,,transcrib]',s ,,note      ,italic text
 is d5ot$ by und]scores4      ,! orig9al
 text us$ ! "*  7long-=m s72 ^! h be5   
replac$ by ! normal s 9 ?is etext4      
,!re is only "o ,footnote & ?is has be5 
plac$ at ! end ( !    book4      ,"s    
m9or *anges to ! text are not$ at ! end 
( ! book4                               
,a                                      
,,dissuasion                            
,,f ,,!                                 
,,slave ,,trade4                        
,a                                      
,,dissuasion                            
,,to                                    
,,great-,,brita9                        
,,& ,,!                                 
,,colonies1                             
,,f ,,!                                 
,,slave ,,trade ,,to ,,africa4          
,,%ew+1    ,! ,contradiction ?is ,trade 
be>s1 bo? to ,laws div9e & prov9cial2  !
 ,disadvantages aris+ f x1 & ,advantages
 f aboli%+ x1  bo? to ,,europe &        
,,africa1 p>ticul>ly to ,,brita9 & !    

,plantations4                           
,,also ,,%ew+1                 ,h[ to   
put ?is ,trade to ,,africa on a j &     
lawful ,foot+4                          
,by ,,james ,,swan1                  ,a 
,native ( ,,great-,,brita91 & ,fri5d to 
!                         ,welf>e ( ?is 
,,cont95t4                              
,,bo/on3 ,,ne4            ,pr9t$ by ,e4 
,,russell1 ne> ! ,new                   
,intellig5ce-,(fice                 &   
,auction-room1 & next ! ,cornfield1     
,union-/reet4          ,,!              
,,d$ication4      ,to all ,,fri5ds to   
,,lib]ty4      ,,fell[ ,,subjects1    ,x
 is to y ,i d$icate ?is ,treatise1 & beg
 y\r protection ( !  same1 hop+ x w meet
 ) a k9d reception4    ,! approbation m5
 ( "* & s5se h giv5 ! foll[+  ,"w1 has  
made me v5ture x into y\r h&s3 ,& ,i    
hope 9 ! p]usal  y w keep 9 view !      
,au?or1 ,i am c]ta9 y _c !n fail  ( mak+
 great all[ances4 ,i am a ,nor?-,briton6
 ,& :5 y "k  t1 x alone may be judg$ by 
"s1 suffici5t to br& me ) !  hateful "n 

( ,tory1 & !reby condemn ?is            
,dissuasion4 ,b let  me in=m y 7= !re is
 no g5]al rule )\t an exception7 t  ,i  
am a mo/ s9c]e well-wi%] to ! common    
cause ( ,lib]ty1 bo?  p]sonal &         
con/itutional2 !n y w1 give me a place 9
 !  li/ ( y\r /aun* ,fri5ds1 & accept ( 
?is ,attempt1 z int5d$  to be a mean (  
aboli%+ "o great "p ( ,slav]y "h4    ,if
 !re is any m]it 9 endeav\r+ to set free
 f ,bondage our  fell[ creatures1 & 9   
try+ to promote ! good & welf>e ( any   
nation1 prov9ce1 c\ntry1 or individual1 
surely ,i may claim x2 =  my s9c]e      
endeav\r is to ^! purposes3 ,& if ,i    
%\ld happ5 to  miss my aim1 ,i %all sit 
d[n satisfi$ ) ! m]it ( a good int5t4   
,read]s1 ,i h b "o fav\r to ask ( y1 :i*
 is1 to p]use  ?is ,p]=mance ) an op5   
unbiass$ m9d2 ov]look+ any defects  y   
may obs]ve 9 ^! %eets1 kn[+ !y are !    
ha/y &  undige/$ ?\ghts ( ! ,au?or1 put 
toge!r ) m good int5t  ?an ability2 aft]
 ?is y may ei!r reject or practise1     
accord+  to y\r own consci5ces1 & !     

light ( ?is ,treatise1 if !re  is any to
 be f\nd 9 x4 ,enslav+ y\r fell[ m51 &  
us+  & massacr+ !m z !y d 9 !           
,we/-,indies & ,s\!rn  ,prov9ces1 is a  
matt] ( too great importance to be only 
slightly  ?\ght (4 ,& z ,i hope y h !   
humanity ( ,britons1 &  t love (        
,lib]ty1 ) :i* e true ,engli%man is1 or 
ought  to be possess$ (1 y w n c\nt5ance
 x1 b decl>e y\rselves  z ,i d1         
well-wi%]s ( ! ,briti% ,empire1 &       
consequ5tly enemies  to ,slav]y4        
,accept !n1 ,fri5ds & ,bre?r5 9 "o      
common cause1 ?is small tok5  ( t love &
 v5]ation :i* ,i be> to fre$om1 7= no   
c\ntry  c be call$ free :]e !re is "o   
,slave7 & give me leave to  subscribe   
myself1                                 
,y\r ,fri5d &                           
humble ,s]vant1                         
,,james ,,swan4          ,,!            
,,preface4      ,i _h n well arriv$ 9   
,am]ica1 :5 ca/+ my eyes on s _m  ,black
 ,slaves1 ,i imm$iately f\nd a w>m      
incl9ation arise 9 my  brea/1 to d my   

endeav\rs = reliev+ !m by publi%+ to !  
_w my s5tim5ts ^u _! /ate4    ,sc>ce _h 
,i "t to draw a brea? ( ?is air1 be=e ,i
 imm$iately  appli$ myself to enquire   
into ! /ate ( ?is ,slav]y1 & !          
con/itution ^u :i* x is f\nd$1 & hav+   
met ) prop]  prelim9>ies by way (       
f\ndation = a small ,treatise1 ,i set   
myself  to "w 9 =m+1 & 9 %ort f9i%$ ?is 
,pamphlet4    ,f ! consid]ation ( !     
smallness ( ?is production1 & my        
inability to treat ! subject prop]ly1 ,i
 0 nigh resolv+ n  to prefix my "n      
h]eto3 ,b ?9k+ aga91 "s opposite p>ty   
might take hold ( t1 ,i ?\ght x mo/     
prop] to %ew my common  signature1 kn[+ 
! cause ,i def5d is good & well f\nd$4  
,"s w no d\bt be surpris$ t ,i h wrote  
?is ,dissuasion aft]  ! =m ( a ,s]mon3  
,x is easily acc\nt$ =4 ,a ,s]mon be+ a 
disc\rse ( in/ruction pron\nc$ by a     
,div9e = ! edification  ( ! p4 ,i am no 
,div9e nor ev] expect to be2 b ,i hope t
  is no reason :y ^! %eets %\ld n be (  
publick b5efit1 z my  design 0 = t end2 

,i *ose to write x 9 ?is =m1 z be+ !    
true/ way to display ) p]spicuity &     
pla9ness ! unlawfulness1  c4 ( ! ,slave 
,trade1 = :i* purpose ,i h attempt$ x 9 
diff]5t heads & bran*es1 9 "s ( :i* are 
conta9$ _m  p]t95t rem>ks or obs]vations
 on ?is inhuman ,comm]ce2 & ,i  ?\ght   
fur!r1 x 0 ! easie/ me?od = myself1 &   
pla9e/ =  my ,read]s2 x be+ int5d$ = !  
weake/ & highe/ capacities4    ,x may be
 object$ by "s1 t ! writ+s on ?is       
subject are too  num]\s already4 ,i     
answ]1 t h[ev] _m !re may be extant1    
7al?\gh ,i c\ld f9d b v few7 yet !re are
 none s full z n  to admit ( am5dm5ts or
 improvem5ts3 ,if s1 & t ^! may n       
altoge!r be ( inconsid]able use to      
mank9d1 :y may n ,i make  !m8 & :y may  
!y n be transmitt$ to mank9d8    ,a     
,treatise ( ?is k9d may n be unnecess>y1
 not)/&+ _m  ,books1 ,pamphlets1 &      
,lett]s h be5 publi%$ on ! subject4     
,b h[ev] ineffectual ?is ,treatise may  
prove h]eaft] among m51  ?is ,i com=t   
myself )1 x is z full1 consid]+ !       

l>g5ess1  z any ^u ! subject :i* ,i h   
se52 & !re are few argum5ts  t possibly 
c\ld be advanc$1 or citations drawn f   
,scripture  conc]n+ man-sell+1 c4 t h   
escap$1 9 try+ to wean m5  f ?is base & 
inhuman trade4 ,& 9 f9e1 if ?is ,"w     
meets )  enc\ragem5t equal to ! ,au?or's
 c>e & endeav\rs to make x !  mo/ useful
 ( ! k9d1 by hav+ ! desir$ effect he    
%all e/eem  himself suffici5tly rew>d$4 
,) reg>d to ! ,dissuasion1 ,i leave !   
,read] to judge1 aft]  hav+ read x ov]  
cooly & imp>tially1 :e!r x ought to be  
approv$ or disapprov$2 if ! =m]1 x w no 
d\bt meet ) 8  protection 9 publick4 ,b 
,i h some?+ to ask1 :i* ,i beg may n  be
 refus$1 & t is1 if y h n a fund (      
pati5ce laid up  9 /ore1 be=e y beg9 to 
p]use x1 y are reque/$ to lay x  aside1 
until y h4    ,!re is "o small "p ( x   
tak5 f ,po/le?wayt's ,diction>y  (      
,comm]ce4 ,ano!r "p f ,a4 ,b5ezett's    
,caution to  ,great-,brita9 & h]        
,colonies1 bo? :i* ,au?ors ,i am v glad 
7 born be=e me1 !y hav+ assi/$ me s f>4 

,& ) reg>d to  ! rema9+ "p1 ,i c tell   
:]e x came f4    ,z x is necess>y 9 ord]
 to br+ ab\t a *ange 9 any1  p>ticul>ly 
a publick affair1 to t\* ! m9ds ( ! p ) 
a j & true s5se ( ! unlawfulness ( ! ?+ 
want$ to be  remov$1 t to ! end !y may  
be unanim\s 9 ! aboli%m5t  !re(2 ?is    
,dissuasion ,i am conv9c$ y w f9d ^u    
p]usal1 is  calculat$ = t purpose1 & am 
v s5sible1 t x alone nev]  c /rike !    
great bl[ )\t ! legislative =ce add$ to 
x4    ,i w deta9 y no long]2 inde$ ,i h 
almo/ run into an  ,introduction amid/  
?is ,preface3 ,b x c\ld n well be       
o!rwise1  ! connexion betwe5 !m 0 s     
great1 & _h ,i sep>at$ !m1 ,i  %\ld h   
incurr$ y\r displeasure1 by increas+ !  
,prolegom5as  to a degree l>g] ?an !    
,dissuasion itself4                     
,j4 ,s4          ,a    ,,dissuasion1 c4 
,! subject ( :i* ^! few %eets treat1    
w\ld h be5 "o (  ! la/ ,i %\ld h v5tur$ 
^u2 _h n ! delusion ( ! m5  :o are      
conc]n$ 9 enslav+ ! p call$ ,negroes    
appe>$  s gl>+1 & ! contradiction t !   

