,transcrib]'s ,notes ,obvi\s typographical errors h be5 sil5tly correct$4 ,sev]al tables h be5 divid$ ) duplication ( ! fir/ column because ( _! excessive wid?4 ,italics are repres5t$ ?us italic4 ,issu$ ,m>* #ag1 #aiaa4 ,u4 ,s4 ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,agriculture1 ,,bureau ,,( ,,animal ,,indu/ry4--,,bullet9 #acb4 ,a4 ,d4 ,,melv91 ,,*ief ,,( ,,bureau4 ,a ,,bact]iological ,,/udy ,,( ,,ham ,,s\r+4 ,,by ,c4 ,n4 ,mc,b,r,y,d,e1 ,m4 ,d41 ,s5ior ,bact]iologi/1 ,bio*emic ,division4 ,illu/ration3 ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,agriculture4 ,,wa%+ton3 ,,gov]nm5t ,,pr9t+ ,,(fice4 #aiaa4 ,,! ,,bureau ,,( ,,animal ,,indu/ry4 ,*ief3 ,a4 ,d4 ,,melv94 ,assi/ant ,*ief3 ,a4 ,m4 ,,f>r+ton4 ,*ief ,cl]k3 ,,*>les ,c4 ,,c>roll4 ,animal ,husb&ry ,division3 ,,george ,m4 ,,rommel1 *ief4 ,bio*emic ,division3 ,m4 ,,dorset1 *ief4 ,dairy ,division3 ,b4 ,h4 ,,rawl1 *ief4 ,inspection ,division3 ,,rice ,p4 ,,/$dom1 *ief2 ,r4 ,a4 ,,ramsay1 ,,morris ,,wood51 & ,,alb]t ,e4 ,,behnke1 associate *iefs4 ,pa?ological ,division3 ,,john ,r4 ,,mohl]1 *ief4 ,qu>ant9e ,division3 ,,ri*>d ,w4 ,,hickman1 *ief4 ,zoological ,division3 ,b4 ,h4 ,,ransom1 *ief4 ,exp]im5t ,/ation3 ,e4 ,c4 ,,s*ro$]1 sup]9t5d5t4 ,editor3 ,,james ,m4 ,,pick5s4 ,,lett] ,,( ,,transmittal4 ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,agriculture1 ,,bureau ,,( ,,animal ,,indu/ry1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 ,novemb] #b1 #aiaj4 ,,sir3 ,i h ! honor to transmit & to recomm5d = publication z a bullet9 ( ?is ,bureau a pap] entitl$ 8,a ,bact]iological ,/udy ( ,ham ,s\r+10 by ,dr4 ,c4 ,n4 ,mc,bryde1 s5ior bact]iologi/ 9 ! ,bio*emic ,division ( ?is ,bureau4 ,! s\r+ ( hams is a s\rce ( consid]able loss 9 ! meat-pack+ indu/ry1 & ! cause ( ?is tr\ble has h]et(ore be5 9 d\bt4 ,dr4 ,mc,bryde's pap] pres5ts ! results ( an exhau/ive /udy ( ! subject1 f :i* x appe>s t he has succe$$ 9 discov]+ ! true cause ( ! tr\ble4 ,besides a description ( ! exp]im5tal "w ! pap] discusses me?ods ( prev5t+ ! s\r+ ( hams & ! prop] disposal ( ^? :i* h become affect$4 ,respectfully1 ,a4 ,d4 ,,melv91 ,*ief ( ,bureau4 ,hon4 ,,james ,,wilson1 ,secret>y ( ,agriculture4 ,,cont5ts4 ,page4 ,introductory #g ,me?od ( cur+ hams #h ,def9ition ( s\r+ #aj ,classification ( s\r hams & location ( s\r areas #aj ,me?od ( detect+ s\r hams #ab ,!ories 9 reg>d to ham s\r+ #ab ,previ\s exp]im5tal "w to det]m9e cause ( ham s\r+ #ac ,! pres5t exp]im5ts #ad ,m$ia employ$ #ad ,me?od ( proc$ure 9 exam9+ hams #ae ,results ( exam9ation ( s\r & s\nd hams #af ,hi/ological *anges 9 s\r hams #ag ,*emical analyses ( s\r & s\nd hams #ah ,bact]iological exam9ation ( s\r & s\nd hams #bj ,inoculation exp]im5ts ) hams #ba ,probable me?od by :i* ham-s\r+ bacillus ent]s hams #cc ,possibility ( infection prior to slaught] #cc ,possible infection f pickl+ fluids #cd ,exp]im5t to %[ :e!r infection takes place f ! cur+ pickle #cd ,possible infection ?r\gh manipulation or h&l+ #ce ,infection f ham !rmomet]s #ce ,exp]im5t to %[ :e!r hams become infect$ f ham !rmomet]s #cg ,infection f pump+ ne$les #da ,infection f billhooks #db ,biological & morphological *>act]i/ics ( ! ham-s\r+ bacillus #dc ,conditions favorable to gr[? #dc ,gr[? on diff]5t culture m$ia #dc ,morphology #df ,spore =mation #df ,resi/ance to heat & *emical ag5ts #dg ,gas production #dg ,acid production #dh ,pa?og5ic prop]ties #dh ,nature ( ! bacillus #dh ,prev5tion ( ham s\r+ #ej ,g5]al summ>y & conclusions #ec ,ackn[l$gm5ts #ee ,,illu/rations4 ,,plates4 ,page4 ,,plate ,i4 ,fig4 #a4--,section ( muscul> tissue f s\nd ham1 %[+ muscle fib]s cut longitud9ally2 nuclei %>ply def9$ & cross /riation di/9ct4 ,fig4 #b4--,section ( muscul> tissue f s\r ham1 %[+ muscle fib]s cut longitud9ally2 nuclei und]go+ dis9tegration & cross /riation indi/9ct #af ,,ii4 ,fig4 #a4--,section ?r\gh muscul> tissue ( ham :i* has und]gone natural or spontane\s s\r+1 %[+ di/ribution ( bacilli betwe5 ! muscle fib]s1 :i* are cut obliquely4 ,fig4 #b4--,section ?r\gh muscul> tissue ( ham :i* has und]gone natural or spontane\s s\r+1 %[+ individual bacilli betwe5 ! muscle fib]s1 :i* are cut some:at obliquely #ah ,,iii4 ,fig4 #a4--,section ?r\gh muscul> tissue ( artificially s\r$ ham1 %[+ di/ribution ( bacilli betwe5 ! muscle fib]s1 :i* are %[n 9 cross section4 ,fig4 #b4--,section ?r\gh muscul> tissue ( artificially s\r$ ham1 %[+ individual bacilli betwe5 ! muscle fib]s1 :i* are cut longitud9ally #bf ,,iv4 ,glucose b\illon culture 9 ,smi? f]m5tation tube at f\r days #dh ,,text ,,figures4 ,,fig4 #a4 ,cross section ?r\gh body ( ham1 ) s\r areas indicat$ by %ad+ & dott$ l9es #aa #b4 ,cross section ?r\gh body ( ham to %[ me?od ( sampl+ = *emical analysis #ah #c4 ,cross section ?r\gh body ( artificially s\r$ ham1 %[+ s\r areas & po9ts at :i* cultures 7 tak5 #be #d4 ,diagrammatic views %[+ con/ruction ( ham !rmomet] #cf #e4 ,ham-s\r+ bacillus 7,bacillus putrefaci5s71 gr[n on egg-pork m$ium #df ,a ,,bact]iological ,,/udy ,,( ,,ham ,,s\r+4 ,,introductory4 ,! s\r+ ( hams is a matt] ( consid]able importance to ^? engag$ 9 ! meat-pack+ indu/ry1 & has be5 ! occasion ( no little worry1 z 9 ev5 ! be/-regulat$ pack+ e/abli%m5ts ! ye>ly losses x entails are consid]able4 ,! subject has giv5 rise to mu* speculation on ! "p ( ^? engag$ 9 ! cur+ ( meats1 z to ! cause ( ! tr\ble & h[ x may be rem$i$1 & has receiv$ consid]able att5tion 9 a practical way1 b little seems to h be5 done 9 a sci5tific way t[>d det]m9+ ! cause & nature ( ham s\r+4 ,9 a well-regulat$ meat-pack+ e/abli%m5t ! loss f ham s\r+ is usually figur$ at ab\t "o-t5? ( #a p] c5t ( ! total weight ( hams cur$4 ,at fir/ ?\ght ?is w\ld seem b a small loss1 b :5 "o reflects t 9 a s+le l>ge pack+ e/abli%m5t "s #c1jjj1jjj hams are cur$ dur+ ! ye>1 ! loss1 :5 figur$ out1 is consid]able4 ,tak+ #ae p\nds z ! av]age weight ( a ham1 #c1jjj1jjj hams w\ld repres5t #de1jjj1jjj p\nds ( meat4 ,figur+ ! loss f s\r+ on ! basis m5tion$1 ! am\nt ( meat condemn$ & de/roy$ dur+ ! ye> w\ld be #de1jjj p\nds4 ,assum+ t hams sell at an av]age :olesale price ( #ae c5ts a p\nd1 ! ye>ly loss = a s+le plant :i* cures #c1jjj1jjj hams a ye> w\ld be ne>ly #g1jjj4 ,:ile "o-t5? ( #a p] c5t ( ! total weight ( hams cur$ w\ld repres5t ! loss f s\r+ 9 a well-regulat$ e/abli%m5t1 /ati/ics obta9$ ?r\gh ,gov]nm5t meat inspectors %[ t #j4be p] c5t w\ld m ne>ly repres5t ! loss = ! entire c\ntry4 ,dur+ ! fiscal ye> f ,july #a1 #aijh1 to ,june #cj1 #aiji1 "s #fgj1jjj1jjj p\nds ( hams 7 plac$ 9 cure 9 pack+ e/abli%m5ts subject to ,gov]nm5t inspection4 ,e/imat+ ! loss f s\r+ at #j4be p] c5t1 ! total am\nt ( meat condemn$ & de/roy$ z s\r w\ld be #a1fge1jjj p\nds4 ,at #ae c5ts a p\nd ! total annual loss f ham s\r+ 9 pack+ h\ses subject to ,gov]nm5t inspection w\ld figure up some?+ ov] a qu>t] ( a million ( doll>s4 ,! problem ( ham s\r+1 !re=e1 is q an important "o f a practical & f9ancial /&po9t2 b aside f ^! consid]ations x is also a subject ( consid]able sci5tific int]e/1 & 9 view ( ! fact t all s\r meats are condemn$ "u ! ,f$]al regulations gov]n+ meat inspection x has seem$ fitt+ t ?is "q %\ld be made ! subject ( sci5tific inve/igation on ! "p ( ! ,bureau :i* is *>g$ ) ! adm9i/ration ( ?is inspection4 ,! inve/igation report$ 9 ?is pap] has be5 conduct$ *iefly along bact]iological l9es1 & has be5 conf9$ entirely to ! wet me?od ( cur+ hams1 z ?is me?od is ! "o g5]ally us$ 9 ,am]ican pack+ h\ses4 ,,me?od ,,( ,,cur+ ,,hams4 ,9 ord] to make cle> c]ta9 po9ts 9 reg>d to ! nature & occurr5ce ( ham s\r+ & to insure a bett] und]/&+ ( ! exp]im5ts :i* are to be describ$ lat]1 x w\ld seem be/ to beg9 ) a brief outl9e ( ! me?od ( cur+ hams z practic$ 9 ! l>g] pack+ e/abli%m5ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,?is description is m]ely a g5]al outl9e ( ! me?od ( prep>+ hams = cure & ! me?od ( h&l+ hams :ile 9 cure1 & deals *iefly ) ^? po9ts t be> on ! "q ( s\r+4 ,aft] ! slaught]$ animal has be5 clean$1 scrap$1 evisc]at$1 wa%$1 & split d[n ! middle1 ! c>cass is usually all[$ to hang = an h\r or s 9 a l>ge room op5 to ! outside air1 kn[n z ! 8hang+ floor40 ,?is is done ) a view to gett+ rid ( a c]ta9 am\nt ( ! body heat be=e ! c>cass is run into ! *ill rooms1 & effects a sav+ 9 refrig]ation4 ,! c>casses are next run into 8cool]s0 or *ill rooms1 & subject$ to refrig]ation ) a view to ridd+ !m entirely ( _! body heat4 ,! cool]s are l>ge rooms fitt$ ) br9e pipes & capable ( accommodat+ sev]al hundr$ c>casses4 ,! temp]ature ( ! cool]s :5 ! c>casses are run 9 is ab\t #cb ,f4 ,:5 fill$1 ! temp]ature ( ! cool] rises to ab\t #de ,f41 ow+ to ! heat giv5 (f f ! c>casses4 ,! temp]ature is !n gradually r$uc$ to #bh or #cj ,f4 ,hog c>casses are left 9 ! cool]s z a rule = =ty-eight h\rs1 at ! end ( :i* "t !y are /iff & firm1 b n froz54 ,! temp]ature ( ! *ill rooms is always c>efully wat*$1 !rmomet] read+s be+ made e few h\rs & duly record$4 ,! temp]ature ( ! c>casses is always te/$ :5 !y leave ! *ill room4 ,9 ^? plants provid$ ) a hang+ floor1 a c]ta9 numb] ( ! c>casses are also te/$ be=e !y are s5t to ! *ill rooms 9 ord] to det]m9e ! am\nt ( heat lo/ on ! hang+ floor4 ,! c>casses are te/$ by means ( an especially con/ruct$ !rmomet]1 kn[n z a 8ham !rmomet]10 :i* has a po9t$ metal protector s t x c be ?ru/ into ! body ( ! ham4 7,see fig4 #d47 ,! ham has be5 rightly select$ z ! prop] portion ( ! c>cass at :i* to take ! temp]ature1 z x con/itutes ! l>ge/ mass ( muscul> tissue 9 ! c>cass & holds ! body heat long] ?an any o!r portion4 ,9 tak+ ! temp]ature1 ! !rmomet] is ?ru/ deep into ! body ( ! ham s t ! po9t ( ! !rmomet] re/s alongside or a little beh9d ! upp] portion ( ! femur or middle bone1 ! latt] be+ us$ z a guide 9 introduc+ ! !rmomet]4 ,a c]ta9 numb] ( ! c>casses f ea* cool] are te/$ 9 ?is way z a *eck on ! refrig]ation4 ,! inside temp]ature ( ! hams :5 !y leave ! *ill rooms %\ld be ab\t #cd ,f4 ,! c>casses are next cut up & ! hams trimm$ = pickl+4 ,9 "s h\ses ! hams are giv5 an additional *ill+ ( #dh h\rs aft] !y are cut f ! c>casses1 b ?is is n done z a rule1 nor does x seem to be necess>y4 ,! hams are n[ s5t to ! pickl+ rooms1 or 8sweet pickle dep>tm5t10 z ?is bran* ( ! pack+ h\se is designat$1 & "h a c]ta9 numb] are aga9 te/$ ) a !rmomet]1 z describ$ above4 ,?is te/ is c>ri$ out by ! =eman 9 *>ge ( ! sweet pickle dep>tm5t 9 ord] t he may satisfy himself t ! hams are prop]ly *ill$ be=e !y g into ! pickle & z an additional *eck on ! refrig]ation4 ,! hams are n[ ready to be 8pump$10 & ?is pump+1 z w be %[n lat]1 con/itutes an important /ep 9 a successful cure4 ,pump+ consi/s 9 =c+ a /rong br9e solution conta9+ saltpet] into ! muscul> tissues ( ! ham1 & is accompli%$ by means ( a l>ge1 holl[1 f5e/rat$ ne$le connect$ by means ( a rubb] hose ) a p[]ful h& pump4 ,! ne$le is introduc$ along ! bone1 ! latt] be+ us$ z a guide4 ,9 all ( ! l>g] pack+ e/abli%m5ts two g5]al me?ods ( cur+ hams are foll[$1 ! two me?ods be+ designat$ z ! 8fancy0 or 8mild cure0 & ! 8regul> cure10 ! t]m 8cure0 be+ us$ to designate ! cur+ p]iod4 ,v>i\s trade names are giv5 by ! diff]5t pack+ e/abli%m5ts to ! hams cur$ by ^! me?ods4 ,9 ! fancy cure ! hams are pump$ 9 ! %ank only1 :]eas 9 ! regul> cure !y are pump$ 9 bo? body & %ank4 ,! same pump+ pickle is g5]ally us$ = ! two cures4 ,x is a significant fact t ! great] proportion ( ! 8s\rs0 are f\nd among ! fancy or mild cure hams4 ,?is po9t w be discuss$ f>!r on 9 connection ) "s exp]im5ts to be describ$ lat]4 ,! actual cur+ is usually c>ri$ out 9 l>ge vats :i* hold ab\t #a1djj p\nds ( meat or "s hundr$ hams4 ,! hams are pack$ 9 ! vats 9 lay]s & are entirely cov]$ ) ! pickl+ solution or br9e4 ,a c]ta9 proportion is always obs]v$ betwe5 ! weight ( ! meat & ! am\nt ( ! solution4 ,! pickl+ solution1 or 8pickle10 z x is t]m$1 is a br9e solution conta9+ saltpet] & sug>4 ,! composition ( ! pickle v>ies some:at ) ! diff]5t pack+ e/abli%m5ts4 ,! fancy-cure hams are usually cur$ 9 a mild] pickle1 t is1 "o t conta9s less salt & saltpet] ?an ! pickle us$ 9 ! regul> cure1 al?\gh 9 "s pack+ e/abli%m5ts ! same cur+ pickle is us$ = ! two cures1 ! only diff]5ce be+ ! additional pump+ giv5 ! regul>-cure hams4 ,! pickl+ rooms1 or 8cell>s10 z !y are call$1 are held at a temp]ature ( #cd to #cf ,f41 & ! pickl+ solutions are always *ill$ to ?is temp]ature be=e be+ us$4 ,! hams are all[$ to rema9 9 cure = ab\t #fj days1 & dur+ ?is "t are 8ov]haul$0 sev]al times4 ,ov]haul+ consi/s 9 ?r[+ ! hams f ! vat 9 :i* !y are pack$ into a neighbor+ empty vat1 & !n transf]r+ ! pickle to ! new vat4 ,! pickle is n *ang$1 & ! same pickle foll[s ! hams ?r\gh ! entire cur+ process4 ,! object 9 ov]haul+ is to /ir up ! pickle & expose fre% surfaces ( ! meat to its action4 ,hams are also cur$ 9 ti]ces :i* hold ab\t #cjj p\nds ( meat4 ,9 ! ti]ce cure1 ! hams are pack$ 9 ! ti]ces1 ! latt] are !n head$ up1 ! pickl+ solution is next run 9 ?r\gh ! bunghole1 s z to fill ! ti]ce entirely1 & a wood5 /opp] is f9ally driv5 into ! bunghole4 ,! ti]ces are roll$ back & =? across ! floor on dates correspond+ to ! dates ( ov]haul+ 9 ! vat cure4 ,! object ( ! roll+ is to /ir up ! pickle1 & 9 ?is way x corresponds to ov]haul+ 9 ! vat cure4 ,,def9ition ,,( ,,s\r+4 ,to ! meat inspector1 a s\r ham is "o :i* has a ta9t$ or 8(f0 odor1 t is1 any odor :i* deviates f ! normal4 ,! odor may be v slight1 s slight t at times only ! tra9$ meat inspector c detect x4 ,:5 slight1 ! odor is elusive & h>d to def9e1 b :5 pron\nc$ x has a di/9ctly putrefactive quality4 ,:5 n v pron\nc$1 ! odor possesses1 z a rule1 a slightly s\r quality1 *emically speak+1 & at times ?is s\r quality may be q m>k$2 h5ce ! t]m 8s\r ham10 or 8s\r0 has orig9at$4 ,9 a badly s\r$ ham--us+ ! t]m 8s\r0 9 ! pack+-h\se s5se to d5ote any ham t is ta9t$--! odor loses ?is s\r quality & becomes di/9ctly putrefactive 9 nature4 ,,classification ,,( ,,s\r ,,hams ,,& ,,location ,,( ,,s\r ,,areas4 ,s\r hams are class$ z 8%ank s\rs0 & 8body s\rs10 accord+ to ! location ( ! s\r+1 & ^! may be 8light0 or 8heavy40 ,:5 ! s\r+ is v pron\nc$1 ! ham is t]m$ a 8/9k]40 ,s\r+ appe>s to />t1 z a rule1 ar\nd ! /ifle jo9t 7femorotibial articulation71 & ext5ds upw>d into ! body ( ! ham4 ,9 q a l>ge proportion ( ! hams :i* are s\r 9 ! body--probably f #dj to #ej p] c5t--! s\r+ ext5ds ?r\gh to ! bone m>r[ ( ! femur or middle bone1 & ! s\r odor is at times m pron\nc$ 9 ! bone m>r[ ?an 9 ! meat4 ,! odor ( ! bone m>r[1 :5 pron\nc$1 is /rongly sugge/ive ( a dissect+-room odor1 & is di/9ctly putrefactive 9 quality4 ,9 ! case ( light body s\rs ! s\r odor is conf9$ to a small area imm$iately ar\nd ! bone1 & may be s slight t x is detect$ only ) difficulty4 ,9 su* hams ! bone m>r[ is apt to be sweet1 & x is n until ! s\r+ becomes m ext5sive t ! bone m>r[ becomes involv$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--;,cross section ?r\gh body ( ham1 ) s\r areas indicat$ by %ad+ & dott$ l9es4 ,! di/ribution ( ! s\r area 9 ! body ( a well-develop$ s\r is %[n 9 figure #a4 ,9 ! case ( a well-develop$ body s\r ! s\r area is m pron\nc$ ne> ! bone1 z repres5t$ 9 figure #a by ! %ad$ area1 & may ext5d out into ! body ( ! ham = a v>iable di/ance1 accord+ to ! degree ( s\r+1 z repres5t$ by ! dott$ l9es1 gradually fad+ (f t[>d ! m>g9s1 :]e x may be imp]ceptible or entirely want+4 ,9 ! pron\nc$ s\rs1 t]m$ 8/9k]s10 ! odor p]vades ! entire ham1 & is ( a di/9ctly putrefactive quality4 ,9 %ank s\rs1 ! s\r+ is m or less conf9$ to ! %ank1 or ! region ab\t ! tibio-femoral articulation1 b may ext5d upw>d into ! l[] portion ( ! body ( ! ham4 ,,me?od ,,( ,,detect+ ,,s\r ,,hams4 ,s\r+ is detect$ & locat$ by means ( a po9t$ metal in/rum5t kn[n z a 8ham tri]10 :i* resembles a long1 slightly flatt5$ ice pick4 ,! tri] is ?ru/ into ! ham at diff]5t po9ts along ! bone1 rapidly )drawn1 & ! odor :i* cl+s to ! metal not$4 ,! tra9$ inspector works v rapidly1 & is able to detect ev5 ! slighte/ s\r or (f odor :i* might be imp]ceptible to "o n tra9$ to ! "w4 ,at ! end ( ! cure all hams are te/$ ) ! tri] "u ! sup]vision ( ,gov]nm5t meat inspectors4 ,hams are also giv5 :at is call$ ! 