,transcrib]'s ,notes ,hyph5ation has be5 /&>dis$4 ,! ,transcrib] has con/ruct$ a #8,li/ ( ,illu/rations'1 z none 0 suppli$4 ,page #acb -- *ang$ possibilites to possibilities ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,t[] ,,bridge1 ,,london1 ,,%[+ ,,! ,,bascules ,,rais$4 ,,eng9e]s ,,& ,,_! ,,triumphs3 ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,,! ,,locomotive--,,! ,,/eam%ip--,,bridge ,,build+--,,tunnel ,,mak+4 ,,by ,f4 ,m4 ,,holmes1 ,,au?or ,,( 8,,f\r ,,h]oes ,,( ,,india10 ,,etc4 ,illu/ration ,,flem+ ,h4 ,,revell ,,company ,,new ,,york ,,*icago ,,toronto ,publi%]s ( ,evangelical ,lit]ature4 ,illu/ration ,,preface4 ,)\t attempt+ to be exhau/ive1 ?is little book aims at describ+ 9 a purely popul> & non-te*nical mann] "s ( ! great a*ievem5ts ( eng9e]s1 m p>ticul>ly dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,! f\r dep>tm5ts *os5 h be5 select$ n 9 pursuance ( any compreh5sive plan1 b because !y pres5t "s ( ! m /rik+ features ( con/ructional ef=t4 ,! t]m ,eng9e]+1 h[ev]1 includes ! design & sup]vision ( num]\s works1 su* z roads & canals1 docks & break-wat]s1 ma*9]y & m9+1 z well z /eam-eng9es & /eam%ips1 bridges & tunnels4 ,in=mation1 9 c]ta9 cases1 has be5 ga9$ at fir/-h&1 & ,i h to ackn[l$ge ! c\rtesy ( ! manag]s ( ! ,cun>d & ,:ite ,/> ,/eam%ip ,companies1 ,messrs4 ,maudslay1 ,sons ,field1 & o!rs1 9 supply+ v>i\s p>ticul>s4 ,! n>rative conc]n+ ,h5ry ,bell & ! /eam%ip ,comet1 & ( 8 connection ) ,fulton1 is *iefly bas$ on a lett] f ,bell himself 9 ! ,cal$onian ,m]cury 9 #ahaf4 ,! /atem5t t ,mr4 ,macgregor ,laird 0 s l>gely in/rum5tal 9 f\nd+ ! ,briti% & ,am]ican ,/eam ,navigation ,company is made on ! au?ority ( 8 daught]1 ,miss ,eleanor ,bri/[ ,laird4 ,an article on 8,! ,g5esis ( ! ,/eam%ip10 :i* ,i wrote 9 ! ,g5tleman's ,magaz9e1 br\ght a lett] f t lady 9 :i* %e decl>es t h] fa!r 0 ! prime mov] 9 f\nd+ ! ,company4 ,he _h _h exp]i5ce1 9 ! ,nig] ,exp$ition ( #ahcb-cc1 ( ! behavi\r ( /eam%ips bo? at sea & 9 ! riv]1 & f ! date ( 8 return to ,engl& %e ass]ts he advocat$ ! e/abli%m5t ( /eam communication betwe5 ,engl& & ,am]ica1 aga9/ ! active opposition ( ,dr4 ,l>dn] & o!rs4 8,macgregor ,laird's claim to ! =emo/ place among/ all ^? 7n except+ ,brunel7 :o work$ = ! same object10 writes ,miss ,laird1 80 cle>ly %[n 9 a lett] f ! late ,mr4 ,ar*ibald ,hamilton ( #ag ,/4 ,hel5's ,place1 ,e4,c41 to ! editor ( ! ,%ipp+ & ,m]cantile ,gazette1 9 :i* pap] x 0 publi%$ on #ae? ,may1 #ahgc40 ,x is n a little curi\s to note h[1 9 _m ( ^! great und]tak+s1 sev]al m9ds seem to h be5 work+ to ! same end at ab\t ! same "t4 ,x 0 s ) ,george ,/eph5son & o!rs ) reg>d to ! locomotive1 ) ,mill] & ,sym+ton1 ,bell & ,fulton1 ) reg>d to ! /eam%ip1 ) ,laird & ,brunel z reg>ds transatlantic /eam navigation1 ) ,rob]t ,/eph5son & ,william ,fairbairn z reg>ds ! tubul> bridge4 ,?is volume does n seek to be ! special advocate ( any1 or to ent] into any m9ute details1 b simply endeav\rs to ga!r up ! m sali5t features & weave !m into a connect$ & popul> n>rative4 ,f4 ,m4 ,,holmes4 ,illu/ration ,,cont5ts4 ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,,! ,,locomotive4 ,,*apt] ,,page ,i4 ,,fir/ ,,/eps1 #i ,,ii4 ,,glanc+ ,,backw>ds ,,& ,,/ruggl+ ,,=w>ds1 #ai ,,iii4 ,,fifte5 ,,miles ,,an ,,h\r1 #bh ,,iv4 ,a ,,m>vel ,,( ,,me*anism1 #cf ,v4 ,a ,,mile ,a ,,m9ute1 #df ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,,! ,,/eam%ip4 ,i4 ,,! 8,,comet0 ,,appe>s1 #ec ,,ii4 ,,to ,,! ,,n>r[ ,,seas1 #fj ,,iii4 ,,on ,,! ,,op5 ,,ocean1 #fh ,,iv4 ,,! ,,ocean ,,race1 #gd ,v4 ,,be=e ,,! ,,furnace1 #he ,,fam\s ,,bridges ,,& ,,_! ,,build]s4 ,i4 8,,! ,,bridge ,,by ,,! ,,e>!n ,,h\se10 #aja ,,ii4 ,a ,,new ,,idea--,,! ,,britannia ,,tubul>1 #ajh ,,iii4 ,,lattice ,,& ,,susp5sion ,,bridges1 #aai ,,iv4 ,,! ,,greate/ ,,bridge ,,9 ,,! ,,_w1 #abe ,v4 ,,! ,,t[] ,,bridge1 #acc ,,rem>kable ,,tunnels ,,& ,,_! ,,con/ruction4 ,i4 ,,h[ ,,brunel ,,made ,a ,,bor+-,,%ield1 #acg ,,ii4 ,,"u ,,! ,,riv]1 #ada ,,iii4 ,,?r\gh ,,! ,,alps1 #adg ,,iv4 ,,"u ,,wat] ,,aga91 #aec ,illu/ration ,li/ ( ,illu/rations ,! ,t[] ,bridge1 ,london1 %[+ ! bascules rais$4 iii ,george ,/eph5son4 #aa 8,puff+ ,billy10 ! olde/ locomotive eng9e 9 exi/5ce4 #ac ,james ,watt4 #ba ,edw>d ,pease4 #bg ,! comp\nd locomotive 8,great] ,brita940 #da ,back & front view ( ! locomotive 8,great] ,brita940 #dd ,! 8,fly+ ,dut*man40 #ej ,bell's 8,comet40 #ee ,rob]t ,fulton4 #ei ,! ice-b\nd 8,britannia0 at ,bo/on4 #gg ,isamb>d ,k+dom ,brunel4 #hj ,! 8,great ,ea/]n40 #hc ,high & l[ pressure cyl9d]s ( ! 8,campania's0 eng9es4 #hg ,! 8,campania40 #hi ,/oke ,hole4 #ic ,prom5ade deck ( ! 8,p>is40 #ii ,pontypridd ,bridge4 #ajb ,! ,po/ ,bridge1 ,d>tmoor4 #aje ,rob]t ,/eph5son4 #aaa ,! ,britannia ,tubul> ,bridge4 #aae ,victoria ,tubul> ,bridge1 ,montreal4 #aag ,! ,clifton ,bridge4 #abb ,! ,brooklyn ,bridge4 #abc ,! ,=? ,bridge4 #abi ,! ,?ames ,tunnel4 #adc ,bor+ ma*9e us$ = ! ,mont ,c5is ,tunnel4 #adi ,! entrance to ! air-lock4 #aee ,! bor+ ma*9e us$ 9 ! prelim9>y con/ruction ( ! ,engli% ,*annel ,tunnel4 #aei ,illu/ration ,,eng9e]s ,,& ,,_! ,,triumphs4 ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,,! ,,locomotive4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,fir/ ,,/eps4 8,i ?9k ,i c\ld make a bett] eng9e ?an t40 8,d y8 ,well1 "s'+'s want$2 haul+ coal by horses is v exp5sive40 8,ay1 x is1 & ,i ?9k an eng9e c\ld d x bett]40 8,mr4 ,blackett's second eng9e bur/ all to pieces2 d'ye m9d t80 8,h[ came t ab\t80 8,tommy ,wat]s1 :o put x toge!r1 c\ld n make x g1 s he got a bit fracti\s & said %e %\ld move4 ,he did "s'+ to ! safety-valve & %e did beg9 to "w1 b !n %e bur/ all to pieces40 8,ay1 ay1 b ?is "o is an improvem5t40 8,x _h ne$ be4 ,ev5 ! ?ird 0 a p]fect plague40 8,:at6 y mean ,mr4 ,blackett's ?ird eng9e80 8,ay4 ,x us$ to draw eight or n9e truck loads at ab\t a mile an h\r1 or a little less2 b x (t5 got cranky & /ood /ill40 8,/ood /ill60 8,ay2 we ?\ght %e w\ld nev] /ick to ! road1 s we _h a cogg$ :eel to "w into a rack-"w rail laid along ! track1 & someh[ %e 0 always gett+ (f ! rack-rail40 8,& n[ y f9d t ! eng9e is heavy en\gh h]self to grip ! rail40 8,ay1 t 0 ,w ,h$ley's notion2 he's a view] at ! colli]y4 ,& x is a great improvem5t4 ,:y1 t ?ird eng9e1 ,i say1 0 a p]fect nuisance4 ,*aps us$ to s+ out to ! driv]3 #8,h[ d y get on8'0 8#8,get on1' sez he1 #8,i don't get on2 ,i on'y get (f6'0 8,x 0 always go9' wrong1 & horses 0 always hav+ to be got out to drag x along40 8,h[ did ,h$ley f9d out t a rack-rail 0 n ne$ful80 8,well1 he _h a framework put ^u :eels & work$ by w9dlasses :i* 7 ge>$ to ! :eels4 ,m5 7 put to "w ^! w9dlasses :i* set ! :eels go+2 &1 lo & behold1 %e mov$6 ,! :eels1 ?\gh smoo?1 kept to ! rails1 ?\gh !y 7 smoo? also1 & ! framework w5t along )\t slipp+4 #8,crikey6' says ,h$ley1 #8no cogg$ :eels1 no *a9s1 no legs = me6 ,we c d )\t 'em all4 ,smoo? :eels w grip smoo? rails4' ,& he prov$ x too by sev]al exp]im5ts40 8,!n ,mr4 ,blackett _h ?is eng9e built80 8,ay1 & x be1 z y say1 a great improvem5t4 ,b t /eam bl[+ (f !re1 aft] x h done its "w1 frights ! horses on ! ,wylam ,road t]'ble1 & makes x a p]fect nuisance40 8,has no?+ be5 done to alt] x80 8,mr4 ,blackett has giv5 ord]s to /op ! eng9e :5 any horses comes along1 & ! m5 don't l t because x loses "t4 ,he ?9ks he is go+ to let ! /eam escape gradual l1 by bl[+ x (f into a cask fir/40 8,umph6 v wa/eful40 8,oh1 ay2 x be wa/eful2 & _m a "o ab\t "h sez ( ,mr4 ,blackett t a fool & 8 money are soon p>t$40 8,no10 said ! fir/ speak]1 %ak+ 8 head ?\ghtfully1 8,mr4 ,blackett is no fool4 ,b ,i ?9k ,i c\ld build a bett] eng9e ?an t40 ,illu/ration3 ,,george ,,/eph5son4 ,! tone 9 :i* ^! words 7 utt]$ 0 n boa/ful1 b quiet & ?\ghtful4 8,y are ,geordie ,/eph5son1 ! eng9e-wright ( ! ,kill+wor? ,colli]ies1 'beant y80 8,ay2 & we h to haul coal "s miles to ! ,tyne :]e x c be %ipp$4 ,s y d away ) all rack-"w rails & all cogg$ :eels1 d y80 8,ay1 ay1 ,geordie1 t's s--smoo? :eels on smoo? rails40 ,?is conv]sation1 imag9>y ?\gh to "s ext5t x be1 yet embodies "s important facts4 ,jona?an ,fo/]1 ,mr4 ,blackett's eng9e-wright1 in=m$ ,mr4 ,samuel ,smiles1 :o m5tions ! circum/ance 9 8 8,lives ( ! ,eng9e]s10 t ,george ,/eph5son 8decl>$ 8 conviction t a mu* m effective eng9e might be made1 t %\ld "w m /eadily & draw ! load m effectively40 ,geordie _h /udi$ ! /eam-eng9e mo/ dilig5tly4 ,born at ,wylam--"s eight miles di/ant f ,newca/le1 ab\t ?irty ye>s previ\sly--he _h become a fireman ( a /eam-eng9e & _h be5 wont to take x to pieces 9 8 leisure4 ,he 0 n[ ?9k+ ov] ! subject ( build+ a locomotive eng9e1 & he decid$ to see :at _h already be5 accompli%$4 ,he w\ld pr(it by ! failures & successes ( o!rs4 ,s he w5t ov] to ,wylam to see ,mr4 ,blackett's eng9es1 & to ,coxlodge ,colli]y to see ,mr4 ,bl5k9sop's f ,le$s2 & "h aga9 x is said1 t aft] wat*+ ! ma*9e haul sixte5 locomotive waggons at a spe$ ( ab\t ?ree miles an h\r1 he express$ ! op9ion t 8he ?\ght he c\ld make a bett] eng9e ?an t1 to g ^u legs40 ,a man nam$ ,brunton did actually take out a pat5t 9 #ahac = do+ ?is4 ,! legs 7 to "w alt]nately1 l a liv+ creature's4 ,! idea :i* seems to h tr\bl$ ! e>ly inv5tors ( ! locomotive1 0 t smoo? :eels w\ld n grip smoo? rails to haul along a load4 ,& x 0 ,bl5k9sop ( ,le$s :o took out a pat5t 9 #ahaa = a rack-"w rail into :i* a cog-:eel f 8 eng9e %\ld "w4 ,?us ,william ,h$ley's idea ( tru/+ to ! weight ( ! eng9e to grip ! rails1 & aboli%+ all ! too!d :eels & legs & rack-"w = ?is purpose on a fairly level rail1 0 ! fir/ great /ep t[>d mak+ ! locomotive a practicable success4 ,illu/ration3 8,,puff+ ,,billy10 ,,! ,,olde/ ,,locomotive ,,eng9e ,,9 ,,exi/5ce4 7,at pres5t 9 ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum47 ,! idea t ,/eph5son inv5t$ ! locomotive is a mi/ake4 ,b j z ,james ,watt improv$ ! crude /eam pumps & eng9es he f\nd 9 exi/5ce1 s ,george ,/eph5son ( immortal memory develop$ & made practicable ! locomotive4 ,=1 9 spite ( ,h$ley's discov]y or inv5tion1 all locomotives 7 p>tial failures until ,/eph5son took ! matt] 9 h&4 ,nev]!less1 ,william ,h$ley's 8,puff+ ,billy0 mu/ be reg>d$ z "o ( ! fir/ practicable railway eng9es ev] built4 ,x is /ill to be se5 9 ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum1 ,london4 ,pat5t$ 9 #ahac1 x began regul> "w at ,wylam 9 t ye>1 & cont9u$ 9 use until #ahgb4 ,x 0 probably ?is eng9e :i* ,/eph5son saw :5 he said to ,jona?an ,fo/] t he c\ld make a bett]1 & x 0 no d\bt ! fir/ to "w by smoo? :eels on smoo? rails4 ,altoge!r x has be5 look$ ^u z ! 8fa!r0 ( ! enorm\s numb] ( locomotives :i* h foll[$4 ,mr4 ,blackett 0 a fri5d ( ,ri*>d ,trevi?ick2 & among ! v>i\s inv5tors & improv]s ( ! locomotive eng9e ,ri*>d ,trevi?ick1 a t9-m9] 9 ,cornwall1 mu/ h a high place4 ,trevi?ick 0 a pupil ( ,murdock1 :o 0 assi/ant ( ,james ,watt4 ,murdock _h made a model successfully ( a locomotive eng9e at ,r$ru?4 ,o!rs also _h attempt$ ! same ?+4 ,sav]y _h sugge/$ some?+ ( ! k9d2 ,cugnot1 a ,fr5* eng9e]1 built "o 9 ,p>is ab\t #agfc2 ,oliv] ,evans1 an ,am]ican1 made a /eam c>riage 9 #aggb2 ,william ,sym+ton1 :o did s mu* = ! /eamboat1 con/ruct$ a model ( "o 9 #aghd4 ,s t _m m9ds _h be5 at "w on ! problem4 ,b ,ri*>d ,trevi?ick 0 really ! fir/ ,engli%man :o us$ a /eam-eng9e on a railway4 ,he _h n mu* money & he p]suad$ 8 c\s91 ,&rew ,vivian1 to jo9 him 9 ! ent]prise4 ,9 #ahjb !y took out a pat5t = a /eam-eng9e to propel c>riages4 ,b be=e ?is he _h made a locomotive to travel along roads1 & on ,*ri/mas ,eve1 #ahja1 ! wond]ful sight c\ld h be5 se5 ( ?is ma*9e c>ry+ pass5g]s = ! fir/ "t4 ,x is inde$ believ$ to h be5 ! fir/ occasion on :i* pass5g]s 7 convey$ by ! ag5cy ( /eam--! pione] inde$ ( a mighty traffic4 ,! ma*9e 0 tak5 to ,london & exhibit$ 9 c]ta9 /reets1 & at l5g?1 9 #ahjh1 x 0 %[n on gr\nd :]e n[1 curi\sly en\gh1 ! ,eu/on ,/ation ( ! ,london & ,nor?-,we/]n ,railway /&s4 ,did any prevision ( ! extraord9>y success ( ! locomotive fla% across ! eng9e]'s bra98 ,be=e ! infant c5tury _h run its c\rse :at wond]ful developm5ts ( ! /range new ma*9e 7 to be se5 on t v spot6 ,mu* int]e/ 0 ar\s$ by ! exhibition ( ?is ma*9e1 & ,sir ,humphrey ,davy1 a fell[ ,corni%man1 is report$ to h writt5 to a fri5d--8,i %all soon hope to he> t ! roads ( ,engl& are ! haunts ( ,capta9 ,trevi?ick's dragons--a *>act]i/ic "n40 ,8 lett] t5ds to %[ t ! idea !n 0 t ! eng9e %\ld run on ! public roads1 & n on a specially prep>$ track l a railway4 ,_h n ?is idea be5 modifi$1 & ! pr9ciple ( a railroad adopt$1 x is h>dly too mu* to say t ! extraord9>y developm5t ( ! locomotive w\ld n h foll[$4 ,trevi?ick's fir/ eng9e appe>s to h bur/4 ,at all ev5ts1 9 ! ye> #ahjc or #ahjd1 he built1 & began to run1 a locomotive on a horse tramway 9 ,s\? ,wales4 ,x appe>s t he _h be5 employ$ to build a =ge-eng9e "h1 & ?us ! opportunity 0 pres5t$ = ! trial ( a ma*9e to haul along m9]als4 ,?is1 x is believ$1 0 ! fir/ railway locomotive1 & its build] 0 ,ri*>d ,trevi?ick4 ,! trial1 h[ev]1 0 n v successful4 ,trevi?ick's eng9e 0 too heavy = ! tramway on :i* x ran1 & ! proprietors 7 n prep>$ to put d[n a /rong] road4 ,fur!rmore1 x once al>m$ ! good folk1 unus$ !n to railway accid5ts1 by actually runn+ (f its rail1 ?\gh only travell+ at ab\t f\r or five miles an h\r4 ,x _h to be ignom9i\sly br\ght home by horses4 ,t settl$ ! matt]4 ,x became a pump+ eng9e1 & z su* answ]$ v well4 ,9 ?is locomotive1 h[ev]1 x %\ld be not$ ,trevi?ick employ$ a device :i*1 a qu>t] ( a c5tury lat]1 ,/eph5son made s valuable t we might call x ! v life-blood ( ! ,locomotive4 ,we mean ! device ( turn+ ! wa/e /eam into ! funnel 7aft] x has done its "w by driv+ ! pi/on71 & ?us =c+ a furnace draught & increas+ ! fire4 ,/eph5son1 h[ev]1 s5t ! /eam ?r\gh a small nozzl$ pipe :i* made ( x a v]itable /eam-bla/1 :ile ,trevi?ick1 app>5tly1 simply dis*>g$ ! /eam into ! *imney4 ,disgu/$ x w\ld seem by ! failure1 ! inv5tor turn$ 8 att5tion to o!r ?+s4 ,trevi?ick appe>s to h l+]$ on ! v br9k ( success1 & !n turn$ aside4 ,ano!r ef=t & he might h bur/ ! b>ri]4 ,b x 0 n to be2 ?\gh if any "o man des]ve ! title1 ,inv5tor ( ! ,locomotive1 t man is ! ,corni% g5ius ,trevi?ick4 ,read]s :o may desire full] in=mation ( ,trevi?ick & 8 inv5tions w f9d x 9 8 8,life0 by ,francis ,trevi?ick1 ,c4,e41 publi%$ 9 #ahgb4 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ,/eph5son f\nd ! imag9>y h9drance t smoo? :eels w\ld n grip smoo? rails1 cle>$ away = him by ,h$ley's exp]im5t1 :]eas ,trevi?ick _h to cont5d aga9/ ?is difficulty4 ,he /rove to conqu] x by r\gh+ ! circumf]5ce ( 8 :eels by project+ bolts1 s t !y might grip 9 t way4 ,t is1 8 pat5t provid$ = x1 if he did n actually c>ry out ! plan4 ,x is v significant t ?is imag9>y fe> %\ld h h9d]$ ! developm5t ( ! locomotive4 ,! idea seems to h prevail$ t1 no matt] h[ p[]ful ! eng9e1 x c\ld n haul along v heavy loads unless special provision 7 made = its 8bite0 or grip ( ! rails4 ,ano!r difficulty ) :i* ,trevi?ick _h to cont5d 0 "o ( co/4 ,x is said t "o ( 8 exp]im5ts fail$ 9 ,london = t reason4 ,?is 0 app>5tly ! locomotive = roads1 z di/9ct f ! locomotive = rails4 ,a ma*9e may be an academic triumph1 b ! "q ( co/ mu/ be met if ! ma*9e is to become a comm]cial & indu/rial success4 ,mr4 ,bl5k9sop ( ,le$s !n took out 8 pat5t 9 #ahaa = a rack-"w rail & cogg$ :eel2 b be=e ?is ,mr4 ,blackett ( ,wylam _h obta9$ a plan ( ,trevi?ick's eng9e & _h "o con/ruct$4 ,he _h met ,trevi?ick at ,london1 & x 0 z e>ly z #ahjd t he obta9$ ! plan4 ,! eng9es1 !re=e1 ( ,mr4 ,blackett :i* ,/eph5son saw1 came1 s to speak1 9 direct l9e f ,trevi?ick1 except t ,mr4 ,blackett's second eng9e 0 a comb9ation ( ,bl5k9sop's & ,trevi?ick's4 ,"s progress 0 made1 b :5 on t memorable day ,george ,/eph5son1 ! eng9e-wright ( ,kill+wor?1 said1 8,i ?9k ,i c\ld build a bett] eng9e ?an t10 no v effective or economical work+ locomotive 0 9 exi/5ce4 ,back !re=e w5t ,george ,/eph5son to 8 home4 ,he _h se5 :at o!rs _h done1 & ) 8 k ( ma*9]y & 8 love = eng9e "w he w\ld n[ try :at he c\ld d4 ,w\ld he succe$8 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,glanc+ ,,backw>ds ,,& ,,/ruggl+ ,,=w>ds4 8,my "l1 w y sp5d ! money to build a ,travell+ ,eng9e80 8,:y8 :at w\ld x d80 8,haul coals to ! ,tyne1 my "l4 ,! pres5t sy/em ( haul+ by horses is v co/ly40 8,x is4 ,b h[ w\ld y manage x by a ,travell+ ,eng9e80 ,!reupon ,george ,/eph5son ! eng9e-wright proce$$ to expla94 ,9 "s su* mann] z ?is we c imag9e t ,/eph5son op5$ up ! subject to ,"l ,rav5swor?1 ! *ief p>tn] 9 ! ,kill+wor? ,colli]y2 & he won 8 lord%ip ov]4 ,/eph5son _h already improv$ ! colli]y eng9es1 & ,"l ,rav5swor? _h =m$ a high op9ion ( 8 abilities4 ,s aft] consid]ation he gave ! requir$ cons5t4 ,n[1 let u endeav\r to imag9e ! position4 ,! /eam eng9e1 ( :i* ! locomotive is "o =m1 _h be5 inv5t$ ye>s be=e4 ,! ,m>quis ( ,worce/] made some?+ ( a /eam eng9e :i* app>5tly 0 work+ at ,vauxhall1 ,s\?-we/ ,london1 9 #afef4 ,x is said t he rais$ wat] =ty feet1 & by ?is we may inf] t 8 app>atus 0 a /eam-pump4 ,he describes x 9 8 "w 8,c5tury ( ,inv5tions10 ab\t #afee1 & he is g5]ally accr$it$ ) be+ ! inv5tor ( ! /eam eng9e4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 a v primitive affair1 ! boil] be+ ! same vessel z t 9 :i* ! /eam accompli%$ its "w4 ,capta9 ,sav]y took ! next /ep4 ,he 0 ! fir/ to obta9 a pat5t = apply+ /eam p[] to ma*9]y4 ,?is 0 9 #afih1 & he us$ a boil] di/9ct f ! vessel :]e ! /eam 0 to ex]t its p[]4 ,sav]y's eng9es appe> to h be5 us$ to dra9 m9es4 ,8 eng9es act$ 9 ?is way--! /eam 0 cond5s$ 9 a vessel & produc$ a vacuum :i* rais$ ! wat]2 !n ! /eam press+ ^u x rais$ x fur!r 9 ano!r receptacle4 ,an obvi\s improvem5t 0 ! introduction ( ! pi/on4 ,?is 0 ,pap9's idea1 & he us$ x fir/ 9 #afij4 ,six ye>s lat] an eng9e 0 con/ruct$ by ,sav]y1 ,newcom5 7a ,devon%ire man71 & ,cawley1 9 :i* ! 8beam0 0 introduc$1 & also ! ideas ( a di/9ct boil] sep>ate f a cyl9d] 9 :i* work$ a pi/on4 ,?is ma*9e 0 9 op]ation = ab\t sev5ty ye>s4 ,! beam work$ on an axle 9 its c5tre--some?+ l a *ild's 8see-saw10 & "o end be+ atta*$ to ! pi/on mov+ 9 ! cyl9d]1 x 0 work$ up & d[n1 ! o!r end ( ! beam be+ fa/5$ to ! pump-rod1 :i* 0 ?us alt]nately rais$ & depress$4 ,! upw>d movem5t ( ! pi/on hav+ be5 effect$ by a ru% ( /eam f ! boil] ^u its head1 ! /eam 0 cut (f & cold wat] run 9 ^u x f a ci/]n4 ,! /eam 0 ?us cond5s$ by ! wat] & a vacuum caus$1 & ! pi/on 0 press$ d[n by ! weight ( ! atmosph]e--( c\rse dragg+ d[n its end ( ! beam1 & rais+ ! pump-rod4 ,! /eam 0 !n turn$ on aga9 & pu%$ up ! pi/on1 & consequ5tly ! end ( ! beam also4 ,?us ! eng9e cont9u$ to "w1 ! turn+ ( ! cocks to admit /eam & wat] be+ p]=m$ by an att5dant4 ,! eng9e 01 h[ev]1 made self-act+ 9 ?is respect1 & ,smeaton improv$ ?is =m ( eng9e greatly4 ,! beam is /ill us$ 9 eng9es = pump+4 ,nev]!less1 improv$ ?\gh x became1 x 0 /ill clumsy & almo/ impracticable4 ,x 0 ! g5ius ( ,james ,watt :i* *ang$ x f a sl[1 awkw>d1 cumbr\s affair into a mo/ p[]ful1 practicable1 & useful ma*9e4 ,8 great improvem5ts briefly 7 ^!3 he cond5s$ ! /eam 9 a sep>ate vessel f ! cyl9d]1 & ?us avoid$ cool+ x & ! consequ5t loss ( /eam p[]2 secondly1 he us$ ! /eam to pu% back ! pi/on z well z to pu% x =w>d 7?is is call$ ! 8d\ble-act+ eng9e10 & is n[ always us$72 ?irdly1 he introduc$ ! pr9ciple ( us+ ! /eam expansively1 caus+ economy 9 work+2 & f\r?ly1 he enabl$ a *ange to be made ( ! up & d[n motion ( ! pi/on into a circul> motion by ! introduction ( ! crank4 ,illu/ration3 ,,james ,,watt4 ,! use ( ! /eam expansively is to /op its ru% to ! cyl9d] :5 ! pi/on has only p>tially accompli%$ its /roke1 leav+ ! rema9d] ( ! /roke to be driv5 by ! expansion ( ! /eam4 ,9 e>ly eng9es ! /eam 0 admitt$ by conical valves1 work$ by a rod f ! beam4 ,murdock1 we may add 9 p>5!sis1 is believ$ to h inv5t$ ! slide-valve :i* came into use z locomotives 7 introduc$1 & ( :i* !re are n[ num]\s =ms4 ,! valve is usually work$ by an 8ecc5tric0 rod on ! %aft ( ! eng9e4 ,watt 0 ! au?or ( _m o!r inv5tions & improvem5ts ( ! /eam eng9e4 ,inde$1 al?\gh ,sav]y & ,newcom5 & o!rs are entitl$ to great praise1 x 0 ,watt :o gave x life1 s to speak1 & made x1 9 pr9ciple & ess5ce1 v mu* t :i* we n[ possess4 ,!re h1 inde$1 be5 improvem5ts z to ! boil]1 z to expansive work+1 & 9 v>i\s details1 s9ce 8 day2 b1 ap>t f ! di/9ctive =ms ( ! locomotive & ! m>9e eng9e1 ! ma*9e z a :ole is 9 pr9ciple mu* z ,watt left x4 ,! c5tre ( all ?+s 9 a /eam eng9e is usually ! cyl9d]4 ,"h ! pi/on is mov$ backw>d & =w>d1 & !nce gives motion z requir$ to o!r p>ts ( ! ma*9e4 ,! cyl9d] is 9 fact an air-tight1 r\nd box1 fitt$ ) a close-fitt+1 r\nd plate ( metal1 to :i* is fix$ ! pi/on-rod4 ,n[1 x mu/ be obvi\s t if ! /eam be admitt$ at "o end ( ! cyl9d] x w1 z x ru%es 91 pu% ! metal plate & ! pi/on outw>d1 & if ?is /eam be cut (f1 & ! /eam admitt$ to ! o!r end ( ! cyl9d]1 x w pu% ! metal plate & pi/on back aga94 ,b :at is to be done ) ! /eam aft] x has accompli%$ its "w8 ,x may be p]mitt$ to spurt out into ! air1 or into a sep>ate vessel1 :]e x may be cond5s$4 ,9 ! locomotive1 "u ,/eph5son's able h&l+1 ?is escape ( /eam 0 creat$ into a /eam-bla/ 9 ! *imney to /imulate ! fire4 ,9 comp\nd & triple-expansion eng9es ! /eam is us$--or exp&$1 x is call$--9 two or ?ree cyl9d]s respectively4 ,:5 /eam is cond5s$1 x may be return$ to ! boil] z wat]4 ,x 0 ! repair+ ( a ,newcom5 eng9e t seems to h />t$ ,watt on 8 inv5tions & improvem5ts ( ! /eam eng9e4 ,he 0 !n a ma!matical in/rum5t mak] at ,glasg[4 ,z a boy he _h suff]$ f poor heal?1 b _h be5 v obs]vant & /udi\s2 & x is said t 8 aunt *id$ him on "o occasion = wa/+ "t 9 play+ ) h] tea-kettle4 ,he w\ld wat* ! /eam jett+ f its sp\t1 & w\ld c\nt ! wat]-drops into :i* ! /eam w\ld cond5se :5 he held a cup ov] ! :ite cl\d4 ,delicate ?\gh he 0 9 heal?1 he /udi$ mu*1 & came1 inde$1 to make _m o!r articles besides ma!matical in/rum5ts4 ,:51 !re=e1 ! ,newcom5 eng9e ne$$ repair1 x 0 n unnatural t x %\ld be br\ght to him4 ,x appe>s to h be5 a work+ model us$ at ,glasg[ ,univ]sity4 ,he soon repair$ ! ma*9e2 b1 9 exam9+ x1 he became possess$ ) ! idea t x 0 v defective1 & he pond]$ long ov] ! problem--,h[ x might be improv$4 ,:at 0 want+ 9 x8 ,h[ c\ld ! /eam be cond5s$ )\t cool+ ! cyl9d]8 ,sudd5ly1 "o day1 s ! /ory goes1 ! idea /ruck him1 :5 loit]+ across ! common ) b5t br[s1 t if /eam 7 ela/ic1 x w\ld spurt into any vessel empty ( air4 ,impati5tly1 he ha/5$ home to try ! exp]im5t4 ,he connect$ ! cyl9d] ( an eng9e ) a sep>ate vessel1 9 :i* ! air 0 exhau/$1 & f\nd t 8 idea 0 correct2 ! /eam did ru% into x4 ,consequ5tly ! /eam c\ld be cond5s$ 9 a sep>ate vessel1 & ! heat ( ! cyl9d] ma9ta9$ & ! loss ( p[] prev5t$4 ,?is inv5tion seems simple en\gh2 yet x increas$ ! p[] ( an eng9e ?reefold1 & is at ! root ( ,watt's fame4 ,we mu/ rememb] t ! inv5tions :i* 9 process ( "t may appe> ! simple/ & ! mo/ commonplace1 may be ! mo/ difficult to orig9ate4 ,& x may fairly be urg$--,if x 7 s v simple1 & s v obvi\s1 :y 0 x n inv5t$ be=e8 ,! supposition is t 9 ^? days x 0 n s simple4 ,x is possible t ! great ela/icity ( /eam 0 n suffici5tly und]/ood4 ,9 any case1 ! discov]y & its application are reg>d$ z 8 greate/ inv5tion4 ,yet t5 ye>s elaps$ be=e he con/ruct$ a real work+ /eam eng9e1 & s great we may suppose 7 ! difficulties he enc\nt]$1 includ+ poorness ( heal?1 t once he is report$ to h exclaim$3 8,( all ?+s 9 ! _w1 !re is no?+ s fooli% z inv5t+40 ,b a brilliant triumph succe$$4 ,ev5tually ,watt became p>tn] ) ,mr4 ,mat!w ,b\lton1 & ! firm ( ,b\lton ,watt manufactur$ ! eng9e at ,soho ,ironworks1 ,birm+ham4 ,m9+ proprietors soon discov]$ ! value ( ! new ma*9e1 & ,newcom5's eng9e 0 sup]s$$ = pump+4 ,watt cont9u$ to improve ! ma*9e1 & toge!r ) ,b\lton also greatly improv$ ! workman%ip ( con/ruct+ eng9es & ma*9]y4 ,9 a pat5t tak5 out 9 #aghd1 he 8describ$ a /eam locomotive02 b = "s reason he did n prosecute ! idea4 ,x is possible t ! notion ( build+ a special road = x to run ^u did n occur to him1 or appe> v practicable4 ,8 "w 0 done1 & x 0 a great "w2 b x 0 left = o!rs to develop ! /eam eng9e into =ms = haul+ c>riages on l& or propell+ %ips ^u ! sea4 ,trevi?ick1 ,/eph5son1 & o!rs did ! "o2 ,sym+ton1 ,bell1 & o!rs did ! second4 ,watt di$ 9 #ahai1 & ?