,slave ,trade be>s to  ,*ri/ianity1     
prompt$ me to x4    ,i %all be z cool & 
imp>tial 9 treat+ ( ?is matt]1 z  any   
,briti% subject or ,*ri/ian c3 ,b :y d  
,i say cool8 ,x is  impossible ,i %\ld  
speak cooly ( su* base1 un*ri/ian1 &    
inhuman  practices1 9 a l& ( ,lib]ty &  
,*ri/ianity3 ,h[ev]1 9 case  any ?+ %\ld
 be m5tion$ 9 ! sequel t may give       
un9t5d$  (f5ce to any p]son1 ,i hope !  
t5d] feel+s = ^! di/ress$  ,captives1 ) 
:i* ,i am possess$1 & ! w>m? t is 9 my  
brea/1 to h ?is ,trade aboli%$1 w be    
suffici5t excuse4    ,i propose divid+ !
 foll[+ ,treatise into ^! diff]5t heads4
    ,i4 ,%ew1 t ?is cu/om ( mak+ ,slaves
 ( our fell[-m51 is  expressly aga9/ !  
reveal$ laws ( ,god4    ,,ii4 ,t x is   
likewise aga9/ ! law ( nature1 & ! ,*>t]
 (  ?is ,prov9ce4    ,,iii4 ,!          
disadvantages aris+ f ?is base ,trade4  
,,iv4 ,! advantages aris+ f aboli%+ x4  
,&1    ,v4 ,conclude ) a %ort admonition
 to ^? conc]n$1 & a me?od to  put !     
,trade to ,africa on a j & lawful foot+4

    ,! fir/ head 01 ,t ! cu/om ( mak+   
,slaves ( our fell[  creatures1 is      
expressly aga9/ ! reveal$ laws ( ,,god4 
,& 9  treat+ ( ?is "p1 ,i %all divide x 
into ! foll[+ bran*es4  #a/4 ,by ! laws 
( ,,god1 ,he t /eale? & selle? a man1   
%all  be put to dea?4 #b;d4 ,he 9 ^: h&s
 he %all be f\nd1 %all be  put to dea?1 
by ! same laws4 #c;d4 ,he t buye? a     
,s]vant &  s]ve? him six ye>s1 %all set 
him free ! sev5?1 & furni% him  lib]ally
 ) :at he ha?4 ,& #d?4 ,if ?y ,bro!r1 t 
is1 y\r  fell[-creature1 be sold unto   
!e1 ?\ %all n compel him to  s]ve z a   
,bond-man2 b z an hir$ ,s]vant4    ,!   
fir/ bran* "u ?is head is1 ,he t /eale? 
& selle?  a man1 %all be put to dea?4   
,?is is "o ( ! mo/ express laws  (      
,moses1 z y may see 9 ,exod4 xxi4 #af1  
two fir/1 & la/  clauses ( ! v]se1 !re  
m5tion$ 9 ! mo/ p]emptory words2  ,& he 
t /eale? a man1 & selle? him1 %all      
surely be put  to dea?4 ,x c]ta9ly c be 
look$ ^u 9 no o!r light 9 !  ,m]*ants & 
,%ip-ma/]s :o are 9 ?is ,trade to       

,africa1 ?an  /eal+ ( m51 be+ access>y  
to1 & aid+ 9 incit+ !m  to w> "o )      
ano!r1 & = ?is purpose1 supply+ !m )    
prodigi\s quantities ( arms &           
ammunition1 :]eby !y are hurri$  into   
confusion1 blood%$1 & all ! extremities 
( temporal mis]y1  :i* mu/ consequ5tly  
beget 9 _! m9ds su* a g5]al dete/ation  
& scorn ( ! ,*ri/ian "n1 z may deeply   
affect1 if n :olly  preclude1 _! belief 
( ! great tru?s ( our holy religion4    
,?us  an insatiable desire ( ga9        
prevails ) _! ,k+s1 :o1 in/ead (  be+   
protectors ( _! p1 = ?is allur+ bait    
laid be=e  !m1 by ! ,european & ,am]ican
 ,factors1 or ,%ip-ma/]s1 invade  !     
,lib]ties ( ^! unhappy p1 & occasion _! 
oppression4  ,^! ,k+s1 :5ev] !y want    
goods s5d to ! ,%ip-ma/]s1  acqua9t+ !m 
!y h ,negroes1 & sometimes ! ,factors & 
,%ip-ma/]s s5d to acqua9t !m1 t !y h a  
quantity ( goods1  & want ,slaves = !   
same4 ,^! ,*iefs1 :e!r !y h ,slaves  !n 
or n1 agree1 & imm$iately g to w> ) _!  
neighb\rs1  & 9 procur+ ?ree or f\r     

hundr$ prison]s1 burn five or six  t[ns1
 z appe>s by ! foll[+ extract f a       
,surgeon's ,j\rnal 9  a ,liv]pool       
vessel4                                 
,se/ro1 ,decemb] #bi1 #agbd4    8,no    
trade to-day1 ?\gh _m ,trad]s came on   
bo>d2 !y in=m u1  t ! p are gone to w>  
)9 l&1 & w br+ prison]s  en\gh 9 two or 
?ree days2 9 hopes ( :i* we /ay4        
8#cj?4 ,no trade yet2 b our ,trad]s came
 on bo>d to-day & in=m$  u ! p _h burnt 
f\r t[ns1 s t to-morr[ we expect ,slaves
  (f4    8#ca/4 ,fair wea!r1 b no trade 
yet2 we see ea* night t[ns  burn+1 b we 
he> ! ,se/ro m5 are _m ( !m kill$ by !  
inl& ,negroes1 s t we fe> ?is w> w be   
unsuccessful4    8,! #b;d ( ,janu>y4    
,la/ night we saw a prodigi\s fire break
 out  ab\t elev5 o'clock1 & ?is morn+   
saw ! t[n ( ,se/ro burnt  d[n to !      
gr\nd1 7x conta9$ "s hundr$ h\ses7 s t  
we f9d  _! enemies are too h>d = !m at  
pres5t2 consequ5tly our trade  spoil$   
"h1 s t ab\t sev5 o'clock we weigh$     
an*or1 z did  also ! ?ree o!r vessels1  

to proce$ l[] d[n40    ,"h foll[s ano!r 
relation tak5 f an orig9al ,j\rnal ( a  
,surgeon :o sail$ out ( ,new-,york1     
8,be+ on ! ,coa/ ( ,gu9ea  at a place   
call$ ,basalia1 ! ,comm&] ( ! vessel1   
accord+ to  cu/om1 s5t a p]son on %ore1 
) a pres5t to ! ,k+1 acqua9t+  him ) 8  
arrival1 & in=m+ him !y want$ a c>go (  
,slaves4  ,! ,k+ promis$ to furni% !m1 &
 9 ord] to d x1 set out to  w> aga9/ 8  
enemies2 design+ also to surprise "s    
t[n1 &  take all ! p prison]s3 ,"s "t   
aft]1 ! ,k+ s5t !m  ^w1 he _h n yet met 
) ! desir$ success1 hav+ be5 twice      
repuls$ 9 attempt+ to break up two t[ns2
 b t he /ill hop$  to procure a numb] ( 
,slaves = !m1 & 9 ?is design p]si/$1    
until he met 8 enemies 9 ! field1 :]e a 
battle 0 f\ght1 :i*  la/$ ?ree days1    
dur+ :i* "t1 ! engagem5t 0 s bloody t   
f\r ?\s& five hundr$ m5 7 sla9 on !     
spot4 ,?9k 7says  he7 :at a pitiful     
sight x 0 to see ! ,wid[s weep+ ov] _!  
lo/ ,husb&s1 ,orphans deplor+ ! loss (  
_! ,fa!rs1 c40 ,oh6  %ock+ spectacles6  

to see f\r or five t[ns burnt1 & f\r    
?\s&  five hundr$ p kill$1 = ! sake (   
tak+ ?ree or f\r  hundr$1 & y6 y6       
,m]*ants1 ,%ip-ma/]s & ,factors ! cause 
( x all6 ,?9k y ev] to get ! crime (    
spill+ s mu* blood  rep5t$ (8    ,x is a
 kn[n cu/om among ! ,factors :o reside 9
 ,africa1 & !  ,%ip-ma/]s :o trade !re1 
to corrupt _m ,negroes on ! sea coa/1   
:o /op at no act ( cruelty = ga94 ,!y   
make x a practice1 to  /eal abundance ( 
little ,blacks ( bo? sexes1 :5 f\nd on !
  roads1 or 9 ! fields1 :]e _! ,p>5ts   
keep !m all day to wat*  ! corn1 c4 ,c x
 be d5i$ t ! ,africans are /ol5  aft] s 
_m pro(s ( x1 & if x is n direct /eal? 9
 !  ,%ip-ma/]s1 c4 yet x is ! same 9    
effect2 = if !y did n  g !re & entice ! 
,*iefs ) money or goods1 !re w\ld be no 
w>s1 z is ! case at pres5t2 & !re w\ld  
be none /ol5 if  ! /eal]s 7 n brib$ by !
 ,factors or ,%ip-ma/]s2 & n  only ^? t 
are made ,slaves (1 !re w\ld /ill be t5 
?\s&  o!rs :o are kill$ 9 ! broils1 t   
w\ld be sav$1 7 !y to  discont9ue ?is   

base ,trade4    ,?us f> ,i h %ewn t !y  
are /ol54 ,!y may say !y pay =  !m4 ,i  
answ]1 !y give money or goods by way (  
price to "s ( !  ,pr9ces & ,negroes1 :o1
 = ! sake ( lucre1 take !m prison]s by  
w> or /eal?1 s t :at money !y give ^!   
sc\ndrels1 7=give  me ! expression2 =1  
:at "n c a man expect :o w\ld take 8    
,fa!r or ,bro!r & sell !n = ga987 :o    
take !m 9 ^!  ways _c be look$ ^u z a   
price paid 9 lieu1 = ! ,negroes         
!mselves nev] condesc5d to be mancipat$1
 z !y get none ( !  money t is pret5d$ly
 giv5 = !m4 ,!y at l5g? arrive at !     
port1 ! ,%ip-ma/] sell !m at a mo/      
exorbitant pr(it1 & 9 a  few voyages he 
makes :at he calls 8 =tune2 ?is is all  
he aim$  at & wi%$ =2 & :at foll[s1     
secures 8 et]nal de/ruction1  unless    
timely rep5t$ (3 ,= ! tru? ( ?is1 ,i    
c\ld m5tion v  /rik+ in/ances ( m51 :o  
,i see almo/ e day2 b ,i d n  *use      
m5tion+ names1 = fe> ( see+ !m contemn$ 
& despis$  by e well ?9k+ p]son4    ,i  
ne$ add no m on ?is bran*1 x be+ cle> t 

!y are /ol5  9 e s5se x c be tak52 !y1 !
 ,%ip-ma/]s1 c4 be+  ! sole cause ( ! _m
 w>s & broils t are among/ ! ,negro     
,pr9ces & ,*iefs1 consequ5tly ! cause ( 
^! poor creatures  be+ tak5 & made      
,slaves (1 & ( ! _m ?\s&s t are  kill$ 9
 ! w>s3 ,besides1 x is n1 nor c be d5i$ 
t !y  sell !m1 s t !y :o practise ?is   
bran* ( ,man-/eal+ &  sell+ c expect    
no?+ b ! p5alties ( ,,god's laws1 :i*   
he1  9 8 own "t1 w inflict1 s9ce man6   
indol5t man6 w n puni%  !m ) dea?1 z    
w>rant$ suffici5tly by ! above cit$     
passage  9 holy writ4    ,be=e ,i leave 
?is bran* x may n be improp] to give my 
,read]s  a %ort sket* ( ! b>b>\s usage  
^! unhappy p meet )  f ! ,%ip-ma/]s 9 _!
 passage f ,africa4 ,aft] !y  h got !m  
on bo>d %ackl$ two & two toge!r1 !y keep
 !m  conf9$ bel[ all ! passage1 nev]    
p]mitt+ m ?an two on deck  at a "t to   
take "o brea? ( fre% air1 ! mo/ common  
bless+ we  enjoy1 consci\s t !y are do+ 
wrong to ^! p1 & n  c]ta9 b ,,god might 
raise !m aga9/ ! ,%ip-ma/] & 8 crew1  if

