,,lightn+1 ,,?und] ,,& ,,lightn+ ,,conductors4 ,,) ,,an ,,app5dix ,,on ,,! ,,rec5t ,,controv]sy ,,on ,,lightn+ ,,conductors4 ,,by ,,g]ald ,,molloy1 ,d4 ,d41 ,d4 ,sc4 ,,illu/rat$4 ,illu/ration ,,new ,,york3 ,,! ,,humboldt ,,publi%+ ,,co41 #bh ,,lafayette ,,place4 ,,lightn+1 ,,?und]1 ,,& ,,lightn+ ,,conductors4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,lecture ,i4 ,pages #e-bf ,,lightn+ ,,& ,,?und]4 ,id5tity ( ,lightn+ & ,electricity--,frankl9's ,exp]im5t--,fatal ,exp]im5t ( ,ri*man--,imm$iate ,cause ( ,lightn+--,illu/ration f ,electric ,sp>k--,:at a ,fla% ( ,lightn+ ,is--,duration ( a ,fla% ( ,lightn+--,exp]im5ts ( ,pr(essor ,rood--,:eat/one's ,exp]im5ts--,exp]im5t ) ,rotat+ ,disc--,brightness ( a ,fla% ( ,lightn+--,v>i\s ,=ms ( ,lightn+--,=k$ ,lightn+1 ,%eet ,lightn+1 ,globe ,lightn+--,/4 ,elmo's ,fire--,exp]im5tal ,illu/ration--,orig9 ( ,lightn+--,l5g? ( a ,fla% ( ,lightn+--,physical ,cause ( ,?und]--,roll+ ( ,?und]--,succession ( ,peals--,v>iation ( ,int5sity--,di/ance ( a ,fla% ( ,lightn+ ,,lecture ,,ii4 ,pages #bf-ec ,,lightn+ ,,conductors4 ,de/ructive ,effects ( ,lightn+--,de/ruction ( ,build+s--,de/ruction ( ,%ips at ,sea--,de/ruction ( ,p[d] ,magaz9es--,exp]im5tal ,illu/rations--,de/ruction ( ,life by ,lightn+--,! ,return ,%ock--,frankl9's ,lightn+ ,rods--,introduction ( ,lightn+ ,rods into ,engl&--,! ,battle ( ,balls & ,po9ts--,functions ( a ,lightn+ ,conductor--,conditions ( a ,lightn+ ,conductor--,mis*ief ,done by ,bad ,conductors--,evil ,effects ( a ,bad ,e>? ,contact--,dang] f ,rival ,conductors--,insulation ( ,lightn+ ,conductors--,p]sonal ,safety 9 a ,?und] ,/orm--,practical ,rules--,security ,af=d$ by ,lightn+ ,rods ,,app5dix4 ,pages #ee-fb ,,rec5t ,,controv]sy ,,on ,,lightn+ ,,conductors4 ,!ory ( ,lightn+ ,conductors ,*all5g$--,lectures ( ,pr(essor ,lodge--,%ort ,acc\nt ( 8 ,views & ,argum5ts--,effect ( ,self-,induction on a ,lightn+ ,rod--,exp]im5t on ! ,dis*>ge ( a ,leyd5 ,j>--,out] ,%ell only ( a ,lightn+ ,rod ,acts z a ,conductor--,discussion at ! ,meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association1 ,septemb]1 #ahhh--,/atem5t by ,mr4 ,preece--,"l ,rayleigh & ,sir ,william ,?omson--,pr(essor ,r[l& & ,pr(essor ,=bes--,m4 de ,fonvielle1 ,sir ,james ,d\glass1 & ,mr4 ,symons--,reply ( ,pr(essor ,lodge--,conclud+ ,rem>ks ( ,pr(essor ,fitzg]ald1 ,presid5t ( ! ,section--,summ>y ,%[+ ! ,pres5t ,/ate ( ! ,"q ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations4 ,,page ,,! ,,electric ,,sp>k3 ,a ,,type ,,( ,a ,,fla% ,,( ,,lightn+1 #h ,,c>dbo>d ,,disc ,,) ,,black ,,& ,,:ite ,,sectors2 ,,z ,,se5 ,,:5 ,,at ,,re/1 #ab ,,same ,,disc2 ,,z ,,se5 ,,:5 ,,9 ,,rapid ,,rotation1 #ab ,,! ,,bru% ,,dis*>ge1 ,,illu/rat+ ,,/4 ,,elmo',s ,,fire1 #ag ,,orig9 ,,( ,,successive ,,peals ,,( ,,?und]1 #bb ,,v>iations ,,( ,,int5sity ,,9 ,a ,,peal ,,( ,,?und]1 #bd ,,dis*>ge ,,( ,,leyd5 ,,j> ,,batt]y ,,?r\gh ,,?9 ,,wires1 #bg ,,glass ,,vessel ,,brok5 ,,by ,,dis*>ge ,,( ,,leyd5 ,,j> ,,batt]y1 #cb ,,gun ,,cotton ,,set ,,on ,,fire ,,by ,,electric ,,sp>k1 #cc ,,volta',s ,,pi/ol2 ,,explosion ,,caus$ ,,by ,,electric ,,sp>k1 #cd ,,! ,,return ,,%ock ,,illu/rat$1 #ce ,,protection ,,f ,,lightn+ ,,by ,a ,,clos$ ,,conductor1 #dh ,,induction ,,effect ,,( ,,leyd5 ,,j> ,,dis*>ge1 #ef ,,lecture ,i4 ,,lightn+ ,,& ,,?und]4 ,! electricity produc$ by an ord9>y electric ma*9e exhibits1 "u c]ta9 conditions1 ph5om5a :i* be> a /rik+ resemblance to ! ph5om5a att5dant on lightn+4 ,9 bo? cases !re is a fla% ( light2 9 bo? !re is a report1 :i*1 9 ! case ( lightn+1 we call ?und]2 &1 9 bo? cases1 int5se heat is develop$1 :i* is capable ( sett+ fire to combu/ible bodies4 ,fur!r1 ! sp>k f an electric ma*9e travels ?r\gh space ) extraord9>y rapidity1 & s does a fla% ( lightn+2 ! sp>k foll[s a zig-zag c\rse1 & s does a fla% ( lightn+2 ! sp>k moves sil5tly & h>mlessly ?r\gh metal rods & /\t wires1 :ile x =ces its way1 ) de/ructive effect1 ?r\gh bad conductors1 & x is s1 too1 ) a fla% ( lightn+4 ,la/ly1 ! electricity ( a ma*9e is capable ( giv+ a sev]e %ock to ! human body2 & we "k t lightn+ gives a %ock s sev]e z usually to cause imm$iate dea?4 ,= ^! reasons x 0 long conjectur$ by sci5tific m5 t lightn+ is1 9 its nature1 id5tical ) electricity2 & t x diff]s f ! electricity ( our ma*9es only 9 ?is1 t x exi/s 9 a m p[]ful & de/ructive =m4 ,id5tity ( ,lightn+ & ,electricity4--,b x 0 res]v$ = ! celebrat$ ,b5jam9 ,frankl9 to demon/rate ! tru? ( ?is conjecture by direct exp]im5t4 ,he fir/ conceiv$ ! idea ( draw+ electricity f a ?und]cl\d 9 ! same way z x is drawn f ! conductor ( an electric ma*9e4 ,= ?is purpose he propos$ to place a k9d ( s5try-box on ! summit ( a l(ty t[]1 & to erect1 on ! s5try-box1 a metal rod1 project+ tw5ty or ?irty feet upw>d into ! air1 po9t$ at ! end1 & hav+ no electrical communication ) ! e>?4 ,he pr$ict$ t :5 a ?und]cl\d w\ld pass ov] ! t[]1 ! metal rod w\ld become *>g$ ) electricity1 & t an obs]v]1 /ation$ 9 ! s5try-box1 might draw f x1 at pleasure1 a succession ( electric sp>ks4 ,) ! magnanimity ( a really great man1 ,frankl9 publi%$ ?is project to ! _w2 be+ m solicit\s to ext5d ! doma9 ( sci5ce by new discov]ies1 ?an to secure = himself ! glory ( hav+ made !m4 ,! project 0 set =? 9 a lett] to ,mr4 ,coll9son1 ( ,london1 :i* be>s date ,july #bi1 #agej1 & :i*1 9 ! c\rse ( a ye> or two1 0 translat$ into ! pr9cipal languages ( ,europe4 ,two ye>s lat] ! exp]im5t sugge/$ by ,frankl9 0 made by ,monsieur ,dalib>d1 a weal?y man ( sci5ce1 at 8 villa ne> ,m>ly-la-,ville1 a few miles f ,p>is4 ,9 ! middle ( an elevat$ pla9 ,monsieur ,dalib>d erect$ an iron rod1 =ty feet 9 l5g?1 "o in* 9 diamet]1 & end+ above 9 a %>p /eel po9t4 ,! iron rod re/$ on an insulat+ support1 & 0 kept 9 position by means ( silk cords4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( ,monsieur ,dalib>d1 :o 0 call$ by bus9ess to ,p>is1 ?is app>atus 0 wat*$ by an old dragoon1 nam$ ,coiffi]2 & on ! aft]noon ( ! t5? ( ,may1 #ageb1 he drew sp>ks f ! l[] end ( ! rod at ! "t t a ?und]cl\d 0 pass+ ov] ! neighborhood4 ,consci\s ( ! importance t w\ld be atta*$ to ?is ph5om5on1 ! old dragoon summon$1 9 all ha/e1 ! prior ( ,m>ly to come & witness x4 ,! prior came )\t delay1 & he 0 foll[$ by "s ( ! pr9cipal inhabitants ( ! village4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( ! little gr\p1 ?us ga!r$ toge!r1 ! exp]im5t 0 repeat$--electric sp>ks 7 aga9 drawn1 9 rapid succession1 f ! iron rod2 ! pr$iction ( ,frankl9 0 fulfill$ to ! lett]2 & ! id5tity ( lightn+ & electricity 01 = ! fir/ "t1 demon/rat$ to ! _w4 ,frankl9's ,exp]im5t4--,mean:ile ,frankl9 _h be5 wait+1 ) impati5ce1 = ! completion ( ! t[] ( ,*ri/*ur*1 9 ,philadelphia1 on :i* he int5d$ to make ! exp]im5t himself4 ,he ev5 collect$ money1 x is said1 to ha/5 on ! build+4 ,b1 not)/&+ 8 ex]tions1 ! progress ( ! t[] 0 sl[2 & 8 active m9d1 :i* c\ld ill brook delay1 hit ^u ano!r exp$i5t1 rem>kable alike = its simplicity & = its complete success4 ,he con/ruct$ a boy's kite1 us+1 h[ev]1 a silk pocke?&k]*ief1 in/ead ( pap]1 t x might n be damag$ by ra94 ,to ! top ( ! kite he atta*$ a po9t$ iron wire ab\t a foot long1 & he provid$ a roll ( hemp5 tw9e1 :i* he knew to be a conductor ( electricity1 = fly+ x4 ,?is 0 ! app>atus ) :i* he propos$ to explore ! nature ( a ?und]cl\d4 ,! ?und]cl\d came late 9 ! aft]noon ( ! f\r? ( ,july1 #ageb1 & ,frankl9 salli$ out ) 8 kite1 accompani$ by 8 son1 & tak+ ) him a common door-key & a ,leyd5 j>4 ,! kite 0 soon high 9 air1 & ! philosoph] await$ ! result ( 8 exp]im5t1 /&+1 ) 8 son1 "u ! lee ( a c[%$1 p>tly to protect himself f ! ra9 t 0 com+1 & p>tly1 x is said1 to %ield himself f ! ridicule ( pass]s-by1 :o1 hav+ no sympa?y ) 8 philosophical speculations1 might be incl9$ to reg>d him z a lunatic4 ,to gu>d aga9/ ! dang] ( receiv+ a fla% ( lightn+ ?r\gh 8 body1 he held ! kite by means ( a silk ribbon1 :i* 0 ti$ to ! door-key1 ! door-key be+ itself atta*$ to ! l[] end ( ! hemp5 /r+4 ,a fla% ( lightn+ soon came f ! cl\d1 & a second1 & a ?ird2 b no sign ( electricity c\ld be obs]v$ 9 ! kite1 or ! hemp5 cord1 or ! key4 ,frankl9 0 almo/ beg9n+ to despair ( success1 :5 sudd5ly he notic$ t ! little fibres ( ! cord began to bri/le up1 j z !y w\ld if x 7 plac$ ne> an electric ma*9e 9 action4 ,he pres5t$ ! door-key to ! knob ( ! ,leyd5 j>1 & a sp>k pass$ betwe5 !m4 ,pres5tly a %[] began to fall2 ! cord1 wett$ by ! ra91 became a bett] conductor ?an x _h be5 be=e1 & sp>ks came m freely4 ,) ^! sp>ks he n[ *>g$ ! ,leyd5 j>1 & f\nd1 to 8 int5se delight1 t he c\ld exhibit all ! ph5om5a ( electricity by means ( ! lightn+ he _h drawn f ! cl\ds4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> a simil> exp]im5t1 ) ev5 m /rik+ results1 0 c>ri$ out1 9 ,france1 by de ,romas4 ,?\gh x is said he _h no k ( :at ,frankl9 _h done 9 ,am]ica1 he1 too1 us$ a kite2 &1 ) a view ( mak+ ! /r+ a bett] conductor1 he int]lac$ ) x a ?9 copp] wire4 ,!n1 fly+ 8 kite 9 ! ord9>y way1 :5 x _h ris5 to a height ( ab\t #eej feet1 he drew sp>ks f x :i*1 we are told1 7 upw>ds ( n9e feet long1 & emitt$ a s\nd l ! report ( a pi/ol4 ,fatal ,exp]im5t ( ,ri*man4--,!re c be no d\bt t exp]im5ts ( ?is k9d1 made ) ! electricity ( a ?und]cl\d1 7 extremely dang]\s2 & ?is 0 soon prov$ by a fatal accid5t4 ,pr(essor ,ri*man1 ( ,/4 ,pet]sburgh1 _h erect$ on ! ro( ( 8 h\se a po9t$ iron rod1 ! l[] end ( :i* pass$ into a glass vessel1 int5d$1 z we are in=m$1 to measure ! /r5g? ( ! *>ge :i* he expect$ to receive f ! cl\ds4 ,on ! six? ( ,augu/1 #agec1 obs]v+ ! approa* ( a ?und]/orm1 he ha/5$ to 8 app>atus2 & z he /ood ne> x1 ) 8 head b5t d[n1 to wat* ! effect1 a fla% ( lightn+ pass$ ?r\gh 8 body & kill$ him on ! spot4 ,?is cata/rophe s]v$ to fix public att5tion on ! dang] ( su* exp]im5ts1 & gave occasion to ! say+ ( ,voltaire3 8,!re are "s great lords :om we %\ld always approa* ) extreme precaution1 & lightn+ is "o ( !m40#a ,f ?is "t ! practice ( mak+ exp]im5ts directly ) ! lightn+ ( ! cl\ds seems to h be51 by common cons5t1 ab&on$4 ,imm$iate ,cause ( ,lightn+4--,& n[1 hav+ set be=e y "s ( ! mo/ memorable exp]im5ts by :i* ! id5tity ( lightn+ & electricity has be5 demon/rat$1 ,i w try to give y a cle> conception reg>d+ ! imm$iate cause ( lightn+1 s f> z ! subject is und]/ood at ! pres5t day by sci5tific m54 ,y "k t !re are two k9ds ( electricity1 :i* are call$ positive & negative2 & t ea* ( !m repels electricity ( ! same k9d z itself1 :ile x attracts electricity ( ! opposite k9d4 ,n[1 e ?und]cl\d is *>g$ ) electricity ( "o k9d or ! o!r1 positive or negative2 &1 z x hov]s ov] ! e>?1 x develops1 by :at is call$ induction1 or influ5ce1 electricity ( ! opposite k9d 9 t "p ( ! e>? :i* is imm$iately "u x4 ,?us we h two bodies--! cl\d & ! e>?--*>g$ ) opposite k9ds ( electricity1 & sep>at$ by a /ratum ( ! atmosph]e4 ,! two opposite electricities p[]fully attract ea* o!r2 b = a "t !y are prev5t$ f ru%+ toge!r by ! int]v5+ /ratum ( air1 :i* is a non-conductor ( electricity1 & acts z a b>ri] betwe5 !m4 ,z ! electricity1 h[ev]1 cont9ues to accumulate1 ! attraction becomes /rong] & /rong]1 until at l5g? x is able to ov]come ! resi/ance ( ?is b>ri]2 a viol5t disruptive dis*>ge !n takes place betwe5 ! cl\d & ! e>?1 & ! fla% ( lightn+ is ! consequ5ce ( ! dis*>ge4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,electric ,,sp>k2 ,a ,,type ,,( ,a ,,fla% ,,( ,,lightn+4 ,! :ole ph5om5on may be illu/rat$1 on a small scale1 by means ( ?is electric ma*9e ( ,c>r's :i* y see be=e y4 ,:5 my assi/ant turns ! h&le ( ! ma*9e negative electricity is develop$ 9 t l>ge brass cyl9d]1 :i* 9 our exp]im5t w repres5t ! ?und]cl\d4 ,at a di/ance ( five or six in*es f ! cyl9d] ,i hold a brass ball1 :i* is 9 electrical communication ) ! e>? ?r\gh my body4 ,! electrifi$ brass cyl9d] acts by induction1 or influ5ce on ! brass ball1 & develops 9 x1 z well z 9 my body1 a *>ge ( positive electricity4 ,n[1 ! positive electricity ( ! ball & ! negative electricity ( ! cyl9d] are mutually attract+ ea* o!r1 b ! int]v5+ /ratum ( air (f]s a resi/ance :i* prev5ts a dis*>ge f tak+ place4 ,my assi/ant1 h[ev]1 cont9ues to "w ! ma*9e2 ! two opposite electricities rapidly accumulate on ! cyl9d] & ! ball2 at l5g? _! mutual attraction is /rong en\gh to ov]come ! resi/ance int]pos$ betwe5 !m2 a disruptive dis*>ge foll[s1 & at ! same mom5t a sp>k is se5 to pass1 accompani$ by a %>p snapp+ report4 ,?is sp>k is a m9iature fla% ( lightn+2 & ! snapp+ report is a dim9utive peal ( ?und]4 ,fur!rmore1 at ! mom5t ! sp>k passes y may obs]ve a slight convulsive movem5t 9 my h& & wri/4 ,?is convulsive movem5t repres5ts1 on a small scale1 ! viol5t %ock1 g5]ally fatal to life1 :i* is produc$ by a fla% ( lightn+ :5 x passes ?r\gh ! body4 ,i c cont9ue to take sp>ks f ! conductor z long z ! ma*9e is work$2 & x is int]e/+ to obs]ve t ^! sp>ks foll[ an irregul> zig-zag c\rse1 j z lightn+ does4 ,! reason is ! same 9 bo? cases3 a dis*>ge betwe5 two electrifi$ bodies takes place along ! l9e ( lea/ resi/ance2 &1 ow+ to ! v>y+ condition ( ! atmosph]e1 z well z ( ! m9ute p>ticles ( matt] float+ 9 x1 ! l9e ( lea/ resi/ance is almo/ always a zig-zag l9e4 ,:at a ,fla% ( ,lightn+ is4--,lightn+1 !n1 may be conceiv$ z an electrical dis*>ge1 sudd5 & viol5t 9 its "*1 :i* takes place1 ?r\gh ! atmosph]e1 betwe5 two bodies highly *>g$ ) opposite k9ds ( electricity4 ,sometimes ?is electrical dis*>ge passes1 z ,i h said1 betwe5 a cl\d & ! e>?2 sometimes x passes betwe5 "o cl\d & ano!r2 sometimes1 on a small] scale1 x takes place1 betwe5 ! great mass ( a cl\d & its outly+ fragm5ts4 ,b1 if y ask me 9 :at ! dis*>ge itself consi/s1 ,i am utt]ly unable to tell y4 ,x is usual to speak & write on ?is subject z if electricity 7 a mat]ial sub/ance1 a v subtle fluid1 & z if1 at ! mom5t ! dis*>ge takes place1 ?is fluid passes l a rapid /ream1 f ! body t is positively electrifi$ to ! body t is negatively electrifi$4 ,b we mu/ always rememb] t ?is is only a conv5tional mode ( expression1 int5d$ *iefly to assi/ our conceptions1 & to help u to talk ab\t ! ph5om5a4 ,x does n ev5 pr(ess to repres5t ! objective tru?4 ,all t we "k = c]ta9 is ?is3 t imm$iately be=e ! dis*>ge ! two bodies are highly electrifi$ ) opposite k9ds ( electricity2 &1 t imm$iately aft] ! dis*>ge1 !y are f\nd to h return$ to _! ord9>y condition1 or1 at lea/1 to h become less highly electrifi$ ?an !y 7 be=e4 ,! fla% ( light t accompanies an electric dis*>ge is (t5 suppos$ to be ! electricity itself1 pass+ f "o body to ! o!r4 ,b x is n2 x is simply an effect produc$ by ! dis*>ge4 ,heat is g5]at$ by ! exp5diture ( electrical en]gy1 9 ov]com+ ! resi/ance (f]$ by ! atmosph]e2 & ?is heat is s int5se1 t x produces a brilliant inc&esc5ce along ! pa? ( ! dis*>ge4 ,:5 a sp>k appe>s1 = example1 betwe5 ! conductor ( ! ma*9e & ?is brass ball1 x c be %[n1 by v satisfactory evid5ce1 t m9ute p>ticles ( ^! solid bodies are fir/ conv]t$ into vapor1 & !n made to gl[ ) int5se heat4 ,! gases1 too1 ( :i* ! air is compos$1 & ! solid p>ticles float+ 9 ! air1 are likewise rais$ to inc&esc5ce4 ,s1 too1 ) lightn+2 ! fla% ( light is due to ! int5se heat g5]at$ by ! electrical dis*>ge1 & owes its "* to ! composition & ! d5sity ( ! atmosph]e ?r\gh :i* ! dis*>ge passes4 ,duration ( a ,fla% ( ,lightn+4--,h[ long does a fla% ( lightn+ la/8 ,y are aw>e1 ,i d>e say1 t :5 an impression ( light is made on ! eye1 ! impression rema9s = a s5sible int]val ( "t1 n less ?an ! t5? ( a second1 aft] ! s\rce ( light has be5 ext+ui%$ or remov$4 ,h5ce we cont9ue1 9 fact1 to see ! light1 = at lea/ ! t5? ( a second1 aft] ! light has ceas$4 ,n[1 if y reflect h[ brief is ! mom5t = :i* a fla% ( lightn+ is visible1 & if y d$uct ! t5? ( a second f t brief mom5t1 y w see1 at once1 t ! p]iod ( its actual duration mu/ be v %ort inde$4 ,! exact duration ( a fla% ( lightn+ is a "q on :i* no settl$ op9ion has yet be5 accept$ g5]ally by sci5tific m54 ,inde$1 ! mo/ widely diff]5t /atem5ts h be5 made on ! subject1 q rec5tly1 by ! highe/ au?orities1 ea* speak+ app>5tly ) unhesitat+ confid5ce4 ,?us1 = example1 ,pr(essor ,masc>t describes an exp]im5t1 :i* he says 0 made by ,:eat/one1 & :i* %[$ t a fla% ( lightn+ la/s = less ?an "o-?\s&? ( a second2#b ,pr(essor ,ev]ett describes ! same exp]im5t1 )\t say+ by :om x 0 made1 & gives1 z ! result1 t 8! duration ( ! illum9ation produc$ by lightn+ is c]ta9ly less ?an ! t5-?\s&? ( a second20#c ,pr(essor ,tyndall1 9 8 own picturesque way1 tells u t 8a fla% ( lightn+ cleaves a cl\d1 appe>+ & disappe>+ 9 less ?an ! hundr$-?\s&? ( a second20#d & accord+ to ,pr(essor ,tait1 ( ,ed9burgh1 8,:eat/one has %[n t lightn+ c]ta9ly la/s less ?an ! million? ( a second40#e ,exp]im5ts ( ,pr(essor ,rood4--,i _c say :i* ( ^! /atem5ts is be/ support$ by actual obs]vation2 = none ( ! writ]s ,i h quot$ gives any ref]5ce to ! orig9al memoir f :i* 8 /atem5t is d]iv$4 ,z f> z my own read+ goes1 ,i h only come across "o orig9al record ( exp]im5ts1 made directly on ! fla% ( lightn+ itself1 ) a view to det]m9e ! p]iod ( its duration4 ,^! exp]im5ts 7 c>ri$ out by ,pr(essor ,ogd5 ,rood1 ( ,columbia ,college1 ,new ,york1 betwe5 ! ye>s #ahgj & #ahgc1 & are record$ 9 ! ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce & ,arts4#f ,= ! description ( 8 app>atus1 & = ! details ( 8 obs]vations1 ,i mu/ ref] y to ! memoir itself2 b ,i may tell y briefly t ! results at :i* he arriv$1 if !y be accept$1 mu/ lead to a consid]able modification ( ! views previ\sly ent]ta9$ on ! subject4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 he satisfi$ himself t :at appe>s to ! eye a s+le fla% ( lightn+ is usually1 if n always1 multiple 9 its "*2 consi/+1 9 fact1 ( a succession ( di/9ct fla%es1 :i* foll[ "o ano!r ) su* rapidity z to make a cont9u\s impression on ! ret9a4 ,next1 he proce$$ to measure approximately ! duration ( ^! sev]al compon5t fla%es2 & he f\nd t x v>i$ ov] a wide range1 am\nt+ sometimes to fully ! tw5tie? ( a second1 & be+ sometimes less ?an ! sixte5-hundr$? ( a second4 ,:eat/one's ,exp]im5ts4--,^! results are extremely int]e/+2 b we c h>dly reg>d !m z f9ally e/abli%$1 until !y h be5 confirm$ by o!r obs]v]s4 ,i may rem>k1 h[ev]1 t !y fit 9 v well ) ! exp]im5ts made by ,pr(essor ,:eat/one1 _m ye>s ago1 on ! duration ( ! electric sp>k1 :i*1 z ,i told y1 is a m9iature fla% ( lightn+4 ,9 ^! classical exp]im5ts1 :i* leave no?+ to be desir$ 9 po9t ( accuracy1 ,pr(essor ,:eat/one %[$ t a sp>k tak5 directly f a ,leyd5 j>1 or a sp>k tak5 f ! conductor ( a p[]ful electric ma*9e1 t is1 j su* a sp>k z y h se5 "h to-day1 la/s = less ?an ! million? ( a second4 ,b he also %[$ t ! duration ( ! sp>k is greatly increas$1 :5 a resi/+ wire is introduc$ into ! pa? ( ! dis*>ge4 ,?us1 = example1 :5 ! dis*>ge f a ,leyd5 j> 0 made to pass ?r\gh half a mile ( copp] wire1 ) breaks at int]vals1 ! sp>ks t appe>$ at ^! breaks 7 f\nd to la/ = ( a second4#g ,h5ce we %\ld naturally expect t ! p]iod ( illum9ation w\ld be /ill fur!r increas$1 9 ! case ( a fla% ( lightn+1 :]e ! resi/ance int]pos$ is enorm\sly great] ?an 9 ei!r ( ! exp]im5ts made by ,:eat/one4#h ,exp]im5t ( ! ,rotat+ ,disk4--,x w\ld be t$i\s1 on an occasion l ! pres5t1 to ent] into an acc\nt ( ,:eat/one's beautiful & +5i\s me?od ( inve/igation1 by :i* ! above facts h be5 e/abli%$2 b ,i w %[ y a mu* m simple exp]im5t :i* br+s home v =cibly to ! m9d h[ exce$+ly %ort mu/ be ! duration ( ! electric sp>k4 ,"h is a circul> disk ( c>dbo>d1 ! out] "p ( :i*1 z y see1 is divid$ into sectors1 black & :ite alt]nately1 :ile ! space ab\t ! c5tre is entirely :ite4 ,! disk is m\nt$ on a /&1 by means ( :i* ,i c make x rotate ) great velocity4 ,:5 x is put 9 rotation1 ! effect on ! eye is v /rik+--! c5tral space rema9s :ite z be=e1 b 9 ! out] rim ! di/9ction ( black & :ite absolutely disappe>s & gives place to a uni=m gray4 ,?is color is due to ! bl5d+ toge!r ( black & :ite 9 equal proportions2 ! bl5d+ be+ effect$1 n on ! c>dbo>d disk1 b on ! ret9a ( ! eye4 ,illu/ration3 ,,c>dbo>d ,,disk ,,z ,,se5 ,,:5 ,,at ,,re/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,same ,,disk ,,z ,,se5 ,,:5 ,,9 ,,rapid ,,rotation4 ,i m5tion$ j n[ t an impression made on ! ret9a la/s = ! t5? ( a second aft] ! cause ( x has be5 remov$4 ,n[1 :5 ?is disk is 9 rotation1 ! sectors foll[ "o ano!r s rapidly t ! p>ticul> "p ( space occupi$ at any mom5t by a :ite sector w be occupi$ by a black sector )9 a "t mu* less ?an ! t5? ( a second4 ,x foll[s t ! impression made by ea* :ite sector rema9s on ! ret9a until ! foll[+ black sector comes into ! same position2 &1 9 l mann]1 ! impression made by ea* black sector rema9s until ! foll[+ :ite sector takes up ! position ( ! black4 ,!re=e1 ! impression made by ! :ole out] rim is ! impression ( black & :ite comb9$--t is1 ! impression ( gray4 ,s f>1 ,i d>e say1 ! ph5om5on is already famili> to y all4 ,b ,i propose n[ to %[ y ! revolv+ disk illum9at$ by ! electric sp>k2 & y w obs]ve t1 at ! mom5t ( illum9ation1 ! black & :ite sectors come out z cle>ly & di/9ctly z if ! disk 7 /&+ /ill4 ,= ! success ( ?is exp]im5t x is desirable1 n only to h a brilliant sp>k 9 ord] to secure a good illum9ation ( ! disk1 b also to h a succession ( su* sp>ks1 t y may see ! ph5om5on frequ5tly repeat$1 & ?us be able to obs]ve x at y\r leisure4 ,to atta9 ^! two objects1 ,i h made ! arrangem5t :i* is "h be=e y4 ,9 front ( ! disk is a l>ge & v p[]ful ,leyd5 j>4 ,! rod connect$ ) ! inn] coat+ rises well above ! m\? ( ! j>1 & ends 9 a brass ball ne>ly opposite ! c5tre ( ! disk4 ,connect$ ) ! out] coat+ ( ! j> is ano!r rod :i* likewise ends 9 a brass ball1 & :i* is s adju/$ t ! di/ance betwe5 ! two balls is ab\t an in*4 ,! two rods are connect$ respectively ) ! two conductors ( a ,holtz ma*9e1 s t1 :5 ! ma*9e is work$1 ! j> is fir/ quickly *>g$1 & !n x dis*>ges itself1 ) a brilliant sp>k1 betwe5 ! two brass balls4 ,?us1 by cont9u+ to "w ! ma*9e1 we c get1 z long z we *oose1 a succession ( sp>ks foll[+ "o ano!r at %ort & regul> int]vals "r 9 front ( ! disk4 ,ev]y?+ be+ n[ ready1 & ! room p>tially d>k5$1 ! disk is put 9 rapid rotation2 & y c see1 by ! twilight t rema9s1 ! out] rim a uni=m gray1 & ! c5tral space :ite4 ,b :5 my assi/ant beg9s to turn ! ,holtz ma*9e1 & brilliant sp>ks leap out at int]vals1 ! revolv+ disk1 illum9at$ = a mom5t at ea* dis*>ge1 seems to be /&+ /ill1 & %[s ! black & :ite sectors di/9ctly visible4 ,! reason ( ?is is cle>3 ,s brief is ! mom5t = :i* ! sp>k endures1 t ! disk1 ?\gh 9 rapid motion1 makes no s5sible advance dur+ t small fraction ( "t2 !re=e1 9 ! image on ! ret9a1 ! impression made by ! :ite sectors rema9s di/9ct f ! impression made by ! black1 & ! eye sees ! disk z x really is4 ,i may notice1 9 pass+1 a v int]e/+ consid]ation1 sugge/$ by ?is exp]im5t4 ,a cannon ball is n[ commonly dis*>g$ ) a velocity ( ab\t #a1fjj feet a second4 ,mov+ ) ?is velocity x is1 z y "k1 "u ord9>y circum/ances1 altoge!r invisible to ! eye4 ,b suppose x 7 illum9at$1 9 ! d>kness ( night1 by ?is electric sp>k1 :i* la/s1 we w say1 = ! million? ( a second4 ,dur+ ! mom5t ( illum9ation1 ! cannon ball moves ?r\gh ! million? "p ( #a1fjj feet1 :i* is a little less ?an ! fiftie? ( an in*4 ,practically1 we may say t ! cannon ball does n s5sibly *ange its place :ile ! sp>k la/s4 ,fur!r1 ! impression x makes on ! eye1 f ! position x occupies at ! mom5t ( illum9ation1 rema9s on ! ret9a = at lea/ ! t5? ( a second4 ,!re=e1 if we are look+ t[>d t p>ticul> "p ( space :]e ! cannon ball happ5s to be at ! mom5t ! sp>k passes1 we mu/ see ! cannon ball hang+ motionless 9 ! air1 ?\gh we "k x is travel+ at ! rate ( #a1fjj feet a second1 or ab\t #a1jjj miles an h\r4 ,brightness ( a ,fla% ( ,lightn+4--,i %\ld l to say "o ^w ab\t ! brightness ( a fla% ( lightn+4 ,some:at m ?an ?irty ye>s ago1 ,pr(essor ,swan1 ( ,ed9burgh1 %[$ t ! eye requires a s5sible "t--ab\t ! t5? ( a second--to p]ceive ! full brightness ( a lum9\s object4 ,fur!r1 he prov$1 by a s]ies ( int]e/+ exp]im5ts1 t :5 a fla% ( light la/s = less ?an ! t5? ( a second1 its app>5t brilliancy to ! eye is proportional to ! "t ( its duration4#i ,n[ consid] ! consequ5ce ( ^! facts 9 ref]5ce to ! brightness ( our electric sp>k4 ,if ! sp>k la/$ = ! t5? ( a second1 we %\ld p]ceive its full brightness2 if x la/$ = ! t5? "p ( t "t1 we %\ld see only ! t5? "p ( its brightness2 if x la/$ = ! hundr$? "p1 we %\ld see only ! hundr$? "p ( its brightness2 & s on4 ,b we "k1 9 po9t ( fact1 t x la/s = less ?an ! million? ( a second1 t is1 less ?an ! hundr$-?\s&? "p ( ! t5? ( a second4 ,!re=e we see only ! hundr$-?\s&? "p ( its real brightness4 ,"h is a />tl+ conclusion1 & "o1 ,i may say1 fully ju/ifi$ by sci5tific evid5ce4 ,t electric sp>k1 brilliant z x appe>s to u1 is really a hundr$ ?\s& times z bright z x seems to be4 ,we _c speak ) ! same precision ( a fla% ( lightn+2 because its duration has n yet be5 s exactly det]m9$4 ,b if we suppose t a fla% ( lightn+1 9 a p>ticul> case1 la/s = ! ?\s&? ( a second1 x w\ld foll[1 f ! above exp]im5ts1 t ! fla% is a hundr$ times z bright1 9 fact1 z x appe>s to ! eye4 ,v>i\s ,=ms ( ,lightn+4--,! lightn+ ( :i* ,i h spok5 hi!rto is commonly call$ =k$ lightn+2 a "n :i* seems to h be5 d]iv$ f ! zig-zag l9e ( light x pres5ts to ! eye4 ,b !re are o!r =ms "u :i* ! electricity ( ! cl\ds (t5 makes itself manife/2 & to ^! ,i w\ld n[ invite y\r att5tion = a few mom5ts4 ,! mo/ common ( !m all1 at lea/ 9 ?is c\ntry1 is t :i* is famili>ly kn[n by ! "n ( %eet lightn+4 ,?is is1 probably1 no?+ else ?an ! light+ up ( ! atmosph]e1 or ( ! cl\ds1 by =k$ lightn+1 :i* is n itself directly visible4 ,g5]ally speak+1 aft] a fla% ( %eet lightn+1 we he> ! roll+ ( di/ant ?und]4 ,b x sometimes happ5s1 especially 9 summ] "t1 t ! atmosph]e is aga9 & aga9 lit up by a sudd5 gl[ ( light1 & yet no ?und] is he>d4 ,?is ph5om5on is commonly call$ summ] lightn+1 or heat lightn+4 ,x is probably due1 9 _m cases1 to electrical dis*>ges 9 ! high] regions ( ! atmosph]e1 :]e ! air is greatly r>ifi$2 &1 9 ^! cases1 x w\ld seem to resemble ! dis*>ges obta9$ by means ( an induction coil 9 glass tubes conta9+ r>ifi$ gases4 ,b !re is little d\bt t 9 _m cases1 too1 summ] lightn+1 l ord9>y %eet lightn+1 is due to =k$ lightn+1 :i* is s remote t we c nei!r see ! fla% itself directly1 nor he> ! roll+ ( ! ?und]4 ,p]haps ! mo/ di/9ct & satisfactory evid5ce on ?is subject1 d]iv$ f actual obs]vation1 is conta9$ 9 ! foll[+ lett] ( ,pr(essor ,tyndall1 writt5 9 ,may1 #ahhc3 8,look+ to ! s\? & s\?-ea/ f ! ,bel ,alp1 ! play ( sil5t lightn+ among ! cl\ds & m\nta9s is sometimes v wond]ful4 ,x may be se5 palpitat+ = h\rs1 ) a b>ely appreciable int]val betwe5 ! ?rills4 ,mo/ ( ^? :o see x reg>d x z lightn+ )\t ?und]--,blitz ohne ,donn]1 ,wett]leu*t51 ,i h he>d x nam$ by ,g]man visitors4 ,! ,monte ,g5]oso1 ov]look+ ! ,lake ( ,lugano1 is ab\t fifty miles f ! ,bel ,alp1 z ! cr[ flies4 ,! two po9ts are connect$ by telegraph2 & frequ5tly :5 ! ,wett]leu*t51 z se5 f ! ,bel ,alp1 0 9 full play1 ,i h telegraph$ to ! proprietor ( ! ,monte ,g5]oso ,hotel & le>n$1 9 e in/ance1 t our sil5t lightn+ co-exi/$ 9 "t ) a ?und]/orm m or less t]rific 9 upp] ,italy40#aj ,ano!r =m ( lightn+1 describ$ by _m writ]s1 is call$ globe lightn+4 ,x is said to appe> z a ball ( fire1 ab\t ! size ( a *ild's head1 or ev5 l>g]1 :i* moves = a "t sl[ly ab\t1 & !n1 aft] ! lapse ( sev]al seconds1 explodes ) a t]rific noise1 s5d+ =? fla%es ( fire 9 all directions1 :i* burn :atev] !y /rike4 ,_m acc\nts are on record ( su* ph5om5a2 b !y are d]iv$1 = ! mo/ "p1 f ! evid5ce ( p]sons :o 7 n specially compet5t to obs]ve1 & to describe ) precision1 ! facts t fell "u _! obs]vation4 ,h5ce ^! acc\nts1 :ile !y are accept$ by "s1 are reject$ by o!rs2 & x seems to me1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( ! "q1 t ! exi/5ce ( globe lightn+ c h>dly be reg>d$ z a demon/rat$ fact4 ,at all ev5ts1 if ph5om5a ( ?is k9d h really occurr$1 ,i c only say t no?+ we "k ab\t electricity1 at pres5t1 w enable u to acc\nt = !m4#aa ,/4 ,elmo's ,fire4--,a mu* m au!ntic &1 at ! same "t1 v int]e/+ =m1 "u :i* ! electricity ( ! cl\ds sometimes manife/s its pres5ce1 is kn[n by ! "n ( ,/4 ,elmo's fire4 ,?is ph5om5on at "o "t pres5ts ! appe>ance ( a />1 %9+ at ! po9ts ( ! lances or bayonets ( a company ( soldi]s2 at ano!r1 x takes ! =m ( a tuft ( blui% light1 :i* seems to /ream away f ! ma/s & sp>s ( a %ip at sea1 or f ! po9t$ spire ( a *ur*4 ,x 0 well kn[n to ! anci5ts4 ,cs>1 9 8 ,comm5t>ies1 tells u t1 aft] a /ormy night1 ! iron po9ts ( ! javel9s ( ! fif? legion seem$ to be on fire2 & ,pl9y says t he saw lights1 l />s1 %9+ on ! lances ( ! soldi]s1 keep+ wat* by night ^u ! ramp>ts4 ,:5 two su* lights appe>$ at once1 on ! ma/s ( a %ip1 !y 7 call$ ,ca/or & ,pollux1 & 7 reg>d$ by sailors z a sign ( a prosp]\s voyage4 ,:5 only "o appe>$1 x 0 call$ ,hel51 & 0 tak5 z an unfavorable om54 ,9 mod]n times ,/4 ,elmo's fire has be5 witness$ by a ho/ ( obs]v]s1 & all its v>i\s phases h be5 repeat$ly describ$4 ,9 ! memoirs ( ,=b9 we read t1 :5 he 0 sail+ once1 9 #afif1 among ! ,bale>ic ,isl&s1 a sudd5 /orm came on dur+ ! night1 accompani$ by lightn+ & ?und]4 8,we saw on ! vessel10 he says1 8m ?an ?irty ,/4 ,elmo's fires4 ,among ! re/ !re 0 "o on ! vane ( ! ma9ma/ m ?an a foot & a half high4 ,i s5t a man up to fet* x d[n4 ,:5 he 0 al(t he cri$ out t x made a noise l wett$ gunp[d] set on fire4 ,i told him to take (f ! vane & come d[n2 b1 sc>cely _h he remov$ x f its place1 :5 ! fire left x & reappe>$ at ! end ( ! ma/1 s t x 0 impossible to take x away4 ,x rema9$ = a long "t1 & gradually w5t out40 ,on ! #ad? ( ,janu>y1 #ahbd1 ,monsieur ,maxadorf happ5$ to look at a load ( /raw 9 ! middle ( a field j "u a d5se black cl\d4 ,! /raw seem$ lit]ally on fire--a /reak ( light w5t =? f e blade2 ev5 ! driv]'s :ip %one ) a pale-blue flame4 ,z ! black cl\d pass$ away1 ! light gradually disappe>$1 aft] hav+ la/$ ab\t t5 m9utes4 ,aga91 x is relat$ t on ! #h? ( ,may1 #ahca1 9 ,algi]s1 z ! ,fr5* artill]y (fic]s 7 walk+ out aft] sunset )\t _! caps1 ea* "o saw a tuft ( blue light on 8 neighbor's head2 &1 :5 !y /ret*$ out _! h&s1 a tuft ( light 0 se5 at ! end ( e f+]4 ,n infrequ5tly a travel] 9 ! ,alps sees ! same lum9\s tuft on ! po9t ( 8 alp5/ock4 ,& q rec5tly1 dur+ a ?und]/orm1 a :ole =e/ 0 obs]v$ to become lum9\s j be=e ea* fla% ( lightn+1 & to become d>k aga9 at ! mom5t ( ! dis*>ge4#ab ,?is ph5om5on may be easily expla9$4 ,x consi/s 9 a gradual & comp>atively sil5t electrical dis*>ge betwe5 ! e>? & ! cl\d2 & g5]ally1 b n always1 x has ! effect ( prev5t+ su* an accumulation ( electricity z w\ld be necess>y to produce a fla% ( lightn+4 ,i c illu/rate ?is k9d ( dis*>ge ) ! aid ( our ma*9e4 ,if ,i hold a po9t$ metal rod t[>d ! l>ge conductor1 y c see1 :5 ! ma*9e is work$ & ! room d>k5$1 h[ ! po9t ( ! rod becomes lum9\s & %9es l a fa9t blue />4 ,i sub/itute = ! po9t$ rod ! blunt h&les ( a pair ( pli]s1 & a tuft ( blue light is at once develop$ at ! end ( ea* h&le1 & seems to /ream away ) a hiss+ noise4 ,i n[ put aside ! pli]s1 & op5 out my h& "u ! conductor--& obs]ve h[ ,i c set up1 at pleasure1 a lum9\s tuft at ! tips ( my f+]s4 ,n[ & !n a sp>k passes1 giv+ me a sm>t %ock1 & %[+ h[ ! electricity may sometimes accumulate s fa/ t x _c be suffici5tly dis*>g$ by ! lum9\s tuft4 ,la/ly1 ,i pres5t a small bu%y bran* ( a tree to ! conductor1 & all its leaves & twigs are agl[ ) blui% light1 :i* ceases = a mom5t :5 a sp>k escapes1 to be aga9 r5ew$ :5 electricity is aga9 develop$ by ! work+ ( ! ma*9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,bru% ,,dis*>ge1 ,,illu/rat+ ,,/4 ,,elmo',s ,,fire4 ,n[1 if y put a ?und]cl\d 9 ! place ( t conductor1 y c easily realize h[1 ?r\gh its influ5ce1 ! lance & bayonet ( ! soldi]1 ! alp5/ock ( ! travel]1 ! po9t$ spire ( a *ur*1 ! ma/s ( a %ip at sea1 ! trees ( a =e/1 c all be made to gl[ ) a sil5t electrical dis*>ge :i* may or may n1 accord+ to circum/ances1 culm9ate at int]vals 9 a g5u9e fla% ( lightn+4 ,orig9 ( ,lightn+4--,:5 we seek to acc\nt = ! orig9 ( lightn+1 we are confront$ at once ) two que/ions ( great int]e/ & importance--fir/1 ,:at are ! s\rces f :i* ! electricity ( ! ?und]cl\d is d]iv$8 &1 secondly1 ,h[ does ?is electricity come to be develop$ 9 a =m :i* s f> transc5ds 9 p[] ! electricity ( our ma*9es8 ,^! que/ions h long engag$ ! att5tion ( sci5tific m51 b ,i _c say t !y h yet receiv$ a p]fectly satisfactory solution4 ,nev]!less1 "s facts ( great sci5tific value h be5 e/abli%$1 & "s speculations h be5 put =w>d1 :i* are well des]v+ ( consid]ation4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is q c]ta9 t ! atmosph]e :i* surr\nds our globe is almo/ always 9 a /ate ( electrification4 ,fur!r1 ! electrical condition ( ! atmosph]e w\ld seem to be z v>iable z ! w9d4 ,x *anges ) ! *ange ( season2 x *anges f day to day2 x *anges f h\r to h\r4 ,! *>ge ( electricity is sometimes positive1 sometimes negative2 sometimes x is /rong1 sometimes feeble2 & ! transition f "o condition to ano!r is sometimes sl[ & gradual1 sometimes sudd5 & viol5t4 ,z a g5]al rule1 9 f9e1 cle> wea!r1 ! electricity ( ! atmosph]e is positive1 & n v /rongly develop$4 ,9 wet wea!r ! *>ge may be ei!r positive or negative1 & is g5]ally /rong1 especially :5 !re are sudd5 heavy %[]s4 ,9 fog x is also /rong1 & almo/ always positive4 ,9 a sn[/orm x is v /rong1 & mo/ frequ5tly positive4 ,f9ally1 9 a ?und]/orm x is extremely /rong1 & g5]ally negative2 b x is subject to a sudd5 *ange ( sign1 :5 a fla% ( lightn+ passes or :5 ra9 beg9s to fall4 ,s f> ,i h simply /at$ facts1 :i* h be5 asc]ta9$ by c>eful obs]vations1 made at diff]5t /ations by compet5t obs]v]s1 & ext5d+ ov] a p]iod ( _m ye>s4 ,b z reg>ds ! process by :i* ! electricity ( ! atmosph]e is develop$1 we h1 up to ! pres5t "t1 no c]ta9 k4 ,x has be5 said t electricity may be g5]at$ 9 ! atmosph]e by ! friction ( ! air itself1 & ( ! m9ute p>ticles float+ 9 x1 aga9/ ! surface ( ! e>?1 aga9/ trees & build+s1 aga9/ rocks1 cliffs1 & m\nta9s4 ,b ?is op9ion1 h[ev] probable x may be1 has n yet be5 confirm$ by any direct exp]im5tal inve/igation4 ,! second !ory is t ! electricity ( ! atmosph]e is due1 9 great "p at lea/1 to ! evaporation ( salt wat]4 ,_m ye>s ago1 ,p\illet1 a ,fr5* philosoph]1 made a s]ies ( exp]im5ts 9 ! laboratory1 :i* seem$ to %[ t evaporation is g5]ally att5d$ ) ! developm5t ( electricity2 &1 9 p>ticul>1 he satisfi$ himself t ! vapor :i* passes (f f ! surface ( salt wat] is always positively electrifi$4 ,n[1 ! atmosph]e is ev]y:]e *>g$1 m or less1 ) vapor :i* comes1 almo/ entirely1 f ! salt wat] ( ! ocean4 ,h5ce ,p\illet inf]r$ t ! *ief s\rce ( atmosph]ic electricity is ! evaporation ( sea wat]4 ,?is explanation w\ld c]ta9ly g f> to acc\nt = ! pres5ce ( electricity 9 ! atmosph]e1 if ! fact on :i* x re/s 7 e/abli%$ beyond dispute4 ,b !re is "s reason to d\bt :e!r ! developm5t ( electricity1 9 ! exp]im5ts ( ,p\illet1 0 due simply to ! process ( evaporation1 & n r to o!r causes1 ! influ5ce ( :i* he did n suffici5tly take into acc\nt4 ,a conjecture has rec5tly be5 />t$ t electricity may be g5]at$ by ! m]e impact ( m9ute p>ticles ( wat] vapor aga9/ m9ute p>ticles ( air4#ac ,if ?is conjecture c\ld be e/abli%$ z a fact1 x w\ld be amply suffici5t to acc\nt = all ! electricity ( ! atmosph]e4 ,f ! v nature ( a gas1 ! molecules ( :i* x is compos$ are =ev] fly+ ab\t ) incr$ible velocity2 & !re=e ! p>ticles ( wat] vapor & ! p>ticles ( air1 :i* exi/ toge!r 9 ! atmosph]e1 mu/ be incessantly com+ into collision4 ,h5ce1 h[ev] small may be ! *>ge ( electricity develop$ at ea* individual impact1 ! total am\nt g5]at$ ov] any consid]able area1 9 a s+le day1 mu/ be v great inde$4 ,x is evid5t1 h[ev]1 t ?is me?od ( expla9+ ! orig9 ( atmosph]ic electricity c only be reg>d$ z1 at be/1 a probable hypo!sis1 until ! assumption on :i* x re/s is support$ by ! evid5ce ( obs]vation or exp]im5t4 ,l5g? ( a ,fla% ( ,lightn+4--,x w\ld seem1 !n1 t we are n yet 9 a position to indicate ) c]ta9ty ! s\rces f :i* ! electricity ( ! atmosph]e is d]iv$4 ,b :atev] ^! s\rces may be1 !re c be little d\bt t ! electricity ( ! atmosph]e is intimately associat$ ) ! m9ute p>ticles ( wat] vapor ( :i* ! ?und]cl\d is ev5tually built up4 ,?is consid]ation is ( great importance :5 we come to consid] ! special prop]ties ( lightn+1 z comp>$ ) o!r =ms ( electricity4 ,! mo/ /rik+ *>act]i/ic ( lightn+ is ! wond]ful p[] x possesses ( =c+ its way ?r\gh ! resi/+ m$ium ( ! air4 ,9 ?is respect x incomp>ably surpasses all =ms ( electricity t h hi!rto be5 produc$ by artificial means4 ,! sp>k ( an ord9>y electric ma*9e c leap across a space ( ?ree or f\r in*es2 ! ma*9e we h employ$ 9 our exp]im5ts to-day c give1 "u favorable circum/ances1 a sp>k ( n9e or t5 in*es2 ! longe/ electric sp>k ev] yet produc$ artificially is probably ! sp>k ( ,mr4 ,spottiswoode's gigantic induction coil2 & x does n exce$ ?ree feet six in*es4 ,b ! l5g? ( a fla% ( lightn+ is n to be measur$ 9 in*es1 or 9 feet or 9 y>ds2 x v>ies f "o or two miles1 = ord9>y fla%es1 to eight or t5 miles 9 exceptional cases4 ,?is p[] ( dis*>g+ itself viol5tly ?r\gh a resi/+ m$ium1 9 :i* ! ?und]cl\d s f> transc5ds ! conductor ( an electric ma*9e1 is due to ! prop]ty commonly kn[n among sci5tific m5 z electrical pot5tial4 ,! great] ! di/ance to :i* an electrifi$ body c %oot its fla%es ?r\gh ! air1 ! high] mu/ be its pot5tial4 ,h5ce ! pot5tial ( a ?und]cl\d mu/ be exce$+ly high1 s9ce its fla%es c pi]ce ! air to a di/ance ( sev]al miles4 ,& :at ,i want to po9t out is1 t we are able to acc\nt = ?is exce$+ly high pot5tial1 if we may only assume t ! m9ute p>ticles ( wat] vapor 9 ! atmosph]e h1 f any cause1 receiv$ ev] s small a *>ge ( electricity4 ,! numb] ( su* p>ticles t g to make up an ord9>y drop ( ra9 are to be c\nt$ by millions ( millions2 & x is capable ( sci5tific pro( t1 z ea* new p>ticle is add$1 9 ! build+ up ( ! drop1 a rise ( pot5tial is necess>ily produc$4 ,x is cle>1 !re=e1 t !re is practically no limit to ! pot5tial t may be develop$ by ! simple agglom]ation ( v small cl\d p>ticles1 ea* c>ry+ a v small *>ge ( electricity4#ad ,?is explanation1 :i* traces ! exce$+ly high pot5tial ( lightn+ to ! build+ up ( ra9 drops 9 ! ?und]cl\d1 sugge/s a reason :y x s (t5 happ5s t imm$iately aft] a fla% ( lightn+ 8! big ra9 comes danc+ to ! e>?40 ,! pot5tial has be5 /eadily ris+ z ! drops h be5 gett+ l>g] & l>g]1 until at l5g? ! pot5tial has become s high t ! ?und]cl\d is able to dis*>ge itself1 & almo/ at ! same mom5t ! drops h become s l>ge t !y c no long] be held al(t aga9/ ! attract+ =ce ( gravity4 ,physical ,cause ( ,?und]4--,let u n[ proce$ to consid] ! ph5om5on ( ?und]1 :i* is s intimately associat$ ) lightn+1 & :i*1 ?\gh p]fectly h>mless 9 itself1 & ?\gh nev] he>d until ! real dang] is pa/1 (t5 excites m t]ror 9 ! m9d ?an ! lightn+ fla% itself4 ,! s\nd ( ?und]1 l t ( ! electric sp>k1 is due to a di/urbance caus$ 9 ! air by ! electric dis*>ge4 ,! air is fir/ exp&$ by ! int5se heat t is develop$ along ! l9e ( dis*>ge1 & !n x ru%es back aga9 to fill up ! p>tial vacuum :i* its expansion has produc$4 ,?is sudd5 movem5t gives rise to a s]ies ( s\nd waves1 :i* rea* ! e> 9 ! =m ( ?und]4 ,b !re are c]ta9 peculi> *>act]i/ics ( ?und] :i* are des]v+ ( special consid]ation4 ,roll+ ( ,?und]4--,!y may be classifi$1 ,i ?9k1 "u two heads4 ,fir/1 ! s\nd ( ?und] is n an in/antane\s report l ! s\nd ( ! electric sp>k--x is a prolong$ peal la/+1 sometimes1 = sev]al seconds4 ,secondly1 ea* fla% ( lightn+ gives rise1 n to "o peal only1 b to a succession ( peals foll[+ "o ano!r at irregul> int]vals4 ,^! two ph5om5a1 tak5 toge!r1 produce t peculi> effect on ! e> :i* is commonly describ$ z ! roll+ ( ?und]2 & bo? ( !m1 ,i ?9k1 may be suffici5tly acc\nt$ = 9 accordance ) ! well-e/abli%$ prop]ties ( s\nd4 ,to und]/& :y ! s\nd ( ?und] rea*es ! e> z a prolong$ peal1 we h only to rememb] t s\nd takes "t to travel4 ,s9ce a fla% ( lightn+ is practically in/antane\s1 we may assume t ! s\nd is produc$ at ! same mom5t all along ! l9e ( dis*>ge4 ,b ! s\nd waves1 sett+ out at ! same mom5t f all po9ts along ! l9e ( dis*>ge1 mu/ rea* ! e> 9 successive in/ants ( "t1 arriv+ fir/ f t po9t :i* is ne>e/ to ! obs]v]1 & la/ f t po9t :i* is mo/ di/ant4 ,suppose1 = example1 t ! ne>e/ po9t ( ! fla% is a mile di/ant f ! obs]v]1 & ! f>!/ po9t two miles--! s\nd w take ab\t five seconds to come f ! ne>e/ po9t1 & ab\t t5 seconds to come f ! f>!/ po9t2 & moreov]1 9 ea* successive in/ant f ! "t ! fir/ s\nd rea*es ! e>1 s\nd w cont9ue to arrive f ! successive po9ts betwe54 ,!re=e ! ?und]1 ?\gh in/antane\s 9 its orig91 w rea* ! e> z a prolong$ peal ext5d+ ov] a p]iod ( five seconds4 ,succession ( ,peals4--,! succession ( peals produc$ by a s+le fla% ( lightn+ is due to sev]al causes1 ea* "o ( :i* may contribute m or less1 accord+ to circum/ances1 t[>d ! g5]al effect4 ,fir/1 if we accept ! results arriv$ at by ,pr(essor ,ogd5 ,rood1 ( ,columbia ,college1 :at appe>s to ! eye z a s+le fla% ( lightn+1 consi/s1 9 fact1 z a g5]al rule1 ( a succession ( fla%es1 ea* "o ( :i* mu/ naturally produce its own peal ( ?und]2 & al?\gh ! sev]al fla%es1 if !y foll[ "o ano!r at int]vals ( ! t5? ( a second1 w make "o cont9u\s impression on ! eye1 ! sev]al peals ( ?und]1 "u ! same conditions1 w impress ! e> z s _m di/9ct peals4 ,! next cause t ,i w\ld m5tion is ! zigzag pa? ( ! lightn+ dis*>ge4 ,to make cle> to y ! influ5ce ( ?is circum/ance1 ,i mu/ ask y\r att5tion = a mom5t to ! diagram on next page4 ,let ! brok5 l9e repres5t ! pa? ( a fla% ( lightn+1 & let ,o repres5t ! position ( an obs]v]4 ,! s\nd w rea* him fir/ f ! po9t ,a1 :i* is ne>e/ to him1 & !n x w cont9ue to arrive 9 successive in/ants f ! successive po9ts along ! l9e ,a ,n & along ! l9e ,a ,m1 ?us produc+ ! effect ( a cont9u\s peal4 ,mean:ile ! s\nd waves h be5 travel+ f ! po9t ,b1 & 9 due "t w rea* ! obs]v] at ,o4 ,com+ z !y d 9 a diff]5t direction f ! =m]1 !y w /rike ! e> z ! beg9n+ ( a new peal :i*1 9 its turn1 w be prolong$ by ! s\nd waves arriv+1 9 successive in/ants1 f ! successive po9ts along ! l9e ,b ,m & ,b ,h4 ,a little lat]1 ! s\nd w arrive f ! m di/ant po9t ,c1 & a ?ird peal w beg94 ,& s !re w be sev]al di/9ct peals proce$+1 s to speak1 f sev]al di/9ct po9ts 9 ! pa? ( ! lightn+ fla%4 ,illu/ration3 ,,orig9 ,,( ,,successive ,,peals ,,( ,,?und]4 ,a ?ird cause to :i* ! succession ( peals may be ref]r$ is to be f\nd 9 ! m9or electrical dis*>ges t mu/ (t5 take place )9 ! ?und]cl\d itself4 ,a ?und]cl\d is n a cont9u\s mass l ! metal cyl9d] ( ?is electric ma*9e--x has _m outly+ fragm5ts1 m or less imp]fectly connect$ ) ! pr9cipal body4 ,moreov]1 ! mat]ial ( :i* ! cl\d is compos$ is only a v imp]fect conductor z comp>$ ) our brass cyl9d]4 ,= ^! two reasons x mu/ (t5 happ51 ab\t ! "t a fla% ( lightn+ passes1 t diff]5t p>ts ( ! cl\d w be 9 su* diff]5t electrical conditions z to give rise to electrical dis*>ges )9 ! cl\d itself4 ,ea* ( ^! dis*>ges produces its own peal ( ?und]2 & ?us we may h a numb] ( m9or peals1 sometimes prec$+ & sometimes foll[+ ! great cra% :i* is due to ! pr9cipal dis*>ge4 ,la/ly1 ! influ5ce ( e*o has (t5 a consid]able %>e 9 multiply+ ! numb] ( peals ( ?und]4 ,! waves ( s\nd1 go+ =? 9 all directions1 are reflect$ f ! surfaces ( m\nta9s1 =e/s1 cl\ds1 & build+s1 & com+ back f diff]5t qu>t]s1 & ) v>y+ int5sity1 rea* ! e> l ! ro> ( di/ant artill]y4 ,! /rik+ effect ( ^! rev]b]ations 9 a m\nta9 di/rict has be5 describ$ by a great poet 9 words :i*1 ,i d>esay1 are famili> to mo/ ( y3 8,f> along1 ,f peak to peak1 ! rattl+ crags among1 ,leaps ! live ?und]6 ,n f "o lone cl\d1 ,b e m\nta9 n[ has f\nd a tongue1 ,& ,jura answ]s f h] mi/y %r\d ,back to ! joy\s ,alps1 t call to h] al\d60 ,v>iations ( ,int5sity 9 ,?und]4--,f :at has be5 said1 x is easy to und]/& h[ ! g5]al ro> ( ?und] is subject to great *anges ( int5sity1 dur+ ! "t x la/s1 accord+ to ! numb] ( peals t may be arriv+ at ! e> ( an obs]v] 9 ea* p>ticul> mom5t4 ,b e "o mu/ h obs]v$ t ev5 an individual peal ( ?und] (t5 und]goes simil> *anges1 swell+ out at "o mom5t ) great p[]1 & ! next mom5t rapidly dy+ away4 ,to acc\nt = ?is ph5om5on1 ,i w\ld obs]ve1 fir/1 t !re is no reason to suppose t ! di/urbance caus$ by lightn+ is ( exactly ! same magnitude at e po9t ( its pa?4 ,on ! contr>y1 x w\ld seem v probable t ! am\nt ( ?is di/urbance is1 9 "s way1 dep5d5t on ! resi/ance :i* ! dis*>ge enc\nt]s4 ,h5ce ! int5sity ( ! s\nd waves s5t =? by a fla% ( lightn+ is probably v diff]5t at diff]5t p>ts ( its c\rse2 & ea* individual peal w swell out on ! e> or die away1 accord+ to ! great] or less int5sity ( ! s\nd waves t rea* ! e> 9 ea* successive mom5t ( "t4 ,b !re is ano!r influ5ce at "w :i* mu/ produce v>iations 9 ! l\dness ( a peal ( ?und]1 ev5 ?\gh ! s\nd waves1 set 9 motion by ! lightn+1 7 ev]y:]e ( equal int5sity4 ,?is influ5ce dep5ds on ! position ( ! obs]v] 9 relation to ! pa? ( ! lightn+ fla%4 ,at "o "p ( its c\rse ! lightn+ may foll[ a pa? :i* rema9s = a c]ta9 l5g? at ne>ly ! same di/ance f ! obs]v]2 !n all ! s\nd produc$ along ?is l5g? w rea* ! obs]v] ne>ly at ! same mom5t1 & w bur/ ^u ! e> ) great int5sity4 ,at ano!r "p1 ! lightn+ may = an equal l5g? g "r away f ! obs]v]2 & x is evid5t t ! s\nd produc$ along ?is l5g? w rea* ! obs]v] 9 successive in/ants1 & consequ5tly produce an effect comp>atively feeble4 ,) a view to inve/igate ?is int]e/+ "q a little m closely1 let me suppose ! position ( ! obs]v] tak5 z a c5tre1 & a numb] ( conc5tric circles drawn1 cutt+ ! pa? ( ! lightn+ fla%1 & sep>at$ f "o ano!r by a di/ance ( #aaj feet1 measur$ along ! direction ( ! radius4 ,x is evid5t t all ! s\nd produc$ betwe5 any two consecutive circles w rea* ! e> )9 a p]iod :i* mu/ be measur$ by ! "t t s\nd takes to travel #aaj feet1 t is1 )9 ! t5? ( a second4 ,h5ce1 9 ord] to det]m9e ! quantity ( s\nd t rea*es ! e> 9 successive p]iods ( "o-t5? ( a second1 we h only to obs]ve h[ mu* is produc$ betwe5 ea* two consecutive circles4 ,b on ! supposition t ! s\nd waves1 set 9 motion by ! fla% ( lightn+1 are ( equal int5sity at e po9t ( its pa?1 x is cle> t ! quantity ( s\nd develop$ betwe5 ea* two consecutive circles w be simply proportional to ! l5g? ( ! pa? enclos$ betwe5 !m4 ,) ^! pr9ciples e/abli%$1 let u n[ foll[ ! c\rse ( a peal ( ?und]1 9 ! diagram be=e u4 ,?is brok5 l9e1 drawn almo/ at r&om1 repres5ts ! pa? ( a fla% ( lightn+2 ! obs]v] is suppos$ to be plac$ at ,o1 :i* is ! c5tre ( ! conc5tric circles2 ^! circles are sep>at$ f "o ano!r by a di/ance ( #aaj feet1 measur$ 9 ! direction ( ! radius2 & we want to consid] h[ any "o peal ( ?und] may v>y 9 l\dness 9 ! successive p]iods ( "o-t5? ( a second4 ,illu/ration3 ,,v>iations ,,( ,,int5sity ,,9 ,a ,,peal ,,( ,,?und]4 ,let u take1 = example1 ! peal :i* beg9s :5 ! s\nd waves rea* ! e> f ! po9t ,a4 ,9 ! fir/ unit ( "t ! s\nd t rea*es ! e> is ! s\nd produc$ along ! l9es ,a ,b & ,a ,c2 9 ! second unit1 ! s\nd produc$ along ! l9es ,b ,d & ,c ,e2 9 ! ?ird unit1 ! s\nd produc$ along ,d ,f & ,e ,g4 ,s f> ! peal has be5 fairly uni=m 9 its int5sity2 ?\gh !re has be5 a slight fall+ (f 9 ! second & ?ird units ( "t1 z comp>$ ) ! fir/4 ,b 9 ! f\r? unit !re is a consid]able fall+ away ( ! s\nd2 = ! l9e ,f ,k is only ab\t "o-?ird z long z ,d ,f & ,e ,g tak5 toge!r2 !re=e ! quantity ( s\nd t rea*es ! e> 9 ! f\r? unit ( "t is only "o-?ird ( t :i* rea*es x 9 ea* ( ! ?ree prec$+ units2 & consequ5tly ! s\nd is only "o-?ird z l\d4 ,9 ! fif? unit1 h[ev]1 ! peal mu/ rise to a sudd5 cra%2 = ! portion ( ! lightn+ pa? inclos$ betwe5 ! fif? & six? circles is ab\t six times z great z t betwe5 ! f\r? & fif?2 !re=e ! int5sity ( ! s\nd w be sudd5ly increas$ ab\t six-fold4 ,aft] ?is sudd5 cra%1 ! s\nd z sudd5ly dies away 9 ! six? unit ( "t2 x cont9ues feeble z ! pa? ( ! lightn+ goes ne>ly /raight away f ! obs]v]2 x swells aga9 slightly 9 ! n9? unit ( "t2 & !n cont9ues )\t mu* v>iation to ! end4 ,?is is only a s+le illu/ration1 b x seems q suffici5t to %[ t ! *anges ( int5sity 9 a peal ( ?und] mu/ be l>gely due to ! position ( ! spectator 9 relation to ! sev]al p>ts ( ! lightn+ fla%4 ,di/ance ( a ,fla% ( ,lightn+4--,i ne$ h>dly rem9d y t1 by obs]v+ ! int]val t elapses betwe5 ! fla% ( lightn+ & ! peal ( ?und] t foll[s x1 we may e/imate approximately ! di/ance ( ! ne>e/ po9t ( ! dis*>ge4 ,light travels ) su* amaz+ velocity t we may assume1 )\t any s5sible error1 t we see ! fla% ( lightn+ at ! v mom5t 9 :i* ! dis*>ge takes place4 ,b s\nd1 z we h se51 takes a s5sible "t to travel ev5 %ort di/ances2 & !re=e a measurable int]val almo/ always elapses betwe5 ! mom5t 9 :i* ! fla% is se5 & ! mom5t 9 :i* ! peal ( ?und] fir/ rea*es ! e>4 ,& ! di/ance ?r\gh :i* s\nd travels 9 ?is int]val w be ! di/ance ( ! ne>e/ po9t ?r\gh :i* ! dis*>ge has pass$4 ,n[1 ! velocity ( s\nd 9 air v>ies slightly ) ! temp]ature2 b1 at ! ord9>y temp]ature ( our climate1 we %all n be f> a/ray if we all[ #a1ajj feet = e second1 or ab\t "o mile = e five seconds4 ,y w obs]ve also t1 by repeat+ ?is obs]vation1 we c det]m9e :e!r ! ?und]cl\d is com+ t[>d u1 or go+ away f u4 ,s long z ! int]val betwe5 ea* successive fla% & ! correspond+ peal ( ?und]1 cont9ues to get %ort] & %ort]1 ! ?und]cl\d is approa*+2 :5 ! int]val beg9s to increase1 ! ?und]cl\d is rec$+ f u1 & ! dang] is pass$4 ,! cra% ( ?und] is t]rific :5 ! lightn+ is close at h&2 b x is a curi\s fact1 t ! s\nd does n seem to travel z f> z ! report ( an ord9>y cannon4 ,we h no au!ntic record ( ?und] hav+ be5 he>d at a great] di/ance ?an f twelve to fifte5 miles1 :]eas ! report ( a s+le cannon has be5 he>d at five times t di/ance2 & ! ro> ( artill]y1 9 battle1 at a great] di/ance /ill4 ,on ! occasion ( ! ,que5's visit to ,*]b\rg1 9 ,augu/1 #aheh1 ! salute fir$ 9 honor ( h] arrival 0 he>d at ,bon*ur*1 9 ! ,isle ( ,wight1 a di/ance ( sixty miles4 ,x 0 also he>d at ,lyme ,regis1 9 ,dorset%ire1 :i* is eighty-five miles f ,*]b\rg1 z ! cr[ flies2 & we are told t1 n only 0 x audible 9 its g5]al effect1 b ! report ( individual guns 0 di/9ctly recogniz$4 ,! artill]y ( ,wat]loo is said to h be5 he>d at ! t[n ( ,creil1 9 ,france1 #aae miles f ! field ( battle2 & ! cannonad+ at ! siege ( ,val5ci5nes1 9 #agic1 0 he>d1 f day to day1 at ,deal1 on ! coa/ ( ,engl&1 a di/ance ( #abj miles4#ae ,s f>1 ,i h endeavor$ to set =? "s g5]al ideas on ! nature & orig9 ( lightn+1 & ( ! ?und] t accompanies x4 ,9 my next ,lecture ,i propose to give a %ort acc\nt ( ! de/ructive effects ( lightn+1 & to consid] h[ ^! effects may be/ be av]t$ by means ( lightn+ conductors4 ,,note ,,to ,,page #bj4 ,,on ,,! ,,high ,,pot5tial ,,( ,a ,,fla% ,,( ,,lightn+4 ,! pot5tial ( an electrifi$ sph]e is equal to ! quantity ( electricity ) :i* ! sph]e is *>g$1 divid$ by ! radius ( ! sph]e4 ,n[ ! m9ute cl\d p>ticles1 :i* g to make up a drop ( ra91 may be tak5 to be v small sph]es2 & if v repres5t ! pot5tial ( ea* "o1 q ! quantity ( electricity ) :i* x is *>g$1 & r ! radius ( ! sph]e1 we h v q_/r4 ,suppose #a1jjj ( ^! cl\d p>ticles to unite into "o2 ! quantity ( electricity 9 ! drop1 ?us =m$1 w be #a1jjjq2 & ! radius1 :i* increases 9 ! ratio ( ! cube root ( ! volume1 w be #ajr4 ,!re=e ! pot5tial ( ! new sph]e w be #ajjjq_/#ajr1 or #ajjq_/r2 t is to say1 x w be #ajj times z great z ! pot5tial ( ea* ( ! cl\d p>ticles :i* compose x4 ,:5 a million ( cl\d p>ticles are bl5d$ into a s+le drop1 ! same process w %[ t ! pot5tial has be5 increas$ t5 ?