\gh s delicate 9 y\?1 he liv$ to 8 eighty-f\r? ye>4 ,! /eam eng9e1 !re=e1 z ,watt left x1 0 practically z ,/eph5son came to "k x4 ,he w\ld be acqua9t$ ) x *iefly z a pump+ ma*9e4 ,b he saw :at o!rs _h done to adopt x z a locomotive1 & he n[ set to "w4 ,/eph5son's fir/ eng9e did n diff] v mat]ially f "s ( ^? :i* _h prec$$ x4 ,he 01 s to speak1 feel+ 8 way4 ,! ma*9e _h a r\nd1 wr\ght-iron boil]1 eight feet long1 ) two upright cyl9d]s plac$ on ! top ( x4 ,at ! end ( ! pi/ons f ! cyl9d]s 7 cross-rods connect$ ) cogg$ :eels bel[ by o!r rods4 ,^! cogg$ :eels gave motion to ! :eels runn+ on ! rails by cogs n v f> f ! axles4 ,/eph5son ab&on$ ! cogg$ rail1 & adopt$ smoo? :eels & smoo? rails2 b he did n connect ! driv+-:eel direct ) ! pi/on1 ! int]v5+ cogg$ :eels be+ ?\ght necess>y to unite ! p[] ( ! two cyl9d]s4 ,9 adopt+ ! pr9ciple ( smoo? :eels on smoo? rails1 x is said t ,/eph5son prov$ by exp]im5t t ! arrangem5t w\ld "w satisfactorily4 ,mr4 ,smiles writes t ,rob]t ,/eph5son in=m$ him1 8,t 8 fa!r caus$ a numb] ( workm5 to m\nt ^u ! :eels ( a waggon mod]ately load$1 & ?r[ _! entire weight ^u ! spokes on "o side1 :5 he f\nd t ! waggon c\ld ?us be easily propell$ =w>d )\t ! :eels slipp+4 ,?is1 toge!r ) o!r exp]im5ts1 satisfi$ him ( ! exp$i5cy ( adopt+ smoo? :eels on 8 eng9e1 & x 0 s f9i%$ accord+ly40 ,?us x may be said t ?is ob/acle--imag9>y ?\gh x l>gely prov$ to be--0 cle>$ away f ,/eph5son's fir/ eng9e4 ,t5 mon?s 7 occupi$ 9 build+ ! ma*9e1 & at la/ came ! day ( its trial4 ,?is 0 ! #be? ( ,july1 #ahad4 ,w\ld x "w8 ,jolt+ & j]k+ along1 x did "w1 haul+ eight c>riages at a spe$ ( ab\t f\r or six miles an h\r--z fa/ z a brisk man c\ld walk4 ,!n came ! "q--,w\ld x prove m economical ?an horse-p[]8 ,calculations !re=e 7 made1 & aft] a "t x 0 f\nd t 8,blu*]0 z ! eng9e 0 call$1 ?\gh we believe its real "n 0 8,my ,"l10 0 ab\t z exp5sive z horse-p[]4 ,! locomotive ne$$ some?+ m1 "s magic t\* to r5d] x less clumsy & m effective4 ,:at 0 x8 ,!n came ! fir/ great practicable improvem5t aft] ! smoo? :eels on smoo? rails4 ,x 0 ! /eam-bla/ 9 ! funnel1 by :i* ! draught 9 ! furnace 0 greatly increas$4 ,inde$1 ! fa/] ! eng9e ran ! m furi\sly ! fire w\ld burn1 ! m rapid w\ld be ! production ( /eam1 & ! great] ! p[] ( ! eng9e4 ,at fir/ ,/eph5son _h all[$ 8 wa/e /eam f ! cyl9d]s to bl[ (f into ! air4 ,s great 0 ! nuisance caus$ by ?is arrangem5t t a law-suit 0 ?reat5$ if x 7 n abat$4 ,:at 0 to be done ) t tr\blesome wa/e /eam8 ,n[1 :e!r ,/eph5son orig9at$ ! idea or adapt$ :at ,trevi?ick _h done1 we _c say1 b at all ev5ts he a*iev$ ! object1 :]ev] he ga9$ ! idea4 ,he turn$ 8 exhau/ /eam ?r\gh a pipe into ! funnel1 & at a /roke increas$ ! p[] ( 8 eng9e two-fold4 ,b t exp$i5t 0 n alone4 ,/eph5son _h wat*$ ! work+ ( 8,blu*]0 to "s purpose1 & he decid$ to build ano!r eng9e ) improvem5ts4 ,! cumb]some cog-:eels mu/ g2 !y complicat$ ! ma*9e t]ribly1 & prev5t$ its practicability4 ,!re=e 9 8 second eng9e he introduc$ direct connection betwe5 ! pi/ons & ! :eels4 ,!re 7 a c\ple ( upright cyl9d]s z be=e1 ) cross-rods atta*$ to ! pi/on-ends1 & connect+ rods f ! end ( ea* cross-rod1 rea*+ d[n to ! :eels4 ,b to ov]come ! difficulty ( "o :eel be+ at "s "t high] ?an ! o!r on ! poorly con/ruct$ railway ( t p]iod1 a jo9t 0 introduc$ 9 ! cross-rod1 s t if1 p]*ance1 ! two :eels %\ld n be always on exactly ! same level1 no undue /ra9 %\ld be plac$ on ! cross-rod4 ,fur!rmore1 ! two pairs ( :eels 7 comb9$ fir/ by a *a91 b aft]w>ds by connect+ rods4 ,?is may be call$ ! locomotive ( #ahae1 ! ye> 9 :i* ! pat5t 0 tak5 out4 ,illu/ration3 ,,edw>d ,,pease4 ,! eng9e accompli%$ its "w m satisfactorily ?an be=e1 & 0 plac$ daily on ! rails to haul coal f ! m9e to ! %ipp+ po9t4 ,b /ill its economy ov] horse-p[] 0 n s great z to cause its wide adoption4 ,& x 0 /ill little bett]1 if any?+1 ?an a m]e coal haul4 ,nev]!less ,/eph5son p]sev]$4 ,he 0 appo9t$ eng9e] to ! ,/ockton & ,d>l+ton ,railway--an ent]prise l>gely promot$ by ,mr4 ,edw>d ,pease4 ,x 0 op5$ on ! #bg? ( ,septemb]1 #ahbe1 & a local pap] writes z foll[s3-- 8,! signal be+ giv51 ! eng9e />t$ (f ) ?is imm5se tra9 ( c>riages1 & su* 0 its velocity1 t 9 "s p>ts ! spe$ 0 frequ5tly #ab miles an h\r2 & at t "t ! numb] ( pass5g]s 0 c\nt$ to be #dej1 :i*1 toge!r ) ! coals1 m]*&ise1 & c>riages1 w\ld am\nt to ne> #ij tons4 ,! eng9e1 ) its load1 arriv$ at ,d>l+ton1 a di/ance ( #h miles1 9 #fe m9utes4 ,! #f waggons load$ ) coals1 int5d$ = ,d>l+ton1 7 !n left beh9d2 & obta9+ a fre% supply ( wat]1 & arrang+ ! procession to accommodate a b& ( music & num]\s pass5g]s f ,d>l+ton1 ! eng9e set (f aga91 & arriv$ at ,/ockton 9 #c h\rs & #g m9utes1 includ+ /oppages1 ! di/ance be+ ne>ly #ab miles40 ,/eph5son became a p>tn] 9 a bus9ess = con/ruct+ locomotives at ,newca/le1 & ?ree eng9es 7 made = ! ,/ockton & ,d>l+ton ,railway4 ,nev]!less !y appe> to h be5 us$ *iefly if n almo/ entirely = haul+ coal2 = ! pass5g]-coa* call$ ! ,exp]im5t 0 haul$ by a horse1 & ! j\rney occupi$ ab\t two h\rs4 ,! locomotive 0 n ev5 yet a brilliant success ov] horse-p[]4 ,:at 0 to be ! next /ep8 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,fifte5 ,,miles ,,an ,,h\r4 ,five hundr$ p\nds = ! be/ locomotive eng9e6 ,s ran ! ann\ncem5t "o day 9 ! ye> #ahbi4 ,! ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] ,railway 0 ne>ly complet$1 b yet ! directors _h n fully decid$ :at p[] !y w\ld employ to haul along _! waggons4 ,horse-p[] _h at l5g? be5 f9ally ab&on$1 & numb]s ( s*emes _h be5 p\r$ 9 ^u ! manag]s4 ,b ! conte/ seem$ at la/ to resolve itself *iefly into a rivalry betwe5 fix$ & locomotive eng9es4 ,pr9cipally1 if n entirely1 sway$ h[ev] by ! argum5ts ( ,george ,/eph5son1 ! directors yield$ to ! h9t ( a ,mr4 ,h>rison1 & (f]$ a #ejj prize4 ,! eng9e 0 to satisfy c]ta9 conditions4 ,its weight 0 n to be above six tons2 x 0 to burn its own smoke1 haul tw5ty tons at a rate ( t5 miles an h\r1 be furni%$ ) two safety valves1 re/ on spr+s & on six :eels1 :ile its /eam pressure mu/ n be m ?an fifty lbs4 to ! squ>e in*4 ,! co/ 0 n to exce$ #eej4 ,/eph5son1 :o 0 ! eng9e] ( ! ,railway1 decid$ to compete4 ,he 0 n[ 9 a v diff]5t position f t :i* he occupi$ :5 he built 8 second locomotive 9 #ahae4 ,8 appo9tm5t z eng9e] to ! ,/ockton & ,d>l+ton ,railway _h greatly aid$ 8 advancem5t1 & :5 x 0 decid$ to build a railway betwe5 ! two busy cities ( ,man*e/] & ,liv]pool x 0 n unnatural t he %\ld take "p 9 ! und]tak+4 ,! idea ( con/ruct+ rail1 or tram ways1 0 n new4 ,railways ( "s k9d 7 us$ 9 ,engl& ab\t two hundr$ ye>s be=e1 t is1 ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,?us ,rog] ,nor? writes3--8,! mann] ( ! c>riage is by lay+ rails ( timb] f ! colli]y to ! riv]1 exactly /raight & p>allel2 & bulky c>ts are made ) f\r roll]s fitt+ ^? rails1 :]eby ! c>riage is s easy t "o horse w draw d[n f\r or five *aldron ( coals1 & is an imm5se b5efit to ! coal m]*ants40 ,x is said t ! ^w tramway is d]iv$ f tram1 :i* 0 wont to mean a beam ( timb] & also a waggon4 ,9 any case1 su* r\gh ways 7 introduc$ 9 m9+ di/ricts1 =1 z may be readily believ$1 "o horse c\ld draw tw5ty times ! load ^u !m t x c\ld on an ord9>y road4 ,! old ways 7 fir/ made ( wood1 !n ( wood fac$ ) iron1 !n altoge!r ( iron4 ,n[1 9 mak+ 8 railway betwe5 ,liv]pool & ,man*e/]1 ,/eph5son _h _m difficulties to enc\nt]4 ,he decid$ t ! l9e %\ld be z direct z possible4 ,b to accompli% ?is1 he w\ld h to pi]ce hills1 build embankm5ts1 raise viaducts1 &1 h>de/ ( all1 con/ruct a firm causeway across a trea*]\s bog call$ ,*at ,moss4 8,he w nev] d x10 said "s ( ! mo/ fam\s eng9e]s ( ! day4 8,x is impossible60 ,impossible x c]ta9ly seem$ to be4 ,*at ,moss 0 l a sponge1 & h[ 0 an eng9e] to build a solid road = heavy tra9s ov] f\r miles ( soppy sponge6 ,a p]son c\ld n tru/ himself ^u x 9 safety1 & :5 m5 did v5ture1 !y fa/5$ flat bo>ds to _! feet1 some?+ aft] ! fa%ion ( sn[-%oes1 & fl\nd]$ along ^u !m4 ,/eph5son began by tak+ ! levels ( ! ,moss 9 a simil> mann]4 ,bo>ds 7 plac$ ^u ! spongy moss1 & a footpa? ( hea!r foll[$4 ,!n came a tempor>y railroad4 ,on ?is ran ! trucks conta9+ ! mat]ial = a p]man5t pa?1 :i* 7 pu%$ by boys :o le>n$ to trot along easily on ! n>r[ rails4 ,dra9s 7 dug on ei!r side ( ! propos$ road1 & t>-b>rels cov]$ ) clay 7 fitt$ into a sew] und]nea? ! l9e 9 ! middle ( ! ,moss4 ,hea!r1 hurdles1 tree bran*es1 etc41 7 spread on ! surface1 & 9 "s p>ts an embankm5t ( dry moss itself 0 laid d[n4 ,ton aft] ton ( x disappe>$ until ! directors became al>m$1 & ! desp]ate exp$i5t ( ab&on+ ! works 0 consid]$4 ,b ,/eph5son 0 an ,engli%man out & out4 ,he nev] knew :5 he 0 beat54 8,keep on fill+10 he ord]$2 & 9 spite ( all criticism & all al>m1 he kept 8 hundr$s ( navvies h>d at "w1 p\r+ 9 load aft] load ( dry turf4 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d1 h[ev]1 t ,/eph5son did n cont9ue bl9dly at 8 task4 ,he _h good reason = :at he did4 ,8 p]si/5ce 0 a pati5t1 intellig5t p]sev]ance1 & n a /upid ob/9acy4 ,8 ma9 argum5ts seem to h be5 two4 ,he judg$ t if he con/ruct$ a suffici5tly wide road1 x w\ld float on ! moss1 ev5 z ice or a raft ( wood floats on wat] & be>s heavy weights2 & secondly1 he seems to h be5 animat$ by ! idea1 t1 if necess>y1 he c\ld p\r 9 en\gh solid or fairly solid /uff to rea* ! bottom & rise up to ! surface 9 a h>d mass4 ,bo? ideas seem to h be5 realis$ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! bog4 ,joy took ! place ( despair1 & triumph exult$ ov] disc\ragem5t1 z at l5g? ! solid mass appe>$ ?r\gh ! surface4 ,fur!rmore1 ! exp5se 0 f\nd to be none s co/ly aft] all4 ,no d\bt any quantity ( turf c\ld be obta9$ f ! surr\nd+ p>ts ( ! ,moss & dri$4 ,at ano!r "p ( ! railway call$ ,p>r ,moss an embankm5t ab\t a mile & a-half 0 =m$ by p\r+ into x /one & clay f a 8cutt+0 9 ! neighb\rhood4 ,9 "s places tw5ty-five feet ( e>? 0 ?us conceal$ b5ea? ! ,moss4 ,! eye ( ! eng9e] _h z x 7 pi]c$ ?r\gh ! bog & se5 t 8 solid bank 0 /eadily be+ built up !re4 ,be=e1 h[ev]1 ! road across ,*at ,moss 0 fairly op5$1 ! trial ( locomotives = ! prize ( #ejj _h tak5 place4 ,! fateful day 0 ! #a/ day ( ,octob]1 #ahbi1 & ! competition 0 held at ,ra9hill4 ,a gr& /& 0 erect$1 & ! side ( ! railway 0 cr[d$4 ,?\s&s ( spectators 7 pres5t4 ,! future ( ! locomotive 0 to be decid$ on ?is mom5t\s occasion4 ,n[1 hi!rto ! difficulty 9 ! locomotive _h be5 to supply a /eady & suffici5t supply ( /eam to "w ! eng9e quickly & atta9 high spe$ & p[]4 ,p>tly1 ?is _h be5 accompli%$ by ,/eph5son's device ( ! /eam-bla/ 9 ! funnel4 ,b some?+ m 0 ne$$4 ,t requirem5t 0 f\nd 9 ! tubul> boil]4 ,if ! long locomotive boil] 7 pi]c$ ) tubes f end to end1 x is cle> t ! am\nt ( heat+ surface (f]$ to ! action ( ! fire w\ld be greatly increas$4 ,x 0 ?is idea :i* 0 utilis$ 9 ! 8,rocket10 ! eng9e ) :i* ,/eph5son compet$ at ,ra9hill1 & utilis$ m p]fectly ?an ev] be=e4 ,trevi?ick himself seems to h inv5t$ some?+ ( ! k9d1 & ,m4 ,segu91 ! eng9e] ( ! ,/4 ,eti5ne & ,lyons ,railway utilis$ a simil> me?od4 ,b ,h5ry ,boo?1 ! secret>y ( ! railway :i* ,/eph5son 0 !n build+1 inv5t$ a tubul> boil] )\t1 x is said1 kn[+ any?+ ( ,segu9's plan1 & ,/eph5son :o _h already exp]im5t$ 9 ! same direction1 adopt$ ,boo?'s me?od4 ,at fir/ x 0 a failure4 ,! boil]1 fitt$ ) tubes ?r\gh :i* ! hot air c\ld pass1 leak$ disa/r\sly1 & ,/eph5son's son1 ,rob]t1 wrote to 8 fa!r 9 despair4 ,b aga9 ,george said 8p]sev]e10 & he sugge/$ a plan = conqu]+ ! difficulty4 ,aga91 x 0 a simple1 b z ! ev5t prov$1 an effective plan4 ,! copp] tubes 7 m]ely to be fitt$ tightly to holes bor$ 9 ! boil] & sold]$ 94 ,! heat caus$ ! copp] to exp& & ! result 0 a v /rong & wat]-tight boil]4 ,!re 7 tw5ty-five ( ^! tubes1 ea* ?ree in*es 9 diamet]1 & plac$ 9 ! l[] portion ( ! boil]1 lead+ f ! furnace to ! funnel4 ,wat] also surr\nd$ ! furnace4 ,fur!r1 ! nozzles ( ! /eam-bla/ pipes 7 contract$ s z to increase ! p[] ( ! bla/1 & consequ5tly raise ! /r5g? ( ! draught to ! fire4 ,illu/ration3 8,,! ,,rocket40 ,! cyl9d]s 7 n plac$ at ! top ( ! boil]1 b at ! sides 9 a slant+ direction1 "o end be+ ab\t level ) ! boil] ro(4 ,!y occupi$ a position mid-way betwe5 ! old situation upright on ! ro( & _! pres5t position bel[1 or at ! l[] portion4 ,! pi/ons act$ directly on ! driv+ :eels by means ( a connect+ rod1 & ! entire weight ( ! eng9e ) wat] supply 0 b #d tons4 ,on ! day ( trial only f\r eng9es compet$4 ,_m _h be5 con/ruct$1 b ei!r 7 n complet$ 9 "t1 or = v>i\s reasons c\ld n be exhibit$4 ,! fam\s f\r 73--,! 8,novelty0 by ,messrs4 ,brai?waite & ,ericsson2 ,! 8,rocket0 by ,messrs4 ,r4 ,/eph5son ,co42 ,! 8,p]sev]ance0 by ,mr4 ,bur/all2 & ,! 8,sansp>eil0 by ,mr4 ,timo?y ,hackwor?4 ,ea* eng9e seems to h run sep>ately1 & ! l5g? ( ! c\rse 0 two miles4 ,! te/ 0 t ! eng9e %\ld run ?irty miles1 backw>ds & =w>ds1 on ! two mile level c\rse1 at n less ?an t5 miles an h\r1 dragg+ ?ree times its own weight4 ,! 8,novelty0 at fir/ appe>s to h beat5 ! 8,rocket10 = %e ran at times at ! rate ( tw5ty-f\r miles an h\r2 :ile ! fir/ trip ( ! 8,rocket0 cov]$ a doz5 miles 9 fifty-?ree m9utes4 ,! eng9e]s ( ! 8,novelty0 us$ bell[s to =ce ! fire1 b on ! second day ^! bell[s gave way1 & ! eng9e c\ld n d its "w4 ,! boil] ( ! 8,sansp>eil0 also %[$ defects1 b ,/eph5son's 8,rocket0 calmly /ood ! /ra94 ,practicable z usual1 ,/eph5son's "w 0 z good 9 its results1 nay1 ev5 bett] ?an be=e1 = he hook$ ! 8,rocket0 to a c>riage load ( ?irty p1 & ru%$ !m along at ! !n surpris+ spe$ ( betwe5 tw5ty-f\r to ?irty miles an h\r4 ,mr4 ,bur/all's 8,p]sev]ance0 c\ld n cov] m ?an six miles an h\r4 ,! competitions cont9u$1 b ! 8,novelty10 al?\gh runn+ at ! rate ( tw5ty-f\r & ev5 tw5ty-eight miles an h\r1 broke d[n aga9 & yet aga92 its boil] plates appe> to h gone wrong on "o occasion2 :ile ! 8,sansp>eil0 also fail$1 & fur!rmore blew a good deal ( its fuel into ! air because ( ! arrangem5t ( its /eam-bla/4 ,b ! m ! 8,rocket0 0 tri$1 ! m practicable & reliable ! eng9e appe>$ to be4 ,on ! #h? ( ,octob] x ga9$ a spe$ ( #bi miles an h\r1 its /eam pressure be+ ab\t #ej lbs4 to ! squ>e in*1 & its av]age spe$ 0 fifte5 miles an h\r--t is1 five miles an h\r ov] ! conditions requir$4 ,^! results appe> to h be5 accompli%$ ) a weight ( waggons ( ?irte5 tons beh9d x4 ,:5 deta*$ x ran at ! rate ( ?irty-five miles an h\r4 ,9 %ort1 ! 8,rocket0 0 ! only locomotive :i* fulfill$ all ! conditions specifi$ = ! competition1 & ! prize 0 duly aw>d$ to ,/eph5son & ,boo?4 ,! battle ( ! locomotive 0 won4 ,m5 c\ld see t ! ma*9e 0 feasible & practicable2 t x 0 a new =ce ) imm5se possibilities be=e x4 ,h[ h ^? possibilities be5 realis$8 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,a ,,m>vel ,,( ,,me*anism4 8,! "t is com+ :5 x w be *eap] = a work+ man to travel on a railway ?an to walk on foot40 ,s prophesi$ ,george ,/eph5son "s few ye>s be=e 8 successful competition at ,ra9hill2 & by 8 success on t fateful day1 he _h br\ght ! "t appreciably ne>]4 ,! directors ( ! ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] ,railway no long] debat$ z to :at =m ( traction !y %\ld adopt4 ,b ,/eph5son did n re/ on 8 laurels4 ,e new eng9e %[$ "s improvem5t4 ,! 8,arr[0 sp$ ov] ,*at ,moss at ab\t #bg miles an h\r1 on ! occasion ( ! fir/ complete j\rney along ! l9e1 on ! #ad? ( ,june1 #ahcj2 & :51 on ! public op5+ ( ! railway on ! #ae? ( ,septemb]1 #ahcj1 ,mr4 ,william ,huskisson1 ,m4,p41 0 unhappily knock$ d[n by ! 8,rocket10 ,george ,/eph5son himself took ! maim$ body 9 ! 8,nor?umbrian10 fifte5 miles 9 tw5ty-five m9utes--t is1 he drove ! eng9e at ! spe$ ( ?irty-six miles an h\r4 ,! sad dea? ( ,mr4 ,huskisson has (t5 be5 ref]r$ to1 b we may tell ! /ory aga91 foll[+ ! acc\nt giv5 by ,mr4 ,smiles1 :o _h ! advantage ( ! assi/ance ( ,rob]t ,/eph5son 9 ! prep>ation ( 8 biography4 ,! eng9es x appe>s halt$ at ,p>kside1 "s sev5te5 miles f ,liv]pool1 to obta9 wat]4 ,! 8,nor?umbrian10 ) a c>riage conta9+ ! ,duke ( ,well+ton & "s fri5ds1 /ood on "o l9e1 s t all ! tra9s might pass him 9 review on ! o!r4 ,mr4 ,huskisson _h desc5d$ f ! c>riage & 0 /&+ on ! rail on :i* ! 8,rocket0 0 rapidly approa*+4 ,!re _h be5 "s coolness betwe5 ! ,duke & ,mr4 ,huskisson1 b at ?is "t ! ,duke ext5d$ 8 h& & ,mr4 ,huskisson hurri$ to grasp x1 :5 ! by/&]s cri$ 8,get 96 get 940 ,mr4 ,huskisson became flurri$ & endeav\r$ to g r\nd ! c>riage door :i* 0 op5 & hung ov] ! rail2 b :ile do+ ?is1 ! 8,rocket0 /ruck him & he fell1 8 leg be+ d\bl$ ov] ! rail & imm$iately cru%$4 ,un=tunately he di$ t ev5+ at ,eccles ,p>sonage4 ,?is sad ev5t ca/ a gloom ov] ! o!rwise rejoic+ day2 b ! wond]ful spe$ at :i* ! w\nd$ man 0 convey$1 prov$ a m>vell\s object lesson z to :at ! locomotive c\ld accompli%4 ,9 ! 8,planet10 put ^u ! l9e %ortly aft] ! op5+1 ! cyl9d]s 7 plac$ horizontally & )9 ! fire box4 ,! eng9e drew eighty tons f ,liv]pool to ,man*e/] aga9/ a /rong w9d 9 two & a-half h\rs1 :ile on ano!r occasion ) a company ( vot]s1 x sp$ f ,man*e/] to ,liv]pool1 ?irty-"o miles1 9 an h\r4 ,b next ye> ! 8,samson10 :i* 0 /ill fur!r improv$1 & ! :eels ( :i* 7 c\pl$ s z to secure great] grip on ! rails1 haul$ #aej tons at tw5ty miles an h\r ) a small] consumption ( fuel4 ,! locomotive _h n[ become "o ( ! wond]s ( ! _w4 ,s9ce !n its spe$ has be5 d\bl$4 ,b all ! improvem5ts 7) possibly "o exception--t ( ! comp\nd cyl9d] :i* is at pres5t only p>tially 9 use7 h be5 m 9 details ?an 9 pr9ciples4 ,?us ! #gj or #hj ton express eng9e1 :i* cov]s mile aft] mile at ! rate ( a mile a m9ute )\t a :eeze or a groan1 is n v diff]5t ess5tially f ,george ,/eph5son's locomotives1 ?\gh its /eam pressure is v mu* high]4 ,!re are1 = in/ance1 ! multitubul> boil]1 ! furnace surr\nd$ by wat] & communicat+ ) ! boil]1 ! horizontal cyl9d]s act+ directly on ! driv+ :eels1 & ! /eam-bla/ by :i* ! wa/e /eam is sp\t$ up ! *imney1 creat+ a draught 9 ! furnace4 ,^! may be reg>d$ z ! m important ( ! ess5tial pr9ciples1 al?\gh !re is div]sity ( details1 m especially = ! diff]5t "w requir$4 ,b ! /eam pressure is n[ mu* great]4 ,let u glance at a typical ,engli% locomotive4 ,y might n ?9k x1 b ! ma*9e has ab\t five ?\s& diff]5t p>ts1 all put toge!r z ,rob]t ,/eph5son said 8z c>efully z a wat*40 ,at fir/ sight y w probably n see ! cyl9d]s4 ,! t5d5cy 9 _m eng9es n[ seems to be to place !m inside ! :eels1 = x is urg$ t ! plac+ ( ! heavi] p>ts ( ! me*anism ne> to ! c5tre less5s oscillation1 & protects ! ma*9]y m effectually4 ,aga9/ ?is1 x is said t ! plac+ ( ! cyl9d]s 9 t position increases ! co/ & ! complication ( ! driv+ axle1 & r5d]s ! pi/ons & valves m inaccessible = ! purposes ( repair4 ,bo? =ms h _! advocates1 & ! outside-cyl9d] =m may be se5 on ! ,london & ,s\?-,we/]n & "s o!r railways1 :ile ! inside may be se5 on ! ,nor?-,we/]n & o!rs4 ,! boil] is ( c\rse ! long1 r\nd body ( ! locomotive1 & 9 ,engli% ma*9es x is plac$ on a /rong plate frame4 ,!n z to ! driv+-:eels4 ,express eng9es1 su* z ! spl5did 8eight-feet s+les0 ( ! ,great ,nor!rn1 h (t51 z ! "n implies1 b "o l>ge driv+-:eel on ei!r side1 & = great spe$s ?is =m is held to possess c]ta9 advantages4 ,c]ta9ly ! p]=mances ( ,mr4 ,patrick ,/irl+'s expresses w\ld indicate t ?is is ! case4 ,) /eam rais+ ! safety valve at a pressure ( #adj lbs4 to ! squ>e in*1 ! eng9es w :isk a score ( c>riages out ( ,k+'s ,cross up ! nor!rn height ( ,london at =ty miles an h\r1 & !n )\t a /op ru% on to ,gran?am at ne> sixty4 ,/&+ on ! plat=m at ,k+'s ,cross1 ) a l>ge "p ( ! imm5se driv+-:eel hidd5 bel[ y z x re/s on ! rail1 y d n realise its trem5d\s size4 ,yet1 let ! eng9e-driv] op5 ! ?rottle1 z x is call$--t is1 turn on ! /eam to ! cyl9d]s--& t huge :eel w revolve1 & ) its neighb\r on ! o!r side1 haul aft] !m t heavy tra9 ( c>riages1 &1 ga!r+ spe$ z !y g1 !y w soon be ru%+ up ! incl9e at =ty miles an h\r1 & !n on at sixty4 ,x is a m>vel ( me*anism6 ,b !n ! comp\nd eng9es t ,mr4 ,f4 ,w4 ,webb1 ! eng9e] ( ! ,nor?-,we/]n1 builds = t ,company c also p]=m rem>kable ?+s4 ,! comp\nd is ! great mod]n improvem5t 7"s eng9e]s might d\bt :e!r improvem5t be ! correct ^w7 9 ! locomotive1 effect+1 x is said1 an economy ( f t5 to fifte5 p] c5t4 9 fuel4 ,n[ ! comp\nd+ pr9ciple has be5 develop$ to su* an ext5t 9 m>9e /eam eng9es t x revolutionis$ /eam navigation4 ,b ! application ( ! pr9ciple has n be5 s great 9 ! case ( ! locomotive4 ,briefly1 ! pr9ciple is ?is--! /eam is s5t out f ! boil] at a high pressure1 say #afj to #ahj lbs4 to ! squ>e in*1 & is us$ 9 "o or 9 a pair ( high-pressure cyl9d]s1 & !n us$ aga91 by means ( its exp&+ p[]1 9 a l>g]1 l[-pressure cyl9d]4 ,mr4 ,john ,ni*olson1 ( ! ,great ,ea/]n ,railway1 sugge/$ a comp\nd locomotive be=e ev5 ! comp\nd m>9e eng9e _h be5 made1 & 8 design 0 successful2 b 9 #ahha ,mr4 ,webb1 ( ! ,nor?-,we/]n1 pat5t$ a comp\nd locomotive1 ) two small high-pressure1 & "o l>ge l[-pressure cyl9d]s1 ! latt] tw5ty-six in*es 9 diamet]4 ,plac$ betwe5 ! front :eels1 ! bright boss ( ?is cyl9d] may be se5 9 %9+ /eel z x flies ov] ! rails4 ,! argum5t is t ! comp\nd burns less fuel & is m p[]ful ?an a non-comp\nd ( ! same weight2 b aga9/ ?is is laun*$ ! objection t ! comp\nd is m exp5sive to build1 to repair1 & to ma9ta94 ,/ill fur!r x is argu$1 t a fa/-spe$+ locomotive has n ! "t 9 its hurry+ life to exp& its /eam 9 ! tick ( "t betwe5 ea* /roke ( ! pi/on4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,comp\nd ,,locomotive 8,,great] ,,brita940 ,by k9d p]mission ( ,mr4 ,f4 ,w4 ,webb1 ,l4 ,n4 ,w4 ,railway4 ,mr4 ,worsdell's comp\nds on ! ,nor?-,ea/]n ,railway h b two cyl9d]s1 "o high & ! o!r l[-pressure4 ,! "o is eighte5 & ! o!r tw5ty-six in*es across4 ,in/ead ( ! /eam alt]nat+ betwe5 ! two cyl9d]s1 x all passes fir/ to ! high-pressure & !n1 ?r\gh a pipe 9 ! smoke-box1 to ! l>g] l[-pressure cyl9d]4 ,^! locomotives1 x is said1 are n "u ! objection alleg$ aga9/ ! o!r comp\nds--viz41 t !y h m p>ts1 & are m co/ly to build & ma9ta94 ,yet x is claim$ = !m t !y are m economical & m p[]ful ?an non-comp\nds4 ,:5 doctors disagree :o %all decide8 ,! co/ or spe$ might decide2 b at pres5t x seems d\btful on :i* side ! balance does really fall4 ,eng9es ( ! ?ree types h done spl5did "w4 ,a ,worsdell comp\nd1 built by ,mr4 ,worsdell1 ( ! ,nor?-,ea/]n ,railway1 is report$ to h ru%$ d[n ! incl9e to ,b]wick "o day at sev5ty-six miles an h\r = "s miles at a "t4 ,!n ! 8,great] ,brita910 a massive ,nor?-,we/]n comp\nd eng9e1 turn$ out at ! ,crewe works 9 #ahia1 & weigh+ sev5ty-five tons1 c :irl along ) ease a heavy tw5ty-five coa* express at an av]age ( ov] fifty miles an h\r1 ) a comp>atively small consumption ( fuel4 ,?is locomotive 0 describ$ 9 ! ,eng9e] newspap] z ! mo/ rem>kable t _h be5 built 9 ,engl& = sev]al ye>s4 ,its axle be>+s are ( great l5g?1 & its p>ts are v sub/antial1 s t x ought to keep out ( ! repair+ %ops = long spells ( "t4 ,x 0 specially plann$ = bo? fa/ & heavy pass5g] traffic to ,scotl&1 & its "w on its trial trip 0 s good t x 0 confid5tly expect$ x w\ld answ] expectations4 ,9 work+1 ! eng9e has be5 f\nd to develop great spe$ & p[]1 easily runn+ at ov] fifty miles an h\r ) :at is call$ a d\ble tra9--viz41 tw5ty-five coa*es1 beh9d x4 ,inde$1 x has run at fifty-five miles ) ?is heavy tra94 ,its /at$ spe$ ranges f ?irty to fifty-five miles an h\r1 ) a l[ consumption ( fuel4 ,?is la/ is a matt] ( v great importance to eng9e]s & railway directors2 & :5 we /ate t1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,b[5 ,cooke1 ! ,nor?-,we/]n eng9es altoge!r burn #cjie tons ( coal p] day1 any small sav+ p] h\r w\ld be eag]ly welcom$4 ,n[1 x is claim$ t ! comp\nds h consum$ ab\t six p\nds ( coal p] mile less ?an o!rs on ! same "w1 & t !y also haul along loads :i* w\ld require two ( ! o!r type4 ,if s1 ! sav+ 9 ! ,nor?-,we/]n coal-bill mu/ be enorm\s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,back ,,& ,,front ,,view ,,( ,,! ,,locomotive 8,,great] ,,brita940 ,a great feature 9 ?is eng9e is a combu/ion *amb] plac$ )9 ! b>rel ( ! boil]4 ,?is *amb] cat*es all ! gases f ! furnace1 & causes ! heat g5]at$ by !m to be us$ to ! utmo/ = ! production ( /eam4 ,?