,transcriber's ,notes3 ,underscores 80 before and after a word or phrase indicate italics in the original text4 ,equal signs 80 before and after a word or phrase indicate bold in the original text4 ,small capitals have been converted to ,,solid capitals4 ,illustrations have been moved so they do not break up paragraphs4 ,typographical and punctuation errors have been silently corrected4 ,,the ,,ohio ,naturalist ,,published ,,by ,,the ,,biological ,,club ,,of ,,the ,,ohio ,,state ,,university ,,editorial ,,staff ,,editor-,,in-,,chief--,,john ,h4 ,,schaffner1 ,a4 ,m41 ,m4 ,s4 ,,associate ,,editors3 ,zoology--,f4 ,l4 ,,landacre1 ,b4 ,sc4 ,botany--,f4 ,j4 ,,tyler1 ,b4 ,sc4 ,geology--,j4 ,a4 ,,bownocker1 ,d4 ,sc4 ,archaeology--,w4 ,c4 ,,mills1 ,b4 ,sc4 ,ornithology--,r4 ,f4 ,,griggs ,,advisory ,,board3 ,,professor ,w4 ,a4 ,,kellerman1 ,ph4 ,d4 ,department of ,botany4 ,,professor ,,herbert ,,osborn1 ,m4 ,sc4 ,department of ,zoology4 ,,professor ,j4 ,a4 ,,bownocker1 ,d4 ,sc4 ,department of ,geology4 ,volume #a4 ,february1 #aija ,number #d ,,columbus1 ,,ohio ,,press ,,of ,,hann ,,adair ,,the ,,ohio ,,naturalist ,a journal devoted more especially to the natural history of ,ohio4 ,the official organ of ,,the ,,biological ,,club ,,of ,,the ,,ohio ,,state ,,university4 ,published monthly during the academic year1 from ,november to ,june 7#h numbers74 ,price #ej cents per year1 payable in advance4 ,to foreign countries1 #ge cents4 ,single copies #aj cents4 ,,john ,h4 ,,schaffner1 ,editor4 ,f4 ,j4 ,,tyler1 ,subscriptions4 ,r4 ,f4 ,,griggs1 ,advertising ,agent4 ,address ,,the ,,ohio ,,naturalist1 ,ohio ,state ,university1 ,,columbus1 ,,ohio4 ,,contents ,the ,corning ,oil and ,gas ,field #di ,j4 ,a4 ,bownocker ,twelve ,additions to the ,ohio ,plant ,list #ei ,w4 ,a4 ,kellerman ,a new species of ,gomphus and its near ,relatives #fj ,james ,s4 ,hine ,a ,comparative ,study of ,gomphus furcifer and villosipes #fa ,james ,s4 ,hine ,notes from ,botanical ,literature #fc ,w4 ,a4 ,kellerman ,meeting of the ,biological ,club #ff ,james ,s4 ,hine1 ,sec4 ,the ,ohio ,naturalist ,,published ,,by ,,the ,,biological ,,club ,,of ,,the ,,ohio ,,state ,,university ,vol4 #a4 ,,february1 #aija ,no4 #d ,,the ,,corning ,,oil ,,and ,,gas ,,field4,a ,j4 ,a4 ,,bownocker ,,area4--,this field lies in the three counties1 ,athens1 ,perry and ,morgan4 ,leaving out of consideration at present a few small outlying pools1 and starting at the south1 the productive territory may be said to begin in ,section #bb1 ,trimple township1 ,athens county4 ,from this point it runs almost due north to the ,perry county line4 ,the widest part of this portion of the field does not exceed one-half mile1 while the narrowest portion permits of a single row only of wells4 ,a ,published by permission of ,edward ,orton1 ,jr41 ,state ,geologist4 ,it enters ,monroe township1 ,perry county in ,section #cc1 and runs almost due north towards ,corning1 but bends to the northeast about one mile south of that place4 ,here the productive territory attains a maximum width of #c miles1 the greatest in the field4 ,the northeast course is continued to the ,morgan county line1 where it turns due north1 skirting that line with a productive strip about one-half mile wide for #b miles1 when it turns slightly to the east1 entering ,morgan county in ,section #ca of ,deerfield township4 ,from that place it extends through ,section #cj and into ,section #ai1 beyond which it has not been traced4 ,development of this part of the field is retarded by floods of salt water which may limit it in this direction4 ,the total length of the field is about #ad miles4 ,outside of this belt are four pools1 two of which are of little importance4 ,one lies around ,glouster1 and has an area of less than one square mile4 ,a second one lies in ,sections #bb and #bi1 a short distance northwest of ,glouster4 ,this is the principal territory from which the gas of ,corning and surrounding towns is derived4 ,a third pool lies around ,porterville1 and the fourth known as the ,oakfield lies from #c to #e miles north of ,corning4 ,it includes parts of sections #e1 #ba1 #bh1 #bi1 #cb1 and #cc of ,pleasant and #bb1 #bg and #cd of ,bearfield townships4 ,it is in this pool that the most extensive work is being done at the present time4 ,,discovery4--,probably the first deep well drilled in the ,sunday ,creek ,valley was near ,burr ,oak1 about #d miles south of ,corning4 ,its date is not now known1 but it must have been #dj or more years ago4 ,its depth is likewise unknown1 but it is reported to have penetrated the salt sand4 ,to this day it flows salt water1 and with it sufficient gas to be ignited4 ,this well1 however1 seems not to have aroused suspicion that there might be valuable liquids other than salt water buried in the rocks4 ,the discovery of oil in the ,corning field was a matter of accident1 and resulted directly from a scarcity of water for the ,toledo and ,ohio ,central railroad4 ,to remedy this a deep well was drilled in ,august1 #ahia1 at the round-house1 about three-fourths of a mile south of ,corning4 ,the only water found was in the salt sand which is reported as having been struck at a depth of #fcj feet4 ,the supply was copious1 but the salinity prevented its being used in locomotives4 ,this brine was shut out of the well by casing and the drill forced down to a depth of #aejg feet4 ,finding no water at that depth the work ceased1 but a few days later oil was thrown to the top of the derrick1 and there were smaller eruptions later4 ,however further disturbances of this sort were prevented by the company closing the well4 ,,development4--,the disclosure made by this well attracted the attention of oil men who immediately entered the field and began leasing territory4 ,the citizens of ,corning feared the