8#cj-;day inspection0 by plant inspectors dur+ ! process ( cur+4 ,an av]age ham weigh+ f #ad to #af p\nds requires ab\t #fj days to cure1 & at ! end ( #cj days a c]ta9 numb] ( hams 9 ea* run are usually te/$ to see h[ ! cure is progress+4 ,if no s\r hams are discov]$ at ?is inspection ! pack] kn[s t ! cure is progress+ satisfactorily1 & moreov] he feels sure t 8 hams w f9i% satisfactorily1 = exp]i5ce has taught him t s\r+ develops )9 ! fir/ f\r weeks ( ! cur+ p]iod1 & if 8 hams are sweet at ! end ( ?is "t1 he c feel practically sure t no s\rs w develop lat] on4 ,,!ories ,,9 ,,reg>d ,,to ,,ham ,,s\r+4 ,! !ories z to ! cause ( s\r+ are _m & v>i$4 ,! majority ( !m are pure speculation & h no f\ndation ^u obs]v$ facts4 ,a few ( ^! !ories may be enum]at$ to %[ h[ wide & v>i$ has be5 ! speculation ^u ?is subject4 ,a !ory :i* is q preval5t among pack+-h\se employees attributes s\r+ to ov]heat+ ( ! animal previ\s to slaught]1 b te/s 7 made by driv+ hogs to ! po9t ( exhau/ion j prior to slaught] & cur+ ! hams f ^! animals 9 comp>ison ) hams tak5 f animals :i* _h be5 re/$ prior to slaught]1 ) no diff]5ce 9 ! cur$ product2 t is1 ! hams tak5 f ov]heat$ hogs cur$ equally z well z ^? tak5 f re/$ hogs4 ,ano!r !ory attributes s\r+ to a diseas$ condition ( ! meat4 ,prior to ! en=cem5t ( ! ,f$]al regulations gov]n+ meat inspection !re might h be5 "s gr\nd = su* a supposition1 b ?is !ory c\ld n hold at ! pres5t "t1 9 view ( ! ?or\gh & effici5t inspection n[ 9 =ce1 = x c be safely said t no diseas$ meat n[ passes ! ,gov]nm5t inspectors1 & !re=e no diseas$ meat goes into cure 9 inspect$ h\ses4 ,9 ord] to te/ ?is !ory1 h[ev]1 hams 7 secur$ f a numb] ( condemn$ animals :i* %[$ v>i\s diseas$ conditions1 su* z hog *ol]a1 pyemia1 septicemia1 scirrh\s *ord1 etc41 & ^! hams 7 cur$ 9 comp>ison ) hams tak5 f normal hogs4 ,x 0 f\nd t ! hams tak5 f ! diseas$ hogs cur$ equally z well z ^? tak5 f heal?y hogs4 ,! hams f ! diseas$ hogs 7 de/roy$ aft] ! exp]im5t1 z ! meat tak5 f diseas$ animals 0 ( c\rse n consid]$ fit = consumption1 ! object ( ! exp]im5t be+ m]ely to det]m9e :e!r or n s\r+ is caus$ by diseas$ conditions4 ,ano!r !ory attributes s\r+ to imp]fect or too rapid *ill+ ( ! meat be=e x is put 9 pickle1 & places ! blame ^u ! refrig]ation4 ,accord+ to ?is !ory1 s\r+ results :5 ! meat is *ill$ too sudd5ly1 ! idea be+ t by ! rapid congeal+ ( ! juices ( ! meat a coat+ is =m$ on ! outside ( ! ham :]eby ! animal heat is prev5t$ f escap+ f ! int]ior1 leav+ ! meat next to ! bone at a high] temp]ature ?an ! outside ( ! ham4 ,9 ord] to te/ ?is la/ !ory1 a numb] ( hog c>casses 7 run direct f ! kill+ floor to a cool] at #bh ,f4 & a l numb] ( c>casses ( ! same av]age weight :i* _h be5 all[$ to /& = two h\rs at ! outside temp]ature ( ! air 7#ec ,f47 7 plac$ 9 ! same cool]4 ,! c>casses :i* _h hung = two h\rs 9 ! air _h lo/ an av]age ( #ad degrees 9 temp]ature be=e go+ to ! cool]4 ,! temp]ature ( ! cool] rose to #bi ,f4 aft] ! c>casses 7 put 91 b 0 soon r$uc$ to #bh ,f4 & held at ?is temp]ature4 ,! temp]atures ( ! hams 7 tak5 at ! end ( #bd h\rs1 & practically no diff]5ce 0 f\nd 9 ! inside temp]atures ( ! two lots2 t is1 ! hams on ! hot c>casses :i* 7 subject$ to a sudd5 *ill+ exhibit$ practically ! same inside temp]ature 7i4 e41 next to ! bone7 z ^? :i* _h cool$ = two h\rs at ! temp]ature ( ! air be=e be+ plac$ 9 ! cool]4 ,/ill ano!r !ory attributes s\r+ to lack ( p5etration ( ! pickl+ fluids1 b analyses ( s\r & s\nd hams d n seem to be> out ?is !ory4 ,! rate ( p5etration ( ! pickl+ fluids1 h[ev]1 w\ld seem to h "s be>+ on ! subject1 & ?is po9t w be discuss$ lat] 9 connection ) "s laboratory exp]im5ts on ! inhibitory effects ( sodium *lorid & potassium nitrate4 ,s mu* = ! m commonly accept$ !ories :i* h be5 advanc$ to expla9 ham s\r+4 ,,previ\s ,,exp]im5tal ,,"w ,,to ,,det]m9e ,,cause ,,( ,,ham ,,s\r+4 ,a review ( ! lit]ature reveals b "o article be>+ directly on ! subject ( ! cause ( ham s\r+4 ,9 ,june1 #aijh1 ,kle9#a publi%$ 9 ! ,london ,lancet an article on 8miscur$0 hams4 ,he describes a miscur$ ham z "o :i* has a di/9ctly putrid smell1 & ! ta9t$ areas he describes z v>y+ 9 color f a dirty gray to a dirty gre51 ! muscul> tissues 9 ! /rongly ta9t$ areas be+ swoll5 & s(t1 or jelly-l4 ,f su* hams he isolat$ a l>ge nonmotile1 nonspore-be>+1 ana]obic bacillus :i* he calls ,bacillus fdans4 ,he cultivat$ ! organism on diff]5t m$ia & obta9$ f ! cultures a putrid odor resembl+ t ( ! ham f :i* ! culture 0 obta9$1 b did n attempt to produce ta9t+ by inject+ s\nd hams ) ! bacillus4 #a ,kle91 ,e4 ,on ! nature & causes ( ta9t 9 miscur$ hams4 ,! ,lancet1 vol4 #agd1 ,london1 ,june #bg1 #aijh4 ,:ile !re c be little d\bt t ,kle9's bacillus 0 ! cause ( ! ta9t+ 9 ^? hams :i* he exam9$1 ! pro( w\ld c]ta9ly h be5 /rong] _h he inject$ s\nd hams ) cultures & ?us prov5 t he c\ld reproduce ta9t+ exp]im5tally by means ( 8 bacillus4 ,kle9 exam9$ only dry-cur$ hams & does n /ate ! temp]ature at :i* !y 7 cur$4 ,he fails to (f] any explanation z to h[ ! bacillus ga9$ entrance into ! hams4 ,,! ,,pres5t ,,exp]im5ts4 ,,m$ia ,,employ$4 ,aft] consid]able exp]im5tation z to a suitable culture m$ium = ! bact]iological /udy ( s\r hams1 a modification ( ! 8egg-meat mixture0 us$ by ,rettg]#b 9 8 /udies on putrefaction 0 f\nd to be ! mo/ satisfactory4 ,?is m$ium1 :i* consi/s ( *opp$ meat & egg album51 furni%es an excell5t m$ium = ! gr[? ( putrefactive organisms :i* rapidly break d[n ! proteids ( ! meat1 giv+ rise to ! *>act]i/ic odors ( putrid decomposition4 ,rettg] us$ *opp$ beef & egg album51 b = ! pres5t "w *opp$ pork 0 sub/itut$ = ! beef1 z af=d+ a m suitable m$ium = ! gr[? ( organisms accu/om$ to gr[? 9 pork hams4 ,! modifi$ m$ium is prep>$ z foll[s3 ,a4 ,"o-half p\nd ( lean pork1 fre$ f excess ( fat & s9ew1 is f9ely *opp$ 9 a meat *opp]1 #bej cubic c5timet]s ( wat] is !n add$1 ! meat acids are neutraliz$ ) sodium c>bonate1 & ! mixture is heat$ 9 an ,arnold /]iliz] = #cj m9utes1 ) occasional /irr+4 ,x is !n set away 9 a cold place = sev]al h\rs4 ,a small am\nt ( fat collects at ! top 9 ! =m ( a fatty scum1 z x is impossible to remove all ( ! fat f ! meat be=e x is *opp$4 ,! fatty scum1 :i* h>d5s ^u /&+ 9 ! cold1 is n[ remov$4 ,b4 ,! :ites ( ?ree eggs are mix$ ) #bej cubic c5timet]s ( wat]4 ,! mixture is r5d]$ neutral to ph5olph?ale9 by means ( dilute hydro*loric acid & heat$ = #cj m9utes 9 ! ,arnold /]iliz]1 ) occasional /irr+4 ,a & ,b are n[ mix$ & #b4e grams 7#j4e p] c5t7 ( p[d]$ calcium c>bonate add$4 ,! mixture is next run into l>ge /]ile te/ tubes1 or /]ile flasks1 & /]iliz$ 9 an ,arnold /]iliz] on ?ree successive days4 #b ,rettg]1 ,l4 ,f4 ,/udies on putrefaction4 ,j\rnal ( ,biological ,*emi/ry1 vol4 #b1 #aijf4 ,9 addition to ! egg-pork mixture describ$ above1 culture tubes ( ag> & b\illon prep>$ f pork in/ead ( beef1 ) ! addition ( #a p] c5t ( glucose1 7 also us$2 b ! be/ results 7 obta9$ ) ! egg-pork m$ium1 z ) ?is m$ium1 ! e>ly developm5t ( s\r or putrefactive odors furni%$ a valuable indication z to ! pres5ce ( organisms capable ( produc+ s\r or putrefactive *anges 9 meat4 ,,me?od ,,( ,,proc$ure ,,9 ,,exam9+ ,,hams4 ,! hams 7 section$ ?r\gh ! body1 ! femur1 or 8middle bone10 z x is kn[n 9 pack+-h\se p>lance1 be+ cut at a po9t ab\t #a or #b in*es bel[ its head4 ,a cross section ( a ham ?us cut is %[n 9 figure #a4 ,aft] section+1 ! hams 7 subject$ to a microscopical1 bact]iological1 & *emical exam9ation z foll[s3 ,microscopical exam9ation4--,bits ( muscul> tissue1 tak5 f v>i\s po9ts1 7 teas$ out 9 salt solution & ! condition ( ! muscle fib]s not$4 ,sme> prep>ations 7 also made f bits ( muscul> tissue & f ! bone m>r[1 & ^! 7 /a9$ & subject$ to microscopical exam9ation4 ,portions ( ! meat 7 also h>d5$ & cut into microscopic sections1 :i* 7 /a9$ & m\nt$ = hi/ological & bact]iological /udy4 ,bact]iological exam9ation4--,9 ! bact]iological exam9ation ( s\r hams1 especial att5tion 0 direct$ to ! detection ( ana]obic species1 z x seem$ reasonable to suppose t if ! *anges tak+ place 9 s\r hams 7 due to bact]ia ^! bact]ia w\ld 9 all likelihood be ana]obes 7i4 e41 organisms :i* develop 9 ! abs5ce ( oxyg574 ,?is assumption 0 bas$ ^u ! fact t1 z a rule1 s\r+ beg9s 9 ! int]ior ( ! ham next to ! bone1 &1 fur!rmore1 ! hams are cur$ 9 l>ge vats :]e !y are completely subm]g$ 9 ! pickl+ fluids1 s t any bact]ia :i* develop )9 ! bodies ( ! hams :ile !y are 9 cure are probably re/rict$ to practically ana]obic conditions4 ,cultures 7 made f ! int]iors ( ! hams at v>i\s po9ts by fir/ se>+ ! cut surface ?or\ghly ) a heavy metal spatula & !n cutt+ out1 by means ( /]ile scissors & =ceps1 plugs ( meat ab\t #a cm4 squ>e4 ,! plugs ( meat 7 !n dropp$ into tubes conta9+ ! egg-pork m$ium & pu%$ d[n to ! bottom ( ! tubes1 :]e !y 7 held 9 place by ! *opp$ meat above2 9 ?is way conditions favorable = ! developm5t ( ana]obic organisms 7 obta9$4 ,9 inoculat+ ! pork-ag> tubes1 ! m$ium 0 fir/ boil$ to expel any inclos$ air & cool$ to #dc to #de ,c2 ! plugs ( meat 7 !n dropp$ into ! tubes & ! ag> rapidly solidifi$ by plung+ ! tubes 9 cold wat]2 9 ?is way ! bits ( meat 7 inclos$ 9 ! ag> at ! bottom ( ! tubes1 af=d+ suitable conditions = ana]obic gr[?4 ,a]obic & ana]obic plates 7 also made f ! meat1 & 9 mo/ cases b\illon tubes 7 also inoculat$4 ,cultures 7 always tak5 f ! bone m>r[ z well z f ! meat4 ,novy j>s 7 also us$ = obta9+ ana]obic conditions 9 gr[+ ! cultures4 ,*emical exam9ation4--,9 ord] to det]m9e :e!r ! s\r+ 0 connect$ ) or dep5d5t ^u a lack ( p5etration ( ! pickl+ fluids to ! int]ior ( ! meat1 ! hams 7 fur!r subject$ to a *emical exam9ation & ! cont5t ( ! meat 9 sodium *lorid & potassium nitrate det]m9$ at v>y+ dep?s4 ,,results ,,( ,,exam9ation ,,( ,,s\r ,,& ,,s\nd ,,hams4 ,! s\r hams exam9$ 7 obta9$ f f\r diff]5t pack+ e/abli%m5ts4 ,all ( ! hams /udi$ 7 8sweet-pickle hams0 :i* _h n be5 smok$4 ,! s\r hams select$ = exam9ation 7 good typical body s\rs1 9 :i* ! s\r odor 0 well develop$1 b n ( ! v pron\nc$ or putrefactive type4 ,! s\r odor 9 e case 0 f\nd to be m pron\nc$ next to ! bone1 be+ usually r m pron\nc$ j beh9d ! bone1 t is1 on ! fat side ( ! bone4 ,! s\r odor 9 ea* in/ance 0 conf9$ to an area ( meat imm$iately surr\nd+ ! femur & ext5d+ out ?r\gh ! body ( ! ham = a v>iable di/ance1 z %[n by ! dott$ l9es 9 figure #a1 b 9 no case did ! s\r odor ext5d all ! way to ! m>g9 ( ! meat1 nor did x z a rule ext5d bel[ ! tibio-femoral articulation1 ! %ank prop] & ! bone m>r[ ( ! %ank 7i4 e41 ( ! tibia7 be+ usually sweet4 ,! butt portion ( ! hams--t portion above & beh9d ! hit* bone 7symphasis pubis7--0 also sweet4 ,imm$iately aft] section+1 ! s\r areas1 z a rule1 c\ld be readily di/+ui%$ by a diff]5ce 9 color4 ,9 ! fre%ly cut hams ! muscul> tissue ne> ! bone1 :]e ! s\r odor 0 m pron\nc$1 exhibit$ a slight b di/9ct grayi% hue1 at times hav+ a slight gre5i% t+e2 9 o!r words1 ! muscul> tissue 9 ! s\r areas lack$ ! normal bright r$ color ( ! s\nd meat & 0 di/9ctly light] 9 color ?an ! surr\nd+ tissues4 ,^u exposure to air1 h[ev]1 ! light]1 grayi%1 s\r areas t5d to assume a r$di% hue & become mu* less pron\nc$ ?an 9 ! fre%ly cut ham4 ,aft] ! cut surface ( ! ham has be5 expos$ to ! air = "s "t x may be difficult to di/+ui% ! s\r areas by any diff]5ce 9 color4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bul4 #acb1 ,,bureau ,,( ,,animal ,,indu/ry1 ,u4 ,s4 ,,dept4 ,,( ,,agriculture4 ,,plate ,i4 ,,fig4 #a4--,,section ,,( ,,muscul> ,,tissue ,,f ,,s\nd ,,ham1 ,,%[+ ,,muscle ,,fib]s ,,cut ,,longitud9ally2 ,,nuclei ,,%>ply ,,def9$ ,,& ,,cross ,,/riation ,,di/9ct4 7,p5-&-ink draw+ made ) cam]a lucida f section /a9$ ) hematoxyl9 & eos9 to %[ hi/ological /ructure4 #cbj47 ,,fig4 #b4--,,section ,,( ,,muscul> ,,tissue ,,f ,,s\r ,,ham1 ,,%[+ ,,muscle ,,fib]s ,,cut ,,longitud9ally2 ,,nuclei ,,und]go+ ,,dis9tegration ,,& ,,cross ,,/riation ,,indi/9ct4 7,p5-&-ink draw+ made ) cam]a lucida f section /a9$ ) hematoxyl9 & eos9 to %[ hi/ological /ructure4 #cbj47 ,illu/ration3 ,,bul4 #acb1 ,,bureau ,,( ,,animal ,,indu/ry1 ,u4 ,s4 ,,dept4 ,,( ,,agriculture4 ,,plate ,,ii4 ,,fig4 #a4--,,section ,,?r\gh ,,muscul> ,,tissue ,,( ,,ham ,,:i* ,,has ,,und]gone ,,natural ,,or ,,spontane\s ,,s\r+1 ,,%[+ ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,bacilli ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,muscle ,,fib]s1 ,,:i* ,,are ,,cut ,,obliquely4 ,,! ,,d>k ,,masses ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,muscle ,,fib]s ,,repres5t ,,clumps ,,( ,,bacilli4 7,p5-&-ink draw+ made ) cam]a lucida f section /a9$ by ! ,gram-,weig]t me?od to %[ bact]ia4 #he47 ,,fig4 #b4--,,section ,,?r\gh ,,muscul> ,,tissue ,,( ,,ham ,,:i* ,,has ,,und]gone ,,natural ,,or ,,spontane\s ,,s\r+1 ,,%[+ ,,individual ,,bacilli ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,muscle ,,fib]s1 ,,:i* ,,are ,,cut ,,some:at ,,obliquely4 ,,nuclei ,,h ,,lo/ ,,%>p ,,outl9e ,,& ,,cross ,,/riation ,,is ,,indi/9ct4 7,p5-&-ink draw+ made ) cam]a lucida f section /a9$ by ! ,gram-,weig]t me?od to %[ bact]ia4 #cbj47 ,9 ! s\r areas ne> ! bone ! muscul> tissue 0 di/9ctly s(t]2 t is1 x broke & cut m readily ?an ! surr\nd+ tissues4 ,?is 0 usually q noticeable 9 cutt+ out plugs ( ! meat = mak+ cultures4 ,9 a ham :i* %[s pron\nc$ s\r+ ! muscul> tissues 9 ! wor/ affect$ areas may become q s(t & ev5 slightly gelat9\s4 ,! s\r areas1 :5 te/$ ) litmus pap]1 frequ5tly %[$ a slight b di/9ct alkal9e reaction4 ,:5 aque\s extracts ( ! s\r meat1 h[ev]1 7 titrat$ ) ph5olph?ale9 !y 7 f\nd to be acid4 ,,hi/ological ,,*anges ,,9 ,,s\r ,,hams4 ,9 prep>ations made by teas+ out bits ( ! meat 9 physiological salt solution1 ! cross /riation ( ! muscle fib]s f ! s\r areas 0 f\nd to be mu* less di/9ct ?an 9 simil> prep>ations tak5 f s\nd portions ( ! meat or f s\nd hams4 ,at times x 0 f\nd t ! muscle fib]s 9 ! s\r areas _h completely lo/ _! cross /ri1 b ! longitud9al /riation c\ld /ill be made out4 ,9 cases :]e ! s\r+ 0 pron\nc$ !re 0 sometimes complete loss ( bo? longitud9al & cross /riation2 9 ^! cases ! muscle fib]s appe>$ to h und]gone slight swell+ & ! protoplasm exhibit$ a f9ely granul> appe>ance4 ,9 /a9$ sections ( ! s\r meat ano!r /rik+ *ange 0 notic$ 9 ! dis9tegration ( ! nuclei ( ! muscle fib]s1 :i* are at times completely brok5 up1 appe>+ z blui% granul> masses 9 sections /a9$ ) hematoxyl9 & eos94 7,comp>e figs4 #a & #b ( ,pl4 ,i47 ,9 sections /a9$ by ! ,gram-,weig]t me?od to %[ ! pres5ce ( bact]ia1 a l>ge ,gram-/a9+ bacillus 0 not$ betwe5 ! muscle fib]s 9 ! connective-tissue elem5ts ( ! muscle4 ,9 "s ( ! sections ^! bacilli 7 pres5t 9 great numb]s1 sometimes 9 d5sely pack$ clumps or masses1 :ile 9 o!r sections1 or 9 o!r portions ( ! same section1 !y 7 only sp>sely di/ribut$ betwe5 ! muscle fib]s4 ,:]e ! bact]ia 7 m num]\s ! hi/ological *anges 9 ! muscle fib]s1 especially ! break+ d[n ( ! nuclei1 7 m noticeable4 ,! int]muscul> connective tissue _h app>5tly furni%$ pa?s ( lea/ resi/ance along :i* ! organism foll[$4 ,9 ,plate ,,ii1 figures #a & #b1 ! bact]ia are %[n betwe5 ! muscle fib]s "u l[ & high p[] magnifications4 ,9 ,plate ,,ii1 figure #a1 "u ! l[-p[] magnification1 ! bact]ia appe> z d>k clumps or b&s betwe5 ! muscle bundles4 ,"u ! high p[] !y are %[n foll[+ along ! s>colemma %ea?s betwe5 ! muscle fib]s4 ,,*emical ,,analyses ,,( ,,s\r ,,& ,,s\nd ,,hams4 ,9 ord] to det]m9e :e!r !re 0 any diff]5ce 9 reg>d to ! p5etration ( ! pickl+ fluids 9 ! s\r hams z comp>$ ) s\nd hams1 a s]ies ( f\r s\r hams 7 subject$ to a *emical exam9ation 9 comp>ison ) f\r s\nd hams4 ,all 7 sweet-pickle hams & 7 obta9$ f ! same pack+ e/abli%m5t4 ,!y 7 all ( ! same cure & ! same approximate age 7i4 e41 l5g? ( cure7 & ! same approximate weight4 ,9 tak+ samples = *emical analysis1 ! foll[+ proc$ure 0 adopt$3 ,a section ab\t #b in*es wide 0 cut f ! c5t] ( ! body4 ,! two ends ( ?is section 7 !n trimm$ (f along ! l9es ,l-,m & ,n-,o1 z %[n 9 figure #b4 ,beg9n+ at ! sk9n$ surface1 f\r slices1 ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 & ,d1 7 !n made1 z indicat$ by ! dott$ l9es4 ,slice ,b conta9$ ! bone 9 ea* in/ance4 ,slice ,d 0 practically all fat4 ,ea* slice 0 gr\nd sep>ately 9 a meat *opp] & ! sample ?or\ghly mix$ be=e tak+ out portions = analysis4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--;,cross section ?r\gh body ( ham to %[ me?od ( sampl+ = *emical analysis4 ,a1 slice bel[ bone2 ,b1 bone slice2 ,c1 slice above bone2 ,d1 fat slice4 ,z all ( ! hams exam9$ 7 mild-cure hams1 t is1 _h be5 pump$ 9 ! %ank only1 ! pickl+ fluids 9 ord] to rea* ! bodies ( ^! hams _h to p5etrate *iefly f ! sk9n$ surface ( ! ham1 z little if any p5etration takes place ?r\gh ! ?ick sk9 ( ! ham4 ,! analyses#c %[n 9 ! foll[+ tables !re=e indicate ! degree ( p5etration ( ! pickl+ fluids4 #c ,^! analyses 7 made by ,mr4 ,r4 ,r4 ,h5ley1 ( ! ,bio*emic ,division1 ,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry4 ,analyses ( s\r hams4 ,no4,description4,slice4 ,na,cl4 ,,kno4 ,p] c5t4,p] c5t4 #a ,s\r body ,a #f4ah #j4age ,b #d4hc 4#bbd ,c #c4fe 4#bii ,d #a4jc 4#jgd #b d ,a #e4cd 4#agd ,b #c4gj 4#aej ,c #b4gi 4#agd ,d #a4ab 4#jab #c d ,a #e4jd 4#abe ,b #d4jh 4#adi ,c #b4gb 4#jii ,d #a4ai 4#jdh #d d ,a #g4gh 4#bej ,b #e4ca 4#ajj ,c #d4gf 4#bjj ,d #a4if 4#jdh ,analyses ( s\nd hams4 ,no4,description4,slice4 ,na,cl4 ,,kno4 ,p] c5t4,p] c5t4 #a ,s\nd ,a #e4hj #j4baa ,b #d4hc 4#ahh ,c #c4hf 4#bba ,d #a4cc 4#jfc #b d ,a #d4id 4#aig ,b #d4jh 4#adi ,c #c4je 4#bbc ,d #a4ef 4#jei #c d ,a #e4ib 4#agc ,b #d4bi 4#jii ,c #d4ab 4#aci ,d #b4cb 4#jdi #d d ,a #e4ec 4#aai ,b #d4hi 4#jgi ,c #d4cb 4#jii ,d #b4ai 4#jda ,tak+ an av]age ( ! f\r slices 9 ea* ham s z to get an av]age = ! entire ham1 & comp>+ ! s\r hams ) ! s\nd hams1 we h ! foll[+ comp>ison3 ,na,cl4 ,,kno4 ,av]age = #d s\r hams 7entire ham7 p] c5t4 #c4hd #j4adc ,av]age = #d s\nd hams 7entire ham7 d #c4ic 4#aca ,^! figures %[ practically no diff]5ce betwe5 ! s\r & ! s\nd hams z reg>ds ! sodium *lorid & potassium nitrate cont5t ( ! entire ham4 ,if1 n[1 we comp>e ! bone slices--& ^! af=d really a bett] basis = comp>ison1 z 9 s\r-body hams ! s\r+ is always m pron\nc$ ar\nd ! bone--we h ! foll[+ figures3 ,na,cl4 ,,kno4 ,av]age = #d s\r hams 7bone slice7 p] c5t4 #d4dh #j4aee ,av]age = #d s\nd hams 7bone slice7 d #d4eb #j4abi ,"h1 aga91 we f9d no ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 ! s\r & ! s\nd hams1 & we mu/ conclude f ^! analyses t s\r+ does n dep5d ^u or result f a lack ( p5etration ( ! pickl+ fluids4 ,x seems probable t 9 mild-cure hams1 :i* are pump$ 9 ! %ank only1 ! s\r+ beg9s 9 ! upp] portion ( ! %ank & ext5ds upw>d along ! bone into ! body ( ! ham1 & t x takes place be=e ! pickl+ fluid has p5etrat$ to ! int]ior ( ! ham4 ,:5 ! pickl+ fluid rea*es ! int]ior ( ! ham x t5ds to inhibit ! s\r+1 :i*1 z w be %[n lat]1 is due to ! developm5t ( bact]ia )9 ! bodies ( ! hams4 ,! gr[? ( ! bact]ia1 h[ev]1 )9 ! bodies ( ! hams & ! hi/ological *anges 9 ! muscle fib]s d n seem to int]f]e ) ! p5etration ( ! pickl+ fluids4 ,,bact]iological ,,exam9ation ,,( ,,s\r ,,& ,,s\nd ,,hams4 ,9 all ( ! s\r hams :i* 7 exam9$ bact]iologically a l>ge ana]obic bacillus 0 f\nd to be con/antly pres5t4 ,f sev]al ( ! hams ?is bacillus 0 obta9$ 9 pure culture2 t is1 x 0 ! only organism pres5t 9 cultures made f ! s\r meat & f ! bone m>r[ ( ! femur4 ,su* cultures1 :5 held at room temp]ature1 gave1 at ?ree days1 a s\r-meat odor exactly resembl+ t obta9$ f s\r hams4 ,9 _m ( ! s\r hams o!r bact]ia 7 f\nd 9 association ) ! ana]obic bacillus not$ above4 ,^! o!r bact]ia1 h[ev]1 7 n con/ant1 be+ sometimes pres5t & sometimes abs5t4 ,among ! o!r bact]ia not$ 9 ! s\r hams1 ! foll[+ =ms occurr$ mo/ frequ5tly3 #a4 ,a nonmotile1 gram-positive bacillus1 measur+ f #a4e to #d microns 9 l5g? by #j4e micron 9 bread?1 sometimes 9 *a9s & filam5ts4 #b4 ,a small1 nonmotile1 gram-negative bacillus1 ab\t ! size ( ,bacillus coli & usually 9 pairs4 #c4 ,a l>ge micrococcus4 ,sometimes "o & sometimes all ( ^! bact]ia 7 pres5t 9 a giv5 ham4 ,!y 7 enc\nt]$ mo/ frequ5tly 9 hams :i* _h be5 pump$ 9 bo? body & %ank1 & 7 probably ord9>y pickle bact]ia4 ,!y 7 n /rict ana]obes1 b belong$ to ! class ( facultative or optional ana]obes2 t is1 organisms :i* w gr[ ei!r ) or )\t free oxyg54 ,^! bact]ia 7 isolat$ & gr[n on ! egg-pork m$ium1 b fail$ to give any *>act]i/ic s\r or putrefactive odors1 & 7 !re=e disc>d$4 ,a s]ies ( s\nd hams1 all ( !m ( mild cure--t is1 hams :i* _h be5 pump$ 9 ! %ank only--7 also exam9$ bact]iologically4 ,9 exam9+ ^! hams cultures 7 tak5 at v>y+ dep?s1 beg9n+ at ! sk9n$ surface & go+ backw>d t[>d ! fat4 ,cultures 7 also tak5 f ! bone m>r[ ( ! femur4 ,9 ! cultures tak5 ne> ! sk9n$ surfaces ! ord9>y pickle bact]ia 7 obta9$1 b ^! did n1 z a rule1 ext5d beyond a dep? ( #c c5timet]s bel[ ! sk9n$ surface4 ,! cultures tak5 f ! deep] portions ( ! hams & f ! bone m>r[ ( ! femur 7 entirely negative--t is1 fail$ to %[ any gr[?--& ! ana]obic bacillus not$ 9 ! s\r hams 0 n enc\nt]$ 9 any ( ! cultures made f ^! hams4 ,! ana]obic bacillus isolat$ f ! s\r hams 0 f\nd to correspond 9 morphology ) ! organism not$ 9 ! microscopic sections made f ! muscul> tissue4 ,9 view ( ?is fact & ! fact t x 0 con/antly pres5t 9 ! s\r hams exam9$1 & 0 capable ( produc+ 9 egg-pork cultures a s\r-meat odor ( ! same nature z t obta9$ f s\r hams1 ?is organism 0 subject$ to fur!r /udy & exp]im5tation4 ,,inoculation ,,exp]im5ts ,,) ,,hams4 ,! exp]im5ts :i* foll[ 7 conduct$ at two diff]5t pack+ e/abli%m5ts 9 "o ( ! l>g] pack+ c5t]s ( ! c\ntry4 ,! (ficials at ea* ( ^! e/abli%m5ts %[$ great int]e/ 9 ! exp]im5ts & 7 mo/ c\rte\s & oblig+ 9 supply+ ! necess>y mat]ials4 ,! fir/ "q to be decid$ 0 :e!r ! bacillus isolat$ f s\r hams 0 actually capable ( caus+ ham s\r+4 ,! bacillus 9 "q _h1 :5 cultivat$ on ! egg-pork m$ium1 giv5 rise to a s\r odor simil> to t obta9$ f s\r hams1 b ?is 0 n reg>d$ z pro( positive t ! organism 0 ! actual cause ( s\r+ 9 hams4 ,! prop] way to decide ?is po9t seem$ to be to inoculate hams ) ! bacillus & !n subject ^! hams to ! regul> me?od ( cure & see :e!r !y became s\r1 j z ! pa?og5ic prop]ties ( a disease-produc+ organism are det]m9$ by ! inoculation ( exp]im5t animals4 ,! fir/ two exp]im5ts :i* foll[ 7 design$ to decide ?is po9t4 ,x 0 reg>d$ z important to conduct simil> exp]im5ts at two diff]5t e/abli%m5ts1 9 ord] to det]m9e :e!r ! same results w\ld be obta9$ "u ! some:at diff]5t conditions impos$ by diff]5t me?ods ( cure4 ,! two exp]im5ts :i* foll[ 7 c>ri$ out1 !re=e1 at diff]5t e/abli%m5ts4 ,exp]im5t ,i4 ,9 c>ry+ out ?is exp]im5t f\r ti]ces ( hams 7 8put d[n0 or 8pack$0--t is1 plac$ 9 cure4 ,two ( ! ti]ces 7 giv5 ! fancy or mild cure & two ! regul> or /rong] cure4 ,! hams 9 two ( ! ti]ces1 "o mild & "o regul> cure1 7 inject$ ) a culture susp5sion ( ! bacillus2 ! o!r two ti]ces 7 n inject$ ) culture & 7 put d[n to s]ve z *ecks on ! cure4 ,hams weigh+ f #ab to #ad p\nds 7 us$ = ! mild cure1 :ile = ! regul> cure hams weigh+ f #ad to #af p\nds 7 us$4 ,?is 0 9 accordance ) ! g5]al rule :i* prevails 9 pack+ h\ses1 ! light] hams be+ subject$ to ! mild cure & ! heavi] hams to ! regul> cure4 ,! only diff]5ce betwe5 ! mild & ! regul> cure 9 ?is exp]im5t lay 9 ! pump+4 ,! hams :i* 7 giv5 ! mild cure 7 pump$ 9 ! %ank only1 :ile ^? giv5 ! regul> cure 7 pump$ 9 ! body z well z 9 ! %ank4 ,all ( ! hams _h receiv$ ! usual #dh-;h\r *ill4 ,!y 7 all pump$ ) ! same pump+ pickle & cur$ 9 ! same cur+ pickle1 & 7 9 cure = ! same l5g? ( "t4 ,! pump+ & cur+ pickles us$ 7 ! regul> pump+ & cur+ pickles ( ! e/abli%m5t at :i* ! exp]im5t 0 c>ri$ out1 & ! hams 7 cur$ 9 accordance ) ! fancy & regul> cures z practic$ at ?is e/abli%m5t4 ,! hams 7 pack$ 9 new ti]ces :i* _h be5 ?or\ghly scald$ ) boil+ wat]4 ,! ti]ces 7 held 9 a cur+ room :i* 0 kept at an av]age temp]ature ( f #cd to #cf ,f41 ! temp]ature occasionally go+ z high z #ch & #dj ,f41 b nev] above #dj ,f4 ,! hams 7 left 9 cure = ab\t #gj days1 :i* is a little long] ?an ! usual cure4 ,! ti]ces 7 roll$ ?ree times dur+ ! cure4 ,at ! end ( ! cure ! hams 9 all f\r ti]ces 7 c>efully te/$ by an exp]t meat inspector1 :o knew no?+ ( ! treatm5t :i* ! hams _h receiv$4 ,! hams 9 two ( ! ti]ces 7 inoculat$ ) a culture susp5sion prep>$ z foll[s3 ,t5 tubes ( egg-pork m$ium1 ea* tube conta9+ approximately #aj cubic c5timet]s ( ! m$ium1 7 inoculat$ ) ! bacillus & held at room temp]ature 7#bj to #be ,c47 = six days4 ,! cultures 7 !n filt]$ ?r\gh /]ile gauze into a l>ge /]ile flask2 ?is 0 done 9 ord] to remove ! p>ticles ( meat1 :i* might o!rwise h clogg$ ! syr+es us$ 9 inoculat+ ! hams4 ,9 transf]r+ ! cont5ts ( ! culture tubes to ! filt] ! tubes 7 wa%$ out ) /]ile physiological salt solution 7#j4f p] c5t sodium *lorid71 & ! meat p>ticles on ! filt] 7 aft]w>ds wa%$ ) ! salt solution1 a suffici5t quantity ( ! latt] be+ us$ to br+ ! total volume ( filtrate to #djj cubic c5timet]s4 ,a microscopic prep>ation f ! filtrate %[$ ! organisms 9 l>ge numb]s1 ) an occasional rod %[+ a l>ge t]m9al spore4 ,?is susp5sion 0 us$ = ! injection ( #dj hams1 ea* ham be+ giv5 #aj cubic c5timet]s1 or ! equival5t ( #b4e cubic c5timet]s ( ! orig9al culture4 ,! hams 7 inject$ ) ! culture susp5sion by means ( a /]ile syr+e c>ry+ a long #e-;in* ne$le4 ,! ne$le 0 ?ru/ well into ! body ( ! ham at a po9t ne> ! upp] end ( ! middle bone or femur1 ! latt] be+ us$ z a guide 9 ins]t+ ! ne$le & ! injection be+ made into ! tissues j beh9d & a little to "o side ( ! upp] end ( ! femur4 ,! details ( ! exp]im5t 7 z foll[s3 ,ti]ce ,no4 #a 7fancy cure74--,?is ti]ce conta9$ #bj hams weigh+ f #ab to #ad p\nds ea*4 ,^! hams 7 pump$ 9 ! %ank only4 ,imm$iately aft] pump+ !y 7 inject$ ) #aj cubic c5timet]s ea* ( ! liquid culture or susp5sion describ$ above4 ,aft] injection ! hams 7 imm$iately pack$ 9 ! ti]ce1 :i* 0 !n head$ up1 fill$ ) ! regul> cur+ pickle1 & plac$ 9 cure4 ,result3 ,:5 te/$ at ! end ( ! cure all ( ! hams 9 ?is ti]ce save "o 7 f\nd to be s\r4 ,9 #aj ( !m ! s\r+ 0 v m>k$ ?r\gh\t ! body ( ! ham & ext5d$ into ! %ank z well4 ,9 six ! s\r+ 0 v m>k$ 9 ! body ( ! ham1 b did n ext5d into ! %ank4 ,9 ?ree !re 0 slight b well-m>k$ s\r+ 9 ! body ( ! ham ) no s\r+ 9 ! %ank1 & "o rema9$ sweet4 ,! probable explanation ( ! v>iation 9 ! degree & ! ext5t ( ! s\r+ w be discuss$ lat]4 ,! bone m>r[ ( ! femur or middle bone 0 te/$ 9 all ( ! hams & f\nd to be s\r 9 #ah4 ,9 "o ( ! hams :i* %[$ only slight s\r+ 9 ! body ! s\r+ did n ext5d ?r\gh to ! bone m>r[1 & 9 ! ham :i* rema9$ sweet ! bone m>r[ 0 also sweet4 ,! fact t "o ham 9 ?is ti]ce rema9$ sweet 0 9 all likelihood due to an ov]sight 9 mak+ ! inoculations4 ,9 mak+ ! inoculations ! hams 7 spread out 9 a r[ on a table by a pack+-h\se assi/ant1 :o remov$ ! hams z soon z !y 7 inoculat$ & plac$ !m 9 ti]ces2 & x is m ?an probable t ! assi/ant remov$ "o ( ! hams be=e x 0 inoculat$ 9 ! int]val :5 ! writ] 0 busy fill+ ! syr+e = ! next inoculation4 ,ti]ce ,no4 #b 7fancy cure74--,?is ti]ce conta9$ #bj hams ( ! same av]age weight z ! prec$+4 ,!y 7 pump$ 9 ! %ank only1 b 7 n inject$ ) culture1 be+ put d[n to s]ve z *ecks on ! hams 9 ti]ce ,no4 #a4 ,^! hams1 !re=e1 7 subject$ to exactly ! same cure & 7 held "u exactly ! same conditions z ^? 9 ti]ce ,no4 #a1 ! only diff]5ce be+ t ! hams 9 ?is ti]ce 7 n inject$ ) culture4 ,result3 ,:5 te/$ at ! end ( ! cure all ( ! hams 9 ?is ti]ce 7 f\nd to be p]fectly s\nd & sweet1 %[+ t ! cur+ 9 ?is in/ance 0 prop]ly c>ri$ out & t ! s\r+ ( ! hams 9 ti]ce ,no4 #a 0 und\bt$ly due to ! injections ( culture :i* !y receiv$4 ,ti]ce ,no4 #c 7regul> cure74--,?is ti]ce conta9$ #bj hams weigh+ f #ad to #af p\nds ea*4 ,^! hams 7 pump$ 9 ! %ank & also 9 ! body4 ,imm$iately aft] pump+ !y 7 ea* inject$ 9 ! same mann] z ^? 