\s&fold2 & :5 a drop is produc$ by ! agglom]ation ( a million ( millions ( cl\d p>ticles1 ! pot5tial ( ! drop w be a hundr$ million times z great z t ( ! individual p>ticles4#af ,,footnotes3 #a 8,il y a des gr&s seigneurs dont il ne faut appro*] qu'avec d'extrmes prcautions4 ,le tonn]re e/ de ce nombre40--,dict4 ,philos4 art4 ,f\dre4 #b ,electricit ,/atique1 ii41 #efa4 #c ,des*anel's ,natural ,philosophy1 ,six? ,edition1 p4 #fda4 #d ,fragm5ts ( ,sci5ce1 ,fif? ,edition1 p4 #caa4 #e ,lecture on ,?und]/orms1 ,nature1 vol4 xxii41 p4 #cda4 #f ,?ird ,s]ies1 vol4 v41 p4 #afa4 #g ,phil4 ,trans4 ,royal ,society1 #ahcd1 vol4 cxxv41 pp4 #ehc-eia4 #h ,9 exp]im5ts ) a ,leyd5 j>1 ,f$d]s5 has %[n t ! duration ( ! dis*>ge is increas$1 n only by increas+ ! /rik+ di/ance1 b also by increas+ ! size ( ! j>4 ,n[1 a fla% ( lightn+ may be reg>d$ z ! dis*>ge ( a ,leyd5 j> ( imm5se size1 ) an enorm\s /rik+ di/ance2 & !re=e we %\ld expect t ! duration ( ! dis*>ge %\ld be greatly prolong$4 ,see ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce & ,arts1 ,?ird ,s]ies1 vol4 i41 p4 #ae4 #i ,see orig9al pap] by ,swan1 ,trans4 ,royal ,society1 ,ed9burgh1 #ahdi1 vol4 xvi41 pp4 #eha-fjc2 also1 a second pap]1 ib4 #ahfa1 vol4 xxii41 pp4 #cc-ci4 #aj ,nature1 vol4 xxviii41 p4 #ed4 #aa ,see1 h[ev]1 an attempt to acc\nt = ?is ph5om5on 9 ,de ,l>ive's ,treatise on ,electricity1 ,london1 #ahec-h1 vol4 iii41 pp4 #aii1 #bjj2 & ano!r1 q rec5tly1 by ,mr4 ,spottiswoode1 9 a ,lecture on ! ,electrical ,dis*>ge1 deliv]$ be=e ! ,briti% ,association at ,york1 9 ,septemb]1 #ahha1 & publi%$ by ,longmans1 ,london1 p4 #db4 ,see also1 = rec5t evid5ce reg>d+ ! ph5om5on itself1 ,scott's ,elem5t>y ,meteorology1 pp4 #age-h4 #ab ,see ,jam91 8,c\rs de ,physique10 i41 #dhj-a2 ,toml9son1 8,! ,?und]/orm10 ,?ird ,edition1 pp4 #ie-ajc2 8,?und]/orms10 a ,lecture by ,pr(essor ,tait1 ,nature1 vol4 xxii41 p4 #cef4 #ac ,pr(essor ,tait1 ,on ,?und]/orms1 ,nature1 vol4 xxii41 pp4 #dcf-g4 #ad ,see note at ! end ( ?is ,lecture1 p4 #bf4 #ae ,see ,toml9son1 ,! ,?und]/orm1 pp4 #hg-i4 #af ,see ,tait on ,?und]/orms1 ,nature1 vol4 xxii41 p4 #dcf4 ,,lecture ,,ii4 ,,lightn+ ,,conductors4 ,! effects ( lightn+1 on ! bodies t x /rikes1 are analog\s to ^? :i* may be produc$ by ! dis*>ge ( our electric ma*9es & ,leyd5 j> batt]ies4 ,:5 ! dis*>ge ( a batt]y trav]ses a metal conductor ( suffici5t dim5sions to all[ x an easy passage1 x makes its way along sil5tly & h>mlessly4 ,b if ! conductor be s ?9 z to (f] consid]able resi/ance1 !n ! conductor itself is rais$ to int5se heat1 & may be melt$1 or ev5 conv]t$ into vapor1 by ! dis*>ge4 ,on opposite page is %[n a bo>d on :i* a numb] ( v ?9 wires h be5 /ret*$1 ov] :ite pap]1 betwe5 brass balls4 ,! wires are s ?9 t ! full *>ge ( ! batt]y be=e y1 :i* consi/s ( n9e l>ge ,leyd5 j>s1 is q suffici5t to conv]t !m 9 an in/ant into vapor4 ,i h already1 on =m] occasions1 s5t ! *>ge ?r\gh two ( ^! wires1 & no?+ rema9s ( !m n[ b ! traces ( _! vapor1 :i* m>k ! pa? ( ! electric dis*>ge f ball to ball4 ,at ! pres5t mom5t ! batt]y /&s ready *>g$1 & ,i am go+ to dis*>ge x ?r\gh a ?ird wire1 by means ( ?is insulat$ rod :i* ,i hold 9 my h&4 ,! dis*>ge has pass$2 y saw a fla%1 & a little smoke2 & n[1 if y look at ! pap]1 y w f9d t ! wire is gone1 b t x has left beh9d ! track ( its inc&esc5t vapor1 m>k+ ! pa? ( ! dis*>ge4 ,illu/ration3 ,,dis*>ge ,,( ,,leyd5 ,,j> ,,batt]y ,,?r\gh ,,?9 ,,wires4 ,de/ruction ( ,build+s by ,lightn+4--,we le>n f ?is exp]im5t t ! electricity /or$ up 9 our batt]y passes1 )\t visible effect1 ?r\gh ! /\t wire ( a dis*>g+ rod1 b t x in/antly conv]ts into vapor ! ?9 wire /ret*$ across ! sp>k bo>d4 ,& s x is ) a fla% ( lightn+4 ,x passes h>mlessly1 z e "o kn[s1 ?r\gh a /\t metal rod1 b :5 x comes across bell wires or telegraph wires1 x melts !m1 or conv]ts !m into vapor4 ,on ! sixte5? ( ,july1 #agei1 a fla% ( lightn+ /ruck a h\se 9 ,s\?w>k1 on ! s\? side ( ,london1 & foll[$ ! l9e ( ! bell wire4 ,aft] ! lightn+ _h pass$1 ! wire 0 no long] to be f\nd2 b ! pa? ( ! lightn+ 0 cle>ly m>k$ by pat*es ( vapor :i* 7 left1 "h & !re1 adh]+ to ! surface ( ! wall4 ,9 ! ye> #aged1 ! lightn+ fell on a bell t[] at ,newbury1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 & hav+ da%$ ! ro( to pieces1 & scatt]$ ! fragm5ts ab\t1 x rea*$ ! bell4 ,f ?is po9t x foll[$ an iron wire1 ab\t z ?ick z a knitt+ ne$le1 melt+ x z x pass$ along1 leav+ beh9d a black /reak ( vapor on ! surface ( ! walls4 ,aga91 ! electric dis*>ge1 pass+ ?r\gh a bad conductor1 produces me*anical di/urbance1 &1 if ! sub/ance be combu/ible1 (t5 sets x on fire4 ,s1 too1 z y "k1 ! lightn+ fla%1 fall+ on a *ur* spire1 da%es x to pieces1 knock+ ! /ones ab\t 9 all directions1 :ile x sets fire to %ips & wood5 build+s2 & m ?an once x has caus$ great deva/ation by explod+ p[d] magaz9es4 ,let me give y "o or two examples3 ,9 ,janu>y1 #agfb1 ! lightn+ fell on a *ur* t[] 9 ,cornwall1 & a /one--?ree hundr$-weight--0 torn f its place & hurl$ to a di/ance ( #ahj feet1 :ile a small] /one 0 project$ z f> z #a1bjj feet f ! build+4 ,aga91 9 #ahji1 ! lightn+ /ruck a h\se n f> f ,man*e/]1 & lit]ally mov$ a massive wall twelve feet high & ?ree ?ick to a di/ance ( sev]al feet4 ,y may =m "s conception ( ! enorm\s =ce "h br\ght into action1 :5 ,i tell y t ! total weight ( mason-"w mov$ on ?is occasion 0 n less ?an tw5ty-?ree tons4 ,! *ur* ( ,/4 ,george1 at ,leice/]1 0 sev]ely damag$ by lightn+ on ! #a/ ( ,augu/1 #ahdf4 ,ab\t #h o'clock 9 ! ev5+ ! rector ( ! p>i% saw a vivid /reak ( light d>t+ ) incr$ible velocity aga9/ ! upp] "p ( ! spire4 8,= ! di/ance ( =ty feet on ! ea/]n side1 & ne>ly sev5ty on ! we/1 ! massive /onework ( ! spire 0 in/antly r5t asund] & laid 9 ru9s4 ,l>ge blocks ( /one 7 hurl$ 9 all directions1 brok5 into small fragm5ts1 & 9 "s cases1 !re is reason to believe1 r$uc$ to p[d]4 ,"o fragm5t ( consid]able size 0 hurl$ aga9/ ! w9d[ ( a h\se ?ree hundr$ feet di/ant1 %att]+ to pieces ! woodwork1 & /rew+ ! room )9 ) f9e du/ & fragm5ts ( glass4 ,x has be5 comput$ t a hundr$ tons ( /one 71 on ?is occasion1 bl[n to a di/ance ( ?irty feet 9 ?ree seconds4 ,9 addition to ! %iv]+ ( ! spire1 ! p9nacles at ! angles ( ! t[] 7 all m or less damag$1 ! fly+ buttresses crack$ ?r\gh & viol5tly %ak51 _m ( ! op5 battlem5ts at ! base ( ! spire knock$ away1 ! ro( ( ! *ur* completely riddl$1 ! ro(s ( ! side entrances de/roy$1 & ! /one /aircases ( ! gall]y %att]$40#ag ,lightn+ has be5 at all times ! cause ( great damage to prop]ty by its p[] ( sett+ fire to :atev] is combu/ible4 ,full] says1 9 8 ,*ur* ,hi/ory1 t 8sc>cely a great abbey exi/s 9 ,engl& :i* once1 at lea/1 has n be5 burn$ by lightn+ f heav540 ,he m5tions1 z examples1 ! ,abbey ( ,croyl& twice burn$1 ! ,mona/]y ( ,cant]bury twice1 ! ,abbey ( ,pet]bor\gh twice2 also ! ,abbey ( ,/4 ,m>y's1 9 ,york%ire1 ! ,abbey ( ,norwi*1 & sev]al o!rs4 ,sir ,william ,sn[ ,h>ris1 writ+ ab\t tw5ty ye>s ago1 tells u t 8! numb] ( *ur*es & *ur* spires :olly or p>tially de/roy$ by lightn+ is beyond all belief1 & w\ld be too t$i\s a detail to ent] ^u4 ,)9 a comp>atively few ye>s1 9 #ahbb = in/ance1 we f9d ! magnific5t ,ca!dral ( ,r\5 burn$1 &1 s lately z #ahej1 ! beautiful ,ca!dral ( ,s>agossa1 9 ,spa91 /ruck by lightn+ dur+ div9e s]vice & set on fire4 ,9 ,m>* ( la/ ye> a dispat* f our ,m9i/] at ,brussels1 ,"l ,h[>d de ,wald51 dat$ ! #bd? ( ,febru>y1 0 =w>d$ by ,"l ,russell to ! ,royal ,society1 /at+ t1 on ! prec$+ ,sunday1 a viol5t ?und]/orm _h spread ov] ,belgium2 t twelve *ur*es _h be5 /ruck by lightn+2 & t ?ree ( ^! f9e old build+s _h be5 totally de/roy$40#ah ,ev5 9 our own day ! de/ruction caus$ by fires produc$ ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( lightn+ is v great--f> great] ?an is commonly suppos$4 ,no g5]al record ( su* fires is kept1 & consequ5tly our in=mation on ! subject is v incomplete & inexact4 ,i may tell y1 h[ev]1 "o small fact :i*1 s f> z x goes1 is precise en\gh & v significant4 ,9 ! little prov9ce ( ,s*leswig-,hol/e91 :i* occupies an area less ?an "o-f\r? ( ! area ( ,irel&1 ! ,prov9cial ,fire ,assurance ,association has paid 9 sixte5 ye>s1 = damage caus$ by lightn+1 some:at ov] #ajj1jjj1 or at ! rate ( m ?an #f1jjj a ye>4 ,! total loss ( prop]ty e ye> 9 ?is prov9ce1 due to fires caus$ by lightn+1 is e/imat$ at n less ?an #ab1ejj4ai ,de/ruction ( ,%ips at ,sea4--,! de/ructive effects ( lightn+ on %ips at sea1 be=e ! g5]al adoption ( lightn+ conductors1 seems almo/ incr$ible at ! pres5t day4 ,f (ficial records x appe>s t ! damage done to ! ,royal ,navy ( ,engl& alone involv$ an exp5diture ( f #f1jjj to #aj1jjj a ye>4 ,we are told by ,sir ,william ,sn[ ,h>ris1 :o devot$ himself = _m ye>s to ?is subject ) extraord9>y zeal & complete success1 t betwe5 ! ye> #ahaj & ! ye> #ahae--t is1 )9 a p]iod ( five ye>s--8no less ?an =ty sail ( ! l9e1 tw5ty frigates1 & twelve sloops & corvettes 7 plac$ hors de combat by lightn+4 ,9 ! m]*ant navy1 )9 a comp>atively small numb] ( ye>s1 no less ?an ?irty-f\r %ips1 mo/ ( !m l>ge vessels ) ri* c>goes1 h be5 totally de/roy$--be5 ei!r burn$ or sunk--to say no?+ ( a ho/ ( vessels p>tially de/roy$ or sev]ely damag$40#bj ,& ^! /atem5ts1 be x obs]v$1 take no acc\nt ( %ips t 7 simply report$ z miss+1 "s ( :i*1 we c h>dly d\bt1 7 /ruck by lightn+ 9 ! op5 sea1 & w5t d[n ) all h&s on bo>d4 ,a fam\s %ip ( =ty-f\r guns1 ! ,resi/ance1 0 /ruck by lightn+ 9 ! ,/raits ( ,malacca1 & ! p[d] magaz9e explod+1 %e w5t to ! bottom4 ,( h] :ole crew only ?ree 7 sav$1 :o happ5$ to be pick$ up by a pass+ boat4 ,x has be5 well obs]v$ t1 7 x n = ^! ?ree *ance survivors1 no?+ w\ld h be5 kn[n conc]n+ ! fate ( ! vessel1 & %e w\ld h be5 simply record$ z miss+ 9 ! ,admiralty li/s4 ,no?+ is m fe>ful to contemplate ?an ! sc5e on bo>d a %ip :5 %e is /ruck by lightn+ 9 ! op5 sea1 ) ! w9ds h[l+ ar\nd1 ! waves roll+ m\nta9s high1 ! ra9 com+ d[n 9 torr5ts1 & ! vivid fla%es light+ up ! gloom at int]vals1 & c>ry+ dea? & de/ruction 9 _! track4 ,i w read y "o or two brief acc\nts ( su* a sc5e1 giv5 9 ! pi?y b expressive language ( ! sailor4 ,9 ,janu>y1 #aghf1 ! ,?isbe1 ( ?irty-six guns1 0 /ruck by lightn+ (f ! coa/ ( ,scilly1 & r$uc$ to ! condition ( a wreck4 ,"h is an extract f ! %ip's log3 8,f\r ,a4 ,m41 /rong gales2 h&$ ma9sail & ma9 top-sail2 hove to ) /orm /aysails2 bl[+ v heavy1 ,s4 ,e4 #d4ae1 a fla% ( lightn+1 ) trem5d\s ?und]1 disabl$ "s ( our p4 ,a second fla% set ! ma9sail1 ma9-top1 & miz5 /aysails on fire4 ,oblig$ to cut away ! ma9ma/2 ?is c>ri$ away miz5 top-ma/ & =e top-sail y>d4 ,f\nd =ema/ also %iv]$ by ! lightn+4 ,=e top-ma/ w5t ov] ! side ab\t #i ,a4 ,m4 ,set ! =esail40#ba ,a few ye>s lat]1 9 ,m>*1 #agif1 ! ,l[e/(fe 0 /ruck 9 ! ,m$it]ranean1 & we read z foll[s 9 ! log ( ! %ip3 8,nor? end ( ,m9orca2 heavy squalls2 hail1 ra91 ?und]1 & lightn+4 #ab4ae1 %ip /ruck by lightn+1 :i* knock$ ?ree m5 f ! ma/head1 "o kill$4 #ab4cj1 %ip aga9 /ruck2 ma9 top-ma/ %iv]$ 9 pieces2 _m m5 /ruck s5seless on ! decks4 ,%ip aga9 /ruck1 & set on fire 9 ! ma/s & rigg+2 ma9ma/ %iv]$ 9 pieces2 =e top-ma/ %iv]$2 m5 b5umb$ on ! decks1 & knock$ out ( ! top2 "o man kill$ on ! spot4 #a4cj1 cut away ! ma9ma/2 employ$ cle>+ wreck4 #d1 mod]ate2 set ! =esail40#bb ,aga91 9 #ahaj1 ! ,repulse1 a %ip ( sev5ty-f\r guns1 0 /ruck1 (f ! coa/ ( ,spa94 8,! w9d _h be5 v>iable 9 ! morn+--& at #ab4ce !re 0 a heavy squall1 ) ra91 ?und]1 & lightn+4 ,! %ip 0 /ruck by two vivid fla%es ( lightn+1 :i* %iv]$ ! ma9top-gallant ma/1 & sev]ely damag$ ! ma9ma/4 ,sev5 m5 7 kill$ on ! spot2 ?ree o!rs only surviv$ a few days2 & t5 o!rs 7 maim$ = life4 ,aft] ! second dis*>ge ! ra9 fell 9 torr5ts4 ,! %ip 0 m completely crippl$ ?an if %e _h be5 9 action1 & ! squadron1 !n engag$ on a critical s]vice1 lo/ = a "t "o ( its fa/e/ & be/ %ips40#bc ,de/ruction ( ,p[d] ,magaz9es4--,n less appall+ is ! deva/ation caus$ by lightn+ :5 x falls on a p[d] magaz9e4 ,"h is a /rik+ example3 ,on ! eighte5? ( ,augu/1 #agfi1 ! t[] ( ,/4 ,nazaire1 at ,brescia1 0 /ruck by lightn+4 ,und]nea? ! t[] ab\t #bjj1jjj p\nds ( gunp[d]1 belong+ to ! ,republic ( ,v5ice1 7 /or$ 9 vaults4 ,! p[d] explod$1 level+ to ! gr\nd a great "p ( ! beautiful city ( ,brescia1 & bury+ ?\s&s ( its inhabitants 9 ! ru9s4 ,x is said t ! t[] itself 0 bl[n up bodily to a great height 9 ! air1 & came d[n 9 a %[] ( /ones4 ,?is is1 p]haps1 ! mo/ fe>ful disa/] ( ! k9d on record4 ,b we are n )\t examples 9 our own times4 ,9 ! ye> #ahef ! lightn+ fell on ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,john1 9 ! ,isl& ( ,rhodes4 ,a l>ge quantity ( gunp[d] _h be5 deposit$ 9 ! vaults ( ! *ur*4 ,?is 0 ignit$ by ! fla%2 ! build+ 0 r$uc$ to a mass ( ru9s1 a l>ge portion ( ! t[n 0 de/roy$1 & a consid]able numb] ( ! inhabitants 7 kill$4 ,aga91 9 ! foll[+ ye>1 ! magaz9e ( ,j\dpore1 9 ! ,bombay ,presid5cy1 0 /ruck by lightn+4 ,_m ?\s& p\nds ( gunp[d] 7 bl[n up1 five hundr$ h\ses 7 de/roy$1 & ne>ly a ?\s& p are said to h be5 kill$4#bd ,exp]im5tal ,illu/rations4--,& n[1 be=e proce$+ fur!r1 ,i w make "o or two exp]im5ts1 ) a view ( %[+ t ! electricity ( our ma*9es is capable ( produc+ effects simil> to ^? produc$ by lightn+1 ?\gh immeasurably inf]ior 9 po9t ( magnitude4 ,"h is a common tumbl]1 ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s full ( wat]4 ,into x ,i introduce two b5t rods ( brass1 :i* are c>efully insulat$ bel[ ! surface ( ! wat] by a cov]+ ( india-rubb]4 ,! po9ts1 h[ev]1 are expos$1 & come to )9 an in* ( "o ano!r1 ne> ! bottom ( ! tumbl]4 ,outside ! tumbl]1 ! brass rods are m\nt$ on a /&1 by means ( :i* ,i c s5d ! full *>ge ( ?is ,leyd5 j> batt]y ?r\gh ! wat]1 f po9t to po9t4 ,s9ce wat] is a bad conductor ( electricity1 z comp>$ ) metals1 ! *>ge enc\nt]s great resi/ance 9 pass+ ?r\gh x1 & 9 ov]com+ ?is resi/ance produces consid]able me*anical commotion1 :i* is usually suffici5t to %iv] ! glass to pieces4 ,to *>ge ! batt]y w take ab\t tw5ty turns ( ?is l>ge ,holtz ma*9e4 ,obs]ve h[ ! pi? ball ( ! electroscope rises z ! ma*9e is work$1 %[+ t ! *>ge is go+ 94 ,& n[ x rema9s /ation>y2 :i* is a sign t ! batt]y is fully *>g$1 & c receive no m4 ,y w notice t ! outside coat+ ( ! batt]y has be5 already connect$ ) "o ( ! brass rods dipp+ into ! tumbl] ( wat]4 ,by means ( ?is dis*>g] ,i w n[ br+ ! inside coat+ into connection ) ! o!r rod4 ,& see1 be=e contact is actually made1 ! sp>k has leap$ across1 & our tumbl] is viol5tly bur/ asund] f top to bottom4 ,illu/ration3 ,,glass ,,vessel ,,brok5 ,,by ,,dis*>ge ,,( ,,leyd5 ,,j> ,,batt]y4 ,?is w probably appe> to y a v small affair1 :5 comp>$ ) ! te>+ asund] ( solid masonry1 & ! hurl+ ab\t ( /ones by ! ton weight4 ,no d\bt x is2 & t is j "o ( ! lessons we h to le>n f ! exp]im5t we h made4 ,=1 n only does x %[ u t effects ( ?is k9d may be caus$ by electricity artificially produc$1 b x br+s home =cibly to ! m9d h[ incomp>ably m p[]ful is ! lightn+ ( ! cl\ds ?an ! electricity ( our ma*9es4 ,! prop]ty :i* electricity has ( sett+ fire to combu/ible sub/ances may be easily illu/rat$4 ,?is india-rubb] tube is connect$ ) ! gas pipe "u ! floor1 & to ! end ( ! tube is fitt$ a brass /op-cock :i* ,i hold 9 my h&4 ,i op5 ! cock1 & all[ ! jet ( gas to fl[ t[>d ! conductor ( ,c>r's ma*9e1 :ile my assi/ant turns ! h&le2 a sp>k passes1 & ! gas is lit4 ,aga91 my assi/ant /&s on ?is insulat+ /ool1 plac+ 8 h& on ! l>ge conductor ( ! ma*9e1 :ile ,i turn ! h&le4 ,8 body becomes electrifi$1 & :5 he pres5ts 8 knuckle to ?is vessel ( spirits ( w9e1 :i* is electrically connect$ ) ! e>?1 a sp>k leaps across1 & ! spirits ( w9e are at once 9 a blaze4 ,once m2 ,i tie a little gun-cotton ar\nd "o knob ( ! dis*>g+ rod1 & !n use x to dis*>ge a small ,leyd5 j>2 at ! mom5t ( ! dis*>ge ! gun-cotton is set on fire4 ,x w\ld be easy to explode gunp[d] ) ! electric sp>k1 b ! smoke ( ! explosion w\ld make ! lecture-hall v unpleasant = ! rema9d] ( ! lecture4 ,i propose1 !re=e1 to sub/itute = gunp[d] an explosive mixture ( oxyg5 & hydrog51 ) :i* ,i h fill$ ?is little metal flask1 commonly kn[n z ,volta's pi/ol4 ,by a v simple contrivance1 ! electric sp>k is dis*>g$ ?r\gh ! mixture1 :5 ,i hold ! flask t[>d ! conductor ( ! ma*9e4 ,a cork is fitt$ tightly into ! neck ( ! flask1 & at ! mom5t ! sp>k passes y he> a l\d explosion1 & y see ! cork driv5 viol5tly up to ! ceil+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gun-,,cotton ,,set ,,on ,,fire ,,by ,,electric ,,sp>k4 ,de/ruction ( ,life4--,! la/ effect ( lightn+ to :i* ,i %all ref]1 & :i*1 p]haps1 m ?an any o!r1 /rikes u ) t]ror1 is ! sudd5 & utt] ext9ction ( life1 :5 ! lightn+ fla% desc5ds on man or on bea/4 ,s swift is ?is effect1 9 mo/ cases1 t dea? is1 9 all probability1 absolutely pa9less1 & ! victim is dead be=e he c feel t he is /ruck4 ,i _c give y1 ) any degree ( exactness1 ! numb] ( p kill$ e ye> by lightn+1 because ! record ( su* dea?s has be5 hi!rto v imp]fectly kept1 9 almo/ all c\ntries1 & is1 beyond d\bt1 v incomplete4 ,b p]haps y w be surpris$ to le>n t ! numb] ( dea?s by lightn+ actually record$ is1 on an av]age1 9 ,engl& ab\t #bb e ye>1 9 ,france #hj1 9 ,prussia #aaj1 9 ,au/ria #bab1 9 ,european ,russia #ddj4be ,s f> z c be ga!r$ f ! exi/+ s\rces ( in=mation1 x w\ld seem t ! numb] ( p]sons kill$ by lightn+ is1 on ! :ole1 ab\t "o 9 ?ree ( ^? :o are /ruck4 ,! re/ are sometimes only /unn$1 sometimes m or less burn$1 sometimes made deaf = a "t1 sometimes p>tially p>alyz$4 ,on p>ticul> occasions1 h[ev]1 especially :5 ! lightn+ falls on a l>ge assembly ( p1 ! numb] ( p]sons /ruck d[n & slightly injur$1 9 proportion to ! numb] kill$1 is v mu* increas$4 ,an int]e/+ case ( ?is k9d is report$ by ,mr4 ,toml9son4 8,on ! tw5ty-n9? ( ,augu/1 #ahdg1 at ! p>i% *ur* ( ,welton1 ,l9coln%ire1 :ile ! congregation 7 engag$ 9 s++ ! hymn be=e ! s]mon1 & ! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,williamson _h j asc5d$ ! pulpit1 ! lightn+ 0 se5 to ent] ! *ur* f ! belfry1 & in/antly an explosion occurr$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! edifice4 ,all t c\ld move made = ! door1 & ,mr4 ,williamson desc5d$ f ! pulpit1 endeavor+ to allay ! fe>s ( ! p4 ,b att5tion 0 n[ call$ to ! fact t sev]al ( ! congregation 7 ly+ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! *ur*1 app>5tly dead1 "s ( :om _h _! clo?+ on fire4 ,five wom5 7 f\nd injur$1 & hav+ _! faces black5$ & burn$1 & a boy _h 8 clo!s almo/ entirely consum$4 ,a respect$ old p>i%ion]1 ,mr4 ,br[nl[1 ag$ sixty-eight1 0 discov]$ ly+ at ! bottom ( 8 pew1 imm$iately b5ea? "o ( ! *&eli]s1 q dead4 ,!re 7 no m>ks on ! body1 b ! buttons ( 8 wai/coat 7 melt$1 ! "r leg ( 8 tr\s]s torn d[n1 & 8 coat lit]ally burnt (f4 ,8 wife 9 ! same pew receiv$ no injury40#bf ,illu/ration3 ,,volta',s ,,pi/ol2 ,,explosion ,,caus$ ,,by ,,electric ,,sp>k4 ,n less /rik+ is ! /ory told by ,dr4 ,plumm]1 surgeon ( ! ,ill9ois ,volunte]s1 9 ! ,m$ical & ,surgical ,report] ( ,june #ai1 #ahfe3 8,our regim5t 0 ye/]day ! sc5e ( "o ( ! mo/ t]rible calamities :i* x has be5 my lot to witness4 ,ab\t two o'clock a viol5t ?und]/orm visit$ u4 ,:ile ! old gu>d 0 be+ turn$ out to receive ! new1 a bl9d+ fla% ( lightn+ 0 se51 accompani$ in/antly by a t]rific peal ( ?und]4 ,! :ole ( ! old gu>d1 toge!r ) "p ( ! new1 7 ?r[n viol5tly to ! e>?4 ,! %ock 0 s sev]e & sudd5 t1 9 mo/ cases1 ! re> rank m5 7 ?r[n across ! front rank m54 ,"o man 0 in/antly kill$1 & ?irty-two m5 7 m or less sev]ely burn$ by ! electric fluid4 ,9 "s in/ances ! m5's boots & %oes 7 r5t f _! feet & torn to pieces1 &1 /range z x may appe>1 ! m5 7 injur$ b little 9 ! feet4 ,9 all cases ! burns appe> z if !y _h be5 caus$ by scald+-hot wat]1 9 _m in/ances ! sk9 be+ %rivel$ & torn (f4 ,! m5 all seem to be do+ well1 & a "p ( !m w be able to resume _! duties 9 a few days40 ,! ,return ,%ock4--,x sometimes happ5s t p are /ruck d[n & ev5 kill$ at ! mom5t a dis*>ge ( lightn+ takes place betwe5 a cl\d & ! e>?1 ?\gh !y are v f> f ! po9t :]e ! fla% is actually se5 to pass2 :ile o!rs1 :o are situat$ betwe5 !m & ! lightn+1 suff] v little1 or p]haps n at all4 ,?is curi\s ph5om5on 0 fir/ c>efully inve/igat$ by ,"l ,mahon 9 ! ye> #aggi1 & 0 call$ by him ! 8return %ock40 ,8 !ory1 :i* is n[ commonly accept$1 may be easily und]/ood ) ! aid ( ! sket* be=e y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,return ,,%ock ,,illu/rat$4 ,let u suppose ,,abc to repres5t ! outl9e ( a ?und]cl\d :i* dips d[n t[>d ! e>? at ,a & at ,c4 ,! electricity ( ! cl\d develops by inductive action a *>ge ( ! opposite k9d 9 ! e>? b5ea? x4 ,b ! inductive action is mo/ p[]ful at ,e & ,f1 :]e ! cl\d comes ne>e/ to ! e>?4 ,h5ce1 bodies situat$ ne> ^! po9ts may be v highly electrifi$ z comp>$ ) bodies at a po9t betwe5 !m1 su* z ,d4 ,n[1 :5 a fla% ( lightn+ passes at ,e1 ! "u "p ( ! cl\d is at once reliev$ ( its electricity1 its inductive action ceases1 &1 !re=e1 a p]son situat$ at ,f sudd5ly ceases to be electrifi$4 ,?is sudd5 *ange f a highly electrifi$ to a neutral /ate involves a %ock to 8 sy/em :i* may be sev]e en\gh to /un or ev5 to kill him4 ,mean:ile1 p at ,d1 hav+ be5 also electrifi$ to "s ext5t by ! influ5ce ( ! ?und]cl\d1 mu/ 9 l mann] und]go a *ange 9 _! electrical condition :5 ! fla% ( lightn+ passes1 b ?is *ange w be less viol5t because !y 7 less highly electrifi$4 ,_m exp]im5ts h be5 devis$ to illu/rate ?is !ory ( ,"l ,mahon4 ,b ! be/ illu/ration ,i "k is furni%$ by ?is electric ma*9e ( ,c>r's4 ,if y /& ne> "o end ( ! l>ge conductor :5 ! ma*9e is 9 action & sp>ks are tak5 f ! o!r end1 y w feel a di/9ct electric %ock e "t a sp>k passes4 ,! l>ge conductor "h takes ! place ( ! cl\d1 ! sp>k t passes at "o end repres5ts ! fla% ( lightn+1 & ! obs]v] at ! o!r end gets ! return %ock1 ?\gh he is at a consid]able di/ance f ! po9t :]e ! fla% is se54 ,an exp]im5t ( ?is k9d1 ( c\rse1 _c be made s5sible to a l>ge audi5ce l ! pres5t4 ,b ,i c give y a good idea ( ! effect by means ( ?is tuft ( color$ pap]s4 ,:ile ! ma*9e is 9 action ,i hold ! tuft ( pap]s ne> t end ( ! conductor :i* is f>!/ f ! po9t :]e ! dis*>ge takes place4 ,y see ! pap] ribbons are electrifi$ by induction1 &1 9 virtue ( mutual repulsion1 /& out f "o ano!r 8l quills ^u ! fretful porcup9e40 ,b1 :5 a sp>k passes1 ! inductive action ceases1 ! pap] ribbons cease to be electrifi$1 & ! :ole tuft sudd5ly collapses into its normal /ate4 ,:ile fully accept+ ,"l ,mahon's !ory ( ! return %ock z p]fectly good s f> z x goes1 ,i w\ld v5ture to po9t out ano!r influ5ce :i* mu/ (t5 contribute l>gely to produce ! effect 9 "q1 & :i* is n dep5d5t on ! =m ( ! cl\d4 ,x may easily happ51 f ! nature ( ! surface 9 ! di/rict affect$ by a ?und]cl\d1 t ! po9t ( mo/ int5se electrification--say ,e 9 ! figure--is 9 good electrical communication ) a di/ant po9t1 su* z ,f1 :ile x is v imp]fectly connect$ ) a mu* ne>] po9t1 ,d4 ,9 su* a case x is evid5t t bodies at ,f w %>e l>gely 9 ! highly-electrifi$ condition ( ,e1 & also %>e l>gely 9 ! sudd5 *ange ( t condition ! mom5t ! fla% ( lightn+ passes2 :]eas bodies at ,d w be less highly electrifi$ be=e ! dis*>ge1 & less viol5tly di/urb$ :5 ! dis*>ge takes place4 ,?is pr9ciple may be illu/rat$ by a v simple exp]im5t4 ,"h is a brass *a9 ab\t tw5ty feet long4 ,"o end ( x ,i h& to any "o among ! audi5ce :o w k9dly take hold ( x2 ! o!r end ,i hold 9 my h&4 ,i n[ /& ne> ! conductor ( ! ma*9e2 & w ask "s "o to /& ab\t t5 feet away f me1 ne> ! middle ( ! *a91 b )\t t\*+ x4 ,n[ obs]ve :at happ5s :5 ! ma*9e is work$ & ,i take a sp>k f ! conductor3 ,my fri5d at ! f> end ( ! *a91 tw5ty feet away1 gets a %ock ne>ly z sev]e z ! "o ,i get myself1 because he is 9 good electrical communication ) ! po9t :]e ! dis*>ge takes place4 ,b my m =tunate fri5d1 :o is t5 feet ne>] to ! fla%1 is h>dly s5sible ( any effect1 because he is connect$ ) me only ?r\gh ! floor ( ! hall1 :i* is1 comp>atively speak+1 a bad conductor ( electricity4 ,summ>y4--,let me n[ briefly sum up ! *ief de/ructive effects ( lightn+4 ,fir/1 ) reg>d to good conductors3 ?\gh x passes h>mlessly ?r\gh !m if !y be l>ge en\gh to af=d x an easy passage1 x melts & conv]ts !m into vapor if !y be ( su* small dim5sions z to (f] consid]able resi/ance4 ,secondly1 lightn+ acts ) great me*anical =ce on bad conductors2 x is capable ( te>+ asund] l>ge masses ( masonry1 & ( project+ ! fragm5ts to a consid]able di/ance4 ,?irdly1 x sets fire to combu/ible mat]ials4 ,& la/ly1 x causes ! in/antane\s dea? ( m5 & animals4 ,frankl9's ,lightn+ ,rods4--,! object ( lightn+ conductors is to protect life & prop]ty f ^! de/ructive effects4 ,_! use 0 fir/ sugge/$ by ,frankl91 9 #agdi1 ev5 be=e 8 fam\s exp]im5t ) ! kite2 & imm$iately aft] t exp]im5t1 9 #ageb1 he set up1 on 8 own h\se1 9 ,philadelphia1 ! fir/ lightn+ conductor ev] made4 ,he ev5 devis$ an +5i\s contrivance1 by means ( :i* he receiv$ notice :5 a ?und]cl\d 0 approa*+4 ,! contrivance consi/$ ( a peal ( bells1 :i* he hung on 8 lightn+ conductor1 & :i* 7 set r++ :5ev] ! lightn+ conductor became *>g$ ) electricity4 ,frankl9's lightn+ rods 7 soon adopt$ 9 ,am]ica2 & he himself contribut$ v mu* to _! popul>ity by ! simple & lucid in/ructions he issu$ e ye>1 = ! b5efit ( 8 c\ntrym51 9 ! annual publication kn[n z 8,poor ,ri*>d's ,almanac40 ,x is v int]e/+ at ?is di/ance ( "t to read ! homely practical rules laid d[n by ?is great philosoph] & /atesman2 &1 ?\gh "s modifications h be5 sugge/$ by ! exp]i5ce ( a hundr$ & ?irty ye>s1 especially z reg>ds ! dim5sions ( ! lightn+ conductor1 x is surpris+ to f9d h[ accurately ! g5]al pr9ciples ( its con/ruction1 & ( its action1 are "h set =?4 8,x has pleas$ ,god10 he says1 89 ,8 goodness to mank9d1 at l5g? to discov] to !m ! means ( secur+ _! habitations & o!r build+s f mis*ief by ?und] & lightn+4 ,! me?od is ?is3 ,provide a small iron rod1 :i* may be made ( ! rod-iron us$ by nailors1 b ( su* a l5g? t "o end be+ ?ree or f\r feet 9 ! moi/ gr\nd1 ! o!r may be six or eight feet above ! highe/ "p ( ! build+4 ,to ! upp] end ( ! rod fa/5 ab\t a foot ( brass wire1 ! size ( a common knitt+ ne$le1 %>p5$ to a f9e po9t2 ! rod may be secur$ on ! h\se by a few small /aples4 ,if ! h\se or b>n be long1 !re may be a rod & po9t at ea* end1 & a middl+ wire along ! ridge f "o to ! o!r4 ,a h\se ?us furni%$ w n be damag$ by lightn+1 x be+ attract$ by ! po9ts & pass+ ?r\gh ! metal into ! gr\nd1 )\t hurt+ any?+4 ,vessels also hav+ a %>p-po9t$ rod fix$ on ! top ( _! ma/s1 ) a wire f ! foot ( ! rod rea*+ d[n r\nd "o ( ! %r\ds to ! wat]1 w n be hurt by lightn+40 ,introduction ( ,lightn+ ,rods into ,engl&4--,! progress ( lightn+ conductors 0 m sl[ 9 ,engl& & on ! ,cont95t ( ,europe1 ow+ to a fe>1 n unnatural1 t !y might1 9 "s cases1 draw d[n ! lightn+ :]e x w\ld n o!rwise h fall54 ,p pref]r$ to take _! *ance ( escap+ z !y _h escap$ be=e1 r ?an invite1 z x 71 ! lightn+ to desc5d on _! h\ses1 9 ! hope t an iron rod w\ld convey x h>mless to ! e>?4 ,b ! imm5se am\nt ( damage done e ye> by lightn+1 soon l$ practical m5 to ent]ta9 a proposal :i* (f]$ complete immunity f all dang] on su* easy t]ms2 & :5 x 0 f\nd t build+s protect$ by lightn+ conductors 71 ov] & ov] aga91 /ruck by lightn+ )\t suff]+ any h>m1 a g5]al conviction ( _! utility 0 gradually e/abli%$ 9 ! public m9d4 ,! fir/ public build+ protect$ by a lightn+ rod 9 ,engl& 0 ,/4 ,paul's ,ca!dral1 9 ,london4 ,on ! eighte5? ( ,june1 #agfd1 ! beautiful /eeple ( ,sa9t ,bride's ,*ur*1 9 ! city1 0 /ruck by lightn+ & r$uc$ to ru94 ,?is incid5t awak5$ ! att5tion ( ! dean & *apt] ( ,/4 ,paul's to ! dang] ( a simil> calamity1 :i* seem$1 z x 71 imp5d+ ov] _! own *ur*4 ,aft] long delib]ation1 !y ref]r$ ! matt] to ! ,royal ,society1 ask+ = advice & in/ruction4 ,a committee ( sci5tific m5 0 appo9t$ by ! ,royal ,society to consid] ! "q4 ,b5jam9 ,frankl9 himself1 :o happ5$ to be 9 ,london at ! "t1 z ! repres5tative ( ! ,am]ican ,/ates 9 _! dispute ) ,engl&1 0 nom9at$ a memb] ( ! committee4 ,& ! result ( its delib]ation 0 t1 9 ! ye> #agfi1 a numb] ( lightn+ conductors 7 erect$ on ,/4 ,paul's ,ca!dral4 ,x 0 on ?is occasion t arose ! celebrat$ controv]sy ab\t ! respective m]its ( po9ts & balls4 ,frankl9 _h recomm5d$ a po9t$ conductor2 b "s memb]s ( ! committee 7 ( op9ion t ! conductor %\ld end 9 a ball & n 9 a po9t4 ,! decision ( ! committee 0 9 favor ( ,frankl9's op9ion1 & po9t$ conductors 7 accord+ly adopt$ = ,/4 ,paul's ,ca!dral4 ,b ! controv]sy did n end "h4 ,! "t 0 "o ( great political excitem5t1 & p>ty _s infus$ itself ev5 into ! peaceful discussions ( sci5ce4 ,! weight ( sci5tific op9ion 0 on ! side ( ,frankl92 b x 0 h9t$1 on ! o!r side1 t ! po9t$ conductors 7 ta9t$ ) republicanism1 & pregnant ) dang] to ! empire4 ,z a rule1 ! :igs 7 /rongly 9 favor ( po9ts2 :ile ! ,tories 7 en?usia/ic 9 _! support ( balls4 ,= a "t ! ,tories seem$ to prevail4 ,! k+ 0 on _! side4 ,exp]im5ts on a gr& scale 7 conduct$ 9 8 pres5ce1 at ! ,pan!on1 a l>ge build+ 9 ,ox=d /reet2 he 0 assur$ t ^! exp]im5ts prov$ ! great sup]iority ( balls ov] po9ts2 & to give practical effect to 8 convictions1 8 maje/y direct$ t a l>ge cannon ball %\ld be fix$ on ! end ( ! lightn+ conductor atta*$ to ! royal palace at ,kew4 ,b ! committee ( ! ,royal ,society rema9$ unconv9c$4 ,9 c\rse ( "t ! heat ( p>ty _s abat$2 exp]i5ce z well z reason 0 f\nd to be 9 favor ( ,frankl9's views2 & ! battle ( ! balls & po9ts has long s9ce pass$ into ! doma9 ( hi/ory4#bg ,functions ( a ,lightn+ ,conductor4--,a lightn+ conductor fulfills two functions4 ,fir/1 x favors a sil5t & gradual dis*>ge ( electricity betwe5 ! cl\d & ! e>?1 & ?us t5ds to prev5t t accumulation :i* mu/ ( necessity take place be=e a fla% ( lightn+ w pass4 ,secondly1 if a fla% ( lightn+ come1 ! lightn+ conductor (f]s x a safe *annel ?r\gh :i* x may pass h>mless to ! e>?4 ,^! two functions ( a lightn+ conductor may be easily illu/rat$ by exp]im5t4 ,:5 our ma*9e is 9 action1 if ,i pres5t my clos$ h& to ! l>ge brass conductor1 a sp>k passes betwe5 !m1 & ,i feel1 at ! same mom5t1 a slight electric %ock4 ,"h ! conductor ( ! ma*9e1 z usual1 holds ! place ( ! electrifi$ cl\d2 my clos$ h& repres5ts1 z x 71 a l(ty build+ t /&s out prom95tly on ! surface ( ! e>?2 ! sp>k is ! fla% ( lightn+1 & ! electric %ock j sugge/s ! de/ructive p[] ( ! sudd5 disruptive dis*>ge4 ,n[ let me protect ?is build+ by a lightn+ conductor4 ,= ?is purpose1 ,i take 9 my h& a brass rod1 :i* ,i connect ) ! e>? by a brass *a94 ,9 ! fir/ in/ance1 ,i w h a metal ball on ! end ( my lightn+ conductor4 ,y see ! effect2 sp>ks pass rapidly1 b ,i feel no %ock4 ,i c increase ! /r5g? ( ! dis*>ge by hang+ ?is cond5s+ j> on ! conductor ( ! ma*9e4 ,sp>ks pass n[1 mu* m brilliant & p[]ful ?an be=e1 b /ill ,i get no %ock4 ,x is evid5t1 !re=e1 t my lightn+ rod does n prev5t ! fla% f pass+1 b x conveys x h>mless to ! gr\nd4 ,i next take a rod :i* is %>ply po9t$1 & connect+ x z be=e ) ! e>? by a brass *a91 ,i pres5t ! %>p po9t to ! conductor ( ! ma*9e4 ,obs]ve h[ diff]5t is ! result2 !re is no disruptive dis*>ge2 no sp>k passes2 no %ock is felt4 ,electricity /ill cont9ues to be g5]at$ 9 ! ma*9e1 & electricity is g5]at$1 by induction1 9 ! brass rod1 & 9 my body4 ,b ^! two opposite electricities dis*>ge !mselves sil5tly1 by means ( ?is po9t$ rod1 & no s5sible effect ( any k9d is exhibit$4 ,^! exp]im5ts are v simple1 b !y really put be=e u1 9 ! cle>e/ possible way1 ! :ole !ory ( lightn+ conductors4 ,9 p>ticul>1 !y give u ocul> demon/ration t an effici5t lightn+ rod n only makes ! lightn+ h>mless :5 x comes1 b t5ds v mu* to prev5t its com+4 ,a rem>kable example1 on a l>ge scale1 ( ?is important prop]ty1 is furni%$ by ! t[n ( ,piet]m>itzburg1 ! capital ( ! colony ( ,natal1 9 ,s\? ,africa4 ,?is t[n is subject to ! frequ5t visitation ( ?und]/orms1 at c]ta9 seasons ( ! ye>1 & mu* damage 0 =m]ly done by lightn+1 b s9ce ! erection ( lightn+ conductors on ! pr9cipal build+s1 ! lightn+ has nev] fall5 )9 ! t[n4 ,?und]cl\ds come z be=e1 b !y pass sil5tly ov] ! city1 & only beg9 to emit _! lightn+ fla%es :5 !y rea* ! op5 c\ntry1 & h pass$ beyond ! range ( ! lightn+ conductors4#bh ,b x w (t5 happ51 ev5 9 ! case ( a po9t$ conductor1 t ! accumulation ( electricity goes on s fa/ t ! sil5t dis*>ge is insuffici5t to keep x 9 *eck4 ,a disruptive dis*>ge w !n take place1 f "t to "t1 & a fla% ( lightn+ w pass4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 ! lightn+ conductor is call$ ^u to fulfill its second function1 & to convey ! lightn+ h>mless to ! e>?4 ,conditions ( a ,lightn+ ,conductor4--,f ! consid]ation ( ! functions :i* x has to fulfill1 we may n[ inf] :at are ! conditions necess>y = an effici5t lightn+ conductor4 ,! fir/ condition is t ! end ( ! conductor1 project+ into ! air1 %\ld h1 at lea/1 "o %>p po9t4 ,our exp]im5ts h %[n u t a po9t$ conductor t5ds1 9 a mann]1 to suppress ! fla% ( lightn+ altoge!r2 :]eas a blunt conductor1 or "o end+ 9 a ball1 t5ds only to make x h>mless :5 x comes4 ,x is evid5t1 !re=e1 t ! po9t$ conductor (f]s ! great] security4 ,b a f9e po9t is v liable to be melt$ :5 ! lightn+ falls ^u x1 & ?us to be r5d]$ less effici5t = future s]vice4 ,to meet ?is dang]1 x has rec5tly be5 sugge/$1 by ! ,lightn+ ,rod ,conf]5ce1 t ! extreme end ( ! conductor %\ld be a blunt po9t1 de/9$ to receive ! full =ce ( ! lightn+ fla%1 :5 x comes2 & t1 a little l[] d[n1 a numb] ( v f9e po9ts %\ld be provid$1 ) a view to favor ! sil5t dis*>ge4 ,?is sugge/ion1 :i* appe>s admirably fitt$ to provide = ! tw(old function ( a lightn+ conductor1 des]ves to be record$ 9 ! exact t]ms ( ! (ficial report4 8,x seems be/ to sep>ate ! d\ble functions ( ! po9t1 prolong+ ! upp] t]m9al to ! v summit1 & m]ely bevel+ x (f1 s t1 if a disruptive dis*>ge does take place1 ! full conduct+ p[] ( ! rod may be ready to receive x4 ,at ! same "t1 hav+ reg>d to ! importance ( sil5t dis*>ge f %>p po9ts1 we sugge/ t1 at "o foot bel[ ! extreme top ( ! upp] t]m9al1 !re be firmly atta*$1 by screws & sold]1 a copp] r+ be>+ ?ree or f\r copp] ne$les1 ea* six in*es long1 & tap]+ f a qu>t] ( an in* diamet] to z f9e a po9t z c be made2 & ) ! object ( r5d]+ ! %>pness z p]man5t z possible1 we advise t !y be plat9iz$1 gild$1 or nickel plat$40#bi ,! second condition ( a lightn+ conductor is1 t x %\ld be made ( su* mat]ial1 & ( su* dim5sions1 z to (f] an easy passage to ! greate/ fla% ( lightn+ likely to fall on x2 o!rwise x might be melt$ by ! dis*>ge1 & ! lightn+1 seek+ = itself ano!r pa?1 might =ce its way ?r\gh bad conductors1 :i* x w\ld p>tly r5d asund]1 & p>tly consume by fire4 ,copp] is n[ g5]ally reg>d$ z ! be/ mat]ial = lightn+ conductors1 & x is almo/ univ]sally employ$ 9 ^! c\ntries4 ,if x is us$ 9 ! =m ( a rope1 x %\ld n be less ?an half an in* 9 diamet]2 if a b& ( copp] is pref]r$--& x is (t5 f\nd m conv5i5t by build]s--x %\ld be ab\t an in* & a half broad & an eigh? ( an in* ?ick4 ,9 ,france x has be5 hi!rto m usual to employ iron rods = lightn+ conductors1 b s9ce iron is mu* inf]ior to copp] 9 its conduct+ p[]1 ! iron rod mu/ be ( mu* l>g] dim5sions2 x %\ld be at lea/ "o in* 9 diamet]4#cj ,! ?ird condition is t ! lightn+ conductor %\ld be cont9u\s ?r\gh\t its :ole l5g?1 & %\ld be plac$ 9 good electrical contact ) ! e>?4 ,?is is a condition ( ! fir/ importance1 & exp]i5ce has %[n t x is ! "o mo/ likely ( all to be neglect$4 ,9 a l>ge t[n ! be/ e>? connection is furni%$ by ! sy/em ( wat]-ma9s & gas-ma9s1 ea* ( :i* con/itutes a great network ( conductors ev]y:]e 9 contact ) ! e>?4 ,two po9ts1 h[ev]1 mu/ be c>efully att5d$ to--fir/1 t ! electrical contact betwe5 ! lightn+ conductor & ! metal pipe %\ld be absolutely p]fect2 &1 secondly1 t ! pipe select$ %\ld be ( su* l>ge dim5sions z to all[ ! lightn+ an easy passage ?r\gh x to ! pr9cipal ma94 ,if no su* sy/em ( wat]-pipes or gas-pipes is at h&1 !n ! lightn+ rod %\ld be connect$ ) moi/ e>? by means ( a b$ ( *>coal or a metal plate n less ?an ?ree feet squ>e4 ,?is metal plate %\ld be always ( ! same mat]ial z ! conductor1 o!rwise a galvanic action w\ld be set up betwe5 ! two metals1 :i* 9 c\rse ( "t might s]i\sly damage ! contact4 ,dry e>?1 s&1 rock1 & %+le are bad conductors2 &1 if su* mat]ials exi/ ne> ! surface ( ! e>?1 ! lightn+ rod mu/ pass ?r\gh !m & be c>ri$ d[n until x rea*es wat] or p]man5tly damp e>?4 ,mis*ief ,done by ,bad ,conductors4--,if ! e>? contact is bad1 a lightn+ conductor does m h>m ?an good4 ,x invites ! lightn+ d[n ^u ! build+ )\t provid+ = x1 at ! same "t1 a free passage to e>?4 ,! consequ5ce is t ! lightn+ =ces a way = itself1 viol5tly bur/+ asund] :atev] opposes its progress1 & sett+ fire to :atev] is combu/ible4 ,i w give y "s rec5t & /rik+ examples4 ,9 ! mon? ( ,may1 #ahgi1 ! *ur* ( ,laughton-en-le-,mor!n1 9 ,engl&1 ?\gh provid$ ) a conductor1 0 /ruck by lightn+ & su/a9$ consid]able damage4 ,on exam9ation x 0 f\nd t ! lightn+ foll[$ ! conductor d[n along ! spire z f> z ! ro(2 !n1 *ang+ its c\rse1 x =c$ its way ?r\gh a buttress ( massive masonwork1 dislodg+ ab\t two c>tloads ( /ones1 & leap$ ov] to ! leads ( ! ro(1 ab\t six feet di/ant4 ,x n[ foll[$ ! leads until x came to ! ca/-iron d[n-pipes int5d$ to dis*>ge ! ra9-wat]1 & ?r\gh ^! x desc5d$ to ! e>?4 ,:5 ! e>? contact ( ! lightn+ conductor 0 exam9$1 x 0 f\nd exce$+ly defici5t4 ,! rod 0 simply b5t und]gr\nd1 & buri$ 9 dry loose rubbi% at a dep? n exce$+ eighte5 in*es4 ,?is is a v in/ructive example4 ,! lightn+ _h a *oice ( two pa?s--"o by ! conductor prep>$ = x1 ! o!r by ! leads ( ! ro( & ! d[n-pipes--&1 by a k9d ( in/9ct :i*1 h[ev] we may expla91 we mu/ always contemplate ) wond]1 x *ose ! pa? ( lea/ resi/ance1 ?\gh 9 do+ s x _h to bur/ its way at ! outset ?r\gh a massive wall ( solid masonry4#ca ,on ! #e? ( ,june1 9 ! same ye>1 a fla% ( lightn+ /ruck ! h\se ( ,mr4 ,osbaldi/on1 ne> ,%effield1 &1 not)/&+ ! suppos$ protection ( a lightn+ conductor1 x did damage to ! am\nt ( ab\t five hundr$ p\nds4 ,! lightn+ "h foll[$ ! conductor to a po9t ab\t n9e feet f ! gr\nd1 !n pass$ ?r\gh a ?ick wall to a gas-pipe at ! back ( ! draw+-room mirror4 ,x melt$ ! gas-pipe1 set fire to ! gas1 sma%$ ! mirror to atoms1 broke ! ,sevres vases on ! *imney-piece1 & da%$ ! furniture ab\t4 ,9 ?is case1 z 9 ! =m]1 x 0 f\nd t ! e>? contact 0 bad2 &1 9 addition1 ! conductor itself 0 ( too small dim5sions4 ,h5ce1 ! electric dis*>ge f\nd an easi] pa? to e>? ?r\gh ! gas-pipes1 ?\gh to rea* !m x _h to =ce = itself a passage ?r\gh a resi/+ mass ( non-conductors4#cb ,aga9 9 ! same ye>1 on ! #bh? ( ,may1 ! h\se ( ,mr4 ,tomes1 ( ,cat]ham1 0 /ruck by lightn+1 & "s slight damage 0 done4 ,aft] a c>eful exam9ation x 0 f\nd t ! great] "p ( ! dis*>ge left ! lightn+ conductor ) :i* ! h\se 0 provid$1 & pass$ ov] ! slope ( ! ro( to an attic room1 into :i* x =c$ its way ?r\gh a brick wall1 & rea*$ a small iron ci/]n4 ,?is ci/]n 0 connect$ by an iron pipe ( consid]able dim5sions ) two pumps 9 ! basem5t /ory2 & ?r\gh !m ! lightn+ f\nd an easy passage to ! e>?1 & did b little h>m on its way4 ,:5 ! e>? contact ( ! lightn+ conductor 0 exam9$1 x 0 discov]$ t ! end ( ! rod 0 simply /uck into a dry *alky soil to a dep? ( ab\t twelve in*es4 ,?us 9 ?is case1 z 9 ! two =m]1 x 0 made q cle> t ! lightn+ conductor fail$ to fulfill its functions because ! e>? contact 0 bad4#cc ,cases are n uncommon 9 :i* build]s provide und]gr\nd a c>efully con/ruct$ res]voir ( wat]1 into :i* ! l[] end ( ! lightn+ rod is introduc$4 ,! idea seems to prevail t a res]voir ( wat] con/itutes a good e>? contact2 & ?is is q true ( a natural res]voir1 su* z a lake1 :]e ! wat] is 9 contact ) moi/ e>? ov] a consid]able area4 ,b an artificial res]voir may h q an opposite "*1 & practically insulate ! lightn+ conductor f ! e>?4 ,"o :i* came "u my notice lately1 9 ! neighborhood ( ?is city1 consi/s ( a l>ge e>!nw>e pipe set on end 9 a b$ ( cem5t1 & kept half full ( wat]4 ,n[1 ! e>!nw>e pipe is a good insulator1 & s is ! b$ ( cem5t 9 :i* x re/s2 & ! :ole arrangem5t is id5tical1 9 all ess5tial features1 ) ! app>atus ( ,pr(essor ,ri*man1 9 :i* he introduc$ 8 lightn+ rod into a glass bottle1 & by :i* he lo/ 8 life a hundr$ & ?irty ye>s ago4 ,a conductor m\nt$ 9 ?is mann] w1 probably en\gh1 draw d[n lightn+ f ! cl\ds2 b x is m likely to dis*>ge x1 ) de/ructive effect1 into ! build+ x is int5d$ to gu>d1 ?an to transmit x h>mlessly to ! e>?4 ,an example is at h& 9 ! case ( ,*ri/ ,*ur*1 9 ! t[n ( ,clev$on1 9 ,som]set%ire4 ,?is *ur* 0 provid$ ) a v effici5t sy/em ( lightn+ conductors1 five 9 numb]1 correspond+ to ! f\r p9nacles & ! flag/aff1 on ! summit ( ! pr9cipal t[]4 ,! five conductors consi/$ ( good copp]-wire rope2 all 7 unit$ toge!r inside ! t[]1 ?r\gh :i* !y 7 c>ri$ d[n to e>?1 & !re end$ 9 an e>!nw>e dra94 ,?is k9d ( e>? contact might be pretty good z long z wat] 0 fl[+ 9 ! dra92 b :5ev] ! dra9 0 dry ! conductor 0 practically insulat$ f ! e>?4 ,on ! fifte5? ( ,m>*1 #ahgf1 ! *ur* 0 /ruck by lightn+1 :i* = "s di/ance foll[$ ! l9e ( ! conductor2 !n f9d+ its passage b>r$ by ! e>!nw>e dra91 :i* 0 dry at ! "t1 x bur/ ?r\gh ! walls ( ! *ur*1 displac+ sev]al hundr$weight ( /one1 & mak+ its way to e>? ?r\gh ! gas-pipe4#cd ,ano!r v in/ructive example is furni%$ by ! lightn+ conductor atta*$ to ! ligh?\se ( ,b]ehav51 on ! s\?-we/ coa/ ( ,irel&4 ,x consi/s ( a half-in* copp]-wire rope1 :i* is c>ri$ d[n ! face ( ! t[] 8until x rea*es ! rock at its base1 :]e x t]m9ates 9 a small hole1 ?ree in*es by ?ree in*es1 jump$ out ( ! rock1 ab\t six in*es "u ! surface40 ,"h1 aga91 we h a good imitation ( ,pr(essor ,ri*man's exp]im5t1 ) only ?is diff]5ce1 t a small hole 9 ! rock is sub/itut$ = a glass bottle4 ,a lightn+ conductor ( ?is k9d fulfills two functions3 x increases ! *ance ( ! lightn+ com+ d[n on ! build+1 & x makes x positively c]ta9 t1 hav+ come1 x _c get to e>? )\t do+ mis*ief4 ,! lightn+ did come d[n on ! ,b]ehav5 ,ligh?\se1 ab\t five ye>s ago4 ,z might h be5 expect$1 x made no use ( ! lightn+ conductor 9 f9d+ a pa? to e>?1 b =c$ its way ?r\gh ! build+1 deal+ de/ruction ar\nd z x desc5d$ f /age to /age4 ,! ,bo>d ( ,iri% ,lights furni%$ a detail$ report ( ?is accid5t to ! ,lightn+ ,rod ,conf]5ce1 9 ,m>*1 #ahhj1 f :i* ! above p>ticul>s h be5 d]iv$4#ce ,precaution ,aga9/ ,rival ,conductors4--,b x is n en\gh to provide a good lightn+ conductor1 :i* is itself able to convey ! electric dis*>ge h>mless to ! e>?2 we mu/ take c>e t !re are no rival conductors ne> at h& 9 ! build+1 to draw (f ! lightn+ f ! pa? prep>$ = x1 & conduct x by ano!r r\te 9 :i* its c\rse might be m>k$ ) de/ruction4 ,?is precaution is ( especial importance at ! pres5t day1 ow+ to ! great ext5t to :i* metal1 ( v>i\s k9ds1 is employ$ 9 ! con/ruction & fitt+s ( mod]n build+s4 ,i w take a typical case :i* w br+ home ?is po9t cle>ly to y\r m9ds4 ,a great "p ( ! ro( ( _m l>ge build+s is cov]$ ) lead4 ,! lead1 at "o or m po9ts may come ne> ! gutt]s int5d$ to collect ! ra9 wat]2 ! gutt]s are 9 connection ) ! ca/-iron d[n-pipes into :i* ! wat] fl[s1 & ^! d[n-pipes (t5 pass into ! e>?1 :i*1 "u ! circum/ances1 is g5]ally moi/1 &1 !re=e1 9 good electrical contact ) ! metal pipes4 ,"h1 !n1 is an irregul> l9e ( conductors1 :i*1 ?\gh x has gaps "h & !re1 may1 "u c]ta9 conditions1 (f] to ! lightn+ dis*>ge a pa? n less free ?an ! lightn+ conductor itself4 ,:at is ! consequ5ce8 ,! fla% ( lightn+1 or a "p ( x1 w quit ! lightn+ rod1 & make its way to e>? ?r\gh ! brok5 s]ies ( conductors1 do+1 p]haps1 s]i\s mis*ief1 z x leaps across1 or bur/s asund]1 ! non-conduct+ l9ks 9 ! *a94 ,ano!r illu/ration may be tak5 f ! gas & wat]-pipes1 ) :i* almo/ all build+s 9 great cities are n[ provid$1 & :i* con/itute a network ( conductors1 spread+ out ov] ! walls & ceil+s1 & /ret*+ d[n into ! e>?1 ) :i* !y h ! be/ possible electrical contact4 ,n[1 x (t5 happ5s t a lightn+ conductor1 at "s po9t 9 its c\rse1 comes )9 a %ort di/ance ( ?is network ( pipes4 ,9 su* a case1 a portion ( ! electrical dis*>ge is apt to leave ! lightn+ conductor1 =ce its way de/ructively ?r\gh masses ( masonry1 ent] ! network ( pipes1 melt ! lead5 gas-pipe1 ignite ! gas1 & set ! build+ on fire4 ,^! are n m]ely ! speculations ( philosoph]s4 ,all ! v>i\s incid5ts ,i h j describ$ h occurr$1 ov] & ov] aga91 dur+ ! la/ few ye>s4 ,y w rememb]1 9 "s ( ! examples ,i h already set be=e y1 :5 ! electric dis*>ge fail$ to f9d a suffici5t pa? to e>? ?r\gh ! lightn+ rod1 x foll[$ "s su* brok5 s]ies ( *ance conductors z we are n[ consid]+4 ,b ?is brok5 s]ies ( conductors seems to br+ ) x a special dang] ( its own1 ev5 :5 ! lightn+ conductor is o!rwise 9 effici5t work+ ord]4 ,i w give y j "o case 9 po9t4 ,on ! fif? ( ,june1 #ahgi1 ! ,*ur* ( ,sa9t ,m>ie1 ,rugby1 0 /ruck by lightn+ & set on fire1 & n>r[ly escap$ be+ burn$ to ! gr\nd4 ,a numb] ( workm5 7 engag$ on t day 9 repair+ ! spire ( ! *ur*4 ,ab\t ?ree o'clock !y saw a d5se black cl\d approa*+1 & !y came d[n to take %elt] )9 ! build+4 ,9 a few m9utes !y he>d a t]rific cra% j ov]head2 at ! same mom5t ! gas 0 light$ "u ! organ l(t & ! woodwork 0 set 9 a blaze4 ,! m5 soon succe$$ 9 putt+ out ! fire1 & ! *ur* escap$ ) v little damage4 ,n[1 9 ?is case !re 0 no reason to suppose t ! lightn+ conductor 0 9 any way defective4 ,b ab\t half-way up ! spire !re 0 a peal ( eight bells4 ,atta*$ to ^! bells 7 iron wires1 ab\t ! eigh? ( an in* 9 diamet]1 lead+ f ! clapp]s d[n to ! organ-l(t1 :]e !y came )9 a %ort di/ance ( a gas-pipe fix$ 9 ! wall4 ,x w\ld seem t a great "p ( ! dis*>ge 0 c>ri$ safely to e>? by ! lightn+ conductor4 ,b a "p bran*$ (f at ! bells 9 ! spire1 desc5d$ by ! iron wires1 & =c$ its way into ! organ l(t1 to rea* ! network ( gas-pipes1 ?r\gh :i* x pass$ d[n to ! e>?1 melt+ ! s(t lead5 gas-pipe 9 its c\rse & light+ ! gas4 ,! rem$y = ?is dang] is obvi\s4 ,all l>ge masses ( metal us$ 9 ! /ructure ( a build+--! leads & gutt]s ( ! ro(1 ! ca/-iron d[n-pipes1 ! iron gas & wat] ma9s--%\ld be put 9 good metallic connection ) ! lightn+ conductor1 &1 z f> z may be1 ) "o ano!r4 ,connect$ 9 ?is way !y furni% a cont9u\s & effective l9e ( conductors lead+ safely d[n to e>?2 &1 in/ead ( be+ a dang]\s rival1 !y become a useful auxili>y to ! lightn+ rod4 ,i w\ld obs]ve1 h[ev]1 t ! lightn+ conductor ought n to be connect$ directly ) ! s(t lead5 pipes :i* are commonly employ$ to convey gas & wat] to ! sev]al p>ts ( a build+4 ,su* pipes1 z we h se51 are liable to be melt$ :5 any consid]able "p ( ! lightn+ dis*>ge passes ?r\gh !m2 & ?us mu* h>m might be done1 & ! build+ might ev5 be set on fire by ! light+ ( ! gas4 ,e good end w be atta9$ if ! conductor is put 9 metallic connection ) ! iron gas & wat] ma9s ei!r inside or outside ! build+4 ,insulation ( ,lightn+ ,conductors4--,x is a "q (t5 ask$ :e!r a lightn+ rod %\ld be insulat$ f ! build+ x is int5d$ to protect4 ,i believe t ?is practice 0 =m]ly recomm5d$ by "s writ]s1 & ,i h obs]v$ t glass insulators are /ill employ$ n infrequ5tly by build]s 9 ! erection ( lightn+ conductors2 b1 f ! pr9ciples ,i h set be=e y to-day1 x seems cle> t any insulation ( ?is k9d is1 to say ! lea/1 altoge!r useless4 ,! build+ to be protect$ is itself 9 electrical communication ) ! e>?1 & ! lightn+ conductor1 if effici5t1 is also 9 electrical communication ) ! e>?--!re=e1 ! lightn+ conductor & ! build+ are 9 electrical communication ) ea* o!r ?r\gh ! e>?1 & any attempt at insulat+ !m f "o ano!r above ! e>? is only labor ?r[n away4 ,fur!r1 ,i h j %[n y t ! masses ( metal employ$ 9 ! /ructure or decoration ( a build+ ought to be electrically connect$ ) ea* o!r & ) ! lightn+ conductor4 ,n[1 if ?is be done1 ! lightn+ conductor is1 by ! fact1 9 direct communication ) ! build+1 & ! glass insulators are utt]ly futile4 ,aga91 ! build+ itself1 dur+ a ?und]/orm1 becomes highly electrifi$ by ! inductive action ( ! cl\d1 & ne$s to be dis*>g$ ?r\gh ! conductor j z ! surr\nd+ e>? ne$s to be dis*>g$2 !re=e1 ! m ?or\ghly x is connect$ ) ! conductor1 ! m effectively w ! conductor fulfill its functions4 ,p]sonal ,safety 9 a ,?und]/orm4--,i suppose !re is h>dly any "o to :om ! "q has n occurr$1 at "s "t or ano!r1 :at he _h be/ d to secure 8 p]sonal safety dur+ a ?und]/orm4 ,?is "q is ( s mu* practical int]e/ t ,i ?9k ,i %all be excus$ if ,i say a few words ab\t x1 ?\gh p]haps1 /rictly speak+1 x is some:at beside ! subject ( lightn+ conductors4 ,at ! outset1 p]haps1 ,i %all surprise y :5 ,i say t y w\ld enjoy ! mo/ p]fect security if y 7 9 a *amb] entirely compos$ ( metal plates1 or 9 a cage con/ruct$ ( metal b>s1 or if y 7 incas$1 l ! knights ( old1 9 a complete suit ( metal armor4 ,?is k9d ( def5se is look$ ^u z s p]fect1 among sci5tific m51 t ,pr(essor ,tait does n hesitate to recomm5d 8 adv5tur\s "y fri5ds devot$ to ! cause ( sci5ce to provide !mselves ) a light suit ( copp]1 &1 ?us protect$1 take ! fir/ opportunity ( plung+ into a ?und]cl\d1 !re to inve/igate1 at its s\rce1 ! process by :i* lightn+ is manufactur$4#cf ,! reason :y a metal cov]+ af=ds complete protection is t1 :5 a conductor is electrifi$1 ! :ole *>ge ( electricity exi/s on ! outside surface ( ! conductor2 & !re=e1 :5 a dis*>ge takes place1 x is only ! outside surface t is affect$4 ,?us1 if y 7 completely incas$ 9 a metal cov]+1 & !n *>g$ ) electricity by ! inductive action ( a ?und]cl\d1 x is only ! metal cov]+ t w\ld und]go any *ange ( electrical condition2 & :5 ! lightn+ fla% w\ld pass1 x is only ! metal cov]+ t w\ld be dis*>g$4 ,let me %[ y a v pretty & int]e/+ exp]im5t to illu/rate ?is pr9ciple3 ,"h is a holl[ brass cyl9d]1 op5 at ! ends1 m\nt$ on an insulat+ /&4 ,on ! outside is erect$ a light brass rod ) two pi? balls susp5d$ f x by l95 ?reads4 ,two pi? balls are also susp5d$ by l95 ?reads f ! inn] surface ( ! cyl9d]4 ,y "k t ^! pi? balls w indicate to u ! electrical condition ( ! surfaces to :i* !y are atta*$4 ,if ! surface be electrifi$1 ! pi? balls atta*$ to x w %>e 9 its electrical condition1 & w repel ea* o!r2 if ! surface be neutral1 ! pi? balls atta*$ to x w be neutral1 & w rema9 at re/4 ,i n[ put ?is app>atus "u ! influ5ce ( our ?und]cl\d1 t is1 ! l>ge brass conductor ( our ma*9e4 ,! mom5t my assi/ant turns ! h&le1 ! electricity beg9s to be develop$ on ! conductor1 & y see1 at once1 ! effect on ! brass cyl9d]4 ,! pi? balls atta*$ to ! out] surface fly asund]2 ^? atta*$ to ! inn] surface rema9 at re/4 ,& n[ a sp>k passes2 our ?und]cl\d is dis*>g$2 ! inductive action ceases2 ! pi? balls on ! outside sudd5ly collapse1 :ile ^? on ! inside are 9 no way affect$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,protection ,,f ,,lightn+ ,,furni%$ ,,by ,a ,,clos$ ,,conductor4 ,x is n necess>y t ! brass cyl9d] %\ld be insulat$4 ,to v>y ! exp]im5t1 ,i w n[ connect x ) ! e>? by a *a92 y w obs]ve t ! effect is precisely ! same z be=e4 ,fla% aft] fla% passes :ile ! ma*9e cont9ues 9 action2 ! outside pi? balls fly ab\t viol5tly1 be+ *>g$ & dis*>g$ alt]nately2 ! inside pi? balls rema9 all ! "t at re/4 ,?us y see cle>ly t1 if y 7 sitt+ inside su* a metal *amb] z ?is1 or cov]$ ) a complete suit ( metal armor1 y w\ld be p]fectly secure dur+ a ?und]/orm1 :e!r ! *amb] 7 electrically connect$ ) ! e>? or insulat$ f x4 ,practical ,rules4--,b x r>ely happ5s1 :5 a ?und]/orm comes1 t an iron hut or a complete suit ( armor is at h&1 & y w naturally ask me :at y