territory was falling into the hands of the ,standard ,oil ,company1 and that it might not under such conditions be developed for years4 ,accordingly a home company styled 8,the ,sunday ,creek ,oil ,gas ,company10 was organized in ,february1 #ahib1 to make certain the development of the territory4 ,the capital stock was placed at #aj1jjj in shares of #ej1 and #hijj of the stock was sold4 ,much of this was raised by citizens of the town subscribing for single shares4 ,the new ,company was successful4 ,by ,january #ast1 #ahih1 #bee in dividends had actually been paid the stock holders4 ,in ,september1 #ahih1 a power for pumping the wells1 and costing over #gjjj1 was erected1 the contractor taking the product of the wells until it paid for the plant4 ,in ,november1 #ahii1 the property together with #abej--the amount received in excess of the cost of the plant--was turned over to the original holders4 ,the power is now 7,july #a1 #aijj17 pumping #bj wells1 which have a daily production of #dj barrels4 ,the first well drilled by this ,company was on the ,william ,fisher farm in northwest quarter section #ad1 ,monroe township1 ,perry county4 ,the ,berea was struck at #ajab feet1 but the indications were so unfavorable for a paying well that it was not considered advisable to shoot it4 ,however1 on ,june #b;d1 #ahib1 after waiting nearly a month1 the well was shot with #hj quarts of nitro-glycerine1 which had been hauled from ,sistersville1 ,w4 ,va4 ,the cost of the shot was #bjj4 ,the first day following the shooting of the well it produced #ab barrels1 and a year later was still producing #aj barrels per day4 ,following this other wells were drilled in sections #ad and #ae4 ,in all #be have been drilled1 only #c of which were dry holes4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,corning ,,oil and ,,gas ,,field ,,by ,j4,a4 ,,bownocker4 ,other companies began work and the territory was rapidly leased and tested4 ,naturally operations began near the round-house where oil had first been shown to exist4 ,from this as a center the drill moved out in all directions until the limits of the field had been disclosed4 ,the later work has been along the northeast end of the territory in ,morgan county1 where the oil seems to be shut out by reservoirs of salt water4 ,during the present summer 7#aijj7 the valuable pool in the ,oakfield district has been developed1 though small wells had been found there several years earlier4 ,the principal farms are the ,porter1 ,longstreth1 ,donnelly1 ,monahan1 ,mc,donald and ,grenen4 ,the first well was on the ,porter farm and was finished early in #aijj4 ,its production was #ce barrels the first day4 ,the second well was on the ,monahan farm4 ,it was completed soon after the ,porter well and had an initial flow of #de barrels in #bd hours4 ,the next two wells were drilled on the ,longstreth farm1 and both were fair producers4 ,early in the ,spring a well was completed on the ,donnelly farm and flowed #abe barrels the first day4 ,other wells on this farm are much smaller4 ,two wells on the ,grenen farm began flowing #fge and #ij barrels respectively4 ,it is interesting to note that the development of this1 the richest part of the ,corning field1 occurred late in the territory's history4 ,possibly other pools of equal richness may yet be discovered lying near the principal field4 ,an important step in the development of the field occurred on ,august #acth1 #ahic when the ,buckeye ,pipe ,line was completed4 ,before that the oil was transported by tank cars4 ,the oil which is brought to the tanks partly by gravity and partly by suction1 the latter being produced by an #h horse-power gas engine1 is stored in two iron tanks1 one of which has a capacity of #cj1jjj1 and the other #bh1jjj barrels4 ,from these tanks the oil is forced to ,elba1 a distance of #cd miles1 through a #d inch line4 ,this work is done by a #ce horse-power engine which gives a pressure in the line of from #gjj to #ajjj pounds per square inch4 ,the rate at which the oil is transported varies with the temperature4 ,in the summer when the oil is warm1 and hence thin1 #abh barrels may be pumped in one hour1 but in the winter when the oil is cold and thick the transportation may be restricted to #aa barrels for the same period4 ,when the pipe line was completed the production of the field was about #ejj barrels per day4 ,it increased to #acjj barrels in #ahif1 but since then has declined4 ,at present it ranges from #hjj to #ijj barrels per day4 ,the total production of the field is shown by the following letter3 ,the ,buckeye ,pipe ,line ,company--,macksburg ,division4 ,oil ,city1 ,pennsylvania1 ,october #beth1 #aijj4 ,j4 ,a4 ,bownocker1 ,esq41 ,columbus1 ,ohio3 ,dear ,sir--,your favor of ,october #ahth to ,superintendent ,n4 ,moore1 asking for the total production by years of the ,corning ,field1 has been referred to me4 ,below please find the figures of oil received by ,the ,buckeye ,pipe ,line ,company from the ,corning ,field from ,august1 #ahic1 to ,september1 #aijj3 ,part of ,year #ahic #abh1iah4jc ,bbls4 ,year #ahid #cbb1cac4ga 8 ,year #ahie #dbh1che4jc 8 ,year #ahif #dfi1beh4gh 8 ,year #ahig #cbh1ahh4aa 8 ,year #ahih #aif1dag4ge 8 ,year #ahii #baa1jfj4bb 8 ,january #ast to ,july #cast1 #aijj #adc1cad4if 8 ,august1 #aijj #bf1ibi4ff 8 ,september1 #aijj #bb1eag4fg 8 ------------ ,total #b1bgg1cjc4ij ,bbls4 ,july #cast1 #aijj1 completes the first seven years production and thinking you might prefer to use the even years1 ,i have given you the figures for the year #aijj to ,july #cast in one lump and the oil taken from that field for the months of ,august and ,september separately4 ,trusting this will answer your purposes1 ,i remain ,yours truly1 ,j4 ,r4 ,,campbell1 ,treasurer4 ,,leases4--,at first the operators