9 ti]ce ,no4 #a ) #aj cubic c5timet]s ( culture4 ,! hams 7 !n pack$ 9 ti]ce & plac$ 9 cure4 ,result3 ,at ! end ( ! cure #i ( ! hams 7 f\nd to be s\r1 :ile #aa rema9$ sweet4 ,( ! #i hams :i* became s\r1 #a %[$ v pron\nc$ s\r+ 9 ! body & 9 ! %ank z well1 #c %[$ v pron\nc$ s\r+ 9 ! body1 #a %[$ pron\nc$ s\r+ 9 ! body1 & #d slight s\r+ 9 ! body4 ,! bone m>r[ ( ! femur 0 te/$ 9 all ( ! s\r hams & 0 f\nd to be s\r 9 #g4 ,9 #b ( ! s\r hams :i* %[$ slight s\r+ 9 ! body ! s\r+ not$ 9 ! meat _h n ext5d$ ?r\gh to ! bone m>r[4 ,ti]ce ,no4 #d 7regul> cure74--,?is ti]ce conta9$ #bj hams ( ! same av]age weight z ^? 9 ti]ce ,no4 #c1 &1 l ! latt]1 7 pump$ 9 bo? %ank & body1 b 7 n inject$ ) culture4 ,?is ti]ce 0 put d[n to s]ve z a *eck on ti]ce ,no4 #c & 0 held "u exactly ! same conditions1 ! only diff]5ce be+ t ^! hams 7 n inject$ ) culture4 ,result3 ,at ! end ( ! cure ! hams 7 c>efully te/$ & all 7 f\nd to be p]fectly s\nd & sweet4 ,results ( ,exp]im5t ,i4 ,no4 ( ,numb] ,av]age ,cure4 ,h[ pump$4 ti]ce4( hams4 weight ( hams4 ,p\nds4 #a #bj #ab-ad ,fancy ,%ank only #b #bj #ab-ad d d #c #bj #ad-af ,regul> ,%ank & body #d #bj #ad-af d d ,condition at end ( cure ,no4 ( ,treatm5t ,numb] ( ,p]c5tage ( ti]ce4 s\r hams s\r hams #a ,ea* ham inject$ #ai #ie ) #aj c4c4 ( culture4 #b ,n inject$ ) #j #j culture2 *eck on ti]ce #a4 #c ,ea* ham inject$ #i #de ) #aj c4c4 ( culture4 #d ,n inject$ ) #j #j culture2 *eck on ti]ce #c4 ,?ree hams f ea* ti]ce 7 select$ = bact]iological & hi/ological exam9ation4 ,f ti]ces #a & #c1 :i* conta9$ ! inject$ hams1 ?ree ( ! mo/ pron\nc$ 8s\rs0 7 select$ f ea* ti]ce4 ,9 exam9+ ! hams bact]iologically ! foll[+ me?od 0 adopt$3 ,! hams 7 section$ ne> ! c5t] ( ! body & ! l>g] or butt end turn$ up s z to expose ! cut surface4 ,a cross section ( a ham ?us cut is %[n 9 figure #c4 ,cultures 7 tak5 at ! po9ts indicat$ by ! numb]s & f ! expos$ bone m>r[ ( ! femur by fir/ se>+ ! surface1 & !n tak+ out plugs ( ! meat or m>r[ by means ( /]ile in/rum5ts4 ,! plugs ( meat or m>r[ 7 dropp$ into tubes conta9+ egg-pork m$ium & pu%$ to ! bottom ( ! tubes by means ( a /]ile plat9um wire4 ,9 ! cultures made f ! s\r hams f ti]ces #a & #c1 :i* 7 inject$ ) culture1 ! bacillus ) :i* ^! hams 7 inject$ 0 f\nd 9 practically e culture1 al?\gh x 0 sometimes abs5t 9 ! cultures tak5 at po9ts ne> ! sk9n$ surfaces ( ! hams 7i4 e41 at po9ts #a1 #d1 & #e 9 fig4 #c74 ,9 ! cultures tak5 f ! meat1 ! bacillus 0 n always pres5t 9 pure culture1 b ?is is n to be wond]$ at :5 we rememb] t ! pickl+ fluids (t5 conta9 l>ge numb]s ( bact]ia ( v>i\s k9ds1 & ^!1 ( c\rse1 f9d _! way into ! hams 9 ! pickl+ fluids4 ,especially is ?is true ( ! hams :i* are pump$ 9 ! body1 :]e bact]ia are actually pump$ into ! bodies ( ! hams 9 ! pump+ pickle4 ,9 ! case ( hams :i* are n pump$ 9 ! body1 ! pickle bact]ia d n appe> to p5etrate ! body ( ! ham to any great dep?4 ,9 figure #c ! plus signs aft] ! figures repres5t ! di/ribution ( ! s\r-ham bacillus 9 "o ( ! hams f ti]ce #a1 & ?is may be tak5 z a typical example ( ! o!r s\r hams :i* 7 exam9$ 9 ?is exp]im5t4 ,x %\ld be expla9$ t ! %ad$ areas are n int5d$ to repres5t ! actual limits ( s\r+1 b simply ! areas 9 :i* ! s\r odor 0 mo/ pron\nc$ & f :i* x c\ld be readily obta9$ ) ! tri]4 ,9 comp>+ ! regul> & mild cure hams1 x 0 f\nd t ! areas ( s\r+ z def9$ ) ! tri] 7 m re/rict$ 9 ! regul> cure hams1 & ?is 0 und\bt$ly due to ! additional pump+ :i* ^! hams receiv$1 :]eby ! gr[? ( ! bacillus 0 p>tially inhibit$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--;,cross section ?r\gh body ( artificially s\r$ ham1 %[+ s\r areas & po9ts at :i* cultures 7 tak54 ,d>k] %ad+ indicates s\r area 9 hams pump$ 9 body & %ank2 light %ad+ indicates s\r area 9 hams pump$ 9 %ank only2 figures indicate po9ts at :i* cultures 7 tak52 plus signs indicate pres5ce ( bacillus2 m9us sign indicates abs5ce ( bacillus2 ,x indicates po9t ( inoculation4 ,x w be notic$ t ! s\r-ham bacillus 0 pres5t 9 cultures tak5 at po9ts outside ! %ad$ areas1 indicat+ t ! organism _h ext5d$ g5]ally ?r\gh\t ! bodies ( ! hams4 ,z ! hams 7 inoculat$ at a po9t j to "o side ( & a little beh9d ! femur 7i4 e41 at ! po9t ,x 9 ! figure71 ! pres5ce ( ! bacillus g5]ally ?r\gh\t ! hams w\ld indicate a v ext5sive multiplication ( ! orig9al bacilli ) :i* ! hams 7 inject$4 ,9 view ( ! fact t ! bacillus 9 "q is nonmotile1 ! spread ( ! bacilli ?r\gh\t ! hams mu/ result simply f subdivision & gr[? by ext5sion1 & 9 spread+ ?r\gh\t ! hams ! bacilli appe> to foll[ along ! connective tissue b&s :i* af=d pa?s ( lea/ resi/ance4 ,9 ! cultures made f ! bone m>r[ ! bacillus 0 recov]$ 9 pure culture f ea* ( ! hams exam9$1 & x is probable t ! bacillus f9ds its way into ! bone m>r[ f ! meat by foll[+ along ! small art]ies :i* pass ?r\gh ! bone4 ,! fact t ! bacillus 0 f\nd 9 pure culture 7i4 e41 uncontam9at$7 9 ! cultures made f ! bone m>r[ is expla9$ probably by its capacity = gr[? by ext5sion1 & also by ! fact t ! pickl+ solutions probably d n rea* ! bone m>r[ until late 9 ! cur+ & !n only to a limit$ ext5t4 ,! bact]ia :i* ord9>ily occur 9 pickl+ fluids are n /rict ana]obes & are n plac$ "u ! mo/ suitable conditions = gr[? :5 !y rea* ! int]ior ( ! ham1 = x seems probable t 9 ! int]ior ( hams :i* are totally subm]g$ 9 pickl+ fluids ! am\nt ( available oxyg5 mu/ be extremely small4 ,! ord9>y pickle bact]ia1 !re=e1 w\ld n multiply z rapidly 9 ! int]ior ( ! hams & w\ld n f9d _! way into ! bone m>r[ z soon z w\ld a /rictly ana]obic organism4 ,pure cultures ( ! s\r-ham bacillus1 recov]$ f ! meat & bone m>r[ ( ! inject$ hams1 7 comp>$ ) cultures ( ! orig9al bacillus us$ = inoculat+ ! hams1 & 7 f\nd to be id5tical4 ,fur!rmore1 ! bacillus ) :i* ! hams 7 inject$ 0 recov]$ f ! inject$ hams at po9ts f> remov$ f ! orig9al po9t ( injection1 %[+ t ! organism _h multipli$ & ext5d$ ?r\gh\t ! bodies ( ! hams & t x 0 cle>ly responsible = ! s\r+ :i* ! hams _h und]gone4 ,s\nd hams f ti]ces #b & #d 7 exam9$ bact]iologically 9 ! same mann] z ! inject$ hams1 & "s ( ! cultures %[$ ! ord9>y pickle bact]ia1 b 9 n a s+le in/ance did egg-pork cultures yield a s\r odor1 & 9 no case c\ld ! s\r-ham bacillus be demon/rat$ 9 any ( ^! hams4 ,microscopic sections & teas$ prep>ations ( ! muscle fib]s 9 salt solution 7 prep>$ f sev]al ( ! s\r hams 9 ?is exp]im5t1 & ^! prep>ations %[$ ! same hi/ological *anges & ! same di/ribution ( bacilli z not$ 9 ! natural s\rs4 ,9 ,plate ,,iii1 figures #a & #b1 sections are %[n ( artificially s\r$ hams1 t is1 hams :i* 7 artificially s\r$ by injections ( culture2 & if ^! figures be comp>$ ) ! sections made f hams :i* _h und]gone spontane\s s\r+ 7see ,pl4 ,,ii1 figs4 #a & #b7 ! simil>ity 9 ! =m & di/ribution ( ! bacilli w be at once app>5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bul4 #acb1 ,,bureau ,,( ,,animal ,,indu/ry1 ,u4 ,s4 ,,dept4 ,,( ,,agriculture4 ,,plate ,,iii4 ,,fig4 #a4--,,section ,,?r\gh ,,muscul> ,,tissue ,,( ,,artificially ,,s\r$ ,,ham1 ,,%[+ ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,bacilli ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,muscle ,,fib]s1 ,,:i* ,,are ,,%[n ,,9 ,,cross ,,section4 ,,! ,,d>k ,,l9es ,,& ,,masses ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,muscle ,,fib]s ,,repres5t ,,clumps ,,( ,,bacilli4 7,p5-&-ink draw+ made ) cam]a lucida f section /a9$ by ! ,gram-,weig]t me?od to %[ bact]ia4 #he47 ,,fig4 #b4--,,section ,,?r\gh ,,muscul> ,,tissue ,,( ,,artificially ,,s\r$ ,,ham1 ,,%[+ ,,individual ,,bacilli ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,muscle ,,fib]s1 ,,:i* ,,are ,,cut ,,longitud9ally4 7,p5-&-ink draw+ made ) cam]a lucida f section /a9$ by ! ,gram-,weig]t me?od to %[ bact]ia4 #cbj47 ,summ>y & discussion ( ,exp]im5t ,i4--,comp>+ ti]ces #a & #b1 :]e ! hams 7 pump$ 9 ! %ank only1 ! only diff]5ce be+ t ! hams 9 ti]ce #a 7 inoculat$ ) culture :ile ^? 9 ti]ce #b 7 n1 we f9d t 9 ti]ce #a n9ete5 out ( tw5ty1 or #ie p] c5t1 ( ! hams became s\r1 :]eas 9 ti]ce #b all ( ! hams rema9$ sweet4 ,9 view ( ! fact t ^! ti]ces 7 held "u exactly ! same conditions1 we mu/ conclude t ! s\r+ ( ! hams 9 ti]ce #a 0 due to ! injection ( culture :i* !y receiv$4 ,comp>+ ti]ces #c & #d1 :]e ! hams 7 pump$ 9 bo? %ank & body1 ! hams 9 ti]ce #c be+ inject$ ) culture :ile ^? 9 ti]ce #d 7 n1 we f9d t 9 ti]ce #c n9e out ( tw5ty1 or #de p] c5t1 ( ! hams became s\r1 :]eas 9 ti]ce #d all ( ! hams rema9$ sweet4 ,z ! conditions ( cure 7 ! same = all f\r ti]ces1 we mu/ aga9 conclude t ! s\r+ ( ! hams 9 ti]ce #c 0 directly attributable to ! injections ( culture :i* !y receiv$4 ,if n[ we comp>e ti]ces #a & #c1 ! two ti]ces :i* 7 inject$ ) culture1 we f9d t 9 ! case ( ti]ce #a1 :]e ! hams 7 pump$ 9 ! %ank only1 #ie p] c5t became s\r2 :]eas 9 ! case ( ti]ce #c1 :]e ! hams 7 pump$ 9 bo? %ank & body1 only #de p] c5t became s\r4 ,9 o!r words1 ! p]c5tage ( s\r+ 9 ^? hams :i* 7 pump$ 9 ! body z well z 9 ! %ank 0 #ej p]c5t less ?an 9 ^? hams :i* 7 pump$ 9 ! %ank only4 ,inasmu* z ! only diff]5ce 9 ! treatm5t accord$ ti]ces #a & #c lay 9 ! additional pump+ giv5 ! hams 9 ti]ce #c1 we mu/ conclude t ! m>k$ dim9ution 9 ! p]c5tage ( s\r+ 9 ! case ( ti]ce #c 0 und\bt$ly due to ! additional pump+ :i* ^! hams receiv$1 ! hams be+ saturat$ at ! />t ) ! pump+ pickle4 ,x w be %[n lat] t bo? sodium *lorid & potassium nitrate ex]t an inhibitory effect ^u ! bacillus ) :i* ! hams 7 inject$1 :i* directly be>s out ! =ego+ conclusion4 ,9 ti]ces #b & #d1 ! two *eck ti]ces :i* 7 n inject$ ) culture1 all ( ! hams 7 sweet at ! end ( ! cure1 %[+ t ! conditions "u :i* ! exp]im5t 0 c>ri$ out 7 entirely favorable to a successful cure4 ,! s\r odor obta9$ f ! artificially s\r$ hams 9 ?is exp]im5t 0 pron\nc$ by ! meat inspector :o te/$ ! hams1 & :o 0 entirely unaw>e ( ! treatm5t !y _h receiv$1 to be id5tical ) ! usual s\r odor :i* *>act]izes hams t h und]gone spontane\s s\r+2 9 o!r words1 !re 0 no diff]5ce 9 odor betwe5 ^! artificially s\r$ hams & natural s\rs4 ,) reg>d to ! v>iation 9 ! degree & ! ext5t ( ! s\r+ exhibit$ by ! individual hams 9 ! two inoculat$ ti]ces1 :]e "s ( ! hams %[$ pron\nc$ s\r+ ?r\gh\t ! body & %ank1 :ile o!rs :i* _h be5 inject$ ) ! same am\nt ( culture %[$ only slight s\r+ 9 ! body1 sev]al factors mu/ be consid]$1 viz3 7#a7 ,diff]5ces 9 ! reaction ( ! meat ( ! individual hams :i* may h ex]t$ an influ5ce on ! gr[? ( ! bact]ia ) :i* ! hams 7 inject$4 7#b7 ,v>iations 9 ! texture ( ! muscle fib]s & connective tissue ( ! individual hams1 p]mitt+ 9 "s cases a m rapid & ?or\gh p5etration ( ! pickl+ fluids to ! int]ior ( ! hams1 :]eby ! inhibitory effect ( ! sodium *lorid & ! potassium nitrate on ! bact]ia w\ld come into play e>li]4 7#c7 ,v>iations 9 pump+1 :]eby m ( ! pickl+ solution 0 =c$ into "s ( ! hams ?an into o!rs4 ,probably all ?ree ( ^! factors w\ld h to be tak5 into acc\nt 9 expla9+ ! v>iation 9 ! degree & ext5t ( ! s\r+ exhibit$ by ! inject$ hams4 ,) reg>d to ! s\r+ ( ! bone m>r[1 we f9d t ( n9ete5 s\r hams 9 ti]ce #a eighte5 %[$ s\r m>r[s1 :ile 9 ti]ce #c n9e s\r hams %[$ sev5 s\r m>r[s4 ,! high proportion ( m>r[ s\rs is n surpris+ :5 x is recall$ t ( ! n9ete5 s\r hams 9 ti]ce #a ! meat 0 m>k$ly s\r 9 sixte51 :ile ( ! n9e s\r hams 9 ti]ce #c ! meat 0 m>k$ly s\r 9 five4 ,9 ! case ( ! f\r s\r hams 9 ti]ce #c :i* %[$ slight s\r+ 9 ! body1 two ( ^! %[$ s\r m>r[s1 :ile 9 two ! m>r[s 7 sweet4 ,9 ?is exp]im5t ! p]c5tage ( s\r hams %[+ s\r m>r[s corresponds ) ! p]c5tage ( m>r[-s\r hams f\nd 9 ! pack+ h\se1 :]e1 z has be5 po9t$ out be=e1 a ham :i* is m>k$ly s\r 9 ! body w practically always %[ s\r m>r[1 :ile 9 hams :i* %[ only slight s\r+ 9 ! body ! m>r[ is involv$ 9 ab\t #ej p] c5t ( ! cases4 ,exp]im5t ,,ii4 ,?is exp]im5t 0 ess5tially a repetition ( ,exp]im5t ,i1 b 0 c>ri$ out at a diff]5t pack+ e/abli%m5t & "u some:at diff]5t conditions4 ,two lots ( hams 7 inject$ ) a culture susp5sion ( ! bacillus at diff]5t /ages ( ! cure1 or r at diff]5t /ages 9 ! prep>ation = cure1 i4 e41 7#a7 on ! hang+ floor1 previ\s to *ill+1 & 7#b7 aft] *ill+ & pump+ & imm$iately be=e pack+4 ,?ree ti]ces1 ea* conta9+ #bj hams1 7 put d[n4 ,two ( ! ti]ces conta9$ ! hams inject$ ) culture1 :ile ! ?ird ti]ce conta9$ *eck hams :i* _h n be5 treat$ ) culture4 ,half ( ! hams 9 ea* ti]ce 7 pump$ 9 ! %ank1 :ile ! o!r half 7 pump$ 9 bo? body & %ank4 ,! same pump+ & cur+ pickles 7 us$ = all ?ree ti]ces1 & 7 ! regul> pump+ & regul> cur+ pickles ( ! e/abli%m5t at :i* ! exp]im5t 0 c>ri$ out4 ,! hams us$ 7 all #ad to #af p\nds 9 weight & 7 subject$ to ! usual #dh-;h\r *ill ) an additional *ill ( #dh h\rs aft] !y 7 cut f ! c>cass4 ,!y 7 pack$ 9 ti]ces :i* _h be5 ?or\ghly scrubb$ & clean$ ) boil+ wat]4 ,! ti]ces 7 held 9 a pickl+ room at a temp]ature ( #cc to #cf ,f41 ! temp]ature nev] ris+ above #cf ,f41 & 7 roll$ ?ree times dur+ ! cur+ p]iod4 ,! hams 7 9 cure = ab\t eighty days4 ,at ! end ( ! cure ! hams 7 c>efully te/$ by a tra9$ meat inspector1 :o knew no?+ ( ! treatm5t !y _h receiv$4 ,! culture susp5sion 0 prep>$ f #bj tubes ( egg-pork m$ium 9 ! same mann] z t us$ 9 ,exp]im5t ,i1 ! cultures be+ dilut$ ) suffici5t salt solution to give #djj cubic c5timet]s ( susp5sion4 ,! cultures f :i* ! susp5sion 0 prep>$ _h gr[n at room temp]ature = t5 days4 ,! susp5sion 0 exam9$ microscopically & %[$ l>ge numb]s ( ! bacilli 9 ! =m ( filam5ts or long *a9s1 ) _m ( ! individual organisms %[+ l>ge t]m9al spores4 ,! hams 7 inject$ ) ! culture susp5sion 9 ! same mann] z ^? 9 ,exp]im5t ,i4 ,! details ( ! exp]im5t 7 z foll[s3 ,ti]ce ,no4 #a4--;,conta9$ #bj hams1 ea* ham be+ inject$ ) #bj cubic c5timet]s ( ! susp5sion or ! equival5t ( #aj cubic c5timet]s ( ! orig9al culture4 ,! hams 7 inject$ :ile on ! hang+ floor1 be=e !y _h be5 cut f ! c>casses & previ\s to *ill+4 ,! c>casses 7 /ill q w>m--t is1 _h lo/ b little ( _! body heat :5 ! injections 7 made4 ,! c>casses1 :i* _h be5 c>efully tagg$1 7 !n run into cool]s & giv5 ! usual #dh-;h\r *ill1 aft] :i* ! hams 7 sev]$ f ! c>casses & giv5 an additional #dh-;h\r *ill 9 accordance ) ! cu/om ( ! pack+ h\se at :i* ! exp]im5t 0 c>ri$ out4 ,! hams 7 next pump$ ) regul> pump+ pickle1 #aj be+ pump$ 9 bo? body & %ank & #aj 9 %ank only4 ,!y 7 f9ally pack$ 9 a ti]ce1 :i* 0 !n head$ up1 fill$ ) regul> cur+ pickle1 & plac$ 9 cure4 ,result3 ,:5 te/$ at ! end ( ! cure x 0 f\nd t ! #aj hams :i* 7 pump$ 9 ! %ank only 7 all s\r4 ,9 ea* ( !m ! s\r+ ext5d$ ?r\gh\t ! entire ham1 9 ! %ank z well z 9 ! body1 & 0 v pron\nc$1 s mu* s t !y 7 *>act]iz$ z 8/9k]s0 by ! meat inspector :o assi/$ 9 te/+ !m4 ,! bone m>r[ ( ! femur or middle bone 0 s\r 9 all ( ^! hams4 ,( ! #aj hams :i* 7 pump$ 9 bo? body & %ank #g %[$ well-m>k$ s\r+ ?r\gh\t ! body1 b ! s\r+ did n ext5d into ! %ank4 ,! bone m>r[ ( ! femur 0 f\nd to be s\r 9 #f ( ^! hams1 :ile 9 #a ! s\r+ _h n ext5d$ ?r\gh to ! bone m>r[4 ,ti]ce ,no4 #b4--;,conta9$ #bj hams :i* 7 *ill$ & pump$ 9 exactly ! same mann] z ^? 