ought to d "u ord9>y circum/ances4 ,fir/1 let me tell y :at y ought n to d4 ,y ought n to take %elt] "u a tree1 or "u a hay/ack1 or "u ! lee ( a h\se2 y ought n to /& on ! bank ( a riv]1 or close to a l>ge %eet ( wat]4 ,if indoors1 y ought n to /ay ne> ! fireplace1 or ne> any ( ! flues or *imneys2 y ought n to /& "u a gasali] hang+ f ! ceil+2 y ought n to rema9 close to ! gas pipes or wat]-pipes1 or any l>ge masses ( metal1 :e!r us$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ! build+1 or ly+ loosely ab\t4 ,! necessity = ^! precautions is suffici5tly evid5t f ! pr9ciples ,i h already put be=e y4 ,y want to prev5t y\r body f becom+ a l9k 9 t brok5 *a9 ( conductors :i*1 z we h se51 ! electric dis*>ge betwe5 e>? & cl\d is likely to foll[4 ,n[ a tree is a bett] conductor ?an ! air2 & y\r body is a bett] conductor ?an a tree4 ,h5ce1 ! lightn+1 9 *oos+ ! pa? ( lea/ resi/ance1 w\ld leave ! air to pass ?r\gh ! tree1 & w\ld leave ! tree to pass ?r\gh y4 ,a l dang] w\ld await y if y /ood "u ! lee ( a hay/ack or ( a h\se4 ,! numb] ( p :o lose _! lives by tak+ refuge "u trees 9 ?und]/orms is v rem>kable4 ,z "o in/ance out ( _m1 ,i may cite ! foll[+ case :i* 0 report$ 9 ! ,times1 ,july #ad1 #ahhg3 8,ye/]day ! fun]al ( a negress 0 be+ conduct$ 9 a gravey>d at ,m\nt ,pleasant1 sixty miles nor? ( ,na%ville1 ,t5nessee1 :5 a /orm came on1 & ! cr[d ran = %elt] "u ! trees4 ,n9e p]sons /ood "u a l>ge oak1 :i* ! lightn+ /ruck1 kill+ ev]yone1 includ+ ?ree cl]gym51 & ! "m & two si/]s ( ! girl :o _h be5 buri$40 ,aga91 e l>ge %eet ( wat] con/itutes practically a great conductor1 :i* (f]s a v p]fect m$ium ( dis*>ge betwe5 ! e>? r\nd ab\t & ! cl\d4 ,!re=e1 :5 a ?und]cl\d is ov]head1 ! %eet ( wat] is likely to become "o end ( ! l9e ( ! lightn+ dis*>ge2 & if y be /&+ ne> x1 ! l9e ( dis*>ge may pass ?r\gh y\r body4 ,:5 lightn+ /rikes a build+1 x is v apt to use ! /ack ( *imneys 9 mak+ its way to e>?1 p>tly because ! /ack ( *imneys is g5]ally ! mo/ prom95t "p ( ! build+1 & p>tly because1 on acc\nt ( ! heat$ air & ! soot )9 ! *imney1 x is usually a mod]ately good conductor4 ,!re=e1 if y be indoors1 y mu/ keep well away f ! *imneys2 & = a simil> reason1 y mu/ keep z f> z y c f l>ge masses ( metal ( e k9d4 ,hav+ po9t$ out ! s\rces ( dang] :i* y mu/ try to avoid 9 a ?und]/orm1 ,i h ne>ly exhau/$ all ! practical advice t ,i h at my comm&4 ,b !re are "s occasions on :i* x may be possible1 n only to avoid evid5t s\rces ( dang]1 b to make special provision = y\r own security4 ,?us1 = example1 9 ! op5 c\ntry1 if y /& a %ort di/ance f a wood1 y may consid] y\rself z practically protect$ by a lightn+ conductor4 ,= a wood1 by its num]\s bran*es & leaves1 favors v mu* a quiet dis*>ge ( electricity1 ?us t5d+ to suppress altoge!r ! fla% ( lightn+2 & if ! fla% ( lightn+ does come1 x is mu* m likely to /rike ! wood ?an to /rike y1 because ! wood is a f> m prom95t body1 & (f]s1 on ! :ole1 an easi] pa? to e>?4 ,9 l mann]1 if y place y\rself ne> a tall solit>y tree1 "s tw5ty or ?irty y>ds outside its longe/ bran*es1 y w be 9 a position ( comp>ative safety4 ,if ! /orm ov]take y 9 ! op5 pla91 f> away f trees & build+s1 y w be saf] ly+ flat on ! gr\nd ?an /&+ erect4 ,9 an ord9>y dwell+ h\se1 ! be/ situation is probably ! middle /ory1 & ! be/ position 9 ! room is 9 ! middle ( ! floor2 provid$1 ( c\rse1 t !re is no gasali] hang+ f ! ceil+ above or bel[ y4 ,/rictly speak+1 ! middle ( ! room w\ld be a /ill saf] position ?an ! middle ( ! floor2 & no?+ c\ld be m p]fect ?an ! plan sugge/$ by ,frankl91 to get into 8a hammock1 or sw++ b$1 susp5d$ by silk cords1 & equally di/ant f ! walls on e side1 z well z f ! ceil+ & floor1 above & bel[40 ,an int]e/+ case has be5 rec5tly record$1 by a resid5t ( ,v5ezuela1 :i* illu/rates 9 a rem>kable way ! excell5ce ( ?is advice4 8,! lightn+10 he says1 8/ruck a ran*o--a small c\ntry h\se1 built ( wood & mud1 & ?at*$ ) /raw or l>ge leaves--:]e "o man slept 9 a hammock1 ano!r lay "u ! hammock on ! gr\nd1 & ?ree wom5 7 busy ab\t ! floor2 !re 7 also sev]al h5s & a pig4 ,! man 9 ! hammock did n receive any injury :atev]1 :ile ! o!r f\r p]sons & ! animals 7 kill$40#cg ,b1 z ,i c h>dly hope t _m ( y :5 ! ?und]/orm actually comes w f9d y\rselves provid$ ) a hammock1 ,i w\ld recomm5d1 z m g5]ally useful1 ano!r plan ( ,frankl9's1 :i* is simply to sit on "o *air 9 ! middle ( ! floor & put y\r feet up on ano!r4 ,?is arrangem5t w approa* v ne>ly to absolute security if y take ! fur!r precaution1 also m5tion$ by ,frankl91 ( putt+ a fea!r b$ or a c\ple ( hair mattresses "u ! *airs4#ch ,security ,af=d$ by ,lightn+ ,rods4--,y might1 p]haps1 be incl9$ to inf] ha/ily1 f ! examples ,i h set be=e y1 9 ! c\rse ( ?is lecture1 ( build+s :i* 7 /ruck & sev]ely injur$ by lightn+ ?\gh provid$ ) lightn+ conductors1 t a lightn+ rod af=ds a v imp]fect protection to life & prop]ty4 ,b su* an idea w\ld be entirely at v>iance ) ! evid5ce at h& on ! subject4 ,9 all ! cases to :i* ,i h ref]r$1 & 9 _m o!rs :i* might easily h be5 cit$1 ! damage 0 done simply because ! lightn+ rods 7 defici5t 9 "o or m ( ! conditions on :i* ,i h s mu* insi/$4 ,:]e ^! conditions are fulfill$1 ! lightn+ fla% w ei!r n come d[n at all ^u ! build+1 or1 if x d come1 x w be c>ri$ h>mless to ! e>?4 ,p]haps !re is no "o fact t s =cibly br+s home to ! m9d ! complete protection af=d$ by lightn+ conductors z ! *ange :i* foll[$ _! introduction into ! ,royal ,navy4 ,i h already told y t 9 =m] times ! damage done by lightn+ to %ips ( ! ,royal ,navy 0 a regul> s\rce ( exp5diture1 am\nt+ e ye> to sev]al ?\s& p\nds /]l+4 ,b1 aft] ! g5]al adoption ( lightn+ conductors ab\t =ty ye>s ago1 ?r\gh ! indefatigable ex]tions ( ,sir ,william ,sn[ ,h>ris1 ?is s\rce ( exp5diture absolutely disappe>$1 & injury to life & prop]ty has long be5 practically unkn[n 9 ,h] ,maje/y's ,fleet4 ,i %\ld say1 h[ev]1 t ! trial ( lightn+ conductors 9 ! ,navy1 ?\gh x la/$ long en\gh to prove _! p]fect effici5cy1 has almo/ come to an end 9 our own days4 ,! great iron mon/]s :i* 9 rec5t times h tak5 ! place ( ! wood5 %ips ( ,old ,engl& are q indep5d5t ( lightn+ rods 9 ! common s5se ( ! ^w4 ,_! pond]\s ma/s are virtually lightn+ rods ( colossal dim5sions1 & _! unsightly hulls are1 s to speak1 e>?-plates ( enorm\s size 9 p]fect electrical contact ) ! ocean4 ,to add to su* /ructures lightn+ conductors ( ! common k9d w\ld be no?+ bett] ?an 8wa/eful & ridicul\s excess40 ,z reg>ds build+s on l&1 ,i may ref] to ! little prov9ce ( ,s*leswig-,hol/e91 ( :i* ,i h already spok5 to y4 ,f "s cause or o!r ?is small p59sula is s+ul>ly expos$ to ?und]/orms1 & ( late ye>s x has be5 m abundantly provid$ ) lightn+ conductors ?an1 p]haps1 any o!r di/rict ( equal ext5t 9 ,europe4 ,n[1 z a simple illu/ration ( ! protection af=d$ by ^! lightn+ conductors1 ,i may m5tion t1 on ! #bf? ( ,may1 #ahgh1 a viol5t ?und]/orm bur/ ov] ! little t[n ( ,ut]s54 ,five sev]al fla%es ( lightn+ fell 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! t[n1 b n ! slighte/ h>m 0 done1 ea* fla% be+ safely c>ri$ to e>? by a lightn+ conductor4 ,fur!r1 x appe>s f ! records ( ! fire insurance company t1 out ( #eeb build+s injur$ by lightn+ dur+ a p]iod ( eight ye>s--f #ahgj to #ahgh--only f\r _h lightn+ conductors2 & 9 ^! f\r cases x 0 f\nd1 on exam9ation1 t ! lightn+ conductors 7 defective4#ci ,x w\ld be easy to multiply evid5ce on ?is subject4 ,b z ,i h already trespass$1 ,i fe>1 too f> on y\r pati5ce1 ,i w cont5t myself ) say+1 9 conclusion1 t accord+ to all ! highe/ au?orities1 bo? practical & !oretical1 any /ructure provid$ ) a lightn+ conductor prop]ly fitt$ up 9 con=mity ) ! pr9ciples ,i h set be=e y to-day is p]fectly secure aga9/ lightn+4 ,! lightn+1 inde$1 may fall ^u x1 b x w pass h>mless to ! e>?2 & ! exp]i5ce ( m ?an a hundr$ ye>s has fully ju/ifi$ ! simple & mode/ words ( ! great inv5tor ( lightn+ conductors3 8,x has pleas$ ,god1 9 ,8 goodness to mank9d1 at l5g? to discov] to !m ! means ( secur+ _! habitations & o!r build+s f mis*ief by ?und] & lightn+40 ,,note ,i4 ,,on ,,! ,,lightn+ ,,conductor ,,at ,,b]ehav54#dj ,x is satisfactory to "k t ! lightn+ conductor ref]r$ to 9 my lecture z atta*$ to ! ligh?\se at ,b]ehav5 has be5 put 9 good ord] "u ! be/ sci5tific guidance4 ,! foll[+ int]e/+ lett] f ,pr(essor ,tyndall1 :i* appe>$ 9 ! ,times1 ,augu/ #ca1 #ahhg1 gives ! hi/ory ( ! matt] v cle>ly1 & fully be>s out ! views put =w>d 9 my lecture3 8,y\r rec5t rem>ks on ?und]/orms & _! effects induce me to submit to y ! foll[+ facts & consid]ations4 ,"s ye>s ago a rock ligh?\se on ! coa/ ( ,irel& 0 /ruck & damag$ by lightn+4 ,an eng9e] 0 s5t d[n to report on ! occurr5ce2 &1 z ,i !n held ! honorable & responsible po/ ( sci5tific advis] to ! ,tr9ity ,h\se & ,bo>d ( ,trade1 ! report 0 submitt$ to me4 ,! lightn+ conductor _h be5 c>ri$ d[n ! ligh?\se t[]1 its l[] extremity be+ c>efully emb$d$ 9 a /one p]=at$ to receive x4 ,if ! object _h be5 to invite ! lightn+ to /rike ! t[]1 a bett] arrangem5t c\ld h>dly h be5 adopt$4 8,i gave directions to h ! conductor imm$iately prolong$1 & to h add$ to x a l>ge t]m9al plate ( copp]1 :i* 0 to be completely subm]g$ 9 ! sea4 ,! obvi\s conv5i5ce ( a *a9 z a prolongation ( ! conductor caus$ ! au?orities 9 ,irel& to propose x2 b ,i 0 oblig$ to veto ! adoption ( ! *a94 ,! contact ( l9k ) l9k is nev] p]fect4 ,i _h1 moreov]1 beside me a portion ( a *a9 cable ?r\gh :i* a lightn+ dis*>ge _h pass$1 ! electricity 9 pass+ f l9k to l9k enc\nt]+ a resi/ance suffici5t to enable x to p>tially fuse ! *a94 ,! abolition ( resi/ance is absolutely necess>y 9 connect+ a lightn+ conductor ) ! e>?1 & ?is is done by closely emb$d+ 9 ! e>? a plate ( good conduct+ mat]ial & ( l>ge area4 ,! l>g5ess ( area makes atonem5t = ! imp]fect conductivity ( e>?4 ,! plate1 9 fact1 con/itutes a wide door ?r\gh :i* ! electricity passes freely into ! e>?1 its disruptive & damag+ effects be+ !reby avoid$4 8,^! tru?s are elem5t>y1 b !y are (t5 neglect$4 ,i wat*$ ) int]e/ "s "t ago ! op]ation ( sett+ up a lightn+ conductor on ! h\se ( a neighbor ( m9e 9 ! c\ntry4 ,! wire rope :i* =m$ "p ( ! conductor 0 c>ri$ d[n ! wall & com=tably laid 9 ! e>? bel[ )\t any t]m9al plate :atev]4 ,i expo/ulat$ ) ! man :o did ! "w1 b he obvi\sly ?\ght he knew m ab\t ! matt] ?an ,i did4 ,i am cr$ibly in=m$ t ?is is a common way ( deal+ ) lightn+ conductors by ignorant practition]s1 & ! ,bi%op ( ,w9*e/]'s palace at ,f>nham has be5 m5tion$ to me z an edifice #8protect$' 9 ?is fa%ion4 ,if my in=mant be correct1 ! #8protection' is a mock]y1 a delusion1 & a sn>e40 ,,note ,,ii4 ,,books ,,( ,,ref]5ce4 ,z "s ( my read]s may wi% to pursue ! /udy ( lightn+ & lightn+ conductors beyond ! limits to :i* a popul> lecture mu/1 ( necessity1 be conf9$1 ,i subjo9 a li/ ( ! books :i* ,i ?9k !y w\ld be likely to f9d mo/ useful = ! purpose4 ,among ord9>y text-books on physics--,jam91 ,c\rs de ,physique1 vol4 i41 pp4 #dgj-did2 ,masc>t1 ,trait d',electricit ,/atique1 vol4 ii41 pp4 #eee-egi2 ,de ,l>ive1 ,a ,treatise on ,electricity1 9 ?ree volumes1 ,london1 #ahec-h1 vol4 iii41 pp4 #ij-bja2 ,dagu91 ,trait de ,physique1 vol4 iii41 pp4 #bji-bhj2 ,riess1 ,die ,lehre von d] ,reibungs-,elektricitt1 vol4 ii41 pp4 #did-efd2 ,mll]-,p\illet1 ,lehrbu* d] ,physik1 ,brauns*weig1 #ahha1 vol4 iii41 pp4 #baj-bbe2 ,scott1 ,elem5t>y ,meteorology1 *ap4 x4 ,( ! num]\s special treatises & deta*$ pap]s on ! subject1 ,i w\ld recomm5d ,in/ruction sur les ,p>atonn]res adopt p> l',acadmie des ,sci5ces1 ,"p i41 #ahbc1 ,"p ii41 #ahed1 ,"p iii41 #ahfg1 ,p>is1 #ahgd2 ,arago1 ,sur le ,tonn]re1 ,p>is1 #ahcg2 also 8 ,meteorological ,essays1 translat$ by ,sab9e1 ,london1 #ahee2 ,sir ,william ,sn[ ,h>ris1 ,on ! ,nature ( ,?und]/orms1 ,london1 #ahdc2 also by ! same writ]1 ,a ,treatise on ,frictional ,electricity1 ,london1 #ahfg2 & v>i\s pap]s on lightn+ conductors1 f #ahbb to #ahei2 ,toml9son1 ,! ,?und]/orm1 ,london1 #ahgg2 ,&]son1 ,lightn+ ,conductors1 ,london1 #ahhj2 ,holtz1 ,ueb] die ,!orie1 die ,anlage1 und die ,prfung d] ,blitzableit]1 ,greifswald1 #ahgh2 ,web]1 ,b]i*te b] ,blitzs*lge 9 d] ,prov9z ,s*leswig-,hol/e91 ,kiel1 #ahhj-a2 ,tait1 ,a ,lecture on ,?und]/orms1 deliv]$ 9 ! ,city ,hall1 ,glasg[1 9 #ahhj1 ,nature1 vol4 xxii42 ,report ( ! ,lightn+ ,rod ,conf]5ce1 ,london1 #ahhb4 ,?is la/-m5tion$ volume comes to u ) v high au?ority1 repres5t+1 z x does1 ! jo9t labors ( sev]al em95t sci5tific m5 select$ f ! foll[+ societies3 ,! ,meteorological ,society1 ! ,royal ,in/itute ( ,briti% ,ar*itects1 ! ,society ( ,telegraph ,eng9e]s & ,electricians1 ! ,physical ,society4 ,s9ce ! above 0 9 pr9t1 two lectures giv5 be=e ! ,society ( ,arts by ,pr(essor ,oliv] ,lodge1 ,f4 ,r4 ,s41 h appe>$ 9 ! ,electrician1 ,june & ,july1 #ahhh1 9 :i* "s new views are put =w>d respect+ lightn+ conductors1 t seem des]v+ ( c>eful consid]ation4 ,,footnotes3 #ag ,! ,?und]/orm1 by ,*>les ,toml9son1 ,f4 ,r4 ,s41 ,?ird ,edition1 pp4 #aec-d4 #ah ,two ,lectures on ,atmosph]ic ,electricity & ,protection f ,lightn+1 publi%$ at ! end ( 8 ,treatise on ,frictional ,electricity1 p4 #bgc4 #ai ,see ,report ( ,lightn+ ,rod ,conf]5ce1 p4 #aai4 #bj ,loco citato4 #ba ,sir ,william ,sn[ ,h>ris1 loco citato1 p4 #bgd4 #bb ,id41 p4 #bge4 #bc ,! ,?und]/orm1 by ,*>les ,toml9son1 ,f4,r4,s41 ,?ird ,edition1 p4 #agb4 #bd ,see = ^! facts1 ,&]son1 ,lightn+ ,conductors1 p4 #aig2 ,toml9son1 ,! ,?und]/orm1 pp4 #afg-i2 ,h>ris1 loco citato1 pp4 #bgc-d4 #be ,see ,&]son1 ,lightn+ ,conductors1 pp4 #agj-e4 #bf ,! ,?und]/orm1 pp4 #aeh-i4 ,see also an acc\nt ( f\r p]sons :o 7 /ruck on ! ,matt]horn1 9 ,july1 #ahfi1 all ( :om 7 hurt1 & none kill$3 ,:ymp]'s ,scrambles ,among ! ,alps1 pp4 #dad1 #dae4 #bg ,see ,philosophical ,transactions ( ! ,royal ,society1 #aggc1 p4 #db1 & #aggh1 "p i41 p4 #bcb2 ,&]son's ,lightn+ ,conductors1 pp4 #dj-b2 ,light+ ,rod ,conf]5ce1 pp4 #gf-i4 #bh ,see ,a ,lecture on ,?und]/orms1 by ,pr(essor ,tait ( ,ed9burgh1 publi%$ 9 ,nature1 vol4 xxii41 p4 #cfe4 #bi ,report ( ! ,lightn+ ,rod ,conf]5ce1 p4 #d4 #cj ,! dim5sions "h set =? are great] 9 "s respects ?an ^? 8recomm5d$ z a m9imum0 9 ! report ( ! ,lightn+ ,rod ,conf]5ce1 page #f4 ,b x w be obs]v$ by ^? :o consult ! report t ! m9imum recomm5d$ is j ! size :i*1 9 ! prec$+ p>agraph ( ! report1 is said to h be5 actually melt$ by a fla% ( lightn+2 &1 !re=e1 x seems n to be a v safe m9imum4 ,x w be also se5 t !re is "s confusion 9 ! figures giv51 & t !y contradict "o ano!r4 ,= ! dim5sions ( iron rods1 see ! in/ructions adopt$ by ! ,academy ( ,sci5ce1 ,p>is1 ,may #bj1 #ahge2 ,lightn+ ,rod ,conf]5ce1 pp4 #fg-h4 #ca ,see lett] ( ,mr4 ,r4 ,s4 ,newall1 ,f4 ,r4 ,s41 9 ! ,times1 ,may #cj1 #ahgi4 #cb ,see ,nature1 ,june #ab1 #ahgi1 vol4 xx41 p4 #adf4 #cc ,see lett] ( ,mr4 ,tomes 9 ,nature1 vol4 xx41 p4 #ade2 also ,lightn+ ,rod ,conf]5ce1 pp4 #baj-ae4 #cd ,see ,&]son1 ,lightn+ ,conductors1 pp4 #bjh-aj4 #ce ,see ,lightn+ ,rod ,conf]5ce1 pp4 #bjh-aj2 see also ! note at ! end ( ?is ,lecture1 p4 #eb4 #cf ,lecture on ,?und]/orms1 ,nature1 vol4 xxii41 pp4 #cfe1 #dcg4 ,see1 also1 a v int]e/+ pap] by ! late ,pr(essor ,j4 ,cl]k ,maxwell1 read be=e ! ,briti% ,association at ,glasg[ 9 #ahgf1 & repr9t$ 9 ! report ( ! ,lightn+ ,rod ,conf]5ce1 pp4 #aji1 #aaj4 #cg ,nature1 vol4 xxxi41 p4 #dei4 #ch ,see fur!r in=mation on ?is int]e/+ subject 9 ! ,report ( ! ,lightn+ ,rod ,conf]5ce1 pp4 #bcc-e4 #ci ,see 8,die ,!orie1 die ,anlage1 und die ,prfung d] ,blitzableit]10 von ,doctor ,w4 ,holtz1 ,griefswald1 #ahgh4 #dj ,see page #dd4 ,,app5dix4 ,,rec5t ,,controv]sy ,,on ,,lightn+ ,,conductors4 ,! lecture on lightn+ conductors conta9$ 9 ?is volume fairly repres5ts1 ,i ?9k1 ! !ory hi!rto receiv$ on ! subject4 ,x is1 moreov]1 entirely 9 accord ) ! report ( ! ,lightn+ ,rod ,conf]5ce1 br\ght out 9 #ahhc1 by a committee ( mo/ em95t m51 repres5t+ sev]al bran*es ( sci5ce1 :o 7 specially *os5 to consid] ?is "q "s t5 ye>s ago4 ,lectures ( ,pr(essor ,lodge4--,b1 9 ! mon? ( ,m>*1 #ahhh1 two lectures 7 giv5 be=e ! ,society ( ,arts1 9 ,london1 by ,pr(essor ,oliv] ,lodge1 9 :i* ?is !ory 0 directly *all5g$1 & attack$ ) cog5t argum5ts1 support$ by /rik+ & orig9al exp]im5ts4 ,^! lectures gave rise to an animat$ controv]sy1 :i* culm9at$ 9 a =mal discussion at ! rec5t meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association 9 ,ba?4 ,! discussion 0 c>ri$ on ) great _s1 & mo/ ( ! lead+ repres5tatives ( physical & me*anical sci5ce took an active "p 9 x4 ,! great] portion ( ?is volume 0 pr9t$ (f be=e ! meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association took place4 ,b ! discussion on ! !ory ( lightn+ conductors seem$ to me s int]e/+ & important t ,i ?