,,k+',s ,,s]ies ,,9 ,,woodwork ,,& ,,c>p5try ,,elem5ts ,,( ,,woodwork ,,by ,,*>les ,a4 ,,k+ ,,director ,,( ,,manual ,,tra9+ ,,ea/]n ,,high ,,s*ool1 ,,bay ,,city1 ,,mi*igan ,illu/ration ,,new ,,york 3 ,,c9c9nati 3 ,,*icago ,,am]ican ,,book ,,company ,,k+',s ,,s]ies ,,9 ,,woodwork ,,& ,,c>p5try ,,elem5ts ,,( ,,woodwork ,,elem5ts ,,( ,,con/ruction ,,con/ructive ,,c>p5try ,,inside ,,f9i%+ ,,h&book ,,= ,,tea*]s ,,copyright1 #aiaa1 ,,by ,,*>les ,a4 ,,k+4 ,,ent]$ ,,at ,,/ation]s' ,,hall1 ,,london4 ,w4 ,p4 ,i4 ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,s]ies ,?is s]ies consi/s ( five volumes1 f\r ( :i* are int5d$ z textbooks = pupils 9 manual-tra9+1 indu/rial1 trade1 te*nical1 or normal s*ools4 ,! fif? book ( ! s]ies1 ! 8,h&book 9 ,woodwork & ,c>p5try10 is = ! use ( tea*]s & ( normal /ud5ts :o expect to tea* ! subjects treat$ 9 ! o!r f\r volumes4 ,( ! pupils' volumes1 ! fir/ two1 8,elem5ts ( ,woodwork0 & 8,elem5ts ( ,con/ruction10 are adapt$ to ! ne$s ( /ud5ts 9 manual-tra9+ s*ools1 or 9 any in/itution 9 :i* elem5t>y woodwork is taught1 :e!r z purely educational h&work1 or z prep>atory to a high1 or trade1 s*ool c\rse 9 c>p5try or vocational tra9+4 ,! volumes 8,con/ructive ,c>p5try0 & 8,inside ,f9i%+0 are plann$ ) special ref]5ce to ! /ud5ts ( te*nical1 indu/rial1 or trade s*ools1 :o h pass$ ?r\gh ! "w ( ! fir/ two volumes1 or _! equival5t4 ,! subjects treat$ are ^? :i* w be ( greate/ value to bo? ! prospective & ! f9i%$ workman4 ,= ! _m tea*]s :o are oblig$ to foll[ a requir$ c\rse1 b :o are all[$ to introduce supplem5t>y or optional models "u c]ta9 conditions1 & = o!rs :o h m lib]ty & are able to make su* *anges z !y see fit1 ?is s]ies w be f\nd p]fectly adaptable1 reg>dless ( ! grades taught4 ,to accompli% ?is1 ! mat]ial has be5 arrang$ by topics1 :i* may be us$ by ! tea*] irrespective ( ! sequ5ce1 z ea* topic has to ! greate/ ext5t possible be5 treat$ indep5d5tly4 ,! au?or is indebt$ to ,dr4 ,george ,a4 ,hubbell1 ,ph4,d41 n[ ,presid5t ( ! ,l9coln ,memorial ,univ]sity1 = enc\ragem5t & advice 9 prep>+ = & plann+ ! s]ies1 & to ,george ,r4 ,swa91 ,pr9cipal ( ! ,ea/]n ,high ,s*ool ( ,bay ,city1 ,mi*igan1 = valuable aid 9 revis+ ! manuscript4 ,ackn[l$gm5t is due v>i\s educational & trade p]iodicals1 & ! publications ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5ts ( ,education & ( ,=e/ry1 = ! helpful sugge/ions t ! au?or has glean$ f _! pages4 ,,*>les ,a4 ,,k+4 ,,bay ,,city1 ,,mi*igan4 ,,preface ,,to ,,elem5ts ,,( ,,woodwork ,9 prep>+ ?is book1 x has be5 ! au?or's purpose to pres5t1 9 z complete & concise =m z possible1 ! k :i* e wood-work] %\ld possess reg>d+ ! c>e & use ( 8 tools & ! mat]ial ^u :i* he employs !m4 ,:e!r an amateur1 appr5tice1 or skill$ workman1 :e!r a c>p5t]1 boat build]1 patt]n mak]1 or wood c>v]1 ! elem5t>y k ( ! con/ruction ( tools1 ( %>p5+ !m1 & ( _! adju/m5t & manipulation is practically ! same4 ,! /ructure ( wood1 & ! necessity ( apply+ its peculi>ities ( gra9 & texture to ! advantage ( ! "w 9 h&1 also is ! same ^u all bran*es ( woodwork4 ,:ile innum]able tools & cutt+ devices h be5 inv5t$ to enable ! wood-work] to accompli% special results economically bo? z to "t & mat]ial1 a /udy ( !m w prove t !y all op]ate ^u a few simple pr9ciples1 a k ( :i* is n difficult to acquire1 ?\gh skill & judgm5t 9 ! application ( ! tools c be atta9$ only by cont9u\s & prop]ly direct$ practice4 ,x w\ld be bo? impossible & unnecess>y 9 a book ( ?is sort to describe ^! v>i\s devices1 ?\gh 9 a s*oolroom x is a great advantage to h z _m ( !m z practicable1 n = _! use only1 b t ! /ud5ts may become famili> ) _! purposes & ! applications ( ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ^u :i* ea* is bas$4 ,! actual use ( tools may be consid]$ ! ,a ,b ,c ( woodwork1 z x be>s ! same relation to ! f9i%$ product ( ! workman z ! alphabet be>s to lit]ature1 ! space betwe5 ! m]e me*anical facility 9 ! use ( ei!r tools or alphabet1 be+ ! result ( ! judgm5t1 skill1 & individuality ( ei!r ! workman or ! au?or4 ,?us1 if a /ud5t acquires ! facility to use ! tools describ$ 9 ?is volume1 he w h little difficulty 9 us+ o!r & m complex tools2 & :5 he has ma/]$ ! pr9ciples ( con/ruction involv$ 9 ! ex]cises expla9$ 9 ! foll[+ book ( ?is s]ies1 ! 8,elem5ts ( ,con/ruction10 & ! correct use ( ! tools involv$ 9 mak+ ^!1 toge!r ) _! applications & comb9ations1 he has acquir$ ! fundam5tal k ( all con/ruction 9 wood4 ,,*>les ,a4 ,,k+4 ,,bay ,,city1 ,,mi*igan4 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,gr[? ,,( ,,wood4--,k9ds ( trees us$ = lumb]2 ,! =mation ( wood2 ,tissues2 ,! m$ull>y rays2 ,! gra9 9 trees2 ,defects f\nd 9 lumb]2 ,:5 to cut lumb] #a ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,lumb]+ ,,& ,,v>ieties ,,( ,,wood4--,! manufacture ( lumb]2 ,to saw lumb] ( irregul> dim5sions2 ,! grad+ ( lumb]2 ,! te/+ ( lumb]2 ,survey+ or e/imat+ lumb]2 ,qualities ( wood #ab ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,c>e ,,( ,,lumb]4--,! pil+ ( lumb]2 ,p]man5t lumb] ways2 ,to m9imize ! w>p+ ( lumb]2 ,wea!r-dri$ lumb]2 ,kiln-dri$ lumb]2 ,moi/ air kilns2 ,induc$ draft kilns2 ,results ( ! two sy/ems2 ,fill+ a kiln2 ,l5g? ( "t lumb] %\ld be left 9 ! kiln2 ,! c>e ( kiln-dri$ lumb]2 ,/eam+ wood2 ,pres]v+ wood #de ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,tools4--,h[ to pur*ase tools2 ,b5*es2 ,rules2 ,! try-squ>e2 ,! /eel1 or fram+1 squ>e2 ,! bevel2 ,! gauge2 ,! hamm]2 ,! hat*et2 ,! mallet2 ,saws2 ,! knife blade2 ,planes2 ,%>p5+ a plane2 ,! jack plane2 ,! jo9t]2 ,! smoo?+ plane2 ,! block plane2 ,! correct position2 ,*isels2 ,g\ges2 ,! draw%ave2 ,! spoke%ave2 ,bits2 ,! bitbrace1 or /ock2 ,! screwdriv]2 ,compasses1 or divid]s2 ,pli]s2 ,! scrap]2 ,edges2 ,nail sets2 ,wr5*es2 ,h&screws2 ,a gr9d/one2 ,em]y1 corundum1 c>borundum2 ,:et/ones2 ,files2 ,saw fil+ #eg ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,glue ,,& ,,s&pap]4--,diff]5t k9ds ( glue2 ,h[ to use glue2 ,! te/+ ( s&pap]2 ,h[ to use s&pap] #aah ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,wood ,,f9i%+4--,fill+2 ,/a9+ wood2 ,%ellac2 ,wax f9i%+2 ,oil f9i%2 ,v>ni%2 ,poli%+2 ,bru%es #abh ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,,fig4 ,,page #a4 ,section ( ,yell[ ,p9e #b #b4 ,section ( ,oak ,tree ,trunk #e #c4 ,defects 9 ,lumb] #g #d4 ,fell+ a ,tree #ab #e4 ,cutt+ ,small ,bran*es f ,fell$ ,spruce #ac #f4 ,skidway ( ,spruce ,logs #ad #g4 ,load ( ,:ite ,p9e ,logs #ad #h4 ,haul+ ,logs by ,/eel ,cable #ae #i4 ,load+ ,logs f ,%$way to ,tra9 #af #aj4 ,boom ( ,logs #af #aa4 ,log ,jam #ag #ab4 ,sawmill 9 ! ,big ,tree ,di/rict #ah #ac4 ,circul> ,saw #bj #ad4 ,d\ble ,cut ,b& ,saw #ba #ae4 ,pla91 ,sla%1 or ,ba/>d ,saw+ #bb #af4 ,f\r ,me?ods ( ,qu>t]+ #bb #ag4 ,lumb] ,scale #bg #ah4 ,bee* & ,sug> ,maple ,=e/ #ca #ai4 ,:ite ,p9e ,=e/ #ci #bj4 ,d\glas ,spruce ,=e/ #da #ba4 ,r$ ,spruce & ,balsam ,fir ,kill$ by ,fire #dc #bb4 ,p]man5t ,lumb] ,ways #df #bc4 ,w>p+ ( ,lumb] #dh #bd4 ,lumb] pil$ 9 ,d\ble ,c\rses #di #be4 ,manual-tra9+ ,b5* #eh #bf4 ,c>p5t]'s ,b5* #eh #bg4 ,two-foot1 ,f\r-fold ,rule #ei #bh4 ,zigzag ,rule #ei #bi4 ,position ( ,try-squ>e 9 ,squ>+ an ,edge #fj #cj4 ,use ( ,two ,try-squ>es to see if ,piece ( ,wood is 8,out ( ,w9d0 #fj #ca4 ,position ( ,try-squ>e :5 ,mak+ ,l9e #fa #cb4 ,/eel1 or ,fram+1 ,squ>e #fb #cc4 ,bevel & ,/eel ,squ>e #fb #cd4 ,m>k+ ,gauge #fc #ce4 ,m>k+ ,gauge 9 ,use #fd #cf4 ,claw ,hamm] #fd #cg4 ,to5ail+ & ,tack+ #fe #ch4 ,bl9d ,nail+ & ,use ( a ,nail ,set #ff #ci4 ,hat*et & ,h&axe #fg #dj4 ,mallets 7,squ>e-fac$ & ,r\nd7 #fg #da4 ,saws--,rip-1 ,cutt+-(f1 & ,compass1 or ,keyhole #fh #db4 ,backsaw #fi #dc4 ,use ( ! ,saw #ga #dd4 ,reset ,saw ,h&le #gb #de4 ,knife ,blades #gb #df4 ,section ( an ,iron ,plane #gc #dg4 ,result ( ,us+ ,plane ) ,improp]ly ,adju/$ ,cap ,iron #gd #dh4 ,result ( ,us+ ,plane ) ,cap ,iron ,adju/$ ,prop]ly #gd #di4 ,sett+ a ,plane #gf #ej4 ,:ett+ & ,gr9d+ ( ,plane #gg #ea4 ,:ett+ or ,oil/on+ ! ,bevel$ ,side ( a ,cutt] #gh #eb4 ,:ett+ or ,oil/on+ ! ,pla9 ,side ( ! ,plane ,iron #gi #ec4 ,%ape ( ,edge ( ,plane ,iron #hj #ed4 ,jack ,plane #ha #ee4 ,me?od ( ,guid+ a ,jo9t] #hc #ef4 ,knuckle ,jo9t ,block ,plane #hd #eg4 ,use ( ! ,block ,plane #hd #eh4 ,us+ ,block ,plane ^u ,small ,pieces #he #ei4 ,incorrect ,use ( ,jack ,plane #hf #fj4 ,beg9n+ ! ,/roke ) a ,jack ,plane #hg #fa4 ,end+ ! ,/roke ) a ,jack ,plane #hg #fb4 ,*isels #hi #fc4 ,draw%ave #ij #fd4 ,spoke%ave #ij #fe4 ,aug] ,bit #ia #ff4 ,cross-h&l$ ,aug] #ia #fg4 ,g]man ,bit & ,twi/ ,drill #ib #fh4 ,ext5sion ,bit & ,c5t] ,bit #ib #fi4 ,fil+ an ,aug] ,bit #ic #gj4 ,rat*et ,bitbrace #id #ga4 ,compasses #ie #gb4 ,calip]s #ie #gc4 ,pli]s #ie #gd4 ,nipp]s #ie #ge4 ,scrap] #if #gf4 ,edges ( ,scrap]s #ig #gg4 ,angle ( ,burni%] ) ,sides ( ,scrap] #ig #gh4 ,me?od ( ,grasp+ ,scrap] = ,%>p5+ #ih #gi4 ,top ,views ( ! ,angles ( ! ,burni%] #ii #hj4 ,angle to be avoid$ 9 ,%>p5+ ,scrap] #ajj #ha4 ,turn+ back ! ,edge ( a ,scrap] #ajj #hb4 ,me?od ( ,grasp+ ! ,scrap] :5 ,work+ ^u a ,broad ,surface #aja #hc4 ,me?od ( ,grasp+ ! ,scrap] :5 ,work+ )9 ,small ,area #aja #hd4 ,me?od ( ,grasp+ ! ,scrap] :5 ,work+ ^u an ,edge #ajb #he4 ,monkey ,wr5* #ajc #hf4 ,effect ( ! ,unskillful ,use ( a ,h&screw #ajc #hg4 ,correct ,use ( ,h&screw #ajd #hh4 ,em]y ,:eel ,dress] #ajf #hi4 ,jo9t+ a ,saw #aji #ij4 ,h& ,saw ,set #aaj #ia4 ,anvil ,saw ,set #aaj #ib4 ,angle ( ! ,file ) ! ,edge ( ! ,saw #aaa #ic4 ,angle ( ! ,file ) ! ,sides ( ! ,saw #aaa #id4 ,results ( ,fil+s z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ic #aab #ie4 ,me?od ( ,c>ry+ a ,file to obta9 ! ,hook ( a ,cutt+-(f ,saw #aab #if4 ,remov+ ! ,burr aft] ,fil+ a ,saw #aac #ig4 ,use ( ,s&pap] ^u a ,broad ,surface #abd #ih4 ,s&pap]+ ,panel ,"w #abf #ii4 ,me?od ( ,grasp+ ,s&pap] 9 ,rubb+ d[n ,%ellac ,f9i% #acd ,,elem5ts ,,( ,,woodwork ,,*apt] ,i ,,gr[? ,,( ,,wood #a4 ,k9ds ( trees us$ = lumb]4--7,a47 ,! classification ( trees "h consid]$ is bas$ ^u ! me?od by :i* ! trunk1 or /em1 ( a tree is =m$4 ,! t]m exog5\s is appli$ to outside gr[]s1 ar\nd :i* a lay] ( wood gr[s ea* ye>1 & f :i* is cut ! lumb] ( comm]ce4 ,z ! wood-work] is int]e/$ ma9ly 9 trees :i* gr[ by ?is me?od1 we w d no m ?an m5tion ! endog5\s1 or inside-gr[+1 trees or plants ( ! nature ( palm trees1 corn/alks1 etc41 9 :i* ! woody fib] is =m$ ^u ! inside ( ! /em4 7,b47 ,! new wood =m$ ea* ye> ^u exog5\s trees is kn[n z ! annual lay]1 or r+2 ! sep>ate lay]s be+ m prom95t 9 op5-gra9$ woods1 su* z oak1 a%1 & *e/nut1 ?an 9 close-gra9$ woods1 su* z maple1 *]ry1 popl>1 & bir*4 ,x is ! diff]5ce 9 ! "* & /ructure ( ^! lay]s :i* makes "s woods h>d & o!rs s(t1 "s ) op5 & o!rs ) close gra91 & :i* also1 ) ! color+ matt] peculi> to ea* k9d ( wood1 causes its individuality & adaptability to c]ta9 uses4 7,! color & odor ( wood are caus$ by *emical comb9ations1 & are n "p ( ! sub/ance ( ! wood47 ,ea* ( ^! annual lay]s is compos$ ( two p>ts1 ! =mation be+ %[n 9 ,fig4 #a1 9 :i* ! gra9 ( yell[ p9e is depict$4 ,! s(t1 cellul>1 or op51 gra91 a1 is =m$ z ! sap moves upw>d 9 ! spr+1 & ! h>d1 compact gra91 b1 is =m$ lat] 9 ! ye>4 ,9 s(t woods ! op5 gra9 pr$om9ates1 :ile 9 h>d woods ! compact gra9 is m 9 evid5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--,,section ,,( ,,yell[ ,,p9e4 a1 s(t1 cellul> gra92 b1 h>d1 compact gra94 ,! age ( a tree may be det]m9$ by c\nt+ ^! annual r+s ^u ! /ump1 ?\gh a dr\? dur+ ! gr[+ season may h at "s "t s affect$ its gr[? z to make "s lay]s indi/9ct1 r5d]+ x impossible to be absolutely sure ( ! c\nt4 ,9 a "y tree ! annual lay]s are ?ick] ?an :5 ! tree becomes m mature4 7,c47 ,! diff]5t k9ds ( timb] :i* ! c>p5t] uses are cut f decidu\s1 or broad-leaf1 trees1 & f conif]\s1 or ne$le-leaf1 trees4 ,?is classification ( trees is bas$ ^u ! diff]5ce 9 ! =ms ( _! leaves1 ! =m] k9d furni%+ ! a%1 oak1 walnut1 bee*1 bir*1 & o!r woods t are h>d to "w1 z well z popl> or :ite wood1 l9n or bass wood1 & o!rs :i* are call$ h>d woods1 n 9 ! s5se t !y are h>d to "w1 b because _! me?od ( gr[? is ! same4 ,! conif]\s or ev]gre5 trees furni% ! c$>s1 p9es1 hemlocks1 spruces1 firs1 r$wood1 tam>ack1 cypress1 & a few o!r woods ( ! same nature4 ,^! woods h a res9 :i* is always pres5t1 no matt] h[ old or dry ! wood may be1 :i* expla9s _! sup]ior wea!r-resi/+ qualities4 #b4 ,! =mation ( wood4--7,a47 ,9 ! spr+ ! sap beg9s to fl[ upw>d1 ma9ly ?r\gh ! op5 cells ( ! cambium 7! new gr[? 9 ! /em1 by :i* ! diamet] ( ! tree is increas$71 & to "s ext5t ?r\gh ! sapwood4 ,z x comes 9 contact ) ! air by means ( ! leaves & ! gre5 %oots ( ! tree1 7,b47 x gives (f wat] & oxyg51 & absorbs c>bonic acid gas f ! air1 7,c47 :i* is =m$ into />*1 sug>1 oil1 etc42 ?is 9 turn becomes "p ( ! sapwood1 & =ms ! compact "p ( ! annual r+1 complet+ ! lay] = t ye>4 7,d47 ,! wood is =m$ by a deposit ( matt] f ! sap1 :i* gradually ?ick5s ! cell walls until ! cells are fill$1 :5 t lay] becomes a "p ( ! he>twood1 or t "p ( ! tree :i* is inclos$ )9 ! annual lay]s ( sapwood4 7,e47 ,bo? ! fib]s & ! cells ( ! sapwood are fill$ ) wat] or sap1 :i* may be remov$ by season+1 b ! sapwood ( mo/ trees us$ = build+ purposes is n z good lumb] z ! he>twood1 z x is always susceptible to moi/ure4 ,! exceptions to ?is w be m5tion$ else:]e4 7,f47 ,9 all unseason$ lumb] f #bj to #fj p] c5t ( its weight is moi/ure1 :i* mu/ be evaporat$ be=e ! lumb] has its highe/ comm]cial value4 ,?is may be done by wea!r dry+ or by artificial means1 ! lumb] be+ treat$ 9 a specially con/ruct$ kiln4 #c4 ,tissues4--7,a47 ,a tree trunk is compos$ ( f\r diff]5t tissues1 viz43 #a4 ,! pi? 7,fig4 #b1 a71 a cellul> tissue3 ?is is wor?less & its pres5ce 9 lumb] is consid]$ a defect4 #b4 ,! wood1 :i* includes ! he>twood 7b71 ! sapwood 7c71 & ! m$ull>y rays 7g74 ,f ?is "p ( ! tree ! comm]cially valuable lumb] is tak54 #c4 ,! cambium 7d71 :i* is a ?9 lay] betwe5 ! sapwood 7c7 & ! ba/ 7e74 #d4 ,! b>k1 :i* includes bo? ! ba/ 7e7 & ! out] b>k 7f74 ,! b>k ( mo/ trees is wor?less1 b t ( *e/nut1 oak1 hemlock1 & o!r trees :i* are ri* 9 tannic acid is us$ 9 l>ge quantities by tann]ies4 7,b47 ,! he>twood 7b71 or duram51 ( mo/ trees is ! "p g5]ally us$ by c>p5t]s ^u ! be/ "w4 ,x is firm1 compact1 & ( ! color & qualities *>act]i/ic ( ! wood4 7,c47 ,! sapwood 7c71 or alburnum1 is g5]ally light-color$1 & 9 mo/ build+ woods its pres5ce is consid]$ a defect1 ?\gh n 9 hickory1 a%1 maple1 or yell[ p9e1 & a few o!r woods2 9 fact1 9 ^! woods x is (t5 pref]r$ to ! he>twood = _m k9ds ( "w on acc\nt ( its color4 ,! alburnum is fill$ ) ! active elem5ts ( ! sap1 :i* are deposit$ z ! sap passes ?r\gh ! trees1 & 9 "t becomes "p ( ! duram51 or he>twood4 ,! "t requir$ = sapwood to atta9 maturity ranges f ?irty to "o hundr$ ye>s1 accord+ to its k9d & age4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--,,section ,,( ,,oak ,,tree ,,trunk4 a1 pi?2 b1 he>twood1 or duram52 c1 sapwood1 or alburnum2 d1 cambium2 e1 ba/1 or inn] b>k2 f1 out] b>k1 or corky lay]2 g1 m$ull>y rays1 or silv] gra92 po1 pla9 oak2 qo1 qu>t]$ oak4 7,d47 ,outside ( ! sapwood 7,fig4 #b1 c7 is ! cambium 7d71 :i* furni%es ! sub/ance ^u :i* ! life ( ! tree dep5ds4 ,"h1 n\ri%$ by ! ri*e/ sap1 new cells are =m$1 :i* become ei!r sapwood or a "p ( ! ba/4 7,e47 ,at 7e7 is %[n ! ba/ or inn] b>k1 :i* is compos$ ( a woody fib] comb9$ ) a tissue ( cells4 ,?is is ela/ic1 :i* all[s x to exp& z ! wood gr[s b5ea? x4 ,outside ( ! ba/ is ! b>k 7f71 or out] cov]+1 :i* is ( a corky nature1 & protects ! delicate vital p>ts ( ! tree4 #d4 ,! m$ull>y rays4--,e tree has m$ull>y rays 7,fig4 #b1 g71 usually spok5 ( by wood-work]s z ! 8silv] /reak10 or 8silv] gra940 ,^! rays connect ! c5t] ( ! tree ) ! outside1 & are m prom95t 9 su* woods z oak1 bee*1 & sycamore ?an 9 o!r woods4 ,x is to take advantage ( ! beauty :i* ^! m$ull>y rays imp>t t s mu* qu>t]-saw$ lumb] is us$1 ?\gh lumb] saw$ 9 ?is way is pref]r$ = o!r reasons1 :i* w be discuss$ lat]4 ,9 _m woods ^! rays are s small z to be invisible to ! nak$ eye1 z 9 p9e1 = in/ance1 :i* has fifte5 ?\s& to ! squ>e in*4 ,aside f add+ mu* to ! beauty ( ! lumb]1 !y also give /r5g?2 if lumb] is dri$ out too rapidly by artificial heat1 x is apt to *eck1 or crack1 ^u ! l9e ( ! m$ull>y rays4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--;,,defects ,,9 ,,lumb]4 a1 w9d %akes or cup %akes2 b1 he>t %akes2 c1 /> %akes2 d1 bran* brok5 (f1 %[+ ! me?od by :i* ! annual lay]s gradually cov] brok5 bran*es2 e1 h>d knot4 #e4 ,! gra9 9 trees4--,9 op5 or expos$ situations trees usually gr[ m or less gn>l$ or crook$1 :i* t5ds to improve ! gra94 ,! /r5g? ( lumb] cut f trees gr[n z describ$ is impair$1 h[ev]1 z ! wood is m cross-gra9$ ?an t f trees :i* gr[ 9 ! he>t ( a =e/1 ) practically ! same conditions on all sides4 ,z =e/ trees are cont9ually rea*+ up = ! sunlight1 !y gr[ tall] & /raight]1 :i* makes x possible = /raight]-gra9$ lumb] to be cut f !m1 & z ! bran*es are at ! top1 :]e !y receive ! sunlight & air1 !re are few cross-gra9$ places4 ,:5 ! annual r+s are l>ge1 ! gra9 is said to be co>se1 & if ! r+s are f9e1 ! t]m f9e-gra9$ is us$ to describe x4 ,:5 ! direction ( ! fib]s is ne>ly p>allel ) ! sides & ! edges ( ! bo>d1 x is said to be /raight-gra9$2 :5 ! lumb] is tak5 f a crook$ tree1 x is said to be cross-gra9$1 z ! gra9 foll[s ! %ape ( ! log1 :ile ! bo>d is saw$ /raight4 ,cross-gra9$ lumb] is ! h&som]2 9 ?is ! fib]s1 be+ at diff]5t angles ) ! surface ( ! bo>d1 =m a v>iety ( figures1 :i* add mu* to ! beauty ( ! wood4 #f4 ,defects f\nd 9 lumb]4--7,a47 ,"s ( ! mo/ common defects f\nd 9 lumb] are w9d %akes1 or cup %akes 7,fig4 #c1 a71 :i* are cracks foll[+ ! l9e ( ! por\s "p ( ! annual r+s4 ,^! are caus$ by ! action ( sev]e w9ds4 7,b47 ,he>t %akes 7,fig4 #c1 b7 are cracks radiat+ f ! c5t] ( ! tree1 & may be f\nd 9 any k9d ( wood1 z !y are ! result ( defici5t nutrition1 or loss ( vitality4 7,c47 ,/> %akes 7,fig4 #c1 c7 are caus$ by ! %r9kage ( ! tree ^u ! outside1 :i* is ! result ( a long dry spell ( int5se cold1 or ( ! defici5t action ( ! sap4 ,/> %akes diff] f he>t %akes 9 be+ l>g] ^u ! outside ( ! tree2 ! he>t %akes are l>g] at ! c5t]4 ,%akes ( all k9ds are common defects & sometimes are s num]\s z to make ! log wor?less4 7,d47 ,discolorations are caus$ by decay :i* has at "s "t ga9$ a foo?old1 b :i* ! tree 0 suffici5tly vigor\s to ov]come2 or !y may be due to imp]fect or insuffici5t nutrition1 :i* g5]ally results 9 ! entire tree be+ affect$ in/ead ( small places ^u ! tree4 7,e47 ,timb] gr[n 9 a damp1 m>%y locality is g5]ally ( a poor] quality ?an t gr[n ^u high] gr\nd1 z m wat] is tak5 up by ! roots ?an c be well assimilat$1 :i* prev5ts ! =mation ( heal?y compact wood4 ,"s woods are adapt$ to su* soil1 ! popl> or :itewood1 will[1 basswood1 buckeye1 & cypress be+ d5iz5s ( moi/ or swampy places4 ,trees gr[+ :]e !y are expos$ to w9ds f "o direction are apt to assume a spiral gr[?1 :i* r5d]s ! timb] almo/ wor?less1 z x is weak1 & twi/s badly 9 dry+4 7,f47 ,trees :i* h lumps appe>+ l gr[?s ^u !m are usually unheal?y4 ,^! lumps1 or tumors1 may be caus$ by defective nutrition1 *ecks1 or %akes1 or by ! depr$ations ( animals or insects4 7,g47 ,clefts1 or splits1 9 a tree may be caus$ by extreme cold1 heat1 or dr\?4 ,!y may ext5d into ! tree sev]al in*es1 & :ile ! blemi% w always rema91 %[+ a discoloration or o!r defect1 nature (t5 repairs x s t ! /r5g? ( ! timb] is b slightly affect$4 ,if ^! clefts are n heal$1 ra9 may f9d lodgm5t !re1 & ! sap be s affect$ t ! adjac5t wood w be de/roy$1 & ?is 9 "t w de/roy ! tree4 7,h47 ,eggs ( c]ta9 insects are also deposit$ 9 ^! clefts1 ! l>v ( :i* bore into ! wood & de/roy x4 7,i47 ,if x 7 n = ! birds & o!r natural enemies ( ^! insects1 !y w\ld increase s rapidly t ! lumb] supply w\ld be s]i\sly affect$1 &1 z x is1 !re are v few trees :i* are n injur$ to "s ext5t by wood bor]s4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,bureau ( ,entomology e/imates t ! damage to trees by ^! pe/s am\nts to at lea/ #ajj1jjj1jjj annually4 7,k47 ,sometimes 7z at d1 ,fig4 #c7 bran*es die or are brok5 (f2 ?is gives ! elem5ts access to ! he>t ( ! tree & usually causes a p]man5t injury1 z ! birds & o!r d5iz5s ( ! =e/ frequ5tly dig out ! rott5 wood z soon z ! wea!r has _h "t to d its "w1 ?us giv+ fur!r opportunity = decay to cont9ue its de/ructive action4 ,if ?is does n happ51 ! wood w gr[ ov] ! break aft] sev]al ye>s & leave a loose knot 9 ! he>t ( ! tree1 :i* w be a decid$ blemi% :5 ! log is made into lumb]4 ,! sket* %[s ! endeavor ( nature to repair ! defect1 z ! annual r+s w ev5tually close ov] ! break4 ,! h>d knot at e1 ,fig4 #c1 is n a s]i\s defect1 unless ! wood is to be us$ = f9i% or :]e great /r5g? is requir$4 #g4 ,:5 to cut lumb]4--,trees :i* are int5d$ = ! use ( wood-work]s %\ld n be fell$ :ile ! sap is 9 motion4 ,if cut at any o!r "t ?an midsumm] or 9 w9t]1 ! active sap is apt to s\r & to cause decay4 ,ow+ to ! sc>city ( lumb]1 or f av>ice1 ?is precaution (t5 is ignor$1 & trees are fell$ at any "t ( ye>1 reg>dless ( _! age2 9 su* cases1 mu* ( ! lumb] lacks ! ess5tial qualities ( its k9d4 ,:5 a tree %[s signs ( dy+ at ! top1 x %\ld be cut d[n1 z ! quality ( ! lumb] x conta9s w det]iorate rapidly4 ,,sugge/ive ,,ex]cises #a4 ,:at is meant by exog5\s trees8 ,9 :at k9ds ( wood are ! annual lay]s mo/ prom95t8 ,describe ! =mation ( annual lay]s4 ,:at causes ! diff]5ce 9 ! degrees ( h>dness ( wood8 ,9 ! color & odor ( wood8 ,h[ may ! age ( a tree be det]m9$8 ,are ! broade/ annual lay]s f\nd 9 "y or 9 old trees8 ,f :at class ( trees does s(t wood come8 ,h>d wood8 #b4 ,describe ! motion ( sap4 ,:at =ms ! sapwood8 ,) :at are ! cells ( ! sapwood fill$8 ,comp>e sapwood & he>twood4 #c4 ,describe ! f\r diff]5t tissues 9 a tree4 ,describe ! inn] b>k4 #d4 ,:at are ! m$ull>y rays8 ,9 :at woods are !y mo/ prom95t8 ,h[ d !y affect ! /r5g? ( timb]8 #e4 ,:at is ! nature ( trees :i* gr[ 9 expos$ situations8 ,:]e are ! /raighte/ trees f\nd8 ,:y does ! location ( a tree affect ! gra98 ,:at is meant by co>se1 f9e1 /raight1 & cross-gra9$ lumb]8 #f4 ,:at causes w9d %akes8 ,he>t %akes8 ,/> %akes8 ,h[ may !y be di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r8 ,:at causes discolorations8 ,:at is ! usual "* ( timb] gr[n ^u m>%y gr\nd8 ,:at woods are adapt$ to l[ gr\nd8 ,:at sometimes causes spiral gr[?8 ,:at d lumps & excresc5ces ^u a tree g5]ally signify8 ,:at causes clefts 9 trees8 ,:at are ! results ( clefts8 ,does nature p]fectly repair ! cleft8 ,:at is ! usual result ( a bran* be+ brok5 (f8 #g4 ,:at is ! p] c5t ( moi/ure 9 gre5 wood8 ,%\ld v "y trees be cut8 ,:y8 ,h[ may ! top ( a tree %[ :5 x %\ld be fell$8 ,at :at "t ( ye> %\ld trees be cut8 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,lumb]+ ,,& ,,v>ieties ,,( ,,wood #h4 ,! manufacture ( lumb]4--7,a47 ,!re are two di/9ct processes 9 ! prep>ation ( lumb] = comm]cial purposes1 logg+ & saw+2 ! =m] includes all ! /eps f fell+ ! tree to ! deliv]y ( ! logs at ! sawmill2 !re ! logs are saw$ into bo>ds1 planks1 & timb]s ( c]ta9 dim5sions1 :i* are pil$ & expos$ to ! sun & air = a suffici5t "t to all[ a l>ge "p ( ! wat] 9 !m to evaporate1 :5 ! lumb] is said to be 8wea!r dri$10 & ready = %ipm5t to ! consum]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4--;,,fell+ ,a ,,tree4 7,b47 ,if a lumb] conc]n desires to beg9 op]ations 9 "o ( ! great =e/ areas1 a 8l&-look]0 or 8timb]-cruis]0 is s5t to spy out ! l&1 & to report ^u ! probable yield ( timb] )9 c]ta9 areas1 & ! conditions :i* w\ld aid or ret>d ! "w ( gett+ out ! logs4 ,if ! report is favorable1 ! /&+ timb] may be pur*as$ by 8/umpage10 :i* means t a c]ta9 price w be paid = ea* ?