,illu/ration3 ,,pty*opt]a ,,paludosa ,,limnobia ,,replicata ,f enl>g$ photographs1 made at ! ,york%ire ,college1 ,le$s1 f specim5s br$ by ! ,au?or1 & m\nt$ by ,messrs4 ,watson ,son1 ,high ,holborn1 ,london ,,?r\gh ,a ,,pocket ,,l5s ,,by ,,h5ry ,,s*]r51 ,f4,z4,s4 ,,au?or ,,( #8,,ponds ,,& ,,rock ,,pools1' #8,a ,,popul> ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,animals1' ,,etc4 ,,) ,,n9ety ,,illu/rations ,,! ,,religi\s ,,tract ,,society #ef ,,pat]no/] ,,r[ ,,& #fe ,,/4 ,,paul',s ,,*ur*y>d #ahig ,ox=d ,,horace ,,h>t1 ,,pr9t] ,,to ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,page ,,! ,,pocket ,,l5s1 ,,! ,,dissect+ ,,microscope1 ,,& ,,"s ,,simple ,,appliances #aa ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,ar?ropods ,,& ,,_! ,,classes4--,,! ,,m>g9$ ,,wat] ,,beetle2 ,,! ,,great ,,wat] ,,beetle2 ,,! ,,cocktail ,,beetle #bg ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,cockroa*es2 ,,e>wigs2 ,,! ,,great ,,gre5 ,,gras%opp]2 ,,! ,,wat] ,,scorpion2 ,,! ,,wat] ,,boatman2 ,,corixa #fc ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,spid]s1 ,,mites1 ,,& ,,myriapods #if ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,cru/aceans4--,,prawn1 ,,%rimp1 ,,mysis1 ,,crabs2 ,,amphipods2 ,,isopods #abh ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,aquatic ,,insect ,,l>vae #aeg ,,index #ahi ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,,fig4 ,,page ,pty*opt]a paludosa4 ,limnobia replicata ,frontispiece #a4 ,h& ,magnifi] & ,/& #ad #b4 ,zeiss's ,dissect+ ,microscope #af #c4 ,leitz's ,dissect+ ,microscope #ag #d4 ,two ,leitz ,l5ses 9 hold] 7op57 #ah #e4 ,two ,leitz ,l5ses 9 hold] 7clos$7 #ah #f4 ,home-made ,dissect+ ,microscope #ai #g4 ,beak]s #ba #h4 ,glass ,capsule #ba #i4 ,glass ,block1 ) cov] #bb #aj4 ,glass ,box1 ) cov] #bb #aa4 ,=ceps #bc #ab4 ,?ree =ms ( ,dipp+-tube4 ,me?od ( us+ x #bd #ac4 ,m\nt$ ,ne$les #be #ad4 ,cape ,p]ipatus 7natural size7 #cj #ae4 ,m>g9$ ,wat] ,beetle 7male7 #cb #af4 ,%ells ( ,molluscs brok5 up by ,dytiscus #cc #ag4 ,outl9e ( ,dytiscus #ch #ah4 ,male ,dytiscus 9 flight #ci #ai4 ,to %[ fold ( 7"r7 w+ ( ,dytiscus #dj #bj4 ,to %[ fold ( 7"r7 w+ ( ,dytiscus #dj #ba & #ba ,a4 ,head ( ,dytiscus #db #bb4 ,disposition ( m\? p>ts #dc #bc4 ,leg ( ,cockroa* #dd #bd4 ,t>sus ( ,dytiscus 7magnifi$7 #de #be4 ,female ,dytiscus swimm+ #df #bf4 ,upp] surface ( abdom5 ( typical ,beetle #dg #bg4 ,spiracle ( ,dytiscus 7magnifi$7 #dh #bh4 ,tra*eal tubes ( ,dytiscus 7magnifi$7 #dh #bi4 ,great ,wat] ,beetle #ea #cj4 ,female ,hydrophilus con/ruct+ a cocoon4 7,aft] ,lyonnet7 #ee #ca4 ,cocktail ,beetle #eh #cb4 ,cockroa*es #ff #cc4 ,m\? p>ts ( a ,cockroa* #fi #cd4 ,cockroa*1 %[+ ,spiracles #ga #ce4 ,alim5t>y ,canal ( ,cockroa* #gc #cf4 ,am]ican ,cockroa* 7male7 #ge #cg4 ,l>va & ,pupa ( ,e>wig #gg #ch4 ,e>wig 7male7 #gh #ci4 ,great ,gre5 ,gras%opp] 7female7 #ha #dj4 ,tibial e> ( ,great ,gre5 ,gras%opp] #he #da4 ,l& ,bug 7magnifi$7 #hf #db4 ,wat] ,scorpion #hg #dc4 ,organs ( ,wat] ,scorpion1 ,egg1 & ,p>asitic ,mite4 7,aft] ,swamm]dam7 #ij #dd4 ,raptorial leg ( ,wat] ,scorpion #ib #de4 ,wat] ,boatman #ic #df4 ,wat] ,boatman swimm+ #id #dg4 ,corixa1 ) w+s exp&$ #ie #dh4 ,s*eme ( "u surface ( ,wolf ,spid] 7female74 ,p$ipalp ( male 7enl>g$7 #ih #di4 ,g>d5 ,spid] & ,web #ii #ej4 ,?reads ( ,spid]'s ,web #ajj #ea4 ,an*orage ( ,web #aja #eb4 ,foot ( ,g>d5 ,spid] #ajd #ec4 ,sp9n]ets ( ,g>d5 ,spid] #ajd #ed4 ,jump+ ,spid] #ajf #ee4 ,falces ( ,male ,jump+ ,spid] #ajf #ef4 ,foot ( ,jump+ ,spid]4 ,scopula mu* enl>g$ #ajh #eg4 ,div+ ,spid]s #aji #eh4 ,cell ( ,div+ ,spid] #aab #ei4 ,r$ ,wat] ,mite #aad #fj4 ,l>va ( ,wat] ,mite #aag #fa4 ,nymph ( ,wat] ,mite #aag #fb4 ,beetle ,mite #aai #fc4 ,li?obius =ficatus4 ,m\? p>ts se5 f bel[4 7,aft] ,grab]7 #abd #fd4 ,! ,common ,millep$e #abf #fe4 ,segm5ts ( ,millep$e 7magnifi$7 #abg #ff4 ,prawn #acb #fg4 ,fir/ walk+ leg ( ,%rimp 7enl>g$7 #acd #fh4 ,mysis1 or ! ,opossum ,%rimp #ace #fi4 ,maxillip$es & ,maxilla ( ,%ore ,crab4 7,aft] ,savigny7 #ach #gj4 ,/oma* ( ,crab laid op5 #aci #ga4 ,gamm>us4 7,aft] ,s>s7 #adb #gb4 ,maxillip$es ( ,gamm>us m>9us 7magnifi$7 #adf #gc4 ,ne/-build+ ,amphipod 7f life7 #adh #gd4 ,wat] ,woodl\se #aec #ge4 ,m\?-lock4 7,aft] ,burgess7 #afa #gf4 ,dytiscus ,l>vae #afb #gg4 ,pupa ( ,dytiscus #afd #gh4 ,l>va ( ,limnobia replicata #afg #gi4 ,=k$ sp9e ( ,limnobia 7enl>g$7 #afh #hj4 ,pupa case ( ,limnobia #afi #ha4 ,=e w+ ( ,bee1 %[+ m>g9al fold 7#g7 #agj #hb4 ,l>va ( ,p>aponyx /ratiotata 7enl>g$7 #agc #hc4 ,diagram ( segm5t ( ,p>aponyx1 %[+ arrangem5t ( tra*eal gills #age #hd4 ,gill ( ,p>aponyx l>va4 7,aft] ,de ,ge]7 #agf #he4 ,l>va ( ,sialis 7enl>g$7 #agi #hf4 ,diagram ( ,sialis l>va1 %[+ arrangem5t ( gills #aha #hg4 ,pupa ( ,sialis #aha #hh4 ,l>vae ( ,pty*opt]a paludosa 7f life7 #ahd #hi4 ,pty*opt]a ,l>va 7enl>g$74 ,tail4 7,aft] ,lyonnet7 #ahf #ij4 ,pupa ( ,pty*opt]a4 7,aft] ,lyonnet7 #ahg ,,?r\gh ,a ,,pocket ,,l5s ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,pocket ,,l5s1 ,,! ,,dissect+ ,,microscope1 ,,& ,,"s ,,simple ,,appliances ,! object ( ?is little book is to %[ h[ mu* may be se5 ) an ord9>y pocket l5s1 & ) a simple microscope2 &1 z f> z possible1 to dispel ! idea1 f> too common1 especially among beg9n]s1 t no real "w c be done unless "o has a comp\nd microscope1 ) a l>ge batt]y ( l5ses & an array ( #8accessories4' ,x w\ld be easy to multiply quotations1 f high au?orities1 9 support ( ! proposition impli$ 9 ! =ego+ p>agraph4 ,two only mu/ suffice4 ,9 a rec5t review ( a v good book deal+ ) ,butt]flies & ,mo?s 7,natural ,sci5ce1 vol4 vi4 p4 #bic71 ! foll[+ passage occurs3 #8,! only sugge/ion we %\ld l to make is t a comp\nd microscope is unnecess>y = any ( ! details t ! au?or m5tions4 ,a fir/-rate platyscopic h& l5s is mu* m conv5i5t & ! "y naturali/ %\ld tra9 himself ?or\ghly 9 ! use ( x4 ,!re is no m common error ?an ! undue use ( ! high] p[]s ( a microscope4 ,except = ! intimate details ( hi/ology1 a l[ p[] or a h& l5s is mu* m easy to use1 & its employm5t gives a mu* bett] idea ( ! /ructure4' ,! next quotation is ( great] int]e/1 z x gives "s insight into ! way 9 :i* ,d>w9 c>ri$ on 8 inve/igations4 ,9 ! ,life & ,lett]s ( ,*>les ,d>w9 7vol4 i4 pp4 #ade1 #adf7 we are told3 #8,8 natural t5d5cy 0 to use simple me?ods & few in/rum5ts4 ,! use ( ! comp\nd microscope has mu* increas$ s9ce 8 y\?1 & ?is at ! exp5se ( ! simple "o4 ,x /rikes u n[adays z extraord9>y t he %\ld h _h no comp\nd microscope :5 he w5t 8 ,beagle voyage2 b 9 ?is he foll[$ ! advice ( ,rob]t ,br[n1 :o 0 an au?ority 9 su* matt]s4 ,he always _h a great lik+ = ! simple microscope1 & ma9ta9$ t n[adays x 0 too mu* neglect$1 & t "o ought always to see z mu* z possible ) ! simple be=e tak+ to ! comp\nd microscope4 ,9 "o ( 8 lett]s he speaks on ?is po9t1 & rem>ks t he always suspects ! "w ( a man :o nev] uses ! simple microscope4' ,x may be well "h to v]ify ! quotations1 & also to consult ,d>w9's ,naturali/'s ,voyage1 to asc]ta9 :at k9d ( objects he exam9$ ) ! simple appliances at 8 comm&4 ,9 ! fir/ *apt] !re is an int]e/+ acc\nt ( a curi\s limy deposit on ! rocks ( ! isl& ( ,/4 ,paul's1 & ( ! discoloration by conf]vae ( ! wat]1 :i*1 #8"u a weak l5s1 seem$ z if cov]$ by *opp$ bits ( hay1 ) _! ends jagg$4' ,!n we h an acc\nt ( ! conf]vae 9 ! ,indian ,ocean1 & ( infusoria s num]\s z to t+e ! wat] (f ! coa/ ( ,*ile4 ,9 ! second *apt] we h obs]vations & exp]im5ts on plan>ian worms4 #8,hav+ cut "o ( !m transv]sely into two ne>ly equal p>ts1 9 ! c\rse ( a =tnight bo? _h ! %ape ( p]fect animals4' ,9 ! next *apt] he records "s obs]vations on ! /ructure ( vitrifi$ tubes =m$ by lightn+ /rik+ loose s&4 ,9 ! fif? *apt] is an elaborate description ( a k9d ( sea-p52 & 9 ! n9? *apt] !re are "s rem>ks on ! va/ numb] ( eggs 9 ! egg-ribbon ( a sea-slug1 & on ! #8bird's-head' organs 9 c]ta9 ,polyzoa4 ,^! rem>ks 71 ( c\rse1 f\nd$ on actual inspection ) ! simple microscope4 ,to ?is in/rum5t1 also1 we owe ! discov]y ( ! tadpole-l l>vae ( ,ascidians1 or ,tunicates1 z !y are n[ g5]ally call$4 #8,at ! ,falkl& ,isl&s ,i _h ! satisfaction ( see+1 9 ,april1 #ahcc1 & !re=e "s ye>s be=e any o!r naturali/1 ! locomotive l>vae ( a comp\nd ascidian4444 ,! tail 0 ab\t five times z long z ! oblong head1 & t]m9at$ 9 a v f9e filam5t4 ,x 01 z sket*$ by me "u a simple microscope1 pla9ly divid$ by transv]se opaque p>titions1 :i* ,i presume repres5t ! great cells figur$ by ,kovalevsky4 ,at an e>ly /age ( developm5t ! tail 0 closely coil$ r\nd ! head ( ! l>va#a4' 99 99 99 99 99 ,we come n[ to our pocket l5s1 :i* may be pur*as$ = a few %ill+s ( any optician4 ,"o c buy a s]viceable s+le l5s1 9 an ebonite h&le1 = a %ill+2 & ?is *eap in/rum5t is suffici5tly p[]ful n only to give ! work] a good g5]al idea ( ! =m & /ructure ( objects1 b to enable him to d real "w4 ,) x ! habits ( _m ( ! inmates ( 8 aqu>ia may conv5i5tly be wat*$2 he may see _! developm5t f /age to /age ( _! life-hi/ory2 & ) x1 :5 !y are brok5 up1 he may make out a good deal ( _! ext]nal & int]nal anatomy4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--;,h& ,magnifi] & ,/&4 ,a v good =m is %[n at ,fig4 #a1 :i* repres5ts a h& magnifi]1 fitt$ ) ?ree l5ses ( diff]5t focus1 g5]ally #b 941 #a 941 & #a 94 ,exam9ation ( ! catalogues ( ! pr9cipal ,london opticians %[s t su* a set ( l5ses may be b\ght = ab\t #cs4 ,9 %ape & con/ruction !re is sometimes a little v>iation2 b ! =m figur$ is t mo/ g5]ally adopt$1 & is1 on ! :ole1 fairly conv5i5t4 ,x w\ld1 h[ev]1 be an advantage if ! hole by :i* ! magnifi] is m\nt$ on ! /& 7 drill$ 9 ! solid "p ( ! h&le4 ,?is w\ld n only d away ) ! objection t ! hole 9 ! case p]mits du/ to p5etrate to ! glasses1 :5 c>ri$ 9 ! pocket1 b w\ld give a long] rea*1 & ?us obviate ! necessity = mov+ ! /& if ! obs]v] 7 exam9+ a l>ge object4 ,! price ( ! /& figur$ is #bs4 #f;d42 & "o ) a %ort adju/+ arm ought n to co/ mu* m4 ,any "o ) a me*anical turn may make a /& = himself1 ?\gh x may be d\bt$ :e!r ?is is q wor? :ile :5 ^! articles may be b\ght s *eaply4 ,nev]!less1 !re is great pleasure 9 mak+ ?+s = oneself2 & a home-made /& w enable ! obs]v] to d q z good "w z "o t came f ! optician's %op4 ,a bill-file weight$ at ! foot may be b\ght = a few p5ce1 & adapt$ to ! purpose4 ,= ! slid] a l>ge cork cleanly pi]c$ w answ] admirably4 ,?is %\ld c>ry a piece ( /\t wire1 b5t at ! end ?us image1 to s]ve z a hold] = ! magnifi]1 :i* %\ld h a hole 9 ! h&le1 = ! reasons /at$ above4 ,! only difficulty w be ! atta*m5t ( ! wire to ! cork4 ,! ,rev4 ,j4 ,g4 ,wood advocat$ w9d+ ! wire r\nd ! cork 9 a spiral2 & ?is is a v good plan4 ,an increase ( /ead9ess is secur$1 if a l>g] cork1 or small bung1 be us$1 & ! wire ins]t$ 9 ! side4 ,!re are1 ( c\rse1 m exp5sive l5ses1 ) :i* bett] def9ition c be obta9$4 ,zeiss has an excell5t magnifi] consi/+ ( two l5ses1 = use 9 ! dissect+ microscope 7,fig4 #b71 & also z a h& l5s1 at ! price ( #fs42 "o ( ! same con/ruction1 = use 9 ! dissect+ microscope alone1 may be _h = #ds4 ,! ,/e9heil a*romatic l5ses are probably ! be/ ( all4 ,^! are made 9 p[]s rang+ f #b 94 to 94 focus#b2 & ! price v>ies f #ajs4 up to #a1 accord+ to ! mak]4 ,^? made by ,leitz ( ,wetzl> _c be surpass$2 & !y are sold 9 ,london at #ajs4 ea*1 ei!r m\nt$ 9 a h&le1 = use z h& magnifi]s1 or ) a coll> = use 9 ,leitz's dissect+ microscope 7,fig4 #c74 ,mr4 ,lewis ,wright says t #8! be/ plan is to comb9e bo? uses1 & h two or ?ree p[]s 9 coll>s1 ) a spr+ r+ fold+ into a h&le1 :i* w c>ry any "o ( !m 9 t mann]4 ,a ,/e9heil l5s at ?is l[ price co/s little m ?an a ,codd+ton1 :ile its p]=mance is inf9itely sup]ior#c4' ,x is a difficult ?+ to get mak]s to deviate f ! beat5 track1 & s f> z ,i h be5 able to le>n1 ,mr4 ,wright's wi%es h n be5 fulfill$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--,zeiss's ,dissect+ ,microscope4 ,! l5ses & /& 7,fig4 #a7 con/itute a simple =m ( dissect+ microscope4 ,if ! work] wi%es = some?+ m elaborate1 he ne$ only consult ! catalogues ( ! pr9cipal mak]s to f9d some?