\ght x "r1 9 ! =m ( an ,app5dix1 to give "s acc\nt ( ! que/ions at issue1 & ( ! op9ions express$ ^u !m4 ,pr(essor ,lodge ma9ta9s#da t ! receiv$ !ory ( lightn+ rods is op5 to two objections4 ,fir/1 x takes acc\nt only ( ! conduct+ p[] ( ! lightn+ rod1 & takes no acc\nt ( ! ph5om5on kn[n z self-induction1 or electrical in]tia4 ,secondly1 x assumes t ! :ole sub/ance ( a lightn+ rod acts z a conductor1 9 all cases ( lightn+ dis*>ge2 :]eas !re is reason to believe t1 9 _m cases1 x is only a ?9 out] %ell t really comes into action4 ,i w deal ) ^! two po9ts sep>ately4 ,! ,effect ( ,self-,induction4--,:5 an electric dis*>ge beg9s to pass ?r\gh a conductor1 a mom5t>y back electro-motive =ce is develop$ 9 ! conductor1 :i* ob/ructs its passage4 ,?is ph5om5on is call$ by "s self-induction1 by o!rs electrical in]tia2 b its exi/5ce is admitt$ by all4 ,n[1 :5 a fla% ( lightn+1 s to say1 falls on a lightn+ rod1 ! back electro-motive =ce develop$ is v consid]able2 & x may (f] s great an ob/ruction t ! dis*>ge w f9d an easi] passage by "s o!r r\te1 su* z ! /one walls & woodwork1 & furniture ( ! build+4 ,accord+ to ?is view1 ! ob/ruction :i* a fla% ( lightn+ enc\nt]s 9 a conductor consi/s p>tly ( ! resi/ance ( ! conductor1 9 ! ord9>y s5se ( ! ^w resi/ance1 & p>tly ( ! back electro-motive =ce due to self-induction4 ,! sum ( ^! two ,pr(essor ,lodge calls ! imp$ance ( ! lightn+ rod2 & he consid]s t ! imp$ance may be enorm\sly great1 ev5 :5 ! resi/ance1 9 ! ord9>y s5se1 is comp>atively small4 ,9 support ( ?is view he has devis$ ! foll[+ extremely +5i\s & rem>kable exp]im5t4 ,a l>ge ,leyd5 j>1 ,l1 0 arrang$ 9 su* a mann] t1 :ile x receiv$ a /eady *>ge f an electrical ma*9e1 x dis*>g$ itself1 at int]vals1 across ! air space at ,a1 betwe5 two brass balls4 ,! dis*>ge _h !n two alt]native pa?s be=e x2 "o ?r\gh a conduct+ wire1 ,c1 ! o!r across a second air space1 betwe5 two brass balls at ,b4 ,dur+ ! exp]im5t1 ! two balls at ,a 7 kept at a fix$ di/ance ( "o in* ap>t2 b ! di/ance betwe5 ! two balls at ,b 0 v>i$4 ,! conductor1 ,c1 us$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 0 a /\t copp] wire1 ab\t =ty feet long1 & hav+ a resi/ance ( only "o-=tie? ( an ohm4 ,illu/ration3 ,,induction ,,effect ,,( ,,leyd5 ,,j> ,,dis*>ge4 ,m ,electrical ,ma*9e4 ,l ,leyd5 ,j>4 ,a ,b ,air ,spaces betwe5 ,brass ,knobs4 ,c ,conduct+ ,wire4 ,x 0 f\nd t1 s long z ! di/ance betwe5 ! ,b knobs 0 less ?an #a4dc in*es1 all ! dis*>ges pass$ across betwe5 ! knobs1 9 ! =m ( a sp>k4 ,:5 ! di/ance exce$$ #a4dc in*es1 all ! dis*>ges pass$ ?r\gh ! conductor1 ,c1 & no sp>k appe>$ betwe5 ! balls at ,b4 ,& :5 ! di/ance 0 exactly #a4dc in*es1 ! dis*>ge sometimes took place betwe5 ! knobs1 & sometimes foll[$ ! conductor1 ,c4 ,! int]pretation giv5 to ^! facts is t ! ob/ruction (f]$ by ! conductor ,c 0 ab\t equal to ! resi/ance ( #a4dc in*es ( air2 & x is propos$ to call ?is di/ance1 "u ! conditions ( ! exp]im5t1 ! critical di/ance4 ,com+ n[ to ! application ( ^! results1 ,pr(essor ,lodge argues t ! conductor ,c1 9 8 exp]im5t1 repres5ts a lightn+ rod ( unimpea*able excell5ce2 & yet1 9 c]ta9 cases1 ! dis*>ge refuses to foll[ ! conductor1 & pref]s to leap across a consid]able space ( air1 not)/&+ ! enorm\s resi/ance x !re enc\nt]s4 ,9 l mann]1 he says1 a fla% ( lightn+ may1 9 c]ta9 cases1 leave a lightn+ rod fitt$ up 9 ! mo/ or?odox mann]1 & =ce its way to e>? ?r\gh resi/+ masses ( mason "w & su* *ance conductors z may come across its pa?4 ,?is conclusion1 he admits1 is altoge!r at v>iance ) ! receiv$ views on ! subject2 b he cont5ds t x is p]fectly 9 accord ) ! sci5tific !ory ( an electrical dis*>ge4 ,! mom5t ! dis*>ge beg9s to pass 9 ! conductor1 x enc\nt]s ! ob/ruction due to self-induction2 & ?is ob/ruction is s great t ! bad conductors (f]1 on ! :ole1 an easi] pa? to e>?4 ,v>iation ( ! ,exp]im5t4--,:5 ! exp]im5t 0 v>i$ by sub/itut+ a ?9 iron wire = ! /\t copp] wire at fir/ employ$1 a v curi\s result 0 obta9$4 ,! wire *os5 0 ( ! same l5g? z ! copp]1 b _h a resi/ance ab\t #a1cjj times z great2 its resi/ance be+1 9 fact1 #cc4c ohms4 ,nev]!less1 9 ?is exp]im5t1 :5 ! ,b knobs 7 at a di/ance ( #a4dc in*es1 no sp>k pass$1 :i* %[$ t ! dis*>ge always foll[$ ! l9e ( ! conductor1 & !re=e t ! conductor (f]$ less ob/ruction ?an #a4dc in*es ( air4 ,! knobs 7 !n br\ght gradually ne>] & ne>]2 & x 0 n until ! di/ance 0 consid]ably r$uc$ t ! sp>ks began to pass betwe5 !m4 ,:5 ! di/ance 0 exactly #a4jc in*es1 ! dis*>ge sometimes pass$ betwe5 ! knobs1 & sometimes ?r\gh ! conductor2 ?is 01 !re=e1 ! critical di/ance1 9 ! case ( ! iron wire4 ,?us x appe>$ t ! ob/ruction (f]$ to ! dis*>ge by ! iron wire 0 mu* less ?an t (f]$ by ! copp]1 ! "o be+ equal to a resi/ance ( only #a4jc in*es ( air1 ! o!r to a resi/ance ( #a4dc in*es4 ,x does n appe> t ,pr(essor ,lodge und]takes to (f] any satisfactory explanation ( ?is result4 ,he has come to ! conclusion1 f 8 v>i\s exp]im5ts1 t1 9 ! case ( a sudd5 dis*>ge1 diff]5ce ( conduct+ p[] betwe5 fairly good conductors is a matt] ( practically no acc\nt2 & t diff]5ce ( sectional area is a matt] ( only trifl+ acc\nt4 ,b he does n see :y a ?9 iron wire %\ld h a small] imp$ance ?an a mu* ?ick] wire ( copp]4 ,he proposes to repeat ! exp]im5ts s z to confirm or to modify ! result1 :i* = ! pres5t seems to him anomal\s4#db ,! ,out] ,%ell only ( a ,lightn+ ,rod ,acts z a ,conductor4--,z a consequ5ce ( self-induction or electrical in]tia1 ,pr(essor ,lodge cont5ds t a lightn+ dis*>ge 9 a conductor consi/s ( a s]ies ( oscillations4 ,^! oscillations foll[ "o ano!r ) extraord9>y rapidity--!re may be a hundr$ ?\s& 9 a second1 !re may be a million4 ,n[ x has be5 %[n t1 :5 a curr5t />ts 9 a conductor1 x does n />t at once all ?r\gh its section2 x beg9s on ! outside1 & !n gradually1 b rapidly1 p5etrates to ! int]ior4 ,f ?is he inf]s t ! extremely rapid oscillations ( a lightn+ dis*>ge h n "t to p5etrate to ! int]ior ( a conductor4 ,! electricity keeps surg+ to & fro 9 ! sup]ficial lay] or out] %ell1 :ile ! int]ior sub/ance ( ! rod rema9s in]t & takes no "p 9 ! action4 ,a conductor1 !re=e1 w be mo/ effici5t = c>ry+ (f a fla% ( lightn+ if x pres5t ! greate/ possible am\nt ( surface2 a ?91 flat tape w be m effici5t ?an a rod ( ! same mass2 & a numb] ( deta*$ wires m effici5t ?an a solid cyl9d]4 ,z = exi/+ lightn+ conductors1 ! great] "p ( _! mass w\ld1 9 _m cases1 h no efficacy :atev] 9 c>ry+ (f a fla% ( lightn+4 ,! ,discussion4--,! discussion at ! meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association 0 op5$ by ,mr4 ,william ,h4 ,preece1 ,f4,r4,s41 ,electrician to ! ,po/ ,(fice1 :o claim$ to h #ejj1jjj lightn+ conductors "u 8 control4 ,he express$ 8 conviction t a lightn+ rod1 prop]ly erect$ & duly ma9ta9$1 0 a p]fect protection aga9/ injury f lightn+2 & 9 support ( ?is conviction he urg$ v /rongly ! report ( ! ,lightn+ ,rod ,conf]5ce4 ,?is report repres5t$ ! mature judgm5t ( ! mo/ em95t sci5tific m51 :o _h devot$ ye>s to ! /udy ( ! "q2 & he wi%$ p>ticul>ly to br+ be=e ! meet+ _! cle> & decisive ass]tion--an ass]tion he 0 !re to def5d--t 8!re is no au!ntic case on record :]e a prop]ly con/ruct$ conductor fail$ to d its duty40 ,! new views put =w>d by ,pr(essor ,lodge 7 bas$1 9 great measure1 on 8 !ory t a lightn+ dis*>ge consi/$ ( a s]ies ( rapid oscillations4 ,b ?is !ory %\ld be receiv$ ) great caution4 ,x seem$ to be no?+ m ?an a d$uction f c]ta9 ma!matical =mulas1 & 0 n support$ by any solid basis ( obs]vation or exp]im5t4 ,besides1 !re 7 _m facts aga9/ x4 ,!y all knew t a fla% ( lightn+ magnetiz$ /eel b>s1 d]ang$ ! compasses ( %ips at sea1 & transmitt$ signals on telegraph wires4 ,b su* effects c\ld n be produc$ by a s]ies ( oscillations1 :i*1 be+ equal & opposite1 w\ld neutralize ea* o!r4 ,x 0 alleg$ t ^! rapid oscillations occurr$ 9 ! dis*>ge ( a ,leyd5 j>4 ,t might be true1 & probably 0 true2 b !y 7 n deal+ ) ,leyd5 j>s1 !y 7 deal+ ) fla%es ( lightn+4 ,if !re 0 any analogy betwe5 ! dis*>ge ( a ,leyd5 j> & a fla% ( lightn+1 x 0 to be f\nd1 n 9 ! ext]nal dis*>ge employ$ by ,pr(essor ,lodge 9 8 exp]im5ts1 b 9 ! bur/+ ( ! glass cyl9d] betwe5 ! two coat+s ( ! j>4 ,"l ,rayleigh ?\ght ! exp]im5ts ( ,pr(essor ,lodge 7 likely to h important practical applications to lightn+ conductors4 ,b ?\gh ^! exp]im5ts 7 valuable z sugge/ions1 !y did n furni% a suffici5t gr\nd = adopt+ any new sy/em ( protection4 ,x 0 only by exp]i5ce ) lightn+ conductors !mselves t ! "q c\ld be f9ally settl$4 ,sir ,william ,?omson hop$ = great fruit f ! fur!r inve/igation ( self-induction 9 ! case ( sudd5 electrical dis*>ges4 ,he w>mly enc\rag$ ,pr(essor ,lodge to cont9ue 8 rese>*es2 b he express$ no decid$ op9ion on ! "q at issue4 ,incid5tally he obs]v$ t ! be/ security = a gun-p[d] magaz9e 0 an iron h\se2 no lightn+ conductor at all1 b an iron ro(1 iron walls1 & an iron floor4 ,wood5 bo>ds %\ld1 ( c\rse1 be plac$ ov] ! floor to prev5t ! dang] ( sp>ks f p walk+ on %eet-iron4 ,?is iron magaz9e might be plac$ on a dry granite rock1 or on wet gr\nd2 x might ev5 be plac$ on a f\ndation "u wat]2 x might be plac$ any:]e !y pleas$2 no matt] :at ! surr\nd+s 71 ! int]ior w\ld be safe4 ,he ?\ght t 0 an important practical conclusion :i* might safely be drawn f ! consid]ation ( ^! electrical oscillations & ! exp]im5ts reg>d+ !m4 ,pr(essor ,r[l&1 ( ! ,johns ,hopk9s ,univ]sity1 ,am]ica1 said t ! "q seem$ to be :e!r ! exp]im5t ( ,pr(essor ,lodge actually repres5t$ ! case ( lightn+4 ,he 0 v mu* dispos$ to ?9k x did n4 ,9 ! exp]im5t almo/ ! :ole circuit consi/$ ( good conductors2 :]eas1 9 ! case ( lightn+1 ! pa? ( ! dis*>ge 01 = ! mo/ "p1 ?r\gh ! air1 & !re=e x might be an entirely diff]5t ph5om5on4 ,! air be+ a v bad conductor1 a fla% ( lightn+ might1 p]haps1 n consi/ ( oscillations1 b r ( a s+le sw+4 ,moreov]1 x 0 n at all cle> t ! l5g? ( ! sp>k1 9 ! exp]im5t1 c\ld be tak5 z a measure ( ! ob/ruction (f]$ by ! conductor4 ,pr(essor ,george ,=bes 0 greatly impress$ ) ! beauty & significance ( ,pr(essor ,lodge's exp]im5ts1 b he did n ?9k ! result s cle> t !y %\ld be w>rant$ 9 ab&on+ ! pr9ciples laid d[n by ! ,lightn+ ,rod ,conf]5ce4 ,m4 de ,fonvielle1 ( ,p>is1 support$ ! views ( ,mr4 ,preece4 ,he cit$ ! example ( ,p>is1 :]e !y _h erect$ a suffici5t numb] ( lightn+ conductors1 accord+ to ! receiv$ pr9ciples1 & calamities f lightn+ 7 practically unkn[n4 ,he sugge/$ t ! ,eiffel ,t[]1 :i* !y 7 n[ build+1 & :i* w\ld be rais$ to ! height ( a ?\s& feet1 w\ld furni% an unrivall$ opportunity = exp]im5ts on lightn+ conductors4 ,sir ,james ,d\glass1 ,*ief ,eng9e] to ! ,corporation ( ,tr9ity ,h\se1 _h a l>ge exp]i5ce ) ligh?\se t[]s4 ,! lightn+ rods on ^! t[]s _h be5 erect$ & ma9ta9$ dur+ ! la/ fifty ye>s entirely accord+ to ! advice ( ,f>aday4 ,!y nev] _h a s]i\s accid5t2 & su* m9or accid5ts z did occur f "t to "t 7 always trac$ to "s defect 9 ! conductor4 ,!y _h n[ e/abli%$ a m rigid sy/em ( inspection1 & he1 = "o1 %\ld feel p]fectly safe 9 any t[] :]e ?is sy/em 0 c>ri$ out4 ,mr4 ,symons1 ,f4,r4,s41 ,secret>y to ! ,meteorological ,society1 _h tak5 "p 9 a discussion on lightn+ conductors z long ago z #ahei4 ,x _h be5 a hobby ) him all 8 life to inve/igate ! circum/ances ( e case he came across 9 :i* damage 0 done by lightn+1 & ! g5]al impression left by 8 inve/igations entirely co9cid$ ) ! views j express$ by ,sir ,james ,d\glass4 ,he _h be5 a memb] ( ! ,lightn+ ,rod ,conf]5ce1 & 0 ! editor ( _! report2 & he wi%$ to ent] 8 prote/ aga9/ ! idea ( reject+ all t _h hi!rto be5 done 9 connection ) lightn+ conductors on ! /r5g? ( m]e laboratory exp]im5ts4 ,pr(essor ,lodge1 9 reply1 said he c\ld p]fectly und]/& ! position ( ^? :o held t a lightn+ rod prop]ly fitt$ up nev] fail$ to d its duty1 because1 :5ev] x fail$1 !y said x 0 n prop]ly fitt$ up4 ,! great res\rce 9 su* cases 0 to ascribe ! failure to bad e>? contact4 ,he ?\ght a good e>? contact 0 a v good ?+1 b he c\ld n und]/& :y su* extraord9>y importance %\ld be atta*$ to x4 ,a lightn+ rod _h two ends--an e>? end & a sky end--& he did n see :y good contact 0 m necess>y at "o end ?an at ! o!r4 ,if a few %>p po9ts /ick+ out f ! conductor 7 suffici5t = a good sky contact1 :y 7 !y n suffici5t also = a good e>? contact8 ,besides1 ?\gh a bad e>? contact might expla9 :y a c]ta9 am\nt ( disruption %\ld take place at ! e>? :]e ! bad contact exi/$1 he did n see h[ x acc\nt$ = ! fla% %oot+ (f sideways half-way d[n ! conductor4 ,aga91 :at does a bad e>? contact mean8 ,if an electrical eng9e] f9ds a resi/ance ( a hundr$ ohms1 he w rightly pron\nce ! e>? contact to be v bad inde$4 ,b :y %\ld ! lightn+ fla% leave a conductor ) a resi/ance ( a hundr$ ohms 9 ord] to foll[ a l9e ( non-conductors :]e x enc\nt]s a resi/ance ( _m ?\s& ohms8 ,he accept$ ! /atem5t ( ,mr4 ,preece t 8 :ole !ory dep5d$ on ! exi/5ce ( oscillations 9 ! lightn+ dis*>ge2 b !re 0 good reason to believe !y exi/$1 because !y 7 prov$ to exi/ 9 ! dis*>ge ( a ,leyd5 j>4 ,mr4 ,preece object$ t an oscillat+ dis*>ge c\ld n produce magnetic effects1 z a fla% ( lightn+ 0 kn[n to d4 ,he confess$ he 0 unable to expla9 h[ an oscillat+ dis*>ge produc$ su* effects2#dc b t x c\ld produce !m !re 0 no d\bt :atev]1 = ! dis*>ge ( a ,leyd5 j> produces magnetic effects1 & we h ocul> demon/ration t ! dis*>ge ( a ,leyd5 j> is an oscillat+ dis*>ge4 ,z to ! assurances we _h receiv$ f electrical eng9e]s t a prop]ly fitt$ lightn+ conductor nev] fails1 he %\ld l to ask !m h[ ! ,hotel de ,ville1 9 ,brussels1 _h be5 set on fire by lightn+ on ! #a/ ( la/ ,june4 ,! sy/em ( lightn+ conductors on ?is build+ _h be5 erect$ 9 accordance ) ! receiv$ !ory1 & _h be5 held up by writ]s on ! subject z ! mo/ p]fect 9 ,europe4 ,unless "s explanation 7 =?com+ to acc\nt = its failure1 we c\ld no long] reg>d lightn+ conductors z a p]fect security aga9/ dang]4 ,! ,presid5t ( ,section ,a1 ,pr(essor ,fitzg]ald1 9 br++ ! discussion to a close1 obs]v$ t "o result ( ?is meet+ w\ld be to give a new int]e/ to ! ph5om5a ( /atic electricity & its practical applications4 ,he 0 incl9$ himself to ?9k t ! exp]im5ts ( ,pr(essor ,lodge 7 n q analog\s to ! case ( a fla% ( lightn+4 ,9 comp>+ ! dis*>ge ( a ,leyd5 j> ) a fla% ( lightn+ !y %\ld look = ! analogy1 n s mu* 9 ! ext]nal dis*>ge ?r\gh a s]ies ( conductors1 b r1 z ,mr4 ,preece _h obs]v$1 9 ! bur/+ ( ! glass betwe5 ! two coat+s ( ! j>4 ,z reg>d$ ! oscillations 9 a ,leyd5 j> dis*>ge1 he did n ?9k su* oscillations 7 at all necess>y to acc\nt = ! ph5om5a obs]v$ 9 ! exp]im5ts4 ,_m ( ! results :i* ,pr(essor ,lodge seem$ to ?9k w\ld require "s millions ( oscillations p] second w\ld be produc$ by a s+le dis*>ge la/+ = a million? ( a second4 ,improvem5ts1 p]haps1 7 possible 9 our pres5t sy/em ( lightn+ conductors1 b practical exp]i5ce _h %[n1 h[ev] we might reason on ! matt]1 t1 on ! :ole1 lightn+ conductors _h be5 a great protection to mank9d f ! dang]s ( lightn+4 ,summ>y4--,i w n[ try to sum up ! results ( ?is int]e/+ discussion1 & /ate briefly ! conclusions :i*1 z x seems to me1 may be d$uc$ f x4 ,fir/1 ,i w\ld rem9d my read]s t a lightn+ rod has two functions to fulfill4 ,its fir/ function is to promote a gradual1 b rapid1 dis*>ge ( electricity accord+ z x is develop$1 & ?us to prev5t su* an accumulation z w\ld lead to a fla% ( lightn+4 ,its second function is to convey ! fla% ( lightn+1 :5 x does come1 h>mless to ! e>?4 ,n[1 ! new views advanc$ by ,pr(essor ,lodge 9 no way impugn ! effici5cy ( lightn+ rods z reg>ds _! fir/ function2 & x is evid5t t ! great] ! numb] ( lightn+ rods di/ribut$ ov] a giv5 area1 ! m p]fectly w ?is function be fulfill$4 ,?is is a po9t ( great practical importance :i* seem$ to me1 9 "s degree1 lo/ sight ( dur+ ! progress ( ! discussion4 ,secondly1 x 0 practically admitt$ by ! highe/ au?orities t ! exp]im5ts & reason+ ( ,pr(essor ,lodge af=d good gr\nds = reconsid]+ ! receiv$ !ory ( lightn+ conductors z reg>ds _! second function--t ( c>ry+ ! lightn+ fla% h>mless to ! e>?4 ,b !re 0 und\bt$ly a g5]al feel+ t x w\ld be ra% to set aside1 all at once1 ! receiv$ !ory on ! /r5g? ( laboratory exp]im5ts made "u conditions widely diff]5t f ^? :i* actually exi/ 9 a lightn+ dis*>ge4 ,exp]im5ts are want$ on a l>g] scale2 &1 if possible1 exp]im5ts ) lightn+ rods !mselves4 ,?irdly1 ! te/imony ( electrical eng9e]s :o h _h l>ge exp]i5ce ) lightn+ conductors seems almo/ unanim\s t a lightn+ conductor erect$ & ma9ta9$ 9 accordance ) ! conditions prescrib$ by ! ,lightn+ ,rod ,conf]5ce gives p]fect protection4 ,x 0 c]ta9ly un=tunate t ! ,hotel de ,ville1 9 ,brussels1 :i* 0 reput$ ! be/ protect$ build+ 9 ,europe1 %\ld h be5 damag$ by lightn+ j two mon?s be=e ! discussion took place2 b no c]ta9 conclusion c be drawn f ?is cata/rophe until we "k exactly ! conditions "u :i* x occurr$4 ,s ! matt] /&s1 await+ fur!r inve/igation4 ,,footnotes3 #da ,see 8 ,lectures1 publi%$ 9 ! ,electrician1 ,june #bb1 ,june #bi1 ,july #f1 & ,july #ac1 #ahhh4 #db ,see pap] read at ! meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association1 9 ,ba?1 #ahhh1 publi%$ 9 ! ,electrician1 page #fjg4 ,septemb] #ad4 #dc ,see a v +5i\s hypo!sis1 to acc\nt = ?is ph5om5on1 sugge/$ by ,pr(essor ,ew+ 9 ! ,electrician1 p4 #gab4 ,octob] #e1 #ahhh4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes ,errors & omissions 9 punctuation h be5 correct$4 ,page #aa3 8cont9u\s inpression0 *ang$ to 8cont9u\s impression0 ,page #da3 8full conconduct+ p[]0 *ang$ to 8full conduct+ p[]0 ,page #dd3 8x base0 *ang$ to 8its base0 ,page #eh3 8foll[ "o an-ano!r0 *ang$ to 8foll[ "o ano!r0