,transcriber's ,notes3      ,underscores
 80 before and after a word or phrase   
indicate italics      in the original   
text4    ,small capitals have been      
converted to ,,solid capitals4          
,illustrations have been moved so they  
do not break up paragraphs4             
,typographical and punctuation errors   
have been silently corrected4    ,where 
double quotes have been repeated at the 
beginnings of      paragraphs1 they have
 been omitted for clarity4              
,,university ,,of ,,utah                
8,the ,head of the ,public ,school      
,system of the ,state40    ,the         
,university of ,utah includes the       
,school of ,arts and ,sciences1  the    
,state ,normal ,school1 the ,state      
,school of ,mines1 and a ,school of     
,medicine4                              
,school of ,arts and ,sciences4         
,the ,school of ,arts and ,sciences     
offers courses in3        #a4 ,general  
,science4      #b4 ,liberal ,arts4      
#c4 ,commerce and ,industry4      #d4   

,government and ,administration4        
#e4 ,journalism4      #f4 ,law 7first   
two years74      #g4 ,graduate ,courses4
                               ,state   
,normal ,school4        ,the ,normal    
,school offers3        #a4              
,science--,normal ,course4      #b4     
,arts--,normal ,course4        ,state   
,school of ,mines4                      
,the ,state ,school of ,mines offers    
,courses in3        #a4 ,mining         
,engineering4      #b4 ,electrical      
,engineering4      #c4 ,civil           
,engineering4      #d4 ,mechanical      
,engineering4      #e4 ,chemical        
,engineering4      #f4 ,general         
,engineering4      #g4 ,irrigation      
,engineering 7in connection with the    
,agricultural ,college of ,utah74       
#h4 ,graduate ,courses4        8,,study 
,,mining ,,in ,a ,,mining ,,country40   
,school of ,medicine4        ,the       
,school of ,medicine offers3        #a4 
,arts--,medical ,course 7four years74   
,the proximity of great mines1 reduction

 works of various kinds1 and  power     
houses for the generation of electricity
 afford excellent  advantages for       
thorough and practical work in all the  
engineering  courses4 ,the shops and the
 various laboratories are thoroughly    
equipped4        ,the library is the    
largest and best in the state4          
,the faculty includes graduates from the
 best universities in          ,america 
and ,europe4        ,the ,catalogue1    
which gives full information concerning 
courses1          etc41 will be sent    
free upon request4                      
,,university ,,of ,,utah4               
,salt ,lake ,city1 ,utah4               
,,bulletin ,no4 #c                      
,,utah ,,engineering ,,experiment       
,,station                               
,,january1 #aiaj                        
,the ,construction and ,maintenance     
,,of                                    
,,earth ,,roads                         
,,by                                    
,,richard ,r4 ,,lyman                   

,,professor ,,of ,,civil ,,engineering  
,illustration                           
,,state ,,school ,,of ,,mines           
,,university ,,of ,,utah                
,,salt ,,lake ,,city1 ,,utah            
,introduction      ,the ,utah           
,engineering ,experiment ,station was   
established by an ,act of  the ,state   
,legislature in ,march #aiji1 as a      
department of the ,state  ,school of    
,mines1 the engineering college of the  
,university of ,utah4  ,the station is  
authorized 8to carry on experiments and 
investigation1  pertaining to any and   
all questions and problems that admit of
  laboratory methods of study1 and a    
solution of which would tend to  benefit
 the industrial interests of the ,state1
 or would be for the  public good40     
,just now in the ,state of ,utah the    
problem of good roads--how to  construct
 and maintain them--is prominent in the 
public mind4 ,as a  contribution to the 
discussion of this problem ,professor   
,richard ,r4  ,lyman of the ,engineering

 ,experiment ,station staff offers the  
subject  matter of this bulletin4 ,the  
publication and distribution of such  an
 article is clearly within the province 
of the privileges of the  station4 ,it  
is hoped that this contribution will    
help solve the problem  of good roads in
 ,utah4    ,bulletin ,no4 #a1 now out of
 print1 was on 8,tests on ,utah ,brick10
 and ,no4  #b was on 8,tests of ,macadam
 ,rock40 ,the next bulletin to be       
published  will be tests on the cements 
on the ,utah ,market4 ,so long as they  
last  bulletins of this ,station will be
 sent free1 upon application4           
,,joseph ,f4 ,,merrill1 ,,director4     
,,utah ,,engineering ,,experiment       
,,station                  ,state       
,school of ,mines1 ,university of ,utah 
,,bulletin ,,no4 #c                     
,,january1 #aiaj                        
,the ,construction and ,maintenance of  
,earth ,roads                           
,by ,richard ,r4 ,lyman                 
,prof4 of ,civil ,engineering1          

