,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,und]scores 80 be=e & aft] a ^w or phrase indicate italics 9 ! orig9al text4 ,small capitals h be5 conv]t$ to ,,solid capitals4 ,illu/rations h be5 mov$ s !y d n break up p>agraphs4 ,typographical & punctuation errors h be5 sil5tly correct$4 ,:]e d\ble quotes h be5 repeat$ at ! beg9n+s ( p>agraphs1 !y h be5 omitt$ = cl>ity4 ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,utah 8,! ,head ( ! ,public ,s*ool ,sy/em ( ! ,/ate40 ,! ,univ]sity ( ,utah includes ! ,s*ool ( ,arts & ,sci5ces1 ! ,/ate ,normal ,s*ool1 ! ,/ate ,s*ool ( ,m9es1 & a ,s*ool ( ,m$ic9e4 ,s*ool ( ,arts & ,sci5ces4 ,! ,s*ool ( ,arts & ,sci5ces (f]s c\rses 93 #a4 ,g5]al ,sci5ce4 #b4 ,lib]al ,arts4 #c4 ,comm]ce & ,indu/ry4 #d4 ,gov]nm5t & ,adm9i/ration4 #e4 ,j\rnalism4 #f4 ,law 7fir/ two ye>s74 #g4 ,graduate ,c\rses4 ,/ate ,normal ,s*ool4 ,! ,normal ,s*ool (f]s3 #a4 ,sci5ce--,normal ,c\rse4 #b4 ,arts--,normal ,c\rse4 ,/ate ,s*ool ( ,m9es4 ,! ,/ate ,s*ool ( ,m9es (f]s ,c\rses 93 #a4 ,m9+ ,eng9e]+4 #b4 ,electrical ,eng9e]+4 #c4 ,civil ,eng9e]+4 #d4 ,me*anical ,eng9e]+4 #e4 ,*emical ,eng9e]+4 #f4 ,g5]al ,eng9e]+4 #g4 ,irrigation ,eng9e]+ 79 connection ) ! ,agricultural ,college ( ,utah74 #h4 ,graduate ,c\rses4 8,,/udy ,,m9+ ,,9 ,a ,,m9+ ,,c\ntry40 ,s*ool ( ,m$ic9e4 ,! ,s*ool ( ,m$ic9e (f]s3 #a4 ,arts--,m$ical ,c\rse 7f\r ye>s74 ,! proximity ( great m9es1 r$uction works ( v>i\s k9ds1 & p[] h\ses = ! g5]ation ( electricity af=d excell5t advantages = ?or\gh & practical "w 9 all ! eng9e]+ c\rses4 ,! %ops & ! v>i\s laboratories are ?or\ghly equipp$4 ,! libr>y is ! l>ge/ & be/ 9 ! /ate4 ,! faculty includes graduates f ! be/ univ]sities 9 ,am]ica & ,europe4 ,! ,catalogue1 :i* gives full in=mation conc]n+ c\rses1 etc41 w be s5t free ^u reque/4 ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,utah4 ,salt ,lake ,city1 ,utah4 ,,bullet9 ,no4 #c ,,utah ,,eng9e]+ ,,exp]im5t ,,/ation ,,janu>y1 #aiaj ,! ,con/ruction & ,ma9t5ance ,,( ,,e>? ,,roads ,,by ,,ri*>d ,r4 ,,lyman ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,civil ,,eng9e]+ ,illu/ration ,,/ate ,,s*ool ,,( ,,m9es ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,utah ,,salt ,,lake ,,city1 ,,utah ,introduction ,! ,utah ,eng9e]+ ,exp]im5t ,/ation 0 e/abli%$ by an ,act ( ! ,/ate ,legislature 9 ,m>* #aiji1 z a dep>tm5t ( ! ,/ate ,s*ool ( ,m9es1 ! eng9e]+ college ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,utah4 ,! /ation is au?oriz$ 8to c>ry on exp]im5ts & inve/igation1 p]ta9+ to any & all que/ions & problems t admit ( laboratory me?ods ( /udy1 & a solution ( :i* w\ld t5d to b5efit ! indu/rial int]e/s ( ! ,/ate1 or w\ld be = ! public good40 ,j n[ 9 ! ,/ate ( ,utah ! problem ( good roads--h[ to con/ruct & ma9ta9 !m--is prom95t 9 ! public m9d4 ,z a contribution to ! discussion ( ?is problem ,pr(essor ,ri*>d ,r4 ,lyman ( ! ,eng9e]+ ,exp]im5t ,/ation /aff (f]s ! subject matt] ( ?is bullet94 ,! publication & di/ribution ( su* an article is cle>ly )9 ! prov9ce ( ! privileges ( ! /ation4 ,x is hop$ t ?is contribution w help solve ! problem ( good roads 9 ,utah4 ,bullet9 ,no4 #a1 n[ out ( pr9t1 0 on 8,te/s on ,utah ,brick10 & ,no4 #b 0 on 8,te/s ( ,macadam ,rock40 ,! next bullet9 to be publi%$ w be te/s on ! cem5ts on ! ,utah ,m>ket4 ,s long z !y la/ bullet9s ( ?is ,/ation w be s5t free1 ^u application4 ,,joseph ,f4 ,,m]rill1 ,,director4 ,,utah ,,eng9e]+ ,,exp]im5t ,,/ation ,/ate ,s*ool ( ,m9es1 ,univ]sity ( ,utah ,,bullet9 ,,no4 #c ,,janu>y1 #aiaj ,! ,con/ruction & ,ma9t5ance ( ,e>? ,roads ,by ,ri*>d ,r4 ,lyman ,pr(4 ( ,civil ,eng9e]+1 ,univ]sity ( ,utah1 & ,vice-,*airman ,/ate ,road ,commission ,great in/itutions1 great movem5ts1 & great advances 9 sci5ce gr[1 !y d n spr+ into exi/5ce in/antly4 ,s x w be ) ! in/allation ( good roads--! sy/em mu/ gr[4 ,no legislation c be enact$ t w br+ into exi/5ce sudd5ly a f9e sy/em ( well made & well ma9ta9$ highways4 ,! beg9n+ mu/ be at ! bottom :]e ev5 ! be/ legislation c give no m ?an a good beg9n+ & !n1 by ! vigor\s application ( "w & wisdom1 a sy/em ( roads may be con/ruct$ t w be n only ! pride ( ! citiz5s ( ! /ate1 b a s\rce ( education1 prosp]ity1 & pleasure4 ,education1 because good roads w make x easy = boys & girls to get to ! grade s*ools1 & "y m5 & "y wom5 to ! high s*ools at all seasons ( ! ye>2 prosp]ity1 because f>m products c be put 9 ! m>ket :5 ! price is highe/1 & teams c be us$ pr(itably at o!r "w :5 !y _c be us$ on ! f>m2 pleasure1 because ( ! com=t ) :i*1 at all times1 ^? 9 ! c\ntry c travel1 ?us mak+ x possible to h & enjoy ! _m social advantages (f]$ 9 ! club1 ! *ur*1 & ! neighbor's home4 ,:51 by enact+ into law ! be/ road legislation x c1 ! legislature has made a beg9n+1 x is !n ! duty ( ! p to beg9 to le>n m conc]n+ roads & _! ma9t5ance4 ,x may be well1 9 ! imag9ation1 to picture h>d roads lead+ ev]y:]e1 b1 advocat+ _! con/ruction at once & work+ ev] s vigor\sly to ?is end1 w probably delay r ?an advance ?is "w1 = ! reason t ! co/ ( _! ma9t5ance is su* t1 if ^! roads 7 already con/ruct$1 x w\ld be impossible 9 ?is /ate at pres5t to keep !m 9 good condition4 ,x w take ye>s ( education to tea* ! p to place t value ^u good roads t w induce !m to sp5d1 bo? 9 ! con/ruction & ma9t5ance ( highways1 ev5 a small fraction ( ! sum x w\ld require to keep 9 repair an ext5sive sy/em ( h>d roads 9 ,utah4 ,f>m]s see at once :5 _! actual co/ is pres5t$1 t to make su* outlays is1 = !m1 utt]ly & absolutely impossible4 ,fir/ 9 ! natural developm5t ( a sy/em ( highways comes ! e>? road1 & s9ce a good road ( ?is "* is ! v be/ f\ndation = all k9ds ( bett] highways1 x may be consid]$1 n only z a road complete 9 & ( itself1 b also z an important "p ( e good road4 ,:5 ! p ?r\gh\t ! /ate h be5 s taught & tra9$ 9 road con/ruction t !y c & d actually con/ruct & ma9ta9 e>? roads 9 good condition1 ! f\ndation w !n be laid = "s1 or 9 fact = any bett] road1 & ! "t w h arriv$ 9 :i* ! con/ruction ( roads ) h>d surfaces ( "s sort c be tak5 up appropriately & p]haps effectively4 ,! discussion on roads1 road con/ruction1 & road ma9t5ance ( ! pa/ few ye>s has pretty well demon/rat$ t p g5]ally are ( ! op9ion t ! roads %\ld be improv$ & t ) ! g5]al improvem5t ( ! roads w come a correspond+ improvem5t 9 ! prosp]ity & g5]al uplift+ ( ! p 9 ! c\ntry di/ricts2 yet1 :ile ! op9ion is g5]al t roads %\ld be improv$1 !re is a va/ diff]5ce ( op9ion z to :at is ! be/ me?od to foll[ to rea* ! desir$ end4 ,h>d ,roads4 ,m5 ) money & automobiles are vigor\sly urg+ t road-build+ mat]ials ev]y:]e be te/$1 t road grad]s1 /one cru%]s1 & o!r exp5sive road-build+ ma*9]y be pur*as$1 & t ! prep>ation = comm5c+ road con/ruction be begun at once4 ,9 %ort1 !y are conduct+ a vigor\s campaign 9 ! int]e/ ( h>d roads--& 9 s do+1 !y may defeat _! own cause n[ z !y h done 9 ! pa/4 8,:5 ! h>d road en?usia/ began to tell ! f>m] h[ mu* x co/ him to haul 8 produce to m>ket10 says ,pr(essor ,bak]1 8& h[ mu* he c\ld save by ! con/ruction ( h>d roads1 he knew in/9ctively t ! conclusions 7 ridicul\s1 & ! cont9ual h>p+ ^u ^! false /ati/ics & absurd e/imates l$ him to believe t an attempt 0 be+ made to =ce h>d roads ^u him1 :e!r or no1 & 8 attitude *ang$ f "o ( indiff]5ce to "o ( op5 ho/ility to all road improvem5t40#a ,:at1 !n1 %\ld be ! l9e ( proc$ure8 8,unless a community is will+ & able to ma9ta9 ! e>? roads 9 a reasonably good condition10 says ,pr(essor ,bak] aga91 8x is useless to expect t x w be will+ or able to support a high class wagon road2 & !re=e1 ! dissem9ation ( correct in=mation conc]n+ ! con/ruction & c>e ( e>? roads is politically1 economically1 & physically ! fir/ /ep t[>ds a bett] =m ( con/ruction40#b ,footnote #a3 ,trans4 ,am4 ,soc41 ,c4 ,e41 ,vol4 ,,lxi41 p4 #dge4 ,footnote #b3 ,trans4 ,am4 ,soc41 ,c4 ,e41 ,vol4 ,,lxi41 p4 #dhj4 ,an e>? road to be a good road mu/ be 8dry1 smoo?1 & h>d40 ,^! ?ree conditions c\ld be ma9ta9$ ) comp>ative ease if ! e>? road c\ld be protect$ f wat]1 :i* is its greate/ de/roy] & "o ( ! mo/ important factors 9 ! de/ruction or det]ioration ( all roads4 ,s9ce 9 ,utah ! ra9fall is v small1 comp>$ ) t 9 ! ,ea/]n /ates & 9 ! /ates ( ! ,mississippi valley1 ! road problem is a mu* simpl] "o "h ?an !re4 ,dra9age4 ,if n actually ! mo/ important1 c]ta9ly ! dra9age ( a road is "o ( ! mo/ important factors to be consid]$ 9 ! con/ruction or 9 ! ma9t5ance ( t road4 ,a sy/em ( und]dra9age is a necessity1 :]e ! surface wat] comes ne> ! top ( ! gr\nd on :i* a road is to be built1 & dra9 tile laid longitud9ally on bo>ds to a c>efully & prop]ly made grade w c>ry su* wat] away4 ,=tunately h[ev]1 = ! build]s ( roads 9 ,utah !re are comp>atively few su* places :]e roads ne$ to be ma9ta9$ 9 ?is /ate4 ,dra9 tile1 h[ev]1 laid 9 s(t mat]ial1 )\t ! use ( a bo>d or plank to keep ! ends ( ! individual pieces ( pipe 9 l9e1 is practically valueless4 ,/&>d ,cross-,sections4 ,x is a small am\nt ( precipitation or ra9fall only t ! road build] "h mu/ take c>e (4 ,v wisely ! la/ legislature pass$ a law e/abli%+ /&>d cross-sections = ! roads 9 ?is /ate4 ,figures #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e & #f %[ 9 a cle>] way :at ^! cross-sections are1 ?an ^! c be %[n 9 ! law by ! use ( words only4 ,! elevation ( ! cr[n ( ! road above ! f5ce l9e v>ies f f\r in*es to eighte5 in*es1 ! am\nt dep5d+ on ! wid? ( ! /reet1 & ! dep? ( ! dra9 dit*es on ! sides ( ! roadway is z %[n "s two feet bel[ ! grade ( ! f5ce l9e4 ,! roadways & sidewalks z ! figures giv+ ! cross-sections %[1 all h su* slopes1 t wat] fall+ ^u ^! surfaces w fl[ quickly into ! dra9 dit*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,two ,rod ,lane ,fig4 #a ,illu/ration3 ,f\r ,rod ,/reet ,fig4 #b ,illu/ration3 ,five ,rod ,/reet ,fig4 #c ,illu/ration3 ,six ,rod ,/reet ,fig4 #d ,road ,grades4 ,"s ( our c\ntry roads 9 ,utah h be5 v well con/ruct$ z f> z ! cross section is conc]n$1 b no p>ticul> att5tion has be5 paid to ! grade ( ! road 9 ! direction ( its l5g? except :5 "w has be5 done to r$uce ! grade on /eep pit*es4 ,roads %\ld h a grade or slope ( ab\t #a to #hj1 or #a p] c5t1 9 ! direction ( _! l5g?1 s t wat] w n rema9 9 any small ruts t may be =m$1 b w fl[ along !m to a po9t :]e x w fl[ f ! rut into ! dra9 dit*4 ,dra9 ,dit*es4 ,! slope ( ! dra9 dit*es %\ld be ! same z ! slope ( ! road & _! cross-sections %\ld be practically ! same at all po9ts1 s t all ! wat] fl[+ into !m w fl[ promptly to a ne>by cross dra9 t w c>ry x entirely away f ! road4 ,illu/ration3 ,sev5 ,rod ,/reet ,fig4 #e ,9 _m cases unsightly1 unev5 holes are dug on ei!r side ( ! roadway 9 ord] to secure mat]ial = mak+ ! cr[n ( ! road & ! wat]1 :i* ga!rs 9 ^!1 keeps ! f\ndation "u ! road always s(t4 ,illu/ration3 ,eight ,rod ,/reet ,fig4 #f ,cross-dra9s %\ld be provid$ at all 8l[ places40 ,culv]ts %\ld be con/ruct$ "u ! roadway at ^! po9ts to c>ry ! wat] f ! upp] to ! l[] side ( ! road4 ,if /orm wat] is c>ri$ quickly well away f a road1 ! condition ( t road = travel+ w be greatly improv$4 ,b ra9 & o!r /orms d n g5]ally put roads into _! wor/ condition4 ,?is comes 9 ! spr+ "t1 :5 ! fro/ 8comes out ( ! gr\nd40 ,obs]vation %[s1 h[ev]1 t n mu* fro/ gets into dry gr\nd1 s t if a road is prop]ly ma9ta9$ dur+ ! fall1 & ! fall & w9t] /orm wat] is promptly dra9$ well away f ! road1 fro/ c d ! road v little damage4 ,x _c loos5 up ! e>?1 r5d]+ x s(t & mu%y1 z x does e>? t is fill$ ) moi/ure4 ,to make good e>? roads 9 ! spr+1 !re=e1 requires good dra9age & c>eful ma9t5ance dur+ ! fall & w9t]4 ,! av]age c\ntry road 9 ,utah c be con/ruct$ ) its c5t] rais$ six in*es = f #dj4jj to #ej4jj p] mile4 ,to raise ! cr[n ( ! road six in*es m above ! sides w co/ ab\t ! same am\nt4 ,ma9t5ance4 ,ev5 m important ?an a prop] con/ruction ( a road is ! prop] ma9t5ance ( t road4 ,!re is a diff]5ce1 too1 betwe5 ma9t5ance & repair4 ,! "o keeps ! road 9 good condition always1 ! o!r puts x 9 good condition occasionally4 8,:at a m9ute & a %ovelful ( e>? w d z ma9t5ance may require loads ( e>? & h\rs ( "t z repairs40 ,! road grad] ) its incl9$ blade1 its f\r :eels1 & its comp>atively complex ma*9]y1 :5 us$ = ma9ta9+ or repair+ an e>? road m]ely cuts (f ! high places & deposits 9 ! l[ places1 ! e>? ?us cut away4 ,devices = ,ma9t5ance4 ,! level]1 a frame-"w ( planks held on edge & drawn 9 ! direction ( ! l5g? ( ! road ) ?ree or f\r ( ! timb]s at "r angles to ?is direction1 r5d]s good s]vice by tak+ (f ! high places & fill+ up ! l[ ones4 ,! weight ( ?is device & ! great] wid? ( its timb]s1 make x pack ! e>? into l[ places bett] ?an ! road grad] does4 ,b s9ce ! blade ( ! grad] c be set at su* an angle ) ! direction ( ! road t x w con/antly c>ry ! e>? f ! out] edge t[>d ! cr[n ( ! road1 x makes ! c5t] ( ! road high1 z x %\ld1 :ile ! level] makes x flat4 ,illu/ration3 ,plan ( ,split-,log ,road ,drag ,fig4 #g ,! triangul> %ap$ drag has1 to a c]ta9 degree1 ! good qualities ( bo? ! devices j nam$1 b :at is g5]ally reg>d$ z ! be/ device = repair+ & ma9ta9+ e>? roads is ! ,k+ road drag or ! split-log drag4 ,split-,log ,drag4 ,a split-log drag actually con/ruct$ ( a log split 9 two is %[n 9 ,fig4 #h2 :ile ?is same device1 con/ruct$ ( planks1 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #i4 ,illu/ration3 ,split-,log ,road ,drag ,fig4 #h ,practically all ! good qualities ( all ! o!r devices us$ up to ?is "t = ma9ta9+ e>? roads are f\nd 9 ! split-log drag4 ,fig4 #g %[s ! drag ) ! d\bletree atta*$1 & !re=e x %[s ! position ( ! team draw+ ! drag ) respect to ! drag itself4 ,! diagonal brace betwe5 ! two heavy timb]s ne> ! =w>d end is us$ to keep ! end ( ! timb] :i* travels ahead f vibrat+4 ,! *a9 by :i* ?is device is drawn may be atta*$ directly to ! front timb] or x may be ext5d$ ?r\gh holes 9 ?is timb] & be atta*$ to ! timb] 9 ! re>4 ,if1 in/ead ( pass+ ?r\gh ! hole ,a 7,fig4 #i47 ! *a9 is c>ri$ ov] ?is timb] & atta*$ to ! timb] ,b1 m room w ?us be made = e>? 