paid no bonuses1 but gave a royalty of one-eighth of the oil to the land owners--a rate of compensation that has been usually maintained4 ,to this there is one exception worthy of note4 ,when the round-house well showed the existence of oil1 and operators began leasing the surrounding territory1 ,fredrick ,weaver1 a thrifty ,german farmer residing a short distance east from the round-house1 quietly visited the oil fields of ,washington1 ,pennsylvania1 and investigated the methods of leasing oil territory in that field4 ,when he returned home he demanded a royalty of one-fourth the oil and a bonus of #bjj for each of the eight wells which it was proposed should be drilled on his farm of eighty acres1 and since his territory was regarded as very promising1 these rather severe terms were granted4 ,however1 after drilling six wells1 and the territory not meeting expectations1 the contractors complained and ,mr4 ,weaver generously reduced the bonus4 ,more recently a royalty of one-sixth the oil has been received by holders of lands that were deemed especially promising1 and bonuses also have been received4 ,the leases usually required that a well be drilled in from thirty to sixty days1 but sometimes1 especially in the least promising territory1 six months were allowed4 ,that the field was a monopoly for no one is shown by the following list1 which includes the chief operators of the district3 ,corning ,oil ,company4 ,denman ,thompson4 ,o',connel ,oil ,company4 ,brooks ,oil ,company4 ,caldron ,snyder4 ,sunday ,creek ,oil ,gas ,company4 ,perry ,county ,oil ,company4 ,w4 ,b4 ,barker ,company4 ,cleveland ,oil ,company4 ,keystone ,oil ,company4 ,w4 ,e4 ,detlor4 ,william ,rosier4 ,j4 ,h4 ,van ,wormer4 ,northeast ,oil ,company4 ,becker ,oil ,company4 ,allen1 ,sternberg ,company4 ,bolivar ,oil ,company4 ,william ,mc,mullen4 ,a4 ,bulger ,company4 ,corning ,natural ,gas ,company4 ,l4 ,d4 ,langmade4 ,harrington ,brothers4 ,ohio ,oil ,company4 ,church ,oil ,company4 ,monroe ,oil ,gas ,company4 ,weaver ,brothers4 ,w4 ,b4 ,irwin ,company4 ,george ,best ,company4 ,foster ,moran4 ,fallen ,rock ,company4 ,ohlviler ,chambers4 ,mill ,oil ,company4 ,hemlock ,oil ,company4 ,john ,holden4 ,wells ,foraker4 ,longfellow ,stevens4 ,russell ,metzger4 ,mc,gee ,stewart4 ,stratton ,mark4 ,national ,oil ,company4 ,,geology ,,of ,,the ,,region4--,the surface of the territory lies in the ,lower ,productive and ,lower ,barren coal measures4 ,the highest hills reach up to or extend above the ,ames or ,crinoidal limestone4 ,in fact along the northeast extremity of the field the hills are capped by the limestones which underlie the ,pittsburgh coal4 ,the deepest valley--that of ,sunday ,creek--cuts through the ,middle ,kittanning coal1 a short distance north of ,corning1 but at this town the seam named is under cover1 while the ,upper ,freeport coal is at about drainage level4 ,the succession of strata under ground is shown by the following record kept and furnished the ,survey by ,mr4 ,g4 ,w4 ,delong1 ,superintendent of ,schools1 ,corning4 ,the well is located on lot #aed of the town just named1 and the top of the well lies at the base of the ,mahoning sandstone3 ,thickness of ,total ,stratum ,thickness ,shale #be feet #be feet ,bastard ,lime #ae 8 #dj 8 ,sand #aj 8 #ej 8 ,coal 7,no4 #f7 #aj 8 #fj 8 ,white ,slate #fe 8 #abe 8 ,sand #ae 8 #adj 8 ,white ,slate #be 8 #afe 8 ,blue #aj 8 #age 8 ,sand #aj 8 #ahe 8 ,slate #ej 8 #bce 8 ,shale #ce 8 #bgj 8 ,sand #cj 8 #cjj 8 ,black ,shale #aj 8 #caj 8 ,lime #be 8 #cce 8 ,shale with ,concretions #ajj 8 #dce 8 ,slate #be 8 #dfj 8 ,limestone787 #cj 8 #dij 8 ,shale #ce 8 #ebe 8 ,salt ,sand #cj 8 #eee 8 ,white ,slate #ajj 8 #fee 8 ,slate and ,concretions #be 8 #fhj 8 ,shale #ae 8 #fie 8 ,little ,salt ,sand #bj 8 #gae 8 ,white ,slate #ajj 8 #hae 8 ,slate and ,concretions #ajj 8 #iae 8 ,brown ,shale #dj 8 #iee 8 ,black ,shale #ch 8 #iic 8 ,top ,berea #iic 8 ,bottom of ,berea #ajjh 8 ,the depth of the well as shown by the steel line is #ajab feet4 ,it was drilled in the ,fall of #ahif1 and was shot with twenty quarts of nitro-glycerine4 ,it began flowing thirty barrels per day1 but the production has diminished until at present it is producing only one barrel per day4 ,below the ,berea the ,bedford shales are found in their normal conditions4 ,,the ,,oil ,,sand4--,this is in all cases the ,berea4 ,the sand has the light gray color so common in this formation in other parts of the state4 ,it is moderately fine grained1 but there is considerable variation in this respect4 ,usually it is a pure quartz sand1 but occasionally has thin layers of dark shaly material running through it4 ,in thickness it shows considerable variation1 but never disappears in this field4 ,the normal thickness is usually given as twenty feet and the maximum reported is eighty feet4 ,this depth was found on the ,potts farm about one and one-fourth miles northeast of ,corning1 and on the ,o',farrell farm about two miles east from the same town4 ,in both cases a dark gray shale1 probably the ,ohio1 lay below4 ,the ,bedford on this theory had been swept away before the ,berea was deposited4 ,in such abnormal depths the additions always appear to be on the bottom1 showing that the surface of the underlying ,bedford shale was quite uneven4 ,here1 as elsewhere in the state1 the drill shows the upper surface of the ,berea to be uniform4 ,it is worthy of note that the production of oil does not vary as the thickness of the sand4 ,in fact in this field the great thicknesses are generally poor producers4 ,the 8pay streak0 or that containing the oil and gas ranges in thickness from #c to #h feet1 but very few of the wells attain the maximum figure4 ,towards the margin of the productive field the 8pay streak0 thins1 and finally disappears4 ,the top of