4 ,use only #a cupful ( ! dri$ crumbs4 ,,to ,,grease ,,or ,,oil ,a ,,pan ,,or ,,bak+-,,di%4--,heat slightly ! pan or di% to be oil$4 ,put a bit ( fat on a small piece ( clean pap]4 ,!n rub ! heat$ pan or di% ) ! pap]4 ,?is is a mo/ satisfactory me?od because little fat is requir$ & ! ut5sils us$ = oil+ d n h to be clean$4 ,(t5 a spoon or cup t has conta9$ fat may be wip$ ) a piece ( pap] & ! latt] us$ = greas+ a pan4 ,x is well = a h\sekeep] to h a boxful ( pieces ( pap] 9 ! kit*5 = ?is purpose4 ,"s au?orities consid] a pa/ry bru% a satisfactory means ( apply+ melt$ butt] = oil+4 ,mu* fat1 h[ev]1 cl+s to ! bri/les ( ! bru% & ! bru% ne$s frequ5t & c>eful clean+4 ,butt]1 oleom>g>9e1 l>d1 vegetable fats1 or oils may be us$ = oil+ pans or bak+-di%es4 ,,que/ions ,9 /uff$ tomatoes1 note t ! season+s are add$ to ! crumbs be=e !y are butt]$4 ,:y8 ,:y te/ ! tomatoes ) a knitt+ ne$le or skew] r ?an ) a =k8 ,:at k9d ( bak+-pan--t91 granite1 or e>!nw>e--is be/ to use = ,/uff$ or ,scallop$ ,tomatoes8 ,:y8 7,see ,sugge/ions = ,cook+ ,fruits1 p4#fe7 ,are tomatoes sold by weight or by measure1 i4e4 by ! p\nd or peck8 ,:at is ! price ( tomatoes p] p\nd or peck8 ,h[ _m slices ( bread are requir$ to make #b cupfuls ( crumbs8 ,h[ _m slices 9 "o loaf ( bread8 ,,lesson ,,iii ,,fuels ,,& ,,combu/ion--,,saut$ ,,& ,,bak$ ,,squa% ,,fuel4--,9 ord] to cook foods1 heat 9 "s =m mu/ be appli$4 ,?is heat is obta9$ usually by burn+ "s sub/ance4 ,?us ! fir/ requisite = obta9+ heat is some?+ to burn1 i4e4 a fuel4 ,! fuels commonly us$ 9 h\seholds are1--wood1 coal1 k]os5e1 & gas4 ,al?\gh electricity is n a fuel1 its use 9 cook+ is s well e/abli%$ t x %\ld be m5tion$ z a s\rce ( heat4 ,,heat2 ,,k9dl+ ,,temp]ature4--,!re are fuel sub/ances ev]y:]e1--pap]1 clo?1 wood1 etc4 ,^! mat]ials d n burn unless heat$2 ev5 gas does n burn by simply turn+ on ! /opcock4 ,b if a piece ( pap] is plac$ 9 contact ) gl[+ iron1 ! pap] burns4 ,x burns because x is heat$4 ,if ! blaz+ pap] is plac$ 9 contact ) k9dl+ wood & coal1 ! k9dl+ wood soon beg9s to burn because x is heat$ by ! burn+ pap]4 ,! coal burns :5 x is heat$ by ! burn+ wood4 ,all fuels mu/ be heat$ be=e !y w burn4 ,:5 "o ?9ks ( ! ease ) :i* pap] cat*es fire & ( ! difficulty ( mak+ h>d coal burn1 x becomes evid5t t "s sub/ances require only a small am\nt ( heat be=e !y w burn1 :ile o!rs require mu* heat4 ,diff]5t mat]ials1 !n1 require diff]5t degrees ( heat to burn4 ,! phosphorus & o!r sub/ances on ! tip ( a mat* ignite readily4 ,! heat t is develop$ by rubb+ ! tip ov] "s surface is suffici5t to make ! phosphorus burn4 ,! burn+ phosphorus & o!r sub/ances heat ! mat* /ick to ! temp]ature at :i* x beg9s to burn2 ! burn+ mat* /ick appli$ to pap] heats ! latt] to ! temp]ature at :i* x burns4 ,! temp]ature to :i* a sub/ance mu/ be heat$ 9 ord] to burn & cont9ue to burn is call$ ! k9dl+ temp]ature ( t sub/ance4 ,,draft2 ,,oxyg54-- ,,exp]im5t #c3 ,,lack ,,( ,,draft4--7a7 ,place a %ort c&le on a pan4 ,light ! c&le & put a tall sl5d] lamp *imney ov] x4 ,does ! c&le cont9ue to burn8 ,:y8 7b7 ,aga9 light ! c&le & replace ! *imney1 b ?is "t support x on two /icks ( wood or on ! h&les ( a knife & =k s t x w n re/ directly on ! pan4 ,place a sauc] or a piece ( c>dbo>d ov] ! top ( ! *imney4 ,does ! c&le cont9ue to burn8 ,:y8 ,,exp]im5t #d3 ,,pres5ce ,,( ,,draft4--,remove ! cov] f ! top ( ! *imney1 & aga9 light ! c&le4 ,does x cont9ue to burn8 ,:at sub/ance necess>y = combu/ion is pres5t 9 ! *imney8 ,expla9 :y ! c&le soon w5t out 9 ,exp]im5t #c1 b cont9u$ to burn 9 ?is exp]im5t4 ,if a blanket is ?r[n ^u a burn+ /ick ( wood1 ! wood soon ceases to burn4 ,! wood /ops burn+ because ! oxyg5 ( ! air is exclud$ f x4 ,! act ( burn+1 i4e4 combu/ion1 is ! union ( any sub/ance ) oxyg51 ) ! result t heat & light are produc$4 ,we h le>n$ t a fuel _c unite ) oxyg5 until heat$ to a c]ta9 temp]ature4 ,&1 no matt] h[ hot x is1 ! fuel w n burn unless x unites ) oxyg54 ,oxyg51 !n1 is ! ?ird requisite = combu/ion4 ,! necessity = a draft1 i4e4 a cont9u\s supply ( fre% air :i* furni%es oxyg51 is %[n by ,exp]im5ts #c & #d4 ,,saut$ ,footnote #d3 ,to saute is to br[n 9 a small quantity ( fat4 ,,summ] ,,squa% ,footnote #e3 ,see footnote #c4 ,wa% summ] squa%4 ,cut x 9 slices #c_/d in* ?ick4 7,d n remove ! sk9 or ! se$s47 ,dip ea* slice 9 fl\r4 ,9 a fry+ pan put "s fat & heat x4 ,add ! squa% & cook ea* slice on bo? sides until gold5 br[n 9 color4 ,spr9kle ) salt & pepp]4 ,!n place a cov] ov] ! fry+ pan & cont9ue to cook ! squa% until x is t5d]4 ,s]ve at once4 ,,bak$ ,,w9t] ,,squa% ,footnote #f3 ,see ,note to ,tea*]1 ,footnote #c ,wa% a squa% & cut or split x into pieces ( suitable size = s]v+4 ,remove ! se$s f ea* piece & make sev]al ga%es 7at "r angles to "o ano!r7 cutt+ ?r\gh ! pulp d[n to ! %ell4 ,place ! pieces 7%ell d[n7 on ! grat+ 9 ! ov5 & bake 7at mod]ate temp]ature7 until ! pulp is t5d]4 ,s]ve hot1 ) butt]1 salt1 & pepp]4 ,,que/ions ,"n ! ?ree requisites = combu/ion4 ,:i* has ! high] k9dl+ temp]ature1 wood or coal8 ,expla9 y\r answ]4 ,:at is ! price ( summ] & ( w9t] squa%8 ,h[ mu* ( ea* k9d ( squa% is requir$ to s]ve #f p]sons8 ,,lesson ,,iv ,,coal ,,ranges ,footnote #g3 ,,note ,,to ,,! ,,tea*]4--,! pr9ciples ( build+ a coal fire & ( regulat+ damp]s may be appli$ to furnaces & heat+ /oves z well z to kit*5 ranges4 ,9 case !re are no cook+ or heat+ /oves or furnaces 9 :i* coal is burn$ 9 ! homes ( ! pupils1 ?is lesson may be omitt$--,,corn ,,di%es ,,exam9ation ,,( ,a ,,coal ,,range4--,remove ! lids f ! coal range4 ,note ! location ( ! fire box4 ,:at is its purpose8 ,h[ is ! floor ( ! fire box con/ruct$8 ,:]e is ! *eck damp]8 ,:at is its purpose8 ,:]e is ! a% pan8 ,:]e is ! front damp]8 ,:at is its purpose8 ,note ! place :]e ! /ovepipe jo9s ! range4 ,:at is ! purpose ( ! /ovepipe8 ,note ! damp] 9 ! /ovepipe4 ,:at is its purpose8 ,note ! location ( ! ov54 ,by :at is ! ov5 surr\nd$8 ,f9d ! ov5 damp]4 ,op5 x4 ,9 :at direction d ! hot gases pass out :5 ! ov5 damp] is op58 ,:at "p ( ! range is heat$ :5 ! ov5 damp] is op58 ,an op5 damp] p]mits a direct draft to pass ?r\gh ! range 7see ,figure #aj74 ,close ! ov5 damp]4 ,trace ! direction ( ! hot gases :5 ! damp] is clos$4 ,:at p>ts ( ! range are heat$ :5 ! ov5 damp] is clos$8 ,a clos$ ov5 damp] p]mits an indirect draft to pass ?r\gh ! range 7see ,figure #aa74 ,h[ %\ld ! front1 ov51 *eck1 & *imney damp]s be arrang$ :5 ! fire is k9dl$8 ,,products ,,( ,,combu/ion4--,:at is f\nd deposit$ on ! inside ( ! /ovepipe ( a coal range8 ,to :at is ! upp] end ( ! /ovepipe jo9$8 ,:at does "o (t5 see com+ f ! top ( a *imney8 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #aj4--;,,coal ,,range ,,%[+ ,,c\rse ,,( ,,direct ,,draft4 ,9 ! previ\s lesson x 0 f\nd t :5 a mat]ial burn$1 x unit$ ) oxyg54 ,x is a matt] ( common obs]vation t :5 all solid fuels--coal1 wood1 pap]--burn1 !y decrease 9 size1 & t fuel gas is consum$4 ,app>5tly only a few a%es rema9 :5 solid fuels h be5 burn$1 & only a disagreeable odor rema9s :5 gas has be5 burn$4 ,yet soot is deposit$ 9 ! /ovepipe & smoke issues f ! *imney4 ,bo? solid & gase\s mat]ials1 su* z a%es1 soot1 & smoke1 are =m$ :5 fuels burn4 ,su* mat]ials are call$ products ( combu/ion4 ,,fire ,,build+ ,,9 ,a ,,coal ,,range4--,x is necess>y to h ! fire box1 a% pan1 & o!r p>ts ( ! /ove clean be=e build+ a fire4 ,aft] clean+1 place a g5]\s lay] ( loosely crumpl$ pap] ov] ! bottom ( ! fire box1 !n ab\t f\r lay]s ( k9dl+ wood1 plac$ s t !re are air passages betwe5 ! pieces1 & on top ( ! wood put two %ovelfuls ( coal4 ,regulate ! damp]s = a direct draft1 replace ! /ove-lids1 & bru% ! surface ( ! /ove4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #aa4--;,,coal ,,range ,,%[+ ,,c\rse ,,( ,,indirect ,,draft4 ,be=e light+ ! fuels1 poli% ! range 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,to ! nickel ( ! /ove apply :it+ & ammonia or any satisfactory metal cleans]4 ,to ! iron ( ! /ove apply oil r ?an black+4 ,light p>aff9 oil may be us$ = ?is purpose4 ,apply ! oil ) cotton wa/e1 or a s(t clo?4 7,c>e %\ld be tak5 n to apply an excess ( oil47 ,poli% ) s(t cotton or wool5 clo?4 ,"o %\ld rememb]1 h[ev]1 t oil mu/ be us$ ) caution4 ,x %\ld nev] be appli$ to a /ove conta9+ burn+ fuels4 ,if ! /ove clo?1 saturat$ ) oil1 is n de/roy$ aft] us+1 x is well to keep x 9 a cov]$ t9 c or /one j>4 ,aft] poli%+ ! /ove1 light ! fuels4 ,:5 ! wood is r$uc$ to gl[+ emb]s & ! coal is burn+1 add m coal4 ,if ?is burns well1 *ange ! damp]s to make an indirect draft4 ,,gre5 ,,corn ,9 select+ corn = cook+1 *oose ^? e>s t are fill$ ) well-develop$ k]nels1 f :i* milky juice fl[s :5 press$ ) ! ?umb4 ,cook z soon z possible aft] ga!r+4 ,to boil gre5 corn remove silk & husk f ! corn1 place ! e>s 9 boil+ wat]4 ,cook ! corn until no juice fl[s f ! k]nels :5 press$ 7usually f #ab to #bj m9utes74 ,s]ve :ole on a platt]4 ,! platt] may be cov]$ ) a fold$ napk94 ,to bake gre5 corn select #ab e>s4 ,remove ! corn f ! cob z foll[s3 ,cut ?r\gh ! c5t] ( ea* r[ ( gra9s1 slice (f ! tops ( ! k]nels1 & !n scrape ! pulp ?or\ghly f ! cob4 ,put 9 a bak+-di%1 add3 #c_/d cupful milk #a tablespoonful butt] or sub/itute #b teaspoonfuls salt ,pepp] ,bake 9 a mod]ate ov5 = ab\t #de m9utes4 ,s]ve hot4 ,gre5 corn :i* has be5 cut f ! cob may also be cook$ on top ( ! range4 ,to ! corn cut f #ab e>s1 add ! same +r$i5ts1 us+ less milk4 ,cook at simm]+ temp]ature until t5d]4 ,,scallop$ ,,corn #a c corn #b_/c cupful milk #a #a_/d teaspoonfuls salt ,da% pepp] #b tablespoonfuls butt] or sub/itute #b cupfuls s(t bread crumbs ,mix ! corn1 milk1 & season+s4 ,mix ! crumbs & fat1 & place "o f\r? ( !m 9 ! bottom ( a butt]$ bak+-di%1 add "o half ( ! corn mixture1 !n ano!r f\r? ( ! crumbs1 ! rema9d] ( ! corn mixture1 & f9ally ! rema9d] ( ! butt]$ crumbs4 ,bake at #djj degrees ,f41 = #de m9utes4 ,,que/ions ,expla9 :y x is necess>y to h ! fire box1 a% pan1 & o!r p>ts ( a coal range clean be=e build+ a fire4 ,if bo? h>d & s(t woods are us$ 9 build+ a fire1 :i* %\ld be plac$ next to ! pap]8 ,expla9 y\r answ]4 ,:at is ! advantage 9 us+ oil r ?an black+ 9 clean+ a range8 ,expla9 :y a /ove clo?1 saturat$ ) oil1 %\ld be kept 9 a cov]$ t9 c or /one j>4 ,comp>e ! me?od ( mix+ ! crumbs 9 ,scallop$ ,tomatoes & 9 ,scallop$ ,corn4 ,:i* conta9s ! m moi/ure1--corn or tomatoes8 ,f ?is expla9 ! diff]5ce 9 mix+4 ,:at is ! price ( #ab e>s ( gre5 corn or ( #a c ( corn8 ,,lesson ,v ,,gas ,,ranges--,,scallop$ ,,fruit ,,exam9ation ,,( ,a ,,gas ,,burn]4--,inspect a gas burn] & f9d ! foll[+ p>ts3 7a7 ,supply pipe4 7b7 ,/opcock4 7c7 ,burn]4 7d7 ,mix] 7see ,figure #ab74 ,to light a gas burn]1 obs]ve ! foll[+ directions1 & 9 ! ord] nam$3 7a7 ,/rike ! mat*4 7b7 ,turn ! /opcock4 7c7 ,apply ! mat* to ! op5 burn]4 7d7 ,if necess>y1 regulate ! /opcock & mix]1 s t ! flame is blue 9 color4 ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ( ,cl>k ,/ove ,co ,,figure #ab4--;,,gas ,,burn] ,,%[+ ,,mix] ,,exp]im5t #f3 ,,! ,,regulation ,,& ,,purpose ,,( ,a ,,gas ,,mix]4--,light a gas burn] & !n completely close ! mix] ( ! burn]4 ,if ! mix] is /ation>y1 x may be clos$ by wrapp+ a piece ( pap] ab\t x4 ,:at is ! color ( ! flame8 ,n[ op5 ! mix]4 ,:at is ! color ( ! flame8 ,:at sub/ance has be5 mix$ ) ! gas by op5+ ! burn]8 ,:at is ! purpose ( ! mix]8 ,,exam9ation ,,( ,a ,,gas ,,range4--,inspect a gas range & f9d ! foll[+ p>ts3 7a7 ,top burn]s--regul>1 giant & simm]+ 7see ,figure #ac74 7b7 ,/opcocks ( top burn]s4 7c7 ,ov5 burn]s4 7d7 ,/opcocks ( ov5 burn]s4 7e7 ,pilot 7if !re is "o74 7f7 ,bak+ ov54 7g7 ,broil+ ov54 7h7 ,w>m+ ov5 & its burn] 7if !re is "o74 7i7 ,supply pipe4 7j7 ,/ovepipe4 ,! me?od ( light+ ov5 burn]s v>ies 9 diff]5t ranges1 & = ?is reason x is impossible to give directions = light+ :i* w apply to all ov5 burn]s4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "o important direction t %\ld always be borne 9 m9d4 ,always op5 ! ov5 door be=e light+ ! ov5 burn]s4 ,if su* caution is n obs]v$1 ! gas may escape into ! ov5 & cause an explosion4 ,9 case !re is a pilot- light]1 op5 ! ov5 door & see t ! ov5 burn]s are turn$ (f be=e light+ ! pilot4 ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ( ,cl>k ,/ove ,co ,,figure #ac--;,,gas ,,burn]s ,a1 giant1 ,b1 regul>1 ,c1 simm]+ ,,adju/+ ,a ,,gas ,,burn]4--,! products ( combu/ion ( fuel gas t mo/ int]e/ ! h\sekeep] are c>bon & c>bon dioxide4 ,c>bon dioxide is n a poison\s gas1 b x does n support animal life4 ,air conta9+ mu* c>bon dioxide does n conta9 en\gh oxyg5 = p]fect respiration1 h5ce ! ne$ ( an outlet = ! products ( combu/ion ( a gas /ove2 good flue con/ruction is q z necess>y = a gas range z = a coal range 7see ,figure #ad74 ,:5 gas burns ) a yell[ flame1 x deposits soot on cook+ ut5sils & does n give z mu* heat z x %\ld4 ,?is is caus$ by incomplete combu/ion4 ,moreov]1 c>bon monoxide1 :i* is pres5t 9 "s gas1 may escape )\t burn+4 ,?is is an exce$+ly poison\s gas & :5 inhal$ ev5 9 small quantities may cause s]i\s effects4 ,h5ce x is specially necess>y = a h\sewife to see t ! gas burn] is clean1 well regulat$1 & prop]ly con/ruct$1 s t suffici5t air c mix ) ! gas to produce a blue flame4 ,,cons]v+ ,,gas4--,accord+ to au?oritative in=mation1 ,footnote #h3 ,unit$ ,/ates ,fuel ,adm9i/ration ,bullet91 ,use & ,cons]vation ( ,natural ,gas ! dem&s = natural gas are n[ great] ?an ! available supply4 ,food & trees c be gr[n4 ,wat] supplies are con/antly repl5i%$ by nature1 b !re is no reg5]ation 9 natural gas4 ,x is ?\ght t natural gas =ms s sl[ly t millions ( ye>s w be requir$ to make ! pres5t conc5trat$ supply4 ,z f> z we are conc]n$1 :5 ! pres5t supply is us$ up1 x is gone =ev]4 ,s9ce natural gas is a mo/ effici5t fuel1 e h\sekeep] & h\sehold] %\ld feel obligat$ to wa/e none ( x4 ,sugge/ions = cons]v+ gas foll[3 7#a7 ,see t ! mix] is prop]ly adju/$ s t ! flame is light blue 9 color4 7#b7 ,9 select+ a gas /ove1 see t ! burn] is s locat$ t ! cook+ surface is ! correct di/ance above ! burn]4 ,! tip ( ! flame %\ld t\* ! bottom ( ! ut5sil4 ,if x is necess>y to h a long flame 9 ord] to br+ ?is ab\t1 !re is consid]able wa/e ( gas4 7#c7 ,if ! flame is long1 ! gas pressure is great] ?an necess>y4 ,regulate ! gas pressure by adju/+ ! valve 9 ! supply pipe4 ,a %ort flame w save gas & produce satisfactory results1 provid$ ! cook+ surface is ! prop] di/ance above ! burn]4 7#d7 ,aft] ! cont5ts ( a cook+ ut5sil boils1 turn ! gas cock s t only g5tle boil+ takes place4 ,a food becomes no hott] 9 rapidly boil+ ?an 9 g5tly boil+ wat]4 7#e7 ,:5 possible1 use ! simm]+ burn] r ?an ! regul> or giant burn]4 7#f7 ,let ! flame t\* only ! bottom ( ! cook+ ut5sil4 ,!re is a wa/age ( gas :5 ! flame /reams lip ! sides ( ! cook+ ut5sil4 7#g7 ,turn (f ! gas imm$iately :5 fuel is n ne$$4 ,mat*es are *eap] ?an fuel gas4 ,,c>e ,,( ,,! ,,gas ,,range4--,daily ,c>e4--,if any sub/ance on ! /ove _c be remov$ easily1 loos5 x ) a knife1 & !n wipe ! /ove ) a newspap]4 ,clean ! /ove ) wa/e or a clo? hav+ a little light p>aff9 oil on x4 ,poli% ) s(t cotton or flannel clo?4 ,remove ! tray t is b5ea? ! top burn]s1 & wa%4 ,weekly ,c>e4--,wa% ! inside ( ! ov5 & ! movable tray ) wat] to :i* wa%+ soda solution has be5 add$4 ,x is well to light ! ov5 burn] to dry ! /ove aft] wa%+ ! ov5s4 ,poli% ! nickel1 if necess>y4 ,clean ! /ove ) oil z direct$ = a coal range4 7,s9ce oils ignite mo/ readily1 c>e %\ld be tak5 n to apply ! oil :5 ! /ove is light$67 ,wipe ! burn] ) ! oil4 ,clean ! small holes ( ! burn]s by us+ a knitt+ ne$le or wire kept = ?is purpose2 or1 if ! op5+s 9 ! burn]s are slots1 use a knife to clean !m4 ,,scallop$ ,,apples #b cupfuls s(t bread crumbs #b tablespoonfuls butt] or sub/itute #c cupfuls apples #a_/b cupful sug> #a_/d teaspoonful c9namon #a_/b teaspoonful nutmeg #a_/b lemon1--juice & grat$ r9d #a_/d cupful wat] ,mix ! bread crumbs ) ! fat z direct$ = ,/uff$ ,tomatoes4 ,*op or cut ! apples 9 small pieces1 & add ! rema9+ +r$i5ts to ! apples4 ,arrange ! crumbs & apple mixture 9 a bak+ di% z direct$ = ,scallop$ ,corn4 ,bake #dj to #fj m9utes 7until ! apples are t5d] & ! crumbs br[n71 9 a mod]ate ov54 ,cov] dur+ fir/ #bj m9utes ( bak+4 ,s]ve hot ) sug> & cream or ,h>d ,sauce4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 9 grat+ lemon r9d4 ,only ! ?9 yell[ portion %\ld be us$ z flavor+4 ,,h>d ,,sauce #a cupful butt] #a cupful p[d]$ sug> #a teaspoonful vanilla ,cream ! butt]1 add ! sug> gradually1 !n ! flavor+4 ,*ill & s]ve ov] hot pudd+s4 ,,scallop$ ,,bananas ,9 ! ,scallop$ ,apple recipe sub/itute bananas = apples1 omit ! wat]1 & use #a_/b teaspoonful ( c9namon & #a_/h teaspoonful ( cloves = ! spices4 ,bake until ! bananas are heat$ ?r\gh & ! crumbs br[n$4 7,x w take ab\t #ae m9utes47 ,s]ve z ,scallop$ ,apples4 ,,que/ions ,expla9 fully :y ! ov5 door ( a gas range %\ld be op5$ :ile ! ov5 burn]s are be+ light$4 ,if a gas /ove has no pipe = wa/e products1 :at special caution mu/ be obs]v$ 9 v5tilat+ ! kit*58 ,:at are "s ( ! advantages ( a gas range ov] a coal range8 ,:at disadvantage o!r ?an gas wa/age is !re :5 a flame /reams up ! sides ( a cook+ ut5sil8 ,:at causes p>$ apples to become discolor$8 ,give ! ord] ( prep>ation ( +r$i5ts = ,scallop$ ,apples s t discoloration ( ! apples w be avoid$4 ,h[ _m m$ium-siz$ apples are requir$ to make ?ree cupfuls ( *opp$ apples8 ,:at is ! purpose ( cov]+ ! ,scallop$ ,apples dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! "t = bak+8 ,:at is ! effect ( ! air on peel$ bananas8 ,give ! ord] ( prep>ation ( +r$i5ts = ,scallop$ ,bananas4 ,:y %\ld ! banana mixture be bak$ a %ort] "t ?an ! apple mixture8 ,:at is ! effect ( too long bak+ on bananas8 ,:at is ! mo/ practical me?od ( clean+ a grat]8 ,:y %\ld n ! di%-clo? be us$ 9 clean+ x8 ,,lesson ,,vi ,,/oves ,,& ,,heat+ ,,devices--,,/uff$ ,,pepp]s1 ,,butt]scot* ,,apples ,,k]os5e ,,/oves4 ,footnote #i3 ,,note ,,to ,,! ,,tea*]4--,9 case no k]os5e1 gasol9e1 or electric /oves are us$ 9 ! homes ( ! pupils1 ! portion ( ! lesson reg>d+ ^! /oves may be omitt$4--,:]e gas is n available = cook+1 k]os5e may s]ve z a fuel4 ,9 case a h\se is equipp$ ) a coal range1 a k]os5e /ove may also be desirable = use 9 summ] "t4 ,!re are two types ( k]os5e /oves1 viz41 wick & wickless /oves4 ,! burn]s ( ! =m] type are suppli$ ) cotton wicks :i* become saturat$ ) k]os5e4 ,:5 a mat* is appli$ to ! wick1 ! k]os5e on x vaporizes & ! vapor burns4 ,! burn+ k]os5e vapor vaporizes m k]os5e & ?us ! burn+ cont9ues4 ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ( ,detroit ,vapor ,/ove ,co ,,figure #ae4-- ,,cross-,,section ,,( ,,wickless ,,k]os5e ,,/ove4 ,9 "o type ( wickless /ove x is necess>y to heat ! burn] s t ! k]os5e w vaporize :5 x comes 9 contact ) x 7see ,figure #ae74 ,su* a burn] may be heat$ by p\r+ a small quantity ( gasol9e into x4 ,a light] is !n appli$ to ! burn]4 ,:5 ! latt] is suffici5tly heat$1 ! k]os5e is turn$ on4 ,! k]os5e !n vaporizes z x fl[s into ! hot burn] & burns4 ,9 o!r types ( s-call$ wickless /oves1 ! burn]s are equipp$ ) asbe/os or o!r incombu/ible mat]ial4 ,?is mat]ial becomes saturat$ ) k]os5e & c>ries ! fuel to ! tip ( ! burn] some:at z does a clo? wick4 ,x is especially necess>y to keep k]os5e burn]s clean4 ,bits ( c>bon collect 9 !m & prev5t p]fect combu/ion4 ,?is results 9 smoke or soot issu+ f ! burn]4 ,x is well to keep ! burn]s & wicks free f *>r$ mat]ial1 & to r5ew ! latt] :5 !y become %ort4 ,mo/ k]os5e /oves are equipp$ ) removable conta9]s = ! fuel4 ,^! %\ld be kept fill$ ) suffici5t k]os5e = burn+4 ,a wick burn] %\ld nev] be all[$ to burn aft] all ! k]os5e 9 ! conta9] is exhau/$4 ,,gasol9e ,,/oves ,footnote #aj3 ,see note to ! tea*]1 ,footnote #i4-- ,s9ce gasol9e is a mu* m readily inflammable fuel ?an k]os5e1 x requires a diff]5t type ( burn] & /ove4 ,z a usual ?+ gasol9e _c be burn$ 9 k]os5e /oves nor k]os5e 9 gasol9e /oves4 7,9 ! /ove %[n 9 ,figure #ae1 h[ev]1 ei!r fuel may be burn$47 ,:5 gasol9e is us$ 9 a /ove1 x is necess>y to vaporize ! gasol9e be=e light+ ! burn]4 ,?is is accompli%$ 9 mo/ /oves by lett+ ! gasol9e fl[ into a cup situat$ und]nea? ! burn]1 turn+ (f ! supply ( gasol9e1 & !n apply+ a mat* to ! cup4 ,by ! "t ! gasol9e is burn$ ! burn] is heat$4 ,!n ! /opcock is turn$ on1 a mat* appli$ to ! burn]1 & ! gasol9e vaporizes & burns4 ,gasol9e burn]s1 l ^? 9 :i* k]os5e is burn$1 %\ld be kept clean4 ,:5 a mixture ( gasol9e vapor & air is heat$1 an explosion may result4 ,x is = ?is reason t ! tank or gasol9e conta9] ( a /ove %\ld nev] be fill$ :ile ! burn]s ( ! /ove are light$ or ev5 hot4 ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ( ,we/+h\se ,electric & ,manufactur+ ,co ,,figure #af4--;,,electric ,,range4 ,,electric ,,/oves4 ,footnote #aa3 ,see note to ! tea*]1 ,footnote #i4--;,x 0 m5tion$ previ\sly t electricity is n a fuel4 ,h5ce electric /oves are n provid$ ) burn]s4 ,!y h heat]s :i* conta9 coils ( wires ?r\gh :i* an electric curr5t passes4 ,electricity is ! cleane/ s\rce ( heat = cook+4 ,b 9 ord] to op]ate an electric /ove economically1 x is necess>y to utilize ! curr5t requir$ = a heat+ elem5t to its greate/ ext5t4 ,= example1 if ! curr5t is turn$ on to heat ! ov5 z _m foods z possible %\ld be cook$ 9 ! ov5 7see ,figure #af74 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #ag4--,,pressure ,,cook]4 ,,devices ,,& ,,ut5sils ,,= ,,sav+ ,,fuel4--,! pressure cook] 7see ,figure #ag7 9 :i* a temp]ature high] ?an t ( boil+ wat] is ma9ta9$ is a great sav] ( fuel4 ,a food c be cook$ 9 f "o ?ird to "o f\r? ! usual l5g? ( "t 9 "o ( ^! devices4 ,moreov]1 pressure cook]s are especially valuable = high altitude cook+1 :]e wat] boils at a temp]ature l[] ?an at sea level4 ,! /eam cook] 7see ,figure #ah7 is a fuel sav]1 :5 sev]al foods are cook$ at "o "t 9 x4 ,suffici5t fuel = only "o burn] is requir$ to op]ate x4 ,! s-call$ clov] leaf pans or ut5sils ( su* %ape t two or ?ree c be plac$ ov] "o burn] or heat] save mu* fuel or curr5t 7see ,figures #af & #bg474 ,! fireless cook]s describ$ 9 ,lesson ,,xxii are practical fuel & heat sav]s4 ,,/uff$ ,,pepp]s ,footnote #ab3 ,a *oice ( ei!r ,/uff$ ,pepp]s or ,butt]scot* ,apples may be made = ?is lesson4 #f gre5 pepp]s #a cupful cook$ meat1 *opp$ #a tablespoonful scrap$ onion #a teaspoonful salt #b cupfuls s(t bread crumbs #a tablespoonful butt] or sub/itute ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ( ,tol$o ,cook] ,co ,,figure #ah4--,,/eam ,,cook] ,,conta9+ ,,v>i\s ,,foods4 ,cut a slice f ! /em end ( ea* pepp] or cut ea* pepp] l5g?wise 9 halves4 ,remove ! se$s4 ,mix ! *opp$ meat1 onion1 & salt4 ,mix ! bread crumbs & fat z direct$ 9 ,/uff$ ,tomatoes4 ,comb9e ! +r$i5ts & /uff ! pepp]s ) ! mixture4 ,place ! pepp]s 9 a bak+-di% or pan1 & p\r en\gh boil+ wat] into ! di% or pan to cov] ! bottom ( x4 ,bake 9 a mod]ate ov5 7#cge degrees ,f47 = #cj to #de m9utes or until ! pepp]s are t5d]4 ,s]ve hot 9 place ( meat4 ,if desir$1 #a_/d cupful fre% or cann$ tomatoes may be add$ to ! /uff+ mixture4 ,cook$ rice may be sub/itut$ = ! bread crumbs4 ,a mixture ( cook$ rice & *eese sauce 7see p #hg7 also makes a ta/y /uff+ = pepp]s4 ,if a slice is cut f ! top ( ! pepp]1 x may be us$ z a lid to cov] ! pepp] aft] /uff+4 ,,butt]scot* ,,apples ,footnote #ac3 ,see footnote #ab4 #e apples #b_/c cupful br[n sug> #a_/b cupful wat] #c_/d cupful milk #a_/b tablespoonful corn-/>* #a_/h teaspoonful salt #a_/b to #a tablespoonful butt] #a_/b teaspoonful vanilla ,wa% ! apples1 & cut !m into qu>t]s1 p>e & core !m4 ,into a saucepan put ! sug> & wat]1 & heat4 ,:5 ! sirup boils1 add ! apples4 ,cov] & boil g5tly until ! apples are t5d]4 ,remove ! apples f ! sirup ) a skimm] or a wire egg beat]1 plac+ ! fruit 9 %]bet glasses or o!r suitable di%es = s]v+4 ,9 ano!r pan1 mix ! milk & corn-/>* ?or\ghly4 ,/ir & cook until ! mixture rea*es ! boil+ po9t1 !n add x to ! sirup 9 :i* ! apples 7 cook$4 ,boil = a few m9utes4 ,add ! salt1 butt]1 & vanilla4 ,/ir ^! into ! mixture1 !n p\r ! sauce ov] ! apples4 ,s]ve ,butt]scot* ,apples hot or cold = a dess]t4 ,,que/ions ,/ate at lea/ two reasons :y gas1 k]os5e1 & gasol9e are m popul> fuels 9 summ] "t ?an coal4 ,m5tion a possible cause = smoke issu+ f a k]os5e burn]4 ,:y %\ld a wick burn] nev] be all[$ to burn aft] all ! k]os5e 9 ! conta9] is exhau/$8 ,c>efully expla9 :y ! tank ( a gasol9e /ove %\ld nev] be fill$ :ile ! /ove is light$ or hot4 ,:y are electric /oves n provid$ ) burn]s8 ,:y is a pressure cook] reg>d$ z a fuel sav]8 ,h[ %\ld a /eam cook] be us$ 9 ord] to save fuel8 ,expla9 h[ x is possible to save fuel by us+ clov] leaf pans4 ,note t no gr\nd pepp] is add$ to ! /uff+ = pepp]s ,give ! reason = ?is4 ,:at is ! purpose ( p\r+ boil+ wat] 9 ! di% or pan 9 :i* pepp]s are bak$8 ,did ! sirup 9 :i* ! apples 7 plac$ completely cov] ! fruit8 ,f ?is expla9 :y x is advisable to cov] ! apples dur+ ! cook+4 ,,note ,,to ,,! ,,tea*]4--,if ! c\rse 9 food /udy is begun 9 ! fall1 :5 fruits are 9 season1 ! lessons ( ,division ,sev5te5--,! ,pres]vation ( ,food--may foll[ ?is lesson4 ,! plan ( cann+ fruit 9 ! autumn is desirable1 especially if ! c\rse 9 foods cov]s b "o ye>4 ,if m ?an "o ye> is devot$ to food /udy1 ! tea*] may f9d x m satisfactory to c fruits 9 ! autumn ( ! second ye>1 or at ! close ( ! spr+ seme/] ( ! fir/ ye>4 ,! pupils at ^! times w h become m skilful1 s t ! cann+ ( foods c be accompli%$ ) great] satisfaction4 ,! high co/ ( fruits & sug> make x imp]ative t z little spoilage z possible result f food pres]vation4 7,also see ! note at ! end ( lesson ,,xiii47 ,,division ,,two ,,body-,,regulat+ ,,food3 ,,wat] ,,lesson ,,vii ,,wat] ,,& ,,bev]ages 7,a7 ,,exp]im5t #f3 ,,! ,,dissolv+ ,,p[] ,,( ,,wat]4--,put #a_/b teaspoonful ( salt 9 a te/ tube1 half fill x ) wat]4 ,cov] ! m\? ( ! te/ tube ) ! ?umb1 !n %ake ! tube4 ,d ! cont5ts become cle>8 ,set ! tube aside = a few m9utes4 ,does ! salt sep>ate f ! wat]8 ,:5 a solid sub/ance1 by mix+ ) wat]1 disappe>s 9 ! wat] & does n sep>ate on /&+1 ! solid sub/ance is dissolv$4 ,! salt 0 !re=e dissolv$ 9 cold wat]1 or x may be said t salt is soluble 9 cold wat]1 or t wat] is a solv5t ( salt4 ,,solution ,,& ,,dige/ion4--,! *ange ( foods 9 ! body f insoluble to a soluble =m is "o /ep 9 dige/ion4 ,foods are dissolv$ 9 ! dige/ive juices ( ! m\?1 /oma*1 & inte/9es4 ,"s foods su* z salt & c]ta9 sug>s are readily dissolv$4 ,o!r foods h to und]go *anges be=e !y w dissolve4 ,corn-/>*1 = example1 does n dissolve 9 cold wat]4 ,x mu/ be *ang$ into sug> 7:i* is easily dissolv$7 9 ! process ( dige/ion4 ,dissolv+ !n is an important /ep 9 ! process ( dige/+4 ,,use ,,( ,,wat] ,,9 ,,! ,,body4--,a p]son might live = a numb] ( weeks )\t eat+ food1 b he c\ld live only a few days )\t dr9k+ wat]4 ,wat] has _m uses 9 ! body4 7a7 ,x is ! greate/ kn[n solv5t4 ,because ( ?is prop]ty1 wat] is extremely important 9 ! processes ( dige/ion4 7,see ,solution & ,dige/ion47 7b7 ,x is a great c>ri]4 ,wat] helps c>ry food mat]ials to all p>ts ( ! body2 & x aids 9 c>ry+ (f ! wa/es ( ! body4 7c7 ,x assi/s 9 regulat+ ! temp]ature ( ! body4 ,because wat] is pres5t 9 blood1 & blood fl[s f ! w>m] int]ior ( ! body to ! cold] ext]ior1 ! wat] aids 9 di/ribut+ ! heat ( ! body4 ,! evaporation ( p]spiration1 :i* is l>gely compos$ ( wat]1 also aids 9 regulat+ body temp]ature4 ,x is ?us readily se5 t wat] is ne$$ to keep ! ma*9]y ( ! body work+ smoo?ly4 ,! uses ( wat] may be summ$ up 9 ! /atem5t3 ,wat] aids 9 regulat+ body processes4 ,,=eign ,,mat]ials ,,9 ,,wat]4--,s9ce wat] is su* a ready solv5t1 x conta9s _m =eign mat]ials4 ,9 pass+ ?r\gh ! air & 9 fl[+ ?r\gh ! gr\nd1 x dissolves _m sub/ances4 ,"s ( ^! sub/ances are h>mless1 :ile "s conta9 disease bact]ia & are dang]\s4 ,well wat] is frequ5tly contam9at$4 ,x is (t5 n safe to use = dr9k+ purposes unless boil$4 ,,exp]im5t #g3 ,,pres5ce ,,( ,,gases ,,9 ,,wat]4--,fill a beak] half full ( wat]1 & note its temp]ature4 ,heat ! wat]1 & obs]ve ! *anges :i* take place4 ,:at appe>s on ! sides & bottom ( ! beak]8 ,:at does wat] conta9 :i* is driv5 (f by heat8 ,,exp]im5t #h3 ,,simm]+ ,,& ,,boil+ ,,( ,,wat]4--,cont9ue to heat ! wat] ( ,exp]im5t #g until ! l>g] bubbles =m & disappe> at ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,note ! temp]ature4 ,cont9ue to heat ! wat] until bubbl+ occurs on ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,note ! temp]ature4 ,:at is indicat$ by ! l>g] bubbles8 ,,heat+ ,,wat]4--,:5 bubbl+ occurs bel[ ! surface1 wat] is simm]+4 ,:5 ! surface is 9 motion & /eam is giv5 (f1 wat] is boil+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #ai--,,sc5e ,,on ,a ,,tea ,,plantation4 ,! loss ( gases makes boil$ wat] ta/e flat or insipid4 ,?is flatness c be ov]come some:at by a]at+ ! wat] aft] boil+1 i4e4 by p\r+ x f "o vessel into ano!r & ?us mix+ air ) x4 ,,tea ,,& ,,its ,,selection4--,tea %rubs gr[ 9 ,india1 ,ceylon1 ,*9a1 & ,japan 7see ,figure #ai74 ,! buds & leaves ( ^! %rubs are cut & dri$ & sold z tea4 ,9 buy+ tea ! size ( ! dri$ leaves %\ld be not$4 ,! smalle/ leaves are ^? :i* h gr[n ne>e/ ! tip ( ! twig & h5ce are ! y\nge/4 ,^! make ! *oice/ tea4 ,! old] & l>g] leaves make tea ( less f9e flavor4 ,fl[]y ,pekoe & ,orange ,pekoe are *oice ,india teas4 ,^! br&s consi/ ( ! buds & y\nge/ leaves4 ,ano!r po9t to consid] 9 buy+ tea is its color4 ,tea leaves are ei!r black or gre54 ,! *ief diff]5ce betwe5 black & gre5 tea is t black tea leaves are f]m5t$ aft] pick+1 :ile gre5 are n4 ,tea leaves conta9 flavor+ & /imulat+ mat]ials & a sub/ance call$ tann9 7sometimes call$ tannic acid7 :i* int]f]es ) dige/ion4 ,! pres5ce ( tann9 9 bo? black & gre5 tea c be %[n by ! foll[+3 ,,exp]im5t #i3 ,,tann9 ,,9 ,,tea4--7a7 ,put #a_/b teaspoonful ( black tea 9 a cup4 ,add #a_/b cupful ( boil+ wat]4 ,let x /& = #e m9utes1 !n /ra9 ! infusion4 7b7 ,repeat 7a7 sub/itut+ gre5 tea = black4 7c7 ,into #b te/ tubes put #a teaspoonful ( ea* k9d ( bev]age4 ,to ea* tube1 add #a_/b teaspoonful ( f]r\s sulphate solution & let ! tubes /&4 ,if a black sub/ance appe>s 9 ! tubes1 tann9 is pres5t4 ,:i* k9d ( bev]age1--black or gre5 tea1--%[s ! great] quantity ( tann98 ,by f]m5tation1 tann9 is *ang$ into a less soluble =m1 s ! bev]age made f black tea conta9s less tann9 ?an t made f gre5 tea4 ,h5ce1 black tea is pref]able4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 slightly m /imulat+ ?an gre5 tea4 ,good black tea is grayi% black 9 color1 n dead black4 ,engli% ,breakfa/ is a black tea4 ,x consi/s ( a mixture ( sev]al black teas4 ,oolong is black 9 appe>ance1 b has ! flavor ( gre5 tea4 ,?is is because x is only semi-f]m5t$4 ,teas gr[n 9 v>i\s c\ntries h diff]5t flavors4 ,tea is sometimes adult]at$ by us+ ! leaves ( o!r plants or by add+ l>ge leaves & /ems4 ,x is said ! f9e/ br&s ( tea d n rea* ?is c\ntry4 ,,mak+ ,,! ,,bev]age4--,because tea conta9s tannic acid1 an e>!n1 enamel1 *9a1 or silv] teapot %\ld be us$2 a t9 teapot %\ld nev] be us$4 7,see ,sugge/ions = ,cook+ ,fruits47 ,! +r$i5t 9 tea t gives x its odor & flavor is a volatile sub/ance4 ,h5ce tea leaves %\ld be kept 9 closely cov]$ j>s or cans4 ,boil+ wat] draws out sub/ances :i* give ! bev]age its flavor & /imulat+ prop]ties1 :ile wat] bel[ ! boil+ po9t only p>tially draws out ^! sub/ances4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! leaves are boil$ or are all[$ to rema9 9 wat] = m ?an five m9utes1 mu* tann9 is drawn out 9 ! wat]4 ,!re=e1 nev] boil tea1 b p\r boil+ wat] ov] x & 9 five m9utes /ra9 out ! tea leaves4 ,,tea 7proportion = "o cupful7 #a_/d to #a teaspoonful black tea leaves #a cupful fre%ly boil$ wat] ,heat ! teapot by p\r+ boil+ wat] into x4 ,p\r out ! wat] & add ! tea leaves4 ,p\r ov] !m ! fre%ly boil$ wat]4 ,place ! teapot 9 a w>m place to /eep1 & 9 #e m9utes /ra9 out ! tea leaves4 ,teapots provid$ ) p]=at$ cups or ) tea-balls 7see ,figure #bj7 = hold+ ! tea leaves are mo/ conv5i5t1 z ! cup conta9+ ! leaves may easily be remov$ or ! tea-ball c be drawn above ! surface ( ! liquid aft] /eep+ ! tea = #e m9utes4 ,or two teapots may be us$1 ! bev]age be+ /ra9$ f "o teapot into ! o!r4 ,! quantity ( tea to be us$ v>ies ) ! /r5g? ( tea desir$4 ,if ! leaves are closely roll$1 less tea is requir$ ?an if !y are loosely fold$4 ,tea may be s]v$ ) cream & sug>1 or ) lemon & sug>4 ,! latt] is call$ ,russian ,tea1 & is (t5 s]v$ ) a pres]v$ *]ry4 ,9 w>m wea!r ,ic$ ,tea may be s]v$4 ,left ov] tea may be utiliz$ 9 ?is way1 or hot tea may be cool$ quickly by add+ ice to x4 ,:ile ! latt] me?od requires m ice1 ! tea is consid]$ ( a f9] flavor4 ,ic$ ,tea is s]v$ usually ) sug> & lemon4 ,s9ce sug> does n dissolve z readily 9 cold solutions z 9 hot 7see ,exp]im5ts #aj & #aa7 a sirup may be prep>$ = sweet5+ ,ic$ ,tea4 ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ( ,mann+1 ,b[man ,co ,,figure #bj4--,,tea-,,ball ,,teapot4 ,ev5 ?\gh tea is c>efully select$ & prep>$ x conta9s "s tann94 ,?is1 z has be5 m5tion$1 is injuri\s4 ,! /imulat+ mat]ial 9 tea also di/resses "s p]sons4 ,*ildr51 n]v\s p]sons1 & ^? :o suff] f con/ipation are advis$ n to dr9k tea4 ,,toa/$ ,,waf]s ,,& ,,*eese ,spread crack]s or waf]s ) a small quantity ( *eese4 ,season ! *eese ) a spr9kl+ ( salt & paprika4 ,br[n ! waf]s 9 ! ov54 ,:5 ! *eese is melt$1 ! waf]s are ready to s]ve4 ,if ?ick crack]s are us$1 !y may be split op5 & ! brok5 surface spread ) *eese4 ,,que/ions ,by :at means is flavor extract$ f tea leaves8 ,h[ c ! extraction ( mu* tannic acid be avoid$ 9 tea8 ,give ! reason = us+ fre%ly boil$ wat] = tea4 7,see ,exp]im5ts #g & #h47 ,:i* is ! bett] k9d ( tea to use--black or gre58 ,expla94 ,:y %\ld tea be /ra9$ aft] /eep+ #e m9utes8 ,f y\r groc] le>n ! names & prices ( two gre5 & two black teas4 ,f :at c\ntries d !y come8 ,h[ _m cupfuls 9 "o p\nd ( tea leaves8 ,h[ _m teaspoonfuls 9 a p\nd8 ,det]m9e ! approximate numb] ( waf]s 9 a p\nd4 ,also e/imate ! quantity ( *eese ne$$ = "o p\nd ( waf]s4 ,,lesson ,,viii ,,wat] ,,& ,,bev]ages 7,b7 ,,wat] ,,z ,a ,,bev]age4--,mo/ foods conta9 wat]4 ,n only moi/ foods su* z milk & wat]melon1 b solid foods su* z potatoes & rice conta9 wat]4 ,! wat] pres5t 9 foods1 h[ev]1 is n suffici5t = ! ne$s ( ! body4 ,x is necess>y to use wat] z a bev]age4 ,:5 "o rises 9 ! morn+1 x is well to dr9k "o or two glassfuls ( wat]4 ,f "o to two qu>ts ( wat]1--ei!r z pla9 wat] or 9 bev]ages1--%\ld be tak5 ea* day4 ,x us$ to be ?\ght t wat] dr9k+ dur+ a meal 0 h>mful4 ,sci5tific inve/igations h %[n t ?is is a mi/ak5 idea4 ,wat] may be drunk at mealtime4 ,inde$ x has be5 f\nd t x aids 9 ! dige/ive processes1 provid$ foods are n r9s$ d[n ) x & provid$ v cold wat] is n us$4 ,,wat]1 ,a ,,food/uff4--,! body is n\ri%$ by food & !re are _m diff]5t k9ds ( food4 ,moreov]1 mo/ foods are made up n ( "o sub/ance1 b ( a numb] ( mat]ials4 ,! *emical sub/ances ( :i* foods are compos$ are call$ nutri5ts or food/uffs ,footnote #ad3 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! sci5tific & popul> mean+ ( ! ^w food/uffs %\ld be not$4 ,food/uffs is def9$ & us$ z a sci5tific t]m 9 ?is text44 7,food/uffs 7 =m]ly call$ food pr9ciples47 ,a few foods conta9 b "o food/uff1 "s conta9 sev]al food/uffs1 _m conta9 all ! food/uffs4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ba--;,c(fee ,b]ries4 ,wat] is a food/uff4 ,!re are o!r food/uffs ab\t :i* we %all /udy lat]4 ,ea* food/uff has a c]ta9 function to p]=m 9 ! body4 ,z expla9$ 9 ! previ\s lesson1 wat] is a body-regulat+ food/uff4 ,,use ,,( ,,wat] ,,9 ,,clean+ ,,& ,,9 ,,prep>+ ,,foods4--,wat] is a cleans+ ag5t because mo/ soil is soluble 9 wat]4 ,x also plays a mo/ important "p 9 ! prep>ation ( foods1 s9ce x s]ves z a m$ium = ! cook+ ( foods1 z 9 ! processes ( /eam+ & boil+4 ,because wat] dissolves _m sub/ances1 x acts z a c>ri] ( flavor z 9 fruit dr9ks1 tea1 & c(fee4 ,al?\gh !re are "s foods :i* c be cook$ )\t a wat] m$ium1 bak$ potatoes & roa/ meat = example1 c]ta9 foods su* z rice & dri$ beans require wat] dur+ cook+4 ,x is readily se5 t wat] is indisp5sable 9 cook+4 ,,c(fee4--,c(fee is ! se$ ( ! fruit ( an ev]gre5 tree gr[n 9 tropical c\ntries 7see ,figure #ba74 ,ea* fruit conta9s two se$s or b]ries4 ,! fruit is pick$1 all[$ to f]m5t1 & ! se$s remov$ f _! pulpy cov]+4 ,! se$s1 :i* are also call$ c(fee beans1 are !n roa/$ & s5t to m>ket4 ,! flavor ( ! c(fee bean is due to ! v>iety ( c(fee tree1 ! maturity ( ! fruit :5 pick$1 & ! "t subject$ to ! roa/+ process4 ,mo*a ,footnote #ae3 ,mo*a is a port 9 ,arabia4 ,mo*a c(fee 0 s call$ because mu* ( ! c(fee gr[n 9 ,arabia 0 export$ f ,mo*a4 & ,java are *oice br&s ( c(fee4 ,al?\gh orig9ally gr[n 9 ,arabia & ,java1 _! names are n us$ to designate ! localities 9 :i* !y gr[1 b ! v>iety ( c(fee4 ,mu* ( our c(fee n[ comes f ,brazil4 ,c(fee is some:at l tea 9 composition4 ,x conta9s tannic acid1 & !re=e a t9 c(feepot %\ld nev] be us$4 ,! flavor c be extract$ f c(fee by boil+ x or by p\r+ boil+ wat] ?r\gh x4 ,c(fee %\ld n boil long] ?an ?ree m9utes1 z mu* tannic acid is extract$ by long boil+4 ,because c(fee conta9s volatile sub/ances1 x %\ld n be pur*as$ gr\nd1 unless 9 small quantities1 & x %\ld !n be kept 9 tightly cov]$ j>s or cans4 ,:5 fre%ly roa/$1 c(fee has ! be/ flavor4 ,9 ?is condition1 x is crisp & emits a /rong aroma4 ,,boil$ ,,c(fee 7proportion = "o cupful7 #a heap+ tablespoonful co>sely gr\nd c(fee #b tablespoonfuls cold wat] ,bit ( cru%$ egg-%ell or a little egg :ite #a cup boil+ wat] 7#a egg-%ell or #a_/b egg :ite is suffici5t = #h heap+ tablespoonfuls ( gr\nd c(fee47 ,into a well-clean$ c(feepot1 place ! c(fee1 #a tablespoonful ( ! cold wat]1 & egg4 ,mix2 !n add ! boil+ wat] & boil = n m ?an ?ree m9utes4 ,remove f ! fire2 p\r out ab\t "o half cupful ( c(fee1 9 ord] to r9se ! gr\nds f ! inside & f ! sp\t ( ! c(feepot4 ,return ! c(fee to ! pot2 add ! second tablespoonful ( cold wat]4 ,if ! sp\t is n cov]$1 a piece ( pap] may be ins]t$ s t ! aroma w be reta9$4 ,all[ to /& 9 a w>m place = ab\t #e m9utes = ! c(fee to become cle>4 ,cold wat] may be us$ in/ead ( boil+ wat] 9 mak+ c(fee ,,c>e ,,( ,,c(feepot4--,! c(fee %\ld nev] be all[$ to /& 9 ! c(feepot1 b %\ld be turn$ out at once aft] us+4 ,if any cle> c(fee is left1 x may be us$ = spice cakes1 jellies1 or o!r dess]ts4 ,! c(feepot %\ld be wa%$ well1 & sc\r$ if necess>y4 ,! sp\t ne$s special c>e 9 clean+4 ,,filt]$ ,,c(fee #b_/c cupful f9ely gr\nd c(fee #e cupfuls fre%ly boil$ wat] 7,= ! foll[+ me?od ( prep>+ c(fee1 a drip c(feepot is us$4 ,a drip c(feepot is provid$ ) a p]=at$ receptacle or a musl9 bag 9 :i* ! f9ely gr\nd c(fee is held4 ,! boil$ wat] is p\r$ ?r\gh ! gr\nd c(fee47 ,heat ! c(fee by /eam+ x1 plac+ a little boil+ wat] 9 ! bottom ( ! c(feepot & ! gr\nd c(fee 9 ! c(fee bag or p]=at$ cup4 ,remove ! bag or cup & p\r ! wat] f ! pot4 ,return ! bag or cup to ! c(feepot & sl[ly p\r ov] x ! fre%ly boil$ wat]4 ,if x is desir$ to make ! c(fee /rong]1 ! bev]age may be p\r$ ov] ! gr\nd c(fee a second "t4 ,c>e %\ld be tak51 h[ev]1 n to cool ! c(fee 9 s do+4 ,wa% ! c(fee bag 9 cle> cold wat] & dry 9 ! air4 ,r5ew ! bag occasionally4 ,black or ,aft] ,d9n] ,c(fee may be prep>$ 9 a drip c(feepot4 ,use #a cupful ( f9ely gr\nd c(fee to #e cupfuls ( fre%ly boil$ wat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ( ,mann+1 ,b[man ,co ,,figure #bb4--;,,c(fee ,,p]colator4 ,filt]$ c(fee may also be prep>$ 9 a c(fee p]colator 7see ,figure #bb74 ,a p]colator is s con/ruct$ t ! wat] is heat$ 9 ! pot & kept at boil+ temp]ature :ile pass+ ?r\gh ! gr\nd c(fee4 ,! me?od ( prep>+ ! bev]age dep5ds ^u ! con/ruction ( ! p]colator4 ,foll[ ! directions t come ) x4 ,,oatmeal ,,cookies #a egg #a_/b cupful sug> #c_/h cupful fat or #a_/d cupful vegetable oil #b tablespoonfuls s\r milk #a cupful roll$ oats #a cupful fl\r #a_/b teaspoonful salt #a_/h teaspoonful bak+ soda #b teaspoonfuls bak+ p[d] #a_/b cupful rais9s ,break ! egg 9 a mix+ b[l4 ,beat x1 !n add ! sug>4 ,if solid fat is us$1 melt x4 ,add ! fat or oil to ! sug> & egg mixture4 ,add ! s\r milk & roll$ oats4 ,sift ! fl\r1 !n measure x4 ,turn x into a sift]1 add ! salt1 bak+ soda1 & bak+ p[d]4 ,sift ^! dry +r$i5ts into ! fir/ mixture4 ,wa% ! rais9s1 dry !m on a t[el1 !n spr9kle a little fl\r ov] !m & add to ! o!r +r$i5ts4 ,mix well & drop ! mixture by ! teaspoonfuls on an oil$ bak+ %eet4 ,bake 9 a mod]ate ov5 7#cge degrees ,f47 until gold5 br[n 9 color4 ,^! cookies may be s]v$ ) c(fee4 ,,que/ions ,h[ long %\ld c(fee boil8 ,:y n boil x long]8 ,:5 ! c(fee is p\r$ f ! c(feepot1 exam9e ! gr\nds & !n expla9 ! use ( ! egg :ite & egg-%ell 9 prep>+ c(fee4 ,:y is a cupful ( c(fee p\r$ out & return$ to ! c(feepot aft] ! c(fee is boil$8 ,:y %\ld cold wat] be add$ to c(fee aft] boil+8 ,9 :at =m1--gr\nd or :ole1--%\ld c(fee be pur*as$8 ,:y8 ,9 :at k9d ( j>s %\ld tea & c(fee be kept8 ,expla94 ,h[ _m cupfuls 9 "o p\nd ( c(fee8 ,e/imate ! numb] ( heap+ tablespoonfuls 9 "o p\nd ( c(fee4 ,:at is ! av]age price p] p\nd ( c(fee8 ,,relat$ ,,"w ,,lesson ,,ix ,,home ,,projects ,footnote #af3 ,,note ,,to ,,! ,,tea*]4--,"o ( ! mo/ insi/5t ideas ( mod]n educators is t ! pupil be taught n m]ely to get him ready to live1 footnote3 b t he be taught to live4 ,x is ?\ght t ! processes ( pres5t gr[? w s]ve z ! be/ tra9+ = future ne$s4 ,if ! s*ool girl is liv+ 9 h] home1 %e is 9 imm$iate ne$ ( su* tra9+ z w help h] contribute h] %>e to ! work+s ( h] home4 ,to a c]ta9 degree1 success 9 s*ool activities c be measur$ by ! way !y function 9 ! home4 ,p]haps !re is no m effective way ( mak+ ! s*ool "w function 9 ! home ?an by ! educative process call$ ! project4 ,/ev5son def9es a project z a problematic act c>ri$ to completion 9 its natural sett+1 :ile ,kilpatrick says a project is a :ole- he>t$ purposeful activity proce$+ 9 a social environm5t4 ,9 ord] to aid ! pupils 9 _! home "w1 x is necess>y to "k ! ne$s ( ! home4 ,if possible1 int]e/ & coop]ation ( ! pupils' mo!rs 9 ?is matt] %\ld be secur$4 ,x is hop$ t ! aft]noon tea sugge/$ 9 ! foll[+ lesson may af=d means = ! tea*] to become acqua9t$ ) ! "m to f9d out some?+ ( ! ne$s ( ! home & to secure ! "m's coop]ation = h] daught]'s "w 9 ! home4 ,9 ord] to assign def9ite projects to ! pupils1 x w be necess>y to conf] ) ! girl4 ,by discuss+ plans = home "w y c d\btless discov] :at type ( "w int]e/s h] & :at %e c contribute ) pr(it to h] home4 ,y c ?us assign a project :i* w be p]=m$ 9 a he>ty mann]4 ,def9ite plans %\ld be made = c>ry+ out ! "w 9 ! home4 ,= successful results x is mo/ necess>y t ! pupil und]/& t a project is an act :i* involves m5tal ef=t1 & t ! activity mu/ be c>ri$ to completion4 ,! fact t ! project is to be p]=m$ 9 ! home c>ries out "o ( ! premises ( ! project1 viz41 t ! act be p]=m$ 9 its natural sett+ or 9 a social environm5t4 ,reports conc]n+ ! progress & results ( "w %\ld be submitt$ by ! pupil4 ,home visitation on ! "p ( ! tea*] is mo/ desirable & 9 mo/ cases necess>y = satisfactory results4 ,! foll[+ articles reg>d+ ,projects are mo/ illum9at+3 ,tea*]s ,college ,record1 ,volume ,,xix1 ,numb] #d 7,sept4 #aiah71 ,! ,project ,me?od by ,william ,h4 ,kilpatrick2 ,! ,j\rnal ( ,home ,economics1 ,volume ,x1 ,numb] #c 7,m>4 #aiah71 ,! ,project 9 ,home ,economics ,tea*+ by ,w4 ,w4 ,*>t]s2 ,s*ool ,sci5ce & ,ma!matics1 ,volume ,,xix 7,jan4 #aiai71 ,! ,project 9 ,sci5ce ,tea*+ by ,john ,al=d ,/ev5son4 ,,wor?y ,,home ,,memb]%ip4--,ea* memb] ( a home has c]ta9 obligations to fulfill4 ,! c\rse 9 foods :i* y are foll[+ 9 s*ool (f]s an unusual opportunity = y to contribute y\r %>e 9 p]=m+ home duties4 ,9 a mo/ def9ite way1 x may help y to qualify = wor?y home memb]%ip4 ,,apply+ ,,s*ool ,,activities ,,to ,,home ,,"w4--,!re is no m effective way ( ga9+ skill 9 cook+ & h\sekeep+ ?an by apply+ ! me?ods le>n$ at s*ool 9 y\r home4 ,x is n en\gh = y to make cookies or cook potatoes once 9 ! s*ool kit*54 ,if y w\ld become an exp]t 9 ^! processes1 repeat !m _m times 9 y\r home4 ,y\r ef=ts w be m ?an repaid by y\r own gr[? & by ! satisfaction y\r a*ievem5ts w br+ to ! entire h\sehold4 ,discuss y\r s*ool "w 9 food /udy ) y\r "m4 ,y w d\btless f9d _m ?+s ( mutual int]e/ & y\r "m w be glad to h y\r coop]ation 9 h\sekeep+4 ,h\sehold duties assign$ by ! tea*] & p]=m$ 9 ! home ) a det]m9ation to accompli% a def9ite aim1 we w t]m ,home ,projects4 ,to secure successful results1 y\r home "w mu/ be done ?\ghtfully1 & e>ne/ly1 & 9 a :ole-he>t$ way4 ,we %all suppose1 = example1 t y\r tea*] assigns y ! home project ( sett+ ! table ( ! ev5+ meal = "o week4 ,%e also in/ructs y to keep 9 m9d ! foll[+ aims3 7#a7 ,to make z few trips z possible f ! cupbo>d to ! d9+ table4 7#b7 ,to plan ! entire numb] ( di%es1 knives1 =ks1 spoons1 & o!r ?+s ne$$ dur+ ! meal1 & !n place ^! on ! d9+ table or o!r suitable place :]e !y may be conv5i5tly obta9$ :5 ! meal is be+ s]v$4 ,9 ord] to accompli% ^! ?+s1 y mu/ "w ) a det]m9ation to succe$ at :at y are do+ & to keep y\r m9d /eadfa/ly on ! "w at h&4 ,) su* an attitude t[>d y\r "w y w d\btless h accompli%$ sev]al ?+s by ! end ( a week4 ,y w h set ! table 9 an ord]ly mann]1 & ?us h giv5 real assi/ance & satisfaction to ! memb]s ( y\r family2 y w h become m skilful 9 spread+ ! table1 & y w h made x possible to sp5d less "t 9 sett+ ! table 9 ! future4 ,y c\ld n h accompli%$ all ?is if y _h n e>ne/ly ?\ght z y work$4 ,y w f9d x int]e/+ & b5eficial to make ea* assignm5t ( home "w z complete z possible4 ,if1 = example1 y are to make cakes1 x w be mo/ desirable if y n only mix & bake cakes1 b1 if possible1 select & pur*ase ! mat]ials = !m & compute _! co/4 ,sugge/ions = ,home ,projects3 ,make ! bev]ages = "o or m meals ea* day4 ,wa% ! di%es ( ! ev5+ meal4 ,prep>e a scallop$ di% or any ( ! foods giv5 9 ,lessons ,i to ,v once a week4 ,sugge/$ ,aims3 7#a7 ,to prep>e tea or c(fee s z to draw out z little tann9 z possible4 7#b7 ,to wa% di%es well b to make z few movem5ts z possible4 ,to note ! "t requir$ to d ! di%es ea* day & by means ( effici5cy me?ods /rive to less5 ! "t4 7#c7 ,to utilize left-ov] pieces or crumbs ( bread 9 prep>+ scallop$ di%es4 ,to prep>e seasonable fruits & vegetables s well t ! memb]s ( y\r home w f9d !m mo/ palatable4 ,,lesson ,x ,,aft]noon ,,tea ,,plann+ ,,! ,,tea4--,to ent]ta9 fri5ds is a pleasure4 ,meet+ fri5ds or hav+ !m become acqua9t$ ) a pleasure4 ,?is lesson is arrang$ t y may ent]ta9 y\r "m at aft]noon tea & t %e may visit ) y\r tea*] & classmates4 ,9 plann+ = any special occasion1 x is necess>y to decide ^u ! day & h\r = ! p>ty4 ,if ! occasion is at all =mal1 or if a numb] ( p]sons are to be pres5t1 x is also necess>y to plan h[ to ent]ta9 y\r gue/s1--:at y w h !m d to h a pleasant "t4 ,if x is desir$ to s]ve refre%m5ts1 y mu/ decide :at to s]ve1 h[ mu* to prep>e1 & :5 to prep>e ! foods4 ,! me?od ( s]v+ !m mu/ also be consid]$4 ,! ,refre%m5ts = an aft]noon tea %\ld be da9ty & s]v$ 9 small portions4 ,tea s]v$ ) ?9 slices ( lemon or cream & sug> & accompani$ by waf]s1 s&wi*es1 or small cakes is ! usual m5u4 ,sweets or c&ies are (t5 s]v$ ) ^! foods4 ,! foll[+ m5u may be prep>$ = y\r fir/ tea3 ,tea ) ,lemon 7or ,cream7 & ,sug> ,toa/$ ,waf]s ) ,*eese or ,oatmeal ,cookies ,coconut ,sweetmeats ,f previ\s "w1 e/imate ! quantity ( tea1 lemons 7or cream71 sug>1 waf]s1 or cakes y w ne$4 ,a recipe = ,coconut ,sweetmeats foll[s4 ,x makes #bj sweetmeats ab\t "o in* 9 diamet]4 ,,coconut ,,sweetmeats #a_/d cupful p[d]$ sug> l #a_/d cupfuls %r$d$ coconut #b tablespoonfuls fl\r #a_/h teaspoonful salt #a teaspoonful vanilla #a egg :ite ,mix ! dry +r$i5ts1 !n add ! vanilla4 ,beat ! egg :ite /iff4 ,add ! o!r +r$i5ts & mix ?or\ghly4 ,grease a bak+ %eet & dr$ge x ) fl\r4 ,drop ! coconut mixture by ! teaspoonfuls on ! bak+ %eet4 ,bake 9 a mod]ate ov5 7#cge degrees ,f47 = #bj m9utes or until slightly br[n$4 ,remove f ! pan1 place on a cake cool]4 ,:5 cold /ore 9 a t9 box4 ,,s]v+ ,,! ,,tea4--,= an aft]noon tea1 ! bev]age may be p\r$ 9 ! kit*5 & c>ri$ into ! d9+ room or ! o!r room :]e ! gue/s are assembl$1 or x may be p\r$ 9 ! d9+ room 9 ! pres5ce ( ! gue/s4 ,:5 ! latt] plan is foll[$1 ! teapot1 cups1 plates1 spoons1 & napk9s are plac$ on ! d9+ table4 ,seat$ at ! table1 "o ( ! pupils ,footnote #ag3 ,if aft]noon tea is s]v$ 9 a home to a numb] ( gue/s1 an intimate fri5d ( ! ho/ess or a memb] ( ! h\sehold usually p\rs tea4 ,9 ?is way ! ho/ess is free to greet e gue/ & to see t e "o is hav+ an enjoyable "t4 p\rs ! tea1 & places a fill$ cup & a teaspoon on a plate4 ,! tea 7) a napk97 is !n pass$ to ! gue/s2 ! lemon or cream & sug>1 waf]s or cakes & sweets are also pass$4 ,! slices ( lemon %\ld be plac$ on a small plate or o!r suitable di% & s]v$ ) a lemon =k4 ,waf]s1 s&wi*es1 or small cakes %\ld be plac$ on plates or 9 da9ty baskets4 ,no article ( silv] is provid$ 9 s]v+ !m2 ! gue/s take !m f ! plates ) _! f+]s4 ,^? :o are s]v+ ! tea %\ld be wat*ful & note :5 ! gue/s h drunk _! tea & relieve !m ( cup & plate4 ,!y %\ld also repl5i% ! teapot1 & see t ! "o p\r+ ! tea has all ! mat]ials & di%es ne$$4 ,,division ,,?ree ,,body-,,build+ ,,& ,,body-,,regulat+ ,,foods1 ,,ri* ,,9 ,,a% 7,,m9]al ,,matt]7 ,,lesson ,,xi ,,fre% ,,vegetables 7,a7 ,,a%4--,9 a previ\s lesson1 x 0 m5tion$ t mo/ foods d n consi/ ( "o mat]ial1 b ( sev]al sub/ances4 ,a% or m9]al matt] is a common con/itu5t ( food4 ,x is a food/uff4 ,! t]m a% does n apply to "o sub/ance2 x is us$ to indicate a gr\p ( sub/ances4 ,milk1 eggs1 vegetables1 bo? fre% & dri$ fruits1 & c]eals are valuable s\rces ( a%4 ,!y d n all1 h[ev]1 conta9 ! same k9d ( a%4 ,! pres5ce ( a% 9 food is n app>5t until ! food is burn$4 ,! sub/ance t rema9s aft] burn+1 i4e4 ! a%es1 is m9]al matt] or a%4 ,al?\gh a% exi/s 9 comb9ation ) o!r sub/ances 9 mo/ foods1 a few mat]ials consi/ almo/ entirely ( a%4 ,common salt is a m9]al sub/ance2 ano!r example is ! :ite scaly sub/ance :i* sometimes =ms on ! inside ( a teakettle or on any pan 9 :i* wat] has be5 heat$4 ,soda is /ill ano!r famili> m9]al sub/ance4 ,! condim5t salt--ord9>y table salt--7see ,condim5ts7 mu/ n be confus$ ) ! t]m salts2 ! latt] applies to _m m9]al sub/ances besides common salt4 ,,use ,,( ,,a% ,,9 ,,! ,,body4--,a% z well z wat] does n burn 9 ! body4 ,x is !re=e consid]$ an incombu/ible food/uff4 ,bones1 tee?1 & _m o!r p>ts ( ! body conta9 c]ta9 m9]al mat]ials4 ,a% helps to build ! body4 ,a% exi/s 9 ! fluids ( ! body4 ,= example1 !re is salt 9 p]spiration & 9 all excretions ( ! body4 ,! dige/ive juices also conta9 m9]al mat]ials1 & a% aids 9 ! dige/ive processes ( ! body4 ,sci5ti/s h %[n t a% p>ticipates 9 _m ways 9 ! regulation ( body processes4 ,?us a% has two ma9 uses 9 ! body3 7a7 x aids 9 build+ ! body2 & 7b7 x aids 9 regulat+ body processes4 ,a%1 !re=e1 is an absolute necessity 9 diet4 ,,fre% ,,vegetables4--,x 0 m5tion$ above t fre% vegetables are "o ( ! mo/ valuable food s\rces ( a%4 ,! leaves1 /ems1 pods1 & roots ( c]ta9 plants1 & also ^? fruits :i* are us$ z vegetables1 may be class$ z fre% vegetables4 ,"s ( ^! are3 cabbage1 brussels spr\ts1 lettuce1 wat] cress1 sp9a*1 cel]y1 onions1 tomatoes1 cucumb]s1 beets1 c>rots1 & turnips4 ,fre% vegetables conta9 n only ! food/uff a%1 b wat]4 ,inde$ mo/ fre% vegetables conta9 f #ge to #ij p] c5t ( wat]4 ,9 addition to ^! two food/uffs1 vegetables conta9 cellulose4 ,! latt] is a fibr\s sub/ance :i* =ms = ! mo/ "p ! sk9s & int]ior framework ( vegetables & fruits4 ,! /r+s ( beans & cel]y & ! pi? ( turnips & radi%es1 = example1 conta9 mu* cellulose4 ,foods conta9+ bo? a% & cellulose h a laxative effect4 ,h5ce ! value ( fre% vegetables 9 diet4 ,! use ( fre% vegetables _c be too /rongly urg$4 ,c]ta9 vegetables1 especially ! gre5 leav$ vegetables1 also conta9 sub/ances :i* are necess>y to make ! body gr[ & keep x 9 good heal? 7see ,division ,sev574 ,mo/ p]sons %\ld use fre% vegetables m freely ?an !y d4 ,,sugge/ions ,,= ,,cook+ ,,gre5 ,,vegetables4--,if a% is su* a valuable con/itu5t ( vegetables1 ! latt] %\ld be cook$ s z to reta9 all ! a%4 ,un=tunately vegetables are n always cook$ 9 su* a way t ! m9]als are sav$4 ,j z salt dissolves readily 9 wat]1 s _m ( ! m9]al mat]ials f\nd 9 gre5 vegetables dissolve 9 ! wat] 9 :i* vegetables are cook$4 ,h5ce if x is necess>y to dra9 (f wat] f vegetables aft] cook+1 x is evid5t !re may be mu* loss ( nutrim5t4 ,a% is also "o ( ! sub/ances :i* gives flavor to vegetables4 ,insipid flavors ( c]ta9 vegetables may be due to improp] cook+4 ,a mo/ important po9t to consid] 9 ! cook+ ( vegetables is ! sav+ ( ! m9]als4 ,?is c be accompli%$ 9 sev]al ways3 #a4 ,cook+ 9 wat] ) _! sk9s4 #b4 ,cook+ 9 wat] & us+ ! wat] :i* mu/ be dra9$ away aft] cook+ = sauces & s\ps4 #c4 ,cook+ 9 su* a small quantity ( wat] t none ne$s to be dra9$ away aft] cook+4 #d4 ,cook+ 9 /eam4 #e4 ,cook+ 9 ! ov5 by means ( dry heat4 ,,cook+ ,,vegetables ,,9 ,,wat]4--,wat] 9 :i* vegetables are cook$ %\ld be salt$4 ,use #a teaspoonful ( salt = ea* qu>t ( wat]4 ,! wat] %\ld be boil+ :5 ! vegetables are add$ & %\ld be kept boil+ g5tly dur+ ! entire cook+4 ,rapidly boil+ wat] we>s (f ! edges ( vegetables & breaks !m4 ,! wat] 9 :i* vegetables are cook$ is call$ vegetable /ock4 ,:5 vegetables are p>$ or scrap$ be=e cook+ 9 wat]1 ! /ock %\ld be utiliz$ 9 mak+ vegetable sauces4 ,te/ vegetables = suffici5t cook+ ) a =k or knitt+ ne$le4 ,,beets ,clean beets by scrubb+ !m ) a small bru%1 us+ x c>efully s z n to break ! sk94 ,leave two or ?ree in*es ( ! /ems on until ! beets are cook$4 ,cook !m :ole 9 boil+ salt$ wat] 7see ,cook+ ,vegetables 9 ,wat]74 ,te/ only ! l>ge/ beet = suffici5t cook+4 ,use a knitt+ ne$le or wire skew] = te/+4 ,dra9 & cov] ) cold wat] & rub (f ! sk9 ) ! h&s4 ,cut ! beets into slices1 spr9kle g5]\sly ) salt & pepp]1 & add a little butt]4 ,a small quantity ( v9eg> may be add$1 if desir$4 ,s]ve hot4 ,beets may also be s]v$ ) a sauce4 ,prep>e ! sauce l ,:ite ,sauce1 us+ = ! liquid ?ree p>ts ( wat] & "o "p ( v9eg>4 ,beets may be pickl$ by slic+ !m or by cutt+ into cubes & plac+ 9 pla9 or spic$ v9eg>4 ,s]ve cold4 ,,scallop$ ,,tomatoes ,,) ,,onions #b cupfuls slic$ onions #b cupfuls tomatoes #a tablespoonful fat ,salt & pepp] #a cupful bread crumbs ,p>boil ! onions = #ae m9utes2 dra94 ,footnote #ah3 ,:5 ! wat] is dra9$ f ! onions1 !re is a loss ( nutrim5t4 ,9 cook+ onions1 h[ev]1 we usually consid] x advisable to lose "s food value = ! sake ( flavor4 ,see ,nutrim5t v]sus ,flavor4 ,into a greas$ bak+-di% put a lay] ( tomatoes1 !n "o ( onions1 & spr9kle ) salt & pepp]4 ,repeat until all ! vegetables are add$4 ,mix ! bread crumbs & fat z direct$ = ,/uff$ ,tomatoes4 ,spr9kle ^! crumbs on top ( ! vegetables4 ,bake 9 a mod]ate ov5 7#djj degrees ,f47 = #cj m9utes or until ! onions are t5d]4 ,s]ve hot4 ,,broil$ ,,tomatoes ,wa% & cut tomatoes 9 halves1 crosswise2 d n peel !m4 ,place !m 7) cut surface up7 9 a fry+ pan 7)\t fat74 ,cook on top ( ! range or 9 ! ov5 at a l[ temp]ature = ab\t #cj m9utes1 or until ! tomatoes are s(t1 b n brok54 ,add a bit ( butt] to ea* half ( tomato & season ) salt & pepp]4 ,s]ve at once4 ,,que/ions ,s9ce sug> is manufactur$ f beets1 ! latt] mu/ conta9 consid]able sug>4 ,f ?is fact & ! results ( ,exp]im5t #aa1 expla9 :y beets mu/ n be p>$ or cut 9 pieces be=e cook+4 ,/ate ano!r reason :y beets %\ld n be p>$ or cut into pieces be=e cook+4 ,also give ! reason = leav+ a portion ( ! /em on beets dur+ cook+4 ,expla9 :y only "o beet %\ld be te/$ = suffici5t cook+1 & :y x %\ld be te/$ ) a knitt+ ne$le or wire skew] r ?an ) a =k4 ,:at is ! price ( beets p] p\nd8 ,h[ _m beets 9 a p\nd8 ,c>efully expla9 h[ ! nutrim5t is reta9$ by cook+ beets & tomatoes accord+ to ! recipes ( ?is lesson4 ,:at is ! advantage & disadvantage 9 dra9+ wat] f onions aft] p>boil+ !m8 ,,lesson ,,xii ,,fre% ,,vegetables 7,b7 ,,food ,,prejudices4--,mo/ p]sons h decid$ likes & dislikes = c]ta9 foods4 ,^! op9ions v (t5 h no reasonable f\ndation4 ,"o ta/e ( a food poorly prep>$ or a disp>ag+ rem>k he>d 9 *ildhood may be ! cause = a lifetime's av]sion = a food4 ,!re is no bett] way to ov]come food prejudices ?an by le>n+ to prep>e foods well--to make !m ta/y & nutriti\s--& to appreciate _! nutritive value4 ,food prejudices l mo/ o!rs may be ov]come by a ?or\gh k ( ! subject4 ,come to ! s*ool kit*5 ) an op5 m9d4 ,:5 y und]/& :y c]ta9 foods are valuable 9 diet & are able to prep>e !m skilfully1 y may le>n to enjoy !m4 ,to discov] t foods :i* y previ\sly consid]$ commonplace & un9t]e/+ are ta/y1 is really a pleas+ exp]i5ce4 ,,"t ,,= ,,cook+ ,,fre% ,,vegetables ,,9 ,,wat]4--,x is n possible to /ate j h[ long a vegetable w be requir$ to cook 9 wat]4 ,! "t v>ies ) ! k9d ( vegetable1 its size1 & age4 ,usually ! old] a vegetable1 ! long] ! "t requir$ = cook+4 ,"y vegetables1 especially gre5 corn & t5d] cabbage1 may be spoil$ by too long cook+4 ,= novices1 a "t table may be helpful n only 9 det]m9+ :5 a food is suffici5tly cook$ b 9 decid+ h[ long to all[ = cook+ a food be=e x is to be s]v$4 ,b d n dep5d entirely ^u a "t table4 ,judg+ by appe>ance & us+ ! =k or knitt+ ne$le is ! mo/ reliable te/4 ,,table ,asp>agus #ae-bj m9utes ,beets 7"y7 #de-fj m9utes ,beets 7old7 #c-d h\rs ,cabbage #ae-cj m9utes ,c>rots #cj-fj m9utes ,caulifl[] #bj-cj m9utes ,cel]y #bj-de m9utes ,gre5 ,corn #ab-bj m9utes ,lima beans 7fre%7 #de-fj m9utes ,onions #cj-de m9utes ,p>snips #cj-de m9utes ,peas 7fre%7 #bj-cj m9utes ,potatoes #be-cj m9utes ,sp9a* #ae-cj m9utes ,squa% 7summ]7 #bj-cj m9utes ,/r+ ,beans #a-c h\rs ,sweet ,potatoes #ae-be m9utes ,turnips #cj-de m9utes ,,p>+ ,,vegetables4--,if ! outside sk9 ( a vegetable is remov$1 x %\ld be p>$ z ?9 z possible4 ,! cov]+ ( ! c>rot & new potato is s ?9 t x c be remov$ by scrap+1 !reby sav+ ! valuable nutritive sub/ances j b5ea? ! sk94 ,turnips are an exception to ! rule1 a ?ick lay] ( cellul> mat]ial cov]s !m4 ,= ?is reason1 a ?ick p>+ is cut f turnips4 7,cut a turnip 9 two & note ! ?ickness ( its sk947 ,,ma%$ ,,turnips #f m$ium turnips ,salt & pepp] #b tablespoonfuls butt] or sub/itute ,scrub & p>e ! turnips4 ,cut ea* into cubes4 ,place 9 ! top "p ( a /eam] 7see ,figure #ca7 & cook until t5d] :5 te/$ ) a =k or knitt+ ne$le4 ,ma% ! turnips ) a potato ma%]4 ,add butt] or sub/itute & en\gh salt & pepp] to season4 ,s]ve hot4 ,,butt]$ ,,c>rots #d cupfuls c>rots1 cut into /rips #b tablespoonfuls butt] or sub/itute #b teaspoonfuls salt ,da% pepp] ,scrub & scrape c>rots1 cut !m into /rips4 ,put !m 9 a saucepan & add wat] to a dep? ( #a in*4 ,:5 ! c>rots are t5d] & only a small am\nt ( wat] rema9s1 add ! butt] or sub/itute & season+s4 ,cont9ue to cook sl[ly until almo/ all ( ! rema9+ wat] has evaporat$4 ,s]ve ! vegetables & surr\nd+ liquid hot4 ,"y /r+ beans cut 9 halves l5g?wise & p>snips cut 9 /rips may be cook$ 9 ! same way4 7,adapt$ f a ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture recipe47 ,,que/ions ,:y %\ld ! outside sk9 ( a vegetable be p>$ z ?9 z possible8 ,:at is ! exception to ?is rule8 ,h[ %\ld vegetable /ock be utiliz$8 ,:y8 ,h\sekeep]s usually add milk to potatoes :5 ma%+ !m4 ,:y is moi/ure n add$ to ma%$ turnips8 ,:at1 advantage is !re 9 /eam+ turnips r ?an cook+ !m 9 wat]8 ,:y are c>rots cook$ 9 a small quantity ( wat] r ?an a l>ge am\nt8 ,:at are ! prices ( turnips & c>rots p] p\nd8 ,h[ _m ( ea* ( ^! vegetables 9 a p\nd8 ,,lesson ,,xiii ,,fre% ,,fruits ,,fruit1 ,a ,,necessity4--,an au?ority ,footnote #ai3 ,see ,fe$+ ! ,family 7p #bdj71 by ,m>y ,sw>tz ,rose1 ,ph4,d4 on diet says t at lea/ z mu* money %\ld be sp5t = fruits z = meat1 eggs1 & fi%4 ,fruit %\ld no long] be consid]$ a luxury b a necessity 9 diet4 ,fruits z well z vegetables are effective 9 prev5t+ con/ipation1-- ! common disord] :i* may lead to s]i\s di/urbances4 ,mo/ fruits1 especially ^? conta9+ consid]able acid1 su* z lemons1 oranges1 & apples1 are laxative4 ,prunes & figs are also valuable 9 con/ipation4 ,blackb]ries are unlike o!r fruits 9 ?is respect1--!y are con/ipat+4 ,a disease call$ scurvy is (t5 due to a lack ( fre% vegetables & fruits 9 diet4 ,orange juice is especially valuable 9 prev5t+ scurvy4 ,fruits are valuable n only because !y aid 9 prev5t+ con/ipation & scurvy1 b because !y conta9 a%4 ,fruits are ri* 9 m9]al matt]4 ,,k9ds ,,( ,,fruits4--,9 a broad s5se fruits are se$ vessels4 ,?is classification includes _m foods t are ord9>ily consid]$ vegetables4 ,s 9 ?is text se$ vessels t are us$ z dess]ts are t]m$ fruits4 ,rhub>b is n prop]ly a fruit2 x is a vegetable1 b because x is us$ 9 ! diet ! same way z fruit1 x is class$ z su*4 ,fruits are sometimes classifi$ z food fruits & flavor fruits4 ,?is di/9ction dep5ds ^u ! quantity ( sug> & wat] t fruits conta91--^? conta9+ mu* sug>1 su* z ripe bananas & dri$ fruits1 be+ call$ food fruits & ^? conta9+ mu* wat] & less sug>1 su* z oranges & /rawb]ries1 be+ t]m$ flavor fruits4 ,?is classification may be some:at mislead+1 h[ev]1 = all fruits may be consid]$ food fruits4 ,fruits conta9+ mu* wat] are g5]ally ri* 9 a% & o!r valuable sub/ances & h5ce h decid$ food value4 ,,:5 ,,to ,,add ,,! ,,sug> to cook$ fruits--be=e or aft] cook+--is a practical problem = e h\sewife4 ,fruits conta9 acids1 & mo/ cook$ fruits require ! addition ( sug> to make !m palatable4 ,! flavor ( fre% fruit is g5]ally popul>4 ,9 cook+ fruit x is desirable to reta9 ! fre% fruit flavor4 ,h\sekeep]s h f\nd t a less desirable flavor results--! fruit loses m ( its fre% flavor--if ! sug> is cook$ ) ! fruit4 ,moreov]1 :5 sug> is cook$ ) fruit1 a sirup is =m$1 :i* is m apt to scor* ?an a mixture ( fruit & wat]4 ,= ^! reasons1 x is well to add sug> to fruit aft] cook+1 unless x is desir$ to pres]ve ! %ape ( ! fruit or unless fruit is made into jelly4 ,fruit is cook$ 9 a sirup if x is desir$ to pres]ve its %ape4 ,,sugge/ions ,,= ,,cook+ ,,fruits4--,fruits %\ld be wa%$1 cut into pieces1 & !n p>$ or peel$1 unless !y are to be /ra9$ aft] cook+4 ,= "s fruits x is n necess>y to remove ! sk9s be=e /ra9+4 ,we h all se5 ! d>k /a9 on a /eel knife t has be5 us$ = p>+ fruit or c]ta9 vegetables4 ,?is black sub/ance is =m$ by ! action ( ! acid ( ! fruit or vegetable on ! metal4 ,x is disagreeable 9 ta/e & may produce h>mful results4 ,= ?is reason all fruits %\ld be cook$ 9 granite1 e>!nw>e1 or glass ut5sils4 ,! *>act]i/ic odors f cook+ fruits indicate loss ( flavor4 ,?is c be prev5t$ some:at by cook+ fruits at a l[ 7simm]+7 temp]ature 9 a cov]$ ut5sil4 ,! cass]ole us$ on top ( a range or 9 ! ov5 is mo/ desirable = cook+ fruits4 ,sl[ cook+ prev5ts "s fruits f break+ into pieces4 ,,fruit ,,sauces ,cook fruit 9 en\gh wat] to keep f scor*+4 ,:5 ! fruit is t5d]1 remove x f ! fire1 /ir or beat until smoo?1 or press ?r\gh a col&] or /ra9]4 ,add ! sug> at once & /ir until ! sug> is dissolv$4 ,use #a_/h to #a_/d cupful ( sug> = ea* cupful ( cook$ fruit4 ,if fruit is some:at lack+ 9 flavor1 x is (t5 improv$ by add+ spices or o!r flavor+4 ,"s apples are made m palatable by add+ c9namon1 nutmeg1 or lemon juice4 ,,/ew$ ,,fruits ,make a sirup ( sug> & wat]1 us+ "o cupful ( wat] & #a_/b to #a cupful ( sug>4 ,:5 ! sirup is boil+1 add ! fruit & cook g5tly until t5d]4 ,if ! sirup is n ?ick en\gh :5 ! fruit is t5d]1 remove ! fruit f ! sirup1 cook ! sirup until ( prop] consi/5cy1 & !n p\r ov] ! fruit4 ,v firm fruit1 su* z qu9ces & sweet apples1 z well z "s unripe fruits1 %\ld be cook$ 9 cle> wat] until t5d] & !n sweet5$4 ,,comp>ison ,,( ,,fruit ,,sauce ,,& ,,/ew$ ,,fruit4--,use ! same k9d ( fruit & ! same quantity ( sug>1 & make a ,fruit ,sauce & a di% ( ,/ew$ ,fruit4 ,comp>e ! fruit cook$ by ! two me?ods z to flavor & appe>ance4 ,:i* is m l fre% fruit 9 flavor8 ,at :at "t dur+ its prep>ation %\ld sug> be add$ to cook$ fruit8 ,expla9 y\r answ] cle>ly4 ,give two exceptions to ?is rule4 ,%\ld sug> be add$ to cook$ fruit :ile ! fruit is hot or aft] x is cool8 ,:y8 7,see ,exp]im5ts #aj & #aa47 ,:at is ga9$ by n p>+ or peel+ fruit t is to be /ra9$ aft] cook+8 ,:5 fruit is cook+1 :at indicates a loss ( flavor8 ,:at two precautions c be tak5 to pres]ve ! flavor ( fruits8 ,:at means1 o!r ?an cook+ 9 sirup1 c be employ$ to reta9 ! %ape ( cook$ fruit8 ,,rhub>b ,,sauce ,cut rhub>b 7)\t peel+7 into "o-in* pieces4 ,place ^! 9 ! top ( a d\ble boil]4 ,cook 9 a d\ble boil] until s(t1 /irr+ occasionally4 ,:5 cook$1 add #a_/c to #a_/b cupful ( sug> = ea* cupful ( cook$ rhub>b4 ,! cass]ole may be us$ = cook+ rhub>b4 ,place ! rhub>b 9 a cass]ole4 ,add "o tablespoonful ( wat] = ea* cupful ( rhub>b4 ,cov] & simm] on top ( a range1 or bake 9 a sl[ ov5 until s(t4 ,add sug> z direct$ above4 ,,que/ions ,h[ _m p\nds 9 "o peck ( apples8 ,h[ _m m$ium siz$ apples 9 a p\nd8 ,:at is ! price p] p\nd ( fre% pea*es8 ,= :at sub/ances is fruit especially valuable 9 diet8 ,give sugge/ions = reta9+ ^! nutriti\s mat]ials :5 cook+ fruit4 ,make a li/ ( fre% fruits1 /at+ :5 ea* is 9 season4 ,,note ,,to ,,! ,,tea*]4--,if desir$1 ! lessons ( ,division ,sev5te51 ,! ,pres]vation ( ,food1 may foll[ ?is lesson4 ,also see ! note at ! end ( ,lesson ,,vi4 ,,relat$ ,,"w ,,lesson ,,xiv ,,review3 ,,meal ,,cook+ ,,m5u ,footnote #bj3 ,,note ,,to ,,! ,,tea*]4--,! m5u ( a meal lesson is to be assign$ dur+ ! lesson previ\s to ! meal lesson1 s t its prep>ation c be plann$ be=e class "t4 ,s9ce only review foods are assign$1 no in/ruction o!r ?an criticism ( ! f9i%$ product is to be giv5 dur+ ! lesson4 ,by cook+ ! gr\p ( foods 9 individual quantity1 x is possible = pupils to complete ! meal lesson 9 a #ij-m9ute class p]iod4 ,x is m desirable1 h[ev]1 to cook en\gh ( ea* food to s]ve five or six p]sons1 provid$ ! laboratory p]iod is suffici5tly long & ! foods c be utiliz$ 9 ! lun* room4 ,scallop$ ,corn ,bak$ ,apple ,tea ,outside ,prep>ation ( ,lesson4 7a7 ,exam9e ! recipes = ^! foods giv5 9 ! text4 7b7 ,det]m9e ! numb] ( s]v+s ea* recipe w make4 7c7 ,/udy ! me?ods ( prep>ation s t no writt5 directions reg>d+ ! process ( cook+ w be ne$$ 9 class4 7d7 ,note ! k9d ( ut5sils to be us$ = ea* food4 7e7 ,plan ! ord] ( prep>+ ^! foods s z to cook !m 9 ! lea/ "t4 7f7 ,plan ! prep>ation s t all foods may be ready to s]ve 9 ! prop] condition--hot or cold--at "o "t4 ,prep>ation ( ,lesson 9 ,class4 7a7 ,hav+ y\r plans well 9 m9d1 beg9 to "w at once4 ,"w indep5d5tly4 7b7 ,cook a suffici5t quantity ( ea* food to s]ve "o or m p]sons z ! "t p]mits4 7c7 ,soil ! lea/ numb] ( di%es possible4 7d7 ,keep ! table & ut5sils neat :ile work+4 7e7 ,h ! s]v+ di%es ready1--w>m$1 if necess>y4 7f7 ,ta/e ! food be=e s]v+ to see if prop]ly season$4 7g7 ,j be=e s]v+ food1 cle> ! table s t x may be ready = s]v+4 7h7 ,s]ve all ! foods at once1 z a ho/ess cook+ & s]v+ )\t a maid4 7i7 ,if y\r "w is a failure 9 any way1 det]m9e ! cause ( ! failure & its rem$y4 ,,lesson ,,xv ,,home ,,projects ,footnote #ba3 ,see ,lesson ,,ix4 ,,sugge/ions ,,= ,,home ,,"w4--,prep>e vegetables = at lea/ "o meal daily4 ,cook fruit at lea/ once a week4 ,sugge/$ ,aims3 7#a7 ,to cook vegetables 9 su* a way t no nutrim5t is lo/4 7#b7 ,to reta9 z mu* ( ! nutrim5t & fre% flavor ( ! fruits z possible4 ,,division ,,f\r ,,en]gy-,,giv+ ,,or ,,fuel ,,foods1--,,ri* ,,9 ,,c>bohydrates ,,lesson ,,xvi ,,sug>3 ,,dige/ion ,,( ,,sug> ,,en]gy2 ,,fuel4--,an automobile is a ma*9e4 ,! use ( gasol9e 9 ?is ma*9e gives x en]gy or ! p[] to move4 ,! human body is also a ma*9e4 ,c]ta9 foods are tak5 into ! human ma*9e4 ,! utilization ( ^! foods gives ! body en]gy or ! p[] to move 7i4e4 to d "w74 ,! body is capable ( bo? volunt>y & involunt>y "w4 ,walk+ & runn+ are examples ( ! =m] k9d ( "w1 :ile ! beat+ ( ! he>t & ! circulat+ ( ! blood are examples ( ! latt] k9d4 ,at ! same "t t ! body works1 heat is g5]at$4 ,h5ce foods n only give ! body ! p[] to d "w1 b incid5tally !y heat ! body4 ,foods :i* enable ! body to "w are t]m$ en]gy-giv+ or fuel foods4 ,!re are a numb] ( en]gy-giv+ or fuel foods3 sug> is ! fir/ "o to be consid]$4 ,,exp]im5t #aj3 ,,! ,,solubility ,,( ,,granulat$ ,,sug> ,,9 ,,cold ,,wat]--,place half a teaspoonful ( granulat$ sug> 9 a te/ tube1 add a little cold wat]1 %ake4 ,is ! mixture cle>8 ,set x aside = a few m9utes4 ,does ! sug> sep>ate f ! wat]8 ,,exp]im5t #aa3 ,,! ,,solubility ,,( ,,granulat$ ,,sug> ,,9 ,,hot ,,wat]4--,dissolve half a teaspoonful ( granulat$ sug> 9 hot wat]4 ,comp>e ) ,exp]im5t #aj4 ,:i* dissolves sug> m readily1--cold or hot wat]8 ,if y desir$ to dissolve "s sug> quickly1 at :at temp]ature w\ld y h ! wat]8 ,,exp]im5t #ab3 ,,! ,,solubility ,,( ,,p[d]$ ,,sug>4--,dissolve half a teaspoonful ( p[d]$ sug> 9 ! same quantity ( hot wat] us$ 9 ,exp]im5t #aa4 ,does x dissolve m readily ?an granulat$ sug>8 ,expla9 ?is diff]5ce4 ,if y desir$ to dissolve "s lumpy sug> quickly1 h[ w\ld y prep>e x8 ,,! ,,dige/ion ,,( ,,sug>4--,s9ce sug> is s readily dissolv$1 & s9ce dissolv+ is an important /ep 9 ! process ( dige/ion 7see ,solution & ,dige/ion71 x w\ld seem t ! dige/ion ( sug> w\ld be easy4 ,"s sug>s1 su* z glucose1 ne$ no dige/ion 9 a *emical s5se1 & are :olesome provid$ _! solution is n too conc5trat$4 ,! dige/ion ( o!r sug>1 su* z granulat$ sug>1 is slightly m complex4 ,because ! dige/+ ( "s sug> is simple1 "o %\ld n conclude t ?is food %\ld be us$ 9 l>ge quantities or 9 pref]5ce to o!r fuel foods4 ,if sug> is eat5 9 l>ge quantities !re is s mu* dissolv$ sug> = ! organs ( dige/ion to take c>e ( t ! /oma* & small inte/9es become irritat$4 ,?is is especially true :5 c&y is eat5 betwe5 meals1--at a "t :5 ! /oma* is empty4 ,!n1 too1 x may f]m5t 9 ! /oma* or inte/9es & produce dige/ive di/urbances4 ,all sweets %\ld be eat5 only 9 mod]ation & ei!r dur+ a meal or at its close4 ,:5 sug> is mix$ ) o!r foods1 x is dilut$1 & is n s apt to cause di/ress4 ,,sug>s ,,& ,,sirups4--,9 v>i\s plants & 9 milk1 ! *emi/ f9ds a numb] ( diff]5t k9ds ( sug>4 ,^! may be classifi$ into two gr\ps3--7#a7 s+le sug>s & 7#b7 d\ble sug>s4 ,dextrose or glucose is "o ( ! s+le sug>s1 :ile sucrose or cane sug> is an example ( a d\ble sug>4 ,! solid sug>s & sirups f\nd at m>ket & hav+ diff]5t trade names consi/ ( "o or m ( ! diff]5t k9ds ( sug>s4 ,a discussion ( ^! foll[s3 7a7 ,granulat$ sug> is made ei!r f ! sug> cane or sug> beet4 ,! juice is press$ or soak$ out ( ^! plants1 !n purifi$1 ref9$1 & cry/alliz$4 ,p[d]$ sug> is prep>$ by cru%+ granulat$ sug>4 ,confection]s' sug> is a v f9ely gr\nd =m ( cane or beet sug>4 ,granulat$ sug> is #ajj p] c5t sug>4 ,cru%$ sug>s sometimes conta9 fl\r or o!r mat]ials4 ,br[n sug> is made f ! cane or beet1 b is n ref9$ z mu* z is granulat$ sug>4 ,x conta9s "s a% & moi/ure4 7b7 ,corn sirup is made by boil+ corn-/>* ) an acid & !n ref9+ ! product4 ,?is sirup conta9s no cane sug>4 ,its sweet flavor & sirupy consi/5cy are due to ! pres5ce ( #ch4e p] c5t glucose & #db p] c5t dextr94 ,glucose is n z sweet z granulat$ sug>4 ,h5ce1 9 dep5d+ ^u corn sirup alone1 ! t5d5cy is to use m sug> ?an is advisable s z to satisfy our ta/e = sweets4 ,at lea/ #a #a_/b times z mu* corn sirup z granulat$ sug> is ne$$ to produce ! sweetness ( ! solid sug>4 ,a mixture ( corn sirup & granulat$ sug> is (t5 us$ = sweet5+ foods4 7c7 ,molasses & ,sorghum4--,molasses is a by-product ( cane sug>4 ,9 addition to sug>1 x conta9s c]ta9 m9]al mat]ials su* z lime4 ,s9ce x is especially necess>y t foods giv5 *ildr5 conta9 lime1 ! use ( molasses 9 place ( sug> may be recomm5d$ = *ildr54 ,"o %\ld rememb]1 h[ev]1 t mu* sug> ( any k9d is n good = *ildr54 ,molasses conta9s "s acid4 ,because ( mod]n me?ods ( sug> ref9+1 h[ev]1 molasses is less acid ?an ! sirup ( =m] days4 ,x also diff]s 9 flavor4 ,sorghum is a sirup prep>$ f ! sorghum plant4 ,x conta9s a% & has a *>act]i/ic flavor4 ,if ! flavor ( molasses or sorghum is too /rong to be pleasant1 a mixture ( equal p>ts ( corn sirup & molasses or sorghum may be f\nd desirable4 ,mixtures ( diff]5t sirups sold "u v>i\s trade names may be pur*as$4 7d7 ,honey is sug> extract$ f fl[]s4 ,its limit$ supply & co/ prev5t its g5]al use4 ,x is n s ri* 9 m9]al matt] z is molasses4 7e7 ,maple ,sirup & ,sug>4--,maple sirup & sug> are prep>$ f sap extract$ f ! maple tree4 ,!y bo? h a di/9ctive flavor 9 addition to _! sweet ta/e4 ,maple sug> conta9s approximately #hc p] c5t ( sug>1 :ile maple sirup conta9s ab\t #ga p] c5t4 ,,peanut ,,c&y #b cupfuls granulat$ sug> or #a cupful granulat$ sug> & #a cupful corn sirup 7d>k7 #c_/d cupful *opp$ peanuts #a_/d teaspoonful salt ,mix ! peanuts & salt & place 9 ! w>m+ ov5 to heat4 ,if sug> is us$ alone1 put x 9 an iron pan4 ,place ! pan ov] a l[ flame & /ir con/antly until ! sug> is *ang$ to a light br[n sirup4 ,if a comb9ation ( sug> & sirup is us$1 put !m 9 a pan1 /ir1 & cook until ! mixture is v brittle :5 tri$ 9 cold wat]4 ,add ! *opp$ peanuts & salt to ei!r k9d ( sirup1 /irr+ !m 9 z quickly z possible4 ,p\r imm$iately into a hot1 unbutt]$ pan4 ,:5 slightly cool divide into squ>es ) a *opp+ knife4 ,puff$ c]eals or %r$d$ coconut may be us$ in/ead ( peanuts4 ,comm]cial salt$ peanuts may be us$ also4 ,:5 ! latt] are us$1 ! salt 9 ! recipe above %\ld be omitt$4 ,,c>ameliz$ ,,sug>4--,x %\ld be not$ t :5 heat is appli$ to granulat$ sug>1 ! latt] liquefies & becomes br[n 9 color4 ,?is br[n liquid is call$ c>amel ,! process ( mak+ x is call$ c>amelization4 ,:5 sug> is c>ameliz+1 x rea*es a high temp]ature4 ,! melt+ po9t ( t9 is ne> ! temp]ature ( c>ameliz$ sug>4 ,! enamel ( granite w>e is apt to *ip (f if subject$ to great *anges ( temp]ature4 ,iron is n affect$ by ! highe/ cook+ temp]ature1 h5ce x is desirable to use an iron ut5sil = c>ameliz+ sug>4 ,,note4--,:5 cane or granulat$ sug> is c>ameliz$1 a small quantity ( an injuri\s sub/ance call$ furfural is =m$4 7,see ,j\rnal ( ,home ,economics1 ,vol4 ,,ix 7,april1 #aiag71 p4 #afg47 ,! m sug> is heat$1 ! m ( ! injuri\s sub/ance is produc$4 ,also1 cane sug> yields m furfural ?an glucose1--! k9d ( sug> t is pres5t 9 corn sirup4 ,:5 c>ameliz$ sug> is boil$ ) wat]1 h[ev]1 ! furfural is expell$4 ,9 mak+ ,peanut ,c&y1 ! c>ameliz$ sug> _c be boil$ ) wat]1 h5ce x is desirable to use a comb9ation ( granulat$ sug> & corn sirup & heat ! mixture until x is only light br[n 9 color4 ,,exp]im5t #ac3 ,,! ,,solubility ,,( ,,c>amel4--,imm$iately aft] remov+ ! c&y f ! iron pan1 p\r hot wat] into ! pan4 ,all[ x to /& = sev]al m9utes1 !n exam9e4 ,is c>amel soluble 9 wat]8 ,does x dissolve m or less readily ?an granulat$ sug>8 ,:at practical application c be drawn f ?is exp]im5t ) reg>d to wa%+ a pan 9 :i* sug> has be5 c>ameliz$8 ,,que/ions ,weigh "o p\nd ( granulat$ sug>4 ,h[ _m cupfuls does x measure8 ,weigh "o p\nd ( p[d]$ sug>4 ,h[ _m cupfuls does x measure8 ,:at is ! price p] p\nd ( granulat$ & ( p[d]$ sug>8 ,:at is ! price ( corn sirup p] c8 ,h[ mu* does a c measure8 ,calculate ! co/ ( peanut c&y made entirely ) granulat$ sug> & t made ) granulat$ sug> & sirup4 ,note ! proportion ( un%ell$ to %ell$ peanuts4 ,h[ _m un%ell$ peanuts are requir$ = "o cupful ( %ell$ peanuts8 ,:y is an iron r ?an a granite pan us$ = mak+ peanut c&y8 ,:at is ! advantage ( heat+ ! pan8 ,:y is x necess>y to p\r ! mixture into ! pan imm$iately aft] add+ ! peanuts8 ,:y is a mixture ( granulat$ sug> & corn sirup us$ 9 ! mak+ ( peanut c&y r ?an corn sirup8 7,see ,corn ,sirup47 ,f y\r "w 9 physiology1 expla9 ! relation ( ! dige/ion1 absorption1 & assimilation ( foods4 ,,lesson ,,xvii ,,sug>-,,ri* ,,fruits3 ,,dri$ ,,fruits 7,a7 ,,dri$ ,,fruits4--,! wr9kl$ sk9s ( dri$ fruits indicate t !re has be5 a loss ( "s mat]ial4 ,! wat] ( fre% fruits evaporates z !y are dri$4 ,h5ce dri$ fruits conta9 v mu* less wat] ?an fre% fruits4 ,b weight = weight !y conta9 a great] quantity ( sug> & a%4 ,l all fruits1 dri$ fruits are especially valuable = _! a%4 ,!y are also valuable = _! sug>4 ,?ree f\r?s ( ! weight ( mo/ dri$ fruit is sug>4 ,dri$ fruits su* z rais9s1 dates1 figs1 & prunes are valuable sweets = boys & girls4 ,x is mu* bett] to eat "o ( ^! fruits ?an c&y4 ,?is is because ! sug> is mix$ ) o!r mat]ials & z expla9$ previ\sly does n irritate ! dige/ive organs z does ! conc5trat$ sug> exi/+ 9 mo/ c&ies4 7,see ! ,dige/ion ( ,sug>47 ,! fact t m9]al mat]ials exi/ along ) sug> is ano!r po9t 9 favor ( ! sweet fruits4 ,all ! above-m5tion$ fruits conta9 iron4 ,v "y *ildr5 are f$ prune juice because ( its laxative effect4 ,! unpopul>ity ( prunes is un=tunate4 ,?is may be because prunes 7 =m]ly "o ( ! *eape/ fruits or because !y are cook$ & s]v$ 9 ! same way too (t54 ,a pleas+ v>iation may be made by comb9+ !m ) o!r food mat]ials4 ,_m k9ds ( v ta/y dess]ts conta9+ prunes may be made4 ,_m v>ieties ( prunes may be cook$ )\t ! addition ( any sug>4 ,desirable results c (t5 be secur$ by comb9+ prunes & o!r dri$ fruits ) t>t fruits su* z apricots1 apples1 & rhub>b4 ,rais9s are a favorite food ( m\nta9 climb]s & ^? tramp+ long di/ances4 ,!y s]ve z a satisfy+ diet on su* trips because ( _! high sug> cont5t 7sug> has be5 m5tion$ previ\sly z en]gy-giv]74 ,s9ce !y are a dri$ fruit1 a small quantity furni%es mu* food4 ,?is is an advantage\s factor 9 c>ry+ !m4 ,,g5]al ,,rules ,,= ,,cook+ ,,dri$ ,,fruits4--,wa% ! fruit c>efully4 ,place x 9 ! saucepan 9 :i* x is to be cook$ & p\r en\gh cold wat] ov] ! fruit to cov] x4 ,cov] ! saucepan & all[ ! fruit to soak = sev]al h\rs or ov]night4 ,!n cook ! fruit at simm]+ temp]ature 9 ! wat] 9 :i* x 0 soak$4 ,:5 ! fruit is t5d]1 remove ! saucepan f ! fire1 add sug> if desir$1 & /ir c>efully until ! sug> is dissolv$4 ,s]ve cold4 ,,prunes ,prep>e accord+ to ! g5]al rule4 ,= ea* #b cupfuls ( prunes add ab\t #a_/d cupful ( sug> & "o tablespoonful ( lemon juice4 ,! sug> may be omitt$ & only ! lemon juice add$4 ,,apricots ,prep>e accord+ to ! g5]al rule4 ,= #a_/b p\nd ( apricots add #a_/b cupful ( sug>4 ,,to ,,prep>e ,,rais9s ,,= ,,cook+4--,rais9s t are sold 9 packages ne$ only slight wa%+4 ,be=e us+1 !y %\ld be sep>at$ & exam9$ = any bits ( /em t h n be5 remov$ be=e pack+4 ,x is desirable to cut ea* rais9 9 halves :5 us$ = cakes & breads4 ,rais9s t are sold by bulk ne$ c>eful wa%+4 ,place se$$ rais9s 9 a /ra9] & p\r cold wat] ov] !m2 dra9 well4 ,if ! rais9s are to be us$ at once or 9 a cake1 dry !m on a t[el4 ,if rais9s are to be se$$1 cov] !m ) boil+ wat]4 ,:5 !y are s(t1 dra9 & press out ! se$s4 ,,to ,,prep>e ,,currants ,,= ,,cook+4--,package currants ne$ b little wa%+1 b !y %\ld be exam9$ c>efully = bits ( /em be=e us+4 ,to clean bulk currants place !m 9 a col&] or /ra9]1 %ake fl\r ov] !m1 & rub ! fl\r$ currants betwe5 ! h&s4 ,p\r wat] ?r\gh ! /ra9] until ! wat] comes ?r\gh cle>4 ,if ! currants are to be us$ 9 a cake1 dry !m 9 ! sun1 on a t[el1 or 9 a cool ov54 ,,mix$ ,,fruit ,,sauce #a_/b p\nd dri$ apricots #a p9t wat] #a cupful rais9s #a_/d teaspoonful salt #a lemon1--juice #a orange1--juice & grat$ r9d #e_/h cupful sug> ,soak ! apricots = sev]al h\rs or ov]night 9 ! wat]4 ,add ! o!r fruits & cook ! mixture at simm]+ temp]ature until ! apricots & rais9s are t5d]4 ,add ! sug> & salt4 ,/ir until dissolv$4 ,s]ve ! sauce cold z a dess]t4 ,,que/ions ,weigh #a cupful ( dri$ fruit & record weight4 ,weigh & measure soak$ fruit 7#a cupful be=e soak+7 & record weight & measure4 ,to :at is ! increase 9 measure ( ! soak$ fruit due8 ,:at use %\ld be made ( ! wat] 9 :i* dri$ fruit is soak$8 ,:at does ?is wat] conta98 7,see ,exp]im5t #aj47 ,:at is ! purpose ( soak+ dri$ fruit be=e cook+8 ,:at is ! purpose ( cov]+ ! fruit :ile soak+8 ,us+ ! data reg>d+ fre% fruit obta9$ 9 ,lesson ,i1 & t obta9$ by weigh+ dri$ fruit be=e & aft] soak+1 e/imate ! diff]5ce 9 ! co/ ( "o p\nd ( fre% & ( soak$ dri$ fruit4 ,/ate two reasons = comb9+ rais9s ) apples & apricots 9 ,bak$ ,apples & ,mix$ ,fruit ,sauce4 ,,lesson ,,xviii ,,sug>-,,ri* ,,fruits3 ,,dri$ ,,fruits 7,b7 ,,dess]ts ,,& ,,food ,,value4--,v (t5 dri$ fruits & nuts are us$ z accessories aft] a meal4 ,"u ^! conditions !y are dige/$ (t5 ) difficulty1 because ! meal itself has tax$ ! dige/ive organs4 ,^! foods %\ld be consid]$ z a "p ( ! meal & %\ld n be add$ aft] en\gh o!r foods h be5 eat54 ,n only dri$ fruits & nuts b o!r dess]ts (t5 prove di/ress+1 n because !y are un:olesome1 b because too mu* food has be5 eat54 ,,prune ,,pudd+ #a cupful cook$ prunes1 se$$ & *opp$ #a_/b cupful sug> #a cupful *opp$ nuts #a_/b cupful milk or prune wat] #a teaspoonful vanilla #a tablespoonful butt] or sub/itute1 melt$ #c crack]s 7roll$ f9e7 or #a_/b cupful dri$ bread crumbs #a teaspoonful bak+ p[d] ,salt ,mix all ! +r$i5ts4 ,p\r into a butt]$ bak+-di%4 ,place ! bak+-di% 9 a pan ( hot wat]4 ,bake 9 a mod]ate ov5 = #bj m9utes1 or until ! mixture is firm4 ,s]ve hot or cold ) pla9 or :ipp$ cream4 ,,date ,,pudd+ #a_/b cupful sug> #a egg #b tablespoonfuls milk #a_/c cupful fl\r #a teaspoonful bak+ p[d] ,salt #a cupful dates1 se$$1 & cut 9 pieces #a cupful ,cali=nia walnuts1 *opp$ ,mix ! sug>1 milk1 & egg4 ,mix ! rema9+ +r$i5ts2 !n add to ! fir/ mixture4 ,mix1 & turn into an oil$ bak+-di% or pan4 ,bake 9 a mod]ate ov5 f #cj to #dj m9utes or until x is firm4 ,s]ve hot or cold ) pla9 or :ipp$ cream4 ,,que/ions ,h[ _m dry1 uncook$ prunes are requir$ to make #a cupful ( cook$ prunes8 7,see ,que/ions1 ,lesson ,,xvii47 ,:at are ! prices p] p\nd ( figs & dates8 ,h[ _m w ! above recipes s]ve8 ,:at +r$i5ts 9 ^! pudd+s scor* readily8 ,:y is ,prune ,pudd+ surr\nd$ ) hot wat] dur+ bak+8 ,,lesson ,,xix ,,c]eals3 ,,/>* ,,& ,,cellulose ,,/>* is a v important ,,fuel food2 l sug>1 x gives en]gy to ! body4 ,/>* is closely relat$ to sug>2 x has mu* ! same composition & ! same use 9 ! body4 ,9 c]ta9 respects1 h[ev]1 />* diff]s f sug>4 ,,exp]im5t #ad3 ,,! ,,/>* ,,te/4--,put a drop ( t9cture ( iod9e on1-- corn-/>*1 fl\r1 rice1 cream ( :eat1 :eat5a1 oatmeal1 tapioca1 potato1 meat1 & egg4 ,:at is ! result8 ,if a sub/ance conta9s />*1 x *anges to a blue color :5 t9cture ( iod9e is add$ to x4 ,f ^! exp]im5ts det]m9e 9 :i* class--animal or vegetable--! />*y foods belong4 ,,exp]im5t #ae3 ,,! ,,effect ,,( ,,cold ,,wat] ,,on ,,/>*4--,mix half a teaspoonful ( corn-/>* or fl\r ) cold wat] 9 a te/ tube or glass cup4 ,:at happ5s to a solid sub/ance :5 x is dissolv$8 7,see ,exp]im5t #f47 ,set ! mixture aside = a few m9utes1 !n note its appe>ance4 ,is />* soluble 9 cold wat]8 ,:at important diff]5ce betwe5 />* & sug> does ?is exp]im5t %[8 ,,exp]im5t #af3 ,,! ,,effect ,,( ,,heat ,,on ,,/>*4--,hold to ! light ! />* & wat] mixture f ,exp]im5t #ae4 ,is x opaque or transp>5t8 ,turn ! mixture into a saucepan1 heat1 & /ir x2 return ! mixture to ! te/ tube or cup & aga9 hold x to ! light4 ,:at *ange 0 caus$ by heat+ x8 ,set ! mixture aside = a few m9utes4 ,h ! />* & wat] sep>at$ z 9 ! uncook$ />*8 ,c y say x is insoluble1 l uncook$ />*8 ,c y say x is soluble1 l sug>8 ,:at t]m indicat+ a half-dissolv$ condition c y apply to ! cook$ />*8 ,,exp]im5t #ag3 ,,/iff5+ ,,( ,,cook$ ,,/>*4--,place ! te/ tube conta9+ cook$ />* f ,exp]im5t #af 9 cold wat]4 ,aft] t5 m9utes exam9e x4 ,c y p\r x out ( ! tube8 ,h[ does cook$ />* *ange :5 cool$8 ,,exp]im5t #ah3 ,,! ,,/ructure ,,( ,,/>*4--,exam9e />* "u ! microscope4 ,:ile y are /ill look+ ?r\gh ! microscope1 make a draw+ ( sev]al gra9s ( />*4 ,ins]t ?is draw+ 9 y\r notebook4 ,,cellulose4--,cellulose is a t\gh sub/ance f\nd 9 ! fib] ( wood4 ,z previ\sly m5tion$ ! outside cov]+ ( vegetables & fruits & _! int]ior framework conta9 mu* cellulose4 ,! fibr\s mat]ial f\nd 9 roll$ oats consi/s almo/ entirely ( cellulose4 ,,exp]im5t #ai3 ,,sep>ation ,,( ,,cellulose ,,& ,,/>*4--,place a heap+ teaspoonful ( roll$ oats 9 a cup & add j en\gh wat] to cov] x4 ,all[ x to /& = at lea/ #ae m9utes4 ,p\r ! mixture into a *eese- clo? & press out ! moi/ure & mu* ( ! />*1 cat*+ x 9 a saucepan4 ,r9se ! />* out ( ! clo? z ?or\ghly z possible by hold+ x "u runn+ wat]4 ,exam9e ! sub/ance rema9+ 9 ! clo?4 ,te> x into pieces4 ,is x t\gh8 ,does x sugge/ any common mat]ial8 ,:at is x8 ,heat ! cont5ts ( ! saucepan4 ,:at is ?is sub/ance8 ,! t9y gra9s ( />* %[n "u ! microscope 7see ,figure #bc7 conta9 bo? />* & cellulose4 ,! latt] =ms ! out] cov]+ ( ! microscopic gra9s4 ,/>*y vegetables conta9 mu* cellulose3 7a7 9 ! outside cov]+2 7b7 9 ! int]ior framework2 7c7 9 ! cov]+ ( ! />* gra9s4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ,h\sehold ,*emi/ry1 by ,j4 ,m4 ,blan*>d4 ,figure #bc4--;,gra9s ( ,/>*4 a1 potato />*2 b1 corn-/>*4 7,mu* magnifi$47 ,"s plants ri* 9 cellulose c be eat5 9 ! raw /ate4 ,b c]ta9 fibr\s foods1 especially c]eals or gra9s1 are irritat+ if eat5 9 ! uncook$ condition4 ,x is necess>y to s(t5 !m if us$ z food4 ,n[ cellulose itself is n soluble 9 cold or hot wat] nor is x s(t5$ by boil+ 9 wat]4 ,b o!r mat]ials exi/+ ) cellulose are s(t5$ or *ang$ by cook+4 ,h5ce *anges 9 ^! sub/ances 9 contact ) ! cellulose br\ght ab\t by boil+ wat] s(t5 ! food & sep>ate cellulose fib]s4 ,heat & moi/ure appli$ to />*y foods s]ve ?ree important purposes3 7a7 ,!y s(t5 ! food2 7b7 !y *ange ! />* to a pa/e or make x semisoluble2 7c7 !y improve ! flavor4 ,cellulose is n a fuel mat]ial2 x does n s]ve 9 ! body z an en]gy-giv]4 ,its value 9 diet is due to ! fact t x is bulky & furni%es balla/ = ! alim5t>y canal4 ,x /imulates ! fl[ ( ! dige/ive juices z x bru%es aga9/ ! walls ( ! dige/ive tract1 & ?us aids 9 ! dige/ion ( foods & 9 ! elim9ation ( wa/e mat]ial4 ,,c>bohydrate1 ,a ,,food/uff4--,because sug>1 />*1 & cellulose h some:at ! same composition & "s prop]ties 9 common1 !y are gr\p$ into "o class1 viz4 c>bohydrate4 ,sug>1 />*1 & cellulose are all includ$ 9 ! t]m c>bohydrate4 ,c>bohydrate is "o ( ! food/uffs4 ,sug> is a food conta9+ only ! c>bohydrate food/uff4 ,c]eals conta9 n only c>bohydrates b o!r food/uffs4 ,!y conta91 h[ev]1 a l>g] quantity ( c>bohydrate ?an any ( ! o!r food/uffs1 = :i* reason !y are class$ z c>bohydrate-ri* foods4 ,,c]eals4--,c]eals are cultivat$ grasses1 ! se$s ( :i* are us$ = food4 ,! mo/ important are :eat1 ,indian corn or maize1 rice1 oats1 rye1 & b>ley4 ,f ^! _m diff]5t k9ds ( fl\rs1 meals1 & breakfa/ foods are prep>$4 ,c]eals rank high 9 nutritive value4 ,_m ( !m conta9 ab\t #ge p] c5t ( />*4 ,!y also conta9 a% & a sub/ance :i* builds ! body4 ,because !y are widely di/ribut$ 9 v>i\s climates1 !y h an important place 9 man's diet4 ,at m>ket "o f9ds two classes ( c]eals sold z breakfa/ foods--7#a7 ! ready to eat & 7#b7 ! uncook$ or p>tially cook$ gra9s4 ,! ready-to-eat c]eals co/ mu* m p] p\nd ?an ! c]eals t require cook+4 ,! diff]5ce 9 ! price p] p\nd1 h[ev]1 is n an accurate diff]5ce 9 ! co/ ( ! two1 = ! co/ ( ! fuel 9 cook+ gra9s at home mu/ be tak5 into consid]ation4 ,( ! c]eals t require cook+1 ^? t are p>tially cook$ are d\btless ! m popul>4 ,_m ( ^! su* z roll$ oats or :eat are /eam$ & roll$4 ,h5ce !y take mu* less "t to prep>e 9 ! home kit*5 ?an ! uncook$ gra9s4 ,all breakfa/ c]eals require long cook+ to make !m mo/ palatable1 ! "t ( cook+ dep5d+ ^u ! "* ( ! cellulose & ! me?od ( prep>+ ! c]eal = m>ket4 ,mo/ p>tially cook$ gra9s are improv$ by a long] cook+ ?an is usually giv5 !m4 ,x is int]e/+ to measure equal quantities ( a roll$ c]eal & cook "o quantity = #bj m9utes & ! o!r = #a #a_/b h\rs & ta/e ea*4 ,! sup]ior flavor & texture ( ! well-cook$ c]eal is well wor? ! additional l5g? ( "t ( cock+4 ,gra9s are also f\nd on sale 9 bulk & 9 package4 ,! latt] co/ m b insure great] cleanl9ess4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 c]eals sold 9 bulk are ^? t require cook+1 !y w be ?or\ghly /]iliz$ be=e s]v+ & ne$ occasion no conc]n reg>d+ _! cleanl9ess4 ,,g5]al ,,rules ,,= ,,cook+ ,,c]eals4--,p\r ! c]eal sl[ly into boil+ salt$ wat]4 ,cook directly ov] ! flame = ab\t #aj m9utes4 ,!n place ov] boil+ wat] & cook f #a_/b to #h h\rs4 ,usually "o teaspoonful ( salt is us$ = ea* cupful ( c]eal4 ,! quantity ( wat] dep5ds ^u ! k9d ( c]eal4 ,! d\ble boil] is p>ticul>ly good = cook+ c]eals4 ,! fireless cook] also is a mo/ satisfactory device = cook+ ^! foods easily & economically4 ,/>*y foods are mo/ easily dige/$ :5 well ma/icat$4 ,dry foods require m ma/ication ?an moi/ foods4 ,x is well !n to h ! wat] us$ 9 cook+ ! c]eal entirely absorb$4 ,if1 :5 ne>ly done1 ! c]eal is too moi/1 uncov] ! vessel & cook until ! excess ( wat] is evaporat$4 ,c>e %\ld be tak51 h[ev]1 n to all[ a t\gh sk9 to =m on ! top ( ! c]eal4 ,?is dige/s ) difficulty4 ,its =mation c be prev5t$ by keep+ ! c]eal cov]$ or by /irr+ occasionally4 ,heat ready-to-eat c]eals 9 ! ov5 until !y are crisp4 ,,roll$ ,,oats ,,or ,,:eat #c cupfuls boil+ wat] #a cupful c]eal #a teaspoonful salt ,prep>e accord+ to ! g5]al directions1 cook+ 9 ! d\ble boil] at lea/ #a #a_/b h\rs4 ,,cream ,,( ,,:eat ,,or ,,:eat5a #c cupfuls boil+ wat] #a_/b cupful c]eal #a teaspoonful salt ,prep>e accord+ to ! g5]al rule1 cook+ 9 ! d\ble boil] at lea/ #a_/b h\r4 ,a few m9utes be=e tak+ f ! fire1 #a_/b p\nd ( dates1 clean$1 /on$1 & cut into pieces1 may be add$4 ,rais9s or figs may also be us$ ) ,cream ( ,:eat & o!r c]eals4 ,,que/ions ,h[ w\ld ! temp]ature ( boil+ wat] be affect$ if a cupful ( c]eal 7 p\r$ into x all at once8 ,f ?is expla9 :y c]eals %\ld be add$ sl[ly to ! boil+ wat]4 ,comp>e ! cook$ & uncook$ c]eal4 ,h[ does x *ange 9 appe>ance & quantity8 ,:y are c]eals n cook$ entirely ov] ! nak$ flame8 ,:at is ! price1 weight1 & measure ( a package ( ,roll$ ,oats or ,:eat8 ,( a package ( ,cream ( ,:eat or ,:eat5a8 ,:at is ! co/ ( ! quantity ( c]eal indicat$ 9 ! recipes above8 ,calculate ! diff]5ce 9 ! co/ p] p\nd ( ready-to-eat & uncook$ c]eals4 ,,lesson ,,xx ,,c]eals3 ,,rice 7,a7 ,,poli%$ ,,& ,,unpoli%$ ,,rice4--,at m>ket "o f9ds two k9ds ( rice1--"o :ite & pe>ly 9 appe>ance call$ poli%$ rice1 & ! o!r1 gray or br[n & lu/]less call$ unpoli%$ rice4 ,9 prep>+ rice = m>ket1 ! out] husks ( ! gra9 are remov$ & ! rice is clean$4 ,x may !n be sold z unpoli%$ rice or x may be fur!r treat$ by rubb+ or poli%+ to make x ready = m>ket4 ,rice is subject$ to ?is latt] process m]ely to satisfy ! dem& ( pur*as]s4 ,! food value ( poli%$ rice is inf]ior to t ( ! unpoli%$ gra94 ,mu* valuable a% & o!r mat]ial are lo/4 ,inde$1 a c]ta9 disease1 ,footnote #bb3 ,b]i-b]i1 a disease common among ^? inhabitants ( ,ori5tal c\ntries ^: diet consi/s almo/ entirely ( poli%$ rice & fi%4 due to improp] n\ri%m5t1 has be5 cur$ by giv+ ! suff]] rice poli%+s4 ,! flavor ( rice is also impair$ by poli%+ x4 ,unpoli%$ rice is mu* ! m valuable food4 ,x requires1 h[ev]1 long] cook+ ?an poli%$ rice4 ,soak+ 9 wat] be=e cook+ %ort5s ! l5g? ( "t requir$ = cook+4 ,,to ,,clean ,,rice4--,to wa% rice1 put x 9 a /ra9] & all[ ! wat] f a faucet to run ?r\gh ! /ra9]4 ,rub ! rice betwe5 ! h&s4 ,,rice 7cook$ ov] boil+ wat]7 #c cupfuls boil+ wat] #a teaspoonful salt #a cupful rice ,foll[ ! ,g5]al ,rules = ,cook+ ,c]eals2 :5 ! rice is add$ to ! boil+ wat]1 /ir x to prev5t adh]+ to ! pan4 ,cook ov] hot wat]1 i4e4 9 a d\ble boil]1 until ! gra9s are s(t 7usually ab\t #de m9utes74 ,! above +r$i5ts may be plac$ 9 a /eam] 7see ,figure #ca7 & cook$ 9 /eam until ! rice gra9s are t5d]4 ,x is !n call$ ,/eam$ ,rice4 ,rice is mo/ palatable comb9$ ) v>i\s fruits4 ,,en]gy-,,giv+ ,,or ,,fuel ,,foods ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #bd--;,a ,,cupful ,,( ,,rice ,,be=e ,,& ,,aft] ,,boil+ ,! l>ge ut5sil 0 requir$ to boil x1 ! wat] dra9$ f x is 9 ! j> ,,boil$ ,,rice ,footnote #bc3 ,res]ve "s ( ! cook$ rice ( ?is lesson = ! foll[+ lesson4 #c qu>ts boil+ wat] #a cupful rice #b teaspoonfuls salt ,add ! salt to ! boil+ wat]4 ,:5 ! wat] boils rapidly1 add ! rice sl[ly1 s t ! wat] does n /op boil+4 ,boil rapidly = #bj m9utes or until ! gra9s are s(t4 ,turn into a col&] or /ra9] to dra94 ,r9se ) hot wat]1 dra9 well1 !n spr9kle ) salt4 ,save ! wat] f ! ,boil$ ,rice = ! exp]im5t bel[ & = prep>+ ,*eese ,sauce = class "w4 ,:5 ! rice is boil+1 decide :e!r or n x %\ld be cov]$ tightly4 ,,exp]im5t #bj ,,! ,,diff]5ce ,,9 ,,nutritive ,,value ,,( ,,boil$ ,,rice ,,& ,,rice ,,cook$ ,,ov] ,,boil+ ,,wat]--,p\r a little ( ! wat] f ! boil$ rice into a te/ tube4 ,cool ! rice wat] & te/ x ) iod9e = />*4 ,is any ( ! />* f rice cook$ ov] boil+ wat] wa/$8 ,:i* me?od ( cook+ rice leaves m nutrim5t 9 ! cook$ product8 ,,*eese ,,sauce 7made ) rice wat]7 #a p9t rice wat] #a tablespoonful corn-/>* #a teaspoonful salt #a_/d teaspoonful mu/>d #a_/f teaspoonful paprika #a_/b cupful *eese grat$ or cut into pieces ,mix ! corn-/>* ) ab\t #b tablespoonfuls ( cold rice wat]4 ,heat ! rema9d] ( ! liquid4 ,add ! corn-/>* mixture to ! hot rice wat]4 ,/ir & cook = ab\t #aj m9utes4 ,!n add ! season+s & *eese4 ,cont9ue /irr+ & cook+ until ! *eese is bl5d$ ) ! o!r +r$i5ts4 ,s]ve hot ov] cook$ rice4 ,"o cupful ( tomatoes or a small quantity ( pim5tos 7cut into pieces7 may be add$ along ) ! *eese to ! sauce4 ,if pim5tos are us$1 ! paprika %\ld be omitt$4 ,,que/ions ,h[ is rice te/$ = suffici5t cook+8 ,:y does rice take a %ort] "t to cook ?an mo/ ( ! :eat & oat foods8 7,see ,c]eals47 ,note ! diff]5ce 9 ! quantity ( wat] us$ = boil$ rice & = rice cook$ ov] boil+ wat]4 ,note t ! saucepan is us$ = cook+ "o & ! d\ble boil] = cook+ ! o!r4 ,f ?is expla9 ! reason = ! diff]5ce 9 ! quantity ( wat] us$4 ,:i* me?od ( cook+ rice takes long]8 ,expla9 ! diff]5ce 9 ! l5g? ( "t ( cook+4 ,measure ! rice aft] cook+4 ,h[ mu* has x increas$ 9 bulk8 ,if "o desir$ #b cupfuls ( cook$ rice1 h[ mu* uncook$ rice %\ld be us$8 ,comp>e ! individual gra9s ( rice cook$ 9 boil+ wat] & rice cook$ ov] boil+ wat]1--are ! gra9s sep>at$ or pa/$ toge!r8 ,expla9 ! diff]5ce 9 appe>ance4 ,:at +r$i5ts d c]eals conta9 t make x possible to mold !m 7see ,exp]im5t #ag78 ,:i* is ! bett] = mold+1--boil$ rice or rice cook$ ov] boil+ wat]8 ,:y8 ,:at is ! advantage 9 us+ rice wat] r ?an pla9 wat] to prep>e ,*eese ,sauce8 ,:at o!r use c\ld be made ( rice wat]8 ,,lesson ,,xxi ,,c]eals3 ,,rice 7,b7 ,,rice ,,pudd+ ,/eam$ rice may be prep>$ = a simple dess]t by us+ bo? milk & wat]4 ,foll[ ! recipe = ,rice ,cook$ ov] ,boil+ ,wat]1 us+ #a #a_/b cupfuls ( wat] & l #a_/b cupfuls ( milk4 ,cook ! wat] & rice until ! wat] is absorb$1 add ! milk1 & cont9ue cook+ ov] wat]4 ,s]ve ) cream & sug>1 or ) a suitable sauce4 ,,rice ,,pudd+ 7made ) cook$ rice7 ,footnote #bd3 ,a portion ( ! rice cook$ 9 ! previ\s lesson may be utiliz$ 9 mak+ ?is pudd+4 #b cupfuls cook$ rice #c_/d - #a cupful milk #a_/b cupful rais9s #a_/c cupful sug> ,grat$ r9d #a_/b lemon ,^! +r$i5ts may be cook$ 9 sev]al diff]5t ways4 ,by *ang+ ! flavor+1 me?od ( s]v+1 & sauce1 rice dess]ts ( pleas+ v>iety may be made f ! mat]ials above4 ,! pudd+ may be bak$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,mix ! +r$i5ts1 place 9 a butt]$ bak+-di%1 & bake 9 a sl[ ov5 until ! rice has absorb$ ! milk & is br[n4 ,vanilla or nutmeg1 or bo?1 may be sub/itut$ = ! lemon r9d4 ,?is dess]t may be cook$ ov] wat] by mix+ ! +r$i5ts 9 ! top ( a d\ble boil] & cook+ until ! milk is absorb$4 ,!n butt] hot cu/>d cups or tea cups & press "s rice into ea*4 ,turn out at once & s]ve ) ,c>amel1 ,*ocolate1 or o!r sauce4 ,lemon ,sauce1 9 :i* dates1 cut into pieces1 h be5 cook$1 makes a ta/y sauce = ?is pudd+4 ,:5 ,lemon ,sauce & dates are us$1 ! rais9s %\ld be omitt$ & ! pudd+ flavor$ ) nutmeg4 ,,c>amel ,,sauce #a_/c cupful sug> #b tablespoonfuls fl\r #a tablespoonful butt] or sub/itute #a cupful milk #a_/b teaspoonful vanilla ,salt ,mix ! sug>1 fl\r1 & butt] 9 a fry+ pan2 !n heat ! mixture to c>amelize ! sug>1 /irr+ con/antly4 ,scald ! milk 9 a d\ble boil]4 ,:5 ! sug> is c>ameliz$1 add x to ! hot milk & heat ! mixture until ! c>ameliz$ sug> is dissolv$4 ,add ! salt & vanilla4 ,footnote #be3 ,if ! sauce is to be s]v$ cold1 x is well to all[ ! cook$ mixture to cool be=e add+ ! vanilla 7see ,flavor+ ,extracts74 ,s]ve hot or cold ov] pudd+s4 ,,que/ions ,:y is x advisable to use a d\ble boil] = cook+ rice8 7,see ,lesson ,,xx7 ,if rice is cook$ 9 a d\ble boil] & milk is to be add$1 :y %\ld n ! milk be add$ until ! rice mixture is plac$ ov] hot wat]8 7,see /atem5t reg>d+ ! scor*+ ( milk 9 ,que/ions1 ,lesson ,,xxiv7 ,:i* me?od ( cook+ ! ,rice ,pudd+--bak+ or cook+ ov] wat]-- requires m milk8 ,expla9 y\r answ]4 ,also expla9 :y a def9ite quantity ( milk _c be /at$ 9 ! recipe4 ,see ,note1 ,lesson ,,xvi4 ,is any ( ! injuri\s sub/ance =m$ 9 c>ameliz+ sug> pres5t 9 ,c>amel ,sauce8 ,,lesson ,,xxii ,,c]eals ,,& ,,! ,,fireless ,,cook] ,,! ,,fireless ,,cook]4--,! fact t fuels are exp5sive & t ! supply ( "s fuels is dim9i%+1 makes x advisable to cons]ve heat4 ,?is c be done 9 no m satisfactory way ?an by means ( a fireless cook]4 ,x has be5 said t future hi/orians 9 summ+ up ! great a*ievem5ts ( ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! tw5tie? c5tury w probably "n z ! mo/ important1 wireless telegraphy1 aviation1 & fireless cook]y4 ,! fireless cook] _c be us$ ) all me?ods ( cook+1 b its possibilities are _m4 ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ( ,mc,cray ,refrig]ator ,co ,,figure #be4 --,,insulat$ ,,wall ,,( ,a ,,refrig]ator4 ,,! ,,pr9ciple ,,( ,,fireless ,,cook]y4--,9 ,exp]im5t #b x 0 f\nd t wood did n transmit heat rapidly1 :ile t9 did4 ,ano!r famili> illu/ration w %[ ! diff]5ce betwe5 wood & metal 9 transmitt+ heat4 ,a metal door knob feels v cold on a w9t] day1 because ! metal conducts ! heat away f ! h& rapidly1 :ile a wood5 knob is com=table to t\*4 ,wood is t]m$ a poor conductor ( heat4 ,metals are good conductors ( heat4 ,pap]1 hay1 excelsior1 sawdu/1 cork1 wool1 fea!rs1 & _m o!r mat]ials are poor conductors ( heat4 ,if any hot sub/ance is surr\nd$ by any ( ^! poor conduct+ mat]ials1 ! heat ( t sub/ance is reta9$ = "s "t4 ,also1 if any cold sub/ance is surr\nd$ by a poor conductor1 ! sub/ance rema9s cold4 ,9 ?r[+ a piece ( c>pet or newspap] ov] an ice cream freez]1 to prev5t ! ice f melt+1 "o makes use ( ! latt] pr9ciple4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #bf4--;,,fireless ,,cook] ,,hav+ ,,excelsior ,,pack+4 ,! walls ( a well-built refrig]ator consi/ ( a numb] ( lay]s ( non-conduct+ mat]ials 7see ,figure #be74 ,to und]/& ! pr9ciple involv$ 9 cook+ )\t fire1 try ! foll[+3 ,,exp]im5t #ab3 ,,ret5tion ,,( ,,heat4--,fill #b t9 measur+ cups half full ( boil+ wat]4 ,imm$iately inclose "o cup ( wat] 9 a pap] bag or wrap pap] ab\t x s !re w be consid]able air space betwe5 ! cup & pap]4 ,aft] #ae m9utes1 ins]t a !rmomet] into ! wat] 9 ea* ( ! cups4 ,:i* is hott]8 ,:at has kept 9 ! heat ( ! hott] wat]8 ,! fireless cook] is a device conta9+ cook+ kettles :i* are surr\nd$ by "s poor conductor4 ,:5 food is heat$ ?or\ghly1 ! heat c be reta9$ = a numb] ( h\rs by plac+ ! hot food 9 ! fireless cook]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #bg--;,,fireless ,,cook] ,,) ,,/one ,,disks ,note ! kettles ( v>i\s %apes ,9 ! ord9>y fireless cook] x is possible to cook all foods t c be cook$ 9 wat] at a temp]ature bel[ ! boil+ po9t ( wat]1 i4 e4 simm]+ temp]ature4 ,ano!r type ( fireless cook] has a metallic or an enamel l9+ & is provid$ ) movable /one disks4 ,bo? ! /ones & food are heat$ on a range & !n introduc$ into ! cook] 9 su* a way t ! /ones are "u & ov] ! kettle ( food4 ,by ?is arrangem5t1 foods c be cook$ at a high] temp]ature ?an 9 ! ord9>y fireless cook] 7see ,figures #bf & #bg74 ,!re are also electric fireless cook]s 7see ,figure #bh74 ,su* cook]s are equipp$ ) a heat+ elem5t :i* is plac$ 9 ! bottom ( ! insulat$ box4 ,) ^! x is n necess>y to heat ! food be=e plac+ x 9 ! cook]4 ,! uncook$ food is put into ! cook] & ! curr5t turn$ on4 ,by means ( a clock arrangem5t ! curr5t may be cut (f :5 ! desir$ l5g? ( "t ( heat+ has pass$4 ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ( ! ,/&>d ,electric ,/ove ,co ,,figure #bh4--;,,electric ,,fireless ,,cook]4 ,has a heat+ elem5t 9 ! bottom ( ! cook]4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! fireless cook] is us$ on "s ( ! mod]n gas & electric ranges4 ,! walls ( ! ov5s ( ^! ranges are surr\nd$ by insulat+ mat]ials4 ,:5 an ov5 is heat$ & has rea*$ ! desir$ temp]ature1 ! gas or electricity is cut (f1 b ! bak+ temp]ature is reta9$ = "s "t4 ,! top burn]s ( "s gas ranges h a fireless cook] atta*m5t 9 ! =m ( an insulat$ hood4 ,! food is fir/ heat$ ov] ! burn]1 !n ! hood is l[]$ ov] ! food1 & ! gas is cut (f4 ,! food cont9ues to cook1 h[ev]1 by ! reta9$ heat 7see ,figure #bi74 ,,sugge/ions ,,= ,,us+ ,a ,,fireless ,,cook]4--,"o %\ld keep ! foll[+ 9 m9d 9 us+ ! ord9>y fireless cook]3 ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ( ! ,*amb]s ,manufactur+ ,co4 ,,figure #bi4--;,,gas ,,range ,,hav+ ,,fireless ,,cook] ,,atta*m5t1 ,,insulat$ ,,ov5 ,,& ,,hoods4 #a4 ,h ! food heat$ ?or\ghly be=e plac+ 9 ! fireless cook]4 7,?is direction does n apply to an electrical fireless cook] su* z %[n 9 ,figure #bh47 ,if ! foods are small1 z c]eals1 #e m9utes' boil+ is usually suffici5t cook+ on ! range2 if l>ge 9 size1 z a piece ( beef1 #cj m9utes is requir$ to heat x ?r\gh4 #b4 ,aft] heat+1 place ! cov]$ kettle conta9+ ! food into ! cook] imm$iately4 ,x is well to h ! cook] ne> ! range s z to wa/e b little heat :ile gett+ ! food into ! cook]4 #c4 ,! kettle %\ld be well fill$4 ,a small quantity ( food %\ld n be plac$ 9 a l>ge kettle4 ,x is possible1 h[ev]1 to fill ! l>ge kettle almo/ full ( boil+ wat]1 !n re/ a wire rack on ! rim ( ! kettle & place a small pan conta9+ ! food 9 ! wire rack 7see ,figure #bf74 ,or place ! food 9 a pan ) slop+ sides & broad rim1 su* z a pudd+ pan1 :i* may be set 9 ! l>ge kettle s z to re/ on ! rim4 #d4 ,d n op5 ! cook] to see h[ ! food is gett+ along4 ,if ! box is op5$1 ! food mu/ be remov$ at once4 ,! food may1 h[ev]1 be reheat$ & return$ to ! cook]4 ,x is sometimes necess>y to foll[ ?is plan1 :]e food requires v long cook+4 #e4 ,! l5g? ( "t a food mu/ be left 9 ! fireless cook] v>ies ) ! k9d ( food & /yle ( cook]4 ,9 _m ( ! homemade boxes1 ! wat] does n rema9 hot en\gh = cook+ aft] #ab h\rs2 9 "s1 = n m ?an #h h\rs4 ,if foods require long] cook+ ?an ?is1 !y %\ld be remov$ & reheat$ z m5tion$ above4 ,food %\ld nev] be all[$ to become cool 9 a fireless cook]4 #f4 ,aft] us+ any type ( fireless cook]1 let ! lid rema9 wide op5 = #b or #c h\rs4 ,except :5 9 use d n close x tightly4 ,e ?rifty h\sekeep] %\ld possess & use a fireless cook]4 ,z has be5 m5tion$1 x saves fuel1 prev5ts ! /rong odor ( food p]meat+ all p>ts ( ! h\se1 less5s "w & c>e 9 cook+1 prev5ts burn+ & scor*+1 & provides work]s & picnick]s ) w>m lun*es4 ,a fireless cook] c be made satisfactorily at home ) little exp5diture ( ef=t & money4 ,x has be5 f\nd t pap] crumpl$ s z to af=d consid]able air space is a satisfactory non-conduct+ mat]ial = a fireless cook]4 ,detail$ directions = mak+ a fireless cook] are giv5 9 ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,f>m]s' ,bullet9 #gga1 ,homemade ,fireless ,cook]s & ,_! ,use & 9 sev]al popul> books4 ,,corn-,,meal ,,mu% #d cupfuls boil+ wat] #a cupful corn-meal #a teaspoonful salt ,mix ! +r$i5ts 9 ! small pan ( ! fireless cook] & cook directly ov] ! flame ( a range1 boil+ = #e m9utes1 & /irr+ occasionally4 ,cov] & place 9 ! l>ge kettle ( ! fireless cook] :i* conta9s boil+ wat]4 ,place 9 a fireless cook] = #e to #aj h\rs4 ,,note4--,if corn-meal mu% is to be cook$ ov] a flame 9 a d\ble boil]1 prep>e accord+ to ! g5]al rule = c]eals & cook ov] boil+ wat] = at lea/ #c h\rs4 ,,corn-,,meal ,,mu% ,,= ,,fry+ #b cupfuls corn-meal #b tablespoonfuls fl\r #b teaspoonfuls salt #b cupfuls cold wat] #a qu>t boil+ wat] ,mix ! dry +r$i5ts1 add ! cold wat]1 & mix ?or\ghly4 ,place ! boil+ wat] 9 ! small pan ( ! fireless cook]4 ,/ir ! corn-meal mixture into ! boil+ wat] & cook #aj m9utes directly ov] ! flame1 /irr+ con/antly4 ,cov] & place 9 ! l>ge kettle ( boil+ wat]4 ,place 9 ! fireless cook] #e to #aj h\rs4 ,remove ! pan ( mu% f ! wat] & all[ ! mu% to cool4 ,,note4--,corn-meal ,mu% = fry+ may be cook$ ov] a flame 9 a d\ble boil] accord+ to ! recipe giv5 above4 ,cook x = sev]al h\rs4 ,,rice ,,& ,,tomatoes #a_/b cupful rice #a tablespoonful butt] or sub/itute #a_/b teaspoonful cel]y salt l-#a_/d cupfuls boil+ wat] #a cupful tomatoes #a slice onion #a teaspoonful salt #a_/h teaspoonful pepp] ,9 ! small pan ( ! fireless cook] cook 7ov] a flame7 ! rice1 onion1 & fat1 /irr+ con/antly until !y are slightly br[n4 ,add boil+ wat] & cook until ! wat] is almo/ absorb$4 ,add ! tomatoes & season+ & heat ! mixture until x boils4 ,cov] & place 9 ! l>ge kettle ( boil+ wat] belong+ to ! fireless cook]4 ,place 9 ! fireless cook] = #c_/d h\r4 ,?is food may be s]v$ z a bord] ar\nd meat4 ,,que/ions ,9 y\r own way1 expla9 ! pr9ciple ( cook+ )\t fire4 ,:at +r$i5t does ,corn-meal ,mu% = ,fry+ conta9 t pla9 ,corn- meal ,mu% does n8 ,:at is ! use ( ?is +r$i5t 9 ,corn-meal ,mu% = ,fry+8 7,see ,:eat ,fl\r & ,corn-meal47 ,h[ does ! me?od ( prep>+ ,corn-meal ,mu% = ,fry+ diff] f ! usual me?od ( cook+ c]eals8 ,h[ _m cupfuls ( corn-meal 9 "o p\nd8 ,( rice 9 "o p\nd8 ,:at is ! price p] p\nd ( corn-meal & rice8 ,,lesson ,,xxiii ,,c]eals ,,= ,,fry+ ,,or ,,bak+ ,,fri$ ,,or ,,bak$ ,,mu% ,cut ,corn-meal ,mu% = ,fry+ into slices #a_/c in* ?ick4 ,dip ea* slice 9 fl\r & br[n 9 a little hot fat 7butt] or sub/itute1 or a slice ( salt pork fat may be us$74 ,! slices ( mu% may be spread ) s(t5$ fat1 or dipp$ 9 melt$ fat1 & br[n$ 9 ! ov5 or broil+ ov54 ,in/ead ( spread+ ! mu% ) fat1 ! slices may be dipp$ 9 crack] or f9e dri$ bread crumbs1 !n dipp$ into egg mixture--#a egg beat5 & dilut$ ) #a tablespoonful ( wat]--& aga9 dipp$ into crack] or bread crumbs4 ,place ! bread$ slices 9 a dripp+ pan1 put fat 9 bits ov] ! top & bake = ab\t half a h\r or until ! crumbs are br[n4 ,hot mu% may be s]v$ pla9 or ) sirup4 ,9 ! same way1 left-ov] :eat5a1 cream ( :eat1 f>9a1 & o!r breakfa/ c]eals may be mold$1 cool$1 & !n fri$ or bak$4 ,,fr5* ,,toa/ #a or #b eggs #a cupful milk #a_/d teaspoonful salt #f or #h slices ( /ale bread ,beat ! eggs slightly1 add ! salt & milk1 & dip ! bread 9 ! mixture4 ,heat a griddle or fry+ pan & place a little butt] or sub/itute1 or a comb9ation ( butt] & "s o!r fat1 9 ! pan4 ,br[n ! bread on "o side 9 ! hot fat4 ,place a bit ( fat on ! top ( ea* slice1 turn1 & br[n ! o!r side4 ,s]ve hot4 ,a mixture ( p[d]$ sug> & c9namon1 or sirup is sometimes us$ 9 s]v+ ,fr5* ,toa/4 ,,sirup #a_/b cupful corn sirup 7d>k7 #a_/d cupful boil+ wat] #b tablespoonfuls br[n sug> #a_/h teaspoonful salt #a teaspoonful vanilla ,mix ! corn sirup1 sug>1 wat]1 & salt4 ,heat until ! boil+ po9t is rea*$4 ,cool & !n add ! vanilla4 ,if x is desir$ to s]ve ! sirup hot1 its flavor is improv$ by ! addition ( #a teaspoonful ( butt]4 ,,que/ions ,9 prep>+ ,fr5* ,toa/1 :at c>e mu/ be tak5 9 dipp+ ! /ale bread 9 ! milk & egg mixture8 ,s9ce x is desirable to s]ve ! slices ( toa/ :ole1 :i* are ! bett] = ,fr5* ,toa/1--l>ge or small pieces ( bread8 ,:at is ! advantage ( plac+ a bit ( fat on ea* slice ( bread j be=e turn+ x8 ,:y is x advisable to add butt] to ! sirup only :5 ! latt] is to be s]v$ hot8 ,:at is ! purpose ( add+ sug> to corn sirup8 7,see ,corn ,sirup47 ,,lesson ,,xxiv ,,p[d]$ ,,c]eals ,,us$ ,,= ,,?ick5+ ,,exp]im5t #bb3 ,,/>* ,,gra9s ,,& ,,boil+ ,,wat]4--,p\r #b tablespoonfuls ( boil+ wat] ov] #a teaspoonful ( fl\r4 ,/ir & heat ov] ! flame4 ,is ! mixture smoo?8 ,exam9e ! c5t] ( a ,jump4 ,h[ does x comp>e ) uncook$ />*8 ,are all ! />* gra9s swell$ & semisoluble8 ,,exp]im5t #bc3 ,,sep>ation ,,( ,,/>* ,,gra9s ,,) ,,cold ,,wat]4--,mix #a teaspoonful ( fl\r ) #a teaspoonful ( wat]4 ,add #b tablespoonfuls ( boil+ wat]1 /ir1 & heat4 ,is ! mixture smoo?8 ,expla9 cle>ly ! use ( cold wat] 9 ?is mixture4 ,,exp]im5t #bd3 ,,sep>ation ,,( ,,/>* ,,gra9s ,,) ,,sug>4--,mix #a teaspoonful ( fl\r ) #a teaspoonful ( sug>4 ,add #b table-spoonfuls ( boil+ wat]1 /ir1 & heat4 ,is ! mixture smoo?8 ,c>efully expla9 ! use ( sug> 9 ! mixture4 ,,exp]im5t #be3 ,,sep>ation ,,( ,,/>* ,,gra9s ,,) ,,fat4--,mix #a teaspoonful ( fl\r ) #a teaspoonful ( fat4 ,add #b tablespoonfuls ( boil+ wat]1 /ir1 & heat4 ,is ! mixture smoo?8 ,expla9 ! use ( fat 9 ?is mixture4 ,to cook />* successfully1 x is necess>y to swell e gra9 ( />* conta9$ 9 ! />*y food4 ,to accompli% ?is ea* gra9 mu/ be surr\nd$ by heat & moi/ure4 ,9 vegetables & c]eals1 ! cellul> framework sep>ates ! />* gra9s s t !y are uni=mly cook$4 ,s9ce !re is no?+ to sep>ate ! gra9s 9 a p[d]$ />*y sub/ance1 z %[n 9 ! =ego+ exp]im5ts1 x becomes necess>y to mix x ) c]ta9 mat]ials s t ! heat & moi/ure c p5etrate e gra9 at ! same "t4 ,,blanc ,,mange #b cupfuls milk #a_/d cupful corn-/>* #a_/b cupful sug> #b teaspoonfuls vanilla ,nutmeg #a_/h teaspoonful salt ,scald ! milk 9 a d\ble boil]4 ,mix ! sug> & corn-/>*4 ,add ! hot milk sl[ly to ! sug> & corn-/>* mixture1 /irr+ rapidly4 ,return to ! d\ble boil] & cook #cj m9utes1 /ir rapidly until ! mixture ?ick5s4 ,add ! salt & flavor+ & p\r into a mold :i* has be5 moi/5$ ) cold wat]4 ,cool1 turn f ! mold1 & s]ve ) sug> & cream4 ,if a s(t] & m creamy dess]t is desir$1 ! corn-/>* may be r$uc$ to #c tablespoonfuls4 ,if ?is quantity ( ?ick5+ is us$1 ! cook$ dess]t %\ld be p\r$ into %]bet glasses or o!r suitable di%es = s]v+2 x w n become /iff en\gh to mold4 ,,note4--,:ile cook+ ,blanc ,mange1 note ! numb] ( m9utes t is requir$ to ?ick5 ! mixture & ! l5g? ( "t ( cook+ giv5 9 ! recipe4 ,:y is x necess>y to cook ! mixture = s long a "t aft] x ?ick5s8 7,see ,c]eals47 ,,*ocolate ,,corn-,,/>* ,,pudd+ ,proce$ z = ,blanc ,mange1 us+ #c_/h cupful ( sug> in/ead ( #a_/d cupful4 ,cut into pieces #a squ>e 7i4e4 #a ounce7 ( ,bak]'s *ocolate4 ,add to x #a_/d cupful ( boil+ wat]4 ,/ir & heat until smoo? & ?or\ghly bl5d$4 ,add ?is to ! corn-/>* mixture j be=e tak+ f ! fire4 ,add #a_/b teaspoonful ( vanilla4 ,mold & s]ve z ,blanc ,mange4 ,note t ! quantity ( sug> is increas$ :5 *ocolate is add$ to ! corn-/>* mixture4 ,*ocolate mixtures require consid]able sug> to make !m ta/y4 #c tablespoonfuls ( cocoa may be sub/itut$ = ! *ocolate4 ,:5 ?is is done1 mix ! cocoa ) ! corn-/>* & sug> & add no wat] to x4 ,proce$ z 9 mak+ pla9 ,blanc ,mange4 ,,que/ions ,"n ?ree sub/ances t c be us$ to prev5t ! lump+ ( p[d]$ c]eals us$ = ?ick5+4 ,give ! reason = mix+ ! sug>1 corn-/>*1 & hot milk ( ,blanc ,mange z direct$4 ,= h[ long a "t aft] plac+ 9 ! d\ble boil] is x necess>y to /ir ! corn-/>*1 sug>1 & hot milk mixture8 ,milk1 especially a milk & />*y mixture1 scor*es readily 7see ,scald+ ,milk74 ,f ?is expla9 :y ,blanc ,mange is cook$ entirely ov] boil+ wat]1 & n ov] ! flame & !n 9 a d\ble boil]1 z c]eals4 ,:y is ! flavor+ n add$ :ile ! mixture is cook+ 7see ,flavor+ ,extracts78 ,:at is ! price p] package ( corn-/>*8 ,h[ mu* does a package ( corn-/>* weigh & measure8 ,:i* mat]ial--fl\r or corn-/>*--is ! *eap] to use = ?ick5+8 ,h[ _m p]sons does ! quantity ( ,blanc ,mange above s]ve8 ,,lesson ,,xxv ,,toa/3 ,,dige/ion ,,( ,,/>* ,,exp]im5t #bf3 ,,*ange ,,( ,,/>* ,,into ,,dextr94--,place a teaspoonful ( fl\r 9 a fry+ pan & heat sl[ly until x becomes v d>k br[n & uni=m 9 color4 ,put a little ( ! br[n$ fl\r into a te/ tube1 add wat]1 !n %ake4 ,add a few drops ( iod9e4 ,:at indicates ! pres5ce ( />*8 ,is />* pres5t8 ,! />* has be5 *ang$ to dextr94 ,dextr9 gives a purple 7r$di% blue7 color :5 treat$ ) iod9e4 ,,exp]im5t #bg3 ,,! ,,solubility ,,( ,,dextr94--,p\r ! rema9d] ( ! br[n$ fl\r f ,exp]im5t #bf into a te/ tube4 ,add wat] & %ake4 ,p\r ?r\gh filt] pap] ,footnote #bf3 ,liquids pass ?r\gh filt] pap]1 b solids d n4 ,h5ce if a mixture ( solid & liquid is p\r$ ^u filt] pap]1 ! liquid passes ?r\gh1 b ! solid rema9s on ! pap]4 into ano!r te/ tube 7see ,figure #cj74 ,notice ! color ( ! liquid t has be5 filt]$4 ,add a few drops ( iod9e to ! filt]$ liquid4 ,is dextr9 pres5t8 ,is dextr9 soluble 9 wat]8 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #cj4--,me?od ( ,fold+ ,filt] ,pap]4 ,f ^! exp]im5ts1 we f9d t dry heat has *ang$ insoluble />* into a soluble sub/ance call$ dextr94 ,dextr9 is f\nd 9 small am\nts 9 ! cru/ ( bread & 9 toa/4 ,,dige/ion ,,( ,,/>*4--,x 0 f\nd 9 a previ\s lesson 7,lesson ,,xvi7 t sug> is entirely soluble 9 wat]1 & s9ce dige/ion & solution are closely relat$1 ! dige/ion ( "s sug> is simple4 ,/>* 0 f\nd to be insoluble 9 cold wat] & only semi-soluble 9 hot wat]4 ,9 ! process ( dige/ion x w\ld seem t "s *ange mu/ take place 9 ! />* to make x soluble4 ,su* a *ange does take place2 />* is *ang$ into a soluble c>bohydrate or a sug> be=e x is dige/$4 ,sub/ances call$ enzymes :i* are 9 ! saliva ( ! m\? ,footnote #bg3 ,ptyal9 & amylops9 are ! f]m5ts f\nd 9 ! m\? & inte/9es1 respectively4 & 9 ! dige/ive juices ( ! inte/9es ,footnote #bh3 ,ptyal9 & amylops9 are ! f]m5ts f\nd 9 ! m\? & inte/9es1 respectively4 cause ?is *ange4 ,to %[ t ?is *ange takes place to "s ext5t 9 ! m\?1 try ! foll[+ exp]im5ts3 ,,exp]im5t #bh3 ,,/>* ,,9 ,,crack]4--,te/ a bit ( crack] ) iod9e = />*4 ,:at indicates ! pres5ce ( />*8 ,does ! crack] conta9 />*8 ,,exp]im5t #bi3 ,,action ,,( ,,saliva ,,^u ,,/>*4--,?or\ghly *ew a bit ( crack]4 ,z y *ew ! crack]1 note t x becomes sweet] 9 flavor4 ,remove f ! m\?1 & place ^u a piece ( pap]4 ,te/ x ) iod9e4 ,a purple 7r$di% blue7 color indicates a soluble c>bohydrate 7see ,exp]im5t #bg74 ,:at sub/ance does ! ma/icat$ crack] conta98 ,expla9 ! *ange t has tak5 place 9 ! crack] by ma/ication4 ,,toa/4--,bread is prop]ly toa/$ :5 x is dri$ out ?or\ghly & !n br[n$ on ! outside4 ,bo? ! crumb & ! cru/ ( ! toa/ are ?us made crisp4 ,crisp toa/ crumbles dur+ ma/ication4 ,fre% bread conta9s mu* moi/ure4 ,:5 x is toa/$ quickly1 ! moi/ure is inclos$ 9 ! int]ior ( ! slice & ! result+ toa/ is v s(t4 ,?is k9d ( toa/ is almo/ z difficult to dige/ z fre% bread4 ,in/ead ( toa/ break+ into bits dur+ dige/ion1 x rema9s 9 a solid mass & is dige/$ ) difficulty4 ,give at lea/ two practical me?ods ( toa/+ bread to produce ! desir$ k9d ( toa/4 ,,cream ,,toa/ #a #a_/b tablespoonfuls butt] or sub/itute #a_/b teaspoonful salt #b tablespoonfuls fl\r #b cupfuls milk or cream #f to #h slices ( toa/ ,heat ! fat2 :5 x bubbles1 add ! fl\r & salt1 mix+ ?or\ghly4 ,add a small portion ( ! milk4 ,heat & /ir cont9ually until x ?ick5s4 ,add ano!r portion ( ! milk & proce$ z be=e4 ,cont9ue until all ! milk has be5 add$4 ,! sauce is suffici5tly cook$ :5 x rea*es ! boil+ po9t aft] ! la/ quantity ( milk has be5 add$4 ,p\r ?is sauce ov] dry or moi/ toa/4 ,moi/ toa/ is prep>$ by dipp+ dry toa/ quickly into hot1 salt$ wat] or hot milk4 ,if ! cru/ has n be5 cut f bread = toa/+1 only ! out] edges ( ! toa/ may be moi/5$4 ,! flavor ( butt] 9 ,cream ,toa/ is pleas+4 ,to secure "s butt] flavor & at ! same "t economize1 a comb9ation ( butt] & a mild flavor$ fat or oil may be us$4 ,,que/ions ,give ! reason = mix+ fl\r & fat z direct$ 9 ,:ite ,sauce 7see ,exp]im5t #be74 ,:at is ! proportion ( fat & fl\r8 ,:at is ! proportion ( fl\r & liquid8 ,us+ ?is proportion1 h[ mu* fl\r %\ld be us$ = "o cupful ( liquid8 ,:at is ! use ( fl\r 9 ,:ite ,sauce8 ,note ! consi/5cy ( ! sauce1 & keep x 9 m9d z a /&>d ( comp>ison = ! ?ickness ( o!r sauces4 ,:at %\ld be ! condition ( ! crumb ( toa/ to be mo/ quickly dige/$8 ,give reasons = y\r answ]4 ,,lesson ,,xxvi ,,root ,,vegetables 7,a7 ,plant ,roots4--,plants us$ = food h _! /or$-up food l>gely 9 ! =m ( />* & to "s ext5t 9 ! =m ( sug>4 ,! p>ts ( ! plant und]nea? ! gr\nd z well z ! se$s s]ve z a /oreh\se = ! plant4 ,all roots & tub]s conta9 c>bohydrates1 al?\gh n 9 s l>ge a proportion z c]eals4 ,^? mo/ commonly us$ z foods are potatoes1 tapioca1 p>snips1 c>rots1 beets1 & turnips4 ,potatoes & tapioca conta9 ! mo/ />* 9 ?is gr\p4 ,p>snips1 c>rots1 & beets conta9 a little />* & mu* sug>4 ,turnips conta9 mu* cellulose4 ,c>rots1 p>snips1 & beets are also ri* 9 cellulose4 ,all root vegetables z well z leaf & /em vegetables conta9 a%4 ,comp>ison ( ,vegetables ,cook$ ) or )\t ! ,sk9s1 & 9 ,wat] or 9 ,/eam ,footnote #bi3 ,,note ,,to ,,! ,,tea*]4--,?is lesson c be conduct$ mo/ exp$iti\sly by divid+ ! class into gr\ps ( six & hav+ ea* gr\p clean1 prep>e1 & cook 9 wat] & 9 /eam1 potatoes & c>rots z direct$ above4--,clean1 prep>e1 & cook 9 wat] p>$ & unp>$ potatoes1 scrap$ & unscrap$ c>rots1 & cook 9 /eam p>$ potatoes & scrap$ c>rots4 ,clean ! vegetables by scrubb+ ) a bru%2 cook !m 9 g5tly boil+ wat]4 ,use ! same quantity ( wat] 9 ea* case 7:5 cook$ 9 wat]7 & add "o teaspoonful ( salt to ea* qu>t ( wat]4 ,:5 ! vegetables are t5d] 7te/ ) a =k or knitt+ ne$le71 dra9 ea* ?or\ghly1 cat*+ ! wat] 9 a b[l4 ,dry ea* vegetable by %ak+ ! saucepan conta9+ x ov] a flame4 ,p\r into a te/ tube a little ( ! wat] f ea* wat]-cook$ vegetable2 cool1 & !n te/ ) iod9e = />*4 ,also p\r "s ( ! wat] f ea* wat]-cook$ vegetable 9 an evaporat+ di%4 ,boil ! wat] until ! moi/ure is entirely evaporat$4 ,!n cont9ue to heat ! cont5ts ( ! di% until *>r$ mat]ial appe>s & !n disappe>s4 ,is any solid mat]ial left8 ,if s1 x is m9]al matt]4 ,:i* vegetables1--^? cook$ 79 wat]7 ) or )\t ! sk9s1-- lose ! m />* & a%8 ,:i* vegetables )\t ! sk9s1--^? cook$ 9 wat] or ^? cook$ 9 /eam1--lose ! m />* & a%8 ,z f> z sav+ nutrim5t is conc]n$1 :i* me?od ( prep>ation is bett] = vegetables cook$ 9 wat]8 ,:i* me?od ( cook+ is bett] = vegetables )\t ! sk9s8 ,peel ! vegetables t 7 cook$ ) ! sk9s4 ,cut all into dice4 ,prep>e ab\t half z mu* ,:ite ,sauce z y h ( ! vegetable1 us+ ! +r$i5ts = ! sauce 9 ! foll[+ proportion3 #a #a_/b tablespoonfuls fl\r #a_/b teaspoonful salt #a tablespoonful butt] or sub/itute #a cupful liquid ,= ! liquid ( ! sauce = ^? vegetables cook$ 9 wat] )\t ! sk9s1 use half milk & half vegetable /ock4 ,use only milk = ! sauce = ! vegetables cook$ 9 wat] ) ! sk9s & = /eam$ vegetables4 7,= me?od ( mak+ ,:ite ,sauce1 see ,cream ,toa/7 ,add ! vegetables to ! sauce1 reheat1 & s]ve4 ,divide ! vegetables among ! pupils ( ea* gr\p s t ea* ta/es ! six vegetables4 ,:i* vegetables1--^? cook$ ) or )\t ! sk9s1--h ! m pleas+ color8 ,:i* vegetables1--^? cook$ ) or )\t ! sk9s1--h ! m pleas+ flavor8 ,z f> z appe>ance & flavor are conc]n$1 :i* me?od ( prep>ation is bett] = potatoes8 ,:i* me?od = c>rots8 ,z f> z bo? nutrim5t & flavor are conc]n$1 :i* me?od ( cook+ is bett] = bo? vegetables8 ,sugge/ions = ,cook+ ,root ,vegetables4--,all vegetables gr[+ b5ea? ! gr\nd %\ld be clean$ by scrubb+ ) a small bru%4 ,unless a vegetable is dri$ or wilt$1 x %\ld n be soak$ 9 wat] = any l5g? ( "t be=e cook+4 ,! comp>ison j made %[s t ! outside sk9s ( vegetables %\ld n be remov$ be=e cook+ 9 wat] if we wi% to reta9 all ! nutrim5t4 ,!re are "s :o cont5d1 h[ev]1 t a m delicate & pleas+ flavor results :5 old & /rong-flavor$ vegetables h _! sk9s remov$ be=e cook+1 & t ! flavor is m to be desir$ ?an a sav+ ( all nutri5ts4 ,(t5 vegetables are m pleas+ 9 color :5 cook$ )\t _! sk9s4 ,! nutri5ts lo/ by p>+ root vegetables & cook+ !m 9 wat] consi/ n only ( c>bohydrates1 b ( a% & o!r valuable mat]ials4 ,footnote #cj3 ,vitam9es1 see ,division ,sev5 ,satisfactory results may be obta9$ by bak+ or /eam+ vegetables4 ,by us+ ! latt] me?od1 vegetables c be p>$ & cut into pieces & !n cook$ ) little loss ( nutri5ts4 ,x has be5 po9t$ out1 ,footnote #ca3 ,see ,j\rnal ( ,home ,economics1 ,vol4 ,,xi 7,may1 #aiai71 ,*anges 9 ! ,food ,value ( ,vegetables1 by ,m9na ,c4 ,d5ton4 h[ev]1 t !re may be consid]able loss ( nutri5ts 9 /eam$ vegetables4 ,! ext5t ( ! loss dep5ds 9 "p ^u ! type ( /eam] & ! me?od ( us+ x4 ,if ! bottom ( ! upp] pan ( a /eam] is p]=at$ & ! vegetables are plac$ 9 contact ) ! p]=at$ portion1 ! cond5s$ /eam wa%es ! m9]al matt] f ! vegetable4 ,?is vegetable bro? !n drops into ! l[] pan ( ! /eam]4 ,an evid5ce ( ?is c be secur$ by /eam+ sp9a* or squa% 9 ! mann] describ$ above & obs]v+ ! color+ :i* appe>s 9 ! wat] b5ea? ! /eam+ vegetable4 ,loss ( nutri5ts 9 su* a /eam] c be avoid$ by plac+ ! vegetable 9 a pan or plate & ins]t+ ! latt] 9 ! upp] portion ( ! /eam]4 ,! pan or plate %\ld1 ( c\rse1 be ( small] diamet] ?an ! top ( ! /eam]4 ,by us+ ! type ( /eam] :i* has p]=ations at ! top ( ! upp] pan 7see ,figure #ca71 no loss ( nutri5ts occurs1 provid$ ! accumulat$ vegetable bro? is us$4 ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ( ,geo ,h ,b[man ,co ,,figure #ca4--,,ut5sil ,,= ,,/eam+--,a ,,/eam] ,c>e %\ld also be tak5 n to /eam vegetables = long p]iods at a v high temp]ature z is sometimes done 9 us+ ! pressure cook]4 ,?is results 9 bo? loss ( nutri5ts & flavor4 ,if />*y vegetables are cook$ 9 wat]1 :5 t5d] imm$iately dra9 away ! wat] & dry !m4 ,s]ve at once or let !m rema9 uncov]$ 9 a w>m place4 ,! /eam is ?us all[$ to escape4 ,cond5s$ /eam makes />*y vegetables soggy4 ,,boil$ ,,potatoes ,if potatoes are to be cook$ )\t _! sk9s1 p>e !m z ?9 z possible1 or 9 ! case ( new potatoes1 scrape !m4 ,cut away any gre5 portion ,footnote #cb3 ,gre5 spots on potatoes are caus$ by ! tub]s gr[+ too ne> ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,?is color$ portion conta9s an injuri\s sub/ance call$ solan94 :i* appe>s on ! potato4 ,if ! potatoes are spr\t$1 ,footnote #cc3 ,spr\t$ potatoes also conta9 "s solan94 ,potatoes %\ld n be all[$ to spr\t s9ce nutriti\s mat]ial is us$ up by ! gr[+ spr\ts &1 z m5tion$ above1 an injuri\s mat]ial is =m$4 ,potatoes c be prev5t$ f spr\t+ by /or+ !m 9 a dry1 d>k1 cool place4 also cut away ! portion ar\nd ! spr\ts4 ,9 cook+ potatoes 9 wat]1 foll[ ! directions giv5 on page #ei1 ,cook+ ,vegetables 9 ,wat]4 ,:5 !y are t5d]1 dra9 (f ! wat] imm$iately2 %ake g5tly & dry on ! back ( ! range ) ! saucepan uncov]$ or ) a clo? fold$ ov] ! top to absorb ! moi/ure4 ,spr9kle g5]\sly ) salt4 ,boil$ potatoes may be put ?r\gh a ric] be=e s]v+4 ,,cream$ ,,& ,,scallop$ ,,vegetables4--,cook$ vegetables may be cream$ by cutt+ !m into cubes1 add+ ,:ite ,sauce1 & !n reheat+4 ,if ! cut vegetables are cold1 !y c be heat$ by add+ !m to ! sauce ) ! la/ portion ( liquid4 ,by ! "t ! sauce rea*es ! boil+ po9t1 ! vegetables w be heat$4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 n to break ! vegetables :ile heat+ !m 9 ! sauce4 ,c>e %\ld also be tak5 to prev5t ! sauce f scor*+4 ,an asbe/os mat ov] a gas burn] is desirable = ?is purpose4 ,use "o "p ( ,:ite ,sauce ) #b or #c p>ts ( dic$ vegetables4 ,vegetables may be scallop$ by plac+ ,cream$ ,vegetables 9 an oil$ bak+-di%1 cov]+ ) butt]$ crumbs1 & br[n+ 9 ! ov54 ,,:ite ,,sauce ,,= ,,vegetables #a #a_/b tablespoonfuls fl\r #a tablespoonful butt] or sub/itute or #b tablespoonfuls fl\r #a #a_/b tablespoonfuls butt] or sub/itute #a_/b teaspoonful salt ,:ite pepp] #a_/b cupful milk #a_/b cupful vegetable /ock ,cook z direct$ = ,cream ,sauce 7see ,cream ,toa/74 ,! ?ickness ( ,:ite ,sauce = vegetables dep5ds ^u ! k9d ( vegetable4 ,! ?9n] sauce is g5]ally m satisfactory ) />*y vegetables4 ,,crumbs ,,= ,,scallop$ ,,di%es #a cupful s(t bread crumbs #a_/h teaspoonful salt ,:ite pepp] or cay5ne #a tablespoonful butt] or sub/itute ,mix season+s & crumbs toge!r1 !n add to ! melt$ fat1 or place ! fat 9 bits ov] ! season$ crumbs4 ,,que/ions ,h[ %\ld ! wat] boil 9 cook+ vegetables8 ,:y8 ,:y %\ld n potatoes be cov]$ ) a t9 lid or plate aft] cook+8 ,are potatoes sold by ! p\nd or bu%el8 ,:at is ! price p] p\nd or bu%el8 ,m5tion at lea/ ?ree ways ( cook+ root vegetables s z to reta9 _! nutrim5t4 ,,lesson ,,xxvii ,,root ,,vegetables 7,b7 ,,exp]im5t #cj3 ,,! ,,effect ,,( ,,soak+ ,,/>*y ,,vegetables ,,9 ,,wat]1--,ov] sev]al pieces ( potato p\r en\gh wat] to cov]4 ,all[ ! vegetable to /& at lea/ #ae m9utes4 ,p\r ! wat] f ! vegetable into a te/ tube & heat x4 ,cool1 !n te/ ! wat] ) iod9e4 ,:at does ! wat] conta98 ,:at conclusion c y draw conc]n+ ! soak+ ( vegetables 9 wat] be=e cook+8 ,,sweet ,,potatoes ,cook sweet potatoes ) or )\t ! sk9s 7see ,cook+ ,vegetables 9 ,wat]74 ,peel 7if cook$ ) ! sk9s71 ma%1 add a little hot milk1 salt1 & butt]1 beat ?or\ghly & s]ve4 ,cook$ sweet potatoes may also be cut into halves l5g?wise1 spread ) butt] or sub/itute1 spr9kl$ ) a v little sug>1 & br[n$ 9 ! ov54 ,,sweet ,,potatoes 7,s\!rn /yle7 #c tablespoonfuls butt] or sub/itute #b tablespoonfuls sug> #f sweet potatoes ,salt & pepp] ,boil+ wat] ,scrub & p>e ! sweet potatoes1 cut !m into halves l5g?wise4 ,put ! butt] & sug> 9 a fry+ pan & :5 hot1 add ! sweet potatoes4 ,br[n ! potatoes1 add ! salt & pepp] & en\gh boil+ wat] to cov] ! bottom ( ! fry+ pan4 ,cov] & cook sl[ly until ! potatoes are t5d]4 ,ne>ly all ! wat] %\ld be evaporat$ :5 ! potatoes are cook$4 ,t :i* rema9s %\ld be p\r$ ov] ! potatoes z a sauce = s]v+4 ,sweet potatoes may also be cook$ 9 a cass]ole 9 ! ov54 ,uncov] ! cass]ole :5 ! potatoes are almo/ t5d]1 9 ord] to br[n !m4 ,,mock ,,oy/]s 7p>snips ) nuts & rice7 #d p>snips #b eggs #a cupful nuts1 *opp$ #a_/h teaspoonful pepp] #a cupful cook$ rice ,footnote #cd3 ,if ! rice is cook$ by boil+1 use ! rice wat] in/ead ( pla9 wat] 9 mak+ ,tomato ,sauce4 #d tablespoonfuls fl\r #a teaspoonful salt ,boil or /eam ! p>snips until t5d]4 ,press !m ?r\gh a co>se sieve or col&]4 ,add ! beat5 eggs4 ,!n add ! rema9d] ( ! +r$i5ts4 ,if ! mixture is too ?ick to drop f ! spoon1 add a little milk4 ,drop by tablespoonfuls on to an oil$ bak+-%eet4 ,bake until slightly br[n4 ,s]ve hot ) ,tomato ,sauce4 ,tomato ,catsup or ,cel]y ,sauce may also be us$ 9 s]v+ ,mock ,oy/]s4 7,adapt$ f ,n9ety ,te/$ ,recipes1 ,tea*]s ,college47 ,,tomato ,,sauce #a_/b c tomatoes #a cupful wat] #b cloves #c allspice b]ries #c pepp]corns #b sprays ( p>sley #c tablespoonfuls fat #b slices onion #a_/d cupful fl\r #a teaspoonful salt ,all[ tomatoes1 wat]1 spices1 & h]bs to simm] #ae to #bj m9utes4 ,br[n ! onion 9 ! fat1 add fl\r & salt1 !n ! tomato mixture4 ,foll[ ! me?od ( mak+ ,:ite ,sauce 7see ,cream ,toa/74 ,/ra9 & s]ve4 ,,que/ions ,f ! results ( ,exp]im5t #cj expla9 :y vegetables %\ld be plac$ 9 boil+ r ?an 9 cold wat] = cook+4 ,:y %\ld ! wat] be dra9$ f boil$ vegetables imm$iately aft] cook+8 ,f y\r groc]1 f9d out 9 :at quantities sweet potatoes are usually pur*as$4 ,:at is ! price ( !m8 ,h[ d !y comp>e 9 price ) :ite potatoes8 ,:at is ! price p] p\nd ( p>snips8 ,9 prep>+ ,tomato ,sauce1 :at is ! purpose ( cook+ ! tomatoes & spices toge!r = #ae or #bj m9utes8 ,:y are ! tomatoes /ra9$ aft] ?ick5+ r ?an be=e8 ,,lesson ,,xxviii ,,root ,,vegetables 7,c7 ,tapioca is a food mat]ial prep>$ f ! roots ( ! cassava plant gr[n 9 ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,l _m o!r foods prep>$ f ! roots ( plants1 x consi/s ( a l>ge p]c5t ( />*4 ,9 its prep>ation1 tapioca is heat$ s t ! />* is p>tially cook$4 ,tapioca is prep>$ = ! m>ket 9 two =ms1--pe>l tapioca1 & m9ute or granulat$ tapioca4 ,! latt] requires a mu* %ort] "t to cook4 ,if granulat$ tapioca is sub/itut$ = pe>l tapioca1 b "o half ! quantity is requir$4 ,,apple ,,tapioca #c_/d cupful pe>l tapioca or #c_/d cupful granulat$ tapioca #b #a_/b cupfuls boil+ wat] #a_/b teaspoonful salt #f apples #a_/b cupful sug> ,if pe>l tapioca is us$1 cov] x g5]\sly ) cold wat] & all[ x to /& "o h\r or ov]night4 ,:ile soak+ keep ! tapioca cov]$4 ,if any wat] is unabsorb$1 d n disc>d x1--use less ?an ! giv5 quantity ( boil+ wat]4 ,if granulat$ tapioca is us$1 no cold wat] is ne$$4 ,= ei!r granulat$ or pe>l tapioca1 add ! boil+ wat] & salt to ! tapioca & cook ov] ! nak$ flame & !n ov] hot wat] z 9 ! case ( breakfa/ c]eal 7see ,g5]al ,rules = ,cook+ ,c]eals74 ,cook 9 ! d\ble boil] until transp>5t4 ,wa%1 core1 & p>e ! apples2 place !m 9 a butt]$ bak+-di%2 fill ! cavities ) sug>1 p\r tapioca ov] !m1 & bake 9 a mod]ate ov5 until ! apples are s(t4 ,s]ve ) sug> & cream1 or ) ,lemon ,sauce4 ,o!r fruits may be sub/itut$ = apples4 ,if cann$ fruits are us$1 sub/itute ! fruit sirup = "p ( ! wat] 9 :i* ! tapioca is cook$4 ,,rhub>b ,,tapioca ,use ! same +r$i5ts = ! rhub>b dess]t z = ,apple ,tapioca1 sub/itut+ = ! apples #c cupfuls ( rhub>b1 cut into pieces1 & us+ twice ! quantity ( sug>4 ,bake until ! rhub>b is s(t4 ,,lemon ,,sauce #c_/d cupful sug> #b tablespoonfuls fl\r #b cupfuls boil+ wat] #a lemon1--juice & r9d #a tablespoonful butt] ,mix sug> & fl\r ?or\ghly2 !n sl[ly add ! boil+ wat]4 ,cook #aj m9utes4 ,add ! lemon juice & r9d1 !n ! butt]4 ,/ir until ! butt] is melt$1 :5 ! sauce w be ready to s]ve4 ,= economy1 ! butt] may be omitt$4 ,x adds to ! flavor1 h[ev]4 ,,sweet ,,sauces4--,sweet ,sauces usually conta9 sug> & butt] & are ?ick5$ ) a p[d]$ c]eal4 ,x is int]e/+ to consid] :i* ( ! two mat]ials--sug> or butt]--%\ld be us$ to sep>ate ! gra9s ( ! fl\r or corn-/>*4 ,! quantity ( fat us$ ) ! fl\r ( ,:ite ,sauces 7see bel[7 is a little less ?an t ( ! fl\r4 ,x is difficult to sep>ate />* gra9s :5 ! quantity ( fat equals only "o half ! quantity ( fl\r4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 />* gra9s are sep>at$ by means ( sug>1 ! quantity ( ! sug> %\ld equal at lea/ ! quantity ( ! />*y mat]ial 7see ,blanc ,mange74 ,9 ! recipe = ,lemon ,sauce above1 x w be not$ t ! quantity ( fat is "o half t ( ! fl\r2 ! quantity ( sug> greatly exce$s t ( ! fl\r4 ,h5ce ! sug> af=ds a m satisfactory means ( sep>at+ ! />* gra9s 9 ,lemon ,sauce4 ,,proportions ,,( ,,+r$i5ts ,,= ,,sauces ,fl\r ,fat ,liquid ,?9 ,:ite ,sauce #a tablespoonful1 #c_/d tablespoonful1 #a cup 7,toa/1 sweet sauce1 c]ta9 cream s\ps1 etc47 ,m$ium ,:ite ,sauce #b tablespoonfuls1 #a #a_/b tablespoonfuls1 #a cup 7,vegetables 7see page #aji71 gravy1 tomato sauce1 etc47 ,?ick ,:ite ,sauce #c tablespoonfuls1 #b tablespoonfuls1 #a cup 7,gravy1 tomato sauce1 etc47 ,v ,?ick ,:ite ,sauce #d tablespoonfuls1 #c tablespoonfuls1 #a cup 7,croquettes1 etc47 7,if ri*] sauces are desir$1 equal quantities ( fat & fl\r %\ld be us$47 ,,que/ions ,:at is ! purpose ( soak+ pe>l tapioca 9 wat] be=e cook+8 ,give ! reason = cov]+ pe>l tapioca :ile x is soak+4 ,:y is x necess>y to cook x 9 a d\ble boil]8 ,:at is ! use ( fl\r 9 ,lemon ,sauce8 ,:y is ! fl\r mix$ ) ! sug> be=e add+ ! boil+ wat] 7see ,exp]im5t #bd78 ,h[ long does x take ! fl\r to ?ick58 ,h[ long a "t does ! recipe give = cook+ ! fl\r mixture8 ,:at is ! purpose ( cook+ x = s long a "t8 ,:at precautions c be tak5 to prev5t ! sauce f scor*+8 ,if1 aft] cook+ ! requir$ l5g? ( "t1 ! sauce is n ?ick en\gh1 :at is ! simple/ me?od ( ?ick5+ x8 ,= a sauce recipe 9 :i* v little fat & no sug> are giv51 devise a me?od ( prep>+ smoo? sauce4 ,,lesson ,,xxix ,,/>*y ,,foods ,,cook$ ,,at ,,high ,,temp]ature ,,/eam ,,"u ,,pressure4--,:i* is hott]1--! /eam 7i4e4 wat] vapor7 com+ f boil+ wat] 9 an uncov]$ saucepan or teakettle or ! /eam :i* has be5 held und]nea? ! lid ( a cov]$ saucepan or teakettle 7see ,figure #cb78 ,/eam conf9$ 9 a small space or held "u pressure may rea* a temp]ature high] ?an t ( boil+ wat]4 ,,effect ,,( ,,high ,,temp]ature ,,^u ,,pop ,,corn ,,& ,,potatoes4--,pop corn conta9s wat]4 ,:5 heat$1 ! wat] *anges to /eam4 ,! cov]+ ( cellulose holds ! /eam 9 ! k]nel4 ,:5 ! /eam exp&s & rea*es a temp]ature f> above ! boil+ po9t ( wat]1 x f9ally bur/s ! cov]+ & ! />* swells at once4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #cb4--,,/eam ,,)\t ,,pressure ,,& ,,/eam ,,:i* ,,has ,,be5 ,,"u ,,pressure4 ,9 bak+ potatoes1 ! wat] conta9$ 9 !m vaporizes4 ,! vaporiz$ wat] or /eam is held "u pressure by ! sk9 ( ! vegetable4 ,! /eam ?us becomes hott] ?an boil+ wat]1 h5ce a bak$ potato is cook$ at a high] temp]ature ?an a boil$ potato1 & no nutri5ts are lo/4 ,,pop ,,corn ,moi/5 pop corn ) cold wat]4 ,almo/ cov] ! bottom ( a popp] ) ! k]nels4 ,hold ! popp] fir/ at "s di/ance f ! heat & !n gradually br+ x clos]1 %ak+ x well all ! "t to keep ! corn f burn+4 ,! corn %\ld n beg9 to pop be=e ?ree & "o half m9utes4 ,:5 popp+ comm5ces1 mo/ ( ! k]nels %\ld op54 ,if !re is "s "t betwe5 ! popp+ ( ! fir/ & la/ k]nels1 ! corn w become t\gh4 ,,butt]$ ,,pop ,,corn ,,no4 ,i #d qu>ts fre%ly popp$ corn #a_/d cupful butt] ,salt ,melt ! butt] & p\r x ov] ! corn1 /irr+ ) a spoon4 ,spr9kle at once ) salt f a salt %ak]1 cont9ue /irr+4 ,,butt]$ ,,pop ,,corn ,,no4 ,,ii #a tablespoonful butt] & #a tablespoonful oil or #b tablespoonfuls oil #a_/b cupful %ell$ pop corn ,salt ,put ! fat 9 a l>ge fry+ pan2 :5 melt$1 add ! salt$ corn4 ,/ir until ! corn is ev5ly coat$ ) fat4 ,cov] closely & heat gradually1 %ak+ ! pan vigor\sly all ! "t4 ,,bak$ ,,potatoes ,scrub potatoes & place !m on ! grate ( a hot ov5 7#ejj degrees ,f474 7,potatoes %\ld be bak$ 9 a hot ov51 to prev5t !m f becom+ waxy or soggy47 ,bake until s(t :5 te/$ ) a =k or knitt+ ne$le1 usually #ej to #fj m9utes4 ,break ! sk9 at once to all[ ! /eam to escape1 or make two ga%es 9 ! top ( ea* potato1 "o at "r angles to ! o!r4 ,g5tly press ! potato s t ! /eam may escape4 ,s]ve 9 an uncov]$ di%4 ,place ! /eam+ potatoes on a fold$ napk9 = s]v+4 ,,/uff$ ,,potatoes #b tablespoonfuls butt] or sub/itute #a teaspoonful salt #c tablespoonfuls milk ,pepp] #f bak$ potatoes ,cut ! bak$ potatoes 9 halves l5g?wise4 ,remove ! inside1 tak+ c>e n to break ! sk92 ma% ! potatoes1 add ! milk1 butt]1 & season+1 & beat !m z ord9>y ma%$ potatoes4 ,return ! mixture to ! potato %ells1 place ! /uff$ potatoes 9 a pan1 & bake 9 a hot ov5 7#ejj degrees ,f47 until br[n4 ,be=e br[n+ ! /uff$ potatoes1 grat$ *eese may be spr9kl$ ov] !m4 ,,que/ions ,expla9 :y pop corn c be cook$ ?or\ghly 9 ab\t #e m9utes :ile roll$ oats or :eat requires #a #a_/b h\rs = suffici5t cook+4 ,analyze ! diff]5ce 9 ta/e ( a bak$ & a boil$ potato4 ,to :at is ! sweet ta/e ( a bak$ potato due 7see ,exp]im5t #bf78 ,expla9 fully :y bak$ potatoes are m easily dige/$ ?an boil$ potatoes 7see ,exp]im5t #bf & ,solution & ,dige/ion74 ,:i* conta9s m nutrim5t1--bak$ potatoes or boil$ potatoes8 ,expla9 7see ,comp>ison ( ,vegetables ,cook$ ) & )\t ! ,sk9s1 & 9 ,wat] or 9 ,/eam74 ,:at is ! purpose ( break+ ! sk9s ( potatoes at once aft] bak+8 ,:y are bak$ potatoes s]v$ 9 an uncov]$ di%8 ,:at c\ld be us$ to cov] !m8 ,,relat$ ,,"w ,,lesson ,,xxx ,,d9+ ,,room ,,s]vice ,footnote #ce3 ,,note4--,see ,sugge/ions = ,tea*+1 ,app5dix4 ,,basic ,,pr9ciples4--,practically all rules = lay+ ! table & all me?ods ( s]v+ h be5 =mulat$ to br+ ab\t neatness1 conv5i5ce1 & ord]4 ,! /&>d ( liv+1 ,footnote #cf3 ,,note4--,see ,sugge/ions = ,tea*+1 ,app5dix4 ! occasion1 ! size ( ! d9+ room1 ! numb] ( gue/s1 & ! att5dants1 all h to be tak5 into consid]ation 9 d9+ room s]vice4 ,!re=e ! me?od ( s]v+ mu/ be gov]n$ by conditions4 ,x is possible "h to give only g5]al sugge/ions4 ,,! ,,table ,,table ,,l954--,table padd+1 or a sil5ce clo?1 %\ld fir/ be plac$ on ! table1 !n ! table-clo? %\ld be laid /raight & smoo?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #cc4--,,table ,,laid ,,= ,,an ,,in=mal ,,lun*eon ,note ! position ( ! silv]1 napk9s1 bread-&-butt] plates1 & tumbl]s4 ,also note t a l[ b[l ( fl[]s is us$ z a c5t]piece4 ,napk9s %\ld be fold$ simply & laid at ! left ( ! plate4 ,a d9n] napk9 is fold$ f\r times1 a lun*eon napk9 is fold$ twice to =m a squ>e1 or ?ree times to =m ei!r a triangle or an oblong4 ,if desir$1 ! table-clo? may be omitt$ = breakfa/ or lun*eon4 ,doilies ) pads und]nea? !m1 lun* or breakfa/ clo?s1 or table runn]s 7see ,figure #cc7 may be us$ in/ead ( ! table-clo?4 ,! two latt] cov]+s are especially practical1 s9ce !y are m quickly laund]$ ?an table-clo?s4 ,_! initial co/ is also usually less ?an t ( a table-clo?4 ,doilies may be plac$ on ! s]v+ tray4 ,!y are also (t5 us$ on plates conta9+ crack]s1 bread1 & cakes4 ,bak$ potatoes1 corn1 & hot breads may be s]v$ 9 a fold$ napk94 ,,*9a ,,& ,,glassw>e4--,! t]m cov] means ! space1 ) its *9a1 silv]1 & glassw>e1 all[$ = ea* gue/4 ,at lea/ tw5ty-two in*es ( space %\ld be all[$ = a cov] 7see ,figure #cc74 ,! quantity ( *9a on ! table dep5ds ^u ! occasion & ! /yle ( s]v+4 ,9 any =m ( s]vice1 ! fir/ c\rse1 if cold1 may be plac$ on ! table be=e ! gue/s are seat$4 ,if ! fir/ c\rse is a hot food1 x is always plac$ on ! table aft] ! gue/s are seat$4 ,= in=mal occasions1 & sometimes = =mal occasions1 ! bread-&- butt] plate is us$4 ,x is plac$ beyond ! t9es ( ! =k4 ,glasses are plac$ beyond ! tip ( ! knife4 ,a sug> b[l & cream pit*]1 salts1 pepp]s1 etc41 may also be plac$ on ! table4 ,a salt & a pepp] %ak] %\ld be plac$ s z to be accessible to ea* two cov]s4 ,di%es conta9+ olives or nuts are sometimes plac$ on ! table be=e ! gue/s are seat$4 ,= breakfa/1 ! c(feepot1 hot-wat] pit*]1 milk & cream pit*]s1 spoon tray1 & cups & sauc]s may be plac$ s z to =m a semicircle ab\t ! ho/ess's place4 ,! c(feepot %\ld be plac$ at ! "r1 & ! cups & sauc]s at ! left4 ,if tiles or /&s = ! c(feepot & hot-wat] pit*] are us$1 !y %\ld also be a "p ( ! table s]vice4 ,a l>ge tray may be us$ to hold all ( ! c(fee s]vice4 ,if ! s]v+ is to be done )\t a maid1 x is advisable to place all ! *9a1 glass1 & silv] to be us$ = ! meal ei!r on ! table or on ! s]v+ table4 ,,silv]4--,conv5i5ce & ord] h det]m9$ ! cu/om>y way ( plac+ ! silv] at ea* cov]4 ,at ! "r ( ! plates place ! knives1 ! spoons1 & ! =ks t are to be us$ )\t knives 7z = oy/]s1 fi%1 or salad74 ,at ! left1 place all ! =ks t are to be us$ ) knives4 ,_m pref]1 h[ev]1 to place all ! =ks1 except ! oy/] =k1 at ! left ( ! plate4 ,en\gh silv] = all c\rses1 except ! dess]t c\rse1 is usually plac$ on ! table2 x is p]missible1 h[ev]1 to place ! silv] = all c\rses4 ,if ! silv] = any c\rse is n plac$ on ! table be=e ! meal is ann\nc$1 x may be br\ght 9 on a tray & plac$ at ea* cov] j be=e s]v+ ! c\rse2 or x may be laid on ea* s]v+ di% ( ! c\rse4 ,:ile a g5]al rule = lay+ silv] is to place ea* piece at ea* cov] 9 ! ord] ( its use1 ! knives are usually all gr\p$ toge!r at ! "r ( ! plate & ! spoons laid toge!r at ! "r ( ! knives4 ,x is advisable1 h[ev]1 to place ! spoons & knives 9 ! ord] ( _! use1 i4e4 place ! spoon t is to be us$ fir/ f>!/ to ! "r & ! knife t is to be us$ fir/1 f>!/ to ! "r ( ! gr\p ( knives4 ,s9ce only =ks are plac$ at ! left ( ! plate1 !y %\ld be laid 9 ! ord] ( _! use1 t fir/ to be us$ be+ plac$ f>!/ to ! left 7see ,figure #cc74 ,all silv] %\ld be plac$ f "o half to "o in* f ! edge ( ! table2 ! %>p edges ( ! blades ( ! knives %\ld be turn$ t[>ds ! plates2 ! spoons & =ks %\ld be plac$ ) _! b[ls & t9es turn$ up4 ,! butt] spread]s may be laid across ! bread- &-butt] plates4 ,g5]ally :5 s\p & raw oy/]s are s]v$1 ! oy/] =k is laid across ! s\p spoon4 ,if ! silv] t is to be us$ 9 s]v+ a di% ( food is plac$ on ! table1 x %\ld be laid beside n 9 ! di% ( food4 ,,table ,,accessories4--,a l[ b[l ( fl[]s or fruit1 ta/efully arrang$1 makes a pleas+ c5t]piece4 ,a c5t]piece1 h[ev]1 %\ld be a real s\rce ( pleasure2 x %\ld n ob/ruct ! view ( gue/s opposite 7see ,figure #cc74 ,place c>ds af=d a graceful means ( seat+ gue/s4 ,:5 us$1 !y %\ld be plac$ on ! napk94 ,m5u c>ds1 sometimes us$ = occasional d9n]s1 are also plac$ on ! napk94 ,,/yles ,,( ,,s]v+ ,!re are sev]al /yles ( s]v+3 ,,engli% 7ord9>y family s]vice74--,! foods are s]v$ at ! table1 ! ho/ s]v+ fi%1 meat1 & vegetables2 ! ho/ess s]v+ s\p1 salad1 & dess]t2 & o!r memb]s ( ! family s]v+ fruit & ! vegetables t are s]v$ 9 individual di%es4 ,! s]v$ di%es may be pass$ to ea* gue/ by ! maid1 or :5 no maid s]ves1 !y may be pass$ f "o p]son to ano!r4 ,?is me?od is us$ = family & in=mal s]vice1 & also :5 s]v+ is done )\t a maid4 ,,russian 7s]v+ f ! side74--,?is may be obs]v$ 9 "o ( two ways3 7a7 ,foods are sep>at$ into portions on individual plates & plac$ be=e ! gue/s4 7b7 ,foods are sep>at$ into portions on ! s]v+ di%es & pass$ to ! left ( ea* gue/ s t he may help himself1 or ! portions may be s]v$ by ! maid4 ,! necess>y s]v+ spoon or =k %\ld be provid$ ) ! s]v+ di%es4 ,! ,russian /yle ( s]v+ is ! mo/ =mal & requires ! s]vice ( at lea/ "o maid4 ,,compromise4--,sometimes x is desirable to use "o /yle ( s]v+ = "o c\rse & ano!r /yle = ano!r c\rse1 z ! ,russian /yle = ! s\p c\rse1 & ! ,engli% /yle = ! meat c\rse4 ,or ! foods ( "o c\rse may be 9 su* =m t x is conv5i5t to foll[ bo? /yles ( s]v+1 z meat s]v$ 9 ,engli% /yle & side di%es s]v$ 9 ,russian /yle4 ,su* /yle ( s]v+ is t]m$ ! compromise4 ,,me?ods ,,( ,,s]v+ ,,) ,a ,,maid ,,e/abli%$ ,,rules ,,= ,,s]v+4--,:ile ea* ho/ess foll[s h] own incl9ation 9 ! details ( s]v+1 !re are c]ta9 rules t are always obs]v$3 ,cold foods are s]v$ on cold di%es2 hot foods on hot di%es4 ,di%es (f]$ to a gue/ are pass$ to ! left ( ! gue/2 o!r di%es are plac$ to ! "r ( a gue/1 except :5 a plate is plac$ at ! same "t a soil$ or s]v$ plate is remov$1--x is !n plac$ at ! left4 ,plates are remov$ f ! "r :5 possible4 ,:5 ! ,russian /yle ( s]v+ is obs]v$1 ! foll[+ plan ( remov+ & plac+ plates at ! close ( a c\rse is foll[$3 ,! maid c>ries ! clean or s]v$ plate ( ! foll[+ c\rse 9 h] "r h& & goes to ! left ( ! gue/4 ,%e removes ! soil$ plate ( ! c\rse j conclud$ ) h] left h& & !n places ! empty or s]v$ plate be=e ! gue/ ) h] "r h&4 ,%e !n goes to ! kit*5 or pantry ) ! soil$ plate1 returns ) a clean or s]v$ plate1 & proce$s z be=e4 ,9 foll[+ ! ,engli% /yle 9 s]v+ plates1 ! maid fir/ places ! di% to be s]v$ 7! platt] ( meat1 = example7 9 front ( ! ho/4 ,!n an empty plate is plac$ be=e ! ho/4 ,! maid !n gets ano!r clean plate1 returns to ! left ( ! ho/1 takes up ! s]v$ plate 9 h] left h&1 & places ! empty plate be=e him4 ,%e !n places ! s]v$ plate be=e "o ( ! gue/s f ! "r side4 ,aga9 %e goes to ! left ( ! ho/1 places a plate be=e him1 & proce$s z be=e4 ,at ! end ( a c\rse1 remove ! di%es ( ea* cov]1 !n su* di%es z ! platt]s & ture5s1 & f9ally ! crumbs4 ,all di%es belong+ to a p>ticul> c\rse %\ld be remov$ at ! end ( t c\rse4 ,soil$ di%es are always unsightly2 h5ce c>e %\ld be tak5 to remove !m 9 ! neate/ way4 ,plates %\ld n be pil$ on top ( "o ano!r4 ,:5 ! d9n] plate1 ! bread-&-butt] plate1 & ! side di%es are to be remov$1 ! small] di%es 7bread-&-butt] plates & side di%es7 %\ld be remov$ on ! s]v+ tray4 ,! l>g] plates may be remov$ "o at a "t1 & an empty or s]vice plate may be put 9 ! place ( ea*4 ,if no empty or s]vice plate is to be plac$ = ! next c\rse1 two soil$ plates may be remov$ at ! same "t1 "o 9 ea* h&4 ,,use ,,( ,,! ,,buffet ,,& ,,s]v+ ,,table4--,_m d9+ rooms h bo? a buffet & s]v+ table4 ,:5 su* is ! case ! s]v+ table is us$ = hold+ ! di%es & foods t are us$ 9 s]v+ ! meal1 su* z dess]t plates1 cream] & sug>1 plate ( bread1 etc42 ! buffet is us$ = hold+ di%es t are us$ occasionally1 su* z ! c(fee s]vice1 *af+ di%1 etc4 ,accid5ts at ! table may be quickly rem$i$1 if extra silv] & a s(t 7i4e4 unfold$7 napk9 are plac$ on ! s]v+ table be=e ! meal is ann\nc$4 ,,use ,,( ,,! ,,s]v+ ,,tray4--,! s]v+ tray %\ld be us$ = c>ry+ all silv]4 ,x %\ld also be us$ = small di%es1 su* z pres]ves1 olives1 sauces1 & = ! cream] & sug>1 & ! cups & sauc]s4 ,9 pass+ l>ge di%es1 su* z plates1 platt]s1 & ture5s1 use a fold$ napk9 und]nea? ! di%es in/ead ( a tray4 ,,remov+ ,,! ,,crumbs ,,f ,,! ,,table4--,= a table ) a clo?1 ! crumb tray & scrap]1 or bett]1 a plate & fold$ napk9 are us$ to remove ! crumbs4 ,a bru% is n desirable = crumb+ ! table4 ,= a table )\t a clo?1 ! fold$ napk9 & plate are us$4 ,! table may be crumb$ be=e & aft] ! salad c\rse or be=e ! dess]t c\rse4 ,,use ,,( ,,f+] ,,b[ls4--,f+] b[ls are us$ aft] ! fruit c\rse ( breakfa/1 & at ! end ( a lun*eon or d9n]4 ,!y %\ld be plac$ on plates1 ) a doily betwe5 ! plate & f+] b[l4 ,= breakfa/1 ! f+] b[ls & plates may be br\ght 9 fir/4 ,! f+] b[l & doily %\ld be remov$ to ! left s t ! same plates may be us$ = ! fruit c\rse4 ,= =mal lun*eon or d9n]1 f+] b[ls on doilies & plates are br\ght 91 "o at a "t1 :5 remov+ ! ma9 di% ( ! dess]t4 ,! f+] b[ls & doilies are !n set aside & ! plate us$ = bonbons & nuts1 :i* are pass$ on a tray4 ,or1 if desir$1 ! f+] b[ls may be br\ght aft] ! bonbons4 ,9 ?is case ! f+] b[l & plate are ex*ang$ = ! plate ( ! dess]t c\rse4 ,an in=mal way is to pass f+] b[ls on plates & doilies be=e ! dess]t c\rse4 ,!n ! f+] b[l & doily are set aside z at breakfa/ & ! dess]t s]v$ on ! same plate4 ,,ord] ,,( ,,seat+ ,,& ,,s]v+ ,,gue/s4--,! ho/ & ho/ess usually sit opposite ea* o!r1 i4e4 at ! head & foot ( ! table4 ,if !re is a waitress to d ! s]v+1 ! head ( ! table %\ld be f>!/ f ! entrance ( ! d9+ room4 ,if !re is no maid1 ! ho/ess's *air %\ld be ne>e/ ! kit*5 door or pantry4 ,a woman gue/ ( honor sits at ! "r ( ! ho/2 a g5tleman gue/1 at ! "r ( ! ho/ess4 ,! ord] ( s]v+ gue/s v>ies 9 diff]5t homes & = diff]5t occasions4 ,sometimes ! wom5 at ! table are s]v$ be=e ! m54 ,?is is usually done1 h[ev]1 = home s]vice or :5 only a few p]sons are at ! table4 ,at a l>ge d9n] table or a banquet1 gue/s are usually s]v$ 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y sit4 ,9 _m homes1 ! gue/s are s]v$ fir/1 :ile 9 o!rs ! ho/ess is always ! fir/ to be s]v$4 ,at a family meal1 :5 no gue/s are pres5t1 ! ho/ess %\ld always be s]v$ fir/4 ,,me?od ,,( ,,s]v+ ,,)\t ,a ,,maid ,:5 !re is no maid1 a woman has a ?reefold duty to p]=m :5 s]v+ a meal4 ,%e mu/ act z cook1 z waitress1 & z ho/ess4 ,mu* skill1 +5uity1 & practice are requir$ to d ?is successfully4 ,! und]ly+ pr9ciple ( its accompli%m5t is =e?\ght4 ,a ho/ess mu/ plan1 ev5 to ! m9ute/ detail1 ! p]=mance ( ea* duty4 ,,prep>ation ,,be=e ,,ann\nc+ ,,! ,,meal4--,9 plann+ ! m5u1 a wise selection %\ld be made4 ,simple foods %\ld be select$ & b few c\rses %\ld be s]v$4 ,a "y ho/ess %\ld rememb] t a simple meal easily s]v$ is m enjoyable & m fitt+ ?an an elaborate d9n] :]e ! ho/ess mu/ frequ5tly leave ! table4 ,foods %\ld be select$ t c be prep>$ be=e ! meal is s]v$1 & t w n be h>m$ by /&+4 ,a s\ffle :i* mu/ be s]v$ imm$iately :5 tak5 f ! ov5 is n a wise *oice = su* a meal4 ,= almo/ all meals "s ( ! di%es & foods mu/ be left 9 ! w>m+ ov5 or 9 ! refrig]ator1 b z _m di%es & foods z possible %\ld be tak5 to ! d9+ room be=e ! meal is ann\nc$4 ,! sugge/ion has be5 made t di%es be kept w>m by plac+ !m 9 a pan ( hot wat] on ! s]v+ table4 ,?is w\ld mean1 h[ev]1 t a tea t[el be at h& to dry ! di%es be=e us+4 ,special hot-wat] di%es = ! purpose c n[ be obta9$ 9 city %ops4 ,a s]v+ table or a :eel tray 7see ,figure #cd7 is ( great s]vice to a woman act+ z ho/ess & waitress4 ,x %\ld be plac$ ne> ! ho/ess s t %e c rea* x )\t ris+ f h] *air4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( a :eel tray1 a l>ge s]v+ tray is a great conv5i5ce 9 sett+ & cle>+ ! table2 x saves _m /eps4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #cd--,,:eel ,,tray4 ,,s]v+ ,,at ,,! ,,table4--,! ,engli% /yle ( s]v+ %\ld be foll[$4 ,! ho/ess may ?us h ! aid ( ! ho/ & ! o!r memb]s ( ! family 9 s]v+4 ,moreov]1 s]v+ 9 ?is mann] gives an air ( hospitality4 ,z ho/ess1 a woman mu/ n leave h] place at ! table _m times or = _m m9utes4 ,if ! details ( ! meal h n be5 well plann$1 %e w h to make _m trips to ! kit*54 ,?is is "o ( ! indications t ! pres5ce ( gue/s is a burd5 to ! ho/ess4 ,%e %\ld nev] leave or ent] ! d9+ room empty-h&$1 = a sav+ ( en]gy is m s5sible ?an fai?ful adh]5ce to =m4 ,! soil$ di%es1 z !y are remov$ f ! table1 may be plac$ ^u ! s]v+ table4 ,by ! use ( ! latt]1 ! d9+ table c be kept free f an ov]cr[d$ appe>ance & ! ho/ess sav$ _m /eps4 ,! l[] %elf ( ! s]v+ table is ! mo/ desirable place = ! soil$ di%es4 ,= a family meal1 ! table may be crumb$ z foll[s3 ,let ! ho/ess use ! crumb tray :ile seat$ at h] place1 & !n let h] pass x on s t ea* memb] ( ! family may 9 turn remove ! crumbs f 8 own cov]4 ,x is p]fectly prop] to omit crumb+ :5 gue/s are pres5t & :]e !re is no maid4 ,! ho/ & ! o!r memb]s ( ! family c d mu* to add to ! pleasure ( a meal by introduc+ an int]e/+ topic ( conv]sation t w occupy ! att5tion ( ! gue/s dur+ ! abs5ce ( ! ho/ess4 ,if ! ho/ess is sole ent]ta9]1 %e w\ld d well to />t an absorb+ subject ( conv]sation j be=e leav+ ! d9+ room4 ,,que/ions ,:y is x desirable to use doilies on plates conta9+ crack]s1 bread1 & cakes8 ,:y %\ld bak$ potatoes1 corn1 & hot breads be s]v$ on a fold$ napk98 ,:y %\ld ! c(feepot be plac$ at ! "r ( ! ho/ess's cov] & ! cups & sauc]s at ! left ( h] cov]8 ,9 lay+ ! table1 :y %\ld ! knives1 spoons1 & ! =ks t are to be us$ )\t knives be plac$ at ! "r ( ! plates8 ,:y %\ld ! =ks t are to be us$ ) knives be plac$ at ! left ( ! plates8 ,9 s]v+1 :y %\ld di%es :i* admit ( *oice be pass$ to ! left ( a gue/8 ,:y %\ld di%es :i* d n admit ( *oice be plac$ at ! "r8 ,:y %\ld ?is ord] ( cle>+ ! table at ! end ( a c\rse be foll[$3 fir/1 ! soil$ di%es1 !n ! food1 !n ! clean di%es1 & f9ally ! crumbs8 ,:y %\ld all di%es belong+ to a p>ticul> c\rse be remov$ at ! end ( ! c\rse8 ,:y is a bru% n desirable = crumb+ ! table8 ,:y are f+] b[ls us$ aft] ! fruit c\rse ( breakfa/ & at ! end ( lun*eon or d9n]8 ,make a li/ ( ! l951 silv]1 glass1 & *9a ne$$ = ! d9+ & s]v+ tables1 :5 s]v+ ! m5u giv5 bel[4 ,give me?od ( s]v+ ea* c\rse1 us+ ! ,engli% /yle4 ,cream ( ,tomato ,s\p--,s\p ,/icks ,veal ,cutlets ,rice ,rolls--,butt] ,cucumb] ,salad ,waf]s ,sn[ ,pudd+1 ,cu/>d ,sauce ,cakes--,c(fee ,,lesson ,,xxxi ,,cook+ ,,& ,,s]v+ ,,breakfa/ ,cook & s]ve a breakfa/4 ,if ! lesson p]iod is limit$ to #ij m9utes1 x is advisable to plan only a simple meal4 ,! foll[+ m5u is sugge/$3 ,seasonable ,fruit1--fre% or cook$ ,fr5* ,toa/ ) ,sirup ,milk ,det]m9e ! numb] ( p]sons ea* recipe = ! foods above w s]ve4 ,x may be necess>y to prep>e only a portion ( a giv5 recipe or m food ?an ! quantity /at$ 9 ! recipe4 ,! pupil %\ld become accu/om$ to divid+ or multiply+ ! quantities giv5 9 recipes4 ,comm5ce y\r "w at su* a "t t ! food w be 9 prop] condition--hot or cold--at ! "t set = s]v+ ! breakfa/4 ,foll[ ! ,engli% or family /yle ( s]v+4 ,s]ve ! breakfa/ ) or )\t a maid 7see previ\s lesson74 ,,lesson ,,xxxii ,,review3 ,,meal ,,cook+ ,,m5u ,seasonable ,fruit ,sauce ,breakfa/ ,c]eal ,c(fee ,see ,review1 = sugge/ions reg>d+ ! prep>ation ( ! lesson4 ,,lesson ,,xxxiii ,,home ,,projects ,footnote #cg3 ,see ,lesson ,,ix ,,sugge/ions ,,= ,,home ,,"w4--,if cook$ c]eals are desir$ = breakfa/ at y\r home1 prep>e breakfa/ c]eals 9 ! ev5+ = ! foll[+ morn+4 ,make a dess]t = ! ev5+ meal at lea/ ?ree times a week4 ,,sugge/$ ,,aims3 7#a7 ,to cook ! c]eal a suffici5t l5g? ( "t to produce a sweet flavor & make x t5d]1 to evaporate ! moi/ure suffici5tly s t ma/ication w be necess>y1 to all[ no scum to =m on top4 7#b7 ,to select a v>iety ( dess]ts s t a diff]5t "o may be s]v$ ea* "t4 ,,division ,,five ,,en]gy-,,giv+ ,,or ,,fuel ,,foods1--,,ri* ,,9 ,,fats ,,& ,,oils ,,lesson ,,xxxiv ,,fat ,,z ,a ,,fry+ ,,m$ium ,,comp>ison ,,( ,,fats ,,& ,,c>bohydrates4--,fat is a food/uff4 ,fat & oil ,footnote #ch3 ,fat & oil are v simil>1 oil be+ fat t is liquid at ord9>y temp]ature4 =m ano!r great class ( en]gy-giv+ or fuel foods4 ,9 ! body1 ^! foods1 l c>bohydrates1 give en]gy2 9 fact weight = weight !y furni% m ?an twice z mu* en]gy z c>bohydrates4 ,!re is1 = example1 ab\t z mu* fat by weight 9 "o p\nd ( butt] z !re are c>bohydrates 9 "o p\nd ( tapioca4 ,by measurem5t x has be5 f\nd t "o p\nd ( butt] gives to ! body almo/ two & "o f\r? times z mu* en]gy z does "o p\nd ( tapioca4 ,fats & oils are n only us$ z food 7butt] = example7 & z con/itu5ts ( foods 7fat 9 pa/ry71 b z a m$ium = cook+4 ,! use ( fat z a cook+ m$ium foll[s3 ,,exp]im5t #ca3 ,,temp]ature ,,at ,,:i* ,,fats ,,& ,,oils ,,decompose ,,or ,,burn4-- ,into ea* ( #f te/ tubes put #b teaspoonfuls ( butt]1 cottonse$ oil1 corn oil1 beef dripp+s1 l>d1 & ,crisco4 ,g5tly heat ea* "o ( ! fats or oils until fumes fir/ arise f !m4 ,!n ins]t a !rmomet] ,footnote #ci3 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 9 us+ a !rmomet] 9 hot fat4 ,x %\ld be all[$ to cool be=e wa%+4 9 ea* tube & note ! temp]atures4 ,^! are ! temp]atures at :i* ! v>i\s fats decompose4 ,record ^! temp]atures 9 y\r notebook4 ,h[ d ! decompos+ temp]atures ( fat comp>e ) t ( boil+ wat]8 ,:i* w\ld be ! hott] m$ium = cook+--hot fat or boil+ wat]8 ,:i* fat rea*es ! highe/ temp]ature be=e x beg9s to decompose8 ,if fat is us$ z a m$ium ( cook+1 :i* ( ^! fats1 z f> z temp]ature is conc]n$1 w\ld be ! mo/ desirable8 ,give a reason = y\r answ]4 ,:at is ! price p] p\nd or p9t ( ea* ( ^! fats or oils8 ,:i* ( ^! are vegetable & :i* are animal fats or oils8 ,,fats ,,= ,,deep-,,fat ,,fry+4--,z %[n by ! above exp]im5t1 fat rea*es a high temp]ature :5 heat$4 ,= ?is reason fat may be us$ z a cook+ m$ium4 ,! process ( cook+ food 9 deep fat is call$ fry+4 ,f ! /&po9t ( temp]ature ! be/ fat = fry+ is t :i* c be heat$ to a v high temp]ature )\t burn+4 ,o!r factors su* z flavor & co/1 h[ev]1 h to be tak5 into consid]ation4 ,fat n only heats foods1 b x imp>ts flavor s9ce "s ( ! fat 9 :i* a food is cook$1 cl+s to ! food4 ,! co/s ( ! v>i\s fats diff] greatly4 ,?is mu/ be reg>d$ 9 select+ fats = cook+4 ,tak+ ^! factors into consid]ation1 _m pref] ! *eap] vegetable fats = fry+1 :ile o!rs f9d a mixture ( beef dripp+s & l>d satisfactory4 ,,exp]im5t #cb3 ,,bread ,,fri$ ,,9 ,,cool ,,fat 7,,class ,,exp]im5t74--,put "s suitable fat = fry+ 9 an iron pan & heat4 ,note c>efully ! *ange t takes place 9 fat z x heats4 ,:5 ! fat foams or bubbles1 or rea*es a temp]ature ( ab\t #cjj degrees ,f41 drop into x a piece ( bread4 ,aft] "o m9ute remove ! bread f ! fat2 exam9e ! bread by break+ x ap>t to see if ! fat has soak$ into ! bread4 ,is x desirable to h ! fat soak into fri$ foods8 ,:at conclusion c y draw z to fry+ foods 9 cool fats8 ,,exp]im5t #cc3 ,,! ,,temp]ature ,,( ,,fat ,,= ,,fry+ 7,,class ,,exp]im5t74-- ,cont9ue to heat ! fat ( ,exp]im5t #cb4 ,:5 fumes beg9 to rise f ! fat1 or ! fat rea*es a temp]ature ( #cfe degrees ,f41 aga9 drop a bit ( bread into x4 ,aft] "o m9ute remove ! bread & exam9e x z above4 ,has z mu* fat soak$ into x z 9 ! fir/ bit ( bread8 ,:at conclusion c y draw f ?is 9 reg>d to ! prop] temp]ature = fry+ foods8 ,cook$ foods & foods ne$+ b little cook+ require a high] temp]ature ?an batt]s or o!r uncook$ foods4 ,if a bit ( bread is br[n$ 9 #dj seconds1 ! fat is ( prop] temp]ature = cook$ foods & = oy/]s4 ,if bread is br[n$ 9 #fj seconds1 ! fat is ( prop] temp]ature = uncook$ foods4 ,,g5]al ,,rules ,,= ,,fry+4--,s9ce fat1 :5 heat$1 rea*es su* a high temp]ature1 ! kettle 9 :i* x is heat$ %\ld be ( iron4 ,if !re is any moi/ure on foods1 x mu/ be evaporat$ be=e ! foods br[n4 ,excessive moi/ure also cools ! fat consid]ably1 h5ce1 foods t are to be fri$ %\ld be z dry z possible4 ,place ! foods to be cook$ 9 a ba? ( fat deep en\gh to float !m4 ,! kettle %\ld n be too full1 h[ev]1 z fat is apt to bubble ov] especially :5 moi/ foods are plac$ 9 x4 ,foods may be plac$ 9 a fry+ basket1 or !y may be l[]$ into ! fat & tak5 f x ) a wire spoon4 ,all fri$ foods %\ld be dra9$ on pap]4 ,:5 "o quantity ( food has be5 remov$1 ! fat %\ld be reheat$ & its temp]ature te/$ be=e add+ ! second quantity ( food4 ,fat us$ = fry+ %\ld be cool$ & cl>ifi$ ) potato z direct$ on ! foll[+ page4 ,if a coal range is us$ = heat+ ! fat1 s& or a%es & a %ovel %\ld be ne> at h& 9 case ! fat takes fire4 ,if hot fat mu/ be c>ri$ or lift$1 wrap a t[el ab\t ! h& be=e grasp+ ! h&le ( ! kettle4 ,,to ,,try ,,out ,,fat4--,! fat ( meat consi/s ( fat held by a network ( connective tissue4 ,to make meat fat suitable = fry+ x is necess>y to sep>ate ! fat f ! tissue4 ,?is is done z foll[s3 ,remove ! t\gh outside sk9 & lean p>ts f meat fat & cut x into small pieces4 ,put ! fat into an iron kettle1 & cov] x ) cold wat]4 ,place x uncov]$ on ! /ove & heat4 ,:5 ! wat] has ne>ly all evaporat$1 set ! kettle back1 or less5 ! heat1 or place 9 a cool ov51 & let ! fat sl[ly try out4 ,z ! fat sep>ates f ! pieces ( tissue1 x is well to /ra9 or dra9 x into a b[l4 ,if ?is is done1 ! fat is less apt to scor*4 ,! heat+ ( ! connective tissue %\ld cont9ue1 until x is %rivel$ 9 appe>ance & no fat c be press$ out f x ) a =k4 ,! /ra9$ fat %\ld be set aside to become firm & !n /or$ 9 a cool place4 ,,to ,,cl>ify ,,fat4--,add a few slices ( raw potato to fat & heat sl[ly until x ceases to bubble4 ,cool1 /ra9 ?r\gh a clo?1 & let /& until solid4 ,,fri$ ,,oy/]s ,footnote #dj3 ,,note ,,to ,,! ,,tea*]4--,if ! price ( oy/]s is too high1 "s seasonable small fre% fi% su* z pike may be us$ 9 place ( oy/]s4 ,^! may be prep>$ = fry+ 9 ! same mann] z oy/]s4 ,if desir$1 corn-meal may be sub/itut$ = dri$ bread crumbs4 ,l>ge oy/]s ,dri$ bread crumbs ,salt & pepp] ,eggs #a tablespoonful wat] or oy/] juice = ea* egg ,remove pieces ( %ell f ! oy/] by runn+ ea* oy/] ?r\gh ! f+]s4 ,wa% ! oy/]s1 dra9 imm$iately1 & dry !m on a s(t clo? or t[el 7see ,clean+ ,oy/]s74 ,season ) salt & pepp]4 ,beat ! eggs slightly & dilute by add+ "o tablespoonful ( wat] or /ra9$ oy/] juice to ea* egg4 ,spr9kle salt & pepp] ov] ! dri$ bread crumbs4 ,dip ! oy/]s into ! prep>$ crumbs1 !n into ! egg mixture1 & f9ally into ! crumbs4 ,fry "o m9ute1 dra91 place on pap]1 & s]ve4 ,lemons cut into eigh?s are desirable to s]ve ) fri$ oy/]s4 ,p>sley makes a pleas+ g>ni%4 ,to ,clean ,ut5sils t h ,conta9$ ,fat4--,an alkal9e sub/ance su* z wa%+ soda is effective 9 clean+ ut5sils t h held fat4 ,to %[ ! action ( wa%+ soda on fats try ! foll[+3 ,,exp]im5t #cd3 ,,saponification ,,( ,,fat4--,into a te/ tube put #a_/b teaspoonful ( wa%+ soda & #a teaspoonful wat]1 !n heat until ! wa%+ soda is entirely dissolv$4 ,melt #a teaspoonful ( solid fat & add x to ! soda solution4 ,boil ! cont5ts ( ! tube = a few m9utes & !n exam9e x4 ,:at sub/ance does ! foam+ sugge/8 ,:at has be5 =m$ by ! union ( fat & soda8 ,:at application c be drawn f ?is ) reg>d to ! use ( soda 9 clean+ ut5sils t h conta9$ fat8 ,wipe out ) s(t pap] ! ut5sil t has held fat4 ,fill x full ( wat]1 add "s wa%+ soda1 & heat4 ,empty ! wat] & wa%4 ,d n use wa%+ soda 9 alum9um ut5sils 7see ,prep>+ ,di%es = ,wa%+74 ,,que/ions ,:at is tak+ place :5 hot fat emits an odor8 ,"n two advantages 9 dipp+ foods t are to be fri$ 9 egg4 ,:y are dri$ r ?an s(t bread crumbs us$ = cov]+ foods t are to be fri$8 ,,lesson ,,xxxv ,,fat ,,z ,a ,,fry+ ,,m$ium--,,food ,,fats ,,food ,,fats4--,fats & oils are extract$ f v>i\s mat]ials & ref9$ s z to make !m suitable = food4 ,food fats are ( bo? animal & vegetable orig94 ,fats sep>at$ f milk 7butt]71 meat fats 7suet1 l>d7 are animal fats :ile ^? sep>at$ f se$s 7cottonse$ & peanut71 c]eal 7corn71 fruit 7olive71 nuts 7coconuts7 are vegetable fats4 ,a discussion ( v>i\s food fats foll[s3 7a7 ,butt] is made by *urn+ rip5$ cream s z to sep>ate ! fat f ! o!r +r$i5ts conta9$ 9 milk4 ,x is salt$ & usually color$ be=e putt+ x on ! m>ket4 ,! popul>ity ( butt] is dep5d5t ^u its flavor1 = its fuel value is n great] ?an any o!r fat4 ,inde$ butt] does n conta9 z mu* fat z d ! vegetable oils & fats1 & c]ta9 o!r animal fats4 ,butt] conta9s #he p] c5t ( fat :ile _m vegetable oils & fats & l>d conta9 #ajj p] c5t ( fat4 ,butt] conta9s1 h[ev]1 c]ta9 gr[?-produc+ sub/ances call$ vitam9es 7see ,division ,sev574 ,all fats d n conta9 vitam9es4 ,! latt] are f\nd 9 butt]1 b are n pres5t 9 vegetable oils & fats & 9 pork fat4 ,butt] is "o ( ! mo/ exp5sive foods ( a h\sehold4 ,its use1 !re=e1 mu/ be c>efully consid]$4 ,because ( its pleas+ flavor1 = "s purposes no fat is z desirable z butt]4 ,if1 h[ev]1 fat is to be comb9$ ) foods ( pron\nc$ flavor1 i4e4 foods ^: flavor is /rong en\gh to cov] up o!r food flavors1 o!r fats may be sub/itut$ ) satisfactory results4 7b7 ,oleom>g>9 is a comb9ation ( sev]al diff]5t fats4 ,x is usually made by *urn+ s(t beef fat 7call$ oleo oil7 & neutral 7i4e4 c>efully r5d]$7 l>d ) milk or cream4 ,sometimes butt] & cottonse$ & peanut oils are add$4 ,because color$ oleom>g>9 is highly tax$1 ?is fat is usually n color$ 9 its prep>ation = ! m>ket4 ,! t]m oleom>g>9 is us$ n only z ! trade "n = fat ( ! composition /at$ above1 b z ! legal "n ( any food fat prep>$ z a butt] sub/itute4 ,to comply ) ! law1 solid fats f\nd at m>ket & conta9+ no oleo oil are label$ oleom>g>94 7c7 ,nut ,m>g>9 is also a mixture ( v>i\s fats4 ,x usually consi/s ( coconut oil comb9$ ) cottonse$ or peanut oil4 7d7 ,meat ,fats4--,! fat ( pork is commonly tri$ out or r5d]$ to free x f connective tissue4 ,t obta9$ f try+ out ! fat f ar\nd ! kidneys is call$ leaf l>d2 ord9>y l>d is obta9$ f ! fats ( o!r p>ts ( ! animal4 ,! =m] is consid]$ ( sup]ior quality4 ,beef suet or ! fat f ar\nd ! kidneys & lo9 ( beef is also tri$ out & us$ = cook+4 ,all scraps ( fat--cook$ or uncook$--z well z any dripp+s f beef1 veal1 pork1 & *ick51 %\ld be sav$ & us$ 9 cook+4 ,! fat f mutton has a peculi> flavor & s _c be us$ 9 food1 unless cook$ ) c]ta9 flavor+ mat]ials 7see ,mutton74 ,x may be sav$ = soap-mak+4 ,fat f s\p & dripp+s ne$ only be cl>ifi$ be=e us+ = cook+2 suet & o!r uncook$ fat ( meat mu/ be fir/ tri$ out4 7e7 ,vegetable ,oils4--,! oil f cottonse$1 corn1 & peanut is prep>$ = table use & sold "u v>i\s trade names4 ,oil is also extract$ f ! olive4 ,?is is an extremely exp5sive oil4 ,its food value is no great] ?an t ( o!r vegetable oils2 only olive flavor is secur$ = ! great] price4 ,ref9$ cottonse$ & corn oils are bl& 9 flavor4 ,peanut has a *>act]i/ic flavor pleas+ to mo/ p]sons4 ,:5 ^! vegetable oils become rancid1 h[ev]1 _! flavor is disagreeable4 ,,fat ,,comb9ations4--,e ?rifty h\sekeep] %\ld h sev]al k9ds ( fats 9 h] l>d]1 & %\ld use all ) discretion4 ,fats may be comb9$ = c]ta9 purposes4 ,_m times 9 mak+ pa/ry or 9 saute+ & fry+1 x is desirable to use a firm & a s(t fat toge!r1 su* z butt] & l>d1 suet & oil1 or suet & *ick5 fat4 ,,fi% ,,balls #a cupful salt codfi% #d small potatoes #a egg #a_/b tablespoonful butt] or sub/itute #a_/h teaspoonful pepp] ,wa% ! fi% 9 wat] & te> into small pieces2 wa% & p>e ! potatoes4 ,cook ! fi% & ! :ole potatoes toge!r 9 g5tly boil+ wat]1 conta9+ no salt1 until ! potatoes are s(t4 ,dra9 & %ake ov] ! fire until dry2 ma%1 add ! beat5 egg1 fat1 pepp]1 & salt 7if ne$$71 & beat until light4 ,take up ! mixture by spoonfuls1 mold slightly1 & place 9 hot deep fat4 ,d n fry m ?an six balls at "o "t4 ,fry until br[n1 dra91 g>ni%1 & s]ve at once4 ,:ite or ,*eese ,sauce may be s]v$ ov] ,fi% ,balls4 ,! potatoes us$ 9 fi% balls may be /eam$4 ,! codfi%1 h[ev]1 mu/ be soak$ or cook$ 9 wat]4 ,,que/ions ,:y is x n necess>y to soak codfi% = ,fi% ,balls 9 wat] be=e cook+8 ,:y is salt n add$ to ! wat] 9 :i* codfi% & potatoes are cook$8 ,if a food t is to be fri$ conta9s mu* wat]1 :at happ5s to ! wat] :5 plac$ 9 ! hot fat8 ,expla9 :y x is bett] to leave ! potatoes :ole r ?an cut !m into pieces = cook+4 ,:y is x especially necess>y to dry ! fi% & potato mixture be=e fry+8 ,:at +r$i5t d ,fi% ,balls conta9 t h>d5s imm$iately on be+ heat$8 ,( :at advantage is ?is +r$i5t 9 mixtures t are to be fri$8 ,:at is ! price p] package ( codfi%8 ,:at is ! weight & measure ( a package8 ,,lesson ,,xxxvi ,,fat ,,z ,a ,,fry+ ,,m$ium--,,dige/ion ,,( ,,fat ,,exp]im5t #cf3 ,,action ,,( ,,oil ,,& ,,wat]4--,p\r a little corn or cottonse$ oil into a te/ tube1 add ! same quantity ( wat]1 & %ake ! tube4 ,set ! tube aside = a m9ute & exam9e4 ,:i* mat]ial rises to ! top8 ,is oil soluble 9 wat]8 ,:at application c be made f ?is conc]n+ ! effectiv5ess ( clean+ ! fat ( meats ) wat]8 ,,exp]im5t #cf3 ,,emulsion ,,( ,,fat4--,9 a te/ tube put a bit ( soap & #b tablespoonfuls ( wat]4 ,heat until ! soap is melt$4 ,add #a_/b teaspoonful ( vegetable oil4 ,%ake ! mixture & !n exam9e4 ,:at famili> food does ! mixture look l8 ,set ! tube aside = a m9ute4 ,does ! oil rise to ! top z 9 ,exp]im5t #ce8 ,! fat is 9 an emulsifi$ condition4 ,,break+ ,,up ,,( ,,fats4--,fats & oils are n soluble 9 any sub/ance f\nd 9 ! dige/ive juices1 b !y are act$ ^u by an enzyme ,footnote #da3 ,/eaps9 or lipase is ! enzyme f\nd 9 ! pancreatic juice :i* acts ^u fat4 & by an alkal9e sub/ance f\nd 9 ! pancreatic juice4 ,! enzyme breaks up "s ( ! fat into a fatty acid ,footnote #db3 ,fatty acids are sub/ances relat$ to fats2 !y h c]ta9 acid prop]ties4 & glyc]94 ,dur+ dige/ion1 fat is emulsifi$1 i4e4 divid$ into t9y globules :i* d n coalesce4 ,:5 a fat is emulsifi$1 x (t5 looks l milk4 7,milk conta9s fat 9 an emulsifi$ =m2 ! fat sep>ates1 h[ev]1 by /&+ & rises to ! top to =m cream47 ,fats c be emulsifi$ by sev]al diff]5t sub/ances4 ,a soap solution is "o ( ! sub/ances t w emulsify fats4 7,! action ( soap solution 9 emulsify+ fat 0 %[n 9 ,exp]im5t #cf47 ,if fats are emulsifi$ by means ( soap1 "o might ask :]e ! soap comes f 9 ! process ( dige/ion4 ,! soap is ?\ght to be =m$ by ! action ( ! alkali ( ! pancreatic juice ^u "s ( ! fatty acids =m$ by ! splitt+ up ( ! fat4 ,by means ( ! soap ?us =m$1 fat is emulsifi$ dur+ dige/ion4 ,dur+ dige/ion1 fat is brok5 up into fatty acids & glyc]94 ,,fry+ ,,& ,,dige/ion4--,fat is a sl[ly dige/+ food/uff4 ,n only fats1 b foods coat$ ) fat are dige/$ sl[ly4 ,because ( ! long] "t 9 ! dige/ive tract1 foods may cause dige/ive di/urbances4 ,:5 fats are heat$ to a high temp]ature1 !y are decompos$ & irritat+ sub/ances 7free fatty acids7 are =m$4 ,^! sub/ances are absorb$ by foods :i* are br[n$ 9 fats4 ,x is well1 !n1 to h ! lea/ possible quantity ( fat soak into foods cook$ 9 fats4 ,x has be5 f\nd t foods soak up mu* m fat :5 saut$ 7i4e4 br[n+ 9 a small quantity ( fat7 ?an :5 fri$4 ,! greate/ c>e %\ld be tak5 9 fry+1 h[ev]1 to h ! fat & ! food to be fri$ 9 su* condition t z little fat z possible w be absorb$4 ,! fat %\ld be suffici5tly hot 7see ,exp]im5ts #cb & #cc71 ! food z dry z possible1 & ! br[n$ food dra9$ on pap]4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 n only 9 fry+ foods1 b 9 avoid+ ! use ( an excessive am\nt ( fat su* z butt]1 cream1 & vegetable oils 9 sauces1 dress+s1 & pa/ry4 ,,croquettes4--,croquettes are cook$ vegetable1 c]eal1 meat1 or fi% mixtures dipp$ 9 dri$ crumbs & eggs & br[n$ 9 deep fat4 ,^! food mixtures are %ap$ 9 v>i\s ways4 ,rice & potato croquettes are usually cyl9drical 9 %ape1 :ile *ick5 croquettes are =m$ into cones4 ,croquettes may be dipp$ 9 melt$ butt] or sub/itute or !y may be dott$ ) bits ( fat & br[n$ 9 ! ov5 or broil+ ov5 in/ead ( fry+ 9 deep fat4 ,/>* occurs 9 consid]able quantity 9 ! vegetables & c]eals commonly us$ = croquettes4 ,meat & fi% are usually mix$ ) a ?ick ,:ite ,sauce :5 us$ = croquettes1 h5ce croquettes inv>iably conta9 a />*y sub/ance4 ,if croquette +r$i5ts are heat$ :ile mix+1 x is necess>y to cool !m ?or\ghly be=e %ap+1 9 ord] t ! />* may be z /iff z possible4 ,,potato ,,croquettes #a p9t ma%$ potatoes ,cel]y salt #b tablespoonfuls butt] ,onion juice ,cay5ne #a teaspoonful *opp$ p>sley #a teaspoonful salt #a egg-yolk or #a_/b egg ,mix +r$i5ts toge!r1 %ape into smoo? r\nd balls & !n into cyl9d]s4 ,roll 9 dri$ bread crumbs1 eggs1 & crumbs aga9 7see ,fri$ ,oy/]s74 ,fry 9 deep fat until br[n4 ,,que/ions ,h[ does ! temp]ature ( fat hot en\gh = fry+ comp>e ) t ( boil+ wat]8 ,:y is an iron kettle pref]able to "o ( t9 or granite = heat+ fat 7see ,c>ameliz$ ,sug>78 ,:at happ5s to foods t are cook$ 9 fat too cool = fry+ 7see ,exp]im5t #cb78 ,:at is ! purpose ( cov]+ ) egg1 mixtures t are to be fri$8 ,h[ %\ld ! egg be prep>$ = dipp+8 ,h[ c ! rema9+ :ite or half an egg be utiliz$ 9 prep>+ ,potato ,croquettes8 ,if left ov] ma%$ potatoes are us$ = mak+ croquettes1 :at +r$i5t 9 ! recipe above %\ld be omitt$8 ,,lesson ,,xxxvii ,,fat ,,sav+ ,,bak+ ,,vs4 ,,fry+4--,foods fri$ "u ! mo/ ideal conditions & 9 ! mo/ skilful mann] absorb mu* fat4 ,_m foods well fri$1 especially d\ghnuts1 are ab\t #a_/c fat4 ,fi% ,balls & croquettes1 z m5tion$ previ\sly1 c be bak$ in/ead ( fri$4 ,bak$ croquettes seem some:at m dry1 h[ev]1 ?an ! fri$ food4 ,if ?is is objectionable a sauce may be p\r$ ov] !m be=e s]v+4 ,tomato1 *eese1 & br[n sauces are ta/y ) mo/ croquettes4 ,d\btless _m h\sekeep]s :o dislike ! odor ( hot fat & ! clean+ ( ut5sils us$ 9 fry+ foods1 w consid] ! process ( bak+ croquettes v mu* m satisfactory ?an t ( fry+4 ,,rice ,,cutlets ,,) ,,*eese ,,sauce #c_/d cupful rice #c cupfuls boil+ wat] #a teaspoonful salt ,wa% ! rice1 add ! wat]4 7,if unpoli%$ rice is us$1 let x soak = sev]al h\rs47 ,!n add ! salt & heat ! mixture until x boils4 ,proce$ z direct$ on page #he1 ,rice 7cook$ ov] boil+ wat]74 7,unpoli%$ rice requires ab\t #b h\rs ( cook+47 ,make a ,:ite ,sauce ( ! foll[+ +r$i5ts3 #d tablespoonfuls fl\r #a teaspoonful salt ,da% pepp] #c tablespoonfuls fat #a cupful milk ,to #b_/c ( ! ,:ite ,sauce add3 ,cook$ rice #a or #b h>d-cook$ eggs1 *opp$ #a tablespoonful p>sley1 *opp$ 7,res]ve ! rema9d] ( ! ,:ite ,sauce = ! prep>ation ( ,*eese ,sauce47 ,%ape ! mixture into cutlets4 ,dip 9 dri$ bread crumbs 7or corn-meal7 & egg z direct$ = ,fri$ ,oy/]s4 ,place ! cutlets on greas$ dripp+ pan4 ,place bits ( fat on top ( ! cutlets1 !n bake 9 a hot ov5 until !y are br[n$4 ,s]ve hot ) ! foll[+ sauce3 ,rema9d] ( ! ,:ite ,sauce #c_/d cupful milk #a_/d to #a_/b cupful *eese1 cut 9 small pieces #a pim5to *opp$ ,dilute ! ,:ite ,sauce ) ! milk4 ,add ! *eese & pim5to4 ,heat & /ir until ! *eese is melt$4 ,if necess>y1 add season+4 ,s]ve hot ov] ! cutlets4 ,,fat ,,sav+ ,,& ,,soap-,,mak+4--,! h\sekeep] :o endeavors to wa/e no food may f9d t %e has sav$ "s fat :i* is n suitable = food4 ,su* fat c be utiliz$ 9 soap-mak+4 ,by us+ mod]n lye soap-mak+ is n ! labori\s task z 0 ! prep>ation ( s(t soap 9 colonial days4 ,! fat = soap-mak+ ne$ n necess>ily be decoloriz$4 ,x %\ld1 h[ev]1 be tri$ out 7if x is meat fat7 & cl>ifi$ be=e us+ 9 ! prep>ation ( soap4 7,^! processes are giv5 above47 ,soap made at home diff]s some:at f t made at a factory4 ,:5 fat & lye are comb9$ *emically1 soap & glyc]9 are =m$4 ,a comm]cial soap-mak] extracts ! glyc]9 f soap1 ! h\sekeep] does n4 ,homemade soap1 h[ev]1 usually proves v satisfactory4 ,:5 ! "t consum$ 9 mak+ x is n ne$$ = o!r duties or obligations1 x is a sav+ to make soap at home4 ,,soap #a c ,babbit's lye #a qu>t cold wat] #f p\nds cl>ifi$ fat #b tablespoonfuls ammonia ,turn ! lye into a granite kettle1 sl[ly add ! cold wat]1 /irr+ ) a /ick or a wood5 spoon4 ,"w mo/ c>efully to avoid gett+ ! lye or ! lye solution on ! h&s4 ,:5 ! wat] is add$ to ! lye1 ! mixture becomes v hot4 ,let x /& until x is cool4 ,put ! fat into a l>ge kettle or di% pan4 ,heat x until x melts4 ,!n remove x f ! fire4 ,let x cool suffici5tly to be> ! h&s 9 x4 ,sl[ly add ! lye solution1 /irr+ con/antly4 ,add ! ammonia & cont9ue /irr+ until ! mixture becomes ab\t ! consi/5cy ( ?ick cream4 ,!n turn ! soap into a wood5 box l9$ ) pap] or into a granite dripp+ pan4 ,:5 ! soap becomes firm1 cut into pieces ( suitable size4 ,! mat]ials above w make ab\t #h #a_/b p\nds ( soap4 ,,note4--,if desir$ "o small cake ( soap may be prep>$ by ea* pupil 9 ! classroom4 ,! foll[+ recipe may be us$3 #a teaspoonful lye #d teaspoonfuls cold wat] #b tablespoonfuls fat #a_/h teaspoonful ammonia ,proce$ z direct$ = ! l>ge quantity4 ,p\r ! mixture into "o cup ( a granite muff9 pan or into a small pa/ebo>d box4 ,,que/ions ,h[ does unpoli%$ rice diff] f poli%$ rice8 ,expla9 :y ! =m] takes a long] "t to cook ?an ! latt] 7see ,poli%$ & ,unpoli%$ ,rice74 ,expla9 :y bak$ croquettes require a sauce to make !m mo/ ta/y = s]v+1 :ile fri$ croquettes d n4 ,/ate at lea/ #c advantages ( bak+ croquettes r ?an fry+ !m4 ,"u :at conditions d y ?9k x w\ld be desirable to make soap at home8 ,,relat$ ,,"w ,,lesson ,,xxxviii ,,d9+ ,,room ,,c\rtesy ,,! ,,value ,,( ,,good ,,table ,,mann]s ,no matt] h[ cultivat$ 9 m9d & _s "o may be1 if !re is an abs5ce ( ref9em5t ( mann]s1 ! high] qualities are likely to be ov]look$4 ,no "o c af=d to slight ! /udy ( good mann]s4 ,! basis ( all good mann]s is tact1 i4e4 a k9dly consid]ation ( o!rs4 ,?is consid]ation may be %[n at ! d9+ table q z well z at a social ga!r+4 ,graceful & easy table mann]s & a k ( h[ to s]ve & be s]v$ add to ! com=t z well z to ! pleasure ( "o's associates 9 ! d9+ room4 ,mo/ ( ! rules ( table conduct h be5 adopt$ because !y l5d ease & grace or because !y are s5sible2 o!rs h be5 e/abli%$ by cu/om & long usage4 ,,sugge/ions ,,conc]n+ ,,table ,,mann]s ,,! ,,*air4--,if ! *air is plac$ s t ! front edge ( ! seat j t\*es ! table-clo?1 !re is no necessity = mov+ ! *air :5 tak+ "o's seat or :5 ris+4 ,"o %\ld /& back ( ! *air until ! ho/ess moves to seat h]self & !n move to ! left ( ! *air to assume ! seat assign$4 ,"o %\ld also rise at ! left ( ! *air4 ,,! ,,knife ,,& ,,=k4--,!re is b "o "r way to hold ! knife or =k4 ,:5 ! knife & =k are us$ toge!r1 grasp ! h&le ( ! knife or =k ) ! fir/ f+] & ! ?umb s t ! end ( ! h&le t\*es ! c5t] ( ! palm ( ! h&4 ,! h&s %\ld almo/ cov] ! h&le1 b ! fir/ f+] %\ld n ext5d d[n on ! blade ( ! knife or on ! prongs ( ! =k 7see ,figure #ce74 ,! knife is held 9 ! "r h& only1 & is us$ = cutt+ foods & spread+ butt] on bread4 ,= ! latt]1 a small knife1 call$ a butt] spread]1 is sometimes provid$4 ,aft] ! knife has be5 us$ = cutt+1 x %\ld be s laid on ! plate1 t x re/s :olly on x1 nev] p>tly on ! plate & p>tly on ! table4 ,x is n pleas+ to see a gue/ at ! table hold+ 8 knife upright or wav+ x 9 ! air :ile he is talk+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #ce--;,,h[ ,,to ,,hold ,,! ,,knife ,,& ,,=k4 ,! =k is held sometimes 9 ! left h& & sometimes 9 ! "r4 ,x %\ld be 9 ! left1 :5 hold+ foods t are be+ cut ) ! knife4 ,x may be held 9 ei!r h& :5 convey+ food to ! m\?4 ,x us$ to be consid]$ good =m to use only ! "r h& 9 lift+ food to ! m\?1 ?