,,propos$ ,,roads ,,to ,,fre$om ,,by ,,b]tr& ,,russell1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,,cont5ts ,,introduction ,,"p ,i4 ,,hi/orical ,i4 ,,m>x ,,& ,,sociali/ ,,doctr9e ,,ii4 ,,bakun9 ,,& ,,an>*ism ,,iii4 ,,! ,,syndicali/ ,,revolt ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,problems ,,( ,,! ,,future ,,iv4 ,,"w ,,& ,,pay ,v4 ,,gov]nm5t ,,& ,,law ,,vi4 ,,int]national ,,relations ,,vii4 ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,art ,,"u ,,socialism ,,viii4,,! ,,_w ,,z ,,x ,,c\ld ,,be ,,made ,,introduction ,,! attempt to conceive imag9atively a bett] ord]+ ( human society ?an ! de/ructive & cruel *aos 9 :i* mank9d has hi!rto exi/$ is by no means mod]n3 x is at lea/ z old z ,plato1 ^: ,republic'' set ! model = ! ,utopias ( subsequ5t philosoph]s4 ,:oev] contemplates ! _w 9 ! light ( an ideal--:e!r :at he seeks be intellect1 or art1 or love1 or simple happ9ess1 or all toge!r--mu/ feel a great sorr[ 9 ! evils t m5 ne$lessly all[ to cont9ue1 &--if he be a man ( =ce & vital en]gy--an urg5t desire to lead m5 to ! realization ( ! good :i* inspires 8 creative vision4 ,x is ?is desire :i* has be5 ! prim>y =ce mov+ ! pione]s ( ,socialism & ,an>*ism1 z x mov$ ! inv5tors ( ideal commonweal?s 9 ! pa/4 ,9 ?is !re is no?+ new4 ,:at is new 9 ,socialism & ,an>*ism1 is t close relation ( ! ideal to ! pres5t suff]+s ( m51 :i* has enabl$ p[]ful political movem5ts to gr[ out ( ! hopes ( solit>y ?9k]s4 ,x is ?is t makes ,socialism & ,an>*ism important1 & x is ?is t makes !m dang]\s to ^? :o batt51 consci\sly or unconsci\sly ^u ! evils ( our pres5t ord] ( society4 ,! great majority ( m5 & wom51 9 ord9>y times1 pass ?r\gh life )\t ev] contemplat+ or criticis+1 z a :ole1 ei!r _! own conditions or ^? ( ! _w at l>ge4 ,!y f9d !mselves born into a c]ta9 place 9 society1 & !y accept :at ea* day br+s =?1 )\t any ef=t ( ?\ght beyond :at ! imm$iate pres5t requires4 ,almo/ z in/9ctively z ! bea/s ( ! field1 !y seek ! satisfaction ( ! ne$s ( ! mom5t1 )\t mu* =e?\ght1 & )\t consid]+ t by suffici5t ef=t ! :ole conditions ( _! lives c\ld be *ang$4 ,a c]ta9 p]c5tage1 guid$ by p]sonal ambition1 make ! ef=t ( ?\ght & w :i* is necess>y to place !mselves among ! m =tunate memb]s ( ! community2 b v few among ^! are s]i\sly conc]n$ to secure = all ! advantages :i* !y seek = !mselves4 ,x is only a few r>e & exceptional m5 :o h t k9d ( love t[>d mank9d at l>ge t makes !m unable to endure pati5tly ! g5]al mass ( evil & suff]+1 reg>dless ( any relation x may h to _! own lives4 ,^! few1 driv5 by sympa!tic pa91 w seek1 fir/ 9 ?\ght & !n 9 action1 = "s way ( escape1 "s new sy/em ( society by :i* life may become ri*]1 m full ( joy & less full ( prev5table evils ?an x is at pres5t4 ,b 9 ! pa/ su* m5 h1 z a rule1 fail$ to int]e/ ! v victims ( ! inju/ices :i* !y wi%$ to rem$y4 ,! m un=tunate sections ( ! population h be5 ignorant1 apa!tic f excess ( toil & we>9ess1 timor\s ?r\gh ! imm95t dang] ( imm$iate puni%m5t by ! hold]s ( p[]1 & morally unreliable ow+ to ! loss ( self-respect result+ f _! degradation4 ,to create among su* classes any consci\s1 delib]ate ef=t aft] g5]al amelioration might h seem$ a hopeless task1 & inde$ 9 ! pa/ x has g5]ally prov$ s4 ,b ! mod]n _w1 by ! increase ( education & ! rise 9 ! /&>d ( com=t among wage-e>n]s1 has produc$ new conditions1 m favorable ?an ev] be=e to ! dem& = radical recon/ruction4 ,x is above all ! ,sociali/s1 & 9 a less] degree ! ,an>*i/s 7*iefly z ! inspir]s ( ,syndicalism71 :o h become ! expon5ts ( ?is dem&4 ,:at is p]haps mo/ rem>kable 9 reg>d to bo? ,socialism & ,an>*ism is ! association ( a widespread popul> movem5t ) ideals = a bett] _w4 ,! ideals h be5 elaborat$1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 by solit>y writ]s ( books1 & yet p[]ful sections ( ! wage-e>n+ classes h accept$ !m z _! guide 9 ! practical affairs ( ! _w4 ,9 reg>d to ,socialism ?is is evid5t2 b 9 reg>d to ,an>*ism x is only true ) "s qualification4 ,an>*ism z su* has nev] be5 a widespread cre$1 x is only 9 ! modifi$ =m ( ,syndicalism t x has a*iev$ popul>ity4 ,unlike ,socialism & ,an>*ism1 ,syndicalism is prim>ily ! outcome1 n ( an idea1 b ( an organization3 ! fact ( ,trade ,union organization came fir/1 & ! ideas ( ,syndicalism are ^? :i* seem$ appropriate to ?is organization 9 ! op9ion ( ! m advanc$ ,fr5* ,trade ,unions4 ,b ! ideas are1 9 ! ma91 d]iv$ f ,an>*ism1 & ! m5 :o ga9$ acceptance = !m 71 = ! mo/ "p1 ,an>*i/s4 ,?us we may reg>d ,syndicalism z ! ,an>*ism ( ! m>ket-place z oppos$ to ! ,an>*ism ( isolat$ individuals :i* _h pres]v$ a prec>i\s life ?r\gh\t ! previ\s decades4 ,tak+ ?is view1 we f9d 9 ,an>*i/-,syndicalism ! same comb9ation ( ideal & organization z we f9d 9 ,sociali/ political p>ties4 ,x is f ?is /&po9t t our /udy ( ^! movem5ts w be und]tak54 ,socialism & ,an>*ism1 9 _! mod]n =m1 spr+ respectively f two protagoni/s1 ,m>x & ,bakun91 :o f\ght a lifelong battle1 culm9at+ 9 a split 9 ! fir/ ,int]national4 ,we %all beg9 our /udy ) ^! two m5--fir/ _! tea*+1 & !n ! organizations :i* !y f\nd$ or inspir$4 ,?is w lead u to ! spread ( ,socialism 9 m rec5t ye>s1 & !nce to ! ,syndicali/ revolt aga9/ ,sociali/ emphasis on ! ,/ate & political action1 & to c]ta9 movem5ts outside ,france :i* h "s aff9ity ) ,syndicalism-- notably ! ,i4 ,w4 ,w4 9 ,am]ica & ,guild ,socialism 9 ,engl&4 ,f ?is hi/orical survey we %all pass to ! consid]ation ( "s ( ! m press+ problems ( ! future1 & %all try to decide 9 :at respects ! _w w\ld be happi] if ! aims ( ,sociali/s or ,syndicali/s 7 a*iev$4 ,my own op9ion--:i* ,i may z well indicate at ! outset--is t pure ,an>*ism1 ?\gh x %\ld be ! ultimate ideal1 to :i* society %\ld cont9ually approximate1 is = ! pres5t impossible1 & w\ld n survive m ?an a ye> or two at mo/ if x 7 adopt$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 bo? ,m>xian ,socialism & ,syndicalism1 9 spite ( _m drawbacks1 seem to me calculat$ to give rise to a happi] & bett] _w ?an t 9 :i* we live4 ,i d n1 h[ev]1 reg>d ei!r ( !m z ! be/ practicable sy/em4 ,m>xian ,socialism1 ,i fe>1 w\ld give f> too mu* p[] to ! ,/ate1 :ile ,syndicalism1 :i* aims at aboli%+ ! ,/ate1 w\ld1 ,i believe1 f9d itself =c$ to recon/ruct a c5tral au?ority 9 ord] to put an end to ! rivalries ( diff]5t gr\ps ( produc]s4 ,! ,,be/ practicable sy/em1 to my m9d1 is t ( ,guild ,socialism1 :i* conc$es :at is valid bo? 9 ! claims ( ! ,/ate ,sociali/s & 9 ! ,syndicali/ fe> ( ! ,/ate1 by adopt+ a sy/em ( f$]alism among trades = reasons simil> to ^? :i* are recomm5d+ f$]alism among nations4 ,! gr\nds = ^! conclusions w appe> z we proce$4 ,be=e emb>k+ ^u ! hi/ory ( rec5t movem5ts ,9 favor ( radical recon/ruction1 x w be wor? :ile to consid] "s traits ( "* :i* di/+ui% mo/ political ideali/s1 & are mu* misund]/ood by ! g5]al public = o!r reasons besides m]e prejudice4 ,i wi% to d full ju/ice to ^! reasons1 9 ord] to %[ ! m effectually :y !y ought n to be op]ative4 ,! lead]s ( ! m advanc$ movem5ts are1 9 g5]al1 m5 ( q unusual dis9t]e/$ness1 z is evid5t f a consid]ation ( _! c>e]s4 ,al?\gh !y h obvi\sly q z mu* ability z _m m5 :o rise to positions ( great p[]1 !y d n !mselves become ! arbit]s ( contempor>y ev5ts1 nor d !y a*ieve weal? or ! applause ( ! mass ( _! contempor>ies4 ,m5 :o h ! capacity = w9n+ ^! prizes1 & :o "w at lea/ z h>d z ^? :o w9 !m1 b delib]ately adopt a l9e :i* makes ! w9n+ ( !m impossible1 mu/ be judg$ to h an aim 9 life o!r ?an p]sonal advancem5t2 :atev] admixture ( self-seek+ may ent] into ! detail ( _! lives1 _! fundam5tal motive mu/ be outside ,self4 ,! pione]s ( ,socialism1 ,an>*ism1 & ,syndicalism h1 = ! mo/ "p1 exp]i5c$ prison1 exile1 & pov]ty1 delib]ately incurr$ because !y w\ld n ab&on _! propag&a2 & by ?is conduct !y h %[n t ! hope :i* inspir$ !m 0 n = !mselves1 b = mank9d4 ,nev]!less1 ?\gh ! desire = human welf>e is :at at bottom det]m9es ! broad l9es ( su* m5's lives1 x (t5 happ5s t1 9 ! detail ( _! spee* & writ+1 hatr$ is f> m visible ?an love4 ,! impati5t ideali/--& )\t "s impati5ce a man w h>dly prove effective--is almo/ sure to be l$ into hatr$ by ! oppositions & disappo9tm5ts :i* he enc\nt]s 9 8 endeavors to br+ happ9ess to ! _w4 ,! m c]ta9 he is ( ! purity ( 8 motives & ! tru? ( 8 gospel1 ! m indignant he w become :5 8 tea*+ is reject$4 ,(t5 he w successfully a*ieve an attitude ( philosophic tol]ance z reg>ds ! apa?y ( ! masses1 & ev5 z reg>ds ! :ole-he>t$ opposition ( pr(ess$ def5d]s ( ! /atus quo4 ,b ! m5 :om he f9ds x impossible to =give are ^? :o pr(ess ! same desire = ! amelioration ( society z he feels himself1 b :o d n accept 8 me?od ( a*iev+ ?is end4 ,! int5se fai? :i* enables him to )/& p]secution = ! sake ( 8 beliefs makes him consid] ^! beliefs s lum9\sly obvi\s t any ?9k+ man :o rejects !m mu/ be di%one/1 & mu/ be actuat$ by "s s9i/] motive ( trea*]y to ! cause4 ,h5ce arises ! _s ( ! sect1 t bitt]1 n>r[ or?odoxy :i* is ! bane ( ^? :o hold /rongly to an unpopul> cre$4 ,s _m real temptations to trea*]y exi/ t suspicion is natural4 ,& among lead]s1 ambition1 :i* !y mortify 9 _! *oice ( a c>e]1 is sure to return 9 a new =m3 9 ! desire = intellectual ma/]y & = despotic p[] )9 _! own sect4 ,f ^! causes x results t ! advocates ( dra/ic re=m divide !mselves into oppos+ s*ools1 hat+ ea* o!r ) a bitt] hatr$1 accus+ ea* o!r (t5 ( su* crimes z be+ 9 ! pay ( ! police1 & dem&+1 ( any speak] or writ] :om !y are to admire1 t he %all con=m exactly to _! prejudices1 & make all 8 tea*+ m9i/] to _! belief t ! exact tru? is to be f\nd )9 ! limits ( _! cre$4 ,! result ( ?is /ate ( m9d is t1 to a casual & unimag9ative att5tion1 ! m5 :o h sacrific$ mo/ ?r\gh ! wi% to b5efit mank9d ,,appe> to be actuat$ f> m by hatr$ ?an by love4 ,& ! dem& = or?odoxy is /ifl+ to any free ex]cise ( intellect4 ,?is cause1 z well z economic prejudice1 has made x difficult = ! intellectuals'' to co-op]ate prac- tically ) ! m extreme re=m]s1 h[ev] !y may sympa?ize ) _! ma9 purposes & ev5 ) n9e-t5?s ( _! program4 ,ano!r reason :y radical re=m]s are misjudg$ by ord9>y m5 is t !y view exi/+ society f outside1 ) ho/ility t[>ds its in/itutions4 ,al?\gh1 = ! mo/ "p1 !y h m belief ?an _! neighbors 9 human nature's inh]5t capacity = a good life1 !y are s consci\s ( ! cruelty & oppression result+ f exi/+ in/itutions t !y make a :olly mislead+ impression ( cynicism4 ,mo/ m5 h in/9ctively two entirely diff]5t codes ( behavior3 "o t[>d ^? :om !y reg>d z companions or colleagues or fri5ds1 or 9 "s way memb]s ( ! same h]d''2 ! o!r t[>d ^? :om !y reg>d z enemies or outca/s or a dang] to society4 ,radical re=m]s are apt to conc5trate _! att5tion ^u ! behavior ( society t[>d ! latt] class1 ! class ( ^? t[>d :om ! h]d'' feels ill-w4 ,?is class includes1 ( c\rse1 enemies 9 w>1 & crim9als2 9 ! m9ds ( ^? :o consid] ! pres]vation ( ! exi/+ ord] ess5tial to _! own safety or privileges1 x includes all :o advocate any great political or economic *ange1 & all classes :i*1 ?r\gh _! pov]ty or ?r\gh any o!r cause1 are likely to feel a dang]\s degree ( discont5t4 ,! ord9>y citiz5 probably seldom ?9ks ab\t su* individuals or classes1 & goes ?r\gh life believ+ t he & 8 fri5ds are k9dly p1 because !y h no wi% to injure ^? t[>d :om !y ent]ta9 no gr\p-ho/ility4 ,b ! man ^: att5tion is fa/5$ ^u ! relations ( a gr\p ) ^? :om x hates or fe>s w judge q diff]5tly4 ,9 ^! relations a surpris+ f]ocity is apt to be develop$1 & a v ugly side ( human nature comes to ! =e4 ,! oppon5ts ( capitalism h le>n$1 ?r\gh ! /udy ( c]ta9 hi/orical facts1 t ?is f]ocity has (t5 be5 %[n by ! capitali/s & by ! ,/ate t[>d ! wage-e>n+ classes1 p>ticul>ly :5 !y h v5tur$ to prote/ aga9/ ! unspeakable suff]+ to :i* indu/rialism has usually condemn$ !m4 ,h5ce arises a q diff]5t attitude t[>d exi/+ society f t ( ! ord9>y well-to-d citiz53 an attitude z true z 81 p]haps also z untrue1 b equally bas$ on facts1 facts conc]n+ 8 relations to 8 enemies in/ead ( to 8 fri5ds4 ,! class-w>1 l w>s betwe5 nations1 produces two oppos+ views1 ea* equally true & equally untrue4 ,! citiz5 ( a nation at w>1 :5 he ?9ks ( 8 own c\ntrym51 ?9ks ( !m prim>ily z he has exp]i5c$ !m1 9 deal+s ) _! fri5ds1 9 _! family relations1 & s on4 ,!y seem to him on ! :ole k9dly1 dec5t folk4 ,b a nation ) :i* 8 c\ntry is at w> views 8 compatriots ?r\gh ! m$ium ( a q diff]5t set ( exp]i5ces3 z !y appe> 9 ! f]ocity ( battle1 9 ! invasion & subjugation ( a ho/ile t]ritory1 or 9 ! *ican]y ( a juggl+ diplomacy4 ,! m5 ( :om ^! facts are true are ! v same z ! m5 :om _! compatriots "k z husb&s or fa!rs or fri5ds1 b !y are judg$ diff]5tly because !y are judg$ on diff]5t data4 ,& s x is ) ^? :o view ! capitali/ f ! /&po9t ( ! revolution>y wage-e>n]3 !y appe> inconceivably cynical & misjudg+ to ! capitali/1 because ! facts ^u :i* _! view is bas$ are facts :i* he ei!r does n "k or habitually ignores4 ,yet ! view f ! outside is j z true z ! view f ! inside4 ,bo? are necess>y to ! complete tru?2 & ! ,sociali/1 :o emphasizes ! outside view1 is n a cynic1 b m]ely ! fri5d ( ! wage-e>n]s1 madd5$ by ! spectacle ( ! ne$less mis]y :i* capitalism inflicts ^u !m4 ,i h plac$ ^! g5]al reflections at ! beg9n+ ( our /udy1 9 ord] to make x cle> to ! read] t1 :atev] bitt]ness & hate may be f\nd 9 ! movem5ts :i* we are to exam9e1 x is n bitt]ness or hate1 b love1 t is _! ma9spr+4 ,x is difficult n to hate ^? :o torture ! objects ( our love4 ,?\gh difficult1 x is n impossible2 b x requires a bread? ( outlook & a compreh5siv5ess ( und]/&+ :i* are n easy to pres]ve amid a desp]ate conte/4 ,if ultimate wisdom has n always be5 pres]v$ by ,sociali/s & ,an>*i/s1 !y h n diff]$ 9 ?is f _! oppon5ts2 & 9 ! s\rce ( _! inspiration !y h %[n !mselves sup]ior to ^? :o acquiesce ignorantly or sup9ely 9 ! inju/ices & oppressions by :i* ! exi/+ sy/em is pres]v$4 ,,propos$ ,,roads ,,to ,,fre$om ,,socialism1 ,,an>*ism ,,& ,,syndicalism ,,"p ,i ,,hi/orical ,,*apt] ,i ,,m>x ,,& ,,sociali/ ,,doctr9e ,,socialism1 l ev]y?+ else t is vital1 is r a t5d5cy ?an a /rictly def9able body ( doctr9e4 ,a def9ition ( ,socialism is sure ei!r to include "s views :i* _m w\ld reg>d z n ,sociali/ic1 or to exclude o!rs :i* claim to be includ$4 ,b ,i ?9k we %all come ne>e/ to ! ess5ce ( ,socialism by def9+ x z ! advocacy ( communal own]%ip ( l& & capital4 ,communal own]%ip may mean own]%ip by a democratic ,/ate1 b _c be held to include own]%ip by any ,/ate :i* is n democratic4 ,communal own]%ip may also be und]/ood1 z ,an>*i/ ,communism und]/&s x1 9 ! s5se ( own]%ip by ! free association ( ! m5 & wom5 9 a community )\t ^? compulsory p[]s :i* are necess>y to con/itute a ,/ate4 ,"s ,sociali/s expect communal own]%ip to arrive sudd5ly & completely by a cata/rophic revolution1 :ile o!rs expect x to come gradually1 fir/ 9 "o indu/ry1 !n 9 ano!r4 ,"s insi/ ^u ! necessity ( complet5ess 9 ! acquisition ( l& & capital by ! public1 :ile o!rs w\ld be cont5t to see l+]+ isl&s ( private own]%ip1 provid$ !y 7 n too ext5sive or p[]ful4 ,:at all =ms h 9 common is democracy & ! abolition1 virtual or complete1 ( ! pres5t capitali/ic sy/em4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ,sociali/s1 ,an>*i/s & ,syndicali/s turns l>gely ^u ! k9d ( democracy :i* !y desire4 ,or?odox ,sociali/s are cont5t ) p>liam5t>y democracy 9 ! sph]e ( gov]nm5t1 hold+ t ! evils app>5t 9 ?is =m ( con/itution at pres5t w\ld disappe> ) ! disappe>ance ( capitalism4 ,an>*i/s & ,syndicali/s1 on ! o!r h&1 object to ! :ole p>liam5t>y ma*9]y1 & aim at a diff]5t me?od ( regulat+ ! political affairs ( ! community4 ,b all alike are democratic 9 ! s5se t !y aim at aboli%+ e k9d ( privilege & e k9d ( artificial inequality3 all alike are *ampions ( ! wage- e>n] 9 exi/+ society4 ,all ?ree also h mu* 9 common 9 _! economic doctr9e4 ,all ?ree reg>d capital & ! wages sy/em z a means ( exploit+ ! labor] 9 ! int]e/s ( ! possess+ classes1 & hold t communal own]%ip1 9 "o =m or ano!r1 is ! only means ( br++ fre$om to ! produc]s4 ,b )9 ! framework ( ?is common doctr9e !re are _m div]g5ces1 & ev5 among ^? :o are /rictly to be call$ ,sociali/s1 !re is a v consid]able div]sity ( s*ools4 ,socialism z a p[] 9 ,europe may be said to beg9 ) ,m>x4 ,x is true t be=e 8 "t !re 7 ,sociali/ !ories1 bo? 9 ,engl& & 9 ,france4 ,x is also true t 9 ,france1 dur+ ! revolution ( #ahdh1 ,socialism = a brief p]iod acquir$ consid]able influ5ce 9 ! ,/ate4 ,b ! ,sociali/s :o prec$$ ,m>x t5d$ to indulge 9 ,utopian dreams & fail$ to f\nd any /rong or /able political p>ty4 ,to ,m>x1 9 collaboration ) ,engels1 are due bo? ! =mulation ( a coh]5t body ( ,sociali/ doctr9e1 suffici5tly true or plausible to dom9ate ! m9ds ( va/ numb]s ( m51 & ! =mation ( ! ,int]national ,sociali/ movem5t1 :i* has cont9u$ to gr[ 9 all ,european c\ntries ?r\gh\t ! la/ fifty ye>s4 ,9 ord] to und]/& ,m>x's doctr9e1 x is necess>y to "k some?+ ( ! influ5ces :i* =m$ 8 outlook4 ,he 0 born 9 #ahah at ,treves 9 ! ,rh9e ,prov9ces1 8 fa!r be+ a legal (ficial1 a ,jew :o _h nom9ally accept$ ,*ri/ianity4 ,m>x /udi$ jurisprud5ce1 philosophy1 political economy & hi/ory at v>i\s ,g]man univ]sities4 ,9 philosophy he imbib$ ! doctr9es ( ,hegel1 :o 0 !n at ! height ( 8 fame1 & some?+ ( ^! doctr9es dom9at$ 8 ?\ght ?r\gh\t 8 life4 ,l ,hegel1 he saw 9 hi/ory ! developm5t ( an ,idea4 ,he conceiv$ ! *anges 9 ! _w z =m+ a logical developm5t1 9 :i* "o phase passes by revolution into ano!r1 :i* is its anti!sis--a conception :i* gave to 8 views a c]ta9 h>d ab/ractness1 & a belief 9 revolution r ?an evolution4 ,b ( ,hegel's m def9ite doctr9es ,m>x reta9$ no?+ aft] 8 y\?4 ,he 0 recogniz$ z a brilliant /ud5t1 & might h _h a prosp]\s c>e] z a pr(essor or an (ficial1 b 8 int]e/ 9 politics & 8 ,radical views l$ him into m ardu\s pa?s4 ,already 9 #ahdb he became editor ( a newspap]1 :i* 0 suppress$ by ! ,prussian ,gov]nm5t e>ly 9 ! foll[+ ye> on acc\nt ( its advanc$ op9ions4 ,?is l$ ,m>x to g to ,p>is1 :]e he became kn[n z a ,sociali/ & acquir$ a k ( 8 ,fr5* pr$ecessors4#a ,"h 9 ! ye> #ahdd began 8 lifelong fri5d%ip ) ,engels1 :o _h be5 hi!rto 9 bus9ess 9 ,man*e/]1 :]e he _h become acqua9t$ ) ,engli% ,socialism & _h 9 ! ma9 adopt$ its doctr9es4#b ,9 #ahde ,m>x 0 expell$ f ,p>is & w5t ) ,engels to live 9 ,brussels4 ,!re he =m$ a ,g]man ,work+ ,m5's ,association & edit$ a pap] :i* 0 _! organ4 ,?r\gh 8 activities 9 ,brussels he became kn[n to ! ,g]man ,communi/ ,league 9 ,p>is1 :o1 at ! end ( #ahdg1 invit$ him & ,engels to draw up = !m a manife/o1 :i* appe>$ 9 ,janu>y1 #ahdh4 ,?is is ! fam\s ,communi/ ,manife/o1'' 9 :i* = ! fir/ "t ,m>x's sy/em is set =?4 ,x appe>$ at a =tunate mom5t4 ,9 ! foll[+ mon?1 ,febru>y1 ! revolution broke out 9 ,p>is1 & 9 ,m>* x spread to ,g]many4 ,fe> ( ! revolution l$ ! ,brussels ,gov]nm5t to expel ,m>x f ,belgium1 b ! ,g]man revolution made x possible = him to return to 8 own c\ntry4 ,9 ,g]many he aga9 edit$ a pap]1 :i* aga9 l$ him into a conflict ) ! au?orities1 increas+ 9 sev]ity z ! reaction ga!r$ =ce4 ,9 ,june1 #ahdi1 8 pap] 0 suppress$1 & he 0 expell$ f ,prussia4 ,he return$ to ,p>is1 b 0 expell$ f !re also4 ,?is l$ him to settle 9 ,engl&--at t "t an asylum = fri5ds ( fre$om--& 9 ,engl&1 ) only brief int]vals = purposes ( agitation1 he cont9u$ to live until 8 dea? 9 #ahhc4 #a ,*ief among ^! 7 ,f\ri] & ,sa9t-,simon1 :o con/ruct$ some:at fanta/ic ,sociali/ic ideal commonweal?s4 ,pr\dhon1 ) :om ,m>x _h "s n :olly fri5dly relations1 is to be reg>d$ z a =]unn] ( ! ,an>*i/s r ?an ( or?odox ,socialism4 #b ,m>x m5tions ! ,engli% ,sociali/s ) praise 9 ,! ,pov]ty ( ,philosophy'' 7#ahdg74 ,!y1 l him1 t5d to base _! argum5ts ^u a ,ric>dian !ory ( value1 b !y h n 8 scope or erudition or sci5tific bread?4 ,among !m may be m5tion$ ,?omas ,hodgsk9 7#aghg-ahfi71 orig9ally an (fic] 9 ! ,navy1 b dismiss$ = a pamphlet critical ( ! me?ods ( naval discipl9e1 au?or ( ,lab\r ,def5d$ ,aga9/ ! ,claims ( ,capital'' 7#ahbe7 & o!r works2 ,william ,?ompson 7#aghe-ahcc71 au?or ( ,inquiry into ! ,pr9ciples ( ,di/ribution ( ,weal? ,mo/ ,conducive to ,human ,happ9ess'' 7#ahbd71 & ,lab\r ,rew>d$'' 7#ahbe72 & ,pi]cy ,rav5/one1 f :om ,hodgsk9's ideas are l>gely d]iv$4 ,p]haps m important ?an any ( ^! 0 ,rob]t ,ow54 ,! bulk ( 8 "t 0 occupi$ 9 ! composition ( 8 great book1 ,capital4''#c ,8 o!r important "w dur+ 8 lat] ye>s 0 ! =mation & spread ( ! ,int]national ,work+ ,m5's ,association4 ,f #ahdi onw>d ! great] "p ( 8 "t 0 sp5t 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 accumulat+1 ) ,g]man pati5ce1 ! mat]ials = 8 t]rific indictm5t ( capitali/ society1 b he reta9$ 8 hold on ! ,int]national ,sociali/ movem5t4 ,9 sev]al c\ntries he _h sons-9-law z lieut5ants1 l ,napoleon's bro!rs1 & 9 ! v>i\s int]nal conte/s t arose 8 w g5]ally prevail$4 #c ,! fir/ & mo/ important volume appe>$ 9 #ahfg2 ! o!r two volumes 7 publi%$ po/hum\sly 7#ahhe & #ahid74 ,! mo/ ess5tial ( ,m>x's doctr9es may be r$uc$ to ?ree3 fir/1 :at is call$ ! mat]ial- i/ic int]pretation ( hi/ory2 second1 ! law ( ! conc5tration ( capital2 &1 ?ird1 ! class-w>4 #a4 ,! ,mat]iali/ic ,int]pretation ( ,hi/ory4-- ,m>x holds t 9 ! ma9 all ! ph5om5a ( human society h _! orig9 9 mat]ial conditions1 & ^! he takes to be embodi$ 9 economic sy/ems4 ,political con/itutions1 laws1 religions1 philosophies--all ^! he reg>ds z1 9 _! broad outl9es1 expressions ( ! economic regime 9 ! society t gives rise to !m4 ,x w\ld be unfair to repres5t him z ma9ta9+ t ! consci\s economic motive is ! only "o ( importance2 x is r t economics molds "* & op9ion1 & is ?us ! prime s\rce ( mu* t appe>s 9 consci\sness to h no connection ) !m4 ,he applies 8 doctr9e 9 p>ticul> to two revolutions1 "o 9 ! pa/1 ! o!r 9 ! future4 ,! revolution 9 ! pa/ is t ( ! b\rgeoisie aga9/ feudalism1 :i* f9ds its expression1 accord+ to him1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! ,fr5* ,revolution4 ,! "o 9 ! future is ! revolution ( ! wage- e>n]s1 or prolet>iat1 aga9/ ! b\rgeoisie1 :i* is to e/abli% ! ,sociali/ ,commonweal?4 ,! :ole movem5t ( hi/ory is view$ by him z necess>y1 z ! effect ( mat]ial causes op]at+ ^u human be+s4 ,he does n s mu* advocate ! ,sociali/ revolution z pr$ict x4 ,he holds1 x is true1 t x w be b5efic5t1 b he is mu* m conc]n$ to prove t x mu/ inevitably come4 ,! same s5se ( necessity is visible 9 8 exposition ( ! evils ( ! capitali/ sy/em4 ,he does n blame capitali/s = ! cruelties ( :i* he %[s !m to h be5 guilty2 he m]ely po9ts out t !y are "u an inh]5t necessity to behave cruelly s long z private own]%ip ( l& & capital cont9ues4 ,b _! tyranny w n la/ =ev]1 = x g5]ates ! =ces t mu/ 9 ! end ov]?r[ x4 #b4 ,! ,law ( ! ,conc5tration ( ,capital4-- ,m>x po9t$ out t capitali/ und]tak+s t5d to gr[ l>g] & l>g]4 ,he =esaw ! sub/itution ( tru/s = free competition1 & pr$ict$ t ! numb] ( capitali/ ent]prises mu/ dim9i% z ! magnitude ( s+le ent]prises increas$4 ,he suppos$ t ?is process mu/ involve a dim9ution1 n only 9 ! numb] ( bus9esses1 b also 9 ! numb] ( capitali/s4 ,inde$1 he usually spoke z ?\gh ea* bus9ess 7 own$ by a s+le man4 ,accord+ly1 he expect$ t m5 w\ld be cont9ually driv5 f ! ranks ( ! capitali/s into ^? ( ! prolet>iat1 & t ! capitali/s1 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 w\ld gr[ num]ically weak] & weak]4 ,he appli$ ?is pr9ciple n only to indu/ry b also to agriculture4 ,he expect$ to f9d ! l&[n]s gr[+ few] & few] :ile _! e/ates grew l>g] & l>g]4 ,?is process 0 to make m & m gl>+ ! evils & inju/ices ( ! capitali/ sy/em1 & to /imulate m & m ! =ces ( opposition4 #c4 ,! ,class ,w>4--,m>x conceives ! wage- e>n] & ! capitali/ 9 a %>p anti!sis4 ,he imag9es t e man is1 or mu/ soon become1 :olly ! "o or :olly ! o!r4 ,! wage- e>n]1 :o possesses no?+1 is exploit$ by ! capitali/s1 :o possess ev]y?+4 ,z ! capitali/ sy/em works itself out & its nature becomes m cle>1 ! opposition ( b\rgeoisie & prolet>iat becomes m & m m>k$4 ,! two classes1 s9ce !y h antagoni/ic int]e/s1 are =c$ into a class w> :i* g5]ates )9 ! capitali/ regime int]nal =ces ( disruption4 ,! work+ m5 le>n gradually to comb9e aga9/ _! exploit]s1 fir/ locally1 !n nationally1 & at la/ int]nationally4 ,:5 !y h le>n$ to comb9e int]nationally !y mu/ be victori\s4 ,!y w !n decree t all l& & capital %all be own$ 9 common2 exploitation w cease2 ! tyranny ( ! own]s ( weal? w no long] be possible2 !re w no long] be any division ( society into classes1 & all m5 w be free4 ,all ^! ideas are already conta9$ 9 ! ,communi/ ,manife/o1'' a "w ( ! mo/ amaz+ vigor & =ce1 sett+ =? ) t]se compression ! titanic =ces ( ! _w1 _! epic battle1 & ! inevitable consummation4 ,?is "w is ( su* importance 9 ! developm5t ( ,socialism & gives su* an admirable /atem5t ( ! doctr9es set =? at great] l5g? & ) m p$antry 9 ,capital1'' t its sali5t passages mu/ be kn[n by anyone :o wi%es to und]/& ! hold :i* ,m>xian ,socialism has acquir$ ov] ! intellect & imag9ation ( a l>ge proportion ( work+-class lead]s4 ,a spectre is haunt+ ,europe1'' x beg9s1 ! spectre ( ,communism4 ,all ! ,p[]s ( old ,europe h ent]$ into a holy alliance to exorcise ?is spectre--,pope & ,cz>1 ,mett]ni* & ,guizot1 ,fr5* ,radicals & ,g]man police-spies4 ,:]e is ! p>ty 9 opposition t has n be5 decri$ z communi/ic by its oppon5ts 9 p[]8 ,:]e ! ,opposition t has n hurl$ back ! br&+ reproa* ( ,communism aga9/ ! m advanc$ opposition p>ties1 z well z aga9/ its re-action>y adv]s>ies8'' ,! exi/5ce ( a class w> is no?+ new3 ,! hi/ory ( all hi!rto exi/+ society is ! hi/ory ( class /ruggles4'' ,9 ^! /ruggles ! fight ea* "t end$1 ei!r 9 a revolution>y re-con/itution ( society at l>ge1 or 9 ! common ru9 ( ! cont5d+ classes4'' ,our epo*1 ! epo* ( ! b\rgeoisie 4 4 4 has simplifi$ ! class antagonisms4 ,society z a :ole is m & m splitt+ up into two great ho/ile camps1 into two great classes directly fac+ ea* o!r3 ,b\rgeoisie & ,prolet>iat4'' ,!n foll[s a hi/ory ( ! fall ( feudalism1 lead+ to a description ( ! b\rgeoisie z a revolution>y =ce4 ,! b\rgeoisie1 hi/orically1 has play$ a mo/ revolution>y "p4'' ,= exploitation1 veil$ by religi\s & political illusions1 x has sub/itut$ nak$1 %ameless1 direct1 brutal exploitation4'' ,! ne$ ( a con/antly exp&+ m>ket = its products *ases ! b\rgeoisie ov] ! :ole surface ( ! globe4'' ,! b\rgeoisie1 dur+ its rule ( sc>ce "o hundr$ ye>s1 has creat$ m massive & m colossal productive =ces ?an h all prec$+ g5]ations toge!r4'' ,feudal relations became fett]s3 ,!y _h to be bur/ asund]2 !y 7 bur/ asund]4 4 4 4 ,a simil> movem5t is go+ on be=e our own eyes4'' ,! weapons ) :i* ! b\rgeoisie fell$ feudalism to ! gr\nd are n[ turn$ aga9/ ! b\rgeoisie itself4 ,b n only has ! b\rgoisie =g$ ! weapons t br+ dea? to itself2 x has also call$ into exi/5ce ! m5 :o are to wield ^? weapons-- ! mod]n work+ class--! prolet>ians4'' ,! cause ( ! de/itution ( ! prolet>iat are !n set =?4 ,! co/ ( production ( a workman is re/rict$1 almo/ entirely1 to ! means ( subsi/5ce t he requires = 8 ma9t5ance & = ! propagation ( 8 race4 ,b ! price ( a commodity1 & !re=e also ( labor1 is equal to its co/ ( production4 ,9 proportion1 !re=e1 z ! repulsiv5ess ( ! "w increases1 ! wage decreases4 ,nay m1 9 proportion z ! use ( ma*9]y & div]sion ( labor increases1 9 ! same proportion ! burd5 ( toil also increases4'' ,mod]n indu/ry has conv]t$ ! little work%op ( ! patri>*al ma/] into ! great factory ( ! indu/rial capitali/4 ,masses ( labor]s1 cr[d$ into ! factory1 are organiz$ l soldi]s4 ,z privates ( ! indu/rial army !y are plac$ "u ! comm& ( a p]fect hi]>*y ( (fic]s & s]geants4 ,n only are !y slaves ( ! b\rgeois class1 & ( ! b\rgeois ,/ate1 !y are daily & h\rly enslav$ by ! ma*9e1 by ! ov]-look]1 &1 above all1 by ! individual b\rgeois manufactur] himself4 ,! m op5ly ?is despotism proclaims ga9 to be its end & aim1 ! m petty1 ! m hateful1 & ! m embitt]+ x is4'' ,! ,manife/o tells next ! mann] ( gr[? ( ! class /ruggle4 ,! prolet>iat goes ?r\gh v>i\s /ages ( developm5t4 ,) its bir? beg9s its /ruggle ) ! b\rgeoisie4 ,at fir/ ! conte/ is c>ri$ on by individual labor]s1 !n by ! workpeople ( a factory1 !n by ! op]atives ( "o trade1 9 "o locality1 aga9/ ! individual b\rgeois :o directly exploits !m4 ,!y direct _! attacks n aga9/ ! b\rgeois conditions ( production1 b aga9/ ! in/rum5ts ( production !mselves4'' ,at ?is /age ! labor]s /ill =m an incoh]5t mass scatt]$ ov] ! :ole c\ntry1 & brok5 up by _! mutual competition4 ,if any:]e !y unite to =m m compact bodies1 ?is is n yet ! consequ5ce ( _! own active union1 b ( ! union ( ! b\rgeoisie1 :i* class1 9 ord] to atta9 its own political ends1 is compell$ to set ! :ole prolet>iat 9 motion1 & is moreov] yet1 = a "t1 able to d s4'' ,! collisions betwe5 individual workm5 & individual b\rgeois take m & m ! "* ( collisions betwe5 two classes4 ,!reupon ! work]s beg9 to =m comb9ations 7,trades ,unions7 aga9/ ! b\rgeois2 !y club toge!r 9 ord] to keep up ! rate ( wages2 !y f\nd p]man5t associations 9 ord] to make provision be=eh& = ^! occasional revolts4 ,"h & !re ! conte/ breaks out into riots4 ,n[ & !n ! work]s are victori\s1 b only = a "t4 ,! real fruit ( _! battles lies1 n 9 ! imm$iate result1 b 9 ! ev]-exp&+ union ( ! work]s4 ,?is union is help$ on by ! im- prov$ means ( communication t are creat$ by mod]n indu/ry1 & t place ! work]s ( diff]5t localities 9 contact ) "o ano!r4 ,x 0 j ?is contact t 0 ne$$ to c5tralize ! num]\s local /ruggles1 all ( ! same "*1 into "o national /ruggle betwe5 classes4 ,b e class /ruggle is a political /ruggle4 ,& t union1 to atta9 :i* ! burgh]s ( ! ,middle ,ages1 ) _! mis]able highways1 requir$ c5turies1 ! mod]n prolet>ians1 ?anks to railways1 a*ieve 9 a few ye>s4 ,?is organization ( ! prolet>ians into a class1 & consequ5tly into a political p>ty1 is cont9ually be+ upset aga9 by ! competition betwe5 ! work]s !mselves4 ,b x ev] rises up aga91 /rong]1 firm]1 mighti]4 ,x compels legislative recognition ( p>ticul> int]e/s ( ! work]s1 by tak+ advantage ( ! divisions among ! b\rgeoisie itself4'' ,9 ! conditions ( ! prolet>iat1 ^? ( old society at l>ge are already virtually swamp$4 ,! prolet>ian is )\t prop]ty2 8 relation to 8 wife & *ildr5 has no long] any?+ 9 common ) ! b\rgeois family-relations2 mod]n indu/rial labor1 mod]n subjection to capital1 ! same 9 ,engl& z 9 ,france1 9 ,am]ica z 9 ,g]many1 has /ripp$ him ( e trace ( national "*4 ,law1 morality1 religion1 are to him s _m b\rgeois prejudices1 beh9d :i* lurk 9 ambu% j z _m b\rgeois int]e/s4 ,all ! prec$+ classes t got ! upp] h&1 s\ght to =tify _! already acquir$ /atus by subject+ society at l>ge to _! conditions ( appropriation4 ,! prolet>ians _c become ma/]s ( ! productive =ces ( society1 except by aboli%+ _! own previ\s mode ( appropriation1 & !reby also e o!r previ\s mode ( appropriation4 ,!y h no?+ ( _! own to secure & to =tify2 _! mission is to de/roy all previ\s securities =1 & insurances (1 individual prop]ty4 ,all previ\s hi/orical movem5ts 7 movem5ts ( m9orities1 or 9 ! int]e/ ( m9orities4 ,! prolet>ian movem5t is ! self-consci\s1 indep5d5t movem5t ( ! imm5se majority1 9 ! int]e/ ( ! imm5se majority4 ,! prolet>iat1 ! l[e/ /ratum ( our pres5t society1 _c /ir1 _c raise itself up1 )\t ! :ole sup]- incumb5t /rata ( (ficial society be+ sprung into ! air4'' ,! ,communi/s1 says ,m>x1 /& = ! prolet>iat z a :ole4 ,!y are int]national4 ,! ,communi/s are fur!r reproa*$ ) desir+ to aboli% c\ntries & nationality4 ,! work+ m5 h no c\ntry4 ,we _c take f !m :at !y h n got4'' ,! imm$iate aim ( ! ,communi/s is ! conque/s ( political p[] by ! prolet>iat4 ,! !ory ( ! ,communi/s may be summ$ up 9 ! s+le s5t5ce3 ,abolition ( private prop]ty4'' ,! mat]iali/ic int]pretation ( hi/ory is us$ to answ] su* *>ges z t ,communism is anti-,*ri/ian4 ,! *>ges aga9/ ,communism made f a religi\s1 a philosophical1 &1 g5]ally1 f an ideological /&po9t1 are n des]v+ ( s]i\s exam9ation4 ,does x require deep intuition to compreh5d t man's ideas1 views & conceptions1 9 "o ^w1 man's consci\sness1 *anges ) e *ange 9 ! conditions ( 8 mat]ial exi/5ce1 9 8 social relations1 & 9 8 social life8'' ,! attitude ( ! ,manife/o to ! ,/ate is n altoge!r easy to grasp4 ,! executive ( ! mod]n ,/ate1'' we are told1 is b a ,committee = manag+ ! common affairs ( ! :ole b\rgeoisie4'' ,nev]!less1 ! fir/ /ep = ! prolet>iat mu/ be to acquire control ( ! ,/ate4 ,we h se5 above1 t ! fir/ /ep 9 ! revolution by ! work+ class1 is to raise ! prolet>iat to ! position ( rul+ class1 to w9 ! battle ( democracy4 ,! prolet>iat w use its political supremacy to wre/1 by degrees1 all capital f ! b\rgeoisie1 to c5tralize all in/rum5ts ( production 9 ! h&s ( ! ,/ate1 i4e41 ( ! prolet>iat organiz$ z ! rul+ class2 & to increase ! total ( productive =ces z rapidly z possible4'' ,! ,manife/o passes on to an imm$iate program ( re=ms1 :i* w\ld 9 ! fir/ in/ance mu* increase ! p[] ( ! exi/+ ,/ate1 b x is cont5d$ t :5 ! ,sociali/ revolution is accompli%$1 ! ,/ate1 z we "k x1 w h ceas$ to exi/4 ,z ,engels says else:]e1 :5 ! prolet>iat seizes ! p[] ( ! ,/ate x puts an end to all diff]5ces ( class & antagonisms ( class1 & consequ5tly also puts an end to ! ,/ate z a ,/ate4'' ,?us1 al?\gh ,/ate ,socialism might1 9 fact1 be ! outcome ( ! proposals ( ,m>x & ,engels1 !y _c !mselves be accus$ ( any glorification ( ! ,/ate4 ,! ,manife/o ends ) an appeal to ! wage- e>n]s ( ! _w to rise on behalf ( ,communism4 ,! ,communi/s disda9 to conceal _! views & aims4 ,!y op5ly decl>e t _! ends c be atta9$ only by ! =cible ov]?r[ ( all exi/+ social conditions4 ,let ! rul+ classes tremble at a ,communi/ic revolution4 ,! prolet>ians h no?