9 front ( ! drag to slide "u ! *a94 ,illu/ration3 ,plank ,road ,drag ,fig4 #i ,! angle ! sides ( ! drag make ) ! direction ( ! road c be v>i$ at pleasure by atta*+ ! d\bletree to diff]5t l9ks ( ! *a94 ,! team/] w soon le>n by exp]i5ce t *ang+ 8 position z he rides on ! drag w affect ! "w ( ! drag v mat]ially1 & he w soon le>n also h[ & :5 to *ange 8 position 9 ord] to obta9 ! be/ results4 ,importance ( ,us+ ,drag4 ,! prop] & be/ use ( ?is drag or ! c>eful ma9t5ance ( ! ord9>y e>? road is p]haps ! mo/ important lesson 9 8roads0 ,utah p h to le>n at ?is "t4 ,x is m important ?an ! actual grad+ or con/ruction ( ^! roads4 ,:5 to ,use ,drag4 ,?is drag %\ld be us$ ^u ! road aft] e heavy ra9 & aft] e big ?aw z fai?fully z ! successful dry-f>m] h>r[s 8 crop at ^! same times4 ,=tunately1 too1 ! road dries fa/] ?an ! f>m+ l&1 s t ! "w on ! roads c be complet$ be=e teams c1 to advantage1 be tak5 ^u ! f>ms to "w4 ,pr(essor ,ira4 ,o4 ,bak] ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,ill9ois1 9 an excell5t article on ! ma9t5ance ( roads 9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,am]ican ,society ( ,civil ,eng9e]s1 ,vol4 ,,lxi41 gives a description & also draw+s ( ! split-log drag4 ,8 draw+s are reproduc$ 9 ,figs4 #g1 #h1 & #i4 ,he describes ! drag z foll[s3 8,f>m]s 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry = _m ye>s1 h us$ v>i\s devices occasionally 9 smoo?+ ! surface ( ! e>? roads2 b ( all ^!1 none seems to h devis$ a bett] =m ( ma*9e or be5 m p]si/5t & intellig5t 9 its use ?an ,mr4 ,d4 ,w>d ,k+1 ( ,maitl&1 ,mo4 ,mr4 ,k+ devis$ :at he calls ! split-log drag4 ,a plan ( ! split-log drag z %[n 9 ,fig4 #g1 & ,fig4 #h is a p]spective view4 ,! drag may be made f a log t5 or twelve in*es 9 diamet] & f sev5 to n9e feet long4 ,a light wood1 l elm1 is pref]able to a heavy "o1 l oak4 ,! cross braces may be r\nd or squ>e /icks f ?ree to f\r in*es 9 diamet]1 ! ends fitt+ into two-in* aug] holes4 ,a bo>d1 n %[n 9 ! cut1 is laid ^u ! cross-pieces = ! driv] to /& ^u4 ,! drag may also be made ( two pieces ( plank1 t5 or twelve in*es wide & f sev5 to n9e feet long4 ,! plank drag is %[n 9 ,fig4 #i4 ,x is wise to re9=ce ! wide planks ) ei!r a #a by #f-;94 or a #b by #f-;94 /rip z %[n 9 ,fig4 #i4 ,! drag is drawn by two horses1 & its l5g? %\ld be proportional to ! weight ( ! horses4 ,a drag sev5 feet long is ab\t "r = a team ( #abjj-lb4 horses1 & "o n9e feet long = two #afjj-lb4 horses4 ,! driv] rides ^u ! drag1 & v>ies its effect by 8 position ^u x4 ,! drag does ! be/ "w :5 ! soil is moi/1 b n /icky4 ,if ! roadway is badly rutt$ & full ( holes1 x is well to drag x :5 ! surface is slu%y40 ,common ,mi/akes ,) ,drag4 ,mr4 ,k+1 ! gov]nm5t exp]t on ! split-log drag1 says3#c 8,two mi/akes are commonly made 9 con/ruct+ a drag4 ,! fir/ lies 9 mak+ x too heavy4 ,x %\ld be s light t "o man c easily lift x4 ,besides1 a light drag responds m readily to v>i\s me?ods ( hit*+ & to ! %ift+ ( ! position & weight ( ! op]ator4 999999 ,a drag c be made heavi] at any "t by prop] weight+4 ,! o!r mi/ake is 9 ! use ( squ>e timb]s1 in/ead ( ^? ) %>p edges1 :]eby ! cutt+ effect ( %>p edges is lo/ & ! drag is p]mitt$ to glide ov] in/ead ( to equalize ! irregul>ities 9 ! surface ( ! road4 9999990 ,iron on ,drag4 8,a /rip ( iron ab\t #c feet long1 ?ree or f\r in*es wide & "o-qu>t] ( an in* ?ick may be us$ = ! blade4 ,?is %\ld be atta*$ to ! front slab s t x w be "o-half in* bel[ ! l[] edge ( ! slab at ! dit* end1 :ile ! end ( ! iron t[>d ! middle ( ! road %\ld be flu% ) ! edge ( ! slab4 ,! bolts hold+ ! blade 9 place %\ld h flat heads & ! holes to receive !m %\ld be c\nt]-sunk4 ,if ! face ( ! log /&s plumb1 x is well to w$ge out ! l[] edge ( ! blade ) a ?ree-corn]$ /rip ( wood to give x a set l ! bit ( a plane40 ,mr4 ,*as4 ,h4 ,hoyt ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,(fice ( ,public ,roads1 says1#d 8,! split-log drag is a v simple affair1 co/s #b4jj to build1 is economical to use1 & e f>m] or team/] liv+ along a c\ntry road1 :o is int]e/$ 9 hav+ ! road pa/ 8 place kept 9 good condition & is also int]e/$ to keep highway taxes d[n1 %\ld h a split-log drag40 ,footnote #c3 ,! ,use ( ! ,split-,log ,drag on ,e>? ,roads1 ,f>m]s' ,bullet91 #cba1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 by ,d4 ,w>d ,k+1 pp4 #a1 #f & #g4 ,footnote #d3 ,! ,cornell ,civil ,eng9e]1 ,decemb]1 #aiji1 p4 #ha4 ,to ma9ta9 9 ?is way all ! important rural roads w make x necess>y to put to "w _m ( ! teams t are idle :5 ?is "w %\ld be done4 ,p]haps "s sy/em c be devis$ t w require ea* f>m] to ma9ta9 t portion ( road 9 8 neighborhood1 & = s do+ he may be exempt f pay+ a ca% road tax4 ,^? :o pref] to d s c pay ! tax 9 money1 & ! funds ?us d]iv$ c be us$ to pay = ! g5]al sup]vision ( ?is ma9t5ance-"w1 & = ! actual "w ( ma9t5ance on ! roads :]e f>m]s d n c>e to d ! "w !mselves4 ,e>? or ,macadam ,road4 ,s9ce ! h>d1 dry1 smoo? e>? road is an excell5t road1 & s9ce x is possible ) reasonable ef=t to induce ! p to con/ruct & ma9ta9 su* a road f "o end ( ?is /ate to ! o!r1 ) a good _m side roads ( ! same sort on ! way1 :y n /rive = ?is possible end1 in/ead ( attempt+ to get a few miles ( h>d road con/ruct$8 ,su* a road c\ld be po9t$ to ) pride by e citiz5 ( ! /ate 9 ! pres5ce ( any citiz5 ( any o!r /ate4 ,w\ld x n be bett] to h a well con/ruct$ & c>efully ma9ta9$ e>? road f ,logan to ,/4 ,george1 a di/ance ( #cej miles1 ?an to h ! be/ t> macadam road = a di/ance ( #cg miles betwe5 ,ogd5 & ,salt ,lake ,city8 ,! long] road w\ld co/ #be1jjj ) _m int]e/$ & will+ p to pay = x1 :ile ! o!r w\ld co/ ?irty-sev5 times z mu* ) few] p p]sonally int]e/$ 9 x4 ,e f>m] betwe5 ,logan & ,/4 ,george drives ^u ! public highway1 :ile _m p]sons 9 ! l>g] cities r>ely1 if ev]1 d4 ,co/ ( ,roads4 ,an ord9>y macadam road two rods wide co/s ab\t #bj1jjj p] mile2 a t> macadam road ab\t #be1jjj p] mile2 an asphaltum pavem5t "s #dd1jjj p] mile2 a gravel road1 cov]$ ) gravel "o foot deep1 co/s f #a1fjj to #e1jjj p] mile1 & ! co/ ( con/ruct+ an e>? road ! same wid? v>ies f #dj to #ajj p] mile4 ,:ile ! figures giv5 are ! co/s ( con/ruct+ v>i\s roads two rods wide1 ?is occasion is tak5 to emphasize ! fact t a road sixte5 feet wide is broad en\gh 9 mo/ c\ntry di/ricts1 :ile 9 sp>sely settl$ p>ts ev5 n>r[] roads w answ] all actual ne$s v well4 ,ord9>y ,macadam4 ,ord9>y macadam pavem5t is compos$ ( c>efully select$ /one & gravel ?or\ghly roll$ into a compact mass1 ) ! mat]ial s grad$ t ! co>se/ /ones are on ! bottom & ! f9] b9d+ mat]ial is on ! top4 ,su* a roadway prov$ v satisfactory until ! g5]al adv5t ( ! automobile4 ,9 ord] to resi/ ! digg+ or scrat*+ effect ( ! driv+ :eels ( high spe$ motor c>s1 :i* is te*nically call$ ! %e>1 x is necess>y to use t> or "s o!r b9d+ mat]ial = hold+ ! p>ticles ( /one m firmly toge!r4 ,t> ,macadam4 ,t> macadam roads are con/ruct$ ! same z o!r macadam roads1 except t ! top lay]s ( brok5 /one are cov]$ ) hot t> be=e !y are roll$ into place4 ,co/s ,comp>$4 ,if #gj p] mile be tak5 z ! co/ ( con/ruct+ an e>? road two rods wide1 ! co/ ( build+ "o mile ( gravel road w build "s fifty miles ( e>? road2 "o mile ( ord9>y macadam w build #cjj miles ( e>? road2 "o mile ( t> macadam w build #cfj miles ( e>? road2 & "o mile ( asphalt pavem5t w con/ruct #fjj miles ( e>? road4 ,! ,e>? ,road a ,portion ( ,bett] ,roads4 ,an