\gh heavi] ?an any eng9e previ\sly built1 yet x is s made t no great] weight ?an usual re/s ^u any ( ! :eels1 ?us ?r[+ no extra /ra9 on ! railway or ! bridges4 ,! two c\ples ( driv+-:eels are plac$ be=e ! furnace1 & an additional c\ple ( small :eels beh9d ! furnace1 & b5ea? ! foot-plate :]e ! driv] & fireman /&4 ,! weight !re=e is ev5ly di/ribut$1 ) ano!r pair ( :eels to be> ! burd54 ,! front :eels are fitt$ ) ! radial axle-box pat5t$ by ,mr4 ,webb1 s t1 al?\gh ! eng9e is ( great l5g?1 yet x c spe$ r\nd curves ) p]fect safety4 ,yet ?is eng9e1 ?\gh "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable developm5ts ( ! locomotive1 is 9 ess5ce & 9 pr9ciple b v l ! 8,rocket40 ,! diff]5ce lies 9 its innum]able details1 exhibit+ s mu* eng9e]+ skill & +5uity1 9 ! comp\nd cyl9d]s1 9 high] pressure /eam1 & 9 its m>vell\s p[] & spe$ comb9$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,great ,nor!rn runs daily f ,gran?am to ,london at fifty-?ree & fifty-f\r miles an h\r av]age2 :ile x 0 report$ 9 ! ,eng9e] ( ! #aj? ( ,m>*1 #ahhh1 t a ,great ,nor!rn tra9 f ,man*e/] to ,london1 :5 runn+ f ,gran?am to ,london1 cov]$ "o mile 9 =ty-six seconds1 t is1 at ! rate ( sev5ty-eight & a-qu>t] miles an h\r1 & two miles foll[+ ea* o!r 7 run 9 =ty-sev5 seconds ea*1 t is1 sev5ty-six miles an h\r4 ,we d\bt1 inde$1 if any railway 9 ! _w c %[ regul> fa/] daily runn+ ?an "s ( ! ,great ,nor!rn expresses betwe5 ,london & ,gran?am4 ,! av]age spe$ ( _! ,man*e/] tra9 ov] ?is gr\nd is slightly ov] fifty-f\r miles an h\r4 ,!n !re are ! ,great ,we/]n expresses1 ! 8,dut*man0 & ! 8,zulu10 at only slightly less spe$s1 to say no?+ ( ! f9e p]=mances ( ! ,midl&4 ,we may take x1 !re=e1 t ! comp\nd locomotives1 excell5t z _! "w has be51 h n really beat5 _! rivals 9 po9t ( spe$4 ,comp\nds are us$ l>gely on ! ,nor?-,we/]n1 ! ,great ,ea/]n1 & ! ,nor?-,ea/]n1 & %\ld !y prove to be really m economical 9 work+1 :ile ma9ta9+ at lea/ equal p[] & spe$ ) _! rivals1 we h no d\bt b t !y w prevail4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,a ,,mile ,a ,,m9ute4 8,! express is to be quick5$1 my "l4 ,mr4 ,?ompson1 ! g5]al manag]1 has giv5 in/ructions to t effect40 ,s spoke ! /ation ma/] at ,c>lisle1 on ! #ag? ( ,m>*1 #ahid1 to ,"l ,roseb]y4 ,8 lord%ip _h v rec5tly be5 appo9t$ ,prime ,m9i/]1 & 0 on 8 way to ,ed9burgh to deliv] a great public spee*4 ,! tra91 presumably1 0 late1 or he1 ?r\gh /ress ( bus9ess probably1 _h left too little m>g9 ( "t4 ,h[ev]1 by ! in/ructions ( ,mr4 ,?ompson1 ! g5]al manag] ( ! ,cal$onian ,railway1 ! express 0 accel]at$1 & x ru%$ ov] #aja miles 9 #aje m9utes1 "o ( ! quicke/ locomotive runs1 we imag9e1 t h ev] be5 record$4 ,! tra9 arriv$ fifte5 m9utes be=e x 0 due1 & ,"l ,roseb]y 0 enabl$ to keep 8 engagem5t4 ,?is run 0 approximately at ! rate ( a mile a m9ute1 & ma9ta9$ = an h\r & ?ree-qu>t]s4 ,only "s two ye>s or s previ\sly a some:at simil> run 0 made4 ,an (fic] ( ! ,gu>ds f\nd t he _h lo/ ! s\?-go+ mail tra9 at ,/irl+4 ,he _h be5 on leave 9 ,scotl&1 & 0 b\nd to report himself 9 ,london next morn+4 ,:at 0 he to d8 ,did he sit d[n & moan1 or fly to ! telegraph (fice & endeav\r to excuse himself8 ,n he4 ,he promptly engag$ a special tra91 :i* fly+ ov] ! metals1 actually caught ! mail at ,c>lisle1 hav+ cov]$ #aah miles 9 #abf m9utes2 t is1 aga91 approximately a mile a m9ute1 & ma9ta9$ = slightly ov] two h\rs4 ,n[1 9 ord] to atta9 high av]age spe$1 "s p>ts ( ! j\rney1 say v easy incl9es or levels1 mu/ be cov]$ at a mu* high] rate4 ,?us1 to obta9 an av]age ( fifty-two miles an h\r--:i* is probably ! regul> av]age ( our be/ ,engli% expresses--! pace w mo/ likely be sometimes at ! rate ( sev5ty1 or x may be sev5ty-six1 miles p] h\r4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates h claim$ to run ! fa/e/ regul> tra94 ,?is is ! 8,empire ,/ate ,express0 ( ! ,new ,york ,c5tral1 :i* bur/s away f ,new ,york to ,buffalo1 a trip ( #adj miles1 at ! av]age rate ( #eb-ab_/ajj miles p] h\r1 b runn+ eighty miles at ! rate ( #ef miles an h\r4 ,x is also said t1 9 ,augu/1 #ahia1 a tra9 on ! ,new ,york portion ( ! ,read+ road ran a mile 9 less ?an =ty seconds1 & cov]$ a doz5 miles at an av]age ( b>ely #dc seconds p] mile4 ,engli% expresses c\ld c]ta9ly accompli% ^! av]age spe$s1 b ! fact is v high spe$s d n pay4 ,!y we> ev]y?+ to pieces4 ,!n !re is ! coal consumption4 ,am]ican railway eng9e]s--accord+ to ! ,eng9e] newspap]--8seem to be unable to get on ) less ?an #ajj lbs4 p] squ>e foot 7( fire grate area7 z a m9imum20 :ile1 f ! same pap]1 we le>n t ! av]age rate ( burn+ ( ,mr4 ,webb's rem>kable ,nor?-,we/]n eng9e1 ! 8,great] ,brita910 0 b 8a little ov] sev5ty-?ree lbs4 p] squ>e foot p] h\r10 or1 altoge!r1 #aejj lbs4 p] h\r4 ,! rails also are greatly worn by cont9u\s high spe$s4 ,eng9e]s h be5 equal to ?is difficulty1 & rails are n[ made ( /eel1 & ev5 /eel sleep]s are con/ruct$ on :i* ! rails repose4 ,b /ill ! we> & te>1 especially to eng9es1 ( cont9u\s high spe$s1 is v great4 ,! reason :y ! fam\s 8,race to ,ed9burgh0 0 /opp$ 0 d\btless because ( ! ne$less we> & te>4 ,surely an av]age ( fifty to fifty-two miles an h\r is fa/ en\gh = all ord9>y purposes4 ,if great] spe$ c be obta9$ )\t too great a co/1 well & good2 b if n1 ! public mu/ be cont5t4 ,nev]!less1 dur+ t fam\s 8,race0 9 ! summ] ( #ahhh1 "s magnific5t eng9e "w 0 accompli%$4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 ! ,nor?-,we/]n & _! p>tn]s actually ran f ,eu/on to ,ed9burgh1 #djj miles1 9 #dbg m9utes4 ,!n ! ,great ,nor!rn & _! p>tn]s1 ! ,ea/ ,coa/ r\te1 next day cov]$ #cic miles 9 #dbc m9utes1 ?is j\rney includ+ #abd miles f ,newca/le to ,ed9burgh cov]$ 9 #abc m9utes4 ,?is spe$ is1 ( c\rse1 m ?an a mile a m9ute1 & kept up = slightly ov] two h\rs4 ,! ?ird-class pass5g] 0 at ! root ( ! matt]4 ,companies are f9d+ out !y mu/ consult 8 conv5i5ce2 & ! beg9n+ ( ! 8,race0 0 probably ! ann\ncem5t t ! 8,fly+ ,scot*man0--! #aj o'clock morn+ tra9 f ,k+'s ,cross--w\ld c>ry ?ird-class pass5g]s4 ,hi!rto x _h beat5 its rival1 ! ,we/ ,coa/ r\te 7run by ! ,nor?-,we/]n & its p>tn]1 ! ,cal$onian71 z to spe$1 b _h convey$ only fir/ & second-class pass5g]s4 ,!reupon ! ,we/ ,coa/ ann\nc$ t !y w\ld rea* ,ed9burgh 9 n9e h\rs4 ,z ?is r\te is h>d] = eng9es--= x climbs ! ,cumbrian ,hills1 & is1 moreov]1 sev5 miles long]--?is w\ld mean fa/] runn+ & h>d] "w ?an its rivals4 ,! ,great ,nor!rn1 :i* accord+ to its well-des]v$ reputation probably tops ! _w = spe$1 c\ld n brook ?is1 s ! ,ea/ ,coa/ r\te r$uc$ its "t f n9e h\rs to eight h\rs & a-half4 ,s ! conte/ /ood = ab\t a mon?1 :5 ! ,we/ ,coa/ calmly ann\nc$ ! same "t = its j\rney4 ,!nce=w>d ! bl[s fell ?ick & fa/4 ,x 0 a battle ( giants1 b f\ght ) good temp] & g5tlemanly hon\r on bo? sides4 ,! ,we/ ,coa/ 7 arriv+ at ,ed9burgh at half-pa/ six4 8,! ,fly+ ,scot*man10 by ! ,ea/ ,coa/ r\te1 !reupon drew up 9 ! ,scot* capital at six o'clock4 ,!n ! ,we/ ,coa/ ran to ,ed9burgh 9 eight h\rs1 /ret*+ away f ,eu/on to ,crewe1 #aeh miles 9 #agh m9utes1 )\t a /op--probably ! longe/ run )\t a break ev] made4 ,! ,cal$onian ,company1 ! ,nor?-,we/]n's p>tn]1 !n ran f ,c>lisle to ,ed9burgh1 #ajj miles1 9 #ajd m9utes4 ,! ,nor?-,we/]n !reupon actually ran f ,pre/on to ,c>lisle1 ov] ! ,cumb]l& ,hills1 n9ety miles 9 n9ety m9utes--a magnific5t p]=mance h>d inde$ to beat1 if1 9 fact1 x ev] has be5 really beat52 :ile1 lat] on1 ! same ,company ran f ,eu/on to ,crewe 9 #afg m9utes in/ead ( _! rem>kable #agh m9utes a few days previ\sly4 ,?is1 ) ! o!r accel]ations1 gave ! ,we/ ,coa/ _! record run ( #djj miles 9 #dbg m9utes ( runn+ "t1 :i* took place on ! #ac? ( ,augu/4 ,b ! ,ea/ ,coa/ _h also accel]at$1 ! ,nor?-,ea/]n cov]+ #bje miles 9 #bce m9utes1 & ! ,great ,nor!rn r5d]+ an equally good1 if n bett]1 p]=mance1 ! :ole #cic miles be+ cov]$ 9 #dbc m9utes4 ,"s ( ! miles on ! ,ea/ ,coa/ r\te sp$ by at ! rate ( sev5ty-six an h\r4 ,to accompli% ^! runs ! weight ( tra9s 0 cut d[n1 & ! times ( /oppages r$uc$ or aboli%$ altoge!r4 ,b ! exp5se 0 too great4 ,x did n really 8pay0 9 conv5i5ce or 9 money1 & to ^! judgm5ts companies mu/ b[4 ,b consid]+ t ! ,great ,nor!rn rea*es ,gran?am1 #aje miles1 9 #aae m9utes z a daily occurr5ce1 an approximate runn+ ( ne> a mile a m9ute1 & t ! ,nor?-,we/]n c run at an av]age ( fifty-five miles an h\r1 ! locomotive has amply ju/ifi$ ,george ,/eph5son's prophecy :5 he made 8,blu*]10 t !re 0 no limit to ! spe$ ( ! locomotive1 provid$ ! "w c\ld be made to /&4 ,mr4 ,c4 ,r4 ,deacon also prophesi$ a few ye>s s9ce 9 an ,am]ican magaz9e t a hundr$ miles an h\r w\ld be ! express spe$ ( ! future1 provid$ t pass5g]s w\ld give up luxuri\s c>s & d9+ & sleep+ c>riages4 ,at pres5t x seems que/ionable if !y w d s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! 8,,fly+ ,,dut*man40 ,b spe$ is by no means ! monopoly ( ! ,nor?4 ,o!r companies beside ! own]s ( ! ,ea/ & ,we/ ,coa/ r\tes to ,scotl& c run expresses equally or almo/ z fa/4 ,!re is ! 8,fly+ ,dut*man10 = in/ance1 ( ! ,great ,we/]n4 ,x daily cov]s ! #gg miles f ,london to ,sw9don 9 #hg m9utes4 ,& ! tale is told by ,mr4 ,w4 ,m4 ,acwor?1 on ! au?ority ( an inspector :o 0 9 *>ge ( ! tra91 t a fam\s ,great ,we/]n eng9e1 ! 8,"l ( ! ,isles10 :i* 0 9 ! ,exhibition ( #ahea1 actually :irl$ a tra9 f ,sw9don to ,london1 #gg miles 9 #gb m9utes4 ,"s ( ^? old] eng9es c\ld run bravely4 ,mr4 ,acwor? reports t 8a ,bri/ol & ,exet] tank-eng9e ) #i feet driv+ :eels1 a long ext9ct species10 pelt$ d[n a /eep incl9e at ! spe$ ( #hj miles an h\r1 _m ye>s s9ce1 & x has nev] be5 surpass$4 ,! fa/e/ spe$ dur+ ! ,race to ,ed9burgh days seems to h be5 #gf miles1 b p]haps ! weight ( ! tra9s may h acc\nt$ = ?is4 ,mr4 ,acwor? himself is believ$ to h accompli%$ ! fa/e/ bit ( adv]tis$ j\rney+ 9 ! _w4 ,he w5t d[n on ! 8,dut*man10 & leav+ ,padd+ton at #aa4df1 he caught ! return tra9 at ,sw9don & 0 back at #b4de1 hav+ cov]$ #aed miles1 ) five m9utes = refre%m5ts1 9 #agg m9utes4 ,! l9e is easi] on ! up j\rney to ,london1 & mile aft] mile sp$ by at a rate ( ov] #fj miles an h\r4 ,f #ef to #eh seconds 0 ! *ronograph's record aga9 & aga91 :ile on ! d[n j\rney to ,sw9don he records a bur/ ( #cd miles 9 #cd m9utes4 ,! gradi5ts ( ! railway =m ( c\rse a mo/ important factor 9 ! "q ( spe$4 ,! ,midl& has "o ( ! h>de/ roads 9 ,engl& = /eep slopes1 yet its magnific5t eng9es br+ its heavy tra9s f ,leice/]1 #ii miles 9 #abb m9utes4 ,consid]+ ! high levels ! locomotives h to climb1 only to s9k aga9 to l[ flats1 z ab\t ! ,ouse at ,b$=d1 ?is p]=mance is really z f9e z "s ( ! sup]b runn+ ( ! ,great ,nor!rn4 ,! ,s\!rn l9es out ( ,london h no long di/ances to cov] z ! ,nor!rn1 unless x may be ! ,s\?-,we/]n to ,plym\?4 ,! ,s\?-,we/]n to ,b\rnem\? & ,exet]1 & ! mail tra9s on ! ,s\?-,ea/]n1 ,*a?am & ,dov]1 & ! ,brighton tra9s c also %[ "s excell5t "w z reg>ds spe$4 ,! gov]nm5t ( a l>ge railway n[ has gr[n to some?+ l ! rule ( a small /ate4 ,sir ,george ,f9dlay1 ! g5]al manag] ( ! ,nor?-,we/]n ,company1 9 8 evid5ce be=e ! ,lab\r ,commission 9 #ahib1 depos$ t ! capital rais$ = ,briti% railways am\nt$ to ! va/ sum ( #hig millions ( p\nds2 t ! receipts 7 #hj millions ye>ly1 t mu* m ?an half ( ?is imm5se am\nt1 namely #dc millions1 ye>ly 0 paid 9 wages1 & t half-a-million ( m5 directly or indirectly 7 giv5 employm5t4 ,to su* enorm\s dim5sions has ! railway develop$4 ,& ! locomotive eng9e is ! c5tre & s\l ( x all4 ,/eph5son got x1 s to speak1 on its "r l9es ( work+1 & x has run along !m ev] s9ce1 until 9 its great capacity = spe$1 its p[] = draw+ heavy loads1 & its /r5g? & beauty ( con/ruction x may fairly be call$ "o ( ! wond]s ( ! _w4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,,! ,,/eam%ip4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! 8,,comet0 ,,appe>s4 8,if only p c\ld rea* ! place easi]1 ,i c\ld d m bus9ess40 ,s mus$ ,h5ry ,bell ( ,glasg[ ab\t ! ye> #ahaj4 ,he 0 an +5i\s & ent]pris+ man1 & he _h e/abli%$ a hotel or ba?+-h\se at ,hel5sburgh on ! ,clyde4 ,b he want$ m visitors1 & he puzzl$ 8 bra9 to discov] h[ he c\ld (f] facilities = !m to rea* ! place4 ,he tri$ boats1 work$ by paddles1 propell$ by h&2 b ^! prov$ a failure4 ,!y _h be5 9 use ye>s be=e1 ?\gh p]haps he knew x n4 ,tradition says t boats fitt$ ) paddle :eels & work$ by ox5 9 ! boat1 7 kn[n to ! ,egyptians1 b p]haps tradition is wrong4 ,! ,romans & ! ,*9ese also are said to h kn[n :eel boats1 ! :eels work$ by m5 or by animals--9 ! case ( ! ,*9ese app>5tly by m5 alone4 ,a simil> k9d ( boat appe>s to h be5 tri$ on ! ,?ames 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury2 b :e!r ,bell knew ( ^! ?+s or n1 8 exp]im5ts ( ! same k9d did n answ]4 ,:at 0 to be done8 ,he det]m9$ to build a /eamboat4 ,at fir/ sight !re does n seem to be mu* connection betwe5 ba?s & /eamboats1 b app>5tly x 0 ! own]%ip ( ! "o :i* l$ ,h5ry ,bell to build ! o!r1 & to become ! fir/ man 9 ,great ,brita9 :o us$ a /eamboat = :at may be call$ public & comm]cial purposes4 ,%e 0 a que] craft4 ,h] funnel 0 b5t & 0 us$ also z a ma/1 & %e p\r$ =? quantities ( ?ick smoke4 ,b %e 0 successful1 & lab\r$ along at ! rate ( five miles an h\r4 ,up & d[n ! riv] %e pli$1 & :atev] else %e did1 or did n1 %e made ! good folk ( ^? days und]/& t /eam c\ld be appli$ to navigation4 ,%e 0 call$ ! ,comet1 n because1 ev5 9 ! op9ion ( h] own]1 %e resembl$ a blaz+ meteor1 b because1 to use ,bell's own words1 8%e 0 built & f9i%$ ! same ye> t a comet appe>$ 9 ! nor?-we/ "p ( ,scotl&40 8,:atev] made y ?9k ( />t+ a /eam%ip80 we c imag9e a fri5d ask+ him z !y /ood on ! bank & wat*$ ! ,comet ) h] paddles %ap$ l malt %ovels1 spla%+ up ! wat]4 8,p>tly x 0 ,mill]'s exp]im5ts1 & p>tly x 0 a lett] f ,fulton4 ,y "k1 ,fulton has put ! ,cl]mont successfully on ,am]ican wat]s4 ,he _h be5 ov] "h talk+ ) ,sym+ton1 :o _h a /eam] on ! ,=? & ,clyde ,canal y rememb]1 & he wrote to me also ask+ ab\t ma*9]y & reque/+ me to inquire ab\t ,mill]'s boats1 & s5d him draw+s40 8,& did y80 8,oh ay1 ,i did2 b :5 he repli$ aft]w>ds t he _h made a /eamboat f ! draw+s ?\gh requir+ "s improvem5ts1 ,i ?\ght h[ absurd x 0 to s5d my op9ions to o!r c\ntries & n put !m into practice 9 our own40 8,s y made ! ,comet80 8,well1 ,i made a numb] ( models be=e ,i 0 satisfi$2 b :5 ,i 0 conv9c$ ! idea w\ld "w1 ,i made a contract ) ,john ,wood ,co41 ( ,port-,glasg[1 & !y built me ?is boat1 :i* ,i fitt$ up ) eng9e & paddles1 z y see4 ,john ,rob]tson actually set up ! eng9e4 ,we w g abo>d pres5tly1 & y %all see h]40 ,illu/ration3 ,,bell',s 8,,comet40 ,!y did s1 & ?is is some?+ ( :at !y saw4 ,!y f\nd a small vessel1 =ty feet long & t5 & a-half wide1 & only ab\t tw5ty-five tons bur!n4 ,! furnace 0 brick$ r\nd1 & ! boil]1 in/ead ( be+ 9 ! c5tre1 0 seat$ on "o side ( ! %ip1 ) ! eng9e beside x4 ,b ! funnel 0 b5t & rose al(t 9 ! middle1 & x answ]$ ! purpose ( a ma/--to c>ry sail4 8,b look at ! ma*9]y10 we c imag9e ,bell say+ to 8 fri5d4 8,we h "o s+le cyl9d]1 y see4 ,! pi/on is atta*$ to a crank on an axle4 ,?is axle c>ries a big cog :eel1 :i*1 work+ two m plac$ on ! paddle axles1 causes !m to revolve40 8,& ! paddles80 8,well1 y see1 we h n[ two sets on ea* side1 & ea* paddle is %ap$ some?+ l a malt %ovel2 b ,i ?9k ,i %all alt] !m1 & h paddle :eels soon40 ,bell c>ri$ out 8 improvem5t1 & 9 a %ort "t he did adopt ! bett] =m ( paddle :eel4 ,! improv$ ,comet1 ) a new eng9e1 atta9$ six or sev5 miles an h\r4 ,b be=e ?is1 ,mr4 ,hut*ison1 a brew]1 built ano!r boat1 bigg] ?an ! ,comet1 & h] eng9e 0 ( t5 horse-p[]1 :ile ! ,comet's 0 b ?ree4 ,%e travell$ at an av]age ( n9e miles an h\r1 & h] f>es 7 b a-?ird ( ^? *>g$ by coa*4 ,! news ( ! /eam]s on ! ,clyde became nois$ abroad1 & /eamboats began to appe> on o!r ,briti% riv]s4 ,! success ( ! new v5ture became assur$4 ,b h[ _h x be5 br\ght ab\t8 ,bell _h ref]r$ to ! lab\rs ( o!rs1 &1 inde$1 8 0 n ! fir/ /eamboat1 ?\gh1 d\btless1 x 0 ! fir/ 9 ,brita9 to ply = pass5g]s4 ,! tru? is1 t z ) ! locomotive1 sev]al m9ds 7 work+ t[>ds ! same object4 ,& among ^? e>ly /eamboat seek]s ,patrick ,mill]1 ( ,dalsw9ton1 & ,william ,sym+ton1 ( ,wanlockhead ,m9es1 are entitl$ to high place4 ,inde$1 ,sym+ton is said to h built ! 8fir/ practically successful /eamboat0 9 ! _w4 ,%e 0 call$ ! ,*>lotte ,dundas1 &1 9 #ahjb1 %e tugg$ two b>ges1 toge!r ( ab\t #adj tons1 n9ete5 & a-half miles1 9 six h\rs1 ) a /rong w9d aga9/ h]4 ,%e 0 built "u ! patronage ( ,"l ,dundas1 & 0 int5d$ to be us$ = t[+ on ! ,=? & ,clyde ,canal1 b ! proprietors ( ! canal w\ld n adopt ?is new me?od ( propulsion2 !y fe>$ t ! wa% f ! :eels w\ld damage ! canal banks4 ,s ! ,*>lotte ,dundas1 successful ?\gh %e 0 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 _h to be bea*$ & brok5 up4 ,b ,fulton & ,bell bo? inspect$ h]1 & we may inf] t :at !y saw1 influ5c$ _! subsequ5t action4 ,! eng9e ( ! ,*>lotte ,dundas 0 ( ! 8d\ble action0 "*1 introduc$ by ,watt1 & x turn$ a crank 9 ! paddle :eel %aft4 ,! :eel 0 plac$ at ! /]n2 & boats ) _! :eels ?us plac$ are /ill made = use 9 p>ticul> places4 ,?us ,messrs4 ,y>r[ built "o 9 #ahib1 to voyage 9 ! %all[ riv]s & lagoons on ! we/ coa/ ( ,africa2 ! idea be+ t a screw-propell] w\ld h be5 likely to become f\l$ ) we$s4 ,! ,*>lotte ,dundas1 we say1 has be5 reg>d$ z ! 8fir/ practically successful /eamboat ev] built40 ,no d\bt x 0 s1 & ! cr$it mu/ be l>gely giv5 to ,william ,sym+ton4 ,b 8 success1 & t :i* cr[n$ ! lab\rs ( o!rs1 7 r5d]$ possible by ! inv5tions & improvem5ts ( ,james ,watt4 ,o!rs _h exp]im5t$ be=e ,sym+ton4 ,?us1 if royal records 9 ,spa9 may be tru/$1 a c]ta9 ,blasco de ,g>ay exhibit$ a /eam vessel1 9 #aedc1 at ,b>celona4 ,he plac$ a l>ge cauldron ( boil+ wat] 9 ! %ip1 & a :eel on ea* side4 ,c]ta9 op9ions conc]n+ x 7 fav\rable1 & ,blasco 0 rew>d$2 b ! inv5tion 0 kept secret1 & appe>s to h di$4 ,!n1 9 #afee1 ! ,m>quis ( ,worce/] is said to h inv5t$ some?+ l navigation by /eam4 ,lat] on1 ,jona?an ,hulls took out a pat5t = a paddle /eam vessel 9 #agcf2 & among o!rs1 9 ,engl&1 ,france1 & ,am]ica1 ! ,m>quis de ,j\ffroy made a /eam] :i* 0 tri$ at ,lyons1 9 #aghc4 ,!n1 9 #aghg1 ,patrick ,mill] is said to h pat5t$ paddle :eels 9 ,brita94 ,mill] 0 a retir$ g5tleman at ,dalsw9ton1 9 ,dumfries%ire1 :o took mu* int]e/ 9 me*anical affairs4 ,he exp]im5t$ ) paddle :eels1 & he also endeav\r$ to improve naval build+4 ,at fir/ ! :eels appe> to h be5 turn$ by m51 & !re came a day :5 a d\ble boat ( ,mill]'s1 work$ by a c\ple ( :eels ) two m5 to turn ea* :eel1 sail$ ) a ,cu/om ,h\se boat1 & ! ne$ ( m effici5t motive p[] to revolve ! :eels became v m>k$4 ,!n ! idea ( /eam navigation 0 born1 or re-born4 ,!re 0 a g5tleman nam$ ,taylor1 liv+ ) ,mill]1 z tutor to 8 sons1 & he (t5 took "p 9 ! exp]im5ts ) ! boats4 ,x is said t ,taylor sugge/$ ! use ( /eam to propel ! vessel1 & t ,mill] d\bt$ its practicability4 ,h[ev]1 he decid$1 at l5g?1 to try x1 & 9 ^? summ] days ( #aghg ! subject 0 mu* talk$ ( at ,dalsw9ton4 ,taylor m5tion$ ! matt] to ,sym+ton1 :o1 x seems1 0 a fri5d ( 81 b x is n q cle> :e!r he _h himself ?\ght ( ?is use ( /eam4 ,h[ev]1 9 ,octob]1 #aghh1 ! exp]im5t 0 tri$ on ,dalsw9ton lake4 ,a boy 0 !re :o aft]w>ds became ,"l ,br\gham1 & ,rob]t ,burns 0 also !re2 &1 no d\bt1 ! exp]im5t 0 wat*$ ) mu* int]e/4 ,x appe>s to h be5 successful1 & next ye> a bigg] boat 0 tri$ on ! ,=? & ,clyde ,canal1 aga9 ) "s success4 ,b :e!r ,mr4 ,mill] ?\ght he _h n[ sp5t en\gh money on ^! exp]im5ts--& ,c>lyle says ,mill] 8sp5t 8 life & 8 e/ate on t adv5ture1 & di$ quasi-bankrupt & brok5-he>t$0--or :e!r he 0 satisfi$ ) ! results atta9$1 he ab&on$ all fur!r ef=t4 ,possibly he did n see any opportunity ( utilis+ ! inv5tion fur!r4 ,at all ev5ts1 ! developm5t ( ! /eamboat made practically no progress until ,sym+ton comm5c$ 8 exp]im5ts "u ,"l ,dundas4 ,russell is ( op9ion t ! inv5tion ( /eam navigation 0 ! jo9t production ( ^! ?ree m54 8,! creation ( ! /eam%ip10 says he1 8appe>s to h be5 an a*ievem5t too gigantic = any s+le man4 ,x 0 produc$ by "o ( ^? happy comb9ations 9 :i* individuals are b tools1 work+ out ea* 8 "p 9 a great sy/em1 ( ! :ole ( :i* no s+le "o may h compreh5d$ all ! work+s40 ,illu/ration3 ,,rob]t ,,fulton4 ,to ^! ?ree1 h[ev]1 mu/ be add$ ,h5ry ,bell1 9 ,brita91 & ,rob]t ,fulton1 9 ,am]ica4 ,!y c>ri$ ! great ent]prise fur!r on1 to some?+ l assur$ success4 ,mill]'s boats _h two hulls1 & ! paddle :eels revolv$ betwe54 ,sym+ton plac$ 8 :eel a/]n4 ,bell plac$ 8 paddles on ei!r side4 8,ah1 %e w "w60 we c imag9e ! spectators say+1 z !y wat*$ t /range craft1 ! ,*>lotte ,dundas1 ) h] d\ble rudd]1 tugg+ along h] b>ges4 8,ay1 %e w "w1 b ! canal folk won't let h]2 !y ?9k ! wa% f ! :eels w we> away ! bank60 8,!n ,i w take ! idea :]e x won't be s h9d]$10 said ano!r4 8,we are n afraid ( our riv] banks 9 ,am]ica40 ,t man1 :om we imag9e said ?is1 & :o appe>s1 )\t d\bt1 to h inspect$ ! ,*>lotte ,dundas1 0 ,rob]t ,fulton1 :o1 ) 8 companion1 ,liv+/one1 claim to h inv5t$ /eamboats 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,?is1 !n1 9 brief1 seems to be ! /ory4 ,:ile be>+ 9 m9d ! ef=ts ( o!rs1 yet x w\ld seem t ,mill]1 ,taylor1 & ,sym+ton inv5t$ /eam navigation1 utilis+ improvem5ts ( ,watt on ! /eam eng9e2 b ,fulton1 9 ,am]ica1 & ,bell1 9 ,brita91 see+ some?+ ( ^! exp]im5ts1 develop$ !m to assur$ success4 ,:at 7 ,fulton's adv5tures8 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,to ,,! ,,n>r[ ,,seas4 8,i %\ld n l to risk my money 9 ! ?+40 8,nor ,i1 %e w nev] pay40 8,i reckon %e w bur/ up be=e ! day is ov]40 8,well1 %e is ab\t to />t n[40 ,a few m9utes m1 & ! smiles on ! faces ( ! speak]s *ang$ to expressions ( a/oni%m5t4 ,! boat 0 actually 8walk+ ! wat]s l a ?+ ( life10 & ga!r+ spe$ z %e drew away f ! pi]4 8,:y1 /rang]1 ?is ?+'s go+ to succe$40 8,x does look s40 ,/ill ! speak]s gaz$1 & /ill ! vessel cont9u$ to glide along4 ,& %\ts & applause bur/ f ! ?rong+ cr[d ar\nd4 ,! 8?+0 0 succe$+ inde$4 ,!y 7 wat*+ ! trial trip ( ! fir/ practically successful /eamboat 9 ,am]ica1 ! ,cl]mont4 ,fulton _h be5 successful1 & toge!r ) 8 companion1 ,liv+/one--aft] ^: resid5ce ! vessel 0 nam$--_h laun*$ a satisfactory /eam] 9 ,am]ica1 five ye>s be=e ! ,comet appe>$ 9 ,brita94 ,yet ! ,cl]mont's eng9es 7 made 9 ,brita9 by ,b\lton ,watt1 & m5 f _! works help$ 9 m\nt+ ! ma*9]y4 ,cold51 ,fulton's biograph]1 describ+ ?is trial trip1 says3-- 8,! m9ds ( ! mo/ incr$ul\s 7 *ang$ 9 a few m9utes--be=e ! boat _h made ! progress ( a qu>t] ( a mile ! greate/ unbeliev] mu/ h be5 conv]t$4 ,! man :o1 :ile he look$ on ! exp5sive ma*9e1 ?ank$ 8 />s t he _h m wisdom ?an to wa/e 8 money on su* idle s*emes1 *ang$ ! expression ( 8 features z ! boat mov$ f ! :>f & ga9$ h] spe$2 8 complac5t smile gradually /iff5$ into an expression ( wond]2 ! je]s ( ! ignorant1 :o _h nei!r s5se nor feel+ en\gh to repress _! contemptu\s ridicule & rude jokes1 7 sil5c$ = ! mom5t by a vulg> a/oni%m5t1 :i* depriv$ !m ( ! p[] ( utt]ance1 till ! triumph ( g5ius extort$ f ! incr$ul\s multitude :i* cr[d$ ! %ores %\ts & acclamations ( congratulations & applause40 ,! sc5e ( ! vessel's exploit 0 ! fam\s riv] ,hudson1 & %e came to make sev]al trips betwe5 ,new ,york & ,albany z a pass5g] boat4 ,%e p]=m$ ! j\rney f ,albany to ,new ,york 9 ?irty-two h\rs1 & back 9 ?irty h\rs2 h] av]age spe$ be+ five miles an h\r4 ,/eam]s n[ p]=m ! passage 9 ab\t eight h\rs4 ,! boat caus$ great a/oni%m5t at ! "t4 ,cold5 says %e 0 describ$ by "s :o saw h] b indi/9ctly at night z 8a mon/] mov+ on ! wat]1 defy+ ! w9ds & tide1 & brea?