\s& feet ( lumb] cut1 or ! l& may be pur*as$ outright1 ?\gh 9 ! e>ly hi/ory ( lumb]+ cases h be5 kn[n :]e ^! little =malities 7 omitt$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4--;,,cutt+ ,,small ,,bran*es ,,f ,,fell$ ,,spruce4 ,camps are locat$ at conv5i5t po9ts ?r\gh\t ! b\nd>y1 roads are made ?r\gh ! woods1 & f\ndations1 or 8skidways10 built at "r angles to !m1 to receive ! logs z !y are haul$ d[n ! 8travoy0 roads1 :i* are n>r[ trails cut ?r\gh ! woods at frequ5t di/ances = ?is purpose4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4--,,skidway ,,( ,,spruce ,,logs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4--,,load ,,( ,,:ite ,,p9e ,,logs4 7,c47 ,! above prep>ations complet$1 ! "w ( fell+ ! trees is begun 7,fig4 #d72 ?is "p ( ! "w requires nice skill & judgm5t1 z x is necess>y t ! tree %\ld fall s t x w cause ! lea/ damage to itself & to surr\nd+ trees4 ,aft] ! tree is d[n1 ! bran*es are cut close to ! trunk 7,fig4 #e7 & c>ri$ to "o side s t !y w n be 9 ! way ( ! horses4 ,! trunk is !n saw$ into logs1 twelve1 f\rte51 sixte51 or eighte5 feet 9 l5g?1 z ! imp]fections & ! l5g? ( ! tree trunk may all[4 ,long] or %ort] logs are r>ely cut except = special purposes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4--;,,haul+ ,,logs ,,by ,,/eel ,,cable4 7,d47 ,"o end ( ! log is plac$ ^u a drag1 or is gripp$ by a pair ( tongs1 & haul$ to ! ne>e/ travoy road & skidway1 :]e x is pil$ 7,fig4 #f74 7,e47 ,f ! skidway ! logs are load$ ^u trucks1 c>s1 or sl$ges 7,fig4 #g71 & c>ri$ to ! cable 7,fig4 #h71 :i* is a me?od ( haul+ logs us$ 9 "s p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 or to ! railroad 7,fig4 #i71 or float$ d[n a riv] 7,fig4 #aj74 ,if ei!r ( ^! latt] me?ods ( transportation is employ$1 ! logs are g5]ally pil$ ^u ano!r skidway until !re is en\gh = a tra9 load1 or until ! conditions ^u ! riv] are favorable = !m to be float$ to ! mill4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4--,,load+ ,,logs ,,f ,,%$way ,,to ,,tra94 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4--;,,boom ,,( ,,logs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4--,,log ,,jam4 7,f47 ,figure #aa illu/rates a jam ( logs1 :i* is g5]ally ! mo/ dang]\s ob/acle ! lumb]man has to face4 ,a jam usually dep5ds ^u "o key log1 :i*1 if loos5$1 w all[ ! jam to break in/antly4 ,! "w ( loos5+ ! key log is frequ5tly done by "o or two m51 :o mu/ be m5 ( spr+ /eel n]ves & muscles1 & possess$ ( ! highe/ possible skill & activity1 or !y _c hope to break a l>ge jam & escape ) _! lives4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4--,,sawmill ,,9 ,,! ,,big ,,tree ,,di/rict4 7,g47 ,! mill illu/rat$ by ,fig4 #ab is "o :i* receives its logs by bo? rail & riv]4 ,9 ?is case ! logs :i* come 9 by rail are roll$ into ! riv]1 z !y c be m easily plac$ ^u ! *a9 fe$ ( ! mill4 ,9 w9t]1 a small pond ( wat] is heat$1 9 :i* ! logs are soak$ be=e !y are tak5 into ! mill2 ?is draws ! fro/ out ( !m1 & all[s !m to be work$ mu* m easily4 7,h47 ,!re are diff]5t types ( sawmills1 9 :i* ! logs are work$ into comm]cial %apes4 ,! small ent]prises use portable mills1 :i* are mov$ into ! woods & locat$ ^u a tract ( l&1 rema9+ until all ! desirable timb] 9 ! vic9ity has be5 saw$1 & !n mov$ to ano!r locality & ! process repeat$4 ,l>ge op]ations are conduct$ ^u a diff]5t plan2 mills ( a p]man5t type are erect$ z ne> ! =e/ z practicable1 roads are built1 tracks laid1 & ! logs br\ght f ! woods by "o ( ! me?ods previ\sly illu/rat$2 or1 :]e x is feasible1 flumes are built1 & ! logs float$ 9 ^! to ! mill4 ,9 erect+ a mill ( ?is sort1 a location is select$ ^u a wat]way if possible1 z ! logs may be float$ m *eaply ?an by any o!r me?od ( transportation1 ?\gh "s ( ! heavi] woods w n float1 & h to be h&l$ on l&4 7,i47 ,! imm]sion ( logs 9 wat] also improves ! quality ( ! lumb]1 z ! action ( ! wat] ^u ! sap prev5ts to "s degree ! t5d5cy to decay1 & also facilitates ! season+ ( ! manufactur$ product4 ,if ! log is left 9 ! wat] until x becomes wat]-logg$1 x w s9k1 & :ile x is n injur$ = _m purposes1 ! wood loses "s ( ! /r5g? :i* x is suppos$ to h4 ,9 _m localities1 ! salvage ( sunk5 logs has become an indu/ry4 7,j47 ,9 mod]n l>ge lumb]+ op]ations1 ! timb] to be cut is select$ by tra9$ =e/]s1 ?us insur+ a p]man5t supply1 & 9 ! ne> future all ext5sive lumb]+ op]ations w1 beyond d\bt1 be conduct$ ^u a sci5tific basis1 z x is app>5t t unless lumb]+ is c>ri$ on diff]5tly ?an x has be5 9 ! pa/1 ! supply = ! future w be entirely inadequate = ! dem&4 7,k47 ,9 ! small] sawmills1 ! logs are usually saw$ into lumb] ( v>i\s dim5sions by a circul> saw 7,fig4 #ac72 b 9 ! l>g] mills1 ! b& saw g5]ally is us$4 ,figure #ad illu/rates a d\ble cut b& sawmill1 9 :i* x w be se5 t ! saw makes a cut ea* "t ! log is c>ri$ ei!r way4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4--;,,circul> ,,saw4 #i4 ,to saw lumb] ( irregul> dim5sions4--7,a47 ,besides saw+ dim5sion timb]1 joi/s1 scantl+s1 bo>ds1 & planks ( diff]5t ?icknesses are saw$1 z foll[s3 #a01 #a01 #a01 #b01 #b01 #c01 #c01 #d02 & ?ick]1 if desir$4 7,b47 ,if lumb] is cut aga9 f its orig9al dim5sions1 x is said to be resaw$4 ,:5 bo>ds or planks ( ! above dim5sions are dress$ on bo? sides1 !y w be ab\t 0 ?9n]2 ?us1 a bo>d saw$ #a0 ?ick w1 :5 season$ & dress$1 be b 01 & a #b0 plank w be b #a0 or #a01 ?\gh /ill class$ by _! saw$ dim5sions4 ,?ick] lumb] ?an t above-m5tion$ usually comes "u ! head ( dim5sion timb]1 :i* is n us$ to ! ext5t t x 0 =m]ly1 z /eel & concrete are replac+ x ^u heavy "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4--;,,d\ble ,,cut ,,b& ,,saw4 ,if 0 bo>ds are want$1 #a0 or 8five qu>t]0 lumb] is usually resaw$ to furni% x1 & aft] resaw+1 is plan$ ^u ea* side to ! desir$ ?ickness4 ,bo>ds = box /ock & o!r special purposes are sometimes saw$ z ?9 z 04 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4--,,pla91 ,,sla%1 ,,or ,,ba/>d ,,saw+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4--;,,f\r ,,me?ods ,,( ,,qu>t]+4 7,c47 ,! me?od ( cutt+ a log illu/rat$ by ,fig4 #ae is kn[n z pla91 sla%1 or ba/>d saw+1 & is ! *eape/ way to cut logs1 bo? z to "t & wa/e4 ,! log is fir/ squ>$ to secure a b$ ^u :i* x may lie :ile be+ saw$1 :i* also makes x unnecess>y to run ea* bo>d by ! edg+ saw to /raight5 ! edges4 ,! slabs at a are saw$ into bo>ds z ! log is squ>$1 & ! b>k1 or 8live edges10 saw$ (f aft]w>d4 ,^! make an inf]ior grade ( bo>ds1 z !y are ne>ly all sap1 b !y are well wor? sav+1 if l>ge logs are be+ cut4 ,9 saw+ dim5sion timb]1 or 8bill /uff10 good judgm5t is necess>y to cut a log s t ! greate/ am\nt ( m>ketable lumb] c be made f x4 ,?is is done by cutt+ v>i\s sizes f a log1 if x w n cut all ( "o size )\t too mu* wa/e4 7,d47 ,9 cutt+ woods :i* h prom95t m$ull>y rays or silv] gra91 ! log is saw$ by "o ( ! me?ods %[n 9 ,fig4 #af1 ! object be+ to br+ ! rays z ne>ly p>allel to ! surface ( ! bo>d z possible1 ?us giv+ ! broad silv]1 or qu>t]1 gra9 :i* is s highly priz$4 ,! be/ results are obta9$ f sections a1 b2 ?is me?od also gives ! mo/ wa/e4 ,9 pla9 saw$ lumb]1 ! bo>ds f ! middle ( ! log w h ! qu>t] gra92 ^! are usually cull$ & sold z qu>t]-saw$4 ,nei!r ( ^! me?ods results 9 economy ( "t or mat]ial1 z ab\t #be p] c5t ( ea* is us$ 9 excess ( t requir$ 9 pla9 saw+2 h5ce1 qu>t]-saw$ lumb] is m exp5sive ?an ! pla91 or ba/>d1 saw$4 7,e47 ,qu>t]-saw$ lumb] 7,fig4 #af7 is pref]r$ n only on acc\nt ( its h&som] gra91 b because x holds its %ape bett] ?an lumb] saw$ 9 any o!r way1 z ! annual lay]s are approximately squ>e ) ! surface ( ! bo>d4 ,z ! bo>d %r9ks 9 ! direction p>allel ) ! annual lay]s1 & v little f ! c5t] to ! outside ( ! tree1 x is obvi\s t !re is mu* less %r9k+ & w>p+ 9 qu>t]-saw$ lumb] ?an 9 t :i* is saw$ pla94 ,! be/ grades ( floor+ are qu>t]-saw$1 & /& usage )\t ! surface spl9t]+ mu* bett] ?an does ! common pla9 saw$ mat]ial4 ,qu>t]-saw$ lumb] is kn[n also z 8rift-saw$10 8v]tical gra910 & 8comb gra9$40 #aj4 ,! grad+ ( lumb]4--,cu/om v>ies some:at 9 diff]5t localities z to ! grad+ ( lumb]1 b !re are g5]ally f\r grades1 :i* are (t5 subgrad$ into qualities suitable = v>i\s uses4 8,numb] #a0 lumb] %\ld be practically p]fect1 ?\gh 9 l>ge dim5sions1 small & unimportant blemi%es may be all[$4 ,^! blemi%es 9 a bo>d are usually re/rict$ to n m ?an "o in* ( sap1 a small s\nd knot1 or small discoloration1 & b "o blemi% to a bo>d is all[$4 8,numb] #b0 lumb] is g5]ally all[$ two s\nd knots1 an in* ( sap1 & "o o!r blemi%4 8,common bo>ds0 are all[$ ?ree or f\r s\nd knots1 b two ?irds ( "o side mu/ be cle> /ock4 8,culls10 ! l[e/ grade1 are us$ only ^u ! *eape/ "w4 ,"o half ( ! bo>d mu/ be usable4 ,9 _m cases ! bo>ds are grad$ by ! wid? ( cle> /ock :i* c be tak5 out4 ,!re are tables publi%$ by ! diff]5t associations ( lumb] manufactur]s :i* give ! grad+s "u :i* _! lumb] has be5 measur$ & %ipp$1 b z ^! v>y f "t to "t no p]man5t li/ c be giv54 ,! pr9cipal reason :y !re c be no p]man5t grad+ ( lumb] is t ! =e/s f :i* ! f9e/ timb] c be cut 9 m>ketable quantities are be+ de/roy$ fa/] ?an !y c be replac$ by nature4 ,9 anticipation ( ?is condition1 ! ,division ( ,=e/ry ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture is actively engag$ 9 organiz+ gov]nm5t =e/ pres]ves1 9 educat+ ! p1 & 9 promot+ legislation aim$ at ! husb&+ ( our =e/s4 ,:5 we consid] ! abundance ( high grade lumb] a few ye>s ago1 & ! fabul\s prices :i* ! same grades n[ br+1 x is evid5t t ?is movem5t %\ld h begun dur+ ! days ( our gr&fa!rs1 in/ead ( wait+ until ne>ly all ! be/ lumb] 9 ! great =e/s ea/ ( ! ,mississippi _h be5 cut1 & ine/imable damage wr\ght by =e/ fires4 #aa4 ,! te/+ ( lumb]4--7,a47 ,dry1 s\nd /ock1 if /ruck ) ! knuckles or ) a hamm]1 w give a cle> r++ response1 :ile a wet or decay+ piece w give a dull response to ! bl[4 7,b47 ,e k9d ( lumb] has its peculi> odor1 by :i*1 z well z by ! gra91 ! /ud5t %\ld le>n to di/+ui% ! woods 9 common use4 ,?is may be m easily done be=e ! wood has be5 ?or\ghly season$4 ,wood 9 g5]al has a sweet & pleas+ odor2 if a s\r or mu/y smell is p]ceptible1 x indicates t decay is pres5t4 7,c47 ,if !re is mu* v>iation 9 ! color ( timb]1 or black & blue spots1 ! /ick is probably diseas$4 7,d47 ,decay is a disease1 :i* may be prev5t$ by dryness or v5tilation1 & frequ5tly may be cur$ by soak+ ! wood 9 wat] = sev]al days1 or by /eam+4 ,! disease ( decay is cur$ also by *emical pres]vatives be+ =c$ into lumb] by pressure2 ?is at ! same "t prev5ts insects f bor+ into ! tree4 ,alt]nate wett+ & dry+ w produce rot1 b mo/ lumb]1 if p]man5tly subm]g$ or if kept p]fectly dry1 w la/ almo/ indef9itely4 ,dry rot spreads to adjo9+ timb]s1 & ev5 to ^? :i* h no connection ) ! "o orig9ally infect$4 #ab4 ,survey+ or e/imat+ lumb]4--7,a47 ,x is ! cu/om to consid] any bo>d less ?an "o in* 9 ?ickness z an in* bo>d1 & any?+ ov] "o in* is measur$ z s _m in*es & fractions ( an in*4 ,= in/ance1 a bo>d 0 ?ick is survey$ z a full in*1 :ile "o :i* is saw$ #a0 9 ?ickness is e/imat$ by obta9+ its surface measure1 & increas+ x by "o half4 ,?us1 a plank #ab' long1 #h0 wide1 & #a0 ?ick w\ld h twelve feet bo>d measure 9 x4 ,9 "s localities !re is a slid+ scale ( prices :i* v>ies ) ea* qu>t] in* 9 ?ickness ( resaw$ lumb]1 b ?is is n univ]sal4 7,b47 ,9 survey+ joi/s or scantl+1 x is cu/om>y to obta9 ! fraction ( a foot1 bo>d measure1 = ea* l9eal foot4 ,?us1 a piece ( #b #d 7in*es und]/ood7 has two ?irds ( a foot = ea* foot 9 l5g?2 a #b #f has "o foot1 & a piece ( #b #h has "o & "o ?ird feet ( lumb] = ea* foot 9 l5g? ( lumb] measur$4 ,if a joi/ is #b #ab1 d\bl+ its l5g? gives ! numb] ( squ>e feet1 bo>d measure1 t ! joi/ conta9s4 7,c47 ,9 measur+ a common bo>d1 ! wide/ p>allel piece :i* c be cut f x is ! wid? ( ! bo>d be+ measur$2 !re=e ! bo>d %\ld be survey$ at ! n>r[e/ place4 ,9 measur+ m exp5sive lumb]1 x is cu/om>y to av]age ! wid? ( ! bo>d4 7,d47 ,9 e/imat+ all k9ds ( lumb] 9 common use1 ! lumb] scale %[n 9 ,fig4 #ag is us$4 ,x is made ( ?91 cleft hickory1 ab\t ?ree feet long1 ) "o end l>ge en\gh = a suitable h&le2 on ! o!r end is a metal head1 :i* is held aga9/ ! edge ( ! bo>d :ile ! scale is be+ read4 ,! l5g? ( ! bo>d is m>k$ ne> ! h&le1 & at ! end ( ! socket ( ! metal head1 z at a4 ,9 us+ ?is scale1 ! hook$ end1 or head1 is held aga9/ ! edge ( ! bo>d1 z at b2 ! eye foll[s along ! same l9e ( figures ^u :i* ! l5g? ( ! bo>d is f\nd1 read+ ^? figures ne>e/ ! wid? ( ! bo>d4 ,?us1 a scale laid ^u a bo>d #af' long w\ld1 )\t fur!r measur+ or calculat+1 %[ t ! bo>d conta9s #ag' bo>d measure4 ,if ! bo>d 7 #ab' long1 x w\ld conta9 #ac'2 & if #ad' long1 by read+ ! middle l9e ( figures1 ! bo>d w\ld be se5 to conta9 #ae'4 ,9 us+ ?is scale1 x is cu/om>y to read to ! ne>e/ figure1 & :5 !re is no diff]5ce1 to alt]nate betwe5 ! l[] & ! high] figures ^u diff]5t bo>ds4 ,?us1 a bo>d #ab' long & #h0 or #i0 wide w\ld be read z hav+ #i' bo>d measure 9 x4 ,two bo>ds #h0 wide1 ( ! same l5g? z ! above1 w\ld be measur$ z hav+ #h' & #i'1 respectively1 9 _! surfaces4 ,9 %ort1 ! fractions ( a foot are n consid]$ 9 survey+ ! lumb] 9 common use4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4--,,lumb] ,,scale4 #ac4 ,qualities ( wood4--7,a47 ,c]ta9 k9ds ( wood are adapt$ = "s purposes bett] ?an are o!rs2 ! wood-work]1 !re=e1 %\ld be famili> ) ! qualities :i* conditions dem&1 & ! k9ds ( woods :i* h ^! qualities4 ,lumb] = fram+ %\ld be /rong & durable2 x %\ld be cut f trees :i* gr[ to a size t w all[ l>ge dim5sions to be cut f !m4 ,= outside f9i%1 ! mat]ial %\ld be wood :i* w /& ! wea!r1 c be easily work$1 & w hold its %ape well4 ,timb]s t are to be buri$ mu/ possess ! quality ( durability1 & %\ld be ( suffici5t /r5g? to resi/ ! /ra9 :i* w be put ^u !m4 ,floor+ %\ld we> well1 hold its %ape1 & be ( good appe>ance4 ,9 provid+ lumb] = inside f9i%1 c>e %\ld be us$ t x has good gra9 & color1 is n too s(t1 & t x w hold its %ape well4 ,almo/ any wood may be us$ z f> z /r5g? is conc]n$1 b lumb] :i* %r9ks & w>ps badly is unfit = f9i%+4 ,%+les %\ld be ( wood :i* w resi/ decay1 & :i* has ! lea/ t5d5cy to w>p & split4 ,bo>ds :i* are to be us$ = sid+ %\ld hold pa9t well1 & be z free z possible f ! t5d5cy to w>p1 split1 & twi/ :5 expos$ to ! wea!r4 7,b47 ,all mat]ial us$ 9 fram+ a build+ %\ld be wea!r-dri$ 9 good dry+ wea!r = at lea/ ?irty days = ea* in* 9 ?ickness1 & t us$ = inside & outside f9i% & floors %\ld be ?or\ghly kiln-dri$1 & kept 9 a dry place until ready = use4 ,^! conditions are n always obta9able1 b if ! be/ results are desir$1 !y %\ld be foll[$ z closely z possible4 ,! woods h]eaft] describ$ comprise ! pr9cipal v>ieties us$ by ! wood-work]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 7,c47 ,a% 7decidu\s1 or broad-leav$7 is an op5-gra9$1 light-color$ wood1 9 :i* ! por\s portions ( ! annual r+s are q prom95t1 ?us mak+ x some:at co>se-gra9$4 ,x gr[s 9 ! ,nor!rn /ates1 & is a wood ( m$ium weight & h>dness4 ,x is t\gh & ela/ic1 ! "y gr[? be+ mu* us$ 9 ! manufacture ( wagons1 ma*9]y frames1 & = simil> purposes1 z x is n exp5sive1 q easily work$1 & v /rong4 ,x has a t5d5cy to decay1 & is (t5 badly infe/$ ) insects2 !re=e x is n suitable = build+ con/ruction or = contact ) soil4 ,a% gr[s 9 =e/s ) o!r broad-leav$ trees1 & is pl5tiful 9 _m localities4 ,!re are two k9ds ( ?is wood recogniz$ 9 comm]ce3 ! :ite1 :i* is light-color$1 & ! black1 :i* is ( a br[ni% t+e1 ?\gh !re is little diff]5ce 9 ! gra9 ( ! two4 ,sap is n consid]$ a defect1 b is reg>d$ z ! be/ "p ( ! tree = "s purposes4 ,! wood gr[n 9 ! ,nor!rn /ates is g5]ally t\gh] ?an t gr[n f>!r s\?4 ,! wood f ! old] & l>g] trees is n s t\gh & h>d z t f ! y\ng] gr[?1 & is mu* us$ = cab9et "w & = int]ior f9i%4 ,x %\ld be fill$ ) a pa/e-fill]1 aft] :i* x may be br\ght to a f9e poli%4 ,! wood holds its %ape well & is useful = ! purposes m5tion$4 7,d47 ,apple 7dec47 is n us$ = con/ruction1 z ! prop] dim5sions _c be secur$1 & z x is v /ubborn to "w4 ,x is "o ( ! be/ woods kn[n to resi/ splitt+1 & is mu* us$ = *isel & saw h&les4 7,e47 ,basswood1 or l9d5 7dec471 is a s(t1 por\s wood1 :i* %r9ks consid]ably 9 dry+4 ,x is us$ = ! back+ ( v5e] "w1 = draw] bottoms ( ! common grades ( furniture1 = case backs1 & simil> purposes1 & is also mu* us$ 9 ! manufacture ( spools & o!r small articles :i* are made 9 l>ge quantities4 ,9 build+ con/ruction1 basswood is us$ = ceil+s1 & = o!r "w :]e /r5g? is n ne$$1 ?\gh = use 9 su* places x %\ld be ?or\ghly season$1 or ! jo9ts w op54 ,if /eam$1 basswood may be b5t to almo/ any =m4 ,/eam+ also cures to a great ext5t ! t5d5cy ( ?is wood to %r9k & swell4 7,f47 ,bee* 7dec47 is adapt$ = use 9 places :]e ! ability to resi/ a heavy /ra9 or h>d we> is necess>y1 z 9 plane /ocks1 tool h&les1 & p>ts ( ma*9]y4 ,9 build+ "w1 x is us$ to "s ext5t = floor+ & = inside f9i%+4 ,x is us$ also = furniture1 ?\gh ! difficulty ( work+ x makes x m exp5sive ?an o!r equally desirable woods4 ,if expos$ to alt]nations ( dryness & dampness1 x decays rapidly2 if subm]g$1 x gives fair satisfaction4 ,bee* trees are common ?r\gh ! ,ohio & ,mississippi valleys1 & are f\nd to "s ext5t 9 all ( ! /ates betwe5 ! ,great ,lakes & ! ,atlantic seabo>d4 7,g47 ,bir* 7dec47 is "o ( our mo/ useful h>d woods4 ,x is f\nd 9 abundance 9 ! broad-leav$ =e/s ( ! ,ea/]n /ates & ,canada4 ,!re are two v>ieties recogniz$ 9 comm]ce1 ! r$ & ! :ite bir*4 ,! =m] is us$ consid]ably = inside f9i% & = furniture4 ,x takes a /a9 well1 & may be made to imitate *]ry or mahogany s exactly z to deceive any "o b an exp]t4 ,:5 f9i%$ 9 its own natural color1 x is a satisfactory wood = ! above uses1 b z x ages1 x turns to a muddy br[n2 z x is a /ubborn wood to "w1 x is n popul>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4--;,,bee* ,,& ,,sug> ,,maple ,,=e/4 ,canoe1 or pap]1 bir* is s(t] ?an ! r$ v>iety1 & is us$ to "s ext5t by pap] pulp mak]s1 & = ! manufacture ( spools1 d[els1 & a l>ge v>iety ( small articles4 7,h47 ,butt]nut or :ite walnut 7dec47 has a good gra9 & color2 x is q s(t1 ?\gh n s easily work$ z are "s h>d] woods1 = x has a t5d5cy to /r+ :ile be+ dress$ to a f9e surface4 ,x does n absorb moi/ure readily1 & holds its %ape "u try+ conditions4 ,butt]nut does n split easily1 takes a f9e poli%1 & is us$ consid]ably = furniture & = int]ior f9i%4 7,i47 ,c$> 7conif]\s1 or ne$le-leav$7 is ( two v>ieties1 ! r$ & ! :ite4 ,! =m] is us$ consid]ably = coop]age & v5e]s1 lead p5cils1 & = l9+ mo?-pro( draw]s & *e/s1 z its /rong odor & bitt] ta/e protects x f ! ravages ( insects4 ,! supply ( r$ c$> is becom+ limit$1 & x is n[ too exp5sive = common use1 ?\gh our =efa!rs us$ x = %+les4 ,! unwise & av>ici\s cutt+ ( ?is valuable timb] & ( o!rs1 notably :ite & ,georgia p9e1 has de/roy$ :at w\ld h be5 a supply = all "t1 if ! cutt+ _h be5 prop]ly controll$4 ,:ite c$> is mu* m pl5tiful1 & a mu* inf]ior wood2 x is us$ = %+les1 wat] tanks1 boat build+1 & 9 ! manufacture ( b>rels & cig> boxes4 ,x is a v durable wood1 & %r9ks b little 9 dry+4 ,x is well adapt$ = bury+1 ?\gh n /rong en\gh to resi/ a v heavy /ra94 ,x gr[s fa/] ?an ! r$ c$>1 & makes a l>g] tree4 7,j47 ,*]ry 7dec47 is "o ( ! be/ ( our native woods4 ,x is mu* us$ = f9e f9i% & = cab9et "w1 z x holds its %ape well1 if ?or\ghly season$1 & takes a f9e f9i%4 ,its gra9 is ( f9e1 ev5 texture1 ( r$di% color1 & (t5 /a9$ to imitate mahogany4 ,:5 well eboniz$1 x _c be di/+ui%$ f ! g5u9e wood except by weight4 ,*]ry is us$ by patt]n mak]s = p>ts ( patt]ns :i* are to /& r\gh usage4 ,! tree is f\nd 9 all ( ! /ates ea/ ( ,texas1 & 9 ! ,mississippi valley1 b x is becom+ too sc>ce = common use4 7,k47 ,*e/nut 7dec47 is a s(t1 op5-gra9$ wood1 adapt$ to use 9 expos$ situations4 ,x is us$ a great deal = inside f9i%1 z x w take a f9e poli%1 & z ! figures =m$ by ! gra9 make x a v h&some wood = ! purpose4 ,n be+ a /rong wood1 x w n /& a heavy /ra91 & w %r9k & crack badly 9 dry+4 7,l47 ,cypress 7con47 is simil> to c$>4 ,x is "o ( our mo/ durable woods1 & p]haps ! be/ we h = outside "w4 ,x is us$ ext5sively = %+les2 ro(s cov]$ ) cypress %+les h be5 kn[n to la/ = m ?an sev5ty-five ye>s4 ,! wood is light1 /raight-gra9$1 & s(t2 x is easily work$1 & holds its %ape well4 ,x is to great ext5t tak+ ! place ( :ite p9e 9 ! manufacture ( doors1 sa%1 & bl9ds1 & is consid]$ by _m to be equal1 if n sup]ior1 to t wood4 ,x is mu* us$ 9 build+ small boats1 & = use 9 places :]e x w be expos$ to dampness4 ,eaves1 tr\ghs1 & tanks made ( x give bett] satisfaction ?an ^? made ( any o!r woods except r$wood & c$>1 :i* are ! only woods hav+ anti-decay+ qualities equal to cypress4 ,cypress may be obta9$ 9 bo>ds ( almo/ any dim5sions1 & if x 7 /rong] & h>d]1 x w\ld be "o ( our be/ woods = fram+ & f9i%+4 ,x is us$ = ! latt] purpose to a consid]able ext5t1 z x has a h&some gra91 & w take a poli% well2 if ?or\ghly season$1 x w hold its %ape z well z any wood4 ,if x is season$ sl[ly1 x does n crack to an appreciable ext5t1 b if =c$1 x is apt to be fill$ ) f9e %akes4 ,sap is n consid]$ a blemi%4 ,cypress gr[s 9 ! swamps & along ! riv]s ( ! ,s\!rn /ates1 ! be/ ( x com+ f ^? bord]+ on ! gulf4 7,m47 ,elm 7dec47 is a mod]ately h>d wood1 difficult to split4 ,x w>ps & *ecks to "s ext5t 9 dry+1 b :5 well season$ x holds its %ape z well z mo/ woods 9 common use4 ,x is susceptible to a good poli%1 & is us$ a great deal = int]ior f9i% & furniture1 z x takes a /a9 well4 ,mu* ( ! qu>t]$ oak us$ 9 ! manufacture ( *eap furniture grew ^u an elm /ump4 ,x is us$ l>gely 9 coop]age1 & /&s contact ) ! soil satisfactorily4 ,! elm is f\nd 9 ne>ly all p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 b is m abundant ea/ ( ! ,mississippi riv]4 7,n47 ,gum 7dec471 or1 z x is m g5]ally kn[n1 sweet gum1 is ext5sively us$ = int]ior f9i% ^u ! bett] class ( build+s4 ,x w>ps & %r9ks badly unless ?or\ghly season$1 9 :i* condition x is a v satisfactory wood4 ,x is t\gh & /rong1 cross-gra9$1 & ( f9e texture2 its color is a w>m1 r$di% br[n1 & x f9i%es h&somely4 ,! gum tree gr[s abundantly 9 ! ,s\!rn /ates4 7,o47 ,hemlock 7con47 is f\nd 9 mo/ ( ! ,nor!rn /ates1 & is us$ = scantl+s1 r\gh bo>ds1 "u floors1 & = bo>d+ prep>atory to sid+4 ,x is a fairly durable wood1 b splits easily1 & is apt to be full ( w9d %akes4 ,x holds nails firmly4 7,p47 ,hickory 7dec47 is ! h>de/ native wood 9 common use1 & ! t\ghe/ wood t we h2 x is too h>d to be us$ = build+ mat]ial4 ,x is flexible1 & its pr9cipal use is = wagon & c>riage "w1 & = o!r purposes :]e b5t wood & great /r5g? is requir$4 ,z x does n split easily1 x is mu* us$ 9 ! manufacture ( tool h&les4 ,x is liable to attacks f bor+ insects1 & ^! pe/s (t5 de/roy mu* valuable timb]4 ,sap is n consid]$ a defect1 & ! sapwood is 9 fact ! mo/ desirable "p ( ! tree1 on acc\nt ( its creamy :it5ess & great /r5g?4 7,q47 ,locu/ 7dec47 is f\nd 9 ne>ly all p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 & is a useful & durable wood4 ,x is mu* us$ = f5ce po/s &1 9 damp locations1 = railway ties1 & sometimes = furniture1 z x has a yell[i% br[n color :i* takes a poli% well4 7,r47 ,maple 7dec47 is a heavy1 /rong wood1 ne>ly :ite1 ) a yell[ or br[ni% t+e4 ,!re are sev]al k9ds ( maple1 b ! k9d g5]ally us$ = comm]cial purposes is ! sug> or rock maple4 ,x does n %r9k excessively1 seasons )\t s]i\s *eck+1 & f x a v f9e surface = poli%+ may be obta9$4 ,x is mu* us$ 9 places :]e x is expos$ to we>1 z 9 floors1 but*]s' tables1 etc41 & to a consid]able ext5t z a cab9et wood1 & = int]ior f9i%4 ,maple does n resi/ decay z well z d "s o!r woods4 ,sap is n consid]$ a defect1 & on acc\nt ( its :it5ess ! sapwood is (t5 pref]r$ to ! he>twood = _m uses4 ,bird's-eye maple is ( ?is wood1 b "s peculi>ity 9 ! gr[? ( c]ta9 trees1 believ$ by _m to be caus$ by woodpeck]s1 has caus$ ! tree to h :at seem to be num]\s small knots1 kn[n z curls or eyes4 ,! pres5ce ( ^! imp>ts a beauty :i* is possess$ by no o!r wood1 & has nev] be5 successfully imitat$4 7,s47 ,mahogany 7dec47 is an import$ wood1 & is mu* us$ 9 ! f9i% ( f9e build+s & 9 ! manufacture ( f9e furniture4 ,x is ( a ri* r$ color1 & has a beautiful gra9 & o!r desirable qualities :i* make x ! f9e/ wood = f9i% 9 use4 ,x holds its %ape rem>kably well1 unless x is v cross-gra9$1 & is 9 e respect an ideal cab9et wood4 ,its co/ is all t prev5ts x f be+ univ]sally us$4 7,t47 ,oak 7dec47 is our be/ all-r\nd native wood4 ,x is f\nd abundantly 9 ne>ly all p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 & =ms ! l>g] "p ( our broad-leav$ =e/s4 ,!re are a numb] ( species ( oak1 b !y are 9 g5]al kn[n to comm]ce z ! r$ & ! :ite oak4 ,ne>ly all ^! trees are cut = comm]cial purposes1 b ! :ite oak is ! f9e/4 ,! wood ( "s v>ieties ( oak is s simil> to ! :ite oak t ! diff]5ce _c be di/+ui%$ aft] ! "w is f9i%$1 !re=e !y are all put toge!r & sold z a m$ium grade ( :ite oak = purposes :]e ! /r5g? ( ! g5u9e is n requir$4 ,?is w g5]ally acc\nt = ! diff]5ce 9 ! gra9 & ! color :i* is notic$ 9 h&l+ ! comm]cial :ite oak4 ,r$ oak is a co>s] wood1 & is m apt to give tr\ble 9 season+ ?an :ite oak1 ?