+ t w meet 8 requirem5ts4 ,zeiss's brass /&1 ) /age1 above :i* a l5s slides up & d[n 9 a hold] 7,fig4 #b71 is sold = #is42 ) blocks = support+ ! h&s1 at #ajs4 ,x is a useful in/rum5t = small objects4 ,my fav\rite in/rum5t is %[n at ,fig4 #c4 ,"h ! focuss+ ( ! l5s is effect$ by rack & p9ion "w1 by means ( ! screws on ea* side ! upright pill>4 ,! l5s is %[n fitt$ 9 ! coll> :i* c>ries x4 ,! /age is ( glass--r\ghly1 #b 94 long by #b 94 wide1 & ! arm at ! top ( ! pill> c be mov$ f side to side1 s z to br+ a fairly l>ge object )9 range4 ,! metal framework ( ! /age is furni%$ ) nickell$ clips 7n %[n71 :i* s]ve to hold an excavat$ slip4 ,! arm-re/s are deta*able1 & ! uprights are h+$ = conv5i5ce ( pack+4 ,! in/rum5t 7) ! exception ( ^! re/s7 packs into a neat1 /rong mahogany box1 #g 94 9 l5g?1 & ab\t #e 94 9 height & wid?4 ,) two p[]s--#a 94 & 94 are v s]viceable ones--! co/ is #chs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--,leitz's ,dissect+ ,microscope4 ,x is to be wi%$ t ! mak] w\ld devise "s plan by :i* ! admirable l5ses sold ) ?is in/rum5t c\ld be utiliz$ = ! pocket4 ,mr4 ,c4 ,curties1 ( ,bak] ,co41 ,high ,holborn1 has k9dly done some?+ 9 ! matt]1 & has made = me a metal hold]4 ,i h f\nd ?is conv5i5t1 b %\ld be glad to see some?+ fur!r done 9 ! same direction1 s t in/rum5t1 l5ses1 & hold] c\ld be sold = #b4 ,?is ought to be )9 ! range ( practical optics4 ,! spr+ coll> advocat$ by my fri5d ,mr4 ,wright seems bett]1 & w\ld c]ta9ly be *eap]4 ,! l5ses w\ld only ne$ to be dropp$ 94 ,to use my pocket hold] "o mu/ unscrew ! metal coll> f ! l5ses be=e screw+ !m into ! metal plates :i* c>ry !m 7,fig4 #d74 ,x is1 h[ev]1 some?+ to h made a beg9n+3 x is a /ep 9 ! "r direction4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4--,two ,leitz ,l5ses 9 hold] 7op574 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4--,two ,leitz ,l5ses 9 hold] 7clos$74 ,a s]viceable dissect+ microscope--n a toy1 b an in/rum5t ) :i* real "w may be done--c be made at a co/ ( a few %ill+s4 ,su* a "o has be5 made = me by a fri5d ) a positive g5ius = su* "w4 ,! body is fa%ion$ out ( a p>cel-po/ box #g 94 long1 #c 94 9 height1 & ! same 9 wid?4 ,f ! c5tre ( ! slid+ top a piece is cut away1 leav+ l$ges to take a #c 94 by #a 94 excavat$ slip = small dissections1 or a m\nt$ slide ( a l>ge object1 su* z a :ole insect1 = exam9ation4 ,a fur!r portion is cut away on ea* side to take a small dissect+ di% 7,fig4 #f74 ,to admit ! light1 a hole is cut 9 ! side ( ! box2 & ! mirror consi/s ( a piece ( silv]$ glass :i* 0 b\ght ( a hawk] 9 ! /reet4 ,?is is plac$ 9 ! box opposite ! squ>e hole1 & slop$ at an angle ( #de4 ,! aid ( a skill$ me*anic 0 s\ght = a small rod c>ry+ a ?read1 :i* works 9 a piece ( brass b5t at a "r angle4 ,?is piece ( brass is screw$ on ! box1 j above ! ap]ture by :i* light is admitt$1 & c>ries a pocket magnifi]1 simil> to t %[n at ,fig4 #a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4--;,home-made ,dissect+ ,microscope4 ,?is mode/ little in/rum5t g5]ally /&s on my "w-table1 & has provok$ "s rem>k & a little good-natur$ bant] f fri5ds :o h se5 x4 ,nev]!less1 ,i %\ld be sorry to "p ) x1 = ,i h f\nd x extremely s]viceable 9 _m ways4 ,& m ?an "o critic has _h to confess t bett] results 7 obta9$ ?an "o w\ld expect f its appe>ance4 ,! total co/ out ( pocket 01 #c;d4 = ! box1 #cs4 = ! l5s1 & #a;d4 = ! plate-glass1 :ile ! man :o made ! pill> & e>-piece w\ld take no m ?an #f;d4 = 8 "w4 ,?is br+s ! total to #cs4 #aj;d4 ,) a little +5uity ! pill> might be made to c>ry a coll>1 & s take a ,/e9heil l5s4 ,?is w\ld swell ! total co/ to ab\t #aas4 ,o!r app>atus ne$ n be co/ly4 ,an incid5t occurr$ at ! meet+ ( ! ,quekett ,microscopical ,club on ,novemb] #bb1 #ahgh1 :i* %[s h[ readily common objects may be utiliz$ = our purpose4 ,! late ,"r ,hon4 ,t4 ,h4 ,huxley1 :o 0 at t "t ,presid5t1 exhibit$1 & made "s rem>ks on1 ! dissect+ microscope :i* n[ be>s 8 "n4 ,dur+ ! discussion :i* foll[$1 ,pr(essor ,*>les ,/ew>t exhibit$ "s little sauc]s1 :i* 7 admirably adapt$ = dissect+ purposes4 ,! ,presid5t said t he %\ld #8be glad to "k :]e ^! conv5i5t little sauc]s c\ld be obta9$4' ,! next p>agraph ( ! m9utes is int]e/+ & in/ructive4 #8,mr4 ,/ew>t said !y 7 to be f\nd at ! corn]s ( ! /reets1 conta9+ ?ree :elks or ?ree mussels = a p5ny4 ,he b\ght ^? he _h br\ght to ! meet+ at a %op 9 ! ,new ,cut1 :]e !y 7 suppli$ to co/]mong]s#d4' ,z v _m ( ! objects ) :i* we are conc]n$ are aquatic1 we %all want vessels ( "s sort to s]ve z aqu>ia4 ,any glass vessel w answ] our purpose1 provid$ x is cle>1 to all[ ( ! exam9ation ( our captives2 or %all[ pie-di%es may be utiliz$4 ,! glass pots 9 :i* pres]ves are sold w d admirably1 & any glazi] w cut u cov]s = a few p5ce4 ,)9 reasonable limits1 ! small] ! aqu>ia are ! bett]4 ,! inmates c be se5 m easily1 & pick$ out ) less tr\ble :5 "o wi%es to exam9e !m4 ,! pr9ciples on :i* aqu>ia %\ld be kept are n[ pretty g5]ally und]/ood4 ,!re %\ld always be a small quantity ( gr[+ aquatic vegetation1 & a supply ( m9ute life to furni% food = ! l>g] =ms4 ,excess ( light %\ld be avoid$1 & ! temp]ature %\ld n be all[$ to rise mu* above #ej ,f4 ,c>nivor\s beetles & _! l>vae may be f$ ) small pieces ( meat1 small g>d5 worms1 or tadpoles4 ,mo/ ( ! small] l>vae treat$ ( w be satisfi$ ) veget>ian diet1 v>i$ ) an occasional meal ( wat]-fleas4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4--;,beak]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4--;,glass ,capsule4 ,if "o _c lay ! h\sehold /ores "u contribution = jam-pots1 tumbl]s1 & bottles1 beak]s 7,fig4 #g7 make capital small aqu>ia4 ,!y are sold 9 ne/s1 & may be _h ei!r rimm$ or lipp$--rimm$ = *oice4 ,!re is no difficulty 9 obta9+ !m ( any optician or glass-m]*ant4 ,m9e h be5 b\ght f ,messrs4 ,beck1 ( ,cornhill1 z h ! capsules1 c41 figur$ "h4 ,glass capsules 7,fig4 #h7 are made 9 diff]5t sizes1 rang+ f #a 94 to #c 94 9 diamet]1 ) a height ( #a 94 or #b 94 ,! l>ge/ size1 #c 94 by #b 941 co/s #e;d41 & a glass circle to cov] x1 #a;d4 ,^! capsules w be f\nd useful = small aqu>ia1 & = isolat+ aquatic l>vae 9 ord] to keep !m "u obs]vation dur+ _! *ange