,university of ,utah1                   
and ,vice-,chairman                     
,state ,road ,commission      ,great    
institutions1 great movements1 and great
 advances in science  grow1 they do not 
spring into existence instantly4 ,so it 
will be with  the installation of good  
roads--the system must grow4 ,no        
legislation can  be enacted that will   
bring into existence suddenly a fine    
system of  well made and well maintained
 highways4 ,the beginning must be at the
  bottom where even the best legislation
 can give no more than a good  beginning
 and then1 by the vigorous application  
of work and wisdom1 a  system of roads  
may be constructed that will be not only
 the pride of  the citizens of the      
state1 but a source of education1       
prosperity1 and  pleasure4 ,education1  
because good roads will make it easy for
 boys and  girls to get to the grade    
schools1 and young men and young women  
to  the high schools at all seasons of  
the year2 prosperity1 because farm      

products can be put in the market when  
the price is highest1 and teams  can be 
used profitably at other work when they 
cannot be used on the  farm2 pleasure1  
because of the comfort with which1 at   
all times1 those  in the country can    
travel1 thus making it possible to have 
and enjoy  the many social advantages   
offered in the club1 the church1 and the
  neighbor's home4    ,when1 by enacting
 into law the best road legislation it  
can1 the  legislature has made a        
beginning1 it is then the duty of the   
people to  begin to learn more          
concerning roads and their maintenance4 
,it may be  well1 in the imagination1 to
 picture hard roads leading everywhere1 
but1 advocating their construction at   
once and working ever so  vigorously to 
this end1 will probably delay rather    
than advance this  work1 for the reason 
that the cost of their maintenance is   
such that1  if these roads were already 
constructed1 it would be impossible in  
this  state at present to keep them in  

good condition4 ,it will take years of  
education to teach the people to place  
that value upon good roads that  will   
induce them to spend1 both in the       
construction and maintenance of         
highways1 even a small fraction of the  
sum it would require to keep in  repair 
an extensive system of hard roads in    
,utah4 ,farmers see at once  when their 
actual cost is presented1 that to make  
such outlays is1 for  them1 utterly and 
absolutely impossible4    ,first in the 
natural development of a system of      
highways comes the  earth road1 and     
since a good road of this character is  
the very best  foundation for all kinds 
of better highways1 it may be           
considered1 not  only as a road complete
 in and of itself1 but also as an       
important  part of every good road4     
,when the people throughout the state   
have  been so taught and trained in road
 construction that they can and do      
actually construct and maintain earth   
roads in good condition1 the  foundation

 will then be laid for some1 or in fact 
for any better road1  and the time will 
have arrived in which the construction  
of roads with  hard surfaces of some    
sort can be taken up appropriately and  
perhaps  effectively4    ,the discussion
 on roads1 road construction1 and road  
maintenance of  the past few years has  
pretty well demonstrated that people    
generally  are of the opinion that the  
roads should be improved and that with  
the  general improvement of the roads   
will come a corresponding improvement   
in the prosperity and general uplifting 
of the people in the country  districts2
 yet1 while the opinion is general that 
roads should be  improved1 there is a   
vast difference of opinion as to what is
 the best  method to follow to reach the
 desired end4      ,hard ,roads4    ,men
 with money and automobiles are         
vigorously urging that road-building    
materials everywhere be tested1 that    
road graders1 stone crushers1  and other
 expensive road-building machinery be   

purchased1 and that  the preparation for
 commencing road construction be begun  
at once4 ,in  short1 they are conducting
 a vigorous campaign in the interest of 
hard  roads--and in so doing1 they may  
defeat their own cause now as they  have
 done in the past4 8,when the hard road 
enthusiast began to tell  the farmer how
 much it cost him to haul his produce to
 market10 says  ,professor ,baker1 8and 
how much he could save by the           
construction of  hard roads1 he knew    
instinctively that the conclusions were 
ridiculous1  and the continual harping  
upon these false statistics and absurd  
estimates led him to believe that an    
attempt was being made to force  hard   
roads upon him1 whether or no1 and his  
attitude changed from one  of           
indifference to one of open hostility to
 all road improvement40#a    ,what1     
then1 should be the line of procedure8  
8,unless a community is  willing and    
able to maintain the earth roads in a   
reasonably good  condition10 says       