the 8pay0 usually lies from #aj to #ae feet below the surface of the ,berea4 ,as a rule the 8pay0 is coarser than other parts of the ,berea1 and generally the coarser the rock the larger the well4 ,sometimes in the thick part of the ,berea there are two 8pay streaks40 ,,the ,,wells4--,the number of wells producing ,july #a1 #aijj1 exceeded #fjj4 ,about #ajj dry holes have been drilled and about an equal number of wells have been abandoned1 so that #hjj is a fair approximation of the total number of wells drilled in the field4 ,as a rule a well has been put down for each #h to #aj acres of surface territory4 ,the wells have been cased through the salt sand1 a depth of #eee feet in the valley at ,corning4 ,the casing has almost invariably been #e inches1 inside measurement4 ,the rocks comprising the underlying #afj-ahj feet1 and terminating with the 8,little ,salt ,sand0 have furnished some water which has been disastrous to the wells4 ,it reduced the gas pressure1 thus necessitating pumping the wells earlier than otherwise would have been required1 and perhaps prematurely destroying the life of the well4 ,had the wells been cased through the 8,little ,salt ,sand0 time and money would have been saved1 and the production of the field would have been larger4 ,the western side of the field is quite free from salt water4 ,it is on that side that the principal gas territory lies4 ,on the eastern side of the field the conditions are more variable4 ,in ,trimble township1 ,athens county1 the wells are free from water1 while in ,monroe township1 ,perry county1 salt water is found in the northeast corner1 and in ,morgan county it is so abundant that operating is prevented4 ,from this it appears that the western side of the ,corning field is free from salt water1 and that it is absent also on the eastern side at the southern margin of the territory1 but that it increases rapidly to the northeast4 ,while the production of the wells after being shot has varied greatly1 yet they have not furnished the great extremes that many other fields have4 ,few1 if any of the wells1 have started better than #abe barrels per day1 and it has been estimated that the average for the entire field has been #bj barrels4 ,the wells have sufficient gas pressure to flow them during the earlier part of their lives1 but later as the pressure diminishes they have to be pumped4 ,since the eastern side of the field has salt water the wells there have to be pumped earlier than those on the western side4 ,,the ,,gas ,,wells4--,the principal gas territory is that along ,muddy ,fork in ,sections #bb and #bi ,trimble township1 ,athens county1 the best wells being found in the western half of the latter section on the lands of the ,hocking ,coal and ,railroad company4 ,the largest well in this field started at #c1jjj1jjj cubic feet per day with a rock pressure of #djj pounds4 ,it was drilled in the fall of #ahig1 and one year later was producing #b1jjj1jjj cubic feet per day1 and still another year later #a1ejj1jjj cubic feet4 ,of the other wells in this territory two started at #b1jjj1jjj feet each1 two at #a1jjj1jjj feet each1 and three at #ejj1jjj feet each4 ,the decline in the smaller wells was not as rapid as in the larger ones since the demands made on them were not as heavy4 ,thus far no dry holes have been found in this territory4 ,the reliance of the community is on this field where #e1jjj acres are leased in one block4 ,another district that has yielded considerable gas is that at ,oakfield about #c miles north of ,corning4 ,these wells started at #b1jjj1jjj1 #a1ejj1jjj1 #ejj1jjj1 and #bej1jjj cubic feet per day respectively4 ,two of the smaller of these have been abandoned after having produced for two years4 ,the largest of these wells1 now four years old1 is producing #ejj1jjj cubic feet per day1 and the second largest1 now three years old1 is producing the same amount4 ,the wells in this field produce considerable oil and by some are rated as oil wells rather than gas ones4 ,outside of these two places an occasional strip is found that produces gas in paying quantities4 ,thus about one mile northeast of ,corning two wells were drilled1 which combined produced #ejj1jjj cubic feet per day4 ,they produced three years and were then abandoned4 ,about two miles north of ,corning a good well was drilled on the ,newberry farm4 ,it started at #a1ejj1jjj cubic feet per day1 had an initial rock pressure of #djj pounds and lasted three years4 ,another productive tract lies about #f miles northeast of ,corning on the ,finley1 ,devore and ,stoneburner farms4 ,three wells were drilled on the ,finley farm1 and started one at #a1ejj1jjj and two at #bej1jjj cubic feet1 with an initial rock pressure of #djj pounds4 ,these wells lasted three years4 ,the operators of the wells have been much troubled with salt water in the ,muddy ,fork field and with oil in the ,oakfield territory4 ,salt water is removed by 8blowing0 the wells4 ,for this operation the wells are closed for a short period1 usually about #cj minutes1 allowing the gas pressure to increase2 when this has become sufficiently strong the well is opened at the top and the gas then blows the water from the well4 ,when the well has been cleansed in this manner it is closed and the gas turned back into the mains4 ,sometimes1 however1 the weight of the water is so great that the gas cannot drive it from the well in the manner just stated1 especially is this true with wells that have been in use for a considerable period4 ,then an iron rod attached to a long pole is let down through the water1 is raised and lowered1 and the gas following the pole in its ascent finally drives the water from the well4 ,this method of cleaning is known as 8agitating40 ,finally the pressure of the gas becomes so small that