\gh !y bo? h to be dri$ v c>efully1 or !re may be *ecks & cracks to su* an ext5t t ! wood w be ru9$4 ,bo? ! r$ & ! :ite oak are us$ ext5sively 9 f9i%+ & cab9et "w1 b ! r$ oak is us$ commonly ^u ! *eap] grades1 z x is easi] to "w4 ,! two v>ieties %\ld nev] be us$ ^u ! same job1 unless ! wood is to be /a9$ a d>k color1 z !re is a m>k$ diff]5ce 9 _! appe>ance :5 f9i%$4 ,:ite oak is mu* us$ = floor+1 qu>t]$ oak result+ 9 a beautiful floor1 if ! "w is well done4 ,oak is n a suitable wood = exposure to try+ climatic conditions1 ?\gh if buri$ deeply1 or 9 wat]1 :]e !re is no alt]ation 9 moi/ure or dryness1 x gives satisfaction4 ,:ite oak is us$ to great ext5t = railroad ties1 b :at ^! are to be made ( 9 ! future is caus+ mu* speculation1 z ! end ( ! pres5t supply ( :ite oak is already 9 sight4 7,u47 ,p9e 7con47 9 its diff]5t v>ieties is us$ m ?an any o!r k9d ( wood4 ,x is f\nd 9 ne>ly all p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & 9 ,canada4 ,c]ta9 sections ( ! c\ntry :i* 7 once cov]$ ) virg9 p9e =e/s h1 h[ev]1 be5 s d5ud$ ( _! weal?1 & s _m ( _! "y trees de/roy$1 )9 a few %ort ye>s1 by ! depr$ations ( lumb]m5 :o c>$ m = _! imm$iate pr(it ?an = ! prospective good ( ! nation1 t in/ead ( a p]man5t & cont9ual supply ( ?is valuable wood1 !re are n[ no?+ b b>r5 hillsides1 & ! moss-gr[n ru9s ( ! lumb] camps & sawmills by means ( :i* ?is irrem$iable wrong 0 p]petrat$ aga9/ po/]ity4 ,:ite p9e is s(t1 easily work$1 & :5 ?or\ghly season$ w hold its %ape bett] ?an any o!r wood except mahogany4 ,= ^! reasons1 & on acc\nt ( its adaptability to glu+1 x is us$ almo/ exclusively by patt]n mak]s4 ,x is f\nd 9 ! ,nor!rn /ates & 9 ,canada4 ,f>!r s\? is ! belt 9 :i* gr[s ! grade ( p9e kn[n z 8,c>ol9a10 ! ba/>d or yell[ p9e4 ,?is belt ext5ds f ! ,mississippi valley to ! ,atlantic coa/1 & is ( a wid? to include ,virg9ia & ! ,c>ol9as4 ,?is p9e is h>d] to "w1 & has a m pron\nc$ gra9 ?an has ! :ite p9e1 b x makes a h&some wood = int]ior trim1 z x is capable ( a f9e f9i%4 ,c>ol9a p9e is nei!r s h>d nor s /rong z 8,georgia0 p9e1 :i* is also kn[n comm]cially z long-leav$ p9e1 pit* p9e1 or h>d p9e4 ,?is wood is f\nd f ,virg9ia to ,texas1 9 ! /ates bord]+ ^u ! ocean & ! gulf4 ,pit* p9e has a f9]1 clos] gra9 ?an has ei!r ( ! two above describ$1 be+ mu* /rong] & m d5se4 ,?is is ! wood :i* is us$ = heavy timb]s ( l>ge build+s1 & ! above describ$ grades %\ld nev] be confus$ ) x1 ! ,c>ol9a p9e result+ 9 "w ( less /r5g?1 = in/ance1 if us$ :]e ! pit* p9e 0 int5d$4 ,al?\gh ?is wood is v h>d & /rong1 & is ! be/ wood = heavy con/ruction1 z has be5 /at$1 x %\ld nev] be us$ 9 any place :i* is n dry & well v5tilat$1 z x w decay rapidly if plac$ 9 a damp location1 or :]e x w come 9 contact ) ! e>?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai4--,,:ite ,,p9e ,,=e/4 ,!re are sev]al v>ieties ( p9e besides ^? above m5tion$4 ,^! are g5]ally less desirable = f9i% or = con/ruction ?an is ! :ite1 yell[1 or ,c>ol9a p9e1 b !y are us$ ext5sively = ! common "w ( light build+1 & by box factories4 7,v47 ,popl> or :itewood 7dec47 is cut f ! tulip tree1 & is f\nd pr9cipally 9 ! ,middle ,we/ & 9 "s p>ts ( ! ,s\?4 ,x is ( light weight & color1 ) few knots1 & is s(t & easily work$4 ,x is us$ = ! common grades ( cab9et "w1 inside f9i%+1 v]&a po/s1 etc4 ,x takes a /a9 rem>kably well1 & its ev5 texture makes x a favorite ) wood c>v]s4 ,x w>ps & %r9ks consid]ably 9 season+1 & unless held 9 its place1 x is apt to twi/4 7,w47 ,r$wood 7con47 is tak5 f ! big trees on ! ,pacific slope2 x is /raight-gra9$1 s(t1 & free f knots1 & may be obta9$ 9 bo>ds ( any size :i* x is possible to cut4 ,x has ! reputation ( be+ "o ( ! be/ woods = use 9 try+ conditions1 or :]e x w be expos$ to alt]nations ( dryness & moi/ure4 ,x has a v co>se gra9 & takes a f9i% well1 b x is n apt to become v popul> = inside f9i%1 z x is easily m>r$1 &1 al?\gh v s(t1 w1 :5 ?or\ghly dry1 de/roy ! edge ( tools quick] ?an _m h>d] woods4 ,x turns to a dull1 unattractive br[n z x ages1 if x is f9i%$ 9 its natural color4 ,x is claim$ by _m to be ! be/ wood = %+les1 z x resi/s decay indef9itely4 ,x %r9ks bo? ways ( ! gra91 & burns v sl[ly4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj4--;,,d\glas ,,spruce ,,=e/4 7,x47 ,spruce 7con47 is mod]ately h>d & /rong1 & 9 ,new ,engl& is us$ g5]ally = fram+ light build+s & = r\gh bo>d+4 ,its color is almo/ pure :ite1 & x has ! valuable quality ( hold+ nails firmly4 ,!re is little diff]5ce betwe5 ! he>t & ! sap wood1 & its texture is sometimes su* t x is difficult to di/+ui% x f :ite p9e4 ,x w>ps & twi/s badly 9 season+1 & on t acc\nt is n suitable = fram+ trusses1 unless season$ lumb] is us$4 ,spruce is us$ also = a *eap grade ( clapbo>ds1 = floor+1 ceil+1 & la?s1 & also by pap] pulp manufactur]s 9 imm5se quantities4 ,x is a fairly satisfactory wood = imm]sion1 b if expos$ to alt]nations ( dryness & moi/ure1 x decays rapidly4 7,y47 ,sycamore1 or buttonwood 7dec471 is f\nd 9 ne>ly all p>ts ( ! ,mississippi valley & 9 ! ,ea/]n /ates4 ,x is a mod]ately /iff & /rong wood1 co>se-gra9$1 & q difficult to smoo? to a surface1 z ! gra9 seems to run 9 all directions at once4 ,x has also a disagreeable habit ( w>p+ & twi/+ z x seasons1 b if well season$ & prop]ly h&l$1 x w give no m tr\ble ?an d o!r woods4 ,x takes a good poli%1 & is a desirable wood = inside f9i%4 7,z47 ,walnut1 or black walnut 7dec471 is f\nd 9 all ! ,middle & ,ea/]n /ates4 ,x is heavy1 firm1 & /rong1 ( a *ocolate color1 & takes a f9e f9i%4 ,x is well adapt$ to inside f9i% & to furniture "w4 ,at "o "t ne>ly all ! be/ "w 0 done 9 ?is wood1 b at pres5t x is out ( /yle1 z oak & o!r woods are m 9 favor4 ,l o!r v>ieties ( our be/ woods1 ?is has be5 cut out1 & is n[ too exp5sive to be consid]$ z any?+ b a fancy wood4 ,:ite walnut is describ$ "u butt]nut4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba4--,,r$ ,,spruce ,,& ,,balsam ,,fir ,,kill$ ,,by ,,fire4 ,,sugge/ive ,,ex]cises #h4 ,h[ are small lumb]+ op]ations conduct$8 ,l>ge op]ations8 ,:at is ! favorite me?od ( br++ logs to ! mill8 ,:y8 ,comp>e ! circul> & ! b& saw z to economy4 ,:y is sci5tific =e/ry a necessity8 #i4 ,:at are ! usual ?icknesses to :i* planks are saw$8 ,h[ mu* ?9n] is dress$ ?an saw$ lumb]8 ,h[ are bo>ds usually saw$8 ,h[ %\ld a log be saw$ to get ! mo/ out ( x8 ,to furni% dim5sion lumb]8 ,describe ! advantages & ! me?ods ( qu>t]-saw+4 ,comp>e pla9 & qu>t]-saw$ lumb] z to economy4 ,comp>e & give reasons = _! diff]5t %r9k+ qualities4 ,:at are ! diff]5t names by :i* qu>t]-saw$ lumb] is kn[n8 #aj4 ,describe & demon/rate ! f\r grades ( lumb] z !y are commonly grad$4 #aa4 ,:at w be ! nature ( ! s\nd if a dry1 p]fect piece ( timb] is /ruck ) ! knuckles8 ,a wet or decay+ piece8 ,:at does x usually signify if !re is a great v>iety ( color 9 a bo>d8 ,h[ may decay$ lumb] be detect$ by its odor8 ,h[ may incipi5t decay be /opp$8 ,h[ may decay be prev5t$ or cur$8 #ab4 ,h[ is lumb] less ?an #a0 9 ?ickness survey$8 ,lumb] ov] #a0 9 ?ickness8 ,h[ are joi/s & scantl+s measur$8 ,to :at l5g?s are logs saw$ 9 ! =e/8 ,9 survey+1 :]e %\ld a common bo>d be measur$8 ,a qu>t]-saw$ bo>d8 ,demon/rate ! use ( ! lumb] scale4 #ac4 ,:at %\ld be ! qualities ( a good fram+ timb]8 ,( timb] = outside f9i%8 ,to be buri$8 ,= floors8 ,= inside f9i%8 ,= %+les8 ,= sid+8 ,h[ long %\ld lumb] be dri$ be=e us+8 ,h[ %\ld lumb] = inside f9i% be c>$ = :ile wait+ = use8 ,describe ! qualities & ! uses ( ! foll[+ k9ds ( lumb]3 a%1 apple1 basswood1 bee*1 bir*1 butt]nut1 c$>1 *]ry1 *e/nut1 cypress1 elm1 hemlock1 hickory1 locu/1 maple1 mahogany1 oak1 p9e1 popl>1 spruce1 sycamore1 walnut4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,c>e ,,( ,,lumb] #ad4 ,! pil+ ( lumb]4--7,a47 ,to ! un9itiat$ x may seem t ! pil+ ( lumb] is "w ^u :i* x is n necess>y to exp5d mu* skill1 b !re are few op]ations 9 :i* c>elessness or ignorance w cause m loss to a wood-work]4 7,b47 ,! front end ( a lumb] pile %\ld be high] ?an ! back1 !re=e x is a good plan to locate x ^u gr\nd :i* falls away to ! re>1 or to build ! ways :i* support ! pile s t ! wat] :i* drives into ! pile w run out at ! back end1 & n /& ^u ! bo>ds1 z ?is w cause discolorations4 #ae4 ,p]man5t lumb] ways4--,^! %\ld be built by "s me?od simil> to t %[n 9 ,fig4 #bb4 ,x is n a good plan to lay timb]s ^u ! gr\nd1 z !y w decay rapidly1 & !re w n be suffici5t room = air to circulate "u ! pile to all[ ! bo>ds ( ! l[] c\rses to dry out prop]ly4 ,! pile is also apt to settle :5 ! fro/ comes out ( ! gr\nd 9 ! spr+4 ,lumb] %\ld n be /ack$ above wet or m>%y gr\nd2 if necess>y to /ack x :]e ! we$s are ( rank gr[?1 ! latt] %\ld be kept d[n4 ,! ways %\ld be built ) a solid f\ndation1 well bel[ ! fro/ l9e1 ?\gh ?is is r>ely done except = p]man5t lumb] /orage4 ,?is is %[n at a1 ,fig4 #bb1 9 :i* x w be se5 t ! ways are built to /& a heavy load2 ! space betwe5 ! c5t]s ( ! ways %\ld be ab\t five feet1 z multiples ( ?is di/ance w accommodate any l5g? ( bo>ds4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb4--,,p]man5t ,,lumb] ,,ways4 #af4 ,to m9imize ! w>p+ ( lumb]4--7,a47 ,d n place lumb] piles less ?an "o foot ap>t1 z x is necess>y t !re %\ld be a cont9u\s circulation ( air ?r\gh ! pile 9 all directions4 7,see b1 ,fig4 #bb47 7,b47 ,lumb] piles are usually f\r feet 9 wid?1 & %\ld be built up ) /icks ( t l5g?1 :i* are plac$ betwe5 ! c\rses ( bo>ds4 ,x is important t ^! be plac$ directly ov] ea* o!r & ! ways2 o!rwise !re w be %ort k9ks 9 ! bo>ds1 z %[n at c4 ,x is su* c>elessness z ?is t causes a great deal ( loss4 ,9 pil+ v exp5sive lumb]1 ! front /icks %\ld be laid s z to project a little ov] ! c\rse ( bo>ds bel[1 & ! bo>ds ( ! c\rse above %\ld project ! same di/ance ov] ! /ick1 9 ord] to give ! front ( ! pile an incl9ation to ! front1 z %[n at d1 :i* w all[ mo/ ( ! ra9-wat] to drop cle> ( ! bo>ds bel[1 in/ead ( runn+ d[n ! front & f9d+ its way into ! pile4 7,c47 ,squ>e piles are sometimes built1 b 9 ^! ! bo>ds %\ld be laid ) l>ge spaces betwe5 !m1 to all[ p]fect circulation ( air4 ,x is obvi\s t 9 a pile ( ?is sort1 ! bo>ds 9 ! c5t] ( ! pile w n come 9 contact ) ! air z mu* z ^? on ! outside1 & t consequ5tly1 unless c>efully pil$1 ! bo>ds may be damag$ by ! moi/ure s\r+ in/ead ( dry+ out1 :i* usually results 9 decay4 7,d47 ,dur+ ! dry+ out process1 all bo>ds *ange _! =m m or less1 dep5d+ ^u ! %ape ( ! tree trunk1 ! k9d & quality ( ! wood1 ! "p ( ! tree f :i* ! log 0 cut1 z well z its size & age1 ! relation ( ! annual r+s & m$ull>y rays to ! surfaces ( ! bo>d1 ! l5g? ( "t s9ce ! log 0 cut be=e be+ made into lumb]1 :e!r x _h la9 9 wat] = sev]al mon?s1 & ! me?od ( pil+4 ,?us x w be se5 t 9 e /age ( prep>+ lumb] = m>ket1 a high degree ( skill & judgm5t is necess>y to insure ! be/ results4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc4--,,w>p+ ,,( ,,lumb]4 ,! greate/ det]ioration 9 lumb]1 aft] x has be5 cut & prop]ly pil$1 is g5]ally due to ! t5d5cy to w>p1 ! cause ( :i* is indicat$ 9 ,fig4 #bc1 & :i* may to great ext5t be m9imiz$ by skillful pil+4 ,if ?is sket* is /udi$ c>efully1 x w be notic$ t ! middle bo>d is ?ick] 9 ! middle ?an x is at ! edges1 & t ! curves ( its top & bottom sides are practically uni=m4 ,?is is because ! annual lay]s are at ne>ly a "r angle ) ! sides ( ! bo>d1 :i* causes ! bo>d to %r9k 9 ?ickness1 & v little 9 wid?4 ,?is is due to ! t5d5cy ( lumb] %r9k ar\nd1 or p>allel )1 ! annual lay]s4 ,?is t5d5cy also causes ! /> %akes1 z at c1 ,fig4 #c1 :i* is because ! inn] lay]s ( ! log1 be+ less ?an ! outside lay]s 9 circumf]5ce1 & less expos$ to ! dry air1 d n %r9k s fa/ nor s mu*4 ,?is t5d5cy is aga9 illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #bc1 9 :i* x w be se5 t because ! out] annual lay]s %r9k fa/]1 !y cause ! outside ( ! bo>d1 or ! "p :i* grew t[>d ! outside ( ! tree1 to become n>r[]1 & to assume a concave %ape1 :ile ! side ne>] ! c5t] ( ! tree1 or ! inside ( ! bo>d1 becomes convex4 ,?is is also ! reason :y bo>ds cut ne> ! outside ( ! log w %r9k 9 wid? m ?an ^? cut ne>] ! c5t]1 :i* %r9k 9 ?ickness proportionately m ?an 9 wid?4 7,e47 ,= ! purpose ( tak+ advantage ( ! t5d5cy to w>p1 & apply+ x to its own rem$y1 bo>ds %\ld be pil$ ) ! side :i* grew ne>] ! c5t] ( ! tree upp]mo/4 ,?is w help to correct ! t5d5cy ( ! bo>d to w>p1 z expla9$ above1 z ! side :i* w\ld naturally assume ! concave %ape w be und]nea?1 & less likely to w>p ?an if x 7 upp]mo/4 ,?is is n g5]ally obs]v$ 9 /ack+ common lumb]1 s9ce x ne$s c>e & judgm5t to d x prop]ly1 b x %\ld be done if valuable lumb] is be+ h&l$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd4--,,lumb] ,,pil$ ,,9 ,,d\ble ,,c\rses4 ,bo>ds ( practically ! same wid?1 if less ?an #g0 wide1 are sometimes /ack$ 9 d\ble c\rses1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bd1 ! outside ( ! bo>ds1 or ! sides :i* grew ne>] ! outside ( ! tree be+ plac$ toge!r1 ?us all[+ ! inside ( ! bo>ds1 or ! sides :i* grew t[>d ! c5t] ( ! tree1 to receive m air ?an ! sides :i* are plac$ toge!r1 & !re=e to dry out fa/]1 :i* w r$uce ! w>p+ to a m9imum4 ,aft] a pile is complet$1 x %\ld be cov]$ ) old bo>ds to protect ! top c\rses f ! wea!r4 7,f47 ,a pile ( valuable lumb] %\ld be re/ack$ e six or eight mon?s1 z ! bo>ds are apt to become discolor$ :]e ! lumb] /icks are plac$2 9 ?is reh&l+1 ! w>p$ bo>ds %\ld be plac$ ) ! concave side und]nea?4 7,g47 ,if lumb] is cut 9 w9t] or midsumm]1 & prop]ly c>$ =1 x is n apt to be injur$ by any ra9 :i* may drive into ! pile1 if !re is free circulation ( air2 nor is x s liable to decay z lumb] :i* is cut at o!r times ( ! ye>4 #ag4 ,wea!r-dri$ lumb]4--,lumb] :i* has be5 dri$ 9 ! /ack out ( doors is n dry en\gh = use 9 ! manufacture ( inside f9i% or furniture1 z x has dri$ out only to ! degree ( moi/ure 9 ! outside air4 ,if x is !n work$ up & plac$ 9 an artificially heat$ h\se1 ! heat w cause m moi/ure to evaporate1 ! wood to %r9k1 & ! jo9ts to op54 ,= mat]ial to be us$ 9 ! frames ( build+s1 9 wagons1 or 9 o!r places :]e ! greate/ possible /r5g? is requir$1 n less ?an two ye>s wea!r-dry+ is pref]r$1 z ! mat]ial reta9s its full /r5g?4 #ah4 ,kiln-dri$ lumb]4--,lumb] = furniture or = inside f9i% %\ld be season$ by ! process kn[n z 8kiln-dry+40 ,?is means t lumb] is expos$ to a temp]ature ( f #abj to #bjj ,f4 by :i* ! moi/ure is extract$ & evaporat$4 ,lumb] ?us treat$ is apt to be m or less weak5$ by ! action ( ! heat ^u ! fib]s ( ! wood1 :i* causes ?\s&s ( m9ute fractures1 & 9 _m cases ! life & ! ela/icity ( ! lumb] is de/roy$4 ,! results ( kiln-dry+ dep5d l>gely ^u ! kiln1 & ^u ! skill ) :i* ! lumb] is pil$1 ! heat appli$1 & ! rapidity ( evaporation ( ! moi/ure regulat$4 ,= ^! reasons1 mu* kiln-dri$ lumb] is suitable = use :]e b little /r5g? is requir$ & :]e ! color & ! gra9 are ! important po9ts to consid]4 #ai4 ,moi/ air kilns4--7,a47 ,!re are two types ( dry kilns 9 common use3 ! natural draft1 or moi/ air1 kilns1 & ! induc$ draft kilns4 ,^! two types are made by diff]5t manufactur]s1 ne>ly all ( :om use c]ta9 devices ( :i* !y control ! pat5ts1 & :i* con/itute ! *ief diff]5ce betwe5 _! kiln & ^? made by o!r manufactur]s4 7,b47 ,! moi/ air kilns are s con/ruct$ z to all[ ! free/ possible circulation ( ! heat$ air1 & to provide opportunities = ! moi/ure to be expell$ 9 accordance ) c]ta9 natural laws1 :i* results are obta9$ by a c>efully plann$ & manag$ sy/em ( v5tilation4 ,^! kilns op]ate ^u ! pr9ciple t heat$ air circulat+ naturally ?r\gh lumb] w become *>g$ to a mu* great] degree ) moi/ure ?an if x 7 =c$ ?r\gh rapidly1 z 9 ! induc$ draft kilns4 ,?us1 heat$ air by pass+ sl[ly ?r\gh a pile ( lumb] may become *>g$ ) moi/ure ne>ly to ! dew po9t4 ,if ! humidity ( ! heat$ air is ma9ta9$ at t po9t1 by all[+ ! moi/ure to pass out z x accumulates1 ) a small am\nt ( heat$ air1 :i* is replac$ ) fre% air f ! outside1 x is claim$ t ! bo>ds w dry out f _! c5t]s4 7,c47 ,z ! w>m1 moi/ air :i* circulates ?r\gh ! pile w keep ! outsides ( ! bo>ds moi/1 x w prev5t case h>d5+1 or ! h>d5+ ( ! outsides ( ! bo>ds4 ,?is is caus$ by v w>m dry air1 :i* 8cooks10 or closes ! pores ( ! surface ( ! bo>ds1 & ?is prev5ts ! outsides f %r9k+1 :ile ! insides w be s badly *eck$ & discolor$ z to de/roy ! bo>ds4 ,aft] ! moi/ure is all out ( ! lumb]1 t held 9 susp5sion w gradually pass out ( ! kiln1 & ! air inside w become p]fectly dry4 7,d47 ,x is claim$ t all k9ds ( lumb] 9 common use may be put into ?is type ( kiln p]fectly gre51 except oak & o!r v h>d woods1 :i* %\ld h at lea/ ?irty days' dry+ "u good dry+ conditions = ea* in* 9 ?ickness4 ,x is also claim$ t ! moi/ air kiln is simply wea!r dry+ accel]at$1--! moi/ure be+ ?or\ghly extract$ f ! lumb]1 ! result be+ ! same z ?\gh x 7 /ack$ out ( doors = sev]al ye>s1--& t ! lumb] has lo/ none ( its /r5g?1 ela/icity1 or *>act]i/ic color4 7,e47 ,?is me?od sometimes is appli$ by /eam pipes ext5d+ betwe5 ea* c\rse ( bo>ds1 & 9 ?is way ! lumb] is dri$ out v rapidly4 ,lumb] us$ 9 ?is sort ( kiln %\ld be ?or\ghly wea!r-dri$1 or o!rwise ! high temp]ature w cause x to *eck badly4 ,9 c]ta9 =ms ( ^! kilns1 ! lumb] is saturat$ ) live /eam aft] x is pil$ 9 ! kiln1 be=e ! heat is turn$ on4 #bj4 ,induc$ draft kilns4--7,a47 ,?is sy/em ( kiln-dry+ consi/s ( a p[]-driv5 fan1 :i* =ces ! heat$ air at a high rate ( spe$ ?r\gh ! spaces betwe5 & ar\nd ! lumb] pil$ 9 ! *amb]4 7,b47 ,manufactur]s h diff]5t devices = extract+ ! moi/ure f ! air aft] x has pass$ ?r\gh ! lumb] piles4 ,x may be pass$ ov] cond5s+ plates1 or ?r\gh coils ( pipes 9 :i* cold wat] is cont9ually circulat+1 bo? ( ^! devices be+ = ! purpose ( extract+ ! moi/ure f ! heat$ air4 ,if ! moi/ure is sep>at$ f ! air by cond5sation1 x runs away1 b if n1 a c]ta9 p] c5t ( ! heat$ air is expell$ out ( doors1 be+ replac$ by fre% air4 ,! air 9 ! kiln1 some:at cool$ f contact ) ^! cool$ surfaces1 is return$ to ! heat]1 reheat$1 & aga9 =c$ ?r\gh ! kiln1 :i* op]ation is repeat$ cont9u\sly & automatically4 ,?us ! heat$ air becomes *>g$ ) a small p]c5tage ( moi/ure ea* "t x passes ?r\gh ! kiln *amb]2 ?is moi/ure is extract$ & ! air is aga9 heat$ be=e beg9n+ ano!r circuit1 in/ead ( sl[ circulation :i* all[s ! heat$ air to become saturat$ ) moi/ure be=e x is dis*>g$1 z 9 ! moi/ air kiln4 ,! induc$ draft dry kiln requires q an exp5sive equipm5t1 z ! bl[] & ! appliance :i* drive x are necess>y 9 addition to ! equipm5t ( ! kiln itself1 :i* w\ld be simil> 9 ei!r ( ! types ( kiln describ$4 ,lumb] to be dri$ 9 ?is =m ( kiln mu/ be well wea!r-dri$ be=e x is expos$ to ! high temp]ature ( ! kiln4 #ba4 ,results ( ! two sy/ems4--,:ile x is n ! prov9ce ( ?is book to pass judgm5t ^u ! results ( ! diff]5t me?ods or =ms ( dry kilns1 x is obvi\s t ! induc$ draft kiln is ! m exp5sive to op]ate1 z ! exp5se ( runn+ ! bl[] is avoid$ 9 ! moi/ air sy/em4 ,9 ?is latt] type ( kiln ! /eam simply passes ?r\gh ! pipes1 ! cond5sation be+ return$ to ! boil] to be reheat$1 s ! only exp5se is t ( ma9ta9+ ! fire to keep up a l[ pressure4 ,9 ! daytime1 or :ile ! eng9e :i* furni%es ! p[] = ! plant is runn+1 ! kilns ( ei!r type may be heat$ by exhau/ /eam4 ,_m us]s ( "o or bo? sy/ems seem satisfi$ ) ! results obta9$ f ei!r1 :ile o!rs are decid$ 9 _! pref]5ce4 #bb4 ,fill+ a kiln4--,9 do+ ?is1 c>e %\ld be us$ t !re is pl5ty ( room = ! air to circulate freely ar\nd & ?r\gh ! pile--n less ?an #c0 betwe5 ! edges ( ! bo>ds horizontally & v]tically1 & "o foot betwe5 ! lumb] & ! wall or adjac5t pile4 ,ea* c\rse ( bo>ds %\ld be s plann$ z to br+ ! same wid? ov] ^? ( ! c\rse bel[1 if possible1 9 ord] to keep a v]tical air space ?r\gh ! pile4 ,9 "s cases ! kiln is fill$ by plac+ ! bo>ds edgeways4 #bc4 ,l5g? ( "t lumb] %\ld be left 9 ! kiln4--,no "o %\ld und]take to op]ate a kiln unless he und]/&s p]fectly ! p>ticul> make ( ! kiln t he is h&l+1 = if ! v5tilation is n correctly regulat$1 ! entire *>ge ( ! kiln may become mildew$1 caseh>d5$1 *eck$1 discolor$1 or dri$ unev5ly4 ,no rule c be giv5 = ! "t :i* lumb] %\ld be left 9 ! kiln1 z x dep5ds ^u ! condition ( ! lumb]1 temp]ature1 k9d ( lumb]1 dim5sions1 & v5tilation4 ,g5]ally speak+1 if ! kiln is prop]ly con/ruct$ & op]at$1 f two to f\r days = ea* in* 9 ?ickness ( s(t wood1 & f two to ?ree times z long1 at a l[] temp]ature1 = h>d wood1 is usually en\gh to extract ! moi/ure4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 be/ to all[ ! lumb] to /ay 9 ! kiln1 at a mod]ate temp]ature1 f ?ree days to two weeks aft] ! moi/ure is extract$1 9 ord] to h>d5 & cook ! solids ( ! sap1 z by s do+ ! lumb] is n s liable to be influ5c$ by moi/ure 9 ! future2 ?is is ! effect t long wea!r-dry+ accompli%es4 #bd4 ,! c>e ( kiln-dri$ lumb]4--,x is a common mi/ake to all[ lumb] to lie 9 an op5 %$ or o!r place :]e x w absorb moi/ure f ! atmosph]e1 & /ill call x kiln-dri$4 ,lumb] ( ?is sort %\ld be kept 9 a place :]e heat c be appli$ 9 damp wea!r1 & %\ld be /ack$ 9 a close1 compact pile1 s z to prev5t ! air f com+ 9 contact ) x4 #be4 ,/eam+ wood4--,?is process makes wood pliable1 & adds to its durability by de/roy+ ! g]ms :i* may cause decay2 x also neutralizes1 to a great ext5t1 ! effect ( ! pres5ce ( sap4 ,/eam+ or imm]s+ wood 9 boil+ wat] m9imizes its t5d5cy to %r9k & swell1 & wood ?us treat$ is n s apt to *eck 9 season+4 ,/eam$ wood loses "s ( its orig9al /r5g? on acc\nt ( ! effect ( ! high temp]ature ^u ! fib]s4 #bf4 ,pres]v+ wood4--,9 ord] to pres]ve wood1 x is sometimes treat$ ) creosote or o!r *emicals1 :i* are =c$ into ! wood at a suffici5t pressure to cause !m to p]meate ! wood ?or\ghly4 ,?is treatm5t enables ! wood to resi/ bett] ! elem5ts & to keep away insects1 :i* d a great deal ( damage1 frequ5tly honeycomb+ ! wood ) holes1 ) little or no evid5ce ( _! pres5ce ^u ! outside4 ,,sugge/ive ,,ex]cises #ad4 ,:at are "s ( ! results ( pil+ lumb] c>elessly8 ,%\ld ! back & ! front ( ! lumb] pile be ^u ! same level8 ,:y8 #ae4 ,h[ %\ld lumb] ways be built8 ,:at k9d ( places %\ld be avoid$ 9 seek+ a location = lumb] piles8 #af4 ,%\ld ! piles be plac$ close to ea* o!r8 ,h[ wide %\ld ! piles be made8 ,:at is ! objection to a squ>e pile8 ,h[ ?ick %\ld ! lumb] /icks be8 ,h[ %\ld !y be plac$8 ,:at is ! result if !y are n c>efully plac$8 ,h[ %\ld ! /icks & ! ends ( ! bo>ds be plac$ at ! front ( ! pile8 ,:y8 ,:at causes lumb] to w>p8 ,describe me?ods ( pil+ lumb] to m9imize w>p+4 ,%\ld a lumb] pile be all[$ to /& indef9itely8 ,:at is ! prop] "t to cut lumb]8 ,does x injure lumb] to all[ a little ra9 to beat into ! pile8 #ag4 ,:at is meant by wea!r-dri$ lumb]8 ,:y is x n suitable = furniture & = inside f9i%8 ,h[ is ?is rem$i$8 ,= :at purposes is wea!r-dri$ lumb] ! be/8 #ah4 ,:at is ! *ief objection to kiln-dry+ lumb]8 #ai4 ,:at are ! two me?ods ( kiln-dry+8 ,describe ! pr9ciple ( ! moi/ air kiln4 ,:at is claim$ ( x8 ,h[ %\ld h>d wood lumb] be treat$ be=e be+ kiln-dri$8 #bj4 ,describe ! induc$ draft sy/em4 ,:at devices are us$ to extract ! moi/ure f ! heat$ air8 ,:at are ! ma9 po9ts ( diff]5ce betwe5 ! two sy/ems8 #ba4 ,:at is ! diff]5ce 9 ! condition ( lumb] :i* may be put 9 ! two =ms ( kilns8 ,:i* is ! m exp5sive sy/em to in/all & op]ate8 ,h[ d us]s ( ! two sy/ems comp>e !m8 #bb4 ,h[ %\ld lumb] be /ack$ 9 ! kiln8 #bc4 ,h[ long %\ld lumb] g5]ally rema9 9 ! kiln to all[ ! moi/ure to be extract$8 ,h[ long to insure mo/ p]man5t results8 #bd4 ,h[ %\ld kiln-dri$ lumb] be c>$ =8 #be4 ,:at is ! effect ( /eam+ wood8 #bf4 ,h[ is wood sometimes treat$ to pres]ve x f ! elem5ts & f insects8 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,tools #bg4 ,h[ to pur*ase tools4--7,a47 ,! quality ( ! tools us$ by ! me*anic is ( ! greate/ importance4 ,!y %\ld be select$ c>efully1 & :ile x is ! poore/ economy to buy any?