+ flames & smoke40 ,he /ates3--8,%e _h ! mo/ t]rific appe>ance f o!r vessels :i* 7 navigat+ ! riv] :5 %e 0 mak+ h] passage4 ,! fir/ /eamboats1 z o!rs yet d1 us$ dry p9e-wood = fuel1 :i* s5ds =? a column ( ignit$ vap\r1 _m feet above ! flue1 & :5ev] ! fire is /irr$ a galaxy ( sp>ks fly (f1 :i*1 9 ! night1 h an airy1 brilliant1 & beautiful appe>ance4 ,?is uncommon light fir/ attract$ ! att5tion ( ! crews ( o!r vessels4 ,not)/&+ ! w9d & tide 7 adv]se to its approa*1 !y saw1 ) a/oni%m5t1 t x 0 rapidly com+ t[>ds !m2 & :5 x came s ne> t ! noise ( ! ma*9]y & ! paddles 0 he>d1 ! crews 9 "s in/ances %runk b5ea? _! decks f ! t]rific sight2 & o!rs left _! vessels to g on %ore2 :ile o!rs1 aga91 pro/rat$ !mselves & bes\ght ,provid5ce to protect !m f ! approa* ( ! horrible mon/] :i* 0 m>*+ on ! tides1 & light+ its pa? by ! fires :i* x vomit$40 ,comp>e ?is ) ! /ately pass5g] boats ( ! end ( ! c5tury1 glid+ along f\r or five times z fa/1 b ) little noise & less smoke1 & beam+ =? brilliant electric light f e saloon w9d[4 ,! ,cl]mont 0 #acc feet long1 #ah feet wide1 & #g feet deep4 ,! cyl9d] ( h] eng9e 0 #bd in*es 9 diamet]1 & h] pi/on _h a /roke ( f\r feet2 h] paddle :eels 7 at fir/ too l>ge1 or at all ev5ts dipp$ too deeply 9 ! wat]4 ,:5 improv$ !y appe> to h be5 fifte5 feet 9 diamet]4 ,h] eng9es 7 #ah horse-p[]1 & ! tonnage 0 b #afj4 ,fulton 0 busily engag$ 9 con/ruct+ /eam vessels until he di$ 9 #ahae4 ,"o ( 8 ef=ts 0 ! build+ ( a /eam w> vessel2 & s greatly 7 8 ef=ts e/eem$ t bo? ,h\ses ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,legislature te/ifi$ _! respect = him by we>+ m\rn+ app>el on ! occasion ( 8 dea?4 ,8 "w 0 develop$ by ,mr4 ,r4 ,l4 ,/ev5s1 ^: fa!r1 inde$1 _h a /eam] ready1 only a few weeks aft] ! success ( ! ,cl]mont4 ,mr4 ,r4 ,l4 ,/ev5s came to grasp ! idea t ! =m ( ! hull ( /eam%ips c\ld be mu* improv$ by giv+ !m f9e l9es in/ead ( full r\nd b[s4 ,/ev5s1 x is said1 0 able to obta9 a spe$ ( ?irte5 miles an h\r2 & he also1 x is /at$1 us$ a diff]5t =m ( eng9e f t adopt$ by ,fulton4 ,! eng9es ( ^? e>ly /eamboats 71 z a rule1 a sort ( beam eng9e4 ,! fam\s ,comet 0 eng9$ 9 t mann]4 ,john ,rob]tson1 :o actually set up ! ,comet's eng9es1 liv$ to place !m subsequ5tly 9 ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum4 ,a beam1 or lev]1 :i* work$ on a pivot at its c5tre1 0 plac$ betwe5 ! pi/on on "o side1 & ! connect+ rod--:i* 0 fa/5$ to ! crank--on ! o!r4 ,?us1 "o end ( ! beam1 or lev]1 0 atta*$ to ! pi/on rod1 & ! o!r to ! end ( ! connect+ rod :i* drove ! crank & ! :eel4 ,a developm5t app>5tly ( ?is beam-eng9e arrangem5t 0 ! side-lev] eng9e--a =m ( :i* m>9e eng9e]s 7 also fond4 ,! side lev] seems1 9 fact1 to h be5 a sort ( d\ble beam eng9e4 ,! cyl9d] 0 plac$ upright1 & a cross-piece 0 fix$ to ! end ( ! pi/on rod4 ,f ei!r end ( ?is cross-piece a rod 0 connect$ ) a beam or lev] on ei!r side ( ! ma*9]y bel[4 ,^! lev]s work$ on pivots at _! c5tres1 & _! o!r ends 7 jo9$ by a cross-piece unit$ by a rod to ! crank-%aft above4 ,! idea 9 ! side-lev] eng9es appe>s to h be5 to obta9 equal /r5g? on bo? sides = ea* paddle :eel4 ,m>9e eng9e]s did n app>5tly at fir/ grasp ! idea ( a direct-act+ eng9e--t is1 simply "o connect+ rod betwe5 ! pi/on & ! crank :i* pull$ r\nd ! :eel2 p]haps ! sizes & arrangem5ts ( ^? e>ly /eamboats did n p]mit ( ?is4 ,b 9 ! developm5t ( ! locomotive1 ! direct-act+ eng9e did n appe> at once4 ,9 any case1 ev5 ! fir/ vessels ( ! celebrat$ ,cun>d ,l9e 7 ( ! cumbr\s side-lev] type4 ,n[1 :5 ,fulton _h made 8 ,cl]mont 9 #ahjg1 & ,bell _h put 8 ,comet on ! ,clyde1 "s ( ! ,engli% speak+ p on bo? sides ( ! ,atlantic began1 we say1 to see t !re 0 a future be=e ! new inv5tion4 ,9 #ahji1 ! ,accommodation pl\gh$ ! wat]s ( ! great ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 & two ye>s lat] a /eam] />tl$ ! dwell]s on ! mighty ,mississippi4 ,! ,elizabe? also foll[$ ! ,comet on ! ,clyde 9 #ahac4 ,%e 0 bigg] ?an h] pr$ecessor1 b only ( ?irty-?ree tons2 %e 0 fifty-eight feet long1 & h] eng9e ( t5 horse-p[]4 ,%e 0 built by ! con/ructors ( ! ,comet1 ,wood ,company1 ( ,port-,glasg[1 "u ! direction ( ,mr4 ,?ompson1 :o _h be5 connect$ ) "s ( ,bell's exp]im5ts4 ,! next /ep 0 ! introduction ( /eam]s on ! ,?ames4 ,all ?+s gravitate to ,london1 /eamboats among ! re/4 ,pass+ by "s exp]im5ts1 9 :i* ! names ( a ,mr4 ,dawson & a ,mr4 ,lawr5ce appe>1 we f9d t ,george ,dodd br\ght a /eamboat f ! ,clyde to ! ,?ames by sea1 us+ bo? sails & /eam1 ab\t ! ye> #ahac or #ahad4 ,x is said t ,dawson _h a /eam] ply+ betwe5 ,london & ,graves5d 9 #ahac1 & t ,lawr5ce1 ( ,bri/ol1 aft] us+ a /eam] on ! ,sev]n br\ght h] ?r\gh ! canals to ! ,?ames1 b 0 oblig$ to take h] back because ( ! antagonism ( ! wat]m54 ,x is said also t ! ,m>jorie1 built by ,william ,d5ny1 ( ,dumb>ton1 0 br\ght to ! ,?ames ab\t #ahae 9 six days f ,grangem\?1 hav+ be5 pur*as$ by "s ,london m]*ants4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 ! "n ( ,george ,dodd %\ld take a high place1 p]haps next to t ( ,bell1 = ! ent]prise & ef=t he %[$ 9 seek+ to e/abli% /eam vessels4 ,8 sph]e 0 *iefly ! ,?ames1 ?\gh he appe>s to h be5 also animat$ ) ! idea ( us+ !m ^u ! sea4 ,! vessel he br\ght r\nd f ! ,clyde 0 nam$ fir/ ! ,glasg[ & aft]w>ds ! ,?ames1 & 0 ( ab\t sev5ty-five tons1 ) n9e feet paddle-:eels1 & "s f\rte5 or sixte5 horse-p[]4 ,he _h "s r\gh wea!r 9 ! ,iri% ,sea1 & an acc\nt ( ! voyage is giv5 9 8 book on /eamboats4 ,?is1 presumably 9 #ahac1 0 ! fir/ /eam%ip voyage at sea1 z di/+ui%$ f /eam]s' voyages on riv]s4 ,su* great progress _h ! introduction ( /eamboats made 9 #ahah1 t accord+ to ,dodd !re 7 9 t ye> eighte5 on ! ,clyde1 two on ! ,tay1 two at ,dundee1 two at ,cork1 two on ! ,tyne1 two on ! ,tr5t1 two on ! ,m]sey1 f\r on ! ,humb]1 ?ree on ! ,y>e1 "o on ! ,avon1 ! ,sev]n1 ! ,orwell1 six on ! ,=?1 & actually two int5d$ to run f ,dubl9 to ,holyhead4 ,!re may h be5 m ?an ^!1 b !y seem at all ev5ts to be ! *ief4 ,app>5tly !re 71 or _h be51 sev]al on ! ,?ames4 ,two1 ! ,london & ! ,ri*mond1 accord+ to ,dodd's book1 7 ply+ betwe5 ,london & ,twick5ham1 & _h c>ri$ #aj1jjj p]sons 9 f\r mon?s4 ,no wond] ! wat]m5 7 al>m$4 ,o!r vessels also _h appe>$ on ! royal riv]4 ,! ,maje/ic ev5 _h got z f> z ,m>gate1 & _h v5tur$ across to ,calais4 ,! ,reg5t _h be5 burn$ (f ,:it/able1 & ! ,cal$onia1 :i* _h actually two eng9es1 _h /eam$ across to ,flu%+4 ,dodd fur!r design$ a vessel :i* seems to h gone to ,m>gate 9 ab\t sev5 & a-half h\rs1 spe$+ along at ab\t t5 or elev5 miles an h\r4 ,no wond] t ,bell c\ld say--8,i w v5ture to affirm t hi/ory does n af=d an in/ance ( su* rapid improvem5t 9 comm]ce & civilisation z t :i* w be effect$ by /eam vessels40 ,! ,ri*mond 0 a little boat ( #ej tons1 & #ag indicat$ horse-p[]4 ,%e 0 eng9$ by ,messrs4 ,maudslay ,field1 ( ,london1 & presumably 0 ! fir/ /eam] eng9$ on ! ,?ames4 ,%e ran f ,london to ,ri*mond4 ,9 ! next ye> ,messrs4 ,maudslay eng9$ ! ,reg5t ( #aab tons & #db indicat$ horse-p[]1 & int5d$ to ply betwe5 ,london & ,m>gate2 :ile1 9 #ahag1 ?is fam\s firm eng9$ ?ree vessels1 includ+ ! ,quebec ( #ejj tons & #ajj indicat$ horse-p[]1 int5d$ = ,quebec & ,montreal4 ,s9ce !n !y h eng9$ hundr$s ( vessels1 includ+ screw-propell] ironclads ( #bj1jjj horse-p[]4 ,dodd1 alas1 ?\gh he work$ s h>d = ! e/abli%m5t ( ! /eam%ip1 does n seem to h pr(it$ by 8 lab\r4 ,l "s o!r +5i\s m5 he unhappily fell into pov]ty4 ,! next 9 ord] ( succession1 :o app>5tly became ! mo/ prom95t & among ! mo/ useful 9 ! /ory ( ! /eam%ip1 0 ,david ,napi]4 ,russell av]s t f #ahah to ab\t #ahcj he 8effect$ m = ! improvem5t ( /eam navigation ?an any o!r man40 ,david ,napi] ran ! ,rob ,roy1 a /eam] ( #ij tons & #cj horse-p[]1 fitt$ ) 8 own eng9es1 betwe5 ,gre5ock & ,belfa/4 ,x appe>s t at "o ( ! wor/ seasons he sail$ 9 a vessel ply+ betwe5 ! two ports1--sometimes tak+ a week to cov] ! j\rney1 aft]w>ds made 9 n9e h\rs by /eam1--& eag]ly wat*$ ! effect ( ! heav+ waves on ! %ip z %e 0 toss$ by ! /orm4 ,!n1 assur$ t !re 0 no ov]:elm+ difficulty = /eam]s1 he />t$ ! ,rob ,roy4 ,he also exp]im5t$ ^u ! be/ %ape ( hull1 &1 )\t app>5tly any communication ) ,/ev5s across ! ,atlantic1 came to adopt a w$ge-%ap$ b[1 in/ead ( a r\nd$ =e front z common 9 sail+ %ips4 ,9 #ahai he put ! ,talbot on ! ,*annel betwe5 ,dubl9 & ,holyhead4 ,%e 0 built by ,wood ,company1 & 0 "o ( ! mo/ p]fect vessels ( ! k9d !n con/ruct$4 ,%e _h two eng9es ( #fj horse-p[] comb9$1 & 0 #aej tons bur!n4 ,%e 0 foll[$ by ! ,ivanhoe1 & 9 #ahba /eam vessels 7 regul>ly us$ to c>ry ! mails4 ,gradually ! l5g? ( vessels increas$ )\t ! beam be+ proportionately wid5$4 ,! build]s ( ^? e>ly boats did n at fir/ realise ! practicability & usefulness ( alt]+ ! =m ( vessels = /eam]s4 ,david ,napi] alt]$ ! b[1 & gradually ! vessels 7 l5g!n$4 ,! idea came gradually to be grasp$ t z a /eam] 0 =c$ =w>d along ! l9e ( its keel1 & n by a p[] ex]t$ ^u x f )\t & 9 v>i\s qu>t]s1 its =m might advantage\sly be *ang$4 ,moreov]1 x w\ld seem t ! be/ =m = /eam]s is also ! be/ = fa/ sail]s4 ,russell is ( op9ion 8t ! fa/e/ s*oon]s1 cutt]s1 smuggl]s1 ya*ts1 & slav]s0 approa* m ne>ly to ! =m ( ! be/ /eam]s ?an any o!r class ( sail+ vessels4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 ! %ape ( a /eam] z well z its ma*9]y has mu* to d ) its spe$1 & ,david ,napi] appe>s to h contribut$ l>gely to ^! results 9 ,brita94 ,/eam]s _h n[ sp$ out f ! riv]s into ! n>r[ seas ar\nd ,great ,brita94 ,! next /ep w\ld be into ! wide & op5 ocean4 ,:o w\ld v5ture to take x8 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,on ,,! ,,op5 ,,ocean4 ,:y %\ld n ! ,great ,we/]n end at ,new ,york8 ,t 0 ,brunel's idea1 & x _h an imm5se effect on ! e/abli%m5t ( transatlantic /eam%ips4 ,brunel 0 ! eng9e] ( ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway1 & he audaci\sly desir$ 8 l9e to end1 n at ,bri/ol or ,p5zance1 b1 conqu]+ ! sea1 he wi%$ to plant 8 foot 9 ! ,empire city itself4 ,/ill he 0 n ! fir/1 nor ! only "o1 9 ! field4 ,to ! ,savannah belongs ! hon\r ( be+ ! fir/ /eam%ip to cross ! ,atlantic4 ,yet %e 0 n altoge!r a /eam%ip4 ,mr4 ,sc>bor\gh1 ( ,savannah--a port ( ! /ate ( ,georgia--pur*as$ a sail+ %ip ( ab\t #cjj tons & #ajj feet long1 laun*$ h] at ,new ,york 9 #ahah1 int5d+ h] to ply betwe5 ! two places1 & _h h] fitt$ ) ma*9]y4 ,:y he *ang$ 8 m9d & s5t h] to ,europe1 we _c say4 ,app>5tly he c\ld n tru/ to /eam alone1 = ! paddle :eels 7 s con/ruct$ t !y c\ld be fold$ up on deck :5 n 9 use1 & ! %aft also 0 jo9t$ = t purpose4 ,!n 9 ! foll[+ ,may %e />t$ =? = ,liv]pool--! precursor ( a mighty fleet ( magnific5t %ips :i* h foll[$ s9ce4 ,%e rea*$ ! ,m]sey 9 tw5ty-five days--vessels n[ p]=m ! j\rney 9 ab\t six4 ,b %e us$ /eam on only eighte5 days out ( ! tw5ty-five4 ,sev]al times dur+ ! j\rney ! paddle :eels 7 tak5 on deck1 ?is op]ation occupy+ ab\t half-an-h\r4 ,possibly ?is 0 done :5 ! w9d 0 v fav\rable = sails1 & s sav$ ! fuel1 :i* 0 pit*-p9e4 ,app>5tly ,mr4 ,sc>bor\gh 0 n satisfi$ ) ! v5ture1 =1 aft] fail+ to sell ! %ip 9 ,russia1 :i!r %e voyag$1 %e t\*$ at diff]5t ports & return$ home4 ,! ma*9]y 0 tak5 out1 & %e w+$ h] way h5ce=? by sails alone4 ,engl& next did some?+ ( ! same k9d4 ,! ,falcon /eam ya*t1 a little vessel ( #age tons1 voyag$ to ,india 9 #ahbd1 mo/ly1 h[ev]1 by ! p[] ( sails4 ,9 ! next ye> ! ,ent]prize1 eng9$ by ,messrs4 ,maudslay ,field1 made ! passage by /eam to ,calcutta f ,london 9 ! net "t ( #ajc days--t5 be+ us$ 9 /oppages1 & ! entire voyage ?us occupy+ #aac days4 ,%e 0 a vessel ( #ejj tons1 #abb feet keel1 & #bg feet broad1 :ile h] eng9es 7 ( #bdj indicat$ p[]4 ,!n ! ,royal ,william1 hail+ f ,quebec1 made ! transatlantic passage 9 #ahca1 pr9cipally by /eam1 9 tw5ty-six days4 ,9 #ahce ,messrs4 ,willcox ,&]son began to run /eam%ips to ,p59sul> ports--an und]tak+ :i* blossom$ out aft]w>ds into ! celebrat$ ,p59sul> & ,ori5tal ,/eam%ip ,company4 ,!n 9 #ahch two /eam%ips1 ! ,sirius & ! ,great ,we/]n1 cross$ ! ,atlantic1 ! latt] 9 f\rte5 & a-half days4 ,brunel _h _h 8 wi%1 & 9 #ahcf he _h =m$ ! ,great ,we/]n ,/eam%ip ,company1 & ! vessel ( ! same "n _h be5 comm5c$4 ,o!rs also 7 9 ! field1 notably ,messrs4 ,laird ( ,birk5head1 & ! ,briti% & ,am]ican ,/eam ,navigation ,company 0 f\nd$4 ,! ,sirius1 :i* _h be5 built on ! ,?ames1 0 pur*as$ by !m & prep>$ = h] voyage4 ,! prime mov] 9 ?is matt] is said to h be5 ,mr4 ,macgregor ,laird4 ,he _h witness$ ! "w ( /eam%ips 9 ! ,nig] ,exp$ition ( #ahcb-cc bo? on sea & riv]1 & f ! "t ( 8 return he advocat$ ! e/abli%m5t ( /eam%ips betwe5 ,great ,brita9 & ,am]ica4 ,! ,sirius left ,cork on ! #e? ( ,april1 & arriv$ at ,new ,york eighte5 days aft]w>ds4 ,%e c>ri$ sev5 pass5g]s1 & close at h] heels foll[$ ,brunel's ,great ,we/]n1 :i* _h left ,bri/ol ?ree days lat]4 ,! two %ips 7 receiv$ ) l\d acclaim1 a va/ cr[d ( spectators behold+ _! arrival4 ,! vessels prov$ beyond possibility ( d\bt t ! transatlantic voyage by /eam%ips 0 possible1 &1 at a /roke1 ! duration ( ! passage 0 r$uc$ by almo/ "o-half4 ,x has s9ce be5 r$uc$ to less ?an a qu>t]4 ,! ,sirius made on an av]age ab\t #afa miles a-day1 or slightly less ?an sev5 miles an h\r4 ,%e app>5tly1 h[ev]1 _h be5 orig9ally built = ply+ betwe5 ,london & ,cork2 :ile ! ,great ,we/]n1 :i* _h presumably be5 especially built = ! transatlantic traffic1 0 bo? l>g] & m p[]ful4 ,h] av]age spe$ 0 ab\t #bjh miles a-day1 t is betwe5 eight & n9e miles an h\r2 :ile return+1 ! spe$ 0 a little bett]1 av]ag+ ab\t #bac miles p] day4 ,! return voyage ( ! ,sirius 0 also bett] ?an h] outw>d passage4 ,! eng9es ( ! ,great ,we/]n 7 side-lev]1 & 7 built by ,messrs4 ,maudslay ,field1 ( ,london4 ,! cyl9d]s 7 #gc in*es diamet]1 & ! pi/ons _h a big /roke ( sev5 feet4 ,! :eels' diamet] 0 no less ?an #bh feet1 :ile ! /eam 0 g5]at$ 9 f\r boil]s4 ,h] tonnage 0 #acdj--! l>ge/ ,maudslay's _h yet eng9$1 ) #gej indicat$ horse-p[]4 ,%e voyag$ _m times across ! ,atlantic1 h] fa/e/ ea/w>d passage be+ #ab days1 #g h\rs4 ,! v>iation 9 h] coal consumption 0 v rem>kable4 ,?us1 on h] fir/ voyage #fee tons 7 burnt1 b on h] return j\rney %e consum$ #bfc tons less4 ,no d\bt ?is 0 ow+ to ! great] use %e 0 able to make ( ! w9d4 ,! proprietors ( ! two vessels soon began to build o!rs4 ,! own]s ( ! ,great ,we/]n laid d[n ! ,great ,brita91 & ! proprietors ( ! ,sirius began ! ,briti% ,que54 ,%e _h paddle :eels ( #ca feet diamet]1 & h] pi/on /roke 0 ! same z ! ,great ,we/]n1 #g feet4 ,h] eng9es 7 #ejj horse-p[]1 & h] cyl9d]s #gg in*es 9 diamet]4 ,%e 0 #bge feet long1 #dj feet wide1 & #bg feet deep4 ,f ,portsm\? to ,new ,york %e cross$ 9 #ad days1 #h h\rs4 ,satisfactory z ^! results 71 ! pecuni>y returns un=tunately 7 n s fav\rable4 ,! ,great ,we/]n1 x is said1 cont9u$ runn+ at a loss1 b o!rs 7 )drawn4 ,some?+ seem$ want+ to make ! v5ture a comm]cial success4 ,:at 0 x8 ,meantime ,willcox ,&]son's /eam]s pli$ ) rem>kable regul>ity to ! ,p59sula1 & ?is regul>ity ar\s$ "s att5tion4 ,! ,gov]nm5t ( ! day appli$ to ! proprietors to submit a s*eme = c>ry+ ! mails4 ,x seems t previ\sly ,willcox ,&]son _h propos$ ?is1 b x _h come to no?+4 ,! end ( ! matt] 01 h[ev]1 t ! fir/ mail contract 0 sign$ ) !m1 ! #bbnd ( ,augu/1 #ahcg4 ,to c>ry out _! b>ga91 ,capta9 ,ri*>d ,b\rne & ,messrs4 ,willcox ,&]son f\nd$ ! ,p59sula ,company1 & ?ree ye>s lat] x 0 exp&$ to ! ,p59sul> & ,ori5tal ,/eam ,navigation ,company--popul>ly kn[n z ! ,p4 ,o4--& incorporat$ by ,royal ,*>t]4 ,! mail s]vice 0 ! key/one ( ! ent]prise4 ,! fir/ /eam]1 built 9 #ahbi1 0 ! ,william ,fawcett1 a small vessel ( #bjf gross tonnage1 & b #fj horse-p[]4 ,9 #ahdb ! proprietors own$ ! ,h9do/an1 ( #bjag gross tonnage1 & #ebj horse-p[]4 ,%e 0 a paddle-:eel vessel1 & op5$ ! ,indian ,mail ,s]vice4 ,! comm5cem5t ( ?is s]vice m>ks ano!r /age 9 ! hi/ory ( /eam navigation4 ,ab\t fifty ye>s lat] ! ,company own$ ab\t half-a-hundr$ %ips1 two be+ ( #hjjj horse-p[] & #gjjj tonnage4 ,"s two ye>s aft] ! ,h9do/an fir/ /eam$ to ,india1 ,brunel's ,great ,brita9 0 f9i%$4 ,%e 0 a v rem>kable vessel1 & ! wond] ( h] "t4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 %e 0 built ( iron1 &1 secondly1 %e 0 propell$ by a screw1 ?\gh at fir/ x 0 int5d$ t %e %\ld h paddle-:eels1 & ! eng9es = ^! :eels _h be5 p>tly made4 ,b>ges & light vessels _h be5 built ( iron s9ce ab\t #agij1 or e>li]1 & ! ,lairds ( ,birk5head1 among o!rs1 _h built an iron vessel ab\t #ahbi4 ,x is said t ! ,aglaia 0 ! fir/ iron /eam] built on ! ,clyde 9 #ahcb4 ,z = ! screw-propell]1 ,john ,ericsson 0 successful ) ! ,francis ,b4 ,ogd5 9 #ahcf1 & ?ree ye>s lat] ,sir ,francis ,pettit ,smi? cle>ly %[$1 9 ! vessel appropriately call$ ! ,ar*im$es1 ! value & ! feasibility ( ! new sy/em4 ,brunel1 !re=e1 ev] op5 to improvem5ts1 comb9$ ^! two alt]ations 9 ! ,great ,brita94 ,x 0 9 #ahci1 probably aft] ,sir ,pettit ,smi?'s success1 t ! *ange 0 made z reg>ds ! screw = ?is vessel1 ?\gh ! paddle-:eel eng9es _h be5 begun4 ,! sup]iority ( ! screw-propell] ov] ! paddle-:eels are said to be ^!3--! eng9es occupy less room1 & are light]--two v important consid]ations4 ,!n !re is great] we> & te> on paddle-:eels1 & consequ5tly ! screw vessels are less exp5sive4 ,b mo/ important ( all1 ! screw be+ deep 9 ! wat]1 ! vessel is mu* m suitable = ocean traffic4 ,9 ! heav+ bill[s ( ! sea "o :eel may be buri$ deep on "o side ( ! %ip1 & ! o!r :irl+ r\nd high 9 ! air1 & n propell+ ! vessel2 :]eas ! screw1 be+ always imm]s$1 except possibly 9 sev]e pit*+1 is m con/antly effici5t = ! :ole ( ! vessel4 ,nev]!less1 paddle-boats h _! advantages4 ,!y ne$ less wat] to "w 91 are />t$ m easily1 & /opp$ soon]4 ,fur!r1 x is said !y are less liable to cause sea-sickness1 z !y d n roll s mu*4 ,9 a ^w1 ! diff]5ce seems to be ?is3 paddle vessels are bett] suit$ z pass5g] boats on ! %all[] wat]s2 screw vessels = deep sea & long di/ance voyages1 ?\gh :e!r ! adoption ( tw9-screws1--:i* x appe>s ne$ n be imm]s$ s deeply 9 ! wat] z "o screw1--w br+ screw vessels into use on %all[] wat]s rema9s to be se54 ,b :5 ! ,great ,brita9 0 be+ built ! great] effici5cy ( ! screw-propell] = ocean voyages 0 n widely und]/ood4 ,%e 0 a f9e vessel1 ov] #cbj feet long1 #ea feet wide1 & #cb feet deep4 ,h] screw 0 successful2 b on h] f\r? voyage to ,new ,york %e became /r&$ 9 ,dundrum ,bay1 & lay agr\nd = ne>ly a ye>4 ,incid5tally1 h[ev]1 ?is cata/rophe seems to h giv5 great impetus to iron %ipbuild+2 = aft] be+ float$1 %e 0 discov]$ to h suff]$ b comp>atively slight damage4 ,%e 0 se5 9 dock by _m p]sons int]e/$ 9 %ipp+1 & !y became impress$ ) ! practicability & usefulness ( iron = %ipbuild+4 ,un=tunate ,great ,brita96 ,%e pass$ ?r\gh _m vicissitudes4 ,h] own]s got into difficulties1 & aft] "s alt]ations1 %e ran to ,au/ralia1 & at l5g? %e :eez$ h] way to ! ,falkl& ,isl&s1 :]e1 x is said1 %e s]v$ z a hulk--a sorry end to a successful beg9n+4 ,! eng9es ( ! e>ly screw vessels appe> to h v mu* resembl$ ^? = paddle-:eels %ips4 ,?us ! ,rattl]1 eng9$ by ,messrs4 ,maudslay = ! ,admiralty ab\t ! ye> #ahda1 _h upright cyl9d]s1 ) a crank-%aft ov]head & :eels to give spe$ to ! screw4 ,9 ! meantime1 h[ev]1 ! comm]cial difficulty ( transatlantic /eam traffic 0 be+ solv$4 ,! some?+ lack+ _h be5 suppli$4 ,:at 0 x8 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,ocean ,,race4 8,?is is ! v opportunity ,i h be5 want+60 ,! speak] 0 look+ at a pap] sett+ =? t ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t 7 op5 to consid] contracts = ! c>ry+ ( ! lett]s by /eam%ips betwe5 ,great ,brita9 & ,am]ica4 ,enc\rag$1 no d\bt1 by ! success att5d+ ! conveyance ( ! mails by simil> means to ! ,p59sula1 ! ,gov]nm5t 7 n[ go+ f>!r afield4 ,! practicability ( ocean /eam traffic _h be5 amply demon/rat$2 b "s ( ^? e>ly /eam%ips did n 8pay10 & to t te/1 aft] all1 su* und]tak+s mu/ come4 ,n[1 ! man into ^: h&s ! circul> _h fall5 0 ( great intellig5ce & rem>kable en]gy4 ,he 0 a m]*ant & own] ( %ips1 & ag5t = ! ,ea/ ,india ,company at ,halifax1 ,nova ,scotia4 ,8 "n has s9ce become kn[n ! wide _w ov]4 ,x 0 ,samuel ,cun>d4 ,app>5tly he _h *]i%$ ! idea ( e/abli%+ transatlantic /eam traffic = "s ye>s--s9ce #ahcj x is said--& n[1 "h 0 ! opportunity4 ,! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t w\ld1 ( c\rse1 give a h&some sum = c>ry+ ! mails1 & t sum w\ld =m a backbone to ! ent]prise4 ,ov] came ,cun>d to ,london 9 #ahch4 ,mr4 ,melvill1 ! secret>y ( ! ,ea/ ,india ,company1 gave him a lett] ( introduction to ,mr4 ,rob]t ,napi]1 ! em95t eng9e] at ,glasg[4 ,?i!r !n w5t ! indomitable m]*ant1 & 0 he>tily welcom$4 ,napi] knew ,mr4 ,george ,burns1 :o 0 p>tn] ) ,mr4 ,david ,mac,iver 9 a coa/+ trade1 & ! up%ot ( ! matt] 0 t capital ( consid]ably ov] a qu>t] ( a million 7#bgj1jjj7 0 subscrib$ ?r\gh ,mr4 ,burns's influ5ce4 ,! fir/ great /ep ?us tak51 ,mr4 ,cun>d made a good (f] to ! ,gov]nm5t1 & al?\gh ano!r (f] 0 made by ! own]s ( ! ,great ,we/]n1 ,cun>d got ! contract1 ! t5d] be+ reg>d$ z mu* m fav\rable4 ,! subsidy 0 ev5tually #ha1jjj p] annum4 ,! contract 0 = sev5 ye>s1 & 0 sign$ by ! ?ree g5tlem5 m5tion$--,cun>d1 ,burns1 & ,mac,iver4 ,^! ?ree divid$ ! lab\r4 ,cun>d rul$ at ,london1 ,mac,iver at ,liv]pool1 & ,burns at ,glasg[4 ,napi] 0 to eng9e ! new vessels4 ,x 0 decid$ t _! names 7 all to end 9 8ia10 & ne>ly e "o ( ! n[ hi/oric fleet has rejoic$ 9 a title ( t end+4 ,!re is a sailor's sup]/ition t x is unlucky if ! vessels ( a fleet are n nam$ ) "s uni=mity2 b we d\bt if ! sup]/ition influ5c$ ! ,cun>d ,company4 ,9 any case1 !y broke ano!r sup]/ition by />t+ _! fir/ %ip on a ,friday6 ,%e 0 a mail %ip1 & %e _h to g4 ,! ,cun>d ,company meant bus9ess4 ,b ab\t _! fleet4 ,_! fir/ ord] 0 = f\r vessels1 all ( ab\t ! same size & p[]4 ,! ,britannia 0 ! fir/1 & h] si/]s 7 ! ,cal$onia1 ! ,columbia1 & ! ,acadia4 ,!y 7 paddle /eam]s1 ! value ( ! screw n hav+ !n be5 cle>ly & widely demon/rat$1 all ( !m ab\t #bjg feet long1 #ce feet broad1 #bb feet deep1 & #aaed tons bur!n4 ,! eng9es--side-lev]1 ( c\rse1 9 ^? days--7 ( #gdj horse-p[]4 ,! boil]s _h return-flues1 & 7 heat$ by a doz5 furnaces4 ,!y w\ld look n[ q out ( fa%ion1 l a lady's dress ( a pa/ age4 ,!y appe>$ some?+ l sail+ %ips1 ) ! /raight funnels add$4 ,! ,britannia began ! s]vice by />t+ f ,liv]pool on ! #d? ( ,july1 #ahdj1 &1 atta9+ a spe$ ( ab\t #h knots p] h\r1 %e made ! passage to ,halifax 9 #ab days1 #aj h\rs1 & return$ 9 #aj days4 ,h] av]age consumption ( fuel 0 ab\t ?irty-eight tons daily4 ,! ,bo/onians gave ! ,britannia q an ovation4 ,a gr& banquet1 foll[$ by spee*es1 celebrat$ ! great occasion4 ,b !y gave ev5 m practical appreciation ( _! fav\r subsequ5tly1 = :51 9 ! w9t] season1 ! vessel became ice-b\nd 9 ! h>b\r1 !y cut a sev5-mile passage = h] ?r\gh ! ice1 at _! own co/4 ,! ,cun>d]s 7 successful1 & ! conveyance ( ! mails by /eam%ip became q e/abli%$4 ,! :ite-w+$ clipp] %ips f\ght h>d aga9/ ! ,cun>d]s1 b !y _h to yield4 ,?ree ye>s lat] ! ,company put ano!r vessel on ! r\te--! ,hib]nia--& 9 #ahde ! ,cambria4 ,^! 7 ( great] size & develop$ a little bett] spe$ ?an _! =]unn]s4 ,x has always be5 ! policy ( ! own]s to improve _! %ips z !y w5t on build+1 & ev5 ?us e>ly t policy rul$4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,cun>d ,company m>ks a mo/ important /ep 9 ocean /eam navigation4 ,fur!r1 9 ! same ye>1 #ahdj1 9 :i* ! ,cun>d]s began to run1 ! ,pacific ,/eam ,navigation ,company 0 e/abli%$4 ,t5 ye>s lat] saw ! f\ndation ( ! ,coll9s & ! ,inman ,l9es4 ,! ,coll9s1 an ,am]ican ,l9e1 boa/$ t !y w\ld run 8! ,cun>d]s (f ! ,atlantic40 ,!y 7 v f9e vessels1 & !y 7 ! fir/ fleet to fully adopt ! upright /em & disc>d ! b[sprit4 ,b ! ,cun>d]s 7 ready = ! fi]ce competition4 ,!y _h actually put on six new vessels1 & _! new po/al contract ( #ahdg _h /ipulat$ = a weekly1 in/ead ( a =tnightly s]vice2 :ile ! subsidy 0 mu* increas$4 ,x 0 to be #agc1cdj annually in/ead ( #ha1jjj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,ice-,,b\nd 8,,britannia0 ,,at ,,bo/on4 ,by p]mission ( ,! ,cun>d ,/eam%ip ,co4 ,! e*oes ( t fi]ce /ruggle betwe5 ! ,cun>d]s' & ! ,coll9s' boats h n[ di$ away1 or h be5 q lo/ 9 ! o!r clamor\s cries ( t wond] ( ! _w1 ! developm5t ( ! transatlantic /eam%ip traffic2 b app>5tly p>tisan%ip ran v high4 ,! ,coll9s' seem to h be5 slightly ! fa/] vessels1 com+ f ,am]ica 9 #i days #ag h\rs1 b occupy+ ne>ly two m days to return4 ,alas1 disa/] ov]took !m4 ,! ,arctic p]i%$ by collision2 ! ,pacific 0 lo/ at sea1 & no "o kn[s ! /ory ( h] dea?1 = %e 0 nev] he>d ( m4 ,bad managem5t1 & extravagance surg$ ov] ! rema9+ vessels1 & ! f9e %ips w5t z old iron6 ,b ! ,inman l9e _h also begun to run1 ab\t #ahej4 ,^! %ips1 l ! ,great ,brita91 7 built ( iron & propell$ by a screw4 ,! fir/ 0 ! ,city ( ,glasg[1 & sev]al fam\s 8,cities0 foll[$2 ?\gh ye>s aft]w>ds ! ,inman l9e became ! 