\gh ?is necessitat$ *ang+ ! =k to ! "r h& aft] ! knife _h be5 laid aside4 ,! common-s5se me?od ( keep+ ! =k 9 ! left h& to c>ry food to ! m\? is n[ accept$ 7see ,figure #cf74 ,:5 ! =k is held 9 ! "r h& & us$ = convey+ su* food z ma%$ potato to ! m\?1 its h&le %\ld be grasp$ by ! ?umb & fir/ f+] 9 some:at ! mann] z a p5 is held4 ,:5 a second s]v+ is desir$1 ! knife & =k %\ld be plac$ toge!r on "o side ( ! plate1 9 ord] to make room = ! food4 ,at ! end ( a c\rse ! knife & =k %\ld be plac$ side by side 9 ! c5t] ( ! plate4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #cf--,keep+ ! ,=k 9 ! ,left ,h& to ,c>ry ,food to ! ,m\? ,,! ,,=k ,,& ,,spoon--,s9ce bo? ! =k & ! spoon are us$ to convey food1 !re may be "s indecision z to ! be/ use ( ea*4 ,! =k %\ld be us$ :5ev] x is possible & s5sible to d s4 ,s(t foods1 su* z s(t-cook$ eggs1 cu/>ds1 c]ta9 fruits1 & dess]ts s]v$ ) cream or sauce1 %\ld be eat5 ) a spoon4 ,! =k %\ld be us$ = brick ice-cream or /iffly froz5 dess]ts4 ,all vegetables1 salads1 & pa/ry are eat5 ) a =k4 ,9 ! case ( salads & pa/ry1 x is sometimes necess>y to cut !m ) a =k4 ,x is unconv5tional to cut lettuce ) a knife at ! table2 x may be %r$d$ or torn into pieces be=e x is s]v$4 ,= bev]ages1 ! spoon is us$ = /irr+ & ta/+1 b n = sipp+4 ,aft] ! spoon has be5 us$ x %\ld be plac$ 9 ! sauc] 7see ,figure #cg74 ,:5 ta/+ ) a spoon1 ! side--n ! tip--( ! spoon %\ld be us$4 ,:5 us+ a spoon = s]v+1 or = sipp+ s\p1 !re is less dang] ( spill+ ! food if ! spoon is mov$ away f1 r ?an t[>d1 oneself 7see ,figure #ch74 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #cg--,,! ,,teaspoon ,,%\ld ,,re/ ,,on ,,! ,,sauc] ,,! ,,f+]s4--,almo/ all foods are s]v$ ) a =k1 or a spoon4 ,! s]v+-di% = all su* foods %\ld ( c\rse be provid$ ) a =k or a spoon4 ,!re are a few foods1 h[ev]1 su* z bread1 cake1 & waf]s1 :i* %\ld be tak5 ) ! f+]s4 ,a slice ( bread %\ld n be cut 9 pieces at ! table4 ,x is bett] to break (f a piece ( bread & !n butt] x ?an to spread ! entire slice at "o "t4 ,if cake is s(t1 x %\ld be eat5 ) a =k4 ,cel]y1 h>d *eese 7if cut into pieces71 radi%es1 confections1 & mo/ uncook$ fruits are tak5 ) ! f+]s1 & eat5 f !m4 ,olives & salt$ nuts may be tak5 f ! s]v+-di% ) ! f+]s1 b usually spoons are provid$ = ! purpose4 ,pieces ( *ick5 or *ops %\ld be h&l$ only ) ! knife & =k4 ,special ut5sils are sometimes provid$ = hold+ corn s]v$ on ! cob4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #ch4--;,,h[ ,,to ,,hold ,,! ,,s\pspoon4 ,fruits s]v$ :ole are sometimes difficult to manage4 ,:5 possible ! ho/ess %\ld prep>e !m be=e !y are s]v$4 ,oranges & grapefruit may be cut into halves or peel$ & slic$2 bananas may be peel$1 scrap$1 & slic$4 ,if fruits1 su* z apples1 pe>s1 & pea*es1 are s]v$ :ole1 !y %\ld fir/ be cut into qu>t]s1 & ea* qu>t] %\ld be p>$ sep>ately & eat54 ,pea*es may be cut into halves & eat5 ) a spoon4 ,,! ,,napk94--,:5 ! napk9 is plac$ on ! lap1 x ne$ n be spread entirely out1 b may be left ) "o fold 9 x4 ,a gue/ :o is to be pres5t at consecutive meals %\ld fold 8 napk9 aft] eat+2 if1 h[ev]1 he is d9+ 9 a hotel or re/aurant1 or if he is 9 a home = b "o meal1 ! napk9 %\ld be laid on ! table )\t fold+4 ,,quiet ,,eat+4--,quiet ma/ication )\t hurry & )\t noise is an obligation t we owe ourselves & our companions4 ,x is well to refra9 f talk+ dur+ ma/ication4 ,"o _c eat quietly unless ! lips are kept clos$ :ile *ew+4 ,,lesson ,,xxxix ,,cook+ ,,& ,,s]v+ ,,breakfa/ ,cook & s]ve a breakfa/4 ,! foll[+ is a sugge/ive m5u3 ,breakfa/ ,c]eal ) ,dri$ ,fruit ,bak$ ,fi% ,balls ) ,:ite ,sauce ,toa/--,butt] ,c(fee ,foll[ ! ,engli% or family /yle ( s]v+4 ,s]ve ! breakfa/ ) or )\t a maid 7see ,lesson ,,xxx74 ,,lesson ,,xl ,,review3 ,,meal ,,cook+ ,,m5u ,cook$ ,fruit1--fre% or dri$ ,cream$ ,toa/ ,c(fee ,see ,review 7,lesson ,,xiv7 = sugge/ions reg>d+ ! prep>ation ( ! lesson4 ,,lesson ,,xli ,,home ,,projects ,footnote #dc3 ,see ,lesson ,,ix4 ,,sugge/ions ,,= ,,home ,,"w4--,save all scraps ( fat or bits ( meat fats :i* are unfit = food4 ,try out ! latt] k9d ( fat4 ,:5 y h #c or m p\nds ( fat1 make soap4 ,:5 ! soap is firm & ready = use1 weigh x4 ,prep>e ,fi% ,balls 7ei!r fri$ or bak$71 ,rice ,cutlets ) ,*eese ,sauce1 or "s o!r fi% or *eese di% :i* c\ld be us$ z a sub/itute = meat4 ,,sugge/$ ,,aims3 7#a7 ,to calculate ! co/ ( ! soap made at home4 ,to calculate ! co/ ( an equal weight ( factory-made soap4 ,to det]m9e h[ mu* y h sav$ by mak+ soap at y\r home4 7#b7 ,to det]m9e ! diff]5ce 9 co/ betwe5 meat & meat-sub/itute suffici5t to s]ve ! family4 ,,division ,,six ,,en]gy-,,giv+ ,,& ,,body-,,build+ ,,foods1--,,ri* ,,9 ,,prote9 ,,lesson ,,xlii ,,eggs ,footnote #dd3 ,,note ,,to ,,! ,,tea*]4--,if ! egg lessons came 9 ! mid-w9t] mon?s1 !y may be omitt$ until ! price ( eggs is reasonable2 or ! !ory conc]n+ eggs & ! exp]im5t conc]n+ ! temp]ature ( cook+ prote9-ri* foods may be giv51 & ! cook+ ( eggs take place lat] 9 ! ye>4 ,,prote91 ,a ,,body-,,build] ,,& ,,repair]4--,an automobile requires n only fuels = its use b occasional repair4 ,! body also ne$s n only fuel b build+ & repair+ mat]ials4 ,! function ( ! fuel foods consid]$ ?us f> is to give en]gy to ! body4 ,b !re is ano!r great class ( foods1 or food/uffs--^? includ$ "u ! t]m prote9--t n only give en]gy to ! body b also build up or promote gr[? & repair x or support life4 ,! process ( build+ & repair+ takes place 9 ! body cells4 ,h5ce ! body diff]s f an automobile 9 t x possesses ! prop]ty ( self-build+ & repair+4 ,! *ild mu/ h prote9 food s t x c gr[ & live :5 gr[? is complet$1 ! adult mu/ h prote9 food s t x c live & ma9ta9 heal?4 ,! slighte/ us+ ( ! body causes ! we>+ away ( "s ( ! tissues1 h5ce ! importance ( food conta9+ ! food/uff1 prote94 ,prote9 is a v broad t]m1 includ+ _m diff]5t mat]ials1 hav+ diff]5t prop]ties4 ,"s prote9s w promote ! gr[? ( ! body & support life1 :ile o!rs are gr[? promot+ b n life support+1 :ile /ill o!rs are only life support+4 ,! fir/ type ( prote9 is sometimes call$ complete prote91 :ile ! two latt] types are call$ incomplete prote94 ,9 food /udy & meal plann+1 x is n suffici5t to "k t a food conta9s prote92 "o %\ld "k :e!r ! prote9 is complete or incomplete4 ,! incomplete prote9s ne$ to be supplem5t$ ) o!r foods conta9+ ! lack+ type ( prote94 ,milk1 eggs1 *eese1 meat1 & fi% conta9 complete prote9s1 :ile beans1 peas1 gelat9e1 & c]ta9 c]eals conta9 incomplete prote9s4 ,a consid]ation ( eggs1 a food ri* 9 complete prote91 foll[s3 ,,exp]im5t #cg3 ,,! ,,coagulation ,,( ,,egg ,,:ite4--,put ! :ite ( an egg 9 a di% & break ! membranes by cutt+ ) a pair ( scissors4 ,!n place a small quantity ( ! :ite ( egg 9 a te/ tube4 ,apply heat4 ,into :at =m is ! liquid egg :ite *ang$ by heat8 ,:5 eggs are cook$1 ! prote9 9 ! :ite call$ album9 /iff5s or coagulates4 ,! yolk also conta9s a k9d ( prote9 :i* coagulates :5 heat$4 ,,exp]im5t #ch3 ,,! ,,solubility ,,( ,,album94--,put a small portion ( ! brok5 egg :ite 9 a te/ tube4 ,half fill ! tube ) cold wat]4 ,!n turn ! cont5ts ( ! tube on to a fold$ filt] pap]1 & cat* ! filtrate 9 ano!r te/ tube4 ,are ! cont5ts ( ! tube cle>8 ,apply heat to ! filtrate4 ,:at happ5s8 ,does ?is prove t egg album9 0 dissolv$ 9 ! wat] be=e apply+ heat to ! cont5ts ( ! tube8 ,expla94 ,,exp]im5t #ci3 ,,temp]ature ,,at ,,:i* ,,eggs ,,coagulate4--,place a teaspoonful ( :ite ( egg 9 a te/ tube4 ,ins]t a !rmomet] 9 ! te/ tube & place ! te/ tube 9 a beak] ( wat] 7see ,figure #ci74 ,heat ! wat] gradually4 ,note & record3 7a7 ,temp]ature at :i* coagulation fir/ appe>s4 7b7 ,temp]ature at :i* ! egg :ite is entirely coagulat$4 ,has ! wat] rea*$ ! boil+ po9t :5 ! egg :ite has entirely coagulat$8 ,:at application c y draw f ?is z to ! temp]ature ( ! wat] 9 :i* eggs may be cook$8 ,,exp]im5t #dj3 ,,comp>ison ,,( ,,cook$ ,,& ,,boil$ ,,eggs4--,remove at once ab\t half ( ! coagulat$ egg f ! te/ tube ( ,exp]im5t #ci4 ,exam9e x & press x betwe5 ! f+]s4 ,cont9ue to heat ! rema9d] ( ! egg 9 ! te/ tube1 all[+ ! wat] to boil a few m9utes4 ,!n remove ! egg1 exam9e x1 & press x betwe5 ! f+]s4 ,comp>e x ) ! egg cook$ bel[ ! boil+ po9t ( wat]4 ,:i* is m t5d]8 ,:i* breaks m easily8 ,:i* d y consid] m palatable8 ,:at conclusion c y draw conc]n+ ! temp]ature at :i* eggs %\ld be cook$ to make !m mo/ t5d] & palatable8 ,,dige/ibility ,,& ,,palatability ,,( ,,eggs4--,! exp]im5ts ( ?is lesson %[ t eggs cook$ at simm]+ temp]ature are m t5d] ?an ^? cook$ at boil+ temp]ature4 ,! "q may arise1 is ! t5d] egg m :olesome ?an ! t\gh egg8 ,x is true t eggs cook$ bel[ ! boil+ temp]ature w dige/ 9 a little less "t ?an ^? cook$ 9 boil+ wat]4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 ! t\gh] egg is z completely dige/$ z ! m t5d]1 ! diff]5ce 9 ! "t ( dige/ion is a matt] ( little importance4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #ci4--;,,app>atus ,,to ,,det]m9e ,,! ,,temp]ature ,,at ,,:i* ,,eggs ,,coagulate4 ,b ev5 ?\gh ! diff]5ce 9 dige/ion is n consid]$1 ! diff]5ce 9 palatability is wor? "s att5tion4 ,if s(t-cook$ & s(t-boil$ eggs are comp>$1 ! s(t-cook$ w be f\nd to be mu* m uni=mly cook$4 ,! :ite ( a s(t-boil$ egg may be firm1 :ile its yolk is v s(t or ! :ite may be s(t :ile its yolk is raw4 ,,/ructure ,,( ,,eggs4--,a h5's egg consi/s ( %ell1 membrane1 :ite1 yolk1 & ! little mass 9 ! yolk call$ ! embryo1 f :i* ! "y *ick5 gr[s4 ,! yolk is kept 9 place by two twi/$ cords ( :ite membrane4 ,?is membrane is ! fir/ "p to disappe> :5 ! egg beg9s to spoil4 ,,c>e ,,& ,,use ,,( ,,eggs4--7a7 ,wa% eggs j be=e us+4 ,footnote #de3 ,wa%+ removes a coat+ on egg-%ells4 ,?is coat+ prev5ts ! entrance ( microorganisms4 ,h5ce eggs %\ld n be wa%$ until !y are to be us$4 ,! %ells may be us$ = cle>+ c(fee4 7b7 ,keep eggs 9 a cool place4 7c7 ,! unbrok5 yolk ( an egg may be kept f h>d5+ by cov]+ ) cold wat]4 7d7 ,all prote9-ri* foods conta9 sub/ances :i* spoil or decompose readily4 ,! egg loses wat] by evaporation ?r\gh ! pores 9 ! %ell2 air ent]s to take ! place ( ?is & s9ce ! air conta9s microorganisms1 ! egg spoils4 ,eggs may be kept fre% by keep+ air out ( !m4 ,!y may be pres]v$ by pack+ !m1 small end d[n1 9 bran1 sawdu/1 or s&2 by imm]s+ !m 9 wat]-glass4 7e7 ,:5 us+ sev]al eggs1 if n sure ( _! fre%ness1 break ea* sep>ately into a sauc] & exam9e be=e add+ to ! re/4 7f7 ,:5 us+ a numb] ( eggs1 x is well to scrape out ! bit ( :ite cl++ to ! inside ( ! %ell4 ,,te/s ,,= ,,fre%ness4--7a7 ,a fre% egg has a r\gh %ell4 7b7 ,drop an egg into cold wat]4 ,if x s9ks1 x is fre%2 if x floats1 x is /ale4 ,,s(t-,,cook$ ,,eggs ,place eggs 9 en\gh boil+ wat] to cov]4 ,remove f ! fire1 cov]1 & all[ to /& f #e to #h m9utes4 ,! "t ( s(t-cook+ an egg v>ies ) ! diff]5t conditions4 ,! "t dep5ds ^u3 7a7 ,temp]ature ( ! eggs4 7b7 ,numb] ( eggs cook$4 7c7 ,quantity ( wat] us$4 7d7 ,place on ! /ove4 ,"o mu/ det]m9e by exp]i5ce ! l5g? ( "t ( cook+ to produce ! desir$ results4 ,by foll[+ ! me?od above1 eggs may be cook$ at ! d9+ table4 ,,h>d-,,cook$ ,,eggs4 ,footnote #df3 ,,note ,,to ,,! ,,tea*]4--,! ,h>d-cook$ ,eggs prep>$ 9 ?is lesson may be us$ 9 ! prep>ation ( ,gold5rod ,eggs ( ! foll[+ lesson4--,place eggs 9 cold wat] & heat ! wat] gradually until x rea*es ! boil+ po9t4 ,remove f ! fire at once2 cov] & place on ! back ( range1 or 9 a w>m place1 = #bj m9utes4 ,plunge into cold wat]1 s t ! %ells may be remov$ easily4 ,eggs may be h>d-cook$ by us+ ! same me?od z = s(t-cook$1 all[+ ! eggs to rema9 9 ! hot wat] = #dj m9utes or long]4 ,eggs may also be h>d-cook$ 9 ! d\ble boil]4 ,put boil+ wat] 9 ! top & bottom ( ! d\ble boil]4 ,place ! eggs 9 ! top "p & cook #dj m9utes4 ,if h>d-cook$ eggs are n well ma/icat$1 !y are apt to cause di/ress dur+ dige/ion4 ,to insure ?or\gh ma/ication1 x is well to *op !m f9e & mix !m ) "s o!r food 7see ,gold5rod ,eggs74 ,h>d-cook$ eggs us$ 9 ?is way cause no dige/ive di/urbances to ! normal p]son4 ,,que/ions ,is x possible to cook eggs h>d 9 wat] t is bel[ ! boil+ po9t8 ,expla9 y\r answ]4 ,:y %\ld eggs be call$ h>d- or s(t-cook$ r ?an h>d- or s(t-boil$8 ,,lesson ,,xliii ,,eggs3 ,,dige/ion ,,( ,,prote9 ,,! ,,dige/ion ,,( ,,prote94--,x 0 m5tion$ previ\sly t prote9s are made up ( _m diff]5t sub/ances4 ,! mat]ials compos+ prote9s are call$ am9o acids4 ,!re are #ah common am9o acids4 ,all prote9s are n made up ( ! same am9o acids4 ,am9o acids 9 ! v>i\s prote9s diff] n only 9 k9d1 b 9 quantity4 ,:5 prote9s are dige/$1 !y und]go c]ta9 *anges & are f9ally sep>at$ into _! am9o acids4 ,z am9o acids prote9s are f9ally absorb$ & c>ri$ to all p>ts ( ! body4 ,! dige/ion ( prote9 beg9s 9 ! /oma* & cont9ues 9 ! inte/9es4 ,! dige/ive juices ,footnote #dg3 ,! peps9 & hydro*loric acid ( ! /oma*1 ! tryps9 ( ! pancreatic juice1 & ! ereps9 ( ! inte/9al juice dige/ prote9s4 ( ^! organs *ange prote9 into soluble =ms4 ,,poa*$ ,,egg ,fill a %all[ pan ab\t two ?irds full ( boil+ wat]4 ,add #a_/b teaspoonful ( salt to ea* p9t ( wat]2 place butt]$ muff9 r+s 9 ! pan4 ,break sep>ately ea* egg into a sauc] & c>efully slip x into a butt]$ muff9 r+4 ,cov] ! pan & place x :]e ! wat] w keep hot b n boil4 ,p\r a spoonful ( ! hot wat] on ea* yolk occasionally4 ,let /& 7ab\t #e m9utes7 until ! :ite is coagulat$ & a film cov]s ! yolk4 ,take up ) a skimm]1 dra91 place on slices ( toa/1 & s]ve at once4 ,an egg poa*] may be us$ 9 place ( ! muff9 r+s1 or ! wat] 9 ! pan may be /irr$ 9 a circul> motion & ! eggs dropp$ at once into ! :irlpool4 ,?is t5ds to keep ! :ite ( egg f sep>at+ into pieces4 ,eggs are ?\ght by "s to be mu* m ta/y :5 poa*$ 9 milk r ?an 9 wat]4 ,,gold5rod ,,eggs #c or #d h>d-cook$ eggs #b tablespoonfuls fl\r #a_/h teaspoonful pepp] #c_/d teaspoonful salt #a #a_/b tablespoonfuls butt] or sub/itute #a #a_/b cupfuls milk #f pieces ( toa/ ,p>sley ,sep>ate ! yolk & :ite ( ! cook$ eggs & *op ! :ites4 ,make a ,:ite ,sauce ( fl\r1 season+1 fat1 & milk4 ,add ! *opp$ egg :ites to ! sauce & p\r x ov] ! toa/4 ,press ! yolks ?r\gh a /ra9] or cru% !m ) a =k & spr9kle !m ov] ! top ( ! toa/4 ,g>ni% ) p>sley & s]ve at once4 ,if ! cru/s are n cut f bread 9 mak+ toa/1 x is well to dip ! edges ( ea* slice ( toa/ = an in/ant 9 hot1 salt$ wat] be=e add+ ! sauce 7see ,cream ,toa/74 ,,que/ions ,:y is x advisable to p\r occasionally a spoonful ( hot wat] ov] ! yolks ( eggs t are be+ poa*$8 ,expla9 :y ! *opp$ h>d-cook$ eggs 9 ,gold5rod ,eggs %\ld be m easily dige/$ ?an pla9 h>d-cook$ eggs 7see ,exp]im5t #ab1 & ,solution & ,dige/ion74 ,,lesson ,,xliv ,,eggs3 ,,omelets 7,a7 ,,to ,,break ,,& ,,sep>ate ,,! ,,:ite ,,& ,,yolk4--,an egg is sometimes brok5 by crack+ ! %ell ) ! blade ( a knife or by /rik+ ! egg on ! edge ( a b[l or pan4 ,! foll[+ me?od has also be5 f\nd satisfactory1 especially :5 x is desir$ to sep>ate ! :ite & yolk4 ,/rike ! egg "o bl[ ^u ! surface ( ! table4 ,put ! ?umbs toge!r at ! crack 9 ! %ell1 !n hold ! egg upright1 & g5tly break ! %ell into two p>ts4 ,!n slip ! yolk sev]al times f "o "p ( ! %ell to ! o!r until all ! :ite has run ov] ! edge into a b[l or plate4 ,scrape out ! %ell ( ! egg4 ,two k9ds ( egg beat]s are us$ = eggs1--! ,dov] egg beat] & ! wire spoon4 ,if ! =m] ut5sil is us$1 ! egg is g5]ally dropp$ into a b[l2 if ! latt]1 ! egg is plac$ on a plate4 ,,to ,,beat ,,an ,,egg4--,:5 ! wire spoon is us$ to beat an egg1 draw ! spoon /raight & swiftly ?r\gh ! egg1 tilt+ ! di% & lift+ ! egg beat] s t ! mat]ial w be turn$ ov] at ea* /roke4 ,egg :ites are beat5 /iff :5 ! impression made by ! beat] is reta9$2 & !y are beat5 dry1 :5 ! gloss has disappe>$ & flaky bits fly (f z ! egg is beat54 ,egg yolks are beat5 ?or\ghly :5 !y are ?ick] & mu* light] 9 color ?an be=e beat+4 ,,to ,,cut ,,& ,,fold ,,beat5 ,,egg ,,:ites ,,& ,,o!r ,,mat]ials4--,p\r ! beat5 egg :ites into ! mat]ial ) :i* !y are to be mix$2 !n ) a tablespoon edgewise1 cut ! +r$i5ts1 lift !m1 & turn !m ov] ! :ites4 ,repeat quickly until ! +r$i5ts are mix$ ?or\ghly4 ,,exp]im5t #da3 ,,effect ,,( ,,beat+ ,a ,,:ole ,,egg4--,break an egg into a b[l4 ,:at is its approximate measure8 ,) a ,dov] egg beat] or wire spoon beat x ?or\ghly4 ,:at is ! approximate increase 9 quantity8 ,:at has be5 beat5 into ! egg8 ,:at o!r diff]5ce is !re betwe5 a beat5 & an unbeat5 egg8 7,use ?is egg = mak+ ,scrambl$ ,eggs4 ,see bel[47 ,,exp]im5t #db3 ,,comp>ison ,,( ,,eggs ,,beat5 ,,) ,a ,,dov] ,,egg ,,beat] ,,& ,,) ,a ,,wire ,,spoon4--,half ! pupils ( ! class beat eggs ) ,dov] egg beat]s & ! o!r half ) wire spoons4 ,comp>e results4 ,:at is ! diff]5ce 9 ! size ( ! air cells made by us+ ! diff]5t ut5sils8 ,is !re any diff]5ce 9 ! quantity ( ! beat5 eggs8 ,:i* conta9s ! m air8 ,,exp]im5t #dc3 ,,effect ,,( ,,beat+ ,,egg ,,yolk ,,& ,,:ite ,,sep>ately4--,sep>ate an egg & beat ?or\ghly ! :ite & !n ! yolk ) a ,dov] egg beat] or wire spoon4 ,:at is ! approximate increase 9 quantity8 ,:i* becomes light] :5 beat51--a :ole or a sep>at$ egg8 ,f ?is expla9 :y e bit ( yolk %\ld be remov$ f ! egg :ite be=e beat+1 if x is desir$ to beat ! egg :ite z /iff z possible4 7,use ?is egg = mak+ ,foamy ,omelet4 ,see bel[47 ,,scrambl$ ,,eggs #d eggs #a teaspoonful salt ,pepp] #a_/b cupful milk #a teaspoonful butt] ,scald ! milk 9 a d\ble boil] & add ! butt]4 ,beat ! eggs & add ! season+4 ,p\r ! hot milk ov] ! egg mixture2 return ! :ole to ! d\ble boil]1 & cook1 /irr+ con/antly4 ,:5 ! mixture is ?ick & lumpy b /ill t5d]1 remove f ! d\ble boil] & s]ve at once4 ,= economy1 ! butt] may be omitt$4 ,,foamy ,,omelet #d eggs #d tablespoonfuls milk or wat] #a_/b teaspoonful salt ,pepp] #b teaspoonfuls butt] or sub/itute ,sep>ate ! yolks & :ites ( ! eggs4 ,beat ! yolks ( ! eggs until creamy2 add season+s & milk or wat]4 ,!n beat ! :ites until /iff & cut & fold !m into ! yolk mixture4 ,place ! fat 9 an omelet pan1 heat1 & turn ! omelet into x4 ,cook sl[ly1 occasionally turn+ ! pan s t ! omelet may br[n ev5ly ,:5 ! omelet is set & delicately br[n$ und]nea?1 place x 9 a hot ov5 = a few m9utes to dry ! top4 ,fold & s]ve imm$iately4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #dj--,,me?od ,,( ,,hold+ ,,pan ,,to ,,turn ,,an ,,omelet ,,on ,,to ,a ,,platt] ,,to ,,fold ,,an ,,omelet--,run a spatula und]nea? ! omelet to loos5 x4 ,make a slight incision ) a knife ?r\gh ! middle ( ! omelet at "r angles to ! h&le ( ! pan1 & fold ! omelet ov] ^u itself away f ! h&le ( ! pan4 ,grasp ! h&le ( ! pan 9 ! "r h&1 plac+ ! back ( ! h& und]nea? ) ! ?umb po9t+ away f y4 ,!n turn ! omelet ^u a platt] 7see ,figure #dj74 ,,que/ions ,h[ are ,scrambl$ ,eggs usually cook$8 ,f y\r "w conc]n+ ! effect ( int5se heat ^u eggs1 expla9 ! advantages ( ! me?od giv5 above = ,scrambl$ ,eggs4 ,:at is ! proportion ( liquid & salt = ea* egg ( a ,foamy ,omelet8 ,expla9 :y x is especially important to cook a ,foamy ,omelet sl[ly4 ,:at causes a ,foamy ,omelet to fall8 ,:at is ! te/ = ! suffici5t ov5-dry+ ( a ,foamy ,omelet8 ,h[ _m p]sons may be s]v$ by us+ ^! recipes = ,scrambl$ ,eggs & ,foamy ,omelet8 ,,lesson ,,xlv ,,eggs3 ,,omelets 7,b7 ,,:ite ,,sauce ,,omelet #c tablespoonfuls fl\r #b #a_/b tablespoonfuls butt] or sub/itute #a teaspoonful salt #a cupful milk ,pepp] #d eggs #b teaspoonfuls butt] or sub/itute ,make a ,:ite ,sauce ( ! milk1 fat1 fl\r1 & season+4 ,sep>ate ! :ites & yolks ( ! eggs1 & beat !m until light4 ,:5 ! ,:ite ,sauce is cool1 /ir 9 ! yolks & fold 9 ! :ites4 ,cook & s]ve z ,foamy ,omelet4 ,,bak$ ,,omelet ,prep>e a ,:ite ,sauce ,omelet4 ,in/ead ( turn+ x into a fry+ pan1 p\r x into an oil$ bak+-di%4 ,bake 9 a hot ov5 7#cge degrees ,f47 = #cj to #dj m9utes1 or until x is puff$ 9 appe>ance & gold5 br[n 9 color4 ,s]ve at once f ! di% 9 :i* x 0 bak$4 ,,modification ,,( ,,foamy ,,& ,,:ite ,,sauce ,,omelets4--,mix & cook a ,foamy or ,:ite ,sauce ,omelet4 ,z soon z ! omelet beg9s to set1 spread x :ile cook+ ) f9ely *opp$ cook$ ham1 veal1 or *ick54 ,cont9ue to cook & !n dry1 fold1 & s]ve z ) ! usual omelet4 ,cook$ peas1 asp>agus1 caulifl[]1 or flak$ fi% may be add$ to ! sauce ( ,:ite ,sauce ,omelet4 ,*eese may be us$ 9 place ( meat ) ei!r omelet4 ,foamy ,omelet may be v>i$ by us+ tomato juice in/ead ( milk4 ,tomato sauce may be s]v$ ) ei!r ( ^! omelets4 ,sweet ,omelet may be made z foll[s3 ,add #d tablespoonfuls ( p[d]$ sug> to ! ,foamy ,omelet mixture2 aft] cook+1 spread ) s(t5$ jelly2 aft] fold+1 spr9kle ) p[d]$ sug>4 ,use #a_/b cupful ( jelly = ! ,foamy ,omelet recipe4 ,,que/ions ,:y is ! ,:ite ,sauce cool$ be=e add+ ! egg yolks 9 ,:ite ,sauce ,omelet8 ,po9t out ! mo/ important diff]5ces betwe5 a ,foamy & a ,:ite ,sauce ,omelet4 ,:at is ! purpose ( cutt+ & fold+ 9 ! :ites ( eggs 9 omelets8 ,:at is ! purpose ( beat+ eggs8 ,:at are ! te/s t %[ :5 egg :ite is beat5 /iff & :5 dry8 ,:at are ! te/s = ?or\ghly beat5 egg yolk8 ,,lesson ,,xlvi ,,milk ,,milk1 ,,an ,,invaluable ,,food4--,x has be5 said t !re is no "o food except milk :i* _c be elim9at$ f ! diet4 ,milk is ! only food = :i* !re are no easily f\nd sub/itutes4 ,! h\sekeep] or "o :o plans ! food = ! family %\ld pur*ase daily1 if possible1 a p9t ( milk = ea* adult & a qu>t = ea* *ild "u t5 ye>s4 ,%e %\ld see to x t ?is am\nt ( milk is entirely us$ ei!r z a bev]age or 9 cook$ foods4 ,if "o mu/ economize 9 foods1 less %\ld be sp5t = meat1 & m = milk4 ,al?\gh m ?an #d_/e ( milk is wat]1 x conta9s only a little m wat] ?an d potatoes & lean meat4 ,! value ( milk is due to ! fact t x conta9s3 7a7 ,prote9s ( excell5t quality4 ,an au?ority on diet says ,footnote #dh3 ,see ,! ,new] ,k ( ,nutrition1 by ,mc,collum1 p4 #gd43 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! prote9s ( milk are f> sup]ior to ^? ( any foods d]iv$ f vegetable s\rces4 ,! mo/ important prote9 exi/+ 9 milk is call$ case94 ,case9 is a complete prote9 & is v important = gr[?4 ,x has a peculi> prop]ty2 x precipitates :5 acid is add$ to milk4 ,:5 milk s\rs1 ! sug> conta9$ 9 ! milk *anges to an acid1 & ?is acid causes ! case9 to precipitate4 ,case9 is also clott$ by an enzyme occurr+ 9 ! dige/ive juice ( ! /oma*4 7b7 ,valuable a%4 ,lime :i* is s ess5tial to bodybuild+ is "o ( ! m9]als 9 milk4 ,! foll[+ diagram f ,unit$ ,/ates ,food ,leaflet ,no4 #aa %[s t milk is especially ri* 9 lime4 7,lime is calcium oxide47 ,illu/ration 7c7 ,vitam9es4 ,^! are sub/ances conta9$ only 9 c]ta9 foods4 ,!y are ess5tial = ma9ta9+ life & heal?4 ,milk is ri* 9 ^! indisp5sable mat]ials 7see ,division ,sev574 ,milk also conta9s fat & c>bohydrate4 ,! pres5ce ( ! food/uffs 9 milk is %[n by ! foll[+3 ,,exp]im5t #dd3 ,,sep>ation ,,( ,,milk ,,into ,,food/uffs4 7a7 ,by means ( a cream dipp]1 remove ! cream f a bottle ( milk4 ,place a drop ( ! cream on a piece ( pap]4 ,let ! pap] dry4 ,:at food/uff is indicat$ by ! /a9 on ! pap]8 7b7 ,take #a_/d cupful ( ! skimm$ milk4 ,heat x to blood temp]ature 7te/ by dropp+ ! milk on ! wri/1 see ,junket ,cu/>d74 ,cru% #a_/h junket tablet & add x to ! w>m milk4 ,/ir until ! p[d] is dissolv$4 ,let ! milk /& 9 a w>m place until x is clott$4 ,heat ! clott$ milk & boil #a m9ute4 ,p\r x into a filt] pap]4 ,cat* ! filtrate 9 a beak]4 ,:at is ! food/uff t rema9s 9 ! filt] pap] 7see ,prote9s ( excell5t quality78 7c7 ,put #ae cubic c5timet]s ( ,fehl+'s ,solution ,footnote #di3 ,,note ,,to ,,! ,,tea*]4--,fehl+'s ,solution is made z foll[s3 ,prep>e a solution ( ,ro*elle salts1--#age grams ( ,ro*elle salts1 #ej grams ( sodium hydroxide1 & #bej cubic c5timet]s ( wat]4 ,prep>e a solution ( copp] sulphate1--#eg4gc grams ( copp] sulphate1 #bej cubic c5timet]s ( wat]1 & #j4d cubic c5timet] ( sulphuric acid4 ,!n comb9e #a "p ( ! alkal9e ,ro*elle salt solution1 #a "p ( copp] sulphate1 & #d p>ts ( wat]4 ,boil ! mixture4 ,?is solution det]iorates readily4 ,! be/ results are obta9$ by us+ a fre% mixture = te/+ sug> & by boil+ j be=e us+4 9 a flask4 ,boil = #b m9utes4 ,add #b cubic c5timet]s ( ! filtrate f 7b7 & boil "o m9ute4 ,to :at color does ! blue mixture *ange8 ,a r$ precipitate indicates sug>4 ,:at food/uff does ?is te/ indicate t milk conta9s8 7d7 ,put ! rema9d] ( ! filtrate f 7b7 9 a cu/>d cup & evaporate ov] hot wat] to dryness4 ,note ! residue4 ,:at food/uff o!r ?an sug> is conta9$ 9 ! residue8 7e7 ,:at food/uff has pass$ (f 9 ! =m ( vapor dur+ evaporation8 7f7 ,z m5tion$ above1 milk also conta9s vitam9es4 ,,lesson ,,xlvii ,,milk ,,) ,,cocoa ,,& ,,*ocolate ,,exp]im5t #df3 ,,scald+ ,,milk4--,fill ! l[] "p ( a d\ble boil] "o ?ird full ( boil+ wat]4 ,put #a_/b cupful ( milk 9 ! top ( ! d\ble boil]1 cov]1 & heat ov] ! boil+ wat]4 ,9 a few m9utes exam9e4 ,c>efully note ! appe>ance ( ! surface ( ! milk4 ,expla9 :y x is t di%es t h conta9$ milk %\ld be soak$ 9 cold wat]1 & !n wa%$ 9 w>m wat]4 ,ins]t a !rmomet] 9 ! milk & record temp]ature4 ,is x possible to boil milk ov] hot wat]8 ,expla9 y\r answ]4 7,use ?is scald$ milk to make cocoa & *ocolate47 ,! ta/e ( milk is *ang$ by heat+ x above #aeh degrees ,f4 ,less *ange1 h[ev]1 is produc$ by scald+ ?an by boil+4 ,milk is also apt to scor* if cook$ at boil+ temp]ature4 ,x is sometimes necess>y to boil milk to /]ilize x4 ,,cocoa ,,& ,,*ocolate z f\nd at m>ket are prep>$ f cacao beans4 ,! latt] gr[ 9 pods1--! fruit ( ! tropical cacao trees 7see ,figure #da74 ,! beans are tak5 f ! pods1 all[$ to f]m5t1 dri$1 & roa/$4 ,! husks loos5$ by roa/+ are !n remov$ f ! beans4 ,cacao beans are gr\nd1 mold$1 & sold z bitt] or bak]'s *ocolate4 ,9 ! prep>ation ( sweet *ocolate sug> is add$ to ! p[d]$ *ocolate be=e mold+4 ,cocoa diff]s f *ocolate 9 t "s ( ! fat is remov$4 ,cocoa & *ocolate conta9 prote91 fat1 & c>bohydrates4 ,^! mat]ials1 9 addition to ! milk & sug> us$ 9 prep>+ ! bev]ages1 make ! cocoa & *ocolate bev]ages high 9 food value4 ,b 9 addition to ! mat]ials m5tion$ above1 !re is pres5t 9 cocoa & *ocolate "s tann9 & /imulat+ mat]ials4 ,! l>ge p]c5tage ( fat exi/+ 9 *ocolate may produce di/ress+ effects :5 tak5 9 addition to a full meal4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! use ( ^! bev]ages causes no ill effects1 !y may be class$ among ! nutriti\s foods & are mu* pref]able to tea & c(fee especially = girls & boys4 ,nei!r cocoa nor *ocolate is soluble 9 wat]4 ,"s cocoas are v f9ely gr\nd & are t]m$ soluble cocoas4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #da4--;,,cacao ,,pods4 ,:5 mix$ ) wat] ^! cocoas d n sep>ate z rapidly z o!rs1 b !y are n soluble4 ,because ( its insolubility1 *ocolate %\ld be bl5d$ z ?or\ghly z possible ) o!r mat]ials4 ,a satisfactory & practical me?od ( accompli%+ ?is is to make a smoo? pa/e ( *ocolate & boil+ wat]4 ,to develop flavor1 x is well to cook bo? *ocolate & cocoa at boil+ temp]ature1 especially :5 comb9+ ) liquids4 ,! flavor ( ! cocoa bev]age is improv$ by mu* cook+4 ,long cook+ ( ! *ocolate bev]age causes ! fat to sep>ate & float4 ,,cocoa #a_/d cupful cocoa #c cupfuls milk #a to #c teaspoonfuls corn-/>* #a_/d to #c_/h cupful sug> #a cupful wat] #a_/d teaspoonful salt ,mix cocoa1 corn-/>*1 & wat] & boil = #aj m9utes4 ,add ! milk & sug> to ! mixture & cook ov] hot wat] = #a_/b h\r4 ,add salt4 ,beat well & s]ve4 ,vanilla may be add$ to cocoa if desir$4 ,v>y+ quantities ( corn-/>* & sug> are giv5 s t ! bev]age may be ?ick5$ & sweet5$ to suit "o's ta/e4 ,if desir$1 ! corn- />* may be omitt$ entirely4 ,,*ocolate #b squ>es *ocolate #c cupfuls milk #a cupful boil+ wat] #a_/d teaspoonful salt #a_/c cupful sug> #a_/b teaspoonful vanilla ,cut ! *ocolate into bits & put x 9 a pan2 add ! boil+ wat]4 ,/ir & cook until x rea*es ! boil+ po9t & is p]fectly smoo?4 ,heat ! milk 9 a d\ble boil]4 ,!n gradually add ! hot milk to ! *ocolate mixture1 add ! sug>1 & heat all 9 a d\ble boil]4 ,add salt & vanilla1 if desir$4 ,if !re is a scum ov] ! bev]age1 beat well4 ,s]ve hot4 ,:ipp$ cream or m>%mall[s are (t5 s]v$ ) *ocolate4 ,! use ( :ipp$ cream ) *ocolate1 h[ev]1 makes ! bev]age excessively ri* 9 fat4 ,,que/ions ,:at is ! diff]5ce 9 me?od betwe5 scald+ milk & boil+ x8 ,h[ c "o det]m9e :5 milk is scald$8 ,if x is necess>y to heat milk1 give two reasons :y x is usually bett] to scald x ?an to boil x4 ,"u :at conditions %\ld x be boil$8 ,:at is ! pres5t co/ ( milk p] qu>t8 ,:5 is ! price highe/ & :5 l[e/8 ,if sweet5$ *ocolate is us$1 h[ %\ld ! recipe = *ocolate bev]age be *ang$8 ,give two reasons :y cocoa & *ocolate %\ld n be boil$ aft] add+ ! hot milk4 ,:y is vanilla n add$ until ! bev]ages are ready to be s]v$ 7see ,flavor+ ,extracts78 ,:at is ! weight ( "o squ>e ( *ocolate8 ,h[ _m squ>es 9 an ord9>y cake ( *ocolate8 ,:at is ! price p] cake8 ,h[ _m cupfuls are !re 9 a half p\nd box ( cocoa8 ,:at is ! price p] box8 ,see ,*ocolate ,corn-/>* ,pudd+4 ,h[ mu* cocoa may be us$ = #a ounce ( *ocolate :5 "o is sub/itut$ = ! o!r8 ,:at is ! diff]5ce 9 co/ ( ^! quantities ( *ocolate & cocoa8 ,,lesson ,,xlviii ,,milk ,,& ,,cream ,,:ipp+ ,,cream4--,a popul> way ( prep>+ cream = s]v+ is to :ip x4 ,?is is done mo/ successfully :5 ! cream is cold & kept cold1 i4e4 surr\nd$ ) ice wat] dur+ ! beat+ process4 ,to %[ "o ( ! po9ts involv$ 9 *ill+ mat]ials try ! foll[+3 ,,exp]im5t #df3 ,,comp>ison ,,( ,,! ,,conduct+ ,,p[] ,,( ,,metal ,,& ,,e>!nw>e4--,select a t9 & an e>!nw>e ut5sil ( ab\t ! same size & %ape4 ,put an equal quantity ( wat] ( ! same temp]ature 9 ea* ut5sil4 ,surr\nd ea* ) ice wat] & cov]4 ,aft] #e m9utes1 take ! temp]ature ( ! wat] 9 ! t9 & 9 ! e>!nw>e ut5sil4 ,:i* is cold]8 ,?r\gh :i* mat]ial1--t9 or e>!nw>e1--is heat transmitt$ m readily8 ,:5 cream is to be surr\nd$ by ice wat] = :ipp+1 9 :i* k9d ( ut5sil %\ld x be plac$8 ,expla9 y\r answ]4 ,use a ,dov] egg beat] or a cream :ip = :ipp+ cream4 ,s9ce cream spatt]s :5 be+ beat51 a cream :ip arrang$ ) a cov] is v satisfactory4 ,to prev5t spatt]+1 ! b[l ( cream may be cov]$ ) pap] :ile ! cream is be+ :ipp$4 ,cut a slit 9 a piece ( pap]1 ins]t ! ,dov] egg beat] 9 ! slit1 put ! beat] 9 ! cream & pu% ! pap] d[n to cov]4 ,s9ce cream conta9s consid]able fat1 "u c]ta9 conditions1 x is possible to mass ! fat toge!r1 t is1 sep>ate x f ! o!r con/itu5ts1 & =m butt]4 ,= mak+ butt] ! cream %\ld be rip5$1 i4e4 x %\ld conta9 c]ta9 bact]ia4 ,x %\ld !n be *urn$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if x is desir$ to beat or :ip ! cream1 b n to =m butt]1 x is necess>y to prev5t ! fat f mass+ toge!r4 ,to accompli% ?is1 use ?ick cream 7conta9+ #bj p] c5t or m ( fat7 f #ab to #bd h\rs old ,footnote #ej3 ,su* cream conta9s a small am\nt ( lactic acid4 & h x v cold2 x w !n :ip quickly4 ,cream may be *ill$ by plac+ x on ice = "s "t be=e :ipp+ or by surr\nd+ x ) ice wat] :ile :ipp+4 ,9 w>m wea!r1 x is saf] n only to *ill ! cream b also to surr\nd x ) ice wat] :ile :ipp+4 ,a h>mless sub/ance call$ viscog5 may be add$ to ?9n] cream 7i4e4 ! s-call$ c(fee or #af p] c5t cream7 to make ! latt] :ip4 ,viscog5 is prep>$ by mix+ ! foll[+ +r$i5ts3 #a_/b cupful sug> #a cupful wat] #a tablespoonful milk ( lime ,footnote #ea3 ,milk ( lime may be prep>$ by mix+ #a "p ( slak$ lime ) #c p>ts ( wat]4 ,mix ! sug> & wat] & heat ! mixture until x boils4 ,cool & add ! milk ( lime4 ,let ! mixture /& at lea/ #bd h\rs be=e us+4 ,add #a teaspoonful to ea* p9t ( cream1 !n :ip ! mixture z direct$ above4 ,,comp>ison ,,( ,,milk ,,& ,,cream4--,cream is ri*] 9 fat ?an milk1 av]age cream conta9+ #af p] c5t ( fat & :ole milk ab\t #d p] c5t4 ,b cream conta9s less prote9 & a% ?an :ole milk4 ,s9ce cream is always m exp5sive ?an milk1 x is int]e/+ to comp>e ! food value ( quantities ( ea* :i* may be pur*as$ = ! same price4 ,al?\gh ! prices ( cream & milk v>y 9 diff]5t places1 usually #a_/b p9t ( cream co/s ab\t z mu* z #a qu>t ( milk4 ,! foll[+ %[s ! approximate quantity ( nutri5ts %[n 9 ! two quantities3 ,9 #a qu>t ( milk ,footnote #eb3 ,by p]mission ,j\rnal ( ,home ,economics1 ,vol4 ,x 7,augu/1 #aiah1 p4 #cgi74 ,z mu* prote9 z 9 #e eggs #b #a_/b tablespoonfuls ( fat #c tablespoonfuls ( sug> ,9 #a_/b p9t ( cream ,z mu* prote9 z 9 #a egg #c tablespoonfuls ( fat #a_/b tablespoonful ( sug> ,al?\gh #a_/b p9t ( cream conta9s #a_/b tablespoonful m ( fat ?an does #a qu>t ( milk1 ! latt] conta9s #b #a_/b tablespoonfuls m ( sug> & z mu* m prote9 z is conta9$ 9 #d eggs4 ,?is comp>ison makes u "q ! advisability ( buy+ mu* cream4 ,if :ole milk is pur*as$1 its top milk may (t5 be us$ 9 place ( cream4 ,! skim milk t rema9s is a valuable food4 ,al?\gh :ole milk conta9s m fat & vitam9es ?an does skim milk1 ! latt] has z mu* prote91 lime1 & sug> z :ole milk4 ,! use ( bo? :ole & skim milk is advis$4 ,,c>e ,,( ,,milk4--,milk is "o ( ! foods t require ! greate/ c>e1 & %\ld be well c>$ = n only 9 ! home b also on ! dairy f>m4 ,x is "o ( ! foods t af=d ideal conditions = ! gr[? ( microscopic vegetable organisms1 call$ bact]ia 7see ,:y ,foods ,spoil74 ,_m v>ieties ( ^! bact]ia or t9y plants produce *anges 9 ! milk :i* cause x to s\r4 ,a few v>ieties ( disease- produc+ bact]ia also sometimes exi/ 9 milk4 ,milk c be kept reasonably free f bact]ia by3 7a7 ,p]fect cleanl9ess on ! dairy f>m4 7b7 ,cool+ x imm$iately aft] be+ drawn f ! c[1 & by keep+ x cool4 7c7 ,plac+ x 9 /]iliz$ ut5sils4 7d7 ,cov]+ x1 ?us keep+ x free f du/4 ,ut5sils = hold+ milk %\ld be ( glass1 e>!nw>e1 or smoo?1 bright t94 ,!y %\ld be wa%$1 scald$1 or ev5 bett]1 boil$1 & plac$ 9 ! sun = two or ?ree h\rs4 ,9 ! home1 milk %\ld n be us$ aft] long /&+1 ev5 ?\gh x is sweet4 ,x is well to buy milk 9 small quantities & 9 bottles4 ,! upp] rim ( a milk bottle %\ld be wa%$ be=e p\r+ milk f x4 ,because milk readily absorbs odors & flavors1 x %\ld be kept away f any sub/ance hav+ a /rong odor or flavor4 ,,rice ,,da9ty #c_/d cupful cook$ rice #c_/d cupful fruit1 cut into pieces #c_/d cupful p[d]$ sug> #a_/b to #c_/d cupful cream1 :ipp$ ,mix ! rice1 fruit1 & sug>1 !n fold 9 ! :ipp$ cream4 ,p9eapple1 %r$d$ or dic$2 bananas cut into pieces 7n slices72 dates1 se$$ & cut into pieces2 or cook$ apricots are desirable fruits = ?is dess]t4 ,,cream ,,( ,,rice ,,pudd+ #a qu>t milk or #a qu>t milk & wat] #a_/c cupful rice #a_/b teaspoonful salt #a_/c cupful sug> ,grat$ r9d ( #a_/b lemon ,wa% rice2 put x & all ! o!r +r$i5ts into a butt]$ pudd+ di%4 ,bake 9 a sl[ ov5 7#bej degrees ,f47 until firm4 ,?is usually takes ?ree h\rs4 ,:ile bak+1 /ir ! mixture occasionally4 ,if desir$1 "o half cupful ( rais9s may be add$ to ! mixture1 & #a teaspoonful vanilla or #a_/d teaspoonful nutmeg may be sub/itut$ = lemon r9d4 ,,que/ions ,f y\r k ( ! effect ( int5se heat ^u milk1 expla9 :y ,cream ( ,rice ,pudd+ %\ld be bak$ 9 a sl[ ov54 ,:at *ange 9 quantity takes place 9 ! milk ( ?is pudd+ dur+ long cook+8 ,:at *ange 9 quantity takes place 9 ! rice dur+ long cook+8 ,f ?is expla9 :y s mu* milk :5 comb9$ ) a little rice =ms a solid mixture4 ,:at is ! price p] p9t ( ?9 or c(fee cream8 ,:at is ! price p] p9t ( heavy or :ipp+ cream8 ,:at is ! lea/ quantity ( cream t c be pur*as$8 ,expla9 :y x is t scald$ milk does n s\r z soon z uncook$ milk 7see ,c>e ( ,milk74 ,:y %\ld ut5sils t h held milk be scald$ or boil$8 ,,lesson ,,xlix ,,cream ,,s\ps 7,a7 ,,?ick ,,s\ps4--,milk comb9$ ) v>i\s vegetables1 gra9s1 & fi% is us$ 9 mak+ ,cream ,s\ps & ,purees4 ,! vegetables are cook$ & ma%$ or =c$ ?r\gh a /ra9] & comb9$ ) a liquid1--usually milk or milk ) vegetable /ock4 ,9 ord] to h ! vegetable pulp uni=mly mix$ ?r\gh ! liquid1 x is necess>y to ?ick5 ! liquid ) a />*y mat]ial4 ,fl\r ) butt] or sub/itute1 mix$ & cook$ z 9 ,:ite ,sauce1 is us$ = ?is purpose4 ,x is said to b9d ! vegetables & ! liquid4 ,?us1 ,cream ,s\ps & ,purees are simply ,:ite ,sauces to :i* vegetable pulp is add$4 ,,g5]al ,,proportions4--,! usual proportion ( vegetable pulp or puree to liquid is3 ,"o "p ( vegetable pulp or puree to #b p>ts ( liquid1 i4e4 milk1 vegetable /ock1 or meat /ock4 ,! proportion ( fl\r to liquid is3 #a_/b tablespoonful fl\r to #a cupful liquid1 if a />*y vegetable is us$1 or1 #a tablespoonful fl\r to #a cupful liquid1 if a vegetable hav+ little ?ick5+ prop]ty1 z cel]y1 is us$4 ,sometimes an egg or two is add$ to s\p = ?ick5+ or flavor1 & to increase ! food value4 ,diff]5t k9ds ( vegetables are sometimes mix$ = a s\p1 z3 ,peas & beans1 or corn & beans4 ,,potato ,,s\p #c potatoes #a tablespoonful fl\r #a p9t milk or #a p9t milk & potato /ock #a #a_/b teaspoonfuls salt #a_/h teaspoonful pepp] #b slices ( onion ,cel]y salt #c_/d tablespoonful butt] or sub/itute #b teaspoonfuls *opp$ p>sley ,cook & ma% ! potatoes1 heat ! milk & onion 9 a d\ble boil]1 !n add !m to ! ma%$ potatoes4 ,press ! potato mixture ?r\gh a /ra9] & use x z ! liquid = a ,:ite ,sauce1 us+ all o!r +r$i5ts except ! p>sley 9 ! sauce4 ,if necess>y1 add m liquid1 or evaporate to ! desir$ consi/5cy4 ,add ! *opp$ p>sley j be=e s]v+4 ,left ov] ma%$ potatoes may be utiliz$ 9 mak+ ?is s\p4 ,,cr\tons ,cut /ale bread into half-in* cubes4 ,bake sl[ly 9 ! ov5 until a gold5 br[n4 ,/ir (t54 ,s]ve ) s\ps4 ,save ! cru/s & prep>e ,dri$ ,bread ,crumbs ) !m4 ,,que/ions ,:at is ! proportion ( fl\r & liquid 9 "o cup ( ,:ite ,sauce = ,vegetables8 ,h[ does ! proportion ( fl\r & liquid = "o cup ( ,cream ,s\p diff] f ! above proportion8 ,:y are ! potatoes press$ ?r\gh a /ra9] aft] r ?an be=e add+ ! hot milk8 ,:y %\ld ! cubes ( /ale bread be bak$ sl[ly 7see ,toa/78 ,,lesson ,l ,,cream ,,s\ps 7,b7 ,,food ,,value ,,( ,,cream ,,s\ps4--,s9ce ?9 or cle> s\ps conta9 mu* liquid1 _! food value is n z high z mo/ solid foods4 ,cream ,s\ps1 h[ev]1 are z conc5trat$ z a potato2 !y are ! mo/ n\ri%+ ( all s\ps4 ,! use ( milk in/ead ( wat] or /ock & ( fl\r & fat1 to say no?+ ( vegetable pulp1 increases _! food value4 ,cream ,s\ps are m suitable to s]ve at a meal ( few c\rses su* z lun*eon or supp] r ?an at d9n] :]e !re is a great] v>iety ( foods4 ,?ick s\ps may s]ve z a valuable "p ( a meal2 a hot liquid tak5 into an empty /oma* is easily assimilat$1 acts z an appetiz]1 & ?us prep>es = ! dige/ion ( ! rema9d] ( ! meal4 ,,corn ,,s\p #a c ( corn #a p9t wat] l #a_/b tablespoonfuls butt] or sub/itute #a slice onion #b tablespoonfuls fl\r #a teaspoonful salt #a_/h teaspoonful :ite pepp] #a p9t milk ,add ! wat] to ! cann$ corn & simm] #bj m9utes4 ,melt ! fat1 add ! onion1 & cook until light br[n4 ,to ?is add ! dry +r$i5ts & proce$ z 9 mak+ ,:ite ,sauce4 ,add ! cook$ corn & /ra94 ,reheat be=e s]v+1 if necess>y4 ,,note4--,! me?od ( add+ onion flavor to ?is s\p 7i4e4 br[n+ onion 9 fat7 is (t5 us$ 9 ! prep>ation ( o!r foods1 especially meats & sauces4 ,,s\p ,,/icks ,cut /ale bread into slices1 remove ! cru/s1 & spread ) butt]4 ,cut into /rips & br[n sl[ly 9 ! ov54 ,save ! cru/s & prep>e ,dri$ ,bread ,crumbs ) !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #db4--;,,dri$ ,,bread ,,crumbs4 7,note t ! j> is cov]$ ) a clo?47 ,,dri$ ,,bread ,,crumbs ,dri$ ,bread ,crumbs may be prep>$ f cru/s & small pieces ( bread4 ,dry ! bread 9 a sl[ ov5 or 9 a w>m+ ov54 ,crumb x by roll+ on a pa/ry bo>d or putt+ x ?r\gh a meat gr9d]4 ,if f9e crumbs are desir$1 sift ! cru%$ bread4 ,place ! f9e & co>se crumbs 9 sep>ate j>s4 ,cov] ! j>s by ty+ a piece ( musl9 ov] ea*4 7,! musl9 cov]+ c also be conv5i5tly secur$ by means ( a rubb] b&47 ,if ea* j> is tightly cov]$ ) a lid1 air is exclud$ f ! crumbs & molds (t5 gr[ on !m4 ,bread crumbs ?or\ghly dri$ & /or$ z direct$ w keep = sev]al mon?s 7see ,figure #db74 ,,que/ions ,expla9 :y ?ick s\p may s]ve z a valuable "p ( a meal4 ,:y is x s]v$ z ! fir/ c\rse ( a meal8 ,is ! ma%$ potato ( ,potato ,s\p /ra9$ be=e or aft] add+ x to ! o!r +r$i5ts8 ,:5 is ! ,corn ,s\p /ra9$8 ,h[ is ! flavor extract$ f ! onion 9 prep>+ ,potato ,s\p8 ,h[ is ! flavor extract$ = ,corn ,s\p8 ,f ?is expla9 ! diff]5ce 9 /ra9+ ! s\ps4 ,if fre% corn 7 us$ = ?is s\p1 h[ w\ld its cook+ diff] f t ( cann$ corn8 ,h[ %\ld fre% corn be cut f ! cob = s\p 7see ,gre5 ,corn78 ,:at is ! price p] c ( corn8 ,9 prep>+ ,s\p ,/icks1 :y are ! cru/s remov$ f ! bread be=e butt]+ x8 ,:y is ! bread spread ) butt] be=e cutt+ x into /rips8 ,aside f flavor1 :at is ! purpose ( spread+ ! bread = ,s\p ,/icks ) butt]8 ,h[ %\ld dri$ bread crumbs be cov]$ = /or+8 ,:y8 ,:at is ! diff]5ce betwe5 s(t bread crumbs 7see note "u recipe = ,/uff$ ,tomatoes7 & dri$ bread crumbs8 ,:i* %\ld be us$ = scallop$ di%es8 ,:i* = cov]+ fri$ foods8 ,?9k ( ! di%es :i* conta9 bread crumbs & !n /ate = :i* foods ei!r k9d ( crumbs c\ld be us$4 ,expla94 ,,lesson ,,li ,,milk ,,?ick5$ ,,) ,,egg 7,a7 ,,cu/>ds4--,s9ce eggs h ! prop]ty ( /iff5+ :5 heat$1 !y are (t5 us$ = ?ick5+ liquids1 especially milk4 ,milk ?ick5$ ) eggs is call$ cu/>d4 ,!re are two k9ds ( pla9 cu/>ds3 7a7 /eam$ or bak$ cu/>d & 7b7 s(t cu/>d4 ,! me?od ( mix+ ^! cu/>ds is ! same1 b ! me?ods ( cook+ & ! te/s = suffici5t cook+ diff]4 ,t ! milk may n scor* & t ! egg may n cook too h>d1 all milk-&-egg mixtures %\ld be cook$ bel[ ! boil+ temp]ature ( wat]4 ,!y %\ld nev] be cook$ directly ov] ! fire1 b ov] hot wat] or 9 a d\ble boil]4 ,t ! egg may cook ev5ly & n too quickly1 ! wat] 9 ! d\ble boil] %\ld n boil rapidly4 ,if a cu/>d is prop]ly cook$1 ! egg is 9 a s(t-cook$ condition4 ,x exi/s 9 a jelly-l mass ?r\gh\t ! milk4 ,! cu/>d has a creamy appe>ance4 ,if1 h[ev]1 a cu/>d is cook$ too mu*1 ! egg becomes h>d-cook$ & ! p>ticles ( egg appe> 9 lumps 9 ! milk mixture4 ,! cu/>d is !n said to be curdl$4 ,a curdl$ cu/>d may be made smoo? by plac+ ! upp] "p ( ! d\ble boil] 9 a pan ( cold wat] & !n beat+ ! cu/>d at once ) a ,dov] egg beat]4 ,?is applies to all types ( pla9 cu/>ds4 ,,/eam$ ,,or ,,bak$ ,,cu/>d #a p9t milk #b or #c eggs #a_/d cupful sug> #a_/h teaspoonful salt #b tablespoonfuls c>amel sirup or #a_/af teaspoonful nutmeg ,scald ! milk 9 a d\ble boil]4 ,beat ! eggs slightly1 add ! sug> & salt1 mix4 ,add ! hot milk to ?is mixture4 ,/ra9 ! mixture1 flavor1 & p\r x into a mold4 ,if /eam$ cu/>d is desir$1 /eam 7)\t /irr+7 until ! cu/>d is firm4 ,let ! wat] 9 ! /eam] boil g5tly r ?an vigor\sly4 ,te/ = suffici5t cook+ by ins]t+ a knife into ! cu/>d4 ,if x comes out clean1 ! cu/>d is done4 ,if bak$ cu/>d is desir$1 place ! cups ( cu/>d 9 a pan ( hot wat]1 & bake 9 a mod]ate ov5 7#cbe degrees ,f47 = #ce m9utes or until firm4 ,te/ z /eam$ cu/>d4 ,if a ,bak$ or ,/eam$ ,cu/>d is to be turn$ out ( ! mold aft] /eam+1 #c or #d eggs %\ld be us$ ) ea* p9t ( milk4 ,by plac+ a little ,c>amel ,sirup 9 ! bottom ( ea* mold1 a cu/>d may easily be turn$ out ( ! mold4 ,! cu/>d mixture %\ld be p\r$ v g5tly on top ( ! sirup to prev5t ! cu/>d & sirup f mix+4 ,! c>amel also s]ves z a sauce = ! cu/>d :5 s]v$4 7,c>amel ,sirup may be prep>$ by c>ameliz+ sug> 7z direct$ 9 mak+ ,peanut ,c&y7 & !n dissolv+ ! c>ameliz$ sug> 9 boil+ wat]4 ,use equal quantities ( sug> & wat]47 ,,s(t ,,cu/>d #a p9t milk #a_/d cupful sug> #b eggs #a_/h teaspoonful salt #a_/b teaspoonful vanilla ,mix ! mat]ials 9 ! same way z = /eam$ or bak$ cu/>d4 ,in/ead ( p\r+ ! mixture into molds1 return x to ! d\ble boil] & cook 7/irr+ con/antly7 until x ?ick5s or =ms a coat+ ov] ! spoon4 ,/ra91 cool1 & flavor4 ,note t /eam$ cu/>d is /ra9$ & flavor$ be=e cook+1 & s(t cu/>d1 aft] cook+4 ,9 prep>+ s(t cu/>d1 ! eggs may be sep>at$ & ! yolks cook$ ) ! milk & o!r +r$i5ts4 ,! :ites may be beat5 /iff & beat5 into ! hot mixture ) a ,dov] egg beat]4 ,s(t ,cu/>d may be us$ z a sauce ov] cook$ rice1 cake1 bananas1 pea*es1 & o!r foods4 ,to ,decrease ! ,eggs 9 ,cu/>d ,:5 eggs are exp5sive omit #a or #b f a cu/>d recipe4 ,sub/itute #a_/b tablespoonful ( corn-/>* = ea* omitt$ egg4 ,= me?ods ( ?ick5+ milk ) bo? eggs & />*y mat]ials1 see ,lessons ,,liv4 ,,que/ions ,:at is ! purpose ( eggs 9 cu/>d8 ,:y are eggs beat5 slightly = cu/>ds8 ,h[ d ,/eam$ ,cu/>ds & ,s(t ,cu/>ds diff] 9 me?od ( cook+8 ,:at are ! te/s = suffici5t cook+ ( ea*8 ,:at is ! purpose ( /ra9+ cu/>ds8 ,:y is ,/eam$ ,cu/>d /ra9$ & flavor$ be=e cook+1 & ,s(t ,cu/>d1 aft] cook+8 ,9 :at condition is ! egg :5 a cu/>d is curdl$8 ,h[ c a curdl$ cu/>d be made smoo?8 ,,lesson ,,lii ,,milk ,,?ick5$ ,,) ,,egg 7,b7 ,,float+ ,,isl& ,cu/>d #a p9t milk #c egg yolks #a_/d cupful sug> #a_/h teaspoonful salt #a_/b teaspoonful vanilla ,m]+ue #c egg :ites #c tablespoonfuls p[d]$ sug> ,! cu/>d may be made ?ick] by us+ #d 7in/ead ( #c7 eggs4 ,prep>e ! cu/>d z ,s(t ,cu/>d4 ,prep>e ! ,m]+ue by beat+ ! :ites ( eggs /iff & !n add+ ,i tablespoonful ( sug> = ea* :ite ( egg4 ,drop ! ,m]+ue by spoonfuls on ! cu/>d4 ,if desir$1 g>ni% ! ,m]+ue by bits ( jelly or color$ gelat9e4 ,f ! results ( ,exp]im5t #db1 :i* egg beat] d y consid] mo/ advisable = prep>+ ,m]+ue8 ,if desir$1 ! ,m]+ue may be cook$4 ,?is may be accompli%$ 9 sev]al ways3 7a7 place x on ! hot cu/>d at once aft] prep>+ ! cu/>d1 7b7 ,/eam x by dropp+ x by spoonfuls on ! hot milk be=e prep>+ ! cu/>d4 ,cov]1 & let ! egg :ite cook = ab\t #b m9utes1 !n remove f ! milk & proce$ to ?ick5 ! milk ) ! egg yolks1 7c7 ,drop ! uncook$ ,m]+ue on ! cook$ cu/>d z direct$ above1 !n cook & br[n x slightly by plac+ ! cu/>d 9 ! broil+ ov5 or 9 ! top ( a hot bak+ ov54 ,,que/ions ,9 mak+ cu/>ds1 :y %\ld ! hot milk be add$ to ! eggs1 in/ead ( ! eggs to ! hot milk8 ,h[ does ,float+ ,isl& diff] f ,s(t ,cu/>d8 ,:at is ,m]+ue8 ,comp>e ,float+ ,isl& made ) ?ree eggs to t made ) f\r eggs4 ,h[ does x diff] 9 ?ickness1 color1 & co/8 ,,lesson ,,liii ,,milk ,,?ick5$ ,,) ,,egg 7,c7 ,,apricot ,,da9ty #a cupful dri$ apricots #a_/c cupful p[d]$ sug> #c egg :ites ,wa% & soak ! apricots4 ,/eam until s(t4 ,ma% ! apricots1 or press ?r\gh a co>se /ra9] or col&]2 add ! sug>4 ,beat ! :ites ( eggs until v /iff2 fold !m into ! apricots & sug> mixture4 ,*ill & s]ve ) ,cu/>d ,sauce4 ,dri$ prunes may be sub/itut$ = apricots1 us+ less sug> & add+ a little lemon juice4 ,if x is desir$ to make ,apricot ,da9ty "s "t be=e s]v+1 x %\ld be /iff5$ ) gelat9e4 ,to d ?is1 mix #a_/b tablespoonful ( granulat$ or p[d]$ gelat9e ) #b tablespoonfuls ( cold wat]4 ,add ! gelat9e mixture to ! hot ma%$ or /ra9$ apricots1 /ir until ! gelat9e is dissolv$1 !n proce$ to add ! sug> & egg :ite z direct$ above4 ,,cu/>d ,,sauce ,use ! recipe = ,s(t ,cu/>d = ,cu/>d ,sauce1 sub/itut+ #c yolks = #b :ole eggs4 ,,que/ions ,:y is x desirable to /eam ! fruit r ?an cook x 9 wat] = ?is dess]t8 ,comp>e ! cu/>d made ) ! entire egg to t made ) ! egg yolk4 ,:at is ! diff]5ce 9 ?ickness & color8 ,h[ _m egg yolks are equival5t to two :ole eggs 9 ?ick5+8 ,,lesson ,,liv ,,milk ,,?ick5$ ,,) ,,egg ,,& ,,/>*y ,,mat]ials 7,a7 ,,egg ,,& ,,/>*4--,h[ long is x necess>y to cook milk-&-/>* mixtures s t ! />* w be cook$ ?or\ghly 7see ,blanc ,mange78 ,h[ long does x take to cook eggs :5 us$ = ?ick5+8 ,are eggs us$ = ?ick5+ h>m$ by long cook+8 ,expla9 y\r answ]4 ,if bo? />* & egg are us$ = ?ick5+ a mixture1 devise a way :]eby ! />* c be cook$ ?or\ghly1 & ! egg c be cook$ )\t curdl+4 ,,butt]scot* ,,tapioca #a p9t milk #a_/h to #a_/d cupful granulat$ tapioca #a_/b cupful d>k br[n sug> #a_/b teaspoonful salt #a egg #a_/b teaspoonful vanilla #a_/b to #a tablespoonful butt] ,scald ! milk1 add ! tapioca1 & cook ! mixture ov] hot wat] until ! tapioca is transp>5t 7see ,apple ,tapioca1 above74 ,mix ! sug>1 salt1 & egg4 ,add a portion ( ! hot tapioca mixture to ! egg mixture4 ,mix ?or\ghly1 !n return ! mixture to ! d\ble boil]4 ,/ir & cook until ! egg ?ick5s4 ,add ! vanilla & butt] & turn into di%es = s]v+4 ,cool4 ,s]ve ) pla9 or :ipp$ cream4 ,! quantity ( tapioca det]m9es ! /iffness ( ! dess]t4 ,if a v s(t consi/5cy is desir$1 use ! small] quantity ( tapioca4 ,*opp$ nuts may be add$ to ! dess]t j be=e turn+ into ! s]v+ di%es4 ,= economy1 ! egg & butt] may be omitt$4 ,if ! egg is omitt$1 ! great] quantity ( tapioca %\ld be us$4 ,,cream ,,( ,,potato ,,s\p #c potatoes #b #a_/b cupfuls milk #b egg yolks or #a egg #a #a_/b teaspoonfuls salt ,pepp] #a_/h teaspoonful cel]y salt ,cook ! potatoes until s(t1 dra91 & ma%4 ,scald ! milk & add x to ! potatoes1 !n /ra9 ! mixture4 ,beat ! eggs1 add season+1 comb9e ) ! potato mixture1 & cook 9 ! top "p ( ! d\ble boil]1 /irr+ con/antly1 until ! egg ?ick5s4 ,s]ve imm$iately4 ,,que/ions ,9 ,butt]scot* ,tapioca :at +r$i5t c\ld be sub/itut$ = tapioca8 ,h[ mu* ( ?is +r$i5t %\ld be us$ 7see ,blanc ,mange1 above78 ,:at is ! purpose ( ! eggs 9 ,cream ( ,potato ,s\p8 ,:y %\ld ! s\p be s]v$ imm$iately aft] cook+ ! eggs8 ,h[ does ?is s\p diff] 9 ?ick5+ mat]ials f ,potato ,s\p 7see above78 ,:at w\ld be ! effect ( add+ #a egg to pla9 ,blanc ,mange8 ,:5 & h[ %\ld ! egg be add$8 ,give reasons = y\r me?od ( add+ ! egg4 ,write a recipe = ,s(t ,cu/>d 9 :i* corn-/>* is sub/itut$ = "o ( ! eggs4 ,write out ! me?od ( cook+ su* a cu/>d4 ,,lesson ,,lv ,,milk ,,?ick5$ ,,) ,,egg ,,& ,,/>*y ,,mat]ials 7,b7 ,,corn ,,cu/>d #a c corn or #f e>s gre5 corn #a teaspoonful salt l #a_/b tablespoonfuls butt] or sub/itute #b tablespoonfuls fl\r #a cupful milk #b eggs ,make a ,:ite ,sauce ( ! fl\r1 salt1 butt]1 & milk4 ,add ! corn 7= me?od ( cutt+ gre5 corn f ! cob1 see ,lesson ,,iv74 ,beat ! eggs1 add !m to ! corn mixture4 ,turn ! mixture into a butt]$ bak+- di%1 & place ! di% 9 a pan ( hot wat]4 ,bake 9 a mod]ate ov5 until ! mixture is firm4 ,s]ve hot z a vegetable4 ,"o egg may be omitt$ & ! fl\r & fat increas$ to #c & #b tablespoonfuls respectively4 ,,*eese ,,pudd+ #a cupful *eese grat$ or cut into pieces #a egg #a cupful milk #a_/b teaspoonful salt #a_/d cupful dri$ bread crumbs or granulat$ tapioca ,cay5ne ,beat ! egg slightly1 & add ! o!r +r$i5ts4 ,turn into a butt]$ bak+-di%1 cu/>d cups1 or ramek9s4 ,place 9 a pan ( hot wat]1 & bake 9 a mod]ate ov5 until ! mixture is firm4 ,s]ve hot 7= me?od ( prep>+ ,dri$ ,bread ,crumbs74 ,,que/ions ,:at +r$i5ts 9 ,corn ,cu/>d ?ick5 ! mixture8 ,:at +r$i5ts 9 ,*eese ,pudd+ ?ick5 ! mixture8 ,:at is ! purpose ( plac+ ! bak+-di% conta9+ ,corn ,cu/>d or ,*eese ,pudd+ 9 a pan ( hot wat]8 ,at :at temp]ature %\ld ^! two foods bake8 ,give a reason = y\r answ]4 ,9 ,*eese ,pudd+1 :y are ! />*y mat]ial & egg cook$ = ! same l5g? ( "t8 ,comp>e ! co/ ( a c ( corn & six e>s ( gre5 corn4 ,h[ _m p]sons w ! recipe = ,corn ,cu/>d s]ve8 ,h[ _m w ! ,*eese ,pudd+ s]ve8 ,,lesson ,,lvi ,,milk ,,?ick5$ ,,) ,,egg ,,& ,,/>*y ,,mat]ials 7,c7 ,bread ,pudd+s are made by add+ bread to a cu/>d mixture1 & !n bak+ 9 ! ov5 l ,bak$ ,cu/>d4 ,= ^! pudd+s ei!r /ale or dry bread is us$4 ,! bread %\ld be s(t5$ ) ! milk4 ,h[ _m eggs are us$ to ?ick5 "o p9t ( milk 9 ,/eam$ or ,bak$ ,cu/>d8 ,h[ _m eggs are us$ to ?ick5 "o p9t ( milk 9 ,bread ,pudd+s 7see recipe bel[78 ,acc\nt = ?is diff]5ce4 ,,bread ,,pudd+ #b cupfuls milk #a cupful bread crumbs #a tablespoonful butt] #c tablespoonfuls sug> #a egg #a_/d teaspoonful salt #a teaspoonful vanilla or #a_/b teaspoonful spices #c tablespoonfuls cook$ currants ,scald ! milk2 add ! bread crumbs4 ,:5 ! crumbs are s(t1 add ! rema9+ +r$i5ts4 ,p\r ! mixture into a butt]$ bak+-di%1 & place ! bak+-di% 9 a pan ( hot wat]4 ,bake ! pudd+ sl[ly until x becomes firm & gold5 br[n4 ,cov] dur+ ! fir/ #ae m9utes ( bak+4 ,s]ve ) cream1 ,h>d ,sauce1 ,*ocolate or ,vanilla ,sauce 7see bel[74 ,if *ocolate 7 add$ to ! recipe = pla9 ,bread ,pudd+1 :at *ange %\ld be made 9 ! o!r +r$i5ts 7see ,*ocolate ,corn-/>* ,pudd+78 ,s9ce *ocolate conta9s mu* fat1 :at +r$i5t c\ld be omitt$1 if *ocolate 7 us$8 ,comp>e ! recipes = ,bread ,pudd+ & ,*ocolate ,bread ,pudd+4 ,,*ocolate ,,bread ,,pudd+ #a cupful bread crumbs #b cupfuls scald$ milk #a ounce *ocolate #a_/d cupful boil+ wat] #a_/c cupful sug> #a egg #a_/d teaspoonful salt #a_/b teaspoonful vanilla ,add ! bread crumbs to ! scald$ milk & all[ !m to soak until s(t4 ,cut ! *ocolate 9 pieces1 add ! boil+ wat] to x1 & cook g5tly until a smoo? pa/e is =m$4 ,add ?is to ! bread mixture4 ,proce$ z 9 ! prep>ation ( pla9 ,bread ,pudd+4 ,s]ve ) pla9 or :ipp$ cream or ,lemon ,sauce4 ,,vanilla ,,sauce #a_/b cupful sug> #b tablespoonfuls fl\r #a_/h teaspoonful salt #b cupfuls boil+ wat] #a to #b tablespoonfuls butt] #a teaspoonful vanilla ,mix sug> & fl\r ?or\ghly1 !n add boil+ wat] sl[ly4 ,cook #aj m9utes4 ,dilute or evaporate if necess>y4 ,add ! butt] & vanilla ,footnote #ec3 ,see footnote #be reg>d+ ! add+ ( vanilla4 j be=e s]v+4 ,,*ocolate ,,sauce #a_/b cupful sug> #c tablespoonfuls fl\r #a cupful wat] #a cupful milk #c_/h cupful cocoa or #b squ>es 7or ounces7 *ocolate #a_/d teaspoonful salt #a_/b teaspoonful vanilla ,mix ! sug>1 fl\r1 & cocoa 7if ! latt] is us$74 ,add ! wat]2 /ir & cook until ! mixture ?ick5s4 ,!n add ! milk & cook ov] boil+ wat] = at lea/ #ae m9utes4 ,if *ocolate is us$1 cut x 9 pieces1 add #e tablespoonfuls ( boil+ wat]4 ,/ir & cook until a smoo? pa/e is =m$4 ,add ! *ocolate to ! o!r +r$i5ts1 !n ! salt & vanilla4 ,footnote #ed3 ,see footnote #be reg>d+ ! add+ ( vanilla4 ,s]ve hot or cold ov] dess]ts4 ,,que/ions ,:at is ! purpose ( ! egg & bread 9 ! ,bread ,pudd+8 ,:at c>e mu/ be tak5 9 comb9+ ! egg mixture ) ! hot milk mixture8 ,?9k ( ! effect ( int5se heat ^u ! +r$i5ts ( ,bread ,pudd+1 & !n expla9 :y ! pudd+ %\ld bake sl[ly4 ,:at is ! result1 if bak$ 9 a v hot ov58 ,:at is ! reason = cov]+ ! pudd+ dur+ ! fir/ #ae m9utes ( bak+8 ,"n comb9ations ( spices t w\ld be desirable = ! pudd+4 ,:at c>e %\ld be tak5 9 cook+ *ocolate 9 boil+ wat]8 ,9 prep>+ ,vanilla ,sauce1 :y is ! fl\r mix$ ) ! sug> 7see ,exp]im5t #bd78 ,h[ does ! quantity ( ?ick5+ = ,vanilla ,sauce comp>e ) ! quantity ( ?ick5+ = ! ,sauce = ,cream ,toa/8 ,give ! f\r diff]5t quantities ( fl\r g5]ally us$ to ?ick5 "o p9t ( sauce4 ,:at c>e %\ld be tak5 9 cook+ ,vanilla ,sauce8 ,comp>e ! recipe = ,*ocolate ,corn-/>* ,pudd+ ) t = ,*ocolate ,sauce4 ,:at mat]ial & h[ mu* ( x is us$ = ?ick5+ ea*8 ,:at diff]5ce 9 consi/5cy is !re 9 ! two cook$ mixtures8 ,:at liquids are us$ 9 ea* mixture8 ,:y is ! sauce cook$ directly ov] ! flame & !n ov]1 boil+ wat]1 :ile ! pudd+ is cook$ only ov] boil+ wat]8 ,,lesson ,,lvii ,,*eese 7,a7 ,,! ,,relation ,,( ,,*eese ,,to ,,milk4--,to %[ ! relation ( *eese to milk1 & to und]/& ! manufacture ( *eese1 try ! foll[+3 ,,exp]im5t #dg3 ,,effect ,,( ,,r5net ,,on ,,milk4--,put a small quantity ( milk 9 a te/ tube & heat ! milk a v little1 tak+ c>e n to boil x4 ,add to x #a_/d teaspoonful liquid r5net1 or #a_/h junket tablet1 & set aside4 ,aft] a few m9utes exam9e ! milk4 ,h[ has ! r5net *ang$ ! milk8 ,:at sub/ance 9 ! milk has be5 clott$ by ! r5net 7see ,lesson ,,xlvi78 ,,exp]im5t #dh3 ,,sep>ation ,,( ,,curd ,,& ,,:ey--,aga9 heat ! cont5ts ( ! te/ tube ( ,exp]im5t #dg1 turn ! mixture into a *eese-clo?1 & press ! clo? until ! mixture is dry4 ,exam9e ! mat]ial left 9 ! clo?4 ,h[ does x diff] f ord9>y *eese 9 color & texture8 ,9 *eese mak+ :at names are giv5 to ! solids & liquids ( clott$ milk8 ,*eese is prep>$ = ! m>ket 9 a way some:at simil> to t %[n 9 ,exp]im5ts #dg & #dh1 except t x is color$1 salt$1 press$ into %ape1 & all[$ to rip54 ,:ile rip5+1 *anges take place 9 ! +r$i5ts ( *eese :i* develop *>act]i/ic flavors & make ! *eese firm4 ,!re are two g5]al classes ( *eese1--h>d *eese & s(t *eese4 ,a h>d *eese commonly kn[n z ,am]ican ,cream ,*eese is g5]ally us$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,,action ,,( ,,r5n9 ,,9 ,,dige/+ ,,milk4--,! r5net or junket us$ to clot ! case9 ( ! milk is obta9$ f ! dige/ive juices ( ! /oma* ( a calf4 ,an enzyme call$ r5n9 exi/s 9 ! ga/ric juice ( ! human /oma* also4 ,:5 milk is dige/$1 x is fir/ clott$ by ! enzyme 9 ! /oma*4 ,,exp]im5t #di3 ,,effect ,,( ,,acid ,,on ,,milk4--,add a few drops ( v9eg> to w>m milk 9 a te/ tube4 ,:at is ! result8 ,:at sub/ance 9 ! milk has be5 curdl$ by ! acid8 ,to :at sub/ance 9 milk is its sweet ta/e due8 ,into :at has ?is sub/ance *ang$ :5 milk s\rs8 ,:at causes ! *ange 9 ?is mat]ial 7see ,c>e ( ,milk78 ,kn[+ ! effect ( acid on milk1 expla9 ! clott$ condition ( s\r milk4 ,,junket ,,cu/>d #a qu>t milk #a_/d cupful sug> #a teaspoonful vanilla #a tablespoonful liquid r5net or #a junket tablet ,p[d]$ c9namon or nutmeg ,heat ! milk 9 a d\ble boil] until x is lukew>m only2 d n heat x to scald+ temp]ature4 ,te/ milk = lukew>m1 i4e4 body temp]ature1 by lett+ a drop fall on ! wri/4 ,if ! milk feels l ! wri/--nei!r w>m] nor cold]--x is lukew>m 9 temp]ature4 ,if a junket tablet is us$1 cru% x4 ,add ! sug>1 vanilla1 & r5net or junket1 & /ir until dissolv$4 ,p\r into a glass di% & /& 9 a w>m place until x ?ick5s4 ,!n set ! ,junket ,cu/>d 9 a cool place4 ,:5 cold1 spr9kle ) a little c9namon or nutmeg1 & s]ve ) cream4 ,,cottage ,,*eese #a qu>t ?ick s\r milk #a_/d teaspoonful salt ,cream1 top milk1 or butt] ,p\r at lea/ #b qu>ts ( boil+ wat] into ! s\r milk4 ,all[ ! mixture to /& until ! curd sep>ates f ! :ey4 ,/ra9 ! mixture 9 a clo?1 press+ ! clo? until ! curd is dry1 or all[ x to drip = sev]al h\rs or ov]night4 ,put ! curd 9 a b[l1 add salt & a little cream1 top milk1 or melt$ butt]1 & mix ?or\ghly4 ,s]ve lightly heap$1 or mold$ into balls4 ,,que/ions ,:y %\ld junket tablets be cru%$ be=e add+ to ! milk 7see ,exp]im5t #ab78 ,9 :at way is ! prep>ation ( milk = ,junket ,cu/>d l ! dige/ion ( milk 9 ! /oma*8 ,tell :y ,junket ,cu/>d is quickly dige/$4 ,h[ mu* ,cottage ,*eese is obta9$ f #a qu>t ( milk8 ,expla9 ! use ( boil+ wat] 9 prep>+ ,cottage ,*eese f s\r milk4 ,:at is ! price p] p9t ( ,cottage ,*eese prep>$ at home8 ,:at is ! price p] p9t ( ,cottage ,*eese obta9$ at m>ket8 ,,lesson ,,lviii ,,*eese 7,b7 ,,food ,,value ,,& ,,use ,,( ,,*eese4--,*eese is conc5trat$ food1 i4e4 x conta9s mu* n\ri%m5t 9 small bulk4 ,"o p\nd ( *eese conta9s z mu* prote9 z two p\nds ( eggs or "o & "o half p\nds ( meat1 & z mu* fat z ?ree p\nds ( eggs & "o p\nd ( beef4 ,9 addition to prote9 & fat1 *eese conta9s a% & vitam9es 7see ,division ,sev574 ,cottage ,*eese is a p>ticul>ly good food4 ,s9ce x is less exp5sive ?an mo/ foods ri* 9 prote91 x %\ld be us$ to a great] ext5t ?an x is at ! pres5t "t4 ,mo/ ta/y salads & meat sub/itute di%es may be prep>$ f cottage *eese4 ,*eese 0 =m]ly consid]$ some:at difficult ( dige/ion1 b inve/igations 7see ,f>m]s' ,bullet9 #dhg1 ,! ,dige/ion ( ,*eese1 p4 #ae47 %[ t *eese diff]s b little f meat 9 ease ( dige/ion4 ,*eese1 l prote9 foods 9 g5]al1 if cook$ at all1 %\ld be heat$ at l[ or mod]ate temp]ature4 ,x is well to cook *eese 9 comb9ation ) o!r food mat]ials4 ,! use ( *eese at ! close ( a d9n]1 :5 suffici5t food has already be5 eat51 is n advisable4 ,,c>e ,,( ,,*eese4--,molds gr[ rapidly ^u *eese1 especially if x is plac$ 9 a w>m place & ! air is exclud$ f x 7see ,:y ,foods ,spoil74 ,= ?is reason1 *eese %\ld nev] be plac$ 9 a tightly cov]$ di% or j>4 ,x may be plac$ 9 a di% or j> & cov]$ ) a clo?4 ,to keep *eese t has be5 cut f dry+1 wrap x 9 p>aff9 pap]1 !n 9 a slightly damp5$ clo?1 & !n 9 pap]4 ,x %\ld n1 h[ev]1 be kept 9 ! damp clo? too long2 molds w gr[ ^u x4 ,,mac>oni ,,& ,,*eese #a cupful mac>oni #a #a_/b cupfuls m$ium ,:ite ,sauce #b cupfuls butt]$ crumbs #c_/d cupful grat$ *eese ,break mac>oni into "o-in* pieces4 ,cook 9 a l>ge quantity ( boil+1 salt$ wat]1 9 ! same mann] z ,boil$ ,rice4 ,:5 t5d]1 p\r into a col&]1 & run cold wat] ?r\gh x4 ,make ! sauce1 us+ half milk & half mac>oni wat] = ! liquid2 !n add ! *eese & mac>oni to x4 ,p\r into a butt]$ bak+-di%4 ,cov] ) ! butt]$ crumbs & bake at #dej degrees ,f4 = #bj m9utes or until br[n4 ,rice or noodles1 cook$ 9 ! same way1 may be sub/itut$ = mac>oni4 ,,que/ions ,:at mu/ be ! condition ( *eese 9 ord] to grate x8 ,if x is v s(t1 h[ %\ld x be prep>$ to add to ! sauce8 ,:at is mac>oni8 ,:at food/uff does x conta9 9 l>ge quantity8 ,:at is ! effect ( cold wat] on cook$ mac>oni 7see ,exp]im5t #ag78 ,:y is x cook$ 9 a l>ge quantity ( boil+ wat]8 ,:at does ! wat] 9 :i* ! mac>oni 0 cook$ conta98 ,:at use c be made ( ! wat] t is dra9$ f ! mac>oni 7see ,*eese ,sauce178 ,:at is ! price p] p\nd ( mac>oni8 ,:at is ! price p] p\nd ( rice8 ,:at is ! price p] p\nd ( *eese8 ,h[ mu* *eese1 by weight1 is requir$ = "o cupful ( grat$ *eese8 ,h[ _m w ?is recipe = ,mac>oni & ,*eese s]ve8 ,h[ does *eese comp>e 9 price p] p\nd ) beef/eak8 ,h[ does x comp>e 9 nutritive value8 ,h[ mu* ( ! *eese is wa/e mat]ial8 ,h[ mu* ( beef/eak is wa/e mat]ial8 ,:i* is ! *eap] food8 ,,lesson ,,lix ,,/ructure ,,( ,,beef--,,me?ods ,,( ,,cook+ ,,t5d] ,,cuts ,,meat4--,! fle% ( animals is call$ meat4 ,9 m>ket ?is t]m is appli$ to ! muscle1 bone1 & fat ( beef 7cattle71 veal 7calf71 mutton 7%eep71 lamb1 & pork 7pig74 ,to %[ ! /ructure & prop]ties ( ! sub/ances 9 lean meat1 try ! foll[+ exp]im5ts ) beef3 ,,exp]im5t #ej3 ,,division ,,( ,,muscle4--,scrape a piece ( lean beef on bo? sides until no?+ rema9s b ! /r+y mass or framework ( ! meat4 ,:at is ! color & texture1 i4e4 t\ghness1 ( ! two p>ts into :i* ! muscle is divid$8 ,lean meat1 or muscle1 ( animals may be divid$ into two p>ts3 7a7 connective tissue or framework1 & 7b7 muscle fib]4 ,divide bo? ! connective tissue & muscle fib] into two equal portions4 ,use !m = ,exp]im5ts #ea & #eb4 ,,exp]im5t #ea3 ,,effect ,,( ,,dry ,,heat ,,on3 7a7 ,,connective ,,tissue4-- ,exam9e ! connective tissue & note its t\ghness4 ,place x 9 a fry+ pan & heat x = a few m9utes4 ,exam9e x aga94 ,is x made m t5d] or t\gh by dry heat8 7b7 ,,muscle ,,fib]4--,%ape "o portion ( ! muscle fib] into a ball4 ,place x 9 a fry+ pan & heat z direct$ 9 7a74 ,is ! fib] made m t5d] or t\gh by dry heat8 ,spr9kle a bit ( salt ov] x & ta/e4 ,:at c y say reg>d+ ! flavor ( ! fib]8 ,,exp]im5t #eb3 ,,effect ,,( ,,moi/ure ,,& ,,heat ,,on3 7a7 ,,connective ,,tissue4--,place ! second portion ( connective tissue 9 a pan & cov] x ) wat]4 ,let x simm] = at lea/ #ae m9utes4 ,h[ d moi/ure & heat affect its t\ghness8 7b7 ,,muscle ,,fib]4--,use ! second portion ( muscle fib] & cook 9 wat] at simm]+ temp]ature z direct$ 9 7a74 ,h[ d heat & moi/ure affect its t\ghness8 ,spr9kle a bit ( salt ov] x & ta/e4 ,comp>e its flavor ) muscle fib] cook$ by dry heat4 ,:i* has a m pleas+ flavor8 ,f ^! exp]im5ts :at conclusion c y draw ) reg>d to ! l5g? ( "t--long or %ort--t connective tissue mu/ be cook$ 9 ord] to make x t5d]8 ,:at conclusion c y draw ) reg>d to ! k9d ( heat--dry or moi/--t mu/ be appli$ to connective tissue to make x t5d]8 ,:at conclusion c y draw reg>d+ ! effect ( dry & moi/ heat ^u muscle fib]8 ,:i* makes x m t5d]8 ,:i* develops ! m pleas+ flavor8 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #dc4--,,/ructure ,,( ,,meat4 ,a4 muscle fib]s2 ,b4 fat cells2 ,c4 connective tissue4 ,,! ,,/ructure ,,& ,,composition ,,( ,,meat4--,! connective tissue ( meat is ! mat]ial :i* holds ! muscle fib] 9 place4 ,"o c get an idea ( ! /ructure ( muscle fib] f "s cuts ( meat su* z ! rump4 ,?is meat :5 cook$ c be torn into /r&s4 ,on clos] exam9ation1 h[ev]1 "o f9ds t ^! /r&s are made up ( t9y tubes1 microscopic 9 size1 :i* are also held toge!r by a network ( connective tissue 7see ,figure #dc74 ,! microscopic tubes hold ! muscle juice1 :i* consi/s ( wat]1 prote91 a%1 color+ & flavor+ mat]ials4 ,! latt] give to meat its *>act]i/ic ta/e2 !y are call$ extractives4 ,9 ! network ( connective tissue1 !re is fat z %[n also 9 ,figure #dc4 ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ( ,bureau ( ,publications1 ,tea*]s ,college4 ,,figure #dd4--;,,club ,,or ,,delmonico ,,/eak4 ,! muscle juice f\nd 9 muscle fib] n only conta9s prote91 b ! walls ( muscle fib] & connective tissue conta9 prote94 ,^! prote9s diff] greatly 9 quality1 h[ev]4 ,!y w be discuss$ 9 ! foll[+ lesson4 ,,c>e ,,( ,,meat4--,z soon z meat comes f ! m>ket remove ! pap] 9 :i* x is wrapp$1 & put ! meat away 9 a cool place4 ,be=e cook+1 wipe ! meat ) a damp clo?4 ,d n all[ x to /& 9 cold wat]4 ,if meat is to be roa/$1 x %\ld be weigh$ be=e cook+4 ,,se>+ ,,meat4--,s9ce ! juice ( meat conta9s bo? nutrim5t & flavor1 x is desirable to reta9 ! juice :5 meat is cook$4 ,?is c be accompli%$ by subject+ meat to int5se heat4 ,by s do+1 ! prote9 coagulates & seals ! outside ( ! meat s t its juices are prev5t$ f escap+4 ,?is process is call$ se>+4 ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ( ,bureau ( ,publications1 ,tea*]s ,college ,,figure #de4--,,port]h\se ,f ! results ( ,exp]im5t #ea 7b71 "o c und]/& :y se>$ meat ta/es good4 ,dry heat t5ds to develop flavor4 ,h5ce x is desirable to se> meat n only to prev5t wa/e ( its juices1 b to make x ta/y4 ,aft] meat is se>$1 x is usually necess>y to r$uce ! temp]ature ( cook+ 9 ord] to cook ! int]ior ( meat4 ,,t5d] ,,cuts ,,( ,,beef--,c]ta9 muscles ( an animal us$ = food conta9 m connective tissue ?an o!rs4 ,su* muscles are consid]$ t\gh cuts ( meat4 ,o!r muscles conta9 ei!r less connective tissue or ! connective tissue is less t\gh4 ,^! are consid]$ t5d] cuts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #df4--,,sirlo91--,,hip ,,/eak 7portion next to ! port]h\se7 ,c\rtesy ( ,bureau ( ,publications1 ,tea*]s ,college ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #dg4--,,sirlo91--,,flat ,,bone 7*oice cut 9 ! middle ( ! sirlo9 section74 ,c\rtesy ( ,bureau ( ,publications1 ,tea*]s ,college4 ,muscles :i* are ! lea/ us$ by ! animal are mo/ t5d]4 ,:at p>ts ( ! beef w\ld "o expect to f9d mo/ t5d]8 ,c]ta9 me?ods ( cook+ meat are adapt$ to cook+ ! t5d] cuts4 ,unless meat is *opp$1 only t5d] cuts ( meat c be cook$ successfully by dry heat4 ,! foll[+ me?ods are us$ = t5d] cuts ( meat3 7a7 broil+1 7b7 pan-broil+1 & 7c7 roa/+ 7bak+74 ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ( ,bureau ( ,publications1 ,tea*]s ,college ,,figure #dh4--,,sirlo91--,,r\nd ,,bone 7next to ! rump & r\nd74 ,! be/ /eaks ( beef = broil+ or pan-broil+ are club 7see ,figure #dd71 port]h\se 7see ,figure #de71 sirlo9 7see ,figures #df1 #dg1 #dh71 & fir/ cuts ( r\nd4 ,! be/ cuts = roa/+ are port]h\se1 prime ribs 7see ,figures #di1 #ej71 & sirlo94 ,long %\ld] or *uck 7see ,figures #ea1 #eb71 top r\nd1 & rump 7see ,figures #ed & #eg7 are inf]ior roa/s4 ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ( ,bureau ( ,publications1 ,tea*]s ,college ,,figure #di4--;,,fir/ ,,cut ,,prime ,,rib ,,roa/ ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ( ,bureau ( ,publications1 ,tea*]s ,college ,,figure #ej4--,,second ,,cut ,,prime ,,rib ,,roa/ ,,broil+ ,select "o ( ! t5d] /eaks = broil+4 ,t5d] /eaks %\ld be cut f #a to #b in*es 9 ?ickness4 ,clean x z direct$ previ\sly1 remove ! excess fat1 & place ! meat on a broil]4 ,broil ov] gl[+ coals or 9 ! broil+ ov51 hold+ ! broil] v close to ! coals1 or plac+ x ne> ! gas flame4 ,! meat %\ld be ?or\ghly se>$ on bo? sides4 ,f9i% cook+ ! meat by hold+ x f>!r away f ! coals or ! gas flame & turn+ x ab\t e #aj seconds4 ,/eak #a in* ?ick %\ld be cook$ at lea/ #e m9utes2 #b in*es ?ick1 at lea/ #aj m9utes4 ,season1 place on a hot platt]1 & s]ve at once4 ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ( ,bureau ( ,publications1 ,tea*]s ,college ,,figure #ea4--;,,blade ,,rib ,,roa/ 7#g? & #h? ribs74 ,,pan-,,broil+ ,clean ! meat1 remove excess fat1 & place ! meat 9 a v hot fry+ pan )\t any fat4 ,se> ! meat on bo? sides1 !n cook m sl[ly until done4 ,:5 ?ick *ops are broil$1 /& !m on end to br[n ! edges4 ,keep ! pan free f fat4 ,! "t = pan-broil+ is ! same z = broil+4 ,,diff]5ce ,,betwe5 ,,pan-,,broil+ ,,& ,,saute+4--,pan-broil$ /eak diff]s f saute$ /eak 7commonly t]m$ fri$ /eak7 93 7a7 ease ( dige/ion & 7b7 flavor4 ,z expla9$ previ\sly 7,fry+ & ,dige/ion71 fat cook$ at high temp]ature is n easily dige/$4 ,= ?is reason1 z f> z dige/ion is conc]n$1 x is bett] to omit ! fat1 & to broil a /eak4 ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ( ,bureau ( ,publications4 ,tea*]s ,college ,,figure #eb--;,,*uck ,,rib ,,roa/ 7#i? & #aj? ribs7 ,meat has a di/9ct & *>act]i/ic flavor4 ,br[n$ fat also has a pron\nc$ flavor4 ,9 broil$ /eak1 ! pure meat flavor exi/s2 ,9 fri$ /eak !re is meat flavor plus br[n$ fat flavor4 ,s9ce ! flavor ( meat is mo/ pleas+1 x is n advisable to modify x by ! addition ( any o!r flavor4 ,,roa/+ 7,,bak+7 ,roa/+ 0 accompli%$ =m]ly by plac+ ?ick pieces ( meat be=e an op5 fire 7see ,figure #ec74 ,roa/s are n[ plac$ 9 ! ov5 & bak$4 ,! t]m roa/+1 h[ev]1 is /ill us$4 ,meat is roa/$ z foll[s3 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #ec4--;,,colonial ,,fireplace1 ,,%[+ ,a ,,roa/+ ,,kit*5--a device = roa/+ meat--at l[] "r-h& corn]4 ,weigh ! meat & clean x4 ,!n skew] x into %ape & place x on a rack 9 a roa/+ pan4 ,if ! meat has b little fat1 place extra fat 9 ! bottom ( ! pan4 ,place ! pan on ! upp] %elf ( a hot ov5 7#ejj degrees ,f47 & se> = #bj m9utes4 ,r$uce ! temp]ature to #djj degrees ,f4 ,season ! expos$ surface ) salt & pepp]1 dr$ge ) fl\r1 & remove ! pan to ! floor or l[] %elf ( ! ov54 ,ba/e (t54 ,:5 ! meat is ab\t half done1 turn x ov]1 season1 dr$ge ) fl\r1 & cont9ue bak+ z be=e4 ,s9ce less evaporation takes place 9 a l>ge roa/ ?an 9 a small "o1 ! l>g] roa/s are m juicy1 h5ce m desirable4 ,a good roa/ ( beef %\ld weigh at lea/ #d p\nds4 ,! "t = roa/+ v>ies ) ! weight ( ! meat4 ,usually1 = beef roa/s1 #ae m9utes to ea* p\nd is all[$4 ,,que/ions ,expla9 ! purpose ( se>+ meat4 ,if meat is to be roa/$1 pan-broil$1 or broil$1 h[ is x se>$8 ,:y is x necess>y to remove ! fat f meat t is to be broil$ or pan-broil$8 ,:y _c meat be broil$ ov] blaz+ coals8 ,:at is ! price p] p\nd ( port]h\se & ( sirlo9 /eak8 ,:at is ! av]age weight ( sirlo9 /eak8 ,( port]h\se /eak8 ,h[ _m p]sons w ea* s]ve8 ,,lesson ,,lx ,,beef3 ,,me?ods ,,( ,,cook+ ,,t5d] ,,cuts 7,,appli$ ,,to ,,*opp$ ,,beef7 7,a7 ,,prote9 ,,9 ,,meat4--,x 0 m5tion$ previ\sly t !re are sev]al diff]5t k9ds ( prote9 9 lean meat4 ,x 0 also /at$ t prote9s exi/ 93 7a7 ,connective tissue4 7b7 ,walls ( muscle fib]s4 7c7 ,muscle juice4 ,two prote9s exi/ 9 connective tissue1 viz41 collag5 & ela/94 ,collag5 is *ang$ into gelat9e by cook+ 9 wat]4 ,ela/9 is f\nd n only 9 connective tissue1 b 9 ! walls ( muscle fib]s4 ,9 muscle juice1 !re are two prote9s1--myos9 or muscle globul9 & album94 ,bo? myos9 & album9 coagulate by heat+4 ,x is possible to se> meat because x conta9s prote9s4 ,! scum :i* inv>iably =ms :5 meat bro? is heat$ consi/s l>gely ( prote91 probably 9 ! =m ( album94 ,?is prote9 z %[n 9 exp]im5ts on eggs is soluble 9 cold wat]1 b is coagulat$ by heat+4 ,if meat bro? is skimm$1 mu* ( its nutrim5t is lo/4 ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ( ,bureau ( ,publications1 ,tea*]s ,college ,,figure #ed--,,r\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ( ,bureau ( ,publications1 ,tea*]s ,college ,,figure #ee4--;,,*uck4 ,( all prote9s 9 meat1 myos9 is ! mo/ important2 x exi/s 9 great] quantity ?an ! o!r prote9s4 ,myos91 is practically insoluble 9 bo? hot & cold wat]1 ?\gh some:at soluble 9 a salt solution4 ,z n mu* myos9 is extract$ f meat 9 s\p mak+1 ! solid "p ( meat mu/ be eat5 9 ord] to obta9 ! greate/ n\ri%m5t4 ,meat bro? does n conta9 z mu* food value z meat4 ,,*opp$ ,,beef4--,if meat is *opp$1 :at is ! effect ( ! cutt+ on its /ructure8 ,h[ w\ld ?is affect its t\ghness8 ,x is possible to pan-broil or roa/ "s ( ! t\gh cuts ( meat1 if ! meat is *opp$ f9e4 ,r\nd 7see ,figure #ed1 p4 #bjc7 & %\ld] or *uck 7see ,figure #ee7 are especially desirable cuts = ?is purpose4 ,,*opp$ ,,/eak #a p\nd beef /eak1 *opp$ #a to #b tablespoonfuls *opp$ p>sley #a onion1 grat$ #a teaspoonful salt #a_/b cupful wat] or #c_/d cupful tomatoes #a_/h teaspoonful pepp] ,mix all ! +r$i5ts & %ape into firm cakes4 ,heat an iron fry+ pan until hot2 oil x ) a bit ( fat f ! meat2 !n remove ! fat4 ,se> ! cakes2 !n r$uce ! temp]ature to f9i% cook+4 ,turn ! cakes (t54 ,season ) salt & pepp]4 ,s]ve at once4 ,half a cupful ( s(t bread crumbs & #a egg may be add$ to ?is meat mixture4 ,! addition ( #a tablespoonful ( lemon juice1 or a da% ( nutmeg is ?\ght by "s to improve ! flavor ( *opp$ beef4 ,in/ead ( %ap+ *opp$ beef into small cakes1 x may be =m$ into "o l>ge cake or /eak4 ,! *opp$ /eak may be ei!r broil$ or pan- broil$4 ,if ! latt] me?od is foll[$1 a pan-cake turn] is useful 9 turn+ ov] ! /eak4 ,,beef ,,loaf ,use ! +r$i5ts = ,*opp$ ,/eak1 add+ ! bread crumbs & egg4 ,%ape into a loaf1 & place 9 a greas$ bak+-pan4 ,bake 9 a hot ov5 7#dej degrees ,f47 = ab\t #cj m9utes4 ,s]ve hot1 pla91 or ) ,tomato or ,br[n ,sauce4 ,! use ( tomatoes in/ead ( wat] 9 ,beef ,loaf makes ! meat especially ta/y4 ,,que/ions ,:y is x necess>y to r$uce ! temp]ature to f9i% cook+ meat aft] se>+ x8 ,:at are ! prices p] p\nd ( r\nd & long %\ld]8 ,h[ _m cupfuls are !re 9 "o p\nd ( *opp$ meat8 ,h[ _m s]v+s ( ,*opp$ ,/eak c be obta9$ f "o p\nd ( meat8 ,,lesson ,,lxi ,,beef3 ,,me?ods ,,( ,,cook+ ,,t5d] ,,cuts 7,,appli$ ,,to ,,*opp$ ,,beef7 7,b7 ,,/uff$ ,,meat ,,roa/ #b p\nds *opp$ meat #b teaspoonfuls salt #a_/h teaspoonful pepp] ,mix ^! +r$i5ts4 ,take ab\t ?ree f\r?s ( ! mixture1 put x into a greas$ bak+-di% or pan1 %ape x into a loaf1 & make a l>ge cavity 9 ! c5t]4 ,into ! cavity1 put a /uff+ prep>$ z foll[s3 #b cupfuls bread crumbs #a teaspoonful salt #a teaspoonful m>joram #a_/d teaspoonful ?yme #a_/d teaspoonful savory #a_/h teaspoonful pepp] #b tablespoonfuls fat ,mix ! crumbs & season+4 ,melt ! fat1 add ! season$ crumbs4 ,/ir & heat until ! crumbs are slightly br[n$4 ,put ! rema9d] ( ! meat mixture on top ( ! crumbs1 s t ! latt] are entirely surr\nd$ by ! meat mixture4 ,place 9 a hot ov5 & bake f #a_/b to #c_/d h\r4 ,s]ve hot1--pla9 or ) ,br[n ,sauce 7see bel[74 ,in/ead ( bread /uff+1 potato /uff+ prep>$ z foll[s may be us$ 9 ,/uff$ ,meat ,roa/4 ,tomatoes may be add$ to ! meat mixture 7see ,beef ,loaf74 ,,potato ,,/uff+ ,footnote #ee3 ,f ,unit$ ,/ates ,food ,adm9i/ration ,bullet94 #b cupfuls dry ma%$ potatoes #a egg 7beat57 #a small onion1 grat$ #a tablespoonful fat #a /alk cel]y f9ely m9c$ or #a_/b teaspoonful cel]y salt #a teaspoonful salt ,pepp] ,mix ! +r$i5ts & use 9 place ( ord9>y bread /uff+4 ,,exp]im5t #ec3 ,,comp>ison ,,( ,,/>* ,,& ,,dextr9 ,,= ,,?ick5+4--,:5 fl\r is br[n$ :at sub/ance is =m$ f "s ( ! />* 7see ,exp]im5t #bf1 above78 ,make a ,:ite ,sauce1 us+ #a teaspoonful ( fat1 #a_/b tablespoonful ( fl\r1 & #a_/d cupful ( wat]4 ,make a ,br[n ,sauce ) ! same +r$i5ts1 br[n+ ! fat & fl\r4 ,comp>e ! ,br[n & ,:ite ,sauce z to ?ickness4 ,:i* has ! great] ?ick5+ prop]ty1--/>* or dextr98 ,e/imate ! quantity ( fl\r to use = ,br[n ,sauce 9 ord] to make x equal 9 ?ickness to a ,:ite ,sauce made by us+ #a1 #b1 & #c tablespoonfuls ( fl\r to #a cupful ( liquid4 ,,note4--,if a suitable fat has be5 us$1 ! ,br[n ,sauce may be season$ & us$ ) ! ,/uff$ ,meat ,roa/4 ,,br[n ,,sauce #a #a_/b tablespoonfuls fat #b tablespoonfuls fl\r #a_/b teaspoonful salt ,pepp] #a cupful meat /ock or hot wat] #a teaspoonful scrap$ onion ,if !re is any meat /ock 9 ! roa/+ pan1 remove x & make ! ,br[n ,sauce 9 ! pan4 ,put fat & onion 9 ! pan1 & br[n !m4 ,add ! fl\r & br[n x1 !n add ! o!r +r$i5ts & cook z ,:ite ,sauce4 ,,que/ions ,:at cuts ( meat are suitable = roa/+8 ,:y8 ,expla9 h[ x is possible to use t\gh cuts ( meat & roa/ !m successfully4 ,,lesson ,,lxii ,,beef3 ,,me?ods ,,( ,,cook+ ,,t\gh ,,cuts 7,a7 ,,exp]im5t #ed3 ,,effect ,,( ,,cold ,,wat] ,,on ,,meat4--,place a bit ( meat 9 a te/ tube or glass measur+ cup & add cold wat]4 ,all[ x to /& = a few m9utes & note ! appe>ance4 ,:at has be5 drawn out into ! wat]8 ,:at practical application z to wa%+ meat c be made f ?is8 ,heat ! wat] 9 :i* ! meat has be5 soak$4 ,:at does ! wat] conta98 ,9 s\p mak+1 %\ld ?is mat]ial be /ra9$ out ( bro?8 ,expla94 ,if bro? mu/ be /ra9$1 %\ld a co>se or a f9e /ra9] be us$8 ,:y8 ,,exp]im5t #ee3 ,,effect ,,( ,,boil+ ,,wat] ,,on ,,meat4--,p\r boil+ wat] ov] a bit ( meat1 !n heat x4 ,has ! juice be5 drawn out into ! wat]8 ,expla9 h[ hot wat] prev5ts ! juices f be+ drawn out4 ,,exp]im5t #ef3 ,,effect ,,( ,,salt ,,on ,,meat4--,spr9kle "s salt on a piece ( meat4 ,let /& = #aj m9utes or long] & note results4 ,:at practical application z to season+ meats c be drawn f ?is8 ,,note4--,! bits ( meat us$ 9 ^! ?ree exp]im5ts %\ld be sav$ & us$ = s\p-mak+4 ,,t\gh ,,cuts ,,( ,,beef4--,f ! ,exp]im5ts ( ,lesson ,,lix1 :at 0 f\nd to be ! t\ghe/ portion ( ! muscle ( meat8 ,:at me?od ( cook+ 0 us$ to make ?is t\gh "p t5d] 7see ,exp]im5ts #ea & #eb78 ,t\ghness ( meat dep5ds ^u 7a7 am\nt ( connective tissue1 & 7b7 "* ( ! walls ( muscle-fib] tubes 7?ick or ?974 ,^! conditions dep5d ^u 7a7 ! age ( ! animal1 & 7b7 locality ( muscle or cut ( meat4 ,al?