+ to lose b _! *a9s4 ,!y h a _w to w94 ,work+ m5 ( all c\ntries1 unite6'' ,9 all ! great c\ntries ( ! ,cont95t1 except ,russia1 a revolution foll[$ quickly on ! publication ( ! ,communi/ ,manife/o1 b ! revolution 0 n economic or int]national1 except at fir/ 9 ,france4 ,ev]y:]e else x 0 inspir$ by ! ideas ( nationalism4 ,accord+ly1 ! rul]s ( ! _w1 mom5t>ily t]rifi$1 7 able to recov] p[] by fom5t+ ! enmities inh]5t 9 ! nationali/ idea1 & ev]y:]e1 aft] a v brief triumph1 ! revolution end$ 9 w> & reaction4 ,! ideas ( ! ,communi/ ,manife/o appe>$ be=e ! _w 0 ready = !m1 b its au?ors liv$ to see ! beg9n+s ( ! gr[? ( t ,sociali/ movem5t 9 e c\ntry1 :i* has press$ on ) increas+ =ce1 influ5c+ ,gov]nm5ts m & m1 dom9at+ ! ,russian ,revolution1 & p]haps capable ( a*iev+ at no v di/ant date t int]national triumph to :i* ! la/ s5t5ces ( ! ,manife/o summon ! wage-e>n]s ( ! _w4 ,m>x's magnum opus1 ,capital1'' add$ bulk & sub/ance to ! !ses ( ! ,communi/ ,manife/o4 ,x contribut$ ! !ory ( surplus value1 :i* pr(ess$ to expla9 ! actual me*anism ( capitali/ exploitation4 ,?is doctr9e is v complicat$ & is sc>cely t5able z a contribution to pure !ory4 ,x is r to be view$ z a translation into ab/ract t]ms ( ! hatr$ ) :i* ,m>x reg>d$ ! sy/em t co9s weal? out ( human lives1 & x is 9 ?is _s1 r ?an 9 t ( dis9t]e/$ analysis1 t x has be5 read by its admir]s4 ,a critical exam9ation ( ! !ory ( surplus value w\ld require mu* difficult & ab/ract discussion ( pure economic !ory )\t hav+ mu* be>+ ^u ! practical tru? or falsehood ( ,socialism2 x has !re=e seem$ impossible )9 ! limits ( ! pres5t volume4 ,to my m9d ! be/ p>ts ( ! book are ^? :i* deal ) economic facts1 ( :i* ,m>x's k 0 encyclopa$ic4 ,x 0 by ^! facts t he hop$ to in/il into 8 disciples t firm & undy+ hatr$ t %\ld make !m soldi]s to ! dea? 9 ! class w>4 ,! facts :i* he accumulates are su* z are practically unkn[n to ! va/ majority ( ^? :o live com=table lives4 ,!y are v t]rible facts1 & ! economic sy/em :i* g5]ates !m mu/ be ackn[l$g$ to be a v t]rible sy/em4 ,a few examples ( 8 *oice ( facts w s]ve to expla9 ! bitt]ness ( _m ,sociali/s3-- ,mr4 ,br\ghton ,*>lton1 c\nty magi/rate1 decl>$1 z *airman ( a meet+ held at ! ,assembly ,rooms1 ,nott+ham1 on ! #ad? ,janu>y1 #ahfj1 t !re 0 an am\nt ( privation & suff]+ among t portion ( ! population connect$ ) ! lace trade1 unkn[n 9 o!r p>ts ( ! k+dom1 inde$1 9 ! civiliz$ _w4 4 4 4 ,*ildr5 ( n9e or t5 ye>s are dragg$ f _! squalid b$s at two1 ?ree1 or f\r o clock 9 ! morn+ & compell$ to "w = a b>e subsi/5ce until t51 elev51 or twelve at night1 _! limbs we>+ away1 _! frames dw9dl+1 _! faces :it5+1 & _! humanity absolutely s9k+ into a /one-l torpor1 utt]ly horrible to contemplate4''#d #d ,vol4 i1 p4 #bbg4 ,?ree railway m5 are /&+ be=e a ,london coron]'s jury--a gu>d1 an eng9e-driv]1 a signalman4 ,a trem5d\s railway accid5t has hurri$ hundr$s ( pass5g]s into ano!r _w4 ,! neglig5ce ( ! employes is ! cause ( ! mis=tune4 ,!y decl>e ) "o voice be=e ! jury t t5 or twelve ye>s be=e1 _! labor only la/$ eight h\rs a day4 ,dur+ ! la/ five or six ye>s x _h be5 screw$ up to #ad1 #ah1 & #bj h\rs1 & "u a specially sev]e pressure ( holiday-mak]s1 at times ( excursion tra9s1 x (t5 la/$ #dj or #ej h\rs )\t a break4 ,!y 7 ord9>y m51 n ,cyclops4 ,at a c]ta9 po9t _! labor-p[] fail$4 ,torpor seiz$ !m4 ,_! bra9 ceas$ to ?9k1 _! eyes to see4 ,! ?or\ghly respectable'' ,briti% jurym5 answ]$ by a v]dict t s5t !m to ! next assizes on a *>ge ( manslaught]1 &1 9 a g5tle rid]'' to _! v]dict1 express$ ! pi\s hope t ! capitali/ic magnates ( ! railways w\ld1 9 future1 be m extravagant 9 ! pur*ase ( a suffici5t quantity ( labor-p[]1 & m ab/emi\s1'' m self-d5y+1'' m ?rifty1'' 9 ! dra9+ ( paid labor-p[]4#e #e ,vol4 i1 pp4 #bcg1 #bch4 ,9 ! la/ week ( ,june1 #ahfc1 all ! ,london daily pap]s publi%$ a p>agraph ) ! s5sational'' head+1 ,dea? f simple ov]-"w4'' ,x dealt ) ! dea? ( ! mill9]1 ,m>y ,anne ,walkley1 #bj ye>s ( age1 employ$ 9 a highly respectable dressmak+ e/abli%m5t1 exploit$ by a lady ) ! pleasant "n ( ,elise4 ,! old1 (t5-told /ory 0 once m rec\nt$4 ,?is girl work$1 on an av]age1 #af #a_/b h\rs1 dur+ ! season (t5 #cj h\rs1 )\t a break1 :il/ h] fail+ labor-p[] 0 reviv$ by occasional supplies ( %]ry1 port1 or c(fee4 ,x 0 j n[ ! height ( ! season4 ,x 0 necess>y to conjure up 9 ! tw9kl+ ( an eye ! gorge\s dresses = ! noble ladies bidd5 to ! ball 9 honor ( ! newly- import$ ,pr9cess ( ,wales4 ,m>y ,anne ,walkley _h work$ )\t int]mission = #bf #a_/b h\rs1 ) #fj o!r girls1 #cj 9 "o room1 t only af=d$ #a_/c ( ! cubic feet ( air requir$ = !m4 ,at night1 !y slept 9 pairs 9 "o ( ! /ifl+ holes into :i* ! b$room 0 divid$ by p>titions ( bo>d4 ,& ?is 0 "o ( ! be/ mill9]y e/abli%m5ts 9 ,london4 ,m>y ,anne ,walkley fell ill on ! ,friday1 di$ on ,sunday1 )\t1 to ! a/oni%m5t ( ,madame ,elise1 hav+ previ\sly complet$ ! "w 9 h&4 ,! doctor1 ,mr4 ,keys1 call$ too late to ! dea? b$1 duly bore witness be=e ! coron]'s jury t ,m>y ,anne ,walkley _h di$ f long h\rs ( "w 9 an ov]- cr[d$ workroom1 & a too small & badly v5tilat$ b$room4'' ,9 ord] to give ! doctor a lesson 9 good mann]s1 ! coron]'s jury !reupon br\ght 9 a v]dict t ! deceas$ _h di$ ( apoplexy1 b !re 0 reason to fe> t h] dea? _h be5 accel]at$ by ov]-"w 9 an ov]-cr[d$ workroom1 c4'' ,our :ite slaves1'' cri$ ! ,morn+ ,/>1'' ! organ ( ! free-trad]s1 ,cobd5 & ,bright1 our :ite slaves1 :o are toil$ into ! grave1 = ! mo/ "p sil5tly p9e & die4''#f #f ,vol4 i1 pp4 #bci1 #bdj4 ,edw>d ,,vi3 ,a /atue ( ! fir/ ye> ( 8 reign1 #aedg1 orda9s t if anyone refuses to "w1 he %all be condemn$ z a slave to ! p]son :o has d5\nc$ him z an idl]4 ,! ma/] %all fe$ 8 slave on bread & wat]1 weak bro? & su* refuse meat z he ?9ks fit4 ,he has ! "r to =ce him to d any "w1 no matt] h[ disgu/+1 ) :ip & *a9s4 ,if ! slave is abs5t a =tnight1 he is condemn$ to slav]y = life & is to be br&$ on =ehead or back ) ! lett] ,s2 if he runs away ?rice1 he is to be execut$ z a felon4 ,! ma/] c sell him1 bequea? him1 let him out on hire z a slave1 j z any o!r p]sonal *attel or cattle4 ,if ! slaves attempt any?+ aga9/ ! ma/]s1 !y are also to be execut$4 ,ju/ices ( ! peace1 on in=mation1 are to hunt ! rascals d[n4 ,if x happ5s t a vagabond has be5 idl+ ab\t = ?ree days1 he is to be tak5 to 8 bir?place1 br&$ ) a r$hot iron ) ! lett] ,v on ! brea/ & be set to "w1 9 *a9s1 9 ! /reets or at "s o!r labor4 ,if ! vagabond gives a false bir?place1 he is !n to become ! slave = life ( ?is place1 ( its inhabitants1 or its corporation1 & to be br&$ ) an ,s4 ,all p]sons h ! "r to take away ! *ildr5 ( ! vagabonds & to keep !m z appr5tices1 ! "y m5 until ! #bd? ye>1 ! girls until ! #bj?4 ,if !y run away1 !y are to become up to ?is age ! slaves ( _! ma/]s1 :o c put !m 9 irons1 :ip !m1 c41 if !y l4 ,e ma/] may put an iron r+ ar\nd ! neck1 arms or legs ( 8 slave1 by :i* to "k him m easily & to be m c]ta9 ( him4 ,! la/ "p ( ?is /atute provides t c]ta9 poor p may be employ$ by a place or by p]sons1 :o are will+ to give !m food & dr9k & to f9d !m "w4 ,?is k9d ( p>i%-slaves 0 kept up 9 ,engl& until f> into ! #ai? c5tury "u ! "n ( r\ndsm54''#g #g ,vol4 i1 pp4 #geh1 #gei4 ,page aft] page & *apt] aft] *apt] ( facts ( ?is nature1 ea* br\ght up to illu/rate "s fatali/ic !ory :i* ,m>x pr(esses to h prov$ by exact reason+1 _c b /ir into fury any passionate work+-class read]1 & into unbe>able %ame any possessor ( capital 9 :om g5]osity & ju/ice are n :olly ext9ct4 ,almo/ at ! end ( ! volume1 9 a v brief *apt]1 call$ ,hi/orical ,t5d5cy ( ,capitali/ ,accumulation1'' ,m>x all[s "o mom5t's glimpse ( ! hope t lies beyond ! pres5t horror3-- ,z soon z ?is process ( trans=mation has suffici5tly decompos$ ! old society f top to bottom1 z soon z ! labor]s are turn$ into prolet>ians1 _! means ( labor into capital1 z soon z ! capitali/ mode ( production /&s on its own feet1 !n ! fur!r socialization ( labor & fur!r trans=mation ( ! l& & o!r means ( production into s- cially exploit$ &1 !re=e1 common means ( production1 z well z ! fur!r expropriation ( private proprietors1 takes a new =m4 ,t :i* is n[ to be expropriat$ is no long] ! labor] work+ = himself1 b ! capitali/ exploit+ _m labor]s4 ,?is expropriation is accompli%$ by ! action ( ! imman5t laws ( capitali/ic production itself1 by ! c5tralization ( capital4 ,"o capitali/ always kills _m1 & 9 h& ) ?is c5tralization1 or ?is expropriation ( _m capitali/s by few1 develop1 on an ev] ext5d+ scale1 ! co-op]ative =m ( ! labor-process1 ! consci\s te*nical application ( sci5ce1 ! me?odical cultivation ( ! soil1 ! trans=mation ( ! in/rum5ts ( labor into in/rum5ts ( labor only usable 9 common1 ! economiz+ ( all means ( production by _! use z ! means ( production ( comb9$1 socializ$ labor1 ! entanglem5t ( all peoples 9 ! net ( ! _w-m>ket1 & ) ?is1 ! int]national "* ( ! capitali/ic regime4 ,along ) ! con/antly dim9i%+ numb] ( ! magnates ( capital1 :o usurp & monopolize all advantages ( ?is process ( trans=mation1 gr[s ! mass ( mis]y1 oppression1 slav]y1 degradation1 exploitation2 b ) ?is1 too1 gr[s ! revolt ( ! work+- class1 a class always increas+ 9 numb]s1 & discipl9$1 unit$1 organiz$ by ! v me*anism ( ! process ( capitali/ production itself4 ,! monopoly ( capital becomes a fett] ^u ! mode ( production1 :i* has sprung up & fl\ri%$ along )1 & "u x4 ,c5tralization ( ! means ( production & socialization ( labor at la/ rea* a po9t :]e !y become incompatible ) _! capitali/ integum5t4 ,?is integum5t is bur/ asund]4 ,! knell ( capitali/ private prop]ty s\nds4 ,! expropriators are expropriat$1#h #h ,vol4 i pp4 #ghh1 #ghi4 ,t is all4 ,h>dly ano!r ^w f beg9n+ to end is all[$ to relieve ! gloom1 & 9 ?is rel5tless pressure ^u ! m9d ( ! read] lies a great "p ( ! p[] :i* ?is book has acquir$4 ,two que/ions are rais$ by ,m>x's "w3 ,fir/1 ,are 8 laws ( hi/orical developm5t true8 ,second1 ,is ,socialism desirable8 ,! second ( ^! que/ions is q indep5d5t ( ! fir/4 ,m>x pr(esses to prove t ,socialism mu/ come1 b sc>cely conc]ns himself to argue t :5 x comes x w be a good ?+4 ,x may be1 h[ev]1 t if x comes1 x w be a good ?+1 ev5 ?\gh all ,m>x's argum5ts to prove t x mu/ come %\ld be at fault4 ,9 actual fact1 "t has %[n _m flaws 9 ,m>x's !ories4 ,! developm5t ( ! _w has be5 suffici5tly l 8 prophecy to prove him a man ( v unusual p5etration1 b has n be5 suffici5tly l to make ei!r political or economic hi/ory exactly su* z he pr$ict$ t x w\ld be4 ,nationalism1 s f> f dim9i%+1 has increas$1 & has fail$ to be conqu]$ by ! cosmopolitan t5d5cies :i* ,m>x rightly disc]n$ 9 f9ance4 ,al?\gh big bus9esses h gr[n bigg] & h ov] a great area rea*$ ! /age ( monopoly1 yet ! numb] ( %>ehold]s 9 su* ent]prises is s l>ge t ! actual numb] ( individuals int]e/$ 9 ! capitali/ sy/em has cont9ually increas$4 ,moreov]1 ?\gh l>ge firms h gr[n l>g]1 !re has be5 a simultane\s increase 9 firms ( m$ium size4 ,mean:ile ! wage-e>n]s1 :o 71 accord+ to ,m>x1 to h rema9$ at ! b>e level ( subsi/5ce at :i* !y 7 9 ! ,engl& ( ! fir/ half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 h in/ead pr(it$ by ! g5]al increase ( weal?1 ?\gh 9 a less] degree ?an ! capitali/s4 ,! suppos$ iron law ( wages has be5 prov$ untrue1 s f> z labor 9 civiliz$ c\ntries is conc]n$4 ,if we wi% n[ to f9d examples ( capitali/ cruelty analog\s to ^? ) :i* ,m>x's book is fill$1 we %all h to g = mo/ ( our mat]ial to ! ,tropics1 or at any rate to regions :]e !re are m5 ( inf]ior races to exploit4 ,aga93 ! skill$ work] ( ! pres5t day is an ari/ocrat 9 ! _w ( labor4 ,x is a "q ) him :e!r he %all ally himself ) ! unskill$ work] aga9/ ! capitali/1 or ) ! capitali/ aga9/ ! unskill$ work]4 ,v (t5 he is himself a capitali/ 9 a small way1 & if he is n s individually1 8 trade union or 8 fri5dly society is pretty sure to be s4 ,h5ce ! %>pness ( ! class w> has n be5 ma9ta9$4 ,!re are gradations1 int]m$iate ranks betwe5 ri* & poor1 in/ead ( ! cle>-cut logical anti!sis betwe5 ! work]s :o h no?+ & ! capitali/s :o h all4 ,ev5 9 ,g]many1 :i* became ! home ( or?odox ,m>xianism & develop$ a p[]ful ,social-,democratic p>ty1 nom9ally accept+ ! doctr9e ( ,das ,kapital'' z all b v]bally inspir$1 ev5 !re ! enorm\s increase ( weal? 9 all classes 9 ! ye>s prec$+ ! w> l$ ,sociali/s to revise _! beliefs & to adopt an evolution>y r ?an a revolution>y attitude4 ,b]n/e91 a ,g]man ,sociali/ :o liv$ long 9 ,engl&1 inaugurat$ ! ,revisioni/'' movem5t :i* at la/ conqu]$ ! bulk ( ! p>ty4 ,8 criticisms ( ,m>xian or?odoxy are set =? 9 8 ,evolution>y ,socialism4''#i ,b]n/e9's "w1 z is common 9 ,broad ,*ur* writ]s1 consi/s l>gely 9 %[+ t ! ,f\nd]s did n hold _! doctr9es s rigidly z _! foll[]s h done4 ,!re is mu* 9 ! writ+s ( ,m>x & ,engels t _c be fitt$ into ! rigid or?odoxy :i* grew up among _! disciples4 ,b]n/e9's ma9 criticisms ( ^! disciples1 ap>t f su* z we h already m5tion$1 consi/ 9 a def5se ( piecemeal action z aga9/ revolution4 ,he prote/s aga9/ ! attitude ( undue ho/ility to ,lib]alism :i* is common among ,sociali/s1 & he blunts ! edge ( ! ,int]nationalism :i* und\bt$ly is "p ( ! tea*+s ( ,m>x4 ,! work]s1 he says1 h a ,fa!rl& z soon z !y become citiz5s1 & on ?is basis he def5ds t degree ( nationalism :i* ! w> has s9ce %[n to be preval5t 9 ! ranks ( ,sociali/s4 ,he ev5 goes s f> z to ma9ta9 t ,european nations h a "r to tropical t]ritory ow+ to _! high] civilization4 ,su* doctr9es dim9i% revolution>y ardor & t5d to trans=m ,sociali/s into a left w+ ( ! ,lib]al ,p>ty4 ,b ! increas+ prosp]ity ( wage-e>n]s be=e ! w> made ^! developm5ts inevitable4 ,:e!r ! w> w h alt]$ conditions 9 ?is respect1 x is z yet impossible to "k4 ,b]n/e9 concludes ) ! wise rem>k t3 ,we h to take work+ m5 z !y are4 ,& !y are nei!r s univ]sally paup]s z 0 set out 9 ! ,communi/ ,manife/o1 nor s free f prejudices & weaknesses z _! c\rti]s wi% to make u believe4'' #i ,die ,voraussetzung5 des ,sozialismus und die ,aufgab5 d] ,sozial-,demokratie4'' ,9 ,m>*1 #aiad1 ,b]n/e9 deliv]$ a lecture 9 ,budape/ 9 :i* he )drew f sev]al ( ! positions he _h tak5 up 7vide ,budape/ ,volk/imme1'' ,m>* #ai1 #aiad74 ,b]/e9 repres5ts ! decay ( ,m>xian or?odoxy f )94 ,syndicalism repres5ts an attack aga9/ x f )\t1 f ! /&po9t ( a doctr9e :i* pr(esses to be ev5 m radical & m revolution>y ?an t ( ,m>x & ,engels4 ,! attitude ( ,syndicali/s to ,m>x may be se5 9 ,sorel's little book1 ,la ,decomposition du ,m>xisme1'' & 9 8 l>g] "w1 ,reflections on ,viol5ce1'' au?oriz$ translation by ,t4 ,e4 ,hulme 7,all5 ,unw91 #aiae74 ,aft] quot+ ,b]n/e91 ) approval 9 s f> z he criticises ,m>x1 ,sorel proce$s to o!r criticisms ( a diff]5t ord]4 ,he po9ts out 7:at is true7 t ,m>x's !oretical economics rema9 v ne> to ,man*e/]ism3 ! or?odox political economy ( 8 y\? 0 accept$ by him on _m po9ts on :i* x is n[ kn[n to be wrong4 ,accord+ to ,sorel1 ! really ess5tial ?+ 9 ,m>x's tea*+ is ! class w>4 ,:oev] keeps ?is alive is keep+ alive ! _s ( ,socialism mu* m truly ?an ^? :o adh]e to ! lett] ( ,social-,democratic or?odoxy4 ,on ! basis ( ! class w>1 ,fr5* ,syndicali/s develop$ a criticism ( ,m>x :i* goes mu* deep] ?an ^? t we h be5 hi!rto consid]+4 ,m>x's views on hi/orical developm5t may h be5 9 a great] or less degree mi/ak5 9 fact1 & yet ! economic & political sy/em :i* he s\ght to create might be j z desirable z 8 foll[]s suppose4 ,syndicalism1 h[ev]1 criticises1 n only ,m>x's views ( fact1 b also ! goal at :i* he aims & ! g5]al nature ( ! means :i* he recomm5ds4 ,m>x's ideas 7 =m$ at a "t :5 democracy did n yet exi/4 ,x 0 9 ! v ye> 9 :i* ,das ,kapital'' appe>$ t urban work+ m5 fir/ got ! vote 9 ,engl& & univ]sal suffrage 0 grant$ by ,bism>ck 9 ,nor!rn ,g]many4 ,x 0 natural t great hopes %\ld be ent]ta9$ z to :at democracy w\ld a*ieve4 ,m>x1 l ! or?odox economi/s1 imag9$ t m5's op9ions are guid$ by a m or less enlight5$ view ( economic self-int]e/1 or r ( economic class int]e/4 ,a long exp]i5ce ( ! work+s ( political democracy has %[n t 9 ?is respect ,disraeli & ,bism>ck 7 %rewd] judges ( human nature ?an ei!r ,lib]als or ,sociali/s4 ,x has become increas+ly difficult to put tru/ 9 ! ,/ate z a means to lib]ty1 or 9 political p>ties z in/rum5ts suffici5tly p[]ful to =ce ! ,/ate into ! s]vice ( ! p4 ,! mod]n ,/ate1 says ,sorel1 is a body ( intellectuals1 :i* is inve/$ ) privileges1 & :i* possesses means ( ! k9d call$ political = def5d+ itself aga9/ ! attacks made on x by o!r gr\ps ( intellectuals1 eag] to possess ! pr(its ( public employm5t4 ,p>ties are con/itut$ 9 ord] to acquire ! conque/ ( ^! employm5ts1 & !y are analog\s to ! ,/ate4''#aj #aj ,la ,decomposition du ,m>xisme1'' p4 #ec4 ,syndicali/s aim at organiz+ m51 n by p>ty1 b by occupation4 ,?is1 !y say1 alone repres5ts ! true conception & me?od ( ! class w>4 ,accord+ly !y despise all ,,political action ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ,p>liam5t & elections3 ! k9d ( action t !y recomm5d is direct action by ! revolution>y syndicate or trade union4 ,! battle- cry ( indu/rial v]sus political action has spread f> beyond ! ranks ( ,fr5* ,syndicalism4 ,x is to be f\nd 9 ! ,i4 ,w4 ,w4 9 ,am]ica1 & among ,indu/rial ,unioni/s & ,guild ,sociali/s 9 ,great ,brita94 ,^? :o advocate x1 = ! mo/ "p1 aim also at a diff]5t goal f t ( ,m>x4 ,!y believe t !re c be no adequate individual fre$om :]e ! ,/ate is all-p[]ful1 ev5 if ! ,/ate be a ,sociali/ "o4 ,"s ( !m are out-&- out ,an>*i/s1 :o wi% to see ! ,/ate :olly aboli%$2 o!rs only wi% to curtail its au?ority4 ,ow+ to ?is movem5t1 opposition to ,m>x1 :i* f ! ,an>*i/ side exi/$ f ! fir/1 has gr[n v /rong4 ,x is ?is opposition 9 its old] =m t w occupy u 9 our next *apt]4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,bakun9 ,,& ,,an>*ism ,,9 ! popul> m9d1 an ,an>*i/ is a p]son :o ?r[s bombs & commits o!r outrages1 ei!r because he is m or less insane1 or because he uses ! pret5se ( extreme political op9ions z a cloak = crim9al proclivities4 ,?is view is1 ( c\rse1 9 e way inadequate4 ,"s ,an>*i/s believe 9 ?r[+ bombs2 _m d n4 ,m5 ( almo/ e o!r %ade ( op9ion believe 9 ?r[+ bombs 9 suitable circum/ances3 = example1 ! m5 :o ?rew ! bomb at ,s>ajevo :i* />t$ ! pres5t w> 7 n ,an>*i/s1 b ,nationali/s4 ,& ^? ,an>*i/s :o are 9 favor ( bomb-?r[+ d n 9 ?is respect diff] on any vital pr9ciple f ! re/ ( ! community1 ) ! exception ( t inf9itesimal portion :o adopt ! ,tol/oyan attitude ( non-resi/ance4 ,an>*i/s1 l ,sociali/s1 usually believe 9 ! doctr9e ( ! class w>1 & if !y use bombs1 x is z ,gov]nm5ts use bombs1 = purposes ( w>3 b = e bomb manufactur$ by an ,an>*i/1 _m millions are manufactur$ by ,gov]nm5ts1 & = e man kill$ by ,an>*i/ viol5ce1 _m millions are kill$ by ! viol5ce ( ,/ates4 ,we may1 !re=e1 dismiss f our m9ds ! :ole "q ( viol5ce1 :i* plays s l>ge a "p 9 ! popul> imag9ation1 s9ce x is nei!r ess5tial nor peculi> to ^? :o adopt ! ,an>*i/ position4 ,an>*ism1 z its d]ivation indicates1 is ! !ory :i* is oppos$ to e k9d ( =cible gov]nm5t4 ,x is oppos$ to ! ,/ate z ! embodim5t ( ! =ce employ$ 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ! community4 ,su* gov]nm5t z ,an>*ism c tol]ate mu/ be free gov]nm5t1 n m]ely 9 ! s5se t x is t ( a majority1 b 9 ! s5se t x is t ass5t$ to by all4 ,an>*i/s object to su* in/itutions z ! police & ! crim9al law1 by means ( :i* ! w ( "o "p ( ! community is =c$ ^u ano!r "p4 ,9 _! view1 ! democratic =m ( gov]nm5t is n v enorm\sly pref]able to o!r =ms s long z m9orities are compell$ by =ce or its pot5tiality to submit to ! w ( majorities4 ,lib]ty is ! supreme good 9 ! ,an>*i/ cre$1 & lib]ty is s\ght by ! direct road ( aboli%+ all =cible control ov] ! individual by ! community4 ,an>*ism1 9 ?is s5se1 is no new doctr9e4 ,x is set =? admirably by ,*uang ,tzu1 a ,*9ese philosoph]1 :o liv$ ab\t ! ye> #cjj ,b4 ,c43-- ,horses h ho(s to c>ry !m ov] fro/ & sn[2 hair1 to protect !m f w9d & cold4 ,!y eat grass & dr9k wat]1 & fl+ up _! heels ov] ! *ampaign4 ,su* is ! real nature ( horses4 ,palatial dwell+s are ( no use to !m4 ,"o day ,po ,lo appe>$1 say+3 ,i und]/& ! managem5t ( horses4'' ,s he br&$ !m1 & clipp$ !m1 & p>$ _! ho(s1 & put halt]s on !m1 ty+ !m up by ! head & %ackl+ !m by ! feet1 & dispos+ !m 9 /ables1 ) ! result t two or ?ree 9 e t5 di$4 ,!n he kept !m hungry & ?ir/y1 trott+ !m & gallop+ !m1 & groom+1 & trimm+1 ) ! mis]y ( ! tassell$ bridle be=e & ! fe> ( ! knott$ :ip beh9d1 until m ?an half ( !m 7 dead4 ,! pott] says3 ,i c d :at ,i w ) ,clay4 ,if ,i want x r\nd1 ,i use compasses2 if rectangul>1 a squ>e4'' ,! c>p5t] says3 ,i c d :at ,i w ) wood4 ,if ,i want x curv$1 ,i use an arc2 if /raight1 a l9e4'' ,b on :at gr\nds c we ?9k t ! natures ( clay & wood desire ?is application ( compasses & squ>e1 ( arc & l9e8 ,nev]!less1 e age extols ,po ,lo = 8 skill 9 manag+ horses1 & pott]s & c>p5t]s = _! skill ) clay & wood4 ,^? :o gov]n ! empire make ! same mi/ake4 ,n[ ,i reg>d gov]nm5t ( ! empire f q a diff]5t po9t ( view4 ,! p h c]ta9 natural in/9cts3--to weave & clo! !mselves1 to till & fe$ !mselves4 ,^! are common to all humanity1 & all are agre$ !reon4 ,su* in/9cts are call$ ,heav5-s5t4'' ,& s 9 ! days :5 natural in/9cts prevail$1 m5 mov$ quietly & gaz$ /eadily4 ,at t "t !re 7 no roads ov] m\nta9s1 nor boats1 nor bridges ov] wat]4 ,all ?+s 7 produc$1 ea* = its own prop] sph]e4 ,birds & bea/s multipli$1 trees & %rubs grew up4 ,! =m] might be l$ by ! h&2 y c\ld climb up & peep into ! rav5's ne/4 ,= !n man dwelt ) birds & bea/s1 & all creation 0 "o4 ,!re 7 no di/9ctions ( good & bad m54 ,be+ all equally )\t k1 _! virtue c\ld n g a/ray4 ,be+ all equally )\t evil desires1 !y 7 9 a /ate ( natural integrity1 ! p]fection ( human exi/5ce4 ,b :5 ,sages appe>$1 tripp+ up p ov] *>ity & fett]+ !m ) duty to _! neighbor1 d\bt f\nd its way into ! _w4 ,& !n1 ) _! gu%+ ov] music & fuss+ ov] c]emony1 ! empire became divid$ aga9/ itself4#aa #aa ,mus+s ( a ,*9ese ,my/ic4'' ,selections f ! ,philosophy ( ,*uang ,tzu4 ,) an ,introduction by ,lionel ,giles1 ,m4,a4 7,oxon474 ,wisdom ( ! ,ea/ ,s]ies1 ,john ,murray1 #aiaa4 ,pages #ff-fh4 ,! mod]n ,an>*ism1 9 ! s5se 9 :i* we %all be conc]n$ ) x1 is associat$ ) belief 9 ! communal own]%ip ( l& & capital1 & is ?us 9 an important respect ak9 to ,socialism4 ,?is doctr9e is prop]ly call$ ,an>*i/ ,com- munism1 b z x embraces practically all mod]n ,an>*ism1 we may ignore individuali/ ,an>*ism altoge!r & conc5trate att5tion ^u ! communi/ic =m4 ,socialism & ,an>*i/ ,communism alike h aris5 f ! p]ception t private capital is a s\rce ( tyranny by c]ta9 individuals ov] o!rs4 ,or?odox ,socialism believes t ! individual w become free if ! ,/ate becomes ! sole capitali/4 ,an>*ism1 on ! contr>y1 fe>s t 9 t case ! ,/ate might m]ely inh]it ! tyrannical prop5sities ( ! private capitali/4 ,accord+ly1 x seeks = a means ( reconcil+ communal own]%ip ) ! utmo/ possible dim9ution 9 ! p[]s ( ! ,/ate1 & inde$ ultimately ) ! complete abolition ( ! ,/ate4 ,x has aris5 ma9ly )9 ! ,sociali/ movem5t z its extreme left w+4 ,9 ! same s5se 9 :i* ,m>x may be reg>d$ z ! f\nd] ( mod]n ,socialism1 ,bakun9 may be reg>d$ z ! f\nd] ( ,an>*i/ ,communism4 ,b ,bakun9 did n produce1 l ,m>x1 a f9i%$ & sy/ematic body ( doctr9e4 ,! ne>e/ approa* to ?is w be f\nd 9 ! writ+s ( 8 foll[]1 ,kropotk94 ,9 ord] to expla9 mod]n ,an>*ism we %all beg9 ) ! life ( ,bakun9#ab & ! hi/ory ( 8 conflicts ) ,m>x1 & %all !n give a brief acc\nt ( ,an>*i/ !ory z set =? p>tly 9 8 writ+s1 b m 9 ^? ( ,kropotk94#ac #ab ,an acc\nt ( ! life ( ,bakun9 f ! ,an>*i/ /&po9t w be f\nd 9 vol4 ii ( ! complete edition ( 8 works3 ,mi*el ,bak\n9e1 ,o,euvres1'' ,tome ,,ii4 ,avec une notice biographique1 des avant-propos et des notes1 p> ,james ,guillaume4 ,p>is1 ,p4-,v1 ,/ock1 editeur1 pp4 v-lxiii4 #ac ,criticism ( ^! !ories w be res]v$ = ,"p ,,ii4 ,mi*el ,bakun9 0 born 9 #ahad ( a ,russian ari/ocratic family4 ,8 fa!r 0 a diplomati/1 :o at ! "t ( ,bakun9's bir? _h retir$ to 8 c\ntry e/ate 9 ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,tv]4 ,bakun9 ent]$ ! s*ool ( artill]y 9 ,pet]sburg at ! age ( fifte51 & at ! age ( eighte5 0 s5t z an ensign to a regim5t /ation$ 9 ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,m9sk4 ,! ,poli% insurrection ( #ahhj _h j be5 cru%$4 ,! spectacle ( t]roriz$ ,pol&1'' says ,guillaume1 act$ p[]fully on ! he>t ( ! "y (fic]1 & contribut$ to inspire 9 him ! horror ( despotism4'' ,?is l$ him to give up ! milit>y c>e] aft] two ye>s' trial4 ,9 #ahcd he resign$ 8 commission & w5t to ,mosc[1 :]e he sp5t six ye>s /udy+ philosophy4 ,l all philosophical /ud5ts ( t p]iod1 he became a ,hegelian1 & 9 #ahdj he w5t to ,b]l9 to cont9ue 8 /udies1 9 ! hope ( ultimately becom+ a pr(essor4 ,b aft] ?is "t 8 op9ions und]w5t a rapid *ange4 ,he f\nd x impossible to accept ! ,hegelian maxim t :atev] is1 is rational1 & 9 #ahdb he migrat$ to ,dresd51 :]e he became associat$ ) ,arnold ,ruge1 ! publi%] ( ,deuts*e ,jahrbue*]4'' ,by ?is "t he _h become a revolution>y1 & 9 ! foll[+ ye> he incurr$ ! ho/ility ( ! ,saxon ,gov]nm5t4 ,?is l$ him to g to ,switz]l&1 :]e he came 9 contact ) a gr\p ( ,g]man ,communi/s1 b1 z ! ,swiss police importun$ him & ! ,russian ,gov]nm5t dem&$ 8 return1 he remov$ to ,p>is1 :]e he rema9$ f #ahdc to #ahdg4 ,^! ye>s 9 ,p>is 7 important 9 ! =mation ( 8 outlook & op9ions4 ,he became acqua9t$ ) ,pr\dhon1 :o ex]cis$ a consid]able influ5ce on him2 also ) ,george ,s& & _m o!r well- kn[n p4 ,x 0 9 ,p>is t he fir/ made ! acqua9tance ( ,m>x & ,engels1 ) :om he 0 to c>ry on a lifelong battle4 ,at a mu* lat] p]iod1 9 #ahga1 he gave ! foll[+ acc\nt ( 8 relations ) ,m>x at ?is "t3-- ,m>x 0 mu* m advanc$ ?an ,i 01 z he rema9s to-day n m advanc$ b incomp>ably m le>n$ ?an ,i am4 ,i knew !n no?+ ( political economy4 ,i _h n yet rid myself ( metaphysical ab/ractions1 & my ,socialism 0 only in/9ctive4 ,he1 ?\gh y\ng] ?an ,i1 0 already an a!i/1 an in/ruct$ mat]iali/1 a well-consid]$ ,sociali/4 ,x 0 j at ?is "t t he elaborat$ ! fir/ f\ndations ( 8 pres5t sy/em4 ,we saw ea* o!r fairly (t51 = ,i respect$ him mu* = 8 le>n+ & 8 passionate & s]i\s devotion 7always mix$1 h[ev]1 ) p]sonal vanity7 to ! cause ( ! prolet>iat1 & ,i s\ght eag]ly 8 conv]sation1 :i* 0 always in/ructive & clev]1 :5 x 0 n inspir$ by a paltry hate1 :i*1 alas6 happ5$ only too (t54 ,b !re 0 nev] any frank intimacy betwe5 z4 ,our temp]am5ts w\ld n suff] x4 ,he call$ me a s5tim5tal ideali/1 & he 0 "r2 ,i call$ him a va9 man1 p]fidi\s & crafty1 & ,i also 0 "r4 ,bakun9 nev] succe$$ 9 /ay+ long 9 "o place )\t incurr+ ! enmity ( ! au?orities4 ,9 ,novemb]1 #ahdg1 z ! result ( a spee* prais+ ! ,poli% ris+ ( #ahcj1 he 0 expell$ f ,france at ! reque/ ( ! ,russian ,embassy1 :i*1 9 ord] to rob him ( public sympa?y1 spread ! unf\nd$ report t he _h be5 an ag5t ( ! ,russian ,gov]nm5t1 b 0 no long] want$ because he _h gone too f>4 ,! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t1 by calculat$ retic5ce1 enc\rag$ ?is /ory1 :i* clung to him m or less ?r\gh\t 8 life4 ,be+ compell$ to leave ,france1 he w5t to ,brussels1 :]e he r5ew$ acqua9tance ) ,m>x4 ,a lett] ( 81 writt5 at ?is "t1 %[s t he ent]ta9$ already t bitt] hatr$ = :i* aft]w>d he _h s mu* reason4 ,! ,g]mans1 artisans1 ,born/$t1 ,m>x & ,engels--&1 above all1 ,m>x--are "h1 do+ _! ord9>y mis*ief4 ,vanity1 spite1 gossip1 !oretical ov]be>+ness & practical pusillanimity--reflections on life1 action & simplicity1 & complete abs5ce ( life1 action & simplicity--lit]>y & argum5tative artisans & repulsive coquetry ) !m3 ,feu]ba* is a b\rgeois1' & ! ^w b\rgeois' gr[n into an epi!t & repeat$ ad nauseum1 b all ( !m !mselves f head to foot1 ?r\gh & ?r\gh1 prov9cial b\rgeois4 ,) "o ^w1 ly+ & /upidity1 /upidity & ly+4 ,9 ?is society !re is no possibility ( draw+ a free1 full brea?4 ,i hold myself alo( f !m1 & h decl>$ q decid$ly t ,i w n jo9 _! communi/ic union ( artisans1 & w h no?+ to d ) x4'' ,! ,revolution ( #ahdh l$ him to return to ,p>is & !nce to ,g]many4 ,he _h a qu>rel ) ,m>x ov] a matt] 9 :i* he himself confess$ lat] t ,m>x 0 9 ! "r4 ,he became a memb] ( ! ,slav ,congress 9 ,prague1 :]e he va9ly endeavor$ to promote a ,slav insurrection4 ,t[>d ! end ( #ahdh1 he wrote an ,appeal to ,slavs1'' call+ on !m to comb9e ) o!r revolution>ies to de/roy ! ?ree oppressive mon>*ies1 ,russia1 ,au/ria & ,prussia4 ,m>x attack$ him 9 pr9t1 say+1 9 effect1 t ! movem5t = ,bohemian indep5d5ce 0 futile because ! ,slavs _h no future1 at any rate 9 ^? regions :]e !y hap- p5$ to be subject to ,g]many & ,au/ria4 ,bakun9 accus$ ,m>s ( ,g]man patriotism 9 ?is matt]1 & ,m>x accus$ him ( ,pan-,slavism1 no d\bt 9 bo? cases ju/ly4 ,be=e ?is dispute1 h[ev]1 a mu* m s]i\s qu>rel _h tak5 place4 ,m>x's pap]1 ! ,neue ,rhe9is*e ,zeitung1'' /at$ t ,george ,s& _h pap]s prov+ ,bakun9 to be a ,russian ,gov]nm5t ag5t & "o ( ^? responsible = ! rec5t arre/ ( ,poles4 ,bakun91 ( c\rse1 repudiat$ ! *>ge1 & ,george ,s& wrote to ! ,neue ,rhe9is*e ,zeitung1'' d5y+ ?is /atem5t 9 toto4 ,! d5ials 7 publi%$ by ,m>x1 & !re 0 a nom9al reconciliation1 b f ?is "t onw>d !re 0 nev] any real abatem5t ( ! ho/ility betwe5 ^! rival lead]s1 :o did n meet aga9 until #ahfd4 ,mean:ile1 ! reaction _h be5 ev]y:]e ga9+ gr\nd4 ,9 ,may1 #ahdi1 an insurrection 9 ,dresd5 = a mom5t made ! revolution>ies ma/]s ( ! t[n4 ,!y held x = five days & e/abli%$ a revolution>y gov]nm5t4 ,bakun9 0 ! s\l ( ! def5se :i* !y made aga9/ ! ,prussian troops4 ,b !y 7 ov]p[]$1 & at la/ ,bakun9 0 captur$ :ile try+ to escape ) ,heubn] & ,ri*>d ,wagn]1 ! la/ ( :om1 =tunately = music1 0 n captur$4 ,n[ began a long p]iod ( imprisonm5t 9 _m prisons & v>i\s c\ntries4 ,bakun9 0 s5t5c$ to dea? on ! #ad? ( ,janu>y1 #ahej1 b 8 s5t5ce 0 commut$ aft] five mon?s1 & he 0 deliv]$ ov] to ,au/ria1 :i* claim$ ! privilege ( puni%+ him4 ,! ,au/rians1 9 _! turn1 condemn$ him to dea? 9 ,may1 #ahea1 & aga9 8 s5t5ce 0 commut$ to imprisonm5t = life4 ,9 ! ,au/rian prisons he _h fett]s on h&s & feet1 & 9 "o ( !m he 0 ev5 *a9$ to ! wall by ! belt4 ,!re seems to h be5 "s peculi> pleasure to be d]iv$ f ! puni%m5t ( ,bakun91 = ! ,russian ,gov]nm5t 9 its turn dem&$ him ( ! ,au/rians1 :o deliv]$ him up4 ,9 ,russia he 0 conf9$1 fir/ 9 ! ,pet] & ,paul =tress & !n 9 ! ,s*luesselburg4 ,!re be suff]$ f scurvy & all 8 tee? fell out4 ,8 heal? gave way completely1 & he f\nd almo/ all food impossible to assimilate4 ,b1 if 8 body became enfeebl$1 8 _s rema9$ inflexible4 ,he fe>$ "o ?+ above all4 ,x 0 to f9d himself "s day l$1 by ! debilitat+ action ( prison1 to ! condition ( degradation ( :i* ,silvio ,pellico (f]s a well-kn[n type4 ,he fe>$ t he might cease to hate1 t he might feel ! s5tim5t ( revolt :i* upheld him becom+ ext+ui%$ 9 8 he>ts t he might come to p>don 8 p]secutors & resign himself to 8 fate4 ,b ?is fe> 0 sup]flu\s2 8 en]gy did n ab&on him a s+le day1 & he em]g$ f 8 cell ! same man z :5 he ent]$4''#ad #ad ,ibid4 p4 xxvi4 ,aft] ! dea? ( ! ,ts> ,ni*olas _m political prison]s 7 amne/$1 b ,alex&] ,,ii ) 8 own h& eras$ ,bakun9's "n f ! li/4 ,:5 ,bakun9's "m succe$$ 9 obta9+ an int]view ) ! new ,ts>1 he said to h]1 ,"k1 ,madame1 t s long z y\r son lives1 he c nev] be free4'' ,h[ev]1 9 #aheg1 aft] eight ye>s ( captivity1 he 0 s5t to ! comp>ative fre$om ( ,sib]ia4 ,f !re1 9 #ahfa1 he succe$$ 9 escap+ to ,japan1 & !nce ?r\gh ,am]ica to ,london4 ,he _h be5 imprison$ = 8 ho/ility to gov]nm5ts1 b1 /range to say1 8 suff]+s _h n _h ! int5d$ effect ( mak+ him love ^? :o inflict$ !m4 ,f ?is "t onw>d1 he devot$ himself to spread+ ! _s ( ,an>*i/ revolt1 )\t1 h[ev]1 hav+ to suff] any fur!r t]m ( imprisonm5t4 ,= "s ye>s he liv$ 9 ,italy1 :]e he f\nd$ 9 #ahfd an ,int]national ,frat]nity'' or ,alliance ( ,sociali/ ,revolution>ies4'' ,?is conta9$ m5 ( _m c\ntries1 b app>5tly no ,g]mans4 ,x devot$ itself l>gely to combat+ ,mazz9i's nationalism4 ,9 #ahfg he mov$ to ,switz]l&1 :]e 9 ! foll[+ ye> he help$ to f\nd ! ,int]national ,alliance ( ,s- ciali/ ,democracy1'' ( :i* he drew up ! program4 ,?is program gives a good succ9ct resume ( 8 op9ions3-- ,! ,alliance decl>es itself a!i/2 x desires ! def9itive & entire abolition ( classes & ! political equality & social equalization ( individuals ( bo? sexes4 ,x desires t ! e>?1 ! in/rum5t ( labor1 l all o!r capital1 becom+ ! collective prop]ty ( society z a :ole1 %all be no long] able to be utiliz$ except by ! work]s1 t is to say1 by agricultural & indu/rial associations4 ,x recognizes t all actually exi/+ political & au?orit>ian ,/ates1 r$uc+ !mselves m & m to ! m]e adm9i/rative functions ( ! public s]vices 9 _! respective c\ntries1 mu/ disappe> 9 ! univ]sal union ( free associations1 bo? agricultural & indu/rial4 ,! ,int]national ,alliance ( ,sociali/ ,democracy desir$ to become a bran* ( ! ,int]national ,work+ ,m5's ,association1 b 0 refus$ admission on ! gr\nd t bran*es mu/ be local1 & c\ld n !mselves be int]national4 ,! ,g5eva gr\p ( ! ,alliance1 h[ev]1 0 admitt$ lat]1 9 ,july1 #ahfi4 ,! ,int]national ,work+ ,m5's ,association _h be5 f\nd$ 9 ,london 9 #ahfd1 & its /atutes & program 7 drawn up by ,m>x4 ,bakun9 at fir/ did n expect x to prove a success & refus$ to jo9 x4 ,b x spread ) rem>kable rapidity 9 _m c\ntries & soon became a great p[] = ! propagation ( ,sociali/ ideas4 ,orig9ally x 0 by no means :olly ,sociali/1 b 9 successive ,congresses ,m>x won x ov] m & m to 8 views4 ,at its ?ird ,congress1 9 ,brussels 9 ,septemb]1 #ahfh1 x became def9itely ,sociali/4 ,mean:ile ,bakun91 regrett+ 8 e>li] ab/5tion1 _h decid$ to jo9 x1 & he br\ght ) him a consid]able foll[+ 9 ,fr5*-,switz]l&1 ,france1 ,spa9 & ,italy4 ,at ! f\r? ,congress1 held at ,basle 9 ,septemb]1 #ahfi1 two curr5ts 7 /rongly m>k$4 ,! ,g]mans & ,engli% foll[$ ,m>x 9 8 belief 9 ! ,/ate z x 0 to become aft] ! abolition ( private prop]ty2 !y foll[$ him also 9 8 desire to f\nd ,labor ,p>ties 9 ! v>i\s c\ntries1 & to utilize ! ma*9]y ( democracy = ! election ( repres5tatives ( ,labor to ,p>liam5ts4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,lat9 nations 9 ! ma9 foll[$ ,bakun9 9 oppos+ ! ,/ate & disbeliev+ 9 ! ma*9]y ( repres5tative gov]nm5t4 ,! conflict betwe5 ^! two gr\ps grew m & m bitt]1 & ea* accus$ ! o!r ( v>i\s (f5ses4 ,! /atem5t t ,bakun9 0 a spy 0 repeat$1 b 0 )drawn aft] inve/igation4 ,m>x wrote 9 a confid5tial communication to 8 ,g]man fri5ds t ,bakun9 0 an ag5t ( ! ,pan-,slavi/ p>ty & receiv$ f !m #be1jjj francs a ye>4 ,mean:ile1 ,bakun9 became = a "t int]e/$ 9 ! attempt to /ir up an agr>ian revolt 9 ,russia1 & ?is l$ him to neglect ! conte/ 9 ! ,int]national at a crucial mom5t4 ,dur+ ! ,franco-,prussian w> ,bakun9 passionately took ! side ( ,france1 especially aft] ! fall ( ,napoleon ,,iii4 ,he endeavor$ to r\se ! p to revolution>y resi/ance l t ( #agic1 & became involv$ 9 an abortive attempt at revolt 9 ,lyons4 ,! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t accus$ him ( be+ a paid ag5t ( ,prussia1 & x 0 ) difficulty t he escap$ to ,switz]l&4 ,! dispute ) ,m>x & 8 foll[]s _h become exac]bat$ by ! national dispute4 ,bakun91 l ,kropotk9 aft] him1 reg>d$ ! new p[] ( ,g]many z ! greate/ m5ace to lib]ty 9 ! _w4 ,he hat$ ! ,g]mans ) a bitt] hatr$1 p>tly1 no d\bt1 on acc\nt ( ,bism>ck1 b probably /ill m on acc\nt ( ,m>x4 ,to ?is day1 ,an>*ism has rema9$ conf9$ almo/ exclusively to ! ,lat9 c\ntries1 & has be5 associat$ )1 a hatr$ ( ,g]many1 gr[+ out ( ! conte/s betwe5 ,m>x & ,bakun9 9 ! ,int]national4 ,! f9al suppression ( ,bakun9's faction occurr$ at ! ,g5]al ,congress ( ! ,int]national at ! ,hague 9 #ahgb4 ,! meet+-place 0 *os5 by ! ,g5]al ,c\ncil 79 :i* ,m>x 0 unoppos$71 ) a view--s ,bakun9's fri5ds cont5d-- to mak+ access impossible = ,bakun9 7on acc\nt ( ! ho/ility ( ! ,fr5* & ,g]man gov]nm5ts7 & difficult = 8 fri5ds4 ,bakun9 0 expell$ f ! ,int]national z ! result ( a report accus+ him int] alia ( !ft back$2 up by intimidation4 ,! or?odoxy ( ! ,int]national 0 sav$1 b at ! co/ ( its vitality4 ,f ?is "t onw>d1 x ceas$ to be itself a p[]1 b bo? sections cont9u$ to "w 9 _! v>i\s gr\ps1 & ! ,sociali/ gr\ps 9 p>ticul> grew rapidly4 ,ultimately a new ,int]national 0 =m$ 7#ahhi7 :i* cont9u$ d[n to ! outbreak ( ! pres5t w>4 ,z to ! future ( ,int]national ,socialism x w\ld be ra% to prophesy1 ?