+ b ! be/1 ! be/ are n necess>ily ! mo/ f9ely f9i%$4 7,b47 ,9 pur*as+ tools1 x is well to rememb] t ^? made especially = "s deal]1 & be>+ 8 "n1 if sold = a less price ?an ! be/1 are usually n ( ! highe/ grade1 & %\ld be %unn$4 ,x is wise/ to buy /&>d makes1 exam9+ !m c>efully to be sure t !re are no visible defects4 ,! temp] ( /eel may be discov]$ only by use1 & any defects 9 ! be/ grades ( tools is made good ^u compla9t to ! deal]4 #bh4 ,b5*es4--7,a47 ,figure #be %[s ! type ( b5* us$ 9 ! mo/ up-to-date c>p5t] & cab9et %ops1 :ile t us$ by c>p5t]s = ord9>y "w usually is ( ! type %[n 9 ,fig4 #bf4 7,b47 ,9 _m manual-tra9+ s*ools1 ! b5*es are ( ! =m] type1 & 9 ! mo/ completely equipp$ s*ools1 are fitt$ ) lock$ draw]s & closets = ! reception ( tools1 n only to keep ! latt] 9 condition = use1 b to insure t ! set ( tools is complete1 & to be able to place ! responsibility = damage or loss4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be4--,,manual-,,tra9+ ,,b5*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf4--;,,c>p5t]',s ,,b5*4 7,c47 ,! vises %\ld be ( ! mod]n1 quick action design1 :i*1 on acc\nt ( ! rapidity ) :i* !y "w1 are sup]s$+ ! old-fa%ion$ wood5 & iron screw vises4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bg4--,,two-,,foot1 ,,f\r-,,fold ,,rule4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bh4--,,zigzag ,,rule4 #bi4 ,rules4--,! two-foot1 f\r-fold rule 7,fig4 #bg7 is ! "o g5]ally us$ by c>p5t]s4 ,x is made ( diff]5t grades1 ! m exp5sive makes be+ divid$ into #af?s1 #h?s1 #aj?s1 & #ab?s1 & hav+ ! 81 01 81 01 81 #a01 #a81 & #c0 scales ^u !m4 ,al?\gh ! *eap] rule is j z accurate1 x is divid$ usually into #h?s & #af?s only4 ,! =m ( rule %[n 9 ,fig4 #bh is becom+ q popul>1 z x is long]4 ,s9ce rules are easily lo/ or brok51 _m workm5 h a good rule = scal+1 & a *eap] "o = g5]al "w4 #cj4 ,! try-squ>e 7,a47 consi/s ( ! beam 7,fig4 #bi1 a71 :i* is g5]ally ( metal-l9$ wood1 & ! blade 7b71 :i* is a ?9 piece ( /eel4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bi4--,,position ,,( ,,try-,,squ>e ,,9 ,,squ>+ ,,an ,,edge4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cj4--,,use ,,( ,,two ,,try-,,squ>es ,,to ,,see ,,if ,,piece ,,( ,,wood ,,is 8,,out ,,( ,,w9d40 7,b47 ,too mu* c>e _c be ex]cis$ 9 ! selection ( ?is tool1 z "o :i* is n p]fectly true may cause mu* tr\ble4 ,to te/ a squ>e1 hold ! beam aga9/ a p]fectly /raight & squ>e edge ( a bo>d :i* is wide en\gh to all[ a knife l9e to be made ! entire l5g? ( ! blade4 ,!n turn ! squ>e ov]1 ! o!r side up1 &1 hold+ ! beam aga9/ ! same edge1 move ! blade to ! l9e4 ,if ! jo9t$ edge ( ! bo>d & ! squ>e are p]fectly accurate1 ! knife l9e & ! edge ( ! bo>d w p]fectly co9cide4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ca4--,,position ,,( ,,try-,,squ>e ,,:5 ,,mak+ ,,l9e4 7,c47 ,! use ( ?is tool 9 squ>+ an edge is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bi4 ,! piece be+ squ>$ %\ld be 9 su* a position t ! try-squ>e w be betwe5 ! eye & ! light2 9 ?is way1 ! slighte/ inaccuracy may be detect$4 ,9 ,fig4 #ca is %[n ! position ( ! try-squ>e :5 us$ to make a l9e by ! edge ( ! blade4 ,if work+ f ! edge indicat$1 hold ! beam aga9/ ! edge ) ! ?umb1 & at ! same "t hold ! blade d[n ) "o or two f+]s1 us+ ! o!rs to /eady ! squ>e 9 its place ^u ! bo>d4 7,d47 ,two try-squ>es may be us$ to see if a piece ( wood is 8out ( w9d0 7i s\nd$ z 9 k9d7 by ! me?od indicat$ 9 ,fig4 #cj4 ,two pieces ( wood kn[n z w9d+ /icks1 ( exactly ! same wid? & p]fectly p>allel1 are (t5 us$ 9 manual-tra9+ s*ools = ?is purpose2 !y are r>ely us$ 9 a %op1 h[ev]1 z a workman g5]ally w use two /eel squ>es if ! piece is too l>ge to be sight$ accurately )\t "s aid ( ?is sort4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cb4--,,/eel1 ,,or ,,fram+1 ,,squ>e4 #ca4 ,! /eel1 or fram+1 squ>e 7,fig4 #cb7 is (t5 us$ z a try-squ>e ^u l>ge "w1 ?\gh its mo/ important use is 9 fram+1 or ro( con/ruction4 ,x is indisp5sable 9 f9d+ ! l5g?s & ! angles ( raft]s1 braces1 etc4 ,its use = ?is purpose w be expla9$ 9 8,con/ructive ,c>p5try40 ,! long side ( ! fram+ squ>e is kn[n z ! 8blade10 & ! %ort side z ! 8tongue40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cc4--;,,bevel ,,& ,,/eel ,,squ>e4 ,! bevel is set at an angle ( #de4 #cb4 ,! bevel 7,fig4 #cc7 may be set = use 9 m>k+ & te/+ any angle1 9 ! same mann] t ! try-squ>e is us$ ^u rectangul> "w4 ,! sket* %[s ! bevel & ! /eel squ>e 9 position = sett+ ! bevel at an angle ( #de4 ,x w be notic$ t ! blade ( ! bevel re/s ^u ! same figures ^u bo? ! blade & ! tongue ( ! squ>e4 #cc4 ,! gauge 7,a471 ,fig4 #cd1 is = ! purpose ( mak+ l9es p>allel to ! face or work+ side or edge4 ,usually x is made 9 f\r pieces3 ! 8head0 7a71 :i* is held aga9/ ! face side or edge2 ! 8/ick0 7bb71 ^u :i* ! head moves2 ! 8?umbscrew0 7c71 :i* holds ! head firmly 9 its position ^u ! /ick2 & ! 8po9t0 7d71 :i* makes ! desir$ m>k ^u ! wood4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cd4--,,m>k+ ,,gauge4 a1 ! head2 bb1 ! /ick2 c1 ! ?umbscrew2 d1 ! po9t4 7,b47 ,a rule %\ld be us$ 9 sett+ ! gauge1 unless "o is c]ta9 t ! po9t is locat$ accurately ) reg>d to ! graduations ^u ! /ick4 ,! po9t %\ld be %>p5$ to "w ) ei!r a pu% or pull cut1 z at e4 7,c47 ,! gauge %\ld be grasp$ z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ce1 & g5]ally us$ ) a pu%1 ?\gh x is occasionally pull$ t[>d ! work]4 ,"o %\ld always "w f ! face side ( ! piece4 ,if ! po9t ent]s ! wood too deeply1 x may be set back1 or ! gauge c>ri$ on ! corn] ( ! /ick z indicat$1 :i* w gov]n ! dep? ( ! cut4 ,d n use a dull gauge1 or "o ) a r\nd po9t l a p5cil1 z x w te> ! wood1 in/ead ( mak+ a clean cut or scrat*4 #cd4 ,! hamm] 7,a47 is us$ by ! av]age wood-work] m ?an any o!r tool4 ,! 8face0 7,fig4 #cf1 a7 & ! 8claws0 7b7 %\ld be temp]$ c>efully1 z !y w ei!r bruise or b5d if too s(t1 or break if too h>d4 ,! eye 7c7 is made long] ?an x is wide1 to prev5t ! head f turn+ on ! h&le1 & l>g] at ! outside ( ! head ?an x is at ! neck1 s t ! h&le may be firmly w$g$ 9 ! eye or socket4 ,! neck 7d71 by ext5d+ ^u ! h&le z x does1 adds mu* to ! /r5g? ( ! connection4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ce4--,,m>k+ ,,gauge ,,9 ,,use4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cf4--;,,claw ,,hamm]4 a1 ! face2 b1 ! claws2 c1 ! eye2 d1 ! neck2 e1 gra9 ( neck4 ,! h&le %\ld be ( "y1 t\gh1 /raight-gra9$ hickory1 elliptical 9 section1 & ( a size to be grasp$ easily4 ,! gra9 %\ld be p]fectly /raight at ! neck1 & ! annual lay]s %\ld %[ l5g?wise ( ! ellipse at ! end1 z at c4 ,! h&le %\ld be fitt$ & w$g$1 or 8hung0 9 su* a way t a nail may be driv5 home 9 a flat surface )\t ! knuckles /rik+1 :i* means t ! c5t] ( ! h&le %\ld be ab\t p>allel ) ! flat surface4 ,a l9e l5g?wise ( ! head ?r\gh ! eye %\ld exactly co9cide ) ! long1 or major1 axis ( ! ellipse at ! end ( ! h&le1 z at gg1 or p\nd$ f+]s w result4 ,! bell-fac$ hamm] is to be pref]r$ to ! flat-fac$ type1 z x w n m> ! wood s badly if ! nail is miss$1 ?\gh m skill is requir$ to use x4 ,^u r\gh "w1 ! bell-fac$ hamm] w s9k ! nail b5ea? ! surface )\t bruis+ ! wood badly4 ,^u inside "w1 ! nails %\ld be sunk b5ea? ! surface ) a nail set4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cg4 a1 to5ail+2 b1 tack+4 7,b47 ,9 nail+1 ! "y workman %\ld acquire ! habit ( grasp+ ! h&le ( ! hamm] at ! end1 z ?is w give great] =ce to ! bl[4 ,^u light "w1 ! h& w naturally slip a little t[>d ! head4 ,nails %\ld g5]ally be driv5 9 a slant+ direction1 z !y hold bett] ?an if driv5 /raight4 ,:5 nails are driv5 z %[n at a1 ,fig4 #cg1 x is call$ 8to5ail+10 & :5 driv5 suffici5tly to hold1 b n driv5 home1 z at b1 !y are said to be 8tack$40 ,nails are driv5 ?is way :5 !y are to be pull$ out aga91 z 9 /ay la?s1 & 9 fa/5+ pieces tempor>ily4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ch4--;,,bl9d ,,nail+ ,,& ,,use ,,( ,a ,,nail ,,set4 ,9 =c+ mat*$ bo>ds toge!r1 d n p\nd directly ^u ! tongue edge ( ! bo>d1 b ^u a wa/e piece ( ! same mat]ial1 z ! tongue w be bruis$ s t ! next bo>d w n =m a good jo9t4 ,c>e %\ld be us$ t ! hamm] does n /rike ! edge ( ! bo>d :5 ! nail is driv5 home4 ,to gu>d aga9/ ?is1 a nail set %\ld be us$ to s9k ! head b5ea? ! surface1 z 9 ,fig4 #ch1 s t ! next bo>d w come to its place )\t tr\ble4 ,?is is call$ 8bl9d nail+40 #ce4 ,! hat*et 7,a47 is us$ = hew+ light "w1 = %+l+2 & z a heavy hamm]1 ?\gh ! face is r>ely temp]$ to /& v heavy usage 7,fig4 #ci1 a74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ci4--;a1 hat*et2 b1 h& axe4 7,= explanation1 see text47 7,b47 ,a h& axe1 or broad hat*et 7,fig4 #ci1 b71 usually is a bett] grade ( tool ?an ! hat*et1 & z x is ( great] weight1 is bett] adapt$ = heavy "w4 ,a hat*et or h& axe = g5]al use %\ld be %>p5$ z at c2 b = hew+ only1 an edge l d w give ! be/ results4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dj4--,,mallets4 a1 squ>e-fac$ mallet2 b1 r\nd mallet4 #cf4 ,! mallet4--,?is tool %\ld be us$ ^u *isel h&les1 z a hamm] w de/roy ! h&le 9 a v %ort "t4 ,mallets are ( two %apes1 ! squ>e-fac$ 7,fig4 #dj1 a7 & ! r\nd mallet 7b71 ! latt] be+ pref]r$ by _m workm5 z x w always /rike a fair bl[ ^u ! *isel h&le1 :ile ! squ>e-fac$ mallet sometimes w miss1 & inflict a pa9ful bl[ ^u ! h&4 ,9 g5]al1 ! h&le ( a squ>e-fac$ mallet is r\nd1 :i* all[s ! mallet to turn 9 ! h&2 if ! h&le 7 made elliptical1 l a hamm] h&le1 !re w\ld be less likelihood ( miss+ ! *isel4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #da1 ,a4 ,,ripsaw4 dd1 view & section ( sett+ ( tee?4 ,,fig4 #da1 ,b4 ,,cutt+-,,(f ,,saw4 ,,fig4 #da1 ,c4 ,,compass1 ,,or ,,keyhole1 ,,saw4 ,,fig4 #da4--,,saws4 7,9 ea* ( ! ?ree v>ieties ( saw tee? %[n 9 ,fig4 #da1 ! set ( ! tee? is exagg]at$47 #cg4 ,saws4--7,a47 ,! saws us$ by ! c>p5t] are = cutt+ p>allel )1 or across1 ! gra91 or a comb9ation ( ! two1 & all are compos$ ( two p>ts1 ! 8h&le0 & ! 8blade40 ,! tee? ( a ripsaw 7,fig4 #da1 ,a7 are suitable = saw+ 9 a direction p>allel ) ! g5]al direction ( ! gra94 ,! po9ts ( diff]5t saws may be f "o ?ird to "o sev5? ( an in* ap>t1 & =m a s]ies ( *isels1 ! cutt+ edges ( :i* are fil$ s t !y are at "r angles to ! sides ( ! blade4 ,9 action1 ! saw is pu%$ aga9/ ! wood1 ea* too? cutt+ a little deep] ?an ! "o prec$+ x4 ,! cutt+-(f saw 7,fig4 #da1 ,b7 has f six to twelve knife-po9t$ tee? to an in*1 ! cutt+ edges be+ p>allel to ! sides ( ! blade1 & fil$ s t ! po9t ( ! too? is ^u ! side :i* is set beyond ! side ( ! blade4 ,9 all except ! f9e/ saws1 ! tee? are set2 t is1 ! po9ts are b5t a v little 9 su* a way z to make ! cut wid] ?an ! ?ickness ( ! blade1 s t ! saw may cut ?r\gh ! wood )\t b9d+1 :i* x c\ld n d if ! cut 7 ! same ?ickness z ! blade4 ,! blades ( all high grade saws are ?9n] ^u ! back ?an ^u ! cutt+ edge1 b if ! saw is to be us$ ^u ! f9e/ "w1 ?is diff]5ce 9 ! ?ickness ( ! two edges ( ! blade is suppos$ to make ! sett+ ( ! saw unnecess>y4 ,= g5]al "w1 x w be f\nd t ! saw w be mu* m effici5t if x is giv5 a set adapt$ to ! size ( ! tee?1 or to ! nature ( ! "w x is expect$ to d4 ,! compass1 or keyhole1 saw 7,fig4 #da1 ,c7 is us$ :]e x is necess>y t ! saw %\ld cut bo? ) & across ! gra94 ,x is us$ to />t ! cut = a rip- or cutt+-(f saw1 :5 a cut has to be made 9 ! surface ( a bo>d4 ,?is saw is us$ also 9 _m places :]e x is n practicable to use a l>g] saw1 & = saw+ curves4 ,9 ord] to all[ x to cut ar\nd curves easily1 ! face1 or cutt+ edge1 is consid]ably ?ick] ?an ! back1 & ! blade is made ( s(t metal4 ,x may !n be giv5 a heavy set1 s t x w b5d in/ead ( break+ or k9k+1 z x w\ld be liable to d f ! nature ( its "w if made ( temp]$ /eel4 ,"s c>p5t]s work+ ^u job "w1 :]e x is desirable to c>ry z few tools z possible1 h a n>r[ #bj0 or #bb0 saw %>p5$ l a compass saw1 :i* = ord9>y "w is q satisfactory z ei!r a cutt+-(f or a ripsaw1 ?us mak+ ano!r saw unnecess>y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #db4--;,,backsaw4 ,! backsaw 7,fig4 #db7 is us$ ^u f9e "w2 x is fil$ l a cutt+-(f saw1 b ! tee? h r m hook1 & x (t5 has z _m z fifte5 tee? to ! in*1 ?\gh a twelve-too? saw is z f9e z is g5]ally us$4 ,! ?ick back is to /iff5 ! blade ( ! saw1 & if ! latt] becomes sprung1 a light bl[ ^u ! back1 z ?\gh to drive x ^u ! blade1 w usually /raight5 x4 7,b47 ,9 buy+ a saw1 select "o :i* is ?ick] ^u ! cutt+ edge ?an ^u ! back2 ?is all[s ! saw to be us$ ^u v f9e "w ) little or no sett+4 ,see t ! h&le fits ! h&1 & t ! saw hangs to suit1 or 8feels "r40 ,?is is a matt] conc]n+ ! balance & ! weight ( ! tool1 :i* _c be describ$1 b :i* any "o accu/om$ to us+ tools w miss if a tool n possess+ ?is quality is plac$ 9 8 h&4 ,a saw blade1 unless v %ort & ?ick1 %\ld b5d s t ! po9t may be put ?r\gh ! h&le1 & ^u be+ releas$1 in/antly resume its %ape4 ,x %\ld b5d ev5ly 9 proportion to ! wid? & ! gauge ( ! saw1 & %\ld be z ?9 z ! /iffness ( ! blade w p]mit1 z a saw ( ?is sort cuts less wood1 & !re=e runs ) less resi/ance4 ,a compass saw1 be+ s(t]1 is n expect$ to /& ! above te/4 ,a #bf0 or a #bh0 blade is be/ = a heavy rip or cutt+-(f saw to be us$ ^u co>se "w2 b = f9e "w1 a #bb0 blade1 commonly kn[n z a 8panel saw10 is a conv5i5t size1 ?\gh a #bj0 or a #bd0 blade is pref]r$ by _m workm54 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dc4--,,use ,,( ,,! ,,saw4 ,%[+ ! me?od ( us+ a try-squ>e to insure accuracy4 7,c47 ,a h>d saw is be/ = f9e "w1 b = g5]al "w mo/ workm5 pref] a saw ( m$ium h>dness1 z ! tee? ( a h>d saw are apt to break 9 sett+1 & its edge1 if x comes 9 contact ) metal1 requires fil+ j ab\t z quickly z t ( a s(t saw1 & is mu* m difficult to %>p54 ,if always fil$ by an exp]t fil]1 a h>d saw is sup]ior 9 e way to any o!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dd4--,,reset ,,saw ,,h&le4 7,d47 ,! h&le ( ! saw %\ld be grasp$ firmly by ?ree f+]s1 z 9 ,fig4 #dc1 ) ! =ef+] ext5d$ along ! side1 ?us mak+ m room = ! ?ree f+]s1 & giv+ bett] control ( ! saw4 ,v little /r5g? %\ld be us$ 9 =c+ a f9e saw to cut1 z its own weight g5]ally is suffici5t2 if ! saw is =c$1 x w n run smoo?ly1 b w b9d1 & if a ?9 bo>d is be+ work$1 x is apt to split4 ,! saw %\ld be us$ f ! face side ( ! mat]ial1 s t any spl9t]s or v>iation w be ^u ! back side & out ( sight4 7,e47 ,x is ! cu/om ( "s c>p5t]s to reset ! h&les ( _! heavy saws by drill+ holes ?r\gh ! blade s t ! h&le may be fa/5$ z close to ! cutt+ edge z possible1 z 9 ,fig4 #dd4 ,?is br+s ! =ce ( ! /roke ne>] ! direct l9e ( ! cut1 :i* obvi\sly all[s a m economical application ( =ce4 ,nev] leave a saw 9 a cut1 = if ! piece ( wood falls (f ! tre/les1 ! saw is apt to be brok54 7,saw-fil+ w be discuss$ lat]47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #de4--,,knife ,,blades4 ,a1 us$ by wood-work]2 ,b1 us$ 9 manual-tra9+ s*ools4 #ch4 ,! knife blade us$ by ! wood-work] = g5]al "w is simil> to t %[n 9 ,fig4 #de1 at ,a4 ,t %[n at ,b is ! =m ( blade 9 mo/ common use 9 manual-tra9+ s*ools1 z x is bett] adapt$ = :ittl+1 its %ape assi/+ ! /ud5t to "s ext5t to prev5t ! knife f foll[+ ! gra94 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #df4--,,section ,,( ,,iron ,,plane4 #a1 cutt]1 iron1 or bit2 #b1 cap iron2 #c1 plane iron screw2 #d1 cap lev]2 #d;a1 cam2 #e1 cap screw2 #f1 frog2 #f;a1 m\?2 #g1 ,y lev]2 #h1 v]tical adju/+ nut2 #h;a1 v]tical adju/+ screw2 #i1 lat]al adju/m5t2 #aj1 frog screws2 #aa1 h&le2 #ab1 knob2 #ac1 h&le bolt & nut2 #ad1 bolt knob & nut2 #ae1 h&le screw2 #af1 bottom1 or /ock4 #ci4 ,planes4--7,a47 ,! plane is ! mo/ complex1 z well z "o ( ! mo/ important1 tools :i* ! wood-work] uses1 & a high grade ( skill is necess>y to keep x 9 ord]1 z well z to use x prop]ly4 7,b47 ,! only plane 9 use until rec5t ye>s _h a wood5 /ock1 & ! iron 0 adju/$ by bl[s ) a hamm]2 ?is =m ( plane has *ang$ v little s9ce ! fir/ types 7 inv5t$1 z planes ( anci5t times h be5 f\nd :i* 9 all ess5tials are practically ! same z ^? 9 use to-day4 7,c47 ,our mod]n planes are m easily adju/$ & m conv5i5t to use1 ?\gh !y w d no bett] "w ?an ! wood5 planes ( our =efa!rs1 :i* are /ill pref]r$ by _m ( ! be/ workm54 ,! face ( an iron plane holds its %ape p]man5tly1 :ile x is necess>y t ! wood5 plane %\ld be jo9t$ occasionally4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dg4--,,result ,,( ,,us+ ,,plane ,,) ,,improp]ly ,,adju/$ ,,cap ,,iron4 7,d47 ,!re are planes = e conceivable purpose1 all con/ruct$ ^u ! same g5]al pr9ciple z ! common b5* plane :i* we %all discuss lat]4 ,^! planes are adju/$ by screws & lev]s1 :i* are v simple1 & any "o und]/&+ !m may easily compreh5d ! m intricate mold+ or univ]sal planes4 ,! adju/m5t ( ! mod]n plane may be und]/ood by a c>eful /udy ( ,fig4 #df & by comp>+ x ) ! plane itself4 ,! 8cutt]10 8iron10 or 8bit0 7#a7 & ! 8cap iron0 7#b7 are ! ess5tials ( ! tool1 & x is ^u _! condition & adju/m5t t ! effici5cy ( ! plane dep5ds4 ,if ! cap iron is set too f> f ! edge ( ! iron1 & if ! cut is made aga9/ ! gra91 ! %av+ w n break be=e x leads ! iron into ! wood1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #dg4 ,if ! cap iron is set some:at less ?an 0 f ! edge ( ! cutt]1 accord+ to ! wood be+ plan$1 x w break ! %av+ ne>ly z soon z x is cut1 z 9 ,fig4 #dh1 & w result 9 a smoo?1 clean surface4 ,! clos] ! cap iron is set to ! edge1 ! smoo!r ! iron w cut1 z ! breaks 9 ! %av+ are !reby made %ort]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dh4--,,result ,,( ,,us+ ,,plane ,,) ,,cap ,,iron ,,adju/$ ,,prop]ly4 ,x w be se5 t ! clos] ! bottom ( ! cap iron 7#b7 is set to ! edge ( ! cutt] 7#a71 ! %ort] ! breaks w be1 z 9 ,fig4 #dh1 & ! m smoo?ly ! plane w cut4 ,! plane 8iron screw0 7#c7 holds ! edge ( ! cutt] 7#a7 & ! bottom ( ! cap iron 7#b7 9 _! desir$ relation4 ,! 8cap lev]0 7#d7 be+ press$ aga9/ ! "u side ( ! head ( ! 8cap screw0 7#e71 by ! 8cam0 7#d;a71 holds ! iron 9 its place1 & presses ! cap iron 7#b7 firmly aga9/ ! top ( ! cutt] 7#a74 ,unless ! cap iron fits ! face ( ! cutt] p]fectly1 ! plane w n "w satisfactorily4 ,! 8frog0 7#f7 c>ries all ! adju/+ me*anism ( ! plane1 & may be mov$ backw>d or =w>d to r$uce or enl>ge ! 8m\?0 7#f;a71 :i* %\ld be no l>g] ?an is necess>y to all[ ! %av+s to pass freely4 ,! frog r>ely w require readju/+ aft] x has be5 prop]ly locat$4 ,! 8,y lev]0 7#g7 =ces ! plane irons 7#a & #b7 9 or out simultane\sly1 :i* gov]ns ! projection1 or 8set10 ( ! edge ( ! cutt] 7#a7 beyond ! face1 or 8sole0 7b7 ( ! 8plane /ock10 & ?us ! ?ickness ( ! %av+ :i* ! plane w cut4 ,! 8adju/+ nut0 7#h7 moves freely ^u ! 8screw0 7#h;a7 & op]ates ! ,y lev] 7#g74 ,! 8lat]al adju/m5t0 7#i7 is = ! purpose ( =c+ ! iron to cut 9 ! exact c5t] ( ! wid? ( ! face 7b7 ( ! plane4 ,! two 8frog screws0 7#aj7 hold ! frog rigidly 9 ! position :i* w make ! ?roat 7#f;a7 ( ! desir$ size4 ,! above illu/rates all ! adju/+ me*anism2 ! o!r p>ts ( ! plane are z foll[s3 8h&le0 7#aa72 8knob0 7#ab72 8h&le bolt0 & 8nut0 7#ac72 8knob bolt0 & 8nut0 7#ad72 8h&le screw0 7#ae72 8bottom10 or 8/ock0 7#af74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #di4--,,sett+ ,a ,,plane4 ,! face1 or sole1 ( ! plane 7b7 mu/ be p]fectly /raight1 or good "w _c be done4 ,! ends ( ! plane 7h & t7 are call$ ! 8heel0 & 8toe10 respectively4 ,! 8m\?0 ( ! plane 7betwe5 #f;a & #b7 mu/ be kept cle> ( %av+s1 or x may become clogg$4 7,e47 ,9 sett+ a plane1 d n pass ! f+]s ov] ! face1 or sole1 z cut f+]s may result4 ,hold ! plane z %[n 9 ,fig4 #di1 & look t[>d ! light1 :5 ! exact projection ( ! cutt] may be se54 ,notice ! position ( ! f+]s ( ! left h&1 & t ! eye glances f toe to heel4 ,?is leaves ! "r h& free to make ! adju/m5ts4 ,?is is a workmanlike way ( sett+ a plane1 & 9 ?is1 z 9 all h&l+ ( tools1 awkw>dness %\ld be avoid$4 #dj4 ,%>p5+ a plane4--7,a47 ,an important "p ( ?is process is ! gr9d+ ( ! cutt]4 ,set ! cap back ab\t 0 f ! edge ( ! iron1 & use x z a guide by :i* to gr9d ! iron p]fectly squ>e1 z at ,a1 ,fig4 #ej4 ,! cap iron %\ld be kept p]fectly squ>e1 & nev] t\*$ except to fit x to ! cutt]1 or1 if x is too ?ick to all[ ! %av+s to pass freely1 to file ! top ( x to ! prop] ?ickness4 ,if ! tool is kept 9 ord] skillfully1 ! cap w ne$ c>e only ^u r>e occasions4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ej4--,,:ett+ ,,& ,,gr9d+ ,,( ,,plane4 7,= explanation1 see text47 ,! cutt] %\ld be held firmly to ! gr9d/one or em]y :eel & kept mov+ f side to side to prev5t we>+ ! /one 9 "o place4 ,! gr9d+ %\ld all be done ^u ! bevel$ side ( ! cutt]1 :i* %\ld be held ^u ! /one at an angle ( ab\t #bj 7z at ,b1 ,fig4 #ej71 m r ?an less1 z a ?9n] edge is apt to 8*att]10 or vibrate1 if x /rikes a h>d place 9 ! wood4 ,_m workm5 use a re/ :5 gr9d+2 ?is insures a true bevel4 ,any device :i* holds ! tool firmly at ! same place on ! /one w d = a re/4 ,9 :ett+ ! cutt]1 ! screw ( ! cap iron %\ld be loos5$ & ! cap iron c>ri$ back until ! screw /ops at ! top ( ! slot ( ! bit1 z at ,c1 ,fig4 #ej4 ,! screw is !n tight5$ ) ! f+]s to hold ! cap 9 place2 ?is gives a bett] grasp ( ! iron1 ?\gh "s workm5 pref] to take ! cap (f entirely :ile :ett+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ea4--,,:ett+ ,,or ,,oil/on+ ,,! ,,bevel$ ,,side ,,( ,a ,,cutt]4 ,! bevel ( ! iron %\ld be held exactly ^u ! surface ( ! oil/one1 z %[n at ,c1 ,fig4 #ej1 ! iron be+ grasp$ z 9 ,fig4 #ea4 ,keep ! "r wri/ rigid & all[ ! arm to sw+ f ! %\ld]1 b5d+ only at ! elb[4 ,9 ?is way ! rock+ motion may be r$uc$ to a m9imum2 ?is is necess>y to pres]ve ! bevel4 ,?