to p]fect insects4 ,x 0 9 a capsule ( ?is k9d t "s ( my ,pty*opt]a l>vae 7p4 #ahd7 7 kept1 & *ang$ into ! pupal condition4 ,! glass block1 ) cov] 7,fig4 #i71 is conv5i5t = a numb] ( purposes4 ,9 x small creatures may be exam9$ 9 air or 9 wat]1 & x makes an exce$+ly conv5i5t little dissect+ di% = use ) ! m\nt$ h& magnifi] 7,fig4 #a71 or ) ,leitz's /& 7,fig4 #c71 or ! home-made /& 7,fig4 #f74 ,! glass box1 ) cov] 7,fig4 #aj71 is extremely good = keep+ small creatures "u obs]vation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4--;,glass ,block1 ) cov]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4--;,glass ,box1 ) cov]4 ,excavat$ glass slips1 #c 94 by #a 941 may be b\ght f any optician4 ,!y s]ve = ! exam9ation ( objects 9 wat]1 & also = dissection4 ,! be/ ,i h be5 able to get h be5 suppli$ by ,mr4 ,j4 ,hornell1 ( ! ,biological ,laboratory1 ,j]sey1 & !y are v *eap4 ,we %all ne$ "s =ceps to pick up specim5s f ! vessels 9 :i* !y are kept1 & ! same little in/rum5ts w be f\nd conv5i5t 9 collect+4 ,bo? =ms h advantages ( _! own2 if we are limit$ to "o pair1 !y %\ld be curv$1 & ( brass4 ,=ceps ) ivory tips are v useful = h&l+ aquatic vegetation4 ,^! articles are n usually sold by opticians1 b are kept by ! tradesm5 9 ,cl]k5well :o sell jewell]s' & wat*mak]s' tools1 & co/ f #as4 to #as4 #f;d4 a pair4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4--;,=ceps4 ,dipp+-tubes are us$ to take up small aquatic animals f ! vessels 9 :i* !y are kept4 ,v little practice w r5d] ! use ( ?is in/rum5t easy4 ,! tube is held firmly betwe5 ! ?umb & ! ?ird & f\r? f+]s ( ei!r h&1 :ile ! index f+] is press$ firmly on ! top4 ,mo/ p naturally pref] ! "r h&1 b x is well to accu/om oneself to use ! "r or left indiff]5tly4 ,! op5 end is !n put into ! wat]1 j ov] ! object to be secur$1 & ! index f+] lift$4 ,! ru% ( wat] into ! tube w c>ry ! object into x1 & if ! f+] be aga9 appli$ to ! top1 ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e w prev5t ! wat] f escap+ :5 ! tube is lift$ out#e4 ,small bru%es are useful = tak+ up specim5s f ! wat] or f pickle2 common ones w d v well = l>ge objects1 b = small objects & p>ts x is advisable to h "o or two sable bru%es1 z ^! =m a bett] po9t4 ,"s ne$les fix$ 9 h&les w also be necess>y4 ,^! may be b\ght1 or made by fix+ ord9>y ne$les ( requisite sizes into ! h&les sold = small bru%es4 ,! ne$les mu/ be kept free f ru/1 & %\ld always be c>efully wip$ aft] use4 ,a good plan to keep !m clean is to /ick !m 9 a gallipot 9 :i* has be5 melt$ a mixture ( l>d & p>aff9 9 equal proportions4 ,small dissect+-knives are useful1 b all ! "w describ$ "h may be done ) an ord9>y pocket-knife 9 good trim4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4--,?ree =ms ( ,dipp+-tube4 ,me?od ( us+ x4 ,! be/ pres]vative = our purpose is =mal91 :i* is sold 9 a =ty p] c5t4 solution4 ,?is %\ld be treat$ z absolute1 & a five p] c5t4 solution made4 ,?is w really be a two p] c5t4 solution1 & is suffici5tly /rong = g5]al use4 ,! mo/ pr(itable use we c make ( specim5s is to wat* _! habits :ile liv+1 & to break !m up & le>n z mu* z we c ab\t _! /ructure :5 !y are dead4 ,= u to make a collection ( specim5s 9 tubes w\ld be a wa/e ( mat]ial4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4--,m\nt$ ,ne$les4 ,little ne$ be said ab\t collect+4 ,! objects treat$ ( are s pl5tiful t no great skill1 nor any weal? ( appliances1 is ne$$ to secure an ample supply4 ,! foll[+ rem>ks on ! me?ods employ$ at ! ,ill9ois ,/ate ,laboratory = ! capture ( aquatic insects & l>vae are1 h[ev]1 wor? quot+3-- #8,insects 9 vegetation1 & on or 9 ! bottom1 7 tak5 by means ( a dip-net--a net ( ab\t equal dep? & wid? atta*$ to a /rong semicircul> r+1 firmly fix$ to a long h&le1 ! /raight side ( ! r+ be+ opposite ! po9t ( atta*m5t4 ,= ! l>g] & m active =ms1 a co>s] net 0 us$1 & = small] =ms "o made ( f9] net prov$ mo/ durable & satisfactory4 ,to collect f ! mud ( ! bottom1 ! wat] imm$iately ov] x 0 viol5tly /irr$ & !n swept ) ! net4 ,! surface lay] ( mud 0 also scoop$ up 9 ! f9e dip-net1 & !n all[$ to wa% ?r\gh1 leav+ ! co>s] cont5ts 9 ! net4 ,insects on ! bottom 9 deep wat] 7 secur$ by us+ a dr$ge1 & wa%+ its cont5ts ?r\gh net sieves4 ,! aquatic vegetation1 :5 free f mud1 0 viol5tly wa%$ 9 a l>ge pan1 _m small] =ms be+ ?us dislodg$ & com+ to ! surface4 ,insects occurr+ 9 op5 wat] 7 tak5 9 draw+ an ord9>y t[+-net#f4' ,"h we h1 s to speak1 ! g5]al pr9ciples ( collect+4 ,x w be easy to adapt !m to p>ticul> cases4 ,9 *oos+ ! subjects to be treat$ ( 9 ?is little book1 "s difficulty has be5 exp]i5c$ 9 decid+ :at to select f ! multitude t lay ready to h&4 ,x 0 felt necess>y t ! subjects %\ld be connect$1 s9ce *oos+ !m at r&om w\ld lead to purposeless "w1 & s to wa/e ( "t & opportunity4 ,aft] "s consid]ation1 ! au?or has decid$ to take all ! examples f ! ,ar?ropoda--t great sub-k+dom ( backboneless animals :i* includes ! ,lob/]1 ! ,crab1 ! ,s&-hopp] & ! ,woodl\se1 ! ,spid] & ! ,mite1 ! :ole _w ( ,insects & ! ,c5tip$es4 ,"o cog5t reason t influ5c$ ?is decision 0 ! fact t ^! objects are exce$+ly common1 s t !re c be no difficulty 9 procur+ mat]ial on :i* to "w4 ,!re is1 p]haps1 no o!r sub-k+dom s full ( int]e/1 on acc\nt ( ! _m widely diff]5t =ms1 :i* may be ref]r$ to "o common plan4 ,x may possibly appe> to "s read]s t ! p[]s ( ! pocket l5s h be5 exagg]at$4 ,z a matt] ( fact ! mat]ial = ! book has be5 ga!r$ by actual obs]vation4 ,! au?or has se51 ) an ord9>y pocket l5s1 ! objects "h describ$4 ,if "s are %[n z !y w\ld appe> "u great] magnification ?an su* a l5s w\ld give1 ?is is *iefly = ! sake ( emphasiz+ po9ts ( int]e/ :i* might o!rwise be ov]look$1 b :i* c readily be made out ) a h& magnifi]1 :5 att5tion has be5 drawn to !m1 & ! obs]v] kn[s :at to look =4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,ar?ropods ,,& ,,_! ,,classes4--,,! ,,m>g9$ ,,wat] ,,beetle2 ,,! ,,great ,,wat] ,,beetle2 ,,! ,,cocktail ,,beetle ,hav+ got toge!r our app>atus1 :i*1 z we h se51 ne$ be nei!r co/ly nor complicat$1 ! next /ep w be to acquire "s k ( ! gr\p f :i* ! examples "h treat$ ( w be tak5--! ,ar?ropods1 or animals ) holl[-jo9t$ limbs4 ,^! are ! #8,insects' ( ! ,l9naean classification1 &1 = ! matt] ( t1 ( popul> phraseology2 = ?