important argum5t 9 favor ( ! e>? road is ! fact t :5 x is laid out & con/ruct$1 x is ! beg9n+ ( a fir/-class gravel road1 a fir/-class macadam road1 or a fir/-class t> macadam road1 s t by gett+ ! e>? road made1 ! individual int]e/$ prim>ily 9 ! con/ruction ( h>d roads has succe$$ 9 gett+ ! h>d road well begun4 ,roads 9 ,s& & ,s(t ,clay4 ,:ile ne>ly ev]y:]e 9 ,utah ! soil is su* t x w make a good e>? road1 !re are p>ts 9 :i* ! s(t clay is fill$ ) alkali1 & !re are o!r p>ts :]e !re are ext5sive /ret*es ( s&4 ,nei!r ( ^! alone c be made into an e>? road t w be a good1 passable road all ! ye> r\nd4 ,! s& road is be/ 9 wet wea!r1 :ile ! alkali road is be/ 9 dry wea!r4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! s(t clay & ! s& are s mix$ on ! road t ! clay j fills ! op5+s or int]/ices betwe5 ! gra9s ( s&1 & yet ?is quantity is n s l>ge z to keep ! gra9s ( s& f t\*+ or com+ 9 contact ) "o ano!r1 ! road1 if prop]ly & con/antly ma9ta9$1 w be a good "o4 ,co/ ( ,ma9t5ance4 ,s9ce prop] ma9t5ance is an important "p ( ! "w on ord9>y roads1 its co/ w be consid]$ briefly4 ,! repairs & ma9t5ance on an asphalt pavem5t co/ f #i to #fj c5ts p] squ>e y>d annually1 or = a two rod road ! co/ is f #a1gej to #aa1fjj p] mile p] ye>2 on a t> macadam road ! co/ is f #b1jjj to #d1jjj p] mile p] ye>2 on a gravel road x is ab\t #dj p] mile p] annum1 :ile = #e p] mile p] ye> an e>? road c be kept 9 a condition ( repair t w surprise ^? :o h n us$ ! split-log drag on su* a road4 ,z already /at$1 n>r[] roads w answ] all necess>y dem&s 9 _m p>ts1 & ma9ta9+ su* w r$uce ! co/ proportionately4 ,a well kept n>r[ road is inf9itely bett] ?an a broad "o 9 bad condition4 ,e>? ,roads ,poorly ,kept4 ,conc]n+ ! ma9t5ance & ! con/ruction ( roads1 ,mr4 ,*>les ,h4 ,hoyt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,(fice ( ,public ,roads1 writes3#e 8,x is sad :5 we h to say t because ( neglect ! roads t h already be5 built h be5 all[$ to g to pieces & h n be5 prop]ly ma9ta9$4 ,ev5 our ord9>y dirt roads are horrible examples ( ?is /atem5t40 ,on ! value to a community ( good roads1 ,mr4 ,hoyt says1 9 ! same article3 8,any c\ntry :i* long] cont9ues to insi/ ^u rema9+ /agnant conc]n+ highways1 w soon be class$ beh9d ! times & avoid$ by progressive citiz5s40 ,mr4 ,d4 ,h[>d ,k+1 ,exp]t on ,split-log ,drag1 ,(fice ( ,public ,roads1 has prep>$ a bullet9 call$ ,f>m]s' ,bullet91 ,no4 #cba1 on 8,! ,use ( ! ,split-,log ,drag on ,e>? ,roads40 ,all :o are int]e/$ 9 ?is subject %\ld secure a copy ( ?is excell5t pap] f ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 & make a c>eful /udy ( ! same4 ,footnote #e3 ,! ,cornell ,civil ,eng9e]1 ,dec41 #aiji4 ,drag ,r$uces ,du/4 ,on ! use ( ?is drag ! bullet9 says1 9 "p3 8,clay1 :5 mix$ ) wat] & ?or\ghly work$1 becomes rem>kably t\gh & imp]vi\s to wat]4 ,if compact$ 9 ?is condition x becomes extremely h>d4 ,ano!r valuable result ( dragg+ is ! r$uction ( du/1 = ! p>ticles ( clay adh]e s t5aci\sly t !re is b little we> :5 ! surface is smoo?4 ,du/ on an e>? road is due to ! break+ up "u traffic ( ! fray$ & upturn$ edges ( ruts & ho( pr9ts4 ,if ! surface is smoo!d aft] ea* ra9 & ! road dries h>d & ev51 no edges are expos$ to cru%+1 & ! only du/ :i* =ms is t due to actual we> ( ! road surface40 ,examples & ,_! ,co/4 ,! bullet9 quotes ,mr4 ,f4 ,p4 ,sanborne#f z foll[s3 8,! lea/ exp5se p] mile 7= dragg+7 0 ab\t #a4ej2 ! greate/1 a little ov] #f2 ! av]age exp5se p] mile = five & "o-half miles1 a little less ?an #c40 ,cont9u+1 ,mr4 ,sanborne says3 8,! writ] has liv$ by ?is piece ( road all 8 life1 & al?