,transcrib]'s ,notes ,texts betwe5 und]scores1 betwe5 equal signs & betwe5 tildes 7 pr9t$ z italicis$1 bold face & blacklett] text 9 ! s\rce docum5t4 ,small capitals h be5 replac$ ) ,,all ,,capitals4 ,m ,transcrib]'s ,notes may be f\nd at ! end ( ?is text4 ,,walk]',s ,,manly ,,ex]cises ,,& ,,rural ,,sports4 ,,edit$ ,,by 8,,crav540 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,,manly ,,ex]cises1 ,,sail+1 ,,r[+1 ,,driv+1 ,,rid+1 ,,hunt+1 ,,rac+1 ,,seat+1 ,,swimm+1 ,,vault+1 ,,climb+1 ,,runn+1 c4 c4 ,,h5ry ,g4 ,,bohn1 ,,london4 ,,walk]',s ,,manly ,,ex]cises2 ,,conta9+ ,r[+1 ,sail+1 ,rid+1 ,driv+1 ,rac+1 ,hunt+1 ,%oot+1 ,,& ,,o!r ,,manly ,,sports4 ,,! ,,:ole ,,c>efully ,,revis$1 ,,or ,,writt51 ,,by 8,,crav540 ,,n9? ,,edition4 ,,london3 ,h4 ,g4 ,,bohn1 ,,york ,,/reet1 ,,cov5t ,,g>d54 ,,mdccclv4 ,,editor',s ,,preface4 ,! publi%]s ( ! pres5t ,edition ( ?is popul> little volume _h a d\ble purpose 9 ent]+ ^u ! und]tak+1--namely1 to (f] a c>efully-revis$ copy ( ,,walk]',s ,,manly ,,ex]cises1 & an outl9e ( ,,rural ,,sports1 to :i* !y s]ve z ! be/ elem5t>y introduction4 ,z ! execution ( t design 0 committ$ to me1 ,i c only allude to ! nature ( ! task1 & hope t ,i h n q fail$ 9 ! ent]prise4 ,?is ,i may be p]mitt$ to say1--t if ! publi%]s' desire to make ! "w a s\rce ( in/ructive & rational amusem5t be realiz$1 ev5 to ! ti! ( its ext5t & e>ne/ness1 ! lab\r ( 8 ,editor w n h be5 :olly )\t success4 ,,crav54 ,,cont5ts4 ,,importance ,,( ,,physical ,,ex]cises4 ,,page ,,g5]al ,,directions #f ,tra9+ #h ,position #ah ,ext5sion ,motions #bj ,! ,indian ,club ,ex]cises #bb ,,locomotive ,,ex]cises4 ,,! ,,balance ,,/ep #bh ,,walk+ #bi ,g5]al ,me*anism ( ,walk+ #ca ,! ,sl[ ,walk or ,m>* #cb ,! ,mod]ate & ! ,quick ,pace #cb ,! ,mod]ate ,pace #cc ,! ,quick ,pace #cc ,sl[ ,/ep #ce ,quick ,/ep #ce ,d\ble ,m>* #ce ,feats 9 ,walk+ #cf ,,runn+ #cg ,position 9 ,runn+ #ch ,action 9 ,runn+ #ch ,respiration #ci ,mod]ate ,runn+ #ci ,rapid ,runn+ #dj ,feats 9 ,runn+ #da ,effects ( ,runn+ #da ,,leap+ #db ,! ,high ,leap #db ,feats 9 ,high ,leap+ #db ,! ,long ,leap #dd ,feats 9 ,long ,leap+ #dd ,! ,deep ,leap #de ,! ,deep ,leap backw>ds f a re/ on ! h&s #df ,,vault+ #dh ,oblique ,vault+ #dh ,/raight-=w>d ,vault+ #di ,leap+ ) a ,pole #ej ,! ,high ,leap ) a ,pole #ej ,! ,long ,leap ) a ,pole #ed ,! ,deep ,leap ) a ,pole #ee ,,balanc+ #ef ,position & ,action 9 ,balanc+ #ef ,turns 9 ,balanc+ #eg ,,c>ry+ ,,weight #eg ,,?r[+ ,,! ,,discus #fj ,,climb+1 9 all its divisions #fd ,,skat+ #fi ,con/ruction ( ! ,skate #fi ,dress ( ! ,skat] #gb ,prelim9>y & ,g5]al ,directions #gb ,! ,ord9>y ,run1 or ,inside ,edge ,=w>d #gc ,! ,=w>d ,roll1 or ,outside ,edge #ge ,figure ( ,?ree1 or ,inside ,edge ,backw>d #gf ,outside ,edge ,backw>d #gg ,! ,back ,roll #gh ,dang]s ( ,skat+ #hj ,treatm5t ( ,dr[n$ ,p]sons #hj ,,aquatic ,,ex]cises ,,swimm+ #hb ,prep>atory ,in/ructions #hc ,place & "t = ,swimm+ #he ,dress #hf ,aids #hf ,cramp #hg ,ent]+ ! ,wat] #hh ,buoyancy 9 ! ,wat] #hh ,attitude & ,action 9 ! ,wat] #ia ,respiration 9 ,swimm+ #ia ,com+ out ( ! ,wat] #ib ,upright ,swimm+ #ib ,tread+ ,wat] #ie ,back ,swimm+ #ie ,float+ #if ,side ,swimm+ #ig ,plung+ #ig ,div+ #ih ,?ru/+ #ii ,spr++ #ii ,"o-arm ,swimm+ #ajj ,feats 9 ,swimm+ #ajj ,,r[+1 9 all its k9ds #aja ,,sail+1 ) notices ( ! ,ya*t ,clubs1 & ,g5]al ,directions #ajf ,,rid+4 ,! ,horse & ,equipm5ts #abb ,m\nt+ & ,dism\nt+ #abe ,! ,seat #abi ,! ,balance #aca ,! ,re9 ,hold #acb ,! ,correspond5ce #acd ,! ,action #ace ,! ,h& #acf ,! ,aids #ach ,animations1 ,soo?+s1 & ,corrections #adb ,! ,walk #add ,! ,trot #adg ,road ,rid+ #aej ,! ,gallop #aeb ,leap+ #aef ,critical ,situations #aei ,treatm5t ( ! ,horse #afe ,driv+ #agj ,! ,road #age ,c>riages #agf ,coa* ,horses #agh ,h>ness #ahe ,relative ,prices ( ,horses #ahi ,coa*m5 #aic ,m\nt+ & ,dism\nt+ #aih ,! ,seat #aii ,/>t+ #aii ,! ,paces #bjj ,! ,"t #bja ,! ,:ip #bjb ,?or\ghf>es1 ,pass+1 c4 #bjg ,asc5d+ & ,desc5d+ ,hills #bjh ,! ,turn+s #bac ,! ,ranks 9 ,t[n #bad ,/ops #bae ,accid5ts to ,horses #bae ,accid5ts to ,coa*es #bag ,ob/ructions1 ,(f5ces1 & ,injuries #bba ,,rac+ #bbc ,,hunt+ #bci ,,%oot+ #bec ,,li/ ,,( ,,plates4 ,,frontispiece4 ,,vignette4 ,,plates4 ,i4 ,position--,ext5sion ,motions4 ,,ii4 to ,,vii4 ,indian ,club ,ex]cises4 ,,viii4 ,walk+4 ,,ix4 ,runn+4 ,x4 ,leap+4 ,,xi4 ,vault+4 ,,xii4 ,,xiii4 ,pole ,leap+4 ,,xiv4 ,,xv4 ,balanc+4 ,,xvi4 ,c>ry+ ,weight4 ,,xvii4 ,?r[+ ! ,discus4 ,,xviii4 ,climb+4 ,,xix4 ,skat+4 ,,xx4 ,swimm+--,attitude4 ,,xxi4 ,swimm+--,action ( ! ,h&s4 ,,xxii4 ,swimm+--,action ( ! ,feet4 ,,xxiii4 ,swimm+--,buoyancy 9 ,wat]--,tread+ ,wat]4 ,,xxiv4 ,swimm+--,back ,swimm+4 ,,xxv4 ,swimm+--,side ,swimm+--,float+4 ,,xxvi4 ,swimm+--,plung+4 ,,xxvii4 ,swimm+--,div+4 ,,xxviii4 ,swimm+--,?ru/+4 ,,xxix4 ,r[+--,fig4 ,i4 ,beg9n+ ( ! ,pull4 ,r[+--,fig4 ,,ii4 ,middle ( ! ,pull4 ,,xxx4 ,r[+--,fig4 ,i4 ,end ( ! ,pull4--,fig4 ,,ii4 ,return ( ,sculls4 ,,xxxi4 ,fig4 ,i4 ,m>9]'s ,compass4--,fig4 ,,ii4 ,plan ( a ,vessel's ,deck4 ,,xxxii4 ,fig4 ,i4 ,p>ts ( a ,pleasure ,boat at ,an*or4 ,fig4 ,,ii4 ,boat be=e a ,light ,breeze4 ,,xxxiii4 ,fig4 ,i4 ,boat ) ,breeze on ,l>bo>d ,beam4 ,fig4 ,,ii4 ,boat close to ! ,w9d on ,/>bo>d ,tack4 ,,xxxiv4 ,horse ,equipm5ts4 ,,xxxv4 ,fig4 ,i4 ,p>ts ( ! ,horse4--,fig4 ,,ii4 ,fir/ ,view ( ,m\nt+4 ,,xxxvi4 ,fig4 ,i4 ,second ,view ( ,m\nt+4--,fig4 ,,ii4 ,! ,seat4 ,,xxxvii4 ,! ,re9 ,hold4 ,,xxxviii4 ,fig4 ,i4 ,! ,walk4--,fig4 ,,ii4 ,! ,/op4 ,,xxxix4 ,fig4 ,i4 ,! ,trot4--,fig4 ,,ii4 ,road ,rid+4 ,,xl4 ,! ,cant]4 ,,xli4 ,! ,rise 9 ,leap+1 ,,xlii4 ,! ,fall 9 ,leap+4 ,,xliii4 ,f\r ,horse ,h>ness4 ,,xliv4 ,! ,re9 ,hold 9 ,driv+4 ,illu/ration ,,importance ,,( ,,physical ,,ex]cises4 ,,education may be divid$ into two p>ts1 physical & m5tal4 ,( ! =m]1 ,,ex]cises or ,,gymna/ics are ! mo/ ext5sive & ! e>lie/ portion4 ,,_! ,,ext5t is le>nt by an enum]ation ( !m1 viz41 ,walk+1 ,runn+1 ,leap+1 ,vault+1 ,pole-leap+1 ,balanc+1 ,skat+1 ,c>ry+1 ,climb+1 & ,swimm+4 ,we h add$ ,?r[+ ! ,discus2 &1 9 a c\rse ( ,briti% ,ex]cises1 we ?9k ,r[+1 ,sail+1 ,rid+1 & ,driv+1 w\ld be v improp]ly omitt$4 ,! object ( ^! ,ex]cises is to /r5g!n ! muscul> sy/em1 by subject+ x to a regul> process ( tra9+1 & to tea* ! means ( employ+ x mo/ advantage\sly4 ,! exp$i5cy ( _! e>ly acquisition is r5d]$ evid5t by ! fir/ t5d5cy ( y\? be+ direct$ to !m1 by ! rapid progress made 9 !m1 & by ! delight d]iv$ f !m1 at a p]iod :5 ! body is incapable1 ) real or solid advantage1 ( high] acquirem5ts4 ,_! g5]al utility w be que/ion$ only by ^? :o are n aw>e t ! heal? & vig\r ( all ! bodily organs dep5d on ! proportion$ ex]cise ( ea*4 ,9 active ex]tion1 ! memb] ex]cis$ swells ) ! m frequ5t & m copi\s fl[ ( blood1 & heat is develop$ 9 x ) great] abundance2 & if we repeat ! same motions _m times aft] int]vals ( repose1 all ! muscles ex]cis$ become p]man5tly develop$2 a p]fection ( action ensues 9 ! memb] ex]cis$1 :i* x did n previ\sly possess1 any de=mity by :i* x is affect$ is correct$1 & /r5g? & activity are acquir$4 ,t man1 !re=e1 ga9s ! mo/ /r5g? :o engages 9 muscul> ex]cises t require ! application ( mu* p[]1 b :i* are suffici5tly sep>at$ by int]vals ( repose4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t1 9 ex]cis+ p>ticul> muscles only1 ! o!rs become weak4 ,! /r5g? ( ,m>%al ,saxe 0 suffici5tly great to /op a *>iot drawn at spe$ by f\r horses1 by m]ely seiz+ ! :eel3 he b5t pieces ( silv] ) 8 f+]s1 made !m into boats z he w\ld ) pap]1 & pres5t$ !m to ! ladies4 ,c\nt ,orl(f1 a ,russian g5]al1 broke ! %oe ( a c>riage horse 9 ! same mann]2 & !re are innum]able examples ( simil> feats ( extraord9>y /r5g?4 ,active ex]cises1 at ! same "t1 conf] beauty ( =m2 & !y ev5 contribute to imp>t an elegant air & graceful mann]s4 ,if ! ex]cise ( a limb be cont9u$ = "s "t1 ! memb] swells1 a pa9ful s5sation is exp]i5c$1 :i* is t]m$ lassitude1 & a difficulty ( contraction1 :i* is ! result ( x4 ,if ! motion has be5 excessive1 & ! organic elem5ts 9 ! memb] h be5 act$ ^u beyond all physiological laws1 inflammation w\ld take place1 & its functions be p]=m$ ) great difficulty1 if at all4 ,su* are ! effects ( ex]cise on ! locomotive sy/em1 to all ! functions ( animat$ be+s1 s long z !y are ex]cis$ ) mod]ation1 equality1 & at due int]vals1 work+ = _! own pres]vation4 ,( c\rse1 ! g5]al effect ( active ex]cises is m>k$ 9 proportion to ! numb] ( p>ts t %>e 9 ! motion1 or are br\ght into en]getic action4 ,9 g5]al ex]cise1 ! increase ( organic action is n conf9$ solely to ! p>ts :i* are ! seat ( muscul> contraction1 b is repeat$ ?r\gh\t all p>ts ( ! economy1 & influ5ces all ! functions4 ,?us1 z to ! vital or nutritive sy/em1 ex]cises tak5 :5 dige/ion is n go+ on1 excite ! dige/ive faculty3 tak5 dur+ its progress1 !y disord] t function4 ,! art]ial & v5\s circulations become m rapid by active ex]cise1 :i* concludes by giv+ great] =ce to ! tissue ( ! he>t4 ,x is ! same ) respiration & calorification4 ,! same takes place ) reg>d to nutrition1 a function :i* ex]cise increases1 n only 9 ! muscles 9 movem5t1 z we h j se51 b also 9 ! bones1 ligam5ts1 vessels1 & n]ves4 ,by induc+ cutane\s exhalation1 x promotes ! expulsion ( injuri\s ag5ts1 produces a fre% col\r 9 p]sons :o may h become pale ?r\gh a s$5t>y life1 &1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 r5d]s ! human con/itution1 by means ( habit1 pro( aga9/ ! action ( surr\nd+ objects4 ,! local effects ( excessive action1 or ^? :i* take place 9 ! memb]s !mselves1 are1 z be=e obs]v$1 inflammation ( ! muscles1 rheumatism1 l t aris+ f cold1 & inflammation ( ! s]\s articul> membranes4 ,! g5]al effects ( excessive ex]cise may1 9 ! same mann] z all physical & moral /imulants1 exhau/ ! vital faculties too quickly1 communicate too mu* rigidity to ! fibres1 r5d] ! vessels v>icose1 br+ on *ronic rheumatism1 de/roy ! fre%ness ( ! sk91 blight ! fl[] ( y\?1 & produce old age & dea? be=e ! "t orda9$ by nature4 ,anci5t writ]s in=m u t x 0 a r>e ?+ to meet ) a?letes1 :o1 hav+ signaliz$ !mselves f _! e>lie/ y\? 9 gymna/ic combats1 7 ( s excell5t a con/itution z to be able1 :5 !y _h rea*$ a m advanc$ age1 to acquire ! same hon\rs on cont5d+ = ! prize ) gr[n m54 ,ari/otle assures u1 t among/ ! conqu]ors 9 ! ,olympic ,games1 n m ?an two or ?ree at ! mo/ c\ld be f\nd to :om nature _h grant$ su* an advantage4 ,9 relation to ! m5tal or ?9k+ sy/em1 8e movem5t10 says ,cabanis1 8becomes 9 its turn ! pr9ciple or occasion ( new impressions1 ( :i* ! frequ5t repetition & ! v>i$ "* mu/ increase m & m ! circle ( our judgm5ts1 or t5d unceas+ly to rectify !m4 ,x h5ce foll[s t lab\r1 giv+ to ?is ^w ! mo/ g5]al signification1 _c b h an influ5ce inf9itely useful on ! habits ( ! und]/&+1 & consequ5tly also on ^? ( ! w40 ,?is argum5t is evid5tly applicable to v>i$ ex]cise4 ,on ! contr>y1 8! great division ( lab\r1 s fav\rable to ! p]fect+ ( ! arts1 contracts m & m ! und]/&+ ( workm540 ,ex]cises1 moreov]1 inspire confid5ce 9 difficult situations1 & sugge/ res\rces 9 dang]4 ,_! consequ5t influ5ce ^u ! moral conduct ( man is su*1 t1 by a c\rage :i* is well f\nd$1 because x spr+s f a p]fect k ( 8 own p[]s1 he is (t5 enabl$ to r5d] ! mo/ important s]vices to o!rs4 ,al?\gh ! direct effect ( ex]cise is n only to conf] p[] on ! muscul> & o!r organs1 b to multiply ext]nal impressions1 & to occupy ) !m all ! s5ses at once2 /ill m9ds ?us dispos$1 9 g5]al occupy !mselves r ) objects ( imag9ation & s5tim5t1 ?an ) ^? :i* dem& m complicat$ op]ation4 ,! s5se ( muscul> p[] impresses det]m9ations :i*1 c>ry+ man p]petually out ( himself1 sc>cely p]mit him to dwell ^u impressions transmitt$ to 8 bra94 ,! only action ( t organ1 dur+ ^! ex]cises1 seems to be limit$ to ord]+ ! movem5ts4 ,h5ce1 ex]cise1 especially tak5 9 ! op5 air1 amid/ new & v>i$ objects ( sight1 is n fav\rable to reflection--to lab\rs :i* dem& ! assemblage & conc5tration ( all ! p[]s ( ! m9d4 ,x is1 on ! contr>y1 9 ! abs5ce ( ext]nal impressions1 t we become m capable ( seiz+ _m relations1 & ( foll[+ a long tra9 ( purely ab/ract reason+4 ,z life sp5t *iefly 9 active muscul> ex]cises w\ld leave 9 a /ate ( repose ^? c5tral organs t are subs]vi5t to ! moral qualities & intellectual faculties1 ,i agree ) ,s5eca & ,camp]1 9 proscrib+ all su* ex]cises1 or su* degrees ( ex]cise1 z w\ld exhau/ ! m9d1 & r5d] man incapable ( aptitude 9 sci5ce1 polite lit]ature1 & art4 ,! cultivation ( bodily /r5g?1 9 pref]5ce to e ?+ else1 w\ld e/abli% only ! "r ( ! /ronge/1 z x is f\nd to exi/ 9 ! orig9 ( society4 ,to cultivate ! faculties ( ! m9d exclusively1 w\ld produce only ! weakness ( s5tim5t or excess ( passion4 ,!re is1 = e individual1 a means ( mak+ all ^! dispositions act 9 h>mony2 & ! due bl5d+ ( physical & moral education alone c produce x4 ,let x be rememb]$ t "y p]sons w mu* m easily be )drawn f ! application !y ought to pay to ! /udy ( ! sci5ces1 by insipid recreations & trifl+ games1 ?an by ! fatigu+ ex]cises necess>y = _! developem5t & ! pres]vation ( _! heal?1 :i*1 h[ev]1 habit soon r5d]s easy & delightful4 ,to :at vices d n a s$5t>y life & ! practice ( gam+ give rise8--:il/ well-regulat$ ex]cises excite ambition to excel1 & en]gy 9 ! p]=mance ( e duty4 ,! philosoph]s ( antiquity1 su* z ,ari/otle & ,plato1 reg>d$ gymna/ic ex]cises z ( va/ importance1 & consid]$ a /ate defective & badly organiz$ :]e ^! ex]cises 7 n in/itut$4 ,colleges1 call$ ,gymnasia1 7 !re=e e/abli%$ ev]y:]e1 & sup]9t5d$ by di/+ui%$ ma/]s4 ,accord+ly1 ! illu/ri\s m5 ( ! ,grecian & ,roman republics1 ev5 ^? :o %one 9 lit]ature & ! f9e arts1 receiv$ ! same physical education4 ,! gymna/ic ex]cises :i* are "h recomm5d$ are n int5d$ to produce a?letes1 b to /r5g!n ! human con/itution4 ,"o ex]cise gives solidity1 ano!r address2 & we may ev5 say t ! v>i\s k9ds ( ex]cise are sometimes oppos$ to ea* o!r4 ,! /ronge/ peasant is f> f be+ ! be/ runn]2 & ! mo/ vigor\s danc] w\ld probably be defici5t 9 /r5g?4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a mean to be f\nd 9 ! disposition ( e individual to pres]ve bo? skill & /r5g?1 & ?is is :at ought to be s\ght4 ,= ?is purpose1 x w suffice to practise "y p]sons a few h\rs e day1 sometimes at "o ex]cise1 & sometimes at ano!r4 ,,g5]al ,,directions4 ,x only rema9s = u to give a few directions z to ! "t1 place1 & circum/ances ( ex]cise4 ,! be/ "t = ! elem5t>y ex]cises is :5 ! air is cool1 z1 ev5 9 summ]1 x is e>ly 9 ! morn+1 or aft] ! sun has decl9$2 & !y %\ld nev] imm$iately foll[ a meal4 ,! be/ place = ^! elem5t>y ex]cises is a smoo? grass-plat1 or a firm s&y sea-bea*4 ,*asms1 /ones1 & /akes1 are always dang]\s4 ,at ! comm5cem5t1 ! coat & all unnecess>y clo!s %\ld be laid aside2 & all h>d or %>p ?+s %\ld be tak5 f ! pockets ( ! rema9+ dress4 ,a v light cov]+ on ! head1 z a /raw hat1 is be/2 ! %irt-coll> %\ld be op51 ! brea/ be+ ei!r expos$ or ?9ly cov]$2 ! wai/b& ( ! tr\s]s %\ld n be tight1 & ! boots or %oes %\ld h no iron ab\t !m4 ,z sudd5 transitions are always bad1 ex]cise %\ld beg9 g5tly1 & %\ld t]m9ate 9 ! same mann]4 ,! left h& & arm be+ commonly weak] ?an ! "r1 !y %\ld be ex]cis$ till !y become z /rong4 ,?is cu/om is advantage\s1 n only = all milit>y & me*anical gymna/ic ex]cises1 b also = all _! op]ations4 ,! be+ cool$ too quickly is injuri\s4 ,!re=e1 dr9k+ :5 v hot1 or ly+ d[n on ! cold gr\nd1 %\ld be c>efully avoid$4 ,no ex]tion %\ld be c>ri$ to excess1 z t only exhau/s & enfeebles ! body4 ,!re=e1 :5ev] ! gymna/ feels tir$1 or falls beh9d 8 usual m>k1 he %\ld resume 8 clo!s1 & walk home4 ,! mom5t ex]cise is f9i%$1 ! clo!s %\ld always be put on1 & ! usual precautions adopt$ to prev5t tak+ cold4 ,! necess>y fitt+s-up ( an ex]cis+ gr\nd are a leap+ /&1 a vault+ horse1 a balanc+ b>1 a climb+ /&1 ) ladd]s1 poles1 & ropes1 :i* may be se5 unit$ z simply & economically z possible1 9 a subsequ5t sket*--7,plate ,,xviii4 ,,climb+47 ,9 mo/ ex]cises1 a belt or c9cture is ( utility2 & x seems1 9 all ages1 to h be5 naturally employ$4 ,! weake/ savage1 :o c\ld n foll[ o!rs 9 ! c\rse )\t pant+1 w\ld f9d1 by plac+ 8 h& ov] 8 abdom51 & support+ ! liv] & o!r organs :i* desc5d into t cavity1 t he 0 aid$ 9 runn+1 & brea!d m easily2 & !nce he w\ld make = himself a belt4 ,unit$ 9 societies1 m5 w\ld /ill pres]ve _! belt1 ?\gh x might n seem p>ticul>ly advantage\s1 except to ^? ^: active mode ( life approa*$ a primitive /ate1 su* z travell]s1 c\ri]s1 & port]s4 ,! ,greeks put on _! belts be=e !y comm5c$ wre/l+2 & _m physicians1 bo? anci5t & mod]n1 recomm5d ! use ( belts1 z be+ to ! :ole ( ! body1 & to ! p>ts ov] :i* !y are plac$1 :at ! ext]ior %ea?s or aponeuroses are to ! muscles--b&s :i* embrace & keep firm ! p>ts ov] :i* !y are plac$4 ,! common belt has lea!rn /raps1 & buckles to fa/5 x1 an iron r+ & a pocket4 ,a d\ble c9cture = wre/l+ =ms a v /rong gir?1 :i* is put on by pupils :o are v /rong1 :5 !y wre/le4 ,^! belts may be made ( diff]5t sizes1 = y\?s ( diff]5t ages3 ( five or six in*es = tall y\?s & m51 & ( eight or t5 in*es = wre/l]s4 ,_! l5g? is 9 proportion to ! size ( ! p]son :o uses !m4 ,^! belts are v useful 9 /r5g!n+ ! abdom9al region 9 runn+ & leap+4 ,rid]s1 also1 %\ld furni% !mselves ) belts be=e gett+ on horseback1 to prev5t too viol5t motion ( ! visc]a ( ! abdom51 & ! disord]s :i* may result f x4 ,! use1 inde$1 ( belts w by degrees prove _! utility1 & !y w probably be worn ev5 ext]nally1 )\t ref]5ce to physical ex]cises4 ,!y des]ve ?is ! m1 because !y give an air ( lightness & elegance to ! %ape1 & develope ! *e/4 ,! mo/ useful ?+ 9 exi/5ce is dang]\s1 if improp]ly appli$4 ,9 v "y p]sons1 ! *e/ & abdom5 h be5 compress$ by fa/5+ ! belt too tight1 or mak+ x too wide2 & disord]s ( dige/ion & respiration h consequ5tly be5 caus$ by pu%+ 9 ! false ribs4 ,?is is an imprud5ce t %\ld be avoid$4 ,if ! belt be too l[1 x may press too mu* on ! l[] "p ( ! belly2 if too high1 x may disord] ! *e/4 ,x mu/ !re=e be plac$ on ! lo9s1 s z to pass ov] ! navel2 &1 z said be=e1 x mu/ n be too tight4 ,hav+ giv5 ^! ideas ( ! utility ( belts1 & ! mann] ( us+ !m1 x rema9s only to expla9 ! triple use ( ^? adopt$ = ex]cises3 #a/1 !y fulfil1 by _! size & o!r circum/ances1 all ! conditions :i* r5d] !m useful2 #bnd1 a pocket s]ves to inclose ! articles t may be want$1 accord+ to ! class ( ex]cises p]=m+2 #crd1 an iron r+ is int5d$ to susp5d1 by means ( hooks1 any ?+ we wi% to c>ry1 s z to leave ! h&s at lib]ty4 ,,tra9+4 ,?is is important 9 relation to v>i\s ex]cises to be describ$4 ,! art ( tra9+ = a?letic ex]cises1 or labori\s ex]tions1 consi/s 9 purify+ ! body & /r5g!n+ its p[]s1 by c]ta9 processes1 :i* are n[ to be describ$4 ,! advantages ( x1 h[ev]1 are n conf9$ to p$e/rians1 wre/l]s1 or pugili/s2 !y ext5d to e "o3 =1 7 tra9+ g5]ally introduc$1 in/ead ( m$ic9e1 = ! prev5tion & cure ( diseases1 its b5eficial consequ5ces w\ld assur$ly prolong life1 & promote its happ9ess4 ,e physiologi/ kn[s t all ! p>ts :i* compose ! human body--solids z well z liquids--are successively absorb$ & deposit$4 ,h5ce ensues a p]petual r5ovation ( !m1 regulat$ by ! nature ( our food & g5]al habits4 ,! heal? ( all ! p>ts1 & ! s\ndness ( _! /ructure1 dep5d on ?is p]petual absorption & r5ovation4 ,n[1 no?+ s effectually z ex]cise excites at once absorption & secretion4 ,x accord+ly promotes all ! vital functions )\t hurry+ !m1 r5ovates all ! p>ts1 & pres]ves !m apt & fit = _! (fices4 ,x foll[s1 !n1 t heal?1 vig\r1 & activity1 *iefly dep5d ^u ex]cise & regim52 or1 9 o!r words1 ^u ! obs]vance ( ^? rules :i* con/itute ! !ory ( tra9+4 ,! effect has accord+ly correspond$ ) ! cause assign$ 9 ?is view ( ! subject1 9 e in/ance :]e x has be5 adopt$2 &1 al?\gh n commonly resort$ to z ! means ( re/or+ invalids to heal?1 !re is e reason to believe t x w\ld prove effectual 9 cur+ _m ob/9ate diseases1 su* z bili\s compla9ts1 obesity1 g\t1 & rheumatism4 ,! ,anci5ts ent]ta9$ ?is op9ion4 ,!y 71 says a popul> writ] on m$ic9e1 by no means unacqua9t$ ) or inatt5tive to ^! in/rum5ts ( m$ic9e1 al?\gh mod]n practition]s appe> to h no idea ( remov+ disease1 or re/or+ heal?1 b by p\r+ drugs into ! /oma*4 ,h]oditus is said to h be5 ! fir/ :o appli$ ! ex]cises & regim5 ( ! ,gymnasium to ! removal ( disease1 or ! ma9t5ance ( heal?4 ,among ! ,romans1 ,asclepiades c>ri$ ?is s f>1 t he is said1 by ,celsus1 almo/ to h bani%$ ! use ( int]nal rem$ies f 8 practice4 ,he 0 ! inv5tor ( v>i\s modes ( ex]cise & ge/ation1 9 ,rome4 ,9 8 own p]son1 he af=d$ an excell5t example ( ! wisdom ( 8 rules1 & ! propriety ( 8 regim54 ,pl9y tells u t1 9 e>ly life1 he made a public pr(ession1 t he w\ld agree to =feit all pret5sions to ! "n ( a physician1 %\ld he ev] suff] f sickness1 or die b ( old age2 &1 :at is extraord9>y1 he fulfill$ 8 promise1 = he liv$ upw>ds ( a c5tury1 & at la/ 0 kill$ by a fall d[n /airs4 ,z to ! locomotive sy/em1 mod]n exp]i5ce suffici5tly proves t ex]cise is ! mo/ p[]ful /r5g!n] ( ! muscles1 & ( e "p on :i* activity dep5ds4 ,9 its op]ation on ! vital sy/em1 tra9+ always appe>s to b5efit ! /ate ( ! lungs4 ,inde$1 "o ( its mo/ /rik+ effects is to improve ! w9d3 t is1 to enable a man to draw a l>g] inspiration1 & to hold 8 brea? long]4 ,z to ! intellectual sy/em1 ,sir ,j4 ,s9clair obs]ves1 t1 by tra9+1 ! m5tal faculties are also improv$2 ! att5tion be+ m ready1 & ! p]ception m acute1 ow+ probably to ! cle>ness ( ! /oma*1 & bett] dige/ion4 ,x mu/1 !re=e1 be admitt$1 t ! mo/ b5eficial consequ5ces to g5]al heal? arise f tra9+4 ,! simplicity ( ! rules = x is assur$ly a great recomm5dation to a trial ( ! exp]im5t4 ,! :ole process may be resolv$ into ! foll[+ pr9ciples3--#a/1 ! evacuat+1 :i* cleanses ! /oma* & inte/9es2 #bnd1 ! sweat+1 :i* takes (f ! sup]fluities ( fat & hum\rs2 #crd1 ! daily c\rse ( ex]cise1 :i* improves ! w9d & /r5g!ns ! muscles2 &1 la/ly1 ! regim51 :i* n\ri%es & invigorates ! body4 ,to ^? :o are to engage 9 corporeal ex]cises beyond _! ord9>y p[]s1 x is indisp5sably necess>y4 ,p$e/rians1 !re=e1 :o are mat*$ ei!r aga9/ o!rs or aga9/ "t1 & pugili/s :o engage to fight1 mu/ und]go ! tra9+ process be=e !y cont5d4 ,! issue ( ! conte/1 if _! p[]s be ne>ly equal1 w1 9 a great measure1 dep5d ^u _! relative condition1 z effect$ by tra9+1 at ! h\r ( trial4 ,tra9+ 0 kn[n to ! anci5ts1 :o paid mu* att5tion to ! means ( augm5t+ corporeal vig\r & activity4 ,accord+ly1 among ! ,greeks & ,romans1 c]ta9 rules ( ex]cise & regim5 7 prescrib$ to ! c&idates = gymna/ic celebrity4 ,we are assur$1 t1 among ! ,greeks1 previ\sly to ! solemn conte/s at ! public games1 ! /ricte/ temp]ance1 sobriety1 & regul>ity 9 liv+1 7 indisp5sably requisite4 ,! c&idates 71 at ! same "t1 subject$ to daily ex]cise 9 ! ,gymnasium1 :i* cont9u$ dur+ t5 mon?s1 & :i*1 ) ! prescrib$ regim51 con/itut$ ! prep>atory tra9+ adopt$ by ! a?let ( ,greece4 ,among ! ,romans1 ! ex]cises ( ! pal/ra deg5]at$ f ! rank ( a lib]al art1 & became a pr(ession1 :i* 0 embrac$ only by ! l[e/ ( mank9d2 ! exhibitions ( ! gladiators be+ bloody & f]oci\s spectacles1 :i* ev9c$ ! b>b>\s ta/e ( ! p4 ,! combatants1 h[ev]1 7 regul>ly tra9$ by prop] ex]cise1 & a /rict obs]vance ( regim54 ,pure & salubri\s air 0 deem$ a *ief requisite4 ,accord+ly1 ! pr9cipal s*ools ( _! a?let 7 e/abli%$ at ,capua & ,rav5na1 ! mo/ heal?y places 9 ,italy2 & previ\s to ent]+ on ?is regim51 ! m5 7 subject$ to ! evacuat+ process1 by means ( emetics1 :i* !y pref]r$ to purgatives4 ,9 ! m e>ly /ages ( tra9+1 _! diet consi/$ ( dri$ figs1 new *eese1 & boil$ gra94 ,aft]w>ds animal food 0 introduc$ z a "p ( ! a?letic regim51 & pork 0 pref]r$ to any o!r4 ,gal51 inde$1 ass]ts1 t pork conta9s m real nutrim5t ?an fle% ( any o!r k9d1 :i* is us$ z food by man4 ,?is fact1 he adds1 is decid$ly prov$ by ! example ( ! a?let1 :o1 if !y live b = "o day on any o!r k9d ( food1 f9d _! vig\r manife/ly impair$ ! next4 ,! pref]5ce giv5 to pork by ! anci5ts1 h[ev]1 does n correspond ) ! practice ( mod]n tra9]s1 :o entirely reject x2 b 9 ! mann] ( prep>+ ! food1 !y exactly agree--roa/+ or broil+ be+ by bo? pref]r$ to boil+1 & bread unf]m5t$ to t prep>$ by leav54 ,a v small quantity ( liquid 0 all[$ to ! a?let1 & ?is 0 pr9cipally wat]4 ,!y ex]cis$ 9 ! op5 air1 & became famili>iz$ by habit to e *ange ( ! wea!r1 ! vicissitudes ( :i* soon ceas$ to affect !m4 ,to ex]cise _! pati5ce1 & accu/om !m to be> pa9 )\t fl9*+1 !y 7 occasionally flogg$ on ! back ) ! bran*es ( a k9d ( rhodod5dron1 till ! blood fl[$4 ,by dim9i%+ ! quantity ( ! circulat+ liquid1 ?is r\gh k9d ( cupp+ 0 also consid]$ salut>y6 z obviat+ ! t5d5cy to ple?ora or r$undancy ( blood1 to :i* !y 7 peculi>ly liable--a pro(1 if true1 ( ! n\ri%+ qualities ( _! food4 ,:5 ! daily ex]cises ( ! a?let 7 f9i%$1 !y 7 refre%$ by imm]sion 9 a tepid ba?1 :]e ! p]spiration & sordes--scurf1 pu/ules1 or fil?y adhesions--7 c>efully remov$ f ! surface ( ! body by ! use ( ! /rygil4#a ,! sk9 0 !n dilig5tly rubb$ dry1 & aga9 ano9t$ ) oil4 ,if ?ir/y1 !y 7 p]mitt$ to dr9k a small quantity ( w>m wat]4 ,!y !n took _! pr9cipal repa/1 aft] :i* !y us$ no m ex]cise t day4 ,!y occasionally also w5t into ! cold ba? 9 ! morn+4 ,!y 7 p]mitt$ to sleep z _m h\rs z !y *ose2 & great increase ( vig\r1 z well z ( bulk1 0 suppos$ to be d]iv$ f long-cont9u$ & s\nd repose4#b ,! sexual int]c\rse 0 /rictly prohibit$4 #a ,= ?is in/rum5t1 r\gh co>se clo?s are adopt$1 b n ) advantage4 #b ,little sleep is n[ prescrib$2 b its quantity %\ld dep5d ^u circum/ances ( fatigue1 c4 ,! mann] ( tra9+ among ! anci5ts be>s "s resemblance to t practis$ by ! mod]ns4 ,p]haps x is because _! mode ( liv+ & g5]al habits 7 some:at diff]5t f ^? ( ! pres5t age1 t a diff]5ce ( treatm5t is n[ requir$ to produce ! same effects4 ,! great object ( tra9+ = runn+ or box+ mat*es1 is to increase ! muscul> /r5g?1 & to improve ! free action ( ! lungs1 or w9d1 ( ! p]son subject$ to ! process4 ,see+ t ! human body is s capable ( be+ alt]$ & r5ovat$1 x is n surpris+ t ! art ( tra9+ %\ld be c>ri$ to a degree ( p]fection almo/ incr$ible2 & t1 by c]ta9 processes1 ! muscul> p[]1 ! brea? 7or w9d71 & ! c\rage ( man1 %\ld be s greatly improv$ z to enable him to p]=m ! mo/ sev]e or labori\s und]tak+s4 ,t su* effects h be5 produc$ is unque/ionable3 !y are fully exemplifi$ 9 ! a/oni%+ exploits ( our mo/ celebrat$ p$e/rians & pugili/s1 :i* are ! infallible results ( su* prep>atory discipl9e4 ,! skilful tra9] att5ds to ! /ate ( ! b[els1 ! lungs1 & ! sk92 & he uses su* means z w r$uce ! fat1 & at ! same "t invigorate ! muscul> fibre4 ,! pati5t is purg$ by dra/ic m$ic9es2 he is sweat$ by walk+ "u a load ( clo!s1 & by ly+ betwe5 fea!r b$s2 & 8 limbs are r\ghly rubb$4 ,8 diet is beef or mutton3 8 dr9k /rong ale4 ,he is gradually inur$ to ex]cise1 by repeat$ trials 9 walk+ & runn+4 ,by ext5uat+ ! fat1 empty+ ! cellul> sub/ance1 h>d5+ ! muscul> fibre1 & improv+ ! brea?1 a man ( ! ord9>y frame may be made to fight = "o h\r1 ) ! utmo/ ex]tion ( /r5g? & c\rage1 or to g ov] "o hundr$ miles 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,! mo/ effectual process = tra9+ appe>s to be t practis$ by ,capta9 ,b>clay1 :i* has n only be5 sanction$ by pr(essional m51 b has met ) ! unqualifi$ approbation ( amateurs4 ,we are "h1 !re=e1 almo/ entirely indebt$ to x = details4 ,accord+ to ?is me?od1 ! p$e/rian1 :o may be suppos$ 9 tol]able condition1 ent]s ^u 8 tra9+ ) a regul> c\rse ( physic1 :i* consi/s ( ?ree doses4 ,glaub]'s salts are g5]ally pref]r$2 & f "o ounce & a half to two ounces are tak5 ea* "t1 ) an int]val ( f\r days betwe5 ea* dose4 ,aft] hav+ gone ?r\gh ! c\rse ( physic1 he comm5ces 8 regul> ex]cise1 :i* is gradually increas$ z he proce$s 9 ! tra9+4 ,:5 ! object 9 view is ! accompli%m5t ( a p$e/rian mat*1 8 regul> ex]cise may be f tw5ty to tw5ty-f\r miles a day4 ,he mu/ rise at five 9 ! morn+1 run half a mile at ! top ( 8 spe$ up-hill1 & !n walk six miles at a mod]ate pace1 com+ 9 ab\t sev5 to breakfa/1 :i* %\ld consi/ ( beef-/eaks or mutton-*ops "u-done1 ) /ale bread & old be]4 ,aft] breakfa/1 he mu/ aga9 walk six miles at a mod]ate pace1 & at twelve lie d[n 9 b$1 )\t 8 clo!s1 = half an h\r4 ,on gett+ up1 he mu/ walk f\r miles1 & return by f\r to d9n]1 :i* %\ld also be beef-/eaks or mutton-*ops1 ) bread & be]1 z at breakfa/4 ,imm$iately aft] d9n]1 he mu/ resume 8 ex]cise1 by runn+ half a mile at ! top ( 8 spe$1 & walk+ six miles at a mod]ate pace4 ,he takes no m ex]cise = t day1 b retires to b$ ab\t eight2 & next morn+ he proce$s 9 ! same mann]4 ,animal diet1 x w be obs]v$1 is1 accord+ to ?is sy/em1 alone prescrib$1 & beef & mutton are pref]r$4 ,all fat & greasy sub/ances are prohibit$1 z !y induce bile1 & consequ5tly injure ! /oma*4 ,! lean ( meat conta9s m n\ri%m5t ?an ! fat2 &1 9 e case1 ! mo/ sub/antial food is pref]able to any o!r k9d4 ,fre% meat is ! mo/ :olesome & n\ri%+4 ,salt1 spic]ies1 & all k9ds ( season+s1 ) ! exception ( v9eg>1 are prohibit$4 ,! lean1 !n1 ( fat beef cook$ 9 /eaks1 ) v little salt1 is ! be/2 & x %\ld be r "u-done ?an o!rwise4 ,mutton1 be+ reckon$ easy ( dige/ion1 may be occasionally giv51 to v>y ! diet & gratify ! ta/e4 ,! legs ( f[ls are also e/eem$4 ,x is pref]able to h ! meat broil$1 z mu* ( its nutritive quality is lo/ by roa/+ or boil+4 ,x ought to be dress$ s z to rema9 t5d] & juicy2 = x is by ^! means t x w be easily dige/$1 & af=d mo/ n\ri%m5t4 ,biscuit & /ale bread are ! only prep>ations ( vegetable matt] :i* are p]mitt$ to be giv52 & e ?+ induc+ flatul5cy mu/ be c>efully avoid$4 ,9 g5]al1 ! quantity ( alim5t is n limit$ by ! tra9]1 b left entirely to ! discretion ( ! p$e/rian1 ^: appetite %\ld regulate him 9 ?is respect4 ,) respect to liquors1 !y mu/ be always tak5 cold2 & home-brew$ be]1 old1 b n bottl$1 is ! be/4 ,a little r$ w9e1 h[ev]1 may be giv5 to ^? :o are n fond ( malt liquor2 b nev] m ?an half a p9t aft] d9n]4 ,x is an e/abli%$ rule to avoid liquids z mu* z possible2 & no m liquor ( any k9d is all[$ to be tak5 ?an is requisite to qu5* ! ?ir/4 ,aft] hav+ gone on 9 ?is regul> c\rse = ?ree or f\r weeks1 ! p$e/rian mu/ take a f\r-mile sweat1 :i* is produc$ by runn+ f\r miles 9 flannel1 at ! top ( 8 spe$4 ,imm$iately on return+1 a hot liquor is prescrib$1 9 ord] to promote ! p]spiration2 & ( ?is he mu/ dr9k "o ,engli% p9t4 ,x is t]m$ ! sweat+ liquor1 & is compos$ ( "o ounce ( c>raway se$1 half an ounce ( cori&] se$1 "o ounce ( root-liquorice1 & half an ounce ( sug>-c&y1 mix$ ) two bottles ( cyd]1 & boil$ d[n to "o-half4 ,he is !n put to b$ 9 8 flannels1 &1 be+ cov]$ ) six or eight pair ( blankets1 & a fea!r b$1 mu/ rema9 9 ?is /ate f tw5ty-five to ?irty m9utes1 :5 he is tak5 out1 & rubb$ p]fectly dry4 ,be+ !n well wrapt 9 8 great coat1 he walks out g5tly = two miles1 & returns to breakfa/1 :i*1 on su* occasions1 %\ld consi/ ( a roa/$ f[l4 ,he aft]w>ds proce$s ) 8 usual ex]cise4 ,^! sweats are cont9u$ weekly1 till )9 a few days ( ! p]=mance ( ! mat*2 or1 9 o!r words1 he mu/ und]go ?ree or f\r ( ^! op]ations4 ,if ! /oma* ( ! p$e/rian be f\l1 an emetic or two mu/ be giv5 ab\t a week be=e ! conclusion ( ! tra9+4 ,he is n[ suppos$ to be 9 ! highe/ condition4 ,besides 8 usual or regul> ex]cise1 a p]son "u tra9+ ought to employ himself1 9 ! int]vals1 9 e k9d ( ex]tion :i* t5ds to activity1 su* z golf1 cricket1 b[ls1 ?r[+ quoits1 c41 s t1 dur+ ! :ole day1 bo? body & m9d may be con/antly occupi$4 ,al?\gh ! *ief p>ts ( ! sy/em dep5d ^u sweat+1 ex]cise1 & fe$+1 yet ! object to be obta9$ by ! p$e/rian w\ld be defeat$1 if ^! 7 n adju/$ ea* to ! o!r1 & to 8 con/itution4 ,! tra9]1 be=e he proce$s to apply 8 !ory1 %\ld make himself acqua9t$ ) ! con/itution & habits ( 8 pati5t1 t he maybe able to judge h[ f> he c1 ) safety1 c>ry on ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! process4 ,! nature ( ! pati5t's disposition %\ld also be kn[n1 t e cause ( irritation may be avoid$2 =1 z x requires great pati5ce & p]sev]ance to und]go tra9+1 e exp$i5t to soo? & enc\rage ! m9d %\ld be adopt$4 ,! skilful tra9] w1 moreov]1 con/antly /udy ! progress ( 8 art1 by obs]v+ ! effect ( its processes1 sep>ately & 9 comb9ation4 ,if a man reta9 8 heal? & spirits dur+ ! process1 improve 9 w9d1 & increase 9 /r5g?1 x is c]ta9 t ! object aim$ at w be obta9$2 b1 if o!rwise1 x is to be appreh5d$ t "s defect exi/s1 ?r\gh ! unskilfulness or mismanagem5t ( ! tra9]1 :i* ought in/antly to be rem$i$ by su* alt]ations z ! circum/ances ( ! case may dem&4 ,x is evid5t1 !re=e1 t 9 _m in/ances ! tra9] mu/ be guid$ by 8 judgm5t1 & t no fix$ rules ( managem5t c1 ) absolute c]ta9ty1 be dep5d$ ^u1 = produc+ an inv>iable & det]m9ate result4 ,9 g5]al1 h[ev]1 x may be calculat$1 t ! kn[n rules are adequate to ! purpose1 if ! p$e/rian /rictly adh]e to !m1 & ! tra9] be/[ a mod]ate degree ( att5tion to 8 /ate & condition dur+ ! progress ( tra9+4 ,x is impossible to fix any precise p]iod = ! completion ( ! tra9+ process1 z x dep5ds ^u ! previ\s condition ( ! p$e/rian2 b f two to ?ree mon?s1 9 mo/ cases1 w be suffici5t1 especially if he be 9 tol]able condition at ! comm5cem5t1 & possess$ ( suffici5t p]sev]ance & c\rage to submit *e]fully to ! privations & h>d%ips to :i* he mu/ unavoidably be subject$4 ,! crit]ion by :i* x may be kn[n :e!r a man is 9 good condition--or1 :at is ! same ?+1 :e!r he has be5 prop]ly tra9$--is ! /ate ( ! sk91 :i* becomes smoo?1 ela/ic1 & well-col\r$1 or transp>5t4 ,! fle% is also firm2 & ! p]son tra9$ feels himself light1 & full ( spirits4 ,9 ! progress ( ! tra9+1 8 condition may also be asc]ta9$ by ! effect ( ! sweats1 :i* cease to r$uce 8 weight2 & by ! mann] 9 :i* he p]=ms "o mile at ! top ( 8 spe$4 ,x is z difficult to run a mile at ! top ( "o's spe$ z to walk a hundr$2 & !re=e1 if he p]=ms ?is %ort di/ance well1 x may be conclud$ t 8 condition is p]fect1 or t he has d]iv$ all ! advantages :i* c possibly result f ! tra9+ process4 ,a few words may be "h add$ on ! comp>ative /r5g? ( diff]5t races ( m54 ,9 ord] to procure "s exact results on ?is po9t1 ,p]on took ) him on 8 voyage an in/rum5t call$ a dynamomet]1 s con/ruct$ z to indicate on a dial-plate ! relative =ce ( individuals submitt$ to exp]im5t4 ,he direct$ 8 att5tion to ! /r5g? ( ! arms & ( ! lo9s1 mak+ trial ) sev]al individuals ( ea* ( ! races among :om he !n 01 viz41 twelve natives ( ,van ,diem5's ,l&1 sev5te5 ( ,new ,holl&1 fifty-six ( ! ,isl& ( ,timor1 sev5te5 ,fr5*m5 belong+ to ! exp$ition1 & f\rte5 ,engli%m5 9 ! colony ( ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,! foll[+ numb]s express ! mean result 9 ea* case1 b all ! details are giv5 9 a tabul> =m 9 ! orig9al3-- ,/r5g? ( ! ,arms4 ,/r5g? ( ! ,lo9s4 ,kilogrammes4 ,myriagrammes4 #a4 ,van ,diem5's ,l& #ej4f #b4 ,new ,holl& #ej4h #aj4b #c4 ,timor #eh4g #aa4f #d4 ,fr5* #fi4b #ae4b #e4 ,engli% #ga4d #af4c ,! highe/ numb]s 9 ! fir/ & second class 71 respectively1 #fj & #fb2 ! l[e/ 9 ! ,engli% trials #fc1 & ! highe/ #hc1 = ! /r5g? ( ! arms4 ,9 ! p[] ( ! lo9s1 ! highe/ among ! ,new ,holl&]s 0 #ac2 ! l[e/ ( ! ,engli% #ab4g1 & ! highe/ #ba4c4 8,^! results10 obs]ves ,mr4 ,lawr5ce1 8(f] ! be/ answ] to declamations on ! deg5]acy ( civiliz$ man4 ,! attribute ( sup]ior physical /r5g?1 s boldly assum$ by ! eulogi/s ( ! savage /ate1 has nev] be5 que/ion$ or d\bt$4 ,al?\gh we h be5 consol$ = ?is suppos$ inf]iority by an enum]ation ( ! _m preci\s b5efits d]iv$ f civilization1 x has always be5 felt z a some:at degrad+ disadvantage4 ,bodily /r5g? is a concomitant ( good heal?1 :i* is produc$ & support$ by a regul> supply ( :olesome & nutriti\s food1 & by active occupation4 ,! indu/ri\s & well-f$ middle classes ( a civiliz$ community may1 !re=e1 be reasonably expect$ to surpass1 9 ?is end[m5t1 ! mis]able savages1 :o are nev] well-f$1 & too frequ5tly depress$ by absolute want & all o!r privations4 ,,position4 ,be=e ent]+ into a detail ( ex]cises1 x is necess>y to att5d to :at is t]m$ position4--,a /&+ position is ! action by :i* we keep ourselves up4 ,inde$1 ?is /ate1 9 :i* ! body appe>s 9 repose1 is itself an ex]cise1 = x consi/s 9 a cont9u$ ef=t ( _m muscles2 & ! explanation we %all give ( x w mu* facilitate t ( walk+4 ,e "o has obs]v$ t dur+ sleep1 or a fa9t+ fit1 ! head incl9es =w>d & falls ^u ! brea/4 ,9 ?is case1 x is 9 accordance ) ! laws ( gravity2 = ! head1 re/+ ^u ! v]tebr :i* support x at a po9t ( its basis :i* is ne>] ! po/]ior ?an ant]ior "p1 _c rema9 9 an upright position 9 /&+1 except by an ef=t ( ! muscles at ! back ( ! neck3 x is ! cessation ( ?is ef=t t causes x to fall =w>d4 ,! body also is unable to rema9 /raight )\t fatigue4 ,! v]tebral column be+ plac$ beh9d1 all ! visc]a or p>ts conta9$ by ! *e/ & belly are susp5d$ 9 front ( x1 & w\ld =ce x to b5d =w>d unless /rong muscul> fibres held x back4 ,a pro( ( ?is may be se5 9 pregnant & dropsical wom51 :o are compell$1 9 consequ5ce ( ! ant]ior "p ( ! body be+ heavi] ?an usual1 to keep ! v]tebral column m fix$1 & ev5 ?r[n backw>d4 ,! same obs]vation may be made ) reg>d to ! pelvis1 bas91 or l[e/ "p ( ! trunk1 :i* by its con=mation w\ld b5d ^u ! ?ighs1 if n kept back by ! great mass ( muscul> fibres t =m ! hips4 ,9 front ( ! ?ighs1 aga91 are ! muscles :i*1 by keep+ ! kneepan 9 position1 are ! means ( prev5t+ ! leg f b5d+4 ,la/ly1 ! muscles =m+ ! calves1 by contract+1 are ! means ( prev5t+ ! leg f b5d+ ^u ! foot4 ,su* is ! g5]al me*anism ( ! /&+ position4 ,x is1 !re=e1 z we obs]v$1 a concurr5ce ( ef=ts3 almo/ all ! ext5d+ muscles are 9 a /ate ( contraction all ! "t t ?is position is ma9ta9$1 & ! consequ5ce is1 a fatigue :i* _c be endur$ = any great l5g? ( "t4 ,h5ce we see p]sons 9 a /&+ position re/ ! weight ( _! body1 fir/ on "o foot1 !n on ano!r1 = ! purpose ( procur+ mom5t>y ease to c]ta9 muscles4 ,= ?is reason1 also1 /&+ /ill is m fatigu+ ?an walk+1 9 :i* ! muscles are alt]nately contract$ & ext5d$4 ,a "q ( importance on ?is subject is1 :at position ( ! feet af=ds ! greate/ solidity 9 /&+8 ,we w n ent] into a detail ( ! num]\s controv]sies by :i* "s h def5d$ or repudiat$ ! position ) ! toes turn$ =w>d or outw>d3 x w be suffici5t to /ate ! fact1 t ! l>g] ! base ( support1 ! firm] & m solid w ! position be1 & to adopt1 z a fundam5tal "o1 ! milit>y position1 :i* has be5 f\nd practically ! be/ by ^? :o h no?+ else to d b to walk4 ,! equal squ>5ess ( ! %\ld]s & body to ! front1 is ! fir/ great pr9ciple ( position4 ,! heels mu/ be 9 a l9e1 & clos$2 ! knees /raight2 ! toes turn$ out1 ) ! feet =m+ an angle ( sixty degrees2 ! arms hang+ close to ! body2 ! elb[s turn$ 91 & close to ! sides2 ! h&s op5 to ! front1 ) ! view ( pres]v+ ! elb[ 9 ! position above describ$2 ! little f+]s lightly t\*+ ! clo?+ ( ! limbs1 ) ! ?umb close to ! =ef+]2 ! belly r drawn 91 & ! brea/ advanc$1 b )\t con/ra9t2 ! body upright1 b incl9+ =w>d1 s t ! weight ( x may pr9cipally be> ^u ! =e "p ( ! feet2 ! head erect1 & ! eyes /raight to ! front--7z 9 ,plate ,i4 fig4 #a47 ,to ^! brief directions ,i mu/ add1 t1 9 /&+1 ! :ole figure %\ld be 9 su* a position t ! e>1 %\ld]1 haun*1 knee1 & ankle are all 9 a l9e2 t x mu/ be /ret*$ z mu* z possible1 by rais+ ! back ( ! head1 draw+ 9 ! *91 /raight5+ ! sp9e1 ris+ on ! hips1 & ext5d+ ! legs2 t ! object ( keep+ ! back ?us /raight is to all[ ( /&+ long] )\t fatigue2 t x is important to exp& ! *e/1 & to ?r[ ! %\ld]s back1 ) ! %\ld]-blades1 or scapul1 q flat beh9d2 & t ?\gh1 9 milit>y in/ructions1 ! body is ?us incl9$ =w>d 9 /&+ )\t arms1 yet :5 ^! are assum$1 ! body is imm$iately ?r[n ab\t two in*es backw>d1 into a ne>ly p]p5dicul> position4 ,?is position1 !re=e1 w be modifi$ 9 walk+1 & especially 9 ord9>y walk+2 b x is an excell5t fundam5tal position1 & x _c be too accurately acquir$4 ,?is is ! am\nt ( ! drill-s]geant's in/ructions z to position1 ?\gh ?is la/ "p is omitt$ 9 ! ,manual describ+ ! ,field ,ex]cise & ,evolutions ( ! ,army4 ,,ext5sion ,,motions4 ,9 ord] to supple ! figure1 op5 ! *e/1 & give fre$om to ! muscles1 ! fir/ ?ree movem5ts ( ! ext5sion motions1 z laid d[n = ! sword ex]cise1 are ord]$ to be practis$4 ,x is inde$1 obs]v$1 t too _m me?ods _c be us$ to improve ! c>riage1 & bani% a ru/ic air2 b t ! greate/ c>e mu/ be tak5 n to ?r[ ! body backw>d in/ead ( =w>d1 z be+ contr>y to e true pr9ciple ( movem5t4 ,i accord+ly "h introduce ^! ext5sion motions1 add+ ! f\r? & fif?1 & prefix+ to ea* ! respective ^w ( comm&1 9 ord] t !y may be ! m di/9ctly & accurately execut$4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,i ,page #bj4 ,ext5sion ,motions4 ,att5tion4--,! body is to be erect1 ! heels close toge!r1 & ! h&s hang+ d[n on ea* side4 ,fir/ ,ext5sion motion4--,?is s]ves z a caution1 & ! motions t5d to exp& ! *e/1 raise ! head1 ?r[ back ! %\ld]s1 & /r5g!n ! muscles ( ! back4 ,"o--,br+ ! h&s & arms to ! front1 ! f+]s lightly t\*+ at ! po9ts1 & ! nails d[nw>ds2 !n raise !m 9 a circul> direction well above ! head1 ! ends ( ! f+]s /ill t\*+1 ! ?umbs po9t+ to ! re>1 ! elb[s press$ back1 & %\ld]s kept d[n4 7,plate ,i4 fig4 #b47 ,two--,sep>ate & ext5d ! arms & f+]s1 =c+ !m obliquely back1 till !y come ext5d$ on a l9e ) ! %\ld]s2 & z !y fall gradually f !nce to ! orig9al position ( ,att5tion1 endeav\r1 z mu* z possible1 to elevate ! neck & *e/4 ,^! two motions %\ld be frequ5tly practis$1 ) ! head turn$ z mu* z possible to ! "r or left1 & ! body kept squ>e to ! front3 ?is t5ds v mat]ially to supple ! neck1 c4 ,?ree--,turn ! palms ( ! h&s to ! front1 press+ back ! ?umbs ) ! arms ext5d$1 & raise !m to ! re>1 till !y meet above ! head2 ! f+]s po9t+ upw>ds1 ) ! ends ( ! ?umbs t\*+4 ,f\r--,keep ! arms & knees /raight1 & b5d ov] f ! hips till ! h&s t\* ! feet1 ! head be+ br\ght d[n 9 ! same direction4 7,plate ,i4 fig4 #c47 ,five--,) ! arms flexible & easy f ! %\ld]s1 raise ! body gradually1 s z to resume ! position ( ,att5tion4 ,! :ole %\ld be done v gradually1 s z to feel ! ex]tion ( ! muscles ?r\gh\t4 ,to ^! ext5sion motions1 drill-s]geants1 9 _! in/ructions1 add ! foll[+3 ,"o--! =e>ms are b5t ^u ! arms upw>d & t[>d ! body1 hav+ ! elb[s depress$1 ! %ut h&s t\*+ on ! little-f+] sides1 & ! knuckles upw>d1 ! latt] be+ rais$ z high z ! *91 & at ! di/ance ( ab\t a foot be=e x4 7,plate ,i4 fig4 #d47 ,two--,:ile ! arms are ?r[n =cibly backw>d1 ! =e-arms are z mu* z possible b5t ^u ! arms1 & ! palm> sides ( ! wri/s are turn$ =w>d & outw>d 7,plate ,i4 fig4 #e47 ,! two motions are to be repeat$ly & r quickly p]=m$4 ,a modification ( ! same movem5t is p]=m$ z a sep>ate ext5sion motion1 b may be giv5 9 cont9uation1 ) ! numb]s foll[+ ^!1 z words ( comm&4 ,?ree--,! arms are ext5d$ at full l5g? 9 front1 on a level ) ! %\ld]1 ! palms ( ! h&s 9 contact4 7,plate ,i4 fig4 #f47 ,f\r--,?us ext5d$1 & ! palms reta9+ _! v]tical position1 ! arms are ?r[n =cibly backw>d1 s t ! backs ( ! h&s may approa* ea* o!r z ne>ly z possible4 ,^! motions1 also1 are to be repeat$ly & r quickly p]=m$4 ,ano!r ext5sion motion1 simil>ly add$1 consi/s 9 sw++ ! "r arm 9 a circle1 9 :i*1 beg9n+ f ! p5d5t position1 ! arm is c>ri$ upw>d 9 front1 by ! side ( ! head1 & d[nw>d beh9d1 ! object be+ 9 ! latt] "p ( ?is c\rse to ?r[ x z directly backw>d z possible4 ,! same is !n done ) ! left arm4 ,la/ly1 bo? arms are ?us ex]cis$ toge!r4 ,^! motions are p]=m$ quickly4 ,,! ,,indian ,,club ,,ex]cise4 ,,! ,,portion ,,adopt$ ,,9 ,,! ,,army4 #a/4 ,a club is held by ! h&le1 p5d5t on ea* side 7,plate ,,ii4 fig4 #a72--t 9 ! "r h& is c>ri$ ov] ! head & left %\ld]1 until x hangs p]p5dicul>ly on ! "r side ( ! sp9e 7,plate ,,ii4 fig4 #b72 t 9 ! left h& is c>ri$ ov] ! =m]1 9 exactly ! opposite direction 7,plate ,,ii4 fig4 #b71 until x hangs on ! opposite side2 hold+ bo? clubs /ill p5d5t1 ! h&s are rais$ some:at high] ?an ! head 7,plate ,,ii4 fig4 #c72 ) ! clubs 9 ! same position1 bo? arms are ext5d$ outw>d & backw>d 7,plate ,,ii4 fig4 #f72 !y are la/ly dropp$ into ! fir/ position4 ,all ?is is done sl[ly4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,ii ,page #bb4 ,indian ,club ,ex]cise4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,iii ,page #bb4 ,indian ,club ,ex]cise4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,iv ,page #bb4 ,indian ,club ,ex]cise4 #bnd4 ,comm5c+ f ! same position1 ! ends ( bo? clubs are swung upw>d until !y are held1 v]tically & side by side1 at arm's l5g? 9 front ( ! body1 ! h&s be+ z high z ! %\ld]s 7,plate ,,ii4 fig4 #d72 !y are next c>ri$ 9 ! same position1 at arm's l5g?1 & on ! same level1 z f> backw>d z possible 7,plate ,,ii4 fig4 #e72 ea* is !n dropp$ backw>d until x hangs v]tically d[nw>d 7,plate ,,ii4 fig4 #f72 & ?is ex]cise ends z ! fir/4 ,previ\s1 h[ev]1 to dropp+ ! clubs backw>d1 x greatly improves ?is ex]cise1 by a turn ( ! wri/ upw>d & backw>d1 to c>ry ! clubs into a horizontal position beh9d ! %\ld]s1 s t1 if long en\gh1 _! ends w\ld t\* 7,plate ,,iii4 fig4 #a72 next1 by a turn ( ! wri/ outw>d & d[nw>d1 to c>ry !m horizontally outw>d 7,plate ,,iii4 fig4 #b72 !n by a turn ( ! wri/ upw>d & =w>d1 to c>ry !m into a horizontal position be=e ! brea/ 7,plate ,,iii4 fig4 #c72 aga9 to c>ry !m horizontally outw>d2 & f9ally to drop !m backw>d z already expla9$2 & !nce to ! fir/ position4 ,all ?is is also done sl[ly4 #crd4 ,! clubs are to be swung by ! sides1 fir/ sep>ately1 & !n toge!r1 exactly z ! h&s 7 9 ! la/ ext5sion motion4 ,,! ,,new ,,& ,,m ,,beautiful ,,portion ,,n[ ,,add$ ,,f ,,! ,,indian ,,practice4 #a/4 ,a club is held =w>d & upright 9 ea* h&1 ! =e-arm be+ plac$ horizontally1 by ! haun* on ea* side 7,plate ,,iv4 fig4 #a72 bo? are ?r[n 9 a circle upw>d1 =w>d1 &1 by a turn ( ! wri/1 d[nw>d & backw>d1 s z to /rike "u ! arms 7,plate ,,iv4 fig4 #b72 by an opposite movem5t1 bo? are ?r[n back aga9 9 a simil> circle1 till !y sw+ ov] ! %\ld]s 7,plate ,,iv4 fig4 #c72 & ?is movem5t is cont9u$ z long z agreeable4 #bnd4 ,! clubs are held obliquely upw>d 9 ea* h&1 ly+ on ! front ( ! arms 7,plate ,,iv4 fig4 #d72 t 9 ! "r h& is all[$ to fall backw>d 7,plate ,,iv4 fig4 #e71 & sw+s d[nw>d1 =w>d to ! ext5t ( ! arm1 & z high z ! head 7,plate ,,iv4 fig4 #f72 ! mom5t ?is club beg9s to return f ?is po9t1 9 precisely ! same direction1 to ! front ( ! arm1 t 9 ! left h& is all[$ to drop backw>d1 & to p]=m ! advanc+ portion ( ?is c\rse 9 ! "t t ! o!r p]=ms ! return+ portion1 s t ea* is at ! same "t sw++ 9 an opposite direction4 #crd4 ,f ei!r ( ! fir/ positions n[ giv51 ! clubs are1 by a turn ( ! body & ext5sion ( ! arms1 ?r[n upw>ds & lat]ally 7,plate ,v4 fig4 #a72--make1 at ! ext5t ( ! arms1 & 9 front ( ! figure1 a circle 9 :i* !y sweep d[nw>d by ! feet & upw>d ov] ! head 7,plate ,v4 fig4 #b71 & fall 9 a m limit$ curve t[>ds ! side on :i* !y began 7,plate ,v4 fig4 #c71 9 su* a mann] t ! out] "o =m+ a circle ar\nd ! %\ld] & ! inn] "o r\nd ! head1 7bo? pass+ swiftly ?r\gh ! position 9 ! la/ figure ( ! fir/ ex]cise17 !y return to ! fir/ position2--?is is repeat$ to ! o!r side2--& s on alt]nately4 #d?4 ,beg9n+ f ei!r fir/ position1 ! body be+ turn$ lat]ally1--= example1 to ! left1 ! club 9 ! "r h& is ?r[n upw>d 9 t direction at ! full ext5t ( ! arm 7,plate ,,vi4 fig4 #a71 & makes ! l>ge circle 9 front & curve beh9d z 9 ! la/ ex]cise 7,plate ,,vi4 fig4 #b71 :ile ! club 9 ! left h& makes at ! same "t a small] circle 9 front ( ! head & beh9d ! %\ld]s 7,plate ,,vi4 figs4 #a1 #b1 & #c71 until cross+ ea* o!r be=e ! head 7r on ! "r side71 _! movem5ts are exactly rev]s$1 ! club 9 ! "r h& p]=m+ ! small circle r\nd ! head1 :ile t 9 ! left p]=ms ! l>ge "o1--& ^! cont9ue to be repeat$ to ea* side alt]nately4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,v ,page #bd4 ,indian ,club ,ex]cise4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,vi ,page #bd4 ,indian ,club ,ex]cise4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,vii ,page #be4 ,indian ,club ,ex]cise4 #e?4 ,! clubs be+ 9 ei!r fir/ position1 ! body is turn$ to "o side--! left = example1 & ! clubs be+ ?r[n out 9 ! same direction1 make ea*1 by a turn ( ! wri/1 a circle ?ree times on ! out] side ( ! out/ret*$ arms 7,plate ,,vii4 fig4 #a73--:5 complet+ ! ?ird circle1 ! clubs are ?r[n high] to ! same side1 sweep+ toge!r 9 ! l>ge circle 9 front1 z 9 ! second ex]cise1 ! body simil>ly turn+ to ! "r2 b1 in/ead ( =m+ ! small] curve beh9d1 bo? are ?r[n ov] ! back 7,plate ,,vii4 fig4 #b72--;f ?is position ! clubs are ?r[n 9 front1 :i* is n[ t[>d ! opposite side1 & ! same movem5ts are rev]s$2--& s x proce$s alt]nately to ea* side4 #f?4 ,9 ?is ex]cise1 ! clubs are rev]s$1 bo? be+ p5d5t 9 front1 b ! ends ( _! h&les be+ upw>d on ! ?umb sides ( ! h&s4 7,pl ,,vii4 fig4 #c47 ,! ex]cise consi/s *iefly 9 describ+ ) ! ends ( ! clubs two circles plac$ obliquely to ea* o!r ov] ! head4 ,= ?is purpose1 ! club 9 ! "r h& is1 9 a sweep to t side1 fir/ elevat$ beh9d ! head1 & !nce pass+ to ! left 7,plate ,,vii4 fig4 #d71 ! front1 ! "r 7,plate ,,vii4 fig4 #e7 beh9d1 7:]e its cont9uation is indicat$ 9 fig4 #e1 & complet$ 9 fig4 #f71 ?us =ms its circle2-- mean:ile ! club 9 ! left h&1 comm5c+ :5 t 9 ! "r 0 beh9d ! head1 has pass$ on ! back ( its circle to ! "r1 7,plate ,,vii4 fig4 #e17 :ile t 9 ! "r h& has pass$ on ! front ( its circle to ! same side 7,plate ,,vii4 fig4 #e1 ! p>ts p]=m$ 9 bo? be+ m>k$ by complete l9es1 & ! p>ts to be done m]ely indicat$72--& !y cont9ue1 t 9 ! "r h& by ! back1 & t 9 ! left h& by ! front1 t[>d ! left side 7,plate ,,vii4 fig4 #f71 & s on at pleasure1 circl+ ov] ! head4 ,al?\gh b two-?irds ( ! body1 viz41 f ! lo9s upw>d1 are call$ into op]ation 9 ?is ex]cise1 its importance mu/ be e/imat$ by ! fact t !y are precisely ^? requir+ con/ant artificial practice1 be+ naturally mo/ exempt$ f ex]tion4 ,z an adjunct to ,,tra9+1 !re is no?+ 9 ! :ole r\nd ( gymna/ic p]=mances t w be f\nd ( m ess5tial s]vice ?an ?is ex]cise ) ! ,indian clubs4 ,x dem&s b little muscul> ex]tion1 & su* z x does require calls *iefly ^u t portion ( ! sy/em :i* x f9ds 9 a /ate ( comp>ative repose4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,,locomotive ,,ex]cises4 ,9 ,walk+1 ! position is ne>ly ! same z t already describ$ "u ! head ,,position4 ,! head %\ld be upright1 easy1 & capable ( free motion1 "r1 left1 up1 or d[n1 )\t affect+ ! body4 ,! body mu/ be kept erect & squ>e to ! front1 hav+ ! brea/ project$1 & ! /oma* retract$1 ?\gh n s z to injure ei!r fre$om ( respiration or ease ( attitude4 ,! %\ld]s %\ld be kept mod]ately & equally back & l[2 & ! arms %\ld hang uncon/ra9$ly by ! sides4 ,! balance on ! limbs mu/ be p]fect4 ,! knees /raight1 & ! toes turn$ out z describ$1 ! weight ( ! body %\ld be ?r[n =w>d1 z ?is facilitates progression4 ,! milit>y position 9 walk+ does n ess5tially diff] f ?is1 except 9 po9ts t exclusively reg>d ! soldi]2 z t ! head be kept well up1 & /raight to ! front1 & ! eyes n turn$ to ! "r or left2 ! arms & h&s kept p]fectly /eady by ! sides1 & on no acc\nt suff]$ to move or vibrate3 c>e1 h[ev]1 be+ tak5 t ! h& does n cl+ to ! ?igh1 or p>take 9 ! lea/ degree ( ! movem5t ( ! limb4 ,,! ,,balance ,,/ep4 ,! object ( ?is is to tea* ! free movem5t ( ! limbs1 pres]v+ at ! same "t p]fect squ>5ess ( ! %\ld]s1 ) ! utmo/ /ead9ess ( body2 & no lab\r is sp>$ to atta9 ?is fir/ & mo/ ess5tial object1 :i* =ms1 inde$1 ! v f\ndation ( good walk+4 ,! in/ructor mu/ be c>eful t a habit be n contract$ ( droop+ or ?r[+ back a %\ld] at ^! motions1 :i* are int5d$ practically to %[ ! true pr9ciples ( walk+1 & t /ead9ess ( body is compatible ) p]fect fre$om 9 ! limbs4 #a4--,,)\t ,,ga9+ ,,gr\nd4 ,to insure precision1 ! milit>y words ( comm& are prefix$4 ,caution--,balance /ep )\t ga9+ gr\nd1 comm5c+ ) ! left foot4 ,! left foot is br\ght g5tly =w>d ) ! toe at ! prop] angle to ! left1 ! foot ab\t ?ree in*es f ! gr\nd1 ! left heel 9 l9e ) ! toe ( ! "r foot4 ,re>--,:5 /eady1 ! left foot is br\ght g5tly back 7)\t a j]k71 ! left knee a little b5t1 ! left toe br\ght close to ! "r heel4 ,! left foot 9 ?is position w n be s flat z to ! front1 z ! toe w be a little depress$4 ,front--,:5 /eady1 ! ^w ,front w be giv5 z above1 & repeat$ to ! ,re> ?ree or f\r times4 ,halt--,to prev5t fatigue1 ! ^w ,halt w be giv51 :5 ! left foot1 ei!r advanc$1 or to ! re>1 w be br\ght to ! "r4 ,! in/ructor w aft]w>ds cause ! balance to be made on ! left foot1 advanc+ & retir+ ! "r 9 ! same mann]4 #b4--;,,ga9+ ,,gr\nd ,,by ,,! ,,^w 8,,=w>d40 ,front--,on ! ^w ,front1 ! left foot is br\ght g5tly to ! front1 )\t a j]k2 ! knee gradually /raight5$ z ! foot is br\ght =w>d1 ! toe turn$ out a little to ! left1 & rema9+ ab\t ?ree in*es f ! gr\nd4 ,?is po/ure is cont9u$ = a few seconds only 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 till practice gives /ead9ess 9 ! position4 ,=w>d--,on ?is ^w ( comm&1 ! left foot is br\ght to ! gr\nd1 at ab\t ?irty in*es f heel to heel1 :ile ! "r foot is rais$ at ! same mom5t1 & cont9ues ext5d$ to ! re>4 ,! body rema9s upright1 b incl9+ =w>d2 ! head erect1 & nei!r turn$ to ! "r nor left4 ,front--,on ! ^w ,front1 ! "r foot is br\ght =w>d1 & s on4 ,,walk+4 ,( all ex]cises1 ?is is ! mo/ simple & easy4 ,! weight ( ! body re/s on "o foot1 :ile ! o!r is advanc$2 x is !n ?r[n ^u ! advanc$ foot1 :ile ! o!r is br\ght =w>d2 & s on 9 succession4 ,9 ?is mode ( progression1 ! sl[ness & equal di/ribution ( motion is su*1 t _m muscles are employ$ 9 a great] or less degree2 ea* acts 9 unison ) ! re/2 & ! :ole rema9s compact & unit$4 ,h5ce1 ! "t ( its movem5ts may be quick] or sl[]1 )\t d]ang+ ! union ( ! p>ts1 or ! equilibrium ( ! :ole4 ,x is ow+ to ^! circum/ances1 t walk+ displays s mu* ( ! "* ( ! walk]1--t x is light & gay 9 wom5 & *ildr51 /eady & grave 9 m5 & eld]ly p]sons1 irregul> 9 ! n]v\s & irritable1 measur$ 9 ! affect$ & =mal1 brisk 9 ! sangu9e1 heavy 9 ! phlegmatic1 & pr\d or humble1 bold or timid1 c41 9 /rict correspond5ce ) individual "*4 ,! utility ( walk+ exce$s t ( all o!r modes ( progression4 ,:ile ! able p$e/rian is indep5d5t ( /age coa*es & hir$ horses1 he alone fully enjoys ! sc5es ?r\gh :i* he passes1 & is free to dispose ( 8 "t z he pleases4 ,to c\nt]balance ^! advantages1 great] fatigue is d\btless att5dant on walk+3 b ?is fatigue is really ! result ( previ\s inactivity2 = daily ex]cise1 gradually increas$1 by r5d]+ walk+ m easy & agreeable1 & induc+ its m frequ5t practice1 dim9i%es fatigue 9 su* a degree1 t v great di/ances may be accompli%$ ) pleasure1 in/ead ( pa9ful ex]tion4 ,mod]ate walk+ ex]cises ! mo/ agreeable influ5ce ov] all ! functions4 ,9 relation to heal?1 walk+ accel]ates respiration & circulation1 increases ! temp]ature & cutane\s exhalation1 & excites appetite & heal?ful nutrition4 ,h5ce1 z an anonym\s writ] obs]ves1 ! true p$e/rian1 aft] a walk ( tw5ty miles1 comes 9 to breakfa/ ) fre%ness on 8 c\nt5ance1 heal?y blood c\rs+ 9 e ve91 & vig\r 9 e limb1 :ile ! indol5t & inactive man1 hav+ pa9fully crept ov] a mile or two1 returns to a d9n] :i* he _c dige/4 ,9 all individuals1 walk+ is indisp5sably jo9$ ) ! ex]cise ( "o or m ( ! ext]nal s5ses4 ,x receives f ! c]ebral faculties a p[]ful influ5ce1 by :i* x is ei!r accel]at$ or prolong$4 ,walk+ ^u s(t ev5 gr\nd1 at a mod]ate pace1 is an ex]cise t may be tak5 )\t inconv5i5ce1 & ev5 ) advantage1 aft] a meal4 ,x is adapt$ = convalesc5ts1 :o are n yet all[$ to take /rong] ex]cise4 ,a firm1 yet easy & graceful walk1 is by no means common4 ,!re are few m5 :o walk well if !y h n le>nt to regulate _! motions by ! lessons ( a ma/]1 & ?is in/ruction is /ill m necess>y = ladies4 ,hav+1 n[1 !re=e1 tak5 a g5]al view ( ! "* & utility ( walk+1 ,i subjo9 "s m p>ticul> rem>ks on ! ,,g5]al ,,me*anism ,,( ,,walk+4 ,= ! purpose ( walk+1 we fir/ be> ^u "o leg ! weight ( ! body1 :i* press$ equally on bo?4 ,! o!r leg is !n rais$1 & ! foot quits ! gr\nd by ris+ f ! heel to ! po9t4 ,= t purpose1 ! leg mu/ be b5t ^u ! ?igh1 & ! ?igh ^u ! pelvis3 ! foot is !n c>ri$ /raight =w>d1 at a suffici5t height to cle> ! gr\nd )\t graz+ x4 ,to r5d] x possible1 h[ev]1 to move ?is foot1 ! haun*1 :i* re/$ ) its weight ^u ! ?igh1 mu/ turn =w>d & out4 ,z soon z1 by ?is movem5t1 ?is foot has pass$ ! o!r1 x mu/ be ext5d$ on ! leg1 & ! leg ^u ! ?igh1 & 9 ?is mann]1 by ! l5g!n+ ( ! :ole memb]1 & )\t be+ drawn back1 x rea*es ! gr\nd at a di/ance 9 advance ( ! o!r foot1 :i* is m consid]able accord+ to ! l5g? ( ! /ep1 & x is plac$ s s(tly on ! gr\nd z n to j]k or %ake ! body 9 ! slighte/ degree4 ,z soon z ! foot :i* has be5 plac$ on ! gr\nd becomes firm1 ! weight ( ! body is transport$ to ! limb on t side1 & ! o!r foot1 by a simil> me*anism1 is br\ght =w>d 9 its turn4 ,9 all walk+1 ! mo/ important circum/ance is1 t ! body incl9e =w>d1 & t ! movem5t ( ! leg & ?igh spr+ f ! haun*1 & be free & natural4 ,view$ 9 ?is way1 ! feet h be5 well comp>$ to ! spokes ( a :eel3 ! weight ( ! body fall+ ^u !m alt]nately4 ,?is ex]cise puts 9 action ! ext5sors & flexors ( ! ?ighs & legs1 a great numb] ( ! muscles ( ! trunk1 & m or less ^? ( ! %\ld]1 accord+ to ! rapidity ( ! pace1 & ! great] or less degree ( projection communicat$ to ! arm1 :i*1 9 ?is ex]cise1 acts z a balanc] ( ! body1 ! motion be+ exactly ! rev]se ( t ( ! correspond+ leg4 ,x draws ! fluids m into ! inf]ior ?an sup]ior memb]s3 x gives b little /r5g? to ! latt]4 ,walk+ may be p]=m$ 9 ?ree diff]5t times1--sl[1 mod]ate1 or quick--:i* some:at modify its action4 ,,! ,,sl[ ,,walk1 ,,or ,,m>*4 ,9 ! m>*1 ! weight ( ! body is advanc$ f ! heel to ! in/ep1 & ! toes are turn$ out4 ,?is be+ done1 "o foot1 ! left = in/ance1 is advanc$1 ) ! knee /raight1 & ! toe incl9$ to ! gr\nd1 :i*1 )\t be+ drawn back1 x t\*es be=e ! heel1 9 su* a mann]1 h[ev]1 t ! sole1 at ! conclusion ( ! /ep1 is ne>ly p>allel ) ! gr\nd1 :i* x next t\*es ) its out] edge2 ! "r foot is !n imm$iately rais$ f ! inn] edge ( ! toe1 & simil>ly advanc$1 incl9$1 & br\ght to ! gr\nd2 & s on 9 succession4 7,plate ,,viii4 figs4 #a & #b47 ,?us1 9 ! m>*1 ! toe ext]nally fir/ t\*es1 & int]nally la/ leaves ! gr\nd2 & s m>k$ is ?is t5d5cy1 t1 9 ! /age /ep1 :i* is meant to be especially dignifi$1--z ! po/]ior foot acquires an awkw>d flexure :5 ! weight has be5 ?r[n on ! ant]ior1--9 ord] to correct ?is1 ! =m] is = an in/ant ext5d$1 its toe ev5 turn$ backw>ds & outw>ds1 & its tip int]nally alone re/$ on ! gr\nd1 previ\s to its be+ 9 its turn advanc$4 ,?us ! toe's fir/ t\*+ & la/ leav+ ! gr\nd1 is peculi>ly m>k$ 9 ?is gr&e/ =m ( ! m>*4 ,?is pace %\ld be practis$ until x c be firmly & gracefully p]=m$4 ,,! ,,mod]ate ,,& ,,! ,,quick ,,pace4 ,^! w be be/ und]/ood by a ref]5ce to ! pace :i* we h j describ$2 ! pr9cipal diff]5ce betwe5 !m be+ z to ! advance ( ! weight ( ! body1 ! turn+ out ( ! toes1 & ! "p ( ! foot :i* fir/ t\*es & la/ leaves ! gr\nd4 ,we %all f9d t ! times ( ^! two paces require a fur!r advance ( ! weight1 & suff] successively less & less ( turn+ out ! toes1 & ( ?is ext5d$ t\*+ ) ! toe1 & cov]+ ! gr\nd ) ! foot4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,viii ,page #cb4 ,walk+4 ,,! ,,mod]ate ,,pace4 ,"h ! weight ( ! body is advanc$ f ! heel to ! ball ( ! foot2 ! toes are less turn$ out2 & x is no long] ! toe1 b ! ball ( ! foot1 :i* fir/ t\*es & la/ leaves ! gr\nd2 its out] edge1 or ! ball ( ! little toe1 fir/ break+ ! desc5t ( ! foot1 & its inn] edge1 or ! ball ( ! great toe1 la/ project+ ! weight--7,plate ,,viii4 figs4 #c & #d74 ,?us1 9 ?is /ep1 less ( ! foot may be said actively to cov] ! gr\nd2 & ?is adoption ( ne>] & /rong] po9ts ( support & action is ess5tial to ! increas$ quickness & ex]tion ( ! pace4 ,! me*anism ( ?is pace has n be5 suffici5tly att5d$ to4 ,p pass f ! m>* to ! quick pace !y "k n h[2 & h5ce all ! awkw>dness & emb>rassm5t ( _! walk :5 _! pace becomes mod]ate1 & ! mis]y !y endure :5 ?is pace has to be p]=m$ by !m1 unaccompani$1 up ! middle ( a long & well-light$ room1 :]e ! eyes ( a brilliant assembly are exclusively direct$ to !m4 ,let ^? :o h felt ?is b att5d to :at we h "h said3 ! motion ( ! arms & ( e o!r "p dep5ds on x4 ,,! ,,quick ,,pace4 ,"h1 ! weight ( ! body is advanc$ f ! heel to ! toes2 ! toes are lea/ turn$ out2 & /ill ne>] & /rong] po9ts ( support & action are *os54 ,! out] edge ( ! heel fir/ t\*es ! gr\nd1 & ! sole ( ! foot projects ! weight4 ,^! are ess5tial to ! increas$ quickness ( ?is pace--7,plate ,,viii4 figs4 #e & #f72 & x is important to rem>k1 z to all ^! paces1 t ! weight is successively m ?r[n =w>d1 & ! toes are successively less turn$ out4 ,9 ! gr&e/ =m ( ! m>*1 ! toes1 z we h se51 are1 9 ! po/]ior foot1 ?