8,am]ican10 & ! appellation 8,city0 0 dropp$1 ! %ips be+ simply kn[n z ,p>is1 ,new ,york1 ,b]l91 etc4 ,! ,inman l9e _h ! di/9ction ( be+ ! fir/1 ap>t f ! ,great ,brita91 to use iron screw /eam]s regul>ly on ! ,atlantic4 ,o!r l9es soon foll[$1 ! ,an*or1 ! ,allan1 & ! ,guion1 :ile ! ,cun>d]s1 n to be beat51 came along 9 due c\rse ) iron & screw /eam]s4 ,b great *anges 7 at h&4 ,to m>k ^! *anges let u look at :at may be call$ ! culm9at+ %ip ( ! old type ( /eam]s--! ,great ,ea/]n4 ,?is hi/orical vessel 0 ! l>ge/ ev] built4 ,%e 0 #fhj feet long1 by #hc feet broad1 & h] hull 0 #fj feet high1 #gj feet includ+ bulw>ks4 ,b ! /eam pressure ( h] eng9es 0 only f #ae to #be lbs4 ,%e 0 fitt$ ) bo? screw-propell] & paddle :eels4 ,h] screw-propell] eng9es 7 ( #djjj indicat$ horse-p[]1 & paddle ( #bfjj1 b !y c\ld toge!r "w up to #aa1jjj horse-p[]4 ,comm5c$ at ,millwall e>ly 9 #ahed1 %e 0 n laun*$ until ne> ^u f\r ye>s lat]4 ,! laun*+ itself 0 a difficult & exp5sive bus9ess1 co/+ #fj1jjj1 & only effect$ aft] v>i\s attempts ext5d+ ov] ne>ly ?ree mon?s4 ,! total co/ ( ! vessel has be5 e/imat$ at #gcb1jjj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,isamb>d ,,k+dom ,,brunel4 ,by p]mission ( ,messrs4 ,graves ,co4 ,x w be se5 at once t s l>ge an outlay requir$ an imm5se bus9ess to yield a satisfactory return1 & inde$1 f9ancial difficulties hamp]$ h] success almo/ f ! v comm5cem5t1 ev5 be=e %e 0 laun*$4 ,%e 0 plann$1 9 #aheb1 by ! great eng9e]1 ,i4 ,k4 ,brunel1 & by ,scott ,russell4 ,9 ! life ( ,brunel by 8 son1 x is /at$3--8,x 01 no d\bt1 8 connection ) ! ,au/ralian ,mail ,company t l$ ,mr4 ,brunel to "w out into practical %ape ! idea ( a great %ip = ! ,indian or ,au/ralian s]vice40 ,! ,ea/]n ,/eam ,navigation ,company desir$ a vessel to trade to ,au/ralia & back1 l>ge en\gh to c>ry a suffici5cy ( coal = ! outw>d & homew>d j\rney1 & yet to h space = a goodly numb] ( pass5g]s & a bulky am\nt ( c>go4 ,t 0 ! idea1 & we p]haps c h>dly realise :at a difficulty ?is "q ( coal c>ry+ capacity 0 9 ^? days1 be=e ! problem _h be5 solv$ by high-pressure /eam boil]s1 triple expansion eng9es1 improv$ cond5sation1 & quick passages4 ,ev5 s great a philosoph] z ,dr4 ,l>dn] c\ld n believe 9 #ahce t a /eam%ip c\ld voyage f ,liv]pool to ,new ,york )\t /opp+--we presume = fre% fuel4 ,! ,great ,ea/]n1 !re=e1 0 plann$ to c>ry #ae1jjj tons ( coal2 :]eas n[ ! l>ge ,atlantic l9] ,p>is ne$s only #bgjj tons = h] ,atlantic trip4 ,! diff]5ce is mo/ /rik+1 = ! ,p>is is "o ( ! l>ge/ /eam%ips afloat1 b h] work+ /eam pressure is #aej lbs4 in/ead ( ! #ae or #be lbs4 ( ! ,great ,ea/]n4 ,?is imm5se vessel 0 also plann$ to c>ry "s #ejjj p]sons1 or ab\t #ejj less if any l>ge numb] 7 to require /ate-rooms1 & f9ally %e 0 to convey #ejjj tons ( c>go4 ,! idea ( wat]-tight comp>tm5ts 0 anticipat$ 9 h] case1 ev5 to ! ext5t ( longitud9al ones1 & %e _h half-a-doz5 ma/s ( :i* five 7 ( iron4 ,:5 at l5g? %e 0 laun*$1 ! directors' m9ds misgave !m z to an ,au/ralian trip1 & !y det]m9$ to cross ! ,atlantic in/ead1 = a trial voyage4 ,%e />t$ on ! #h? ( ,septemb]1 #ahei1 b alas6 :5 (f ,ha/+s "s /eam pipes bur/4 ,sev]al p]sons 7 kill$ & w\nd$1 & ! voyage end$ at ,portl&4 ,next ye> %e tri$ aga9 & cross$ 9 elev5 days1 aft] :i* %e made sev]al voyages ) success--on "o occasion convey+ soldi]s to ,canada4 ,un=tunately = ! own]s1 h[ev]1 %e did n pay4 ,!n 9 #ahfe %e began to be engag$ 9 subm>9e telegraph "w1 by :i* %e w mo/ likely be be/ rememb]$1 & two ye>s lat] %e 0 *>t]$ to convey pass5g]s f ,am]ica to ,havre = ! ,fr5* ,exhibition1 b ?is s*eme fail$4 ,!n = "s ye>s f #ahfi %e 0 successfully engag$ 9 cable-lay+1 9 ! ,r$ ,sea1 ! ,atlantic1 & ! ,m$it]ranean1 etc41 aft] :i* %e came d[n to be a coal hulk 9 #ahhd1 /ation$ at ,gibralt>4 ,at l5g? %e 0 sold = #bf1bjj at ,london1 by auction1 & 0 on view 9 ! ,?ames1 & also 9 ! ,m]sey4 ,at ?is latt] riv] h] huge sides 7 us$ z an adv]tis+ 8bo>d0 = a ,liv]pool bus9ess h\se4 ,aga9 9 ,novemb]1 #ahhh1 %e 0 sold by auction1 ?is "t = break+ up1 & x is said t ! total proce$s ( ! sale :i* la/$ five days 0 #eh1jjj1 m ?an d\ble :at %e _h previ\sly br\ght6 8,a %ip be=e h] "t10 says "s "o1 ?9k+ ( ! huge vessels ( ! la/ decade ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,t is true1 b ! imm5se space requir$ = coal1 & h] l[-pressure eng9es1 _h also some?+ to d ) h] comp>ative failure4 ,! problem :i* ! ,great ,ea/]n fail$ to solve has be5 met 9 o!r ways--viz41 by ! use ( high-pressure /eam & comp\nd1 triple-expansion & ev5 quadruple-expansion eng9es4 ,t is1 ! /eam1 work+ at #aej or #afj lbs4 pressure1 in/ead ( ! #be lbs4 ( ! ,great ,ea/]n1 is pass$ ?r\gh two1 ?ree1 & ev5 f\r cyl9d]s respectively1 & ! economy 9 coal consumption is a/\nd+4 ,?us ! use ( triple expansion eng9es has br\ght ! sav+ 9 coal d[n f #d lbs4 p] indicat$ horse-p[] to less ?an #a lbs4 ,!re h be5 _m o!r improvem5ts also1 su* z ! use ( /eel in/ead ( iron1 ! p>ts be+ ?us /rong] & yet light]2 ! circul> tubul> boil] enabl+ high-pressure /eam to be economically produc$ & ma9ta9$2 ! use ( surface cond5s]s1 by :i* ! exhau/ /eam is quickly r$uc$ to wat] & return$ to a 8hot well0 ready = ! boil]s1 to be spe$ily aga9 rais$ to high pressure /eam2 & a =c$ draught by :i* ! furnaces are made to ro> furi\sly & heat ! wat] 9 ! boil]s spe$ily4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! 8,,great ,,ea/]n40 ,b ^! ?+s 7 n all atta9$ 9 a day4 ,! introduction ( ! comp\nd m>9e eng9es 9 #ahed-ef by ,john ,eld]1 m>ks ! fir/ great /ep ( ! new dep>ture4 ,9 #ahef he eng9$ vessels = ! ,pacific ,/eam ,navigation ,company1 on ! comp\nd pr9ciple1 :i* prov$ v satisfactory4 ,aga9 9 #ahgj1 ! appe>ance ( ! ,:ite ,/> l9] ,oceanic1 m>k$ a new developm5t4 ,h] ya*t-l %ape1 great l5g?1 & g5]al symmetry ( =m comm5c$ a m>k$ *ange 9 ,atlantic l9]s4 ,x 0 9 #ahfg t ,mr4 ,t4 ,h4 ,ismay b\ght ! int]e/ ( ! manag+ own] ( ! ,:ite ,/> l9e--a set ( sail+ clipp]s1 dat+ f ! ru% to ! ,au/ralian gold digg+s--& began to introduce iron vessels in/ead ( wood5 clipp] %ips4 ,9 #ahfi he e/abli%$ ! ,oceanic ,/eam ,navigation ,company--popul>ly kn[n z ! ,:ite ,/>--& 0 lat] on jo9$ by ,mr4 ,william ,imrie4 ,! ,company 0 />t$ ) s mu* wisdom & boldness t ! #ajjj %>es 7 privately tak5 up at once4 ,! ord] = ! new /eam]s 0 giv5 to ,h>l& ,wolff1 ( ,belfa/1 because1 x is said1 an influ5tial %>e-hold] _h _h satisfactory deal+s ) !m be=e4 ,! ,oceanic 0 ( #cfjj tons bur!n1 & ) eng9es ( #cjjj horse-p[]4 ,! accommodation = fir/-class pass5g]s 0 plac$ amid%ips1 :]e ! motion ( ! vessel is said to be felt ! lea/1 & altoge!r %e embodi$ improvem5ts :i* made h] ! type ( _m ( ! ,atlantic pass5g] %ips s9ce4 ,! e>li] ,:ite ,/>s 7 fitt$ ) comp\nd eng9es1 & r$uc$ ! passage to ab\t #h days4 ,b :5 ! ,:ite ,/>s ,g]manic & ,britannic appe>$ 9 #ahgg1 !n a m>k$ advance inde$ 0 made 9 ! ,atlantic record4 ,! ,britannic a/oni%$ ! _w by spe$+ f ,que5/[n to ,new ,york 9 #g days1 #aj h\rs1 & #ej m9utes1 & s9ce !n %e has beat5 h] own record4 ,h] si/] %ip ,g]manic also did z well1 & ! fi]ce race = ! blue ribbon ( ! ,atlantic may be said to h begun4 ,x 0 ev5 prophesi$ t ! "t across ! wat] might be r$uc$ to six days4 ,h[ has t be5 fulfill$8 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,be=e ,,! ,,furnace4 8,! record's brok5 aga91 ,jemmy6 ,! ,:ite ,/> has come home a c\ple ( h\rs e>li]60 8,%e has1 has %e8 ,well1 x w be ! ,cun>d's turn next week4 ,x's wond]ful :at !y get out ( ! ,cun>d's eng9es40 8,!y d2 b ,i'm ?9k+ ! ,am]ican's ,new ,york w be do9' ! fa/e/ bit40 8,well1 well1 x may be4 ,!y're all ma9 p[]ful vessels4 ,d y m9d :5 ! ,guion's ,alaska came home 9 #f days1 #ah h\rs1 #cg m9utes80 8,i d1 & ab\t t5 ye>s lat]1 ,i suppose1 "s %ips 7 do+ x 9 ab\t a day less "t60 8,ay1 ay1 & ,i see !y're go9' ahead d[n s\? too40 8,yes1 !re's fa/ /eam+ all ov] ! _w1 ,jemmy60 8,i told y :at w\ld happ5 :5 ! comp\nd eng9e came into use4 ,i said1 #8,m>k my words1 n[ !y've got ! comp\nd eng9e1 !y w g ahead'--& !y h40 ,jemmy's pr$iction has be5 amply v]ifi$1 = almo/ e ye> s9ce ! comp\nd eng9e came l>gely into use1 has witness$ a great] spe$ 9 ocean /eam]s4 ,& ! spe$ has n be5 obta9$ at sacrifice ( com=t4 ,on ! contr>y1 an ocean pass5g] /eam] belong+ to any ( ! great pass5g] l9es is some?+ l a float+ palace4 ,aft] ! ,britannic & ,g]manic appe>$1 l9e aft] l9e put =? f9e vessels2 & 9 #ahhi 0 laun*$ ! ,:ite ,/> /eam] ,teutonic1 :i* = "s "t held ! pr\d position ( ! fa/e/ %ip on ! ,atlantic4 ,%e _h cross$ 9 #e days1 #af h\rs1 #ca m9utes4 ,! av]age ( sev]al trips1 bo? = h]self & h] si/] ,maje/ic1 0 #e days1 #ah h\rs1 #f m9utes4 ,& !y 7 run v close by ! ,am]ican l9]s1 ,p>is & ,new ,york4 ,^! f\r vessels 7 among ! fir/ propell$ by tw9-screws4 ,eng9e]s began to see t x 0 bett] to use great p[] 9 two %afts & two propell]s ?an 9 "o4 ,9 ,july1 #ahib1 ! f9e ,inman 7n[ call$ ,am]ican7 l9] ,p>is cross$ ! ,atlantic 9 #e days1 #ae h\rs1 & #eh m9utes1 & 9 ,octob] ( ! same ye> ! same vessel /eam$ f ,liv]pool1 t\*+ z usual at ,que5/[n1 9 #f days1 #b h\rs1 & #bd m9utes--includ+ ! "t at ! ,iri% port4 ,?is 0 !n ! quicke/ "t on record = ! entire j\rney4 ,f ,que5/[n to ,s&y ,hook ! "t 0 #e days1 #ad h\rs1 & #bd m9utes1 a ga9 ( #a h\r & #cd m9utes on h] voyage 9 ! previ\s ,july4 ,h] be/ day's run 0 #ecj knots4 ,! conte/1 !re=e1 betwe5 ! two ,:ite ,/>s & ! two ,inmans has be5 v close1 ! record "t re/+ n[ ) ! "o & !n ) ! o!r4 ,b ! ,cun>d ,company1 n to be beat51 put on ! ,campania 9 #ahic1 & 9 ,april ( t ye> %e made ! fa/e/ maid5 trip !n on record1 "o day inde$ compass+ #ede knots 9 ! #bd h\rs4 ,! ,campania is #fbe feet long by #fe feet broad1 & #dc feet deep f ! upp] deck4 ,h] gross tonnage is #ab1iej4 ,%e is fitt$ ) a cellul> d\ble bottom ext5d+ =e & aft1 & also ) sixte5 bulkheads1 s arrang$ t ! vessel w\ld float ev5 if two1 or 9 "s cases ?ree1 comp>tm5ts 7 op5 to ! ocean4 ,%e is a tw9-screw vessel1 fitt$ ) two sets ( v p[]ful triple-expansion eng9es4 ,!y are seat$ 9 two sep>ate eng9e-rooms ) a divid+ bulkhead & wat]-tight doors4 ,ea* set ( eng9es has five inv]t$ cyl9d]s--viz41 two high-pressure1 "o int]m$iate1 & two l[-pressure--all arrang$ to "w on ?ree cranks set at an angle ( #abj degrees to ea* o!r4 ,h] indicat$ horse-p[] is #cj1jjj4 ,! boil]-rooms are d\bly cas$1 ! space betwe5 be+ fitt$ ) nonconduct+ mat]ial = s\nd & heat4 ,illu/ration3 ,,high ,,& ,,l[ ,,pressure ,,cyl9d]s ,,( ,,! 8,,campania',s0 ,,eng9es4 ,9 ?is huge vessel f\r decks rise ti] above ti]1 beside erections on ! upp] deck1 kn[n z prom5ade & %ade decks4 ,^! f\r pr9cipal decks are ! orlop1 ! l[e/ ( all1 us$ = c>go1 /ores1 & ma*9]y2 ! l[]1 ! ma91 & ! upp] decks1 ! la/ ?ree be+ devot$ entirely to pass5g]s4 ,imag9e y\rself on ! upp] deck4 ,be=e y /ret*es ! long vi/a ( its l5g?1 l "s f>-rea*+ walk a%ore2 a circuit ( ! vessel f\r times makes a mile4 ,above rises ! %ade deck ) ! navigat+ app>atus1 & surr\nd$ by ! tw5ty lifeboats ( ! vessel2 above aga9 is ! capta9's bridge1 :]e are plac$ ! telegraph & :eel h\se1 :ile high] /ill is p]*$ ! cr['s ne/ or look-out box1 on ! =ema/1 & ab\t #ajj feet f ! wat]-level4 ,give a glance1 too1 at ! huge funnels1 #abj feet high1 & s l>ge t :5 9 ! build]'s y>d a coa* full ( pass5g]s 0 driv5 ) f\r horses ?r\gh "o ( !m4 ,desc5d+ !n1 ! gr& /aircase1 :i* is suffici5tly wide = six p]sons to walk d[n abrea/1 & admir+ ! poli%$ panell+1 ! ri* ,japanese pap]1 & ! l\nges on ! l&+s1 we ent] ! sup]b d9+-saloon #ajj feet long by #fb feet broad4 ,f\r huge tables run almo/ along its l5g?1 ) small] tables 9 ! corn]s1 :ile ! wood-c>v+1 c>pet+1 gold decorat$ ro(1 co/ly mirrors1 & uphol/]+ 9 ri* r$ velvet are ( ! mo/ sumptu\s description4 ,f ?is magnific5t hall y c w&] on ?r\gh o!r ap>tm5ts ( great spl5d\r1 draw+-room1 libr>y1 smok+1 music room1 ba?-rooms1 & numb]s ( /ate-rooms4 ,!re are s+le b]?1 d\ble b]?1 & ?ree & f\r b]? cab9s--! old wood5 b5*es = b$s1 h[ev]1 be+ replac$ by iron b$-/eads ?r\gh\t ! %ip4 ,! electric light gl[s ev]y:]e1 be+ di/ribut$ by "s fifty miles ( wire4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! 8,,campania40 ,by p]mission ( ,! ,cun>d ,/eam%ip ,co4 ,! second-class accommodation diff]s b 9 degree f ! magnific5ce ( ! saloon1 :ile ! /e]age pass5g]s are b]!d on ! l[] deck1 b h ! privilege ( walk+ on ! upp] deck4 ,an additional idea ( ! size ( ! %ip may be ga9$ :5 we le>n t ! crew consi/s ( ov] #dbj p]sons--viz41 #aij eng9e]s1 #agi /ew>ds1 & #ed sail+ h&s1 :ile ! vessel's full complem5t ( pass5g]s br+s up ! total numb] ( p]sons abo>d to #afjj s\ls--q a float+ t[n inde$4 ,ab\t five ye>s aft] ! bir? ( ! ,teutonic ! newspap]s record$1 9 ,may1 #ahid1 t ! ,lucania1 si/] %ip to ! ,campania1 & "o ( ! newe/ ,cun>d]s1 _h p]=m$ ! j\rney across ! ,atlantic 9 #e days1 #ac h\rs1 & #bh m9utes4 ,h] av]age spe$ 0 #bb knots1 or #beg l& miles p] h\r1 m>k+ "o ( ! quicke/ runs !n ev] record$2 & ab\t ! same "t came ! news t ! ,p4 ,o4 /eam] ,himalaya _h complet$ a mail transit f ,bombay ( #ab days1 & z h] voyage to ,bombay _h be5 j ov] #ac days--! be/ outw>d passage--%e _h complet$ a r\nd mail transit to ,bombay & back1 exclud+ /oppages1 ( #be days4 ,a little lat]1 9 ! same ye>1 ! torp$o-boat de/roy]1 ,hornet1 built by ,messrs4 ,y>r[ ,co41 ( ,popl>1 = ! ,briti% ,navy1 a*iev$1 x is said1 ab\t #bg knots2 t is1 r\ghly speak+1 ne> to #bi or #cj miles an h\r1 :i* spe$ proclaim$ h] to be !n "o ( ! fa/e/ /eam%ips 9 ! _w4 ,%e 0 fitt$ ) ! ,y>r[ wat]-tube boil]s1 :i* are bo? light & /rong1 :ile ! consumption ( coal 0 said to be rem>kably small4 ,%e has two sets ( triple-expansion inv]t$ eng9es4 ,aga91 a %ort "t lat]1 ,messrs4 ,?orneycr(t1 ( ,*iswick1 obta9$ simil> results ) ! ,d>+1 ano!r boat ( ! same k9d built = ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t1 & fitt$ ) ! ,?orneycr(t improv$ wat]-tube boil]s4 ,^!1 x is claim$1 w raise /eam f cold wat] 9 fifte5 m9utes4 ,%e pass$ ! measur$ mile on ! ,mapl9 at ! high spe$ ( #bi miles an h\r4 ,9 ! same summ] a ,company put on a f9e /eam] = s]vice on ! ,?ames & ! ,engli% ,*annel1 call$ ,la ,m>gu]ite1 :i* develop$1 x is said1 a spe$ ( #be miles an h\r1 :i* w\ld make h] "o ( ! fa/e/ pass5g] vessels !n afloat4 ,ano!r ,company has also a notewor?y vessel runn+ on ! ,e/u>y ( ! ,?ames--viz41 ! ,london ,belle1 ply+ f ,london ,bridge to ,clacton-on-,sea4 ,%e is a triple-expansion paddle boat1 & ! fir/ riv] /eam] fitt$ ) ?ree crank triple-expansion paddle eng9es4 ,%e 0 built by ,d5ny ( ,dumb>ton1 & c develop a spe$ ( #ai knots--i4e41 tw5ty-?ree /atute miles p] h\r1 & is work$ ) great economy ( coal consumption4 ,an example ( a quadruple-expansion eng9e /eam] may be f\nd 9 ! ,tantallon ,ca/le1 "o ( ! newe/ vessels = voyag+ to ,s\? ,africa4 ,%e is #def feet long1 ov] #ej broad1 ) a gross tonnage ( #efcf4 ,%e is fitt$ ) quadruple-expansion eng9es ( #gejj horse-p[]1 & ! /oke holes are well v5tilat$ by l>ge fans spe$+ r\nd ) great swiftness4 ,improvem5ts 9 /eam%ip build+ _h gone /eadily on2 & x is safe to say t a p\nd ( coal1 aft] ! comp\nd+ pr9ciple came fully into use1 did f\r or five times ! "w x accompli%$ be=e high pressure eng9es 7 fully utilis$4 ,let u ent] ! eng9e-room ( a big l9]1 & see = ourselves4 ,x is a triumph ( eng9e]+4 ,/ill1 at fir/1 y _c und]/& any?+ ( ! complicat$ mass ( ma*9]y4 ,!n y notice ?ree l>ge cyl9d]s--= ^! are triple-expansion eng9es--) pi/ons %oot+ 9 & out d[nw>ds1 & atta*$ by connect+ rods to ! cranks ( ! propell] %aft bel[4 ,! cranks are b5t at diff]5t angles s t !y c nev] all be 9 ! same position at once4 ,!re is a maze ( ma*9]y & %9+ rods1 bewild]+ to ! un9itiat$ eye4 ,b y gradually notice h[ absolutely regul> e "p is 9 its action1 & h[ beautifully "o "p fits ) ano!r4 ,!n g be=e ! furnace2 y f9d y\rself 9 front ( a huge /ructure1 at ! bottom ( :i* is ! long fire box2 above rises ! heat box communicat+ ) tubes ov] ! furnaces1 ) ! wat] circulat+ betwe54 ,! wat]1 inde$1 is b5ea? ! furnace1 ab\t p>ts ( ! heat box1 betwe5 & above ! tubes4 ,! object is1 ( c\rse1 to obta9 z great heat+ surface z possible4 ,! tubes communicate ) ! funnel at _! o!r end4 ,boil]s are made ( a 8mild0 /eel :i* has1 x is said1 a mo/ rem>kable t5acity ( #bh tons to ! squ>e in*4 ,consequ5tly !y are able to be> great pressure ( /eam4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/oke ,,hole4 ,hot di/ill$ wat] is admitt$ to ! boil] f ! surface cond5s]4 ,?is is a 8box10 riddl$ ) tubes1 ?r\gh :i* cold sea wat] is pump$4 ,! wa/e /eam1 hav+ done its "w 9 ! cyl9d]s1 is pass$ into ?is 8box10 is cond5s$ by t\*+ ! *illy tubes ( sea wat]1 & c be run (f or pump$ to a hot ci/]n1 :5ce x is us$ to fe$ ! boil] & be turn$ once m to /eam4 ,ab\t #djjj tons ( wat] an h\r pass ?r\gh ! surface cond5s]s ( a l>ge l9] :5 %e is at full "w4 ,! l>ge/ /eam]s require ov] #aej m5 to "w ! furnaces & ma*9]y1 & ! att5tion giv5 is h>d & unremitt+4 ,9 "s ( ! fa/ ,atlantic greyh\nds ! /ra9 is t]ribly sev]e1 especially :5 ! sea is beg9n+ to run high4 ,! roll]s may be b #bj feet1 yet ^! are q high en\gh ev5 = a spl5did ocean rac] to cont5d ) & yet ma9ta9 h] spe$4 ,n[ h] b[s are po9t+ sky high1 & h] /]n is deeply subm]g$2 n[ %e takes a head] plump into ! tr\gh ( ! sea1 & ! eng9es race r\nd2 ! propell] is sudd5ly rais$ out ( wat]4 ,b bl[ high1 or bl[ l[1 on %e goes1 & ! eng9e]s are always busy4 ,! furnaces ro> ) ceaseless rage4 ,= days & nights ! fires are kept at gl[+ heat4 ,a =c$ bla/ ma9ta9s ! draught2 ! /eam cond5s$ back into w>m wat] is suppli$ to ! boil]s2 half-nak$ m5 "w h\r aft] h\r to rake ! fires1 clean !m1 pile on ! fuel1 & keep ! mo/ p[]ful head ( /eam ! boil]s c /&4 ,:5 ! furnace doors are op5$ tongues ( flame leap =?1 & ! heat is en\gh to make a man sick4 ,b ) head turn$ away1 ! /ok] /irs up ! fire ) 8 huge 8slice0 or fire rake1 & cleans out ! cl9k] clogg+ ! b>s4 ,!n on g ! coals6 ,"o lay]1 %ot 9 f ! %ovel ) un]r+ precision & skilful exp]i5ce1 "r at ! back2 !n ano!r j 9 front ( ! fir/1 & s on till ! long furnace is fill$4 ,bang6 ! furnace door clangs1 & ! man reels away1 sick & exhau/$1 ) t+l+ eyes & heav+ *e/4 ,!n coal has to be br\ght f ! bunk]s to ! furnaces1 tons ( x p] day1 & if ! %ip rolls too mu* = ! b>r[s to be us$1 ! fuel mu/ be c>ri$ 9 baskets4 ,!re is an eng9e] 9 *>ge ( ea* /oke hole1 & two on ! plat=m 9 ea* eng9e room2 z a rule1 ! /aff are on duty 9 turns--f\r h\rs out ( e twelve4 ,b if ! wea!r be bad !y may h h>d] times4 ,no matt] h[ hot ! ma*9]y becomes1 ! eng9e]s mu/ n r$uce spe$1 except x be to prev5t disa/]4 ,oil is swabb$ on 9 bucketfuls1 s to speak1 b at e ?ru/ ! poli%$ /eel may gleam dry & smok+4 ,!n on goes ! wat]1 z if !re actually 0 a conflagration1 & meantime a mixture ( oil & sulphur is dabb$ on4 ,! wat] flies (f 9 /eam1 s hot are ! be>+s1 s t]rific ! friction ( ! incessant spe$2 & at la/1 d[n comes ! reluctant ord]1 wrung out ( ! *ief l gold f a mis]--8,sl[ h] d[n40 ,x is done--damp]s are clapp$ on furnaces1 /eam pressure dropp$ a little1 & eng9es r$uc$ to half spe$2 ! ?ree great cranks ( ! high1 int]m$iate1 & l[ pressure cyl9d]s move r\nd easily1 & ! trem5d\s noise gradually s9ks to a murmur1 comp>$ ) ! previ\s ru% & ro>4 ,! ma*9]y cools4 ,b :5 q safe1 on is pil$ ! spe$ once m1 & aga9 ! cranks fly r\nd1 & ! mighty eng9es "w _! h>de/ to drive ! mammo? %ip ?r\gh ! surg+ gre5 roll]s4 ,s sup]bly are ^! m>9e eng9es built1 & s excell5tly are !y ma9ta9$1 be+ cont9ually ov]haul$1 s z to be kept 9 ! p9k ( p]fection1 t1 z ye>s g on1 !y seem to 8w>m to _! "w0 & d ev5 bett] ?an at fir/4 ,on ! completion ( ! #bjj? r\nd voyage ( ! celebrat$ 8,:ite ,/>s10 ,g]manic & ,britannic1 ab\t ,janu>y1 #ahid1 !y seem$ /eam+ z regul>ly & z fa/1 or fa/] ?an ev]4 ,?us1 on ! #aih? outw>d trip ( ! ,g]manic1 9 ,septemb]1 #ahic1 %e made ! fa/e/ we/w>d passage1 b "o1 %e _h ev] accompli%$4 ,dur+ _! lives1 x 0 said ^! vessels _h ma9ta9$ rem>kable uni=mity 9 spe$1 & ea* vessel _h /eam$ #bjj times #fbjj nautical miles1 t is ne>ly a million & a-half /atute miles1 ) ! orig9al eng9es & boil]s--a p]=mance1 9 all probability1 )\t p>allel 9 ! _w4 ,^? p :o c>e = figures may be int]e/$ 9 kn[+ t ! ,britannic _h be5 #ia1gda h\rs "u /eam1 & #he1hab h\rs actually "u weigh4 ,h] eng9es _h made #bhj million revolutions1 & ma9ta9$ an av]age spe$ ( #ae knots1 or #ag /atute miles an h\r1 :ile %e _h burnt #djf1jjj tons ( coal4 ,dur+ _! n9ete5 ye>s ( life ! two vessels _h c>ri$ #ajj1jjj saloon1 & ov] #bfj1jjj /e]age pass5g]s1 9 safety & 9 com=t4 ,?is is a record ( :i* all conc]n$1 build]s1 own]s1 & work+ /aff1 may well be pr\d4 ,x augurs fir/-class1 hone/ "w1 & sup]b eng9e]+ skill4 ,s9ce ! con/ruction ( ^! %ips1 h[ev]1 vessels surpass+ !m 9 spe$ h1 ( c\rse1 be5 built1 among :i* may be m5tion$ ! same l9e's ,teutonic & ,maje/ic4 ,! well-kn[n ,cun>d]s1 ,umbria & ,etruria1 h also done "s v f9e "w1 indicat+ great excell5ce ( con/ruction4 ,?us1 on h] eighty-second voyage1 ! ,umbria /eam$ f ,que5/[n to ,s&y ,hook 9 #e days1 #bb h\rs2 or1 all[+ = det5tion ?r\gh fog1 #e days1 #ah h\rs1 :i* is )9 ?ree or f\r h\rs ( ! ,:ite ,/>s' & ,am]ican's "t4 ,! /ory ( ! ,briti% w>%ip ,calliope1 at ,samoa1 w also %[ h[ m>vell\sly well %ips' eng9es c be built4 ,"s difficulties _h aris5 betwe5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,g]many z to ,samoa1 & sev]al w>%ips _h ga!r$ !re4 ,"s weeks ( bad wea!r _h occurr$1 & !n1 on ! #ae? ( ,m>*1 #ahhi1 ! w9d began to bl[ ) trem5d\s =ce4 ,d[n came ! top ma/s f ! w>%ips--tak5 d[n z a precaution2 /eam 0 rais$ 9 ! boil]s 9 case an*ors %\ld n hold1 & sp>s 7 made secure4 ,b no man among ! sailors expect$ su* a hurricane z ensu$4 ,ra9 fell at midnight1 & ! w9d increas$4 ,huge waves roll$ 9 f ! ,s\? ,pacific1 & ! vessels tugg$ madly at _! an*or *a9s & pit*$ fe>fully up & d[n1 l corks4 ,!n ! ,eb]1 "o ( ! ,g]man %ips1 began to drag h] an*ors2 & ! ,v&alia1 "o ( ! ,am]icans1 foll[$ suit4 ,b by _! /eam p[] !y kept (f a dang]\s reef1 & also prev5t$ !mselves f collid+ ) _! neighb\rs4 ,/ill high] & high] blew ! hurricane1 & ! ra9 fell ) tropic sev]ity4 ,?ree h\rs aft] midnight ! situation _h become t]rible4 ,almo/ e vessel 0 dragg+ h] an*ors1 & ! dang] ( collision 0 con/ant4 ,! sc5e ( ! occurr5ce 0 a small bay be=e ,apia1 ! capital ( ,samoa4 ,b !re is a coral reef ext5d+ 9 front ( ! bay = ab\t two miles1 & 9 ! c5tre ( ! reef an op5+ ab\t a qu>t] ( a mile wide4 ,! %ips1 !re=e1 7 %ut up 9 a comp>atively small space1 f :i* ! way ( escape 0 ?is gateway ?r\gh ! reef4 ,! tide ru%$ 9 ) great rapidity1 swamp+ ! l& a hundr$ feet or s above high-wat] m>k4 ,z morn+ dawn$ & wore on to-day1 ! ,eb] collid$ ) ! ,nipsic & !n ) ! ,olga1 &1 f9ally1 0 da%$ by ! huge waves1 l a toy1 ^u ! reef1 & roll$ ov] into deep wat]4 ,only five m5 /ruggl$ to %ore & 7 sav$4 ,o!r sad disa/]s occurr$2 & !n1 %ortly be=e noon1 ! ,v&alia & ! ,calliope 7 toss$ p]il\sly ne> toge!r1 & also t[>d ! dang]\s reef4 ,9 endeav\r+ to /eam away1 ! ,v&alia collid$ ) ! ,calliope1 & 0 mu* damag$4 ,!n1 ) spl5did c\rage1 ,capta9 ,kane det]m9$ to /eam "r away to sea--to rema9 w\ld b risk ano!r collision1 or a wreck on ! reef4 ,sea-room he mu/ h at any co/6 8,lift all an*ors60 0 ! ?rill+ ord]1 & !n--8,full spe$ ahead60 ,r\nd swung ! vessel's head to ! w9d1 & ?\gh ! p[]ful eng9es 7 work+ 8all !y knew0 to =ce ! %ip along1 ! /eam] /ood /ill1 z if agha/ at be+ ask$ to break ?r\gh ^! trem5d\s waves4 ,b %e /ood = a mom5t only4 ,! sup]b eng9es began to tell2 ! quickly-:irl+ screw *urn$ up ! heavy wat] at ! /]n1 & sl[ly ! good %ip made headway ?r\gh ! huge bill[s4 ,!y cra%$ ov] h] /]n & p\r$ ov] h] decks1 z if 9 ang] at h] defiance4 ,b on w5t ! coal to h] furnaces1 & ! ?ick smoke reel$ (f f ! funnel 9 volumes4 ,! /ra9 quiv]$ ?r\gh e limb ( ! %ip1 b h] capta9 kept h] at x1 & in* by in* %e =c$ h] way ?r\gh ! p\nd+ seas4 8,?is manuvre ( ! gallant ,briti% %ip10 says an eye-witness1 ,mr4 ,john ,p4 ,dunn+1 ( ! ,associat$ ,u4,s4 ,press1 8is reg>d$ z "o ( ! mo/ d>+ 9 naval annals4 ,x 0 ! "o desp]ate *ance (f]$ h] comm&] to save 8 vessel & ! ?ree hundr$ lives abo>d4 ,an accid5t to ! ma*9]y at ?is critical mom5t w\ld h meant c]ta9 dea? to all4 ,e p\nd ( /eam :i* ! ,calliope c\ld possibly c>ry 0 cr[d$ on1 & d[n 9 ! fire-rooms ! m5 work$ z !y nev] _h work$ be=e4 ,to cle> ! h>b\r1 ! ,calliope _h to pass betwe5 ! ,tr5ton 7an ,am]ican w>%ip7 & ! reef1 & x requir$ ! mo/ skilful seaman%ip to avoid a collision ) ! ,tr5ton1 on ! "o h&1 or total de/ruction ^u ! reef1 on ! o!r4 ,! ,tr5ton's fires _h gone out by t "t1 & %e lay helpless almo/ 9 ! pa? ( ! ,calliope40 ,illu/ration3 ,,prom5ade ,,deck ,,( ,,! 