\gh x w\ld seem t ! int]national idea has acquir$ suffici5t /r5g? to ne$ aga91 aft] ! w>1 "s su* means ( expression z x f\nd be=e 9 ,sociali/ congresses4 ,by ?is "t ,bakun9's heal? 0 brok51 & except = a few brief int]vals1 he liv$ 9 retirem5t until 8 dea? 9 #ahgf4 ,bakun9's life1 unlike ,m>x's1 0 a v /ormy "o4 ,e k9d ( rebellion aga9/ au?ority always ar\s$ 8 sympa?y1 & 9 8 support he nev] paid ! slighte/ att5tion to p]sonal risk4 ,8 influ5ce1 und\bt$ly v great1 arose *iefly ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( 8 p]sonality ^u important individuals4 ,8 writ+s diff] f ,m>x's z mu* z 8 life does1 & 9 a simil> way4 ,!y are *aotic1 l>gely1 ar\s$ by "s pass+ occasion1 ab/ract & metaphysical1 except :5 !y deal ) curr5t politics4 ,he does n come to close qu>t]s ) economic facts1 b dwells usually 9 ! regions ( !ory & metaphysics4 ,:5 he desc5ds f ^! regions1 he is mu* m at ! m]cy ( curr5t int]national politics ?an ,m>x1 mu* less imbu$ ) ! consequ5ces ( ! belief t x is economic causes t are fundam5tal4 ,he prais$ ,m>x = enunciat+ ?is doctr9e1#ae b nev]!less cont9u$ to ?9k 9 t]ms ( nations4 ,8 longe/ "w1 ,l',empire ,kn\to-,g]manique et la ,revolution ,sociale1'' is ma9ly conc]n$ ) ! situation 9 ,france dur+ ! lat] /ages ( ! ,franco-,prussian ,w>1 & ) ! means ( resi/+ ,g]man imp]ialism4 ,mo/ ( 8 writ+ 0 done 9 a hurry 9 ! int]val betwe5 two insurrections4 ,!re is some?+ ( ,an>*ism 9 8 lack ( lit]>y ord]4 ,8 be/-kn[n "w is a fragm5t entitl$ by its editors ,god & ! ,/ate4''#af ,9 ?is "w he repres5ts belief 9 ,god & belief 9 ! ,/ate z ! two great ob/acles to human lib]ty4 ,a typical passage w s]ve to illu/rate its /yle4 #ae ,m>x1 z a ?9k]1 is on ! "r road4 ,he has e/abli%$ z a pr9ciple t all ! evolutions1 political1 religi\s1 & juridical1 9 hi/ory are1 n ! causes1 b ! effects ( economic evolutions4 ,?is is a great & fruitful ?\ght1 :i* he has n absolutely inv5t$2 x has be5 glimps$1 express$ 9 "p1 by _m o!rs besides him2 b 9 any case to him belongs ! honor ( hav+ solidly e/abli%$ x & ( hav+ enunciat$ x z ! basis ( 8 :ole economic sy/em4 7#ahgj2 ib4 ii4 p4 xiii47 #af ,?is title is n ,bakun9's1 b 0 inv5t$ by ,cafi]o & ,elisee ,reclus1 :o edit$ x1 n kn[+ t x 0 a fragm5t ( :at 0 int5d$ to he ! second v]sion ( ,l',empire ,kn\to-,g]manique'' 7see ib4 ii4 p #bhc74 ,! ,/ate is n society1 x is only an hi/orical =m ( x1 z brutal z x is ab/ract4 ,x 0 born hi/orically 9 all c\ntries ( ! m>riage ( viol5ce1 rap9e1 pillage1 9 a ^w1 w> & conque/1 ) ! gods successively creat$ by ! !ological fantasy ( nations4 ,x has be5 f its orig91 & x rema9s /ill at pres5t1 ! div9e sanction ( brutal =ce & triumphant inequality4 ,! ,/ate is au?ority2 x is =ce2 x is ! o/5tation & infatuation ( =ce3 x does n ins9uate itself2 x does n seek to conv]t4 4 4 4 ,ev5 :5 x comm&s :at is good1 x h9d]s & spoils x1 j because x comm&s x1 & because e comm& provokes & excites ! legitimate revolts ( lib]ty2 & because ! good1 f ! mom5t t x is comm&$1 becomes evil f ! po9t ( view ( true morality1 ( human morality 7d\btless n ( div9e71 f ! po9t ( view ( human respect & ( lib]ty4 ,lib]ty1 morality1 & ! human dignity ( man consi/ precisely 9 ?is1 t he does good1 n because x is comm&$1 b because he conceives x1 wills x & loves x4 ,we d n f9d 9 ,bakun9's works a cle> picture ( ! society at :i* he aim$1 or any argum5t to prove t su* a society c\ld be /able4 ,if we wi% to und]/& ,an>*ism we mu/ turn to 8 foll[]s1 & especially to ,kropotk9--l him1 a ,russian ari/ocrat famili> ) ! prisons ( ,europe1 &1 l him1 an ,an>*i/ :o1 9 spite ( 8 int]nationalism1 is imbu$ ) a fi]y hatr$ ( ! ,g]mans4 ,kropotk9 has devot$ mu* ( 8 writ+ to te*nical que/ions ( production4 ,9 ,fields1 ,factories & ,work%ops'' & ,! ,conque/ ( ,bread'' he has set himself to prove t1 if production 7 m sci5tific & bett] organiz$1 a comp>atively small am\nt ( q agreeable "w w\ld suffice to keep ! :ole population 9 com=t4 ,ev5 assum+1 z we probably mu/1 t he some:at exagg]ates :at is possible ) our pres5t sci5tific k1 x mu/ nev]!less be conc$$ t 8 cont5tions conta9 a v l>ge measure ( tru?4 ,9 attack+ ! subject ( production he has %[n t he kn[s :at is ! really crucial "q4 ,if civilization & progress are to be compatible ) equality1 x is necess>y t equality %\ld n involve long h\rs ( pa9ful toil = little m ?an ! necess>ies ( life1 s9ce1 :]e !re is no leisure1 art & sci5ce w die & all progress w become impossible4 ,! objection :i* "s feel to ,socialism & ,an>*ism alike on ?is gr\nd _c be upheld 9 view ( ! possible productivity ( labor4 ,! sy/em at :i* ,kropotk9 aims1 :e!r or n x be possible1 is c]ta9ly "o :i* dem&s a v great improvem5t 9 ! me?ods ( production above :at is common at pres5t4 ,he desires to aboli% :olly ! sy/em ( wages1 n only1 z mo/ ,sociali/s d1 9 ! s5se t a man is to be paid r = 8 will+ness to "w ?an = ! actual "w dem&$ ( him1 b 9 a m fundam5tal s5se3 !re is to be no obligation to "w1 & all ?+s are to be %>$ 9 equal proportions among ! :ole population4 ,kropotk9 relies ^u ! possibility ( mak+ "w pleasant3 he holds t1 9 su* a community z he =esees1 practically ev]yone w pref] "w to idl5ess1 because "w w n involve ov]work or slav]y1 or t excessive specialization t indu/rialism has br\ght ab\t1 b w be m]ely a pleasant activity = c]ta9 h\rs ( ! day1 giv+ a man an outlet = 8 spontane\s con/ructive impulses4 ,!re is to be no compulsion1 no law1 no gov]nm5t ex]cis+ =ce2 !re w /ill be acts ( ! community1 b ^! are to spr+ f univ]sal cons5t1 n f any en=c$ submission ( ev5 ! smalle/ m9ority4 ,we %all exam9e 9 a lat] *apt] h[ f> su* an ideal is realizable1 b x _c be d5i$ t ,kropotk9 pres5ts x ) extraord9>y p]suasiv5ess & *>m4 ,we %\ld be do+ m ?an ju/ice to ,an>*ism if we did n say some?+ ( its d>k] side1 ! side :i* has br\ght x into conflict ) ! police & made x a ^w ( t]ror to ord9>y citiz5s4 ,9 its g5]al doctr9es !re is no?+ ess5tially involv+ viol5t me?ods or a virul5t hatr$ ( ! ri*1 & _m :o adopt ^! g5]al doctr9es are p]sonally g5tle & temp]am5tally av]se f viol5ce4 ,b ! g5]al tone ( ! ,an>*i/ press & public is bitt] to a degree t seems sc>cely sane1 & ! appeal1 especially 9 ,lat9 c\ntries1 is r to envy ( ! =tunate ?an to pity = ! un=tunate4 ,a vivid & readable1 ?\gh n :olly reliable1 acc\nt1 f a ho/ile po9t ( view1 is giv5 9 a book call$ ,le ,p]il ,an>*i/e1'' by ,felix ,dubois1#ag :i* incid5tally reproduces a numb] ( c>toons f an>*i/ j\rnals4 ,! revolt aga9/ law naturally leads1 except 9 ^? :o are controll$ by a real passion = humanity1 to a relaxation ( all ! usually accept$ moral rules1 & to a bitt] _s ( retaliatory cruelty out ( :i* good c h>dly come4 #ag ,p>is1 #ahid4 ,"o ( ! mo/ curi\s features ( popul> ,an>*ism is its m>tyrology1 ap+ ,*ri/ian =ms1 ) ! guillot9e 79 ,france7 9 place ( ! cross4 ,_m :o h suff]$ dea? at ! h&s ( ! au?orities on acc\nt ( acts ( viol5ce 7 no d\bt g5u9e suff]]s = _! belief 9 a cause1 b o!rs1 equally honor$1 are m que/ionable4 ,"o ( ! mo/ curi\s examples ( ?is outlet = ! repress$ religi\s impulse is ! cult ( ,rava*ol1 :o 0 guillot9$ 9 #ahib on acc\nt ( v>i\s dynamite outrages4 ,8 pa/ 0 dubi\s1 b he di$ defiantly2 8 la/ words 7 ?ree l9es f a well-kn[n ,an>*i/ song1 ! ,*ant du ,p]e ,du*esne''3-- ,si tu veux etre heureux1 ,nom de ,dieu6 ,p5ds ton proprietaire4 ,z 0 natural1 ! lead+ ,an>*i/s took no "p 9 ! canonization ( 8 memory2 nev]!less x proce$$1 ) ! mo/ amaz+ extravagances4 ,x w\ld be :olly unfair to judge ,an>*i/ doctr9e1 or ! views ( its lead+ expon5ts1 by su* ph5om5a2 b x rema9s a fact t ,an>*ism attracts to itself mu* t lies on ! bord]l& ( insanity & common crime4#ah ,?is mu/ be rememb]$ 9 exculpation ( ! au?orities & ! ?\ghtless public1 :o (t5 conf\nd 9 a common dete/ation ! p>asites ( ! movem5t & ! truly h]oic & high-m9d$ m5 :o h elaborat$ its !ories & sacrific$ com=t & success to _! propagation4 #ah ,! attitude ( all ! bett] ,an>*i/s is t express$ by ,l4 ,s4 ,bev+ton 9 ! words3 ,( c\rse we "k t among ^? :o call !mselves ,an>*i/s !re are a m9ority ( unbalanc$ en?usia/s :o look ^u e illegal & s5sational act ( viol5ce z a matt] = hy/]ical jubilation4 ,v useful to ! police & ! press1 un/eady 9 intellect & ( weak moral pr9ciple1 !y h repeat$ly %[n !mselves accessible to v5al consid]ations4 ,!y1 & _! viol5ce1 & _! pr(ess$ ,an>*ism are pur*asable1 & 9 ! la/ resort !y are welcome & effici5t p>tisans ( ! b\rgeoisie 9 its remorseless w> aga9/ ! deliv]]s ( ! p4'' ,8 conclusion is a v wise "o3 ,let u leave indiscrim9ate kill+ & injur+ to ! ,gov]nm5t--to its ,/atesm51 its ,/ockbrok]s1 its ,(fic]s1 & its ,law4'' 7,an>*ism & ,viol5ce1'' pp4 #i-aj4 ,lib]ty ,press1 ,*iswick1 #ahif47 ,! t]rori/ campaign 9 :i* su* m5 z ,rava*ol 7 active practically came to an end 9 #ahid4 ,aft] t "t1 "u ! influ5ce ( ,pell\ti]1 ! bett] sort ( ,an>*i/s f\nd a less h>mful outlet by advocat+ ,revolution>y ,syndicalism 9 ! ,trade ,unions & ,b\rses du ,travail4#ai #ai ,see next ,*apt]4 ,! ,,economic organization ( society1 z conceiv$ by ,an>*i/ ,communi/s1 does n diff] greatly f t :i* is s\ght by ,sociali/s4 ,_! diff]5ce f ,sociali/s is 9 ! matt] ( gov]nm5t3 !y dem& t gov]nm5t %all require ! cons5t ( all ! gov]n$1 & n only ( a majority4 ,x is und5iable t ! rule ( a majority may be almo/ z ho/ile to fre$om z ! rule ( a m9ority3 ! div9e "r ( majorities is a dogma z little possess$ ( absolute tru? z any o!r4 ,a /rong democratic ,/ate may easily be l$ into oppression ( its be/ citiz5s1 namely1 ^? ^? indep5d5ce ( m9d w\ld make !m a =ce = progress4 ,exp]i5ce ( democratic p>liam5t>y gov]nm5t has %[n t x falls v f> %ort ( :at 0 expect$ ( x by e>ly ,sociali/s1 & ! ,an>*i/ revolt aga9/ x is n surpris+4 ,b 9 ! =m ( pure ,an>*ism1 ?is revolt has rema9$ weak & sporadic4 ,x is ,syndicalism1 & ! movem5ts to :i* ,syndicalism has giv5 rise1 t h popul>iz$ ! revolt aga9/ p>liam5t>y gov]nm5t & purely political means ( emancipat+ ! wage e>n]4 ,b ?is movem5t mu/ be dealt ) 9 a sep>ate *apt]4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,syndicali/ ,,revolt ,,syndicalism arose 9 ,france z a revolt aga9/ political ,socialism1 & 9 ord] to und]/& x we mu/ trace 9 brief outl9e ! positions atta9$ by ,sociali/ p>ties 9 ! v>i\s c\ntries4 ,aft] a sev]e setback1 caus$ by ! ,franco- ,prussian w>1 ,socialism gradually reviv$1 & 9 all ! c\ntries ( ,we/]n ,europe ,sociali/ p>ties h increas$ _! num]ical /r5g? almo/ cont9u\sly dur+ ! la/ =ty ye>s2 b1 z is inv>iably ! case ) a gr[+ sect1 ! int5sity ( fai? has dim9i%$ z ! numb] ( believ]s has increas$4 ,9 ,g]many ! ,sociali/ p>ty became ! /ronge/ faction ( ! ,rei*/ag1 &1 9 spite ( diff]5ces ( op9ion among its memb]s1 x pres]v$ its =mal unity ) t in/9ct = milit>y discipl9e :i* *>act]izes ! ,g]man nation4 ,9 ! ,rei*/ag election ( #aiab x poll$ a ?ird ( ! total numb] ( votes ca/1 & return$ #aaj memb]s out ( a total ( #cig4 ,aft] ! dea? ( ,bebel1 ! ,revisioni/s1 :o receiv$ _! fir/ impulse f ,b]n/e91 ov]came ! m /rict ,m>xians1 & ! p>ty became 9 effect m]ely "o ( advanc$ ,radicalism4 ,x is too soon to guess :at w be ! effect ( ! split betwe5 ,majority & ,m9ority ,sociali/s :i* has occurr$ dur+ ! w>4 ,!re is 9 ,g]many h>dly a trace ( ,syndicalism2 its *>act]i/ic doctr9e1 ! pref]5ce ( indu/rial to political action1 has f\nd sc>cely any support4 ,9 ,engl& ,m>x has nev] _h _m foll[]s4 ,socialism !re has be5 inspir$ 9 ! ma9 by ! ,fabians 7f\nd$ 9 #ahhc71 :o ?rew ov] ! advocacy ( revolution1 ! ,m>xian doctr9e ( value1 & ! class-w>4 ,:at rema9$ 0 ,/ate ,socialism & a doctr9e ( p]meation4'' ,civil s]vants 7 to be p]meat$ ) ! realization t ,socialism w\ld enorm\sly increase _! p[]4 ,trade ,unions 7 to be p]meat$ ) ! belief t ! day = purely indu/rial action 0 pa/1 & t !y mu/ look to gov]nm5t 7inspir$ secretly by sympa!tic civil s]vants7 to br+ ab\t1 bit by bit1 su* p>ts ( ! ,sociali/ program z 7 n likely to r\se mu* ho/ility 9 ! ri*4 ,! ,indep5d5t ,labor ,p>ty 7=m$ 9 #ahic7 0 l>gely inspir$ at fir/ by ! ideas ( ! ,fabians1 ?\gh reta9+ to ! pres5t day1 & especially s9ce ! outbreak ( ! w>1 mu* m ( ! orig9al ,sociali/ ardor4 ,x aim$ always at co-op]ation ) ! indu/rial organizations ( wage-e>n]s1 &1 *iefly ?r\gh its ef=ts1 ! ,labor ,p>ty#bj 0 =m$ 9 #aijj out ( a comb9ation ( ! ,trade ,unions & ! political ,sociali/s4 ,to ?is p>ty1 s9ce #aiji1 all ! important ,unions h belong$1 b 9 spite ( ! fact t its /r5g? is d]iv$ f ,trade ,unions1 x has /ood always = political r ?an indu/rial action4 ,its ,socialism has be5 ( a !oretical & academic ord]1 & 9 practice1 until ! outbreak ( w>1 ! ,labor memb]s 9 ,p>liam5t 7( :om #cj 7 elect$ 9 #aijf & #db 9 ,decemb]1 #aiaj7 might be reckon$ almo/ z a "p ( ! ,lib]al ,p>ty4 #bj ,( :i* ! ,indep5d5t ,labor ,p>ty is only a section4 ,france1 unlike ,engl& & ,g]many1 0 n cont5t m]ely to repeat ! old %ibbole?s ) cont9ually dim9i%+ conviction4 ,9 ,france#ba a new movem5t1 orig9ally kn[n z ,revolution>y ,syndicalism--& aft]w>d simply z ,syndicalism-- kept alive ! vigor ( ! orig9al impulse1 & rema9$ true to ! _s ( ! old] ,sociali/s1 :ile dep>t+ f ! lett]4 ,syndicalism1 unlike ,socialism & ,an>*ism1 began f an exi/+ organization & develop$ ! ideas appropriate to x1 :]eas ,socialism & ,an>*ism began ) ! ideas & only aft]w>d develop$ ! organizations :i* 7 _! vehicle4 ,9 ord] to und]/& ,syndicalism1 we h fir/ to describe ,trade ,union organization 9 ,france1 & its political environm5t4 ,! ideas ( ,syndicalism w !n appe> z ! natural outcome ( ! political & economic situation4 ,h>dly any ( ^! ideas are new2 almo/ all are d]iv$ f ! ,bakuni/ section ( ! old ,int]national4#ba ,! old ,int]national _h consid]able success 9 ,france be=e ! ,franco- ,prussian ,w>2 inde$1 9 #ahfi1 x is e/imat$ to h _h a ,fr5* memb]%ip ( a qu>t] ( a million4 ,:at is practically ! ,syndicali/ program 0 advocat$ by a ,fr5* delegate to ! ,congress ( ! ,int]national at ,bale 9 t same ye>4#bb #bj ,& also 9 ,italy4 ,a good1 %ort acc\nt ( ! ,italian movem5t is giv5 by ,a4 ,lanzillo1 ,le ,m\vem5t ,ouvri] en ,italie1'' ,biblio!que du ,m\vem5t ,prolet>i54 ,see also ,paul ,l\is1 ,le ,syndicalisme ,europe51'' *ap4 vi4 ,on ! o!r h& ,cole 7,_w ( ,lab\r1'' *ap4 vi7 consid]s ! /r5g? ( g5u9e ,syndicalism 9 ,italy to be small4 #ba ,?is is (t5 recogniz$ by ,syndicali/s !mselves4 ,see1 e4g41 an article on ,! ,old ,int]national'' 9 ! ,syndicali/ ( ,febru>y1 #aiac1 :i*1 aft] giv+ an acc\nt ( ! /ruggle betwe5 ,m>x & ,bakun9 f ! /&po9t ( a sympa?iz] ) ! latt]1 says3 ,bak\n9's ideas are n[ m alive ?an ev]4'' #bb ,see pp4 #db-dc1 & #afj ( ,syndicalism 9 ,france1'' ,l\is ,lev9e1 ,ph4,d4 7,columbia ,univ]sity ,/udies 9 ,political ,sci5ce1 vol4 xlvi1 ,no4 #c47 ,?is is a v objective & reliable acc\nt ( ! orig9 & progress ( ,fr5* ,syndicalism4 ,an admirable %ort discussion ( its ideas & its pres5t position w be f\nd 9 ,cole's ,_w ( ,lab\r'' 7,g4 ,bell ,sons71 especially *apt]s iii1 iv1 & xi4 ,! w> ( #ahgj put an end = ! "t be+ to ! ,sociali/ ,movem5t 9 ,france4 ,its revival 0 begun by ,jules ,guesde 9 #ahgg4 ,unlike ! ,g]- man ,sociali/s1 ! ,fr5* h be5 split into _m diff]5t factions4 ,9 ! e>ly eighties !re 0 a split betwe5 ! ,p>liam5t>y ,sociali/s & ! ,communi/ ,an>*i/s4 ,! latt] ?\ght t ! fir/ act ( ! ,social ,revolution %\ld be ! de/ruction ( ! ,/ate1 & w\ld !re=e h no?+ to d ) ,p>liam5t>y politics4 ,! ,an>*i/s1 f #ahhc onw>d1 _h success 9 ,p>is & ! ,s\?4 ,! ,sociali/s cont5d$ t ! ,/ate w disappe> aft] ! ,sociali/ society has be5 firmly e/abli%$4 ,9 #ahhb ! ,sociali/s split betwe5 ! foll[]s ( ,guesde1 :o claim$ to repres5t ! revolution>y & sci5tific ,socialism ( ,m>x1 & ! foll[]s ( ,paul ,br\sse1 :o 7 m opportuni/ & 7 also call$ possibili/s & c>$ little = ! !ories ( ,m>x4 ,9 #ahij !re 0 a secession f ! ,br\ssi/s1 :o foll[$ ,allemane & absorb$ ! m revolution>y elem5ts ( ! p>ty & became lead+ spirits 9 "s ( ! /ronge/ syndicates4 ,ano!r gr\p 0 ! ,indep5d5t ,sociali/s1 among :om 7 ,jaures1 ,mill]& & ,viviani4#bc #bc ,see ,lev9e1 op4 cit41 *ap4 ii4 ,! disputes betwe5 ! v>i\s sections ( ,sociali/s caus$ difficulties 9 ! ,trade ,unions & help$ to br+ ab\t ! resolution to keep politics out ( ! ,unions4 ,f ?is to ,syndicalism 0 an easy /ep4 ,s9ce ! ye> #aije1 z ! result ( a union betwe5 ! ,p>ti ,sociali/e de ,france 7,"p2 ,ouvri] ,sociali/e ,revolutionnaire ,francais l$ by ,guesde7 & ! ,p>ti ,sociali/e ,francais 7,jaures71 !re h be5 only two gr\ps ( ,sociali/s1 ! ,unit$ ,sociali/ ,p>ty & ! ,indep5d5ts1 :o are intellectuals or n will+ to be ti$ to a p>ty4 ,at ! ,g5]al ,election ( #aiad ! =m] secur$ #ajb memb]s & ! latt] #cj1 out ( a total ( #eij4 ,t5d5cies t[>d a rappro*em5t betwe5 ! v>i\s gr\ps 7 s]i\sly int]f]$ ) by an ev5t :i* _h consid]able importance = ! :ole developm5t ( advanc$ political ideas 9 ,france1 namely1 ! acceptance ( (fice 9 ! ,waldeck- ,r\sseau ,m9i/ry by ! ,sociali/ ,mill]& 9 #ahii4 ,mill]&1 z 0 to be expect$1 soon ceas$ to be a ,sociali/1 & ! oppon5ts ( political action po9t$ to 8 developm5t z %[+ ! vanity ( political triumphs4 ,v _m ,fr5* politicians :o h ris5 to p[] h begun _! political c>e] z ,sociali/s1 & h end$ x n infrequ5tly by employ+ ! army to oppress /rik]s4 ,mill]&'s action 0 ! mo/ notable & dramatic among a numb] ( o!rs ( a simil> k9d4 ,_! cumulative effect has be5 to produce a c]ta9 cynicism 9 reg>d to politics among ! m class-consci\s ( ,fr5* wage-e>n]s1 & ?is /ate ( m9d greatly assi/$ ! spread ( ,syndicalism4 ,syndicalism /&s ess5tially = ! po9t ( view ( ! produc] z oppos$ to t ( ! consum]2 x is conc]n$ ) re=m+ actual "w1 & ! organization ( indu/ry1 n ,,m]ely ) secur+ great] rew>ds = "w4 ,f ?is po9t ( view its vigor & its di/9ctive "* are d]iv$4 ,x aims at sub/itut+ indu/rial = political action1 & at us+ ,trade ,union organization = purposes = :i* or?odox ,socialism w\ld look to ,p>liam5t4 ,syndicalism'' 0 orig9ally only ! ,fr5* "n = ,trade ,unionism1 b ! ,trade ,unioni/s ( ,france became divid$ into two sections1 ! ,re=mi/ & ! ,revolution>y1 ( :om ! latt] only pr(ess$ ! ideas :i* we n[ associate ) ! t]m ,syndicalism4'' ,x is q impossible to guess h[ f> ei!r ! organization or ! ideas ( ! ,syndicali/s w rema9 intact at ! end ( ! w>1 & ev]y?+ t we %all say is to be tak5 z apply+ only to ! ye>s be=e ! w>4 ,x may be t ,fr5* ,syndicalism z a di/9ctive movem5t w be dead1 b ev5 9 t case x w n h lo/ its importance1 s9ce x has giv5 a new impulse & direction to ! m vigor\s "p ( ! labor movem5t 9 all civiliz$ c\ntries1 ) ! possible exception ( ,g]many4 ,! organization ^u :i* ,syndicalism de- p5d$ 0 ! ,conf$]ation ,g5]ale du ,travail1 commonly kn[n z ! ,c4 ,g4 ,t41 :i* 0 f\nd$ 9 #ahie1 b only a*iev$ its f9al =m 9 #aijb4 ,x has nev] be5 num]ically v p[]ful1 b has d]iv$ its influ5ce f ! fact t 9 mom5ts ( crisis _m :o 7 n memb]s 7 will+ to foll[ its guidance4 ,its memb]%ip 9 ! ye> be=e ! w> is e/imat$ by ,mr4 ,cole at some:at m ?an half a million4 ,trade ,unions 7,syndicats7 7 legaliz$ by ,waldeck-,r\sseau 9 #ahhd1 & ! ,c4 ,g4 ,t41 on its inauguration 9 #ahie1 0 =m$ by ! ,f$]ation ( #gjj ,syndicats4 ,alongside ( ?is organization !re exi/$ ano!r1 ! ,f$]ation des ,b\rses du ,travail1 =m$ 9 #ahic4 ,a ,b\rse du ,travail is a local organization1 n ( any "o trade1 b ( local labor 9 g5]al1 int5d$ to s]ve z a ,labor ,ex*ange & to p]=m su* functions = labor z ,*amb]s ( ,comm]ce p]=m = ! employ]4#bd ,a ,syndicat is 9 g5]al a local organization ( a s+le indu/ry1 & is ?us a small] unit ?an ! ,b\rse du ,travail4#be ,"u ! able lead]%ip ( ,pell\ti]1 ! ,f$]ation des ,b\rses prosp]$ m ?an ! ,c4 ,g4 ,t41 & at la/1 9 #aijb1 coalesc$ ) x4 ,! result 0 an organization 9 :i* ! local ,syndicat 0 f$- erat$ twice ov]1 once ) ! o!r ,syndicat 9 its locality1 =m+ toge!r ! local ,b\rse du ,travail1 & aga9 ) ! ,syndicats 9 ! same indu/ry 9 o!r places4 ,x 0 ! purpose ( ! new organization to secure twice ov] ! memb]%ip ( e syndicat1 to get x to jo9 bo? its local ,b\rse du ,travail & ! ,f$]ation ( its indu/ry4 ,! ,/atutes ( ! ,c4 ,g4 ,t4 7,i4 #c7 put ?is po9t pla9ly3 ,no ,syndicat w be able to =m a "p ( ! ,c4 ,g4 ,t4 if x is n f$]at$ nationally & an adh]5t ( a ,b\rse du ,travail or a local or dep>tm5tal ,union ( ,syndicats gr\p+ diff]5t associations4' ,?us1 ,m4 ,lag>delle expla9s1 ! two sections w correct ea* o!r's po9t ( view3 national f$]ation ( indu/ries w prev5t p>o*ialism 7localisme71 & local organization w *eck ! corporate or ,trade ,union' _s4 ,! work]s w le>n at once ! solid>ity ( all work]s 9 a locality & t ( all work]s 9 a trade1 &1 9 le>n+ ?is1 !y w le>n at ! same "t ! complete solid>ity ( ! :ole work+-class4''#bf #bd ,cole1 ib41 p4 #fe4 #be ,syndicat 9 ,france /ill means a local union--!re are at ! pres5t day only f\r national syndicats'' 7ib41 p4 #ff74 #bf ,cole1 ib4 p4 #fi4 ,?is organization 0 l>gely ! "w ( ,pell\ties1 :o 0 ,secret>y ( ! ,f$]ation des ,b\rses f #ahid until 8 dea? 9 #aija4 ,he 0 an ,an>*i/ ,communi/ & impress$ 8 ideas ^u ! ,f$]ation & !nce po/hum\sly on ! ,c4 ,g4 ,t4 aft] its comb9ation ) ! ,f$]ation des ,b\rses4 ,he ev5 c>ri$ 8 pr9ciples into ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,f$]ation2 ! ,committee _h no *airman & votes v r>ely took place4 ,he /at$ t ! task ( ! revolution is to free mank9d1 n only f all au?ority1 b also f e in/itution :i* has n = its ess5tial purpose ! developm5t ( production4'' ,! ,c4 ,g4 ,t4 all[s mu* autonomy to ea* unit 9 ! organization4 ,ea* ,syndicat c\nts = "o1 :e!r x be l>ge or small4 ,!re are n ! fri5dly society activities :i* =m s l>ge a "p ( ! "w ( ,engli% ,unions4 ,x gives no ord]s1 b is purely advisory4 ,x does n all[ politics to be introduc$ into ! ,unions4 ,?is decision 0 orig9ally bas$ ^u ! fact t ! divisions among ,sociali/s disrupt$ ! ,unions1 b x is n[ re9=c$ 9 ! m9ds ( an important section by ! g5]al ,an>*i/ dislike ( politics4 ,! ,c4 ,g4 ,t4 is ess5tially a fight+ organization2 9 /rikes1 x is ! nucleus to :i* ! o!r work]s rally4 ,!re is a ,re=mi/ section 9 ! ,c4 ,g4 ,t41 b x is practically always 9 a m9ority1 & ! ,c4 ,g4 ,t4 is1 to all int5ts & purposes1 ! organ ( revolution>y ,syndicalism1 :i* is simply ! cre$ ( its lead]s4 ,! ess5tial doctr9e ( ,syndicalism is ! class- w>1 to be conduct$ by indu/rial r ?an politi- cal me?ods4 ,! *ief indu/rial me?ods advocat$ are ! /rike1 ! boycott1 ! label & sabotage4 ,! boycott1 9 v>i\s =ms1 & ! label1 %[+ t ! "w has be5 done "u trade- union conditions1 h play$ a consid]able "p 9 ,am]ican labor /ruggles4 ,sabotage is ! practice ( do+ bad "w1 or spoil+ ma*9]y or "w :i* has already be5 done1 z a me?od ( deal+ ) employ]s 9 a dispute :5 a /rike appe>s = "s reason undesirable or impossible4 ,x has _m =ms1 "s cle>ly innoc5t1 "s op5 to grave objections4 ,"o =m ( sabotage :i* has be5 adopt$ by %op assi/ants is to tell cu/om]s ! tru? ab\t ! articles !y are buy+2 ?is =m1 h[ev] x may damage ! %opkeep]'s bus9ess1 is n easy to object to on moral gr\nds4 ,a =m :i* has be5 adopt$ on railways1 p>ticul>ly 9 ,italian /rikes1 is t ( obey+ all rules lit]ally & exactly1 9 su* a way z to make ! runn+ ( tra9s practically impossible4 ,ano!r =m is to d all ! "w ) m9ute c>e1 s t 9 ! end x is bett] done1 b ! output is small4 ,f ^! innoc5t =ms !re is a cont9ual progression1 until we come to su* acts z all ord9>y morality w\ld consid] crim9al2 = example1 caus+ railway accid5ts4 ,advocates ( sabotage ju/ify x z "p ( w>1 b 9 its m viol5t =ms 79 :i* x is seldom def5d$7 x is cruel & probably inexp$i5t1 :ile ev5 9 its mild] =ms x mu/ t5d to enc\rage slov5ly habits ( "w1 :i* might easily p]si/ "u ! new regime t ! ,syndicali/s wi% to introduce4 ,at ! same "t1 :5 capitali/s express a moral horror ( ?is me?od1 x is wor? :ile to obs]ve t !y !mselves are ! fir/ to practice x :5 ! occasion seems to !m appropriate4 ,if report speaks truly1 an example ( ?is on a v l>ge scale has be5 se5 dur+ ! ,russian ,revolution4 ,by f> ! mo/ important ( ! ,syndicali/ me?ods is ! /rike4 ,ord9>y /rikes1 = specific objects1 are reg>d$ z rehe>sals1 z a means ( p]fect+ organization & promot+ en?usiasm1 b ev5 :5 !y are victori\s s f> z conc]ns ! specific po9t 9 dispute1 !y are n reg>d$ by ,syndicali/s z af=d+ any gr\nd = indu/rial peace4 ,syndicali/s aim at us+ ! /rike1 n to secure su* improvem5ts ( detail z employ]s may grant1 b to de/roy ! :ole sy/em ( employ] & employ$ & w9 ! complete emancipation ( ! work]4 ,= ?is purpose :at is want$ is ! ,g5]al ,/rike1 ! complete cessation ( "w by a suffici5t proportion ( ! wage-e>n]s to secure ! p>alysis ( capitalism4 ,sorel1 :o repres5ts ,syndicalism too mu* 9 ! m9ds ( ! read+ public1 sugge/s t ! ,g5]al ,/rike is to be reg>d$ z a my?1 l ! ,second ,com+ 9 ,*ri/ian doctr9e4 ,b ?is view by no means suits ! active ,syndicali/s4 ,if !y 7 br\ght to believe t ! ,g5]al ,/rike is a m]e my?1 _! en]gy w\ld flag1 & _! :ole outlook w\ld become disillusion$4 ,x is ! actual1 vivid belief 9 its possibility :i* inspires !m4 ,!y are mu* criticis$ = ?is belief by ! political ,sociali/s :o consid] t ! battle is to be won by obta9+ a ,p>liam5t>y majority4 ,b ,syndicali/s h too little fai? 9 ! hone/y ( politicians to place any reliance on su* a me?od or to believe 9 ! value ( any revolution :i* leaves ! p[] ( ! ,/ate intact4 ,syndicali/ aims are some:at less def9ite ?an ,syndicali/ me?ods4 ,! intellectuals :o endeavor to int]pret !m--n always v fai?fully-- repres5t !m z a p>ty ( movem5t & *ange1 foll[+ a ,b]gsonian elan vital1 )\t ne$+ any v cle> prevision ( ! goal to :i* x is to take !m4 ,nev]!less1 ! negative "p1 at any rate1 ( _! objects is suffici5tly cle>4 ,!y wi% to de/roy ! ,/ate1 :i* !y reg>d z a capitali/ in/itution1 design$ ess5tially to t]rorize ! work]s4 ,!y refuse to believe t x w\ld be any bett] "u ,/ate ,socialism4 ,!y desire to see ea* indu/ry self-gov]n+1 b z to ! means ( adju/+ ! relations betwe5 diff]5t indu/ries1 !y are n v cle>4 ,!y are anti-milit>i/ because !y are anti-,/ate1 & because ,fr5* troops h (t5 be5 employ$ aga9/ !m 9 /rikes2 also because !y are int]nationali/s1 :o believe t ! sole int]e/ ( ! work+ man ev]y:]e is to free himself f ! tyranny ( ! capitali/4 ,_! outlook on life is ! v rev]se ( pacifi/1 b !y oppose w>s betwe5 ,/ates on ! gr\nd t ^! are n f\ght = objects t 9 any way conc]n ! work]s4 ,_! anti-milit>ism1 m ?an any?+ else1 br\ght !m into conflict ) ! au?orities 9 ! ye>s prec$+ ! w>4 ,b1 z 0 to be expect$1 x did n survive ! actual invasion ( ,france4 ,! doctr9es ( ,syndicalism may be illu/rat$ by an article introduc+ x to ,engli% read]s 9 ! fir/ numb] ( ,! ,syndicali/ ,railwayman1'' ,septemb]1 #aiaa1 f :i* ! foll[+ is quot$3-- ,all ,syndicalism1 ,collectivism1 ,an>*ism aims at aboli%+ ! pres5t economic /atus & exi/+ private own]%ip ( mo/ ?+s2 b :ile ,collectivism w\ld sub/itute own]%ip by ev]ybody1 & ,an>*ism own]%ip by nobody1 ,syndicalism aims at own]%ip by ,organiz$ ,labor4 ,x is ?us a purely ,trade ,union read+ ( ! economic doctr9e & ! class w> prea*$ by ,socialism4 ,x vehem5tly repudiates ,p>liam5t>y action on :i* ,collectivism relies2 & x is1 9 ?is respect1 mu* m closely alli$ to ,an>*ism1 f :i*1 inde$1 x diff]s 9 practice only 9 be+ m limit$ 9 range ( action4'' 7,times1 ,aug4 #be1 #aiaa74 ,9 tru?1 s ?9 is ! p>tition betwe5 ,syndicalism & ,an>*ism t ! new] & less famili> ism'' has be5 %rewdly def9$ z ,organiz$ ,an>*y4'' ,x has be5 creat$ by ! ,trade ,unions ( ,france2 b x is obvi\sly an int]national plant1 ^: roots h already f\nd ! soil ( ,brita9 mo/ cong5ial to its gr[? & fructification4 ,collectivi/ or ,m>xian ,socialism w\ld h u believe t x is di/9ctly a ,,labor ,movem5t2 b x is n s4 ,nei!r is ,an>*ism4 ,! "o is sub/antially b\rgeois2 ! o!r ari/ocratic1 plus an abundant output ( book-le>n+1 9 ei!r case4 ,syndicalism1 on ! contr>y1 is indubitably labori/ 9 orig9 & aim1 ow+ next to no?+ to ! ,classes1'' &1 inde$11 resolute to uproot !m4 ,! ,times 7,oct4 #ac1 #aiaj71 :i* almo/ s+le-h&$ 9 ! ,briti% ,press has kept cr$itably abrea/ ( ,cont95tal ,syndicalism1 ?us cle>ly set =? ! significance ( ! ,g5]al ,/rike3 ,to und]/& :at x means1 we mu/ rememb] t !re is 9 ,france a p[]ful ,labor ,organization :i* has = its op5 & av[$ object a ,revolution1 9 :i* n only ! pres5t ord] ( ,society1 b ! ,/ate itself1 is to be swept away4 ,?is movem5t is call$ ,syndicalism4 ,x is n ,socialism1 b1 on ! contr>y1 radically oppos$ to ,socialism1 because ! ,syndicali/s hold t ! ,/ate is ! great enemy & t ! ,sociali/s' ideal ( ,/ate or ,collectivi/ ,own]%ip w\ld make ! lot ( ! ,work]s mu* worse ?an x is n[ "u private employ]s4 ,! means by :i* !y hope to atta9 _! end is ! ,g5]al ,/rike1 an idea :i* 0 inv5t$ by a ,fr5* workman ab\t tw5ty ye>s ago1#bg & 0 adopt$ by ! ,fr5* ,labor ,congress 9 #ahid1 aft] a furi\s battle ) ! ,sociali/s1 9 :i* ! latt] 7 wor/$4 ,s9ce !n ! ,g5]al ,/rike has be5 ! av[$ policy ( ! ,syndicali/s1 ^: organization is ! ,conf$]ation ,g5]ale du ,travail4'' #bg ,9 fact ! ,g5]al ,/rike 0 inv5t$ by a ,london] ,william ,b5b[1 an ,ow5ite1 9 #ahca4 ,or1 to put x o!rwise1 ! intellig5t ,fr5* work] has awak5$1 z he believes1 to ! fact t ,society 7,societas7 & ! ,/ate 7,civitas7 connote two sep>able sph]es ( human activity1 betwe5 :i* !re is no connection1 necess>y or desirable4 ,)\t ! "o1 man1 be+ a greg>i\s animal1 _c subsi/3 :ile )\t ! o!r he w\ld simply be 9 clov]4 ,! /atesman'' :om (fice does n r5d] positively nef>i\s is at be/ an exp5sive sup]fluity4 ,syndicali/s h _h _m viol5t enc\nt]s ) ! =ces ( gov]nm5t4 ,9 #aijg & #aijh1 prote/+ aga9/ blood%$ :i* _h occurr$ 9 ! suppression ( /rikes1 ! ,committee ( ! ,c4 ,g4 ,t4 issu$ manife/oes speak+ ( ! ,gov]nm5t z a ,gov]nm5t ( assass9s'' & allud+ to ! ,prime ,m9i/] z ,clem5ceau ! murd]]4'' ,simil> ev5ts 9 ! /rike at ,vill5euve ,/4 ,georges 9 #aijh l$ to ! arre/ ( all ! lead+ memb]s ( ! ,committee4 ,9 ! railway /rike ( ,octob]1 #aiaj1 ,monsieur ,bri& arre/$ ! ,/rike ,committee1 mobiliz$ ! railway m5 & s5t soldi]s to replace /rik]s4 ,z a result ( ^! vigor\s measures ! /rike 0 completely defeat$1 & aft] ?is ! *ief en]gy ( ! ,c4 ,g4 ,t4 0 direct$ aga9/ milit>ism & nationalism4 ,! attitude ( ,an>*ism to ! ,syndicali/ movem5t is sympa!tic1 ) ! res]vation t su* me?ods z ! ,g5]al ,/rike are n to be reg>d$ z sub/itutes = ! viol5t revolution :i* mo/ ,an>*i/s consid] necess>y4 ,_! attitude 9 ?is matt] 0 def9$ at ! ,int]national ,an>*i/ ,congress held 9 ,am/]dam 9 ,augu/1 #aijg4 ,?is ,congress recomm5d$ comrades ( all c\ntries to actively p>ticipate 9 autonom\s movem5ts ( ! work+ class1 & to develop 9 ,syndicali/ organizations ! ideas ( revolt1 individual initiative & solid>ity1 :i* are ! ess5ce ( ,an>*ism4'' ,comrades 7 to propagate & support only ^? =ms & manife/ations ( direct action :i* c>ry1 9 !mselves1 a revolution>y "* & lead to ! trans=mation ( society4'' ,x 0 resolv$ t ! ,an>*i/s ?9k t ! de/ruction ( ! capitali/ & au?orit>y society c only be realiz$ by arm$ insurrection & viol5t expropriation1 & t ! use ( ! m or less ,g5]al ,/rike & ! ,syndicali/ movem5t mu/ n make u =get ! m direct means ( /ruggle aga9/ ! milit>y =ce ( gov]nm5t4'' ,syndicali/s might retort t :5 ! movem5t is /rong en\gh to w9 by arm$ insurrection x w be abundantly /rong en\gh to w9 by ! ,g5]al ,/rike4 ,9 ,labor movem5ts g5]ally1 success ?r\gh viol5ce c h>dly be expect$ except 9 circum/ances :]e success )\t viol5ce is atta9able4 ,?is argum5t alone1 ev5 if !re 7 no o!r1 w\ld be a v p[]ful reason aga9/ ! me?ods advocat$ by ! ,an>*i/ ,congress4 ,syndicalism /&s = :at is kn[n z indu/rial unionism z oppos$ to craft unionism4 ,9 ?is respect1 z also 9 ! pref]5ce ( indu/rial to political me?ods1 x is "p ( a movem5t :i* has spread f> beyond ,france4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 indu/rial & craft unionism is mu* dwelt on by ,mr4 ,cole4 ,craft unionism unites 9 a s+le association ^? work]s :o are engag$ on a s+le indu/rial process1 or on processes s ne>ly ak9 t any "o c d ano!r's "w4'' ,b organization may foll[ ! l9es1 n ( ! "w done1 b ( ! actual /ructure ( indu/ry4 ,all work]s work+ at produc+ a p>ticul> k9d ( commodity may be organiz$ 9 a s+le ,union4 4 4 4 ,! basis ( organization w\ld be nei!r ! craft to :i* a man belong$ nor ! employ] "u :om he work$1 b ! s]vice on :i* he 0 engag$4 ,?is is ,indu/rial ,unionism prop]ly s call$4#bh #bh ,_w ( ,lab\r1'' pp4 #bab1 #bac4 ,indu/rial unionism is a product ( ,am]ica1 & f ,am]ica x has to "s ext5t spread to ,great ,brita94 ,x is ! natural =m ( fight+ organization :5 ! union is reg>d$ z ! means ( c>ry+ on ! class w> ) a view1 n to obta9+ ?is or t m9or amelioration1 b to a radical revolution 9 ! economic sy/em4 ,?is is ! po9t ( view adopt$ by ! ,indu/rial ,work]s ( ! ,_w1'' commonly kn[n z ! ,i4 ,w4 ,w4 ,?is organization m or less corresponds 9 ,am]ica to :at ! ,c4 ,g4 ,t4 0 9 ,france be=e ! w>4 ,! diff]5ces betwe5 ! two are ^? due to ! diff]5t economic circum/ances ( ! two c\ntries1 b _! _s is closely analog\s4 ,! ,i4 ,w4 ,w4 is n unit$ z to ! ultimate =m :i* x wi%es society to take4 ,!re are ,sociali/s1 ,an>*i/s & ,syndicali/s among its memb]s4 ,b x is cle> on ! imm$iate practical issue1 t ! class w> is ! fundam5tal reality 9 ! pres5t relations ( labor & capital1 & t x is by indu/rial action1 especially by ! /rike1 t emancipation mu/ be s\ght4 ,! ,i4 ,w4 ,w41 l ! ,c4 ,g4 ,t41 is n ne>ly s /rong num]ically z x is suppos$ to be by ^? :o fe> x4 ,its influ5ce is bas$1 n ^u its numb]s1 b ^u its p[] ( enli/+ ! sympa?ies ( ! work]s 9 mom5ts ( crisis4 ,! labor movem5t 9 ,am]ica has be5 *>act]iz$ on bo? sides by v great viol5ce4 ,inde$1 ! ,secret>y ( ! ,c4 ,g4 ,t41 ,monsieur ,j\haux1 recognizes t ! ,c4 ,g4 ,t4 is mild 9 comp>ison ) ! ,i4 ,w4 ,w4 ,! ,i4 ,w4 ,w41'' he says1 prea* a policy ( militant action1 v necess>y 9 p>ts ( ,am]ica1 :i* w\ld n d 9 ,france4''#bi ,a v int]e/+ acc\nt ( x1 f ! po9t ( view ( an au?or :o is nei!r :olly on ! side ( labor nor :olly on ! side ( ! capitali/1 b dis9t]e/$ly anxi\s to f9d "s solution ( ! social "q %ort ( viol5ce & revolution1 is ! "w ( ,mr4 ,john ,graham ,brooks1 call$ ,am]ican ,syndicalism3 ! ,i4 ,w4 ,w4'' 7,macmillan1 #aiac74 ,am]ican labor conditions are v diff]5t f ^? ( ,europe4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! p[] ( ! tru/s is enorm\s2 ! conc5tration ( capital has 9 ?is respect proce$$ m ne>ly on ,m>xian l9es 9 ,am]ica ?an any:]e else4 ,9 ! second place1 ! great influx ( =eign labor makes ! :ole problem q diff]5t f any t arises 9 ,europe4 ,! old] skill$ work]s1 l>gely ,am]ican born1 h long be5 organiz$ 9 ! ,am]ican ,f$]ation ( ,labor "u ,mr4 ,gomp]s4 ,^! repres5t an ari/ocracy ( labor4 ,!y t5d to "w ) ! employ]s aga9/ ! great mass ( unskill$ immigrants1 & !y _c be reg>d$ z =m+ "p ( any?