\gh ! bevel may be ma9ta9$ bett] by imp>t+ a %ort circul> motion to ! plane iron1 or to any edge tool :i* is be+ %>p5$1 x seems an awkw>d & fussy me?od ( "w1 & r>ely is us$ by an exp]t workman4 ,by long practice ! me*anic f9ds t a /roke made ne>ly ! entire l5g? ( ! /one w imp>t an edge quick]1 & aft] ! knack has be5 acquir$1 ! bevel w be pres]v$ j z well4 ,turn ! :et/one end = end frequ5tly1 & "w ^u ! f>!r end1 z 9 ?is way ! /one may be kept true mu* long] ?an if "o place ^u x is us$ all ! "t4 ,?is w also m9imize ! dang] ( pull+ ! tool (f f ! ne>] end ( ! /one1 :i* w g5]ally make regr9d+ necess>y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eb4--,,:ett+ ,,or ,,oil/on+ ,,! ,,pla9 ,,side ,,( ,,! ,,plane ,,iron4 ,:5 ! bevel$ side has be5 :ett$1 lay ! face1 or ! top ( ! iron1 p]fectly flat ^u ! /one1 z 9 ,fig4 #eb1 hold+ x d[n ) ! f+]s ( ! left h&1 us+ ! "r h& only to move ! iron back & =?4 ,c>e %\ld be us$ t "u no circum/ances is ! face ( ! iron lift$ ! slighte/ degree f ! /one4 ,at ?is /age ( %>p5+ a plane iron1 ! utmo/ c>e is necess>y t ! face ( ! cutt] does n lose its p]fectly /raight surface at ! edge1 z ! slighte/ deviation f absolute accuracy at ?is place w prev5t ! cap iron f fitt+ prop]ly1 :i* w cause endless tr\ble1 z ! %av+s w be =c$ betwe5 ! cap & ! face ( ! iron 7see ,c4 ( ?is topic74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ec4--,,%ape ,,( ,,edge ,,( ,,plane ,,iron4 7,b47 ,! %ape ( ! cutt+ edge ( ! plane cutt] has an important influ5ce ^u its effici5cy4 ,imag9e ! edge divid$ into ?ree equal p>ts3 ! middle "p %\ld be p]fectly /raight1 or almo/ imp]ceptibly r\nd$2 ! two outside ?irds %\ld be slightly & gradually r\nd$ until ! corn]s ( ! iron are s %ort t !re w be no dang] ( _! project+ bel[ ! face ( ! plane4 ,?is gives ! edge an elliptical %ape1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ec1 :i* is some:at exagg]at$1 z ! %ape %[n is ab\t t :i* w\ld be se5 if a mod]ately co>se jack plane 7 held z 9 ,fig4 #di4 7,c47 ,9 ord] to insure f9e "w1 ! cap iron mu/ be fitt$ s c>efully to ! face & ! edge ( ! cutt] t1 if necess>y1 x may be plac$ less ?an ? ( an in* f ! cutt+ edge1 ?\gh ?is w\ld r>ely be requir$ except ^u v cross-gra9$ wood4 ,9 fitt+ ! cap iron to ! top ( ! cutt]1 a v f9e1 %>p file %\ld be us$4 ,! fil+ mu/ all be done ^u ! "u side ( ! cap iron1 at ! places :]e x re/s ^u ! face or top ( ! cutt]2 or1 if pref]r$1 ! cap may be v c>efully b5t1 b unless !re is consid]able fitt+ necess>y1 & unless ! jo9t is p]fect$ by ! use ( a file1 ?is me?od is n recomm5d$4 ,if suffici5t c>e & skill are ex]cis$1 a plane may be %>p5$ & adju/$ s f9ely t a v5e] ( 4#ja0 or less 9 ?ickness ( bird's-eye maple1 burl walnut1 a%1 or simil> wood may be smoo!d4 ,x is n wise1 h[ev]1 to sp5d ! "t necess>y to keep a plane %>p5$ & adju/$ to d ?is sort ( "w1 z a scrap] & s&pap]1 or ! latt] alone1 is ! mo/ economical way to smoo? woods ( su* nature4 7,d47 ,to rem$y clogg+ ( ! m\?1 remove ! conditions :i* cause x2 simply digg+ out ! %av+s is useless4 ,an improp]ly fitt$ cap iron is "o ( ! pr9cipal causes ( tr\ble2 ! cutt] may be gr\nd s ?9 t :5 x is =c$ aga9/ a knot or h>d place1 ! iron *att]s1 :i* all[s ! %av+s an entrance "u ! cap iron4 ,9 ?is lies ! only real advantage ( a wood5 plane ov] ! mod]n iron plane1 z 9 ! =m] ! iron is mu* ?ick] & /iff]4 ,! cap iron may be s ?ick t x causes ! %av+s to curl too mu*1 or ! frog may be set too f> to ! front1 :i* w make ! m\? too small4 ,?is latt] may be rem$i$ by mov+ ! frog back1 b 9 a wood5 plane1 ! m\? & ! ?roat w\ld h to be cut l>g] 9 ord] to all[ ! %av+s to cle> !mselves prop]ly4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ed4--;,,jack ,,plane4 #da4 ,! jack plane 7,fig4 #ed7 g5]ally is #ae0 long1 & its ord9>y use is = ! purpose ( r\gh+ out a piece ( wood = jo9t+ or smoo?+4 ,if x is prop]ly %>p5$1 x may be us$ z a smoo?+ plane1 or z a jo9t] ^u small "w1 z x is capable ( do+ z good "w z any plane4 ,! jack plane g5]ally is gr\nd m r\nd+1 & ! cap set f>!r back ?an 9 ! o!r planes1 especially if x is to be us$ ^u r\gh "w4 #db4 ,! jo9t]4--7,a47 ,?is tool is f #bj0 to #bf0 long1 & is us$ to /raight5 edges & surfaces1 or to fit !m toge!r4 ,! %ape ( ! edge ( ! cutt] ( ?is plane %\ld be b slightly elliptical1 less s ?an ! jack plane or ! smoo!r1 unless ! two latt] are fitt$ = do+ v f9e "w4 7,b47 ,9 us+ a jo9t] = squ>+ or jo9t+ an edge1 x %\ld be c>ri$ to "o side or ! o!r ( its face z may be necess>y to take advantage ( ! elliptically %ap$ edge ( ! cutt]1 by cutt+ a %av+ ?ick] on "o edge ?an on ! o!r1 ?us mak+ ! edge ( ! bo>d squ>e ) ! face side4 ,to make a p]fectly squ>e edge1 ! cut %\ld be made 9 ! c5t] ( bo? ! iron & ! wid? ( ! face ( ! plane4 ,! plane %\ld be held z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ee1 ! f+]s "u ! face ( ! plane1 ! tops ( ! f+]-nails t\*+ ! bo>d lightly1 guid+ ! plane1 & keep+ ! bit cutt+ 9 "o place ^u its edge4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ee4--,,me?od ,,( ,,guid+ ,a ,,jo9t]4 #dc4 ,! smoo?+ plane 7,a47 is ( ! same type & me*anism z ^? describ$ above1 ?\gh x is b #i or #aj0 long2 if satisfactory "w is expect$ f x1 x mu/ be kept 9 good ord]1 ) ! cap iron p]fectly fitt$4 ,= g5]al "w1 x is n necess>y to sp5d ! "t to insure t ! plane %\ld be cont9ually 9 read9ess to "w ^u h>d1 t\gh1 cross-gra9$ wood1 z a plane to d ! latt] k9d ( "w well is unnecess>y ^u s(t] or /raight-gra9$ wood4 ,= ord9>y "w1 ! cap iron %\ld be set f 0 to 0 f ! edge ( ! bit1 b = ! f9e/ "w1 ! clos] to ! edge x w fit & all[ a %av+ to be tak51 ! f9] ! "w t may be done4 ,no wood us$ ^u ord9>y "w is s cross-gra9$ or knurly t x _c be smoo!d economically1 if a prop]ly %>p5$ & adju/$ plane is us$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ef4--,,knuckle ,,jo9t ,,block ,,plane4 7,b47 ,a smoo?+ plane %\ld cut a %av+ z ne>ly ! entire wid? ( ! bit z possible1 !re=e a v flat1 elliptically %ap$ edge mu/ be ma9ta9$4 ,9 us+ a plane or any k9d ( cutt+ tool1 ! direction ( ! gra9 ( ! wood %\ld be c>efully /udi$1 & e advantage tak5 ( x to facilitate ! "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eg4--,,use ,,( ,,! ,,block ,,plane4 7,= explanation1 see text47 #dd4 ,! block plane 7knuckle jo9t cap1 ,fig4 #ef7 7,a47 is con/ruct$ ^u a some:at diff]5t pr9ciple ?an ! planes above describ$1 z ! adju/+ nut 7a7 "u ! cutt] at ! re> end ( ! plane is rais$ or l[]$ to )draw or advance ! bit1 & ?us gov]n ! cut ( ! tool4 ,! size ( ! m\? is controll$ by a movable section ( ! face at b4 ,?is plane has no cap iron1 z ! use = :i* x is int5d$ makes x unnecess>y4 ,! block plane is us$ across ! end ( ! wood1 at "r angles ) ! g5]al direction ( ! gra94 ,! iron1 or cutt]1 is s plac$ 9 ! /ock ( ! plane t its cutt+ angle is z ne>ly 9 l9e ) ! cut z possible1 ) ! bevel$ side ( ! iron upp]mo/4 ,by ?is me?od ( con/ruction1 ! iron is giv5 m /iffness to resi/ ! *att]1 or vibration1 caus$ by plan+ end wood4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eh4--,,us+ ,,block ,,plane ,,^u ,,small ,,pieces4 7,b47 ,9 us+ ! block plane1 d n make ! cuts f edge to edge1 or *ips w be brok5 (f at ! corn]s2 in/ead1 plane f ea* edge1 & /op ! /roke be=e ! o!r edge is rea*$2 rev]se ! plane & "w f ! o!r direction1 z %[n at ,a1 ,b1 ,fig4 #eg4 ,ano!r & workmanlike way ( us+ ! block plane ^u small pieces is %[n 9 ,fig4 #eh4 ,"w f ea* edge z describ$ above1 turn+ ! piece ov] = ea* /roke4 ,9 %>p5+ ! block plane iron1 ! edge %\ld be made slightly elliptical1 & ! bevel c>efully ma9ta9$4 #de4 ,! correct position4--7,a47 ,9 us+ planes or any edge tools1 a position %\ld be tak5 :i* w furni% suffici5t resi/ance to ! pressure requir$ = mak+ ! cut1 z ! pressure %\ld be appli$ firmly & /eadily4 ,) exp]i5ce1 ! correct position w be tak5 involunt>ily1 b ! beg9n] %\ld be cont9ually ^u ! wat* to ov]come 8 awkw>dness4 7,b47 ,! habit ( b5d+ f ! hips is acquir$ easily1 & ! "y workman %\ld le>n to "w 9 z ne>ly an erect position z possible1 = if ! b5d+ ( ! %\ld]s is p]si/$ 91 a p]man5t /oop w result4 ,/& fac+ ! "w & cle> ( ! b5* 9 ord] to prev5t unnecess>y we> ( ! clo?+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ei4--;,,incorrect ,,use ,,( ,,jack ,,plane4 7,c47 ,d n all[ ! plane to drop ov] ! end ( ! bo>d at ei!r ! beg9n+ or ! end ( ! /roke1 z indicat$ at ,a1 ,b1 ,fig4 #ei4 ,to prev5t ?is1 ! h& %\ld be kept ^u t "p ( ! plane :i* is ^u ! bo>d2 at ! beg9n+ ( ! /roke1 ! weight %\ld be ^u ! front end ( ! plane1 z 9 ,fig4 #fj1 & at ! end ( ! /roke ^u ! re> end1 or ^u ! h&le1 z 9 ,fig4 #fa4 ,beg9 & end ea* /roke ) a lift+ motion in/ead ( all[+ ! plane to drop z x leaves or ent]s ! wood4 ,! plane %\ld be held firmly1 n rigidly2 d n all[ x to jump2 ?is is caus$ g5]ally by an attempt to take a %av+ heavi] ?an ! plane %\ld cut1 or1 if ! cap iron is fitt$ & adju/$ prop]ly1 by a dull iron4 ,a cutt] w jump or *att] if x does n fit solidly aga9/ ! frog4 ,9 draw+ ! plane back aft] mak+ a /roke1 c>ry x ^u ! toe1 or ^u "o corn]2 d n drag x flat ^u its face1 z ! iron is !reby dull$ z mu* z :5 x is cutt+1 or possibly m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fj4--;,,beg9n+ ,,! ,,/roke ,,) ,a ,,jack ,,plane4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fa4--;,,end+ ,,! ,,/roke ,,) ,a ,,jack ,,plane4 7,d47 ,c>ry ! plane p>allel ) ! gra9 :5 x is possible1 & take no m %av+s (f ?an is necess>y to atta9 ! desir$ results4 ,! "y workman %\ld make a /udy ( ! gra9 & ! peculi>ities ( ! diff]5t k9ds ( lumb] ^u :i* he works1 los+ no opportunity to exp]im5t ^u & comp>e ! qualities ( e available wood4 7,e47 ,9 us+ edge tools ( e k9d1 little is ga9$1 & mu* is (t5 lo/1 by work+ ) dull tools2 tools %\ld be %>p5$ (t5 & ?or\ghly4 ,?is is ( ! utmo/ importance1 = ev5 ) ! tools 9 ! be/ possible ord]1 x w require mu* c>e & skill to d good "w4 #df4 ,*isels4--7,a47 ,c>p5t]s' *isels are us$ = p>+ & mortis+2 ! p>+ *isel %\ld be light1 smoo?ly f9i%$1 & gr\nd ) a %>p] bevel ?an t us$ = mortis+1 = :i* ! heavie/ *isel is none too /rong4 7,b47 ,*isels are 8tang$0 or 8socket10 accord+ to ! me?od by :i* ! blade & h&le is jo9$4 ,! tang$ firm] *isel 7,fig4 #fb1 ,a7 is ! old] =m1 & is n s /rong z ! m rec5tly design$ socket *isel 7,b74 ,= light "w1 ! tang$ *isel is pref]r$ by _m1 b m commonly ! socket *isel is us$1 z x is /iff]1 n s easily brok51 & has no %\ld] to cat* ^u ! edge ( ! wood :5 ! tool is us$4 ,! bevel$-edge *isel 7,c7 is a favorite tool ) patt]n mak]s2 & ! mortise1 or fram+ *isel 7,d71 is design$ = heavy use4 ,a set ( *isels consi/s ( "o ea* ( ! foll[+ dim5sions3 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 #a01 #a01 #a01 #a01 #b04 7,c47 ,a l>ge1 heavy *isel1 #c0 or #d0 9 wid?1 call$ a 8slice0 or 8slick10 is us$1 l a p>+ *isel1 ^u heavy "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fb4--;,,*isels4 ,a1 tang$ firm] *isel2 ,b1 socket *isel2 ,c1 bevel$-edge *isel2 ,d1 mortise1 or fram+ *isel4 7,d47 ,h&les = p>+ *isels may be ( any h>d wood & ( any conv5i5t %ape1 z ^! %\ld n be p\nd$ ^u4 ,al?\gh !y are occasionally us$ = cutt+ small mortises1 x is n a good practice unless ! tops ( ! h&les are protect$ by lea!r or fib] tops4 ,mortis+ *isels %\ld h h&les ( ! t\ghe/ wood obta9able1 pref]ably hickory1 ) lea!r nail$ ) small brads ^u ! top to protect ! wood4 ,if a lea!r wa%] is fa/5$ to ! h&le by a p9 or d[el1 ! wood w 9 "t p\nd d[n & ! lea!r be brok5 out & de/roy$1 :ile if braid$ ^u ! h&le1 ! lea!r may be r5ew$ z (t5 z necess>y4 ,an iron r+1 or f]rule1 is us$ by _m to prev5t ! h&le f splitt+1 b ?is w bruise ! face ( ! mallet4 ,a hamm] %\ld nev] be us$ ^u any sort ( wood5 h&le1 or ! h&le w be v quickly de/roy$1 b a mallet w injure x comp>atively little4 ,9 fitt+ ! h&le to ! *isel blade1 c>e %\ld be us$ t !y are 9 p]fect alignm5t1 z o!rwise a %>p bl[ may break ! blade4 7,e47 ,9 %>p5+ a mortise *isel1 x %\ld be gr\nd at an angle ( n less ?an #cj1 z a ?9n] edge w\ld be apt to break ^u com+ 9 contact ) a knot4 ,a p>+ *isel may be gr\nd z ?9 z #bj1 z x does n h to /& heavy bl[s1 & a bett] edge = ! purpose may ?us be obta9$4 ,9 :ett+ a *isel1 ! bevel mu/ be c>efully ma9ta9$1 & ! back kept p]fectly /raight1 l ! face ( a plane iron1 or x w be impossible to "w to a l9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fc4--;,,draw%ave4 #dg4 ,g\ges may 9 g5]al be describ$ 9 ! same way z *isels1 except t !y are curv$ in/ead ( flat4 ,! t]ms 8inside0 & 8outside10 us$ 9 describ+ !m1 indicate :e!r !y are gr\nd ^u ! inside or ! outside ( ! curve4 #dh4 ,! draw%ave 7,fig4 #fc7 is (t5 us$ 9 cutt+ curves1 9 *amf]+1 & = r\gh+ out "w4 ,! pat5t draw%ave1 ) fold+ h&les1 is a saf] tool to keep 9 ! tool box1 z ! edge is protect$1 b x is n z satisfactory = g5]al "w z ! ord9>y rigid-h&l$ tool4 ,if ! latt] is us$1 a piece ( wood %\ld be fitt$ ov] ! edge to protect bo? x & ! h&s :5 ! tool is n 9 use4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fd4--,,spoke%ave4 #di4 ,! spoke%ave 7,fig4 #fd7 %\ld n be us$ 9 any place :]e a plane c be us$1 b only ^u concave or convex surfaces2 :5 us$1 x maybe ei!r pu%$ or pull$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fe4--;,,aug] ,,bit4 #ej4 ,bits 7,a47 are ( _m diff]5t types1 ! mo/ common be+ ! aug] bit 7,fig4 #fe74 ,! use ( ! 8worm0 7a7 is to draw ! bit into ! wood1 ?us mak+ a heavy pressure ^u ! bit unnecess>y4 ,! 8lips0 7bb7 make an incision on ! wood bel[ ! cut made by ! 8cutt]s0 7cc71 :i* take ! %av+s out & into ! 8twi/10 :i* 9 turn lifts !m out ( ! hole4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ff4--;,,cross-,,h&l$ ,,aug]4 7,b47 ,c>e %\ld be us$ :5 bor+ a deep hole t ! bit is remov$ be=e ! %av+s clog 9 ! twi/1 :i* w happ5 if ! hole becomes full ( %av+s :i* _c be lift$ out4 ,%\ld clogg+ occur1 d n use a great deal ( /r5g? 9 try+ to back ! bit out1 or its 8%ank0 may be twi/$ (f2 x is bett] to pull x out ) a /raight pull by means ( a lev]1 if suffici5t /r5g? _c be o!rwise ex]t$1 ! pull be+ /raight ov] ! c5t] ( ! bit f ! 8*uck10 n f ! head ( ! bitbrace4 ,aft] bor+ ! hole to ! desir$ dep?1 d n turn ! bit backw>d to remove x1 z %av+s w be left 9 ! hole1 b give x "o turn back to loos5 ! worm1 !n turn z ?\gh bor+ ! hole deep]1 lift+ "u ! head ( ! bitbrace 9 ! meantime1 by :i* process ! %av+s w be lift$ out4 ,^! bits are numb]$ f ?s to ?s in* by #af?s ( an in*4 ,sizes l>g] ?an ^! are kn[n z aug]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fg4 ,a1 ,g]man bit2 ,b1 twi/ drill4 7,c47 ,l>ge aug] bits g5]ally are fitt$ ) cross h&les1 z 9 ,fig4 #ff1 z a bitbrace w n give suffici5t lev]age to make ! bit cut ! wood2 ^! are call$ aug]s4 ,! =m %[n is kn[n z a 8,=d aug]40 7,d47 ,! ,g]man bit 7,fig4 #fg1 ,a7 is us$ = bor+ small holes = screws & nails1 & has entirely supplant$ ! gimlet ( our =efa!rs1 z its action is mu* m rapid4 ,its progression 9 sizes is f 0 to 0 by #cb;ds ( an in*2 ?is tool is also call$ a screw bit4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fh4 ,a1 ext5sion bit2 ,b1 c5t] bit4 7,e47 ,! twi/ drill 7,fig4 #fg1 ,b7 is a valuable tool2 e c>p5t] %\ld own an assortm5t ( twi/ drills = use 9 places :]e o!r bits may come 9 contact ) iron4 ,! sizes range f 0 to 0 by #cb;ds4 ,! r\nd %ank drill may be pur*as$ 9 any size up to #c01 by #fd?s ( an in*4 7,f47 ,! ext5sion bit 7,fig4 #fh1 ,a7 is a v conv5i5t tool = bor+ a hole ( any size )9 c]ta9 limits1 & is at times extremely valuable4 7,g47 ,! c5t] bit 7,fig4 #fh1 ,b7 is (t5 us$ 9 bor+ holes ?r\gh ?9 mat]ial :i* w\ld be apt to be split if an aug] bit 7 us$4 7,h47 ,9 fil+ an aug] bit1 x %\ld be held z %[n 9 ,fig4 #fi1 & a small1 f9e file us$ on ! inside ( ! lips & ! bottom ( ! cutt]s2 9 no case %\ld ! outside ( ! lips be %>p5$1 z ! size ( ! bit w be r$uc$4 ,9 fil+ ! cutt]1 be sure t its "u side back ( ! cutt+ edge is fil$ en\gh to cle> ! wood aft] ! cutt] has ent]$ x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fi4--;,,fil+ ,,an ,,aug] ,,bit4 ,9 do+ ?is1 x %\ld be rememb]$ t ! bit progresses into ! wood z x cuts1 & unless ! "u side ( ! cutt] is fil$ prop]ly1 x w be> ^u ! wood b5ea? x1 back ( ! cutt+ edge1 & prev5t ! bit f advanc+4 ,to rem$y ?is1 be sure t ! cutt] is kept fil$ ?91 & t ! "u side is /raight f ! edge to ! beg9n+ ( ! twi/4 7,i47 ,if ! lips 7,fig4 #fe1 bb7 are fil$ (f1 an aug] bit bores into ! end wood easily4 #ea4 ,! bitbrace1 or /ock4--7,a47 ,?is tool is us$ to hold ! bit1 & to furni% suffici5t lev]age to turn ! bit into ! wood4 ,bitbraces are made ( diff]5t sizes1 & ) diff]5t devices = hold+ ! 8tangs0 ( ! bits4 ,a workman %\ld own an #h0 & a #aj0 sw+ bitbrace1 z x is (t5 necess>y to use diff]5t sizes or k9ds ( bits alt]nately4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gj4--,,rat*et ,,bitbrace4 7,b47 ,! rat*et bitbrace 7,fig4 #gj7 diff]s f ! ord9>y brace only 9 ! rat*et atta*m5t4 ,x is an indisp5sable tool to an up-to-date workman1 z x may be us$ 9 _m places :]e an ord9>y brace w\ld be useless2 = g5]al "w1 h[ev]1 be+ heavi]1 x is less conv5i5t ?an ! pla9 brace4 #eb4 ,! ,screwdriv] 7,a47 is "o ( ! mo/ important tools 9 a c>p5t]'s kit1 & to be ( use %\ld be ( f9ely temp]$ /eel1 = if too s(t1 x w turn ov]1 & if too h>d1 x w break4 ,! edge %\ld be z ?ick z ! slot ( a screw w all[1 9 ord] to h z mu* /r5g? z possible4 7,b47 ,a r\nd-h&l$ screwdriv] is n s satisfactory z "o ) an elliptical or polygonal h&le1 z x is impossible to obta9 z good a grip ^u ! =m] z ^u ! latt]2 a r\nd h&le1 plan$ flat ^u ! two opposite sides1 is q commonly us$4 7,c47 ,rat*et screwdriv]s are useful 9 _m places :]e x is difficult to use two h&s1 & !re are pat5t quick-action screwdriv]s on ! m>ket :i* are suitable only = c]ta9 k9ds ( light "w1 z :at is ga9$ 9 spe$ is lo/ 9 p[]4 ,! screwdriv] bit is a %ort screwdriv] blade1 tang$ to fit a bitbrace2 x is ess5tial 9 do+ economical "w1 z screws may be driv5 mu* m rapidly ?an by h&1 & x is also valuable on acc\nt ( its great] lev]age 9 driv+ heavy screws4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ga4 ,,compasses4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gb4 ,,calip]s4 #ec4 ,compasses1 or divid]s 7,fig4 #ga71 are us$ to draw circles & curves1 & = spac+ & scrib+1 by :i* is meant ! process ( fitt+ a piece ( wood to an unev5 surface4 ,calip]s 7,fig4 #gb7 are us$ to measure ! outside ( a r\nd or oval object4 ,^? %[n are kn[n z 8outside0 calip]s2 8inside0 calip]s1 or ^? us$ = measur+ ! inside ( a hole1 h /raight legs4 ,^! tools ord9>ily are n consid]$ a "p ( a c>p5t]'s kit1 z !y are g5]ally us$ ^u "w requir+ m exact measurem5ts4 ,wood-work]s' tools are grad$ to sizes1 g5]ally no?+ f9] ?an #af?s ( an in*2 h5ce1 ! ord9>y me?ods ( measur+ w usually give suffici5tly accurate results4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gc4 ,,pli]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gd4 ,,nipp]s4 #ed4 ,pli]s4--7,a47 ,^! are indisp5sable little tools 7,fig4 #gc71 & e workman %\ld own a pair4 ,^? comb9+ sev]al tools are mo/ useful2 *eap tools ( ?is sort are usually wor?less4 7,b47 ,nipp]s 7,fig4 #gd7 are made to cut wire1 b n to pull nails4 ,be+ temp]$ = cutt+1 ^? ( good quality are h>d & brittle1 lack+ ! t\ghness necess>y to pull nails1 = :i* "w a *eap pair ( nipp]s may be pur*as$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ge4--,,scrap]4 ,a1 ,b1 h&les = scrap]2 ,c1 lea!r palm2 ,d1 scrap] plane4 #ee4 ,! scrap] is "o ( ! mo/ useful tools 9 ! kit ( ! c>p5t] :o works ^u h>d wood4 ,?is tool may be pur*as$1 or made ( a v h>d saw2 x mu/ be ( h>d1 t\gh /eel1 or ! edge w n la/4 ,a scrap] %\ld be ab\t #c0 #e01 :i* is a conv5i5t size = grasp+ ) ! h&4 ,_m workm5 make h&les = _! scrap]s 7,fig4 #ge1 ,a & ,b71 b cab9et mak]s1 & o!rs :o use !m cont9ually1 g5]ally pref] to use !m )\t h&les4 ,if a l>ge surface is to be scrap$1 x is well to h a h&le ( a lea!r palm 7,fig4 #ge1 ,c74 ,?is is a piece ( lea!r ( suitable size & %ape to protect ! h& f ! heat g5]at$ by ! action ( ! scrap] 9 cutt+2 ! ?umb is pass$ ?r\gh ! hole1 & ! broad "p ( ! palm hangs betwe5 ! scrap] & ! ?ick ( ! h&4 ,= scrap+ floors1 a scrap] plane 7,fig4 #ge1 ,d7 w be f\nd valuable1 ?\gh if mu* ( ?is "w is to be done1 x w be ! be/ economy to pur*ase "o ( ! =ms ( floor-scrap+ ma*9es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gf4--;,,edges ,,( ,,scrap]s4 ,a1 bevel$ edge2 ,b1 squ>e edge4 #ef4 ,edges4--,!re are two =ms ( edges us$ 9 %>p5+ scrap]s1--! squ>e & ! bevel$ edge2 9 %>p5+ ei!r ( ^!1 ! edge %\ld be fil$1 :ett$1 & turn$ ) a burni%]1 :i* imp>ts a wire edge1 indicat$ 9 ,fig4 #gf1 ,a & ,b1 :i* %[s enl>g$ views ( ! two =ms ( edges ( scrap]s4 ,if ! eye glances along ! edge ( a prop]ly %>p5$ scrap]1 ! edge w appe> slightly curv$2 ?is edge mu/ be giv5 x by fil+4 ,aft] ! scrap] is fil$1 ea* corn] :i* is to be turn$ mu/ be :ett$ to a p]fectly ke5 edge ^u an oil/one1 z ! object ( %>p5+ a scrap] is to 8turn0 ?is edge at an angle ) ! sides ( ! scrap]4 ,illu/ration3 ,front ,view ,,fig4 #gg4--;,,angle ,,( ,,burni%] ,,) ,,sides ,,( ,,scrap]4 ,by 8turn+0 ! edge ( a scrap] is meant pu%+ ! p>ticles ( /eel :i* =m ! corn] ov] s t !y w =m a wire edge :i* w /& at an angle ) ! sides ( ! scrap]4 ,:5 ! edge has be5 skillfully turn$1 x w cut l a v f9ely %>p5$ & adju/$ plane1 & w "w ei!r ) or aga9/ ! gra9 )\t te>+ ! wood4 ,notice c>efully ! angle ( ! burni%] ) ! sides ( ! scrap]1 z at a1 ,fig4 #gg1 & z 9 ,fig4 #gh1 :i* indicates approximately ! angle at :i* x %\ld be held across ! edge :5 se5 9 ! view illu/rat$ ( ei!r a squ>e or bevel$-edge scrap]1 ! v]tical l9es indicat+ ! scrap]4 ,! /roke mu/ be f ! bottom1 up1 z indicat$4 ,at ,a1 ,fig4 #gi1 is %[n ! top view ( ! burni%] z x makes ea* ( ! /rokes 9 turn+ ! edge ( a squ>e edge scrap]2 notice t ! burni%] sw+s 9 an angle ( ab\t #ae1 "o /roke only be+ made at ea* angle4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gh4--,,me?od ,,( ,,grasp+ ,,scrap] ,,= ,,%>p5+4 ,at ,b1 ,fig4 #gi1 is %[n ! me?od ( turn+ ! edge ( a bevel edge scrap]2 ! /ud5t w notice t ! angles are simil> to ^? %[n at ,a1 except t ! fir/ /roke is made at ne>ly ! same angle z ! bevel ( ! scrap]4 ,an edge may (t5 be turn$ at "o /roke1 & m ?an ?ree %\ld r>ely be necess>y4 ,if m ?an ?ree are made1 ! edge may be turn$ too f>1 :i* is worse ?an n be+ turn$ en\gh4 ,! /rokes %\ld be made 9 ! ord] indicat$ by ! figures ( ! angles ( ! burni%]2 o!rwise x w be difficult to obta9 satisfactory results4 ,! am\nt ( pressure necess>y to apply at ?is /age ( ! "w _c be describ$1 b c only be discov]$ by practice4 ,a /eady1 mod]ate pressure is all t is ne$$1 b c>e %\ld be us$ t ! angle ( ! burni%] does n *ange dur+ ! /roke4 ,?is w give an edge suitable = common c\nt] or table tops1 h>dwood floors1 & simil> "w1 if ! skill to use ! burni%] prop]ly has be5 acquir$4 ,! burni%] %\ld be slightly lubricat$ ) oil or ) ! end ( ! tongue1 z ?is assi/s x to slide ov] ! edge ( ! scrap] )\t scrat*+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gi4--,,top ,,views ,,( ,,! ,,angles ,,( ,,! ,,burni%]4 ,if a scrap] is to be us$ ^u v f9e "w1 a diff]5t %ap$ edge %\ld be made2 x %\ld be :ett$ to f\r p]fectly squ>e & ke5 corn]s1 ea* ( :i* w furni% an edge4 ,?is is a m difficult me?od ( %>p5+ a scrap]1 b x gives f\r edges suitable = f9e "w4 ,! edge %\ld be turn$ by c>ry+ ! burni%] z %[n at ,a1 ,fig4 #gi1 mak+ ! /rokes at ! diff]5t angles 9 ! ord] indicat$ by ! numb]s4 ,9 %>p5+ any scrap]1 c>e %\ld be us$ t no /rokes are made back ( ! squ>e1 z /roke bc ( ,fig4 #hj4 ,keep ! burni%] po9t+ d[n all ! "t1 z indicat$ at a1 ,fig4 #gg1 z 9 ?is lies ! *ief difficulty4 ,two or ?ree /rokes %\ld be suffici5t to %>p5 ! scrap]4 ,to turn ! edge ( a scrap] prop]ly1 a burni%] is necess>y4 ,?is tool %\ld be made ( ! h>de/ /eel1 & is (t5 made by ! workman himself ( an old file1 gr\nd p]fectly smoo? & poli%$4 ,p]haps ! mo/ satisfactory burni%] )9 easy rea* ( ! wood-work] may be made f a nail set1 :i* may be fitt$ to a h&le & gr\nd to an awl po9t4 ,! back ( a n>r[ *isel or g\ge may be us$1 ?