,professor ,baker again1 8it is useless 
to expect that  it will be willing or   
able to support a high class wagon road2
 and  therefore1 the dissemination of   
correct information concerning the      
construction and care of earth roads is 
politically1 economically1 and          
physically the first step towards a     
better form of construction40#b         
,footnote #a3 ,trans4 ,am4 ,soc41 ,c4   
,e41 ,vol4 ,,lxi41 p4 #dge4    ,footnote
 #b3 ,trans4 ,am4 ,soc41 ,c4 ,e41 ,vol4 
,,lxi41 p4 #dhj4    ,an earth road to be
 a good road must be 8dry1 smooth1 and  
hard40 ,these  three conditions could be
 maintained with comparative ease if the
 earth  road could be protected from    
water1 which is its greatest destroyer  
and  one of the most important factors  
in the destruction or deterioration  of 
all roads4    ,since in ,utah the       
rainfall is very small1 compared with   
that in the  ,eastern states and in the 
states of the ,mississippi valley1 the  
road  problem is a much simpler one here

 than there4      ,drainage4    ,if not 
actually the most important1 certainly  
the drainage of a road is  one of the   
most important factors to be considered 
in the construction  or in the          
maintenance of that road4    ,a system  
of underdrainage is a necessity1 where  
the surface water comes  near the top of
 the ground on which a road is to be    
built1 and drain  tile laid             
longitudinally on boards to a carefully 
and properly made  grade will carry such
 water away4 ,fortunately however1 for  
the builders  of roads in ,utah there   
are comparatively few such places where 
roads  need to be maintained in this    
state4 ,drain tile1 however1 laid in    
soft  material1 without the use of a    
board or plank to keep the ends of the  
individual pieces of pipe in line1 is   
practically valueless4      ,standard   
,cross-,sections4    ,it is a small     
amount of precipitation or rainfall only
 that the road  builder here must take  
care of4 ,very wisely the last          

legislature  passed a law establishing  
standard cross-sections for the roads in
  this state4 ,figures #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1  
#e and #f show in a clearer way what    
these cross-sections are1 than these can
 be shown in the law by the use  of     
words only4    ,the elevation of the    
crown of the road above the fence line  
varies  from four inches to eighteen    
inches1 the amount depending on the     
width  of the street1 and the depth of  
the drain ditches on the sides of the   
roadway is as shown some two feet below 
the grade of the fence line4    ,the    
roadways and sidewalks as the figures   
giving the cross-sections  show1 all    
have such slopes1 that water falling    
upon these surfaces will  flow quickly  
into the drain ditches4                 
,illustration3 ,two ,rod ,lane ,fig4 #a 
,illustration3 ,four ,rod ,street ,fig4 
#b    ,illustration3 ,five ,rod ,street 
,fig4 #c    ,illustration3 ,six ,rod    
,street ,fig4 #d      ,road ,grades4    
,some of our country roads in ,utah have

 been very well constructed as  far as  
the cross section is concerned1 but no  
particular attention  has been paid to  
the grade of the road in the direction  
of its length  except when work has been
 done to reduce the grade on steep      
pitches4    ,roads should have a grade  
or slope of about #a to #hj1 or #a per  
cent1 in  the direction of their length1
 so that water will not remain in any   
small ruts that may be formed1 but will 
flow along them to a point  where it    
will flow from the rut into the drain   
ditch4      ,drain ,ditches4    ,the    
slope of the drain ditches should be the
 same as the slope of the  road and     
their cross-sections should be          
practically the same at all  points1 so 
that all the water flowing into them    
will flow promptly to a  nearby cross   
drain that will carry it entirely away  
from the road4    ,illustration3 ,seven 
,rod ,street ,fig4 #e    ,in many cases 
unsightly1 uneven holes are dug on      
either side of the  roadway in order to 

