,transcrib]'s ,notes    ,obvi\s         
typographical errors h be5 sil5tly      
correct$4 ,v>iations  9 hyph5ation h be5
 /&>dis$ b all o!r spell+ &  punctuation
 rema9s un*ang$4    ,! volume (         
illu/rations ref]r$ to 9 ! book is n    
available4    ,italics are repres5t$ ?us
 italic4                                
,,draw+ ,,9                             
,,*>coal ,,& ,,crayon                   
,,= ,,! ,,use ,,(                       
,,/ud5ts ,,& ,,s*ools                   
,,by                                    
,,frank ,,f[l]                   ,,au?or
 ,,( 8,,oil ,,pa9t+10 8,a ,,h&-,,book10 
,,etc41 ,,etc4                          
,,cassell ,,publi%+ ,,company           
#ajd  #ajf ,,f\r? ,,av5ue1 ,,new ,,york 
,,copyright                             
#ahhe                              ,,by 
,o4 ,m4 ,,dunham                        
,,cont5ts4                              
,,"p ,,fir/4                            
,,*apt] ,i4        ,,*>coal ,,& ,,crayon
 ,,draw+4                               

#a                                      
,,*apt] ,,ii4        ,,outfit ,,necess>y
 ,,= ,,*>coal ,,&        ,,crayon       
,,draw+4                                
#d                                      
,,*apt] ,,iii4        ,,elem5t>y        
,,practice4                             
#be                                     
,,"p ,,second4                          
,,*apt] ,,iv4        ,,mann] ,,(        
,,work+4                                
#cf                                     
,,*apt] ,v4        ,,measurem5t1        
,,actual ,,& ,,comp>ative4              
#ej                                     
,,*apt] ,,vi4        ,,crayon           
,,portraits2 ,,hair2 ,,drap]y2          
,,backgr\nds4                           
#eh                                     
,,*apt] ,,vii4        ,,*>coal ,,&      
,,crayon ,,draw+ ,,) ,,!        ,,po9t2 
,,l&scapes2 ,,proportions1 ,,etc4       
#gd                                     
,,app5dix4        ,,explanation ,,( ,,! 
,,plates4                               

#hb                                     
,,prefatory ,,note4      ,?is little    
volume1 ) accompany+ plates1 is design$ 
to prep>e  /ud5ts = ! int]e/+ /udy (    
draw+ f life4 ,! g5]al  dem& = a "w (   
?is k9d is ! occasion ( its appe>ance4  
,,draw+ ,,9 ,,*>coal ,,& ,,crayon4      
,,*apt] ,i4                             
,,*>coal ,,& ,,crayon ,,draw+4      ,9  
le>n+ to draw1 *>coal is ! mo/ available
 mat]ial t c  be us$1 z1 ) x1 l>ge &    
/rik+ effects are s easily &  quickly   
produc$1 :ile x is also adapt$ to ! mo/ 
c>eful "w1  & may be c>ri$ on to any    
degree ( f9i%4 ,ano!r quality :i*  r5d]s
 *>coal especially ( value z a m$ium =  
beg9n]s 9  draw+ is t x is s easily     
eras$4    ,*>coal is us$ = draw+ f ! ca/
 & f ! human figure  9 all ! l>ge art   
s*ools ( ,europe z well z 9 our own     
c\ntry1  & is especially adapt$ to      
sket*+ f nature1 z by its use mo/  *>m+ 
l&scape & m>9e effects may be obta9$4   
,,two ,,diff]5t ,,me?ods4    ,!re are   
two me?ods ( work+ 9 *>coal--"o1 9 :i* !

 *>coal  po9t is us$ alone1 ! %ad+ be+  
put 9 ) l9es :i* are n  bl5d$1 no /ump1 
or rubb+ toge!r ( any k9d be+ all[$4    
,?is /yle ( draw+ is pr9cipally us$ 9   
illu/rat+1 z x is  m easily reproduc$   
?an ^? 9 :i* ! /ump is us$4 ,full       
details ( work+ 9 ?is mann] w be giv5   
lat]4    ,! o!r me?od is t 9 :i* !      
*>coal is bl5d$ ) a /ump1  no l9es be+  
visible 9 ! model+4    ,?is mann] (     
draw+ is t mo/ g5]ally employ$ 9 art    
s*ools1  & is susceptible ( high] f9i%  
?an ! o!r4    ,x is also 9 ?is way t    
*>coal & crayon portraits are manag$1   
su* draw+s be+ g5]ally f9i%$ ) crayon1 &
 ! two  mat]ials work$ toge!r4 ,?is     
subject also w be treat$ at l5g?  fur!r 
on4    ,z we are writ+ = ! b5efit ( ^?  
:o h no k  :atev] ( *>coal draw+1 we w  
beg9 at ! v beg9n+1 &  %all endeavor to 
omit no?+ t c be ( practical use to !   
/ud5t4                                  
,,*apt] ,,ii4               ,,outfit    
,,necess>y ,,= ,,*>coal ,,& ,,crayon    
,,draw+4      ,! fir/ ?+ to be provid$  

is an easel1 :i* is us$ n[ entirely  =  
draw+1 x be+ consid]$ mu* bett] practice
 to "w 9 an  upright position ?an 9 !   
old-fa%ion$ way ( lean+ ov] a table4    
,?is easel may be ( ! simple/ "*1 & is  
made ( ?ree  /raight b>s ( p9e wood     
jo9t$ s z to /& upright1 ) holes  p]=at$
 ?r\gh two ( ! b>s ab\t two or ?ree     
in*es ap>t4  ,?r\gh ^! holes pegs are   
/uck ^u :i* to hold a n>r[ wood5  tray4 
,^u ?is ! /ret*]1 draw+-bo>d1 or        
portfolio is plac$4                     
,,draw+-,,bo>d4    ,?is bo>d is made f  
any light wood1 & %\ld measure ab\t     
#bjbd  in*es squ>e1 & be z ?9 z x c be  
made )\t w>p+4    ,illu/ration3 ,,!     
,,easel4    ,9 place ( ! draw+-bo>d1 _m 
arti/s pref] to use a l>ge  pa/ebo>d    
portfolio made ) cov]s /iff en\gh to    
s]ve z a  f\ndation 9 draw+1 :ile its   
conv5i5ce z a receptacle = !  res]ve    
%eets ( pap] & f9i%$ "w is obvi\s4    ,!
 portfolio :i* is n[ mo/ 9 use1 is      
g5]ally cov]$ )  smoo? mottl$ pap]      
outside1 & %\ld be l>ge en\gh to hold   

)\t fold+ ! regul> %eets ( *>coal pap]2 
#bjbd in*es w  be suffici5t = ?is4      
,,! ,,pap]4    ,!re are a great _m      
v>ieties ( *>coal & crayon pap]1 "s     
smoo?1 "s r\gh4 ,= ord9>y purposes1 su* 
z mak+ /udies  & life draw+s1 ! r\gh    
,fr5* *>coal pap] is ! be/4 ,t  us$ 9 ! 
,fr5* s*ools is ( two k9ds2 ! r\ghe/ is 
call$  ! 8,mi*elet0 pap]1 & ! o!r is    
kn[n z 8,lalanne40 ,!y are1  h[ev]1 v   
simil> 9 texture1 & ei!r "o w s]ve !    
purpose4 ,^! come 9 %eets ( uni=m sizes1
 co/+ f ?ree to  six c5ts ea*4    ,= m  
c>eful draw+s1 su* z f9ely f9i%$        
portraits 9  *>coal & crayon1 a m       
exp5sive pap] is to be pref]r$4 ,?is    
comes 9 mu* l>g] %eets & %\ld be /ret*$ 
be=e us+4    ,:atman's r\gh crayon pap] 
is among ! be/ = ?is purpose4 ,9  all   
cases1 bo? = /udies & f9i%$ portraits1 !
 :ite pap]1  g5]ally a yell[-:ite1 be+  
pref]able to blue-:ite4                 
,,h[ ,,to ,,/ret* ,,pap]4    ,pap] is   
/ret*$ & m\nt$ = ?is "w 9 ! foll[+      
mann]3  ,a simple frame ( wood is made  

an in* or two wide & ?ree-qu>t]s  ( an  
in* or m 9 ?ickness1 accord+ to ! size (
 ! draw+  to be made4 ,?is is cov]$ )   
cotton clo? /ret*$ z tight z  possible &
 tack$ all along ! f\r sides4 ,! clo? is
 turn$ ov]  & tack$ on ! outside ( !    
/ret*]1 n on ! face ( x1  :i* %\ld      
pres5t a p]fectly smoo?1 flat surface4  
,! pap] hav+ be5 cut ! prop] size1 t is1
 l>ge en\gh to  turn ov] ne>ly an in*   
all ar\nd1 is damp5$ on ! wrong side4   
,to  d ?is take a clean clo? dipp$ 9    
cold wat]1 lay ! pap] flat  ^u a table &
 pass ! clo? rapidly all ov] ! surface1 
wett+  x ev5ly4    ,h ready "s good fl\r
 pa/e & put ?is all ar\nd ! edge (  !   
pap] = ab\t an in*4 ,n[ beg9 to spread !
 pap] :ile /ill  damp ^u ! clo?-cov]$   
/ret*]1 />t+ at ! bottom &  work+ upw>d1
 c>efully smoo?+ out ) ! h&s all creases
 or  air bubbles4 ,turn ov] & press d[n 
! edges ( ! pap] :i* h  be5 cov]$ ) !   
pa/e1 hold+ !m till !y /ick to ! clo?1  
& cut a ,v-%ap$ piece f ea* corn] ( !   
pap]1 s t x w  fold ov] neatly4    ,?is 

takes "t & exp]i5ce to d well1 b is wor?
 ! tr\ble1  = crayon portraits          
especially4    ,= ord9>y /udies &       
draw+s1 ! ,mi*elet or ,lalanne pap]     
fa/5$ to ! portfolio or draw+-bo>d )    
?umb tacks is q  suffici5t4             
,,*>coal4    ,!re are _m diff]5t k9ds ( 
*>coal (f]$ by deal]s4 ,all t  is       
necess>y1 h[ev]1 is a m$ium quality (   
import$ *>coal1 su*  z ! ,fusa9s        
,v5itians1 co/+ #cj cts4 a box ( fifty  
/icks4 ,f9]  & m exp5sive k9ds are !    
,conte & ,r\get *>coal4                 
,,crayon4    ,among ! v>i\s manufactures
 ( crayons t mo/ g5]ally pref]r$  by    
arti/s is ! ,fr5* crayon ,cont4 ,?is    
comes 9 sev]al numb]s1  & is to be _h 9 
two =ms4 ,fir/1 ! wood5 p5cils1 :i* are 
v conv5i5t1 & aga91 ! %ort /icks ( black
 crayon1 :i*  are sold by ! doz54 ,^!   
are mu* *eap] ?an ! p5cils1 & are  fa/5$
 9 a hold] :ile us+4 ,! ,cont crayon    
,no4 #b is suffici5t  = all purposes1   
!re=e x is unnecess>y to h ! sev]al     
diff]5t numb]s s (t5 recomm5d$4         