+ t c\ld be truly call$ a labor movem5t4 ,!re are1'' says ,mr4 ,cole1 n[ 9 ,am]ica two work+ classes1 ) diff]5t /&>ds ( life1 & bo? are at pres5t almo/ impot5t 9 ! face ( ! employ]s4 ,nor is x possible = ^! two classes to unite or to put =w>d any dem&s4 4 4 4 ,! ,am]ican ,f$]ation ( ,labor & ! ,indu/rial ,work]s ( ! ,_w repres5t two diff]5t pr9ciples ( comb9ation2 b !y also repres5t two diff]5t classes ( labor4''#cj ,! ,i4 ,w4 ,w4 /&s = indu/rial unionism1 :]eas ! ,am]ican ,f$]ation ( ,labor /&s = craft unionism4 ,! ,i4 ,w4 ,w4 7 =m$ 9 #aije by a union ( organizations1 *ief among :i* 0 ! ,we/]n ,f$]ation ( ,m9]s1 :i* dat$ f #ahib4 ,!y suff]$ a split by ! loss ( ! foll[]s ( ,deleon1 :o 0 ! lead] ( ! ,sociali/ ,labor ,p>ty'' & advocat$ a ,don't vote'' policy1 :ile reprobat+ viol5t me?ods4 ,! headqu>t]s ( ! p>ty :i* he =m$ are at ,detroit1 & ^? ( ! ma9 body are at ,*icago4 ,! ,i4 ,w4 ,w41 ?\gh x has a less def9ite philosophy ?an ,fr5* ,syndicalism1 is q equally det]m9$ to de/roy ! capitali/ sy/em4 ,z its secret>y has said3 ,!re is b "o b>ga9 ! ,i4 ,w4 ,w4 w make ) ! employ+ class-- complete surr5d] ( all control ( indu/ry to ! organiz$ work]s4''#ca ,mr4 ,haywood1 ( ! ,we/]n ,f$]ation ( ,m9]s1 is an out-&-out foll[] ( ,m>x s f> z conc]ns ! class w> & ! doctr9e ( surplus value4 ,b1 l all :o are 9 ?is movem5t1 he atta*es m importance to indu/rial z aga9/ political action ?an d ! ,european foll[]s ( ,m>x4 ,?is is no d\bt p>tly explicable by ! special circum/ances ( ,am]ica1 :]e ! rec5t immigrants are apt to be voteless4 ,! f\r? conv5tion ( ! ,i4 ,w4 ,w4 revis$ a preamble giv+ ! g5]al pr9ciples und]ly+ its action4 ,! work+ class & ! employ+ class1'' !y say1 h no?+ 9 common4 ,!re c be no peace s long z hung] & want are f\nd among millions ( ! work+ p & ! few1 :o make up ! employ+ class1 h all ! good ?+s ( life4 ,betwe5 ^! two classes1 a /ruggle mu/ g on until ! work]s ( ! _w organize z a class1 take possession ( ! e>? & ! ma*9]y ( production1 & aboli% ! wage sy/em4 4 4 4 ,in/ead ( ! cons]vative motto1 ,a fair day's wages = a fair day's "w1' we mu/ inscribe on our bann] ! revolution>y wat*word1 ,abolition ( ! wage sy/em4' ''#cb #bi ,quot$ 9 ,cole1 ib4 p4 #abh4 #cj ,ib41 p4 #ace4 #ca ,brooks1 op4 cit41 p4 #gi4 #cb ,brooks1 op4 cit41 pp4 #hf-hg4 ,num]\s /rikes h be5 conduct$ or enc\rag$ by ! ,i4 ,w4 ,w4 & ! ,we/]n ,f$]ation ( ,m9]s4 ,^! /rikes illu/rate ! class-w> 9 a m bitt] & extreme =m ?an is to be f\nd 9 any o!r "p ( ! _w4 ,bo? sides are always ready to resort to viol5ce4 ,! employ]s h armies ( _! own & are able to call ^u ! ,militia & ev51 9 a crisis1 ^u ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,army4 ,:at ,fr5* ,syndicali/s say ab\t ! ,/ate z a capitali/ in/itution is peculi>ly true 9 ,am]ica4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! sc&als ?us aris+1 ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t appo9t$ a ,commission on ,indu/rial ,relations1 ^: ,report1 issu$ 9 #aiae1 reveals a /ate ( affairs su* z x w\ld be difficult to imag9e 9 ,great ,brita94 ,! report /ates t ! greate/ disord]s & mo/ ( ! outbreaks ( viol5ce 9 connection ) indu/rial disputes arise f ! violation ( :at are consid]$ to be fundam5tal rights1 & f ! p]v]sion or subv]sion ( gov]nm5tal in/itutions'' 7p4 #adf74 ,x m5tions1 among su* p]v]sions1 ! subs]vi5ce ( ! judici>y to ! mili- t>y au?orities1#cc ! fact t dur+ a labor dispute ! life & lib]ty ( e man )9 ! ,/ate w\ld seem to be at ! m]cy ( ! ,gov]nor 7p4 #gb71 & ! use ( ,/ate troops 9 polic+ /rikes 7p4 #bih74 ,at ,ludl[ 7,colorado7 9 #aiad 7,april #bj7 a battle ( ! militia & ! m9]s took place1 9 :i*1 z ! result ( ! fire ( ! militia1 a numb] ( wom5 & *ildr5 7 burn$ to dea?4#cd ,_m o!r in/ances ( pit*$ battles c\ld be giv51 b en\gh has be5 said to %[ ! peculi> "* ( labor disputes 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x may1 ,i fe>1 be presum$ t ?is "* w rema9 s long z a v l>ge proportion ( labor consi/s ( rec5t immigrants4 ,:5 ^! difficulties pass away1 z !y mu/ soon] or lat]1 labor w m & m f9d its place 9 ! community1 & w t5d to feel & inspire less ( ! bitt] ho/ility :i* r5d]s ! m extreme =ms ( class w> possible4 ,:5 t "t comes1 ! labor movem5t 9 ,am]ica w probably beg9 to take on =ms simil> to ^? ( ,europe4 #cc ,al?\gh uni=mly held t ! writ ( habeas corpus c only be susp5d$ by ! legislature1 9 ^! labor di/urbances ! executive has 9 fact susp5d$ or disreg>d$ ! writ4 4 4 4 ,9 cases aris+ f labor agitations1 ! judici>y has uni=mly upheld ! p[] ex]cis$ by ! milit>y1 & 9 no case has !re be5 any prote/ aga9/ ! use ( su* p[] or any attempt to curtail x1 except 9 ,montana1 :]e ! conviction ( a civilian by milit>y commission 0 annull$'' 7,f9al ,report ( ! ,commission on ,indu/rial ,relations'' 7#aiae7 appo9t$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,congress1'' p4 #eh74 #cd ,lit]>y ,dige/1 ,may #b & ,may #af1 #aiad4 ,mean:ile1 ?\gh ! =ms are diff]5t1 ! aims are v simil>1 & indu/rial unionism1 spread+ f ,am]ica1 has _h a consid]able influ5ce 9 ,great ,brita9--an influ5ce naturally re9=c$ by t ( ,fr5* ,syndicalism4 ,x is cle>1 ,i ?9k1 t ! adoption ( indu/rial r ?an craft unionism is absolutely necess>y if ,trade ,unionism is to succe$ 9 play+ t "p 9 alt]+ ! economic /ructure ( society :i* its advocates claim = x r ?an = ! political p>ties4 ,indu/rial unionism organizes m51 z craft unionism does n1 9 accordance ) ! enemy :om !y h to fight4 ,engli% unionism is /ill v f> remov$ f ! indu/rial =m1 ?\gh c]ta9 indu/ries1 especially ! railway m51 h gone v f> 9 ?is direction1 & x is notable t ! railway m5 are peculi>ly sympa!tic to ,syndicalism & indu/rial unionism4 ,pure ,syndicalism1 h[ev]1 is n v likely to a*ieve wide popul>ity 9 ,great ,brita94 ,its _s is too revolution>y & an>*i/ic = our temp]am5t4 ,x is 9 ! modifi$ =m ( ,guild ,socialism t ! ideas d]iv$ f ! ,c4 ,g4 ,t4 & ! ,i4 ,w4 ,w4 are t5d+ to be> fruit4#ce ,?is movem5t is z yet 9 its infancy & has no great hold ^u ! rank & file1 b x is be+ ably advocat$ by a gr\p ( "y m51 & is rapidly ga9+ gr\nd among ^? :o w =m ,labor op9ion 9 ye>s to come4 ,! p[] ( ! ,/ate has be5 s mu* increas$ dur+ ! w> t ^? :o naturally dislike ?+s z !y are1 f9d x m & m difficult to believe t ,/ate omnipot5ce c be ! road to ! mill5nium4 ,guild ,sociali/s aim at autonomy 9 indu/ry1 ) consequ5t curtailm5t1 b n abolition1 ( ! p[] ( ! ,/ate4 ,! sy/em :i* !y advocate is1 ,i believe1 ! be/ hi!rto propos$1 & ! "o mo/ likely to secure lib]ty )\t ! con/ant appeals to viol5ce :i* are to be fe>$ "u a purely ,an>*i/ regime4 #ce ,! ideas ( ,guild ,socialism 7 fir/ set =? 9 ,national ,guilds1'' edit$ by ,a4 ,r4 ,orage 7,bell ,sons1 #aiad71 & 9 ,cole's ,_w ( ,lab\r'' 7,bell ,sons71 fir/ publi%$ 9 #aiac4 ,cole's ,self-,gov]nm5t 9 ,indu/ry'' 7,bell ,sons1 #aiag7 & ,rickett ,be*h(]'s ,! ,mean+ ( ,national ,guilds'' 7,palm] ,hayw>d1 #aiah7 %\ld also be read1 z well z v>i\s pamphlets publi%$ by ! ,national ,guilds ,league4 ,! attitude ( ! ,syndicali/s to ,guild ,socialism is f> f sympa!tic4 ,an article 9 ,! ,syndicali/'' = ,febru>y1 #aiad1 speaks ( x 9 ! foll[+ t]ms3 a ,middle-class ( ! middle-class1 ) all ! %ortcom+s 7we _h almo/ said /upidities'7 ( ! middle- classes writ l>ge across x1 ,guild ,socialism' /&s =? z ! late/ lucubration ( ! middle-class m9d4 ,x is a cool /eal' ( ! lead+ ideas ( ,syndicalism & a delib]ate p]v]sion ( !m4 4 4 4 ,we d prote/ aga9/ ! ,/ate' idea 4 4 4 9 ,guild ,socialism4 ,middle-class p1 ev5 :5 !y become ,sociali/s1 _c get rid ( ! idea t ! work+-class is _! inf]ior'2 t ! work]s ne$ to be educat$1' drill$1 discipl9$1 & g5]ally nurs$ = a v long "t be=e !y w be able to walk by !mselves4 ,! v rev]se is actually ! tru?4 4 4 4 ,x is j ! pla9 tru? :5 we say t ! ord9>y wage-work]1 ( av]age intellig5ce1 is bett] capable ( tak+ c>e ( himself ?an ! half-educat$ middle-class man :o wants to advise him4 ,he kn[s h[ to make ! :eels ( ! _w g r\nd4'' ,! fir/ pamphlet ( ! ,national ,guilds ,league'' sets =? _! ma9 pr9ciples4 ,9 indu/ry ea* factory is to be free to control its own me?ods ( production by means ( elect$ manag]s4 ,! diff]5t factories 9 a giv5 indu/ry are to be f$]at$ into a ,national ,guild :i* w deal ) m>ket+ & ! g5]al int]e/s ( ! indu/ry z a :ole4 ,! ,/ate w\ld own ! means ( production z tru/ee = ! community2 ! ,guilds w\ld manage !m1 also z tru/ees = ! community1 & w\ld pay to ! ,/ate a s+le tax or r5t4 ,any ,guild t *ose to set its own int]e/s above ^? ( ! community w\ld be violat+ its tru/1 & w\ld h to b[ to ! judgm5t ( a tribunal equally repres5t+ ! :ole body ( produc]s & ! :ole body ( consum]s4 ,?is ,jo9t ,committee w\ld be ! ultimate sov]eign body1 ! ultimate appeal c\rt ( indu/ry4 ,x w\ld fix n only ,guild taxation1 b also /&>d prices1 & bo? taxation & prices w\ld be p]iodically readju/$ by x4'' ,ea* ,guild w be entirely free to apportion :at x receives among its memb]s z x *ooses1 its memb]s be+ all ^? :o "w 9 ! indu/ry :i* x cov]s4 ,! di/ribution ( ?is collective ,guild income among ! memb]s seems to be a matt] = ea* ,guild to decide = itself4 ,:e!r ! ,guilds w\ld1 soon] or lat]1 adopt ! pr9ciple ( equal paym5t = e memb]1 is op5 to discussion4'' ,guild ,socialism accepts f ,syndicalism ! view t lib]ty is n to be secur$ by mak+ ! ,/ate ! employ]3 ,! ,/ate & ! ,municipality z employ]s h turn$ out n to diff] ess5tially f ! private capitali/4'' ,guild ,sociali/s reg>d ! ,/ate z consi/+ ( ! community 9 _! capacity z consum]s1 :ile ! ,guilds w repres5t !m 9 _! capacity z produc]s2 ?us ,p>liam5t & ! ,guild ,congress w be two co-equal p[]s repres5t+ consum]s & produc]s respectively4 ,above bo? w be ! jo9t ,committee ( ,p>liam5t & ! ,guild ,congress = decid+ matt]s involv+ ! int]e/s ( consum]s & produc]s alike4 ,! view ( ! ,guild ,sociali/s is t ,/ate ,socialism takes acc\nt ( m5 only z consum]s1 :ile ,syndicalism takes acc\nt ( !m only z produc]s4 ,! problem1'' say ! ,guild ,sociali/s1 is to reconcile ! two po9ts ( view4 ,t is :at advocates ( ,national ,guilds set out to d4 ,! ,syndicali/ has claim$ ev]y?+ = ! indu/rial organizations ( produc]s1 ! ,collectivi/ ev]y?+ = ! t]ritorial or political organizations ( consum]s4 ,bo? are op5 to ! same criticism2 y _c reconcile two po9ts ( view m]ely by d5y+ "o ( !m4''#cf ,b al?\gh ,guild ,socialism repres5ts an attempt at readju/m5t betwe5 two equally legitimate po9ts ( view1 its impulse & =ce are d]iv$ f :at x has tak5 ov] f ,syndicalism4 ,l ,syndicalism2 x desires n prim>ily to make "w bett] paid1 b to secure ?is result along ) o!rs by mak+ x 9 itself m int]e/+ & m democratic 9 organization4 #cf ,! above quotations are all f ! fir/ pamphlet ( ! ,national ,guilds ,league1 ,national ,guilds1 an ,appeal to ,trade ,unioni/s4'' ,capitalism has made ( "w a purely comm]cial activity1 a s\lless & a joyless ?+4 ,b sub/itute ! national s]vice ( ! ,guilds = ! pr(ite]+ ( ! few2 sub/itute responsible labor = a saleable commodity2 sub/itute self-gov]nm5t & dec5tralization = ! bureaucracy & demoraliz+ hug5ess ( ! mod]n ,/ate & ! mod]n jo9t /ock company2 & !n x may be j once m to speak ( a joy 9 labor1'' & once m to hope t m5 may be pr\d ( quality & n only ( quantity 9 _! "w4 ,!re is a cant ( ! ,middle ,ages1 & a cant ( joy 9 labor1'' b x 7 bett]1 p]haps1 to risk t cant ?an to reconcile ourselves =ev] to ! philosophy ( ,capitalism & ( ,collectivism1 :i* decl>es t "w is a necess>y evil nev] to be made pleasant1 & t ! work]s' only hope is a leisure :i* %all be long]1 ri*]1 & well adorn$ ) municipal am5ities4#cg #cg ,! ,guild ,idea1'' ,no4 #b ( ! ,pamphlets ( ! ,national ,guilds ,league1 p4 #ag4 ,:atev] may be ?\ght ( ! practicability ( ,syndicalism1 !re is no d\bt t ! ideas :i* x has put into ! _w h done a great deal to revive ! labor movem5t & to recall x to c]ta9 ?+s ( fundam5tal importance :i* x _h be5 9 dang] ( =gett+4 ,syndicali/s consid] man z produc] r ?an consum]4 ,!y are m conc]n$ to procure fre$om 9 "w ?an to increase mat]ial well-be+4 ,!y h reviv$ ! que/ = lib]ty1 :i* 0 gr[+ some:at dimm$ "u ! regime ( ,p>liam5t>y ,socialism1 & !y h rem9d$ m5 t :at our mod]n society ne$s is n a little t9k]+ "h & !re1 nor ! k9d ( m9or readju/m5ts to :i* ! exi/+ hold]s ( p[] may readily cons5t1 b a fundam5tal recon/ruction1 a sweep+ away ( all ! s\rces ( oppression1 a lib]ation ( m5's con/ructive en]gies1 & a :olly new way ( conceiv+ & regulat+ production & economic relations4 ,?is m]it is s great t1 9 view ( x1 all m9or defects become insignificant1 & ?is m]it ,syndicalism w cont9ue to possess ev5 if1 z a def9ite movem5t1 x %\ld be f\nd to h pass$ away ) ! w>4 ,,"p ,,ii ,,problems ,,( ,,! ,,future ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,"w ,,& ,,pay ,,! man :o seeks to create a bett] ord] ( society has two resi/ances to cont5d )3 "o t ( ,nature1 ! o!r t ( 8 fell[-m54 ,broadly speak+1 x is sci5ce t deals ) ! resi/ance ( ,nature1 :ile politics & social organization are ! me?ods ( ov]com+ ! resi/ance ( m54 ,! ultimate fact 9 economics is t ,nature only yields commodities z ! result ( labor4 ,! necessity ( ,,"s labor = ! satisfaction ( our wants is n impos$ by political sy/ems or by ! exploitation ( ! work+ classes2 x is due to physical laws1 :i* ! re=m]1 l ev]yone else1 mu/ admit & /udy4 ,be=e any optimi/ic economic project c be accept$ z feasible1 we mu/ exam9e :e!r ! physical conditions ( production impose an unalt]able veto1 or :e!r !y are capable ( be+ suffici5tly modifi$ by sci5ce & organization4 ,two connect$ doctr9es mu/ be consid]$ 9 exam9+ ?is "q3 ,fir/1 ,mal?us' doctr9e ( population2 & second1 ! vagu]1 b v preval5t1 view t any surplus above ! b>e necess>ies ( life c only be produc$ if mo/ m5 "w long h\rs at monoton\s or pa9ful tasks1 leav+ little leisure = a civiliz$ exi/5ce or rational enjoym5t4 ,i d n believe t ei!r ( ^! ob/acles to optimism w survive a close scrut9y4 ,! possibility ( te*nical improvem5t 9 ! me?ods ( production is1 ,i believe1 s great t1 at any rate = c5turies to come1 !re w be no inevitable b>ri] to progress 9 ! g5]al well-be+ by ! simultane\s increase ( commodities & dim9ution ( h\rs ( labor4 ,?is subject has be5 specially /udi$ by ,kropotk91 :o1 :atev] may be ?\ght ( 8 g5]al !ories ( politics1 is rem>kably in/ructive1 concrete & conv9c+ 9 all t he says ab\t ! possibilities ( agriculture4 ,sociali/s & ,an>*i/s 9 ! ma9 are products ( indu/rial life1 & few among !m h any practical k on ! subject ( food production4 ,b ,kropotk9 is an exception4 ,8 two books1 ,! ,conque/ ( ,bread'' & ,fields1 ,factories & ,work%ops1'' are v full ( detail$ in=mation1 &1 ev5 mak+ great all[ances = an optimi/ic bias1 ,i d n ?9k x c be d5i$ t !y demon/rate possibilities 9 :i* few ( u w\ld o!rwise h believ$4 ,mal?us cont5d$1 9 effect1 t population always t5ds to increase up to ! limit ( subsi/5ce1 t ! production ( food becomes m exp5sive z its am\nt is increas$1 & t !re=e1 ap>t f %ort exceptional p]iods :5 new discov]ies produce tempor>y alleviations1 ! bulk ( mank9d mu/ always be at ! l[e/ level consi/5t ) survival & reproduction4 ,z appli$ to ! civiliz$ races ( ! _w1 ?is doctr9e is becom+ untrue ?r\gh ! rapid decl9e 9 ! bir?-rate2 b1 ap>t f ?is decl9e1 !re are _m o!r reasons :y ! doctr9e _c be accept$1 at any rate z reg>ds ! ne> future4 ,! c5tury :i* elaps$ aft] ,mal?us wrote1 saw a v great increase 9 ! /&>d ( com=t ?r\gh\t ! wage-e>n+ classes1 &1 ow+ to ! enorm\s increase 9 ! productivity ( labor1 a f> great] rise 9 ! /&>d ( com=t c\ld h be5 effect$ if a m j sy/em ( di/ribution _h be5 introduc$4 ,9 =m] times1 :5 "o man's labor produc$ n v mu* m ?an 0 ne$$ = "o man's subsi/5ce1 x 0 impossible ei!r greatly to r$uce ! normal h\rs ( labor1 or greatly to increase ! proportion ( ! population :o enjoy$ m ?an ! b>e necess>ies ( life4 ,b ?is /ate ( affairs has be5 ov]come by mod]n me?ods ( production4 ,at ! pres5t mom5t1 n only d _m p enjoy a com=table income d]iv$ f r5t or int]e/1 b ab\t half ! population ( mo/ ( ! civiliz$ c\ntries 9 ! _w is engag$1 n 9 ! production ( commodities1 b 9 fight+ or 9 manufactur+ munitions ( w>4 ,9 a "t ( peace ! :ole ( ?is half might be kept 9 idl5ess )\t mak+ ! o!r half poor] ?an !y w\ld h be5 if ! w> _h cont9u$1 & if1 in/ead ( be+ idle1 !y 7 productively employ$1 ! :ole ( :at !y w\ld produce w\ld be a divisible surplus ov] & above pres5t wages4 ,! pres5t productivity ( labor 9 ,great ,brita9 w\ld suffice to produce an income ( ab\t #a p\nd p] day = ea* family1 ev5 )\t any ( ^? improvem5ts 9 me?ods :i* are obvi\sly imm$iately possible4 ,b1 x w be said1 z population increases1 ! price ( food mu/ ultimately increase also z ! s\rces ( supply 9 ,canada1 ! ,arg5t9e1 ,au/ralia & else:]e are m & m us$ up4 ,!re mu/ come a "t1 s pessimi/s w urge1 :5 food becomes s de> t ! ord9>y wage-e>n] w h little surplus = exp5diture ^u o!r ?+s4 ,x may be admitt$ t ?is w\ld be true 9 "s v di/ant future if ! population 7 to cont9ue to increase )\t limit4 ,if ! :ole surface ( ! _w 7 z d5sely populat$ z ,london is n[1 x w\ld1 no d\bt1 require almo/ ! :ole labor ( ! population to produce ! necess>y food f ! few spaces rema9+ = agriculture4 ,b !re is no reason to suppose t ! population w cont9ue to increase indef9itely1 & 9 any case ! prospect is s remote t x may be ignor$ 9 all practical consid]ations4 ,return+ f ^! dim speculations to ! facts set =? by ,kropotk91 we f9d x prov$ 9 8 writ+s t1 by me?ods ( int5sive cultivation1 :i* are already 9 actual op]ation1 ! am\nt ( food produc$ on a giv5 area c be increas$ f> beyond any?+ t mo/ un9=m$ p]sons suppose possible4 ,speak+ ( ! m>ket-g>d5]s 9 ,great ,brita91 9 ! neighborhood ( ,p>is1 & 9 o!r places1 he says3-- ,!y h creat$ a totally new agriculture4 ,!y smile :5 we boa/ ab\t ! rotation sy/em hav+ p]mitt$ u to take f ! field "o crop e ye>1 or f\r crops ea* ?ree ye>s1 because _! ambition is to h six & n9e crops f ! v same plot ( l& dur+ ! twelve mon?s4 ,!y d n und]/& our talk ab\t good & bad soils1 because !y make ! soil !mselves1 & make x 9 su* quantities z to be compell$ ye>ly to sell "s ( x2 o!rwise x w\ld raise up ! level ( _! g>d5s by half an in* e ye>4 ,!y aim at cropp+1 n five or six tons ( grass on ! acre1 z we d1 b f #ej to #ajj tons ( v>i\s vegetables on ! same space2 n #e p\nd swor? ( hay1 b #ajj p\nds wor? ( vegetables1 ( ! pla9e/ description1 cabbage & c>rots4#ch #ch ,kropotk91 ,fields1 ,factories & ,work%ops1'' p4 #gd4 ,z reg>ds cattle1 he m5tions t ,mr4 ,*ampion at ,:itby gr[s on ea* acre ! food ( two or ?ree head ( cattle1 :]eas "u ord9>y high f>m+ x takes two or ?ree acres to keep ea* head ( cattle 9 ,great ,brita94 ,ev5 m a/oni%+ are ! a*ievem5ts ( ! ,culture ,m>ai*]es r\nd ,p>is4 ,x is impossible to summ>ize ^! a*ievem5ts1 b we may note ! g5]al conclusion3-- ,!re are n[ practical ,m>ai*]s :o v5ture to ma9ta9 t if all ! food1 animal & vegetable1 necess>y = ! #c1ejj1jjj inhabitants ( ! ,dep>tm5ts ( ,se9e & ,se9e-et-,oise _h to be gr[n on _! own t]ritory 7#cbej squ>e miles71 x c\ld be gr[n )\t resort+ to any o!r me?ods ( culture ?an ^? already 9 use--me?ods already te/$ on a l>ge scale & prov$ successful4#ci #ci ,ib4 p4 #ha4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ^! two dep>tm5ts include ! :ole population ( ,p>is4 ,kropotk9 proce$s to po9t out me?ods by :i* ! same result c\ld be a*iev$ )\t long h\rs ( labor4 ,inde$1 he cont5ds t ! great bulk ( agricultural "w c\ld be c>ri$ on by p ^: ma9 occupations are s$5t>y1 & ) only su* a numb] ( h\rs z w\ld s]ve to keep !m 9 heal? & produce a pleasant div]sification4 ,he prote/s aga9/ ! !ory ( exces- sive division ( labor4 ,:at he wants is ,,integration1 a society :]e ea* individual is a produc] ( bo? manual & intellectual "w2 :]e ea* able- bodi$ human be+ is a work]1 & :]e ea* work] works bo? 9 ! field & 9 ! indu/rial work%op4''#dj #dj ,kropotk91 ,field1 ,factories1 & ,work%ops1'' p4 #f4 ,^! views z to production h no ess5tial connection ) ,kropotk9's advocacy ( ,an>*ism4 ,!y w\ld be equally possible "u ,/ate ,socialism1 & "u c]ta9 circum/ances !y might ev5 be c>ri$ out 9 a capitali/ic regime4 ,!y are important = our pres5t purpose1 n f any argum5t :i* !y af=d 9 favor ( "o economic sy/em z aga9/ ano!r1 b f ! fact t !y remove ! veto ^u our hopes :i* might o!rwise result f a d\bt z to ! productive capacity ( labor4 ,i h dwelt ^u agriculture r ?an indu/ry1 s9ce x is 9 reg>d to agriculture t ! difficulties are *iefly suppos$ to arise4 ,broadly speak+1 indu/rial production t5ds to be *eap] :5 x is c>ri$ on on a l>ge scale1 & !re=e !re is no reason 9 indu/ry :y an increase 9 ! dem& %\ld lead to an increas$ co/ ( supply4 ,pass+ n[ f ! purely te*nical & mat]ial side ( ! problem ( production1 we come to ! human factor1 ! motives lead+ m5 to "w1 ! possibilities ( effici5t organization ( production1 & ! connection ( production ) di/ribution4 ,def5d]s ( ! exi/+ sy/em ma9ta9 t effici5t "w w\ld be impossible )\t ! economic /imulus1 & t if ! wage sy/em 7 aboli%$ m5 w\ld cease to d en\gh "w to keep ! community 9 tol]able com=t4 ,?r\gh ! alleg$ necessity ( ! economic motive1 ! problems ( production & di/ribution become int]tw9$4 ,! desire = a m j di/ribution ( ! _w's goods is ! ma9 inspiration ( mo/ ,socialism & ,an>*ism4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 consid] :e!r ! sy/em ( di/ribution :i* !y propose w\ld be likely to lead to a dim9i%$ production4 ,!re is a fundam5tal diff]5ce betwe5 ,socialism & ,an>*ism z reg>ds ! "q ( di/ribution4 ,socialism1 at any rate 9 mo/ ( its =ms1 w\ld reta9 paym5t = "w done or = will+ness to "w1 &1 except 9 ! case ( p]sons incapacitat$ by age or infirmity1 w\ld make will+ness to "w a condition ( subsi/5ce1 or at any rate ( subsi/5ce above a c]ta9 v l[ m9imum4 ,an>*ism1 on ! o!r h&1 aims at grant+ to ev]yone1 )\t any conditions :atev]1 j z mu* ( all ord9>y commodities z he or %e may c>e to consume1 :ile ! r>] com- modities1 ( :i* ! supply _c easily be indef9itely increas$1 w\ld be ration$ & divid$ equally among ! population4 ,?us ,an>*ism w\ld n impose any ,,obligations ( "w1 ?\gh ,an>*i/s believe t ! necess>y "w c\ld be made suffici5tly agreeable = ! va/ majority ( ! population to und]take x volunt>ily4 ,sociali/s1 on ! o!r h&1 w\ld exact "w4 ,"s ( !m w\ld make ! incomes ( all work]s equal1 :ile o!rs w\ld reta9 high] pay = ! "w :i* is consid]$ m valuable4 ,all ^! diff]5t sy/ems are compatible ) ! common own]%ip ( l& & capital1 ?\gh !y diff] greatly z reg>ds ! k9d ( society :i* !y w\ld produce4 ,socialism ) inequality ( income w\ld n diff] greatly z reg>ds ! economic /imulus to "w f ! society 9 :i* we live4 ,su* diff]5ces z x w\ld entail w\ld und\bt$ly be to ! good f our pres5t po9t ( view4 ,"u ! exi/+ sy/em _m p enjoy idl5ess & afflu5ce ?r\gh ! m]e accid5t ( inh]it+ l& or capital4 ,_m o!rs1 ?r\gh _! activities 9 indu/ry or f9ance1 enjoy an income :i* is c]ta9ly v f> 9 excess ( any?+ to :i* _! social utility entitles !m4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x (t5 happ5s t inv5tors & discov]]s1 ^: "w has ! v greate/ social utility1 are robb$ ( _! rew>d ei!r by capitali/s or by ! failure ( ! public to appreciate _! "w until too late4 ,! bett] paid "w is only op5 to ^? :o h be5 able to af=d an exp5sive tra9+1 & ^! m5 are select$ 9 ! ma9 n by m]it b by luck4 ,! wage e>n] is n paid = 8 will+ness to "w1 b only = 8 utility to ! employ]4 ,consequ5tly1 he may be plung$ into de/itution by causes ov] :i* he has no control4 ,su* de/itution is a con/ant fe>1 & :5 x occurs x produces undes]v$ suff]+1 & (t5 det]ioration 9 ! social value ( ! suff]]4 ,^! are a few among ! evils ( our exi/+ sy/em f ! /&po9t ( production4 ,all ^! evils we might expect to see rem$i$ "u any sy/em ( ,socialism4 ,!re are two que/ions :i* ne$ to be consid]$ :5 we are discuss+ h[ f> "w requires ! economic motive4 ,! fir/ "q is3 ,mu/ society give high] pay = ! m skill$ or socially m valuable "w1 if su* "w is to be done 9 suffici5t quantities8 ,! second "q is3 ,c\ld "w be made s attractive t en\gh ( x w\ld be done ev5 if idl]s receiv$ j z mu* ( ! produce ( "w8 ,! fir/ ( ^! que/ions conc]ns ! division betwe5 two s*ools ( ,sociali/s3 ! m mod]ate ,sociali/s sometimes conc$e t ev5 "u ,socialism x w\ld be well to reta9 unequal pay = diff]5t k9ds ( "w1 :ile ! m ?or\ghgo+ ,sociali/s advocate equal incomes = all work]s4 ,! second "q1 on ! o!r h&1 =ms a division betwe5 ,sociali/s & ,an>*i/s2 ! latt] w\ld n deprive a man ( commodities if he did n "w1 :ile ! =m] 9 g5]al w\ld4 ,our second "q is s mu* m fundam5tal ?an our fir/ t x mu/ be discuss$ at once1 & 9 ! c\rse ( ?is discussion :at ne$s to be said on our fir/ "q w f9d its place naturally4 ,wages or ,free ,%>+8--,abolition ( ! wages sy/em'' is "o ( ! wat*words common to ,an>*i/s & advanc$ ,sociali/s4 ,b 9 its mo/ natural s5se x is a wat*word to :i* only ! ,an>*i/s h a "r4 ,9 ! ,an>*i/ conception ( society all ! common] commodities w be available to ev]yone )\t /9t1 9 ! k9d ( way 9 :i* wat] is available at pres5t4#da ,advo- cates ( ?is sy/em po9t out t x applies already to _m ?+s :i* =m]ly _h to be paid =1 e4g41 roads & bridges4 ,!y po9t out t x might v easily be ext5d$ to trams & local tra9s4 ,!y proce$ to argue--z ,kropotk9 does by means ( 8 pro(s t ! soil might be made indef9itely m productive--t all ! common] k9ds ( food c\ld be giv5 away to all :o dem&$ !m1 s9ce x w\ld be easy to produce !m 9 quantities adequate to any possible dem&4 ,if ?is sy/em 7 ext5d$ to all ! necess>ies ( life1 ev]yone's b>e livelihood w\ld be secur$1 q reg>dless ( ! way 9 :i* he might *oose to sp5d 8 "t4 ,z = commodities :i* _c be produc$ 9 indef9ite quantities1 su* z luxuries & delicacies1 !y also1 accord+ to ! ,an>*i/s1 are to be di/ribut$ )\t paym5t1 b on a sy/em ( rations1 ! am\nt available be+ divid$ equally among ! population4 ,no d\bt1 ?\gh ?is is n said1 some?+ l a price w h to be put ^u ^! luxuries1 s t a man may be free to *oose h[ he w take 8 %>e3 "o man w pref] good w9e1 ano!r ! f9e/ ,havana cig>s1 ano!r pictures or beautiful furniture4 ,presumably1 e man w be all[$ to take su* luxuries z are 8 due 9 :atev] =m he pref]s1 ! relative prices be+ fix$ s z to equalize ! dem&4 ,9 su* a _w z ?is1 ! economic /imulus to production w h :olly disappe>$1 & if "w is to cont9ue x mu/ be f o!r motives4#db #da ,not)/&+ ! egoti/ic turn giv5 to ! public m9d by ! m]*ant-production ( our c5tury1 ! ,communi/ t5d5cy is cont9ually reass]t+ itself & try+ to make its way into public life4 ,! p5ny bridge disappe>s be=e ! public bridge2 & ! turnpike road be=e ! free road4 ,! same _s p]vades ?\s&s ( o!r in/itutions4 ,museums1 free libr>ies1 & free public s*ools2 p>ks & pleasure gr\nds2 pav$ & light$ /reets1 free = ev]ybody's use2 wat] suppli$ to private dwell+s1 ) a gr[+ t5d5cy t[>ds disreg>d+ ! exact am\nt ( x us$ by ! individual1 tramways & railways :i* h already begun to introduce ! season ticket or ! uni=m tax1 & w surely g mu* fur!r on ?is l9e :5 !y are no long] private prop]ty3 all ^! are tok5s %[+ 9 :at direction fur!r progress is to be expect$4''--,kropotk91 ,an>*i/ ,communism4'' #db ,an able discussion ( ?is "q1 at ( v>i\s o!rs1 f ! /&po9t ( reason$ & temp]ate opposition to ,an>*ism1 w be f\nd 9 ,alfr$ ,naquet's ,l',an>*ie et le ,collectivisme1'' ,p>is1 #aijd4 ,is su* a sy/em possible8 ,fir/1 is x te*nically possible to provide ! necess>ies ( life 9 su* l>ge quantities z w\ld be ne$$ if e man & woman c\ld take z mu* ( !m f ! public /ores z he or %e might desire8 ,! idea ( pur*ase & paym5t is s famili> t ! proposal to d away ) x mu/ be ?\ght at fir/ fanta/ic4 ,yet ,i d n believe x is ne>ly s fanta/ic z x seems4 ,ev5 if we c\ld all h bread = no?+1 we %\ld n want m ?an a q limit$ am\nt4 ,z ?+s are1 ! co/ ( bread to ! ri* is s small a proportion ( _! income z to af=d practically no *eck ^u _! consumption2 yet ! am\nt ( bread t !y consume c\ld easily be suppli$ to ! :ole population by improv$ me?ods ( agriculture 7,i am n speak+ ( w>-"t74 ,! am\nt ( food t p desire has natural limits1 & ! wa/e t w\ld be incurr$ w\ld probably n be v great4 ,z ! ,an>*i/s po9t out1 p at pres5t enjoy an unlimit$ wat] supply b v few leave ! taps runn+ :5 !y are n us+ !m4 ,& "o may assume t public op9ion w\ld be oppos$ to excessive wa/e4 ,we may lay x d[n1 ,i ?9k1 t ! pr9ciple ( unlimit$ supply c\ld be adopt$ 9 reg>d to all commodities = :i* ! dem& has limits t fall %ort ( :at c be easily produc$4 ,& ?is w\ld be ! case1 if production 7 effici5tly organiz$1 ) ! necess>ies ( life1 includ+ n only commodities1 b also su* ?+s z education4 ,ev5 if all education 7 free up to ! highe/1 "y p1 unless !y 7 radically trans=m$ by ! ,an>*i/ regime1 w\ld n want m ?an a c]ta9 am\nt ( x4 ,& ! same applies to pla9 foods1 pla9 clo!s1 & ! re/ ( ! ?+s t supply our elem5t>y ne$s4 ,i ?9k we may conclude t !re is no te*nical impossibility 9 ! ,an>*i/ plan ( free %>+4 ,b w\ld ! necess>y "w be done if ! individual 7 assur$ ( ! g5]al /&>d ( com=t ev5 ?\gh he did no "w8 ,mo/ p w answ] ?is "q unhesitat+ly 9 ! negative4 ,^? employ]s 9 p>ticul> :o are 9 ! habit ( d5\nc+ _! employes z a set ( lazy1 drunk5 l\ts1 w feel q c]ta9 t no "w c\ld be got out ( !m except "u ?reat ( dismissal & consequ5t />vation4 ,b is ?is z c]ta9 z p are incl9$ to sup- pose at fir/ sight8 ,if "w 7 to rema9 :at mo/ "w is n[1 no d\bt x w\ld be v h>d to induce p to und]take x except f fe> ( de/itution4 ,b !re is no reason :y "w %\ld rema9 ! dre>y drudg]y 9 horrible conditions t mo/ ( x is n[4#dc ,if m5 _h to be tempt$ to "w in/ead ( driv5 to x1 ! obvi\s int]e/ ( ! community w\ld be to make "w pleasant4 ,s long z "w is n made on ! :ole pleasant1 x _c be said t any?+ l a good /ate ( society has be5 rea*$4 ,is ! pa9fulness ( "w unavoidable8 #dc ,ov]work is repulsive to human nature--n "w4 ,ov]work = supply+ ! few ) luxury--n "w = ! well- be+ ( all4 ,"w1 labor1 is a physiological necessity1 a necessity ( sp5d+ accumulat$ bodily en]gy1 a necessity :i* is heal? & life itself4 ,if s _m bran*es ( useful "w are s reluctantly done n[1 x is m]ely because !y mean ov]work1 or !y are improp]ly organiz$4 ,b we "k--old ,frankl9 knew x--t f\r h\rs ( useful "w e day w\ld be m ?an suffici5t = supply+ ev]ybody ) ! com=t ( a mod]ately well-to-d middle-class h\se1 if we all gave ourselves to productive "w1 & if we did n wa/e our productive p[]s z we d wa/e !m n[4 ,z to ! *ildi% "q1 repeat$ = fifty ye>s3 ,:o w\ld d disagreeable "w8' frankly ,i regret t none ( our savants has ev] be5 br\ght to d x1 be x = only "o day 9 8 life4 ,if !re is /ill "w :i* is really disagreeable 9 itself1 x is only because our sci5tific m5 h nev] c>$ to consid] ! means ( r5d]+ x less s3 !y h always kn[n t !re 7 pl5ty ( />v+ m5 :o w\ld d x = a few p5ce a day4'' ,kropotk91 ,an>*i/ ,communism4'' ,at pres5t1 ! bett] paid "w1 t ( ! bus9ess & pr(essional classes1 is = ! mo/ "p enjoyable4 ,i d n mean t e sep>ate mom5t is agreeable1 b t ! life ( a man :o has "w ( ?is sort is on ! :ole happi] ?an t ( a man :o enjoys an equal income )\t do+ any "w4 ,a c]ta9 am\nt ( ef=t1 & some?+ 9 ! nature ( a cont9u\s c>e]1 are necess>y to vigor\s m5 if !y are to pres]ve _! m5tal heal? & _! ze/ = life4 ,a consid]able am\nt ( "w is done )\t pay4 ,p :o take a rosy view ( human nature might h suppos$ t ! duties ( a magi/rate w\ld be among disagreeable trades1 l clean+ sew]s2 b a cynic might cont5d t ! pleasures ( v9dictiv5ess & moral sup]iority are s great t !re is no difficulty 9 f9d+ well-to-d eld]ly g5tlem5 :o are will+1 )\t pay1 to s5d helpless wret*es to ! torture ( prison4 ,& ap>t f enjoym5t ( ! "w itself1 desire = ! good op9ion ( neighbors & = ! feel+ ( effectiv5ess is q suffici5t to keep _m m5 active4 ,b1 x w be said1 ! sort ( "w t a man w\ld volunt>ily *oose mu/ always be exceptional3 ! great bulk ( necess>y "w c nev] be any?+ b pa9ful4 ,:o w\ld *oose1 if an easy life 7 o!rwise op5 to him1 to be a coal-m9]1 or a /ok] on an ,atlantic l9]8 ,i ?9k x mu/ be conc$$ t mu* necess>y "w mu/ always rema9 disagreeable or at lea/ pa9fully monoton\s1 & t special privileges w h to be accord$ to ^? :o und]take x1 if ! ,an>*i/ sy/em is ev] to be made workable4 ,x is true t ! introduction ( su* special privileges w\ld some:at m> ! r\nd$ logic ( ,an>*ism1 b x ne$ n1 ,i ?9k1 make any really vital brea* 9 its sy/em4 ,mu* ( ! "w t ne$s do+ c\ld be r5d]$ agreeable1 if ?\ght & c>e 7 giv5 to ?is object4 ,ev5 n[ x is (t5 only long h\rs t make "w irksome4 ,if ! normal h\rs ( "w 7 r$uc$ to1 say1 f\r1 z !y c\ld be by bett] organization & m sci5tific me?ods1 a v great deal ( "w :i* is n[ felt z a burd5 w\ld q cease to be s4 ,if1 z ,kropotk9 sugge/s1 agricultural "w1 in/ead ( be+ ! lifelong drudg]y ( an ignorant labor] liv+ v ne> ! v]ge ( abject pov]ty1 7 ! occasional occupation ( m5 & wom5 normally employ$ 9 indu/ry or bra9-"w2 if1 in/ead ( be+ conduct$ by anci5t traditional me?ods1 )\t any possibility ( intellig5t p>ticipation by ! wage- e>n]1 x 7 alive ) ! se>* = new me?ods & new inv5tions1 fill$ ) ! _s ( fre$om1 & invit+ ! m5tal z well z ! physical coop]ation ( ^? :o d ! "w1 x might become a joy in/ead ( a we>9ess1 & a s\rce ( heal? & life to ^? engag$ 9 x4 ,:at is true ( agriculture is said by ,an>*i/s to be equally true ( indu/ry4 ,!y ma9ta9 t if ! great economic organizations :i* are n[ manag$ by capitali/s1 )\t consid]ation = ! lives ( ! wage-e>n]s beyond :at ,trade ,unions are able to exact1 7 turn$ gradually into self-gov]n+ communities1 9 :i* ! produc]s c\ld decide all que/ions ( me?ods1 conditions1 h\rs ( "w1 & s =?1 !re w\ld be an almo/ b\ndless *ange = ! bett]3 grime & noise might be ne>ly elim9at$1 ! hide\sness ( indu/rial regions might be turn$ into beauty1 ! int]e/ 9 ! sci5tific aspects ( production might become diffus$ among all produc]s ) any native intellig5ce1 & some?