9 ti]ce ,no4 #a4 ,^! hams 7 inject$ ) culture aft] !y _h be5 *ill$ & pump$1 or j be=e !y 7 plac$ 9 cure4 ,! hams 9 ?is ti]ce1 !re=e1 7 inject$ ) culture f\r days lat] ?an ^? 9 ti]ce #a4 ,! hams 7 inject$ ) a bact]ial susp5sion prep>$ 9 ! same mann] z t us$ = ti]ce #a1 except t ! egg-pork cultures f :i* ! susp5sion 0 prep>$ 7 #g days in/ead ( #aj days old4 ,ea* ham 0 inject$ ) #bj cubic c5timet]s ( ! susp5sion or ! equival5t ( #aj cubic c5timet]s ( ! orig9al culture4 ,! hams 7 inject$ 9 ! same mann] z ^? 9 ti]ce #a4 ,result3 ,:5 te/$ at ! end ( ! cure1 x 0 f\nd t ( ! #aj hams :i* 7 pump$ 9 ! %ank all 7 s\r2 9 #h ( ^! ! s\r+ 0 v m>k$ ?r\gh\t ! body ( ! ham & ext5d$ into ! %ank2 9 all ( ^! hams ! s\r+ _h ext5d$ ?r\gh to ! bone m>r[ ( ! middle bone or femur4 ,( ! #aj hams :i* 7 pump$ 9 bo? body & %ank #f 7 s\r 9 ! body4 ,^! hams 7 class$ by ! meat inspector :o exam9$ !m z 8light body s\rs10 & 9 none ( !m did ! s\r+ ext5d into ! %ank or ?r\gh ! bone into ! bone m>r[ ( ! femur4 ,ti]ce ,no4 #c4--;,conta9$ #bj hams :i* 7 *ill$ & pump$ 9 ! same mann] z ^? 9 ! two prec$+ ti]ces4 ,^! hams 7 n inject$ ) culture & 7 put d[n to s]ve z *ecks on ! cure4 ,9 o!r words1 !y 7 pump$ ) ! same pickl+ fluids1 7 subject$ to exactly ! same cure1 & 7 held "u precisely ! same conditions z ^? 9 ! prec$+ ti]ces1 ! only diff]5ce be+ t ! hams 9 ?is ti]ce 7 n inject$ ) culture4 ,result3 ,:5 te/$ at ! end ( ! cure1 all ( ! hams 9 ?is ti]ce 7 f\nd to be p]fectly s\nd & sweet4 ,results ( ,exp]im5t ,,ii4 ,no4 ( ,numb] ,av]age ,h[ pump$4 ti]ce4 ( weight hams4 ( hams4 ,p\nds4 #aj 9 %ank #a #bj #ad-af #aj 9 body & %ank #aj 9 %ank #b #bj #ad-af #aj 9 body & %ank #c #bj #ad-af #aj 9 %ank #aj 9 body & %ank ,condition at end ( ,no4 ( ,treatm5t4 cure4 ti]ce4 ------------------------------------ ,numb] ,p]c5tage ( s\r ( s\r hams4 hams4 ,ea* ham inject$ ) #bj #aj #ajj #a c4 c4 ( culture prior to *ill+ & pump+4 d #g #gj ,ea* ham inject$ ) #bj #aj #ajj #b c4 c4 ( culture subsequ5t to *ill+ & pump+4 d #f #fj #c ,n inject$ ) culture4 #j #j d #j #j ,f\r hams 7 select$ f ea* ti]ce = bact]iological & hi/ological exam9ation4 ,f ti]ces #a & #b1 9 :i* ! hams 7 inject$ ) culture1 #d ( ! s\re/ hams 7 select$ f ea* ti]ce4 ,cultures 7 made f ^! hams 9 ! same mann] z describ$ "u ,exp]im5t ,i & ) ! same result--t is1 ! s\r-ham bacillus 0 f\nd ?r\gh\t ! bodies ( ! hams4 ,microscopic sections 7 also prep>$ f ^! hams & %[$ ! same hi/ological *anges & ! same di/ribution ( bacilli z not$ = ! hams 9 ,exp]im5t ,i4 ,summ>y & discussion ( ,exp]im5t ,,ii4--,comp>+ ti]ces #a & #b1 9 :i* ! hams 7 inject$ ) culture1 ) ti]ce #c1 :]e ! hams 7 n inject$ ) culture1 we f9d t 9 ti]ce #a sev5te5 hams 7#he p] c5t7 became s\r & 9 ti]ce #b sixte5 hams 7#hj p] c5t7 became s\r1 :]eas 9 ti]ce #c all ( ! hams 7 sweet4 ,! fact t all ( ! hams 9 ti]ce #c1 ! *eck ti]ce1 7 sweet indicates t ! conditions 7 favorable = a successful cure2 & z all ?ree ti]ces 7 cur$ "u exactly ! same conditions1 ! only diff]5ce be+ t ! hams 9 ti]ces #a & #b 7 inject$ ) culture1 :]eas ^? 9 ti]ce #c 7 n inject$ ) culture1 we mu/ conclude t ! s\r+ ( ! hams 9 ti]ces #a & #b 0 due to ! injections ( culture :i* !y receiv$4 ,comp>+ ti]ce #a ) ti]ce #b1 we f9d t ! hams 9 ti]ce #a %[$ m ext5sive s\r+ ?an did ^? 9 ti]ce #b1 ?is be+ especially noticeable 9 ! case ( ! hams :i* 7 pump$ 9 bo? body & %ank4 ,?is diff]5ce 9 ! ext5t or degree ( s\r+ 0 probably due to ! fact t ! hams 9 ti]ce #a 7 inject$ :ile !y 7 /ill w>m & be=e !y _h lo/ _! animal heat1 ! bact]ial susp5sion ?us hav+ a bett] *ance to become dissem9at$ ?r\gh ! meat4 ,! hams 9 ti]ce #b 7 inject$ ) culture aft] !y _h be5 *ill$1 :5 ! tissues 7 m or less contract$ & ! conditions less favorable = ! dissem9ation ( ! susp5sion ?r\gh\t ! meat4 ,! hams 9 ti]ce #a 7 also inject$ f\r days e>li] ?an ^? 9 ti]ce #b1 & prior to pump+2 & ?is w\ld expla9 ! great] diff]5ce 9 ! ext5t ( ! s\r+ 9 ! case ( ! hams :i* 7 pump$ 9 bo? body & %ank1 z 9 ti]ce #a ! bact]ia _h f\r days 9 :i* to develop be=e com+ 9 contact ) ! pickl+ fluids1 :]eas 9 ti]ce #b ! bact]ia 7 inject$ aft] ! hams 7 pump$ ) pickle & 7 ?us br\ght into imm$iate contact ) ! pickl+ fluids1 :i*1 z w be %[n lat]1 h a di/9ct inhibitory action ^u ! bacillus 9 "q4 ,9 ! case ( ! hams :i* 7 pump$ 9 ! %ank b n 9 ! body !re 0 n ?is diff]5ce1 z 9 ^! hams ! pickl+ fluids mu/ p5etrate into ! bodies ( ! hams f ! outside4 ,z x requires "s "t = ! pickl+ fluids to rea* ! int]ior ( a ham1 ! bact]ia 7 ?us af=d$ q an int]val 9 :i* to develop be=e be+ expos$ to ! inhibitory action ( ! pickl+ fluids4 ,a *emical /udy ( ! processes involv$ 9 ham cur+ has be5 c>ri$ out 9 ! ,bio*emic ,division & ! approximate rate ( p5etration ( ! cur+ pickle det]m9$1 & x 0 f\nd t x requir$ ab\t f\r weeks = ! int]ior ( a #aj-p\nd ham :i* _h n be5 pump$ to acquire its maximum p]c5tage ( sodium *lorid4 ,to recapitulate3 ,9 ?is exp]im5t #dj hams 7 inject$ ) culture1 half ( ?is numb] be+ pump$ 9 ! %ank only & half 9 bo? body & %ank4 ,( ! #bj :i* 7 pump$ 9 ! %ank only1 e ham )\t exception1 or #ajj p] c5t1 became s\r4 ,( ^? :i* 7 pump$ 9 bo? body & %ank1 #ac1 or #fe p] c5t1 became s\r4 ,! r$uction 9 ! p]c5tage ( s\rs 9 ! la/ lot 0 cle>ly due to ! additional pump+ :i* ^! hams receiv$4 ,if n[ we comp>e ti]ce #b 9 ?is exp]im5t ) ti]ces #a & #c 9 ,exp]im5t ,i--^! ?ree ti]ces be+ comp>able1 z !y 7 all inject$ ) culture at ! same /age 9 _! prep>ation = cure1 t is1 subsequ5t to *ill+ & pump+--we f9d1 9 ! case ( ! hams pump$ 9 bo? body & %ank1 #fe p] c5t ( s\rs 9 ,exp]im5t ,,ii z aga9/ #de p] c5t 9 ,exp]im5t ,i1 & ?is diff]5ce is und\bt$ly due to ! heavi] dose ( culture us$ 9 ,exp]im5t ,,ii1 :]e ! hams 7 giv5 ! equival5t ( #aj cubic c5timet]s ( egg-pork culture z aga9/ #b cubic c5timet]s 9 ,exp]im5t ,i4 ,9 ! case ( ! hams :i* 7 pump$ 9 ! %ank b n 9 ! body1 ! p]c5tage ( s\rs 0 practically ! same 9 ! two exp]im5ts--9 ,exp]im5t ,i all b "o ( ^! hams became s\r1 :ile 9 ,exp]im5t ,,ii all ( !m became s\r4 ,! degree or ext5t ( ! s\r+ 9 ^! la/ hams1 h[ev]1 0 great] 9 ,exp]im5t ,,ii1 a result ( ! heavi] injections ( culture :i* !y receiv$4 ,summ>y ( ,exp]im5ts ,i & ,,ii4 ,summ>iz+ ! results obta9$ 9 ,exp]im5ts ,i & ,,ii1 we f9d t culture susp5sions ( ! ana]obic bacillus isolat$ f s\r hams caus$ s\r+ ) great uni=mity :5 inject$ into ! bodies ( s\nd hams :i* 7 pump$ 9 ! %ank only4 ,9 ! two exp]im5ts1 #dj s\nd hams :i* 7 pump$ 9 ! %ank only 7 inject$ ) culture susp5sions ( ! bacillus1 ) ! result t #ci1 or #ig4e p] c5t1 became s\r dur+ ! process ( cure2 & x is q probable1 z we h po9t$ out be=e1 t "o ( ^! hams 0 ov]look$ 9 mak+ ! inoculations1 o!rwise ! entire lot w\ld h become s\r4 ,! inhibitory action ( ! pickl+ fluids ^u ! bacillus is well %[n 9 ! case ( ^? hams :i* 7 pump$ 9 bo? body & %ank4 ,out ( #dj hams :i* 7 pump$ 9 bo? body & %ank1 #bb1 or #ee p] c5t1 became s\r 9 ! process ( cur+4 ,inasmu* z ^! hams 7 cur$ "u precisely ! same conditions z ! hams :i* 7 pump$ 9 ! %ank only1 we mu/ conclude t ! dim9ution 9 s\r+ 9 ^! hams 0 und\bt$ly due to ! additional pump+ :i* !y receiv$1 :]eby ! bact]ia ) :i* ^! hams 7 inject$ 7 br\ght into imm$iate contact ) ! /rong pump+ pickle & _! developm5t !reby inhibit$4 ,9 ^! two exp]im5ts x 0 prov5 beyond d\bt t ! ana]obic bacillus isolat$ f s\r hams 0 capable ( produc+ s\r+ :5 introduc$ into ! bodies ( s\nd hams2 & 9 view ( ! fact t ?is bacillus 0 con/antly pres5t 9 hams :i* _h und]gone spontane\s or natural s\r+1 & 0 ! only organism t c\ld be isolat$ f su* hams t 0 capable ( produc+ 9 egg-pork cultures ! *>act]i/ic s\r-ham odor1 ! conclusion seems ju/ifiable t ?is bacillus is an und\bt$ cause ( ! ham s\r+ :i* occurs 9 ! pack+ h\se2 & ! results ?us f> obta9$ indicate t x is an important1 if n ! only1 factor conc]n$ 9 ham s\r+4 ,hav+ e/abli%$ ! etiological relation ( ! bacillus isolat$ f s\r hams ) ham s\r+1 ! next po9t to be consid]$ 0 ! mann] 9 :i* ?is bacillus f9ds its way into ! bodies ( ! hams4 ,,probable ,,me?od ,,by ,,:i* ,,ham-,,s\r+ ,,bacillus ,,ent]s ,,hams4 ,reg>d+ ! "q ( ! probable me?od by :i* ! ham-s\r+ bacillus ent]s hams1 !re 7 ?ree possibilities to be tak5 into consid]ation3 7#a7 ,t ! bacillus is pres5t 9 ! fle% ( hogs at ! "t ( slaught]1 7#b7 t ! bacillus ga9s entrance ?r\gh ! pickl+ fluids1 7#c7 t ! bacillus is introduc$ into ! bodies ( ! hams 9 ! h&l+ or manipulation :i* ! hams und]go 9 prep>ation =1 or dur+1 ! process ( cur+4 ,,possibility ,,( ,,infection ,,prior ,,to ,,slaught]4 ,9 ord] to ?r[ "s light ^u ?is po9t1 a numb] ( fre% hams--t is1 hams :i* _h be5 *ill$ b n pump$ or subject$ to any o!r manipulation--7 exam9$ bact]iologically1 b 9 no case c\ld ! ana]obic bacillus :i* 0 isolat$ f s\r hams be detect$ 9 any ( !m4 ,! fact t 9 c]ta9 ( ! small] pack+ e/abli%m5ts :i* cure _! hams )\t pump+ ! p]c5tage ( s\r+ is extremely l[ w\ld also seem to negative ?is possibility1 = if ! bacillus :i* causes s\r+ 7 pres5t 9 ! hams at ! "t ( slaught]1 s\r hams w\ld be z frequ5t at su* e/abli%m5ts z at ^? e/abli%m5ts :i* make a practice ( pump+4 ,fur!rmore1 a laboratory /udy1 biological & *emical1 ( ! bacillus isolat$ f s\r hams %[s t ?is organism belongs to ! class ( putrefactive bact]ia1 & :ile su* bact]ia may be pres5t 9 ! inte/9es ( heal?y animals1 z1 = example1 ! bacillus ( ,bi5/ock 7,bacillus putrificus71 ^! bact]ia d n invade ! organs & tissues ( ! body until aft] ! dea? ( ! animal1 & ! pack+-h\se practice ( rapidly evisc]at+ ! hogs imm$iately aft] slaught] w\ld c]ta9ly preclude ?is possibility4 ,,possible ,,infection ,,f ,,pickl+ ,,fluids4 ,) reg>d to ! second possibility1 t ! bacillus f9ds its way into ! hams 9 ! cur+ pickles1 x 0 det]m9$ by laboratory exp]im5t t ! addition ( #c p] c5t ( sodium *lorid or #c p] c5t ( potassium nitrate to laboratory m$ia completely inhibits ! gr[? ( ! bacillus4 ,z ! pickl+ solutions always conta9 consid]ably m ?an ^! p]c5tages ( sodium *lorid & potassium nitrate1 x w\ld be impossible = ! bacillus to multiply 9 ! pickles4 ,additional laboratory exp]im5ts demon/rat$1 h[ev]1 t ! bacillus or its spores may rema9 alive 9 ! cur+ pickles = at lea/ ?irty days1 & x seem$ possible t ! cur+ pickles might become contam9at$ at times ) ! bacilli1 & t ! bacilli1 al?\gh incapable ( multiply+ 9 ! pickles1 might f9d _! way into ! bodies ( ! hams 9 ! pickl+ fluids4 ,9 ord] to ?r[ "s light ^u ?is po9t1 ! foll[+ exp]im5t 0 c>ri$ out3 ,,exp]im5t ,,to ,,%[ ,,:e!r ,,infection ,,takes ,,place ,,f ,,! ,,cur+ ,,pickle4 ,9 ?is exp]im5t two ti]ces 7 put d[n1 ea* conta9+ #bj hams4 ,! hams weigh$ f #ad to #af p\nds & _h receiv$ ! usual #dh-;h\r *ill+4 ,! pickl+ solutions employ$ 7 ! regul> cur+ pickles ( ! e/abli%m5t at :i* ! exp]im5t 0 c>ri$ out4 ,! cur+ pickle 9 "o ti]ce 0 inoculat$ ) #djj cubic c5timet]s ( a culture susp5sion ( ! bacillus1 prep>$ 9 ! same mann] z t us$ = ! injection ( ! hams 9 ti]ce #b 9 ,exp]im5t ,,ii4 ,a microscopic prep>ation made f a small drop ( ! culture susp5sion be=e add+ x to ! pickle %[$ ! bacilli 9 l>ge numb]s1 & 9 ! #djj cubic c5timet]s ( ! susp5sion !re 7 millions ( ! bact]ia4 ,! cur+ pickle 9 ! o!r ti]ce 0 left untreat$1 ! hams 9 ?is ti]ce s]v+ z a *eck4 ,! ti]ces us$ 9 ?is exp]im5t1 z 9 all ( ! exp]im5ts1 7 ?or\ghly clean$ ) boil+ wat] be=e ! hams 7 plac$ 9 !m4 ,! exp]im5t 0 conduct$ 9 a pickl+ room :i* 0 held at #cc to #cf ,f41 & ! ti]ces 7 roll$ ?ree times dur+ ! cure4 ,! details ( ! exp]im5t are z foll[s3 ,ti]ce #a4--;,conta9$ #bj hams1 half ( :i* 7 pump$ 9 bo? body & %ank & half 9 ! %ank only4 ,z soon z !y 7 pump$ ! hams 7 pack$ 9 ! ti]ce4 ,suffici5t cur+ pickle to fill ! ti]ce 0 !n measur$ out 9 a clean b>rel & to x 0 add$ ! culture susp5sion4 ,! culture 0 ?or\ghly mix$ ) ! pickle & ! latt] 0 !n run into ! ti]ce conta9+ ! hams4 ,result3 ,:5 te/$ at ! end ( ! cure1 two ( ! hams :i* _h be5 pump$ 9 ! %ank only %[$ slight s\r+ 9 ! body4 ,! re/ ( ! hams 7 sweet4 ,ti]ce #b4--;,conta9$ #bj hams :i* 7 pump$ 9 ! same mann] z ^? 9 ti]ce #a4 ,! cur+ pickle 0 ! same z t us$ = ti]ce #a1 b )\t ! addition ( culture4 ,?is ti]ce 0 put d[n z a *eck on ti]ce #a1 ! hams be+ cur$ "u exactly ! same conditions1 b )\t ! addition ( culture to ! cur+ pickle4 ,result3 ,"o ( ! hams :i* 0 pump$ 9 ! %ank only develop$ slight s\r+ 9 ! body4 ,! rema9d] ( ! hams 7 sweet4 ,comp>+ ti]ce #a1 :i* conta9$ ! inoculat$ pickle1 ) ti]ce #b1 ! *eck ti]ce :i* conta9$ un9oculat$ pickle1 we f9d !re 0 practically no diff]5ce 9 ! f9al result4 ,9 ti]ce #a two ( ! hams develop$ slight s\r+1 :ile 9 ti]ce #b "o ( ! hams became slightly s\r4 ,all ( ^! hams _h be5 pump$ 9 ! %ank only4 ,! fact t "o ( ! hams 9 ! *eck ti]ce develop$ slight s\r+ 0 und\bt$ly due to bact]ial contam9ation 9 pump+ or 9 ! h&l+ :i* ! hams und]w5t prior to pickl+1 & ! slight s\r+ ( ! two hams 9 ti]ce #a mu/ also be attribut$ to ! same cause or causes1 = _h ! s\r+ 9 ^! la/ hams result$ f ! p5etration ( ! bact]ia f ! pickl+ solution a high] p]c5tage %\ld h become s\r4 ,fur!rmore1 if ! s\r+ ( ! two hams 9 ti]ce #a _h result$ f ! p5etration ( ! bact]ia f ! cur+ pickle1 ! s\r+ %\ld h be5 g5]al ?r\gh\t ! bodies ( ^! hams1 :]eas ! s\r+ 0 only evid5t ar\nd ! bone & 0 slight 9 degree4 ,f ?is exp]im5t ! conclusion w\ld seem ju/ifi$ t ! bacillus :i* causes ham s\r+ does n usually f9d its way into ! bodies ( ! hams f ! cur+ pickle1 al?