,ano!r k9d ( crayon is also us$ by "s   
arti/s 9 addition to !  /ick crayon4    
,?is is a f9e1 black1 p[d]$ crayon1     
call$ ! 8sauce  crayon10 & comes put up 
9 little t9 cases4 ,x is v useful :5    
l>ge masses ( d>k are necess>y1 & is    
rubb$ on ) a /ump1  :ile ! /ick crayons 
& *>coal /icks are %>p5$ to a po9t  be=e
 us+4    ,/umps are made v>i\sly (      
lea!r1 *amois-sk9 & pap]4 ,! mo/  useful
 9 *>coal & crayon draw+ are ! pap]     
/umps1 :i* w  be f\nd to answ] e        
purpose4 ,! pap] /umps come 9 two =ms2  
fir/1 ! gray1 r\gh pap] /umps ) po9ts on
 bo? ends2 ^! are  made 9 v>i\s sizes1 f
 ! smalle/1 :i* measures only ab\t  "o  
f\r? ( an in* 9 diamet]1 up to ^?       
measur+ an in* &  m4    ,illu/ration3   
,,/umps4    ,! o!r =m ( pap] /ump1 kn[n 
z ! tortillon1 is made (  /rips ( pap]  
roll$ to a po9t l spills1 & sold 9      
bundles (  a doz5 = a few c5ts4 ,"s     
arti/s pref] ^!1 b = g5]al  purposes1 ! 
d\ble-po9t$ pap] /ump is ! be/4 ,ab\t   
six (  ^! are necess>y3 two l>ge1 two   

m$ium1 & two v small ones2  = x is      
always bett] to h a clean duplicate (   
ea* size4                               
,,bread4    ,a supply ( ! s(t "p (      
home-made1 if possible1 or good ord9>y  
bak]'s bread1 "o day old1 is            
indisp5sable4 ,?is %\ld n h any  butt]1 
or ev5 milk1 9 its composition1 o!rwise 
x w grease !  pap]1 :i* naturally %\ld  
be avoid$1 z grease spots are mo/       
difficult to ov]come4    ,! bread is us$
 = rubb+ out *>coal or crayon1 eras+    
mi/akes1  & = tak+ out lights f a mass (
 d>k4 ,! s(t crumb is roll$  betwe5 !   
f+]s until a po9t is =m$1 & !n appli$ to
 !  pap]4 ,x is surpris+ :at brilliant  
effects c be obta9$ by means  ( ?is     
simple process2 its full res\rces c only
 be und]/ood by  practice4              
,,! ,,rubb] ,,/ump4    ,?is consi/s ( a 
long1 n>r[ b> ( f9e arti/'s rubb]1 gr\nd
 to  a po9t on ea* end4 ,x is us$ =     
rubb+ out small spots 9 places  :]e !   
bread c n be s easily manag$1 & :]e a   
firm] po9t  is ne$$4    ,x is also      

useful 9 model+ f9e details ( !         
features1 & 9  places :]e1 ! surface ( !
 pap] be+ worn by rubb+1 ! bread  w n   
act satisfactorily4    ,^! co/ f five to
 t5 c5ts ea*1 accord+ to size4          
,,rags4    ,a f9e1 s(t cotton rag is "o 
( ! mo/ important adjuncts to our       
outfit1 z x is impossible to "w )\t "o4 
,! rag is us$  sometimes to du/ (f      
*>coal f ! pap]1 & if ! *>coal has  n   
be5 v heavily us$1 ! rag is (t5         
suffici5t1 nei!r bread  nor rubb] be+   
necess>y4    ,a rag is also useful :5   
too mu* *>coal or crayon has be5 rubb$  
on a tone4    ,let u say1 = in/ance1 a  
%ad[ appe>s too black4 ,a s(t rag is    
pass$ g5tly ov] ! surface1 tak+ c>e n to
 rub too h>d1 &  ! sup]flu\s *>coal or  
crayon w come (f1 leav+ a beautiful  s(t
 tone ( mu* light] quality beh9d4       
,?is tone c ( c\rse be d>k5$ some:at1 or
 work$ ov] 9 any  mann] desir$4    ,!   
rag is (t5 us$ 9 sket*+ l&scapes1 to    
spread a smoo?1 ev5  t9t = ! sky4 ,_m   
arti/s pref] x to a /ump = ?is purpose4 

,a f9e1 s(t cotton rag is roll$ 9 a     
long1 smoo? roll1 & appli$  lightly to !
 surface ( ! pap]4    ,! *>coal may be  
p[d]$ 9 su* a case if pref]r$1 or =     
crayon draw+ ! 8sauce crayon0 is us$4   
,,to 8,,fix0 ,,draw+s4    ,*>coal w (   
c\rse rub (f1 & draw+s become sme>$ &   
defac$ if left unprotect$4 ,= t reason x
 is cu/om>y to 8fix0  ! draw+ by !      
application ( "s prep>ation to its      
surface4    ,?is %\ld be done ) mu* c>e1
 & only ! v be/ mat]ials  %\ld be us$ = 
?is purpose4 ,amateurs & /ud5ts         
sometimes  endeavor to manufacture      
fixative = !mselves out ( %ellac &      
alcohol4 ,?is may succe$ 9 fix+ ! draw+1
 b w be v  liable to turn ! pap] yell[ 9
 "t4 ,arti/s1 !re=e1 pref] to  buy an   
import$ fixative1 :i* is made by a      
reliable manufactur]4  ,t mo/ g5]ally 9 
use1 & :i* we h f\nd by exp]i5ce to  be 
9 e way satisfactory1 is ! ,fixatif     
,r\get1 :i* comes 9  good-siz$ glass    
bottles1 co/+ at retail fifty c5ts ea*4 
,!re are two me?ods ( fix+ draw+s4      

,fir/1 t 9 :i* !  fixative is appli$ to 
! back ( ! draw+4 ,?is is pref]r$ by  "s
 arti/s2 & ! ,fr5* /ud5ts1 :o are only  
anxi\s to pres]ve  _! draw+s1 )\t reg>d 
to ! *ang+ ( color 9 ! pap]1  use milk1 
) :i* !y wa% ov] ! back ( ! draw+4    ,9
 cases :]e a l>ge design or c>toon is   
made 9 *>coal =  tempor>y use1 ?is way w
 answ] p]fectly1 be+ v mu* less         
exp5sive ?an ! o!r4 ,! fixative         
,meusni]1 :i* is import$ by  all deal]s1
 is also appli$ to ! back ( ! pap] ) a  
l>ge  bru%4    ,! o!r me?od1 & t g5]ally
 pref]r$1 is to apply !  fixative to !  
front or surface ( ! draw+4    ,?is     
process %\ld ( c\rse be manag$ ) c>e1 z 
too mu*  fixative w cause ! *>coal to   
run d[n 9 /reaks1 :ile too  little w    
cause x to come (f 9 spots4    ,!       
fixative = apply+ to ! surface ( ! draw+
 is spray$  ?r\gh a glass atomiz] by    
bl[+ ?r\gh "o tube :ile ! o!r  re/s 9 ! 
bottle conta9+ ! liquid4    ,^! atomiz]s
 are n[ sold by all art deal]s1 & may be
 _h f  ! simple/ & mo/ inexp5sive k9d up

 to ^? repres5t$ by q  a co/ly app>atus4
 ,! *eape/ consi/ ( two small tubes (   
glass1  po9t$ at "o end & /raight at !  
o!r4 ,^! are connect$ by  two b&s (     
metal1 :i* 9 turn are fa/5$ toge!r by a 
small  h+e or pivot4    ,?is is s       
arrang$ t ! two tubes ( glass meet at a 
"r angle1  ! small po9t$ ends com+ 9    
contact1 b s z to leave bo?  orifices   
op54    ,"o end1 z already m5tion$1 is  
n[ plac$ 9 ! fixative1 :ile  ?r\gh ! o!r
 ! brea? is bl[n4 ,?is causes ! liquid  
to m\nt  9 ! l[] tube & dissolve 9 a    
cl\d ( spray :i* is s light z  n to     
dislodge ! delicate p>ticles ( ! *>coal 
& yet w  atta* !m firmly to ! pap]1 s t 
ord9>y rubb+ w n  efface ! draw+4       
,great c>e %\ld be tak5 9 bl[+ ?r\gh an 
atomiz] to make  ! brea? z /eady z      
possible1 avoid+ %ort1 unequal puffs4 ,!
  atomiz] mu/ n be held too ne> to all[ 
! p>ticles to vaporize  suffici5tly1 or 
else ! fixative w run d[n 9 /reams & ru9
  ! draw+4 ,aga91 if held too f> (f1 x w
 vaporize too mu*1 &  w fail to fix !   

*>coal at all4    ,! m exp5sive         
vaporiz]s1 :ile conduct$ on ! same      
pr9ciple1  are suppli$ ) air f "o or    
sometimes two rubb] globes or balls1    
:i* h ! advantage ( transmitt+ ! air 9 a
 regul> /ream1  & "o is ?us sav$ !      
fatigue ( bl[+ ) ! m\?1 :i*1 9  case ( a
 l>ge draw+1 becomes v tiresome4    ,^! 
atomiz]s are g5]ally made ) metal tubes1
 :i* w become  clogg$ & useless unless  
wa%$ out aft] us+ ea* "t1 ) w>m  wat]4  
,! simple glass atomiz]s mu/ also be    
kept clean 9 ?is way1  = !y are v easily
 brok5 if a p9 is us$ to clean ! op5+s1 
& ! slighte/ break at ! jo9ts r5d]s !m  
useless4                                
,,outfit ,,= ,,sket*+4    ,*>coal is us$
 by arti/s = sket*+ out ( doors 9       
pref]5ce to  any o!r mat]ial1 z by its  
means su* quick results are obta9$ &    
l>ge effects produc$ ) comp>ative ease4 
,z "o nev] kn[s h[ long a tramp w be    
necess>y be=e ! prop]  subject or view  
appe>s1 x is well to make e ?+ z compact
 z  possible4    ,a small sket*+ easel  

:i* c be r$uc$ to a ?9 bundle ( /icks   
is consid]$ indisp5sable by "s1 b z ?is 
is r awkw>d to  c>ry1 mo/ arti/s pref] a
 block4                                 
,,! ,,block1 ,,or ,,pad4    ,?is consi/s
 ( a numb] ( %eets ( *>coal pap]1 cut   
exactly  ! same size1 laid toge!r &     
press$ s z to greatly r$uce !  bulk ( ! 
pap] 9 its ord9>y %ape4 ,^! =m a block  
or table (  suffici5t sub/ance &        
firmness to be held com=tably ^u ! knees
  :ile sket*+4    ,! upp] leaf is us$ = 
! draw+1 & is !n loos5$ ) a  p5knife    
pass$ ar\nd ! edges1 :i* are held toge!r
 ) a b&  ( pap]4 ,?is leaf is !n easily 
deta*$ f ! block1 & be+  fix$ is laid   
aside :ile ano!r draw+ is comm5c$ on !  
clean  %eet expos$ on ! top ( ! block4  
,^! blocks c be b\ght already prep>$ at 
any good art deal]s at  reasonable      
prices1 :i* v>y accord+ to ! size &     
quality ( !  pap]4    ,a block made (   
ord9>y ,fr5* *>coal pap] measur+ #df    
in*es  co/s at retail1 #be c5ts4 ,a     
small block l ?is is only good =  pocket

 sket*es & notes4 ,a m useful size is   
#fi1 :i* may be  obta9$ = #ce c5ts4     
,a /ill l>g] "o1 measur+ #ajad1 c be    
procur$ = #gj c5ts4 ,any  ?+ beyond ?is 
mu/ be made to ord]1 & w 9 t case be m  
exp5sive 9 proportion4    ,a small camp 
/ool is necess>y to ! sket*+ outfit1 &  
?is  %\ld be made z light z possible4   
,^! are made 9 v>i\s %apes1  s z to fold
 up z tightly z possible1 & are provid$ 
by all  deal]s at f fifty c5ts up4      
,"s are ev5 to be f\nd comb9$ ) ! sket*+
 easel4 ,^! are  v conv5i5t1 be+ made 9 
s compact a =m z to occupy v  little m  
space ?an ei!r an easel or camp /ool    
sep>ately4    ,su* an app>atus co/s     
#e4ej at retail4 ,! small1 light fold+  
easel  = sket*+1 :i* is only #d feet    
high1 co/s #b4ej1 :ile a  /ool :i* /&s  
^u ?ree legs :5 op5 & folds into ! %ape 
( a ?ick cane c be b\ght = #a4jj4       
,,! ,,umbrella4    ,a sket* c n be      
tru?ful to nature & c>efully /udi$1 ) ! 
sun %9+ 9 "o's eyes or ^u ! pap]2 x is  
!re=e well to be  provid$ ) an umbrella4