 !y _h ! lea/ opportunity to /ir up an  
insurrection 9 !  %ip1 to retrieve _!   
,lib]ty :i* !y _h 9 _! own c\ntry1  &   
:i* !y ought to enjoy by ! laws ( ,,god1
 ( ,brita91 & !  ,plantations4    ,= !  
,read]'s true satisfaction z to ?is     
inhuman & un*ri/ian  usage1 :i* c\ld be 
expect$ ( no o!r ?an ,b>b>ians1 ,i %all 
"h n>rate "s acc\nts :i* h be5 giv5 by  
m5 conc]n$ 9  ! ,slave ,trade4    ,fir/1
 ! foll[+ case is m5tion$ 9 ,a/ley's    
,collection  ( ,voyages1 by ,john       
,atk9s1 ,surgeon on bo>d ,admiral       
,ogle's  squadron1 8,( "o ,h>d+1 ,ma/] (
 a vessel1 9 :i* sev]al (  ! ,m5-slaves 
& a ,woman-slave _h attempt$ to rise 9  
ord] to  recov] _! ,lib]ty2 "s ( :om !  
,ma/] ( 8 own au?ority  s5t5c$ to cruel 
dea?s1 mak+ !m fir/ eat ! he>ts & liv]  
( "o ( ^? he kill$4 ,! woman he hoi/$ by
 ! ?umbs1 :ip$1  & sla%$ ) knives be=e  
o!r ,slaves1 until %e di$40 ,oh         
unp>ralell$ cruelty6    ,next is an     
acc\nt giv5 by a ,%ip-ma/] :o br\ght a  
,c>go (  ,slaves to ,b>badoes1 ^u an    

enquiry :at _h be5 ! success (  !       
voyage1 he answ]$1 8,t he _h f\nd x a   
difficult matt] to  set ! ,negroes a    
fight+ ) ea* o!r 9 ord] to procure !    
numb] he want$40 ,?is %ews1 ,read]1 :at 
me?ods !y practise to  obta9 ^! ,slaves1
 by sett+ !m a fight+ ) ea* o!r4 8,b  :5
 he _h obta9$ 8 end1 hav+ fill$ 8 vessel
 ) ,slaves1 a  new difficulty arose f _!
 refusal to take food3 ,^? desp]ate     
creatures *us+ r to die ) hung] ?an to  
be c>ri$ f  _! native c\ntry40 ,^u a    
fur!r enquiry h[ he got !m to =ego  ?is 
desp]ate resolution1 he answ]$1 8,t he  
oblig$ all !  ,negroes to come on deck1 
:]e !y p]si/+ 9 _! resolution (  n tak+ 
food1 he caus$ 8 sailors to lay hold on 
"o ( ! mo/  ob/9ate1 :o *opp$ ! poor    
creature into small pieces1 =c+  "s ( ! 
o!rs to eat a "p ( ! mangl$ body2 swe>+ 
to  ! survivors1 t he w\ld use !m all "o
 aft] ! o!r 9 !  same mann] if !y did n 
cons5t to eat40 ,?is horrid execution he
  applaud$ z a good act1 x hav+ _h !    
desir$ effect 9 caus+  !m to take food4 

,z dete/able & %ock+ z ^! usages to !   
poor ,negroes may  appe> to su* ^: he>ts
 are n yet h>d5$ by ! practise (  t     
cruelty :i* ! love ( weal? by degrees   
introduce? into !  human m9d1 x w n be  
/range to ^? :o h be5 conc]n$ or        
employ$ 9 ! ,trade4    ,! second bran*  
01 ,if he be f\nd 9 8 h&s1 he surely    
%all  be put to dea?4 ,?is is ! ?ird &  
f\r? clause ( ! be=e  cit$ v]se 9 ,exod4
 ,if he be f\nd 9 8 h&s4 ,?is is to be  
und]/ood 9 two s5ses1 ei!r f\nd 9 !     
,%ip-ma/]'s h&s  :o /ole him1 or b\ght1 
z he says1 or 9 ! p]son's h&s :o        
pur*ases him4 ,z to ! fir/ ( ^! s5ses 9 
:i* ?is passage  may be tak51 if ! laws 
( ,,god1 yea1 ev5 ( man1 7 to be put    
into  execution1 he1 ! /eal]1 or ev5 !  
buy]1 w\ld be puni%$ )  dea?1 = x is    
cle> z to ,man-/eal+1 t x des]ves dea?1 
by ! above passage ( ,scripture1 & x is 
no less ) reg>d to  buy+3 ,b :y d ,i say
 buy+8 ,= no money c be equal to !  wor?
 ( a man3 ,buy+1 ,i admit t ^w because  
,%ip-ma/]s &  o!rs 9 ?is ,trade1 say1 = 

_! ju/ification t !y pur*as$  !         
,negroes1 b z !re are no laws1 ei!r (   
,,god or man1 = !  buy+ & /eal+ (       
,africans1 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k x _c  be 
suppos$1 b !y ju/ly des]ve dea?4 ,& 9 ! 
second s5se1  ! man :o buys ! ,africans 
or ,negroes is full z culpable z !      
/eal]1 & liable to ! same puni%m5t1 =   
,scripture does n  po9t out p>ticul>ly  
ei!r ( !m1 b only j1 ,if he be f\nd  9 8
 h&s1 t is1 9 any man's h&s1 s t x c be 
prov$ he  /ole or b\ght him1 he surely  
%all be put to dea?4    ,! ?ird "p 01   
,he t buye? a ,s]vant & s]ve? him six   
ye>s1 %all set him free ! sev5?1 &      
furni% him lib]ally  ) :at he ha?4 ,!   
fir/ "p ( ?is bran* is prov$ 9 ?ree     
diff]5t texts1 viz4 ,exod4 xxi4 #b4     
,deut4 xv4 #ab4 & ,j]4  xxxiv4 #ad4 ,9  
all :i* p>ts x is expressly m5tion$1 ,t 
if an  ,hebrew ,s]vant be sold unto !e1 
or if y buy him he %all s]ve  !e six    
ye>s1 & ! sev5?1 ?\ %all let him g free 
f !e1  t is1 he %all pay no?+ = 8       
,lib]ty4    ,"s p]sons = argum5t sake   

may object to ?is1 say+1 ^!  p are n    
,hebrews1 z m5tion$ 9 ^! texts (        
,scripture1  b ,hea!ns4 ,?is may be     
difficult en\gh to det]m9e4 ,h[ev]1     
admit !y are ,hea!ns1 7al?\gh x is well 
kn[n !y are n7  x mu/ be own$ by ^? :o  
"k !m1 t ! natives ( ,africa  h exalt$  
notions ( a ,deity4 ,x is an odd me?od  
^! ,trad]s  take to civilize & tea* !m !
 ,*ri/ian religion1 by import+  "o      
hundr$ ?\s& ( !m ye>ly into ,virg9ia &  
o!r ,s\!rn  ,prov9ces1 toge!r ) !       
,we/-,india isl&s1 :]e !y are kept  9   
great] d>kness ?an be=e1 z !y are n     
all[$ to wor%ip  ,,god on ! ,sabba?2 b  
are employ$ 9 worldly bus9ess on t day1 
:i* is a sc&al to ! ,rul]s ( ! ,briti%  
,colonies & ,isl&s  :]e su* ?+s are     
practis$4 ,x is subv]sive ( ! ,*ri/ian  
religion n to all[ ^? ignorant p !      
b5efit ( x1 :o  make up m ?an two ?irds 
( ! inhabitants ( ! be=em5tion$  places4
 ,x is expressly aga9/ ! laws ( ,,god2 =
 he gave ,paul &  o!r ,apo/les          
commission to g & prea* ! gospel to e   

nation1  k9dr$1 & tongue2 b in/ead ( t1 
:]e ! gospel is prea*$  ?r\gh\t !       
,briti% ,colonies1 & :]e ^! p might     
expect  to receive ! light ( x2 ,i say1 
in/ead ( t1 !y are kept f  div9e wor%ip 
on ,sundays1 & nev] once 9 _! lifetime  
admitt$ to  *ur*1 b oblig$ to cultivate 
_! small piece ( gr\nd all[$  !m by _!  
,ma/]s4    ,! la/ "p ( ! v]se runs ?us1 
,& %all furni% him lib]ally  ) :at he   
ha?4 ,t is1 :5 ! ,s]vant ha? s]v$ !e six
  ye>s1 z express$ 9 ,exod4 xxi4 #b1 &  
,deut4 xv4 #ab4 ,!n 9 !  sev5? ye> y    
%all let him g free f y2 & 9 v]4 #ac4   
,?\  %all n let him g away empty4 ,v]4  
#ad4 ,?\ %all furni% him  lib]ally out (
 ?y flock1 & out ( ?y floor1 & out ( ?y 
w9e  press2 ( t :]e) ! ,,"l ?y ,,god ha?
 bless$ !e1 ?\  %alt give him4 ,?is is 9
 tok5 t ?\ do/ ackn[l$ge ! b5efit  t ?\ 
ha/ receiv$ by 8 lab\rs4 ,m>g4 ,bible4  
,x is /ill fur!r requir$ to set y\r     
,s]vants or ,bond-m5 free at  ! above   
appo9t$ "t1 by ! #ae? v]se ( ! same *ap4
 ,& ?\  %alt rememb] t ?\ wa/ a         

,bond-man 9 ! l& ( ,egypt1 &  ! ,,"l ?y 
,,god r$eem$ !e2 !re=e ,i comm& !e ?is  
?+  to-day4 ,i comm& !e4 ,y are ord]$1  
yea1 comm&$ to d ?is  ?+4 ,:at ?+8 ,to  
set free y\r ,bond-s]vants aft] six ye>s
  s]vice4 ,y are comm&$ to d x to-day1  
viz4 ,at ! expiration  ( six ye>s1 =1   
says ,,god1 by ! voice ( 8 ,s]vant1 ,i  
comm&  !e ?is ?+ to-day4    ,!re is a   
bless+ promis$ to ^? :o d ?is ?+ 9 v]4  
#ah (  ! above *ap4 ,aft] enjo9+ t x may
 n seem h>d unto y 9  s5d+ away ?is     
,s]vant1 z he ha? be5 wor? a d\ble hir$ 
"o1  9 s]v+ !e six ye>s1 he says1 & !   
,,"l ?y ,,god %all  bless !e 9 all t ?\ 
doe/4 ,sweet enc\ragem5t = poor s9ful   
s\ls6 ,to be bless$ 9 e ?+ t !y d4 ,:at 
man w =feit  ?is great bless+ = ! sake (
 ! s]vice ( "o1 two1 or m  ,s]vants =   
life8 ,w he all[ himself to be curs$ by 
,,god 9 e  ?+ t he doe? = ! small ga9 he
 c make by _! s]vices8  ,?is *>m+       
promise ( a bless+ 9 all t ?\ doe/1 & ! 
dreadful ev5ts t may take place 9       
contradict+ ! comm& (  ,,god1 ,i hope w 

make su* impressions ^u ! m9ds ( m51 t  
!y  w n b9d ,s]vant to s]ve above six   
ye>s2 b w set him at  lib]ty 9 ! sev5?  
ye>1 & give him lib]ally ( :at ! ,,"l   
ha? bless$ !m )1 z requir$ 9 ! above    
cit$ text4 ,if y  ?9k y h n en\gh ( ?is1
 pass along to    ,! f\r? & la/ section 
on ?is head1 ,if ?y ,bro!r be sold  unto
 !e1 ?\ %all n compel him to s]ve z a   
,bond-man2 b z  an hir$ ,s]vant4 ,?is is
 prov$ by ,lev4 xxv4 #ci1 #dj4 :]e x is 
said1 ,if ?y ,bro!r t dwelle? by !e be  
wax5 poor1 & be  sold unto !e1 ?\ %alt n
 compel him to s]ve z a ,bond-s]vant4   
,?is is expressly aga9/ mak+ ,slaves (  
any ( our poor ,bre?r51  or compel+ !m  
to s]ve z ,bond-s]vants4 ,if ?y ,bro!r t
  dwelle? by !e be wax5 poor1 are !     
words ( ! v]se2 ! poor  ,africans :o    
fall into ! h&s ( ! ,m5-wolves t pr[l on
  _! coa/s1 are oblig$ to s]ve _!       
lifetime1 & _! *ildr5  aft] !m3 ,?is is 
be+ ,bond-m5 ) a witness1 & z we h great
  reason to believe !y are poor en\gh :5
 !y /eal !m1 !y are  kept s =ev] aft]1 n

 hav+ means to make a p5ny !mselves4 ,! 
,africans w be und]/ood1 if n prim>ily  
int5d$1 to be !  p m5tion$ 9 ?is text6  
,x is said1 ,?y ,bro!r :o dwelle?  by   
!e3 ,:5 !y are 9 ,africa x is c]ta9 !y  
are at a great  di/ance2 b :5 !y come to
 ,am]ica or ! ,we/-,indies !y  !n dwell 
by u2 !re=e ,i ?9k1 f ! above citations1
 no  p]son c buy ^! p1 & oblige !m & _! 
*ildr5 to  s]ve z ,slaves1 )\t incur+ ! 
displeasure ( ,,god & 8  puni%m5ts =    
disobey+ 8 j comm&s4    ,x may be add$1 
z 9 v4 #db;d ( ! same *ap4 ,= !y are my 
s]vants1 :i* ,i br\ght =? out ( ,egypt2 
!y %all n be  sold z ,bond-m54 ,! la/ "p
 ( ?is v]se is expressly aga9/  sell+ !m
 z ,bond-m54 ,%\ld x be object$1 t !    
,africans  7 n br\ght =? out ( ! l& (   
,egypt1 x w\ld n affect  ! controv]sy4  
,i w\ld s9c]ely advise e man :o is 9 ?is
  abom9able ,trade n to p]si/ 9 x1 see+ 
! _m ?reats &  comm&s aga9/ him 9       
,,god's laws1 & ! bless+s t are promis$ 
if he does n4    ,! ,i,id ,g5]al ,head  
propos$1 is1 ,t ?is practice ( mak+     