it cannot lift the water with the help of 8agitating10 and then the well is dead4 ,in winter time each well is cleaned every other day1 and in the summer twice a week4 ,the gas wells in the ,corning field are owned and operated by the ,corning ,natural ,gas ,company4 ,it supplies ,jacksonville1 ,trimble1 ,glouster1 ,murray ,city1 ,new ,straitsville1 ,shawnee1 ,hemlock1 ,corning1 ,rendville1 ,moxahala1 ,new ,lexington1 and several interior hamlets4 ,almost the sole use of the fuel is for heat and light4 ,the company makes a rate of #bj cents per thousand feet by meter4 ,where the meter is not used1 the prices in winter are #b4jj per month for the first fire2 #a4ej for the second2 #a4jj for the third2 #ge cents for the fourth1 and all additional fires at the latter figure4 ,in the summer a charge of #a4ej for each cooking fire is made4 ,for lights the charges are #be cents each for the first two and #ae cents for each additional one4 ,the number of customers supplied by this company in #aijj was approximately as follows3 ,corning #cjj ,glouster #bej ,new ,lexington #bej ,shawnee #bjj ,new ,straitsville #aej ,other places #cej ---- ,total #aejj ,in the ,fall of #ahii the wells of the company produced #f1jjj1jjj cubic feet per day1 but during cold weather when the demand for fuel was great they dropped to #c1jjj1jjj cubic feet1 and the rock pressure which was #cjj pounds in the ,fall was only #bjj during the winter4 ,on ,july #gth1 #aijj1 the rock pressure of the wells in the ,muddy ,fork field ranged from #agj to #bhj pounds1 indicating a considerable drop from that of the preceding autumn4 ,the company expects to drill four additional wells during the ensuing fall 7#aijj7 in the ,muddy ,fork territory1 and by so doing expects to keep three wells closed1 and thus maintain a good rock pressure4 ,,twelve ,,additions ,,to ,,the ,,ohio ,,plant ,,list4 ,w4 ,a4 ,,kellerman4 ,the species named below have not been reported in the ,fourth ,state ,catalogue of ,ohio ,plants1 in the ,first ,annual ,supplement1 nor in 8,additions to the ,ohio ,flora10 ,o4 ,s4 ,u4 ,,naturalist1 #a3ae4 ,the serial number prefixed to each name indicates where in the ,fourth ,state ,catalogue the species should be inserted4 ,the first collector and locality are given for each of the listed specimens4 #hb;a4 ,potamogeton nuttallii ,cham4 ,schw41 ,nuttall's ,pondweed4 ,donor's ,lake1 ,wayne ,county1 ,ohio 7,reported by ,a4 ,d4 ,selby before meeting of ,ohio ,academy of ,science1 ,december #bg1 #aijj47 #dhh;a4 ,juncus dichotoma ,ell4 ,forked ,rush4 ,cuyahoga ,county4 7,edo ,claassen47 #fdg;a4 ,betula alba pendula ,hortorum4 ,pendulous ,white ,birch4 ,escaped2 ,painesville4 7,otto ,hacker47 #gha;a4 ,dianthus deltoides ,l4 ,maiden ,pink4 ,escaped3 ,painesville4 7,otto ,hacker47 #icf;a4 ,erysimum repandum ,l4 ,logan ,county4 7,a4 ,d4 ,selby in report before ,ohio ,academy of ,science1 ,december #bg1 #aijj47 #aaag;a4 ,lespedeza angustifolia 7,ph7 ,l4 7,l4 capitata var4 angustifolia ,ph47 ,narrow-leaf ,bush-clover4 ,fulton ,county4 7,a4 ,d4 ,selby in report at meeting of ,ohio ,academy of ,science1 ,december #bg1 #aijj47 #abaa;a4 ,rhamnus caroliniana ,walt4 ,carolina ,buckthorn4 ,adams and ,brown ,counties4 7,w4 ,a4 ,kellerman47 #aebf;a4 ,teucrium scorodonia ,l4 ,european ,germander4 ,escaped2 ,painesville1 ,lake ,county4 7,otto ,hacker47 #afej;a4 ,gerardia besseyana ,britt4 7,g4 tenuifolia var4 macrophylla ,benth47 ,bessey's ,gerardia4 ,wooster4 7,j4 ,w4 ,t4 ,duvel2 reported by ,a4 ,d4 ,selby at meeting of the ,ohio ,academy of ,science1 ,december #bg1 #aijj47 #agei;a4 ,leontodon hastilis ,l4 ,dandelion4 ,escaped2 ,painesville1 ,lake ,county4 7,otto ,hacker47 #agff;b4 ,lactuca saligna ,l4 ,european ,wild ,lettuce4 ,dayton4 7,a4 ,d4 ,selby47 #aggg;a4 ,hieracium greenii ,porter ,britt4 ,green's ,hawkweed4 ,wayne ,county4 7,selby and ,duvel2 reported by ,a4 ,d4 ,selby before meeting of ,academy of ,science1 ,december #bg1 #aijj47 ,there were #bjbe species reported in the ,fourth ,state ,catalogue 7#ahii7 for the ,state of ,ohio4 ,this number was supposed to be approximately correct1 since those of previous lists were discarded which are known to have been erroneously identified or were unquestionably beyond our range4 ,in the ,first ,annual ,supplement sixty-nine additions were made1 and in ,additions to the ,ohio ,flora1 7,o4 ,s4 ,u4 ,,naturalist1 #a3ae7 twenty-two more were recorded4 ,therefore those enumerated above bring our grand total to #babh species of ,pteridophytes and ,spermatophytes4 ,a ,,new ,,species ,,of ,,gomphus ,,and ,,its ,,near ,,relatives4 ,,james ,s4 ,,hine4 ,gomphus viridifrons n4 sp4 ,length of the abdomen about #cc mm41 hind wing about #bg mm42 black1 face and occiput green2 prothorax with anterior margin and three spots green or yellow2 thorax green with spaces at base of wings1 lateral suture and six bands before black1 the two middle bands are abbreviated anteriorly and separated by the mid-dorsal carina which is very feebly green4 ,abdomen black1 a dorsal band and sides of first two or three segments yellowish1 a yellow spot at base of each of segments four to seven1 and sides of eight and nine usually yellowish4 ,abdominal appendages of the male straight1 about as long as the tenth segment1 from above1 widest at base1 gradually narrowed from apical third and acute at apex2 from the side prominently widened at base1 with a strong tooth beneath at two-thirds of the length4 ,hamules large1 of nearly the same width for the whole length and ending behind in a hooked process4 ,vulvar scale almost as long as the ninth abdominal segment1 gradually narrowed1 apical third divided and the two parts divaricate4 ,described from fourteen males and a female taken at ,loudonville1 ,ohio1 ,june #ad1 #aijj2 and a male and female taken at ,ohio ,pile1 ,pa4--the latter two specimens by ,e4 ,b4 ,williamson4 ,the species averages larger than either brevis or abbreviatus and may be separated from the former readily by its green face1 by the striking differences in the vulvar lamina and by the hamules and male appendages4 ,in brevis the tooth on the appendage is nearer the end and the space from it to appex is noticeably curved while in viridifrons this space is practically straight4 ,it has more points in common with abbreviatus1 but in that species the vulvar scale is short and triangular1 the hamules are smaller and shorter1 and the tooth on the superior appendage of the male is much farther from the apex4 ,through the kindness of ,dr4 ,calvert and ,mr4 ,williamson ,i have at my disposal1 specimens from which many of the accompanying drawings were made4 ,in viridifrons1 brevis and abbreviatus ,i have made drawings from different specimens of the same species to show slight variations4 ,this is ,gomphus sp4 ,williamson1 ,dragonflies of ,indiana1 #bid4 ,a ,,comparative ,,study ,,of ,,gomphus ,,furcifer ,,and ,,villosipes4 ,,james ,s4 ,,hine4 ,it seems that nearly every author who has considered these two species has compared them4 ,considering general appearances they are much alike but can be separated easily by several details and as ,i have good material of both sexes of the two species before me1 ,i thought it might be of consequence to consider in a comparative way some of their characteristics4 ,the occiput in both sexes of villosipes bears a prominent tooth at the middle of its upper edge4 ,this tooth varies some in different specimens1 it ends above in a single point or it may be widened and end above in three or more points4 ,in furcifer there is no tooth on the occiput in either sex4 ,the vulvar scales are very different1 in villosipes the part may be said to be triangular with the free sides curved and the apical part divided for about half the length of the scale4 ,in furcifer its basal part is similar but the apical part is produced1 giving quite a different form4 ,in the former species the scale is about one-third as long as the ninth segment1 while in the latter it is about three-eighths as long as that segment4 ,the abdominal appendages of the male are different4 ,from dorsal view those of furcifer are rectangular with the inner distal angle very much produced inward and backward2 in villosipes they are wide at base1 oblong1 with the outer distal part broadly rounded and the corresponding inner part produced directly backward4 ,the hamules are characteristic and may be explained best by reference to the figures4 ,the two species are colored much alike but furcifer is darker4 ,the tenth abdominal segment may be said to be yellow in both but in furcifer the sides of the segment are dark1 oftentimes black4 ,they agree in habits1 both preferring to fly over stagnant water where the males come to rest on floating objects or on the ground at the water's edge4 ,i have observed the female of furcifer ovipositing in stagnant water among lily pads and other aquatic plants4 ,her flight is slow while thus engaged1 and her actions more like a ,libellula than the usual ,gomphus4 ,,explanation ,,of ,,plate4 ,gomphus villosipes--#a1 dorsal view of male appendages2 #c1 vulvar scale2 #e1 hamule2 #g1 occiput of female2 #h1 occiput of male4 ,gomphus furcifer--#b1 dorsal view of male appendages2 #d1 hamule2 #f1 vulvar scale2 #i1 occiput of male2 #aj1 occiput of female4 ,gomphus viridifrons--#aa1 #ab1 #ac1 dorsal view of male appendages--#ac from ,pa41 #aa1 #ab from ,ohio2 #ad1 #ae1 #af1 hamules2 #ag1 #ah1 vulvar scales--#ah from ,pennsylvania1 #ag from ,ohio4 ,gomphus brevis--#ai1 #bj1 #ba1 dorsal view of male appendages--specimens from ,maine and ,pennsylvania2 #bb1 #bc1 #bd1 hamules2 #be1 #bf1 vulvar scales4 ,gomphus abbreviatus--#bg1 #bh1 #bi1 hamules2 #cj1 #ca1 vulvar scales2 #cb1 #cc1 #cd1 dorsal view of male appendages--specimens all from ,maine4 ,illustration3 ,plate #e4 ,,hine--,,gomphine ,,studies4 ,,notes ,,from ,,botanical ,,literature4 ,w4 ,a4 ,,kellerman4 ,a very interesting ,bulletin of eight pages on the ,chrysanthemum ,rust has been issued by ,j4 ,c4 ,arthur1 botanist of the ,indiana ,agricultural ,experiment ,station4 ,it is ,no4 #he1 and is dated ,october1 #aijj4 ,dr4 ,arthur gives a general account of ,uredineae or ,rusts1 explaining that the typical forms have three prominent sets of spores1 namely 7#a7 aecidiospores1 usually red or orange in little white cups1 7#b7 uredospores1 generally of a rusty yellow color and abundant 7hence the group name1 ,rusts71 and 7#c7 teleutospores1 or the ,winter spores1 usually dark brown or black4 ,he further states that only uredospores have yet been found in ,europe and ,america1 and since the fungus is an annual1 it is puzzling to see how it escapes extermination in winter and spring when ,chrysanthemum plants are latent4 ,the assumption that this was the well known and common ,puccinia hieracii or ,puccinia tanaceti he proves to be incorrect by inoculation experiments4 ,uredospores from ,chrysanthemums he sowed on ,chrysanthemums and obtained a crop of uredospores4 ,similar uredospores sowed on ,dandelion1 ,burdock1 and ,ox-eye ,daisy produced no infection2 uredospores from the latter hosts sown on ,chrysanthemum likewise produced no infection4 ,uredospores from ,dandelion sown on ,dandelion produced uredospores4 ,others have tried similar experiments1 using ,tansy1 ,costmary1 ,orange ,hawkweed1 ,giant ,daisy1 and ,marguerite1 besides the host plants named above1 but the ,chrysanthemum ,rust refuses to grow on any of them4 ,this ,rust1 which is common and well known on the ,chrysanthemum in ,japan1 has been named ,puccinia chrysanthemi by ,rose4 ,in connection with suggestions relative to