    ,! sket*+ umbrella is g5]ally (     
creamy :ite or v light gray  cotton4 ,x 
is s con/ruct$ z to be sep>at$ f ! long 
/ick  ^u :i* x is arrang$ :5 9 use1 ?is 
/ick itself be+ divid$  into two or m   
p>ts1 accord+ to its l5g?4 ,^! are      
arrang$ to  fit into ea* o!r firmly1 !  
l[] end t]m9at+ 9 a long1 %>p  iron po9t
 :i* is to be plant$ 9 ! gr\nd4    ,!   
umbrella itself is furni%$ ) a r %ort   
h&le1 & is  atta*$ to ! long /aff by a  
movable screw jo9t :i* p]mits (  its be+
 arrang$ at any angle necess>y to       
protect ! sket*] f  ! sun4    ,! :ole   
outfit complete ) a wat]pro( g+ham      
umbrella co/s  #h4jj4    ,! long fold+  
/ick is sold sep>ately4 ,?is is #f ft4  
high ) an  adju/able jo9t to :i* any    
ord9>y umbrella c be fa/5$4 ,^!  co/    
ab\t #c4jj4    ,a long & n>r[ t9 box )  
comp>tm5ts completes ! outfit4 ,?is     
holds ! *>coal1 crayon1 /umps1 bread1   
rag & rubb]4 ,! *>coal  & crayon mu/    
always be kept %ut up 9 _! sep>ate      
comp>tm5ts1  or fail+ t1 9 respective   

boxes1 z1 if all[$ to knock ar\nd       
loosely 9 ! box1 !y w soil ! /umps1     
rubb] & rags4    ,! pap] g5]ally us$ 9  
sket*+ blocks is ! ord9>y grade  ( ,fr5*
 *>coal pap] ) a r\gh surface already   
m5tion$4  ,?is pap] comes 9 a v>iety (  
t9ts1 ! mo/ popul> be+ !  cream-:ite & !
 gray4 ,! :ite pap] is g5]ally pref]r$ =
  s]i\s /udies involv+ c>eful draw+ &   
correctness ( value4    ,"s arti/s1     
h[ev]1 pref] to use gray or light br[n  
pap] 9  sket*+1 z if "o is skillful a v 
effective result may be  obta9$ ) little
 labor by us+ ! local tone ( ! pap] = ! 
half t9ts1 quickly rubb+ 9 ! %ad[ )     
*>coal or crayon1 bo?  be+ sometimes    
us$4    ,! high lights are !n clev]ly   
t\*$ 9 ) :ite *alk or  pa/el4 ,*9ese    
:ite wat]-color pa9t is sometimes       
sub/itut$ =  ! *alk 9 putt+ 9 su*       
lights4 ,x has ! advantage ( be+ m      
p]man5t 9 "o way z ! *alk rubs (f1 b 9 !
 c\rse ( "t  ?is :ite pa9t s us$ has a  
t5d5cy to turn yell[1 especially if  !  
sket* is %ut up 9 a book or kept f !    

air4    ,on ! o!r h&1 ! :ite *alk w turn
 yell[ if fix$1 s t  ! high lights mu/ n
 be put 9 ! sket* until x is all f9i%$  
& fix$1 :i* is ( c\rse a disadvantage to
 ! arti/ :o wi%es  to /udy ! relations (
 8 tones z he proce$s4 ,?is me?od w be  
expla9$ at l5g? lat] on4                
,,*apt] ,,iii4                          
,,elem5t>y ,,practice4      ,to ^? :o h 
nev] _h any exp]i5ce :atev] 9 draw+1 x  
is  be/ to beg9 ) /raight l9es4 ,?is is 
especially necess>y 9 !  case ( *ildr51 
:o mu/ fir/ be taught to control ! h&   
be=e  proce$+ fur!r4    ,! next /ep is  
to draw curv$ l9es repres5t+ half ( a   
circle4    ,f ?is proce$ to draw angles1
 circles1 squ>es1 & o!r su*  simple =ms 
9 outl9e1 until ! muscles ( ! h& h le>n$
 to  obey ! w4    ,! sy/em we wi% to    
tea* is fir/ to beg9 9 ?is way1 !n to   
advance gradually by copy+ "s simple    
draw+s1 execut$ 9 !  mod]n me?od1 until 
! use ( *>coal & crayon is ?or\ghly     
und]/ood4    ,^! draw+s %\ld be         
progressive1 comm5c+ ) ! features 9     

diff]5t positions1 & lead+ gradually to 
! full head1 feet1  h&s1 torso1 etc41   
until ! full l5g? figure is rea*$4      
,by ?is "t suffici5t pr(ici5cy w h be5  
atta9$ to enable  ! /ud5t to put aside  
copy+ & proce$ to draw+ f !  ca/1 :5 !  
same progressive /udies %\ld be obs]v$  
until a  suffici5tly ?or\gh f\ndation 9 
draw+ is acquir$ to w>rant !  f9al /ep (
 draw+ f life1 :i* is ! mo/ difficult   
?\gh !  mo/ int]e/+ ( all4    ,9 view ( 
^! necessities1 a s]ies ( /udies 9      
*>coal &  crayon h be5 prep>$ to        
accompany ?is volume4 ,^! %\ld be       
c>efully copi$1 accord+ to ! directions 
giv54                                   
,,arrangem5t ,,( ,,light4    ,be=e      
beg9n+ to draw1 :e!r f copies1 f ! ca/1 
or f  life1 x is mo/ important t ! room 
be prop]ly light$4    ,if possible a    
nor? light %\ld be select$1 al?\gh t is 
n  absolutely necess>y1 x is1 h[ev]1 mo/
 g5]ally pref]r$ by  arti/s1 z ! light  
is m /eady1 & less influ5c$ by ! direct 
rays ( ! sun4 ,!re %\ld be no cross     

light1 ! light com+  f "o direction     
only2 !re=e1 if !re are sev]al w9d[s on 
diff]5t sides ( a room1 all %\ld be     
d>k5$ :ile work+ except  ^? on "o side4 
,?is light %\ld s be arrang$ z to come f
 above r ?an f  bel[1 & if ! w9d[ is a  
long "o1 curta9 (f ! l[] "p1  s t !     
light beg9s ab\t six feet f ! floor4 ,if
 m ?an  "o p]son is work+ 9 ! same room1
 sev]al w9d[s on ! same  side are       
admissible4 ,if1 h[ev]1 a /udio 7 be+   
built expressly  = ! purpose1 ! ideal   
light w\ld be "o l>ge1 high side w9d[1  
ext5d+ f six to t5 feet along ! wall1   
beg9n+ at ! floor  & rea*+ to ! ceil+1  
:]e x is jo9$ by a skylight1 :i* is     
arrang$ ) an adju/able curta91 s t x may
 only be uncov]$  :5 ne$$4 ,9 ! same way
 ! l[] half ( ! w9d[ %\ld  be curta9$ (f
 up to a height ( six feet = ord9>y     
purposes4  ,! :ole l5g? ( ! w9d[ is     
sometimes useful 9 simulat+ an          
out-(-door effect ( light4    ,"s fam\s 
pa9t]s h _h /udios built entirely (     
glass1 s t  !y c\ld h all ! advantages (

 work+ 9 ! op5 air )\t  ! exposure4     
,adju/able curta9s w\ld turn !          
glass-h\se into an  ord9>y 9-door /udio1
 ) conv5tional light4 ,few ( u are s    
=tunate z to comm& ^! conv5i5ces1 & tru?
 compels u to  admit t !y are n /rictly 
necess>y to good "w4    ,z we h already 
/at$1 ! easel is n[ univ]sally adopt$ = 
draw+1 z well z pa9t+1 in/ead ( ! old   
me?ods1 :i*  necessitat$ lean+ ov] a    
table4 ,! plate to be copi$ is also     
plac$ upright1 9 ! same upright position
 t w\ld be occupi$ by  a ca/ or live    
model1 s t1 ev5 9 ?is elem5t>y tra9+1 ! 
eye becomes accu/om$ to look naturally f
 ! object or /udy be+  copi$ to ! pap]  
on ! easel4    ,:5 prep>+ to draw1 !    
easel %\ld be plac$ 9 front ( !  w9d[ & 
s arrang$ t ! light w come f beh9d1 &   
fall  ov] ! left %\ld] ( ! work]4       
,two or ?ree %eets ( *>coal pap] are n[ 
firmly fa/5$ to !  portfolio or         
draw+-bo>d1 :i* %\ld 9 no case be small]
 ?an !  pap]1 b ev5 l>g]1 project+ at   
lea/ half an in* beyond !  regul>-siz$  

8,lalanne0 or 8,mi*elet0 %eets4    ,to  
fa/5 ! pap] use ord9>y flat brass-head$ 
pap] tacks1 putt+  "o 9 ea* corn]1 & "o 
on ea* side betwe51 mak+ six 9 all4  ,! 
two %eets ( pap] und]nea? ! "o us$ =    
draw+ are s  plac$ 9 ord] to make a     
firm] & smoo!r f\ndation ?an c\ld be    
obta9$ by spread+ a s+le %eet directly  
^u ! h>d surface (  ! wood5 bo>d or     
portfolio1 :]e any crack1 knot1 wr9kle1 
or o!r  imp]fection w\ld %[ ?r\gh :5    
rubb$ ) ! /ump4    ,?is arrangem5t is ( 
great importance1 & %\ld nev] be        
neglect$4    ,= ! b5efit ( ! actual     
beg9n]s1 we w comm5ce ) !  draw+ (      
/raight l9es1 :i* is n ne>ly s easy z   
might be  suppos$4                      
,,/raight ,,l9es4    ,! f\ndation (     
te*nical skill 9 draw+ ( _m k9ds1       
notably  ! *>coal & crayon po9t1 p5 &   
ink1 & p5cil1 dep5ds ^u  ! p[] ( mak+   
l9es ) correctness & dext]ity2 & ?\gh   
lat] on1 9 draw+ & pa9t+1 we le>n to see
 only by =m1 almo/  entirely disc>d+ !  
l9e p] se1 yet ?is e>ly tra9+ (  ! h&   

(t5 gives firmness & surety ( t\* to !  
pa9t]'s  bru% :i* might o!rwise be      
want+1 & is 9 _m ways felt to be        
valuable4    ,to beg9 ! practice ( draw+
 /raight l9es1 fir/ make two dots (     
sev]al in*es ap>t1 let u say1 ab\t ?ree 
in*es f "o po9t to  ! o!r4 ,let ^! dots 
at fir/ be p]p5dicul>1 "o be+ directly  
above ! o!r4    ,%>p5 ! *>coal to a po9t
 & draw x sl[ly f ! upp] to  ! l[] po9t 
sev]al times1 at fir/ )\t actually t\*+ 
!  pap]1 to accu/om ! eye to ! di/ance2 
!n make ! actual l9e  betwe5 ! two1 be>+
 lightly ^u ! pap] & mak+ a l9e (  uni=m
 ?ickness4    ,make ^! l9es 9 r[s       
p>allel to ea* o!r & ab\t an in*  ap>t1 
cont9u+ ! ex]cise until y are able to   
make p]fectly  /raight upright l9es4    
,! next ex]cise consi/s ( draw+         
horizontal l9es 9 ! same  mann]4 ,aft]  
?is1 oblique l9es %\ld be practic$1     
incl9+ 9  diff]5t directions4           
,rememb] t no rul+1 measur+ or me*anical
 aids ( any k9d are  to be made use (1 !
 object be+ to tra9 eye & h&4           