,slaves  ( our ,bre?r5 is likewise aga9/
 ! law ( nature1 & ! ,*>t]  ( ?is       
,prov9ce4 ,! fir/ "p ( ?is head1 may be 
easily prov$  by ! foll[+ texts (       
,scripture2 ,matt4 vii4 #ab4 ,!re=e all 
?+s :atsoev] ye w\ld t m5 %\ld d to y1 d
 ye ev5 s to  !m4 ,luke vi4 #ca4 ,& z y 
w\ld t m5 %\ld d to y1 d  ye s to !m    
likewise4 ,:o is t pr\d "o t w n receive
  ^! in/ructions8 ,& :o is t man t w d  
unto any p]son1  ei!r :ite or black1    
,*ri/ian or ,savage1 contr>y to :at he  
w\ld  t he %\ld d to him8 ,?is w\ld be  
act+ contr>y to reason &  common s5se4  
,w\ld any p]son cons5t to h himself torn
 f 8  fri5ds & native c\ntry1 & be made 
a ,slave = life1 & to  h 8 de>1 de>     
little *ildr5 cont9ue 9 ! same condition
  f "o g5]ation to ano!r8 ,no2 surely no
 p]son w\ld agree to  t4 ,well !n1 x    
c]ta9ly mu/ be contr>y to ! laws (      
nature1  *ri/ianity1 & subv]sive ( !    
texts j quot$1 :i* 7  wrote = our       
direction & guidance 9 ?is _w4 ,x is    
likewise  c]ta91 t ^? :o c>ry on ?is    

,trade1 d n unto m5 z !y  w\ld m5 %\ld d
 to !m2 = if ^! poor p :i* !y1 !        
,%ip-ma/]s take f _! own ,c\ntry & !n   
sell = ,slaves1 7  do+ to !m z !y are   
done to1 !y w\ld 77 x 9 _! p[]1  :i*    
seldom is ! case1 ! own]s be+ consci\s (
 ! wrong !y  are do+1 & dread+ :at      
naturally w\ld foll[7 rev5ge ! injury   
!y receive 9 be+ made ,slaves1 & resume 
t ,lib]ty aga91 :i*  0 wrongfully tak5 f
 !m2 ,i say1 !y w\ld (t5 rev5ge !       
injury (f]$ !m by kill+ ! ,capta9 ( !   
%ip :o _h tak5  !m to be mancipat$ =    
life1 & w\ld s]ve 9 ! same mann] !      
,own]s ( ! vessel if !y c\ld get !m1 :o 
are no bett] ?an !  ,ma/]s1 9 putt+ !m  
into su* employ4 ,:o c\ld f9d fault )   
!m8 ,no p]son4 ,!y 7 only retriev+ ! mo/
 common bless+ we  enjoy1 ,lib]ty1 &    
in/ead ( be+ puni%$1 ! law w\ld protect 
!m 9 s noble an action4 ,b1    ,read]s1 
be=e ,i leave ?is1 let me beg y to 8br+ 
! matt]  home to y\rselves1 & ?9k :e!r  
any condition 9 life c be  m completely 
mis]able ?an t ( ^? di/ress$ ,captives4 

,on  reflect+1 t ea* ( !m _h "s t5d]    
atta*m5ts :i* 7  broke by ! cruel       
sep>ation6 ,"s ,p>5t or ,wife :o _h n an
  opportunity ( m+l+ te>s 9 a p>t+      
embrace6 ,p]haps "s ,infant  or ag$     
,p>5t :om 8 lab\r 0 to fe$1 & vigilance 
protect6 &  himself "u ! dreadful       
appreh5sions ( p]petual ,slav]y40    ,to
 in=ce ?is "p ( ! head1 all[ me1 ,read]1
 to intrude a little  ^u y\r "t1 by giv+
 y a %ort acc\nt ( ! b>b>\s usage  ^!   
poor ,negroes meet ) f _! ,ma/]s 9 !    
,we/-,indies  & ,s\!rn ,prov9ces (      
,nor?-,am]ica2 on read+ ( :i*1 y  w n be
 long 9 conclud+1 t !y d n 9 ?is case   
obs]ve  ! gold5 rule4    ,! crimes      
att5d+ ! ,slave ,trade are greatly      
aggravat$ by !  extreme cruel usage !   
,negroes meet ) 9 ! ,plantations1 z well
  ) reg>d to food & cloa?+ z ! h>d &    
unreasonable lab\r  t is exact$ f !m1 & 
:at _c be =got1 ! sev]e  *a/isem5ts !y  
frequ5tly suff]1 :i* is b\nd$ by ! wra? 
& pleasure ( _! h>d task-ma/]s4 #a/4 ,z 
to _! food4 ,9  ,b>badoes1 c4#a 8?ree   

qu>ts ( corn & ?ree h]r+s are a  weeks  
all[ance = a work+ ,slave2 & x is       
m5tion$ 9 ! ,sy/em  ( ,geography1 t 9   
,jamaica ! ,own]s ( ! ,negro ,slaves set
  aside = ea*1 a piece ( gr\nd1 & all[  
!m ,sundays to cultivate  x1 ! produce (
 :i* ) a few salt h]r+s or o!r salt fi% 
is all t is all[$ = _! support4 ,b ne$  
,i g s f> z  ,jamaica to prove ?is8 ,no4
 ,9 ,virg9ia !y d ! same4 #b;d4 ,z to   
_! cloa?+4 ,9 ! ,isl&s1 ! all[ance = a  
,slave's cloa?+  is seldom m ?an six    
y>ds ( oznabrigs a ye>1 & 9 ! ,s\!rn    
,colonies1 :]e ! pi]c+ we/]ly w9ds are  
long & s5sibly felt1  ^! poor ,africans 
suff] mu* = ! want ( suffici5t cloa?+2  
inde$1 %ock+ to relate6 "s ( !m are     
oblig$ to "w mo/ (  ! night 9           
boil+-h\ses1 not)/&+ ! h>d days "w !y  h
 p]=m$4 ,_! ,own]s make great ga9 by _! 
,slaves' lab\r4  ,!y lay heavy burd5s on
 !m1 & yet fe$ & cloa? !m v  sp>+ly1 &  
"s sc>cely at all2 s t x _c be wond]$ t 
^! poor creatures are oblig$ to %ift =  
_! liv+ z !y d1  :i* occasions _m ( !m  

be+ kill$ 9 /eal+ potatoes or o!r  food 
to satisfy hung]4 ,if !y are detect$ 9  
tak+ any ?+ f  ! plantation !y belong   
to1 :i* !y h s h>dly lab\r$ =1  !y are  
cruely :ip$40 ,la/ly4 ,) respect to !   
beat+ :i*  ^! poor p meet ) 9 !         
,we/-,indies4 ,= ! lea/ fault  !y :ip !m
 mo/ unm]cifully1 viz4 = n be+ at "w 9  
half  an h\r aft] ! usual notice2 speak+
 a ^w :i* ! ,ov]se] may  ?9k saucy2 n   
%ew+ respect en\gh to him2 n do+ )      
agility  "s h>d piece ( "w ord]$ !m2 &  
any ?+ :i* ! ,ov]se]  may take exception
 at4 ,!y beat !m ) ?ick clubs1 & y may  
see  _! bodies all :al$ 9 a t]rible     
mann]4    ,mr4 ,george ,:itefield writes
 9 a lett] to ! ,plant]s 9  ,virg9ia1   
,c>ol9a1 c4 8,! task-ma/]s1 by _!       
inhuman  usage & unrel5t+ sc\rges h     
pl\gh$ _! backs & made long  furr[s1 &  
at l5g? br\ght !m ev5 to dea?40 ,?is is 
! fate  :i* great numb]s 9 ! isl&s &    
,s\!rn ,prov9ces meet )4  ,:5 speak+ (  
_! cloa?+ & food1 he adds1 8,:5 pass+   
along1 ,i h view$ y\r plantations cle>$ 

& cultivat$1 _m  spaci\s h\ses built1 & 
! ,own]s ( !m f>+ sumptu\sly e  day4 ,my
 blood has frequ5tly run cold )9 me to  
consid] h[ _m (  y\r ,slaves _h nei!r   
conv5i5t food to eat or prop] raim5t to 
put  on1 not)/&+ _m ( ! com=ts y enjoy 7
 solely ow+  to _! indefatigable        
lab\rs40 ,9 ,virg9ia1 c4 9 case a ,negro
  gives ! slighte/ affront to a :ite    
p]son1 he goes to ! ,negroe's  ,ma/] &  
dem&s satisfaction1 ! ,ma/] deliv]s him 
to ! :ite  p]son to take :at            
satisfaction he pleases2 :o :ips him1   
/rikes him  ) clubs1 &1 z is (t5 done1  
cuts (f 8 e>s1 & m>ks him by  cut+ 8    
face1 or o!r p>ts ( 8 body4 ,:at m c\ld 
be done  to a brute bea/1 :o 0 br\ght up
 & design$ = ! yoke8 ,oh6  h[ long w y  
cont9ue 9 ?is delusion & horrid abuse ( 
!  pr9cipal workman%ip ( ,,god4 ,x is   
a/oni%+ h[ a p :o s  mu* value !mselves 
^u _! ,fre$om c cont9ue 9 ! practice  ( 
s mu* oppression4 ,w n ! groans ( ?is   
afflict$ &  mis]able p rea* ,heav56 ,&  
:5 ! cup ( inequity is fill$1  !        

unavoidable t5d5cy mu/ be ! p\r+ =? (   
,,god's judgm5ts  ^u _! oppressors4 ,b  
alas6 is x n too pla9 t ?is cruelty  has
 already be5 ! object ( div9e ang]8 ,=  
:at great] judgm5t  c befal any p]son   
?an to become a prey to t obduracy (    
he>t1  t neglectfulness ( ,,god1 & a    
call\sness to e religi\s  impression8   
,i c\ld say a great deal m conc]n+ !    
unp>rallel$ cruelty t  ^! ,negroes meet 
)3 ,b ,i appreh5d m has be5 said already
  ?an w be believ$1 al?\gh x is f> f    
com+ up to ! real  tru?2 = x is         
impossible my p5 c repres5t 9 prop]     
col\rs !  h>d usage !y meet )4 ,!       
sympa?iz+ ,read] mu/ feel ! re/1  = ,i c
 assi/ him no f>!r4 ,i believe !re are b
 few t h  n he>d or read ( ! cruel      
treatm5t ( ^? unhappy mortals4  ,inde$ x
 is almo/ incr$ible t su* cruelty %\ld  
be practis$ 9  any ( ! ,briti% dom9ions4
    ,i c\ld h quot$ a doz5 ,au?ors1     
sett+ =? ! inhuman  puni%m5ts inflict$  
^u ! ,africans2 b t w\ld h swell$  my   
page4 ,i hope ?is %ort1 b true n>rative1