\gh few p w\ld n[ v5ture to call a ,lob/] an #8insect1' we /ill /yle "s ( its ne> relatives ,wat] #8,fleas1' z ,swamm]dam did two hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,! ,ar?ropods =m a phylum1 or ma9 division ( ! ,animal ,k+dom4 ,above ?is phylum comes t ( ! ,molluscs1 or s(t-bodi$ animals1 su* z ! ,oy/]1 ! ,snail1 & ! ,cuttlefi%4 ,/ill high] are ! ,lancelet1 ! ,sea-squirts1 & "s few o!rs1 t bridge ! *asm betwe5 ! phyla )\t1 & t phylum )1 a backbone4 ,& to ?is la/ ,man himself belongs4 ,two reasons contribut$ to ! selection ( ! ,ar?ropods z a subject = "w ) ! pocket l5s3 7#a7 ! great int]e/ :i* surr\nds _m ( ! gr\p2 & 7#b7 ! ease ) :i* specim5s may be procur$ & kept "u obs]vation4 ,e "o has pretty cle> notions z to ! g5]al #8make' ( a ,v]tebrate or backbon$ animal4 ,an ,inv]tebrate animal has1 ( c\rse1 no backbone or ! semblance ( "o2 ! n]vecord1 :]e pres5t1 lies on ! "u surface1 & =ms a r+ r\nd ! gullet1 & ! he>t lies on ! upp] surface or back4 ,we may v]ify ?is by pull+ to pieces a dead insect4 ,b a phylum1 or ma9 division1 is mu* too l>ge to be consid]$ z a :ole4 ,x mu/1 !re=e1 be brok5 up into small] gr\ps1 :i* are call$ ,classes1 g5]ally reckon$ z five 9 numb]4 ,^!1 aga91 may be gr\p$ into two divisions1 accord+ z _! memb]s brea! by means ( air-tubes 7tra*eae7 or by gills4 ,our s*eme !n w /& ?us3-- ,p]ipatus4 ,brea?+ by ,c5tip$es & ,millip$es4 air-tubes ,insects4 ,,ar?ropods ,spid]s & _! k94 ,brea?+ by ,lob/]s1 ,crabs1 ,s&-hopp]s1 gills & ,woodlice4 ,?is s*eme looks well on pap]2 & on ! :ole is workable4 ,b among our examples *os5 f ! ,class ( ,insects1 we %all f9d "s t brea! by gills 9 _! l>val /age1 & by air-tubes :5 adult4 ,& among ! ,crabs are "s1 ! gills ( :i* h ceas$ to p]=m _! normal function1 s t ^! animals _c live 9 wat] = a s+le day4 ,& !n !re are ! ,s&-hopp]s & ,woodlice4 ,! body ( an ,ar?ropod may be repres5t$ by a s]ies ( simil> r+s1 ?us3 ,illu/ration ,?is simil>ity is cle>ly app>5t 9 ! ,c5tip$e1 b is conceal$ 9 ! ,beetle1 ! ,%rimp1 & ! ,spid]4 ,x seems1 at fir/ sight1 to be altoge!r lo/ 9 ! ,crab1 & does really vani% 9 ! adult /age ( "s p>asitic ,cru/aceans4 ,x may be plausibly object$ t our ideal ,ar?ropod resembles no?+ s mu* z a worm4 ,9 _m respects ?is is true4 ,a primitive ,ar?ropod 0 worm-l1 z is a ,c5tip$e4 ,& ,ar?ropods & ,worms 7 =m]ly class$ toge!r 9 "o gr\p1 z ,annulosa or r+$ animals4 ,! *ief ext]nal diff]5ce lies 9 ! nature ( ! app5dages borne by ! v>i\s r+s or segm5ts4 ,we may repres5t ^? ( ! ,worms ?us image1 = !y are bri/les1 or gr\ps1 or modifications ( bri/les4 ,^? ( ! ,ar?ropods may be repres5t$ ?us image1 = ! app5dages are really jo9t$1 ?\gh1 ( c\rse1 9 a fa%ion diff]5t f ^? ( a backbon$ animal4 ,! jo9t$ app5dages ( ,ar?ropods may be modifi$ to fulfil v diff]5t functions4 ,!y may s]ve z legs = walk+1 h&s = climb+ or seiz+ prey1 jaws = ma/icat+ food1 feel]s or organs ( t\* & s5se1 &1 /range z x may seem1 9 "o gr\p1 z eyes4 ,x is well to get "s notion ( h[ ^! jo9ts are =m$4 ,to take ! body fir/3 ! sk9 connect+ ! segm5ts is mu* ?9n] ?an t ( ! segm5ts !mselves1 :i* is ?ick5$ by ! deposition ( *it9e1 &1 9 "s cases1 also ( c>bonate & phosphate ( lime4 ,a portion ( ! body1 !n1 may be repres5t$ ?us1 image :]e ! heavy l9es d5ote ! segm5ts1 & ! ?9 ones ! spaces betwe5 ! segm5ts4 ,x w be se5 t ?is arrangem5t all[s ( consid]able play1 & also ( a telescopic movem5t by :i* ! segm5ts c be br\ght close toge!r4 ,x is easy to con/ruct a k9d ( model t %all exemplify ^! movem5ts4 ,make a tube ( calico1 "s six in*es long1 & hav+ /uff$ x ) cotton-wool1 pa/e on x /rips ( br[n pap] "o in* 9 wid?1 leav+ an int]val betwe5 ea*1 z 9 ! la/ diagram4 ,!n we %all be able to und]/& h[ ,ar?ropods c b5d ! body or move x f side to side4 ,& ! limb jo9ts are made on a simil> plan4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4--;,cape ,p]ipatus 7natural size74 ,! mo/ ar*aic ,ar?ropod--,p]ipatus--mu/ be m5tion$4 ,x is n f\nd 9 ,brita91 nor ev5 9 ,europe2 s t1 unless we travel1 we %all only "k x f books1 or f museum specim5s4 ,b x is an extremely int]e/+ creature1 = x is ( worm-l aspect1 & brea!s by air-tubes1 op5+ all ov] ! body1 :i* has no ext]nal segm5ts4 ,! limbs are imp]fectly jo9t$1 & ea* ( !m be>s two claws4 ,mo/ naturali/s make ?is g5us a ,class by itself1 :ile "s put x ) ! ,c5tip$es4 ,!re are ab\t a doz5 species1 f\r ( :i* are ,african1 two ,au/ralian1 & ! re/ are f\nd 9 ,s\? ,am]ica & ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,besides ^! !re are "s d\btful species4 ,9 habit !y resemble ! ,c5tip$es1 & !y ensn>e ! insects on :i* !y fe$ by eject+ /icky slime f ! small processes ne> ! m\?4 ,! left process is %[n 9 ! illu/ration1 j bel[ ! ant5na ( t side4 ,pr(essor ,s$gwick1 :o describ$ ^! animals 9 ! ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ,microscopical ,sci5ce 7#ahhh71 &1 m popul>ly1 9 ! ,cambridge ,natural ,hi/ory1 says1 t #8! exquisite s5sitiv5ess & *ang+ =m ( ! ant5nae1 ! well-r\nd$ plump body1 ! eyes set l small diamonds on ! side ( ! head1 ! delicate feet1 &1 above all1 ! ri* col\r+ & velvety texture ( ! sk91 all comb9e to give ^! animals an aspect ( q exceptional beauty4' ,un=tunately1 an illu/ration 9 black-&-:ite c only r5d] =m4 ,we mu/ take ! beauty ( ! col\r+ = grant$4 ,"o ?