,,curv$ ,,l9es4    ,curv$ l9es are (    
c\rse m difficult ?an /raight = ^? :o   
are entirely untra9$4 ,beg9 to draw ^!  
by mak+ ! two dots at  fir/ z = !       
/raight l9e2 connect ^! dots ) a v light
  l9e1 & !n ?r\gh ! c5t] draw ano!r l9e 
at "r angles1  divid+ ! fir/ exactly 9  
two4 ,?is l9e1 project+ f "o side  only1
 mu/ be exactly ! same l5g? z half !    
fir/ l9e ?us    ,illu/ration3 ,!        
realisation ( ! in/ructions    ,n[      
connect ! extremity ( ^! l9es ) a curv$ 
l9e ext5d+  f "o end to ! middle & !nce 
to ! o!r end4 ,:5 practice  has enabl$ !
 /ud5t to draw ^! curves correctly1 !   
/raight  l9es are omitt$ & ! curves     
drawn only f po9t to po9t4    ,let ?is  
simple ex]cise be repeat$ by draw+ !    
curves 9 e  direction4 ,:5 ! pupil is   
able to draw bo? /raight & curv$  l9es  
?us ) ease he has already ga9$ an       
important /ep4    ,aft] ?is1 simple =ms 
%\ld be drawn 9 outl9e1 us+ su* copies  
z #abj /udies 9 freeh&1 call$ 8,h[ to   
,draw10 by ,*as4 ,ryan1  co/+ #be c5ts1 

publi%$ by ,cassell  ,company4    ,a box
 ( blocks %\ld next be procur$1 :i* are 
sold by art deal]s  = ! purpose1 & !    
/ud5t %\ld beg9 ) ! simple/ =ms  & draw 
!m f nature1 9 outl9e at fir/1 progress+
 gradually  to m complicat$ =ms4    ,!  
next /ep is %ad+1 :i* is done at fir/ 9 
! simple/  mann]4 ,! outl9e sket*$ 91 ! 
proportions are asc]ta9$ to  be correct 
& ! %ad[ & light are divid$ into two    
great masses  )\t detail & block$ 9 z   
broadly z possible1 accord+ to !  me?od 
giv5 9 ! foll[+ pages4    ,le>n to beg9 
a draw+ prop]ly & ! f9i%+ w be easy     
en\gh1 be+ m]ely a matt] ( practice :5  
once ! mann] (  work+ is und]/ood4 ,h[  
(t5 we see expos$ = sale & on           
exhibition draw+s & pa9t+s elaborately  
f9i%$ ( :i* !  draw+ is s faulty z to   
r5d] !m wor?less4    ,/ud5ts1 !re=e1 :o 
are ?or\ghly 9 e>ne/ mu/ be cont5t to   
po/pone all idea ( f9i%+ at fir/1       
occupy+ !mselves 9 !  prelim9>y /udies )
 correctness ( outl9e & proportion only4
  ,= ?is reason :5 ! %ad[s are block$ 9 

broadly & ! draw+  appe>s to be z ne>ly 
"r z y c make x1 put x aside & take  up 
some?+ a little m difficult & c>ry x on 
to ! same /age  )\t endeavor+ to        
elaborate x4 ,?us cont9ue y\r practice1 
always progress+ until y feel fitt$ to  
beg9 ! /udy ( !  human face & =m1 :i*   
is1 z we h said1 ! mo/ difficult  ?+ 9  
art4                                    
,,"p ,,second4                          
,,*apt] ,,iv4                           
,,mann] ,,( ,,work+4      ,^? :o h      
already _h suffici5t practice 9 !       
elem5t>y  draw+ indicat$ 9 ! fir/ "p1 c 
( c\rse omit ! =ego+  pages1 & beg9 at  
once ) ! prep>atory /udies ( ! face &   
figure1 :i* are necess>y be=e proce$+ to
 draw+ f ! ca/4    ,^! /udies consi/ (  
eight plates1 c>efully prep>$ by !      
au?or1 accord+ to ! mod]n me?ods (      
*>coal & crayon draw+  n[ employ$ 9 all 
l>ge art s*ools bo? 9 ,europe & our own 
c\ntry4    ,by c>efully copy+ ^! plates 
9 _! regul> ord]1 ! /ud5t  le>ns ! me?od
 ( us+ *>coal & crayon1 s z to be       

p]fectly  acqua9t$ ) ^! mat]ials & _!   
res\rces be=e beg9n+ to  "w f ,nature2 !
 design also be+ to famili>ize ! eye ) !
  con/ructional draw+ & proportion ( !  
human figure be=eh&1  ?us mat]ially     
less5+ ! difficulties ( draw+ f life4 ,!
  g5]al mann] ( work+ is z foll[s3--    
,arrange ! light1 place ! easel 9       
position1 & fa/5 ! *>coal  pap] to !    
draw+ bo>d or portfolio 9 ! way already 
describ$4  ,we w suppose ! subject to be
 drawn is a head4 ,fir/ make a small    
m>k or dot on ! pap] ) y\r *>coal1 to %[
 :]e ! top (  ! head w come4 ,a         
correspond+ dot w indicate ! bottom ( ! 
face or *91 :ile a m>k on ea* side w %[ 
! wid? ( ! head4    ,be=e beg9n+ to draw
 a l9e1 ^! m>ks w sugge/ :e!r !  head be
 prop]ly plac$ on ! %eet4 ,see t !re be 
n too mu*  space on ei!r side1 & t !    
head is n too high or too l[4    ,if ^! 
prelim9>y precautions be neglect$ ! head
 may be plac$  mo/ awkw>dly2 too mu* to 
"o side or o!rwise wrong1 & !  mi/ake n 
be notic$ until ! draw+ be ne>ly f9i%$4 

,!  importance1 !re=e1 ( prop]ly plac+ !
 head at fir/ c n be  ov]e/imat$4    ,! 
position be+ decid$1 ! outl9es are      
lightly sket*$ 9 )  long1 sweep+ l9es1  
foll[+ ! g5]al direction ( ! head  )\t  
any att5tion at fir/ to details ( any   
k9d4 ,let ^! l9es  next det]m9e ! oval  
describ$ by ! face1 sket*+ at ! same  "t
 ! l9es ( ! ?roat1 & asc]ta9+ ! action (
 ! body  9 relation to ! head by "o or m
 long1 sweep+ l9es across !  bu/ f %\ld]
 to %\ld]4    ,next draw a l9e ) !      
*>coal po9t across ! oval ( ! face  :]e 
! hair meets ! =ehead1 "o ?r\gh ! middle
 ( ! eyes1  "o at ! base ( ! nose1 ?r\gh
 ! c5t] ( ! m\? & !  l[e/ po9t ( ! *94  
,^! l9es det]m9e ! proportions ( ! face1
 & are drawn  v lightly ) ! *>coal1     
%>p5$ to a f9e po9t1 z !y  are eras$ :5 
! features are drawn 94 ,next proce$ to 
place !  features on ^! l9es1 block+ !m 
9 only 9 _! g5]al =ms  at fir/ ) v      
little detail1 & draw ^! =ms z squ>ely z
  possible1 seek+ = angles & avoid+     
curves4    ,x is easy to turn angles    

into curves 9 f9i%+ a draw+1 b if we    
beg9 ) curves we h no?+ to dep5d ^u1 & !
 draw+ loses  /r5g?1 becom+ s(t & weak 9
 ! end4    ,hav+ asc]ta9$ t ! features  
are 9 ! "r place1 g back to  ! outl9e & 
br+ t into %ape1 ?\gh )\t try+ to f9i%  
x c>efully z yet4    ,! next /ep is to  
block 9 ! %ad[s 9 _! g5]al =ms1  divid+ 
! :ole head into two di/9ct masses (    
light & %ade4  ,to d ?is1 make a fa9t   
outl9e ( ! exact =m ( ! %ad[s  :]e !y   
meet ! light2 n[ fill 9 ) *>coal all !  
mass (  %ad[ )9 ! outl9e1 mak+ "o flat1 
ev5 tone ( d>k )\t  v>iation ( %ade4 ,to
 d ?is draw ! *>coal 9 /raight p>allel  
l9es slightly oblique1 almo/ t\*+ ea*   
o!r1 until ! :ole  %ad[ is cov]$4 ,no   
special c>e ne$ be tak5 9 putt+ 9 ^!    
l9es1 z ! ma9 object is to get ! pap]   
suffici5tly cov]$  ) ! *>coal4 ,! l>ge/ 
pap] /ump is n[ us$1 to unite ^!  *>coal
 l9es into "o flat tone ( d>k4    ,!    
/ump is held 9 ! f+]s1 s t ab\t an in* (
 ! po9t  lies on ! pap]1 n m]ely ! tip  
end4 ,) ?is ! *>coal is  rubb$ 9 until  

no l9es appe>1 only "o simple ev5 tone (
 d>k  fill+ ! outl9e ( ! %ad[4    ,put 9
 ! eyes1 nose1 m\?1 etc41 & 9 ! same way
 draw+ !  =m ( ! g5]al %ad[ fir/ )\t any
 detail1 z already  m5tion$1 & putt+ 9 !
 flat tone ) ! *>coal & /ump4    ,:5 !  
pr9cipal %ad[s are ?us laid 91 look at !
 head f  a di/ance & see if !           
proportions are correct4 ,any mi/ake w  
be easily se5 9 ?is /age1 & %\ld be     
correct$ at once be=e  proce$+ fur!r4   
,to correct a l9e or erase ! *>coal 9   
any way1 use ! crumb or  s(t "p ( /ale  
bread4 ,?is is done by tak+ a small     
piece betwe5  ! f+]s1 & roll+ x into a  
little ball1 !n %ap+ x to  a po9t4 ,be  
sure ! bread is n too fre% or made )    
butt]1 z  greasy bread w ru9 ! pap]1 s t
 x is impossible to "w  nicely on x4    
,if1 h[ev]1 su* a grease spot becomes   
evid5t :5 !  draw+ is some:at advanc$1 x
 c be rem$i$ 9 ! f9i%+1 by  t\*+        
c>efully ) a %>p-po9t$ crayon1 & rubb+ )
 a  po9t$ rubb] /ump2 work+ ) bo?       
alt]nately1 mak+ f9e1 small  t\*es1     

until ! spot is ev5 9 tone ) ! re/4     
,9 us+ ! bread1 nev] press h>d2 if !    
*>coal or crayon w  n come (f1 use !    
po9t$ rubb] /ump4    ,9 lay+ 9 a mass ( 
%ad[1 if too mu* *>coal gets on ! pap]1 
s z to become inconv5i5t1 wipe x (f     
lightly & ev5ly ) a  s(t cotton rag1 &  
if !n ! tone is too light1 "w on x aga9 
) *>coal1 z be=e1 us+ ! /ump 9 ! same   
way until x  becomes ! "r tone4    ,9   
work+ heads1 life /udies1 etc41 9 *>coal
 x is ! practice  9 all ! l>ge art      
s*ools to f9i% !m ) black crayon4 ,!    
crayon is n t\*$1 h[ev]1 until ! %ad[s  
are all put 9 &  ! proportions f\nd to  
be correct4 ,! :ole effect be+ block$ 9 
! way already describ$1 ! crayon is tak5
 up & ! two mat]ials  us$ toge!r at     
fir/1 z requir$1 9 ! foll[+ mann]3    ,!
 outl9e1 :i* has be5 sket*$ 9 ) *>coal1 
is n[ v  c>efully drawn ) a f9ely po9t$ 
,cont crayon ,no4 #b4 ,fir/ du/  (f !   
*>coal a little ) a rag until ! outl9e  
is q light1  ?\gh easily se51 & d n make
 ! crayon outl9e too d>k &  ?ick4       