 = great "p ( :i*  ,i am mu* oblig$ to  
,mr4 ,b5ezet1 w answ] ! same end ( rais+
  9 e brea/ an utt] dete/ation &        
abhorr5ce ( ! horrid  cu/oms & savage   
usage 9 ! ,isl&s & ,colonies            
abovem5tion$1  & ,i make no d\bt b e "o 
w cle>ly see1 !y d n to  ^! ,negroes z  
!y w\ld t !y %\ld d to !m4    ,i ?9k x  
is "t to leave ?is "p & g to ! la/1 viz4
 ,t  ?is base cu/om is likewise aga9/ ! 
,*>t] ( ?is ,prov9ce2 z  is cle>ly & mo/
 simply demon/rat$ by a clause 9 said   
,*>t]1  grant$ by ,k+ ,william & ,que5  
,m>y1 dat$ at ,we/m9/]1  ! #g? (        
,octob]1 9 ! ?ird ye> ( _! reign1 :]e91 
int] alia1 x is e/abli%$ & orda9$1 ,t   
all & e (  ! ,subjects ( ,u1 our ,heirs1
 & ,successors1 :i* %all g to &  inhabit
 )9 ,our said ,prov9ce & t]ritory1 & e (
 _!  ,*ildr5 :i* %all happ5 to be born  
!re1 or on ! seas 9 go+  ?i!r1 or       
return+ f !nce1 %all h & enjoy all      
,lib]ties  & immunities ( ,,free &      
natural ,subjects )9 ! dom9ions  ( ,u1  
,our ,heirs1 & ,successors1 to all      

int5ts1 con/ructions1 &  purposes       
:atsoev]1 z if !y & e ( !m 7 born )9 our
  realm ( ,engl&4 ,i ne$ say b little z 
to ?is bran* ( ! head  fur!r ?an to     
obs]ve1 t ! clause ( ! ,*>t] j cit$1    
proves cle>ly1 & :i* _c be fur!r        
disput$1 t all &  e ( ! ,subjects1 !    
,inhabitants ( ,new-,engl&1 :i* %all    
come to & inhabit )9 ! ,prov9ce &       
t]ritory ( ! same1 &  e ( _! ,*ildr5 :i*
 %all happ5 to be born !re1 %all  h &   
enjoy all ! ,lib]ties1 c4 ( ,,free &    
natural ,subjects  ( ! realm ( ,engl&4  
,inde$ ,i am sorry to m5tion t ?is      
,*>t] %\ld h be5 s long subv]t$ & rema9$
 unobs]v$ by  ! ,publick 9 s int]e/+ a  
po9t1 :5 by timely obs]vance x  might h 
sav$ _m ?\s&s f ,slav]y t are n[ dead & 
m\ld]$ into du/4 ,i hope ?is easy f\nd  
light w n be too late  discov]$ to      
direct & save ! pres5t ,slaves f _!     
,bondage1  :i* _m6 too _m6 groan "u3 ,s 
t ,i expect ! inhabitants (  ! ,am]ican 
,prov9ces w n give any p]son an         
opportunity (  *>g+ !m ) t infam\s "* ( 

mak+ or keep+ any man  or woman ,slaves1
 :5 !y are compla9+ daily t _! ,lib]ties
  are wre/$ f !m1 & little ?9k h[ !y    
deprive ^! poor  ,black ,p ( _! ,fre$om1
 :5 !re is z little reason = x  z !re is
 = mak+ ,slaves ( ,briti% ,subjects4 ,! 
above cit$  clause 9 ! ,*>t]1 says1 ,^? 
born 9 or %all come to & dwell  )9 !    
,prov9ce ( ! ,massa*usetts-,bay are     
,,free2 f :i*  ,i am l$ to ?9k1 & :i* e 
p]son mu/ see1 w ext5d to  ,black z well
 z ,:ite4 ,b1 ,read]1 excuse me1 :oev] y
 are1 t  may take (f5ce at my con/ru+   
?is clause ( ! ,*>t] 9 !  mann] ,i h    
done1 x is only my op9ion1 & e "o is at 
lib]ty  to enjoy 8 own s5tim5ts ^u x z  
well z ,i2 !re=e ,i flatt]  myself (    
he>+ soon1 t means w be tak5 by !       
,legislature (  mo/1 if n all !         
,prov9ces ( ,nor?-,am]ica1 & !          
,we/-,india  ,isl&s1 totally prohibit+ !
 importation ( ,negroes into !  ,briti% 
,plantations2 & sett+ at ,lib]ty )      
univ]sal cons5t1  e ,negro ?r\gh\t !    
:ole1 at lea/ 9 ,nor?-,am]ica1 :i*  w be

 an hon\r to human nature1 to say t ?is 
great & ?is only  rema9+ h9d]ance to !  
absolute fre$om z well z legality ( !   
,engli% trade is n[ happily & glori\sly 
aboli%$2 & !n we  may all cry ) %\ts (  
joy6 :i* few m c\ntries 9 ! f\r  qu>t]s 
( ! globe c1 ,t complete ,,fre$om bo? 9 
p &  trade is all[$ ?r\gh\t ! ,briti%   
,isl&s & ,plantations 9  ,am]ica & !    
,we/-,indies6    ,! ,i,i,id ,g5]al ,head
 propos$ 01 ,to %ew ! disadvantages     
aris+  f ?is base ,trade4 ,?is head ,i  
propose to consid] sep>ately1 &  %all   
#a/4 ,%ew ! disadvantages to ,africa 9  
tak+ s _m ( its  natives away ye>ly4    
#b;d4 ,treat ( ! hurt & prejudice ( ?is 
,trade  ) ,europe4 #c;d4 ,%ew !         
disadvantages to ! ,briti% ,plantations 
9 ,am]ica1 p>ticul>ly to ! ,we/-,indies1
 9 c>ry+ ,black  ,p ?i!r4    ,! fir/ "p 
( ?is head is1 ,to %ew ! disadvantages  
to ,africa  9 tak+ s _m ( its natives   
ye>ly4 ,be=e ,i ent] ^u ?is  bran* x may
 n be improp] to m5tion a few           
obs]vations :i*  ,mr4 ,po/le?wayt makes 

^u ! great qualities :i* ?is c\ntry     
ab\nd )4 8,its situation = comm]ce is   
c]ta9ly beyond any ( !  o!r qu>t]s ( !  
_w1 = x /&s 9 ! c5t] betwe5 !  o!r ?ree1
 & has !reby a mu* ne>] communication ) 
,europe1  ,asia1 & ,am]ica1 ?an any o!r 
qu>t] has ) ! re/4 ,x is  wond]fully    
accommodat$ = comm]ce by ! int]position 
( isl&s1  & m p>ticul>ly by ! assi/ance 
( ! trade w9ds1 :i*  r5d] ! navigation  
safe1 easy1 & con/ant4 ,x is furni%$ )  
! greate/ & mo/ conv5i5t navigable      
riv]s1 & p]haps ) z  _m ( !m z any o!r (
 ! *ief p>ts ( ! _w3 ,su* are  ! ,nile1 
,nubia1 ,nig]1 ,natal1 :i* are riv]s ( !
 fir/  magnitude2 besides ^! !re are    
innum]able o!rs1 ?\gh n equal  to ! =m]1
 are yet v excell5t /reams1 situat$ =   
navigation  & comm]ce1 & :i* by _! noble
 c\rses p5etrate f> inl&2  if !         
,europeans1 c4 w\ld cultivate a human & 
,*ri/ian l  comm]ce ) ! ,africans1 !y   
might ?r\gh ^! riv]s become  ! m$ium (  
an endless b5eficial comm]ce4 ,! c\ntry 
is popul\s  beyond cr$ibility1 ! soil   

fruitful1 ! season = ! greate/  "p mild 
& clem5t1 & ! air salubri\s40 ,i mu/ /op
 9 !  mid/ ( ?is agreeable description1 
be+ afraid ( lead+ myself  into an undue
 l5g? 9 ?is n>rative ( ! beauti\s       
p]fection (  t ri* & fruitful "p ( ! _w4
    ,i %all n[ consid] ! disadvantages  
to ,africa 9 tak+ s _m  ( its natives   
away ye>ly4 ,b x is ne$less to speak mu*
 on ?is  head1 z mo/ ( my ,read]s w     
p]ceive ! prejudices to ,africa  9 ?us  
dra9+ x ( ! inhabitants ye>ly 9 ! mann] 
,brita9  & ! ,plantations d4 ,i %all    
m5tion a few ( !m4 #a/4 ,!re c  be no   
loss to any c\ntry 7p>ticul>ly to "o l  
,africa t is  yet mo/ly to cultivate7   
equal to t ( depopulat+ x4 #b;d4 ,x     
prev5ts ! inl& c\ntry1 :]e ! incessant  
broils are c>ri$ on1  f def5d+ !mselves 
aga9/ ! attacks & encroa*m5ts made  on  
_! prop]ties by ! ,k+s & ,*iefs1 :]eby  
_m ?\s&s  ( _! subjects be+ tak5        
prison]s1 are sold to ! ,coa/]s1  !y be+
 n\ri%$ & c>ess$ by ! ,europeans1       
p>ticul>ly by  ,brita9 & ! ,colonies1 9 

do+ s1 = ! sake ( ! ,slave  ,trade to   
,am]ica1 & ! ,we/-,indies2 & fur!r1 9   
consequ5ce  ( ?is depriv+ !m ( def5d+   
!mselves aga9/ ^! base  assaults1 x     
prev5ts !m entirely f cultivat+ & manur+
  t fruitful & ri* c\ntry1 to ! degree x
 is capable (4 #c;d4  ,x ev] ob/ructs ! 
civiliz+ ( ^? p1 & consequ5tly  (       
propagat+ among/ !m ! ,*ri/ian religion1
 & ext5d+  ! ,trade into ! b[els (      
,africa1 :i* by contr>y means might  be 
easily practicable4 #d?4 ,t :il/ ! slav+
 ,trade ( ^?  p1 cont9ue to be ! great  
object ( ! p[]s t trade  !re x is to be 
fe>$ x w ev]1 z x does at pres5t _s  up 
w>s & ho/ilities among/ ! ,negro ,pr9ces
 & ,*iefs1 = !  sake ( mak+ captives (  
ea* o!r = sale4 ,& #e?4 ,! greate/      
disadvantage to ,africa1 by ?us dra9+ x 
( ! inhabitants is1  t x prev5ts !m f   
cultivat+ & peopl+ t great f]tile       
c\ntry1 ( introduc+ ,european arts &    
sci5ces among/ !m1 &  ( c>ry+ on a      
fri5dly1 civil1 & *ri/ian ,comm]ce ) !m 
into  ! he>t ( _! region4    ,! second  

bran* allud+ to ! ?ird head 01 to treat 
( !  prejudice to ,africa1 & its trade )
 ,europe4 ,x is an absolute  fact1 t ^! 
p are incess5tly at w> ) _! neighb\r+   
,pr9ces s t !y _c get _! bus9ess look$  
into or  foll[$1 & consequ5tly a great  
h9d]ance to ! manufactur+  su*          
quantities ( _! c\ntry's produce ( e    
k9d1 to s5d to  ,europe & ,am]ica1 c4 z 
!y might d1 7 ?is ,slave ,trade         
aboli%$1 & ! ,rul]s 9 amity1 fri5d%ip1 &
 concord1 "o )  ano!r4    ,x is fur!r a 
hurt to ! ,african trade ) ,europe1 = ! 
,slave ,trade has s ga9$ ^u ! m9ds ( ^? 
m5 t traffick  to ,africa1 t !y nev]    
once ?9k ( ! o!r commodities1 at  lea/ 9
 su* quantities z ,europe might consume 
7 ! att5tion  necess>y paid to x by mak+
 ?is ! only object ( ! trad]s  notice4  
,i believe x w\ld turn out mu* m        
pr(itable to keep :olly  to ! produce ( 
?is c\ntry1 viz4 gums1 ivory1 gold &    
silv]  du/1 c4 & to resign t base       
un*ri/ian ,trade ( ,man-sell+4          
,la/ly1 on ?is head1 ,to %ew !          