+ ( ! arti/'s joy 9 creation might inspire ! :ole ( ! "w4 ,all ?is1 :i* is at pres5t utt]ly remote f ! reality1 might be produc$ by economic self-gov]nm5t4 ,we may conc$e t by su* means a v l>ge proportion ( ! necess>y "w ( ! _w c\ld ultimately be made suffici5tly agreeable to be pref]r$ be=e idl5ess ev5 by m5 ^: b>e livelihood w\ld be assur$ :e!r !y work$ or n4 ,z to ! residue let u admit t special rew>ds1 :e!r 9 goods or honors or privileges1 w\ld h to be giv5 to ^? :o und]took x4 ,b ?is ne$ n cause any fundam5tal objection4 ,!re w\ld1 ( c\rse1 be a c]ta9 proportion ( ! population :o w\ld pref] idl5ess4 ,provid$ ! proportion 7 small1 ?is ne$ n matt]4 ,& among ^? :o w\ld be class$ z idl]s might be includ$ arti/s1 writ]s ( books1 m5 devot$ to ab/ract intellectual pursuits--9 %ort1 all ^? :om society despises :ile !y are alive & honors :5 !y are dead4 ,to su* m51 ! possibility ( pursu+ _! own "w reg>dless ( any public recognition ( its utility w\ld be invaluable4 ,:oev] w obs]ve h[ _m ( our poets h be5 m5 ( private means w realize h[ mu* poetic capacity mu/ h rema9$ undevelop$ ?r\gh pov]ty2 = x w\ld be absurd to suppose t ! ri* are bett] end[$ by nature ) ! capacity = poetry4 ,fre$om = su* m51 few z !y are1 mu/ be set aga9/ ! wa/e ( ! m]e idl]s4 ,s f>1 we h set =? ! argum5ts 9 favor ( ! ,an>*i/ plan4 ,!y are1 to my m9d1 suffici5t to make x seem possible t ! plan might succe$1 b n suffici5t to make x s probable t x w\ld be wise to try x4 ,! "q ( ! feasibility ( ! ,an>*i/ proposals 9 reg>d to di/ribution is1 l s _m o!r que/ions1 a quantitative "o4 ,! ,an>*i/ proposals consi/ ( two p>ts3 7#a7 ,t all ! common commodities %\ld be suppli$ ad lib4 to all applicants2 7#b7 ,t no obligation to "w1 or economic rew>d = "w1 %\ld be impos$ on anyone4 ,^! two proposals are n necess>ily insep>able1 nor does ei!r entail ! :ole sy/em ( ,an>*ism1 ?\gh )\t !m ,an>*ism w\ld h>dly be possible4 ,z reg>ds ! fir/ ( ^! proposals1 x c be c>ri$ out ev5 n[ ) reg>d to "s commodities1 & x c\ld be c>ri$ out 9 no v di/ant future ) reg>d to _m m4 ,x is a flexible plan1 s9ce ?is or t article ( consumption c\ld be plac$ on ! free li/ or tak5 ( z circum/ances might dictate4 ,its advantages are _m & v>i\s1 & ! practice ( ! _w t5ds to develop 9 ?is direction4 ,i ?9k we may conclude t ?is "p ( ! ,an>*i/s' sy/em might well be adopt$ bit by bit1 rea*+ gradually ! full ext5sion t !y desire4 ,b z reg>ds ! second proposal1 t !re %\ld be no obligation to "w1 & no economic rew>d = "w1 ! matt] is mu* m d\btful4 ,an>*i/s always assume t if _! s*emes 7 put into op]ation practically ev]yone w\ld "w2 b al?\gh !re is v mu* m to be said = ?is view ?an mo/ p w\ld conc$e at fir/ sight1 yet x is que/ionable :e!r !re is en\gh to be said to make x true = practical purposes4 ,p]haps1 9 a community :]e indu/ry _h become habitual ?r\gh economic pressure1 public op9ion might be suffici5tly p[]ful to compel mo/ m5 to "w2#dd b x is always d\btful h[ f> su* a /ate ( ?+s w\ld be p]man5t4 ,if public op9ion is to be really effective1 x w be necess>y to h "s me?od ( divid+ ! community into small gr\ps1 & to all[ ea* gr\p to consume only ! equival5t ( :at x produces4 ,?is w make ! economic motive op]ative ^u ! gr\p1 :i*1 s9ce we are suppos+ x small1 w feel t its collective %>e is appreciably dim9i%$ by ea* idle individual4 ,su* a sy/em might be feasible1 b x w\ld be contr>y to ! :ole _s ( ,an>*ism & w\ld de/roy ! ma9 l9es ( its economic sy/em4 #dd ,z to ! s-(t5 repeat$ objection t nobody w\ld labor if he 7 n compell$ to d s by %e] necessity1 we he>d en\gh ( x be=e ! emancipation ( slaves 9 ,am]ica1 z well z be=e ! emancipation ( s]fs 9 ,russia2 & we h _h ! opportunity ( appreciat+ x at its j value4 ,s we %all n try to conv9ce ^? :o c be conv9c$ only by accompli%$ facts4 ,z to ^? :o reason1 !y ought to "k t1 if x really 0 s ) "s p>ts ( humanity at its l[e/ /ages--& yet1 :at d we "k ab\t x8--or if x is s ) "s small communities1 or sep>ate individuals1 br\ght to %e] despair by ill-success 9 _! /ruggle aga9/ unfavorable conditions1 x is n s ) ! bulk ( ! civiliz$ nations4 ,) u1 "w is a habit1 & idl5ess an artificial gr[?4'' ,kropotk91 ,an>*i/ ,communism1'' p4 #cj4 ,! attitude ( or?odox ,socialism on ?is "q is q diff]5t f t ( ,an>*ism4#de ,among ! m imm$iate measures advocat$ 9 ! ,communi/ ,manife/o'' is equal liability ( all to labor4 ,e/abli%m5t ( indu/rial armies1 especially = agriculture4'' ,! ,sociali/ !ory is t1 9 g5]al1 "w alone gives ! "r to ! enjoym5t ( ! produce ( "w4 ,to ?is !ory !re w1 ( c\rse1 be exceptions3 ! old & ! v "y1 ! infirm & ^? ^: "w is tempor>ily n requir$ ?r\gh no fault ( _! own4 ,b ! fundam5tal conception ( ,socialism1 9 reg>d to our pres5t "q1 is t all :o c %\ld be compell$ to "w1 ei!r by ! ?reat ( />vation or by ! op]ation ( ! crim9al law4 ,&1 ( c\rse1 ! only k9d ( "w recogniz$ w be su* z comm5ds itself to ! au?orities4 ,writ+ books aga9/ ,socialism1 or aga9/ any !ory embodi$ 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ! day1 w\ld c]ta9ly n be recogniz$ z "w4 ,no m w\ld ! pa9t+ ( pictures 9 a diff]5t /yle f t ( ! ,royal ,academy1 or produc+ plays unpleas+ to ! c5sor4 ,any new l9e ( ?\ght w\ld be bann$1 unless by influ5ce or corruption ! ?9k] c\ld crawl into ! good graces ( ! pundits4 ,^! results are n =ese5 by ,sociali/s1 because !y imag9e t ! ,sociali/ ,/ate w be gov]n$ by m5 l ^? :o n[ advocate x4 ,?is is1 ( c\rse1 a delusion4 ,! rul]s ( ! ,/ate !n w be> z little resemblance to ! pres- ent ,sociali/s z ! dignit>ies ( ! ,*ur* aft] ! "t ( ,con/ant9e bore to ! ,apo/les4 ,! m5 :o advocate an unpopul> re=m are exceptional 9 dis9t]e/$ness & zeal = ! public good2 b ^? :o hold p[] aft] ! re=m has be5 c>ri$ out are likely to belong1 9 ! ma91 to ! ambiti\s executive type :i* has 9 all ages possess$ itself ( ! gov]nm5t ( nations4 ,& ?is type has nev] %[n itself tol]ant ( opposition or fri5dly to fre$om4 #de ,:ile hold+ ?is syn!tic view on production1 ! ,an>*i/s _c consid]1 l ! ,collectivi/s1 t a remun]ation :i* w\ld be proportionate to ! h\rs ( labor sp5t by ea* p]son 9 ! production ( ri*es may be an ideal1 or ev5 an approa* to an ideal1 society4'' ,kropotk91 ,an>*i/ ,communism1'' p4 #bj4 ,x w\ld seem1 !n1 t if ! ,an>*i/ plan has its dang]s1 ! ,sociali/ plan has at lea/ equal dang]s4 ,x is true t ! evils we h be5 =esee+ "u ,socialism exi/ at pres5t1 b ! purpose ( ,sociali/s is to cure ! evils ( ! _w z x is2 !y _c be cont5t ) ! argum5t t !y w\ld make ?+s no worse4 ,an>*ism has ! advantage z reg>ds lib]ty1 ,socialism z reg>ds ! inducem5ts to "w4 ,c we n f9d a me?od ( comb9+ ^! two advantages8 ,x seems to me t we c4 ,we saw t1 provid$ mo/ p "w 9 mod]ation1 & _! "w is r5d]$ z productive z sci5ce & organization c make x1 !re is no good reason :y ! necess>ies ( life %\ld n be suppli$ freely to all4 ,our only s]i\s d\bt 0 z to :e!r1 9 an ,an>*i/ regime1 ! motives = "w w\ld be suffici5tly p[]ful to prev5t a dan- g]\sly l>ge am\nt ( idl5ess4 ,b x w\ld be easy to decree t1 ?\gh necess>ies %\ld be free to all1 :atev] w5t beyond necess>ies %\ld only be giv5 to ^? :o 7 will+ to "w--n1 z is usual at pres5t1 only to ^? 9 "w at any mom5t1 b also to all ^? :o1 :5 !y happ5$ n to be work+1 7 idle ?r\gh no fault ( _! own4 ,we f9d at pres5t t a man :o has a small income f inve/m5ts1 j suffici5t to keep him f actual want1 almo/ always pref]s to f9d "s paid "w 9 ord] to be able to af=d luxuries4 ,s x w\ld be1 presumably1 9 su* a community z we are imag9+4 ,at ! same "t1 ! man :o felt a vocation = "s unrecogniz$ "w ( art or sci5ce or ?\ght w\ld be free to foll[ 8 desire1 provid$ he 7 will+ to scorn delights & live labori\s days4'' ,& ! comp>atively small numb] ( m5 ) an inv9cible horror ( "w--! sort ( m5 :o n[ become tramps-- might lead a h>mless exi/5ce1 )\t any grave dang] ( _! becom+ suffici5tly num]\s to be a s]i\s burd5 ^u ! m indu/ri\s4 ,9 ?is ways ! claims ( fre$om c\ld be comb9$ ) ! ne$ ( "s economic /imulus to "w4 ,su* a sy/em1 x seems to me1 w\ld h a f> great] *ance ( success ?an ei!r pure ,an>*ism or pure or?odox ,socialism4 ,/at$ 9 m famili> t]ms1 ! plan we are advocat+ am\nts ess5tially to ?is3 t a c]ta9 small income1 suffici5t = necess>ies1 %\ld be secur$ to all1 :e!r !y "w or n1 & t a l>g] income1 z mu* l>g] z might be w>rant$ by ! total am\nt ( commodities produc$1 %\ld be giv5 to ^? :o are will+ to engage 9 "s "w :i* ! community recognizes z useful4 ,on ?is basis we may build fur!r4 ,i d n ?9k x is always necess>y to pay m highly "w :i* is m skill$ or reg>d$ z socially m useful1 s9ce su* "w is m int]e/+ & m respect$ ?an ord9>y "w1 & w !re=e (t5 be pref]r$ by ^? :o are able to d x4 ,b we might1 = in/ance1 give an int]m$iate income to ^? :o are only will+ to "w half ! usual numb] ( h\rs1 & an income above t ( mo/ work]s to ^? :o *oose a specially disagreeable trade4 ,su* a sy/em is p]fectly compatible ) ,socialism1 ?\gh p]haps h>dly ) ,an>*ism4 ,( its advantages we %all h m to say at a lat] /age4 ,= ! pres5t ,i am cont5t to urge t x comb9es fre$om ) ju/ice1 & avoids ^? dang]s to ! community :i* we h f\nd to lurk bo? 9 ! proposals ( ! ,an>*i/s & 9 ^? ( or?odox ,sociali/s4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,gov]nm5t ,,& ,,law ,,gov]nm5t & ,law1 9 _! v ess5ce1 consi/ ( re/rictions on fre$om1 & fre$om is ! greate/ ( political goods4#df ,a ha/y reason] might conclude )\t fur!r ado t ,law & gov]nm5t are evils :i* mu/ be aboli%$ if fre$om is our goal4 ,b ?is consequ5ce1 true or false1 _c be prov$ s simply4 ,9 ?is *apt] we %all exam9e ! argum5ts ( ,an>*i/s aga9/ law & ! ,/ate4 ,we %all proce$ on ! assumption t fre$om is ! supreme aim ( a good social sy/em2 b on ?is v basis we %all f9d ! ,an>*i/ cont5tions v que/ionable4 #df ,i d n say fre$om is ! greate/ ( ,,all goods3 ! be/ ?+s come f )9--!y are su* ?+s z creative art1 & love1 & ?\ght4 ,su* ?+s c be help$ or h9d]$ by political conditions1 b n actually produc$ by !m2 & fre$om is1 bo? 9 itself & 9 its relation to ^! o!r goods ! be/ ?+ t political & economic conditions c secure4 ,respect = ! lib]ty ( o!rs is n a natural impulse ) mo/ m53 envy & love ( p[] lead ord9>y human nature to f9d pleasure 9 int]f]5ces ) ! lives ( o!rs4 ,if all m5's actions 7 :olly un*eck$ by ext]nal au?ority1 we %\ld n obta9 a _w 9 :i* all m5 w\ld be free4 ,! /rong w\ld oppress ! weak1 or ! majority w\ld oppress ! m9ority1 or ! lov]s ( viol5ce w\ld oppress ! m peaceable p4 ,i fe> x _c be said t ^! bad impulses are ,,:olly due to a bad social sy/em1 ?\gh x mu/ be conc$$ t ! pres5t competitive organization ( society does a great deal to fo/] ! wor/ elem5ts 9 human nature4 ,! love ( p[] is an impulse :i*1 ?\gh innate 9 v ambiti\s m51 is *iefly promot$ z a rule by ! actual exp]i5ce ( p[]4 ,9 a _w :]e none c\ld acquire mu* p[]1 ! desire to tyrannize w\ld be mu* less /rong ?an x is at pres5t4 ,nev]!less1 ,i _c ?9k t x w\ld be :olly abs5t1 & ^? 9 :om x w\ld exi/ w\ld (t5 be m5 ( unusual en]gy & executive capacity4 ,su* m51 if !y are n re/ra9$ by ! organiz$ w ( ! community1 may ei!r succe$ 9 e/abli%+ a despotism1 or1 at any rate1 make su* a vigor\s attempt z c only be defeat$ ?r\gh a p]iod ( prolong$ di/urbance4 ,& ap>t f ! love or political p[]1 !re is ! love ( p[] ov] individuals4 ,if ?reats & t]rorism 7 n prev5t$ by law1 x c h>dly be d\bt$ t cruelty w\ld be rife 9 ! relations ( m5 & wom51 & ( p>5ts & *ildr54 ,x is true t ! habits ( a community c make su* cruelty r>e1 b ^! habits1 ,i fe>1 are only to be produc$ ?r\gh ! prolong$ reign ( law4 ,exp]i5ce ( backwoods communities1 m9+ camps & o!r su* places seems to %[ t "u new conditions m5 easily rev]t to a m b>b>\s attitude & practice4 ,x w\ld seem1 !re=e1 t1 :ile human nature rema9s z x is1 !re w be m lib]ty = all 9 a community :]e "s acts ( tyranny by individuals are =bidd51 ?an 9 a community :]e ! law leaves ea* individual free to foll[ 8 e impulse4 ,b1 al?\gh ! necessity ( "s =m ( gov]nm5t & law mu/ = ! pres5t be conc$$1 x is important to rememb] t all law & gov]nm5t is 9 itself 9 "s degree an evil1 only ju/ifiable :5 x prev5ts o!r & great] evils4 ,e use ( ! p[] ( ! ,/ate ne$s1 !re=e1 to be v closely scrut9iz$1 & e possibility ( dim9i%+ its p[] is to be welcom$ provid$ x does n lead to a reign ( private tyranny4 ,! p[] ( ! ,/ate is p>tly legal1 p>tly economic3 acts ( a k9d :i* ! ,/ate dislikes c be puni%$ by ! crim9al law1 & individuals :o incur ! displeasure ( ! ,/ate may f9d x h>d to e>n a livelihood4 ,! views ( ,m>x on ! ,/ate are n v cle>4 ,on ! "o h& he seems will+11 l ! mod]n ,/ate ,sociali/s1 to all[ great p[] to ! ,/ate1 b on ! o!r h& he sugge/s t :5 ! ,sociali/ revolution has be5 consummat$1 ! ,/ate1 z we "k x1 w disappe>4 ,among ! measures :i* are advocat$ 9 ! ,communi/ ,manife/o z imm$iately desirable1 !re are sev]al :i* w\ld v greatly increase ! p[] ( ! exi/+ ,/ate4 ,= example1 ,c5tralization ( cr$it 9 ! h&s ( ! ,/ate1 by means ( a national bank ) ,/ate capital & an exclusive monopoly2'' & aga91 ,c5tralization ( ! means ( communication & transport 9 ! h&s ( ! ,/ate4'' ,b ! ,manife/o goes on to say3 ,:51 9 ! c\rse ( developm5t1 class di/9ctions h disappe>$1 & all production has be5 conc5trat$ 9 ! h&s ( a va/ association ( ! :ole nation1 ! public p[] w lose its political "*4 ,political p[]1 prop]ly s call$1 is m]ely ! organis$ p[] ( "o class = oppress+ ano!r4 ,if ! prolet>iat dur+ its conte/ ) ! b\rgeoisie is compell$1 by ! =ce ( circum/ances1 to organize itself z a class1 if1 by means ( a revolution1 x makes itself ! rul+ class1 &1 z su*1 sweeps away by =ce ! old conditions ( production1 !n x w1 along ) ^! conditions1 h swept away ! conditions = ! exi/5ce ( class antagonisms1 & ( classes g5]ally1 & w !reby h aboli%$ its own supremacy z a class4 ,9 place ( ! old b\rgeois society1 ) its classes & class antagonisms1 we %all h an association1 9 :i*2 ! free developm5t ( ea* is ! condition = ! free developm5t ( all4#dg #dg ,communi/ ,manife/o1 p4 #bb4 ,?is attitude ,m>x pres]v$ 9 ess5tials ?r\gh\t 8 life4 ,accord+ly1 x is n to be wond]$ at t 8 foll[]s1 s f> z reg>ds _! imm$iate aims1 h 9 ! ma9 become out-&-out ,/ate ,sociali/s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,syndicali/s1 :o accept f ,m>x ! doctr9e ( ! class w>1 :i* !y reg>d z :at is really vital 9 8 tea*+1 reject ! ,/ate ) abhorr5ce & wi% to aboli% x :olly1 9 :i* respect !y are at "o ) ! ,an>*i/s4 ,! ,guild ,sociali/s1 ?\gh "s p]sons 9 ?is c\ntry reg>d !m z extremi/s1 really repres5t ! ,engli% love ( compromise4 ,! ,syndicali/ argum5ts z to ! dang]s inh]5t 9 ! p[] ( ! ,/ate h made !m dissatisfi$ ) ! old ,/ate ,socialism1 b !y are unable to accept ! ,an>*i/ view t society c disp5se altoge!r ) a c5tral au?ority4 ,accord+ly !y propose t !re %\ld be two co-equal in/rum5ts ( ,gov]nm5t 9 a community1 ! "o geographical1 repres5t+ ! consum]s1 & ess5tially ! cont9uation ( ! democratic ,/ate2 ! o!r repres5t+ ! produc]s1 organiz$1 n geographically1 b 9 guilds1 aft] ! mann] ( indu/rial unionism4 ,^! two au?or- ities w deal ) diff]5t classes ( que/ions4 ,guild ,sociali/s d n reg>d ! indu/rial au?ority z =m+ "p ( ! ,/ate1 = !y cont5d t x is ! ess5ce ( ! ,/ate to be geographical2 b ! indu/rial au?ority w resemble ! pres5t ,/ate 9 ! fact t x w h co]cive p[]s1 & t its decrees w be en=c$1 :5 necess>y4 ,x is to be suspect$ t ,syndicali/s also1 mu* z !y object to ! exi/+ ,/ate1 w\ld n object to co]cion ( individuals 9 an indu/ry by ! ,trade ,union 9 t indu/ry4 ,gov]nm5t )9 ! ,trade ,union w\ld probably be q z /rict z ,/ate gov]nm5t is n[4 ,9 say+ ?is we are assum+ t ! !oretical ,an>*ism ( ,syndicali/ lead]s w\ld n survive accession to p[]1 b ,i am afraid exp]i5ce %[s t ?is is n a v haz>d\s assumption4 ,among all ^! diff]5t views1 ! "o :i* raises ! deepe/ issue is ! ,an>*i/ cont5tion t all co]cion by ! community is unnecess>y4 ,l mo/ ( ! ?+s t ,an>*i/s say1 !re is mu* m to be urg$ 9 support ( ?is view ?an mo/ p w\ld suppose at fir/ sight4 ,kropotk91 :o is its able/ expon5t1 po9ts out h[ mu* has be5 a*iev$ already by ! me?od ( free agreem5t4 ,he does n wi% to aboli% gov]nm5t 9 ! s5se ( collective decisions3 :at he does wi% to aboli% is ! sy/em by :i* a decision is en- =c$ ^u ^? :o oppose x4#dh ,! :ole sy/em ( repres5tative gov]nm5t & majority rule is to him a bad ?+4#di ,he po9ts to su* in/ances z ! agreem5ts among ! diff]5t railway sy/ems ( ! ,cont95t = ! runn+ ( ?r\gh expresses & = co-op]ation g5]ally4 ,he po9ts out t 9 su* cases ! diff]5t companies or au?orities conc]n$ ea* appo9t a delegate1 & t ! delegates sugge/ a basis ( agreem5t1 :i* has to be subsequ5tly ratifi$ by ea* ( ! bodies ap- po9t+ !m4 ,! assembly ( delegates has no co]cive p[] :atev]1 & a majority c d no?+ aga9/ a recalcitrant m9ority4 ,yet ?is has n prev5t$ ! conclusion ( v elaborate sy/ems ( agreem5ts4 ,by su* me?ods1 s ,an>*i/s cont5d1 ! ,,useful functions ( gov]nm5t c be c>ri$ out )\t any co]cion4 ,!y ma9ta9 t ! usefulness ( agreem5t is s pat5t z to make co-op]ation c]ta9 if once ! pr$atory motives associat$ ) ! pres5t sy/em ( private prop]ty 7 remov$4 #dh ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,,/ate has also be5 confus$ ) ,,gov]nm5t4 ,z !re c be no ,/ate )\t gov]nm5t1 x has be5 sometimes said t x is ! abs5ce ( gov]nm5t1 & n ! abolition ( ! ,/ate1 t %\ld be ! aim4 ,x seems to me1 h[ev]1 t ,/ate & gov]nm5t repres5t two ideas ( a diff]5t k9d4 ,! ,/ate idea implies q ano!r idea to t ( gov]nm5t4 ,x n only includes ! exi/5ce ( a p[] plac$ above society1 b also a t]ritorial conc5tration & a conc5tration ( _m functions ( ! life ( society 9 ! h&s ( a few or ev5 ( all4 ,x implies new relations among ! memb]s ( society4 ,?is *>act]i/ic di/9ction1 :i* p]haps escapes notice at fir/ sight1 appe>s cle>ly :5 ! orig9 ( ! ,/ate is /udi$4'' ,kropotk91 ,! ,/ate4'' p4 #d4 #di ,repres5tative gov]nm5t has accompli%$ its hi/orical mission2 x has giv5 a mortal bl[ to ,c\rt-rule2 & by its debates x has awak5$ public int]e/ 9 public que/ions4 ,b1 to see 9 x ! gov]nm5t ( ! future ,sociali/ society1 is to commit a gross error4 ,ea* economical phase ( life implies its own political phase2 & x is impossible to t\* ! v basis ( ! pres5t economical life--private prop]ty-- )\t a correspond+ *ange 9 ! v basis ( ! political organization4 ,life already %[s 9 :i* direction ! *ange w be made4 ,n 9 increas+ ! p[]s ( ! ,/ate1 b 9 resort+ to free organization & free f$]ation 9 all ^? bran*es :i* are n[ consid]$ z attributes ( ! ,/ate4'' ,kropotk91 ,an>*i/ ,communism1'' pp4 #bh-bi4 ,attractive z ?is view is1 ,i _c resi/ ! conclusion t x results f impati5ce & repres5ts ! attempt to f9d a %ort-cut t[>d ! ideal :i* all humane p desire4 ,let u beg9 ) ! "q ( private crime4#ej ,an>*i/s ma9ta9 t ! crim9al is manufactur$ by bad social conditions & w\ld disappe> 9 su* a _w z !y aim at creat+4#ea ,no d\bt !re is a great measure ( tru? 9 ?is view4 ,!re w\ld be little motive to robb]y1 = example1 9 an ,an>*i/ _w1 unless x 7 organiz$ on a l>ge scale by a body ( m5 b5t on upsett+ ! ,an>*i/ regime4 ,x may also be conc$$ t impulses t[>d crim9al viol5ce c\ld be v l>gely elim9at$ by a bett] education4 ,b all su* cont5tions1 x seems to me1 h _! limitations4 ,to take an extreme case1 we _c suppose t !re w\ld be no lunatics 9 an ,an>*i/ community1 & "s ( ^! lunatics w\ld1 no d\bt1 be homicidal4 ,probably no "o w\ld argue t !y ought to be left at lib]ty4 ,b !re are no %>p l9es 9 nature2 f ! homicidal lunatic to ! sane man ( viol5t passions !re is a cont9u\s gradation4 ,ev5 9 ! mo/ p]fect community !re w be m5 & wom51 o!rwise sane1 :o w feel an impulse to commit murd] f jeal\sy4 ,^! are n[ usually re/ra9$ by ! fe> ( puni%m5t1 b if ?is fe> 7 remov$1 su* murd]s w\ld probably become mu* m common1 z may be se5 f ! pres5t behavior ( c]ta9 soldi]s on leave4 ,moreov]1 c]ta9 k9ds ( conduct ar\se public ho/ility1 & w\ld almo/ inevitably lead to lyn*+1 if no o!r recogniz$ me?od ( puni%m5t exi/$4 ,!re is 9 mo/ m5 a c]ta9 natural v9dictiv5ess1 n always direct$ aga9/ ! wor/ memb]s ( ! community4 ,= example1 ,sp9oza 0 v ne>ly murd]$ by ! mob because he 0 suspect$ ( undue fri5dl9ess to ,france at a "t :5 ,holl& 0 at w> ) t c\ntry4 ,ap>t f su* cases1 !re w\ld be ! v real dang] ( an organiz$ attempt to de/roy ,an>*ism & revive anci5t oppressions4 ,is x to be suppos$1 = example1 t ,napoleon1 if he _h be5 born into su* a community z ,kropotk9 advocates1 w\ld h acquiesc$ tamely 9 a _w :]e 8 g5ius c\ld f9d no scope8 ,i _c see :at %\ld prev5t a comb9ation ( ambiti\s m5 =m+ !mselves into a private army1 manufactur+ _! own munitions1 & at la/ enslav+ ! def5seless citiz5s1 :o _h reli$ ^u ! inh]5t attractiv5ess ( lib]ty4 ,x w\ld n be consi/5t ) ! pr9ciples ( ,an>*ism = ! community to int]f]e ) ! drill+ ( a private army1 no matt] :at its objects might be 7?\gh1 ( c\rse1 an oppos+ private army might be =m$ by m5 ) diff]5t views74 ,inde$1 ,kropotk9 in/ances ! old volunte]s 9 ,great ,brita9 z an example ( a movem5t on ,an>*i/ l9es4#eb ,ev5 if a pr$atory army 7 n =m$ f )91 x might easily come f a neighbor+ nation1 or f races on ! bord]l& ( civilization4 ,s long z ! love ( p[] exi/s1 ,i d n see h[ x c be prev5t$ f f9d+ an outlet 9 oppression except by means ( ! organiz$ =ce ( ! community4 #ej ,on ?is subject !re is an excell5t discussion 9 ! be=e-m5tion$ "w ( ,monsieur ,naquet4 #ea ,z to ! ?ird--! *ief--objection1 :i* ma9ta9s ! necessity ( a gov]nm5t = puni%+ ^? :o break ! law ( society1 !re is s mu* to say ab\t x t x h>dly c be t\*$ incid5tally4 ,! m we /udy ! "q1 ! m we are br\ght to ! conclusion t society itself is responsible = ! anti-social de$s p]petrat$ 9 its mid/1 & t no puni%m5t1 no prisons1 & no hangm5 c dim9i% ! numb]s ( su* de$s2 no?+ %ort ( a reorganization ( society itself4 ,?ree-qu>t]s ( all ! acts :i* are br\ght e ye> be=e our c\rts h _! orig91 ei!r directly or indirectly1 9 ! pres5t disorganiz$ /ate ( society ) reg>d to ! production & di/ribution ( weal?--n 9 ! p]v]sity ( human nature4 ,z to ! relatively few anti-social de$s :i* result f anti-social incl9ations ( sep>ate individuals1 x is n by prisons1 nor ev5 by resort+ to ! hangm51 t we c dim9i% _! numb]s4 ,by our prisons1 we m]ely multiply !m & r5d] !m worse4 ,by our detectives1 our price ( blood1' our executions1 & our jails1 we spread 9 society su* a t]rible fl[ ( base/ passions & habits1 t he :o %\ld realize ! effects ( ^! in/itutions to _! full ext5t1 w\ld be fright5$ by :at society is do+ "u ! pretext ( ma9ta9+ morality4 ,we mu/ se>* = o!r rem$ies1 & ! rem$ies h be5 indicat$ long s9ce4'' ,kropotk91 ,an>*i/ ,communism1'' pp4 #ca-cb4 #eb ,an>*i/ ,communism1'' p4 #bg4 ,! conclusion1 :i* appe>s to be =c$ ^u u1 is t ! ,an>*i/ ideal ( a community 9 :i* no acts are =bidd5 by law is n1 at any rate = ! pres5t1 compatible ) ! /ability ( su* a _w z ! ,an>*i/s desire4 ,9 ord] to obta9 & pres]ve a _w resembl+ z closely z possible t at :i* !y aim1 x w /ill be necess>y t "s acts %\ld be =bidd5 by law4 ,we may put ! *ief ( ^! "u ?ree heads3 #a4 ,!ft4 #b4 ,crimes ( viol5ce4 #c4 ,! creation ( organizations int5d$ to subv]t ! ,an>*i/ regime by =ce4 ,we w briefly recapitulate :at has be5 said already z to ! necessity ( ^! prohibitions4 #a4 ,!ft4--,x is true t 9 an ,an>*i/ _w !re w be no de/itution1 & !re=e no !fts motivat$ by />vation4 ,b su* !fts are at pres5t by no means ! mo/ consid]able or ! mo/ h>mful4 ,! sy/em ( ration+1 :i* is to be appli$ to luxuries1 w leave _m m5 ) few] luxuries ?an !y might desire4 ,x w give opportunities = peculation by ^? :o are 9 control ( ! public /ores1 & x w leave ! possibility ( appropriat+ su* valuable objects ( art z w\ld naturally be pres]v$ 9 public museums4 ,x may be cont5d$ t su* =ms ( !ft w\ld be prev5t$ by public op9ion4 ,b public op9ion is n greatly op]ative ^u an individual unless x is ! op9ion ( 8 own gr\p4 ,a gr\p ( m5 comb9$ = purposes ( !ft might readily defy ! public op9ion ( ! majority unless t public op9ion made itself effective by ! use ( =ce aga9/ !m4 ,probably1 9 fact1 su* =ce w\ld be appli$ ?r\gh popul> indignation1 b 9 t case we %\ld revive ! evils ( ! crim9al law ) ! add$ evils ( unc]ta9ty1 ha/e & passion1 :i* are insep>able f ! practice ( lyn*+4 ,if1 z we h sugge/$1 x 7 f\nd necess>y to provide an economic /imulus to "w by all[+ few] luxuries to idl]s1 ?is w\ld af=d a new motive = !ft on _! "p & a new necessity = "s =m ( crim9al law4 #b4 ,crimes ( ,viol5ce4--,cruelty to *ildr51 crimes ( jeal\sy1 rape1 & s =?1 are almo/ c]ta9 to occur 9 any society to "s ext5t4 ,! prev5tion ( su* acts is ess5tial to ! exi/5ce ( fre$om = ! weak4 ,if no?+ 7 done to h9d] !m1 x is to be fe>$ t ! cu/oms ( a society w\ld gradually become r\gh]1 & t acts :i* are n[ r>e w\ld cease to be s4 ,if ,an>*i/s are "r 9 ma9ta9+ t ! exi/5ce ( su* an economic sy/em z !y desire w\ld prev5t ! commission ( crimes ( ?is k9d1 ! laws =bidd+ !m w\ld no long] come into op]ation1 & w\ld d no h>m to lib]ty4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! impulse to su* actions p]si/$1 x w\ld be necess>y t /eps %\ld be tak5 to re/ra9 m5 f indulg+ x4 #c4 ,! ?ird class ( difficulties is mu* ! mo/ s]i\s & involves mu* ! mo/ dra/ic int]f]5ce ) lib]ty4 ,i d n see h[ a private army c\ld be tol]at$ )9 an ,an>*i/ community1 & ,i d n see h[ x c\ld be prev5t$ except by a g5]al prohibition ( c>ry+ arms4 ,if !re 7 no su* prohibition1 rival p>ties w\ld organize rival =ces1 & civil w> w\ld result4 ,yet1 if !re is su* a prohibition1 x _c well be c>ri$ out )\t a v consid]able int]f]5ce ) individual lib]ty4 ,no d\bt1 aft] a "t1 ! idea ( us+ viol5ce to a*ieve a political object might die d[n1 z ! practice ( duell+ has done4 ,b su* *anges ( habit & outlook are facilitat$ by legal prohibition1 & w\ld h>dly come ab\t )\t x4 ,i %all n speak yet ( ! int]national aspect ( ?is same problem1 = ,i propose to deal ) t 9 ! next *apt]1 b x is cle> t ! same consid]ations apply ) ev5 great] =ce to ! relations betwe5 nations4 ,if we admit1 h[ev] reluctantly1 t a crim9al law is necess>y & t ! =ce ( ! community mu/ be br\ght to be> to prev5t c]ta9 k9ds ( actions1 a fur!r "q arises3 ,h[ is crime to be treat$8 ,:at is ! greate/ measure ( humanity & respect = fre$om t is compatible ) ! recognition ( su* a ?+ z crime8 ,! fir/ ?+ to recognize is t ! :ole conception ( guilt or s9 %\ld be utt]ly swept away4 ,at pres5t1 ! crim9al is visit$ ) ! displeasure ( ! community3 ! sole me?od appli$ to prev5t ! occurr5ce ( crime is ! infliction ( pa9 ^u ! crim9al4 ,ev]y?+ possible is done to break 8 _s & de/roy 8 self-respect4 ,ev5 ^? pleasures :i* w\ld be mo/ likely to h a civiliz+ effect are =bidd5 to him1 m]ely on ! gr\nd t !y are pleasures1 :ile mu* ( ! suff]+ inflict$ is ( a k9d :i* c only brutalize & degrade /ill fur!r4 ,i am n speak+1 ( c\rse1 ( ^? few p5al in/itutions :i* h made a s]i\s /udy ( re=m+ ! crim9al4 ,su* in/itutions1 especially 9 ,am]ica1 h be5 prov$ capable ( a*iev+ ! mo/ rem>kable results1 b !y rema9 ev]y:]e exceptional4 ,! broad rule is /ill t ! crim9al is made to feel ! displeasure ( society4 ,he mu/ em]ge f su* a treatm5t ei!r defiant & ho/ile1 or submissive & cr++1 ) a brok5 _s & a loss ( self-respect4 ,nei!r ( ^! results is any?+ b evil4 ,nor c any good result be a*iev$ by a me?od ( treatm5t :i* embodies reprobation4 ,:5 a man is suff]+ f an infecti\s disease he is a dang] to ! community1 & x is necess>y to re/rict 8 lib]ty ( movem5t4 ,b no "o associates any idea ( guilt ) su* a situation4 ,on ! contr>y1 he is an object ( commis]ation to 8 fri5ds4 ,su* /eps z sci5ce recomm5ds are tak5 to cure him ( 8 disease1 & he submits z a rule )\t reluctance to ! curtailm5t ( lib]ty involv$ mean:ile4 ,! same me?od 9 _s ought to be %[n 9 ! treatm5t ( :at is call$ crime4'' ,x is suppos$1 ( c\rse1 t ! crim9al is actuat$ by calculations ( self-int]e/1 & t ! fe> ( puni%m5t1 by supply+ a contr>y motive ( self-int]e/ af=ds ! be/ det]r5t1 ,! dog1 to ga9 "s private end1 ,w5t mad & bit ! man4 ,?is is ! popul> view ( crime2 yet no dog goes mad f *oice1 & probably ! same is true ( ! great majority ( crim9als1 c]ta9ly 9 ! case ( crimes ( passion4 ,ev5 9 cases :]e self-int]e/ is ! motive1 ! important ?+ is to prev5t ! crime1 n to make ! crim9al suff]4 ,any suff]+ :i* may be entail$ by ! process ( prev5tion ought to be reg>d$ z regrettable1 l ! pa9 involv$ 9 a surgical op]ation4 ,! man :o commits a crime f an impulse to viol5ce ought to be subject$ to a sci5tific psy*ological treatm5t1 design$ to elicit m b5eficial impulses4 ,! man :o commits a crime f calculations ( self- int]e/ ought to be made to feel t self-int]e/ itself1 :5 x is fully und]/ood1 c be bett] s]v$ by a life :i* is useful to ! community ?an by "o :i* is h>mful4 ,= ?is purpose x is *iefly necess>y to wid5 8 outlook & increase ! scope ( 8 desires4 ,at pres5t1 :5 a man suff]s f insuffici5t love = 8 fell[-creatures1 ! me?od ( cur+ him :i* is commonly adopt$ seems sc>cely design$ to succe$1 be+1 inde$1 9 ess5tials1 ! same z 8 attitude t[>d !m4 ,! object ( ! prison adm9i/ration is to save tr\ble1 n to /udy ! individual case4 ,he is kept 9 captivity 9 a cell f :i* all sight ( ! e>? is %ut out3 he is subject$ to h>%ness by w>d]s1 :o h too (t5 become brutaliz$ by _! occupation4#ec ,he is solemnly d5\nc$ z an enemy to society4 ,he is compell$ to p]=m me*anical tasks1 *os5 = _! we>isom5ess4 ,he is giv5 no education & no inc5tive to self-improvem5t4 ,is x to be wond]$ at if1 at ! end ( su* a c\rse ( treatm5t1 8 feel+s t[>d ! community are no m fri5dly ?an !y 7 at ! beg9n+8 #ec ,?is 0 writt5 be=e ! au?or _h any p]sonal exp]i5ce ( ! prison sy/em4 ,he p]sonally met ) no?+ b k9dness at ! h&s ( ! prison (ficials4 ,sev]ity ( puni%m5t arose ?r\gh v9dictiv5ess & fe> 9 an age :5 _m crim9als escap$ ju/ice altoge!r1 & x 0 hop$ t savage s5t5ces w\ld outweigh ! *ance ( escape 9 ! m9d ( ! crim9al4 ,at pres5t a v l>ge "p ( ! crim9al law is conc]n$ 9 safegu>d+ ! rights ( prop]ty1 t is to say--z ?+s are n[--! unju/ privileges ( ! ri*4 ,^? ^: pr9ciples lead !m into conflict ) gov]nm5t1 l ,an>*i/s1 br+ a mo/ =midable indictm5t aga9/ ! law & ! au?orities = ! unju/ mann] 9 :i* !y support ! /atus quo4 ,_m ( ! actions by :i* m5 h become ri* are f> m h>mful to ! community ?an ! obscure crimes ( poor m51 yet !y g unpuni%$ because !y d n int]f]e ) ! exi/+ ord]4 ,if ! p[] ( ! community is to be br\ght to be> to prev5t c]ta9 classes ( actions ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ! crim9al law1 x is z necess>y t ^! actions %\ld really be ^? :i* are h>mful to ! community1 z x is t ! treatm5t ( crim9als'' %\ld be fre$ f ! conception ( guilt & inspir$ by ! same _s z is %[n 9 ! treatm5t ( disease4 ,b1 if ^! two conditions 7 fulfill$1 ,i _c help ?9k+ t a society :i* pres]v$ ! exi/5ce ( law w\ld be pref]able to "o conduct$ on ! unadult]at$ pr9ciples ( ,an>*ism4 ,s f> we h be5 consid]+ ! p[] :i* ! ,/ate d]ives f ! crim9al law4 ,we h e reason to ?9k t ?is p[] _c be entirely aboli%$1 ?\gh x c be ex]cis$ 9 a :olly diff]5t _s1 )\t ! v9dictiv5ess & ! moral reprobation :i* n[ =m its ess5ce4 ,we come next to ! consid]ation ( ! economic p[] ( ! ,/ate & ! influ5ce :i* x c ex]t ?r\gh its bureaucracy4 ,/ate ,sociali/s argue z if !re w\ld be no dang] to lib]ty 9 a ,/ate n bas$ ^u capitalism4 ,?is seems to me an entire delusion4 ,giv5 an (ficial ca/e1 h[ev] select$1 !re are b\nd to be a set ( m5 ^: :ole in/9cts w drive !m t[>d tyranny4 ,toge!r ) ! natural love ( p[]1 !y w h a root$ conviction 7visible n[ 9 ! high] ranks ( ! ,civil ,s]vice7 t !y alone "k en\gh to be able to judge :at is = ! good ( ! community4 ,l all m5 :o adm9i/] a sy/em1 !y w come to feel ! sy/em itself sacrosanct4 ,! only *anges !y w desire w be *anges 9 ! direction ( fur!r regulations z to h[ ! p are to enjoy ! good ?+s k9dly grant$ to !m by _! b5evol5t despots4 ,:oev] ?9ks ?is picture ov]drawn mu/ h fail$ to /udy ! influ5ce & me?ods ( ,civil ,s]vants at pres5t4 ,on e matt] t arises1 !y "k f> m ?an ! g5]al public ab\t all ! ,,def9ite facts involv$2 ! "o ?+ !y d n "k is :]e ! %oe p9*es4'' ,b ^? :o "k ?is are probably n skill$ 9 /at+ _! case1 n able to say (f-h& exactly h[ _m %oes are p9*+ h[ _m feet1 or :at is ! precise rem$y requir$4 ,! answ] prep>$ = ,m9i/]s by ! ,civil ,s]vice is accept$ by ! respectable'' public z imp>tial1 & is reg>d$ z dispos+ ( ! case ( malcont5ts except on a fir/-class political "q on :i* elections may be won or lo/4 ,t at lea/ is ! way 9 :i* ?+s are manag$ 9 ,engl&4 ,& !re is e reason to fe> t "u ,/ate ,socialism ! p[] ( (ficials w\ld be va/ly great] ?an x is at pres5t4 ,^? :o accept ! or?odox doctr9e ( democracy cont5d t1 if ev] ! p[] ( capital 7 remov$1 repres5tative in/itutions w\ld suffice to undo ! evils ?reat5$ by bureaucracy4 ,aga9/ ?is view1 ,an>*i/s & ,syndicali/s h direct$ a m]ciless criticism4 ,fr5* ,syndicali/s especially1 liv+1 z !y d1 9 a highly democratiz$ c\ntry1 h _h bitt] exp]i5ce ( ! way 9 :i* ! p[] ( ! ,/ate c be employ$ aga9/ a progressive m9ority4 ,?is exp]i5ce has l$ !m to ab&on altoge!r ! belief 9 ! div9e "r ( majorities4 ,! ,con/itution t !y w\ld desire w\ld be "o :i* all[$ scope = vigor\s m9orities1 consci\s ( _! aims & prep>$ to "w = !m4 ,x is und5iable t1 to all :o c>e = progress1 actual exp]i5ce ( democratic repres5tative ,gov]nm5t is v disillusion+4 ,admitt+-- z ,i ?9k we mu/--t x is pref]able to any ,,previ\s =m ( ,gov]nm5t1 we mu/ yet ackn[l$ge t mu* ( ! criticism direct$ aga9/ x by ,an>*i/s & ,syndicali/s is ?or\ghly ju/ifi$4 ,su* criticism w\ld h _h m influ5ce if any cle> idea ( an alt]native to p>liam5t>y democracy _h be5 g5]ally appreh5d$4 ,b x mu/ be confess$ t ,syndicali/s h n pres5t$ _! case 9 a way :i* is likely to attract ! av]age citiz54 ,mu* ( :at !y say am\nts to ?is3 t a m9ority1 consi/+ ( skill$ work]s 9 vital indu/ries1 c1 by a /rike1 make ! economic life ( ! :ole community impossible1 & c 9 ?is way =ce _! w ^u ! nation4 ,! action aim$ at is comp>$ to ! seizure ( a p[] /ation1 by :i* a :ole va/ sy/em c be p>alyz$4 ,su* a doctr9e is an appeal to =ce1 & is naturally met by an appeal to =ce on ! o!r side4 ,x is useless = ! ,syndicali/s to prote/ t !y only desire p[] 9 ord] to promote lib]ty3 ! _w :i* !y are seek+ to e/abli% does n1 z yet1 appeal to ! effective w ( ! community1 & _c be /ably inaugurat$ until x does d s4 ,p]suasion is a sl[ process1 & may sometimes be accel]at$ by viol5t me?ods2 to ?is ext5t su* me?ods may be ju/ifi$4 ,b ! ultimate goal ( any re=m] :o aims at lib]ty c only be rea*$ ?r\gh p]suasion4 ,! attempt to ?ru/ lib]ty by =ce ^u ^? :o d n desire :at we consid] lib]ty mu/ always prove a failure2 & ,syndicali/s1 l o!r re=m]s1 mu/ ultimately rely ^u p]suasion = success4 ,b x w\ld be a mi/ake to confuse aims ) me?ods3 h[ev] little we may agree ) ! proposal to =ce ! mill5nium on a reluctant community by />vation1 we may yet agree t mu* ( :at ! ,syndicali/s desire to a*ieve is desirable4 ,let u dismiss f our m9ds su* criticisms ( p>liam5t>y gov]nm5t z are b\nd up ) ! pres5t sy/em ( private prop]ty1 & consid] only ^? :i* w\ld rema9 true 9 a collectivi/ community4 ,c]ta9 defects seem inh]5t 9 ! v nature ( repres5tative in/itutions4 ,!re is a s5se ( self-importance1 insep>able f success 9 a conte/ = popul> favor4 ,!re is an all-b unavoidable habit ( hypocrisy1 s9ce exp]i5ce %[s t ! democracy does n detect ins9c]ity 9 an orator1 & w1 on ! o!r h&1 be %ock$ by ?