combating the disease1 ,dr4 ,arthur says that 8so long as the teleutospores do not make an appearance in this country1 the careful cultivator may feel assured that a moderate amount of timely effort will enable him to rid his establishment of the ,rust1 if he is so unfortunate as to have it donated to him by some careless florist4 ,observations made by the writer and others show that the tendency is for the disease to disappear of itself1 to run its course in an establishment and die out1 which is very likely to some extent due to the absence of teleutospores40 ,,bryology4--,mrs4 ,britton's popular articles on the ,mosses and how to study them1 that have appeared from time to time1 furnished the directions and incentive to many who before had taken little or no interest in this group of plants4 ,her purpose and plan are imitated and extended in a charming little book1 that has been prepared and published by ,dr4 ,a4 ,j4 ,grout1 of the ,boys' ,high ,school1 ,brooklyn1 ,new ,york1 called 8,mosses with a ,hand-,lens40 ,the author says that many years of study of ,mosses in the field and in ,herbaria have convinced him that 8any person of average intelligence can easily learn to recognize seventy to one hundred common mosses1 with the aid of a hand-lens of ten to fifteen diameters magnifying power40 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #i1 ,ceratodon4 ,i have ,dr4 ,grout's permission to reproduce two illustrations1 which represent fairly that phase of his valuable book4 ,figure #i shows ,ceratodon purpureus ,l1 and the text pertaining to the same is as follows3 8,ceratodon is one of the commonest of all our mosses4 ,it is found on the edges of paths1 roofs of old buildings1 sand by the seashore1 and in general any barren compact soil is its favorite habitat4 ,the plants are short and grow close together1 forming dense thin mats of dark green4 ,the lance-like young sporophytes appear early in spring as soon as the snow is melted4 ,by the middle of summer the capsules often decay beyond recognition1 and the seta breaks from the plant at the touch4 ,unless one has become very familiar with ,ceratodon it is not always easy to recognize it without mature capsules4 ,when the capsules have fully matured they shrink when dry and become furrowed4 ,this peculiar furrowing1 the dark rich color of the capsules1 a color called purple by the older botanists1 but which is really a very dark chestnut or red-brown1 make it easy to recognize this species40 ,plate ,,ii4 shows the ,hair-cap ,mosses1 ,polytrichum1 the largest of all our species4 ,there are four common species all having square capsules which character distinguishes them from ,pogonatums1 the latter having cylindric capsules4 8,the ,ohio ,hair-cap without the sporophyte 7seta and capsule1 commonly called fruit7 is not readily distinguished from the ,common1 as the leaves and general appearance are very similar4 ,but with the sporophyte present1 the distinctions are clear4 ,in ,figs4 b and d 7,plate ,,ii47 note that the capsule of the ,common ,hair-cap is almost cubical1 that the lid has a very short beak1 and that the capsule is entirely covered by the calyptra4 ,the capsule of the ,ohio ,hair-cap 7e7 is elongated1 slender with a tapering neck1 and with a much longer beak to the lid4 ,the lid and the calyptra of the ,ohio ,hair-cap fall early in ,june1 very soon after the spores are ripe1 and it is not always easy to find either in position1 but if the calyptra be found1 it will be seen to cover the upper portion of the capsule only4 ,the ,common ,hair-cap1 although occurring in woods1 is most common in open fields2 the ,ohio ,hair-cap being most frequent in shady1 more moist spots1 often in deep woods4 ,the remaining two species are easily distinguished from the two mentioned above by the margins of the leaves1 which are thin and membranaceous1 and are folded in over the central portion of the leaf1 as illustrated in o1 o and p40 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,ii41 ,polytrichum or ,hair-cap ,moss4 ,figs4 a 7dry71 b 7moist71 c 7leaf71 d 7capsule7 and f are ,p4 commune2 ,fig4 e1 capsule of ,p4 ohioense2 ,figs4 g1 h and p1 ,p4 piliferum2 ,figs4 o and o1 ,p4 juniperinum4 ,i can not too strongly commend 8,mosses with a ,hand-,lens0 7price #a4aj7 prepared with the purpose of giving 8by drawings and descriptions the information necessary to enable any one interested to become acquainted with the more common mosses with the least possible outlay of time1 patience and money40 ,the book contains a key to the genera based mainly on structural characters and one mainly on habitat1 also many keys under the genera2 copious illustrations1 clear and accurate on almost every page of the text and eight full-page plates from drawings by ,mary ,v4 ,thayer2 and an illustrated glossary of bryological terms4 ,,meeting ,,of ,,the ,,biological ,,club4 ,the ,biological ,club met in ,zoological lecture room ,december #c1 #aijj4 ,prof4 ,herbert ,osborn presided1 twenty-six members present4 ,the following papers were presented3 8,notes on the ,saw ,brier1 and a ,rhamnus new to ,ohio40 8,the ,waverly ,series of ,ohio40 ,in the first paper ,prof4 ,kellerman spoke of the distribution of the ,saw ,brier1 ,smilax glauca1 in the southern part of the ,state1 and exhibited specimens showing its striking variations in form of leaves4 ,the southern buckthorne1 ,rhamnus caroliniana1 was observed commonly in ,adams ,county4 ,it also occurs in ,brown ,county4 ,this is the first record for this species in ,ohio4 ,specimens in fruit were exhibited4 ,a hackberry was found unlike any form hitherto reported from ,ohio4 ,specimens are in the hands of ,rev4 ,e4 ,j4 ,hill for study and determination4 ,prof4 ,ball reported leaf variation as occurring commonly in ,colorado1 