secure material for making the crown of 
the road  and the water1 which gathers  
in these1 keeps the foundation under the
  road always soft4    ,illustration3   
,eight ,rod ,street ,fig4 #f            
,cross-drains should be provided at all 
8low places40 ,culverts should be       
constructed under the roadway at these  
points to carry the water from  the     
upper to the lower side of the road4    
,if storm water is carried quickly well 
away from a road1 the condition  of that
 road for traveling will be greatly     
improved4 ,but rain and other  storms do
 not generally put roads into their     
worst condition4 ,this  comes in the    
spring time1 when the frost 8comes out  
of the ground40  ,observation shows1    
however1 that not much frost gets into  
dry ground1  so that if a road is       
properly maintained during the fall1 and
 the fall  and winter storm water is    
promptly drained well away from the     
road1  frost can do the road very little
 damage4 ,it cannot loosen up the       

earth1 rendering it soft and mushy1 as  
it does earth that is filled  with      
moisture4 ,to make good earth roads in  
the spring1 therefore1  requires good   
drainage and careful maintenance during 
the fall and  winter4    ,the average   
country road in ,utah can be constructed
 with its center  raised six inches for 
from #dj4jj to #ej4jj per mile4 ,to     
raise the  crown of the road six inches 
more above the sides will cost about the
  same amount4      ,maintenance4       
,even more important than a proper      
construction of a road is the  proper   
maintenance of that road4 ,there is a   
difference1 too1 between  maintenance   
and repair4 ,the one keeps the road in  
good condition  always1 the other puts  
it in good condition occasionally4      
8,what a  minute and a shovelful of     
earth will do as maintenance may require
  loads of earth and hours of time as   
repairs40    ,the road grader with its  
inclined blade1 its four wheels1 and its
  comparatively complex machinery1 when 

used for maintaining or repairing  an   
earth road merely cuts off the high     
places and deposits in the low  places1 
the earth thus cut away4      ,devices  
for ,maintenance4    ,the leveler1 a    
frame-work of planks held on edge and   
drawn in the  direction of the length of
 the road with three or four of the     
timbers  at right angles to this        
direction1 renders good service by      
taking off  the high places and filling 
up the low ones4 ,the weight of this    
device  and the greater width of its    
timbers1 make it pack the earth into low
  places better than the road grader    
does4 ,but since the blade of the       
grader can be set at such an angle with 
the direction of the road that  it will 
constantly carry the earth from the     
outer edge toward the crown  of the     
road1 it makes the center of the road   
high1 as it should1 while  the leveler  
makes it flat4    ,illustration3 ,plan  
of ,split-,log ,road ,drag ,fig4 #g     
,the triangular shaped drag has1 to a   

certain degree1 the good qualities  of  
both the devices just named1 but what is
 generally regarded as the  best device 
for repairing and maintaining earth     
roads is the ,king road  drag or the    
split-log drag4      ,split-,log ,drag4 
,a split-log drag actually constructed  
of a log split in two is shown  in ,fig4
 #h2 while this same device1 constructed
 of planks1 is shown in  ,fig4 #i4      
,illustration3 ,split-,log ,road ,drag  
,fig4 #h    ,practically all the good   
qualities of all the other devices used 
up to  this time for maintaining earth  
roads are found in the split-log drag4  
,fig4 #g shows the drag with the        
doubletree attached1 and therefore it   
shows the position of the team drawing  
the drag with respect to the  drag      
itself4 ,the diagonal brace between the 
two heavy timbers near the  forward end 
is used to keep the end of the timber   
which travels ahead  from vibrating4    
,the chain by which this device is drawn
 may be attached  directly to the front 

timber or it may be extended through    
holes in  this timber and be attached to
 the timber in the rear4 ,if1 instead of
  passing through the hole ,a 7,fig4    
#i47 the chain is carried over this     
timber and attached to the timber ,b1   
more room will thus be made for  earth  
in front of the drag to slide under the 
chain4    ,illustration3 ,plank ,road   
,drag ,fig4 #i    ,the angle the sides  
of the drag make with the direction of  
the road can  be varied at pleasure by  
attaching the doubletree to different   
links of  the chain4    ,the teamster   
will soon learn by experience that      
changing his position  as he rides on   
the drag will affect the work of the    
drag very  materially1 and he will soon 
learn also how and when to change his   
position in order to obtain the best    
results4      ,importance of ,using     
,drag4    ,the proper and best use of   
this drag or the careful maintenance of 
the  ordinary earth road is perhaps the 
most important lesson in 8roads0  ,utah 