\gh meat conta9s "s mat]ials :i* are bett] slightly cook$1 t\gh cuts ( meat conta9 s mu* connective tissue t long cook+ is necess>y to make !m palatable4 ,! long cook+ mu/ be accompli%$ 9 wat] or /eam 9 ord] t ! meat may n burn or become too dry4 ,meat f old animals is usually t\gh4 ,veal & lamb are m t5d] ?an beef & mutton4 ,! muscles t are us$ mo/ are t\ghe/1 because !y are develop$ to a great] ext5t & conta9 m connective tissue4 ,muscles t are con/antly us$ conta9 m extractives1 h5ce t\gh cuts ( meat h m flavor ?an t5d] cuts4 ,?is is n always appreciat$1 h[ev]1 s9ce all ! flavor ( t\gh meat is r>ely extract$ because x is s h>d to *ew4 ,moreov]1 z m5tion$ previ\sly1 dry heat usually appli$ to t5d] cuts t5ds to develop flavor 9 meat4 ,,use ,,( ,,bone ,,& ,,fat ,,9 ,,s\p-,,mak+4--,bone conta9s a sub/ance :i* long cook+ *anges into a jellylike mass call$ gelat9e4 ,9 ! c5t] ( ! bone !re is a fatty sub/ance call$ m>r[4 ,?is fat 9 ! bone & t 9 & ar\nd ! muscles liquefies 9 mak+ s\p /ock4 ,9 cool+1 ! fat rises to ! top1 h>d5s1 excludes ! air f ! /ock1 & ?us prev5ts x f spoil+ readily4 ,h5ce1 9 s\p-mak+1 x is ( advantage to use bo? ! fat & ! bone ) ! lean meat4 ,! fat1 h[ev]1 %\ld be remov$ c>efully f ! /ock be=e us+4 ,,beef ,,/ock #b p\nds meat1 bone & fat #a_/d teaspoonful cel]y se$ #e pepp]corns #b cloves #b qu>ts cold wat] #a_/b bay leaf #b #a_/b teaspoonfuls salt ,cut ! meat & fat into small pieces4 ,try out "s ( ! fat & br[n ab\t #a_/c ( ! meat 9 x4 ,put all ! meat 9 a kettle1 add ! season+ & wat]2 cov]1 & all[ to soak "o h\r4 ,!n cook bel[ boil+ temp]ature = #c h\rs2 /ra9 ?r\gh a co>se /ra9]4 ,p\r x ?r\gh a fat sep>ator or set aside to cool4 ,if ! fat has be5 all[$ to solidify1 skim x f ! surface :5 ! /ock is to be us$4 #a c ( tomatoes1 #a c>rot1 #a turnip1 & #a onion 7all cut 9 small pieces7 may be add$ to ! +r$i5ts ( beef /ock4 ,trimm+s & bones ( fre% meats or bones & pieces ( roa/s or unus$ meat may be cut into small pieces & us$ = s\p /ock4 ,no smok$ or *>r$ pieces ( meat or bone %\ld be us$1 h[ev]4 ,/ock may be color$ ) c>amel1 provid$ ! sug> has be5 cook$ suffici5tly to lose its sweetness4 ,,cuts ,,( ,,beef 7see ,figure #ef74--,! fe$+1 c>e1 & age ( an animal h mu* to d ) ! quality ( its meat4 ,x is consid]$ t good beef is obta9$ f an animal f\r or five ye>s old4 ,beef %\ld be firm1 ( bright r$ color1 & ( f9e gra94 ,!re %\ld also be a g5]\s supply ( suet4 ,! latt] %\ld be dry & easily crumbl$4 ,9 mo/ m>kets1 meat is made m t5d] by all[+ x to hang = sev]al days at a temp]ature ne> freez+4 ,! co/ ( ! diff]5t cuts ( meat v>ies greatly4 ,! diff]5ce 9 co/ is bas$ ^u ! t5d]ness ( ! cut ( meat1 & ^u ! dem&1--n ^u ! nutritive value4 ,prices v>y 9 diff]5t localities1 & 9 diff]5t seasons4 ,! wa/e ( a cut ( meat is a factor :i* ! h\sekeep] ne$s to consid] 9 det]m9+ ! co/ ( meat4 ,! cuts ( meat conta9+ no wa/e may be *eap] ?an "s cuts ^: price p] p\nd is l[]4 ,illu/ration3 ,adapt$ f diagram 9 ,univ]sity ( ,ill9ois ,bullet91 ,no #aeh ,,figure #ef4--;,,cuts ,,( ,,beef4 ,! l9e divid+ ! rib & lo9 cuts & ! plate & flank1 m>ks ! division ( ! beef into h9d & =e qu>t]s4 ,! position ( ! v>i\s cuts is indicat$ by lett]s4 ,! names ( ! cuts are indicat$ ar\nd ! out] b\nd>y ( ! diagram4 ,! closely spac$ l9es su* z %[n 9 ! r\nd cut indicate t ! cut is slic$ into /eaks1 :ile ! m widely spac$ l9es su* z %[n 9 ! rib cut1 indicate t ! cut is sep>at$ into pieces = roa/+ or /ew+4 ,! num]als indicate ! numb] ( /eaks or pieces into :i* a cut is usually divid$4 ,,explanation ,,( ,,figure #ef4 ,,cuts ,,( ,,beef ,,h9d ,,qu>t] ,,"n ,,& ,,=m ,,( ,,cut ,,me?od ,,( ,,cook+ ,,r\nd ,a4 ,rump4 ,pot-roa/+4 #a4 ,rump piece 7see ,figure ,/ew+4 #eg74 ,corn+4 ,b4 ,r\nd 7n includ+ ,saute+4 rump & %ank74 ,/ew+4 #b-ad4 ,r\nd /eaks 7see ,brais+4 ,figure #ed74 ,pot-roa/+4 ,c4 ,horse%oe or ,heel4 ,pot-roa/+4 #ae4 ,pot roa/4 ,/ew+4 ,d4 ,h9d %ank4 #af4 ,knuckle s\p bone4 ,s\p-mak+4 #ag-ai4 ,s\p bones4 ,,lo9 ,e4 ,sirlo94 ,broil+ #a-d4 ,r\nd-bone sirlo9 ,roa/+ 7:5 cut into /eaks 7see ,figure #dh74 ?ick pieces #e-f4 ,flat-bone sirlo9 /eaks 7see ,figure #dg74 #g4 ,hip-bone sirlo9 /eak 7see ,figure #df74 ,f4 ,port]h\se4 ,broil+4 #h-ae4 ,port]h\se /eaks ,roa/+ 7:5 cut into 7see ,figure #de74 ?ick pieces74 #af-ah4 ,club or ,delmonico /eaks 7see ,figure #dd74 ,,flank ,g4 ,flank /eak 7see ,figure #ei74 ,saute+4 ,roll+ & ,brais+ ,h-,h4 ,flank /ew4 ,/ew+4 ,corn+4 ,,=e ,,qu>t] ,,"n ,,& ,,=m ,,( ,,cut ,,me?od ,,( ,,cook+ ,,rib ,i4 ,rib roa/s4 ,roa/+4 #a-d4 ,prime-rib roa/s 7see ,figures #di & #ej74 ,,*uck ,j4 ,*uck roa/s & /eaks #a4 ,*uck-rib roa/ 7see ,brais+4 ,figures #ea & #eb74 ,pot-roa/+4 #b-i4 ,*uck or %\ld] /eaks ,broil+4 7see ,figure #ee74 ,saute+4 #aj-ac4 ,pot roa/s4 ,,note4--,9 "s localities1 a pot roa/ is cut f ! l[] portion ( ! *uck4 ,x is call$ ,cross ,rib1 ,bo/on ,cut1 or ,engli% ,cut 7see ,figure #eh74 #ad4 ,clod1 no bone 7ov] knuckle s\p bone74 ,l4 ,neck4 ,/ew+4 #ae4 ,/ew4 ,s\p-mak+4 ,corn+4 ,,plate ,m4 ,rib ends4 ,/ew+4 #a1 #b4 ,/ews4 ,s\p-mak+4 ,corn+4 ,n4 ,navel4 ,/ew+4 #c4 ,/ew4 ,s\p-mak+4 ,corn+4 ,o4 ,brisket4 ,/ew+4 #d4 ,/ew4 ,s\p-mak+4 ,corn+4 ,,=e ,p4 ,%94 ,,%ank #a4 ,/ew4 #b4 ,knuckle s\p bone 7und]nea? ,/ew+4 clod1 ,j1 #ad74 ,s\p-mak+4 #c-f4 ,s\p bones 7#c und]nea? clod1 ,j1 #ad74 ,skirt /eak1--diaphragm inside ( ,roll+ & ,brais+4 ribs 7see ,figure #ei74 ,/ew+4 ,tail4 ,s\p-mak+4 ,,que/ions ,o!r ?an ! diff]5ces 9 co/1 :at advantages are !re 9 us+ t\gh cuts ( meat = s\p8 ,"n at lea/ ?ree cuts ( meat t w\ld be suitable = s\p-mak+4 ,give ! price p] p\nd ( ^! cuts4 ,9 s\p-mak+1 :at is ! purpose ( cutt+ ! meat into pieces & ( crack+ ! bone8 ,:y %\ld salt be add$ to ! wat] 9 :i* meat is soak$ 7see ,exp]im5t #ef78 ,,lesson ,,lxiii ,,beef3 ,,me?ods ,,( ,,cook+ ,,t\gh ,,cuts 7,b7 ,,exam9ation ,,( ,,cold ,,beef ,,/ock4--,exam9e ! beef /ock ( ! previ\s lesson4 ,:y has ! fat ris5 to ! top 7see ,exp]im5t #ce78 ,:y is fat cook$ ) meat & bone 9 mak+ s\p /ock8 ,:at use c be made ( ! fat aft] remov+ x f ! /ock8 ,remove ! fat f ! /ock4 ,/ir ! /ock ) a spoon4 ,h[ d y acc\nt = its jellylike consi/5cy8 ,f :at mat]ial has ! gelat9e be5 =m$8 ,:at solid mat]ial is f\nd 9 ! /ock8 ,%\ld ?is be /ra9$ out :5 ! /ock is us$ = s\p8 ,expla9 y\r answ] 7see ,exp]im5t #ed74 ,,vegetable ,,s\p #b qu>ts beef /ock #b tablespoonfuls fat #a onion1 slic$ #a c>rot #a turnip #a_/b /alk cel]y or dri$ cel]y leaves ,heat ! fat & slic$ onion4 ,cook until ! onion is br[n$2 add a small quantity ( wat]4 ,cut ! vegetables into dice1 add !m to ! wat] conta9+ br[n$ onion & cook until ! vegetables are t5d]4 ,add ! beef /ock to ! vegetables & vegetable /ock2 heat2 evaporate1 if necess>y1 & !n s]ve4 ,! vegetables may be /ra9$ f ! s\p1 & cook$ rice1 mac>oni1 or b>ley add$2 or ! rice1 mac>oni1 or b>ley may be cook$ ) ! vegetables4 ,pe>l b>ley %\ld be soak$ 9 wat] be=e be+ cook$ 9 ! /ock4 ,o!r vegetables may be us$ = s\p-mak+1 z tomatoes1 gre5 peas1 asp>agus1 & caulifl[]4 ,inde$1 +5uity 9 comb9+ flavors & utiliz+ left ov]s %\ld =m no small "p ( s\p-mak+4 ,,exam9ation ,,( ,,meat ,,left ,,f ,,s\p-,,mak+4--,:i* conta9s ! m nutrim5t1--beef /ock or ! meat f :i* ! /ock 0 prep>$8 ,:at valuable prote9 mat]ial does ! solid meat conta9 7see ,prote9 9 ,meat78 ,ta/e a bit ( ! meat4 ,:at does x lack8 ,9 :at does ! flavor+ ( ?is meat exi/8 ,:at c be add$ to ?is left ov] meat z a sub/itute = its flavor8 ,9 ! recipe = ,bak$ ,ha% 7bel[71 :at supplies flavor to ! meat8 ,,bak$ ,,ha% l #a_/b cupfuls *opp$ meat & fat #a_/c cupful 7or m7 boil+ wat] #a #a_/b cupfuls ma%$ potatoes or /ock ,salt & pepp] #a cupful crack] crumbs1 or #b cupfuls s(t bread crumbs #a teaspoonful scrap$ onion ,*opp$ p>sley #b tablespoonfuls butt] or sub/itute ,mix all ! +r$i5ts1 except ! fat & crumbs4 ,add en\gh wat] or /ock to moi/5 all +r$i5ts4 ,place ! mixture 9 a butt]$ bak+- di%4 ,mix ! fat ) ! bread or crack] crumbs4 ,cov] ! ha% mixture ) ! crumbs1 & bake sl[ly until ! meat is ?or\ghly heat$ & ! crumbs br[n$4 ,s]ve at once4 ,,lesson ,,lxiv ,,beef3 ,,me?ods ,,( ,,cook+ ,,t\gh ,,cuts 7,c7 ,,roll$ ,,beef/eak #a p\nd r\nd /eak #a cupful s(t bread crumbs #a_/h teaspoonful gr\nd cloves ,pepp] #a_/b teaspoonful salt #a small onion1 *opp$ ,hot wat] or milk1 salt1 pepp]1 fl\r & fat ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #eg4--,,rump4 ,cut r\nd /eak ( #a_/b in* ?ickness into pieces #c by #d in*es4 ,make a /uff+ ( ! bread crumbs1 *opp$ onions1 cloves1 salt1 pepp]1 ) en\gh hot wat] or milk to moi/54 ,spread ! /uff+ ov] ! pieces ( /eak1 roll up ea* piece & tie x ) a piece ( /r+1 or skew] x ) too?picks4 ,dr$ge g5]\sly ) fl\r & add salt & pepp]4 ,br[n 9 beef dripp+s or o!r fat1 cov] ) boil+ wat]1 & simm] = #a #a_/b h\rs or until t5d]4 ,remove ! /r+s or too?picks1 & s]ve ! meat ) ! sauce 9 :i* x 0 cook$4 ,if ! meat has n be5 cut ?9 en\gh1 x may be p\nd$ ) a wood5 potato ma%] or mallet to make x suffici5tly ?94 ,,beef ,,/ew #b p\nds beef #a_/d cupful fl\r #b teaspoonfuls salt #a_/h teaspoonful pepp] #a onion cut into slices #a qu>t hot wat] #b c>rots1 cut 9 dice #a turnip1 cut 9 dice #d potatoes1 cut 9 dice #a tablespoonful kit*5 b\quet ,remove ! fat f ! meat to be /ew$2 cut ! meat into #a-;in* pieces4 ,dr$ge ! meat ) ! fl\r2 add ! salt & pepp]4 ,try out ! fat 9 a fry+ pan2 remove ! scraps4 ,br[n ! onion & !n ! meat 9 ! hot fat4 ,add ! hot wat] & pieces ( bone & cook 9 ! fry+ pan = #b h\rs at a l[ temp]ature2 or turn into a d\ble boil] & cook = ! same l5g? ( "t4 ,add vegetables1 except potatoes1 & cook = ,i h\r long]2 add ! potatoes #a_/b h\r be=e ! /ew is done4 ,if desir$1 m fl\r1--mix$ ) en\gh cold wat] to p\r easily1--may be add$ :5 ! potatoes are add$4 ,remove ! bone1 add kit*5 b\quet1 & s]ve4 ,,?ick5+ ,,! ,,sauce ,,( ,,meat ,,cook$ ,,9 ,,wat]4--,:5 meat is dipp$ 9 fl\r1 !n br[n$ 9 fat1 & f9ally cook$ 9 wat]1 ! fl\r ?ick5s ! wat] & =ms a sauce ar\nd ! meat4 ,usually1 h[ev]1 m fl\r ne$s to be add$ to ! sauce to make x suffici5tly ?ick4 ,sometimes directions = add+ a fl\r-&-wat] pa/e to ! hot meat /ock are giv51 b unless ! fl\r-&-wat] pa/e is cook$ = "s "t 7boil$ = #e m9utes at lea/7 ! sauce does n h a pleas+ flavor4 ,?is is because ! />* is insuffici5tly cook$ or ! fl\r is n br[n$4 ,x has be5 f\nd mu* m satisfactory to spr9kle a little extra fl\r into ! hot fat :ile br[n+ ! fl\r$ meat4 ,?us ! sauce is made smoo?1 & ! />* cook$ ?or\ghly by ! "t ! sauce is ready to s]ve4 ,,que/ions ,if r\nd /eak has be5 cut too ?ick = roll+1 :at is a practical way ( mak+ x ( "o half in* ?ickness8 ,= :at purpose is roll$ /eak br[n$ 9 fat be=e cook+ 9 wat]8 ,expla9 :y ! roll$ /eak is cook$ 9 wat] at simm]+ r ?an at boil+ temp]ature4 ,:at is ! purpose ( dr$g+ ^! meats 9 fl\r8 ,:y are n ! vegetables add$ to ! ,beef ,/ew :5 ! boil+ wat] is add$8 ,:y are n ! potatoes add$ ) ! o!r vegetables8 ,:y is ! bone add$ to ! ,beef ,/ew8 ,"n at lea/ two cuts ( beef t w\ld be suitable = ,beef ,/ew4 ,:at are ! prices p] p\nd ( ^! cuts8 ,,lesson ,,lxv ,,beef3 ,,me?ods ,,( ,,cook+ ,,t\gh ,,cuts 7,d7 ,,swiss ,,/eak #a #a_/b p\nds r\nd /eak1 cut #a to #a #a_/b in*es ?ick #a_/b to #a cupful fl\r ,suet or bacon fat #a_/b onion1 slic$ #a #a_/b teaspoonfuls salt ,da% pepp] ,) ! edge ( a sauc]1 p\nd ! fl\r into bo? sides ( ! /eak4 ,9 a fry+ pan1 put ! suet or bacon fat & br[n ! onion 9 x4 ,!n br[n bo? sides ( ! fl\r$ meat 9 ! fat4 ,cov] ) boil+ wat] & let ! meat cook at simm]+ temp]ature ei!r on top ( ! range or 9 ! ov5 f #a #a_/b to #b h\rs or until x is t5d]4 ,add en\gh salt & pepp] to season ! meat4 ,if necess>y1 evaporate ! sauce ar\nd ! meat until x is ( suffici5t ?ickness to s]ve z ,br[n ,sauce4 ,s]ve ! meat & sauce hot4 ,if desir$1 ! meat may be /ew$ 9 tomato juice in/ead ( wat]4 7,if tomato is add$1 :at k9d ( fry+ pan 7i4e4 ( :at mat]ial7 %\ld be us$ 9 cook+ ! meat8 ,see ,sugge/ions = ,cook+ ,fruits47 ,?is v>iation may also be made3 ,"o half gre5 pepp] may be *opp$ & spr9kl$ ov] ! surface ( ! /eak :ile ! latt] is simm]+4 ,! onion may be omitt$1 if desir$4 ,,pot ,,roa/ #c p\nds beef ,fl\r ,salt pork or suet #a_/b bay leaf #f pepp]corns ,salt & pepp] #a_/d cupful ea*1--dic$ c>rot1 turnip1 onion1 & cel]y ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #eh4--;,,cross ,,rib1 ,,bo/on ,,cut1 ,,or ,,engli% ,,cut ,try out ! fat & remove ! scraps4 ,dr$ge ! meat g5]\sly ) fl\r & br[n ! entire surface 9 ! fat4 ,place ! meat on a rack 9 ! kettle2 surr\nd x ) ! vegetables & spices1 & season x ) salt & pepp]4 ,add #c cupfuls ( boil+ wat]2 cov] closely & simm] = #d h\rs4 ,turn aft] ! second h\r4 ,s]ve hot bo? ! meat & ! sauce conta9+ vegetables4 ,,note--,?is meat may be sav$ & us$ 9 ! foll[+ lesson reg>d+ ! uses ( cook$ beef ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ( ,bureau ( ,publications ,tea*]s ,college ,,figure #ei--,,skirt ,,/eak1 ,,flank ,,/eak4 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,! ,,me?ods ,,( ,,cook+ ,,t\gh ,,cuts ,,( ,,meat--,!re are _m recipes = cook+ meats ,all1 h[ev]1 are modifications ( a few me?ods4 ,moi/ heat mu/ be appli$ to t\gh cuts ( meat 7see ,t\gh ,cuts ( ,beef7 ,! me?ods ( cook+ su* cuts c be summ$ up z foll[s #a ,s\p-mak+--,soak meat1 bone1 & fat 9 cold salt$ wat]1 & !n cook bel[ boil+ temp]ature 9 ! wat]4 #b4 ,boil+ or ,/ew+4--,plunge meat into boil+ wat]2 boil until well se>$2 !n cook 9 wat] bel[ ! boil+ temp]ature4 #c4 ,pot-roa/+ & ,brais+4--,se> meat by boil+ or br[n+ 9 fat1 !n cook 9 /eam4 ,if ! cook+ is done on ! top ( ! range1 x is call$ pot-roa/+4 ,if x is done 9 ! ov51 x is call$ brais+4 ,,que/ions ,:at is ! *ief diff]5ce betwe5 pot-roa/+ & brais+8 ,:y is x n necess>y to ba/e meats cook$ by ^! me?ods8 ,:at is ! diff]5ce betwe5 brais+ & roa/+ meats 7see ,roa/+78 ,:y is brais+ suitable = t\gh cuts1 & roa/+ = t5d] cuts 7see ,exp]im5ts #ea & #eb78 ,"n at lea/ ?ree cuts ( meat suitable = pot roa/s4 ,give ! price p] p\nd ( ea*4 ,,lesson ,,lxvi ,,beef3 ,,uses ,,( ,,cook$ ,,beef ,,left ,,ov]s--,small pieces ( cook$ meat %\ld n be ?r[n away2 !y c be us$ 9 _m ways4 ,ev5 ?\gh ! meat has be5 cook$ s z to extract its juices1 !re /ill rema9s practically all ( ! myos91 & ?is is a valuable con/itu5t4 ,if ! juices h be5 drawn f ! meat1 a little fre% meat %\ld be add$ to x1 or x %\ld be season$ well ) condim5ts1 spices1 or h]bs4 ,wat] 9 :i* ! meat has be5 cook$1 & left ov] gravy1 %\ld be utiliz$ 9 mak+ sauces = cook$ meats4 ,cook$ meat ( t5d] cut %\ld m]ely be reheat$1 n recook$4 ,h5ce x is usually well to cut x into pieces or *op x f9e 9 ord] to heat x quickly4 ,z 9 s\p-mak+1 +5uity 9 comb9+ & us+ left ov] mat]ials is requir$ 9 mak+ meat di%es4 ,/ew$ tomatoes c be sub/itut$ = /ock or gravy1 & "o />*y food sub/itut$ = ano!r4 ,! recipes "h giv5 simply s]ve z sugge/ions4 ,! +r$i5ts & proportions %\ld be *ang$ to utilize available mat]ials4 ,,scallop$ ,,meat #b cupfuls *opp$ meat #b tablespoonfuls fat #c tablespoonfuls fl\r l-#a_/b teaspoonfuls salt #a_/h teaspoonful pepp] #a teaspoonful scrap$ onion or *opp$ p>sley l-#a_/b cupfuls milk1 /ock1 or wat] #b cupfuls butt]$ crumbs 7,see ,crumbs = ,scallop$ ,di%es47 ,make a ,br[n ,sauce ( ! fat1 salt1 pepp]1 fl\r1 onion or p>sley1 & milk or /ock4 ,mix ) ! meat4 ,butt] ! crumbs1 & place ab\t "o half cupful 9 ! bottom ( ! butt]$ bak+-di%4 ,add ! meat mixture1 & cov] ! top ) ! rema9d] ( ! crumbs4 ,bake 9 ! ov5 until ! mixture is ?or\ghly heat$ & ! crumbs are br[n4 ,cold fi% may be %r$d$ & us$ 9 ! same way4 ,,cottage ,,pie4--,use ! same +r$i5ts z = ,scallop$ ,meat1 sub/itut+ ma%$ potatoes = butt]$ bread crumbs4 ,place ! potato only on ! top ( ! mixture4 ,a little nutmeg may be sub/itut$ = ! onion4 ,,que/ions ,h[ does meat left f beef /ock diff] f fre% meat 9 nutritive value8 ,h[ does x diff] 9 ta/e8 ,"n a />*y food t c\ld be sub/itut$ = potatoes 9 ,bak$ ,ha%4 ,:y are spices & h]bs add$ to left ov] meat di%es8 ,"n at lea/ ?ree vegetable-&-meat comb9ations t w\ld be desirable = ha%4 ,h[ _m cupfuls ( *opp$ cook$ meat c be obta9$ f "o p\nd ( fre% meat8 ,:y %\ld cook$ meat ( t5d] cut be reheat$ r ?an recook$8 ,,lesson ,,lxvii ,,gelat9e 7,a7 ,,exp]im5t #eg3 ,,effect ,,( ,,cold ,,wat] ,,on ,,gelat9e4--,p\r #a teaspoonful ( cold wat] on #a_/d teaspoonful gelat9e4 ,cov] & let /& a few m9utes4 ,exam9e4 ,has ! wat] comb9$ ) ! gelat9e8 ,press a bit ( ! gelat9e ) a spoon4 ,h[ does x comp>e ) ! dry gelat9e z to h>dness8 ,,exp]im5t #eh3 ,,effect ,,( ,,hot ,,wat] ,,on ,,gelat9e4--,p\r #a teaspoonful boil+ wat] on #a_/d teaspoonful gelat9e4 ,place ! mixture ov] hot wat]4 ,/ir4 ,:at is ! effect ( boil+ wat] on gelat9e8 ,,note4--,use ! gelat9e f ^! two exp]im5ts = ! prep>ation ( ! gelat9e dess]t ( ! lesson4 ,,gelat9e4--,:5 ! beef /ock ( ,lesson ,,lxii 0 /ra9$ & cool$1 :at mat]ial1 o!r ?an fat & prote91 0 pres5t 9 x8 ,f :at sub/ance 9 ! meat & bone 0 ?is mat]ial =m$ 7see ,prote9 9 ,meat2 ,use ( ,bone & ,fat 9 ,s\p-mak+2 ,exam9ation ( ,cold ,beef ,/ock78 ,! gelat9e :i* is f\nd at m>ket is prep>$ f ! bones1 gri/le1 sk91 & o!r portions ( animals4 ,al?\gh gelat9e may be pur*as$ 9 sev]al diff]5t =ms1 h\sekeep]s f9d ! granulat$ or pulv]iz$ gelat9e ! mo/ conv5i5t to use4 ,"o ounce ( granulat$ gelat9e w /iff5 #a #a_/b to #b qu>ts ( jelly4 ,9 hot wea!r m is requir$4 ,if fruit1 vegetables1 or nuts are to be mold$ 9 ! jelly1 use #a #a_/b ounces ( gelat9e4 ,gelat9e %\ld be fir/ hydrat$ 7i4e4 comb9$ ) wat]7 by means ( cold wat]1 & !n dissolv$ 9 boil+ wat]4 ,,! ,,value ,,( ,,gelat9e4--,gelat9e is an incomplete prote91 i4e4 x is lack+ 9 c]ta9 am9o acids & h5ce :ile a good fuel1 x does n1 )\t ! help ( o!r prote9s1 bo? build & repair ! body4 ,! usual gelat9e di% conta9s su* a small quantity ( gelat9e t ! "q ( its food value may be disreg>d$4 ,! sug> & fruit1 h[ev]1 t are inv>iably us$ 9 gelat9e di%es give !m food value4 ,s9ce gelat9e liquefies readily by heat+1 x is valuable 9 liquid diet4 ,,lemon ,,jelly #a tablespoonful granulat$ gelat9e or #a_/d ounce %r$d$ gelat9e #a_/d cupful cold wat] #c_/d cupful sug> ,salt #a #a_/b cupfuls boil+ wat] #a_/d cupful lemon juice ,mix ! gelat9e & cold wat]4 ,let !m /& until ! wat] is absorb$4 ,add ! boil+ wat]1 sug>1 & salt4 ,/ir until ! gelat9e is dissolv$ completely1 !n add ! fruit juice1 /ra91 & p\r into a mold4 ,set 9 a cool place to h>d54 ,gelat9e mixtures %\ld be cov]$ :ile soak+ & cool+4 ,to remove jelly f ! mold1 apply a clo? wrung out ( hot wat] to ! outside ( ! mold4 ,,fruit ,,jelly ,prep>e lemon jelly mixture4 ,cov] & all[ to cool until x beg9s to /iff54 ,peel oranges & bananas2 cut !m into small pieces or slices4 ,cut nuts into pieces4 ,/ir 9 ! prep>$ fruit & nuts4 ,turn into a mold1 cov]1 & put 9 a cool place until firm4 ,s]ve cold1 ) or )\t cream4 ,o!r fruits may be us$ in/ead ( ^? m5tion$ 9 ! recipe4 ,if p9eapple is us$ x mu/ be cook$ be=e add+ to jelly4 ,p9eapple conta9s an enzyme :i* liquefies gelat9e4 ,h5ce jelly conta9+ fre% p9eapple fails to /iff54 ,,:ipp$ ,,jelly ,:5 a gelat9e mixture is cool & beg9s to /iff51 x may be :ipp$ ) a ,dov] egg beat]4 ,air beat5 into a gelat9e dess]t *anges x 9 appe>ance & quantity4 ,lemon ,jelly may be v>i$ z foll[s3 ,prep>e lemon jelly mixture4 ,cov] & set aside to cool4 ,!n divide into two portions4 ,add fruit to "o portion & turn x into a mold & set aside 9 a cool place4 ,:ip ! second portion ( jelly4 ,:5 ! jelly 9 ! mold is /iff1 p\r ! :ipp$ jelly ov] x & set aside to cool4 ,:5 ready to s]ve1 unmold1 g>ni% ) fruit or nuts1 if desir$4 ,s]ve ) top milk1 pla9 or :ipp$ cream or ,cu/>d ,sauce4 ,,que/ions ,:at is ! purpose ( cov]+ ! gelat9e :ile soak+ & cool+8 ,:y is x necess>y to dissolve ! gelat9e completely8 ,:at w\ld be ! effect ( add+ cold fruit juice to ! hot gelat9e mixture8 ,:at mu/ be ! temp]ature ( wat] to dissolve gelat9e8 ,f ?is expla9 :y ! gelat9e %\ld be dissolv$ be=e ! fruit juice is add$4 ,:at is ! purpose ( /ra9+ gelat9e mixtures8 ,?r\gh :at %\ld gelat9e mixtures be /ra9$8 ,( :at mat]ial %\ld jelly molds be made8 ,:y8 ,h[ are jellies remov$ f ! molds )\t break+ or m>r+ ! jellies8 ,expla94 ,:5 fruit is to be add$ to jelly1 :at is ! purpose ( all[+ ! jelly to cool & almo/ /iff5 be=e add+ ! fruit8 ,,lesson ,,lxviii ,,gelat9e 7,b7 ,,sn[ ,,pudd+ #a tablespoonful granulat$ gelat9e #a_/d cupful cold wat] #a cupful sug> ,salt #a cupful boil+ wat] #a_/d cupful lemon juice #b or #c egg :ites ,mix ^! +r$i5ts 7except egg :ites7 z = ,lemon ,jelly4 ,set aside to cool4 ,beat ! egg :ites until /iff4 ,:5 ! gelat9e mixture beg9s to /iff51 beat x 7surr\nd$ by ice wat]7 until x becomes fro?y1 !n add ! beat5 egg :ites & cont9ue beat+ until ! mixture beg9s to /iff54 ,turn into a mold & set aside 9 a cool place4 ,s]ve ) *ill$ ,cu/>d ,sauce4 ,= ! sauce1 foll[ ! recipe = ,s(t ,cu/>d1 us+ egg yolks 7in/ead ( :ole eggs7 & #c_/h cupful ( sug> 7in/ead ( #a_/d cupful74 ,9 case only #b egg yolks are us$ 9 mak+ ! cu/>d1 #a teaspoonful ( corn-/>* may be us$ = additional ?ick5+1 z sugge/$4 ,! addition ( #a_/b cupful ( *opp$ nuts to ,sn[ ,pudd+ makes a pleas+ v>iation4 ,! nuts %\ld be add$ j be=e turn+ ! mixture into ! mold4 ,sn[ ,pudd+ may be prep>$ by :ipp+ pla9 ,lemon ,jelly z direct$ 9 ! previ\s lesson & s]v+ x ) ,cu/>d ,sauce4 ,! use ( egg :ites1 h[ev]1 adds to ! food value ( ! dess]t & makes x m ta/y4 ,,p9eapple ,,bav>ian ,,cream #a tablespoonful gelat9e #a_/d cupful cold wat] #a small c 7#h ounces7 %r$d$ p9eapple ,boil+ wat] #a_/b cupful sug> ,salt #b tablespoonfuls lemon juice #a_/b cupful 7or m7 :ipp$ cream ,mix ! gelat9e & cold wat] & let /& until ! wat] is absorb$4 ,dra9 ! sirup f ! %r$d$ p9eapple & add en\gh wat] to x to make #a #a_/b cupfuls4 ,heat ! p9eapple sirup & wat] to boil+ po9t4 ,!n p\r x ov] ! gelat9e mixture4 ,/ir until ! gelat9e is dissolv$4 ,add ! sug> & salt & cont9ue /irr+ until !y are dissolv$4 ,add ! lemon juice4 ,cov] & set aside 9 a cold place until ! mixture beg9s to /iff54 ,:ip ! cream4 ,add ! %r$d$ p9eapple & :ipp$ cream to ! gelat9e mixture4 ,surr\nd ?is ) ice wat] & beat until ! mixture aga9 beg9s to /iff54 ,turn into a mold & set aside 9 a cool place4 ,s]ve cold4 ,,que/ions ,:at is ! price p] package ( gelat9e8 ,h[ _m ounces are !re 9 "o package8 ,h[ _m tablespoonfuls 9 "o package8 ,det]m9e ! co/ ( ,lemon ,jelly4 ,( ,sn[ ,pudd+4 ,:at is ! diff]5ce 9 ! co/8 ,:i* is light] 9 weight1--beat5 egg :ite or pla9 ,lemon ,jelly8 ,f ?is1 expla9 :y x is necess>y to set ! gelat9e mixture aside until x beg9s to /iff5 be=e add+ ! beat5 egg-:ite 9 ! prep>ation ( ,sn[ ,pudd+4 ,expla9 :y ! gelat9e mixture %\ld be 9 a slightly /iff5$ condition be=e ! :ipp$ cream is add$ to x 9 ! prep>ation ( ,bav>ian ,cream4 ,,lesson ,,lxix ,,fi% 7,a7 ,,exp]im5t #ei3 ,,effect ,,( ,,soak+ ,,fi% ,,9 ,,wat]4--,soak a piece ( fre% fi% 9 wat] = at lea/ #aj m9utes4 ,/ra9 ! wat] & heat x to ! boil+ po9t4 ,:at food/uff is f\nd 9 ! wat]8 ,:at practical application c be drawn f ! result ( ?is exp]im5t z to wa%+ fi%8 ,,exp]im5t #fj3 ,,effect ,,( ,,boil+ ,,fi% ,,rapidly4--,boil a small piece ( fre% fi% rapidly = a few m9utes4 ,:at happ5s to ! fi%8 ,judg+ f ?is exp]im5t1 :at c>e mu/ be tak5 9 cook+ & s]v+ fi%8 ,f ! results ( ,exp]im5ts #ei & #fj1 :i* me?od1--boil+ or bak+1--w\ld be m desirable = cook+ fi%8 ,:y8 ,,comp>ison ,,( ,,beef ,,) ,,fi%4--,fi% is an animal food conta9+ prote94 ,x diff]s f beef 9 /ructure & composition4 ,mo/ fi% conta9s m wat] ?an does beef1 h5ce x has n z high a nutritive value4 ,9 ! quantity ( prote91 h[ev]1 fi% is ab\t equal to beef2 its prote9 is also complete4 ,h5ce _m consid] x q z nutriti\s z beef4 ,x is lack+ 9 extractives1 & ne$s c>eful season+4 ,,fat ,,( ,,fi%4--,! fat cont5t ( fi% v>ies greatly 9 diff]5t k9ds ( fi%4 ,a few fi%1 su* z salmon = example1 conta9 consid]able fat4 ,! edible portion ( mo/ fi%1 h[ev]1 conta9s less fat ?an beef4 ,! ease ) :i* we dige/ fi% dep5ds ^u ! fat x conta9s4 ,fi% conta9+ ! lea/ quantity ( fat is ! mo/ easily dige/$4 ,,classes ,,( ,,fi%4--,accord+ to ! quantity ( fat x conta9s1 fi% may be divid$ into two classes3 7a7 dry1 or lean fi%1 & 7b7 oily fi%4 ,cod1 haddock1 smelt1 fl\nd]1 p]*1 bass1 brook tr\t1 & pike are dry1 or lean fi%4 ,salmon1 %ad1 mack]el1 h]r+1 eel1 halibut1 lake tr\t1 & :ite fi% are oily fi%4 7,?is latt] gr\p conta9s f #e to #aj p] c5t ( fat47 ,fi% may also be divid$ into two classes1 accord+ to ! wat] 9 :i* !y live1 fi% f ! sea be+ t]m$ salt-wat] fi%1 & ^? f riv]s & lakes fre%-wat] fi% ,s9ce fi% conta9s ab\t z mu* prote9 z does beef1 x %\ld be g5]ally us$ z a meat alt]native4 ,inspection ( ! fi% f\nd at m>ket w d\btless acqua9t y ) _m k9ds ( fi%4 ,,salmon ,,timbale ,,or ,,loaf #a c salmon #a cupful s(t bread crumbs #a #a_/b teaspoonfuls *opp$ p>sley #a_/b teaspoonful salt ,pepp] #a or #b eggs #a tablespoonful lemon juice #a_/d to #a_/b cupful milk ,mix all ! +r$i5ts ?or\ghly1 add+ en\gh milk to moi/54 ,p\r into butt]$ timbale molds or into "o b[l4 ,place on a rack 9 a pan1 surr\nd ) hot wat]1 & cov]4 ,bake 9 ! ov5 or cook on top ( ! range until ! fi% mixture is firm & is heat$ ?or\ghly4 ,turn out1 & s]ve ) ,:ite ,sauce to :i* *opp$ p>sley has be5 add$ 7= ,:ite ,sauce1 see ,:ite ,sauce = ,vegetables4 ,= ! fat ( ! ,:ite ,sauce1 use ! oil dra9$ f ! salmon74 ,peas 9 ,:ite ,sauce make a pleas+ addition to ,salmon ,timbale1 ,tuna fi% or o!r cook$ fi% may be us$ in/ead ( salmon4 ,,cass]ole ,,( ,,fi% ,cook #a cupful ( rice or b>ley 7see page #he74 ,measure ! +r$i5ts giv5 9 ,salmon ,timbale or ,loaf1 us+ salmon or any k9d ( cann$ or cook$ fi%1 & prep>e a fi% loaf4 ,let ! c]eal cool slightly aft] cook+4 ,!n l9e a bak+ di% or a mold ) ab\t ?ree f\r?s ( ! cook$ rice or b>ley1 press+ x 9 ! di% firmly ) a spoon4 ,put ! fi% mixture 9 ! cavity & cov] x ) ! rema9d] ( ! c]eal4 ,/eam ! food #cj to #de m9utes4 ,turn f ! mold & s]ve hot ) ,:ite ,sauce z direct$ = ,salmon ,timbale4 ,any k9d ( cook$ & *opp$ meat may be us$ in/ead ( fi% & comb9$ ) rice or b>ley z describ$ above4 ,,que/ions ,:at purpose d ! eggs s]ve 9 ,salmon ,loaf8 ,?9k ( ! effect ( int5se heat ^u ! diff]5t +r$i5ts 9 ?is fi% mixture1 & !n expla9 :y x %\ld n cook = a long "t or at a high temp]ature4 ,:at is ! price p] c ( salmon8 ,( tuna fi%8 ,"n two fre% fi% t are 9 m>ket n[4 ,:at is ! price p] p\nd ( ea*8 ,,lesson ,,lxx ,,fi% 7,b7 ,,fre%ness ,,( ,,fi%4--,fi% is a food :i* spoils v quickly1 & :i* is dang]\s to eat if n fre%4 ,= ?is reason ! h\sekeep] %\ld be able to judge ( ! fre%ness ( fi%4 ,9 fre% fi%3 7a7 ,! fle% is firm & ela/ic1 especially along ! backbone4 7#f7 ,! gills are bright4 7c7 ,! eyes are bright & bulg+4 ,! s9k+ ( fi% :5 plac$ 9 wat] has also be5 giv5 z an indication ( its fitness = use z food4 ,decay$ fi% floats on wat]4 ,s9ce fi% spoils readily1 x mu/ be froz5 if kept = any l5g? ( "t4 ,froz5 fi% is n undesirable provid$ x is kept 9 a froz5 /ate until us$2 x %\ld be ?aw$ out by plac+ x 9 cold wat] j be=e cook+4 ,fi% t has be5 ?aw$ out & kept = "s "t be=e cook+ may conta9 at times poison\s sub/ances call$ ptoma9es4 ,ptoma9es 9 food may produce di/ress+ effects or may ev5 prove fatal4 ,fre% fi% %\ld be kept 9 a cool place until us$1 b %\ld n be plac$ uncov]$ 9 ! refrig]ator4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be tightly cov]$1--put 9 a t9 pail or glass j>1--& plac$ 9 ! refrig]ator4 ,be=e cook+1 fi% %\ld be wa%$ ?or\ghly ) a wet clo?4 ,on acc\nt ( ! odor1 all ut5sils us$ 9 ! cook+ ( fi% %\ld be wa%$ 9 salt$ wat]4 ,,bak$ ,,fi% ,clean & wa% a l>ge fi%4 ,! head or tail may or may n be remov$ be=e bak+4 ,if ! head is reta9$1 ! eyes %\ld be remov$ be=e s]v+2 ?is is done m easily aft] cook+4 ,if ! tail is reta9$1 x %\ld be wrapp$ 9 oil$ pap] to prev5t x f burn+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #fj4--;,,fi% ,,kettle1 ,,%[+ ,,rack ,spr9kle salt on ! inside ( ! fi% & also on ! outside1 & !n fill ) /uff+4 ,skew] ! cut edges ( ! fi% toge!r or close ! incision z foll[s3 ,hold ! edges ( ! sk9 toge!r & ?ru/ too?picks across ! op5+1 ?r\gh bo? cut edges ( ! fi%4 ,!n fa/5 ! op5+ by lac+ /r+ ar\nd ! too?picks4 ,cut ga%es on ea* side across ! fi% & put /rips ( salt pork into !m or ins]t /rips ( pork ) a l>d+ ne$le4 ,oil a bak+ %eet or ! rack ( a fi% kettle 7see ,figure #fj7 & place ! fi% on x1 =m+ ! fi% into an ,s by means ( skew]s4 ,place ! %eet 9 a bak+-pan & add pieces ( salt pork4 ,bake #ae m9utes = ea* p\nd1 or until ! fle% c be sep>at$ easily f ! bones by means ( a skew] or a =k4 ,if ! bak+-pan is uncov]$1 ba/e e #aj m9utes4 ,:5 done1 c>efully remove ! fi% f ! pan & place on a platt]1 g>ni% ) p>sley & lemon1 & s]ve ) ,tomato ,sauce or ,sauce = ,fi% 7see bel[74 ,9 ! abs5ce ( a bak+ %eet1 two well oil$ /rips ( musl9 may be plac$ across ! bak+-pan1 und]nea? ! fi%4 ,:5 bak$1 ! fi% may be remov$ easily f ! pan by means ( ! /rips ( musl94 ,,/uff+ ,,= ,,fi% #b cupfuls s(t bread crumbs #a_/b teaspoonful salt #a_/h teaspoonful pepp] ,cay5ne #a teaspoonful scrap$ onion #a teaspoonful *opp$ p>sley #a teaspoonful cap]s or *opp$ pickles #b tablespoonfuls butt] or sub/itute ,mix ! +r$i5ts 9 ! ord] giv5 7see ,crumbs = ,scallop$ ,di%es7 ,,sauce ,,= ,,fi% #c tablespoons butt] or sub/itute #a_/d cupful fl\r #a_/b teaspoonful salt ,cay5ne l #c_/d cupfuls hot wat] #a_/d cupful v9eg> or #a l>ge lemon1--juice #a tablespoonful *opp$ p>sley ,prep>e ! fir/ five +r$i5ts z 9 ,:ite ,sauce 7see ,:ite ,sauce = ,vegetables4 ,!n add v9eg> or lemon juice & *opp$ p>sley4 ,s]ve hot ov] fi%4 ,h>d-cook$ eggs make a pleas+ addition to ?is sauce4 ,*op ! :ole eggs or slice ! :ites & ma% ! yolks ) a =k2 !n add to ! sauce4 ,,que/ions ,:y %\ld fi% n be left uncov]$ 9 ! refrig]ator8 ,:y %\ld fi% be clean$ by wip+ ) a clo?1 r ?an by plac+ 9 a pan ( wat] 7see ,exp]im5t #ei78 ,:at is ! purpose ( plac+ fi% on a bak+ %eet or plac+ /rips ( musl9 und]nea? = bak+ 7see ,exp]im5t #fj78 ,h[ is fi% te/$ = suffici5t cook+8 ,h[ c ! odor be remov$ f ut5sils 9 :i* fi% has be5 cook$8 ,,lesson ,,lxxi ,,fi% 7,c7 ,,plank$ 7,,broil$7 ,,fi% ,an oak plank1--"o in* 9 ?ickness & z long & wide z a l>ge platt]1--is a satisfactory device = broil+ fi%4 ,= plank+ or broil+1 fi% /eaks or ?91 flat fi%1 su* z mack]el or bluefi%1 %\ld be select$4 ,clean ! fi%1 !n place x1 sk9 side d[n1 on ! plank4 ,spr9kle ) salt & pepp]1 & spread ) s(t5$ or melt$ butt]4 ,place 9 ! broil+ ov5 & broil until done1 usually #ae or #bj m9utes4 ,a bord] ( potato puff mixture makes a pleas+ addition to ! fi% 7see ,potato ,puff74 ,a few m9utes be=e ! fi% is done1 remove x f ! ov5 & arrange ! potato mixture ar\nd x4 7,a pa/ry bag & tube may be us$ = ?is purpose47 ,bru% ! potato ) egg dilut$ ) wat] 7#a tablespoonful ( wat] to #a egg74 ,return ! plank to ! ov5 to f9i% broil+ ! fi% & to br[n ! potatoes4 ,s]ve ! fi% & potatoes on ! plank4 ,,fri$ ,,or ,,saute$ ,,fi% ,clean fi% & season ) salt & pepp]4 ,mix equal p>ts ( corn-meal & fl\r4 ,dip ! fi% 9 ?is mixture4 ,fry 9 deep fat or saute4 ,dra9 & s]ve ) a sauce4 ,dri$ bread or crack] crumbs1 & egg may be us$ = dipp+ in/ead ( ! corn-meal & fl\r mixture 7see ,fri$ ,oy/]s74 ,,fi% ,,*[d] #a_/b p\nd salt fi% or #b p\nds fre% fi% #a qu>t potatoes cut 9 pieces #b tablespoonfuls bacon dripp+s or o!r fat #a onion1 *opp$ #b tablespoonfuls corn-meal #a p9t milk ,crack]s ,if salt fi% is us$1 hold x "u runn+ wat] = a few m9utes 7:y871 !n %r$ x4 ,if fre% fi% is us$1 ,wa% x1 remove bones if possible1 & cut x into six or eight pieces4 ,br[n ! onion 9 ! fat4 ,into a kettle put lay]s ( fi% & potatoes & add a little br[n$ onion & corn-meal to ea* lay]4 ,cov] ) hot wat] & boil g5tly until ! potatoes are t5d]4 ,add ! milk & cont9ue heat+ until ! mixture is hot4 ,j be=e s]v+1 add a few crack]s brok5 into pieces4 ,,que/ions ,/ate ! advantages ( us+ a plank = broil+ fi%4 ,:y select fi% /eaks or ?91 flat fi% = broil+8 ,:at is ! purpose ( bru%+ ! potato mixture ) egg8 ,give two reasons = us+ well season$ sauces & /uff+ ) fi% 7see ,comp>ison ( ,beef ) ,fi%74 ,,lesson ,,lxxii ,,legumes 7,a7 ,,! ,,legumes include peas1 beans1 l5tils1 & peanuts4 ,^! plants be> pods conta9+ se$s2 ! se$s--gre5 or rip5$--& ! pods ( "s ( ! plants are commonly us$ z foods4 ,,prote9 ,,9 ,,se$s4--,_m foods ri* 9 prote9 belong to ! animal k+dom4 ,! se$s ( plants1 h[ev]1 conta9 prote94 ,! common c]eals1 :eat & corn1 conta9 almo/ #aj p] c5t ( prote91 :ile oats conta9 ab\t #af p] c5t4 ,b ! dri$ se$s ( legumes exce$ all se$s 9 prote9 cont5t4 ,peas1 beans1 l5tils1 & peanuts conta9 m prote9 ?an mo/ cuts ( meat4 ,ab\t #be p] c5t ( _! composition is prote94 ,soy-beans are mu* ri*] 9 prote9 ?an any ( ! o!r legumes4 ,!y conta9 ab\t #cg p] c5t4 ,x has be5 m5tion$ t prote9s diff] 9 quality4 ,al?\gh ! dri$ legumes are especially ri* 9 prote91 !y d n all conta9 complete prote94 ,) ! exception ( peanuts & soy-beans1 ^! foods ne$ to be supplem5t$ ) o!r prote9-ri* foods su* z milk1 eggs1 & *eese4 ,s9ce ! dri$ legumes are a mu* *eap] s\rce ( prote9 ?an meat1 !y %\ld be us$ (t5] ?an !y are4 ,legumes supplem5t$ ) milk or comb9$ ) a small quantity ( meat furni% economical s\rces ( prote9 food4 ,! prote9 9 legumes is call$ legum94 ,,cook+ ,,dri$ ,,legumes4--,! dri$ legumes %\ld be soak$ ov]night 9 wat]1 to :i* a little bak+ soda has be5 add$4 ,^! vegetables require long cook+ to s(t5 !m1 & also to develop flavor4 ,a little soda add$ to ! wat] 9 :i* !y are cook$ also aids 9 s(t5+ !m & neutralizes ! vegetable acid f\nd 9 "s ( ! legumes4 ,dur+ ! long heat+1 dri$ legumes break up1 if n c>efully cook$4 ,dri$ soy-beans h a /rong flavor :i* is objectionable4 ,?is c be remov$ z foll[s3 ,soak ! beans ov]night 9 a l>ge quantity ( hot wat]1 dra91 add fre% wat] & bak+ soda 7ab\t #a teaspoonful = ea* cupful ( beans71 & cook ! beans = ab\t #dj m9utes1 !n dra91 add m wat]1 & cook until !y are t5d]4 ,dri$ soy-beans require long cook+1--usually #d or #e h\rs4 ,aft] ! #dj-m9ute cook+1 !y may be dra9$1 heat$ 9 m wat]1 & !n plac$ 9 a fireless cook]4 ,! pressure cook] may be us$ effectively 9 cook+ ^! dri$ beans4 ,soy-beans may also be bak$ aft] ! #dj-m9ute cook+ 9 ! same mann] z navy beans 7see ,bo/on ,bak$ ,beans74 ,s]ve cook$ soy-beans ) ,tomato ,sauce4 ,al?\gh dri$ legumes are comp>atively *eap1 ! fuel requir$ to cook !m = s long a "t may increase _! co/ to a consid]able ext5t4 ,9 cook+ ^! foods1 c>e %\ld be tak5 to utilize fuel t is already requir$ = "s o!r purpose4 ,! fireless cook] is mo/ satisfactory 9 cook+ ^! dri$ foods4 ,,bo/on ,,bak$ ,,beans #b cupfuls navy beans #b tablespoonfuls molasses or br[n sug> #b teaspoonfuls salt #b ounces salt pork or bacon #a_/b teaspoonful mu/>d ,soak ! beans ov]night z direct$ 9 ,cook+ ,dri$ ,legumes4 ,add a little bak+ soda & gradually heat to ! boil+ po9t4 ,!n add ! season+ to ! beans2 place half ( !m 9 a bean crock2 & add ! pork :i* has be5 scrap$ & scor$4 7,to score salt pork cut ga%es 9 x ne>ly to ! r9d47 ,add ! rema9d] ( ! beans & en\gh wat] to cov] !m slightly4 ,bake 9 a sl[ ov5 7#bej degrees ,f47 #f to #ab h\rs4 ,keep ! beans bel[ ! boil+ po9t & see t !y are cov]$ ) liquid4 ,l5tils may be bak$ 9 ! same way z beans4 ,,salt$ ,,peanuts #a_/b cupful salt #a cupful %ell$ unroa/$ peanuts #c cupfuls wat] #b teaspoonfuls butt] or sub/itute ,remove ! sk9s f ! peanuts by plac+ !m 9 boil+ wat] = #c m9utes2 dra91 cov] ) cold wat]2 & !n slip (f ! sk9s4 ,heat ! salt & wat]1 & :5 boil+1 add ! peanuts4 ,cook #h m9utes4 ,dra91 r9se (f ! salt1 place 9 a bak+-pan1 add ! fat1 & bake until slightly br[n$1 /irr+ (t54 ,turn f ! pan on pap]4 ,,que/ions ,:y %\ld dri$ vegetables be soak$ 9 wat] be=e cook+8 ,measure ! beans aft] soak+4 ,h[ mu* h !y increas$ 9 bulk8 ,:at is ! reason = keep+ ! beans bel[ ! boil+ po9t :ile bak+8 ,devise a me?od = prep>+ ,bak$ ,beans1 :5 !y c rema9 9 ! ov5 b an h\r or two4 ,h[ are fatty meats clean$8 ,:y c !y n be clean$ by wa%+ 9 wat] 7see ,exp]im5t #ce78 ,:at is ! purpose ( scor+ ! salt pork or bacon8 ,:at is ! advantage ( season+ peanuts by cook+ 9 /rong salt$ wat] r ?an spr9kl+ salt ov] !m aft] br[n+8 ,:at are ! prices ( beans & raw peanuts p] p\nd8 ,h[ _m cupfuls 9 a p\nd ( ea*8 ,,lesson ,,lxxiii ,,legumes 7,b7 ,,bean ,,s\p #b cupfuls beans #c qu>ts wat] ,bak+ soda #a piece ( cel]y root or #a_/b teaspoonful cel]y salt or ,dri$ cel]y leaves l #a_/b tablespoonfuls butt] or sub/itute #b slices onion ,cay5ne #a_/h teaspoonful pepp] #b teaspoonfuls salt #a_/d teaspoonful mu/>d #b tablespoonfuls fl\r ,soak ! beans ov]night2 add soda1 onion1 & cel]y4 ,cook sl[ly until ! beans are s(t4 ,add m wat]1 if m ?an "o qu>t evaporates4 ,press ?r\gh a /ra9]4 ,use ! rema9d] ( ! +r$i5ts 9 mak+ a sauce4 ,! /ra9$ beans %\ld be us$ z ! liquid = ! sauce 7see ,?ick ,s\ps74 ,slices ( lemon & ( h>d-cook$ eggs may be us$ z a g>ni% = ?is s\p4 ,,split ,,pea ,,s\p #a cupful split peas #b #a_/b qu>ts wat] ,bak+ soda #b slices onion #a p9t milk #a_/h teaspoonful pepp] l #a_/d teaspoonfuls salt #c tablespoonfuls fl\r #b tablespoonfuls butt] or sub/itute ,soak ! peas ov]night2 add soda & onion2 & cook sl[ly until ! peas are s(t4 ,press ?r\gh a /ra9]4 ,make a ,:ite ,sauce ( ! rema9d] ( ! +r$i5ts4 ,add ! /ra9$ peas1 heat1 & s]ve4 ,cook+ a ham bone ) ! split peas *anges ! flavor4 ,,gre5 ,,pea ,,s\p #a p9t or c ( peas #a_/b teaspoonful sug> #a p9t liquid r\nd peas & wat] ,pepp] #a teaspoonful salt #a #a_/b tablespoonfuls butt] or sub/itute #a p9t milk #b tablespoonfuls fl\r ,turn ! peas into a saucepan2 add ! liquid1 wat]1 & sug>2 & cook until v s(t4 ,press ! peas ?r\gh a /ra9]4 ,make a ,:ite ,sauce ( ! rema9+ +r$i5ts4 ,add ! /ra9$ peas1 heat1 & s]ve4 ,peas too old to s]ve z a vegetable may be us$ = s\p4 ,"s ( ! pods ( fre% peas may be cook$ ) ! peas4 ,,crisp ,,crack]s ,spread ?9 crack]s v lightly ) butt]4 ,br[n 9 ! ov5 & s]ve ) s\p4 ,,que/ions ,h[ %\ld ! wat] boil to prev5t dri$ legumes f break+ 7see ,cook+ ,vegetables 9 ,wat]78 ,:at is ! simple/ way ( ?ick5+ s\p1 if x is too ?98 ,too ?ick8 ,if a ham bone is cook$ ) split peas1 :at +r$i5t %\ld be omitt$ 9 mak+ ! s\p8 ,:y8 ,h[ _m p]sons w ^! recipes = s\p s]ve8 ,h[ _m cupfuls 9 a p\nd ( split peas8 ,:at is ! co/ p] p\nd ( split peas8 ,h[ mu* does "o cupful ( split peas increase 9 bulk by soak+8 ,:at quantity ( split peas w\ld be equal to a c ( peas8 ,:at is ! co/ ( a c ( peas8 ,h[ mu* is sav$ 9 mak+ s\p by us+ split peas r ?an gre5 peas8 ,,lesson ,,lxxiv ,,legumes 7,c7 ,,bean ,,roa/ #a cupful :ite beans1 cook$ #a cupful roa/$ peanuts #a_/b cupful bread crumbs #a teaspoonful salt ,speck pepp] #a_/b cupful milk ,put ! beans & peanuts ?r\gh a food *opp]1 add ! rema9+ +r$i5ts4 ,mix & %ape into a loaf4 ,place 9 an oil$ di% & bake #cj m9utes 9 a mod]ate ov54 ,s]ve hot ) ,tomato ,sauce4 ,,peanut ,,butt] ,,s\p #a cupful peanut butt] #a_/b cupful *opp$ cel]y #a #a_/b cupfuls wat] #c cupfuls milk #b teaspoonfuls salt #a_/h teaspoonful pepp] #a grat$ potato ,mix ! peanut butt] ) ,i cupful ( milk4 ,heat #b cupfuls ( milk 9 a d\ble boil]4 ,cook ! cel]y 9 ! wat] until ! vegetable is t5d]4 ,add ! grat$ potato1 cook1 & /ir until ! mixture is ?ick5$4 ,!n add x to ! hot milk4 ,also add ! peanut butt] mixture & season+4 ,heat until x is hot4 ,beat ) a ,dov] egg beat]4 ,s]ve hot4 ,dri$ cel]y leaves may be us$ in/ead ( fre% cel]y4 ,,que/ions ,m5tion ! nutri5ts conta9$ 9 ! food mat]ials ( ,bean ,roa/ & ,peanut ,butt] ,s\p4 ,discuss ! value ( ea* nutri5t4 ,calculate ! co/ ( ,bean ,roa/4 ,h[ _m p]sons w x s]ve8 ,h[ _m p]sons w "o p\nd ( *opp$ beef s]ve8 ,e/imate ! diff]5ce 9 co/ ( "o s]v+ ( ,bean ,roa/ & ( ,*opp$ ,/eak4 ,:at is ! purpose ( grat$ potato 9 ,peanut ,butt] ,s\p8 ,:at sub/ance c\ld be sub/itut$ = ! grat$ potato8 ,/ate ! me?od ( mix+ & cook+ if ! sub/itution 7 made4 ,,relat$ ,,"w ,,lesson ,,lxxv ,,co/ ,,( ,,food ,,foods ,,diff] ,,greatly ,,9 ,,co/4--,"o p\nd ( rice co/s mu* less ?an "o p\nd ( beef/eak4 ,"o cut ( meat may co/ less p] p\nd ?an ano!r4 ,tw5ty-five c5ts buys mu* less 9 weight ( sweetbreads ?an ( beef/eak4 ,_m factors o!r ?an diff]5ce 9 co/ mu/1 h[ev]1 be tak5 into consid]ation :5 det]m9+ ! value ( foods4 ,,co/ ,,( ,,food ,,9 ,,relation ,,to ,,nutritive ,,value4--,foods diff] 9 nutritive value p] p\nd4 ,"o p\nd ( dri$ split peas conta9s m ?an ?ree times z mu* nutrim5t z "o p\nd ( fre% peas4 ,! nutritive value ( a p\nd ( sweetbreads is mu* less ?an t ( a p\nd ( beef/eak4 ,,co/ ,,( ,,food ,,9 ,,relation ,,to ,,refuse4--,al?\gh "o cut ( meat may sell = m ?an ano!r1 ! high] pric$ "o may be *eap] because !re is less wa/e4 ,9 mo/ localities flank /eak co/s m p] p\nd ?an %\ld] /eak2 yet flank /eak is ! *eap] meat because x is all edible1 :ile !re is ab\t "o fif? wa/e 9 mo/ %\ld] /eak4 ,"o pays = "s refuse ev5 :5 pur*as+ eggs4 ,,co/ ,,( ,,food ,,9 ,,relation ,,to ,,season4--,mo/ foods are high] 9 price :5 out ( season4 ,/rawb]ries may co/ sev5ty-five c5ts p] qu>t 9 ,febru>y & tw5ty-five c5ts 9 ! spr+ or summ] mon?s4 ,an unseasonable food is inv>iably exp5sive4 ,,co/ ,,( ,,food ,,9 ,,relation ,,to ,,weight4--,food labels (t5 conta9 valuable in=mation4 ,! weight ( ! cont5ts ( a package1 c1 or bottle1 & sometimes ! composition ( food appe>s on !m4 ,packages1 bottles1 & cans ( equal size d n always conta9 ! same quantity ( foods4 ,! %ape or ?ickness ( a conta9] also affects ! quantity ( its cont5ts4 ,by exam9+ labels & not+ weight & composition1 ! price & quality ( "o br& ( foods may be comp>$ ) ano!r4 ,h\sehold scales are useful 9 *eck+ up ! weight ( foods1 su* z meats1 fats1 & vegetables4 ,by weigh+ foods aft] !y h be5 pur*as$1 a h\sekeep] c det]m9e if a deal] is giv+ h] t = :i* %e pays4 ,,less5+ ,,! ,,co/ ,,( ,,foods4--,!re are _m ?+s1 !n1 t ! ?rifty buy] %\ld take into consid]ation :5 pur*as+ foods4 ,x is "o ( ! obligations ( a woman :o pur*ases & plans ! foods = a family to be c>eful ( exp5se4 ,! foll[+ /atem5t conc]n+ ?rift is bo? =ceful & true3 ,x is n b5ea? ! dignity ( any family to avoid useless exp5diture no matt] h[ g5]\s its income1 & ! intellig5t h\sekeep] %\ld take z mu* pride 9 sett+ a good table1 at a l[ price1 z ! manufactur] does 9 less5+ ! co/ ( production 9 8 factory4 ,footnote #ef3 ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,f>m]s' ,bullet9 #cia1 ,economical ,use ( ,meat 9 ! ,home1 p4 #dc4 ,,calculation ,,( ,,! ,,co/ ,,( ,,food4--,9 c\nt+ ! co/ ( foods1 x is necess>y to "k n only ! price p] p\nd1 qu>t1 doz51 or package1 b ! measurem5t 9 cupfuls ( ! giv5 weight4 ,mo/ ( ! data = ! li/ giv5 bel[ c be obta9$ f labels on ! conta9]s & f ! notes on ! weights & measures ( v>i\s foods prep>$ f ! ,que/ions ( ?is text4 ,! da%es indicate t data are n requir$4 ,! co/ %\ld be calculat$ to f\r decimal places4 ,,foods ,,co/ ,,measure ,,co/ ,,p] ,,co/ ,,p] ,,co/ ,,p] ,,p] ,,9 ,,cupful ,,table- ,,tea- ,,p\nd1 ,,cupfuls ,,spoonful ,,spoonful ,,qu>t1 ,,( ,,etc4 ,,p\nd1 ,,qu>t1 ,,etc4 ,apricots 7dri$7 ----- ----- ,bak+ ,p[d] ----- ----- ,beans1 dri$ ----- ----- ,butt] ,butt] ,sub/itute ,*eese ----- ----- ,cocoa ----- ----- ,c(fee ,heap+ ----- ,table- spoonful ,corn-meal ----- ----- ,corn-/>* ----- ,cream ( ,:eat ----- ----- ,cream ----- ,currants ----- ----- 7dri$7 ,eggs 7see ----- ,"o ----- ,exp]im5t #da ,fl\r1 :ite ----- ,fl\r1 :ole :eat ----- ----- ,fl\r1 graham ----- ----- ,gelat9e ----- ,l>d ----- ,mac>oni ----- ----- ,meat1 *opp$ ----- ----- ,milk ----- ----- ,potatoes ----- ,"o ----- ----- potato ,prunes 7dri$7 ----- ----- ,rais9s 7dri$7 ----- ----- ,rice ----- ----- ,roll$ ,oats ----- ----- ,salt ----- ,split ,peas ----- ----- ,sug>1 br[n ----- ----- ,sug>1 granulat$ ----- ----- ,sug>1 loaf ,"o ----- ----- lump ,sug>1 p[d]$ ----- ----- ,tapioca ----- ----- ,tea ----- ,vanilla ----- ----- ----- ,vegetable ,oil ----- ,:eat5a ----- ----- ,,lesson ,,lxxvi ,,cook+ ,,& ,,s]v+ ,a ,,breakfa/ ,cook & s]ve a breakfa/4 ,! foll[+ m5u is sugge/$3 ,oranges or ,bak$ ,apples ,gold5rod ,eggs ,bak$ ,mu% ) ,honey or ,m>malade ,cocoa ,foll[ ! ,engli% or family /yle ( s]v+4 ,s]ve ! breakfa/ ) or )\t a maid4 ,calculate ! co/ ( ! meal4 ,9 det]m9+ ! co/1 use ! data f ! previ\s lesson = ! /aple mat]ials4 ,! co/ ( fre% foods su* z oranges or apples may be secur$ f ! "o :o did ! m>ket+ or f ! groc]'s /atem5t4 ,,lesson ,,lxxvii ,,review3 ,,meal ,,cook+ ,,m5u ,c]eal ) ,fruit ,poa*$ ,egg on ,toa/ ,see ,lesson ,,xiv = sugge/ions reg>d+ ! prep>ation ( ! ,lesson4 ,,lesson ,,lxxviii ,,home ,,projects ,footnote #eg3 ,see ,lesson ,,ix ,,sugge/ions ,,= ,,home ,,"w4--,set ! table = ! ev5+ meal ea* day4 ,cook at lea/ "o t\gh cut ( meat ea* week4 ,sugge/$ ,aims3 7#a7 ,to lay ! clo? smoo? & /raight4 7#b7 ,to place ! di%es 9 a neat & ord]ly way on ! table4 7#c7 ,to make z few trips z possible f ! cupbo>d to ! d9+ table4 7#d7 ,to plan ! entire numb] ( di%es1 knives1 =ks1 spoons1 & o!r ?+s ne$$ dur+ ! meal1 & !n place ^! on ! d9+ table or o!r suitable place :]e !y may be conv5i5tly obta9$ :5 ! meal is be+ s]v$4 7#e7 ,to prep>e ! t\gh meat s t x is t5d]1 moi/1 & ta/y4 7#f7 ,to det]m9e ! co/ ( meat4 ,,division ,,sev5 ,,heal? ,,& ,,gr[?-,,promot+ ,,foods1--,,ri* ,,9 ,,vitam9es ,,lesson ,,lxxix ,,vitam9es--,,vegetables ,,( ,,delicate ,,flavor ,,vitam9es4--,9 det]m9+ ! prop] diet = p]fect n\ri%m5t1 sci5ti/s long s9ce came to ! conclusion t ! body ne$$ a c]ta9 quantity ( c>bohydrates1 fats1 prote91 a%1 & wat]4 ,!y 7 all agre$ t all ^! food/uffs ne$$ to be repres5t$ 9 ! foods mak+ up a day's diet4 ,sci5ti/s also f\nd t ^! food/uffs mu/ exi/ 9 a c]ta9 proportion 9 a day's food1--t !re %\ld be en\gh ( ea* ( ! food/uffs to meet ! ne$s ( ! body4 ,a diet made up ( foods 9 :i* all ! food/uffs 7 repres5t$ 9 ! prop] proportion 0 t]m$ a balanc$ ration4 ,inve/igations ( rec5t ye>s1 h[ev]1 %[ t ^! food/uffs alone d n af=d p]fect n\ri%m5t4 ,mu* valuable sci5tific "w is be+ done on ! "q ( adequate diet4 ,x is f\nd t c]ta9 sub/ances conta9$ 9 foods 9 small am\nts are absolutely ess5tial 9 diet4 ,:5 animals are f$ foods conta9+ only ! food/uffs m5tion$ above & none ( ^! o!r sub/ances1 !y cease gr[+1 become diseas$1 & ev5tually die4 ,^! mat]ials s necess>y to ! gr[? & ma9t5ance ( animal life are t]m$ ,vitam9es by "s au?orities4 ,!re are ?ree classes ( ,vitam9es1 call$ ,fat-soluble ,a1 ,wat]-soluble ,b1 & ,wat]-soluble ,c4 ,x is n[ believ$ t !re is at lea/ "o m vitam9e4 ,al?\gh vitam9es exi/ 9 foods only 9 m9ute quantities x is necess>y to use foods conta9+ all ! k9ds ( vitam9es to promote gr[? & to keep 9 heal?4 ,fat-soluble ,a1 especially ) c]ta9 m9]als1 is ?\ght to prev5t rickets & a disease ( ! eye call$ x]oph?almia4 ,dur+ ! w>1 because ( inadequate diet1 _m cases ( ^! diseases develop$ 9 ,europe4 ,wat]-soluble ,b is call$ ! anti-neuritic vitam9e because x is necess>y to prev5t a disease call$ polyneuritis or b]i-b]i 7see ,poli%$ & ,unpoli%$ ,rice74 ,wat]-soluble ,c is call$ ! anti-scorbutic vitam9e because x is necess>y to prev5t a disease call$ scurvy4 ,,foods ,,conta9+ ,,fat-,,soluble ,a are milk1 eggs1 & leafy vegetables4 ,leafy vegetables include3 sp9a*1 lettuce1 cel]y tops1 beet tops1 ,swiss *>d1 coll>ds1 cabbage1 ,brussels spr\ts1 & onions4 ,milk products1 su* z butt] & *eese1 & cod-liv] oil also conta9 fat-soluble ,a4 ,x is also ?\ght to be pres5t 9 c]ta9 vegetables su* z c>rots1 :i* are n leafy vegetables4 ,n all fat foods conta9 fat- soluble ,a4 ,x does n exi/ 9 ! vegetable oils4 ,x has be5 demon/rat$ t foods ri* 9 fat-soluble ,a1 especially milk1 eggs1 & leafy vegetables1 are mo/ ess5tial 9 diet4 ,accord+ to ,mc,collum1 dry leaves conta9 #c to #e times z mu* total a% z d se$s2 ! =m] are also especially ri* 9 ! important elem5ts calcium1 sodium1 & *lor9e1 9 :i* ! se$ is poore/4 ,h5ce leafy vegetables n only ab\nd 9 ! gr[?-promot+ vitam9e b 9 c]ta9 ess5tial m9]als4 ,c]eals1 root vegetables1 & meat ne$ to be supplem5t$ ) milk & leafy vegetables4 ,because milk1 eggs1 & leafy vegetables are s valuable & ess5tial 9 diet1 ^! foods h be5 t]m$ protective foods4 ,fre% milk conta9s fat-soluble ,a & a small quantity ( wat]-soluble ,b & wat]-soluble ,c4 ,its value z a food has be5 previ\sly discuss$4 ,d\btless ! leafy vegetables are n z g5]ally & z con/antly us$ z !y %\ld be4 ,root vegetables & c]eals seem to be a mu* m popul> =m ( vegetable food4 ,! pupil %\ld realize ! importance ( ^! foods & :5 possible expla9 _! use 9 h] home4 ,le>n+ to prep>e leafy vegetables s z to reta9 _! nutrim5t & to make !m appetiz+ w\ld d\btless d mu* 9 promot+ _! use4 ,,foods ,,conta9+ ,,wat]-,,soluble ,b4--,wat]-soluble ,b is m widely di/ribut$ 9 foods ?an is fat-soluble ,a4 ,x occurs = ! mo/ "p1 h[ev]1 9 vegetable foods4 ,plants conta9+ ?is vitam9e include se$s1 root1 /em1 & leafy vegetables4 ,:ole gra9s1 legumes1 sp9a*1 cabbage1 potatoes1 c>rots1 onions1 turnips1 beets1 & tomatoes & all o!r commonly us$ vegetables conta9 wat]-soluble ,b4 ,x is ?\ght t ! g]m ( :ole gra9s1 r ?an ! bran1 furni%es wat]-soluble ,b4 ,compress$ yea/ conta9s "s ( ?is vitam9e1 b none ( ! o!r two4 ,,foods ,,conta9+ ,,wat]-,,soluble ,c include bo? animal & vegetable foods1 b fre% fruits & gre5 vegetables conta9 ! l>ge/ quantity4 ,orange juice1 lettuce1 cabbage1 & sp9a* are valuable s\rces ( ?is vitam9e4 ,milk & meat conta9 only a v small quantity ( wat]- soluble ,c4 ,,sav+ ,,! ,,nutrim5t ,,& ,,flavor4--,x 0 m5tion$ 9 ,sugge/ions = ,cook+ ,fre% ,vegetables t a sav+ ( a% 9 vegetables meant a sav+ ( bo? nutrim5t & flavor4 ,if vegetables ( delicate flavor are to be made ta/y1 x is especially necess>y to lose none ( ! a% con/itu5ts4 ,note t 9 ! me?ods ( cook+ ! vegetables ( delicate flavor 9 ?is lesson t ei!r ! vegetables are cook$ 9 su* a way t no moi/ure ne$s to be dra9$ f !m1 or ! vegetable /ock dra9$ f !m is us$ 9 mak+ sauce = ! vegetable4 ,by ^! me?ods bo? nutrim5t & flavor are reta9$4 ,,sp9a* #a p\nd or #a_/b peck sp9a* #a_/b tablespoonful salt #a_/h teaspoonful pepp] #b tablespoonfuls butt] ,if ! sp9a* is at all wilt$1 place x 9 cold wat] until x becomes fre% & crisp4 ,cut (f ! roots1 break ! leaves ap>t1 & drop !m 9 a pan ( wat]4 ,wa% well1 & !n lift !m into a second pan ( wat]2 wa% aga91 & cont9ue until no s& appe>s 9 ! bottom ( ! pan4 ,lift f ! wat]1 dra91 & place 9 a granite ut5sil1 & add ! season+4 ,/eam until t5d] 7usually ab\t #cj m9utes74 ,add ! butt]1 cut ! leaves ) a knife & =k4 ,turn into a hot di% & s]ve at once4 ,sp9a* is mo/ pleas+ if s]v$ ) a few drops ( v9eg> or a comb9ation ( oil & v9eg>4 ,if desir$1 ! pepp] may be omitt$ & #a tablespoonful ( sug> add$4 ,sp9a* may also be g>ni%$ ) slices ( h>d-cook$ eggs1 us+ #b eggs to #a_/b peck ( sp9a*4 ,sp9a* may be cook$ directly ov] ! flame1 z foll[s3 wa% ! sp9a* z direct$ above4 ,!n dra91 & place 9 a saucepan or cass]ole4 ,d n add wat] unless ! sp9a* is old4 ,add ! season+1 cov]1 & cook = #aj m9utes1 press+ d[n & turn+ ov] ! sp9a* sev]al times dur+ ! cook+4 ,cut ) a knife & =k 9 ! saucepan or cass]ole4 ,add ! butt]1 & simm] = #e m9utes4 ,s]ve at once4 ,,scallop$ ,,sp9a* ,,) ,,*eese #a p\nd sp9a* #a cupful ?ick ,:ite ,sauce #a_/b cupful *eese1 cut 9 pieces #b to #c h>d-cook$ eggs1 slic$ #b cupfuls butt]$ bread crumbs ,wa% ! sp9a* & cook x by ei!r ( ! me?ods giv5 above4 ,season x ) #a_/b tablespoonful ( salt4 ,dra9 ! moi/ure f ! cook$ sp9a*4 ,use ?is liquid comb9$ ) milk = ! liquid ( ! ,:ite ,sauce4 ,season ! sauce ) #a_/b teaspoonful ( salt & add ! *eese to x4 ,/ir ! mixture until ! *eese is bl5d$ ) ! sauce4 ,divide ! sp9a*1 sauce1 & eggs into #b portions & ! bread crumbs into #c portions1 z direct$ = ,scallop$ ,corn4 ,place a lay] ( crumbs 9 a bak+-di%1 add a lay] ( sp9a*1 sauce1 & eggs4 ,add ano!r lay] ( ea* mat]ial & f9ally ! ?ird lay] ( crumbs4 ,bake 9 a mod]ate ov5 until ! mat]ials are heat$ & ! crumbs br[n$4 ,s]ve hot4 ,,dri$ ,,cel]y ,,leaves ,footnote #eh3 ,! /ems ( cel]y f :i* ! leaves are cut1 %\ld be utiliz$4 ,!y may be us$ 9 a salad or cook$ & s]v$ ) ,:ite ,sauce z ,cream$ ,cel]y4 ,if ! vegetable is cook$1 x %\ld be /eam$ or cook$ 9 a small quantity ( boil+ wat]4 ,9 case ! latt] me?od is foll[$1 ! cel]y /ock %\ld be comb9$ ) milk & us$ 9 ! prep>ation ( ! ,:ite ,sauce4 ,wa% cel]y leaves & remove ! /ems4 ,place ! leaves on a platt] or granite pan1 cov] ) *eese-clo?1 & set aside to dry4 ,:5 p]fectly dry1 crumble ! leaves & place !m 9 a cov]$ j>4 ,use = flavor+ s\ps & /ews4 ,,que/ions ,9 :at k9d ( soil does sp9a* gr[8 ,:at is ! advantage ( us+ two pans 9 wa%+ sp9a*8 ,:at is ! advantage ( cook+ 9 /eam gre5 vegetables ( delicate flavor8 ,if gre5 vegetables are cook$ 9 wat]1 :at is ! advantage 9 us+ a small1 r ?an a l>ge quantity ( wat]8 ,:at is ! price ( sp9a* p] p\nd or peck8 ,h[ _m p]sons does "o p\nd or peck s]ve8 ,:at is ! price ( cel]y p] bun*8 ,:at vitam9es are pres5t 9 sp9a* & cel]y leaves & /ems8 ,,lesson ,,lxxx ,,vitam9es--,,vegetables ,,( ,,/rong ,,flavor ,,! ,,effect ,,( ,,cook+ ,,& ,,dry+ ,,vitam9e-,,ri* ,,foods4--,s9ce vitam9es are s ess5tial 9 food1 ! effect ( cook+ & dry+ ^u ! vitam9e cont5t ( a food ne$s to be consid]$4 ,!re has be5 "s diff]5ce ( op9ion reg>d+ ?is matt]4 ,inde$1 ! "q ( :e!r or n vitam9es ( all vitam9e-ri* foods are de/roy$ by cook+ & dry+ has n be5 det]m9$4 ,x is ?\ght1 h[ev]1 t fat-soluble ,a may be de/roy$ 9 "p by cook+ at boil+ temp]ature & t prolong$ cook+ may almo/ entirely de/roy x4 ,wat]-soluble ,b is ?\ght to be little affect$ by ord9>y home cook+ processes4 ,b :5 foods conta9+ x are heat$ above boil+ temp]ature1 z 9 comm]cial cann+ & cook+ 9 ! pressure cook]1 ! vitam9e is believ$ to be p>tially or completely de/roy$4 ,x is ?\ght ! wat]-soluble ,b vitam9e pres5t 9 foods is de/roy$ by cook+ !m 9 wat] to :i* bak+ soda or any alkali is add$4 ,wat]-soluble ,c is decid$ly affect$ by heat4 ,vegetables cook$ = ev5 tw5ty m9utes at boil+ temp]ature lose mu* ( _! usefulness 9 prev5t+ scurvy4 ,x is ?\ght1 h[ev]1 t v "y c>rots cook$ = a %ort "t1 & cann$ tomatoes1 conta9 wat]-soluble ,c4 ,dry+ also de/roys to a great ext5t ! anti-scorbutic effect ( foods conta9+ wat]-soluble ,c4 ,mo/ dri$ vegetables & fruits h be5 f\nd valueless 9 *eck+ scurvy4 ,s9ce !re is no "q ab\t ! vitam9e cont5t ( uncook$ vegetables1 ! use ( salads conta9+ lettuce & raw vegetables su* z cabbage & c>rots %\ld f9d favor4 ,sp9a* is a valuable food n only because x conta9s vitam9es1 b because x is ri* 9 iron4 ,"y beet tops s (t5 disc>d$ conta9 too mu* valuable mat]ial to be wa/$4 ,,nutrim5t ,,v]sus ,,flavor4--,if vegetables ( /rong flavor are cook$ c>efully 9 a l>ge quantity ( boil+ wat] 7at lea/ #d qu>ts71 a mild flavor results1 b mu* ( ! a% is lo/4 ,if vegetables are /eam$ !re is little loss ( a% b ! /rong flavor is reta9$4 ,9 ! cook+ ( cabbage1 = example1 inve/igation has %[n t almo/ f\r times z mu* a% may be lo/ by boil+ z by /eam+4 ,9 ! cook+ ( su* vegetables z cabbage & onions ! "q arises3 ,is x bett] to /eam !m & ?us lose little nutrim5t b pres]ve ! /rong flavor2 or to boil !m 9 mu* wat] & ?us lose mu* nutrim5t b secure delicate flavor8 ,if /rong cabbage flavor is n di/a/eful1 /eam x or cook x 9 a small quantity ( wat] by all means4 ,if delicate cabbage flavor is mu* m pleas+1 cook x 9 mu* wat]4 ,onions h su* a /rong flavor t mo/ h\sekeep]s pref] to sacrifice nutrim5t = flavor4 ,,cream$ ,,cabbage 7,cook$ 9 ,mu* ,wat]7 ,a head ( cabbage %\ld be cut into qu>t]s & plac$ 9 cold wat]4 ,if x is wilt$1 x %\ld rema9 9 ! wat] until fre%5$4 ,cook ! cabbage uncov]$ f #ae to #be m9utes 9 a l>ge quantity ( boil+ wat] 7#a teaspoonful ( salt to ,i qu>t ( wat]74 ,! "t dep5ds ^u ! age ( ! cabbage4 ,dra9 well4 ,) ! knife & =k cut ! cabbage 9 ! saucepan4 7,d n disc>d ! core ( "y cabbage s9ce x conta9s valuable nutri5ts47 ,mix ) ,:ite ,sauce1 us+ two p>ts ( cabbage to "o ( ,:ite ,sauce4 ,heat & s]ve 7see ,cream$ & ,scallop$ ,vegetables74 ,scallop$ ,cabbage may be prep>$ by plac+ cream$ cabbage 9 a bak+-di%1 cov]+ ) ,butt]$ ,crumbs & bak+ until ! crumbs are br[n4 ,in/ead ( us+ ,:ite ,sauce ) ! cabbage1 butt] 7or sub/itute71 pepp]1 & m salt 7if requir$7 may be add$4 ,use #a tablespoonful ( butt] 7or sub/itute7 to ea* p9t ( cabbage4 ,,cabbage 7,,cook$ ,,9 ,,little ,,wat]7 ,clean cabbage1 !n cut or *op bo? ! leaves & core4 ,cook 9 a small quantity ( boil+ wat] f #ae to #be m9utes4 ,! small quantity ( /ock :i* rema9s aft] cook+ %\ld be s]v$ ) ! vegetable to :i* butt] 7or sub/itute7 & season+s are add$4 ,! /ock may also be dra9$ f ! cabbage & us$ 9 mak+ ,:ite ,sauce 9 :i* ! vegetable is s]v$4 ,,cream$ ,,cabbage 7,,/eam$7 ,cut & clean cabbage z direct$ above4 ,place 9 a granite ut5sil & /eam until t5d] 7usually ab\t #de m9utes74 ,cut ! leaves & add ,:ite ,sauce z direct$ above4 ,,onions 7,,cook$ ,,9 ,,mu* ,,wat]7 #a p\nd onions #a_/b cupful milk #a to #b tablespoonfuls butt] #a_/b teaspoonful salt ,pepp] ,peel & wa% ! onions2 !n cook uncov]$ 9 a l>ge quantity ( boil+ salt$ wat]2 *ange ! wat] at ! end ( #e m9utes & aga9 9 #aj m9utes2 cook until t5d]4 ,dra92 add milk & season+s & cook until ! milk is hot4 ,,note4--,x is advisable to save ! wat] dra9$ f onions1 boil x d[n1 & use x 9 s\ps1 /ews1 or ha% = flavor4 ,onions may also be s]v$ ) ,:ite ,sauce1 or !y may be scallop$1 i4e4 cut into qu>t]s1 plac$ 9 a bak+-di%1 cov]$ ) ,:ite ,sauce & ,butt]$ ,crumbs1 & !n br[n$ 9 ! ov54 ,! /a9 & odor may be kept f ! h&s if onions are held "u wat] :5 peel$4 ,if onions are cook$ uncov]$ 9 a l>ge quantity ( g5tly boil+ wat] 9 a well-v5tilat$ kit*51 n mu* odor is notic$4 ,! fireless cook]1 h[ev]1 provides satisfactory means ( cook+ onions )\t ! disagreeable odor 7see ,lesson ,,xxii74 ,place ! onions 9 a l>ge quantity ( wat] & boil = #e m9utes4 ,!n cook 9 ! fireless cook] f #b to #h h\rs1 accord+ to ! size & ! age ( ! onions1 & ! type ( cook]4 ,,que/ions ,comp>e ! ?ree me?ods ( cook+ cabbage giv5 9 ?is lesson4 ,/ate ! advantages & disadvantages ( ea*4 ,:y %\ld ! core or ?ick /em ( cabbage be us$ z food8 ,:at is ! price p] p\nd ( cabbage8 ,:at is ! weight ( "o cabbage ( av]age size8 ,give sugge/ions = select+ a cabbage4 ,:y %\ld onions be peel$ "u wat]8 ,:at is ! purpose ( *ang+ ! wat] twice 9 cook+ onions8 ,:y is x advisable to save ! wat] dra9$ f onions & use x 9 s\ps & o!r foods8 ,:at is ! price p] p\nd ( onions8 ,h[ _m p]sons w "o p\nd ( onions s]ve8 ,,lesson ,,lxxxi ,,salads 7,a7 ,,prep>ation ,,( ,a ,,salad4--,a well-prep>$ salad is a good food4 ,x is necess>y1 h[ev]1 to prep>e x s t x may be pleas+ 9 appe>ance z well z 9 ta/e4 ,! gre5 vegetables us$ = salads %\ld be crisp1 cold1 & dry :5 s]v$4 ,if sev]al food mat]ials are us$1 ! flavors %\ld bl5d4 ,h ! salad dress+ well season$1 & its +r$i5ts well proportion$4 ,add ! dress+ to a salad j be=e s]v+4 ,,lettuce ,,= ,,salad ,ei!r leaf or head lettuce =ms a "p ( almo/ all salads4 ,x is (t5 us$ z a b$ = a salad1 or z a bord]4 ,= ! latt] purpose1 leaf lettuce %\ld be us$ & cut into /rips ) ! scissors4 ,keep lettuce 9 a cold place2 sep>ate ! leaves1 & place !m 9 cold wat] until crisp & fre%4 ,wa% & look ov] c>efully to see t no insects cl+ to !m4 ,%ake ! wat] f ! leaves or place !m 9 a clo? bag or a wire basket4 ,!n place ! bag or basket 9 ! refrig]ator to dra94 ,! leaves may also be dri$ ) a t[el4 ,lettuce s]v$ ) ,fr5* ,dress+ makes a pla9 b pleas+ salad4 ,:5 lettuce is us$ z a b$ or bord] = a salad1 x %\ld be eat5 & n left to be turn$ into ! g>bage c4 ,,fr5* ,,dress+ ,clove ( g>lic or ,slice ( onion #a teaspoonful salt #f tablespoonfuls salad oil half teaspoonful paprika #b tablespoonfuls v9eg> or lemon juice ,rub a b[l ) ! clove ( g>lic or slice ( onion4 ,add ! rema9d] ( ! +r$i5ts1 & /ir until well bl5d$4 ,m v9eg> or lemon juice may be us$1 if desir$4 ,*opp$ p>sley or m9t may be add$4 ,"s f9d x conv5i5t to put ! mat]ials = ,fr5* ,dress+ 9 a bottle or j> & mix ! +r$i5ts by %ak+ ! bottle4 ,= ,fruit ,salads1 ! addition ( #a tablespoonful ( sug> & #a teaspoonful ( lemon juice to ! ,fr5* ,dress+ recipe above makes a pleas+ flavor4 ,cel]y salt is ?\ght by "s to improve ! flavor4 ,f a qu>t] to a half teaspoonful may be add$4 ,,coleslaw #c cupfuls %r$d$ cabbage #a_/b teaspoonful salt #a_/b teaspoonful mu/>d ,cay5ne #a teaspoonful sug> #a egg or #b egg yolks #a_/b cupful milk #b teaspoonfuls butt] or sub/itute #a_/d cupful v9eg> ,heat ! milk 9 a d\ble boil]4 ,beat ! eggs1 add ! dry +r$i5ts4 ,!n add ! milk to !m4 ,return ! mixture to ! d\ble boil] & cook z a cu/>d 7see ,s(t ,cu/>d74 ,remove f ! hot wat]1 add ! fat & v9eg>1 & at once /ra9 ov] ! cabbage4 ,set aside to cool4 ,s]ve cold4 ,,c>rot ,,& ,,cabbage ,,salad #a m$ium-siz$ c>rot #b cupfuls cabbage #a_/b cupful roa/$ peanuts ,fr5* or ,cream ,salad ,dress+ ,clean & scrape ! c>rot4 ,wa% ! cabbage4 ,put ! c>rot 7uncook$71 cabbage1 & peanuts ?r\gh ! food *opp]4 ,mix ) ,fr5* or ,cream ,salad ,dress+4 ,add m season+ if necess>y4 ,s]ve at once4 ,,que/ions ,expla9 :y x is necess>y to dry ! salad mat]ials be=e add+ ! salad dress+4 ,give at lea/ ?ree diff]5t vegetable mixtures t w\ld be palatable & pleas+ if s]v$ ) ,fr5* ,dress+4 ,h[ is cabbage clean$8 ,h[ %\ld x be cut = salad8 ,:5 is ! dress+ usually add$ to salads8 ,:5 is ! dress+ add$ to ! ,coleslaw8 ,give ! reason = ?is exception4 ,:at is ! purpose ( ! egg 9 ?is salad dress+8 ,:at c\ld be sub/itut$ = ! egg8 ,give ! me?od ( prep>ation if ?is sub/itution 7 made4 ,:at is ! price p] p\nd ( leaf lettuce8 ,( head lettuce p] p\nd or p] head8 ,:at is ! av]age numb] ( leaves 9 a p\nd8 ,:at mat]ials 9 ,c>rot & ,cabbage ,salad conta9 vitam9es8 ,/ate ! k9d ( vitam9e pres5t 9 ea* mat]ial4 ,,lesson ,,lxxxii ,,salads 7,b7 ,,/uff$ ,,eggs ,cut h>d-cook$ eggs into halves crosswise4 ,remove ! yolks1 ma% !m1 & = ea* egg add ! foll[+ +r$i5ts3 #a tablespoonful *opp$ *ick51 ham1 or o!r meat ,da% salt #a teaspoonful vegetable oil or melt$ butt] #f drops v9eg> #a_/h teaspoonful mu/>d ,cay5ne ,mix ! +r$i5ts4 ,refill ! :ites ) ! yolk mixture4 ,s]ve ! /uff$ eggs on lettuce leaves4 ,! *opp$ *ick5 or meat may be omitt$ f ! egg mixture1 or a little *opp$ pickle or olive or *eese may be us$ in/ead ( ! meat4 ,salad dress+ may be s]v$ ) ,/uff$ ,eggs4 ,,cream ,,salad ,,dress+ #c tablespoonfuls butt] or sub/itute #d tablespoonfuls fl\r #b tablespoonfuls sug> ,pepp] #a to #b eggs l #a_/b teaspoonfuls salt #a_/b teaspoonful mu/>d #a #a_/b cupfuls milk 7sweet or s\r7 #a_/b cupful v9eg> ,make a sauce ( ! fat1 fl\r1 & milk4 ,beat ! eggs1 add ! season+s4 ,add ! fir/ mixture gradually to ! egg mixture & cook ov] hot wat] z a cu/>d 7see ,s(t ,cu/>d74 ,add ! v9eg>1 /ra94 ,cool be=e s]v+4 ,less mu/>d may be us$1 if desir$4 ,,banana ,,salad ,peel & scrape bananas4 ,place !m on lettuce leaves or surr\nd ) a bord] ( %r$d$ lettuce4 ,cov] ) ,cream ,salad or ,mayonnaise ,dress+ & spr9kle *opp$ peanuts or ,cali=nia walnuts ov] !m4 ,s]ve at once4 ,banana ,salad may be v>i$ by s]v+ x ) ,cream ,salad ,dress+ to :i* peanut butt] is add$1--7#a_/b cupful salad dress+ & #a_/d cupful peanut butt]74 ,d n use ! *opp$ peanuts ) ?is comb9ation4 ,a mixture ( slic$ apples & bananas s]v$ ) ! peanut butt] dress+ makes a pleas+ salad4 ,,que/ions ,"n ! food mat]ials conta9$ 9 ! above recipes :i* conta9 vitam9es4 ,:at k9d ( vitam9es does ea* conta98 ,give two me?ods ( h>d-cook+ eggs 7see ,h>d-cook$ ,eggs74 ,9 ,/uff$ ,eggs :at meats c\ld be sub/itut$ = *opp$ *ick5 or ham8 ,:at mat]ial c\ld be sub/itut$ = "o ( ! eggs 9 ,cream ,salad ,dress+8 ,if yolks ( eggs are us$ 9 ,cream ,salad ,dress+1 h[ _m %\ld be sub/itut$ = two :ole eggs8 ,:y %\ld bananas be scrap$8 ,:y %\ld !y be s]v$ at once aft] prep>+8 ,,lesson ,,lxxxiii ,,classification ,,( ,,! ,,food/uffs ,sub/ances t n\ri% ! body may be classifi$ z foll[s3 _/ 7a7 ,/>* _/ ,c>bohydrates 7b7 ,sug> ,en]gy ,giv]s ,fats ,prote9 ,footnote #ei3 ,c>bohydrates also include cellulose4 ,b because cellulose does n yield any appreciable am\nt ( en]gy1 x is n li/$ ) />* & sug>4 _/ ,complete ,prote9s _/ ,prote9 ,body ,build]s ,incomplete ,prote9s ,a% _/ ,a% ,body ,regulators ,wat] _/ 7a7 ,fat-soluble ,a ,vitam9es 7b7 ,wat]-soluble ,b 7c7 ,wat]-soluble ,c ,footnote #fj3 ,s little is kn[n reg>d+ ! *emical composition ( vitam9es t x is difficult to classify !m4 ,s9ce ! ?ree food ess5tials t]m$ z fat-soluble ,a1 wat]-soluble ,b1 & wat]-soluble ,c are individual sub/ances & v diff]5t 9 "*1 x may be t !y w be classifi$ lat] z ?ree sep>ate food/uffs4 ,x c\ld !n be said t !re are eight food/uffs4 ,make li/s ( foods ri* 93 7#a7 ,wat]4 7#b7 ,a%4 7#c7 ,c>bohydrates4 ,subdivide foods ri* 9 c>bohydrates1 into foods ri* 9 7a7 sug>1 7b7 />*1 7c7 cellulose 7i4e4 bulky foods74 7#d7 ,fats4 7#e7 ,prote94 ,indicate ^? foods t conta9 complete prote9s & ^? t conta9 incomplete prote9s4 7#f7 ,vitam9es4 ,subdivide foods ri* 9 vitam9es into foods ri* 9 fat-soluble ,a1 wat]-soluble ,b1 wat]-soluble ,c4 ,expla9 :y c]ta9 foods are conta9$ 9 two or m li/s4 ,,relat$ ,,"w ,,lesson ,,lxxxiv ,,select+ ,,food ,,m>ket+ ,,v]sus ,,telephon+4--,visits to food m>kets or groc]y /ores are mo/ ess5tial1 especially if "o is le>n+ to buy4 ,x is fir/ necess>y to f9d desirable m>ket places or /ores1--^? t are clean & reliable4 ,scre5$ w9d[s & doors1 & adequate b9s1 boxes1 j>s1 or o!r receptacles = /or+ foods are necess>y 9 keep+ foods clean4 ,aft] "o has f\nd desirable places = m>ket+1 x is well to become acqua9t$ ) desirable br&s ( /aple cann$ or package goods4 ,aft] ?is k is ga9$ su* foods may be ord]$ by telephone1 or by mess5g] ) satisfaction4 ,b no matt] h[ exp]i5c$ ! buy]1 x is m satisfactory to select at m>kets p]i%able goods su* z meat1 fi%1 fruits1 & vegetables t wilt readily4 ,9 c]ta9 cases :]e ! h\sekeep] has su* obligations or s _m duties t a p]sonal visit to m>kets is impossible1 food mu/ be pur*as$ by telephone or mess5g]4 ,su* a proc$ure1 h[ev]1 is usually foll[$ at ! sacrifice ( economy & satisfaction 9 buy+4 ,,fre% ,,v]sus ,,cann$ ,,foods4--,fre% foods ( good quality are g5]ally m desirable bo? f ! /&po9t ( flavor & nutrim5t ?an cann$ goods4 ,:51 h[ev]1 fre% foods are unseasonable1 _! price may greatly exce$ t ( cann$ foods4 ,a good rule to foll[ is to buy fre% foods :5 !y are 9 season & ! cann$ ones :5 fre% foods ( reasonable price _c be secur$4 ,! practice ( buy+ p]i%able foods1 especially fruits1 :5 !y are abundant & cann+ !m = lat] use is ?rifty4 ,to buy factory-cann$ fruits & vegetables :5 fre% w9t] fruits1 su* z cranb]ries1 oranges1 & apples1 & root vegetables may be pur*as$ is que/ionable bo? f ! /&po9t ( economy & nutrim5t4 ,x is (t5 m economical to pur*ase dri$ r ?an cann$ fruits4 ,! =m] usually conta9 m food value p] p\nd4 ,,bulk ,,v]sus ,,package ,,goods4--,"t sp5t 9 plac+ & seal+ foods 9 packages & ! co/ ( ! conta9]s make ! price ( package foods exce$ ^? sold 9 bulk4 ,moreov]1 l>ge packages usually co/ m proportionately ?an small ones4 ,on ! o!r h&1 package foods may be clean]1 require less h&l+1 & are (t5 mu* m invit+ because ( _! attractive wrapp+4 ,x does n foll[1 h[ev]1 t all foods sold 9 conta9]s are clean] ?an ^? sold 9 bulk4 ,unsanit>y conditions sometimes prevail at factories :]e ! foods are pack$4 ,x is a safe rule to buy 9 package =m only ^? foods :i* _c be wa%$ or /]iliz$ by cook+4 ,,uncook$ ,,v]sus ,,cook$ ,,foods4--,n only breads1 cakes1 c]ta9 c]eals1 & cann$ goods may be pur*as$ ready cook$1 b o!r foods1 su* z salads & pudd+s1 may be b\ght 9 c]ta9 m>kets & /ores4 ,su* foods are mu* high] 9 price ?an ^? ( equal quality prep>$ at home4 ,! co/ ( labor1 fuel1 & ov]head exp5se z well z ( mat]ials mu/ be paid = by ! pur*as]4 ,unless "o is engag$ 9 bus9ess o!r ?an h\sekeep+ or "o's h\sekeep+ duties are too ardu\s x is g5]ally n wise to make a practice ( buy+ cook$ foods4 ,,l>ge ,,v]sus ,,small ,,quantities4--,x is usually wa/eful to pur*ase p]i%able foods 9 l>ge quantities4 ,fre% meats1 p]i%able fruits su* z b]ries1 & gre5 vegetables %\ld be pur*as$ only 9 quantities suffici5t = imm$iate use4 ,x is sometimes economical1 z f> z fuel & "t are conc]n$1 to buy en\gh fre% meat = two days' consumption1 provid$ all ( x c be cook$ on ! fir/ day1 & !n us$ cold or m]ely reheat$ on ! second day4 ,unless /orage space is limit$1 fl\r %\ld n be pur*as$ 9 less ?an #be p\nd sacks4 ,9 less quantity ?an ?is x usually co/s m p] p\nd4 ,x is wise = small families1 h[ev]1 to pur*ase fl\r & o!r gra9s 9 small] quantities 9 ! summ] "t s9ce weevils may infe/ su* food mat]ials4 ,:5 a non-p]i%able food su* z sug>1 or any ( ! gra9s1 sells = a fractional sum p] p\nd1 x is economical to buy sev]al p\nds s z n to add to ! co/ p] p\nd4 ,x is wis]1 = example1 to buy #b p\nds ( dri$ beans at #ab #a_/b c5ts p] p\nd ?an "o p\nd at #ac c5ts4 ,semi-p]i%able foods su* z eggs & fats c usually be pur*as$ ) satisfaction 9 quantities suffici5t = a week4 ,!y %\ld1 ( c\rse1 be /or$ 9 a cool place4 ,_m p]sons f9d x economical to buy eggs 9 l>ge quantities 9 ! summ] "t & pack !m 9 wat] glass = w9t] use4 ,root vegetables & cann$ goods are *eap] :5 b\ght by ! bu%el & case4 ,!re mu/1 h[ev]1 be cool1 dry /orage space to make ! pur*ase ( ! =m] 9 l>ge quantities practical4 ,x is impossible to pur*ase c]ta9 foods = small families 9 small en\gh quantities = imm$iate consumption4 ,a c ( molasses1 = example1 is usually m ?an en\gh = use at "o "t4 ,:5 ?is is ! case1 ! greate/ c>e %\ld be ex]cis$ to /ore su* foods c>efully & to utilize !m be=e !y spoil4 ,coop]ative buy+ usually means a sav+4 ,su* foods z fl\r1 potatoes1 dri$ vegetables1 sug>1 apples1 & dri$ fruits may be pur*as$ by ! b>rel1 box1 or o!r measure4 ,if sev]al families jo9tly pur*ase su* quantities ( foods1 ! exp5se is r$uc$4 ,x is also ( advantage to buy f ! produc]4 ,! middle man's pr(it is ?us elim9at$4 ,,lesson ,,lxxxv ,,cook+ ,,& ,,s]v+ ,a ,,lun*eon ,,or ,,supp] ,cook & s]ve a lun*eon or supp]4 ,! foll[+ m5u is sugge/$3 ,cream ( ,pea ,s\p--,cr\tons ,mac>oni & ,*eese ,lettuce ,salad ,bread & ,butt] ,oatmeal ,cookies ,tea ,foll[ ! ,engli% or family /yle ( s]v+4 ,s]ve ! lun*eon or supp] )\t a maid4 ,calculate ! co/ ( ! meal p] p]son4 ,,lesson ,,lxxxvi ,,review3 ,,meal ,,cook+ ,,m5u ,*opp$ ,/eak ,boil$ or ,/eam$ ,potato ,coleslaw ,tea ,see ,lesson ,,xiv = sugge/ions reg>d+ ! prep>ation ( ! lesson4 ,,lesson ,,lxxxvii ,,home ,,projects ,i ,footnote #fa3 ,see ,lesson ,,ix ,,sugge/ions ,,= ,,home ,,"w4--,prep>e salads or o!r foods conta9+ leafy vegetables at lea/ twice a week4 ,calculate ! quantity ( milk us$ by ea* memb] ( y\r h\sehold4 ,,sugge/$ ,,aims3 7#a7 ,to prep>e salads :i* are bo? pleas+ 9 appe>ance & ta/y4 7,make sure t !y are prop]ly season$47 7#b7 ,to v>y ei!r ! mat]ials us$ 9 salad-mak+ or ! me?od ( s]v+ & prep>+ ! same salad mat]ials4 7#c7 ,if ! vegetable is cook$1 to prep>e x 9 su* a way t no nutrim5t is lo/4 7#d7 ,to comp>e ! quantity ( milk us$ by ea* memb] ( ! family ) ! quantities sugge/$ at ! top (4 ,,division ,,eight ,,flavor+ ,,mat]ials3 ,,food ,,adjuncts ,,lesson ,,lxxxviii ,,food ,,adjuncts--,,di%es ,,conta9+ ,,food ,,adjuncts ,,food ,,adjuncts4--,besides ! food/uffs !re are edible sub/ances call$ food adjuncts4 ,^! _c be t]m$ foods1 z !y d n p]=m ! functions ( su*1 b !y give flavor to !m & !y may excite ! secretion ( ! dige/ive juices1 & ?us aid 9 ! dige/ion ( real foods4 ,= ! mo/ "p1 food adjuncts are conta9$ 9 ^! classes ( mat]ials1--condim5ts1 flavor+ extracts1 & bev]ages4 ,condim5ts4--,season+ mat]ials & spices are call$ condim5ts4 ,!y are us$ ) foods to give ! latt] a pleas+ flavor4 ,b condim5ts %\ld be eat5 9 mod]ation4 ,!y are (t5 us$ to cov] up ! flavor ( inf]ior or poorly prep>$ foods & !y are (t5 us$ to excess 9 sauces4 ,highly season$ sauces %\ld be s]v$ only ) foods t are insipid 9 ta/e1 b valuable = _! nutritive prop]ties4 ,good foods1 well cook$1 h a flavor :i* ne$s little *ange4 ,we %\ld tra9 ourselves to enjoy ! natural flavor ( foods1 s t !re is no crav+ = condim5ts4 ,salt may be class$ bo? z a condim5t & z a food 7see ,a%74 ,:5 us$ 9 mod]ation1 x has und\bt$ value 9 diet4 ,x is us$ 9 _m types ( foods1 especially meats & vegetables4 ,! flavor ( sweet foods su* z cakes & sweet sauces is inv>iably improv$ by ! addition ( a small quantity ( salt4 ,v9eg> is an acid flavor+ mat]ial prep>$ by f]m5t+ apple or grape juice or o!r mat]ials4 ,x conta9s acetic acid4 ,c9namon is a spice obta9$ f ! inn] b>k ( a small tree4 ,l mo/ spices1 x conta9s a volatile oil1 i4e4 an oil :i* evaporates4 ,c9namon is sometimes adult]at$ ) cassia1 a spice prep>$ f ! b>k ( ! cassia tree :i* gr[s 9 ,*9a & ,dut* ,we/ ,indies4 ,cassia is simil> to c9namon 9 flavor4 ,cloves are ! fl[] buds ( an ev]gre5 tree :i* gr[s 9 ,brazil1 ,ceylon1 & ,we/ ,indies4 ,nutmeg is ! dri$ k]nel ( a fruit :i* gr[s on a tree native to ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago4 ,g+] is ! root ( a tropical plant4 ,x conta9s />* & oil ( g+]4 ,mu/>d is prep>$ f ! se$ ( mu/>d plants4 ,black pepp] is obta9$ f ! unripe b]ry ( a tropical v9e :ile :ite pepp] is prep>$ f ! ripe b]ries4 ,! latt] is n z pleas+ 9 flavor z black pepp] & is m exp5sive4 ,x is sometimes desir$1 h[ev]1 because ( its m pleas+ appe>ance4 ,cay5ne pepp] is prep>$ f ! dri$ ripe fruit ( ! ,capsicum plant4 ,paprika is also prep>$ f ! fruit ( ! ,capsicum plant1 b ! se$s & /ems ( ! fruit are remov$4 ,x is a mu* mild] spice ?an cay5ne pepp]4 ,m>joram1 savory1 & ?yme are ! leaves ( h]bs us$ = flavor+4 ,,flavor+ ,,extracts4--,alcoholic solutions ( volatile oils d]iv$ f plants are t]m$ flavor+ extracts4 ,by dissolv+ ! vanilla bean & lemon & orange peel 9 alcohol vanilla1 lemon1 & orange extracts are prep>$4 ,s9ce volatile oils evaporate readily1 especially :5 heat$1 flavor+ extracts %\ld be add$1 if possible1 to cold foods4 ,,bev]ages4--,! /imulat+ mat]ials conta9$ 9 ! common bev]ages1-- tea1 c(fee1 cocoa1 & *ocolate1--are food adjuncts4 ,footnote #fb3 ,caffe9e is ! /imulat+ mat]ial 9 c(fee2 !9e1 9 tea2 & !obrom9e1 9 cocoa & *ocolate4 ,except = ! value ( ! wat] !y conta91 9 c>ry+ on ! ne$s ( ! body1 & = ! small quantity ( sug> & cream us$ ) !m1 tea & c(fee h no food value4 ,b cocoa & *ocolate are r ri* 9 food value 7see ,cocoa & ,*ocolate74 ,^! bev]ages conta9 bo? food/uffs & food adjuncts4 ,,curry ,,( ,,kidney ,,beans #a p9t kidney beans #b tablespoonfuls fat #a onion #a teaspoonful curry p[d] ,footnote #fc3 ,curry p[d] is a mixture ( v>i\s spices includ+ turm]ic & cori&]-se$ p[d]s4 #a teaspoonful salt #b tablespoonfuls fl\r #a p9t tomatoes ,wa% & soak ! beans ov]night4 ,boil g5tly until t5d]4 ,br[n ! onion 9 ! fat1 !n add ! curry p[d]1 salt1 & fl\r1 & proce$ z = ,tomato ,sauce 7see ,tomato ,sauce74 ,add ! cook$ beans to ! mixture & cook all toge!r = a few m9utes4 ,s]ve hot4 ,*ili con c>ni may be prep>$ by add+ #a p\nd *opp$ beef to ! +r$i5ts above & sub/itut+ *ili p[d] = curry p[d]4 ,if ?is *ange is made1 br[n ! onion 9 ! fat1 !n add ! meat4 ,/ir & cook until ! meat loses its r$ color4 ,add ! cook$ beans & season+s4 ,mix ! fl\r ) a small quantity ( cold tomato4 ,add ?is & ! rema9d] ( ! tomatoes to ! meat mixture4 ,/ir & cook = a few m9utes4 ,s]ve hot4 ,,spic$ ,,bak$ ,,apples #e apples #e tablespoonfuls sug> ,wat] #a lemon ,:ole cloves ,wa% & core ! apples4 ,!y may be p>$ if desir$4 ,/ick #b or #c :ole cloves 9 ea* apple4 ,place ! apples 9 a bak+-di%1 put #a tablespoonful ( sug> 9 ! cavity ( ea* apple1 & a slice ( lemon on ! top4 ,add en\gh wat] to cov] ! bottom ( ! bak+-di%4 ,cov]1 bake at #djj degrees ,f4 until s(t4 ,s]ve cold4 ,if ! apples are v s\r1 m sug> %\ld be us$4 ,,savory ,,toa/ #b cupfuls cann$ tomatoes #a cupful wat] #b cloves #c allspice b]ries #c pepp]corns #b sprays p>sley #b tablespoonfuls fat #a_/b onion1 slic$ #c tablespoonfuls fl\r #a_/b teaspoonful mu/>d #b teaspoonfuls salt ,da% cay5ne #a_/d p\nd *eese #a egg #h slices toa/ ,9 a cov]$ saucepan1 cook ! tomatoes1 wat]1 cloves1 allspice b]ries1 pepp]corns1 & p>sley at simm]+ temp]ature = at lea/ #ae m9utes4 ,br[n ! onion 9 ! fat4 ,mix ! fl\r1 mu/>d1 salt1 & cay5ne4 ,add ^! +r$i5ts to ! onion & fat4 ,mix well & add ! cook$ tomatoes4 ,/ir & cook until ! mixture rea*es ! boil+ po9t1 !n /ra94 ,add ! *eese1 /ir & cook until ! *eese is bl5d$ ) ! o!r +r$i5ts4 ,beat ! egg1 add a portion ( ! hot tomato mixture to x4 ,mix ?or\ghly & add x to ! rema9d] ( ! tomato mixture4 ,/ir & cook on ! back ( ! range or ov] hot wat] until ! egg is ?ick5$4 ,p\r ov] toa/4 ,s]ve at once4 ,cann$ tomato s\p may be us$ in/ead ( cann$ tomatoes4 ,if ?is sub/itution is made1 ! cloves1 allspice b]ries1 pepp]corns1 & p>sley %\ld be omitt$4 ,= economy1 ! egg may be omitt$4 ,if no egg is us$1 ! fl\r may be increas$ to #d tablespoonfuls & ! fat to #c tablespoonfuls4 ,comp>e ?is recipe ) t = ,tomato ,sauce4 ,9 :at ways are ! +r$i5ts & me?od ( prep>ation simil>8 ,9 :at ways d !y diff]8 ,,que/ions ,9 :i* +r$i5ts ( ! ,curry ( ,kidney ,beans & ,spic$ ,bak$ ,apples are ! food adjuncts f\nd8 ,beans conta9 :at +r$i5ts t require long cook+8 ,:at mat]ial c be add$ dur+ cook+ t w s(t5 !m 7see ,cook+ ,dri$ ,legumes78 ,:at is ! purpose ( cov]+ apples dur+ bak+8 ,:y %\ld !y be bak$ 9 a sl[ ov5 7see ,sugge/ions = ,cook+ ,fruits78 ,:at k9d ( sub/ance d all spices conta98 ,:y %\ld spices be us$ 9 mod]ation8 ,expla9 :y flavor+ extracts %\ld be add$1 if possible1 to cold foods4 ,m5tion at lea/ two =ms 9 :i* ! foll[+ spices may be pur*as$3 ,c9namon1 cloves1 nutmeg1 g+]1 mu/>d1 & black pepp]4 ,:at mat]ials 9 ! recipe = ,savory ,toa/ are us$ m]ely = flavor+8 ,:at mat]ials are remov$ by /ra9+8 ,h[ is ! flavor extract$ f ^! mat]ials be=e /ra9+8 ,,relat$ ,,"w ,,lesson ,,lxxxix ,,sp5d+ ,,= ,,food ,,:at ,,to ,,buy4--,dr4 ,langwor?y ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture has li/$ foods into five gr\ps & has advis$ t food f ea* gr\p be us$ daily4 ,! five gr\ps foll[3 #a4 ,fruits & ,vegetables4 #b4 ,milk1 ,*eese1 ,eggs1 ,fi%1 ,meat1 ,beans1 ,peas1 ,peanuts4 #c4 ,c]eals--,corn-meal1 ,oatmeal1 ,rice1 ,rye1 ,:eat1 ,fl\r1 ,bread4 #d4 ,sug>1 ,sirups1 ,jelly1 ,honey1 ,c&ies4 #e4 ,fats--,butt]1 ,m>g>9e1 ,cottonse$ ,oil1 ,olive ,oil1 ,dripp+s1 ,suet1 ,bacon1 ,*ocolate4 ,f /udy+ ! previ\s cont5ts ( ?is textbook ! pupil w d\btless recognize 9 ^! gr\ps foods to supply all ! ne$s ( ! body4 ,by foll[+ ?is plan ( us+ "s food f ea* gr\p e day1 ! ne$s ( ! body w be suppli$4 ,,h[ ,,mu* ,,to ,,sp5d ,,= ,,food4--,any "o no matt] h[ ignorant or ?