+1 h[ev]1 _c escape ! mo/ cursory exam9ation ( ! picture--! resemblance ( ! creature1 9 "s respects1 to a worm1 &1 9 o!rs1 to a cat]pill>1 :i*1 z ev]ybody kn[s1 is ! l>val /age ( a butt]fly4 ,if ?is resemblance sets u ?9k+ h[ x came ab\t1 & :at x means1 ,p]ipatus w1 = ! pres5t1 h done its "w = u4 99 99 99 99 99 ,) ^! g5]al notions ( ,ar?ropods1 we may pass on to put our pocket l5s to "s practical use4 ,our fir/ subject %all be ! ,m>g9$ ,wat] ,beetle 7,dytiscus m>g9alis71 :i* c be tak5 9 almo/ any op5 pond 9 ! c\ntry4 ,wat] cov]$ ) duckwe$ %\ld be avoid$ 9 hunt+ = ^! beetles1 :i* pref] ponds ) a cle> surface1 s t !y may easily come to ! top to brea!4 ,e "o has a good g5]al notion ( ! pr9cipal ,insect-gr\ps1 te*nically call$ ,ord]s--,beetles1 ,cockroa*es & ,gras%opp]s1 ,butt]flies1 ,bees & ,wasps1 & ,flies4 ,insects may be def9$ z animals ) holl[-jo9t$ limbs1 & divid$ into ?ree regions--head1 ?orax1 & abdom54 ,! head be>s a pair ( ant5nae2 ! ?orax c>ries ?ree pairs ( legs1 & 7g5]ally7 two pairs ( w+s2 ! abdom5 is )\t app5dages4 ,insects :5 adult brea! by tubes t op5 to admit air4 ,9 ,*apt] ,,vi we %all see t _m l>vae obta9 an air supply 9 diff]5t ways4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4--,m>g9$ ,wat] ,beetle 7male74 ,beetles may be tak5 z v good types ( true ,insects4 ,!y con/itute ! ,ord] ,coleopt]a1 or ,insects ) %ea!d w+s1 only ! h9d] pair be+ us$ = flight 7,fig4 #ah71 & at o!r times !y are fold$ "u ! w+-cases1 or elytra1 z 9 ,fig4 #ae4 ,we may advantage\sly comp>e our ,beetle ) ,p]ipatus1 & note ! po9ts ( agreem5t & ( diff]5ce4 ,n[1 if our captive ,beetles are to yield u ! greate/ possible am\nt ( pr(it1 we %all keep !m "u obs]vation = "s "t1 s z to wat* _! habits4 ,9 keep+ ^! ,beetles we %all n require a l>ge aqu>ium4 ,a small ga!r+ ( aquatic we$ w be necess>y to keep ! wat] 9 good condition & ! aqu>ium ready = its t5ants4 ,my int]e/ 9 ^! ,beetles 0 quick5$ by a lett] 9 ! ,field 7,oct4 #bh1 #ahic71 9 :i* a correspond5t at ,weybridge ask$ #8= in=mation z to :at animal or bird bisects s neatly ! %ells ( ! ,wat] ,snail 7,planorbis74' ,i ?\ght !n1 & "k n[1 t ! %ells 7 #8bisect$1' if t is ! prop] ^w1 by ,wat] ,beetles4 ,f t "t ,i h _h1 & /ill h1 sev]al liv+ 9 small aqu>ia1 b = a long "t 0 unable to get direct evid5ce on ! subject4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4--,%ells ( ,molluscs brok5 up by ,dytiscus4 7,f a photograph by ,*]ry ,ke>ton47 ,_m exp]im5ts 7 tri$1 & at la/ ^! prov$ successful4 ,sev]al specim5s ( ,dytiscus#g 7 obta9$1 & put into a small aqu>ium 9 :i* 0 no o!r food = !m ?an "s snails & o!r molluscs4 ,! ,beetles 7 c>efully wat*$1 & 7 sev]al times se5 try+ ! snails4 ,9 crawl+ along ! inn] surface ( ! glass1 ,planorbis & ,limnaea bo? protrude ! foot to a consid]able ext5t1 & pieces 7 ripp$ out by ! /rong m&ibles ( ! ,beetles be=e ! %ells 7 actually brok5 up4 ,all ! %ells repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #af 7 tak5 f ?is aqu>ium1 s t !re is good evid5ce z to :at creatures broke !m up & dev\r$ _! inmates4 ,9 ^!1 z 9 ! specim5 k9dly s5t me by ,mr4 ,tegetmei]1 ! ,natural ,hi/ory ,editor ( ! ,field1 ! bisection is n complete1 ?\gh 9 all cases x is c>ri$ f> en\gh to all[ ( ! extraction ( ! mollusc4 ,! l>ge ,limnaea %ell 9 ! c5tre has be5 attack$1 b x seems to h be5 left :5 ! beetles discov]$ x 0 empty4 7,! empty %ell 0 not$ be=e ! ,beetles 7 put into ! tank47 ,ano!r ,limnaea %ell is figur$1 f :i* ! snail has be5 pick$ out1 & t ( a fre%-wat] mollusc4 ,aft] ^! obs]vations _h be5 record$ 9 ! ,field#h1 ,i f\nd t ,i _h be5 anticipat$ by ab\t =ty ye>s4 ,i pick$ up1 at a book/all1 a copy ( ,g4 ,b4 ,s[]by's ,popul> ,hi/ory ( ! ,aqu>ium1 & !re ,i f\nd t ! au?or _h di/9ctly se5 ,dytiscus at ?is k9d ( "w4 ,he says#i3 #8,i h only once witness$ him 9 ! act ( seiz+ an un=tunate ,planorbis or ,flat-coil$ ,wat] ,snail4 ,at fir/1 ! ,dytiscus seem$ to be roam+ ab\t 9 que/ ( some?+1 fir/ "u1 !n ov]1 ! leaves ( a wat]-lily4 ,at la/1 9 a r d>k corn]1 he seem$ to p]ceive sudd5ly a ,planorbis :i* 0 br[s+ ^u ! /em ( a plant j "u ! %ade ( a broad leaf4 ,he d>t$ at ?is1 seiz$ x1 & !n1 putt+ 8 tail out ( wat]1 = ! purpose ( tak+ 9 a fre% supply ( air1 mov$ sl[ly d[n1 be>+ ! snail ) him4 ,he held x by 8 =e-feet1 turn+ r\nd ! coil until ! ap]ture ( ! %ell 0 opposite 8 m&ibles1 !n he began nibbl+ away at ! animal4 ,9 va9 did ! poor mollusc try to )draw )9 its %elly =tress1 = ! beetle pick$ (f ! edges ( ! %ell bit by bit1 s z to expose ! body z fa/ z x 0 )drawn4 ,all ! way d[n to ! bottom ( ! tank 0 ?is process cont9u$1 air-bubbles ris+ to ! top1 & bits ( brok5 %ell fall+1 till ! beetle ) 8 burd5 rea*$ a /one ne> ! bottom1 :]e ,i left him /ill busy at 8 "w4' ,?is puts ! matt] beyond d\bt1 if any be=e exi/$4 ,i at once wrote to ,mr4 ,tegetmei] to let him "k t my exp]im5ts _h1 unkn[n to me1 be5 anticipat$1 long ago1 by ,mr4 ,s[]by4 ,_h he rescu$ 8 ,planorbis %ell1 x w\ld h comp>$ v well ) ^? =w>d$ to ! ,field (fice 9 #ahic4 ,!y _h be5 exhibit$ at ! ,malacological ,society1 & no "o 0 able to solve ! my/]y ( _! mutilation4 ,?is %[s1 to quote ! ,field#aj on ! subject1 #8h[ easily /atem5ts t h be5 record$ may subsequ5tly be ov]look$ & entirely =gott54' ,to return to our ,beetle4 ,! male is a h&some creature1 f an in* to an in* & a qu>t] long1 clad 9 olive-gre51 bord]$ ) yell[1 & exce$+ly active4 ,8 mate is small]1 m sob]ly clad 9 br[n1 )\t ! yell[ m>k+s1 & ! w+-cases are m or less furr[$4 ,! fir/ ?+ to notice is ! %ape ( ! body1 oval & smoo?1 (f]+ no resi/ance to ! wat]4 ,! h9d pair ( legs are flatt5$ & fr+$ ) hairs1 s z to make capital paddles4 ,9 swimm+ ! "r & left legs are mov$ toge!r4 ,n[1 ?\gh ?is ,beetle lives 9 ! wat]1 x is made1 s f> z conc]ns its brea?+ app>atus1 aft] ! fa%ion ( a ,l& ,beetle1 & consequ5tly is compell$ to come to ! surface pretty frequ5tly = a supply ( air1 :i* x obta9s 9 ?is wise4 ,directly x ceases paddl+ x floats to ! top ( ! wat]2 & z ! head is heavi] ?an ! tail ! latt] projects a little above ! surface4 ,!n ! w+-cases are rais$1 & air fl[s 9 "u !m to ! brea?+ holes on ea* side4 ,! op]ation is n a long "o1 & z soon z x is ov] ! ,beetle is ready = ano!r ramble r\nd 8 dwell+-h\se4 ,b if we d n supply our captive ) food t he may take = himself1 x is only "r t we %\ld fe$ him1 :i* may be done at int]vals--say1 e o!r day4 #8,little1 & (t51' is an excell5t motto to guide u 9 our fe$+2 & ?