8,,p>is40 ,b ! dread$ collision did n take place4 ,& z ! ,calliope pass$ ne> to ! ,tr5ton1 a great %\t 0 giv5 = ! ,briti% vessel1 & ! ,engli%m5 respond$ ) a noble *e]4 ,capta9 ,kane1 :o subsequ5tly 0 appo9t$ to ! ,inflexible1 said aft]w>ds3 8,^? r++ *e]s ( ! ,am]ican flag-%ip pi]c$ deep into my he>t1 & ,i %all ev] rememb] t mighty outbur/ ( fell[-feel+ :i*1 ,i felt1 came f ! bottom ( ! he>ts ( ! gallant ,admiral & 8 m54 ,e man on bo>d ! ,calliope felt z ,i did2 x made u "w to w94 ,i c only say1 #8,god bless ,am]ica & h] noble sailors6'0 ,! ,calliope did w94 ,h] sup]b ma*9]y & ! f9e seaman%ip ) :i* %e 0 h&l$ 7 successful1 & %e return$ to ! h>b\r :5 ! /orm _h subsid$4 ,happily ! brave m5 ( ! ,tr5ton also surviv$1 ?\gh f\rte5 vessels 7 wreck$ & ne>ly #aej lives 7 lo/4 ,/rongly & /aun*ly z are built ! ,gov]nm5t %ips1 _m ( ! great l9]s are _! equals 9 ^! respects4 ,inde$1 sev]al ( !m are n[ reta9$ by ! ,gov]nm5t to be us$ z arm$ cruis]s %\ld occasion require4 ,! fitt+s & accommodation on _m a l>ge l9] are also luxuri\s 9 ! extreme4 ,!re are libr>y & smok+-room1 sup]b saloons & /ate-rooms1 draw+-rooms1 music-rooms1 & tea-rooms1 ba?-rooms1 etc4 ,9 %ort1 !y are float+ hotels ( a mo/ sumptu\s "*4 ,a mod]n /eam%ip1 ) its multitude ( com=ts & conv5i5ces = pass5g]s & its complexities ( ma*9]y = fa/ & safe /eam+1 is a great triumph ( eng9e]+ skill4 ,pati5ce & =e?\ght1 ! p]sev]+ developm5t ( s\nd pr9ciples1 & ! application ( new ideas1 h all contribut$ to ?is great a*ievem5t4 ,f ! ,comet to ! ,campania is a m>vell\s developm5t )9 a c5tury4 ,& x has n be5 accompli%$ along "o l9e1 b ^u _m4 ,! use ( /eel1 ( _m-tub$ & /rong boil]s1 ( high pressure /eam1 :i* w\ld h fright5$ ,h5ry ,bell out ( 8 s5ses1 ! =c$ draught & ! surface cond5s]s1 ! screw propell]1 ! direct-act+ & ! triple & quadruple expansion eng9es1 h all contribut$ to ! noble results4 ,/eam%ips1 ) _! complex1 beautiful1 & p[]ful ma*9]y1 may rank among ! mo/ wond]ful ?+s t mank9d has ev] made4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,,fam\s ,,bridges ,,& ,,_! ,,build]s4 ,,*apt] ,i4 8,,! ,,bridge ,,by ,,! ,,e>!n ,,h\se40 8,y w n try aga91 surely80 8,ay1 ,i %all inde$60 8,:at6 aft] two failures80 8,yes2 ,i see ! mi/akes n[4 ,?is bridge fell because x _h too mu* weight on its haun*es40 8,haun*es6 y mean ! two side-curves ( ! ar* 7 too heavy40 8,ay2 y've he>d ! prov]b no d\bt t #8,an ar* nev] sleeps4' ,t is1 %\ld too great a weight fall on ! cr[n or top "p1 ! ar* w fall at ! sides outw>dly1 & ! cr[n w s9k2 :ile1 curi\sly en\gh1 if x be built ) too little weight on ! cr[n1 z ?is 01 ! cr[n w be =c$ upw>ds1 & ! sides w fall inw>ds40 8,!n y mean to build y\r ?ird bridge ) less weight proportionately on its haun*es80 8,exactly s40 8,well1 ,i wi% y good luck1 fri5d ,edw>ds1 = we ne$ a bridge sorely ov] ! brawl+ ,taff40 8,y %all h x1 neighb\r4 ,i %all succe$ ?is "t4 ,i h gripp$ ! "r pr9ciple at la/40 ,he _h inde$1 = ! bridge he !n built la/s to ?is day4 ,x 0 ! fam\s ,pontypridd bridge ov] ! ,taff on ! ,llantrissant & ,m]?yr road1 & 0 call$ ! ,pont y du ,prydd1 or ! bridge by ! e>!n h\se1 = a mud hut /ood ne>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pontypridd ,,bridge4 ,f ,encyclopdia ,britannica4 ,ab\t ! ye> #agde x 0 det]m9$ to build a bridge ov] ! ru%+ ,taff1 & ,william ,edw>ds1 a self-taught mason ( ! c\ntry1 und]took ! task4 ,! fir/ bridge he built 0 ( ?ree ar*es1 :i*1 9 less ?an ?ree ye>s1 0 da%$ away by a great flood4 ,! wat] rose s high z to surge ov] ! p>apet4 ,x mu/ h be5 a sore disappo9tm5t to ! h>d work] to see 8 /ructure sudd5ly swept to ru9s4 ,b he 0 a %rewd1 common-s5se1 obs]v+ man1 &1 no?+ daunt$1 he tri$ aga94 ,?is "t he det]m9$ to build "o bold ar* ( #adj feet4 ,! object 0 to obviate ! necessity ( rais+ pi]s = m ar*es1 & s ob/ruct+ ! wat]2 ^! =m] pi]s hav+ caus$1 or assi/$ 9 caus+1 ! de/ruction ( 8 fir/ bridge4 ,b ! second gave way f ! proportionally heavy weights on ! haun*es1 z ,edw>ds1 we imag9e1 told 8 fri5d1 & once m he _h to face ru9s4 ,yet a ?ird "t he tri$1 & ! ?ird "t he 0 successful4 ,g5]ations h come & gone1 ! *ildr5 :o play$ ab\t its abutm5ts h gr[n grey & h pass$ away1 b /ill ! c\ntry mason's bridge ( #adj feet span /&s its gr\nd & s]ves ! community4 ,he r$uc$ ! heavy weight on ! sides by mak+ op5+s 9 ! sp&rels--t is1 ! "p above ! curve ( ! ar*2 :ile1 in/ead ( fill+ up ! int]ior space ) rubble1 he us$ *>coal4 ,b ! ar* is v /eep1 & a *a9 & drag is kept to assi/ any horse :5 desc5d+4 ,^! bridges illu/rate ! pr9ciple ( ! ar*4 ,pass+ by ! fact t x is evid5tly saf] to span a swell+ riv] by a bridge ( wide1 r ?an ( sev]al n>r[ ar*es1 ?ree p[]s or =ces act on ! r[ ( /ones or bricks =m+ ! ar*4 ,!re is fir/ ! =ce t w\ld c>ry ! /one d[nw>d--t is1 ! =ce ( its own weight & ( any?+ t might be plac$ ^u x4 ,b !n !re are /ones or bricks press+ aga9/ x on ei!r side1 & 9 its turn x presses ^u !m4 ,:51 !re=e1 e "p presses equally1 "o n heavi] or weak] ?an ! o!rs1 a support = all is ga9$ by ! contigu\s pressure & by ! balance ( =ces4 ,long bridges 7 sometimes built 9 ?is way1 & ! longe/ 9 ,engl& 9 ! ,middle ,ages 0 at ,burton1 ov] ! ,tr5t4 ,x 0 #aede feet long1 & _h #cf ar*es4 ,x 0 n sup]s$$ till #ahfd1 :5 a new bridge 0 built4 ,9 an ar*$ bridge1 ! high] x rises 9 proportion to ! wid? ( ! ar*1 ! easi] is its con/ruction1 & ! less is ! /ress ^u its p>ts2 moreov]1 any inaccuracy 9 design or 9 build+ is likely to be less h>mful4 ,we are n surpris$1 !re=e1 t ,edw>ds1 9 8 ?ird attempt1 decid$ ^u t =m4 ,"o ( ! wide/ ar*es 9 ! _w is t ( ! fam\s ,grosv5or ,bridge at ,*e/]4 ,x has a span ( #bjj feet1 ) a rise ( #db feet4 ,an ar*1 h[ev]1 9 ! ,wa%+ton ,aqu$uct ext5ds to #bbj feet span1 :ile ! c5tral span 9 ! ,s\?w>k ,bridge1 design$ by ,r5nie1 is #bdj feet4 ,?is la/1 h[ev]1 is ( ca/-iron4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! ar*1 h[ev]1 does n appe> fir/ 9 ! hi/ory ( bridge build+4 ,bridges are z old z mank9d2 t is1 no "o kn[s :5 fir/ m5 began to cross /reams & *asms by plac+ ! trunk ( a tree f "o side to ! o!r1 & ?us bridg+ ! gulf4 ,!n1 possibly1 ! next /ep 0 to build up a pile ( /ones 9 ! c5tre ( ! /ream--tak+ ! /ones !re by coracle or canoe--& plac+ a tree trunk f ! side to ! c5tral heap4 ,yet ano!r developm5t w\ld mo/ likely be a simple cantilev] bridge--?\gh ^! e>ly build]s w\ld n h kn[n t ,fr5*ifi$ ^w4 ,b !y knew t aft] emb$d+ a tree trunk firmly on ea* side ( ! bank s t a consid]able portion %\ld project ov] ! /ream1 !y c\ld place a ?ird log f "o end to ! o!r1 & ?us get a bridge mu* long] ?an :5 made ( "o tree trunk alone4 ,?is pr9ciple1 kn[n s long ago1 0 us$ & imm5sely develop$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ! fam\s ,=? ,bridge1 "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable /ructures ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,?is cantilev] pr9ciple is v important 9 bridge build+1 & x is said t !re exi/s an anci5t bridge on ?is pr9ciple across ! ,sutlej 9 ,india ) a span ( #bjj feet4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,po/ ,,bridge1 ,,d>tmoor4 7,an example ( an e>ly bridge1 ( 8slab0 con/ruction47 ,a fur!r v>iety ( e>ly bridges 0 ! 8slab0 bridge1 consi/+ ( slabs ( granite plac$ f side to side1 or f ! sides ( ! bank to heaps ( /ones pil$ up 9 ! /ream4 ,a good example ( su* a bridge may be se5 at 8,po/ ,bridge0 ov] ! ,d>t on ,d>tmoor4 ,ages ago ?is bridge 0 built1 & z we /udy x & comp>e x ) ! mod]n /ructure n f> di/ant1 we wond] h[ ! anci5t ,britons--if ^? /urdy individuals are really responsible = x--c\ld raise & place ^? huge slabs ( /one )\t eng9e]+ app>atus4 ,probably x 0 done ) lev]s & roll]s1 & !re mu/ h be5 _m %\ld]s to ! :eel 9 ! process4 ,c]ta9ly !y _h pl5ty ( granite at h& on wild ,d>tmoor4 ,b pass+ by all ^! e>ly =ms ( bridges--:i* x w be notic$ are built ( a few l>ge pieces ( mat]ial--x 0 left to ! ,romans1 at all ev5ts 9 ,europe1 to l>gely adopt ! ar* z a pr9ciple ( con/ruction4 ,n[1 "h we are deal+ ) an altoge!r diff]5t pr9ciple4 ,! ar* is made up ( a numb] ( comp>atively small pieces ( mat]ial b\nd toge!r by mort>1 or cem5t1 or ev5 clamps1 & by ! p[] ( gravitation4 ,we d\bt if t idea is realis$ by half ! p us+ ! multitud9\s ar*es ab\nd+ to-day2 yet x is true4 ,or to put x 9 ano!r way1 ! v>i\s p>ts are arrang$ s t !y keep up ea* o!r by pressure4 ,if y take two c>ds1 or bricks1 or slabs ( /one & lean !m toge!r at ! top1 :ile ! o!r ends may be f> ap>t1 y w f9d !y w be> a c]ta9 am\nt ( weight4 ,"h y h ! pr9ciple ( ! ar* 9 its simple/ =m2 & x may be t out ( t primitive p]=mance ! ar* has gr[n4 ,?is k9d ( triangul> ar* is to be met ) 9 anci5t /ructures 9 ,great ,brita94 ,! flanks or haun*es ( an ar* are its sides1 f ! fir/ /one to ! key/one2 & ! cr[n is its highe/ "p2 :ile ! c5tral w$ge-%ap$ piece ( /one or brick is call$ ! key/one4 ,! /ones or bricks are cem5t$ toge!r :5 be+ built ov] a framework ( timb]1 call$ ! c5t]+1 & :5 ! key/one is plac$ & ! ar* is complete x ought to rema9 firm4 ,b %\ld too great a weight fall on ! cr[n ! bridge w fall outw>dly at ! sides1 & ! cr[n w s9k2 :ile1 curi\sly en\gh1 if x be built ) too little weight on ! cr[n1 x w be1 z x 71 =c$ upw>ds1 & ! sides w fall inw>ds1 z 9 ! case ( ! second ( ! fam\s ,pontypridd bridges1 :i* actually did ?is4 ,! mat]ial 9 ! middle ( ! ar* 0 less 9 proportion ?an t ov] ! sides or 8haun*es10 & ^! heavi] weights on ! sides caus$ ! cr[n to be =c$ upw>ds4 ,two causes comb9$ to make *anges 9 bridge build+4 ,^! 7 ! ne$s ( railways & ! introduction ( iron z a build+ mat]ial4 ,! fir/ iron bridge 0 con/ruct$ ov] ! ,sev]n1 ne> an appropriately nam$ place1 ,ironbridge1 9 #aggi4 ,x _h an ar* ( ne> ^u a hundr$ feet span4 ,:51 h[ev]1 v wide span bridges 7 requir$1 ! "q arose ( ! sup]iority ( wr\ght-iron ov] ca/-iron = su* /ructures4 ,! ,m5ai ,/rait _h to be cross$ = ! ,*e/] & ,holyhead ,railway1 & ! greate/ exi/+ ca/-iron span 0 ,r5nie's ,s\?w>k ,bridge1 :]e #bdj feet _h be5 rea*$4 ,b ov] ! ,conway & ! ,m5ai ,/rait1 spans ( #djj feet 7 involv$4 ,h[ 7 ^! yawn+ gulfs to be bridg$8 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,a ,,new ,,idea--,,! ,,britannia ,,tubul>4 8,we mu/ cross ! ,/rait at ! ,britannia ,rock--t is settl$40 8,& :]e is ! ,britannia ,rock80 8,ne>ly 9 mid-*annel4 ,x seems plac$ !re = ! purpose40 ,& ! great eng9e] smil$4 8,:at are ! di/ances80 8,f coa/ to coa/ ! span ( ! ,/rait is "s #aajj feet1 ) t rock 9 ! c5tre4 ,n[ ! problem is1 to build a bridge across t gulf ( surg+ wat] /rong en\gh to be> heavy tra9s at high spe$s1 & suffici5tly above ! wat] to prev5t any int]f]5ce ) navigation40 8,& h[ w y manage x80 8,fir/ ,i ?\ght ( l>ge ca/-iron ar*es1 b !y w n d4 ,i d\bt if !y w\ld /& ! /ra92 & moreov] we %\ld imp$e navigation by rais+ scaffold+ dur+ ! build+4 ,at l5g? ,i came to ! idea ( a tube bridge40 8,:at6 a tube bridge6 ,i've nev] he>d ( x60 8,no1 x is a new idea4 ,by reconsid]+ a design ,i _h made = a small bridge ov] ! ,lea at ,w>e 9 #ahda1 & ?9k+ ov] ! matt]1 ,i came to ! idea t a bridge consi/+ ( a holl[ beam or tube might solve ! difficulty40 8,a huge holl[ gird]1 s to speak60 exclaim$ 8 fri5d4 8,exactly s4 ,accord+ly10 ! eng9e] cont9u$1 8,i _h draw+s prep>$ & calculations made1 by :i* to asc]ta9 ! /r5g? ( su* a bridge1 & !y 7 s satisfactory t ,i decid$ on attempt+ "o40 8,x is l con/ruct+ "o huge holl[ beam ( iron by rivett+ plates toge!r4 ,c x be done80 rem>k$ 8 fri5d4 8,! mak+ ( ! high-level bridge ov] ! ,tyne1 9 :i* ,i _h a "p--! bridge betwe5 ,newca/le & ,gate%ead1 y "k--0 a transition betwe5 an ar*$ bridge & a gird] bridge4 ,a gird] ( c\rse is a beam1 x may be ( iron or wood1 & ! little bridge at ,w>e has be5 built ( gird]s made ( plates ( wr\ght-iron rivett$ toge!r4 ,!re=e1 y see1 ,i am n unus$ to wr\ght-iron gird]s1 & :at !y w be>40 8,:y1 x is l a huge ext5sion ( ! primitive log-bridge ( our ance/ors40 8,if y l10 repli$ ! eng9e]1 laugh+4 ,rob]t ,/eph5son--= he x is :om we suppose to be speak+ to 8 fri5d on ?is gigantic eng9e]+ ent]prise--became satisfi$ by reflection t ! pr9ciples involv$ 9 con/ruct+ an imm5se tubul> beam 7 b a developm5t ( ^? commonly 9 use2 & ,sir ,william ,fairbairn 0 entru/$ ) ! duty ( exp]im5t+ z to ! /r5g? ( tubes1 ! directors ( ! ,railway ,company vot+ a sum ( money = ! purpose4 ,sir ,william1 !n ,mr41 ,fairbairn conclud$ t rectangul> tubes 7 ! /ronge/1 & a model 0 made ( ! sugge/$ bridge4 ,x prov$ successful1 & indicat$ t ! tube w\ld be able to /& ! /ra9 ( a heavy tra9 pass+ rapidly ov] x4 ,9 ,septemb]1 #ahdf1 ,mr4 ,fairbairn read a pap] on ! subject at ! meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association at ,s\?ampton1 z also did ,pr(essor ,hodgk9son1 a ma!matician1 :o _h v]ifi$ ,fairbairn's exp]im5ts4 ,n long aft]w>ds ,/eph5son became satisfi$ t *a9s 7 n ne$$ to assi/ 9 support+ ! bridge1 & t 8 tubes w\ld be /rong en\gh to support !mselves entirely betwe5 ! pi]s4 ,"w !re=e w5t =w>d4 ,"s #aejj m5 7 engag$ on ! ,britannia ,bridge1 & ! quiet %ores ( ! ,m5ai ,/raits res\nd$ ) ! busy hum ( hamm]s & ma*9]y4 ,cottages ( wood 7 built = ! m51 & work%ops = ! pun*+ & rivett+ ( ! plates = ! gigantic tubes4 ,! design includ$ two abutm5ts ( masonry on ei!r side ( ! ,/rait1 & ?ree t[]s or huge pi]s1 "o ( :i*1 ! c5tre pi]1 0 to rise f ! ,britannia ,rock1 #bcj feet high4 ,!re are f\r spans1 two ov] ! wat] ( #dfj feet ea*1 & two ( #bcj feet ea* ov] ! l&4 ,two tubes1 q indep5d5t ( ea* o!r1 b ly+ side by side1 =m ! bridge across4 ,ea* tube or beam is #aeaj feet long1 & weighs #dfhj tons4 ,its weight at "o ( ! long spans is #aehg tons4 ,n[ h[ c\ld ^! gigantic tubes be put toge!r & rais$ to _! positions8 ,"h 0 a problem almo/ z great z ! orig9al "o ( ! bridge itself1 & x tr\bl$ ! eng9e] sorely4 ,illu/ration3 ,,rob]t ,,/eph5son4 8,(t5 at night10 he decl>$1 8,i w\ld lie toss+ ab\t1 seek+ sleep 9 va94 ,! tubes fill$ my head4 ,i w5t to b$ ) !m1 & got up ) !m4 ,9 ! gray ( ! morn+1 :5 ,i look$ across ,gl\ce/] ,squ>e1 x seem$ an imm5se di/ance across to ! h\ses on ! opposite side4 ,x 0 ne>ly ! same l5g? z ! span ( my tubul> bridge40 ,! pr9ciple adopt$ 0 to con/ruct ! %ort] tubes on scaffolds 9 ! places :i* !y 7 to occupy4 ,?is c\ld be done1 = su* scaffold+ w\ld n imp$e navigation4 ,b scaffold+ c\ld n be built = ! l>ge tubes across ! great spans ( wat]4 ,:at !n 0 to be done8 ,x 0 decid$ to build !m on plat=ms on ! %ore q close to ! wat]1 & float !m :5 ready on pontoons to _! places betwe5 ! pi]s1 rais+ !m to _! position by hydraulic p[]4 ,su* a task w\ld be haz>d\s en\gh4 ,x 0 fir/ tri$ at ,conway1 :]e a simil> bridge 0 be+ built by ,rob]t ,/eph5son1 be+ inde$ "p ( ! same railway4 ,! ,britannia 01 h[ev]1 a mu* great] ent]prise1 ?\gh ! span ( ! ,conway is #djj feet4 ,! ,conway bridge1 inde$1 is b ( "o span1 & conta9s two tubes4 ,! exp]i5ce at ,conway 0 ( great b5efit to ! gigantic und]tak+ at ! ,m5ai ,/rait4 ,! float+ ( ! fir/ tube 0 to take place on ! #ai? ( ,june1 #ahdi1 9 ! ev5+2 b ow+ to "s ( ! ma*9]y hav+ giv5 way1 ! great ev5t 0 put (f to ! next night4 ,! %ores 7 cr[d$ ) spectators4 ,:5 ! tube 0 f9i%$ x c\ld be transf]r$ to ! pontoons2 = ! tubes _h be5 built at high-wat] m>k4 ,:5 ! pontoons 7 fairly afloat on ?is fateful ev5+1 !y 7 held & guid$ by lead+ /r+s ( mighty /r5g?4 ,/eph5son himself direct$ 9 p]son1 f a po9t ( vantage at ! ro( ( ! tube4 ,!nce he gave ! signals :i* _h be5 agre$ ^u1 :il/ a crew ( sailors1 direct$ by ,capta9 ,claxton1 mann$ ! /range b>que4 ,a pontoon is a light1 buoyant boat1 & ! tube 0 support$ on sets ( ^!1 _! spe$ increas+ t]ribly z !y approa*$ _! place by ! t[]s4 ,! idea 01 z relat$ by ,mr4 ,edw9 ,cl>k1 ,/eph5son's assi/ant1 t !y %\ld /rike a 8butt0 prop]ly1 und]nea? ! ,anglesey ,t[]1 8on :i*1 z ^u a c5tre1 ! tube 0 to be ve]$ r\nd into its position across ! op5+4 ,?is position 0 det]m9$ by a twelve-in* l9e1 :i* 0 to be paid out to a fix$ m>k f ! ,llanfair cap/an4 ,! coils ( ! rope un=tunately ov]-rode ea* o!r ^u ?is cap/an1 s t x c\ld n be paid out40 ,de/ruction seem$ imm95t4 ,! cap/an 0 actually dragg$ f ! plat=m1 & ! tube seem$ likely to be swept away4 ,!n ,mr4 ,rolfe1 ! capta9 ( ! cap/an1 %\t$ to ! spectators1 & ?rew out a sp>e twelve-in* rope4 ,seiz+ ?is1 ! cr[d1 ) "r good-w1 ru%$ x up ! field1 & clung tightly to x1 *eck+ ! voyage ( ! mighty tube4 ,x 0 br\ght to ! 8butt10 & duly turn$ r\nd4 ,a recess _h be5 left 9 ! masonry ( ! t[]1 & ! end ne> ! ,britannia pi] 0 drawn into x by means ( a *a94 ,! ,anglesey end foll[$4 ,!n ! tide gradually sank1 ! pontoons sank ) x1 & ! tube subsid$ also to a %elf :i* _h be5 made at ei!r end4 ,! fir/ /age 0 accompli%$2 ! mighty tube 0 9 position to be rais$4 ,%\ts ( rejoic+ bur/ f ! sympa!tic cr[ds1 & ! boom ( cannon jo9$ its congratulatory note at ! gr& success4 ,b ! fur!r /ages rema9$4 ,at midnight ! pontoons 7 all cle>$ away1 & ! huge1 holl[ beam hung sil5t ov] ! surg+ wat]4 ,x re/$ on ! %elves or b$s prep>$ = x at ei!r end4 ,! second great op]ation1 ( c\rse1 0 to haul x up ! t[]s to its p]man5t position4 ,?is 0 to be p]=m$ by hydraulic ma*9]y ( great p[]1 & ,mr4 ,/eph5son's in/ructions 7 to raise x a %ort di/ance at a "t1 & !n build "u x4 ,he took e imag9able precaution aga9/ accid5t or failure2 & well 0 x t he did s1 = an accid5t happ5$ :i*1 b = ! c>eful build+ "u ! tube 9 ! t[]s z x 0 rais$1 w\ld h be5 mo/ calamit\s4 ,! accid5t occurr$ :ile ,mr4 ,/eph5son 0 abs5t 9 ,london4 ,"o day1 sudd5ly1 :ile ! ma*9]y 0 at "w rais+ ! tube1 ! bottom bur/ f "o ( ! hydraulic presses1 & d[n fell ! tube on to ! b$ provid$ = x4 ,?\gh ! fall 0 b n9e in*es1 tons weight ( metal ca/+s 7 cru%$1 & ! mighty tube itself 0 /ra9$ & slightly b5t4 ,b x 0 s]viceable /ill1 & ! fact t x /ood ! /ra9 s well %[$ its great /r5g?4 ,x weigh$ "s five ?\s& tons1 & = su* an imm5se weight to fall ev5 ?ree-qu>t]s ( a foot 0 a v sev]e te/4 ,b = ,/eph5son's wise precaution 9 lift+ x sl[ly1 & build+ und]nea? x z x 0 rais$1 ! tube w\ld h cra%$ to ! bottom ( ! wat]4 ,z x 01 ! accid5t co/ #ejjj2 b ! tube 0 soon be+ haul$ upw>d aga94 ,9 due c\rse ! o!rs foll[$1 & on ! #e? ( ,m>*1 #ahej1 ,rob]t ,/eph5son ins]t$ ! f9al rivet 9 ! la/ tube1 & ! bridge 0 complete4 ,he cross$ ov] ) ab\t a ?\s& p]sons1 ?ree locomotives :irl+ !m along4 ,! tubes ( ! bridge are made ( iron plates1 & at ! top & bottom are a numb] ( small cells or tubes--in/ead ( ?ick iron plat+--:i* assi/ 9 giv+ /r5g? to ! :ole gigantic tube4 ,?us x may be said ! floor & ro( are tubul>1 z well z ! body4 ,^! holl[ cells appe> to h be5 ,fairbairn's inv5tion4 ,! size ( ! tube gr[s slightly l>g] at ! middle by ! ,britannia t[]1 :]e ext]nally ! tubes are #cj feet high1 & #bf int]nally1 :ile !y are #bb feet & #ah feet at ! abutm5ts4 ,! wid? is #ad feet1 #h in*es ext]nally1 & #ac feet #e in*es inside4 ,at ! ,britannia t[] ! tubes are plac$ solidly on _! b$1 b at ! abutm5ts1 & at ! l& t[]s1 ! tubes re/ on roll]-b$s4 ,?is arrangem5t 0 adopt$ to p]mit ( expansion & contraction4 ,iron1 ( c\rse1 solid & unyield+ z x appe>s1 is yet v susceptible to w>m?1 & ! effect ( ! sun's rays on ?is massive iron /ructure is v m>k$4 ,a rise ( temp]ature causes x to exp& 9 a comp>atively %ort "t1 & x is said t ! tubes occasionally move two & a-half in*es z ! sun gleams ^u !m4 ,mr4 ,edw9 ,cl>k obs]v$ ! effect ( ! sun on ! iron1 :i* appe>s 9 a small degree to be always mov+ z ! temp]ature v>ies4 ,well1 !re=e1 t ! able eng9e] plann$ an arrangem5t all[+ = ?is con/ant expansion & contraction ( ! iron mass4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,britannia ,,tubul> ,,bridge4 ,! ,britannia ,bridge 0 a great triumph = ,rob]t ,/eph5son4 ,he appe>s fir/ to h seiz$ ! idea1 &1 assi/$ no d\bt by ,fairbairn's exp]im5ts & by able coadjutors1 he c>ri$ x ?r\gh to a successful completion4 ,he 0 ( c\rse ! son ( ,george ,/eph5son1 :o _h done s mu* = ! locomotive1 & accord+ to ,smiles1 8he almo/ wor%ipp$ 8 fa!r's memory1 & 0 ev] ready to attribute to him ! *ief m]it ( 8 own a*ievem5ts z an eng9e]40 8,x 0 8 ?or\gh tra9+10 ,mr4 ,smiles once he>d him rem>k1 88 example1 & 8 "*1 :i* made me ! man ,i am40 ,fur!r1 9 an address z ,presid5t ( ! ,in/itution ( ,civil ,eng9e]s1 9 ,janu>y1 #ahef1 he said3 8,all ,i "k1 & all ,i h done is prim>ily due to ! p>5t ^: memory ,i *]i% & rev]e40 ,t fa!r _h di$ be=e ! ,britannia ,bridge 0 complet$1 ?\gh he _h be5 pres5t at ! float+ ( ! fir/ tube at ,conway4 ,! great eng9e] pass$ away on ! #ab? ( ,augu/1 #ahdh1 at ! age ( sixty-sev51 & 8 di/+ui%$ son ,rob]t1 :o _h no *ildr51 only surviv$ him by elev5 ye>s4 ,b be=e he di$ he _h design$1 & ,mr4 ,a4 ,m4 ,ross1 :o _h assi/$ at ! ,conway ,bridge1 _h assi/$ 9 c>ry+ out ! celebrat$ ,victoria ,tubul> ,bridge ov] ! great ,/4 ,lawr5ce ,riv] at ,montreal4 ,?is bridge 0 = ! ,gr& ,trunk ,railway ( ,canada1 & = imm5se l5g? & va/ness ( proportions1 comb9$ ) magnific5t /r5g?1 is "o ( ! wond]s ( ! _w4 ,x is five times z long z ! ,britannia ,bridge1 be+ n f> %ort ( two miles4 ,x has a big c5tral span ( #ccj feet1 & tw5ty-f\r spans ( #bdb feet4 ,! iron tubes are susp5d$ sixty feet above ! wat] b5ea?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,victoria ,,tubul> ,,bridge1 ,,montreal4 ,"o great difficulty 9 ! problem 0 ! ice4 ,imm5se quantities come d[n 9 ! spr+1 & to resi/ ?is enorm\s pressure ! pi]s are mo/ massive1 conta9+ ?\s&s ( tons ea* ( solid masonry4 ,^! pi]s are bas$ on ! solid rock1 ! two c5tral t[]s be+ eighte5 feet 9 wid? & ! o!rs fifte5 feet4 ,to protect !m f ! ice1 huge gu>ds made ( /one blocks clamp$ ) rivets built up 9 ! =m ( an incl9e 7 plac$ be=e ! pi]s on ! up-/ream side4 ,! bridge 0 begun 9 ,july1 #ahed1 & occupi$ f\r & a-half ye>s 9 con/ruction1 x be+ complet$ 9 ,decemb]1 #ahei1 ab\t two mon?s aft] its design] _h di$4 ,gigantic ?\gh ?is /ructure is1 & great z is ! hon\r :i* x reflects on ,rob]t ,/eph5son & ! resid5t & jo9t eng9e] ,mr4 ,ross1 yet ) ! exception ( ! rem>kable & massive ice-gu>ds to ! pi]s1 x does n diff] mat]ially f ! ,britannia & ,conway ,tubul> ,bridges4 ,^! 7 ! fir/ fam\s examples ( ! new pr9ciple4 ,:y1 !n1 are massive tubul> bridges n m g5]ally built8 ,because !y l$ to ano!r & v natural developm5t 9 bridge-build+1 a developm5t :]eby great /r5g? = long spans is ga9$1 )1 h[ev]1 a m>k$ sav+ bo? 9 lab\r & 9 mat]ial4 ,t developm5t 0 ! lattice bridge4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,lattice ,,& ,,susp5sion ,,bridges4 8,! exp5se ( a tubul> bridge w\ld be too great40 8,b if we c\ld get ! /r5g? )\t ! exp5se40 8,:at mean y80 8,by iron lattice "w we c\ld1 ,i ?9k1 ga9 ! /iffness & support ne$$1 )\t su* great co/ ( lab\r & mat]ial4 ,9 o!r words1 ,i propose a lattice or trellis "w gird]1 in/ead ( a solid sid$1 or a tubul> gird]40 8,t is1 y w\ld h ! sides ( lattice or trellis "w1 in/ead ( solid plates80 8,exactly4 ,i w\ld use b>s ( iron plac$ diagonally4 ,^! lattice or trellis bridges are develop$ f ! tubul> bridges1 also f ! loose wood5 lattice bridges ( ,am]ica4 ,we make a web ( iron in/ead ( a solid %eet4 ,! same k9d ( /ructures are l>gely us$ ov] ! wide riv]s ( ,india4 ,sir ,john ,mac,neill design$ ! fir/ 9 iron1 & x 0 built 9 #ahdc on ! ,dubl9 & ,drogh$a ,railway ) a span ( eighty-f\r feet4 ,i consid] !y w be among ! mo/ popul> bridges ( ! future = longi% spans40 ,! eng9e]'s pr$iction has come true2 = lattice bridges h und\bt$ly be5 v widely adopt$4 ,we may suppose t he 0 advis+ ! directors ( a propos$ railway1 & we d\bt n b t he c>ri$ ! day4 ,a f9e specim5 ( a lattice bridge is t across ! ,?ames ne> ,*>+ ,cross1 = ! ,s\?