\gh ^! are r clumsy4 ,! burni%]s f\nd 9 /ores are g5]ally unsatisfactory1 z !y are apt to be s(t1 & any /eel :i* c be cut ) a file is useless z a burni%] = %>p5+ scrap]s1 z ! scrap] w cut into x1 in/ead ( turn+ ov]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hj4--;,,angle ,,to ,,be ,,avoid$ ,,9 ,,%>p5+ ,,scrap]4 ,if satisfactory results are n obta9$1 !re may be sev]al causes3 ! scrap] may n be ( j ! "r temp] or texture2 ! burni%] may be s(t or r\gh2 ! edge may n h be5 turn$ ov] ev5ly1 or x may h be5 turn$ ov] too f>1 z indicat$ 9 an exagg]at$ way at a1 ,fig4 #hj1 :i* is ! result ( c>ry+ ! burni%] ar\nd too f>1 z %[n by ! l9e bc4 ,?is may be rem$i$ by us+ ! awl po9t z %[n at d1 ,fig4 #ha1 hold+ ! scrap] & burni%] 9 ab\t ! same relative positions z indicat$1 guid+ ! burni%] by ! ?umb1 :i* %\ld be c>ri$ on ! squ>e edge ( ! scrap]1 mov+ ) ! burni%] its entire l5g?4 ,9 ?is way ! edge may be turn$ back to its correct angle1 :5 a v light t\* 9 ! usual way w g5]ally make ! desir$ edge4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ha4--,,turn+ ,,back ,,! ,,edge ,,( ,a ,,scrap]4 ,if ei!r ! scrap] or ! burni%] is n ( ! "r texture1 ?r[ x away1 z x is wor?less4 ,if ! burni%] is r\gh1 x may be made smoo? ^u an oil/one4 ,if ! edge ( ! scrap] is r\gh1 x may be turn$ back aga9 by lay+ ! scrap] flat ^u ! b5*1 ! r\gh side up1 & ! burni%] pass$ ov] x sev]al times2 !n proce$ z ) a new edge4 ,9 g5]al1 ?is is n s satisfactory z x is to file1 :et1 & %>p5 ! edge all ov] aga91 especially if ! corn] has be5 turn$ sev]al times4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hb4--,,me?od ,,( ,,grasp+ ,,! ,,scrap] ,,:5 ,,work+ ,,^u ,a ,,broad ,,surface4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hc4--,,me?od ,,( ,,grasp+ ,,! ,,scrap] ,,:5 ,,work+ ,,)9 ,a ,,small ,,area4 ,?\gh x may seem f ! above explanation ( ! me?ods ( %>p5+ scrap]s t x is a v complex op]ation1 x w be se5 t x is n a difficult matt]1 if x is once work$ out2 usually x requires a little "t & practice to acquire ! knack t w make x possible to d x surely & well4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hd4--,,me?od ,,( ,,grasp+ ,,scrap] ,,:5 ,,work+ ,,^u ,,an ,,edge4 ,9 us+ a scrap]1 x may be grasp$ z %[n 9 ,figs4 #hb1 #hc1 #hd1 z be/ suits ! "w be+ done1 & ! /rokes %\ld be ) ! gra94 ,9 us+ ?is tool1 z 9 ! use ( mo/ o!rs1 ! easie/ way g5]ally is ! mo/ effici5t4 ,z ! "y workman ga9s exp]i5ce1 he w gradually acquire ! correct me?ods to use 8 tools = all ! v>i\s purposes )9 _! scope4 #eg4 ,nail sets are = ! purpose ( 8sett+0 ! nails1 or = s9k+ !m bel[ ! surface ( ! wood2 & to /& ! h>d usage to :i* !y are subject$1 !y mu/ be v c>efully temp]$4 ,! be/ =m ( nail set is t :i* has a cupp$ or holl[ po9t1 z x is n s apt to slip (f ( ! head ( ! nail4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #he4--,,monkey ,,wr5*4 #eh4 ,wr5*es are ( _m k9ds & patt]ns & ( e conceivable use1 b t kn[n z ! 8monkey10 or 8,coe's10 wr5* 7,fig4 #he7 is p]haps ! mo/ conv5i5t = g5]al "w & has n be5 supplant$ by any ( m rec5t inv5tion4 #ei4 ,h&screws 7,a471 if ( good mat]ial & well made1 w /& any legitimate use1 & if prop]ly us$ & c>$ =1 w la/ a lifetime4 ,h[ev]1 a novice or a c>eless workman (t5 de/roys !m rapidly by all[+ ! jaws to be "u /ra9 :ile 9 ! position %[n 9 ,fig4 #hf1 :i* w probably break ! middle screw1 & p]haps bo?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hf4--;,,effect ,,( ,,! ,,unskillful ,,use ,,( ,a ,,h&screw4 7,b47 ,9 us+ h&screws = glu+1 ! jaws %\ld be set to ne>ly ! size ( ! mat]ial :i* is to be plac$ betwe5 !m1 be=e ! glue is spread4 ,9 plac+ ! h&screws ^u ! "w1 ! outside screw %\ld be turn$ back s t x w n prev5t ! jaws f be+ slightly clos] at ! outside screw ?an at ! po9ts4 ,?is w all[ ! /ra9 :i* is appli$ 9 sett+ up ! outside screw1 to br+ ! jaws p>allel1 :i* is ! only position 9 :i* h&screws %\ld be all[$ to rema94 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hg4--;,,correct ,,use ,,( ,,h&screw4 ,9 op5+ or clos+ a h&screw1 ! middle screw %\ld be held 9 ! left h&1 & ! outside screw 9 ! "r1 z 9 ,fig4 #hg2 ! screws %\ld !n be grasp$ s t !y w n turn 9 ! h& & ! h&screw revolv$ 9 ! desir$ direction4 ,nev] put unnecess>y /ra9 ^u h&screws1 nor leave !m ) a heavy /ra9 ^u !m = a v long "t4 ,if ! "w is well fitt$1 no m /ra9 %\ld be us$ ?an is necess>y to br+ ! jo9ts well up1 & no "w %\ld be glu$ unless ! jo9ts fit well4 ,9 any case1 ! outside screw %\ld be turn$ back a qu>t] or a half a turn aft] ! glue has set2 ?is w relieve ! /ra91 & add mu* to ! life ( ! h&screw4 ,9 glu+ "w :i* requires sev]al h&screws to hold x :ile ! glue is sett+1 ! h&les ( ! outside screws all %\ld po9t "o way1 :i* all[s ! "w to be h&l$ mu* m easily1 z ! h&les ( ! middle screws w =m an ev5 be>+ ^u ! floor4 ,if ?is is n done1 ! outside screws w be apt to be brok5 :5 a heavy piece ( "w is be+ glu$ & h&l$1 z ! weight ( ! "w w re/ ^u ! screws :i* be> ^u ! floor4 7,c47 ,be=e us+ new h&screws1 ! screws %\ld be treat$ ) beeswax & beef tall[1 or ) black lead mix$ ) oil or ) wax4 ,! latt] comp\nd is v dirty2 ! =m] lubricates ! screws p]fectly4 ,! screws %\ld be heat$1 & ! lubricant appli$ hot4 #fj4 7,a47 ,a gr9d/one ( good quality1 f #bj0 to #bf0 9 diamet]1 is indisp5sable to a woodwork+ %op1 & %\ld be us$ frequ5tly1 z ! effici5cy ( cutt+ tools is mu* increas$ if !y are kept well gr\nd1 & mu* "t may be sav$ 9 :ett+ !m4 7,b47 ,9 select+ a gr9d/one1 be sure t x is true & r\nd1 & ( a co>se1 ev5 grit1 :i* c be q satisfactorily det]m9$ by exam9+ sev]al & select+ ! co>se/1 z t w d\btlessly be a fa/ cutt+ /one4 7,c47 ,! /one %\ld be c>efully c5t]$ & m\nt$ ^u a frame2 ! face may be kept true by means ( a file or o!r h>d /eel be+ held aga9/ x z x revolves1 or a piece ( 0 or 0 gas pipe revolv$ f side to side ( ! /one z x is turn$4 ,nev] all[ a /one to re/ ) "o side 9 ! wat]1 z x w be made s(t] & heavi] ^u t side1 & soon worn out ( true4 7,d47 ,d n use "o place ^u ! surface ( ! /one cont9ually1 or a groove w quickly be worn !re2 in/ead1 keep ! tool mov+ f side to side4 ,if prop]ly c>$ =1 a /one w hold its face indef9itely4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hh4--;,,em]y ,,:eel ,,dress]4 #fa4 ,em]y1 corundum1 c>borundum1 & o!r artificial abrasive :eels h 9 _m cases supplant$ ! gr9d/one1 z !y cut mu* m rapidly4 ,any "o n accu/om$ to us+ !m mu/ be c>eful t ! temp] ( ! tool is n de/roy$1 z ! :eel runs at a high rate ( spe$1 & a tool 9 unskillful h&s is easily burn$4 ,to avoid ?is1 ! tool %\ld be held lightly b firmly aga9/ ! /one1 & frequ5tly dipp$ 9 wat] to cool x4 ,if an em]y :eel burns badly1 x may be because x ne$s dress+2 = ?is purpose a diamond em]y :eel dress] is ! be/1 b on acc\nt ( its co/1 v>i\s devices h be5 pat5t$ to accompli% ! same result1 "o ( :i* is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #hh4 #fb4 ,:et/ones4--7,a47 ,^! are us$ to give to a tool ! ke5 edge necess>y to cut wood smoo?ly4 ,! natural /one 9 mo/ common use is ! 8,wa%ita /one10 :i* is qu>ri$ 9 ! ,oz>k ,m\nta9s1 & is ?\ght by _m to be ! be/ natural /one = ! g5]al use ( ! wood-work]2 x is fa/ cutt+1 & :5 ( ! be/ quality is ( ev5 texture4 7,b47 ,_m workm5 pref] an 8,arkansas /one10 z x is f9] & h>d] ?an ! ,wa%ita4 ,x is also m exp5sive1 h[ev]1 & is bett] adapt$ to ! use ( woodc>v]s & engrav]s ?an to ! use ( wood-work]s 9 g5]al4 ,x is usually n s fa/ cutt+ z ! be/ ( ! ,wa%ita /ones1 b a f9] edge may be obta9$ by its use4 ,!re are o!r natural /ones1 b none s g5]ally us$ z ! above4 ,! pur*ase ( a natural /one is to a great ext5t a lott]y1 z only ab\t "o /one 9 t5 has a p]fectly ev5 texture1 is free f cracks1 & has reasonably good cutt+ qualities4 7,c47 ,if a /one ne$s tru+1 lay a piece ( co>se s&pap] ^u a bo>d1 & rub ! /one ov] x until x has be5 gr\nd d[n4 ,! be/ place1 h[ev]1 to true up a :et/one is ^u ! horizontal /one ( a m>ble work]2 ?is is a l>ge gr9d/one1 sev]al feet 9 diamet]1 m\nt$ on a v]tical %aft1 ^u :i* are plac$ pieces ( m>ble to be gr\nd to a flat surface4 7,d47 ,artificial oil/ones1 made ( em]y1 corundum1 c>borundum1 & o!r artificial abrasives1 are com+ rapidly into use1 &1 z 9 ! case ( gr9d/ones1 ev5tually w supplant all o!rs 9 _m occupations1 z !y cut fa/] ?an any natural /one1 may be made ( any degree ( f95ess1 & are ( absolutely ev5 texture4 ,!y are also able to resi/ _m accid5ts :i* w\ld de/roy a natural /one4 7,e47 ,slip /ones are us$ to %>p5 g\ges & curv$ tools ( all k9ds1 & may be made 9 any desirable %ape4 ,an oblong /one1 #h0 #b0 #a01 is ! size ( /one 9 mo/ g5]al use by ! wood-work]1 & %\ld be fitt$ into a box or piece ( wood ) a cov] to keep x clean4 ,x may be laid ei!r flat or on its edge1 z suits ! workman1 ?\gh ! /one may be kept true m easily if x is set on its edge4 7,f47 ,! use ( ! oil/one is describ$ "u topic #dj1 ,a4 ,! oil us$ %\ld be a k9d t w n gum2 its purpose is to prev5t ! glass9ess :i* is caus$ by ! friction ( ! tool ov] ! /one4 ,common ma*9e oil is us$ by _m1 l>d oil by o!rs1 & k]os5e1 or coal oil1 is claim$ by _m workm5 to be ! only oil suitable = use ^u an oil/one4 ,any "o ( ^! oils w give satisfactory results1 b k]os5e keeps ! /one clean]1 !reby add+ to its effici5cy1 & = ?is purpose lubricates q z well z any ( ^? above-m5tion$4 #fc4 7,a47 ,files are us$ = _m purposes by wood-work]s4 ,an assortm5t consi/+ ( #d0 & #f0 slim tap]1 or ?ree-corn]$1 files2 #h0 & #aj0 flat1 or ba/>d1 files2 #h01 #aj01 & #ab0 r\nd files2 & #h0 & #ab0 half r\nd wood files & rasps %\ld be 9 e c>p5t]'s kit4 ,! #d0 slim tap] files %\ld be us$ ^u ! f9] saws1 & ! #f0 ^u ! co>s] ones1 ?\gh ! latt] are us$ by "s workm5 = bo? saws4 ,^u jobb+ "w1 x is necess>y to h a few w>d+ & knife files to use ^u keys & odd jobs1 & also to %>p5 bits4 ,files & rasps are made ( e %ape & size1 & = e purpose4 ,wood files usually are temp]$ to /& lead or s(t brass1 & %\ld nev] be us$ ^u any?+ h>d]4 ,9 draw+ a file back betwe5 ! cuts1 d n all[ x to drag1 z x is injur$ !reby ab\t z mu* z :5 x is cutt+4 7,b47 ,!re are a great _m o!r tools & appliances us$ by ! wood-work] ) :i* ! workman %\ld be famili>1 b x is n necess>y to describe !m1 z ! above-m5tion$ are ! mo/ ess5tial tools common to all =ms ( woodwork+4 ,!re is no important pr9ciple involv$ 9 ! con/ruction1 c>e1 & use ( woodwork+ tools :i* is n discuss$ 9 ?is *apt]1 & ! /ud5t :o becomes ?or\ghly famili> ) ! matt] treat$ w h little tr\ble 9 le>n+ to h&le o!r tools4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hi4--;,,jo9t+ ,a ,,saw4 #fd4 ,saw fil+4--7,a47 ,?is is an accompli%m5t :i* e "y wood-work] %\ld ma/]1 z its possession w save exp5se & inconv5i5ce1 & add mu* to 8 effici5cy z a workman4 7,b47 ,! fir/ /ep 9 %>p5+ a saw is to exam9e ! edge c>efully to see if ! tee? are ( an ev5 l5g?2 if !y are n1 !y %\ld be jo9t$4 ,?is is done by us+ a flat file held p]fectly squ>e 9 a block1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #hi4 ,"o or two light /rokes usually w be en\gh to make all ! tee? ( ! same l5g?4 ,! edge ( ! saw %\ld r\nd slightly 9 ! middle1 say ab\t 0 = a #bd0 or a #bf0 saw4 ,if ! edge is p]fectly /raight1 x %\ld n be jo9t$ to ?is %ape at once1 b a little at ea* "t = sev]al fil+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ij4--;,,h& ,,saw ,,set4 7,c47 ,aft] jo9t+ ! saw1 be sure t x is prop]ly set4 ,?is may be done by a saw set1 ( :i* !re are sev]al patt]ns 9 use2 ^! are all ( two types1 ! h& set 7,fig4 #ij71 & ! anvil set 7,fig4 #ia74 ,ei!r ( ^! =ms is effici5t1 b z x is m conv5i5t1 ! h& set is m commonly us$4 ,d n give ! saw too mu* set1 or x w n cut smoo?ly1 b w break ! wood badly on ! back side ( ! cut2 !re is also great] dang] ( break+ ! tee?1 & z m wood is cut out1 m muscle mu/ be appli$4 ,! po9t ( ! tee? only %\ld be set1 & c>e %\ld be us$ t ! blade ( ! saw is n sprung1 :i* w be apt to result f sett+ ! tee? too f> f ! po9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ia4--;,,anvil ,,saw ,,set4 ,a saw to be us$ ^u gre5 lumb] %\ld h co>s] tee? & m set ?an "o :i* is to be us$ ^u ?or\ghly dry1 season$ wood4 ,a panel saw int5d$ = use ^u f9e f9i%+ "w usually is gr\nd s ?9 ^u ! back t x ne$s little or no set4 ,"s workm5 set a saw s heavily t x w d = sev]al fil+s2 :ile ?is is satisfactory = a s(t saw to be us$ ^u common "w1 x is n a good plan to treat a f9e1 h>d saw ?is way1 ?\gh ! latt] may be t\*$ up once or twice4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ib4--;,,angle ,,( ,,! ,,file ,,) ,,! ,,edge ,,( ,,! ,,saw4 7,d47 ,9 fil+1 x is important t ! file %\ld be c>ri$ at ! same angle ! entire l5g? ( bo? sides ( ! blade4 ,= a cutt+-(f saw1 ! file %\ld be c>ri$ at an angle ) ! side ( ! blade ( f #fj = s(t wood to #gj = h>d wood1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ib2 & = g5]al "w1 at an angle ab\t halfway betwe5 ! two4 ,! file may be c>ri$ horizontally1 z at aa1 ,fig4 #ic1 :i* makes all ! tee? ( ! same size2 z at ,a1 ,fig4 #id2 or x may be c>ri$ z at bb1 ,fig4 #ic1 :i* w make ! tee? ( ! %ape %[n at ,b1 ,fig4 #id4 ,! latt] me?od is pref]r$ by _m workm51 z x all[s ! file to run m smoo?ly1 ?us l5g!n+ its life a little4 ,!re is no diff]5ce 9 ! effici5cy ( ! saws fil$ by ^! me?ods1 b if fil$ z at bb1 ,fig4 #ic1 x is m difficult to keep ! tee? ( ! same size1 & to make a good-look+ job4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ic4--;,,angle ,,( ,,! ,,file ,,) ,,! ,,sides ,,( ,,! ,,saw4 ,9 fil+ a cutt+-(f saw1 ! top ( ! file %\ld be held m or less slant+ly1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ie1 accord+ to ! hook :i* x is desir$ t ! tee? %all h4 ,! m hook a saw has1 ! fa/] x w cut1 b ! cut w be r\gh] 9 proportion4 ,exp]i5ce is necess>y to discov] j ! "r angles at :i* ! file %\ld be held2 aft] consid]able practice1 ! file w naturally drop into ! correct position4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #id4--,,results ,,( ,,fil+s ,,z ,,at aa ,,& bb1 ,,fig4 #ic4 ,file e too? ^u ea* side ( ! saw to a p]fect po9t1 "o half ( ! fil+ be+ done f ea* side2 file ! entire l5g? f "o side1 !n rev]se ! saw & file f ! o!r side4 ,?is _c always be ! exclusive practice if a saw is 9 v bad %ape1 because if ! tee? are ( unev5 sizes1 c>e mu/ be us$1 & m fil$ f "s tee? ?an f o!rs4 ,x may1 9 su* a case1 be necess>y to g ov] ! saw two or ?ree times1 b x %\ld be done v c>efully1 s t ! bevel ( ! tee? may be pres]v$ & _! l5g? kept ! same4 ,obs]ve ea* too?1 & press t[>d ! po9t or ! h&le ( ! saw1 z may be necess>y4 ,! file %\ld be c>ri$ ) its po9t t[>d ! po9t ( ! saw1 fil+ ! cutt+ or ! front side ( ! too? ( ! f>!r side ( ! saw1 & ! back ( ! too? next ahead on ! ne>] side ) ! same /roke4 ,if ! po9t ( ! saw is c>ri$ t[>d ! h&le ( ! saw1 x makes ! tee? *att]1 & ^u a h>d saw1 may make !m break4 ,x also causes an excruciat+ noise1 & %ort5s ! life ( a file1 z ! cont9u\s *att] aga9/ its tee? w soon break !m1 & de/roy ! file4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ie4--,,me?od ,,( ,,c>ry+ ,a ,,file ,,to ,,obta9 ,,! ,,hook ,,( ,a ,,cutt+-,,(f ,,saw4 ,a ripsaw requires m set ?an a cutt+-(f saw1 & if1 z usual1 ! file is c>ri$ squ>e ) ! blade bo? ways1 ! saw may be fil$ f "o side4 ,aft] a saw is fil$1 x %\ld be laid ^u a p]fectly flat surface1 & giv5 a light t\* ) a flat file or a :et/one1 to remove ! burr caus$ by ! file1 z 9 ,fig4 #if4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #if4--,,remov+ ,,! ,,burr ,,aft] ,,fil+ ,a ,,saw4 ,! tee? ( ! compass saw %\ld be a comb9ation ( ! rip- & ! cutt+-(f saw1 z x does ! "w ( bo? z occasion requires4 ,! tee? %\ld be ne>ly z hook+ z ^? ( a ripsaw1 & ! front tee? fil$ at an angle ( ab\t #hj ) ! side ( ! saw4 ,9 fil+ ! back ( ! tee?1 ! h& %\ld be c>ri$ a little l[] ?an horizontal4 ,figure #da1 ,c1 %[s ?ree views ( ! tee? ( a compass saw4 ,,sugge/ive ,,ex]cises #bg4 ,:at %\ld be ! quality ( all me*anics' tools8 ,is a good1 s]viceable tool always f9ely f9i%$8 ,are tools made especially = "s deal] always reliable8 ,:at is ! safe/ me?od to foll[ 9 buy+ tools8 ,h[ may ! effici5cy ( a tool be kn[n8 #bh4 ,describe two =ms ( b5*es4 ,describe a mod]n vise4 #bi4 ,describe ! rule 9 common use4 #cj4 ,= :at is ! try-squ>e us$8 ,:y %\ld special c>e be us$ 9 pur*as+ "o8 ,h[ may a squ>e be te/$8 #ca4 ,comp>e ! /eel squ>e & ! try-squ>e4 #cb4 ,describe ! bevel & its use4 #cc4 ,= :at is ! gauge us$8 ,%\ld ! graduations ( ! gauge be dep5d$ ^u 9 sett+ x8 ,:at special =m ( gauge is useful8 #cd4 ,:at w be ! result if ! head ( a hamm] is n prop]ly temp]$8 ,:y is ! eye %ap$ z x is8 ,h[ is ! h&le fa/5$ to ! head8 ,describe ! wood necess>y = a hamm] h&le4 ,h[ %\ld a hamm] be hung8 ,h[ %\ld nails be driv5 s t !y w hold ! be/8 ,:at %\ld be gu>d$ aga9/ 9 driv+ up ceil+ or mat*$ bo>ds8 ,h[ & :y %\ld nail heads be sunk bel[ ! jo9t surface8 #ce4 ,= :at is a hat*et us$8 ,describe two ways ( %>p5+ a hat*et4 #cf4 ,:at is ! pr9cipal use ( a mallet8 ,describe & comp>e two =ms ( mallets4 #cg4 ,:at are ! two p>ts ( a saw8 ,describe ! use ( a ripsaw4 ,aft] :at tool is x model$8 ,aft] :at tool are ! tee? ( a cutt+-(f saw model$8 ,:at k9d ( saw comb9es ! tee? ( bo?8 ,= :at is x us$8 ,:y is x made ( s(t] metal ?an are o!r saws8 ,describe a saw adapt$ to jobb+ "w4 ,describe ! backsaw4 ,h[ c ! blade be /raight5$ if x is sprung8 ,:at k9d ( saw is us$ = f9e "w8 ,h[ %\ld ! ?ickness ( ! back ( a saw comp>e ) its cutt+ edge8 ,:at is ga9$ by ?is8 ,:at te/ %\ld ! blade ( a high-grade saw be able to /&8 ,:at are ! be/ sizes = saws8 ,comp>e ! practical features ( a h>d & a m$ium h& saw4 ,h[ %\ld a saw be held8 ,h[ mu* =ce %\ld be us$ ^u a saw8 ,h[ d "s workm5 *ange ! h&les ( _! saws to make ! saws run m easily8 #ch4 ,describe ! knife commonly us$ by ! wood-work]4 ,:y is ! =m ( blade us$ 9 manual-tra9+ s*ools m suitable = :ittl+ ?an ! =m us$ by ! wood-work]8 #ci4 ,comp>e ! old-fa%ion$ & ! mod]n planes4 ,describe ! me*anism ( ! mod]n plane & its action4 ,:at %\ld be ! condition ( ! face ( a plane8 ,h[ %\ld a plane be held s t "o may see ! adju/m5t ( ! cutt]8 #dj4 ,( :at use is ! cap iron 9 gr9d+ a plane bit8 ,h[ may a gr9d/one be prev5t$ f we>+ unev5ly8 ,^u :i* side ( ! bit %\ld all ! gr9d+ be done8 ,at :at angle %\ld x be gr\nd8 ,:at is ! objection to gr9d+ a bit too ?98 ,:]e %\ld ! cap iron be :ile :ett+8 ,h[ %\ld ! bevel ( ! bit be held ^u ! /one8 ,describe ! correct action ( ! arm :ile :ett+4 ,h[ %\ld ! :et/one be prev5t$ f we>+ unev5ly8 ,:at motion %\ld be avoid$ 9 :ett+8 ,:at is ! correct %ape ( ! edge ( a plane iron8 ,:at is ! use ( ! cap iron8 ,:at is apt to result if ! cap iron is too ?ick8 #da4 ,:at plane is us$ g5]ally = r\gh "w8 ,9 :at way does ! edge ( its iron diff] f t ( o!r planes8 #db4 ,:at plane is us$ = /raight5+ edges & surfaces8 ,:at %\ld be ! %ape ( ! edge ( ! iron ( ?is plane8 ,h[ %\ld a plane be c>ri$ to jo9t an edge squ>e8 #dc4 ,:at plane is us$ 9 smoo?+ f9e "w8 ,:at %\ld be ! position ( ! cap 9 smoo?+ h>d1 cross-gra9$ wood8 ,h[ %\ld edge tools ( all k9ds be us$ 9 relation to ! gra98 #dd4 ,comp>e ! con/ruction & ! use ( ! block plane ) ! above planes4 #de4 ,:at position %\ld be tak5 :5 at "w ) edge tools ( any sort8 ,%\ld ! workman b5d f 8 hips or f 8 %\ld]s8 ,:at %\ld be gu>d$ aga9/ at ! beg9n+ & ! end ( ! /rokes ( a plane8 ,is x ev] economy to "w ) dull tools8 ,h[ %\ld a plane be drawn back aft] a /roke8 #df4 ,:at are ! two =ms ( *isels8 ,describe ! peculi>ities & uses ( ea*4 ,describe a durable =m ( *isel h&le4 ,%\ld a mallet or hamm] be us$ 9 p\nd+ ^u a *isel h&le8 ,:y8 ,describe & give reasons = ! diff]5ce 9 ! gr9d+ ( ! p>+ & ! mortis+ *isel4 ,describe a set ( *isels4 ,:at is a slice1 or slick8 #dg4 ,describe a g\ge4 ,:at is ! diff]5ce betwe5 an inside & an outside g\ge8 #dh4 ,describe ! =m & uses ( a draw%ave4 ,comp>e ! utility ( ! rigid- & ! fold+-h&l$ draw%aves4 ,h[ %\ld ! edge ( a rigid-h&l$ draw%ave be protect$8 #di4 ,describe ! =m & ! use ( a spoke%ave4 #ej4 ,:at is ! =m ( bit 9 mo/ common use8 ,describe ! diff]5t p>ts ( an aug] bit & _! functions4 ,h[ may ! clogg+ ( a bit be prev5t$8 ,if a bit %\ld become clogg$ 9 a hole1 h[ %\ld x be drawn out8 ,describe ! =m & ! use ( a ,g]man bit2 ( a twi/ drill2 ( an ext5sion bit2 ( a c5t] bit4 ,describe ! me?od ( %>p5+ a bit4 ,demon/rate4 ,:at "p ( a bit %\ld nev] be fil$8 ,:y8 #ea4 ,describe ! =m & ! use ( bitbraces4 ,describe ! rat*et brace4 ,:i* is ! m conv5i5t brace = common use8 #eb4 ,:at %\ld be ! %ape & ! temp] ( ! po9t ( a screwdriv]8 ,:at %\ld be ! %ape ( ! h&le8 ,:at is ! value ( a screwdriv] bit8 #ec4 ,describe ! use ( compasses2 ( calip]s4 #ed4 ,describe ! use ( pli]s4 ,:at is a good =m = common use8 ,%\ld wire-cutt+ nipp]s be us$ to pull nails8 ,:y8 #ee4 ,= :at is a scrap] us$8 ,:at is ! be/ size = a scrap]8 ,describe h&les = scrap]s4 ,describe a lea!r palm & its use4 #ef4 ,describe a burni%]4 ,h[ %\ld a scrap] be %>p5$ = r\gh "w8 ,= f9e "w8 ,h[ may a burni%] be us$ :5 ! edge ( ! scrap] has be5 turn$ ov] too f>1 or :5 ! edge is n suffici5tly ke58 ,h[ %\ld ! scrap] be us$ 9 relation to ! gra98 #eg4 ,describe ! be/ =m ( nail set4 #eh4 ,:at is ! =m ( wr5* 9 mo/ common use8 #ei4 ,h[ long ought h&screws to la/8 ,:at %\ld be ! position ( ! jaws :5 9 use8 ,:i* screw %\ld be set fir/8 ,h[ %\ld h&screws be treat$ to make !m "w m easily8 #fj4 ,:at are ! *>act]i/ics ( a good gr9d/one8 ,h[ %\ld a gr9d/one be tru$8 #fa4 ,comp>e em]y :eels & gr9d/ones4 ,:at %\ld be gu>d$ aga9/ 9 ! use ( an em]y :eel8 #fb4 ,:y is x necess>y to use a :et/one8 ,:at k9d ( /one is commonly us$8 ,:at is a f9] k9d ( /one8 ,comp>e ! two k9ds4 ,h[ may :et/ones be tru$8 ,:at k9d ( /ones are com+ into use8 ,comp>e ! we>+ qualities ( /ones laid flat & edgeways4 ,:at =ms ( /ones are us$ = g\ges8 ,:at k9ds ( oils are us$ = oil or :et/ones8 #fc4 ,:at k9ds ( files are us$ = saw fil+8 ,describe ! files g5]ally us$ by wood-work]s4 ,describe wood rasps & files4 #fd4 ,describe ! jo9t+ ( a saw4 ,:at %\ld be ! %ape ( ! cutt+ edge ( a saw8 ,describe ! purpose1 & demon/rate ! process1 ( sett+ a saw4 ,comp>e ! set ( saws = co>se & f9e "w4 ,at :at angle ) ! sides ( ! blade %\ld a file be c>ri$ 9 fil+ a cutt+-(f saw8 ,comp>e ! results ( c>ry+ ! file horizontally & ) an upw>d incl9ation4 ,at :at angle ) ! sides ( ! blade %\ld ! file be c>ri$ 9 fil+ a ripsaw8 ,if ! saw is 9 bad %ape1 %\ld ! attempt be made to br+ x to a f9i%$ po9t :5 go+ ov] x ! fir/ "t8 ,:at %\ld be ! direction ( ! po9t ( ! file :ile x is cutt+8 ,comp>e ! set ( ! ripsaw & t ( ! cutt+-(f saw4 ,comp>e ! tee? ( ! compass saw ) ^? ( o!rs4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,glue ,,& ,,s&pap] #fe4 ,,diff]5t ,,k9ds ,,( ,,glue4--7,a47 ,wood-work]s use bo? liquid & %eet or /ick glue1 b z ! =m] requires little skill 9 its use1 we w deal pr9cipally ) ! latt]1 :i* is made ( hides1 s9ews1 bones1 & wa/e mat]ial ( slaught]h\ses4 ,diff]5t grades ( glue are made ( v>i\s k9ds ( refuse1 b ! processes ( treat+ !m all are simil>4 7,b47 ,! mat]ial f :i* glue is to be made is /eep$ 9 lime wat] at l[ temp]ature1 or subject$ to a *emical treatm5t = a suffici5t "t to sep>ate ! fat f ! fib]4 ,! latt] is !n wa%$ 9 clean wat] & boil$ d[n to gelat91 :i* is spread ^u wires to dry & h>d51 :5 x is ready = use4 7,c47 ,gr\nd glue makes up m readily ?an t :i* comes 9 %eets1 & !re=e is pref]r$ by _m workm54 ,x is frequ5tly adult]at$1 b if made ^u honor1 x is z good z ! glue f :i* x is made1 & does n det]iorate unless kept = a long "t 9 a damp place4 ,z x is n possible to apply c]ta9 te/s to gr\nd glue :i* may be us$ ^u t 9 %eets or /icks1 _m workm5 pref] n to use x unless sure ( its quality4 7,d47 ,! highe/-pric$ glue is n always ! be/ = all purposes1 & a deal] :o h&les diff]5t grades c g5]ally advise :i* %\ld be us$1 ?