,next proce$ to block 9 ! hair ) *>coal4
 ,d ?is at fir/ 9  ! simple masses (    
light & %ade1 rubb+ 9 ! *>coal 9 close  
l9es at fir/1 s z to well cov] ! pap]1 &
 !n us+ ! /ump  to make "o flat1 ev5    
tone4    ,if ! hair is d>k1 cov] ! light
 mass ) a g5]al tone ( light  gray1 us+ 
! *>coal v lightly & rubb+ x flat ) !   
/ump z be=e4 ,if ! hair is light1 put 9 
a fa9t] tone = !  d>k mass & a v        
delicate tone ov] ! light mass4 ,d n    
attempt  to see any reflect$ lights or  
small details z yet4    ,hav+ ! head n[ 
well />t$1 we proce$ to c>ry x on by    
putt+  9 ! half t9ts :i* connect !      
masses ( light & %ad[ all  ov] ! face4  
,d ?is ) a clean1 m$ium-siz$ pap] /ump  
by  dragg+ ! *>coal f ! %ad[ ov] !      
light4 ,d n put any  new *>coal on = !  
half t9ts1 z x is v important t !y  be  
kept light at fir/4 ,keep a clean /ump  
always at h& = delicate  half t9ts1 &   
nev] use an old "o4    ,! face n[ beg9s 
to model & look r\nd1 & is fur!r c>ri$  
on by putt+ 9 ! d>k acc5ts ( %ad[ & tak+

 out reflect$  lights ) bread4    ,!    
features are br\ght into %ape1 us+ ! %>p
 po9t$ *>coal  & a small /ump4    ,at   
?is /age ! crayon is tak5 up p]man5tly &
 ! *>coal laid  aside4    ,! ,cont      
crayon ,no4 #b %>p5$ to a f9e po9t is   
rubb$ all ov]  ! mass ( %ad[ already    
laid 9 ) *>coal & is !n s(t5$  ) ! /ump 
9 ! mann] already describ$1 ! *>coal &  
crayon  toge!r produc+ a beautiful      
quality ( tone4    ,let me "h m5tion t  
"s arti/s pref] to use ! sauce crayon  =
 putt+ 9 l>ge masses ( d>k1 su* z %ad[s1
 hair1 drap]y1  etc4 ,! /ud5t %\ld try  
bo? me?ods & use ei!r or bo?1 z he  may 
pref]4    ,! sauce crayon %\ld be rubb$ 
(f on a small piece ( *>coal  pap] &    
tack$ on "o side ( ! draw+ s z to be    
conv5i5t =  use4    ,! po9t ( ! l>ge    
/ump is n[ roll$ ar\nd 9 ! sauce or     
p[d]$ crayon ?us prep>$1 & is !n rubb$  
into ! %ad[ until  ! :ole is cov]$ ) !  
crayon & pres5ts an ev5 d>k tone4    ,! 
sauce crayon is only to be employ$ =    
l>ge spaces1 & is useful  9 sav+ "t1 z x

 takes long] to cov] ! surface ) l9es   
made  by ! crayon po9t4 ,/ill _m pref] !
 latt]4    ,! crayon po9t is always us$ 
9 f9i%+ up ! draw+1 :i* is  c>ri$ on by 
degrees4 ,! d>k acc5ts are put 9 ! eyes1
 nose1  m\? & e>s1 & ! small /ump is us$
 to s(t5 ! m>ks ( !  crayon1 b %\ld n be
 rubb$ too mu*4    ,if ! head be r d>k 9
 its g5]al effect1 a v delicate gray    
t9t %\ld be put all ov] ! light mass ( !
 face4 ,?is is done  ) a clean /ump :i* 
has be5 us$ = half t9ts1 & ! tone is    
put on 9 ! same mann]1 ! crayon po9t n  
be+ us$ "h4    ,! high lights are tak5  
out ) ! bread roll$ to a po9t1 &  %\ld  
be made %>p & di/9ct4 ,! hair is c>ri$  
on 9 ! same  mann] z ! face1 ! d>k      
acc5ts & details be+ put 9 ) !  crayon  
po9t & s(t5$ a little ) ! /ump4 ,! half 
t9ts are  develop$ & reflect$ lights    
tak5 out ) bread4 ,! high lights  are   
la/ly rubb$ out 9 ! same way1 tak+ c>e  
always to pres]ve  ! exact =m ( ! lights
 :]e !y meet ! %ad[s4    ,9 draw+ hair1 
d n attempt to put 9 too mu* detail4 ,! 

deepe/  %ad[s & ! highe/ lights %\ld    
always be kept simple4 ,! mo/  detail is
 g5]ally se5 9 ! half t9t1 b %\ld be v  
c>efully  /udi$ only 9 ! mo/ prom95t    
p>ts1 ! re/ be+ left 9 a  sugge/ive way4
    ,9 work+ ?us ) *>coal & crayon1 !re 
are "o or two ?+s  t %\ld be always kept
 9 m9d4    ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! *>coal &  
crayon mu/ always be kept  %>p5$ :ile   
draw+1 a f9e po9t be+ mo/ necess>y4 ,a  
%>p  knife %\ld always be at h&1 & also 
a piece ( s&pap]1 z x  is v difficult to
 %>p5 ! crayons ) a knife1 !y break s   
easily4    ,always buy ! be/ mat]ials1 &
 always keep pl5ty on h&4 ,h a  box (   
*>coal1 & at lea/ half a doz5 crayons1 &
 keep "o or two  clean /umps 9 res]ve no
 matt] h[ _m y h already 9 use4    ,9   
rubb+ on *>coal1 & be=e us+ ! /ump1 be  
sure to cov]  ! pap] well1 s t v little 
rubb+ w spread ! tone into  an ev5 mass4
 ,no matt] h[ mu* *>coal y get on at    
fir/1 y c  always take (f ! sup]fluity )
 a rag2 b if !re is n en\gh  "o is      
tempt$ to rub ! pap] too h>d1 & if !    

surface ( !  pap] gets r\gh5$ by too mu*
 rubb+ at fir/1 y c nev] d  any ?+ ) x  
aft]w>d4    ,9 putt+ on ! crayon1 h[ev]1
 we mu/ be m c>eful4    ,put on a little
 & try x ) ! /ump2 if x does n spread   
well1  add m1 & s on4 ,ev5 :5 disp5s+   
entirely ) ! sauce  crayon & us+ only ! 
po9t$ /icks1 x is well to rub (f "s  ( !
 crayon on a small piece ( pap] & p9 x  
up on "o side (  ! draw+1 = us+ 9 v     
light tones :]e ! po9t mu/ n be         
employ$4 ,= in/ance1 9 cov]+ ! light    
side ( ! face ) a  delicate tone1 ! /ump
 is rubb$ on ?is1 & tri$ fir/ on a piece
  ( pap] be=e us+ x on ! draw+4    ,nev]
 let ! h& re/ directly ^u ! draw+       
itself4 ,if n  conv5i5t to re/ x ^u !   
m>g91 h a %eet ( clean writ+  pap] to   
place und]nea? ! h&4    ,9 sket*+ 91 or 
draw+ long1 sweep+ l9es1 d n /eady !  h&
 ^u ! pap] at all1 z "o does 9 writ+1 b 
try to acquire  fre$om ( h&l+ by        
practice1 re/+ ! h& ^u ! pap] only  :5  
absolutely necess>y1 z 9 draw+ f9e      
details1 or :5 great  precision is      

requir$4                                
,,*apt] ,v4                             
,,measurem5t1 ,,actual ,,& ,,comp>ative4
      ,by actual measurem5t is meant !  
measurem5t ( ! object itself by  hold+  
aga9/ x a rul] or /raight /rip ( pap]1 &
 m>k+ (f  ! numb] ( in*es or exact      
di/ance f "o giv5 po9t to ano!r4  ,^!   
measurem5ts are !n comp>$ ) ! draw+1 & !
 same  di/ances are m>k$ (f on ! pap]4  
,9 me*anical & ar*itectural draw+ ?is   
sy/em ( measurem5t is  9 con/ant use1 b 
9 freeh& draw+1 & 9 ! me?od practic$  by
 arti/s1 actual measurem5t is n all[$4  
,nev] measure 9 any way  :5 beg9n+ a    
draw+1 b /rike out bravely1 resolv+ to  
dep5d  ^u ! eye only1 if possible4      
,aft] ! fir/ outl9es are put 91 & !     
proportions are z ne>ly  correct z y c  
make !m1 x is p]fectly legitimate to    
8prove0 a  draw+ by actual measurem5t1  
if x is a copy4 ,if "o is draw+ f  a    
ca/1 or f life1 & x is necess>y t ! head
 be exactly !  same size1 a measurem5t  
may be tak5 f ! top ( ! head to !  *91 &

 comp>$ ) ! sket* y h made4 ,beyond ?is 
no actual  measurem5t %\ld be all[$4    
,,comp>ative ,,measurem5t4    ,?is is a 
v important ?+ 9 draw+ f ,nature1 or    
objects (  any k9d1 & mu/ be ?or\ghly   
und]/ood by ! /ud5t1 z )\t  x no draw+ c
 be made absolutely correct4            
,comp>ative measurem5ts are entirely    
proportional4 ,! mann] (  tak+ !m is z  
foll[s3    ,place y\rself opposite !    
object to be measur$1 at ! same di/ance 
f :i* y\r draw+ is tak54 ,let u say y   
are draw+ ! bu/  ( ,apollo1 & wi% to    
discov] j ! exact height ( ! :ole1  also
 ! wid? across ! %\ld]s4    ,ext5d y\r  
arm 9 a p]fectly /raight l9e at "r      
angles to !  ca/1 hold+ 9 y\r h& a long 
lead-p5cil4 ,! p5cil mu/ be  held       
p>allel to ! g5]al direction ( ! ca/1   
nei!r end be+  all[$ to sw]ve !         
slighte/4    ,n[1 clos+ "o eye to       
conc5trate ! vision1 measure (f ) y\r   
?umb ^u ! p5cil1 :i* is held crosswise1 
! app>5t di/ance  f ! outside ( "o %\ld]
 9 a direct l9e to ! outside ( !  o!r4  

,keep y\r ?umb tightly ^u ! p5cil at !  
place measur$1  & sl[ly turn ! h& ar\nd1
 keep+ ! arm ext5d$ at ! same  di/ance f
 ! body1 & ! eye 9 ! same position z    
be=e4    ,! p5cil is n[ held /raight up 
& d[n1 & y\r object is to  see h[ _m    
times ! di/ance measur$ (f on ! p5cil w 
g  into ! :ole l5g? ( ! ca/1 beg9n+ at !
 top ( ! head  & measur+ d[n to ! foot (
 ! bu/1 sl[ly mov+ ! p5cil  d[nw>d &    
*eck+ (f ) ! eye ea* "t ! measurem5t is 
repeat$4    ,9 ?is way we c f9d out     
exactly :e!r ! ca/ is j twice z  long z 
x is wide1 or less--9 o!r words1 !      
comp>ative proportions4    ,?is k9d (   
measurem5t is invaluable 9 out-(-door   
sket*+1 &  ! eye soon becomes s tra9$ by
 practice t relative proportions  are   
comp>$ in/9ctively1 & "o sc>cely ne$s to
 use ! p5cil4                           
,,! ,,plumb ,,l9e4    ,ano!r mo/        
valuable adjunct 9 draw+ f life & f !   
ca/ is  ! plumb l9e4 ,?is consi/s ( a   
piece ( /rong tw9e ) a weight  on "o    
end1 :i* s]ves to keep ! /r+ p]fectly   

/raight &  /eady :5 susp5d$ f ! h&4 ,a  
/raight l9e is ?us simulat$  :i* is     
dropp$ f a giv5 po9t to "o directly     
und]nea?1  =m+ "o side ( a triangle1 :i*
 w asc]ta9 = u !  diff]5t positions t   
c]ta9 o!r p>ts assume 9 relation to ?is 
l9e4    ,= in/ance1 we hold ! plumb l9e 
s z to make a /raight l9e f  ! *9 ( a   
/&+ figure to ! gr\nd4 ,! top & bottom (
 !  l9e =m two po9ts ( a triangle1 !    
?ird to be repres5t$ by !  man's heel4  
,imag9>y l9es are n[ drawn ?r\gh ^!     
po9ts1 =m+ !  triangle1 ^: base det]m9es
 ! direction ( ! heel 9 relation  to !  
c5t]-l9e ( ! body4 ,9 ?is way ! balance 
( a figure  c be accurately asc]ta9$1 & 
! mo/ difficult action correctly        
sugge/$4    ,9 ! actual draw+ ! real    
l9es may be sket*$ 9 *>coal f  po9t to  
po9t at ! same angle det]m9$ by ! plumb1
 & !  corrections made accord+ly1 ^!    
/raight l9es be+ ( c\rse  eras$ aft]w>d4
                                        