\gh x w\ld be go+ too f>1 p]haps1 to say t infection nev] takes place f ! cur+ pickle4 ,! exp]im5t1 h[ev]1 indicates cle>ly t ! cur+ pickles are c]ta9ly n ! ma9 *annel ?r\gh :i* ! hams become infect$4 ,9 ref]r+ to ! cur+ pickles1 x %\ld be und]/ood t we ref] "h to ! pickl+ solutions 9 :i* ! hams are imm]s$1 & n to ! pump+ pickles4 ,! possibility ( infection ?r\gh ! pump+ pickle w be discuss$ lat]4 ,,possible ,,infection ,,?r\gh ,,manipulation ,,or ,,h&l+4 ,!re are at lea/ ?ree possible ways 9 :i* hams may become infect$ f ! h&l+ :i* !y receive 9 prep>ation =1 or dur+ ! process ( cur+1 viz3 ,f ! !rmomet]s us$ 9 tak+ ! inside temp]atures ( ! hams1 f ! pump+ ne$les1 & f ! billhooks us$ 9 lift+ ! hams4 ,,infection ,,f ,,ham ,,!rmomet]s4 ,! pack+-h\se me?od ( tak+ ! temp]atures ( hams by means ( a po9t$1 metal-capp$ !rmomet] :i* is ?ru/ deep into ! bodies ( ! hams has already be5 ref]r$ to1 b des]ves to be describ$ some:at m 9 detail1 z x w be at once app>5t t ?is manipulation furni%es a ready means :]eby hams may become infect$ ) putrefactive bact]ia4 ,! con/ruction ( a ham !rmomet] is %[n 9 figure #d4 ,illu/ration3 ,a4 ,b4 ,,fig4 #d4--;,diagrammatic views %[+ con/ruction ( ham !rmomet]4 ,a1 front view1 %[+ op5 space betwe5 metal po9t & m]cury bulb1 :i* becomes fill$ ) p>ticles ( meat1 grease1 & dirt2 ,b1 side view4 ,! in/rum5t consi/s ( a glass !rmomet] inclos$ 9 a metal case1 ! front portions ( ! case be+ cut away s z to expose ! scale above & ! m]cury bulb bel[4 ,z 0 expla9$ be=e1 ! !rmomet] is ?ru/ deep into ! body ( ! ham s t ! po9t$ end conta9+ ! m]cury bulb re/s beside or a little beh9d ! upp] portion ( ! femur1 ! bone be+ us$ z a guide 9 introduc+ ! !rmomet]4 ,ham temp]atures are tak5 at ?ree /ages 9 ! prep>ation = cure--7#a7 on ! hang+ floor1 j be=e ! hams g to ! *ill rooms1 9 ord] to det]m9e ! am\nt ( heat lo/ prior to *ill+2 7#b7 on leav+ ! *ill rooms1 9 ord] to det]m9e ! ?or\ghness ( ! *ill2 7#c7 on ! pack+ floor1 j be=e ! hams are plac$ 9 pickle1 z a fur!r *eck on ! ?or\ghness ( ! *ill+4 ,9 tak+ ! temp]atures ( hams :i* h be5 *ill$--& mo/ ( ! temp]atures are tak5 subsequ5t to *ill+--x is cu/om>y = ! pack+-h\se att5dant :o has ?is matt] 9 *>ge to w>m ! !rmomet] by hold+ ! po9t$ or bulb end 9 8 h&1 s z to =ce ! m]cury column up to ab\t #fj ,f41 or well above ! temp]ature ( hams4 ,! !rmomet] is !n ?ru/ into ! ham & all[$ to rema9 = sev]al m9utes1 by :i* "t ! m]cury column w h fall5 to ! temp]ature ( ! ham4 ,! !rmomet] is !n sl[ly )drawn s z to expose ! top ( ! m]cury column1 & an accurate read+ is ?us obta9$ ( ! inside temp]ature ( ! ham4 ,! !rmomet] is w>m$ by ! h& be=e ea* ham is te/$1 & ?is und\bt$ly insures m accurate read+s ?an w\ld result 7 ! !rmomet] remov$ f "o ham & plung$ imm$iately into ano!r1 b ! proc$ure is op5 to c]ta9 objections1 = ! op5 space betwe5 ! metal po9t ( ! !rmomet] & ! m]cury bulb soon becomes fill$ ) p>ticles ( meat & ) grease & dirt f ! att5dant's h&s1 & x is at once app>5t t a !rmomet] 9 ?is condition w\ld furni% a ready means :]eby extrane\s matt] might be introduc$ into ! bodies ( ! hams4 ,9 o!r words1 a contam9at$ !rmomet] w\ld furni% an excell5t means :]eby hams c\ld be inoculat$ ) putrefactive bact]ia4 ,9 ord] to det]m9e :e!r hams actually become inoculat$ 9 ?is mann]1 ! foll[+ exp]im5t 0 c>ri$ out3 ,,exp]im5t ,,to ,,%[ ,,:e!r ,,hams ,,become ,,infect$ ,,f ,,ham ,,!rmomet]s4 ,?is exp]im5t 0 design$ to %[ 7#a7 :e!r ! usual pack+-h\se me?od ( tak+ ham temp]atures 0 apt to induce s\r+ 9 ! hams ?us te/$1 & 7#b7 :e!r s\r+ w\ld result 9 hams :i* 7 te/$ ) a !rmomet] purposely contam9at$ ) ! bacillus isolat$ f s\r hams4 ,! exp]im5t 0 c>ri$ out z foll[s3 ,?irty hog c>casses 7 select$ z !y ent]$ ! hang+ floor f ! kill+ floor4 ,!y _h be5 clean$1 evisc]at$1 & split1 & 7 ( ! same av]age weight & ( suffici5t size to yield hams weigh+ f #ab to #ad p\nds4 ,!y 7 divid$ into ?ree lots ( #aj ea* & 7 all[$ to rema9 on ! hang+ floor = two h\rs1 aft] :i* !y 7 giv5 ! usual #dh-;h\r *ill+4 ,lot #a4--,! hams 9 ?is lot 7 te/$ ) an ord9>y ham !rmomet] z !y ent]$ ! hang+ floor1 z !y left ! hang+ floor1 & z !y left ! cool]s4 ,! !rmomet] us$ 0 borr[$ f "o ( ! plant att5dants & 0 us$ 9 ! condition 9 :i* x 0 receiv$ f him2 t is1 x 0 n clean$ or dis9fect$ prior to use4 ,lot #b4--,! hams 9 ?is lot 7 te/$ z !y ent]$ ! hang+ floor ) a !rmomet] :i* _h be5 previ\sly clean$ & dis9fect$ & !n dipp$ 9 a culture susp5sion ( ! meat-s\r+ bacillus :i* 0 isolat$ f s\r hams4 ,! !rmomet] 0 dipp$ 9 ! culture susp5sion be=e ea* ham 0 te/$4 ,no fur!r temp]atures 7 tak5 ( ^! hams4 ,! !rmomet] 0 c>efully clean$ & dis9fect$ be=e x 0 return$ to ! att5dant f :om x 0 borr[$4 ,lot #c4--,! hams 9 ?is lot 7 n te/$ at all1 & 7 int5d$ z *ecks on ! cure4 ,! ?ree lots ( c>casses 7 c>efully tagg$ & 7 *ill$ 9 a special cool] to !mselves4 ,^u leav+ ! cool] ! hams 7 cut f ! c>casses & trimm$4 ,! ?ree lots ( hams 7 !n cur$ 9 sep>ate ti]ces4 ,all ( ! hams 7 subject$ to exactly ! same cure4 ,! pickles us$ 7 ! regul> pump+ & regul> cur+ pickles ( ! e/abli%m5t at :i* ! exp]im5t 0 c>ri$ out4 ,! hams 9 lot #c 7 pump$ fir/ & ^? 9 lot #a 7 pump$ next4 ,! ne$le 0 !n remov$ & a fre%1 clean ne$le 0 us$ = lot #b4 ,?is 0 done 9 ord] to prev5t ! possibility ( c>ry+ ov] bact]ia f "o lot ( hams to ano!r on ! pump+ ne$le4 ,! ti]ces 7 ?or\ghly clean$ ) boil+ wat] be=e be+ us$4 ,! cur+ 0 c>ri$ out 9 a pickl+ cell> :i* 0 held at #cc to #cf ,f41 ! temp]ature nev] ris+ above ! latt] figure4 ,! ti]ces 7 roll$ ?ree times dur+ ! cur+4 ,! details & results 7 z foll[s3 ,ti]ce #a4--;,conta9$ #bj hams1 half ( :i* 7 pump$ 9 bo? body & %ank & half 9 ! %ank only4 ,^! hams 7 tak5 f ! c>casses 9 lot #a & _h be5 te/$ sev]al times ) a ham !rmomet]1 z already describ$4 ,result3 ,at ! end ( ! cure x 0 f\nd t ( ! #aj hams :i* 7 pump$ 9 ! %ank1 #e %[$ well-m>k$ s\r+ 9 ! body1 :ile ( ! #aj hams :i* 7 pump$ 9 bo? body & %ank1 #b %[$ slight s\r+ 9 ! body4 ,ti]ce #b4--;,conta9$ #bj hams1 :i* 7 pump$ 9 ! same mann] z ^? 9 ti]ce #a4 ,^! hams 7 tak5 f ! c>casses 9 lot #b & _h be5 te/$ once ) a !rmomet] :i* 0 dipp$ 9 a culture susp5sion ( ! bacillus isolat$ f s\r hams4 ,result3 ,! #aj hams :i* 7 pump$ 9 ! %ank only all became s\r4 ,:5 !y 7 tri$ out at ! end ( ! cure1 !y %[$ pron\nc$ s\r+ ?r\gh\t ! entire body & 7 class$ z 8/9k]s0 by ! meat inspector :o exam9$ !m4 ,! s\r+ ext5d$ ?r\gh to ! bone m>r[ ( ! femur 9 all ( ^! hams4 ,( ! #aj hams :i* 7 pump$ 9 bo? body & %ank1 #g %[$ well-m>k$ s\r+ 9 ! body1 b n z pron\nc$ z 9 ^? pump$ 9 ! %ank only2 9 five ( ^! hams ! s\r+ ext5d$ ?r\gh to ! bone m>r[ ( ! femur1 :ile 9 #b ! bone m>r[ rema9$ sweet4 ,ti]ce #c4--;,conta9$ #bj hams1 :i* 7 pump$ 9 ! same mann] z ^? 9 ! two prec$+ ti]ces4 ,^! hams 7 n te/$ ) a !rmomet]1 & 7 put d[n z a *eck on ! cure4 ,!y 7 pump$ ) ! same pump+ pickle1 subject$ to ! same cure1 & held "u precisely ! same conditions z ! hams 9 ! two prec$+ ti]ces4 ,result3 ,:5 te/$ at ! end ( ! cure1 all ( ^! hams 7 f\nd to be p]fectly s\nd & sweet4 ,results ( exp]im5t to %[ :e!r hams become infect$ f ham !rmomet]s4 ,no4 ( ,numb] ,av]age ,h[ pump$4 ti]ce4 ( weight ( hams4 hams4 ,p\nds4 #aj 9 %ank #a #bj #ab-ad #aj 9 body & %ank #aj 9 %ank #b #bj #ab-ad #aj 9 body & %ank #aj 9 %ank #c #bj #ab-ad #aj 9 body & %ank ,condition at end ( cure4 ,no4 ( ti]ce4 ,treatm5t4 ,numb] ,p]c5tage ( s\r ( s\r hams4 hams4 ,te/$ at sev]al #e #ej /ages 9 #a prep>ation = cure ) ham !rmomet] :i* _h n be5 clean$4 d #b #bj ,te/$ once ) #aj #ajj #b ham !rmomet] dipp$ 9 culture susp5sion ( ana]obic bacillus isolat$ f s\r hams4 d #g #gj #c ,n te/$ ) #j #j !rmomet]4 d #j #j ,sev]al hams f ea* ti]ce 7 exam9$ bact]iologically4 cultures be+ tak5 f ! meat ne> ! bone & f ! bone m>r[ ( ! femur4 ,9 ! s\r hams f ti]ce #a cultures tak5 f ! meat ne> ! bone %[$ ! same ana]obic bacillus not$ 9 o!r s\r hams 7i4e41 ! same bacillus :i* caus$ s\r+ 9 ,exp]im5ts ,i & ,,ii71 b ^! cultures 7 contam9at$ ) o!r bact]ia :i* 7 probably introduc$ on ! !rmomet] along ) ! ham-s\r+ bacillus4 ,none ( ! contam9at+ bact]ia 7 capable1 h[ev]1 ( produc+ a s\r-meat odor :5 gr[n on ! egg-pork m$ium4 ,pure cultures ( ! ham-s\r+ bacillus 7 obta9$ f ! bone m>r[ ( "s ( ^! hams1 %[+ t ?is bacillus _h p5etrat$ ?r\gh to ! bone m>r[ :ile ! o!r bact]ia _h n4 ,f ! s\r hams 9 ti]ce #b ! ham-s\r+ bacillus 0 recov]$ readily1 & (t5 9 pure culture1 f ! hams :i* _h be5 pump$ 9 ! %ank only1 :]eas x 0 usually contam9at$ ) pickle bact]ia 9 ! hams :i* _h be5 pump$ 9 bo? body & %ank4 ,9 ! case ( ! s\nd hams 9 ti]ce #c1 cultures tak5 f ! meat ne> ! bone & f ! bone m>r[ ( ! femur 7 negative 9 ! hams :i* _h be5 pump$ 9 ! %ank only1 :ile cultures tak5 f correspond+ po9ts 9 ! hams pump$ 9 bo? body & %ank %[$ ord9>y pickle bact]ia1 :i* _h evid5tly be5 introduc$ into ! bodies ( ^! hams 9 ! pump+ pickles4 ,none ( ^! hams exhibit$ ! slighte/ s\r odor4 ,summ>y ( exp]im5t4--,9 ?is exp]im5t #bj hams 7ti]ce #a7 7 te/$ ) an ord9>y ham !rmomet] 9 ! usual pack+-h\se mann]4 ,half ( ^! hams 7 subject$ to ! mild cure & half 7 giv5 ! regul> cure1 ) ! result t #ej p] c5t ( ^? receiv+ ! mild cure & #bj p] c5t ( ^? receiv+ ! regul> cure became s\r4 ,a second lot ( #bj hams 7ti]ce #b7 7 te/$ ) a !rmomet] :i* _h be5 purposely contam9at$ ) a culture susp5sion ( ! ham-s\r+ bacillus4 ,^! hams 7 cur$ 9 ! same mann] z ! fir/ lot1 ) ! result t all ( ^? receiv+ ! mild cure & #gj p] c5t ( ^? receiv+ ! regul> cure became s\r4 ,a ?ird lot ( #bj hams 7ti]ce #c7 :i* _h n be5 te/$ at all 7 cur$ 9 ! same mann] z ! two prec$+ lots1 z a *eck on ! cure4 ,all ( ^! hams 7 sweet at ! end ( ! cure4 ,inasmu* z ! ?ree lots ( hams 7 cur$ "u precisely ! same conditions & 7 h&l$ 9 ! same mann] prior to pickl+1 ! only diff]5ce be+ t ! hams 9 ti]ces #a & #b 7 te/$ ) ! ham !rmomet] :ile ^? 9 ti]ce #c 7 n1 we mu/ conclude t ! s\r+ ( ! hams 9 ti]ces #a & #b result$ f ! te/+ :i* ^! hams receiv$4 ,9 ! case ( ti]ce #a ! hams became infect$ f a !rmomet] :i*1 9 ! ord9>y r\t9e use ( ! pack+ h\se1 _h become accid5tally contam9at$ ) ! ham-s\r+ bacillus4 ,9 ! case ( ti]ce #b ! hams became infect$ f a !rmomet] :i* _h be5 artificially contam9at$ ) ! bacillus4 ,! high p]c5tage ( s\rs 9 ?is la/ lot is due to ! fact t ^! hams 7 heavily infect$ ) ! ham-s\r+ bacillus1 = ow+ to ! con/ruction ( ! ham !rmomet] _m ?\s&s ( ! bacilli 7 unque/ionably introduc$ into ea* ham on ! po9t ( ! !rmomet]4 ,9 ! ord9>y r\t9e ( ham te/+1 :]e hams become infect$ f =eign matt] introduc$ on ! !rmomet]1 ! p]c5tage ( s\r+1 z %[n 9 ti]ce #a1 w\ld be less1 = x is n to be suppos$ t ham !rmomet]s are always contam9at$ ) ! ham-s\r+ bacillus1 b t !y only become s at times1 & t probably only a few ( ! bacilli are !n introduc$4 ,?is exp]im5t1 we ?9k1 proves conclusively 7#a7 t ! ham-s\r+ bacillus may be introduc$ into ! bodies ( hams on ! !rmomet]s us$ 9 te/+ ! hams1 & 7#b7 t ! pack+-h\se me?od ( tak+ ham temp]atures by means ( a !rmomet] :i* is ?ru/ deep into ! bodies ( ! hams may cause s\r+ 9 ! hams ?us te/$4 ,z a fur!r pro( t hams may become contam9at$ 9 ?is mann]1 a s]ies ( cultures 7 made f scrap+s tak5 f ham !rmomet]s4 ,! scrap+s consi/$ ( ! accumulations ( bits ( meat1 grease1 & dirt t collect on ! !rmomet]s1 & 7 tak5 f ! !rmomet]s :ile ! latt] 7 9 ord9>y r\t9e use 9 ! pack+ h\se4 ,9 a s]ies ( six cultures :i* 7 made f su* scrap+s at diff]5t times1 ! same bacillus :i* 0 isolat$ f s\r hams & %[n to cause meat s\r+ 0 f\nd ?ree times4 ,9 o!r words1 ! ham-s\r+ bacillus 0 pres5t 9 #ej p] c5t ( ! cultures made f !rmomet] scrap+s1 & _m hams und\bt$ly become infect$ f ! !rmomet]s4 ,s\r+ w\ld be almo/ c]ta9 to result 9 mild-cure hams if ^! hams 7 te/$ ) a !rmomet] :i* _h become accid5tally contam9at$ ) ! ham-s\r+ bacillus1 z ! bacillus w\ld h "t to develop )9 ! bodies ( ! hams be=e be+ inhibit$ by ! cur+ pickle1 :i* p5etrates sl[ly into ! bodies ( ^! hams4 ,9 ! case ( regul> cure hams--t is1 hams :i* are pump$ 9 bo? body & %ank--s\r+ w\ld be mu* less apt to occur aft] ! use ( a contam9at$ !rmomet]1 z ^! hams are m or less saturat$ ) a /rong pump+ pickle at ! beg9n+ ( ! cure1 :i* w\ld t5d to inhibit ! gr[? ( any bact]ia t might be introduc$ on ! !rmomet]s4 ,! fact t s\r+ may result 9 hams f ! use ( a contam9at$ !rmomet] w\ld expla9 ! occurr5ce ( sev]al s\rs 9 "o vat1 = 9 te/+ hams j be=e !y g into cure sev]al hams are usually te/$ 9 succession1 & ^! w\ld 9 all likelihood g into ! same vat4 ,suppos+ ! !rmomet] to h be5 contam9at$ ) ! ham-s\r+ bacillus at ! "t ^! hams 7 te/$1 ?is w\ld expla9 a fact :i* has be5 (t5 not$1 namely1 ! occurr5ce ( sev]al s\rs 9 "o vat :ile o!r vats conta9+ ! same run ( hams %[ no s\rs4 ,if s\r+ result$ 9 all ( ! hams :i* are subject$ to a !rmomet] te/ 9 ! daily r\t9e ( ! pack+ h\se1 ?is manipulation alone might acc\nt = ne>ly all ( ! s\rs :i* occur1 b ! exp]im5t :i* has be5 j describ$ %[s t all ( ^! hams d n become s\r4 ,9 ti]ce #a1 :]e ea* ham 0 subject$ to ?ree !rmomet] te/s at diff]5t times1 s\r+ result$ 9 #ce p]c5t 7?is includes bo? mild & regul> cure7 ( ! hams ?us te/$1 & 9 actual practice ! p]c5tage ( s\rs 9 hams :i* h be5 subject$ to ! !rmomet] te/ w\ld probably be some:at less4 ,q a l>ge p]c5tage ( s\r hams are ?us left unacc\nt$ = by ! !rmomet] te/1 & we believe t ^! are *iefly ! result ( contam9ation c>ri$ 9 on ! pump+ ne$les or 9 ! pump+ pickles4 ,,infection ,,f ,,pump+ ,,ne$les4 ,9 view ( ! results obta9$ 9 ! la/ exp]im5t1 9 :i* x 0 %[n t hams may become infect$ f ! use ( ham !rmomet]s1 x seem$ n improbable t hams might also become infect$ f ! pump+ ne$les1 :i*1 l ! !rmomet]s1 are ?ru/ deep into ! bodies ( ! hams beside ! bone4 ,9 ord] to ?r[ "s light ^u ?is po9t1 cultures 7 tak5 f ! grease & dirt t accumulate on ! %ields at ! bases ( ! pump+ ne$les1 z su* mat]ial mu/ und\bt$ly be c>ri$ into ! hams at times on ! ne$les4 ,! ham-s\r+ bacillus 0 f\nd sev]al times 9 ^! cultures1 & h5ce x is fair to inf] t hams may also become infect$ at times f ! pump+ ne$les1 j z !y become infect$ f ! !rmomet]s4 ,bits ( contam9at$ meat & grease & p>ticles ( dirt c>ri$ 9 on ! pump+ ne$les w\ld be =c$ out into ! hams by ! pump+ pickle1 :i* passes out ?r\gh small op5+s or f5e/r 9 ! ne$les1 & ?is probably af=ds "o explanation z to :y s _m m body s\rs occur 9 ! mild-cure hams4 ,9 ! mild-cure hams1 :i* are pump$ 9 ! %ank only1 ! pump+ ne$le is introduc$ ne> ! femorotibial articulation1 & ! %ank is saturat$ at ! />t ) a /rong br9e solution1 :ile ! body ( ! ham is n4 ,if ! ham-s\r+ bacillus 7 c>ri$ into ^! hams on ! pump+ ne$le1 ! gr[? ( ! bacillus 9 ! %ank w\ld be inhibit$ by ! /rong br9e solution ) :i* ! %ank is saturat$1 b !re w\ld be no?