\gh b = a mom5t1 ev5 ?r[n backw>ds2 9 ! mod]ate pace1 !y h an int]m$iate direction2 & 9 ! quick pace1 !y are ?r[n m directly =w>d1 z 9 ! six figures ( ,plate ,,viii4 ,x is ?is direction ( ! toes1 & /ill m ! ne>] & /rong] po9ts ( support & action1 namely1 ! heel & sole ( ! foot1 :i* are ess5tial to ! quick pace s univ]sally practis$1 b :i*1 toge!r ) ! great incl9ation ( ! body1 be+ ridicul\sly transf]r$ to ! mod]ate pace1 make un=tunate p look s awkw>d1 z we %all n[ expla94 ,! "t ( ! mod]ate pace is1 z x 71 fill$ up by ! m complicat$ process ( ! /ep--by ! gradual & easy break+ ( ! desc5t ( ! foot on its out] edge1 or ! ball ( ! little toe1 by ! delib]ate posit+ ( ! foot1 by its equally gradual & easy projection f its inn] edge1 or ! ball ( ! great toe4 ,! quick pace1 if its "t be l5g!n$1 has no su* fill+ up3 ! man /umps at once d[n on 8 heel1 & c\ld rise in/antly f 8 sole1 b f9ds t1 to fill up 8 "t1 he mu/ pause an in/ant2 he feels he %\ld d some?+1 & does n "k :at2 8 h&s suff] ! same mom5t>y p>alysis z 8 feet2 he gradually becomes confus$ & emb>rass$3 deeply s5sible ( ?is1 he at la/ exhibits x ext]nally2 a smile or a titt] arises1 ?\gh p d n well "k at :at1 b1 9 %ort1 ! man has walk$ l a cl[n1 because ! me*anism ( 8 /ep has n fill$ up its "t1 or answ]$ its purpose4 ,i tru/ t ! me*anism & "t ( ! ?ree paces are "h simply1 cle>ly1 & impressively describ$4 ,! foll[+ is ! m imp]fect1 b /ill useful1 milit>y description1 ) its words ( comm&3-- ,,sl[ ,,/ep4 ,m>*4--,on ! ^w ,m>*1 ! left foot is c>ri$ ?irty in*es to ! front1 &1 )\t be+ drawn back1 is plac$ s(tly on ! gr\nd1 s z n to j]k or %ake ! body3 sev5ty-five ( ^! /eps to be tak5 9 a m9ute4 7,! recruit is ord]$ to be c>efully tra9$1 & ?or\ghly in/ruct$ 9 ?is /ep1 z an ess5tial f\ndation = arriv+ at accuracy 9 ! paces ( m cel]ity4 ,?is is ! sl[e/ /ep at :i* troops are to move47 ,,quick ,,/ep4 ,! cad5ce ( ! sl[ pace hav+ become p]fectly habitual1 a quick "t is next taught1 :i* is #ajh /eps 9 a m9ute1 ea* ( ?irty in*es1 mak+ #bgj feet 9 a m9ute4 ,quick ,m>*4--,! comm& ,quick ,m>* be+ giv5 ) a pause betwe5 !m1 ! ^w ,quick is to be consid]$ z a caution1 & ! :ole to rema9 p]fectly /eady4 ,on ! ^w ,m>*1 ! :ole move (f1 con=m+ to ! directions already giv54 7,?is pace is appli$ g5]ally to all movem5ts by l>ge z well z small bodies ( troops2 & !re=e ! recruit is tra9$ & ?or\ghly in/ruct$ 9 ?is ess5tial "p ( 8 duty47 ,,d\ble ,,m>*4 ,! directions = ! m>* apply1 9 a great degree1 to ?is /ep1 :i* is #aej /eps 9 a m9ute1 ea* ( ?irty-six in*es1 mak+ #dej feet 9 a m9ute4 ,d\ble ,m>*4--,on ! ^w ,d\ble ,m>*1 ! :ole /ep (f toge!r ) ! left feet1 keep+ ! head erect1 & ! %\ld]s squ>e to ! front2 ! knees are a little b5t2 ! body is m advanc$ ?an 9 ! o!r m>*es2 ! arms hang ) ease d[n ! outside ( ! ?ighs4 ,! p]son m>*+ is c>efully habituat$ to ! full pace ( ?irty-six in*es1 o!rwise he gets into ! habit ( a %ort trot1 :i* defeats ! obvi\s advantages ( ?is degree ( m>*4 ,9 ! army1 great advantage att5ds ! con/ant use ( ! plummet2 & ! sev]al l5g?s sw++ ! times ( ! diff]5t m>*es 9 a m9ute1 are z foll[3-- ,94 ,hun4 ,sl[ "t #ge /eps 9 ! m9ute #bd1if ,quick "t #ajh #ab1jc ,d\ble m>* #aej #f1bf ,a musket ball1 susp5d$ by a /r+ :i* is n subject to /ret*1 & on :i* are m>k$ ! diff]5t requir$ l5g?s1 answ]s ! above purpose1 may be easily acquir$1 & is direct$ to be frequ5tly comp>$ ) an accurate /&>d 9 ! adjutant's possession4 ,! l5g? ( ! plummet is to be measur$ f ! po9t ( susp5sion to ! c5tre ( ! ball4 ,9 practis+ all ^! paces1 ! pupils %\ld also be accu/om$ to m>* ^u a n>r[ plane1 :]e !re is room = only "o foot1 ^u r\gh unev5 gr\nd1 & on s(t gr\nd :i* yields to ! foot4 ,walk+ ex]cises a great] influ5ce ov] ! economy :5 x takes place on incl9$ planes ?an on a flat surface4 ,9 asc5d+1 ! ef=t is made 9 a direction directly oppos$ to ! g5]al t5d5cy ( heavy bodies3 ! body is /rongly b5t1 ! upp] "p ( ! trunk 9 advance2 ! action ( ! po/]ior & ant]ior muscles ( ! ?igh is consid]able2 & circulation & respiration are spe$ily accel]at$ by ! viol5ce ( ! muscul> contractions4 ,9 desc5d+1 on ! contr>y1 ef=t is requisite to keep up ! body1 :i* t5ds to obey ! laws ( gravitation2 & to mod]ate ! t5d5cy ( gravity to project =w>d 9 ! c5tre1 ! body is ?r[n back1 ! sacro-sp9al mass1 & ! po/]ior muscles ( ! neck1 are /rongly contract$1 ! knees b5t1 & ! /eps mu* %ort]4 ,m5 ) long flat feet1 & ! heel bone little project+1 are bad walk]s4 ,,feats ,,9 ,,walk+4 ,! p[] ( walk+ great di/ances )\t fatigue is an important matt]1 9 :i* ! ,engli% h ( late excell$4 ,a good walk] w d six miles an h\r1 = "o h\r1 on a good road4#c ,if 9 p]fect tra9+1 he may ev5 d twelve miles 9 two h\rs4 ,eighte5 miles 9 ?ree h\rs is a mu* m d\btful affair1 ?\gh "s are said to h a*iev$ x4 #c ,sev5 miles 9 "o h\r are said to h be5 done by "s4 ,a ,cork pap]1 ( rec5t date1 describes a mat* ( t5 miles 9 #abj m9utes1 on ! ,mall[ & ,f]moy road1 by ,capta9 ,john ,t4 ,g4 ,campbell1 ( ! #ia/ 7,argyle%ire7 ,regim5t1 acc\tr$ 9 heavy m>*+ ord] ( a private soldi]1 viz41 ) knapsack & kit1 great-coat & mess-t91 musket1 bayonet1 & sixty r\nds ( ball c>tridge3 total1 fifty p\nds' weight4 ,heavy bets 7 p5d+ on ! issue4 ,! capta9 />t$ at eight o'clock1 ,a4,m41 & p]=m$ ?is und]tak+ 9 ! %ort "t ( #ajg m9utes & a qu>t]1 ?us w9n+ ! mat*1 & hav+ twelve m9utes & ?ree qu>t]s to sp>e4 ,at ! rate ( five miles an h\r1 p$e/rians ( ! fir/ class w d =ty miles 9 eight h\rs1 & p]haps fifty 9 t54#d ,at ! rate ( f\r miles an h\r1 a man may walk any l5g? ( "t4 ,rob]t ,skipp] walk$ #ajjj miles 9 #ajjj successive half-h\rs1 on ! same gr\nd ,capta9 ,b>clay walk$ #ajjj miles 9 #ajjj successive h\rs4 #d ,a clev] writ] 9 ,blackwood's ,magaz9e says1 8,!re c be no d\bt t1 out ( ! ,briti% army1 on a w> e/abli%m5t1 t5 ?\s& m5 might be *os51 by trial1 :o w\ld compose a corps capable ( m>*+ fifty miles a day1 on actual s]vice1 = a :ole week4 ,! p[] ( su* a corps is n to be calculat$3 x w\ld f> outgo cavalry40 ,9 ! art ( walk+ quickly1 ! circum/ance p]haps mo/ important is1 to keep ! knees some:at b5t & spr+y4 ,,runn+4 8,runn+10 says "o ( our gymnasi>*s1 8only diff]s f walk+ by ! rapidity ( ! movem5t40 ,?is is q incorrect4 ,runn+ is precisely int]m$iate to walk+ & leap+2 &1 9 ord] to pass into x f walk+1 ! motion mu/ be *ang$4 ,a s]ies ( leaps f ea* foot alt]nately mu/ be p]=m$1 9 ord] to con/itute x2 ! foot :i* is left beh9d quits ! gr\nd be=e ! foot 9 advance is firmly fix$1 s t ! c5tre ( gravity rema9s unc]ta9 9 pass+ f "o leg to ! o!r1 :i* =ms a s]ies ( leaps1 & r5d]s a fall a common occurr5ce4 ,,position ,,9 ,,runn+4 ,! upp] "p ( ! body is slightly incl9$ =w>d2 ! head slightly ?r[n backw>d1 to c\nt]act ! gravity =w>d3 ! brea/ is freely project$2 ! %\ld]s are /eady1 to give a fix$ po9t to ! auxili>y muscles ( respiration3 ! upp] p>ts ( ! arms are kept ne> ! sides2 ! elb[s are b5t1 & ea* =ms an acute angle2 ! h&s are %ut1 ) ! nails turn$ inw>ds2 & ! :ole arms move b slightly1 9 ord] t ! muscles ( respiration on ! *e/ may be z little z possible di/urb$1 & foll[ only ! impulse communicat$ by o!r p>ts--7,plate ,,ix4 fig4 #a74 ,!re exi/s1 9 fact1 dur+ ! :ole "t ( runn+1 a /rong & p]man5t contraction ( ! muscles ( ! %\ld] & arm1 :i*1 ?\gh v viol5t1 is less s]viceable to ! ext5d$ movem5ts1 ?an to keep ! *e/ immoveable1 t[>d :i* ! arms are br\ght close1 ! flexors & adductors ( :i* are especially contract$4 ,,action ,,9 ,,runn+4 ,at e /ep1 ! knees are /ret*$ out2 ! legs kept z /raight z possible2 ! feet almo/ graze ! gr\nd2 ! tread is nei!r ) ! m]e balls ( ! toes1 nor ) ! :ole sole ( ! foot2 & ! spr+ is made rapidly f "o foot to ! o!r1 s t !y pass ea* o!r ) great velocity--7,plate ,,ix4 fig4 #b74 ,b ! abdom9al memb]s are n ! only ones 9 motion1 al?\gh x is 9 !m t ! greate/ developem5t takes place4 ,?r\gh\t ! :ole "t ( runn+1 a /rong & p]man5t contraction ( ! muscles ( ! %\ld]1 arm1 & =e>m takes place3 ?is1 ?\gh v viol5t1 is less = ! purpose ( aid+ motion ?an ( pres]v+ ! immobility ( ! ?orax1 :i* is press$ ^u ! :ole ?oracic memb]1 ^: flexors & adductors are /rongly contract$4 ,! degree ( velocity1 h[ev]1 mu/ be proportion$ to ! l5g? ( ! /eps4 ,too sl[ & long1 z well z too quick & %ort1 /eps1 may be equally injuri\s4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,ix ,page #ch4 ,runn+4 ,,respiration4 ,spe$1 & /ill m duration 9 runn+1 are 9 proportion to ! developem5t ( ! lungs1 & consequ5tly ! volume ( oxyg5 & blood :i* !y c comb9e 9 _! p>5*yma at ea* respiratory movem5t4 ,?us1 ( two m51 "o hav+ ! abdom9al memb]s develop$1 & ! o!r possess+ good lungs1 ! =m] w run ) ! greate/ spe$ = a %ort di/ance1 b if ! di/ance be consid]able1 he w soon be ga9$ ^u by ! latt]4 ,a runn]1 aft] p]=m+ a c]ta9 space1 is seiz$ ) a difficulty ( brea?+1 long be=e ! repetition ( ! contractions has produc$ fatigue 9 ! abdom9al memb]s4 ,to excel1 !re=e1 9 runn+1 requires1 l walk+ & danc+1 a peculi> ex]cise4 ,z ! muscul> contractions dep5d1 = _! pr9ciple ( excitem5t1 on ! respiration1 ! *e/ %\ld be firmly fix$1 s z bo? to facilitate ?is1 & to s]ve z a po9t ( support = ! ef=ts ( ! l[] memb]s4 ,! be/ runn]s are ^? :o h ! be/ w9d1 & keep ! brea/ dilat$ = ! longe/ "t4 ,dur+ ! :ole "t ( runn+1 long inspirations & sl[ expirations are ( ! greate/ importance2 & "y p]sons _c be too e>ly accu/om$ to !m4 ,to facilitate respiration t[>ds ! end ( ! race1 ! upp] "p ( ! body may be leant a little =w>d4 ,runn+ %\ld cease z soon z ! brea? becomes v %ort1 & a /rong p]spiration takes place4 ,,mod]ate ,,runn+4 ,?is is p]=m$ g5tly & 9 equal "t1 & may be ext5d$ to a consid]able space4 ,9 practis+ ?is pace1 x is necess>y to fix ! di/ance to be run2 & ?is %\ld always be proportion$ to ! age & /r5g? ( ! runn]s4 ,?is ex]cise1 m ?an all o!rs1 requires to be proce$$ ) 9 a progressive mann]4 ,if1 at ! fir/ trial1 y run too fa/ or too long a "t1 x may produce spitt+ ( blood & heada*e1 or aneurisms ( ! he>t & pr9cipal vessels1 especially if ! wea!r be dry & cold4 ,a mod]ately cool day may accord+ly be *os51 a di/ance ( ?ree hundr$ feet measur$1 & ! runn]s plac$ 9 a l9e at "o end4 ,!y may !n />t1 trot at ! rate ( ab\t sev5 feet 9 a second to ! opposite end1 turn1 & cont9ue until !y rea* ! spot :5ce !y />t$4 ,frequ5t repetition ( ?is is suffici5t at fir/4 ,aft]w>ds1 !y may run ov] ?is space1 two1 ?ree1 or f\r times )\t /opp+2 & ! ex]cise may !n be limit$ to ?is4 ,x may1 on subsequ5t days1 be ext5d$ to five1 six1 & sev5 times ! di/ance4 ,fatigue is !n g5]ally q remov$2 & ! run may ei!r be cont9u$ f>!r1 or ! runn]s1 if nei!r heat$ nor w9d$1 may accel]ate _! pace4 ,!y may next attempt a mile 9 t5 m9utes2 & repeat ?is1 till1 be+ gradually less & less heat$1 !y c ei!r ext5d ! di/ance1 or dim9i% ! "t1 9 any measur$ proportion4 ,at ?is pace1 six miles may aft]w>ds be run 9 an h\r4 ,,rapid ,,runn+4 ,?is is be/ appli$ to a %ort space 9 a little "t4 ,?ree hundr$ feet ^u an op5 pla9 w n g5]ally be f\nd too great4 ,at ea* end ( ?is1 a cross l9e may be drawn1 & ! runn]s may arrange !mselves on "o l9e1 :ile ! umpire is plac$ at ! o!r4 ,on ! latt] giv+ ! signal1 ! runn+ comm5ces1 & he :o fir/ passes him ga9s ! race4 ,x is extremely useful always to run beyond ! l9e at a g5tl] pace1 z x gradually l[]s ! actions ( ! respiratory & circulat+ sy/ems4 ,runn+ is m easy on a level surface1 b %\ld be practis$ on gr\nd ( e v>iety3 ^u long1 squ>e1 & circul> plots ( gr\nd4 ,! pupils %\ld be accu/om$ to turn promptly out ( ! direct l9e--a faculty n possess$ by animals1 & exce$+ly useful :5 pursu$4 ,!y %\ld also run up hill1 & p>ticul>ly d[n1 z x is dang]\s unless frequ5tly practis$4 ,,feats ,,9 ,,runn+4 ,! practice ( runn+ may be c>ri$ to a great degree ( p]fection4 ,a qu>t] ( a mile 9 a m9ute is good runn+2 & a mile 9 f\r m9utes1 at f\r />ts1 is excell5t4 ,! mile 0 p]haps nev] run 9 f\r m9utes1 b x has be5 done 9 f\r m9utes & a half4#e #e ,half a mile 0 rec5tly run 9 two m9utes2 b x 0 d[n a fall z precipit\s z a m\nta9's side1 & ! p]=m] 0 bl9d 9 ! la/ tw5ty y>ds4--,,ed4 ,fif? ,edition4 ,a mile 9 five m9utes is good runn+4 ,two miles 9 t5 m9utes is (t5] fail$ 9 ?an accompli%$4 ,f\r miles 9 tw5ty is said to puzzle ! clev]e/4 ,t5 miles an h\r is done by all ! be/ runn]s4 ,fifte5 miles 9 an h\r & a half has nev] p]haps be5 done4 ,x is report$ t ,we/ ran =ty miles 9 five h\rs & a half4 ,?is1 x is said1 0 done by "o individual 9 f\r h\rs & ?ree qu>t]s1 or less4 ,z to great di/ances1 ,ra9] fail$ 9 two attempts to accompli% #ajj miles 9 eighte5 h\rs4 ,we/ is said to h accompli%$ ?is4 ,,effects ,,( ,,runn+4 ,9 runn+1 ! mass ( our organs is agitat$ by viol5t & con/ant %ocks1 :i* succe$ ) rapidity2 b ! abdom9al memb]s are n ! only ones 9 motion1 al?\gh !y are ^? 9 :i* ! developem5t is mo/ consid]able4 ,runn+ developes n only ! abdom9al memb]s1 b has a /rong influ5ce ^u ! respiratory p>ts4 ,?is ex]cise is p>ticul>ly suit$ to "y p]sons1 especially ^? ( a lymphatic temp]am5t4 ,x %\ld n1 h[ev]1 be practis$ aft] meals4 ,,leap+4 ,leap+ consi/s pr9cipally 9 ! sudd5 /raight5+ ( ! articulations1 p]=m$ by a /rong & in/antane\s contraction ( ! ext5sors1 by :i* ! body is rapidly project$ f ! gr\nd4 ,! leap+-/& consi/s ( two moveable po/s1 above six feet high1 hav+1 above ! second foot f ! gr\nd1 holes bor$ ?r\gh !m1 at ! di/ance ( an in* f ea* o!r2 two iron p9s to be plac$ 9 ! holes at any height2 a cord1 at lea/ t5 feet long1 pass$ ov] ^! p9s1 & kept /raight by two s&-bags at its ends2 & weights ^u ! feet ( ! po/s1 to prev5t !m f fall+--7,plate ,x4 fig4 #a74 ,! leap ov] ! cord is made f ! side ( ! /& t[>ds :i* ! heads ( ! pegs are turn$2 s t1 if ! feet t\* ! cord1 x w easily & in/antly fall4 ,9 all k9ds ( leap+1 x is ( great importance to draw 9 & reta9 ! brea? at ! mom5t ( ! greate/ ef=t1 z x gives ! *e/ m solidity to support ! re/ ( ! memb]s1 impels ! blood into ! muscul> p>ts1 & increases _! /r5g?4 ,! h&s1 also1 %\ld be %ut1 & ! arms p5d5t4 ,! ext5t ( ! leap 9 height1 or horizontally1 is proportion$ to ! p[] employ$1 & ! practice acquir$4 ,z x is p]=m$ ) facility only 9 proportion to ! /r5g? ex]t$1 & ! ela/icity & suppl5ess ( ! articulations & muscles ( ! l[] extremities1 mu* ex]cise is necess>y to atta9 t degree ( p]fection :i* less5s all ob/acles1 & supplies ! means ( cle>+ !m )\t dang]4 ,lightness & firmness are ! qualities necess>y = leap+3 e ?+ %\ld be done to acquire ^! two qualifications1 = )\t !m leap+ is nei!r graceful nor safe4 ,,! ,,high ,,leap4 ,)\t a ,run4 ,9 ?is1 ! legs & feet are clos$2 ! knees are b5t till ! calves ne>ly t\* ! ?ighs2 ! upp] "p ( ! body1 kept /raight1 is incl9$ a little =w>d2 & ! arms ?r[n 9 ! direction ( ! leap1 :i* increases ! impulse1 pres]ves ! balance1 & may be useful 9 a fall4 7,plate ,x4 fig4 #a47 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,x ,page #db4 ,leap+4 ,leap+4 ,! v]tebral column1 & consequ5tly ! :ole ( ! trunk1 be+ ?us b5t =w>d1 a /rong contraction ( ! muscles pres]ves ?is b5d+ till ! mom5t :5 ! leap takes place2 !n1 by sudd5 contraction ( ! ext5sors1 ! body /ret*es out l a b[ :5 ! /r+ breaks1 is ?us j]k$ =w>d1 & rema9s susp5d$ a long] or %ort] "t 9 ! air4 ,9 desc5d+1 ! p]son %\ld be r incl9$ =w>d2 & ! fall %\ld take place on ! =e "p ( ! feet1 b5d+ ! knees & haun*es1 to dead5 ! %ock & desc5t2 =1 ! direct desc5t 9 ?is leap1 if n ?us brok51 w\ld s5d its %ock f ! heels to ! sp9e & head1 & might occasion injury4 ,to p]p5dicul>ity 9 ?is leap1 %\ld be add$ lightness1 s t sc>cely any noise f ! leap %\ld be he>d4 ,?is leap1 )\t a run1 may be practis$ at ! height1-- #a4 ,( ! knees4 #b4 ,( ! middle ( ! ?ighs4 #c4 ,( ! hips4 #d4 ,( ! l[] ribs4 ,) a ,run4 ,! run prec$+ ! leap %\ld nev] exce$ t5 paces1 ! di/ance betwe5 ! po9t ( spr++ & ! cord be+ equal to half ! cord's height f ! gr\nd4 ,! view ( ! leap] %\ld be direct$ fir/ to ! spot :5ce he is to spr+2 &1 ! mom5t he has rea*$ t1 to ! cord1 accu/om+ himself to spr+ f ei!r foot1 & f bo? feet4 ,! in/ant ! spr+ is made1 or 7if x be made ) "o foot7 imm$iately aft]1 ! feet %\ld be clos$1 & ! knees drawn =cibly t[>ds ! *94 ,?r\gh\t1 flexibility & skill1 n viol5t ex]tion1 %\ld be display$4 ,?is leap1 ) a run1 may be practis$ at ! height1-- #a4 ,( ! hips4 #b4 ,( ! l[] ribs4 #c4 ,( ! pit ( ! /oma*4 #d4 ,( ! brea/4 #e4 ,( ! *94 #f4 ,( ! eyes4 #g4 ,( ! cr[n ( ! head4 ,feats 9 ,high ,leap+4 ,a good high leap] w cle> five feet2 a fir/-rate "o1 five & a half2 & an extraord9>y "o1 six feet4 ,irel& is m5tion$ z hav+ cle>$ an ext5d$ cord at ! height ( f\rte5 feet4 ,ano!r man1 x is said1 jump$ to ! height ( sev5te5 feet1 :i* 0 ?ree times ! height ( 8 own body4#f #f ,! au?or means1 ) ! aid ( a spr+-bo>d4--,,ed4 ,fif? ,edition4 ,,! ,,long ,,leap4 ,)\t a ,run4 ,?is is g5]ally p]=m$ ^u /raight firm gr\nd1 on :i* !re are m>ks1 or p>allel l9es1 at equal di/ances4 ,! fir/ ( ^! l9es is ! place to leap f4 ,! leap]s succe$ ea* o!r1 & cle> a great] numb] ( l9es accord+ to _! /r5g? & skill4 ,"h ! feet are clos$2 ! :ole weight re/s ^u ! balls ( ! toes2 & ! body is incl9$ =w>d4 ,bo? arms are !n swung =w>d1--backw>d1--!n drawn /rongly =w>d1--& at ! same in/ant ! limbs1 hav+ be5 b5t1 are ext5d$ ) ! utmo/ possible =ce4 ,9 p]=m+ ?is leap1 ! h&s & body mu/ be b5t =w>d1 especially at ! end ( ! movem5t1 :5 ! leap] alights4 ,on level gr\nd twelve feet is a good /&+ leap2 & f\rte5 is "o ( comp>atively r>e occurr5ce4 ,) a ,run4 ,?is leap is be/ execut$ ) a run2 & we h !re=e dwelt less ^u ! =m]4 ,"h1 also1 ! body mu/ be incl9$ =w>d4 ,! run %\ld be made ov] a piece ( firm1 & n slipp]y gr\nd1 to ! ext5t ( t51 fifte51 or tw5ty paces2 %\ld consi/ ( small /eps1 increas+ 9 quickness z !y approa* ! po9t ( spr++2 & ^! %\ld be s calculat$ z to br+ ^u ! po9t t foot ) :i* ! leap] is accu/om$ to spr+4 ,! spr+1 z "h impli$1 %\ld be p]=m$ ) "o foot1 & ! arms ?r[n =cibly t[>ds ! place propos$ to be rea*$4 ,! height z well z ! l5g? ( ! leap1 mu/ be calculat$2 = ! leap is %ort5$ by n spr++ a prop] height4 7,plate ,x4 fig4 #b47 ,9 ! desc5t1 ! feet are clos$1 ! knees b5t1 ! upp] "p ( ! body incl9$ =w>d1 & ! toes fir/ t\* ! gr\nd1 at :i* mom5t1 a light spr+1 & aft]w>ds "s %ort /eps1 are made1 9 ord] to avoid any sudd5 *eck4 ,9 a mu* ext5d$ leap1 h[ev]1 alight+ on ! toes is impossible4 ,a sort ( horizontal sw+ is !n a*iev$1 by :i* ! leap]'s head is little high] ?an 8 feet1 & 8 :ole figure is almo/ p>allel ) ! gr\nd2 &1 9 ?is case1 to alight on ! toes is impossible4 ,c>e mu/ "h be tak5 n to ?r[ ! feet s mu* =w>d z to cause ! leap] to fall backw>d at ! mom5t ( desc5t4 ,! gr\nd mu/ be cle>$1 or ! leap is imp]fect & unfair4 ,?is leap may be practis$ at1-- #a4 ,d\ble ! l5g? ( ! body4 #b4 ,twice & a half t l5g?4 #c4 ,?ree times t l5g?4 ,feats 9 ,long ,leap+4 ,on level gr\nd1 tw5ty feet is a fir/-rate leap2 tw5ty-"o is extraord9>y2 & tw5ty-two is v r>ely accompli%$4#g ,) a run & a leap1 on a slightly incl9$ plane1 tw5ty-?ree feet h be5 done4 #g ,i h se5 tw5ty-two feet cov]$ =w>ds & backw>ds1 by an ,iri% tailor4--,,ed4 ,fif? ,edition4 ,( ! v>i\s k9ds ( leaps1 ! fir/ or simple leap1 :i* is produc$ pr9cipally by ! ext5sion ( ! abdom9al memb]s1 :i* impel ! body ei!r /raight upw>ds1 9 ! v]tical leap1 or obliquely upw>ds & =w>ds1 9 ! horizontal or r p>abolic leap1 requires1 9 addition to ! contraction ( ! abdom9al memb]s1 especially if ! leap be execut$ ) ! feet close toge!r1 a viol5t action ( ! muscles ( ! abdom51 upp] p>ts ( ! back1 ant]ior p>ts ( ! lo9s1 & ( ! ?orax & %\ld]s4 ,,! ,,deep ,,leap4 ,?is may be made ei!r ) or )\t ! h&s4 ,9 ei!r way1 to avoid ! %ock1 ! body mu/ be kept 9 a b5t position1 & ! fall be ^u ! balls ( ! toes4 ,:5 ! h&s are us$1 ! leap] places !m 9 front ( ! feet2 & dur+ ! desc5t1 ! weight ( ! body is *eck$ by ! =m]1 & passes 9 a dim9i%$ /ate to ! latt]2 s t ! %ock is obviat$4 ,a flight ( /eps s]ves ! purpose ( ?is ex]cise4 ,! leap] asc5ds a c]ta9 numb]2 leaps f ! side2 gradually increases ! numb]2 &1 by practis+ progressively high]1 f9ds x easy to leap f heights :i* at fir/ appall$ him4 ,he aft]w>ds comb9es ! long & deep leaps4 ,= ?is purpose1 a rivulet1 :i* has "o bank high & ! opposite "o l[1 is v fav\rable4 ,*ildr5 c easily take a leap ( n9e feet 9 desc5d+4 ,,! ,,deep ,,leap ,,backw>ds1 ,,f ,a ,,re/ ,,on ,,! ,,h&s4 ,?is ex]cise is fir/ p]=m$ f plat=ms ( v>i\s heights1 & f walls ( v>i\s elevations4 ,! object is to less5 ! %ock t ! legs & body exp]i5ce 9 rea*+ ! gr\nd at a dep? ( m ?an six or sev5 feet1 & to dim9i% ! di/ance if possible1 at ! same "t t x dim9i%es ! viol5ce & velocity ( ! fall4 ,all ?is is easily manag$ by obs]v+ ! foll[+ rules4 ,suppose ! pupil plac$ ^u a plat=m ( f\r or six feet 9 height1 he mu/ fir/ exam9e ! place he is ab\t to leap to1 s z to select ! mo/ fav\rable "p1 free f /ones & o!r ob/acles4 ,he w !n approa* ! extremity ( ! plat=m1 ) 8 back t[>ds x1 & b5d 8 body1 plac+ 8 h&s 9 ! position %[n 9 ,plate ,x4 fig4 #c4 ,hav+ tak5 up ?is position securely1 he w lean 8 head a little =w>d1 raise 8 toes f ! plat=m1 & rema9 = an in/ant support$ by ! arms4 ,! body !n beg9s to ext5d1 & ! legs to l5g!n d[nw>d & backw>ds2 ! arms foll[ ?is movem5t1 b5d1 & support ! body by ! h&s1 :i* h a secure re/+-place on ! edge ( ! plat=m1 z 9 ,plate ,x4 fig4 #d4 ,?is desc5d+ movem5t is execut$ z sl[ly z possible3 ! arms /ret* out to _! utmo/ l5g?1 till ! body is su/a9$ by ! la/ phalanx ( ! f+]s1 or t\*es ! gr\nd ) ! feet4 ,if x does n rea* ! gr\nd1 ! pupil drops g5tly d[n on ! tips ( 8 toes1 b5ds himself1 & recov]s 8 upright position4 ,!re is ano!r mode ( desc5d+1 :5 ! la/ re/+-place = ! h&s is ! top ( a c\nt]=t1 or prop on a wall )\t a c\nt]=t4 ,?is consi/s 7see ,plate ,x4 fig4 #c7 9 seiz+ ! la/ hold ) ! "r h& = in/ance1 & 9 hang+ firmly by t h&1 :il/ ! left1 be+ at lib]ty1 is l[]$ & pu%es back ! body f ! project+ /ones 9 ! walls1 to prev5t injury 9 ! desc5t4 ,! impulse ?us giv5 is1 h[ev]1 v trifl+1 & solely to avoid hurt1 )\t increas+ ! viol5ce ( ! fall1 :i* ought to be facilitat$ on rea*+ ! gr\nd by ! rules already giv54 ,by ^! means1 ! height ( a wall is relatively dim9i%$1 = a man :o hangs susp5d$ by 8 arms1 has six feet less to drop ?an he :o has 8 feet :]e he might put 8 h&s4 ,! d[n leap1 unless gradually practis$1 may produce ruptures ( ! diaphragm4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! elevation f :i* ! leap is tak5 is gradually increas$1 ! eye becomes accu/om$ to measure ! mo/ ext5sive di/ances fe>lessly1 at ! same "t t by practice ! abdom9al memb]s le>n to b5d prop]ly "u ! weight ( ! trunk1 & !reby pres]ve ! organs conta9$ 9 x f s]i\s injuries4 ,9 ?is k9d ( leap1 ! %ocks w be dim9i%$ by reta9+ ! air 9 ! *e/1 :i* may be done by clos+ ! glottis4 ,p]sons :o h long toes1 p[]ful calves1 & prom95t heels1 are ! be/ adapt$ = leap+4 ,,vault+4 ,9 vault+1 by a spr+ ( ! feet1 ! body is rais$1 & by lean+ ! h&s ^u a fix$ object1 x at ! same "t receives1 9 oblique vault+1 a sw+ :i* facilitates ! action4 ,z ! incl9ation ?us giv5 to ! body dep5ds n m]ely on ! feet1 b on ! h&s1 we h ! p[] to guide ! body 9 any direction4 ,?is ex]cise is conv5i5tly practis$ on ! vault+ b>1 :i* re/s ^u two or ?ree po/s4 ,x may be p]=m$ ) or )\t runn+4 ,! beg9n] may at fir/ be all[$ a run ( a few paces1 end+ 9 a prep>atory spr+2 & he may aft]w>ds be all[$ only a spr+4 ,,oblique ,,vault+4 ,to m\nt1 ! vault] mu/ place himself 9 front ( ! b>2 make a prep>atory spr+ ) ! feet close2 fix at t mom5t bo? h&s ^u ! b>2 heave himself up1 & sw+ ! "r leg ov]4 ,! body1 support$ by ! h&s1 may !n easily desc5d into ! rid+ position4 ,to dism\nt1 ! vault]1 support$ by ! h&s1 mu/ ext5d ! feet1 make a little sw+ =w>d1 & a great] "o backw>d1 s z to heave bo? feet beh9d ov] ! b>1 & spr+ to ! gr\nd ) !m close4 ,to d ?is he mu/ fir/ cle>ly def9e to himself ! place :]e he int5ds to fall4 ,!n1 hav+ plac$ bo? h&s ^u ! b>1 he %\ld fir/ b5d & !n ext5d ! jo9ts1 s z to raise ! body ) all 8 /r5g?1 & ?r[ 8 legs1 kept close1 high ov] ! b>4 7,plate ,,xi4 fig4 #a47 ,:5 ! "r h& 7if he vault to ! "r7 quits ! b>1 ! left rema9s1 ! feet rea* ! gr\nd on ! opposite side1 & he falls on bo? feet1 ) ! knees project$1 & ! h&s ready1 if necess>y1 to break ! fall4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xi ,page #dh4 ,vault+4 ,9 vault+ to ! "r1 ! left foot passes 9 ! space :i* 0 betwe5 bo? ! h&s1 ! "r h& quits ! b>1 & ! left guides ! body 9 ! desc5t4 ,9 vault+ to ! left1 ! "r foot passes 9 ! space :i* 0 betwe5 bo? h&s1 ! left h& quits ! b>1 & ! "r guides ! body 9 its desc5t4 ,z1 h[ev]1 x is difficult = beg9n]s to vault ei!r way1 ?is is n to be attempt$ until aft] suffici5t practice 9 ! way :i* may be easie/4 ,! vault] may !n1 ) a prep>atory spr+1 try ! foll[+ heights1-- #a4 ,t ( ! pit ( ! /oma*4 #b4 ,t ( a middl+-siz$ horse4 #c4 ,8 own height or m4 ,,/raight-,,=w>d ,,vault+4 ,= ?is purpose1 bo? h&s mu/ be plac$ at su* di/ance on ! b> z to give room = ! feet betwe5 !m2 ! body %\ld be =cibly rais$2 ! knees drawn up t[>ds ! brea/2 & ! feet br\ght betwe5 ! h&s1 )\t mov+ !m f _! place4 7,plate ,,xi4 fig4 #b47 ,?is %\ld be practis$ until x c be done easily4 ,?is /raight-=w>d vault may h ?ree diff]5t t]m9ations4 ,:5 ! feet are 9 ! space betwe5 ! h&s1 ! vault] may /& upright4 ,he may pass 8 feet to ! opposite side1 :il/ he seats himself4 ,he may cont9ue ! leap ov] ! seat1 ?r\gh ! arms1 lett+ bo? h&s g at once aft] ! legs h pass$4 ,,leap+ ,,) ,a ,,pole4 ,?is is a union ( leap+ & vault+1 9 :i* ! vault]1 in/ead ( support+ himself ^u a fix$ object1 c>ries ) him a pole1 :i* he applies to :atev] spot he *ooses4 ,9 support+ ! body by a pole dur+ ! leap1 a great deal also dep5ds ^u balanc+1 z well z on ! /r5g? ( ! arms & legs4 ,,! ,,high ,,leap ,,) ,a ,,pole4 ,! pole prescrib$ = ?is ex]cise is ! plan$ /em ( a /raight-gr[n fir1 f sev5 to t5 feet long1 & ab\t two in*es ?ick at ! bottom4 ,su* a pole naturally dim9i%es t[>ds ! top2 & x is bett] to plane (f ! l[] end a little4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 t x be suffici5tly /rong2 su* z make a crackl+ noise dur+ ! leap %\ld be imm$iately ?r[n aside4 ,! le>n]1 suppos$ to be already exp]t 9 leap+ & vault+1 may at fir/ place himself be=e a small dit*1 ) a pole1 :i* he holds 9 su* a mann]1 t ! "r h& be ab\t ! height ( ! head1 & ! left ab\t t ( ! hips1 & 9 ?is case he mu/ fix x 9 ! dit*4 7,see ,plate ,,xii4 fig4 #a47 ,he mu/ !n1 by mak+ a spr+ ) 8 left foot1 endeav\r to re/ ! weight ( 8 body ^u ! pole1 &1 ?us support$1 sw+ himself to ! opposite bank4 ,9 ?is sw+1 he passes 8 body by ! "r ( ! pole1 mak+1 at ! same "t1 a turn1 s t1 at ! desc5t1 8 face is direct$ to ! place :5ce he leap$4 ,! faults usually committ$ by ! beg9n]1 consi/ 9 8 tru/+ to ! pole ! :ole weight ( ! body2 & 9 los+ ! necess>y pur*ase by keep+ at too great a di/ance f x4 ,?is leap _c be made ) prop] =ce & facility unless ! fix+ ( ! pole 9 ! gr\nd & ! spr+ are made exactly at ! same mom5t4 ,to acquire ?is1 ! le>n] %\ld place himself at ! di/ance ( a mod]ate pace 9 front ( ! dit*2 raise ! left foot & ! pole toge!r2 plant bo? toge!r1 ! =m] 9 ! spot :5ce he int5ds mak+ ! spr+1 & ! latt] 9 ! dit*2 !n in/antly sw+ himself r\nd ! pole1 to ! opposite bank4 ,z soon z he c easily take ! prop] position & balance1 he may endeav\r to sw+ 8 legs high]2 & 9 proportion z he becomes m exp]t1 he mu/ place 8 h&s high] up ! pole1 9 ord] to h a great] sw+4 ,he mu/ aft]w>ds make a previ\s run ( two1 ?ree1 or f\r paces1 gradually increas+ 9 velocity2 & always tak+ c>e t ! spr++ foot & ! pole come to ! gr\nd at ! same mom5t4 ,:5 ?is difficulty is ov]come1 he may practise ! ex]cise ov] ! leap+-/&4 ,9 leap+ ov] ! cord1 ! le>n] mu/ take ! pole 9 bo? h&s2 make a r quick run2 conclude ?is ) ! spr+1 & plant+ ! pole at ! same mom5t2 raise rapidly 8 :ole body1 by means ( ?is spr+ & a p[]ful support on ! pole1 & sw+ ov] ! cord2 turn+ 8 body s t1 at ! desc5t1 8 face is direct$ to ! place :5ce he sprung4 ,?is is a g5]al description ( ! high leap2 b x is necess>y to expla9 ! p>ts into :i* x may be divid$1 z foll[s1-- #a4 ,9 ! h&l+ ! pole 7,plate ,,xii4 fig4 #a71 x is immat]ial1 z to ! l[] h&1 :e!r ! ?umb or ! little f+] be upp]mo/3 ! upp] h& mu/ h ! ?umb upw>d4 ,! position ( ! upp] h& is regulat$ by t ( ! l[] "o3 z ?is advances high] up1 ! =m] mu/ be proportionally rais$4 ,! l[] h& !n mu/ be plac$ at a height proportionate to t ( ! leap3 ?us1 if ! latt] be six feet1 ! l[] h& mu/ be at lea/ f five & a half to six feet f ! l[] end ( ! pole4 ,! leap] is1 aft] a little practice1 enabl$ to seize ! pole 9 ! prop] way1 f a m]e glance at ! leap4 #b4 ,! prep>atory run ( f twelve to fifte5 paces is accel]at$ z ! leap] approa*es ! cord4 ,^u ?is run pr9cipally dep5d ! facility & ! success ( ! leap4 ,z ! spr+ c take place only ) "o foot1 & z ?is mu/ arrive correctly at ! spr++ place1 x is necess>y t ! ord] ( ! /eps %\ld be arrang$ s z to effect ?is object4 ,if ! leap] %\ld be oblig$ to correct himself by mak+ a few /eps1 ei!r long] or %ort]1 j be=e mak+ ! spr+1 ! leap is r5d]$ difficult4 #c4 ,! fix+ ( ! pole 9 ! gr\nd1 & ! spr+1 mu/ take place at ! same in/ant1 because by t means ! upp] & l[] memb]s op]ate toge!r1 no p[] is lo/1 & ! sw+ is p]=m$ ) ! greate/ facility4 ,! place ( ! pole1 h[ev]1 v>ies ) ! height ( ! leaps2 9 leaps ( ab\t f\r feet1 ! di/ance ( "o foot f ! cord is suffici5t2 9 high] leaps1 x %\ld be f "o & a half to two feet4 ,! be/ plan is to h a small pit dug 9 front ( ! cord 7see ,plate ,,xii4 figs4 #b & #c71 & to remove ! /& f x1 z ! height ( ! leap increases2 or ! /& may rema9 at a foot & a half f ! pit1 & ! le>n] be taught to make all ! leaps f x4 ,! spr+ is made ) "o foot1 at ! di/ance ( two1 ?ree1 f\r1 or five feet f ! plant ( ! pole4 ,if ! leap] keep ! left h& l[e/1 he mu/ spr+ ) ! left foot1 & vice v]s4 #d4 ,! sw+ upw>d is effect$ by ! =ce ( ! spr+1 ! support ( ! l[]1 & ! pull ( ! upp] h&2 b pr9cipally by ! propulsion ( ! run1 :i* be+ sudd5ly modifi$ by ! fix+ ( ! pole1 has its horizontal direction *ang$ into a slant+ asc5t1 & c>ries ! body ( ! leap] ov] ! cord4 ,! leap] mu/ c>efully obs]ve t ! spr+ ( ! foot1 & ! plant ( ! pole1 be 9 ! direction ( ! prep>atory run4 #e4 ,! turn+ ( ! body dur+ ! sw++ upw>d1 is necess>y4 ,:5 ! leap] is go+ to spr+1 he has 8 face turn$ t[>ds ! object ( ! leap1 z 9 ,plate ,,xii4 fig4 #a2 b z 8 feet sw+1 8 body turns r\nd ! pole4 ,:5 8 feet h pass$ ov] ! o!r side ( ! cord1 ! head is /ill consid]ably on ?is side3 ! leap] !n appe>s z 9 fig4 #b4 ,spe$ily1 ! middle ( 8 body is on ! o!r side ( ! cord1 & he beg9s ! desc5t1 z 9 fig4 #c4 ,x w\ld be impossible to desc5d 9 ?is position o!rwise ?an ) 8 face direct$ to ! place :]e ! leap 0 comm5c$4 #f4 ,! quitt+ ( ! pole dur+ ! leap is effect$ by giv+ x a pu% ) "o h&1 at ! mom5t ( greate/ height1 & ?is causes x to fall on ! inn] side ( ! cord4 #g4 ,! c>ry+ ( ! pole ov] ! cord is m difficult4 ,! leap] mu/ !n raise ! pole a little f ! gr\nd at ! mom5t ( beg9n+ ! desc5t1 & in/antly elevate ! l[] "p ( x ) ! l[e/ h&1 & depress ! upp] "p ) ! o!r2 ! consequ5ce be+1 t1 at ! desc5t1 ! l[] end ( ! pole w po9t upw>d1 & ! upp] end d[nw>d4 ,?is %\ld be practis$ fir/ 9 l[ leaps4 ,illu/ration #h4 ,! desc5t dep5ds entirely ^u ! mann] 9 :i* ! leap is made3 if ! leap be p]fect1 ! desc5t w be s4 ,! usual fault 9 desc5d+ is1 t ! leap]1 hav+ pass$ ! cord1 falls to ! gr\nd almo/ p]p5dicul>ly in/ead ( obliquely4 ,9 ! annex$ figure1 a is ! place :5ce ! spr+ is made1 c ! section ( ! cord1 b ! position ( ! leap] ov] x1 d 8 "r1 & e 8 wrong desc5t4 ,! latt] is faulty because x ?r[s him s mu* out ( balance1 t 9 ord] n to fall backw>d1 he mu/ run backw>d to d4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 he desc5ds 9 prop] balance to ! gr\nd1 he moves n an in* f ! spot :]e 8 feet alight2 & ?is complete re/ foll[+ ! desc5t is ! sign ( a p]fect leap4 ,! desc5t1 z already expla9$1 mu/ take place ^u ! balls ( ! toes1 & ) a s9k+ ( ! knees4 ,! position ( ! body is suffici5tly expla9$ by ,plate ,,xii4 figs4 #a1 #b1 & #c2 b _m le>n to sw+ ! legs s well z to raise !m1 dur+ ! highe/ "p ( ! leap1 consid]ably above ! head4 ,ord] ( ex]cises 9 ! high leap1 to be v gradually attempt$3-- #a4 ,! height ( ! hips4 #b4 ,t ( ! pit ( ! /oma*4 #c4 ,t ( ! *94 #d4 ,t ( ! cr[n ( ! head4 #e4 ,t ( ! po9ts ( ! f+]s--t is1 z high z ! latt] c rea*4 ,9 p]=m+ ^! leaps1 ! pole is p>t$ )4 ,z _m m may =m a repetition ( ! prec$+1 ) ?is diff]5ce1 t ! leap] c>ries ! pole ov] ) him4 ,a simil> numb] may repeat ! fir/1 except t ! leap]1 betwe5 ! spr+ & desc5t1 makes a complete turn r\nd ! pole1 s z aga9 to br+ 8 face 9 ! direction ( ! leap4 ,?is enl>g$ turn is r5d]$ easi] by leap+ a little high] ?an ! cord requires4 ,,! ,,long ,,leap ,,) ,a ,,pole4 ,?is leap is ! mo/ useful1 be+ applicable almo/ ev]y:]e2 & p>ticul>ly 9 a c\ntry int]sect$ ) small riv]s1 dit*es1 c4 ,x %\ld be fir/ practis$ ov] a dit* ab\t ?ree feet deep1 eight feet broad at "o end1 & ab\t tw5ty-"o feet at ! o!r1 & ( any conv5i5t l5g?4 ,9 ?is ex]cise1 ! pole %\ld be r /rong] & long] ?an 9 ! prec$+ "o--dep5d+1 h[ev]1 on ! l5g? ( ! leap1 & ! height ( ! bank x is made f4 ,! usual l5g? is f t5 to ?irte5 feet4 ,! h&l+ ( ! pole is ! same z 9 ! high leap4 ,! prep>atory run is rapid1 9 proportion to ! l5g? ( ! leap4 ,! spr+ takes place z 9 ! prec$+ ex]cise4 ,! sw+ is also ! same1 except t ! curve ( ! leap is wid]4 ,! turn+ ( ! body may likewise be simil>1 b x is conv5i5t to make only a qu>t] turn4 ,9 ! desc5t1 ! h& presses m ^u ! pole2 & ! feet are /ret*$ out to rea* ! opposite bank1 z 9 ,plate ,,xiii4 fig4 #a1 9 :i* ! leap] is desc5d+4 ,ano!r me?od ( leap+ a riv]1 is to =ce ! body up s high by ! pressure ( ! h&s 7( :i* "o re/s ^u ! end ( ! pole1 or v ne> x71 z to sw+ ov] ! top ( ! pole1 & all[ x to pass betwe5 ! legs :5 desc5d+4 7,plate ,,xiii4 fig4 #b47 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xii ,page #ed4 ,pole ,leap+4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xiii ,page #ee4 ,pole ,leap+4 ,try ! foll[+3-- #a4 ,! leap ( two l5g?s ( ! body4 #b4 ,t ( ?ree l5g?s ( ! body4 #c4 ,t ( f\r l5g?s ( ! body4 #d4 ,p]sons ( equal /r5g? try to outleap "o ano!r4 ,! l5g?s ( #ah1 #bj1 #bb1 & #bd feet are frequ5tly done by practis$ leap]s4 ,,! ,,deep ,,leap ,,) ,a ,,pole4 ,"h nei!r ! prep>atory run nor ! spr+ occur3 !re is no?+ :i* requires ! ex]tion ( ! l[] memb]s4 ,! use ( ! h&s & arms1 h[ev]1 is peculi>ly requisite1 z well z a little ( ! art ( balanc+4 ,! leap] fixes ! pole1 at a conv5i5t di/ance f ! place :]e he /&s1 9 a *asm1 dit*1 or riv]1 hav+ "o bank high1 & ! opposite "o l[4 ,seiz+ x ) bo? h&s 9 ! usual way1 he slips along x l[] & l[]2 ! :ole weight ( 8 body1 at la/1 re/+ ^u x4 ,?us1 if ! dep? is consid]able1 z two l5g?s ( ! body1 he may slide s f> d[n ^u x1 t 8 head appe>s slant+ d[nw>d4 ,9 ?is position1 he makes a slight pu% aga9/ ! bank1 or m]ely quits x1 ) 8 feet1 :i* he sw+s by ! side ( ! pole to ! opposite bank4 ,"h1 also1 ! desc5t is p]=m$ ^u ! balls ( ! toes1 ) b5d+ ( ! knees4 ,! pr9cipal advantage 9 ?is leap lies 9 ! art ( support+ ! body1 )\t tott]+2 & = ?is purpose1 x is absolutely necess>y t ! feet %\ld be /ret*$ out f> f ea* o!r1 9 an angul> =m1 o!rwise ! balance might be lo/4 ,! be/ way ( practis+ ?is 9 an ex]cise gr\nd1 is by a flight ( /eps4 ,to ! ex]cise ( ! abdom9al memb]s1 ^! leaps unite a /rong action ( ! muscles ( ! ?orax1 arms1 & =e-arms1 & ev5 ( ^? ( ! palms ( ! h&4 ,! body is only half impell$ by ! abdom9al memb]s2 b ?is impulse is r5d]$ complete by consid]able ef=t on ! "p ( ! ?oracic memb]s4 ,! latt]1 9 ! v]tical leap1 be+ support$ by ! n>r[ & moveable base af=d$ by ! pole1 assi/ greatly 9 rais+ ! body1 & ev5 keep x a mom5t susp5d$ = ! legs to pass ov] 7if ! object to be cle>$ is v high7 be=e x all[s ! body to obey ! =ce ( gravity :i* c>ries x d[n4 ,?is ex]cise communicates :at is t]m$ great lightness to ! body1 & great suppl5ess--t is to say1 great relative /r5g? ( ! abdom9al memb]s2 & x also developes ! sup]ior memb]s4 ,x is good = lymphatic temp]am5ts & "y p]sons1 b x %\ld n be indulg$ 9 imm$iately aft] meals4 ,x may occasion accid5ts ( ! bra9 & sp9al m>r[1 unless all ! articulations are b5t on return+ to ! gr\nd4 ,,balanc+4 ,balanc+ is ! art ( pres]v+ ! /ability ( ! body ^u a n>r[ or a mov+ surface4 ,! balanc+ b> consi/s ( a r\nd & tap]+ pole1 support$ horizontally1 ab\t ?ree feet f ! gr\nd1 by upright po/s1 "o at its ?ick] extremity1 & ano!r ab\t ! middle1 betwe5 ! p>ts ( :i* x may be rais$ or l[]$ by means ( an iron peg pass+ ?r\gh holes 9 _! sides4 ,! unsupport$ end ( ! b> wav]s1 ( c\rse1 :5 /epp$ ^u--7,plate ,,xiv47 ,! upp] surface ( ! b> be+ smoo? 9 dry wea!r1 ! soles ( ! %oes %\ld be damp$2 ! gr\nd ab\t ! b> %\ld consi/ ( s&1 & ! ex]cises be cauti\sly p]=m$4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xiv ,page #eg4 ,balanc+4 ,,position ,,& ,,action ,,9 ,,balanc+4 ,9 ?is ex]cise1 ! head %\ld be held up1 ! body erect1 ! %\ld]s back1 ! arms ext5d$1 ! h&s %ut1 & ! feet turn$ outw>ds4 ,at fir/1 ! balanc] may be assi/$ along ! b>2 b he mu/ gradually receive less & less aid1 till at la/ ! assi/ant only rema9s by 8 side4 ,! pole may be m\nt$ ei!r f ! gr\nd or f ! rid+ position on ! beam4 ,9 ! latt] case1 ! balanc] may raise ! "r foot1 place x flat on ! beam1 ) ! heel ne> ! upp] "p ( ! ?igh1 & rise on ! po9t ( ! foot1 c>ry+ ! weight ( ! body be=e him4 7,plate ,,xiv4 fig4 #a47 ,9 ?is case1 ! beam mu/ n be t\*$ ) ! h&s2 ! left leg mu/ hang p]p5dicul>ly1 ) ! toe t[>ds ! gr\nd1 & ! arms be /ret*$ =w>d4 ,aft] keep+ ! balance = "s m9utes 9 ?is position1 he mu/ /ret* ! left leg out be=e him1 place 8 heel on ! middle ( ! beam1 ) ! toe well turn$ outw>d1 & transf] ! weight ( ! body f ! po9t ( ! "r foot to ! left heel--7,plate ,,xiv4 fig4 #b74 ,^! /eps he mu/ p]=m alt]nately1 till he rea*es ! end ( ! beam4 ,,turns ,,9 ,,balanc+4 ,:5 ! balanc] is able to walk firmly & 9 good position along ! b>1 & to spr+ (f :5ev] he may lose 8 balance1 he may attempt to turn r\nd1 fir/ at ! broad1 !n at ! n>r[ end1 & to return4 ,he may next try to g backw>d4 ,9 accompli%+ ?is1 x is no long] ! heel1 b ! tip ( ! toes1 :i* receives ! weight2 ! leg :i* hangs be+ /ret*$ backw>d1 ) ! hip1 knee1 & heel =m+ a "r angle1 till ! toes1 by a transv]se motion1 are s plac$ on ! middle ( ! beam1 t ! balanc] c safely transf] to !m ! :ole weight ( ! body4 ,to acquire ! art ( pass+ an ob/acle plac$ lat]ally1 two balanc]s may pass ea* o!r ?us3--,!y mu/ hold "o ano!r fa/ by ! arms1 advance brea/ to brea/1 place ea* 8 "r foot close =w>d to t ( 8 comrade1 across ! b> 7,plate ,,xiv4 fig4 #c71 & turn completely r\nd ea* o!r1 by ea* /epp+ ) 8 left foot r\nd ! "r "o ( ! o!r1 z 9 ,plate ,,xiv4 fig4 #d4 ,to acquire ! art ( pass+ an ob/acle plac$ inf]iorly1 a l>ge /one may be laid ^u ! b>1 or a /ick may be held be=e ! balanc]1 ab\t ! height ( ! knee4 7,plate ,,xiv4 fig4 #e47 ,to pass ov] m5 plac$ ^u a beam1 ! pupil or pupils :o are a/ride 9 front lie d[n on ! beam1 :i* !y grasp firmly by pass+ _! arms r\nd x4 ,! pupil a 7fig4 #a1 ,plate ,,xv47 hav+ to pass to ! po9t on ! beam m>k$ b1 places 8 h&s on ! wai/b& ( 8 comrade c3 he !n leans ^u 8 arms1 & raises 8 body to pass =w>d ov] 8 comrade1 op5+ 8 legs widely1 s z n to t\* him1 till he places himself a/ride at c4 ,he !n ext5ds 8 h&s & arms = a second movem5t1 places !m at b1 & leans ! body well =w>d1 z %[n 9 fig4 #b1 ,plate ,,xv4 ,be+ ?us plac$1 he makes ! la/ movem5t1 raises 8 body ^u ! arms to pass ov] 8 comrade's head )\t t\*+ x1 :i* is ! *ief rule ( ?is ex]cise1 & places himself a/ride ^u ! beam at b1 mov+ 8 h&s imm$iately1 & ext5d+ !m to re/ at d4 ,?is movem5t be+ f9i%$1 he cont9ues advanc+ a/ride1 along ! beam1 ov] ! o!rs1 if !re be any2 raises himself to an upright position1 & lies d[n 9 8 turn on ! beam4 ,?is la/ attitude requires "s c>e1 because ! head mu/ incl9e ei!r to ! "r or left ( ! beam1 z %[n 9 ! plates1 & ! pupil mu/ hold tight to ! beam ) ! arms & ?ighs1 :i* requires bo? skill & /r5g?4 ,! pupil may also pass z %[n 9 fig4 #c1 ,plate ,,xv4 ,?is me?od is v easy = ! p]son pass+1 & inde$ m s ?an any o!r2 b x is necess>y t ! pupil :o is 9 ! position b %\ld h le>nt to raise himself up on ! beam1 or "k h[ to advance along x und]nea?1 9 a rev]s$ position4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xv ,page #eh4 ,balanc+4 ,x is impossible = any "o :o has n se5 ! c>nivals ( ,v5ice1 & o!r t[ns 9 ,italy1 to =m an idea ( all ! difficulties t h be5 surm\nt$ 9 ! art ( equilibrium4 ,to acquire ! art ( c>ry+ any body1 ! balanc] may at fir/ walk along ! b> ) 8 h&s fold$ across 8 brea/1 in/ead ( us+ !m to balance himself2 & he may aft]w>ds c>ry bodies ( v>i\s magnitudes4 99 99 99 99 99 ,to ?is notice ( ! rules by :i* ! art ( ,balanc+ may be be/ acquir$1 x w n be out ( place to subjo9 a slight outl9e ( its importance to all :o desire to arrive at excell5ce 9 any ( ! ,manly ,ex]cises4 ,motion--! s\rce ( !m all--if n absolutely dep5d5t = exi/5ce ^u equilibrium1 )\t x w\ld be b ! infancy ( action--movem5t tott]+1 unc]ta91 p[]less4 ,! fir/ ef=t ( locomotion--! walk1 )\t x1 possesses nei!r =ce nor decision3 9 ! same ratio t a high] degree ( muscul> ex]tion is dem&$1 increases ! value & importance ( ! art :i* tea*es h[ be/ to apply ! vital en]gies to its s]vice4 ,:at a wise economy is to ! social1 ?is art is to ! physical sy/em3 bo? s]ve to augm5t our res\rces1 by in/ruct+ u s to husb& !m t ! t]m 8necessity0 be n kn[n to our vocabul>y4 ,:ile 9 e in/ance equilibrium adds greatly to physical p[]1 9 _m x /&s altoge!r 9 its /ead4 ,to ! mo/ casual obs]v] ( our usual sports x w be manife/ t ?is is ! case 9 ,skat+2--! m att5tive & compet5t w h little difficulty 9 trac+ its effects 9 ,leap+1 ,vault+1 ,swimm+1 & ?r\gh almo/ ! :ole catalogue4 ,x is to ! lat] writ]s on horseman%ip t we are indebt$ = ! k ( its vital s]vice to ! eque/rian4 ,! tru? ( _! !ory is prov$ by ! fact t1 :]e =m]ly sc>ce a ti! ( a hunt+-field 0 f\nd to ride to h\nds1 n[ n9e-t5?s are ord9>ily to be se5 9 good places4 --------,sc\r+ along1 ,9 pleas+ hurry & confusion toss'd1 ,happy ! man1 :o ) unrivall'd spe$ ,c pass 8 fell[s4 ,,c>ry+ ,,weight4 ,! p[] ( rais+ & c>ry+ weight is ( great importance 9 a g5]al view4 ,_m advantages w be d]iv$ f x2 = besides /r5g!n+ ! locomotive muscles1 ^u :i* all our physical op]ations dep5d1 x w =tify also all ! sy/em & all ! organs4 ,all p]sons1 moreov]1 may f9d !mselves "u ! necessity ( rais+ & c>ry+ a w\nd$ or fa9t+ p]son1 & may be glad to h cultivat$ & acquir$ ! p[] necess>y to p]=m su* an act4 ,9 accu/om+ "y p]sons to c>ry burd5s1 !y %\ld be taught to support :at is on ! back fir/ ) "o h& & !n ) ! o!r3 by ^! means ! muscles are equally ex]cis$ on ea* side1 & acquire an equal developem5t4 ,^! burd5s1 h[ev]1 mu/ n exce$ _! /r5g?2 & !y %\ld be taught n to c>ry on "o side 9 pref]5ce1 = fe> ( de=m+ ! limbs4 ,!re are sev]al modes ( support+ weights1 & ( try+ ! am\nt ( p[] possess$ = ?is k9d ( ex]cise4 ,fig4 #a1 ,plate ,,xvi4 repres5ts "o me?od4 ,x consi/s 9 load+ ! %\ld]s ) sacks full ( articles ^: weight is previ\sly kn[n4 ,! position ( ! arms & h&s is su* t ! pupil c support a great weight3 b 9 ?is way he c walk b v sl[ly2 & x is !re=e1 s f>1 disadvantage\s4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xvi ,page #fj4 ,c>ry+ ,weight4 ,fig4 #b1 9 ! same plate1 supports a weight by means ( a hod4 ,?is is fill$ ) balls or /ones1 ( :i* ! weight is kn[n4 ,! =m ( ! weight is ( consequ5ce4 ,a soldi] n[ c>ries ) ease a knapsack full ( articles1 & additional weight above x1 because ! flat %ape t has be5 lately adopt$ fits ! body1 & lies close to ! back1 z 9 fig4 #c1 & ! c5tre ( gravity is ?us v little d]ang$4 ,b if ! knapsack 7 ( ! old %ape1 v project+ & v r\nd1 z 9 fig4 #d1 ! soldi] w\ld be =c$ to incl9e 8 body =w>d1 & w\ld n be able to c>ry z great a weight1 nor m>* z long a "t1 9 consequ5ce ( fatigue4 ,x is = ?is reason1 among o!rs1 desirable to ext5d ! k ( ! mo/ simple rules ( me*anics1 because ^! rules are s]viceable 9 avoid+ _m dang]s1 & dim9i%+ ! fatigue & ! ef=ts t vacillation 9 ! movem5ts produces4 ,we may make use ( a hook to be> boxes or bags 9 addition1 ) ! weights m>k$1 & ?us le>n ! c>ri]'s /r5g?4 ,milo1 says hi/ory1 fir/ c>ri$ a calf imm$iately aft] its bir?1 & cont9u$ to d s e day till x _h rea*$ its full size4 ,x 0 said by ?is means t he 0 able to c>ry ev5 ! ox itself1 & aft]w>ds ?r[ x on ! gr\nd & kill x ) 8 fi/4 ,augu/us ! ,second1 ,k+ ( ,pol&1 c>ri$ a man ^u 8 h&4 ,a man nam$ ,r\ssel1 a lab\r] 9 ! environs ( ,lisle1 :o on a small] scale 7be+ b f\r feet t5 in*es 9 height71 0 =m$ exactly l ! ,f>nese ,h]cules1 rais$ on 8 %\ld]s a weight ( eighte5 hundr$ p\nds4 ,he cle>$ a circle six feet 9 height ) v little spr+ & "o hundr$-weight 9 ea* h&4 ,:5 seat$ on ! gr\nd1 he rose up )\t aid1 c>ry+ two m5 on 8 arms4 ,equally a/oni%+ 9 ! /r5g? ( 8 lo9s1 he took up two hundr$-weight lean+ backw>ds ov] a *air4 8,i h se5 ?is rem>kable man10 says ,fri$l&]3 8! :ole ( 8 family are v /rong3 8 si/] & bro!r are equally rem>kable 9 ?is po9t40 ,x is v /rik+ to f9d 9 him ! *>act]i/ic traits ) :i* antiquity depict$ ! ideal ( bodily /r5g?4 ,9 ! ,encyclopdia ( ,krumtz1 vol4 lxxii41 we f9d in/ances ( "s m5 simil> to ,r\ssel1 :o liv$ at ! comm5cem5t ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,a man nam$ ,eck5b]g rais$ a cannon ( two ?\s& five hundr$ p\nds weight2 & two /rong m5 7 unable to take f him a /ick t he held betwe5 8 tee?4 ,9 numb] #ddf ( ! ,biblio!que ,britannique1 is to be f\nd a report ( "s trials made by a ,mr4 ,%ulze1 9 8 manufactory1 ( ! /r5g? ( m5 ( diff]5t heights4 ,^! trials %[ :at influ5ce an elevat$ /ature has ^u ! v]tical height to :i* a man c raise any weight4 ,a %ort man is1 9 8 turn1 capable ( employ+ m =ce 9 ano!r direction4 ,,?r[+ ,,! ,,discus4 ,among ! ,greeks1 ?r[+ ! discus did n =m "p ( ! games till ! eighte5? ,olympiad4 ,?is ex]cise consi/$ 9 ?r[+1 z f> z possible1 a mass ( wood or /one1 b m commonly ( iron or copp]1 ( a l5ticul> =m4 ,f ! te/imony ( anci5t au?ors1 !re 0 no m>k or butt fix$1 except ! spot :]e ! discus ?r[n by ! /ronge/ ( ! discoboli alight$4 ,m]curiali has h&$ d[n to u ?ree engrav+s1 9 :i* ! discus is n ( ! same %ape4 ,! fir/ engrav+ repres5ts f\r discoboli 9 ! act ( ?r[+ ) ! "r h& a discus :i* is z ?ick at ! circumf]5ce z at ! c5tre1 :i* has be5 bor$4 ,! second repres5ts ! /atue ( a discobolus hold+ a discus app>5tly ( a sph]ical =m1 9 ! left h&4 ,! ?ird %[s ! arm ( an a?lete ) a flat discus4 ,! discus 9 ! la/ two engrav+s n[ m5tion$1 cov]s ! great] "p ( ! front ( ! =e>m2 & all t ! anci5ts h writt5 respect+ ?is in/rum5t1 t5ds to %[ t x 0 ( enorm\s size & weight4 ,hom] tells u1 t ! a?letes ?rew ! discus ei!r up into ! air m]ely z a prelude to accu/om _! arms to x1 or horizontally :5 !y 7 /riv+ = ! prize4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xvii ,page #fc4 ,?r[+ ! ,discus4 ,to p]=m ?is ex]cise prop]ly1 ! ?r[] %\ld n only balance ! discus well on ! "r arm1 7suppos+ x to be on t arm1 z 9 ,plate ,,xvii4 fig4 #a72 b at ! mom5t x leaves ! h&1 he %\ld ?r[ ! :ole ( ! "r side =w>d1 s t ! impulse may be assi/$ by ! weight ( ! :ole body4--7,plate ,,xvii4 fig4 #b47 ,?is ex]cise v mu* /r5g!ns ! body1 & developes1 9 a p>ticul> mann]1 ! limb by :i* ! discus is ?r[n4 ,x may be usefully employ$ 9 cases :]e x is desirable to rem$y weakness 9 ei!r ( ! arms2 & x is well calculat$ to br+ up ! p[] ( ! left arm to t ( ! "r4 ,! mod]n quoit diff]s f ! anci5t discus only 9 ?is1 t ! in/rum5t s call$ is mu* small] ?an ! discus1 t its use is a m]e idle pa/ime1 & t ! object is always to ?r[ x z close z possible to a fix$ m>k1 requir+ m skill ?an /r5g?4 ,x is evid5t t ! discus may be heav$ f above ! %\ld] z well z flung f bel[4--7,see ,plate ,,xvii4 fig4 #c47 ,no ex]cises c excel ^! = ! acquirem5t ( p[]4 ,!y ought to be mu* practis$ ) bo? h&s4 ,a man ( mod]ate /r5g? w ?r[ a p\nd weight ( lead a di/ance ( #adj feet1 or !reab\ts4 ,silex #a #abf feet4 ,ditto #ade ,brick #afj ,,climb+4 ,climb+ is ! art ( transport+ ! body 9 any direction1 by ! aid1 9 g5]al1 bo? ( ! h&s & feet4 ,! climb+-/& consi/s ( two /rong poles1 ab\t fifte5 feet high1 & f fifte5 to tw5ty-five feet di/ant1 :i* are firmly fix$ 9 ! gr\nd1 & support a beam /rongly fa/5$ to !m4 ,"o pole is two in*es & a half 9 diamet]2 ! o!r1 :i* s]ves z a ma/1 %\ld be consid]ably ?ick]2 & bo? s]ve ! purpose ( climb+4 ,to ! beam are atta*$ o!r implem5ts ( climb+3 viz4 a ladd]1 an incl9$ bo>d1 a ma/1 an incl9$ pole1 a horizontal b>1 a rope ladd]1 an upright1 an incl9$1 & a level rope4--7,plate ,,xviii47 ,,k9ds ,,( ,,climb+4 ,climb+ on fix$ bodies %\ld fir/ be practis$4 ,! ,ladd]4 ,ex]cises on ! ladd] may be practis$ 9 ! foll[+ ways3-- #a4 ,by asc5d+ & desc5d+ z usual4 #b4 ,) "o h&1 c>ry+ some?+ 9 ! o!r4 #c4 ,)\t us+ ! h&s4 #d4 ,pass+ ano!r on ! front ( ! ladd]1 or sw++ to ! back1 to let ano!r pass4 ,! ,incl9$ ,bo>d4 ,?is %\ld be r r\gh1 ab\t two feet broad1 & two in*es ?ick4 ,to climb x1 x is necess>y to seize bo? sides ) ! h&s1 & to place ! feet flat 9 ! middle1 ! incl9ation ( ! bo>d be+ dim9i%$ ) ! progress ( ! pupil4 ,at fir/1 x may =m ) ! gr\nd an angle ( ab\t ?irty degrees2 & ! climb] %\ld n g m ?an half-way up4 ,?is angle may gradually be augm5t$ to a "r angle1 or ! direction ( ! bo>d may be made p]p5dicul>4 ,:5 ! bo>d is ?us little or n at all incl9$1 ! body mu/ be mu* curv$ inw>d1 & ! legs ?ru/ up1 s t ! high] "o is ne>ly ev5 ) ! h&4 ,9 desc5d+1 small & quick /eps are necess>y4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xviii ,page #fd4 ,climb+4 ,! ,upright ,pole4 ,! upright pole %\ld be ab\t two in*es & a half 9 diamet]1 p]fectly smoo? & free f spl9t]s4 ,! position ( ! climb] is %[n 9 ,plate ,,xviii4 fig4 #a1 :]e no?