,,values4    ,! t]m 8value10 z und]/ood 
by arti/s1 is us$ to express !          

comp>ative relation ( tones to ea* o!r1 
irrespective ( color4  ,!re may be _m   
diff]5t colors be=e u all ( ! same      
value2  also1 !re may be only "o color  
us$ 9 a draw+1 yet _m diff]5t  values   
are se51 :i* goes to %[ t we are to     
comp>e tones &  n colors4    ,= example1
 9 draw+ or pa9t+ a l&scape we look at !
 tone (  ! trees aga9/ ! sky & obs]ve   
:i* is ! d>k]4 ,if a /ormy1  heavy sky  
is se5 beh9d light1 fea!ry1 gre5 trees  
we see t !  sky is d>k] 9 value4    ,if1
 on ! contr>y1 trees ) d>k1 ri* foliage 
are obs]v$ to be  /rongly reliev$ aga9/ 
a bright1 sunny sky1 we p]ceive at once 
t ! sky is light] 9 value ?an ! trees4  
,9 l mann] we  comp>e ! rocks ) ! wat]1 
! f5ce ) ! road1 & s on1  accord+ to !  
diff]5t objects to be reg>d$ 9 !        
picture4    ,9 draw+ a head 9 *>coal or 
crayon x is well to e/abli% at once  !  
d>ke/ value 9 ! :ole1 select+ ! deepe/  
spot ( %ad[  ) :i* all ! o!r tones ( d>k
 may be comp>$4    ,look = in/ance1 at !
 %ad[ ov] ! eye or "u ! nose1 :i*  are  

g5]ally v d>k1 & comp>e x ) ! %ad[ on ! 
*eek1  beh9d ! e>1 or "u ! *94 ,9 ! same
 way decide ^u !  highe/ light 9 ! face4
 ,say x is f\nd ^u ! =ehead or on !     
*eek bone4 ,be sure t x is ! brighte/   
spot 9 ! face1 & !n  comp>e all ! o!r   
degrees ( light ) ?is4    ,by /udy+ 9   
?is way1 & obs]v+ ! comp>ative v>iety ( 
^!  tones1 we arrive at correct values4 
,?is is a mo/ important quality 9 art & 
c n be ov]e/imat$1  = ^u a j            
appreciation ( ! values 9 a picture     
dep5ds its  tru?4 ,?is also s]ves to    
illu/rate ! necessity ( mak+ /udies     
directly f nature :5ev] possible4       
,,*apt] ,,vi4                           
,,crayon ,,portraits4      ,crayon is   
especially adapt$ to portraiture1 on    
acc\nt ( !  brilliant effects :i* x is  
capable ( produc+1 z well z !  great    
s(tness & delicacy ( f9i% :i* may be    
obta9$ by its use4    ,portraits %\ld1 (
 c\rse1 always be tak5 f life if        
possible1  ?\gh if ! p]son be an invalid
 or is = any o!r reason unable  to give 

_m sitt+s1 a photograph may be us$ = !  
beg9n+4 ,!  portrait is c>ri$ on f ?is  
until well advanc$2 if "o or two  sitt+s
 f life c !n be _h 9 f9i%+1 x w be a    
great  advantage1 especially 9 reg>d to 
! expression4    ,9 portraits ( *ildr5 a
 photograph is frequ5tly a great        
assi/ance1  p>ticul>ly if ! arti/ has n 
_h mu* exp]i5ce4    ,9 all su* cases1   
h[ev]1 x is be/ to decide ^u ! pose1 &  
sket* x f life1 & !n h ! photograph tak5
 9 ! pose y  h select$4    ,9 ?is way1 !
 light & %ade are arrang$ to suit !     
arti/1  & ! pose be+ decid$ ^u by him1 !
 portrait w h !  effect ( be+ drawn f   
life in/ead ( be+ m]ely a copy f a      
conv5tional photograph4    ,9 g5]al !   
effect ( light us$ by photograph]s is   
exactly !  rev]se ( t *os5 by arti/s4 ,x
 w be notic$ t ord9>y  photographs h !  
great] "p ( ! face ei!r 9 %ad[ or  cov]$
 by /rong half-t9ts4    ,an arti/1 on ! 
contr>y1 9 pos+ a head = a portrait1    
pref]s  exactly ! opposite arrangem5t1  
select+ broad & simple effects (  light 

) only en\gh %ad[ to give ! necess>y    
v>iety & relief  to ! features4    ,:5  
arrang+ ! prelim9>ies = a portrait1 !re 
are sev]al  ?+s to be consid]$4    ,9 ! 
fir/ place1 /udy ! head c>efully & see  
:i* view is mo/  agreeable4 ,sometimes  
features 9 ! same face look diff]5tly :5
  se5 f opposite directions4 ,"s noses  
or m\?s look well on "o  side & di/ort$ 
on ! o!r4    ,a v broad face %\ld n be  
giv5 a full front pose1 b w\ld look     
bett] se5 9 ?ree-qu>t]4    ,a v retreat+
 *9 mu/ n be se5 9 a pr(ile view4       
,?is same pose1 h[ev]1 = a p]son ) a ca/
 9 ! eyes is  pref]able1 & s on4 ,aft]  
all su* matt]s h be5 consid]$1 see  t ! 
head is n ?r[n up too high1 z x w make !
 nose look  %ort1 :ile l[]+ ! *9 too mu*
 w make ! nose look long4 ,a  good rule 
is t ! eyes ( ! sitt] %\ld be on a l9e )
 ^?  ( ! arti/ z he sits or /&s at 8 "w4
    ,! me?od mo/ g5]ally 9 use = crayon 
portraits is t  describ$ 9 ! prec$+     
pages1 9 :i* ! /ump is us$4 ,all !      
old-fa%ion$ ways ( /ippl+ & hat*+ are   

seldom resort$ to1  & n consid]$        
arti/ic4    ,9 draw+ a life-siz$ head ! 
arti/ mu/ n be too f> f 8  subject1 !   
easel be+ plac$ ab\t f\r or five feet   
di/ant4 ,x is  well to get up & walk    
back occasionally1 look+ at ! "w f a    
di/ance s z to see ! g5]al effect4      
,!re are sev]al diff]5t k9ds ( pap] us$ 
= crayon portraits1  "s arti/s pref]r+  
"o make1 "s ano!r4 ,! ord9>y 8,lalanne0 
& 8,mi*elet0 pap]s us$ = *>coal & crayon
 /udies are a little  too r\gh 9 texture
 to please e body1 & d n produce q s    
f9e a f9i% z is desirable4 ,!y come 9   
too small-siz$ %eets =  a l>ge portrait 
head1 = :i* "o wants pl5ty ( room4      
,?is1 h[ev]1 is m]ely a matt] ( ta/e1 t 
c be indulg$ :5  "o has become          
suffici5tly pr(ici5t 9 ! "w to judge =  
himself4 ,we w sugge/ t ,:atman's crayon
 pap] is "o ( !  mo/ satisfactory2 ?is  
comes 9 l>ge %eets1 & %\ld be /ret*$    
be=e us+ 9 ! mann] already describ$4 ,a 
good siz$ /ret*]  = an ord9>y portrait  
is #bjbd4    ,if m ( ! figure ?an !     

%\ld]s is to be se51 a l>g] size  w\ld  
be bett]4    ,! portrait is fir/ lightly
 sket*$ 9 ) *>coal1 & if !  /ud5t is n v
 pr(ici5t 9 draw+ f life x is bett] to  
make ! fir/ sket* ^u an ord9>y %eet (   
*>coal pap]4    ,:5 all corrections are 
made1 & ! g5]al proportions ( ! face    
appe> to be "r1 ! outl9e is transf]r$ to
 ! /ret*] 9 !  foll[+ mann]3--    ,take 
! %eet ( *>coal pap] on :i* ! sket* is  
made1 & )  a /ick ( *>coal 8scribble10 s
 to speak1 all ov] ! back1 s t  ! pap]  
is entirely cov]$ beh9d y\r sket*4      
,n[ lay ?is %eet ) ! face upw>d on !    
clean /ret*]1  plac+ x s t ! head w come
 9 exactly ! "r place1  nei!r too high  
nor too l[4    ,fa/5 x ) p9s at ! top & 
bottom1 s t ! pap] w n  slip1 & !n ) a  
%>p1 h>d lead-p5cil c>efully g ov] !    
outl9e1 & e important "p ( ! face &     
head4 ,if ! pap]  %\ld move 9 ! lea/ !  
:ole ?+ is spoil$1 !re=e x is  be/ 9    
transf]r+ to lay ! draw+ ^u a table till
 f9i%$4  ,rememb] n to re/ ! h& heavily 
^u any portion ( ! pap]  except ! l9e to

 be trac$1 z e t\* leaves a black spot  
b5ea?4    ,on remov+ ! sket* a p]fect   
outl9e w be f\nd ^u !  /ret*]1 :i* w be 
a suffici5t guide to ! proportions &    
g5]al lik5ess4 ,n[1 ) a %>ply po9t$     
*>coal /ick beg9 to  draw 9 ! head1     
foll[+ ! outl9e1 block 9 ! features1    
mass+  ! %ad[s 9 ! face & hair4    ,d n 
beg9 to use ! crayon until ! g5]al      
lik5ess is assur$1  = ! pap] mu/ n be   
r\gh5$ by too mu* eras+4    ,use ! s(t  
cotton rag = du/+ (f *>coal :5ev] y c1  
in/ead ( bread1 z too mu* rubb+ ) bread 
w grease ! pap]2  = v l>ge spaces1 :]e  
eras+ is necess>y1 use ,fab]'s ,india   
rubb]4    ,:5 ! crayon is put on1       
advance sl[ly1 rememb]+ t 9 a  portrait 
!re is mu* m c>eful "w ?an 9 an ord9>y  
life  /udy1 & t !re are _m m ?+s to be  
consid]$ ?an m]ely  ! draw+4 ,! lik5ess 
is to be secur$1 :i* is sometimes a     
difficult ?+ ev5 = ^? ) exp]i5ce4       
,?is is accompli%$ gradually2 ! /ud5t   
mu/ n always expect  to see ! lik5ess 9 
! fir/ sket*2 x comes by degrees1 z !   

draw+ progresses1 & x is a good rule to 
draw ! head 9 exactly  z y see x1       
emphasiz+ ! sali5t po9ts1 no matt] h[   
ugly x  may appe>4 ,d n attempt to      
improve & modify until ! draw+ &  g5]al 
lik5ess are secur$4    ,! expression    
comes la/ ( all1 & ) x ! beauty4 ,if y  
attempt to make ! face pretty at fir/1 y
 w weak5 ! draw+  & lose ! "*4 ,= ?is   
reason1 _m arti/s make x a rule  nev] to
 %[ _! portraits until f9i%$4 ,! sitt]  
does n  und]/& ! me?ods ( work+ & is    
tempt$ to criticise1 :i*  r5d]s ! work] 
timid4    ,aft] ! head is put 9 ) !     
crayon & model$ ) ! /ump1 9  ! mann]    
describ$ 9 a previ\s *apt]1 ! f9i%+ is  
c>ri$ on  ) ! crayon po9t1 ! small /ump1
 & ! po9t$ rubb] /ump1  :i* is f\nd m   
useful ?an bread at ! la/4    ,! animat$
 expression is put 9 ! eyes by d>k t\*es
 9 ! pupil  & "u ! lids1 :ile %>p lights
 are acc5t$ 9 ! iris & on  ! eyeball4   
,! =m ( ! "u lid mu/ be c>efully /udi$4 
,! nose1 also1 has mu* to d ) !         
expression2 especially !  %ape ( !      