+s :i* ev5 ! mo/ s9c]e m5 may ?9k necess>y4 ,h5ce arises a tone ( cynicism among elect$ repres5tatives1 & a feel+ t no man c reta9 8 position 9 politics )\t deceit4 ,?is is z mu* ! fault ( ! democracy z ( ! repres5tatives1 b x seems unavoidable s long z ! ma9 ?+ t all bodies ( m5 dem& ( _! *ampions is flatt]y4 ,h[ev] ! blame may be apportion$1 ! evil mu/ be recogniz$ z "o :i* is b\nd to occur 9 ! exi/+ =ms ( democracy4 ,ano!r evil1 :i* is especially noticeable 9 l>ge ,/ates1 is ! remot5ess ( ! seat ( gov]nm5t f _m ( ! con/itu5cies--a remot5ess :i* is psy*ological ev5 m ?an geographical4 ,! legislators live 9 com=t1 protect$ by ?ick walls & innum]able policem5 f ! voice ( ! mob2 z "t goes on !y rememb] only dimly ! passions & promises ( _! electoral campaign2 !y come to feel x an ess5tial "p ( /atesman%ip to consid] :at are call$ ! int]e/s ( ! community z a :ole1 r ?an ^? ( "s discont5t$ gr\p2 b ! int]e/s ( ! community z a :ole are suffici5tly vague to be easily se5 to co9cide ) self-int]e/4 ,all ^! causes lead ,p>liam5ts to betray ! p1 consci\sly or unconsci\sly2 & x is no wond] if !y h produc$ a c]ta9 alo(ness f democratic !ory 9 ! m vigor\s *ampions ( labor4 ,majority rule1 z x exi/s 9 l>ge ,/ates1 is subject to ! fatal defect t1 9 a v great numb] ( que/ions1 only a fraction ( ! nation h any direct int]e/ or k1 yet ! o!rs h an equal voice 9 _! settlem5t4 ,:5 p h no direct int]e/ 9 a "q !y are v apt to be influ5c$ by irrelevant consid]ations2 ?is is %[n 9 ! extraord9>y reluctance to grant autonomy to subord9ate nations or gr\ps4 ,= ?is reason1 x is v dang]\s to all[ ! nation z a :ole to decide on matt]s :i* conc]n only a small section1 :e!r t section be geographical or indu/rial or def9$ 9 any o!r way4 ,! be/ cure = ?is evil1 s f> z c be se5 at pres5t1 lies 9 all[+ self-gov]nm5t to e important gr\p )9 a nation 9 all matt]s t affect t gr\p mu* m ?an !y affect ! re/ ( ! community4 ,! gov]nm5t ( a gr\p1 *os5 by ! gr\p1 w be f> m 9 t\* ) its con/itu5ts1 f> m consci\s ( _! int]e/s1 ?an a remote ,p>liam5t nom9ally repres5t+ ! :ole c\ntry4 ,! mo/ orig9al idea 9 ,syndicalism-- adopt$ & develop$ by ! ,guild ,sociali/s--is ! idea ( mak+ indu/ries self-gov]n+ units s f> z _! int]nal affairs are conc]n$4 ,by ?is me?od1 ext5d$ also to su* o!r gr\ps z h cle>ly sep>able int]e/s1 ! evils :i* h %[n !mselves 9 repres5tative democracy c1 ,i believe1 be l>gely ov]come4 ,guild ,sociali/s1 z we h se51 h ano!r sugge/ion1 gr[+ naturally out ( ! autonomy ( indu/rial guilds1 by :i* !y hope to limit ! p[] ( ! ,/ate & help to pres]ve individual lib]ty4 ,!y propose t1 9 addition to ,p>liam5t1 elect$ 7z at pres5t7 on a t]ritorial basis & repres5t+ ! community z consum]s1 !re %all also be a ,guild ,congress1'' a glorifi$ successor ( ! pres5t ,trade ,union ,congress1 :i* %all consi/ ( repres5tatives *os5 by ! ,guilds1 & %all repres5t ! community z produc]s4 ,?is me?od ( dim9i%+ ! excessive p[] ( ! ,/ate has be5 attractively set =? by ,mr4 ,g4 ,d4 ,h4 ,cole 9 8 ,self-,gov]nm5t 9 ,indu/ry4''#ed ,:]e n[1'' he says1 ! ,/ate passes a ,factory ,act1 or a ,coal ,m9es ,regulation ,act1 ! ,guild ,congress ( ! future w pass su* ,acts1 & its p[] ( en=c+ !m w be ! same z t ( ! ,/ate'' 7p4 #ih74 ,8 ultimate gr\nd = advocat+ ?is sy/em is t1 9 8 op9ion1 x w t5d to pres]ve individual lib]ty3 ,! fundam5tal reason = ! pres]vation1 9 a democratic ,society1 ( bo? ! indu/rial & ! political =ms ( ,social organization is1 x seems to me1 t only by divid+ ! va/ p[] n[ wield$ by indu/rial capitalism c ! individual hope to be free'' 7p4 #ia74 #ed ,bell1 #aiag4 ,w ! sy/em sugge/$ by ,mr4 ,cole h ?is result8 ,i ?9k x is cle> t x w\ld1 9 ?is respect1 be an improvem5t on ! exi/+ sy/em4 ,repres5tative gov]nm5t _c b be improv$ by any me?od :i* br+s ! repres5tatives into clos] t\* ) ! int]e/s conc]n$ 9 _! legislation2 & ?is advantage probably w\ld be secur$ by h&+ ov] que/ions ( production to ! ,guild ,congress4 ,b if1 9 spite ( ! safegu>ds propos$ by ! ,guild ,sociali/s1 ! ,guild ,congress became all-p[]ful 9 su* que/ions1 if resi/ance to its w by a ,guild :i* felt ill-us$ became practically hopeless1 ,i fe> t ! evils n[ connect$ ) ! omnipot5ce ( ! ,/ate w\ld soon reappe>4 ,trade ,union (ficials1 z soon z !y become "p ( ! gov]n+ =ces 9 ! c\ntry1 t5d to become autocratic & cons]vative2 !y lose t\* ) _! con/itu5ts & gravitate1 by a psy*ological sympa?y1 into co-op]ation ) ! p[]s t be4 ,_! =mal in/allation 9 au?ority ?r\gh ! ,guilds ,congress w\ld accel]ate ?is process4 ,!y w\ld soon t5d to comb9e1 9 effect if n obvi\sly1 ) ^? :o wield au?ority 9 ,p>liam5t4 ,ap>t f occasional conflicts1 comp>able to ! rivalry ( oppos+ f9anci]s :i* n[ sometimes di/urbs ! h>mony ( ! capitali/ _w1 !re w\ld1 at mo/ times1 be agreem5t betwe5 ! dom9ant p]sonalities 9 ! two ,h\ses4 ,& su* h>mony w\ld fil* away f ! individual ! lib]ty :i* he _h hop$ to secure by ! qu>rels ( 8 ma/]s4 ,!re is no me?od1 if we are n mi/ak51 by :i* a body repres5t+ ! :ole community1 :e!r z produc]s or consum]s or bo?1 c alone be a suffici5t gu>dian ( individual lib]ty4 ,! only way ( pres]v+ suffici5t lib]ty 7& ev5 ?is w be inadequate 9 ! case ( v small m9orities7 is ! organization ( citiz5s ) special int]e/s into gr\ps1 det]m9$ to pres]ve autonomy z reg>ds _! int]nal affairs1 will+ to resi/ int]f]5ce by a /rike if necess>y1 & suffici5tly p[]ful 7ei!r 9 !mselves or ?r\gh _! p[] ( appeal+ to public sympa?y7 to be able to resi/ ! organiz$ =ces ( gov]nm5t successfully :5 _! cause is su* z _m m5 ?9k j4 ,if ?is me?od is to be successful we mu/ h n only suitable organizations b also a diffus$ respect = lib]ty1 & an abs5ce ( submissiv5ess to gov]nm5t bo? 9 !ory & practice4 ,"s risk ( disord] !re mu/ be 9 su* a society1 b ?is risk is z no?+ comp>$ to ! dang] ( /agnation :i* is insep>able f an all-p[]ful c5tral au?ority4 ,we may n[ sum up our discussion ( ! p[]s ( ,gov]nm5t4 ,! ,/ate1 9 spite ( :at ,an>*i/s urge1 seems a necess>y in/itution = c]ta9 purposes4 ,peace & w>1 t>iffs1 regulation ( sanit>y conditions & ( ! sale ( noxi\s drugs1 ! pres]vation ( a j sy/em ( di/ribution3 ^!1 among o!rs1 are functions :i* c\ld h>dly be p]=m$ 9 a community 9 :i* !re 0 no c5tral gov]nm5t4 ,take1 = example1 ! liquor traffic1 or ! opium traffic 9 ,*9a4 ,if alcohol c\ld be obta9$ at co/ price )\t taxation1 /ill m if x c\ld be obta9$ = no?+1 z ,an>*i/s presumably desire1 c we believe t !re w\ld n be a great & disa/r\s increase ( drunk5ness8 ,*9a 0 br\ght to ! v]ge ( ru9 by opium1 & e patriotic ,*9aman desir$ to see ! traffic 9 opium re/rict$4 ,9 su* matt]s fre$om is n a panacea1 & "s degree ( legal re/riction seems imp]ative = ! national heal?4 ,b grant+ t ! ,/ate1 9 "s =m1 mu/ cont9ue1 we mu/ also grant1 ,i ?9k1 t its p[]s ought to be v /rictly limit$ to :at is absolutely necess>y4 ,!re is no way ( limit+ its p[]s except by means ( gr\ps :i* are jeal\s ( _! privileges & det]m9$ to pres]ve _! autonomy1 ev5 if ?is %\ld involve resi/ance to laws decre$ by ! ,/ate1 :5 ^! laws int]f]e 9 ! int]nal affairs ( a gr\p 9 ways n w>rant$ by ! public int]e/4 ,! glorification ( ! ,/ate1 & ! doctr9e t x is e citiz5's duty to s]ve ! ,/ate1 are radically aga9/ progress & aga9/ lib]ty4 ,! ,/ate1 ?\gh at pres5t a s\rce ( mu* evil1 is also a means to c]ta9 good ?+s1 & w be ne$$ s long z viol5t & de/ructive impulses rema9 common4 ,b x is ,,m]ely a means1 & a means :i* ne$s to be v c>efully & sp>+ly us$ if x is n to d m h>m ?an good4 ,x is n ! ,/ate1 b ! community1 ! worldwide community ( all human be+s pres5t & future1 t we ought to s]ve4 ,& a good community does n spr+ f ! glory ( ! ,/ate1 b f ! unfett]$ developm5t ( individuals3 f happ9ess 9 daily life1 f cong5ial "w giv+ opportunity = :atev] con/ructiv5ess ea* man or woman may possess1 f free p]sonal relations embody+ love & tak+ away ! roots ( envy 9 ?w>t$ capacity f affection1 & above all f ! joy ( life & its expression 9 ! spontane\s creations ( art & sci5ce4 ,x is ^! ?+s t make an age or a nation wor?y ( exi/5ce1 & ^! ?+s are n to be secur$ by b[+ d[n be=e ! ,/ate4 ,x is ! individual 9 :om all t is good mu/ be realiz$1 & ! free gr[? ( ! individual mu/ be ! supreme end ( a political sy/em :i* is to re-fa%ion ! _w4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,int]national ,,relations ,,! ma9 objects :i* %\ld be s]v$ by int]national relations may be tak5 to be two3 ,fir/1 ! avoidance ( w>s1 &1 second1 ! prev5tion ( ! oppression ( weak nations by /rong ones4 ,^! two objects d n by any means necess>ily lead 9 ! same direction1 s9ce "o ( ! easie/ ways ( secur+ ! _w's peace w\ld be by a comb9ation ( ! mo/ p[]ful ,/ates = ! exploitation & oppression ( ! rema9d]4 ,?is me?od1 h[ev]1 is n "o :i* ! lov] ( lib]ty c favor4 ,we mu/ keep acc\nt ( bo? aims & n be cont5t ) ei!r alone4 ,"o ( ! commonplaces ( bo? ,socialism & ,an>*ism is t all mod]n w>s are due to capitalism1 & w\ld cease if capitalism 7 aboli%$4 ,?is view1 to my m9d1 is only a half-tru?2 ! half t is true is important1 b ! half t is untrue is p]haps equally important :5 a fundam5tal recon/ruction ( society is be+ consid]$4 ,sociali/ & ,an>*i/ critics ( exi/+ society po9t1 ) p]fect tru?1 to c]ta9 capitali/ic factors :i* promote w>4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is ! desire ( f9ance to f9d new fields ( inve/m5t 9 undevelop$ c\ntries4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,a4 ,hobson1 an au?or :o is by no means extreme 9 8 views1 has well /at$ ?is po9t 9 8 book on ,! ,evolution ( ,mod]n ,capitalism4''#ee ,he says3 #ee ,walt] ,scott ,publi%+ ,company1 #aijf1 p4 #bfb4 ,! economic tap-root1 ! *ief direct+ motive ( all ! mod]n imp]iali/ic expansion1 is ! pressure ( capitali/ indu/ries = m>kets1 prim>ily m>kets = inve/m5t1 second>ily m>kets = surplus products ( home indu/ry4 ,:]e ! conc5tration ( capital has gone fur!/1 & :]e a rigor\s protective sy/em prevails1 ?is pressure is necess>ily /ronge/4 ,n m]ely d ! tru/s & o!r manufactur+ trades t re/rict _! output = ! home m>ket m urg5tly require =eign m>kets1 b !y are also m anxi\s to secure protect$ m>kets1 & ?is c only be a*iev$ by ext5d+ ! area ( political rule4 ,?is is ! ess5tial significance ( ! rec5t *ange 9 ,am]ican =eign policy z illu/rat$ by ! ,spani% ,w>1 ! ,philipp9e annexation1 ! ,panama policy1 & ! new application ( ! ,monroe doctr9e to ! ,s\? ,am]ican ,/ates4 ,s\? ,am]ica is ne$$ z a pref]5tial m>ket = inve/m5t ( tru/ pr(its'' & surplus tru/ products3 if 9 "t ^! /ates c be br\ght )9 a ,zollv]e9 "u ! suz]a9ty ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! f9ancial area ( op]ations receives a notable accession4 ,*9a z a field ( railway ent]prise & g5]al indu/rial developm5t already beg9s to loom l>ge 9 ! eyes ( =esight$ ,am]ican bus9ess m52 ! gr[+ trade 9 ,am]ican cotton & o!r goods 9 t c\ntry w be a subord9ate consid]ation to ! expansion ( ! area = ,am]ican inve/m5ts4 ,diplomatic pressure1 arm$ =ce1 &1 :]e desirable1 seizure ( t]ritory = political control1 w be eng9e]$ by ! f9ancial magnates :o control ! political de/9y ( ,am]ica4 ,! /rong & exp5sive ,am]ican navy n[ beg9n+ to be built incid5tally s]ves ! purpose ( af=d+ pr(itable contracts to ! %ipbuild+ & metal indu/ries3 its real mean+ & use is to =w>d ! aggressive political policy impos$ ^u ! nation by ! economic ne$s ( ! f9ancial capitali/s4 ,x %\ld be cle>ly und]/ood t ?is con/ant pressure to ext5d ! area ( m>kets is n a necess>y implication ( all =ms ( organiz$ indu/ry4 ,if competition 0 displac$ by comb9ations ( a g5u9ely coop]ative "* 9 :i* ! :ole ga9 ( improv$ economies pass$1 ei!r to ! work]s 9 wages1 or to l>ge bodies ( inve/ors 9 divid5ds1 ! expansion ( dem& 9 ! home m>kets w\ld be s great z to give full employm5t to ! productive p[]s ( conc5trat$ capital1 & !re w\ld be no self-accumulat+ masses ( pr(it express+ !mselves 9 new cr$it & dem&+ ext]nal employm5t4 ,x is ! monopoly'' pr(its ( tru/s & comb9es1 tak5 ei!r 9 con/ruction1 f9ancial op]ation1 or indu/rial work+1 t =m a ga!r+ fund ( self-accumulat+ cr$it ^: possession by ! f9ancial class implies a contract$ dem& = commodities & a correspond+ly re/rict$ employm5t = capital 9 ,am]ican indu/ries4 ,)9 c]ta9 limits relief c be f\nd by /imulation ( ! export trade "u cov] ( a high protective t>iff :i* =bids all int]f]5ce ) monopoly ( ! home m>kets4 ,b x is extremely difficult = tru/s adapt$ to ! requirem5ts ( a pr(itable ti$ m>ket at home to adju/ _! me?ods ( free competition 9 ! _w m>kets ^u a pr(itable basis ( /eady trad+4 ,moreov]1 su* a mode ( expansion is only appropriate to c]ta9 manufactur+ tru/s3 ! own]s ( railroad1 f9ancial & o!r tru/s mu/ look always m to =eign inve/m5ts = _! surplus pr(its4 ,?is ev]-gr[+ ne$ = fre% fields ( inve/m5t = _! pr(its is ! great crux ( ! f9ancial sy/em1 & ?reat5s to dom9ate ! future economics & ! politics ( ! great ,republic4 ,! f9ancial economy ( ,am]ican capitalism exhibits 9 m dramatic %ape a t5d5cy common to ! f9ance ( all develop$ indu/rial nations4 ,! l>ge1 easy fl[ ( capital f ,great ,brita91 ,g]many1 ,au/ria1 ,france1 etc41 into ,s\? ,african or ,au/ralian m9es1 into ,egyptian bonds1 or ! prec>i\s securities ( ,s\? ,am]ican republics1 atte/s ! same g5]al pressure :i* increases ) e developm5t ( f9ancial ma*9]y & ! m pr(itable control ( t ma*9]y by ! class ( pr(essional f9anci]s ,! k9d ( way 9 :i* su* conditions t5d t[>d w> might h be5 illu/rat$1 if ,mr4 ,hobson _h be5 writ+ at a lat] date1 by v>i\s m rec5t cases4 ,a high] rate ( int]e/ is obta9able on ent]prises 9 an undevelop$ c\ntry ?an 9 a develop$ "o1 provid$ ! risks connect$ ) an unsettl$ gov]nm5t c be m9imiz$4 ,to m9imize ^! risks ! f9anci]s call 9 ! assi/ance ( ! milit>y & naval =ces ( ! c\ntry :i* !y are mom5t>ily ass]t+ to be !irs4 ,9 ord] to h ! support ( public op9ion 9 ?is dem& !y h rec\rse to ! p[] ( ! ,press4 ,! ,press is ! second great factor to :i* critics ( capitalism po9t :5 !y wi% to prove t capitalism is ! s\rce ( mod]n w>4 ,s9ce ! runn+ ( a big newspap] requires a l>ge capital1 ! proprietors ( important organs necess>ily belong to ! capitali/ class1 & x w be a r>e & exceptional ev5t if !y d n sympa?ize ) _! own class 9 op9ion & outlook4 ,!y are able to decide :at news ! great mass ( newspap] read]s %all be all[$ to h4 ,!y c actually falsify ! news1 or1 )\t go+ s f> z t1 !y c c>efully select x1 giv+ su* items z w /imulate ! passions :i* !y desire to /imulate1 & suppress+ su* items z w\ld provide ! antidote4 ,9 ?is way ! picture ( ! _w 9 ! m9d ( ! av]age newspap] read] is made to be n a true picture1 b 9 ! ma9 t :i* suits ! int]e/s ( capitali/s4 ,?is is true 9 _m directions1 b above all 9 :at con- c]ns ! relations betwe5 nations4 ,! mass ( ! population ( a c\ntry c be l$ to love or hate any o!r c\ntry at ! w ( ! newspap] proprietors1 :i* is (t51 directly or indirectly1 influ5c$ by ! w ( ! great f9anci]s4 ,s long z enmity betwe5 ,engl& & ,russia 0 desir$1 our newspap]s 7 full ( ! cruel treatm5t met$ out to ,russian political prison]s1 ! oppression ( ,f9l& & ,russian ,pol&1 & o!r su* topics4 ,z soon z our =eign policy *ang$1 ^! items disappe>$ f ! m important newspap]s1 & we he>d in/ead ( ! misde$s ( ,g]many4 ,mo/ m5 are n suffici5tly critical to be on _! gu>d aga9/ su* influ5ces1 & until !y are1 ! p[] ( ! ,press w rema94 ,besides ^! two influ5ces ( capitalism 9 promot+ w>1 !re is ano!r1 mu* less emphasiz$ by ! critics ( capitalism1 b by no means less important3 ,i mean ! pugnacity :i* t5ds to be develop$ 9 m5 :o h ! habit ( comm&4 ,s long z capitali/ society p]si/s1 an undue measure ( p[] w be 9 ! h&s ( ^? :o h acquir$ weal? & influ5ce ?r\gh a great position 9 indu/ry or f9ance4 ,su* m5 are 9 ! habit1 9 private life1 ( f9d+ _! w seldom que/ion$2 !y are surr\nd$ by obsequi\s satellites & are n infrequ5tly engag$ 9 conflicts ) ,trade ,unions4 ,among _! fri5ds & acqua9tances are includ$ ^? :o hold high positions 9 gov]nm5t or adm9i/ration1 & ^! m5 equally are liable to become autocratic ?r\gh ! habit ( giv+ ord]s4 ,x us$ to be cu/om>y to speak ( ! gov]n+ classes1'' b nom9al democracy has caus$ ?is phrase to g out ( fa%ion4 ,nev]!less1 x /ill reta9s mu* tru?2 !re are /ill 9 any capitali/ community ^? :o comm& & ^? :o z a rule obey4 ,! outlook ( ^! two classes is v diff]5t1 ?\gh 9 a mod]n society !re is a cont9u\s gradation f ! extreme ( ! "o to ! extreme ( ! o!r4 ,! man :o is accu/om$ to f9d submission to 8 w becomes indignant on ! occasions :5 he f9ds opposition4 ,in/9ctively he is conv9c$ t opposition is wick$ & mu/ be cru%$4 ,he is !re=e mu* m will+ ?an ! av]age citiz5 to resort to w> aga9/ 8 rivals4 ,accord+ly we f9d1 ?\gh1 ( c\rse1 ) v notable exceptions1 t 9 ! ma9 ^? :o h mo/ p[] are mo/ w>like1 & ^? :o h lea/ p[] are lea/ dispos$ to hatr$ ( =eign nations4 ,?is is "o ( ! evils insep>able f ! conc5tration ( p[]4 ,x w only be cur$ by ! abolition ( capitalism if ! new sy/em is "o :i* all[s v mu* less p[] to s+le individuals4 ,x w n be cur$ by a sy/em :i* sub/itutes ! p[] ( ,m9i/]s or (ficials = ! p[] ( capitali/s ,?is is "o reason1 additional to ^? m5tion$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 = desir+ to see a dim9ution 9 ! au?ority ( ! ,/ate4 ,n only does ! conc5tration ( p[] t5d to cause w>s1 b1 equally1 w>s & ! fe> ( !m br+ ab\t ! necessity = ! conc5tration ( p[]4 ,s long z ! community is expos$ to sudd5 dang]s1 ! possibility ( quick decision is absolutely necess>y to self-pres]vation4 ,! cumbr\s ma*9]y ( delib]ative decisions by ! p is impossible 9 a crisis1 & !re=e s long z crises are likely to occur1 x is impossible to aboli% ! almo/ autocratic p[] ( gov]nm5ts4 ,9 ?is case1 z 9 mo/ o!rs1 ea* ( two correlative evils t5ds to p]petuate ! o!r4 ,! exi/5ce ( m5 ) ! habit ( p[] increases ! risk ( w>1 & ! risk ( w> makes x impossible to e/abli% a sy/em :]e no man possesses great p[]4 ,s f> we h be5 consid]+ :at is true 9 ! cont5tion t capitalism causes mod]n w>s4 ,x is "t n[ to look at ! o!r side1 & to ask ourselves :e!r ! abolition ( capitalism w\ld1 by itself1 be suffici5t to prev5t w>4 ,i d n myself believe t ?is is ! case4 ,! outlook ( bo? ,sociali/s & ,an>*i/s seems to me1 9 ?is respect z 9 "s o!rs1 to be unduly divorc$ f ! fundam5tal in/9cts ( human nature4 ,!re 7 w>s be=e !re 0 capital- ism1 & fight+ is habitual among animals4 ,! p[] ( ! ,press 9 promot+ w> is entirely due to ! fact t x is able to appeal to c]ta9 in/9cts4 ,man is naturally competitive1 acquisitive1 &1 9 a great] or less degree1 pugnaci\s4 ,:5 ! ,press tells him t s-&-s is 8 enemy1 a :ole set ( in/9cts 9 him responds to ! sugge/ion4 ,x is natural to mo/ m5 to suppose t !y h enemies & to f9d a c]ta9 fulfillm5t ( _! nature :5 !y emb>k ^u a conte/4 ,:at a man believes ^u grossly insuffici5t evid5ce is an index to 8 desires--desires ( :i* he himself is (t5 unconsci\s4 ,if a man is (f]$ a fact :i* goes aga9/ 8 in/9cts1 he w scrut9ize x closely1 & unless ! evid5ce is ov]:elm+1 he w refuse to believe x4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 he is (f]$ some?+ :i* af=ds a reason = act+ 9 accordance ) 8 in/9cts1 he w accept x ev5 on ! sl5d]e/ evid5ce4 ,! orig9 ( my?s is expla9$ 9 ?is way1 & mu* ( :at is curr5tly believ$ 9 int]national affairs is no bett] ?an my?4 ,al?\gh capitalism af=ds 9 mod]n society ! *annel by :i* ! in/9ct ( pugnacity f9ds its outlet1 !re is reason to fe> t1 if ?is *annel 7 clos$1 "s o!r w\ld be f\nd1 unless education & environm5t 7 s *ang$ z enorm\sly to dim9i% ! /r5g? ( ! competitive in/9ct4 ,if an economic reorganization c effect ?is x may pro- vide a real safegu>d aga9/ w>1 b if n1 x is to be fe>$ t ! hopes ( univ]sal peace w prove delusive4 ,! abolition ( capitalism might1 & v likely w\ld1 greatly dim9i% ! inc5tives to w> :i* are d]iv$ f ! ,press & f ! desire ( f9ance to f9d new fields = inve/m5t 9 undevelop$ c\ntries1 b ^? :i* are d]iv$ f ! in/9ct ( comm& & ! impati5ce ( opposition might rema91 ?\gh p]haps 9 a less virul5t =m ?an at pres5t4 ,a democracy :i* has p[] is almo/ always m bellicose ?an "o :i* is exclud$ f its due %>e 9 ! gov]nm5t4 ,! int]nationalism ( ,m>x is bas$ ^u ! assumption t ! prolet>iat ev]y:]e are oppress$ by ! rul+ classes4 ,! la/ words ( ! ,communi/ ,manife/o embody ?is idea-- ,let ! rul+ classes tremble at a ,communi/ic revolution4 ,! prolet>ians h no?+ to lose b _! *a9s4 ,!y h a _w to w94 ,work+ m5 ( all c\ntries1 unite6 ,s long z ! prolet>ians h no?+ to lose b _! *a9s1 x is n likely t _! enmity w be direct$ aga9/ o!r prolet>ians4 ,if ! _w _h develop$ z ,m>x expect$1 ! k9d ( int]nationalism :i* he =esaw might h inspir$ a univ]sal social revolution4 ,russia1 :i* devel- op$ m ne>ly ?an any o!r c\ntry ^u ! l9es ( 8 sy/em1 has _h a revolution ( ! k9d :i* he expect$4 ,if ! developm5t 9 o!r c\ntries _h be5 simil>1 x is highly probable t ?is revolution w\ld h spread ?r\gh\t ! civiliz$ _w4 ,! prolet>iat ( all c\ntries might h unit$ aga9/ ! capitali/s z _! common enemy1 & 9 ! bond ( an id5tical hatr$ !y might = ! mom5t h be5 free f hatr$ t[>d ea* o!r4 ,ev5 !n1 ?is gr\nd ( union w\ld h ceas$ ) _! victory1 & on ! morr[ ( ! social revolution ! old national rivalries might h reviv$4 ,!re is no al*emy by :i* a univ]sal h>mony c be produc$ out ( hatr$4 ,^? :o h be5 inspir$ to action by ! doctr9e ( ! class w> w h acquir$ ! habit ( hatr$1 & w in/9ctively seek new enemies :5 ! old ones h be5 vanqui%$4 ,b 9 actual fact ! psy*ology ( ! work+ man 9 any ( ! ,we/]n democracies is totally unlike t :i* is assum$ 9 ! ,communi/ ,manife/o4 ,he does n by any means feel t he has no?+ to lose b 8 *a9s1 nor inde$ is ?is true4 ,! *a9s :i* b9d ,asia & ,africa 9 subjection to ,europe are p>tly rivet$ by him4 ,he is himself "p ( a great sy/em ( tyranny & exploitation4 ,univ]sal fre$om w\ld remove1 n only 8 own *a9s1 :i* are comp>atively light1 b ! f> heavi] *a9s :i* he has help$ to fa/5 ^u ! subject races ( ! _w4 ,n only d ! work+ m5 ( a c\ntry l ,engl& h a %>e 9 ! b5efit accru+ f ! exploitation ( inf]ior races1 b _m among !m also h _! "p 9 ! capitali/ sy/em4 ,! funds ( ,trade ,unions & ,fri5dly ,societies are inve/$ 9 ord9>y und]tak+s1 su* z railways2 _m ( ! bett]-paid wage-e>n]s h put _! sav+s into gov]nm5t securities2 & almo/ all :o are politically active feel !mselves "p ( ! =ces t det]m9e public policy1 ?r\gh ! p[] ( ! ,labor ,p>ty & ! great] unions4 ,ow+ to ^! causes _! outlook on life has become to a consid]able ext5t impregnat$ ) capitalism & z _! s5se ( p[] has gr[n1 _! nationalism has increas$4 ,?is mu/ cont9ue to be true ( any int]nationalism :i* is bas$ ^u hatr$ ( ! capitali/ & adh]5ce to ! doctr9e ( ! class w>4 ,some?+ m positive & con/ructive ?an ?is is ne$$ if gov]n+ democracies are n to inh]it ! vices ( gov]n+ classes 9 ! pa/4 ,i d n wi% to be ?\ght to d5y t capitalism does v mu* to promote w>s1 or t w>s w\ld probably be less frequ5t & less de/ructive if private prop]ty 7 aboli%$4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,i believe t ! abolition ( private own]%ip ( l& & capital is a necess>y /ep t[>d any _w 9 :i* ! nations are to live at peace ) "o ano!r4 ,i am only argu+ t ?is /ep1 necess>y z x is1 w n alone suffice = ?is end1 b t among ! causes ( w> !re are o!rs t g deep] into ! roots ( human nature ?an any t or?odox ,sociali/s are wont to ackn[l$ge4 ,let u take an in/ance4 ,9 ,au/ralia & ,cali=nia !re is an int5se dislike & fe> t[>d ! yell[ races4 ,! causes ( ?is are complex2 ! *ief among !m are two1 labor competition & in/9ctive race-hatr$4 ,x is probable t1 if race- hatr$ did n exi/1 ! difficulties ( labor competition c\ld be ov]come4 ,european immigrants also compete1 b !y are n exclud$4 ,9 a sp>sely populat$ c\ntry1 indu/ri\s *eap labor c\ld1 ) a little c>e1 be s utiliz$ z to enri* ! exi/+ inhabitants2 x might1 = example1 be conf9$ to c]ta9 k9ds ( "w1 by cu/om if n by law4 ,b race-hatr$ op5s m5's m9ds to ! evils ( competition & closes !m aga9/ ! advantages ( co-op]ation2 x makes !m reg>d ) horror ! some:at unfamili> vices ( ! ali5s1 :ile our own vices are view$ ) mild tol]ation4 ,i _c b ?9k t1 if ,au/ralia 7 completely socializ$1 !re w\ld /ill rema9 ! same popul> objection z at pres5t to any l>ge influx ( ,*9ese or ,japanese labor4 ,yet if ,japan also 7 to become a ,sociali/ ,/ate1 ! ,japanese might well cont9ue to feel ! pressure ( population & ! desire = an outlet4 ,9 su* circum/ances1 all ! passions & int]e/s requir$ to produce a w> w\ld exi/1 9 spite ( ! e/abli%m5t ( ,socialism 9 bo? c\ntries4 ,ants are z completely ,sociali/ic z any community c possibly be1 yet !y put to dea? any ant :i* /rays among !m by mi/ake f a neighbor+ ant-heap4 ,m5 d n diff] mu* f ants1 z reg>ds _! in/9cts 9 ?is respect1 :]e- ev] !re is a great div]g5ce ( race1 z betwe5 :ite m5 & yell[ m54 ,( c\rse ! in/9ct ( race-ho/ility c be ov]come by suitable circum/ances2 b 9 ! abs5ce ( su* circum/ances x rema9s a =midable m5ace to ! _w's peace4 ,if ! peace ( ! _w is ev] to become secure1 ,i believe !re w h to be1 along ) o!r *anges1 a developm5t ( ! idea :i* inspires ! project ( a ,league ( ,nations4 ,z "t goes on1 ! de/ructiv5ess ( w> gr[s great] & its pr(its gr[ less3 ! rational argum5t aga9/ w> acquires m & m =ce z ! increas+ productivity ( labor makes x possible to devote a great] & great] proportion ( ! population to ! "w ( mutual slaught]4 ,9 quiet times1 or :5 a great w> has j end$1 m5's moods are am5able to ! rational gr\nds 9 favor ( peace1 & x is possible to inaugurate s*emes design$ to make w>s less frequ5t4 ,probably no civiliz$ nation w\ld emb>k ^u an aggressive w> if x 7 fairly c]ta9 9 advance t ! aggressor mu/ be defeat$4 ,?is c\ld be a*iev$ if mo/ great nations came to reg>d ! peace ( ! _w z ( su* importance t !y w\ld side aga9/ an aggressor ev5 9 a qu>rel 9 :i* !y _h no direct int]e/4 ,x is on ?is hope t ! ,league ( ,nations is bas$4 ,b ! ,league ( ,nations1 l ! abolition ( private prop]ty1 w be by no means suffici5t if x is n accompani$ or quickly foll[$ by o!r re=ms4 ,x is cle> t su* re=ms1 if !y are to be effective1 mu/ be int]national2 ! _w mu/ move z a :ole 9 ^! matt]s1 if x is to move at all4 ,"o ( ! mo/ obvi\s necessities1 if peace is to be secure1 is a measure ( dis>mam5t4 ,s long z ! pres5t va/ armies & navies exi/1 no sy/em c prev5t ! risk ( w>4 ,b dis>mam5t1 if x is to s]ve its purpose1 mu/ be simultane\s & by mutual agreem5t among all ! ,great ,p[]s4 ,& x is n likely to be successful s long z hatr$ & suspicion rule betwe5 nations1 = ea* nation w suspect its neighbor ( n c>ry+ out ! b>ga9 fairly4 ,a diff]5t m5tal & moral atmosph]e f t to :i* we are accu/om$ 9 int]national affairs w be necess>y if agreem5ts betwe5 nations are to succe$ 9 av]t+ cata/rophes4 ,if once su* an atmosph]e exi/$ x might be p]petuat$ & /r5g!n$ by wise in/itutions2 b x _c be ,,creat$ by in/itutions alone4 ,int]national co-op]ation requires mutual good w1 & good w1 h[ev] x has aris51 is only to be ,,pres]v$ by co-op]ation4 ,! int]national future dep5ds ^u ! possibility ( ! initial creation ( good w betwe5 nations4 ,x is 9 ?is sort ( matt] t revolutions are mo/ useful4 ,if ! ,russian ,revolution _h be5 accompani$ by a revolution 9 ,g]many1 ! dramatic sudd5ness ( ! *ange might h %ak5 ,europe1 = ! mom5t1 out ( its habits ( ?\ght3 ! idea ( frat]nity might h seem$1 9 ! tw9kl+ ( an eye1 to h ent]$ ! _w ( practical politics2 & no idea is s practical z ! idea ( ! bro!rhood ( man1 if only p c be />tl$ into believ+ 9 x4 ,if once ! idea ( frat]nity betwe5 nations 7 inaugurat$ ) ! fai? & vigor belong+ to a new revolution1 all ! difficulties surr\nd+ x w\ld melt away1 = all ( !m are due to suspicion & ! tyranny ( anci5t prejudice4 ,^? :o 7z is common 9 ! ,engli%-speak+ _w7 reject revolution z a me?od1 & praise ! gradual piecemeal developm5t :i* 7we are told7 con/itutes solid progress1 ov]look ! effect ( dramatic ev5ts 9 *ang+ ! mood & ! beliefs ( :ole populations4 ,a simultane\s revolution 9 ,g]many & ,russia w\ld no d\bt h _h su* an effect1 & w\ld h made ! creation ( a new _w possible "h & n[4 ,dis alit] visum3 ! mill5nium is n = our "t4 ,! great mom5t has pass$1 & = ourselves x is aga9 ! di/ant hope t mu/ inspire u1 n ! imm$iate brea?less look+ = ! deliv]ance4#ef ,b we h se5 :at might h be51 & we "k t great possibilities d arise 9 times ( crisis4 ,9 "s su* s5se z ?is1 x may well be true t ! ,sociali/ revolution is ! road to univ]sal peace1 & t :5 x has be5 trav]s$ all ! o!r conditions = ! cessation ( w>s w gr[ ( !mselves out ( ! *ang$ m5tal & moral atmosph]e4 #ef ,?is 0 writt5 9 ,m>*1 #aiah1 almo/ ! d>ke/ mom5t ( ! w>4 ,!re is a c]ta9 class ( difficulties :i* surr\nds ! sob] ideali/ 9 all speculations ab\t ! n too di/ant future4 ,^! are ! cases :]e ! solution believ$ by mo/ ideali/s to be univ]sally applicable is = "s reason impossible1 & is1 at ! same "t1 object$ to = base or int]e/$ motives by all uphold]s ( exi/+ inequalities4 ,! case ( ,tropical ,africa w illu/rate :at ,i mean4 ,x w\ld be difficult s]i\sly to advocate ! imm$iate introduction ( p>liam5t>y gov]nm5t = ! natives ( ?is "p ( ! _w1 ev5 if x 7 accompani$ by wom5's suffrage & proportional repres5tation4 ,s f> z ,i "k1 no "o supposes ! populations ( ^! regions capable ( self- det]m9ation1 except ,mr4 ,lloyd ,george4 ,!re c be no d\bt t1 :atev] regime may be introduc$ 9 ,europe1 ,african negroes w = a long "t to come be gov]n$ & exploit$ by ,europeans4 ,if ! ,european ,/ates became ,sociali/ic1 & refus$1 "u a ,quixotic impulse1 to enri* !mselves at ! exp5se ( ! def5seless inhabitants ( ,africa1 ^? inhabitants w\ld n !reby ga92 on ! contr>y1 !y w\ld lose1 = !y w\ld be h&$ ov] to ! t5d] m]cies ( individual trad]s1 op]at+ ) armies ( reprobate bravos1 & committ+ e atrocity to :i* ! civiliz$ b>b>ian is prone4 ,! ,european gov]nm5ts _c dive/ !mselves ( responsibility 9 reg>d to ,africa4 ,!y mu/ gov]n !re1 & ! be/ t c be hop$ is t !y %\ld gov]n ) a m9imum ( cruelty & rapacity4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( pres]v+ ! peace ( ! _w1 ! problem is to p>cel out ! advantages :i* :ite m5 d]ive f _! position 9 ,africa 9 su* a way t no nation %all feel a s5se ( inju/ice4 ,?is problem is comp>atively simple1 & might no d\bt be solv$ on ! l9es ( ! w> aims ( ! ,int]-,alli$ ,sociali/s4 ,b x is n ?is problem :i* ,i wi% to discuss4 ,:at ,i wi% to consid] is1 h[ c\ld a ,sociali/ or an ,an>*i/ community gov]n & adm9i/] an ,african region1 full ( natural weal?1 b inhabit$ by a q unciviliz$ population8 ,unless great precautions 7 tak5 ! :ite community1 "u ! circum/ances1 w\ld acquire ! position & ! in/9cts ( a slave-own]4 ,x w\ld t5d to keep ! negroes d[n to ! b>e level ( subsi/5ce1 :ile us+ ! produce ( _! c\ntry to increase ! com=t & spl5dor ( ! ,communi/ community4 ,x w\ld d ?is ) t c>eful unconsci\sness :i* n[ *>act]izes all ! wor/ acts ( nations4 ,adm9i/rators w\ld be appo9t$ & w\ld be expect$ to keep sil5ce z to _! me?ods4 ,busybodies :o report$ horrors w\ld be disbeliev$1 & w\ld be said to be actuat$ by hatr$ t[>d ! exi/+ regime & by a p]v]se love = e c\ntry b _! own4 ,no d\bt1 9 ! fir/ g5]\s en?usiasm accompany+ ! e/abli%m5t ( ! new regime at home1 !re w\ld be e int5tion ( mak+ ! natives happy1 b gradually !y w\ld be =gott51 & only ! tribute com+ f _! c\ntry w\ld be rememb]$4 ,i d n say t all ^! evils are unavoidable2 ,i say only t !y w n be avoid$ unless !y are =ese5 & a delib]ate consci\s ef=t is made to prev5t _! realization4 ,if ! :ite communities %\ld ev] rea* ! po9t ( wi%+ to c>ry out z f> z possible ! pr9ciples und]ly+ ! revolt aga9/ capitalism1 !y w h to f9d a way ( e/abli%+ an absolute dis9t]e/$ness 9 _! deal+s ) subject races4 ,x w be necess>y to avoid ! fa9te/ sugge/ion ( capitali/ic pr(it 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ,africa1 & to sp5d 9 ! c\ntries !mselves :atev] !y w\ld be able to sp5d if !y 7 self-gov]n+4 ,moreov]1 x mu/ always be rememb]$ t backw>dness 9 civilization is n necess>ily incurable1 & t ) "t ev5 ! populations ( ,c5tral ,africa may become capable ( democratic self-gov]nm5t1 provid$ ,europeans b5d _! en]gies to ?is purpose4 ,! problem ( ,africa is1 ( c\rse1 a "p ( ! wid] problems ( ,imp]ialism1 b x is t "p 9 :i* ! application ( ,sociali/ pr9ciples is mo/ difficult4 ,9 reg>d to ,asia1 & m p>ticul>ly 9 reg>d to ,india & ,p]sia1 ! application ( pr9ciples is cle> 9 !ory ?