\gh ! m$ium grade 9 common use is usually satisfactory = g5]al "w4 7,e47 ,x is impossible to give infallible rules = te/+ glue 9 ! /ick1 or to say t glue %\ld be ( any special color1 or t x %\ld be ei!r transp>5t or opaque2 b1 9 g5]al1 glue suitable = ord9>y "w w be ( a r$di%1 yell[i%1 or light br[ni% color1 cle> & transp>5t1 & n (f5sive to ei!r ta/e or smell1 ?\gh "s ( ! be/ makes ( glue are absolutely opaque4 ,good glue w swell 9 cold wat]1 b w n dissolve until x has ne>ly rea*$ ! boil+ po9t4 ,x w also absorb m wat] ?an w poor glue1 & is !re=e m economical4 ,any te/ :i* dep5ds ^u ! brittl5ess or dryness ( ! glue is n reliable1 z a some:at damp1 good glue w n /& ?is te/ z well z a poor glue t is v dry4 ,if conditions are ! same1 & comp>ison is possible1 x is fairly safe to assume t if a good glue is cut ) a %>p knife1 a h>d1 ela/ic %av+ w result1 :ile a poor glue w give a %av+ :i* is extremely brittle1 & w break into little pieces4 ,a safe way to te/ glue is to prep>e a numb] ( pieces ( ! same k9d ( wood1 #a0 squ>e & ab\t #ab0 long1 fit !m p]fectly end to end 9 pairs1 & glue z _m ( !m toge!r z !re are samples ( glue to be te/$4 ,aft] ! glue is ?or\ghly h>d1 clamp "o ( ! pieces ( ea* pair to a b5* top1 ) ! jo9t co9cid+ ) ! edge4 ,hang a pail ab\t #aj0 f ! jo9t on ! piece :i* projects ov] ! edge ( ! b5*1 & all[ s& to run into x sl[ly1 until ! jo9t breaks4 ,repeat ?is process ) ea* pair :i* has be5 glu$ up1 & ! am\nt ( s& necess>y to break ! jo9t w furni% a basis ( comp>ison betwe5 ! diff]5t v>ieties ( glue te/$4 7,f47 ,glue %\ld be soak$ 9 cold or lukew>m wat] be=e be+ put into a glue pot1 :i* %\ld be a d\ble vessel1 ) ! glue 9 ! inside pot1 & ! hot wat] or /eam 9 ! out] jacket4 ,9 mak+ up glue1 x %\ld be br\ght to ! boil+ po9t until melt$1 & !n remov$ f ! heat1 = if kept cont9ually hot1 x loses mu* ( its /r5g? by be+ cook$ too mu*1 z ?is makes cont9ual ?9n+ necess>y4 ,if "t w n p]mit1 ! prelim9>y soak+ may be disp5s$ )1 & ! h>d glue put at once 9 ! hot wat]1 9 :i* case x mu/ be /irr$ frequ5tly :ile melt+1 or x w =m a mass4 ,if ! wat] boils out ( ! outside kettle1 & ! glue burns1 ?r[ x away1 z x is wor?less4 ,glue %\ld be ?9n$ ) cold wat]1 aft] :i* x %\ld be all[$ to become ?or\ghly heat$ be=e us+2 9 ! %ops1 ?is is n always done1 z !re may n be "t to all[ ! glue to become heat$ aga92 !re=e x is q ! common cu/om to ?9 ! glue ) hot wat]4 7,g47 ,pa9t bru%es1 or o!r bru%es 9 :i* ! bri/les are set 9 glue1 are n suitable = use 9 hot glue1 & ^? made especially = ?is purpose %\ld be pur*as$4 ,= v small bru%es1 a /rip ( basswood b>k may be soak$ & p\nd$ ab\t half an in* f ! end2 ^! are satisfactory = small "w4 #ff4 ,h[ to use glue4--7,a47 ,glue %\ld be us$ z hot z possible1 & ( ab\t ! consi/5cy ( cream4 ,! pieces to be glu$ %\ld be heat$ ?or\ghly & ! glu+ done 9 a w>m room4 7,b47 ,9 factories1 :]e x is possible1 ! glu+ is done 9 a specially fitt$ room :i* conta9s all necess>y appliances4 ,v]tical & horizontal coils ( /eam pipes surr\nd ! room1 bo? to furni% heat = ! room1 & = ! purpose ( heat+ ! mat]ial to be glu$1 :i* %\ld be s hot t ! h& _c re/ ^u x = m ?an a few seconds4 ,9 a room ( ?is sort1 ! temp]ature is ma9ta9$ at f #aaj to #acj ,f4 7,c47 ,if ! be/ possible results are want$1 a scrat* plane %\ld be us$4 ,?is is a tool simil> to a smoo!r1 only its cutt] is ne>ly v]tical1 & x has tee? l a f9e saw :i* w scrat* ! wood1 ?us giv+ a bett] hold = ! glue4 7,d47 ,x is important t all clamps1 h&screws1 & o!r appliances :i* are likely to be ne$$ %\ld be set z ne>ly z possible ! desir$ size1 & s arrang$ z to be rea*$ easily1 = :5 ! glue is appli$1 !re %\ld n be ! slighte/ hesitation or delay 9 gett+ ! "w toge!r & ! clamps on4 ,! utmo/ spe$ & surety ( motion is absolutely necess>y 9 us+ hot glue2 !re=e ev]y?+ dur+ ! process ( ! "w %\ld be =ese5 & provision made = x be=e ! glue is appli$1 = if ! glue is ev5 slightly *ill$1 ! "w w n be s well done1 & ! effici5cy ( ! glue w be greatly dim9i%$4 ,a novice %\ld nev] attempt m ?an ! simple/ "w1 unless work+ ) a compet5t man4 7,e47 ,! glue %\ld be spread rapidly & ev5ly ) a bru% ( suitable size1--a l>ge "o = broad surfaces & a small "o = small "w4 ,glue %\ld n be ?r[n ab\t wa/efully2 en\gh %\ld be us$ to cov] ! surface completely b n ?ickly4 7,f47 ,9 us+ h&screws1 x is ( ! greate/ importance t ! jaws be kept p>allel z describ$ 9 ,topic #ei2 c>e mu/ be us$ t m /ra9 is n plac$ ^u ! h&screws & clamps ?an is necess>y to br+ ! jo9t toge!r4 7,g47 ,cold or liquid glue has supplant$ hot glue 9 furniture repair+1 glu+ up intricate "w1 & 9 places :]e x is impracticable to use hot glue ei!r on acc\nt ( its sett+ too rapidly1 or :]e heat is n available4 ,liquid glue does n hold z well nor z p]man5tly z hot glue :5 prop]ly us$1 b = _m k9ds ( "w x is p]fectly satisfactory4 7,h47 ,9 glu+ rosewood1 or o!r woods ( a greasy nature1 ! glue %\ld be ?9n$ ) v9eg>1 :i* w cut ! grease4 ,ano!r me?od ( mak+ glue hold on wood ( ?is sort is to *alk bo? memb]s ( ! jo9t ?or\ghly1 & let x /& = two or ?ree h\rs1 :5 x %\ld be wip$ (f4 ,?is absorbs ! grease on ! surface ( ! wood1 :i* all[s ! glue to take hold4 ,9 all glu+1 d n all[ ! b>e h& to t\* ! jo9t any m ?an necess>y1 z ! grease & p]spiration w prev5t ! be/ results f be+ obta9$4 #fg4 ,! te/+ ( s&pap]4--7,a47 ,s&pap] is made by cov]+ pap] ) a ?9 lay] ( glue1 ov] :i* is spread ev5ly a lay] ( gr\nd fl9t or glass2 ov] ?is is spread ano!r coat+ ( glue1 :i* firmly fa/5s ! s& to ! pap]4 7,b47 ,9 buy+ s&pap]1 pass ! f+] ov] x to see if ! s& is firmly fa/5$4 ,be sure t ! pap] is nei!r flimsy nor brittle4 ,co>se p>ticles ( s& are sometimes f\nd ^u s&pap] :i* r5d]s x wor?less2 ^! c be detect$ only by use1 unless !y are v prom95t4 #fh4 ,h[ to use s&pap]4--7,a47 ,s&pap] is made 9 numb]s1 #jj1 #j1 1 #a1 #a1 #b1 #b1 #c4 ,numb]s #jj & #j are v f9e1 & are us$ 9 rubb+ d[n %ellac & v>ni%4 ,numb]s & #a are us$ 9 s&pap]+ mahogany & o!r fancy woods1 & numb] #a is us$ ^u all build+ f9i% b ! f9e/2 ! co>s] numb]s are us$ ^u floors1 outside f9i%1 & o!r co>se "w :i* is to be pa9t$1 ?\gh = a v nice floor1 #a is us$1 r>ely any?+ f9]4 ,x is a fallacy to ?9k t ! f9] ! s&pap] us$1 ! f9] ! job w be1 s9ce ^u "s k9ds ( woods f9e s&pap] w make a glassy surface 9 spots :i* w n take ! f9i% l ! re/ ( ! "w4 ,s&pap]+ is z apt to detract f ! "w z x is to improve x1 = unless us$ v skillfully1 ! "* ( angles & small surfaces w be *ang$1 ?\gh x may seem t ! damage is s slight z to be imp]ceptible4 ,9 us+ s&pap]1 ! workman %\ld gu>d aga9/ r\nd+ (f squ>e corn]s or de/roy+ ! =m ( surfaces2 a raw corn]1 h[ev]1 %\ld be remov$ ) a few light1 c>eful /rokes1 z a p]fectly %>p corn] w always be m or less ragg$4 ,! "o :o kn[s w always notice ! omissions ( details ( ?is sort1 & w attribute su* imp]fections to lack ( skill or k on ! "p ( ! workman4 ,x is = ! "o :o kn[s1 t all "w %\ld be done--n = ! casual obs]v]--& ^! app>5tly insignificant details1 r ?an ! "p ( ! "w :i* may seem ( m importance1 =m ! basis by :i* "o workman judges ! "w ( ano!r4 ,9 no?+ d small ?+s c\nt m ?an 9 mak+ or de/roy+ a workman's reputation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ig4--,,use ,,( ,,s&pap] ,,^u ,a ,,broad ,,surface4 7,b47 ,keep ! s&pap] dry1 & /or$ 9 a dry place1 z moi/ure s(t5s ! glue s t ! s& may be easily rubb$ (f4 ,9 h&l+ s&pap]1 c>e %\ld be tak5 t ! s&$ sides are n rubb$ toge!r4 7,c47 ,9 prep>+ to s&pap] a flat surface1 or = g5]al "w1 a %eet ( s&pap] %\ld be torn 9 halves ! %ort way ( ! pap]1 & "o half %\ld be fold$ back to back1 & held 7n tack$7 ar\nd ! block ) ! h&1 z 9 ,fig4 #ig4 ,! act ( grasp+ ! block = ! "w w hold ! s&pap]1 & any device = hold+ ! s&pap] on ! block is wor?less1 be+ consid]$ by ! workman z a m>k ( ! novice4 ,! block %\ld be ab\t #c0 #d0 01 & may be made ( wood1 cork1 fib]1 or any mat]ial :i* suits ! ta/e ( ! workman4 ,if !re is mu* s&pap]+ ( mold+s to be done1 x is be/ to make blocks :i* w fit ! cont\r ( !m1 z x is v h>d on ! h&s to d ?is "w = v long at a "t1 ?\gh no?+ has ev] be5 inv5t$ :i* fits irregul> =ms z well z ! f+]s4 ,a piece ( s&pap] %\ld nev] be us$ on a piece ( "w until all ! cutt+ by edge tools has be5 done1 z ! p>ticles ( s& w ent] ! gra9 ( ! wood1 & any edge tools us$ ^u x aft]w>d w be quickly dull$4 ,d n use a piece ( s&pap] s l>ge t any "p ( x w n be "u p]fect control1 z loose ends w scrat* ! wood1 & x has an awkw>d & unworkmanlike appe>ance4 ,always "w p>allel ) ! gra91 & be sure t all plane m>ks & r\gh places are ?or\ghly rubb$ d[n4 ,9 ord] to d ?is well1 x is (t5 necess>y to use consid]able muscle4 ,?is "p ( ! "w calls = good judgm5t1 = unless s&pap]$ en\gh1 !re w be places :i* w %[ :5 ! f9i% is spread on ! "w1 ?\gh !y may h be5 invisible be=e4 ,no "o c tell z well z ! workman himself :5 suffici5t s&pap]+ has be5 done1 ?\gh x may be evid5t to any "o :o kn[s ! signs :e!r or n ! "w has be5 done judici\sly4 ,^u a co>se job x is usually all[able1 & sometimes desirable1 to s&pap] across ! gra91 especially if ! "w is to be pa9t$4 ,9 ord] to impress x ^u ! /ud5t1 we w repeat t too mu* c>e _c be tak5 9 ! use ( s&pap]1 = mu* (t5] w an amateur injure a piece ( "w ?an improve x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ih4--,,s&pap]+ ,,panel ,,"w4 7,= explanation1 see text47 7,d47 ,9 s&pap]+ panel "w1 z 9 ,fig4 #ih1 ! panels 7a7 %\ld be smoo!d1 scrap$1 & s&pap]$1 & ! edges ( ! /iles 7b71 rails 7d71 & munt9s 7e7 %\ld be treat$ ! same way be=e ! panel "w is put toge!r2 an exception to ?is 9 reg>d to ! panels may be made if ! panel frame is con/ruct$ 9 su* a way z to all[ ! panels to be put 9 place aft] x is toge!r1 9 :i* case ! panels may be smoo!d at any "t4 ,^u v f9e "w ! panels are sometimes poli%$ be=e be+ put 9 place1 z x is difficult = ! f9i%] to "w into ! corn]s aft] ! panels are 9 place4 ,aft] ! faces ( ! /iles1 rails1 & munt9s h be5 plan$ & scrap$1 !y %\ld be s&pap]$ 9 ! ord] nam$1 work+ ) ! s&pap] ov] a %>p-corn]$ block close to ! edges ( ! pieces1 be+ c>eful n to drag ! pap] ov] ! face ( ! pieces :i* jo9 at "r angles4 ,! /iles1 rails1 & munt9s %\ld be s&pap]$ 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y are m5tion$4 ,if ! s&pap] runs ov] ! rails a little :5 s&pap]+ ! munt9s1 or ov] ! /iles :5 s&+ ! rails1 x w d no h>m1 z a c\ple ( light1 c>eful /rokes p>allel ) ! gra9 w be suffici5t to remove any scrat*es :i* may be made4 ,9 s&+ mahogany1 or any wood ( :i* ! gra9 rubs up1 make ! /rokes 9 "o direction only1 in/ead ( back & =?4 ,sometimes wax is rubb$ 9 to hold ! gra9 d[n ^u *eap "w1 b ?is is n recomm5d$1 z t place w n take ! /a9 or ! f9i% l ! re/ ( ! wood4 ,a v ?9 coat ( %ellac is us$ = ! same purpose2 ?is is less objectionable1 b %\ld be avoid$ if possible4 ,,sugge/ive ,,ex]cises #fe4 ,( :at mat]ial is glue made8 ,describe briefly ! process ( mak+ glue4 ,:at k9d ( glue is be/ = g5]al "w8 ,is gr\nd glue always reliable8 ,:at is ! *ief advantage 9 its use8 ,is high-pric$ glue always ! be/ = all purposes8 ,:at %\ld be ! appe>ance ( good glue8 ,h[ %\ld x act 9 cold wat]8 ,:5 cut ) a knife8 ,:5 brok58 ,comp>e ! am\nt ( wat] absorb$ by a good & a poor glue4 ,h[ %\ld a glue pot be con/ruct$8 ,:at w be ! result if ! glue pot boils dry8 ,describe bru%es suitable = use 9 glu+4 ,:at k9d ( b>k makes a good bru% = small "w8 ,h[ is x prep>$ = use8 #ff4 ,describe ! condition ( glue :5 ready = use4 ,:at tool is us$ to increase ! /r5g? ( ! jo9t8 ,9 prep>+ = glu+1 :at prep>ations %\ld be made8 ,h[ %\ld wood be treat$ = use 9 glu+ up wood ( a greasy nature8 #fg4 ,describe ! manufacture ( s&pap]4 ,:at is us$ = s&8 ,h[ select s&pap]8 #fh4 ,= :at k9d ( "w is s&pap] numb]s #jj & #j us$8 ,numb]s #a_/b & #a8 ,:at numb] ( s&pap] is us$ ^u g5]al "w8 ,:at w be ! result if s&pap] is kept 9 a damp place1 or becomes wet8 ,:at %\ld be ! size ( ! piece ( s&pap] us$ ^u flat surfaces1 & = g5]al "w8 ,h[ %\ld mold+s be s&pap]$8 ,:at %\ld be gu>d$ aga9/ 9 work+ ar\nd %>p corn]s8 ,%\ld s&pap] be c>ri$ ) or across ! gra98 ,:at exceptions8 ,h[ %\ld panel "w be s&pap]$8 ,h[ %\ld panels & ! edges ( /iles1 rails1 & munt9s be treat$ be=e glu+ up8 ,h[ %\ld s&pap] be us$ ^u gra9 :i* rubs up8 ,h[ are panels sometimes treat$ ^u f9e "w8 ,:y8 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,wood ,,f9i%+ #fi4 ,fill+4--7,a47 ,aft] wood has be5 smoo!d & made ready to receive ! f9i%1 x is prep>$ by fill+1 by :i* is meant ! process ( fill+ ! gra9 s t ! f9i% itself w n soak 94 ,?is1 if well done1 makes x possible to d z good a job ( f9i%+ ) two or ?ree coats z c\ld be done on "s k9ds ( wood ) f five to eight coats )\t ! fill+4 ,op5-gra9$ woods1 su* z oak1 a%1 etc41 especially ne$ fill+1 z be=e ! process ( fill+ 0 discov]$1 ! op5 gra91 or cellul> "p ( ! wood1 _h to be fill$ by %ellac1 or o!r exp5sive mat]ial1 be=e !re 0 a surface suitable to receive ! poli%4 7,b47 ,!re are two =ms ( fill]--! pa/e1 :i* is = use ^u op5-gra9$ woods1 & ! liquid1 :i* is adapt$ to fill+ ! pores ( close-gra9$ woods l p9e1 popl>1 *]ry1 etc41 & :i* takes ! place ( "o coat ( ! m exp5sive %ellac or o!r f9i%4 ,! pa/e may be pur*as$ ready-made1 & color$ to suit ! ta/e1 or x may be made by us+ :it+1 silex1 or corn />*1 & any dry colors necess>y to secure ! desir$ /a94 ,! +r$i5ts %\ld be well gr\nd1 & ?or\ghly mix$ ) boil$ l9se$ oil to a ?ick pa/e2 to ?is %\ld be add$ z mu* japan dri] z !re is ( ! oil1 or "o qu>t] z mu* z !re is ( ! pa/e4 ,! :ole may !n be ?9n$ ) turp5t9e1 b5z9e1 or gasol5e to a consi/5cy :i* w all[ x to be spread easily1 b x %\ld /ill be q ?ick4 7,c47 ,fill] ne$ n be spread v smoo?ly1 b ! surface ( ! wood mu/ be cov]$1 & ! fill+ ?or\ghly work$ into ! gra94 ,aft] ?is has be5 done1 ! wood %\ld be all[$ to /& a few m9utes1 until ! fill] has become dull or p[d]y1 & seems to /ick to ! wood if rubb$ lightly ) ! f+]1 :5 x %\ld be rubb$ (f ) %av+s or excelsior1 rubb+ across ! gra9 :]ev] possible4 ,d n use clo? until clean+ up aft] ! fill] is all (f1 z x is m apt to take ! fill+ out ( ! gra9 ?an ei!r excelsior or %av+s4 ,! corn]s %\ld be clean$ out ) a %>p /ick1 aft] :i* ! "w %\ld /& = sev]al h\rs1 or ov] night1 be=e ! f9i% is appli$1 z o!rwise ! moi/ure 9 ! fill] may cause ! f9i% to bubble4 ,c>e %\ld be us$ t ! fill+ does n /& too long be=e rubb+ (f1 or x w be v difficult to remove x2 h5ce1 x is be/ n to spread any m ?an c be clean$ (f be=e x gets too h>d4 ,be sure t !re is en\gh fill+ mix$ to d ! job be=e any is appli$1 z x is difficult to mat* colors4 7,d47 ,liquid fill+ %\ld be spread z smoo?ly & z ev5ly z possible1 z ! laps w be apt to %[ ?r\gh ! f9i% :i* is spread ov] x4 #gj4 ,/a9+ wood 7,a47 is = ! purpose ( imp>t+ "s o!r ?an ! natural color to ! wood4 7,b47 ,9 f9i%+ op5-gra9$ woods1 a /a9 (t5 is us$ :i* w color ! wood be=e x is fill$1 ?\gh ^u g5]al "w1 x is ! cu/om to color ! /a9 only4 ,?is does n make ! "w all ( "o color1 z ! cells ( ! wood w reta9 m fill+ ?an w ! h>d] "p ( ! gra94 ,by ?is me?od ! qu>t] gra9 may be made m prom95t4 ,if an op5-gra9$ wood is be+ treat$1 x %\ld be fill$ aft] be+ /a9$4 ,close-gra9$ woods are ready = ! f9i% z soon z ! /a9 has dri$4 ,/a9s :i* w d ! "w satisfactorily may be made ( v>i\s *emicals4 ,!re are also _m satisfactory /a9s ^u ! m>ket1 :i* c be pur*as$ 9 z small packages z desir$1 (f]+ ! /ud5t a l>ge range ( colors f :i* to select4 7,c47 ,/a9s = close-gra9$ woods may be made by mix+ dry colors ) turp5t9e or b5z9e1 & a little boil$ oil & japan to b9d ! color4 ,^! /a9s %\ld be appli$ ! same z ! fill]1 b n all[$ to become s h>d be=e clean+ (f1 or !re w be light places rubb$ 9 ! f9i%4 ,! rubb+ or clean+ (f %\ld be done ) a s(t clo?1 c>e be+ us$ t !re are no places left unclean$1 especially 9 ! corn]s1 z ! f9i% w make !m muddy4 7,d47 ,a v good old *]ry /a9 may be made by mix+ ,v5etian r$ & rose p9k until ! desir$ %ade is produc$4 7,e47 ,black walnut may be imitat$ by mix+ burnt umb] ) turp5t9e1 oil1 & japan1 & if a r$di% t+e is desir$1 a little burnt si5na may be add$2 ?is is a mu* bett] color ?an c be produc$ by umb] alone4 ,asphaltum1 ?9n$ to ! desir$ color1 makes a good walnut /a94 7,f47 ,_m ( ! be/ /a9s are mix$ ) wat] z a vehicle1 z a dep? & brilliancy ( color may be obta9$ :i* is impossible ) any /a9 t has oil 9 x4 ,! objection to us+ wat] is t ! gra9 ( ! wood is lift$ by ! moi/ure1 & has to be s&$ smoo? be=e x c be f9i%$4 ,ev5 ) ?is s]i\s objection1 wat] /a9s are us$ ext5sively ^u ! be/ "w4 7,g47 ,! ri* mahogany /a9 :i* is s mu* admir$ may be made by mix+ ! same colors z m5tion$ 9 7,d471 & add+ c>m9e until ! desir$ color is obta9$4 ,an oil /a9 w n give ! be/ results1 !re=e a wat] /a9 %\ld be us$1 ) a piece ( gum arabic ab\t twice ! size ( a pea dissolv$ 9 a p9t or less ( ! /a9 = a b9d]1 or ab\t ! same proportion ( mucilage4 ,?is /a9 %\ld be clean$ (f ! same z ! oil /a9 above describ$4 7,h47 ,*]ry may be d>k5$ by apply+ nitric acid2 o!r woods may be d>k5$ or ag$ by us+ ammonia1 pota%1 or a /rong solution ( tobacco or c(fee4 ,nitrate ( silv]1 if expos$ to ! sunlight1 gives a beautiful br[n4 7,i47 ,a ri* br[n may be produc$ by us+ equal p>ts ( p]manganate ( pota% & sulphate ( magnesia1 dissolv$ 9 wat]2 z _m coats z desir$ may be appli$1 s&+ ) numb] #jj s&pap] betwe5 ! coats4 ,bett] results are obta9$ if ! /a9 is appli$ hot4 7,j47 ,a beautiful gre5 ( any int5sity may be produc$ by mix+ v]digris & indigo 9 hot v9eg>1 & apply+ hot4 ,sev]al coats may be necess>y1 s&+ betwe5 ! coats4 ,! indigo %\ld be us$ cauti\sly1 or ! gre5 may h too mu* ( a blui% ca/4 7,k47 ,a ri* br[ni% black may be obta9$ by us+ a solution ( logwood 7pulv]iz$7 & sulphate ( iron1 appli$ 9 coats 9 ! ord] nam$4 ,ea* solution %\ld be hot4 7,l47 ,ebony may be obta9$ by giv+ any close-gra9$ wood1 *]ry pref]r$1 a coat ( sulphate ( iron1 us+ a weak solution1 & aft] t has dri$ & be5 s&$1 a coat ( solution ( nutgalls4 ,if ! iron is too /rong1 a :ite effloresc5ce w appe>1 :i* 9 op5-gra9$ woods w br+ out ! gra9 9 /rong relief4 ,if ?is is objectionable1 ! gra9 %\ld be fill$ ) a black fill]4 7,m47 ,%ellac 7see #ga1 ,a47 & boneblack1 if well mix$1 make an ebony f9i% :i* is (t5 us$ ^u common "w2 black v>ni% sometimes is us$ ! same z black %ellac1 b = ! be/ "w ^! are n satisfactory1 z !y d n /rike into ! wood to ! same ext5t z d acid1 turp5t9e1 or wat] /a94 #ga4 ,%ellac4--7,a47 ,?is is a product ( ,africa & ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,x is ! comb9ation ( a secretion ( ! female ( a small insect & ! sap ( a tree1 9 ! b>k ( :i* ! insect deposits its eggs4 ,! gum ?us =m$ is ga!r$1 & aft] pass+ ?r\gh v>i\s ref9+ processes becomes ! %ellac kn[n to comm]ce4 ,x is cut or dissolv$ by ei!r wood or gra9 alcohol1 :5 x is ready = use4 ,"s ( ! be/ furniture is f9i%$ ) %ellac1 & unless cont9u\sly expos$ to moi/ure or h>d usage1 ! f9i% is practically ev]la/+4 7,b47 ,%ellac f9i% does n crack z v>ni% is liable to1 nei!r does its lu/] dim by exposure to ! v>i\s gases pres5t 9 e h\se1 :i* are due to dome/ic causes1 ?\gh mo/ v>ni%es w d ?is aft] "s ye>s4 ,^u ord9>y "w1 two coats ( %ellac may be satisfactory1 ?\gh ?ree coats g5]ally w improve ! "w suffici5tly to make x advisable to apply ! extra coat4 ,%ellac %\ld n be laid 9 too ?ick coats1 or x w pit badly 9 dry+1 & make "w 9 rubb+ to a surface1 :i* c be avoid$ if mod]ately ?9 coats are spread1 ?\gh p]haps ! greate/ advantage 9 lay+ ?9 coats is t ! wood may be cov]$ m ev5ly1 & !re w be few] runs & laps visible4 ,%ellac %\ld always be laid ) quick /rokes1 nev] work+ ov] a place already cov]$2 = ?is "w1 use a bru% z l>ge z possible to d ! "w )\t clums9ess4 7,c47 ,9 apply+ %ellac f9i%1 "o coat is laid ^u ! o!r1 ea* coat be+ rubb$ d[n ) numb] #jj s&pap]1 or ) pulv]iz$ pumice /one be=e ! next coat is spread4 ,= ?is purpose1 a %eet ( s&pap] %\ld be cut into eigh?s1 & "o ( ^! pieces fold$ 9 ! c5t] ( its long dim5sion1 & held 9 ! h& z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ii1 :i* keeps its edges f scrat*+ ! surface4 ,if x is desir$ to rub ! %ellac d[n to a surface ) pumice /one1 x %\ld be appli$ ) hair-clo?1 or ) h>ness mak]'s felt1 moi/5$ ) oil or wat]2 b = ord9>y "w1 s&pap] w give satisfaction1 & z x is m conv5i5t1 x is mu* us$4 ,if ! be/ results are desir$1 ! la/ coat %\ld be rubb$ ) pumice /one & sweet oil1 appli$ z above1 ?\gh boil$ oil is satisfactory2 & = ord9>y "w1 numb] #jj s&pap] is us$1 ?