+ t\*es ! pole except ! feet1 legs1 knees1 & h&s4 ,he grasps z high z possible ) bo? h&s1 raises himself by b5d+ ! body & draw+ 8 legs up ! pole1 holds fa/ by !m1 ext5ds ! body1 aga9 grasps high] up ) 8 h&s1 & cont9ues ! same use ( ! legs & arms4 ,! desc5t is p]=m$ by slid+ d[n ) ! legs1 & sc>cely t\*+ ) ! h&s1 z 9 ,plate ,,xviii4 fig4 #b4 ,! ,ma/4 ,?is is m difficult1 z x _c be grasp$ ) ! h&s2 & x consequ5tly %\ld n be practis$ until ! climb] is exp]t 9 ! previ\s ex]cises4 ,! position ( ! legs is ! same z = ! pole2 b1 in/ead ( grasp+ ! ma/1 ! climb] lays hold ( 8 left arm ) 8 "r h&1 or ! rev]se1 & cl+s to ! ma/ ) ! :ole body1 z 9 ,plate ,,xviii4 fig4 #c4 ,! ,slant ,pole4 ,?is mu/ be at lea/ ?ree in*es ?ick2 & z1 9 ?is ex]cise1 ! h&s be> m ( ! weight ?an 9 climb+ ! upright pole1 x %\ld n be attempt$ until exp]tness 9 ! o!r is acquir$4 ,! ,horizontal1 or ,slightly ,incl9$ ,b>4 ,?is may be ab\t two in*es wide at top1 f t5 to fifte5 feet long1 & support$ by two po/s1 respectively six & sev5 feet high4 ,! climb] mu/ grasp ) bo? h&s z high a "p ( ! b> z he c rea*1 &1 ) arms ext5d$1 support 8 own weight z long z possible4 ,he mu/ next endeav\r to b5d ! elb[s s mu*1 t "o %\ld] rema9s close "u ! b>1 z se5 9 ,pl ,,xviii4 fig4 #d4 ,or he may place bo? h&s on ! same side1 & draw himself up s f> z to see ov] x1 keep+ ! legs & feet close & ext5d$4 ,he may !n hang ) 8 h&s fix$ on bo? sides1 ne> to ea* o!r1 hav+ ! elb[s mu* b5t1 ! upp] p>ts ( ! arms close to ! body1 & "o %\ld] close "u ! b>2 may l[] ! head backw>ds1 & may1 at ! same "t1 raise ! feet to t\* ea* o!r ov] ! b>4--7,pl ,,xviii4 fig4 #e47 ,9 ! la/ position1 he may move ! h&s "o be=e ! o!r1 =w>d or backw>d1 & may ei!r slide ! feet along ! b>1 or alt]nately *ange !m l ! h&s1 & reta9 a simil> hold4 ,hang+ also by ! h&s alone1 z 9 ,pl ,,xviii4 fig4 #f1 he moves !m ei!r =w>d or backw>d1 keep+ ! arms firm1 & ! feet close & ext5d$4 ,or he may place himself 9 front ( ! b>1 hang+ by bo? h&s1 & move lat]ally4 ,be+ likewise 9 front ( ! b>1 ) 8 h&s re/+ ^u x1 z 9 ,pl ,,xviii4 fig4 #g1 he may move along ! b> ei!r to ! "r or left4 ,9 ! position ( ,pl ,,xviii4 fig4 #e1 ! climb] may endeav\r to sit ^u ! b>1 = in/ance1 on ! "r side1 by tak+ hold ) ! "r knee-jo9t1 grasp+ firmly ) ! "r h&1 & br++ ! left armpit ov] ! b>4 ,! rid+ position is ?us easily obta9$4 ,f ! rid+ position1 he may1 by support+ himself ) "o ?igh1 turn t[>ds ! front ( ! b>1 all[+ ! leg ( ! o!r side to hang d[n2 & he may !n v easily move along ! b> sideways1 by rais+ 8 body ) 8 h&s plac$ lat]ally on ! b>4 ,! ,rope ,ladd]4 ,?is %\ld h sev]al rundles to spread x out1 & ought1 9 all respects1 to be s con/ruct$1 z n to twi/ & entangle4 ,! only difficulty "h is t1 z x hangs p]p5dicul>ly1 & is flexible1 its /eps are liable to be pu%$ =w>d1 & 9 t case1 ! body is ?r[n into an oblique position1 & ! :ole weight falls on ! h&s4 ,to prev5t ?is1 ! climb] mu/ keep ! body /ret*$ out & upright4--7,plate ,,xviii4 fig4 #h47 ,! ,upright ,rope4 ,9 ?is ex]cise1 ! secur+ ! rope may be effect$ 9 v>i\s ways4 ,9 ! fir/ me?od1 %[n 9 ,pl ,,xviii4 fig4 #i1 ! h&s & feet alone are employ$4 ,! feet are cross$2 ! rope passes betwe5 !m1 & is held fa/ by _! pressure2 ! h&s !n grasp high]2 ! feet are drawn up2 !y are aga9 appli$ to ! rope2 & ! same process is repeat$4 ,9 ! second1 :i* is ! sailor's me?od1 %[n at ,pl ,,xviii4 fig4 #aj1 ! rope passes f ! h&s1 g5]ally along ! "r ?igh1 j above ! knee2 w9ds r\nd ! inside ( ! ?igh1 "u ! knee-jo9t1 ov] ! outside ( ! leg1 & across ! in/ep1 :5ce x hangs loose2 & ! climb]1 by tread+ ) ! left foot ^u t "p ( ! rope :]e x crosses ! "r "o1 is firmly support$4 ,?is mode ( climb+ requires ! "r leg & foot to be s manag$ t ! rope keeps its prop] w9d+ :5ev] x is quitt$ by ! left foot4 ,9 desc5d+1 to prev5t injury1 ! h&s mu/ be l[]$ alt]nately4 ,to re/ ^u ! upright rope1 %[n 9 ,pl ,,xviii4 fig4 #aa1 ! climb] mu/ sw+ ! "r foot r\nd ! rope1 s z to w9d x ?ree or f\r times r\nd ! leg2 mu/ turn x1 by means ( ! left foot1 once or twice r\nd ! "r "o1 ( :i* ! toes are to be b5t upw>ds2 & mu/ tread firmly ) ! left foot ^u ! la/ w9d+4 ,or1 to obta9 a m p]fect re/ he may l[] 8 h&s along ! rope1 z 9 ,figure #aa1 hold ) ! "r h&1 /oop1 grasp ) ! left ! "p ( ! rope bel[ ! feet1 raise x & himself aga91 & w9d x r\nd 8 %\ld]s1 c41 until he is firmly support$4 ,! ,oblique ,rope4 ,! climb] mu/ fix himself to ! rope1 z 9 ,pl ,,xviii4 fig4 #ab1 & advance ! h&s along x1 z already direct$4 ,! feet may move along ! rope alt]nately2 or "o leg1 hang+ ov] ! rope1 may slide along x2 or1 :i* is be/1 ! sole ( "o foot may be laid ^u ! rope1 & ! o!r leg across its in/ep1 s t ! friction is n felt4 ,! ,level ,rope4 ,?is may h its ends fa/5$ to po/s ( equal heights2 & ! same ex]cises may be p]=m$ ^u x4 ,climb+ ,trees4 ,9 attempt+ ?is ex]cise1 ! k9d ( ! wood & /r5g? ( ! bran*es mu/ be consid]$4 ,summ] is ! be/ "t = practis+ x1 z )]$ bran*es are !n mo/ easily disc]n$2 & ev5 !n x is be/ to climb l[ trees1 until "s exp]i5ce is acquir$4 ,z ! surface ( bran*es is smoo?1 or moi/ & slipp]y1 ! h&s mu/ nev] = a mom5t be relax$4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,,skat+4 ,skat+ is ! art ( balanc+ ! body1 :ile1 by ! impulse ( ea* foot alt]nately1 x moves rapidly ^u ! ice4 ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,! ,,skate4 ,! wood ( ! skate %\ld be slightly holl[$1 s z to adapt x to ! ball ( ! foot2 &1 z ! heel ( ! boot mu/ be ?ick en\gh to admit ! peg1 x may be well to l[] ! wood ( ! skate correspond+ to ! heel1 s z to p]mit ! foot to rega9 t degree ( horizontal position :i* x w\ld o!rwise lose by ! height ( ! heel2 = ! m ( ! foot t is 9 contact ) ! skate1 ! m firmly w ^! be atta*$4 ,z ! tread ( ! skate %\ld correspond1 z ne>ly z possible1 ) t ( ! foot1 ! wood %\ld be ( ! same l5g? z ! boot or %oe2 ! irons ( good /eel1 & well secur$ 9 ! wood4 ,^! %\ld pass beyond ! screw at ! heel1 ne>ly z f> z ! wood itself2 b ! b[ ( ! iron %\ld n project mu* beyond ! tread4 ,if ! skate project mu* beyond ! wood1 ! :ole foot1 & m especially its h9d "p1 mu/ be rais$ consid]ably f ! ice :5 ! front or b[ ( ! skate is br\ght to be> ^u x2 &1 z ! skat] dep5ds ^u ?is "p = ! p[] ( 8 /roke1 x is evid5t t t mu/ be greatly dim9i%$ by ! g5]al di/ance ( ! foot f ! ice4 ,9 %ort1 if ! skate be too long1 ! /roke w be feeble1 & ! back ( ! leg pa9fully cramp$3 if x be too %ort1 ! foot+ w be proportionally un/eady & tott]+4 ,z ! position ( ! p]son 9 ! act ( skat+ is nev] v]tical1 & is sometimes v mu* incl9$1 & z consid]able ex]tion ( ! muscles ( ! leg is requisite to keep ! ankle /iff1 ?is ought to be reliev$ by ! l[ness ( ! skates4 ,see+1 !n1 t ! clos] ! foot is to ! ice1 ! less is ! /ra9 on ! ankle1 x is cle> t ! foot ought to be br\ght z ne> to ! ice z possible1 )\t dang] ( br++ ! sole ( ! %oe 9 contact ) x1 :ile trav]s+ on ! edge ( ! skate4 ,! be/ height is ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in*1 & ! iron ab\t a qu>t] ( an in* ?ick4 ,! groov$ or flut$ skate1 if ev] useful1 is ( s]vice only to boys1 or v light p]sons1 ^: weight is n suffici5t to cat* ! ice 9 a h>d fro/4 ,x c]ta9ly %\ld nev] be us$ by a p]son :o is heavi] ?an a boy ( ?irte5 or f\rte5 ye>s ( age usually is1 because ! %>p edge too easily cuts into ! ice1 & prev5ts figur+4 ,flut$ skates1 inde$1 are ev5 dang]\s3 = ! sn[ or ice cutt+s are apt to collect & consolidate 9 ! grooves1 till ! skat] is rais$ f ! edge ( 8 skate1 & ?r[n4 ,9 ! g5]al incl9ation ( ! foot 9 skat+1 no edge c h great] p[] ?an t ( rectangul> %ape3 ! t5d5cy ( its action is d[nw>ds1 cutt+ ?r\gh r ?an slid+ on ! surface2 & great] hold ?an ?is is unnecess>y4 ,! irons ( skates %\ld be kept well & %>ply gr\nd4 ,?is ought to be done across ! /one1 s z to give ! bottom ( ! skate s slight a concavity z to be imp]ceptible1 :i* insures an edge ^: angle is n great] ?an "r4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 t "o edge is n high] ?an ! o!r2 s t1 :5 ! skate is plac$ ^u an ev5 surface1 x may /& q p]p5dicul>ly4 ,! we> ( ! iron n be+ great ) a beg9n]1 "o gr9d+ w g5]ally la/ him ?r\gh an ord9>y w9t]'s skat+ on clean ice4 ,! bottom ( ! iron %\ld be a little curv$2 =1 if p]fectly /raight1 x w\ld be capable ( describ+ only a /raight l9e1 :]eas ! skat]'s progress mu/ be circul>1 because1 9 ord] to br+ ! edge to be>1 ! body mu/ be incl9$1 & incl9ation c be pres]v$ only 9 circul> motion4 ,?is curve ( ! iron %\ld be "p ( a circle1 ^: radius is ab\t two feet4 ,t %ape enables ! skat] to turn 8 toe or heel outw>ds or inw>ds ) facility4 ,a screw w\ld h a firm] hold ?an a m]e peg 9 ! hole ( ! boot2 b1 z x is less easily remov$1 skat]s g5]ally pref] ! peg4 ,! skat] %\ld be c>eful n to bore a l>g] hole 9 ! heel ?an is suffici5t to admit ! peg4 ,! m simple ! fa/5+s ( ! skate ! bett]4 ,! two /raps--namely1 ! cross /rap ov] ! toe1 & ! heel /rap--_c be improv$1 unless p]haps by pass+ "o /rap ?r\gh ! ?ree bores1 & s mak+ x s]ve = bo?4 ,illu/ration ,be=e go+ on ! ice1 ! "y skat] mu/ le>n to tie on ! skates1 & may also le>n to walk ) !m easily 9 a room1 balanc+ alt]nately on ea* foot4 ,,dress ,,( ,,! ,,skat]4 ,a skat]'s dress %\ld be z close & un9cumb]$ z possible4 ,l>ge skirts get entangl$ ) 8 own limbs1 or ^? ( ! p]sons :o pass ne> him2 & all fulness ( dress is expos$ to ! w9d4 ,loose tr\s]s1 frocks1 & m especially great-coats1 mu/ be avoid$2 & inde$1 by we>+ additional "u-clo?+1 !y c always be disp5s$ )4 ,z ! ex]cise ( skat+ produces p]spiration1 flannel next ! *e/1 %\ld]s1 & lo9s1 is necess>y to avoid ! evils produc$ by sudd5 *ills 9 cold wea!r4 ,! be/ dress is :at is call$ a dress-coat1 button$1 tight pantaloons1 & lac$ boots 7hav+ ! heel no high] ?an is necess>y = ! peg71 :i* hold ! foot tightly & /eadily 9 its place1 z well z give ! be/ support to ! ankle2 = x is ( no use to draw ! /raps ( ! skate h>d1 if ! boot or %oe be loose4 ,,prelim9>y ,,& ,,g5]al ,,directions4 ,ei!r v r\gh or v smoo? ice %\ld be avoid$4 ,! p]son :o = ! fir/ "t attempts to skate1 mu/ n tru/ to a /ick4 ,he may make a fri5d's h& 8 support1 if he require "o2 b t %\ld be soon rel9qui%$1 9 ord] to balance himself4 ,he w probably scramble ab\t = half an h\r or s1 till he beg9s to f9d out :]e ! edge ( 8 skate is4 ,! beg9n] mu/ be fe>less1 b n viol5t2 nor ev5 9 a hurry4 ,he %\ld n let 8 feet get f> ap>t1 & keep 8 heels /ill ne>] toge!r4 ,he mu/ keep ! ankle ( ! foot on ! ice q firm2 n attempt+ to ga9 ! edge ( ! skate by b5d+ x1 because ! "r mode ( gett+ to ei!r edge is by ! incl9ation ( ! :ole body 9 ! direction requir$2 & ?is incl9ation %\ld be made fe>lessly & decisively4 ,! leg :i* is on ! ice %\ld be kept p]fectly /raight2 =1 ?\gh ! knee mu/ be some:at b5t at ! "t ( /rik+1 x mu/ be /raight5$ z quickly z possible )\t any j]k4 ,! leg :i* is (f ! ice %\ld also be kept /raight1 ?\gh n /iff1 hav+ an easy b slight play1 ! toe po9t+ d[nw>ds1 & ! heel )9 f six to twelve in*es ( ! o!r4 ,! le>n] mu/ n look d[n at ! ice1 nor at 8 feet1 to see h[ !y p]=m4 ,he may at fir/ incl9e 8 body a little =w>d1 = safety1 b hold 8 head up1 & see :]e he goes1 8 p]son erect1 & 8 face r elevat$ ?an o!rwise4 ,:5 once (f1 he mu/ br+ bo? feet up toge!r1 & /rike aga91 z soon z he f9ds himself /eady en\gh1 r>ely all[+ bo? feet to be on ! ice toge!r4 ,! position ( ! arms %\ld be easy & v>i$2 "o be+ always m rais$ ?an ! o!r1 ?is elevation be+ alt]nate1 & ! *ange correspond+ ) t ( ! legs2 t is1 ! "r arm be+ rais$ z ! "r leg is put d[n1 & vice v]s1 s t ! arm & leg ( ! same side may n be rais$ toge!r4 ,! face mu/ be always turn$ 9 ! direction ( ! l9e int5d$ to be describ$4 ,h5ce1 9 backw>d skat+1 ! head w be incl9$ mu* ov] ! %\ld]2 9 =w>d skat+1 b slightly4 ,all sudd5 & viol5t action mu/ be avoid$4 ,/opp+ may be caus$ by slightly b5d+ ! knees1 draw+ ! feet toge!r1 incl9+ ! body =w>d1 & press+ on ! heels4 ,x may also be caus$ by turn+ %ort to ! "r or left1 ! foot on ! side to :i* we turn be+ r m advanc$1 & support+ "p ( ! weight4 ,,! ,,ord9>y ,,run1 ,,or ,,inside ,,edge ,,=w>d4 ,! fir/ attempt ( ! beg9n] is to walk1 & ?is walk %ortly becomes a slid+ gait1 done entirely on ! inside edge ( ! skate4 ,! fir/ impulse is to be ga9$ by press+ ! inside edge ( "o skate aga9/ ! ice1 & advanc+ ) ! opposite foot4 ,to effect ?is1 ! beg9n] mu/ br+ ! feet ne>ly toge!r1 turn ! left some:at out1 place ! "r a little 9 advance & at "r angles ) x1 lean =w>d ) ! "r %\ld]1 & at ! same "t move ! "r foot onw>ds1 & press %>ply1 or /rike ! ice ) ! inside edge ( ! left skate1--c>e be+ tak5 in/antly to ?r[ ! weight on ! "r foot4 7,plate ,,xix4 fig4 #a47 ,:ile ?us 9 motion1 ! skat] mu/ br+ up ! left foot ne>ly to a level ) ! o!r1 & may = ! pres5t proce$ a %ort way on bo? feet4 ,he mu/ next place ! left foot 9 advance 9 its turn1 br+ ! left %\ld] =w>d1 incl9+ to t side1 /rike f ! inside edge ( ! "r skate1 & proce$ z be=e4 ,f9ally1 ?is motion has only to be repeat$ on ea* foot alt]nately1 gradually keep+ ! foot f :i* he /ruck long] (f ! ice1 till he has ga9$ suffici5t comm& ( himself to keep x (f altoge!r1 & is able to /rike directly f "o to ! o!r1 )\t at any "t hav+ !m bo? on ! ice toge!r4 ,hav+ practis$ ?is till he has ga9$ "s degree ( firmness & p[]1 & a comm& ( 8 balance1 he may proce$ to ,,! ,,=w>d ,,roll1 ,,or ,,outside ,,edge4 ,?is is commonly reckon$ ! fir/ /ep to figure skat+1 z1 :5 x is once effect$1 ! re/ foll[s ) ease4 ,! impulse is ga9$ 9 ! same mann] z = ! ord9>y run2 b1 to get on ! outside edge ( ! "r foot1 ! mom5t t foot is 9 motion1 ! skat] mu/ advance ! left %\ld]1 ?r[ ! "r arm back1 look ov] ! "r %\ld]1 & incl9e ! :ole p]son boldly & decisively on t side1 keep+ ! left foot susp5d$ beh9d4 7,plate ,,xix4 fig4 #b47 ,z he proce$s1 he mu/ br+ ! left foot pa/ ! inside ( ! "r1 ) a slight j]k1 :i* produces an oppos+ balance ( ! body2 ! "r foot mu/ quickly press1 fir/ on ! outside ( ! heel1 !n on ! inside1 or its toe2 ! left foot mu/ be plac$ d[n 9 front1 be=e x is remov$ m ?an ab\t eight or t5 in*es f ! o!r foot2 &1 by /rik+ outside to ! left1 giv+ at ! same mom5t a /rong pu% ) ! inside ( ! "r toe1 ! skat] passes f "r to left1 incl9+ to ! left side1 9 ! same mann] z he did to ! "r4 ,he !n cont9ues to *ange f left to "r1 & f "r to left1 9 ! same mann]4 ,at fir/ he %\ld n rema9 long ^u "o leg1 nor scruple occasionally to put ! o!r d[n to assi/2 & ?r\gh\t he mu/ keep himself erect1 lean+ mo/ on ! heel4 ,! ,dut* travell+ roll is done on ! outside edge =w>d1 9 ! mann] j repres5t$1 except t !re is describ$ a small segm5t ( a v l>ge circle1 ?us3 ,illu/ration div]g+ f ! /raight l9e no m ?an is requisite to keep ! skate on its edge4 ,! cross roll or figure #h is also done on ! outside edge =w>d4 ,?is is only ! completion ( ! circle on ! outside edge2 & x is p]=m$ by cross+ ! legs1 & /rik+ f ! outside in/ead ( ! inside edge4 ,9 ord] to d ?is1 z ! skat] draws to ! close ( ! /roke on 8 "r leg1 he mu/ ?r[ ! left q across x1 :i* w cause him to press h>d on ! outside ( ! "r skate1 f :i* he mu/ imm$iately /rike1 at ! same "t ?r[+ back ! left arm1 & look+ ov] ! left %\ld]1 to br+ him well ^u ! outside ( t skate4 ,by complet+ ! circle 9 ?is mann] on ea* leg1 ! #h is =m$3 ,illu/ration ea* circle be+ small1 complete1 & well-=m$1 be=e ! foot is *ang$4 ,! ,m]cury figure is m]ely ! outside & inside =w>d succe$+ ea* o!r on ! same leg alt]nately1 by :i* a s]p5t9e l9e is describ$1 ?us3 ,illu/ration ,?is is skat$ ) ! =ce & rapidity ga9$ by a run4 ,:5 ! run is complete1 & ! skat] on ! outside edge1 8 p]son becomes quiesc5t1 9 ! attitude ( ,m]cury1 hav+ ! "r arm advanc$ & mu* rais$1 ! face turn$ ov] ! "r %\ld]1 & ! left foot (f ! ice1 a %ort di/ance beh9d ! o!r1 turn$ out & po9t$4 ,,figure ,,( ,,?ree1 ,,or ,,inside ,,edge ,,backw>ds4 ,?is figure is =m$ by turn+ f ! outside edge =w>d to ! inside edge backw>d on ! same foot4 ,! head ( ! #c is =m$ l ! half circle1 on ! heel ( ! outside edge2 b :5 ! half circle is complete1 ! skat] leans sudd5ly =w>d1 & re/s on ! same toe inside1 & a backw>d motion1 mak+ ! tail ( ! #c1 is ! consequ5ce4 ,! figure describ$ by ! "r leg %\ld be ne>ly 9 ! =m ( ,no4 #a2 & on ! left leg %\ld be rev]s$1 & resemble ,no4 #b4 ,illu/ration3 #a4 ,illu/ration3 #b4 ,at fir/1 ! skat] %\ld n ?r[ himself q s h>d z hi!rto on ! outside =w>d1 9 ord] t he may be able ! m easily to *ange to ! inside back4 ,he may also be = "s "t cont5t$ ) mu* less ?an a semicircle be=e he turns4 ,hav+ done ?is1 & br\ght ! left leg ne>ly up to ! o!r1 he mu/ n pass x on 9 advance1 z he w\ld to complete a circle1 b ?r[ x g5tly (f sidewise1 at ! same mom5t turn+ ! face f ! "r to ! left %\ld]1 & giv+ ! :ole p]son a slight incl9ation to ! left side4 ,^! motions ?r[ ! skat] ^u ! inside ( 8 skate2 b z ! fir/ impulse %\ld /ill reta9 mo/ ( its =ce1 he cont9ues to move on ! inside back1 9 a direction s little diff]5t1 t 8 fir/ impulse loses little by ! *ange4 7,plate ,,xix4 fig4 #a47 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xix ,page #gg4 ,skat+4 ,if unable to *ange ! edge by ?is me?od1 ! skat] may assi/ himself by slightly & g5tly sw++ ! arm & leg outw>d1 s z to incl9e ! p]son to a rotatory motion4 ,?is sw+1 h[ev]1 mu/ be correct$ z soon z ! object is atta9$2 & x mu/ g5]ally be obs]v$ t ! *ange f edge to edge is to be effect$ m]ely by ! incl9ation ( ! body1 n by sw++4 ,:5 ! skat] is able to jo9 ! ends ( ! #c1 s z to =m "o side ( a circle1 !n1 by /rik+ (f 9 ! same mann]1 & complet+ ano!r #c1 ) ! left leg1 ! comb9ation ( ! two #c's w =m an #h4 ,9 ! fir/ attempts1 ! #c %\ld n be made above two feet long1 :i* he w acquire ! p[] ( do+ almo/ imp]ceptibly4 ,he may !n gradually ext5d ! size z he advances 9 ! art4 ,?\gh1 9 ?is section1 backw>d skat+ is spok5 (1 ! t]m ref]s to ! skate only1 :i* 9 su* case moves heel =emo/1 b ! p]son ( ! skat] moves sidewise1 ! face be+ always turn$ 9 ! direction 9 :i* he is proce$+4 ,,outside ,,edge ,,backw>ds4 ,"h ! skat]1 hav+ complet$ ! #c1 & be+ c>ri$ on by ! fir/ impulse1 /ill cont9ues 8 progress 9 ! same direction1 b on ! o!r foot1 putt+ x d[n on its outside edge1 & cont9u+ to g backw>ds sl[ly4 ,to accompli% ?is1 ! skat]1 aft] mak+ ! #c1 & plac+ ! outside edge ( 8 left foot on ! ice1 %\ld at once turn 8 face ov] ! "r %\ld]1 raise 8 "r foot f ! ice1 & ?r[ back 8 "r arm & %\ld]4 7,plate ,,xix4 fig4 #b47 ,if1 = a:ile1 he is unable readily to raise t foot :i* has made ! #c1 & leave himself on ! outside ( ! o!r skate1 he may keep bo? d[n = "s di/ance1 putt+ himself1 h[ev]1 9 attitude ( be+ on ! outside only ( "o skate1 & gradually lift+ ! o!r (f ! ice z he acquires ability4 ,:5 f9i%+ any figure1 ?is use ( bo? feet backw>d has great conv5i5ce & beauty4 ,be=e v5tur+ on ! outside backw>d1 ! skat] ought to take c>e t ! ice is cle> ( /ones1 re$s1 c41 & also be c]ta9 ( ! good quality ( 8 irons4 ,:5 go+ ) great =ce backw>d1 ! c\rse may be deflect$1 s z to /op by degrees2 &1 :5 mov+ sl[ly1 ! susp5d$ foot may be put d[n 9 a cross direction to ! pa?4 ,su* are ! f\r movem5ts ( :i* alone ! skate is capable3 namely1 ! inside edge =w>d2 ! outside =w>d2 ! inside back2 & ! outside back2 9 :i* has be5 se5 h[ ! impulse = ! fir/ two is ga9$1 & h[ ! ?ird fl[s f ! second1 & ! f\r? f ! ?ird4 ,by ! comb9ation ( ^! elem5ts ( skat+1 & ! v>iations ) :i* !y succe$ ea* o!r1 are =m$ all ! evolutions 9 ?is art4 ,! ,d\ble ,?ree is t comb9ation 9 :i* ! skates are br\ght f ! inside back ( ! fir/ ?ree1 to ! outside =w>d ( ! second4 ,"h ! skat]1 aft] hav+ complet$ "o #c1 & be+ on ! inside back1 mu/ br+ ! :ole ( ! left side =w>d1 p>ticul>ly ! leg1 till x is ?r[n almo/ across ! "r1 on :i* he is skat+4 ,?is action br+s him once m to ! outside =w>d1 f :i* he aga9 turns to ! inside back4 ,:ile he is /ill 9 motion on ! second inside back ( ! "r leg1 he mu/ /rike on ! left1 & repeat ! same on t4 ,x is at fir/ en\gh to d two #c's p]fectly & smoo?ly4 ,_! numb] f "o impulse may be increas$ z ! skat] ga9s /ead9ess & skill2 ! art ( accompli%+ ?is be+ to t\* z lightly z possible on ea* side ( ! skate successively1 s t ! fir/ impulse may be pres]v$ & made ! mo/ (4 ,! ,back ,roll is a means ( mov+ f "o foot to ano!r4 ,suppose ! skat] to h put himself on ! outside edge back ( ! left leg1 ) consid]able impulse1 by means ( ! #c p]=m$ on ! "r1--n be>+ h>d on ! edge1 = ! object is to *ange x1 & take up ! motion on ! "r foot1--?is is effect$ by ?r[+ ! left arm & %\ld] back1 & turn+ ! face to look ov] !m2 :51 hav+ br\ght ! inside ( 8 left skate to be> on ! ice1 he mu/ imm$iately /rike f x to ! outside back ( ! o!r1 by press+ x into ! ice z =cibly z he c at ! toe4 ,hav+ ?us be5 br\ght to ! backw>d roll on ! "r foot1 he repeats ! same ) x4 ,! ,back ,cross ,roll is done by *ang+ ! balance ( ! body1 to move f "o foot to ! o!r1 9 ! same mann] z = ! back roll4 ,! /roke is f ! outside in/ead ( ! inside edge ( ! skate2 ! edge on :i* he is skat+ n be+ *ang$1 b ! "r foot1 :i* is (f ! ice1 be+ cross$ at ! back ( ! left1 & put d[n1 & ! /roke tak5 at ! same mom5t1 f ! outside edge ( ! left skate1 at ! toe4 ,z 9 ! back roll ( bo? =ms1 ! /rokes are b feeble1 ! skat] may1 f "t to "t1 r5ew 8 impulse z he f9ds occasion1 by comm5c+ anew ) ! #c4 ,! l>ge outside backw>d roll is atta9$ by a run1 :5 ! skat]1 hav+ ga9$ all ! impulse he c1 /rikes on ! outside =w>d ( ! "r leg1 turns ! #c1 & imm$iately put d[n ! left on ! outside back4 ,he !n1 )\t fur!r ef=t1 flies rapidly ov] ! ice2 ! left arm be+ rais$1 ! head turn$ ov] ! "r %\ld]1 & ! "r foot turn$ out & po9t$4 ,x mu/ be evid5t1 t ! elem5ts describ$ may be comb9$ & v>i$ inf9itely4 ,h5ce waltz & quadrille skat+1 c41 :i* may be describ$ z comb9ations ( #c's1 outside backw>ds1 c4 ,^! are left to ! judgm5t ( ! skat]1 & 8 skill 9 ! art4 ,9 ! ,nor? x is common to travel 9 skates on ! gulfs & riv]s2 &1 ) a fav\rable w9d1 !y g fa/] ?an vessels4 ,x is a k9d ( flight1 = !y only t\* ! gr\nd 9 a v slight ?9 l9e4 ,z to feats 9 skat+1 we are told1 t ! ,friesl&]1 :o is g5]ally a skilful skat]1 (t5 goes = a long "t at ! rate ( fifte5 miles an h\r4 ,9 #ahja1 two "y wom51 go+ ?irty miles 9 two h\rs1 won ! prize 9 a skat+ race at ,gron+54 ,9 #ahba1 a ,l9coln%ire man1 = a wag] ( #ajj gu9eas1 skat$ "o mile )9 two seconds ( ?ree m9utes4 ,,dang]s ,,9 ,,skat+4 ,if ! *e/ be irritable1 x is nei!r salut>y nor easy to skate aga9/ ! w9d4 ,9 c\ntries :]e ^! ex]cises are g5]al1 inflammations ( ! *e/ are v common 9 w9t]4 ,skat+ sometimes exposes to mu* dang]4 ,if ! skat] f9d t he _c get away f rott5 ice1 he mu/ crawl ov] x on 8 h&s & knees1 9 ord] to r$uce 8 weight on ! support+ po9ts4 ,if he fall on x at l5g?1 he mu/ roll away f x t[>ds ice m firm4 ,if he fall into a hole1 he mu/ ext5d 8 arms horizontally ov] ! edges ( ! unbrok5 ice1 & only tread wat]1 till a ladd] or a plank is pu%$ t[>ds him1 or a rope is ?r[n = 8 hold4 ,,treatm5t ,,recomm5d$ ,,9 ,,! ,,case ,,( ,,dr[n$ ,,p]sons4 ,,cautions4--#a4 ,lose no "t4 #b4 ,avoid all r\gh usage4 #c4 ,nev] hold ! body up by ! feet4 #d4 ,nor roll ! body on casks4 #e4 ,nor rub ! body ) salt or spirits4 #f4 ,nor inject tobacco-smoke or infusion ( tobacco4 ,,re/orative ,,means ,,if ,,app>5tly ,,dr[n$4--,s5d quickly = m$ical assi/ance2 b d n delay ! foll[+ means4 ,i4 ,convey ! body c>efully1 ) ! head & %\ld]s support$ 9 a rais$ position1 to ! ne>e/ h\se4 ,,ii4 ,/rip ! body1 & rub x dry2 !n wrap x 9 hot blankets1 & place x 9 a w>m b$ 9 a w>m *amb]4 ,,iii4 ,wipe & cleanse ! m\? & no/rils4 ,,iv4 ,9 ord] to re/ore ! natural w>m? ( ! body3 #a4 ,move a heat$ cov]$ w>m+-pan ov] ! back & sp9e4 #b4 ,put bladd]s or bottles ( hot wat]1 or heat$ bricks1 to ! pit ( ! /oma*1 ! arm-pits1 betwe5 ! ?ighs1 & to ! soles ( ! feet4 #c4 ,fom5t ! body ) hot flannels2 b1 if possible1 #d4 ,imm]se ! body 9 a w>m ba?1 z hot z ! h& c be> )\t pa91 z ?is is pref]able to ! o!r means = re/or+ w>m?4 #e4 ,rub ! body briskly ) ! h&2 d n1 h[ev]1 susp5d ! use ( ! o!r means at ! same "t4 ,v4 ,9 ord] to re/ore brea?+1 introduce ! pipe ( a common bell[s 7:]e ! app>atus ( ! ,society is n at h&7 into "o no/ril1 c>efully clos+ ! o!r & ! m\?3 at ! same "t draw d[nw>ds & pu% g5tly backw>ds ! upp] "p ( ! w9dpipe1 to all[ a m free admission ( air3 bl[ ! bell[s g5tly 9 ord] to inflate ! lungs1 till ! brea/ be a little rais$3 ! m\? & no/rils %\ld !n be set free1 & a mod]ate pressure %\ld be made ) ! h& ^u ! *e/4 ,repeat ?is process till life appe>s4 ,,vi4 ,electricity %\ld be employ$ e>ly by a m$ical assi/ant4 ,,vii4 ,inject into ! /oma*1 by means ( an ela/ic tube & syr+e1 half a p9t ( w>m br&y & wat]1 or w9e & wat]4 ,,viii4 ,apply sal-volatile or h>t%orn to ! no/rils4 ,,if ,,app>5tly ,,dead ,,f ,,int5se ,,cold4--,rub ! body ) sn[1 ice1 or cold wat]4 ,re/ore w>m? by sl[ degrees2 & aft] "s "t1 if necess>y1 employ ! means recomm5d$ = ! dr[n$4 ,9 ^! accid5ts1 x is highly dang]\s to apply heat too e>ly4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,,aquatic ,,ex]cises ,,swimm+4 ,swimm+1 consid]$ ) reg>d to ! movem5ts t x requires1 is useful 9 promot+ great muscul> /r5g?2 b ! good effects are n solely ! result ( ! ex]cise t ! muscles receive1 b p>tly ( ! m$ium 9 :i* ! body is mov$4 ,bo? ! consid]able increase ( g5]al =ce1 & ! tranquilliz+ ( ! n]v\s sy/em produc$ by swimm+1 arise *iefly f ?is1 t ! movem5ts1 9 consequ5ce ( ! cold & d5se m$ium 9 :i* !y take place1 occasion no loss4#h ,x is easy to conceive ( :at utility swimm+ mu/ be1 :]e ! v high /ate ( ! atmosph]ic temp]ature requires inactivity 9 consequ5ce ( ! excessive loss caus$ by ! slighte/ movem5t4 ,x !n becomes an exce$+ly valuable res\rce1 ! only "o1 inde$1 by :i* muscul> weakness c be rem$i$1 & ! en]gy ( ! vital functions ma9ta9$4 ,we mu/ !re=e reg>d swimm+ z "o ( ! mo/ b5eficial ex]cises t c be tak5 9 summ]4 #h ,! expression 8loss0 "h1 is us$ z ! result produc$ by increas$ evaporation f ! pores1 consequ5t ^u viol5t bodily ex]tion4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xx ,page #hc4 ,swimm+--,attitude4 ,! anci5ts1 p>ticul>ly ! ,a!nians1 reg>d$ swimm+ z indisp5sable2 & :5 !y wi%$ to designate a man :o 0 fit = no?+1 !y us$ to say1 8he _c ev5 swim10 or 8he c nei!r read nor swim40 ,at _m seaports1 ! art ( swimm+ is almo/ indisp5sable2 & ! sailors' *ildr5 are z famili> ) ! wat] z ) ! air4 ,cop5hag5 is p]haps ! only place :]e sailors are tra9$ by rules ( art2 & !re1 ?is ex]cise is m g5]al & 9 great] p]fection ?an else:]e4 ,x may "h be obs]v$1 t x is n fe> alone t prev5ts a man swimm+4 ,swimm+ is an art t mu/ be le>nt2 & fe> is only an ob/acle to ! le>n+4 ,,prep>atory ,,in/ructions ,,z ,,to ,,attitude ,,& ,,action ,,9 ,,swimm+4 ,z x is on ! movem5ts ( ! limbs1 & a c]ta9 attitude ( ! body1 t ! p[] ( swimm+ dep5ds1 its fir/ pr9ciples may evid5tly be acquir$ out ( ! wat]4 ,attitude4 ,! head mu/ be drawn back1 & ! *9 elevat$1 ! brea/ project$1 & ! back holl[$ & kept /eady4 7,plate ,,xx4 figs4 #a & #b47 ,! head c sc>cely be ?r[n too mu* back1 or ! back too mu* holl[$4 ,^? :o d o!rwise1 swim ) _! feet ne> ! surface ( ! wat]1 in/ead ( hav+ !m two or ?ree feet deep4 ,action ( ! ,h&s4 ,9 ! prop] position ( ! h&s1 ! f+]s mu/ be kept close1 ) ! ?umbs by ! edge ( ! =e-f+]s2 & ! h&s made concave on ! inside1 ?\gh n s mu* z to dim9i% _! size & p[] 9 swimm+4 ,! h&s1 ?us =m$1 %\ld be plac$ j be=e ! brea/1 ! wri/ t\*+ x1 & ! f+]s po9t+ =w>d4 7,plate ,,xxi4 fig4 #a47 ,! fir/ elevation is =m$ by rais+ ! ends ( ! f+]s ?ree or f\r in*es high] ?an ! re/ ( ! h&s4 ,! second1 by rais+ ! out] edge ( ! h& two or ?ree in*es high] ?an ! inn] edge4 ,! =mation ( ! h&s1 _! fir/ position1 & _! two modes ( elevation1 be+ cle>ly und]/ood1 ! =w>d /roke is next made1 by project+ !m 9 t direction to _! utmo/ ext5t1 employ+ !re9 _! fir/ elevation1 9 ord] to produce buoyancy1 b tak+ c>e ! f+]s d n break ! surface ( ! wat]4 7,plate ,,xxi4 fig4 #b47 ,9 ! outw>d /roke ( ! h&s1 ! second elevation mu/ be employ$2 &1 9 x1 !y mu/ sweep d[nw>d & outw>d z l[ z1 b at a di/ance f1 ! hips1 bo? lat]ally & ant]iorly4 7,plate ,,xxi4 figs4 #c & #d47 ,! retraction ( ! h&s is effect$ by br++ ! arms clos] to ! sides1 b5d+ ! elb[ jo9ts upw>ds & ! wri/s d[nw>ds1 s t ! h&s hang d[n1 :ile ! arms are rais+ !m to ! fir/ position1 ! action ( ! h&s be+ g5tle & easy4 ,9 ! ?ree movem5ts j describ$1 "o arm may be ex]cis$ at a "t1 until ea* is accu/om$ to ! action4 ,action ( ! ,feet4 ,9 draw+ up ! legs1 ! knees mu/ be incl9$ inw>d1 & ! soles ( ! feet outw>d4 7,plate ,,xxii4 fig4 #a47 ,! ?r[+ out ! feet %\ld be to ! ext5t ( ! legs1 z widely f ea* o!r z possible4 7,plate ,,xxii4 fig4 #b47 ,! br++ d[n ! legs mu/ be done briskly1 until !y come close toge!r4 ,9 draw+ up ! legs1 !re is a loss ( p[]2 9 ?r[+ out ! legs1 !re is a ga9 equal to t loss2 & 9 br++ d[n ! legs1 !re is an evid5t ga94 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxi ,page #hd4 ,swimm+--,action ( ! ,h&s4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxii ,page #he4 ,swimm+--,action ( ! ,feet4 ,! arms & legs %\ld act alt]nately2 ! arms desc5d+ :ile ! legs are ris+--7,plate ,,xxii4 fig4 #c72 &1 oppositely1 ! arms ris+ :ile ! legs are desc5d+4 7,plate ,,xxii4 fig4 #d47 ,?us ! action ( bo? is unceas+ly int]*ang$2 &1 until great facility 9 ?is int]*ange is effect$1 no "o c swim smoo?ly1 or keep ! body 9 "o cont9u$ progressive motion4 ,9 practis+ ! action ( ! legs1 "o h& may re/ on ! top ( a *air1 :ile ! opposite leg is ex]cis$4 ,:5 bo? ! arms & ! legs are sep>ately accu/om$ to ! action1 ! arm & leg ( ! same side may be ex]cis$ toge!r4 ,,place ,,& ,,"t ,,( ,,swimm+4 ,place4 ,( all places = swimm+1 ! sea is ! be/2 runn+ wat]s next2 & ponds ! wor/4 ,9 ^! a p>ticul> spot %\ld be *os51 :]e !re is n mu* /ream1 & :i* is kn[n to be safe4 ,! swimm] %\ld make sure t ! bottom is n out ( 8 dep?2 &1 on ?is subject1 he _c be too cauti\s :5 he has no "o ) him :o kn[s ! place4 ,if capable ( div+1 he %\ld asc]ta9 if ! wat] be suffici5tly deep = t purpose1 o!rwise1 he may injure himself aga9/ ! bottom4 ,! bottom %\ld be ( gravel1 or smoo? /ones1 & free f holes1 s t he may be 9 no dang] ( s9k+ 9 ! mud or w\nd+ ! feet4 ,( we$s he mu/ bew>e2 = if 8 feet get entangl$ among !m1 no aid1 ev5 if ne>1 may be able to extricate him4 ,"t4 ,! be/ season ( ! ye> = swimm+ is dur+ ! mon?s ( ,may1 ,june1 ,july1 & ,augu/4 ,morn+ be=e breakfa/--t is to say1 f sev5 till eight o'clock--is ! "t4 ,9 ! ev5+1 ! hair is n p]fectly dri$1 & coryza is sometimes ! consequ5ce4 ,ba?+ dur+ ra9 is bad1 = x *ills ! wat]1 &1 by wett+ ! clo!s1 endang]s cat*+ cold4 ,9 practis+ swimm+ dur+ ^? h\rs ( ! day :5 ! heat ( ! sun is felt mo/ s5sibly1 if ! hair be ?ick1 x %\ld be kept con/antly wet2 if ! head be bald1 x mu/ be cov]$ ) a h&k]*ief1 & frequ5tly wett$4 ,x is advisable n to ent] ! wat] be=e dige/ion is f9i%$4 ,! dang] 9 ?is case arises less f ! viol5t movem5ts :i* g5]ally disord] dige/ion1 ?an f ! impression produc$ by ! m$ium 9 :i* ^! movem5ts are execut$4 ,x is n less s :5 v hot1 or q cold4 ,x is wrong to ent] ! wat] 9 a p]spiration1 h[ev] trifl+ x may be4 ,aft] viol5t ex]cises1 x is bett] to wa% & employ friction ?an to ba!4 ,p]sons ( ple?oric temp]am5t1 :o are subject to p]iodical evacuations1 su* z hemorrhoids1 or ev5 to cutane\s eruptions1 w d well to ab/a9 f swimm+ dur+ ! appe>ance ( ^! affections4 ,dress4 ,e swimm] %\ld use %ort draw]s1 & might1 9 p>ticul> places1 use canvass slipp]s4 ,x is ev5 ( great importance to be able to swim 9 jacket & tr\s]s4 ,aids4 ,! aid ( ! h& is mu* pref]able to corks or bladd]s1 because x c be )drawn gradually & ins5sibly4 ,) ?is view1 a gr[n-up p]son may take ! le>n] 9 8 arms1 c>ry him into ! wat] brea/ high1 place him ne>ly flat ^u x1 support him by "o h& "u ! brea/1 & direct him z to attitude & action4 ,if ! support ( ! h& be v gradually )drawn1 ! swimm] w1 9 ! c\rse ( ! fir/ t5 days1 f9d x q unnecess>y4 ,:5 ! aid ( ! h& _c be obta9$1 inflat$ membranes or corks may be employ$4 ,! only argum5t = _! use is1 t attitude & action may be p]fect$ :ile ! body is ?us support$2 & t1 ) "s contrivance1 !y also may gradually be laid aside1 ?\gh by no means s easily z ! h&4 ,! be/ mode ( employ+ corks is to *oose a piece ab\t a foot long1 & six or sev5 in*es broad2 to fa/5 a b& across ! middle ( x2 to place x on ! back1 s t ! upp] end may come betwe5 ! %\ld]-blades1 :]e ! edge may be r\nd$2 & to tie ! b& ov] ! brea/4 ,ov] ?is1 sev]al o!r pieces ( cork1 ea* small] ?an ! prec$+1 may be fix$1 s t1 z ! swimm] improves1 he may leave !m (f "o by "o4 ,ev5 ) all ^! aids1 ! "y swimm] %\ld nev] v5ture out ( 8 dep?1 if he _c swim )\t !m4 ,cramp4 ,z to cramp1 ^? *iefly are liable to x :o plunge into ! wat] :5 !y are heat$1 :o rema9 9 x till !y are b5umb$ ) cold1 or :o exhau/ !mselves by viol5t ex]cise4 ,p]sons subject to ?is affection mu/ be c>eful ) reg>d to ! selection ( ! place :]e !y ba!1 if !y are n suffici5tly skilful 9 swimm+ to v>y _! attitudes1 & disp5se in/antly ) ! use ( ! limb attack$ by cramp4 ,ev5 :5 ?is does occur1 ! skilful swimm] kn[s h[ to rea* ! %ore by ! aid ( ! limbs :i* are unaffect$1 :ile ! un9/ruct$ "o is liable to be dr[n$4 ,if attack$ 9 ?is way 9 ! leg1 ! swimm] mu/ /rike out ! limb ) all 8 /r5g?1 ?ru/+ ! heel d[nw>d & draw+ ! toes upw>d1 not)/&+ ! mom5t>y pa9 x may occasion2 or he may imm$iately turn flat on 8 back1 & j]k out ! affect$ limb 9 ! air1 tak+ c>e n to elevate x s high z greatly to di/urb ! balance ( ! body4 ,if ?is does n succe$1 he mu/ paddle a%ore ) 8 h&s1 or keep himself afloat by _! aid1 until assi/ance rea* him4 ,%\ld he ev5 be unable to float on 8 back1 he mu/ put himself 9 ! upright position1 & keep 8 head above ! surface by m]ely /rik+ ! wat] d[nw>d ) 8 h&s at ! hips1 )\t any assi/ance f ! legs4 ,,proc$ure ,,:5 ,,9 ,,! ,,wat]1 ,,& ,,usual ,,mode ,,( ,,front ,,swimm+4 ,ent]+ ! ,wat]4 ,in/ructors %\ld nev] =ce "y swimm]s reluctantly to leap into ! wat]4 ,x w\ld be advisable = delicate p]sons1 especially :5 !y int5d to plunge 91 to put a little cotton /eep$ 9 oil1 & aft]w>ds press$1 9 _! e>s1 be=e ent]+ ! wat]4 ,?is precaution w prev5t irritation ( ! organ ( he>+4 ,9 ent]+1 ! head %\ld be wett$ fir/1 ei!r by plung+ 9 head =emo/1 or by p\r+ wat] on x1 9 ord] to prev5t ! pressure ( ! wat] driv+ up ! blood into x too quickly1 & increas+ conge/ion4 ,! swimm] %\ld next advance1 by a cle> %elv+ %ore or bank1 :]e he has asc]ta9$ ! dep? by plumb+ or o!rwise1 till ! wat] rea*es 8 brea/2 %\ld turn t[>ds ! place ( entrance2 &1 hav+ inflat$ 8 brea/1 lay x ^u ! wat]1 suff]+ t to rise to 8 *91 ! lips be+ clos$4 ,buoyancy 9 ! ,wat]4 ,! head alone is specifically heavi] ?an salt wat]4 ,ev5 ! legs & arms are specifically light]2 & ! trunk is /ill m s4 ,?us ! body _c s9k 9 salt wat]1 ev5 if ! lungs 7 fill$1 except ow+ to ! excessive specific gravity ( ! head4 ,n only ! head1 b ! legs & arms1 are specifically heavi] ?an fre% wat]2 b /ill ! holl[ness ( ! trunk r5d]s ! body altoge!r too light to s9k :olly "u wat]1 s t "s "p rema9s above until ! lungs become fill$4 ,9 g5]al1 :5 ! human body is imm]s$1 "o-elev5? ( its weight rema9s above ! surface 9 fre% wat]1 & "o-t5? 9 salt wat]4 ,9 salt wat]1 !re=e1 a p]son ?r[+ himself on 8 back1 & ext5d+ 8 arms1 may easily lie s z to keep 8 m\? & no/rils free = brea?+2 &1 by a small motion ( ! h&1 may prev5t turn+1 if he p]ceive any t5d5cy to x4 ,9 fre% wat]1 a man _c long cont9ue 9 t situation1 except by ! action ( 8 h&s2 & if no su* action be employ$1 ! legs & l[] "p ( ! body w gradually s9k into an upright position1 ! holl[ ( ! brea/ keep+ ! head upp]mo/4 ,if1 h[ev]1 9 ?is position1 ! head be kept upright above ! %\ld]s1 z 9 /&+ on ! gr\nd1 ! imm]sion1 ow+ to ! weight ( ! "p ( ! head out ( ! wat]1 w rea* above ! m\? & no/rils1 p]haps a little above ! eyes4 ,on ! contr>y1 9 ! same position1 if ! head be lean$ back1 s t ! face is turn$ upw>ds1 ! back "p ( ! head has its weight support$ by ! wat]1 & ! face w rise an in* high] at e inspiration1 & w s9k z mu* at e expiration1 b nev] s l[ t ! wat] c come ov] ! m\?4 ,= all ^! reasons1 ?\gh ! impetus giv5 by ! fall ( ! body into wat] occasions its s9k+ to a dep? proportion$ to ! =ce ( ! desc5t1 its natural buoyancy soon impels x aga9 to ! surface1 :]e1 aft] a few oscillations up & d[n1 x settles ) ! head free4 ,un=tunately1 ignorant p /ret* ! arms out to grasp at any?+ or no?+1 & !reby keep ! head "u2 = ! arms & head1 toge!r exce$+ 9 weight "o-t5? ( ! body1 _c rema9 above ! surface at ! same "t4 ,! buoyancy ( ! trunk1 !n & !n only1 occasions ! head & %\ld]s to s9k1 ! ridge ( ! b5t back becom+ ! portion expos$2 &1 9 ?is attitude1 wat] is swall[$1 by :i* ! specific gravity is increas$1 & ! body settles to ! bottom4 ,x is1 !re=e1 mo/ important to ! safety ( ! inexp]i5c$ to be firmly conv9c$ t ! body naturally floats4 ,to satisfy ! beg9n] ( ! tru? ( ?is1 ,dr4 ,frankl9 advises him to *oose a place :]e cle> wat] deep5s gradually1 to walk into x till x is up to 8 brea/1 to turn 8 face to ! %ore1 & to ?r[ an egg into ! wat] betwe5 him & x--s deep t he _c fet* x up b by div+4 ,to enc\rage him to take x up1 he mu/ reflect t 8 progress w be f deep to %all[ wat]1 & t at any "t he may1 by br++ 8 legs "u him1 & /&+ on ! bottom1 raise 8 head f> above ! wat]4 ,he mu/ !n plunge "u x1 hav+ 8 eyes op51 be=e z well z aft] go+ "u2 ?r[ himself t[>ds ! egg1 & endeav\r1 by ! action ( 8 h&s & feet aga9/ ! wat]1 to get =w>d till )9 rea* ( x4 ,9 ?is attempt1 he w f9d t ! wat] br+s him up aga9/ 8 incl9ation1 t x is n s easy to s9k z he imag9$1 & t he _c1 b by =ce1 get d[n to ! egg4 ,?us he feels ! p[] ( wat] to support him1 & le>ns to confide 9 t p[]2 :ile 8 endeav\rs to ov]come x1 & rea* ! egg1 tea* him ! mann] ( act+ on ! wat] ) 8 feet & h&s1 z he aft]w>ds mu/ 9 swimm+1 9 ord] to support 8 head high] above ! wat]1 or to g =w>d ?r\gh x4 ,if1 !n1 any p]son1 h[ev] unacqua9t$ ) swimm+1 w hold himself p]fectly /ill & upright1 z if /&+ ) 8 head some:at ?r[n back s z to re/ on ! surface1 8 face w rema9 above ! wat]1 & he w enjoy full fre$om ( brea?+4 ,to d ?is mo/ effectually1 ! head mu/ be s f> ?r[n back t ! *9 is high] ?an ! =ehead1 ! brea/ inflat$1 ! back q holl[1 & ! h&s & arms kept "u wat]4 ,if ^! directions be c>efully obs]v$1 ! face w float above ! wat]1 & ! body w settle 9 a diagonal direction4 7,plate ,,xxiii4 fig4 #a47 ,9 ?is case1 ! only difficulty is to pres]ve ! balance ( ! body4 ,?is is secur$1 z describ$ by ,b]n>di1 by ext5d+ ! arms lat]ally "u ! surface ( ! wat]1 ) ! legs sep>at$1 ! "o to ! front & ! o!r beh9d3 ?us pres5t+ resi/ance to any t5d5cy ( ! body to incl9e to ei!r side1 =w>d or backw>d4 ,?is po/ure may be pres]v$ any l5g? ( "t4 7,plate ,,xxiii4 fig4 #b47 ,! ,abb ,paul ,moccia1 :o liv$ 9 ,naples 9 #agfj1 p]ceiv$1 at ! age ( fifty1 t he c\ld nev] entirely cov] himself 9 ! wat]4 ,he weigh$ ?ree hundr$ p\nds 7,italian weight71 b be+ v fat1 he lo/ at lea/ ?irty p\nds 9 ! wat]4 ,rob]tson _h j made 8 exp]im5ts on ! specific weight ( man2 & ev]ybody 0 !n occupi$ ) ! ,abb1 :o c\ld walk 9 ! wat] ) ne>ly half 8 body out ( x4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxiii ,page #ij4 ,swimm+--,buoyancy 9 ,wat]4 ,swimm+--,tread+ ,wat]4 ,attitude & ,action 9 ! ,wat]4 ,! swimm] hav+1 by all ! prec$+ means1 acquir$ confid5ce1 may n[ practise ! in/ructions already giv5 on attitude & action 9 swimm+3 or he may fir/ proce$ ) ! sy/em ( ,b]n>di1 :i* imm$iately foll[s4 ,z ! =m] h already be5 giv5 9 ample detail1 !re is no?+ new "h to be add$ respect+ !m1 except t1 :ile ! attitude is correct1 ! limbs mu/ be ex]cis$ calmly1 & free f all hurry & trepidation1 ! brea? be+ held1 & ! brea/ kept inflat$1 :ile a few /rokes are made4 ,9 swimm+ 9 ! usual way1 !re is1 fir/1 ext5sion1 flexion1 abduction & adduction ( ! memb]s2 secondly1 almo/ con/ant dilation ( ! *e/1 to dim9i% ! mobility ( ! po9t ( atta*m5t ( ! muscles :i* are ins]t$ 9 ! ela/ic sides ( ?is cavity1 & to r5d] ! body specifically light]2 ?irdly1 con/ant action ( ! muscles ( ! back "p ( ! neck1 to raise ! head1 :i* is relatively v heavy1 & to all[ ! air free entrance to ! lungs4 ,respiration 9 ,swimm+4 ,if ! brea? is drawn at ! mom5t :5 ! swimm] /rikes out ) ! legs1 in/ead ( :5 ! body is elevat$ by ! h&s desc5d+ t[>ds ! hips1 ! head p>tially s9ks1 ! face is driv5 aga9/ ! wat]1 & ! m\? becomes fill$4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 ! brea? is drawn :5 ! body is elevat$ by ! h&s desc5d+ t[>ds ! hips1 :5 ! progress ( ! body =w>d consequ5tly ceases1 :5 ! face is no long] driv5 aga9/ ! wat]1 b is elevat$ above ! surface1--!n1 n only _c ! wat] ent]1 b if ! m\? 7 at o!r times ev5 )1 or p>tly "u ! surface1 no wat] c\ld ent] x1 z ! air1 at su* times1 driv5 outw>d betwe5 ! lips1 w\ld effectually prev5t x4 ,! brea? %\ld accord+ly be expir$ :ile ! body1 at ! next /roke1 is s5t =w>d by ! action ( ! legs4 ,com+ out ( ! ,wat]4 ,too mu* fatigue 9 ! wat] weak5s ! /r5g? & pres5ce ( m9d necess>y to avoid accid5ts4 ,a p]son :o is fatigu$1 & rema9s !re )\t motion1 soon becomes weak & *illy4 ,z soon z he feels fatigu$1 *ill1 or numb$1 he %\ld quit ! wat]1 & dry & dress himself z quickly z possible4 ,friction1 previ\s to dress+1 drives ! blood ov] e "p ( ! body1 creates an agreeable gl[1 & /r5g!ns ! jo9ts & muscles4 ,,upright ,,swimm+4 ,b]n>di's ,sy/em4 ,! pr9cipal reasons giv5 by ,b]n>di = recomm5d+ ! upright position 9 swimm+ are--its con=mity to ! accu/om$ movem5t ( ! limbs2 ! fre$om x gives to ! h&s & arms1 by :i* any imp$im5t may be remov$1 or any (f]$ aid readily laid hold (2 vision all ar\nd2 a mu* great] facility ( brea?+2 & la/ly1 t mu* less ( ! body is expos$ to ! risk ( be+ laid hold ( by p]sons /ruggl+ 9 ! wat]4 ,! less we alt] our me?od ( advanc+ 9 ! wat] f :at is habitual to u on %ore1 ! m easy d we f9d a cont9u$ ex]cise ( x4 ,! mo/ important consequ5ce ( ?is is1 t1 ?\gh a p]son swimm+ 9 an upright po/ure advances m sl[ly1 he is able to cont9ue 8 c\rse mu* long]2 & c]ta9ly no?+ c be m b5eficial to a swimm] ?an :atev] t5ds to husb& 8 /r5g?1 & to enable him to rema9 long 9 ! wat] ) safety4 ,b]n>di's prim>y object is to enable ! pupil to float 9 an upright po/ure1 & to feel confid5ce 9 ! buoyancy ( 8 body4 ,he accord+ly supports ! pupil "u ! %\ld]s until he floats tranquilly ) ! head & "p ( ! neck above ! surface1 ! arms be+ /ret*$ out horizontally "u wat]4 ,f "t to "t1 ! support+ arm is remov$1 b aga9 re/or$1 s z nev] to suff] ! head to s9k1 :i* w\ld di/urb ! gr[+ confid5ce1 & give rise to ef=ts de/ructive ( ! success ( ! lesson4 ,9 ?is e>ly /age1 ! un/ead9ess ( ! body is ! *ief difficulty to be ov]come4 ,! head is ! great regulator ( our movem5ts 9 wat]4 ,its smalle/ incl9ation to ei!r side in/antly op]ates on ! :ole body2 &1 if n correct$1 ?r[s x into a horizontal po/ure4 ,! pupil mu/1 !re=e1 re/ore any di/urbance ( equilibrium by a cauti\s movem5t ( ! head alone 9 an opposite direction4 ,?is fir/ lesson be+ famili>iz$ by practice1 he is taught ! use ( ! legs & arms = balanc+ ! body 9 ! wat]4 ,"o leg be+ /ret*$ =w>d1 ! o!r backw>d1 & ! arms lat]ally1 he soon f9ds himself /eadily su/a9$1 & indep5d5t ( fur!r aid 9 float+4 ,:5 ^! fir/ /eps h be5 ga9$1 ! sweep+ semicircul> motion ( ! arms is %[n4 ,?is is practis$ sl[ly1 )\t motion =w>ds1 until atta9$ ) precision4 ,aft] ?is1 a slight incl9ation ( ! body f ! upright position occasions its advanc+4 ,! motion ( /rik+ ) ! legs is add$ 9 ! same measur$ mann]2 s t ! pupil is n p]plex$ by ! acquisition ( m ?an "o ?+ at a "t4 ,9 ?is me?od1 ! motions ( bo? arms & legs diff] f ^? we h s c>efully describ$1 only 9 s f> z !y are modifi$ by a m upright position4 ,x is optional1 !re=e1 ) ! read]1 to practise ei!r me?od4 ,! g5]al pr9ciples ( bo? are n[ be=e him4 ,! upright position a little incl9$ backw>ds1 7:i*1 l e o!r *ange ( po/ure1 mu/ be done delib]ately1 by ! correspond+ movem5t ( ! head17 rev]s+ 9 ?is case ! motion ( ! arms1 & /rik+ ! flat "p ( ! foot d[n & a little =w>d1 gives ! motion backw>d1 :i* is p]=m$ ) great] ease ?an :5 ! body is laid horizontally on ! back4 ,accord+ to ?is sy/em1 ,b]n>di says1 a swimm] ought at e /roke to urge himself =w>d a di/ance equal to ! l5g? ( 8 body4 ,a good swimm] ought to make ab\t ?ree miles an h\r4 ,a good day's j\rney may ?us be a*iev$1 if ! /r5g? be us$ ) due discretion1 & ! swimm] be famili> ) ! v>i\s means by :i* x may be recruit$4 ,( ,b]n>di's successful practice1 he says1 8,hav+ be5 appo9t$ to in/ruct ! y\?s ( ! ,royal ,naval ,academy ( ,naples 9 ! art ( swimm+1 a trial ( ! pr(ici5cy ( ! pupils took place1 "u ! inspection ( a numb] ( p assembl$ on ! %ore = t purpose1 on ! t5? day ( _! in/ruction4 ,a twelve-o>$ boat att5d$ ! progress ( ! pupils1 f motives ( precaution4 ,!y swam s f> out 9 ! bay1 t at l5g? ! heads ( ! "y m5 c\ld ) difficulty be disc]n$ ) ! nak$ eye2 & ! ,major ,g5]al ( ,m>9e1 ,=tegu]ri1 = ^: inspection ! exhibition 0 int5d$1 express$ s]i\s appreh5sions = _! safety4 ,^u _! return to ! %ore1 ! "y m51 h[ev]1 assur$ him t !y felt s little exhau/$ z to be will+ imm$iately to repeat ! ex]tion40 ,an (ficial report on ! subject has also be5 drawn up by commission 7appo9t$ by ! ,neapolitan gov]nm5t71 aft] devot+ a mon? to ! inve/igation ( ,b]n>di's plan2 & x /ates z foll[s3 8#a/4 ,x has be5 e/abli%$ by ! exp]i5ce ( m ?an a hundr$ p]sons ( diff]5t bodily con/itutions1 t ! human body is light] ?an wat]1 & consequ5tly w float by nature2 b t ! art ( swimm+ mu/ be acquir$1 to r5d] t privilege useful4 8#b;dly4 ,t ,b]n>di's sy/em is new1 9 s f> z x is f\nd$ on ! pr9ciple ( husb&+ ! /r5g?1 & r5d]+ ! p[] ( recruit+ x easy4 ,! spe$1 accord+ to ! new me?od1 is no d\bt dim9i%$2 b security is mu* m important ?an spe$2 & ! new plan is n exclusive ( ! old1 :5 occasions require great ef=t4 8#c;dly4 ,t ! new me?od is soon] le>nt ?an ! old1 to ! ext5t ( advanc+ a pupil 9 "o day z f> z a mon?'s in/ruction on ! old plan40 ,tread+ ,wat]4 ,?is diff]s little f ! sy/em j describ$4 ,z 9 x1 ! position is upright2 b progression is obta9$ by ! action ( ! legs alone4 ,!re is little p[] 9 ?is me?od ( swimm+3 b x may be v useful 9 rescu+ dr[n+ p]sons4 ,! arms %\ld be fold$ across1 bel[ ! brea/1 or compress$ aga9/ ! hips1 & ! legs employ$ z 9 front swimm+1 except z to "t & ext5t4 ,!y %\ld p]=m _! action 9 half ! usual "t1 or two /rokes %\ld be tak5 9 ! "t ( "o2 because1 act+ p]p5dicul>ly1 ea* /roke w\ld o!rwise raise ! swimm] too mu*1 & he w\ld s9k too l[ betwe5 ! /rokes1 7 !y n quickly to foll[ ea* o!r4 ,!y %\ld also "w 9 ab\t two-?irds ( ! usual space1 pres]v+ ! upp] or /rong]1 & omitt+ ! l[] or weak]1 "p ( ! /roke4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ano!r mode ( tread+ wat]1 9 :i* ! ?ighs are sep>at$1 & ! legs slightly b5t1 or curv$ toge!r1 z 9 a half-sitt+ po/ure4 ,"h ! legs are us$ alt]nately1 s t1 :ile "o rema9s m contract$1 ! o!r1 less s1 describes a circle4 ,by ?is me?od1 ! swimm] does n seem to hop 9 ! wat]1 b rema9s ne>ly at ! same height4 ,pl ,,xxiii4 f4 #c repres5ts bo? ^! me?ods1 & %[s _! peculi> adaptation to relieve dr[n+ p]sons4 ,,back ,,swimm+4 ,9 swimm+ on ! back1 ! action ( ! ?oracic memb] is weak]1 because ! swimm] c support himself on ! wat] )\t _! assi/ance4 ,! muscul> contractions take place pr9cipally 9 ! muscles ( ! abdom9al memb]s1 & 9 ^? ( ! ant]ior "p ( ! neck4 ,?\gh little calculat$ = progression1 x is ! easie/ ( all me?ods1 because1 mu* ( ! head be+ imm]s$1 little ef=t is requir$ = support4 ,= ?is purpose1 ! swimm] mu/ lie d[n g5tly ^u ! wat]2 ! body ext5d$2 ! head kept 9 a l9e ) x1 s t ! back & mu* ( ! upp] "p ( ! head may be imm]s$2 ! head & brea/ mu/ rema9 p]fectly unagitat$ by ! action ( ! legs2 ! h& laid on ! ?ighs 7,plate ,,xxiv4 fig4 #a71 & ! legs employ$ z 9 front swimm+1 c>e be+ tak5 t ! knees d n rise out ( ! wat]4--7,plate ,,xxiv4 fig4 #b47 ,! arms may1 h[ev]1 be us$ 9 v>i\s ways 9 swimm+ on ! back4 ,9 ! me?od call$ w++1 ! arms are ext5d$ till 9 a l9e ) ea* o!r2 !y mu/ !n be /ruck d[n to ! ?ighs1 ) ! palms turn$ 9 t direction1 & ! ?umbs incl9+ d[nw>d to increase ! buoyancy1 7,plate ,,xxiv4 fig4 #c72 ! palms mu/ !n be mov$ edgewise1 & ! arms elevat$ z be=e 7,plate ,,xxiv4 fig4 #d72 & s on1 repeat+ ! same actions4 ,! legs %\ld ?r\gh\t make "o /roke z ! arms are /ruck d[n1 & ano!r z !y are elevat$4 ,! o!r mode1 call$ f9n+1 diff]s f ?is only 9 ! /roke ( ! arms be+ %ort]1 & made 9 ! same "t z t ( ! legs4 ,9 back swimm+1 ! body %\ld be ext5d$ aft] ea* /roke1 & long pauses made betwe5 ^!4 ,! act ( pass+ f front to back1 or back to front swimm+1 mu/ always be p]=m$ imm$iately aft] ?r[+ out ! feet4 ,to turn f ! brea/ to ! back1 ! legs mu/ be rais$ =w>d1 & ! head ?r[n backw>d1 until ! body is 9 a "r position4 ,to turn f ! back to ! brea/1 ! legs mu/ be dropp$1 & ! body ?r[n =w>d on ! brea/4 ,,float+4 ,float+ is prop]ly a transition f swimm+ on ! back4 ,to effect x1 x is necess>y1 :ile ! legs are g5tly ex]cis+1 to ext5d ! arms z f> z possible beyond ! head1 equidi/ant f1 & p>allel ) its sides1 b nev] ris+ above ! surface2 to imm]se ! head r deeply1 & elevate ! *9 m ?an ! =ehead2 to inflate ! *e/ :ile tak+ ?is position1 & s to keep x z mu* z possible2 & to cease ! action ( ! legs1 & put ! feet toge!r4 7,plate ,,xxv4 fig4 #a47 ,! swimm] w ?us be able to float1 ris+ a little ) e inspiration1 & fall+ ) e expiration4 ,%\ld ! feet desc5d1 ! lo9s may be holl[$4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxiv ,page #if4 ,swimm+--,back ,swimm+4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxv ,page #ig4 ,side ,swimm+4 ,float+4 ,,side ,,swimm+4 ,= ?is purpose1 ! body may be turn$ ei!r ^u ! "r or left side3 ! feet mu/ p]=m _! usual motions3 ! arms also require peculi> guidance4 ,9 l[]+ ! left1 & elevat+ ! "r side1 ! swimm] mu/ /rike =w>d ) ! left h&1 & sidewise ) ! "r2 ! back ( ! latt] be+ front in/ead ( upw>d1 & ! ?umb side ( ! h& d[nw>d to s]ve z an o>4 ,9 turn+ on ! "r side1 ! swimm] mu/ /rike out ) ! "r h&1 & use ! left z an o>4 ,9 bo? cases1 ! l[] arm /ret*es itself out quickly1 at ! same "t t ! feet are /rik+2 & ! upp] arm /rikes at ! same "t t ! feet are impell+1 ! h& ( ! latt] arm beg9n+ its /roke on a level ) ! head4 ,:ile ?is h& is aga9 br\ght =w>d1 & ! feet are contract$1 ! l[] h& is drawn back t[>ds ! brea/1 r to su/a9 ?an to impel1 7,plate ,,xxv4 fig4 #b47 ,z side swimm+ pres5ts to ! wat] a small] surface ?an front swimm+1 x is pref]able :5 rapidity is necess>y4 ,b1 ?\gh g5]ally adopt$ :5 x is requir$ to pass ov] a %ort di/ance ) rapidity1 x is mu* m fatigu+ ?an ! prec$+ me?ods4 ,,plung+4 ,9 ! leap to plunge1 ! legs mu/ be kept toge!r1 ! arms close1 & ! plunge made ei!r ) ! feet or ! head =emo/4 ,) ! feet =emo/ !y mu/ be kept toge!r1 & ! body incl9$ backw>ds4 ,) ! head =emo/1 ! me?ods v>y4 ,9 ! deep plunge1 :i* is us$ :]e x is kn[n t !re is dep? ( wat]1 ! swimm] has 8 arms out/ret*$1 8 knees b5t1 & 8 body leant =w>ds 7,plate ,,xxvi4 fig4 #a17 till ! head desc5ds ne>ly to ! feet1 :5 ! sp9e & knees are ext5d$4 ,?is plunge may be made )\t ! slighte/ noise4 ,:5 ! swimm] rises to ! surface1 he mu/ n op5 8 m\? be=e previ\sly repell+ ! wat]4 ,9 ! flat plunge1 :i* is us$ 9 %all[ wat]1 or :]e ! dep? is unkn[n1 & :i* c be made only f a small height1 ! swimm] mu/ fl+ himself =w>ds1 9 ord] to ext5d ! l9e ( ! plunge z mu* z possible "u ! surface ( ! wat]2 &1 z soon z he t\*es x1 he mu/ keep 8 head up1 8 back holl[1 & 8 h&s /ret*$ =w>d1 flat & incl9$ upw>d4 ,he w ?us d>t =w>ds a consid]able way close "u ! surface1 s t 8 head w rea* x be=e ! impulse ceases to op]ate4 7,plate ,,xxvi4 fig4 #b47 ,,div+4 ,! swimm] may prep>e = div+ by tak+ a sl[ & full inspiration1 lett+ himself s9k g5tly into ! wat]1 & expell+ ! brea? by degrees1 :5 ! he>t beg9s to beat /rongly4 ,9 ord] to desc5d 9 div+1 ! head mu/ be b5t =w>d ^u ! brea/2 ! back made r\nd2 & ! legs ?r[n out ) great] vig\r ?an usual2 b ! arms & h&s1 in/ead ( be+ /ruck =w>d z 9 swimm+1 mu/ move r backw>d1 or come out l[]1 & pass m beh9d4 7,plate ,,xxvii4 fig4 #a47 ,! eyes %\ld1 mean:ile1 be kept op51 z1 if ! wat] be cle>1 x enables ! div] to asc]ta9 its dep?1 & see :atev] lies at ! bottom2 &1 :5 he has obta9$ a p]p5dicul> position1 he %\ld ext5d 8 h&s l feel]s4 ,to move =w>d1 ! head mu/ be rais$1 & ! back /raight5$ a little4 ,/ill1 9 swimm+ betwe5 top & bottom1 ! head mu/ be kept a little d[nw>d1 & ! feet be ?r[n out a little high] ?an :5 swimm+ on ! surface 7,plate ,,xxvii4 fig4 #b72 & if ! swimm] ?9ks t he approa*es too ne> ! surface1 he mu/ press ! palms upw>ds4 ,to asc5d1 ! *9 mu/ be held up1 ! back made concave1 ! h&s /ruck out high1 & br\ght briskly d[n4 7,plate ,,xxvii4 fig4 #c47 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxvi ,page #ih4 ,plung+ ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxvii ,page #ih4 ,swimm+--,div+4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxviii ,page #ii4 ,swimm+--,?ru/+4 ,,?ru/+4 ,?is is a transition f front swimm+1 9 :i* ! attitude & motions ( ! feet are /ill ! same1 b ^? ( ! h&s v diff]5t4 ,"o arm1 ! "r = in/ance1 is lift$ entirely out ( ! wat]1 ?ru/ =w>d z mu* z possible1 &1 :5 at ! utmo/ /ret*1 let fall1 ) ! h& holl[$1 into ! wat]1 :i* x grasps or pulls t[>ds ! swimm] 9 its return transv]sely t[>ds ! opposite arm-pit4 ,:ile ! "r arm is ?us /ret*$ =?1 ! left1 ) ! h& exp&$1 describes a small circle to su/a9 ! body 7,plate ,,xxviii4 fig4 #a72 &1 :ile ! "r arm pulls t[>ds ! swimm]1 ! left1 9 a widely-describ$ circle1 is c>ri$ rapidly "u ! brea/1 t[>ds ! hip4 7,plate ,,xxviii4 fig4 #b47 ,:5 ! left arm has complet$ ^! movem5ts1 x1 9 its turn1 is lift$ f ! wat]1 /ret*$ =w>d1 & pull$ back1--! "r arm describ+ fir/ ! small]1 !n ! l>g] circle4 ,! feet make _! movem5ts dur+ ! describ+ ( ! l>g] circle4 ,! ?ru/ requires mu* practice2 b1 :5 well acquir$1 x n only relieves ! swimm]1 b enables him to make great advance 9 ! wat]1 & is applicable to cases :]e rapidity is requir$ = a %ort di/ance4 ,,spr++4 ,"s swimm]s1 at e /roke1 raise n only _! neck & %\ld]s1 b brea/ & body1 out ( ! wat]4 ,?is1 :5 habitual1 exhau/s )\t any useful purpose4 ,z an occasional ef=t1 h[ev]1 x maybe useful 9 seiz+ objects above2 & x may !n be/ be p]=m$ by ! swimm] draw+ 8 feet z close z possible "u 8 body1 /ret*+ 8 h&s =w>d1 &1 ) bo? feet & h&s1 /rik+ ! wat] /rongly1 s z to ?r[ himself out ( x z high z ! hips4 ,,"o-,,arm ,,swimm+4 ,"h ! swimm] mu/ be m erect ?an usual1 hold 8 head m backw>d1 & use ! legs & arm m quickly & p[]fully4 ,! arm1 at its full ext5t1 mu/ be /ruck out r across ! body1 & br\ght d[n be=e1 & ! brea/ kept inflat$4 ,?is mode ( swimm+ is be/ adapt$ = assi/+ p]sons :o are dr[n+1 & %\ld be frequ5tly practis$--! le>n] c>ry+ fir/ "u1 !n ov] ! wat]1 a weight ( a few p\nds4 ,9 assi/+ dr[n+ p]sons1 h[ev]1 great c>e %\ld be tak5 to avoid be+ caught hold ( by !m4 ,!y %\ld be approa*$ f beh9d1 & driv5 be=e1 or drawn aft] ! swimm] to ! %ore1 by ! int]v5tion1 if possible1 ( any?+ t may be at h&1 & if no?