and that various leaf forms could be observed in climbing a single hill4 ,prof4 ,prosser1 in the second paper1 reviewed the literature that has been published on the ,waverly ,series of ,ohio1 and as a summing up gave a list of names with authorities to be used in future in speaking of the formations of this series4 ,these are as follows3 ,beginning above the ,huron ,shale4 #a4 ,bedford ,shale 7,newb47 #he feet4 #b4 ,berea ,grit 7,newb47 #dj feet4 #c4 ,sunbury ,shale 7,hicks7 #aj-ae feet4 #d4 ,cuyahoga ,shale 7,newb47 #bge-cjj feet4 #e4 ,black ,hand ,conglomerate 7,hicks7 #dj-ajj feet4 #f4 ,logan ,sandstone 7,andrews7 #aae feet4 ,under the head of personal observations1 ,prof4 ,schaffner gave a list of trees and shrubs which he and ,f4 ,j4 ,tyler had found cutting off 7self-pruning7 their own branches4 ,prof4 ,kellerman remarked upon the abundance of the red-seeded dandelion in various parts of the state4 ,walter ,metz1 ,j4 ,a4 ,beer1 ,h4 ,a4 ,clark1 ,charles ,i4 ,meade1 ,miss ,elizabeth ,sessions1 ,miss ,l4 ,d4 ,wilson1 ,w4 ,p4 ,simpson1 ,mrs4 ,j4 ,h4 ,schaffner1 ,b4 ,b4 ,wells1 ,mrs4 ,e4 ,d4 ,ball1 ,j4 ,n4 ,frank1 ,a4 ,g4 ,mc,call1 ,miss ,carrie ,r4 ,weick1 ,a4 ,c4 ,whitmore1 ,miss ,caroline ,meade and ,miss ,maud ,flynn were elected to membership4 ,professors ,prosser1 ,landacre and ,mr4 ,griggs were appointed a committee to locate board and lodging for members of the ,ohio ,academy of ,science4 ,adjourned4 ,,jas4 ,s4 ,,hine1 ,secretary4 ,ohio ,state ,university ,six distinct and independent ,colleges1 each with a ,dean and ,faculty of its own4 ,,thirty ,,seven ,,departments4 ,,thirty ,,distinct ,,courses4 ,,agriculture1 ,,arts1 ,,law1 ,,engineering1 ,,pharmacy1 ,,veterinary ,,medicine4 ,superior facilities for education in ,applied ,science4 ,short or special courses for mature students not candidates for degrees4 ,one hundred and twenty-one instructors4 ,over thirteen hundred students4 ,,finest ,,gymnasium ,,in ,,the ,,west4 ,for further information address the ,president1 ,,dr4 ,w4 ,o4 ,,thompson1 ,,state ,,university1 ,,columbus4 ,ohio ,forest ,trees ,identified by ,leaves and ,fruit4 ,by ,w4 ,a4 ,,kellerman1 ,,ph4 ,d41 ,ohio ,state ,university4 ,a neat pamphlet for every one who wishes to learn our native forest trees4 ,keys simple ,description plain4 ,can learn the names of the trees easily4 ,price reduced from #be cents to #aj cents4 ,also1 ,the ,fourth ,state ,catalogue of ,ohio ,plants4 ,bound copies at cost of binding1 namely #bj cents4 ,gives list of scientific and common names2 distribution by counties4 ,teachers and others will also be interested in ,prof4 ,kellerman's ,phyto-theca or ,herbarium ,portfolio1 ,practical ,studies in ,elementary ,botany1 ,elementary ,botany with ,spring ,flora1 all published by ,eldredge ,bro41 ,philadelphia1 to whom apply4 ,for information or copies of ,forest ,trees and ,catalogue or names of plant specimens of your region address ,w4 ,a4 ,,kellerman1 ,,columbus1 ,,ohio ,american ,entomological ,co4 #ajdj ,,de ,,kalb ,,avenue1 ,,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 ,lepidoptera ,price ,list ,no4 #b4--,price #e cents ,refunded to ,buyers ,,issued ,,november #aeth #aijj4 ,dealers of all kinds of ,,entomological ,,supplies ,manufacturers of the ,original and ,celebrated ,,schmitt ,,insect ,,boxes4 ,builders of ,,insect ,,cabinets1 ,,etc4 ,the ,twentieth ,century ,text ,books of ,biology4 ,,plant ,,relations1 #abmo1 cloth #a4aj ,,plant ,,structures1 #abmo1 cloth #a4bj ,,plant ,,studies1 #abmo1 cloth #a4bj ,,plants1 #abmo1 cloth #a4hj ,,analytical ,,key ,,to ,,plants1 #abmo1 flexible cloth 4#ge ,all by ,,john ,,merle ,,coulter1 ,a4 ,m41 ,ph4 ,d41 ,head of ,dept4 of ,botany1 ,university of ,chicago4 ,they are already the preferred texts1 and the reasons will be apparent on examination4 ,,animal ,,life3 ,a ,first ,book of ,zoology4 ,by ,,david ,s4 ,,jordan1 ,m4 ,s41 ,m4 ,d41 ,ph4 ,d41 ,,ll4 ,d41 ,president of the ,leland ,stanford ,junior ,university1 and ,,vernon ,l4 ,,kellogg1 ,m4 ,s41 ,professor in ,leland ,stanford ,junior ,university4 #abmo4 ,cloth1 #a4bj4 ,now ready4 ,not a book for learning the classification1 anatomy1 and nomenclature of animals1 but to show how animals reached their present development1 the effects of environment1 their place in ,nature1 their relations to one another and to the human race4 ,designed for one-half year's work in high schools4 ,send for sample pages4 ,,animal ,,forms3 ,a ,second ,book of ,zoology4 ,by ,,david ,s4 ,,jordan1 ,m4 ,s41 ,m4 ,d41 ,ph4 ,d41 ,,ll4 ,d41 and ,,harold ,,heath1 ,ph4 ,d41 ,professor in ,leland ,stanford ,junior ,university4 ,ready in ,february1 #aija4 ,d4 ,,appleton ,,and ,,company1 ,publishers1 ,new ,york1 ,chicago1 ,london4 ,,recent ,,scientific ,,works ,in ,astronomy1 ,dr4 ,simon ,newcomb's new book1 published ,october1 #aijj2 in ,physics1 the ,johns ,hopkins text of ,professors ,rowland and ,ames2 also in ,physics for second and third year high school work1 the text of ,dr4 ,hoadley1 of ,swathmore2 in ,physiology1 the text by ,drs4 ,macy and ,norris1 based on the ,nervous ,system2 also the ,high ,school ,physiology indorsed by the ,w4 ,c4 ,t4 ,u41 written by ,dr4 ,hewes1 of ,harvard ,university2 in ,geology1 the ,revised 8,compend0 of ,dr4 ,le ,conte1 and the two standard works of ,dana1--,the ,manual for ,university ,work1 and the ,new ,text ,book1 revision and rewriting of ,dr4 ,rice1 for fourth year high school work2 in ,chemistry1 the approved ,storer and ,lindsay1 recommended for secondary schools by the leading colleges2 in ,zoology1 the ,laboratory ,manual of ,dr4 ,needham1 of ,cornell2 and the ,series 8,scientific ,memoirs0 edited by ,dr4 ,ames1 of ,johns ,hopkins4 ,nine volumes ready4 ,the publishers cordially invite correspondence4 ,,american ,,book ,,company1 ,,cincinnati