,a ,,disc\rse ,,on ,,! ,!ory ( ,gunn]y4 ,a ,,disc\rse ,,on ,,! ,!ory ( ,gunn]y4 ,,deliv]$ ,,at ,,! ,anniv]s>y ,meet+ ( ! ,,royal ,,society1 ,novemb] #cj1 #aggh4 ,by ,sir ,,john ,,pr+le ,b>onet4 ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,_! ,,ord]4 ,illu/ration ,,london3 ,,pr9t$ ,,= ,,! ,,royal ,,society4 ,,mdcclxxviii4 ,illu/ration ,,g5tlem51 ,among ! sev]al exp]im5ts communicat$ to ! society1 dur+ ! c\rse ( ! prec$+ ye>1 none seem+ s mu* to engage y\r att5tion1 z ^? conta9$ 9 ! ,pap]1 intitul$1 ,! =ce ( fir$ gun-p[d]1 & ! initial velocity ( cannon-balls1 det]m9$ by exp]im5ts3 ) mu* pleasure !re=e ,i acqua9t y1 t1 on acc\nt ( ! pre-em95ce ( t communication1 y\r ,c\ncil h judg$ ! au?or1 ,mr4 ,,*>les ,,hutton1 wor?y ( ! hon\r ( ! annual m$al1 in/itut$ on ! beque/ ( ,sir ,,godfrey ,,copley ,b>onet1 = rais+ a laudable emulation among m5 ( g5ius1 9 mak+ exp]im5tal inquiries4 ,b1 z on =m] occasions1 s n[1 y\r ,c\ncil1 wav+ _! privilege ( det]m9+ ! *oice1 h act$ only z a select numb] deput$ by y1 to prep>e matt]s = y\r f9al decision4 ,i come !n1 on _! "p1 briefly to lay be=e y ! /ate ( ! ,!ory ( ,gunn]y1 f its rise to ! "t :5 its true f\ndation 0 laid1 9 ord] to ev9ce h[ conducive ^? exp]im5ts may be to ! improvem5t ( an art ( public conc]n1 z well z to ! advancem5t ( natural k1 ! great object ( y\r in/itution4 ,& if1 ^u a review ( ! subject1 y %all ent]ta9 no less fav\rable an op9ion ( ,mr4 ,,hutton's p]=mance1 ?an :at y\r ,c\ncil h done1 x is _! e>ne/ reque/ t y w\ld enhance ! value ( ?is prize1 by au?oriz+ y\r ,presid5t to pres5t x to our +5i\s bro!r 9 y\r "n4 ,artill]y 79 ! l>ge acceptation ( ! t]m7 took place long be=e ! inv5tion ( gun-p[d]4 ,we trace ! art to ! remote/ antiquity1 s9ce ! ,sacr$ ,records acqua9t u1 t "o ( ! k+s ( ,judah1 eight hundr$ ye>s be=e ! ,*ri/ian ra1 erect$ on ! t[]s & bulw>ks ( ,j]usalem eng9es ( w>1 ! contrivance ( +5i\s m51 = %oot+ arr[s & great /ones = ! def5ce ( t city#a4 ,su* ma*9es 7 aft]w>ds kn[n to ! ,greeks & ,romans by ! names ( bali/a1 catapulta & o!rs1 :i* _h amaz+ p[]s1 & 7 n less t]rible 9 _! effects ?an ! cannon & mort>s ( ! mod]ns4 ,x appe>s t ! bali/a 0 contriv$ to %[] volleys ( d>ts & arr[s ( a v l>ge size ^u ! enemy1 :il/ ! catapulta or onagra 7z x 0 o!rwise call$7 0 fitt$ n only = t purpose1 b = dis*>g+ /ones ( an enorm\s weight2 ,i might say rocks1 s9ce "s ( !m are report$ to h weigh$ sev]al hundr$ p\nds4 ,batt]ies compos$ ( num]\s pieces ( t k9d ( artill]y1 no?+ c\ld )/&4 ,yet1 if we are rightly in=m$1 _! sole pr9ciple ( motion consi/$ 9 ! spr+ ( a /rongly-twi/$ cordage1 made ( animal sub/ances s+ul>ly t\gh & ela/ic4 ,^! w>like in/rum5ts cont9u$1 n only dur+ ! "t ( ! ,roman empire1 b to ! #ab? & #ac? c5turies1 z we f9d f hi/ory2 nor inde$ is x probable t !y 7 totally laid aside1 till gun-p[d] & ! mod]n ordnance1 atta9+ a good degree ( p]fection1 sup]s$$ _! use4 ,! v intellig5t comm5tator ( ,,polybius#b is ( op9ion1 t ! milit>y art r lo/ ?an ga9$ by ! ex*ange ( ! catapulta = ! mort>3 b h[ev] t po9t may be det]m9$ 9 speculation1 x is n likely t ! anci5t torm5ta milit>ia w ev] be reviv$2 b t all nations w keep to ! art ( gunn]y & /udy h[ to improve x2 t is1 !y w adh]e to a sy/em ( artill]y1 :]e9 ! mov+ p[] dep5ds on ! expansive =ce ( gun-p[d]1 or ( "s o!r sub/ance ( a simil> nature4 ,^u ! fir/ application ( ?is pr9ciple to ! purposes ( w>1 no?+ p]haps 0 less ?\ght ( ?an to assi/ s empirical a practice by sci5tific rules2 =1 h[ev] aid+ 9 ^! matt]s ! anci5t me*anicians might h be51 :o1 l ,,ar*im$es1 _h inv5t$ or p]fect$ "s ( ! bali/ic ma*9es1 no praise seem$ n[ due to ! ma!maticians = ei!r ! discov]y or improvem5t ( ! new artill]y4 ,9 fact1 we f9d ! practice ( ! art _h subsi/$ ab\t #bjj ye>s1 be=e any geomet] consid]$ x z "o t admitt$ a !ory1 or at lea/ su* a !ory z 0 gr\nd$ on geometry4 ,x seems b j to trace & commemorate ! inv5tors ( ! +5i\s arts :i* furni% matt] = disc\rses on ^! occasions2 & n only ! ma9 inv5tors1 b ev5 ^? :o fir/ turn$ _! ?