+ be at h&1 by means ( _! hair2 & !y %\ld1 if possible1 be got on _! backs4 ,%\ld !y attempt to seize ! swimm]1 he mu/ ca/ !m loose imm$iately2 &1 if seiz$1 drop !m to ! bottom1 :5 !y w endeav\r to rise to ! surface4 ,two swimm]s tread+ wat] may assi/ a dr[n+ p]son by seiz+ him1 "o "u ea* arm1 & c>ry+ him along ) 8 head above wat]1 & 8 body & limbs /ret*$ out & motionless4 ,,feats ,,9 ,,swimm+4 ,m5 h be5 kn[n to swim 9 _! clo!s a di/ance ( #djjj feet4 ,o!rs h p]=m$ #bbjj feet 9 tw5ty-n9e m9utes4 ,"s le>n to dive & br+ out ( ! wat] burd5s z heavy z a man4 ,?is art1 h[ev]1 has made little if any progress f ! e>lie/ records t we possess ( x4 ,le&]'s feat ( pass+ f ,abydos to ,se/os 0 ! crack p]=mance ( antiquity2 & x 0 ! ultra a*ievem5t ( ,"l ,byron1 probably "o ( ! be/ swimm]s ( our day4--,,ed4 ,fif? ,edition4 ,,r[+4 ,,riv] ,,r[+1#i ,,) ,,two ,,sculls4 #i ,?is %\ld h ! pref]5ce "h1 because ! art is be/ le>n$ on ! smoo? wat]1 & 9 ! light] boats1 ( riv]s4 ,,! ,,boat4 ,x may be laid d[n z a g5]al rule1 t1 9 calm wea!r1 a light & %>p boat is pref]able2 &1 9 r\gh wea!r1 a heavi] & broad] "o4 ,! le>n]1 h[ev]1 %\ld n at fir/ beg9 9 too light a boat1 nor %\ld he practise 9 r\gh wea!r1 until he gets acqua9t$ ) its managem5t4 ,,to ,,leave ,,! ,,l&+-,,place4 ,to leave ! %ore1 ! r[] %\ld1 ) ! boat-hook1 %ove ! boat (f1 head ^u tide1 or opposite to ! curr5t4 ,to leave /airs1 ! r[] mu/ ei!r %ove ! boat (f ) ! boat-hook1 or place ! blade ( ! scull =w>d1 & p]=m :at ! ,london wat]m5 call belay+ ! boat's head out f ! %ore1 accord+ly z !re is deep or %all[ wat]4 ,?is be+ done1 ! r[] sits d[n to 8 sculls4 ,^! he puts 9 ! rullocks1 & turns ! concave front1 or fill+ ( ! scull1 t[>ds ! /]n ( ! boat4 ,,! ,,seat4 ,! r[] mu/ sit a-mid%ips on ! ?w>t or seat ( ! boat1 else %e w heel to ! side on :i* he is sitt+1 & mu* ( 8 lab\r w be lo/4 ,he %\ld sit ) ease to himself1 hav+ 8 feet on ! middle ( ! /ret*]1 & 8 legs n q ext5d$2 b 8 knees1 z he r[s1 %\ld be br\ght d[n1 & 8 legs /ret*$4 ,,! ,,pull4 ,! r[] %\ld make long /rokes 9 a heavy boat1 & %ort] & quick] /rokes 9 a light boat4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! pull1 he mu/1 9 g5]al1 b5d 8 body till 8 head is ov] 8 knees1 & ext5d 8 arms z f> aft z conv5i5t1 t ! blades ( ! sculls may be ?r[n correspond+ly =w>d4 ,plate ,,xxix4 f4 #a4 ,) reg>d to ! back 9 p>ticul>1 "s ?9k t1 if a %ort di/ance is to be r[$1 x %\ld be b5t2 & t1 if a long di/ance1 x is less fatigu+ to keep x /raight4 ,:5 ! arms are ext5d$ z f> aft1 & ! blades ( ! sculls z f> =w>d z conv5i5t--:i* mu/ nev] be s f> z to jam 9 ! rullocks--7,plate ,,xxix4 f4 #a7 ! r[] mu/ dip ! sculls into ! wat]1 & pull t[>ds him1 by at once b5d+ ! arms & ! body4 ,:5 9 ! middle ( ! pull1 if ! sculls are n %ort en\gh1 or ev5 if ! head & body are slightly turn$1 "o ( ! h&s w g high] ?an ! o!r2 &1 z ! "r is g5]ally ! /rong]1 x may g above1 & ! left bel[4 ,x is (t5 f\nd difficult to keep "o h& cle> ( ! o!r 9 pull+ a pair ( sculls4 ,?is is s mu* ! case1 inde$1 t ! inexp]i5c$ frequ5tly suff] m f ! knock+ & rubb+ ( ! backs & sides ( ! h&s aga9/ ea* o!r1 ?an f ! friction ( ! h&les ( ! o>s 9 ! palms ( ! h&s4 ,?is may be easily obviat$ by att5d+ to ! foll[+ advice3-- ,hav+ seat$ y\rself 9 ! c5tre ( ! ?w>t1 ) y\r feet close toge!r aga9/ ! c5tre ( ! /ret*]1 %ip y\r sculls1 b1 be=e pull+ a /roke1 move y\r body ?ree or f\r in*es to ! "r h&1 & /ill reta9 y\r feet 9 ! c5tre3 ?us y w be sitt+ r obliquely2 ?is w ?r[ y\r "r %\ld] m =w>d1 & consequ5tly ! "r h&2 & ?us ! h&s w "w p]fectly cle> ( ea* o!r4 ,?is rule1 h[ev]1 mu/ be modifi$ by ! circum/ances ( riv]-r[+4 ,a wat]man writes u z foll[s3--8,z to c>ry+ "o h& above ! o!r1 my way is1 t if1 = in/ance1 ,i g f ,gre5wi* to ,blackwall aga9/ tide1 ,i keep d[n on ! ,gre5wi* side1 9 g5]al look t[>d ! %ore1 & hav+ my face ov] ! left %\ld]1 my "r h& is !n above4 ,if ,i g f ,gre5wi* to ,london1 my face is turn$ ov] ! "r %\ld]1 & ! left h& is !n upp]mo/40 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxix ,page #ajb4 ,beg9n+ ( ! ,pull4 ,middle ( ! ,pull4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxx ,page #ajc4 ,end ( ! ,pull4 ,return ( ! ,sculls4 7,! usual position 9 ! middle ( ! pull is %[n 9 ,plate ,,xxix4 fig4 #b47 ,! end ( ! pull mu/ n take place till ! elb[s h approa*$ ! tops ( ! hips1 ! h&s are br\ght t[>ds ! *e/1 & ! body is ?r[n well back4 ,!re w\ld be a loss ( p[]1 h[ev]1 if ! h&s 7 br\ght too ne> ! *e/2 & ! body %\ld n be ?r[n fur!r back ?an x may easily & quickly recov] its fir/ position = ! next /roke4--7,plate ,,xxx47 ,z ! wat] is be+ deliv]$ f ! sculls1 ! elb[s s9k1 ! wri/s are b5t up1 & ! backs ( ! h&s are turn$ t[>ds ! =e-arms1 9 ord] to fea!r ! sculls4--7,plate ,,xxx4 fig4 #a47 ,9 ! return ( ! sculls1 ! h&s mu/ rema9 turn$ up until ! sculls are put into ! wat]4--7,plate ,,xxx4 f4 #b47 ,9 ! middle ( ! return1 if ! sculls are n %ort1 or if ! head & body be turn$1 "o ( ! h&s also goes high] ?an ! o!r4 ,z to ! degree ( ! imm]sion ( ! sculls4--,9 ! middle ( ! pull1 ! blades mu/ be cov]$ by ! wat]4 ,! le>n] 9 g5]al dips !m v deep2 b t ought to be avoid$1 especially 9 calm wea!r4 ,9 ! :ole ( ! return1 ! tips %\ld1 9 calm wea!r1 be two or ?ree in*es above ! wat]2 &1 9 r\gh wea!r1 !y %\ld be high]1 9 ord] to cle> x1 z repres5t$ 9 ! prec$+ ,plates4 ,! head ought ?r\gh\t to be v moveable--fir/ to "o side1 !n to ! o!r1 b g5]ally turn$ t[>ds ! %ore :5 aga9/ ! tide4 ,! same movem5ts h only to be repeat$1 ?r\gh\t ! c\rse4 ,,! ,,tide ,,or ,,curr5t4 ,9 riv]-r[+1 :5 ! tide or curr5t is ) ! r[]1 a le>n] %\ld 9 g5]al take ! middle ( ! /ream4 ,9 r[+ ) ! tide1 h[ev]1 wat]m5 g5]ally cut (f ! po9ts1 9 ord] to keep a /raight c\rse4 ,:5 ! tide or curr5t is aga9/ ! r[]1 he %\ld take ! sides1 pref]r+ t side on :i*1 ow+ to ! c\rse ( ! riv]1 ! curr5t is lea/4 ,z !re is an eddy "u ! po9ts1 wat]m5 g5]ally1 :5 r\nd+ !m1 %oot ! wat] to ! next po9t1 & s on4 ,,to ,,turn4 ,back wat] ) "o scull1 by putt+ ! "o on ! side y wi% to turn to into ! wat]1 ) its concave front or fill+ t[>ds y1 & pu%+ aga9/ x2 & at ! same "t pull /rongly ) ! o!r scull1 until ! boat's head is turn$ r\nd4 ,,meet+ ,,or ,,pass+4 ,9 meet+1 ! boat :i* comes ) ! tide mu/ get out ( ! way4 ,9 ?is case1 bo? boats1 if close1 lay ! blades ( _! sculls flat on ! wat]1 lift !m out ( ! rullocks1 & let !m drift alongside4 ,ea* replaces !m :5 ! o!r has pass$4 ,9 pass+ a boat1 ! r[] :o passes mu/ take ! outside1 unless !re is ample room )91 & mu/ also keep cle> ( ! o!r's sculls or o>s4 ,if "o boat is cross+ ! wat]1 & ano!r com+ ) ! tide1 ! "o com+ ) tide mu/ keep a/]n ( ! o!r1 & h a good look-out ahead4 ,,to ,,l&4 ,give ! boat its prop] direction1 & keep its head incl9+ t[>ds ! tide1 & its /]n w turn up or d[n1 z ! tide runs2 un%ip ! sculls by ! manuvre direct$ above2 b1 in/ead ( lett+ !m drift alongside1 lay !m 9 ! boat1 ! blades =w>d & ! looms aft2 seize ! headfa/2 jump a%ore2 & take two half-hit*es r\nd ! po/ or r+4 ,,sea-,,r[+1 ,,or ,,r[+ ,,9 ,a ,,galley ,,on ,,! ,,riv]4 ,9 laun*+ a boat f ! sea-bea*1 :5 x is r\gh1 & !re is a heavy surf1 ! two b[m5 mu/ get into ! boat ) _! o>s run out2 & ! o!r r[]s foll[ ! boat quickly 9 h] desc5t2 b !y %\ld n jump 9 till %e is q afloat1 le/ _! weight might fix h] on ! bea*1 & %e might %ip a sea4 ,x may happ51 t imm$iately on ! boat float+1 a sea %all take ! b[ 7be=e ! r[]s are suffici5tly prep>$ ) _! o>s to keep h] head out71 & place h] broadside to ! waves4 ,9 ?is situation1 ! boat is 9 dang] ( be+ swamp$1 & ! lives ( ^? on bo>d are 9 p]il4 ,:5 ?us situat$1 x is be/ = two ( ! r[]s to g ne> ! b[ ( ! boat1 & imm$iately =ce ea* 8 boat-hook or o> on ! gr\nd1 on ! %ore side ( ! boat1 z ! mo/ effectual1 safe1 & exp$iti\s me?od ( br++ h] head aga9 to ! sea4 ,%\ld !re be m ?an a usual swell1 bo? ! r[]s & ! sitt]1 or /e]sman1 _c be too p>ticul> 9 keep+1 ?r\gh\t1 ! head ( ! boat to ! swell1 z ly+ broadside to a heavy sea is extremely dang]\s4 ,9 r[+1 ea* man has 9 g5]al a s+le o>1 & sits on ! opposite side ( ! galley f ! rullock ?r\gh :i* 8 o> passes4 ,! o> mu/ consequ5tly cross ! boat1 & be held on its opposite side1 s z to cle> ! back ( ! man be=e4 ,x %\ld be nei!r held nor pull$ obliquely to ! side by twi/+ ! body1 z is practis$ by _m1 because ! muscles 9 t case act disadvantage\sly1 & are soon] fatigu$4 ,! /roke mu/ be long] 9 sea ?an 9 riv] r[+4 ,! o> mu/ be ?r[n out ) a heave1 caus$ by ! simultane\s ext5sion ( ! body & ! arms4 ,x is /ill m ess5tial to fea!r 9 sea ?an 9 riv] r[+4 ,! o> mu/ be drawn back ) great p[]1 caus$ by ! simultane\s contraction ( ! body & arms2 "t ) ! o!r r[]s be+ accurately kept1 & di/9ctly m>k$4 ,:5 ! o>s are deliv]$ f ! wat]1 ! "t1 until !y g into x aga91 may be c\nt$1 "o1 two1 ?ree1--:5 !y pass ?r\gh ! wat]4 ,?is "t is kept by ! /rokesman1 or /]nmo/ man ( ! r[]s4 ,9 l&+1 ! ^w is1 89 b[10 :5 ! b[man or =emo/ man gets ! boat-hook ready to cle> away = ! %ore1 or ! /airs4 ,! next ^w is f ! coxswa91 8r[$ (f all10 or 8well r[$20 :5 all ! o>s are laid 91 ) ! blades =w>d1 & ! boat is made fa/4 ,9 l&+ on ! sea-bea*1 :5 !re is a surf1 ! r[]s may wat* = a smoo?1 & !n give good way a%ore1 :5 ! b[man %\ld in/antly jump out ) ! headfa/ or p5t]1 & pull h] up1 to avoid %ipp+ a sea4 ,! di/ances run 9 ?is way are v great4 ,we h kn[n f\r m51 9 a %ort galley1 r[ ?irty miles 9 f\r h\rs1 namely1 f ,dov] to eight miles bel[ ,calais1 or abrea/ ( ,gravel9es1 on ! opposite coa/4 ,9 su* a r[1 a ,london wat]man w\ld h no sk9 left on 8 h&s2 & a memb] ( ! ,funny ,club w\ld1 we suppose1 h no h&s left on 8 arms6 ,,sail+4 ,,boats1 ,,etc4 ,cutt]s1 ow+ to _! excell5t sail+ qualities1 are mu* employ$ z packets#aj1 rev5ue cruis]s1 smuggl]s1 private]s1 & 9 all cases requir+ despat*4 ,! boats commonly employ$ 9 p>ties ( pleasure1 c41 are also cutt]s4 #aj ,9 ! packet l9e1 s9ce ! g5]al adoption ( /eam1 cutt]s are seldom if ev] met )4--,,ed4 ,fif? ,edition4 ,on ! size ( ^! vessels1 h[ev]1 x is necess>y to rem>k1 t a cutt] "u "o hundr$ tons is suffici5tly h&y2 b1 :5 ! size is equal to t ( ! l>g] ya*ts1 a /rong crew is necess>y1 z ! sp>s are v heavy1 & a numb] ( m5 requisite to set or %ort5 sail4 ,z a s+le-ma/$ vessel1 9 ! ev5t ( spr++ a sp>1 becomes helpless1 ev5 l>ge cutt]s are us$ only 9 %ort voyages1 or on ! coa/2 =1 9 case ( accid5t1 !y c always manage to rea* "s h>b\r or an*orage to repair any damage !y may su/a94 ,! peculi> qualities ( beat+ well to w9dw>d1 & work+ on %ort tacks1 adapt cutt]s peculi>ly = ,*annel cruis+4 ,al?\gh1 "s ye>s back1 l>ge cutt]s 7 conf9$ pr9cipally to ! navy & rev5ue1 ! ,royal ,ya*t ,squadron1 9 !irs1 h exce$$ ^! n only 9 size1 b 9 beauty & sail+ qualities4 ,"s ( ! f9e/ & fa/e/ cutt]s 9 ! _w are ! prop]ty ( ?is national club2 & two ( !m1 ! ,al>m 7,mr4 ,weld's71 & ! ,arundel#aa1 7! ,duke ( ,norfolk's71 measure #aic & #ahh tons4 ,! inconv5i5t size1 h[ev]1 ( a cutt]'s boom & ma9sail has caus$ ! v g5]al introduction ( a ket* rig1 :i*1 by ! addition ( a miz51 p]mits ! boom to be disp5s$ )1 & r$uces ! ma9sail consid]ably4 ,?is rig1 inde$1 :5 ! miz5 /&s well1 is elegant2 &1 if a vessel is %ort-h&$1 x is v h&y4 ,z cutt]-rigg$ vessels1 in/ead ( a regul> ma9sail1 ) its boom & gaff1 h sometimes a m]e spritsail1 x is necess>y we %\ld obs]ve1 t ! inf]ior conv5i5ce & safety ( ^! preclude our notic+ !m "h4 ,x is also necess>y t we %\ld expla9 :y1 9 ! sequel1 we d n ev5 ref] to lugg]-rigg$ vessels4 #aa ,! tonnage ( ! ,arundel is n giv5 "h accord+ to ! ,royal ,ya*t ,squadron li/3 !re x is /at$ to be #baj tons4--,,ed4 ,fif? ,edition4 ,lugg]s are m difficult to "w or manuvre2 !y require a great] numb] ( m52 _! sp>s are s heavy t !y require all h&s to move !m3 _! decks are inevitably lumb]$ ) sp>s1 c42 _! canvass gets rott$ f exposure2 & _! exp5se is mu* great] ?an t ( cutt]s4 ,!y g5]ally h two sets ( lugs--l>ge ones1 :i* require dipp+ e "t !y tack1 & small work+ lugs1 :i* d n require dipp+1 ! tack com+ to ! foot ( ! ma/4 ,! latt] are g5]ally us$1 except 9 mak+ long rea*es across ! ,*annel1 c4 ,a lugg]1 moreov]1 is seldom fit to be alt]$ to any ?+ b a s*oon]1 n hav+ bread? en\gh = "o ma/1 :i*1 aft] all1 is ! be/ = beauty & spe$4 ,sail+ m51 inde$1 are n[ s p]fectly aw>e ( ! inf]ior spe$ ( lugg]s1 t we nev] see a lugg] or s*oon] ent] aga9/ a cutt] at all ne> its tonnage4 ,at sea1 lugg]s w\ld h a bett] *ance2 ?\gh ev5 !re _m w\ld pref] cutt]s1 except 9 f\l wea!r & a long rea*4 ,9 %ort1 ^! vessels suit only a few noblem5 & g5tlem5 :o h en\gh ( patriotic ambition to desire to look l smuggl]s1 en\gh ( delicacy to disreg>d ! be+ ?\ght dirty lubb]s by _! own m5--"s ( :om are n dirty f m]e ta/e or *oice1 & en\gh ( p5etration n to discov]1 t on _! l&+ ) fil?y clo!s & t>ry h&s1 e old sailor gr9s or laughs at _! imag9+1 t x 0 !y1 & n ! man at ! helm1 :o _h kept ! canvass f crack+1 or ! /icks f go+ ov] ! side4 ,our descriptions apply1 !re=e1 to cutt]s alone2 & ! ,plates at ! end ( ?is article illu/rate ! v>i\s p>ts !re9 ref]r$ to4 ,^u ! ,?ames1 ! sail+ clubs comprise ! ,royal ,sail+ ,society1 ! ,royal ,?ames ,ya*t ,club1 ! ,loyal ,victoria ,ya*t ,club1 ! ,cl>5ce1 ,briti%1 ,royal ,ya*t1 & sev]al m9or associations4 ,sev]al cups & prizes are annually giv5 dur+ ! season2 & ! spirit$ conte/s betwe5 ! beautiful small craft :i* =m ^! fancy fleets1 are highly int]e/+4 ,! sail+ mat*es on ! riv] are ( two sorts--"o above1 & ! o!r bel[ ! bridges4 ,! small] ya*ts1 ( f six to tw5ty-six tons1 are commonly ent]$ = ! =m]1 & a l>g] class = ! latt]1 :i* take place betwe5 ,gre5wi* & ,graves5d4 ,^! national amusem5ts appe> to be rapidly ga9+ ! fir/ place among fa%ionable recreations1 & n[ occupy ! season1 f ! p]iod :5 hunt+ ends1 till %oot+ beg9s4 ,! ,royal ,ya*t ,squadron has ne>ly six hundr$ p]sons on its li/s1 ( :i* above "o hundr$ are memb]s1 & ab\t f\r hundr$ & fifty honor>y memb]s4 ,! numb] ( ya*ts is "o hundr$ & n9e#ab2 ( :i* eighty-sev5 are cutt]s1 t5 s*oon]s1 ?ree brigs1 f\r yawls1 two %ips1 two ket*es1 & "o lugg]4 ,! great] "p ( ^! vessels hail f ,c[es or ,s\?ampton4 ,! %ipp+ belong+ to ! club am\nts to #gbej tons4 ,n[1 a vessel ( "o hundr$ tons seldom p]haps /&s ! own] 9 less ?an f five to six ?\s& p\nds1 v>y+ f t to t51 accord+ to ! pr(usion ( ornam5tal p>ts1 ! int]nal fitt+s1 & o!r cont+5cies4 ,at ?is rate1 ! %ipp+ ( ! club w\ld h co/ m ?an ?ree millions & a half ( money3 b x is impossible to speak decisively on ?is po9t1 z ! fir/ co/ ( ! ya*ts v>ies mu*1 & ! num]\s /yles ( rig are att5d$ ) exp5ses s widely diff]5t4 ,at a mod]ate computation1 ea* vessel belong+ to ! club c>ries t5 m5 on an av]age3 ?is gives ! total numb] employ$ #ajij4 ,dur+ ! summ] mon?s1 !n1 :ile regattas are celebrat$1 x may be said t ! ,royal ,ya*t ,squadron alone employs m ?an #aajj m54 ,^!1 ) "s few exceptions1 are dis*>g$ on ! approa* ( w9t]1 & ! ya*ts are laid up = ! season1 reta9+ ! ma/] & "o man 9 pay4 ,! crews ?us dis*>g$ obta9 employm5t 9 m]*ant-vessels1 or o!rwise1 dur+ ! w9t]2 & 9 ! middle ( spr+1 are g5]ally re-%ipp$ 9 ! ya*ts 9 :i* !y h previ\sly s]v$4 ,on ^! conditions1 active & indu/ri\s m5 ( good "* are g5]ally sure ( employm5t 9 ! club2 & _m memb]s ju/ly pride !mselves on ! high discipl9e1 manly be>+1 & crack appe>ance ( _! crews4 ,! situation ( ma/]1 9 p>ticul>1 is "o ( mu* responsibility1 & is on all acc\nts respectably fill$4 ,9 "s ( ! l>ge/ craft1 junior (fic]s ( ! navy are f\nd to accept ?is (fice4 ,! sail+ regulations ( ! ,royal ,ya*t ,squadron are z foll[2 #ab ,z ! numb] is con/antly fluctuat+1 we _h bett] take ! av]age at a hundr$1 :i* w be f\nd q z high a "o z we %\ld be ju/ifi$ 9 sugge/+4 ,fir/--,memb]s ent]+ _! ya*ts mu/ s5d ! names ( !m to ! secret>y "o week previ\s to ! day ( sail+1 & pay two gu9eas entrance at ! same "t4 ,second--,all vessels />t+ or ent]+ mu/ be ! bon fide prop]ty ( memb]s1 z well z _! sp>s1 sails1 boats1 c4 ,?ird--,ea* memb] is all[$ to ent] "o vessel only = all prizes giv5 by ! club4 ,f\r?--,cutt]s may c>ry f\r sails only1 viz41 ma9sail1 =esail1 jib1 & gaff top-sail2 yawls1 lugg]s1 s*oon]s1 & all o!r vessels1 9 l proportion4 ,no boom+ out all[$4 ,fif?--,no trimm+ ) balla/1 or %ift+ ( balla/ all[$2 & all vessels to keep _! plat=ms d[n1 & bulkheads /&+4 ,six?--,vessels on ! l>bo>d tack mu/ inv>iably give way to ^? on ! />bo>d tack2 & 9 all cases :]e a d\bt ( ! possibility ( ! vessel on ! l>bo>d tack wea!r+ ! "o on ! />bo>d tack %all exi/1 ! vessel on ! l>bo>d tack %all give way2 or1 if ! o!r vessel keep h] c\rse1 & run into h]1 ! own] ( ! vessel on ! l>bo>d tack %all be compell$ to pay all damages1 & =feit 8 claim to ! prize4 ,sev5?--,vessels runn+ on %ore %all be all[$ to use _! own an*ors & boats actually on bo>d to get !m (f1 aft]w>ds weigh+ an*or & hoi/+ ! boat 92 b1 ^u receiv+ assi/ance f any o!r vessel or vessels1 boats1 or an*ors1 %all =feit all claim to ! prize4 ,eigh?--,t no?+ b ! h&-l9e be us$ = s\nd+4 ,n9?--,any deviation f ^! rules %all subject ! aggressor to =feit all claim to ! prize4 ,t5?--,if any objection be made ) reg>d to ! sail+ ( any o!r vessel 9 ! race1 su* objection mu/ be made to ! /ew>ds1 )9 "o h\r aft] ! vessel mak+ ! objection arrive at ! />t+-po/4 ,elev5?--,no vessel %all be all[$ to take 9 balla/1 or take out1 = tw5ty-f\r h\rs previ\s to />t+2 & no balla/ %all be ?r[n ov]bo>d4 ,twelf?--,vessels %all />t f moor+s laid d[n at a cable-l5g? di/ance1 ) _! sails set2 & e vessel n exce$+ "o hundr$ tons %all c>ry a boat n less ?an t5 feet long2 & vessels exce$+ "o hundr$ tons1 a boat n less ?an f\rte5 feet long4 ,?irte5?--,!re %all be a memb]1 or honor>y memb]1 on bo>d ea* vessel4 ,f\rte5?--,! "t ( />t+ may be alt]$ by ! /ew>ds2 & all disputes t may arise are to be decid$ by !m1 or su* p]sons z !y %all appo9t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,nor!rn ,ya*t ,club is a highly int]e/+ society1 al?\gh its plan is n s ext5sive z t ( ! ,royal ,club4 ,x conta9s ab\t ?ree hundr$ & fifty memb]s4 ,! docum5ts = #ahcj comprise n9ety-two 9 ! ,scotti%1 & n9ety 9 ! ,iri% division1 ) fifty-two honor>y memb]s1 9 addition to n9ety-?ree memb]s ( ! ,cork ,ya*t ,club1 :o are also ent]$ on ! honor>y li/s4 ,x _h1 9 #ahcj1 sixty ya*ts1 n equal 9 proportion to ! tonnage ( ! ,c[es ,club1 z small] vessels are admitt$4 ,_m ,r4 ,y4 ,s4 m5 are f\nd 9 ! ,nor!rn ,club4 ,!re are _m f9e vessels 9 ?is club4 ,cutt]s1 z usual1 excel 9 numb]4 ,at ! l[e/ computation1 ! numb] ( vessels at pres5t employ$ = pleasure 9 ?is c\ntry _c be less ?an f ?ree to f\r hundr$1 rang+ 9 bulk f t5 to ?ree hundr$ & fifty tons4 ,^! are v>i\sly di/ribut$ along our %ores1 c>ry+ _! opul5ce into e port & h>b\r4 ,b !re is ano!r advantage aris+ f ya*t clubs--namely1 t national _s1 :i*1 to a m>itime p1 is above all 9 wor?4 ,! ya*t clubs keep alive ?is feel+ 9 an em95t degree4 ,,c\rses1 ,,etc4 ,ev5 9 describ+ ! elem5t>y nautical op]ations :i* su* boats require1 x is necess>y to lay d[n a position = ! ,,h>b\r1 direction = ! ,,w9d1 & trip = ! ,,vessel4 ,let u suppose1 !n1 t ! m\? ( ! h>b\r lies t[>ds ! s\?2 t ! w9d bl[s f ! nor?1 ) a little incl9ation to ea/1 & t we wi% fir/ to sail due s\? to get out ( ! h>b\r1 next direct our c\rse ea/w>d1 !n return we/w>d till we get abrea/ ! m\? ( ! h>b\r1 & la/ly1 nor?w>d1 to ent] ! h>b\r & come to our moor+s4 ,^! c\rses w1 ) v>iations 9 ! =ce ( ! w9d1 illu/rate e common & useful manuvre4 ,,gett+ ,,"u ,,way4 ,%ip#ac ! till]4#ad #ac ,fix 9 its prop] place4 #ad ,! piece ( wood or beam put into ! head ( ! rudd] to move x4 ,set ! ma9sail#ae2 hoi/ ! ?roat#af ne>ly close up2 & half hoi/ ! peak4#ag #ae ,unfurl x by ca/+ ! /ops or gaskets (f4 #af ,! =emo/ end ( ! gaff1 or t end next ! ma/4 #ag ,! out]mo/ end ( ! gaff1 or t f>!/ f ! ma/4 ,b5d#ah & haul ! jib out to ! b[sprit end4 #ah ,hook x to ! travell]1 or r+ on ! b[sprit4 ,b[se ! bob/ay#ai & b[sprit %r\ds#bj well taut4 #ai ,a rope or *a9 f ! end ( ! b[sprit to half-way d[n ! /em4 #bj ,ropes f ! b[sprit end on ea* side to ! b[s4 ,hoi/ ! jib1 & b[se x well up4 ,get ! topma/ /ay#ba1 back/ays#bb1 & rigg+#bc well taut4 #ba ,a rope f ! topma/ head to ! out] end ( ! b[sprit1 :]e x passes ?r\gh a %eave or small block1 comes 9 by ! /em head1 & is belay$ or made fa/ 7done g5]ally by w9d+ sev]al times backw>ds & =w>ds 9 ! mann] ( a figure #h71 to its cleat or p94 #bb ,ropes f ! aft]-"p ( ! head ( ! topma/ to ! aft]-"p ( ! *annels on ea* side4 #bc ,or %r\ds--ropes f ea* side ! top-ma/ head1 ?r\gh ! cross-tree arms1 to ! =e "p ( ! *annels1 betwe5 ! fir/ & second l[] %r\d4 ,!y are set up or haul$ taut1 z are ! back/ays1 by means ( a small tackle1 "o block ( :i* is hook$ to ! ?imble splic$ into ! l[] end ( ! %r\d or back/ay1 & ! o!r to an eye-bolt 9 ! *annels4 ,hoi/ ! =esail ready to ca/#bd h] :5 ! moor+s are let g4 #bd ,to turn h] head 9 ! mo/ advantage\s direction4 ,s5d a h& to ! helm4#be #be ,?is t]m includes bo? ! till] & ! :eel2 b1 z ! yaw+ motion ( a small light vessel is correspond+ly light & feeble1 ?\gh mu* quick] ?an t ( a l>ge vessel1 %e is be/ )\t a :eel1 :i* is meant to ga9 p[] at ! exp5se ( "t4 ,ov]haul ! ma9-%eet#bf1 & ! lee#bg runn] & tackle#bh2 l[] ! ?roat1 & hoi/ ! peak ( ! ma9sail taut#bi up4 #bf ,a rope or tackle = regulat+ ! horizontal position ( ! ma9 boom4 #bg ,! leew>d or lee-side is ! opposite to w9dw>d4 #bh ,a comp\nd tackle1 us$ 9 cutt]-rigg$ vessels1 in/ead ( a back/ay to ! l[] ma/1 on acc\nt ( its easy removal all[+ ! ma9 boom to g =w>d1 9 go+ l>ge4 #bi ,! nautical way ( pron\nc+ & writ+ tight4 ,hoi/ ! gaff topsail#cj1 keep+ ! tack#ca to w9dw>d#cb ( ! peak haly>ds#cc1 & haul+ ! slack ( ! %eet out be=e y hoi/ ! sail taut up4 #cj ,! sail above ! ma9sail4 ,! %eet hauls out to a small block on ! out] end ( ! gaff4 #ca ,tack is ! l[]mo/ corn] opposite to ! %eet1 9 all =e-&-aft sails & /udd+ sails4 #cb ,! w9dw>d or wea!r side1 is t side on :i* ! w9d bl[s4 #cc ,! rope by :i* ! peak ( ! gaff or boom1 to :i* ! head ( ! ma9sail is fa/5$1 is hoi/$4 ,haly>ds always signifies a rope by :i* a sail is hoi/$4 ,set ! tack1 & heave ! %eet well taut4 ,,be=e ,,! ,,w9d4#cd ,) ! ,ma9 ,boom ov] to ,/>bo>d4#ce #cd ,t is1 go+ ! same way ! w9d bl[s4 ,h] c\rse is !n sixte5 po9ts f ! w9d4 7,see ,compass47 #ce ,/>bo>d is ! "r1 & l>bo>d ! left h& side1 :5 look+ t[>d ! head ( ! vessel4 ,9 manag+ ! helm1 be c>eful n to jibe ! ma9sail4 ,:5 a vessel is go+ l>ge#cf1 ! helmsman %\ld always place himself on ! wea!r side ( ! till]1 or ! side opposite to t :i* ! ma9 boom is ov]1 z 8 view ( ! vessel's head w !n be unob/ruct$ by ! sails4 ,! boat n[ runn+ be=e ! w9d1 haul ! tack ( ma9sail up4 ,if ! w9d come dead aft1 y may flatt5 aft ! jib & =esail %eets#cg1 or haul ! =esail d[n to prev5t *af+4 ,if ! w9d come at all r\nd on ! />bo>d qu>t]#ch1 slack (f ! boom guy#ci2 haul 9 ! ma9-%eet till y get ! boom a-mid%ips#dj1 or ne>ly s2 port#da ! helm1 & jibe ! ma9sail2 slack (f ! ma9-%eet aga91 & hook ! guy on ! l>bo>d side2 haul taut ! />bo>d runn] & tackle1 & ov]haul ! l>bo>d "o2 ! same ) ! topp+-lift#db2 hoi/ ! head sails#dc1 & %ift ! %eets ov]4 #cf ,or free1 n close-haul$4 ,g5]ally und]/ood z hav+ ! w9d abaft ! beam1 or t h] c\rse is !n eight po9ts f ! w9d4 #cg ,ropes fa/ to ! aft]mo/ l[] corn] ( ! jib & =esail1 to hold !m d[n4 ,! jib has two ropes or %eets fa/ to its corn]1 "o ( :i* comes on ea* side ! =e/ay1 = ! conv5i5ce ( tack+1 c4 ,! =esail has only "o %eet1 :i* is fa/ to ! travell]1 or r+ on ! horse or b> ( iron1 :i* crosses f "o gunwale to ! o!r1 j be=e ! ma/4 #ch ,! po9t on ei!r side :]e ! side & /]n meet4 #ci ,a small tackle1 "o end ( :i* is hook$ to ! ma9 boom1 & ! o!r =w>d1 to keep ! boom f sw++4 #dj ,midway betwe5 ! sides ( ! vessel4 #da ,in/ead ( l>bo>d1 :5 speak+ ( ! helm1 port is ! prop] t]m1 9 contr>iety to />bo>d1 us$ = ! sake ( di/9ctness 9 direct+ ! helmsman4 #db ,/\t ropes :i* lead1 "o f ea* side ! ma9 boom1 ne> its out] end1 ?r\gh a block on its respective side ! ma/1 j "u ! cross-trees1 :5ce x desc5ds ab\t half-way1 & is connect$ to ! deck or gunwale by a tackle4 #dc ,jib & =esail4 ,n4,b4 ,if y are oblig$ to jibe z above1 y mu/1 9 ! foll[+ directions = br++ ! w9d on y\r beam1 read l>bo>d = />bo>d1 & vice v]s4 ,,br++ ,,! ,,vessel ,,) ,,! ,,w9d ,,on ,,! ,,l>bo>d ,,beam4#dd #dd ,t is1 a?w>t or across ! wai/ ( ! vessel1 call$ a-beam1 because x is 9 ! same direction t h] beams lay1 or at "r angles ) h] keel4 ,h] head is !n eight po9ts f ! w9d4--,! w9d is said to be abaft ! beam1 or be=e ! beam1 accord+ z ! vessel's head is m or less ?an eight po9ts f ! w9d4 ,suppos+ t y h n jib$1 />bo>d ! helm a little1 & let ! vessel spr+ h] luff#de ) h] head to ! nor?w>d4 ,slack ! boom guy1 & haul 9 ! ma9-%eet4 ,haul aft#df ! jib-%eet1 & b[l9e#dg ! =esail4 #de ,sail ne>] to ! w9d4 #df ,t is1 t[>d ! h9d] "p or /]n4 #dg ,a rope made fa/ to ! =emo/ %r\d1 & pass$ ?r\gh a ?imble 9 ! aft]-lea* ( ! =esail1 !n r\nd ! %r\d aga91 & r\nd ! %eet4 ,if %e come up fa/1 port ! helm#dh a little1 & meet h]1 !n "r#di x :5 %e lays h] prop] c\rse4 #dh ,always put ! helm ! contr>y way to t :i* y want ! vessel's head to turn4 #di ,t is1 br+ x a-mid%ips2 ! same ) /eady4 ,hook & haul taut ! lee runn] & tackle4 ,y w n[ f9d x necess>y to c>ry ! helm a little a-port or a-wea!r4 99 99 99 99 99 ,if1 in/ead ( direct+ our c\rse ea/w>d1 we _h pref]r$ do+ s we/w>d1 we mu/ h jib$ previ\s to br++ ! w9d on ! beam1 & !n ! prec$+ op]ations w\ld necess>ily h be51 to a correspond+ ext5t1 rev]s$4 ,,close-,,haul+ ,,! ,,vessel4#ej #ej ,to haul ! %eets abo>d1 or m a-mid%ips1 by :i* means ! vessel's head w come clos] to ! po9t ! w9d bl[s f4 ,to haul ! vessel to ! w9d1 ease ! helm d[n#ea a little4 ,haul 9 ! ma9-%eet ^u ! prop] m>k4 ,b[se ! =e%eet1 & haul ! jib-%eet well aft4 ,b[se ! runn] & tackle well taut4 #ea ,to leew>d4 ,! vessel is n[ on ! w9d1 plies to w9dw>d1 or is close-haul$4#eb #eb ,^! t]ms all imply "o ?+1 viz41 t ! vessel is sail+ z ne> z possible to ! po9t :5ce ! w9d bl[s4 ,no squ>e-rigg$ vessel w sail )9 less ?an six1 & no =e-&-aft rigg$ vessel )9 less ?an five1 po9ts ( ! w9d1 to h any head-way4 ,be+ n[ apt to gripe1 or come up into ! w9d ) a sudd5 j]k1 n[ & aga91 %e wall c>ry h] helm m or less a-wea!r4 ,! helmsman mu/ wat* ! wea!r-lea* ( ! ma9sail1 to prev5t ! vessel gett+ h] head 9 ! w9d4 ,,tack+4#ec #ec ,to turn a vessel f "o side to ! o!r ) h] head t[>d ! w9d4 ,:5 a vessel is oblig$ to tack sev]al times successively to get to w9dw>d1 %e is said to be beat+ to w9dw>d2 :5 to get up or d[n a h>b\r1 *annel1 c41 beat+ up or d[n1 c42 :5 try+ to get (f a lee %ore1 claw+ (f4 ,a vessel's tacks are always to w9dw>d & =w>d2 & h] %eets1 to leew>d & aft2 :5ce ! t]ms l>bo>d or />bo>d tack1 mean+ t %e has h] tacks abo>d on ! l>bo>d or />bo>d side4 ,hav+ got abrea/ or opposite ! m\? ( ! h>b\r1 haul ! =e b[l9e4 8,ready ab\t40#ed ,put y\r helm up1 or to w9dw>d a little1 & let ! vessel g r (f ! w9d1 to get good way on h]2 !n g5tly d[n or to leew>d ) x1 :i* is ann\nc$ by ! helmsman call+ 8,helm's a-lee40 ,let fly ! jib-%eet3 ?is takes (f ! balance ( w9d f h] head1 & acts 9 conc]t ) ! helm 9 sweep+ h] /]n to leew>d1 or r 9 all[+ h] head to come quick] up into ! w9d4 #ed ,a comm& t all h&s are to be att5tive1 & at _! /ations = tack+4 ,! man :o att5ds ! jib-%eet mu/ c>efully ga!r 9 ! slack#ee ( ! "o opposite to t :i* he let g4 ,:5 ! jib comes ov] ! l>bo>d side ( ! /ay#ef1 haul ! l>bo>d jib-%eet well aft4 ,:5 ! ma9sail is fill$1 let draw ! =esail4#eg ,"r ! helm1 & %ift ov] ! tack ( ! ma9sail4 #ee ,or loose rope4 #ef ,! =e-/ay1 or l>ge rope f ! l[] ma/ head to ! /em head1 to prev5t ! ma/ f spr++ :5 ! vessel is s5d+ deep1 or fall5 into ! holl[ betwe5 two waves1 aft] pit*+4 #eg ,t is1 let g ! b[l9e :i* holds ! sail to ?is1 n[ wea!r %r\d4 ,x 0 held !re till n[1 t ! w9d might act ^u x ) great] p[] to turn ! vessel1 f ! "t h] head 0 ab\t half-way r\nd4 ,! expression is d]iv$ f its be+ necess>y1 9 l>g] vessels ( a simil> rig1 to ease ! rope gradually z ! sail draws x4 ,f ! "t ! jib-%eet is let fly1 till ! =esail is let draw1 ! vessel is said to be 9 /ays4 ,"o h& %\ld att5d ! ma9-%eet1 to ga!r 9 ! slack till ! boom is a-mid%ips1 & !n ease x (f z ! sail fills1 & ! vessel lays ov] to port4 ,:5 ! vessel is 9 /ays1 & x is d\btful :e!r %e w come r\nd1 or1 9 ord] to make h] come r\nd :5 %e ga!rs /]n-way1 %ift ! helm to ! opposite side4 ,%e is n[ ab\t ^u ! />bo>d tack4 ,,reef+1 ,,tak+ ,,9 ,,sail1 ,,etc4 ,haul ! =e-%eet up to w9dw>d2 b[l9e x !re1 & heave h] to4 ,keep ! till] %ipp$1 & la% x a-lee4 ,9 gaff topsail2 l[] ! haly>ds2 & haul d[n4 ,s5d a h& al(t to unb5d ! %eet f ! sail1 & make x fa/ to ! ma9 haly>d bolt2 & unla% ! gaff topsail1 & s5d x d[n4 ,l[] ! ma9 haly>ds & peak to ! second reef cr+le1 & reef ! ma9sail4 ,hook ! reef tackle#eh to ! fir/ e>+#ei2 haul ^u x till ! cr+le#fj is close d[n ^u ! boom2 & belay ! tackle4 ,pass a small gasket#fa ?r\gh ! tack & ! fir/ reef cr+le1 & la% ! two firmly toge!r1 tak+ c>e to ga!r 9 snug ! luff ( ! sail1 s t ! lea* rope belong+ to x =ms a sort ( snake ne> ! ma/4 ,haul up ! tack1 & b[se ^u ! wea!r peak l9e1 keep+ ! o!r "p fa/ a-mid%ips ( ! boom4 ,?is w hold ! belly ( ! sail p>tly to w9dw>d1 & make x easi] to tie ! reef-po9ts4 ,obs]ve to keep ! foot-rope outside & "u ! sail4 #eh ,a small tackle =m$ ( two hook blocks1 "o ( :i* is hook$ to ! "u "p ( ! boom ab\t "o ?ird f ! ma/1 & ! o!r f>!r aft4 ,! fall is belay$ to a cleat "u ! boom4 #ei ,a /\t rope1 "o end ( :i* is made fa/ to ! boom at ! same di/ance f ! ma/ z ! reef cr+le to :i* x belongs4 ,x asc5ds1 passes ?r\gh ! cr+le1 desc5ds & passes ?r\gh a %eave on ! side ( ! boom1 !n 9 bo>d1 & is /opp$ to ! boom by means ( its lany>d1 or small l9e splic$ into its end = ! purpose4 ,?is lany>d is also to make x fa/ :5 ! sail is reef$1 & y wi% to remove ! tackle4 #fj ,a %ort loop ( rope ) a ?imble or small r+ ( iron inside x1 splic$ to ! lea* ( ! sail4 #fa ,a rope made by plait+ rope-y>ns4 ,let "o man jump ^u ! boom to tie ! out] po9ts s f> t ! re/ c be ti$ on bo>d4 ,let g ! tack & peak l9e1 always keep+ ! ends ( ?is fa/ "u ! boom4 ,hoi/ ! sail taut up2 & set taut ! tack tackle4 ,%ift ! jib to ,no4 #b4 ,ov]haul ! jib pur*ase2 let g ! ou?aul2 haul ! jib d[n2 unhook ! tack2 unb5d ! %eets2 & s5d ! sail d[n bel[4 ,y h n[ got "o reef 9 ! ma9sail4 ,if x come on to bl[ h>d]1 & y want a second reef1 l[] ! sail1 & haul on ! peak l9e z be=e2 nipp] ! fir/ reef-e>+ s z to hold x a %ort "t2 let g ! reef tackle1 & unhook x f ! e>+1 :i* make fa/ ) its lany>d r\nd ! boom4 ,y h n[ got ! tackle to use = ! second reef4 ,proce$ z = ! fir/ reef4 ,%ift ! jib to ,no4 #c1 & proce$ z be=e4 ,if ?ird1 ! same1 aft] rigg+ ! b[sprit4 ,take ! fid#fb or bolt out ( ! heel ( ! b[sprit1 & rig ! b[sprit 9 ab\t "o fid hole4 ,haul taut ! topma/ /ay & b[sprit rigg+4 ,b5d & set ! small jib 9 ! same way z any o!r4 #fb ,a b> ( wood or iron1 :i* passes horizontally ?r\gh a hole 9 ea* bitt & ! heel ( ! b[sprit1 to secure x 9 its place1 mu* 9 ! same way t a c>riage pole is secur$4 ,y may want to /[ ! ma9sail1 set ! trysail1 & make h] o!rwise snug 9 proportion4 ,sway away ^u ! top rope2 lift ! ma/ a little to let ! man unfid x2 & l[] topma/ d[n 9 ! sl+s4 ,l[] ! =e haly>ds1 & reef ! =esail4 ,ga!r ! luff ( ! sail up2 make ! =emo/ reef-e>+ cr+le fa/ to ! tack2 %ift ! %eet f ! clue ( ! sail to ! aft] reef cr+le2 & tie ! po9ts4 ,if ! wea!r is v heavy1 haul d[n ! /ay-sail1 & t5d ! vessel ) a tackle ^u ! wea!r jib-%eet4 99 99 99 99 99 ,:5 x comes f9e wea!r aga91 make sail 9 precisely ! rev]se ord] to t 9 :i* y %ort5 x4 ,cont9ue to tack 9 ! w9d's eye till y are to w9dw>d ( ! h>b\r4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxxi ,page #aai4 ,! ,m>9]'s ,compass4 ,plan ( ! ,deck4 ,,pass+ ,,o!r ,,vessels4 ,all vessels sail+ be=e ! w9d keep out ( ! way ( ^? ^u ! w9d4 ,9 ! riv] ,?ames1 vessels :i* sail ) ! l>bo>d tack abo>d1 keep away = ^? ) ! />bo>d tack abo>d4 ,,br++ ,,! ,,vessel ,,into ,,h>b\r4 ,l[] & haul d[n ! gaff topsail4 ,let g ! jib tack or ou?aul#fc2 l[] ! jib2 & pull on ! d[n-haul]1 to br+ ! travell] 94 ,haul ! tack ( ! ma9sail up2 & l[] ! peak4 ,d[n =esail4 #fc ,a rope made fa/ to ! travell]1 to haul x out to ! b[sprit end4 ,let a small boat run away ! wrap to ! quay4 ,l[]1 & /[ ! ma9sail4 ,unb5d ! jib1 & /[ x bel[ if dry & n imm$iately want$1 & hook ! haly>ds to ! travell]1 close 9 by ! /em4 ,if o!rwise1 hoi/ ^u ! haly>ds1 & let x hang to dry if x require x1 or /op x up & d[n ! =emo/ %r\d4 ,haul ! vessel to ! moor+s1 & moor prop]ly1 putt+ f5d]s ov] to keep h] f ! quay4 ,,description ,,( ,,plate ,,xxxi4 ,fig4 #a4 ,! m>9]'s compass4 ,fig4 #b4 ,plan ( ! deck1 ) ! b[sprit rigg$ out1 c4 #a4 ,b[sprit4 #b4 #b4 ,b[sprit %r\ds4 #c4 ,/em head4 #d4 ,b[sprit bitts4 #e4 ,=e hat*way4 #f4 ,w9dlass & bitts4 #g4 ,=e-%eet horse4 #h4 ,place ( ! ma/4 #i4 #i4 ,*annels4 #aj4 ,ma9 hat*way4 #aa4 ,companion & b9nacle4 #ab4 ,till]4 #ac4 ,cab9 skylight4 #ad4 ,rudd]-head & case4 #ae4 ,taffrail4 ,,plate ,,xxxii4 fig4 #a4 ,pleasure boat1 cutt]-rigg$1 ly+ at an*or2 =esail & ma9sail b5t & /[$4 #a4 ,vane & sp9dle4 #b4 ,truck4 #c4 ,topma/4 #d4 ,cap4 #e4 ,trussel trees4 #f4 ,l[] ma/4 #g4 #g4 ,cross trees4 #h4 ,b[sprit4 #i4 ,gaff1 ) ma9sail furl$4 #aj4 ,ma9 boom4 #aa4 ,till]4 #ab4 ,rudd]4 #ac4 ,/em4 #ad4 #ad4 ,topma/ %r\ds4 #ae4 ,topma/ back/ay4 #af4 ,topma/ /ay4 #ag4 ,runn] & tackle4 #ah4 ,travell]4 #ai4 ,*annel4 #bj4 ,=e/ay ) ! =esail furl$ to x4 #ba4 ,bob/ay4 #bb4 ,topp+-lifts4 #bc4 ,topp+-lift blocks4 #bd4 ,ma9-%eet4 #be4 #be4 ,peak haly>ds4 #bf4 ,jib haly>ds4 #bg4 ,cable4 #bh4 ,=e-%eet4 ,,plate ,,xxxii4 fig4 #b4 ,! vessel go+ d[n ! h>b\r ) all sails set1 /e]+ s\?1 be=e a light breeze4 #a4 ,gaff topsail4 #b4 ,=esail4 #c4 ,ma9sail4 #d4 ,tack tric+ l9e4 #e4 ,peak l9e1 or signal haly>ds4 #f4 #g4 #h4 ,! #a/1 #bnd1 & #crd reefs4 #i4 #i4 #i4 ,reef-e>+s4 #aj4 #aj4 #aj4 ,cr+les4 #aa4 ,balance reef4 #ab4 ,an*or /ock4 #ac4 ,w9dlass4 #ad4 ,=e%eet horse4 #ae4 ,ma9 hat*4 #af4 ,companion & b9nacle4 ,,plate ,,xxxiii4 fig4 #a4 ,! vessel outside ! h>b\r1 /e]+ ea/1 ) a sm>t breeze on ! l>bo>d beam4 #a4 ,jib4 #b4 ,=esail4 #c4 ,an*or4 #d4 ,eyebolt ( ! b[sprit %r\ds4 ,,plate ,,xxxiii4 fig4 #b4 ,! vessel try+ = ! h>b\r 9 a heavy gale1 close to ! w9d z %e c lay1 on ! />bo>d tack1 "u a reef$ ma9sail & =esail1 b[sprit reef$1 & topma/ l[]$4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxxii ,page #abj4 ,p>ts 9 ,pleasure ,boat at ,an*or4 ,boat be=e a light breeze4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxxiii ,page #abj4 ,boat ) a breeze on ! l>bo>d beam4 ,boat close to ! w9d on ! ,/>bo>d tack4 ,illu/ration ,,rid+4 ,! g5]al art ( rid+1 sometimes call$ mange rid+1 to di/+ui% x f its modifications 9 road-rid+1 hunt+1 rac+1 c41 tea*es u to place e "p ( ! body s t x c act ^u ! horse 9 e em]g5cy1 %[s ! effect ( all ! aids or modes ( guid+ him1 & enables u to r5d] him ob$i5t to ! slighte/ t\*4 ,by nev] suff]+ ! asc5dancy to be transf]r$ to ! horse1 by 9 g5]al prev5t+ him f mak+ all 8 spe$1 & by exhau/+ him ! soon] ! m he ex]ts himself )\t p]mission1 x be/[s ^u ! rid] p]fect security4 ,an intimate k ( ?is me?od is necess>y ev5 to our ab&on+ x :5 conv5i5t1 to our adopt+ ! /yles1 aft]w>ds to be describ$1 = m ext5d$ & rapid paces1 or = long cont9u$ rid+1 to our suff]+ ! horse to take m or less ( asc5dancy1 & to our1 :5 necess>y1 easily recov]+ t sup]iority ( ! h&1 ( :i* ^? :o are ignorant ( ?is fundam5tal me?od are less capable4 ,! rec5t practice has be5 to c>ry ! foot r m =w>d ?an is repres5t$ 9 our ,plates1 approa*+ 9 ?is respect1 to ! anci5t position1 z se5 9 ! ,elg9 m>bles1 c4 ,a ,p>isian bit1 :i* is atta*$ to ! m\? ( ! horse1 )\t a head/all1 has be5 lately us$4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 applicable only to horses1 on acc\nt ( its be+ reta9$ 9 ! m\? by means ( ! side tusks1 :i* m>es d n possess4 ,x is compos$ ( a semicircul> b> ( iron1 :i* goes "u ! *91 to :i* its concavity applies2 :ile a %ort b>1 firmly atta*$ to "o ( its ends1 passes ne>ly half-way ?r\gh ! m\?4 ,?r\gh ! o!r end ( ! semicircle is a hole1 into :i*1 :5 ! bit is on1 mu/ be screw$ a bolt1 simil> to ! "o j describ$4 ,^! two bolts1 x is easily und]/ood1 pass beh9d ! tusks1 & ne>ly meet 9 ! c5tre ( ! m\?4#fd #fd ,,! ,,saddle 7,fig4 #a74--;a1 pommel2 b1 cantle2 c1 panel2 d1 flaps2 e1 /irrup lea!r2 f1 gir?s4 ,,bridles 7,fig4 #b7--;a1 b1 head/all ) ! *eek/raps2 c1 d4 ( ! curb2 d1 d4 ( ! bridoon or snaffle pass+ ?r\gh x ov] ! poll2 e1 nosetrap 7seldom f\nd 9 any b milit>y bridles71 f1 ?roatla%4 ,fig4 #c4 ,a twi/$ snaffle-bit4 ,fig4 #d4 ,a pla9 snaffle-bit4 ,fig4 #e4 ,a ,weym\? curb1 ) *a9 & *a9/rap 7a7 atta*$4 ,fig4 #f4 ,a common curb-bit1 ) ! upset 9 ! m\?piece4 ,,! ,,horse ,,& ,,equipm5ts4 ,plates ,,xxxiv41 ,,xxxv4 f4 #a give bett] ideas ( ! horse & 8 equipm5ts ?an ! longe/ & mo/ detail$ description4 ,! read] w !re=e exam9e !m 9 succession4 ,we h "h only to add ^? circum/ances z to ! equipm5t ( ! horse1 :i* c\ld n be communicat$ by t o!rwise brief] & m impressive me?od4 ,! %oes ( a horse h mu* to d ) 81 & consequ5tly ) 8 rid]'s1 com=t4 ,x is !re=e important to "k t he is prop]ly %od4 ,to effect ?is1 ! %oe %\ld be fitt$ to ! foot1 & n ! foot to ! %oe4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxxiv ,page #abb4 ,horse ,equipm5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxxv ,page #abb4 ,! ,p>ts ( ! ,horse4 ,fir/ ,view ( ,m\nt+4 ,nei!r heel nor frog %\ld be p>$ m ?an m]ely to take (f :at is ragg$2 = no reproduction takes place "h1 z 9 ! case ( ! ho(4 ,f>ri]s ru9 ne>ly all horses by do+ o!rwise4 ,inde$1 !y are n to be tru/$ ) ?is op]ation1 :i*1 aft] %oe+1 any g5tleman may p]=m ) 8 pocket-knife4 ,! sole ( ! foot mu/ n be holl[$ out1 b only ! out] wall p>$ flat or ev5 ) ! sole1 & mo/ at ! toe4 ,nor1 above all ?+s1 ought ! f>ri]'s f9i%+ rasp all r\nd ! edge ( ! horn imm$iately above ! %oe to be p]mitt$4 ,nei!r ought nails to be driv5 f> backw>d t[>ds ! heel1 :]e ! horn is s(t] & m s5sible1 especially at ! inn] qu>t]4 ,:5 a horse has a high heel1 ! foot1 except ! frog1 may be p>$ flat1 b n holl[$ out or op5$4 ,:5 a horse has a l[ heel1 ! foot %\ld be p>$ only at ! toes4 ,x is common to all[ ! =e "p or toe ( ! ho( to gr[ long1 !reby ?r[+ ! horse mu* on 8 heels4 ,?is position is unnatural1 because1 7 ! horse 9 a /ate ( nature1 )\t %oes1 ! toe1 f con/ant contact ) ! gr\nd1 w\ld be worn d[n to its prop] level ) ! heel4 ,?is gr[?1 !n1 ( ! =e "p ( ! ho(1 by ?r[+ him on 8 heels1 r5d]s !m t5d]1 & causes lam5ess3 :ile ! foot1 n be+ flat on ! gr\nd1 also /ra9s ! ligam5ts ( ! fetlock jo9t4 ,^! evils may be obviat$ by do+ z nature directs--by cutt+ away ! toe to ! prop] level ) ! heel1 s z to all[ ! foot to be> flat ^u ! gr\nd4 ,:5 a horse has a %ort pa/]n1 he %\ld h a %ort %oe1 because a long "o w\ld compel him to br+ 8 heel m backw>d ?an ! unpliabl5ess ( 8 pa/]n w\ld easily admit4 ,! saddle %\ld be proportion$ to ! size ( ! horse4 ,be=e1 ! be>+s %\ld be cle> ( ! plate bone2 beh9d1 !y %\ld n ext5d fur!r ?an )9 f\r in*es ( ! hips2 & _! pressure %\ld be equal on e "p int5d$ to be t\*$4 ,! clos] ! saddle !n comes ! bett]1 if nei!r ! weight ( ! rid] nor settl+ ( ! panel c possibly injure ! )]s or *9e4 ,be=e m\nt+1 ! rid] %\ld exam9e :e!r ! saddle1 gir?s1 /raps1 bits1 bridle1 c41 are all good & well fix$4 ,:5 ! saddle is on ! horse1 ! l[e/ "p ( ! seat %\ld r be beh9d its c5tre1 z x is !re t ! weight ( ! body %\ld fall1 & by t means ! ?ighs c keep _! prop] position4 ,! be/ te/ ( ! adaptation ( ! seat is1 :5 ! rid]1 )\t /irrups or ef=t1 easily falls into 8 prop] place 9 ! saddle4 ,/irrups %\ld n be us$ until ! pupil is capable ( rid+ )\t !m4 ,_! prop] l5g? is :5 ! upp] edge ( ! horizontal b> rea*es a f+]'s bread? bel[ ! inn] ankle-bone4 ,:5 ! feet are 9 ! /irrups1 ! heels %\ld be ab\t two in*es l[] ?an ! toes4 ,no m ?an ! natural weight ( ! limbs %\ld be ?r[n ^u !m4 ,x is by an accurate position1 & an easy play ( ! ankle & in/ep1 t ! /irrup is reta9$1 s z to slip nei!r =w>d nor backw>d1 ev5 if ! toe be rais$ = a mom5t4 ,! position on horseback ) /irrups diff]s f t )\t !m only 9 ?is1 t ! ?igh be+1 by ! /irrup1 reliev$ f ! weight ( ! leg & foot1 ! knee is slightly b5t1 & r be=e ! l9es :i* ^! =m 9 ! position )\t /irrups4 ,9 huss> rid+1 hunt+1 c41 ! bread? ( f\r f+]s %\ld int]v5e betwe5 ! =k & ! saddle :5 ! rid] /&s up4 ,spurs %\ld nev] be us$ b by an accompli%$ rid]4 ,:5 x is necess>y to employ !m1 !y %\ld be appli$ a few in*es beh9d ! gir?1 z l[ z possible1 & ) ! lighte/ t\* capable ( produc+ ! effect4 ,z to ! bridle1 9 ord] to give ! greate/ possible ease to ! snaffle1 a l>ge & poli%$ bit is necess>y4 ,mo/ bits are too small & long1 b5d back ov] ! b>s ( ! horse's jaw1 "w l p9c]s1 & cut 8 m\?4 ,to give ! greate/ degree ( sev]ity1 ! bit1 :ile hot1 is twi/$ into a spiral =m1 s z to pres5t to ! jaw a r\gh & %>p surface1 capable ( press+ ! b>s or lips ) great] or less sev]ity4 ,! degrees ( puni%m5t :i* ?is bit is capable ( inflict+ are g5]ally suffici5t = all ! purposes ( correction4 ,x is !re=e be/ to ride ) a snaffle1 & to use a curb only occasionally :5 absolutely necess>y4 ,9 all cases1 ! rid] %\ld obs]ve t ! horse is furni%$ ) a bit prop] = him4 ,if too light1 x may h ! effect already describ$4 ,if too heavy1 x may incl9e him to c>ry ! head l[1 or to re/ ^u ! h&1 :i* jockeys call 8mak+ use ( a fif? leg40 ,! simple/ & mo/ useful ( ! curb k9d is ! ,weym\? bit1 :i* consi/s ( a /rong pla9 m\?-piece ( uni=m ?ickness1 )\t any upset1 b m]ely a curve =w>ds1 to give ease to ! tongue4 ,! c5tre ( ! re9s %\ld be accurately m>k$2 &1 :5 bo? re9s are held 9 "o h&1 & ! ne> re9 has to pass "u ! little f+]1 & ov] ! =e-f+]1 on ! outside ( ! (f-re91 ! latt] %\ld be held ab\t half an in* %ort]1 & ! c5tre %\ld be br\ght proportionally t[>ds ! left4 ,9 adju/+ ! bridle on ! horse's head1 ! head/all1 p>allel to & above ! *eekbone1 mu/ h its l5g? s regulat$ z to p]mit ! m\?-piece ( ! curb to re/ on ! b>s1 an in* above ! l[] tu%es 9 horses1 & ab\t two in*es above ! corn] tee? 9 m>es1 :i* h no tu%es4 ,! nose-b&1 ly+ "u ! snaffle head/all1 mu/ be buckl$ s loosely t a f+] c pass freely "u x & ov] ! horse's nose4 ,! bit ( ! snaffle mu/ be high]1 b n s mu* s z to wr9kle ! corn] ( ! m\?4 ,! ?roat-la% mu/ be buckl$ r loose4 ,! mane is usually cut close "u ! head/all2 ! f+] cle>s any "p ( ! =etop int]f]+ ) x2 & ! rema9d]1 :5 comb$ smoo?1 is put ei!r ov] or "u ! front4 ,if ! rid] uses a curb1 he %\ld make x a rule to hook on ! *a9 himself2 = ! quiete/ horse may br+ 8 rid] into dang]1 if ! curb hurt him4 ,! curb-*a9 mu/ pass "u ! snaffle4 ,! rid] %\ld1 !re=e1 put 8 "r h& "u ! snaffle re9s to take hold ( ! curb-*a91 & introduc+ two f+]s ( 8 left )9 ! *eek ( ! bit1 & aid+ ^! ) 8 ?umb1 take hold ( ! curb hook4 ,! end l9ks ( ! curb-*a9 be+ 9 8 "r h&1 he %\ld turn ! *a9 to ! "r & "u1 or z he w\ld a screw1 till e l9k lies flat & smoo?1 & !n1 )\t los+ a half turn1 put t l9k on ! hook :i* appe>s to be nei!r tight nor slack4 ,! f+] %\ld pass betwe5 ! horse's jaw & curb1 :i* 9 ?is case hangs d[n ^u 8 "u lip4 ,x is necess>y also to see h[ x op]ates4 ,if ! bran* has lib]ty to move =ty-five degrees1 or to a "r angle1 x is ! degree :i* is 9 g5]al be/4 ,if1 h[ev]1 "o l9k ( ! *a9 conf9e x to ?irty-five degrees1 & if "o l9k l[] give x fifty-five degrees1 !n ! mann] ( ! horse's c>ry+ 8 head mu/ det]m9e :i* is mo/ prop]3 if ! horse naturally c>ry 8 nose high1 ! bran* may h fifty-five1 if he br+ 8 nose 91 he %\ld h ?irty-five degrees4 ,if !re be a *a9-/rap1 x mu/ be plac$ s high on ! bran*1 t :5 pass$ ?r\gh ! r+ 9 ! curb-*a91 x may be buckl$ tight en\gh to prev5t ! horse lodg+ ! bran* on 8 tee?4 ,:5 a horse's head is /eady1 :5 he is light 9 h&1 c obey its motions ) ease1 & /op readily1 ! bit is prop]ly adju/$4 ,on ! contr>y1 if he op5 8 m\? z if gagg$1 wri! 8 jaws1 draw 8 tongue above ! m\?-piece1 or ?ru/ x out sidewise2 if he fe> ! impression ( ! bit1 h no appuy1 toss 8 head up & d[n1 c>ry x l[1 & endeav\r to =ce ! h&1 or refuse to g =w>d1 or run backw>d1 ! bit is n prop]ly adju/$4 ,,m\nt+ ,,& ,,dism\nt+4 ,9 m\nt+1 ! rid]1--pres5t+ himself r be=e ! horse's %\ld]1 ) 8 left brea/ t[>ds t %\ld]1 & ) 8 :ip or swit* 9 8 left h&1--takes1 ) ! "r h&1 ! snaffle re9s 9 ! c5tre2--introduces ! little f+] ( ! left h& betwe5 !m f be=e1 ! back ( t h& be+ t[>ds ! horse's head2--places ! left h& bel[ ! "r on ! neck ( ! horse1 ab\t twelve in*es f ! saddle2--draws ) ! "r h& ! re9s ?r\gh ! left1 & %ort5s !m1 till ! left has a light & equal feel+ ( bo? re9s on ! horse's m\?2--?r[s1 ) ! "r h&1 ! re9s to ! (f side2--takes1 ) ! same h&1 a lock ( ! mane1 br+s x ?r\gh ! left h&1 & turns x r\nd ! left ?umb3--& closes ! left h& firmly on ! mane & re9s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxxvi ,page #abg4 ,second ,view ( ,m\nt+4 ,! ,seat4 ,! "r h&1 aft] quitt+ ! mane1 lays hold ( ! left /irrup1 ! f+]s be+ beh9d1 & ! ?umb 9 front ( x2--! left foot is rais$ & put into ! /irrup z f> z ! ball ( x1 ,pl ,,xxxv f #b ! "r foot is !n mov$ until ! rid]'s face is turn$ to ! side ( ! horse1 & look+ across ! saddle2 :ile ! "r h& is plac$ on ! cantle1 ! left knee aga9/ ! saddle on ! surc+le1 ) ! left heel drawn back1 to avoid t\*+ ! horse's side ) ! toe2--by a spr+ ( ! "r foot f ! in/ep1 n by any pull ) ! "r h&1 ! rid] raises himself 9 ! /irrup1 ! knees firm aga9/ ! saddle1 ! heels toge!r1 b drawn back a little1 & ! body erect1 & p>tially support$ by ! "r h& ,pl ,,xxxvi f #a ! "r h& moves f ! cantle to ! pommel1 & supports ! body2--! "r leg at ! same "t passes cle>ly ov] ! horse's qu>t]s to ! (f side2--! "r knee closes on ! saddle2 ! body comes g5tly into x2--! left h& quits ! mane1 & ! "r ! pommel4 ,! left1 or bridle h&1 ) ! wri/ r\nd$ outw>ds1 is plac$ opposite ! c5tre ( ! body1 & at ?ree in*es' di/ance f x2--! "r h& is dropp$ by ! side ( ! ?igh2--! /irrup is tak5 in/antly ) ! "r foot1 )\t ! help ( h& or eye2--! clo!s are adju/$2--& ! :ip is ex*ang$ f ! left h& to ! "r1 be+ held ) ! la% upw>ds1 b incl9+ a little t[>ds ! left e> ( ! horse1 & nev] leav+ ! "r h&1 except :ile m\nt+ or dism\nt+1--7,plate ,,xxxvi4 f4 #b47 ,! horse is to be accu/om$ to /& till ! rid] reque/ him to move4 ,! habit ( un/ead9ess is acquir$ f grooms1 :o1 on go+ out to wat] & ex]cise1 ?r[ !mselves ov] a horse f "s elevation1 & give a kick to ! animal ev5 be=e be+ fairly ^u x4 ,if a groom att5d at m\nt+1 he ought n to be suff]$ to t\* ! re9s1 b only t "p ( ! bridle :i* comes d[n ! *eek4 ,9 dism\nt+1 ! :ip is to be return$ into ! left h&2--! "r h& takes hold ( ! re9 above ! left2--! "r foot quits ! /irrup2--! left h& slides =w>d on ! re91 to ab\t twelve in*es f ! saddle1 feel+ ! horse's m\? v lightly2--! "r h&1 dropp+ ! re9s to ! (f side1 takes a lock ( ! mane1 br+s x ?r\gh ! left1 & twi/s x r\nd ! left ?umb2--! f+]s ( ! left h& close on x2--! "r h& is plac$ on ! pommel2 ! body be+ kept erect4 ,! body is support$ ) ! "r h& & left foot2--! "r leg is1 )\t t\*+ ! horse's h9d-qu>t]s or ! saddle1 br\ght g5tly to ! ne> side1 ) ! heels close1 c>e be+ take n to b5d ! "r knee1 le/ ! spur %\ld t\* ! horse2--! "r h& passes at ! same "t to ! cantle1 to pres]ve ! balance1 z 9 ! act ( m\nt+2--! body is g5tly l[]$ until ! "r toe t\*es ! gr\nd2--re/+ on ! "r foot1 ! left /irrup is quitt$1 & ! left foot plac$ 9 l9e ) ! horse's ho(s2--! h&s rema9+ z 9 ! =m] motion4 ,bo? h&s !n quit _! holds ( ! mane & cantle2--& ! "r h& lays hold ( ! snaffle re9 ne> ! r+ ( ! bit4 ,9 m\nt+ )\t /irrups1--aft] tak+ up ! re9s1 in/ead ( seiz+ ! mane1 ! rid] lays hold ( ! pommel & cantle1 &1 by a spr+ ( bo? legs f ! in/eps1 raises ! body to ! c5tre ( ! saddle4 ,by a second spr+ ( bo? arms1 ! "r leg is c>ri$ ov] ! horse1 & ! rid] ent]s 8 prop] seat by clos+ ! knees on ! saddle1 & slid+ g5tly into x4 ,9 dism\nt+ )\t /irrups1 on ei!r side ( ! horse1 ! rid] ?r[s ! weight ( ! body on ! h&s plac$ on ! pommel1 &1 by a spr+1 raises ! body out ( ! saddle be=e ! leg is br\ght ov] ! horse4 ,,! ,,seat4 ,! seat mu/ be und]/ood 9 an ext5d$ s5se z ! disposition ( ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! body1 9 con=mity ) ! action ( ! horse2 & its effect is ! rid]'s be+ firm 9 ! saddle1 :5 he might be o!rwise ?r[n =w>d ov] ! horse's head1 or backw>d ov] 8 tail4 ,! fundam5tal seat is t int]m$iate "o ( :i* all o!rs are modifications1 & 9 :i* ! rid] sits :5 ! horse is go+ /raight =w>d1 )\t any b5d 9 8 position4 ,9 describ+ ?is1 x is fir/ necess>y to consid] ! rid]'s relation to ! horse4--,he mu/ sit on t "p ( ! animal's body :i*1 z he spr+s 9 8 paces1 is ! c5tre ( motion3 f :i*1 ( c\rse1 any weight w\ld be mo/ difficultly %ak54 ,! place ( ?is seat is t "p ( ! saddle into :i* ! rid]'s body w\ld naturally slide 7 he to ride )\t /irrups4 ,?is seat is to be pres]v$ only by a prop] balance ( 8 body1 & its adaptation to ev5 ! mo/ viol5t c\nt]actions ( ! horse4 ,turf jockeys necess>ily sit fur!r back1 t !y may employ ! pulls4 ,x is necess>y to consid] ! horseman 9 v>i\s p>ts1 & to expla9 _! diff]5t functions3 #a/1 ! l[] "p1 z be+ "h ! pr9cipal "o1 namely1 ! ?ighs1 ) ! legs z dep5d5t on !m2 #b;dly1 ! upp] "p1 namely1 ! body1 ) ! arms dep5d5t on x4 ,! ?ighs1 f ! =k to ! knees1 are commonly call$ ! immovable p>ts1 & ^u !m ! :ole attitude dep5ds4 ,!y mu/ n wriggle or roll1 s z ei!r to di/urb ! horse1 or r5d] ! seat loose2 b !y may be relax$ :5 ! horse hesitates to advance4 ,! legs occasionally /r5g!n ! hold ( ! ?ighs by a grasp ) ! calves2 & !y likewise aid1 support1 & *a/ise ! horse4 ,! body1 f ! =k upw>ds1 mu/ always be 9 a situation to take ! correspond+ motion1 & pres]ve ! balance4 ,! position ( ! arms is dep5d5t on t ( ! body1 b !y also ex]cise new functions4 ,z a good seat is ! basis ( all excell5ce 9 rid+1 we %all consid] ^! p>ts 9 detail4 ,9 relation to ! ?ighs1 ! rid]1 sitt+ 9 ! middle ( ! saddle1 mu/ re/ *iefly ^u _! division1 vulg>ly call$ ! =k1 & v slightly ^u ! hips4 ,! ?ighs1 turn$ inw>d1 mu/ re/ flat ^u ! sides ( ! saddle1 )\t grasp+2 = ! rid]'s weight gives suffici5t hold1 & ! pressure ( ! ?ighs on ! saddle w\ld only lift him above x4 ,! knees mu/ be /ret*$ d[n & kept back1 s z to place ! ?ighs sev]al degrees %ort ( a p]p5dicul>2 b no gripe mu/ be made ) !m1 unless !re be dang] ( los+ all o!r hold4 ,if ! ?ighs are ^u _! inn] or flat side 9 ! saddle1 bo? ! legs & ! feet w be turn$ z !y ought to be4 ,?us turn$1 !y mu/ be on a l9e p>allel to t ( ! rid]'s body1 & hang ne> ! horse's sides1 b mu/ n t\*2 yet !y may give an additional hold to ! seat1 :5 necess>y1 & ! calves mu/ act 9 support ( ! aids ( ! h&s4 ,! heels are to be sunk1 & ! toes to be rais$1 & z ne> ! horse z ! heels1 :i* prev5ts ! heel t\*+ ! horse4 ,z to ! body4--,! head mu/ be firm1 yet free4 ,! %\ld]s ?r[n back1 & kept squ>e1 s t no pull ( ! bridle may br+ !m =w>d4 ,! *e/ mu/ be advanc$1 & ! small ( ! back b5t a little =w>d4 ,! upp] p>ts ( ! arms mu/ hang p]p5dicul>ly f ! %\ld]s1 ! l[] p>ts at "r angles ) ! upp]1 s z to =m a horizontal l9e f ! elb[ to ! little f+]4 ,! elb[s mu/ be lightly clos$ to ! hips1 &1 )\t /iffness1 kept /eady1 or !y de/roy ! h&4 ,! wri/ mu/ be r\nd$ a little outw>ds4 ,! h&s %\ld be ab\t ?ree in*es f ! body1 & f ! pommel ( ! saddle1 & f f\r to six in*es ap>t2 ! ?umbs & knuckles po9t+ t[>ds ea* o!r1 & ! f+] nails t[>ds ! body4#fe #fe ,:5 9 motion r\nd ! mange1 or ! circle1 ! inw>d h&1 or t t[>ds :i* we turn1 is to be a little l[] ?an ! outw>d "o4 ,:5 ! rid] is 9 ! prop] position on horseback )\t /irrups1 8 nose1 brea/1 knee1 & in/ep are ne>ly 9 a l9e2 &1 ) /irrups1 8 nose1 brea/1 knee1 & toe1 are 9 a l9e4--7,pl ,,xxxvi47 ,! man & ! horse ?r\gh\t are to be ( a piece4 ,:5 ! horse is at lib]ty1 or disunit$1 z x is t]m$1 ! rid] sits at 8 ease2 &1 z he collects & unites 8 horse1 s he collects & unites himself4 ,!re mu/1 h[ev]1 be no /iffness ( mann]1 m ?an 9 sitt+ on a *air2 = x is ease & elegance :i* di/+ui% ! g5tleman4 ,,! ,,balance4 ,! balance 9 rid+ pres]ves ! body f t incl9ation to "o side or ! o!r :i* ev5 ! ord9>y paces ( ! horse1 9 ! trot or gallop1 w\ld o!rwise occasion4 ,x accompanies & corresponds ) e motion ( ! animal1 )\t any employm5t ( /r5g?1 & consequ5tly1 ! rid] sits s firmly t no?+ c move 8 seat4 ,8 skill consi/s ess5tially 9 balanc+ himself on ! horse 9 su* a mann] z n to fett] ! animal's movem5ts4 ,to illu/rate ?is1 if ! horse "w /raight & upright on 8 legs1 ! body mu/ be 9 ! same upright direction3 z ! horse moves into a trot1 ! body mu/ be incl9$ a little m back2 9 ! gallop1 also 9 leap+1 or 9 any viol5t movem5ts1 ! body mu/ *iefly be kept back2 &1 :5 ! horse b5ds & leans1 z he does :5 on a circle1 or trott+ briskly r\nd a corn]1 ! body mu/ lean simil>ly1 or ! balance w be lo/4 ,?r\gh\t ! :ole1 ! figure mu/ be pliant to e action ( ! horse2 = ! balance c be ma9ta9$ only by z _m diff]5t positions z he is capable ( work+ 94 ,to help 8 balance1 ! rid] mu/ nev] take ! slighte/ assi/ance f ! re9s4 ,:atev] ! position ( ! body1 ! h& mu/ be fix$1 & ! re9s ( su* a l5g? z to feel & support ! horse1 b nev] to hold on4 ,to acquire ! balance1 ! practice on circles1 or ! longe1 is useful2 work+ equally to bo? h&s1 & n us+ /irrups till ! pupil has acquir$ ! balance )\t !m4 ,exp]i5ce proves t ! body1 if 9 ! mange seat & fundam5tal position1 almo/ involunt>ily takes ! correspond+ motion1 :e!r ! horse /umbles1 re>s1 spr+s =w>d1 or kicks4 ,,! ,,re9-,,hold4 ,!re are v>i\s me?ods ( hold+ ! re9s1 accord+ to ! /yle ( rid+1 ! design ( ! rid]1 & ! prop5sities ( horses4 ,9 hold+ ! snaffle-re9s sep>ately1 "o re9 passes into ea* h&1 betwe5 ! ?ird & f\r? f+]s1 & out ( x ov] ! =e-f+]1 :]e x is held d[n by ! ?umb4--7,pl ,,xxxvii f4 #a47 ,:5 aft]w>ds fur!r advanc$1 ! re9s are held 9 ! left h&1 z at fir/ tak5 up2 ! left re9 pass+ "u ! little f+]1 & ! "r "u ! ?ird f+]1 bo? ly+ smoo? ?r\gh ! h&1 ! sup]flu\s re9 hang+ ov] ! fir/ jo9t ( ! =e-f+]1 & ! ?umb be+ plac$ ^u x4#ff--7,plate ,,xxxvii4 fig4 #b47 #ff ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 ! "r re9 is made to ent] ! h& f above ov] ! =e-f+]1 & crosses ! left re9 9 ! palm1 :]e ! f+]s close ^u !m1 a loop or b[ be+ =m$ ( ! residue betwe5 ! h& & body1 :5ce x hangs d[n4--7,plate ,,xxxvii4 fig4 #c47 ,rid]s %\ld n ?r[ _! "r %\ld]s back1 z !y are apt to d1 :5 !y fir/ take ! re9s 9 "o h&4 ,! "r arm %\ld hang by ! side1 ) ! h& by ! side ( ! ?igh2 or1 if hold+ ! :ip1 x may be kept a little l[] ?an ! left1 9 ord] n to ob/ruct ! op]ation ( ! bridle4 ,we h already said1 t we ?9k x be/ to ride ) ! snaffle alone1 & use ! curb only occasionally4 ,9 ?is case1 ! curb re9s may h a slide ^u !m1 & may hang on ! pommel ( ! saddle1 or ! horse's neck4 ,:5 ! rid]1 h[ev]1 holds ! curb z well z ! snaffle1 hav+ bo?1 z is mo/ usual1 9 ! left h&1--:ile ! curb re9s are plac$ z above describ$ ( ! snaffle re9s1 ! snaffle re9s are plac$ )9 !m2 t is1 ! left snaffle re9 ent]s "u ! second1 & ! "r "u ! fir/ f+]1 & bo? pass up ?r\gh ! h&1 & out ( x1 ov] ! =e-f+]1 precisely z d ! curb re9s1 except t !y lie at fir/ above1 !n )91 & la/ly1 "u !m4--7,plate ,,xxxvii4 fig4 #d47 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxxvii ,page #acc4 ,! ,re9-hold4 ,%ift+ ! re9s %\ld be done exp]tly1 )\t /opp+ ! horse1 alt]+ ! pace1 break+ ! "t1 or look+ to ! h&s4 ,:5 ! snaffle re9s are held 9 "o h&1 ! me?od ( %ift+ f ! left h& is z foll[s3--,turn ! ?umbs t[>ds ea* o!r2 c>ry ! "r h& ov] ! left2 9 place ( ! little f+] ( ! left h&1 put ! =e-f+] ( ! "r h& d[nw>ds betwe5 ! re9s2 lay ! re9s smoo?ly d[n ?r\gh ! "r h&1 & place ! ?umb ^u ! left re9 betwe5 ! fir/ & second jo9t ( ! =e-f+]4--7,pl ,,xxxvii4 f4 #e47 ,to %ift !m aga9 into ! left h&1 x is only necess>y to c>ry ! left h& ov] ! "r2 to put ! little f+] ( ! left h& d[nw>ds betwe5 ! "r & left re9s2 to place !m smoo?ly upw>d ?r\gh ! h&1 & to let ! ends hang ov] ! =e-f+]1 z at fir/4--7,plate ,,xxxvii4 fig4 #f47 ,:5 bo? curb & snaffle re9s are held 9 ! usual me?od1 we %ift !m into ! "r h& 9 a simil> mann]1 by turn+ ! ?umbs t[>d ea* o!r2 c>ry+ ! "r h& ov] ! left2 putt+ ! =e-f+] ( ! "r h& into ! place ( ! little f+] ( ! left2 ! second f+] ( ! "r into ! place ( ! ?ird f+] ( ! left2 & ! ?ird f+] ( ! "r into ! place ( ! second f+] ( ! left2 & lay+ ! re9s smoo?ly d[n ?r\gh ! "r h&4-- 7,pl ,,xxxvii4 f4 #g7 ,:5 we %ift ! re9s aga9 to ! left h&1 we put ! f+]s ( ! left h& into ! places we took !m f1 & turn ! re9s smoo?ly upw>d ?r\gh ! h&1 & ov] ! =e-f+]4--7,plate ,,xxxvii4 fig4 #h47 ,sep>at+ ! re9s is sometimes necess>y4 ,:5 a horse refuses ob$i5ce to "o h&1 we use two4 ,x is seldom1 h[ev]1 necess>y to take m ?an "o re9 9 ! "r h&2 & ?is is ! "r re9 ( ! snaffle only4 ,= ?is purpose1 ! rid] turns ! back ( 8 "r h& upw>ds1 puts ! fir/ ?ree f+]s ov] ! snaffle re91 receives x betwe5 8 little & ?ird f+]s1 lets ! sup]flu\s end hang ov] ! =e-f+]1 ) ! ?umb upw>ds1 z he does ! bridle h&4 7,plate ,,xxxvii4 fig4 #i47 ,adju/+ ! re9s is %ort5+ or l5g!n+ !m1 :olly or p>tially1 z occasion may require4 ,to adju/ ! :ole1 we take ! sup]flu\s re9s t hang ov] ! =e-f+] ( ! left h& into ! "r1 s t ) t h& we support ! horse1 & feel e /ep he takes2 & we !n op5 ! f+]s ( ! left h& s z to slip x up & d[n ! re9s smoo?ly & freely1 & !reby adju/ !m to our pleasure4 ,to %ort5 ! curb re91 & l5g!n ! snaffle1 we take 9 ! "r h& ! c5tre ( ! curb re91 t hangs ov] ! =e-f+]1 slip ! :ole ( ! re9s too long1 pass ! left h& d[n !m1 & feel ) ! f+]s :e!r bo? ! curb re9s are ( equal l5g?1 be=e we grasp ) ! left h&1 or quit ) ! "r4 ,simil>ly1 we %ort5 ! snaffle1 & l5g!n ! curb1 by tak+ 9 ! "r h& ! c5tre ( ! snaffle t hangs ov] ! =e-f+]1 & proce$+ 9 ! same way4 ,:5 any s+le re9 wants %ort5+1 we apply ! "r h& to t "p :i* hangs ov] ! =e-f+]1 & draw x tight]4 ,:5 ! re9s are sep>ate1 or occupy bo? h&s1 & want adju/+1 we br+ ! h&s toge!r to assi/ ea* o!r2 rememb]+ t ! inn] h&1 or t :i* supports ! attitude ! horse works 91 is n to dep>t f its situation1 s z to occasion any disord]1 b t ! out] h& is to be br\ght to ! inn]1 = ! purpose ( adju/+ !m4 ,,! ,,correspond5ce4 ,to h a correct notion ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! h& op]ates on ! horse's m\?1 x mu/ be und]/ood t ! re9s1 be+ held z describ$1 are collect$ to su* def9ite l5g?1 t brac+ ! muscles ( ! h& w\ld re9 ! horse back1 & eas+ !m p]mit him freely to advance2 ! h&1 = pres]v+ a m$ium effect on ! m\?1 be+ only half %ut1 & ! knuckles ne> ! wri/ ne>ly op54 ,! h&1 !n1 be+ connect$ to ! re9s1 ! re9s to ! bit1 ! bit op]at+ 9 ! curb on ! b>s1 & 9 ! snaffle on ! lips1 ! rid] _c move ! h&1 & sc>cely ev5 a f+]1 )\t ! horse's m\? be+ m or less affect$4 ,?is is call$ ! ,,correspond5ce4 ,if1 moreov]1 ! h& be held /eady1 z ! horse advances 9 ! trot1 ! f+]s w feel1 by ! contraction ( ! re9s1 a slight tug1 occasion$ by ! cad5ce ( e /ep2 & ?is tug1 by means ( ! correspond5ce1 is reciprocally felt 9 ! horse's m\?4 ,?is is call$ ! ,,appuy4 ,:ile ?is relation is pres]v$ betwe5 ! h& & m\?1 ! horse is 9 p]fect ob$i5ce to ! rid]1 & ! h& directs him1 9 any position or action1 ) su* ease1 t ! horse seems to "w by ! w ( ! rid] r ?an by ! p[] ( 8 h&4 ,?is is call$ ! ,,support4 ,n[1 ! correspond5ce or effective communication betwe5 ! h& & m\?1--! appuy1 or /r5g? ( ! op]ation 9 ! m\?1--! support1 or aid1 ! h& gives 9 ! position or action1--are always ma9ta9$ 9 ! mange & all unit$ paces4 ,)\t ^!1 a horse is "u no imm$iate control1 z 9 ! ext5d$ gallop1 or at full spe$1 :]e x may require a hundr$ y>ds to pull be=e we c /op him4 ,,! ,,action4 ,! degree ( correspond5ce1 appuy1 & support1 dep5ds1 9 horses o!rwise simil>1 on ! relative situation ( ! h&4 ,! act ( rais+ ! rid]'s h& increases 8 p[]2 & ?is1 rais+ ! horse's head1 dim9i%es 8 p[]4 ,! depress+ ( ! rid]'s h&1 on ! contr>y1 dim9i%es 8 p[]2 & ?is1 depress+ ! horse's head1 increases 8 p[]4 ,on ^! dep5d ! unit$ness or disunit$ness 9 ! action ( ! horse4 ,a writ] on ?is subject 7,b]ang]1 we believe7 gives ! foll[+ useful illu/ration3--8,if a g>t] 7 plac$ across ! pupil's =ehead1 & a p]son beh9d him held ! two ends 9 a horizontal direction1 ! pupil1 if he /ood q upright1 c\ld n pull at ! p]son's h&1 nor endure ! p]son's h& to pull at him1 )\t fall+ or runn+ backw>ds40 ,?is is ! situation ( a horse :5 unit$4 ,accord+ly1 :5 ! pupil felt ! h& sev]e1 or expect$ x to pull1 he w\ld gu>d aga9/ x by b5d+ ! body1 project+ ! head1 & plant+ "o foot beh9d4 ,?is is ! situation ( a horse :5 disunit$1 or def5d+ himself aga9/ ! heav9ess ( ! h&4 ,h5ce ! p]petual pull ( a timid rid]1 or a heavy ins5sible h&1 _c keep a horse unit$1 because ! horse _c !n be> its sev]ity4 ,?us heavy h&s make h>d-m\!d horses2 & h5ce x is 9 ?is condition t we g5]ally f9d horses1 = ! be/ broke become s1 if ridd5 a few times by an ignorant horseman4 ,9 su* cases1 ! horse makes ! rid] support ! weight bo? ( 8 head & neck1 or goes on 8 %\ld]s1 & is apt to /umble4 ,if1 !n1 ! appuy be heavy1 f ! head be+ c>ri$ too l[1 & ! horse n suffici5tly unit$1 ! rid] mu/ raise ! h&1 & let ! f+]s1 by mov+1 r invite ?an compel ! head1 or m prop]ly ! neck1 to rise1 = ! object is to br+ 9 ! head by rais+ ! neck1 ! legs at ! same "t press+ ! haun*es "u4 ,by ^! means1 ! horse w be unit$1 & ! appuy w be light5$4 ,%\ld ! h&1 h[ev]1 be too conf9+ to ! horse :5 unit$1 he may become s balanc$ on 8 haun*es t he c nei!r disunite himself nor advance "o /ep2 &1 %\ld ! rid] !n press him )\t yield+ or dropp+ ! h&1 he w\ld compel him to re>4 ,su* are ! two extremes1 :]e ! horse is disunit$1 & :]e he is too mu* unit$4 ,! int]m$iate effect ( ! h& & heel mu/ be acquir$ by practice4 ,,! ,,h&4 ,to a ma/]ly h&1 firmness1 g5tl5ess1 & lightness1 are v prop]ly describ$ z be+ ess5tially necess>y4 ,firmness ( ! h& does n1 h[ev]1 d m ?an correspond exactly ) ! feel+ 9 ! horse's m\?1 unless ! horse attempts to get ! asc5dancy1 to ab&on t delicate correspond5ce produc+ ! appuy1 & keep+ him "u ! /ricte/ ob$i5ce1 & to make a dull or ins5sible pull on ! h&4 ,to fru/rate ^! attempts1 ! h& is kept firm1 & ! f+]s brac$2 &1 %\ld ! horse plant 8 head l[ to endure ?is1 ! f+]s are mov$1 ! re9s %ak51 c41 to raise ! head & div]t him f 8 purpose2 or1 if ?is be unavail+1 ! h& is yield$ t ! re9s may become slack1 & a snat* is giv5 9 an upw>d direction1 :i* w n only make him raise 8 head1 b w det] him f putt+ x d[n aga94 ,g5tl5ess ( ! h& relaxes a little ( its firmness1 & mitigates ! feel+ betwe5 ! h& & ! horse's m\?1 )\t pass+1 h[ev]1 f "o extreme to ano!r4 ,lightness ( ! h& less5s /ill m ! feel+ betwe5 ! rid]'s h& & ! horse's m\?1 & consi/s 9 a slight alt]nate feel+ & eas+ ( ! bridle1 regulat$ by ! motion ( ! horse2 =1 if ! appuy 7 always 9 ! same degree1 x w\ld heat ! m\?1 dull ! feel+1 & r5d] ! horse's b>s call\s4 ,! rid] mu/ also di/+ui% :e!r ! horse wa%es to dis5gage himself f re/riction1 or wants a mom5t>y lib]ty to c\gh1 to move if cramp$1 to dislodge a fly1 c4 ,! curb1 if us$1 requires always a light h& to manage x2 & ! horse %\ld nev] be put to d any ?