people have to learn at this time4 ,it  
is more important than the  actual      
grading or construction of these roads4 
,when to ,use ,drag4    ,this drag      
should be used upon the road after every
 heavy rain and  after every big thaw as
 faithfully as the successful dry-farmer
  harrows his crop at these same times4 
,fortunately1 too1 the road dries faster
 than the farming land1 so that  the    
work on the roads can be completed      
before teams can1 to advantage1  be     
taken upon the farms to work4           
,professor ,ira4 ,o4 ,baker of the      
,university of ,illinois1 in an         
excellent  article on the maintenance of
 roads in the ,transactions of the      
,american  ,society of ,civil           
,engineers1 ,vol4 ,,lxi41 gives a       
description and also  drawings of the   
split-log drag4 ,his drawings are       
reproduced in ,figs4 #g1  #h1 and #i4   
,he describes the drag as follows3      
8,farmers in different parts of the     
country for many years1 have used       

various devices occasionally in         
smoothing the surface of the earth      
roads2 but of all these1 none seems to  
have devised a better form of  machine  
or been more persistent and intelligent 
in its use than ,mr4  ,d4 ,ward ,king1  
of ,maitland1 ,mo4 ,mr4 ,king devised   
what he calls the  split-log drag4 ,a   
plan of the split-log drag as shown in  
,fig4 #g1 and  ,fig4 #h is a perspective
 view4 ,the drag may be made from a log 
ten or  twelve inches in diameter and   
from seven to nine feet long4 ,a light  
wood1 like elm1 is preferable to a heavy
 one1 like oak4 ,the cross  braces may  
be round or square sticks from three to 
four inches in  diameter1 the ends      
fitting into two-inch auger holes4 ,a   
board1 not  shown in the cut1 is laid   
upon the cross-pieces for the driver to 
stand  upon4 ,the drag may also be made 
of two pieces of plank1 ten or twelve   
inches wide and from seven to nine feet 
long4 ,the plank drag is shown  in ,fig4
 #i4 ,it is wise to reinforce the wide  

planks with either a #a by  #f-;in4 or a
 #b by #f-;in4 strip as shown in ,fig4  
#i4    ,the drag is drawn by two horses1
 and its length should be proportional  
to the weight of the horses4 ,a drag    
seven feet long is about right for  a   
team of #abjj-lb4 horses1 and one nine  
feet long for two #afjj-lb4  horses4    
,the driver rides upon the drag1 and    
varies its effect by his  position upon 
it4 ,the drag does the best work when   
the soil is moist1  but not sticky4 ,if 
the roadway is badly rutted and full of 
holes1 it is  well to drag it when the  
surface is slushy40      ,common        
,mistakes ,with ,drag4    ,mr4 ,king1   
the government expert on the split-log  
drag1 says3#c 8,two  mistakes are       
commonly made in constructing a drag4   
,the first lies in  making it too heavy4
 ,it should be so light that one man can
 easily  lift it4 ,besides1 a light drag
 responds more readily to various       
methods of hitching and to the shifting 
of the position and weight of  the      

operator4 999999 ,a drag can be made    
heavier at any time by proper           
weighting4    ,the other mistake is in  
the use of square timbers1 instead of   
those  with sharp edges1 whereby the    
cutting effect of sharp edges is lost   
and the drag is permitted to glide over 
instead of to equalize the              
irregularities in the surface of the    
road4 9999990      ,iron on ,drag4      
8,a strip of iron about #c feet long1   
three or four inches wide and           
one-quarter of an inch thick may be used
 for the blade4 ,this should  be        
attached to the front slab so that it   
will be one-half inch below  the lower  
edge of the slab at the ditch end1 while
 the end of the iron  toward the middle 
of the road should be flush with the    
edge of the  slab4 ,the bolts holding   
the blade in place should have flat     
heads and  the holes to receive them    
should be counter-sunk4    ,if the face 
of the log stands plumb1 it is well to  
wedge out the lower  edge of the blade  