\ghts ^u ! subject3 =1 ?\gh su* m5 may n h produc$ any ?+ p]fect1 yet !y may h sugge/$ ideas to o!rs ( a less inv5tive1 b ( a m executive g5ius1 & :o1 unprovid$ ) ^? h9ts1 w\ld nev] h made any notable discov]y4 ,i mu/ !re=e obs]ve1 t ! ,italians 7 ! fir/ :o em]g$ out ( ^? ?ick cl\ds ( ignorance & b>b>ism :i* _h s long ov]spread ?is qu>t] ( ! _w4 ,!y pr(it$ by ! unhappy fate ( ,con/ant9ople2 = by lib]ally receiv+ ! le>n$ emigrants on t di/ressful occasion1 !y 7 l>gely repaid by _! arts & sci5ces1 & /ill m abundantly by _! language1 :]eby !y 7 enabl$ to read & to translate ^? anci5t manuscripts1 :i* ! ,greeks _h sav$ out ( ! wreck ( _! c\ntry4 ,! art ( pr9t+1 :i* 0 e/abli%$ soon aft]1 0 ! means ( quickly dissem9at+ ^? treasures ( k1 & concurr$ ) ! fall ( ! ea/]n empire to =m an epo* = ! advancem5t ( le>n+1 unp>allel$ 9 ! annals ( lett]s4 ,! end ( ! #ae? c5tury1 & ! :ole ( ! #af?1 7 *iefly employ$ by ! ,italians 9 ! /udy & 9 ! translation ( ! old ,greek au?ors4 ,! geometry ( ! anci5t ,greeks1 z well z ! ari?metic 9 numb]s & species ( ! ,arabians1 7 cultivat$2 b bo? rema9$1 z x 71 sci5ces by !mselves1 unassi/+ to1 or at be/ b weak & reluctant auxili>ies to ! philosophy ( ! s*ools3 & inde$ h[ c\ld ! ab/ract$ doctr9es ( numb]s & quantities be /ra9$ to co-op]ate ) a sy/em1 9 :i* nei!r ! laws ( motion1 nor any b ! sup]ficial1 & (t5 delusive prop]ties ( matt]1 7 to be met )8 ,! g5ius ( ! ,greeks1 all acute & brilliant z x 01 _h nev] be5 prop]ly direct$ to ! int]pretation ( nature1 & 0 inde$ unfit 7z ,"l ,bacon pron\nc$7 = a /udy t made s sl[ & pa9ful a progress1 by re-it]at$ & v>i$ exp]im5ts & obs]vations4 ,x 0 no wond] !n1 if ! mix$ ma!matics1 z !y are call$1 desc5d$ to ! mod]ns 9 a /ate no-wise correspond+ to ! elegance & c]ta9ty ( ^? p>ts ( ! sci5ce :i* 7 elem5t>y & pure2 & t ^? mix$ p>ts %\ld h be5 f\nd defective & errone\s1 9 proportion 7if ,i may s express myself7 to ! physical consid]ations t 7 to be tak5 into ! inquiry4 ,! imp]fection ( ! anci5ts1 ) reg>d to natural philosophy1 0 n p]ceiv$ at t "t2 nay1 at ! p]iod we are treat+ (1 ! le>n$ 7 firmly p]suad$ ( ! contr>y1 & t all t 0 want+ to be kn[n conc]n+ ! laws ( nature1 & ! prop]ties ( matt]1 0 to be tak5 ei!r directly1 or by d$uction1 f ! physics ( ,,ari/otle4 ,x 0 n till ! #ag? c5tury 0 some:at advanc$1 t m5 ( sci5ce began to li/5 to ,"l ,,bacon & ,,galileo1 ! great f\nd]s ( ! exp]im5tal & ! true philosophy4 ,mean :ile1 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! #af? c5tury1 unqualifi$ z ! ,italians !n 7 = ent]+ ^u physico-ma!matical inquiries#c1 !y nev]!less made ! attempt1 & 9 p>ticul> took ! !ory ( projectiles into consid]ation4 ,"s imag9$ t a body impell$ ) viol5ce1 su* z a ball dis*>g$ f a cannon1 mov$ 9 a "r l9e till ! =ce 0 sp5t1 & t !n x fell 9 ano!r "r l9e p]p5dicul>ly to ! e>?4 ,^u ?is pr9ciple1 absurd z x 01 we f9d "o ( ! e>lie/ au?ors gr\nd+ 8 :ole !ory ( gunn]y#d2 :il/ o!rs1 diss5t+ f 8 hypo!sis1 admitt$ only ! /raight l9e1 9 :i* ! ball mov$ = "s "t aft] com+ out ( ! piece1 & t o!r /raight l9e 9 :i* x fell to ! gr\nd2 b ass]t$ t ^! two 7 connect$ by a curve l9e1 & t ?is curve 0 ! segm5t ( a circle4 ,,nicolas ,,t>taglia ( ,brescia1 a ma!matician ( ! fir/ rank 9 ^? days1 & /ill celebrat$ = 8 improvem5ts 9 algebra1 ha? be5 suppos$ to be ! au?or ( ?is doctr9e1 no less errone\s ?an ! =m]1 & = :i* two ( 8 books h be5 quot$#e4 ,^? ,i h nev] se52 b f ano!r ( 8 works1 pr(ess$ly writt5 on ?is subject1 & translat$ into ,engli% "u ! title ( ,colloquies conc]n+ ! art ( %oot+ 9 great & small pieces ( artill]y#f1 him ,i f9d1 contr>y to ! op9ion ( 8 contempor>ies1 ma9ta9+ t no "p ( ! track ( a cannon-ball is 9 a "r l9e1 ?