+ to prev5t ! bacillus f gr[+ upw>d into ! body ( ! ham1 :i* has n be5 pump$ & is free f pickle4 ,?is w\ld also expla9 ! fact t ! s\r+ (t5 />ts at ! knee jo9t & ext5ds upw>d into ! body ( ! ham4 ,9 ! case ( ! regul> cure hams1 :]e ! ham is pump$ 9 bo? body & %ank1 ! entire ham is m or less saturat$ at ! />t ) ! /rong br9e ( ! pump+ pickle1 :i* t5ds to inhibit ! gr[? ( ! ham-s\r+ bacillus ev5 if ?is bacillus %\ld f9d its way into ^! hams on ! pump+ ne$les4 ,x is 9 ! mild-cure or p>tly pump$ hams1 :]e ! body ( ! ham is left unpump$1 t ! ham-s\r+ bacillus f9ds its be/ opportunity = developm5t1 & ! great] proportion ( ! s\rs t occur 9 ! pack+ h\se are f\nd 9 ^! hams4 ,z reg>ds ! possibility ( infection f ! pump+ pickle itself1 x does n seem probable t ?is w\ld (t5 occur1 = ! pump+ & cur+ pickles are always prep>$ on an upp] floor ( ! pickl+ h\ses & are deliv]$ to ! pickle cell>s 9 clos$ pipes1 s ! *ances = ! accid5tal contam9ation ( ^! solutions f float+ du/ or dirt w\ld n be great4 ,fur!rmore1 ! /rong br9e ( ! pump+ pickle w\ld completely inhibit ! gr[? ( ! ham-s\r+ bacillus1 & ! bacillus w\ld be incapable ( multiply+1 ev5 if x f\nd its way into ! pickle4 ,on ! o!r h&1 laboratory exp]im5ts %[ t ! bacillus or its spores may rema9 alive = a consid]able l5g? ( "t 9 ! pump+ pickle1 s ! possibility ( infection f ?is s\rce c n be ov]look$4 ,,infection ,,f ,,billhooks4 ,aft] ! hams are cut f ! c>casses !y are h&l$ entirely by means ( billhooks4 ,9 h&l+ ! hams ! hooks are ins]t$ b5ea? ! sk9 ( ! %ank at a po9t j above ! tibio-femoral articulation4 ,! hooks %\ld be ins]t$ 9 ! connective tissue b5ea? ! sk9 & %\ld n p5etrate ! muscul> tissue to any dep?4 ,:5 ! hams lie 9 ! "r position1 ) ! butt or l>ge portion away f & ! %ank t[>d ! op]ator1 x is an easy matt] to pick !m up 9 ! prop] mann]2 b :5 !y lie at diff]5t angles & are be+ rapidly h&l$ x is almo/ impossible to prev5t ! hook f p5etrat+ ! muscul> tissues1 & if ! hook %\ld p5etrate to ! bone x might c>ry 9 =eign matt] contam9at$ ) ! meat-s\r+ bacillus4 ,x is n probable t _m hams become contam9at$ 9 ?is way1 z ! m5 :o h&le ! hams are v skillful 9 manipulat+ _! hooks2 b ! possibility t hams may become contam9at$ 9 ?is mann] %\ld n be entirely ov]look$4 ,,biological ,,& ,,morphological ,,*>act]i/ics ,,( ,,! ,,ham-,,s\r+ ,,bacillus4 ,,conditions ,,favorable ,,to ,,gr[?4 ,! mo/ favorable m$ium = ! gr[? ( ! organism 0 f\nd to be ! modifi$ egg-meat mixture ( ,rettg]1 :i* has be5 previ\sly describ$4 ,9 ?is m$ium ! organism develops rapidly at a temp]ature ( #bj to #be ,c41 giv+ rise to ! *>act]i/ic s\r-meat odor4 ,l ! bacillus describ$ by ,kle91 x also gr[s readily on pork-ag> & pork-b\illon conta9+ glucose1 b diff]s f ,kle9's bacillus 9 t x w gr[1 ?\gh less luxuriantly1 on ord9>y nutri5t m$ia--ag>1 gelat91 & b\illon--)\t ! addition ( glucose4 ,! optimum temp]ature = gr[? is #bj to #be ,c4 ,! organism does n gr[ at incubator temp]ature 7#cg4e ,c474 ,at ice-box temp]ature 7#h to #aj ,c47 x develops readily1 al?\gh ! gr[? is less rapid ?an at #bj to #be ,c4 ,t ! organism w develop at ev5 l[] temp]atures 0 %[n 9 ! inoculation exp]im5ts ) hams1 :]e x develop$ & multipli$ ext5sively 9 ! bodies ( ! hams at ! temp]ature ( ! pickl+ cell>s1 :i* are held usually at #cd to #cf ,f4 7#a to #b ,c474 ,! organism develops be/ 9 a neutral or slightly alkal9e m$ium4 ,,gr[? ,,on ,,diff]5t ,,culture ,,m$ia4 ,gr[? on egg-pork m$ium4--,at a temp]ature ( #bj to #be ,c4 ! cultures %[ a slight b di/9ct s\r odor 9 f two to ?ree days4 ,?is odor1 z be=e /at$1 closely resembles ! odor ( a s\r ham4 ,egg-pork cultures f ?ree to five days old 7 giv5 to a tra9$ meat inspector1 :o knew no?+ :atev] z to ! cont5ts ( ! tubes1 & he 0 ask$ to describe ! odor2 he describ$ x z t ( a s\r ham4 ,at "o week ! album9s ( ! m$ium are gelat9iz$ or p>tly coagulat$ & ! odor is m pron\nc$4 ,at t5 days ! album9s are completely coagulat$ except at ! surface1 :]e !re is no app>5t gr[?2 ! odor is m putrefactive 9 nature1 & ! reaction ( ! m$ium is slightly acid4 ,at ?ree weeks ! coagulat$ album9 splits up into fragm5ts & appe>s to und]go a sl[ dige/ion1 gas bubbles =m 9 ! l[] portion ( ! culture1 & ! odor becomes di/9ctly putrefactive 9 "*4 ,! sl[ dige/ion ( ! album9 is probably due to a proteolytic enzyme elaborat$ by ! bacillus4 ,at ! end ( a week a d>k zone usually appe>s at ! surface ( ! coagulat$ album9 & gradually d>k5s until x becomes almo/ black4 ,?is zone is probably due to a pigm5t elaborat$ by ! bacillus4 ,at ice-box temp]ature 7#h to #aj ,c47 ! same *anges & ! same odor 7 not$1 b 7 some:at sl[] 9 develop+4 ,glucose-pork-ag>4--,?is m$ium 0 prep>$ f pork 9 ! same mann] z beef-ag>1 & conta9$ #a p] c5t ( glucose4 ,! organism gr[s readily on ?is m$ium & may be conv5i5tly cultivat$ 9 deep /ab cultures4 ,! m$ium 0 always ?or\ghly boil$ & !n rapidly cool$ 9 ord] to expel ! inclos$ air4 ,! gr[? ( ! organism 0 f\nd to v>y consid]ably ) ! reaction4 ,:5 ! reaction 0 #a4e1 deep /ab cultures at ?ree days 7#bj to #be ,c47 %[$ a well-m>k$ arboresc5t gr[?1 appe>+ z delicate filam5ts ext5d+ outw>d f ! l9e ( /ab4 ,! gr[? /opp$ )9 "o-f\r? or "o-half in* ( ! surface ( ! ag> on acc\nt ( ! pres5ce ( oxyg5 9 ! upp] "p ( ! culture m$ium4 ,z ! gr[? ext5d$ t[>d ! walls ( ! te/ tube ! ag> became cl\d$1 & !re 7 sometimes gas bubbles 9 ! dep? ( ! ag>1 b ! gas =mation 0 n ext5sive4 ,:5 ! reaction ( ! ag> is neutral or slightly alkal9e1 ext5sive gas =mation occurs & ! ag> is (t5 mu* brok5 up4 ,! cultures develop$ a disagreeable1 some:at putrefactive odor1 b did n give ! *>act]i/ic s\r-ham odor obta9$ f ! egg-pork cultures4 ,! organism 0 also gr[n on ana]obic ag> plates by ,z9ss]'s me?od1 :i* is said to give absolutely ana]obic conditions4 ,! colonies on ag> h a cottony or woolly appe>ance at fir/1 & spread sl[ly1 ) slightly irregul> m>g9s4 ,9 glucose-pork-ag> to :i* azolitm9 0 add$ ! azolitm9 9 ! l[] portion ( deep /ab cultures 0 completely decoloriz$ 9 five days at room temp]ature 7#bj to #be ,c74 ,9 glucose-pork-ag> conta9+ neutral r$ ! r$ color 9 ! l[] portion ( ! tube 0 *ang$ to yell[ ) ! developm5t ( fluoresc5ce4 ,neutral gelat94--,tubes ( ord9>y neutral gelat9 )\t ! addition ( glucose 7 inoculat$ & held at ice-box temp]ature 7#h to #aj ,c74 ,at five days a delicate :ite gr[? appe>$ along ! l9e ( /ab 9 ! l[] portion ( ! tube4 ,at sev5 days ! gr[? %[$ f9e radial /ri1 pres5t+ an arboresc5t or tree-l appe>ance1 & ext5d$ halfway f ! l9e ( /ab to ! walls ( ! te/ tube4 ,at two weeks ! gr[? _h caus$ a delicate cl\d+ ( ! m$ium 9 ! l[] portion ( ! tube4 ,at ?ree weeks ! gelat9 9 ! l[] portion ( ! tube _h become liquefi$ & ! gr[? _h settl$ to ! bottom z a :ite precipitate4 ,9 gelat9 conta9+ glucose1 gas bubbles are =m$ 9 ! dep? ( ! m$ium ?r\gh ! splitt+ up ( ! glucose1 & ! *>act]i/ic arboresc5t gr[? is obscur$4 ,glucose-pork-b\illon4--,?is m$ium 0 prep>$ f pork in/ead ( beef & conta9$ #a p] c5t ( glucose4 ,! be/ results 7 obta9$ :5 ! reaction ( ! m$ium 0 neutral or slightly alkal9e4 ,culture tubes1 :i* _h be5 previ\sly boil$ to expel ! conta9$ air & !n inoculat$1 7 held 9 a ,novy j>1 9 an atmosph]e ( hydrog5 at a temp]ature ( #bj to #be ,c4 ,at ?ree days ! tubes %[$ well-m>k$ cl\d+4 ,at "o week ! gr[? appe>$ z a heavy1 :ite1 floccul5t1 cottony precipitate 9 ! bottom ( ! tubes ) a slight floccul5t precipitate above4 ,:5 ! culture 0 remov$ f ! j> & %ak51 ! heavy1 floccul5t precipitate at ! bottom ( ! tube broke up )\t mu* difficulty1 giv+ rise to a heavy uni=m cl\d+ ) "s small float+ masses1 :i* soon settl$ to ! bottom4 ,on %ak+ ! tube "s evolution ( gas 9 ! =m ( v f9e bubbles 0 notic$4 ,9 ,smi? f]m5tation tubes conta9+ neutral glucose-pork-b\illon ! clos$ arm ( ! tube %[s well-m>k$ cl\d+ ) gas =mation at ?ree days at room temp]ature 7#bj to #be ,c74 ,! gr[? has a tuft$1 cottony appe>ance1 & !re are _m filam5ts & ?reads4 ,! gr[? settles to ! bottom ( ! clos$ arm z a cottony1 :ite precipitate 7see ,pl4 ,,iv74 ,! organism splits ! glucose vigor\sly1 & at #aj days ! tubes %[ f #dj to #ej p] c5t ( gas4 ,! b\illon 9 ! op5 arm ( ! tube rema9s uncl\d$4 ,! maximum gas production at room temp]ature is rea*$ 9 f #aj to #ad days1 by :i* "t ! gr[? 9 ! clos$ arm has completely settl$ into ! b5d ( ! tube1 leav+ ! b\illon 9 ! clos$ arm cle>4 ,! gas =mula1 z det]m9$ by ,smi?'s me?od1 0 ,h_/,,co #e_/a4 ,! reaction ( ! b\illon becomes acid to ph5olph?ale94 ,! organism w gr[ on ord9>y neutral b\illon )\t ! addition ( glucose1 & 9 ,smi? tubes conta9+ ?is m$ium a small am\nt ( gas 0 =m$1 due to ! splitt+ ( ! muscle sug>4 ,! bacillus also gr[s 9 a sug>-free bro?--t is1 a bro? free f muscle sug>--& f cultures gr[n 9 ?is m$ium a well-m>k$ indol te/ 0 obta9$4 ,litmus-milk4--,! organism 0 gr[n 9 litmus-milk 9 ,smi? f]m5tation tubes at #bj to #be ,c4 ,at sev5 days ! litmus 9 ! l[] portion ( ! clos$ arm _h assum$ a br[ni%-buff color4 ,at two weeks ! litmus 9 ! clos$ arm _h be5 r$uc$ to a br[ni%-buff color except at ! top ( ! tube1 :]e a pale1 blui% t+e rema9$1 & ! litmus 9 ! op5 arm %[$ v slight r$d5+ z comp>$ ) a *eck tube4 ,at ?ree weeks ! litmus 9 ! clos$ arm 0 entirely r$uc$ to a light1 br[ni%-buff color1 & ! litmus 9 ! op5 arm %[$ a slight b di/9ct r$d5+ z comp>$ ) ! *eck4 ,! r$d5+ ( ! litmus 9 ! op5 arm 0 evid5tly due to ! transfusion ( acids =m$ by ! gr[? ( ! bacillus 9 ! clos$ arm4 ,aft] sev]al weeks ! milk is sl[ly peptoniz$1 probably z a result ( enzyme action4 ,,morphology4 ,! organism is a l>ge bacillus hav+ an av]age size ( #d to #h 9 l5g? by #j4e to #j4g 9 ?ickness1 b !re are _m long] =ms measur+ f #aj to #bj 9 l5g?4 ,x develops 9 long1 irregul> *a9s or filam5ts1 :i* at times %[ a slightly spiral =m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4--;,ham-s\r+ bacillus 7,bacillus putrefaci5s7 gr[n on egg-pork m$ium1 %[+ t5d5cy to =m *a9s4 ,p>tly develop$ & fully develop$ spores are %[n at ends ( rods2 also free spores4 7,p5-&-ink draw+ made ) cam]a lucida f prep>ation /a9$ by ,gram's me?od4 #fdj47 ,! individual organisms %[ at times a widely op51 slightly spiral =m1 :i* 0 m app>5t 9 hang+-drop prep>ations made f b\illon cultures1 :]e ! organisms _h be5 comp>atively undi/urb$4 ,?is appe>ance 0 also not$ at times 9 ! /a9$ sections ( s\r$ muscul> tissue1 :]e ! organisms 7 /a9$ 9 place4 ,! organism possesses no motility4 ,x /a9s ) ! ord9>y anil9e dyes & by ,gram's me?od4 ,,spore ,,=mation4 ,! organism develops l>ge1 t]m9al spores1 :i* are at fir/ oval1 b :5 fully develop$ are p]fectly r\nd & measure f #a4e to #b 9 diamet]4 ,spores develop rapidly 9 ! egg-pork m$ium at #bj to #be ,c41 fully develop$ spores be+ not$ 9 f five to sev5 days4 ,at ice-box temp]ature 7#h to #aj ,c47 p>tly develop$ spores 7 not$ 9 ! egg-pork m$ium at #aj days & fully develop$ spores at #b weeks4 ,occasional spores 7 not$ 9 old ag> & gelat9 cultures1 b abundant spore =mation 0 se5 only 9 ! egg-pork m$ium4 ,no spores 7 not$ 9 b\illon cultures1 ev5 at #aj weeks4 ,,resi/ance ,,to ,,heat ,,& ,,*emical ,,ag5ts4 ,9 its vegetative =m ! bacillus is kill$ at #ee ,c4 9 #aj m9utes4 ,! spores survive a temp]ature ( #hj ,c4 = #bj m9utes1 b are kill$ at #ajj ,c4 9 #aj m9utes4 ,:5 sodium *lorid & potassium nitrate 7 add$ to glucose-pork bro? 9 v>y+ am\nts1 x 0 f\nd t #c p] c5t ( sodium *lorid or #c p] c5t ( potassium nitrate 0 suffici5t to inhibit completely ! gr[? ( ! bacillus at room temp]ature 7#bj to #be ,c474 ,:ile ! gr[? ( ! bacillus 0 inhibit$ by sodium *lorid & potassium nitrate z j /at$1 x 0 f\nd t v mu* /rong] solutions ( ! two salts fail$ to de/roy ! bacillus4 ,?us x 0 f\nd t ! bacillus or its spores reta9$ _! vitality aft] an exposure ( #cj days 9 a solution conta9+ #bc p] c5t ( sodium *lorid & #f p] c5t ( potassium nitrate4 ,,gas ,,production4 ,! organism splits glucose1 b n lactose or sac*>ose4 ,t x possesses ! p[] ( splitt+ muscle sug> 0 %[n by ! =mation ( gas 9 ,smi? f]m5tation tubes conta9+ ord9>y neutral b\illon )\t ! addition ( any sug>4 ,! =mation ( gas 9 glucose b\illon v>ies consid]ably ) ! reaction ( ! m$ium4 ,! l>ge/ am\nt ( gas 0 =m$ :5 ! bro? 0 neutral or slightly alkal9e4 ,:5 ! reaction ( ! bro? 0 di/9ctly acid or di/9ctly alkal9e ! am\nt ( gas 0 dim9i%$4 ,! gas :i* is =m$ 9 b\illon cultures consi/s *iefly ( hydrog5 & c>bon dioxide4 ,9 ord] to collect a suffici5t am\nt ( ! gas = analysis1 two l>ge f]m5tation tubes capable ( hold+ #aej cubic c5timet]s ea* 7 con/ruct$4 ,^! tubes 7 fill$ ) pork-b\illon & inoculat$ ) ! bacillus4 ,aft] #bj days at room temp]ature 7#bj to #be ,c47 ! gas 0 collect$ & ! c>bon dioxide & hydrog5 det]m9$1 ) ! foll[+ result3 ,cubic c5timet]s4 ,total am\nt ( gas collect$ #cg4g ,c>bon dioxide1 by absorption ) ,na,o,h #f4b ,hydrog51 by diff]5ce #ca4e ,?is analysis gives an approximate gas =mula ( ,h_/,,co #e_/a1 :i* agrees ) ! gas =mula z det]m9$ 9 ! small f]m5tation tubes by ,smi?'s me?od4 ,9 hams :i* _h und]gone spontane\s s\r+ & 9 hams :i* _h be5 artificially s\r$ by inoculation1 hydrog5-sulphid 0 (t5 not$ :5 ! s\r portions ( ! meat 7 te/$ ) lead-acetate pap]1 b no di/9ct odor ( ! gas c\ld be obta9$4 ,hydrog5 sulphid 0 also not$ 9 egg-pork cultures ( ! bacillus4 ,,acid ,,production4 ,9 glucose-b\illon1 butyric & lactic acids are =m$ & ! reaction ( ! m$ium becomes di/9ctly acid4 ,butyric & lactic acids 7 also not$ 9 ! egg-pork cultures4 ,a s]ies ( ,smi? f]m5tation tubes conta9+ #aj c4 c4 ea* ( glucose-pork bro? m$ium 0 inoculat$ ) ! bacillus & held at room temp]ature 7#bj to #be ,c474 ,^! cultures 7 titrat$ aga9/ ,n_/#dj,na,o,h1 ) ph5olph?ale9 z an indicator at int]vals ( two days up to n9ete5 days1 & !n at two-week int]vals up to sixty-"o days4 ,?ree ( ! cultures 7 titrat$ ea* "t s z to give a fair av]age ( ! acidity ( ! cultures1 & an un9oculat$ *eck tube 0 also titrat$ ea* "t to see if !re 0 any *ange 9 ! reaction ( ! m$ium4 ,! results ( ! titrations are %[n 9 ! foll[+ table3 ,acidity det]m9ations 9 glucose-pork bro? cultures4 ,age ( culture,culture,culture,culture,av]age4, m$ium4,acidity ( 7days74 ,a4 ,b4 ,c4 culture4 ,p] c5t4 #b #j4jch #j4jcj #j4jdj #j4jcf #j4jji #j4jbg #d 4#aje 4#ajj 4#ajb 4#ajb 4#jji 4#jic #f 4#ajf 4#aaj 4#aji 4#ajh 4#jji 4#jii #h 4#abd 4#aae 4#aag 4#aai 4#jji 4#aaj #aj 4#abh 4#acj 4#abf 4#abh 4#jji 4#aai #ab 4#abi 4#abj 4#abi 4#abf 4#jji 4#aag #ai 4#abf 4#abe 4#abe 4#abe 4#jji 4#aaf #cc 4#abe 4#abc 4#abe 4#abd 4#jji 4#aae #dg 4#abb 4#abj 4#aba 4#aba 4#jji 4#aab #fa 4#aba 4#aaf 4#aai 4#aah 4#jji 4#aji ,f ! above table x w be se5 t ! maximum acidity 0 rea*$ at t5 days1 aft] :i* !re 0 a gradual r$uction 9 ! acidity1 due probably to ! =mation ( ammonia comp\nds4 ,,pa?og5ic ,,prop]ties4 ,rabbits1 gu9ea pigs1 & :ite mice 7 inoculat$ & f$ ) cultures ( ! bacillus )\t effect1 f :i* x w\ld appe> t ! bacillus possesses no pa?og5ic or disease-produc+ prop]ties4 ,,nature ,,( ,,! ,,bacillus4 ,! bacillus is ess5tially a saprog5ic bact]ium ) zymog5ic prop]ties4 ,a prelim9>y /udy ( ! *emical *anges :i* take place 9 s\r hams %[s t ^! *anges are ( a putrefactive nature4 ,hams :i* _h und]gone spontane\s s\r+ 7 comp>$ ) hams :i* _h be5 artificially s\r$ by inoculation1 & ! *emical *anges 7 f\nd to be id5tical4 ,a *emical /udy 0 also made ( ! *anges tak+ place 9 egg-pork cultures ( ! bacillus at diff]5t /ages ( gr[?1 & ^! *anges 7 f\nd to be ( a putrefactive nature & simil> 9 "* to ! *anges :i* occur 9 s\r hams4 ,among ! putrefactive products =m$ by ! gr[? ( ! bacillus 9 ! egg-pork m$ium 7 indol1 skatol1 volatile fatty acids1 skatol-c>bonic acid1 & hydrog5 sulphid4#d #d ,! te/s = ! putrefactive products =m$ by ! gr[? ( ! bacillus 9 ! egg-pork m$ium 7 made by ,p4 ,ca/leman1 ( ! ,bio*emic ,division1 :o also det]m9$ ! p]c5tage composition ( ! gas =m$ by ! gr[? ( ! bacillus 9 ! glucose-pork-b\illon m$ium4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bul4 #acb1 ,,bureau ,,( ,,animal ,,indu/ry1 ,u4 ,s4 ,,dept4 ,,( ,,agriculture4 ,,plate ,,iv4 ,,glucose ,,b\illon ,,culture ,,9 ,,smi? ,,f]m5tation ,,tube ,,at ,,f\r ,,days4 ,,culture ,,gr[n ,,at ,,room ,,temp]ature 7#bj ,,to #be ,c474 ,,gr[? ,,conf9$ ,,entirely ,,to ,,clos$ ,,arm1 ,,) ,,gas ,,collect+ ,,at ,,top4 ,a m ext5d$ /udy is n[ be+ c>ri$ on 9 ! ,bio*emic ,division ( ! *emical *anges :i* take place 9 hams dur+ ! process ( s\r+1 toge!r ) a fur!r /udy ( ! *emical *anges :i* result f ! gr[? ( ! bacillus 9 ! egg-pork m$ium4 ,! results ( ?is inve/igation w be giv5 9 a lat] pap]4 ,! bacillus describ$ 9 ?is pap] belongs to ! class ( putrefactive ana]obes1 :i* are widely di/ribut$ 9 nature 9 du/1 soil1 & excrem5titi\s matt]s4 ,?is gr\p ( bact]ia conta9s bo? pa?og5ic & nonpa?og5ic =ms4 ,! =m] h receiv$ consid]able att5tion1 b ! latt] h nev] be5 ?or\ghly cle>$ up4 ,! bacillus isolat$ f s\r hams belongs 9 ! latt] category1 be+ possess$ ( no pa?og5ic or disease-produc+ prop]ties4 ,x occurs 9 ! du/ & dirt ( ! pack+ h\se & f9ds its way into ! hams 9 ! v>i\s manipulations to :i* ! hams are subject$4 ,! bacillus describ$ 9 ?is pap] does n seem to correspond ) any =ms h]et(ore describ$4 ,x diff]s f ,klei bacillus 7,bacillus fdans7 9 ! foll[+ important p>ticul>s3 7#a7 ,x =ms l>ge t]m9al spores1 :]eas ,kle9's bacillus =m$ no spores2 7#b7 x w gr[ at a temp]ature ( #cd ,f41 :ile ,klei bacillus did n gr[ bel[ #ej ,f42 7#c7 x produces an acid reaction 9 culture m$ia1 :ile ,klei bacillus gave a di/9ctly alkal9e reaction2 7#d7 x w gr[ on ! ord9>y nutri5t m$ia--gelat91 ag>1 & bro?