-,ea/]n ,railway4 ,x has a total l5g? ( m ?an a qu>t] ( a mile--viz41 #acfe feet1 & six ( its n9e spans are #aed feet wide4 ,two pr9cipal gird]s1 f\rte5 feet deep1 are connect$ transv]sely by o!r gird]s :i* c>ry ! rails & project on ! o!r side to support a footpa?4 ,! two ma9 gird]s are ne>ly fifty feet ap>t & "o weighs #aij tons4 ,! sides h upp] & l[] booms made ( plate iron connect$ by p]p5dicul> b>s1 betwe5 :i* are a c\ple ( b>s cross+ ea* o!r diagonally at an angle ( =ty-five degrees1 & fix$ to ! booms by bolts ( five & sev5 in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! old ,hung]=d ,bridge /ood "h previ\sly1 & its two pi]s ( brickwork 7 us$ = ! new bridge4 ,o!r pi]s are huge cyl9d]s ( ca/ iron t5 feet across1 b f\rte5 feet 9 diamet] 9 ! gr\nd4 ,?us !y are broadly bas$4 ,^! pi]s are fill$ ) concrete & also brickwork1 & are topp$ ) be>+-blocks ( granite4 ,!y are =m$ ( plates ( ca/ iron bolt$ toge!r1 & !y 7 sunk into ! gr\nd _m feet bel[ high-wat] by comb9$ =ces2 div]s scoop$ out ! mud & gravel & clay f )9 ! cyl9d]s2 wat] 0 pump$ out & heavy weights press$ !m d[n4 ,! pi]s became fix$ on ! ,london clay1 b :5 fill$ 7 heavily weight$ to drive !m d[n aga91 & f9ally !y 7 =c$ to a dep? ( ov] sixty-two feet bel[ high-wat] m>k4 ,b be=e lattice gird] bridges _h become s popul>1 ano!r class _h come into use1 & af=d "s spl5did specim5s ( eng9e]+ skill4 ,^! are susp5sion bridges1 &1 p]haps ( all k9ds1 !y are ! mo/ picturesque4 ,_! graceful sweeps & curves yield p]haps a m pleas+ sight = ! eye ?an ! solid1 rigid1 /raight l9es ( ! gird] bridges4 ,x 0 ! g5ius ( ,?omas ,tel=d :i* gave a great impetus to ?is class ( bridge4 ,l ,/eph5son aft] him1 he _h to bridge ! surg+ ,m5ai ,/raits1 b = a c>riage road1 n a l9e ( rails2 & at l5g?1 aft] v>i\s plans _h be5 sugge/$ & ab&on$1 he propos$ ! ,susp5sion ,bridge4 ,n[1 9 its simple/ =m1 a susp5sion bridge has be5 kn[n = ages4 ,x is m]ely a pa?way1 or ev5 a small movable c>1 susp5d$ f a rope or ropes across a *asm4 ,ulloa describes susp5sion bridges built by ! ,p]uvians 9 ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,f\r /\t cables span a riv]1 & on ^! f\r is plac$ ! plat=m ( /icks & bran*es1 :ile two o!r ropes connect$ ) ! plat=m are useful z h& rails4 ,su* bridges sway ) ! w9d & move ) ! pass5g]1 b = light loads !y appe> to be p]fectly safe4 ,9 ,tel=d's ,m5ai ,bridge ! c>riage-way is hung f f\r huge *a9s or cables1 ea* *a9 made up ( f\r o!rs1 & pass+ ov] high pi]s4 ,! *a9s are an*or$ on ! l&w>d side1 sixty feet 9 pits1 & graft$ by iron frames to ! rocks4 ,! *a9s are s complex & s /rong1 t p>ts may be remov$ = repair )\t imp]ill+ ! safety ( ! /ructure4 ,! l5g? ( ! span ?us ga9$ is #efj feet1 & x is #aej feet above high-wat]4 ,! rema9d] ( ! bridge is compos$ ( ar*es ( /one1 ( #eb feet span4 ,! pi]s f :i* ! great span is susp5d$ rise above ! c>riage-way fifty-two feet1 & are topp$ by blocks ( ca/-iron1 :i* c move on roll]s to p]mit ! *a9s pass+ ov] !m to exp& & contract freely ) ! temp]ature4 ,!re are two c>riage-roads1 & also a footpa?4 ,! roads are sep>at$ by iron lattice "w1 :i* also gives !m /ability & decreases vibration4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,clifton ,,bridge4 ,9 its day1 ?is /up5d\s bridge 0 z great a wond] z its lat] companion ov] ! same ,/raits--! ,britannia ,tubul>4 ,six ye>s 7 occupi$ 9 build+1 & x 0 op5$ 9 #ahbe4 ,:y1 !n1 did n ,/eph5son con/ruct a simil> bridge :51 tw5ty ye>s or s lat]1 he _h to solve a simil> problem8 ,! answ] is1 t susp5sion bridges are n--or 7 n--consid]$ suffici5tly /rong & rigid = railway "w4 ,9 ,am]ica1 h[ev]1 !y h be5 us$ = ?is purpose2 witness ! fam\s ,niag>a ,susp5sion ,bridge1 #b miles bel[ ! ,falls1 & ) a sup]b span ( #hbb feet2 b ,am]ican eng9e]s appe> to /iff5 ! roadway consid]ably1 s z to di/ribute ! /ress ( ! ru%+ tra9 ov] a l>ge portion ( ! cable4 ,! ,niag>a ,bridge is n support$ by plate-l9k *a9s1 b by f\r imm5se wire cables1 /ret*+ f cliff to cliff ov] ! ro>+ rapids4 ,f\r ?\s& di/9ct wires make up ea* cable1 :i* pass ov] l(ty pi]s1 & f !m hangs ! railway by num]\s rods4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,brooklyn ,,bridge4 ,probably ! fam\s ,brooklyn ,bridge is ! l>ge/ susp5sion bridge 9 ! _w1 ev5 z ! ,clifton ,susp5sion ,bridge1 9 ,engl&1 is "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+4 ,! ,brooklyn ,bridge has a magnific5t c5tral span ( #aeie feet ov] ! ,ea/ ,riv] betwe5 ,brooklyn & ,new ,york2 fur!r1 !re are two l& spans ( #icj feet1 :i*1 toge!r ) ! approa*es1 make up a total ( ab\t a mile & a furlong4 ,! cables1 f\r 9 numb]1 are ea* compos$ ( #ejjj /eel wires1 & measure #ae in*es 9 diamet]4 ,!y are an*or$ to solid /one /ructures at ei!r end1 measur+ #aai feet by #acb feet1 & weigh+ #fj1jjj tons2 :ile ! t[]s f :i* ! ma9 span is susp5d$ rise to ! height ( #bgf feet1 & are emb$d$ 9 ! gr\nd #hj feet bel[ high-wat]4 ,x has be5 e/imat$ t ! weight hung betwe5 ^! t[]s is ne>ly #gjjj tons4 ,! roadway ( ! bridge is divid$ into five ?or\ghf>es4 ,^? on ! out] sides are = vehicles1 & are #ai feet wide2 ! c5tre is = foot pass5g]s1 & is #ae feet 9 wid?2 :ile ! two o!rs are = tramway traffic4 ,! bridge 0 op5$ 9 #ahhc1 & af=ds a great triumph ( eng9e]+ skill4 ,mu* small]1 b none ! less int]e/+1 is ! ,susp5sion ,bridge at ,clifton4 ,z f> back z #agec1 ,ald]man ,william ,vick1 ( ,bri/ol1 left a sum ( #ajjj to build a bridge at ,clifton4 ,! sum 0 to lie at comp\nd int]e/ until #aj1jjj 0 rea*$4 ,h[ev]1 ! money 0 increas$ by subscriptions1 & 9 #ahcj an ,act ( ,p>liam5t 0 obta9$ = its con/ruction4 ,! "w com+ into ! h&s ( ,mr4 ,i4 ,k4 ,brunel1 he design$ a bridge ( #gjb feet span1 & #bej feet above high-wat]4 ,! pi]s & abutm5ts 7 built1 b lack ( ca%1 :i* =ms an ob/acle to s _m brilliant ent]prises1 /opp$ ! progress ( ! bridge = ne>ly f\rte5 ye>s4 ,!n x occurr$ t ! ,hung]=d ,susp5sion ,bridge 0 to be remov$ to make way = ! ,*>+ ,cross ,railway ,bridge1 s ! *a9s 7 pur*as$ at a comp>atively small co/1 & ! "w at ,clifton proce$$1 & 0 f9ally complet$4 ,?ree *a9s on ei!r side susp5d long wr\ght-iron gird]s1 :i* help to /iff5 ! plat=m2 & cross gird]s betwe5 support ! floor4 ,! *a9s pass ov] roll]s on ! pi]s1 & are ultimately an*or$ to plates b$d$ 9 brickwork abutt+ on rock4 ,! plat=m is hung by upright rods f ! *a9s1 & h&-rail+ is us$ ) lattice-"w1 to assi/ 9 r5d]+ x rigid4 ,! roadway1 tw5ty feet wide1 is made ( creosot$ wood1 five in*es ?ick1 :ile ! pa?ways on ei!r side are made ) wood half z ?ick4 ,betwe5 ! pi]s ! weight ( ! /ructure1 includ+ ! *a9s1 am\nts to ne>ly a ?\s& tons4 ,9 all ^! susp5sion bridges1 h[ev] l>ge1 ! pr9ciples are mu* ! same4 ,! plat=m1 or roadway1 is hung f *a9s or cables1 :i* pass ov] pi]s & are an*or$ fa/ at ! ends4 ,"s are /iff5$ ) gird]s & brac+ to prev5t undue undulation4 ,! *a9s take a graceful & def9ite curve1 t ( ! ,m5ai ,bridge dipp+ fifty-sev5 feet4 ,! /ra9 is ! greate/ at ! l[] "p1 & is increas$1 %\ld ! *a9 be drawn flatt] ov] ! same space4 ,^! bridges became widely adopt$4 ,b !re came a "t :5 none ( ! bridges 9 vogue seem$ to give :at 0 requir$4 ,a new pr9ciple 0 want$4 ,:]e 0 x to be f\nd8 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,greate/ ,,bridge ,,9 ,,! ,,_w4 8,h y he>d ! news8 ,! ,tay ,bridge is bl[n d[n60 8,yes4 ,a t]rible disa/]4 ,i %\ld ?9k !y w\ld give up _! s*eme ( bridg+ ! ,fir? ( ,=? aft] t40 8,n !y6 ,! s*eme may be alt]$1 b bridge x !y w4 ,eng9e]s nev] give 940 ,! comm5ts ( ^! newspap] read]s 7 "r4 ,! ,tay ,bridge1 ! longe/ 9 ! _w1 _h be5 bl[n d[n "o wild ,decemb] night 9 #ahgi1 & gird]s1 t[]s1 & ! tra9 :i* 0 ru%+ ov] x1 7 sudd5ly hurl$ into ! surg+ flood4 ,at t "t a s*eme 0 9 h& to bridge ! ,=? = ! ,nor? ,briti% ,railway sy/em1 & ,sir ,?omas ,b\* _h propos$ two susp5sion bridges hung by /eel *a9s4 ,b ultimately a new design altoge!r 0 adopt$1 ! plan be+ by ,sir ,b5jam9 ,bak] & ,sir ,john ,f[l]4 ,x 0 ! new pr9ciple--or1 r1 a rem>kable developm5t ( an old pr9ciple--= :i* ! bridge-mak+ _w 0 wait+3 ! pr9ciple1 namely1 ( ! cantilev]4 ,a cantilev] is1 9 fact1 a bracket2 & ,sir ,b5jam9 ,bak] has describ$ x z su*4 ,x is a /rong support1 built out f a firm base1 & is l a p[]ful & magnifi$ bracket uphold+ a %elf4 ,9 ! ,=? ,bridge !re are two huge spans1 #agjj feet wide1 cross$ by ^! cantilev]s2 bridg+ *annels ( "s #bjj feet deep4 ,! longe/ spans on ! ,tay ,bridge 7 #bde feet2 x 0 ov] two miles long1 & _h n9ety spans4 ,x 0 an iron gird] bridge1 & 0 op5$ on ! #ca/ ( ,may1 #ahgh4 ,n to be beat51 h[ev]1 aft] ! panic _h subsid$1 ano!r & m /able bridge 0 con/ruct$1 also a gird]1 b n s high 9 elevation1 & sixty feet fur!r up ! riv]4 ,x 0 op5$ 9 #ahhg1 & is #aj1ggi feet long1 ) #he pi]s1 ! navigable *annel be+ "u f\r ( ! spans1 ! c5tre spans be+ #bde feet wide4 ,x w be se5 at once t ! cantilev]s at ! ,=? ,bridge cov] v mu* wid] spans2 & ! *annel be+ s deep1 ! impossibility ( build+ pi]s w also be obvi\s4 ,! be/ place = ! bridge 0 m>k$ by ! projection ( ! ,inv]kei?+ p59sula on ! nor? %ore1 & also ! ,in*g>vie rock 9 ! *annel itself4 ,! p59sula br\ght ! two %ores toge!r1 r$uc+ ! space to be bridg$1 & ! rock gave firm support = a pi]4 ,/ill !re 7 ! two imm5se spans ( #agjj feet to be cross$1 & ! eng9e]s decid$ on ! cantilev] pr9ciple4 ,?us1 ?\gh ! ,tay ,bridge 0 ! longe/ 9 ! _w1 ! ,=? pres5t$ by f> ! greate/ spans--viz41 ! two ma9 spans ( #agjj feet ea*1 9 addition to :i* !re are two ( #fge feet ea*1 & fifte5 ( #afh feet ea*4 ,! total l5g? ( ?is magnific5t bridge1 :i* ,sir ,b5jam9 ,bak] rightly claim$ 0 ! mo/ wond]ful 9 ! _w1 is some:at ov] #a miles 9 l5g?1 or #hbif feet1 includ+ ! pi]s1 :ile almo/ a mile is bridg$ by ! huge & sup]b cantilev]s4 ,?is is1 p]haps1 ! great m>vel4 ,! cle> space "u ! c5tre is no less ?an #aeb feet at high-wat]1 :ile ! highe/ portion is #cfa feet above ! same m>k4 ,& n[1 h[ 0 ?is great bridge con/ruct$8 ,work%ops 7 erect$ at ,s\? ,que5sf]ry1 & ! mammo? cantilev]s 7 put up !re piece by piece4 ,!y 7 fitt$ toge!r & !n tak5 plate by plate to ! bridge itself4 ,! %ops 7 lit by electricity1 & furni%$ ) appliances = b5d+1 cutt+1 m\ld+1 hol+1 & plan+ plates4 ,! work%ops 7 surr\nd$ by q a maze ( railways4 ,b :at ( ! pi]s1 )\t :i* all ^! prep>ations w\ld be unavail+8 ,n[ ! f\ndations ( pi]s are usually laid by means ( c(f]dams2 t is1 piles ( timb] are driv5 d[n ?r\gh ! wat] into ! b$ ( ! riv] close toge!r1 & ! int]/ices fill$ ) clay2 or a cas+ ( iron may be us$ in/ead4 ,! wat] 9 ! enclosure ?us =m$ c be pump$ out & excavation proce$$ )1 & ! f\ndations laid4 ,c(f]dams are sometimes made ( iron boxes or caissons ) int]/ices fitt$ ) felt1 & caissons ( ?is k9d ab\t #ab feet long & #g feet wide 7 us$ 9 con/ruct+ ! ,victoria ,embankm5t on ! ,?ames4 ,b ) c]ta9 ( ! pi]s = ! ,=? ,bridge ! wat] 0 too deep = timb] c(f]dams1 & ! usual div+-bell 0 n suffici5tly l>ge4 ,! pi]s 7 to be ( imm5se size1 no less ?an #ee feet 9 diamet]1 & ! div+-bell ( ord9>y size w\ld n cov] t great wid?4 ,huge caissons 7 !re=e made1 #gj feet wide1 con/ruct$ ( iron plates & ris+ 9 height1 accord+ to ! dep? ( wat]1 up to #aej feet4 ,! l[] "p ( ! imm5se caisson or tank 0 fitt$ z a wat]-tight division & fill$ ) compress$ air1 ! object be+ to resi/ ! pressure ( ! wat]4 ,two %afts communicat$ ) ?is air-tight division or m9+ *amb]1 "o = ! removal ( ! e>? excavat$1 & ! o!r = ! m5 to pass up & d[n4 ,! escape ( ! air ?r\gh ! %afts 0 prev5t$ by ! use ( an air-lock1 work+ on ! same pr9ciple z a wat]-lock on riv]s or canals4 ,!re 7 two doors 9 ! lock1 "o communicat+ ) ! %aft & ! o!r ) ! outside air4 ,:5 ! latt] 0 clos$ & ! lock fill$ ) compress$ air by op5+ a valve or tap1 ! door ( ! %aft c\ld be op5$ & ! man c\ld desc5d to 8 "w bel[4 ,t "w consi/$ *iefly ( excavation 9 ! b$ ( ! riv]4 ,drills1 hydraulic cutt]s1 & dynamite bla/+ 7 all utilis$ until huge holes1 _m feet bel[ ! riv] b$1 7 holl[$ out4 ,z ! caisson 0 fill$ ) concrete above ! air-tight *amb] :]e ! m5 work$ x 0 exce$+ly heavy1 & sank by its own weight into ! space prep>$4 ,! m9+ *amb] 0 lit by electricity1 & 0 ab\t sev5 feet high4 ,! mud ( ! riv] b$ 0 mix$ ) wat] & bl[n away by ! compress$ air :i* seems to h be5 ab\t #cc lbs4 to ! squ>e in*4 ,! caissons 7 sunk d[n to rock or b\ld] clay1 & :5 !y _h rea*$ ! requir$ di/ance ! m9+ *amb] 0 fill$ ) concrete1 & ! same mat]ial us$ to ! level ( ! wat]2 ! pi]s 7 !n built up ) huge /ones plac$ 9 cem5t1 ! :ole =m+ a magnific5t mass ( concrete & masonry1 c>ri$ d[n 9 "s cases to ab\t #dj feet bel[ ! b$ ( ! riv]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,=? ,,bridge4 ,! ?ree *ief pi]s consi/ ( gr\ps ( f\r columns ( masonry1 ea* gradually tap]+ f #ee feet 9 diamet] to #di feet at ! top1 & ab\t #cf feet high4 ,f ^! rise ! huge cantilev]s connect$ toge!r by gird]s #cej feet 9 l5g?4 ,! c5tre ( ^! ?ree ma9 pi]s re/s on ! isl& ( ,in*g>vie2 ! two o!rs are kn[n z ! ,fife & ! ,que5sf]ry pi]s respectively1 & are plac$ on ! side ( ! deep wat] *annels4 ,9 addition to ^! ?ree ma9 pi]s are sev]al o!rs1 "s 9 %all[ wat] & "s on l&4 ,! "p ( ! bridge :i* !y c>ry is an ord9>y gird] ( /eel lead+ to ! imm5se cantilev]s4 ,= f\nd+ ! %all[ wat] pi]s1 c(f]dams 7 us$2 ! caissons ) compress$ air *amb]s be+ = ! deep wat] /ructures4 ,!y 7 put toge!r on %ore1 laun*$1 float$1 /e]$ to ! desir$ position1 & sunk4 ,"o prov$ cranky & turn$ ov]1 & 0 only br\ght "r aft] mu* exp5se & difficulty4 ,! cantilev]s are bolt$ d[n to ea* pi] by numb]s ( huge /eel ties1 #bd feet 9 l5g? & #b in*es 9 diamet]1 emb$d$ 9 ! masonry1 !re be+ #dh ( ^! bolts or ties to ea* column4 ,& n[ z to ^! cantilev]s4 ,f\r huge tubul> %afts1 two on ea* side1 rise f ! gr\p ( columns =m+ ea* pi]1 to ! height ( #cej feet4 ,f ^! %afts1 :i* slope slightly inw>d1 project ! cantilev]s1 ! upp] & l[] p>ts be+ /rongly brac$ toge!r by diagonal ties4 ,9 %ape ! gigantic brackets tap] t[>ds a po9t1 ! wid? decreas+ z mu* z f #abj feet at ! comm5cem5t ( ! pi]s to #cb feet at ! ends4 ,! w9d1 x is believ$1 w be m effectually resi/$ by ?is means4 ,! cantilev]s are hung back to back1 "o to "s ext5t c\nt]-weigh+ ! o!r4 ,! compon5t p>ts consi/ ( cyl9d]s ( /eel or /ruts = resi/+ compression--^! are ! l[] p>ts2 & ties ( lattice-"w made ( /eel plates = resi/+ t5sion1--plac$ above4 ,?us1 !n1 f ea* ( ! ?ree *ief pi]s two pairs ( gigantic brackets project1 ea* pair plac$ side by side & brac$ toge!r1 & =m+ "o composite cantilev] jutt+ to ! nor? & "o to ! s\?4 ,! rails run on sleep]s plac$ l5g?wise & fix$ 9 tr\ghs ( /eel1 s t %\ld a tra9 run (f ! l9e ! :eels w be caught by ^! supports4 ,x is calculat$ t !re are ab\t #de1jjj tons ( /eel 9 ! bridge1 & #abj1jjj cubic y>ds ( masonry 9 ! pi]s4 ,! contract price 0 #a1fjj1jjj1 :i* works out at ab\t #bae p] foot2 & ! contractors1 :o 7 able to obta9 an admirable organisation ( "s #bjjj m5 to c>ry out ! magnific5t design1 7 ,messrs4 ,tancr$1 ,arrol1 ,co4 ,"s special tools = use 9 ! "w 7 plann$ by ,sir ,william ,arrol4 ,! bridge 0 op5$ by ! ,pr9ce ( ,wales on ! #d? ( ,m>*1 #ahij4 ,! success ( ?is magnific5t /ructure has assur$ ! wid] adoption ( ! cantilev] pr9ciple4 ,long-span bridges1 9 sev]al cases1 h s9ce be5 built on ?is design4 ,its eng9e]s may claim inde$ to h wid5$ ! scope & possibilities ( bridge-build+4 ,/ill1 :5 ano!r bridge 0 want$ ov] ! ,?ames1 at a busy spot1 cr[d$ ) %ipp+ & ne> ! hi/oric ,t[] ( ,london1 ano!r k9d ( /ructure 0 adopt$4 ,:at 0 x8 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,t[] ,,bridge4 8,:y %\ld !y n h a drawbridge80 8,:at6 ,to draw up f ea* bank ( ! riv]80 8,no1 ,i did n mean t exactly4 ,c\ld !y n get pi]s f>!r 9 t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! /ream1 & let ! drawbridge rise & fall f !m80 8,! riv] is too cr[d$ = _m pi]s40 8,x is4 ,b ,i _c help ?9k+ a drawbridge--a bascule bridge z ! eng9e]s call x--is ! be/ solution ( ! difficulty40 8,well1 a bridge is want$ suffici5tly l[ to spr+ f ! flat banks ( ! ,?ames = foot pass5g]s & c>riage traffic1 & yet suffici5tly high to p]mit tall %ips to pass und]nea?40 8,& app>5tly ^! two requirem5ts are incompatible40 8,n altoge!r10 rem>ks a ?ird speak]4 8,y are p>tly "r 9 y\r idea ( a drawbridge4 ,t is ,sir ,horace ,jones's idea4 ,&1 fur!r1 !re is lit]ally to be a high & also a l[-level bridge2 = !re are to be two levels--t is1 two roadways--"o at a high1 & "o at a l[1 level across ! middle span40 8,& is ! l[ level to be a drawbridge--a roadway t c be drawn up to p]mit vessels to pass8 ,is t s80 8,exactly4 ,& ?is drawbridge w be 9 two p>ts1 "o on ei!r side2 !y w be work$ f two massive pi]s giv+ a cle> span ( #bjj feet 9 ! middle ( ! /ream1 ?r\gh :i* span big vessels c pass4 ,! usual traffic ( ! riv] w be able to pass ev5 :5 ! drawbridges are d[n40 8,& above ! bascules or drawbridges w run ! high-level bridge80 8,yes1 a gird] bridge = footpa?s1 & p w rea* x by lifts & /aircases 9 ! pi]s--:i*1 by-!-by1 w be m l huge t[]s4 ,^! t[]s w also conta9 ! ma*9]y = rais+ & l[]+ ! drawbridges40 8,& :at sort ( bridge w be us$ = ! o!r spans--t is1 to cross ! riv] betwe5 ! pi]s & ! %ore80 8,susp5sion bridges2 s t ! ,t[] ,bridge z x w be call$1 = x w cross ! ,?ames by ! ,t[] ( ,london1 w embody ! susp5sion1 ! bascule 7or drawbridge71 & ! gird] bridge pr9ciples1 :ile 9 ! c5tre w be two levels40 8,x promises to be a spl5did piece ( "w40 8,x does4 ,& x is v mu* ne$$1 = ! conge/ion ( traffic on ,london ,bridge is t]rible40 8,& p h (t5 to come r\nd a long way to rea* x40 ,! promise ( ! ,t[] ,bridge1 z set =? by ^! speak]s1 has be5 amply fulfill$4 ,x is inde$ a f9e piece ( "w2 & al?\gh x does n embody any new idea1 yet 9 its comb9ation & developm5t ( old pr9ciples & 9 its size x is v rem>kable4 ,x 0 op5$ 9 ,june1 #ahid1 & is1 or 0 at ! "t ( build+1 ! bigge/ bascule bridge 9 ! _w4 ,)9 its h&some ,go?ic t[]s are /eel columns ( imm5se /r5g?1 con/itut+ ! *ief supports ( ! susp5sion bridges & ( ! high-level footways4 ,! ar*itect 0 ! late ,sir ,horace ,jones1 & ! eng9e] ,mr4 ,j4 ,wolfe ,b>ry1 :ile ! co/ 01 includ+ l&1 ab\t #a1agj1jjj4 ,! problem 0 to comb9e a l[-level bridge provid+ = ord9>y t[n traffic ) a high level1 "u :i* %ips c\ld pass1 & x 0 accompli%$ by a union ( pr9ciples4 ,9 its olde/ %ape ! drawbridge 0 probably a huge piece ( timb]1 :i* 0 haul$ up & let d[n by *a9s ov] ! moats ( ca/les4 ,9 ! ,t[] ,bridge !re are two ( su* huge 8flaps0 or leaves1 ea* ab\t #ajj feet long1 "o ris+ & fall+ f ea* pi] & meet+ 9 ! c5tre4 ,l>ge bascule bridges are usually con/ruct$ 9 ?is mann]1 & !re is an excell5t specim5 ov] ! ,ouse1 = ! passage ( ! ,nor?-,ea/]n railway2 "o man at ea* half ( ! bridge c raise x 9 less ?an two m9utes4 ,ano!r f9e bascule may be se5 at ,cop5hag54 ,! bascules are rais$ & l[]$ by *a9s1 :i*1 9 ! case ( ! ,t[] ,bridge1 are work$ by sup]b hydraulic p[] f ! massive pi] t[]s4 ,:5 drawn up1 :i* is done 9 less ?an five m9utes1 ! bascules are ev5 ) ! sides ( ! t[]s1 & full space is giv5 = ! vessels to pass4 ,! two side spans ( ! bridge1 cross$ by ! susp5sion bridges1 are wid] ?an ! c5tre1 be+ #bgj feet ea*1 & ! total l5g? ( ! :ole bridge is #hjj feet betwe5 ! abutm5ts4 ,!re are also pi]s on ! %orew>d side = c>ry+ ! *a9s ( ! susp5sion bridges at ea* extremity4 ,! massive t[] pi]s1 sunk #bg feet bel[ ! riv] b$1 are built ( gray granite1 & are also fitt$ ) /rong break-wat]s to resi/ ! action ( ! tide4 ,! high-level bridges across ! c5tral span are = foot pass5g]s1 & are #ace feet ov] high-wat] m>k4 ,! bascule bridges1 :5 clos$ = vehicul> traffic1 are #bi feet above high wat]1 :ile ! side susp5sion spans are #bg feet4 ,! roadway is #ej feet wide1 :i* is also ! wid? ( ! approa*es4 ,! foot pass5g] traffic is nev] /opp$1 z p]sons c pass by ! hydraulic lifts or ! /airways 9 ! t[] pi]s to ! high-level bridges above4 ,sir ,horace ,jones di$ be=e ! great "w 0 complet$1 & 0 succe$$ by ,mr4 ,g4 ,d4 ,/ev5son1 :o _h be5 8 assi/ant4 ,sir ,william ,arrol ,co4 suppli$ ! iron & /eel1 & ,sir ,william ,arm/rong ! hydraulic ma*9]y4 ,v>i\s contractors c>ri$ out diff]5t portions ( ! mighty "w1 :i* occupi$ ab\t eight ye>s 9 build+4 ,ne> by /&s ! anci5t ,t[] ( ,london1 look+ n unk9dly on ! great con/ructive ef=t to :i* x has giv5 its "n4 ,sometimes a bridge is made movable by sw++ x r\nd on a pivot in/ead ( draw+ x up on a h+e or axis2 & sometimes1 z 9 ! case ( a bridge ov] ! ,arun = ! ,brighton & ,s\? ,coa/ ,railway1 x is made to slide on :eels backw>ds & =w>ds f ! abutm5t4 ,float+ or pontoon bridges are made by plac+ planks on pontoons1 or boats an*or$ by cables4 ,! longe/ 9 ! _w is probably at ,calcutta1 across ! ,hooghly4 ,x is #aecj feet 9 l5g?1 !re be+ tw5ty-eight pontoons 9 pairs4 ,^! are ( iron1 #afj feet long1 & ) ends %ap$ l w$ges2 !y support a road-way ( #c-;in* timb]s1 =ty-eight feet wide1 & rais$ on tressel "w4 ,an op5+ c be made = %ips by remov+ f\r pontoons & float+ !m cle> ( ! passage way4 ,great bridges pres5t "s ( ! mo/ rem>kable triumphs ( ! eng9e]4 ,!y rank beside ! express locomotive & ! ocean l9] z among ! great con/ructive a*ievem5ts ( mank9d4 ,d>+ 9 design1 & bold 9 execution & 9 sweep ( span1 !y h be5 develop$ along sev]al pr9ciples2 & s solidly h !y be5 built1 s s\nd are ! laws ( _! be+1 t x seems z ?\gh !y w live z long z ! ev]la/+ hills4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,,rem>kable ,,tunnels ,,& ,,_! ,,con/ruction4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,h[ ,,brunel ,,made ,a ,,bor+-,,%ield4 8,i wat*$ ! worm at "w & took my idea f t t9y creature60 8,a worm6 ,0 x an ord9>y worm80 8,oh no1 x 0 ! naval wood-worm--,t]$o ,navalis2 x c bore its way ?r\gh ! h>de/ timb]4 ,i 0 9 a docky>d & ,i saw ! movem5ts ( ?is animal z x cut its way ?r\gh ! wood1 & ! idea /ruck me t ,i c\ld produce "s ma*9e ( ! k9d = successful tunnell+40 8,well1 x has be5 brilliantly successful40 8,i look$ at ! animal closely1 & f\nd t x 0 cov]$ ) a c\ple ( valvul> %ells 9 front2 ^! %ells seem to act z a %ield1 & aft] _m attempts ,i elaborat$ ! bor+-%ield :i* 0 us$ 9 holl[+ out ! ,?ames ,tunnel40 ,?is /atem5t1 :i* we c imag9e to h be5 made by ,sir ,m>c ,isamb>d ,brunel to a fri5d1 is no d\bt 9 sub/ance q true4 ,a writ] 9 ! 8,ed9burgh ,encyclopdia0 says1 t ,sir ,m4 ,i4 ,brunel in=m$ him1 8t ! idea ^u :i* 8 new plan ( tunnell+ is f\nd$1 0 sugge/$ to him by ! op]ations ( ! ,t]$o1 a te/ace\s worm1 cov]$ ) a cyl9drical %ell1 :i* eats its way ?r\gh ! h>de/ wood40 ,two or ?ree attempts _h already be5 made to drive a tunnel "u ! ,?ames1 b !y _h end$ 9 failure4 ,9 #ahbc1 ,brunel came =w>d ) ano!r proposal1 & he ultimately succe$$4 ,?is illu/ri\s eng9e] mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) 8 son--:o 0 also a celebrat$ eng9e]--,isamb>d ,k+dom ,brunel4 ,!re 7 two ,brunels1 fa!r & son1 ev5 z !re 7 two ,/eph5sons1 ,george & ,rob]t4 ,sir ,m>c ,isamb>d ,brunel1 ! fa!r1 ^: mo/ notable ent]prise 0 ! ,?ames ,tunnel1 0 a ,fr5* f>m]'s son1 & aft] v>i\s exp]i5ces 9 ,france & ,am]ica settl$ 9 ,engl& 9 #agii1 & m>ri$ ! daught] ( ,william ,k+dom ( ,plym\?4 ,he _h already succe$$ z an eng9e] s well z to be appo9t$ *ief eng9e] ( ,new ,york1 & a s*eme = manufactur+ block-pulleys by ma*9]y = vessels 0 accept$ by ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t1 :o paid him #ag1jjj = ! inv5tion4 ,he 0 also engag$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ,woolwi* ,ars5al & ,*a?am ,docky>d1 etc41 & 9 #ahbc he came =w>d ) ano!r proposal = ! ,?ames ,tunnel4 ,9 t same ye>1 8 son1 ,isamb>d ,k+dom ,brunel1 ent]$ 8 fa!r's (fice1 & assi/$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ! tunnel4 ,! son subsequ5tly became eng9e] to ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway1 & design$ ! ,great ,we/]n /eam%ip4 ,b ?