+ 9 a curb at :i* he is n p]fectly ready4 ,! curb is adapt$ = act+ 9 a direct l9e only3 ! snaffle %\ld be us$ 9 all o!r cases4 ,/ill1 z to all ^! qualities1 ! transitions mu/ be gradual4 ,7 ! rid]1 pass+ ov] t degree ( re/ra9t :i* is d]iv$ f ! easy or g5tle h&1 to g at once f a firm to a slack "o1 he w\ld deprive 8 horse ( ! support he tru/$ to1 & precipitate him on 8 %\ld]s4 ,on ! contr>y1 7 he to pass f ! slack to ! tight re9 all at once1 he w\ld give a viol5t %ock to ! horse's m\?4 ,all ! op]ations ( ! h&1 !n1 %\ld be firm1 g5tle1 & light2 & 9 ^!1 ! f+]s & wri/ alone mu/ act4 ,c]ta9 lib]ties call$ desc5ts ( ! h&1 are also tak5 ) well-br$ horses4 ,^! are made ?ree diff]5t ways3--by advanc+ ! arm a little1 b n ! %\ld]1 /ill keep+ ! usual l5g? ( re91 or by dropp+ ! knuckles directly & at once ^u ! horse's neck2--by tak+ ! re9s 9 ! "r h&1 ab\t f\r f+]s' bread? above ! left1 & lett+ !m slide ?r\gh ! left1 dropp+ ! "r h& at ! same "t ^u ! horse's neck2--& by tak+ ! end ( ! re9s 9 ! "r h&1 quitt+ !m entirely ) ! left1 & lett+ ! end ( !m fall ^u ! horse's neck4 ,^! graceful fre$oms mu/ nev] be us$ b ) great caution1 :5 ! horse is q toge!r1 & 9 h&2 & ! rid]1 by ?r[+ back 8 body1 mu/ c\nt]balance ! weight ( ! horse ^u 8 haun*es4 ,!re are /ill m9ut] rules belong+ to ?is head2 = in/ance1 bo? snaffle re9s be+ 9 "o h&1 & t 9 ! fir/ position1--if we op5 ! fir/ & second f+]s1 we slack5 ! "r re92--if we op5 ! little f+]1 we slack5 ! left re92--if we %ut ! h& entirely1 & imm$iately op5 x aga91 we less5 ! t5sion ( bo? re9s4 ,by ^! me?ods1 we may relieve & fre%5 ! two b>s 9 :i* ! feel+ & appuy resides4 ,s also 9 ! second desc5t ( ! h&4 ,:ile ! "r h& holds ! re9s1 we may slide ! left h& up & d[n ^! 9 t degree ( appuy :i* belongs to ! easy & slack h&3 dur+ :i* ! horse w endeav\r to pres]ve t mutual s5sation betwe5 ! m\? & ! h&1 :i* makes him submit ) pleasure to con/ra9t4 ,by ?is play ( ! re9 & movem5t ( ! bit to avoid pressure 9 "o cont9u$ way1 ! horse's head is kept high1 & 8 neck & cre/ are rais$4 ,,! ,,guidance ,,or ,,aids4 ,! modes ( guid+ ! horse are call$ aids1 because !y n only direct1 b assi/ him to execute4 ,!y also *eck him 9 act+ contr>ily4 ,^! aids are c]ta9 positions ( ! h&1 body1 legs1 & sometimes ( ! swit* or :ip4 ,! h& is s f> ! pr9cipal ( ^!1 t ! o!rs are sometimes call$ accompanim5ts1 z only giv+ p[] & efficacy to ! h&4 ,aids ( ! ,h&4 ,a horse c move f\r diff]5t ways--=w>d1 to ! "r1 to ! left1 & backw>d2 b he _c p]=m ^! motions unless ! h& ( ! rid] makes f\r correspond+ motions4 ,!re are accord+ly five diff]5t positions = ! h&1 includ+ ! g5]al "o f :i* ! o!r f\r proce$4 ,! five ,positions :5 "o ,re9 is held 9 ea* ,h&4 ,9 ! fir/ position1 ! re9s pass up betwe5 ! ?ird & f\r? f+]s ( ea* h&1 _! ends are ?r[n ov] ! =e-f+]s1 ! ?umbs are clos$ on !m1 & ! f+]s are %ut3--! h&s be+ held z already describ$ 9 treat+ ( ! seat4 ,! second position consi/s ( a slight relaxation ( ! prec$+1 & p]mits ! horse to advance4 ,! ?ird position %ort5s ! "r re9 r upw>d1 & turns ! horse to ! "r4 ,! f\r? position %ort5s ! left re9 r upw>d1 & turns ! horse to ! left2 & ! fif? position %ort5s bo? re9s1 & /ops or re9s ! horse backw>ds4 ,! five ,positions :5 ! ,re9s are held 9 "o ,h&4 ,! aids ( ! h&1 z =m+ ^! positions1 :5 ! re9s are held 9 "o h&1 may be v simply giv5 by a little ext5d+1 or b5d+ ! wri/1 to make ! horse advance1 or g backw>d1--& by slightly c>ry+ ! h& to ! "r or to ! left1 & 9 bo? cases r upw>d1 to make ! horse turn 9 ^! directions4 ,! ,twi/+s ( ! ,bridle ,h&4 ,sev]al modifications ( ! rules already giv5 occur4 ,we d n1 h[ev]1 approve ( ^! positions1 z !y1 9 a great measure1 rev]se & de/roy ! natural aids ( ! h&1 by leav+ ! "r re9 slack 9 ! turn to ! "r1 & ! left re9 slack 9 ! turn to ! left4 ,inde$1 !y c\ld n possibly be obey$ by ! horse1 7 x n t1 on ?is po9t1 he seems to h m und]/&+ ?an 8 rid]1 & draws 8 conclusions z to ! latt]'s int5tions1 n f ! inconsi/5t action ( 8 h&1 b f ! m natural accompany+ aids ( 8 body & legs4 ,=tunately1 h[ev]1 ^! twi/+s ( ! bridle h&1 ?\gh always taught1 are1 we believe1 r>ely practis$4 ,we give ^! positions "h1 only 9 compliance ) cu/om4 ,9 ! fir/ position ! "u surface ( ! =e-arm & h& =ms a horizontal l9e f ! elb[ to ! jo9t ( ! little f+]2 ! elb[ is lightly clos$ to ! hips2 ! wri/ is r\nd$2 ! knuckles are kept directly above ! neck ( ! horse1 ! h& be+ at ?ree in*es f ! body1 & z mu* f ! pommel ( ! saddle2 ! nails are turn$ t[>ds ! body1 ! little f+] be+ ne>] to x ?an ! o!rs2 ! re9s1 9 ent]+ ! h&1 are sep>at$ by ! little f+]2 & ! ?umb is plac$ flat ^u !m z !y pass out ov] ! =e-f+]4 ,9 ! second position ! h& is yield$ to ! horse by turn+ ! nails d[nw>d1 s z to c>ry ! ?umb ne>] ! body1 & ! little f+] fur!r f x1 yet some:at obliquely1 = ! ?umb passes ne>ly into ! place :]e ! knuckles 7 9 ! fir/ position1 ! nails be+ n[ directly above ! horse's neck4 ,?is p]mits ! horse to advance4 ,9 ! ?ird position ! h&1 leav+ ! fir/1 is turn$ upside d[n1 s t ! ?umb is c>ri$ out to ! left1 & ! little f+] br\ght into ! "r4 ,?is c>ries ! op]ation ( ! re9s ne>ly ?ree in*es m to ! "r1 by :i* ! left re9s press ! neck1 ! "r re9s are slack1 & ! horse is turn$ to ! "r4 ,9 ! f\r? position ! h&1 leav+ ! fir/1 ! back is turn$ upw>d1 s t ! little f+] is c>ri$ out to ! left1 & ! ?umb br\ght 9 to ! "r4 ,?is c>ries ! op]ation ( ! re9s to ! left1 by :i* ! "r re9s press ! neck1 ! left re9s are slack1 & ! horse is turn$ to ! left4 ,9 ! fif? position1 quitt+ ! fir/1 ! wri/ is r\nd$1 ! nails turn$ upw>ds1 & ! knuckles t[>ds ! horse's neck4 ,?is /ops him1 or compels him to g backw>d4 ,^! aids1 h[ev]1 :5 ! re9s are held 9 "o h&1 are n s effective z ^? :]e ! re9s are sep>ate4 ,aids ( ! ,body4 ,to aid ! second position ( ! h&1 & cause ! horse to advance1 ! body may be ?r[n a little =w>d1 b n s z to press heavily on 8 =e-p>ts4 ,to aid ! ?ird & f\r? positions ( ! h&1 a m]e turn ( ! body is suffici5t4--,?us1 9 ent]+ an angle1 x is only necess>y to turn ! body imp]ceptibly t[>d ! corn]1 j z if ! rid] int5d$ to g into x himself2 8 body !n turn+ to ! "r or left1 8 h& mu/ necess>ily turn likewise1 & ! leg ( ! side on :i* he turns w infallibly press aga9/ ! horse1 & aid him4 ,9 com+ out ( a corn]1 x is only necess>y to turn ! body aga91 ! h& w foll[ x1 & ! o!r leg1 approa*+ ! horse1 w put 8 cr\pe into ! corn]1 9 su* a mann] t x w foll[ ! %\ld]s1 & be ^u ! same l9e4--,! same motion ( ! body is likewise necess>y to turn entirely to ! "r or left4 ,to aid ! fif? position ( ! h&1 & make ! horse g backw>d1 ! body mu/ be ?r[n g5tly back1 & ! h& w g ) x4 ,aids ( ! ,legs4 ,to aid ! second position ( ! h&1 & make ! horse advance1 ! legs mu/ be clos$4 ,ev5 :5 a horse /&s /ill1 ! legs held ne> him w keep him on ! wat*1 & ) ! slighte/ upw>d motion ( ! bridle1 he w raise 8 head & %[ 8 =ehead to advantage4 ,to aid ! ?ird position ( ! h&1 & turn to ! "r1 ! "r leg mu/ det]m9e ! cr\pe to ! left1 & facilitate ! action ( ! %\ld]1 :i* ! h& _h turn$ to ! "r4 ,to aid ! f\r? position ( ! h&1 & turn to ! left1 ! left leg mu/ det]m9e ! cr\pe to ! "r4 ,9 mak+ a *ange to ! "r1 ! left leg conf9es ! cr\pe1 s t x mu/ foll[ ! %\ld]s4 ,9 *ang+ aga9 to ! left1 ! "r leg acts simil>ly4 ,to aid ! fif? position ( ! h&1 & /op ! horse1 :ile he is held 91 ! legs mu/ be g5tly br\ght to ! sides4 ,! aids ( ! legs h _! degrees progressively increas+1 ?us3--! leg be+ br\ght ne>] ! side is ! lighte/2 plac+ ! leg fur!r back1 ) ! toe turn$ out1 is ! next2 a t\* ) ! calf ( ! leg1 is ! ?ird2 a /roke ) x1 hav+ ! toe kept up firmly1 t ! muscles ( ! leg may be h>d1 is ! f\r?2 & ! /ronge/ is ! scrat*1 :i*1 :5 ! legs are laid on h>d )\t effect1 is giv5 by dropp+ ! toe1 :51 if ! spur be prop]ly plac$1 ! r[el w scrat* ! horse's side1 & ?is is succe$$ by giv+ ! spur %>ply4 ,aids ) ! :ip are also us$ to give great] effect to ! heel4 ,^! are g5tle taps on ! h9d qu>t]s1 & sometimes on ! %\ld]s4 ,:5 giv5 on ! ne> side1 ! h& is ei!r appli$ beh9d ! back1 ) ! :ip held by ! f+]s l a p51 ! la% be+ d[nw>ds1 or across ! bridle-h& be=e1 ! :ip be+ held ) ! la% upw>ds4 ,,animations1 ,,soo?+s1 ,,& ,,corrections4 ,animations proce$ f ! h&1 ! leg1 ! :ip1 or ! tongue2 ^? ( ! h& & ( ! legs h be5 describ$ among ! aids4 ,animations ( ! :ip are mild taps to quick5 ! horse1 or1 if ! la% is upw>ds1 swit*+ x 9 ! air4 ,^? ( ! leg & :ip ?reat5 puni%m5t2 & accord+ly1 ) sluggi% horses1 bo? may be necess>y4 ,! animation ( ! tongue is produc$ by plac+ ! tongue flat aga9/ ! ro( ( ! m\?1 & sudd5ly displac+ ! po/]ior "p ( x by draw+ ! air lat]ally betwe5 x & ! palate4 ,?is noise is animat+ to ! horse2 b1 if too mu* cont9u$1 or too frequ5t1 its effect is de/roy$4 ,soo?+s are ! rev]se ( animations1 & are us$ to dispel ! fe>s ( horses1 & to give !m confid5ce4 ,! voice soo!s by s(t & mild tones2 ! h&1 by g5tle patt+1 or /rok+3 ! body & legs1 by rel9qui%+ all unnecess>y firmness1 & sitt+ easy4 ,a horseman %\ld h p]fect comm& ( 8 temp]1 z well z inv9cible pati5ce & p]sev]ance1 to make ! horse compreh5d & p]=m4 ,he mu/ dem& b little ! fir/ "t2 he w be m readily obey$ ! next2 & he may increase 8 dem&s z ! horse improves 9 habit & temp]4 ,corrections are giv5 ei!r ) ! spurs or swit*1 or by keep+ ! horse 9 a great] degree ( subjection4 ,9 ^! a good horseman endeav\rs r to "w ^u ! m9d ?an ! body ( ! horse4 ,! corrections :i* r5d] a horse mo/ ob$i5t1 & yet di%e>t5 him lea/1 are n sev]e1 b r oppose him by re/ra9t1 & make him d directly ! contr>y4 ,if1 = example1 he d n g (f readily1 or if he be sluggi%1 make him g sidewise1 sometimes to "o h&1 sometimes ! o!r1 !n drive him =w>d4--,if he g =w>d too fa/1 mod]ate ! aids1 & make him g backw>d m or less accord+ to 8 conduct4--,if he be disord]ly & turbul5t1 walk him /raight =w>d1 ) head 9 & cr\pe out4 ,:5 correction is giv5 ) ! :ip1 x %\ld be ) /r5g?2 ! la% be+ upw>ds1 ! arm lift$ high1 & ! :ip appli$ beh9d ! gir?s r\nd ! belly3 or x may be giv5 =w>d1 ov] ! %\ld]s1 betwe5 ! =e-legs4 ,%\ld ! horse kick at ! application ( ! :ip to 8 flank or qu>t]1 ! rid] mu/ in/antly apply x sm>tly1 & mu/ repeat x m %>ply1 %\ld he kick at t4 ,by ?is1 he may be made s5sible ( 8 fault4 ,to give a horse bo? spurs prop]ly1 ! rid] mu/ *ange ! po/ure ( 8 legs1 &1 b5d+ 8 knee1 /rike him ) !m at once1 quickly & firmly4 ,"s horses disreg>d ! :ip1 b fly at ! spurs2 o!rs disreg>d ! spurs1 & are t]rifi$ at ! :ip2 ! rid] consequ5tly w apply t :i* is mo/ likely to produce ! desir$ effect4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! :ip or spurs are appli$ two or ?ree times %>ply to re/ive horses )\t effect1 ! rid] mu/ desi/1 & try o!r me?ods4 ,,! ,,walk4 ,! rid] %\ld n suff] 8 horse to move till 8 clo!s are adju/$1 & :ip %ift$1 :51 collect+ 8 re9s1 & tak+ "o 9 8 "r h&1 he mu/ close 8 legs1 to induce ! horse to move sl[ly =w>d 9 ! walk4 ,if he wi% to increase ! pace1 ! pressure ( ! knees mu/ be increas$4 ,:5 ! horse moves1 ! legs mu/ resume _! =m] position1--! h&s rema9 p]fectly /eady1--& ! body yield to ! movem5t4 ,z to "*1 ! walk is ! pace p]=m$ ) ! lea/ ex]tion2 only "o leg at a "t be+ (f ! gr\nd1 & ?ree on4 ,9 ?is pace1 accord+ly1 f\r di/9ct beats are m>k$1 z ea* foot comes to ! gr\nd 9 ! foll[+ ord]3--fir/ ! (f =e foot1 next ! ne> h9d foot1 !n ! ne> =e foot1 & la/ly1 ! (f h9d foot4#fg #fg ,! amble may p]haps be consid]$ z a natural pace1 z mo/ foals1 foll[+ _! dams1 amble m or less to keep up ) !m4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! walk & ! amble is1 t two legs ( a side are rais$ 9 ! latt] at ! same in/ant4 ,! p]fection ( ! walk consi/s 9 its be+ an animat$ quick /ep1 measur+ exact di/ances1 & m>k+ a regul> "t1 by putt+ ! feet flat to ! gr\nd4 ,its excell5ce dep5ds on t unit+ ( ! horse :i* supports 8 head & raises 8 feet1 )\t %ort5+ or ret>d+ ! /ep2 & t animation :i* quick5s ! /ep & %>p5s ! beats )\t alt]+ ! "t or ! action4 ,9 p]=mance1 if ! rid] d n support ! horse suffici5tly1 8 head w be l[1 & 8 walk slov5ly3 if he support him too mu*1 he w %ort5 8 /ep s t he _c walk freely4 ,if ! rid] d n animate him1 he w n ex]t himself3 if he animate him too mu*1 he w trot4 ,if ! horse trot :5 ! rid] designs him to walk1 he w f9d ei!r 8 h& or ! degree ( animation communicat$ by ! :ip1 tongue1 legs1 or brac+ ( ! body1 too high1 & ?is he mu/ in/antly modify1 z well z *eck ! horse4 7,plate ,,xxxviii4 fig #a47 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxxviii ,page #ade4 ,! ,walk4 ,! ,/op4 ,turns 9 ! ,walk4 ,turns 9 g5]al %\ld be made sl[ly2 & all ! aids %\ld comb9e 9 produc+ !m4 ,9 p]=mance1 ! h& to :i* we turn1 or inn] h&1 is to be a little bel[ ! out] "o1 & ! inn] re9 held ) d\ble ! =ce ( ! out] "o1 :i* is to be ex]t$ by ! little f+] pull+ g5tly upw>ds & t[>ds ! body1 :ile ! out] h& reta9s a /eady hold ( ! out] re94 ,at ! same "t1 ! legs1 by a slight pressure ) ! calves1 mu/ support ! horse1 keep him up to ! bridle1 make him br+ 8 haun*es "u him1 & obey ! lead+ re94 ,! pressure ( ! inw>d leg alone w\ld make him ?r[ 8 haun*es too mu* outw>ds4 ,all ?is is to be done 9 proportion to ! effect meant to be produc$2 & great precision & delicacy are requir$ 9 ! execution4 ,:eels may also be briefly notic$ "h4 ,a horse may :eel or turn on 8 own gr\nd1 on ?ree pivots1--on 8 c5tre1 on 8 =e feet1 & on 8 h9d feet4 ,9 all ^!1 ! h& directs all be=e ! horseman1 & ! heel all beh9d him4 ,9 :eel+ on c5tres1 ! h& & heel op]ate toge!r--! h& lead+ ! %\ld] r\nd--! leg direct+ ! cr\pe1 by :i* means1 9 go+ ab\t1 ! =e feet describe "o half-circle1 & ! h9d feet ano!r4 ,"h ! aids ( ! h&1 body1 & legs1 mu/ exactly correspond2 & ! degree ( appuy mu/ be m]ely su* z w c>ry its aid into effect2 =1 if ! appuy is too weak1 ! horse w advance ov] 8 gr\nd1 & if too /rong1 he w retire f x4 ,on t]m9at+ ! :eel or qu>t] circle1 ! ab\t or half-circle1 or ! ab\t & ab\t1 or :ole circle1 ! h&1 ! body1 & leg1 mu/ in/antly resume _! prop] position4 ,! :eel on ! =e1 & t on ! h9d feet1 are /ill m r>ely ( use 9 common practice4 ,/ops 9 ! ,walk4 ,horses & horsem5 g5]ally /op by a gradual cessation ( action1 9 a "t & di/ance :i* dep5d on circum/ances4 ,z to "*1 h[ev]1 ! /op1 :5 prop]ly p]=m$1 is an in/ant cessation ( advance1 )\t any previ\s indication4 ,:5 ! /op is prop]ly p]=m$1 x %[s ! great sup]iority ( ! rid]'s h& ov] ! horse4 ,x confirms him 9 ob$i5ce1 unites him1 supples ! haun*es1 & b5ds ! h\ghs4 ,mu* mis*ief1 h[ev]1 may occur f a too frequ5t or injudici\s practice ( x4 ,! p]fection ( ! /op consi/s 9 ! action ceas+ at ! f9i% ( a cad5ce1 )\t break+ ! previ\s "t2 & 9 ! horse be+ s balanc$ on 8 haun*es1 & s animat$1 t1 ) lib]ty giv51 he c advance ) ! same rapidity z be=e4 ,9 p]=mance1 ! "t to be seiz$ is :5 ! fir/ "p ( ! cad5ce is com+ to ! gr\nd2 s t its f9i% completes ! /op4 ,if ?is is n done1 ! cad5ce w be brok51 & ! /op r5d]$ irregul>4 ,at su* a mom5t1 ! /op is p]=m$ by ! rid] brac+ 8 arms to 8 body1 hold+ bo? re9s equally & firmly1 draw+ ! f+]s t[>ds ! body1 clos+ = an in/ant bo? legs1 to press ! horse up to ! bridle1 & ?r[+ ! body back1 ) precisely su* /r5g? ( all ! muscles z is proportion$ to ! effect2 all ?is be+ done at ! same in/ant1 & mak+ b "o motion4 ,if ! rid] d n close 8 legs1 ! horse may n br+ 8 haun*es "u1 ! /op w be on ! %\ld]s1 & its effect w be de/roy$4 ,if1 9 /opp+1 a horse toss up 8 nose1 or =ce ! h&1 ! bridle h& mu/ be kept l[ & firm1 no lib]ty mu/ be giv51 8 neck mu/ be press$ ) ! "r h& till he has br\ght d[n 8 nose1 & imm$iately all 8 bridle may be giv5 him4 7,plate ,,xxxviii4 fig4 #b47 ,if ! horse has n readily obey$1 he %\ld be made to g backw>ds1 z a prop] puni%m5t = ! fault4 ,go+ ,backw>d 9 ! ,walk4 ,! action ( ! horse :5 he goes backw>d is to b5d 8 haun*es1 to h always "o ( 8 h9d] legs "u 8 belly1 on :i* to re/ & balance himself1 & to pu% 8 cr\pe backw>d4 ,9 p]=mance1 ! horse's head mu/ be /eady & "r1 8 body ga!r$ up "u him1 he mu/ be ^u 8 haun*es1 & 8 feet be ev54 ,to aid him 9 ?is1 !re %\ld be an equal & /eady feel+ ( bo? re9s2 ! h& mu/ be held c5trically1 & kept f ris+1 ) ! knuckles a little d[n1 invit+ ! horse to back2 ! body b5t a little =w>d1 ) ! belly drawn 92 & ! legs g5tly press+ ! sides ( ! horse1 9 ord] to keep him up to ! bridle1 & to prev5t him f sw]v+4 ,! in/ant he yields to ! h&1 ! body & h& yield to ! horse1 t he may recov] 8 balance2 & he may !n be press$ to back aga94 ,if ei!r ! deviation ( ! h& f its c5trical situation1 or any o!r cause1 make ! cr\pe g (f ! l9e 9 an opposite direction1 ! heel mu/ support & direct him4 ,?us1 %\ld ! cr\pe trav]se to ! "r1 ! "r leg mu/ direct2 &1 to assi/1 ! h& mu/ be c>ri$ a little to ! "r2 b ?is mu/ be done ) delicacy1 le/ ! cr\pe be ?r[n too mu* to ! left4 ,"h ! h& & ! heel *ange _! functions2 ! h& compels ! action1 & ! heel directs x4 ,,! ,,trot4 ,z to ! "* ( ! trot1 :5 we urge ! horse to proce$ fa/] ?an he c by mov+ "o leg aft] ! o!r 9 ! walk1 we oblige him to take up two at a "t 9 ! trot4 ,"h ! (f =e-foot & ! ne> h9d-foot give "o beat2 & ! ne> =e-foot & ! (f h9d-foot give ano!r2 s t !re are two legs crosswise (f ! gr\nd1 & two legs on2 ! beats be+ %>p & quick1 9 proportion to ! degree ( animation & ext5sion4 ,! p]fection ( ! trot consi/s 9 its suppl5ess1 giv+ ! horse a free use ( 8 limbs2 9 its union1 di/ribut+ 8 lab\r m equally1 8 =e legs hav+ m to su/a9 ?an ! h9d1 especially :5 he is disunit$1 or on ! %\ld]s2 & 9 its action1 :i* %\ld be true & equal1 ! lib]ty ( ! =e-qu>t]s n exce$+ ! h9d1 nor ! h9d ! =e--! knee be+ up1 ! haun*es b5t1 spr+y1 & pliant1 ! /ep measur+ exact di/ances1 & m>k+ a regul> "t4 ,9 ! trot1 !re is a lead+ foot1 ei!r "r or left1 by :i* ! correspond+ side is a little m advanc$ ?an ! o!r4 ,?is lead+ ) ei!r foot is valuable1 z1 9 horses t h n be5 ?us suppl$1 if *ance or fatigue makes !m *ange _! leg = t :i* !y are n accu/om$ to1 ! action is /iff1 conf9$1 & irregul>4 ,k9ds ( ,trot4 ,!re are ?ree k9ds ( trot--! ext5d$1 ! supple1 & ! ev54 ,9 ! ext5d$ trot1 ! horse /eps out )\t reta9+ himself1 be+ q /raight1 & go+ directly =w>ds4 ,9 ! supple trot1 at e motion he b5ds & plays ! jo9ts ( 8 %\ld]s1 knees1 & feet4 ,9 ! ev5 trot1 he makes all 8 limbs & jo9ts move s equally & exactly1 t 8 limbs nev] cov] m gr\nd "o ?an ! o!r1 nor at "o "t m ?an at ano!r4 ,^! ?ree k9ds ( trot dep5d ^u ea* o!r4 ,we _c pass a horse to ! supple trot )\t hav+ fir/ work$ him to ! ext5d$ trot2 & we c nev] arrive at ! ev5 & equal trot )\t hav+ practis$ ! supple4 ,to pass f ! ext5d$ to ! supple trot1 ! horse mu/ be g5tly & by degrees held 94 ,:51 by ex]cise1 he has atta9$ suffici5t suppl5ess to manage 8 limbs readily1 he mu/ ins5sibly be held 9 m & m1 till he is l$ to ! equal trot4 ,! ,trot 9 p>ticul>4 ,9 p]=mance ! rid] mu/ apply1 = an in/ant1 bo? legs to 8 horse's sides2 & at ! same "t raise ! =e h& by draw+ ! l[] f+] on ea* side r upw>ds & t[>ds ! body1 avoid+ all j]ks or sudd5 motions4 ,dur+ ! trot he mu/ sit close to ! saddle1 pres]v+ 8 seat by ! balance ( 8 body1 & n by ! pressure ( ! knees2 he mu/ nei!r rise nor /& 9 ! /irrups2 8 body mu/ incl9e a little backw>ds2 ! :ole figure mu/ p>take ( & accompany ! movem5ts ( ! horse2 & he mu/ keep ! h&s up 9 _! prop] situation1 /eady & pliant1 pres]v+ a due correspond5ce1 & j appuy4 ,if ! action be too rapid1 x mu/ be *eck$ by /r5g!n+ ! h&4 ,if ! action be too sl[1 x may be quick5$ by eas+ ! f+]s1 & giv+ m animation4 ,to give m animation1 & enc\rage ! horse to put 8 foot out freely1 ! rid] mu/ support 8 =e h& up1 & 8 haun*es "u1 by a t\* ( ! f+]s1 ! excitem5t ( ! tongue1 ! swit* ( ! :ip1 or ! application ( ! legs1 v>i$ s z n to lose _! effect4 ,if ! action be n suffici5tly unit$1 t also mu/ be correct$4 ,to unite ! horse1 ! re9s mu/ be collect$1 & ! head rais$4 ,by br++ 8 haun*es "u him1 he may be press$ up to ! bridle by ! aid ( ! legs2 c>e be+ tak5 t ?is is n done ha/ily or viol5tly4 ,he mu/ n1 h[ev]1 be conf9$ 9 ! h&1 9 expectation ( rais+ him1 & fix+ 8 head 9 a prop] place1 z by ?is means 8 b>s & m\? w\ld soon gr[ call\s4 ,! mo/ c]ta9 sign ( a horse's trott+ well is1 t :51 9 8 trot1 ! rid] presses him a little1 he (f]s to gallop4 ,if ! horse gallop :5 he ought n1 ! wai/ %\ld be pu%$ =w>ds t[>d ! pommel ( ! saddle1 & a b5d or holl[ at ! same "t be made 9 ! lo9s4 ,turns1 ,/ops1 c4 9 ! ,trot4 ,z to turns1 see+ t ! op]ations direct$ to be p]=m$ at ! walk are to be practis$ 9 ! trot1 no?+ fur!r ne$ be said ( !m4 ,z /ops are requir$ to co9cide ) cad5ces1 x mu/ be obs]v$1 t ! fir/ "p ( ! cad5ce 9 ! trot is p]=m$ by ! two feet t lead2 & t ! conclusion ( ! cad5ce is p]=m$ by ! two feet t foll[1 & ?is %\ld complete ! /op4 ,! rid] %\ld occasionally alt] ! measure ( ! action1 by /r5g!n+ ! h&1 & at ! same "t keep+ up a suffici5t degree ( animation to prev5t ! horse f /opp+4 ,he may !n give him lib]ty1 & proce$ ) ! same _s z be=e4 ,he may make a /op2 & may ev5 re9 him back two or ?ree /eps2 9 bo? cases keep+ him s unit$ & animat$ t ! in/ant ! h& gives him lib]ty he advances z rapidly z be=e4 7,plate ,,xxxix4 fig #a47 ,,road ,,rid+4 ,road rid+ is "h introduc$1 because ! trot is its mo/ appropriate pace4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 mange & road rid+1 consi/s *iefly 9 a %ort] seat & a %ort] /irrup be+ us$ 9 ! latt]4 ,a c]ta9 fre$om & ease are also admissible4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 mu/ n exce$ propriety1 lead to neglect ( ! horse1 or risk security4 ,! h& %\ld keep its situation & prop]ty1 ?\gh ! body be turn$ to any extreme = ! purpose ( view+ or conv]s+2 & ! body mu/ n1 by any fre$om x takes1 ?r[ itself out ( balance1 or take lib]ties :5 x _c be done ) safety4 ,:5 ! trot is ext5d$ to an unpleasant r\ghness1 ! jolt+ may be eas$ by ris+ upw>d & slightly =w>d 9 ! /irrups4 ,! fa/] ! horse trots1 ! easi] x is to rise2 = x is ! action ( ! horse1 & n any ef=t ( ! rid]1 t mu/ raise him4 ,! foot he leads ) det]m9es t :i* ! rid] mu/ rise to2 &1 if ! horse *ange 8 foot1 he mu/ *ange ) him4 ,he mu/ accord+ly rise & fall ) ! lead+ foot1 ris+ :5 ! lead+ foot is 9 ! air1 & fall+ :5 x comes to ! gr\nd4 ,! rise & fall ( ! body are to be smoo?1 & z regul> z ! beats ( ! feet4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xxxix ,page #aej4 ,! ,trot4 ,road ,rid+4 ,?\gh ?is is call$ ris+ 9 ! /irrups1 no great /ress or dep5d5ce is to be put on !m4 ,su* improp] use ( ! /irrups causes _m p]sons to be ?r[n1 by ! horse %y+ or sudd5ly turn+ r\nd4 ,! ris+ ( ! body mu/ n be accompani$ by any motion ( ! arms1 or lift+ ( ! %\ld]s4 ,! h& is to be held /eady z well z l[1 to prev5t gallop+ 7:i* ! =w>dness ( ! haun*es w\ld r5d] inevitable if ! h& 7 ei!r eas$ or lift$71 & ! re9s %\ld be ( t precise l5g? :i* pres]ves z mu* correspond5ce z possible betwe5 ! h& & m\?4 ,! /ead9ess ( ! h& is also necess>y = ! support ( ! horse4 ,! slight incl9ation ( ! body p]mitt$ 9 road rid+ mu/ n occasion any r\ndness 9 ! back1 :i* is inv>iably to be holl[1 n only = appe>ance sake b = safety4 ,! action ( ! body likewise mu/ n cause ! legs to move or press ! horse1 :i* might cause him to gallop4 ,9 trott+1 ! rid] mu/ pay ! greate/ att5tion to correct e prop5sity to lift1 hit*1 ov]rate1 or gallop2 &1 :5ev] he feels ^! prop5sities1 he mu/ *eck !m ) ! greate/ nicety1 9 ord] n to ret>d ! horse's spe$4 7,pl ,,xxxix4 f4 #b illu/rates ! ,seat1 c41 9 ,road ,rid+4#fh7 #fh ,9 road rid+1 ! rule ( tak+ ! "r h& ( all y pass is well kn[n2 b !re are "s exceptions1 :i* are ?us notic$ by ,mr4 ,bunbury1 9 8 ironical /yle3-- 8,9 rid+ ! road1 %\ld a man on horseback be 9 y\r way lead+ ano!r horse1 always da% by ! l$ "o2 y might o!rwise set ! man's horse cap]+1 & p]haps ?r[ him (f2 & y c get b a kick or two by obs]v+ my in/ructions4--,9 pass+ a waggon1 or any trem5d\s equipage1 %\ld x run pretty ne> a bank1 & !re be b a dit*1 & an op5 c\ntry on ! o!r side1 if y are on bus9ess1 & 9 a hurry1 da% up ! bank )\t hesitation2 =1 %\ld y take ! o!r side1 & ! horse %y at ! c>riage1 y may be c>ri$ _m hundr$ y>ds out ( y\r road2 :]eas1 by a little ef=t ( c\rage1 y ne$ only graze ! :eel1 fly up ! bank1 & by slipp+ or tumbl+ d[n into ! road aga91 g little or no?+ out ( y\r way40 ,,! ,,gallop4 ,z to ! "* ( ! gallop1 :5 we press a horse 9 ! trot beyond 8 capacity1 or animate him ) ! legs :ile we raise or reta9 him ) ! h&1 we compel him to lift 8 two =e-feet aft] ea* o!r1 :i* comm5ces ! gallop4 ,! ne> =e-foot is fir/ rais$ f ! gr\nd2 !n ! (f =e-foot1 :i*1 h[ev]1 passes ! o!r1 & !y come to ! gr\nd 9 ! same ord]1 ! ne> =e-foot mak+ "o beat1 & ! (f =e-foot ano!r1 t be+ ! mo/ advanc$ or lead+ foot4 ,! h9d feet foll[ 9 ! same mann]2 ! ne> h9d-foot m>k+ a ?ird beat1 & ! (f h9d-foot pass+ =w>d1 & m>k+ a f\r? beat4 ,?us1 :5 ?is pace is unit$ & true1 ! feet m>k a regul>1 %>p1 & quick "t ( "o1 two1 ?ree1 f\r4 ,! p]fection ( ! gallop consi/s 9 ! suppl5ess ( ! limbs1 ! union ( ! horse1 ! ju/ness ( ! action1 & ! regul>ity ( ! "t4 ,! gallop is ( ?ree k9ds--t ( ! rac]1 t ( ! hunt]1 & t ( ! pleasure horse1 commonly call$ ! cant]4 ,! la/ ( ^! is by f> ! mo/ difficult1 z x requires skill to =e-%ort5 & ?r[ ! horse on 8 haun*es4 ,9 ! gallop1 z 9 ! trot1 !re is a lead+ foot4 ,on a /raight l9e1 x is immat]ial ) :i* =e-leg ! horse leads1 provid$ ! h9d-leg ( ! same side foll[s x4 ,b to lead always ) ! same leg is injuri\s4 ,9 gallop+ to ! "r1 ! horse mu/ lead ) ! inw>d or (f =e-leg1 foll[$ by ! (f h9d-leg4 ,?is action is t]m$ true or unit$4--7,plate ,,xl4 #fi %[s ?is 9 ! cant]47 ,9 gallop+ to ! left1 he mu/ lead ) ! inw>d or ne> =e-leg1 foll[$ by ! ne> h9d-leg4 ,?is also is t]m$ true or unit$4#gj #fi ,9 gallop+ to ! "r1 if ! horse lead ) ! (f =e-leg & ne> h9d-leg1 or if he lead ) ! ne> =e-leg & (f h9d-leg1 he is said to be disunit$4 ,if1 9 gallop+ to ! "r1 he lead ) bo? ne> legs1 he is said to be false4 #gj ,9 gallop+ to ! left1 if ! horse lead ) ! ne> =e-leg & (f h9d-leg1 or if he lead ) ! (f =e-leg & ne> h9d-leg1 he is said to be disunit$4 ,if1 9 gallop+ to ! left1 he lead ) bo? (f legs1 he is said to be false4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xl ,page #aeb4 ,! ,cant]4 ,! ,cant] 9 p>ticul>4 ,to put ! horse to ! cant] f re/ at any spot1 or f any pace1 he mu/ be press$ ) ! legs1 or animat$ ) ! tongue1 & at ! same "t1 by a motion ( ! f+]s1 & a little rais+ ( ! h&1 be invit$ to raise ! =e-legs4 ,if he d n obey ?is1 ! animation mu/ be increas$1 & ! h& kept m firm1 to prev5t 8 trott+2 & ?is w con/ra9 him to raise 8 =e-legs toge!r4 ,x is also necess>y to direct ! foot he is to lead )4 ,t ( c\rse is ! inn]1 :i* he w readily take by putt+ ! cr\pe 91 by means ( ! opposite ?igh1 !reby enabl+ him to advance ! inn] side4 ,z ! position ( ! horse r5d]s necess>y a correspond+ position ( ! horseman1 x w readily be se5 t :i*ev] side ! horse leads )1 ! rid]'s ?igh on t side mu/ be r m turn$ 9 t[>ds ! saddle1 & ! hip on t side br\ght m =w>d1 & consequ5tly t ! o!r ?igh mu/ be a little turn$ outw>d1 & ! hip br\ght backw>d2 & all ?is m or less 9 proportion to ! position ( ! horse4 ,?is turn ( ! hip effects a turn ( ! body4 ,! h&s are c>ri$ ) x1 & at ! same "t kept up1 r above ?an bel[ ! elb[1 & q /eady1 t ! cad5ce ( e /ep1 & ! support giv5 by ! h&1 may be felt4 ,! rid]'s head is ( c\rse to be direct$ to ! horse's nose1 8 eye glanc+ on ! gr\nd ! horse's =e-feet g ov]4 ,if ! horse /rike (f ) ! wrong leg1 false or disunit$1 ! rid]1 at ! fir/ corn]1 mu/ endeav\r1 by an additional feel+ ( ! inw>d re91 & application ( ! outw>d leg1 to make him *ange1 & lead ) ! prop] "o4 ,:5 he leads ) ! prop] leg1 ! h& mu/ resume its usual position1 ! rid] b5d+ him a little inw>ds by %ort5+ ! inw>d re92 ! f+]s slack5$1 if necess>y1 to let him advance2 b ! h& kept up1 & e cad5ce felt ( ! =e-feet com+ to ! gr\nd4 ,!re is f> m skill display$ 9 keep+ up an animat$ action 9 ! cant]1 at ! rate ( ?ree miles an h\r1 ?an 9 ! gallop1 at t ( twelve or fifte54 ,if ! animation fail1 or ! action be n support$ by ! h&1 ! horse w break into a trot1 p>ticul>ly z ! gallop is %ort5$ or unit$4 ,if ! action is felt to be decl9+1 x mu/ be correct$ in/antly1 by an animat+ t\* ( ! f+]s1 ! leg1 or ! tongue4 ,! h& fir/ discov]s ?is decl5sion1 & is ! fir/ to correct x4 ,:5 ! rid] c put 8 horse (f to ei!r h& ) ! prop] leg1 & support ! action1 he mu/ p>ticul>ly att5d to its tru? & union1 & try to raise x to ! highe/ animation1 rid+ sometimes rapidly1 sometimes sl[ly1 yet always unit$4 ,:5 ! gallop is disunit$ & ext5d$ to spe$1 ev5 ?\gh ! horse is supple & j on 8 legs1 x loses its h>mony & regul>ity ( "t4 ,! =e-legs !n measure less space f ea* o!r1 & s d ! h9d-legs1 :i* makes ! beats quick] 9 ea*1 & leaves a space betwe5 ! beats ( ! =e-legs & ! beats ( ! h9d4 ,9 ^! gallops1 x w\ld be highly imprud5t to circle or turn1 b on a v l>ge scale4 ,turns1 ,*anges1 ,/ops1 c4 9 ! ,gallop4 ,9 turn+ ! horse to ! "r & left1 at a cant]1 8 =e-h& mu/ be rais$ ) ! lead+ re91 & ! haun*es press$ =w>d & "u him3 at ! same "t1 ! outw>d re9 mu/ assi/ to /eady him1 & a pressure ( ! calf ( ! outw>d leg keep ! haun*es f fall+ too mu* out4 ,if he is turn$ sudd5ly ) ! inw>d re9 only1 )\t lift+ ! =e-h&1 or apply+ ! outw>d leg1 he mu/ turn on 8 %\ld]s1 lose p[] to halt on 8 haun*es1 & be+ twi/$ r\nd unprep>$1 w *ange to ! out] leg4 ,9 *ang+1 ! op]ation mu/ be p]=m$ smoo?ly & ev5ly at ! same in/ant2 s t1 at ! f9i% ( ! cad5ce1 ! body1 h&s1 ?ighs1 & legs ( ! rid] are rev]s$1 = ! horse to comm5ce 8 next cad5ce ) ! contr>y leg4 ,9 /opp+ 9 ! gallop1 ! rid] mu/ seize ! "t :5 ! horse's =e-feet are com+ to ! gr\nd1 :i* is ! beg9n+ ( ! cad5ce3 & he mu/ take c>e t ! h9d feet1 com+ up to _! exact di/ance1 & f9i%+ ! cad5ce1 complete ! /op3 leav+ ! horse s balanc$ t he c readily set (f aga9 ) ! same rapidity z be=e4 ,besides seiz+ ! exact "t1 a due degree ( p[] mu/ ?us be ex]t$1 con=mably to ! read9ess1 ob$i5ce1 union1 or rapidity ( ! action2 =1 %\ld ! p[] be defici5t1 ! /op w\ld n be prop]ly effect$2 & if x be excessive1 ! horse w be ov]balanc$ on 8 haun*es1 & compell$ consequ5tly to move 8 feet aft] ! cad5ce is f9i%$4 ,till horses are ready & ob$i5t to ! /op1 x %\ld n be attempt$ 9 viol5t & rapid gallops2 nor ev5 !n if !y are weak1 or ! rid] heavy4--,9 ^! cases1 ! d\ble arret is us$4 ,! d\ble arret is ! /op complet$ 9 two cad5ces ( ! gallop1 :i* is f> less di/ress+ bo? to man & horse4 ,! body be+ g5tly ?r[n back1 w n make ! action in/antane\sly cease2 b ! ob$i5ce ( ! horse makes ! ef=t :i* *ecks half 8 c>e] 9 ! fir/ cad5ce2 &1 ! body /ill be+ kept back1 he completes x 9 ! second4 ,h[ev]1 till practis$ & made ob$i5t to ! /op1 he w n easily p]=m ! d\ble arret2 =1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 he mu/ be taught to /op by compulsion2 & x is only :5 practice has br\ght him to ob$i5ce1 t he readily /ops at ! easy ?r[+ back ( ! body4 ,! half /op is a pause 9 ! gallop1 or ! action susp5d$ = half a second1 & !n resum$ aga94 ,"h ! body is ?r[n back less det]m9ately1 le/ we %\ld s ov]balance ! horse t he _c readily set (f aga9 aft] ! f9i% ( ! cad5ce1 :i* no soon] occurs ?an ! body is br\ght =w>d1 to p]mit ! action to g on4 ,?us ! half /op is only a pause 9 ! gallop1 & x is mo/ly us$ to effect a *ange f ! "r leg to ! left1 or ! opposite4 ,! cad5ce ( ! /op %\ld be no %ort] ?an ! read9ess & ob$i5ce ( ! horse w admit2 ! half /op n q s %ort2 & ! two arrets /ill m mod]ate4 ,,leap+4 ,! moveable b> = leap+ %\ld be t5 feet 9 l5g?1 :i* w admit ( two horses leap+ abrea/2 at fir/ f "o to two feet high2 & nev] v high4 ,z to ! seat1 x %\ld be aga9 obs]v$ t /irrups are no security 9 any situation on horseback2 & ^? :o _c =be> press+ a weight on !m1 _h bett] h none :5 le>n+ to leap4 ,an accurate balance mu/ prev5t all di/urbance ( ! seat2 = ! slighte/1 :e!r ! rid] is ?r[n up f ! saddle1 or 8 body falls =w>d1 or he gets out ( balance1 is z disgraceful z fall+ to ! gr\nd4 ,he %\ld sit s close z to c>ry a %ill+ "u ea* ?igh j above ! knee1 "o 9 ea* /irrup "u ! toe1 & "o "u 8 bree*4 ,:5 any action ( ! horse t5ds to lift ! rid] f ! saddle1 /irrups _c keep him d[n4 ,be>+ on ! /irrup1 inde$1 mu/ lift ! rid] f ! saddle1 & w\ld ev5 loos5 any hold he might take ) ! ?ighs or legs4 ,no?+ b ! weight ( ! body c press to ! saddle4 ,:5 ! action is viol5t1 h[ev]1 ! pressure ( ! ?ighs may be employ$ to hold x d[n2 &1 :5 ! hold ( ! ?ighs is n suffici5t1 ! legs may take a deep]1 & /rong] hold4 ,leaps are tak5 /&+ or fly+2 ! fir/ be+ mo/ difficult to sit1 ?\gh always practis$ fir/1 because ! sl[ & /eady leap+ ( a prop]ly manag$ horse gives ! rid] "t & recollection1 & ! rid+-ma/] an opportunity to direct1 & to prev5t accid5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xli ,page #aeg4 ,! ,rise 9 ,leap+ ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xlii ,page #aeg4 ,! ,fall 9 ,leap+ ,/&+ ,leap4 ,9 ! /&+ leap1 ! horse fir/ %ort5s1 & !n ext5ds himself4 ,read9ess 9 ! h& ( ! rid] is !re=e requisite to give ! appropriate aids4 ,^!1 if well tim$1 assi/ ! horse3 if o!rwise1 !y *eck or emb>rass him1 & endang] bo? ! animal & 8 rid]4 7,plates ,,xli4 ,,xlii4 illu/rate ! ,leap47 ,! rid] mu/ !re=e1 by a ready & fe>less yield+ ( ! bridle1 leave ! horse at lib]ty to ext5d himself1 pres]v+ 8 own equilibrium only by lean+ =w>d1 z ! horse rises1 & backw>d z he alights4 ,:5 he is br\ght to ! b>1 ! body is to be upright4 ,! legs are to be appli$ to 8 sides ) su* firmness z to keep ! rid] d[n to ! saddle1 & 9 su* a mann]--viz41 p]p5dicul>ly f ! knee--t ! action ( ! body %all n loos5 or di/urb !m4 ,! toes mu/ be pull$ up1 to make ! muscles firm1 & to prev5t ! spur f approa*+ too ne> ! horse2 &1 if necess>y1 !y may be turn$ out a little to /r5g!n ! hold4 ,! h& mu/ be kept 9 ! c5tre1 & q l[2 & ! re9s n too %ort1 b j by ! pressure ( ! f+]s to feel ! horse's m\?4 ,:5 at ! b>1 ! pressure ( ! legs & f+]s w invite ! horse to rise2 &1 z he rises1 ! body comes =w>d & pres]ves its p]p5dicul>4 ,! back mu/ !n be kept 91 & ! head firm4 ,z ! horse spr+s f 8 h9d legs1 & proce$s 9 ! leap1 ! rid] mu/ slip 8 buttock "u him1 & let 8 body g freely back1 keep+ 8 h&s d[n1 legs close1 & body back1 till ! horse's h9d legs h come to ! gr\nd4 ,! propriety ( apply+ ! legs to hold firm 9 ! saddle is obvi\s4 ,! h& be+ kept l[ is ess5tial2 & ! bad consequ5ces ( rais+ x are num]\s1 z conf9+ ! horse1 prev5t+ ! body go+ back1 ?r[+ ! rid] =w>d1 c4 ,! body com+ =w>d to pres]ve its p]p5dicul> z ! horse rises be=e1 prev5ts ! weight ( ! rid] f hang+ on 8 m\?1 & *eck+ 8 leap1 if n pull+ him ov] backw>ds4 ,! back be+ holl[ :5 ! spr+ =w>d is made1 ! body w ( itself fall backw>d1 if ! h& be n rais$ to prev5t x2 & ! head be+ firm may prev5t a wr5* ( ! neck1 or a bite ( ! tongue4 ,slipp+ ! bree* "u gives ! body m lib]ty to lean back1 & prev5ts ! %ock ( ! horse's feet meet+ ! gr\nd1 f ?r[+ x =w>d4 ,:ile ! seat is ?us ma9ta9$1 ! h& mu/ n be neglect$4 ,9 rid+ up to a leap1 ! rid] %\ld yield ! bridle to ! horse1 guid+ him /raight to ! b> at an animat$ pace2 halt him ) a light h&1 & ^u 8 haun*es2 :5 he rises1 only feel ! re9s to prev5t _! becom+ slack2 :5 he spr+s =w>d1 yield ! h& )\t res]ve2 &1 :5 8 h9d feet come to ! gr\nd1 aga9 firmly collect him1 resume 8 usual position1 & move on at ! =m] pace4 ,if ! horse be too mu* collect$ previ\s to 8 leap1 he w b\nd1 or buck ov]1 z x is call$4 ,if n suffici5tly collect$ or animat$1 he w probably n cle> ! leap4 ,! degree 9 :i* a horse %\ld be collect$ & animat$ dep5ds on ! temp]am5t ( ! animal1 & mu/ be left to ! judgm5t ( ! rid]4 ,fly+ ,leap4 ,! fly+ leap is di/+ui%$ f ! /&+ leap by its be+ made f any pace )\t a previ\s halt2 & al?\gh ! action is quick]1 x is mu* easi]4 ,! pace1 h[ev]1 at :i* ! rid] goes at a fly+ leap1 %\ld always be mod]ate1 9 ord] t ! horse may n rise too soon or too late4 ,a horse :o rises too f> f ! b> seldom cle>s 8 leap1 & risks /ra9+ by ! ef=t to cov] x2 "o :o rises too ne> is likely to /rike 8 knees aga9/ x1 & ?r[ 8 rid]1 or hurt himself4 ,if a horse be indol5t1 & require animation1 x is bett] to r\se 8 apa?y by ! spur j be=e 8 head is turn$ t[>ds ! leap1 ?an :ile he is runn+ at x4 ,if he leap will+ly1 let him take 8 own pace to x1 & he w spr+ f 8 prop] di/ance1 & give himself due velocity4 ,twelve y>ds f ! leap1 ! rid] may turn 8 horse to x 9 a trot2 he w /rike into a gallop2 &1 by a /roke or two be=e he spr+s1 increase 8 velocity1 if he p]ceive t ! height he has to cov] requires t ex]tion4 ,! seat 9 ! fly+ leap is exactly ! same z 9 ! /&+ "o2 b1 z ! horse keeps a m horizontal position1 x is easi]4 ,! rid]1 h[ev]1 mu/ n br+ 8 body =w>d at ! rais+ ( ! =e legs1 because ! spr+ f ! h9d legs imm$iately foll[s1 & ! body n only might n get back 9 "t1 b1 if ! horse did n come fair1 or refus$ to take 8 leap1 & *eck$ himself1 ! body1 if =w>d1 might cause ! rid] to tumble ov] 8 head4 ,he %\ld !re=e keep 8 body upright2 take hold ) 8 legs2 keep 8 h& d[n2 &1 z ! horse spr+s =w>d1 8 body is sure to take ! correspond+ action ( lean+ back1 p>ticul>ly if he1 at ! in/ant1 slip 8 bree* "u him1 & br+ 8 wai/ =w>d ) an ex]tion proportion$ to ! spr+ ! horse makes4 ,he mu/ also take c>e n to br+ 8 body upright1 nor slack5 ! hold ) 8 legs1 till aft] ! h9d feet h come to ! gr\nd4 ,9 ?is leap1 ! horse requires b little support or assi/ance f ! h& till he is com+ to ! gr\nd1 :5 ! h& aids 9 br++ ! body upright1 & 9 support+ ! horse4 ,! assi/+ & lift+ a horse ov] leaps may be done only by exp]i5c$ rid]s1 & ev5 by !m only :5 he leaps freely & det]m9$ly4 ,:ips %\ld n be us$ :5 ! rid] fir/ practises leap+4 ,,critical ,,situations4 ,:5 a horse is addict$ to /umbl+1 re>+1 kick+ & bolt+1 plung+1 %y+ & re/iv5ess1 ! seat is ma9ta9$ z 9 leaps2 & ! arms are held firm to ! body1 ! h&s kept up1 & ! re9s sep>ate1 r %ort ?an o!rwise4 ,by ^! means1 ! horse's head be+ rais$1 he c ) less ease ei!r re> or kick1 because1 = su* purposes1 he mu/ h 8 head at lib]ty4 ,x is =tunate t horses :i* re> high seldom kick1 & vice v]s4 ,on ^! occasions1 ! fir/ op]ation ( ! rid] is to sep>ate ! re9s1 c4 ,! body mu/ be kept upright1 b flexible1 to repel e ef=t ! horse may make2 ! balance mu/ be pres]v$ by ! muscles ( ! ?ighs2 ! legs are to be kept ne> ! horse1 b n to grasp till absolutely necess>y4 ,:5 he lifts 8 =e legs1 ! bree* mu/ be ?ru/ out beh9d1 by :i* ! rid] is prep>$ if he re>s4 ,z ! =e feet come to ! gr\nd1 ! bree* mu/ be slipp$ "u1 :i* prep>es = 8 kick+ or spr++ =w>d2 ! legs be+ !n 9 a situation to grasp1 & ! h&s to keep a firm hold4 ,9 all displays ( vice1 ! rid] %\ld fir/ see t ! saddle or gir?s d n p9* ! horse1 t ! bit does n hurt 8 lips by be+ too high 9 8 m\?1 c4 ,/umbl+4 ,by ! rid] press+ 8 legs to ! horse's flanks1 & keep+ up 8 head1 he may be made to g light on 8 =e legs2 & ! same %\ld be done if he actually /umble1 s z to af=d him in/ant assi/ance4 ,h5ce x is evid5t t ! bridle %\ld be ( su* l5g? 9 ! h&1 t1 9 case ( /umbl+1 ! rid] may be ?us able to raise ! horse's head by ! /r5g? ( 8 arms & ! weight ( 8 body ?r[n backw>d4 ,if ! re9 be too long1 x is evid5t t1 9 effect+ ?is manuvre1 ! rid] is 9 dang] ( fall+ backw>d z ! horse rises4 ,by ?us press+ ! legs to ! horse's sides1 he may be made to keep 8 haun*es "u him 9 go+ d[n hill1 or may be help$ on ! side ( a bank4 ,re>+4 ,! pr9cipal dang] 9 re>+ is ! haz>d ( ! horse's fall+ backw>ds4 ,:51 !re=e1 he rises /raight up1 ! rid] mu/ ?r[ 8 body =w>d1 giv+ him all ! bridle4 ,! weight ( ! body w oblige him to come d[n2 & ! mom5t t 8 =e feet are ne> ! gr\nd1 & be=e he t\*es x1 bo? ! spurs mu/ be giv5 him z firmly & z quickly z possible4 ,ano!r mode ( subdu+ him is1 :5ev] ! rid] is aw>e ( ! horse's disposition to re>1 to h ! re9s sep>at$2 & ! in/ant he p]ceives him go+ to rise1 to slack "o h& & b5d him ) ! o!r1 keep+ ! h& l[4 ,?is compels him to move a h9d leg1 & be+ ?r[n (f 8 balance1 he necess>ily comes d[n ) 8 =e feet4 ,he %\ld !n be twi/$ r\nd two or ?ree times1 to conv9ce him ( ! rid]'s sup]iority1 :i* confuses1 baffles1 & det]s him f re>+ to any dang]\s height4 ,to break horses ( ?is dang]\s vice1 x has be5 sometimes exp$i5t to leap f !m1 & pull !m backw>ds4 ,?is s fright5s !m t !y are w>y ( giv+ ! opportunity aga94 ,x is1 h[ev]1 an exp$i5t to be attempt$ only at a p>ticul> crisis1 & by p]sons p]fectly collect$1 active1 & agile4#ga #ga ,on ?is subject1 an anonym\s writ]1 9 answ] to a qu]y1 says1 8,i w\ld advise y by no means to try ! exp]im5t 9 "q1 ei!r z op]ator y\rself1 or on y\r own horse4 ,at all ev5ts1 pray make trial fir/ ( ! foll[+ prescription1 :i* w 9 mo/ cases be f\nd an excell5t prev5tive1 if n a total cure1 ( ! prop5sity compla9$ (1 & :i* has ! advantage ov] ! me?od respect+ :i* y inquire1 ( be+ mu* easi] & saf] 9 its application1 &1 ,i may p]haps add1 sur] 9 its effects1 & less exp5sive on ! :ole4 8,get a /rong ?ick curb bit1 ) a good deep port rev]s$--t is1 ! curve ( ! m\?-piece mu/ project t[>ds ! outside ( ! horse's m\?1 & n inw>dly t[>ds 8 ?roat1 z 9 ! common port bit4 ,! ?ickness & exact curve ( ! bit %\ld be calculat$ accord+ to ! size1 /r5g?1 & h>dness ( m\? ( ! animal = :i* x is int5d$4 ,= a v h>d-m\!d horse1 ! bit %\ld be made ) a v deep port1 & z ?9 z possible1 consi/5tly ) ! /r5g? requisite4 8,9 n9e cases out ( t51 #a h f\nd t confirm$ re>]s are t5d]-m\!d1 & ! habit has be5 probably induc$ by _! be+ bitt$ & h&l$ too sev]ely4 ,a m>t+ale w be f\nd a useful addition to ! bit ,i h describ$4 ,its full efficacy c only be suffici5tly appreciat$ by its be+ us$ sev]al times1 till ! horse has become 9 "s degree accu/om$ to x40 ,kick+4 ,horses apt to kick1 ei!r :5 !y g =w>d or /& /ill1 mu/ be kept mu* toge!r1 or held 9 closely4 ,:5 ?is is attempt$1 ! h&s1 ?\gh fix$1 mu/ n pull at ! horse1 if he does n attempt to =ce ! h&1 & get 8 head1 b leave him at lib]ty to g =w>d4 ,if1 h[ev]1 he attempt to get 8 head d[n1 :i* w\ld enable him to kick ) su* viol5ce z to ?r[ himself1 he may h ! head conf9$ up4 ,?is dis>ms him1 & he makes a bolt f all-f\rs4 ,:5 a horse kicks1 ! rid] mu/ ?r[ ! body backw>d4 ,x is an effective puni%m5t to twi/ him r\nd a few times = ?is fault4 ,if ?is is done t[>ds 8 weak or unprep>$ side 7= e horse has a fav\rite side71 a/oni%m5t & confusion w det] him f f>!r cont5tion4 ,9 case ( bolt+1 ! rid] mu/ n ex]t "o cont9u$ pull1 b make repeat$ pulls until ! horse obeys4 ,horses accu/om$ to be all[$ to be> on ! bit w\ld n und]/& ! /eady pull z a signal to desi/2 & "s w\ld s ?r[ up _! heads z to deprive ! rid] ( all p[] )\t dropp+ 8 h&1 :5 ! horse w\ld drop 8 head4 ,9 t case1 a second pull w\ld f9d 8 m\?1 & ?us spe$ily 8 progress might be /opp$4 ,plung+4 ,9 plung+1 a horse gets 8 head d[n1 cr+es 8 tail betwe5 8 qu>t]s1 sets 8 back up1 swells 8 body to bur/ 8 gir?s1 &1 9 ?is position1 kicks & plunges till 8 brea? c be held no long]--t is1 till he makes six or eight plunges4 ,to sit ^! is to cure !m2 & to d ?is1 ! rid] mu/ take a firm hold ) 8 legs1 & be m9dful t ! horse1 9 gett+ 8 head d[n1 does n pull him =w>d4 ,!re is no dang] ( 8 re>+2 & !re=e ! rid] has only to keep 8 body back1 & hold firmly ) 8 h&s1 to prev5t him ?r[+ himself d[n4 ,%y+4 ,:5 a horse1 ei!r by %y+ or re/iv5ess1 spr+s to "o side1 or turns %ort r\nd1 ! rid]'s security dep5ds on /rict con=mity to ! rules already laid d[n1 z to n be>+ on ! /irrups2 keep+ ! legs ne> to ! horse1 to be ready on ^! sudd5 & unexpect$ occasions to lay hold2 & yield+ ! body to g ) him4 ,:5 a horse is ab\t to fly to "o side1 he may be /opp$ by 8 rid]'s leg be+ press$ on ! side he w\ld fly to1 & by keep+ 8 head high & /raight =w>d1 s z to prev5t 8 look+ t[>ds ! object he />ts at1 unless inde$ x be some?+ y desire to accu/om him to ! sight (1 & !n1 :e!r y keep 8 face to x ?r\gh\t1 or av]t x at fir/1 & turn x g5tly t[>ds x at la/1 great /ead9ess is necess>y4 ,:5 he curvets irregul>ly1 & twi/s himself to & fro1 8 head %\ld be turn$ to "o side1 or bo? alt]nately1 )\t p]mitt+ him to move out ( ! track2 & ! rid]'s leg %\ld be press$ aga9/ ! opposite side4 ,9 ?is case1 he _c spr+ on "o side1 because ! pressure ( ! leg prev5ts him1 nor w he spr+ to ! o!r1 because 8 head is turn$ t way1 & a horse nev] />ts to ! side to :i* he looks4 ,moreov]1 he w n fly back f any?+1 b g =w>d1 if bo? legs be press$ aga9/ 8 sides4 ,?us he may be made to pass a c>riage or o!r object 9 a n>r[ road2 & "h p]sev]ance is especially necess>y :5 ! object is j rea*$1 or p>tly pass$1 = if 9 ! habit ( go+ back & turn+ r\nd :5 fright5$1 he w c]ta9ly d s :51 if1 by ! h&s slack5+ & legs fail+ to press1 he discov]s t y are irresolute2 & ?is he w\ld probably d at ! mo/ dang]\s mom5t1 :5 !re 0 sc>cely room = him to turn1 & ! :eels might take him 9 ! re>4 ,to t\* 8 curb re9 at su* a mom5t w\ld add to ! confusion & dang]4 ,re/iv5ess4 ,! horse g5]ally comm5ces 8 attack by /opp+1 turn+ %ort r\nd1 mo/ly to ! "r h&1 z tak+ ! rid] to ! greate/ disadvantage4 ,he expects ! rid] w oppose ! opposite h&1 design$ly attacks ! weake/1 & is s prep>$ aga9/ its ef=ts t x is va9 to attempt !m4 ,x mu/ be ! rid]'s rule nev] to cont5d ) ! horse on t po9t on :i* he is prep>$ to resi/4 ,in/ead1 !re=e1 ( attempt+ to prev5t ! horse ) 8 left h&1 ! rid] mu/ attack him ) 8 "r1 turn him completely r\nd1 s t 8 head is aga9 pres5t$ ! "r way1 & !n apply ! :ip4 ,if he turns r\nd aga91 ! rid] mu/ /ill attack 8 ungu>d$ side1 turn him two or ?ree times1 & let ! heel & spur1 if necess>y1 assi/ ! h&1 be=e he c arm or def5d himself aga9/ x4 ,if he /ill refuse to g ! "r way1 ! rid] mu/ take c>e t he g no o!r1 & imm$iately *ange 8 attack1 turn+ him ab\t & re9+ him backw>d1 :i* ! horse is easily compell$ to d :5 he sets himself aga9/ go+ =w>d4 ,9 ^! conte/s1 ! rid] mu/ be collect$1 & h an eye to ! surr\nd+ objects2 = re/ive horses try _! utmo/ to place _! rid]s 9 awkw>d situations1 by sidl+ to o!r horses1 c>riages1 ! foot-pavem5t1 ! h\ses1 c4 ,9 ?is case1 ! rid]1 in/ead ( pull+ him f ! wall1 mu/ b5d 8 head to x1 by :i* 8 side next ! wall is r5d]$ concave1 & 8 utmo/ endeav\rs to d injury are prev5t$4 ,! in/ant1 !re=e1 t ! rid] p]ceives 8 horse sidl+ to any object1 he mu/ turn 8 head to t object1 & back him f x4 ,!re are "s horses :o fix !mselves l /ocks1 sett+ all endeav\rs to move !m at defiance4 ,!re1 happily1 _! def5ce c 9 no way endang] ! rid]4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be conv]t$ to puni%m5t4 ,let !m /&1 make no attempt to move !m1 & 9 a %ort space--frequ5tly less ?an a m9ute--!y w move ( !mselves4 ,:5 ^! v>i\s def5ces1 h[ev]1 are n p[]fully set up1 ! g5]al rule is to pu% ! horse =w>d2 &1 = ?is purpose1 at fir/ to make use ( ! swit*1 z x al>ms him lea/1 = ! spurs surprise a horse1 abate 8 c\rage1 & are likely to make him re/ive4 ,inde$1 ! application ( ! :ip or spurs1 except to %ift ! cr\pe1 or give efficacy to ! h&s1 is ( little use2 & to repeat ei!r1 to make a re/ive horse g =w>d1 is c]ta9ly wrong4 ,:5 passion possesses ! rid]1 x prev5ts t concord & unity tak+ place :i* ev] %\ld subsi/ betwe5 ! rid] & 8 horse4 ,he %\ld always be dispos$ to amity1 & nev] suff] ! mo/ ob/9ate resi/ance ( ! horse to put him out ( temp]4 ,if ! conte/ does n dem& 8 utmo/ ex]tion ( /r5g?1 he %\ld be able to hum a tune1 or conv]se ) ! same composure & indiff]5ce z ?\gh 8 horse 7 all ob$i5ce4 ,by ^! means1 ! in/ant a horse f9ds himself foil$1 he desi/s1 hav+ no provocation to cont5d f>!r1 & is aba%$ at 8 own weakness4 ,x is ! abs5ce ( passion :i*1 add$ to cool obs]vation1 makes ! ,engli% ! be/ rid]s & driv]s 9 ! _w4 ,,treatm5t ,,( ,,! ,,horse4 ,/ables are g5]ally too d>k & too hot4 ,!y %\ld be kept q cool1 ?\gh )\t any draughts4 8,a way10 says ,de ,b]ang]1 9 ,helps & ,h9ts1 8( mak+ ! mo/ ( y\r horses1 is to rise e>ly 9 ! summ]1 9 ord] to d half y\r day's "w be=e ! heat ( ! day2 = ly+ by ! :ole ( ! re/ ( ! day1 n only af=ds a travell] "t & opportunity = exam9+ :at is wor?y ( be+ se51 b enables him to />t ) horses q fre%1 & to f9i% ! rema9+ /age aft] sunset3 n only w y\r horses g ?r\gh _! task ) less lab\r 9 ! cool ( ! ev5+1 b y w f9d !m travel m freely t[>ds a re/+-place1 :i* d>kness leads !m to expect40 ,a horse ought n to be ridd5 a /age :ile 9 physic1 nor on ! day ( its com+ (f4 ,if he be pu%$ at fir/ sett+ out on a j\rney1 or be compell$ to make long /ages1 or be depriv$ ( 8 cu/om>y baits1 he gets jad$1 & e additional mile adds to 8 uneas9ess4 ,moreov]1 at sett+ out 9 ! morn+1 a well-kept horse is necess>ily full ( food1 & consequ5tly1 until 8 great gut be prop]ly empti$1 brisk action occasions uneas9ess or pa91 :i* causes re/lessness4 8,:5 ,i travel on horseback10 says ! same writ]1 8,i make x a rule to walk e sev5? mile1 be ! roads ev] s level3 x af=ds a wond]ful relief bo? to man & horse1 &1 in/ead ( produc+ a loss ( "t1 helps y on4 ,:5 y dism\nt = su* ends1 always slack5 y\r gir?s1 slightly lift up ! saddle to let a little air "u x1 & tea* y\r horse 7:at he soon w le>n7 to walk briskly by y\r side1 & keep ! /ep ) y1 tak+ c>e to hold ei!r ( ! re9s lightly 9 y\r h&1 & )\t %ift+ x ov] ! horse's head4 ,y\r /e$ w soon give y demon/rations ( 8 gratitude1 = he w be full ( affectionate playfulness z he jogs along at y\r side1 only to be rivall$ by 8 will+ness to let y m\nt aft] y h tight5$ ! gir?s aga94 ,i ne$ h>dly tell y n to put y\r arm or wri/ ?r\gh a re9 :il/ walk+ or runn+ by ! side ( a horse1 = x is replete ) dang]4 ,a good run ) "o h& on ! horse's )]s is pleasant1 & greatly removes ! /iffness ( ! jo9ts s frequ5tly occasion$ by mu* rid+2 b ! re9s %\ld be held betwe5 ! f+]s only1 & r loosely40 ,h5ce1 x foll[s t1 al?\gh exp$ition be indisp5sable1 ! horse ought n to be put on 8 be/ pace at fir/1 b consid]ably )9 x4 ,ev5 ?is pace %\ld be = a %ort space only2 ! re9s %\ld be loos5$2 ! m\? play$ )2 & if he d n evacuate1 ! pace may be repeat$ once m1--unless1 inde$1 he sweat mu* ) ! fir/1 :i* is a sign ( weakness1 or t 8 dung is h>d1 & he requires purg+4 ,:ile on ! j\rney1 ! rid] %\ld be less att5tive to 8 horse's nice c>riage ( himself1 ?an to 8 own enc\ragem5t ( him1 & keep+ him 9 good hum\r4 ,?\gh g5]ally he %\ld raise 8 horse's head1 yet :5 he flags 9 consequ5ce ( a long day or h>d "w1 he may indulge him ) be>+ a little m ^u ! bit ?an he w\ld 9 tak+ a m]e air+ ex]cise1 or aft]noon's cant] 9 ! ,p>k4 ,keep+ company ) "s o!r horseman facilitates a /age1 by ! emulation x excites2 s t a dull animal1 :i* "o c sc>cely get sev5 miles an h\r f1 w d n9e or t5 )\t fatigue :5 9 company4 ,9 road-rid+1 a pick] is indisp5sable bo? 9 w9t] & summ]4 ,9 w9t]1 x is necess>y to relieve ! sole :5 sn[ accumulates !re4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! travell] kn[s t sn[ is on ! gr\nd1 he may avoid ! tr\ble ( dism\nt+1 by previ\sly ord]+ 8 horse's soles to be pay$ ov] ) t>1 or ) tall[ hav+ no salt 9 x4 ,at all times1 :5 ! roads h receiv$ fre% dress+s1 a pick] is indisp5sable1 because a loose /one is v liable to lodge 9 ! holl[ ( ! foot1 & is dang]\sly driv5 backw>ds betwe5 ! frog & ! %oe1 at e /ep ! horse takes4 ,pace & l5g? ( /age mu/ be adapt$ to ! heat ( ! wea!r 9 summ]1 & to ! dep? ( ! roads 9 w9t]2 bo? seasons hav+ ! effect ( knock+ up ! horse4 ,9 ei!r case1 a cordial promptly adm9i/]$ recov]s him = ! prosecution ( 8 j\rney4 ,! cordial readie/ provid$1 & :i* %\ld be kept at h& by ! provid5t travell]1 is 9 ! =m ( a ball1 & compos$ ( anise$s1 g+]1 c>raway1 ( ea*1 p[d]$1 half an ounce1 & mix$ up ) treacle & meal to ! prop] consi/5ce4 ,b good ale or port]1 f "o p9t to a qu>t1 made w>m1 op]ates soon]1 &1 ^u em]g5cy1 is ne>ly z readily obta9$ z ! ball4 ,walk+ a horse ! la/ mile1 especially ( a long /age1 is a practice highly b5eficial4 ,z1 ^u sett+ out1 we %\ld n g (f at ! quicke/ pace1 s ^u com+ 91 we %\ld n da% into our qu>t]s ) ! p]spiration /ream+ f ea* pore1 9 ! mild season1 nor cov]$ ov] ) dirt1 9 consequ5ce ( ! pace1 9 wet wea!r4 ,ev5 9 w9t]1 ! p]spiration flies f a /rong horse1 if 9 condition1 ^u com+ 9 m %elt]$ places1 & ! practices he is !n subject$ to are commonly ( su* a nature z to cause disease 9 "o way or ano!r1 9 embryo1 if n imm$iately4 ,! rid] is greatly to be blam$ :o /&s quietly by1 or hides himself 9 ! p>l\r1 :ile 8 horse is br\ght 9 hot1 /ripp$ ( e ?+1 & l$ ab\t to cool1 9 ! draught ( a gateway1 or has ! dirt wa%$ (f by plung+ him 9 a horse-tr\gh or pond1 or 8 legs bru%$ 9 cold wat] 9 ! op5 y>d1 :ile pailfulls1 at ! same "t1 are ?r[n ov] !m2 ! consequ5ce ( all :i* is c\gh or colic1 bad eyes1 swell$ legs1 or inflammation ( "s vital "p1 :i* deprives ! animal ( life4 ,! horse %\ld h a l>ge & com=table /all1 & )\t any door beh9d him1 a draught f :i*1 by bl[+ up 8 coat1 might expose him to cold4 ,on com+ 91 aft] be+ coax$ to /ale1 he %\ld und]go 79 w9t]-"t 9 doors7 a wisp+ all ov] ) /raw1 beg9n+ at ! head1 & proce$+ to ! neck & =e-qu>t]s4 ,8 eyes1 no/rils1 c41 %\ld also be cleans$ ) a sponge1 & 8 e>s rubb$4 ,he %\ld1 at ! same "t1 h be=e him a lock ( sweet hay1 9 8 rack1 or a prickle1 or ! h&2 & ! rid] %\ld see :e!r he eats or n1 :e!r he enjoys ! wisp+1 & :e!r he *iefly ev9ce a desire to lie d[n or a crav+ = food4 ,! gir?s hav+ be5 already loos5$1 b ! saddle /ill rema9+ on 8 back1 8 head %\ld be turn$ to ! rack1 & 8 h9d-qu>t]s1 legs1 & belly1 %ea? & =k1 wisp$1 & 8 feet pick$ clean & wa%$4 ,aft] ?is1 ! saddle %\ld be remov$ by slid+ x back ov] ! cr\pe2 & ! dress+ be ext5d$ to ! )]s1 back1 & s completely all ov] ! c>cass1 until x is dry4 ,! saddle %\ld be hung out1 ) ! inside t[>d ! sun2 & :5 ! pannels h be5 duly air$ & dri$1 !y %\ld be slightly beat5 & well bru%$4 ,if ! horse refuse ! fir/ pr(f] ( hay1 ! rid] may conclude t he has be5 pu%$ too mu*1 z to "t or l5g?4 ,if he /ill refuse 8 food1 ?\gh ! dress+ be f9i%$1 he may be assur$ t 8 /oma* is disord]$1 & he mu/ be cordiall$4 ,9 w9t]1 a w>m ma% ( malt is mo/ eligible2 b1 if n at h&1 a bran ma% ) an admixture ( oatmeal1 & a qu>t ( good ale1 may be giv54 ,9 summ]1 a cordial ball w re/ore ! tone ( 8 /oma*1 )\t increas+ ! heat ( 8 body s mu* z a ma% w\ld4 ,if he is n ag$1 nor inur$ to cordiall+1 a small pail ( /\t wat]-gruel1 almo/ cold1 excels all o!r cordials1 & sup]s$es ! necessity ( wat]+2 he w take 8 supp] an h\r or s aft]w>ds1 ) a reli%4 ,! travell] ought to look to e p>ticul> himself4--,9 ! next place1 let him see t 8 horse gets 8 all[ance ( corn1 t x be good1 & t x conta9 no indications ( hav+ be5 9 a mang] be=e2 =1 9 t case1 he mu/ wait by him until all ! food is dev\r$4 ,dry food is alone prop] to travel ^u1 & oats are ! be/2 mu* hay be+ apt to eng5d] flatul5cies4 ,:51 h[ev]1 a v long /age is to be tak51 or x is cold1 dre>y1 wet1 or w9dy1 a h&ful ( cru%$ beans su/a9s him admirably1 /ay+ by him1 & imp>t+ vig\r = a long "t4 ,! horse %\ld n be d5i$ wat] (t52 ?\gh too mu* at "o "t %\ld n be giv51 nor1 )\t its be+ *ill$1 any imm$iately aft] be+ f$4 ,8 feet & %oes %\ld be look$ to1 to asc]ta9 if aught require repair1 9 ord] t x may be furni%$ z soon z he has recov]$ f 8 fatigue4--,8 limbs1 moreov]1 %\ld be exam9$ all ov]1 = cracks1 prick$ foot1 c41 & ! body1 = saddle-galls1 c4 ,n[1 z ev]1 8 dung+ %\ld be look$ to4 ,ev5 if 9 full condition1 hav+ be5 well & regul>ly f$1 & z regul>ly work$1 he w contract a t5d5cy to con/ipation2 ! lea/ ill consequ5ce ( :i* is defective pace1 or %ort /ep1 aris+ f m lab\r$ action4 ,z ! inconv5i5ce may be suff]$ to la/1 he sweats immod]ately at ! lea/ extra ex]tion1 8 eyes lose _! wont$ brightness1 8 m\? becomes hot1 & 8 mann] is languid4 ,all ^! evils may be prev5t$ by timely physick+1 :5ev] ! dung is se5 to fall ^u ! gr\nd )\t ! pellets break+4 ,ev5 a little gre5 food1 or a day's ma%+ ) bran1 ?9 oatmeal gruel1 & ! l1 w s(t5 ! dung consid]ably4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ^! ?