with a three-cornered strip of wood to  
give it a set  like the bit of a plane40
    ,mr4 ,chas4 ,h4 ,hoyt of the ,u4 ,s4
 ,office of ,public ,roads1 says1#d     
8,the  split-log drag is a very simple  
affair1 costs #b4jj to build1 is        
economical to use1 and every farmer or  
teamster living along a country  road1  
who is interested in having the road    
past his place kept in good  condition  
and is also interested to keep highway  
taxes down1 should  have a split-log    
drag40    ,footnote #c3 ,the ,use of the
 ,split-,log ,drag on ,earth ,roads1    
,farmers'  ,bulletin1 #cba1 ,u4 ,s4     
,department of ,agriculture1 by ,d4     
,ward ,king1 pp4 #a1  #f and #g4        
,footnote #d3 ,the ,cornell ,civil      
,engineer1 ,december1 #aiji1 p4 #ha4    
,to maintain in this way all the        
important rural roads will make it      
necessary to put to work many of the    
teams that are idle when this work      
should be done4 ,perhaps some system can
 be devised that will require  each     

farmer to maintain that portion of road 
in his neighborhood1  and for so doing  
he may be exempt from paying a cash road
 tax4  ,those who prefer to do so can   
pay the tax in money1 and the funds     
thus derived can be used to pay for the 
general supervision of this             
maintenance-work1 and for the actual    
work of maintenance on the roads  where 
farmers do not care to do the work      
themselves4      ,earth or ,macadam     
,road4    ,since the hard1 dry1 smooth  
earth road is an excellent road1 and    
since it is possible with reasonable    
effort to induce the people to          
construct and maintain such a road from 
one end of this state to the  other1    
with a good many side roads of the same 
sort on the way1 why  not strive for    
this possible end1 instead of attempting
 to get a few  miles of hard road       
constructed8 ,such a road could be      
pointed to with  pride by every citizen 
of the state in the presence of any     
citizen of  any other state4 ,would it  

not be better to have a well constructed
 and  carefully maintained earth road   
from ,logan to ,st4 ,george1 a distance 
of #cej miles1 than to have the best tar
 macadam road for a distance  of #cg    
miles between ,ogden and ,salt ,lake    
,city8 ,the longer road would  cost     
#be1jjj with many interested and willing
 people to pay for it1  while the other 
would cost thirty-seven times as much   
with fewer people  personally interested
 in it4 ,every farmer between ,logan and
 ,st4 ,george  drives upon the public   
highway1 while many persons in the      
larger cities  rarely1 if ever1 do4     
,cost of ,roads4    ,an ordinary macadam
 road two rods wide costs about #bj1jjj 
per mile2  a tar macadam road about     
#be1jjj per mile2 an asphaltum pavement 
some  #dd1jjj per mile2 a gravel road1  
covered with gravel one foot deep1      
costs from #a1fjj to #e1jjj per mile1   
and the cost of constructing an  earth  
road the same width varies from #dj to  
#ajj per mile4    ,while the figures    

given are the costs of constructing     
various roads two  rods wide1 this      
occasion is taken to emphasize the fact 
that a road  sixteen feet wide is broad 
enough in most country districts1 while 
in  sparsely settled parts even narrower
 roads will answer all actual needs     
very well4      ,ordinary ,macadam4     
,ordinary macadam pavement is composed  
of carefully selected stone and  gravel 
thoroughly rolled into a compact mass1  
with the material so  graded that the   
coarsest stones are on the bottom and   
the finer binding  material is on the   
top4 ,such a roadway proved very        
satisfactory until  the general advent  
of the automobile4 ,in order to resist  
the digging or  scratching effect of the
 driving wheels of high speed motor     
cars1 which  is technically called the  
shear1 it is necessary to use tar or    
some  other binding material for holding
 the particles of stone more firmly     
together4      ,tar ,macadam4    ,tar   
macadam roads are constructed the same  

as other macadam roads1  except that the
 top layers of broken stone are covered 
with hot tar  before they are rolled    
into place4      ,costs ,compared4      
,if #gj per mile be taken as the cost of
 constructing an earth road two  rods   
wide1 the cost of building one mile of  
gravel road will build some  fifty miles
 of earth road2 one mile of ordinary    
macadam will build #cjj  miles of earth 
road2 one mile of tar macadam will build
 #cfj miles of  earth road2 and one mile
 of asphalt pavement will construct #fjj
 miles  of earth road4      ,the ,earth 
,road a ,portion of ,better ,roads4     
,an important argument in favor of the  
earth road is the fact that when  it is 
laid out and constructed1 it is the     
beginning of a first-class  gravel road1
 a first-class macadam road1 or a       
first-class tar macadam  road1 so that  
by getting the earth road made1 the     
individual interested  primarily in the 
construction of hard roads has succeeded
 in getting  the hard road well begun4  