no/rils1 & ! direction ( ! l9es at !    
side (  ! nose runn+ d[n to ! m\?4      
,obs]ve :e!r ! no/rils droop  d[nw>d at 
! outw>d edge2 ?is gives a s]i\s        
expression2 if1  on ! contr>y1 ! l9e is 
elevat$1 x t5ds to give a bright &      
animat$ appe>ance to ! face4    ,! m\?1 
( c\rse1 is ( great importance1 &       
influ5ces !  expression m ?an any o!r   
feature2 :5 smil+1 ! corn]s  are turn$  
upw>d1 & ! l9es or dimples are curv$ 9  
an outw>d  direction4 ,9 a sad face !   
corn]s ( ! m\? drop d[nw>d & !  l9es gr[
 /raight4    ,if ! /ud5t le>ns to look =
 su* indications 9 _m faces1 he  w f9d m
 sugge/ions ( importance to aid him 9   
develop+ !  expression4 ,)\t su* k1 he  
may accid5tally rev]se ^!  conditions1 &
 "w on bl9dly1 puzzl+ himself va9ly to  
f9d out  :]e he is wrong & :y !         
expression is j ! opposite ( :at  x %\ld
 be4                                    
,,! ,,hair4    ,9 draw+ ! hair1 no matt]
 h[ elaborate its arrangem5t1 x mu/  be 
block$ 9 at fir/ 9 simple flat masses ( 

light & %ade )\t  any attempt at detail4
 ,try1 h[ev]1 to give ! g5]al "* (  !   
hair 9 putt+ 9 ! =m ( ! %ad[s :]e !y    
meet !  light4 ,9 smoo?1 black hair1 !  
effect w be l>ge masses ( black  ) %>p1 
cle>ly-def9$ high lights4    ,light     
curly hair w h mu* light] tone 9 ! %ad[ 
& mu*  less brilliant lights4    ,aft] !
 hair is ?us laid 9 ) *>coal & ! /ump1 !
 crayon  is tak5 up4    ,! half t9ts are
 /udi$ & ! deep acc5ts ( d>k put 9 !    
%ad[s1 always foll[+ ! outl9e ( ! =m (  
ea* %ad[ v  c>efully4    ,avoid putt+ 9 
a numb] ( l9es to repres5t hair1 z ?is  
de/roys  ! effect & means no?+4 ,all    
details are express$ by c>efully  r5d]$ 
light & %ade4    ,9 f9i%+1 ! high lights
 are tak5 out ) bread roll$ to a  po9t1 
or if m conv5i5t1 ! india-rubb] /ump is 
us$4    ,s(t5 ! hair :]e x t\*es ! face1
 nev] leav+ a h>d1 d>k  l9e4 ,:5 a tone 
is too d>k1 x is n always necess>y to   
use ei!r  bread or rubb]1 b fir/ try    
rubb+ ) ! /ump1 :i* may be  f\nd        
suffici5t4                              

,,backgr\nds4    ,a backgr\nd gives     
relief & importance to ! head1 & %\ld be
  manag$ ) judgm5t4    ,9 ! fir/ place1 
nev] make ! backgr\nd exactly ! same    
value z  ! head4 ,if ! hair is light & !
 g5]al effect ( ! face fair  & delicate1
 ! backgr\nd %\ld be d>k] ?an ! head1   
?\gh n  too d>k4    ,ev]y?+ mu/ be      
h>moni\s1 & a spotty appe>ance is to be 
avoid$4    ,= in/ance1 a v light effect 
( hair & face ) a mod]ately  d>k dress &
 a jetty-black backgr\nd is v bad4      
,also1 a head  ) black hair1 :ite dress 
& v light backgr\nd4 ,all viol5t        
contra/s %\ld be avoid$4    ,put !      
backgr\nd 9 at fir/ ) *>coal only1 us+  
p>allel l9es  9 "o direction1 !n cross+ 
!m diagonally4 ,aft] ?is take !  l>ge   
/ump & rub ^! l9es into "o tone1 yet    
leav+ a slight  sugge/ion ( ! l9es to %[
 ?r\gh4    ,put 9 ?is tone only ar\nd ! 
%\ld]s & l[] "p ( ! head1  leav+ ! upp] 
"p ( ! pap] b>e1 or ne>ly s4    ,9 ?is  
way try ! effect1 work+ sl[ly & add+ m  
*>coal z  ! tone ne$s to be d>k]4    ,:5

 y h decid$ t ! backgr\nd has ! "r      
effect 9  relation to ! head1 use !     
crayon po9t 9 ! same way z !  *>coal1   
putt+ 9 cross$ l9es & rubb+ !m toge!r   
aga9  ) ! /ump until a transp>5t effect 
is a*iev$1 :i* w give  atmosph]e &      
relieve ! head4    ,if y get on too mu* 
crayon rub x all ov] ) a s(t rag4 ,?is  
is  an excell5t ?+ to d occasionally1 z 
x s(t5s & unites !  :ole :ile mak+ !    
tone light]4    ,sometimes 9 f9i%+1 a   
few t\*es ( ! rubb] po9t may be us$  at 
! edges ( ! backgr\nd & :]e x s(t5s (f  
at ! top4 ,use  ! rubb] 9 ! same mann] z
 ! crayon po9t1 mak+ light l9es  cross+ 
obliquely4    ,rememb] t h>dly any      
appe>ance ( l9es mu/ be se54 ,:5 all is 
done !y mu/ be s s(t5$ ) /ump & rag z to
 pres5t almo/  ! appe>ance1 at a little 
di/ance1 ( an ev5 tone4    ,9 "s cases !
 backgr\nd may be c>ri$ up high] ?an !  
middle  ( ! head1 b x is v r>ely        
necess>y to surr\nd ! :ole head  ) x4   
,sometimes a v light tone may be put all
 ov] ! pap] ) !  l>ge /ump & rag4    ,9 

?is case ! l9es are only us$ at ! d>ke/ 
"p ar\nd !  %\ld]s4 ,^! matt]s mu/ be   
det]m9$ by individual ta/e1 &  !        
composition ( ! portrait1 z x is        
impossible to make g5]al  rules = e     
case4    ,nev] attempt to make l&scape  
backgr\nds or effects ( drap]y &        
/ill-life beh9d a simple portrait head4 
,e ?+ %\ld be kept  subord9ate to !     
face1 :i* is ! mo/ important ?+ ( all4  
,nev] use :ite *alk or crayon ) ! black 
9 su* portraits2 take  all lights out ) 
bread1 or leave ! pap] clean4           
,,drap]y4    ,all drap]y 9 a crayon     
portrait mu/ be treat$ z simply z       
possible1  be+ reg>d$ only z second>y 9 
importance to ! head1 :i* is1  ( c\rse1 
! ma9 object ( int]e/4    ,all elaborate
 trimm+s or pron\nc$ fa%ions %\ld be    
avoid$4    ,diff]5t k9ds ( mat]ial are  
int]pret$ by c>efully /udy+ !  diff]5t  
=ms ( ! lights & %ad[s 9 ea*4 ,=        
in/ance1 black  sat9 is r5d]$ by l>ge   
masses ( black1 z black z crayon c be   
made ) %>p1 n>r[ high lights1 s light z 

to be almo/ :ite4    ,9 black silk1 !   
masses ( d>k are light] 9 _! g5]al tone1
  & ! lights less %>p & brilliant4    ,!
 diff]5t colors are repres5t$ by light] 
or d>k] tones1 z !  case may be4    ,9  
black velvet1 ! masses ( d>k are s(t]   
?an 9 sat9 & n s  jetty black1 :ile !   
lights are less brilliant & m diffus$ 9 
effect1 leav+ m half t9ts ?an are se5   
ei!r 9 silk or sat94  ,9 black clo?s !  
lights are q l[ 9 tone & ! d>ks are n  v
 black1 no %>p high lights are se5 at   
all1 bo? light & %ade  tak+ l>ge &      
simple =ms4    ,:ite /uffs1 su* z lace1 
musl91 etc41 are also kept simple 9     
effect1 & are laid 9 ) a v delicate tone
 all ov] ! mass (  light1 & ! high      
lights are tak5 out ) bread4    ,! %ad[s
 %\ld also be delicate & transp>5t & n  
too d>k4  ,:ite hair is treat$ 9 ?is way
 also1 ! "* ( ! hair be+  indicat$ by ! 
=m ( ! lights4    ,:5 !re is a :ite cap 
^u ! head or lace ( any k9d1 d n  make x
 too prom95t1 b c>efully /udy its value 
9 relation to !  face4                  

,,*apt] ,,vii4            ,,*>coal ,,&  
,,crayon ,,draw+ ,,) ,,! ,,po9t2        
,,l&scapes1                             
,,proportions1 ,,etc4      ,?is me?od is
 pr9cipally us$ by arti/s 9 mak+ draw+s 
=  illu/ration1 z /ump draw+s c n well  
be reproduc$4 ,! mann]  ( work+ is z    
foll[s3--    ,sket* 9 ! outl9e ) !      
*>coal /ick1 %>p5$ to a po9t1  & !n     
proce$ to block 9 ! %ad[s1 :i* mu/ be   
drawn 9 )  c>eful att5tion to ! =m1 = ! 
reason t x is be/ to make  a di/9ct     
outl9e ( ea* mass ( %ad[ :]e x meets !  
light4  ,^! %ad[s are n[ fill$ 9 ) !    
po9t$ *>coal1 us$ 9  close p>allel l9es 
until a flat1 ev5 tone is obta9$4 ,x is 
n  necess>y t ^! l9es %\ld be di/9ct1 or
 ( exact regul>ity1  z 9 ! v d>ke/ %ad[s
 no l9es at all %\ld be se54 ,! half    
t9ts are manag$ 9 ! same way ) ! po9t1  
:i* may be us$ 9  ! direction ( !       
features to "s ext5t4    ,! ma9 ?+ to be
 rememb]$ is t no /ump mu/ be us$1 nor !
  *>coal rubb$ 9 any way4 ,= eras+1     
bread is ! be/1 ?\gh  rubb] is sometimes

 f\nd useful4    ,! crayon po9t is      
employ$ 9 exactly ! same way z ! *>coal1
  ! directions apply+ equally to bo?4   
,all draw+s %\ld be fix$  z soon z      
f9i%$4                                  
,,proportions ,,( ,,! ,,figure4    ,a   
few conv5tional rules = ! g5]al         
proportions ( ! face &  figure may be   
f\nd useful to ! /ud5t 9 draw+ f life1 &
  are regulat$ accord+ to ! /&>d (      
beauty z det]m9$ by  ! ,greek /atues4   
,su* proportions w naturally v>y 9      
individual  cases1 yet are valuable z a 
f\ndation1 :i* may be modifi$ :5        
necess>y4    ,! height ( a well develop$
 man is eight heads or eight times !    
l5g? ( 8 own head4    ,! height ( a     
woman1 sev5 heads4    ,! human figure   
may be divid$ into f\r p>ts ( equal     
l5g?1 viz43  f ! top ( ! head to !      
arm-pit1 !nce to ! middle ( !  body1    
!nce to ! knees1 !nce to ! soles ( !    
feet4    ,! arms ext5d$ /raight out at  
"r angles to ! body w measure  f f+]-tip
 to f+]-tip ! l5g? ( ! figure f cr[n (  

head to sole ( foot4    ,! face may be  
divid$ into ?ree p>ts4 ,f ! top ( !     
=ehead  to ! root ( ! nose2 f !re to !  
bottom ( ! nose1 !nce  to ! bottom ( !  
*94 ,! e> is ! l5g? ( ! nose1 & its     
g5]al direction is p>allel to x4    ,f !
 top ( ! %\ld] to ! elb[ measures twice 
! l5g? (  ! face1 or "o head & a half4  
,f ! elb[ to ! wri/ "o head4    ,! h&   
measures ?ree-qu>t]s ( a head f ! tip ( 
! middle  f+] to ! wri/4    ,! foot     
measures "o-six? ( ! :ole l5g? ( ! body4
                                        