+s are to be und]tak5 on blank days1 :5 ! travell] is c]ta9 ! horse w n be ridd5 a /age4 ,! foll[+ all[ance p] week is g5]ally en\gh to keep a horse 9 good condition3-- ,oats4 ,beans4 ,hay4 ,= a horse ( f #ad to #af h&s #a bu%el2 #b qu>t]ns2 #a truss4 ,= a horse "u #ad h&s #a bu%el2 #a qu>t]n2 #a truss4 ,,driv+4 ,among ! anci5ts1 = m ?an "o ?\s& ye>s1 ! greate/ hon\r t c\ld be be/[$ ^u a man 0 a sprig ( ! wild olive tree entw9$ r\nd 8 br[1 = hav+ ga9$ a victory 9 ! *>iot-race at ! ,olympic games ( ,greece4 ,?is sprig ( olive1 moreov]1 0 accompani$ by o!r m>ks ( di/9ction3 ! we>] ( x 0 n only hon\r$ ) /atues & inscriptions dur+ 8 life-"t1 b ! immortal ,p9d>1 or "s o!r great poet1 0 call$ ^u to h& 8 "n d[n to po/]ity 9 an ode4 ,! ,olympic games 7 reviv$1 z a religi\s c]emony1 by ,iphitus1 an ,elean1 ab\t n9e hundr$ ye>s be=e ,*ri/4 ,!y 7 celebrat$ ne> ,olympia1 9 ! t]ritory ( ,elis4 ,horse & *>iot races 7 consid]$ _! noble/ sports4 ,no "o 0 !re prev5t$ f driv+ 8 own *>iot2 & k+s 7 (t5 se5 cont5d+ aga9/ k+s4 ,! ,greeks 7 ! mo/ enlight5$ ( ! anci5ts1 & _! ta/e 9 ! arts has nev] be5 ev5 rivall$4 ,:at !y did1 !re=e1 on ?is occasion1 c\ld n be consid]$ z 9 bad ta/e2 &1 :5 we rememb] t ! celebration ( ^! pa/imes outliv$ ! laws1 cu/oms1 & lib]ty ( _! c\ntry1 we ne$ n say m 9 _! v9dication4 ,! hon\rs ( victory 7 n ev5 conf9$ to ! brave & skilful man :o won ! race3 ev5 ! horses 7 cr[n$ amid/ ! applauses ( ! spectators2 & 9 "o race1 :]e =ty *>iots 7 brok51 ! victori\s "o 0 pres]v$ 9 ! temple ( ,apollo4 ,su* be+ ! havoc among ! competitors1 x is n wond]ful t ,ovid %\ld say1 t ! hon\r ( cont5d+ = ! ,olympic prize 0 almo/ equal to ! w9n+ ( x4 ,sophocles mode/ly speaks ( t5 />t+ at ! same "t 9 ! race2 b ,p9d>1 avail+ himself1 p]haps1 ( poetic lic5ce1 makes ! numb] =ty4 ,f\r horses driv5 abrea/ 0 ! usual numb]4 ,! l5g?#gb ( ! c\rse on :i* !y ran did n exce$ an ,engli% mile1 & z !y _h to make tw5ty-two turn+s r\nd ! two pill>s--g5]ally1 we may suppose1 at full spe$--x is n difficult to imag9e :at dreadful accid5ts mu/ h happ5$4 #gb ,! ,circus ,maximus at ,rome1 9 :i* ! ,romans exhibit$ _! *>iot-races1 0 an oval build+ ( "o ?\s& eight hundr$ feet 9 l5g?1 & f\r hundr$ 9 bread?4 ,no?+ inde$ b ! =m ( *>iot us$ c\ld h ensur$ safety to any "o4 ,f ! repres5tations on anci5t co9s1 x appe>s to h be5 v l[1 & only on two :eels1 some:at resembl+ our curricle4 ,x _h ( c\rse no spr+s2 &1 z !re 0 no seat = ! *>iote]1 mu* ( 8 skill consi/$ 9 pres]v+ 8 balance1 & keep+ ^u 8 legs4 ,accord+ to ,pausanias1 ! foll[+ 0 ! me?od ( />t+3--,! *>iots ent]$ ! c\rse accord+ to ord]1 previ\sly settl$ by lot1 & drew up 9 a l9e4 ,!y />t$ at a signal giv51 & to him :o pass$ ! pill> at ! top ( ! c\rse twelve times1 & t at ! bottom t5 times1 9 ! neate/ mann]1 )\t t\*+ x1 or ov]turn+ 8 *>iot1 0 ! rew>d giv54--,z1 h[ev]1 x 0 ! aim ( e "o :o />t$ to make = ?is pill>1 z to a c5tre1 we c easily imag9e ! confusion !re mu/ h be5 9 =ty1 tw5ty1 or ev5 t5 *>iots1 all ru%+ to "o giv5 po9t1 amid/ ! clang+ ( trumpets1 c4 ,! foll[+ translation ( a description ( a *>iot-race1 f ! ,electra ( ,sophocles1 is wor?y ( a place4 8,:5 on ! sacr$ day1 9 ord] next ,came on ! conte/ ( ! rapid c>1 ,z o'er ! ,phocian pla9 ! ori5t sun ,%ot 8 impurpl$ beams1 ! ,py?ic c\rse ,ore/es ent]'d1 circl$ ) a troop ,( *>iote]s1 8 bold antagoni/s4 ,"o f ,a*aia came2 f ,sp>ta "o2 ,two f ! ,lybian %ores1 well practis$ ea* ,to rule ! :irl+ c>3 ) ^! ! fif?1 ,ore/es1 vaunt+ 8 ,!ssalian m>es3 tolia s5t a six?1 ) y\?ful /e$s ,9 native gold array$3 ! next 9 rank ,f fair ,magnesia sprang3 ( ,?race ! eigh? ,8 sn[-:ite c\rs]s f ,!sprotia drove3 ,f heav5-built ,a!ns ! n9? h]o came3 ,a huge ,botian ! t5? *>iot fill$4 ,^!1 :5 ! judges ( ! games by lot ,_h fix'd _! ord]1 & arrang$ _! c>s1 ,all1 at ! trumpet's signal1 all at once ,bur/ f ! b>ri]2 all toge!r *e]'d ,_! fi]y /e$s1 & %ook ! float+ re9s4 ,soon ) ! d9 ( rattl+ c>s 0 fill$ ,! s\nd+ hippodrome1 & cl\ds ( du/ ,asc5d+1 ta9t$ ! fre% brea? ( morn4 ,n[ mix'd & press'd toge!r1 on !y drove1 ,nor sp>$ ! sm>t+ la%2 impati5t ea* ,to cle> 8 *>iot1 & out/rip ! ?rong ,( da%+ axles1 & %ort-bl[+ /e$s1 ,!y pant$ on ea* o!r's necks1 & ?rew ,on ea* contigu\s yoke ! milky foam4 8,b to ! pill> z he ne>] drew1 ,ore/es1 re9+-9 ! ne>mo/ /e$1 ,:ile 9 a l>g] scope1 ) loos5'd re9s1 ,& la%'d up to _! spe$1 ! o!rs flew1 ,turn'd swift ar\nd ! goal 8 graz+ :eel4 8,z yet erect1 ^u _! :irl+ orbs ,roll'd e *>iot1 till ! h>d-m\?'d /e$s ,t drew ! ,?racian c>1 unma/]'d1 broke ,) viol5ce away1 & turn+ %ort1 7,:5 o'er ! hippodrome ) w+$ spe$ ,!y _h complet$ n[ ! sev5? c>e]71 ,da%'d _! wild =eheads 'ga9/ ! ,lybian c>4 ,f ?is "o luckless *ance a tra9 ( ills ,succe$+1 rudely on ea* o!r fell ,horses & *>iote]s1 & soon 0 fill'd ,) wrecks ( %att]'d c>s ! ,phocian pla94 8,?is se51 ! ,a!nian1 ) consummate art1 ,8 c\rse obliquely ve]'d1 &1 /e]+ wide ,) /eady re91 ! wild commotion pass'd ,( tumbl+ *>iots & tumultu\s /e$s4 ,next1 &1 ?\gh la/1 yet full ( confid5ce ,& hopes ( victory1 ,ore/es came2 ,b :5 he saw ( 8 antagoni/s ,him only n[ rema9+1 to 8 m>es ,anxi\s he rais$ 8 /imulat+ voice4 ,& n[ ) equal fronts abrea/ !y drove1 ,n[ ) alt]nate mom5t>y pride ,beyond ea* o!r pu%'d _! /ret*+ /e$s4 8,erect ,ore/es1 & erect 8 c>1 ,?r\gh all ! numb]'d c\rses n[ _h /ood2 ,b luckless 9 ! la/1 z r\nd ! goal ,! :eel+ c\rs] turn'd1 ! hi!r re9 ,imprud5t he relax'd1 & on ! /one ,! %att]'d axle da%+1 f ! :eels ,fell headlong2 hamp]'d 9 ! tangl+ re9s ,! fright$ m>es flew div]se o'er ! c\rse4 8,! ?rong'd assembly1 :5 !y saw ! *ief ,hurl'd f 8 *>iot1 ) compassion mov$1 ,8 y\? deplor$2 deplor$ him1 glori\s late ,= mighty de$s1 n[ doom'd to mighty woes2 ,n[ dragg'd along ! du/1 8 feet 9 air3 ,till1 ha/+ to 8 aid1 & sc>ce at l5g? ,! frantic m>es re/ra9+1 f ! re9s ,! *>iote]s releas$ him1 & convey'd1 ,) w\nds & gore disfigur$1 to 8 fri5ds4 ,! j ,amphictyons on ! ,a!nian /e$s ,! ,delphic laurel solemnly conf]r'd40 ,9 a political view1 ^! games 7 productive ( local advantages2 =1 be+ sacr$ to ,jupit]1 !y protect$ ! inhabitants ( ,elis aga9/ all ! calamities ( w>4 ,9 an economical po9t ( view1 !y 7 ( g5]al use2 =1 z ,greece 0 g5]ally %ort ( horses1 no?+ 0 s likely to enc\rage ! bre$+ ( !m z ! emulation ?us rais$ among ! diff]5t /ates4 ,! circulation ( money also 0 n a trifl+ consid]ation2 = ! olive cr[n 0 obta9$ at great exp5se4 ,by ^! games be+ celebrat$ at ! beg9n+ ( e fif? ye>1 ! ,greeks settl$ _! *ronology & dates2 & z !y la/$ a ?\s& ye>s1 a great "p ( ! traditional hi/ory ( ,greece re/s ^u _! base4 ,t ! hon\r ( ! prize 0 above all price1 ! foll[+ anecdote %[s3--,a ,sp>tan hav+ ga9$ ! victory at ! ,olympic games ) mu* difficulty1 0 ask$ :at he %\ld pr(it by x8 8,i %all h ! hon\r10 said he1 8( be+ po/$ be=e my k+ 9 battle40 ,z a fur!r pro( ( ! value & ! moral effect ( ^! cont5tions = hon\r1 x is /at$ t1 :5 a conqu]or return$ to 8 native city1 he made 8 entry ?r\gh a brea* 9 ! wall--by :i* 0 impli$ t cities inhabit$ by su* m5 _h no ne$ ( walls4 ,a s5ator ( ,rome1 inde$1 says ,gibbon1 8or ev5 a citiz51 consci\s ( 8 dignity1 w\ld h blu%$ to expose 8 p]son or 8 horses 9 a ,roman circus4 ,!re1 ! re9s 7 ab&on$ to s]vile h&s2 &1 if ! pr(its ( a fav\rite *>iote] sometimes exce$$ ^? ( an advocate1 !y 7 consid]$ z ! effect ( popul> extravagance1 & ! high wages ( a disgraceful pr(ession40 ,! ,romans1 ) m pride1 7 f> less intellectual ?an ! ,greeks2 b x mu/ /ill be borne 9 m9d1 t1 inconsi/5tly en\gh1 ! int]e/ tak5 9 ! *>iote]s ( ,rome %ook ! v f\ndation ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,9 mod]n times1 not)/&+ ! sne]s direct$ aga9/ g5tlem5-coa*m5 & driv+-clubs1 x is to !m *iefly t ?is c\ntry is indebt$ = ! pres5t excell5t /ate ( ! roads1 & = safe & exp$iti\s travell+4 ,! ta/e = driv+ produc$1 betwe5 m5 ( prop]ty & ^? connect$ ) ! road1 an int]c\rse :i* has be5 productive ( ! be/ results4 ,road-mak]s1 & ^? :o h ! c>e ( roads1 if !y h n act$ "u ! imm$iate direction ( ^! amateur driv]s1 h be5 greatly b5efit$ by _! advice--d\bly valuable1 z proce$+ f k ( :at a road ought to be4 ,! int]c\rse also t has lately be5 c>ri$ on betwe5 proprietors ( inns & ( coa*es1 & g5tlem5 fond ( driv+1 has greatly t5d$ to direct ! att5tion ( ! =m] to ! accommodation & com=t ( travell]s4 ,! improvem5t 9 c>riages--/age-coa*es m especially--w\ld nev] h arriv$ at its pres5t height1 b = ! att5tion & sugge/ions ( su* p]sons4 ,moreov]1 ! notice tak5 by g5tlem5 ( coa*m51 :o are at once skilful & :o conduct !mselves well1 has work$ ! re=mation :i* has be5 ( late ye>s witness$ 9 t useful "p ( society4 ,g5tleman-driv+1 h[ev]1 has receiv$ a *eck1 v few f\r-9-h&s be+ visible4 ,! ,b4 ,d4 ,c41 or ,b5son ,driv+ ,club1 :i* n[ holds its r5dezv\s at ! ,black ,dog1 ,b$font1 is ! only survivor ( ^? num]\s driv+ associations ^: processions us$1 "s tw5ty ye>s ago1 to be among ! mo/ impos+1 z well z peculi> spectacles 9 & ab\t ! metropolis4#gc #gc ,! read] w be> 9 m9d t ?is is _m ye>s aft] date4 ,! ,r4,d4,c41 :i* is n[ 9 ! 8,cresc5t10 promises an asc5dant ( no mean effulg5ce4--,,ed4 ,fif? ,edition4 ,,! ,,roads4 ,! excell5ce ( our pres5t mail-coa* "w reflects ! highe/ cr$it on ! /ate ( our roads4 ,! hills on great roads are n[ cut triangul>ly1 s t driv]s asc5d ne>ly all ( !m 9 a trot4 ,coa*m5 h f\nd out t !y are ga9]s "h1 z1 9 ! trot1 e horse does 8 %>e1 :]eas1 v few teams are all at "w toge!r :5 walk+4 ,z1 h[ev]1 dreadful accid5ts h occurr$ to coa*es :5 desc5d+ hills1 a v simple exp$i5t has be5 sugge/$1 by :i* ^! accid5ts may be avoid$4 ,x is m]ely a /rip ( gravel1 or brok5 /one1 ab\t "o y>d wide1 & f\r or five in*es deep1 left on ! ne> side ( ! hill1 & nev] suff]$ to b9d or dim9i%4 ,?is w\ld af=d t additional friction 7te*nically call$ a bite7 to ! two ne>-side :eels1 s t ! necessity ( a drag-*a9 7nev] to be tru/$7 w\ld be done away )1 & ev5 9 case ( a hame-/rap or pole-*a9 giv+ way1 "o :eel-horse w\ld be able to hold back a coa*1 h[ev] heavily lad54 ,no inconv5i5ce to ! road1 x is obs]v$1 c\ld arise f ?is precaution1 z c>riages asc5d+ ! hills w\ld nev] be requir$ to t\* ! loose gravel1 x n be+ on _! side ( ! road4 ,?is has be5 object$ to1 because "s ( ! loose /ones might f9d _! way into ! middle ( ! road4 ,b1 admitt+ ?is might be ! case1 a trifl+ att5tion on ! "p ( ! surveyor w\ld obviate ! objection4 ,a man might be employ$ e second or ?ird day to rake ^! /ones back aga94 ,at ! same "t1 x is obvi\s t ! neat appe>ance ( a road is n to be put 9 ! scale aga9/ ! limbs & lives ( ! p4--,"s m p]man5t contrivance ?an loose /ones ev5 might be f\nd4 ,,c>riages4 ,( c>riages1 ^? ) two :eels are ! *eape/1 lighte/1 & mo/ exp$iti\s2 b1 h[ev] sure-foot$ ! horse1 & h[ev] skilful ! driv]1 !y are comp>atively dang]\s vehicles4 ,z to g5tlem5's c>riages1 9 ?is c\ntry1 x has ju/ly be5 obs]v$1 t ! view at ,hyde ,p>k ,corn]1 on any f9e aft]noon1 9 ! height ( ! ,london season1 is en\gh to conf\nd any =eign]1 f :atev] "p ( ! _w he may come4 ,he may !re see :at no o!r c\ntry c %[ him4 ,let him only sit on ! rail1 ne> ! /atue1 & 9 ! space ( two h\rs he w see a ?\s& well-appo9t$ equipages pass be=e him to ! ,mall1 9 all ! pomp ( ari/ocratic pride1 9 :i* ! horses !mselves appe> to p>take4 ,! /ream ( equipages ( all k9ds1 b>\*es1 *>iots1 cabriolets1 c41 & almo/ all got up 8reg>dless ( exp5se10 fl[s on unbrok5 until x is half-pa/ sev51 & p at la/ beg9 to ?9k ( :at !y /ill call d9n]4 ,s5eca tells u t su* a blaze ( spl5d\r 0 once to be se5 on ! ,appian ,way4 ,x might be s--x is n[ to be se5 n[h]e b 9 ,london4 ,z to /age-coa*es1 _! =m seems to h arriv$ at p]fection4 ,x comb9es prodigi\s /r5g? ) almo/ incr$ible lightness2 _m ( !m n weigh+ m ?an ab\t #ah cwt41 & be+ kept s mu* ne>] ! gr\nd ?an =m]ly1 !y are ( c\rse consid]ably saf]4 ,no?+1 inde$1 c be m fav\rable to safety ?an ! build ( mod]n coa*es4 ,! boots be+ let d[n betwe5 ! spr+s1 keep ! load1 & consequ5tly ! c5tre ( gravity1 l[2 ! :eels ( _m ( !m are secur$ by pat5t boxes2 & 9 e "p ( !m ! be/ mat]ials are us$4 ,! co/ ( coa*es ( ?is description is f #acj to #aej2 b !y are g5]ally hir$ f ! mak] at #b;d4 to #c;d4 p] mile4 ,x is said to be ! int5tion ( ,gov]nm5t#gd to sub/itute light c>riages ) two horses = ! pres5t mail-coa*es drawn by f\r4 ,on ?is1 a writ] 9 ! ,qu>t]ly ,review obs]ves1 t :5 ! mail-coa* ( ! pres5t day />ts f ,london = ,ed9burgh1 a man may safely bet a hundr$ to "o t %e arrives to h] "t2 b let a light two-horse vehicle set out on ! same err&1 & ! bett+ w\ld /rangely alt]4 ,x is q a mi/ak5 notion t a c>riage is less liable to accid5ts = be+ light4 ,on ! contr>y1 %e is m liable to !m ?an "o t is lad5 9 proportion to h] su/a9+ p[d]s4 ,9 ! latt] case1 %e runs /eadily along1 & is b little di/urb$ by any ob/acle or j]k %e may meet on ! road3 9 ! =m]1 %e is con/antly on 8! jump10 z coa*m5 call x1 & h] iron p>ts are v liable to snap4 #gd ,! era ( rail-roads has h[ev] n[ arriv$1 & !re rema9s no ne$ = su* an exp]im5t4--,,ed4 ,fif? ,edition4 ,x may 9 ?is place be obs]v$1 t no /age-coa* %\ld be p]mitt$ to travel ! road ) :eels secur$ only by ! common l9*p94 ,x is 9 consequ5ce ( ?is t innum]able accid5ts h happ5$ to coa*es f :eels com+ (f2 & 9 ^! improv+ & fa/ times1 su* *ances %\ld n be all[$ to exi/4 ,x may n be un9t]e/+ to ! un9itiat$ to le>n f ! same clev] & exp]i5c$ writ] h[ a coa* is work$4 ,suppose a numb] ( p]sons to ent] into a contract to horse a coa* eighty miles1 ea* proprietor hav+ tw5ty miles2 9 :i* case he is said to cov] bo? sides ( ! gr\nd1 or to & fro4 ,at ! expiration ( tw5ty-eight days a settlem5t takes place1 & if ! gross e>n+s ( ! coa* be #aj p] mile1 !re w be #hjj to divide betwe5 ! f\r proprietors1 aft] ! foll[+ *>ges h be5 d$uct$1 viz41 tolls1 duty to gov]nm5t1 mileage 7or hire ( ! coa* to ! coa*-mak]s71 two coa*m5's wages1 port]s' wages1 r5t or *>ge ( book+-(fices at ea* end1 & wa%+ ! coa*es4 ,^! *>ges may am\nt to #aej1 :i* leaves #fej to keep eighty horses1 & to pay ! horse-keep]s = a p]iod ( tw5ty-eight days1 or ne>ly #afj to ea* proprietor = ! exp5ses ( 8 tw5ty horses1 be+ #b p] week p] horse4 ,?us x appe>s t a fa/ coa* prop]ly appo9t$ _c pay1 unless its gross receipts am\nt to #aj p] d\ble mile2 & t ev5 !n ! proprietor's pr(its dep5d on ! luck he has ) 8 /ock4 ,,coa*-,,horses4 ,a great *ange has lately tak5 place z to ! ,engli% coa*-horse2 & ?is is ! f\ndation ( _m o!r accompany+ *anges4 ,fifty ye>s ago1 ! putt+ a ?or\gh-br$ horse into h>ness w\ld h be5 deem$ prepo/]\s4 ,9 ! c>riages ( g5tlem51 ! long-tail$ black1 or ,clevel& bay--ea* "o remove f ! c>t-horse--0 ! prevail+ sort2 & six miles an h\r 0 ! ext5t ( ! pace4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 ?is clumsy-b>rell$1 cloddy-%\ld]$1 r\nd-legg$ animal1 some?+ betwe5 a coa* & a dray horse1 z fat z an ox1 &1 ) all 8 pranc+ at fir/ />t+1 n capable ( m ?an six miles an h\r1 & r5d]$ useless by a day's h>d "w1 is no m se52 &1 in/ead ( him1 we f9d a horse z tall1 deep-*e/$1 ris+ 9 ! )]s1 slant+ 9 ! %\ld]s1 flat 9 ! legs1 ) m /r5g?1 & ) treble ! spe$4 ,! animal =m]ly 9 use co/ f #cjl4 to #ejl4-- ,two hundr$ gu9eas is n[ an e-day price = a cabriolet horse2 & #aej gu9eas = a coa*-horse1 = a private g5tleman's "w4 ,a pair ( h&some coa*-horses1 fit = ,london1 & well brok5 & bitt$1 _c be pur*as$ "u #bjj gu9eas2 & ev5 job-ma/]s (t5 give mu* m = !m to let out to _! cu/om]s4 ,! orig9 ( ?is sup]ior k9d ( coa*-horse is /ill1 h[ev]1 ! ,clevel& bay1 conf9$ pr9cipally to ,york%ire & ,durham1 ) p]haps ,l9coln%ire on "o side1 & ,nor?umb]l& on ! o!r1 b difficult to be met ) pure 9 ei!r c\nty4 ,clevel& inde$1 & ! ,vale ( ,pick]+1 9 ! ,ea/ ,rid+ ( ,york%ire1 are ! be/ bre$+ c\nties 9 ,engl& = coa*-horses1 hunt]s1 & hackneys4 ,:5 ! ,clevel& m>e is cross$ by a ?ree-f\r? or ?or\gh-br$ horse ( suffici5t sub/ance & height1 ! produce is ! coa*-horse mo/ 9 repute1 ) 8 ar*$ cre/ & high action4 ,f ! same m>e & ! ?or\gh-br$ ( suffici5t height1 b n ( s mu* sub/ance1 we obta9 ! f\r-9-h&1 & sup]ior curricle horse4 ,f less height & m sub/ance1 we d]ive ! hunt]1 & bett] sort ( hackney4 ,f ! half-br$1 we h ! ma*9]1 ! po/]1 & ! common c>riage-horse4 ,! be/ coa*-horse is a tall1 /rong1 ov]-siz$ hunt]4 ,! hackney has _m ( ! qualities ( ! hunt] on a small scale4 ,!re is "s deception1 h[ev]1 ev5 z to ! be/ ( ^! improv$ coa*-horses4 ,!y prance nobly ?r\gh ! /reets1 & !y are capable ( m "w ?an ! old clumsy1 sluggi% bre$1 b /ill !y h n ! endurance t is desirable2 & a pair ( poor po/-horses1 at ! end ( ! second day1 w\ld beat !m holl[4 ,9 ?is c>riage-horse1 ! b5d+ ( ! upp] jo9ts1 & ! consequ5t high lift+ ( ! feet1 are deem$ an excell5ce1 because !y add to ! gr&eur ( 8 appe>ance2 b ?is is necess>ily accompani$ by mu* we> & te> ( ! legs & feet1 ! effect ( :i* is v soon app>5t4 ,! mo/ desirable po9ts 9 ! coa*-horse are--sub/ance well plac$1 a deep & well-proportion$ body1 bone "u ! knee1 & s\nd1 op51 t\gh feet4 ,"o "p ( ! old sy/em1 h[ev]1 rema9s--namely1 t al?\gh little horses1 well br$1 are ! fa%ion1 l>ge horses are /ill employ$ 9 heavy "w4 ,x mu/ inde$ be s4 ,horses draw by _! weight1 & n by ! =ce ( _! muscles1 al?\gh ^!1 by c>ry+ =w>d ! c5tre ( gravity1 assi/ ! application ( t weight4 ,x is ! weight ( ! animal :i* produces ! draught1 & ! p[] ( ! muscles s]ves to direct x4 ,! h9d feet =m ! fulcrum ( ! lev] by :i* ?is weight acts aga9/ a load1 & ! p[] ex]t$ is 9 proportion to ! l5g? ( ! lev]1 if ! weight rema9s ! same4 ,l>ge animals1 !re=e1 draw m ?an small ones1 ?\gh !y may h less muscul> p[]1 & are unable to c>ry weight s well4 ,no?+ c bett] %[ t horses draw by _! weight ?an ! frequ5t occurr5ce t a horse is unable to draw a c>t out ( a sl\gh until a sack ( corn is ?r[n on 8 back1 :5 he has little difficulty 9 do+ x4 ,?us x is1 t :at are te*nically call$ lobb+-go]s take m weight ) !m ?an horses ( bett] action4 ,z ! application ( ! weight or =ce proce$s f ! fulcrum =m$ by ! h9d feet1 good h9d legs & well-spread gask9s are ess5tial po9ts 9 a coa*-horse4 ,we ev5 sometimes see t a waggon-horse1 :5 br\ght to pull1 w n t\* ! gr\nd at all ) 8 =e feet4 ,ano!r reason :y little horses are unfit = heavy "w is1 t !y w seldom walk & draw at ! same "t2 = if !y walk1 !y cat* at _! coll>s1 & d b little4 ,!y nev] take any?+ l an ev5 %>e ( draught4 ,by calculations z to ! mean /r5g? ( animals1 x appe>s t a horse draw+ horizontally1 & at ! rate ( two miles & a half 9 an h\r1 c "w = eight h\rs 9 succession aga9/ a resi/ance ( #bjj p\nds4 ,if t pace be quadrupl$1 he f9ds an eigh? "p ( ! "t suffici5t4 ,?us we c pretty ne>ly measure a horse's p[] 9 h>ness4 ,:e!r we are c>ry+ suppos$ improvem5t too f>1 & sacrific+ /r5g? & endurance to spe$1 is a "q n difficult to be resolv$4 ,a horse at a pull is enabl$1 by ! p[] & direction ( 8 muscles1 to ?r[ a c]ta9 weight aga9/ ! coll>4 ,if he walk f\r miles 9 ! h\r1 "p ( ! muscul> en]gy is exp5d$ 9 ! act ( walk+2 & consequ5tly1 ! p[] ( draw+ mu/ be proportionally dim9i%$4 ,if he trot eight miles 9 ! h\r1 m ( t en]gy is exp5d$ 9 ! trot1 & less rema9s = ! draught2 b ! draught cont9ues ! same1 &1 to enable him to accompli% 8 "w1 he mu/ ex]t 8 en]gies 9 a degree s sev]e & cruel1 t x mu/ spe$ily we> him out4 ,h5ce1 !re is no tru? s easily prov$1 or s pa9fully felt by ! po/ma/]1 z t x is ! pace t kills4 ,moreov]1 _m a horse us$ on our public roads is unable to employ all 8 natural p[]1 or to ?r[ 8 weight into ! coll>1 9 consequ5ce ( be+ t5d]-foot$1 or lame4 ,be+ b\ght1 h[ev]1 at little price1 he is work$ on ! brutal pr9ciple t he may be 8:ipp$ s\nd60--& s he is app>5tly4 ,at fir/ he sadly halts2 b1 urg$ by ! torture ( ! la%1 he acquires a peculi> mode ( go+4 ,! faulty limb keeps pace ) ! o!rs1 b no /ress or lab\r is ?r[n ^u x2 & he gradually contrives to make ! s\nd limbs p]=m among !m all ! duties ( ! uns\nd "o4 ,?us he is b>b>\sly 8:ipp$ s\nd10 & cruelty is = ! "t undes]v$ly rew>d$4 ,aft] all1 h[ev]1 :at is done8 ,?ree legs are made to d t :i* 0 almo/ too mu* = f\r4 ,( c\rse1 !y are mo/ injuri\sly /ra9$1 & quickly worn out2 ! g5]al p[] ( ! animal is rapidly exhau/$2 &1 at no remote "t1 dea? releases him f 8 m]ciless p]secutors4 ,happily1 art is do+ :at humanity refuses4 ,railroads are r5d]+ draught comp>atively easy4 ,an in/ance has be5 describ$ ( ! p[] ( a horse :5 assi/$ by art1 z exhibit$ ne> ,croydon4 ,! ,surrey iron railway be+ complet$1 a wag] 0 laid t a common horse c\ld draw ?irty-six tons = six miles along ! road1 draw+ 8 weight f a dead pull1 & turn+ x r\nd ! occasional w9d+s ( ! road4 ,a num]\s p>ty assembl$ ne> ,m]/ham to see ?is4 ,twelve waggons load$ ) /ones1 ea* waggon weigh+ above ?ree tons1 7 *a9$ toge!r1 & a horse tak5 promiscu\sly f a timb] c>t1 0 yok$ to ! tra94 ,he />t$ f a h\se ne> ,m]/ham1 & drew ! *a9 ( waggons ) app>5t ease almo/ to ! turnpike at ,croydon1 a di/ance ( six miles1 9 "o h\r & =ty-"o m9utes1 :i* is ne>ly at ! rate ( f\r miles an h\r4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! j\rney he /opp$ f\r times1 to %[ t x 0 n by any advantage ( desc5t t 8 p[] 0 facilitat$2 &1 aft] ea* /oppage1 he aga9 drew (f ! *a9 ( waggons ) great ease4 ,a p]son :o _h wag]$ on ! p[] ( ! horse !n desir$ t f\r m load$ waggons %\ld be add$ to ! cavalcade1 & ) ^! ! same horse set (f aga9 ) undim9i%$ pace4 ,/ill fur!r to %[ ! effect ( ! railway 9 facilitat+ motion1 ! att5d+ workm51 to ! numb] ( fifty1 7 direct$ to m\nt on ! waggons1 & ! horse proce$$ )\t ! lea/ di/ress4 ,inde$1 !re appe>$ to be sc>cely any limit to ! p[] ( 8 draught4 ,aft] ?is trial1 ! waggons 7 tak5 to ! weigh+-ma*9e1 & x appe>$ t ! :ole weight 0 z foll[s3-- tons4 cwt4 qrs4 #ab waggons fir/ l9k$ toge!r #ch #d #b #d ditto1 aft]w>ds atta*$ #ac #b #j ,suppos$ weight ( fifty lab\r]s #d #j #j ------------ #ee #f #b ------------ ,x is =tunate = bre$]s ( horses t a p]fect =m is n necess>y to a good coa*-horse4 ,"s ( ^?1 inde$1 :i* ! ,london deal]s sell at high prices = g5tlem5's "w1 are su* brutes1 :5 out ( h>ness1 t no man w\ld ride !m = _! wor?4 ,! /rong & l5g?y %\ld]1 ) well-b5t h9d legs1 are n absolutely necess>y2 & a good head & tail1 ) a little high action1 are all t is ess5tial4 ,! foll[+ are useful h9ts = pur*as]s ( coa*-horses3 ,no g5tleman %\ld pur*ase a horse )\t a good trial ( 8 m\? & temp]4 ,to be p]fect 9 ! fir/ respect1 he %\ld be :at is call$ on ! road 8a *eek horse10--t is1 %\ld require v little curb1 %\ld always be at play ) 8 bit4 & yet n afraid ( x1 & %\ld h ea* side ( 8 m\? alike4 ,to a g5tleman's lead]1 a good m\? is mo/ ess5tial1 & !n1 ! high] 8 c\rage1 ! saf] he is to drive4 ,) /age-coa* horses1 m\? is n ( s mu* consequ5ce1 because !y are always runn+ home1 & !re is no turn+ & twi/+1 z 9 g5tlem5's "w1 :i* is (t5 9 a cr[d4 ,a :i/le1 or a click ) ! tongue1 %\ld make a g5tleman's lead] spr+ to 8 coll> 9 an in/ant3 "o t requires ! :ip %\ld be dis*>g$4 ,) :eel horses :i* are /eady1 & hold well1 a coa*man may almo/ set 8 lead]s at defiance2 b if !y are o!rwise1 dang] is at h&4 ,x is n a bad plan to pur*ase :eel]s out ( coa*es1 aft] !y h be5 ab\t six mon?s 9 regul> "w4 ,= f sixty to eighty gu9eas1 ! be/ ( any man's /ock may be pick$2 & a s\nd1 well-broke coa*-horse is n de> at t price4 ,! coa*-horses ( g5tlem5 %\ld be high 9 fle%1 z x enhances _! appe>ance1 & is no ob/acle to pace4 ,a s\nd five-ye>-old horse1 ) good legs & feet1 & driv5 only 9 h>ness1 w la/1 on an av]age1 f six to t5 ye>s 9 g5tlem5's "w1 & w aft]w>ds be v useful = o!r purposes4 ,! av]age price ( horses = fa/ /ages is ab\t #bcl4 ,fancy teams1 & ^? work+ out ( ,london1 may be rat$ consid]ably high]2 b1 tak+ a hundr$ miles ( gr\nd1 well hors$1 ?is is ab\t ! m>k4 ,! av]age p]iod ( ea* horse's s]vice does n exce$ f\r ye>s 9 a fa/ coa*--p]haps sc>cely s mu*4 ,9 a sl[ "o1 x may ext5d to sev54 ,9 bo? cases1 horses are suppos$ to be put to ! "w at five or six ye>s old4 ,! price nam$ z ! av]age may appe> a l[ "o2 b blemi%$ horses f9d _! way into coa*es1 z d ^? ( bad temp]1 c4 ,z no lab\r1 :ile x la/s1 is h>d] ?an t ( coa*-horses 9 fa/ "w1 x is wrong to pur*ase ^? :i* are infirm1 z _m proprietors d4 ,g5]ally speak+1 su* horses are out ( _! "w half _! "t1 & are c]ta9 to die 9 _! own]'s debt4 ,z ! roads n[ are1 bl9d horses are less objectionable ?an infirm ones4 ,a bl9d horse t goes up to 8 bit is bo? pleasant] & saf] to drive ?an "o ) good eyes t hangs away f 8 "w4 ,bl9d horses1 h[ev]1 "w be/ 9 ! night4 ,a horse _c be call$ a coa*-horse unless he has good legs & feet4 ,z a :eel-horse1 he is nev] to be dep5d$ ^u d[n hill1 if he has n s\nd limbs4 ,he _c resi/ weight1 if he be weak 9 8 jo9ts4 ,to bad legs & feet are ow+ num]\s accid5ts to coa*es1 _m ( :i* ! public he> no?+ (4 ,if horses1 on ! contr>y1 h good legs & feet1 !y w la/1 ev5 9 ! fa/e/ "w1 _m ye>s1 provid$ !y are %od ) c>e1 & well look$ aft]4 ,proprietors ( coa*es h at l5g? f\nd out t x is _! int]e/ to be humane & lib]al to _! horses1 because ! hay & corn m>ket is n s exp5sive z ! horse m>ket4 ,!y h1 !re=e1 "o horse 9 f\r always at re/2 9 o!r words1 ea* horse lies /ill on ! f\r? day4 ,g5]ally consid]$1 p]haps1 no animal toil+ solely = ! pr(it ( man1 leads s com=table a life z ! ,engli% coa*-horse3 he is sumptu\sly f$1 k9dly treat$1 & if he does suff] a little 9 8 "w1 he has mo/ly tw5ty-?ree h\rs 9 ! tw5ty-f\r ( p]fect ease2 he is n[ almo/ a /rang] to ! la%1 nor d we ev] see him ) a brok5 sk94 ,no horse lives s high z a coa*-horse4 ,hunt]s1 9 ! hunt+ season1 d n eat ! quantity ( corn t coa*-horses d2 = ! =m] are fev]i% aft] _! "w1 :i* is n ! case ) ! latt]1 z !y become accu/om$ to ?is almo/ daily excitem5t4 ,9 ! language ( ! road1 ! coa*-horse's /oma* is ! measure ( 8 corn--he is f$ ad libitum#ge4 ,! effect ( ?is is t he soon ga!rs fle%1 ev5 9 ?is sev]e "w1--= !re is none m sev]e :ile x la/s2 & good fle% is no ob/acle to spe$1 b ! contr>y4 #ge ,"s coa*ma/]s give _! horses all mang]-meat2 b ?is is wrong1 z x (t5 produces indige/ion & disease4 ,a c]ta9 portion ( long hay is necess>y4 ,x is n f\nd1 h[ev]1 t 7b>r+ contagi\s diseases7 :]e _! own]s are good judges ( condition1 coa*-horses are mu* subject to disease4 ,aft] a hot summ]1 coa*-horses are mo/ liable to d]angem5t2 & ! mon? ( ,octob] is ! wor/ 9 ! ye> = !m1 9 consequ5ce ( x be+ _! m\lt+ season4 ,coa*-horses1 inde$1 are c]ta9 to sweat ?ree days out ( f\r1 :i* keeps _! blood pure1 & r5d]s almo/ unnecess>y m$ic9e1 ( :i*1 9 g5]al1 !y h b a small portion--p]haps less ?an !y %\ld h4 ,x is a mi/ake1 h[ev]1 t fle%y horses _c g fa/ 9 h>ness2 !y are m p[]ful 9 draught ?an ?9 ones2 &1 hav+ only !mselves to c>ry1 fle% does n injure _! legs1 z 9 rid+4 ,9 a fa/ coa*1 !n1 a horse ought n to "w m ?an f\r days )\t re/1 z he becomes leg-we>y1 & we>s out ! soon]2 & he becomes also too highly excit$4 ,a horse a mile1 reckon+ only "o side ( ! gr\nd1 is ab\t ! proportion4 ,?us we may suppose t t5 horses "w ! coa* up & d[n a t5-mile /age1 :i* gives eight at "w1 & two at re/4 ,e horse1 !n1 re/s ! f\r? day4 ,9 sl[1 heavy "w1 h[ev]1 coa*-horses w d _! gr\nd e day1 b>r+ accid5ts or illness4 ,9 sl[ "w1 ! av]age duration ( coa*+ /ock may be f six to sev5 ye>s1 provid$ !y are at fir/ fre%1 & firm on _! legs4 ,9 fa/ "w1 _! "t may be f ?ree to f\r ye>s1 or sc>cely p]haps s mu*4 ,coa* proprietors on a l>ge scale %\ld h a break = _! "y horses1 previ\s to go+ into regul> "w4 ,! practice ( putt+ a "y horse unaccu/om$ to h>ness into a coa* lad5 ) pass5g]s is mo/ repreh5sible2 & :5 injury is su/a9$ by x1 x %\ld be visit$ by ! sev]e/ p5alties ! law c inflict4 ,,h>ness4 ,9 ! manufacture ( h>ness we h arriv$ at a degree ( p]fection1 to :i* ! inv5tion ( ! pat5t %9+ lea!r has ma9ly contribut$4 ,a h&some horse well h>ness$ is a noble sight2 yet 9 no c\ntry1 except ,engl&1 is ! art ( putt+ a horse into h>ness at all und]/ood4 ,if1 h[ev]1 our road horses 7 put to _! coa*es 9 ! loose awkw>d fa%ion ( ! cont95tal p1 we c\ld n travel at ! rate we d4 ,x is ! comm& giv5 ov] ! coa*-horse t enables u to d x4 ,9 reg>d to mails1 x %\ld be obs]v$ t ! proprietors :o horse !m are n suffici5tly att5tive to ! /ate ( ! h>ness on ! gr\nd work$ by night2 :]eas x %\ld 9 reality be ! be/4 ,if any?+ break by daylight1 x is in/antly obs]v$2 b x is n s 9 ! night1 z lamp-light is unc]ta9 & trea*]\s4 ,9 speak+ ( p>ticul>s1 x may be obs]v$1 t be>+-re9s are a relief to ! arm ( ! driv]1 b by no means to ! horses4 ,inde$1 !y mat]ially less5 ! p[] ( horses 9 draw+1 become insuff]able to !m 9 a long j\rney1 & fatigue !m mu* soon] ?an !y w\ld o!rwise be4 ,n only d ^! re9s by no means s]ve to keep horses up2 b !y prev5t _! ris+ aft] hav+ fall54 ,:5 a :eel-horse has ! habit ( ?r[+ up 8 head1 :i* greatly annoys ! m\? ( ! lead] be=e him1 a nose-m>t+ale %\ld be us$4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is r>ely suffici5t4 ,inde$1 x is a bad cu/om to run ! lead]'s re9s ?r\gh t]rets ov] ! heads ( ! :eel]s2 = !n e movem5t :i* ! :eel]s make ) _! heads1 acts p[]fully on ! m\?s ( ! lead]s1 :e!r !y be good or bad4 ,if ! =m]1 x is sometimes att5d$ ) dang]3 ?us1 a :eel] ?r[s up 8 head1 sudd5ly & p[]fully %ort5s ! re9 ( ! lead]1 :o is *eck$1 & z ! :eel] goes on1 he br+s ! b> ) =ce aga9/ ! hocks ( ! lead]1 :i* in/antly flies =w>d1 & mis*ief ensues4 ,?is1 p]haps1 does n la/ long2 b "o evil only takes ! place ( ano!r3 lead]s soon le>n to be1 f cu/om1 equally he$less ( ?is *eck & ( _! driv]'s h&3 & _! m\?s become /eel$ by ! con/ant toss+ ( ! :eel]'s heads4 ,x is ?us t we sometimes he> ( lead]s *oos+ _! own road 9 spite ( ! be/ ef=ts ( good coa*m52 & s x w always be till t]rets are totally aboli%$4 ,?is may easily be done by conduct+ ! lead]'s re9 ?r\gh ! rosette 9 :i* ! :eel]'s outside be>+-re91 ( :i* we h j disapprov$1 at pres5t passes1 & ?us sup]s$e ! t]ret4 ,t]rets1 h[ev]1 are suppos$ to look well1 & to h ! advantage ( keep+ ! head /eady4 ,to obviate _! disadvantages1 !re=e1 9 "s measure1 roll]s are plac$ 9 ! bottom ( ea* t]ret1 ov] :i* ! re9 passes4 ,?is1 9 "s degree1 obviates ! evil1 z ! re9 no long] holds 9 ! t]ret1 b slides easily1 giv+ ! :eel]'s head m fre$om4 ,9 all k9ds ( "w1 a tool-box is a necess>y app5dage to ! coa*4 ,x %\ld conta9 a /rong screw-wr5*1 :eel & spr+ clips1 a spr+ %ackle or two1 ) bolts & nuts1 & two *a9s--"o = a trace1 & ! o!r %ort]1 ) a r+ at "o end & hook at ! o!r1 9 case ( a tug giv+ way4 ,9 8 pocket ! coa*man %\ld h a %ort /rap ) a buckle at ea* end1 z 9 case ( almo/ any "p ( ! re9s1 or inde$ mo/ p>ts ( ! h>ness break+1 x comes into use 9 a mom5t4 ,! foll[+ are int]e/+ extracts on ?is subject1 f an article 9 a late numb] ( ! ,qu>t]ly ,review2 & ! "w quot$ & ref]r$ to 9 ! article is intitl$ ,bubbles f ! ,brunn5s ( ,nassau4 8,) reg>d to ! managem5t ( horses 9 h>ness1 p]haps ! mo/ /rik+ feature to ,engli% eyes is1 t ! ,g]mans intru/ ^! s5sible animals ) ! free use ( _! eyes4 #8,z soon z1 gett+ tir$1 or1 z we are (t5 apt to t]m x1 lazy1 !y see ! po/ilion ?reat5 !m ) 8 :ip1 !y "k p]fectly well ! limits ( 8 pati5ce1 & t aft] eight1 t51 or twelve ?reats1 !re w come a bl[4 ,z !y travel along1 "o eye is always %rewdly wat*+ ! driv]2 ! mom5t he beg9s 8 sl[ op]ation ( light+ 8 pipe1 !y imm$iately slack5 _! pace1 kn[+ z well z ,ar*im$es c\ld h prov$1 t he _c /rike fire & !m at ! same "t3 e movem5t 9 ! c>riage !y rem>k2 & to any accurate obs]v] :o meets a ,g]man vehicle1 x mu/ (t5 be p]fectly evid5t t ! poor horses "k & feel1 ev5 bett] ?an himself1 t !y are draw+ a coa*man1 ?ree bulky b>onesses1 _! man & _! maid1 & t to d ?is on a hot summ]'s day is no joke4' 8,n[1 :at is our me?od8 #8,9 ord] to break-9 ! animal to draught1 we put a coll> r\nd 8 neck1 a crupp] "u 8 tail1 a pad on 8 back1 a /rap r\nd 8 belly1 ) traces at 8 sides2 &1 le/ he %\ld see t1 ?\gh ^! ?+s tickle & p9*1 !y h n p[] to d m1 ! poor intellig5t creature is bl9d$ ) bl9k]s1 & 9 ?is fe>ful /ate ( ignorance1 ) a groom or two at 8 head1 & ano!r at 8 side1 he is1 )\t 8 k1 fix$ to ! pole & spl9t]-b> ( a c>riage4 ,if he kick1 ev5 at a fly1 he sudd5ly receives a heavy puni%m5t :i* he does n compreh5d2 some?+ has /ruck him1 & has hurt him sev]ely2 b1 z fe> magnifies all dang]1 s1 = aught we "k or c>e1 he may fancy t ! spl9t]-b> :i* has cut him is "s ho/ile animal1 & expects1 :5 ! pole bumps aga9/ 8 legs1 to be aga9 assail$ 9 t direction4 ,admitt+ t 9 "t he gets accu/om$ to ^! ph5om5a--becom+1 :at we t]m1 /eady 9 h>ness1 /ill1 to ! la/ h\r ( 8 exi/5ce1 he does n cle>ly und]/& :at x is t is hamp]+ him1 or :at is t rattl+ noise :i* is always at 8 heels2--! sudd5 /+ ( ! :ip is a pa9 ) :i* he gets b too well acqua9t$1 yet ! unde d]ivatur ( ! s5sation he _c expla9--he nei!r kn[s :5 x is com+1 nor :at x comes f4 ,if any trifl+ accid5t or ev5 irregul>ity occurs--if any little h>mless /rap :i* ought to re/ ^u 8 back happ5s to fall to 8 side1 ! un=tunate animal1 depriv$ ( 8 eyesight1 ! natural lant]ns ( ! m9d1 is in/antly al>m$2 &1 ?\gh f con/ant heavy draught he may lit]ally1 )\t metaphor1 be on 8 la/ legs1 yet if 8 bl9k]s %\ld happ5 to fall (f1 ! sight ( 8 own doz+ ma/]1 ( 8 own pretty mi/ress1 & ( 8 own f9e yell[ *>iot 9 motion1 w\ld sc>e him s dreadfully1 t (f he w\ld probably />t1 & ! m !y all pursu$ him ! fa/] w\ld he fly6'0 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xliii ,page #ahi4 ,f\r ,horse ,h>ness4 ,,description ,,( ,,plate ,,xliii4 #a4 ,face-/rap4 #b4 ,t]ret = ! lead]'s re94 #c4 ,lead]'s re94 #d4 ,head-piece4 #e4 ,hame-/rap4 #f4 ,be>+-re9 hook4 #g4 ,w9k]4 #h4 ,*eek-/rap4 #i4 ,nose-/rap4 #aj4 ,rosette4 #aa4 ,?roat-la%4 #ab4 ,be>+-re9 roll]4 #ac4 ,front piece1 or =e-top4 #ad4 ,be>+-re94 #ae4 ,hames4 #af4 ,hame-tug4 #ag4 ,coll>4 #ah4 ,hame-t]ret4 #ai4 ,:eel]'s re94 #bj4 ,crupp]4 #ba4 ,pad4 #bb4 ,t]ret = :eel]'s re94 #bc4 ,belly-b&4 #bd4 ,trace-be>]4 #be4 ,trace-buckle4 #bf4 ,trace4 #bg4 ,false belly-b&4 #bh4 ,bit4 #bi4 ,swivel-hook4 #cj4 ,pole-hook4 #ca4 ,pole-*a94 #cb4 ,pole4 #cc4 ,%ackle or sw+-b>s4 #cd4 ,tug4 #ce4 ,spl9t]-b>4 ,,relative ,,places ,,( ,,horses4 ,9 plac+ horses 9 a team1 we speak ( ne> & (f horses4 ,! t]m ( 8ne>0 is probably a borr[$ "o4 ,9 a waggon1 ! ne> horse is ! "o :i* is ne>e/ ! driv]1 :o always walks ) ! horses to 8 "r h&2 & ! o!r1 runn+ abrea/ ( him1 is call$ ! (f or f> horse1 because he is ! f>!/ f ! driv]4 ,?is t]m inde$ does n ref] to coa*+ s well z to waggon+1 z ! coa*man does n walk by ! side ( 8 horses2 b _m ( ! t]ms ( coa*man%ip are drawn f ! same s\rce1 & ! expression 8ne>0 horse seems to be among ! numb]4 ,! ^w 8ne>0 hav+ be5 ?us made use ( 9 its orig9al acceptation1 has1 9 "s c\nties1 gradually sup]s$$ ! ^w left1 9 contradi/9ction to "r2 z we he> occasionally ( ! 8ne> side ( ! road10 ! 8ne> :eel ( a c>riage10 ! 8ne> leg ( a horse20 9 %ort1 x is sub/itut$ = ! ^w left4 ,or ! t]m may h aris5 int]m$iately f ?is3 t on ! fir/ introduction ( c>riages into ?is c\ntry !re 0 no driv+ on ! box1 b on ! saddle1 & t h5ce ! t]m 8ne>0 0 us$ to di/+ui% ! saddle-horse1 & ! t]m 8(f10 ( c\rse1 ! o!r horse4 ,^! t]ms 7 aft]w>ds appli$ to ! road1 :]e1 9 meet+ c>riages1 accord+ to ! adage1 8,if y g to ! left1 y are sure to g "r2--if y g to ! "r y are wrong40 ,:eel-horses h ! h>de/ place1 z !y are at "w up hill & d[n4 ,nev]!less1 if fav\r be %[n1 x mu/ be to ! lead]s1 because a tir$ :eel] may be dragg$ home2 b1 9 ! road phrase1 if a lead] cuts x1 y are plant$4 ,x is a rule always to put ! free/ lead] on ! ne> side1 z he is bett] 9 h& ?an on ! o!r4 ,if a lead] be weak1 & _c take 8 b>1 ! :eel] t foll[s him mu/ be ti$ up1 & ?is w place him by ! side ( 8 p>tn]4 ,lead]s %\ld be fa/ trott]s = fa/ coa*es2 =1 if !y gallop1 ! b>s are nev] at re/1 & consequ5tly mu* ( ! draught is lo/ 9 ! angles describ$4 ,to a coa*-horse 9 fa/ "w1 w9d is almo/ z ess5tial z to a hunt]4 ,_m high-bl[]s1 h[ev]1 keep _! "t v well1 ) a little att5tion on ! "p ( ! driv]4 ,if he see !m di/ress$1 he ought to keep !m (f _! coll>1 & let !m only c>ry _! h>ness = a hundr$ y>ds or s1 :5 !y w recov]1 if _! condition be good4 ,!y "w be/ z night-horses2 &1 if driv5 9 ! heat ( ! sun1 !y ought to be out ( ! ?roat-la%4 ,inde$1 a lead] %\ld nev] be ?roat-la%$ 9 v hot wea!r1 if he c be driv5 )\t x4 ,_m horses pull1 & are unpleasant 9 x1 b g temp]ately out ( x4 ,9 coa*-horses1 temp] is mu* to be reg>d$4 ,"s cont5d t a horse %\ld nev] "k 8 place1--%\ld g ei!r :eel] or lead]1 & on ei!r side4 ,if1 h[ev]1 a horse work+ con/antly 9 a coa* pref] any place1 he %\ld h x1 & he w g5]ally pay = ! indulg5ce4 ,"s horses1 inde$1 c>e n :]e !y are put--work+ equally well or ill 9 all places4 ,z to ! mode ( putt+ "y horses 9 h>ness1 ! be/ way is to put "o1 = ! fir/ "t1 ) only "o o!r1 :i* ought to be /eady1 good-coll>$1 & quick4 ,a great deal ( room %\ld be giv5 8 head1 & he %\ld be driv5 at ! *eek ( an easy bit1 ) 8 pole-piece r slack4 ,!re is great want ( judgm5t 9 ?roat-la%+ a "y horse--ei!r :eel] or lead]4 ,_m horses g p]fectly quiet z lead]s1 t w\ld nev] g z :eel]s1 because !y w n be> be+ conf9$ by ! pole-piece4 ,all ought to h _! sides frequ5tly *ang$1 p>ticul>ly "y ones4 ,z to horses' m\?s1 "s w n be> a curb-*a9 at all1 :ile ! b>s & *9s ( o!rs are s h>d1 t x is difficult to make an impression ^u !m2 ! latt] be+ mo/ preval5t4 ,x is difficult1 h[ev]1 to h&le a coa*-horse1 p>ticul>ly a lead]1 ^: m\? is v t5d]4 ,a snaffle is n safe1 z1 9 case ( 8 dropp+ or bolt+1 x has n suffici5t p[] to cat* him up quickly1 at su* a di/ance f ! driv]'s h&4 ,=a gig-horse1 x may occasionally answ]4 ,! usual plan !n is to 8*eek him10 z x is te*nically call$1 t is1 to put 8 c\pl+-re9 to ! *eek in/ead ( ! bottom ( ! bit4 ,%\ld ?is be sev]e = him1 & he sw+ 8 head too mu* t[>ds 8 p>tn]1 8 draught-re9 %\ld be put d[n to ! bit1 :i* w br+ him /raight4 ,he %\ld h lib]ty 9 8 be>+-re91 & 8 curb-*a9 %\ld n be tight4 ,a *eck-re9 to a nose-m>t+ale is (t5 ( s]vice 9 ?is case1 z x keeps 8 head /eady1 & makes him face 8 "w4 ,su* horses 9 g5]al "w m pleasantly out ( ! ?roat-la%4 ,horses ) v h>d m\?s require ! bit ) d\ble port1 ! ,*iffney bit1 or ! plan ( putt+ ! curb-*a9 ov] ! tongue in/ead ( "u ! *91 :i* 9 "s prev5ts :at is t]m$ a dead m\?4 ,lett+ out ! head ( ! bridle 9 ! middle ( a /age1 has also consid]able effect1 z caus+ ! bit & curb-*a9 to take hold 9 a fre% place4 ,a *eck-re9 likewise is sometimes put to ! middle l9k ( ! curb-*a91 to reta9 ! bit 9 ! middle ( ! m\?1 & to keep x alive1 z x is t]m$4 ,9 h>d pull]s1 moreov]1 putt+ ! be>+-re9 to ! top1 & ! c\pl+-re9 to ! l[e/ loop 9 ! bit1 creates a c\nt]-action1 n only mak+ ! bit m sev]e1 b keep+ ! m\? 9 play4 ,a h>d pull] is g5]ally safe/1 & m 9 place be=e ! b>s ?an at :eel2 =1 ) a good pair ( :eel-horses1 lead]s are soon *eck$1 & he pulls less ) a free ?an ) a slack p>tn]4 ,a coa*-horse1 if ob$i5t to ! h&1 _c well c>ry 8 head too high1 :ile a horse t goes ) 8 head d[n has a mean appe>ance 9 h>ness4 ,! horse1 h[ev]1 t c>ries 8 head high] ?an 8 p>tn]1 %\ld h 8 c\pl+-re9 upp]mo/4 ,a coa*-horse %\ld n be brok5 9 a fa/ coa*1 z 9 fa/ "w !re is no "t to try 8 temp]1 & to hum\r him4 ,by be+ put at fir/ into quick "w1 _m horses get into a habit ( cant]+1 & nev] trot well aft]w>ds4 ,a kick+ :eel-horse %\ld be put on ! ne> side1 :]e he is less liable to be t\*$ by any ?+ t might annoy him2 =1 on ! (f side1 ?r[+ ! re9s on 8 back1 or t\*+ 8 tail :5 gett+ any ?+ out ( ! boot1 may set him (f1 & cause mis*ief4--,a kick+ lead] %\ld h a r+ on ! re9s1 = _m accid5ts arise by a lead]'s gett+ a re9 "u 8 tail1 ow+ to ! want ( ?is4 ,) fir/-rate coa*m51 h[ev]1 ?is precaution is ! less ess5tial1 t !y g5]ally h _! horses bett] 9 h&4 ,) horses v fre% 9 condition x sometimes happ5s1 especially 9 a turn1 t a :eel] kicks ov] 8 trace1 & an accid5t is sometimes ! consequ5ce4 ,a light hip-/rap prev5ts ?is1 by tak+ ! trace up ) him :5 he rises4 ,9 ,london1 ?is is p>ticul>ly useful2 =1 :5 horses are turn+ %ort1 or 9 a cr[d1 !y frequ5tly h _! traces slack1 & !re=e m easily kick$ ov]4 ,! hip-/rap looks sl[1 b x is safe4 ,,coa*m54 ,( late ye>s1 a sup]ior class ( m5 =m our coa*m52 & = ?is we are ma9ly indebt$1 fir/1 to ! driv+ clubs1 & ! notice tak5 ( coa*m5 by m5 ( =tune2 &1 secondly1 to ! boxes be+ plac$ on spr+s4 ,! latt] r5d]s x a common practice = pass5g]s to pay an extra %ill+ = ! box-place1 :]eas =m]ly a man w\ld h giv5 some?+ to be any :]e else4 ,we are told t good coa*m5 are becom+1 9 proportion to _! numb]1 m sc>ce e ye>1 because1 ow+ to ! f9e /ate ( ! roads1 ! condition ( ! cattle1 & ! improv$ me?od ( road-"w1 coa*-horses are s above _! "w1 t ! assi/ance ( ! driv] is seldom requir$4 ,:5 9 t[n1 says a writ] 9 ! ,sport+ ,magaz9e1 8,i sometimes take a peep at ! mails com+ up to ! ,gl\ce/] ,c(fee-h\se2 & su* a set ( spoons are1 ,i %\ld hope1 difficult to be f\nd3 !y are all legs & w+s2 n "o ( !m has 8 horses 9 h&2 & !y sit on _! boxes--z if !y 7 sitt+ on some?+ else40 ,c]ta9 x is t coa*-"w 9 p]fection is n to be se5 a hundr$ miles f ! metropolis--seldom s f>4 ,! build ( coa*es1 ! manufacture ( h>ness1 & ! /amp & condition ( horses are greatly inf]ior 9 ! nor!rn c\nties2 & z to ! coa*m51 few t at all des]ve ! appellation4 ,!re are few ?+s 9 :i* k ( an art )\t execution is ( less value ?an 9 driv+ f\r-9-h&2 =1 al?\gh a coa*man may h k1 x is possible t1 f natural awkw>dness1 he may be unable to put x into practical effect ) a neat & appropriate movem5t ( 8 arms & h&s2 & seldom is a c]ta9 propriety & neatness m requir$ ?an 9 h&l+ ! re9s & :ip4 ,to make a man a good driv]1 !re is "o requisite1 & t is1 :at are call$ on ! roads 8h&s0--a nice faculty ( t\*4 ,no man ) a h>d1 heavy h& c ev] make a good horseman or driv]4 ,nei!r w a n]v\s man ev] be safe on a coa*-box1 = pres5ce ( m9d & /rong n]ve are !re v (t5 call$ into action4 ,! air & mann] ( a coa*man h be5 clev]ly describ$ by "s p]iodical writ]s4 ,let u1 say !y1 suppose ! horses put to _! coa*1 all ready = a />t--! re9s ?r[n across ! (f :eel-horse's lo9s1 ) ! ends hang+ ^u ! middle t]ret ( 8 pad1 & ! :ip ?r[n across ! backs ( ! :eel]s4--,! coa*man makes 8 appe>ance4 ,if he be a coa*man1 a judge w imm$iately p]ceive x2 =1 z a c]ta9 philosoph] obs]ves1 8e situation 9 life s]ves = =mation ( "*10 & none m s ?an a coa*man's4 ,i 0 go+ to say--only let a judge see him come out ( 8 (fice1 pull+ on 8 glove2 b ?is ,i w say--let "o see him walk r\nd 8 horses1 alt] a c\pl+-re91 take up 8 :ip & re9s1 & m\nt 8 box1 & he w at once pron\nce him a neat1 or an awkw>d "o4--,! mom5t he has got 8 seat & made 8 />t1 y are /ruck ) ! p]fect ma/]%ip ( 8 art--! h& j ov] 8 left ?igh1 ! arm )\t con/ra9t1 /eady1 & ) a hold+ comm&1 t keeps 8 horses l clockwork1 yet1 to a sup]ficial obs]v]1 ) re9s q loose4 ,s firm & compact is he1 t y seldom obs]ve any %ift+1 except p]haps to take a %ort] pur*ase = a run d[n hill1 :i* he accompli%es ) confid5ce & skill unt9ctur$ ) imprud5ce4 ,9 a coa*man1 temp] is also "o ( ! ess5tials to a good workman4--,we are told ( a great arti/1 t1 hav+ f\r 8rum ones0 to deal )1 & be+ unable to make !m "w to please him1 he ?rew ! re9s on ! footbo>d1 & exclaim$1 8,n[1 d--n y\r eyes1 divide x among y1 = ,i w be tr\bl$ ) y no long]40 ,! imp]t95ces ( pass5g]s sometimes increase ?is irritability4 ,9 /eam-vessels1 !y adopt ! plan ( writ+ 9 l>ge lett]s on ! :eel :i* directs ! helm1 8,d n talk to ! helmsman40 ,x w\ld be z well 9 "s coa*es to h ! same rule adopt$--8,d n babble to ! coa*man40 ,x is n possible to obta9 a bett] idea ( a good coa*man ?an f ! foll[+ acc\nt ( "o :o is said to be ! fir/ coa*man 9 ,engl& = bad horses4 8,hav+ all 8 life _h mod]ate horses--"s /rong & heavy1 "s light & blood-l1 old hunt]s1 old po/]s1--mo/ ( ! teams go+ & return+1--_! "w at ! utmo/ /ret*1 always ov]p[]+1--hav+ also _h always1 besides diff]5ce 9 "*1 weak horses to nurse1--?is ordeal has worn him d[n to a patt]n ( pati5ce4 ,) ^!1 & great weight ^u sev]e gr\nd1 he is /eady1 easy1 v economical 9 ?ong & cord1 v light-h&$ & sometimes playful4--,i obs]v$ him closely1 & discov]$ f 8 rem>ks1 z well z f :at ,i saw1 t 8 great secret ( keep+ 8 nags 9 any ?+ l condition1 & pres]v+ !m :5 app>5tly worn out1 is by putt+ !m prop]ly toge!r1 by con/antly %ift+ _! situations1 & by ! use ( *eck-re9s ) rem>kable judgm5t--by :i* means he br+s _! p[]s z ne> to equality z possible1 besides prev5t+ ! evil ( bor+4 ,inde$1 8 horses all g light & airy2 & ?\gh at times 8 hold ( necessity becomes p[]ful1 yet1 g5]ally speak+1 he takes 8 load )\t a sev]e /ra9 ^u 8 arms4--,i own x is ?is p>ticul> knack :i* always w9s me4 ,bo? 9 driv+ & rid+1 give me ! man :o c accompli% 8 object ) a light h&40 ,! duty ( a coa*man is apt to injure ! eyes--p>ticul>ly 9 cold bl[+ wea!r4 ,he mu/ keep 8 eye =w>d2 & x is f\nd t ! sight _c be fix$ ^u any ?+ beyond ! head ( ! :eel-horses 7n s f> z ?is1 9 %ort m517 )\t rais+ ! eyelids1 & consequ5tly expos+ ! eyes to ! wea!r4 ,six p>ts ( cold spr+ wat]1 to "o ( br&y1 is a good lotion :5 ! eyes suff] f ?is cause4--,coa*m5 %\ld also pres]ve _! feet & bodies f cold4 ,9 v cold wea!r1 ! *9 %\ld be protect$ by a %awl1 & ! knees by ?ick clo? knee-caps4 ,9 v sev]e wea!r1 ! brea/ %\ld be protect$2 = :i* purpose h>e-sk9s are n[ manufactur$1 & are gett+ into use on ! road4 ,a coa*man ought n to drive m ?an sev5ty miles a day2 &1 if ?is is done at two />ts1 s mu* ! bett]4 ,! we>+ ( ! frame1 "u daily excitem5t1 mu/ t5d to produce premature old age1 & to %ort5 life2 & ?is excitem5t mu/ be v consid]able :5 a man drives a fa/ coa* eighty or a hundr$ miles a day )\t a /op--p>ticul>ly if 8 coa* be /rongly oppos$4 ,coa*m5 :o wi% to keep !mselves light1 take walk+ ex]cise 9 _! h\rs ( re/ f road-"w4 ,z to amateur coa*m51 x has be5 obs]v$1 t if a diet 7 =m$1 be=e :om g5tlem5-coa*m5 7 to be exam9$ previ\s to _! be+ consid]$ safe1 x w\ld n be amiss if !y 7 put to ! te/ ( hav+ ! h>ness ( f\r horses tak5 to pieces1 /rap f /rap1 & !n reque/$ to put x toge!r aga9 9 ! pres5ce ( ! judges4 ,!re w\ld be no hesitation 9 pron\nc+ him safe :o succe$$ 9 ?is1 z 8 exp]i5ce on ! road mu/ h be5 consid]able4 ,h[ ^! amateurs are tru/$ ) ! re9s1 coa*m5 are n[ oblig$ to be c>eful1 ow+ to ! spe$ ( coa*es1 & ! improv$ bre$ & condition ( coa*-horses4 ,h5ce1 we see few] amateurs at "w ?an =m]ly4 ,x w\ld inde$ be highly culpable 9 a coa*man to tru/ ! lives ( pass5g]s & 8 ma/]'s prop]ty to any "o :om he did n "k to be safe1 or ev5 )\t reflect+ t a man may be a v safe coa*man ) horses he kn[s1 & a v unsafe "o on "s roads ) horses to :i* he is a /rang]4 ,to g5tlem5 :o wi% to drive1 & are really capable ( do+ s1 ! foll[+ is recomm5d$ z n a v bad way ( do+ bus9ess3--8,:5 travell+ ) a coa*man ,i d n "k10 says an amateur1 8,i always adopt ! foll[+ plan--t is1 if ,i wi% to "w4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,i nev] got ^u a coa*-box yet ) any ?+ l half-pay ab\t me2 su* z a black h&k]*ief ar\nd my neck1 or 9 blue pantaloons2 nei!r d ,i ?9k ,i ev] %all4 ,i always take c>e to h a good deal ( drag ab\t me3--a neat pair ( boots1 & knee-caps1 if cold wea!r3 a good drab surt\t--if n a poodle2 a b5jam9 or two ab\t ! coa*1 & a little ( ! spot ab\t ! neck4 ,= ! fir/ mile1 ,i always obs]ve a /rict sil5ce1 unless brok5 by coa*ee2 b at ?is "t he g5]ally runs mute4 ,he is p]haps b j awake1 or is consid]+ ab\t 8 way-bill--reckon+ 8 pass5g]s1 ?9k+ :at he has to d on ! road1 &1 if a workman1 look+ ov] 8 team to see if all is "r4 ,leave him alone = a %ort "t1 & :5 8 m9d is at ease1 he w look y ov] z y sit beside him4 ,he w beg9 ) y\r boots1 proce$+ upw>ds to ! cr[n ( y\r hat1 & if he l y1 & y make a rem>k or two t please him1 & %[ y to be a judge ( ! art1 ! fir/ "t he /ops he w say--#8,n[1 sir1 h y got y\r driv+ gloves on2 w\ld y l to take 'em8'--,i am "h allud+ to c\ntry "w1 & n to ! roads ne> ,london40 ,coa*m5's exp5ses on ! road be+ heavy1 %\ld be tak5 into consid]ation by pass5g]s4 ,!y h _! horse-keep]s to pay e week1 or !y w n d _! be/ = !m2 & ! we> & te> ( _! clo!s is a heavy tax on _! pockets4 ,!y are satisfi$1 h[ev]1 ) "o %ill+ "u1 & two %ill+s = any?+ ov]1 ?irty miles2 & !y are well entitl$ to t sum--m especially :5 we recollect t !y are liable to h empty coa*es4 ,no man1 c]ta9ly1 %\ld give !m less ?an a %ill+1 & if he (t5 travel ! same road1 8 money is n ill be/[$4 ,9 respectable coa*es1 no great diff]5ce is n[ made betwe5 ! fees giv5 by 9 & outside pass5g]s1 z x (t5 happ5s t ! latt] are be/ able to pay4 ,gu>ds on mail coa*es are necess>y app5dages to ! e/abli%m5t2 &1 t !y may be equal to _! duty1 !y g only mod]ate di/ances--z f sixty to eighty miles1 :5 !y are reliev$ by o!rs4 ,^? on ! long /ages1 h[ev]1 are impos$ ^u by _! ma/]s2 &1 by be+ made to d m ?an !y are equal to--_m ( !m two nights up = "o 9 b$1 are half _! "t asleep4 ,"s g f ,london to ,exet]1 ,%rewsbury1 & o!r places equally di/ant1 )\t /opp+ m ?an ?ree qu>t]s ( an h\r on ! road1 :i*1 9 bad wea!r1 is h>d en\gh4 ,inde$1 x is wond]ful h[ ) _! means !y always contrive to live4 ,gu>ds are by no means useless app5dages to /age coa*es2 = no coa*1 runn+ a long di/ance & 9 ! night1 %\ld be )\t "o2 b su* gu>ds %\ld be provid$ ) fire-arms 9 good repair4 ,sett+ aside ! idea ( highway robb]y1 x is impossible t1 9 ! night1 a coa*man c see to ! luggage on 8 coa*1--nor inde$1 c ! gu>d1 if he be asleep1 & asleep he mu/ be a great "p ( 8 "t1 if work$ 9 ! way above /at$4 ,he %\ld n g m ?an "o hundr$ miles1 & he %\ld be paid by ! proprietors4 ,b if ! public %\ld n be left to pay an arm$ gu>d1 x is mon/r\s t !y %\ld pay an un>m$ "o4 ,z to mail-gu>ds1 gov]nm5t all[s !m only a m]e pittance ( a few %ill+s a week1 leav+ ! public to pay !m2 :]eas ! public h no?+ to d ) !m1 & x is ! mo/ impud5t imposition t ^! s]vants ( gov]nm5t %\ld be paid by p]sons travell+4 ,t !y c>ry fire-arms is true2 b x is to protect ! lett]-bags--prop]ty :i* gov]nm5t is paid to protect--t !y w\ld use ^! arms1 & n on acc\nt ( pass5g]s4 ,/rictly speak+1 !y h no?+ to d ) ! pass5g]s1 nor _! luggage2 _! sole duty be+ to protect ! mail4 ,z1 !re=e1 gov]nm5t is paid = c>ry+ ! mails1 gov]nm5t1 & n ! public1 %\ld pay ! p]sons :o actually d protect !m4 ,,m\nt+ ,,& ,,dism\nt+4 ,be=e gett+ ^u ! box1 a coa*man %\ld walk r\nd 8 horses' heads1 to see t 8 curb-*a9s & c\pl+ re9s are "r1 &1 above all1 t ! tongues ( 8 billet-buckles are secure 9 _! holes4 ,_m accid5ts h aris5 f ! want ( ?is precaution4 ,no man is a safe coa*man :o does n see to ^! ?+s4 ,( m\nt+ & dism\nt+1 !re is no?+ p>ticul> to be said2 except t1 9 ! =m]1 ! re9s are to be tak5 9 ! "r h&1 & transf]r$ to ! left z soon z ! seat is rea*$4 ,,! ,,seat4 ,! driv] %\ld sit 9 ! middle ( ! box1 q /raight t[>ds 8 horses1 r upright or backw>d1 ?an =w>d1 ) 8 knees ne>ly /raight1 & ) 8 feet toge!r1 t[>d ! edge ( ! footbo>d4 ,) ! exception ( a pliant motion ( 8 lo9s1 on any jolt+ ( ! coa*1 8 body %\ld be q at re/1 & p>ticul>ly s :5 he hits a horse4 ,indep5d5tly ( appe>ance1 a firm seat on a box is v necess>y = safety to a coa*man & 8 pass5g]s1 = a trifle w o!rwise displace him4 ,,/>t+4 ,be=e />t+1 f\r horses %\ld /& cle>1 or at _! prop] l5g? f ea* o!r4 ,!y %\ld h "s notice--a click1 or a :i/le giv5 !m to move4 ,if ! :ip is us$1 ! :eel]s %\ld be t\*$1 z g5]ally ! able/ horses4 ,x is ) coa*-horses z ) mank9d--t :]e ! physical /r5g? is 9 ! gov]n$1 !y mu/ be hum\r$ a little4 ,:5 />t+1 ! coa*man mu/ n pull at _! heads1 b feel _! m\?s lightly1 or !y may bolt1 ?r[ !mselves d[n1 or break ?r\gh _! h>ness4 ,if !y are old1 & ! /age comm5ces ) a desc5t1 !y %\ld be all[$ to g a c\ple ( hundr$ y>ds be=e !y are put to _! usual pace4 ,a "y horse %\ld be />t$ v quietly1 mak+ ! old horse take coll> fir/4 ,?is is especially necess>y if ! "y "o is incl9$ to be hot1 z x w prev5t 8 plung+4 ,a "y horse %\ld fir/ be />t$ 9 a wide space1 s t he may get (f )\t a *eck4 ,if he be al>m$1 & incl9$ to b\nce1 he %\ld n be held h>d1 & /ill less /opp$2 =1 if s1 he may n l1 p>ticul>ly if high mettl$1 to />t aga94 ,! old horse w prev5t 8 runn+ f>4 ,if a "y horse be %y ( 8 coll>1 he %\ld n at fir/ be press$ to x2 z he may !reby take a dislike to x1 & become a jibb]4 ,a "y horse1 :5 fir/ put to a coa*1 %\ld be turn$ to ! pole v c>efully1 to prev5t its t\*+ 8 h9d qu>t]1 :i* might make him kick4 ,:5 he has be5 driv5 long en\gh to be /eady1 he %\ld be tak5 up 9 8 be>+-re91 put d[n l[] on 8 bit1 & driv5 9 a wide circle1 or figure eight--keep+ ! inn] horse well up to 8 coll> & bit4 ,9 break+1 he %\ld be frequ5tly /opp$1 b n held aft] be+ pull$ up1 z1 if high mettl$1 x w make him re/less1 & if dull1 he does n require x4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 a "y horse is heavy1 & n ready to />t :5 ! comm& is giv51 he %\ld be :ipp$ till he answ] x4 ,,! ,,paces4 ,^!1 9 driv+1 mu/ always be a walk or a trot--nev] a cant]1 :i*1 ow+ to ! draught1 w\ld be equally injuri\s to ! horse & to ! c>riage4 ,ei!r ( ^! paces1 moreov]1 %\ld be suit$ to ! nature ( ! road4 ,rapid driv+1 on ! /ones especially1 exposes a c>riage to injury1 bo? f %ocks aga9/ o!rs1 & f ^? :i* att5d its own motion4 ,h[ev]1 x is sometimes = a mom5t necess>y1 9 ord] to get out ( ! way ( c>ts1 waggons1 c4 ,9 public coa*es1 ! pace is (t5 too rapid2 &1 %\ld any pass5g] plead = ! horses1 on ! score ( ! excessive heat1 ! coa*man ) ! utmo/ sang froid replies t he mu/ keep 8 "t1 al?\gh ! probability sometimes is1 t "o or m ( !m may drop1 by :i* consid]able "t may be lo/1 z well z r$uction 9 =ce ensue = ! re/ ( ! /age4 ,horses %\ld be m frequ5tly wat]$ dur+ hot wea!r ?an !y g5]ally are2 increas$ p]spiration r5d]s x necess>y4 ,h[ev] well pleas$ ?\ghtless p may be at go+ at an accel]at$ rate1 x is c]ta9ly h>d t o!r pass5g]s %\ld be oblig$ to haz>d _! exi/5ce at ! pleasure ( a reckless driv]1 :o1 9 answ] to all remon/rance1 coolly answ]s1 he mu/ 8keep 8 "t40 ,some?+ %\ld c]ta9ly be done to prev5t ! cant]+ sy/em#gf2 = no coa*1 be x ev] s well built1 c pres]ve its equilibrium s well :5 ! horses are 9 ! cant] or gallop1 z :5 9 ! trot4 ,at ! same "t1 x is to be borne 9 m9d1 t1 at ! rate our coa*es n[ travel1 "s slight degree ( x may sometimes be unavoidable1 ow+ to horses trott+ s v>iably1 & its be+ v difficult to obta9 teams e individual ( :i* %all be able to trot ?r\gh ! di/ance at ! requir$ rate4 #gf ,!re is an act :i* requires t all f\r %all n gallop toge!r2 & _m teams1 especially 9 ! neighb\rhood ( t[n1 h "o good trott] to defeat ! in=m]1 kn[n z ! 8,act ( ,p>liam5t horse40--,,ed4 ,fif? ,edition4 ,9 driv+ f\r-9-h&1 x is n e man :o kn[s :5 a coa*-horse is at "w1 z a horse may keep a tight trace1 & yet be do+ little4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 an increas$ t5sion ( ! horse's frame :5 tak+ weight ) him1 :i* is ! sure/ te/1 & :i* nev] escapes a quick & exp]i5c$ eye4 ,z already obs]v$1 ^? call$ lobb+-go]s take great] weight ) !m ?an horses ( f9] action1 provid$ !y are equally close work]s4 ,heavy draught %ort5s ! /ride ( horses1 aft] !y h be5 a few ye>s at "w4 ,,! ,,"t4 ,9 %ort di/ances1 to "k precisely at :at "t x is necess>y to />t1 to arrive at any place at a c]ta9 h\r1 ! driv] has only to asc]ta9 ! di/ance1 & to regulate ! pace by ! foll[+ table3-- #d miles an h\r1 #a mile 9 #ae m9utes4 #e ditto ditto #ab ditto #f ditto ditto #aj ditto #g ditto ditto #h ditto #h ditto ditto #g ditto #i ditto ditto #f ditto #aj ditto ditto #f ditto ,9 ! /reets ( ,london1 t5 m9utes at lea/1 9 e h\r1 mu/ be all[$ = /oppages4 ,,! ,,:ip4 8,we are too apt10 said ! late ,"l ,ersk9e1 8to consid] animals "u ! dom9ation ( man 9 no view b t ( prop]ty4 ,we %\ld nev] =get t ! animal ov] :i* we ex]cise our p[] has all ! organs :i* r5d] x susceptible ( pleasure & pa94 ,x sees1 x he>s1 x smells1 x ta/es1 x feels ) acut5ess4 ,h[ m]cifully1 !n1 ought we to ex]cise ! dom9ion intru/$ to our c>e60 ,speak+ to coa*-horses f ! box is n[ consid]$ sl[1 b x is n )\t its effect4 ,:ipp+1 h[ev]1 is sometimes indisp5sable4 ,! manufacture ( f\r-horse :ips has arriv$ at great p]fection1 & af=ds employm5t to _m hundr$ h&s4 ,ref9$ managem5t ( ! :ip is n ( _m ye>s' bir?2 & ev5 n[ !re are b few :o execute ?is effectually & ) grace4 ,!re are z _m ways ( :ipp+ coa*-horses1 says a clev] writ] 9 ! ,sport+ ,magaz9e1 z !re are horses 9 ! coa*2 &1 z !re is a "r & a wrong way ( do+ mo/ ?