\gh ! curvature 9 ! fir/ "p ( its flight be s small1 t x ne$e? n to be att5d$ to4 ,b ,,t>taglia is f> f suppos+1 t ! l9e 9 "q ha? any relation to a p>abola1 or to any regul> curve4 ,x w\ld seem !n1 t if ?is ma!matician _h at fir/ be5 s f> mi/ak51 z to fancy t "s "p ( ! c\rse ( a projectile 0 9 a /raight l9e1 he _h aft]w>ds *ang$ 8 op9ion1 & 0 p]haps s+ul> 9 :at he f9ally embrac$4 ,f num]\s in/ances "o w\ld imag9e1 t 9 ^? days1 s f> 7 m5 ( sci5ce f mak+ exp]im5ts !mselves1 t !y ev5 %ut _! eyes aga9/ :at *ance w\ld h pres5t$ to _! sight4 ,=1 :oev] _h m9d$ ! rov+ %ot ( an arr[1 ! flight ( a /one f a sl+1 or _h att5d$ to a /ream ( wat] issu+ f ! sp\t ( a ci/]n1 might h be5 conv9c$1 t ! pa? ( e projectile 0 9 a cont9u$ curve1 :atev] little he o!rwise knew conc]n+ ! prop]ties ( t "o4 ,b _h ! obs]vation ( ! philosoph]s gone s f>1 !y _h /ill be5 at a di/ance f ! tru?4 ,!y might h p]ceiv$ a lik5ess betwe5 ! track ( ^? bodies 9 motion & a p>abola1 & conclud$1 f analogy1 t all projectiles del9eat$ t curve 9 ! air2 b !y c\ld nev] h realiz$ _! conjectures by ma!matical demon/ration1 )\t previ\sly kn[+ ! law ( accel]ation 9 fall+ bodies3 a discov]y res]v$ = ! next c5tury1 & = ,,galileo#g1 "o ( ! greate/ ornam5ts ( x4 ,x 0 he :o fir/ inve/igat$ ! effects ( gravity on fall+ bodies1 & ^u t f\ndation demon/rat$1 t all projectiles w\ld move 9 a p>abola 9 a non-resi/+ m$ium4 ,& z he made little acc\nt ( ! resi/ance ( ! air1 ^: prop]ties 7 !n imp]fectly kn[n1 he prov$ t a ball %ot horizontally w\ld1 9 its flight1 describe half a p>abola2 & :5 ! piece _h an elevation above ! horizon1 ! ball w\ld describe a :ole p>abola1 suppos+ x to fall on ! plane ( ! batt]y4 ,by ! same me?od ( reason+ he %ew$1 t :atev] ! ranges ( ! project$ body1 or ! elevations ( ! piece 71 ! ball w\ld /ill trace t curve l9e1 ( a great] or less] amplitude1 by ! "t x desc5d$ to ! level ( ! place f :5ce x came4 ,?us f> w5t ,,galileo1 conf9+ 8 projections to ! horizontal plane ( ! batt]y2 b ,,torricelli 8 disciple soon aft] c>ri$ ! !ory f>!r1 by trac+ ! %ot to its fall1 :e!r t place 0 above or bel[ ! plane2 & /ill f\nd1 by geometrical d$uctions1 t x flew 9 a p>abola ( a l>g] or a small] amplitude1 accord+ to ! angle ( elevation ( ! piece1 & ! /r5g? ( ! p[d]4 ,v>i\s & num]\s _h be5 ! disputes 9 ,italy ab\t ! laws ( motion 9 g5]al1 & especially ab\t ^? ( projectiles1 f ! "t ! ma!maticians _h begun ! inquiry1 till ! publication ( ! dialogues ( ,,galileo on t subject 7a space ( upw>ds ( a hundr$ ye>s7 b f t p]iod1 s evid5t did 8 demon/rations appe>1 t all conte/ ceas$1 & e man ( sci5ce 0 conv9c$1 t all projectiles mov$ 9 ! track :i* he _h discov]$4 ,=1 z to ! resi/ance ( ! air1 :i* he _h n pass$ unnotic$ 7z ,,galileo himself _h be5 ! fir/1 at lea/ ( ! mod]ns1 :o />t$ ! notion ( ! weight ( ! air & ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e7 yet s ?9 & s yield+ did !y e/eem t fluid to be1 t !y 7 assur$ x c\ld occasion no s5sible1 at lea/ no mat]ial1 deviation f t curve4 ,z !y _h ! pr9ciple f ,,galileo1 s !y believ$ !mselves w>rant$ by t respectable au?or1 n to fe> f t cause any objection1 :i* he himself _h sugge/$1 b _h remov$4 ,among ^! projectiles 7says he7 :i* we make use (1 if !y are ( a heavy matt] & a r\nd =m2 nay if !y are ( a light] matt]1 & h a cyl9drical =m1 su* z arr[s %ot f b[s1 _! track or pa? w n s5sibly decl9e f ! curve ( a p>abola#h4 ,"h !n 0 ! !ory ( gunn]y laid1 9 appe>ance1 on ! mo/ solid f\ndation4 ,& ?us f> ! ,italians hav+ proce$$1 !y seem$ to h tak5 leave1 & to commit ! subject to o!r nations1 ^: great] p[]1 or great] ambition1 0 m likely to make !m avail !mselves ( ! p]fection ( a milit>y art1 ?an _! in/ructors4 ,we _h reason !re=e to expect1 t a neighb\r+ /ate1 int5t ^u ! advancem5t ( ! arts & sci5ces 9 g5]al1 w\ld n fail to give p>ticul> att5tion to ^? t %\ld appe> mo/ subs]vi5t to its gr&eur4 ,accord+ly we f9d1 t our si/]-society ( t k+dom _h n be5 _m ye>s e/abli%$1 :5 an +5i\s memb] ( t illu/ri\s ,body1 n que/ion+ ! s\ndness ( ! ,galilean pr9ciple 9 reg>d to projectiles1 9 ! ye> #afgg1 propos$ to ! academy1 z a problem = ! improvem5t ( artill]y1 h[ to direct a piece 7suppose a mort>7 s z to make ! %ot fall :]e "o _h a m9d2 or 9 ! common expression1 to hit a m>k1 ! /r5g? ( ! p[d] be+ giv5#i4 ,?is ?