\gh x is liable to %[ scrat*es4 ,aft] ! rubb+ is done1 ! oil %\ld be wip$ (f ) a s(t rag1 & v f9e rott5 /one du/$ on & poli%$ ) a clean1 s(t clo?4 ,_m f9i%]s use ! palm ( ! h& 9 putt+ on ! f9i%+ t\*es4 ,if a dead1 or mat1 f9i% is desir$1 ! f9al rubb+ %\ld be done ) wat]1 us$ sp>+ly1 z oil imp>ts a high gloss1 if ! "w is well done4 7,d47 ,c>e %\ld be us$ on any k9d ( "w ^u :i* wa/e or oily rags are us$2 ^! rags %\ld be ga!r$ & burn$ unless !y are want$ aga9 soon1 9 :i* case !y may be spread out sep>ately2 s9ce1 if cru%$ toge!r & ?r[n1 z !y (t5 are1 into a wa/e box1 !y furni% ! necess>y conditions = a case ( spontane\s combu/ion4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ii4--,,me?od ,,( ,,grasp+ ,,s&pap] ,,9 ,,rubb+ ,,d[n ,,%ellac ,,f9i%4 7,e47 ,! gloss ^u dri$ %ellac & v>ni%es ( all k9ds is v %[y1 & lacks ! f9i% & ! texture ( a rubb$ f9i%4 ,moreov]1 any du/ settl+ ^u moi/ v>ni% is held1 giv+ ! surface an effect ( c\ntless m9ute po9ts2 rubb+ removes ^!1 & gives ! smoo?1 glossy surface desir$ ^u mo/ "w4 ,^u ! mo/ arti/ic furniture1 a gloss1 :i* is ! result ( a built-up poli%1 is n consid]$ good ta/e2 ! use ( muscle & a v little oil1 appli$ at int]vals dur+ a t]m ( ye>s1 gives a poli% & a beauty :i* c be obta9$ by no o!r me?od1 & x is to atta9 ?is ideal 9 a few days t s _m v>ieties ( f9i% exi/4 7,f47 ,9 rubb+1 be sure t ! corn]s are n rubb$ ?r\gh1 z ! pressure w naturally be m ^u ! corn]s ?an ^u a broad surface4 ,?is may be avoid$ by us+ c>e t ! pressure is n appli$ s z to be> on ! corn]2 grasp ! rubb+ mat]ial 9 su* a way t no loose edges w be beyond control1 z 9 ,fig4 #ii1 or ! f9i% may be badly scrat*$2 ?is applies especially to ! corn]s4 ,! rubb+ %\ld always be 9 ! direction p>allel ) ! gra9 ( ! wood4 7,g47 ,if ! f9i% is rubb$ ?r\gh to ! wood1 x may be repoli%$ or pat*$ by s&pap]+ ! b>e wood ) f9e s&pap]1 & /a9+ x to br+ x to ! same condition z ! re/ ( ! wood be=e ! fir/ coat ( f9i% 0 appli$4 ,us+ ! same f9i%+ mat]ial z ! f9i% ( ! re/ ( ! piece1 lay a v ?9 coat1 a little l>g] ?an ! place to be pat*$1 be+ c>eful to avoid a ridge at ! edge ( ! pat*4 ,?is ridge may be drawn out by a small camel's-hair bru%1 & ! pat* left until ?or\ghly dri$2 !n apply ano!r pat* a little l>g] ?an ! fir/ "o1 treat+ ! edge z 9 ! fir/ pat*4 ,cont9ue ?is until ! f9i% is built up to ! same ?ickness z t ( :i* x is a "p4 ,?is %\ld be rubb$ v c>efully to br+ x to ! same f9i% z ! re/ ( ! surface1 us+ c>e n to rub ?r\gh ! old f9i% at ! edge ( ! pat*4 ,z x is ! corn]s :i* are mo/ liable to be rubb$ ?r\gh1 ?is process w n g5]ally be difficult ( application2 all t is necess>y to secure a successful pat* is to use c>e at ea* /ep1 & n to hurry ! dry+ ( ! diff]5t pat*es4 #gb4 ,wax f9i%+ is a good me?od ( f9i%+ any k9d ( h>d or d>k-color$ wood2 7,a47 x does n give z satisfactory results1 h[ev]1 z d "s o!r me?ods ( f9i%+1 ^u s(t or light-color$ wood4 ,!re are a numb] ( diff]5t k9ds ( wax f9i%es :i* c be pur*as$ 9 almo/ any desir$ quantity1 7,b47 b an economical & satisfactory wax f9i% may be made by dissolv+ z mu* pulv]iz$ res9 z may be pick$ up on a c5t 9 a half p9t ( turp5t9e or gasol5e heat$ 9 a wat] or /eam d\ble vessel4 ,aft] ?is is cle>1 cut up & add a piece ( beeswax z l>ge z a ?imble1 & all[ ! f9i% to simm] sl[ly1 until x is cle>1 :5 x is ready = use4 ,?is may be mix$ 9 l>g] quantities by us+ ! same proportions4 ,if plac$ 9 an air-tight vessel1 x w keep indef9itely4 7,c47 ,?is f9i% %\ld be appli$ hot1 ) a bru%1 z smoo?ly & z ev5ly z possible1 & all[$ to /& until x has become q h>d1 :5 x %\ld be poli%$ ) a s(t rag :i* is free f l9t4 ,z _m coats z desir$ may be appli$1 ea* coat be+ treat$ 9 ! same way1 & add+ to ! beauty ( ! f9i%4 ,ano!r me?od ( apply+ ?is f9i%1 & :i* gives satisfactory results ^u broad surfaces1 is to make a pad ( a rag1 & rub ! wax on ! wood1 rubb+ until x is dry4 ,?is is n z satisfactory z x is to use a bru% ^u "w :]e !re are _m corn]s to f9i% ar\nd4 ,"o ( ! advantages ( ?is wax f9i% is t x may be bright5$ if x becomes dim by go+ ov] x ) a s(t clo?1 or x may be r5ew$ & improv$ by ano!r coat at slight exp5se & little tr\ble4 ,?is is also a satisfactory me?od ( f9i%+ a d>k floor made ( a wood :i* w n spl9t] :5 x is rubb$4 #gc4 7,a47 ,oil f9i% is p]haps ! mo/ simple way to f9i% a piece ( furniture2 x is be/ adapt$ to h>d1 d>k woods4 ,! mat]ial is made by mix+ a qu>t] ( a p9t ( turp5t9e ) sev5 eigh?s ( a qu>t ( boil$ l9se$ oil4 ,x %\ld be spread ev5ly ov] ! surface to be f9i%$1 & %\ld /& until z mu* ( x z w1 has soak$ into ! wood1 :5 ! surface %\ld be br\ght to a f9i% by rubb+4 ,?is w require muscle1 z ! f9i% %\ld /& ab\t t5 h\rs1 dur+ :i* "t a ?9 film or sk9 w =m1 :i* mu/ be remov$ by rubb+4 ,only a s(t rag1 free f l9t1 %\ld be us$1 & be sure t ! folds ( ! clo? d n leave _! m>ks ^u ! surface4 ,rub ) ! gra94 7,b47 ,oil f9i% is a v durable f9i%1 easily tak5 c>e (1 & is us$ to "s ext5t 9 f9i%+ ! mo/ arti/ic furniture1 be+ especially adapt$ to f9i%+ mahogany4 ,x has a "* peculi>ly its own1 & exposure to moi/ure & heat affects x less ?an almo/ any o!r =m ( f9i%4 ,z x %\ld be occasionally oil$1 x improves ) age & c>e4 ,?is f9i% 0 us$ 9 old5 times1 & ! c>e ( g5]ations gives a poli% atta9able by no o!r me?od4 #gd4 ,v>ni% =ms ! f9i% :i* is us$ mo/ commonly ^u all grades & k9ds ( "w4 7,a47 ,! diff]5t grades are made ( v>i\s vegetable gums & res9s1 cut 9 turp5t9e & mix$ ) boil$ oil4 ,a *eap grade ( v>ni% or h>d oil may be made by boil+ res91 turp5t9e1 & boil$ oil toge!r4 ,o!r gums may be treat$ ! same way2 ! v>ni% us$ ^u ! be/ "w1 = in/ance1 is made f copal1 a vegetable product ( ! tropics4 ,by a v c>eful process ( boil+1 /ra9+1 & rip5+1 ext5d+ ov] mon?s1 copal is made into ! product :i* is us$ s ext5sively ^u furniture f9i%+1 c>riages1 etc4 7,b47 ,v>ni% %\ld be appli$ 9 a room heat$ to ab\t #hj ,f41 ! du/ %\ld be laid by spr9kl+1 & !re %\ld be no drafts ( air1 nor flies or o!r insects to light ^u x1 if ! be/ results are desir$4 7,c47 ,9 fl[+ v>ni%1 in/ead ( lay+ a ?9 coat z 9 %ellac1 a ?ick coat %\ld be appli$4 ,?is may be done by us+ a ?ick1 heavy bru%2 "s pref] a heavy1 r\nd bru%1 & o!rs ?9k !y c obta9 ! be/ results f a broad1 flat bru%4 ,! f9] ! hairs1 ! bett] ! results obta9$4 ,! bru% mu/ be tak5 up full ( v>ni%1 en\gh to cov] ! entire surface1 if possible1 & spread or fl[$ v quickly4 ,! bru% %\ld !n be wip$ out 9 ! v>ni% pot4 ,) ! bru% ?us dri$1 g ov] ! surface1 pick+ up all t ! bru% w absorb2 wipe ?is out 9 ! pot1 & repeat ! op]ation until no?+ is left b a ?9 film ( v>ni%4 ,if ?is is done prop]ly1 x w prev5t all runs & /reaks :i* result f unskillful workman%ip4 ,:5 ?is coat is ?or\ghly dri$1 rub ) numb] #jj s&pap]1 pulv]iz$ pumice /one1 or a smoo? block ( pumice /one 7c>riage pa9t]'s me?od71 & repeat ! process until ! desir$ body ( v>ni% is obta9$4 ,rub d[n la/ coat ) oil & poli%4 ,all[ z mu* "t betwe5 la/ coats z possible1 z ! h>d] ! v>ni% is1 ! bett] & m durable ! "w w be :5 complet$4 #ge4 ,poli%+4--,?is t]m applies to ! process by :i* a poli% is built up by rubb+1 or 8ragg+0 z workm5 sometimes call x4 ,! piece to be poli%$ %\ld receive two or ?ree coats ( %ellac or v>ni%1 :i* %\ld be rubb$ d[n to a surface1 :5 x is ready = ! poli%4 ,to make a pad ( conv5i5t size = poli%+1 fold a piece ( old1 s(t clo?1 free f l9t1 & fill x ) cotton wa/e2 or ! end ( a roll ( clo? may be cov]$ by ! piece :i* is to d ! actual poli%+4 ,provide a cup ( mod]ately ?9 %ellac & ano!r ( boil$ oil1 ( :i* ab\t "o qu>t] is turp5t9e2 or bett]1 a cup ( sweet oil )\t turp5t9e4 ,dip ! pad into ! oil & all[ x to soak 9 completely1 !n d ! same ) ! %ellac4 ,n[ dip ! pad aga9 into ! %ellac1 & ) ! f+] put on a s+le drop ( oil1 & rub lightly ^u ! "w1 ) a circul> motion1 or if ! "w is l>ge en\gh1 ! /roke may be long]4 ,if ! "w is done ) a /raight /roke1 d n /op at ! end ( ! /roke1 z ! in/ant betwe5 ! end ( "o /roke & ! beg9n+ ( ! return may be en\gh to all[ ! %ellac to /ick & make a hole 9 ! surface1 :i* w be difficult to repair2 beg9 & end ! /roke ) a sweep+ motion4 ,! idea ( ?is me?od ( poli%+ is to br+ ! %ellac to a poli%1 us+ z little oil z possible = lubricat+1 z ! less oil us$1 ! bett] w be ! poli%4 #gf4 ,bru%es4--7,a47 ,if bru%es are to be us$ = /a9 or = fill+1 a *eap bru% ( any suitable size w d1 a flat bru% be+ pref]r$ ^u ord9>y "w4 ,= %ellac & v>ni%1 ! f9] ! bru%1 ! bett] ! results usually obta9$4 ,ord9>ily x is ! be/ practice to use z l>ge a bru% z ! nature ( ! "w w p]mit1 z x w hold m1 & cov] m surface1 ?an a small] bru%1 & h few] 8laps40 ,*isel-po9t$1 flat bru%es1 f #a0 to #b0 9 wid?1 w be f\nd satisfactory = ! "w ( s*ools & amateurs1 b ^u pr(essional "w1 bru%es f #c0 to #e0 (t5 are us$4 7,b47 ,! c>e ( ! bru%es is an important "p ( ! "w ( ^? :o use !m1 z neglect or c>elessness may de/roy a valuable bru% ov]night4 ,unless a bru% is go+ to be us$ aga9 ! next day1 x is always be/ to clean x ?or\ghly4 ,if a /a91 fill+1 pa9t1 or v>ni% bru%1 use gasol5e or turp5t9e1 b if a %ellac bru%1 use wood alcohol1 clean+ (f all ! small p>ticles4 ,to obta9 ! be/ results1 all bru%es %\ld be wa%$ 9 hot1 soapy wat]1 & aft]w>d r9s$ 9 clean wat]2 9 g5]al1 h[ev]1 ?is latt] precaution may be disp5s$ )1 unless ! bru%es are to be laid away indef9itely4 ,unless ! above precautions h be5 tak51 c>e %\ld be tak5 t %ellac & v>ni% bru%es are n *ang$ f "o to ! o!r4 ,nev] all[ a bru% to /& on its side = m ?an a few m9utes at a "t1 z a wrong direction is easily giv5 ! bri/les1 & ! bru%es may be quickly de/roy$ by a little c>elessness or neglig5ce4 ,old bru%es1 well brok5 9 & c>$ =1 w give bett] results ?an new bru%es2 !re=e !y %\ld be treat$ ) e possible consid]ation4 ,v>ni% bru%es (t5 are left 9 ! v>ni% pot1 & if !y are hung up s t !y w n re/ ^u _! bri/les1 ?is is ! be/ way to keep !m :5 !y are 9 almo/ con/ant daily use4 ,,sugge/ive ,,ex]cises #fi4 ,:y is wood fill] us$8 ,describe pa/e fill]4 ,describe ! process ( spread+ fill] & ( rubb+ x (f4 ,describe liquid fill] & ! process ( spread+ x4 #gj4 ,:y d we /a9 wood8 ,:at is ! diff]5ce 9 ! results ( /a9+ & fill+ & ( fill+ alone8 ,h[ may /a9s = op5-gra9$ woods be mix$ & us$8 ,describe a simple *]ry or mahogany /a94 ,describe black walnut /a94 ,:at is ! objection to a wat] /a98 ,h[ may a ri* mahogany /a9 be mix$8 ,h[ may woods be d>k5$8 ,describe ! composition ( a ri* br[n /a92 ( a good gre5 /a92 ( a br[ni% black4 ,describe eboniz+4 ,= :at purposes are %ellac & lampblack & black v>ni% us$8 #ga4 ,( :at does %ellac f9i% consi/8 ,:at is ! s\rce ( supply ( %ellac8 ,comp>e %ellac & copal v>ni%4 ,demon/rate ! application ( %ellac4 ,are ?9 or ?ick coats ( %ellac ! bett]8 ,:y is rubb+ d[n necess>y8 ,demon/rate4 ,:at precautions %\ld be tak5 9 reg>d to oily rags8 ,:y8 ,:at %\ld be gu>d$ aga9/ 9 rubb+8 ,:at is a conv5i5t size = a piece ( s&pap]8 ,describe & demon/rate pat*+4 #gb4 ,describe ! prep>ation ( wax f9i%4 ,describe & demon/rate two me?ods ( apply+ wax f9i%4 #gc4 ,describe oil f9i% & its application4 ,describe its qualities4 #gd4 ,describe briefly ! manufacture ( v>ni%4 ,describe ideal conditions = fl[+ v>ni%4 ,describe & demon/rate ! me?od ( fl[+ v>ni%4 #ge4 ,describe & demon/rate ! process ( poli%+4 #gf4 ,describe ! k9ds ( bru%es suitable = diff]5t k9ds ( "w4 ,h[ %\ld bru%es be clean$8 ,:at %\ld be ! g5]al treatm5t ( a bru%8 ,h[ may v>ni% bru%es be kept ready = use8 ,,index ,age ( tree1 #b4 ,alburnum1 see ,sapwood4 ,annual lay]1 =mation (1 #a1 #b1 #c2 cov]+ ov] breaks1 #i1 #aj2 9 qu>t]-saw$ lumb]1 #bc2 %r9k+ ar\nd1 #dh4 ,apple wood1 description (1 #bi4 ,arkansas /one1 #ajf4 ,a%1 description (1 #bh4 ,aug]1 cross-h&l$1 #ia4 ,aug] bit1 describ$1 #ia2 fil+ (1 #ib1 #ic4 ,axe1 h&1 describ$1 #ff4 ,backsaw1 describ$1 #fi4 ,balsam fir1 illu/rat$1 #dc4 ,b& saw1 #ai4 ,b>k1 ( tree trunk1 #d1 #e1 #f4 ,basswood 7or l9d571 description (1 #bi4 ,ba/1 ( tree trunk1 #d1 #e1 #f4 ,ba/>d saw+1 #bb4 ,bee*1 description (1 #cj1 #ca4 ,bell-fac$ hamm]1 describ$1 #fe4 ,b5*es1 types (1 describ$1 #eg-ei4 ,bevel1 describ$1 #fb4 ,bill /uff1 saw+ (1 #bb4 ,bir*1 description (1 #cj1 #cb4 ,bird's-eye maple1 description (1 #cf4 ,bitbrace1 or /ock1 describ$1 #ic2 rat*et1 describ$1 #id4 ,bits1 describ$1 #ij4 ,black walnut1 see ,walnut4 ,black walnut /a91 #acj4 ,blemi%es1 9 grad+ lumb]1 #bc1 #bd4 ,bl9d nail+1 describ$1 #ff4 ,block plane1 description & use (1 #hd4 ,bo>ds1 saw+ (1 to dim5sion1 #bj2 survey+ or e/imat+ (1 #be2 measur+ (1 #bf2 = sid+1 #bh2 pil+ (1 #dh1 #di4 ,bru%es1 = glu+1 #abj2 = /a9+ & fill+1 #adj4 ,burni%]1 use (1 9 %>p5+ scrap]1 #ig-ajj4 ,butt]nut 7or :ite walnut71 description (1 #cb4 ,buttonwood1 see ,sycamore4 ,cable1 haul+ logs by1 #ae4 ,calip]s1 describ$1 #ie4 ,cam1 ( plane1 #gc1 #ge4 ,cambium1 ( tree trunk1 #d1 #e1 #f4 ,canoe bir*1 #cb4 ,cap iron1 ( plane1 use (1 #gd4 ,cap screw1 ( plane1 use (1 #gc1 #ge4 ,c>borundum1 z gr9d/one1 #ajf2 z oil/one1 #ajg4 ,c>p5t]'s b5*1 #eg1 #eh4 ,c$>1 description (1 #cb4 ,cellul> gra9 ( wood1 #b4 ,c5t] bit1 describ$1 #ib4 ,*eck+1 or crack+1 ( lumb]1 #f1 #h4 ,*]ry1 description (1 #cb2 /a91 #acj2 h[ to d>k51 #aca4 ,*e/nut1 description (1 #cc4 ,*isels1 describ$1 #hh4 ,circul> saw1 #ai1 #bj4 ,claw hamm]1 describ$1 #fd4 ,clefts1 or splits1 #i4 ,close-gra9$ woods1 fill+ (1 #abh2 /a9+ (1 #acj4 ,co>se-gra9$ lumb]1 #h4 ,color ( wood1 #b1 #be4 ,comb-gra9$ lumb]1 #bc4 ,common bo>ds1 grad+ (1 #bf2 measur+ (1 #bf4 ,compass 7or keyhole7 saw1 describ$1 #fh2 fil+ (1 #aac4 ,compasses1 or divid]s1 describ$1 #ie4 ,conif]\s trees1 #b1 #c4 ,corundum1 z gr9d/one1 #ajf2 z oil/one1 #ajg4 ,cross-gra9$ lumb]1 #h4 ,culls1 #bd4 ,cup %akes1 #g1 #h4 ,cutt+-(f saw1 describ$1 #fh2 fil+ (1 #aaa4 ,cypress1 description (1 #cc4 ,decay ( tree1 h[ prev5t$1 #be4 ,decidu\s trees1 #b4 ,defects 9 lumb]1 #g-aj4 ,dim5sion timb]1 saw+ (1 #bj1 #bb4 ,discolorations 9 lumb]1 #i1 #bd4 ,divid]s1 see ,compasses4 ,draw%ave1 describ$1 #ij4 ,duram51 see ,he>twood4 ,ebony /a91 #acb4 ,edge1 squ>+ an1 ) try-squ>e1 #fj1 #fa4 ,edges1 squ>e & bevel$1 #ig4 ,elm1 description (1 #cd4 ,em]y1 z gr9d/one1 #ajf2 z oil/one1 #ajg4 ,em]y :eel1 use (1 9 %>p5+ a plane1 #gg4 ,endog5\s trees1 #a4 ,e/imat+ lumb]1 #be4 ,exog5\s trees1 #a4 ,ext5sion bit1 describ$1 #ib4 ,files1 description & use (1 #ajh-aac4 ,fill]1 h[ to make1 #abh2 h[ to spread1 #abi4 ,f9e-gra9$ lumb]1 #h4 ,f9i%+ woods1 #abh-ada4 ,floor+1 be/ grades (1 #bc1 #bh4 ,fram+1 lumb] =1 #bg1 #bh1 #ej4 ,fram+ squ>e1 #fb4 ,gauge1 description & use (1 #fc1 #fd4 ,g]man bit1 describ$1 #ib4 ,glue1 diff]5t k9ds (1 #aah2 te/+ (1 #aai2 h[ to use1 #abj-abb4 ,g\ges1 describ$1 #ij4 ,grad+ ( lumb]1 #bc4 ,gra9 ( woods1 cause (1 #a1 #b1 #f1 #g2 k9ds (1 #h4 ,see also ,close-gra9$1 etc4 ,gr9d/one1 use (1 9 %>p5+ a plane1 #gg2 describ$1 #aje4 ,gr\nd glue1 #aah4 ,gum 7sweet gum71 description (1 #cd4 ,hamm]1 describ$1 #fc4 ,h&screws1 use (1 #ajc-aje1 #abb4 ,h>d wood1 cause (1 #a1 #b4 ,hat*et1 describ$1 #ff4 ,hemlock1 description (1 #ce4 ,he>t %akes1 #g1 #h4 ,he>twood1 =mation (1 #c1 #d1 #e4 ,hickory1 description (1 #ce4 ,insects1 injuri\s to trees1 #aj1 #be4 ,inside f9i%1 lumb] =1 #bh4 ,jack plane1 describ$1 #ha2 use (1 #hf-hh4 ,jo9t]1 describ$1 #hb4 ,jo9t+ a saw1 #aji4 ,joi/s or scantl+1 survey+ (1 #bf4 ,keyhole saw1 see ,compass saw4 ,kiln1 fill+ a1 #ec2 l5g? ( "t lumb] %\ld be left 91 #ed4 ,kiln-dri$ lumb]1 #bh1 #ej-ed4 ,kilns1 moi/ air1 #ej2 induc$ draft1 #eb4 ,knife blades1 describ$1 #gb4 ,l9d51 see ,basswood4 ,liquid fill]1 #abh4 ,locu/1 description (1 #ce4 ,logg+1 #ab-ai4 ,lumb]1 unseason$1 #c2 *eck+1 or crack+ (1 #f2 defects 91 #g1 #h2 gra9 (1 #a1 #b1 #f1 #g1 #h2 :5 to cut1 #aj2 manufacture (1 #ab-bc2 grad+ (1 #bc1 #bd2 te/+ (1 #bd1 #be2 survey+ or e/imat+ (1 #be-bg2 pil+ (1 #de-di2 wea!r-dri$1 #di2 kiln-dri$1 #ej-ed4 ,see also special subjects4 ,lumb]+1 processes (1 #ab4 ,mahogany1 description (1 #cf2 s&+ (1 #abf2 /a91 #aca4 ,mallets1 describ$1 #fg4 ,manual-tra9+ b5*1 #eg1 #eh4 ,maple1 description (1 #ce2 sug> maple1 illu/rat$1 #ca4 ,m$ull>y rays1 #d1 #e1 #f2 saw+ woods hav+1 #bb4 ,moi/ air1 or natural draft1 kilns1 #ej4 ,moi/ure1 9 lumb]1 #d4 ,mold+s1 s&pap]+ (1 #abe4 ,monkey wr5*1 #ajc4 ,nail set1 use (1 #ff1 #ajb2 burni%] made f1 #ii4 ,nail+1 describ$1 #fe1 #ff4 ,nipp]s1 describ$1 #ie4 ,oak1 tree trunk1 section (1 #e2 pla9 & qu>t]$1 #e2 description (1 #cf4 ,odor ( wood1 #b1 #be4 ,oil f9i%1 #acg4 ,oil/ones1 artificial1 use (1 #ajg4 ,op5-gra9$ woods1 fill+ (1 #abh2 /a9+ (1 #abi4 8,out ( w9d10 #fj1 #fa4 ,outside f9i%1 lumb] =1 #bg1 #bh4 ,panel "w1 s&pap]+1 #abf4 ,pap] bir*1 #cb4 ,pa/e fill]1 #abh4 ,pil+ ( lumb]1 #de-di4 ,p9e1 yell[1 section (1 #b2 description ( diff]5t v>ieties (1 #cf4 ,p9e logs1 load ( :ite1 #ad4 ,pi?1 ( tree trunk1 #d1 #e4 ,pla9 saw+1 #bb4 ,plane1 adju/+ me*anism (1 #gc-ge2 o!r p>ts (1 #ge1 #gf2 %>p5+ a1 #gf-ha4 ,planes1 description & use (1 #gb-hh4 ,pli]s1 describ$1 #ie4 ,poli%+1 #aci4 ,popl> 7or :itewood71 description (1 #dj4 ,position1 9 us+ tools1 #he4 ,pres]v+ wood1 #ee4 ,prices1 slid+ scale (1 #bf4 ,qu>t]-saw$ lumb]1 #bb1 #bc1 #dh4 ,rat*et bitbrace1 describ$1 #id4 ,rat*et screwdriv]s1 describ$1 #id4 ,r$wood1 description (1 #dj4 ,rift-saw$ lumb]1 #bc4 ,ripsaw1 describ$1 #fg2 fil+ (1 #aab4 ,rule1 use (1 9 sett+ gauge1 #fc4 ,rules1 f\rfold & zigzag1 describ$1 #ei4 ,s&pap]1 te/+ (1 #abb2 h[ to use1 #abc-abg4 ,see also ,f9i%+4 ,sap1 motion (1 #c2 all[$1 9 grad+ lumb]1 #bc4 ,sapwood1 =mation (1 #c1 #d1 #e4 ,saw fil+1 describ$1 #aji-aac4 ,saw h&le1 reset1 #gb4 ,saw set1 h& & anvil1 describ$1 #aaj4 ,saw+ ( lumb]1 #ab1 #ah-bc4 ,sawmills1 types (1 #ah4 ,saws1 description & use (1 #fg-gb4 ,scale us$ 9 measur+ lumb]1 #bf1 #bg4 ,scrap]1 description (1 #if2 %>p5+ (1 #ig-ajb4 ,scrat* plane1 = use 9 glu+1 #aba4 ,screwdriv]1 describ$1 #id4 ,%ellac1 use (1 #acb-acf4 ,%+les1 quality (1 #bh4 ,%r9k+ ( lumb]1 qu>t]-saw$1 #bc1 #dh4 ,silv] gra91 #e1 #f1 #bb4 ,skidways1 use (1 #ac-ag4 ,sla% saw+1 #bb4 ,slip /ones1 use (1 #ajg4 ,smoo?+ plane1 describ$1 #hb4 ,s(t wood1 cause (1 #a1 #b4 ,spoke%ave1 describ$1 #ij4 ,spruce1 cutt+ (1 #ac1 #ad 7figs4 #e1 #f72 description (1 #dj4 ,/a9+ wood1 #abi-acb4 ,/> %akes1 #g1 #h1 #dh4 ,/eam+ wood1 #ee4 ,/eel1 or fram+1 squ>e1 #fb4 ,/ock1 see ,bitbrace4 ,/raight-gra9$ lumb]1 #h4 ,/umpage1 explanation (1 #ac4 ,sug> maple =e/1 #ca4 ,survey+ ( lumb]1 #be4 ,sycamore 7or buttonwood71 description (1 #db4 ,tack+1 describ$1 #fe4 ,te/+ ( lumb]1 #bd4 ,timb]s to be buri$1 quality (1 #bh4 ,to5ail+1 describ$1 #fe4 ,tools1 h[ to pur*ase1 #eg2 description & use (1 #eg-ajh4 ,travoy road1 #ac1 #ae4 ,tree trunk1 tissues (1 #d4 ,trees1 k9ds (1 us$ = lumb]1 #a1 #b2 annual lay] (1 #a2 gra9 (1 #a1 #b1 #f1 #g1 #h2 age (1 #b2 defects 91 #h-aj2 :5 to cut1 #aj2 fell+ (1 #ab-ae2 decay (1 #be4 ,see also special subjects4 ,try-squ>e1 description & use (1 #ei-fb1 #ga4 ,twi/ drill1 describ$1 #ib4 ,v>ni%1 #acg4 ,v]tical-gra9$ lumb]1 #bc4 ,vises1 on b5*es1 #ei4 ,walnut1 black1 description (1 #db2 :ite1 see ,butt]nut4 ,walnut /a91 black1 #acj4 ,w>p+ ( lumb]1 #dh4 ,wa%ita /one1 #ajf4 ,wa/e1 c>e 9 use (1 #acd4 ,wax f9i%+1 #acf4 ,ways1 p]man5t lumb]1 #de4 ,wea!r-dri$ lumb]1 #ab1 #bh1 #di4 ,:et/ones1 description & use (1 #ajf4 ,:ett+ & gr9d+ ( plane1 #gg-hj4 ,:itewood1 see ,popl>4 ,w9d %akes1 or cup %akes1 #g1 #h4 ,w9d+ /icks1 #fa4 ,wood1 gr[? (1 #a-aa2 gra9 (1 #a1 #b2 color (1 #b1 #d2 odor (1 #b2 s(t & h>d1 #a1 #b2 qualities (1 #bg-bi2 v>ieties (1 #bi-db2 /eam+1 #ee2 pres]v+1 #ee2 fill+ gra9 (1 #abh2 /a9+1 #abi4 ,see also special subjects4 ,wr5*es1 describ$1 #ajc4 ,,vocational ,,education ,by ,,john ,m4 ,,gillette1 ,pr(essor ( ,sociology 9 ! ,/ate ,univ]sity ( ,nor? ,dakota #a4jj ,9 ?is volume is pres5t$ = tea*]s1 sup]9t5d5ts1 & tea*]s' read+ circles an illum9at+ discussion ( ! pres5t g5]al movem5t = vocational education4 ,by ?is phrase is meant n only indu/rial education2 b all ! tra9+ c\rses ne$$ to meet ! practical dem&s ( life4 ,! au?or expla9s at "s l5g? ! pr9ciples1 dem&s1 & me?ods ( vocational education2 he /ates ! gr\nds ^u :i* hopes ( success may reasonably re/2 he indicates "s actual results ga9$ by s*ools conduct$ on m practical l9es2 & he po9ts out o!rs :i* w\ld foll[ ^u ! reorganization ( our educational sy/em 9 g5]al4 ,! vocationaliz+ ( ! s*ools has reg>d to ! con/itution1 incl9ation & ability ( ! individual1 & is int5d$ to give him suitable tra9+ = 8 ni*e 9 life1 to %[ him h[ he c make ! mo/ ( himself & 9 :at l9e he c prove himself mo/ productive to society4 ,at ! same "t1 ?is s*eme ( education does n ignore ! in=mational1 ! cultural1 & ! discipl9>y aspects--x insi/s t ! individual be fitt$ = good citiz5%ip4 ,! introduction ( vocational education into ! public s*ool sy/em ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ) ! curriculum adapt$ to ! *ief k9ds ( occupation belong+ to ea* community1 w mean great] developm5t & p[] = ! c\ntry4 ,f vocational education1 introduc$ to meet ! diff]+ community ne$s1 w result great] effici5cy & bett] appreciation ( ! s*ools1 increas$ att5dance ( pupils1 great] comp5sation = tea*]s1 great] productiv5ess1 high] wages1 & improv$ society4 ,,am]ican ,,book ,,company ,,an ,,elem5t>y ,,text-,,book ,,( ,,!oretical ,,me*anics ,by ,,george ,a4 ,,m]rill1 ,b4,s41 ,pr9cipal ( ! ,cali=nia ,s*ool ( ,me*anical ,arts1 & ,director ( ! ,wilm]d+ ,s*ool ( ,indu/rial ,arts1 ,san ,francisco #a4ej ,,m]rill',s ,,me*anics is int5d$ = ! upp] classes 9 second>y s*ools1 & = ! two l[] classes 9 college4 ,only a k ( elem5t>y algebra1 plane geometry1 & plane trigonometry is requir$ = a ?or\gh compreh5sion ( ! "w4 ,by pres5t+ only ! mo/ important pr9ciples & me?ods1 ! book ov]comes _m ( ! difficulties n[ enc\nt]$ by /ud5ts 9 collegiate c\rses :o take up ! /udy ( analytic me*anics1 )\t previ\sly hav+ cov]$ x 9 a m elem5t>y =m4 ,x treats ! subject )\t ! use ( ! calculus1 & consequ5tly does n bewild] ! beg9n] ) mu* algebraic matt]1 :i* obscures ! *ief pr9ciples4 ,! book is writt5 f ! /&po9t ( ! /ud5t 9 ! mann] t exp]i5ce has prov$ to be ! "o mo/ easily grasp$4 ,!re=e1 beyond a con/ant endeavor to abide by ! fundam5tal precepts ( tea*+1 no "o me?od ( pres5tation has be5 us$ to ! exclusion ( o!rs4 ,! few necess>y exp]im5ts are sugge/$ & outl9$1 b a m complete laboratory c\rse c easily be suppli$ by ! in/ructor4 ,! explanation ( ea* topic is foll[$ by a few well-*os5 examples to fix & apply ! pr9ciples involv$4 ,a numb] ( pages are devot$ to ! /atic treatm5t ( =ce1 ) emphasis on ! idea ( action & reaction4 ,f\r-place tables ( ! natural trigonometric functions are includ$4 ,,am]ican ,,book ,,company ,,elem5ts ,,( ,,descriptive ,,geometry ,by ,,alb]t ,e4 ,,*ur*1 ,,ll4,d41 late ,pr(essor ( ,ma!matics1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,milit>y ,academy1 & ,,george ,m4 ,,b>tlett1 ,m4,a41 ,in/ructor 9 ,descriptive ,geometry & ,me*anism1 ,univ]sity ( ,mi*igan4 #b4be ,"p ,i4 ,or?ographic ,projections4 #a4ge ,?is is a mod]n treatm5t ( descriptive geometry ) applications to sph]ical projections1 %ades & %ad[s1 p]spective1 & isometric projections1 = ! use ( te*nical s*ools & colleges4 ,?\gh bas$ ^u ,pr(essor ,*ur*'s ,descriptive ,geometry1 & reta9+ z mu* z possible ! orig9al lucidity & concis5ess1 ?is "w diff]s f x q widely4 ,among ! sali5t features ( ! book are ! foll[+3 ,! figures & text are includ$ 9 ! same volume1 ea* figure be+ plac$ beside ! correspond+ text2 ,g5]al cases are pref]r$ to special ones2 ,a suffici5t numb] ( problems are solv$ 9 ! ?ird angle to famili>ize ! /ud5t ) its use2 ,a treatm5t ( ! pr(ile plane ( projection is introduc$2 ,_m ex]cises = practice h be5 introduc$2 ,sev]al new problems h be5 add$2 ,! old figures h be5 r$rawn1 & _m ( !m h be5 improv$2 ,sev]al ( ! m difficult elem5t>y problems h be5 illu/rat$ by pictorial views2 ,9 ! treatm5t ( curv$ surfaces1 all problems relat+ to s+le-curv$ surfaces are tak5 up fir/1 !n ^? relat+ to w>p$ surfaces1 & f9ally ^? relat+ to surfaces ( revolution4 ,exp]i5ce proves ?is ord] to be a logical "o1 z ! proc$ure is f ! simple to ! m complex4 ,also ! /ud5t is m quickly prep>$ = "w on int]sections & developm5ts4 ,,am]ican ,,book ,,company ,,descriptive ,,catalogue ,,( ,,high ,,s*ool ,,& ,,college ,,text-,,books ,publi%$ ,complete & 9 ,sections ,we issue a ,catalogue ( ,high ,s*ool & ,college ,text-,books1 :i* we h tri$ to make z valuable & z useful to tea*]s z possible4 ,9 ?is catalogue are set =? briefly & cle>ly ! scope & lead+ *>act]i/ics ( ea* ( our be/ text-books4 ,9 mo/ cases !re are also giv5 te/imonials f well-kn[n tea*]s1 :i* h be5 select$ q z mu* = _! descriptive qualities z = _! value z comm5dations4 ,= ! conv5i5ce ( tea*]s ?is ,catalogue is also publi%$ 9 sep>ate sections treat+ ( ! v>i\s bran*es ( /udy4 ,^! pamphlets are entitl$3 ,engli%1 ,ma!matics1 ,hi/ory & ,political ,sci5ce1 ,sci5ce1 ,mod]n ,languages1 ,anci5t ,languages1 & ,philosophy & ,education4 ,9 addition we h a s+le pamphlet devot$ to ,newe/ ,books 9 e subject4 ,tea*]s seek+ ! newe/ & be/ books = _! classes are invit$ to s5d = our ,complete ,high ,s*ool & ,college ,catalogue1 or = su* sections z may be ( greate/ int]e/4 ,copies ( our price li/s1 or ( special circul>s1 9 :i* ^! books are describ$ at great] l5g? ?an ! space limitations ( ! catalogue p]mit1 w be mail$ to any address on reque/4 ,all correspond5ce %\ld be address$ to ! ne>e/ ( ! foll[+ (fices ( ! company3 ,new ,york1 ,c9c9nati1 ,*icago1 ,bo/on1 ,atlanta1 ,san ,francisco4 ,,am]ican ,,book ,,company ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,italics are %[n ?us3 slop+4 ,small capitals h be5 capitalis$4 ,v>iations 9 spell+ & hyph5ation are reta9$4 ,p]ceiv$ typographical errors h be5 *ang$4