\gh we h _h ! extremes ( wea!r ?is season1 bo? wet & dry1 n = =ty ye>s has ! road 9 "q be5 s free f mud & du/4 ,p>ties :o h kn[n ! road all _! lives are agre$ t x nev] 0 9 s good a condition a season ?r\gh40 ,footnote #f3 ,report ( ,highway ,commission ( ,ma9e1 #aijf1 p4 #aab4 8,! total exp5se = twelve mon?s on tw5ty-eight miles ( road 9 ,i[a10 cont9ues ,mr4 ,hoyt1 8av]ag$ #b4dj p] mile1 & ! roads 7 report$ to h be5 #8l a race track' ! l>g] portion ( ! ye>4 ,a numb] ( f>m]s 9 ,ray c\nty1 ,miss\ri1 employ$ "o ( _! numb] to drag a five-mile /ret*4 ,he receiv$ comp5sation at ! rate ( #c p] day4 ,:5 ! end ( ! ye> came & a settlem5t 0 made1 ! co/ = ! ye> 0 f\nd to be #a4ff p] mile4 ,! road is a t\gh clay1 & my in=mant decl>es x 0 always mu* bett] ?an ! o!r roads 9 ! neighborhood4 ,pr(4 ,william ,rob]tson ( ! ,m9nesota ,agricultural /ation1 aft] a ye>'s exp]i5ce 9 dragg+ a #8ma9 road made entirely ( gumbo1 )\t any s& or gravel1 & :i* dur+ ! pa/ ye> has %[n no defects ei!r by rutt+ or developm5t ( s(t places1' fixes ! co/ ( ! "w at n to exce$ #e p] mile40 ,s9ce 9 ,ma9e1 ,i[a1 ,miss\ri & ,m9nesota1 ! f\r /ates j ref]r$ to1 !re is a comp>atively great annual ra9fall1 :ile 9 ,utah ! ra9fall is comp>atively small1 ! co/ ( ma9ta9+ ! e>? road 9 ,utah w be correspond+ly less & ! results w be proportionately great]4 ,if ! /ate legislature1 ! ,automobile ,club ( ,utah1 "s o!r organization or "s philan?ropic individual1 w (f] an annual prize ( #ajjj to ! c\nty actually con/ruct+ & ma9ta9+ dur+ ! ye> ! be/ five miles ( e>? road1 ! numb] ( excell5t roads t w be built 9 ! next few ye>s w be a mo/ pleasant surprise to all :o are anxi\s to see good roads con/ruct$4 ,! bett]1 &1 9 fact1 ! be/ roads w come along naturally aft] we h a fir/-class sy/em ( e>? roads built & well ma9ta9$ g5]ally ?r\gh\t ! /ate4 ,:5 once ! ef=ts ( all our good-roads en?usia/s are unit$ on con/ruct+ & ma9ta9+ fir/-class e>? roads ev]y:]e1 ! road problem 9 ,utah w be solv$1 & our road sy/ems w be ! pride ( ! :ole /ate4 ,:at is ! ,/ate ,s*ool ( ,m9es8 ,! ,/ate ,s*ool ( ,m9es is ! college ( eng9e]+ ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,utah4 ,x is an organic "p ( ! ,univ]sity & enjoys all ! advantages t spr+ f an intimate connection betwe5 a te*nical college & a mod]n univ]sity4 ,,c\rses4 ,! s*ool (f]s sev5 f\r-ye> c\rses lead+ to ba*elor's degrees1 also graduate c\rses lead+ to ! degree ( ma/] ( sci5ce 9 sev]al l9es ( eng9e]+4 ,! sev5 f\r-ye> c\rses are 9 ,,m9+ ,,eng9e]+1 ,,electrical ,,eng9e]+1 ,,civil ,,eng9e]+1 ,,me*anical ,,eng9e]+1 ,,*emical ,,eng9e]+1 ,,g5]al ,,eng9e]+1 & ,,irrigation ,,eng9e]+1 ! fir/ "p ( ! c\rse 9 irrigation eng9e]+ be+ giv51 h[ev]1 by ! ,agricultural ,college at ,logan4 ,graduate c\rses are (f]$ 9 ea* ( ^! l9es ( eng9e]+4 ,,facilities ,,& ,,equipm5t4 ,! s*ool is provid$ ) a fir/-class equipm5t to d its "w4 ,! laboratories are all well furni%$1 9 ?is respect rank+ ) ! =emo/ colleges ( ! c\ntry4 ,! tea*]s are all speciali/s & ! me?ods ( in/ruction mod]n4 ,= m9+ "w ! location ( ! s*ool is unexcell$1 ,salt ,lake ,city be+ ! c5t] ( a great m9+ region1 :i* makes x easy to provide abundant & inexp5sive field "w4 ,,exp5ses4 ,! exp5ses at ! s*ool are v l[1 ! co/ ( regi/ration & tuition be+ f t5 to tw5ty-five doll>s p] ye>4 ,! s*ool is c]ta9ly among ! mo/ inexp5sive good eng9e]+ colleges 9 ! c\ntry = a /ud5t to att5d4 ,catalogues & illu/rat$ circul>s are s5t free ^u reque/4 ,,skelton ,,publi%+ ,,co4 ,,salt ,,lake ,,city