,roads in ,sand and ,soft ,clay4        
,while nearly everywhere in ,utah the   
soil is such that it will make a  good  
earth road1 there are parts in which the
 soft clay is filled with  alkali1 and  
there are other parts where there are   
extensive stretches  of sand4 ,neither  
of these alone can be made into an earth
 road that  will be a good1 passable    
road all the year round4 ,the sand road 
is  best in wet weather1 while the      
alkali road is best in dry weather4     
,if1 however1 the soft clay and the sand
 are so mixed on the road that  the clay
 just fills the openings or interstices 
between the grains of  sand1 and yet    
this quantity is not so large as to keep
 the grains of  sand from touching or   
coming in contact with one another1 the 
road1 if  properly and constantly       
maintained1 will be a good one4         
,cost of ,maintenance4    ,since proper 
maintenance is an important part of the 
work on ordinary  roads1 its cost will  
be considered briefly4    ,the repairs  

and maintenance on an asphalt pavement  
cost from #i to #fj  cents per square   
yard annually1 or for a two rod road the
 cost is from  #a1gej to #aa1fjj per    
mile per year2 on a tar macadam road the
 cost is  from #b1jjj to #d1jjj per mile
 per year2 on a gravel road it is about 
#dj per mile per annum1 while for #e per
 mile per year an earth road  can be    
kept in a condition of repair that will 
surprise those who have  not used the   
split-log drag on such a road4    ,as   
already stated1 narrower roads will     
answer all necessary demands in  many   
parts1 and maintaining such will reduce 
the cost proportionately4  ,a well kept 
narrow road is infinitely better than a 
broad one in bad  condition4      ,earth
 ,roads ,poorly ,kept4    ,concerning   
the maintenance and the construction of 
roads1 ,mr4 ,charles  ,h4 ,hoyt of the  
,united ,states ,office of ,public      
,roads1 writes3#e 8,it is  sad when we  
have to say that because of neglect the 
roads that have  already been built have

 been allowed to go to pieces and have  
not been  properly maintained4 ,even our
 ordinary dirt roads are horrible       
examples  of this statement40    ,on the
 value to a community of good roads1    
,mr4 ,hoyt says1 in the same  article3  
8,any country which longer continues to 
insist upon remaining  stagnant         
concerning highways1 will soon be       
classed behind the times and  avoided by
 progressive citizens40    ,mr4 ,d4     
,howard ,king1 ,expert on ,split-log    
,drag1 ,office of ,public ,roads1  has  
prepared a bulletin called ,farmers'    
,bulletin1 ,no4 #cba1 on 8,the ,use  of 
the ,split-,log ,drag on ,earth ,roads40
 ,all who are interested in this        
subject should secure a copy of this    
excellent paper from the ,united        
,states ,department of ,agriculture1    
,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 and make a careful
  study of the same4    ,footnote #e3   
,the ,cornell ,civil ,engineer1 ,dec41  
#aiji4      ,drag ,reduces ,dust4    ,on
 the use of this drag the bulletin says1

 in part3 8,clay1 when  mixed with water
 and thoroughly worked1 becomes         
remarkably tough  and impervious to     
water4 ,if compacted in this condition  
it becomes  extremely hard4 ,another    
valuable result of dragging is the      
reduction  of dust1 for the particles of
 clay adhere so tenaciously that there  
is  but little wear when the surface is 
smooth4 ,dust on an earth road is  due  
to the breaking up under traffic of the 
frayed and upturned edges  of ruts and  
hoof prints4 ,if the surface is smoothed
 after each rain and  the road dries    
hard and even1 no edges are exposed to  
crushing1 and the  only dust which forms
 is that due to actual wear of the road 
surface40      ,examples and ,their     
,cost4    ,the bulletin quotes ,mr4 ,f4 
,p4 ,sanborne#f as follows3 8,the least 
expense per mile 7for dragging7 was     
about #a4ej2 the greatest1 a little     
over #f2 the average expense per mile   
for five and one-half miles1 a  little  
less than #c40 ,continuing1 ,mr4        