,,l&scape4    ,*>coal is a favorite     
m$ium ) _m arti/s = l&scape subjects1  &
 x is1 z be=e /at$1 especially useful 9 
sket*+ f nature4    ,9 beg9n+ to draw a 
l&scape 9 *>coal1 fir/ sket* 9 lightly  
! horizon l9e1 ! outl9es ( ! trees &    
diff]5t objects1 9  _! g5]al aspect4    
,x is always well to select a subject   
:]e !re is a good effect (  light & %ade
 & suffici5t v>iety to give int]e/4     
,aft] ! composition is sket*$ 91 look = 
! l>ge masses (  %ad[1 & divide ! :ole  

into two di/9ct masses ( light &  %ade1 
z 9 figure draw+4 ,! sky is cov]$ ) a   
light tone1 at  fir/1 & ev5 ! masses (  
light are also cov]$ ) a delicate       
half-t9t4    ,! :ole draw+ may be made  
entirely ) ! po9t if x is desir$1  b !  
,fr5* arti/ ,allong1 :o is celebrat$ = 8
 *>coal  l&scapes1 pref]s ! use ( !     
/ump1 ) ! po9t 9 f9i%+4    ,if 9 place (
 ! /ump ! f+] sometimes is us$ to bl5d !
  *>coal1 & = rapid sket*es1 ?is is v   
effective4    ,aft] ! g5]al masses are  
put 91 ! details are drawn ) !  po9t1   
be+ some:at s(t5$ ) ! /ump1 ?\gh 9      
trunks (  trees1 d>k bran*es1 rocks1    
etc41 ! m>ks ( ! po9t are left  uns(t5$ 
to give /r5g?4    ,! lights are tak5 out
 ) bread or rubb]2 sometimes a piece (  
*amois sk9 is f\nd useful 9 light5+ a   
tone4 ,! light cl\ds  are tak5 out )    
bread f ! sky :i* has be5 cov]$ ) a     
half-t9t1 & ! d>k cl\ds are put 9 ) !   
/ump or po9t1  accord+ to ! me?od       
employ$4    ,9 sket*+ f nature out (    
doors1 x is always well to adopt "s     

prom95t object z a /&>d ( measurem5t2 = 
in/ance1 take a  h\se or tree 9 ! middle
 di/ance1 & comp>e ?is 9 height )       
objects 9 ! backgr\nd & =egr\nd4 ,9 ?is 
way y\r p]spective1  if simple1 may be  
made correct )\t any elaborate rules4   
,objects 9 ! di/ance are naturally      
small] ?an ^? 9 !  =egr\nd1 & ! exact   
proportions c be det]m9$ by comp>ative  
measurem5t4    ,9 draw+ a road or pa?1  
notice t x w become n>r[] z x  rec$es   
into ! di/ance4 ,= ^? :o h nev] /udi$   
p]spective  su* sugge/ions are useful4  
,x is v important also t ! values %\ld  
be c>efully /udi$2  x is a good ?+ to   
e/abli% ! d>ke/ spot ( %ad[ 9 ! :ole    
sket*1 & comp>e all ! o!r d>ks ) x1 z   
already sugge/$  9 figure draw+4        
,det]m9e also ! brighte/ light1 & let ! 
o!r lights be 9 _! prop] relation to x4 
,ei!r crayon or *>coal1 or bo?1 may be  
us$ = l&scapes2 x is  always bett] to   
sket* 9 ! draw+ ) *>coal1 ev5 if crayon 
is  us$ aft]w>d4    ,"s v good effects  
are produc$ by us+ crayon or *>coal on  

t9t$ pap]1 ei!r gray1 blue1 or light    
br[n1 &1 leav+ ! tone  ( ! pap] = !     
half-t9t1 put 9 ! high lights ) :ite    
*alk4    ,9 su* draw+s ! /ump mu/ n be  
us$1 nor %\ld ! tones be  rubb$ or bl5d$
 9 any way4 ,use ! crayon or *>coal po9t
 9 !  mann] already describ$1 & put !   
lights 9 at ! la/ ) crisp1  /rong t\*es4
    ,z ! /ud5t cont9ues 8 practice he w 
f9d out ! res\rces (  ^! mo/ int]e/+    
mat]ials1 & w develop new possibilities 
= himself z he becomes m adept1 b x mu/ 
be rememb]$ t  !re is no 8royal road to 
le>n+10 & to succe$ 9 acquir+  pr(ici5cy
 9 draw+ ( any k9d1 requires pati5ce &  
p]sev]ance1  ) con/ant practice4        
,,app5dix4                              
,,explanation ,,( ,,! ,,plates4      ,! 
int5tion ( ! au?or 9 pres5t+ ^! plates  
is t !  /ud5t1 by copy+ a s]ies (       
progressive draw+s1 may be prep>$  to   
/udy f ! ca/ & f life4 ,= ^? :o are     
entirely  inexp]i5c$1 x is mu* easi] to 
le>n ?is me?od f su* flat  copies at    
fir/1 z x n only tea*es ! use ( !       

mat]ials1 b  famili>izes ! /ud5t ) ! =ms
 ( ! diff]5t features1 s  t :5 confront$
 ) nature he f9ds 8 difficulties        
consid]ably  less5$4                    
,,plate ,i4    ,?is plate is int5d$ to  
%[ ! draw+ ( ! human eye & m\?  9       
diff]5t positions1 z well z to          
famili>ize ! /ud5t )  ! g5]al =m ( ^!   
important features4 ,only *>coal %>p5$  
to a po9t is necess>y = ^! outl9es1 :i* 
%\ld be c>efully  practic$ be=e proce$+ 
to ,plate ,,ii4                         
,,plate ,,ii4    ,?is /udy is int5d$ =  
^? :o h nev] drawn f ! ca/1  & h _h no  
practice 9 us+ *>coal4 ,a4 repres5ts !  
mann] (  beg9n+ a draw+4 ,make a dot on 
! pap] = ! top1 & "o =  ! bottom ( !    
fragm5t to asc]ta9 :]e to place ! l9es1 
&  !n ) a %>ply po9t$ *>coal /ick1 draw 
! g5]al =m (  ! outl9e 9 ! mann] %[n 9 !
 plate1 )\t attempt+ any  detail4 ,!    
%ad[s are !n block$ 9 squ>ely ) ! po9t4 
,:5  ! proportions are ?us asc]ta9$ to  
be correct1 proce$ to f9i%  ! draw+ z is
 se5 9 ,b4    ,to d ?is1 rub ! %ad[s ) !

 /ump till "o flat1 ev5 tone  is obta9$1
 & c>efully draw ! outl9e1 turn+ !      
angles into  curves4    ,?is plate is = 
! mo/ elem5t>y practice 9 draw+1 & no   
fur!r degree ( f9i% ?an ?is %\ld be     
attempt$1 until !  /ud5t has le>n$ to d 
?is mu* well4                           
,,plate ,,iii4    ,?is repres5ts a      
simple /udy ( ! h&1 drawn f a ca/4 ,a4  
indicates ! mann] ( lay+ 9 ! /udy1 !    
curv$ l9es be+  drawn to %[ ! direction 
& movem5t ( ! f+]s4    ,9 ,b4 ! /ump is 
us$ 9 ! %ad[s1 & ! model+ is c>ri$ on   
fur!r ?an 9 ,plate ,,ii41 ! half-t9t be+
 add$4 ,! outl9e is  c>efully f9i%$ ) ! 
po9t$ crayon1 :i* is also us$ 9 !       
%ad[s4                                  
,,plate ,,iv4    ,! "p drawn f ! ca/ "h 
repres5t$1 is laid 9 )  *>coal1 z 9     
,fig4 ,a41 & !n c>ri$ on 9 crayon z 9   
,fig4 ,b4  ,! outl9e is c>efully drawn &
 ! %ad[s block$ 9 squ>ely at  fir/ z    
usual1 & !n *ang$ ) great c>e into !    
necess>y  correct =ms4    ,x w be notic$
 t ?is /udy is a little fur!r advanc$   

?an  ^? already giv51 m detail be+ %[n1 
z well z a little  great] v>iety 9 !    
half-t9ts4 ,! /raight l9es across ! base
  & ends ( ! toes s]ve to direct ! eye  
to ! diff]5ce betwe5  _! g5]al direction
 & a p]fectly horizontal l9e4           
,,plate ,v4    ,9 ?is plate ! :ole      
pr(ile view ( a face is giv51 ,fig4 ,a4 
repres5t+ ! way to lay 9 a head4 ,!     
/raight l9es outside may  be rul$1 z !y 
h no?+ to d ) ! draw+1 b are m]ely      
me*anical aids by :i* ! angle ( !       
features is det]m9$4    ,9 ,b4 ! model+ 
( ! features is c>ri$ on /ill fur!r ?an 
9  any ( ! prec$+ /udies1 ! half-t9ts & 
%ad[s1 h[ev]1  be+ /ill kept flat4      
,,plate ,,vi4    ,?is plate gives a m   
difficult /udy 9 ! ?ree-qu>t] view ( a  
male head4 ,9 lay+ 9 ! draw+1 z 9 ,fig4 
,a41 be c>eful to get  ! proportions z  
p]fectly correct z possible be=e proce$+
 to  c>ry ! model+ fur!r1 z 9 ,fig4 ,b4 
,?is head1 ?\gh m f9i%$ ?an any o!r yet 
giv51 purposely  /ops %ort ( ! f9al     
ext5t to :i* su* draw+s may be c>ri$1  z

 ! object ( ! au?or is to famili>ize !  
/ud5t ) ea*  /ep by ! way4 ,9 ! small]  
t\*es ab\t ! eyes1 nose1 etc41 !  po9t$ 
rubb] /ump w be f\nd m available ?an    
bread4 ,= !  l>ge masses ( %ad[ x w\ld  
be well to rub (f "s sauce crayon  on a 
small piece ( draw+ pap] & fa/5 x "o    
side ( ! easel1  or1 if pref]r$1 rub !  
po9t$ crayon on ! r\gh pap] until a     
suffici5t quantity adh]es4 ,! /ump is   
roll$ ar\nd 9 ?is until  suffici5t is   
tak5 up to cov] ! l>ge mass ( %ad[4 ,! m
  c>eful "w is c>ri$ on ) ! po9t$ ,cont 
crayon1 small /ump1  & po9t$ rubb]1 or  
bread1 z be=e expla9$4                  
,,plate ,,vii4    ,plate ,,vii4 is      
int5d$ to prep>e ! /ud5t = draw+ ! full 
l5g? figure f ! ca/1 & %\ld be c>efully 
copi$4 ,an  excell5t ex]cise w\ld be to 
draw ,fig4 ,a4 sev]al times fir/1 9     
ord] to practice ! mann] ( beg9n+ su* a 
draw+2 !n :5  ?is is fully ma/]$ proce$ 
to f9i% z 9 ,fig4 ,b41 :i* 9 ?is  plate 
%[s a fully complet$ draw+ f ! ca/4     
,,plate ,,viii4    ,?is plate repres5ts 

a /udy ( ! male figure tak5 directly f  
life1 & is a mo/ c>efully f9i%$ draw+ 9 
e respect4  ,fig4 ,a4 %[s ! mann] (     
beg9n+ su* a figure2 ! outl9e  is sket*$
 9 ) long1 sweep+ l9es at fir/1 to      
det]m9e !  direction ( ! pose2 !        
proportions are not$ & ! outl9e         
correct$1 ?\gh drawn 9 angles1 ! g5]al  
masses ( %ad[ be+  block$ 9 z usual4    
,9 ,fig4 ,b4 ! crayon & /ump are tak5 up
 & ! draw+ is  c>efully c>ri$ on z %[n  
by ! plate1 until complet$4             
,,! ,,end4