\gh difficult 9 political practice4 ,! ob/acles to self-gov]nm5t :i* exi/ 9 ,africa d n exi/ 9 ! same measure 9 ,asia4 ,:at /&s 9 ! way ( fre$om ( ,asiatic populations is n _! lack ( intellig5ce1 b only _! lack ( milit>y pr[ess1 :i* makes !m an easy prey to our lu/ = dom9ion4 ,?is lu/ w\ld probably be 9 tempor>y abeyance on ! morr[ ( a ,sociali/ revolution1 & at su* a mom5t a new dep>ture 9 ,asiatic policy might be tak5 ) p]man5tly b5eficial results4 ,i d n mean1 ( c\rse1 t we %\ld =ce ^u ,india t =m ( democratic gov]nm5t :i* we h develop$ = our own ne$s4 ,i mean r t we %\ld leave ,india to *oose its own =m ( gov]nm5t1 its own mann] ( education & its own type ( civilization4 ,india has an anci5t tradition1 v diff]5t f t ( ,we/]n ,europe1 a tradition highly valu$ by educat$ ,h9doos1 b n lov$ by our s*ools & colleges4 ,! ,h9doo ,nationali/ feels t 8 c\ntry has a type ( culture conta9+ elem5ts ( value t are abs5t1 or mu* less m>k$1 9 ! ,we/2 he wi%es to be free to pres]ve ?is1 & desires political fre$om = su* reasons r ?an = ^? t w\ld mo/ naturally appeal to an ,engli%man 9 ! same subject position4 ,! belief ( ! ,european 9 8 own ,kultur t5ds to be fanatical & ru?less1 & = ?is reason1 z mu* z = any o!r1 ! indep5d5ce ( extra-,european civilization is ( real importance to ! _w1 = x is n by a dead uni=mity t ! _w z a :ole is mo/ enri*$4 ,i h set =? /rongly all ! major difficulties 9 ! way ( ! pres]vation ( ! _w's peace1 n because ,i believe ^! difficulties to be insup]able1 b1 on ! contr>y1 because ,i believe t !y c be ov]come if !y are recogniz$4 ,a correct diagnosis is necess>ily ! fir/ /ep t[>d a cure4 ,! exi/+ evils 9 int]national relations spr+1 at bottom1 f psy*ological causes1 f motives =m+ "p ( human nature z x is at pres5t4 ,among ^! ! *ief are competitiv5ess1 love ( p[]1 & envy1 us+ envy 9 t broad s5se 9 :i* x includes ! in/9ctive dislike ( any ga9 to o!rs n accompani$ by an at lea/ equal ga9 to ourselves4 ,! evils aris+ f ^! ?ree causes c be remov$ by a bett] education & a bett] economic & political sy/em4 ,competitiv5ess is by no means :olly an evil4 ,:5 x takes ! =m ( emulation 9 ! s]vice ( ! public1 or 9 discov]y or ! production ( works ( art1 x may become a v useful /imulus1 urg+ m5 to pr(itable ef=t beyond :at !y w\ld o!rwise make4 ,x is only h>mful :5 x aims at ! acquisition ( goods :i* are limit$ 9 am\nt1 s t :at "o man possesses he holds at ! exp5se ( ano!r4 ,:5 competitiv5ess takes ?is =m x is necess>ily att5d$ by fe>1 & out ( fe> cruelty is almo/ inevitably develop$4 ,b a social sy/em provid+ = a m j di/ribution ( mat]ial goods might close to ! in/9ct ( competitiv5ess ^? *annels 9 :i* x is h>mful1 & cause x to fl[ in/ead 9 *annels 9 :i* x w\ld become a b5efit to mank9d4 ,?is is "o great reason :y ! communal own]%ip ( l& & capital w\ld be likely to h a b5eficial effect ^u human nature1 = human nature1 z x exi/s 9 adult m5 & wom51 is by no means a fix$ datum1 b a product ( circum/ances1 education & opportunity op]at+ ^u a highly malleable native disposition4 ,:at is true ( competitiv5ess is equally true ( love ( p[]4 ,p[]1 9 ! =m 9 :i* x is n[ usually s\ght1 is p[] ( comm&1 p[] ( impos+ "o's w ^u o!rs by =ce1 op5 or conceal$4 ,?is =m ( p[] consi/s1 9 ess5ce1 9 ?w>t+ o!rs1 = x is only display$ :5 o!rs are compell$ to d :at !y d n wi% to d4 ,su* p[]1 we hope1 ! social sy/em :i* is to sup]s$e capitali/ w r$uce to a m9imum by ! me?ods :i* we outl9$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]4 ,^! me?ods c be appli$ 9 int]national no less ?an 9 national affairs4 ,9 int]national affairs ! same =mula ( f$]alism w apply3 self- det]m9ation = e gr\p 9 reg>d to matt]s :i* conc]n x mu* m vitally ?an !y conc]n o!rs1 & gov]nm5t by a neutral au?ority embrac+ rival gr\ps 9 all matt]s 9 :i* conflict+ int]e/s ( gr\ps come into play2 l\t always ) ! fix$ pr9ciple t ! functions ( gov]nm5t are to be r$uc$ to ! b>e m9imum compatible ) ju/ice & ! prev5tion ( private viol5ce4 ,9 su* a _w ! pres5t h>mful outlets = ! love ( p[] w\ld be clos$4 ,b ! p[] :i* consi/s 9 p]suasion1 9 tea*+1 9 lead+ m5 to a new wisdom or ! realization ( new possibilities ( happ9ess--?is k9d ( p[]1 :i* may be :olly b5eficial1 w\ld rema9 unt\*$1 & _m vigor\s m51 :o 9 ! actual _w devote _! en]gies to dom9ation1 w\ld 9 su* a _w f9d _! en]gies direct$ to ! creation ( new goods r ?an ! p]petuation ( anci5t evils4 ,envy1 ! ?ird ( ! psy*ological causes to :i* we attribut$ :at is bad 9 ! actual _w1 dep5ds 9 mo/ natures ^u t k9d ( fundam5tal discont5t :i* spr+s f a lack ( free developm5t1 f ?w>t$ in/9ct1 & f ! impossibility ( realiz+ an imag9$ happ9ess4 ,envy _c be cur$ by prea*+2 prea*+1 at ! be/1 w only alt] its manife/ations & lead x to adopt m subtle =ms ( concealm5t4 ,except 9 ^? r>e natures 9 :i* g5]osity dom9ates 9 spite ( circum/ances1 ! only cure = envy is fre$om & ! joy ( life4 ,f populations l>gely depriv$ ( ! simple in/9ctive pleasures ( leisure & love1 sun%9e & gre5 fields1 g5]osity ( outlook & k9dl9ess ( dispositions are h>dly to be expect$4 ,9 su* populations ^! qualities are n likely to be f\nd1 ev5 among ! =tunate few1 = ^! few are aw>e1 h[ev] dimly1 t !y are pr(it+ by an inju/ice1 & t !y c only cont9ue to enjoy _! good =tune by delib]ately ignor+ ^? ) :om x is n %>$4 ,if g5]osity & k9dl9ess are to be common1 !re mu/ be m c>e ?an !re is at pres5t = ! elem5t>y wants ( human nature1 & m realization t ! diffusion ( happ9ess among all :o are n ! victims ( "s peculi> mis=tune is bo? possible & imp]ative4 ,a _w full ( happ9ess w\ld n wi% to plunge into w>1 & w\ld n be fill$ ) t grudg+ ho/ility :i* our cramp$ & n>r[ exi/5ce =ces ^u av]age human nature4 ,a _w full ( happ9ess is n beyond human p[] to create2 ! ob/acles impos$ by inanimate nature are n insup]able4 ,! real ob/acles lie 9 ! he>t ( man1 & ! cure = ^! is a firm hope1 in=m$ & =tifi$ by ?\ght4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,art ,,"u ,,socialism ,,socialism has be5 advocat$ by mo/ ( its *ampions *iefly z a means ( increas+ ! welf>e ( ! wage e>n+ classes1 & m p>ticul>ly _! mat]ial welf>e4 ,x has seem$ accord+ly1 to "s m5 ^: aims are n mat]ial1 z if x has no?+ to (f] t[>d ! g5]al advancem5t ( civilization 9 ! way ( art & ?\ght4 ,"s ( its advocates1 moreov]--& among ^! ,m>x mu/ be includ$--h writt51 no d\bt n delib]ately1 z if ) ! ,sociali/ revolution ! mill5nium w\ld h arriv$1 & !re w\ld be no ne$ ( fur!r progress = ! human race4 ,i d n "k :e!r our age is m re/less ?an t :i* prec$$ x1 or :e!r x has m]ely become m impregnat$ ) ! idea ( evolution1 b1 = :atev] reason1 we h gr[n incapable ( believ+ 9 a /ate ( /atic p]fection1 & we dem&1 ( any social sy/em1 :i* is to h our approval1 t x %all conta9 )9 itself a /imulus & opportunity = progress t[>d some?+ /ill bett]4 ,! d\bts ?us rais$ by ,sociali/ writ]s make x necess>y to inquire :e!r ,socialism w\ld 9 fact be ho/ile to art & sci5ce1 & :e!r x w\ld be likely to produce a /]eotyp$ society 9 :i* progress w\ld become difficult & sl[4 ,x is n en\gh t m5 & wom5 %\ld be made com=table 9 a mat]ial s5se4 ,_m memb]s ( ! well-to-d classes at pres5t1 9 spite ( opportunity1 contribute no?+ ( value to ! life ( ! _w1 & d n ev5 succe$ 9 secur+ = !mselves any p]sonal happ9ess wor?y to be s call$4 ,! multiplication ( su* individuals w\ld be an a*ievem5t ( ! v m9ute/ value2 & if ,socialism 7 m]ely to be/[ ^u all ! k9d ( life & outlook :i* is n[ enjoy$ by ! m apa!tic among ! well-to-d1 x w\ld (f] little t c\ld inspire en?usiasm 9 any g5]\s _s4 ,! true role ( collective exi/5ce1'' says ,m4 ,naquet1#eg'' 4 4 4 is to le>n1 to discov]1 to "k4 ,eat+1 dr9k+1 sleep+1 liv+1 9 a ^w1 is a m]e accessory4 ,9 ?is respect1 we are n di/+ui%$ f ! brute4 ,k is ! goal4 ,if ,i 7 condemn$ to *oose betwe5 a humanity mat]ially happy1 glutt$ aft] ! mann] ( a flock ( %eep 9 a field1 & a humanity exi/+ 9 mis]y1 b f :i* emanat$1 "h & !re1 "s et]nal tru?1 x is on ! latt] t my *oice w\ld fall4'' #eg ,l',an>*ie et le ,collectivisme1'' p4 #aad4 ,?is /atem5t puts ! alt]native 9 a v extreme =m 9 :i* x is some:at unreal4 ,x may be said 9 reply t = ^? :o h _h ! leisure & ! opportunity to enjoy et]nal tru?s'' x is easy to exalt _! importance at ! exp5se ( suff]+s :i* fall on o!rs4 ,?is is true2 b1 if x is tak5 z dispos+ ( ! "q1 x leaves out ( acc\nt ! importance ( ?\ght = progress4 ,view+ ! life ( mank9d z a :ole1 9 ! future z well z 9 ! pres5t1 !re c be no "q t a society 9 :i* "s m5 pursue k :ile o!rs endure great pov]ty (f]s m hope ( ultimate good ?an a society 9 :i* all are sunk 9 slo?ful com=t4 ,x is true t pov]ty is a great evil1 b x is n true t mat]ial prosp]ity is 9 itself a great good4 ,if x is to h any real value to society1 x mu/ be made a means to ! advancem5t ( ^? high] goods t belong to ! life ( ! m9d4 ,b ! life ( ! m9d does n consi/ ( ?\ght & k alone1 nor c x be completely heal?y unless x has "s in/9ctive contact1 h[ev] deeply buri$1 ) ! g5]al life ( ! community4 ,divorc$ f ! social in/9ct1 ?\ght1 l art1 t5ds to become f9icky & preci\s4 ,x is ! position ( su* art & ?\ght z is imbu$ ) ! in/9ctive s5se ( s]vice to mank9d t we wi% to consid]1 = x is ?is alone t makes up ! life ( ! m9d 9 ! s5se 9 :i* x is a vital "p ( ! life ( ! community4 ,w ! life ( ! m9d 9 ?is s5se be help$ or h9d]$ by ,socialism8 ,& w !re /ill be a suffici5t spur to progress to prev5t a condition ( ,byzant9e immobility8 ,9 consid]+ ?is "q we are1 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 pass+ outside ! atmosph]e ( democracy4 ,! g5]al good ( ! community is realiz$ only 9 individuals1 b x is realiz$ mu* m fully 9 "s individuals ?an 9 o!rs4 ,"s m5 h a compreh5sive & p5etrat+ intellect1 enabl+ !m to appreciate & rememb] :at has be5 ?\ght & kn[n by _! pr$ecessors1 & to discov] new regions 9 :i* !y enjoy all ! high delights ( ! m5tal explor]4 ,o!rs h ! p[] ( creat+ beauty1 giv+ bodily =m to impalpable visions out ( :i* joy comes to _m4 ,su* m5 are m =tunate ?an ! mass1 & also m important = ! collective life4 ,a l>g] %>e ( ! g5]al sum ( good is conc5trat$ 9 !m ?an 9 ! ord9>y man & woman2 b also _! contribution to ! g5]al good is great]4 ,!y /& out among m5 & _c be :olly fitt$ into ! framework ( democratic equality4 ,a social sy/em :i* w\ld r5d] !m unproductive w\ld /& condemn$1 :atev] o!r m]its x might h4 ,! fir/ ?+ to realize--?\gh x is difficult 9 a comm]cial age--is t :at is be/ 9 creative m5tal activity _c be produc$ by any sy/em ( monet>y rew>ds4 ,opportunity & ! /imulus ( an invigorat+ spiritual atmosph]e are important1 b1 if !y are pres5t$1 no f9ancial inducem5ts w be requir$1 :ile if !y are abs5t1 mat]ial comp5sations w be ( no avail4 ,recognition1 ev5 if x takes ! =m ( money1 c br+ a c]ta9 pleasure 9 old age to ! man ( sci5ce :o has battl$ all 8 life aga9/ academic prejudice1 or to ! arti/ :o has endur$ ye>s ( ridicule = n pa9t+ 9 ! mann] ( 8 pr$ecessors2 b x is n by ! remote hope ( su* pleasures t _! "w has be5 inspir$4 ,all ! mo/ important "w spr+s f an uncalculat+ impulse1 & is be/ promot$1 n by rew>ds aft] ! ev5t1 b by circum/ances :i* keep ! impulse alive & af=d scope = ! activities :i* x inspires4 ,9 ! creation ( su* circum/ances our pres5t sy/em is mu* at fault4 ,w ,socialism be bett]8 ,i d n ?9k ?is "q c be answ]$ )\t specify+ ! k9d ( ,socialism t is int5d$3 "s =ms ( ,socialism w\ld1 ,i believe1 be ev5 m de/ructive 9 ?is respect ?an ! pres5t capitali/ regime1 :ile o!rs w\ld be immeasurably bett]4 ,?ree ?+s :i* a social sy/em c provide or )hold are helpful to m5tal creation3 fir/1 te*nical tra9+2 second1 lib]ty to foll[ ! creative impulse2 ?ird1 at lea/ ! possibility ( ultimate appreciation by "s public1 :e!r l>ge or small4 ,we may leave out ( our discussion bo? individual g5ius & ^? intangible conditions :i* make "s ages great & o!rs /]ile 9 art & sci5ce--n because ^! are unimportant1 b because !y are too little und]/ood to be tak5 acc\nt ( 9 economic or political organization4 ,! ?ree conditions we h m5tion$ seem to cov] mo/ ( :at c be ,,se5 to be useful or h>mful f our pres5t po9t ( view1 & x is !re=e to !m t we %all conf9e ourselves4 #a4 ,te*nical ,tra9+4--,te*nical tra9+ at pres5t1 :e!r 9 sci5ce or art1 requires "o or o!r ( two conditions4 ,ei!r a boy mu/ be ! son ( well-to-d p>5ts :o c af=d to keep him :ile he acquires 8 education1 or he mu/ %[ s mu* ability at an e>ly age z to enable him to subsi/ on s*ol>%ips until he is ready to e>n 8 liv+4 ,! =m] condition is1 ( c\rse1 a m]e matt] ( luck1 & c\ld n be pres]v$ 9 its pres5t =m "u any k9d ( ,socialism or ,communism4 ,?is loss is emphasiz$ by def5d]s ( ! pres5t sy/em1 & no d\bt x w\ld be1 to same ext5t1 a real loss4 ,b ! well-to-d are a small proportion ( ! population1 & presumably on ! av]age no m tal5t$ by nature ?an _! less =tunate contempor>ies4 ,if ! advantages :i* are enjoy$ n[ by ^? few among !m :o are capable ( good "w 9 sci5ce or art c\ld be ext5d$1 ev5 9 a slightly att5uat$ =m1 to all :o are simil>ly gift$1 ! result w\ld almo/ infallibly be a ga91 & mu* ability :i* is n[ wa/$ w\ld be r5d]$ fruitful4 ,b h[ is ?is to be effect$8 ,! sy/em ( s*ol>%ips obta9$ by competition1 ?\gh bett] ?an no?+1 is objectionable f _m po9ts ( view4 ,x introduces ! competitive _s into ! "w ( ! v "y2 x makes !m reg>d k f ! /&po9t ( :at is useful 9 exam9ations r ?an 9 ! light ( its intr9sic int]e/ or importance2 x places a premium ^u t sort ( ability :i* is display$ precoci\sly 9 glib answ]s to set que/ions r ?an ^u ! k9d t broods on difficulties & rema9s = a "t r dumb4 ,:at is p]haps worse ?an any ( ^! defects is ! t5d5cy to cause ov]work 9 y\?1 lead+ to lack ( vigor & int]e/ :5 manhood has be5 rea*$4 ,x c h>dly be d\bt$ t by ?is cause1 at pres5t1 _m f9e m9ds h _! edge blunt$ & _! ke5ness de/roy$4 ,/ate ,socialism might easily univ]salize ! sy/em ( s*ol>%ips obta9$ by competitive exam9ation1 & if x did s x is to he fe>$ t x w\ld be v h>mful4 ,/ate ,sociali/s at pres5t t5d to be enamor$ ( ! sy/ems :i* is exactly ( ! k9d t e bureaucrat loves3 ord]ly1 neat1 giv+ a /imulus to indu/ri\s habits1 & involv+ no wa/e ( a sort t c\ld be tabulat$ 9 /ati/ics or acc\nts ( public exp5diture4 ,su* m5 w argue t free high] education is exp5sive to ! community1 & only useful 9 ! case ( ^? :o h exceptional abilities2 x ought1 !re=e1 !y w say1 n to be giv5 to all1 b only to ^? :o w become m useful memb]s ( society ?r\gh receiv+ x4 ,su* argum5ts make a great appeal to :at are call$ practical'' m51 & ! answ]s to !m are ( a sort :i* x is difficult to r5d] widely conv9c+4 ,revolt aga9/ ! evils ( competition is1 h[ev]1 "p ( ! v ess5ce ( ! ,sociali/'s prote/ aga9/ ! exi/+ ord]1 & on ?is gr\nd1 if on no o!r1 ^? :o favor ,socialism may be summon$ to look = "s bett] solution4 ,mu* ! simple/ solution1 & ! only really effective "o1 is to make e k9d ( education free up to ! age ( tw5ty-"o = all boys & girls :o desire x4 ,! majority w be tir$ ( education be=e t age1 & w pref] to beg9 o!r "w soon]2 ?is w lead to a natural selection ( ^? ) /rong int]e/s 9 "s pursuit requir+ a long tra9+4 ,among ^? select$ 9 ?is way by _! own incl9ations1 probably almo/ all ?o h m>k$ abilities ( ! k9d 9 "q w be includ$4 ,x is true t !re w also be _m :o h v little ability2 ! desire to become a pa9t]1 = example1 is by no means conf9$ to ^? :o c pa9t4 ,b ?is degree ( wa/e c\ld well be borne by ! community2 x w\ld be immeasurably less ?an t n[ entail$ by ! support ( ! idle ri*4 ,any sy/em :i* aims at avoid+ ?is k9d ( wa/e mu/ entail ! f> m s]i\s wa/e ( reject+ or spoil+ "s ( ! be/ ability 9 ea* g5]ation4 ,! sy/em ( free education up to any grade = all :o desire x is ! only sy/em :i* is consi/5t ) ! pr9ciples ( lib]ty1 & ! only "o :i* gives a reasonable hope ( af=d+ full scope = tal5t4 ,?is sy/em is equally compatible ) all =ms ( ,socialism & ,an>*ism4 ,!oretically1 x is compatible ) capitalism1 b practically x is s opposite 9 _s t x w\ld h>dly be feasible )\t a complete economic recon/ruction4 ,! fact t ,socialism w\ld facilitate x mu/ be reckon$ a v p[]ful argum5t 9 favor ( *ange1 = ! wa/e ( tal5t at pres5t 9 ! poor] classes ( society mu/ be /up5d\s4 #b4 ,lib]ty to foll[ ! creative impulse4-- ,:5 a man's tra9+ has be5 complet$1 if he is possess$ ( really great abilities1 he w d 8 be/ "w if he is completely free to foll[ 8 b5t1 creat+ :at seems good to him1 reg>dless ( ! judgm5t ( exp]ts4'' ,at pres5t ?is is only possible = two classes ( p3 ^? :o h private means1 & ^? :o c e>n a liv+ by an occupation t does n absorb _! :ole en]gies4 ,"u ,socialism1 !re w be no "o ) private means1 & if !re is to be no loss z reg>ds art & sci5ce1 ! opportunity :i* n[ comes by accid5t to a few w h to be provid$ delib]ately = a mu* l>g] numb]4 ,! m5 :o h us$ private means z an opportunity = creative "w h be5 few b important3 "o might m5tion ,milton1 ,%elley1 ,keats & ,d>w9 z examples4 ,probably none ( ^! w\ld h produc$ z good "w if !y _h _h to e>n _! livelihood4 ,if ,d>w9 _h be5 a univ]sity tea*]1 he w\ld ( c\rse h be5 dismiss$ f 8 po/ by ! influ5ce ( ! cl]ics on acc\nt ( 8 sc&al\s !ories4 ,nev]!less1 ! bulk ( ! creative "w ( ! _w is done at pres5t by m5 :o subsi/ by "s o!r occupation4 ,sci5ce1 & rese>* g5]ally1 are usually done 9 _! sp>e "t by m5 :o live by tea*+4 ,!re is no great objection to ?is 9 ! case ( sci5ce1 provid$ ! numb] ( h\rs devot$ to tea*+ is n excessive4 ,x is p>tly because sci5ce & tea*+ are s easily comb9$ t sci5ce is vigor\s 9 ! pres5t age4 ,9 music1 a compos] :o is also a p]=m] enjoys simil> advantages1 b "o :o is n a p]=m] mu/ />ve1 unless he is ri* or will+ to p&] to ! public ta/e4 ,9 ! f9e arts1 z a rule1 x is n easy 9 ! mod]n _w ei!r to make a liv+ by really good "w or to f9d a subsidi>y pr(ession :i* leaves en\gh leisure = creation4 ,?is is presumably "o reason1 ?\gh by no means ! only "o1 :y art is less fl\ri%+ ?an sci5ce4 ,! bureaucratic ,/ate ,sociali/ w h a simple solution = ^! difficulties4 ,he w appo9t a body consi/+ ( ! mo/ em95t celebrities 9 an art or a sci5ce1 ^: bus9ess x %all be to judge ! "w ( "y m51 & to issue lic5ses to ^? ^: productions f9d favor 9 _! eyes4 ,a lic5s$ arti/ %all be consid]$ to h p]=m$ 8 duty to ! community by produc+ works ( art4 ,b ( c\rse he w h to prove 8 indu/ry by nev] fail+ to produce 9 reasonable quantities1 & 8 cont9u$ ability by nev] fail+ to please 8 em95t judges--until1 9 ! fulness ( "t1 he becomes a judge himself4 ,9 ?is way1 ! au?orities w insure t ! arti/ %all be compet5t1 regul>1 & ob$i5t to ! be/ traditions ( 8 art4 ,^? :o fail to fulfil ^! conditions w be compell$ by ! )drawal ( _! lic5se to seek "s less dubi\s mode ( e>n+ _! liv+4 ,su* w be ! ideal ( ! ,/ate ,sociali/4 ,9 su* a _w all t makes life tol]able to ! lov] ( beauty w\ld p]i%4 ,art spr+s f a wild & an>*ic side ( human nature2 betwe5 ! arti/ & ! bureaucrat !re mu/ always be a pr(\nd mutual antagonism1 an age-long battle 9 :i* ! arti/1 always outw>dly wor/$1 w9s 9 ! end ?r\gh ! gratitude ( mank9d = ! joy t he puts into _! lives4 ,if ! wild side ( human nature is to be p]man5tly subject$ to ! ord]ly rules ( ! b5evol5t1 uncompreh5d+ bureaucrat1 ! joy ( life w p]i% out ( ! e>?1 & ! v impulse to live w gradually )] & die4 ,bett] a ?\s&fold ! pres5t _w ) all its horrors ?an su* a dead mummy ( a _w4 ,bett] ,an>*ism1 ) all its risks1 ?an a ,/ate ,socialism t subjects to rule :at mu/ be spontane\s & free if x is to h any value4 ,x is ?is nightm>e t makes arti/s1 & lov]s ( beauty g5]ally1 s (t5 suspici\s ( ,socialism4 ,b !re is no?+ 9 ! ess5ce ( ,socialism to make art impossible3 only c]ta9 =ms ( ,socialism w\ld entail ?is dang]4 ,william ,morris 0 a ,sociali/1 & 0 a ,sociali/ v l>gely because he 0 an arti/4 ,& 9 ?is he 0 n irrational4 ,x is impossible = art1 or any ( ! high] creative activities1 to fl\ri% "u any sy/em :i* requires t ! arti/ %all prove 8 compet5ce to "s body ( au?orities be=e he is all[$ to foll[ 8 impulse4 ,any really great arti/ is almo/ sure to be ?\ght incompet5t by ^? among 8 s5iors :o w\ld be g5]ally reg>d$ z be/ qualifi$ to =m an op9ion4 ,& ! m]e fact ( hav+ to produce "w :i* w please old] m5 is ho/ile to a free _s & to bold innovation4 ,ap>t f ?is difficulty1 selection by old] m5 w\ld lead to jeal\sy & intrigue & back-bit+1 produc+ a poison\s atmosph]e ( und]gr\nd competition4 ,! only effect ( su* a plan w\ld be to elim9ate ! few :o n[ slip ?r\gh ow+ to "s =tunate accid5t4 ,x is n by any sy/em1 b by fre$om alone1 t art c fl\ri%4 ,!re are two ways by :i* ! arti/ c\ld secure fre$om "u ,socialism ( ! "r k9d4 ,he might und]take regul> "w outside 8 art1 do+ only a few h\rs' "w a day & receiv+ proportionately less pay ?an ^? :o d a full day's "w4 ,he ought1 9 t case1 to be at lib]ty to sell 8 pictures if he c\ld f9d pur*as]s4 ,su* a sy/em w\ld h _m advantages4 ,x w\ld leave absolutely e man free to become an arti/1 provid$ he 7 will+ to suff] a c]ta9 economic loss4 ,?is w\ld n det] ^? 9 :om ! impulse 0 /rong & g5u9e1 b w\ld t5d to exclude ! dilettante4 ,_m "y arti/s at pres5t endure volunt>ily mu* great] pov]ty ?an ne$ be entail$ by only do+ half ! usual day's "w 9 a well-organiz$ ,sociali/ community2 & "s degree ( h>d%ip is n objectionable1 z a te/ ( ! /r5g? ( ! creative impulse1 & z an (fset to ! peculi> joys ( ! creative life4 ,! o!r possibility#eh w\ld be t ! necess>ies ( life %\ld be free1 z ,an>*i/s desire1 to all equally1 reg>dless ( :e!r !y "w or n4 ,"u ?is plan1 e man c\ld live )\t "w3 !re w\ld be :at might be call$ a vagabond's wage1'' suffici5t = exi/5ce b n = luxury4 ,! arti/ :o pref]r$ to h 8 :ole "t = art & enjoym5t might live on ! vagabond's wage''--travel+ on foot :5 ! humor seiz$ him to see =eign c\ntries1 enjoy+ ! air & ! sun1 z free z ! birds1 & p]haps sc>cely less happy4 ,su* m5 w\ld br+ color & div]sity into ! life ( ! community2 _! outlook w\ld be diff]5t f t ( /eady1 /ay-at-home work]s1 & w\ld keep alive a mu*-ne$$ elem5t ( light- he>t$ness :i* our sob]1 s]i\s civilization t5ds to kill4 ,if !y became v num]\s1 !y might be too great an economic burd5 on ! work]s2 b ,i d\bt if !re are _m ) en\gh capacity = simple enjoym5ts to *oose pov]ty & free- dom 9 pref]5ce to ! comp>atively light & pleasant "w :i* w be usual 9 ^? days4 #eh ,:i* we discuss$ 9 ,*apt] ,,iv4 ,by ei!r ( ^! me?ods1 fre$om c be pres]v$ = ! arti/ 9 a sociali/ic commonweal?-- f> m complete fre$om1 & f> m widespread1 ?an any t n[ exi/s except = ! possessors ( capital4 ,b !re /ill rema9 "s n altoge!r easy problems4 ,take1 = example1 ! publi%+ ( books4 ,!re w n1 "u ,socialism1 be private publi%]s z at pres5t3 "u ,/ate ,socialism1 presumably ! ,/ate w be ! sole publi%]1 :ile "u ,syndicalism or ,guild ,socialism ! ,f$]ation du ,livre w h ! :ole ( ! trade 9 its h&s4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 :o is to decide :at ,,mss4 are to be pr9t$8 ,x is cle> t opportunities exi/ = an ,index m rigor\s ?an t ( ! ,inquisition4 ,if ! ,/ate 7 ! sole publi%]1 x w\ld d\btless refuse books oppos$ to ,/ate ,socialism4 ,if ! ,f$]ation du ,livre 7 ! ultimate arbit]1 :at publicity c\ld be obta9$ = works criticis+ x8 ,& ap>t f su* political difficulties we %\ld h1 z reg>ds lit]ature1 t v c5sor%ip by em95t (ficials :i* we agre$ to reg>d z disa/r\s :5 we 7 consid]+ ! f9e arts 9 g5]al4 ,! difficulty is s]i\s1 & a way ( meet+ x mu/ be f\nd if lit]ature is to rema9 free4 ,kropotk91 :o believes t manual & intellectual "w %\ld be comb9$1 holds t au?ors !mselves %\ld be compositors1 bookb9d]s1 etc4 ,he ev5 seems to sugge/ t ! :ole ( ! manual "w involv$ 9 produc+ books %\ld be done by au?ors4 ,x may be d\bt$ :e!r !re are en\gh au?ors 9 ! _w = ?is to be possible1 & 9 any case ,i _c b ?9k t x w\ld be a wa/e ( "t = !m to leave ! "w !y und]/& 9 ord] to d badly "w :i* o!rs c\ld d f> bett] & m quickly4 ,t1 h[ev]1 does n t\* our pres5t po9t1 :i* is ! "q h[ ! ,,mss4 to be pr9t$ w be select$4 ,9 ,kropotk9's plan !re w presumably be an ,au?or's ,guild1 ) a ,committee ( ,managem5t1 if ,an>*ism all[s su* ?+s4 ,?is ,committee ( ,managem5t w decide :i* ( ! books submitt$ to x are wor?y to be pr9t$4 ,among ^! w be includ$ ^? by ! ,committee & _! fri5ds1 b n ^? by _! enemies4 ,au?ors ( reject$ ,,mss4 w h>dly h ! pati5ce to sp5d _! "t sett+ up ! works ( successful rivals1 & !re w h to be an elaborate sy/em ( log-roll+ if any books are to be pr9t$ at all4 ,x h>dly looks z if ?is plan w\ld conduce to h>mony among lit]>y m51 or w\ld lead to ! publication ( any book ( an unconv5tional t5d5cy4 ,kropotk9's own books1 = example1 w\ld h>dly h f\nd favor4 ,! only way ( meet+ ^! difficulties1 :e!r "u ,/ate ,socialism or ,guild ,socialism or ,an>*ism1 seems to be by mak+ x possible = an au?or to pay = ! publication ( 8 book if x is n su* z ! ,/ate or ! ,guild is will+ to pr9t at its own exp5se4 ,i am aw>e t ?is me?od is contr>y to ! _s ( ,socialism1 b ,i d n see :at o!r way !re is ( secur+ fre$om4 ,! paym5t might be made by und]tak+ to engage = an assign$ p]iod 9 "s "w ( recogniz$ utility & to h& ov] su* proportion ( ! e>n+s z might be necess>y4 ,! "w und]tak5 might ( c\rse be1 z ,kropotk9 sugge/s1 ! manual "p ( ! production ( books1 b ,i see no special reason :y x %\ld be4 ,x w\ld h to be an absolute rule t no book %\ld be refus$1 no matt] :at ! nature ( its cont5ts might be1 if paym5t = publication 7 (f]$ at ! /&>d rate4 ,an au?or :o _h admir]s w\ld be able to secure _! help 9 paym5t4 ,an unkn[n au?or might1 x is true1 h to suff] a consid]able loss ( com=t 9 ord] to make 8 paym5t1 b t w\ld give an automatic means ( elim9at+ ^? ^: writ+ 0 n ! result ( any v pr(\nd impulse & w\ld be by no means :olly an evil4 ,probably "s simil> me?od w\ld be desirable z reg>ds ! publi%+ & p]=m+ ( new music4 ,:at we h be5 sugge/+ w1 no d\bt1 be object$ to by or?odox ,sociali/s1 s9ce !y w f9d some?+ repugnant to _! pr9ciples 9 ! :ole idea ( a private p]son pay+ to h c]ta9 "w done4 ,b x is a mi/ake to be ! slave ( a sy/em1 & e sy/em1 if x is appli$ rigidly1 w entail evils :i* c\ld only be avoid$ by "s concession to ! exig5cies ( special cases4 ,on ! :ole1 a wise =m ( ,socialism might af=d inf9itely bett] opportunities = ! arti/ & ! man ( sci5ce ?an are possible 9 a capitali/ community1 b only if ! =m ( ,socialism adopt$ is "o :i* is fitt$ = ?is end by means ( provisions su* z we h be5 sugge/+4 #c4 ,possibility ( ,appreciation4--,?is condition is "o :i* is n necess>y to all :o d creative "w1 b 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ,i mean x ! great majority f9d x v ne>ly indisp5sable4 ,i d n mean widespread public recognition1 nor t ignorant1 half-s9c]e respect :i* is commonly accord$ to arti/s :o h a*iev$ success4 ,nei!r ( ^! s]ves mu* purpose4 ,:at ,i mean is r und]/&+1 & a spontane\s feel+ t ?+s ( beauty are important4 ,9 a ?or\ghly comm]cializ$ society1 an arti/ is respect$ if he makes money1 & because he makes money1 b !re is no g5u9e respect = ! works ( art by :i* 8 money has be5 made4 ,a millionaire ^: =tune has be5 made 9 button-hooks or *ew+-gum is reg>d$ ) awe1 b none ( ?is feel+ is be/[$ on ! articles f :i* 8 weal? is d]iv$4 ,9 a society :i* measures all ?+s by money ! same t5ds to be true ( ! arti/4 ,if he has become ri* he is respect$1 ?\gh ( c\rse less ?an ! millionaire1 b 8 pictures or books or music are reg>d$ z ! *ew+-gum or ! button- hooks are reg>d$1 m]ely z a means to money4 ,9 su* an atmosph]e x is v difficult = ! arti/ to pres]ve 8 creative impulse pure3 ei!r he is contam9at$ by 8 surr\nd+s1 or he becomes embitt]$ ?r\gh lack ( appreciation = ! object ( 8 endeavor4 ,x is n appreciation ( ! arti/ t is necess>y s mu* z appreciation ( ! art4 ,x is difficult = an arti/ to live 9 an environm5t 9 :i* ev]y?+ is judg$ by its utility1 r ?an by its intr9sic quality4 ,! :ole side ( life ( :i* art is ! fl[] requires some?+ :i* may be call$ dis9t]e/$ness1 a capacity = direct enjoym5t )\t ?\ght ( tomorr['s problems & difficulties4 ,:5 p are amus$ by a joke !y d n ne$ to be p]suad$ t x w s]ve "s important purpose4 ,! same k9d ( direct pleasure is involv$ 9 any g5u9e appreciation ( art4 ,! /ruggle = life1 ! s]i\s "w ( a trade or pr(ession1 is apt to make p too solemn = jokes & too pre-occupi$ = art4 ,! eas+ ( ! /ruggle1 ! dim9ution 9 ! h\rs ( "w1 & ! light5+ ( ! burd5 ( exi/5ce1 :i* w\ld result f a bett] economic sy/em1 c\ld h>dly fail to increase ! joy ( life & ! vital en]gy1 available = %e] delight 9 ! _w4 ,& if ?is 7 a*iev$ !re w\ld inevitably be m spontane\s pleasure 9 beautiful ?+s1 & m enjoym5t ( ! "w ( arti/s4 ,b none ( ^! good results are to be expect$ f ! m]e removal ( pov]ty3 !y all require also a diffus$ s5se ( fre$om1 & ! abs5ce ( t feel+ ( oppression by a va/ ma*9e :i* n[ weighs d[n ! individual _s4 ,i d n ?9k ,/ate ,socialism c give ?is s5se ( fre$om1 b "s o!r =ms ( ,socialism1 :i* h absorb$ :at is true 9 ,an>*i/ tea*+1 c give x to a degree ( :i* capitalism is :olly incapable4 ,a g5]al s5se ( progress & a*ievem5t is an imm5se /imulus to all =ms ( creative "w4 ,= ?is reason1 a great deal w dep5d1 n only 9 mat]ial ways1 ^u ! "q :e!r me?ods ( production 9 indu/ry & agriculture become /]eotyp$ or cont9ue to *ange rapidly z !y h done dur+ ! la/ hundr$ ye>s4 ,improv$ me?ods ( production w be mu* m obvi\sly ?an n[ to ! int]e/ ( ! community at l>ge1 :5 :at e man receives is 8 due %>e ( ! total produce ( labor4 ,b !re w probably n be any individuals ) ! same direct & int5se int]e/ 9 te*nical improvem5ts z n[ belongs to ! capitali/ 9 manufacture4 ,if ! natural cons]vatism ( ! work]s is n to prove /rong] ?an _! int]e/ 9 increas+ production1 x w be necess>y t1 :5 bett] me?ods are introduc$ by ! work]s 9 any indu/ry1 "p at lea/ ( ! b5efit %\ld be all[$ = a "t to be reta9$ by !m4 ,if ?is is done1 x may be presum$ t ea* ,guild w be cont9ually seek+ = new processes or inv5tions1 & w value ^? te*nical p>ts ( sci5tific rese>* :i* are useful = ?is purpose4 ,) e improvem5t1 ! "q w arise :e!r x is to be us$ to give m leisure or to increase ! divid5d ( commodities4 ,:]e !re is s mu* m leisure ?an !re is n[1 !re w be _m m p ) a k ( sci5ce or an und]/&+ ( art4 ,! arti/ or sci5tific inve/igator w be f> less cut (f ?an he is at pres5t f ! av]age citiz51 & ?is w almo/ inevitably be a /imulus to 8 creative en]gy4 ,i ?9k we may fairly conclude t1 f ! po9t ( view ( all ?ree requisites = art & sci5ce1 namely1 tra9+1 fre$om & appreciation1 ,/ate ,socialism w\ld l>gely fail to remove exi/+ evils & w\ld introduce new evils ( its own2 b ,guild ,socialism1 or ev5 ,syndicalism1 if x adopt$ a lib]al policy t[>d ^? :o pref]r$ to "w less ?an ! usual numb] ( h\rs at recogniz$ occupations1 might be immeasurably pref]able to any?+ t is possible "u ! rule ( capitalism4 ,!re are dang]s1 b !y w all vani% if ! importance ( lib]ty is adequately ackn[l$g$4 ,9 ?is z 9 ne>ly ev]y?+ else1 ! road to all t is be/ is ! road ( fre$om4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,! ,,_w ,,z ,,x ,,c\ld ,,be ,,made ,,9 ! daily lives ( mo/ m5 & wom51 fe> plays a great] "p ?an hope3 !y are m fill$ ) ! ?\ght ( ! possessions t o!rs may take f !m1 ?an ( ! joy t !y might create 9 _! own lives & 9 ! lives ) :i* !y come 9 contact4 ,x is n s t life %\ld be liv$4 ,^? ^: lives are fruitful to !mselves1 to _! fri5ds1 or to ! _w are inspir$ by hope & su/a9$ by joy3 !y see 9 imag9ation ! ?