+s1 a "y beg9n] may obs]ve ! foll[+ directions1 beg9n+ ) ! :eel-horses3-- ,be=e a coa*man hits a :eel-horse1 he %\ld twi/ 8 ?ong ?ree times r\nd ! crop ( 8 :ip1 hold+ ! crop at t mom5t some:at horizontally1 by :i* means ! ?ong w twi/ t[>ds ! ?9 end ( ! crop1 :5 ! ?ong1 be+ d\bl$1 w n exce$ ! l5g? ( a pair-horse ?ong1 & 9 "s measure resemble x4 ,be+ d\ble r5d]s x ( c\rse m sev]e1 z x falls m heavily on ! horse2 & by ! two ends ( ! ?ong n be+ spread1 b close toge!r at ! "t ( ! bl[1 x falls ) increas$ =ce4 ,:5 ! (f-side :eel] is /ruck1 ! coa*man's "r arm %\ld be put out f 8 body 9 ! same position 9 :i* he pres5ts x to 8 tailor to measure him = a coat1 b ! bl[ %\ld proce$ entirely f ! wri/4 ,! "p on :i* ! horse %\ld be /ruck is ab\t f\r in*es beh9d 8 false belly-b&1 or some:]e ne> ! %ort rib on 8 "r side4 ,! /++ "p ( ! bl[ is !n felt "u ! belly2 &1 unless he is q beat51 or ( a sulky & bad disposition1 he seldom fails to answ] x4 ,if he d n answ] x "h1 he mu/ be /ruck be=e ! belly-b&1 :5 ! bl[ falls j beh9d ! =e-arm1 on a "p on :i* ! sk9 is v ?94 ,9 hitt+ a ne>-:eel]1 ! coa*man br+s 8 "r h& exactly opposite to 8 face1 &1 turn+ ! crop ?ree times ar\nd1 z be=e direct$1 he lets ! ?ong fall %>ply across ! horse's lo9s ?ree times 9 succession1 if he d n answ] soon]1--obs]v+ t1 aft] ! ?ird bl[1 he draws ! ?ong obliquely across ! horse's back1 by :i* means 8 arm returns to a /ate ( re/1 & ! crop falls g5tly across 8 re9s1 j ab\t 8 left h&1 ! crop po9t+ a little upw>ds to prev5t ! ?ong gett+ "u or t\*+ ! ne> :eel-horse's tail4 ,%\ld ! latt] be ! case1 if ! driv] l[] 8 crop1 ! ?ong w almo/ always get releas$2 b %\ld x n1 he mu/ let ! ?ong loose1 & draw x out f ! po9t4 ,:5 x comes up f ! tail1 let ! coa*man ?r[ back 8 crop a little to 8 "r h&1 & ! po9t ( ! ?ong w fall across 8 f+]s1 :5 he cat*es x1 & puts x back into 8 h&4 ,x mu/ be obs]v$1 t1 9 /rik+ ! ne> :eel horse1 ! wri/ only1 z 9 sword ex]cise1 is at "w3 ! body mu/ be q at re/2 &1 aft] ! :ip is br\ght to be>1 ! arm mu/ be quiet also1 until ! ?ird bl[ is /ruck4 ,!re is only "o o!r me?od ( hitt+ a :eel-horse1 :i* is call$ po9t+ him4 ,?is is done by hitt+ him ) ! po9t ( ! ?ong1 :5 loose1 j beh9d 8 %\ld]s1 b x is n consid]$ neat execution4 ,if !re %\ld be a free lead] be=e ! b>s x causes him to fret1 & is only to be _h rec\rse to 9 em]g5cies--z1 = in/ance1 9 turn+ r\nd a corn]1 or into a gateway1 :5 a lead] is to be hit1 & be=e ! coa*man c recov] 8 ?ong a :eel-horse requires :ipp+ also4 ,if a :eel-horse %[ symptoms ( vice1 z a disposition to kick1 c41 or1 9 %ort1 if he refuse to answ] ei!r ( ! o!r calls ^u 8 ex]tions1 a bl[ ) ! d\ble ?ong on 8 e>s g5]ally br+s him to 8 s5ses4 ,)\t great necessity1 h[ev]1 x is v repreh5sible to /rike a coa*-horse ov] ! e>s1 ! p>ts be+ v s5sible4 ,x is g5]ally suppos$ x is 9 :ipp+ a lead] t neatness ( execution is m especially display$4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 q a mi/ake to suppose t x is 9 ! p[] ( a coa*man to puni% a lead] ) ! s+le1 z he c a :eel-horse ) ! d\ble ?ong4 ,no d\bt1 h[ev]1 ! bl[ f ! loose ?ong falls v %>p1 z x falls on a t5d] "p--! inside ( ! ?igh4 ,z ! (f-lead] pres5ts himself m fully to ! "r h& ( ! coa*man ?an 8 p>tn] does1 ! horse t is ! less free ( ! two is g5]ally put on t side4 ,!re are b two ways ( hitt+ an (f-lead]3 "o1 by lett+ ! ?ong fall g5tly ov] 8 neck1 or j beh9d 8 pad1 :5 8 driv] m]ely wi%es to refre% 8 memory1 & let him "k t he has a :ip 9 8 h&2 & ! o!r1 :5 he wants to hit him %>ply1 by /rik+ him ) ! po9t ( ! ?ong j "u 8 b>4 ,! h>d hitt]s ( ! old s*ool nev] conceiv$ !y _h done ! latt] effectually1 unless !y /ruck _! horse twice at lea/1 if n ?ree times1 ! la/ /roke always end+ 9 a draw4 ,z ?is ^w 8draw0 is peculi> to ! road1 x mu/ be expla9$ to su* z may n exactly compreh5d x4 ,suppose a coa*man to hit 8 (f-lead] ?ree times4 ,! fir/ two bl[s are giv51 z x 71 "u-h&$--t is to say1 ! h& is l[]$ s z to admit ( ! ?ong go+ "u ! b> ! fir/ two /rokes4 ,:5 ! ?ird or la/ is giv51 ! po9t ( ! elb[ is ?r[n outw>ds1 s z to incl9e ! ?ong inw>ds1 :i* br+s x up to ! coa*man's h& aft] ! /roke1 x g5]ally fall+ across 8 brea/1 :i* w\ld n be ! case 7 x n = ! draw4 ,ano!r advantage also att5ds ! draw3 a ?ong s ?r[n v seldom hangs 9 ! b>s1 & no?+ is m uncoa*man-l ?an to hit a lead] above 8 b>4 ,a horse's m\? %\ld always be felt be=e 8 coa*man hits him4 ,hitt+ ! ne> lead] ) neatness & effect is ! mo/ difficult "p ( ! use ( ! :ip4 ,!re are two ways ( do+ x3 "o1 by two common /rokes & ! draw2 & ! o!r by a sort ( back-h&$ /roke1 :i* is a v neat "o1 & suffici5tly sev]e1 b x does n br+ ! ?ong s imm$iately up to ! coa*man's h& z ! drawn /roke does4 ,9 ! back-h&$ /roke1 ! wri/ describes an exact figure ( eight1 & ! arm _c be kept1 z be=e1 q /ill4 ,9 ! o!r me?od ( hitt+1 ! coa*man's arm is br\ght ab\t opposite 8 *91 ! fir/ two bl[s proce$+ f ! wri/ alone2 b 9 ! ?ird1 or ! draw1 ! h& desc5ds1 ! elb[ is ?r[n outw>ds1 & by two j]ks ( ! arm1 :i* x is difficult to describe on pap]1 ! draw is effect$1 & ! ?ong comes1 z be=e /at$1 across ! coa*man's brea/1 s z to enable him to cat* x in/antly4 ,!re is "o o!r way ( hitt+ a lead]2 & t is1 by :at is call$ ! *op4 ,?is is done by ?r[+ out ! "r arm r =w>d1 & ) x1 ( c\rse1 ! ?ong1 & !n br++ x back %>ply ) ! wri/ incl9$ d[nw>ds4 ,! ?ong falls sev]ely on ! horse's ?igh1 & comes up to ! h& aga91 z 9 ! draw4 ,?is is a v useful bl[ 9 a n>r[ conf9$ place1 or :5 x is necess>y to lose no "t be=e a lead] is hit2 &1 :5 neatly done1 has a v workman-l appe>ance4 ,?is bl[ g5]ally falls above ! b>1 p>ticul>ly if a horse is n at "w at ! "t4 ,x has be5 said t lead]s %\ld always be hit "u _! b>4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 _c always be done2 = if a horse hang back f 8 coll>1 8 b> is s l[ t x may be difficult to get "u x4 ,9 ?is case1 h[ev]1 ! bl[ is made to tell sm>tly1 z x is 9 ! coa*man's p[] to ?r[ 8 :ip into ! flank1 :i* is a v s5sible "p4 ,:5 a lead] is well up to 8 coll>1 he always c1 & always %\ld1 be hit "u 8 b>4 ,%\ld ! po9t ( ! ?ong cat*1 or1 z !y say on ! road1 8get hang$10 9 ! b>s or ! pole-pieces--nei!r ( :i* x w d :5 prop]ly drawn aft] ! la/ /roke1 z ! incl9ation ( ! h& 9 ! act ( draw+ enables x to cle> !m--no viol5ce %\ld be us$ to loos5 x1 or a brok5 crop w be ! consequ5ce4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! arm %\ld be ?r[n =w>d1 & ! ?ong lightly mov$1 :5 9 a m9ute or two x w %ake out4 ,if x be fa/ betwe5 ! eye ( ! ma9 b> & ! pole-hook1 ! lead]s %\ld be eas$ a little1 & x w get releas$4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 on a wet day1 a ?ong w lap r\nd "s ( ^! ?+s s fa/ z to make x necess>y = ! gu>d or "s p]son to get d[n to untie x4 ,?is is te*nically call$ hav+ a bite4 ,! d\ble ?ong w also sometimes hit* 9 ! ends ( ! :eel]s' traces1 z also 9 ! po9t ( ! false belly-b&4 ,to obviate ?is1 9 g5tlem5's h>ness1 ^! p>ts are always cov]$1 or pip$1 z x is call$4 ,a free lead] %\ld n be hit 9 a %ort turn1 or he may break 8 b>1 p]haps ! pole-hook1 or ev5 ! ma9-b>4 ,nei!r %\ld lead]s be hit 9 go+ ov] a small bridge :i* is mu* rais$1 or :5 ! pole po9ts upw>ds1 z _! draught on ! end ( x may snap x 9 ! fut*els4 ,"s driv]s p]petually :ip or fan _! horses1 :i* fir/ irritates & aft]w>ds injures !m1 by r5d]+ !m ins5sible to ! prop] aids or correction4 ,x mu/ be obs]v$ t ! :ip %\ld nev] be us$ b 9 case ( necessity4 ,inde$1 "o ( ! be/ pro(s ( a good coa*man is to see 8 "r arm /ill2 & al?\gh1 = ! safety ( 8 coa*1 he ought to be able to puni% a horse :5 he requires puni%m5t1 yet he %\ld1 on all acc\nts1 be z sp>+ ( x z he c4 ,horses may be :ipp$ till !y become call\s to :ipp+1 & !re=e sl[4 ,9 ! condition 9 :i* coa*-horses are n[ kept1 a p\nd ( ,nott+ham :ipcord w la/ a good coa*man 8 lifetime4 ,! v act ( ?r[+ ! po9t ( ! ?ong ov] ! lead]s' heads1 or lett+ x fall on _! backs1 z a fi%]man ?r[s 8 fly ^u ! /ream1 w set half ! coa*-horses 9 ,engl&1 9 ^! days1 into a gallop4 ,,?or\ghf>es1 ,,pass+1 c4 ,! driv] %\ld avoid pass+ ?r\gh ! great ?or\ghf>es1 & pref] ! wide/ ( ! less frequ5t$ /reets :i* run p>allel to !m4 ,9 ,london1 he %\ld nev] g into ! ,city ?r\gh ! ,/r&1 ,fleet-/reet1 & ,*eapside1 betwe5 twelve & five o'clock1 if he c possibly avoid x1 z ^! /reets are !n cr[d$ ) e k9d ( vehicle4 ,he %\ld also avoid go+ into ! ,city ab\t mid-day1 on ,mondays & ,fridays1 on acc\nt ( ! droves ( ox5 pass+ ?r\gh ! pr9cipal /reets4 ,! middle ( ! road is safe/1 especially = a load$ coa*1 except "u peculi> circum/ances4 ,9 driv+ f\r horses1 to keep !m well 9 h& is a mo/ mat]ial po9t1 bo? z reg>ds _! "w & = ! safety ( ! coa*4 ,! track made by a coa* 9 desc5d+ a hill %[s :e!r ! horses are prop]ly held toge!r or n4 ,accid5ts f horses tak+ fright1 & bolt+ across ! road1 happ5 only to clumsy fell[s1 ( :om ! li/ is consid]able4 ,! rules = pass+ & meet+ c>riages on ! road h already be5 giv51 yet !re are times :5 !y ne$ n be /rictly adh]$ to1 & a little accommodation becomes exp$i5t4 ,?us1 if "o coa*man has ! hill 9 8 fav\r--t is1 if he be go+ d[n1 & a load$ coa* be com+ up at ! same "t--he :o is desc5d+1 if he c d x ) safety1 ought to give ! h>de/ side ( ! road to ! o!r coa*man4 ,z to n>r[ spaces1 x is evid5t t :]e ! b>s c g ! coa* c g1 z !y are wid] ?an ! :eels2 & consequ5tly1 if !y are cle>$1 all is safe4 ,! sw+-b> is an excell5t inv5tion1 z a horse works 9 x f ei!r %\ld]1 & !re=e q at 8 ease4 ,a %>p & exp]i5c$ driv] may calculate exactly ! space suffici5t to pass betwe5 two bodies at re/1 & may !re=e pass ) confid5ce & at ease4 ,z1 h[ev]1 9 /reets1 he mu/ meet _m c>riages driv5 by inexp]i5c$ or intoxicat$ fell[s1 :o d n = a mom5t move 9 any direct l9e1 he %\ld all[ !m ample room1 & proce$ ) ! utmo/ caution4 ,a driv] mu/ be incessantly on ! look-out1 mu/ wat* e vehicle t approa*es1 & give x m room ?an x may seem to require4 ,,asc5d+ ,,& ,,desc5d+4 ,9 go+ up hill1 x is 9 g5]al be/ to trot up at fir/1 & to walk aft]w>ds4 ,9 go+ d[n hill1 x is be/ to keep ! :eel]s tight 9 h&1 to let ! lead]s j cle> ! b>s1 & to come g5tly d[n4 ,9 ! latt] case1 a turn ( ! re9s ( ! :eel-horses may be made r\nd ! little f+]4 7,plate ,,xliv4 fig4 #d47 ,al?\gh1 h[ev]1 x may be necess>y to cat* up :eel-horses1 & make !m hold back _! coa* d[n hill1 !re is no?+ 9 :i* a light f+] is m ess5tial to safety4 ,! mann] 9 :i* "s p]sons haul at horses' m\?s1 :5 desc5d+ ) a load1 consid]ably adds to ! difficulty1 by try+ ! /r5g? ( ! tackle4 ,b ?is is n all3 ^! p]sons %\ld be aw>e t all ?is =ce employ$ on _! horses' m\?s is s mu* add$ to ! pressure ( ! coa*2 9 proportion to x is t pressure increas$4 ,! horses are !n draw+ by _! heads6 ,! objections to a lock$ :eel1 ) a top-heavy load1 h already be5 /at$4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ) a heavy load1 & ^u a smoo? h>d road1 a :eel mu/ be lock$1 x %\ld be t next a dit*1 or o!r dang]\s "p4 ,9 go+ d[n hill1 a coa* always /rikes on ! side on :i* ! :eel is n lock$4 ,! coa*man %\ld !re=e keep z mu* z possible on t side ( ! road on :i* ! :eel is lock$3 by cross+ ! road1 if he meet or h to pass any ?+1 ! coa* w n /rike2 & by hold+ t way1 at any "t1 x w prev5t ov]turn+4 ,! coa* naturally /rikes 9 a direct l9e f ! p]*-bolt4 ,! g5]ality ( pass5g]s "k n ! dang] ( gallop+ a coa*1 ) ?ree tons' weight 9 & out1 d[n hill1 at ! rate ( twelve or fifte5 miles an h\r1 ) no :eel lock$1 ! :ole resi/ance ( ! :eel-horses dep5d+ on a small lea!r /rap & buckle at ! top ( ! hames1--^! coa*m5 deem+ x b5ea? _! dignity to drive ) bree*+s4 ,ev5 ?us1 h[ev]1 accid5ts w\ld be mu* less frequ5t if coa*m5 took ! precaution ( pull+ up _! horses %ort1 :5 on ! po9t ( desc5d+4 ,9 night-"w1 ?is is d\bly useful1 because x (t5 happ5s t a pole-*a9 is unhook$1 or a hame-/rap gets loose1 )\t be+ disc]nible by lamp or moonlight4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,xliv ,page #bjh4 ,! ,re9-hold 9 ,driv+ 8,) :eel-horses t w hold back at all1 ,i w be b\nd10 says a clev] writ] & exp]i5c$ coa*man1 8to take a load$ coa* d[n mo/ ( ! hills n[ met ) on our great roads1 )\t a drag-*a91 provid$ ,i am all[$ to pull up my horses at ! top1 & let !m take x quietly ! fir/ hundr$ y>ds4 ,?is1 x may be said1 w\ld be los+ "t1 b1 on ! contr>y1 "t w\ld be ga9$ by x2 =1 z soon z ,i p]ceiv$ ,i 0 ma/] ( my coa*1 ,i %\ld let h] g1 & by lett+ my horses loose at ! bottom1 ,i c\ld spr+ !m into a gallop1 & *eat !m out ( half ! hill1 if !re 7 "o 7z frequ5tly happ5s7 on ! next portion ( road4 ,?is advantage1 x mu/ be recollect$1 _c be tak5 if ! *a9 be to be put on2 & ,i h !re=e 9 my fav\r all ! "t requir$ to put ! *a9 on1 & to take x (f aga940 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 "s horses :i* no man c make to hold a load$ coa* d[n hill4 ,( ?is description are1 fir/1 ! /iff-neck$ "o1 z he is call$1 :o turns 8 head away f 8 p>tn]1 & %\ld]s ! pole2 &1 secondly1 "o :o1 :5 he feels ! weight press+ ^u him1 beg9s to cant] & jump1 z coa*m5 t]m x2 ) ^! hold+ back prop]ly is out ( ! "q4 ,) su* cattle1 ! drag-*a9 mu/ be _h rec\rse to2 z well z :5 !re is ! lea/ reason to suspect ! s\ndness ( ! h>ness4 ,all ?is confirms ! necessity ( *eck+ ! =ce ( a coa* be=e desc5d+ a /eep hill1 & inde$ 9 "s cases--z ) bad hold]s--be=e com+ ^u a slight desc5t4 ,! t]m :i* coa*m5 h = ?is species ( road1 is 8pu%+ gr\nd20 & if ! fall be long1 x is a/oni%+ h[ ! pressure ( a load$ coa* ^u :eel horses is increas$ be=e gett+ to ! bottom ( x1 & h[ difficult x w\ld be1 ) :eel]s n ( ! v be/ /amp1 to pull up %ort1 if any accid5t %\ld happ54 ,"y coa*m51 9 desc5d+ a hill1 %\ld take c>e t _! lead]s d n draw on ! end ( ! pole1 :i* _m free ones d :5 !y f9d ! coa* com+ quickly aft] !m2 = ?is n only increases ! pressure ( ! coa* on ! :eel]s1 b1 %\ld ei!r ( !m /umble1 x mu/ assi/ 9 br++ him d[n4 ,! foll[+ good & *>act]i/ic directions 7 giv5 by a v exp]i5c$ coa*man1 to a g5tleman :o und]took to take 8 coa* a j\rney = him1 b :o1 al?\gh he knew ! road well1 _h nev] driv5 on x be=e4 8,t middle twelve miles ( gr\nd10 said he1 8is a puni%]1 & y mu/ m9d :at y are at ) ?is load4 ,y h two hills to g d[n1 & ?ree to g up1 9 ! fir/ sev5 miles4 ,don't /op to put ! *a9 on1 z !y'll hold well1 & ! tackle is good2 & don't let !m walk up ! hills1 = !y are bad h&s at t--y w lose a horse's draught by x1 & p]haps get hung up on "o ( !m4 ,y mu/ take fifty m9utes to d ! fir/ sev5 miles1 & good "w too4 ,:5 y get at ! top ( ! la/ hill1 get d[n & put y\r ne> lead] to ! *eek1 & !y'll toddle y ov] ! la/ five miles 9 half an h\r1 ) all ! pleasure alive40 ,! foll[+ obs]vations on ?is subject f ! numb] ( ! ,qu>t]ly ,review already quot$1 are too int]e/+ to be omitt$ "h4 8,_m ye>s h elaps$10 he says1 8s9ce ,i fir/ obs]v$ t1 someh[ or o!r1 ! horses on ! cont95t manage to pull a heavy c>riage up a /eep hill1 or ev5 along a dead level1 ) great] ease to !mselves ?an our ,engli% horses4 ,if any unprejudic$ p]son w\ld only att5tively rem>k ) :at little app>5t fatigue ?ree small ill-condition$ horses w draw1 n only 8 own c>riage1 b v (t5 t huge ov]-gr[n vehicle ! ,fr5* dilig5ce1 or ! ,g]man eilwag51 ,i ?9k he w\ld agree ) me2 b ! :ole equipm5t is s unsightly--! rope h>ness is s rude--! horses )\t bl9k]s look s wild--!re is s mu* blu/] ) ! po/ilion--t1 f> f pay+ any complim5t to ! turn-out1 "o is v mu* dispos$ at once to condemn ! :ole ?+1 &1 n c>+ a /raw :e!r su* horses be fatigu$ or n1 to make no o!r rem>k ?an t 9 ,engl& "o w\ld h travell$ at ne>ly twice ! rate ) "o-t5? ( ! noise4 ,b nei!r ! rate nor ! noise is ! po9t--our sup]iority 9 ! =m]1 & our inf]iority 9 ! latt]1 _c be d\bt$4 ,! ?+ to acc\nt = is1 h[ su* small1 weak horses d actually manage to draw a heavy c>riage up hill ) s mu* ease to !mselves4 ,n[1 9 ,engli%1 ,fr5*1 & ,g]man h>ness1 !re exi/s1 z x 71 ?ree degrees ( comp>ison z to ! mann] 9 :i* ! head ( ! horse is treat$2 =1 9 ,engl&1 x is elevat$1 or borne up1 by :at we call ! be>+-re91--9 ,france x is left z ,nature plac$ x 7!re be+ to common ,fr5* h>ness no be>+-re971--&1 9 ,g]many1 ! head is ti$ d[n to ! l[] extremity ( ! coll>1 or else ! coll> is s made t ! animal is by x depriv$ ( ! p[] ( rais+ 8 head4 ,n[1 pass+ ov] = a mom5t ! ,fr5* me?od1 :i* is1 9 fact1 ! /ate ( nature1 let u = a mom5t consid] :i* is bett]--to be> a horse's head up1 z 9 ,engl&1 or to pull x d[nw>ds1 z 9 ,g]many40 ,evid5tly fir$ ) a fav\rite !me1 he ?us proce$s3--8,9 a /ate ( nature1 ! wild horse1 z e body kn[s 7871 has two di/9ct gaits or attitudes4 ,if man1 or any /ill wild] bea/1 come sudd5ly ^u him1 up goes 8 head2 & z he fir/ /alks & !n trots g5tly away--) e>s erect1 snort+ ) 8 nose1 & pr\dly snuff+ up ! air1 z if exult+ 9 8 fre$om--z "o =e-leg d>ts be=e ! o!r1 we h be=e u a picture ( d\bt1 a/oni%m5t1 & hesitation1 all ( :i* feel+s seem to re9 him1 l a troop-horse1 on 8 haun*es2 b1 attempt to pursue him1 & ! mom5t he defies y--! mom5t1 det]m9+ to escape1 he %akes 8 head1 & lays himself to 8 "w--h[ completely does he alt] 8 attitude6 ,t in/ant d[n goes 8 head1 & f 8 e>s to ! tip ( 8 tail !re is 9 8 v]tebr an undulat+ action :i* seems to propel him1 :i* works him along1 & :i*1 x is evid5t1 y c\ld n deprive him ( )\t mat]ially dim9i%+ 8 spe$4 ,n[1 9 h>ness1 ! horse has naturally ! same two gaits or attitudes1 & x is q true t he c />t away ) a c>riage ei!r 9 ! "o or ! o!r2 b ! means by :i* he succe$s 9 ?is ef=t--! physical p[]s :i* he calls into action1 are ess5tially diff]5t3--9 ! "o case he works by 8 muscles1 & 9 ! o!r by 8 own dead1 or r liv+1 weight4 ,9 ord] to gr9d corn1 if any man 7 to erect a /eam-eng9e ov] a f9e1 /rong1 runn+ /ream1 we %\ld all say to him1 #8,:y d y n all[ y\r :eel to be turn$ by cold wat] in/ead ( hot8 ,:y d y n avail y\rself ( ! weight ( ! wat]1 in/ead ( exp5d+ y\r capital 9 conv]t+ x into ! p[] ( /eam8 ,9 %ort1 :y d y n use ! simple res\rce :i* ,nature has pres5t$ ready-made to y\r h&8' ,9 ! same way1 ! ,g]man might say to u1 #8,we ackn[l$ge a horse c drag a c>riage by ! p[] ( 8 muscles1 b :y d y n all[ him to drag x by 8 weight8' 8,let any "o obs]ve a pair ( ,engli% po/-horses dragg+ a heavy weight up a hill1 & he w at once see t ! poor creatures are work+ by _! muscles1 & t x is by %e] /r5g? t ! resi/ance is ov]come3 b h[ c x be o!rwise2 _! heads are high] ?an nature int5d$ !m to be1 ev5 9 walk+ 9 a /ate ( lib]ty1 c>ry+ no weight b !mselves3 ! balance ( _! bodies is !re=e absolutely turn$ aga9/1 in/ead ( lean+ 9 fav\r ( _! draught2 & if my read] w b pass 8 h&s d[n ! back s9ews ( our /age-coa* or po/-*aise horses1 he w soon feel 7?\gh n s ke5ly z !y d71 :at is ! cruel & fatal consequ5ce4 ,x is true1 t 9 asc5d+ a v /eep hill an ,engli% po/ilion w occasionally unhook 8 be>+-re9s2 b ! jad$ creatures1 tra9$ = ye>s to "w 9 a false attitude1 _c 9 "o mom5t get !mselves into ! sci5tific position :i* ! ,g]man horses are habitually enc\rag$ to adopt4 ,besides ?is1 we are s %>p ) our horses1--we keep !m s con/antly on ! qui vive1 or1 z we t]m x1 9 h&1 t we are always driv+ !m f ! use ( _! weight to ! application ( _! s9ews4 ,t ! figure & attitude ( a horse work+ by 8 s9ews are inf9itely pr\d] ?an :5 he is work+ by 8 weight1 7!re may exi/1 h[ev]1 false pride among horses z well z m571 ,i mo/ readily admit2 & !re=e1 = c>riages ( luxury1 :]e ! weight be>s little proportion to ! p[]s ( ! noble animals employ$1 ,i ackn[l$ge t ! s9ews are m ?an suffici5t2 b1 to be> up ! head ( a poor horse at pl\gh1 or at any sl[1 heavy "w1 is1 ,i conceive1 a b>b>\s error1 :i* ought n to be p]si/$ 94 8,:e!r !re is mo/ ( ! horse 9 a ,g]man1 or ( ! ,g]man 9 a horse1 is a nice po9t1 on :i* p might argue a great deal3 b ! broad fact really is1 t ,g]mans live on m amicable t]ms ) _! horses1 & und]/& _! dispositions inf9itely bett]1 ?an ! ,engli%2 9 %ort1 !y treat !m z horses1 :ile we act t[>ds !m & drill !m z if !y 7 m52 &1 9 case any read] %\ld d\bt t ,g]mans are bett] horse-ma/]s ?an we are1 ,i beg to rem9d him ( :at is p]fectly well kn[n to ! ,briti% army1--namely1 t 9 ! ,p59sul> w> ! cavalry horses ( ! ,g]man ,legion 7 absolutely fat1 :ile ^? ( our regim5ts 7 sk91 & bone40 ,,! ,,turn+s4 ,^! mu/ be regulat$ by ! gr\nd4 ,a good driv] avoids all quick & %>p turn+s4 ,9 t[n1 x is mu* bett] to drive on a little fur!r1 :]e ano!r /reet may all[ ! ample room requisite 9 turn+4 ,if a c>riage d n pass q across a *annel )\t turn+1 ! p]* mu/ be twi/$ accord+ to ! desc5t1 because "o :eel falls z t at ! opposite angle rises4 ,by su* a wr5*1 especially :5 go+ fa/1 ! ma9 or p]* bolt is frequ5tly brok51 & e "p /ra9$4 ,a load$ coa* %\ld nev] be turn$ %ort1 ev5 at a sl[ pace1 = ! coa* is nev] safe :5 !re is n an ev5 be>+ on ! transom b$s4 ,if turn$ %ort1 at a quick pace1 ! high] & loos] "p ( a coa* mu/ g ov]1 because all bodies put 9 motion by "o p[] w proce$ 9 a /raight l9e1 unless compell$ to *ange _! c\rse by "s =ce impress$4 ,h5ce a horse at full spe$ is ) difficulty turn$ to "r or left2 &1 if he turn sudd5ly1 & ( 8 own accord1 he puts 8 rid]'s horseman%ip to ! te/4 ,s ) a coa*1 a sudd5 turn to "o side ! road all[s ! body to swag t[>ds ! o!r1 & ! c5tre ( gravity is lo/4 ,9 a turn1 a coa*man mu/ po9t 8 lead]s well1 t is1 take prop] gr\nd = !m to make ! turn1 & let 8 :eel]s foll[ !m4 ,moreov]1 z :eel-horses are always 9 ha/e to make ! turn1 ! driv] mu/ %oot !m out on ! opposite side1 j z he has po9t$ 8 lead]s4 ,?us1 if ! turn be to ! "r1 he mu/ cat* up 8 ne> :eel re91 & hit 8 (f :eel-horse2 & vice v]s4 ,?is w keep ! head ( ! pole 7:i* he %\ld h 8 eye ^u7 j betwe5 ! lead]s1 & ! :eel]s w foll[1 z if !y 7 runn+ on a /raight road4 ,?is w also secure him aga9/ dang]1 by cle>+ 8 coa* ( po/s1 gutt]s1 c4 ,no man c make a neat turn ) f\r horses1 unless he %oot 8 :eel]s1 at ! same "t t he po9ts 8 lead]s4 ,9 turn+1 ! :eel]s mu/ r be kept up1 & ! lead]s be tight 9 h&1 to avoid ! corn]2 =1 if ! :eel]s flag1 & ! lead]s draw1 ! c>riage mu/ be br\ght aga9/ x4 ,,! ,,ranks ,,9 ,,t[n4 ,^! mu/ nev] be brok51 ei!r 9 driv+ ?r\gh cr[d$ /reets1 or 9 sett+ d[n at cr[d$ places4 ,z to admitt+ o!rs into ! rank1 e driv] %\ld d z he w\ld be done by4 ,,/ops4 ,x is a good plan to use horses to /op by notice1 z x may prev5t accid5ts4 ,9 pull+ up1 ! driv] mu/ pull ! re9s equally1 b r ^? ( ! :eel]s fir/4 ,if ?is is att5d$ ) difficulty1 take ! :eel]s' re9s 9 ! "r h&1 & pull till !y hang well on ! bree*+1 or on ! pole *a9s1 ?us increas+ ! lead]s' draught s mu* t !y w easily be pull$ up4 ,:5 a "y coa*-horse is /opp$1 x %\ld be v gradually--all[+ at lea/ t5 y>ds to d x 92 =1 if x be attempt$ to /op him %ort1 he w resi/4 ,a c>eful driv] w nev] keep 8 c>riage /&+ 9 a great ?or\ghf>e2 b :5 oblig$ to /op 9 a cr[d$ /reet1 ! driv] %\ld1 if possible1 avoid ! spot :]e ano!r c>riage is /opp+2 %\ld *oose z mu* z possible ! wide/ "p ( ! /reet2 & draw up close to ! curb4 ,!re is no "p ( /age-coa* economy 9 :i* great] alt]ation has be5 made ?an 9 *ang+ horses4 ,unless bus9ess is to be transact$--z tak+ f>es = pass5g]s1 sett+ d[n1 gett+ out p>cels1 c4--! av]age ) fa/ coa*es is ?ree m9utes = ea* *ange4 ,,accid5ts1 c4 ,,to ,,horses4 ,a cant]+ lead]1 or "o t frets1 is g5]ally mismanag$ by "y coa*m54 ,!y are apt to pull him back1 & endeav\r to get him to trot1 by ! bit1 :i* g5]ally fails1 or makes him ev5 worse1 by br++ him back on 8 b>4 ,! "r way is to pull him back by 8 h>ness2 t is1 to keep ! :eel]s back1 s t he may feel 8 coll> & bit at ! same "t4 ,a horse t kicks ought to be tak5 v %ort 9 8 pole-piece1 & gagg$2 &1 :5 he beg9s to kick1 he %\ld be :ipp$ on ! e>s--a puni%m5t :i* %\ld nev] be inflict$ b = vice4--,halloo+ to a horse :5 he kicks1 has sometimes an effect4 ,a hot lead] is sometimes b5efit$ by mopp+4 ,an exp]i5c$ driv] says1 8,i once b\ght a capital coa*-horse = tw5ty-six p\nds1 because no "o c\ld drive him3 &1 z he _h brok5 two c>riages1 he 0 ! t]ror ( ! neighb\rhood4 ,i mopp$ him1 & c\ld drive him ) ! greate/ safety1 ei!r lead] or at :eel40 ,9 ! case ( a horse fall+1 a p]iodical writ]1 reply+ to ano!r1 /ates1 8,9 "o ( 8 lett]s on #8! ,road1' he says1 #8,if ! coa*man be driv+ ) ! %ort :eel re91 & a horse fall beyond recov]y1 he _h bett] op5 8 h&1 & let ! re9s fall out1 ?an run ! risk ( be+ pull$ (f ! box4' ,) all due def]5ce to su* au?ority1 ,i _c subscribe to ?is1 z x frequ5tly happ5s t a horse falls1 is dragg$ along ! gr\nd = a %ort di/ance1 & recov]s himself ! mom5t ! coa* /ops1 & !n />ts (f at full gallop1 ! o!r horses foll[+ 8 example4 ,n[1 if coa*ee has op5$ 8 fi/1 & let ! re9s tumble out1 & ! above occurr5ce %\ld take place1 ,i w\ld c]ta9ly r be on ! top ( ,*eviot ?an on ! top ( ! said coa*1 z ! cata/rophe w\ld n be v difficult to =etell40 ,on _m horses1 hot wea!r has a s+ul> effect2 &1 !re=e1 x (t5 happ5s t a good w9t] horse is an indiff]5t summ] "o4 ,coa*-horses are subject to _m accid5ts1 ( :i* "o is peculi> to !m--namely1 fracture ( ! legs 9 trott+ on level gr\nd4#gg ,fractures ( ! foot 9 draught-horses & o!rs are common2 b fractures ( ! leg 9 coa*-horses :5 trott+ ov] level gr\nd1 are probably caus$ by ov]-t5sion ( ! limb 9 ! act ( draw+4 ,x is said t a coa*-horse's leg is m frequ5tly brok51 :51 ) a heavy load beh9d him1 he snat*es at 8 coll> 9 a turn ( ! road4 #gg ,:5 driv+ "o ( ! ,birm+ham fa/ coa*es1 j ent]+ ! t[n ( ,dun/able1 my ne> lead] fell ) h] (f h9d-leg snapp$ clean 9 two1 held toge!r m]ely by ! sk94 ,on pull+ up to cle> h] f ! coa*1 ,i f\nd ! cause ( ! accid5t2 a piece ( fl9t1 %ap$ l a hat*et1 & ) a blade z ke5 z a razor1 /ill adh]+ to ! bone1 aga9/ :i* x _h ei!r be5 :irl$ by a kick f "o ( ! o!r ?ree1 or _h fl[n upw>ds f ! tread ( ! m>e h]self1--,,ed4 ,fif? ,edition4 ,!y are also subject to an affection kn[n by ! appellation ( ! lick1 :i* greatly injures _! condition4 ,9 ?is /ate !y lick ea* o!r's sk9s1 & gnaw _! halt]s to pieces4 ,?is probably proce$s f ! /ate ( ! /oma*1 caus$ by ! excitem5t ( high fe$+ & "w4 ,x may be remov$ by op5+ or alt]ative m$ic9es4 ,!y are likewise subject to a k9d ( v]tigo1 :i* on ! road is call$ megrims4 ,?is1 ( :i* ! imm$iate cause is tempor>y pressure on ! bra91 is (t5 br\ght on by runn+ 9 ! face ( a hot sun2 &1 !re=e1 horses subject to megrims ought to "w at night4 ,! attack appe>s to come on sudd5ly1 ?\gh a snat*+ motion ( ! head is sometimes obs]v$ to prec$e x4 ,if n imm$iately pull$ up1 ! horse ?us affect$ drops4 ,su* horses %\ld h att5tion paid to ! /ate ( _! b[els1 & h frequ5t antimonial alt]atives4 ,:at is call$ 8a megrim horse0 is always dang]\s1 especially ne> a precipice or dit*1 z1 :5 seiz$1 he rolls away f 8 p>tn]1 &1 ( c\rse1 takes him ) him4 ,,accid5ts ,,to ,,coa*es1 c4 ,a necess>y precaution 9 a gig is--nev] to sit ) ! feet "u ! body1 b always to h "o1 if n bo?1 out be=e x4 8,i _h a pass5g] by ! side ( me10 says ! driv] :o gives ?is caution1 8:o 0 sitt+ ) 8 feet "u 8 belly1 & :o 0 consequ5tly ?r[n ) mu* viol5ce into ! road4 ,i _h five miles fur!r to drive him1 dur+ :i* he took c>e to h 8 feet be=e him40 ,9 /age-coa*es1 accid5ts no d\bt occur1 & no "o w ass]t t ! proprietors gu>d aga9/ !m to ! utmo/ ( _! p[]4 ,! great competition1 h[ev]1 :i* !y h to enc\nt]1 is a /rong /imulant to _! ex]tions on ?is score4 ,9 "s respects1 also1 ! increase ( pace has become ! travell]'s security3 coa*es & h>ness mu/ be ( ! be/ quality2 horses fre% & s\nd2 coa*m5 ( skill & respectability c alone be employ$2 & to ?is increas$ pace is ow+ ! improvem5t 9 ^! m5's "*4 ,!y h n "t n[ = dr9k+1 & !y come 9 collision ) a class ( p]sons sup]ior to ^? :o =m]ly 7 /age-coa* pass5g]s1 by ^: example x has be5 impossible = !m n to pr(it4 ,a coa*man drunk on 8 box is n[ a r>ity--a coa*man q sob] 01 b a few ye>s ago1 /ill m s4 ,on ! :ole1 h[ev]1 travell+ by public conveyance 0 nev] s secure z x is at ! pres5t "t4 ,axle-trees & spr+s d n (t5 break n[2 & if proprietors g to ! exp5se1 _! :eels are made secure aga9/ com+ (f4 ,! wor/ accid5ts1 & ^? :i*1 ) ! pres5t /ructure ( coa*es1 c nev] be entirely provid$ aga9/1 arise f brok5 axle-trees1 & :eels com+ (f on ! road4 ,! gu>d1 !re=e1 9 ^: dep>tm5t ?is lies1 ought to exam9e ! axle-tree e "t x is fre% greas$4 ,he %\ld also remove x once 9 t5 days1 put a /r+ ?r\gh ! bolt t receives ! l9*-p91 & hang x up & cleanse x2 & he %\ld !n /rike x ) a hamm]1 :51 if uncrack$ & s\nd1 x w r+ l a bell--! coa*man att5d+ to take c>e t x be aga9 prop]ly screw$ on4 ,re9s also break1 ?\gh r>ely1 except 9 ^? p>ts :i* run ?r\gh ! t]rets1 ! r+s ( ! ?roat-la%1 or 9 ! billets2 & att5tion to ^! w\ld make all safe1 z f> z accid5ts f ?is cause are conc]n$4 ,accid5ts happ5 also f want ( att5tion to ! security ( ! bridles4 ,! ?roat-la%1 !re=e--p>ticul>ly ( ! :eel]s--%\ld be z tight z c be all[$ )\t injur+ respiration4 ,!re o!rwise is always dang] ( ! bridle be+ pull$ (f4 ,accid5ts1 moreov]1 happ5 f gallop+ coa*-horses d[n hill1 or on ev5 gr\nd4 ,if1 inde$1 a casualty !n happ51 x mu/ be a bad "o4 ,! goodness ( a road is no pres]vative aga9/ x3 on ! contr>y1 x is possible t if a coa* beg9 to sw+1 x may g ov] f ! v circum/ance ( ! road be+ s level & s smoo? t !re is no?+ on its surface to hold ! :eels to ! gr\nd4 ,if1 moreov]1 !re be two horses at :eel ^: /ride 9 _! gallop diff]s mu* z to ext5t1 ! unequal draught inv>iably sets ! coa* roll+1 &1 unless ! pace mod]ate1 ! =e-:eel pass+ ov] ev5 a small /one1 may1 "u su* circum/ances1 cause ! coa* to upset4 ,9 respect to lat]al motion1 h[ev]1 mu* dep5ds ^u ! build ( ! c>riage4 ,9 gallop+ coa*-horses1 if ! lead]s lead (f ) two legs1 ! motion ( ! coa* is consid]ably tru]1 & ! sw+-b>s are also mu* m at re/1 ?an :5 ea* horse uses ! same leg4 ,x appe>s1 !n1 t accid5ts to coa*es are *iefly to be attribut$ ei!r to ! want ( prop] skill & c>e 9 ! s]vants employ$1 or to :at is /ill less p>donable1 inatt5tion on ! "p ( _! ma/]s4 ,road-coa*m51 =tunately1 are well aw>e t ! law looks %>ply aft] !m2 & t = neglect prov$ aga9/ !m1 !y are equally answ]able to _! employ]s1 z ^! are to ! public4 8,if ,i 7 to g ^u ! road10 says an amateur1 8,i w\ld be a night coa*man ?r\gh a well-inhabit$ c\ntry4 ,= six mon?s ( ! ye>1 x is und\bt$ly ! pleasant] s]vice2 & ,i nev] f\nd any diff]5ce betwe5 tak+ re/ by day or by night40 ,x is1 h[ev]1 calculat$ only = a man 9 ! prime ( 8 days1 z all 8 en]gies are requir$4 ,! night coa*man ought to "k 8 l9e ( road well4 ,he mu/ take re/ regul>ly1 or he w be sure to become dr[sy1 if he d n g to sleep4 ,he mu/ also keep himself sob]2 keep a tight h& on 8 horses2 keep ! middle ( ! road2 & be sure to keep "t4 ,! night coa*man mu/ ca/ 8 eye well =w>d1 & get out ( ! way ( c>ts & waggons 9 "t4 ,al?\gh1 by look+ p]p5dicul>ly f 8 box or at ! h$ges1 if !re be any1 he may always see if he be 9 ! road1 yet if he _c ?r[ 8 eye "s way be=e 8 lead]s' heads1 he is go+ at r&om4 ,he w (t5 get close to ?+s he may meet 9 ! road be=e he is aw>e ( !m2 & !re=e1 z ,i h already said1 x is ess5tial t he %\ld be wide awake1 & h 8 horses well 9 h&4 ,*a9s & spr+s on ! b>s are good ?+s = night-"w1 z !y prev5t ! lead]s' traces com+ (f4 ,a n>r[ road1 suffici5tly wide1 ( c\rse1 = c>riages to pass ) conv5i5ce--) no dit* on ! side--is mu* ! be/ = night-"w4 ,unless :5 ! moon is v bright1 a d>k night is 9 fav\r ( safe travell+4 ,:5 x is :at coa*m5 t]m 8a cle> d>k10 ! lamps give mu* bett] light ?an :5 ! d>kness approa*es to grey4 ,9 v wide roads1 p>ticul>ly :]e !re are no h$ges to conf9e !m1 lamplight is bo? weak & deceiv+2 & moonlight is (t5 glimm]+ & d\btful1 p>ticul>ly :5 cl\ds are pass+ rapidly4 ,lamplight is trea*]\s1 bo? 9 fogs & :5 horses are go+ at a mod]ate pace1 ) ! w9d j beh9d !m2 = !n ! /eam aris+ f _! bodies foll[s !m1 & necess>ily ob/ructs ! light4 ,sometimes1 f driv5 ra9 or sn[1 a coa*man c sc>cely op5 8 eyes s z to see ! road to ! ext5t ( ! light giv5 by ! lamps1 9 :i* case a tight h& on ! horses is especially necess>y4 ,a heavy fog is ! only ?+ :i* baffles ! skill & intrepidity ( our night coa*m54 ,9 ?is case1 lamps are ( no avail z to %[+ light =w>d2 &1 9 ! wor/ cases1 ! only use t c be made ( !m is = ! gu>d to hold "o 9 8 h& beh9d ! coa*1 by :i* he w be able to see :e!r ! horses are 9 ! road or n4 ,lamps1 h[ev]1 are always useful 9 case ( accid5ts2 &1 except 9 v cle> moonlight1 a night coa* %\ld nev] travel )\t !m4 ,accid5ts (t5 occur f coa*m5 neglect+ to light _! lamps 9 go+ into a t[n4 ,x (t5 happ5s t1 :5 a coa* comes d[n ! road 9 ! morn+1 !re may be no ob/ruction 9 ! /reets2 b rubbi% f build+s1 /ones1 or _m o!r ?+s1 may be ?r[n out by ! "t x comes up aga9 at night4 ,:5 an accid5t happ5s to a coa*1 pres5ce ( m9d is mu* requir$4 ,outside pass5g]s %\ld nev] ?9k ( quitt+ by jump+1 f ! =e "p1 at lea/1 until %e falls to ! gr\nd4 ,f ! box1 inde$1 a man may get ov] ! ro( into ! gu>d's seat1 & !nce desc5d4 ,among ! v>i\s contrivances = dragg+ :eels1 we may m5tion a v +5i\s "o by ,mr4 ,rapson4 ,! drag is appli$ to ! nave ( ! :eel1 ) a *a9 atta*$1 :i* is fa/5$ to ! bree*+1 a small p9 on ea* side go+ into ! b> ( ! drag4 ,if "o ( ^! p9s be tak5 out1 ! :eel w be dragg$1 & if bo? are )drawn1 ! :eels are bo? act$ ^u dur+ ! desc5t1 by ! bree* be>+ aga9/ ! horse4 ,illu/ration ,9 ! fir/ ( ^! diagrams we h a repres5tation ( ! break atta*$ to ! :eel1 b inop]ative1 ! jo9t$ circle sep>at+ ! *a91 c1 & bolt1 b1 f ! nave4 ,9 ! second figure1 ! entire frame a1 b1 c1 is se5 9 direct collision ) ! nave1 & by its friction ret>d+ ! lock$ :eel4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 does n occur till ! bree*+ ( ! h>ness is drawn tight by ! pressure ( ! c>riage ^u x4 ,,ob/ructions1 ,,(f5ces1 ,,& ,,injuries4 ,by ! #a/ ,geo4 ,i4 c4 #eg1 driv]s ( hackney coa*es are to give way to g5tlem5's c>riages1 "u a p5alty ( #ajs4 ,if a c>riage be ob/ruct$ by disord]ly p]sons1 ! driv] %\ld take out 8 pocket-book1 & let ! p]sons guilty ( ?is see t he is tak+ a note ( _! numb]2 & he %\ld !n coolly tell !m t he w summon !m if !y d n imm$iately cle> ! way4 ,if a c>riage be injur$ by ano!r runn+ aga9/ x1 ! driv] %\ld asc]ta9 ^: c>riage has done ! mis*ief1 & let 8 coa*mak] give an e/imate ( ! *>ge = repair+ x2 b1 be=e he has x done1 he %\ld let ! p]son :o injur$ x see ! mis*ief1 & pay ! *>ge2 or1 z is ! cu/om1 let ! repair be made by ! coa*mak] ( ! p>ty :o committ$ ! injury4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,,! ,,turf4 ,x is s+ul> t no portion ( our dome/ic annals %\ld be s obscure z t :i* relates to ! e>ly hi/ory ( our fir/ ( ,national ,sports4 ,9 ! remote/ ages ( civilization 7s f> at lea/ z any exi/+ records c>ry u back71 a ta/e = horse-rac+ 0 fo/]$ & promot$ z a social eng9e peculi>ly adapt$ to rural & political purposes4 ,! ,greeks--! wise/ & mo/ poli%$ p t ! _w has ev] se5--c>ri$ _! e/imate ( its importance s f>1 t _! *iefs n only took "p 9 ! sports ( ! hippodrome1 b act$ z (ficials 9 ! regulation ( its details4 ,philip ( ,mac$on ?\ght x n unbecom+ ! imp]ial cr[n1 t he :o wore x %\ld dis*>ge ! (fice ( judge at ! ,py?ian ,games1 & 8 son repaid 9 gold e l9e writt5 by ,p9d> 9 hon\r ( ! *aplet ( wild olive4#gh ,! v]se ( ,p9d>1 & ! prose ( ,pausanias1 h immortaliz$ ! names ( ,olympia & ,elis4 ,! latt] has left u ! m9ute/ p>ticul>s ( ! economy ( rac+ 9 8 day4 ,he describes ! ,olympian ,hippodrome at ,elis1 & all its gorge\s display ( spl5did embelli%m5ts & +5i\s ma*9]y1 ) a c>e & prodigality ( n>rative t give assurance ( ! importance :i* atta*$ to ! matt] del9eat$4 ,( ! p]fection to :i*1 9 t era1 ! sci5ce ( ! c\rse _h atta9$1 we ne$ no bett] pro( ?an ! classification obs]v$ 9 ! ,olympic ,games--:]e horses 7 mat*$ accord+ to _! ages1 & prizes in/itut$ = races betwe5 m>es only 7call$ ,calpe74 ,x is ne$less1 h[ev]1 to encumb] our subject ) anci5t lore1 by cont9u+ ^! classic ref]5ces4 ,en\gh has1 p]haps1 be5 already adduc$ to e/abli% ?is po9t--t we possess m k ( ! condition ( rac+ ?ree ?\s& ye>s ago1 ?an we d ( ! /ate x 0 9 ?ree hundr$ ye>s s9ce 9 our native l&4 #gh ,! cr[n giv5 to ! victors 9 ! ,olympic games4 ,b because we are 9 possession ( su* scanty mat]ials1 x by no means foll[s t ! little we d "k %\ld be )held4 ,! read] w !re=e h ! c\rtesy to look back ) me to ! t5? c5tury1 & ,i promise to br+ him aga9 into ! n9ete5? ) all conv5i5t spe$4 ,z f> back1 !n1 z ! reign ( ,a!l/an 7#ibe71 we read t a pres5t ( 8runn+ horses0 0 s5t to t mon>* f ,france1 ! gift ( ,hugh ,capet4 ,z no?+ h[ev] is kn[n ( ! "* ( ^? animals1 we w pass on to ! reign ( ,william1 :i* af=ds bett] data4 ,at t p]iod a nobleman 7! ,e>l ( ,%rewsbury7 appe>s to h import$ sev]al ,spani% horses = 8 own use4 ,n[1 z ! ,moors _h _h a foot+ 9 ,spa9 = sev]al c5turies prior to ! ,norman conque/1 !re is little d\bt t ! blood ( ! ,b>b 01 9 ! elev5? c5tury1 ext5sively diffus$ ?r\gh t c\ntry1 & t a highly improv$ bre$ ( ! horse 0 at ! "t extant !re4 ,"h we h a reasonable era f :i* to date an amelioration ( ! indig5\s race 9 our isl&4 ,a little m ?an a c5tury lat]1 9 ! reign ( ,h5ry ! ,second 7#aaed71 we come to1 z f> z ,i h be5 able to discov]1 ! e>lie/ m5tion ( rac+ to be f\nd 9 our national records4 ,?is ref]s to a b>b>\s sort ( runn+ practis$ ^u ! pla9 n[ occupi$ by ,smi?field1 :i* does n appe> to h be5 subject$ to any regulations ( "t or me?od4 ,smi?field1 inde$1 0 !n ! great horse-m>t1 & v probably ! conte/s1 exalt$ by _! *ronicl] 7,fitz/eph5 ! monk71 to ,olympic hon\rs1 7 no?+ m ?an exhibitions1 by rival horse-cr\p]s1 ( ! mettle1 spe$1 & action ( _! respective 8palfreys1 hackneys1 & *>g+-/e$s40 ,/ill1 t horse-rac+ 0 ab\t ?is "t a popul> pa/ime1 & "o 9 :i* ! nobles ( ! l& 7 wont to take pride1 is fully e/abli%$ by ! allusions to x t ab\nd 9 ! _m metrical leg5ds1 yet 9 exi/5ce1 compos$ 9 hon\r ( ,ri*>d ( ! ,lion ,he>t4 ,^! pres]ve ! names ( ! c\rs]s1 & speak ( !m z be+ valu$ at sums t1 all[+ = ! diff]5ce 9 ! wor? ( money1 q exce$ any prices kn[n 9 our day4 ,! dome/ic tr\bles :i* m>k$ ! reign ( ,john1 & ! succession ( w>s 9 :i* we 7 subsequ5tly engag$1 probably int]rupt$ ! progress ( ?is sport mat]ially--at all ev5ts1 we d n f9d any ( our sov]eigns giv+ _! c\nt5ance to x f ,ri*>d to ! bluff ,h>ry4 ,h5ry ,,viii4 0 con/itutionally dispos$ = manly occupations & amusem5ts--( 8 moral t5d5cies we speak n4 ,we h x on ! au?ority ( ,*allon] t he 0 mu* dispos$ to improve ! bre$ ( horses1 = :i* purpose he import$ v>i\s descriptions f ,spa9 & ,turkey4 ,=tune1 too1 enabl$ 8 daught] ,elizabe? to d mu* = our native bre$2 ! de/ruction ( ! ,spani% ,armada hav+ suppli$ u ) _m b>bs & ,spani%-br$ horses1 _! desc5dants1 f\nd 9 ! vessels ( t fleet :i* fell into ! h&s ( ,"l ,h[>d ( ,eff+ham4 ,we n[ come to h] successor1 ,james ,i41#gi :o mu/ be consid]$ z ! f\nd] ( legitimate rac+ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,he introduc$ ! fir/ ,arab into ,engl& ( :i* we h any k--t pur*as$ by ,mr4 ,m>kham1 & kn[n z ! ,m>kham ,arabian4 ,! tra9+ sy/em1 :i* has n[ rea*$ su* p]fection1 0 !n practis$ 9 its v>i\s divisions ( physic1 "w1 sweat+1 & ! etcet]a ( /able economy2 & ! weight to be c>ri$ = public prizes arrang$ by au?ority4 ,! ,roodee1 at ,*e/]1 0 an e/abli%$ c\rse 9 ?is reign1 "o ( ! prizes be+ a silv] bell1 ( ! value ( t5 p\nds or !reab\ts1 run = 9 five-mile heats4 ,simil> prizes 7 also giv5 at ,!obald's on ,enfield ,*ase1 at ,croydon1 & ,ga!rly1 9 ,york%ire1 :5ce ! popul> t]m 8be>+ ! bell10 no d\bt1 _h its orig94 ,8 un=tunate son ,*>les ,i4 _h little opportunity ( =w>d+ ! social conc]ns ( himself or o!rs4 ,9 8 reign1 h[ev]1 ! fir/ races on record at ,newm>ket 7 held1 &1 by a s+ul> fatality1 to ,newm>ket 0 he borne a prison] to ! p>liam5t>y =ces4 ,! 8civil dudgeon0 ( ! ,protectorate ( c\rse 0 n fri5dly to ! amusem5ts ( ! turf1 b1 ?\gh susp5d$1 !y 7 n lo/ sight (4 ,mr4 ,place1 ! /ud-ma/] to ,oliv] ,cromwell1 import$ ! celebrat$ horse kn[n z ! ,:ite ,turk4 ,he 0 also ! own] ( "s v capital m>es1 "o ( :i*1 dur+ ! se>* aft] ,cromwell's prop]ty at ! ,re/oration1 he sav$ f de/ruction by hid+ 9 a vault1 :5ce %e took ! "n ( ! 8,c(f9 ,m>e40 #gi ,! palace at ,newm>ket 0 built by ?is mon>* = ! purpose ( enjoy+ ! div]sion ( hunt+--no races hav+ be5 held ^u ! hea? till ! succe$+ reign4 ,) ! ,re/oration came ! palmy days ( ! ,turf4 ,regul> meet+s 7 e/abli%$ at ,newm>ket1 & v>i\s o!r p>ts ( ,engl&2 silv] cups & b[ls ( ! value ( "o hundr$ p\nds 7 pres5t$ z royal gifts1 &1 m ?an all1 ! light ( royal fav\r %one ^u x 9 %ape ( ,*>les ! ,debonair & ,mi/ress ,eleanor ,gwynne4 ,william ,,iii4 _h no ta/e = rac+1 & di$ by a fall f 8 horse4 ,pr9ce ,george ( ,d5m>k1 on ! o!r h&1 0 w>mly atta*$ to ! ,turf1 & promot$ its int]e/ by e means 9 8 p[]4 ,we are indebt$ = _m royal plates to 8 influ5ce ) 8 consort ,que5 ,anne4 ,george ,i4 0 no sportsman2 9 8 reign1 h[ev]1 ! alt]ation 9 ! royal plates took place1 by :i* a sum ( "o hundr$ gu9eas 0 sub/itut$ 9 _! /ead4 ,%ortly aft] ,george ,,ii4 asc5d$ ! ?rone1 arose a morbid ye>n+ aft] legislat+ = ! ,turf4 ,"s ( ! acts enact$ 7 mis*iev\s2 v _m 7 v silly2 "o 0 good3--8,t no plate or prize ( a less value ?an #ej %\ld be run =1 "u a p5alty ( #bjj40 ,x 0 dur+ ?is reign t ! ,d>ley & ,godolph9 ,arabians 7 br\ght into ?is c\ntry1--two horses f :om h desc5d$ all ! mo/ celebrat$ rac]s t adorn ! annals ( our turf4 ,?is is ! p]iod at :i* ! g5ealogy ( our unrivall$ ?or\gh-br$ horse !n1 0 naturaliz$1 & x is ! date :5ce ,i ?9k x mo/ conv5i5t to beg9 my notice ( ,engli% rac+4 ,ev5 a notice s conf9$ z ?is is beset ) obscurities t few w\ld conceive possible4 ,z an in/ance1 ,i w adduce ! case ( an old & well-in=m$ inhabitant ( ,epsom1 :o "s ye>s ago publi%$ a v clev] hi/ory ( t place4 ,he />ts some:]e ab\t ! ,conque/1 & nev] halts = want ( mat]ials z he goes on1 till he comes to ! great /umbl+-block1 conc]n+ :i* he %all speak = himself3--8,:5 ! races on ,epsom ,d[ns 7 fir/ held p]iodically1 we h n be5 able to trace2 b we f9d t f ! ye> #agcj !y h be5 annually held 9 ! mon?s ( ,may or ,june1 & ab\t six weeks previ\s to :i* ! hunt]s' /akes are occasionally run = on ! ,epsom race c\rse1 at "o ( :i*1 9 #agcj1 ! fam\s horse ,madcap won ! prize1 & prov$ ! be/ plate-horse 9 ,engl&40 ,to return1 h[ev]1 to ! reign ( ,george ,,ii41 ?\gh we f9d little be>+ on ! bus9ess ( ! ,turf to be glean$ f its records1 x introduces u to ! great =efa!rs ( our ?or\gh blood1 & /irs "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ que/ions 9 our dome/ic natural hi/ory--! problem ( ! se$ or orig9 ( ! ,engli% ?or\gh-br$ horse4 ,a brief se>* ?r\gh ! /ud-book w conv9ce ! inquir] t1 almo/ )\t exception1 our great rac]s 7 & are desc5dants ( ! ,d>ley & ,godolph9 ,arabians3 ,i use ! latt] t]m m]ely because its conv5tionality n[ id5tifies ^? celebrat$ animals4 ,!y 7 bo?1 z has be5 /at$1 import$ 9 ?is reign3 ! "q t ,i w\ld "h inve/igate applies equally to ea*1 b1 = ! sake ( simplify+ x1 ,i w treat x ) ref]5ce to ! latt] only4 8,t he 0 a g5u9e ,arabian10 says ! /ud-book1 88 excell5ce z a sire is deem$ suffici5t pro(20 a little fur!r on we read1 8,x is rem>kable t !re is n a sup]ior horse n[ on ! ,turf )\t a cross ( ! ,godolph9 ,arabian1 nei!r has !re be5 = sev]al ye>s pa/40 ,! probable date ( 8 arrival 9 ?is c\ntry 0 #agbe1 or !reab\ts4 ,hundr$s ( ,arabs _h prec$$ him z sires1 _! introduction = t purpose hav+ be5 a v g5]al speculation f ! "t ( ,*>les ,i4 ,t ! indig5\s isl& bre$ _h !reby be5 r5d]$ good s]vice1 !re c be no d\bt2 b t ! ,turf d]iv$ any signal advantages f ! importations is m ?an problematical4 ,are our celebrat$ /ra9s ( rac+ blood d]iv$ at all f an ,arab s\rce1 &1 if s desc5d$1 are !y excell5t consequ5tly1 or ( accid5t8 ,z reg>ds ! fir/ moiety ( ! inquiry1 a "w has j appe>$ 9 ,p>is1 ! production ( a g5tleman ( "s lit]>y celebrity#hj1 relat+ to ! g5ealogy ( ! horse s long kn[n to u z ! ,godolph9 ,arabian4 ,8 /atem5ts g to %[ t he 0 a pure ,b>b1 pres5t$1 ) sev5 o!rs1 by ! ,bey ( ,tunis to ,l\is ,,xv41 ab\t ! ye> #agca4 ,all ! portraits ,i h ev] se5 ( him c]ta9ly g to /r5g!n ?is read+ ( 8 desc5t1 & proclaim him n ( ,asiatic orig94 ,! date is an errone\s "o1 z he 0 a sire 9 ,engl& 9 ! ye> 9 :i* he is said to h rea*$ ,france2 b we mu/ be cont5t ) v vague data 9 all t conc]ns our subject a c5tury ago4 ,z to ! second division ( ! "q1 aft]-"t mu/ furni% ! means ( reply+ to x1 if x be ev] answ]$4 ,my bias is to a belief t !re exi/ families ( ! horse 9 ! ,ea/ possess$ ( a p]fection inf9itely surpass+ any g5]ically inh]it$4 ,?is ,i h attempt$ to demon/rate 9 a "w ^u :i* ,i am at pres5t engag$1 "s portion ( :i* has be5 already publi%$4#ha ,! fact 7( :i* ,i 0 made consci\s by au?ority beyond "q7 t ! ,imaum ( ,muscat1 "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful sov]eign pr9ces ( ,india1 exp5d$ t5 ye>s ( active se>*1 back$ by ! enorm\s bribe ( t5 ?\s& p\nds1 be=e he c\ld procure a desc5dant ( a l9e suffici5tly pure to pres5t to ,k+ ,george ,,iv41 seems to e/abli% ! tru? ( ! !ory to :i* ,i pr(ess be+ incl9$4 ,all t we le>n f our k ( ! almo/ religi\s v5]ation ) :i* ! g5ealogy ( ! horse is treat$ 9 ! ,ea/1 goes to ! l confirmation4 8,x is rem>kable t !re is n a sup]ior horse n[ on ! turf )\t a cross ( ! ,godolph9 ,arabian10 ,i leave ! read] to int]pret z 8 own reflections may lead him4 #hj ,m4 ,eug5e ,sue4 #ha ,annals ( ! ,briti% ,turf1 f ! ,introduction ( ,ea/]n blood to ! pres5t ,"t4 ,! fir/ c5tury conclud$ 9 ! ,old ,sport+ ,magaz9e4 ,%all ,i v5ture1 at ! haz>d ( pursu+ my !ory 8ultra f9es10 to (f] "o m example 9 support ( x8 ,t no /ructural organization available to ! eye1 no individual excell5ce 9 ! p>5ts1 influ5ce1 9 our rais+ /ock1 ! p]=mances ( _! (fspr+1 are truisms taught by e /ud 9 ! k+dom4 ,all t exi/ among u1 desc5d$ f ! great =efa!r ( ! ,turf1 are capable ( produc+ (fspr+ ( equal pret5sion1 z reg>ds ! root f :i* !y are sprung4 ,f> diff]5t 0 ! result 9 relation to ! importations ( ,ea/]n blood contempor>y ) ! ,godolph91 & ! same x has be5 ) all m rec5tly introduc$4 ,en\gh1 at all ev5ts1 has be5 adduc$1 if n to prove my position1 to w>rant me1 at lea/1 9 its assumption1 z well z = (f]+ x to ! consid]ation ( ^? :o hold ! subject to :i* x relates ( suffici5t int]e/ to engage _! att5tion4 ,f su* speculations on ! orig9 ( ! ,briti% racehorse1 we w turn to ! annals ( 8 exploits1--a !me m g5]ally attractive1 ?\gh intr9sically less important4 ,"h1 to beg9 ) ! e>ly wor?ies ( ! turf1 all is z obscure z is ! g5ealogical problem ) :i* we h be5 already engag$4 ,( ! p]=mances ( ,*ild]s1 detail$1 z !y are1 ) all app>5t microscopic obs]vations ( ! seconds' h&1 ,i am conv9c$ t we "k r worse ?an no?+4 ,9 a rec5t "w ( m ?an an ord9>y "* on ! subject to :i* x addresses itself 7,lawr5ce's ,hi/ory ( ! ,horse71 ,*ild]s--,fly+ ,*ild]s1 z he 0 designat$ p> excell5ce--is /at$ to h be5 a *e/nut1 :]eas he 0 a ri* bay ) f\r :ite legs4 ,! same slov5ly /yle1 no d\bt1 atta*es to ! records ( ! e>ly p]=mances1 z well z to ! m rec5t attempts ( eque/rian hi/orians4 ,aga91 ! only crit]ion by :i* we c e/imate !m is1 :5 we c ref] to a tim$ race1 because1 kn[+ little ( ! pr9cipals1 we _c be suppos$ to h a bett] k ( ! pret5sions ( _! contempor>ies4 ,n[1 ev5 9 our day1 :5 all ! appliances = *ronometrical accuracy are s va/ly improv$ & multipli$1 we r>ely he> ( ! "t ( a race be+ kept at all1 ev5 accid5tally3 x is nev] done by au?ority1 or on a pr9ciple des]v+ ( confid5ce4 ,we "k t ! ta/e1 9 ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury1 incl9$ to long di/ances1 & repeat$ ex]tion--six & eight-mile heats be+ ev5ts ( con/ant recurr5ce2 & yet we are requir$ to believe t !re exi/$ at & previ\s to t "t a flight ( spe$ unkn[n to our deg5]ate days4 ,moreov]1 by f> ! great] portion ( ! e>ly rac]s 7 und]siz$1 ,gall[ays z ! old ,cal5d>s h !m 9 e page2 & /ride is1 save 9 r>e exceptions1 indisp5sable to a high degree ( swiftness4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( any actual data z to spe$1 wor?y be+ confid$ 91 x may n be inconv5i5t to relate a p]=mance ( "o ( ! fir/-class horses ( t p]iod2 &1 by contra/+ x ) a mat* aga9/ "t1 done by a contempor>y hackney1 "s d$uction may be drawn ( ! qualities ( ! rac]s ( t era4 ,gimcrack1 a grey horse br$ 9 #agfj1 by ,cripple out ( ,miss ,elliot1 0 consid]$ "o ( ! be/ ( 8 day4 ,9 consequ5ce ( 8 sup]iority1 he 0 s5t to ,france1 :]e he 0 mat*$ = a l>ge sum to d a c]ta9 di/ance aga9/ "t4 ,:atev] x 01 he 0 ! w9n]1 hav+ accompli%$ tw5ty-?ree miles 9 fifty-five m9utes4 ,?is 0 probably 9 #aggj4 ,9 #aggh1 a f\nd]$ hackney1 ag$ tw5ty-two1 belong+ to a ,mr4 ,hanks1 did tw5ty-two miles )9 ! h\r1 ^u ! high road 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,london4 ,gimcrack c>ri$ eight /one3 ! weight on ! hackney is n giv51 b !re is no reason = believ+ x less ?an eight /one2 s t "o ( ! be/ race-horses ( t day c\ld only beat a brok5-d[n hack a mile & five m9utes 9 an h\r6 ,x is a conv5tional fallacy to attribute to pa/ days virtues sup]ior to ^? 9 :i* 7 live4 ,e ?+1 f ! seasons to ! flav\r ( home-brew$1 0 bett]1 if we cr$it ! popul> voice1 89 ! good old times40 ,to exam9e ! application ( ?is rule to ! matt] be=e u1 ,i may p]haps be p]mitt$ to borr[ a leaf out ( my own book1 see+ t ,i c\ld sc>ce make my argum5t /rong] 9 any o!r =m ( words4 8,aft] a c>eful exam9ation ( all ! be/ au?orities be>+ ^u ! condition ( ! ,turf 9 t s emphatically call$ its palmie/ era--! middle ( ! la/ c5tury--,i f9d no?+ to w>rant ! belief t1 z a species1 ! contempor>ies ( ,k+ ,h]od1 ,imp]ator1 ,eclipse1 ,florizel1 & ,highfly]1 possess$ ei!r spe$1 p[]1 or symmetry1 unkn[n to ! rac] ( our day4 ,at ! v date to :i* ?is extraord9>y excell5ce is ascrib$1 we f9d ! deg5]acy ( t p>ticul> bre$ ! subject ( legislative consid]ation2 & 9 #agdj t an ,act ( ,p>liam5t 0 pass$1 d5\nc+ ! ,turf z ! cause ( ! gr[+ debasem5t ( ! bre$ ( horses all ov] ! k+dom1 & fix+ ! weights to be c>ri$ 9 all plates & mat*es at t5 /one = five-ye>-olds1 elev5 /one = six1 & twelve /one = sev5-ye>-olds & upw>ds1 on pa9 ( a p5alty ( #bjj1 & =feiture ( ! horse4 ,x is true t ?is ,act 0 repeal$ soon aft]w>ds1 ?r\gh ! int]v5tion1 z x 0 believ$1 ( ! ,duke ( ,cumb]l&2 nev]!less x is manife/ t !re mu/ h exi/$ /rong gr\nds = compla9t aga9/ ! sy/em ( bre$+ & rac+ be=e ! consid]ation ( its economy w\ld be made a subject ( ,p>liam5t>y int]f]5ce4 ,let u turn to ! weights c>ri$ by two-ye>-olds fifty ye>s ago1 & ^? common to ! pres5t p]iod1--! =m] av]ag+ f six /one to six /one six p\nds1 ! latt] f eight /one five p\nds to eight /one sev5 p\nds1 & :at evid5ce ( deg5]acy does t furni%80 ,rac+1 :]ev] we meet x exi/+ z a popul> sport1 is ! gr[? ( a root indig5\s to ,engl&4 ,all ! appliances ( civilization are c>ri$ to a high] degree ( p]fection among u1 9 ! pres5t day1 ?an at any =m] p]iod ( our hi/ory3 ! ,turf1 & all its mat]iel1 x _c be d\bt$1 has atta9$ a comp>ative condition ( excell5ce4 ,9 a nation peculi>ly atta*$ to rural sports1 t1 z matt] ( c\rse1 becomes entitl$ to ! place ( hon\r :i* diffuses ! greate/ portion ( enjoym5t to ! greate/ numb] ( p4 ,9 ?is view1 rac+ is well entitl$ to ! pre-em95ce :i* x has s long claim$1 & _h conc$$ to x2 b x pref]s dem&s ( a high] nature ?an its m]e pleasurable results4 ,9 a political s5se1 x is an eng9e ( no mean importance4 ,a /ate mu/ b5efit l>gely f an ag5cy :i* exhibits its nobles promot+1 at great individual co/1 a sport 9 :i* all classes c p>ticipate equally ) !mselves1 & :i* br+s toge!r all ! divisions ( society = "o end & purpose--social recreation4 ,:]e %all we seek ! great moral ( ,engl&'s p[] & /ation8--,9 ! weal? :i* comm]ce p\rs ^u h] %>es8--,9 h] wood5 walls8--,9 ! skill1 le>n+1 & val\r ( h] sons8 ,we c sc>ce /udy x 9 a m impressive page ?an t ye>ly spread be=e u at ! great popul> re-unions ( ,epsom1 ,ascot1 & ,donca/]4 ,let su* z love su* lore1 !n1 se>* aft] x :]e ! exam9ation w surely rew>d _! indu/ry3 we w take x up1 ab/ract$ly1 z a pa/ime1 & 9 t "* look into ! nature & influ5ce ( its pres5t economy4 ,z a treasury ( art1 an assembly ( le>n+1 +5uity1 & pleasure1 our metropolis has _m rivals--"s sup]iors3 9 our rural life we /& alone4 ,ma9ly ?is has be5 br\ght ab\t by--is ! consequ5ce (--a g5]al ta/e = field sports4 ,:e!r ! cause ( morality is s]v$ by horse-rac+1 x is n our prov9ce to inquire4 ,an inelegant b mo/ apropos salt-wat] axiom says1 8e man to 8 po/1 & ! cook to ! =e-%eet40 ,mank9d1 s9ce ! creation1 has set its face aga9/ all "w & no play1 & w d s to ! end ( ! *apt]4 ,we are ( ! disciples ( ,democritus2 &1 feel+ 9 ! ve91 w j t\* 9 "h1 m]ely 9 outl9e1 a fa9t sket* ( a ,,d]by ,,day4 ,p]haps1 ) "o exception alone1 none ( ! realities ( life come up to ! anticipations ( !m2 & :at1 y ask1 is t s+ul> deviation f ! g5]al rule8--,x is a ,,d]by ,,day4 ,imag9e a conglom]ation ( two millions ( s\ls /irr$ to its p5etralia1 %ak5 f its propriety1 morally e>?quak$1 because ( ! necessity :i* annually requires t a c]ta9 portion ( ! mass 7say a =tie?7 %\ld r5dezv\s 9 a neighb\rhood :]e c]ta9 horses are to cont5d "s two m9utes & sundry seconds = c]ta9 monies1 & y arrive at a g5]al idea ( some?+ by no means 9 ! ord9>y c\rse4 ,! sc5e ( ?is commotion is ,london1 ! majority ( ! actors automata t make ye>ly "o solit>y div]sion 79 bo? ! ^w's int]pretations7 f ! regul> cycles ( _! orbits4 ,b su* a ,saturnalia dem&s a ^w an5t its note ( prep>ation4 ,z soon z ! mon? dawns1 big ) ! cata/rophe ( ,epsom ,races1 /raightway f ,belgrave ,squ>e to ,%or$it*1 f ! ,reg5t's ,p>k to utt]mo/ ,ro!rhi!1 =? ! sackage goes t guts1 f g>ret to cell>1 e ,pante*nicon1 ,baza>1 & ,repository ( all & s+ul> ! :eel$ conv5i5ces & inconv5i5ces peculi> to ea*4 ,anon ! horse1 9 all its inf9ite gradations1 is _h 9 requisition1 f ,newman's *oice/ specim5s ( blood1 t dev\r ! ,surrey highways1 to ! liv+ quadrup$al skeleton r$eem$ f ! knack]'s knife at ! la/ ,smi?field %[ = fifte5 %ill+s1 & a 8drop o' summut = luck40 ,! day arrives1 & lo6 a mighty *a9 ( c>riages1 89 l9k$ grumbl+ long drawn out10 ext5ds f ! ,elephant & ,ca/le to ! m]ry ,d[ns ( ,epsom1 :i!rw>ds we w suppose ?y anxi\s way ha? at l5g? be5 a*iev$4 ,! moi/ure ( travel encumb]e? ?y br[3 se>*e/ ?\ = ?y be/ ,b&ana to relieve !e ( ! damp8 ,luckless wight6-- 8----,t h&k]*ief ,did an ,egyptian f ?y pocket prig40 ,is n ! tide ( humanity at ! flood ( spr+8 ,t5 deep d vehicles ( all k9ds1 def9ite & undef9able1 l9e ! c\rse4 ,opposite & ar\nd ! /& all is high-br$ & ari/ocratic3 l[] d[n1 lead+ = ,tatt5ham's classic corn]1 y haply take y\r curi\s pa?4 ,:at lots ( pretty girls y enc\nt] z y g6--ea* s lady-l & bi5 mise1 y w\ld nev] dream ( _! metropolitan :]eab\ts1 7 x n = ^? awful mortalities t clu/] ar\nd !m2 bro!rs1 c\s9s1 lov]s x may be--pale %ad[s t haunt ! glimpses ( ,b[ ,*ur*--horrible illusions f ,ludgate ,hill & ! ,w>d ( ,*eap1 ) prickly frills to _! l951 swall[ tails to _! coats1 gre5 velvet wai/coats1 or1 /ill m %ock+1 simil> habilim5ts ( black sat91 :]eon ! indec5t *a9 ( ,mosaic gr9s gha/ly1 l ! gild+ on a c(f96--faugh6 ,draw+ ne> to ! l9es1 h>k6 f glass coa*1 brits*a1 j>vey1 phaeton1 proce$ v>i\s s\nds ( discont5t4--8,cold *ick5s1 veal pie1 lob/]s & no salt40--8,half-a-doz5 bottles is all v f9e1 & nev] no corkscrew40--8,sir1 ,i'll set t "r if y'll only accommodate u ) ! loan ( a glass2 really x's too provok+40444 ,asc5d ! hill1 approa* ! ,r+1 & he> :at sums are jeop>di$ on ! com+ ev5t6--en\gh to pur*ase half-a-score ( ,g]man pr9cipalities2 b ! w>r5 is op51 & ?i!r y are borne by ! c\ntless ?\s&s :o ?rong = a glance ( ! c\rs]s on :om hang ! hopes & fe>s ( all4 ,no spot c be bett] adapt$ = ! purpose to :i* x is assign$ ?an ! s well-kn[n w>r52 b all t nature has done man takes especial c>e to fru/rate4 ,in/ead ( its cool quiet alleys be+ kept = ! tranquil prep>ation ( animals peculi>ly dispos$ to excitem5t 7_! mo/ dang]\s foe at a mom5t :5 ! entire possession ( e faculty is ( su* vital consequ5ce71 e 8d+le1 nook1 & bosky b\rn0 is invad$ by a horde ( rav5\s1 sight-see+ cockneys1 ( all bea/s ( prey ! mo/ reckless & p]v]se4 ,amid ?is re/less cr[d ( babbl+1 cig>-smok+ untameables1 ! process ( saddl+ is effect$1 &1 ) graceful /eps1 ! fi]y-foot$ adv]s>ies dep>t = ! li/s4 ,y rea* ! place ( />t+1 & :at awaits y !re8 ,ord]1 decorum1 & all fitt+ arrangem5t = ! important essay ( :i* x is ! ar5a8 ,a second *aos6--all ! human elem5ts ?r[n toge!r 9 a moral :irlpool4 ,a score ( m5 9 buckram suits 7blue l9sey-wolsey71 attempt+ to dispose ( twice z _m ?\s&s--some?+ l b>r+ ! gates ( a beleagur$ t[n ) boil$ c>rots6 ,!y draw toge!r = ! />t--inf9itely ! mo/ influ5tial po9t 9 ! great game to be play$4 ,"h all is confusion worse conf\nd$3 ! multitude op5s its ?\s& ?roats ( brass2 ! /e$s are frantic2 ! jockeys 7born & br$ devils f _! cradle7 practise e conceivable /ratagem ev] hat*$ 9 ,fi5dom2 & !re /&s "o n]v\s old man to front ! pitiless pelt+1 & produce f su* mat]ials a result ) :i* all are to be satisfi$4 8,!y are (f60 & ! old g5tleman1 9 8 agony1 pron\nces 8g10 & ! fatal signal has gone =?4 ,ov] ! hill1 ad[n ! fall1 !re is a meteoric fla%1 z ?\gh a ra9b[ _h borr[$ ! w+s ( ! lightn+1 & all is ov]6 ,! ,d]by is decid$--! /e$s turn$ r\nd--! jockeys approa* ! scales--,holy ,"m ( ,moses6 has x ent]$ ! he>t ( man 7ev5 an ,iri%man7 to conceive ! te>+ & swe>+1 ! h[l+ & scree*+1 t in/ant r5ds ! empyrean6 ,quick z ?