\ght met ) g5]al approbation1 & s f> 7 ! academy f rais+ any difficulty ab\t ! ob/ruction :i* ! air might occasion to a body mov+ ) s mu* velocity 9 x1 t we d n f9d ! mak+ exp]im5ts on t head 0 consid]$ by !m z an ess5tial /ep to ! solution2 b t _! pr9cipal geomet]s /raightway set ab\t solv+ ! problem z x _h be5 ann\nc$ to !m1 "s foll[+ "o me?od1 "s ano!r1 & all ^u ! supposition ( a projectile mov+ 9 ! l9e ( a p>abola4 ,b ,m4 ,,blondel1 :o _h be5 ! propos]1 & :o m p>ticul>ly _h /udi$ ! "q1 compos$ a l>ge volume on ! subject1 :i* he publi%$ a few ye>s aft]#aj1 "u ! title ( ,l',art de jett] les ,bombes2 a p]=mance mu* celebrat$ at ! "t1 & t cont9u$ 9 no small reque/ long aft]1 z conta9+1 besides 8 own1 ! lab\rs ( sev]al o!r memb]s ( t society ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ m]it4 ,s _m1 & su* h&s concurr+ 9 fram+ ?is "w1 x 0 no wond] t ! le>n$ ?r\gh\t ,europe 7 confirm$ by x 9 ! ,galilean !ory2 & ! m z ,m4 ,,blondel _h obviat$ ! only objection !y suppos$ c\ld be made to x1 ! resi/ance ( ! air1 :i* he _h tak5 c>e expressly to m5tion1 & s to combat z to p]suade ! read]1 t ! ret>dation aris+ f t cause 0 s inconsid]able z to be ( no acc\nt 9 ! practice4 ,?is illusion ab\t ! small or non-resi/ance ( ! air to bodies rapidly mov+ 9 x1 0 s preval5t at ! end ( ! la/ c5tury1 & 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t1 t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,royal ,academy = ! ye> #agjg1 we f9d _! wor?y & mo/ accompli%$ secret>y1 aft] tak+ notice ( ! jo9t lab\rs ( s _m able ma!maticians conc]n$ 9 ,,blondel's publication1 v5tur+ to say1 x did n appe> t any ?+ 0 !n want+ = ! practice ( ! art ( ,gunn]y except p]haps p]fect+ ! in/rum5ts = po9t+ a cannon or mort> 444 b t geometry _h done its "p1 s to speak1 ) reg>d to practice4 c4#aa ,b f> be x f our int5tion to relate ! imp]fections ( o!rs1 9 ord] to raise ourselves by ! comp>ison4 ,c&\r requires ( u n only to ackn[l$ge1 t 9 ?is c\ntry1 z to ! po9t 9 "q1 we did n surpass our neighb\rs2 b +5u\sly to own t1 on ! contr>y1 we 7 p]haps m liable to exception4 ,=1 "s ye>s be=e ,,blondel's "w appe>$#ab1 a treatise 0 publi%$ by "o ( our own artill]i/s1 ,,&]son 7a p]son ( em95ce 9 8 pr(ession7 intitul$ ,! g5u9e use & effects ( ! gun1 9 :i* ! au?or /r5u\sly supports ! ,galilean !ory2 nor d we le>n he 0 ev] contradict$ among u1 al?\gh he und]took to answ] all ^? :o %\ld make objections to x4 ,nay1 :5 he _h an opportunity aft]w>ds ( mak+ exp]im5ts on ! ranges ( bombs1 & by ^? trials 0 assur$ t _! flight 0 n 9 a p>abola2 yet s f> 0 he f ascrib+ ! deviation f t figure to ! resi/ance ( ! air1 t he _h rec\rse to an hypo!sis1 repugnant to all ! laws ( motion1 to salve appe>ances1 & to reconcile ^? exp]im5ts ) 8 =m] doctr9e#ac4 ,& did n ,dr4 ,,halley1 s long ! ornam5t ( ?is society1 communicate 9 ! ye> #afhf a ,pap]1 :i* he calls ,a disc\rse conc]n+ gravity1 9 :i*1 treat+ ( ! motion ( projectiles1 he says1 t be+ aw>e ( ! deflexion f ! p>abolic curve t might be occasion$ by ! resi/ance ( ! air1 he _h made "s exp]im5ts1 ev5 ) cannon-balls1 to e/imate ! =ce ( t resi/ance2 yet conclude1 ,t 9 l>ge %ot ( metal1 ^: weight _m ?\s& times surpass$ t ( air1 & ^: =ce is v great1 9 proportion to ! surface :]e) !y press !reupon1 ?is opposition 0 n disc]nible4 ,& aga91 ,?