\gh ,brunel's proposal = ! tunnel 0 made public 9 #ahbc1 ! "w 0 n actually comm5c$ until ,m>*1 #ahbe4 ,x 0 to cross "u ! riv] f ,wapp+ to ,ro!rhi!1 & pres5t two ar*ways4 ,& if y _h be5 d[n by ! ,ro!rhi! bank ( ! ,?ames ab\t ! latt] date1 y w\ld h be5 surpris$ to see t in/ead ( holl[+ out a %aft1 proce$+s began by rais+ a r\nd t[]4 ,a space 0 trac$ out1 "s #ej feet across1 & bricklay]s began to build a circul> holl[ t[] ab\t #c feet ?ick & #db feet high4 ,?is t[] 0 /r5g!n$ by iron b>s1 etc41 & !n ! excavation comm5c$ )94 ,! soil 0 dug out & rais$ by an eng9e at ! top1 :i* also pump$ out wat]4 ,& z ! holl[ proce$$1 ! great %aft or tube ( masonry sank gradually into x4 ,bricklay]s add$ to its summit until x rea*$ a total height ( #fe feet1 :i* 9 due c\rse 0 sunk into ! gr\nd4 ,?us1 !n1 ! eng9e] _h1 to comm5ce )1 a /rong & reliable brickwork %aft1 #c feet ?ick1 by :i* m5 & mat]ials c\ld asc5d & desc5d 9 safety4 ,a small] %aft 0 also sunk deep] = dra9age4 ,& n[ ! actual bor+ ( ! tunnel comm5c$4 ,x 0 to be #ch feet wide & #bb feet 9 height4 ,on ,new ,ye>'s ,day1 #ahbf1 ! bor+-%ield 0 plac$ bel[ 9 ! %aft4 ,! %ield 0 compos$ ( #cf cells1 #c cells 9 height & #ab 9 bread?1 ) a workman to ea*4 ,! huge 8%ield0 0 plac$ be=e ! e>? to be excavat$1 & a front bo>d be+ remov$1 ! soil beh9d x 0 dug out to a specifi$ ext5t1 & ! bo>d 0 propp$ aga9/ ! fre% surface ?us made4 ,:5 ! bo>ds _h all be5 plac$ ?us1 ! cells 7 pu%$ =w>d into ! holl[ !n made4 ,?is 0 accompli%$ by means ( screws at ! top & bottom ( ! %ield1 & :i* 7 set aga9/ ! complet$ brickwork beh9d4 ,=1 :ile ! lab\r]s 7 work+ 9 front1 ! bricklay]s beh9d built up ! sides & ro(1 & =m$ ! floor ( ! tunnel1 ! soil at ! ro( be+ support$ by ! %ield until ! masons _h complet$ _! task4 ,= n9e feet1 ! tunnel proce$$ ?r\gh clay1 b !n came an unwelcome *ange4 ,wet1 loose s& prevail$1 & ! "w progress$ ) p]il = ?irty-two days1 :5 firm] gr\nd 0 rea*$4 ,six mon?s pass$ & sub/antial headway 0 made1 ! tunnel be+ complet$ to ! ext5t ( #bfj feet4 ,!n1 on ! #ad? ( ,septemb]1 ! />tl+ intellig5ce came t ! eng9e] fe>$ ! riv] w\ld bur/ 9 at ! next tide4 ,he _h f\nd a cavity ov] ! %ield4 ,sure en\gh1 at high tide1 :5 ! riv] 0 brimm+ full1 ! workm5 he>d ! om9\s rattle ( e>? fall+ on _! %ield1 :ile gu%es ( wat] foll[$4 ,s excell5t 7 ! precautions1 h[ev]1 t no disa/r\s effects foll[$1 & ,fa!r ,?ames himself roll$ e>? or clay into ! hole & /opp$ x up4 ,x 0 a w>n+1 & emphasis$ ! fe> t haunt$ ! m5's m9ds all ?r\gh ! haz>d\s und]tak+--! fe> t ! riv] w\ld break ?r\gh & dr[n ! tunnel4 ,9 ,octob]1 ano!r small irruption took place1 & 0 successfully combat$4 ,!n1 9 ! foll[+ ,janu>y 7#ahbg71 "s clay fell1 b /ill no ov]:elm+ cata/rophe occurr$4 ,! gr\nd grew s moi/1 h[ev]1 t x 0 exam9$ on ! o!r side4 ,t is1 ! riv] b$ 0 inspect$ by ! ag5cy ( a div+-bell1 & "s om9\s depressions 7 f\nd4 ,^! 7 promptly fill$ by bags ( clay4 ,x may be ask$1 ,:y _h ,brunel n gone deep]8 ,:y _h he n plac$ a great] ?ickness ( e>? or clay betwe5 8 "w & ! wat]s ( ! ,?ames8 ,! answ] is ?is--,he _h be5 in=m$ by geologi/s t quicks& prevail$ l[] d[n1 & ! %aft t he sank = dra9age bel[ ! level ( ! propos$ tunnel1 indicat$ t ?is view might be correct4 ,9 fact1 :5 he got d[n #hj feet1 ! soil gave way1 & wat] & s& ru%$ upw>ds4 ,he 0 !re=e app>5tly betwe5 ! ,?ames & ! quicks&4 ,! ,t[] ,subway1 con/ruct$ 9 #ahfi1 & driv5 ?r\gh ! solid ,london clay1 is1 h[ev]1 #fj feet deep :]e x comm5ces at ,t[] ,hill4 ,"w w5t /eadily =w>d at ,brunel's tunnel until ! #ah? ( ,may4 ,mr4 ,beami%1 ! assi/ant eng9e]1 0 9 ! cutt+ on t day1 & z ! tide rose he obs]v$ ! wat] increase ab\t ! %ield2 clay %[$ itself & gravel appe>$4 ,he _h ! clay clos$ up1 & w5t to enc\rage ! pump]s4 ,sudd5ly1 be=e he c\ld get into ! cells1 a great ru% ( sludge & wat] drove ! m5 out ( ! cells1 ext+ui%$ ! lights1 float$ ! cem5t casks & boxes1 & p\r$ =w>d & ev] =w>d1 fill+ ! tunnel ) ! ro>+ ( ! flood4 ,! ,?ames _h brok5 9 ) a v5geance ?is "t1 & dr[n$ ! tunnel4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,"u ,,! ,,riv]4 ,happily no "o lo/ 8 life4 ,! m5 retreat$ be=e ! advanc+ wave1 & z !y w5t !y met ,brunel4 ,b ! great eng9e] c\ld d no?+ j !n1 except1 l !m1 to retreat4 ,! lights yet rema9+ fla%$ on ! ro>+ wat]1 & !n sudd5ly w5t out 9 d>kness4 ,! foot ( ! /aircase 0 rea*$1 & x 0 f\nd ?rong$ ) ! retreat+ work]s4 ,high] & high] grew ! surg+ flood2 ,brunel ord]$ great spe$2 & sc>cely 7 ! m5's feet (f ! l[] /air :5 x 0 torn away4 ,on ga9+ ! top1 cries 7 he>d2 "s call+ = a rope1 o!rs = a boat4 ,"s "o 0 bel[ 9 ! wat]6 ,brunel himself slipp$ d[n an iron rod1 ano!r foll[$1 & ea* fa/5+ a rope to ! body ( a man !y f\nd 9 ! flood1 he 0 soon drawn out ( dang]4 ,on call+ ! roll1 e work] answ]$ to 8 "n4 ,no life 0 lo/4 ,s f>1 good2 b :at 0 to be done n[8 ,! tunnel 0 full ( wat]4 ,to pump x dry 0 impossible1 = ! tide p\r$ 9 f ! ,?ames4 ,aga9 ! div+-bell 0 us$1 & ! hole 0 f\nd 9 ! b$ ( ! riv]4 ,to /op x bags ( clay1 ) hazel /icks1 7 employ$2 & s difficult 0 ! task t ?ree ?\s& bags 7 utilis$ 9 ! process1 & m ?an a mon? elaps$ be=e ! wat] 0 subdu$4 ,two mon?s m pass$ be=e ! e>? wa%$ 9 0 remov$1 & ,brunel c\ld exam9e ! "w4 ,he f\nd x = ! mo/ "p q s\nd1 ?\gh ne> ! %ield x _h be5 %orn ( half its ?ickness ( bricks4 ,! *a9 ( ! %ield 0 snapp$ 9 twa91 & irons belong+ to ! same app>atus _h be5 =c$ into ! e>?4 ,! m5 n[ proce$$ ) _! task1 & exhibit$ a cool c\rage des]v+ ( all praise4 ,e>? & wat] frequ5tly fell2 f\l gases p]vad$ ! /ifl+ air1 & sometimes explod$1 or cat*+ fire1 !y w\ld n[ & aga9 dance ov] ! wat]2 & aga9 & aga9 lab\r]s w\ld be c>ri$ away ins5sible f ! poison\s atmosph]e4 ,compla9ts1 su* z sk9 eruptions1 sickness1 & heada*es1 7 common4 ,yet1 9 spite ( e difficulty1 ! m5 work$ on 9 t damp & dripp+ & ftid m9e1 haunt$ ev] ) ! dread ( ano!r flood4 ,& x came4 ,on ! #ab? ( ,augu/1 #ahbh1 "s fifte5 mon?s aft] ! previ\s disa/]1 ! gr\nd bulg$ out1 a l>ge quantity fell1 & a viol5t ru% ( wat] foll[$2 "o man be+ wa%$ out ( 8 cell to ! wood5 /ag+ beh9d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,?ames ,,tunnel4 ,! fl[ 0 s great t ,brunel ord]$ all to retire4 ,! wat] rose s fa/ t :5 !y _h retreat$ a few feet x 0 up to _! wai/s1 & f9ally ,brunel _h to swim to ! /airs1 & ! ru% ( wat] c>ri$ him up ! %aft4 ,unhappily1 ab\t half-a-doz5 lives 7 lo/ at ?is cata/rophe1 & ^? :o 7 rescu$--ab\t a doz5 9 numb]--7 extricat$ 9 an exhau/$ or fa9t+ /ate4 ,! ro> ( ! wat] 9 ! %aft made a deaf5+ noise2 ! news soon spread1 & ! sc5e became v di/ress+ z ! relatives ( ! m5 arriv$4 ,once m ! hole 9 ! b$ ( ! ,?ames _h to be /opp$4 ,d[n w5t ! div+-bell1 b x _h to desc5d twice be=e ! gap 0 discov]$4 ,x 0 a hole "s sev5 feet long1 & f\r ?\s& tons ( e>?1 *iefly bags ( clay1 7 us$ 9 fill+ x4 ,aga9 ! tunnel 0 ent]$1 & aga9 ! intrepid eng9e] f\nd ! "w s\nd4 ,b1 alas1 ano!r difficulty _h pres5t$ itself--"o m difficult to conqu] ev5 ?an /opp+ up huge holes 9 ! b$ ( ! ,?ames4 ,! tunnel 0 be+ cut by a ,company1 & its money _h gone2 nay1 m1 its confid5ce _h well nigh gone also4 ,"w c\ld n proce$ )\t money1 & = sev5 ye>s sil5ce & desolation reign$ 9 ^? unf9i%$ halls b5ea? ! riv]4 ,!n ! ,gov]nm5t agre$ to advance money1 & "w 0 aga9 comm5c$4 ,b x proce$$ v sl[ly1 "s weeks less ?an a foot be+ cut1 dur+ o!rs aga9 ?ree feet n9e in*es4 ,! gr\nd 0 9 fact a fluid mud1 & ! b$ ( ! riv] _h to be artificially =m$ be=e ! excavation c\ld proce$ 9 comp>ative safety4 ,fur!r1 ! tunnel 0 f> deep] ?an any o!r "w 9 ! neighb\rhood1 & all ! wat] dra9$ !re--a difficulty :i* 0 obviat$ by ! con/ruction ( a %aft on ! o!r side ( ! riv]4 ,! %ield _h also to be replac$4 ,x _h be5 s batt]$ ab\t by ! flood t ano!r 0 necess>y4 ,z x kept up ! e>? above1 & also 9 front1 ! *ange 0 bo? ardu\s & p]il\s4 ,b x 0 accompli%$ )\t loss ( life4 ,?ree m irruptions ( wat] occurr$3 ! ?ird 9 ,augu/1 #ahcg1 ! f\r? 9 ,novemb]1 #ahcg1 & ! fif? 9 ,m>*1 #ahch4 ,b ! eng9e] 0 m prep>$ = ,fa!r ,?ames' unpleasant visits1 & a plat=m _h be5 con/ruct$ by :i* ! m5 c\ld escape4 ,unhappily1 "o life 0 lo/1 h[ev]1 on ! f\r? occasion4 ,a great ru% ( soil also occurr$ 9 ,april1 #ahdj1 accompani$ by a s9k+ ( ! %ore at ,wapp+ ov] "s sev5 hundr$ feet ( surface4 ,happily ?is occurr$ at l[ tide1 & ! *asm 0 fill$ ) gravel & bags ( clay be=e ! riv] rose high4 ,at l5g?1 on ! #ac? ( ,augu/1 #ahda1 ,brunel desc5d$ ! %aft at ,wapp+1 & ent]+ a small cutt+1 pass$ ?r\gh ! %ield 9 ! tunnel1 amid/ ! *e]s ( ! workm54 ,aft] all ^! ye>s ( ardu\s toil1 ( anxi\s solicitude1 & ( hair-bread? escapes1 ! end 0 ne>1 & a passage "u ! ,?ames 0 cut4 ,x 0 n complet$ & op5 to ! public1 h[ev]1 until ! #be? ( ,m>*1 #ahdc1 & !n = foot pass5g]s only4 ,! approa*es = c>riages rema9$ to be con/ruct$1 & w\ld h be5 exp5sive works4 ,!y 7 to be imm5se circul> roads1 b !y 7 nev] made4 ,p]haps t defici5cy contribut$ to ! comm]cial failure ( ! great eng9e]+ ent]prise4 ,9 any case1 ! tunnel nev] paid2 ! ,company dissolv$2 & ! tunnel pass$ ov] to ! ,ea/ ,london ,railway1 :o run tra9s ?r\gh x4 ,its l5g? is #acjj feet1 :ile betwe5 x & ! riv] !re is a ?ickness ( soil ( "s fifte5 feet4 ,?\gh a failure z a bus9ess1 yet ! tunnel 0 a great eng9e]+ triumph4 ,x 0 a m>vel ( p]sev]ance1 & ( det]m9$1 ardu\s1 skilful toil aga9/ ov]:elm+ difficulties4 ,eighte5 ye>s pass$ be=e x 0 complet$2 & if ! sev5 be d$uct$ dur+ :i* ! "w 0 /opp$1 /ill elev5 rema9 z ! p]iod ( its con/ruction4 ,"w occupy+ su* a l5g? ( "t mu/ be co/ly4 ,c\ld x be %ort5$8 ,w\ld tunnel-mak+ ma*9]y be develop$ & improv$ s z to exp$ite ! lab\r ( ye>s8 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,?r\gh ,,! ,,alps4 8,cut ?r\gh ! ,alps8 ,x is an impossibility2 & x w\ld nev] pay60 8,yet !y are ab\t to d x4 ,sommeill]1 an eng9e]1 has inv5t$1 or obta9$1 a rock-bor+ ma*9e :i* promises to light5 ! lab\r consid]ably2 & !n1 ( c\rse1 !y w %att] great quantities ( e>? by explosives40 8,& :at "p ( ! ,alps80 8,?r\gh ,mont ,c5is4 ,! tunnel w be ab\t #g miles long1 & ! m\nta9 ov] x w rise #edjj feet at "o po9t40 8,& :5 d !y expect to f9i% x80 8,i _c say4 ,!y w beg9 on ! s\!rn--t is1 ! ,italian--side fir/1 & lat] on ! ,fr5* side4 ,?r\gh ! tunnel w pass "o ( ! pr9cipal r\tes f ! ,we/ to ! ,ea/40 ,?is conv]sation1 we may suppose1 took place 9 #aheg1 ! ye> :5 ! tunnel 0 comm5c$4 ,= f\r ye>s h& "w 0 us$1 ?\gh bla/+ 0 9 op]ation f ! fir/2 b 9 #ahfa drill+ by ma*9]y 0 br\ght into play1 & ! rate ( progress became mu* great]4 ,! ma*9e 0 ! fir/ practical bor+ app>atus = rock1 & 0 us$ fir/ 9 mak+ ! ,mont ,c5is ,tunnel4 ,) explosives1 z gun-cotton1 dynamite1 etc41 ! "t occupi$ 9 cutt+ tunnels has be5 mu* r$uc$4 ,?us ! ,mont ,c5is ,tunnel occupi$ ab\t ?irte5 ye>s1 & co/ ?ree millions ( p\nds4 ,! ,/4 ,got?>d--ano!r ,alp9e subway--occupi$ eight ye>s1 ?\gh x is #i miles 9 l5g?2 & ! ,arlb]g--yet ano!r ,alp9e tunnel--a little ov] #f miles long1 occupi$ some?+ m ?an ?ree ye>s4 ,fur!r1 ! railway ( :i* ! ,/4 ,got?>d ,tunnel =ms "p1 has be5 comm]cially v successful4 ,?is tunnel 0 comm5c$ 9 #ahgb & complet$ 9 #ahhj1 ! same ye> t saw ! beg9n+ ( ! ,arlb]g4 ,tunnels ?r\gh h>d rock d n always ne$ a l9+ ( brickwork2 b if ! soil be clay1 or loose e>? ( any k9d1 ! l9+ ( brick or /one mu/ be br\ght up close to ! sc5e ( actual excavation4 ,! ,mont ,c5is is l9$ ) /one or brick almo/ entirely1 ab\t #ijj feet1 h[ev]1 be+ )\t su* l9+4 ,& n[1 h[ 0 ! actual "w ( tunnell+ c>ri$ on8 ,x w be se5 at once t ! problem 0 q diff]5t f t ( bor+ fifte5 feet "u ! ,?ames1 & sometimes ?r\gh wat]y mud4 ,9 bor+ ?r\gh m\nta9s ! quicke/ way ( cutt+ & c>t+ away rock is "o ( ! *ief po9ts to be consid]$4 ,at ! ,mont ,c5is ,tunnel ! bla/+ took place by driv+ a s]ies ( %ot holes into ! soil1 all ov] ! surface to be cut1 fill+ !m ) explosives1 & fir+ !m simultane\sly 9 r+s4 ,su* explosives may be fir$ by a "t-fuse or by electricity1 giv+ ! workm5 ample "t to escape out ( rea*4 ,! %ak5 & %att]$ soil c !n be cle>$ away4 ,! bla/ holes 9 ?is small-%ot sy/em are ab\t #a to #a in* 9 diamet]1 & f #a to #g or #i feet 9 ! rock4 ,! explosive is =c$ to ! end ( ea*1 & ! hole is !n tamp$--t is1 clos$ ) clay or s&--& fir$ 9 due "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bor+ ,,ma*9e ,,us$ ,,= ,,! ,,mont ,,c5is ,,tunnel4 ,! cutt]s = bor+ 9 rock are (t5 diamond drills1 ! cutt+ edges be+ furni%$ ) a k9d ( diamond f\nd 9 ,brazil1 ( a black col\r & ( great h>dness4 ,^! are plac$ r\nd ! edge ( a cyl9d] ( /eel1 to :i* iron pipes c be screw$ z ! edge cuts its way deep] 9 ! rock4 ,! /uff cut out z ! drill revolves f9ds its way ?r\gh ! cyl9d] & ! pip+4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 a great numb] ( bor+ ma*9es ( diff]5t k9ds1 h>d /eel sometimes tak+ ! place ( ! opaque diamonds = cutt+ purposes4 ,! compress$ air ) :i* _m ( ! ma*9es are work$ assi/$ 9 ! ,/4 ,got?>d 9 ! v5tilation ( ! tunnel1 frequ5tly a great consid]ation1 z ! space is s small & ! gas f explosions (t5 s great4 ,! ,mont ,c5is ,tunnel m>ks a transition p]iod 9 tunnell+4 ,dur+ ! f\r ye>s t h& lab\r 0 us$1 ! av]age rate ( progress 0 b n9e in*es a-day on ei!r side2 b :5 ! rock-drills work$ by compress$ air 7 introduc$1 ! spe$ 0 five times z great4 ,/ill fur!r1 at ! ,arlb]g ,tunnel ?r\gh ! ,tyrolese ,alps ! av]age rate ( progress 0 #ijg y>ds p] day1 & ! co/ #ajh p] l9eal y>d2 :ile ! co/ ( ! ,mont ,c5is 0 #bbf p] l9eal y>d4 ,^! figures %[ imm5se progress 9 economy & 9 spe$4 ,! ,/4 ,got?>d ,tunnel 0 begun 9 #ahgb1 & ! ma*9e drills 7 us$ ?r\gh\t4 ,a head+ 0 fir/ cut ab\t eight feet squ>e1 & ! holl[ ?us ga9$ 0 aft]w>ds enl>g$ & f9ally sunk to ! desir$ level4 ,sev]al ,f]r\x drills 7 us$1 plac$ on a c>riage1 & an av]age *>ge ( #a lbs4 ( dynamite plac$ 9 ! holes made4 ,aft] fir+1 ! compress$ air 0 dis*>g$ & ! %att]$ soil 0 cle>$ away4 ,9 ! ,arlb]g ,tunnel a *ief head+ 0 driv51 & !n %afts op5$ up enabl+ small] head+s to be driv5 on bo? h&s4 ,drills work$ by hydraulic p[] 7 us$1 z well z drills work$ by air1 &1 aft] ! explosions1 wat] spray 0 ?r[n out to assi/ 9 cle>+ & purify+ ! air4 ,v5tilators also 7 us$1 :i* inject$ air at ! rate ( m ?an #hjjj cubic feet p] m9ute4 ,spe$y transit ( ! e>? excavat$ & ! mat]ials = masonry 7 also effect$1 x be+ e/imat$ t "s #ijj tons ( e>? _h to be tak5 out ( ea* end1 & ab\t #cej tons ( masonry _h to be br\ght 91 e day4 ,tunnels ?r\gh huge ?icknesses ( rock or "u riv]s c only be cut f ! two opposite ends4 ,:]e possible1 h[ev]1 o!r %afts h be5 sunk along ! l9e ! subway 0 to take1 & ?us excavation might cont9ue at sev]al places along ! l9e ( r\te1 ! %afts be+ us$ = v5tilation & = ! conveyance ( ! excavat$ soil4 ,b ! use ( ma*9e drills & ( bla/+ explosives1 ) improv$ appliances = v5tilation1 h1 ) possibly "s r>e exceptions1 r5d]$ ^! me?ods obsolete4 ,accord+ to ,pl9y ! tunnel = dra9+ ,lake ,fuc9o 0 ! greate/ "w ( 8 day4 ,x 0 ov] #c miles long1 & cut "u ,monte ,salviano4 ,=ty %afts 7 sunk 9 cutt+ x1 also slop+ gall]ies1 & huge copp] buckets 7 us$ to c>ry away ! e>?4 ,x is /at$ t ?is tunnel--"s t5 feet high1 by six wide--occupi$ #cj1jjj m5 elev5 ye>s4 ,comp>e ?is ) ! ,arlb]g1 or ev5 ! ,got?>d1 d\ble & treble ! l5g?1 occupy+ mu* less "t4 ,sir ,b5jam9 ,bak] has calculat$ t ! ,fuc9o tunnel c\ld n[ be cut 9 elev5 mon?s4 ,gunp[d] gave "s advance on old ,roman me?ods ( tunnell+4 ,! improv$ explosives & rock-drills h gone fur!r4 ,ev5 z ! ,mont ,c5is %[s a transition p]iod1 s ! ,arlb]g may be said to emphasise a triumph ( ! me?ods !n indicat$4 ,s great h be5 ! improvem5ts ( ! rock-bor+ ma*9]y1 ( ! p[] ( ! bla/s1 & ! spe$y v5tilation foll[+ ! explosions1 & ( ! quick transit ( mat]ials1 t we %all mo/ likely he> no m ( s9k+ num]\s %afts along ! r\te4 ,b :at ( subaque\s tunnels8 ,viol5t explosives are h>dly suitable = excavation a few feet "u a turbid riv]4 ,:at is to be done1 :5 cutt+ "u a full & trea*]\s /ream8 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,"u ,,wat] ,,aga94 8,h[ to cross ! ,?ames at ,blackwall1 f> ea/ ( ! ,t[] ,bridge80 ,t 0 a problem :i* ! citiz5s ( ,london _h to face 9 ! latt] "p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,an imm5se population dwelt on ei!r side1 & "s means ( easy communication became a press+ necessity4 ,%\ld x be effect$ by means ( a bridge1 fix$ or float+1 or by means ( a tunnel8 ,f9ally a tunnel 0 decid$ ^u1 ) slop+ approa*es on ei!r side4 ,its entire l5g? 0 to be #fbjj feet includ+ ! approa*es2 b h]e9 lay ! dang] & ! difficulty--x 0 to be driv5 only sev5 feet bel[ ! b$ ( ! riv]1 & ?r\gh loose soil & gravel4 ,h[ !n 0 ?is p]il\s task to be accompli%$8 ,if ! great riv] bur/ ?r\gh ,brunel's fifte5 feet1 w\ld x n be mu* m likely to ru% ?r\gh ?is sev5 feet ( loose soil8 ,b ! eng9e]s 9 *>ge _h an appliance 9 h&1 :i* 0 unkn[n to ,brunel--viz41 a compress$ air *amb]1 a piece ( app>atus :i* has facilitat$ sev]al great eng9e]+ a*ievem5ts1 besides ! ,blackwall ,tunnel4 ,:5 ! excavation ( ! tunnel 0 comm5c$1 a /\t ap>tm5t 0 =m$ at ! end ( ! cutt+1 into :i* air 0 pump$ until x ex]t$ a pressure ( "s ?irty-five p\nds to a squ>e in*1 9 addition to its usual weight4 ,?is is g5]ally reckon$ at an av]age ( #adg p\nds to a squ>e in*4 ,we are s us$ to ?is pressure t we d n feel x2 b let u ent] a room :]e ! air has be5 mu* m compress$1 z 9 ?is air-*amb]1 & s]i\s consequ5ces w\ld be likely to ensue1 especially at fir/4 ,! human body1 h[ev]1 has a wond]ful p[] ( adaptability1 & aft] a "t "s m5 get us$ to ! *ange & c "w 9 ! compress$ air )\t injury4 ,b at fir/ x may cause ble$+ f ! nose & e>s1 sometimes inde$ affect+ ! he>+ m or less s]i\sly1 & also caus+ great pa94 ,! reason = us+ ?is compress$ air *amb] 0 to keep out ,fa!r ,?ames4 ,! great pressure ( ! air resi/$ ! great pressure ( ! wat]1 & held up ! sev5 feet ( soil betwe54 ,p[]ful eng9es 7 ma9ta9$ at "w to provide = ! pressure ( ! air1 & ! *amb] 9 :i* ! compress$ air 0 kept 0 ent]$ & left by ! workm5 ?r\gh an 8air-lock0--t is1 a small ante-*amb] hav+ two doors1 "o lead+ to ! compress$ air & ! o!r to ! ord9>y atmosph]e1 & nei!r be+ op5$ at ! same "t4 ,! m51 !n1 work$ 9 ?is compress$ air *amb]1 :i* prev5t$ irruptions ( ! riv]4 ,b ! me?od ( excavation 0 also ano!r safegu>d1 bo? aga9/ irruptions ( wat] & ( e>?4 ,9 ess5ce1 x 0 mu* ! same z t pursu$ 9 bor+ ! tunnel = ! ,s\? ,london ,electric ,railway2 t1 h[ev]1 0 ?r\gh ?ick clay & ab\t #aj feet 9 diamet]1 & ?is 0 #bg feet across1 & ?r\gh loose & /ony /uff4 ,! %ield1 in/ead ( conta9+ z 9 ,brunel's "t a numb] ( cells1 consi/$ ( an imm5se iron cyl9d]1 weigh+ "s #bej tons2 clos$ 9 front1 b hav+ a door 9 ! clos$ "p2 ! rim ( ! cyl9d] r\nd ?is "p hav+ a %>p edge = cutt+ into ! soil4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,entrance ,,to ,,! ,,air-,,lock4 7,m5 wait+ to ent] ! ,compress$ ,air-,*amb] ?r\gh ! ,door47 ,! door be+ op5$1 ! m5 f\nd !mselves face to face ) ! e>? to be excavat$4 ,!y cut away z well z !y c\ld1 p]haps ab\t #b feet deep1 ?r[+ ! e>? into trucks 9 ! compress$ air *amb]2 ^! trucks w\ld be aft]w>ds haul$ away ?r\gh ! air-lock by electricity1 & ! huge iron cyl9d] w\ld be pu%$ =w>d by means ( hydraulic p[]4 ,tw5ty-eight hydraulic 8jacks0 7 employ$1 & !y =c$ =w>d ! #bej ton cyl9d] ) its cutt+ edge1 :5 ! m5 w\ld resume work+ ?r\gh ! door z be=e4 ,beh9d !m1 ! hole ( ! tunnel ?us cut out 0 be+ l9$4 ,fir/1 x 0 built r\nd ) iron plates a c\ple ( in*es ?ick4 ,?is plat+ 0 fix$ 9 segm5ts1 & =m$ a huge pipe a little small] ?an ! actual holl[ 9 ! e>?4 ,?r\gh holes 9 ! imm5se pip+1 liquid cem5t 0 =c$1 ?us plugg+ up ! space entirely betwe5 ! e>? & ! iron1 & =m+ an out] r+ ( cem5t4 ,)91 ! tunnel 0 complet$ by a fac+ ( glaz$ tiles1 plac$ on a ?ickness ( #ad in*es ( concrete4 ,a road-way 0 laid #af feet wide1 flank$ by footpa?s ( #c feet1 #b in*es1 on ei!r side4 ,! subway is light$ by electricity1 & /aircases on ! banks lead d[n to x = foot pass5g]s4 ,! /airways give entrance to ! tunnel n f> f ! riv]1 & mu* ne>] ?an ! comm5cem5t ( ! c>riage-way approa*es4 ,at ! nor!rn side1 ! slope d[n comm5ces ne> ! ,ea/ ,india ,dock entrance1 & turns out ( ! ,ea/ ,india ,dock ,road4 ,! slope is fairly gradual--ab\t "o 9 ?irty-f\r--& x passes "u ! ,blackwall l9e ( ! ,great ,ea/]n ,railway1 & ne> to ,popl> ,/ation4 ,! "p ( ! tunnel ne> to ?is po9t--t is ! "p betwe5 ! riv] & ! op5 slope--0 execut$ by :at is call$ 8cut & cov]0 "w--t is1 a huge tr5* 0 dug1 !n ar*$ 9 & cov]$ ov]4 8,cut & cov]0 "w also took place on ! s\? side2 & !re1 at ! foot ( an imm5se excavation n9ety feet d[n1 & ) its sides held up by huge timb]s1 might h be5 se5 a riv] ( wat] :i* _h dra9$ 9 & 0 be+ pump$ up quickly by p[]ful ma*9]y4 ,n f> di/ant1 ! %aft 0 be+ sunk = ! /aircase4 ,9 pr9ciple1 ! s9k+ ( ! %aft 0 conduct$ mu* z ,brunel's %aft at ! ,?ames ,tunnel1 only x 0 built up ( iron in/ead ( brick4 ,imag9e a big gasomet] ) a scaffold ne> ! top1 :]e m5 are busy build+ ! walls high] & high] by add+ on plate aft] plate ( iron4 ,on rea*+ ! scaffold y f9d t !re are two great cyl9d]s ( iron1 "o /&+ inside ! o!r1 & concrete is be+ fill$ 9 betwe5 !m4 ,m5 also are d[n bel[ digg+ out ! e>? :i* is be+ swung up 9 iron buckets2 & z ! soil is gradually remov$1 ! imm5se d\ble iron & concrete cyl9d] sl[ly s9ks by its own weight4 ,9 ?is mann]1 ! great %aft 0 sunk ne>ly n9ety feet1 & )9 x ! /aircase has be5 built1 giv+ entrance = foot pass5g]s1 n f> f ! riv]4 ,?us1 on ei!r side are slop+ entrances to ! tunnel1 & also1 ne>] ! wat]1 /airways ( desc5t d[n great %afts4 ,eng9e]s h also f\nd _! way b5ea? o!r great ,engli% riv]s--! ,sev]n & ! ,m]sey4 ,mu* wat] _h to be dealt ) 9 ! cutt+ ( ! ,sev]n ,tunnel4 ,?is important "w1 f\r & "o-?ird miles long1 0 driv5 9 "s places =ty-five feet "u s&/one1 & at ! ,salmon ,pool--a holl[ 9 ! riv] b$--! tunnel 0 ?irty feet "u soil call$ trias m>l4 ,mu* great] space1 !re=e1 exi/s "h betwe5 ! tunnel & riv] ?an at ,blackwall4 ,b ! riv] bur/ ?r\gh4 ,! "w 0 begun 9 #ahgc1 & complet$ 9 #ahhf4 ,six ye>s aft] its comm5cem5t ! tunnel 0 dr[n$1 s to speak1 = a long "t by a l>ge spr+ ( wat] :i* bur/ out f lime/one1 & arrangem5ts _h to be made to provide = ?is flood4 ,x is n[ conduct$ by a subsidi>y tunnel or *annel to a huge %aft1 :]e x is rais$ by pumps ( suffici5t /r5g?4 ,!n !re 0 ! p]il\s ,salmon ,pool to be dealt )4 ,! riv] bur/ ?r\gh "h1 & ! r5t _h to be /opp$ ) clay4 ,! tunnel is tw5ty-six feet wide by tw5ty feet high1 & is cut ?r\gh ,p5nant /one1 %ale1 & m>l4 ,x is l9$ ) ,/af=d%ire vitrifi$ bricks ?r\gh\t--sev5ty-five million bricks x is e/imat$ be+ us$4 ,! works are v5tilat$ by a huge fan1 & pump+ cont9ually proce$s1 some?+ l tw5ty-six million gallons ( wat]1 x is said1 be+ rais$ 9 ! tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,! tunnel1 ( :i* ! eng9e]s 7 ,messrs4 ,hawk%aw1 ,son1 ,hayt] ,ri*>dson1 & ,mr4 ,t4 ,a4 ,walk]1 ,contractor1 is = ! use ( ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway1 & saves t ,company's ,wel% & ,iri% tra9s to ,mil=d a long way r\nd by ,gl\ce/]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,bor+ ,,ma*9e ,,us$ ,,9 ,,! ,,prelim9>y ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,! ,,engli% ,,*annel ,,tunnel4 ,9 cutt+ ! ,m]sey ,tunnel1 :i* 0 complet$ 9 #ahhf1 ma*9]y 0 us$ = "s ( ! "w4 ,! ma*9e bor$ p>tly to a diamet] ( sev5 feet f\r in*es1 b h& lab\r _h to be l>gely dep5d$ ^u4 ,! plan pursu$ 0 to s9k a %aft on ei!r side ( ! riv] & drive a head+1 slop+ upw>d ?r\gh ! s&/one to ! c5tre2 ?is head+ act+ z a dra9 = any wat] :i* might appe>4 ,! ?ickness betwe5 ! ar* ( ! tunnel & ! riv] b$ is ?irty feet at its lea/1 & ! tunnel1 :i* occupi$ ab\t six ye>s 9 con/ruction1 & ( :i* ! eng9e]s 7 ,messrs4 ,brunlees ,fox1 is provid$ ) pumps rais+ "s ?irte5 million gallons ( wat] daily4 ,z 9 ! case ( ! ,sev]n ,tunnel1 v5tilation is provid$ = by huge fans4 ,a bor+ ma*9e 0 also us$ 9 ! prelim9>y ef=ts = ! con/ruction ( a tunnel "u ! ,engli% ,*annel4 ,holes1 sev5 feet across & to ! l5g? ( #bjjj y>ds1 h be5 bor$ by a compress$ air ma*9e1 work+ ) two arms furni%$ ) tee? ( /eel4 ,! con/ruction ( ! tunnel is held to be q feasible f an eng9e]+ po9t ( view1 & x is believ$ t x w\ld pass ?r\gh /rata imp]vi\s to wat]1 su* z *alk m>l & grey *alk4 ,/ill1 ! huge tunnel at ,blackwall1 :i* 0 c>ri$ out by ,mr4 ,b9nie1 ,*ief ,eng9e] ( ! ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil1 ) ,mr4 ,grea!ad & ,sir ,b5jam9 ,bak] z ,consult+ ,eng9e]s1 is probably "o ( ! mo/ d>+ & /up5d\s ent]prises ( ! k9d ev] und]tak54 ,to holl[ out a subway hundr$s ( feet long "u ! ,?ames1 only sev5 feet f ! b$ ( ! great riv]1 & ?r\gh loose gravelly soil1 0 a great triumph4 ,x 0 a*iev$ n by uncalculat+ brav]y1 b by a wise comb9ation ( cool c\rage1 sup]b skill1 & admirable =esight4 ,to design effectively1 to provide = cont+5cies1 to be daunt$ by no difficulties--^! qualities help to produce ! ,triumphs ( ,eng9e]s1 z well z d great inv5tive skill1 ! p[] ( adapt+ pr9ciples to v>y+ circum/ances1 & high-spirit$ ent]prise 9 plann+ & conduct+ noble & useful works4 ,^! works may well rank among ! great a*ievem5ts ( man's ef=t & ! wond]s ( ! _w4 ,,! ,,end4 ,,lorim] ,,& ,,gillies1 ,,pr9t]s1 ,,ed9burgh4