disadvantages to ! ,briti%  ,plantations
 9 ,am]ica1 c4 9 br++ ,black p into !m4 
,?is w be made v easily appe> :5 y      
consid]1 t ^!  num]\s ,black ,p1 :i* are
 ye>ly br\ght into ! s\!rn-mo/  p>ts (  
,nor?-,am]ica & ! ,we/-,indies 7 v poor 
at t  "t1 n hav+ a p5ny to comm&1 & nev]
 s mu* z once 9  _! lifetime _h x 9 _!  
p[] to make "o half t sum =  !mselves1 s
 t ! diff]5t ,prov9ces 9 ! ,cont95t1 & !
  ,isl&s 9 ! ,we/-,indies are fill$ ) ^!
 necessit\s ,black  ,p1 & mu/ be put ^u 
! t[n%ips to :i* !y belong1 9  case ?is 
enslav+ !m be ev] aboli%$1 :i* ,i flatt]
 myself1 &  ,i hope n va9ly1 w be done 9
 "t1 & t ) effect4 ,fur!r1  :y d !y fill
 _! ,plantations ) ,black ,p1 s         
unnatural to  ! ,:ites1 ! ,proprietors (
 ! diff]5t ,colonies1 :5 x seems  no way
 difficult to obta9 ,:ite ,p to s]ve    
free 9 _! /ead8  ,europe 9 g5]al af=ds  
numb]s ( poor & di/ress$ objects  = t   
purpose1 & if ^! 7 n ov]work$1 z !      
,negroes  g5]ally are1 !y w\ld make z   
good ,s]vants = ! ,am]ican &            

,we/-,india ,plantations z ! ,blacks d4 
,& if ! ,europeans 7  ^u a level ) reg>d
 to ! price ( lab\r1 9 _! ,colonies1 ,i 
_c b ?9k !y w\ld reap great advantage 9 
lay+ aside !  ,slave ,trade1 & cultivate
 a fri5dly & civilis$ ,comm]ce ) !      
,africans4 ,until ?is is done x does n  
seem possible t !  inl& trade ( t c\ntry
 %\ld ev] be ext5d$ to ! degree x  is   
capable (2 = :ile ! _s ( ,but*]y & mak+ 
,slaves  ( ea* o!r1 is promot$ by !     
,europeans1 ,am]icans1 c4  among/ ^? p1 
!y w nev] be able to travel ) safety    
into ! he>t ( ! c\ntry1 or to cem5t su* 
comm]cial fri5d%ip  & alliance ) !m1 z w
 actually introduce our arts &          
manufactures4    ,! ,i,vth ,g5]al ,head 
01 ,to %ew ! advantages aris+ f  aboli%+
 ?is base cu/om4 ,?is ,head ,i propose  
divid+ into two  p>ts1 #a/4 ,!          
advantages to ,africa1 & #b;d4 ,!       
advantages to  ,europe p>ticul>ly to    
,brita9 & ! ,plantations 9 ,am]ica &  ! 
,we/-,indies4    ,fir/ to ,africa4 ,!   
advantages t w\ld arise to x1 9 aboli%+ 

?is base & un*ri/ian-l ,comm]ce are     
num]\s1 "s ( :i* may  be compreh5d$ "u !
 foll[+4 #a/4 ,! aboli%+ ?is ,trade may 
be a means ( peopl+ ?is c\ntry1 & (     
cultivat+ x 9 ! same  mann] ) any o!r   
c\ntry 9 ,europe or ,asia1 s z to r5d] x
  capable ( be>+ 9 z great abundance z !
 ,ea/-,indies1 spices  ( equal quality  
to ^? ( ,b&a1 ,t]nate1 & ,amboyna2 ,i   
say1  ! l spices might be produc$ on !  
ri* & fruitful %ores (  ,mel9da on ! ea/
 side1 or ( ! slave coa/ on ! we/ side (
  ,africa1 & t z easy & to z great      
advantage1 z :]e !y  are n[ rais$1 !    
latitude be+ ! same1 & soil n unlike2   
&1 9 %ort1 c9namon & all o!rs1 !        
production ( ,ea/ &  ,we/-,indies1 by   
prop] managem5t might be rais$ "h z well
 z  9 ^? p>ts4 #b;d4 ,x w\ld introduce !
 ,*ri/ian religion among  !m1 :i* is a  
%ame to ^! nations :o pret5d to hold fa/
 !  pr9ciples ( ,*ri/ianity1 to keep s  
long hid1 & ( consequ5ce1 be  a means ( 
br++ among !m ! m civiliz$ arts &       
sci5ces4  #c;d4 ,x w recomm5d !         

,european dress1 & introduce _! cu/oms  
among ! natives1 & ( c\rse civilize !m l
 o!r ,*ri/ian  nations4 ,la/ly4 ,x w be 
a means ( br++ ?is c\ntry to z  great   
p]fection 9 trade1 ri*es1 & gr&eur1 z   
any 9 ,europe1  x be+ a mu* m f]tile &  
pl5ti\s soil = _m valuable  productions4
    ,mu* m c\ld ,i say ^u ! num]\s      
advantages aris+ to ?is  excell5t       
c\ntry3 ,b let :at has be5 said suffice1
 ,i leave ! re/  to ! ,read]'s own      
feel+1 if he has any = ?is poor di/ress$
  ,africa :i* groans "u a heavy load (  
oppression4    ,! next ?+ 9 c\rse is1 ! 
advantages t w\ld arise to  ,europe 9   
?us c>ry+ on a ,*ri/ian-l ,comm]ce )    
,africa4  ,?is trade ev5 9 its pres5t   
/ate1 exclud+ t ( ! ,slaves1 is  z      
advantage\s z any t is n[ foll[$2 & :at 
w x be :5  a fri5dly traffick is c>ri$  
on8 ,x is z x 7 all pr(it1 !  fir/ co/  
be+ "s ?+s ( ,european1 p>ticul>ly (    
,briti%  manufactures1 & o!rs g5]ally   
pur*as$ ) !m2 = :i*  !re is 9 return1   
gold1 elephant's-tee?1 wax1 gums1       

cotton-wool1  div]s dy+-woods1 &        
,slaves3 ,b ?is la/ piece ( ,comm]ce1   
viz4 ,man-slav+1 ,i am f> f mak+ a "p ( 
! ,briti%  trade1 & ,i d>e say e humane 
p]son w be likem9d$4 ,^!  are articles  
:i* ! c\ntry ab\nd 91 & w\ld be /ill    
*eap]  to an imm5se degree1 7 ! inl&    
p>ts settl$ ) _! own  p2 b in/ead ( t1 a
 hundr$ ?\s& are ye>ly c>ri$  away4     
,brita9 pays b little = ! commodities x 
exports to  ,africa1 be+ mo/ly1 z obs]v$
 be=e1 its own produce1 su* z  wor/$ &  
cotton clo?s ( all k9ds1 brass1 iron1 & 
copp] "w  ( e sort1 p>ticul>ly l>ge     
quantities ( all k9ds ( def5sive  arms1 
) p[d] & %ot 9 proportion2 ,ea/-,india  
goods1 e  k9d ( ,briti% manufactures1 & 
a good deal ( ,am]ican &  ,we/-,india   
rum1 c4 ,x is n easy to say :at va/     
quantities  ( ! above ,briti% & ,am]ican
 productions w\ld be exhau/$  ye>ly     
among s great a p1 & 9 s v ext5sive a   
c\ntry1  7 ! ,slave ,trade /opp$4 ,x is 
! int]e/ ( e ,m]*ant  9 ,brita9 & !     
,plantations :o are n[ conc]n$ 9        

traffick  to ,africa1 to cultivate !    
inl& comm]ce 9 its utmo/ ext5t1  z hav+ 
no mann] ( conc]n ) ! ,slave ,trade1 !re
 be+ !  greate/ reason to believe1 t :]e
 !y n[ export tw5ty %ill+s  wor? (      
commodities ?i!r1 !y w\ld !n export an  
hundr$ p\nd2  & ,i am incl9$ to ?9k :5 !
 trade comes to be ext5d$ to !  degree x
 w admit (1 not)/&+ ^? goods t are      
import$  f ,africa1 !re w /ill be       
discov]$ an inf9ite v>iety  (           
trafficable articles1 ) :i* ! pres5t    
,trad]s are totally  unacqua9t$1 & ?is  
,trade become ! mo/ b5eficial to        
,brita91  ,am]ica1 & ! ,we/-,indies1 (  
any t is at pres5t on foot1  z x is     
common to e individual1 & ( :i* !       
gov]nm5t has  tak5 mu* notice1 by grant+
 an annual sum ( t5 ?\s& p\nds  /]l+ = !
 ma9ta9+ & uphold+ ! =ts & ca/les 9 !   
,briti% ,settlem5ts 9 ,africa1 s t !y   
are entirely def5d$  aga9/ ! attacks (  
any enemy1 & _! ,trade & ,colonies      
secur$  by irresi/ible /r5g? ( =ts &    
ca/les4    ,a great deal m c\ld be      

m5tion$ on ! ?\s&s ( advantages  t may  
arise to ! int]e/ ( ,brita9 & !         
,plantations 9  aboli%+ ?is wick$       
,trade3 ,h[ev]1 ,i %all deta9 my ,read]s
 no  long] on ?is head1 b z propos$1    
,conclude ! :ole ) "s %ort admonitions  
to ^? conc]n$1  & a me?od to put ?is    
,trade to ,africa ^u a j & lawful       
foot+4 ,i advise e ,m]*ant & ,%ip-ma/]  
:o is 9 ?is ,trade  ( ,man-slav+ to     
r5\nce & give x up4 ,:at argum5ts or    
reason1  pray1 c be advanc$ = 8         
ju/ification1 :5 he sees su* ?reats  &  
curses aga9/ him1 p>ticul>ly m5tion$ 9 !
 fir/ head8 ,:y  %\ld any p]son incur ! 
p5alties ( ,,god's ,law s d>+ly = !     
sake ( ga98 ,%\ld !y ?9k !mselves on a  
dea?-b$1 :at agonies  & tr\bles ( m9d   
mu/ !y und]go 9 ! ?\ghts ( enslav+ s  _m
 mis]able creatures1 ( murd]+ s _m ?\s&s
 ( innoc5t  p 9 ! w>s !y occasion1      
trea*]\sly tak+ !m out (  _! own c\ntry1
 us+ !m b>b>\sly1 massacr+ numb]s ( !m  
9 all ! cruel ways imag9able on !       
passage1 sell+ !m = life1  & depriv+ !m 

ev5 ( a com=table liv+1 not)/&+ !y  s]ve
 = no?+ else2 surely ! judgm5t ( ,,god  
mu/ come ^u su*  m5 :o w ?us use _! own 
,bre?r5 :o 7 born to inh]it !  same     
salvation ) u1 & if 8 judgm5t does n    
come ^u !m1 x  w pursue _! *ildr5 unto !
 ?ird & f\r? g5]ation1 until  ! ri*es t 
h be5 ?us sc&al\sly amass$ be squ&]$    
away1  & !y become z poor z ^! ,negroes 
!mselves1 by sell+ ( :om  su* unju/ ga9 
0 made4 ,b ?is is only "o way out (     
?\s&s  t ,,god *uses to afflict 8       
enemies 9 ?is _w4 ,&1    ,/ill pursu+1 t
 ,,god w be rev5g$ on ^? t puni%        
wrongfully su* poor ,negroes1 ,i %all   
ins]t :at ! above m5tion$  ,mr4 ,george 
,:itefield says 9 a lett] to !          
inhabitants (  ,virg9ia1 c4 8,we h10    
says he1 8a rem>kable in/ance ( ,,god's 
tak+ cognizance (1 & av5g+ ! qu>rel (   
poor ,slaves1 #b  ,sam4 xxi4 #a4 ,!re 0 
a fam9e 9 ! days ( ,david1 ?ree ye>s1   
ye> aft] ye>1 & ,david enquir$ ( ! ,,"l1
 & ! ,,"l  answ]$1 x is = ,saul1 & 8    
bloody h\se1 because he slew  !         