\ghtless c get rid ( money4 ,b x takes a wise p]son1 "o :o und]/&s values & quality1 to get value receiv$ = money sp5t4 ,:e!r "o is pur*as+ food = all ! meals ( a family or is only select+ a lun*eon or "o meal1 x is desirable to sp5d money wisely4 ,! five food gr\ps may s]ve z a basis = ! pur*ase ( foods4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t ea* doll> us$ 9 buy+ foods be divid$ into #e p>ts ( #bj c5ts ea*4 ,out ( e doll> sp5t use3 ,footnote #fd3 ,f ,unit$ ,/ates ,?rift ,leaflet #ae4 #bj c5ts1 m or less1 = vegetables & fruits #bj c5ts1 or m1 = milk & *eese #bj c5ts1 or less1 = meat1 fi%1 eggs1 etc4 #bj c5ts1 or m1 = bread & c]eals #bj c5ts1 or less1 = sug>1 fat1 tea1 c(fee1 *ocolate1 flavor+ ,,note4--,comp>e ^! gr\ps ( food ) ^? giv5 above4 ,note t ! fir/ division ( money %\ld be us$ = ! foods ( ,gr\p #a2 ! second & ?ird divisions = ! foods ( ,gr\p #b2 ! f\r? division = ! foods ( ,gr\p #c2 & ! fif? division = ! foods ( ,gr\ps #d & #e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #fa4--;,a ,,sugge/ion ,,= ,,! ,,division ,,( ,,ea* ,,doll> ,,sp5t ,,= ,,food4 ,accord+ to ,lucy ,h4 ,gillett ( ! ,dietetic ,bureau ( ,bo/on1 :5 /ricte/ economy is necess>y1 "o f\r? ( ea* doll> sp5t = food %\ld be us$ to pur*ase bread & o!r gra9 products4 ,! rema9d] ( ! doll> %\ld be sp5t ab\t equally = ! gr\ps ( food m5tion$ above4 ,if #be in/ead ( #bj c5ts is sp5t = c]eal products1 h[ev]1 c>e %\ld be tak5 to buy suffici5t milk to meet ! ne$s ( ea* memb] ( ! family 7see ,milk1 an ,invaluable ,food74 ,?is is especially necess>y :]e !re are "y *ildr5 9 ! family4 ,,comp>+ ,,! ,,co/ ,,( ,,foods4--,! pupil %\ld note t ! diff]5t foods conta9$ 9 ! same gr\ps diff] 9 co/4 ,"o c economize by us+ ! *eap] foods 9 ! gr\p or by us+ ! m exp5sive only occasionally4 ,if y f9d t fre% vegetables co/ less ?an fruits1 use ! latt] m sp>+ly ?an ! =m]4 ,meats are m exp5sive ?an dri$ peas or beans & *eese1 especially ,cottage ,*eese4 ,cottage ,*eese or peas & beans 9 comb9ation ) milk or eggs may take ! place ( meat4 ,a small quantity ( meat may be comb9$ ) ! dri$ legumes or c]eals & a sav+ effect$4 ,! ?ird1 f\r?1 & fif? gr\ps conta9 en]gy-giv+ foods 7see ,divisions ,,iv & ,v74 ,( ! ?ree gr\ps ( foods1 c]eals are by f> ! *eape/ s\rce ( en]gy4 ,a g5]\s use ( c]eals is economical4 ,9 buy+ gra9s "o gets mu* nutrim5t at little co/ 7:5 comp>$ ) o!r foods74 ,if ! food bills mu/ be curtail$1 use c]eals g5]\sly & meat sp>+ly4 ,d n eat c]eals1 h[ev]1 to ! exclusion ( ! foods ( ! o!r gr\ps4 ,x is especially necess>y to use milk & leafy vegetables ) c]eals4 ,! latt] are lack+ 9 ! fat-soluble ,a vitam9e4 ,! fats includ$ 9 ,gr\p #e diff] 9 co/4 ,x is necess>y to select ^! wisely 9 ord] to economize4 ,a wise & economical use ( fats is discuss$ previ\sly4 ,,plann+ ,,be=e ,,buy+4--,x is n only an obligation b a necessity to wa/e no food4 ,! bit ( c]eal left f breakfa/1 ! cru/ ( bread1 & ! scrap ( meat repres5t money4 ,!y mu/ be utiliz$4 ,! ?rifty h\sekeep] sees to x t left-ov] food is prop]ly c>$ = s t x ne$ n be wa/$ because ( spoilage4 ,%e cov]s food & /ores x 9 a cool place4 ,%e uses x be=e x beg9s to spoil4 ,9 ord] to buy wisely x is necess>y to take acc\nt ( ! foods already 9 ! h\se or 9 ! g>d54 ,x is necess>y to decide be=e go+ to m>ket j :at is ne$$ to supplem5t ! mat]ials already on h&4 ,,lesson ,,xc ,,cook+ ,,& ,,s]v+ ,a ,,lun*eon ,,or ,,supp] ,cook & s]ve a lun*eon or supp]4 ,! foll[+ m5u is sugge/$3 ,salmon ,timbale ) ,:ite ,sauce ,/uff$ ,bak$ ,potatoes ,/ew$ or ,scallop$ ,tomatoes ,bread & ,butt] ,prune ,pudd+ ) ,top ,milk ,analyze ?is m5u4 ,is food f ea* ( ! gr\ps giv5 9 lesson ,,lxxxix conta9$ 9 x8 ,foll[ ! ,engli% or family /yle ( s]v+4 ,s]ve ! lun*eon or supp] )\t a maid4 ,calculate ! co/ ( ! meal p] p]son4 ,,lesson ,,xci ,,review3 ,,meal ,,cook+ ,,m5u ,cream ( ,tomato ,s\p ,*eese ,pudd+ ,spic$ ,bak$ ,apples ,see ,lesson ,,xiv = sugge/ions reg>d+ ! prep>ation ( ! lesson4 ,,lesson ,,xcii ,,home ,,projects ,footnote #fe3 ,see ,lesson ,,ix ,,sugge/ions ,,= ,,home ,,"w4--,if possible secure li/s ( foods pur*as$ = use at y\r home dur+ a week or a mon?4 ,li/ ea* article & price 9 "o ( ! five gr\ps1 viz41 ,vegetables ,milk & ,meat1 ,fi%1 ,bread & ,sug>1 ,fat & & ,fruits ,*eese ,eggs1 ,etc ,c]eals ,o!r ,groc]ies ,add up ! co/ 9 ea* column4 ,comp>e ! sums4 ,,sugge/$ ,,aims3 7#a7 ,to det]m9e if ! money = ! v>i\s gr\ps ( food has be5 sp5t accord+ to ! plan sugge/$ 9 lesson ,,lxxxix4 7#b7 ,if n1 to use ! food li/s actually pur*as$ z a f\ndation & *ange !m s z to embody ! division ( ! doll> sugge/$ 9 lesson ,,lxxxix4 ,,division ,,n9e ,,food ,,comb9ations ,,lesson ,,xciii ,,vegetables ,,) ,,salad ,,dress+ 7,a7 ,,food ,,comb9ations4--,f a dietetic /&po9t1 x is well to comb9e foods ( diff]5t compositions4 ,if a food is lack+ 9 "o or m ( ! food/uffs1 x %\ld be comb9$ ) a food t supplies ! miss+ nutri5t4 ,bread conta9s little fat1 & butt] conta9s no c>bohydrates2 h5ce ^! two foods make a desirable comb9ation4 ,vegetable oils1 butt]1 & o!r fats make desirable additions to vegetables4 ,mac>oni conta9s little fat1 :ile *eese is ri* 9 ?is food/uff4 ,moreov]1 mac>oni conta9s a small quantity ( incomplete prote91 :ile *eese is ri* 9 complete prote94 ,h5ce mac>oni & *eese make a good comb9ation4 ,9 select+ foods to be us$ toge!r1 c>eful att5tion %\ld be giv5 to _! composition4 ,,emulsion ,,( ,,oil2 ,,salad ,,dress+4--,z has be5 /at$ 7see ,break+ ,up ( ,fats71 to emulsify fat x is necess>y to sep>ate x into t9y globules1 & to coat ea* globule ) "s mat]ials1 s t ! droplets w rema9 sep>ate4 ,v>i\s mat]ials s]ve to emulsify fats4 ,dur+ dige/ion1 fat is emulsifi$ by means ( a soap 7see ,exp]im5t #cf74 ,egg is ano!r mat]ial :i* emulsifies fats4 ,?is fact is made use ( 9 mak+ ,mayonnaise ,dress+ f vegetable oil & eggs4 ,if "o und]/&s t ! oil mu/ be divid$ into globules1 & t ea* globule mu/ be coat$ ) egg1 ! prep>ation ( salad dress+ becomes int]e/+ & successful4 ,x is evid5t t ! fat %\ld be add$ to ! egg sl[ly & %\ld be beat5 :ile be+ add$4 ,if ! oil & o!r +r$i5ts are cold1 a ?ick] dress+ results4 ,quick mayonnaise1 h[ev]1 is an exception to ?is rule4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #fb--,,! ,,composition ,,( ,,roots ,,& ,,succul5t ,,vegetables 7,revis$ edition7 ,s9ce emulsion ( fat is "o ( ! processes ( dige/ion1 x w\ld seem t fat 9 emulsifi$ =m w\ld be mo/ readily dige/$4 ,?is is true ( "s emulsifi$ fats1--! fat ( milk is "o ( ! mo/ readily dige/$4 ,b :5 an emulsifi$ fat is mix$ ) prote9 z 9 ,mayonnaise ,dress+1 ! dige/ion ( ! mixture is sl[] ?an if ei!r ( ! food/uffs 7 alone4 ,h5ce to "s p]sons1 ,mayonnaise ,dress+ proves di/ress+4 ,,mayonnaise ,,dress+ #a egg yolk #a tablespoonful v9eg> #a tablespoonful lemon juice #a_/d teaspoonful mu/>d #c_/d teaspoonful salt #a_/b teaspoonful sug> ,cay5ne #a cupful vegetable oil #b tablespoonfuls boil+ wat] ,put ! egg yolk into a mix+ b[l1 add hot v9eg>1 & mix ?or\ghly4 ,!n add ! lemon juice & dry +r$i5ts4 ,let ! mixture /& until cool4 ,!n beat x ) a ,dov] egg beat] & :ile beat+ add ! oil 9 small quantities1--ab\t #a_/b tablespoonful at a "t4 ,cont9ue beat+ & add+ ! oil4 ,:5 ! mixture beg9s to ?ick51 ! oil c be add$ 9 great] quantities4 ,aft] all ! oil is add$1 add ! boil+ wat]4 ,beat until ! latt] is ?or\ghly bl5d$4 ,x has be5 f\nd t ! oil may be add$ m rapidly if ! egg is acidifi$ be=e mix+ x ) ! oil4 ,footnote #ff3 ,?is is due to ! fact t ! acid reacts ) ! album9 ( ! egg to =m a k9d ( salt :i* hydrates & takes up wat] f ! mixture4 ,! m wat] t c be tak5 out ( an emulsion 9 ! =m ( hydrates1 ! m easily w an emulsion be =m$4 ,! addition ( boil+ wat] to ! mixture aft] ! egg & oil h be5 bl5d$1 prev5ts ! oil f sep>at+ f ! o!r +r$i5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #fc--,,! ,,composition ,,( ,,butt] ,,& ,,o!r ,,fat-,,yield+ ,,foods 7,revis$ edition7 ,if desir$1 ! :ole egg may be us$ 9 place ( ! egg yolks4 ,9 case ?is sub/itution is made1 all ! +r$i5ts o!r ?an ! egg %\ld be d\bl$ 9 quantity1 s9ce #a :ole egg w emulsify #b cupfuls ( oil4 ,! flavor ( ref9$ corn1 cottonse$1 or peanut oil is mild & pleas+4 ,^! oils h less flavor ?an olive oil b are z nutriti\s4 ,_! use less5s ! co/ ( ,mayonnaise ,dress+4 ,aft] op5+ a bottle ( vegetable oil1 x %\ld be kept 9 a cold place4 ,if x is rancid1 x %\ld n be us$ 9 salad dress+4 ,if ,mayonnaise ,dress+ is made successfully1 x is ?ick & smoo?4 ,if ! dress+ is ?9 & curdl$1 ! oil has be5 add$ too quickly1 i4e4 x has n be5 emulsifi$4 ,to rem$y ,mayonnaise t has curdl$1 beat ! yolk ( an egg slightly1 !n add ! dress+ to x gradually1 beat+ con/antly4 ,mayonnaise ,dress+ may be v>i$ by ! addition ( *ili or cel]y sauce1 *opp$ h>d-cook$ eggs1 *opp$ p>sley1 pim5tos1 & gre5 pepp]s4 ,,quick ,,mayonnaise ,,dress+ ,footnote #fg3 ,add+ ! entire quantity ( oil at "o "t & mix+ x ) hot pa/e may seem an unusual proc$ure = mak+ an oil dress+4 ,! fact t ! me?od is successful may be expla9$ z foll[s3 ,mix+ ! acid ) ! egg =ms a salt :i* hydrates ! mixture1 & ?us aids 9 mak+ favorable conditions = emulsify+ ! oil z expla9$ 9 ! footnote ( a previ\s page4 ,! />* pa/e also takes up wat] f ! mixture4 ,?is makes x possible to emulsify ! oil easily1 & also to make a /able emulsion4 #b egg yolks or #a :ole egg #b tablespoonfuls v9eg> #b tablespoonfuls lemon juice #a #a_/d teaspoonfuls salt #a teaspoonful sug> #a_/b teaspoonful mu/>d ,cay5ne #a cupful vegetable oil ,into a mix+ b[l put ! eggs & v9eg>4 ,mix well4 ,add ! o!r +r$i5ts4 7,x is n necess>y to /ir !m47 ,prep>e a ?ick pa/e z foll[s3 ,9 ! top "p ( a d\ble boil] put #a_/c cupful fl\r #a cupful cold wat] #a tablespoonful butt] ,mix ?or\ghly4 ,!n /ir & cook ov] boil+ wat] at lea/ #aj m9utes4 ,at once 7:ile x is hot7 turn ?is pa/e into ! egg & oil mixture4 ,beat all ! +r$i5ts ) a ,dov] egg beat] until a ?ick1 uni=m dress+ results4 7,adapt$ f a recipe by ,mrs4 ,hill47 ,,seasonable ,,vegetable ,,salads ,use seasonable vegetables 9 salads4 ,cucumb]s1 tomatoes1 cel]y1 & cook$ caulifl[] may be us$ 9 ! fall4 ,cook$ beets1 cabbage1 c>rots1 & olives may be us$ 9 ! w9t]1 & head lettuce1 radi%es1 & cook$ asp>agus 9 ! spr+4 ,vegetables %\ld be *ill$1 cut into desirable %apes1 & s]v$ on lettuce ) salad dress+4 ,beets are greatly improv$ by cutt+ into pieces1 aft] cook+1 & soak+ = "o h\r 9 v9eg> to :i* salt has be5 add$4 ,!y may also be soak$ 9 ,fr5* ,dress+4 ,a comb9ation ( vegetables & fruits makes a pleas+ salad4 ,cucumb]s & p9eapple1 cel]y & apples1 olives & cook$ cranb]ries are successful salad mixtures4 ,! use ( *eese1 nuts1 & peanuts ) vegetables & fruits adds to ! flavor & food value ( salads4 ,uncook$ c>rots1 cabbage1 & peanuts dress$ ) ,fr5* ,dress+ make a ta/y salad4 ,cann$ vegetables1 left ov] cold vegetables1 meat1 & fi% h a bett] flavor 9 salads if !y are mix$ ) ,fr5* ,dress+ & all[$ to /& 9 a cold place = "o h\r be=e s]v+4 ,?is process is call$ m>9at+4 ,if sev]al meats or vegetables are us$ 9 ! same salad1 !y %\ld be m>9at$ sep>ately4 ,j be=e s]v+1 ,cream ,salad ,dress+ or ,mayonnaise ,dress+ may be add$ to m>9at$ salad mat]ials4 ,a salad consi/+ ( lettuce or o!r uncook$ leafy vegetables %\ld n be dress$ until x is ready to be s]v$4 ,! acid 9 salad dress+ wilts ! leaves4 ,,que/ions ,expla9 :y x is necess>y to add ! oil to ! egg mixture 9 small quantities4 ,expla9 :y x is t a curdl$ dress+ c be rem$i$ by add+ x gradually to an egg4 ,:at is ! price p] qu>t ( olive oil8 ,( peanut oil8 ,( cottonse$ oil8 ,( corn oil8 ,f9d ! diff]5ce 9 co/ betwe5 a ,mayonnaise ,dress+ made ) corn1 cottonse$1 or peanut oil & "o made ) olive oil4 ,f ! /&po9t ( composition1 expla9 :y fre% vegetables & ,mayonnaise ,dress+ make a suitable comb9ation 7see ,figures #fb & #fc74 ,h[ mu* ,mayonnaise ,dress+ is g5]ally us$ = "o s]v+8 ,h[ _m w ! above recipe s]ve8 ,make a li/ ( comb9ations ( mat]ials :i* make ta/y salads4 ,,lesson ,,xciv ,,vegetables ,,) ,,salad ,,dress+ 7,b7 ,,salad ,,g>ni%+4--,successful g>ni%+ ( a salad requires a s5se ( good color comb9ation1 judgm5t 9 bl5d+ flavors1 & +5uity 9 arrang+ mat]ials4 ,usually x is well to use only edible mat]ials = g>ni%+4 ,c]ta9 fl[]s & gre5s may be us$ to advantage1 h[ev]1 9 g>ni%+ ! salad = an occasional d9n] or lun*eon4 ,cel]y ) fr+$ ends1 /uff$ olives cut 9 slices1 lettuce %r$d$ or :ole1 pim5tos1 p>sley1 h>d-cook$ eggs slic$ or press$ ?r\gh /ra9]1 & vegetables ( pron\nc$ color 7z beets or c>rots7 cut into slices1 cubes1 or fancy %apes1--all ^! make pleas+ g>ni%es4 ,,p]fection ,,salad #b tablespoonfuls granulat$ gelat9e #a_/b cupful cold wat] #a_/b cupful v9eg> #a lemon1--juice #b cupfuls boil+ wat] #a_/b cupful sug> #a teaspoonful salt #a #a_/b cupfuls slic$ cel]y #a #a_/b cupfuls %r$d$ cabbage #c pim5tos *opp$ ,prep>e all +r$i5ts1 except ! vegetables1 z = a gelat9e mixture 7see ,lemon ,jelly74 ,:5 ! mixture beg9s to set1 /ir 9 ! vegetables1 & p\r into a mold4 ,s]ve on lettuce leaves ) ,mayonnaise ,dress+4 ,o!r vegetable mixtures su* z cucumb]s & tomatoes or peas & cel]y mold$ 9 jelly make ta/y salads4 ,,que/ions ,m5tion at lea/ f\r diff]5t k9ds ( salads1 ) a suitable g>ni% = ea*4 ,:at %\ld be ! condition ( all gre5 vegetables us$ 9 salads8 ,h[ %\ld lettuce be kept & prep>$ = salads8 ,f ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,bullet9 ,no4 #bh1 tabulate ! p]c5tage composition ( tomatoes1 cucumb]s1 sp9a*1 cabbage1 lettuce1 cel]y1 & onions4 ,:i* conta9s ! mo/ wat]8 ,:i* conta9s ! mo/ a%8 ,aside f ! fact t sug> improves ! flavor ( ,p]fection ,salad1 :y is x a valuable +r$i5t ( ! salad mixture 7see ,figure #id78 ,expla9 :y ,mayonnaise ,dress+ ) waf]s or rolls w\ld make a valuable food addition to ,p]fection ,salad4 ,,food ,,comb9ations ,,lesson ,,xcv ,,fi% ,,salad ,,& ,,salad ,,rolls ,,salmon ,,or ,,tunny ,,salad #a c salmon or tunny 7or tuna7 fi% #a cupful %r$d$ cabbage or slic$ cel]y ,dra9 ! oil f ! fi%2 remove ! bone & bits ( sk94 ,add ! cabbage or cel]y1 & ,mayonnaise or ,cream ,salad ,dress+4 ,arrange on lettuce & g>ni% z desir$4 ,if ,cream ,dress+ is us$ ) salmon1 ! oil dra9$ f ! salmon may be us$ = ! fat ( ,cream ,dress+4 ,! salmon may be m>9at$ be=e add+ ! o!r +r$i5ts4 ,:5 ?is is done1 ! salad dress+ may be omitt$4 ,salmon conta9s s mu* fat t x is n well to add m oil aft] m>9at+4 ,,salad ,,rolls #b cupfuls fl\r #c #a_/b teaspoonfuls bak+ p[d] #a_/b teaspoonful salt #d tablespoonfuls vegetable oil or melt$ butt] or sub/itute #a_/b cupful milk #a egg ,sift "s fl\r1 !n measure #b cupfuls ( x4 ,add ! bak+ p[d] & salt to ! fl\r4 ,beat ! egg1 add ! milk & oil or melt$ fat to x4 ,?r\gh a sift] add ! dry +r$i5ts to ! milk mixture4 ,?or\ghly mix ! +r$i5ts by cutt+ !m ) a knife4 ,roll out on a fl\r$ bo>d1 cut into oblong pieces1 & ) a fl\r$ knife make a deep crease ?r\gh ! c5t] ( ea* roll4 ,bru% ! top ) dilut$ egg 7use #b tablespoonfuls ( wat] to #a egg7 & spr9kle granulat$ sug> ov] x4 ,bake 9 a mod]ate ov54 ,,que/ions ,:y is ! top ( ! salad roll mixture bru%$ ) egg8 ,:y %\ld ! egg be dilut$ = su* purposes8 ,:at reason is !re = comb9+ fi%1 salad dress+1 & rolls8 ,h[ mu* fat & prote9 does cann$ salmon & tunny conta9 7see ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,bullet9 ,no4 #bh78 ,comp>e ?is ) ! quantity ( fat & prote9 9 beef /eak 7see ,figure #fh74 ,,lesson ,,xcvi ,,cream ,,( ,,tomato ,,s\p ,,& ,,*eese ,,/raws ,,comb9+ ,,milk ,,) ,,acid4--,9 ! prep>ation ( ,cream ( ,tomato ,s\p1 x is necess>y to comb9e milk ) tomatoes1--a food conta9+ acid4 ,if ! foll[+ exp]im5ts are p]=m$1 & applications drawn f ! results ( ! exp]im5ts1 x %\ld be possible to make ?is s\p successfully4 ,,exp]im5t #fa3 ,,effect ,,( ,,acid ,,on ,,milk4--,put a small quantity ( milk 9 a te/ tube1 heat x slightly1 & add a few drops ( "s acid sub/ance1-- tomato juice1 lemon juice1 or v9eg>4 ,:at is ! result8 ,,exp]im5t #fb3 ,,neutralization ,,( ,,acid ,,by ,,means ,,( ,,soda4--,put a small quantity ( any ( ! acids m5tion$ above 9 a te/ tube & add #a_/d teaspoonful bak+ soda4 ,:at happ5s8 ,n[ add a little milk to ! mixture4 ,does ! milk curdle8 ,h[ has ! acid be5 *ang$ s t x does n curdle ! milk8 ,:at conclusions may be drawn f ?is z to ! use ( soda 9 cook+ tomato & milk mixtures8 ,,cream ,,( ,,tomato ,,s\p #a c tomatoes #a_/d teaspoonful bak+ soda #a qu>t milk #a_/c cupful fl\r #a_/d cupful butt] or sub/itute #a tablespoonful salt #a_/h teaspoonful pepp] ,turn ! tomatoes into a saucepan1 cov] !m2 cook at simm]+ temp]ature = ab\t fifte5 m9utes4 ,press ?r\gh a /ra9] & add ! bak+ soda4 ,make a ,:ite ,sauce ( ! milk1 fl\r1 & fat1 remove f ! fire4 ,add ! hot tomatoes sl[ly to ! ,:ite ,sauce1 /irr+ con/antly4 ,add ! season+s4 ,d n heat ! mixture aft] comb9+ ! tomatoes & ,:ite ,sauce4 ,s]ve at once4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #fd--,,! ,,composition ,,( ,,milk ,,& ,,milk ,,products ,cream ( ,tomato ,s\p may also be prep>$ by mak+ a sauce ( ! tomatoes1 fl\r1 & fat1 add+ ! bak+ soda & p\r+ ! sauce into ! hot milk & f9ally add+ ! season+s4 ,note t 9 ei!r me?od ( prep>ation1 ! tomato is add$ to ! milk & ! salt is add$ j be=e s]v+4 ,only en\gh bak+ soda is us$ to affect a portion ( ! acid ( ! tomatoes s t ! pleas+ acid flavor ( ! tomatoes /ill pr$om9ates4 ,,*eese ,,/raws #b_/c cupful fl\r #a_/d teaspoonful salt ,cay5ne #a cupful s(t bread crumbs #a cupful grat$ *eese #b tablespoonfuls milk ,mix ! +r$i5ts 9 ! ord] giv5 9 ! recipe4 7,! milk %\ld m]ely moi/5 ! +r$i5ts s !y w /ick toge!r4 ,x may be necess>y to increase ! quantity47 ,on a slightly fl\r$ bo>d roll ! mixture to #a_/d in* ?ickness4 ,cut 9 /rips #a_/d in* wide & #d to #f in*es long4 ,place on an oil$ pan4 ,bake until br[n 9 a mod]ate ov54 ,,que/ions ,:y %\ld tomatoes be cov]$ :5 cook$ = s\p8 ,:y %\ld !y be cook$ at simm]+ r ?an boil+ temp]ature8 ,f ! results ( y\r exp]im5ts 7see ,exp]im5ts #fa & #fb7 expla9 :y soda is add$ to ! tomatoes 9 ,cream ( ,tomato ,s\p4 ,:at is ! purpose ( add+ ! /ra9$ tomatoes or ,tomato ,sauce sl[ly to ! ,:ite ,sauce or milk8 ,:y %\ld ! s\p be s]v$ at once aft] comb9+ ! tomato & milk mixture8 ,if en\gh ,cream ( ,tomato ,s\p 7 prep>$ = two meals1 h[ & :5 %\ld ! tomatoes & ,:ite ,sauce be mix$8 ,:at is ! price p] c ( tomatoes8 ,h[ _m cupfuls 9 "o c ( tomatoes8 ,) ! aid ( ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,bullet9 ,no4 #bh & illu/rations 9 ?is text1 tabulate ! composition ( tomatoes1 :ole milk 7see ,figure #fd71 *eese 7see ,figure #ge71 fl\r1 & bread 7see ,figure #gg74 ,expla9 :y ,cream ( ,tomato ,s\p & ,*eese ,/raws make a desirable comb9ation f ! /&po9t ( composition & use 9 ! body4 ,,lesson ,,xcvii ,,veal ,,& ,,potatoes ,,muscle ,,( ,,"y ,,animals4--,! muscle ( an undevelop$ animal conta9s m wat] ?an does ! muscle ( a mature animal4 ,x is also lack+ 9 flavor & usually conta9s little fat4 ,! meat does n keep s well z t ( a mature animal2 !re=e x %\ld be us$ at once & n all[$ to hang4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #fe4--;,,cuts ,,( ,,veal4 ,,cuts ,,( ,,veal 7see ,figure #fe74 ,,"n ,,( ,,cut ,,=m ,,( ,,cut ,,me?od ,,( ,,cook+ ,a4 ,lo94 ,*ops4 ,saute+4 ,?ick ,pieces4 ,roa/+4 ,b4 ,leg4 ,/eaks--veal cutlets ,saute+4 or veal /eak4 ,/ew+4 ,?ick ,pieces4 ,roa/+4 ,c4 ,knuckle4 ,:ole4 ,/ew+4 ,s\p-mak+4 ,d4 ,rib or ,rack4 ,*ops4 ,saute+4 ,?ick ,pieces4 ,roa/+4 ,e4 ,%\ld]4 ,?ick ,pieces4 ,/uff+ & ,roa/+4 ,:ole4 ,brais+4 ,f4 ,neck4 ,?ick ,pieces4 ,/ew+4 ,g4 ,g4 ,brea/4 ,?ick ,pieces4 ,roa/+4 ,:ole4 ,/ew+4 ,sweetbreads ,:ole--9 pairs4 ,p>boil+ & 7?ymus gl&s7 ,saute+1 ,broil+1 --,?roat & etc4 ,he>t ,sweetbreads4 ,,veal4--,veal is ! muscle ( ! calf or "y c[4 ,x has ! *>act]i/ic qualities ( undevelop$ muscle4 ,because x is lack+ 9 flavor1 x %\ld be season$ ) h]bs & spices1 or s]v$ ) a sauce ( pron\nc$ flavor4 ,x is also improv$ by add+ "s fat1 or "s meat conta9+ consid]able fat su* z pork4 ,a calf is usually kill$ :5 x is six or eight weeks old4 ,! season = veal is spr+2 x c usually be pur*as$1 h[ev]1 ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 ,! muscle ( ! veal %\ld be p9k 9 color1 & ! fat1 :ite4 ,! meat ( a calf less ?an six weeks old is lack+ 9 color4 ,! connective tissue 9 veal is abundant1 b x is easily *ang$ to gelat9e by cook+4 ,veal is g5]ally consid]$ difficult ( dige/ion4 ,,veal ,,cutlets 7,,/eak7 ,clean ! meat2 !n remove ! bone & t\gh membranes4 ,cut ! meat into pieces = s]v+4 ,cov] ! bone & ! t\gh pieces ( meat ) cold wat] & cook at a l[ temp]ature4 7,?is /ock is to be us$ 9 ! sauce47 ,small pieces ( meat may be put toge!r by us+ wood5 too?picks = skew]s4 ,season ! veal ) salt & pepp]4 ,roll 9 dri$ bread crumbs1 dip 9 beat5 egg1 !n 9 crumbs aga94 ,put #b tablespoonfuls ( dripp+s or o!r fat 9 a fry+ pan4 ,br[n ! cutlets 9 ! fat4 ,remove ! veal2 9 ! fry+ pan prep>e ! foll[+3 ,,sauce ,,= ,,cutlets #c tablespoonfuls dripp+s #a_/d cupful fl\r #a_/b tablespoonful salt #a_/h teaspoonful pepp] #b cupfuls /ock or wat] #b tablespoonfuls *opp$ p>sley #a teaspoonful ,worce/]%ire sauce ,make a br[n sauce1 us+ all +r$i5ts except ! ,worce/]%ire sauce 7see ,br[n ,sauce74 ,add ! cutlets to ! sauce1 & cook !m at simm]+ temp]ature = #a h\r or until t5d]4 ,j be=e s]v+1 add ! ,worce/]%ire sauce4 ,beef may be prep>$ 9 ! same way4 ,,veal ,,) ,,egg ,,dress+ #a p\nd veal /eak1 slic$ ?9 #b eggs #c_/d cupful fl\r ,salt & pepp] ,cut ! meat into pieces ( suitable size = s]v+4 ,br[n ea* piece 9 fat4 7,use scraps ( fat cut f ! meat47 ,mix ! egg1 fl\r1 & season+4 ,spread bo? sides ( ea* piece ( meat ) ! egg mixture4 ,aga9 br[n ! pieces ( meat 9 fat4 ,!n add boil+ wat] & let ! meat cook at simm]+ temp]ature = at lea/ #b h\rs4 ,s]ve hot4 ,beef may be sub/itut$ = veal4 ,,potato ,,puff #b cupfuls ma%$ potatoes #b tablespoonfuls milk #a tablespoonful butt] or sub/itute #a teaspoonful salt ,pepp] #a egg ,mix all ! +r$i5ts except ! egg4 ,sep>ate ! egg1 & beat ! :ite & ! yolk4 ,beat ! yolk into ! potato mixture2 !n add ! :ite by cutt+ & fold+-94 ,turn into a butt]$ bak+-di% or drop by spoonfuls on a butt]$ bak+-%eet4 ,bake until ! egg is cook$ & ! top br[n4 ,s]ve at once4 ,! egg may also be add$ unbeat5 to ! potatoes1 & ! entire mixture beat5 vigor\sly4 ,,que/ions ,:y is cold wat]1 r ?an hot1 us$ = mak+ meat /ock8 ,h[ does veal /ock comp>e 9 color ) beef /ock8 ,:at is ! /ock call$ t is made f veal8 ,:y is ?is meat cook$ at simm]+ r ?an at boil+ temp]ature8 ,:y is x desirable to use p>sley & ,worce/]%ire sauce ) veal8 ,is x desirable to use ,worce/]%ire sauce ) beef or mutton8 ,expla9 y\r answ]4 ,:y is ,worce/]%ire sauce n cook$ ) ! br[n sauce8 ,locate veal cutlets or veal /eak 7see ,figure #fe74 ,to :at cut ( beef does x correspond8 ,:at cut ( veal corresponds to ! t5d]lo9 cuts ( beef8 ,h[ does ! cutt+ & ! us+ ( ! rib section ( veal diff] f t ( beef8 ,:at are ! prices p] p\nd ( ea* cut ( veal8 ,arrange 9 tabulat$ =m & record ! date4 ,f ,u4,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,bullet9 ,no4 #bh1 tabulate ! p]c5tage composition ( veal cutlets or veal /eak4 ,comp>e ) ! p]c5tage composition ( beef /eak 7see ,figure #fh74 ,potato ,puff may be prep>$ f ei!r hot or cold ma%$ potatoes4 ,%\ld ! temp]ature ( ! ov5 be ! same = ea*8 ,expla9 y\r answ]4 ,:at is ! purpose ( ! egg 9 ! potato mixture8 ,:i* w\ld give ! bett] result :5 add$ to ! potato mixture1 beat5 egg or unbeat5 egg8 ,give ! reason = y\r answ]4 ,h[ _m p]sons w ! ,potato ,puff recipe s]ve8 ,f ,u4,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,bullet9 ,no4 #bh1 tabulate ! p]c5tage composition ( fre% potatoes 7see ,figure #fb7 & boil$ potatoes4 ,h[ mu* nutrim5t is lo/ by boil+ "o p\nd ( potatoes8 ,by :at me?od c potatoes be cook$ 9 ord] to reta9 ! mo/ nutrim5t8 ,give reasons = comb9+ veal & potatoes4 ,,lesson ,,xcviii ,,mutton ,,& ,,lamb ,,di%es ,,mutton4--,mutton is ! meat obta9$ f ! %eep4 ,! animal is usually ab\t ?ree ye>s ( age :5 kill$4 ,l beef1 mutton ne$s to hang a few days be=e us+4 ,x is consid]$ z nutriti\s & z easily dige/$ z beef4 ,its /rong flavor may be de/roy$ by remov+ ! p9k sk9 & mu* ( ! fat4 ,! latt] has su* a /rong flavor1 t x _c be us$ = cook+ unless x is tri$ out ) onion1 apple1 & dri$ h]bs4 ,mutton fat s prep>$ is sometimes t]m$ savory fat4 ,x is ?\ght t ! fat dissolves c]ta9 flavor+ mat]ials pres5t 9 ! fruit1 vegetable1 & h]bs4 ,! c>ameliz$ c>bohydrate =m$ by br[n+ ! apple & onion also adds to ! flavor4 ,footnote #fh3 ,see ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,f>m]s' ,bullet91 ,no4 #ebf4 ,mutton fat is useful = soap-mak+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #ff4--;,,cuts ,,( ,,lamb ,,or ,,mutton ,,lamb4--,lamb is meat obta9$ f ! "y %eep1 kill$ :5 f six weeks to "o ye> old4 ,z ! animal matures1 ! blood rec$es f its jo9ts2 h5ce ! jo9ts ( lamb are p9k 9 color1 :ile ^? ( mutton are :ite4 ,lamb has ! *>act]i/ics ( ! meat ( immature animals4 ,x conta9s m wat] & a little less fat ?an mutton1 & %\ld n be all[$ to hang4 ,x is m delicate 9 flavor ?an is mutton4 ,lamb %\ld be well cook$2 mutton is sometimes s]v$ r>e4 ,,food ,,comb9ations ,,cuts ,,( ,,lamb ,,& ,,mutton 7see ,figure #ff74 ,"n ( ,cut ,=m ,( ,cut ,me?od ,( ,cook+ ,a4 ,lo94 ,*ops--,lo9 *ops 7see ,broil+4 ,figure #fg74 ,roa/+4 ,?ick pieces 7lo9 sections ( bo? h9d qu>t]s 9 "o piece call$ ,saddle ( ,mutton74 ,b4 ,leg4 ,slices4 ,broil+4 ,?ick pieces4 ,roa/+4 ,/ew+4 ,c4 ,rib4 ,*ops--rib *ops7see ,fig- ,broil+4 ure #fg7 7:5 trimm$ ,roa/+4 call$ ,fr5* *ops4 see ,figure #fg74 ,?ick ,pieces 7rib sections ( bo? =e qu>t]s 9 "o piece call$ ,rack ( ,mutton74 ,d4 ,%\ld]4 ,*ops blade %\ld] ,broil+4 *ops 7see ,figure #fg7 ,brais+4 & r\nd %\ld] ,roa/+4 *ops 7see ,figure #fg74 ,/uff+ & ,?ick ,pieces4 ,roa/+4 ,:ole4 ,e4 ,brea/4 ,?ick ,pieces4 ,/ew+4 ,bro?-mak+4 ,f4 ,neck4 ,?ick ,pieces4 ,/ew+4 ,bro?-mak+4 ,,/uff$ ,,%\ld] ,,( ,,lamb #d to #e p\nds %\ld] ( lamb1 bon$1 clean$1 & /uff$ ) ! mixture us$ 9 ,/uff$ ,meat ,roa/4 7,d\ble ! quantity ( +r$i5ts = ! %\ld] ( lamb47 ,add ! /uff+ to ! meat2 !n lace 7see ,bak$ ,fi%7 or skew] into %ape4 ,season1 & dr$ge ) fl\r4 ,place dripp+s or o!r fat 9 a fry+ pan or iron roa/+ pan1 & br[n ! surface ( ! meat4 ,place ! lamb on ! rack 9 a roa/+ pan1 add boil+ wat]2 cov]2 & bake 9 a mod]ate ov51 all[+ "o half h\r to ! p\nd4 ,%\ld] ( veal may be prep>$ & /uff$ 9 ! same way4 ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ( ,bureau ( ,publications1 ,tea*]s ,college4 ,,figure #fg4--,,lamb ,,*ops4 ,upp] r[3 ,rib *ops1--,fr5*4 ,lo9 *ops4 ,l[] r[3 ,rib *ops4 ,blade %\ld] *op4 ,r\nd bone %\ld] *op4 ,,m9t ,,sauce #a cupful fre% m9t #a_/b cupful v9eg> #a_/d cupful sug> ,*op ! leaves & ! t5d] tips ( ! m9t4 ,dissolve ! sug> 9 ! v9eg>1 & add ! m9t4 ,let ! sauce /& "o h\r be=e us+4 ,heat ov] hot wat] be=e s]v+4 ,,lamb ,,or ,,mutton ,,9 ,,! ,,cass]ole #b p\nds neck1 brea/1 or %\ld] ( lamb or mutton ,fl\r ,fat = br[n+ ,wat] or /ock #d c>rots #b cupfuls peas #b teaspoonfuls salt ,pepp] #a_/b bay leaf #c allspice b]ries ,cut ! meat into pieces suitable = s]v+4 ,roll 9 fl\r1 & br[n 9 a fry+ pan ) hot fat4 ,remove to ! cass]ole1 & cov] ) boil+ wat] or /ock4 ,wa%1 scrape1 & cut ! c>rots into halves4 ,add !m & ! spices to ! meat 9 ! cass]ole4 ,cov]1 & cook at simm]+ temp]ature = two h\rs4 ,!n add ! peas & ! season+4 ,cook until t5d]4 ,s]ve hot f ! cass]ole4 ,"o half cupful ( cook$ rice may be us$ in/ead ( ! c>rots & peas4 ,tomatoes also make a pleas+ addition4 ,,! ,,cass]ole4--,! cass]ole is a popul> ut5sil = cook+ & s]v+4 ,x is suitable = foods t ne$ to be cook$ at a l[ temp]ature = a long p]iod ( "t2 h5ce its adaptability to t\gh cuts ( meat4 ,because ! cass]ole is tightly cov]$1 foods may be cook$ 9 x ) little loss by evaporation4 ,! flavor is reta9$ also1 if ! cook+ is c>efully done4 ,! use ( ! cass]ole 9 s]v+ is a di/9ct advantage1 s9ce ! foods may be s]v$ hot4 ,! cass]ole may be us$ 9 ! ov5 or on top ( ! range4 ,if a cov]$ crock is us$ 9 place ( ! regulation cass]ole1 a d9n] napk9 %\ld be fold$ neatly ar\nd x = s]v+4 ,,que/ions ,tell h[ lamb c be di/+ui%$ f mutton4 ,give two reasons = add+ dri$ h]bs to ! /uff+ = lamb4 ,give two reasons = s]v+ ,m9t ,sauce ) lamb4 ,:at is ! purpose ( fir/ br[n+ ! lamb t is to be roa/$8 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #fh4--,,! ,,composition ,,( ,,fre% ,,& ,,cur$ ,,meats4 7,revis$ edition7 ,:at is ! easie/ me?od ( add+ extra fl\r to ! sauce ar\nd lamb or mutton 9 ! cass]ole 7see ,?ick5+ ! ,sauce ( ,meat ,cook$ 9 ,wat]78 ,h[ _m p]sons w ?is recipe s]ve8 ,"n ! advantages ( cook+ meat 9 a cass]ole4 ,give a dietetic reason = comb9+ c>rots1 peas1 or rice1 ) lamb or mutton4 ,di/+ui% betwe5 rib & lo9 *ops ( lamb or mutton4 ,:at is a ,fr5* *op8 ,obta9 ! prices p] p\nd ( ea* cut ( mutton or lamb4 ,arrange 9 tabulat$ =m & record ! date4 ,f ,u4,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture ,bullet9 ,no4 #bh1 tabulate ! p]c5tage composition ( ! h9d qu>t] ( mutton4 ,comp>e x ) ! composition ( beef /eak4 ,tabulate ! p]c5tage composition ( beets1 c>rots1 p>snips1 & turnips4 ,:i* conta9s ! mo/ c>bohydrates8 ,:i* ! mo/ a%8 ,,lesson ,,xcix ,,pork1 ,,vegetables1 ,,& ,,apple ,,sauce ,,pork4--,pork is meat obta9$ f ! pig4 ,9 all meats1 mu* fat is entangl$ 9 ! network ( connective tissue t b9ds ! muscle fib]s4 ,pork1 h[ev]1 conta9s m fat ?an does any o!r meat4 ,! fat is mo/ intimately m+l$ ) ! lean4 ,= ?is reason x is dige/$ sl[ly4 ,fre% pork %\ld be us$ sp>+ly4 ,its use %\ld be conf9$ to ! w9t] mon?s4 ,pork %\ld be ?or\ghly cook$4 ,x sometimes conta9s organisms :i* may produce s]i\s results1 if n de/roy$ 9 ! cook+4 ,pork is made m :olesome by cur+1 salt+1 & smok+4 ,! fat ( bacon is readily dige/$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #fi4--;,,cuts ,,( ,,pork4 ,,cuts ,,( ,,pork 7see ,figure #fi74 ,,"n ,,( ,,cut ,,=m ,,( ,,cut ,,me?od ,,( ,,cook+ ,a4 ,lo94 ,*ops--rib & lo9 ,saute+4 *ops 7fre$ f fat ,roa/+4 call$ sp>e ribs7 --cut into *ops or ?ick pieces4 ,b4 ,ham ,slices4 ,saute+4 7usually smok$74 ,:ole4 ,boil+4 ,roa/+4 ,c4 ,back 7all fat74 ,/rips4 ,tri$ out 7its ,slices4 fat us$ = saute+1 fry+1 & flavor+71 ,l>d+4 ,d4 ,%\ld] ,slices4 ,saute+4 7smok$ or fre%74 ,:ole4 ,boil+4 ,roa/+4 ,e4 ,bacon 7smok$7 ,?9 or ?ick slices4 ,saute+4 or ,salt ,pork4 ,broil+4 ,,pork ,,*ops ,,) ,,sweet ,,potatoes ,p>e sweet potatoes1 & place !m 9 ! bottom ( a roa/+ pan4 ,wipe ! pork *ops1 & place !m on top ( ! potatoes4 ,place ! roa/+ pan on ! top %elf ( a hot ov51 9 ord] to br[n ! *ops4 ,br[n on "o side2 turn ! *ops ) a =k1 & br[n on ! o!r side4 ,!n remove ! roa/+ pan f ! ov51 spr9kle ! *ops ) salt1 pepp]1 & p[d]$ sage4 ,add a little boil+ wat]4 ,return to ! ov54 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #gj4--,,! ,,composition ,,( ,,fre% ,,& ,,dri$ ,,fruits4 7,revis$ edition7 ,cov] & bake #a h\r1 or until ! potatoes are t5d]4 ,ba/e ! potatoes & meat occasionally4 ,remove ! *ops to ! c5t] ( a hot platt]1 & surr\nd !m ) ! potatoes4 ,s]ve at once ) ,apple ,sauce 7= prep>ation ( ,apple ,sauce1 see ,fruit ,sauces74 ,,turnips ,,) ,,fre% ,,pork #a #a_/b p\nds fre% pork 7%\ld]7 #c m$ium siz$ turnips #a tablespoonful salt #b tablespoonfuls fl\r ,pepp] ,clean ! meat1 put x 9 a saucepan1 & add en\gh boil+ wat] to cov]4 ,cook at simm]+ temp]ature = #a #a_/b h\rs4 ,p>e ! turnips1 cut !m into cubes4 ,:5 ! meat has cook$ #a_/b h\r1 add ! turnips & salt & cont9ue cook+ = #a h\r or until ! meat & vegetables are t5d]4 ,mix ! fl\r ) en\gh cold wat] 7ab\t #b tablespoonfuls7 to make a ?9 batt]4 ,add x to ! meat & turnips4 ,/ir & cook = at lea/ #aj m9utes4 ,add a da% ( pepp]4 ,s]ve hot4 ,,broil$ ,,ham ,p>boil 9 boil+ wat] = #aj m9utes a slice ( ham ab\t #a_/b in* ?ick4 ,place 9 a broil] & broil1 or place 9 a fry+ pan & pan- broil1 turn+ (t54 ,g>ni% ) p>sley & s]ve at once4 ,,bacon ,place ?9 slices ( bacon 7f :i* ! r9d has be5 remov$7 9 a hot fry+-pan4 ,z ! fat tries out1 dra9 x f ! bacon4 ,scor*+ ( ! fat is ?us prev5t$4 ,cook ! bacon until x is br[n & crisp1 turn+ once4 ,bacon fat %\ld be sav$4 ,x c be us$ 9 cook+4 ,,scallop$ ,,potatoes ,,) ,,bacon #d m$ium potatoes #a_/d p\nd slic$ bacon ,fl\r ,salt1 us$ sp>+ly ,pepp] ,milk ,p>e ! potatoes & cut !m into ?9 slices4 ,cook ! bacon until br[n2 cut ea* slice ( bacon into sev]al pieces4 ,oil a bak+-di% & place a lay] ( potatoes 9 x1 !n a lay] ( bacon & "s ( ! tri$-out bacon fat4 ,spr9kle ) fl\r1 salt1 & pepp]4 ,repeat1 until all ! +r$i5ts are us$2 ! top lay] %\ld be ( bacon4 ,add milk until x rea*es ! top lay]4 ,bake 9 a mod]ate ov5 = "o h\r1 or until mu* ( ! milk has evaporat$ & ! potatoes are t5d]4 ,s]ve hot4 #a_/d cupful ( bacon dripp+s may be us$ in/ead ( slic$ bacon4 ,,que/ions ,:y %\ld fre% pork be us$ 9 w9t] r ?an 9 summ]8 ,:y is pork sl[ 9 dige/+8 ,expla9 :y vegetables & ,apple ,sauce are desirable foods to s]ve ) pork 7see ,figure #fb1 ,figure #fh1 & ,figure #gj74 ,= :at reason %\ld pork be cook$ ?or\ghly8 ,:at is ! purpose ( p>boil+ ham be=e broil+ x8 ,:at +r$i5t1 inv>iably us$ 9 ,scallop$ ,potatoes1 is omitt$ 9 ,scallop$ ,potatoes ) ,bacon8 ,:at is sub/itut$ = ?is mat]ial8 ,:y %\ld salt be add$ sp>+ly to potatoes cook$ ) bacon8 ,h[ _m p]sons does ! giv5 quantity ( ,scallop$ ,potatoes ) ,bacon & ( ,turnips ) ,fre% ,pork s]ve8 ,to :at cut ( beef does ham correspond8 ,f ,u4,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture ,bullet9 ,no4 #bh1 tabulate ! p]c5tage composition ( fre% & salt$ ham4 ,comp>e x ) ! composition ( beef /eak 7see ,figure #fh74 ,obta9 ! price p] p\nd ( ea* cut ( pork4 ,arrange 9 tabulat$ =m & record date4 ,,lesson ,c ,,*ick5 ,,& ,,rice ,,p\ltry4--,p\ltry includes *ick5 7or common f[l71 turkey1 duck1 & goose--dome/ic birds suitable = food4 ,pigeon & squab are n consid]$ p\ltry4 ,*ick5s t are ?ree or f\r mon?s old are call$ spr+ *ick5s or broil]s4 ,birds old] ?an "o ye> are sometimes call$ f[ls4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #ga4--,,remov+ ,,t5dons ,,f ,,! ,,leg ,,( ,a ,,f[l4 ,,selection ,,( ,,*ick5 ,,& ,,f[l4--,*ick5s & f[ls h c]ta9 *>act]i/ics :i* make !m readily di/+ui%able4 ,*ick5s h s(t feet1 a s(t & flexible brea/ bone1 _m p9 fea!rs1 & little fat4 ,f[ls h h>d & scaly feet1 rigid brea/ bone1 long hairs1 & mu* fat surr\nd+ ! inte/9es4 ,,dige/ion ,,( ,,p\ltry4--,! muscle ( *ick51 f[l1 & turkey conta9s little fat2 ! fat t exi/s is 9 lay]s directly "u ! sk9 & ar\nd ! inte/9es4 ,! fib]s ( ! muscle are %ort4 ,= ?is reason1 & also because !y h s little fat1 ^! meats are readily dige/$4 ,! :ite meat conta9s less fat ?an ! d>k4 ,illu/ration ) caption3 ,,figure #gb--;,,f[l ,,truss$ ,,= ,,roa/+4 ,,brea/ ,,view ,,dress+ ,,& ,,clean+ ,,p\ltry4--,s+e1 by hold+ ! bird ov] a flame ( gas1 alcohol1 or burn+ pap]4 ,cut (f ! head1 pu% back ! sk91 & cut (f ! neck close to ! body4 ,cut ?r\gh ! sk9 ar\nd ! leg "o in* bel[ ! leg jo9t4 ,if x is a f[l1 take out ! t5dons2 remove !m sep>ately1 us+ a skew] 7see ,figure #ga74 ,remove ! p9 fea!rs ) ! po9t ( a knife or ) a /rawb]ry hull]4 ,cut ! oil bag f ! tail4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #gc--;,,f[l ,,truss$ ,,= ,,roa/+1--,,back ,,view4 ,! int]nal organs are n always remov$ be=e ! *ick5 is sold4 ,if !y h n be5 remov$1 make an op5+ "u "o ( ! legs or at ! v5t1 leav+ a /rip ( sk9 above ! v5t4 ,remove ! organs c>efully1--! inte/9es1 gizz>d1 he>t1 & liv] %\ld all be remov$ toge!r4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 t ! gall bladd]1 :i* lies "u ! liv]1 is n brok52 x mu/ be cut away c>efully f ! liv]4 ,! lungs & kidneys1 ly+ 9 ! holl[ ( ! backbone1 mu/ be c>efully remov$4 ,press ! he>t to extract ! blood4 ,cut (f ! out] coat ( ! gizz>d4 ,! gizz>d1 he>t1 & liv] con/itute ! giblets to be us$ 9 mak+ gravy4 ,wa% ! giblets4 ,place !m all1 ) ! exception ( ! liv]1 9 cold wat]2 heat quickly & cook 7at simm]+ temp]ature7 until t5d]4 ,add ! liv] a %ort "t be=e remov+ ! o!r giblets f ! /ove1 z x does n require long cook+4 ,clean ! bird by wip+ x ?or\ghly inside & out ) a damp clo?1 /uff & truss = roa/+1 or cut into pieces = fricassee or /ew4 ,if ! bird is /uff$1 ! incision 9 ! sk9 may be fa/5$ toge!r z direct$ = ,bak$ ,fi%4 ,,truss+ ,,f[l4--,ins]t a skew] ?r\gh ! f[l j und]nea? ! legs1 !n ?ru/ ano!r skew] ?r\gh ! w+s & brea/4 ,) a piece ( /r+1 tie ! ends ( ! legs toge!r & fa/5 !m to ! tail4 ,!n w9d ! ends ( ! /r+ fa/5$ to ! tail1 ar\nd ! ends ( ! skew] b5ea? ! legs4 ,cross ! /r+s ov] ! back1 & w9d !m ar\nd ! ends ( ! skew] ?r\gh ! w+s2 tie ! /r+s toge!r at ! back4 ,if truss$ 9 ?is mann]1 !re is no /r+ across ! brea/ ( ! f[l4 ,a f[l %\ld be s]v$ brea/ side up 7see ,figures #gb & #gc74 ,,cutt+ ,a ,,f[l4--,cut (f ! leg1 & sep>ate x at ! jo9t into drum/ick & second jo9t4 ,cut (f ! w+ & remove ! tip2 make an incision at ! middle jo9t4 ,remove ! leg & w+ f ! o!r side2 sep>ate ! wi%bone ) ! meat on x1 f ! brea/1 cut ?r\gh ! ribs on ea* side1 & sep>ate ! brea/ f ! back4 ,cut ! brea/ 9 half l5g?wise & ! back ?r\gh ! middle crosswise4 ,!re %\ld be twelve pieces4 ,! neck & ! tips ( ! w+s may be cook$ ) ! giblets = mak+ gravy4 ,,/ew$ ,,*ick5 ,footnote #fi3 ,/ew$ ,*ick5 may be utiliz$ = ,*ick5 ,croquettes7 or ,creole ,/ew4 ,cov] ! pieces ( *ick5 ) boil+ wat]1 & cook at boil+ temp]ature = #ae m9utes2 !n add "o tablespoonful ( salt & cook at simm]+ temp]ature until t5d]4 ,arrange ! pieces on a platt]1 plac+ ! neck at "o end ( ! platt] & ! drum/icks at ! o!r1 & ! rema9+ pieces 9 ord] betwe54 ,cov] ) a sauce4 ,! *ick5 may be plac$ on pieces ( toa/ or s]v$ 9 a bord] ( cook$ rice4 ,,sauce ,,= ,,*ick5 #c tablespoonfuls tri$-out *ick5 fat or butt] or sub/itute #a_/d cupful ( fl\r #a teaspoonful salt #b tablespoonfuls *opp$ p>sley #a p9t /ock #b egg yolks or #a egg #a_/h teaspoonful pepp] ,prep>e ! sauce 7see ,cream ,toa/71 & p\r x ov] ! well- beat5 eggs1 /irr+ until ?or\ghly mix$4 ,cook until ! eggs are coagulat$4 ,s]ve at once ov] *ick54 ,,que/ions ,:y is *ick5 m readily dige/$ ?an o!r meat8 ,:at is ! reason = cook+ /ew$ *ick5 #ae m9utes 9 boil+ wat]8 ,:y is ! salt n add$ at fir/8 ,:y %\ld ! *ick5 f9ally be cook$ at simm]+ temp]ature r ?an at boil+8 ,:at use c be made ( ! fat ( a f[l8 ,:at is ! purpose ( ! eggs 9 ,sauce = ,*ick58 ,expla9 fully :y rice or toa/ makes a desirable addition to ,/ew$ ,*ick54 ,,lesson ,,ci ,,*ick5 ,,& ,,peas ,,*ick5 ,,croquettes #b #a_/b cupfuls *opp$ *ick5 or f[l ,onion juice #b tablespoonfuls lemon juice #a tablespoonful p>sley ,,sauce #a p9t cream or milk #a_/c cupful fat #a_/b cupful fl\r #a #a_/b teaspoonfuls salt #a_/h teaspoonful pepp] #a teaspoonful cel]y salt ,*op ! *ick5 v f9e2 add ! season+s4 ,make ! sauce 7see ,cream ,toa/74 ,add ! *ick5 to ! sauce4 ,cool ! mixture4 ,%ape into cones4 ,cov] ) dri$ bread crumbs & egg1 & cook 9 deep fat 7see ,fri$ ,oy/]s74 ,dra9 on pap]4 ,s]ve at once ) gre5 peas4 ,an egg may be beat5 & add$ to ! sauce1 be=e mix+ x ) ! meat4 ,,que/ions ,:at is ! purpose ( cool+ ! *ick5 mixture be=e %ap+ x into croquettes 7see ,exp]im5t #ag78 ,h[ _m croquettes does ?is recipe make8 ,h[ _m cupfuls ( *opp$ meat c be obta9$ f f[l ( av]age weight8 ,:at is ! av]age weight ( a *ick5 "o ye> old8 ,h[ long does x take to cook x8 ,:at is ! av]age weight ( a spr+ *ick58 ,:at is ! pres5t m>ket price ( spr+ *ick58 ,( f[l8 ,comp>e ! composition ( f[l ) t ( r\nd /eak1 us+ ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture ,bullet9 ,no4 #bh4 ,also record ! p]c5tage ( refuse 9 a f[l :5 x is pur*as$4 ,consid]+ ! refuse 9 f[l1 :at is ! price p] p\nd8 ,tabulate ! p]c5tage composition ( fre% & dri$ peas & beans1 & ( dri$ l5tils4 ,:i* are ri*] 9 prote91 ! fre% or ! dri$ vegetables 7see ,figure #gf78 ,,lesson ,,cii ,,oy/] ,,di%es ,,exp]im5t #fc4 ,,prote9 ,,9 ,,oy/] ,,liquor4--,p\r a small quantity ( oy/] liquor into a te/ tube & boil x4 ,:at *ange takes place8 ,f y\r previ\s exp]i5ce ) eggs1 :at food/uff w\ld y inf] t oy/]s conta98 ,:at inf]5ce c y draw f ?is z to ! temp]ature at :i* oy/]s %\ld be cook$8 ,,oy/]s4--,an oy/] is an animal cov]$ ) %ell4 ,! %ell1 :i* consi/s ( m9]al matt]1 protects ! animal4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #gd--;,,composition ,,( ,,fi%1 ,,fi% ,,products ,,& ,,oy/]s 7,revis$ edition7 ,! oy/] has no head1 arms1 or legs1 b x has a m\?1 liv]1 gills1 & "o /rong muscle4 ,! m\? is ne> ! h+e-end ( ! %ell2 by means ( ! h+e1 ! %ell is op5$ & wat] & food tak5 92 by means ( ! muscle1 ! %ell is clos$4 7,f9d ! muscle 9 an oy/]2 !n ! d>k spot1--?is is ! liv]2 also f9d ! flut$ portions t p>tly surr\nd ! liv]1--^! are ! gills47 ,oy/]s are 9 season f ,septemb] until ,may4 ,!y are sometimes eat5 dur+ ! summ] mon?s1 b are n s palatable & are m apt to be contam9at$ by ! bact]ia ( w>m wat]4 ,! blui% gre5 color ( "s oy/]s is due to ! oy/]'s fe$+ ^u vegetable mat]ials4 ,?is does n h>m ! flavor ( ! oy/]4 ,oy/]s are sometimes plac$ 9 fre% wat] /reams or 9 wat] :i* is less salt ?an t 9 :i* !y h gr[n to fatt5 !m4 ,! animals take 9 ! fre% wat]1 become plump1 & increase 9 weight4 ,if ! wat] is sewage-pollut$1 ! oy/]s become contam9at$ ) dang]\s bact]ia4 ,me?ods ( cook+ usually appli$ to oy/]s1 su* z /ew+ & boil+1 may n de/roy all bact]ia4 ,h5ce1 ! dang] 9 eat+ oy/]s tak5 f pollut$ wat]4 ,:5 oy/]s are prep>$ = m>ket1 !y are sort$ accord+ to size4 ,blue po9ts1 or small oy/]s orig9ally gr[n 9 ,blue ,po9t1 are priz$ = s]v+ raw 9 ! half %ell4 ,?is "n1 h[ev]1 no long] indicates ! place f :i* ! oy/]s come1 b is appli$ to small oy/]s 9 ! %ell4 ,l>ge oy/]s select$ = fry+ may be pur*as$4 ,oy/]s are f\nd at m>kets ei!r 9 ! %ell or ) ! %ell remov$4 ,s9ce oy/]s spoil readily1 !y mu/ be kept cold dur+ transportation4 ,!y are n[ %ipp$ 9 conta9]s surr\nd$ by ice4 ,=m]ly ice 0 plac$ 9 contact ) ! oy/]s4 ,note ! p]c5tage composition ( oy/]s 7see ,figure #gd74 ,) su* a l>ge quantity ( wat]1 ! oy/] has little food value4 ,oy/]s are priz$ = _! flavor1 b make an exp5sive food4 ,cook+ makes oy/]s some:at t\gh1 b x /]ilizes !m & makes !m saf] to use4 ,x is consid]$ t oy/]s prop]ly cook$ are easily dige/$4 ,!y %\ld be eat5 :5 v fre%4 ,!y spoil quickly & develop poison\s products4 ,,clean+ ,,oy/]s4--,dra9 (f ! liquor4 ,if ! liquor is to be us$1 /ra9 x ?r\gh a f9e /ra9]4 ,place ! oy/]s 9 a /ra9] or col&]1 & wa% !m4 ,d n all[ oy/]s to /& 9 wat] aft] wa%+4 ,run ea* oy/] ?r\gh ! f+]s to remove pieces ( %ell t may be cl++ to x4 ,,oy/] ,,/ew #a cupful milk #a p9t oy/]s #a tablespoonful butt] ,salt & pepp] ,heat ! milk 9 a d\ble boil]2 add ! season+s & butt]4 ,clean ! oy/]s2 cook !m 9 a saucepan until !y become plump & ! edges curl4 ,add ! hot milk & s]ve at once4 ,! milk may be ?ick5$ ) #a tablespoonful ( fl\r 7see recipe = ,?9 ,:ite ,sauce74 ,s]ve crack]s or bread ) ,oy/] ,/ew4 ,,scallop$ ,,oy/]s #a p9t oy/]s #a_/b teaspoonful salt #c cupfuls s(t bread crumbs #c tablespoonfuls butt] or sub/itute #a_/d cupful oy/] juice or milk ,cay5ne ,wa% ! oy/]s1 /ra9 ! juice1 & butt] ! crumbs4 ,add ! season+ to ! oy/]s4 ,place "o f\r? ( ! butt]$ crumbs 9 ! bottom ( a butt]$ bak+-di%4 ,add "o half ( ! oy/]s1 ano!r f\r? ( ! crumbs1 !n ! rema9d] ( ! oy/]s1 ! liquid1 & f9ally ! rema9+ half ( ! butt]$ crumbs4 ,bake 9 a mod]ate ov5 f #cj to #dj m9utes4 ,if bak$ 9 individual bak+-di%es1 only #ae m9utes w be requir$ = bak+4 ,,que/ions ,c\nt & record ! numb] ( oy/]s 9 "o p9t4 ,f ,figures #fd & #gd1 tabulate ! p]c5tage composition ( oy/]s & milk4 ,f9d ! weight ( "o cupful ( oy/]s & ( "o cupful ( milk4 ,h[ d !y comp>e z to ! am\nt ( wat]1 prote91 & fat conta9$ 9 "o p9t ( ea*8 ,:at is ! diff]5ce 9 co/ ( "o p9t ( ea*8 ,:at is ! purpose ( /ra9+ ! oy/] liquor8 ,:y %\ld n oy/]s /& 9 wat] aft] wa%+ 7see ,exp]im5t #ch78 ,expla9 :y oy/]s %\ld be cook$ only a %ort "t4 ,:at is ! effect ( long cook+ ^u oy/]s8 ,9 ,scallop$ ,oy/]s1 :y is ! liquid add$ be=e ! la/ lay] ( crumbs8 ,h[ _m p]sons d ea* ( ^! oy/] recipes s]ve8 ,:at dietetic reason c be giv5 = comb9+ oy/]s & bread8 ,f ,u4,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture ,bullet9 ,no4 #bh1 tabulate ! p]c5tage composition ( ! foll[+ fi%3 ,fre% & salt cod1 fre% & smok$ h]r+1 fre% & salt mack]el1 fre% & cann$ salmon1 fre% p]*1 & fre% :ite fi%4 ,:i* conta9s ! mo/ fat8 ,h[ c fi% be classifi$ ) reg>d to fat cont5t 7see ,classes ( ,fi%78 ,:i* fi% conta9s ! mo/ prote98 ,h[ d fi%1 %ellfi%1 & beef comp>e 9 prote9 cont5t8 ,:i* is ! *eape/ s\rce ( prote9 7see ,figures #fh & #gd78 ,,lesson ,,ciii ,,meat-,,sub/itute ,,di%es ,,meat-,,sub/itute ,,mat]ials4--,cottage *eese1 eggs1 peanuts1 & o!r legumes are valuable sub/itutes = meat4 ,! legumes ) ! exception ( soy-beans & peanuts1 h[ev]1 d n conta9 complete prote94 ,h5ce1 _! use ) eggs or milk is desirable4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #ge4--,! composition ( eggs & *eese4 7,revis$ edition47 ,nuts are a =m ( fruit4 ,!y are ri* 9 nutritive mat]ials4 ,if !y c be dige/$ readily1 !y make a valuable food4 ,!y ne$ to be gr\nd f9e or *ew$ ?or\ghly1 h[ev]1 to make !m dige/ible4 ,nuts conta9 mu* fat1 prote91 & little c>bohydrates4 ,*e/nuts1 h[ev]1 conta9 mu* ( ! latt] food/uff4 ,because !y conta9 prote91 nuts may be us$ z sub/itutes = meat4 ,b mo/ nuts are exp5sive4 ,= ?is reason 9 _m h\seholds !y are impractical z ev]yday foods4 ,,cottage ,,*eese ,,& ,,nut ,,loaf #a cupful cottage *eese #a cupful *opp$ nuts #a cupful s(t bread crumbs #a teaspoonful salt #a_/h teaspoonful pepp] #b teaspoonfuls lemon juice #b tablespoonfuls scrap$ onion #a tablespoonful fat ,mix ! *eese1 nuts1 bread crumbs1 lemon juice1 salt1 & pepp]4 ,cook ! onion & fat toge!r until !y are br[n4 ,add a small quantity ( wat] & !n add ! onion mixture to ! o!r +r$i5ts4 ,if necess>y1 add m wat] to moi/5 ! mixture4 ,p\r into a bak+-di% & bake until br[n4 7,f ,unit$ ,/ates ,food ,adm9i/ration ,leaflet47 ,,scallop$ ,,eggs ,,) ,,*eese #f h>d-cook$ eggs #b cupfuls m$ium ,:ite ,sauce #b cupfuls butt]$ s(t bread crumbs #c_/d cupful *eese ,grate ! *eese1 or cut x into pieces1 & add x to ! ,:ite ,sauce4 ,cut ! eggs 9 slices4 ,oil a bak+-di%1 & place ! mat]ials 9 ! di% 9 lay]s1 hav+ ! l[] & top lay]s ( bread crumbs4 ,bake 9 a mod]ate ov5 until ! mixture is heat$ ?r\gh & ! crumbs are br[n$4 ,s]ve hot 9 place ( meat4 ,,peanut ,,roa/ #a #a_/b cupfuls dri$ bread crumbs ,milk #a #a_/b cupfuls %ell$ peanuts #d teaspoonfuls bak+ p[d] #a egg ,salt & pepp] ,,figure #gf--,,! ,,composition ,,( ,,legumes ,,& ,,corn 7,revis$ edition47 ,cov] ! bread crumbs ) milk1 & soak !m until s(t4 ,*op ! peanuts v f9e1 & mix ) ! bak+ p[d]2 beat ! egg4 ,mix ?or\ghly all ! +r$i5ts1 & turn into an oil$ bread pan4 ,bake ab\t #de m9utes 9 a mod]ate ov54 ,s]ve hot ) ,tomato ,sauce4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #gg4--,,! ,,composition ,,( ,,bread ,,& ,,o!r ,,c]eal ,,foods4 7,revis$ edition47 ,comm]cial salt$ peanuts may be us$ = ,peanut ,roa/4 ,,que/ions ,f ,u4,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture ,bullet9 ,no4 #bh1 f9d ! p]c5tage ( prote9 9 ,cream & ,cottage ,*eese1 eggs 7see ,figure #ge71 walnuts1 peanuts1 dri$ peas1 & beans 7see ,figure #gf71 & beef4 ,h[ _m ounces ( prote9 does a p\nd ( ea* ( ^! foods conta98 ,:at is ! price p] p\nd ( ea* ( ^! foods8 ,:i* food is ! *eape/ s\rce ( prote98 ,:y are bread crumbs a valuable addition to ,scallop$ ,eggs ) ,*eese 7see ,figure #gg78 ,"n o!r meat-sub/itute foods & di%es4 ,,lesson ,,civ ,,meat ,,ext5d]s ,,& ,,"o-,,di% ,,meals ,,meat ,,ext5d]s4--,! flavor ( meat is g5]ally lik$4 ,d\btless ! flavor acc\nts m ?an any o!r *>act]i/ic = ! popul>ity ( meat4 ,by us+ a small quantity ( meat & comb9+ x ) v>i\s c]eals & vegetables1 ! flavor ( meat p]meates ! mixture al?\gh its quantity is r$uc$ & price consequ5tly l[]$4 ,foods conta9+ su* a comb9ation ( food mat]ials are t]m$ meat ext5d]s4 ,^? desir+ to r$uce ! quantity ( meat consum$ ei!r = ! sake ( heal? or economy w f9d meat-ext5d+ di%es desirable4 ,,"o-,,di% ,,meals4--,:5 _m dem&s o!r ?an ^? ( h\sekeep+ are made ^u homekeep]s x is (t5 wise to less5 h\sekeep+ duties4 ,x is bo? possible & satisfactory to cook an entire meal 9 "o di%4 ,a meal consi/+ ( "o di% ) a few accessories is t]m$ a "o-di% meal4 ,x is obvi\s t ! "o-di% meal is bo? simple & economical2 x saves "t1 fuel1 & food2 x is a wise cons]vation measure4 ,9 prep>+ ! "o-di% meal use a comb9ation ( two or m ( ! foll[+ gr\ps ( food3 7#a7 ,vegetables1 7#b7 ,milk1 or *eese1 or eggs1 or fi%1 or meat1 or beans1 or nuts1 7#c7 ,c]eal1 su* z corn1 b>ley1 rice1 oats1 or buck:eat4 ,to two or m ( ^! gr\ps ( food a small am\nt ( fat or oil is g5]ally add$4 ,! use ( su* foods ) a dess]t or fruit or a pla9 salad makes a meal t satisfies ! mo/ exact+4 ,x is mo/ int]e/+ to select foods f ! gr\ps above t w\ld eat well toge!r4 ,! "o-di% meal gives "o ! opportunity = a fasc9at+ /udy ( food comb9ations4 ,if ! cass]ole or fireless cook] is us$ 9 _! prep>ation1 ! possibilities are limitless4 ,an exam9ation ( ! meat-sub/itute di%es & meat ext5d]s w %[ t mo/ ( ^! foods make "o-di% meals4 ,,mutton ,,) ,,b>ley #a p\nd mutton #a onion #a_/b cupful pe>l$ b>ley #b qu>ts wat]1 boil+ #d potatoes ,cel]y leaves 7fre% or dri$7 #a #a_/b teaspoonfuls salt ,cut ! fat f ! meat1 cut ! meat into pieces4 ,put ! fat & slic$ onion 9 a fry+ pan4 ,br[n ! meat 9 ! fat4 ,add ! b>ley & wat] & let ! mixture cook at simm]+ temp]ature = at lea/ #a #a_/b h\rs4 ,p>e ! potatoes1 cut !m into qu>t]s4 ,add ! potatoes & cel]y leaves & cook ! mixture at boil+ temp]ature until ! potatoes are t5d]4 ,s]ve hot4 7,adapt$ f ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture ,leaflet47 ,,tamale ,,pie #c_/d cupful corn-meal #a #a_/b teaspoonfuls salt #c cupfuls boil+ wat] #a onion #a tablespoonful fat #a p\nd *opp$ meat #b cupfuls tomatoes ,da% ,cay5ne pepp]1 or #a small *opp$ sweet pepp] #a #a_/d teaspoonfuls salt ,make a mu% by /irr+ ! corn-meal & #a #a_/b teaspoons salt into boil+ wat]4 ,cook 9 a d\ble boil] or ov] wat] = #de m9utes4 ,br[n ! onion 9 ! fat1 add ! *opp$ meat1 & /ir until ! r$ color disappe>s4 ,add ! tomato1 pepp]1 & salt4 ,grease a bak+-di%1 put 9 a lay] ( corn-meal mu%1 add ! season$ meat1 & cov] ) mu%4 ,bake #cj m9utes4 7,adapt$ f ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture ,leaflet47 ,,creole ,,/ew #a p\nd lean beef or #a m$ium f[l #a tablespoonful fat #a_/d cupful *opp$ onion #a_/b cupful *opp$ sweet pepp]s #a cupful boil+ wat] #a_/b cupful rice #a cupful c>rots or okra 7cut into small pieces7 #b cupfuls tomatoes #b #a_/b teaspoonfuls salt ,cut ! meat into small pieces or cut ! f[l into jo9ts4 ,9 a fry+ pan melt ! fat1 add ! onions1 pepp]s1 meat1 or *ick54 ,br[n = a few m9utes4 ,p\r ^! mat]ials into a cass]ole or kettle ( ! fireless cook] & add ! o!r +r$i5ts4 ,if ! cass]ole is us$1 cook at simm]+ temp]ature = #b h\rs4 ,if ! /ew is to be cook$ 9 ! fireless cook]1 cook x directly ov] ! flame = #a_/b h\r & !n place x 9 ! fireless cook] f #b to #c h\rs4 ,s]ve hot4 ,) *ick5 & okra ?is is ! fam\s ,creole ,*ick5 ( ! ,s\?4 7,adapt$ f ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture ,leaflet47 ,,que/ions ,make a li/ ( meat-ext5d+ di%es4 ,make a li/ ( foods suitable = ! ma9 food ( "o-di% meals4 ,h[ _m p]sons w "o p\nd ( meat s]ve8 ,h[ _m p]sons w ! di%es ( ?is lesson 7ea* conta9+ "o p\nd ( meat7 s]ve8 ,tell :y ! foods compris+ ^! di%es are desirable food comb9ations4 ,,relat$ ,,"w ,,lesson ,,cv ,,m5u-,,mak+ ,,repres5tation ,,( ,,all ,,ess5tials ,,( ,,diet4--,all ! food/uffs or nutri5ts %\ld be repres5t$ 9 ! foods ( a meal1 or at lea/ 9 ! foods compos+ a day's diet4 ,! meal1 or ! day's ration1 %\ld consi/ (3 ,food ri* 9 c>bohydrates & fat1 to supply en]gy to ! body4 ,food ri* 9 prote9 ,footnote #gj3 ,prote9 is n only a body-build]1 b also a fuel4 ,b s9ce x %\ld be us$ *iefly = body-build+ 7see ,daily ,c>bohydrate & ,fat ,requirem5t7 its en]gy-giv+ p[] is n consid]$ 9 meal plann+4 & a%1 to build ! body4 ,food 9 ! =m ( a% & wat]1 to regulate ! processes ( ! body4 ,food conta9+ vitam9es1 to promote ! heal? & gr[? ( ! body4 ,food conta9+ cellulose1 to give bulk to diet4 ,wat] is suppli$ to "s ext5t ) almo/ all ! foods ( a meal1 b z m5tion$ previ\sly1 a g5]\s quantity %\ld be us$ z a bev]age4 ,a consid]ation ( ! k9ds ( food to meet ! diff]5t ne$s ( ! body foll[s3 ,a4 ,food = ,en]gy4--,al?\gh bo? />* & sug> are c>bohydrates :i* furni% en]gy to ! body1 ?is ne$ ( ! body %\ld be suppli$ = ! mo/ "p by />*4 ,! h>mful effects ( excessive sug> eat+ 7 m5tion$ previ\sly4 ,a c]ta9 am\nt ( fat is ne$$ = en]gy-giv+4 ,a meal conta9+ fat /ays by a p]son = a long] "t ?an "o devoid ( foods ri* 9 fat4 ,?is is because fat is m sl[ly dige/$ ?an o!r food/uffs4 ,h5ce a vigor\s p]son lead+ an active outdoor life may feel mu* m com=table :5 fat is includ$ 9 8 diet4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ^? ex]cis+ little f9d t fat-ri* foods di/ress !m greatly1 s9ce !y are too sl[ly dige/$4 ,= _m p]sons1 ! use ( mu* fat is h>mful4 ,s9ce butt] conta9s ! fat-soluble vitam9e1 x is valuable n only = en]gy-giv+1 b = gr[?-promot+4 ,b4 ,food = ,body-build+ & ,repair+4--,bo? prote9 & a% are ne$$ = body-build+4 ,! =m] food/uff conta9s ! elem5t nitrog51--"o ( ! necess>y elem5ts = ! gr[? & ma9t5ance ( ! body4 ,s9ce !re are sev]al k9ds ( food conta9+ prote91 ! "q arises :e!r prote9 is be/ suppli$ by meat1 eggs1 milk1 *eese1 or vegetable prote9 foods4 ,!re are "s :o cont5d t meat is ! lea/ desirable s\rce ( prote9 food4 ,! use ( mu* meat may lead to ! =mation ( an excess ( uric acid :i* is elim9at$ by "s p]sons ) difficulty4 ,x may also cause inte/9al putrefaction4 ,_m f9d t by us+ meat once a day _! heal? is normal4 ,o!rs f9d t by us+ meat b sev]al times a week a m desirable condition is ma9ta9$4 ,d\btless _m p w\ld f9d !mselves mu* b5efit$ by us+ less meat4 ,if ! quantity ( meat eat5 is greatly less5$1 c>e %\ld be tak5 t prote9 is suppli$ by o!r foods1 su* z eggs1 legumes1 *eese1 & ! v>i\s meat-sub/itute di%es4 ,c>e %\ld also be tak5 to see t complete prote9s are includ$ 9 diet4 ,if foods conta9+ incomplete prote9 su* z "s ( ! legumes & c]eals are us$ = body-build+1 !y %\ld be supplem5t$ by foods ri* 9 complete prote9 su* z milk & eggs4 ,if mu* meat is eat51 a g5]\s quantity ( wat] & ( fre% vegetables & fruits %\ld be us$4 ,:ile all ! m9]al mat]ials f\nd 9 ! body ,footnote #ga3 ,! a% con/itu5ts exi/+ 9 ! body 9 l>ge/ quantity are3 ,sulphur ,*lor9e ,calcium ,iron ,sodium ,magnesium ,potassium ,phosphorus are necess>y = its gr[? & ma9t5ance1 calcium1 phosphorus1 & iron are ! elem5ts mo/ likely to be us$ 9 insuffici5t quantities 7see ,figures #gh1 #gi1 & #hj74 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #gh4--;,,foods ,,conta9+ ,,calcium4 a1 ,dri$ beans1 b1 dri$ figs2 c1 rutabaga1 d1 cel]y2 e1 milk2 f1 caulifl[]1 g1 almonds2 h1 egg yolk2 i1 *eese ,calcium is ne$$ = build+ ! h>d tissues su* z ! tee? & bones4 ,a diet defici5t 9 calcium is sometimes ! cause ( poor tee?4 ,calcium is equally important = body-regulat+ functions4 ,x is especially necess>y t calcium-ri* food be giv5 to *ildr54 ,! mo/ practical & effective way ( obta9+ calcium is to use a g5]\s supply ( milk4 ,*eese1 eggs1 & ! leaves & /ems ( plant-foods are also valuable s\rces ( calcium4 ,milk1 egg yolk1 *eese1 :ole gra9s1 & vegetables are ! mo/ satisfactory s\rces ( phosphorus4 ,a free use ( ^! foods is especially desirable s9ce x has be5 f\nd t phosphorus is q z necess>y z nitrog54 ,! :ole gra9s are a v valuable s\rce ( a%4 ,_m ( ! a% con/itu5ts 9 c]eals are f\nd next to ! out] coat ( bran1 h5ce f9e :ite fl\r is n s ri* 9 a% z :ole :eat fl\r4 ,illu/ration3 ,foods ,conta9+ ,phosphorus3 a ,dri$ peas2 b1 *ocolate2 c1 dri$ beans2 d1 :ole :eat2 e1 peanuts2 f1 *eese2 g1 cocoa2 h1 egg yolk4 ,9 ! =mation ( blood & = ! welf>e ( ! body z a :ole1 iron is ne$$4 ,= ?is reason1 x is (t5 a con/itu5t ( tonics4 ,if foods ri* 9 iron 7 m g5]ally us$1 ! body w\ld n be s likely to get into a condition requir+ su* tonics4 ,! iron f\nd 9 eggs1 milk1 & vegetable foods is ?\ght to be m completely assimilat$ ?an t f\nd 9 meat4 ,sp9a* & prunes are valuable s\rces ( iron4 ,?is is "o ( ! reasons :y !y are mo/ desirable foods = *ildr54 ,! ne$ ( eggs1 dri$ fruits1 fre% vegetables1 & :ole gra9 9 diet to furni% iron %\ld be emphasiz$4 ,sulphur is "o ( ! necess>y elem5ts ( ! body4 ,x is usually f\nd1 h[ev]1 z a compon5t ( prote92 h5ce if en\gh prote9 is suppli$ to ! diet1 sulphur w be pres5t 9 suffici5t quantity4 ,z m5tion$1 leafy vegetables n only supply calcium b sodium & *lor9e1--two ( ! ne$$ m9]als ( ! body4 ,if fre% vegetables & fruits along ) foods ri* 9 calcium1 iron1 & phosphorus are us$1 & ^! foods are cook$ & s]v$ s z to reta9 all _! nutrim5t1 "o c be assur$ t ! diet conta9s all ! necess>y a% con/itu5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #hj4--;,,foods ,,conta9+ ,,iron4 a4 ,dri$ peas2 b4 dri$ figs2 c4 :ole :eat2 d4 l5tils2 e4 sp9a*2 f4 dri$ dates2 g4 eggs2 h4 rye2 i4 lean beef2 j4 dri$ beans2 k4 rais9s2 l4 dri$ lima beans4 ,c4 ,food = ,regulat+4--,al?\gh a% is ne$$ = body-build+1 x also s]ves to regulate c]ta9 body processes z expla9$ previ\sly4 ,h5ce if ! m9]al matt] valuable = build+ is us$1 ! body is also suppli$ ) regulat+ mat]ials4 ,d4 ,food = ,promot+ ,gr[?4--,a discussion ( vitam9es1--! mat]ials ess5tial = gr[? ( ! body & ! ma9t5ance ( heal?1--0 giv5 9 a previ\s lesson4 ,x is mo/ necess>y t foods ri* 9 vitam9es be includ$ 9 diet4 ,e4 ,food = ,bulk4--,! use ( foods conta9+ cellulose1 :i* adds bulk to diet1 is ne$$ by mo/ p]sons4 ,_m foods ri* 9 m9]al matt] also conta9 mu* cellulose4 ,vegetables1 fruits1 & :ole gra9s furni% bo? ( ^! mat]ials4 ,,o!r ,,factors ,,to ,,be ,,consid]$ ,,9 ,,m5u-,,mak+4--,= successful m5u- mak+1 a numb] ( factors o!r ?an ! selection ( foods to meet ! ne$s ( ! body %\ld be consid]$4 ,a discussion ( ^! foll[s3 ,a4 ,appetiz+ ,foods4--,if ! appetite ne$s /imulation1 foods :i* h an appetiz+ effect may be us$ = ! fir/ c\rse ( meals4 ,fruit is v (t5 s]v$ = ! fir/ c\rse ( a breakfa/ & sometimes = ! fir/ c\rse ( a lun*eon4 ,s\p may s]ve z ! appetiz] ( ei!r a lun*eon or d9n]4 ,cream s\p be+ especially n\ri%+ because ( its milk cont5t n only s]ves z an appetiz+ food1 b z "o ( ! nutriti\s foods ( a meal4 ,b4 ,foods ( ,contra/+ ,flavor4--,if beef or "s o!r prote9-ri* food is *os5 = ! ma9 di% ( a meal 7su* z d9n]71 root vegetables or gra9s ri* 9 />*1 b bl& 9 flavor1 are good additions4 ,by comb9+ foods ( decid$ flavor ) ^? ( less pron\nc$ ta/e & ^? ri* 9 "o food/uff ) ^? ab\nd+ 9 ano!r nutri5t1 comb9ations t are bo? pleas+ & v>i$ 9 flavor may be secur$4 ,a h\sekeep] ne$s to use imag9ation 9 select+ foods t w ta/e well toge!r4 ,c4 ,v>iation ( ,foods4--,! same food %\ld n be us$ twice 9 ! same meal1 ev5 ?\gh x is prep>$ 9 a diff]5t =m4 ,x w\ld be monoton\s to s]ve tomato s\p & tomato salad1 or bean s\p & bak$ beans at ! same meal4 ,nei!r w\ld "o c>e to h ha% s]v$ = bo? breakfa/ & lun*eon on ! same day4 ,( c\rse su* foods z bread & butt] may be us$ ) e meal4 ,d4 ,moi/ & ,dry ,foods4--,a comb9ation ( moi/ & dry foods is m pleas+ ?an a comb9ation ( foods ( equal dryness or moi/ure4 ,?is does n mean t dry foods %\ld be r9s$ d[n ) liquids2 t is unwise f a physiological /&po9t4 ,to ! majority ( p]sons1 cream$ potatoes are m desirable ) broil$ /eak ?an pla9 boil$ potatoes4 ,! latt] w\ld be m pleas+ ) meat s]v$ ) a sauce or gravy4 ,e4 ,sweet ,foods4--,a sweet food %\ld n be eat5 at ! beg9n+ ( a meal4 ,su* sug>-ri* foods z pres]ves & jellies may be s]v$ ) ! ma9 c\rse ( a meal or at its close4 ,z expla9$ previ\sly1 ! sug> is !n dilut$ ) o!r food mat]ials & proves less irritat+4 ,if dess]ts are includ$ 9 a m5u1 ! practice ( s]v+ !m at ! close ( a meal is desirable f a dietetic viewpo9t4 ,:5 ! appetite is p>tially appeas$1 !re is less t5d5cy to eat l>ge quantities ( sweet foods4 ,a dess]t t is ri* 9 bo? fat & sug> su* z pa/ry %\ld be s]v$ only ) a light meal1 :ile a light dess]t su* z fruit or gelat9e may be us$ at ! close ( a heavy meal4 ,v (t5 dri$ fruits & nuts are us$ z accessories aft] a meal4 ,!y are !n (t5 dige/$ ) difficulty1 because ! meal itself has tax$ ! dige/ive organs4 ,^! foods %\ld be consid]$ z a "p ( ! meal & %\ld n be add$ aft] en\gh o!r nutri5ts h be5 eat54 ,!re is no reason :y a :olesome dess]t %\ld n be consid]$ "o ( ! nutriti\s foods ( a meal4 ,f4 ,milk & ,bev]ages4--,s9ce milk is necess>y = p]fect n\ri%m5t x is well = adults to use x z a bev]age = at lea/ "o meal ea* day4 ,*ildr5 %\ld use x at all meals4 ,if milk is di/a/eful to any or all memb]s ( a family1 cocoa made ) mu* milk may be s]v$ 9 its /ead4 ,9 meal plann+1 a h\sekeep] %\ld see to x t ! prop] quantity ( milk ei!r z a bev]age or con/itu5t ( su* di%es z cream s\p1 vegetables1 & cu/>ds is us$ by ea* memb] ( ! family4 ,:5 tea & c(fee are includ$ 9 meal plans1 ! fact t ^! bev]ages h no food value except ! milk & sug> add$ to !m1 %\ld be tak5 into consid]ation4 ,g4 ,foods on ,h&4--,:5 m5us are made ! ?rifty h\sekeep] consid]s ^? mat]ials %e has on h& & especially ^? :i* w\ld spoil if n us$ at once4 ,v (t5 left-ov] mat]ial s]ves z a basis on :i* to plan "o or m meals4 ,a h\sekeep] may dra9 f a vegetable ! wat] 9 :i* x 0 cook$4 ,b %e sees 9 x = ! next meal or = ! next day sev]al possible uses4 ,! vegetable /ock may be us$ 9 s\p or x may be comb9$ ) milk or *eese & s]ve z a sauce = "s left-ov] vegetable4 ,bread crumbs comb9$ ) milk1 peanuts1 or egg make a ta/y meat sub/itute "o week2 or !y may be utiliz$ 9 mak+ bread pudd+ ! second week2 a scallop$ di% ! ?ird week2 & a meat loaf ! f\r?4 ,if sev]al pieces ( dry cake are on h&1 a ta/y dess]t may be made by p\r+ ov] !m "s hot sauce su* z apple or *ocolate4 ,dry cake may also be crumb$ & us$ 9 place ( fl\r & sug> 9 a /eam$ pudd+4 ,x is possible1 ( c\rse1 = a h\sekeep] to sp5d an undue am\nt ( "t 9 utiliz+ left-ov]s or to defeat h] ef=ts 9 ?rift & buy exp5sive supplem5t>y foods 9 ord] to use food on h&4 ,(t5 x is wise to cook j en\gh s t !re are no left-ov]s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is sometimes economical z f> z fuel & "t are conc]n$ to plan to cook en\gh food at "o "t = m ?an "o meal4 ,?is is especially true ( foods requir+ long cook+ su* z bak$ beans & o!r dri$ foods4 ,,m5u ,,plans4--,s]v+ meals 9 a numb] ( c\rses %\ld be attempt$ only :]e ! h\sekeep] is assi/$ 9 h] "w4 ,= ev]yday liv+ ! meals ( mo/ families are s]v$ only 9 "o or two c\rses4 ,al?\gh !re are a great _m ?+s to be consid]$ 9 m5u-mak+1 x is n necess>y to use a great v>iety ( foods to meet ! requirem5ts ( successful meal plann+4 ,a breakfa/ consi/+ ( fruit1 roll$ oats1 & top milk1 = example1 is simple1 b x embraces all ! factors involv$ 9 ! plann+ ( a desirable meal4 ,z previ\sly m5tion$1 ! gr\ps ( foods may s]ve z a basis = m5u plann+4 ,aft] select+ foods f ea* gr\p t are seasonable1 economic1 & t w ta/e well toge!r x is wise to analyze ! m5u4 ,see if x conta9s all ! ess5tials ( diet to meet ! ne$s ( ! body z expla9$ previ\sly4 ,"s h\sekeep]s f9d x helpful to h li/s ( di%es f\nd to be satisfactory = s]v+1 su* z li/s ( meat di%es1 vegetables1 salads1 dess]ts1 etc41 & glance ov] ^! :5 plann+ meals4 ,! m5u plans :i* foll[ are m]ely sugge/ive4 ,bo? simple & m elaborate m5us are giv5 = ea* ( ! ?ree meals4 ,a breakfa/ may consi/ (3 ,fruit ,c]eal or ,eggs & ,toa/ ,bev]age or ,fruit or ,c]eal 7or bo?7 ,meat1 ,egg1 or ,vegetable ,bread & ,butt] ,bev]age ,a lun*eon or supp] may consi/ (3 ,cream ,s\p ,bread & ,butt] ,salad or fruit ,bev]age or ,fruit or ,cream ,s\p ,fi% or ,meat ,sub/itutes ,vegetables ,bread & ,butt] ,salad ,dess]t ,bev]age ,a d9n] may consi/ (3 ,meat ,vegetables ,bread & ,butt] ,salad or ,dess]t ,bev]age or ,cle> ,s\p ,fi% ,meat ,vegetables ,bread ,) or ,)\t ,butt] ,salad ,dess]t ,bev]age ,,que/ions ,m5tion sev]al comb9ations ( two or m foods t are v>i$ 9 moi/ure1 dryness1 & composition1 & t are ( contra/+ flavor4 ,give reasons = mak+ ! comb9ations4 ,make out suitable m5us 9 y\r home = a week4 ,compute ! co/ ( ! week's m5us4 ,if ! co/ does n come )9 ! limit t c be sp5t = food 9 y\r home1 *ange ! m5us s t ! co/ does n exce$ ! food all[ance4 ,,lesson ,,cvi ,,plann+1 ,,cook+1 ,,& ,,s]v+ ,a ,,lun*eon ,,or ,,supp] ,plan a lun*eon or supp]1 ,footnote #gb3 ,if ! laboratory p]iod is limit$ to #ij m9utes1 all ?is "t w be requir$ to cook & s]ve ! meal & wa% ! di%es4 ,h5ce1 x w be necess>y to d ! meal plann+ 9 a previ\s lesson4 mak+ x a "o-di% meal or us+ a meat sub/itute in/ead ( meat4 ,also use seasonable food-mat]ials & foll[ ! sugge/ions giv5 9 ,lesson ,,cv 4 ,compute ! co/ ( ! m5u4 ,if x exce$s #bj c5ts p] p]son1 *ange ! m5u s t its co/ comes )9 ?is am\nt4 ,analyze ! m5u4 ,is food f ea* ( ! gr\ps conta9$ 9 x8 ,cook & s]ve ! lun*eon or supp]4 ,foll[ ! ,engli% or family /yle ( s]v+4 ,s]ve ! meal )\t a maid4 ,,lesson ,,cvii ,,review3 ,,meal ,,cook+ ,,m5u ,seasonable ,vegetable ,salad ,salad ,dress+ ,salad ,rolls ,see ,lesson ,,xiv = sugge/ions reg>d+ ! prep>ation ( ! lesson4 ,,lesson ,,cviii ,,home ,,projects ,footnote #gc3 ,see ,lesson ,,ix ,,sugge/ions ,,= ,,home ,,"w4--,plan & prep>e "o-di% meals or meals conta9+ meat-sub/itute1--at lea/ "o a week4 ,plan & prep>e meals conta9+ meat1--at lea/ "o a week4 ,compute ! co/ ( ^! meals4 ,also note ! "t requir$ to prep>e !m4 ,,sugge/$ ,,aims3 7#a7 ,to det]m9e ! diff]5ce 9 "t requir$ to cook a "o-di% meal & a meal conta9+ sev]al diff]5t di%es4 7#b7 ,to det]m9e ! diff]5ce 9 co/ ( a meal )\t meat & "o conta9+ a meat-sub/itute4 ,,division ,,t5 ,,quick ,,breads3 ,,p\r ,,batt]s ,,lesson ,,cix ,,leav5+ ,,) ,,/eam ,,& ,,air4 ,,popov]s ,:5 fl\r is to be moi/5$ & bak$ to make bread or cake1 o!r +r$i5ts are usually add$ to improve ! gra91 texture1 & flavor4 ,to und]/& "s ( ! pr9ciples ( mix+ & light5+ bak$ fl\r mixtures1 try ! foll[+3 ,,exp]im5t #fd3 ,,leav5+ ,,) ,,/eam ,,& ,,air4,footnote #gd3 ,,note ,,to ,,! ,,tea*]4--,exp]im5ts #fd & #fe c be p]=m$ mo/ exp$iti\sly by divid+ ! class into gr\ps ( two & hav+ ea* gr\p d ! two exp]im5ts4--,mix #a_/h cupful ( fl\r & #a_/h cupful ( cold wat]4 ,beat ?or\ghly ) a ,dov] egg beat]4 ,note ! consi/5cy ( ! batt]4 ,p\r at once into an oil$ muff9 pan4 ,bake 9 a hot ov5 = at lea/ #bj m9utes4 ,remove f ! pan1 break x op51 & answ] ! foll[+ que/ions3 ,:at happ5$ dur+ bak+ to ! cold air inclos$ 9 ! mixture8 ,) :at mat]ial did ! fl\r comb9e dur+ bak+8 ,into :at =m 0 a "p ( ! wat] *ang$ dur+ bak+8 ,expla9 fully h[ ! mixture 0 made por\s4 ,,exp]im5t #fe3 ,,comp>ison ,,( ,,?ick ,,& ,,?9 ,,quick ,,breads--,repeat ,exp]im5t #fd1 us+ #a_/b tablespoonful ( cold wat] in/ead ( #a_/h cupful4 ,aft] bak+1 exam9e & comp>e ) ! bread ( ,exp]im5t #fd4 ,:i* is ! m por\s8 ,expla9 h[ ! diff]5ce 9 quantity ( moi/ure acc\nts = ! diff]5ce 9 gra94 ,if a mixture is to be leav5$ ) /eam & air1 :at %\ld be ! consi/5cy ( ! mixture8 ,"s simple fl\r mixtures are light5$ by ! me?od indicat$ above4 ,9 mo/ cases1 h[ev]1 m air is introduc$ into ! mixture by us+ lightly beat5 eggs1 or by us+ +r$i5ts t produce gas1 on be+ moi/5$ & heat$4 ,,exp]im5t #ff3 ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,fl\r ,,= ,,quick ,,breads4--,measure #a_/d cupful ( pa/ry fl\r j z x comes f ! c4 ,sift x1 & return x c>efully to ! measur+ cup1 us+ a teaspoon4 ,h[ mu* does ! fl\r measure n[8 ,:at does ?is exp]im5t tea* ) reg>d to sift+ fl\r be=e measur+8 ,( :at advantage is x to sift fl\r n only be=e measur+1 b :5 add+ x to ! o!r +r$i5ts ( a quick bread8 ,,note4--,use ?is sift$ fl\r = mak+ ,popov]s4 ,9 prep>+ all quick bread mixtures1 pa/ry fl\r 7see ,:eat ,fl\r7 %\ld be us$4 ,x %\ld be sift$ be=e measur+4 ,usually any o!r p[d]$ +r$i5t1 su* z bak+ p[d]1 soda1 or spices1 is add$ to ! fl\r & mix$ ?or\ghly 7by sift+7 into ! o!r mat]ials4 ,bak+ p[d] & soda ne$ n be sift$ be=e measur+1 b %\ld be /irr$4 ,,ov5 ,,!rmomet]s ,,& ,,temp]atures4--,! ov5s ( a numb] ( ranges are equipp$ ) !rmomet]s4 ,al?\gh x is possible to secure m satisfactory results ) a !rmomet] ?an )\t1 ov5 !rmomet]s d n always indicate ! temp]ature ( an ov5 accurately4 ,if a !rmomet] is fa/5$ on an ov5 door1 = example1 & ! door does n heat z quickly or to z high a degree z ! int]ior ( ! ov51 ! true temp]ature ( ! ov5 _c be asc]ta9$ by ?is device4 ,by mak+ all[ance = ! diff]5ce1 h[ev]1 su* a !rmomet] may prove v useful4 ,x is mu* m accurately & conv5i5tly read ?an a !rmomet] :i* is hung or re/s inside ! ov5 unless ! ov5 is provid$ ) a glass door4 ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ( ! ,national ,/ove ,co ,,figure #ha--,,ov5 ,,heat ,,regulator ,a device kn[n z an ,ov5 ,heat ,regulator 7see ,figure #ha7 may be atta*$ to gas ranges4 ,^! devices d n m]ely measure ! heat ( an ov51 b control x & keep ! ov5 temp]ature con/ant4 ,a temp]ature :eel 7%[n at ,b7 is set = a desir$ temp]ature & ! ov5 burn] light$4 ,by ! expansion or contraction ( a s5sitive copp] tube plac$ 9 ! top ( ! ov5 7%[n at ,a7 ! gas valve 7%[n at ,c7 is op5$ or clos$4 ,:5 ! valve is op5$ ! am\nt ( gas burn+ is increas$ or decreas$ s t ! temp]ature ( ! ov5 is kept con/ant1 i4e4 at ! temp]ature at :i* ! :eel is set4 ,insulat$ ov5s1 i4e4 ov5s :i* are con/ruct$ s z to reta9 heat & all[ little to escape1 are f\nd on "s ( ! mod]n gas1 electric1 & k]os5e /oves4 ,"s ( ! insulat$ electric ov5s are provid$ ) clocks or dials :i* may be adju/$ s t ! curr5t is cut (f automatically at ! expiration ( a c]ta9 l5g? ( "t1 or :5 a c]ta9 temp]ature is rea*$ 7see ,figure #ad74 ,because ( ! insulat$ walls on su* ov5s1 ! food cont9ues to cook on /or$ heat4 ,a *emical !rmomet] ins]t$ 9 an ov5 is a fairly satisfactory means ( obta9+ ov5 temp]atures4 ,if "o has ! use ( an ov5 provid$ ) a *emical !rmomet] 9 ! s*ool kit*51 te/s may be obta9$ s t ! temp]ature ( ! ov5 9 ! home kit*5 may be e/imat$4 ,! te/s are z foll[s3 ,heat ! ov52 :5 x rea*es a temp]ature ( #bej degrees ,f41 ,footnote #ge3 ,see footnote #hf1 reg>d+ ! use ( ! ,fahr5heit scale4 place a piece ( :ite pap] 9 ! ov54 ,aft] #e m9utes1 remove ! pap]1 note ! color4 ,cont9ue to heat ! ov52 place pap] 9 ! ov5 at #cej degrees ,f41 #djj degrees ,f41 #dbe degrees ,f41 #dej degrees ,f41 #dge degrees ,f41 #ejj degrees ,f41 #ebe degrees ,f41 & #eej degrees ,f4 ,note ! color ( ea* piece ( pap]4 ,bak+ temp]atures h be5 classifi$ z foll[s3 ,footnote #gf3 ,f ,te*nical ,education ,bullet91 ,no4 #bb1 ,"s ,attempts to ,/&>dize ,ov5 ,temp]atures = ,cook]y ,processes1 by ,may ,b4 ,van ,arsdale1 ,tea*]s ,college1 ,columbia ,univ]sity4 #a4 ,sl[ ov5 7#bej degrees to #cej degrees ,f47 = cu/>ds & m]+ues4 #b4 ,mod]ate ov5 7#cej degrees to #djj degrees ,f47 = bread1 g+]bread1 pla9 cake1 ,footnote #gg3 ,! l[] temp]ature %\ld be us$ = loaf cakes & ! high] temp]ature = lay] cakes4 all molasses mixtures4 #c4 ,hot ov5 7#djj degrees to #dej degrees ,f47 = ,p>k]h\se rolls1 & ,popov]s4 ,9 bak+ ,popov]s1 ! ov5 %\ld be cool$ to mod]ate heat aft] ! fir/ t5 m9utes4 #d4 ,v hot ov5 7#dej degrees to #eej degrees ,f47 = pa/ry4 ,aft] ! fir/ #f m9utes1 ! temp]ature %\ld be l[]$ to hot4 ,ov5 temp]atures may be e/imat$ also z foll[s3 7a7 note ! numb] ( m9utes requir$ to *ange :ite pap]1 fl\r1 or bread to a light br[n or to a gold5 br[n2 7b7 note ! numb] ( c\nts 7"o c\nt p] second7 t ! h& may be held 9 ! ov54 ,,p\r ,,batt]4--,all breads may be divid$ into two classes3 7a7 ,quick ,breads & 7b7 ,yea/ ,breads4 ,! =m] are s nam$ because a mu* %ort] "t is requir$ 9 _! prep>ation4 ,quick breads are divid$ into sev]al classes1 dep5d+ ^u ! proportion ( fl\r & moi/ure 9 ! batt]4 ,a p\r batt] is ! ?9ne/ quick bread mixture4 ,x usually conta9s ab\t equal p>ts ( fl\r & moi/ure4 ,a def9ite proportion _c be /at$1 s9ce ! ?ick5+ quality ( diff]5t fl\rs v>ies1 & ! wett+ quality ( diff]5t moi/ mat]ials v>ies4 ,_m p\r batt]s conta9 a little m fl\r ?an moi/ure4 ,popov] mixture is4 a typical p\r batt]4 ,,popov]s #a egg #a_/b teaspoonful salt #a cupful milk #a cupful fl\r #a_/c teaspoonful fat 7melt$7 ,oil iron gem pans2 place !m 9 ! ov51 heat until v hot4 ,put all ! ,popov] +r$i5ts 9 a mix+ b[l1 & beat ! mixture ) a ,dov] egg beat]4 ,p\r x into ! hot pans & bake #ce to #de m9utes 9 a hot ov51 at #dbe degrees ,f4 ,e>!n cups plac$ 9 a dripp+ pan may be us$ in/ead ( iron pans4 ,popov]s may be s]v$ hot z a bread1 = breakfa/ or lun*eon2 or may be us$ z a dess]t ) cu/>d or lemon fill+ or sauce4 ,fruit makes a pleas+ addition to ,popov]s4 ,be=e bak+1 drop a piece ( apple1 pea*1 or o!r fruit1 into ! batt] 9 ea* cup4 ,,que/ions ,:at *ange1 o!r ?an moi/5+ ! fl\r1 takes place 9 ! milk t helps to light5 ! ,popov]s8 ,:at *anges take place 9 ! eggs & 9 ! air inclos$ 9 !m :5 !y are heat$ quickly8 ,:at is ! purpose ( beat+ ! ,popov] mixture ?or\ghly8 ,h[ _m ,popov]s w ! giv5 recipe make8 ,,lesson ,,cx ,,leav5+ ,,) ,,bak+ ,,soda ,,& ,,s\r ,,milk3 ,,spid] ,,corn ,,bread ,besides ! air t is beat5 into ! eggs & into ! comb9$ +r$i5ts ( quick bread mixtures1 a gas--c>bon dioxide--is (t5 introduc$ into su* mixtures4 ,to f9d h[ ?is gas may be =m$1 try ! foll[+3 ,,exp]im5t #fg3 ,,action ,,( ,,bak+ ,,soda ,,on ,,s\r ,,milk4--,place a teaspoonful ( s\r milk 9 a te/ tube & add a p9* ( bak+ soda4 ,d y notice any *ange 9 ! +r$i5ts8 ,apply heat to ! cont5ts ( ! tube4 ,:at k9d ( mat]ial 7solid1 liquid1 or gas7 is indicat$ by ! bubbl+ 7see ,exp]im5t #g78 ,:at does ?is exp]im5t tea* ) reg>d to ! use ( bak+ soda & s\r milk1 = light5+ a mixture8 ,,exp]im5t #fh3 ,,*emical ,,*ange4--,measure #a_/d cupful ( ?ick s\r milk4 ,footnote #gh3 ,! am\nt ( acid 9 s\r milk v>ies slightly4 ,dip ! end ( a piece ( blue litmus pap] 9 x4 ,:at *ange 9 color takes place 9 ! pap]8 ,:5 blue litmus *anges to p9k1 an acid is pres5t4 ,! s\r milk !re=e conta9s acid4 ,measure #a_/h teaspoonful ( bak+ soda4 ,mix ?is ) a little wat]4 ,te/ ) p9k litmus pap]4 ,:5 p9k litmus pap] *anges to blue1 an alkal9e sub/ance is pres5t4 ,bak+ soda is !re=e alkal9e 9 reaction4 ,p\r ! milk into a saucepan1 add ab\t #c_/d ( ! soda mixture1 /ir & heat until eff]vesc5ce 7bubbl+7 has ceas$4 ,te/ ! mixture 9 ! saucepan ) blue litmus pap]4 ,if ! blue litmus pap] *anges color1 c>efully add a little m ( ! soda solution4 ,te/ ) litmus aga94 ,if !re is /ill a *ange 9 color1 add soda solution until ! litmus does n *ange4 ,!n te/ ) p9k litmus4 ,:5 nei!r p9k nor blue litmus pap] *anges color a neutral sub/ance is pres5t1 i4e4 a sub/ance nei!r acid nor alkal9e4 ,:5 ?is occurs1 ! mixture 9 ! pan is no long] acid 9 reaction4 ,nei!r s\r milk nor bak+ soda exi/s 9 ! pan4 ,a *emical *ange has tak5 place4 ,f ! union ( s\r milk & soda1 entirely diff]5t mat]ials are =m$2 "o is ! neutral sub/ance 9 ! pan2 ano!r is ! c>bon dioxide gas :i* has escap$1 & ! ?ird is wat]4 ,:5 an acid & an alkal9e mat]ial are mix$1 a *emical *ange always occurs4 ,*emical *anges are con/antly tak+ place :5 c]ta9 food mixtures are cook$ & dige/$4 ,,exp]im5t #fi3 ,,quantity ,,( ,,bak+ ,,soda ,,to ,,use ,,) ,,s\r ,,milk4--,to ! cont5ts ( ! saucepan ( ,exp]im5t #fh1 add #a_/h teaspoonful m ( bak+ soda4 ,/ir1 heat1 & te/ ) p9k litmus4 ,:at is ! reaction-- acid or alkal9e8 ,has ! la/ quantity ( soda be5 neutraliz$ z 0 ! fir/ quantity8 ,expla94 ,if m bak+ soda ?an is necess>y to neutralize ! acid ( ! s\r milk is us$1 "s unneutraliz$ soda w rema9 9 ! mixture4 ,?is is undesirable1 s9ce soda has a bitt] ta/e4 ,an excessive quantity ( unneutraliz$ soda also discolors ! mixture4 ,exp]im5ts #fh & #fi indicate t ! approximate proportion ( bak+ soda to s\r milk is3 #a_/b teaspoonful ( bak+ soda to #a cupful ( ?ick s\r milk4 ,! foll[+ equations indicate ! importance ( us+ ! prop] am\nt ( bak+ soda to neutralize ! acid mat]ials3 #a cupful ( s\r milk #a_/b teaspoonful ( bak+ soda -- ,footnote #gi3 ,! plus sign is read )2 ! arr[ is read yields4 wat] c>bon dioxide gas neutral mat]ial4 #a cupful ( s\r milk #a teaspoonful ( bak+ soda -- wat] c>bon dioxide gas neutral mat]ial unneutraliz$ soda4 ,,spid] ,,corn ,,bread #c_/d cupful corn-meal #a_/b teaspoonful bak+ soda #a_/d cupful fl\r #a egg #a tablespoonful sug> #a cupful s\r milk #a_/b teaspoonful salt #a tablespoonful butt] or sub/itute ,mix ! dry +r$i5ts4 ,9 a mix+ b[l1 beat an egg1 add ! s\r milk1 !n ! dry +r$i5ts4 ,beat ! mixtures until ! +r$i5ts are well bl5d$4 ,melt ! butt] or sub/itute 9 a hot spid] or fry+ pan4 ,p\r ! corn-meal mixture into x4 ,bake 9 a hot ov5 until suffici5tly bak$1 usually ab\t #bj m9utes 7see te/s bel[74 ,s]ve hot4 ,,te/s ,,= ,,suffici5t ,,bak+ ,,( ,,quick ,,bread4--,quick ,bread is usually suffici5tly bak$3 7a7 :5 x is a gold5 br[n 9 color2 7b7 :5 ! mixture %r9ks f ! pan2 7c7 :5 ! cru/ spr+s back into place1 if press$ g5tly ) ! f+]s2 or 7d7 :5 no batt] or d\gh cl+s to a wire skew] or knitt+ ne$le 7see ,figure #a7 t has be5 ins]t$4 ,usually x is n necess>y to apply ?is la/ te/1 unless ! quick bread is bak$ 9 a loaf or 9 a v ?ick lay]4 ,,que/ions ,m5tion ! mat]ials us$ 9 ,spid] ,corn ,bread to make x light4 ,expla9 _! action4 ,expla9 :y satisfactory results c\ld n be obta9$ by us+ #a #a_/b teaspoonfuls ( bak+ soda 9 ?is ,spid] ,corn ,bread recipe4 ,:at is ! price p] half-p\nd ( bak+ soda8 ,h[ _m p]sons does ?is ,spid] ,corn ,bread recipe s]ve8 ,,lesson ,,cxi ,,leav5+ ,,) ,,bak+ ,,soda1 ,,s\r ,,milk1 ,,& ,,molasses3 ,,g+]bread ,,exp]im5t #gj3 ,,action ,,( ,,bak+ ,,soda ,,on ,,molasses4--,place a teaspoonful ( bak+ molasses 9 a te/ tube & dilute ) a little wat]4 ,te/ x ) litmus pap]4 ,:at is its reaction8 ,add a p9* ( bak+ soda4 ,heat4 ,:at does eff]vesc5ce indicate8 ,:at d we call ! gas =m$ by ! action ( ! bak+ soda & a sub/ance hav+ an acid reaction8 ,expla9 h[ bak+ soda & molasses c\ld be us$ to light5 a quick bread4 ,,exp]im5t #ga3 ,,quantity ,,( ,,bak+ ,,soda ,,to ,,use ,,) ,,molasses4--,c>efully measure #a_/h cupful ( molasses4 ,footnote #hj3 ,! acidity ( molasses may be due to f]m5tation or to ! pres]vatives us$ 9 _m br&s4 ,its int5sity v>ies4 ,dilute x ) mu* wat]4 ,c>efully measure #a_/af teaspoonful ( bak+ soda & mix x ) wat]4 ,add ab\t #c_/d ( ! soda mixture to ! molasses solution4 ,/ir & heat4 ,te/ ) blue litmus4 ,if x *anges color1 keep add+ ! soda mixture1 until ! litmus pap] does n *ange1 z 9 ,exp]im5t #fh4 ,:5 nei!r blue nor p9k litmus pap] *anges color1 :at k9d ( sub/ance1--acid1 alkal9e1 or neutral1--is pres5t8 ,:at *ange has tak5 place 9 ! mat]ials plac$ 9 ! saucepan8 ,?is exp]im5t %[s t ! approximate proportion ( bak+ soda to molasses is3 #a_/b teaspoonful ( bak+ soda to #a cupful ( molasses4 ,?is equation expresses ! *emical *ange 9 ! exp]im5t3 #a cupful molasses #a_/b teaspoonful ( bak+ soda -- neutral mat]ial c>bon dioxide gas wat]4 ,,g+]bread #b cupfuls fl\r #a_/b teaspoonful salt #c_/d teaspoonful bak+ soda #a teaspoonful c9namon #b teaspoonfuls g+] #a_/h teaspoonful cloves #a egg #a cupful ?ick s\r milk #a_/b cupful molasses #a_/b cupful sug> #b to #d tablespoonfuls fat ,mix all ! dry +r$i5ts except ! sug>4 ,beat ! egg 9 a mix+ b[l4 ,add ! s\r milk1 molasses1 & sug>4 ,if solid fat is us$1 melt x4 ,add ! fat to ! molasses mixture4 ,?r\gh a sift]1 add ! dry +r$i5ts to o!r mat]ials4 ,beat ?or\ghly & turn at once into a %all[ oil$ pan4 ,bake 9 a mod]ate ov5 7#cge degrees ,f4 to #djj degrees ,f47 #bj m9utes or long] 7see ,te/s = ,suffici5t ,bak+ ( ,quick ,bread7 ,g+]bread )\t ,eggs may be made4 ,omit ! egg f ! recipe above4 ,to ! dry +r$i5ts1 add #a teaspoonful ( bak+ p[d]4 ,wat] ,g+]bread may be made by sub/itut+ #g_/h cupful cold wat] = ! s\r milk1 & us+ #a_/d teaspoonful bak+ soda 7in/ead ( #c_/d teaspoonful7 & add+ #c teaspoonfuls ( bak+ p[d]4 ,,que/ions ,m5tion ! leav5+ mat]ials us$ 9 ?is ,g+]bread1 & expla9 _! action4 ,:at is ! price p] qu>t ( molasses8 ,h[ _m p]sons does ?is recipe s]ve8 ,,lesson ,,cxii ,,leav5+ ,,) ,,bak+ ,,p[d]3 ,,griddle ,,cakes ,,exp]im5t #gb3 ,,effect ,,( ,,cold ,,wat] ,,on ,a ,,mixture ,,( ,,cream ,,( ,,t>t> ,,& ,,bak+ ,,soda4--,te/ a bit ( cream ( t>t> ) moi/5$ litmus pap]4 ,is x acid or alkal9e 9 reaction8 ,put #a_/h teaspoonful ( bak+ soda & twice ! quantity ( cream ( t>t> 9 a dry te/ tube4 ,does any *ange take place8 ,add ab\t #a teaspoonful ( cold wat] to ! mixture & exam9e4 ,:at *ange takes place8 ,:at sub/ance is be+ =m$8 ,,exp]im5t #gc3 ,,effect ,,( ,,hot ,,wat] ,,on ,a ,,mixture ,,( ,,cream ,,( ,,t>t> ,,& ,,bak+ ,,soda4--,repeat ,exp]im5t #gb1 us+ hot wat] in/ead ( cold ) ! bak+ soda & cream ( t>t>4 ,:i* causes great] eff]vesc5ce1-- hot or cold wat]8 ,is x desirable to h m ( ! gas =m$ be=e or aft] ! mixture is plac$ 9 ! ov58 ,:at1 !n1 %\ld be ! temp]ature 7hot or cold7 ( liquids & o!r mat]ials us$ 9 ! quick bread mixtures8 ,,exp]im5t #gd3 ,,effect ,,( ,,hot ,,wat] ,,on ,,bak+ ,,p[d]4--,add ab\t #a teaspoonful ( hot wat] to #a_/d teaspoonful ( bak+ p[d]4 ,comp>e ! eff]vesc5ce ) t ( ,exp]im5t #gc4 ,f ! comp>ison ( ,exp]im5ts #gb & #gc1 ) ,exp]im5t #gd1 :at two k9ds ( sub/ances d y inf] ?is bak+ p[d] conta9s8 7,save ! cont5ts ( ! tube = ! foll[+ exp]im5t47 ,,exp]im5t #ge3 ,,/>* ,,9 ,,bak+ ,,p[d]4--,filt] ! cont5ts ( ! tube us$ 9 ,exp]im5t #gd ?r\gh filt] pap] 7see ,figure #cj74 ,add a drop ( t9cture ( iod9e to ! insoluble mat]ial left on ! filt] pap]4 ,:at is ! insoluble con/itu5t ( ?is bak+ p[d]8 ,,composition ,,( ,,bak+ ,,p[d]4--,bak+ p[d] consi/s ( 7a7 bak+ soda1 7b7 a sub/ance hav+ an acid reaction1 7c7 a />*y mat]ial4 ,! sub/ance ( acid reaction v>ies 9 diff]5t bak+ p[d]s4 ,"s p[d]s 9 common use conta9 ei!r cream ( t>t>1 calcium or sodium acid phosphate1 or alum ,footnote #ha3 ,alums diff] 9 composition4 ,!y are sulphates ( v>i\s metals4 ,! alum mo/ commonly us$ 9 alum bak+ p[d] is sodium alum9ium sulphate4 z ! acid mat]ial4 ,c]ta9 bak+ p[d]s conta9 a mixture ( mat]ials ) acid reaction1 su* z cream ( t>t> ) t>t>ic acid1 & alum ) calcium acid phosphate4 ,! />* is add$ to keep ! o!r mat]ials ap>t1 & ?us prev5t ! possible =mation & consequ5t loss ( c>bon dioxide4 ,! trade "n ( a bak+ p[d] does n usually sugge/ its composition4 ,b ! latt] is always /at$ on ! label ( ! c4 ,,exp]im5t #gf3 ,,comp>ison ,,( ,,! ,,"t ,,( ,,action ,,( ,,diff]5t ,,types ,,( ,,bak+ ,,p[d]s4--,put #a_/b cupful ( wat] ( ! same temp]ature into ea* ( #c tumbl]s or glass measur+ cups4 ,to "o tumbl] add #a_/b teaspoonful ( t>trate bak+ p[d]2 to ! second1 ! same quantity ( phosphate bak+ p[d]2 & to ! ?ird an equal quantity ( alum 7or alum & phosphate7 bak+ p[d]4 ,/ir ea* & note ! l5g? ( "t t *emical *ange occurs 9 ea* tumbl]4 ,:i* type ( bak+ p[d] reacts ! longe/ "t8 ,,diff]5ce ,,9 ,,types ,,( ,,bak+ ,,p[d]s4--,al?\gh !re has be5 mu* discussion reg>d+ ! sup]iority ( "o type ( bak+ p[d] ov] ano!r1 x is ?\ght t "o /&>d bak+ p[d] is z little h>mful z ano!r4 ,b1 z %[n by ,exp]im5t #gf1 ! action ( c]ta9 types is sl[] ?an t ( o!rs1 i4e4 ! =mation ( ! gas cont9ues = a long] "t4 ,c]ta9 types ( bak+ p[d]s :i* react v quickly :5 moi/ure is add$ may react to "s ext5t :ile /ill 9 ! c & ?us lose "s ( _! effectiv5ess 9 leav5+4 ,x is well to buy ^? bak+ p[d]s 9 su* quantities s t a fre% c c be pur*as$ (t54 ,! price ( c]ta9 types ( bak+ p[d]s is mu* great] ?an t ( o!rs4 ,,quantity ,,( ,,bak+ ,,p[d] ,,9 ,,quick ,,breads4--,s9ce bak+ p[d] conta9s bo? acid & alkal9e mat]ials1 ! quantity ( bak+ p[d] us$ 9 a quick bread is dep5d5t n ^u ano!r leav5+ mat]ial1 b ^u ! quantity ( fl\r & eggs4 ,:5 no eggs are us$1 #b tea-spoonfuls ( bak+ p[d] %\ld be us$ ) #a cupful ( fl\r4 ,:5 eggs are add$ to a quick bread1 ! quantity ( bak+ p[d] %\ld be less5$ #a_/b teaspoonful = ea* egg4 ,two & "o half teaspoonfuls ( bak+ p[d] %\ld be us$ ) #a cupful ( co>se :eat fl\r or fl\r or meal o!r ?an :eat4 ,,sugge/ions ,,= ,,prep>+ ,,griddle ,,cakes4--,! g5]al rules = mix+ quick breads apply also to griddle cakes4 ,:5 ! yolk & :ite ( ! egg are sep>at$1 ! mixture w be some:at light]4 ,mo/ h\sekeep]s1 h[ev]1 beat ! eggs toge!r quickly1 & f9d ! result satisfactory4 ,! consi/5cy ( griddle cake batt] is mo/ important4 ,z sugge/$ 9 ! recipe1 ! moi/ure %\ld be add$ cauti\sly4 ,s9ce ! quantity ( bak+ p[d] dep5ds ^u ! am\nt ( fl\r1 x is bett] to *ange f a ?ick to a ?9n] batt] by increas+ ! moi/ure1 r ?an to *ange f a ?9 to a ?ick] batt] by increas+ ! fl\r4 ,aft] mix+ ! batt]1 drop a small cake on ! hot iron4 ,! ?ickness z well z ! gra9 ( ! br[n$ cake dep5ds l>gely ^u ! consi/5cy ( ! batt]4 ,if too mu* moi/ure has be5 us$1 ! cake is ?91 pa/y1 & co>se gra9$4 ,a griddle %\ld be heat$ sl[ly1 & %\ld be hot :5 ! cakes are mix$4 ,if suffici5t fat is us$ 9 ! batt]1 x is n necess>y to oil ! griddle4 ,! recipes = griddle cakes giv5 9 ?is book conta9 "o & "o half times ! quantity ( fat g5]ally us$ 9 griddle cake batt]s4 ,h5ce oil+ ! griddle is unnecess>y4 ,x is well aft] ea* bak+ to wipe (f ! griddle ) a clo? or pap]4 ,drop ! batt] by ! spoonful 7f ! end ( ! spoon7 on ! hot griddle1 br[n on ! "u side ?or\ghly4 ,:5 ! cakes h ris51 :5 ! tops are full ( bubbles1 & :5 ! edges are br[n1 ! cakes %\ld be turn$ & br[n$ on ! o!r side4 ,s]ve cakes at once aft] bak+4 ,,pla9 ,,griddle ,,cakes #b cupfuls fl\r #a egg #a_/b teaspoonful salt #a #a_/b cupfuls milk #c #a_/b teaspoonfuls bak+ p[d] #c tablespoonfuls fat ,prep>e accord+ to ! directions above4 ,add ! milk cauti\sly4 ,m or less 7accord+ to ! absorb+ prop]ty ( ! fl\r7 ?an ! giv5 quantity may be requir$4 #a_/h cupful ( sug> or molasses may be add$ to ! mixture4 ,if desir$1 "o m egg may be us$ 9 ?is recipe4 ,s]ve ) maple or o!r sirup 7see ,sirup74 ,,bread ,,griddle ,,cakes #a #a_/b cupfuls bread crumbs #a #a_/b cupfuls hot milk #c tablespoonfuls fat #a to #b eggs #a_/b cupful fl\r #a_/b teaspoonful salt #c teaspoonfuls bak+ p[d] ,soak ! bread 9 ! hot milk until s(t4 ,add ! o!r +r$i5ts 9 ! ord] giv54 #a cupful ( cook$ c]eal may be us$ in/ead ( bread crumbs4 ,rice ,griddle ,cakes are especially pleas+4 ,,que/ions ,acc\nt = ! quantity ( bak+ p[d] us$ 9 ea* ( ^! recipes4 ,:at is ! price p] p\nd ( cream ( t>t>8 ,( t>trate bak+ p[d]8 ,( phosphate bak+ p[d]8 ,( alum bak+ p[d]8 ,( alum-phosphate bak+ p[d]8 ,:at w\ld be ! effect ( expos+ bak+ p[d] to moi/ air8 ,h[ %\ld bak+ p[d] be /or$8 ,:at k9d ( griddle cakes result :5 ! batt] is too ?98 ,:5 too ?ick8 ,:at indicates t ! griddle is too hot8 ,too cool8 ,h[ %\ld griddle cakes be s]v$8 ,,lesson ,,cxiii ,,leav5+ ,,) ,,bak+ ,,soda1 ,,s\r ,,milk1 ,,& ,,bak+ ,,p[d]3 ,,s\r ,,milk ,,griddle ,,cakes ,,additional ,,leav5+ ,,= ,,s\r ,,milk ,,mixtures4--,"s h\sekeep]s ma9ta9 t a sup]ior flavor & quality is giv5 to quick bread by ! use ( s\r milk4 ,x has be5 f\nd t mo/ quick breads are suffici5tly light & por\s :5 made ) s\r milk & bak+ soda1 provid$ !y conta9 z mu* or almo/ z mu* s\r milk z fl\r & provid$ !y conta9 eggs4 ,if ! quantity ( s\r milk is mu* less ?an t ( fl\r & no eggs are pres5t1 x is (t5 desirable to add leav5+ mat]ials o!r ?an s\r milk & bak+ soda4 ,f ! results ( ,exp]im5t #fi we "k t an increas$ quantity ( bak+ soda w n produce satisfactory results4 ,h5ce m c>bon dioxide gas mu/ be obta9$ by o!r means4 ,s9ce bak+ p[d] consi/s ( bo? bak+ soda & an acid mat]ial1 x makes a desirable sub/ance = additional leav5+4 ,a comb9ation ( bak+ soda1 s\r milk1 & bak+ p[d] is !re=e us$ = leav5+ "s quick bread mixtures1 especially ^? t conta9 only a small quantity ( s\r milk & no eggs4 ,?is involves a d\ble reaction3 7a7 ,bak+ soda s\r milk -- neutral mat]ial c>bon dioxide gas wat]4 7b7 ,bak+ p[d] 7moi/5$ & heat$7 -- neutral mat]ial c>bon dioxide gas wat]4 ,ab\t #a_/d ( bak+ p[d] is bak+ soda4 ,h5ce #a_/d teaspoonful ( bak+ soda 7) ! necess>y quantity ( acid mat]ial7 is equival5t to #a teaspoonful ( bak+ p[d] 9 leav5+4 ,if #b teaspoonfuls ( bak+ p[d] are us$ to leav5 #a cupful ( fl\r1 #a_/b teaspoonful ( bak+ soda 7) ! necess>y quantity ( acid mat]ial7 %\ld be us$ to leav5 #a cupful ( fl\r4 ,two ?irds teaspoonful ( bak+ soda 7) ! necess>y quantity ( acid mat]ial7 %\ld be us$ to leav5 #a cupful ( co>se fl\r or fl\r or meal o!r ?an :eat4 ,9 det]m9+ ! quantity ( bak+ p[d] to use 9 mat]ials leav5$ ) s\r milk & bak+ soda1 note ! quantity ( bak+ soda & fl\r4 ,assum+ t #a_/b teaspoonful ( bak+ soda 7) acid7 or #b teaspoonfuls ( bak+ p[d] leav5s #a cupful ( fl\r1 det]m9e ! am\nt ( fl\r t ! giv5 quantity ( bak+ soda 7) acid7 w leav5 & !n use suffici5t bak+ p[d] to leav5 ! rema9d] ( ! fl\r4 ,= example1 if a recipe /ates 7among o!r +r$i5ts7 #a_/b teaspoonful ( bak+ soda & #b cupfuls ( fl\r1 ! bak+ soda 7) acid7 w leav5 #a cupful ( fl\r4 ,h5ce bak+ p[d] suffici5t to leav5 #a cupful ( fl\r 7i4e4 #b teaspoonfuls7 %\ld be us$4 ,aga91 if a recipe /ates t #c_/d teaspoonful bak+ soda & #b cupfuls ( fl\r1 ! bak+ soda 7) acid7 w leav5 #a #a_/b cupfuls ( fl\r4 ,h5ce bak+ p[d] suffici5t to leav5 #a_/b cupful fl\r 7i4e4 #a teaspoonful7 %\ld be us$4 ,,s\r ,,milk ,,griddle ,,cakes 7)\t eggs7 #b cupfuls fl\r #a_/b teaspoonful salt #a_/b teaspoonful bak+ p[d] #g_/h teaspoonful bak+ soda #a #c_/d cupfuls s\r milk #c tablespoonfuls fat ,turn ! s\r milk into a mix+ b[l4 ,melt ! fat & add x to ! s\r milk4 ,add ! dry +r$i5ts 7?r\gh a sift]7 to ! mixture4 ,mix ?or\ghly4 ,if m moi/ure is ne$$1 add wat]4 ,,corn-,,meal ,,griddle ,,cakes #a cupful corn-meal #b cupfuls wat] #c tablespoonfuls fat #a cupful s\r milk #a cupful fl\r #a teaspoonful salt #a_/b teaspoonful bak+ soda ,footnote #hb3 ,! #a_/b teaspoonful ( bak+ soda 7) acid7 is suffici5t to leav5 ! #a cupful ( fl\r4 ,!n #b #a_/b teaspoonfuls ( bak+ p[d] %\ld be add$1 s9ce #a cupful ( corn- meal is conta9$ 9 ! recipe 7see ,quantity ( ,bak+ ,p[d] 9 ,quick ,breads74 #b #a_/b teaspoonfuls bak+ p[d] ,footnote #hc3 ,see footnote #hb #a to #b tablespoonfuls sug> ,add ! corn-meal to ! wat]1 mix ?or\ghly1 & cook #e m9utes4 ,add ! fat4 ,cool4 ,!n add ! milk & dry +r$i5ts4 ,mix ?or\ghly4 ,drop at once on a hot griddle4 ,,fruit ,,sirup ,cook fre% fruit1 or dri$ fruit t has be5 soak$ 9 wat]1 9 a g5]\s quantity ( wat] until x is v s(t4 ,press ?r\gh a /ra9]4 ,if x is n ( ! consi/5cy ( catsup1 add m hot wat]4 ,add f "o eigh? to "o f\r? cupful ( sug> = ea* cupful ( sirup1 or sweet5 to ta/e4 ,s]ve on griddle cakes1 or use z a sauce = ,bread ,pudd+ or ,rice ,pudd+4 ,fruit butt]s1 m>malades1 or jams may be dilut$ ) wat]1 heat$1 & us$ 9 ! same way4 ,,que/ions ,if an egg or two 7 add$ to griddle cakes made ) s\r milk1 h[ %\ld ! recipe be *ang$8 ,give reasons = ! *ange4 ,expla9 ! action ( ! leav5+ ag5ts 9 ,s\r ,milk ,griddle ,cakes 7)\t eggs74 ,9 a quick bread leav5$ ) bak+ soda1 s\r milk1 & bak+ p[d]1 ^u :at +r$i5t does ! quantity ( bak+ soda dep5d8 ,^u :at +r$i5ts does ! quantity ( bak+ p[d] dep5d8 ,expla9 y\r answ]s4 ,:at is ! purpose ( cook+ ! corn-meal be=e add+ ! o!r +r$i5ts8 ,:y %\ld ! cook$ mixture be cool$ be=e add+ ! o!r +r$i5ts8 ,,lesson ,,cxiv ,,leav5+ ,,) ,,bak+ ,,soda1 ,,s\r ,,milk1 ,,& ,,cream ,,( ,,t>t>3 ,,/eam$ ,,br[n ,,breads ,,additional ,,leav5+ ,,= ,,s\r ,,milk ,,mixtures4--,in/ead ( us+ prep>$ bak+ p[d] z additional leav5+ = s\r milk mixtures 7see previ\s lesson7 cream ( t>t> ) s\r milk & bak+ soda may be us$4 ,en\gh bak+ soda mu/ be us$1 h[ev]1 to neutralize bo? ! s\r milk & ! cream ( t>t>4 ,?is involves a d\ble reaction3 7a7 ,bak+ soda s\r milk -- wat] c>bon dioxide gas neutral sub/ance4 7b7 ,bak+ soda cream ( t>t> -- wat] c>bon dioxide gas a neutral sub/ance4 ,if molasses is us$ ) ! s\r milk & bak+ soda1 a ?ird reaction occurs3 7c7 ,bak+ soda molasses -- wat] c>bon dioxide gas neutral sub/ance4 ,x has be5 f\nd t ! foll[+ proportion ( cream ( t>t> & bak+ soda is effective 9 leav5+3 #a #a_/d teaspoonfuls ( cream ( t>t> ) #a_/b teaspoonful ( bak+ soda4 ,^! quantities ( mat]ials are suffici5t to leav5 #a cupful ( fl\r4 #a #a_/b teaspoonfuls ( cream ( t>t> ) #b_/c teaspoonful ( bak+ soda are requir$ to leav5 #a cupful co>se :eat fl\r or fl\r or meal o!r ?an :eat4 ,9 det]m9+ ! quantity ( cream ( t>t> & bak+ soda to use ) mixtures conta9+ s\r milk or o!r acid food1 note ! quantity ( fl\r 7or o!r c]eal7 9 ! recipe4 ,assum+ t #a_/b teaspoonful ( bak+ soda 7) ! necess>y acid mat]ial7 leav5s #a cupful ( fl\r1 det]m9e ! total quantity ( bak+ soda1 :i* 7) ! necess>y acid mat]ial7 w leav5 ! fl\r4 ,!n det]m9e h[ mu* ( ! bak+ soda w be neutraliz$ by ! s\r milk or o!r acid food4 ,assum+ t l-#a_/d teaspoonfuls ( cream ( t>t> are ne$$ to neutralize #a_/b teaspoonful ( bak+ soda1 use en\gh cream ( t>t> to neutralize ! rema9d] ( ! bak+ soda4 ,= example1 if a recipe calls = 7among o!r +r$i5ts7 #b cupfuls fl\r & #a cupful ( s\r milk1 #a teaspoonful ( bak+ soda 7) ! necess>y acid mat]ial7 w be ne$$ to leav5 ! fl\r4 ,s9ce #a cupful ( s\r milk w neutralize only #a_/b teaspoonful ( bak+ soda1 en\gh cream ( t>t> 7i4e4 #a #a_/d teaspoonfuls7 w be ne$$ to neutralize ! rema9d] ( ! bak+ soda4 ,,g5]al ,,sugge/ions ,,= ,,/eam$ ,,quick ,,bread ,,mixtures4--,a quick bread mixture t is to be /eam$ %\ld be plac$ 9 a cov]$ ut5sil4 ,if ! mold or ! c us$ = /eam+ has no cov]1 an oil$ pap] %\ld be ti$ ov] ! top4 ,z ) all quick breads1 ! molds = /eam$ mixtures %\ld be oil$4 ,if ! quick bread is a p\r batt]1 ! mold %\ld be oil$ & !n spr9kl$ ) fl\r4 ,x %\ld nev] be fill$ m ?an two ?irds full4 ,a /eam] plac$ ov] boil+ wat] may be us$ = ! /eam+2 or a kettle ( boil+ wat] conta9+ a rack may be us$4 ,if ! latt] device is employ$1 ! boil+ wat] 9 ! kettle %\ld come halfway to ! top ( ! molds4 ,z ! wat] evaporates1 add m boil+ wat]4 ,less "t is requir$ 9 ! /eam+1 if ! mold is plac$ directly 9 ! wat]4 ,at lea/ "o h\r is requir$ = /eam+ breads4 ,! long] br[n bread is /eam$1 ! d>k] x becomes4 ,a mixture 9 an e>!n mold requires m "t ?an does "o 9 a t9 or granite mold 7see ,exp]im5t #df74 ,,pla9 ,,br[n ,,bread #b cupfuls graham fl\r #b_/c cupful :ite fl\r #c_/d cupful br[n sug> #b_/c teaspoonful salt #a #b_/c teaspoonfuls bak+ soda #a #a_/b teaspoonfuls cream ( t>t> #b cupfuls s\r milk ,mix all dry +r$i5ts ?or\ghly4 ,turn ! s\r milk into a mix+ b[l4 ,add ! dry +r$i5ts2 mix well4 ,turn at once into an oil$ bread pan1 & bake 9 ! ov5 f #ej to #fj m9utes2 or fill "o-p\nd bak+ p[d] cans 7:i* h be5 oil$7 two ?irds full1 & /eam at lea/ #d h\rs4 ,if ! bread is /eam$1 remove x 7aft] /eam+7 f ! molds & dry 9 ! ov5 = a few m9utes4 ,,bo/on ,,br[n ,,bread #a_/d cupful sug> #a cupful corn-meal #b cupfuls graham fl\r #c_/d teaspoonful salt #b teaspoonfuls bak+ soda #b teaspoonfuls cream ( t>t> #b cupfuls s\r milk #a_/b cupful molasses ,mix ! dry +r$i5ts 7except ! sug>7 ?or\ghly4 ,turn ! molasses1 sug>1 & s\r milk into a mix+ b[l4 ,add ! dry +r$i5ts2 mix well4 ,turn at once into oil$ molds1 & /eam at lea/ #d h\rs4 ,remove f ! molds1 & dry 9 ! ov5 = a few m9utes4 ,rye meal or bread crumbs may be sub/itut$ = #a cupful ( graham fl\r4 ,if dri$ bread crumbs are us$1 moi/5 !m ) a little cold wat] be=e add+ to ! o!r +r$i5ts4 #a cupful ( rais9s may also be add$ to ! +r$i5ts ( ! above recipe4 ,if rais9s are us$1 cut !m 9 two & spr9kle fl\r ov] !m4 ,,butt] ,,balls ,cut firm butt] into half-ounce pieces & place 9 a pan ( ice wat]4 ,scrub ! butt] paddles2 place 9 boil+ wat] = #aj m9utes2 & !n 9 ! pan ( ice wat] until *ill$4 ,place a piece ( butt] on "o ( ! paddles & hold ! paddle /ation>y4 ,%ape ! butt] ) ! o!r butt] paddle1 mov+ x 9 a circul> direction4 ,hold ! paddle ov] ! ice wat] :ile %ap+4 ,place ! butt] balls 9 a cool place4 ,,que/ions ,:at gas is =m$ 9 ^! mixtures to leav5 !m8 ,by :at means is ! gas =m$ 9 ea* mixture8 ,h[ mu* bak+ soda & cream ( t>t> %\ld be us$ 9 a recipe conta9+ #b cupfuls ( fl\r1 #a cupful ( s\r milk1 & #a_/b cupful molasses8 ,acc\nt = ! quantity ( bak+ soda us$ 9 ea* ( ! ,br[n ,bread recipes4 ,give two reasons :y ! pap] us$ to cov] a /eam$ quick bread mixture %\ld be oil$4 ,:y are molds = /eam$ mixtures fill$ only two ?irds full8 ,:y %\ld boil+ wat] be us$ to repl5i% ! wat] 9 /eam+ kettle8 ,:y is a long] "t requir$ = /eam+ ?an = bak+ quick bread mixtures8 ,:y %\ld butt] paddles be clean$ ) a bru% r ?an ) a clo?8 ,:at is ! purpose ( plac+ butt] paddles 9 boil+ wat] be=e us+8 ,:y hold ! paddles ov] ice wat] :ile %ap+ ! butt] balls8 ,,lesson ,,cxv ,,=mulat+ ,,recipes--,,waffles ,,leav5+ ,,=mulas4--,a practical h\sekeep] ne$s to be able to =mulate fundam5tal recipes4 ,9 prep>+ quick bread recipes1 %e %\ld "k ! requir$ consi/5cy ( fl\r mixtures1 i4e4 ! approximate proportion ( moi/ure & fl\r = ea* bread2 & ! proportion ( leav5+1 season+1 & %ort5+ 7fat7 mat]ials to use ) fl\r4 ,9 previ\s lessons1 g5]al /atem5ts h be5 made conc]n+ ! quantity ( leav5+ mat]ials to use "u v>i\s conditions4 ,! foll[+ is ! approximate am\nt ( leav5+ mat]ial to be us$ = quick breads t conta9 little or no sug>3 ,,bak+ ,,soda ,,& ,,s\r ,,milk #a_/b teaspoonful bak+ soda to #a cupful ( s\r milk ,,bak+ ,,soda ,,& ,,molasses ,footnote #hd3 ,see footnote #hj4 #a_/b teaspoonful ( bak+ soda to #a cupful molasses ,,fl\r ,,& ,,bak+ ,,p[d] #b teaspoonfuls bak+ p[d] to #a cupful ( fl\r :5 no eggs are us$4 ,:5 eggs are us$1 r$uce ! entire quantity ( bak+ p[d] by #a_/b teaspoonful = ea* egg4 ,,co>se ,,:eat ,,fl\r1 ,,or ,,fl\r 7,,or ,,meal7 ,,o!r ,,?an ,,:eat1 ,,& ,,bak+ ,,p[d] #b #a_/b teaspoonfuls ( bak+ p[d] to #a cupful ( co>se fl\r or meal4 ,,fl\r1 ,,cream ,,( ,,t>t>1 ,,& ,,bak+ ,,soda #a #a_/d teaspoonfuls ( cream ( t>t> & #a_/b teaspoonful ( bak+ soda to #a cupful ( fl\r4 ,,co>se ,,:eat ,,fl\r1 ,,or ,,fl\r 7,,or ,,meal7 ,,o!r ,,?an ,,:eat1 ,,cream ,,( ,,t>t> ,,& ,,bak+ ,,soda #a #a_/b teaspoonfuls ( cream ( t>t> & #b_/c teaspoonful ( bak+ soda to #a cupful ( fl\r4 ,exam9e a numb] ( recipes previ\sly giv51 & note ! quantity ( salt & fat us$ ) #a cupful ( fl\r4 ,9 g5]al1 ! foll[+ quantities ( salt & fat are us$ = quick breads t conta9 little or no sug>3 ,,fl\r ,,& ,,salt #a_/d teaspoonful ( salt to #a cupful ( fl\r ,,fl\r ,,& ,,fat #a tablespoonful ( fat to #a cupful ( fl\r ,:ile ^! data are helpful 9 =mulat+ recipes1 ! pupil %\ld rememb] t !y are all approximate & = pla9 breads only4 ,:5 recipes are modifi$ by ! addition ( a c]eal1 a fruit1 or a flavor+ mat]ial1 "s ( ! quantities w ne$ to be *ang$4 ,,waffles #b cupfuls fl\r #c to #c #a_/b teaspoonfuls bak+ p[d] #a_/b teaspoonful salt #a to #b eggs #a #a_/b cupfuls milk #b tablespoonfuls fat ,mix accord+ to ! directions = ,pla9 ,griddle ,cakes4 ,! quantity ( bak+ p[d] dep5ds ^u ! numb] ( eggs4 ,! great] quantity %\ld be us$ ) "o egg4 ,be=e us+ ! waffle irons1 !y %\ld be heat$ sl[ly on bo? sides & oil$ ?or\ghly4 ,oleom>g>9e1 oil1 or l>d may be us$ = ?is purpose4 ,p\r ! batt] quickly into ! hot irons1 close ! irons at once1 & br[n ! waffles on bo? sides4 ,s]ve ) sirup or gravy4 ,,que/ions ,write a recipe = waffles1 us+ sweet milk & bak+ p[d] & #c eggs4 ,write two recipes = waffles1 us+ s\r milk & soda 7) additional leav5+1 if necess>y7 & #a egg 9 ! "o1 & #b eggs 9 ! o!r4 ,h[ _m waffles does ! giv5 recipe make8 ,,relat$ ,,"w ,,lesson ,,cxvi ,,measurem5t ,,( ,,! ,,fuel ,,value ,,( ,,foods ,,h[ ,,food ,,is ,,assimilat$4--,! uses ( ! food/uffs1--c>bohydrates1 fats1 prote91 a%1 wat]1 & vitam9es1--7 giv54 ,x 0 /at$ t ^! food/uffs ei!r 7a7 burn$ 7i4e4 unit$ ) oxyg57 & produc$ en]gy1 7b7 built ! body1 or 7c7 aid$ 9 regulat+ body processes4 ,all p>ts ( ! body are compos$ ( microscopic cells4 ,by ! process ( dige/ion ! food/uffs are made entirely soluble 7see ,solution & ,dige/ion72 !y are !n fur!r alt]$1 i4e4 split to _! end products & absorb$ ?r\gh ! walls ( ! alim5t>y canal4 ,! blood c>ries ! dige/ion products to all p>ts ( ! body4 ,! blood also c>ries oxyg51--:i* has be5 brea!d into ! body f ! air1--to all p>ts ( ! body4 ,! body cells !n select ! food/uffs t !y ne$ to c>ry on _! "w4 ,"s cells pick out ! fuel mat]ials--c>bohydrates1 fat1 or prote9--& oxyg54 ,fuel foods :5 oxidiz$1 produce en]gy4 ,o!r body cells select "s ( ! body build]s--prote9 or a%--& use ^! = build+ or repair+ tissue4 ,! cells :i* build bone *oose a% & ! o!r mat]ials ne$$ = build+ bones2 ! cells :i* build muscle *oose prote9 & ! o!r mat]ials ne$$ = build+ muscle4 ,little is kn[n reg>d+ ! use ( vitam9es by ! body cells1 o!r ?an t !y are indisp5sable = ! gr[? & ma9t5ance ( ! body4 ,,h[ ,,en]gy ,,or ,,fuel ,,value ,,is ,,measur$4--,x 0 /at$ t ! human body c\ld be comp>$ to an automobile1 i4e4 ! burn+ ( ! fuel foods 9 ! body produc$ ! ability to d "w4 ,! quantity ( en]gy t fuel food is capable ( giv+ (f is t]m$ ! fuel value ( t food4 ,en]gy has be5 def9$ z ! ability to d "w4 ,s9ce heat is en]gy1 ! fuel value ( foods %[s1 9 "p1 ,footnote #he3 ,al?