\gh 9 small & light %ot1 ! opposition ( ! air ought & mu/ be acc\nt$ =2 yet 9 %oot+ great & weighty bombs1 !re ne$ be v tittle all[ance made2 & s ^! rules ^?1 to wit1 gr\nd$ on ! pr9ciple ( ,,galileo may be put 9 practice to all int5ts & purposes1 z if ?is imp$im5t ! resi/ance ( ! air 7 absolutely remov$#ad4 ,su* conclusions1 :i* we n[ f9d to be errone\s1 7 ! less to be expect$ f s em95t a p]son1 z !y argu$ too mu* ha/e to f9i% a !ory1 t 0 to be made subs]vi5t to pres5t use4 ,x might inde$ h be5 expect$1 t m5 ( sci5ce apply+ !mselves to ?is /udy1 w\ld h be5 soon] awak5$ to ! consid]ation ( ! great opposition ( ! air1 by ! ,pr9cipia ( ,,newton1 publi%$ a little aft] ?is ,pap] ( ,,halley's#ae4 ,= 9 t excell5t "w ! illu/ri\s au?or _h demon/rat$1 t ! curve describ$ by a projectile1 9 a /rongly resi/+ m$ium1 diff]$ mu* f a p>abola1 & t ! resi/ance ( ! air 0 great en\gh to make ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! curve ( projection ( heavy bodies & a p>abola f> f be+ ins5sible1 & !re=e too consid]able to be neglect$4 ,h we n !n less to plead = n att5d+ to ! ,pr9cipia ( ,,newton 9 ?is article#af1 ?an ! ma!maticians ( o!r nations1 :o1 z ,m4 de ,,font5elle obs]ves#ag1 p>tly f ! difficulty ( und]/&+ t concise & pr(\nd "w1 & p>tly f a misappreh5sion ( its t5d5cy 7:i* !y fanci$ 0 to revive ! explod$ doctr9e ( occult qualities7 7 late 9 becom+ acqua9t$ ) x8 ,b x is n s easy to acc\nt = _! inatt5tion to ,,huyg5s1 a kn[n & ev5 !n a mu* e/eem$ au?or1 & :o inde$ 0 second to ,,newton alone 9 sci5ce & 9 g5ius4 ,= he 9 ! ye> #afij _h publi%$ a treatise on ,gravity1 writt5 9 a popul> mann]1 :]e9 he gave an acc\nt ( "s exp]im5ts he _h made at ,p>is1 & 9 ! academy1 by :i*1 z well z by ma!matical inve/igations1 he 0 conv9c$ ( ! tru? ( ,,newton's conclusions1 9 reg>d to ! great opposition ( ! air to bodies mov+ swiftly 9 x2 &1 by consequ5ce1 believ$ t ! track ( all projectiles 0 v diff]5t f ! l9e ( a p>abola#ah4 ,b except+ ,,newton & ,,huyg5s1 ! le>n$ seem$ univ]sally to acquiesce 9 ! ju/ness & suffici5cy ( ! pr9ciples ( gunn]y inv5t$ by ,,galileo1 enl>g$ by ,,torricelli1 confirm$ & r$uc$ to sy/em by ,,&]son1 ,,blondel1 ,,halley & o!rs2 & s f> 7 ! !ori/s1 9 t bran* ( sci5ce1 f suspect+ any defect or fallacy 9 ^! pr9ciples1 t !y seem$ r to reproa* ! practical artill]i/s1 = n pr(it+ m by ! in/ructions :i* !y _h s lib]ally imp>t$ to !m4 ,nor d we f9d t an apology 0 made = ! empirical ex]cise ( ! art1 by any au?or ( note 9 t l9e1 e>li] ?an ! sixte5? ye> ( ?is c5tury1 :5 ,m4 de ,,ressons1 a ,fr5* (fic] ( artill]y1 di/+ui%$ by ! numb] ( sieges at :i* he _h s]v$1 by 8 high milit>y rank1 & by 8 abilities 9 8 pr(ession2 :5 he1 ,i say1 ?us qualifi$ to be> te/imony1 pres5t$ a memoire to ! ,royal ,academy 7( :i* he 0 a memb]7 import+1 t al?\gh x 0 agre$ t !ory jo9$ to practice did con/itute ! p]fection ( e art1 yet exp]i5ce _h taught him1 t !ory 0 ( v little s]vice 9 ! use ( mort>s4 ,t ! "w ( ,m4 ,,blondel _h ju/ly en\gh describ$ ! sev]al p>abolic l9es1 accord+ to ! diff]5t degrees ( ! elevation ( ! piece2 b t practice _h conv9c$ him !re 0 no !ory 9 ! effects ( gun-p[d]3 = t hav+ endeav\r$1 ) ! greate/ precision1 to po9t a mort> agreeably to ^? calculations1 he _h nev] be5 able to e/abli% any solid f\ndation ^u !m#ai4 ,?us1 aft] ! !ory ( gunn]y _h ex]cis$ ! g5ius ( ! le>n$ = ne>ly two hundr$ ye>s1 & = almo/ f\rscore ( t "t _h re/$ on fundam5tals :i* _h nev] be5 conte/$1 x 0 pron\nc$ at once to be almo/ intirely useless1 & t by "o ( ! mo/ compet5t judges4 ,n[1 :e!r x 7 ow+ to ! def]5ce due to ! au?ority ( t exp]i5c$ artill]i/1 or to "s o!r cause1 ,i %all n det]m9e1 b obs]ve1 t x appe>s n f ! hi/ory ( ! academy1 t ! s5tim5ts ( ,m4 de ,,ressons 7 at ?is "t controv]t$1 or any reason (f]$ aft]w>ds = ! failure ( ! !ory ( projectiles :5 appli$ to use4 ,nor c ,i pass unnotic$ ! pause t ensu$ be=e any fur!r attempts 7 made to improve ! !ory ( ! art1 ei!r ^u ! old pr9ciples or ^u new ones1 except by su* au?ors z seem$ ignorant ( ?is transaction1 & :o ( c\rse 7 n suffici5tly appriz$ ( ! inefficacy ( ! prop]ties ( ! p>abola = direct+ practice4 ,or by ^? :o 7 employ$ 9 speculatively inve/igat+ ! nature ( ! curve trac$ by a ball 9 ! air2 a curve :i* began at la/ to be consid]$ z "o deviat+ mu* f ! l9e ( a p>abola4 ,or1 f9ally1 by su* z1 hav+ tak5 notice t ,,newton's ideas _h n be5 duly att5d$ to1 endeav\r$ to avail !mselves ( !m1 & ( "s exp]im5ts t _h be5 made by o!rs1 = prov+ ! great opposition ( ! air to bodies ( swift motion2 b )\t asc]ta9+ ! degree ( t resi/ance1 or enri*+ ! art by any practical rules#bj4 ,su* 0 ! unh+$ /ate ( ?is "p ( ! mix$ ma!matics1 :5 )9 our memory ,mr4 ,,b5jam9 ,,rob9s took cognizance ( x3 nor c\ld ! subject h fall5 into abl] h&s1 end[$ z he 0 by nature ) a sup]ior g5ius & unwe>i$ application4 ,mr4 ,,rob9s 0 deeply v]s$ 9 geometry & ! doctr9e ( numb]s2 b he knew ! limits z well z ! p[]s ( bo?1 & h[ insuffici5t !y 7 = e/abli%+ any !ory :]e matt] 0 conc]n$1 )\t prep>+ ! way1 by f9d+ out ! physical prop]ties ( t matt]1 by _m & v>i$ exp]im5ts & att5tive obs]vation4 ,^? :o _h hi!rto treat$ ( ! f\ndation ( gunn]y1 by be+ too =w>d 9 ! application ( _! ma!matics1 _h 9 a mann] hurt ! cr$it ( t admirable sci5ce4 ,!y ought to h se5 ! necessity ( m9utely exam9+ e circum/ance :i* c\ld affect ! c\rse ( a projectile1 besides t ( gravity4 ,mr4 ,,rob9s p]ceiv$ ! error ( 8 pr$ecessors 9 t inquiry1 & correct$ x4 ,p]suad$ z he 0 f sir ,,isaac ,,newton's ,pr9cipia ( ! great resi/ance ( ! air to bodies mov+ 9 x1 & also ( ! unc]ta9ty ( ! =ce ( gun-p[d]1 & ( ! v>iations 9 ! flight ( %ot1 occasion$ by ! unavoidable v>ieties 9 ! make ( x1 & 9 ! make ( ! pieces ( artill]y :i* dis*>g$ x2 appriz$1 ,i say1 ( s _m causes ( ab]ration1 he ju/ly conclud$1 t ! f\ndation "h 0 at lea/ z mu* an affair ( physics z ( geometry1 & t if ! art ( ?r[+ bombs _h n be5 advanc$ by !ory1 x 0 n because ! art admitt$ ( none1 b because ! !ory :i* _h hi!rto be5 devis$ _h be5 bo? defective & errone\s4 ,he suspect$ t mo/ ( ! writ]s on gunn]y _h be5 deceiv$1 9 suppos+ ! resi/ance ( ! air to be inconsid]able1 & !nce ass]t+ ! track ( all %ot to be ne>ly 9 ! curve ( a p>abola1 by :i* means x came to pass t all _! det]m9ations1 ab\t ! flight ( projectiles ( viol5t motion1 _h decl9$ consid]ably f ! tru?4 ,b 9 ord] to cle> ?is po9t f e d\bt1 he f\nd x necess>y to asc]ta9 ! =ce ( gun-p[d]1 & by t /ep to e/imate ! velocity ( ! %ot impell$ by its explosion4 ,t be+ done1 he proce$$ to measure ! quickness ( a musket-bullet1 %ot out ( a giv5 b>rel1 ) a giv5 quantity ( p[d]2 & to confirm ! tru? ( 8 conclusions1 he contriv$ a ma*9e1 by :i* ! velocity ( a bullet might be dim9i%$ 9 any giv5 ratio1 by be+ made to /rike on a l>ge body ( a weight ju/ly proportion$ to x2 :]eby ! swifte/ motions1 :i* o!rwise w\ld escape our exam9ation1 7 to be exactly det]m9$ by ^! sl[] motions t _h a giv5 relation to !m4 ,! ma*9e 0 a l>ge wood5 p5dulum1 :i* swung freely1 b 9 s sl[ a mann]1 t its vibrations c\ld easily be c\nt$1 :atev] 0 ! cel]ity ( ! bullet dis*>g$ aga9/ x4 ,! ?\ght 0 simple1 +5i\s1 & inconte/ably 8 own4 ,he next inquir$ into ! resi/ance made by ! air to projectiles ( rapid motion1 & :i* he discov]$ to be mu* great] ?an _h be5 suppos$ by any writ] on ! subject2 & inde$ s great1 t x 0 manife/ ! curve describ$ by any %ot 0 v diff]5t f a p>abola1 & consequ5tly t all ! applications ( ! prop]ties ( t conic section to gunn]y 7 s errone\s z to be totally useless4 ,= by means ( ?is p5dulum1 plac$ at diff]5t di/ances f ! m\? ( ! piece1 he cle>ly demon/rat$ h[ mu* a bullet1 fly+ ) a giv5 velocity1 w\ld gradually lose ( t motion by ! opposition ( ! air3 !re9 furni%+ to ! le>n$ a signal & in/ructive in/ance ( ! fallacy ( ! mo/ speci\s !ories1 t d n proce$ h& 9 h& ) exp]im5ts4 ,i %\ld too mu* exce$ ! j b\nds ( a disc\rse ( ?is k9d1 7 ,i to ent] m m9utely into ! sy/em f\nd$ by ,mr4 ,,rob9s1 confirm$ & improv$1 z ,i f9d1 by ! lab\rs ( sev]al ( ! le>n$ 9 =eign p>ts ( great celebrity#ba4 ,i %all only add1 t 8 p]=mance well des]ves ! title he gives x ( ,! new pr9ciples ( gunn]y1 s9ce ! au?or may m prop]ly be said to h inv5t$ a new sci5ce ?an to h add$ to an old "o4 ,& ,i believe ,i may v5ture to say1 t no physico-ma!matical disquisition ha? done m hon\r to ?is c\ntry1 or to ! age1 ?an ! writ+s ( ,mr4 ,,rob9s on ?is subject1 :i* h be5 publi%$1 p>tly by ?is ,society1 p>tly by himself1 & p>tly s9ce 8 dea? 79 ! collection ( 8 :ole ma!matical tracts7 by 8 le>n$ fri5d4 ,b ?