,gibeonites4 ,two ?+s are "h v          
rem>kable1 #a/4 ,^!  ,gibeonites 7 only 
hew]s ( wood & draw]s ( wat]2 or 9  o!r 
words1 ,slaves l y\rs4 #b;d4 ,t ?is     
plague 0 s5t by ,,god  _m ye>s aft] !   
injury 7! cause ( ! plague7 0 committ$4 
,& = :at end 7 ?is & su* l examples     
record$ 9 holy  ,scripture8 ,)\t d\bt = 
our le>n+4 ,= ,,god is ! same to-day  z 
he 0 ye/]day1 & w cont9ue ! same = ev]4 
,he does n  reject ! pray] ( ! poor &   
de/itute1 nor disreg>d ! cry (  ! meane/
 ,negro40 ,:5 speak+ ( ! oppression &   
un*ri/ian  usage ^! poor ,negroes meet )
 f ! ,%ip-ma/]s 9 _!  passage1 & f !    
,ma/]s !y are sold to 9 ! s\? p>ts (    
,am]ica & ! ,we/-,indies1 he adds1 8,!  
blood ( ! ,negroes  spilt = ^! _m ye>s 9
 y\r respective ,prov9ces w rise up to  
,heav5 aga9/ y10 toge!r ) t lo/ 9       
,africa1 occasion$  by ! ,trad]s t g    
?i!r4 ,x may n be improp] to obs]ve  "h1
 t ?is plague 0 s5t by ,,god on ,saul & 
8 bloody h\se  _m ye>s aft] ! slaught] (
 ! ,gibeonites2 s may ^! m5  reasonably 

expect1 t h occasion$ & /ill cont9ue to 
be !  cause ( spill+ s mu* innoc5t blood
 9 ,africa & ! diff]5t  ,prov9ces1 to h 
a plague or curse come ^u !m1 _m ye>s   
aft]  ! p]petrat+ ^! wick$ de$s4    ,i w
 ins]t a few que/ions1 = :i* ,i am      
indebt$ to ,mr4  ,po/le?wayt1 by way (  
argum5t or p]suasion to give up ?is     
enslav+ ( ,m5 to ^? p :o w be ready to  
def5d ?is  sc&al\s ,trade to ,africa1 & 
( keep+ ^! p 9 ignorance1  :o are br\ght
 into a c\ntry :]e ! gospel is prea*$ on
 all  sides ( !m4    #a/4 8,:e!r ! p (  
?is c\ntry not)/&+ _! col\r1  are n     
capable ( be+ civiliz$ & br\ght into !  
,*ri/ian  religion1 z well z great      
numb]s ( ! ,indians ( ,am]ica  & ,asia h
 be52 & :e!r ! primitive inhabitants (  
all  c\ntries s f> z we h be5 able to   
trace !m 7 n once z  savage & inhuman z 
! p 9 ,africa1 & :e!r ! anci5t  ,britons
 !mselves ( our c\ntry 7 n once ^u a    
level ) !  ,africans8    #b;d4 8,:e!r   
!re=e1 !re is n a probability t ^? p    
might 9 "t1 by prop] managem5t 9 !      

,europeans1 become z wise1  z indu/ri\s1
 z humane1 & z good ,*ri/ians1 z ! p (  
any  o!r c\ntry8    #c;d4 8,:e!r _!     
rational faculties are n 9 g5]al equal  
to ^?  ( any o!r ( ! human species2 &   
:e!r !y are n1 f  exp]i5ce1 z capable = 
me*anical & manufactural arts & trades1 
z ev5 ! ,bulk ( ! ,europeans8    #d?4   
8,:e!r x w\ld n be m to ! int]e/ ( all !
  ,european ,nations conc]n$ 9 ! ,trade 
to ,africa1 r to  endeav\r to cultivate 
a fri5dly & humane ,comm]ce ) ^!  p1    
into ! v c5ture ( _! ext5d$ c\ntry1 ?an 
to  cont5t !mselves only ) skimm+ a     
trifl+ portion ( ,trade ^u  ! ,coa/ (   
,africa8    #e?4 8,:e!r ! greate/       
h9d]ance & ob/ruction to !  ,european's 
cultivat+ a ,*ri/ian-l & humane ,comm]ce
 )  ^? popul\s c\ntries has n :olly     
proce$$ f t unju/  ,traffick call$ !    
,slave ,trade1 :i* is c>ri$ on by !     
,europeans  ,am]icans1 c4    #f?4 8,:e!r
 ?is ,trade & ?is only 0 n ! prim>y     
cause1 &  /ill cont9ues to be ! *ief    
cause ( ^! et]nal & incessant  broils1  

qu>rels1 & animosities :i* subsi/ betwe5
 ! ,negro  ,pr9ces & ,*iefs2 &          
consequ5tly ( ^? endless w>s :i* abide  
among !m1 & :i* !y are induc$ to c>ry on
 9 ord] to make  prison]s ( "o ano!r = !
 sake ( ! ,slave ,trade8    #g?4 8,:e!r1
 if trade 0 c>ri$ on ) !m = a s]ies (   
ye>s1  z x has be5 ) mo/ o!r savage     
c\ntries1 & ! ,europeans  gave no       
inc\ragem5t :atev] to ! ,slave ,trade1  
^? cruel w>s  among ! ,blacks w\ld n    
cease1 & a fair & hon\rable ,comm]ce 9  
"t take place ?r\gh\t ! :ole c\ntry8    
#h?4 8,:e!r ! example ( ! ,dut* 9 !     
,ea/-,indies1 :o  h civiliz$ innum]able 
( ! natives1 & br\ght !m to !  ,european
 way ( cloa?+1 c4 does n give reasonable
 hopes t  ^! sugge/ions are n vision>y1 
b f\nd$ on exp]i5ce z well  z on humane 
& ,*ri/ian pr9ciples8    #i?4 8,:e!r    
,comm]ce 9 g5]al has n prov$ ! great    
means (  civiliz+ all nations1 ev5 ! mo/
 savage & brutal2 & :y n  ! ,africans8  
#aj?4 8,:e!r ! t]ritory ( ! ,european   
nations :o are  int]e/$ 9 ! ,colonies & 

,plantations 9 ,am]ica1 are n  popul\s  
en\gh1 or may be r5d]$ s1 by prop]      
enc\ragem5t giv5  to matrimony & ! bre$ 
( f\ndl+ infants1 to supply _!          
respective ,colonies ) lab\r]s 9 ! place
 ( ,negro ,slaves8 ,&    ,la/ly4 8,:e!r 
! ,briti% dom9ions 9 g5]al h n an ext5t 
( t]ritory suffici5t to increase &      
multiply _! inhabitants2  & :e!r x is n 
_! own faults t !y d n increase !m      
suffici5tly to supply _! ,colonies &    
,plantations1 ) ,:ites  in/ead (        
,blacks80    ,i make no d\bt1 b "s      
p]sons :o are conc]n$ 9 ! ,slave ,trade 
to ,africa1 w attempt mak+ answ] to "s (
 ^! que/ions3 ,b  ,i presume !re are    
o!rs ( !m !y w n v5ture ^u1 kn[+  !y are
 f\nd$ ^u reason & tru?1 & ,i hope w h  
great  influ5ce on ^? ?is ,treatise     
conc]n4    ,i w\ld add "o necess>y qu]y 
m1 to ^? :o hold ! sword (  ju/ice1 & :o
 mu/ acc\nt to ,god = ! use !y make ( x4
  ,s9ce ! ,engli% ,law is s truly       
valuable = its ju/ice1 h[ c  !y ov]look 
! b>b>\s dea?s & wrongful ,slav]y ( !   

unhappy  ,africans1 )\t trial or pro( ( 
be+ guilty ( crimes adequate  to _!     
puni%m5ts8 ,:y are ^? ,ma/]s ( vessels  
7:o are n  ! mo/ consid]ate ( m57 suff]$
 to be sov]eign arbit]s ( !  lives ( ^! 
mis]able ,negroes 9 _! passage1 & all[$ 
)  impunity to de/roy1 may ,i n say     
murd] _! fell[ creatures 9  a mann] s   
cruel z c nev] be relat$ b ) %ame &     
horror8  ,answ] me ?is1 ye pret5d$      
,judges & ,gov]nors 9 ! diff]5t         
,colonies :]e su* practices are us$1 & n
 be %ock$ at !  neglig5ce y h sleep$ 94 
,s9ce y are put 9 remembrance ( x  n[1  
,i hope & s9c]ely wi%1 ,i1 or any o!r   
p]son may n h  occasion to rem9d y ( !  
same aga91 b t y w puni%  ) equity all  
^? :o import ,negroes2 !re be+ hundr$s (
  poor ,europeans t w\ld be glad to come
 & s]ve 9 any ( !  ,briti% ,plantations1
 & ^? t c\ld n pay a passage d\btless   
w\ld sell "p ( _! "t = x2 & ?is ,i make 
no d\bt1  consid]+ !y h n ! *>ge ( _!   
fun]al & dea?-b$  exp5ces & sundry o!r  
?+s to pay1 w come nigh if n full z     

*eap z buy+ & keep+ ,negroes2 & x w be  
att5d$ ) ?is  advantage1 t ^! ,:ite p :5
 !y h s]v$ "s ye>s 9  ! l[e/ capacities 
turn out ^u ! wa/e l&1 m>ry1 & 9 a few  
ye>s we see a t[n well settl$1 & 9 less 
?an fifty ye>s !re  w be an increase (  
f\rfold2 by ?is means ! c\ntry w fill   
up & we become respectable & secure f an
 enemy1 & furni%$  ) e conv5i5cy ( life4
 ,& y ,gov]nors1 c4 :o h !  legislative 
p[] 9 y\r h&s w /ill fur!r make ,laws & 
put  !m 9 execution1 /opp+ any fur!r    
importation ( ,slaves into !  ,prov9ces 
or ,isl&s :]e y are ! ,repres5tative    
head1 s t 9  t "t !y may furni% !mselves
 ) suffici5t numb]s1 & by  prop] usage  
keep up t quantity :i* s mu* decrease by
 improp]  managem5t4 ,n[ give me leave  
to proce$    ,9 a me?od to put ?is      
,trade to ,africa on a j & lawful       
foot+4 ,fir/1 9 ord] to ?is1 x is my    
humble op9ion1 if ,i may  be all[$ to   
give x1 t !re be a numb] ( m5 :o may    
*use  to v5ture 9 ?is ,trade1 bo? 9     
,brita9 & ! ,colonies1 t  %all be       

incorporat$ into sep>ate bodies by ! "n 
( ,engli%1  or ,briti%2 ,am]ican1 or    
,new-,engl& ,african companies1 or by  !
 d5om9ation ( o!r ,prov9ces 9 ,am]ica1  
or ,plantations 9  ! ,we/-,indies2 & ^! 
companies %all equip & rig out z _m     
vessels z !y ?9k prop]1 load+ !m )      
,briti% ,am]ica1  ,ea/ & ,we/-,india    
goods1 & br+ back 9 return1 ! ri* &     
pl5tiful produce ( ,africa4 ,b be=e ,i g
 any fur!r into ?is  po9t x mu/ be      
obs]v$1 !re is "o real h9d]ance 9 ! way 
:i* mu/ be remov$1 or else no man or    
company ne$ ev] ?9k (  p5etrat+ into !  
he>t ( ?is c\ntry1 b j cont5t !mselves  
) tak+ ! skim ( ?is ,trade1 let+ ! body 
/&1 & t is1  ! ,slave ,trade2 ?is mu/ be
 entirely r5\nc$ & giv5 up by !         
,europeans1 p>ticul>ly by ,brita9 & !   
,colonies2 !n we may  ) a good face &   
consci5ce travel into ! he>t ( ,africa1 
&  meet ) a fri5dly & he>ty reception f 
! natives1 :o w  trade ) u1 & give 9    
ex*ange _! valuable productions = our   
goods :i* are g5]ally export$ ?i!r4     