\gh a%1 wat]1 & vitam9es n\ri% ! body1 x is impossible to measure _! nutritive value 9 t]ms ( fuel value4 ,fuel value expresses ! nutritive value only ( ! combu/ible food/uffs1--c>bohydrates1 fats1 & prote94 ,h[ev]1 accord+ to ,%]man1 ! mo/ conspicu\s nutritive requirem5t is t ( en]gy = ! "w ( ! body4 ,h5ce1 ! fuel value ( a food is (t5 spok5 ( z its nutritive value 7see ,*emi/ry ( ,food & ,nutrition1 ,second ,edition1 by ,h5ry ,c4 ,%]man1 ,ph4,d41 p4 #ach74 _! nutritive value4 ,if ! quantity ( heat t is produc$ by burn+ a food is measur$1 ! measurem5t indicates ! quantity ( en]gy t ! food is capable ( giv+ to ! body4 ,heat _c be measur$ by weight or l5g?1 b by ! *ange 9 temp]ature :i* x produces 9 a giv5 weight ( a c]ta9 mat]ial4 ,! heat unit is n a p\nd or y>d1 b a ,calorie1 or a def9ite quantity ( heat1 :i*1 :5 appli$ to mat]ials1 w produce *ange ( temp]ature 9 ^? mat]ials4 ,if ! temp]ature ( "o p\nd ,footnote #hf3 ,,note ,,to ,,! ,,tea*]--,! avoirdupois sy/em ( measurem5t & ! ,fahr5heit scale ( temp]ature are us$ 9 ?is text4 ,x is believ$ by ! au?or t less ?an t5 p] c5t ( all pupils tak+ ?is c\rse w ent] college4 ,h5ce1 ! use ( ! measurem5ts t are m 9 keep+ ) ! pupils' practical ne$s4 ,= ! small m9ority :o w ent] college1 a ?or\gh drill 9 ! metric sy/em is urg$4 ,! foll[+ =mula gives ! necess>y in=mation = *ang+ f ! ,fahreheit to ! ,c5tigrade scale3 ,subtract #cb & multiply by #e_/i4 ( wat] is #gj degrees ,fahr5heit1 & x is desir$ to increase ! temp]ature ( t wat] to #gd degrees ,fahr5heit1 a c]ta9 quantity ( heat w h to be appli$4 ,x has be5 f\nd t ! quantity ( heat requir$ to raise ! temp]ature ( "o p\nd ( wat] ?r\gh any f\r degrees ( ! ,fahr5heit scale is practically ! same1 i4e4 ! quantity ( heat requir$ to raise ! temp]ature ( "o p\nd ( wat] f #cb degrees to #cf degrees ,f4 is ab\t ! same z ! quantity ( heat t mu/ be appli$ to raise ! temp]ature ( "o p\nd ( wat] f #fj degrees to #fd degrees ,f4 ,! unit ( measurem5t ( heat is tak5 z ! quantity ( heat requir$ to raise ! temp]ature ( "o p\nd ( wat] ?r\gh ab\t #d degrees ,f4 ,! ,calorie1 ,footnote #hg3 ,i4e4 great] ,calorie1 di/+ui%$ f ! less] calorie by ! capital ,c4 us$ = food calculation1 is approximately ! quantity ( heat requir$ to raise ! temp]ature ( "o p\nd 7p9t7 ( wat] ?r\gh #d degrees ,f4 ,if "o p9t ( wat] 7 plac$ ov] a light$ burn] & heat$ until x increas$ f\r degrees 9 temp]ature1 approximately "o ,calorie ( heat w\ld h be5 appli$ to ! wat] 7see ,figure #hb74 ,,h[ ,,! ,,fuel ,,value ,,( ,a ,,food ,,mat]ial ,,is ,,measur$4--,sci5ti/s h work$ ) c>e to obta9 accurate data = ! measurem5t ( ! heat produc$ by foods burn+ 9 ! body4 ,! data accept$ to-day diff] f ^? giv5 by ,rubn] "s ye>s ago4 ,footnote #hh3 ,see ,*emi/ry ( ,foods & ,nutrition1 ,second ,edition1 by ,h5ry ,c4 ,%]man1 ,ph4,d41 p4 #adc1 ,physiological ,fuel ,values4 #a gram prote9 yields #d ,calories #a gram fat yields #i ,calories #a gram c>bohydrate yields #d ,calories ,express+ grams approximately 9 ounces1 ^! data become3 #a ounce ( prote9 yields #aac ,calories #a ounce ( fat yields #bee ,calories #a ounce ( c>bohydrate yields #aac ,calories ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #hb4--;,,illu/rat+ ,,! ,,am\nt ,,( ,,heat ,,repres5t$ ,,by ,,"o ,,calorie4 ,9 ord] to f9d ! fuel value ( foods1 x is necess>y to "k _! composition4 ,= su* data ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture ,bullet9 ,no4 #bh is a valuable s\rce4 ,fl\r4--,! fuel cont5t ( fl\r is 7see ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,bullet9 ,no4 #bh1 p4 #eh1 ,all ,analyses ,av]age73 #aj4f p] c5t prote92 #a4a p] c5t fat2 #gf4c p] c5t c>bohydrates4 ,!n1 #a ounce ( fl\r conta9s1 #j4ajf ounce ( prote92 #j4jaa ounce ( fat2 #j4gfc ounce c>bohydrates4 ,! prote9 9 "o ounce ( fl\r yields 7#aac x #jajf 7 #aa4ig ,calories4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #hc4--;,,comp>ative ,,weights ,,( #ajj-;,,calorie ,,portions ,,( ,,foods4 ,! fat 9 "o ounce ( fl\r yields 7#bee x #j4jaa 7 #b4hj ,calories4 ,! c>bohydrates 9 "o ounce ( fl\r yield 7#aac x #j4gfc 7 #hf4ba ,calories4 ,total ,calories furni%$ by #a ounce ( fl\r are 7#aa4ig #b4hj #hf4ba 7 #ajj4ih4 ,butt]4--,! fuel cont5t ( butt] is 7see ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,bullet9 ,no4 #bh1 p4 #ed73 #a p] c5t prote92 #he p] c5t fat2 no c>bohydrates4 #a ounce ( butt] conta9s #j4ja ounce ( prote91 #j4he ounce ( fat1 & no c>bohydrates4 ,! prote9 9 "o ounce ( butt] yields 7#j4ja x #aac 7 #a4ac ,calories4 ,! fat 9 "o ounce ( butt] yields 7#j4he x #bee 7 #baf4ge ,calories4 ,numb] ( total ,calories furni%$ by "o ounce ( butt] is 7#a4acbaf4ge7 #bag4hh4 ,sug>4--,! fuel cont5t ( sug> is 7see ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,bullet9 ,no4 #bh1 p4 #fe7 no p] c5t prote92 no p] c5t fat2 #ajj p] c5t c>bohydrates4 #a ounce ( sug> conta9s no prote91 no fat1 & #a ounce c>bohydrates4 #a ounce sug> yields 7#aac x #a 7 #aac ,calories4 ,,h[ ,,! ,,weight ,,( ,,food ,,mat]ials ,,produc+ #ajj ,,calories ,,is ,,measur$4--,= practical "w 9 comput+ ! fuel value ( foods1 x has be5 f\nd m conv5i5t to r$uce all data to t]ms :i* express equal fuel value in/ead ( equal weight z 9 ! =ego+ p>agraph4 ,"o hundr$ ,calories is ! unit *os54 ,! weight ( a food :i*1 :5 burn$ 9 ! body1 w produce "o hundr$ ,calories is ! desir$ data4 ,?is weight is t]m$ a /&>d portion or a #ajj-;,calorie portion 7see ,figures #hc & #hd74 ,f ! previ\s "w1 x is a simple matt] to compute 9 ounces ! quantity ( food mat]ials :i* w yield #ajj ,calories4 ,if #a ounce ( fl\r yields #ajj4ih ,calories & x repres5ts ! numb] ( ounces ( fl\r :i* w yield #ajj ,calories1 !n x_/#aajj_/ajj4ih or x#j4ii1 ! numb] ( ounces ( fl\r :i* yield #ajj ,calories1 i4e4 a #ajj-;,calorie portion ( fl\r4 ,if #a ounce ( butt] yields #bag4hh ,calories & x repres5ts ! numb] ( ounces ( butt] :i* w yield #ajj ,calories1 !n x_/#aajj_/bag4hh or x#j4de1 ! numb] ( ounces ( butt] :i* yield #ajj ,calories1 i4e4 a #ajj-;,calorie portion ( butt]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #hd--ajj-;,,calorie ,,portions ,,( ,,foods4 a1 banana1 b1 butt]1 c1 eggs d1 meat2 e1 bread4 ,if #a ounce ( sug> yields #aac ,calories & x repres5ts ! numb] ( ounces ( sug> :i* w yield #ajj ,calories1 !n x_/#aajj_/aac or x#j4hh1 ! numb] ( ounces ( sug> :i* w yield #ajj ,calories1 i4e4 a #ajj-;,calorie portion ( sug>4 ,,h[ ,,! ,,fuel ,,value ,,( ,a ,,comb9ation ,,( ,,food ,,mat]ial ,,is ,,measur$4--,x is possible to compute ! fuel value ( a food t is made up ( sev]al food mat]ials4 ,to d ?is "o mu/ "k or f9d3 7a7 ,recipe = food4 7b7 ,weight & measure ( combu/ible food mat]ials4 7c7 ,numb] ( ,calories yield$ by "o ounce ( ea* ( ! combu/ible food/uffs4 ,! recipe = "o loaf ( bread is3 #a cupful wat] #a teaspoonful salt #a teaspoonful sug> #c #a_/b cupfuls fl\r #a_/b tablespoonful butt] #a_/d cake compress$ yea/ #a_/d cupful wat] ,by weigh+ & measur+ "o f9ds3 #a p\nd sug> measures #b cupfuls #a p\nd butt] measures #b cupfuls #a p\nd fl\r measures #d cupfuls ,!n1 #a teaspoonful sug> weighs #j4af ounce #a_/c tablespoonful butt] weighs #j4be ounce #c #a_/b cupfuls fl\r weigh #ad4j ounces 7,f data ( ,h[ ! ,fuel ,value ( a ,food ,mat]ial is ,measur$47 #a teaspoonful sug> yields 7#aac x #j4af 7 #ah4jh ,calories #a_/b tablespoonful butt] yields 7#bag4hh x #j4be 7 #ed4dg ,calories #c #a_/b cupfuls fl\r yield 7#ajj4ih x #ad 7 #adac4gb ,calories #a loaf ( bread yields 7#ah4jh #ed4dg #adac4gb 7 #adhf4bg ,calories ,= ! practical me?od ( calculat+ diet 7:i* is m fully treat$ 9 ,lesson ,,cxxxi71 x is conv5i5t to h ! #ajj-;,calorie portion ( a recipe1 or a made food4 ,! #ajj-;,calorie portion ( bread is e/imat$ f ! result above 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,s9ce #adhf4bg ,calories are yield$ by "o loaf ( homemade bread1 !n #ajj ,calories are yield$ by 7#ajj_/adhf4bg 7 4#jf or #f p] c5t ( a loaf ( homemade bread2 h5ce1 #a_/af 7#f 7 or #a slice ( homemade bread yields #ajj ,calories4 ,,que/ions ,f9d ! numb] ( ,calories produc$ by "o ounce ( milk4 ,f9d ! numb] ( ,calories produc$ by "o ounce ( egg4 ,weigh out #ajj-;,calorie portions ( fl\r1 butt]1 & sug>4 ,measure ^! quantities1 us+ a cup = ! fl\r1 a tablespoon = ! butt]1 & a teaspoon = ! sug>4 ,compute #ajj-;,calorie portions ( milk & ! edible portion ( eggs1 !n weigh ^! portions4 ,measure ?is portion ( milk 9 a cup4 ,h[ _m eggs make a /&>d portion8 ,:y are wat]1 salt1 & yea/ n consid]$ :5 ! fuel value is comput$8 ,compute ! fuel value ( #a p9t ( ,s(t ,cu/>d4 ,f9d ! #ajj-;,calorie portion ( ,s(t ,cu/>d4 ,,note4--,=ms ,a & ,b giv5 on ! foll[+ pages w be f\nd conv5i5t 9 record+ ! results ( ^! calculations4 ,,lesson ,,cxvii ,,plann+1 ,,cook+1 ,,& ,,s]v+ ,a ,,d9n] ,plan a pla9 d9n]4 ,footnote #hi3 ,see footnote #gb4 ,use seasonable foods4 ,foll[ ! sugge/ions giv5 9 ,lesson ,,cv4 ,plan ! m5u s t ! co/ ( ! mat]ials us$ does n exce$ #be c5ts p] p]son4 ,analyze ! m5u & see t x meets ! requirem5ts /at$ 9 ,lesson ,,cv4 ,cook & s]ve ! d9n]4 ,foll[ ! ,engli% or family /yle ( s]v+4 ,s]ve ! meal )\t a maid4 ,illu/ration3 ,,=m ,a3 ,,calculation ,,( #ajj-;,,calorie ,,portions ,,( ,,foods ,illu/ration3 ,,=m ,b3 ,,calculation ,,( ,,fuel ,,value ,,( ,,recipes ,,lesson ,,cxviii ,,review3 ,,meal ,,cook+ ,,m5u ,c]eal ,griddle ,cakes ,fruit ,sirup ,c(fee or ,butt]scot* ,apples ,g+]bread ,tea ,see ,lesson ,,xiv reg>d+ sugge/ions = ! prep>ation ( ! lesson4 ,,lesson ,,cxix ,,home ,,projects ,footnote #ij3 ,see ,lesson ,,ix4 ,,sugge/ions ,,= ,,home ,,"w4--,prep>e a quick bread su* z ,popov]s or ,g+]bread 9 y\r home at lea/ once a week4 ,if griddle cakes are s]v$ 9 y\r home1 prep>e cakes at lea/ once a week4 ,calculate ! co/ ( ^! breads4 ,sugge/$ ,aims3 7#a7 ,to use v>i\s leav5s 9 quick breads4 ,to comp>e results secur$ by us+ sweet milk or wat] ) bak+ p[d]1 & s\r milk ) bak+ soda1 or s\r milk ) bak+ soda & bak+ p[d]4 7#b7 ,to use diff]5t liquids 9 ,g+]bread1 viz41 s\r milk1 wat]1 sweet milk4 ,to comp>e results obta9$ by ! use ( ea*4 ,,division ,,elev5 ,,quick ,,breads3 ,,drop ,,batt]s ,,lesson ,,cxx ,,f9e ,,& ,,co>se ,,fl\rs--,,muff9s ,,diff]5ces ,,9 ,,:eat ,,fl\rs4--,exam9e :ite fl\r1 :ole :eat fl\r1 & graham fl\r4 ,notice ! diff]5ce 9 color1 gritt9ess1 & quantity ( bran 7cellulose74 ,z has be5 m5tion$ be=e1 all c]eals or gra9s h an out] h>d cov]+ ( cellulose 7see ,cellulose74 ,c]eals also conta9 a g]m f :i* ! "y plant spr+s4 ,9 ! prep>ation ( f9e fl\rs1 ! g]m & mo/ ( ! cellulose cov]+ are remov$4 ,:ole :eat 7errone\sly nam$7 has "p ( ! out] cov]+ remov$4 ,graham ,footnote #ia3 ,graham fl\r is s call$ because ,dr4 ,sylve/] ,graham advocat$ ! use ( ! entire gra9 & devis$ a me?od ( prep>+ x4 fl\r1 prop]ly made1 conta9s all ! mat]ials ( ! :eat gra94 ,! g]m is ri* 9 fat1 prote91 & a%4 ,! out] "p1 call$ bran1 conta9s m a%1 fat1 & prote9 ?an does ! c5t] ( ! gra94 ,h5ce ) ! removal ( ! g]m & bran1 mu* ( ! prote9 & a% is lo/ 7see ,figure #he74 ,h[ev]1 mu* graham fl\r is a mixture ( inf]ior fl\r & bran4 ,,! ,,mill+ ,,( ,,fl\r4--,9 ! mill+ ( f9e fl\r1 ! :eat k]nels are pass$ ?r\gh a s]ies ( roll]s & sift]s t cru% ! :eat & sep>ate ! bran f ! o!r mat]ials4 ,! great] ! numb] ( times ! fl\r is subject$ to ! roll+ & sift+ process1 ! m ?or\ghly are ! p>ts ( ! gra9 sep>at$ & ! m f9ely are !y cru%$4 ,:5 ! sep>ation is complete1 ! result+ f9e fl\r consi/s almo/ entirely ( ! c5t] ( ! cru%$ gra9s 7call$ middl+s74 ,fl\r made ) few] roll+s & sift+s conta9s m ( ! out] coats4 ,9 g5]al1 ! t]m pat5t is appli$ to fl\r made f ! middl+s4 ,! fl\r conta9+ m ( ! out] coats is call$ bak]'s or family fl\r4 ,pat5t fl\r conta9s m />* ?an does bak]'s fl\r :ile bak]'s fl\r conta9s m prote9 ?an does pat5t fl\r4 ,! t]ms pat5t & bak]'s v>y 9 mean+1 h[ev]1 9 diff]5t localities4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ,ma9e ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation ,bullet9 ,no4 #ajc4 ,,figure #he4--,,longitud9al ,,section ,,( ,,:eat ,,gra9 ,,%[+ ,,bran 7out] coat+s71 ,,fl\ry ,,"p 7int]ior ( gra971 ,,& ,,g]m 7base ( gra974 ,,value ,,( ,,co>se ,,fl\r4--,analyses %[ t graham & :ole :eat fl\rs conta9 m prote9 & a% ?an f9e :ite fl\r4 ,s x w\ld seem t breads made f ^! co>s] fl\rs furni% m body-build+ mat]ial4 ,b inve/igations h %[n t ! prote9 conta9$ 9 ! co>se fl\rs is n entirely assimilat$ & t ab\t ! same quantity ( prote9 is dige/$ & absorb$ f f9e z f co>se fl\rs4 ,! co>s] gra9 products1 h[ev]1 h m available a% ?an ! f9e fl\rs4 ,inde$1 exp]im5ts %[ t ! bran ( co>se c]eals is a valuable s\rce ( a% ,footnote #ib3 ,see ,*emi/ry ( ,food & ,nutrition1 ,second ,edition1 ,h4 ,c4 ,%]man1 p4 #cjf1 ,gra9 ,products1 & p4 #cjh4 & t :ole :eat fl\r is a m complete food ?an f9e or bolt$ :eat fl\r4 ,footnote #ic3 ,see ,! ,new] ,k ( ,nutrition1 ,e4,v4 ,mc,collum1 p4#adj4 ,d\btless1 = _m p]sons1 :ole :eat foods are m b5eficial ?an f9e fl\r products4 ,,p] ,,c5t ,,( ,,nutri5ts2 ,,nutritive ,,values4--,! p] c5t ( nutri5ts 9 a food does n always indicate ! quantity ( n\ri%m5t x w yield4 ,! nutri5t mu/ be 9 a condition to be absorb$4 ,:eat gra9s conta9 z mu* prote9 :5 :ole z :5 gr\nd into meal1 yet uncook$ :ole :eat gra9s yield little n\ri%m5t to ! body4 ,!y pass ?r\gh ! sy/em ) mu* nutrim5t unextract$4 ,ev5 if ! unbrok5 gra9s are ?or\ghly cook$1 !y w n furni% z mu* n\ri%m5t to ! body z !y w :5 9 ! =m ( meal4 ,9 ! consid]ation ( nutritive value1 ! p]sonal factor ent]s1 = "s p]sons assimilate food mu* m easily or completely ?an o!rs4 ,9 summ+ up :at has be5 said1 x w be se5 t ?ree factors det]m9e ! nutritive value ( a food3 7a7 p] c5t ( nutri5ts1 7b7 =m ( nutri5ts1 & 7c7 p]sonal dige/ive *>act]i/ics4 ,,drop ,,batt]s4--,all batt]s c be /irr$ ) a spoon4 ,drop batt]s are some:at /iff] ?an p\r batt]s4 ,!y conta91 approximately1 two p>ts ( fl\r to "o "p ( moi/ure4 ,comp>e ! ,pla9 ,muff9 recipe bel[ ) t = ,popov]s4 ,note h[ ! recipes diff] 9 ! quantity ( fl\r us$4 ,:y d muff9s conta9 bak+ p[d]1 :ile popov]s d n8 ,muff9 mixture is a typical drop batt]4 ,,pla9 ,,muff9s #b cupfuls fl\r #c #a_/b teaspoonfuls bak+ p[d] #a_/b teaspoonful salt #b tablespoonfuls fat #a to #b tablespoonfuls sug> #a egg #a cupful milk ,break ! egg into a mix+ b[l1 beat x4 ,add ! milk to x4 ,melt ! fat1 add x to ! egg mixture4 ,measure ! dry +r$i5ts ?or\ghly4 ,add !m 7?r\gh a sift]7 to ! o!r +r$i5ts4 ,mix quickly & ?or\ghly1 & drop into butt]$ muff9 pans4 ,bake 9 a hot ov5 7#djj degrees ,f47 f #be to #cj m9utes4 ,:ole :eat fl\r may be sub/itut$ = f9e :ite fl\r4 ,= graham muff9s1 use #a cupful ( f9e :ite fl\r & #a cupful ( graham fl\r4 #a #a_/h cupfuls ( s\r milk may be us$ in/ead ( #a cupful ( sweet milk4 ,if ?is sub/itution is made1 use #a_/b teaspoonful bak+ soda & decrease ! bak+ p[d] to #b teaspoonfuls4 ,molasses may be sub/itut$ = sug>4 ,,que/ions ,acc\nt = ! quantity ( bak+ p[d] 9 ! muff9 recipes4 ,:at det]m9es ! quantity ( bak+ p[d]8 ,write a recipe = muff9s1 us+ s\r cream in/ead ( milk4 ,:at +r$i5ts may be decreas$ 9 quantity if s\r cream is us$8 ,if all ! cups 9 ! muff9 pan are n fill$ ) batt]1 h[ %\ld ! empty cups be protect$ :ile 9 ! ov58 ,h[ _m muff9s w ! recipes above make8 ,f ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,bullet9 ,no4 #bh1 tabulate ! p]c5tage composition ( pat5t :eat fl\r1 ( graham fl\r1 & ( entire :eat fl\r4 ,:i* conta9s ! mo/ prote9 & a%8 ,:i* probably yields ! mo/ prote9 to ! body8 ,acc\nt = ! discrepancy 7see ,value ( ,co>se ,fl\r74 ,tabulate ! p]c5tage composition ( bak]'s fl\r & ( a high grade ( :eat fl\r 7pat5t roll] process74 ,:i* conta9s ! m prote98 ,:i*1 ! m c>bohydrates8 ,:at is ! weight ( a b>rel ( fl\r8 ,( an ord9>y sack ( fl\r8 ,:at is ! pres5t price p] sack ( bak]'s & ( high-grade pat5t fl\r8 ,h[ _m cupfuls 9 a p\nd ( fl\r8 ,9 :at quantity are :ole :eat fl\r & graham fl\r usually pur*as$ = home use8 ,:at is ! price p] p\nd ( ea*8 ,,lesson ,,cxxi ,,comp>ison ,,( ,,:eat ,,& ,,o!r ,,gra9s--,,muff9s ,,sub/itut+ ,,o!r ,,c]eals ,,= ,,:eat ,,fl\r4--,a res\rceful work] 9 foods is able to foll[ a /&>d recipe & make su* sub/itutions z h] available mat]ials p]mit4 ,su* ability is mo/ desirable4 ,x enables "o to "w m indep5d5tly1 to produce m v>i$ foods1 & to utilize all mat]ials1 all[+ none to wa/e4 ,dur+ ! :eat %ortage ( ! ,_w ,w>1 _m valuable inve/igations 7 made reg>d+ ! sub/itution ( o!r gra9s = :eat fl\r4 ,x 0 f\nd t ! sub/itution %\ld be bas$ ^u ! relative weights ( :eat fl\r & o!r fl\rs or meals r ?an ^u _! relative measures4 ,by comp>+ ! weight ( #a cupful ( :eat pa/ry fl\r ) ! same quantity ( its sub/itutes1 ! foll[+ data h be5 obta9$4 ,= #a cupful ( :eat fl\r sub/itute3 l #a_/h cupfuls b>ley fl\r #e_/f cupful buck:eat fl\r #a #a_/f cupfuls f9e corn-meal #a scant cupful peanut fl\r #g_/h cupful rice fl\r #a #a_/b cupfuls roll$ oats #a #a_/h cupfuls roll$ oats1 gr\nd 9 food *opp] #a_/c cupful tapioca fl\r #g_/h cupful soy-bean fl\r #c_/d cupful potato fl\r #a cupful rye fl\r ,al?\gh yea/ breads are n s satisfactory if made entirely ( a gra9 o!r ?an :eat1 quick breads ( desirable gra9 & texture may be made )\t :eat4 ,x has be5 f\nd1 h[ev]1 t a comb9ation ( two or m :eat sub/itutes gives m satisfactory results ?an a s+le sub/itute4 ,:5 no :eat is us$ 9 quick breads1 ! foll[+ comb9ations ( sub/itutes are sugge/$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,/ates ,relation ,s]vice4 ,roll$ oats 7gr\nd7 or ,b>ley fl\r or ,buck:eat fl\r or ,peanut fl\r or ,soy-bean fl\r & ,corn fl\r or ,corn-meal or ,rice fl\r or ,potato fl\r or ,sweet potato fl\r ,s9ce ! :eat sub/itutes conta9 little or none ( ! k9d ( prote9 :i* :5 moi/5$ =ms a /icky & ela/ic sub/ance1 an increase 9 ! numb] ( eggs 9 quick breads conta9+ no :eat produces a satisfactory texture4 ,! album9 ( eggs aids 9 hold+ ! mat]ials toge!r4 ,by scald+ c]ta9 ( ! :eat sub/itutes be=e add+ !m to o!r +r$i5ts1 a /icky />* pa/e is =m$4 ,?is also aids 9 b9d+ mat]ials toge!r4 ,:5 us+ a :eat sub/itute in/ead ( :eat 7z sugge/$ 9 ,quantity ( ,bak+ ,p[d] 9 ,quick ,breads7 x is advisable to increase ! quantity ( bak+ p[d]1--#a_/b teaspoonful = ea* cupful ( ! sub/itute us$4 ,?us1 if a muff9 recipe calls = #c #a_/b teaspoonfuls ( bak+ p[d] & #b cupfuls ( corn fl\r are sub/itut$ = :eat1 ! quantity ( bak+ p[d] %\ld be increas$ to #d #a_/b teaspoonfuls4 ,,:y ,,:eat ,,is ,,popul>4--,9 ?is c\ntry1 :eat is d\btless ! mo/ us$ ( all gra9s4 ,its :ite or creamy color & mild flavor :i* bl5ds well ) t ( _m foods acc\nt 9 "p = its popul>ity4 ,f a cul9>y /&po9t1 :eat fl\r is m satisfactory to use ?an any o!r k9d4 ,x produces breads ( pleas+ texture1--t5d] b firm en\gh to hold _! %ape4 ,yea/ breads made ( :eat fl\r are l>g] ?an ^? made ) o!r c]eals4 ,al?\gh :eat is g5]ally us$1 its food value is n sup]ior to t ( o!r gra9s4 ,x is d\btless because we are us$ to :eat t we h favor$ x m ?an o!r c]eals4 ,,comp>+ ,,:eat ,,) ,,o!r ,,gra9s4--,make a comp>ative /udy ( ! composition ( ! foll[+3 ,:eat ,fl\r & ,corn-meal4--,f ,u4,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,bullet9 ,no4 #bh1 tabulate ! p]c5tage composition ( :eat fl\r & ( corn-meal4 ,:i* conta9s ! m fat8 ,:i* conta9s ! m a%8 ,corn-meal does n conta9 z mu* prote9 z does :eat4 ,! prote9 9 corn-meal diff]s f t 9 :eat2 x does n h ! ela/ic prop]ty ( ! prote9 ( :eat4 ,x is ?is prop]ty :i* makes ! latt] s satisfactory 9 bread mak+4 ,= ?is reason1 x is always be/ to comb9e corn-meal ) :eat fl\r or "s o!r c]eal 9 prep>+ corn breads4 ,x %\ld be not$ t corn-meal conta9s m fat ?an :eat fl\r1 & x comp>es favorably 9 dige/ibility ) :eat fl\r4 ,!re is a diff]5ce 9 flavor1 b no diff]5ce 9 ! nutritive value ( yell[ & ( :ite corn-meal4 ,:eat ,fl\r & ,oatmeal4--,f ,u4,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,bullet9 ,no4 #bh1 tabulate ! p]c5tage composition ( :eat fl\r & ( oatmeal4 ,:i* conta9s ! m prote91 fat1 & a%8 ,:i* conta9s ! m c>bohydrates8 ,oatmeal conta9s m prote91 fat1 & a% ?an any ( ! c]eals commonly us$4 ,x is a v t\gh c]eal & requires long cook+ 9 ord] to make x palatable4 ,:eat ,fl\r & ,rice4--,f ,u4,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,bullet9 ,no4 #bh1 tabulate ! p]c5tage composition ( :eat fl\r 7all analyses1 av]age74 ,n[ tabulate ! p]c5tage composition ( rice 7av]age74 ,:i* conta9s ! m c>bohydrates8 ,:i*1 ! m prote9 & a%8 ,poli%$ rice conta9s ! lea/ a% & prote9 ( all ! common c]eals4 ,x is also defici5t 9 fat 9 comp>ison ) ! o!r c]eals4 ,unpoli%$ rice1 h[ev]1 conta9s m ?an twice z mu* a% z ! poli%$ c]eal4 ,x also conta9s m fat & prote94 ,footnote #id3 ,composition ( unpoli%$ rice3 prote91 #h4jb2 fat1 #a4if2 c>bohydrates1 #gf4ih2 a%1 #a4ae4 ,h5ce x comp>es favorably ) ! composition ( o!r gra9s4 ,:eat ,fl\r1 ,b>ley1 ,buck:eat1 & ,rye4--,f ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,bullet9 ,no4 #bh1 tabulate ! p]c5tage composition ( :eat fl\r1 ( b>ley1 ( buck:eat1 & ( rye4 ,note ! quantity ( fat 9 b>ley & 9 buck:eat1 & ! small am\nt ( prote9 9 buck:eat & 9 rye4 ,,corn ,,muff9s #a #a_/c cupfuls fl\r #b_/c cupful corn-meal #d teaspoonfuls bak+ p[d] #a to #b tablespoonfuls sug> #a_/c teaspoonful salt #a egg #a #a_/d cupfuls milk #b tablespoonfuls fat ,mix z pla9 muff9s1 & bake 9 oil$ muff9 t9s #be to #cj m9utes at #djj ,f4 ,rye meal may be sub/itut$ = corn-meal 9 ?is recipe4 ,,rice ,,muff9s #a #a_/c cupfuls fl\r #c #c_/d teaspoonfuls bak+ p[d] #b tablespoonfuls sug> #a_/b teaspoonful salt #a egg #b_/c cupful milk #a_/b cupful cook$ rice #b tablespoonfuls fat ,beat ! egg2 add ! milk & ! cook$ rice4 ,add ! dry +r$i5ts 7?r\gh a sift]7 to ! egg mixture2 melt ! fat2 add x to ! fl\r mixture4 ,mix quickly & ?or\ghly1 & bake 9 butt]$ muff9 t9s 9 a hot ov5 7#djj ,f47 = #be to #cj m9utes4 ,,oatmeal ,,muff9s ,use ! recipe = ,pla9 ,muff9s z a basic rule4 ,sub/itute #a cupful roll$ oats = #a cupful ( :eat fl\r4 ,scald ! milk1 p\r x ov] ! roll$ oats4 ,let ! mixture /& = ab\t #a_/b h\r or until x is cool4 ,!n add ! o!r +r$i5ts & mix z pla9 muff9s4 ,use #d teaspoonfuls ( bak+ p[d] in/ead ( #c #a_/b teaspoonfuls4 ,,que/ions ,expla9 :y corn-meal is n us$ alone = corn-meal muff9s 7see ,:eat ,fl\r & ,corn-meal74 ,comp>e ! quantity ( milk us$ 9 ,rice ,muff9s ) t us$ 9 ,pla9 ,muff9s4 ,acc\nt = ! diff]5ce4 ,f ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,bullet9 ,no4 #bh1 tabulate ! p]c5tage composition ( boil$ rice4 ,comp>e ) ! composition ( ! uncook$ food4 ,h[ mu* n\ri%m5t is lo/ by boil+8 ,by :at me?od c rice be cook$ to reta9 ! mo/ n\ri%m5t8 ,expla9 :y ! p] c5t ( nutri5ts 9 a food does n always indicate ! quantity ( n\ri%m5t t ! nutri5ts yield to ! body 7see ,p] ,c5t ( ,nutri5ts2 ,nutritive ,values74 ,,lesson ,,cxxii ,,bak+ ,,p[d] ,,loaf ,,breads ,,quick ,,loaf ,,breads4--,! mak+ ( yea/ bread requires knead+ & cov]s a consid]able p]iod ( "t4 ,a loaf ( bread leav5$ ) bak+ p[d] or o!r leav5s suitable = quick breads may be made 9 a %ort "t4 ,! +r$i5ts us$ = su* a loaf1 & ! me?od ( mix+ x are ab\t ! same z = muff9s4 ,bak+ ! mixture 9 a bread pan r ?an 9 muff9 pans saves "s ef=t 9 p\r+ ! batt] 9 ! pan & 9 wa%+ !m4 ,= ^? ^: "t is limit$ = food prep>ation1 ! mak+ ( bak+ p[d] loaf breads is recomm5d$4 ,if x is necess>y or desirable to use meals or fl\rs o!r ?an :eat1 bak+ p[d] loaf breads are advisable4 ,su* gra9s c be us$ successfully 9 great] quantity 7i4e4 ) ! addition ( little or no :eat fl\r7 9 quick breads ?an 9 yea/ breads4 ,a quick bread bak$ 9 a loaf %\ld be plac$ 9 a mod]ate ov51--ab\t #cjj degrees ,f4 ,mod]ate heat is appli$ s t ! loaf w rise suffici5tly be=e a cru/ is =m$4 ,aft] #aj or #ae m9utes1 ! temp]ature ( ! ov5 %\ld be increas$4 ,"s secure desirable results by all[+ a loaf ( quick bread to /& #bj m9utes be=e plac+ x 9 ! ov54 ,su* a proc$ure is unnecess>y if ! loaf is plac$ 9 an ov5 ( prop] temp]ature4 ,,:ole ,,:eat ,,bak+ ,,p[d] ,,bread #c cupfuls :ole :eat fl\r #c tablespoonfuls sug> #b #c_/d teaspoonfuls bak+ p[d] #g_/h teaspoonful bak+ soda #a #a_/b teaspoonfuls salt #a egg #a #c_/d cupfuls s\r milk #c tablespoonfuls fat ,mix ^! +r$i5ts 9 ! same way z ,pla9 ,muff9s4 ,p\r into an oil$ bread pan4 ,bake 9 a mod]ate ov5 7#cbe degrees ,f47 #de to #fj m9utes4 ,! egg may be omitt$4 ,if ?is is done1 increase ! bak+ p[d] to #c #a_/d teaspoonfuls4 ,peanut ,bread may be made by add+ #a cupful *opp$ peanuts4 ,if comm]cial salt$ peanuts are us$1 decrease ! salt to #a_/b teaspoonful4 ,,prune ,,bak+ ,,p[d] ,,bread #a #a_/b cupfuls :ole :eat fl\r #a cupful pa/ry fl\r #c_/h cupful sug> #e #c_/d teaspoonfuls bak+ p[d] #a teaspoonful salt #a egg #a cupful prunes 7measur$ be=e soak+ & cook+7 #a cupful liquid 7prune wat] & milk7 #b tablespoonfuls fat ,wa% ! prunes1 soak1 & cook !m z direct$ previ\sly4 ,dra91 /one1 & cut 9 pieces or *op !m4 ,break an egg 9 ! mix+ b[l4 ,beat x & add ! *opp$ prunes4 ,put ! wat] dra9$ f ! prunes 9 a measur+ cup & fill up ! latt] ) milk4 ,add ?is liquid to ! egg & prune mixture4 ,!n proce$ z 9 mak+ ,pla9 ,muff9s4 ,turn into an oil$ bread pan4 ,bake 9 a mod]ate ov5 7#cbe degrees ,f47 #de to #fj m9utes4 ,rais9s or dates may be us$ in/ead ( prunes4 ,^! fruits may be cook$ be=e add+ to ! o!r +r$i5ts or !y may be us$ uncook$4 ,if ! latt] plan is foll[$1 use #a #a_/d cupfuls milk in/ead ( #a cupful liquid4 ,,que/ions ,write a recipe = ,prune ,bak+ ,p[d] ,bread 9 :i* no eggs are us$4 ,write a recipe = ,rais9 ,bak+ ,p[d] ,bread 9 :i* uncook$ rais9s are us$1 & s\r milk is sub/itut$ = sweet milk4 ,use ! recipe = ,:ole ,:eat ,bak+ ,p[d] ,bread z a basis1 & write a recipe = a loaf ( quick bread 9 :i* f9e :ite fl\r is us$4 ,decrease ! s\r milk to #a #a_/b cupfuls4 ,if ! latt] *ange is made1 :at +r$i5ts w also require *ang+ 9 quantity8 ,,lesson ,,cxxiii ,,eggs ,,= ,,quick ,,breads--,,cream ,,puffs ,,dri$ ,,eggs4--,eggs are a mo/ valuable food1 b !y are extremely high 9 price4 ,9 ! pack+ & transportation ( eggs1 _m are brok54 ,to save ^! crack$ eggs1 me?ods ( dry+ !m h be5 devis$4 ,if dri$ or desiccat$ eggs are cook$ or us$ 9 cook$ foods1 !y are n injuri\s4 ,_! food value is high4 ,x has be5 f\nd ,footnote #ie3 ,see ,j\rnal ( ,home ,economics1 ,vol4 ,,xi1 p4 #ajh 7,m>*1 #aiai71 ,! ,use ( ,desiccat$ ,eggs1 by ,lois ,lhamon t desiccat$ eggs c be us$ successfully 9 cu/>ds1 quick breads1 cakes1 & salad dress+s4 ,use #a slightly r\nd$ tablespoonful ( dri$ egg = ea* egg desir$4 ,to ?is am\nt ( p[d]1 add #c tablespoonfuls ( wat]4 ,cov] ! mixture & all[ to /& f #cj to #de m9utes1 /irr+ occasionally4 ,a solution is ?us obta9$1 :i* resembles eggs 9 :i* ! :ites & yolks h be5 beat5 toge!r4 ,desiccat$ eggs %\ld n be confus$ ) ! s-call$ egg-sub/itute p[d]s4 ,! latt] conta9 little & sometimes no dri$ egg4 ,^! usually are compos$ ( />*1 color+ mat]ial1 ) a little nitrog5\s mat]ial 9 ! =m ( gelat9e1 case91 or album94 ,_! food value _c be comp>$ ) t ( eggs4 ,= ! am\nt ( nutrim5t conta9$ 9 egg-sub/itute p[d]s1 _! price is high4 ,,! ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,eggs ,,= ,,delicate ,,quick ,,breads4--,9 all ! quick bread mixtures giv5 ?us f>1 ! :ites & yolks ( eggs 7 beat5 toge!r4 ,x 0 %[n 9 ,exp]im5ts #da & #dc t m air c\ld be inclos$ 9 an egg mixture :5 ! :ite & yolk 7 beat5 sep>ately4 ,x is well1 !re=e1 to beat ea* "p ( an egg sep>ately :5 a delicate bread is desir$4 ,! reason t m]+ues1 unless cook$1 fall aft] a "t1 is because "s ( ! inclos$ air has escap$4 ,f ?is x is app>5t :y eggs us$ 9 quick breads %\ld n be beat5 until ready = use4 ,x is possible1 also1 by mu* /irr+ & c>eless mix+1 to lose "s ( ! air inclos$ 9 a beat5 egg :ite4 ,:5 ! egg is to be sep>at$1 ! me?od ( cutt+ & fold+1 z us$ 9 ,foamy ,omelet1 %\ld be us$ = mix+ ! egg :ites ) ! o!r +r$i5ts ( a quick bread4 ,,cream ,,puff ,,batt]4--,! fl\r ( cream puff mixture is usually cook$ be=e bak+ s t a pa/e is =m$4 ,:5 ! mixture conta9+ ! fl\r pa/e is dropp$ on a flat surface1 x does n spread to a great ext5t & holds its %ape4 ,x is possible to mix ,cream ,puffs 9 ! same mann] z ,popov]s4 ,if ?is me?od is foll[$ & uncook$ fl\r is add$ to ! batt]1 x is necess>y to bake ! cream puff mixture 9 muff9 t9s or gem pans4 ,! me?od ( leav5+ ,cream ,puffs is simil> to t us$ 9 leav5+ ,popov]s1 i4e4 by means ( /eam & air inclos$ 9 beat5 eggs4 ,,cream ,,puffs #a_/b cupful wat] #c tablespoonfuls vegetable oil #a tablespoonful butt] #e_/h cupful fl\r #a_/d teaspoonful salt #b eggs ,mix ! wat] & fat & heat ! mixture until ! wat] boils4 ,add all ( ! fl\r & salt & mix ?or\ghly4 ,/ir & cook until ! +r$i5ts are well bl5d$ & ! pa/e does n /ick to ! sides ( ! pan4 7,c>e %\ld be tak5 n to cook ! mixture too long4 ,if ! fat sep>ates f ! o!r +r$i5ts1 ! puffs w n be successful47 ,:ile ! mixture is hot1 add ! eggs1 unbeat51 "o at a "t4 ,beat until ?or\ghly mix$4 ,drop by tablespoonfuls on an oil$ bak+-%eet1 & bake at #dej degrees ,f41 = #bj m9utes1 !n at #cbe degrees ,f41 = #be m9utes4 ,:5 cool slit "o side op5 & fill ) ,cream or ,*ocolate ,fill+ or ,:ipp$ ,cream4 ,cream ,puffs may also be fill$ ) cream$ *ick5 or veal1 or a salad mixture4 ,,cream ,,fill+ #a cupful fl\r #c_/d cupful sug> #b cupfuls scald$ milk #a_/b tablespoonful butt] #a egg #a_/d teaspoonful salt #a teaspoonful vanilla ,mix ! fl\r & sug> toge!r4 ,sl[ly add ! hot milk4 ,p\r ! mixture into a d\ble boil] & cook = #bj m9utes4 ,remove f heat4 ,beat ! egg1 add ! egg & butt] to ! fl\r & milk mixture4 ,return to ! fire & cook ov] wat] until ! egg is coagulat$2 !n add ! salt4 ,cool1 & add flavor+4 ,= economy ! butt] may be omitt$4 ,*ocolate ,fill+ may be made by foll[+ ! recipe = ,cream ,fill+1 increas+ ! sug> to #a cupful & add+ a pa/e made by cook+ #a squ>e 7or ounce7 ( *ocolate ) #a_/d cupful ( wat] z direct$ 9 ,*ocolate ,corn-/>* ,pudd+4 ,,que/ions ,note ! quantity ( fl\r & wat] us$ 9 cream puff mixture4 ,:at k9d ( batt] d ^! quantities ( fl\r & moi/ure usually make8 ,h[ d y acc\nt = ! consi/5cy ( ! cream puff batt] :5 x is ready to bake8 ,f ! diff]5ce 9 ! me?ods ( prep>+ ,cream ,puffs & ,popov]s be=e bak+1 expla9 ! diff]5ce 9 ! /iffness ( ! mixtures4 ,by :at gas is ! mixture light5$8 ,by :at means is ?is gas introduc$ into ! mixture8 ,:y is x necess>y to bake ! mixture = s long a "t8 ,:at is ! result ( bak+ ?is mixture = too %ort a "t8 ,9 ,cream ,fill+1 :at is ! purpose ( mix+ ! fl\r & sug> be=e cook+ 7see ,exp]im5t #bd78 ,give two reasons = cook+ ?is mixture 9 ! d\ble boil]1 r ?an directly ov] ! flame4 ,h[ long a "t does x take to ?ick5 ! fl\r mixture8 ,:y is x necess>y to cook x = #bj m9utes8 ,:at is ! use ( eggs 9 ! fill+8 ,:y are !y n cook$ z long z ! fl\r mixture8 ,det]m9e ! numb] ( ,cream ,puffs ?is recipe w make4 ,f ,u4,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,bullet9 ,no4 #bh1 tabulate ! p]c5tage composition ( ! edible portions ( :ole eggs 7see ,figure #ge71 ( egg yolk1 & ( egg :ite4 ,comp>e ! la/ two4 ,:i* conta9s ! m fat8 ,:i* conta9s ! m prote98 ,:i* conta9s ! m wat]8 ,:i* conta9s ! m nutrim5t8 ,tabulate ! p]c5tage composition ( milk 7see ,figure #fd74 ,,relat$ ,,"w ,,lesson ,,cxxiv ,,food ,,requirem5t ,,daily ,,en]gy ,,requirem5t4--,"o he>s mu* conc]n+ work+ effici5cy1 i4e4 ! ability to d ! maximum am\nt ( "w ( ! highe/ type ) a m9imum wa/e ( ef=t4 ,!re is no d\bt t ! k9d & quantity ( food t an individual consumes has mu* to d ) 8 work+ effici5cy1 & t x is consequ5tly a matt] wor?y ( s]i\s consid]ation4 ,en\gh gasol9e is us$ 9 an automobile s t !re is produc$ suffici5t p[] to move ! c> at ! desir$ spe$4 ,s suffici5t food %\ld be us$ by ! individual t en\gh en]gy be suppli$ to 8 body = its greate/ usefulness4 ,s9ce foods furni% ! body ) en]gy1 ! en]gy :i* ! body sp5ds 9 do+ its "w is a measure ( ! fuel food ne$$4 ,if ! body requires a c]ta9 am\nt ( en]gy = its ne$s1 ?is en]gy1 measur$ 9 ,calories1 c be suppli$ by a def9ite quantity ( combu/ible food4 ,h5ce1 daily en]gy requirem5ts c be measur$ 9 ,calories4 ,sci5ti/s h done mu* exp]im5t+ & inve/igat+ conc]n+ ! quantity ( food t individuals require4 ,!y h conclud$ t _m factors may be tak5 into consid]ation 9 det]m9+ daily food requirem5ts or diet>y /&>ds4 ,"s ( ^! factors are3 7#a7 weight2 7#b7 occupation2 7#c7 age4 7#a7 ,relation ( ,weight1 ,size1 & ,%ape to ,daily ,en]gy ,requirem5t4--,9 g5]al ! quantity ( food requir$ increases ) ! size ( an individual b n at ! same rate z ! body weight increases4 ,two p]sons may be equal 9 weight1 yet v diff]5t 9 height & %ape4 ,a tall1 sl5d] p]son requires m food ?an a %ort1 fle%y p]son ( ! same weight4 ,= ?is reason1 size & %ape r ?an weight are f\nd m accurate 9 comput+ ! daily food requirem5t4 ,h[ev]1 = practical purposes1 en]gy requirem5t is g5]ally bas$ ^u body weight4 7#b7 ,relation ( ,occupation to ,daily ,en]gy ,requirem5t4--,f ! previ\s consid]ation ( en]gy1 x is obvi\s t muscul> ex]cise1 ev5 ?\gh v slight1 requires "s exp5diture ( en]gy4 ,x has be5 f\nd t1 ev5 dur+ sleep & re/1 en]gy is requir$ to c>ry on ! functions ( ! body 7su* z ! beat+ ( ! he>t1 etc474 ,s9ce ! en]gy = bo? ! volunt>y & involunt>y activities ( ! body is furni%$ by ! fuel foods1 x is cle> t "o's occupation is an important factor 9 det]m9+ ! k9d & quantity ( food an individual %\ld use4 ,! man :o is do+ h>d physical "w ne$s m food ?an ! man :o sits quietly at 8 employm5t4 ,! foll[+ table1 %[+ ! en]gy requir$ = diff]5t conditions ( activity1 has be5 =mulat$ by sci5ti/s3 ,footnote #if3 ,atwat] & ,b5$ict1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,ye>book #aijd1 p4 #bae4 ,man sleep+ requires #fe ,calories p] h\r ,man sitt+ at re/ requires #ajj ,calories p] h\r ,man at light muscul> ex]cise requires #agj ,calories p] h\r ,man at active muscul> ex]cise requires #bij ,calories p] h\r ,man at sev]e muscul> ex]cise requires #dej ,calories p] h\r ,man at v sev]e muscul> ex]cise requires #fjj ,calories p] h\r ,f ^! data1 x is possible to compute ! diet>ies ( p ( diff]5t occupations4 ,= example1 ! en]gy requirem5t = a bookkeep] 7male7 lead+ an inactive muscul> life is3 #h h\rs sleep 7#fe ,calories p] h\r7 #ebj ,calories #i h\rs "w at desk 7#ajj ,calories p] h\r7 #ijj ,calories #d h\rs sitt+ at re/ & read+ 7#ajj ,calories p] h\r7 #djj ,calories #c h\rs walk+ 7#agj ,calories p] h\r7 #eaj ,calories ------------- #bccj ,calories ,! en]gy requirem5t = a man ( sev]e muscul> activity1 su* z excavat+1 is3 #h h\rs sleep 7#fe ,calories p] h\r7 #ebj ,calories #h h\rs excavat+ 7#dej ,calories p] h\r7 #cfjj ,calories #a h\r walk+ 7#agj ,calories p] h\r7 #agj ,calories #g h\rs sitt+ at re/ 7#ajj ,calories p] h\r7 #gjj ,calories ------------- #diij ,calories ,ano!r au?ority ,footnote #ig3 ,textbook ( ,physiology1 p4 #ada1 ,tig]/$t4 gives ^! data p]ta9+ to m5 engag$ 9 muscul> "w3 ,%oemak] requires #bjja-bdjj ,calories p] day ,weav] requires #bdja-bgjj ,calories p] day ,c>p5t] or mason requires #bgja-cbjj ,calories p] day ,f>m labor] requires #cbja-dajj ,calories p] day ,excavator requires #daja-ejjj ,calories p] day ,lumb]man requires #ejjj or m ,calories p] day ,! foll[+ data reg>d+ ! en]gy requirem5ts ( ! av]age woman 9 "s ( h] common occupations h be5 =mulat$ ,footnote #ih3 ,see ,fe$+ ! ,family1 p4 #gf1 by ,m>y ,sw>tz ,rose1 ,ph4,d43 ,at re/ #afjj-ahjj ,calories p] day ,s$5t>y occupations #bjjj-bbjj ,calories p] day ,mill9]s ,tea*]s ,bookkeep]s ,seam/resses ,/5ograph]s ,ma*9e op]atives ,occupations involv+ /&+1 walk+1 or manual labor #bbjj-bejj ,calories p] day ,cooks 9 family gr\ps ,*amb] maids ,g5]al h\sekeep]s ,waitresses ,occupations develop+ muscul> /r5g? #bejj-cjjj ,calories p] day ,laundresses ,cooks = l>ge gr\ps 7#c7 ,relation ( ,age to ,daily ,en]gy ,requirem5t4--,"y *ildr51 i4e4 ^? "u eight or n9e ye>s ( age1 d n require z mu* food z adults4 ,! food requirem5t ( a *ild & ( an adult is n proportional to weight1 h[ev]4 ,9 proportion to 8 weight a *ild requires m food ?an an adult4 ,! gr[+ *ild ne$s food1 n only to give en]gy to ! body & rebuild tissue1 b to build new tissue4 ,an ag$ p]son ne$s less food to build new tissue4 ,fur!rmore1 s9ce an old p]son's /r5g? is some:at less5$1 he ne$s less food to c>ry on ! activities ( ! body4 ,h5ce1 ! ag$ p]son requires less food ?an ! adult ( middle life4 ,! foll[+ table ,footnote #ii3 ,f ,*emi/ry ( ,food & ,nutrition1 ,second ,edition1 by ,h5ry ,c4 ,%]man1 ,ph4,d41 p4 #aig4 gives ! diff]5ces 9 en]gy requirem5t ( *ildr5 f "o to sev5te5 ye>s inclusive4 ,x is ?\ght t aft] ! age ( sev5te51 food requirem5t w dep5d q z mu* ^u occupation z ^u age4 ,h5ce1 ! =ego+ tables c be us$ to e/imate en]gy requirem5t = all ages above sev5te53 ,*ildr5 ( #a-b ye>s inclusive #ajjj-abjj ,calories p] day ,*ildr5 ( #b-e ye>s inclusive #abjj-aejj ,calories p] day ,*ildr5 ( #f-i ye>s inclusive #adjj-bjjj ,calories p] day ,girls ( #aj-ac ye>s inclusive #ahjj-bdjj ,calories p] day ,boys ( #aj-ac ye>s inclusive #bcjj-cjjj ,calories p] day ,girls ( #ad-ag ye>s inclusive #bbjj-bfjj ,calories p] day ,boys ( #ad-ag ye>s inclusive #bhjj-djjj ,calories p] day ,! fact t ! en]gy requirem5t ( ! boy f #aj to #ag ye>s is great] ?an t ( ! girl ( equal age is due probably to ! great] re/lessness or muscul> activity ( ! boy4 ,,daily ,,prote9 ,,requirem5t4--,if a p]son's en]gy requirem5t 7 #bejj ,calories1 suffici5t en]gy might be suppli$ by us+ butt] or beef /eak = a day's ration4 ,yet ?is w\ld be extremely unpalatable & w\ld n meet ! ne$s ( ! body4 ,! body %\ld be n\ri%$ by all ! combu/ible food/uffs1--c>bohydrates1 fat1 & prote94 ,n[ ! "q arises3 ,h[ _m ( ! requir$ ,calories %all be suppli$ by ea* ( ^! food/uffs8 ,too mu* or too little prote9 is (t5 h>mful & produces s]i\s results4 ,z m5tion$ previ\sly1 too mu* prote9 may cause inte/9al di/urbances1 & an ov]tax+ ( ! excretory organs4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! use ( too little prote9 may produce imp]fect n\ri%m5t4 ,conc]n+ ! quantity ( prote9 us$ 9 diet1 !re has be5 mu* diff]5ce ( op9ion4 ,atwat]1 an ,am]ican au?ority1 ?\ght t !re %\ld be a g5]\s supply1 i4e4 a surplus ( prote91 to supply ! dem&s ( body-build+4 ,*itt5d51 ano!r ,am]ican au?ority1 believes 9 j en\gh prote9 to meet ! dem&s ( ! body4 ,h[ev]1 ! use ( suffici5t prote9 food to produce f t5 to fifte5 p] c5t ( ! total ,calories has be5 f\nd bo? practical & satisfactory4 ,daily ,c>bohydrate & ,fat ,requirem5t4--,al?\gh prote9 may furni% ! body ) en]gy1 x %\ld n s]ve z ! pr9cipal s\rce ( fuel4 ,its m ess5tial function is to help build ! body4 ,if c>bohydrates & fat are pres5t ) prote91 ! =m] supply en]gy & all[ ! prote9 to p]=m its m important function ( body-build+4 ,!re %\ld always be en\gh c>bohydrates & fat to furni% en]gy to ! body1 s t ! prote9 c be us$ *iefly = body-build+4 ,9 ! gr[+ p]iod ( y\? or aft] a wa/+ disease1 x might seem t fle% c\ld be put on by increas+ ! quantity ( bodybuild+ food4 ,b su* is n ! case4 ,! mo/ effective "w 9 build+ ! body c be accompli%$ by us+ a normal am\nt ( food ri* 9 prote9 & a g5]\s supply ( foods ri* 9 a%1 c>bohydrates1 fat1 & vitam9es4 ,) su* a comb9ation1 ! prote9 c be us$ to be/ advantage = body-build+4 ,= practical purposes1 ! foll[+ g5]al /atem5t conc]n+ ! c>bohydrates & fat requirem5t is believ$ to be adequate3 ,if ! total ,calories & ! numb] ( ,calories yield$ by prote9 meet ! requirem5t ( a diet>y /&>d & ! food compos+ ! diet is v>i$ 9 composition1 ! c>bohydrates & fat w exi/ 9 satisfactory proportion4 ,,daily ,,a% ,,requirem5t4--,s9ce a% is n a combu/ible food/uff1 x _c be includ$ 9 ! food/uffs ^: en]gy requirem5t c be measur$4 ,al?\gh a% exi/s 9 small quantity 9 food1 ! use ( c]ta9 a% con/itu5ts is consid]$ z necess>y z ! use ( prote94 ,a diet may meet ! total en]gy1 ! prote91 ! c>bohydrate1 & ! fat requirem5ts1 yet may be lack+ 9 c]ta9 ess5tial m9]al mat]ials4 ,x is especially necess>y to include food conta9+ phosphorus1 iron1 & calcium 9 "o's diet4 ,,! ,,appetite ,,& ,,food ,,requirem5t4--,! appetite is ! mo/ common measure ( daily food requirem5t4 ,if "o relies ^u 8 appetite z an index ( ! quantity ( food he %\ld consume1 & if 8 heal? & weight rema9 normal1 ! appetite may s]ve z a guide = daily food requirem5t4 ,b "o may be a little ov] weight or "u weight1 & yet h normal body functions4 ,!re c be no d\bt1 h[ev]1 t ! :ims ( ! appetite (t5 lead to unwise selection ( food4 ,a /udy ( food composition is absolutely ess5tial 9 ov]com+ ?is fault4 ,lack ( en]gy or loss ( fle% may be due to improp] fe$+4 ,if ! ne$s ( ! body & ! k9d & quantity ( food t w supply ^! ne$s are und]/ood by ! home- keep]1 %e may d mu* 9 ma9ta9+ ! heal?1 happ9ess1 & usefulness ( ! memb]s ( ! family4 ,,weight ,,z ,,an ,,index ,,to ,,prop] ,,n\ri%m5t4--,x has be5 f\nd t ! diet ( an individual has a mo/ decid$ effect ^u 8 weight4 ,dr4 ,?omas ,d4 ,wood has prep>$ tables %[+ ! normal height & weight ( girls & boys ( v>i\s ages4 ,^! tables are mo/ valuable 9 det]m9+ :e!r or n a girl or boy is ( ! prop] weight = 8 height4 ,if ! weight ( a girl or boy is less ?an x %\ld be1 he is likely to be maln\ri%$4 ,,height ,,& ,,weight ,,table ,,= ,,girls ,,height #e #f #g #h #i #aj #aa #ab #ac #ad #ae #af #ag #ah ,,in*es ,,yrs ,,yrs ,,yrs ,,yrs ,,yrs ,,yrs ,,yrs ,,yrs ,,yrs ,,yrs ,,yrs ,,yrs ,,yrs ,,yrs #ci #cd #ce #cf #dj #cf #cg #ch #da #ch #ci #dj #db #dj #da #db #dc #dc #db #db #dc #dd #dd #dd #de #de #df #de #df #dg #dg #dh #di #df #dh #dh #di #ej #ea #dg #di #ej #ea #eb #ec #dh #ea #eb #ec #ed #ee #ef #di #ec #ed #ee #ef #eg #eh #ej #ef #eg #eh #ei #fj #fa #ea #ei #fj #fa #fb #fc #fd #eb #fb #fc #fd #fe #ff #fg #ec #ff #fg #fh #fh #fi #gj #ed #fh #fi #gj #ga #gb #gc #ee #gb #gc #gd #ge #gf #gg #ef #gf #gg #gh #gi #hj #ha #eg #ha #hb #hc #hd #he #hf #eh #he #hf #hg #hh #hi #ij #ia #ei #hi #ij #ia #ic #id #ie #if #ih #fj #id #ie #ig #ii #ajj #ajb #ajd #ajf #fa #ii #aja #ajb #ajd #ajf #ajh #aji #aaa #fb #ajd #ajf #ajg #aji #aaa #aac #aad #aae #fc #aji #aaa #aab #aac #aae #aag #aah #aai #fd #aae #aag #aah #aai #abj #aba #abb #fe #aag #aai #abj #abb #abc #abd #abe #ff #aai #aba #abb #abd #abf #abg #abh #fg #abd #abf #abg #abh #abi #acj #fh #abf #abh #acj #acb #acc #acd #fi #abi #aca #acc #ace #acf #acg #gj #acd #acf #ach #aci #adj #ga #ach #adj #adb #adc #add #gb #ade #adg #adh #adi ,,ab\t ,,:at ,a ,,girl ,,%\ld ,,ga9 ,,ea* ,,mon? ,age ,age #e to #h #f oz4 #ad to #af #h oz #h to #aa #h oz4 #af to #ah #d oz #aa to #ad #ab oz4 ,weights & measures %\ld be tak5 )\t %oes & 9 only ! usual indoor clo!s ,,*ild ,,heal? ,,organization #aef ,fif? ,av5ue1 ,new ,york ,c\rtesy ( ,*ild ,heal? ,organization4 ,prep>$ by ,dr4 ,?omas ,d4 ,wood4 ,,height ,,& ,,weight ,,table ,,= ,,boys ,,height #e #f #g #h #i #aj #aa #ab #ac #ad #ae #af #ag #ah ,,in*es ,yrs ,yrs ,yrs ,yrs ,yrs ,yrs ,yrs ,yrs ,yrs ,yrs ,yrs ,yrs ,yrs ,yrs #ci #ce #cf #cg #dj #cg #ch #ci #da #ci #dj #da #db #da #db #dc #dd #dc #dc #dd #de #df #dd #de #df #df #dg #de #dg #dg #dh #dh #di #df #dh #di #ej #ej #ea #dg #ea #eb #eb #ec #ed #dh #ec #ed #ee #ee #ef #eg #di #ee #ef #eg #eh #eh #ei #ej #eh #ei #fj #fj #fa #fb #ea #fj #fa #fb #fc #fd #fe #eb #fb #fc #fd #fe #fg #fh #ec #ff #fg #fh #fi #gj #ga #ed #fi #gj #ga #gb #gc #gd #ee #gc #gd #ge #gf #gg #gh #ef #gg #gh #gi #hj #ha #hb #eg #ha #hb #hc #hd #he #hf #eh #hd #he #hf #hg #hh #ij #ia #ei #hg #hh #hi #ij #ib #id #if #ig #fj #ia #ib #ic #id #ig #ii #aja #ajb #fa #ie #ig #ii #ajb #ajd #ajf #ajh #aaj #fb #ajj #ajb #ajd #ajf #aji #aaa #aac #aaf #fc #ajc #ajg #aji #aaa #aad #aae #aag #aai #fd #aac #aae #aag #aah #aai #abj #abb #fe #abj #abb #abc #abd #abe #abf #ff #abe #abf #abg #abh #abi #acj #fg #acj #aca #acb #acc #acd #ace #fh #acd #ace #acf #acg #ach #aci #fi #ach #aci #adj #ada #adb #adc #gj #adb #add #ade #adf #adg #ga #adg #adi #aej #aea #aec #gb #aeb #aed #aee #aef #aeg #gc #aeg #aei #afj #afa #afb #gd #afb #afd #afe #aff #afg #ge #afi #agj #aga #agb #gf #agd #age #agf #agg ,,ab\t ,,:at ,a ,,boy ,,%\ld ,,ga9 ,,ea* ,,mon? ,,age ,,age #e to #h #f oz #ab to #af #af oz #h to #ab #h oz #af to #ah #h oz ,c\rtesy ( ,*ild ,heal? ,organization ,prep>$ by ,dr ,?omas ,d ,wood ,dr4 ,wood's tables also indicate ! prop] rate ( increase 9 weight4 ,! rate ( increase 9 weight is ?\ght to be q z important z is ! correct proportion betwe5 weight & height4 ,! use ( scales 9 ! home & s*ool is to be recomm5d$4 ,!y furni% a means ( det]m9+ :e!r ! prop] am\nt is be+ eat54 ,,que/ions ,compute ! en]gy requirem5t ( at lea/ two memb]s ( y\r family4 ,compute y\r own en]gy requirem5t f ?is table4 ,det]m9e y\r height & weight4 ,h[ does y\r weight comp>e ) ! normal weight giv5 9 ! table = "o ( y\r height8 ,if y are "u weight1 discuss ) y\r tea*] ! k9d & quantity ( food ne$$ to increase y\r weight4 ,at ! end ( a mon?1 aga9 det]m9e y\r weight4 ,h[ does ! ga9 comp>e ) t giv5 9 ! table = "o ( y\r age8 ,,lesson ,,cxxv ,,plann+1 ,,cook+1 ,,& ,,s]v+ ,a ,,d9n] ,plan a d9n]4 ,footnote #ajj3 ,see footnote #gb4 ,use seasonable foods & a meat-sub/itute4 ,foll[ ! sugge/ions giv5 9 ,lesson ,,cv4 ,plan ! m5u s t ! co/ ( ! mat]ials us$ does n exce$ #be c5ts p] p]son4 ,analyze ! m5u & see t x meets ! requirem5ts /at$ 9 ,lesson ,,cv4 ,cook & s]ve ! d9n]4 ,foll[ ! ,russian or ,compromise /yle ( s]v+4 ,s]ve ! d9n] ) a maid1 provid$ ! pupils f9d x useful to "k h[ to s]ve ) a maid ei!r 9 _! own homes or 9 ! homes ( o!rs4 ,footnote #aja3 ,see ,sugge/ions = ,tea*+1 ,app5dix71 reg>d+ s]vice ) & )\t a maid4 ,,lesson ,,cxxvi ,,review--,,meal ,,cook+ ,,m5u ,potato ,s\p ,lettuce ,salad ) ,fr5* ,dress+ ,muff9s ,see ,lesson ,,xiv reg>d+ sugge/ions = ! prep>ation ( ! lesson4 ,,lesson ,,cxxvii ,,home ,,projects ,footnote #ajb3 ,see ,lesson ,,ix4 ,,sugge/ions ,,= ,,home ,,"w4--,prep>e muff9s1 bak+ p[d] biscuits1 or bak+ p[d] loaf breads at lea/ twice a week4 ,,sugge/$ ,,aims3 7#a7 ,to le>n to "w quickly4 ,note ! "t requir$ to mix ^! quick breads4 ,/rive to less5 ! numb] ( m9utes ea* "t y prep>e !m4 7#b7 ,to use available mat]ials4 ,use ! food-mat]ials y h on h&1-- su* z s\r or sweet milk1 left-ov] cook$ c]eals1 & diff]5t k9ds ( fl\rs or meals4 ,,division ,,twelve ,,quick ,,breads3 ,,s(t ,,d\ghs ,,lesson ,,cxxviii ,,me?od ,,( ,,mix+ ,,fat ,,9 ,,quick ,,breads--,,drop ,,biscuit ,,mix+ ,,fat4--,:at me?od is us$ 9 mix+ ! fat 9 all batt] quick breads 7see previ\s lessons on ,batt]s78 ,9 mak+ quick breads1 x is desirable to mix all +r$i5ts ?or\ghly4 ,fat is mix$ 9 a quick bread mo/ easily & ?or\ghly by melt+ x & /irr+ x into ! o!r +r$i5ts1 provid$ only t ! quick bread mixture is ?91 i4e4 a batt]4 ,:5 ! quick bread is a /iff mixture1 i4e4 a d\gh1 ?is me?od ( mix+ ! fat is n consid]$ satisfactory1 al?\gh x has be5 f\nd t biscuits ( good quality c be made by add+ melt$ fat1 provid$ ! d\gh is beat5 ?or\ghly4 ,fat is usually add$ to d\ghs by work+ x1 9 solid =m1 into ! dry +r$i5ts1 ei!r ) a knife or ) ! f+]s4 7,9 :i* me?od ( mix+--) ! knife or ) ! f+]s--c ! mixture be kept cool]8 ,:i* is ! clean] me?od87 ,if ! f+]s are us$ = mix+ ! fat1 x is well to "w x into ! fl\r ) ! tips ( ! f+]s r ?an to rub ! +r$i5ts betwe5 ! palms ( ! h&s4 ,,s(t ,,d\ghs4--,d\ghs are mo/ easily mix$ by us+ a knife in/ead ( a spoon4 ,a s(t d\gh conta9s approximately ?ree p>ts ( fl\r to "o "p ( moi/ure4 ,bak+ ,p[d] ,biscuit is a typical s(t d\gh mixture4 ,,drop ,,biscuits #b cupfuls fl\r #d teaspoonfuls bak+ p[d] #a_/b teaspoonful salt #b tablespoonfuls fat ,milk or wat]1 ab\t #c_/d cupful ,mix ! dry +r$i5ts2 !n "w ! fat into ! mixture ) ! tips ( ! f+]s1 or cut x 9 ?or\ghly ) a knife4 ,) a knife mix ! liquid ) ! dry +r$i5ts4 ,! mixture is ( prop] consi/5cy :5 x may be dropp$ f ! spoon )\t spread+4 ,drop by spoonfuls on an oil$ pan1 or into oil$ muff9 t9s4 ,bake 9 a hot ov5 7#dge degrees ,f47 f #ab to #ae m9utes4 ,,fruit ,,pudd+ ,place slic$ fruit--fre%1 cann$1 or dri$--9 an oil$ bak+-di%4 ,cov] ! fruit ) a biscuit mixture1 made by us+ ! +r$i5ts 9 ! same proportion z = ,drop ,biscuits4 ,two or ?ree times z mu* fat z ! giv5 quantity may be us$4 ,bake until ! fruit is t5d] & ! batt] is firm & br[n1 usually f #ae to #cj m9utes4 ,s]ve ) cream or fruit sauce4 ,pla9 cream may be us$1 or ! cream may be :ipp$1 or sweet5$ & flavor$ ) a little nutmeg or vanilla4 ,,:ipp$ ,,cream ,,sauce #a cupful :ipp$ cream #a egg :ite #a_/c cupful p[d]$ sug> #a_/b teaspoonful vanilla ,*ill ! cream2 add ! unbeat5 egg2 !n beat ) an egg beat] 7= me?od ( :ipp+ cream see ,lesson ,,xlviii74 ,add ! sug> & vanilla4 ,,que/ions ,expla9 :y ! fat 9 ,drop ,biscuit is n add$ 9 ! same mann] z 9 p\r batt]s4 ,if ! fat is to be mix$ ) ! dry +r$i5ts1 :y rub ! +r$i5ts toge!r betwe5 ! f+]s r ?an betwe5 ! palms ( ! h&s8 ,comp>e z to ta/e & appe>ance ! biscuits made ) l>d or vegetable fat ) ^? made ) butt]4 ,:y %\ld n a t9 pan be us$ = ! fruit pudd+8 ,m5tion at lea/ f\r k9ds ( fruit t c\ld be us$ = ! pudd+ & tell h[ ! use ( "s k9ds ( fruit w\ld modify ! "t ( bak+4 ,:y does ! quantity ( liquid giv5 9 ,drop ,biscuits v>y 7see ,p\r ,batt] & ,glut578 ,:y is x necess>y to surr\nd ! cream ) ice wat] :ile :ipp+ x 7see ,:ipp+ ,cream78 ,,lesson ,,cxxix ,,quantity ,,( ,,fat ,,9 ,,quick ,,breads--,,%ort ,,cake ,%ort5+4--,! t5d]ness ( a quick bread is an important consid]ation4 ,x is dep5d5t ^u ! quantity ( fat 9 ! bread4 ,oil & wat] d n mix 7see ,exp]im5t #ce74 ,h5ce :5 mu* fat is us$ 9 a quick bread1 p>ticles ( d\gh or batt]1 :i* conta9 bo? fat & moi/ure1 d n adh]e firmly4 ,quick bread conta9+ mu* fat becomes t5d]1 t is1 x crumbles readily4 ,9 prep>+ modifi$ biscuit mixtures1--%ort cakes1 fruit dumpl+s1 etc41--9 :i* ! quantity ( fat is increas$1 make v c>eful comp>isons betwe5 ! ri* or %ort breads & ^? conta9+ ! /&>d quantity ( fat4 ,9 mak+ obs]vations1 note ! foll[+3 7a7 ease or difficulty 9 remov+ f ! pan )\t break+1 7b7 t5d]ness or t\ghness1 7c7 diff]5ce 9 flavor4 ,,fruit ,,%ort ,,cake ,make a biscuit mixture1 conta9+ two or ?ree times ! quantity ( fat us$ 9 biscuit mixture4 ,place "o half ( ! mixture 9 an oil$ cake pan1 !n spread x ) a scant quantity ( melt$ butt] or sub/itute4 ,add ! rema9d] ( ! mixture & bake at #dej degrees ,f41 = #bj m9utes4 ,remove f ! pan1 & place on a cake cool] = a few m9utes4 ,split ! cake op5 & fill ) cru%$ & sweet5$ fruits4 ,place uncru%$ fruits on ! top1 & s]ve ) pla9 cream or ,:ipp$ ,cream or ,fruit ,sauce2 or cov] ! cake ) a m]+ue1 g>ni% ) :ole fruit1 & s]ve ) a ,s(t ,cu/>d ,sauce4 #a_/d cupful ( sug> may be add$ to ! dry +r$i5ts ( ,%ort ,cake4 ,,que/ions ,:at g5]al /atem5t c y make ) reg>d to ! effect ( increas+ ! fat 9 quick breads8 ,kn[+ ! *ange t takes place 9 a quick bread1 :5 ! quantity ( fat is increas$1 /ate ! effect ( add+ too mu* fat4 ,:at is ! purpose ( us+ melt$ butt] or sub/itute 9 ! ,%ort ,cake mixture8 ,m5tion "s fruits1 or fruit comb9ations1 t w\ld be palatable 9 a ,%ort ,cake4 ,h[ _m p]sons c be s]v$ ) a ,%ort ,cake made ) #b cupfuls ( fl\r8 ,,lesson ,,cxxx ,,cut ,,biscuit ,,use ,,( ,,! ,,roll+ ,,p94--,:5 d\gh is to be roll$ & cut into biscuits1 x ne$s to be a little /iff] ?an = ,drop ,biscuits4 ,x %\ld1 h[ev]1 be a s(t d\gh4 ,biscuit d\gh %\ld n be press$ d[n ) a roll+ motion1 b %\ld be deftly & g5tly patt$ out ) sev]al successive t\*es ) ! roll+ p94 ,9 us+ ! roll+ p9 = /iff d\ghs1 :5 m pressure %\ld be ex]t$1 ! p9 %\ld be lift$ up at ! end ( ea* /roke4 ,,bak+ ,,p[d] ,,biscuits #b cupfuls fl\r #a_/b teaspoonful salt #d teaspoonfuls bak+ p[d] #b tablespoonfuls fat ,milk or wat]1 ab\t #b_/c cupful ,mix z 9 drop biscuits1 us+ less milk1 s t ! d\gh is j /iff en\gh to roll out4 ,roll g5tly to #a_/b in* ?ickness on a slightly fl\r$ bo>d1 & cut into small biscuits4 ,if any dry fl\r cl+s to ! top ( ! biscuits1 moi/5 x ) a little milk or wat]4 ,place on a slightly oil$ pan1 & bake 9 a hot ov5 7#dge degrees ,f47 f #ab to #ae m9utes4 ,s]ve hot4 ,!y may be plac$ on a fold$ napk9 or doily4 ,,apple ,,dumpl+s ,make ,bak+ ,p[d] ,biscuit d\gh4 ,roll until #a_/d in* ?ick & cut into pieces4 ,place an apple 7cor$ & p>$7 9 ! c5t] ( ea* piece4 ,fold ! d\gh ov] ! fruit & bake 7#cge degrees ,f47 or /eam = #a_/b h\r1 or until ! apples are s(t4 ,! dumpl+s may be br[n$ 9 ! ov5 aft] /eam+4 ,ri* biscuit d\gh or pa/ry may be us$ = ,apple ,dumpl+s4 ,o!r fruits may be us$ in/ead ( apples4 ,,fruit ,,rolls ,make a biscuit mixture1 us+ #d tablespoonfuls ( fat in/ead ( #b tablespoonfuls1 z giv5 9 ! recipe = ,bak+ ,p[d] ,biscuits4 ,g5tly roll to #a_/d in* ?ickness1 & spread ! foll[+ +r$i5ts ov] x3 #a tablespoonful butt] or sub/itute #b tablespoonfuls sug> #a_/b teaspoonful c9namon ,fruit ,= ! fruit use3 #a_/b cupful dri$ currants1 or #a_/c cupful rais9s & #b tablespoonfuls citron1 or #b cupfuls *opp$ apples ,roll z jelly roll1 !n cut into pieces #c_/d in* ?ick & place 7cut side d[n7 on butt]$ t9s4 ,bake 9 a hot ov5 7#dej degrees ,f47 #ae to #cj m9utes4 ,if apples are us$1 s]ve ! roll ) cream & sug> z a dess]t4 ,if ! dri$ fruits are us$1 s]ve ! roll 9 place ( a hot bread or cake4 ,,que/ions ,comp>e recipes = drop & cut biscuits4 ,h[ d !y diff]8 ,:y %\ld biscuits be patt$ out r ?an roll$ out ) ! roll+ p98 ,if dry fl\r cl+s to ! top ( ! biscuits aft] cutt+1 :at is ! result aft] bak+8 ,h[ c ?is be rem$i$8 ,h[ c ! biscuit cutt] & roll+ p9 be prev5t$ f /ick+ to ! d\gh8 ,:y are biscuits sometimes s]v$ on a napk9 or doily8 ,write a recipe = ,bak+ ,p[d] ,biscuits1 us+ #c cupfuls ( fl\r z ! basis4 ,h[ _m apples ( m$ium size are requir$ = ,apple ,dumpl+s1 :5 #b cupfuls ( fl\r are us$8 ,:y d ,apple ,dumpl+s require a long] "t = bak+ ?an ,bak+ ,p[d] ,biscuits8 ,h[ %\ld citron be cut = use 9 cook+8 ,if apples are to be us$ = ! fruit ( ,fruit ,rolls1 give 9 ord] ! measur+1 ! prep>ation1 & ! mix+ ( ! mat]ials4 ,,relat$ ,,"w ,,lesson ,,cxxxi ,,measurem5t ,,( ,,! ,,fuel ,,value ,,( ,,food ,,appli$ ,,to ,,daily ,,food ,,requirem5t ,practical ,me?od ( ,diet ,calculation4--,! #ajj-;,calorie portions c be us$ 9 a v practical way = comput+ ! fuel value ( "o's daily diet4 ,9 ,lesson ,,cxvi ! weights ( #ajj-;,calorie portions ( fl\r1 butt]1 sug>1 etc41 7 det]m9$1 !n ^! portions 7 weigh$ & measur$4 ,9 mu* ! same way1 tables h be5 prep>$ conta9+ ! weight & measure ( #ajj-;,calorie portions4 ,if su* a table is read & ! quantity ( ! v>i\s ord9>y foods t w produce #ajj ,calories ( heat is kept 9 m9d1 ! computation ( ! meal becomes v simple4 ,if a p]son kn[s 8 en]gy requirem5t1 he c select su* quantities ( food = ! day z w con=m ) ! ideal /&>d4 ,! quantity ( food to be us$ at ea* meal is a matt] ( p]sonal *oice4 ,! important po9t is to h ! food ( ! entire day con=m to ! /&>d4 ,h[ev]1 9 comput+ ! en]gy value ( ! foods ( ea* meal1 "s f9d x conv5i5t to divide ! day's ration4 ,! foll[+ is a conv5i5t division3 ,"o ?ird = breakfa/1 "o f\r? = lun*eon1 & five twelf?s = d9n]4 ,b ! division may v>y ) individual ne$s4 ,asc]ta9+ "o's en]gy requirem5t & decid+ ^u a c]ta9 division = ! ?ree meals1 "o c v easily select su* quantities ( foods = ea* meal z w con=m ) ! ideal /&>d4 ,if ! en]gy requirem5t ( a girl ( f\rte5 ye>s is #bbjj ,calories1 h] breakfa/ may yield approximately #gej ,calories1 h] lun*eon #eej ,calories1 & h] d9n] #ijj ,calories4 ,a lun*eon consi/+ ( an omelet made ) "o egg 7#ej71 "o m$ium slice ( homemade bread 7#ajj71 orange m>malade 7#ajj71 butt] = bread 7#ajj71 l>ge banana 7#ajj71 & a small glass ( milk 7#ajj7 w\ld yield suffici5t n\ri%m5t accord+ to ! requirem5t above4 ,if x is desir$ to compute ! ,calories produc$ by ! prote9 ( a meal1 data c be obta9$ f ! table also 7see ,calories ,d]iv$ f ,prote974 ,! calculation ( ! prote9 cont5t ( ! lun*eon above is3 ,numb] ( ,calories d]iv$ f prote9 ( egg #ah4b ,numb] ( ,calories d]iv$ f prote9 ( bread #ac4h ,numb] ( ,calories d]iv$ f prote9 ( m>malade #j4g ,numb] ( ,calories d]iv$ f prote9 ( butt] #j4e ,numb] ( ,calories d]iv$ f prote9 ( banana #e4c ,numb] ( ,calories d]iv$ f prote9 ( milk #ai4a ---- ,numb] ( ,calories d]iv$ f prote9 ( entire meal #eg4f ,if "o t5? ( ! total en]gy requirem5t is tak5 z ! desir$ prote9 requirem5t1 ! above lun*eon approa*es ! ideal4 ,! ,=m ,c giv5 bel[ w be f\nd conv5i5t to use 9 calculat+ ! fuel value ( m5us f #ajj-;,calorie portions4 ,,que/ions ,calculate y\r own breakfa/1 lun*eon1 & d9n] en]gy requirem5t1 & ^? ( at lea/ two memb]s ( y\r family4 ,f ! table ( #ajj-;,calorie portions e/imate ! fuel value ( all y\r meals s]v$ ei!r at y\r home or at s*ool = sev]al days4 ,comp>e ! result ) ! ideal en]gy requirem5t obta9$ above4 ,if ! results v>y greatly1 /rive to select ! prop] k9d & quantity ( foods s t ! total ,calories & ,calories d]iv$ f prote9 approa* ! ideal4 ,,=m ,c3 ,,calculation ,,( #ajj-;,,calorie ,,portions ,meal3 ,numb] ,s]v$3 ,food ,quantity ,numb] ,total ,calories ,total ,co/ ,total ( #ajj- ,calories ,produc$ ,calories ( #ajj- ,co/ ,calorie by ,prote9 ,produc$ ,calorie ,portions 9 #ajj- by ,prote9 ,portion ,calorie ,portion ,total ,total = ,"o ,p]son ,p]c5t ( ,total ,calories produc$ by calories d]iv$ f ,prote93 ,signature3 ,date3 ,,table ,,( #ajj-;,calorie ,,portions ,footnote #ajc3 ,! approximate measure ( #ajj-;,calorie portions is bas$ 9 "p ^u ,table ( #ajj ,food ,units1 compil$ by ,dr4 ,irv+ ,fi%]4 ,! weight 9 ounces ( #ajj-;,calorie portions & ,calories d]iv$ f prote9 are bas$ ^u data f\nd on p4 #daj ( ,*emi/ry ( ,food & ,nutrition1 by ,h5ry ,c4 ,%]man1 ,ph4 ,d4 ,items m>k$ 99 are f ,fe$+ ! ,family1 by ,m>y ,sw>tz ,rose1 ,table ,,iii1 p4 #cee4 ,,edible ,,portions ,,approximate ,,measure ,,weight ,,calories ,,( #ajj-;,,calorie ,,9 ,,ounces ,,d]iv$ ,,portion ,,( #ajj- ,,f ,,calorie ,,prote9 ,,portion ,almonds #ae av]age #j4e #ab4f ,apples #b m$ium #e4f #b4e ,apricots1 fre% #b l>ge #f4a #g4g ,asp>agus1 cook$ #b s]v+s #g4e #ag4i ,bacon1 smok$ 7uncook$7 #a ?9 slice1 small #j4f #f4g ,bananas #a l>ge #c4f #e4c ,beans1 bak$1 cann$ #a small s]v+ 7#a_/b cupful7 #b4h #ba4e /r+1 cann$ #e s]v+s #ag4b #ba4e lima1 cann$ #a l>ge sauc$i% #d4f #bj4h ,beef1 corn$ #a4b #ba4b dri$1 salt$1 & smok$ #d l>ge slices #b4j #fg4b 99loaf ,slice #d;94x#f;94x#a_/h;94 #a4d #dj4j port]h\se /eak #a s]v+ #a4c #cb4d ribs1 lean #a av]age s]v+ #a4i #db4c ribs1 fat #j4i #ae4f r\nd1 free f visible fat #a g5]\s s]v+ #c4a #hj4g rump1 lean #a4g #da4j rump1 fat #j4i #ag4e 99/ew ) vegetables #b_/e cupful #c4j #af4j sirlo9 /eak #a av]age s]v+ #a4d #ca4j ,beets1 cook$ #c s]v+s #h4i #bc4b 99,biscuits1 bak+ p[d] #b small #a4c #aa4j 99,blanc ,mange #a_/d cupful #a4i #h4j ,brazil nuts #c av]age size #j4e #aj4b ,bread1 graham #a ?ick slice #a4c #ac4e toa/$ #b m$ium slices 7bak]'s7 #a4b #ae4b :ite homemade #a m$ium slice #a4c #ac4h av]age #a ?ick slice #a4c #ad4j :ole :eat #a ?ick slice #a4d #ae4i ,buck:eat fl\r #a_/d cupful #a4j #g4d ,butt] #a tablespoonful7ord9>y pat7 #j4e #j4e ,butt]milk #a #a_/d cupfuls 7#a #a_/b #i4i #cc4f glasses7 ,cabbage #b s]v+s #aa4b #bj4c 99,cake1 *ocolate ,piece #b #a_/b x #b #a_/b #j4i #h4j x #g_/h 99,cake1 "o egg ,piece #a #c_/d x #a #c_/d #a4j #h4j x #a #c_/d ,calf's-foot jelly #d4a #ai4h ,c>rots1 fre% #b m$ium #g4h #i4g ,caulifl[] 7z pur*as$7 #aa4f #bc4f ,cel]y #ai4a #bc4h ,cel]y s\p1 cann$ #b s]v+s #f4f #ae4g ,*eese1 ,am]ican pale 7z pur*as$7 #a #a_/b cubic in*es #j4h #bf4e ,am]ican r$ 7z pur*as$7 #a #a_/b cubic in*es #j4h #bj4j ,*$d> 7z pur*as$7 #a #a_/b cubic in*es #j4h #bd4d ,cottage #d cubic in*es 7#a_/b cupful7 #c4b #gf4a ,neuf*atel #a #a_/b cubic in*es #a4a #bc4b 7#a_/d cupful7 7#a_/b small package7 ,roque=t 7z pur*as$7 #a4j #be4c ,swiss 7z pur*as$7 #a #a_/c cubic in*es #j4h #be4d ,*ick51 broil]s #a l>ge s]v+ #c4c #gi4a ,*ocolate g5]\s half squ>e #j4f #h4c 99,*ocolate 7bev]age half milk & half wat]7 #a_/b cupful 7scant7 #d4a #aj4j ,cocoa #b #a_/b tablespoonfuls #j4g #ag4c 99,cocoa 7bev]age1 half milk & half wat]7 #c_/d cupful #e4e #ad4j ,cod1 salt #b #a_/b tablespoonfuls #c4d #ig4e 99,cookies #b1 #b #a_/d 94 diamet] #j4i #f4j ,corn1 gre5 7z pur*as$7 #a side di% #c4f #aa4d ,corn-meal #b tablespoonfuls #a4j #aj4c ,crack]s1 graham44 #c crack]s #j4i #i4f soda #c crack]s #j4i #i4d wat] #c crack]s #j4i #aj4c ,cranb]ries7z pur*as$7 #a cupful 7cook$7 #g4e #c4d ,cream #a_/d cupful #a4h #e4j ,cucumb]s #b l>ge #bj4c #ah4d 99,cu/>d1 cup #a_/c cupful #c4c #ag4j ,dates1 dri$ #d m$ium #a4j #b4d ,d\ghnuts #a_/b d\ghnut #j4h #f4b ,eggs1 uncook$ #a #a_/b m$ium or #b small #b4d #cf4d ,f>9a #a4j #ab4c ,figs1 dri$ #a l>ge #a4a #e4e ,fl\r1 rye #a_/d cupful #a4j #g4i :eat1 entire #a_/d cupful #a4j #ae4e :eat1 graham #a_/d cupful #a4j #ad4i :eat1 av]age high & m$ium #a_/d cupful #a4j #ab4h ,gelat9e #d tablespoonfuls #a4j #ih4g 99,g+]bread ,piece #a 94 x #b;94 x #b 94 #a4b #h4j ,grapes #a l>ge bun* #c4g #e4d ,haddock #d4i #if4c ,halibut /eaks #a av]age s]v+ #b4i #fa4h ,ham1 fre%1 lean #a4e #dd4j fre%1 m$ium #a av]age s]v+ #a4a #ai4j smok$1 lean #a4c #cj4a ,h]r+1 :ole #b4e #ed4f ,hom9y1 uncook$ #a_/d cupful #a4j #i4c 99,ice cream1 vanilla #a_/d cupful #b4j #f4j ,lamb1 *ops1 broil$ #a small *op #a4j #bd4c leg1 roa/ #a av]age s]v+ #a4h #da4j ,l>d1 ref9$ #a tablespoonful 7scant7 #j4d 7--7 ,lemons #c m$ium #h4j #i4j ,lettuce #ej l>ge leaves #bj4d #be4b ,liv]1 veal1 uncook$ #b small s]v+s #b4i #fa4f 99,mac>oni & *eese #a_/c cupful #b4a #ag4j ,mac>oni1 uncook$4 #a_/d cupful7#d /icks7 #a4j #ae4j ,mac>oons #b #j4h #f4b ,mack]el1 uncook$ #a l>ge s]v+ #b4e #ec4i salt #a4b #bi4e ,m>malade1 orange #a tablespoonful #a4j #j4g ,milk1 cond5s$1 sweet5$ #a #a_/af cupfuls #a4a #aj4i skimm$ #a #a_/d cupfuls 7scant7 #i4f #cg4a :ole #e_/h cupful 7g5]\s half glass7 #e4a #ai4a ,molasses1 cane #a_/h cupful #a4b #c4d 99,muff9s1 corn-meal #c_/d muff9 #a4b #ac4j 99,muff9s1 :eat #d_/e muff9 #a4b #ab4j ,muskmelons #a_/b av]age s]v+ #h4i #f4j ,mutton1 leg #a av]age s]v+ #a4h #da4b ,oatmeal1 uncook$ #a_/h cupful #j4i #af4a ,olives1 gre5 #g to #aj #a4b #a4e ,onions1 fre% #b m$ium #g4c #ac4b ,oranges #a v l>ge #f4i #f4b ,oy/]s1 cann$ #e oy/]s #d4i #dh4f ,p>snips #a l>ge #e4d #i4i ,pea*es1 cann$ #a l>ge s]v+ #g4e #f4j fre% #d m$ium #h4e #f4h ,peanuts #aj to #ab 7d\ble k]nels7 #j4f #ah4f ,peas1 cann$ #b s]v+s #f4c #be4i ,peas1 dri$1 uncook$ #b tablespoonfuls #a4j #bg4f gre5 #a g5]\s s]v+ #c4e #bh4j ,pies1 apple #a_/c piece #a4c #d4f cu/>d #a_/c piece #b4j #i4d lemon #a_/c piece #a4d #e4f m9ce #a_/d piece #a4b #h4a squa% #a_/c piece #b4j #i4i ,p9eapples1 fre% #e slices #h4b #c4g cann$ #a small s]v+ #b4c #a4j ,pork1 *ops1 m$ium #a v small s]v+ #a4a #ai4i fat1 salt ,footnote #ajd3 ,z pur*as$4 #j4e #a4j 99,potatoes1 cream$ #b_/e cupful #b4g #i4j ,potatoes1 :ite1 uncook$ #a m$ium #d4b #aj4f ,potatoes1 sweet1 uncook$ #a_/b m$ium #b4i #e4h ,prunes1 dri$ #c l>ge #a4b #b4h ,rais9s #a_/h cupful #a4j #c4j 7pack$ solid7 ,rhub>b1 uncook$ #c #a_/b cupfuls 7scant7 #ae4c #aj4d 99,rice ,pudd+ #a_/d cupful #b4b #ab4j ,rice1 uncook$ #b tablespoonfuls #a4j #i4c ,salmon1 :ole #a small s]v+ #a4g #dc4a ,sauce1 :ite #a_/d cupful #b4d #h4j 99,salmon1 loaf #a_/d cupful #b4a #cg4j ,%ad1 :ole #a av]age s]v+ #b4b #de4i ,%r$d$ :eat #a biscuit #a4j #aa4c 99,s\p1 corn #a_/b cupful #c4i #ab4j potato #a_/b cupful 7scant7 #d4b #ae4j cream ( tomato #c_/h cupful #c4b #aa4j ,sp9a*1 fre% #c ord9>y s]v+s #ad4g #ce4j ,footnote #aje3 z 7aft] cook+7 pur*as$ ,succota%1 cann$ #a av]age s]v+ #c4f #ad4g ,sug> #c lumps1 #e teaspoonfuls granulat$ #j4i 7--7 #f #a_/b teaspoonfuls p[d]$ sug> ,tapioca1 apple #a_/d cupful #c4f #j4g ,tomatoes1 fre% #d av]age s]v+s #ae4e #ae4h cann$ #a #c_/d cupfuls #ae4f #ba4c ,turkey #a s]v+ #a4b #bh4g ,turnips #b l>ge s]v+s #i4j #ac4c 7#b turnips7 ,veal1 cutlet #b4c #ec4f =e qu>t] #b4c #eb4h h9d qu>t] #b4c #ec4j ,walnuts1 ,cali=nia #d :ole nuts #j4e #aj4c ,:eat1 crack$ #a4j #ab4d ,:ite fi% #b4d #fa4d ,zwieback #a ?ick slice #j4h #i4d ,,lesson ,,cxxxii ,,plann+1 ,,cook+1 ,,& ,,s]v+ ,a ,,d9n] ,plan a d9n]4 ,footnote #ajf3 ,see ,footnote #gb4 ,use seasonable foods4 ,foll[ ! sugge/ions giv5 9 ,lesson ,,cv4 ,plan ! m5u s t ! co/ ( ! mat]ials does n exce$ #cj c5ts p] p]son4 ,f ! ,table ( #ajj-;,calorie ,portions e/imate ! total ,calories & ! ,calories d]iv$ f prote9 produc$ by ! foods ( y\r m5u4 ,h[ d ! total ,calories comp>e ) ! d9n] en]gy requirem5t ( an av]age man or woman8 ,are ! ,calories d]iv$ f prote9 f #aj to #ae p] c5t ( ! total ,calories8 ,if necess>y1 *ange y\r m5u s t its total ,calories meet ! d9n] en]gy requirem5ts ( an av]age man or woman & its ,calories d]iv$ f prote9 are f #aj to #ae p] c5t ( ! total ,calories4 ,! pupil %\ld note t ! ,calorific value ( meals is usually correct if ! sugge/ions = m5u-mak+ giv5 9 ,lesson ,,cv are foll[$4 ,cook & s]ve ! d9n]4 ,foll[ ! ,russian or ,compromise ,/yle ( s]v+4 ,s]ve ! d9n] ) a maid4 ,footnote #ajg3 ,see ,footnote #aja4 ,,lesson ,,cxxxiii ,,review--,,meal ,,cook+ ,,m5u ,roll$ ,beef ,/eak ,/uff$ ,bak$ ,potato ,drop ,biscuits ,see ,lesson ,,xiv = sugge/ions reg>d+ ! prep>ation ( ! lesson4 ,,lesson ,,cxxxiv ,,home ,,projects ,footnote #ajh3 ,see ,lesson ,,ix4 ,,sugge/ions ,,= ,,home ,,"w4--,plan & cook meals4 ,f ! ,table ( #ajj-;,calorie ,portions e/imate ! fuel value ( ! meals y prep>e4 ,,sugge/$ ,,aims3 ,to comp>e ! fuel value ( ! meals ) ! en]gy requirem5ts secur$ 9 answ]+ ! ,que/ions 9 ,lesson ,,cxxxi4 ,to use ^! comp>isons z a basis on :i* to plan meals m ne>ly approa*+ ! desir$ en]gy requirem5ts4 ,,division ,,?irte5 ,,yea/ ,,breads3 ,,/iff ,,d\ghs ,,lesson ,,cxxxv ,,yea/--,,loaf ,,bread ,,exp]im5t #gg3 ,,conditions ,,= ,,gr[? ,,( ,,! ,,yea/ ,,plant4--7a7 ,mix #a tablespoonful ( fl\r1 #a tablespoonful ( sug>1 #c_/d cake compress$ yea/1 & #e tablespoonfuls ( cold wat]4 ,put #a tablespoonful ( ! mixture 9 a te/ tube & m>k ! tube a4 ,fill ! tube ne>ly full ( lukew>m wat] & /& 9 a w>m place = #ae m9utes4 ,exam9e1 not+ especially ! appe>ance at ! top ( ! te/ tube4 ,:at k9d ( sub/ance 7gas1 liquid1 or solid7 has be5 =m$ by ! gr[? ( ! yea/ plants8 7b7 ,put #a teaspoonful ( ! yea/ mixture 9 a te/ tube1 & fill ne>ly full ( boil+ wat]4 ,label x b & aft] #ae m9utes exam9e4 ,is !re any *ange 9 ! cont5ts ( ! tube8 ,:at has happ5$ to ! yea/ plants8 7c7 ,put #a teaspoonful ( ! yea/ mixture 9 a te/ tube1 fill ne>ly full ( cold wat]1 & label x c4 ,surr\nd x ) crack$ ice or1 if ! wea!r is cold1 place x out ( doors4 ,aft] #ae m9utes exam9e4 ,is !re any *ange 9 ! cont5ts ( ! tube8 ,:y d n ! yea/ plants gr[8 7d7 ,surr\nd ! tube m>k$ c ) lukew>m wat] & /& 9 a w>m place4 ,aft] #ae m9utes exam9e4 ,are ! yea/ plants gr[+8 ,does freez+ kill yea/ plants8 7e7 ,mix #a_/h cake yea/ ) a little lukew>m wat]4 ,/& 9 a w>m place & aft] #ae m9utes exam9e4 ,w yea/ gr[ 9 wat] alone8 7f7 ,mix #a_/h cake yea/1 #a tablespoonful ( sug>1 & a little lukew>m wat]4 ,set aside 9 a w>m place s t ! yea/ plants may gr[4 ,!n exam9e "u ! microscope4 ,are !re any budd+ yea/ cells8 ,make a draw+ ( ! plants z !y appe> "u ! microscope4 ,draw at lea/ two practical conclusions f ^! exp]im5ts z to ! use & c>e ( yea/ = bread mak+ ,illu/ration3 ,f ,f>m]s' ,bullet9 #cih ,,figure #hf--;,,gr[+ ,,yea/ ,,plants ,,prop]ties ,,( ,,yea/4--,yea/ consi/s ( a mass ( microscopic plants 7see ,figure #hf74 ,:5 plac$ "u prop] conditions ^! plants gr[ rapidly1 & 9 s do+ !y sep>ate ! sug> t exi/s 9 fl\r into c>bon dioxide & alcohol4 ,! c>bon dioxide light5s d\gh4 ,! alcohol passes (f z vapor 9 bak+4 ,plants ne$ moi/ure1 w>m?1 light1 & ! food t is furni%$ by ! air & soil = _! gr[?4 ,yea/ plants require all ( ^! except light4 ,!y are n gre5 plants1 h5ce !y ne$ no light4 ,moi/ure is obta9$ f ! wat]1 milk1 or o!r liquids us$ 9 bread d\gh4 ,yea/ ?rives at a temp]ature ( #ij degrees ,f4 ,x is kill$ by a temp]ature above #acj degrees ,f4 ,h5ce ! yea/ is mix$ ) lukew>m wat]4 ,! o!r liquids t are add$ to x are ( ! same temp]ature4 ,also1 ! d\gh is plac$ 9 a w>m place :ile x is ris+1 or :ile ! yea/ plants are gr[+4 ,! food requir$ = ! rapid gr[? ( ! yea/ is obta9$ f ! prote9 & c>bohydrates 9 ! fl\r4 ,compress$ yea/ cakes :i* are wrapp$ 9 t9foil & receiv$ fre% at ! m>ket e day or two are ! mo/ satisfactory to use4 ,?is yea/ mu/ be fre% = successful bread mak+4 ,x is fre% :5 x is ( a light color1 is free f d>k /reaks1 & is crumbly 9 texture4 ,/iff ,d\gh4--,approximately f\r p>ts ( fl\r to "o ( moi/ure are us$ = /iff d\ghs4 ,:5 suffici5t fl\r has be5 add$ to /iff d\gh1 x %\ld n cl+ to ! sides ( ! mix+ b[l4 ,?is is an indication to ! pupil ( ! prop] /iffness ( ! d\gh4 ,! te/ applies1 h[ev]1 only :5 !re is no coat+ ( fl\r ov] ! d\gh4 ,"o %\ld rememb] t ! s(te/ d\gh w n /ick1 if cov]$ g5]\sly ) fl\r4 ,g5]al ,sugge/ions = ,bread ,mak+4--,use :eat bread fl\r1 or a comb9ation ( :eat bread fl\r ) :ole :eat1 or graham fl\r1 or ) fl\r or meal made f o!r gra9s1 9 mak+ bread4 ,fl\r %\ld be kept 9 a dry place4 ,x is well to w>m fl\r = bread be=e us+4 ,if milk is us$1 scald or boil x to prev5t x f s\r+4 ,wat] %\ld be boil$ & !n cool$ 7see ,:y ,foods ,spoil74 ,) #a p9t ( liquid #a_/b to #a cake ( yea/ %\ld be us$4 ,:5 x is desir$ to mix & bake bread 9 a few h\rs1 a great] quantity ( yea/ may be us$4 ,if ! yea/ is fre%1 mo/ satisfactory results are secur$ :5 ?is is done4 ,! use ( mu* yea/1 h[ev]1 adds to ! co/ ( bread4 ,! less quantity ( yea/ 7#a_/b cake7 is us$ :5 ! d\gh is all[$ to rise ov]night4 ,mix #a yea/ cake 9 #a cupful ( lukew>m wat] be=e add+ ! re/ ( ! liquid4 ,x is desirable to use suffici5t yea/ & to subject x to desirable conditions s t ! d\gh w rise quickly4 ,if ! ris+ process occupies mu* "t1 c]ta9 k9ds ( bact]ia :i* may be pres5t 9 ! yea/ or o!r mat]ials may act ^u ! alcohol pres5t 9 ! ris5 d\gh & conv]t x into acid4 ,?is produces s\r d\gh & consequ5tly bread ( s\r ta/e & odor4 ,al?\gh x is cu/om>y to all[ bread to rise twice1 ta/y bread may be secur$ by "o ris+4 ,bread rais$ only once1 h[ev]1 is usually ( unev5 gra91 because ! c>bon dioxide bubbles =m$ dur+ ris+ are unev5 9 size or are unev5ly di/ribut$4 ,by knead+ bread1 ! l>g] bubbles are brok5 or di/ribut$ m ev5ly ?r\gh ! d\gh4 ,s9ce consid]able gas is press$ out by knead+1 x is necess>y to all[ ! d\gh to rise a second "t4 ,x is well to make ! d\gh into small loaves1 & place !m 9 small pans1 s t ! bread w be bak$ ?r\gh4 ,loaves ( bread %\ld bake at lea/ #a h\r at a temp]ature v>y+ f #cge degrees ,f4 to #djj degrees ,f4 ,dur+ ! fir/ #bj m9utes !y %\ld rise b slightly & j beg9 to br[n2 dur+ ! second #bj m9utes !y %\ld cont9ue to br[n2 dur+ ! la/ #bj m9utes !y %\ld %r9k f ! sides ( ! pan1 :ile /ill cont9u+ to br[n4 ,to s(t5 ! cru/1 rub x ) a bit ( butt] or sub/itute a few m9utes be=e tak+ f ! ov5 & aga9 aft] remov+ f ! ov54 ,aft] bak+1 place ! loaves ( bread on a bread cool]1 or arrange !m 9 su* a way t ! air may rea* !m on all sides4 ,:5 cool1 place 9 a cov]$ t9 box4 ,,bread 7#b loaves7 #b cupfuls hot wat] or milk & wat] #b teaspoonfuls salt #b teaspoonfuls sug> #a_/b tablespoonful fat #a_/b to #a cake compress$ yea/ #a_/b cupful lukew>m wat] ,bread fl\r 7#g to #h cupfuls7 ,boil ! wat] or milk & wat]4 ,p\r x into a b[l & add ! salt1 sug>1 & fat4 ,/ir until ! salt & sug> are dissolv$1 & ! fat is melt$4 ,mix ! yea/ ) lukew>m wat]4 ,:5 ! fir/ mixture is cool$ to lukew>m temp]ature1 add ! yea/ mixture to x4 ,!n add fl\r en\gh to make x ( ! prop] consi/5cy 7see ,/iff ,d\gh71 us+ a knife = mix+4 ,turn out on a fl\r$ bo>d1 & knead until s(t & ela/ic4 ,return ! d\gh to ! b[l1 moi/51 cov]1 & let rise until d\bl$ 9 bulk4 ,!n divide x into loaves1 or %ape into biscuits4 ,cov] & all[ ! loaves or biscuit to rise 9 ! pan 9 :i* !y are to be bak$ until !y are d\bl$ 9 bulk4 ,bake ! biscuits #cj m9utes 9 a hot ov5 & ! bread ab\t #fj m9utes 9 a mod]ate ov5 7see ,ov5 ,!rmomet]s & ,temp]atures74 ,,que/ions ,:y %\ld ! fl\r = bread be w>m$ be=e us+8 ,:at %\ld be ! temp]ature ( all mat]ials mix$ ) yea/8 ,:y8 ,:at %\ld be ! diff]5ce 9 ! temp]ature ( ! ov5 = loaf bread & = biscuits8 ,expla94 ,:y %\ld bread be /or$ 9 a cov]$ t9 box8 ,at :at temp]atures %\ld biscuits & loaf bread bake8 ,:y are ^! foods bak$ at diff]5t temp]atures8 ,= h[ long a "t %\ld biscuits & bread bake8 ,expla9 ! diff]5ce 9 ! l5g? ( "t ( bak+ ea*4 ,,lesson ,,cxxxvi ,,:eat ,,fl\r--,,bread ,,sponge ,,exp]im5t #gh3 ,,prote9 ,,9 ,,fl\r4--,make a /iff d\gh1 us+ #b tablespoonfuls ( bread fl\r & ab\t #a_/b tablespoonful ( wat]4 ,knead well1 & all[ to /& = #bj m9utes4 ,!n tie ! d\gh 9 *eese- clo?1 place x 9 a b[l ( wat]1 & knead = a few m9utes4 ,p\r a little ( ! wat] 9 a te/ tube2 dra9 ! rema9d] ( ! wat] f ! d\gh4 ,add m wat] to ! b[l4 ,aga9 knead ! d\gh "u ! clean wat]4 ,exam9e ! mat]ial 9 ! clo?4 ,:at is its color8 ,feel & pull x4 ,put a little on a plate to dry1 & bake "s 9 ! ov54 ,exam9e aft] dry+ & bak+4 ,h[ has x *ang$ 9 size by heat+8 ,te/ ! wat] 9 ! te/ tube = />*4 ,,glut54--,! mat]ial left 9 ! clo? consi/s l>gely ( prote94 ,if fl\r is mix$ ) wat]1 glut5 is =m$ f ! two k9ds ( prote9 t are to be f\nd 9 all :eat fl\rs4 ,glut5 is yell[i% gray 9 color1 is extremely ela/ic & /icky1 &1 if moi/5$ & heat$1 exp&s to _m times its orig9al bulk4 ,^! qualities ( glut5 are mo/ desirable = good yea/ bread2 h5ce1 ! m prote9 t fl\r conta9s1 ! bett] x is = bread mak+4 ,z has be5 /at$1 "s fl\rs conta9 m prote9 ?an o!rs4 ,! prote9 ( :eat z well z ( o!r gra9s is incomplete1 h5ce gra9s ne$ to be supplem5t$ ) o!r k9ds ( prote9 food4 ,,:eat ,,fl\r4--,! quantity ( prote9 9 fl\r is n only dep5d5t ^u ! portion ( ! :eat k]nel us$ 9 mak+ ! fl\r 7see ,diff]5ce 9 ,:eat ,fl\rs71 b also ^u ! k9d ( :eat f :i* ! fl\r is made4 ,spr+ :eat1 ! se$s ( :i* are s[n 9 ! spr+time1 usually conta9s m prote9 ?an w9t] :eat1 ! se$s ( :i* are s[n 9 ! fall4 ,! fl\r made f spr+ :eat is call$ h>d :eat fl\r or bread fl\r4 ,?is fl\r is creamy 9 color1 r gritty 9 feel+1 & :5 press$ 9 ! h& does n reta9 ! impression ( ! f+]s4 ,fl\r made f w9t] :eat is call$ s(t :eat fl\r or pa/ry fl\r4 ,?is is :ite1 v f9e & velvety 9 feel+1 & easily reta9s ! impression ( ! f+]s4 ,on acc\nt ( ! great] quantity ( prote9 9 bread fl\r1 ?is fl\r absorbs m moi/ure ?an pa/ry fl\r4 ,less bread fl\r ?an pa/ry fl\r1 !re=e1 is requir$ = ! bread mixture4 ,if bread fl\r is sub/itut$ = pa/ry fl\r1 its quantity %\ld be decreas$1--#b tablespoonfuls = ea* cupful4 ,,dry ,,yea/ ,,sponge4--,x is g5]ally agre$ t compress$ yea/ is m satisfactory = bread mak+ ?an dry yea/4 ,by ! use ( ! =m]1 ! me?od is %ort]1 & ! ris+ c take place dur+ ! daytime & be *eck$ at ! prop] "t4 ,! use ( dry yea/1 h[ev]1 is necess>y "u "s conditions4 ,= ?is k9d ( yea/ cake1 ! yea/ is made into a /iff d\gh by mix+ x ) />* or meal1 & is !n dri$4 ,9 ! dry /ate1 yea/ plants d n gr[1 b rema9 inactive until !y are subject$ to conditions favorable = gr[?4 ,9 ord] t dry yea/ may beg9 to gr[1 x is necess>y to make a sponge ( ! mat]ials us$ 9 bread mak+4 ,a sponge is a batt] conta9+ half z mu* fl\r z is requir$ = ! /iff d\gh4 ,a ?9 mixture rises m quickly ?an does a /iff d\gh2 h5ce ! advantage ( />t+ dry yea/ 9 a sponge4 ,! gr[? ( yea/ is some:at ret>d$ by salt & spices4 ,sug> 9 small quantity aids rapid gr[?2 mu* sug> delays ! ris+ ( bread4 ,mu* fat & _m eggs also make ! process sl[]4 ,9 ! prep>ation ( buns1 :5 mu* fat & sug> & _m eggs are to be us$1 x is advisable to make a sponge4 ,^! mat]ials are n to be add$1 h[ev]1 until ! sponge is /iff5$4 ,! yea/ ?us gets a good />t be=e ! eggs1 etc41 are add$4 ,,bread 7made ) dry yea/7 7#b loaves7 #b cupfuls wat] #a_/b cake dry yea/ #b teaspoonfuls salt #b teaspoonfuls sug> #a tablespoonful fat #f cupfuls 7or m7 bread fl\r ,soak ! yea/ 9 ! wat] 7lukew>m7 until s(t5$4 ,!n add ! salt1 sug>1 & fat4 ,/ir until ! salt & sug> are dissolv$1 & ! fat is melt$4 ,add "o half ! giv5 quantity ( fl\r4 ,beat until ! mixture is smoo?2 cov]4 ,let rise until v por\s & foamy4 ,add en\gh fl\r to make a /iff d\gh2 knead2 & all[ to rise until d\bl$ 9 bulk4 ,proce$ z = bread made ) compress$ yea/4 ,,score ,,c>d ,,= ,,bread ,footnote #aji3 ,selection & ,prep>ation ( ,food1 by ,bevi] & ,van ,met]1 p4 #hb4--;,,det]m9+ ,,its ,,quality ,flavor #ce ,lightness #ae ,gra9 & texture #bj ,cru/ 7color1 dep?1 texture7 #aj ,crumb 7color1 moi/ure7 #aj ,%ape & size #aj --- ,total #ajj ,,que/ions ,"u :at conditions w\ld dry yea/ be us$ 9 bread mak+8 ,= :at reason is bread d\gh knead$8 ,:at is ! te/ = suffici5t knead+ ( bread d\gh8 ,9 :at "p ( ! c\ntry is spr+ :eat gr[n8 ,w9t] :eat8 ,h[ are ! fl\rs di/+ui%$ t are made f ^! diff]5t k9ds ( :eat8 ,f ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,bullet9 ,no4 #bh1 tabulate ! p]c5tage composition ( w9t] & ( spr+ :eat fl\r4 ,:i* conta9s ! m prote92 :i*1 ! m c>bohydrates8 ,comp>e ! quantity ( a% 9 ea*4 ,kn[+ ! me?od ( leav5+1 ! "t requir$ = rais+1 & ! prop]ties ( glut51 expla9 :y spr+ :eat fl\r is bett] adapt$ to yea/ breads ?an to quick breads4 ,:at is ! price p] sack ( pa/ry & ( bread fl\r8 ,:at is ! price p] cake ( compress$ yea/8 ,:at is ! price p] package ( dry yea/8 ,h[ _m cakes 9 a package8 ,,lesson ,,cxxxvii ,,modifications ,,( ,,pla9 ,,:ite ,,bread ,,breads ,,o!r ,,?an ,,:eat4--,z m5tion$ previ\sly1 :eat is ! mo/ popul> gra9 9 ?is c\ntry1 l>gely because we are mo/ us$ to x1 n because x is a bett] food ?an o!r c]eals4 ,! use ( diff]5t />*y mat]ials & gra9s1 especially ! :ole c]eals1 is advis$ to give v>iation n only 9 flavor1 b 9 nutritive cont5t4 ,yea/ breads conta9+ c]eals o!r ?an :eat are m satisfactory 9 texture & 9 size ( loaf :5 !y are made by comb9+ "s :eat ) ! o!r gra9s4 ,! h\sekeep] ( old5 days consid]$ ! potato mo/ ess5tial = bread mak+4 ,x is possible to make good bread by us+ #a_/c z mu* ma%$ potato z :eat fl\r4 ,potato bread is moi/2 x keeps bett] ?an bread made entirely ) :eat4 ,x has be5 obs]v$ t bread conta9+ potatoes or potato wat] rises quickly4 ,x is possible t ! gr[? ( ! yea/ is /imulat$ by potato4 ,al?