\gh our wor?y bro!r w ev] be celebrat$ = be+ ! inv5tor ( ! true pr9ciples ( gunn]y1 yet x w\ld be too flatt]+ to 8 memory1 to say he _h c>ri$ ! !ory ( ?is art to p]fection4 ,he himself 0 f> f ent]ta9+ s high an op9ion ( 8 lab\rs2 nay he expressly decl>$1 t he left "s mat]ial po9ts to be inquir$ into at m leisure 7:i* o!r occupations & 8 immature dea? depriv$ him (7 & he mu* regrett$ t he want$ conv5i5cy & opportunities = mak+ exp]im5ts on balls ( a great] weight1 ?an :at he _h us$ = asc]ta9+ ! initial velocity ( !m4 ,mu* !re=e are we indebt$ to ,mr4 ,,hutton1 :o1 tread+ 9 ! foot/eps ( ! deceas$1 ha? resum$ & prosecut$ ?is la/ desid]atum1 & ha? %ewn himself n unequal to s difficult an ent]prize4 ,mr4 ,,rob9s1 = det]m9+ ! initial velocity ( %ot1 aris+ f diff]5t quantities ( p[d]1 made use ( balls ( ab\t an ounce weight2 :]eas ,mr4 ,,hutton1 = ! same purpose1 ha? employ$ ^? ( diff]5t weights1 f "o p\nd to ne>ly ?ree2 or1 9 o!r words1 ,mr4 ,,rob9s made trial ) musket-%ot only1 ,mr4 ,,hutton ) cannon-balls f #bj to ab\t #ej times heavi]4 ,?is 0 a consid]able /ep ga9$ 9 a disquisition ( t "p ( ! sci5ce1 9 :i* ! resi/ance ( ! air & o!r circum/ances 7 n conc]n$2 & :]e nei!r analogy alone1 nor ma!matical d$uctions alone1 nor ! two comb9$1 7 suffici5t = e/abli%+ pr9ciples applicable to ! motion ( cannon-balls1 )\t mak+ a new s]ies ( exp]im5ts3 & ) :at lab\r & judgm5t ^! h be5 p]=m$1 y und]/ood by ! acc\nt :i* ,mr4 ,,hutton gave ( !m 9 8 ,pap]4 ,b %\ld x n[ be inquir$1 :at advantages may be d]iv$ f ,mr4 ,,hutton's exp]im5ts1 = ! advancem5t ( ! art ( gunn]y1 & ( philosophy 9 g5]al8 ,i w\ld reply1 t z to ! =m] x may be suffici5t to obs]ve1 t ?\gh ! improvem5ts be only su* z c be d$uc$ f ! =ce ( fir$ gun-p[d]2 yet !y are 9 a high]1 m c]ta91 & 9 a m g5]al mann]1 ?an :at result$ f ! lab\rs ( ,mr4 ,,rob9s2 :o inde$ l$ ! way1 b :o made1 z x 7 9 m9iature1 ^? exp]im5ts :i* ,mr4 ,,hutton ha? execut$ at l>ge1 & :i* ,,rob9s himself wi%$ to h made1 z well z o!rs :o h consid]$ ! subject s9ce 8 "t4 ,n[ ^! exp]im5ts1 ?\gh made by ,mr4 ,,hutton ) cannon-balls ( a small size1 may nev]!less =m j conclusions :5 appli$ to cannon-%ot ( ! l>ge/ size4 ,& su* conclusions in=m u ( ! real =ce ( p[d] :5 fir$1 ei!r 9 a cannon or a mort>1 impell+ a ball or bomb ( a giv5 weight2 t is1 !y discov] ) :at velocity a giv5 quantity ( p[d] drives ^? projectiles 9 a second1 or 9 any o!r assign$ portion ( "t4 ,!y also %ew ! law ( v>iation 9 ! velocity aris+ f diff]5t quantities ( p[d]1 ) ! same weight ( metal1 & likewise t law :i* takes place ^u us+ balls ( diff]5t weights4 ,fur!r1 !y po9t out ! advantage obta9$ by dim9i%+ ! w9dage 9 cannon1 & tea* u h[ we may increase ! weight ( ! %ot 9 ! same piece1 by mak+ x ( a cyl9drical =m1 in/ead ( a sph]ical3 by ?is device1 a small] %ip may be enabl$ to d ! execution ( a l>g] "o4 ,& exp]im5ts ( ! same k9d w also det]m9e ! j l5g? ( cannon = %oot+ f>!