,:5 t great1 t only *ief ob/acle1 !     
,slave ,trade is remov$1  !n ,brita9 & !
 ,colonies w fl\ri% by s great &        
pr(itable a ,comm]ce4 ,?9k :at a great  
addition x w make to  _! traffick1 !    
furni%+ a hundr$ ?\s& p annually1 m  ?an
 are at pres5t ) cloa?+1 p[d]1 %ot1 &   
w>like arms1  & _m m ?+s ne$less "h to  
enum]ate out ( ,engl&2 rum1  & sundry   
o!r articles out ( ,am]ica & !          
,we/-,indies4 ,x  is suppos$ t ! above  
extraord9>y numb] ( ,blacks are tak5    
out ( ,africa ye>ly1 & ei!r murd]$ or   
made ,slaves (1 by !  %ips t g !re out (
 ,bo/on1 c4 & :at advantages may  arise 
to ! inhabitants 9 peopl+1 & consequ5tly
 ( cultivat+  & manur+ _! gr\nd1 & (    
br++ _! ri* trade to !  p]fection x is  
capable (1 ) ,brita91 c4 is h>d to say1 
:5  ! inn]mo/ p>ts ( t great & fruitful 
c\ntry is settl$1  & a free & happy     
trade c>ri$ into ! he>t ( x3 ,b ?us  f> 
,i w v5ture to say1 z ,i h done already1
 t :]e tw5ty  %ill+s wor? ( commodities 
is at pres5t export$ an hundr$ p\nd  w  

be1 :5 a fri5dly ,comm]ce is c>ri$ on ) 
! natives4    ,^! companies may say1 t  
if once ?is trade is set on foot1 o!r   
,european p[]s1 :o h ,settlem5ts 9      
,africa w invade !m  :5ev] !y beg9 to   
?rive by n hav+ suffici5t funds = !     
keep+ 9 good def5ce ! =ts1 c4 on !      
,settlem5ts4 ,z to ?is ,i  answ]1 t ^?  
companies h a sum ( t5 ?\s& p\nds /]l+  
annually1 f ! ,cr[n ( ,brita91 = ma9ta9+
 & uphold+  ! =ts & ca/les t are built  
^u ! ,briti% ,colonies1 :i*  ) ! duties 
aris+ f ! ,trade w be suffici5t to      
ma9ta91  uphold1 & def5d !m ) /r5g?     
sup]ior to ! /ronge/ enemy4    ,?us f>  
,i hope ,i h remov$ y\r fe>s ( inability
 9 support+  & cont9u+ ?is ,trade1 &    
likewise h mov$ ways & means to  put !  
same on a j & lawful foot+4 ,n[ let me1 
pati5t ,read]1  conclude ) a %ort       
,exhortation to ! ,%ip-ma/]s & ,m]*ants 
conc]n$ 9 ?is ,trade1 9 "p ( :i* ,i h _h
 rec\rse aga9 to  my good old ,fri5d    
,mr4 ,b5ezet4    ,i beg y all w\ld fly f
 ! oppression & ,bondage to :i* !  poor 

,africans are subject$1 loose ! bonds f 
(f _! necks1  & !reby extricate         
y\rselves f a cu/om :i* is p]nici\s  to 
y\r welf>e "h & h]eaft]2 & z y are      
s5sible mo/ m5  h objections to ?is     
base1 unlawful ,trade1 y ought to       
v9dicate  y\rselves to ! _w1 ^u         
pr9ciples ( reason1 hone/y1 &  humanity1
 & !n y w n attack ! p]sons1 or invade !
  rights ( ^! p4 ,i believe ^? :o are   
conc]n$ 9 ?is  ,trade w be at a loss to 
make ?is ju/ification b ^u motives  s   
weak & unreasonable1 t ,i d n ?9k any ( 
!m :i* h  be5 advanc$ = _! def5ce wor?y 
( notice2 & if !y are  undes]v+ ( t1 !y 
c]ta9ly are bel[ reg>d2 !re=e ,i  ?9k y 
%\ld =ev] lay x aside4 ,?is is ! be/ &  
%orte/  way2 = !re %\ld be no trade     
c>ri$ on1 x be+ a national  & prov9cial 
conc]n1 b su* z is ju/ifiable bo? to    
,,god  & man1 & ?is is 9 direct         
opposition to bo?4 ,b lay+ man's        
res5tm5t aside1 :i* is ( little mom5t 9 
comp>ison ) t (  ! ,almighty's1 ,i      
c\nsel y once m to ?9k ( a future       

reckon+1  consid] :at reasons y w be    
able to produce at ! great & la/  day4  
,y n[ accumulate ri*es & live 9         
pleasure2 b :at w  y d 9 ! end1 & t w be
 b %ort8 ,:at if y %\ld be  call$ h5ce &
 hurri$ out ( ?is _w "u ! va/ load (    
blood  guilt9ess t is n[ ly+ on y\r     
s\ls8 ,h[ _m ?\s&s h y  be5 ! in/rum5ts 
to1 & prim>y cause ( be+ kill$ 9 ! w>s  
& broils ) ! ,african ,*iefs1 want+ to  
obta9 y\r numb] to  enslave2 & h[ _m h y
 kill$ 9 ! passage1 :5 ^! poor          
,creatures 7 try+ to retrieve _! ,lib]ty
 :i* !y _h 9 _!  own c\ntry1 & :i* y    
unju/ly take f !m1 or r *us+  to die ?an
 take food to n\ri% & pres]ve !mselves =
 be+  mancipat$ ) _! *ildr5 aft] !m8    
,x is decl>$ 9 ! mo/ express t]ms 9     
,scripture1 t ?ieves &  murd]]s %all n  
inh]it ! k+dom ( ,,god4 ,y :o are 9 ?is 
,trade take w>n+ by t1 & if y h any     
?\ghts or ,*ri/ian  feel+ y mu/ c]ta9ly 
r5\nce x2 = t y are ?ieves &  murd]]s   
7,i hope aft] :at has be5 said7 w n be  
disput$2 &  y %\ld ?9k t at ! same "t & 

by ! same means y are  treasur+ up      
worldly ri*es1 y are treasur+ up f\nta9s
 ( wra?  aga9/ ! day ( ang] & v5geance t
 %all come ^u ! work]s  ( iniquity1     
unless timely rep5t$ (4    ,:at inju/ice
 is great]8 ,:at (f5ce m he9\s8 ,is !re 
any  c>ries 9 x m consummate guilt ?an t
 9 :i* y n[ live8  ,h[ c y lift y\r     
culpable eyes to ,heav58 ,h[ c y pray = 
m]cy1 or hope = sav\r f him t made & =m$
 y1 :ile  y g on ?us boldly & publickly 
di%on\r+ him1 9 degrad+  & de/roy+ !    
noble/ workman%ip ( 8 h&s 9 ?is sublun>y
  _w8 ,c y ?9k t ,,god w he> y\r pray]s1
 receive y\r  supplications1 or grant   
y\r desires1 :ile y act ?us grossly &   
op5ly aga9/ 8 div9e reveal$ w &         
pleasure8 ,& d y  suppose t he :o is !  
,p>5t ( all nations1 ! ,protector ( all 
p1 & ! ,fa!r ( all m51 w n rev5ge !     
mal-treatm5t  ( 8 (fspr+ :om he once s  
lov$ z to give 8 only begott5  ,son1 t  
:osoev] believ$ 9 him %\ld n p]i%1 b h  
ev]la/+ life8 ,?is love ( ,,god to man1 
:i* is disclos$ 9  ,scripture1 adds     

d\ble provocation to y\r crimes2 = if   
,,god reg>ds  u ) s mu* affection1 we   
ought also to e/eem "o ano!r4    ,p]mit 
y\rselves = a mom5t to reflect equitably
 & delib]ately  ^u ! nature ( ?is       
horrid1 dete/able1 vile1 & abom9able    
,man  ,trade1 & y\r he>ts mu/ c]ta9ly   
rel5t1 if y h n lo/ all  s5se (         
b5evol5ce1 all sympa?y & compassion     
t[>ds ^? ( y\r  ,bre?r5 :o h ! same     
capacities1 und]/&+s & s\ls1 &  :o 7    
born to inh]it ! same salvation ) y2 ,i 
say1 if y  are n call\s to e ,*ri/ian1  
humane1 & manly s5sibility1 y  c]ta9ly  
mu/ feel compassion = ^? extremely      
oppress$ p1  :5 y ?9k :at mis]ies1 :at  
deva/ations & massacres among  !m y h   
be5 ! au?or (1 & all = fil?y lucre's    
sake4 ,!  ?\ghts ( ?is accurs$ ,trade   
t\*es my v he>t1 & f9d+ if  ,i cont9ue  
any long] ,i %all get out ( ! b\nds (   
dec5cy1 mu/  !re=e conclude4 ,& if all y
 h read %\ld h no weight ^u  y\r h>d5$  
he>ts1 ?is rema9s = my consolation t ,i 
h done  my duty2 & ,i pray6 ,f]v5tly    

pray6 ,t ,,god w\ld h m]cy on y\r  s9ful
 s\ls2 & t he ( 8 inf9ite goodness w\ld 
grant t y  may be made s5sible ( y\r    
guilt & rep5t ( ^! y\r execrable  &     
really dete/able de$s4      ,,f9is4     
99       99       99       99       99  
,! ,au?or makes no d\bt b ! ,publick1   
aft] read+ ?is  ,pamphlet1 w readily    
agree ) him1 t ! words 9 ! ,d$ication   
are v]ifi$1 8,t x 0 put toge!r ) m good 
int5t ?an  ability10 :i* he is v s5sible
 (3 ,b at ! same "t ?9ks all  criticism 
& scrut9iz+ %\ld be laid aside1 :5 !y   
reflect1  t ! w to d good is next 9 ord]
 to ! action itself4      ,,footnotes3  
#a ,x is suppos$ eighty ?\s& ,negroes1  
are ^u ! ,isl& (  ,b>badoes1 & yet ?r\gh
 ! h>d lab\r !y exact ( ^!  poor        
creatures1 & :at ( !m are kill$ ?r\gh _!
 b>b>\s  *a/isem5ts1 a decrease is made 
( five ?\s& ,slaves ye>ly1  :i* !y are  
resuppli$ ) f ,africa2 & x may be       
reasonably  expect$1 t ! *ildr5 eighty  
?\s& ,negroes w\ld h1 7  !y work$ 9 !   
same mann] ) ! :ite p1 & did n s  _m (  

!m die ?r\gh h>d lab\r1 & f ! treatm5t  
!y  suff]3 ,i say1 x may be expect$1 !re
 w\ld be an increase ( t5  ?\s& at a    
mod]ate computation ye>ly1 in/ead ( five
 ?\s&  decreas+4 ,"o may =m an idea f   
?is1 ( :at an additional  supply mo/ ( !
 ,we/-,india ,isl&s & ,s\!rn ,prov9ces  
ne$1  = !re is n "o ( !m b :at import a 
consid]able numb] (  ,slaves annually1  
to keep up _! common /ock4              
,,transcrib]',s ,,note      ,obvi\s     
typographical errors & punctuation      
errors h be5    correct$ aft] c>eful    
comp>ison ) o!r occurr5ces )9    ! text 
& consultation ( ext]nal s\rces4        
,"s hyph5s 9 words h be5 sil5tly remov$1
 "s add$1    :5 a pr$om9ant pref]5ce 0  
f\nd 9 ! orig9al book4      ,except = ^?
 *anges not$ bel[1 all misspell+s 9 !   
text1    & inconsi/5t or ar*aic usage1 h
 be5 reta9$4      ,pg xvi3 #8%onld h    
incurr$' replac$ by #8%\ld h incurr$'4  
,pg #ag3 #8base1 un*ri/an' replac$ by   
#8base1 un*ri/ian'4    ,pg #bj3 #8_!    
opression' replac$ by #8_! oppression'4 

,pg #bf3 #8conc]n$ ni !' replac$ by     
#8conc]n$ 9 !'4    ,pg #bg3 ,quote m>ks 
h be5 remov$ f ! p>agraph #8,z 444      
,trade4'4    ,pg #ca3 #8l& ( ,egygt'    
replac$ by #8l& ( ,egypt'4    ,pg #cd3  
#8out ( ,eygpt' replac$ by #8out (      
,egypt'4    ,pg #dj3 #8& m>k him'       
replac$ by #8& m>ks him'4    ,pg #de3   
#8by ! int]posion' replac$ by #8by !    
int]position'4    ,pg #eb3 #8& conton   
clo?s' replac$ by #8& cotton clo?s'4    
,pg #ef3 #8& w c\t9ue' replac$ by #8& w 
cont9ue'4    ,pg #fg3 #8! i/rum5ts to'  
replac$ by #8! in/rum5ts to'4    ,pg    
#fi3 #8! male-treatm5t (' replac$ by #8!
 mal-treatm5t ('4    ,pg #gj3 #8y\r     
h>dn$ he>ts' replac$ by #8y\r h>d5$     
he>ts'4