\gh bread conta9+ potatoes is light1 x is n z delicate or fluffy z pla9 :eat bread4 ,s9ce potatoes conta9 mu* moi/ure1 ! quantity ( liquid us$ 9 mak+ potato bread %\ld be less5$4 ,because bread d\gh conta9+ potatoes s(t5s z x rises1 suffici5t fl\r %\ld be add$ to make x v /iff or m fl\r add$ :ile knead+4 ,mu* exp]im5t+ ) bread dur+ ! ,_w ,w> %[$ t bread conta9+ c]eals o!r ?an :eat is m satisfactory :5 potatoes are us$ 9 mak+ x4 ,x 0 f\nd t less ( :eat & m ( ! o!r gra9s c\ld be us$ :5 potatoes 7 add$ to ! d\gh4 ,bread made ( gra9s o!r ?an :eat requires a great] quantity ( yea/ ?an :eat bread4 ,! foll[+ explanation may acc\nt = ?is fact3 ,"s rec5t sci5tific inve/igations po9t out ! fact t ! activity ( yea/ is increas$ :5 v9eg> or o!r weak acid mat]ial is add$ to bread d\gh4 ,s9ce ! prote9s ( c]eals o!r ?an :eat absorb m ( ! free acid ( ! d\gh ?an d ! prote9s ( :eat1 ! acidity ( ! d\gh is less5$4 ,h5ce m yea/ is requir$ to leav5 d\gh conta9+ gra9s o!r ?an :eat4 ,,graham ,,bread ,use "o half :ite bread fl\r & "o half graham fl\r 9 ! recipe giv5 = ,bread 9 ord] to make ,graham ,bread4 ,"o f\r? cupful ( molasses may be sub/itut$ = ! sug>4 ,mix & bake z :ite bread4 ,"s consid] t x is mu* m satisfactory to make a sponge :5 us+ graham fl\r4 ,if ?is is done1 fir/ make a sponge us+ only "o half ! giv5 quantity ( fl\r4 ,let ! mixture rise1 !n add ! rema9d] ( ! fl\r1 & proce$ z 9 mak+ :ite :eat bread4 ,,:ole ,,:eat ,,bread ,foll[ ! recipe = ,bread1 sub/itut+ :ole :eat = ! f9e :eat bread fl\r1 b make a s(t1 n /iff d\gh4 ,rais9 ,bread may be made by add+ #b cupfuls ( se$$ rais9s to :ole :eat bread mixture & increas+ ! sug> to #a_/d cupful or sub/itut+ #a_/c cupful molasses = ! sug>4 ,use ! great] quantity ( yea/4 ,add ! rais9s to ! mixture be=e add+ ! fl\r4 ,,potato ,,bread 7#b loaves7 #b cupfuls dry ma%$ potatoes #a cupful wat] 9 :i* potatoes 7 cook$ #a tablespoonful salt #a_/b cupful lukew>m wat] #b tablespoonfuls sug> #a tablespoonful fat #a_/b to #a cake compress$ yea/ #e #a_/b to #f cupfuls :eat bread fl\r ,p>e #f m$ium-siz$ potatoes4 ,cut into pieces & cook 9 boil+ wat] until t5d]4 ,dra9 ! wat] f ! potatoes1 b save ! potato wat] to use z moi/ure = ! d\gh1 & = mix+ ) ! yea/4 ,ma% ! potatoes2 add ! potato wat]1 salt1 sug>1 & fat4 ,!n proce$ z direct$ = ,bread4 ,,oatmeal-,,potato ,,bread 7#b loaves7 #a #a_/b cupfuls potato wat] #b cupfuls roll$ oats #a tablespoonful salt #b teaspoonfuls sug> ,:eat bread fl\r1 ab\t #f cupfuls #a tablespoonful fat #b cupfuls dry ma%$ potatoes #a cake compress$ yea/ #a tablespoonful lukew>m wat] ,heat ! liquid to boil+ po9t4 ,p\r x ov] ! roll$ oats4 ,add ! salt1 sug>1 & fat4 ,/ir & let /& until ! mixture is lukew>m4 ,add ! potatoes1 !n proce$ z = pla9 bread4 ,let ! d\gh rise 9 ! pans until x is f #b #a_/d to #b #a_/b times its orig9al bulk4 ,,que/ions ,f ,u4,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,bullet9 ,no4 #bh1 tabulate ! p]c5tage composition ( :ite1 ( graham1 & ( :ole :eat bread4 ,"u :at conditions %\ld a sponge be made :5 compress$ yea/ is us$8 ,:at k9d ( bread is mo/ satisfactory 9 high altitudes1 i4e4 :]e ! climate is dry8 ,expla94 ,:y is potato wat] a m valuable liquid = bread mak+ ?an wat]8 ,:at is ! purpose ( add+ boil+ wat] to roll$ oats 9 mak+ ,oatmeal-,potato ,bread 7see ,sub/itut+ ,o!r ,c]eals = ,:eat ,fl\r78 ,comp>e ! quantity ( yea/ us$ 9 ,oatmeal-,potato ,bread ) t us$ 9 pla9 :eat bread4 ,acc\nt = ! diff]5ce4 ,,lesson ,,cxxxviii ,,rolls ,,& ,,buns ,,pla9 ,,rolls ,,or ,,biscuits ,= rolls or biscuits use ! recipe = ,bread1 add+ twice ! quantity ( fat1 & us+ milk = "p ( ! liquid4 ,or !y may be made by knead+ m fat into any bread d\gh4 ,knead well aft] ! fir/ ris+2 !n cut into pieces half ! size ( an egg1 & %ape into balls4 ,place ! balls "s di/ance ap>t 9 a pan or place ! balls s t "o t\*es ano!r4 ,! latt] plan ( plac+ 9 ! pan produces biscuits hav+ a small am\nt ( cru/4 ,all[ ! biscuits to rise to d\ble _! bulk2 !n bake 9 a hot ov54 ,,p>k] ,,h\se ,,rolls #b cupfuls hot milk & wat] #c tablespoonfuls fat #b tablespoonfuls sug> #a teaspoonful salt #a yea/ cake #a_/d cupful lukew>m wat] ,bread fl\r ,make a sponge ( ! +r$i5ts1 us+ #c cupfuls ( fl\r4 ,beat ?or\ghly1 cov]1 & let rise until light4 ,!n add en\gh fl\r to knead4 ,knead1 cov]1 & all[ to rise until d\bl$ 9 bulk4 ,knead aga9 slightly1 & roll out on a fl\r$ bo>d until #a_/c ( an in* 9 ?ickness4 ,cut into r\nds ) a biscuit cutt]2 put a bit ( butt] or sub/itute ne> ! edge ( ! biscuit2 fold2 & press ! edges toge!r4 ,place 9 an oil$ pan2 cov]4 ,let rise until d\ble 9 bulk1 & bake at #dbe degrees ,f4 f #bj to #cj m9utes4 ,! cru/ may be glaz$ ) a mixture ( milk & sug> a few m9utes be=e remov+ ! biscuits f ! ov54 ,use #a "p sug> to #b p>ts milk4 ,dilut$ egg :ite also may be us$ = glaz+4 ,a corn-/>* pa/e is sometimes us$ = glaz+4 ,x is made z foll[s3 ,mix #b teaspoonfuls ( corn-/>* ) ! same quantity ( cold wat]4 ,add #c_/d cupful ( boil+ wat]2 /ir & cook = #e m9utes4 ,bru% ?is ov] ! top ( ! rolls1 spr9kle ) sug>4 ,return ! rolls to ! ov5 & cont9ue bak+ until ! cru/ is br[n$4 ,,potato ,,yea/ ,,rolls ,use ! recipe = ,p>k] ,h\se ,rolls z a basic rule4 ,9 prep>+ ! sponge1 use #b cupfuls ( dry ma%$ potatoes in/ead ( fl\r4 ,decrease ! liquid to #a cupful4 ,increase ! quantity ( salt to #a tablespoonful4 ,:5 ! sponge is light1 add suffici5t :eat fl\r to make ! d\gh ( ! prop] consi/5cy4 ,proce$ z = pla9 :eat rolls4 ,rye fl\r may be us$ in/ead ( :eat 9 prep>+ ^! rolls4 ,,c9namon ,,buns ,use "o half ( ! recipe = ,p>k] ,h\se ,rolls4 ,aft] ! d\gh has ris51 roll until #a_/d in* ?ick1 & spread ) ! foll[+3 #a_/b cupful butt] or butt] & o!r fat s(t5$ #b tablespoonfuls c9namon #a cupful currants or rais9s #a cupful br[n sug> ,roll ! d\gh z = ,jelly ,roll or = ,fruit ,rolls & cut into slices #a in* ?ick4 ,place 9 well-oil$ pans or muff9 t9s1 ) a cut surface re/+ on ! pan4 ,:5 v light1 bake 9 a mod]ate ov5 ab\t #cj m9utes4 ,! buns may be ba/$ ) molasses or sug>1 or ) a milk & sug> mixture 7see ,p>k] ,h\se ,rolls74 ,add #a teaspoonful ( ! ba/+ mat]ial to ea* bun #ae m9utes be=e remov+ f ! ov54 ,,biscuits ,,) ,,prune ,,or ,,rais9 ,,fill+ #a cupful milk #a cupful wat] #b tablespoonfuls sug> #a teaspoonful salt #c tablespoonfuls fat #a to #c eggs #b cakes compress$ yea/ #a_/d cupful lukew>m wat] ,bread fl\r 7ab\t #g cupfuls7 ,heat ! milk & wat]4 ,turn into a b[l & add ! sug>1 salt1 & fat4 ,let ! mixture /& until x is lukew>m 9 temp]ature4 ,mix ! yea/ ) ! lukew>m wat] & add x to ! lukew>m milk mixture4 ,break ! egg2 beat ! :ite & yolk sep>ately4 ,add ! egg to ! o!r +r$i5ts4 ,?r\gh a sift]1 add en\gh fl\r to knead4 ,knead & roll out on a fl\r$ bo>d until ab\t #a in* 9 ?ickness4 ,cut into r\nds ) a biscuit cutt]4 ,make a depression 9 ! c5t] ( ea* biscuit1 fill ) prunes or rais9s prep>$ z direct$ bel[4 ,place ! biscuits on greas$ pans1 let !m rise 79 a w>m place7 until d\bl$ 9 bulk2 bake 9 a hot ov54 ,,prune ,,or ,,rais9 ,,fill+ #a p\nd dri$ prunes or #a #a_/b cupfuls se$$ rais9s #a teaspoonful c9namon #a_/h teaspoonful cloves #b tablespoonfuls lemon juice #a_/d teaspoonful salt ,sug> ,soak ! fruit 9 en\gh wat] to cov] ov]night or = sev]al h\rs4 ,cook z direct$ on until ! fruit is t5d] & ! wat] is almo/ evaporat$4 ,if prunes are us$1 remove ! /ones4 ,add ! spices1 lemon juice1 & salt4 ,also add sug> to ta/e4 ,,que/ions ,:y %\ld a sponge be made :5 eggs are to be add$ to ! yea/ mixture8 ,:at w\ld be ! disadvantage 9 add+ !m to a d\gh1 aft] ! d\gh _h /iff5$8 ,:at mu/ be done to produce biscuits hav+ mu* cru/ r ?an little cru/8 ,:at c>e %\ld be tak5 9 regulat+ ! temp]ature ( ! ov5 :5 bak+ ,c9namon ,buns1 especially if !y are to be ba/$ dur+ bak+8 ,h[ _m times are ,biscuits ) ,prune or ,rais9 ,fill+ all[$ to rise8 ,h[ does yea/ bread made ) "o ris+ diff] f t made ) sev]al ris+s8 ,:y is x necess>y to cook ! fruit us$ = fill+ = biscuits until ! wat] is almo/ evaporat$8 ,:at w\ld be ! effect on ! biscuits ( mu* moi/ure 9 ! fill+8 ,,relat$ ,,"w ,,lesson ,,cxxxix ,,food ,,= ,,girls ,,& ,,boys ,,! ,,"y ,,girl4--,adolesc5ce is a p]iod ( great activity & gr[?4 ,mu* physical developm5t *>act]izes ! ye>s ( y\?4 ,dur+ ! "t ( rapid gr[?1 x is v easy to acquire crav+ n only = sweets1 b = condim5ts & highly season$ & spic$ foods & = foods ( decid$ & contra/+ flavor4 ,z previ\sly expla9$1 su* foods us$ excessively are h>mful4 ,x is especially necess>y t a girl gr[+ into womanhood use foods :i* furni% build+ & en]gy- giv+ nutri5ts 9 suffici5t quantity z well z mat]ials to promote gr[?4 ,go+ )\t breakfa/ may be ! cause ( heada*es1 poorly prep>$ lessons1 & 9 "s cases irritability or bad dispositions4 ,:5 ! morn+ meal is omitt$1 an undue quantity ( food is apt to be eat5 at noon4 ,9 _m s*ools1 "w is resum$ imm$iately or %ortly aft] lun*eon4 ,! dige/ion ( a l>ge quantity ( he>ty food int]f]es ) m5tal ef=t4 ,,! ,,hungry ,,boy belongs to ! p]iod ( adolesc5ce4 ,x is p]fectly natural = ! gr[+ boy to be hungry4 ,inde$ dur+ ! "t f twelve to sev5te5 ye>s1 m food is consum$ by ! av]age y\? ?an by an adult4 ,if ?ree meals a day are to satisfy ! hungry boy1 a n\ri%+ diet mu/ be eat54 ,conc5trat$1 b easily dige/$ foods1 su* z eggs1 c]eals1 meat1 />*y & nitrog5\s vegetables = build+ & en]gy z well z foods :i* supply m9]al matt] su* z fruits & succul5t vegetables1 are ne$$4 ,! use ( milk & cocoa r ?an tea & c(fee %\ld be enc\rag$4 ,x is especially necess>y t milk ) its gr[?-promot+ mat]ials & valuable prote9s be includ$ 9 ! diet ( a gr[+ y\?4 ,if c(fee mu/ be us$1 let x be c]eal c(fee4 ,= ! boy :o w\ld make ! team & excel 9 a?letics ! matt] ( a prop] food selection is mo/ important4 ,! a?lete mu/ give s]i\s consid]ation to 8 diet4 ,,food ,,plans ,,= ,,girls ,,& ,,boys4--,accord+ to ! table giv5 on previ\sly1 ! diet ( a girl f f\rte5 to sev5te5 %\ld supply ,calories av]ag+ #bdjj1 :ile t ( a boy ( ! same age %\ld supply ,calories av]ag+ #cdjj4 ,footnote #aaj3 ,! reason :y ! en]gy requirem5ts ( a boy exce$s t ( a girl ( ! adolesc5t p]iod is /at$ on previ\sly4 ,! foll[+ plans = a day's diet = ! girl & boy ( f\rte5 to sev5te5 ye>s are (f]$ z sugge/ions = :olesome food comb9ations3 ,,foods ,,approximate ,,calories ,breakfa/4 ,fruits1 fre% or cook$ #ge-ajj ,c]eal ) ,:ole ,milk & ,sug> #bjj-bej ,toa/ & ,butt] 7#b to #c slices7 #cjj-dej ,cocoa or ,:ole ,milk #abj-aej ,lun*eon4 ,cream ,s\p #aej-age ,meat ,sub/itute #bjj-cjj ,bread & ,butt] 7#a to #b slices7 #aej-cjj ,rice or ,tapioca ,pudd+ or ,blanc ,mange #aej-bjj ,cocoa or ,:ole ,milk #abj-aej ,d9n]4 ,egg-di% or ,meat #bjj-cjj ,/>*y ,vegetable or ,c]eal #ajj-abe ,succul5t ,vegetable or ,salad #ej-aej ,bread & ,butt] 7#a to #b slices7 #aej-cjj ,bak$ ,cu/>d or ,ice ,cream ) ,*ocolate ,sauce #bej-cjj ,c]eal ,c(fee 7) ,sug>1 & ,top ,milk7 or ,:ole ,milk #abe-aej --------- #bcdj-cdjj ,,! ,,s*ool ,,lun*eon4--,girls & boys ( high s*ool age inv>iably lun* at s*ool1 or a lun*eon is br\ght f home & eat5 at s*ool4 ,if a pupil buys 8 lun*eon at s*ool1 hot1 :olesome1 n\ri%+ foods su* z cream-s\p vegetables1 eggs1 c]eal pudd+s1 cocoa1 & milk %\ld be pur*as$4 ,x is un=tunate if pa/ry & sweets are *os5 to ! exclusion ( ! foods j m5tion$4 ,9 case ! pla9] foods are select$1 x is a mi/ake = ! pupil to n>r[ 8 pur*ase to a v few foods su* z meat1 potatoes1 & pa/ry4 ,too (t5 pupils get 9 ! habit ( *oos+ foods :i* furni% too little v>iety 9 composition4 ,le>n+ to l _m diff]5t foods is a *>act]i/ic "o %\ld /rive to develop4 ,:5 "o aboli%es food prejudices & eats ev]y?+ t is :olesome1 ! possibility ( secur+ a well-balanc$ meal to meet ! ne$s ( ! body is increas$4 ,,lun*eon ,,m5us4--,! quantity & k9d ( food t %\ld be eat5 at lun*eon dep5ds l>gely ^u ! k9d & quantity ( foods eat5 at breakfa/ & d9n] or supp]4 ,"s eat m breakfa/ ?an lun*eon :ile o!rs foll[ ! rev]se plan4 ,x has be5 f\nd1 h[ev]1 t a lun*eon yield+ f #gej to #ajjj ,calories furni%es adequate nutrim5t = ! av]age y\?1 provid$ ( c\rse ! foods are well balanc$ 9 composition4 ,sugge/ive lun*eon m5us = s*ool girls & boys foll[4 7,! lun*eon :i* is c>ri$ f home is discuss$ 9 ,lesson ,,cxlix47 ,,food ,,calories ,,d]iv$ ,,total ,,f ,,prote9 ,,calories #a s]v+ mac>oni & *eese 7#a cupful7 #cd4j #bjj4jj #a slice bread & butt] #ad4b #aej4jj #a portion g+]bread 7#b ounces7 #ad4j #bjj4jj #a m$ium bak$ apple ) :ole milk #f4h #abh4jj #a s]v+ cocoa 7#c_/d cupful7 #af4a #aah4dj ---- ------ #he4a #gif4dj #a s]v+ vegetable s\p 7#a cupful7 #ba4bh #adh4bb #a *eese & peanut s&wi* #dc4dg #bgj4jj #a l>ge orange #f4bj #ajj4jj #a portion cake 7#b ounces7 #ad4jj #bjj4jj #a glass milk 7#g_/h cupful7 #bf4fj #adj4jj ------ ------ #aaa4ee #heh4bb #a s]v+ cream ( tomato s\p 7#a cupful7 #be4jg #agh4d #c soda crack]s #i4d #ajj4j #a ham s&wi* #ea4a #caf4d #a portion ice cream 7#a_/h qu>t7 #g4ff #aii4b #a l>ge banana #e4c #ajj4j #a glass milk 7#g_/h cupful7 #bf4f #adj4j ------ ------ #abe4ac #ajcd4j ,,que/ions ,plan a week's s]ies ( s*ool lun*eons conta9+ foods :i* may be obta9$ at home or at s*ool or at any o!r place :]e y eat y\r lun*eon4 ,calculate ! total ,calorific value ( ! m5us4 ,also det]m9e ! p] c5t ( ,calories d]iv$ f prote94 ,,lesson ,,cxl ,,plann+ ,a ,,day',s ,,diet--,,cook+ ,,& ,,s]v+ ,a ,,meal ,plan ,footnote #aaa3 ,see ,footnote #gb a day's diet conta9+ ! k9ds ( foods suitable = y & o!r memb]s ( y\r class & furni%+ suffici5t ,calories to meet ! en]gy-requirem5t ( girls ( y\r age4 7,foll[ ! sugge/ions giv5 9 ,lesson ,,cv & ,,cxxxix47 ,det]m9e ! p] c5t ( ! total ,calories produc$ by ,calories d]iv$ f prote94 ,compute ! co/ ( ! meal4 ,cook & s]ve "o ( ! meals ( ! day's diet4 ,foll[ ! ,engli% or family /yle ( s]v+1--ei!r ) or )\t a maid4 ,,lesson ,,cxli ,,review3 ,,meal ,,cook+ ,,m5u ,bread 7or ,rais$ ,biscuits7 ,cranb]ry ,jelly 7or ,fruit ,sauce7 ,see ,lesson ,,xiv = sugge/ions reg>d+ ! prep>ation ( ! lesson4 ,,lesson ,,cxlii ,,home ,,projects ,footnote #aab3 ,see ,lesson ,,ix4 ,,sugge/ions ,,= ,,home ,,"w4--,bake yea/ bread or rais$ biscuits at y\r home at lea/ once a week4 ,,sugge/$ ,,aims3 7#a7 ,to improve ! quality ( ! bread4 ,score y\r products ea* "t y prep>e !m4 ,by c>eful obs]vation & by consultation ) y\r tea*]1 det]m9e ! cause ( any undesirable quality y\r breads may h & !n /rive at ! next bak+ to correct y\r mi/akes4 7#b7 ,to comp>e homemade & bak]'s bread4 ,det]m9e ! weight & co/ ( a loaf ( homemade & bak]'s bread4 ,compute ! co/ p] p\nd ( ea*4 ,comp>e ! flavor & satisfy+ qualities ( ea*4 ,consult o!r memb]s ( y\r family reg>d+ ^! two qualities4 ,"n ! advantages & disadvantages ( bak+ bread at home4 ,,division ,,f\rte5 ,,cake ,,lesson ,,cxliii ,,cake ,,)\t ,,fat--,,sponge ,,cake ,,comp>ison ,,( ,,sponge ,,cake ,,& ,,popov]s4--,see ! recipe = ,popov]s4 ,comp>e x ) ! recipe = ,sponge ,cake ,i4 ,,sponge ,,cake ,,no4 ,i #d egg yolks #a cupful sug> #a teaspoonful lemon juice ,grat$ r9d ( #a_/b lemon #d egg :ites #a_/b teaspoonful salt #a cupful fl\r ,:at two +r$i5ts are simil> 9 ^! recipes8 ,:at +r$i5ts does ,sponge ,cake conta9 :i* d n exi/ 9 ,popov]s8 ,:at +r$i5ts 9 ,popov]s are omitt$ 9 ,sponge ,cake8 ,note ! numb] ( eggs 9 ea*4 ,:at is ! wett+ mat]ial 9 ,popov]s8 ,9 ,sponge ,cake8 ,by :at means are ,popov]s light5$8 ,sponge ,cake8 ,h[ d y acc\nt = ! diff]5ce 9 ! numb] ( eggs8 ,,note4--,a typical ,sponge ,cake conta9s no bak+ p[d] or moi/ure except t conta9$ 9 ! eggs & flavor+ mat]ial4 ,to make a *eap] cake1 ! foll[+ modification may be made3 ,in/ead ( #d eggs1 #b eggs ) #a_/d cupful ( wat] & #a teaspoonful ( bak+ p[d] may be us$4 ,,me?od ,,( ,,mix+ ,,sponge ,,cake4 ,beat ! yolks ( ! eggs until ?ick & lemon-color$4 ,add ! sug> & cont9ue beat+2 !n add ! flavor+ & any o!r liquid t ! recipe may call =4 ,beat ! mixture well4 ,add ! salt to ! egg :ites & beat until ! :ites are /iff4 ,sift ! fl\r 7& bak+ p[d] if us$7 sev]al times4 ,add "p ( ! dry +r$i5ts ?r\gh ! sift] to ! yolk mixture1 !n add "s ( ! egg :ites4 ,repeat until all ! dry +r$i5ts & ! egg :ites h be5 add$4 ,mix by cutt+ & fold+ ! +r$i5ts4 ,turn at once into an unoil$ pan4 ,bake 9 a mod]ate ov5 7#cbe degrees ,f47 = #ej or #fj m9utes4 ,,bak+ ,,sponge ,,cakes4--,! bak+ ( a cake1 z well z ! mann] ( mix+ ! +r$i5ts & ! quality ( ! +r$i5ts !mselves1 det]m9es ! success ( ! cake4 ,a practical te/ = ! temp]ature ( ! ov5 is ! plac+ ( a bit ( fl\r or :ite pap] 9 ! ov54 ,if at ! end ( #e m9utes ! pap] or fl\r is slightly br[n$1 ! ov5 is ( prop] temp]ature = sponge cakes or cakes )\t fat4 ,! "t requir$ to bake a cake %\ld be divid$ into qu>t]s4 ,dur+ ! fir/ qu>t] ! cake %\ld beg9 to rise2 dur+ ! second qu>t] x %\ld cont9ue to rise & beg9 to br[n2 dur+ ! ?ird qu>t] x %\ld cont9ue to br[n1 & ! f\r? qu>t] x %\ld f9i% bak+4 ,if ! mix+ & ! bak+ h be5 successful1 failure may result aft] remov+ ! cake f ! ov54 ,x %\ld n be plac$ 9 a cold place or 9 a draft4 ,inv]t ! cake pan on a wire rack & all[ ! cake to rema9 until cool4 ,remove ! cake f ! pan1 & /ore 9 a cov]$ t9 box4 ,,sponge ,,cake ,,no4 ,,ii #b or #c egg yolks l #a_/b cupfuls sug> #a tablespoonful lemon juice #c_/d cupful wat] #b cupfuls fl\r #a_/b teaspoonful salt #b teaspoonfuls bak+ p[d] #b or #c egg :ites ,mix & bake accord+ to ! directions giv5 above4 ,x is advisable to oil ! pan = ?is cake4 ,,wa%+ton ,,pie ,sponge ,cake ) ,cream ,fill+ is t]m$ ,wa%+ton ,pie4 ,foll[ ! recipe = ,cream ,fill+ & put x betwe5 ! lay]s ( ,sponge ,cake1 or z a fill+ betwe5 split %eets ( a loaf or ?ick %eet ( ,sponge ,cake4 ,,que/ions ,:at is ! purpose ( cutt+ & fold+ ! egg :ites & ! dry +r$i5ts into a sponge cake mixture8 ,:y is x necess>y to add moi/ure & bak+ p[d] to ,sponge ,cake ,no4 ,,ii8 ,:at is ! effect ( too cool an ov5 on ,sponge ,cake8 ,,lesson ,,cxliv ,,cake ,,conta9+ ,,fat--,,"o-,,egg ,,cake ,,classes ,,( ,,cakes4--,cakes are commonly divid$ into two classes3 7a7 ,cakes )\t fat & 7b7 ,cakes conta9+ fat4 ,sponge ,cake is an example ( ! fir/ class & ! ,"o-egg ,cake giv5 bel[ is an example ( ! second class4 ,! me?od ( mix+ cakes conta9+ fat diff]s f ! me?od ( mix+ cakes )\t fat4 ,! temp]ature ( ! ov5 & ! l5g? ( "t requir$ = bak+ also diff] = ! two classes ( cakes4 ,,comp>ison ,,( ,,"o-,,egg ,,cake ,,& ,,muff9s4--,see ! recipe = ,pla9 ,muff9s4 ,comp>e x ) ! foll[+ recipe4 ,,"o-,,egg ,,cake ,footnote #aac3 ,,note ,,to ,,! ,,tea*]4--,if a ri*] cake is desir$1 foll[ ! ,pla9 ,cake recipe giv5 9 ,lesson ,,cxlv4 #b cupfuls fl\r #c #a_/b teaspoonfuls bak+ p[d] #a_/b teaspoonful salt #c_/d to #a cupful sug> #a egg #a cupful milk or wat] #a teaspoonful flavor+ #b to #d tablespoonfuls fat ,:at +r$i5t does cake conta9 t is n pres5t 9 muff9s8 ,:at two +r$i5ts exi/ 9 great] quantity 9 cake ?an 9 muff9s8 ,,! ,,+r$i5ts ,,( ,a ,,cake ,,conta9+ ,,fat4--,mat]ials ( ! be/ quality %\ld be us$ = cakes4 ,pa/ry fl\r & ! f9e/ granulat$ sug> are necess>y +r$i5ts4 ,9 det]m9+ ! k9d ( fat to use 9 a cake1 "o %\ld consid] all ( ! +r$i5ts 9 a recipe1 & !n decide :i* "o w give ! mo/ pron\nc$ flavor to ! comb9$ mat]ials4 ,if a cake conta9s s mu* fat t ! fat w be "o ( ! pr$om9at+ flavor+ +r$i5ts1 table butt] %\ld be us$ alone or comb9$ ) "s bl& fat4 ,:5 b little fat is us$ 9 ,pla9 ,cake1 !re is little diff]5ce 9 ! flavor ( cake made ) butt] or sub/itutes4 ,oleom>g>9e1 tri$-out *ick5 fat1 suet1 l>d1 or vegetable fat may be us$ = spice cakes or o!r highly flavor$ cakes4 ,cake is "o ( ! foods ^: +r$i5ts require ! greate/ accuracy & c>e 9 measur+4 ,:5 a cake conta9s mu* fat1 ! latt] c usually be m easily & accurately weigh$ ?an measur$4 ,,me?od ,,( ,,mix+ ,,cake ,,conta9+ ,,fat4--,s9ce cakes conta9 mu* m fat & sug> ?an muff9s1 a diff]5t me?od ( mix+ ! fat ) ! o!r +r$i5ts ( ! cake has be5 us$ q g5]ally4 ,! fat & sug> h usually be5 bl5d$ by cream+ !m4 ,h[ev]1 _m exp]im5ts 9 ! mix+ & bak+ ( cakes h be5 made4 ,^! %[ t a cake ( good quality may be made by foll[+ ! me?od ( mix+ fat 9 a muff9 mixture1 i4e4 melt+ ! fat & add+ x to o!r +r$i5ts4 ,! foll[+ is ! me?od ( mix+ cake :5 melt$ fat is us$3 ,beat ! eggs1 add ! sug>1 liquid1 & flavor+4 ,melt ! fat & add x to ! o!r +r$i5ts4 ,mix ! dry +r$i5ts1 i4e4 ! fl\r1 bak+ p[d]1 & salt4 ,add ^! ?r\gh a sift] to ! egg & sug> mixture4 ,beat f #a to #b m9utes4 ,9 cake mix+1 ! yolks & ! :ites ( ! eggs are (t5 sep>at$4 ,:5 ?is is done1 ! yolks & sug> are bl5d$1 ! moi/ure1 flavor+1 melt$ fat1 & dry +r$i5ts are add$1 ! mixture beat51 & f9ally ! beat5 :ites are fold$ 94 ,9 comb9+ cake +r$i5ts1 great c>e mu/ be tak5 to mix all +r$i5ts ?or\ghly4 ,cakes1 except ^? conta9+ v little moi/ure & mu* fat1 su* z ,jumbles or ,p\nd ,cake1 c be made satisfactorily by add+ melt$ fat4 ,x has be5 e/imat$ t half z mu* "t is requir$ = mix+ a cake 9 :i* melt$ fat is us$ z "o 9 :i* ! fat is cream$4 ,x has be5 f\nd ,footnote #aad3 ,see ,j\rnal ,home ,economics1 ,vol4 ,x1 pp4 #edb-g1 ,decemb]1 #aiah4 t ! am\nt ( mix+ & ! prep>ation ( +r$i5ts 9 a cake are mu* m important factors ?an ! mann] ( comb9+ ! +r$i5ts4 ,too little beat+ makes a cake ( co>se1 crumbly mixture4 ,too mu* beat+ makes x compact 9 texture ) tunnels ?r\gh x4 ,,prep>+ ,,! ,,pans ,,= ,,cakes ,,conta9+ ,,fat4--,! pans = cakes t conta9 fat %\ld be well oil$4 ,x is well to l9e ! pans ) pap] & to oil ! pap] ?or\ghly1 or to oil ! pans well & to spr9kle a little fl\r ov] !m be=e add+ ! cake batt]4 ,,bak+ ,,lay] ,,& ,,loaf ,,cakes4--,if a bit ( fl\r or :ite pap] is delicately br[n$ aft] be+ plac$ = #b m9utes 9 ! ov51 ! ov5 is ( prop] temp]ature = lay] cakes conta9+ fat4 ,= a loaf cake ! ov5 %\ld be cool]1 s9ce a long] "t = bak+ is requir$4 ,x is especially important t a cru/ does n =m ov] ! top ( a cake be=e ! cake has ris51 or be=e x has be5 9 ! ov5 "o f\r? ( ! "t requir$ 7see ,bak+ ,sponge ,cakes74 ,to avoid ?is1 ! temp]ature ( ! ov5 %\ld be q l[ :5 a ?ick loaf cake is fir/ plac$ 9 x4 ,"s h\sekeep]s f9d x mo/ satisfactory to cov] ! top ( a pan conta9+ loaf cake ) pap] until ! cake has ris54 ,9 g5]al1 lay] cakes require #bj to #ce m9utes = bak+ & loaf cakes f #dj m9utes to #a #a_/b h\rs4 ,%ortly aft] tak+ f ! ov51 cake conta9+ fat may be remov$ f ! pan1 & plac$ on a wire cake cool] or t[el until cold4 ,9 a heat-regulat$ ov51 bake lay] cakes at #cge degrees ,f41 & loaf cakes at #cej degrees ,f4 ,,! ,,quality ,,( ,,cake4--,desirable cake is t5d] & light1 b ( f9e gra94 ,! quantity ( eggs1 sug>1 fat1 & moi/ure affects ^! qualities4 ,too mu* sug> makes a cake ( co>se gra9 & ( waxy or t\gh texture4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a cake conta9+ too little sug> is n z f9e gra9$ z "o hav+ j en\gh4 ,a cake 9 :i* !re is too mu* fat is crisp or crumbly1--i4e4 x w n hold its %ape4 ,too little fat may make x t\gh 9 texture4 ,g5]ally ! m fat a cake conta9s ! small] ! quantity ( moi/ure ne$$4 ,note t ! ,"o-egg ,cake recipe conta9s #a cupful ( liquid1 b :5 ! fat is increas$ to #a_/b cupful1 ! moi/ure is decreas$ to #b_/c cupful 7see ,pla9 ,cake recipe74 ,_m eggs )\t a proportionate quantity ( fat & sug> produce a t\gh cake4 ,! t\ghness occasion$ by eggs1 may be (fset1 ( c\rse1 by ! t5d]ness produc$ by fat4 ,x is a mo/ int]e/+ /udy to comp>e cake recipes4 ,"s are well proportion$1 o!rs c\ld be greatly improv$ by v>iations 9 ! quantity ( +r$i5ts4 ,! flavor ( a cake is l>gely affect$ by ! proportion ( +r$i5ts 9 a cake4 ,= ! sake ( economy1 h[ev]1 c]ta9 +r$i5ts1 especially fat & eggs1 mu/ be decreas$ ev5 ?\gh texture1 gra91 & flavor are sacrific$4 ,! matt] ( :olesom5ess mu/ also be tak5 into consid]ation4 ,_m p]sons c eat ) com=t pla9 cakes1 i4e4 ^? conta9+ little fat & a mod]ate quantity ( sug>1 :ile ri* cakes di/ress !m4 ,,score ,,c>d ,,= ,,cake1--,,det]m9+ ,,its ,,quality ,flavor #dj ,lightness #bj ,gra9 & texture #ae ,bak+ 7cru/ & color7 #ae ,appe>ance 7%ape & ic+7 #aj --- ,total #ajj ,,que/ions ,h[ %\ld cake batt] be spread 9 ! pan to prev5t x f ris+ high] 9 ! c5t] ?an at ! edges8 ,:at is ! purpose ( plac+ ! w>m cake on a cake cool] or on a clo?8 ,m5tion "s sub/itute o!r ?an a clo? = a wire cake cool]4 ,:y n place ! w>m cake inv]t$ on ! cake cool]8 ,expla9 :y a hot cake %\ld n be plac$ 9 a cool place or 9 a draft4 ,:y /ore a cake 9 a tightly cov]$ t9 box8 ,give two reasons = ! crack+ ( ! cru/ ( a cake4 ,:at is ! effect ( us+ too mu* fat 9 a cake8 ,too mu* sug>8 ,too mu* moi/ure8 ,if ! quantity ( fat is increas$1 :at +r$i5t 9 a cake recipe %\ld be decreas$8 ,if ! numb] ( eggs 9 a cake is r$uc$1 :at +r$i5t %\ld be increas$8 ,,lesson ,,cxlv ,,cake ,,conta9+ ,,fat--,,pla9 ,,cake ,,& ,,its ,,modifications 7,a7 ,! ,conv5tional me?od ( mix+ cake is z foll[s3 ,cream ! fat2 !n gradually add ! sug>4 ,cream ! mixture4 ,add egg yolks t h be5 beat5 until light4 ,add ! flavor+4 ,!n add "s ( ! milk & "p ( ! dry +r$i5ts4 ,repeat until all ! milk & dry +r$i5ts h be5 add$4 ,beat ! mixture ?or\ghly4 ,cut & fold 9 ! :ites ( ! eggs quickly2 !n turn into oil$ pans4 ,bake lay] cakes at #cge degrees ,f41 & loaf cakes at #cej degrees ,f4 ,,pla9 ,,cake #b cupfuls fl\r #b teaspoonfuls bak+ p[d] #a_/b teaspoonful salt #b eggs #a cupful sug> #b_/c cupful liquid #a teaspoonful flavor+ #a_/d to #a_/b cupful fat ,mix accord+ to ! directions above or accord+ to ,me?od ( ,mix+ ,cake ,conta9+ ,fat4 ,comp>e ?is recipe ) t = ,"o-egg ,cake4 ,note t ! eggs & fat are increas$1 :ile ! bak+ p[d] & moi/ure are decreas$4 ,c y acc\nt = ^! v>iations8 ,,:ite ,,cake ,foll[ ! ,pla9 ,cake recipe1 us+ #d egg :ites in/ead ( #b eggs & ! great] quantity ( fat4 ,vanilla or almond flavor+ are pleas+ 9 ,:ite ,cake4 ,if almond extract is us$1 add only #a_/b teaspoonful4 ,:ite ,cake is mix$ accord+ to ! g5]al directions1 except1 ( c\rse1 t ! egg yolks are omitt$2 ! egg :ites are beat5 until /iff & fold$ into ! o!r +r$i5ts4 ,a *eap] b ta/y :ite cake may be made by foll[+ ! recipe = ,"o-egg ,cake & us+ #b egg :ites in/ead ( #a :ole egg4 ,,fre% ,,coconut ,,cake ,break op5 a fre% coconut1 save all ! milk & use x z "p ( ! liquid = a ,:ite ,cake4 ,add milk to ! milk ( coconut to make ! #b_/c cupful ( liquid 9 ! pla9 cake recipe4 ,prep>e a ,:ite ,cake 9 two lay]s4 ,,cake ,break ! coconut into pieces1 p>e ^! & put !m ?r\gh a food *opp] or grate !m4 ,prep>e ,boil$ ,fro/+4 ,:5 ! fro/+ is ready to spread on ! cake1 add ab\t #c_/d ( ! *opp$ coconut4 ,spread ! mixture on ! cake lay]s & spr9kle ! rema9d] ( ! coconut ov] ! fro/+ on ! top lay] ( ! cake4 ,a fre% coconut cake w keep moi/ = a week4 ,,wat] ,,fro/+ #a cupful confection]'s sug> #a tablespoonful hot wat]1 milk1 or cream ,salt #a tablespoonful lemon juice ,/ir ! hot wat] into ! sug> & add ! salt & lemon juice4 ,if too /iff1 add a little m boil+ wat]4 #c tablespoonfuls ( cocoa or #a ounce ( *ocolate may be mix$ ) #c tablespoonfuls ( wat]1 cook$ = a few m9utes1 & us$ 9 place ( ! moi/ure & lemon juice4 #a_/b teaspoonful ( vanilla %\ld be add$ :5 ^! mat]ials are us$4 ,:5 cocoa is us$ ! addition ( #a tablespoonful ( butt] improves ! flavor4 ,mo*a fro/+ may be made by mix+ ! cocoa or *ocolate ) /rong c(fee in/ead ( wat]4 ,,egg ,,fro/+ #a egg :ite #a tablespoonful lemon juice #a cupful confection]'s sug> ,salt ,put ! unbeat5 egg :ite into a b[l2 add ! lemon juice1 !n ! salt & sug>4 ,mix ?or\ghly4 ,spread on w>m cake4 ,! lemon juice may be omitt$1 & *ocolate 7or cocoa7 & vanilla add$1 z 9 ,wat] ,fro/+4 ,,gold ,,fro/+ #b egg yolks ,confection]'s sug> #a tablespoonful lemon juice or vanilla ,salt ,add ! flavor+ & salt to ! unbeat5 yolks4 ,add en\gh confection]'s sug> to ! mixture to make x ?ick en\gh to spread4 ,use on ,:ite ,cake :5 x is w>m4 ,,boil$ ,,fro/+ #c_/d to #a cupful sug> #a teaspoonful v9eg> #a teaspoonful flavor+ #a_/c cupful wat] #a egg :ite ,salt ,mix ! sug>1 wat]1 & v9eg> 9 a saucepan4 ,cook g5tly until ! sirup 7:5 dropp$ f a spoon7 sp9s a ?read #c in*es long4 ,remove f ! fire1 & gradually p\r ! sirup ov] ! egg :ite to :i* a p9* ( salt has be5 add$ & :i* has be5 beat5 /iff4 ,cont9ue to beat ! mixture2 :5 x beg9s to /iff51 add ! flavor+1 & spread ov] cool$ cake4 ,! less quantity ( sug> produces a m delicate & less d5se fro/+ ?an ! great] quantity4 ,,*ocolate-,,m>%mall[ ,,fro/+ #a cupful sug> #a_/d cupful boil+ wat] #a_/h teaspoonful salt #ab m>%mall[s #b ounces *ocolate #c tablespoonfuls wat] #a_/b teaspoonful vanilla ,9 a saucepan /ir ! sug>1 boil+ wat]1 & salt4 ,!n place ov] a l[ flame & heat until ! sug> is dissolv$4 ,cut ! m>%mall[s 9 halves1 add to ! sug> mixture1 & beat until ! m>%mall[s h melt$4 ,cut ! *ocolate 9 pieces & mix ) #c tablespoonfuls wat]4 ,/ir & cook ov] a l[ flame until a ?ick1 smoo? pa/e is =m$4 ,add to ! sug> mixture4 ,beat until ! fro/+ is ( prop] consi/5cy to spread1 !n /ir 9 ! vanilla4 ,,que/ions ,give ! reason = ! great] quantity ( fat 9 cake :5 egg yolks are omitt$4 ,if ! conv5tional me?od ( mix+ cake is foll[$1 :at c be done 9 cold wea!r to ha/5 ! cream+ ( fat8 ,:at is ! result ( insuffici5t cream+8 ,:y is ! cake mixture beat5 ?or\ghly be=e ! :ites ( eggs are add$8 ,:at is ! purpose ( cutt+ & fold+ 9 ! :ites ( eggs 9 ! cake mixture8 ,:at k9d ( fat %\ld be us$ = :ite cake8 ,:y8 ,:y use hot wat] r ?an cold wat] = ,wat] ,fro/+ 7see ,exp]im5t #aa78 ,:5 egg :ites alone are us$ 9 cake1 give at lea/ ?ree uses = ! yolks ( ! eggs4 ,:y is ,egg ,fro/+ us$ on w>m cake1 r ?an on cold8 ,:at is ! use ( v9eg> 9 ,boil$ ,fro/+ 7see ,*ri/mas ,c&y78 ,:y %\ld ! :ite ( egg be beat5 :ile ! hot sirup is be+ p\r$ ov] x8 ,,lesson ,,cxlvi ,,cake ,,conta9+ ,,fat--,,pla9 ,,cake ,,& ,,its ,,modifications 7,b7 ,,*ocolate ,,cake #b cupfuls fl\r #c teaspoonfuls bak+ p[d] #a_/b to #a teaspoonful salt #b ounces *ocolate or #a_/c cupful cocoa #a_/b cupful wat] #a_/d teaspoonful bak+ soda #b eggs #a #a_/b cupfuls sug> #a_/b cupful milk #a teaspoonful vanilla #a_/c cupful fat ,cook ! *ocolate or cocoa 9 ! wat] until a smoo? pa/e is =m$1 /irr+ con/antly :ile cook+4 ,cool1 & add ! bak+ soda4 ,beat ! egg yolks & :ites sep>ately4 ,mix z pla9 cake1 add+ ! *ocolate mixture aft] ! egg yolks h be5 mix$ ) ! sug>4 ,use ! less quantity ( salt if butt] is us$ = ! fat4 ,bake 9 lay]s at #cge degrees ,f41 plac+ ,*ocolate ,fill+ betwe5 ! lay]s & ,boil$ ,fro/+ on ! top lay]4 ,s\r milk may be sub/itut$ = ! sweet milk4 ,:5 ?is is done1 increase ! bak+ soda to #a_/b teaspoonful & decrease ! bak+ p[d] to #b teaspoonfuls4 ,bak+ soda is us$ ) *ocolate to neutralize a small quantity ( acid 7t>t>ic7 conta9$ 9 x4 ,its use ) *ocolate w also d>k5 ! cake4 ,,*ocolate ,,fill+ #a_/b cupful sug> #a_/c cupful fl\r #a cupful milk #a ounce *ocolate #c tablespoonfuls wat] #a_/d teaspoonful salt #a egg yolk #a teaspoonful vanilla ,mix all +r$i5ts except ! egg yolk & flavor+ 9 ! same mann] z ,*ocolate ,corn-/>* ,pudd+4 ,:5 suffici5tly cook$1 add ! egg yolk z direct$ = ,butt]scot* ,tapioca4 ,cont9ue cook+ until ! egg is coagulat$4 ,remove f ! fire1 cool1 add vanilla4 #c tablespoonfuls ( cocoa may be sub/itut$ = ! *ocolate4 ,:5 ?is sub/itution is made1 mix ! cocoa ) ! fl\r & sug> & omit ! wat]4 ,! egg yolk may be omitt$4 ,:5 ?is is done add #a_/b tablespoonful ( corn-/>* to ! fl\r & sug> mixture4 ,comp>e ! recipes = *ocolate & pla9 cake4 ,h[ d y acc\nt = ! diff]5ce 9 ! quantities ( sug> 7see ,*ocolate ,corn-/>* ,pudd+78 ,does ! wat] us$ = mak+ ! *ocolate pa/e *ange 9 quantity dur+ ! cook+8 ,expla94 ,:at +r$i5t d bo? *ocolate & cocoa conta9 :i* aids 9 ?ick5+ ! cake8 ,f ?is c y acc\nt = ! great] quantity ( moi/ure us$ 9 ,*ocolate ,cake8 ,w\ld x be advisable to use a great] quantity ( fat 7#a_/b cupful7 = ,*ocolate ,cake8 ,:y8 ,,nut ,,cake ,foll[ ! recipe = ,pla9 ,cake1 use ! small] quantity ( fat1 & add #a cupful ( *opp$ nuts4 ,a conv5i5t way ( *opp+ nuts is to put !m ?r\gh ! food *opp]1 us+ ! co>se knife4 ,,cake ,,conta9+ ,,fruit ,foll[ ! recipe = ,pla9 ,cake1 b add #a cupful ( rais9s or currants4 ,clean ! fruit1 !n dry1 & spr9kle x ) fl\r4 ,rais9s may be *opp$1 or cut 9 two pieces 7see ,to ,prep>e ,rais9s = ,cook+74 ,citron may also be add$4 ,x %\ld be cut 9 ?9 slices or put ?r\gh ! food *opp]4 ,:5 light br[n sug> is us$ in/ead ( :ite sug>1 dates make a pleas+ addition4 ,^! %\ld be clean$1 /on$1 cut into pieces1 & add$ z are ! rais9s or currants4 ,spices give pleas+ flavor :5 dri$ fruits are us$4 #a teaspoonful ea* ( c9namon & nutmeg & #a_/h teaspoonful ( cloves make desirable flavor+4 ,,que/ions ,m5tion ! k9ds ( fat t c\ld be us$ = spice cakes & = ,*ocolate ,cake4 ,give ! reason = ! selection made4 ,f ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,bullet9 #bh1 tabulate ! p]c5tage composition ( "s common nuts4 ,( *ocolate & cocoa4 ,expla9 :y ! m9imum quantity ( fat %\ld be us$ = ,nut ,cake4 ,:y are ! dri$ fruits fl\r$8 ,:y are nuts n fl\r$8 ,comp>e cakes made ) ! lea/ & ! greate/ quantity ( fat4 ,:i* is ! m t5d]8 ,:i* has ! bett] ta/e8 ,calculate ! co/ p] p\nd ( ,sponge ,cake4 ,calculate ! co/ p] p\nd ( cake conta9+ fat 7see ,pla9 ,cake74 ,,lesson ,,cxlvii ,,cake ,,conta9+ ,,fat--,,cookies ,,classes ,,( ,,cookies4--,cooky mixture may be ?9 l a drop batt] & dropp$ by spoonfuls on to a pan or x may be ab\t z /iff z a s(t d\gh & roll$ & !n cut into r\nds or o!r %apes4 ,h5ce cookies may be classifi$ z3 7#a7 ,drop ,cookies4 7#b7 ,cut or ,roll$ ,cookies4 ,,texture ,,( ,,cookies4--,drop cookies may or may n conta9 fat4 ,cut or roll$ cookies usually conta9 fat4 ,s9ce a d\gh is prep>$ 9 mak+ ! latt] k9d ( cookies1 fat is ne$$ to make ! mixture suffici5tly t5d]4 ,a d\gh conta9+ little or no fat usually produces a t\gh cut cooky4 ,a skill$ cooky mak]1 h[ev]1 c secure a s(t cut cooky conta9+ little fat by mak+ a v s(t d\gh4 ,if crisp1 cut cookies are desir$1 ! d\gh %\ld be roll$ ?94 ,to secure s(t cookies roll ! d\gh to at lea/ #a_/d in* ?ickness4 ,if cookies conta9+ fat are /or$ 9 a tightly cov]$ box1 !y become s(t] aft] sev]al days4 ,,comp>e ! recipe = ,sug> ,cookies ) t = ,pla9 ,cake4 ,acc\nt = ! diff]5ce 9 ! quantity ( milk4 ,expla9 :y ! quantity ( milk is decreas$ r ?an ! quantity ( fl\r increas$4 ,,sug> ,,cookies #b cupfuls fl\r #b teaspoonfuls bak+ p[d] #a_/b teaspoonful salt #a egg #a cupful sug> #a_/b cupful fat ,milk or wat] 7ab\t #c_/h cupful7 #a teaspoonful flavor+ or spice ,mix z = ,pla9 ,cake 7d n sep>ate ! eggs71 add+ j suffici5t milk to make ! d\gh /iff en\gh to be roll$ out4 ,put ! d\gh 9 a cool place to *ill4 ,roll out 9 small portions2 !n spr9kle ) sug>4 ,cut & bake at #cge degrees ,f4 #aj m9utes or until br[n$4 ,,s\r ,,milk ,,or ,,cream ,,cookies ,foll[ ! recipe = ,sug> ,cookies1 us+ #a_/b cupful ( ?ick s\r milk or cream 9 ! place ( sweet milk & add+ #a_/d teaspoonful ( bak+ soda4 ,if s\r cream is us$1 only #a_/c cupful 7in/ead ( #a_/b cupful7 ( fat is ne$$4 ,nutmeg--#a_/b teaspoonful--is a pleas+ flavor+ mat]ial = ^! cookies4 ,= ,g+] ,cookies1 v>y ! recipe = ,s\r ,cream ,cookies z foll[s3 ,use #a_/b cupful sug> & #a_/b cupful molasses in/ead ( #a cupful ( sug>4 ,increase ! bak+ soda to #a_/b teaspoonful4 ,= flavor+ use #a teaspoonful g+] & #a teaspoonful allspice4 ,s9ce ! molasses furni%es "s moi/ure1 x is usually necess>y to add m fl\r or decrease ! s\r milk or cream4 ,,cookies ,,) ,,rais9 ,,fill+ ,prep>e ,s\r ,cream ,cooky d\gh4 ,roll ! d\gh into a ?9 %eet & cut x into r\nds4 ,spread half ( ! r\nds ) a ?9 lay] ( ,rais9 ,fill+ 7see bel[74 ,!n cov] ea* r\nd ) ano!r piece ( d\gh4 ,press ! edges toge!r4 ,place on an oil$ bak+ %eet & bake 9 a mod]ate ov54 ,,rais9 ,,fill+ #a_/b cupful corn sirup #a cupful se$$ rais9s #a_/d teaspoonful salt ,cook ^! +r$i5ts until ! mixture is ?ick en\gh to use z cake fill+4 ,"o f\r? cupful ( *opp$ nuts may be add$4 ,"o egg may also be add$ to ! mixture j be=e remov+ f ! fire4 ,,peanut ,,butt] ,,cookies #b #a_/b cupfuls fl\r #c teaspoonfuls bak+ p[d] #a_/b teaspoonful bak+ soda #a_/b teaspoonful salt #a egg #a cupful sug> #c_/d cupful peanut butt] #a cupful s\r milk ,mix & bake z ,sug> ,cookies4 ,x is especially necess>y to make ! d\gh = ^! cookies v s(t4 ,x requires skilful h&l+4 ,,corn-,,meal ,,cookies #a_/b cupful melt$ fat #a_/b cupful molasses #a_/b cupful corn sirup #a egg #f tablespoonfuls s\r milk #a_/b teaspoonful bak+ soda #b teaspoonfuls bak+ p[d] #b cupfuls corn-meal #a cupful :eat fl\r #a_/b teaspoonful salt ,comb9e ! melt$ fat1 molasses1 sirup1 beat5 egg1 & milk4 ,sift ! dry +r$i5ts & comb9e ) ! liquid4 ,drop f a teaspoon on to a greas$ pan & bake 9 a mod]ate ov5 7#cge degrees ,f47 = #ae m9utes4 ,?is makes #ee to #fj cookies ab\t #b in*es 9 diamet]4 7,adapt$ f ,unit$ ,/ates ,food ,adm9i/ration ,bullet947 ,,que/ions ,h[ does ! me?od ( prep>+ cooky mixture diff] f t ( prep>+ cake mixture8 ,:y %\ld cooky d\gh be *ill$ be=e roll+ out8 ,:at c be done to ! cooky cutt] to prev5t x f /ick+8 ,:y is less fat requir$ = ,s\r ,cream ?an = ,s\r ,milk ,cookies 7see ,figure #fd78 ,f ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,bullet9 ,no4 #bh1 f9d ! p] c5t ( fat 9 peanut butt]4 ,:at is ! p] c5t ( fat 9 butt] 7see ,figure #fc78 ,if butt] 7 sub/itut$ = peanut butt] 9 ,peanut ,butt] ,cookies1 h[ mu* w\ld be ne$$ to furni% ! same quantity ( fat8 ,,lesson ,,cxlviii ,,cakes ,,)\t ,,eggs ,,omitt+ ,,eggs ,,9 ,,cake4--,x 0 previ\sly /at$ t #b teaspoonfuls ( bak+ p[d] are requir$ to leav5 #a cupful ( fl\r :5 no eggs are us$4 ,! /atem5t 0 also made t ! quantity ( bak+ p[d] is r$uc$ :5 eggs are us$4 ,h5ce cakes made ) eggs require less ?an ! proportionate quantity ( leav5+ giv5 above4 ,:5 eggs are omitt$ 9 a cake1 x is necess>y to use #b teaspoonfuls ( bak+ p[d] 7or its equival5t7 = ea* cupful ( fl\r4 ,! flavor ( cakes is usually improv$ :5 eggs are us$4 ,9 eggless cakes1 x is advisable to use spices or o!r mat]ials ( pron\nc$ flavor4 ,s9ce eggs are highly nutriti\s1 _! omission 9 cake decreases consid]ably ! food value ( ! cake4 ,leav5s & flavor+ mat]ials 7except *ocolate7 us$ 9 eggless cakes h practically no food value4 ,,apple ,,sauce ,,cake #b cupfuls fl\r #a_/h teaspoonful cloves #a #a_/b teaspoonfuls c9namon #a teaspoonful nutmeg #a teaspoonful bak+ soda #a_/d teaspoonful salt #a cupful sug> #a cupful apple sauce 7unsweet5$7 #a_/c cupful fat #a cupful rais9s1 cut 9 halves ,mix ! sug> & apple sauce2 add ! fat4 ,mix ! dry +r$i5ts4 ,?r\gh a sift]1 add !m to ! apple sauce mixture4 ,fl\r ! rais9s & /ir !m into ! batt]4 ,turn into a greas$ loaf-cake pan or into two lay]-cake pans4 ,bake 9 a mod]ate ov5 7#cge degrees ,f474 ,if ! cake is bak$ 9 lay]s1 put ,rais9 ,fill+ betwe5 !m1 b omit ! rais9s 9 ! cake batt]4 ,,*ocolate ,,cake #b cupfuls fl\r #b teaspoonfuls bak+ p[d] #a teaspoonful salt #a_/c cupful cocoa #a_/c cupful wat] #a_/d cupful fat #a_/b teaspoonful bak+ soda #a cupful sug> #c_/d cupful s\r milk #a teaspoonful vanilla ,mix ! cocoa & wat]4 ,/ir & cook until a ?ick smoo? pa/e is =m$4 ,add ! fat4 ,if solid fat is us$ /ir until x is melt$4 ,set aside to cool4 ,add ! bak+ soda & mix well4 ,!n add ! sug> & s\r milk4 ,?r\gh a sift]1 add ! dry +r$i5ts4 ,!n add ! vanilla4 ,beat well4 ,bake 9 two lay]s 7#cge degrees ,f47 or 9 "o %eet 7#cej degrees ,f474 ,use fro/+ or ,*ocolate ,fill+ made )\t eggs betwe5 ! lay]s & fro/+ on ! top lay]4 ,if x is desir$ to save sug>1 a ?9 lay] ( ,*ocolate ,fill+ may be us$ betwe5 ! lay]s & on ! top lay]4 ,,spice ,,cake #a cupful br[n sug> #a_/d cupful molasses #a cupful se$$ rais9s #c_/d cupful wat] #a_/b cupful fat #a_/b teaspoonful salt #a teaspoonful nutmeg #b teaspoonfuls c9namon #a_/h teaspoonful cloves #b #a_/b cupfuls fl\r #a_/d teaspoonful bak+ soda #c #a_/b teaspoonfuls bak+ p[d] ,9 a saucepan mix all ! +r$i5ts except fl\r & leav5+ mat]ials4 ,/ir & cook ! mixture at boil+ temp]ature = #c m9utes4 ,set aside to cool4 ,?r\gh a sift]1 add ! leav5+ mat]ials & fl\r4 ,beat well4 ,turn into an oil$ loaf-cake pan & bake 9 a mod]ate ov5 7#cej degrees ,f47 f #de to #fj m9utes4 ,*opp$ nuts--#a_/b cupful--may be add$ to ?is cake4 ,?is addition1 h[ev]1 increases ! co/4 ,= economy ! rais9s may be omitt$4 ,,note4--,v>i\s *anges occur :5 c]ta9 ( ! +r$i5ts ( ?is cake are cook$1 viz41 7a7 ,! sug> is dissolv$ 7b7 ,! rais9s are s(t5$ 7c7 ,! fat is melt$ 7d7 ,! spices are improv$ 9 flavor4 ,,que/ions ,:at mat]ials 9 ,apple ,sauce ,cake leav5 x8 ,:at +r$i5t usually pres5t 9 cake recipes is omitt$ 9 ?is cake8 ,:at takes ! place ( ?is +r$i5t8 ,9 ,*ocolate ,cake1 h[ mu* bak+ soda is requir$ to neutralize ! acid ( ! s\r milk8 ,= :at purpose is ! additional quantity us$8 ,:at is ! purpose ( cook+ ! cocoa & wat] 7see ,cocoa & ,*ocolate78 ,det]m9e ! diff]5ce 9 ! co/ ( ,*ocolate ,cake ) & )\t eggs4 ,:at +r$i5t 9 ,spice ,cake conta9s a small quantity ( acid8 ,expla9 :y bak+ soda is an +r$i5t ( ?is +r$i5t4 ,:y %\ld ! cook$ mixture ( ,spice ,cake be cool be=e ! rema9+ +r$i5ts are add$8 ,,relat$ ,,"w ,,lesson ,,cxlix ,,! ,,lun*eon ,,box ,! lun*eon box mo/ commonly us$ is ( pa/ebo>d or t94 ,bo? ^! mat]ials h advantages & disadvantages4 ,bread & cake are prev5t$ f dry+ out :5 plac$ 9 a tightly cov]$ t9 box4 ,on ! o!r h&1 food odors are reta9$ & "o pron\nc$ odor may p]meate all ( ! foods4 ,b s9ce dry bread is unpalatable1 ! t9 box is consid]$ m satisfactory4 ,x %\ld be kept clean & free f odors1 %\ld be empti$ ( its cont5ts e day1 wa%$ 7scald$ (t571 & all[$ to rema9 op5 all night4 ,! collapsible box is ! mo/ conv5i5t4 ,= mo/ lun*es1 a teaspoon1 jelly glass1 & 9 "s cases a dr9k+ cup are all ! di%es ne$$4 ,! jelly glass may s]ve = _m purposes4 ,cup cu/>d may be /eam$ or bak$ 9 x1 or x makes an admirable mold = an individual /eam pudd+4 ,small fruits & fruit sauces may also be c>ri$ 9 jelly glasses4 ,,m5u ,,mak+ ,,= ,,! ,,lun*eon ,,box4--,a lun*eon box may be made a s\rce ( pleasure to ! s*ool *ild or ev]yday work]4 ,to br+ ?is ab\t1 ! foods mu/ be v>i$ on successive days4 ,x is n necess>y t ea* lun*eon consi/ ( v>i\s foods4 ,inde$1 _m k9ds ( food or foods 9 great quantity are n desirable = a *ild :o sits quietly at /udy mu* ( ! day or = a p]son ( s$5t>y occupation4 ,x is bo? possible & necess>y1 h[ev]1--if ! lun*eon box is n to become monoton\s1--to h diff]5t foods = ea* day ( ! week4 ,z 9 any meal1 all ( ! food/uffs %\ld be repres5t$ 9 ! food ( a lun*eon box4 ,,foods ,,= ,,! ,,lun*eon ,,box4--7#a7 ,s&wi*es4--,bread is ! basis ( almo/ all box lun*eons4 ,s9ce s&wi*es furni% ! mo/ conv5i5t way ( c>ry+ foods t are to be eat5 ) bread1 !y inv>iably =m a "p ( e lun*eon4 ,because !y are us$ s frequ5tly !y %\ld be v>i$4 ,diff]5t k9ds ( bread1 su* z graham1 ,bo/on br[n1 & nut bread1 may be us$4 ,v>iety may be _h by s]v+ bread sometimes 9 ! =m ( muff9s or rolls4 ,! slices ( bread may be cut ?9 or ?ick to suit ! appetite ( ! eat]4 ,x is (t5 desirable to leave ! cru/s on ! bread4 ,butt] %\ld be cream$ be=e spread+ x on ! bread4 ,if ! s&wi*es are to be cut extremely ?91 spread ! bread be=e cutt+ x into slices4 ,if s&wi*es are prep>$ "s "t be=e !y are s]v$1 !y c be kept moi/ by wrapp+ 9 a dry t[el1 cov]$ ) a t[el wrung out ( hot wat]4 ,! fill+s = s&wi*es (f] _m v>iations4 ,!y may be divid$ into two classes1 season$ & sweet4 ,season$ fill+s may include meat1 eggs1 *eese1 vegetables4 ,if meat is us$1 x may be cut 9 slices1 or *opp$ & mix$ ) a sauce4 ,if slic$ meat is us$1 x is well to te> x into pieces4 7,?is applies also to lettuce47 ,if x is desir$ to less5 ! quantity ( meat 9 a diet1 ! meat %\ld be *opp$1 = x has be5 f\nd t only half z mu* meat is requir$ :5 x is *opp$ & mix$ ) a dress+4 ,ei!r ,salad ,dress+ or ,:ite ,sauce may be comb9$ ) meat4 ,a ,fr5* ,dress+ made ( vegetable oil1 lemon juice1 & season+s is bett]1 s f> z ease ( dige/ion is conc]n$1 ?an ,cream or ,boil$ ,salad ,dress+4 ,if oil is n palatable1 le>n to l x4 ,any ( ! season$ fill+s may be mix$ ) ,salad ,dress+4 ,slic$ tomatoes spread ) ,mayonnaise or ,cream ,salad ,dress+1 *opp$ peanuts mix$ ) salad dress+1 s>d9es or cold *ick5 ) lemon juice & paprika make ta/y s&wi* fill+s4 ,sweet fill+s = s&wi*es include3 pres]v$ or dri$ fruits1 bananas1 nuts4 ,s&wi*es made ) a sweet fill+ are mo/ popul> among *ildr54 ,"s ( !m make good sub/itutes = cake1 & are mu* m easily dige/$4 ,! dri$ fruits su* z dates1 figs1 & prunes1 cook$ & comb9$ ) bread & butt]1 make excell5t foods4 ,! gr[+ *ild is apt to become anemic4 ,s9ce prunes conta9 iron1 !y %\ld be frequ5tly us$ 9 *ildr5's diet4 ,cook$ prunes--se$$ & flavor$ ) lemon juice--make palatable s&wi*es1 especially :5 br[n bread is us$ or a few *opp$ nuts are add$4 ,breads conta9+ sug> or molasses are mo/ pleas+ :5 us$ ) a sweet fill+4 ,banana s&wi*es are mu* improv$ by ! addition ( lemon juice or ,salad ,dress+4 ,nuts are (t5 comb9$ ) bo? sweet & season$ mat]ials2 _! use gives opportunity = v>iety4 ,*opp$ rais9s & nuts may be moi/5$ ) grape juice & us$ z s&wi* fill+4 ,*opp$ dates1 apples1 & nuts mix$ ) salad dress+ make a pleas+ fill+4 ,cru%$ maple or br[n sug> mix$ ) cream or butt] & us$ ) :ole :eat bread is a favorite s&wi* among *ildr54 7#b7 ,reli%es4--,cel]y1 olives1 & radi%es s]ve z reli%es = ! lun*eon box4 ,cel]y & olives 7especially ^? /uff$ ) pim5tos or nuts7 are pleas+ z a s&wi* fill+4 ,mo/ reli%es1 h[ev]1 are m suitable = ! lun*eon box ( a mature p]son ?an = t ( a *ild4 7#c7 ,dess]ts4--,cake is a common con/itu5t ( ! lun*eon box4 ,n all cakes1 h[ev]1 are suitable = lun*eons4 ,= *ildr51 only ! pla9] cakes1 i4e4 ^? conta9+ little fat1 %\ld be us$4 ,pla9 cake & cookies1 sponge cake1 lady f+]s1 & g+]bread 7if n too highly spic$7 are also desirable = ! s*ool lun*eon4 ,cookies or cakes bak$ 9 muff9 pans are m suitable = pack+ ?an cut pieces ( cake4 ,mo/ fre% fruits c be easily pack$ 9 ! lun*eon box4 ,z has be5 m5tion$1 grapes1 ! small fruits su* z /rawb]ries & raspb]ries1 slic$ p9eapple1 or fruit sauces may be c>ri$ 9 jelly glasses4 ,cup cu/>ds & simple pudd+s may be us$ z dess]ts4 ,if a *ild is p]mitt$ to h sweets1 a little c&y may be plac$ 9 ! lun*eon box2 x is bett] = a *ild to h c&y at ! end ( a lun*eon ?an aft] s*ool 7see ,use ( ,c&y 9 ,diet74 ,,pack+ ,,! ,,lun*eon4--,neatness is an ess5tial 9 an invit+ lun*eon box4 ,all foods %\ld be wrapp$ sep>ately 9 p>aff9 pap]1 & plac$ neatly 9 ! box4 ,s9ce "s foods cru% readily1 x is n always possible to place ! foods to be eat5 fir/ on top1 b x is desirable to arrange ! foods s t n all ( !m w h to be remov$ be=e beg9n+ to eat ! lun*eon4 ,! pap] napk9 %\ld always be plac$ on top4 ,x is p]haps unnecess>y to say t foods %\ld n come 9 direct contact ) newspap]s or any pr9t$ matt]4 ,,"q ,plan m5us = five s*ool lun*eons1 mak+ !m z v>i$ z possible4 ,if y c>ry y\r lun*eon to s*ool1 foll[ ^! m5us 9 prep>+ y\r lun*eon box4 ,,lesson ,,cl ,,plann+ ,,& ,,prep>+ ,,box ,,lun*eons ,plan ,footnote #aae3 ,see ,footnote #gb4 box lun*eons4 ,make s&wi*es & o!r foods = ! lun*eon box4 ,fill "o or m lun*eon boxes accord+ to plans4 ,,lesson ,,cli ,,review--,,meal ,,cook+ ,,m5u ,cake 7= ,cottage ,pudd+7 ,vanilla ,sauce ,cocoa ,see ,lesson ,,xiv = sugge/ions reg>d+ ! prep>ation ( ! lesson4 ,,lesson ,,clii ,,home ,,projects ,footnote #aaf3 ,see ,lesson ,,ix ,,sugge/ions ,,= ,,home ,,"w4--,bake cake or cookies at lea/ once a week4 ,if eggs are high 9 price1 bake cake )\t eggs or bake ,"o-egg ,cake4 ,,sugge/$ ,,aims3 7#a7 ,to improve ! quality ( cake4 ,z sugge/$ 9 a previ\s ,home ,project1 score y\r product1 det]m9e ! cause ( any undesirable quality1 & !n avoid y\r error at ! next bak+4 7#b7 ,to comp>e homemade & bak]'s cake4 ,det]m9e ! weight & co/ ( homemade & bak]'s cake4 ,comp>e l k9ds ( cake1 i4e4 pla91 *ocolate1 etc4 ,compute ! co/ p] p\nd ( ea*4 ,if possible comp>e ! flavor1 gra91 & texture ( ea*4 ,:at are ! advantages ( homemade ov] bak]'s cake8 ,,division ,,fifte5 ,,pa/ry ,,lesson ,,cliii ,,pie ,,) ,,"u ,,cru/ ,,pa/ry4--,good pa/ry is3 7a7 light1 7b7 flaky or friable1 & 7c7 t5d]4 ,! lightness ( pa/ry is l>gely dep5d5t ^u ! temp]ature ( ! +r$i5ts4 ,all ! mat]ials %\ld be cold1 s t ! expansion 9 bak+ may be z great z possible4 ,9 ord] to keep ! +r$i5ts cold & ! fats solid1 a knife 7in/ead ( ! f+]s7 %\ld be us$ 9 mix+4 ,x is well to *ill pa/ry by plac+ x on ! ice be=e roll+ out4 ,! lightness ( pa/ry is dep5d5t some:at ^u quick & deft manipulations4 ,a little bak+ p[d] also increases ! lightness ( pa/ry4 ,flaky pa/ry results :5 ! +r$i5ts are mix$ s z to =m lay]s4 ,to accompli% ?is1 solid fat is us$ & x is n cut f9e into ! dry +r$i5ts1 b is left 9 pieces4 ,?us1 :5 roll$1 !re are lay]s ( fl\r & fat4 ,pa/ry is sometimes made by cutt+ "p ( ! fat into ! fl\r mixture1 !n moi/5+ & roll+ x out2 add+ ! rema9d] ( ! fat 9 small bits1 fold+ & roll+ out aga94 ,friable pa/ry usually results :5 oil is us$ in/ead ( solid fat4 ,! foll[+ fats may be us$ alone or 9 comb9ation3 butt]1 oleom>g>9e1 l>d1 vegetable oil or fat1 l>d sub/itutes4 ,to make pa/ry t5d] & n t\gh1 ! lea/ possible moi/ure %\ld be us$4 ,! quantity ( fat us$ also det]m9es its t5d]ness4 ,! m fat us$1 ! less ! am\nt ( wat] requir$4 ,less moi/ure is requir$ :5 oil r ?an solid fat is us$4 ,= ?is reason1 _m p]sons c produce m t5d] pa/ry by us+ a cook+ oil4 ,! fact t ! moi/ure is decreas$ :5 oil is us$ may also acc\nt = ! decreas$ quantity ( oil giv5 9 ! recipe = pa/ry4 ,less oil ?an solid fat w produce ! same degree ( t5d]ness1 provid$ less wat] is us$4 ,,pie ,,) ,,! ,,"u ,,cru/4--,pa/ry is some:at difficult ( dige/ion2 b a cru/ t is brittle & easily crumbl$ is m readily dige/$ ?an "o t is moi/ & pa/y4 ,pie cru/ %\ld crumble z f9ely z a crack]4 ,to prev5t moi/ & pa/y pie cru/1 x is advisable to bake "o cru/ pie4 ,if an "u cru/ only is us$1 x %\ld be bak$ be=e add+ ! fill+4 ,! fill+ %\ld be cook$ & sweet5$ be=e add+ x to ! cru/4 ,,pla9 ,,pa/ry 7#b cru/s7 #a #a_/b cupfuls fl\r #a teaspoonful bak+ p[d] #a_/b teaspoonful salt #a_/d to #a_/b cupful fat or #a_/f to #a_/c cupful oil ,ice wat] ,mix ! dry +r$i5ts1 cut 9 ! fat slightly2 !n add j en\gh wat] to hold ! +r$i5ts toge!r4 ,*ill2 !n roll out 7"o cru/ at a "t74 ,pa/ry %\ld be bak$ 9 a hot ov54 ,a pa/ry %ell conta9+ no fill+ %\ld be bak$ at #djj degrees ,f41 = #ae to #bj m9utes4 ,bake a "o cru/ pie on ! outside ( a pie pan2 x %\ld be prick$ ) a =k be=e bak+4 ,! pa/ry trimm+s %\ld be utiliz$4 ,!y may be made into t>ts or *eese /raws4 ,,lemon ,,pie #c tablespoonfuls fl\r #c tablespoonfuls corn-/>* #a cupful sug> #b cupfuls boil+ wat] #b egg yolks ,juice & grat$ r9d ( #a lemon #a tablespoonful butt] #a_/d teaspoonful salt ,,m]+ue #b egg :ites #b tablespoonfuls p[d]$ sug> ,mix ! sug>1 fl\r1 & corn-/>*1 add ! boil+ wat]4 ,/ir & cook on ! back ( ! range1 or ov] an asbe/os mat1 = #ae m9utes4 ,add ! egg yolks & cook at simm]+ temp]ature1 until ! eggs ?ick54 ,add ! rema9+ +r$i5ts4 ,cool & place 9 a bak$ cru/4 ,cov] ) a m]+ue4 ,bake until ! m]+ue is a light br[n1 i4e4 at #cjj degrees ,f41 #aj to #ae m9utes4 ,note t ! lemon is add$ to ! mixture aft] cook+4 ,cook+ a />*y mat]ial ) a small am\nt ( acid1 dextr9izes ! />*4 ,s9ce dextr9 has less ?ick5+ p[] ?an />*1 ! />* mixture w\ld become ?9n] if cook$ = "s "t ) lemon4 ,,score ,,c>d ,,= ,,pie1--,,det]m9+ ,,its ,,quality ,flavor #cj ,t5d]ness #bj ,lightness #aj ,flak9ess #aj ,appe>ance 7color & ?ickness7 #aj ,fill+ 7flavor & consi/5cy7 #bj --- ,total #ajj ,,que/ions ,:y %\ld n ! f+]s be us$ to mix ! fat ) ! dry +r$i5ts 9 pa/ry mak+8 ,:y is x easi] to roll out pa/ry1 if x has be5 *ill$ aft] mix+8 ,:y %\ld a l[] cru/1 :5 us$ alone1 be bak$ be=e add+ ! fill+8 ,:at is ! purpose ( prick+ ! l[] cru/ ) a =k be=e bak+8 ,comp>e ! fill+ = ,lemon ,pie ) t = ,cream ,puffs4 ,h[ d !y diff] 9 moi/ure1 me?od ( prep>ation1 & l5g? ( "t 9 cook+8 ,give ! reason = ^! diff]5ces4 ,f ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,bullet9 ,no4 #bh1 tabulate ! p]c5tage composition ( butt] 7see ,figure #fc71 oleom>g>9e1 l>d1 l>d sub/itute1 & vegetable oil4 ,:at is ! price p] p\nd ( ea*8 ,:i* furni%es m fat1--a p\nd ( butt] or a p\nd ( l>d8 ,if l>d1 l>d sub/itute1 or vegetable oil 7 sub/itut$ = butt] 9 a cake or o!r quick bread1 %\ld ! same quantity be us$8 ,expla94 ,,lesson ,,cliv ,,pies ,,) ,,upp] ,,cru/ ,,dige/ion ,,( ,,pa/ry4--,z previ\sly m5tion$ 7see ,fry+ & ,dige/ion71 :5 fats are heat$ to a high temp]ature1 !y decompose4 ,! products ( ?is decomposition are less readily dige/$ ?an is fat be=e x is decompos$4 ,h5ce 9 fri$ foods1 ! fat is made some:at indige/ible4 ,?us x is mu* bett] to spread uncook$ fat ov] hot potatoes ?an to comb9e ! two foods by fry+ ! potatoes4 ,fat is ! mo/ sl[ly dige/$ ( all food/uffs4 ,h5ce a comb9ation ( fat & c>bohydrates is m sl[ly dige/$ ?an c>bohydrate4 ,= ?is reason1 foods consi/+ ( fat & fl\r su* z pa/ry may rema9 9 ! dige/ive tract = a long "t & cause di/urbances4 ,di/ress+ effects are less likely to result1 h[ev]1 :5 a p]son's "w is out ( doors4 ,s9ce fatty foods rema9 9 ! /oma* long] ?an o!rs1 !y may s]ve to allay ! feel+ ( hung] :i* is caus$ by ! contract+ ( an empty /oma*4 ,,pie ,,) ,,! ,,upp] ,,cru/4--,9 ! previ\s lesson 7see ,pie ) ,"u ,cru/71 x 0 m5tion$ t pa/y pie cru/ 0 n readily dige/$4 ,= ?is reason1 fre% fruit pie may be made ) an upp] cru/ only4 ,su* pie %\ld be bak$ 9 a pan ( granite1 glass1 or simil> mat]ial4 ,! fruit is plac$ 9 ! pie pan1 !n a half-in* /rip ( pa/ry is plac$ ov] ! rim ( ! pie pan2 ! /rip is moi/5$ & ! cru/ plac$ ov] ! top4 ,! /rip ( pa/ry & ! upp] cru/ are press$ toge!r1 !n ! edges ( ! latt] are trimm$4 ,! upp] cru/ %\ld be cut 9 sev]al places = ! escape ( /eam4 ,,rhub>b ,,pie #b cupfuls rhub>b1 cut 9 small pieces #a egg #d tablespoonfuls fl\r #a cupful sug> ,salt ,lemon r9d ,mix ! sug>1 salt1 lemon r9d1 & fl\r2 beat ! egg4 ,add ! rhub>b & fl\r mixture to ! egg4 ,turn into an e>!nw>e di% or a granite pan1 & cov] ) pa/ry z direct$ above4 ,bake until ! rhub>b is t5d] & ! cru/ is br[n1 i4e4 at #dbe degrees ,f41 #ce to #de m9utes4 ,rhub>b conta9s su* a l>ge p]c5tage ( moi/ure t x is well to use b "o cru/4 ,,que/ions ,expla9 :y x is t bak$ potatoes & butt] are m readily dige/$ ?an fri$ potatoes4 ,:at is ! advantage ( us+ only a top cru/ = fre% fruit pie8 ,:at is ! purpose ( egg & fl\r 9 ,rhub>b ,pie8 ,:y is x desirable to use ^! +r$i5ts ) rhub>b8 ,:y %\ld ! fl\r 9 ,rhub>b ,pie be mix$ ) sug>8 ,h[ mu* wat] is !re 9 apples & rhub>b 7see ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,bullet9 ,no4 #bh & ,figure #gj78 ,,lesson ,,clv ,,two-,,cru/ ,,pies ,,two ,,cru/s4--,if bo? upp] & l[] cru/s are us$ 9 mak+ a pie1 ! l[] cru/ %\ld be plac$ inside ! pan4 ,! fill+ %\ld be add$1 ! edge ( ! cru/ moi/5$1 & ! upp] cru/ plac$ ov] ! pie & press$ ar\nd ! edges4 ,!n ! edges %\ld be trimm$4 ,z 0 m5tion$ be=e1 upp] cru/s %\ld always be cut 9 sev]al places = ! escape ( /eam4 ,sometimes a half-in* /rip ( pa/ry is plac$ ar\nd ! edge ( ! "u cru/ be=e plac+ ! upp] cru/4 ,?is is ?\ght to aid 9 prev5t+ ! escape ( ! moi/ure ( ! fill+4 ,,apple ,,pie ,cut #d or #e apples into slices1 & = ea* apple use #b tablespoonfuls 7or m7 ( sug>4 ,if ! apples are n juicy1 add f #a_/b to #a tablespoonful ( wat] = ea* apple4 ,flavor ) #a teaspoonful ea* ( lemon juice & r9d1 #a_/d teaspoonful c9namon or nutmeg1 & #a_/h teaspoonful salt4 ,l9e ! inside ( a pie pan ) pa/ry1 p\r 9 ! apple mixture4 ,add bits ( butt]1 & cov] ) pa/ry z direct$ above4 ,bake until ! apples are s(t & ! cru/ is br[n1 i4e4 at #dbe degrees ,f41 #ce to #de m9utes4 ,apple sauce may be us$ z a fill+ = a bak$ cru/4 ,su* a pie is sometimes cov]$ ) m]+ue or /rips ( pa/ry4 ,,fruit ,,pie ,,) ,,two ,,cru/s #b cupfuls fruit #a_/b to #a cupful sug> #c tablespoonfuls fl\r ,if ! fruit is fre%1 wa% & dra9 x well4 ,mix ! sug> & fl\r4 ,l9e ! inside ( a pie pan ) pa/ry1 add half ( ! sug> & fl\r mixture4 ,add ! fruit1 & !n ! rema9d] ( ! sug> & fl\r4 ,cov] ) a top cru/ accord+ to ! directions above4 ,,que/ions ,expla9 :y pie ) only "o cru/1 if prop]ly made1 is m desirable ?an t ) two cru/s 7see ,pie ) ,"u ,cru/74 ,:y %\ld fre% fruit1 = fruit pie ) two cru/s1 be well dra9$ aft] wa%+8 ,give ?ree ways ( prev5t+ ! juice f boil+ ov]1 9 a pie ) two cru/s4 ,comp>e pa/ry t is made ) l>d1 l>d sub/itutes1 vegetable oils & butt]1 z to ta/e1 appe>ance1 flak9ess or friability1 & t5d]ness4 ,,relat$ ,,"w ,,lesson ,,clvi ,,infant ,,fe$+ ,,p]fect ,,food ,,= ,,infants4--,nature 9 h] wisdom provides ideal food = ! infant1--"m's milk4 ,no p]fect sub/itute has be5 f\nd = x4 ,x is mo/ un=tunate :5 a *ild is d5i$ ?is food4 ,x has be5 f\nd ,footnote #aag3 ,see ,fe$+ ! ,family1 by ,m>y ,sw>tz ,rose1 ,ph4,d41 p4 #ih4 t babies f$ ) "m's milk are mu* less likely to contract disease & mu* m apt to gr[ to maturity4 ,a "m's milk is adapt$ to ! ne$s ( h] *ild4 ,x agrees ) ! infant & n\ri%es x well4 ,a practical advantage ( a heal?y "m's milk is t x is /]ile & ( ! prop] temp]ature4 ,,modifi$ ,,milk4--,9 case x is necess>y to give ! infant artificial diet1 ! greate/ c>e %\ld be tak5 to provide clean1 easily dige/$ food4 ,c['s milk is ! basis ( ! food g5]ally *os54 ,! way babies dige/ c['s milk %[s ! necessity ( *ang+ or modify+ x to meet ! ne$s ( an infant4 ,c['s milk is modifi$ sometimes by dilut+ x to make x dige/ easi] & add+ o!r +r$i5ts to x4 ,9 ord] to increase ! fuel value ( dilut$ milk1 c>bohydrate food ( "s soluble1 easily dige/$ k9d is add$4 ,sometimes gruel or c]eal wat] is us$ z "o ( ! con/itu5ts ( modifi$ milk4 ,=mulas = modifi$ milk v>y ) ! individual infant4 ,a physician %\ld be consult$ reg>d+ ! =mula = food = a baby4 7a7 ,ut5sils = measur+ & prep>+ ! +r$i5ts ( modifi$ milk %\ld be kept v clean4 ,be=e us+1 all glass & metal ut5sils us$ = measur+ & hold+ ! milk %\ld be cov]$ ) cold wat]1 !n ! wat] %\ld be heat$ & all[$ to boil = tw5ty m9utes4 ,j be=e us+ rubb] nipples1 place !m 9 boil+ wat] = a few m9utes4 ,aft] us+1 !y %\ld be r9s$ 9 cold wat] & !n c>efully wa%$ inside & out ) soap & wat]4 ,:5 n 9 use1 nipples %\ld be kept 9 a clean cov]$ j> or jelly glass4 7,! j> & cov] %\ld be /]iliz$ daily47 ,aft] us+ ! milk bottles 7h z _m bottles z !re are fe$+s a day71 r9se !m 9 cold wat]1 & !n fill !m ) wat] & add a p9* ( bak+ soda4 ,be=e fill+ ! bottle ) milk1 wa% ) soap & wat]--us+ a bottle bru%--& !n /]ilize 9 boil+ wat] = tw5ty m9utes 7z direct$ above74 ,bact]ia _c pass ?r\gh cotton1 h5ce x is us$ = /opp]+ ! fill$ milk bottles4 ,x %\ld be clean1 h[ev]4 ,pap] caps are also us$4 7b7 ,+r$i5ts4--7#a7 ,milk4--,! selection ( milk = an infant is an important consid]ation4 ,clean milk is mo/ ess5tial4 ,milk is consid]$ clean :5 x comes f dairy f>ms :]e clean milk]s "w "u sanit>y conditions1 approv$ by a m$ical milk commission 7see ,c>e ( ,milk74 ,su* milk conta9s few bact]ia & is call$ c]tifi$ milk4 ,?is is by f> ! safe/ milk = infant diet1 b x is exp5sive4 ,x usually co/s almo/ twice z mu* z ord9>y milk4 ,milk is pa/euriz$ comm]cially by heat+ x to #aej degrees ,f41 keep+ x at t temp]ature = ab\t ?irty m9utes1 & !n quickly cool+ x4 ,:ile pa/euriz+ kills mo/ ( ! disease-produc+ g]ms1 x does n de/roy all ! spores 7see ,microorganisms 9 the,spore ,=m74 ,! ta/e ( milk is n affect$ by pa/euriz+4 ,milk is /]iliz$--all g]m life de/roy$--by heat+ at #bab degrees ,f4 f "o to "o & "o half h\rs4 ,s9ce ! value ( milk z an infant food dep5ds ^u its cleanl9ess1 x is difficult to /ate j h[ old milk may be be=e x is unsafe = infant fe$+4 ,x is safe/ to use only fre% milk4 ,bact]ia 9 milk may develop s rapidly t x is unfit to use a few h\rs aft] x has be5 drawn f ! c[4 ,unless milk is c]tifi$1 x %\ld n be us$ 9 summ] aft] x is tw5ty-f\r h\rs old1 & 9 w9t]1 aft] x is =ty-eight h\rs old4 ,bottl$ milk %\ld be us$ = infants4 ,accord+ to mo/ plans = modify+ milk1 :ole milk is us$4 7#b7 ,sug>4--,sev]al k9ds ( sug> are us$ 9 modifi$ milk4 ,^! are3 ,milk sug> or lactose4 ,malt sug> comb9$ ) dextr9 or dextrimaltose4 ,granulat$ sug> or cane sug>4 ,! advice ( a physician %\ld be consult$ reg>d+ ! k9d ( sug> be/ suit$ to ! ne$s ( ! p>ticul> infant4 ,! fir/ two k9ds ( sug> c be obta9$ at a drug /ore4 ,granulat$ sug> is too sweet = g5]al use4 7#c7 ,wat] or ,c]eal ,wat]4--,if pla9 wat] is to be us$ ) milk1 x %\ld be boil$ be=e add+ to ! o!r +r$i5ts4 ,9 "s cases1 gruel or c]eal wat] is add$4 ,usually roll$ oats or b>ley fl\r is ! gra9 us$4 ,to prep>e ei!r ( ^! use3 #d tablespoonfuls roll$ oats or #c tablespoonfuls b>ley fl\r #a qu>t cold wat] ,mix & boil g5tly until ! mixture is r$uc$ to a p9t4 ,!n /ra9 ?r\gh a f9e wire /ra9] or musl94 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #hg4--;,graduat$ ,measure & ,dipp] = ,measur+ ! ,+r$i5ts ( ,modifi$ ,milk4 7c7 ,me?od ( ,mix+4--,measure ! sug>4 ,?is +r$i5t is usually measur$ 9 ounces1 tablespoonfuls1 or teaspoonfuls4 7#a #a_/b dipp]fuls 7,figure #hg7 ( milk sug> weigh #a ounce47 ,9 ! graduat$ measure 7,figure #hg71 measure ! wat] or c]eal wat] = dilut+ ! milk & dissolve ! sug> 9 x4 ,/ir ! mixture until ! sug> is completely dissolv$4 ,!n p\r x into ! mix+ pit*]4 ,measure ! milk 7& o!r +r$i5ts if requir$7 & p\r into pit*]4 ,mix ?or\ghly4 ,:ile /irr+1 turn ! prop] quantity ( food into z _m /]iliz$ bottles z are requir$ = a day's fe$+4 ,/opp] ) cotton or cap4 ,if ! milk us$ is c]tifi$1 place 9 a clean refrig]ator until us$ = fe$+4 ,if ! milk is n c]tifi$1 x may be pa/euriz$4 ,,pa/euriz+ ,,milk ,,at ,,home4--,place ! bottles ( milk 9 a wire basket4 ,!n place ! basket 9 a kettle4 ,p\r wat] 9 ! kettle s t ! wat] is a little high] outside ( ! bottles ?an ! surface ( ! milk inside4 ,heat ! wat] & let x boil = #e m9utes4 7,d n beg9 to c\nt ! "t until ! wat] rea*es ! boil+ po9t47 ,at once cool ! milk by all[+ a /ream ( cold wat] to displace ! hot wat]4 ,d n all[ ! cold wat] to run directly on ! hot bottles4 ,:5 ! milk is cool$1 place ! bottles imm$iately 9 a clean refrig]ator4 ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,milk ,,be=e ,,fe$+4--,at fe$+ "t1 milk %\ld be heat$ to ab\t #ih degrees ,f4 ,place ! bottle 9 a pan ( w>m wat]4 ,te/ ! milk = prop] temp]ature4 ,use ! me?od describ$ 9 ,junket ,cu/>d1 = te/+ ! temp]ature ( ! milk4 ,%ake ! bottle be=e fe$+4 ,,o!r ,,foods ,,giv5 ,,to ,,infants4--,9 addition to modifi$ milk1 boil$ wat] %\ld be giv5 to infants4 ,a few o!r foods--egg yolk or vegetable juices & orange juice--may (t5 be giv5 dur+ ! fir/ ye>4 ,! egg yolk %\ld be s(t-cook$4 ,?is food supplies iron & increases ! ,calorific value ( ! diet4 ,orange juice 7/ra9$ ?r\gh musl97 may be usually giv5 at five or six mon?s ( age4 ,x is especially necess>y to give orange juice to infants ^: milk is pa/euriz$ or /]iliz$4 ,its use prev5ts con/ipation & scurvy4 ,,en]gy ,,requirem5t ,,( ,,an ,,infant4--,! en]gy requirem5t ( an infant is great] ?an "o w\ld suppose4 ,gr[? & developm5t are go+ on at a rapid rate4 ,l ! adult1 a baby asleep ne$s en]gy to c>ry on ! involunt>y activities ( its body4 ,:5 awake su* muscul> activities z cry+1 kick+1 & ?r[+ ( arms require en]gy4 ,an infant's en]gy requirem5t is usually bas$ ^u its body weight4 ,accord+ to g5]ally accept$ /&>ds ,footnote #aah3 ,see ,fe$+ ! ,family1 by ,m>y ,sw>tz ,rose1 ,ph4,d41 p4 #ajc4 an infant's av]age en]gy requirem5t is3 #a/ to #c;d mon?s #ej ,calories p] p\nd p] day #d? to #f? mon?s #de ,calories p] p\nd p] day #g? to #i? mon?s #dj ,calories p] p\nd p] day #aj? to #ab? mon?s #ce ,calories p] p\nd p] day ,,quantity ,,( ,,food4--,:5 a baby mu/ be giv5 artificial food entirely or z a supplem5t to natural food1 x is safe/ & mo/ satisfactory to foll[ ! advice ( a physician4 ,x is said1 h[ev]1 t an infant requires an av]age ( #a #a_/b ounces ( milk p] day = e p\nd ( body weight4 ,aft] ! eigh? mon?1 ?is quantity ( milk is usually decreas$ fir/ to #a #a_/c & !n to #a #a_/d ounces = e p\nd ( body weight p] day4 ,! am\nt ( artificial food f\nd satisfactory = ! infant dur+ ! fir/ few mon?s ( its life is usually n suffici5t to yield z _m ,calories z giv5 9 ! table above4 ,b :ile ! baby is adju/+ itself to artificial fe$+1 x is especially necess>y t ! /oma* be n ov]tax$4 ,z ! infant develops1 ! quantity ( food c be increas$ & ! defici5cy made up lat]4 ,,que/ions ,def9e c]tifi$1 pa/euriz$1 /]iliz$1 modifi$1 & top milk4 ,give reasons = /]iliz+ ut5sils us$ = measur+ & hold+ milk4 ,9 prep>+ modifi$ milk :y is milk dilut$8 ,:y is sug> add$8 ,:at is ! price p] qu>t ( c]tifi$ milk8 ,,lesson ,,clvii ,,modify+ ,,milk ,modify c['s milk accord+ to a =mula secur$ f a physician or baby's disp5s>y4 ,pa/eurize milk4 ,,lesson ,,clviii ,,review--,,meal ,,cook+ ,,m5u ,bak$ ,sweet ,potatoes or ,scallop$ ,potatoes ,apple ,dumpl+ 7made ) pa/ry or biscuit d\gh7 ,see ,lesson ,,xiv1 = sugge/ions reg>d+ ! prep>ation ( ! lesson4 ,,lesson ,,clix ,,home ,,projects ,footnote #aai3 ,see ,lesson ,,ix4 ,,sugge/ions ,,= ,,home ,,"w4--,if pies are s]v$ 9 y\r home1 bake at lea/ "o pie a week4 ,9 case pies are n us$1 bake cake 9 :i* diff]5t quantities ( fat are us$4 ,,sugge/$ ,,aims3 7#a7 ,to comp>e ,"o- & ,two-cru/ ,pies4 ,prep>e ea* k9d4 ,det]m9e ! diff]5ce 9 co/1 "t ( prep>ation1 & quality ( ! cru/ ( ea*4 ,:i* k9ds ( pies d y consid] m successful 9 reg>d to quality8 ,:i* is *eap]8 ,:i* k9d meets ! approval ( o!r memb]s ( y\r home8 7#b7 ,to comp>e ,cake ,conta9+ ,little & ,mu* ,fat4 ,foll[ ! recipe = ,"o-egg or ,pla9 ,cake4 ,v>y ! quantity ( fat f #a_/h to #a_/b cupful4 ,make comp>isons reg>d+ co/1 texture1 gra91 & flavor4 ,:i* am\nt d y consid] mo/ successful f ! /&po9t ( texture1 gra91 & flavor8 ,,division ,,sixte5 ,,froz5 ,,dess]ts ,,lesson ,,clx ,,me?od ,,( ,,freez+--,,wat] ,,ice ,,exp]im5t #gi3 ,,mixtures ,,= ,,freez+4--,prep>e #b cupfuls ( crack$ ice4 ,place #a cupful ( ! crack$ ice 9 ea* ( two b[ls4 ,to "o b[l ( ice add #a_/c cupful ( rock salt1 & mix ?or\ghly4 ,ins]t !rmomet]s into bo? b[ls & note temp]ature4 ,:at effect does ! salt h ^u ! temp]ature ( ! ice8 ,all[ ! ice mixture to /& a few m9utes1 !n obs]ve ! diff]5ce 9 ! condition ( ! ice 9 ! two b[ls4 ,besides l[]+ ! temp]ature1 :at does ! salt d to ! ice8 ,,freez+ ,,) ,,ice ,,& ,,salt4--,:5 a solid sub/ance is *ang$ to a liquid1 heat is absorb$ f surr\nd+ mat]ials4 ,:5 solid ice liquefies1 heat is absorb$ f surr\nd+ mat]ials4 ,salt makes ice liquefy at a l[] temp]ature1 ?us absorb+ m heat f its surr\nd+s4 ,s9ce foods mu/ be cool$1 i4e4 heat drawn f !m1 9 ord] to freeze !m1 a mixture ( ice & salt r ?an ice is us$ 9 freez+4 ,if ice & salt surr\nd a t9 c conta9+ sub/ances to be froz51 f :at is ! heat absorb$ :5 ! ice is *ang$ to liquid =m8 ,expla9 :y x is t a mixture ( ice & salt1 r ?an ice alone1 is us$ to freeze a dess]t4 ,,conductors ,,( ,,heat4--,9 ,exp]im5t #b & 91 ,! ,pr9ciple ( ,fireless ,cook]y1 x is %[n t "s mat]ials are bett] conductors ( heat ?an o!rs4 ,:i* is a bett] conductor ( heat1 wood or metal8 ,expla9 :y x is t mo/ freez]s consi/ ( an inn] c ( metal & an out] bucket ( wood4 ,a few freez]s h an outside metal bucket4 ,su* freez+ devices h be5 f\nd m satisfactory :5 heavy pap] is ti$ ar\nd ! out] metal bucket4 ,,cool+ ,,by ,,evaporation4--,if a few drops ( alcohol1 e!r1 or gasol9e are p\r$ 9 ! palm ( ! h& & all[$ to evaporate1 ! h& feels cold4 ,dur+ evaporation1 ! liquid takes heat f ! h&4 ,:5 any liquid evaporates1 heat is absorb$ f surr\nd+ mat]ials4 ,wat] may be cool$ by plac+ x 9 a por\s j> & hang+ x 9 a breeze4 ,:5 !re is no ice1 ?is pr9ciple ( cool+ by ! rapid evaporation ( a liquid may be appli$ to ! cool+ ( butt] & o!r foods4 ,wrap butt] 9 an oil$ pap] & place x 9 a fl[] crock or any por\s j>4 ,place ! crock 9 a draft2 put a b[l ( wat] beside x4 ,wrap a wet clo? ab\t ! crock & place "o end ( x 9 ! b[l ( wat]4 ,! cont9u\s evaporation ( ! moi/ure keeps ! food cool4 ,,prep>+ ,,& ,,pack+ ,,! ,,freez]4--,scald ! c1 ! cov]1 & ! da%] ( ! freez]2 cool x be=e ! mixture t is to be froz5 is plac$ 9 x4 ,adju/ ! c c>efully 9 ! bucket2 put 9 ! da%]2 p\r 9 ! mixture1 cov]2 adju/ ! crank4 ,cru% ! ice = freez+ by plac+ x 9 a /rong bag & p\nd+ x ) a wood5 mallet4 ,mix ! ice ) rock salt 9 ! proportion giv5 bel[4 ,!n p\r ! ice & salt mixture ar\nd ! c ( ! freez]4 ,! ice & salt mixture %\ld be high] ar\nd ! c ?an ! level ( ! mixture inside4 ,= freez+ ice creams & mo/ ices use ?ree p>ts ( crack$ ice to "o ( rock salt4 ,if ice ( co>se gra9 is desir$1 use a great] quantity ( salt4 ,! less salt 9 proportion to ice us$1 ! f9] ! gra92 ! process ( freez+1 h[ev]1 takes place v sl[ly :5 little salt is us$4 ,= mixtures :i* are froz5 by m]ely pack+ 9 ice & salt b are n /irr$1 su* z m\sse or p>fait1 use two p>ts ( crack$ ice to "o ( rock salt4 ,= pack+ froz5 mixtures aft] freez+1 use f\r p>ts ( crack$ ice to "o ( rock salt4 ,,freez+4--,if a dess]t ( f9e texture is desir$1 turn ! crank sl[ly & /eadily until ! mixture is r /iff1 !n turn m rapidly4 ,9 mak+ wat] ices1 x is consid]$ advisable by "s to turn ! crank /eadily = #e m9utes1 !n all[ to /& #e m9utes1 turn aga9 #e m9utes1 & cont9ue until freez+ is complet$4 ,d n draw (f ! salt wat] :ile freez+ ! mixture1 unless ! salt wat] /&s s high t !re is dang] ( its gett+ into ! c4 ,:5 ! mixture is froz51 remove ! ice & salt ar\nd ! top ( ! c2 wipe ! cov] & top2 uncov]2 & remove ! da%]4 ,!n /ir ! froz5 mixture ?or\ghly2 place ?9 pap] or p>aff9 pap] ov] ! c2 cov]2 place a cork 9 ! hole ( ! cov]4 ,dra9 (f all ! wat] :i* has collect$ 9 freez+2 repack ! freez] ) ice & salt mixture 9 ! proportion giv5 above2 cov] ) c>pet1 blanket1 or newspap]s2 & all[ to /& 9 a cold place sev]al h\rs4 ,,fruit ,,ice #d cupfuls wat] #b #c_/d cupfuls sug> #c oranges #c lemons #c bananas #a_/d teaspoonful salt ,make a sirup ( ! sug> & wat]1 & !n cool x4 ,extract ! juice f ! lemons & oranges2 cru% ! peel$ & scrap$ bananas ) a wood5 potato ma%]4 ,mix ! fruits & salt imm$iately ) ! sirup4 ,freeze at once4 ,:5 froz51 remove ! da%] & repack z direct$ above4 ,a less exp5sive b m mildly flavor$ ice may be prep>$ by us+ #c p9ts ( wat] 7in/ead ( #d cupfuls74 ,:5 ! great] quantity ( wat] is us$1 #c #a_/d cupfuls 7in/ead ( #b #c_/d cupfuls7 ( sug> %\ld be us$4 ,^! recipes = ,fruit ,ice are modifications ( ! popul> recipe t]m$ ,five ,?rees4 ,,que/ions ,expla9 :y x is necess>y to scald ! c1 cov]1 & da%] ( an ice cream freez] 7see ,c>e ( ,milk74 ,:at h>m sometimes results :5 an ice cream freez] has be5 c>elessly prep>$8 ,:y %\ld n ! salt wat] be drawn f ! freez] dur+ freez+ 7see ,exp]im5t #gi78 ,:at is ! purpose ( plac+ pap] ov] ! c :5 pack+ ! froz5 mixture8 ,:at is ! purpose ( cov]+ ! pack$ freez] ) c>pet1 blanket1 or newspap]s 7see ,! ,pr9ciple ( ,fireless ,cook]y78 ,:y is x well to tie heavy pap] ar\nd an outside metal bucket ( a freez]8 ,:y %\ld ,fruit ,ice mixture be froz5 at once aft] prep>+ ! fruit8 ,heat aids *emical action4 ,c y expla9 :y acid mixtures are n act$ ^u by ! metal & consequ5tly discolor$ :5 froz5 9 a t9 or iron c8 ,,lesson ,,clxi ,,froz5 ,,creams ,froz5 dess]ts consi/ (3 #a4 ,,cream ,,mixtures3 7a7 ,pla9 ,ice ,cream4--,cream1 sug>1 & flavor+4 ,?is is sometimes call$ ,philadelphia ,ice ,cream4 7b7 ,fr5* ,ice ,cream4--,cu/>d1 cream1 & flavor+4 ,on ! cont95t1 ?is froz5 mixture is call$ ,neapolitan ,ice ,cream4 ,9 ?is c\ntry1 ?ree k9ds ( froz5 mixtures s]v$ toge!r make up :at is t]m$ ,neapolitan ,ice ,cream4 7c7 ,m\sse4--,:ipp$ cream1 fold$ into v>i\s sweet5$ & flavor$ mixtures1 plac$ 9 a mold1 & pack$ 9 ice & salt1 b n beat54 #b4 ,,wat] ,,mixtures3 7a7 ,wat] ,ice4--,fruit juice1 wat]1 & sug>4 7b7 ,%]bet4--,wat] ice ) ! addition ( dissolv$ gelat9e or beat5 :ites ( eggs4 7c7 ,frappe4--,wat] ice ( co>se texture4 7d7 ,granite4--,wat] ice to :i* fruit is add$ aft] freez+4 #c4 ,,froz5 ,,pudd+s3 ,v>i\s sweet mixtures4 ,,me?od ,,( ,,mix+ ,,froz5 ,,foods4--,! sug> ( a froz5 dess]t %\ld always be dissolv$4 ,to accompli% ?is a sirup %\ld be made ( ! sug> & wat] 7see ,exp]im5t #aa74 ,= mixtures t conta9 no eggs1 b 9 :i* cream or milk is us$1 ! cream or milk may be scald$1 & ! sug> dissolv$ 9 ! hot liquid4 ,if eggs are us$ to ?ick5 ice cream1 !y %\ld be comb9$ ) ! sug> & cream & cook$ z = a s(t cu/>d4 ,9 %]bets1 :ites ( eggs are (t5 us$4 ,!y are usually beat5 /iff1 & add$ uncook$ to ! mixture4 ,if fruit juice is to be us$ ) milk or cream1 ! latt] %\ld be *ill$ be=e add+ ! fruit4 ,fruits t are to be froz5 ) ! o!r +r$i5ts %\ld be cru%$ ?or\ghly4 ,small fruits1 or l>ge fruits cut 9 pieces1 are sometimes add$ to a dess]t aft] x is froz51 !reby prev5t+ ! fruit f freez+ & becom+ h>d4 ,all froz5 mixtures %\ld /& sev]al h\rs be=e s]v+1 9 ord] to rip54 ,,pla9 ,,ice ,,cream #a qu>t cream #c_/d cupful sug> #a tablespoonful vanilla ,prep>e z direct$ 9 ,me?od ( ,mix+ ,froz5 ,foods4 ,,*ocolate ,,ice ,,cream #a qu>t cream #a cupful sug> #b ounces *ocolate #a_/c cupful boil+ wat] ,salt #a teaspoonful vanilla ,scald ! cream2 add ! sug> to x4 ,prep>e ! *ocolate 9 ! usual way1 by cook+ x 9 ! boil+ wat] until a smoo? pa/e is =m$ 7see ,*ocolate74 ,add ! *ocolate mixture to ! hot cream4 ,cool1 add salt & vanilla1 & freeze4 ,,fr5* ,,ice ,,cream #a qu>t cream #a p9t milk #c egg yolks ,salt #a cupful sug> #a tablespoonful vanilla ,prep>e z direct$ 9 ,me?od ( ,mix+ ,froz5 ,foods4 ,,fruit ,,ice ,,cream #b cupfuls fruit juice1 or #c cupfuls cru%$ fruit #a qu>t cream #b cupfuls sug> ,prep>e & freeze accord+ to ! ,me?od ( ,mix+ ,froz5 ,foods4 ,= ,froz5 ,fruit or ,wat] ,ice1 use wat] in/ead ( cream4 ,! flavor ( mo/ fruits is improv$ by add+ #b tablespoonfuls ( lemon juice to ! wat] mixture4 ,,que/ions ,= ,fruit ,ice ,cream1 :y is x necess>y to *ill ! cream be=e add+ ! fruit juice or cru%$ fruit 7see ,exp]im5t #fa78 ,:y is x necess>y to cru% ! fruit = froz5 fruit mixture8 ,h[ mu* sug> w\ld be requir$ to sweet5 "o & "o half qu>ts ( cu/>d1 accord+ to ! recipe = ,s(t ,cu/>d8 ,comp>e ?is ) ! quantity ( sug> us$ = ,fr5* ,ice ,cream4 ,h[ d extremely cold bev]ages affect ! s5se ( ta/e8 ,f ?is1 acc\nt = ! diff]5ce 9 ! quantity ( sug> us$ 9 froz5 & 9 cold dess]ts4 ,also comp>e ! quantity ( sug> & vanilla us$ 9 ,*ocolate ,ice ,cream & ,*ocolate ,bev]age4 ,acc\nt = ! diff]5ce4 ,approximately h[ mu* ice is requir$ to freeze & pack "o qu>t ( ,ice ,cream8 ,:at is ! co/ ( ice p] hundr$ p\nds8 ,h[ _m p]sons does "o qu>t ( ice cream s]ve8 ,,relat$ ,,"w ,,lesson ,,clxii ,,diet ,,= ,,"y ,,*ildr5 ,,selection ,,( ,,food ,,= ,,*ildr5 7#b to #ab ye>s74--,al?\gh solid food is includ$ 9 ! diet ( a *ild aft] ! fir/ ye>1 ! baby is by no means ready = ! food ( adults4 ,*ildhood diff]s ess5tially f maturity 9 t x is a p]iod ( gr[?4 ,9 proportion to weight a *ild is mu* m active ?an an adult4 ,a *ild has n ! res]ve p[] ( a gr[n-up p]son4 ,8 organs ( dige/ion & assimilation are delicate4 ,because ! activities & ne$s ( ! *ild diff] greatly f ^? ( ! adult1 diet suitable = ! adult is n adapt$ to ! *ild4 ,a consid]ation ( foods = "y *ildr5 foll[s3 7#a7 ,milk4--,s9ce milk is ! food provid$ = "y animals1 x %\ld be us$ g5]\sly all ?r\gh *ildhood4 ,! nutritive value ( milk is high 9 proportion to ! ef=t requir$ to dige/ & assimilate x4 ,! av]age *ild ) good dige/ion %\ld take f "o & "o half p9ts to "o qu>t daily until ! t5? ye>4 ,9 ?is am\nt is includ$ n only ! milk t is us$ z a bev]age1 b ! milk s]v$ ) c]eals & vegetables & t us$ 9 s\ps1 cu/>ds1 blanc mange1 rice & bread pudd+s1 & o!r easily dige/$ dess]ts4 7#b7 ,c]eals & ,breads4--,well-cook$ c]eals are among ! ess5tial foods ( *ildhood4 ,ready-to-s]ve breakfa/ c]eals are undesirable z /aples = "y *ildr54 ,c]eals %\ld be cook$ f "o to ?ree h\rs4 ,= v "y *ildr5 7"u eighte5 mon?s7 all c]eals mu/ be /ra9$4 ,= old] *ildr51 un/ra9$ c]eals may be us$1 provid$ !y are ?or\ghly cook$4 ,frequ5t use ( ! :ole gra9s1 z roll$ oats & :eat1 is recomm5d$4 ,^! c]eals conta9 m prote9 & a% ?an ! f9] c]eals & h5ce may be bett] body-build]s1 b !y also conta9 mu* bran4 ,usually ! latt] does n prove irritat+ if ?or\ghly cook$4 ,b if ^! co>se c]eals d cause irritation !y %\ld ei!r be /ra9$ or ! c]eals conta9+ less bran1 z cream ( :eat1 f>9a1 & arr[root1 %\ld be us$4 ,c]eals %\ld be s]v$ ) milk or cream1 b ) no sug> or sirup or n m ?an "o teaspoonful to a s]v+4 ,c>efully made toa/1 zwieback1 & /ale bread may be giv5 to "y *ildr54 ,on acc\nt ( ! difficulty 9 dige/+ fre% breads1 !y are exclud$ f *ildr5's diet4 7#c7 ,eggs are especially good foods = *ildr51 provid$ !y are fre% & prop]ly cook$4 ,!y %\ld be cook$ 9 "s way :i* leaves !m s(t su* z s(t-cook+ or poa*+4 ,only s(t-cook$ egg yolks %\ld be giv5 to *ildr5 "u ?ree ye>s4 ,"o :ole egg p] day may be includ$ 9 ! diet ( old] *ildr54 7#d7 ,bro? & ,meat4--,!re is "s diff]5ce ( op9ion reg>d+ ! use ( meat 9 *ildr5's diet4 ,"s au?orities advise beef bro? & ! m easily dige/$ meats = "y *ildr54 ,o!rs say t if a g5]\s am\nt ( eggs & milk is includ$ 9 *ildr5's diet1 x is well n to give !m meat be=e eight ye>s4 ,9 ! diets = *ildr5 f two to eight ye>s1 nei!r bro? nor meat is includ$4 ,x is possible to obta9 suffici5t prote9 f milk & eggs4 ,d\btless1 z ) adults1 mo/ "y *ildr5 w\ld be b5efit$ by mu* less meat ?an is g5]ally giv5 !m or by none at all4 ,if meat is giv5 to "y *ildr51 x %\ld be scrap$ 7see ,exp]im5t #ej7 & pan-broil$ 7see ,pan-,broil+71 z x is some:at difficult to ma/icate4 7#e7 ,fre% ,vegetables %\ld be includ$ 9 *ildr5's diet4 ,= v "y *ildr5 select mild vegetables su* z sp9a*1 asp>agus tips1 /r+ beans1 & peas4 ,cook until v s(t & press ?r\gh a sieve or ma%4 ,lat]1 su* cook$ vegetables z potatoes 7bak$ or ma%$71 beets1 c>rots1 caulifl[]1 & squa% may be add$4 ,no uncook$ vegetables %\ld be giv5 to "y *ildr54 7#f7 ,fruits & ,sug>4--,fruits are especially valuable = *ildr54 ,c>e %\ld be tak51 h[ev]1 9 select+ fruits4 ,x is said t until a *ild is five ye>s old only cook$ fruits & ! juice ( fre% fruits %\ld be giv54 ,= v "y *ildr5 ! juice ( orange or ! pulp ( cook$ prunes %\ld be giv5 daily1 because !y conta9 valuable nutri5ts & possess laxative prop]ties4 ,= old] *ildr5 ! cook$ food fruits 7see ,k9ds ( ,fruits7 su* z dates1 figs1 & rais9s 7)\t se$s71 & bananas 7bak$7 are desirable4 ,apples1 pea*es1 & apricots1 bak$ or made into sauces1 are also sugge/$4 ,fruits %\ld be cook$ ) little or no sug>4 ,sweets 9 ! =m ( sweet fruits r ?an sug> & c&y %\ld be giv5 to *ildr5 "u six ye>s4 ,aft] six ye>s1 v little c&y or sweet *ocolate may be giv5 at ! end ( a meal1 n betwe5 meals4 ,x is a mi/ake to give *ildr5 c&y j because !y want x 7see ,! ,use ( ,c&y 9 ,diet47 7#g7 ,dess]ts4--,fruits select$ & prep>$ z giv5 9 ! previ\s section1 v pla9 cakes--sponge cake & ^? conta9+ little fat--& easily dige/$ dess]ts made ( eggs1 milk1 c]eals1 etc41 are ! only dess]ts suitable = "y *ildr54 7#h7 ,wat] & ,o!r ,bev]ages4--,pure wat] 9 g5]\s quantities is ne$$ = *ildr54 ,wat] & milk are ! only bev]ages 7if milk c be consid]$ a bev]age7 t %\ld be giv5 to *ildr5 "u six ye>s4 ,aft] t age1 cocoa made ) mu* milk may be giv51 b n tea1 c(fee1 or any c>bonat$ dr9ks4 ,,! ,,importance ,,( ,,prop] ,,diet ,,= ,,*ildr5 _c be ov]-emphasiz$4 ,x is a *ild's "r to be h>dy4 ,good food 9 prop] quantity giv5 at ! "r "t is ess5tial = ! sure & /eady gr[? ( ! body4 ,! *ild's future heal?1 usefulness1 & happ9ess dep5d mu* ^u ! n\ri%m5t he receives4 ,if insuffici5t food1 or food lack+ 9 food/uffs = gr[?1 is giv5 to *ildr51 a wa/+ away ( bra9 cells & muscle may take place & /unt$ gr[? w result4 ,! additional c>e 9 prep>+ special m5us = *ildr5 is an ef=t well wor? mak+2 its comp5sation is ine/imable4 ,if f babyhood a *ild is giv5 8 own special diet1 x is possible to satisfy him at ! table ) food t diff]s f t ( ! re/ ( ! family4 ,habits ( eat+ pla9 food %\ld be e/abli%$ 9 *ildhood4 ,mrs4 ,ri*>ds says3 ,habit r ?an in/9ct guides civiliz$ man 9 ! *oice ( food4 ,likes or dislikes = food %\ld n be discuss$ 9 ! pres5ce ( *ildr54 ,su* discussions may e/abli% di/a/e = a food ( decid$ nutritive value4 ,regul>ity 9 fe$+ *ildr5 is mo/ important4 ,!re %\ld be no lun*es betwe5 meals4 ,x is important also t a *ild be taught to ma/icate food ?or\ghly4 ,,en]gy ,,requirem5ts ,,( ,,*ildr5 ,,( ,,diff]5t ,,ages4--,x is difficult to write def9itely reg>d+ ! quantity ( food t %\ld be giv5 to *ildr54 ,z ) adults1 "s *ildr5 require m ?an o!rs4 ,! p]sonal factor ent]s l>gely into ?is "q4 ,9 ,lesson ,,cxxiv ! en]gy requirem5ts ( *ildr5 ( diff]5t ages are giv5 7see ,relation ( ,age to ,daily ,en]gy ,requirem5t74 ,z /at$ !re1 ^! tables indicate ! en]gy requirem5t ( *ildr5 ( normal size1 developm5t1 & activity4 ,note t 9 ! m5us giv5 bel[ ! ,calories d]iv$ f prote9 are approximately "o sev5? ( ! total ,calories 7see ,daily ,prote9 ,requirem5t74 ,! foll[+ m5us ,footnote #abj3 ,prep>$ by ,m>y ,sw>tz ,rose1 ,ph4,d41 ,assi/ant ,pr(essor ( ,nutrition1 ,s*ool ( ,h\sehold ,arts1 ,tea*]s ,college1 ,columbia ,univ]sity 7see ,tea*]s ,college ,bullet91 ,! ,fe$+ ( ,"y ,*ildr51 pp4 #f-i74 = *ildr5 f two to twelve ye>s 7 prep>$ = av]age *ildr5 ( mod]ate activity 9 a family ( limit$ income4 ,,meals ,,= ,,"o ,,day ,*ild #b-d ,ye>s ,old ,breakfa/3 #g3cj ,a4,m4 ,oatmeal ,mu% #j4h ounce dry c]eal ,milk #a #a_/b cupfuls ,/ale ,bread #a slice ,orange ,juice #d tablespoonfuls ,lun*3 #aa ,a4,m4 ,milk #a cupful ,/ale ,bread #a slice ,butt] #a teaspoonful ,d9n]3 #a ,p4,m4 ,bak$ ,potato #a ,boil$ ,onion 7,ma%$7 #a ,bread & ,butt] #a slice ,milk to ,dr9k #a cupful ,bak$ ,apple #a ,supp]3 #e3cj ,p4,m4 ,boil$ ,rice #a cupful ,milk #c_/d cupful ,bread & ,butt] #a slice ,fuel ,value1 #acac ,calories2 ,calories d]iv$ f prote91 #aia4b4 ,sub/itutes or ,additions3 ,= ,roll$ ,oats or ,rice3 ,o!r c]eals1 su* z roll$ :eat1 :eat5 grits1 f>9a1 hom9y1 & corn-meal4 ,= ,orange ,juice & ,bak$ ,apple3 ,prune pulp or apple sauce4 ,= ,onions3 ,sp9a*1 /ra9$ peas1 /ew$ cel]y1 c>rots1 or caulifl[] tips4 ,an egg may be add$ e day1 & %\ld be includ$ at lea/ two or ?ree times a week4 ,^! *anges w alt] ! co/ some:at4 ,*ild #d-h ,ye>s ,old ,breakfa/3 ,oatmeal #a #a_/b ounces dry c]eal ,top ,milk #d ounces ,/ew$ ,prunes #d or #e ,toa/ #a slice ,milk to ,dr9k #f ounces ,d9n]3 ,pea ,s\p #a cupful ,cr\tons #a slice bread ,boil$ ,onions #b small ,bak$ ,potato #a l>ge ,molasses ,cookies #b ,supp]3 ,cream ,toa/ #b slices bread ,rice ,pudd+ ) ,milk & ,sug> #a cupful ,milk to ,dr9k #e ounces ,fuel ,value1 #ahib ,calories2 ,calories d]iv$ f prote91 #bfa4f4 ,sub/itutes or ,additions3 ,= ,roll$ ,oats3 ,o!r c]eals1 z sugge/$ on previ\s page4 ,= ,onions & ,peas3 ,/ra9$ dri$ beans2 o!r vegetables c>efully cook$2 fre% lettuce4 ,= ,prunes3 ,fre% ripe apples1 bak$ bananas1 o!r mild fruits well cook$4 ,= ,rice ,pudd+3 ,junkets1 cu/>ds1 blanc manges1 bread pudd+s1 & o!r v simple dess]ts4 ,= ,cookies3 ,g+]bread1 sponge cake1 or v pla9 cookies4 ,*ild #h-ab ,ye>s ,old ,breakfa/3 ,oatmeal ,mu% #a #a_/b ounces dry c]eal ,top ,milk #f ounces ,/ew$ ,prunes #f or #g ,toa/ #b slices ,milk to ,dr9k #f ounces ,lun*eon3 ,pea ,s\p #a cupful ,boil$ ,onions #b small ,bak$ ,potato #a l>ge ,bread & ,butt] #b slices bread ,molasses ,cookies #c cookies ,d9n]3 ,bak$ ,haddock small s]v+ 7#b ounces7 ,cream$ ,ha%$ ,potato #c_/d cupful ,sp9a* #a_/b cupful ,bread & ,butt] #b slices ,rice ,pudd+--,milk & ,sug> #a cupful ,fuel ,value1 #bdbj ,calories2 ,calories d]iv$ f prote91 #cde4f4 ,sub/itutes or ,additions3 ,= ,roll$ ,oats3 ,o!r c]eals ?or\ghly cook$4 ,= ,haddock3 ,r>e beef/eak1 roa/ beef1 or mutton *ops2 o!r fi%1 especially :ite v>ieties4 ,= ,prunes3 ,any mild ripe fruit uncook$ or cook$4 ,= ,onions3 ,/r+ beans1 /ew$ cel]y1 beets1 squa%4 ,peas or ,sp9a*3 ,turnips or caulifl[]4 ,sugge/ive ,diet>y = ,*ild :o w n ,dr9k ,milk1 ,age #e ,ye>s 7#a qu>t milk conceal$ 9 ! m5u47 ,breakfa/3 #g ,a4,m4 ,oatmeal #a_/d cup c]eal cook$ 9 #a cupful milk ,creamy ,egg on ,toa/ #a egg yolk ) #a_/b slice bread & #a_/d cupful milk ,cocoa #a teaspoonful cocoa & #a_/d cupful milk #aj ,a4,m4 ,zwieback & ,cream #a piece zwieback & #a tablespoonful cream #a3cj ,p4,m4 ,sp9a* ,s\p #d ounces ,bak$ ,potato ) #a potato & #b tablespoonfuls ,cream cream ,bread & ,butt] #a slice ,c>amel ,junket #a #a_/b cupfuls #e3cj ,p4,m4 ,rice & ,prunes #b tablespoonfuls rice cook$ 9 #a_/b cupful milk1 & #e prunes ,zwieback #a slice ,total ,calories1 #adca2 ,calories f prote91 #bjg4f4 ,,que/ions ,give at lea/ ?ree reasons :y "y *ildr5 %\ld h diff]5t food f adults4 ,:y are n ready-to-s]ve c]eals suitable /aple foods = "y *ildr58 ,:at are ! advantages ( us+ :ole gra9s = *ildr5's food8 ,:y n s]ve sug> ) breakfa/ c]eals = *ildr58 ,:y is n meat a desirable food = mo/ "y *ildr58 ,:y are fre% vegetables & fruits su* necess>y foods = *ildr58 ,,lesson ,,clxiii ,,plann+ ,,& ,,prep>+ ,,m5us ,,= ,,*ildr5 ,plan ,footnote #aba3 ,see ,footnote #gb4 a day's fe$+ = a *ild ( five ye>s1 meet+ ! total en]gy & ! prote9 requirem5ts4 ,prep>e ^! foods4 ,,lesson ,,clxiv ,,review--,,meal ,,cook+ ,,m5u ,cream$ ,vegetable ,apricot ,da9ty ,c(fee ,see ,lesson ,,xiv = sugge/ions reg>d+ ! prep>ation ( ! lesson4 ,,lesson ,,clxv ,,home ,,projects ,footnote #abb3 ,see ,lesson ,,ix4 ,,sugge/ions ,,= ,,home ,,"w4--,plan a week's diet = a small si/]1 bro!r1 or o!r *ild 9 :om y are int]e/$4 7,foll[ sugge/ions giv5 9 ,lesson ,,clxii47 ,calculate ! total ,calorific value & ,calories d]iv$ f prote94 ,does y\r m5u consi/ ( foods :i* furni% ! prop] ,calorific value & ,calories d]iv$ f prote98 ,,suppos$ ,,aims3 7#a7 ,if y\r m5us d n con=m to ! requirem5ts1 to *ange !m s z to meet ! requirem5ts ( ! "y *ild4 7#b7 ,if possible1 to arrange to h y\r m5us prep>$ & f$ to ! *ild1 assi/+ z mu* z possible 9 ! prep>ation ( ! food & 9 ! fe$+ ( ! *ild4 ,,division ,,sev5te5 ,,food ,,pres]vation ,,lesson ,,clxvi ,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,pres]v+ ,,food ,,:y ,,foods ,,spoil4--,mo/ foods spoil or *ange readily1--fruits decay1 milk s\rs1 butt] becomes rancid1 & meat putrefies4 ,k conc]n+ ! spoil+ ( foods makes x possible = ! h\sekeep] to pres]ve foods f "o season to ano!r2 x gives h] ! assurance t h] pres]v$ fruit w keep4 ,! decay ( foods is due l>gely to ! exi/5ce ( m9ute vegetable organisms or microorganisms4 ,^! microorganisms are molds1 yea/s1 & bact]ia4 ,! molds 7see ,figure #hh7 are visible to ! nak$ eye1 ! yea/s 7see ,figure #hf7 & bact]ia 7see ,figure #hi7 are microscopic 9 size4 ,^! plants exi/ ev]y:]e1 & 9 ev]y?