,sanborne says3 8,the writer has  lived 
by this piece of road all his life1 and 
although we have had the  extremes of   
weather this season1 both wet and dry1  
not for forty years  has the road in    
question been so free from mud and dust4
 ,parties who  have known the road all  
their lives are agreed that it never was
 in so  good a condition a season       
through40    ,footnote #f3 ,report of   
,highway ,commission of ,maine1 #aijf1  
p4 #aab4    8,the total expense for     
twelve months on twenty-eight miles of  
road in  ,iowa10 continues ,mr4 ,hoyt1  
8averaged #b4dj per mile1 and the roads 
were  reported to have been #8like a    
race track' the larger portion of the   
year4    ,a number of farmers in ,ray   
county1 ,missouri1 employed one of their
  number to drag a five-mile stretch4   
,he received compensation at the  rate  
of #c per day4 ,when the end of the year
 came and a settlement was  made1 the   
cost for the year was found to be #a4ff 
per mile4 ,the road is  a tough clay1   

and my informant declares it was always 
much better than  the other roads in the
 neighborhood4    ,prof4 ,william       
,robertson of the ,minnesota            
,agricultural station1 after  a year's  
experience in dragging a #8main road    
made entirely of gumbo1  without any    
sand or gravel1 and which during the    
past year has shown  no defects either  
by rutting or development of soft       
places1' fixes the  cost of the work at 
not to exceed #e per mile40    ,since in
 ,maine1 ,iowa1 ,missouri and           
,minnesota1 the four states just        
referred to1 there is a comparatively   
great annual rainfall1 while in  ,utah  
the rainfall is comparatively small1 the
 cost of maintaining the  earth road in 
,utah will be correspondingly less and  
the results will be  proportionately    
greater4    ,if the state legislature1  
the ,automobile ,club of ,utah1 some    
other  organization or some             
philanthropic individual1 will offer an 
annual  prize of #ajjj to the county    

actually constructing and maintaining   
during the year the best five miles of  
earth road1 the number of  excellent    
roads that will be built in the next few
 years will be a most  pleasant surprise
 to all who are anxious to see good     
roads constructed4    ,the better1 and1 
in fact1 the best roads will come along 
naturally  after we have a first-class  
system of earth roads built and well    
maintained generally throughout the     
state4 ,when once the efforts of all    
our good-roads enthusiasts are united on
 constructing and maintaining           
first-class earth roads everywhere1 the 
road problem in ,utah will be  solved1  
and our road systems will be the pride  
of the whole state4          ,what is   
the ,state ,school of ,mines8      ,the 
,state ,school of ,mines is the college 
of engineering of the  ,university of   
,utah4 ,it is an organic part of the    
,university and enjoys  all the         
advantages that spring from an intimate 
connection between a  technical college 

and a modern university4      ,,courses4
    ,the school offers seven four-year  
courses leading to bachelor's  degrees1 
also graduate courses leading to the    
degree of master of  science in several 
lines of engineering4 ,the seven        
four-year courses  are in ,,mining      
,,engineering1 ,,electrical             
,,engineering1 ,,civil ,,engineering1   
,,mechanical ,,engineering1 ,,chemical  
,,engineering1 ,,general ,,engineering1 
and  ,,irrigation ,,engineering1 the    
first part of the course in irrigation  
engineering being given1 however1 by the
 ,agricultural ,college at ,logan4      
,graduate courses are offered in each of
 these lines of engineering4            
,,facilities ,,and ,,equipment4    ,the 
school is provided with a first-class   
equipment to do its work4 ,the          
laboratories are all well furnished1 in 
this respect ranking with the  foremost 
colleges of the country4 ,the teachers  
are all specialists and  the methods of 
instruction modern4 ,for mining work the

 location of the  school is unexcelled1 
,salt ,lake ,city being the center of a 
great mining  region1 which makes it    
easy to provide abundant and inexpensive
 field  work4      ,,expenses4    ,the  
expenses at the school are very low1 the
 cost of registration and  tuition being
 from ten to twenty-five dollars per    
year4 ,the school is  certainly among   
the most inexpensive good engineering   
colleges in the  country for a student  
to attend4    ,catalogues and           
illustrated circulars are sent free upon
 request4                               
,,skelton ,,publishing ,,co4            
,,salt ,,lake ,,city