--)\t ! addition ( glucose1 :ile ,kle9's bacillus did n2 7#e7 x peptonizes ! case9 9 milk1 :]eas ,kle9's bacillus _h no action on milk2 7#f7 x liquefies gelat9 m rapidly1 caus+ complete liquefaction aft] ?ree weeks at #h to #aj ,c41 :]eas ,kle9's bacillus caus$ only p>tial liquefaction aft] eight weeks at #bj ,c42 7#g7 x c be convey$ f turbid bro? cultures to new culture mat]ial by means ( ! plat9um loop1 :]eas ,kle9's bacillus c\ld n be ?us convey$4 ,= ! bacillus describ$ 9 ! pres5t pap] ! foll[+ "n is propos$3 ,bacillus putrefaci5s4 ,,prev5tion ,,( ,,ham ,,s\r+4 ,z x has be5 %[n t s\r+ 9 hams results f ! gr[? ( a bact]ium :i* is introduc$ into ! bodies ( ! hams 9 ! v>i\s manipulations :i* ! hams und]go1 ! only way to elim9ate s\r+ 9 hams1 z !y are cur$ 9 ! l>g] pack+ e/abli%m5ts1 w\ld be to cure ! hams "u aseptic or /]ile conditions1 :i* w\ld1 ( c\rse1 be a physical impossibility4 ,:ile x w probably be impossible1 !re=e1 to elim9ate s\r+ entirely "u ! me?ods ( ham cur+ :i* are at pres5t employ$ 9 ! l>g] pack+ e/abli%m5ts1 mu* c und\bt$ly be done t[>d r$uc+ ! p]c5tage ( s\rs4 ,9 ! matt] ( tak+ ham temp]atures1 = in/ance1 if ! !rmomet]s us$ 7 ?or\ghly clean$ & dis9fect$ & ! surfaces ( ! hams se>$ at ! po9t :]e ! !rmomet] is introduc$1 infection f ?is s\rce c\ld be entirely prev5t$2 or x might be possible s to regulate ! temp]ature ( ! *ill rooms t ! tak+ ( ham temp]atures c\ld be discont9u$4 ,! elim9ation ( ! s\r+ t results f ! introduction ( =eign matt] on ! pump+ ne$les c\ld be effect$ 9 two ways only1 7#a7 by n pump+ ! hams at all1 or 7#b7 by pump+ !m "u /]ile or aseptic conditions4 ,z has be5 /at$ be=e1 "s ( ! small] pack+ e/abli%m5ts cure _! hams )\t pump+1 & 9 ^! e/abli%m5ts ! p]c5tage ( s\rs runs v l[4 ,:5 hams are cur$ )\t pump+1 h[ev]1 ! p]iod ( cur+ has to be mat]ially l5g!n$ 9 ord] to give ! cur+ pickles suffici5t "t to p5etrate ?or\ghly1 & ?is is :at ! l>g] plants wi% to avoid because ( ! great] space & great] numb] ( vats :i* w\ld be necessitat$4 ,! object ( pump+ 9 ! l>g] plants1 :]e ! numb] ( hams h&l$ daily runs into ! ?\s&s1 is to ha/5 ! cure & ?us prev5t ! accumulation ( a great numb] ( hams at "o "t4 ,x is d\btful1 !re=e1 :e!r ! l>g] pack+ h\ses c\ld conv5i5tly discont9ue pump+4 ,to pump ! hams "u aseptic conditions w\ld necessitate a te*nique f> too elaborate = r\t9e use 9 ! pack+ h\se2 9 fact1 any?+ l complete asepsis w\ld be out ( ! "q4 ,c]ta9 measures might be adopt$1 h[ev]1 t w\ld t5d to prev5t ! possible introduction ( ham-s\r+ bacilli 9 ! process ( pump+4 ,x w\ld und\bt$ly be saf]1 = in/ance1 to boil ! pump+ pickle be=e use1 & ! *ances ( c>ry+ 9 contam9at$ =eign matt] on ! pump+ ne$les c\ld be less5$ by /]iliz+ ! pumps & ne$les ) boil+ wat] & by frequ5tly dipp+ ! ne$les1 :ile 9 use1 9 boil+ wat]4 ,if ! hams 7 spray$ ) clean wat] j prior to pump+1 !re w\ld be less likelihood ( c>ry+ 9 =eign matt] on ! ne$les4 ,! dang] ( introduc+ contam9at$ =eign matt] on ! ne$les might be fur!r obviat$ by se>+ ! surfaces ( ! hams at ! po9ts :]e ! ne$les are introduc$2 b su* a proc$ure w\ld be h>dly practicable 9 ! l>g] pack+ h\ses1 :]e ! great numb] ( hams cur$ necessitates rapid h&l+4 ,:ile ! dang] ( possible contam9ation 9 pump+1 ?r\gh ! introduction ( contam9at$ =eign matt] on ! pump+ ne$les1 c n well be avoid$1 ?is dang] is p>tly c\nt]balanc$ by ! inhibitory action ( ! pump+ pickle1 :i* is /rik+ly %[n 9 ! exp]im5ts :i* h be5 describ$4 ,9 ^! exp]im5ts1 #ajj hams receiv$ l>ge doses ( ! ham-s\r+ bacillus1 half ( ^! hams be+ subject$ to ! mild cure & half to ! regul> cure1 ) ! foll[+ result3 ,9 ! case ( ! mild-cure hams1 :i* 7 pump$ 9 ! %ank only1 ! p]c5tage ( s\rs 0 practically #ajj p] c5t1 e ham ) possibly "o exception becom+ s\r2 :]eas 9 ! regul>-cure hams1 :i* 7 pump$ 9 bo? body & %ank1 only #eh p] c5t ( ! hams became s\r4 ,9 o!r words1 ! additional pump+ :i* ! regul>-cure hams receiv$ s]v$ to prev5t s\r+ 9 #db p] c5t ( ^! hams4 ,9 ^! exp]im5ts ! numb] ( bact]ia introduc$ into ! hams 0 v great1 ?\s&s & ev5 millions ( ! bacilli be+ introduc$ into ea* ham1 :]eas 9 ! r\t9e ( ! pack+ h\se x is n likely t m ?an a few ( ! bacilli are ev] introduc$ at "o "t on ! !rmomet]s & pump+ ne$les4 ,9 view ( ^! results x is safe to say t 9 ! l>g] pack+ h\ses1 :]e pump+ seems to be necess>y1 ! numb] ( s\rs c\ld be r$uc$ fully #ej p] c5t if all hams 7 pump$ 9 ! body z well z 9 ! %ank4 ,at pres5t ! usual proc$ure is to pump all hams1 bo? mild & regul> cure1 ) ! same pump+ pickle1 ! mild-cure hams be+ pump$ 9 ! %ank only & ! regul>-cure hams at two additional po9ts 9 ! body4 ,! exp]im5ts quot$ above %[ t ! additional pump+ :i* ! regul>-cure hams receive und\bt$ly t5ds to prev5t ! developm5t ( s\r+ 9 ^! hams1 & ?is result is unque/ionably due to ! inhibitory action ( ! salts conta9$ 9 ! pump+ pickle1 z x 0 f\nd by laboratory exp]im5t t ! addition ( #c p] c5t ( sodium *lorid to culture m$ia is suffici5t to inhibit ! gr[? ( ! ham-s\r+ bacillus4 ,! pump+ pickles consi/ ( /rong br9e solutions & always conta9 consid]ably m ?an #c p] c5t ( sodium *lorid4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! pump+ ( regul>-cure hams 7 made m ?or\gh ?an at pres5t1 & all ( ! deep] portions ( ! ham 7 ?or\ghly saturat$ ) ! /rong br9e solution1 s\r+ c\ld be l>gely elim9at$1 if n entirely prev5t$1 9 ^! hams1 z an unfavorable m$ium or soil w\ld ?us be creat$ 9 :i* ! ham-s\r+ bacillus c\ld n develop4 ,! ham-s\r+ bacillus is able to develop )9 ! bodies ( ! regul>-cure hams because ! pump+ ( ^! hams is n always ?or\gh & !re are c]ta9 areas 9 ! inn] or deep] portions ( ! hams 9 :i* ! tissues are n ?or\ghly saturat$ ) ! pump+ pickle4 ,"u ! pres5t me?ods ( cur+1 ! great] proportion ( ! s\rs occur among ! p>tly pump$ or mild-cure hams4 ,^! hams are pump$ 9 ! %ank only1 & ! gr[? ( ! ham-s\r+ bacillus )9 ! bodies ( ^! hams is n int]f]$ ) until ! cur+ pickle has p5etrat$ f ! outside4 ,z x requires sev]al weeks = ! cur+ pickle to p5etrate ?or\ghly into ! deep] portions ( ^! hams1 ! bacillus is ?us af=d$ a consid]able int]val 9 :i* to develop be=e x is expos$ to ! inhibitory action ( ! pickle4 ,if ^! hams c\ld be ?or\ghly pump$ 9 ! body at ! beg9n+ ( ! cure 9 ! same mann] z ! regul>-cure hams1 ! *ief loss f ham s\r+ w\ld be elim9at$4 ,x w\ld n d1 h[ev]1 to pump ^! hams 9 ! body ) ! same pump+ pickle us$ 9 ! regul> cure1 z ! meat w\ld be r5d]$ too salty & ! mild flavor ( ! ham w\ld be lo/4 ,!re is und\bt$ly a dem& = mild-cure hams1 o!rwise !y w\ld n be on ! m>ket2 & ! "q !n arises h[ to pump ^! hams & /ill reta9 a mild cure4 ,?is might be accompli%$ by pump+ ^! hams ) _! own cur+ pickle1 :i* is usually a mild] pickle ?an t employ$ 9 ! regul> cure1 or an ev5 mild] pump+ pickle might be us$4 ,if mild-cure hams 7 pump$ 9 ?is way1 ! p]c5tage ( s\r+ 9 ^! hams c\ld und\bt$ly be greatly dim9i%$ )\t mat]ially affect+ ! flavor ( ! ham4 ,to recapitulate briefly1 ! prev5tion ( ham s\r+ is to be s\ght 9 two ways3 7#a7 ,?r\gh great] c>e 9 h&l+ ! hams & ! adoption ( precaution>y measures to prev5t ! introduction ( ! ham-s\r+ bacillus into ! bodies ( ! hams1 & 7#b7 ?r\gh m ?or\gh pump+ ( ! deep] or inn] portions ( ! hams1 s z to create an unfavorable soil or m$ium 9 :i* ! ham-s\r+ bacillus c n develop ev5 if x %\ld ga9 entrance into ! bodies ( ! hams4 ,f :at has be5 said x w be app>5t t ham s\r+ c probably nev] be entirely elim9at$ f ! pack+ h\se "u ! pres5t me?ods ( cur+1 b ! adoption ( precaution>y measures 9 te/+ & pump+ hams1 toge!r ) a m ?or\gh pump+ ( all hams 9 ways simil> to ^? sugge/$1 w\ld unque/ionably r$uce v mat]ially ! losses f ?is s\rce4 ,,g5]al ,,summ>y ,,& ,,conclusions4 #a4 ,9 ?is pap] x has be5 %[n t ham s\r+1 z enc\nt]$ 9 ! wet cure :]e ! hams are entirely subm]g$ 9 pickl+ fluids1 is due to ! gr[? ( an ana]obic bacillus )9 ! bodies ( ! hams4 ,?is bacillus 7,b4 putrefaci5s7 0 f\nd 9 s\r hams obta9$ f f\r diff]5t pack+ e/abli%m5ts4 ,x 0 isolat$ & gr[n 9 v>i\s laboratory m$ia1 9 "o ( :i*1 ! egg-pork m$ium1 x gave rise to ! *>act]i/ic s\r-ham odor4 ,?is bacillus 0 ! only organism t c\ld be isolat$ f s\r hams t 0 capable ( produc+ ! *>act]i/ic s\r-ham odor 9 ! egg-pork m$ium4 #b4 ,:5 inject$ into ! bodies ( s\nd hams1 ! bacillus caus$ ^! hams to s\r 9 ! process ( cur+4 ,9 hams :i* _h be5 inoculat$ ) ! bacillus & ?us artificially s\r$1 ! bacillus 0 recov]$ 9 cultures tak5 at po9ts f> remov$1 relatively speak+1 f ! po9t ( inoculation1 indicat+ t ! bacillus _h multipli$ & progress$ by ext5sion ?r\gh\t ! bodies ( ! hams4 #c4 ,! bacillus possesses no motility1 & its ext5sion ?r\gh\t ! bodies ( ! hams is a result ( multiplication4 ,9 its gr[? x foll[s along ! connective-tissue b&s betwe5 ! muscle bundles1 :i* are compos$ ( comp>atively loose tissue & af=d pa?s ( lea/ resi/ance4 ,:5 x invades ! muscle tissue prop]1 x foll[s along ! s>colemma %ea?s betwe5 ! muscle fib]s4 ,z a result ( ?is gr[? ! muscul> tissue becomes s(t] & t5ds to break m easily4 #d4 ,! bacillus belongs to ! class ( putrefactive ana]obes :i* are widely di/ribut$ 9 nature 9 du/1 soil1 & excrem5titi\s matt]s4 ,! bacillus or its spores is pres5t 9 ! du/ & dirt ( pack+ h\ses & f9ds its way into ! hams 9 ! v>i\s manipulations to :i* !y are subject$4 #e4 ,! bacillus or its spores may be introduc$ into hams on ! !rmomet]s us$ 9 te/+ ! hams1 on ! pump+ ne$les1 & possibly on ! billhooks us$ 9 h&l+ ! hams4 ,x may also be c>ri$ into ! hams 9 ! pump+ pickle1 & may ev5 f9d its way into ! hams f ! cur+ pickle1 al?\gh infection ?r\gh ! latt] *annel probably does n (t5 occur4 #f4 ,! bacillus develops 9 ! deep] portions ( ! ham because ( ! ana]obic conditions !re prevail+1 & s\r+ is mo/ (t5 enc\nt]$1 !re=e1 9 ! deep] portions ( ! ham ne> ! bone4 #g4 ,a prelim9>y /udy ( ! *emical *anges :i* take place 9 ! process ( s\r+ %[s t ^! *anges are ( a putrefactive nature1 & ham s\r+1 z ord9>ily enc\nt]$1 is to be reg>d$ z an incipi5t putrefaction4 ,hams :i* _h be5 artificially s\r$ by injections ( culture 7 comp>$ ) s\r hams obta9$ f ! pack+ h\se1 & ! putrefactive *anges 7 f\nd to be id5tical4 #h4 ,hams :i* h once become s\r c nev] be re/or$ to a s\nd condition1 because ( ! *emical *anges :i* result f ! gr[? ( ! bacillus4 ,9 o!r words1 ! tissues ( ! ham und]go c]ta9 *emical *anges 9 ! process ( s\r+1 & :5 ^! *anges h once tak5 place ! tissues c nev] be re/or$ to a s\nd condition4 ,! repump+ ( slightly s\r$ hams ) a /rong pump+ pickle w *eck fur!r s\r+1 by inhibit+ ! gr[? ( ! bacillus1 b w n re/ore to a s\nd condition ^? portions ( ! ham :i* h become s\r4 #i4 ,! salts ( ! pickl+ fluids h a m>k$ inhibitory action on ! ham-s\r+ bacillus1 & s\rs occur less frequ5tly 9 regul>-cure hams4 #aj4 ,9 regul>-cure hams ! gr[? ( ! ham-s\r+ bacillus is re/rict$ & (t5 completely inhibit$ z a result ( ! additional pump+ :i* ^! hams receive1 :]eby !y are m or less saturat$ ) pickle at ! beg9n+ ( ! cure4 #aa4 ,if ! pump+ ( regul>-cure hams 7 m ?or\gh & all ( ! deep] portions ( ! ham 7 ?or\ghly saturat$ ) ! pump+ pickle1 s\r+ c\ld be l>gely elim9at$ if n entirely prev5t$ 9 ! hams1 z an unfavorable m$ium or soil w\ld ?us be creat$1 9 :i* ! ham-s\r+ bacillus c\ld n develop4 ,! reason t s\r+ does develop 9 regul>-cure hams is because ! pump+ is n always ?or\gh & !re are c]ta9 areas 9 ! deep] portions ( ^! hams :i* are n saturat$ ) ! pump+ pickle4 #ab4 ,"u ! pres5t me?ods ( cur+1 ! p>tly pump$ or mild-cure hams furni% ! great] proportion ( ! s\rs1 z ^! hams are n pump$ 9 ! body & ! gr[? ( ! ham-s\r+ bacillus )9 ! bodies ( ^! hams is n int]f]$ ) until ! cur+ pickle has p5etrat$ f ! outside4 ,z x requires sev]al weeks = ! cur+ pickle to p5etrate ?or\ghly into ! deep] portions ( ^! hams1 ! bacillus is ?us af=d$ a consid]able int]val 9 :i* to develop4 #ac4 ,! p]c5tage ( s\r+ 9 ! mild-cure hams c\ld be greatly r$uc$ )\t mat]ially affect+ ! cure by pump+ ^! hams ) _! own cur+ pickle1 :i* is usually a mild] pickle ?an t employ$ 9 ! regul> cure2 & if ! pump+ 7 ?or\gh ! numb] ( s\rs 9 ^! hams c\ld be r$uc$ to a small figure4 #ad4 ,! only way by :i* ham s\r+ c\ld be entirely elim9at$ f ! l>g] pack+ e/abli%m5ts "u ! pres5t me?ods ( cur+ w\ld be to h&le ! hams ?r\gh\t "u aseptic conditions1 & ?is1 = obvi\s reasons1 w\ld be an impossibility4 ,! losses f ham s\r+ may be mat]ially r$uc$1 h[ev]1 by great] c>e 9 h&l+ ! hams & ! adoption ( precaution>y measures design$ to prev5t ! introduction ( contam9at$ =eign matt] into ! bodies ( ! hams1 toge!r ) m ?or\gh me?ods ( pump+4 ,,ackn[l$gm5ts4 ,9 conclusion1 ! writ] desires to express 8 obligations to ,dr4 ,s4 ,e4 ,b5nett1 ( ! ,inspection ,division1 inspector 9 *>ge at ,*icago1 = ! assignm5t ( tra9$ meat inspectors to assi/ 9 ! "w1 z well z = k9d assi/ance 9 obta9+ data & mat]ial = laboratory /udy1 & to ,dr4 ,l4 ,e4 ,day1 ( ! ,pa?ological ,division1 :o k9dly prep>$ ! sections :i* are figur$ & describ$ 9 ! pres5t article4