+ 7except ^? ?+s 9 :i* ! organisms h be5 de/roy$ & prev5t$ f re5t]+71--9 ! air1 9 & on foods1 & all ov] our bodies4 ,l all plants1 ^! organisms require w>m?1 moi/ure1 & food = _! mo/ rapid gr[?4 ,oxyg5 is necess>y = ! gr[? ( "s ( ^! plants4 ,_m foods con/itute n\ri%m5t = ^! organisms4 ,x is because ^! plants exi/ 9 foods & live ^u !m t *anges 9 foods result4 ,! mold on bread & fruit1 ! odor f decay+ meat & eggs1 ! liquefaction ( decay$ eggs1 & ! gas f f]m5t+ cann$ fruit are caus$ by microorganisms exi/+ & gr[+ 9 ^! foods4 ,! foll[+ exp]im5ts %[ ! gr[? ( molds on food & o!r mat]ials3 ,,exp]im5t #hj3 ,,effect ,,( ,,air1 ,,light1 ,,& ,,dry+ ,,^u ,,! ,,gr[? ,,( ,,molds4 --,place a piece ( bread on a sauc]4 ,all[ x to rema9 uncov]$1 9 a light place1 at room temp]ature1 = sev]al days4 ,exam9e4 ,:at is ! condition 7moi/ or dry7 ( ! bread8 ,h molds gr[n ^u ! bread8 ,illu/ration3 ,f ,h\sehold ,bact]iology1 by ,bu*anan4 ,,figure #hh4--,,"s ,,species ,,( ,,molds4 ,,exp]im5t #ha3 ,,effect ,,( ,,moi/ure ,,& ,,light ,,^u ,,! ,,gr[? ,,( ,,molds4-- ,spr9kle a ?ick piece ( bread ) wat]1 place x on a sauc]1 & cov] ) a jelly glass or any glass di%4 ,leave 9 a light place at room temp]ature = sev]al days4 ,exam9e4 ,is ! bread moi/ or dry8 ,h molds gr[n ^u ! bread8 ,f ! results ( ,exp]im5ts #hj & #ha :at w\ld y say has caus$ ! molds to gr[8 ,:at conclusion c y draw f ?is conc]n+ ! gr[? ( molds ^u foods 9 damp & dry places & 9 damp & dry wea!r8 ,h[ %\ld bread be /or$ 9 dry wea!r8 ,9 damp wea!r8 ,give ! reason = /or+ ,dri$ ,bread ,crumbs z direct$ 9 ,lesson ,l4 ,,exp]im5t #hb3 ,,effect ,,( ,,moi/ure ,,& ,,d>kness ,,^u ,,! ,,gr[? ,,( ,,molds4-- ,repeat ,exp]im5t #ha1 except ! me?od ( cov]+4 ,cov] ) an e>!n di% s t ! light is exclud$4 ,let x rema9 at room temp]ature = ! same l5g? ( "t z giv5 9 ,exp]im5t #ha4 ,h molds gr[n8 ,h[ does ! gr[? comp>e 9 quantity ) t ( ,exp]im5t #ha8 ,,exp]im5t #hc3 ,,effect ,,( ,,moi/ure ,,& ,,l[ ,,temp]atures ,,^u ,,! ,,gr[? ,,( ,,molds4--,repeat ,exp]im5t #ha1 b place ! bread on ! l[] %elf ( ! refrig]ator4 ,aft] sev]al days1 exam9e4 ,h molds gr[n8 ,h[ d !y comp>e 9 quantity ) t ( ,exp]im5t #ha8 ,:at conclusion c y draw f ?is conc]n+ ! temp]ature at :i* food liable to mold %\ld be kept8 ,,exp]im5t #hd3 ,,gr[? ,,( ,,molds ,,^u ,,cut ,,fruit4--,place pieces ( apple1 banana1 lemon1 or o!r fruits on sep>ate sauc]s & cov] ea* ) a glass di%4 ,place "s lemon or o!r fruit juice 9 a te/ tube & all[ x to /&4 ,aft] two days exam9e4 ,h molds gr[n on all ! fruits8 ,d y notice any diff]5ce 9 ! quantity ( ! molds on ! diff]5t fruits8 ,h molds gr[n on ! fruit juice8 ,,exp]im5t #he3 ,,gr[? ,,( ,,molds ,,^u ,,:ole ,,fruits4--,place :ole fruits1 su* z apples & lemons1 on sauc]s & cov] ) glass4 ,aft] two days exam9e4 ,h molds gr[n ^u ! :ole fruits8 ,if s1 h[ d ! molds comp>e 9 quantity to ^? gr[+ on cut fruit8 ,acc\nt = ?is diff]5ce4 ,apply ! results ( ,exp]im5ts #hd & #he to ! keep+ ( fre% fruits4 ,,exp]im5t #hf3 ,,gr[? ,,( ,,molds ,,on ,,o!r ,,foods4--,place a piece ( *eese & a piece ( meat on sep>ate sauc]s & cov] ea* ) a glass di%4 ,aft] two days exam9e4 ,h molds gr[n ^u ^! foods8 ,acc\nt = ! gr[? ( molds ^u ^! foods :5 no moi/ure 0 add$ to !m4 ,devise a me?od = keep+ *eese free f mold4 ,give ! reasons = y\r me?od4 ,,exp]im5t #hg3 ,,gr[? ,,( ,,mold ,,^u ,,wood4--,soak a bit ( wood 9 wat] = at lea/ #ae m9utes4 ,cov] x ) an e>!n di% & let x /& at room temp]ature = sev]al days4 ,exam9e4 ,h molds gr[n ^u ! wood8 ,:at has caus$ ! molds to gr[ ^u ! wood8 ,f ?is give directions = ! c>e ( ! wood5 "p ( ! da%] ( an ice cream freez]4 ,draw conclusions conc]n+ ! c>e ( pa/ry & bread bo>ds & butt] paddles aft] scrubb+4 ,draw conclusions conc]n+ ! scrubb+1 dry+1 & air+ ( wood5 floors4 ,,exp]im5t #hh3 ,,gr[? ,,( ,,molds ,,^u ,,clo?4--,spr9kle a bit ( clo? ) wat]4 ,cov] ) an e>!n di%4 ,let /& a few days at room temp]ature4 ,exam9e4 ,h molds 7mildew7 gr[n ^u ! clo?8 ,:at caus$ ! molds to gr[8 ,f ?is draw a conclusion conc]n+ ! c>e ( wa%$ clo!s1 wet di%-clo?s1 t[els1 & wa%-clo?s4 ,,exp]im5t #hi3 ,,contam9ation ,,( ,,fre% ,,food ,,by ,,means ,,( ,,moldy ,,food4--,dip a piece ( bread 9 wat] & place x on a sauc]4 ,) a knitt+ ne$le1 place bits ( mold at sev]al po9ts on ! surface ( ! bread4 ,cov] ) a glass di%4 ,aft] sev]al days exam9e4 ,at :at po9ts on ! bread h ! molds />t$ to gr[8 ,:at conclusion c y draw f ?is conc]n+ ! plac+ ( moldy food ) fre% food8 ,:5 fruit is fall+ to ! gr\nd1 tell h[ an or*>d %\ld be c>$ =4 ,expla94 ,! foll[+ exp]im5ts %[ ! gr[? ( bact]ia on food3 ,,exp]im5t #ij3 ,,gr[? ,,( ,,bact]ia4--,into te/ tubes put "o ( ! foll[+ foods3 7#a7 bit ( uncook$ meat2 7#b7 small quantity ( egg2 7#c7 piece ( bread2 7#d7 cru%$ peas or beans2 7#e7 sug> or syrup4 ,add a little wat] to ea* tube4 ,set aside 9 a w>m place4 ,aft] sev]al days1 exam9e4 ,:at *ange 9 appe>ance d y note8 ,:at has caus$ ! foods to spoil8 ,,exp]im5t #ia3 ,,effect ,,( ,,boil+ ,,on ,,! ,,gr[? ,,( ,,bact]ia4--,place a little *opp$ meat 9 two te/ tubes4 ,add lukew>m wat] to ea*4 ,boil ! cont5ts ( "o ( ! tubes = sev]al m9utes4 ,set bo? aside4 ,aft] #bd h\rs1 exam9e4 ,:at diff]5ce is !re 9 ! condition ( ! meat 9 ea* tube8 ,expla9 ?is diff]5ce4 ,f ! result ( ?is ,exp]im5t draw conclusions reg>d+ ! boil+ ( food to prev5t spoil+4 ,,exp]im5t #ib3 ,,effect ,,( ,,pres]vatives ,,on ,,! ,,gr[? ,,( ,,bact]ia4--,beat slightly an egg :ite4 ,add to x #a_/b cupful ( wat]4 ,p\r a little ( ! dilut$ egg :ite into f\r te/ tubes4 ,to ?ree ( ! te/ tubes add "o ( ! foll[+3 7#a7 salt2 7#b7 sug>2 7#c7 v9eg>4 ,put all ( ! tubes 9 a w>m place4 ,aft] sev]al days1 exam9e4 ,:at is ! condition ( ! egg :ite 9 ea* tube8 ,expla94 ,draw inf]5ces reg>d+ ! use ( safe pres]vatives to prev5t foods f spoil+4 ,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,pres]v+ ,,food4--,food may be pres]v$ by oppos+ ! gr[? ( microorganisms or by de/roy+ !m4 ,l[ temp]atures1 c]ta9 pres]vatives1 & dry+ de/roy microorganisms or ret>d _! gr[?4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ,h\sehold ,bact]iology1 by ,bu*anan ,,figure #hi4-,,! ,,f\r ,,types ,,( ,,bact]ia4 ,a1 cocci2 ,b1 bacilli2 ,c1 spirilla2 ,d1 bran*$ filam5t\s organism4 ,dry+ is effective 9 pres]v+ su* foods z fruits1 c]ta9 vegetables1 fi%1 & meats4 ,! dry+ ( fruit & vegetables may be done 9 ! home4 ,?is process ( food pres]vation is (t5 advisable :5 !re is an excessive supply ( fruit or vegetables 9 ! or*>d or g>d54 ,sub/ances kn[n z pres]vatives are us$ 9 food pres]vation4 ,"s ( ^! are h>mless1 z sug>1 salt1 v9eg>1 & spices4 ,o!rs are h>mful1 z =maldehyde1 boric1 salicylic1 b5zoic1 & sulphur\s acids1 ) _! relat$ comp\nds4 ,saltpet] & smoke are also pres]vatives4 ,!re is "s d\bt conc]n+ ! h>mlessness ( ^! latt] pres]v+ ag5ts4 ,foods pres]v$ ) h>mful mat]ials %\ld nev] be us$4 ,good food mat]ials c be pres]v$ )\t ! use ( h>mful pres]vatives4 ,! de/ruction ( microorganisms by heat is ! basic pr9ciple ( pres]v+ mu* food1 especially fruit & vegetables4 ,9 ord] to pres]ve fruits x is necess>y to process !m1 i4e4 to apply heat 9 su* a way z to insure pres]vation & secure ! maximum ( good quality4 ,to d ?is1 ! fruit mu/ be cook$ well1 pack$ 9 cans :i* h be5 boil$1 & seal$ to exclude ! air f !m4 ,x is necess>y1 also1 to /]ilize all ut5sils :i* come 9 contact ) ! foods 9 ! processes ( cook+ & seal+4 ,if cann$ fruits d n keep1 "s microorganisms ei!r 9 ! fruit1 on ! c1 or on ! ut5sils us$ 9 cann+1 h n be5 de/roy$1 or ! c has n be5 securely seal$4 ,slight flaws 9 ! c or rubb]s :i* 7 n detect$ at ! "t ( seal+ may cause ! spoil+ ( c>efully cann$ fruit4 ,9 ! pres]vation ( fruit1 e ef=t %\ld be made to secure s\nd fruit1 p]fect j>s1 & good rubb]s1 & to h ! fruit & ut5sils p]fectly process$1 & ! j>s securely seal$4 ,failure to accompli% ^! ends may result 9 mu* loss ( mat]ials & "t4 ,,k9ds ,,( ,,spoilage4--,z m5tion$ previ\sly1 cann$ foods spoil ei!r f imp]fect process+ or seal+4 ,diff]5t organisms gr[+ 9 pres]v$ foods cause diff]5t k9ds ( spoilage4 ,a discussion ,footnote #abc3 ,adapt$ f ,j\rnal ( ,home ,economics1 ,vol4 ,x 7,july1 #aiah71 pp4 #cbi- #cca1 ,a ,consid]ation ( ! ,cann+ ,problem1 by ,elizabe? ,f4 ,g5ung4 ( ! v>i\s k9ds ( spoilage foll[s3 7a7 ,,f]m5tation ,,or ,,swell4--,:5 cann$ foods spoil ) a production ( gas1 f]m5tation ( ! food is tak+ place4 ,! visible indications ( su* spoilage are gas bubbles 9 ! j> & a bulg+ ( ! lid ( a j> or a di/5d+ ( ! top & bottom ( a c4 ,because ( ! latt] condition1 ! t]m swell is us$ 9 ! comm]cial cann+ indu/ry to designate ?is k9d ( spoilage4 ,:5 f]m5tation takes place1 ! lid ( a j> may become loos5$ in/ead ( bulg$4 ,?is type ( spoilage is caus$ by ! action ei!r ( yea/ or ( a c]ta9 k9d ( bact]ium :i* ?rives be/ )\t air4 ,x is usually due to imp]fect /]ilization4 ,f]m5tation c usually be detect$ by ! pres5ce ( bubbles ( gas 9 ! j> & a loos5+ ( ! seal$ cov]4 7b7 ,flat ,s\r is a k9d ( spoilage 9 :i* no gas is =m$1 b acid is produc$1 giv+ ! food a s\r ta/e4 ,9 "s cases ( flat s\r1 a milky deposit appe>s 9 ! bottom ( ! j> :i* c be detect$ if ! conta9] is glass4 ,9 o!r cases1 no *ange 9 ! appe>ance ( ! j> & its cont5ts takes place4 ,little is kn[n ( ! k9d ( organism produc+ flat s\r4 ,:e!r or n food ?us spoil$ is injuri\s also has n be5 det]m9$4 ,flat s\r is probably due to imp]fect /]ilization4 7c7 ,,putrefaction4--,:5 putrefaction takes place1 food decays & dis9tegrates1 or decay takes place ) ! production ( a gas ( a disagreeable odor4 ,?is type ( spoilage is readily detect$4 ,food ?us affect$ is unfit = use4 ,putrefaction is usually caus$ by imp]fect seal+4 ,x may result1 h[ev]1 f imp]fect /]ilization4 7d7 ,,botulism4--,a bacillus t]m$ botul9us sometimes gr[s on cann$ foods1 especially ^? ri* 9 prote9 or lack+ 9 acid4 ,?is organism produces a viol5t poison 9 ! food4 ,b =tunately1 ! poison may be de/roy$ by boil+ ! food = t5 m9utes4 ,h5ce1 x is advisable to boil cann$ food at lea/ #cj m9utes be=e us+4 ,?is %\ld be done ev5 ?\gh ! food is to be s]v$ cold4 ,x may easily be cool$ aft] boil+4 ,:5 !re is ! lea/ suspicion t food is spoil$1 x %\ld be disc>d$4 ,,que/ions ,expla9 :y boil$ milk keeps sweet = a long] "t ?an uncook$ milk4 ,:y d foods ne$ to be seal$ to pres]ve !m8 ,:y does cook$ meat keep long] ?an uncook$ meat8 ,,lesson ,,clxvii ,,process+ ,,) ,,little ,,or ,,no ,,sug>--,,cann$ ,,fruit ,,j>s ,,= ,,cann$ ,,fruit4--,!re are _m types ( fruit j>s4 ,glass j>s r ?an metal cans %\ld be us$ = home cann+4 ,j>s %\ld be con/ruct$ s t !re is no contact ( ! fruit ) metal1 h5ce a j> hav+ a glass cov] is desirable4 ,a l>ge op5+1 simple con/ruction1 ease 9 clean+1 & p]fect seal+ are *>act]i/ics ( good fruit j>s4 ,glass j>s %\ld be te/$ be=e us+3 ,p>tly fill ! j> ) wat]1 adju/ ! rubb] & cov]1 seal1 inv]t ! j>4 ,exam9e c>efully = leakage4 ,,rubb] ,,r+s4--,s(t1 ela/ic rubb]s %\ld be *os54 ,x is poor economy to use old rubb]s4 ,rubb] aft] usage becomes h>d & inela/ic2 x may cause imp]fect seal+ & h5ce decay ( ! fruit4 ,9 c]ta9 processes ( cann+1 x is necess>y to subject ! j>s provid$ ) rubb] r+s & cov]s to long p]iods ( boil+ or to ! int5se heat ( a pressure or /eam cook]4 ,:5 su* a me?od is foll[$ x is especially necess>y t rubb] r+s ( good quality be us$4 ,to meet ?is requirem5t1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture advises t rubb] r+s con=m to ! foll[+3 #a4 ,inside diamet] ( #b #a_/d in*es 7= ! j> ( /&>d size74 #b4 ,wid? ( r+ or flange f #a_/d to #ab_/cb ( an in*4 #c4 ,?ickness ( #a_/ab ( an in*4 #d4 ,t5sile /r5g? suffici5t to /ret* consid]ably & return promptly to place )\t *ang+ ! inside diamet]4 #e4 ,firm en\gh s t no crease or break %[s aft] x has be5 tightly fold$4 ,,selection ,,& ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,fruit ,,= ,,cann+4--,select solid1 & n ov]-ripe1 fruit4 ,x is bett] to h und]ripe ?an ov]-ripe fruit4 ,fre% fruits--if possible pick$ on ! same day !y are to be us$--are desirable = cann+4 ,mo/ fruits %\ld be wa%$ be=e us+4 ,qu9ces %\ld be rubb$ ) a co>se t[el be=e !y are wa%$4 ,b]ries & small fruits %\ld be wa%$ be=e !y are hull$ or /emm$4 ,mo/ small fruits conta9 s mu* wat] t x is n necess>y to add wat] = cook+4 ,h5ce su* fruits %\ld be dra9$ ?or\ghly aft] wa%+4 ,if !re are any decay$ or bruis$ spots on fruit1 ! damag$ portion %\ld be remov$ completely4 ,pea*es & tomatoes may be peel$ in/ead ( p>$4 ,?is is done by plac+ ! fruit 9 a wire basket & !n imm]s+ ! basket 9 a kettle ( boil+ wat] = #c m9utes4 ,remove ! basket ( fruit f ! hot wat] & plunge x = a mom5t 9 cold wat]4 ,dra91 !n peel ! fruit4 ,if desir$1 cut into halves1 qu>t]s1 or slices4 ,aft] fruit is peel$ or p>$1 x c be kept f discolor+ by cov]+ ) cold wat]4 ,,me?ods ,,( ,,cann+ ,,fruit ,sev]al me?ods may be us$ = cann+ fruit3 7a7 ,,op5 ,,kettle4--,?is me?od consi/s ( cook+ ! fruit 9 wat] or sirup & p\r+ x into j>s & seal+4 ,! entire process ( /]ilization takes place 9 ! kettle be=e ! food is p\r$ into ! j>s4 ,h5ce ! "n ( ! process1--,op5 ,kettle4 ,= ?is me?od x is necess>y to boil ! j>s & rubb]s be=e plac+ ! food 9 !m4 ,?is is done z foll[s3 ,fill & surr\nd j>s ) cold wat]4 ,cov] lids & rubb]s ) cold wat]4 ,gradually heat ! wat] & all[ x to boil = at lea/ #ae m9utes4 ,all[ ! j>s1 cov]s1 & rubb]s to rema9 9 ! boil+ wat] until j ready to use !m4 ,d n t\* ! inside ( ! j>s & cov]s ) y\r f+]s4 ,imm]se spoons1 cups1 knives1 skew]s1 or knitt+ ne$les us$ = te/+ fruits1 9 boil+ wat] be=e us+ !m 9 contact ) ! foods4 ,if corks are us$ = seal+ bottles1 scald !m also4 ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ( ,m]rill ,s*ool ,,figure #ij--;,,cann+ ,,foods4 ,if small juicy fruits are pres]v$ by ! op5 kettle me?od1 no wat] %\ld be add$4 ,add ! sug> to !m & all[ !m to /& until "s ( ! juice is drawn f !m1 !n cook4 ,if t\gh fruits are cann$ by ?is me?od1 fir/ /eam1 !n cook 9 sirup1 or fir/ cook !m 9 cle> wat]1 add ! sug>1 & f9i% cook+4 ,fruit may be cann$ ) or )\t sug>4 ,usually "s sug> is us$4 ,h[ev]1 "s h\sekeep]s cont5d t ! fre%-fruit flavor is reta9$ bett] by reheat+ ! fruit & add+ ! sug> j be=e x is s]v$4 ,diff]5t quantities ( sug> may be us$4 ,if ! fruit breaks into pieces readily1 cook 9 a ?ick sirup4 ,! quantity ( wat] us$ ) ! sug> v>ies ) ! juic9ess ( ! fruit4 ,= ea* p\nd ( fruit use f #a_/b to #a cupful ( sug> ) f #a_/h to #a cupful ( wat]4 ,aft] cook+ ! fruit1 adju/ ! rubb] on ! /]iliz$ j>1 fill ! j> 7to ov]fl[+7 ) ! hot fruit & sirup1 cov] at once1 & seal4 ,inv]t ! c & let x /& until cool4 7b7 ,,cold ,,pack4--,?is me?od is foll[$ by plac+ ! prep>$ food 9 a clean1 te/$1 hot j>1 cov]+ ! food ) wat] or sirup1 adju/+ ! rubb] r+ & cov] to ! j>1 & process+ bo? ! j> & its cont5ts 9 boil+ wat] or /eam4 ,be=e plac+ ! food 9 ! j>1 x may be blan*$1 i4e4 subject$ to boil+ wat] or /eam4 ,aft] blan*+1 ! food is cold- dipp$1 i4e4 plung$ into cold wat]4 ,aft] ! prelim9>y /eps1 su* z wa%+1 p>+1 & cutt+ into pieces1 foods may be blan*$ & cold-dipp$ z foll[s3 ,place ! food 9 a *eese-clo? bag or 9 a wire basket & imm]se x 9 boil+ wat]4 ,c]ta9 fruits are all[$ to rema9 9 ! wat] f #a to #e m9utes 7see ,table74 7,! "t is dep5d5t ^u ! k9d ( fruit47 ,!n remove ! product f ! boil+ wat]1 dip x imm$iately 9 cold wat]1 remove at once1 & dra9 = a few m9utes4 ,^! two processes are us$ = l>ge firm fruits4 ,b]ries & all s(t fruits are cann$ )\t blan*+ & cold-dipp+4 ,:e!r ! fruit is blan*$ & cold-dipp$ or n1 place x 9 hot j>s to #a_/b in* ( ! top4 ,if a sirup is desir$1 x may be made by us+ #a_/d to #a cupful ( sug> = ea* qu>t j> ) f #b to #c cupfuls ( wat]4 ,adju/ a new1 wet rubb] on ! j>2 fill ! j> to #a_/d in* ( ! top ) sirup or ) boil+ wat]4 ,place ! cov] on ! j>1 b d n seal x tightly4 ,if a screw top j> is us$1 screw on ! lid by grasp+ x ) ! ?umb & little f+]4 ,if ! j> has a bail top1 adju/ ! top bail only1--n ! l[] bail4 ,!n process ! j>s & _! cont5ts by plac+ 93 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #ia4--,,rack ,,= ,,hold+ ,,j>s4 ,note t ! rack is %ap$ to fit a wa% boil]4 7#a7 ,kettle or clo!s boil] provid$ ) a rack 7see ,figure #ia7 or "s sort ( false bottom su* z /rips ( wood1 /raw1 pap]1 or wire-nett+ ( "o half in* me%4 7#b7 ,/eam cook] 7see ,figure #ah74 7#c7 ,pressure cook] 7see ,figure #ag74 ,if ! kettle or wa% boil] is us$1 re/ ! j>s on ! rack 9 ! conta9]1 fill ! latt] ) en\gh hot wat] s t x ext5ds to a dep? ( "o in* above ! cov]s ( ! j>s4 ,!n boil ! wat]4 ,c\nt ! "t ( process+ :5 ! wat] beg9s to boil4 ,keep ! wat] at boil+ temp]ature = ! l5g? ( "t giv5 9 ! ,table bel[4 ,if ! /eam cook] is us$1 place ! fill$ j>s 9 ! cook] & /eam = a few m9utes long] ?an :5 ! j> is imm]s$ 9 boil+ wat] 7see ,table bel[74 ,if ! pressure cook] is us$1 process accord+ to ! l5g? ( "t /at$ 9 ! ,table giv5 bel[4 ,aft] /]iliz+ fruit by any ( ^! me?ods1 remove ! j>s f ! conta9]1 seal1 inv]t1 & set !m aside to cool 9 a place free f draft4 ,:5 cool1 wa% ! outside ( ! j>s1 & label4 ,/ore 9 a cool1 d>k cupbo>d4 ,wrapp+ ea* j> 9 pap] be=e /or+ is advis$4 ,bail top j>s may be te/$ = p]fect seal+ by loos5+ ! top bail1 & lift+ ! j> by grasp+ its lid ) ! f+]s4 ,if ! j> is securely seal$1 ! lid w n come (f1 because ( int]nal suction4 ,9 case ! lid comes (f1 remove ! rubb]1 replace x ) a new1 wet "o1 adju/ ! cov] & aga9 process = at lea/ #a_/c ( ! orig9al process+ p]iod or n less ?an #aj m9utes4 ,a ,,discussion ,,( ,,me?ods ,,( ,,cann+4--7a7 ,:ile ! op5 kettle is n z safe a me?od ( cann+ z ! cold pack f ! /&po9t ( p]fect process+1 x is desirable = small wat]y fruits1 especially /rawb]ries1 s9ce evaporation ( "s ( ! wat] takes place4 ,x is also g5]ally us$ = fruits pres]v$ ) mu* sug>1 su* z pres]ves1 jams1 cons]ves1 etc4 ,_m h\sekeep]s f9d ?is me?od desirable = cann+ tomatoes & beets4 ,! sk9s may be remov$ f ! latt] aft] cook+1 !reby los+ less color+ ( ! vegetable4 7b7 ,! cold pack me?od ( cann+ is v satisfactory = mo/ fruits & all vegetables4 ,x is especially desirable = :ole fruits or = fruits 9 l>ge pieces4 ,! %ape ( ! fruit may be pres]v$ bett] by ?is me?od ?an by ! op5 kettle process4 ,x is also a saf] me?od z f> z satisfactory process+ is conc]n$4 ,_m h\sekeep]s f9d x easi] ?an ! op5 kettle me?od4 ,! blan*+ & cold-dipp+ ( vegetables & fruits :i* may be "o ( ! /eps 9 ! cold pack me?od is ?\ght to accompli% sev]al ?+s3 #a4 ,to remove objectionable acids & flavors4 #b4 ,to make ! foods m pliable = pack+ 9 ! j>s4 ,x 0 =m]ly ?\ght t blan*+ & cold-dipp+ ( vegetables de/roy$ "s ( ! bact]ia & aid$ 9 process+ ! food4 ,rec5t exp]im5tation %[s t ^! processes d n affect ! bact]ia & h no value z f> z ! pres]vation ( ! food is conc]n$4 ,,table ,,= ,,cann+ ,,fruits ,,by ,,"o ,,p]iod ,,( ,,process+ ,footnote #abd3 ,adapt$ f ,f>m]s' ,bullet9 #abaa1 ,home ,cann+ ( ,fruits & ,vegetables1 ,revis$ ,augu/1 #aibb4 ,,"t ,,( ,,process+ ,,9 ,,p9t ,,or ,,food ,,"t ,,( ,,qu>t ,,j>s ,,93 ,,blan*+ 7a7 7b7 ,wat] ,ba? at ,pressure #ab degrees ,f4 or ,/eam ,cook] #e ,p\nds ,cook] ,m9utes ,m9utes ,m9utes ,apples1 cut 9 pieces #a #a_/b #bj to #cj ,apricots #a to #b #cj #aj ,blackb]ries1 ,blueb]ries ,none #aj to #bj #aj ,*]ries #a_/d #be #aj ,currants1 ,dewb]ries1 ,gooseb]ries ,none #aj to #bj #aj ,pe>s #d-h 9 boil+ sirup #bj to #cj #aj ,footnote #abe3 ,d n cold dip aft] blan*+ 9 boil+ sirup4 ,use ! long] "t ( process+ 9 ! wat] ba? = l>ge pe>s4 ,pea*es #a or until sk9 is loos5$ #bj to #cj #aj ,plums ,none #bj to #cj #ab ,p9eapples ,none #cj #aj ,raspb]ries ,none #aj to #bj #aj ,rhub>b ,none #bj to #cj #aj to #ae ,/rawb]ries ,none #aj to #bj #aj ,,note4--,use only fre%1 s\nd fruits = cann+4 ,d n beg9 to c\nt ! "t ( process+ 9 a wat] ba? until ! wat] rea*es ! boil+ po9t4 ,:5 diff]5t times ( process+ are giv51 z #bj to #cj m9utes1 use ! long] "t = qu>t glass j>s & ! %ort] = t9 cans4 ,= altitudes high] ?an #ajjj feet1 increase ! "t ( process+ #aj p] c5t = ea* additional #ajjj feet4 ,= v high altitudes x may be be/ to use a pressure cook] = c]ta9 fruits4 ,if fruits are pack$ tightly1 "t ( process+ %\ld be increas$4 ,,discussion ,,( ,,! ,,diff]5t ,,devices ,,us$ ,,9 ,,! ,,cold ,,pack ,,process4--7#a7 ,! kettle or wa% boil] provid$ ) a rack is an inexp5sive device4 ,x is satisfactory = process+ fruits & acid vegetables2 !re is a "q :e!r non-acid vegetables may be process$ 9 ! hot wat] ba? ev5 ?\gh !y are process$ on ?ree successive days4 ,x is ?\ght by "s t ! flavor ( foods cann$ at l[ temp]ature1 i4e4 n above #bab degrees ,f41 is sup]ior to t cann$ at a high] temp]ature4 7#b7 ,! /eam cook] is a conv5i5t & satisfactory equipm5t to use = cann+ fruits & "s vegetables4 ,x is m exp5sive1 h[ev]1 ?an ! kettle hav+ a rack1 b less fuel is requir$ :5 us+ x4 7#c7 ,! pressure cook] is ! mo/ satisfactory f ! /&po9t ( process+4 ,x is especially satisfactory = vegetables & meat1 s9ce a mu* high] temp]ature ?an t ( boil+ wat] is ma9ta9$ dur+ ! process+ p]iod4 ,! high] temp]ature also makes x possible to process foods 9 a %ort] "t4 ,h[ev]1 x is ?\ght by "s t ! flavor ( foods cann$ above #bab degrees ,f4 is inf]ior to t cann$ at a l[] temp]ature4 ,moreov]1 ! pressure cook] is a m exp5sive device ?an ei!r ( ! o!r two4 ,,que/ions ,:y %\ld process$ j>s1 cov]s1 & rubb]s rema9 9 boil+ wat] until j ready = use8 ,:y n t\* ! inside ( j>s & cov]s ) ! f+]s8 ,:y %\ld b]ries & small fruits be wa%$ be=e hull+ or /emm+8 ,:y %\ld decay$ or bruis$ spots on fruits be remov$ completely be=e cann+ ! fruit8 ,:y is x t ! cold pack me?od ( cann+ is saf] f ! /&po9t ( process+ ?an ! op5 kettle me?od8 ,:y %\ld ! j> conta9+ fruit t is to be process$ by ! cold pack me?od be fill$ to #a_/d in* ( ! top ) sirup r ?an to ov]fl[+8 ,:y %\ld ! cov]s ( j>s n be seal$ tightly be=e plac+ 9 ! kettle or /eam] us$ = process+8 ,:y is x unnecess>y & undesirable to dislodge air bubbles 9 j>s conta9+ food process$ by ! cold pack process8 ,:5 food is process$ by imm]s+ ! j>s 9 boil+ wat]1 :y %\ld ! wat] ext5d above ! cov]s ( ! j>s to a dep? ( "o in*8 ,,lesson ,,clxviii ,,process+ ,,) ,,mu* ,,sug>--,,pres]ves1 ,,jams1 ,,& ,,cons]ves ,,exp]im5t #ic3 ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,sug> ,,z ,a ,,pres]vative4--,place #b ?9 slices ( fre% fruit 9 a sauce di%4 ,spr9kle "o ( ! slices g5]\sly ) sug>4 ,set ! sauce di% aside = at lea/ #bd h\rs4 ,exam9e4 ,:at *ange has tak5 place 9 ! fruit )\t sug>8 ,:at has caus$ ! *ange8 ,comp>e ! sug>$ fruit ) t )\t sug>4 ,:at conclusion c be drawn conc]n+ ! use ( sug> 9 pres]v+ fruit8 ,,pres]ves ,sug> 0 m5tion$ z "o ( ! pres]vatives us$ 9 ! pres]vation ( food 7see ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,pres]v+ ,food74 ,sug> 9 l>ge quantity is unfavorable to g]m life & h5ce is a mo/ effective pres]vative4 ,pres]ves are made by cook+ fruit 9 a ?ick sirup z 9 ! ,me?od ( ,cann+ 7a7 ,op5 ,kettle4 ,a l>ge quantity ( sug> is desirable z f> z pres]vation is conc]n$2 b = flavor less sug> is usually to be pref]r$4 ,only a few fruits are bett] :5 pres]v$ ) consid]able sug>4 ,fruits be/ adapt$ = pres]v+ are /rawb]ries1 s\r *]ries1 s\r plums1 qu9ces1 currants1 & raspb]ries4 ,= pres]ves1 use #c_/d to #a p\nd ( sug> = #a p\nd ( fruit4 ,! less quantity ( sug> %\ld be us$ = pea*es1 plums1 qu9ces1 currants1 & raspb]ries2 ! great] quantity1 = /rawb]ries & *]ries4 ,use ! quantity ( wat] giv5 9 ,me?od ( ,cann+ 7a7 ,op5 ,kettle4 ,cook & seal z cann$ fruit4 ,,jams ,jam is made z foll[s3 ,clean ! fruit4 ,if l>ge fruits are us$1 p>e or peel !m & cut into small pieces4 ,if small fruits1--b]ries or grapes1 --are us$1 ma% !m4 ,cook ! fruit 9 z little wat] z possible4 ,:5 ! fruit is s(t1 measure x & add ! sug>1--use #c_/d to #a "p ( sug> to #a "p ( cook$ fruit4 ,cook until ?ick1 /irr+ to prev5t burn+4 ,te/ ! ?ickness by dropp+ f a spoon4 ,if x falls 9 heavy drops1 ! jam is suffici5tly cook$4 ,p\r into /]iliz$ jelly glasses4 ,cov] ! glasses ) clean clo? or pap] & set aside to cool & /iff54 ,melt p>aff94 ,p\r x 7hot7 ov] ! cold jam4 ,all[ ! p>aff9 to h>d5 & !n cov] ! glasses ) ! lids4 ,wipe ! outside ( ! glasses1 label1 & /ore4 ,fruit t is too s(t or too ripe = cann+ or pres]v+ may be us$ = mak+ jam4 ,,m>malades ,m>malades are made mu* z jams4 ,h[ev]1 usually only ! pulp & juices ( fruits are us$4 ,! fruit is fir/ cook$1 & ! sk9s & se$s remov$ be=e add+ ! sug>4 ,9 ,orange ,m>malade1 ! r9d is us$4 ,,cons]ves ,cons]ves consi/ ( a comb9ation ( two or m fruits4 ,nuts & o!r mat]ials are sometimes add$4 ,cons]ves may be prep>$ z pres]ves1 i4e4 cook+ ! +r$i5ts ) sug>1 until ?ick2 or z jam1 i4e4 cook+ ! +r$i5ts until t5d]1 !n add+ ! sug> & cook+ until ?ick4 ,x is ?\ght by "s t ! latt] me?od produces a f9] flavor2 x makes a product less t\gh & less /icky4 ,9 ! special recipes = cons]ves giv5 9 ?is text1 ! latt] me?od is foll[$4 ,,orange ,,m>malade 7,i7 #a doz5 oranges #a grapefruit #f lemons ,sug> ,weigh ! fruit1 slice x4 ,to ea* p\nd ( fruit add #a qu>t ( cold wat]4 ,let ! mixture /& = #bd h\rs4 ,!n cook sl[ly = #b h\rs4 ,weigh ! cook$ fruit4 ,add an equal weight ( sug>4 ,cook = #a h\r or until x /iff5s4 ,p\r into /]iliz$ jelly glasses1 seal1 & cov] z direct$ = ,jams4 ,,orange ,,m>malade 7,,ii7 #a doz5 oranges #c p\nds sug> #b qu>ts rhub>b ,r9d ( #f oranges ,wa% ! fruit4 ,slice ! oranges & cut ! rhub>b into pieces4 7,d n peel ! rhub>b47 ,cook ! oranges & rhub>b = #cj m9utes4 ,add ! sug> & cook sl[ly = #b h\rs or until ?ick4 ,p\r into /]iliz$ glasses4 ,:5 cool1 seal & cov] z direct$ = ,jams4 ,,c>rot ,,m>malade #a p\nd c>rots #c cupfuls sug> #b lemons #a_/b teaspoonful salt ,wa%1 scrape1 & *op ! c>rots4 ,extract ! juice f ! lemons4 ,put ! c>rots & lemon r9ds ?r\gh a food *opp]1 cov] !m ) wat]1 & cook until t5d]4 ,add ! lemon juice1 salt1 & sug> to ! cook$ mixture4 ,cook until x is ?ick5$4 ,turn into /]iliz$ jelly glasses4 ,let /& until cool4 ,!n cov] ) melt$ p>aff94 ,,/rawb]ry ,,& ,,p9eapple ,,cons]ve ,use equal quantities ( /rawb]ries & %r$d$ p9eapple4 ,cook ! %r$d$ p9eapple 9 ! lea/ possible quantity ( wat]4 ,:5 t5d]1 add ! /rawb]ries & cook until !y are s(t4 ,measure ! fruit & add ?ree f\r?s z mu* sug> z fruit & a small quantity ( salt4 ,cook until ?ick 7see ,jams74 ,p\r into /]iliz$ glasses4 ,seal & cov] z direct$ = ,jams4 ,,cranb]ry ,,cons]ve #a qu>t cranb]ries #a #a_/b cupfuls wat] #a_/d p\nd rais9s #a_/b p\nd ,cali=nia walnuts1 *opp$ #a orange1--juice & grat$ r9d #a #a_/b p\nds sug> #a_/b teaspoonful salt ,wa% ! fruit4 ,cook ! cranb]ries 9 ! wat] until ! b]ries bur/4 ,/ra94 ,add ! rema9+ +r$i5ts & cook #be m9utes or until ! mixture is ?ick 7see ,jams74 ,p\r into /]iliz$ glasses4 ,:5 cool1 seal & cov] z direct$ = ,jams4 ,,grape ,,cons]ve #a_/b peck grapes #b oranges1--juice & r9d #b lemons1--juice & r9d #a cupful *opp$ nuts ,sug> #a_/b teaspoonful salt ,wa% ! fruit4 ,remove ! grapes f ! /ems2 remove ! sk9s f ! pulp4 ,cook ! pulp until s(t2 /ra91 to remove ! se$s4 ,place ! /ra9$ pulp & sk9s 9 a pres]v+ kettle4 ,extract ! juice f ! oranges & lemons1 !n put ! r9ds ?r\gh a food-*opp]4 ,add ! lemon & orange juice & r9d to ! grape mixture & cook = #a h\r4 ,measure ! mixture4 ,!n add an equal quantity ( sug> & ! nuts & salt4 ,cont9ue cook+ until ?ick 7see ,jams74 ,p\r into /]iliz$ glasses4 ,:5 cool1 seal & cov] z direct$ = ,jams4 ,,apricot ,,cons]ve #a p\nd dri$ apricots #a #a_/b qu>ts wat] ,sug> #b p9eapples or #a l>ge c %r$d$ p9eapple #a_/b teaspoonful salt ,wa% ! dri$ apricots & soak !m 9 ! wat]4 ,9 ! wat] 9 :i* !y 7 soak$1 cook ! apricots until t5d]4 ,press ?r\gh a col&]4 ,if fre% p9eapples are us$1 %r$ !m & cook1 9 z little wat] z possible1 until t5d]4 ,comb9e ! cook$ fruits & measure4 ,add #a_/b z mu* sug> & ! salt4 ,cook until ?ick 7see ,jams74 ,p\r into /]iliz$ glasses4 ,:5 cool1 seal & cov] z direct$ = ,jams4 ,,plum ,,cons]ve #a p\nd 7#a #a_/b doz57 plums #a_/d cupful *opp$ nuts #a cupful se$$ rais9s #b oranges #a cupful wat] #a #a_/d cupfuls sug> #a_/b teaspoonful salt ,wa% ! plums1 /one1 & cut into pieces4 ,extract ! juice f ! oranges4 ,put ! r9d ?r\gh a food *opp]4 ,mix ! plums1 rais9s1 orange r9d1 & wat]4 ,simm] until ! fruits & peel are t5d]4 ,add ! orange juice1 sug>1 nuts1 & salt1 & cont9ue cook+ until ! mixture has ! consi/5cy ( m>malade4 ,p\r into /]iliz$ glasses4 ,:5 cool1 seal & cov] z direct$ = ,jams4 ,,que/ions ,h[ d ,pres]ves diff] f ,cann$ ,fruit8 ,h[ does ,jam diff] f ,pres]ves8 ,h[ does ,jam diff] f ,fruit ,sauce8 ,:y does ,jam keep bett] ?an ,fruit ,sauce8 ,give me?od ( seal+ ,cann$ ,fruit & me?od ( seal+ ,jam4 ,expla9 :y diff]5t me?ods are us$4 ,,lesson ,,clxix ,,process+ ,,) ,,mu* ,,sug>--,,jellies ,,exp]im5t #id3 ,,pect9 ,,9 ,,fruit ,,juice4--,put a few grapes1 slices ( apple1 or cranb]ries 9 a small saucepan1 & add en\gh wat] to cov] & cook until ! fruit is t5d] & s(t en\gh to ma%4 ,/ra9 ! cook$ fruit ?r\gh *eese-clo?4 ,put #a teaspoonful ( ! extract$ fruit juice 9 a sauc]1 add an equal quantity ( alcohol4 ,footnote #abf3 ,ei!r gra9 7e?yl71 wood 7me?yl71 or d5atur$ alcohol may be us$4 ,bo? wood & d5atur$ alcohol are poison\s4 ,if !y are us$ = te/+1 !y %\ld be h&l$ & /or$ away ) caution4 ,mix by g5tly rotat+ ! sauc]4 ,let ! mixture /& = #e m9utes4 ,!n exam9e4 ,:at *ange has tak5 place 9 ! fruit juice8 ,! =mation ( a solid mass 9 ! mixture ( fruit juice & alcohol :i* has /ood = #e m9utes indicates t ! fruit juice conta9s pect91--a vegetable gelat9e4 ,,exp]im5t #ie3 ,,pect9 ,,9 ,,! ,,inn] ,,portion ,,( ,,orange ,,or ,,lemon ,,peel4--,cut away ! yell[ portion f orange or lemon r9d4 ,cut or *op ! :ite portion ( ! r9d 9 small pieces4 ,cov] ) wat] & soak sev]al h\rs or ov]night4 ,!n cook sl[ly = #a_/b h\r4 ,/ra9 & set aside to cool4 ,to #a teaspoonful ( ?is liquid add an equal quantity ( alcohol1 & proce$ z 9 ,exp]im5t #id4 ,does ! lemon or orange r9d conta9 pect98 ,,! ,,pr9ciple ,,( ,,jelly ,,mak+4--,:5 ! juices ( c]ta9 fruits are extract$ & cook$ ) sug>1 ! mixture /iff5s :5 cool4 ,?is prop]ty ( /iff5+ is due to ! pres5ce 9 fruit ( two mat]ials1-- a c]ta9 c>bohydrate1 call$ pect91 & an acid4 ,pect9 is l />* 9 t x /iff5s :5 cold2 b l sug>1 9 t x is soluble4 ,n all fruits conta9 pect94 ,jelly is mo/ easily prep>$ f fruits :i* are ri* 9 pect9 & conta9 "s acid4 ,unless pect9 is conta9$ 9 ! fruit1 ! addition ( sug> to fruit juice w n cause ! juice to jelly4 ,b jelly may be made f a fruit lack+ 9 pect91 if x is comb9$ ) a fruit ri* 9 pect94 ,c]ta9 fruits conta9 pect91 b are lack+ 9 acid1 h5ce are n good = jelly mak+4 ,^! fruits c be us$ = jelly1 h[ev]1 if acid is add$4 ,,selection ,,( ,,fruits ,,= ,,jelly ,,mak+4--,= jelly mak+1 *oose fruits :i* conta9 consid]able pect9 & "s acid4 ,! fruits %\ld be fre% & n ov]-ripe4 ,"s gre5 fruits make f9e jelly4 ,currant1 crabapple1 grape1 apple1 & plum are good jelly-mak+ fruits4 ,if x is desirable to use a fruit conta9+ little pect91 z /rawb]ries1 add a fruit ri* 9 pect91 z currants4 ,if ab\t #aj p] c5t ( ! fruit :i* conta9 mu* pect9 is add$ to ! o!r fruit1 ! flavor ( ! f\ndation fruit is n mu* alt]$4 ,if x is desir$ to use a fruit conta9+ pect9 b defici5t 9 acid1 z sweet apple & qu9ce1 add t>t>ic or citric acid4 ,s9ce ! acidity ( fruits v>ies1 no def9ite quantity ( acid c be /at$4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ ,footnote #abg3 ,see ,univ]sity ( ,ill9ois ,bullet91 ,pr9ciples ( ,jelly ,mak+1 p4 #bdi4 t en\gh acid %\ld be add$ to make ! fruit juice ab\t z acid to ta/e z good t>t apples4 ,at lea/ "o teaspoonful ( acid is requir$ = "o qu>t ( fruit juice4 ,dissolve ! acid 9 ! fruit juice1 !n ta/e ! mixture4 ,if necess>y1 add m acid to produce ! acidity indicat$ above4 ,jelly may be prep>$ f /rawb]ries1 pea*es1 & pe>s by ! addition ( ^! acids1 b ! flavor is some:at impair$4 ,! sugge/ion has be5 made also ,footnote #abh3 ,idem1 p4 #be4 t ! inn] :ite portion ( lemon or orange peel be us$ z a s\rce ( pect9 ) fruit defici5t 9 pect94 ,remove ! yell[ portion ( ! r9d1 put ! :ite portion ?r\gh a food *opp]1 & soak 9 wat] = sev]al h\rs or ov]night4 ,!n cook sl[ly = sev]al h\rs4 ,/ra9 out ! solid portion4 ,add ! liquid to ! fruit juice defici5t 9 pect9 & use = jelly mak+4 ,! r9d ( lemons & oranges may be dri$ = use 9 jelly mak+4 ,:5 desir$ = use1 soak & cook z direct$ above4 ,,g5]al ,,me?od ,,( ,,jelly ,,mak+ ,wa% & pick ov] ! fruit2 remove ! /ems1 b use ! sk9 & se$s & ?us reta9 z mu* ( ! fruit z possible4 ,! sk9 ( fruit usually adds color to jelly4 ,if l>ge fruit is us$1 cut x 9 pieces4 ,cook ! fruit sl[ly 9 wat]4 ,use v little wat] = juicy fruits1 su* z currants & raspb]ries1--#a cupful ( wat] to #d or #e qu>ts ( fruit4 ,cru% ! fruits dur+ cook+4 ,to cook l>ge fruits requires wat]4 ,a g5]al proportion is half z mu* wat]1 by measure1 z prep>$ fruit4 ,a little less wat] may be us$ = pea*es & plums & a little m = w9t] apples4 ,a fair e/imate is #c qu>ts ( /ra9$ juice f #h qu>ts ( fruit & #d qu>ts ( wat]4 ,if ! quantity ( juice is great] ?an ?is1 x %\ld be boil$ d[n to #c qu>ts be=e add+ ! sug>4 ,:5 ! fruit is cook$ until x is v s(t1 x is ready = /ra9+4 ,= /ra9+1 make a bag ( d\ble *eeseclo? or flannel4 ,wr+ ! jelly bag out ( hot wat] & susp5d x f a /rong support4 ,p\r ! cook$ fruit into ! bag & let ! juice drip into a b[l4 ,if transp>5t jelly is desir$1 d n press ! juice ?r\gh ! bag2 let ! juice drip = sev]al h\rs or ov]night4 ,measure ! cle> fruit juice & heat x4 ,! "t ( cook+ dep5ds ^u ! p] c5t ( pect9 & ! acidity ( ! juice2 ! m pect9 & acid1 ! less ! "t ( cook+4 ,! "t v>ies f #h to #cj m9utes4 ,skim ! juice :5 necess>y4 ,:ile ! juice is cook+1 measure ?ree f\r?s z mu* sug> ,footnote #abi3 ,! quantity ( sug> us$ 9 jelly mak+ dep5ds ^u ! quantity ( pect9 9 fruit juice1--! m pect91 ! m sug>4 ,a mo/ satisfactory me?od ( det]m9+ ! quantity ( pect9 & consequ5tly ! quantity ( sug> to use ) fruit juice is sugge/$ by ! ,bullet9 ( ! ,national ,w> ,g>d5 ,commission4 ,! te/ foll[s3 ,to a tablespoonful ( fruit juice :i* has be5 boil$ & cool$1 add #a tablespoonful ( alcohol 7see footnote #abf474 ,mix by g5tly rotat+ & !n let /&4 ,if a solid mass =ms1 use equal p>ts ( fruit juice & sug>4 ,if #b or #c masses =m1 use #b_/c to #c_/d z mu* sug> z juice4 ,if sev]al small solid p>ticles =m1 use #a_/b z mu* sug> z juice4 ,if no solid p>ticles =m1 ! fruit juice %\ld be enri*$ by ! addition ( "s pect9-ri* fruit juice4 z fruit juice & heat ! sug>4 ,= currants & gre5 or "u-ripe grapes1 use equal quantities ( sug> & fruit juice4 ,add ! hot sug> to ! boil+ sirup & cook4 ,! foll[+ are te/s = suffici5t cook+ ( jelly4 7a7 ,coats ! spoon4 7b7 ,falls f ! spoon 9 heavy drops4 ,footnote #acj3 ,two drops =m+ side by side along ! edge ( ! spoon has be5 f\nd to be a reliable te/4 7c7 ,/iff5s :5 dropp$ on a cold di% & all[$ to cool4 ,! fir/ two te/s are m satisfactory ?an ! la/1 s9ce ! cook+ process may be c>ri$ too f> :ile ! te/-jelly is cool+4 ,seal z ,jam or %r$ p>aff9 & place x 9 ! bottom ( /]iliz$ jelly glasses4 ,p\r ! hot jelly into ! glasses & set aside to /iff54 ,!n cov] & /ore4 ,x is well to /ore jelly 9 a cool1 dry1 & d>k place4 ,! color ( fruit sometimes fades :5 kept 9 a light place4 ,long cook+ ( pect9 *anges x into sub/ances :i* d n h ! prop]ty ( jelly+1 h5ce1 make jelly 9 z %ort a "t z possible4 ,! purpose ( heat+ ! sug> is to ha/5 ! process ( jelly mak+4 ,! addition ( cold sug> w\ld cool ! mixture & ?us prolong ! process4 ,! addition ( too mu* sug> is (t5 ! cause ( unsuccessful jelly mak+4 ,cry/allization ( ! sug> f ! jelly may result f an excess ( sug>4 ,! fruit pulp left 9 ! jelly bag %\ld be utiliz$4 ,m>malade may be made f x1 or m jelly c be prep>$ f x4 ,to accompli% ! latt]1 add wat] to ! fruit pulp 7en\gh to cov]71 mix1 & heat sl[ly until ! boil+ po9t is rea*$4 ,/ra9 & prep>e jelly f ! juice4 ,h[ev]1 m cook+ ( ! juice be=e ! sug> is add$ is requir$ = ! second extraction1 s9ce ! juice conta9s s mu* wat]4 ,! juice extract$ = a ?ird "t f mo/ fruits w conta9 en\gh pect9 = jelly mak+4 ,x has be5 f\nd t m desirable jelly c be obta9$ by ?is me?od ?an by press+ ! juice f ! bag & ?us obta9+ :at is t]m$ second quality jelly4 ,,fruit ,,juices ,,)\t ,,sug>4--,extract ! juice f fruit z direct$ 9 ,g5]al ,me?od ( ,jelly ,mak+4 ,d n add sug> to ! juice4 ,c x z direct$ 9 7a7 or 7b74 7a7 ,reheat until ! boil+ temp]ature is rea*$1 !n p\r into /]iliz$ j>s4 ,fill to ov]fl[+ & seal4 7b7 ,place ! juice 9 /]iliz$ j>s4 ,p>tially seal & place 9 a wat] ba? hav+ ! wat] rea* ! neck ( ! j>4 ,let x cook at a simm]+ temp]ature f #bj to #cj m9utes4 ,remove f ! wat] ba?1 & seal securely4 ,9 ! w9t] "t or :5 desir$ = use1 ?is fruit juice may be made into jelly z direct$ 9 ,g5]al ,me?od ( ,jelly ,mak+1 or x may be sweet5$1 dilut$ if necess>y1 & us$ z a bev]age4 ,?is me?od ( pres]v+ fruit juice is especially desirable :5 !re is a sc>city ( sug>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #ib--,,! ,,composition ,,( ,,fruits ,,& ,,fruit ,,products4 7,revis$ edition47 ,,que/ions ,note ! diff]5ce 9 ! quantity ( c>bohydrates 9 ,cann$ ,fruit & ,fruit ,jelly 7see ,figure #ib74 ,:at k9d ( c>bohydrate is pres5t 9 greate/ quantity 9 ^! foods8 ,to :at is ! diff]5ce 9 flavor ( ,cann$ ,fruit & ,fruit ,jelly l>gely due8 ,:at is ! *ief diff]5ce 9 ! processes ( jam mak+ & jelly mak+8 ,:at is ! result if too mu* sug> is us$ 9 jelly mak+8 ,:at is ! result if jelly is cook$ too long8 ,note ! diff]5ce 9 ! me?ods ( seal+ jams & jellies4 ,expla94 ,,lesson ,,clxx ,,process+ ,,) ,,v9eg> ,,& ,,spices--,,reli%es ,,spices ,,& ,,v9eg> ,,are ,,pres]vatives ,,( ,,foods4 ,n all spices1 h[ev]1 h equal pres]vative p[]4 ,x has be5 f\nd t c9namon & cloves aid 9 food pres]vation1 b t pepp] & g+] h v little1 if any1 pres]vative p[]4 ,9 ! lesson on ,flavor+ ,mat]ials3 ,food ,adjuncts1 x 0 m5tion$ t spices & condim5ts %\ld be us$ sp>+ly 9 ! diet1 h5ce spic$ fruits & pickles %\ld h only occasional use4 ,!re is no d\bt t lemon juice or o!r t>t fruit juices are bett] s\rces ( acid-satisfy+ mat]ials ?an v9eg>4 ,,spic$ ,,pe>s #a_/b peck pe>s #c p\nds sug> #a p9t v9eg> #a_/b ounce g+] root ,r9d ( #a_/b lemon ,:ole allspice ,/ick c9namon ,:ole cloves ,cut ! pe>s 9 halves1 remove ! se$s1 & p>e4 ,into ea* piece ( pe> /ick two or ?ree cloves4 ,make a sirup ( ! v9eg> & sug>4 ,divide ! c9namon1 allspice1 & g+] into two p>ts1 tie 9 *eese- clo? bags1 & add to ! sirup4 ,:5 ! sirup beg9s to simm]1 add ! pe>s & lemon r9d2 br+ to ! boil+ po9t1 remove f ! fire1 & turn into a /one j>4 ,cov] & /& 9 a cool place ov]night4 ,next day br+ ! mixture to ! boil+ po9t1 aga9 place 9 ! /one j> & /& ov]night4 ,! foll[+ day heat z be=e4 ,d ?is = five consecutive days4 ,! la/ day1 remove ! fruit f ! sirup1 heat ! sirup & evaporate x until !re is j en\gh to cov] ! fruit4 ,add ! fruit to ! hot sirup1 heat to ! boil+ po9t1 !n put 9 /one or glass j>s or tumbl]s4 ,! pe>s may be f9i%$ 9 "o day z foll[s3 ,cook ! fruit until t5d]1 !n remove x1 evaporate ! sirup1 add ! fruit1 reheat aga91 & f9i% z above4 ,fruit prep>$ by ! fir/ me?od has a f9] flavor4 ,,tomato ,,catsup #ab ripe tomatoes #b l>ge onions #b gre5 pepp]s #b tablespoonfuls salt #d tablespoonfuls br[n sug> #b tablespoonfuls g+] #a tablespoonful c9namon #a tablespoonful mu/>d #a nutmeg grat$ #a p9t v9eg> ,peel ! tomatoes & onions4 ,*op ! onions & pepp]s f9e4 ,cook all ! +r$i5ts toge!r = #c h\rs1 or until s(t & brok54 ,/ir frequ5tly4 ,bottle & seal :ile hot4 ,! mixture may be /ra9$ be=e bottl+4 ,,cel]y ,,sauce #bj l>ge ripe tomatoes #f l>ge onions #d l>ge /alks cel]y #c_/d cupful sug> #a l>ge r$ pepp] #d tablespoonfuls salt #b cupfuls v9eg> ,*op ! vegetables1 add ! salt & v9eg>1 & cook = #b h\rs4 ,!n add ! sug>4 ,all[ x to rea* ! boil+ po9t aga94 ,turn into /]iliz$ bottles or j>s1 & seal4 ,,oil ,,pickles #b doz5 small cucumb]s #b doz5 small onions #a_/b cupful olive oil #a_/d cupful sug> #a p9t v9eg> #a_/c cupful salt #a_/d cupful mu/>d se$ #a p9t v9eg> #a teaspoonful cel]y se$ ,scrub ! cucumb]s4 ,cut !m 7)\t p>+7 into ?9 slices4 ,wa% & cut ! onions into ?9 slices4 ,mix ! salt ) ^! vegetables 7to extract moi/ure71 & let ! mixture /& ov] night4 ,!n dra9 ! moi/ure f ! vegetables s t ! v9eg> may n be dilut$4 ,mix ! rema9+ +r$i5ts4 ,p\r ! mixture ov] ! onions & cucumb]s4 ,mix well1 cov]1 & set aside = a few h\rs4 ,!n p\r into /]iliz$ j>s4 ,fill ! j> ) liquid4 7,if necess>y1 m v9eg> may be us$47 ,to drive out ! air1 place ! j>s 7) cov]s loosely adju/$7 9 a wat] ba? at simm]+ temp]ature 7#ahj degrees ,f47 & heat at ?is temp]ature = #ae m9utes4 ,remove f ! wat] ba? & seal4 ,,to ,,seal ,,bottles4--,melt toge!r1 ov] hot wat]1 equal p>ts ( %oemak]'s wax & res94 ,:5 liquefi$1 dip ! tops ( cork$ bottles into x4 ,corks 9 bottles may be dipp$ also 9 hot p>aff94 ,dip sev]al times4 ,,que/ions ,:at is ! objection to excessive use ( spic$ foods8 ,"n "s sub/itutes = pickles4 ,:y is an excessive or cont9u\s use ( pickles objectionable 9 diet8 ,,lesson ,,clxxi ,,cann$ ,,vegetables ,,microorganisms ,,9 ,,! ,,spore ,,=m4--,_m microorganisms are de/roy$ by heat+ !m = a few m9utes to boil+ temp]ature4 ,h[ev]1 "s microorganisms h a peculi> p[] ( reta9+ life "u mo/ adv]se conditions4 ,:5 subject$ to extreme heat or cold1 int5se dry+1 or :5 !re is lack ( food1 c]ta9 microorganisms assume a spore =m1 i4e4 !y cease gr[+ & reproduc+1 & are able to und]go conditions :i* w\ld readily kill microorganisms 9 ! active =m4 ,"s microorganisms 9 ! spore =m are able to resi/ ! temp]ature ( boil+ wat] = an h\r or long]4 ,!n z soon z ! adv]se conditions m5tion$ above are remov$1 ! microorganisms assume active =m & beg9 to gr[ & reproduce4 ,9 ! gr[+ /ate1 _! de/ruction is n s difficult4 ,"s ( ! microorganisms 9 c]ta9 foods1 especially vegetables & fruits gr[n 9 a dry season1 are capable ( spore =mation4 ,:5 microorganisms 9 spore =m d exi/ 9 foods t are to be cann$1 or ! microorganisms *ange into spore =m dur+ ! cann+ process1 ! microorganisms may n be de/roy$ by ! "t ! ord9>y process ( cann+ is complet$4 ,if su* is ! case1 :5 ! cann$ foods are cool$ & ! conditions are favorable = gr[?1 ! microorganisms assume active =m1 beg9 to gr[1 & cause ! decomposition ( food4 ,tw5ty-f\r h\rs is suffici5t "t = ! microorganisms to *ange f ! spore to ! active =m4 ,h5ce ! cann$ foods mu/ be heat$ aga91 if !y are to be pres]v$4 ,= foods difficult to process 7= ! reason giv5 above7 process+ %\ld be c>ri$ on = ?ree successive days4 ,?is is call$ int]mitt5t process+4 ,de/ruction ( microorganisms 9 ! spore =m c be accompli%$ 9 a %ort "t by subject+ !m to v int5se heat4 ,9 cann+ factories ?is is done by process+ at a temp]ature high] ?an t ( boil+ wat]4 ,9 ! home ?is may be accompli%$ by process+ 9 ! pressure cook]4 ,accord+ to "o au?ority process+ int]mitt5tly1 i4e4 on ?ree successive days1 does n insure satisfactory process+ ( mat]ials conta9+ spores4 ,,s+le ,,p]iod ,,& ,,int]mitt5t ,,process+4--,! acid ( tomatoes & fruits aids 9 ! de/ruction ( microorganisms4 ,h5ce int]mitt5t process+ is unnecess>y = ^!4 ,process+ tomatoes & fruits 9 a hot wat] ba? = "o p]iod has prov$ v satisfactory & c]ta94 ,!re is "s "q1 h[ev]1 reg>d+ ! safety ( cann+ all vegetables by "o p]iod ( process+ 9 ! wat] ba? at #bab degrees ,f41 especially 9 regions :]e botulism is kn[n to occur & :]e ,foods _c be /or$ 9 a cool place4 ,9 ,f>m]s' ,bullet9 #abaa1 ,home ,cann+ ( ,fruits & ,vegetables1 revis$ ,augu/1 #aibb1 "o p]iod ( process+ 9 ! wat] ba? at #bab degrees ,f4 is n advis$ 9 climates :]e ! /orage conditions are try+ = ! foll[+ vegetables3 corn1 beans1 asp>agus1 okra1 sp9a* & o!r gre5s1 & peas 7especially if at all mature74 ,= process+ ^! vegetables1 a high] temp]ature ?an t obta9$ 9 ! boil+ wat] ba? is recomm5d$4 ,process+ at a high temp]ature 7f #bbh degrees ,f4 to #bej degrees ,f47 c be accompli%$ conv5i5tly by means ( a pressure cook]4 ,?is is especially recomm5d$ = vegetable cann+ 9 high altitudes & 9 localities :]e botulism has occurr$4 ,x is ?\ght t 9 "s places ! above m5tion$ vegetables may be process$ int]mitt5tly ) safety4 ,= vegetables difficult to c1 p9t j>s only are recomm5d$ = bo? int]mitt5t & s+le p]iod process+ 9 ! wat] ba?4 ,heat p5etrates m rapidly to ! c5t] ( ! small j>s ?an to ! c5t] ( ! l>ge j>s4 ,,selection ,,& ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,vegetables ,,& ,,cann+4--,"y vegetables1 especially ^? t h gr[n quickly1 are mo/ desirable = cann+4 ,if possible1 vegetables1 especially corn1 %\ld be cann$ imm$iately aft] pick+4 ,vegetables = cann+ %\ld be ?or\ghly wa%$1 p>$1 scrap$1 or cut into pieces 9 ! same mann] z :5 !y are cook$ & s]v$ imm$iately4 ,if ! vegetables v>y 9 size1 x is well to sort !m & fill j>s ) ^? ( uni=m size4 ,if !re is mu* diff]5ce 9 rip5ess1 sort ! mature & "y vegetables4 ,,me?od ,,( ,,cann+ ,,vegetables4--,! me?od ( cann+ vegetables = a s+le p]iod does n diff] greatly f ! me?od ( cann+ fruits4 ,! *ief diff]5ce is t j>s conta9+ fruit are fill$ ) sirup1 :ile ^? hold+ vegetables are fill$ ) wat] & salt is add$4 ,blan* & cold-dip vegetables z direct$ previ\sly1 = ! l5g? ( "t giv54 ,gre5s & vegetables ( delicate flavor are blan*$ mo/ successfully by /eam+ ei!r 9 a col&] plac$ ov] boil+ wat] or 9 a /eam]4 7,/eam+ gre5s prev5ts ! escape ( volatile oils & o!r mat]ials47 ,pack ! vegetables 9 j>s to )9 #a_/b in* ( ! top4 ,x is well n to pack sp9a* & o!r gre5s too solidly 9 j>s4 ,s9ce lima beans1 corn1 & peas swell dur+ process+1 !y %\ld be pack$ only to ab\t #a in* ( ! top ( ! j>4 ,to ea* j> add salt1--#a teaspoonful to ea* qu>t j>4 ,fill ea* j> to #a_/b in* ( ! top ) boil+ wat]4 ,put a new rubb] on ! j>1 p>tly seal ! cov]1 & proce$ z direct$ = fruit 7see ,table bel[ = ! l5g? ( "t = process+74 ,:5 vegetables are process$ int]mitt5tly1 j>s ) glass tops & spr+ clamps are recomm5d$4 ,9 process+ vegetables = ?ree successive p]iods1 ! same me?od ( process+ & seal+ is foll[$ z = ! s+le p]iod4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! second & ?ird p]iods1 raise ! clamps ( ! j>s to all[ = expansion1 !n fa/5 ! clamps at ! close ( process+ p]iod 7see ,table = ! l5g? ( "t ( process+ on ea* ( ! ?ree successive days74 ,,food ,,pres]vation ,,table ,,= ,,cann+ ,,fre%1 ,,s\nd1 ,,& ,,firm ,,vegetables ,,by ,,"o ,,p]iod ,,( ,,process+ ,footnote #aca3 ,adapt$ f ,f>m]s' ,bullet9 #abaa4 ,revis$ ,augu/1 #aibb4 ,,"t ,,( ,,process+ ,,"t ,,( ,,vegetable ,,blan*+ ,,or 7a7 7b7 ,/eam ,pressure ,wat] 7,pressure ,cook]7 ,,cook+ ,ba? at 7#a7 #elb 7#b7 #ajlb 7#c7 #aelb #bab deg4 ,f4 #bbh deg4 ,f4 #bdj deg4 ,f4 #bej deg4 ,f4 ,m9utes ,h\rs ,m9utes ,m9utes ,m9utes ,asp>agus #d - - #cj to #dj ,corn #a to #e - - #ij #fj to #ij ,lima beans #c to #e - - #de to #fj ,okra #f to #h - - #cj ,peas #c to #h - - #dj to #ej ,sp9a* #d 9 wat] or #ae 9 /eam - - #ij #ce ,/r+ beans4 #c to #e - - #dj to #ej ,tomatoes #a to #a #a_/b to loos5 sk9s #a_/b #ae #aj ,footnote = ,asp>agus3 ,scrape (f t\gh out] sk9 ( asp>agus4 ,tie into bundles = blan*+4 ,blan* t\gh ends #b m9utes & entire bundle #b m9utes long]4 ,footnote = ,corn3 ,blan* corn on ! cob1 !n cold dip & cut f ! cob4 ,= ea* p9t j>1 use #a p9t ( cut corn1 #a cupful boil+ wat]1 & #a_/b tea-spoonful ea* ( salt & sug>4 ,cook ! mixture 9 a saucepan until x boils & p\r imm$iately into a hot1 /]iliz$ j>4 ,footnote = ,okra3 ,cold dip okra 9 salt wat] 7#a tablespoonful salt to #a qu>t wat]74 ,footnote = ,sp9a*3 ,to loos5 grit1 cov] sp9a* ) scald+ wat]1 let /& #a or #b m9utes4 ,!n wa% 9 sev]al cold wat]s4 ,d n cold dip aft] blan*+4 ,footnote = ,tomatoes3 ,pack tomatoes :ole 9 j>s1 !n fill ! j>s ) cook$ & /ra9$ tomato pulp4 ,tomatoes cut into pieces may be pack$ closely 9 j>s4 ,:5 ?is is done1 no liquid ne$ be add$4 ,,note4--,process+ 9 ! hot wat] ba? is n advis$ = non-acid vegetables su* z asp>agus1 corn1 lima beans1 okra1 peas1 sp9a*1 & /r+ beans4 ,c\nt "t ( process+ 9 a wat] ba? aft] ! wat] boils4 ,:5 two diff]5t times ( process+ are giv51 use ! long] "t = qu>t glass j>s1 ! %ort] "t = t9 cans4 ,if ! j> is pack$ tightly1 increase ! "t ( process+4 ,= altitudes high] ?an #ajjj feet1 increase ! "t ( process+ #aj p] c5t = ea* additional #ajjj feet4 ,= v high altitudes1 ! pressure cook] r ?an ! hot wat] ba? %\ld be us$4 ,,"t ,,table ,,= ,,cann+ ,,vegetables ,,by ,,int]mitt5t ,,process+ ,footnote #acb3 ,see /atem5ts previ\sly ,,vegetable ,,"t ,,( ,,"t ,,( ,,process+ ,,9 ,,wat] ,,ba? ,,blan*+ ,,at #bab ,f4 #ab ,,to #ah ,,h\r ,,int]vals ,,betwe5 ,,p]iods 7a7 ,fir/ ,day 7b7 ,second & ,?ird ,day ,asp>agus #aj to #ae #fj #fj ,corn #e to #aj #ij #ij ,lima ,beans #c to #e #ij #ij ,peas #e #ij #ij ,/r+ ,beans #c to #e #ij #ij ,footnote #acc3 7,= ,asp>agus1 ,corn1 & ,lima ,beans7 ,process 9 p9t j>s only4 ,see footnotes = ,asp>agus & ,okra1 above4 ,,use ,,( ,,cann$ ,,vegetables4--,op5 ! c & if x is t91 empty its cont5ts at once4 ,if ! vegetable is surr\nd$ by liquid1 use ! wat] 9 cook+ ! vegetable1 z x conta9s valuable mat]ials4 ,!re are "s :o cont5d1 h[ev]1 t ! flavor ( c]ta9 vegetables su* z peas & /r+ beans is improv$ if ! vegetable wat] is dra9$ f !m & !y are cook$ 9 fre% wat]4 ,if ?is is done1 ! vegetable wat] %\ld n be wa/$4 ,x %\ld be us$ 9 mak+ s\p or sauce4 ,if possible1 let ! vegetable /& expos$ to ! air = an h\r or long]4 ,if ! vegetable is to be s]v$ pla91 turn into a saucepan4 ,cook 9 its own liquor at boil+ temp]ature1 = at lea/ #cj m9utes4 7,cook+ at boil+ temp]ature = ?is l5g? ( "t is advis$ to remove any possible dang] ( botulism47 ,:5 cook$1 ! liquid %\ld be almo/ entirely evaporat$4 ,add butt]1 salt1 &1 if desir$1 a v little sug>1 & s]ve hot4 ,a ,:ite ,sauce may also be us$ ) a vegetable t has be5 heat$ z above4 ,,que/ions ,expla9 :y vegetables 7except tomatoes7 are m difficult to c successfully ?an fruits4 ,:at food/uffs does ! wat] 9 :i* vegetables are cann$ conta98 ,f ?is expla9 :y ! wat] %\ld n be dra9$ f vegetables :5 remov+ !m f ! cans4 ,:at is ! purpose ( cook+ cann$ vegetables at boil+ temp]ature8 ,,lesson ,,clxxii ,,dri$ ,,vegetables ,,advantages ,,( ,,dry+ ,,foods4--,:ile pres]v+ foods by dry+ does n take ! place ( cann+ foods & /or+ !m 9 j>s or cans1 x has c]ta9 advantages1 viz43 #a4 ,little /orage space is requir$ = dri$ foods4 #b4 ,dri$ foods c be /or$ 9 conta9]s t _c be us$ = cann+4 ,:5 foods are dri$1 !y may be r$uc$ 9 bulk z mu* z #ij p] c5t2 = example1 #aj p\nds ( fre% food may be r$uc$ to #a p\nd ( dri$ food4 ,by ?is r$uction no food value is lo/1 & ! flavor is n greatly *ang$4 ,dri$ foods may be /or$ 9 pap] bags & boxes :i* are mu* less exp5sive conta9]s ?an glass j>s or t9 cans4 ,h5ce if space is limit$ & glass or t9 conta9]s are difficult to secure or are exp5sive1 dry+ may prove a v satisfactory me?od ( pres]v+ food4 ,,me?ods ,,( ,,dry+ ,,& ,,dri]s4--,food may be dri$ by3 #a4 ,sun4 #b4 ,/eam 7plac+ food on a specially con/ruct$ tray 7see ,figure #ic7 :i* is heat$ ) /eam74 #c4 ,/ove or ov5 dry+ 7plac+ food above a /ove or 9 ! ov574 #d4 ,fan dry+ 7plac+ an electric fan ne> ! food74 ,a comb9ation ( ^! me?ods1 especially ! two latt]1 is (t5 us$ 9 dry+ foods4 ,plates or di%es may s]ve z dri]s :5 ! dry+ is done 9 ! ov54 ,trays = dry+ may be con/ruct$ at home or !y may be pur*as$4 ,mo/ ( !m consi/ ( a wood or metal frame ov] :i* wire nett+ is tack$4 ,s+le trays or a s]ies ( trays "o plac$ above ! o!r may s]ve z dri]s4 ,:5 dry+ is accompli%$ by heat f a /ove1 ! dri] is hung ov] a /ove or x re/s on ! top ( ! /ove4 ,9 ! latt] case1 x is necess>y t ! frame ( ! tray be con/ruct$ s t ! bottom tray does n re/ directly on ! /ove4 ,9 case ! dry+ is done ov] a k]os5e /ove1 ! bottom ( ! tray mu/ be ( t9 or galvaniz$ iron to protect ! food f k]os5e fumes4 ,! l[e/ tray mu/ be plac$ at lea/ #d in*es above ! metal bottom4 ,,selection ,,& ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,vegetables ,,= ,,dry+4--,to secure ! be/ results1 select mature b fre% vegetables4 ,!y %\ld be 9 good condition1 free f blemi%4 ,c]ta9 foods1 su* z b]ries1 *]ries1 peas1 lima & %ell beans1 are dri$ :ole4 ,mo/ vegetables %\ld be cut into slices f #a_/h to #a_/d in* 9 ?ickness4 ,! slic+ may be done ) a p>+ or kit*5 knife1 or x may be done by means ( a slaw-cutt] or a rot>y *opp]4 ,foods are sometimes cut into pieces = dry+ by means ( ! food *opp]4 ,x is necess>y t all knives & cutt+ devices be clean4 ,!re %\ld be no discoloration ( ! vegetable f ! cutt+ ut5sil4 ,x has be5 f\nd advisable to blan* mo/ vegetables be=e dry+4 ,! me?od ( blan*+ giv5 previ\sly c be us$ 9 dry+ vegetables z well z cann+ !m4 ,foods are n cold-dipp$1 h[ev]1 aft] blan*+ :5 !y are to be dri$4 ,fruits are usually n blan*$ be=e dry+4 ,,food ,,pres]vation ,,me?od ,,( ,,dry+ ,,foods4--,place ! prep>$ food on dry+ trays4 ,unless ! dry+ is done 9 ! ov51 cov] ! food ) *eese-clo?4 ,if possible1 tack ! clo? to ! frame s t no du/ or insects c come 9 contact ) ! food4 ,/ir or turn foods once or twice a day :ile !y are dry+4 ,?is is especially necess>y :5 foods are dri$ 9 ! sun4 ,if ! food is to be dri$ 9 ! sun1 place ! tray conta9+ ! food 9 ! sun1 :]e !re is a breeze4 ,if x ra9s1 take ! trays indoors4 ,also br+ ! trays indoors j be=e sunset4 ,if food is to be dri$ by means ( /eam1 a special device is ne$$ 7see ,figure #ic74 ,! device consi/s ( a l>ge pan = hold+ wat] & a holl[ tray4 ,! "u surface ( ! tray has an op5+ ab\t ! size ( ! diamet] ( ! pan4 ,to ?is op5+ is fa/5$ a coll> :i* fits snugly into ! pan4 ,! pan fill$ ) wat] is plac$ ov] a burn]4 ,:5 ! wat] boils1 ! /eam rises & fills ! holl[ tray & escapes by means ( ! small pipe 9 ! upp] surface ( ! tray4 ,! food is plac$ on ! upp] surface & is dri$ by /eam heat4 ,if ! food is to be dri$ 9 ! ov51 place ! food on suitable trays4 ,ov5 dry+ is mu* m satisfactorily done if ! ov5 is provid$ ) a !rmomet]4 ,! temp]ature = dry+ foods is mu* less ?an t ( boil+ wat]1--x v>ies f #aae degrees to #age degrees ,f4 ,x is (t5 necess>y to keep ! ov5 door op5 s t ! temp]ature does n become too high4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #ic4---;,,dri] ,,= ,,vegetables ,,or ,,fruits4 ,if food is dri$ ov] a /ove 9 a s]ies ( trays "o plac$ above ! o!r1 ! position ( ! trays %\ld be *ang$ s t ! food may be uni=mly dri$4 ,if food is dri$ by means ( an electric fan1 ! fan %\ld be s plac$ t ! curr5t ( air is direct$ along ! trays l5g?wise4 ,! dry+ w be mo/ rapid ne>e/ ! fan2 h5ce x is necess>y to *ange ! position ( ! tray or ( ! food e few h\rs4 ,foods may be dri$ 9 less ?an #bd h\rs by means ( an electric fan4 ,a few foods su* z slic$ /r+ beans may be dri$ 9 a few h\rs4 ,be=e dry+ by means ( a fan1 food %\ld be blan*$4 ,x is also necess>y to heat food dri$ 9 ?is way 9 an ov5 at #ahj degrees ,f4 = #aj or #ae m9utes be=e /or+4 ,te/+ = ,suffici5t ,dry+ & ,condition+4--,! "t = dry+ v>ies ) ! me?od ( dry+ & ! k9d ( food4 ,a def9ite "t ( dry+ _c be /at$4 ,!re are "s te/s :i* may be appli$ 9 det]m9+ :5 a food is suffici5tly dri$4 ,! foll[+ is quot$ f ! ,bullet9 ( ! ,national ,w> ,g>d5 ,commission1 ,victory ,edition1 p4 #bb3 ,:5 fir/ tak5 f ! dri]1 vegetables %\ld be r brittle & fruits r lea!ry & pliable4 ,"o me?od ( det]m9+ :e!r fruit is dry en\gh is to squeeze a h&ful2 if ! fruit sep>ates :5 ! h& is op5$1 x is dry en\gh4 ,ano!r way is to press a s+le piece2 if no moi/ure comes to ! surface ! piece is suffici5tly dry4 ,b]ries are dry en\gh if !y /ick to ! h& b d n cru% :5 squeez$4 ,:5 ! food is judg$ to be suffici5tly dri$1 x %\ld be plac$ 9 boxes or b[ls & cov]$ ) clean clo?s4 ,! dri$ foods %\ld be /irr$ or p\r$ f "o conta9] to ano!r once a day = #aj days or two weeks4 ,if at ! end ( ?is "t ! food is f\nd to be moi/1 x mu/ be subject$ to ! dry+ process = a %ort "t4 ,aft] ! second dry+1 x %\ld be treat$ z direct$ above4 ,if ! food is obs]v$ = sev]al days & f\nd to be dry1 x may be /or$ away4 ,?is process ( te/+ & mak+ !m suffici5tly dry aft] remov+ f ! dri] is t]m$ condition+4 ,,dri$ ,,corn ,select su* sweet corn = dry+ z y w\ld = imm$iate table use4 ,blan* ! corn 7on ! cob7 = #h to #ab m9utes 9 boil+ wat]4 ,dra9 ?or\ghly4 ,!n cut ! corn f ! cob z direct$ 9 ,lesson ,,iv4 ,dry by subject+ to a temp]ature ( #acj degrees ,f4 gradually increas$ to #adj degrees ,f4 ,/ir ! corn (t54 ,x is suffici5tly dri$ :5 x is h>d & semi-transp>5t4 7,adapt$ f ,bullet9 ( ! ,national ,w> ,g>d5 ,commission1 ,victory ,edition47 ,,table ,,= ,,blan*+ ,,& ,,dry+ ,footnote #acd3 ,f ,bullet9 ( ! ,national ,w> ,g>d5 ,commission1 ,victory ,edition ,! foll[+ table %[s blan*+ "t = vegetables & ! temp]atures to be us$ 9 dry+ by artificial heat4 ,,vegetables ,,blan*+ ,,temp]ature ,,"t 7,,fahr5heit7 ,m9utes ,degrees ,beets #b #abj to #ade ,cabbage #c to #d #aae to #ace ,c>rots #b #abj to #ade ,caulifl[] #d to #f #abj to #acj ,cel]y #b to #c #ace ,figs #abj to #adj ,g>d5 peas #c to #e #aae to #adj ,gre5 /r+ beans #e to #h #acj to #ade ,lima beans #c #aej ,okra #c #aae to #ace ,onions #adj ,p>snips #b #abj to #ade ,potatoes #b to #c #abe to #aej ,prunes - #acj to #age ,pumpk9 & w9t] squa% #c to #f #ace to #afj ,sp9a* #b #acj ,summ] squa% #c to #f #ace to #afj ,sweet corn #h to #ab #acj to #adj ,sweet potatoes #f to #h #ade to #afe ,tomatoes #a #a_/b #abj to #adj ,turnips #a to #b #ace to #afe ,wax beans #c #aej ,fruits ,apples #acj to #age ,apricots #acj to #afe ,b]ries #acj to #aee ,*]ries #abj to #aej ,pea*es #acj to #afe ,pe>s #acj to #age ,plums #acj to #afe ,,que/ions ,"u :at conditions d y ?9k x w\ld be advisable to dry foods r ?an c !m8 ,"n ! advantages ( dri$ ov] cann$ foods & ! advantages ( cann$ ov] dri$4 ,f :at y h le>n$ reg>d+ ! cook+ ( dri$ fruits & dri$ peas & beans1 h[ w\ld y cook home-dri$ vegetables8 ,give a reason = ea* /ep ( ! process4 ,:y is x necess>y to /ir foods occasionally :ile dry+8 ,:y is ov5 dry+ ( foods mu* m satisfactory :5 ! ov5 is provid$ ) a !rmomet]8 ,expla9 :y x is necess>y to condition dri$ foods be=e /or+4 ,,relat$ ,,"w ,,lesson ,,clxxiii ,,! ,,sick-,,room ,,tray ,,selection ,,( ,,foods ,,= ,,! ,,sick4--,me?ods ( prep>ation ( food = ! sick diff] some:at f me?ods ( prep>ation ( food = ^? 9 heal?4 ,! *ief diff]5ce is 9 ! selection ( ! foods to be prep>$4 ,9 sev]e illness ! physician prescribes def9itely ! diet ( ! pati5t4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( a tra9$ nurse1 x is ! home-keep]'s "w to foll[ ! physician's directions & to prep>e su* foods z c readily be dige/$4 ,(t5 ! home-keep] n only prep>es1 b selects ! foods = ! indispos$ memb]s ( ! h\sehold4 ,9 any case ( fe$+ ! sick1 ! foll[+ sugge/ions %\ld be kept 9 m9d3 7a7 ,*oose easily dige/$ foods & prep>e !m 9 su* a way t !y w be easily dige/$4 ,liquid or easily liquefi$ foods are dige/$ ) ! lea/ ef=t1 h5ce ! use ( milk1 bro?s1 s\ps1 & gruels 9 sick-room diet4 ,su* semisolid foods z eggs 7uncook$ or s(t cook$71 c]eals1 s(t5$ toa/1 etc41 are also easily dige/$4 ,avoid foods t are dige/$ ) difficulty1 z pa/ry1 fri$ foods1 ri* sauces1 pork1 veal1 lob/]1 & bak$ beans4 7b7 ,give special att5tion to ! selection ( foods t appeal to ! appetite4 ,:5 foods are s]v$1 ev5 ?\gh !y are select$ accord+ to ! physician's directions1 likes & dislikes ( ! pati5t %\ld be obs]v$4 ,if food suitable = ! pati5t is di/a/eful to him1 sub/itutions %\ld be made or di/a/eful foods %\ld be disguis$4 ,eggs1 = example1 are mo/ valuable foods = ! sick4 ,if dislik$ by ! pati5t !y may be slipp$ into su* foods z cocoa or gruels4 ,appeal to ! appetite c be made by *ang+ ! me?ods ( prep>+ foods4 ,! selection & prep>ation ( food = ! sick call = +5uity & res\rcefulness on ! "p ( ! homekeep]4 7c7 ,prep>e less food = ! sick ?an = ^? 9 heal?4 ,sometimes a less5$ quantity ( easily dige/$ food is all t is ne$$ to effect recov]y f an indispos$ condition4 ,"s en]gy is ne$$ to c>ry on ! involunt>y activities ( ! body1 su* z ! beat+ ( ! he>t1 & ! movem5ts ( ! lungs 7see ,table ( ,en]gy ,requirem5ts74 ,= ! v sick pati5t1 food s]v$ 9 small quantities1 b s]v$ (t51 is necess>y4 ,,selection ,,( ,,foods ,,= ,,! ,,convalesc5t4--,9 recov]y f sev]e illness1 !re is (t5 ! problem ( build+ up an emaciat$ body4 ,k ( ! prop] quantity & ! k9d ( food aids greatly 9 solv+ ?is problem4 ,! basic pr9ciples ( ! selection ( food to increase weight 7 discuss$ previ\sly 7see ,daily ,c>bohydrate & ,fat ,requirem5t74 ,! use ( conc5trat$ foods1 i4e4 ^? ^: fuel value is high1 su* z eggs1 cream or top milk1 & butt]1 is usually advisable4 ,^! foods c be add$ to foods ( less fuel value su* z vegetables4 ,a g5]\s use ( :ole milk is also effective 9 ga9+ weight4 ,?is c be us$ to advantage n only at meal times b betwe5 meals & at b$ "t4 ,milk is "o ( ! few foods :i* c be us$ effectively betwe5 meals4 ,because x is bl& 9 flavor1 x does n spoil ! appetite = ! foll[+ meal4 ,bread & o!r gra9 foods & />*-ri* vegetables are useful foods = ga9+ weight4 ,_m ( ! sugge/ions = ! selection ( foods = ! sick apply to ! selection ( foods = ! convalesc5t4 ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,special ,,foods ,,= ,,! ,,sick ,,& ,,= ,,! ,,convalesc5t4--7#a7 ,milk4--,milk is "o ( ! mo/ important foods = an invalid because x is a liquid conta9+ valuable nutri5ts4 ,x is us$ 9 a p>tially pr$ige/$ condition 9 ,junket ,cu/>d1 peptoniz$ milk1 & malt$ milk4 ,butt]milk1 kumiss1 & matzoon are (t5 agreeable & b5eficial to ! sick2 by "s1 !y are m easily dige/$ ?an :ole milk4 ,froz5 dess]ts made ( milk or cream are popul> foods = ! sick4 7#b7 ,eggs4--,s9ce eggs are bo? high 9 nutri5ts & easily dige/$1 !y s]ve z a mo/ important article ( diet = ! sick4 ,! v>iety ( ways 9 :i* eggs c be cook$ & s]v$ also adds to _! value z a sick-room food4 ,eggs comb9$ ) milk 7egg-nog1 cu/>ds71 ) c]eals 7rice pudd+1 gruels71 & ) toa/ make suitable foods = ! sick & convalesc5t4 ,! pr9ciples us$ 9 ! prep>ation ( cu/>ds 7see ,lesson ,,li7 %\ld be appli$ 9 comb9+ eggs ) hot liquids4 7#c7 ,gruels4--,! pr9ciple ( prep>+ breakfa/ c]eals may be appli$ to ! prep>ation ( gruels4 ,9 ! mak+ ( gruels less c]eal & m liquid are us$1 i4e4 mix #a tablespoonful ( c]eal ) #a cupful ( liquid4 ,! f9i%$ product is /ra9$4 ,a gruel may be prep>$ by dilut+ a cook$ c]eal & /ra9+4 ,gruels %\ld be ( ! consi/5cy ( cream s\ps4 ,corn-meal1 oatmeal1 b>ley1 rice1 fl\r-- especially graham1 :ole :eat1 & glut5--arr[root1 & cru%$ crack]s--especially graham & oatmeal--are suitable c]eals = gruels4 ,wat] or a comb9ation ( wat] & milk is us$ = ! liquid4 ,:5 bo? wat] & milk are us$1 ! me?od ( cook+ ,rice ,pudd+ %\ld be foll[$4 ,! season+ & flavor+ ( gruels are mo/ important4 ,di/a/e = gruels is (t5 due to improp] season+4 ,high season+ is n desirable = ! sick or convalesc5t4 ,usually a pati5t does n c>e = highly season$ food4 ,b "s season+ is necess>y to make a ta/y gruel4 ,gruels may be flavor$ ) :ole spices1 meat extract1 fruits1 su* z rais9s1 cranb]ries1 etc41 & lemon peel4 ,! flavor ( :ole spices & fruits is extract$ by cook+ !m ) ! gruel4 ,if nutmeg is us$1 x is grat$ ov] ! surface ( ! cook$ food4 ,! id5tity ( ?is spice c ?us be recogniz$4 ,sug> is us$ sp>+ly = ! sick4 7#d7 ,bro? & ,meat4--,al?\gh !re is little n\ri%m5t conta9$ 9 meat bro?s 7see ,prote9 9 ,meat71 beef tea is (t5 us$ z food = ! sick1 especially :5 liquid diet is necess>y4 ,x is appetiz+ & ta/y4 ,to make beef tea1 soak *opp$ meat 9 wat] = at lea/ "o h\r4 7,use #a p9t ( wat] to #a p\nd ( lean beef47 ,!n cook ! mixture slightly1 ov] hot wat] 7until x becomes r$di% br[n 9 color71 & /ir con/antly4 ,/ra9 ?r\gh a co>se /ra9]1 season1 & s]ve at once4 ,sometimes ! juice ( beef )\t any dilution ) wat] is s]v$ to ! sick4 ,! meat is cut into pieces & heat$ slightly2 !n by means ( a lemon squeez] or a meat press ! juice is extract$4 ,meats su* z *ick5 7:ite meat pref]ably71 lamb1 broil$ or roa/$ beef1 c be us$ = convalesc5ts4 ,scrap$ meat1 i4e4 meat f :i* ! t\gh tissue is remov$ 7see ,exp]im5t #ej71 c (t5 be giv5 to an invalid :5 solid meats are d5i$4 ,! scrap$ meat conta9s m nutrim5t ?an beef juice 7see ,prote9 9 ,meat74 ,x %\ld be made into balls & pan-broil$ 7see ,pan-broil+74 ,,prep>+ ,,! ,,tray4--,attractive s]v+ ( foods may make a /rong] appeal to ! appetite ?an *oice selection or skilful prep>ation ( foods4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t ! foods are to be c>ri$ f ! kit*5 to ! sick room4 ,= ?is reason1 x is well to place foods1 especially liquids1 9 deep di%es suitable = transit4 ,all hot foods %\ld be plac$ 9 cov]$ di%es1 t !y may be hot :5 ! b$side is rea*$4 ,= s]v+ sick-room foods1 ! da9tie/ *9a available %\ld be us$4 ,! tray %\ld be spread ) a clean napk9 or doily4 ,9 ! case ( a contagi\s disease1 a pap] napk9 or doily may be us$4 ,x %\ld be de/roy$ at once aft] us+4 ,a b$side /& :i* supports ! tray )\t any ef=t ( ! pati5t is a com=t4 ,= contagi\s diseases1 burn any rema9+ bits ( food & /]ilize ! di%es1--cov] ) cold wat]1 heat1 & boil4 ,,que/ions ,keep+ 9 m9d t ! requisite = food = ! sick is ease ( dige/ion1 make a li/ ( liquid1 semisolid1 & solid foods suitable = ! sick room4 ,expla9 :y x is t liquid foods are inv>iably prescrib$ = ! sick4 ,give a v>iety ( ways ( cook+ & s]v+ eggs = ! sick4 ,keep+ 9 m9d ! sugge/ions giv5 9 ! *apt] on ,m5u-mak+ & 9 ! pres5t *apt]1 write sev]al m5us = an indispos$ or convalesc5t pati5t4 ,,lesson ,,clxxiv ,,prep>+ ,,trays ,,= ,,! ,,sick ,,& ,,convalesc5t ,plan ,footnote #ace3 ,see ,footnote #gb4 m5us = ! sick & = ! convalesc5t4 ,prep>e ! foods & arrange !m on trays4 ,,lesson ,,clxxv ,,review--,,meal ,,cook+ ,,m5u ,cream ( ,potato ,s\p ,cr\tons ,bak$ ,cu/>d ,see ,lesson ,,xiv = sugge/ions reg>d+ ! prep>ation ( ! lesson4 ,,lesson ,,clxxvi ,,home ,,projects ,footnote #acf3 ,see ,lesson ,,ix4 ,,sugge/ions ,,= ,,home ,,"w4--,c fruit or vegetables1 or make m>malades1 jellies1 etc4 ,if possible1 select ! fruits or vegetables at m>ket4 ,,sugge/$ ,,aims3 7#a7 ,to comp>e home-cann$ & factory-cann$ products4 ,det]m9e ! diff]5ce 9 co/ p] p9t or qu>t4 ,comp>e ! diff]5ce 9 flavor & appe>ance4 7#b7 ,to comp>e ! yield ( fruit made into jam or cons]ve & jelly4 ,note ! weight ( ! fruit1 sug>1 & o!r +r$i5ts be=e pres]v+4 ,h[ _m glasses ( jam or cons]ve does ea* five p\nds ( mat]ial yield8 ,/ate ! advantages ( prep>+ jelly f fruit & ( prep>+ jam or cons]ve4 ,,division ,,eighte5 ,,supplem5t>y ,,lesson ,i ,,?anksgiv+ ,,sauce ,,cranb]ry ,,sauce #a qu>t 7#a p\nd7 cranb]ries #b cupfuls wat] #b cupfuls sug> ,salt ,pick ov] & wa% ! cranb]ries4 ,cook !m 9 wat] until !y are s(t & ! sk9s are brok54 ,remove f ! fire2 /ra9 if desir$1 add ! sug> & salt1 & /ir until dissolv$4 ,set aside to cool4 ,,cranb]ry ,,jelly #a qu>t 7#a p\nd7 cranb]ries #a cupful wat] #b cupfuls sug> ,salt ,prep>e & cook ! cranb]ries 9 wat]1 z = ,cranb]ry ,sauce4 ,press ?r\gh a /ra9]1 add ! sug> & salt1 & mix well4 ,)\t fur!r cook+ p\r ! mixture into molds :i* h be5 r9s$ 9 cold wat]4 ,set aside to cool & /iff54 ,,que/ions ,give a practical me?od ( wa%+ cranb]ries4 ,h[ does ,cranb]ry ,sauce diff] f ,cranb]ry ,jelly8 ,if y desir$ to make cle> ,cranb]ry ,jelly :at *ange w\ld y make 9 ! me?od giv5 above8 ,,lesson ,,ii ,,?anksgiv+ ,,dess]ts ,,plum ,,pudd+ #b cupfuls s(t bread crumbs #a_/d teaspoonful bak+ soda #b teaspoonfuls bak+ p[d] #a_/h teaspoonful cloves #a_/b teaspoonful c9namon #a_/d teaspoonful salt #a_/b cupful suet #a_/b cupful molasses #a egg #c_/d cupful milk #a_/b cupful currants #a_/b cupful rais9s ,to prev5t suet f /ick+ :ile be+ *opp$1 spr9kle x ) a little fl\r4 ,use a meat gr9d]1 or a *opp+ b[l & knife1 to *op ! suet4 ,beat ! eggs lightly & add ! milk to !m4 ,! currants & rais9s %\ld be clean$ z direct$ previ\sly1 & spr9kl$ ) fl\r4 ,mix ! +r$i5ts 9 ! ord] giv54 ,/eam 9 an oil$ pudd+ mold = at lea/ #b h\rs4 ,s]ve ) ,h>d ,sauce ,i or ,,ii1 ,yell[ ,sauce1 or ,vanilla ,sauce4 ,,vegetable ,,plum ,,pudd+ #b cupfuls fl\r #a p\nd se$$ rais9s #a cupful potatoes #a cupful c>rots #a cupful sug> #a teaspoonful salt #a teaspoonful bak+ soda #a tablespoonful cold wat] #a cupful suet #b oranges--juice & grat$ r9d #a lemon--juice & grat$ r9d ,mix ! fl\r & rais9s4 ,put ! potatoes1 c>rots1 & suet ?r\gh a food *opp]4 ,mix ! bak+ soda & wat]4 ,comb9e ^! ?ree mixtures4 ,!n add ! rema9+ +r$i5ts4 ,turn into a greas$ mold & /eam ?ree h\rs4 ,s]ve hot ) ,lemon ,sauce or ) ,h>d or ,yell[ ,sauce4 ,,h>d ,,sauce ,,ii #c_/d cupful br[n sug> #a_/c cupful butt] #b tablespoonfuls cream or milk #a teaspoonful vanilla or #a teaspoonful lemon juice & #a_/b teaspoonful vanilla ,cream ! butt]1 add ! sug> gradually1 & mix ?or\ghly4 ,add ! cream or milk gradually4 ,add ! flavor+4 ,*ill2 s]ve ov] hot pudd+s4 ,,yell[ ,,sauce #b eggs #a_/b cupful p[d]$ sug> #a tablespoonful milk or cream #a_/b teaspoonful vanilla ,salt ,sep>ate ! eggs2 beat ! :ites until !y are /iff & dry4 ,add ! yolks & cont9ue beat+ until ! mixture is v light4 ,!n add ! p[d]$ sug> & beat aga94 ,cont9ue beat+ & add ! milk or cream gradually2 f9ally add ! vanilla & salt4 ,s]ve at once ov] hot pudd+s4 ,,cranb]ry ,,frappe #a qu>t 7#a p\nd7 cranb]ries #b #a_/b cupfuls sug> #d cupfuls wat] ,juice #a l>ge lemon ,salt ,cook ! cranb]ries & wat] sl[ly1 until s(t4 ,=ce ?r\gh a sieve1 & add ! sug>1 lemon juice1 & salt4 ,:5 cool1 freeze 7see ,prep>+ & ,pack+ ! ,freez] & ,freez+74 ,s]ve ) roa/ *ick5 or turkey1 or z a dess]t4 ,,que/ions ,:at are ! leav5+ mat]ials us$ 9 ,plum ,pudd+8 ,expla9 _! action4 ,:y are rais9s & currants spr9kl$ ) fl\r be=e add+ to ! pudd+8 ,h[ %\ld pudd+ molds be prep>$ = p\r batt]s 7see ,g5]al ,sugge/ions = ,/eam$ ,quick-bread ,mixtures78 ,if x is desir$ to use left-ov] /eam$ pudd+1 h[ %\ld x be reheat$8 ,:at is ! price p] p\nd ( suet8 ,h[ mu* by weight is requir$ to make "o half cupful8 ,see ,figure #fc & tabulate ! p]c5tage composition ( beef suet & butt]4 ,:i* conta9s ! m fat8 ,h[ _m p]sons does ! ,plum ,pudd+ recipe s]ve8 ,h[ _m p]sons does ! ,cranb]ry ,frappe recipe s]ve8 ,,lesson ,,iii ,,*ri/mas ,,sweets ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,c&y ,,9 ,,diet4--,c&y is an en]gy-giv+ food1 b1 un=tunately p]haps1 x is n 7at all times7 a mo/ desirable en]gy- giv+ food4 ,sug> exi/s 9 c&y 9 conc5trat$ =m4 ,z /at$ previ\sly1 su* sug> is irritat+ to ! organs ( dige/ion4 ,sug> is conta9$ 9 l>ge quantity 9 "s fruits1 especially 9 dri$ fruits1 figs1 dates1 prunes1 etc4 ,^! fruits are a mu* bett] s\rce ( sweets = *ildr5 ?an is c&y1 because !y d n conta9 z mu* sug>1 & h1 9 addition1 valuable food mat]ials 9 ! =m ( a%4 7,see ,figures #ib & #id4 ,note ! l>ge quantity ( c>bohydrates & a% 9 rais9s4 ,also note ! l>ge quantity ( c>bohydrates--:i* are 9 ! =m ( sug>--9 /ick c&y47 ,c&y %\ld nev] be us$ to excess or at ! wrong "t4 ,a little eat5 at ! end ( a meal is n h>mful to ! normal p]son4 ,at t "t ! sug> is dilut$ because x is mix$ ) o!r foods4 ,:5 dilut$ x does n irritate ! dige/ive tract to ! ext5t t x w\ld if eat5 betwe5 meals ) no o!r foods4 ,x is well to dr9k a g5]\s quantity ( wat] :5 eat+ c&y or o!r sweets4 ,s9ce molasses1 honey1 & maple sirup are n s conc5trat$ z is sug> 7see ,figure #id71 !y are desirable sweets = *ildr51--provid$ !y are us$ mod]ately1 at ! "r "t1 & are mix$ ) o!r foods4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #id--,,! ,,composition ,,( ,,sug> ,,& ,,simil> ,,foods 7,revis$ edition7 ,,p>isian ,,sweets ,*op equal p>ts ( figs1 dates1 or rais9s1 & nuts toge!r4 ,knead on a bo>d dr$g$ ) confection]'s sug>1 until well bl5d$4 ,roll to #a_/c in* ?ickness1 cut into cubes or r\nds1 & dip ea* piece 9 confection]'s sug>4 ,/ore 9 t9 boxes4 ,,/uff$ ,,fruits ,cov] prunes ) cold wat]1 & let !m soak = #cj m9utes4 ,!n heat & cook at boil+ temp]ature = #ae m9utes4 ,n[ dra9 (f ! wat] & place prunes 9 ! top "p ( a d\ble boil] & cook ov] boil+ wat] = #de m9utes4 ,or put ! prunes 9 a tightly cov]$ pan & place 9 ! fireless cook] = sev]al h\rs4 ,cool & remove ! /ones & fill ! op5 space ) a nut or a mixture ( *opp$ dates or rais9s1 figs1 & nuts4 ,press ! prunes into symmetrical %ape1 !n roll !m 9 f9e granulat$ sug>4 7,! ,p>isian ,sweet mixture may be us$ = /uff+ prunes47 ,prunes may also be /uff$ ) m>%mall[s4 ,"o half ( a m>%mall[ %\ld be ins]t$ 9 ea* cook$ & se$$ prune4 ,dates /uff$ ) *opp$ nuts1 peanut butt]1 or c&i$ g+] are ta/y sweets4 ,!y may be roll$ 9 granulat$ sug> aft] /uff+4 ,,date ,,b>s #a egg #a cupful sug> #a teaspoonful vanilla #a cupful fl\r #b teaspoonfuls bak+ p[d] #a_/d teaspoonful salt #c_/d cupful dates1 se$$ & cut into pieces #a cupful nuts1 *opp$ #a_/b cupful milk ,mix z ,date ,pudd+4 ,turn into an oblong or squ>e pan ab\t #i by #i in*es4 ,bake at #cej degrees ,f41 = f #cj to #dj m9utes4 ,:5 suffici5tly bak$1 remove f ! pan & place on a cake cool] = a few m9utes4 ,!n cut ! cake into halves1 & cut ea* half into n>r[ /rips ab\t #a in* wide & #d #a_/b in*es long4 ,roll ea* /rip 9 p[d]$ sug>4 ,/ore 9 a tightly cov]$ t9 box4 ,^! cakes h a f9] flavor aft] !y h be5 /or$ = a few days4 ,rais9s may be sub/itut$ = dates4 ,,pop-,,corn ,,balls #a cupful molasses #a_/d teaspoonful bak+ soda #a cupful corn sirup or sug> #a_/b teaspoonful salt ,mix ! molasses & sirup or sug> & cook !m to ! crack /age4 ,!n add ! soda & salt & p\r ! mixture ov] popp$ corn1--ab\t six qu>ts4 ,/ir ! corn :ile p\r+ ! sirup4 ,let ! sweet5$ corn /& a few m9utes4 ,!n dip ! h&s into cold wat]1 %ake (f ! wat]1 & ) ! two h&s press "s corn into a ball4 ,repeat until all ! corn is %ap$ into balls4 ,,que/ions ,expla9 :y ,p>isian ,sweets & ,/uff$ ,fruits are a m desirable sweet food ?an c&y4 ,:5 is ! be/ "t to eat c&y8 ,expla9 y\r answ]4 ,:y are m9ts s]v$ at ! close1 r ?an at ! beg9n+ ( a meal8 ,:y is x advisable to dr9k a g5]\s quantity ( wat] :5 eat+ c&y or sweets8 ,comp>e ! recipes = ,date ,pudd+ & ,date ,b>s4 ,acc\nt = ! great] quantity ( fl\r1 sug>1 & milk 9 ,date ,b>s4 ,:y is x necess>y to dip ! h&s 9 cold wat] be=e %ap+ ,pop-corn ,balls8 ,,lesson ,,iv ,,*ri/mas ,,c&y ,,sug> ,,& ,,glucose4--,granulat$ sug> & glucose diff] 9 ta/e & composition4 ,granulat$ sug> is cry/all9e 9 /ructure1 :ile comm]cial glucose exi/s 9 ! =m ( a heavy sirup1 i4e4 is non-cry/all9e 9 =m4 ,9 _m c&ies1 a creamy consi/5cy is desir$4 ,?is is n possible1 if all ! sug> ( ! c&y exi/s 9 co>se cry/all9e =m4 ,h5ce 9 ! mak+ ( c&y f granulat$ sug>1 x is desirable to add glucose or sirup to granulat$ sug> or to *ange "s ( ! cry/alliz$ sug> to a sug> :i* cry/allizes ) difficulty1 i4e4 inv]t sug>4 ,?is c be accompli%$ by boil+ granulat$ sug> ) acid4 ,rec5t exp]im5tation ,footnote #acg3 ,see ,j\rnal ( ,home ,economics1 ,febru>y1 #aiai 7,vol4 ,,xi71 p4 #fe1 ,factors ,influ5c+ ! ,am\nt ( ,inv]t ,sug> 9 ,fondant1 by ,daniels & ,cook4 ) sug>s1 h[ev]1 %[s t ! quantity ( acid requir$ v>ies ) ! degree ( h>dness or ! alkal9ity ( ! wat]1--! m alkal9e ! wat]1 ! great] ! quantity ( acid ne$$4 ,?is exp]im5tal "w also %[s t unless s(t wat] is us$ 9 boil+ sug> to :i* acid is add$1 m con/ant & satisfactory results may be secur$ by add+ glucose r ?an acid to sug>4 ,,cook+ ,,sirups4--,sug> & wat] are boil$ to diff]5t degrees ( temp]ature = mak+ diff]5t k9ds ( c&y4 ,! ?ick] ! sirup1 ! high] ! temp]ature4 ,te/s = sirups ( diff]5t consi/5cies are3 7a7 ,?read1--:5 dropp$ f a spoon1 ! sirup =ms a ?read ab\t two in*es long 7#bcj degrees ,f474 ,footnote #ach3 ,^! temp]atures apply to sirups made f cane sug>4 ,! addition ( glucose to cane sug> l[]s ! temp]atures ( ! sirups at ! v>i\s /ages4 ,see ,note to ! ,tea*]1 ,lesson ,,cxvi1 reg>d+ ! use ( ! ,fahr5heit scale ( temp]ature4 7b7 ,s(t ball1--:5 dropp$ into cold wat]1 ! sirup =ms a s(t ball if roll$ betwe5 ! f+]s 7#bcf degrees ,f474 7c7 ,h>d ball1--:5 dropp$ into cold wat]1 ! sirup =ms a firm ball 7#beb degrees ,f474 7d7 ,crack1--:5 dropp$ into cold wat]1 ! sirup becomes brittle 7#bgj degrees ,f474 7e7 ,h>d crack1--:5 dropp$ into cold wat]1 ! sirup becomes v h>d & brittle 7#bic degrees ,f474 7f7 ,c>amel1--:5 sug> 7)\t addition ( wat]7 liquefies :5 hot & becomes v h>d & brittle :5 cold 7#caj degrees ,f474 ,,fudge #b cupfuls sug> #a_/b cupful wat] or milk #a_/b cupful corn sirup #b ounces *ocolate #b tablespoonfuls butt] #a teaspoonful vanilla #a_/d teaspoonful salt ,mix ! sug> ) ! liquid4 ,add ! *ocolate & sirup4 ,boil g5tly to a s(t ball /age4 ,j be=e remov+ f ! fire1 add ! butt]4 ,cool1 !n beat ! mixture until x ?ick5s4 ,add ! vanilla & salt & p\r into a butt]$ pan4 ,cut into squ>es2 :5 cool ! fudge is ready = s]v+4 ,! butt] may be omitt$4 ,,pano*a #b cupfuls light br[n sug> #a_/b cupful milk #a_/h teaspoonful cream ( t>t> #b tablespoonfuls butt] or sub/itute #a_/b p\nd nuts #a_/h teaspoonful salt ,mix ! sug> ) ! milk4 ,add ! cream ( t>t>1 & boil g5tly to a s(t ball /age4 ,j be=e remov+ f ! fire1 add ! butt] & salt4 ,cool & beat until ! mixture ?ick5s4 ,add nuts t h be5 cut into pieces2 p\r into a butt]$ pan2 cut into squ>es4 ,:5 cool1 ! ,pano*a is ready = s]v+4 ,s\r milk or cream may be sub/itut$ = sweet milk & cream ( t>t>4 ,:5 s\r cream is us$1 omit ! butt] or sub/itute4 ,,butt]scot* #a_/b cupful wat] #c cupfuls light br[n sug> ,juice ( #a lemon or #a_/d cupful v9eg> #b to #d tablespoonfuls butt] ,mix ! sug> & liquids ?or\ghly4 ,boil g5tly to ! crack /age4 ,add ! butt]4 ,p\r into butt]$ pans4 ,:5 almo/ cool1 cut into squ>es ) a *opp+ knife4 ,break into pieces :5 cold4 ,! butt] may be omitt$4 ,if ?is is done1 add #a_/h teaspoonful ( salt4 ,,c9namon ,,balls #a cupful sirup #b cupfuls sug> #a tablespoonful butt] #a_/h teaspoonful salt #a tablespoonful wat] #a tablespoonful v9eg> #a tablespoonful gr\nd c9namon or #b drops ( oil ( c9namon ,put all ! +r$i5ts except oil ( c9namon into a saucepan & boil to ! crack /age4 ,if oil ( c9namon is us$ = flavor+1 add x to ! mixture aft] cook+4 ,p\r into a greas$ pan4 ,:5 cool en\gh to h&le1 take a small portion & %ape x into a ball4 ,if ! c&y becomes too /iff to %ape1 x may be plac$ 9 an ov5 until x is s(t en\gh to h&le4 ,oil ( c9namon produces a m pleas+ flavor ?an gr\nd c9namon4 ,h[ev]1 ! =m] is exp5sive4 ,if x is add$1 ! use ( a m$ic9e dropp] prev5ts its wa/e4 ,,que/ions ,:at +r$i5t does corn sirup conta9 t w\ld make x effective 9 prep>+ creamy c&y8 ,expla9 ! use ( corn sirup1 cream ( t>t>1 s\r milk1 & v9eg> 9 ^! c&ies4 ,9 ,fudge1 :y is ! butt] add$ j be=e remov+ ! c&y f ! fire 7see ,fry+ & ,dige/ion78 ,:y are n ! nuts cook$ 9 ! ,pano*a mixture8 ,:y is butt] or sub/itute omitt$ 9 ,pano*a if s\r cream is sub/itut$ = sweet milk8 ,if a !rmomet] is us$ = te/+ sirups1 :at precaution %\ld be tak5 aga9/ break+8 ,f ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,bullet9 ,no4 #bh1 tabulate ! p]c5tage composition ( granulat$ 7see ,figure #id71 p[d]$1 br[n1 & maple sug>s4 ,:at is ! price p] p\nd ( ea*8 ,h[ _m cupfuls 9 a p\nd ( br[n sug>8 ,consid]+ ! p]c5tage ( c>bohydrates1 & ! price p] p\nd ( granulat$ & br[n sug>1 :i* is ! *eap]8 ,tabulate ! p]c5tage composition ( honey1 ( molasses1 & ( maple sirup4 ,h[ mu* fudge1 by weight1 does #a p\nd ( sug> make8 ,:at is ! co/ p] p\nd ( homemade fudge8 ,,app5dix ,,sugge/ions ,,= ,,tea*+ ,9 us+ ?is text1 ! tea*] may foll[ ! ord] ( pres5t+ a lesson :i* %e consid]s mo/ satisfactory4 ,%e may pref] to preface processes ( cook+ ) a discussion ( foods & reasons = ! /eps involv$ 9 ! processes1 or %e may consid] x advisable to h ! pupils d ! cook+ & discuss foods & me?ods lat]4 ,9 case bo? ! s-call$ !ory & practical "w are und]tak5 9 ! same lesson1 ! "t requir$ to cook ! food (t5 det]m9es ! ord] ( ! lesson4 ,9 ei!r case1 ?is text may be us$ to advantage4 ,al?\gh recipes 9 def9itely /at$ =m appe> 9 ! book1 ! tea*] ne$ n ref] to !m 9 class1 or place !m ^u ! bo>d previ\s to ! lesson4 ,%e may pref] to lead ! pupils to develop a recipe4 ,! latt] me?od is valuable 9 tra9+ pupils to "k ! prop] quantity ( food mat]ials to comb9e = practical recipe mak+1 & to "k h[ to sub/itute "o food mat]ial = ano!r4 ,! relation ( "o recipe to ano!r is %[n 9 ?is text & %\ld be con/antly emphasiz$4 ,! pupils %\ld be made to und]/& t !re are a few basic recipes f :i* _m may be develop$4 ,mu* att5tion %\ld be giv5 to ! co/ ( foods4 ,at frequ5t int]vals1 pupils %\ld be requir$ to compute ! co/ ( p>ticul> di%es or ( entire meals4 ,! buy+ ( foods by ! pupils is mo/ valuable4 ,9 table s]vice lessons1 x is advisable to h ! pupils n only plan & cook foods b1 :5 possible1 buy !m4 ,9 tea*+ table s]vice lessons1 ! greate/ c>e %\ld be tak5 to adapt ! lessons to ! /&>d ( liv+ ( ! pupils4 ,9 communities :]e ! equipm5t = s]v+ foods is mo/ meagre1 a special ef=t %\ld be made to make ! be/ use ( su* di%es & furni%+s z are f\nd 9 ! homes ( ! pupils4 ,s]v+ meals 9 a m pleas+ way ) m adequate 7b n elaborate7 equipm5t %\ld also be taught4 ,me?ods ( s]v+ )\t a maid meet be/ ! ne$s ( mo/ pupils ( ! public s*ools4 ,! cook+ ( foods by ea* pupil 9 family quantity r ?an 9 individual am\nt is valuable4 ,to d ?is "s practical way ( dispos+ ( ! cook$ products mu/ be arrang$4 ,! lun* rooms ( ! s*ool may s]ve z ! means ( disposal4 ,9 case ! pupils ( a s*ool cook = ! lun* room1 ! greate/ c>e ne$s to be ex]cis$ by ! tea*] to place ! responsibility ( prep>+ a salable product ^u ! pupil4 ,too mu* assi/ance on ! "p ( ! tea*] 9 direct+ ! pupils' "w & 9 decid+ :5 a food is suffici5tly cook$ or bak$1 may int]f]e 9 develop+ initiative 9 pupils1--"o ( ! aims to be accompli%$ 9 education4 ,! plan ( hav+ ea* pupil prep>e a food = ! fir/ "t 9 individual quantity & !n lat] 9 family quantity = ! lun* room has prov$ satisfactory 9 "s cases4 ,?is text furni%es mat]ial = a ye>'s "w1 if five lessons p] week 7at lea/ n9ety m9utes 9 l5g?7 are giv52 or = two ye>s' "w1 if ! curriculum provides = b two or ?ree lessons p] week4 ,if x is necess>y to arrange a %ort] c\rse1 c]ta9 lessons may be omitt$ or assign$ = home "w1 or lessons may be comb9$4 ,if ! tea*] wi%es to correlate food /udy ) "s o!r subject su* z g5]al sci5ce1 or physiology1 *emi/ry1 or physics1 ! "t may be ext5d$1 or ! ord] ( "w may be *ang$ to fit ! p>ticul> requirem5ts4 ,because _m ( ! lessons ( ! fir/ eight divisions treat ( ! uses ( ! foods 9 ! body1 !y are especially good = correlation ) physiology4 ,! rema9+ lessons1 _m ( :i* emphasize food composition1 may be correlat$ to advantage ) *emi/ry4 ,if = any reason an entire seme/]'s "w is to be devot$ to table s]vice1 includ+ ! plann+1 buy+1 cook+1 & s]v+ ( foods & det]m9+ ! co/ & comput+ ! calorific value ( ! foods1 ! mat]ial f\nd 9 ,relat$ ,"w--! lessons plac$ at ! end ( ea* division--w be f\nd adequate = su* a c\rse4 ,,books ,,= ,,ref]5ce ,bevi] & ,van ,met]3 ,selection & ,prep>ation ( ,food4 ,bre*n]3 ,h\sehold ,physics4 ,br[nlee & ,o!rs3 ,*emi/ry ( ,common ,?+s4 ,bu*anan3 ,h\sehold ,bact]iology4 ,*ild ,heal? ,organization ( ,am]ica3 ,pamphlets4 ,cooley & ,o!rs3 ,tea*+ ,home ,economics4 ,conn3 ,bact]ia1 ,yea/s1 & ,molds 9 ! ,home4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,h\sehold ,sci5ce1 ,univ]sity ( ,ill9ois3 ,pr9ciples ( ,jelly-,mak+ 7,bullet974 ,f>m]3 ,food & ,cook]y = ! ,sick & ! ,convalesc5t4 ,f>m]3 ,! ,bo/on ,cook+ ,s*ool ,cook ,book4 ,hill3 ,cook+ = ,two4 ,hill3 ,! ,up-,to-,date ,waitress4 ,holt3 ,! ,c>e & ,fe$+ ( ,*ildr54 ,holt & ,s$gwick3 ,! ,human ,me*anism4 ,holt & ,%aw3 ,save ! ,babies1 ,pamphlet4 ,kansas ,agricultural ,college3 ,table ,etiquette & ,table ,s]vice 7,bullet974 ,l9coln & ,b>r[s3 ,home ,sci5ce ,cook ,book4 ,lusk3 ,elem5ts ( ! ,sci5ce ( ,nutrition4 ,lusk3 ,fundam5tal ,basis ( ,nutrition4 ,mc,collum3 ,! ,am]ican ,home ,diet4 ,mit*ell3 ,fireless ,cook ,book4 ,pattee3 ,practical ,dietetics4 ,ri*>ds1 ,ell5 ,h43 ,! ,co/ ( ,food4 ,rose3 ,fe$+ ! ,family4 ,rose3 ,laboratory ,h&book = ,dietetics4 ,%]man3 ,*emi/ry ( ,food & ,nutrition1 ,second ,edition4 ,%]man3 ,food ,products4 ,/yles3 ,human ,physiology4 ,tab]3 ,! ,bus9ess ( ! ,h\sehold4 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture3 ,bullet9s4 ,van ,r5ssela] & ,o!rs3 ,a ,manual ( ,home-,mak+4 ,vulte3 ,h\sehold ,*emi/ry4 ,vulte & ,v&]bilt3 ,food ,indu/ries4