/ ) ! same *>ge ( p[d]4 ,la/ly1 x is f ^! exp]im5ts1 or f o!rs t may be made aft] ! l mann]1 we are in/ruct$ h[ to answ] e "q relative to milit>y projectiles1 except su* z dep5d on ! resi/ance ( ! air to bodies mov+ swiftly 9 x4 ,?is inde$ is a consid]ation :i* leaves room = great] improvem5t 9 ! art1 & = conf]r+ fre% hon\rs on ^?1 :o1 l ,mr4 ,,hutton1 %all h opportunities & abilities = cont9u+ & p]fect+ ?is v curi\s & useful inquiry4 ,z to ! advantages accru+ to philosophy f ! lab\rs bo? ( ,mr4 ,,rob9s & ,mr4 ,,hutton1 speak !y n = !mselves8 ,! sci5ces ( motion & pneumatics are promot$ by !m2 & ( :at avail _! p]fection w\ld be = ! f>!r int]pretation ( nature1 y ne$ n be in=m$4 ,9 f9e1 we h "h be=e u1 9 ^! exp]im5ts1 ! sure/ te/ ( our advancem5t 9 true k1 :i* is1 ! improvem5t ( a lib]al art1 & ! enl>gem5t ( ! p[]s ( man ov] ! works ( creation4 ,"s h[ev] may ?9k1 t ! objects ( ?is society are ! arts ( peace alone1 n ^? ( w>1 & t consid]+ h[ num]\s & h[ ke5 ! in/rum5ts ( dea? already are1 x w\ld bett] become u to disc\rage ?an to c\nt5ance _! f>!r improvem5t4 ,^! naturally w be ! fir/ ?\ghts ( ! be/ dispos$ m9ds4 ,b :5 ^u a clos] exam9ation we f9d1 t s9ce ! inv5tion ( arms ( ! quicke/ execution1 nei!r battles nor sieges h be5 m frequ5t nor m de/ructive1 inde$ app>5tly o!rwise2 may we n !nce inf]1 t su* means z h be5 employ$ to %>p5 ! sword1 h t5d$ m to dim9i% ?an to increase ! numb] ( its victims1 by %ort5+ conte/s & mak+ !m m decisive4 ,i %all n h[ev] insi/ on ma9ta9+ s great a p>adox2 b only surmise1 t :atev] ,/ate w\ld adopt ! ,utopian maxims1 & proscribe ! /udy ( arms1 w\ld soon1 ,i fe>1 become a prey to ^? :o be/ knew h[ to use !m4 ,= yet1 alas6 f> seem we to be remov$ f ^? promis$ times1 :5 nation %all n lift up sword aga9/ nation1 nei!r %all !y le>n w> any m6 99 99 99 99 99 ,"h end$ ! ,presid5t's ,disc\rse3 aft] :i* he turn$ to ,mr4 ,,hutton1 & said1 ,y h he>d1 ,sir1 ! acc\nt ,i h giv5 ( ! rise & progress ( ! !ory ( gunn]y1 & ( y\r improvem5t ( x2 a recital1 :i* by no means w\ld h done ei!r y or ! subject ju/ice1 _h x be5 address$ to any o!r audi5ce ?an to ! pres5t4 ,b z my int5tion 0 only briefly to recall to ! memory ( ^! g5tlem5 :at !y knew ( ?is subject1 antec$5tly to y\r ,pap]1 & to rem9d !m ( ! result ( y\r exp]im5ts1 ,i flatt] myself ,i h said :at 0 suffici5t on ! occasion2 be+ n[ au?oriz$ by !m to deliv] into y\r h& ?is m$al1 z ! p]petual memorial ( _! approbation4 ,& let me add1 ,sir1 t !y make y ?is pres5t ) ! m cordial affection1 z by y\r o!r +5i\s & valuable communications !y are assur$1 n only ( y\r tal5ts1 b ( y\r zeal1 = promot+ ! int]e/s & hon\r ( _! ,in/itution4 ,illu/ration ,,footnotes #a #b ,*ron4 xxvi4 #ae4 #b ,m4 ,,fol>d4 #c ,! *ief exception t occurs to ?is g5]al rem>k1 is ! rapid progress :i* 9 t age ,,cop]nicus made 9 a/ronomy2 :o 0 n inde$ an ,italian1 b 0 suppos$ to h pr(it$ by 8 e>ly travels into ,italy1 :i* he enlight5$ aft]w>ds by 8 admirable discov]ies4 #d ,see ,,montucla1 ,hi/4 des ,ma!m4 vol4 ,i4 p4 #fbc4 #e ,^? 7 ,la ,nuova ,sci5tia1 & ,quesiti ed ,inv5tioni div]se4 #f ,publi%$ at ,london1 ,a4 #aehh4 #g ,he 0 born 9 ! ye> #aefd2 b few if any ( 8 works 7 publi%$ till aft] ! ye> #afjj1 & 8 dialogues on motion n be=e #afch4 #h ,see 8 #d? ,dialogue on ,motion4 #i ,see ,hi/4 de l',academ4 ,roy4 des ,sci5ces1 ,a4 #agjg4 #aj ,9 ! ye> #afhc1 see ,hi/4 de l',acad4 ,r4 des ,sci4 ,a4 #agjg4 #aa ,hi/4 de l',acad4 ,r4 des ,sc4 ,a4 #agjg1 "u ! article ,me*anique4 #ab ,viz4 9 #afgd4 #ac ,see 8 treatise ,to hit a ,m>k1 publi%$ 9 #afij4 #ad ,philos4 ,trans4 ,no4 #agi1 p4 #bj4 #ae ,9 ! ye> #afhg4 #af ,,newton1 ,pr9cip4 ,ma!m4 lib4 ii4 sect4 #g4 #ag ,eloge de ,,newton4 #ah ,disc\rs de la ,cause de la ,pesanteur4 ,leide1 #afij4 #ai ,mem4 de l',acad4 ,r4 des ,sc4 ,a4 #agaf4 #bj ,,dan4 ,,b]n\lli1 ,comm5t4 ,acad4 ,petropol4 ,t4 #b4 #c4 #ba ,x is also mu* to ! hon\r ( ,mr4 ,,rob9s1 t 8 writ+s on ?is subject h be5 translat$ into =eign languages by m5 t 7 ! be/ judges ( _! m]it4 ,i ne$ only "n ,,mm4 ,,eul]1 & ,,le ,,roy4 ,,errata4 ,page #d4 l4 #e4 = ?is read ! #af4 #i4 = combate read combat #bj4 #ag4 = tract read track #bf4 la/ l9e ( ! note1 = ,m4 ,m4 read ,,mm4 ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,! errata h be5 correct$4