+s t might be & ! way 9 :i* !y are to be br\ght into exi/5ce4 ,9 _! private relations !y are n pre-occupi$ ) anxiety le/ !y %\ld lose su* affection & respect z !y receive3 !y are engag$ 9 giv+ affection & respect freely1 & ! rew>d comes ( itself )\t _! seek+4 ,9 _! "w !y are n haunt$ by jeal\sy ( competitors1 b conc]n$ ) ! actual matt] t has to be done4 ,9 politics1 !y d n sp5d "t & passion def5d+ unju/ privileges ( _! class or nation1 b !y aim at mak+ ! _w z a :ole happi]1 less cruel1 less full ( conflict betwe5 rival gre$s1 & m full ( human be+s ^: gr[? has n be5 dw>f$ & /unt$ by oppression4 ,a life liv$ 9 ?is _s--! _s t aims at creat+ r ?an possess+--has a c]ta9 fundam5tal happ9ess1 ( :i* x _c be :olly robb$ by adv]se circum/ances4 ,?is is ! way ( life recomm5d$ 9 ! ,gospels1 & by all ! great tea*]s ( ! _w4 ,^? :o h f\nd x are fre$ f ! tyranny ( fe>1 s9ce :at !y value mo/ 9 _! lives is n at ! m]cy ( outside p[]4 ,if all m5 c\ld summon up ! c\rage & ! vision to live 9 ?is way 9 spite ( ob/acles & disc\ragem5t1 !re w\ld be no ne$ = ! reg5]ation ( ! _w to beg9 by political & economic re=m3 all t is ne$$ 9 ! way ( re=m w\ld come automatically1 )\t resi/ance1 ow+ to ! moral reg5]ation ( individuals4 ,b ! tea*+ ( ,*ri/ has be5 nom9ally accept$ by ! _w = _m c5turies1 & yet ^? :o foll[ x are /ill p]secut$ z !y 7 be=e ! "t ( ,con/ant9e4 ,exp]i5ce has prov$ t few are able to see ?r\gh ! app>5t evils ( an outca/'s life to ! inn] joy t comes ( fai? & creative hope4 ,if ! dom9ation ( fe> is to be ov]come1 x is n en\gh1 z reg>ds ! mass ( m51 to prea* c\rage & indiff]5ce to mis=tune3 x is necess>y to remove ! causes ( fe>1 to make a good life no long] an unsuccessful "o 9 a worldly s5se1 & to dim9i% ! h>m t c be inflict$ ^u ^? :o are n w>y 9 self- def5se4 ,:5 we consid] ! evils 9 ! lives we "k (1 we f9d t !y may be r\ghly divid$ into ?ree classes4 ,!re are1 fir/1 ^? due to physical nature3 among ^! are dea?1 pa9 & ! difficulty ( mak+ ! soil yield a subsi/5ce4 ,^! we w call physical evils4'' ,second1 we may put ^? t spr+ f defects 9 ! "* or aptitudes ( ! suff]]3 among ^! are ignorance1 lack ( w1 & viol5t passions4 ,^! we w call evils ( "*4'' ,?ird come ^? t dep5d ^u ! p[] ( "o individual or gr\p ov] ano!r3 ^! comprise n only obvi\s tyranny1 b all int]f]5ce ) free developm5t1 :e!r by =ce or by excessive m5tal influ5ce su* z may occur 9 education4 ,^! we w call evils ( p[]4'' ,a social sy/em may be judg$ by its be>+ ^u ^! ?ree k9ds ( evils4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ! ?ree k9ds _c be %>ply drawn4 ,purely physical evil is a limit1 :i* we c nev] be sure ( hav+ rea*$3 we _c aboli% dea?1 b we c (t5 po/pone x by sci5ce1 & x may ultimately become possible to secure t ! great majority %all live till old age2 we _c :olly prev5t pa91 b we c dim9i% x indef9itely by secur+ a heal?y life = all2 we _c make ! e>? yield its fruits 9 any abundance )\t labor1 b we c dim9i% ! am\nt ( ! labor & improve its conditions until x ceases to be an evil4 ,evils ( "* are (t5 ! result ( physical evil 9 ! %ape ( illness1 & /ill m (t5 ! result ( evils ( p[]1 s9ce tyranny degrades bo? ^? :o ex]cise x & 7z a rule7 ^? :o suff] x4 ,evils ( p[] are int5sifi$ by evils ( "* 9 ^? :o h p[]1 & by fe> ( ! physical evil :i* is apt to be ! lot ( ^? :o h no p[]4 ,= all ^! reasons1 ! ?ree sorts ( evil are int]tw9$4 ,nev]!less1 speak+ broadly1 we may di/+ui% among our mis=tunes ^? :i* h _! proximate cause 9 ! mat]ial _w1 ^? :i* are ma9ly due to defects 9 ourselves1 & ^? :i* spr+ f our be+ subject to ! control ( o!rs4 ,! ma9 me?ods ( combat+ ^! evils are3 = physical evils1 sci5ce2 = evils ( "*1 education 79 ! wide/ s5se7 & a free outlet = all impulses t d n involve dom9ation2 = evils ( p[]1 ! re=m ( ! political & economic organization ( society 9 su* a way z to r$uce to ! l[e/ possible po9t ! int]f]5ce ( "o man ) ! life ( ano!r4 ,we w beg9 ) ! ?ird ( ^! k9ds ( evil1 because x is evils ( p[] specially t ,socialism & ,an>*ism h s\ght to rem$y4 ,_! prote/ aga9/ ,inequalities ( weal? has re/$ ma9ly ^u _! s5se ( ! evils aris+ f ! p[] conf]r$ by weal?4 ,?is po9t has be5 well /at$ by ,mr4 ,g4 ,d4 ,h4 ,cole3-- ,:at1 ,i want to ask1 is ! fundam5tal evil 9 our mod]n ,society :i* we %\ld set out to aboli%8 ,!re are two possible answ]s to t "q1 & ,i am sure t v _m well-mean+ p w\ld make ! wrong "o4 ,!y w\ld answ] ,,pov]ty1 :5 !y ought to answ] ,,slav]y4 ,face to face e day ) ! %ameful contra/s ( ri*es & de/itution1 high divid5ds & l[ wages1 & pa9fully consci\s ( ! futility ( try+ to adju/ ! balance by means ( *>ity1 private or public1 !y w\ld answ] unhesitat+ly t !y /& = ! ,,abolition ,,( ,,pov]ty4 ,well & good6 ,on t issue e ,sociali/ is ) !m4 ,b _! answ] to my "q is none ! less wrong4 ,pov]ty is ! symptom3 slav]y ! disease4 ,! extremes ( ri*es & de/itution foll[ inevitably ^u ! extremes ( lic5se & bondage4 ,! _m are n enslav$ because !y are poor1 !y are poor because !y are enslav$4 ,yet ,sociali/s h all too (t5 fix$ _! eyes ^u ! mat]ial mis]y ( ! poor )\t realiz+ t x re/s ^u ! spiritual degradation ( ! slave4#ei #ei ,self-,gov]nm5t 9 ,indu/ry1'' ,g4 ,bell ,sons1 #aiag1 pp4 #aaj-aaa4 ,i d n ?9k any reasonable p]son c d\bt t ! evils ( p[] 9 ! pres5t sy/em are va/ly great] ?an is necess>y1 nor t !y might be immeasurably dim9i%$ by a suitable =m ( ,socialism4 ,a few =tunate p1 x is true1 are n[ enabl$ to live freely on r5t or int]e/1 & !y c\ld h>dly h m lib]ty "u ano!r sy/em4 ,b ! great bulk1 n only ( ! v poor1 b1 ( all sections ( wage-e>n]s & ev5 ( ! pr(essional classes1 are ! slaves ( ! ne$ = gett+ money4 ,almo/ all are compell$ to "w s h>d t !y h little leisure = enjoym5t or = pursuits outside _! regul> occupation4 ,^? :o are able to retire 9 lat] middle age are bor$1 because !y h n le>n$ h[ to fill _! "t :5 !y are at lib]ty1 & su* int]e/s z !y once _h ap>t f "w h dri$ up4 ,yet ^! are ! exceptionally =tunate3 ! majority h to "w h>d till old age1 ) ! fe> ( de/itution always be=e !m1 ! ri*] ones dread+ t !y w be unable to give _! *ildr5 ! education or ! m$ical c>e t !y consid] desirable1 ! poor] ones (t5 n f> remov$ f />vation4 ,& almo/ all :o "w h no voice 9 ! direction ( _! "w2 ?r\gh\t ! h\rs ( labor !y are m]e ma*9es c>ry+ out ! w ( a ma/]4 ,"w is usually done "u disagreeable conditions1 involv+ pa9 & physical h>d%ip4 ,! only motive to "w is wages3 ! v idea t "w might be a joy1 l ! "w ( ! arti/1 is usually sc\t$ z utt]ly ,utopian4 ,b by f> ! great] "p ( ^! evils are :olly unnecess>y4 ,if ! civiliz$ portion ( mank9d c\ld be induc$ to desire _! own happ9ess m ?an ano!r's pa91 if !y c\ld be induc$ to "w con/ructively = improvem5ts :i* !y w\ld %>e ) all ! _w r ?an de/ructively to prev5t o!r classes or nations f /eal+ a m>* on !m1 ! :ole sy/em by :i* ! _w's "w is done might be re=m$ root & bran* )9 a g5]ation4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( lib]ty1 :at sy/em w\ld be ! be/8 ,9 :at direction %\ld we wi% ! =ces ( progress to move8 ,f ?is po9t ( view1 neglect+ = ! mom5t all o!r consid]ations1 ,i h no d\bt t ! be/ sy/em w\ld be "o n f> remov$ f t advocat$ by ,kropotk91 b r5d]$ m practicable by ! adoption ( ! ma9 pr9ciples ( ,guild ,socialism4 ,s9ce e po9t c be disput$1 ,i w set d[n )\t argum5t ! k9d ( organization ( "w t w\ld seem be/4 ,education %\ld be compulsory up to ! age ( #af1 or p]haps long]2 aft] t1 x %\ld be cont9u$ or n at ! option ( ! pupil1 b rema9 free 7= ^? :o desire x7 up to at lea/ ! age ( #ba4 ,:5 education is f9i%$ no "o %\ld be ,,compell$ to "w1 & ^? :o *oose n to "w %\ld receive a b>e livelihood1 & be left completely free2 b probably x w\ld be desirable t !re %\ld be a /rong public op9ion 9 favor ( "w1 s t only comp>atively few %\ld *oose idl5ess4 ,"o great advantage ( mak+ idl5ess economically possible is t x w\ld af=d a p[]ful motive = mak+ "w n disagreeable2 & no community :]e mo/ "w is disagreeable c be said to h f\nd a solution ( economic problems4 ,i ?9k x is reasonable to assume t few w\ld *oose idl5ess1 9 view ( ! fact t ev5 n[ at lea/ n9e out ( t5 ( ^? :o h 7say7 #ajj p\nds a ye> f inve/m5ts pref] to increase _! income by paid "w4 ,com+ n[ to t great majority :o w n *oose idl5ess1 ,i ?9k we may assume t1 ) ! help ( sci5ce1 & by ! elim9ation ( ! va/ am\nt ( unproductive "w involv$ 9 int]nal & int]national competition1 ! :ole community c\ld be kept 9 com=t by means ( f\r h\rs' "w a day4 ,x is already be+ urg$ by exp]i5c$ employ]s t _! employes c actually produce z mu* 9 a six-h\r day z !y c :5 !y "w eight h\rs4 ,9 a _w :]e !re is a mu* high] level ( te*nical in/ruction ?an !re is n[ ! same t5d5cy w be acc5tuat$4 ,p w be taught n only1 z at pres5t1 "o trade1 or "o small portion ( a trade1 b sev]al trades1 s t !y c v>y _! occupation accord+ to ! seasons & ! fluctuations ( dem&4 ,e indu/ry w be self-gov]n+ z reg>ds all its int]nal affairs1 & ev5 sep>ate factories w decide = !mselves all que/ions t only conc]n ^? :o "w 9 !m4 ,!re w n be capitali/ managem5t1 z at pres5t1 b managem5t by elect$ repres5tatives1 z 9 politics4 ,relations betwe5 diff]5t gr\ps ( produc]s w be settl$ by ! ,guild ,congress1 matt]s conc]n+ ! community z ! inhabitants ( a c]ta9 area w cont9ue to be decid$ by ,p>liam5t1 :ile all disputes betwe5 ,p>liam5t & ! ,guild ,congress w be decid$ by a body compos$ ( repres5tatives ( bo? 9 equal numb]s4 ,paym5t w n be made1 z at pres5t1 only = "w actually requir$ & p]=m$1 b = will+ness to "w4 ,?is sy/em is already adopt$ 9 mu* ( ! bett] paid "w3 a man occupies a c]ta9 position1 & reta9s x ev5 at times :5 !re happ5s to be v little to d4 ,! dread ( unemploym5t & loss ( livelihood w no long] haunt m5 l a nightm>e4 ,:e!r all :o are will+ to "w w be paid equally1 or :e!r exceptional skill w /ill comm& exceptional pay1 is a matt] :i* may be left to ea* guild to decide = itself4 ,an op]a-s+] :o receiv$ no m pay ?an a sc5e-%ift] might *oose to be a sc5e-%ift] until ! sy/em 0 *ang$3 if s1 high] pay w\ld probably be f\nd necess>y4 ,b if x 7 freely vot$ by ! ,guild1 x c\ld h>dly con/itute a grievance4 ,:atev] might be done t[>d mak+ "w agreeable1 x is to be presum$ t "s trades w\ld always rema9 unpleasant4 ,m5 c\ld be attract$ into ^! by high] pay or %ort] h\rs1 in/ead ( be+ driv5 into !m by de/itution4 ,! community w\ld !n h a /rong economic motive = f9d+ ways ( dim9i%+ ! disagreeabl5ess ( ^! exceptional trades4 ,!re w\ld /ill h to be money1 or some?+ analog\s to x1 9 any community su* z we are imag9+4 ,! ,an>*i/ plan ( a free di/ribution ( ! total produce ( "w 9 equal %>es does n get rid ( ! ne$ = "s /&>d ( ex*ange value1 s9ce "o man w *oose to take 8 %>e 9 "o =m & ano!r 9 ano!r4 ,:5 ! day comes = di/ribut+ luxuries1 old ladies w n want _! quota ( cig>s1 nor "y m5 _! j proportion ( lap-dog2 ?is w make x necess>y to "k h[ _m cig>s are ! equival5t ( "o lap-dog4 ,mu* ! simple/ way is to pay an income1 z at pres5t1 & all[ relative values to be adju/$ accord+ to dem&4 ,b if actual co9 7 paid1 a man might ho>d x & 9 "t become a capitali/4 ,to prev5t ?is1 x w\ld be be/ to pay notes available only dur+ a c]ta9 p]iod1 say "o ye> f ! date ( issue4 ,?is w\ld enable a man to save up = 8 annual holiday1 b n to save indef9itely4 ,!re is a v great deal to be said = ! ,an>*i/ plan ( all[+ necess>ies1 & all commodities t c easily be produc$ 9 quantities adequate to any possible dem&1 to be giv5 away freely to all :o ask = !m1 9 any am\nts !y may require4 ,! "q :e!r ?is plan %\ld be adopt$ is1 to my m9d1 a purely te*nical "o3 w\ld x be1 9 fact1 possible to adopt x )\t mu* wa/e & consequ5t div]sion ( labor to ! production ( necess>ies :5 x might be m usefully employ$ o!rwise8 ,i h n ! means ( answ]+ ?is "q1 b ,i ?9k x exce$+ly probable t1 soon] or lat]1 ) ! cont9u$ improvem5t 9 ! me?ods ( production1 ?is ,an>*i/ plan w become feasible2 & :5 x does1 x c]ta9ly ought to be adopt$4 ,wom5 9 dome/ic "w1 :e!r m>ri$ or unm>ri$1 w receive pay z !y w\ld if !y 7 9 indu/ry4 ,?is w secure ! complete economic indep5d5ce ( wives1 :i* is difficult to a*ieve 9 any o!r way1 s9ce mo!rs ( "y *ildr5 ought n to be expect$ to "w outside ! home4 ,! exp5se ( *ildr5 w n fall1 z at pres5t1 on ! p>5ts4 ,!y w receive1 l adults1 _! %>e ( necess>ies1 & _! education w be free4#fj ,!re is no long] to be ! pres5t competition = s*ol>%ips among ! abl] *ildr53 !y w n be imbu$ ) ! competitive _s f infancy1 or =c$ to use _! bra9s to an unnatural degree ) consequ5t li/lessness & lack ( heal? 9 lat] life4 ,education w be f> m div]sifi$ ?an at pres5t2 great] c>e w be tak5 to adapt x to ! ne$s ( diff]5t types ( "y p4 ,!re w be m attempt to enc\rage initiative "y pupils1 & less desire to fill _! m9ds ) a set ( beliefs & m5tal habits reg>d$ z desirable by ! ,/ate1 *iefly because !y help to pres]ve ! /atus quo4 ,= ! great majority ( *ildr5 x w probably be f\nd desirable to h mu* m outdoor education 9 ! c\ntry4 ,& = old] boys & girls ^: int]e/s are n intellectual or arti/ic1 te*nical education1 und]tak5 9 a lib]al _s1 is f> m useful 9 promot+ m5tal activity ?an book-le>n+ :i* !y reg>d 7h[ev] falsely7 z :olly useless except = purposes ( exam9ation4 ,! really useful educa- tion is t :i* foll[s ! direction ( ! *ild's own in/9ctive int]e/s1 supply+ k = :i* x is seek+1 n dry1 detail$ in=mation :olly out ( relation to its spontane\s desires4 #fj ,"s may fe> t ! result w\ld be an undue increase ( population1 b su* fe>s ,i believe to be gr\ndless4 ,see above1 7,*apt] ,,iv1 on ,"w & ,pay4'' ,also1 ,*apt] vi ( ,pr9ciples ( ,social ,recon/ruction'' 7,george ,all5 & ,unw91 ,ltd474 ,gov]nm5t & law w /ill exi/ 9 our community1 b bo? w be r$uc$ to a m9imum4 ,!re w /ill be acts :i* w be =bidd5--= example1 murd]4 ,b v ne>ly ! :ole ( t "p ( ! crim9al law :i* deals ) prop]ty w h become obsolete1 & _m ( ! motives :i* n[ produce murd]s w be no long] op]ative4 ,^? :o nev]!less /ill d commit crimes w n be blam$ or reg>d$ z wick$2 !y w be reg>d$ z un=tunate1 & kept 9 "s k9d ( m5tal hospital until x is ?\ght t !y are no long] a dang]4 ,by education & fre$om & ! abolition ( private capital ! numb] ( crimes c be made exce$+ly small4 ,by ! me?od ( individual curative treatm5t x w g5]ally be possible to secure t a man's fir/ (f5se %all also be 8 la/1 except 9 ! case ( lunatics & ! feeble-m9d$1 = :om ( c\rse a m prolong$ b n less k9dly det5tion may be necess>y4 ,gov]nm5t may be reg>d$ z consi/+ ( two p>ts3 ! "o1 ! decisions ( ! community or its recogniz$ organs2 ! o!r1 ! en=c+ ( ^? decisions ^u all :o resi/ !m4 ,! fir/ "p is n object$ to by ,an>*i/s4 ,! second "p1 9 an ord9>y civiliz$ ,/ate1 may rema9 entirely 9 ! backgr\nd3 ^? :o h resi/$ a new law :ile x 0 be+ debat$ w1 z a rule1 submit to x :5 x is pass$1 because resi/ance is g5]ally useless 9 a settl$ & ord]ly community4 ,b ! possibility ( gov]nm5tal =ce rema9s1 & inde$ is ! v reason = ! submission :i* makes =ce unnecess>y4 ,if1 z ,an>*i/s desire1 !re 7 no use ( =ce by gov]nm5t1 ! majority c\ld /ill b& !mselves toge!r & use =ce aga9/ ! m9ority4 ,! only diff]5ce w\ld be t _! army or _! police =ce w\ld be ad hoc1 in/ead ( be+ p]man5t & pr(essional4 ,! result ( ?is w\ld be t ev]yone w\ld h to le>n h[ to fight1 = fe> a well- drill$ m9ority %\ld seize p[] & e/abli% an old-fa%ion$ olig>*ic ,/ate4 ,?us ! aim ( ! ,an>*i/s seems h>dly likely to be a*iev$ by ! me?ods :i* !y advocate4 ,! reign ( viol5ce 9 human affairs1 :e!r )9 a c\ntry or 9 its ext]nal relations1 c only be prev5t$1 if we h n be5 mi/ak51 by an au?ority able to decl>e all use ( =ce except by itself illegal1 & /rong en\gh to be obvi\sly capable ( mak+ all o!r use ( =ce futile1 except :5 x c\ld secure ! support ( public op9ion z a def5se ( fre$om or a resi/ance to inju/ice4 ,su* an au?ority exi/s )9 a c\ntry3 x is ! ,/ate4 ,b 9 int]national affairs x rema9s to be creat$4 ,! difficulties are /up5d\s1 b !y mu/ be ov]come if ! _w is to be sav$ f p]iodical w>s1 ea* m de/ructive ?an any ( its pr$ecessors4 ,:e!r1 aft] ?is w>1 a ,league ( ,nations w be =m$1 & w be capable ( p]=m+ ?is task1 x is z yet impossible to =etell4 ,h[ev] t may be1 "s me?od ( prev5t+ w>s w h to be e/abli%$ be=e our ,utopia becomes possible4 ,:5 once m5 ,,believe t ! _w is safe f w>1 ! :ole difficulty w be solv$3 !re w !n no long] be any s]i\s resi/ance to ! disb&+ ( national armies & navies1 & ! sub/itution = !m ( a small int]national =ce = protection aga9/ unciviliz$ races4 ,& :5 t /age has be5 rea*$1 peace w be virtually secure4 ,! practice ( gov]nm5t by majorities1 :i* ,an>*i/s criticise1 is 9 fact op5 to mo/ ( ! objections :i* !y urge aga9/ x4 ,/ill m objectionable is ! p[] ( ! executive 9 matt]s vitally affect+ ! happ9ess ( all1 su* z peace & w>4 ,b nei!r c be disp5s$ ) sudd5ly4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 two me?ods ( dim9i%+ ! h>m done by !m3 7#a7 ,gov]nm5t by majorities c be made less oppressive by devolution1 by plac+ ! decision ( que/ions prim>ily affect+ only a section ( ! community 9 ! h&s ( t section1 r ?an ( a ,c5tral ,*amb]4 ,9 ?is way1 m5 are no long] =c$ to submit to decisions made 9 a hurry by p mo/ly ignorant ( ! matt] 9 h& & n p]sonally int]e/$4 ,autonomy = int]nal affairs %\ld be giv51 n only to areas1 b to all gr\ps1 su* z indu/ries or ,*ur*es1 :i* h important common int]e/s n %>$ by ! re/ ( ! community4 7#b7 ,! great p[]s ve/$ 9 ! executive ( a mod]n ,/ate are *iefly due to ! frequ5t ne$ ( rapid decisions1 especially z reg>ds =eign affairs4 ,if ! dang] ( w> 7 practically elim9at$1 m cumbr\s b less autocratic me?ods w\ld be possible1 & ! ,legislature might recov] _m ( ! p[]s :i* ! executive has usurp$4 ,by ^! two me?ods1 ! int5sity ( ! int]f]5ce ) lib]ty involv$ 9 gov]nm5t c be gradually dim9i%$4 ,"s int]f]5ce1 & ev5 "s dang] ( unw>rant$ & despotic int]f]5ce1 is ( ! ess5ce ( gov]nm5t1 & mu/ rema9 s long z gov]nm5t rema9s4 ,b until m5 are less prone to viol5ce ?an !y are n[1 a c]ta9 degree ( gov]nm5tal =ce seems ! less] ( two evils4 ,we may hope1 h[ev]1 t if once ! dang] ( w> is at an end1 m5's viol5t impulses w gradually gr[ less1 ! m s z1 9 t case1 x w be possible to dim9i% enorm\sly ! individual p[] :i* n[ makes rul]s autocratic & ready = almo/ any act ( tyranny 9 ord] to cru% opposition4 ,! developm5t ( a _w :]e ev5 gov]nm5tal =ce has become unnecess>y 7except aga9/ lunatics7 mu/ be gradual4 ,b z a gradual process x is p]fectly possible2 & :5 x has be5 complet$ we may hope to see ! pr9ciples ( ,an>*ism embodi$ 9 ! managem5t ( communal affairs4 ,h[ w ! economic & political sy/em t we h outl9$ be> on ! evils ( "*8 ,i believe ! effect w be q extraord9>ily b5efic5t4 ,! process ( lead+ m5's ?\ght & imag9ation away f ! use ( =ce w be greatly accel]at$ by ! abolition ( ! capitali/ sy/em1 provid$ x is n succe$$ by a =m ( ,/ate ,socialism 9 :i* (ficials h enorm\s p[]4 ,at pres5t1 ! capitali/ has m control ov] ! lives ( o!rs ?an any man ought to h2 8 fri5ds h au?ority 9 ! ,/ate2 8 economic p[] is ! patt]n = political p[]4 ,9 a _w :]e all m5 & wom5 enjoy economic fre$om1 !re w n be ! same habit ( comm&1 nor1 consequ5tly1 ! same love ( despotism2 a g5tl] type ( "* ?an t n[ preval5t w gradually gr[ up4 ,m5 are =m$ by _! circum/ances1 n born ready- made4 ,! bad effect ( ! pres5t economic sy/em on "*1 & ! imm5sely bett] effect to be expect$ f communal own]%ip1 are among ! /ronge/ reasons = advocat+ ! *ange4 ,9 ! _w z we h be5 imag9+ fit1 economic fe> & mo/ economic hope w be alike remov$ out ( life4 ,no "o w be haunt$ by ! dread ( pov]ty or driv5 into ru?lessness by ! hope ( weal?4 ,!re w n be ! di/9ction ( social classes :i* n[ plays su* an imm5se "p 9 life4 ,! unsuccessful pr(essional man w n live 9 t]ror le/ 8 *ildr5 %\ld s9k 9 ! scale2 ! aspir+ employe w n be look+ =w>d to ! day :5 he c become a sweat] 9 8 turn4 ,ambiti\s "y m5 w h to dream o!r daydreams ?an t ( bus9ess success & weal? wrung out ( ! ru9 ( competitors & ! degradation ( labor4 ,9 su* a _w1 mo/ ( ! nightm>es t lurk 9 ! backgr\nd ( m5's m9ds w no long] exi/2 on ! o!r h&1 ambition & ! desire to excel w h to take nobl] =ms ?an ^? t are enc\rag$ by a comm]cial society4 ,all ^? activities t really conf] b5efits ^u mank9d w be op51 n only to ! =tunate few1 b to all :o h suffici5t ambition & native aptitude4 ,sci5ce1 labor-sav+ inv5tions1 te*nical progress ( all k9ds1 may be confid5tly expect$ to fl\ri% f> m ?an at pres5t1 s9ce !y w be ! road to honor1 & honor w h to replace money among ^? ( ! "y :o desire to a*ieve success4 ,:e!r art w fl\ri% 9 a ,sociali/ic community dep5ds ^u ! =m ( ,social- ism adopt$2 if ! ,/ate1 or any public au?ority1 7no matt] :at71 insi/s ^u controll+ art1 & only lic5s+ ^? :om x reg>ds z pr(ici5t1 ! result w be disa/]4 ,b if !re is real fre$om1 all[+ e man :o s desires to take up an arti/'s c>e] at ! co/ ( "s sacrifice ( com=t1 x is likely t ! atmosph]e ( hope1 & ! abs5ce ( economic compulsion1 w lead to a mu* small] wa/e ( tal5t ?an is involv$ 9 our pres5t sy/em1 & to a mu* less degree ( cru%+ ( impulse 9 ! mills ( ! /ruggle = life4 ,:5 elem5t>y ne$s h be5 satisfi$1 ! s]i\s happ9ess ( mo/ m5 dep5ds ^u two ?+s3 _! "w1 & _! human relations4 ,9 ! _w t we h be5 pictur+1 "w w be free1 n excessive1 full ( ! int]e/ t belongs to a collective ent]prise 9 :i* !re is rapid progress1 ) some?+ ( ! delight ( creation ev5 = ! humble/ unit4 ,& 9 human relations ! ga9 w be j z great z 9 "w4 ,! only human relations t h value are ^? t are root$ 9 mutual fre$om1 :]e !re is no dom9ation & no slav]y1 no tie except affection1 no economic or conv5tional necessity to pres]ve ! ext]nal %[ :5 ! inn] life is dead4 ,"o ( ! mo/ horrible ?+s ab\t comm]cialism is ! way 9 :i* x poisons ! relations ( m5 & wom54 ,! evils ( pro/itution are g5]ally recogniz$1 b1 great z !y are1 ! effect ( economic conditions on m>riage seems to me ev5 worse4 ,!re is n infrequ5tly1 9 m>riage1 a sugge/ion ( pur*ase1 ( acquir+ a woman on condition ( keep+ h] 9 a c]ta9 /&>d ( mat]ial com=t4 ,(t5 & (t51 a m>riage h>dly diff]s f pro/itution except by be+ h>d] to escape f4 ,! :ole basis ( ^! evils is economic4 ,economic causes make m>riage a matt] ( b>ga9 & contract1 9 :i* affection is q second>y1 & its abs5ce con/itutes no recogniz$ reason = lib]ation4 ,m>riage %\ld be a free1 spontane\s meet+ ( mutual in/9ct1 fill$ ) happ9ess n unmix$ ) a feel+ ak9 to awe3 x %\ld involve t degree ( respect ( ea* = ! o!r t makes ev5 ! mo/ trifl+ int]f]5ce ) lib]ty an utt] impossibility1 & a common life en=c$ by "o aga9/ ! w ( ! o!r an un?9kable ?+ ( deep horror4 ,x is n s t m>riage is conceiv$ by lawy]s :o make settlem5ts1 or by prie/s :o give ! "n ( sacram5t'' to an in/itution :i* pret5ds to f9d some?+ sanctifiable 9 ! brutal lu/s or drunk5 cruelties ( a legal husb&4 ,x is n 9 a _s ( fre$om t m>riage is conceiv$ by mo/ m5 & wom5 at pres5t3 ! law makes x an opportunity = indulg5ce ( ! desire to int]f]e1 :]e ea* submits to "s loss ( 8 or h] own lib]ty1 = ! pleasure ( curtail+ ! lib]ty ( ! o!r4 ,& ! atmosph]e ( private prop]ty makes x m difficult ?an x o!rwise w\ld be = any bett] ideal to take root4 ,x is n s t human relations w be conceiv$ :5 ! evil h]itage ( economic slav]y has ceas$ to mold our in/9cts4 ,husb&s & wives1 p>5ts & *ildr51 w be only held toge!r by affection3 :]e t has di$1 x w be recogniz$ t no?+ wor? pres]v+ is left4 ,because affection w be free1 m5 & wom5 w n f9d 9 private life an outlet & /imulus to ! love ( dom9e]+1 b all t is creative 9 _! love w h ! fre] scope4 ,rev]5ce = :atev] makes ! s\l 9 ^? :o are lov$ w be less r>e ?an x is n[3 n[adays1 _m m5 love _! wives 9 ! way 9 :i* !y love mutton1 z some?+ to dev\r & de/roy4 ,b 9 ! love t goes ) rev]5ce !re is a joy ( q ano!r ord] ?an any to be f\nd by ma/]y1 a joy :i* satisfies ! _s & n only ! in/9cts2 & satisfaction ( in/9ct & _s at once is necess>y to a happy life1 or inde$ to any exi/5ce t is to br+ out ! be/ impulses ( :i* a man or woman is capable4 ,9 ! _w :i* we %\ld wi% to see1 !re w be m joy ( life ?an 9 ! drab trag$y ( mod]n e-day exi/5ce4 ,aft] e>ly y\?1 z ?+s are1 mo/ m5 are b[$ d[n by =e?\ght1 no long] capable ( light-he>t$ gaiety1 b only ( a k9d ( solemn jollification by ! clock at ! appropriate h\rs4 ,! advice to become z little *ildr5'' w\ld be good = _m p 9 _m respects1 b x goes ) ano!r precept1 take no ?\ght = ! morr[1'' :i* is h>d to obey 9 a competitive _w4 ,!re is (t5 9 m5 ( sci5ce1 ev5 :5 !y are q old1 some?+ ( ! simplicity ( a *ild3 _! absorption 9 ab/ract ?\ght has held !m alo( f ! _w1 & respect = _! "w has l$ ! _w to keep !m alive 9 spite ( _! innoc5ce4 ,su* m5 h succe$$ 9 liv+ z all m5 ought to be able to live2 b z ?+s are1 ! economic /ruggle makes _! way ( life impossible = ! great majority4 ,:at are we to say1 la/ly1 ( ! effect ( our project$ _w ^u physical evil8 ,w !re be less illness ?an !re is at pres5t8 ,w ! produce ( a giv5 am\nt ( labor be great]8 ,or w population press ^u ! limits ( subsi/5ce1 z ,mal?us taught 9 ord] to refute ,godw9's optimism8 ,i ?9k ! answ] to all ^! que/ions turns1 9 ! end1 ^u ! degree ( intellectual vigor to be expect$ 9 a community :i* has done away ) ! spur ( economic competition4 ,w m5 9 su* a _w become lazy & apa!tic8 ,w !y cease to ?9k8 ,w ^? :o d ?9k f9d !mselves confront$ ) an ev5 m imp5etrable wall ( unreflect+ cons]vatism ?an t :i* confronts !m at pres5t8 ,^! are important que/ions2 = x is ultimately to sci5ce t mank9d mu/ look = _! success 9 combat+ physical evils4 ,if ! o!r conditions t we h po/ulat$ c be realiz$1 x seems almo/ c]ta9 t !re mu/ be less illness ?an !re is at pres5t4 ,population w no long] be conge/$ 9 slums2 *ildr5 w h f> m ( fre% air & op5 c\ntry2 ! h\rs ( "w w be only su* z are :olesome1 n excessive & exhau/+ z !y are at pres5t4 ,z = ! progress ( sci5ce1 t dep5ds v l>gely ^u ! degree ( intellectual lib]ty exi/+ 9 ! new society4 ,if all sci5ce is organiz$ & sup]vis$ by ! ,/ate1 x w rapidly become /]eotyp$ & dead4 ,fundam5tal advances w n be made1 because1 until !y h be5 made1 !y w seem too d\btful to w>rant ! exp5diture ( public money ^u !m4 ,au?ority w be 9 ! h&s ( ! old1 especially ( m5 :o h a*iev$ sci5tific em95ce2 su* m5 w be ho/ile to ^? among ! "y :o d n flatt] !m by agree+ ) _! !ories4 ,"u a bureaucratic ,/ate ,socialism x is to be fe>$ t sci5ce w\ld soon cease to be progressive & acquir$ a m$ieval respect = au?ority4 ,b "u a fre] sy/em1 :i* w\ld enable all k9ds ( gr\ps to employ z _m m5 ( sci5ce z !y *ose1 & w\ld all[ ! vagabond's wage'' to ^? :o desir$ to pursue "s /udy s new z to be :olly unrecogniz$1 !re is e reason to ?9k t sci5ce w\ld fl\ri% z x has nev] done hi!rto4#fa ,&1 if t 7 ! case1 ,i d n believe t any o!r ob/acle w\ld exi/ to ! physical possibility ( our sy/em4 #fa ,see ! discussion ( ?is "q 9 ! prec$+ *apt]4 ,! "q ( ! numb] ( h\rs ( "w necess>y to produce g5]al mat]ial com=t is p>tly te*nical1 p>tly "o ( organization4 ,we may assume t !re w\ld no long] be unproductive labor sp5t on armam5ts1 national def5se1 adv]tisem5ts1 co/ly luxuries = ! v ri*1 or any ( ! o!r futilities incid5tal to our competitive sy/em4 ,if ea* indu/rial guild secur$ = a t]m ( ye>s ! advantages1 or "p ( ! advantages1 ( any new inv5tion or me?ods :i* x introduc$1 x is pretty c]ta9 t e enc\ragem5t w\ld be giv5 to te*nical progress4 ,! life ( a discov]] or inv5tor is 9 itself agreeable3 ^? :o adopt x1 z ?+s are n[1 are seldom mu* actuat$ by economic motives1 b r by ! int]e/ ( ! "w toge!r ) ! hope ( honor2 & ^! motives w\ld op]ate m widely ?an !y d n[1 s9ce few] p w\ld be prev5t$ f obey+ !m by economic necessities4 ,& !re is no d\bt t intellect w\ld "w m ke5ly & creatively 9 a _w :]e in/9ct 0 less ?w>t$1 :]e ! joy ( life 0 great]1 & :]e consequ5tly !re w\ld be m vitality 9 m5 ?an !re is at pres5t4 ,!re rema9s ! population "q1 :i*1 ev] s9ce ! "t ( ,mal?us1 has be5 ! la/ refuge ( ^? to :om ! possibility ( a bett] _w is disagreeable4 ,b ?is "q is n[ a v diff]5t "o f :at x 0 a hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,! decl9e ( ! bir?-rate 9 all civiliz$ c\ntries1 :i* is pretty c]ta9 to cont9ue1 :atev] economic sy/em is adopt$1 sugge/s t1 especially :5 ! probable effects ( ! w> are tak5 into acc\nt1 ! population ( ,we/]n ,europe is n likely to increase v mu* beyond its pres5t level1 & t ( ,am]ica is likely only to increase ?r\gh immigration4 ,negroes may cont9ue to increase 9 ! tropics1 b are n likely to be a s]i\s m5ace to ! :ite inhabitants ( temp]ate regions4 ,!re rema9s1 ( c\rse1 ! ,yell[ ,p]il2 b by ! "t t beg9s to be s]i\s x is q likely t ! bir?-rate w also h begun to decl9e among ! races ( ,asia ,if n1 !re are o!r means ( deal+ ) ?is "q2 & 9 any case ! :ole matt] is too conjectural to be set up s]i\sly z a b> to our hopes4 ,i conclude t1 ?\gh no c]ta9 =eca/ is possible1 !re is n any valid reason = reg>d+ ! possible increase ( population z a s]i\s ob/acle to ,socialism4 ,our discussion has l$ u to ! belief t ! communal own]%ip ( l& & capital1 :i* con/itutes ! *>act]i/ic doctr9e ( ,socialism & ,an>*i/ ,communism1 is a necess>y /ep t[>d ! removal ( ! evils f :i* ! _w suff]s at pres5t & ! creation ( su* a society z any humane man mu/ wi% to see realiz$4 ,b1 ?\gh a necess>y /ep1 ,socialism alone is by no means suffici5t4 ,!re are v>i\s =ms ( ,socialism3 ! =m 9 :i* ! ,/ate is ! employ]1 & all :o "w receive wages f x1 involves dang]s ( tyranny & int]f]5ce ) progress :i* w\ld make x1 if possible1 ev5 worse ?an ! pres5t regime4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,an>*ism1 :i* avoids ! dang]s ( ,/ate ,socialism1 has dang]s & difficulties ( its own1 :i* make x probable t1 )9 any reasonable p]iod ( "t1 x c\ld n la/ long ev5 if x 7 e/abli%$4 ,nev]!less1 x rema9s an ideal to :i* we %\ld wi% to approa* z ne>ly z possible1 & :i*1 9 "s di/ant age1 we hope may be rea*$ completely4 ,syndicalism %>es _m ( ! defects ( ,an>*ism1 &1 l x1 w\ld prove un/able1 s9ce ! ne$ ( a c5tral gov]nm5t w\ld make itself felt almo/ at once4 ,! sy/em we h advocat$ is a =m ( ,guild ,socialism1 lean+ m1 p]haps1 t[>ds ,an>*ism ?an ! (ficial ,guildsman w\ld :olly approve4 ,x is 9 ! matt]s t politicians usually ignore-- sci5ce & art1 human relations1 & ! joy ( life --t ,an>*ism is /ronge/1 & x is *iefly = ! sake ( ^! ?+s t we includ$ su* m or less ,an>*i/ proposals z ! vagabond's wage4'' ,x is by its effects outside economics & politics1 at lea/ z mu* z by effects inside !m1 t a social sy/em %\ld be judg$4 ,& if ,socialism ev] comes1 x is only likely to prove b5efic5t if non- economic goods are valu$ & consci\sly pursu$4 ,! _w t we mu/ seek is a _w 9 :i* ! creative _s is alive1 9 :i* life is an adv5ture full ( joy & hope1 bas$ r ^u ! impulse to con/ruct ?an ^u ! desire to reta9 :at we possess or to seize :at is possess$ by o!rs4 ,x mu/ be a _w 9 :i* affection has free play1 9 :i* love is purg$ ( ! in/9ct = dom9ation1 9 :i* cruelty & envy h be5 dispell$ by happ9ess & ! unfett]$ developm5t ( all ! in/9cts t build up life & fill x ) m5tal delights4 ,su* a _w is possible2 x waits only = m5 to wi% to create x4 ,meantime1 ! _w 9 :i* we exi/ has o!r aims4 ,b x w pass away1 burn$ up 9 ! fire ( its own hot passions2 & f its a%es w spr+ a new & y\ng] _w1 full ( fre% hope1 ) ! light ( morn+ 9 its eyes4 ,,index ,academy1 ,royal1 #ajg ,africa1 #adi1 #afe ,agriculture1 #ij ff4 ,alex&] ,,ii1 #dc ,allemane1 #fj ,am]ica1 xi1 #ca1 #gd ff41 #abe1 #adj1 #baj ,am]ican ,f$]ation ( ,labor1 #gf ,an>*ism1 passim-- def9$1 #cc & law1 #cc1 #ea1 #aaa ff41 #aih ff4 & viol5ce1 #cc1 #eb-d1 #gb1 #aba ff4 & di/ribution1 #ic ff4 & wages1 #if ff4 anti-,g]man1 #df attitude to syndicalism1 #gi congress 9 ,am/]dam1 #gi ,ants1 #aeb ,army1 private1 #abj1 #abc ,art1 #aji1 #aaa1 #ach1 #aff ff41 #bjc & appreciation1 #afi1 #aha-f & comm]cialism1 #aha & fre$om1 #ahb ,arti/s1 #ajc "u ,/ate ,socialism1 #agd ,asia1 #adi1 #aeh1 #baj ,au/ralia1 #aea ,au?ors1 ,guild (1 #agi ,autonomy1 #acc1 #acg1 #afj ,backwoods1 #acc ,bakun91 x1 #cfdi biography1 #cgdg writ+s1 #dgdi & ,m>x1 #ch ff41 #ei n4 & ,pan-,slavism1 #da1 #de & ,dresd5 insurrection1 #da imprisonm5ts1 #da anti-,g]man1 #de & production1 #ej ,bebel1 #ff ,b5b[1 ,william1 #ga n4 ,b]gson1 #fh ,b]n/e91 #bg-bi1 #ef ,bev+ton1 #ec ,bism>ck1 #cj ,books "u ,socialism1 #agh ,born/$t1 #ci ,b\rgeoisie1 #aa ,b\rses du ,travail1 #ed1 #fc ,boycott1 #fh ,bri&1 #gb ,bright1 #ba ,brooks1 ,john ,graham1 #ge1 #ggn4 ,br\sse1 ,paul1 #fj ,bureaucracy1 #abh1 #agd ,button-hooks1 #ahb ,cafi]o1 #dhn4 ,capital1 #f1 #aj1 #ah-be ,capitalism1 #b1 #bjb & w>1 #aci ff4 ,cali=nia1 #aha ,c5sor ( plays1 #ajg ,*ampion1 #ia ,*>lton1 ,br\ghton1 #ai ,*ew+-gum1 #ahi ,*9a1 #acg1 #adj ,*ri/1 #ahg ,*uang ,tzu1 #cc ,*ur*es1 #bja ,civil ,s]vice1 #abh ,class w>1 xvi1 #i ff41 #bg1 #bi1 #ha1 #ff1 #aaf #adi ,clem5ceau1 #ga ,cobd51 #ba ,cole1 ,g4 ,i74 ,h41 #hin41 #fc1 #fdn41 #gc1 #gf1 #han41 #acd1 #aij ,communism1 #aj ff4 an>*i/1 #a1 #ch;ff41 #fj1 #ifn41 #ajjn41 #ajfn4 ,communi/ ,manife/o1 #e1 #i-ah1 #aad1 #adh ,competitiv5ess1 #afj ,conc5tration ( ,capital1 ,law (1 #h1 #bc-e ,conf$]ation ,g5]al du ,travail1 #fc-fe1 #ga1 #gd ,conque/ ( ,bread1 ,!1 #hj1 #hg ,con/ant9e1 #ajh1 #ahg ,creativ5ess1 #ahf-g ,crime1 #aah ff4 ,cultivation1 int5sive1 #hi ,cultures m>ai*]es1 #ia ,d>w91 #agc ,deleon1 #gf ,democracy1 #b1 #cj1 #abi ff41 #adh1 #afg ,deut*e ,jahrbus*]1 #ch ,devolution1 #bjj ,dis>mam5t1 #aec ,disraeli1 #cj ,di/ribution1 #ii ff4 ,dubois1 ,felix1 #fb ,duell+1 #abc ,education1 #afi ff41 #ahi1 #aic1 #aif ,edw>d ,,vi1 #bb ,empire ,kn\to-,g]manique1 #dh ,engels1 #c1 #f1 #ag1 #ch ,envy1 #afj-afi ,evils-- physical1 #ahh1 #bjg-aa ( "*1 #ahh1 #b-jg ( p[]1 #ahh ff4 ,evolution1 #afd ,fabians1 #fg ,fe>1 #ahf1 #bjc ,feudalism1 #aj ,fields1 ,factories & ,work%ops1 #hj1 #hg ff4 ,f9ance & w>1 #adj ,f9l&1 #add ,f\ri]1 #dn4 ,franco-,prussian ,w>1 #df1 #hf1 #fi ,frankl91 #ajjn4 ,fre$om1 see ,lib]ty ,george1 ,lloyd1 #ahf ,g]man ,communi/ ,league1 #h ,g]man ,work+ ,m5's ,association1 #h ,g]many1 #add ,giles1 ,lionel1 #cfn4 ,god & ! ,/ate1 #dh ,godw91 #bjg ,gomp]s1 #gf ,gospels1 ,!1 #ahg ,gov]nm5t1 #aaa ff41 #aih ff4 repres5tative1 #aag1 #abi ff41 #acg ff4 ,guesde1 ,jules1 #hi-fj ,guild ,congress1 #hc1 ,cal ff41 ,guild ,socialism1 xi1 #hj ff41 #acc1 #aib1 #baa & ! ,/ate1 #hb-d1 #aad1 #ahd-e ,guillaume1 ,james1 #cfn41 #cg ,haywood1 #gg ,hegel1 #d ,h]d in/9ct1 xv ,heubn]1 #da ,hi/ory1 mat]iali/ic int]pretation (1 #g ,hobson1 ,j4 ,a41 #add ,hodgsk91 #en4 ,hulme1 ,t4 ,e41 #bi ,hypocrisy1 #acb ,idl5ess1 #ajc ff4 ,indep5d5t ,labor ,p>ty1 #hg ,india1 #ahh ,individual #ach ,indu/rial ,relations1 ,am]ican ,commission on1 #gh ,indu/rial ,work]s ( ! ,_w 7,i4,w4,w471 xi1 #ca1 #gd ,int]national alliance ( sociali/ democracy1 #dd ,int]national frat]nity1 #dc ,int]national ,work+ ,m5's ,association1 #f1 #dd ff41 #fi ,int]nationalism1 #adh1 #aej ,japan1 #afa ,jaures1 #fj ,j\haux1 #ge ,joy ( ,life1 #bjf ,keats1 #agc ,k1 #afh ,kropotk91 #cf1 #df1 #hj-fa1 #hg ff41 #ifn41 #ajjn41 #ajb1 #ajfn41 #aaf ff41 #agi1 #aib ,kultur1 #aei ,labor1 integration (1 #ii ,labor ,p>ty1 #eg1 #aej ,lag>delle1 #fd ,law1 #aaa ff41 #aih ,lev9e1 ,l\is1 #fin41 #fjn4 ,lib]al ,p>ty1 #bh1 #cj ,lib]ty1 #aaa ff41 #aib1 #bja & syndicalism1 #he & an>*ism1 #ajh & creative impulse1 #afi1 #agb-ha & art1 #ahb-c1 #bjd & human relations1 #bjd ,liquor ,traffic1 #acg ,livre1 ,f$]ation du1 #agh ,lunatics1 #aai ,lyn*+1 #abb ,magi/rates1 #aja ,majorities1 div9e "r (1 #acj1 #bjj ,mal?us1 #hf ff41 #bjg ff4 ,man*e/]ism1 #bi ,m>riage1 #bjd ,m>x1 x1 #a-ca1 #cf1 #fj1 #gg1 #adh4 #afd biography1 #c-g doctr9es1 #g-ca1 #aac & ,bakun91 #ch ff4 & ,int]national ,work+ ,m5's ,association1 #dd ff41 #hin4 ,m>zisme1 ,la decomposition du1 #bi ,mazz9i1 #dc ,mill5nium by =ce1 #afd ,mill]&1 #fj1 #fa ,milton1 #agc ,m9]s1 ,we/]n ,f$]ation (1 #gf1 #gh ,money1 #aif ,monroe ,doctr9e1 #adj ,morn+ ,/>1 #ba ,morris1 ,william1 #agf ,napoleon1 #abj ,napoleon ,,iii1 #df ,naquet1 ,alfr$1 #ihn41 #aahn1 #afe ,national ,guilds1 #han4 ,national ,guilds ,league1 #hb ,nationalism1 #ag1 #be1 #bh1 #cb ,nations-- relations (1 #aci ff4 ,league (1 #acb1 #bjj ,necess>ies1 free8 #aji1 #aif ,neue ,re9is*e ,zeitung1 #da ,ni*olas1 ,ts>1 #dc ,op]a ,s+]s1 #aif ,opium ,traffic1 #acg ,orage1 #han4 ,ow51 ,rob]t1 #en4 ,pellico1 ,silvio1 #db ,pell\ti]1 #ed1 #fc ,p]meation1 #eg ,p]sia1 #aeh ,plato1 vii ,poets1 #ajd ,pol&1 #cg1 #add ,population1 #aign4 ,possibili/s1 #fj ,pov]ty1 #aij ,p[]1 love (1 #aaa1 #add1 #afj1 #afa ,press1 #adc ,production1 me?ods (1 #hg ff4 ,prolet>iat1 #aa ff4 ,proportional ,repres5tation1 #afe ,pr\dhon1 #dn41 #ch ,pugnacity1 #adg ,puni%m5t1 #abc ff4 ,r>a*ol1 #ec ,rav5/one1 ,pi]cy1 #fn4 ,reclue1 ,elisee1 #dhn4 ,revisionism1 #bg1 #ff ,revolution-- ,fr5*1 #g ,russian1 #ah1 #fg1 #adh1 #afd ,social1 #f1 #ag1 #gj1 #aac1 #adh1 #afd1 #afd ( #ahdh1 #c1 #f1 #dj ,ruge1 #ch ,sabotage1 #ff ,sa9t-,simon1 #dn4 ,s&1 ,george1 #ch1 #da ,s>ajevo1 #cb ,s*ol>%ips1 #agj1 #aig ,sci5ce1 #hf1 #aji1 #ach #aff ff41 #ahi1 #bjg m5 (1 #bjg ,self-int]e/1 #abe ,%>+1 free1 #if ff41 #aie ,%elley1 #agc ,s+le ,tax1 #hb ,slav]y1 #aij ,socialism1 passim-- def9$1 #a ,engli%1 #e ,fr5*1 #d1 #ei ,g]man1 #ff evolution>y1 #bg ,/ate1 #fg1 #ajg1 #aae1 #abh1 #agj1 #agd1 #bjb1 #bjh & di/ribution1 #ic ff4 & art & sci5ce1 #afd ff4 #bjc ,guild1 see ,guild ,socialism ,sociali/ ,labor ,p>ty1 #gf ,sociali/ ,revolution>ies1 ,alliance (1 #dc ,sociali/s1 ,int]-,alli$1 #aef ,sorel1 #bi1 #fg ,sp9oza1 #abj ,/ate1 x1 xi1 #a1 #af1 #cj1 #dh1 #fj1 #fh1 #gh1 #hb-d1 #ajg ff41 #ach1 #adf ,/rikes1 #ff1 #fg1 #gj1 #gh ff41 #acj ,syndicalism1 passim-- & ,m>x1 #bh1 #aaf & p>ty1 #cj & lib]ty1 #he & political action1 #cj1 #fi #abi ff4 & an>*ism1 x1 #ff1 #gb1 9 ,france1 #eh ff4 9 ,italy1 #ehn4 re=mi/ & revolution>y1 #fb & class-w>1 #fe1 #aaf & g5]al /rike1 #fg1 #fi1 #acj & ! ,/ate1 #fh1 #aaf & ,guild ,socialism1 #han41 #acd ,syndicali/ ,railwayman1 #fi ,syndicates1 #fe ,t>iffs1 #acg ,te*nical ,tra9+1 #afi ff41 #aig ,!ft1 #aba ,?ompson1 ,william1 #en4 ,tol/oy1 #cb ,trade ,unionism1 x1 #ac1 #fb indu/rial1 #ca1 #gd ff4 craft1 #gc ,tru/s1 #ge1 #ada ,utopias1 vii1 1 #bjj ,vagabond's wage1 #agg1 #aic1 #bjh1 #bab ,vill5euves ,sa9t ,georges1 #ga ,viol5ce1 crimes (1 #aba1 #abb1 #aii ,viol5ce1 ,reflections on1 #bi ,viviani1 #fj ,volk/imme1 #bgn4 ,volunte]s1 #aba ,wages1 #i1 #gh1 #i ff41 #aii iron law (1 #bf & art & sci5ce1 #afh ff4 ,wagn]1 ,ri*>d1 #da ,waldeck-,r\sseau1 #fa1 #fc ,walkley1 ,m>y ,anne1 #ij ,w>-- avoidance (1 #aci ff41 #aii & capitalism1 #aci ff4 & ! ,press #adc ff4 ,wom5-- votes =1 #aee economic indep5d5ce (1 #aif ,"w-- & wages1 #ic ff41 #aid h\rs (1 #ajb1 #aic1 #bji c x be made pleasant8 #ajj1 #aic1 #ijd ,yell[ races1 #aea1 #baj