\ght a circle ( bludgeons & con/ables is =m$1 into :i* ! horses z !y arrive are receiv$1 & aga9/ :i* a ro>+ ocean ( humanity is da%+ z fi]cely z ! vex$ ,atlantic4 ,look t[>ds ! gr& /&--behold :ole acres ( c\nt5ances uplift$ to ! sky1 w$g$ z closely z a crate ( ,fr5* eggs1 & resembl+ no?+ z yet discov]$ b a mon/r\s di% ( op5$ oy/]s6 ,! r\nd e>? is %ak51 & e*o gives up ! gho/--! ?und] hides its dim9i%$ head1 z ) ! bell[+s ( t5 ?\s& volcanos myriads ( furi\s lungs cra% =?1 8,,:o ,,has ,,won80 ,?us :ilom did ,i s+ ( ?is sc5e2 & ) bett] exp]i5ce1 save 9 ! episodes ( fly+ voltigeurs1 m5 8) nev] no back-bones at all1 only a slip ( gri/le to hold head & heels toge!r10 & epicures 9 cutl]y1 8:o swall[ knives & =ks = all ! _w l g+]bread nuts10 ,i c add no?+ to ! beau ideal ( a ,,d]by ,,day4 ,h[ little c !y1 :o fir/ give exi/5ce to a pr9ciple1 =esee h[ x w op]ate1 & :at may be its results4 ,! pa/ime ( horse-rac+1 fo/]$ & promot$ simply z a *annel ( amusem5t by ! gay & ?\ghtless ,*>les1 call$ into be+ ! /ronge/ impulse ( man's nature--emulation1 & ?us entail$ ^u ?is c\ntry a race ( ! noble/ ( all exi/+ animals1 ( a "* app>5tly sup]ior to t orig9ally de/9$ by nature4 ,?is may be an errone\s !ory1 b z yet we are unacqua9t$ ) any v>iety ( ! horse comp>able to ! artificial /ock kn[n z our ?or\gh-blood4 ,! v g5]al ef=ts t 7 made f t p]iod by ! nobles & great l&$ proprietors to improve by lavi% outlay1 & all ! appliances :i* x c comm&1 ! be/ /ra9s ( ! rec5tly import$ ,ori5tal blood1 t[>ds ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury1 seem to h c>ri$ ! race-horse z a species z ne> to p]fection z 8 g5]ic organization w admit4 ,true1 e ye> produc$ "s few inf9itely sup]ior to _! contempor>ies1 b !y 7 ph5om5a1--indebt$ to no individuality ( p>5tage = _! excell5ce1 & unpossess$ ( ! faculty ( end[+ _! desc5dants ) simil> gifts4 ,z a race1 :5 oppos$ to ! indig5\s horse ( any qu>t] ( ! e>?1 ! ,engli% ?or\gh-blood is univ]sally victori\s2 among ! v>i\s families into :i* x is divid$ at home1 no con/ant succession ( sup]iority has ev] discov]$ itself4 ,i am aw>e t ^? :o only take a sup]ficial view ( ! economy ( our rac+ sy/em w at once pron\nce aga9/ ?is position4 ,!y w adduce ! sons & daught]s ( ,k+ ,h]od1 ,eclipse1 & ,highfly]2 9 our day1 ( ,sultan & ,emilius1 z f> surpass+ ! ord9>y run ( _! contempor>ies4 ,b !y d n be> 9 m9d t n only did & does ! prog5y ( ^! ju/ly celebrat$ sires greatly outnumb] t ( _! less fav\r$ bro!rs1 b t ! be/ m>es ( _! respective eras 7 & are exclusively put to !m4 ,n to travel beyond our own day = pro(s1 did excell5ce ensure its l1 :at *ance w\ld h rema9$ to ^? :o n[ & !n bre$ a solit>y nom9ation aga9/ ! gigantic /uds ( ,hampton ,c\rt1 ,riddleswor?1 or ,und]ly8 ,to conf9e ! "q to ! pres5t ye> 7#ahch71 we _h evid5ce t n all ! weal?1 skilful tra9+1 ,syb>ite c>e & treatm5t ( ! be/ ( ,engl&'s blood c\ld produce a mat* = ! son ( "o ( our indiff]5t rac]s1--! despis$ ( an ,iri% t5?-rate /able1--! wond]ful & ! basely-abus$ ,h>kaway4#hb ,i may be told t he 0 defeat$ "h1 & by second-rat]s1 too1--b "u :at circum/ances8 ,) ord9>y c>e1 )\t hav+ be5 subject$ to actual ill-treatm5t1 at weight = age !re 0 no?+ ( ! ye> 9 ,engl& t c\ld h /ood any *ance ) him4 #hb ,?is extraord9>y animal is n[ 7,decemb] #ahch7 adv]tis$ = sale1 8 price six ?\s& gu9eas1 ) ?is /range addition1 8t 8 own] 7,mr4 ,f]guson7 rides him hunt+ once or twice a week60 ,f ^! premises ! d$uction at :i* we arrive be>+ ^u ! economy ( ! turf1 its nature & influ5ce is tw(old1 & admits ( a v brief solution1--! fir/ be+ t ! day is long pass$ s9ce ! means ( w9n+ ^u ! race-c\rse 7 to be obta9$ by bre$+2 ! second1 t ! va/ advantages /ill to be d]iv$ f a prop] application ( our ?or\gh-blood is mo/ /rangely neglect$4 ,mr4 ,b[es began 8 rac+ c>e] by bre$+ a w9n] ( ! ,d]by1 :ile ! late ,duke ( ,le$s1 ! mo/ ext5sive bre$] ( blood /ock 9 ! nor?1 toil$ 9 va9 = ! ,leg] till he won x ) a colt b\ght f ! tail ( ! pl\gh4 ,"l ,george ,b5t9ck1 ! be/ w9n] on ! turf ( mod]n days1 if ! ,cal5d> be any crit]ion1 reg>ds bre$+ rac]s z an exp$i5t no man 9 8 s5ses %\ld dream (1 &1 act+ ^u 8 !ory1 has put money 9 8 purse4 ,a fir/-class rac]1 a colt ( extraord9>y promise1 are ea* productions ( *ance-m$ley1 only to be come at by be+ secur$ :]e & :5 !y c be f\nd4 ,b if ! ,turf be ?us re/rict$ 9 fur!r pr(it+1 save z matt] ( haz>d1 by ! means :i* securely m9i/]$ to ! success ( its fir/ speculators1 x furni%es mat]ials f :i* may be m\ld$ o!r di/9ct races1 z valuable1 ea* 9 its prov9ce1 z ! fly+ family ( ! mod]n race-c\rse1 n[ ! sole repres5tatives ( our ?or\gh-blood4 ,! ragg$ regim5t ( cock-tails w1 x is dev\tly to be hop$1 spe$ily be disb&$2 ! day soon arrive :5 no g5tleman %all be se5 be/rid+ ! mongrel ( a base-br$ hackney1 sc>ce wor?y ! %afts ( a co/]mong]'s trap4 ,& fir/1 z is befitt+1 su* re=m mu/ comm5ce ) its next ( k9--,,! ,,field4 ,%all ?is1 assur$ly ! second--nay1 ! tw9-sport ( rac+1 9 ! e/eem ( ,engli%m51 long cont9ue dep5d5t ^u *ance = a supply ( horses = its s]vice8 ,impossible2 ! p]iod _c be f> di/ant 9 :i* ! ,briti% ?or\gh-br$ hunt] w be z di/9ct a race1 & ( z high r5[n1 z 8 prog5itors 7 ! pride ( ! ,turf4 ,illu/ration ,,hunt+4 ,z ! :ole object ( ! ,manly ,ex]cises is n accompli%$ 9 ! atta9m5t & practice ( !m1 x 0 ?\ght conv5i5t t ! bus9ess ( _! details %\ld be succe$$ by a p>tial notice ( "s ( ^? sports ( :i* !y =m ! elem5t>y process1 & :i* may be reg>d$ z _! ultimate 8end & aim40 ,x has be5 well said by my tal5t$ fri5d1 ,nimrod1 t all ! writ+ 9 ! _w w n make a sportsman4 ,! p5 ( ,p9d>1 & ! p5cil ( ,grant1 inde$1 exhibit him 9 all p]fection to our admiration2 b1 c\ld !y bo? write = ! education ( ! /ud5t ^: ambition is ,olympic fame1 !y w\ld n insure success4 ,l ! poet1 he mu/ be born1 9 a mann]1 to 8 cunn+4 ,! ,ex]cises1 ^u :i* ,mr4 ,walk] has writt51 admitt$ ( be+ inculcat$ by me?odical rules1 & acquir$ by a sy/ematic r\t9e ( practice4 ,an acqua9tance ) !m w be f\nd ( s]vice to y\?1 :atev] ! de/9ation ( its manhood may be2 :ile !y are ess5tial to ! =mation ( a frame & "* fitt$ = ! maturity likely to be devot$ to ! we> & te> ( our h>dy ,rural ,sports4 ,driv+ & ,ya*t+1 ?\gh nei!r ( !m /rictly com+ )9 ! pale ( a c\rse ( physical ex]cises1 /ill are n out ( place 9 a practical book devot$ to ! sci5ce ( manly recreations1 because ea* is gov]n$ by c]ta9 rules1 :i* may be taught & acquir$4 ,x is n s ) ! subjects con/itut+ ! matt] on :i* we are at pres5t engag$4 ,a man may out-/udy ,zoroa/] )\t be+ "o :it ! bett] qualifi$ = w9n+ a fifty-p\nd plate1 hitt+ (f ! l9e ( a fox t has be5 head$1 or br++ d[n 8 woodcock 9 cov]2 ^! are arts :i*1 be+ decimat$1 leave "o "p to !ory & n9e 9 fav\r ( practice4 ,= ?is cause ,i h made my ,article on ! ,turf ( a "* m suit$ to ! purposes ( ! g5]al read] ?an ^? ( ! vision>y !ori/1 :o may fondly hope to meet1 on page trac$ by mortal h&s1 a recipe = bre$+1 tra9+1 & manag+ an embryo w9n] ( ,d]by or ,leg]4 ,! ,*ase1 h[ev]1 admits ( a c]ta9 code ( g5]al maxims3 x has1 if n limits1 at all ev5ts c\rses bett] def9$ ?an ^? ( ! ,turf1 & to ! application ( !m by practical m5 ( mod]n exp]i5ce we w at once proce$4 ,assum+ t a tol]able pr(ici5cy 9 horseman%ip has be5 atta9$ be=e ! "y disciple ( ,diana v5tures to %[ at all ) h\nds1 he w d well to d$icate ! fir/ ( 8 novitiate to h>e-hunt+1 :e!r 8 future de/9ation be t ( a ,m4 ,f4 ,h41 or m]ely a p>tak] ( ! 8light f heav510 disp5s$ by ! 8noble sci5ce40 ,z ?is little treatise addresses itself m p>ticul>ly to ! latt]1 x w be suffici5t to po9t out :at %\ld be 8 aim 9 8 e>ly lessons4 ,( ^!1 ! mo/ ess5tial to ! =mation ( a good sportsman1 & ! only "o t w enable any man to live to ! end ( a sev]e run1 is1 t he cultivate ! faculty ( a quick eye to h\nds4 ,) h>ri]s he w con/antly h practice 9 ?is task3 ! p]petual d\bles to :i* n9e h>es out ( t51 :5 *as$1 resort1 w soon conv9ce him ( ! necessity ( keep+ a w>y look out = ! l9e t[>ds :i* ! lead+ h\nds incl9e4 ,he w h little difficulty 9 decid+ ) :i* portion ( ! pack1 or ) :i* individual ( x1 ! sc5t is1 if he only obs]ve closely :5 !re is any indication ( a *eck4 ,! in/ant a h\nd cat*es ! sc5t1 he w see him drop 8 tail horizontally1 & spr+ to ! front1 ! "o :o has lo/ x elevat+ 81 z if engag$ 9 que/+4 ,keep+ 8 look-out always ^u ! lead]s1 & leav+ ! body ( ! pack to foll[ a simil> sy/em1 he turns 8 horse z he sees ! *ase lean1 & ?us is go+ at 8 ease inside ! circle1 ar\nd :i* o!rs c h>dly live at ! be/ _! nags c accompli%4 ,:5 a huntsman is com+ pa/ ) h\nds1--p>ticul>ly at *eck 9 a lane or road1--get out ( 8 way all y c2 ! n>r[] ! pass ! great] ! necessity t y give room1 or h\nds mu/ break ov] ! f5ce1 & s run ! risk ( putt+ up1 or cross+ ! l9e (1 ano!r h>e3 moreov]1 horses on su* occasions are apt to /rike out at h\nds1 & x is f> f pleasant to be con/itut$ by su* a casualty 8! obs]v$ ( all obs]v]s40 ,9 ! matt] ( rid+ at f5ces1 ) h>ri]s y w be m enabl$ to suit y\r practice to ! individual case ?an :5 y come to ride alongside fox-h\nds4 ,) ! =m]1 :5 any ?+ v cramp crosses y\r l9e1 y may 8look be=e y leap10 & ?is is no bad maxim1 :oev] may *oose to sne] at x4 ,let ?is too be an axiom f :i* y nev] dep>t1 z f> z reg>ds ! h\nds3 :5 y are out ) ! jolly dogs1 8he> & see1 & say no?+0--s %all y e>n gold5 op9ions f ! field 9 g5]al1 & prev5t mu* out-p\r+ ( wra? f ! (ficials 9 p>ticul>4 ,x w s]ve y to be> 9 m9d t 9 almo/ e difficulty ( gr\nd a horse c s]ve himself bett] ?an y c assi/ him4 ,i d n mean to say t 9 heavy1 deep gallop+ y %\ld n hold him toge!r1 & if !re be a furr[ or pa? at h&1 t y %\ld n give him ! advantage ( x4 ,b 9 woodl&s1 = in/ance1 :]e "y timb] has be5 fell$1 & ! surface is cov]$ ) live /ubs1 give him 8 head3 let him pick 8 own way2 nev] t\* 8 m\? ) ! bridle to guide him1 & y w f9d h[ r>ely he w give a *ance away4 ,?us 9 a rabbit w>r5 ! difficulty is d\bl$ by ! n]v\s man :o attempts to /e] 8 horse4 ,! bip$ is look+ at "o hole1 ! quadrup$ at ano!r1 & be+ div]t$ f ! spot :]e he int5d$ to place 8 foot1 puts x 9 :]e x 0 meant t he %\ld n4 ,/ill1 h[ev]1 y may attempt x3 nev] *>ge gr\nd ( ?is nature )\t us+ ! precaution ( slack+ y\r pace4 ,i rememb] a well-kn[n bruis+ rid]1 :o ?\ght x impossible t he c\ld be hurt1 once try+ ! exp]im5t ov] a w>r5 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,:it*ur*1 9 ,%rop%ire1 & be+ assur$ ( ! affirmative 9 ! fir/ hundr$ y>ds by ! fracture ( 8 coll>-bone1 & ! dislocation ( a %\ld]4 ,) ! common run ( f5ces1 :]e ! grip is f y1 g fa/] at !m ?an :5 x lies on ! side y take (f f4 ,:5 !y consi/ ( live ?orns & quicks newly laid d[n1 take !m1 :5ev] ! *ance pres5ts itself1 aslant1 ris+ :]e ! top ( ! ?orn is laid1 z be+ ! lea/ capable ( hold+ y\r horse's knees1 %\ld !y cat* 9 ris+ at x4 ,9 y\r noviciate x is h>dly necess>y to (f] y any advice z to wat]4 ,z a g5]al rule1 h[ev]1 x may z well be said "h z else:]e t1 9 brook-jump+1 pace comes fir/ & !n judgm5t4 ,) a p[]ful impetus y get ov]2 %\ld y\r horse blund]1 someh[--if ) a fall at ! o!r side1 no matt]3 less spe$ enables y to pick y\r gr\nd bett]1 b x ?r[s all ! odds on ! side ( a cold-ba?1 %\ld ! span be wid] ?an y calculat$ on1 or ! bank be s(t1 & let y 94 ,nev] take hold ( y\r horse's head till y feel t he is safely l&$2 if !re is a scramble = x1 & y pull at him b an ounce1 x may turn ! beam ( 8 equipoise1 & 9 y g toge!r4 ,"y h&s are prone to ?9k t x is necess>y to ! acquisition ( ! reputation ( a sportsman t !y %[ 9 front ?r\gh\t a run4 ,inde$ ,i might h said ?is idea seems to hold ) _m :o ought to be wis]4 ,! soon] ! y\?ful ,nimrod disc>ds ?is fallacy ! bett]4 ,! *ances are s multipli$ & v>i\s aga9/ a good run t x is next to a miracle h[ a real clipp] ev] occurs4 ,f foil1 to :i* gr\nd is e :]e expos$1 d[n to an infant ( ?ree ye>s old t heads y\r qu>ry1 on e side y are beset ) risk1 ev5 ) a sc5t4 ,)\t x y\r difficulty becomes almo/ an impossibility1 & t is ! "t :5 ov]-rid+1 m fatal ?an all o!r ob/acles put toge!r1 is to be se5 9 its sup]lative degree4 ,!re is y\r h>d-rid]1 p> excell5ce1 :o w be fir/3 ! lead] pulls up at a *eck--! nuisance passes him1 ev5 ) h\nds at fault1 )\t a mom5t's c>e = ! mis*ief he mu/ d ! *ase1 or :at he may d himself4 ,let su* z ?is tea* y t :i* y %\ld avoid3 acquire 9 y\? ! way y %\ld g1 & 9 y\r maturity y w n dep>t f x4 ,we n[ come to ! matriculation ( ! 8noble sci5ce10 & consid] ! quondam novice ent]$ to fox-hunt+4 ,x w\ld be bootless "h to (f] any eulogy ^u a sport admitt$1 by au?orities all[+ no "q1 to be1 9 a political z well z a social view1 a p[]ful moral eng9e4 ,9 a lett] n[ be=e me1 :i* ,i lately receiv$ f a gallant g5]al1 himself a ma/] ( fox-h\nds1 he ascribes to a ta/e = ! *ase t *>act]i/ic manly d>+ :i* di/+ui%es ! (fic]s ( our s]vice f ^? ( any o!r4 ,( all field sports its claims are ! mo/ g5]al ^u ! prop]ties ( manhood4 ,! tig]-hunts ( ! ,ea/ may appeal m directly to ! c\rage1 b ) activity & physical endurance !y h little or no?+ to d4 ,b see ! qualities t mu/ comb9e to =m ! accompli%$ fox-hunt]4 ,he mu/ be bold1 ready1 decisive1 capable ( comm&+ & su/a9+ great bodily ex]tion3 he mu/ jo9 unity ( purpose to promptness ( action2 capability ( =esee+ ev5ts1 t he may be/ turn !m to advantage1 ) a frame & a _s alike compet5t to meet & oppose undaunt$ly difficulties & dang]s1 h[ & :5 !y may assail him4 ,i w\ld n h x suppos$ t ,i claim = ! *ase a high] /ation = ent]prise ?an any o!r ( ! adv5tur\s occupations 9 :i* we f9d mank9d employ$4 ,x w\ld be absurd = an in/ant1 = example1 to comp>e x ) t mo/ excit+ & magnific5t ( all ! d>+ (fices to :i* man has ev] address$ himself--! ,s\? ,sea fi%+4 ,b z a sport1--an act to :i* pleasure alone induces him1 fox-hunt+ has no?+ at all be>+ comp>ison ) x 9 mod]n days4 ,to ! pres5t fa%ion ( its details we w n[ turn our consid]ation4 ,i d n ?9k x necess>y "h to ent] into any =eign matt]1 su* z ! nature & economy ( ! e/abli%m5t ) :i* ! field may be tak5 ) ref]5ce to ! c\ntry hunt$1 or ! numb] ( days weekly to be devot$ to its bus9ess4 ,we w suppose our "y ,nimrod has complet$ all su* arrangem5ts 9 a conv5i5t fa%ion1 & proce$ to ! res ge/ = :i* he has made prep>ation4 ,9 ?is h>d-rid+ era1 x is reg>d$ z a da%+ /yle ( go+ to cov]1 by y\r aspir+ tyro1 to approa* x z ! cr[ w\ld fly4 ,if he mu/ g ?i!r across c\ntry1 let him1 at all ev5ts1 avoid pass+ ?r\gh1 or rid+ too ne> any ( ! cov]s likely to be drawn dur+ ! day4 ,if !y hold a good fox1 x is sure notice = him to quit1 = he is ev] on ! qui vive4 ,! result is1 %\ld ! h\nds be ?r[n 91 !y come ^u a sc5t "s h\rs old--crawl ^u x ov] probably ! cream ( ! c\ntry1 nev] come on t]ms ) him2 & a capital day's sport is lo/ to a :ole field by a selfi% half-h\r's l>k4 ,arriv$ at ! place ( meet+1 he %\ld n address himself to ! ma/]1 if he hunt 8 own h\nds2 or1 9 ! o!r case1 to ! huntsman1 not)/&+ he may be on famili> t]ms ) !m1 beyond ! m]e ex*ange ( a pass+ civility4 ,ev5 !n1 a man1 b5t ^u %[+ a good day's sport1 has 8 m9d suffici5tly engag$ on ! bus9ess be=e him4 ,he is consult+ tempor>y causes1 by :i* to be direct$ z to ! p>ticul> cov] to beg9 )1 & h[ x is to be drawn4 ,! po9t ( w9d1 ! nature ( ! day1 ! wea!r ( ! prec$+ week1--all mu/ be weigh$1 & br\ght to assi/ 8 judgm5t4 ,a fox well f\nd is always ! mo/ likely to be well acc\nt$ =4 ,b if conv]sation ) ! ma/] or huntsman be inconv5i5t be=e h\nds are ?r[n (f1 aft]w>ds x becomes a positive imp]t95ce4 ,x is no excuse = do+ s t !y are n actually engag$ at ! mom5t4 ,a huntsman1 hav+ drawn )\t a f9d1 is probably wait+ = "s ( 8 h\nds2 at ! same "t he is debat+ ) himself :at cov] he %all next try1 & h[ to get to x1 z ! w9d may affect ! be/ ly+ 9 x = 8 fox4 ,he has also obs]v$ h[ 8 h\nds h behav$1 & has ord]s to give to a :ip z to ! conduct ( "s "o prone to riot2 or t a p>ticul> corn] ( ! cov] ab\t be+ drawn %all be c>efully wat*$4 ,9 %ort1 success or failure are dep5d5t on 8 managem5t2 & h[ c he delib]ate if he is to /& a g5]al cate*ism8 ,if x be a l>ge cov]1 keep )9 he>+ ( ! h\nds & huntsman4 ,?is c only be effect$ by be+ d[n w9d1 & %\ld be done )\t any ref]5ce to ! di/ance r\nd1 :i* x may impose4 ,( c\rse1 x is n int5d$ t a man %\ld take any ?+ he c avoid out ( 8 horse by gallop+ r\nd a cov]1 b let him keep on /eadily opposite ! h\nds1 tak+ he$ t he does n get s f> =w>d z to endang] head+ back ! fox1 & s spoil+ 8 own & 8 neighb\rs' sport4 ,?is ,i only recomm5d :]e cov]s are v l>ge1 & ev5 !n x may n be ! be/ sy/em4 ,9 all cases :]e x is practicable1 ,i nev] ?r[ a *ance away by los+ sight ( h\nds4 ,i rememb]1 "s ye>s ago1 meet+ ,sir ,ri*>d ,pule/on at ,cres=d village1 :5ce we trott$ to a wood t skirts ! high road to ,*e/]4 ,z we jogg$ =w>d1 a fri5d ov]took me1 acco/+ me )1 8,y ne$ n hurry y\rself1 = !y'll f9d no?+ :]e !y're go+3 x has be5 beat5 )9 an h\r by a p>ty ( c\rs]s1 :o h left no?+ alive on f\r legs )9 x1 y may rely40 ,9 t5 m9utes1 ! pack & field 7 /ream+1 be/ pace1 aft] a fox f\nd 9 t same coppice1 away = ,%av+ton1 ov] a c\ntry l ! cream ( ,leice/]%ire or ,nor?ampton4 ,9 fox-hunt+1 dep5d solely ^u y\rself1 & keep ) ! pack4 ,ev5 9 go+ f cov] to cov]1 be ) !m4 ,circum/ances frequ5tly arise :i* induce a huntsman to ab&on try+ a place ^u :i* he may h previ\sly fix$2 & h[ (t5 has a fox jump$ out ( a h$ge-r[ 9 ! c5tre ( a pack trott+ indu/ri\sly away to look = a *ance probably half a doz5 miles (f6 ,9 w9dy wea!r1 :5 h\nds are 9 cov]1 unless y draw x ) !m1 x is two to "o y nev] get away at all1 & t5 to "o aga9/ a good />t4 ,i h _h "s exp]i5ce ( horses 9 my day1 & h ev] f\nd1 t1 ( all ways ( beat+ !m1 ! sure/ is t ( try+ to cat* h\nds4 ,lay+ aside ! excitem5t & en]gy produc$ by ! music1 alongside ( :i* !y g sail+ away 9 wild delight1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! pace ( fox-h\nds ) a sc5t is equal to ! be/1 if n sup]ior1 t any fir/-class hunt] possesses4 ,:at sort ( a nag !n is x1 t y c expect to cat* !m ) t5 m9utes' law8 ,9 calm wea!r1 also1 ! dang] ( los+ sight ( h\nds is by no means to be disreg>d$4 ,!re are "s days 7^? :i* inv>iably c>ry ! be/ sc5t7 :5 h\nds w f9d1 & fly away l magic1 n "o 9 ! pack attempt+ to ?r[ tongue4 ,"h1 if ! cov] be l>ge1 unless y h !m 9 y\r eye1 ! odds are y nev] get away2 & see :at y lose--! excell5ce ( ! sc5t has /opp$ ! cry3 ! fa/] h\nds g1 ! less !y say ab\t x4 ,:5 9 a l>ge cov]1 ) h\nds unavoidably out ( sight1 dep5d ^u y\r e> mu* r ?an ^u ! movem5ts ( o!rs4 ,y w con/antly f9d m5 rid+ /raight on end1 m]ely because ! h\nds 7 runn+ s :5 !y ent]$1 :ile v probably ! fox has turn$ %ort1 & is already away1 ) ! pack at 8 bru%1 9 an opposite direction4 ,) a little pati5ce & att5tion1 y\r e> w soon come to ! knack ( detect+ ! l9e ( h\nds 9 cov]3 x is well wor? y\r :ile to take pa9s to acquire ?is art4 ,:5 y h le>nt x1 y w spe$ily f9d out ! advantage x w conf] ^u y\r horse1 & y\rself too4 ,x is by no means easy to lay d[n rules = t :i* s ma9ly dep5ds ^u circum/ances2 b x may be conv5i5t to (f] a few examples1 ^u :i* y may f\nd a sy/em = g5]al application4 ,suppose1 = in/ance1 y h _h a bur/ ) y\r fox1 & he has rea*$ a l>ge cov]1 9 :i* !re are /rong e>?s1 or beyond :i* lies a c\ntry too op5 = a bl[n fox to set 8 head =4 ,if ! e>?s are op51 9 he goes1 & !re is an end ( him2 if /opp$1 he turns1 or leans to ! "r or left4 ,dur+ ?is "t1 brief z x maybe1 y h eas$ y\r horse2 he gets 8 w9d 7a m9ute1 9 _m cases1 w put him "r aft] a v quick ?+71 & y are fre%1 :ile y\r h>d rid] has be5 go+ be/ pace beyond ! h\nds1 & comes toil+ aft] y 9 va94 ,^! po9ts ( practice1 h[ev]1 require good judgm5t1 & great promptness ( action4 ,y mu/ "k well h[ to di/+ui% betwe5 a cry t gr[s fa9t & fa9t]1 z a fail+ sc5t leads to a f9al *eck1 & "o t1 f a cra%1 at once becomes almo/ :olly lo/1 z ! pack flies to _! fox ) a view1 or a sc5t brea/-high4 ,y w1 no d\bt1 at ! comm5cem5t ( y\r c>e]1 he> a great deal ab\t ! influ5ce ! w9d has ^u ! l9e ( *ase4 ,d n take all su* !ory = gospel4 ,i h tri$ my h& at a few sy/ems ( ! k9d1 b only f\nd "o t admitt$ g5]al adoption4 ,:5 a fox1 on be+ f\nd1 takes up w9d at fir/1 d n ride1 ?\gh ! pace be fir/-rate1 s z to take mu* out ( y\r horse4 ,foxes con/antly1 aft] go+ a mile or s up w9d1 turn & head back4 ,?is w let y 9 ) a good />t1 & a fre% nag2 & ev5 %\ld ! *ase hold on up w9d1 y run little risk ( be+ ?r[n out1 z y w h ! cry to guide y1 & ! puff 91 to enable y to get to !m :5 ! fir/ bru% is ov]4 ,"o good effect ( ! h>d rid+ ( mod]n days is1 t h\nds are mu* less m$dl$ ) by /rang]s ?an !y us$ to be :5 fir/ ,i rememb] fox-hunt+4 ,inde$1 ,i am n sure t too mu* etiquette does n n[ exi/ ^u t po9t4 ,! total disappe>ance ( ! ?ong to ! hunt+-:ip seems l c>ry+ a good ?+ r too f>4 ,a fox breaks probably "u y\r horse's nose3 out comes ! pack1 none ( ! s]vants are at h&1 & !y run a field or two f ! cov] be=e any "o /ops !m1 or _! own mettle all[s !m to turn3 "o crack ( y\r :ip w\ld h sav$ all t4 ,"o ?+ y c d )\t y\r ?ong1 b y %\ld be v c>eful h[ y d x4 ,i allude to halloo+ a fox away4 ,nev] attempt to lift up y\r voice till he is evid5tly b5t on go+1 & !n give him at lea/ a field's law1 or ! odds are1 back he goes1 p]haps into ! h\nds' m\?s4 ,:5 he is gone1 !n clap y\r h& beh9d y\r e>1 & give ! 8,tally-ho--away60 to ! be/ ( ! lungs t are 9 y4 ,%\ld he m]ely %[ = a mom5t outside1 & !n pop 9 aga91 give a 8,tally-ho--back60 t x maybe kn[n :]e he 0 se51 z well z t he is n away4 ,ano!r s]vice 9 ?is latt] halloo is1 t all ! po9ts :]e x is likely he w try to break w be left cle> = him4 ,if a fox is se5 cross+ a ride or pa?1 9 cov]1 9 front ( y1 pull up2 & if h\nds are at *eck1 tally him1 z x w s]ve z a guide to ! huntsman4 ,9 draw+ a cov] y may give ?is signal1 %\ld any fox cross y1 b if y h run him 91 be awake n to tally any b ! hunt$ "o1 or y w h few ?anks = y\r tr\ble4 ,a little exp]i5ce w easily tea* y ! diff]5ce betwe5 "o j unk5nell$ & t :i* has /ood any "t be=e h\nds4 ,n only w ! =m] be sleek & un/a9$1 b ! me?od ( go+ be v dissimil>4 ,a fre% fox b\nds (f1 ?r[+ 8 h9d legs cle> f him1 & 8 :ole frame1 f ! tip ( 8 nose to t ( 8 bru%1 z /raight z an arr[2 if hunt$1 & at all bl[n or beat51 8 action is lab\r$1 l t ( a rock+-horse1 8 back is curv$1 8 bru% droop+1 & ! e>s ?r[n back1 all ! fire = :i* :5 f\nd 8 eye is s rem>kable1 qu5*$1 & ex*ang$ = an air ( cunn+ & subdu$ resolution4 ,i am f> f any design ( c\nsell+ y to int]f]e ) ! bus9ess ( a pack ( fox-h\nds t y may be ei!r 9 ! habit ( hunt+ )1 or "o t y may m]ely meet by accid5t occasionally4 ,/ill !re are in/ances 9 :i* to )hold all assi/ance w\ld be to put ! *ance ( sport 9 jeop>dy1 & 9 :i* ! true lov] ( ! *ase ought to act fir/ & ?9k aft]w>ds4 ,%\ld any casualty1 = example1 s f9d y t1 ) h\nds at fault1 y cat* a halloo t ! huntsman does n or _c he>1 contrive s to place y\rself betwe5 ! halloo & ! h\nds t y may be he>d by huntsman or pack1 & s lead !m on ! l9e t ! halloo proce$s f4 ,i repeat1 h[ev]1 t ^! & simil> aids mu/ be (f]$ ) due discretion4 ,! halloo may be a false "o--true1 b _h y gone to make inquiries1 y1 too1 w\ld h be5 out ( he>+--! po9ts ( fox-hunt+ require tempor>y & local adaptation1 & a headpiece to direct all4 ,m]e physical end[m5ts w nev] make an accompli%$ fox-hunt]--comb9$ ) judgm5t !y are v excell5t subsidi>ies3 = him :o w\ld %9e 9 ! *ase 8,or&um e/1 ut sit m5s sana 9 corpore sano40 ,9 rid+ to h\nds x w ess5tially s]ve y if y be> 9 m9d :at n9ety-n9e out ( a hundr$ seem nev] to give a ?\ght to1 namely1 t ! pack only acts pro tanto ^u ! l9e ( c\ntry :i* a fox is likely to take4 ,indep5d5t ( ! po9t :i* x is assum$ he w make =1 he has a hundr$ o!r ?+s to avoid1 z well z ! enemies bay+ on 8 trail4 ,he settles 8 po9t1 b he mu/ also get to x unse54 ,unless beat5 & all b run into1 he w give a wide b]? to any ?+ l ! habitation ( man z well z man himself4 ,?us1 by keep+ y\r eye well be=e y1 !re is a *ance t ! turn h\nds w take may be s f> anticipat$1 t y avoid rid+ outside ( _! circle4 ,x has be5 well said t :5 h\nds are runn+1 a man ought to consid] :at1 "u ! circum/ances 9 :i* ?+s happ5 to be1 be w\ld d 7 he ! fox4 ,i _c (f] y bett] c\nsel4 ,by adopt+ su* a pr9ciple y w be enabl$ to =esee a *eck %\ld y detect any ?+ 9 ! l9e t ! *ase is tak+1 h[ev] f> ahead--& if y h a k ( ! c\ntry1 y w calculate su* *ances almo/ to a c]ta9ty4 ,9 a di/rict ) :i* y are acqua9t$1 ! l9e a fox takes :5 f\nd1 w enable y to judge :e!r he has be5 be=e hunt$1 & if he has1 ! odds are he runs ! same aga94 ,ev5 9 cov] y may fairly assume t he is accu/om$ to be /irr$ by ! r+ he takes1 ! po9ts he tries1 ! gaps he uses 9 ! f5ces1 & simil> obs]vations1 :i* %\ld be ! bus9ess on :i* y are int5t f ! mom5t ! h\nds are ?r[n 94 ,m ?an once x has be5 my good =tune to secure a clipp+ run = a sport+ field by keep+ a cle> look-out ^u ! matt] at issue1 & no?+ else1 :5 a long s]ies ( cov]s drawn blank1 & su* damp]s1 h s5t "o-half ( ! morn+'s mu/] home1 :ile ! o!r _h tak5 to ! d]ni] ressort ( cig>s & gossip4 ,z an in/ance ( ?is1 sev]al ye>s ago1 ) ! ,%rop%ire1 :5 ,mr4 ,cresset ,pelham _h !m1 we _h be5 at x f ! h\r ( meet+ till pa/ ?ree1 9 ,novemb] too1 & no luck4 ,hav+ trott$ on to our la/ hope = ! day1 x 0 tri$1 & pron\nc$--blank6 ,already twilight _h comm5c$1 ! huntsman outside ! cov] 0 bl[+ 8 horn1 ! pack mu/]$1 & home 0 ! ord] ( m>*4 ,i _h wat*$ ! ga!r+ ) c>e2 &1 z we 7 already trott+ f ! side ( ! sp9ny1 x /ruck me t an old & fav\rite bit* 0 miss+4 ,i call$ ! huntsman's att5tion to x4 ,!re 0 a pause--a fa9t wimple 0 he>d 9 ! /ill valley--anon x op5$ into a cry1 8,h>k to x60--! pack flew to ! *all5ge--!re 0 a mighty cra%3 9 a m9ute a fox broke away 9 sight ( e man :o _h _h ! pati5ce to await ! la/ ?r[ on ! dice4 ,a bur/ ( tw5ty m9utes 0 ! result1 )\t a pull f be/ pace2 & we turn$ him up 9 ! op5 j z ! p>i% lant]n gave u notice to look out = squalls4 ,!re exi/s1 9 "s ma/]s ( h\nds1 a disposition to keep back su* m5 z1 :5 h\nds are 9 *ase1 foll[ !m ?r\gh ! cov]s !y take 9 _! l9e4 ,x is n my desire to inculcate disob$i5ce to ! p[]s t be2 b c]ta9ly ,i _c second t pr9ciple1 ei!r ) ref]5ce to ^? :o adopt x1 or ^? to :om x is int5d$ to apply4 ,:5 a hunt$ fox has rea*$ a cov]1 n only is x ! be/ way to *e] h\nds to him1 t !y %\ld n feel !mselves alone1 b also ! noise made by m5 foll[+ !m is ! mo/ likely way to make a fre% fox break1 )\t any ( ! /raggl]s gett+ on him4 ,i h se5 a fox crawl into cov] dead beat1 & already 9 ! m\?s ( ! pack4 ,! huntsman & a :ip foll[$ !m--! 8:oo-:oop0 0 giv5--! ma/] & ! re/ ( ! field wait$ on ! outside4 ,!y rema9$ 9 pati5ce till t5 m9utes _h elaps$4 8,surely10 said an old h& at la/1 8!y are do+ m ?an bay+ him ) all t cry4 ,h>k6 x has got to ! opposite side ( ! wood3--by heav5s6 !y're away ) a fre% fox40 ,& s !y 72 & !y kill$ him at ! end ( =ty m9utes )\t a *eck1 & )\t a sight ( !m ev] be+ caught1 save by ! s]vants1 :o _h foll[$ to lift ! fox t _h crawl$ dead beat into ! cov]4 ,i h ?us attempt$ to sket*1 = ! "y disciple ( ! 8noble sci5ce10 a slight code ( maxims ( g5]al application4 ,= ! pr9ciples ( practice to direct him 9 ! con/antly occurr+ cases1 :i* admit ( no rule save t aris+ out ( individual circum/ances1 he mu/ rely ^u himself4 ,"u ?is g5]al head ( ,,hunt+1 ,i h n ?\ght x necess>y to ent] ^u any v>ieties ( ! *ase1 save ^? ( ! fox & ! h>e4 ,/ag-hunt+1 z a rural sport1 is limit$ to a v few di/ricts2 & = its pursuit requires only a k ( horseman%ip1 & a quick eye to a c\ntry4 ,fox-hunt+ & h>e-hunt+ ,i h treat$ ) ref]5ce only to ! po9ts ( practice :i* apply to ! conv5i5ce ( ^? :o select !m z appliances ( recreation4 ,?is "w1 9 its nature1 is rudim5t>y1 x pr(esses to deal ) ! elem5ts ( our manly ex]cises1 & s f> to treat ( our national sports ( ,,rac+1 ,,hunt+1 & ,,%oot+4 ,its (fice is to in/ruct ! beg9n]1 leav+ ! high] classes to volumes ( m pret5sion4 ,) ?is view ( its purpose1 ,i h br\ght ! subject ( ! ,*ase to ! limit :i* ,i design$ = x4 ,x is a truly manly--a noble sport4 ,long may x be *]i%$ & fo/]$ 9 our l&6 ,! qualities :i* x calls into action are ^? :i* conf] hon\r on manhood1--c\rage1 promptness1 activity1 & decision4 ,surely ^! are r>e prop]ties 9 :i* to ex]cise a y\?1 & ^! ! ,*ase w eng5d] & n\ri%3 :ile to su* z require t a moral atta* to e occupation ( life1 x has ?is to recomm5d x1 t1 9 rid+ to h\nds1 ?is great tru? is h\rly inculcat$--8,hone/y is ! be/ policy40 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,,%oot+4 ,x is my purpose1 9 ! pres5t *apt]1 z 9 ! two prec$+1 to (f]1 z companion to ! sy/em ( ex]cises describ$ 9 ! fir/ "p ( ?is "w1 c]ta9 practical rules ^u ano!r ( ^? popul> field sports1 a k ( :i* has 9 all ages be5 consid]$1 9 ?is c\ntry1 "p ( a g5tleman's education4 ,! p]fection to :i* we h atta9$ 9 ! manufacture ( all ! implem5ts connect$ ) ?is bran* ( sport+1 w\ld make a diss]tation on ! mat]iel ( %oot+ a piece ( useless in=mation to ^? = ^: s]vice ^! notices are int5d$4 ,in/ead1 !re=e1 ( fill+ ^! pages ) elaborate in/ructions = select+ 8 guns1 gun-cases1 flasks1 belts1 & ! :ole catalogue ( %oot+ ge>1 ,i pres5t my read] ) "o solit>y gold5 maxim1 :i* w ensure to him ! possession ( a p]fect app>atus1 & t ev5tually on ! mo/ economical t]ms3 ,let him g1 = e article ( 8 equipm5t1 to ! mo/ celebrat$ arti/ 9 ! item ( :i* he has ne$4 ,x is true t1 comp>$ ) ! scale ( prices 9 ! prov9ces1 ! *>ges ( ! fir/-rate ,london gunmak]s are />tl+ ?+s ^u pap]1 & s are ^? made by coa*mak]s ( ! same class4 ,inde$1 ! same may be said ( ! rate ( dem& common to ! lead+ deal]s ( ! metropolis2 b he w f9d t f9is coronat opus4 ,an economical fri5d ( m9e1 :o 0 rec5tly qu>t]$ 9 ,irel&1 ord]$1 ( "o ( ! mo/ respectable firms 9 ,dubl91 a travell+ *>iot1 ! price1 ) ! usual et cet]as1 be+ two hundr$ & fifty p\nds3 "h x w\ld h co/ him ?ree hundr$1 or ?ree hundr$ & tw5ty4 ,j z x 0 complet$1 he 0 ord]$ home2 & 8 new b>ga9 broke d[n ) him f\rte5 times betwe5 ,liv]pool & ,london4 ,z a contra/ to ?is3 ,an old sport+ associate1 nev] p>ticul>ly di/+ui%$ = 8 ?rift1 rec5tly %[$ me a pair ( %oot+ %oes1 = :i* he paid ,hoby two gu9eas1 t he has _h 9 con/ant "w = sixte5 ye>s6 ,no record has be5 pres]v$ ( ! numb] ( times !y h _h new bottoms4 ,! only p]i%able portions ( ^! cordwa9+ ph5om5a1 h[ev]1 are _! soles3 _! bodies appe> to be immortal4 ,to return to ! appo9tm5ts ( ! "y aspirant to ! hon\rs ( ! trigg]4 ,al?\gh ,i set out ) suppos+ him equipp$ ) ! be/ d\ble detonator t money c procure f a mak] ( kn[n "*1 & all o!r me*anical appliances = ! field1 a prop] managem5t & judici\s arrangem5t ( !m is by no means to be simil>ly obta9$4 ,^u ! condition ( ^? me*anical aids 8 success dep5ds1 q z mu* z ! adroitness to :i* he may arrive 9 ! use ( !m4 ,:e!r t dep>tm5t be 9 ! h&s ( a gamekeep] fully compet5t to all its details1 or !re be an actual necessity = ! ma/]'s eye to direct x1 a k ( ! mo/ approv$ means w be f\nd equally ess5tial4 ,pr(ici5cy 9 any art or sci5ce requires an intimacy ) ! :ole ma*9]y ( its economy4 ,x 0 ?is conviction t made an emp]or a lab\r] 9 a docky>d1 & %\ld induce e sportsman to acqua9t himself ) ! m9ute/ p>ticul>s be>+ ^u 8 craft4 ,to ?is end ,i w give a few rules1 d]iv$ z well f p]sonal exp]i5ce z f "s ( ! mo/ approv$ au?orities on ! subject t h appe>$ 9 pr9t4 ,,gun-,,clean+4--,use cold wat] = ! purpose ( cleans+ ! b>rel1 & f9i% by p\r+ 9 boil+ wat]1 tak+ c>e to /op ! t\*-hole4 ,%ake x up & d[n well1 & dra9 x f ! muzzle1 :i* w cle> ! *amb]4 ,! hot wat] greatly aids ! process ( dry+1--"o ( ! mo/ important p>ts ( gun-wa%+4 ,aft] ! wa%+ is conclud$1 by look+ d[n ! b>rel ) ! t\*-hole op51 y w be enabl$ to see into ! *amb]1 & asc]ta9 :e!r x be effectually cle>$ out or o!rwise4 ,! f\lness ( ! b>rel ( c\rse mu/ be ! crit]ion by :i* ! p]son employ$ 9 clean+ x w be decid$4 ,%\ld x require to be sc\r$1 to remove p[d] encru/$ on its sides1 v f9e s& & hot wat] %\ld be us$1 & c>e tak5 to r9se x out ?or\ghly1 at ! la/1 ) boil+ wat]1 to cle> ! *amb] ( any?+ t may h be5 driv5 into x by ! wa%+-rod4 ,! mat]ial 9 ord9>y use = gun-clean+ is t[1 to :i* !re is ! objection t p>ticles are apt to become deta*$ f x1 & lodge 9 ! *amb]s4 ,to prev5t any *ance ( ?is k9d1 ,i w\ld recomm5d ! sub/itution ( clo?1 :i* w be f\nd to answ] ! purpose q z well1 be+ at ! same "t free f all su* haz>d4 ,x is a bad habit to fall into1 t ( lay+ by y\r gun load$3 let ! *>ge be drawn aft] ! day's "w4 ,if y h _h b a few %ots1 ! less tr\ble !re w be 9 ! clean+3 a m]e hot-wat] r9se1 & a good dry+1 w be en\gh4 ,%\ld y\r gun conta9 an old *>ge :5 y g out1 d n put y\r fai? 9 x3 ! odds are all 9 fav\r ( its hang+ fire4 ,squib x (f1 fir/ draw+ ! %ot1 & load aga9 :ile ! b>rels are w>m2 probe y\r t\*-holes2 wipe y\r locks )9 & )\t2 & if y _c comm& success aft]w>ds1 y w h ! satisfaction ( kn[+ t y h tak5 ! be/ c\rse to ensure x4 ,e "t y load1 obs]ve :e!r y\r t\*-hole be free3 x is b a mom5t's occupation1 & a c]ta9 security aga9/ a mon/r\s annoyance--miss+ fire1 probably at "o ( y\r be/ *ances dur+ ! day4 ,9 all cases ( hang+ or miss+ fire1 ! seat ( disease is ! t\*-hole or *amb]1 if y\r cap has explod$3 to ^! apply ! rem$y4 ,i speak only ) ref]5ce to detonators1 z !y h n[ become s v univ]sal3 ( c\rse :5 a fl9t gun is us$1 ! mis*ief may be caus$ by a faulty fl9t4 ,y\r la/ act %\ld be1 :5 ! day's sport is ov]1 be=e y ent] ! h\se1 to let d[n ! spr+s ( y\r locks3 ! less /ress y keep ^u !m1 ! m p[] & ela/icity !y w reta94 ,?is is ! plan to make "o lock we> out ! be/ ,damascus b>rel4 ,,p[d]4--,! names ( mo/ ( ! great manufactur]s ( gunp[d] are n[ suffici5t gu>antee = ! excell5ce ( ! article be>+ _! signatures4 ,pur*ase y\r supply f any respectable h\se1 & y w be secure t x is g5u9e3 beyond ! label y ne$ n seek4 ,y\r c>e1 !n1 mu/ be to pres]ve ! orig9al /r5g?1 by putt+ x into cani/]s closely cork$ & seal$1 aft] fir/ hav+ c>efully dri$ x1--a process = :i* ,colonel ,hawk] gives ?is excell5t recipe3 8,y\r p[d] %\ld always be prop]ly dri$1 9 ord] to d :i* make two or ?ree plates v hot be=e ! fire1 & 7fir/ tak+ c>e to wipe !m well1 le/ any p>ticle ( c9d] %\ld adh]e to !m7 keep con/antly %ift+ ! p[d] f "o to ! o!r1 )\t all[+ x to rema9 suffici5tly long 9 ei!r to cool ! plate4 ,! p[d] w !n be m effectually air$1 & m exp$iti\sly dri$1 ?an by ! m common means ( us+ only "o plate1 :i* ! p[d]1 by ly+ on x1 soon makes cold1 & !re=e ! plate requires to be two or ?ree times heat$40 ,no?+ c be add$ to ?is1 save ! admonition t ! op]ation be p]=m$ at su* a di/ance f ! fire z to prev5t ! possibility ( a sp>k or c9d] rea*+ y4 ,! sure/ way is to dry y\r p[d] 9 "o room1 & to heat y\r plates 9 ano!r4 ,,%ot4--,"h is a division ( my subject mu* less easily dispos$ ( ?an ! la/4 ,! selection ( %ot is a "q ^u :i* _m ( ! be/ au?orities are at issue4 ,"s deal ) x only 9 ref]5ce to ! game = :i* x is int5d$2 o!rs consid] x m]ely z hav+ relation to ! l5g? & diamet] ( ! b>rel = :i* x is requir$4 ,i recomm5d ! middle c\rse1--m$io tutissimus ibis4 ,colonel ,hawk] tells u t 8x is n s mu* ! magnitude ( ! pellet1 z ! =ce ) :i* x is driv51 t does ! execution40 ,no "o c accord m *e]ful fealty ?an ,i d to ! g5]ality ( t fir/-rate sportsman's op9ions2 b ,i _c all[ my admiration to dazzle my common s5se1 or to subscribe to ?is hypo!sis4 ,) a swan-drop1 y break ! leg ( wild-bo> or r$-de]2 b c\ld any =ce kn[n to ! sci5ce ( projectiles accompli% x ) a gra9 ( numb] #i1 or du/-%ot8 ,! rule %\ld be1 to suit y\r numb] to y\r game--! exception1 to y\r gun & its calibre4 ,tak+ ! av]age size at :i* f[l+-pieces are n[ made1 & ! g5]al "* ( ,engli% sport+1 ,i h no hesitation 9 say+ t !re are v few in/ances 9 :i* numb] #g w n be f\nd to answ] ! purposes ( a day's %oot+4 ,x is n ! p[] to p5etrate t fills ! bag4 ,_m a bird c>ries (f a qu>t] ( an ounce ( lead 9 8 body2 b break 8 w+1 & :at c he d !n8 ,! advocate ( small %ot urges ! increas$ space :i* x cov]s1 & consequ5tly ! increas$ *ances 9 fav\r ( its hitt+2 b to hit y\r bird1 & to br+ him d[n1 are two v diff]5t ?+s4 ,cat* him any:]e ) a good-siz$ pellet1 & ! odds are t he comes to bag2 /uff him ) du/1 & he flies away ) a :ole *>ge1 unless x has enc\nt]$ a vital "p4 ,x is to be rememb]$ t ,i am n "h address+ my obs]vations to fir/-rate ma/]s ( ! trigg]1--to su* pr(essors z ,ross1 ,sutton1 or ,osbaldi/on4 ,i h n deem$ x necess>y to g into ! relative m]its ( %ot ^u su* m9ute niceties z ! increas$ rotatory motion ( ! l>g] pellets1 & ! l4 ,9 an epitomis$ treatise l ?is1 ! l5g? ( my design only ext5ds to (f]+ ! be/ g5]al h9ts t sugge/ !mselves to me1 z applicable to ! s]vice ( ! novice4 ,to su*1 !n1 ,i say1 9 all ord9>y cases1 make use ( numb] #g3 nev] g high]1 = a jack-snipe w (t5 fly away ) ! full ( a *>g] ( numb] #i 9 8 body4 ,if1 h[ev]1 y\r sport lies exclusively 9 ?ick woodl&s1 or :]e only v long %ots are likely to be _h1 supply y\rself ) numb]s #b or #c2 b at ! same "t take c>e to provide a long & heavy gun1 t w ?r[ !m ev51 & n 9 lumps & clu/]s4 ,,p]cussion ,,caps4--,detonat+ guns h n[ be5 s long 9 g5]al use1 t ! famili>ity ?us produc$ ) ! v>i\s prop]ties & k9ds ( fulm9at+ p[d]s1 ensures ! v g5]al p]fection to :i* ^! invaluable auxili>ies ( ! %oot] h atta9$4 ,!y are to be _h1 ( an almo/ uni=m excell5ce1 at all ! respectable gunmak]s 9 t[n & c\ntry4 ,,wadd+4--,"h aga9 is a matt] on :i* y w f9d a va/ v>iety ( op9ion4 ,"s get rid ( x altoge!r by adopt+ ! new sy/em ( c>tridges4 ,^u ?is po9t ,i d n wi% to (f] any ( ! results ( my own limit$ exp]i5ce4 ,i h %ot ) ^!1 & ) av]age success--a l[ av]age ,i admit1 = ,i h no pret5sions to ! "n ( a crack4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 wor? ! exp]im5t ( a trial1 ?\gh ,i am dispos$ to believe ! success or failure ( x w mu* dep5d ^u ! accid5tal prop]ties & effects ( ! mat]ials submitt$ to ! te/4 ,to return to ! sort ( wadd+ :i* may be/ s]ve ^? :o /ill adh]e to ! old sy/em ( m]e p[d] & %ot4 ,aft] enum]at+ ! v>i\s claims ( pap]1 hat1 c>d1 & lea!r1 ,colonel ,hawk] gives ! pref]5ce to pun*$ pa/ebo>d1--! ?ickness to increase 9 ! ratio ( ! diamet] ( ! b>rel4 ,! be/ t h ev] come "u my notice are ,*]ry's prep>$ wadd+s1 suit$ to e calibre4 ,!y are manufactur$ f felt :i* has und]gone a process t prev5ts ! accumulation ( damp aft] fir+1 & are to be procur$ at any gunmak]'s = ! co/ ( ! mat]ials 9 ord9>y use4 ,^! ,i d recomm5d1 & ,i am sure ^? :o accord !m a trial w h no reason to regret x4 ,!y cov] ! p[d] effectually1 & (f] b little resi/ance to ! %ot1 :i* is all t is requir$ ( wadd+4 ,mr4 ,*]ry w\ld improve ^u 8 inv5tion by pi]c+ ! wadd+s int5d$ to cov] ! %ot1 z x w\ld facilitate ! op]ation ( load+1 :ile ! %oot] made ! di/9ction by c>ry+ ^? = ! p[d] 9 8 left-h& pocket1 & ^? = ! %ot 9 8 "r4 ,,! ,,p[d]-,,flask4--,x is /range t1 among ! _m +5i\s improvem5ts effect$ 9 ! implem5ts ( ! %oot]1 ! p[d]-flask1 c]ta9ly ! mo/ important ( all1 %\ld h be5 left 9 its pres5t dang]\s condition4 ,i am aw>e t an attempt1 & a praisewor?y "o1 0 made "s ye>s ago by ,mr4 ,egg1 to r$uce ! *ances ( accid5t :i* ! pres5t con/ruction ( ! flask involves2 b ,i ask :y has n "s contrivance1 )\t any ( ! old leav5 9 x1 be5 sugge/$ & effect$8 ,9 ! %ot-belt ! *>g] is :olly deta*$--:]e no risk1 at all ev5ts1 w\ld foll[1 7 x o!rwise--:]eas1 :5 load+ ) p[d]1 ! *>g]1 ) ! flask atta*$1 is introduc$ into ! muzzle ( ! gun1 s t %\ld x1 by any accid5t1 become ignit$1 an explosion 7& mo/ probably a fatal "o7 ( ! :ole ensues z matt] ( consequ5ce4 ,h[ev]1 to deal ) x z y f9d x1 ) prop] precaution1 :5 y fill y\r *>g] let back ! spr+ gradually1 t no *ance may be giv5 away 9 ! ev5t ( a bit ( fl9t1 or any sub/ance t might ?r[ out a sp>k1 be+ /ruck by x4 ,nev] lose sight ( ! mat]ial :i* y\r flask conta9s4 ,let no?+ induce y to fire ) x 9 y\r h&4 ,if a *ance %ot (f] :ile y are load+ a dis*>g$ b>rel1 ?r[ x beh9d y1 if !re is n "t to return x to y\r pocket4 ,,load+4--,i h n ?\ght x necess>y to occupy any ( my limit$ space ) ! %ot-belt1 because x is s simple1 & at ! same "t s excell5t 9 con/ruction1 t ! m]e/ novice _c be a/ray 9 ! use ( x4 ,n s is x ) ! important (fice--t ( load+ y\r gun aright1 al?\gh x is impossible to lay d[n any rules = x applicable to e case4 ,exp]i5ce alone w enable y s to proportion y\r *>ge t y %all come at ! full p[]s ( :i* y\r gun is capable4 ,! gauge1 ! l5g?1 ! weight--all mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt1 & provid$ =4 ,= ! ord9>y run ( f[l+-pieces1 ! foll[+ is a fair proportion3--,a %ot-*>g] t holds an ounce & a half ( %ot may be fill$ to ! brim ) p[d]1 :i* wall s]ve to load )1 z also to prime3 ! same measure fill$ up ) %ot w con/itute y\r *>ge ( lead4 ,by ^! proportions1 y c ?us regulate ! *>g]s ( y\r belts & flasks4 ,aga9/ ?is sy/em x is cont5d$1 by ! ultra-p>ticul>1 t x is a bad "o 9 ref]5ce to p[d]1 :i* is manufactur$ )\t reg>d to weight1 only ! projectile =ce be+ consid]$4 ,^! are m9uti1 h[ev]1 into :i* ,i d n desire to introduce ! le>n]4 ,he w h en\gh to d ) ! m imm$iate affairs ( prep>+ 8 n]ves1 =m+ a judgm5t ^u sight & di/ance1 & lay+ a f\ndation ^u a basis ( "r pr9ciple & prompt p]=mance1 )\t :i* he w h little bus9ess ^u t ar5a to :i* ,i am ab\t to introduce him1 aft] a long b /ill a necess>y preface4 ,,%oot+4 ,,! ,,field4--,unless :]e "s positive m5tal or physical prohibition exi/s1 a c]ta9 degree ( excell5ce & dext]ity 9 e art & sci5ce is op5 to su* z seek ) c>e & p]sev]ance4 ,?us1 al?\gh1 f natural causes1 e man _c aspire to ! hon\r ( becom+ a crack %ot1 !re is sc>cely any t may n acquire ! art ( %oot+ tol]ably well4 ,! soon] ! essay is made1 ! bett] ! *ance ( its success2 & z my pupil is suppos$ to be 9 ?is condition1 ,i proce$1 )\t fur!r introduction1 to (f] su* practical rules & maxims z may be/ s]ve to promote ! end he %\ld h 9 view--t ( becom+ cauti\s 9 ! managem5t1 & /eady 9 ! use ( 8 gun4 ,! fir/ /ep1 assum+ ! le>n] to be a complete novice1 w be to acquire ! prop] mode ( putt+ 8 gun to 8 %\ld]1 & ( br++ ! sight to be> ^u a p>ticul> object1--! latt] only to be rightly accompli%$ ) ! bree* & sight on a level4 ,hav+ atta9$ ?is prelim9>y1 let him take a fl9t gun1 ) a piece ( wood sub/itut$ = ! fl9t1 & practise at ! object s situat$1 always rememb]+ to pull ! trigg] ! mom5t ! sight is on ! m>k--a precaution he w f9d ! va/ advantage ( z he comes to apply x to fly+ %ots4 ,aft] a practice s conduct$ till ! eye ceases to fl9* :5 ! trigg] is drawn1 he may beg9 to load ) half *>ges1 & cont9ue to practise at 8 object1 occasionally1 )\t 8 k1 small *>ges ( %ot be+ add$1 s t he %all /rike 8 m>k )\t ! n]v\s excitem5t ( feel+ t he is mak+ ! attempt4 ,! great po9t--t ( /ead9ess comb9$ ) self-confid5ce--be+ arriv$ at1 he may n[ try 8 h& at small birds2 b ev5 aft] he has become adroit at ^!1 he has /ill ano!r ordeal to g ?r\gh4 ,?is is ! trem\r at ! spr++ ( game1 :e!r a pack ( gr\se1 a covey ( p>tridges1 or a solit>y cock-pheasant1 :i*1 inde$1 (t5 makes z />tl+ a flight z ei!r4 ,9 ?is case1 x w s]ve him greatly to return to ! sy/em he began )1 & le>n to cov] 8 game )\t ! n]v\s appreh5sion ( a miss4 ,:ile at ?is practice1 he may beg9 to use himself to cov] ) bo? eyes op51 ! advantage ( :i* he w soon discov] :5 he comes to quick %oot+4 ,be+ tol]ably au fait at ^! po9ts ( practice 7= p]fection c only result f long exp]i5ce1 :5ce come skill & judgm5t71 x w be necess>y t he be> 9 m9d ^? rules = rightly effect+ 8 purpose :5 8 game is mov+4 ,he mu/ %oot be=e an object t crosses 8 po9t ( sight2 high = a bird ris+ 9 its flight1 or skimm+ ! surface2 betwe5 ! e>s ( h>es or rabbits runn+ 9 a /raight l9e f him1--be+ guid$1 ( c\rse1 9 e case1 by ! di/ance betwe5 him & ! m>k at :i* he aims4 ,= example1 if a bird range =ty y>ds f him1 calculat+ ! ord9>y velocity ( its spe$ ( w+1 he may safely aim six in*es be=e x4 ,no fix$ rules1 h[ev]1 c be laid d[n1 :]e ! casualties ( p[d]1 a dull or lively-%oot+ gun1 high w9ds1 & fifty o!r et cet]as1 are oppos$ to a sy/em4 ,"o pr9ciple he may always adopt ) success1 & t is1 to fix 8 eyes on ! m>k he has select$1 & fire ! in/ant ! gun is br\ght to be> ^u x4 ,x is v difficult to say at :at di/ance a bird may be :i* c be call$ a fair %ot1 because x re/s ) s _m cont+5cies4 ,=ty y>ds are g5]ally consid]$ z po9t-blank range1 b x w (t5 be f\nd easi] to br+ d[n game at fifty ?an at ?irty y>ds4 ,! w9d1 z 9 cross %ots1 & v>i\s op]at+ causes--all ! result ( tempor>y accid5t--mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,y w always h a bett] *ance to kill long cross %ots ?an ^? approa*+ or fly+ f y4 ,x is v h>d to d execution ^u birds ) a /]n-*as]1 & 9 com+ t[>ds y !y pres5t a surface (f :i* %ot is v apt to glance )\t p5etrat+4 ,i h said no?+ ab\t ! hold ( 8 gun mo/ conv5i5t = ! le>n] to accu/om himself to1 because1 9 :atev] mann] x may be put into 8 h&s at fir/1 he is sure1 ultimately1 to adopt a /yle ( 8 own1 aris+ f natural causes1 or habits almo/ z =cible4 ,! ne>] x is plac$ to ! gu>d1 ! less risk is run %\ld a b>rel bur/4 ,! grasp ( ! /ock m =w>d af=ds ! greate/ facility 9 br++ ! gun to be> ^u its object1 & m firmness ( position4 ,:ile ,i am on ! me*anical portion ( ! "y %oot]'s acquirem5ts1 or r ?+s to be acquir$1 ,i d n ?9k a bett] opportunity c be *os5 to introduce a few h9ts ^u a m advanc$ /ate ( practice1 albeit "s may1 at ! "t ( p]us+ !m1 be unfit to receive :at may be t]m$ f9i%+ lessons4 ,:5 y are ab\t tak+ a cross %ot at a long range1 fire well be=e x1 f "o to ?ree feet1 accord+ to ! spe$ ) :i* ! bird is fly+1 & let y\r gun be ?r[n above ! object4 ,! same rule mu/ direct y 9 fir+ at h>es or rabbits1 :e!r x be a cross %ot or "o 9 a "r l9e4 ,x is a mo/ mis*iev\s practice1 z f> z reg>ds y\r day's sport1 to make mu* noise 9 ! field1 h[ev] /rong ! provocation f ! disob$i5ce ( y\r dogs1 or any cause :atev]4 ,%\ld y\r po9t]s prove incorrigible1 ,i w\ld r recomm5d y1 :5 !y h sprung a covey1 to cause !m to be tak5 up1 & !n walk y\rself z ne> z y c to ! spot :]e y saw x drop4 ,%\ld ! birds rise s+ly or by ! brace1 cont9ue to beat & %oot :ile y ?9k "o rema9s3 x w be "t en\gh to look aft] ! sla9 7t _c abscond7 :5 y make sure ( ! liv+4 ,?is plan may also be successfully adopt$ :5 !re is n sc5t en\gh to prev5t ! /aun*e/ dogs f runn+ 9 ^u _! game4 ,9 m>k+ y\r covey d[n1 rememb] !y _c fall s long z !y cont9ue to skim3 !y _c alight till !y /op !mselves1 & prep>e = ! pit*1 by a flapp+ ( ! w+s4 ,i %\ld n advise y to beg9 beat+ = p>tridges1 ev5 9 ,septemb]1 be=e n9e o'clock1 & !n desi/ f x at noon4 ,f ?ree till dusk is ! gold5 division ( ! day1 at t season1 = ! p>tridge-%oot]4 ,if y\r gr\nd happ5 to lie 9 ! vic9ity ( manors t h be5 %ot ov] dur+ ! day1 y w be c]ta9 to meet ! remnants ( scatt]$ coveys1 ( all *ances ! mo/ sure to fill y\r game-bag4 ,) pheasants1 h[ev]1 :5 !y are to be s\ght 9 /rong cov]s p>ticul>ly1 y\r sy/em mu/ be almo/ rev]s$4 ,z ! day advances1 ^! birds resort to ! ?icke/ & /ronge/ ly+ t ! woodl&s frequ5t$ by !m af=d4 ,:5 beat+1 9 ! e>ly morn+1 aft] ra91 y w g5]ally f9d !m 9 ! skirts ( cov]s1 or 9 ! h$g][s adjac5t4 ,9 su* cases1 always contrive to place y\rself betwe5 !m & ! /rong old woods3 to ^! !y are c]ta9 to fly1--in/9ct tea*+ !m t !re !y are mo/ %elt]$ & secure4 ,9 battue-%oot+1 all y h to att5d to is ! situation ( ! be/ op5s1 & su* sides ( ! cov]s int5d$ to be beat51 z ! direction ( ! w9d1 & ! ord9>y resort ( ! game1 po9t out z ! mo/ judici\s /ations2 b :5 ab\t to engage 9 a s+le-h&$ day's sport1 y w require a m skilful disposition1 & clos] att5tion to ! mann] ( y\r tactics4 ,9 ?is latt] case1 y\r be/ assi/ant w be a /eady old po9t]3 "o t w range ne> y1 "w r\nd e piece ( copse & und]wood1 & poke into e nook & crevice2 well broke he mu/ be1 s z to fall at %ot1 & cr\* d[n on br++ 9 8 birds4 ,9 a treatise su* z ?is1 x w\ld be impossible to give ev5 ! briefe/ epitome ( directions = ! v>i\s classes ( game & wild-f[l %oot+4 ,be=e1 h[ev]1 ,i close my address to ! "y disciple ( ! trigg]1 ,i w (f] him a few famili> h9ts on a division ( 8 craft nei!r ! lea/ 9 importance or int]e/1--namely1 8 relation to 8 be/ ally & fri5d1 ! dog4 ,i am n go+ to sugge/ ! species be/ suit$ to g5]al %oot+1 z s v mu* dep5ds ^u ! c\ntry to be hunt$1 & ! *ance t may direct selection2 b :e!r po9t]1 sett]1 or spaniel1 y w f9d y\r acc\nt 9 mak+ su* z y int5d = coadjutors 9 ! field y\r ord9>y associates & companions4 ,try ! exp]im5t by committ+ "o puppy ( a litt] entirely to ! break]1 & reta9+ ano!r 7:5 ! g5]al rudim5ts ( 8 education h be5 acquir$7 con/antly ) y\rself1 & at e opportunity subject$ to g5tle b firm discipl9e1 & y w soon discov] :i* is ! bett] plan4 ,adopt ! same sy/em ) a p]fectly-made hunt]--a ma/] ( 8 bus9ess2 & y w soon f9d out ! diff]5ce ( be+ s]v$ by "o :o1 f habit1 w be enabl$ to und]/& y\r looks1 & ano!r :o1 at be/1 w h to puzzle out y\r wi%es1 or require to h !m ann\nc$ at ! haz>d ( flu%+ half ! game 9 ! p>i%4 ,) ?is p>t+ ^w on ! social economy ( %oot+1 closes ! la/ ( ^? notices ( our ,,field ,,sports :i* ! publi%] ?\ght x conv5i5t to appe> 9 ?is volume1 & ! treatm5t ( :i* he confid$ to me4 ,if 8 purpose has be5 fulfill$1 my desire w be accompli%$1--! wi% to please be+ our unity ( design4 ,! little tal5t ! writ] possesses1 at all ev5ts w n h fail$ f lack ( anxiety to accompli% 8 task3 :at is writ is writ1-- 8,w\ld x 7 wor?i]60 ,,index4 ,balance ,/ep3 its object to tea* ! ,free ,movem5t ( ! ,limbs & ,/eady ! ,body 9 ,walk+1 #bh2 ,ex]cises1 #bh1 #bi4 ,balanc+1 #ef2 ,position & ,action1 #eg2 ,turns 91 #eg2 its ,importance 9 all ,manly ,ex]cises & ,sports1 #ei4 ,belts1 ,utility (1 & mann] ( ,us+1 #g1 #h4 ,b]n>di's ,sy/em ( ,swimm+1 #ib4 ,c>riages3 _! ,numb] & ,v>iety 9 ,london1 #agf2 ,brilliancy 9 ,hyde ,p>k1 #agf4 ,c>ry+ ,weight1 #fj2 ,feats 91 #fa4 ,*ase1 ,h9ts on !1 #bdj2 ,excitem5ts ( !1 #bdg1 #bdh2 ,draw+ a ,cov]1 #bdh4 ,*>iot ,race1 ,poetical ,description ( a1 #agb4 ,climb+1 diff]5t k9ds (1 expla9$1 #fd-fh4 ,coa*es1 ,accid5ts to1 #bag4 ,coa* ,horses3 _! ,co/1 #agh2 ,be/ ,bre$s1 #agi2 ,/r5g?1 #aha2 ,treatm5t1 #aha1 #ahb2 ,h9ts = ,pur*as]s1 #ahb2 ,h>ness (1 #ahe2 ,managem5t1 9 ,h>ness1 #ahg4 ,coa*m53 _! ,qualifications & ,duties1 #aic-aie2 ,h9ts = ,night1 #bbj4 ,comp>ative ,/r5g? ( diff]5t ,races ( ,m51 #ag4 ,d]by ,day1 ,description ( a1 #bcc-bce4 ,dog1 ,famili> ,h9ts = ,"y ,sportsm5 on !1 #bfd4 ,discus1 ,?r[+ !1 #fb4 ,dragg+ ,:eels1 #bba4 ,driv+1 ,hi/orical ,sket* (1 #agj-age2 ,m\nt+ & ,dism\nt+1 #aih2 ! ,seat1 #aii2 ,/>t+1 #aii2 ! ,paces1 #bjj2 ! ,"t1 #bja2 ! ,:ip1 #bjb2 ,?or\ghf>es1 ,pass+1 c41 91 #bjg2 ,asc5d+ & ,desc5d+1 #bjh2 ,comp>ison ( ,engli% & ,g]man ,modes ( ,h>ness+ &1 #baa1 #bab2 ,turn+s1 #bac2 ,slips1 #bae2 ,accid5ts 91 #bae-bag2 ,ob/ructions 91 #bba4 ,dr[n$ ,p]sons1 ,treatm5t ( app>5tly1 #hj4 ,epsom ,races1 ,notice (1 #bbg4 ,ext5sion ,motions us$ 9 ! ,sword ,ex]cise1 #bj4 ,fox ,hunt+1 ! ,qualifications requir$ 91 #bdc-bde2 ! ,huntsman n to be unnecess>ily int]rupt$1 #bde2 ,keep ) ! ,pack1 #bdf2 ,rules = f9d+ ! ,h\nds if out ( ,sight1 #bdg2 ! 8,tally ,ho60 #bdh2 ,signal 9 ,draw+ a ,cov]1 #bdh2 ,movem5ts ( ! ,fox may be =ese51 #bej2 a ,day ) ! ,%rop%ire1 #bej4 ,gig1 ! ,safe/ ,po/ure :5 9 a1 #bag4 ,gu>ds on ,mail ,coa*es1 #aig4 ,gun3 ,clean+1 #bee2 ,load+1 #bei2 ,managem5t ( !1 9 ! ,field1 #bfj4 ,gymnasia ( ! ,greeks & ,romans1 #e4 ,h>ness+1 on ,engli% & ,g]man ,modes (1 #baa4 ,head1 ,sir ,francis1 on ,h>ness+ ,horses 9 ,engl&1 #baj-bab4 ,horse1 ,!1 & ,equipm5ts1 #abb2 ,animations1 ,soo?+s1 & ,corrections1 #adb2 ,treatm5t (1 #afe2 ,re/iv5ess1 #afc2 ,relative ,places (1 #ahi2 ,accid5ts1 c41 to1 #bae4 ,h\nds1 ,foll[+1 #bda2 8,quick ,eye to ,h\nds0 ess5tial 9 ! ,sportsman1 #bda4 ,hunt+3 h[ ,pr(ici5cy may be acquir$1 #bci1 #bdj2 ,rid+ at ,f5ces 91 #bda2 ,brook ,jump+ 91 #bdb2 ,draw+ a ,cov] 91 #bdh4 ,indian ,club ,ex]cise1 z practis$ 9 ! ,army1 #bb2 ,new ,portion1 f ,indian ,practice1 #bc-bf4 ,leap+3 h[ p]=m$1 #db2 ,managem5t ( ! ,brea?1 #db2 ! ,high ,leap ) a ,run1 #db2 ! ,high ,leap )\t a ,run1 #dc2 ! ,long ,leap1 #dd2 ! ,deep ,leap1 #df2 ,g5]al ,in/ructions 9 ,leap+1 #dc-dh2 ,feats 91 #dd1 #de4 ,leap+ ) a ,pole3 ! ,high ,leap1 #ej2 ! ,long ,leap1 #ed2 ! ,deep ,leap1 #ee4 ,locomotive ,ex]cises1 #b2 ! be/ ,position ( ! ,body 91 #bg4 ,manly ,ex]cises & ,recreations3 _! ,utility 9 p]fect+ & matur+ ! ,frame1 #bdj4 ,m>9]'s ,compass describ$1 #aai4 ,olympic ,games1 #bbd4 ,p>tridge ,%oot+1 #bfc4 ,p]cussion ,caps1 #beh4 ,physical ,ex]cises3 _! importance 9 reg>d to ,heal?1 #a-e2 a ,m$ium to be obs]v$1 #e2 ,op9ion ( ,ari/otle & ,plato on1 #e2 ,g5]al ,directions1 #f2 ,belts useful 91 #g4 ,position ( ! ,body 9 ,/&+1 #ah2 & ( ! ,feet 9 ,/&+1 #ai4 ,p[d]1 ,col4 ,hawk]'s ,recipe = ,dry+1 #bef2 ,flask1 !1 #bei4 ,rac+ 9 ! ,reign ( ,a!l/an1 #bbd2 a ,popul> ,pa/ime 9 ,reign ( ,ri*>d ,i4 & ,h5ry ,,viii41 #bbe2 ,james ,i4 ! ,f\nd] ( ,legitimate ,engli%1 #bbf2 ! ,fir/ ,arabian introduc$ into ,engl&1 #bbf2 ! ,bre$ ( ,horses improv$ by1 #bcf4 ,race ,c\rse at ,newm>ket1 #bbf4 ,race ,horse3 ,"q ( ,orig9 discuss$1 #bbh2 d]iv$ f ,arabian1 #bbi2 ,exploits (1 #bcj-bcb4 ,rid+1 be/ ,position ( ! ,body 91 #aba2 ,horse & ,equipm5ts1 #abb2 ,m\nt+ & ,dism\nt+1 #abf2 ! ,seat1 #abi2 ! ,balance1 #aca2 ! ,re9 ,hold1 #acb2 ! ,correspond5ce1 #acd2 ! ,action1 #ace2 ! ,h&1 #acg2 ! ,guidance1 or ,aids1 #ach-adb2 ! ,walk1 #add-adg2 ! ,trot1 #adg-aej2 ,road ,rid+1 #aej1 #aea2 ! ,gallop1 #aeb-aef2 ! ,cant]1 #aec2 ,leap+1 #aef2 ,critical ,situations 91 #aei2 at ,f5ces 9 ,hunt+1 #bda4 ,roads1 ,h9ts = ,improv+1 #agf4 ,r[+3 to leave ! ,l&+ ,place1 #aja2 ! ,pull1 #aja2 ! ,tide or ,curr5t1 #ajc2 to ,turn1 ,meet1 ,pass1 & ,l&1 #ajd4 ,royal ,ya*t ,squadron1 #aji2 its ,sail+ ,regulations1 #aaj4 ,runn+1 ,position ( ! ,body 91 #cg1 #ch2 ,action 91 #ch2 ,respiration 91 #ci2 ,mod]ate1 #ci2 ,rapid1 #dj2 ,feats 91 #da2 ,effects (1 #da4 ,rural ,sports patroniz$ by ! ,engli%1 #bcb4 ,sail+ ,clubs ^u ! ,?ames1 #ajh4 ,sail+3 ,g5]al ,directions1 #aaa-aae2 ,tack+1 #aaf2 ,reef+1 c41 #aag-aai4 ,sea ,r[+ expla9$1 #aje4 ,%oot+ ,appo9tm5ts1 #bec1 #bed2 ,gun ,clean+1 #bee2 ,p[d]1 #bef2 ,wadd+1 #beh2 ,load+1 #bei4 ,%ot1 ,directions = ,*oos+1 #beg2 ,size (1 #beg4 ,skate1 ,con/ruction ( !1 #fi-ga4 ,skat+1 ,in/ructions 91 #gb2 ,dress1 #gb2 ,dang]s 91 #hj4 ,/age ,coa*es1 ,co/ & ,me?od ( ,work+1 #agg1 #agh4 ,/r5g?1 ,comp>ative1 ( diff]5t ,races ( ,m51 #ag4 ,swimm+3 its ,utility1 #hb1 #hc2 ,prep>atory ,in/ructions1 #hc2 ,action ( ! ,h&s & ,feet1 #hc1 #hd2 ,place & ,"t1 #he2 ,aids 91 #hf2 ,cramp1 #hg2 ,ent]+ ! ,wat]1 #hh2 ,usual ,mode ( ,front1 #hh-ia2 ,respiration 91 #ia2 ,upright1 #ib2 ,back1 #ie2 ,side1 #ig2 ,float+1 #if2 ,plung+1 #ig2 ,div+1 #ih2 ,?ru/+1 #ii2 ,spr++1 #ii2 ) ,"o ,arm1 #ajj2 ,feats 91 #ajj4 ,sword ,ex]cise1 ,fir/ ,?ree ,movem5ts (1 #bj4 ,tra9+3 its ,importance 9 relation to ,heal?1 #i2 ,op9ion ( ! ,anci5ts1 #i2 ,m5tal ,p[]s improv$ by1 #aj2 ,pr9ciples (1 #aj2 ,practice ( ! ,anci5ts1 #aj1 #aa2 ,mod]n ,practice1 #ab-af2 ,"t requir$ 91 #af4 ,turf1 ,hi/orical ,notices ( !1 #bbc-bcb4 ,vault+ expla9$1 #dh2 ,oblique1 #dh2 ,/raight =w>d1 #di4 ,vessel1 ,description ( ! v>i\s ,p>ts ( a3 ! ,deck1 ,rigg+1 ,sails1 c41 #aai1 #abj4 ,wadd+ = ,guns1 #beh4 ,walk+3 its ,utility z an ,ex]cise1 #bi1 #ca2 ,g5]al ,me*anism (1 #ca2 ! ,?ree diff]5t ,times (-- ,sl[1 #cb2 ,mod]ate1 #cc2 ,quick1 #cc2 ,feats 91 #cf2 ,milit>y ,/eps1 #cd-cf2 ,use ( ! ,balance ,/ep 91 #bh4 ,weight1 ,c>ry+1 #fj2 ,feats 91 #fa4 ,:ip1 ,directions = ,us+ !1 9 ,coa* ,driv+1 #bjb4 ,ya*t ,club1 ,nor!rn1 #aaa4 ,j4 ,,bill+1 ,,pr9t] ,,& ,,/]eotyp]1 ,,wok+1 ,,surrey4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes ,inconsi/5t & ar*aic spell+ h be5 reta9$4 ,! diff]5ces 9 word+ & /ructure betwe5 ! ,table ( ,cont5ts & ! *apt] & section head+s 9 ! text h n be5 /&>dis$4 ,page #ag1 444 8(f] ! be/ answ] to declamations 4443 ! clos+ quote m>k is lack+4 ,page #fd1 444 ! incl9ation ( ! bo>d be+ dim9i%$ ) ! progress ( ! pupil 444 possibly an error = 444 be+ increas$ ) 444 or simil> 7z describ$ 9 ! next p>agraph74 ,page #fd1 #fe1 ,plate ,,xviii3 !re are no ref]5ce lett]s 9 ! illu/ration4 ,*anges made3 ,footnotes & mo/ illu/rations h be5 mov$ out ( text p>agraphs4 ,"s m9or inconsi/5cies & obvi\s typographical & punctuation errors h be5 correct$ sil5tly4 ,ditto *>act]s 9 "s tables & li/s h be5 *ang$ to ! ditto$ text4 ,page #eb3 444 z 9 ,plate ,,xvii4 fig4 #a 444 *ang$ to 444 z 9 ,plate ,,xii4 fig4 #a 4444 ,page #eh3 7fig4 #a1 ,plate ,,xx47 *ang$ to 7fig4 #a1 ,plate ,,xv47 ,page #fj3 ,fig4 #a1 ,plate ,,xvii4 *ang$ to ,fig4 #a1 ,plate ,,xvi4 ,page #hb3 ,head+ ,,aquatic ,,ex]cises ins]t$4 ,page #ajf3 coxwa9 *ang$ to coxswa94 ,page #aab footnote #bc3 %\ds *ang$ to %r\ds4 ,page #acb3 manege *ang$ to mange z else:]e4 ,page #ahi3 ,,description ,,( ,,plate ,,xlii *ang$ to ,,description ,,( ,,plate ,,xliii4 ,page #bjh3 7,plate ,,xliii4 fig4 #d47 *ang$ to 7,plate ,,xliv4 fig4 #d47