\gh its adoption may entail "s tr\ble1 x w be m ?an comp5sat$ by ! success t w att5d our endeav\rs to keep ! inmates ( our aqu>ium 9 good condition4 ,& ! op]ation ( fe$+ our ,beetle w %[ u t he has "s capital s5se-organs1 :i* are ( z mu*1 if n ( m1 use to him ?an 8 eyes4 ,he is a fle%-eat]4 ,let u take a small piece ( meat or fi% 9 a pair ( =ceps1 or /uck on a po9t$ /ick1 & hold x at a little di/ance f 8 great eyes4 ,! *ances are t he w n see x4 ,ev5 if we put x 9 front ( him1 he is q likely to disreg>d x1 = he has no?+ correspond+ to a nose1 ) :i* he may smell4 ,f 8 head !re spr+ a pair ( long feel]s--! ant5nae--& by means ( ^! we w let him "k t 8 d9n] is ready4 ,t is effect$ by draw+ ! food along ! side ( "o ( ! ant5nae4 ,! creature und]goes a sudd5 *ange4 ,till ! ant5na 0 t\*$ ) ! food he 0 re/+ on 8 swimm+ legs4 ,b 9 a mom5t d[n goes 8 tail & up goes 8 head1 he /ret*es out 8 raptorial legs1 & clut*es wildly at ! =ceps or /ick1 z ! case may be1 hold+ s tight t he may be dragg$ r\nd & r\nd ! glass vessel4 ,let g he w n1 ( 8 own accord2 & x w\ld be a difficult matt] to %ake him (f4 ,simil> exp]im5ts may be tri$ ) o!r ,beetles1 & ! result w be to impress on ! m9d ! fact t ! feel]s are capital s5se-organs4 ,if we are to turn our ,beetle to ! be/ acc\nt1 we %all ne$ to h&le him4 ,x may be inconv5i5t to wait till he dies1 s we w kill him quickly & pa9lessly by plung+ him into boil+ wat]1 & he may be pres]v$ by putt+ him into a tube conta9+ ab\t equal p>ts ( wat] & _s1 or a five p] c5t4 solution ( =mal94 ,dissections %\ld prop]ly be made "u wat]4 ,! ,beetle %\ld be fa/5$1 back upw>ds1 to a piece ( cork weight$ ) lead1 & plac$ 9 a deep sauc]1 or dissect+ di%1 & cov]$ ) wat]4 ,b a good deal ( r\gh dissection1 z is ours1 may be done 9 air1 & ! ,beetle may be fa/5$ to any conv5i5t piece ( bo>d1 or ev5 held 9 ! palm ( ! left h&4 ,v little practice is ne$$ to run ov] ! ext]nal p>ts ( a l>ge ,beetle 9 ?is mann]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4--,outl9e ( ,dytiscus 7male74 a1 ant5na2 b1 maxill>y palp2 c1 eye2 d1 =e-leg2 e1 ?orax2 f1 middle leg2 g1 elytron2 h1 suture2 i1 h9d leg2 j1 claw2 k1 t>sus or foot2 l1 tibia or %ank2 m1 femur or ?igh2 n1 fir/ ?ree jo9ts ( foot1 wid5$ into a plate ) suck]s b5ea?4 ,fir/1 let u look ov] our ,beetle1 & get "s g5]al notions ( its make4 ,z x lies1 back upw>ds1 x is cle> t x consi/s ( ?ree p>ts or regions------------image1 ! fir/ ( :i* is ! head1 ! second ! ?orax1 & ! ?ird ! abdom54 ,n only 9 our ,beetle1 b 9 ,insects g5]ally1 ^! p>ts correspond to ! words t d5ote !m1 9 t ! ?orax is long] ?an ! head1 & ! abdom5 long] ?an ! ?orax1 z %[n by ! ?ree da%es1 a few l9es above4 ,^! divisions are well %[n 9 ,fig4 #ag1 :]e o!r p>ts are also m>k$4 ,x w pay to g ov] our own specim5 ) ?is figure be=e u1 & s make acqua9tance ) ! sev]al p>ts1 to "s ( :i* we %all return 9 great] detail4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4--,male ,dytiscus 9 flight4 ,at ?is po9t1 if we h n done s be=e1 x w be conv5i5t to fa/5 our ,beetle1 9 ! position figur$1 by a /\t p9 driv5 betwe5 ! ?orax & ! abdom51 j above ! suture 7h74 ,we want to raise "o ( ! w+-cases4 ,if a ne$le be tak5 9 ea* h&1 betwe5 ! ?umb & fir/ two f+]s1 & t 9 ! left h& be us$ to /eady ! creature1 ! w+-case on ! "r may be rais$ ) ! ne$le 9 ! "r h&1 & !n cut (f4 ,! small filmy membrane1 ( some:at triangul> %ape1 :i* comes (f ) ! w+-case1 is ! w+let4 ,!re is "o on ea* side2 & _! vibration causes ! humm+ noise made by ^! insects 9 flight4 ,:5 ! wat] dries up 9 "o pond1 or food becomes sc>ce1 !y w leave & fly (f to ano!r4 ,! w+ lies fold$ ^u ! abdom54 ,a good deal ( v int]e/+ matt] has be5 writt5 on ! way 9 :i* ,insects fold _! w+s1 b we c see = ourselves h[ ?is ,beetle folds !m4 ,all we h to d is to take ! w+1 & draw x g5tly away f u1 & s unfold x4 ,we may use f+] & ?umb1 or a small pair ( =ceps4 ,:5 let g1 x w spr+ back to its old position4 ,ref]5ce to ! exp&$ w+ 9 ,fig4 #ah1 & to ! diagrams ,figs4 #ai & #bj1 w %[ h[ ! w+ is fold$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai4--,to %[ fold ( 7"r7 w+ ( ,dytiscus4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj4--,to %[ fold ( 7"r7 w+ ( ,dytiscus4 ,! cross-m>k 9 ! diagram repres5ts a jo9t 9 ! *it9\s rod t =ms ! w+s4 ,?is lies j above ! cell 7:i* is left :ite 9 ,fig4 #ah74 ,! %ort] "p ( ! rod is b5t d[n1 =m+ an acute angle 7,fig4 #bj72 ( c\rse1 c>ry+ ) x ! membran\s "p ( ! w+4 ,?is may seem a little difficult4 ,b if x be tri$ on a specim51 no real difficulty w be exp]i5c$4 ,:5 ! w+ has be5 unfold$1 x w1 if let g1 spr+ back to its old position1 ! %ort] "p ly+ und]nea?1 & ! *it9\s rod fitt+ into a groove =m$ by ! project+ sides ( ! segm5ts ( ! abdom54 ,to ?is po9t ! sum ( our k ab\t ,dytiscus am\nts to ?is3 ,x is aquatic 9 habits2 its body is divid$ into ?ree regions2 & x has a pair ( membran\s w+s1 cov]$ by *it9\s w+-cases1 or %ea?s1 te*nically call$ elytra 7ea* be+ an elytron74 ,w+-cases ( ?is k9d are ! di/+ui%+ m>k ( ! ,beetles1 or ,coleopt]a1 ?\gh !y are n always s well develop$ z 9 ! specim5 ) :i* we are deal+4 ,?is we c discov] = ourselves by exam9+ all ! ,l& ,beetles met ) 9 a c\ntry ramble or 9 a /roll r\nd ! g>d54 ,n[ let u unp9 our ,beetle1 turn x on its back1 & exam9e x f ! "u side4 ,head1 ?orax1 & abdom5 may be made out m cle>ly ?an be=e1 & we c see t ! la/ two regions are divid$ into segm5ts4 ,let u deal ) ! head fir/4 ,?is may be easily sep>at$ f ! ?orax ) a dissect+ ne$le1 or ) a pocket-knife--an exce$+ly h&y tool4 ,! huge goggle-eyes _c escape obs]vation2 &1 ev5 )\t a magnifi]1 !y may be se5 to be comp\nd--t is1 made up ( a numb] ( facets1 :i* %[ l a f9e network4 ,j 9 front ( ! eyes are ! ant5nae1 :i* s]ve z organs ( t\* & p]haps also ( o!r s5ses4 ,kirby has record$ facts :i* seem to %[ t ! ant5nae 79 "s cases7 are also organs ( he>+4 ,o!r au?orities1 aft] _m obs]vations1 h come to ! same conclusion4 ,! matt]1 h[ev]1 is beset ) difficulty4 ,x is c]ta9 t "s ,insects h _! e>s 9 _! legs2 & = ! pres5t1 at any rate1 we may be satisfi$ to "k t ! ant5nae are s5se-organs1 c]ta9ly ( t\*1 probably ( smell1 &1 9 "s cases1 ( he>+4 ,an excell5t au?ority on ! subject is ,sir ,john ,lubbock's book1 ,! ,s5ses ( ,animals#aa1 :i* conta9s ref]5ces to v _m orig9al pap]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba4 ,,fig4 #ba4--,upp] surface ( head ( ,dytiscus4 a1 labrum1 or upp] lip2 b1 clypeus or %ield2 c1 m&ible dissect$ out1 & 7d7 rev]s$2 e1 eye2 f1 ant5nae4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba ,a4 ,,fig4 #ba ,a4--,"u surface4 a1 m5tum or *92 b1 ligula or tongue2 c1 labial palp2 ^! ?ree toge!r =m+ ! labium1 or l[] lip2 e1 eye2 f1 ant5nae4 ,above ! maxillae1 or l[] jaws 7d d71 are %[n dissect$ out3 d#a1 inn] or palpi=m lobe2 d#b1 maxill>y palp2 d#c1 lac9ia or blade2 d#d1 ! palpif] or piece t be>s ! palp 7d#b72 d#e1 /ipes or /alk2 d#f1 ! c>do or h+e4 ,n[ we may pass to ! m\? p>ts4 ,x w be good practice to dissect ^! out1 ei!r 9 air or 9 wat]4 ,we may hold a ,beetle betwe5 ! f+] & ?umb ( ! left h&1 & sep>ate all ! p>ts ) a ne$le held 9 ! "r4 ,x is a good plan to gum ^! p>ts on a c>d1 = comp>ison ) ! figures 9 our fav\rite book--:atev] t may be--on ,natural ,hi/ory1 & also ) ! m\? p>ts ( insects ( o!r ,ord]s4 ,= h[ev] mu* ^! may diff] 9 =m1 & 9 ! uses to :i* !y are put1 !y are really modifications ( ! same p>ts4 ,9 ,fig4 #ba we h ! upp] side & 9 ,fig4 #ba;,a ! "u side ( ! head repres5t$1 s t we may easily get acqua9t$ ) ! diff]5t p>ts1 & ! names giv5 to !m4 ,! cut %\ld be gone ov] sev]al times1 & ! p>ts 9 ! picture comp>$ ) ^? 9 ! specim5 "u consid]ation4 ,x is good practice to endeav\r to draw :at is se5 f ! specim5 itself1 & !n to comp>e ! result ) ! "w ( ! tra9$ arti/4 ,& ! m\? p>ts ( ,dytiscus may be comp>$ ) ! m\? p>ts ( ! ,cockroa* 7,fig4 #cc74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb4--;,disposition ( m\? p>ts4 ,return+ to practical "w1 ! fir/ ?+ is to sep>ate ! labrum1 or upp] lip1 f ! head4 ,!n ! l>ge m&ibles %\ld be dissect$ out1 & clean$ 7by soak+ 9 cau/ic pota%7 f ! muscles :i* w come away ) !m4 ,beh9d ^! are a small] pair ( jaws1 ! maxillae1 furni%$ ) a pair ( palps1 call$ maxill>y palps f _! position4 ,^! are to be dissect$ out2 & !n ! l[] lip1 or labium1 may be sep>at$ by pass+ a %>p5$ ne$le along ! l9e :]e x jo9s ! *94 ,! palps on ! l[] lip are call$ labial palps4 ,:5 ^! p>ts are clean$ & dri$1 !y %\ld be gumm$ on c>d1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bb1 :]e ! long l9es repres5t ! upp] & l[] lips respectively1 & ! %ort] ones ! m&ible & maxilla ( ea* side4 ,s mu* = ! head4 ,n[ we discov] t :at appe>$ to be ! ?orax1 :5 we 7 look+ at ! upp] surface ( ! ,beetle1 & :at is call$ ! ?orax 9 descriptions ( ,beetles1 is really b a portion ( t region1 :i* is se5 to be divid$ into segm5ts4 ,! cov]+ on ! upp] surface protects only ! fir/ segm5t1 ! middle & h9d] ones be+ cov]$ by ! w+-cases & ! scutellum 7a triangul> piece jutt+ backw>d f ! second segm5t1 & meet+ ! suture74 ,?is is n repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #ag2 b we may put 9 ) our p5 a t9y triangle1 ) its base t[>ds ! head1 & its apex t[>ds ! tail--?is w meet ! case4 ,! fir/ segm5t be>s no app5dage above1 b to ! "u side is atta*$ ! fir/ pair ( legs4 ,! middle segm5t also c>ries a pair ( legs1 & on its upp] surface are ! w+-cases1 to ! "u side ( :i*1 & to ! body1 ! w+lets are jo9$4 ,! la/ segm5t be>s ! w+s above1 & ! la/ pair ( legs bel[1 ^! be+ plac$ v f> back1 s z to give !m great] p[] 9 propell+ ! animal ?r\gh ! wat]4 ,x w be conv5i5t to exam9e ! legs next4 ,fir/1 h[ev]1 x w be well to look at a normal leg ( an ,insect 7! ,cockroa*71 & le>n ! names ( ! diff]5t p>ts4 ,fir/ comes ! coxa 7a7 or haun*1 next ! tro*ant] 7b71 !n ! femur 7c7 or ?igh1 ! tibia 7d7 or %ank1 & ! t>sus 7e7 or foot1 end+ 9 a pair ( claws4 ,!re are ?ree pairs ( legs 9 p]fect ,insects1 & usually ! same numb] 9 l>val =ms1 ?\gh 9 "s ( ^! legs are entirely want+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc4--,leg ( ,cockroa*4 ,9 ! males ( ! ,m>g9$ ,wat] ,beetle & _m ( its ne> relations ! fir/ pair ( legs des]ve special att5tion4 ,! fir/ ?ree jo9ts ( ! t>sus h coalesc$ to =m a disk or cup1 :i* 9 our specim5 be>s two small] ones on its inn] surface4 ,a p[] ( #bj w %[ ! disk ne>ly z well z x appe>s 9 ,fig4 #bd4 ,! purpose ( ?is disk1 or clasp]1 :i* is abs5t 9 females1 is obvi\s4 ,x 0 =m]ly suppos$ to act z a suck]1 b ,pr(essor ,l[ne & ,pr(essor ,miall#ab h %[n t x does n act by atmosph]ic pressure1 b by a viscid secretion dis*>g$ f ! cup-l hairs ) :i* ! inn] surface is set4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd4--,t>sus ( ,dytiscus 7magnifi$74 ,! middle pair ( legs 9 ! male also be> cup-l hairs on ! correspond+ jo9ts ( ! t>sus1 & 9 v mu* great] numb]4 ,pr(essor ,miall quotes ,simm]ma*] to ! effect t :ile ! l>ge disk on ! =e-leg has #agj suck+-hairs1 ! enl>g$ jo9ts ( ! t>sus ( ! middle leg be> no less ?an #aeij4 ,^! hairs are pla9ly disc]nible ) ! half-in* ,/e9heil1 & ,i h made !m out ) ! in*1 & ?9k t ,i c\ld %[ !m to anybody else ) t p[]4 ,i h n look$ = ^! suck+-hairs on ! middle leg ( o!r ,beetles ( ! same family :i* h disks on _! =e-legs1 b !y d exi/ 9 "s o!r g5]a4 ,if we wat* a male ,dytiscus 9 life1 9 a small aqu>ium1 we %all soon be conv9c$ t ,l[ne & ,miall are correct 9 _! /atem5t t ! cup-hairs dis*>ge an adhesive sub/ance4 ,we %all see ?is all ! m pla9ly if !re is mu* float+ vegetation4 ,=1 9 swimm+ ab\t1 ! ,beetle w (t5 come 9 contact ) "s ( ?is1 & x w adh]e to ! cup-hairs4 ,8 /ruggles to free himself f ! encumbrance w %[ t ! atta*m5t is n altoge!r "u 8 control4 ,! (f5d+ we$ is rubb$ aga9/ ! sp9es ( "o ( ! o!r legs till x is remov$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be4--;,female ,dytiscus swimm+4 ,! sp9es ) :i* ! legs are set are wor?y ( a good deal ( att5tion1 &1 l ! adhesive cup-l hairs1 ?\gh 9 diff]5t fa%ion1 !y d\btless assi/ ! animal 9 hold+ its prey4 ,! fir/ & middle legs end 9 /rong claws2 ^? ( ! la/ pair are n s well develop$4 ,! la/ pair ( legs are ! swimm+ organs4 ,! tibia & t>sus are fr+$ ) long /iff hair beh9d1 s z to hold ! wat] :5 ! ,beetle swims4 ,a peculi> arrangem5t ( ! fir/ jo9t ( ! t>sus all[s ! edge to be pres5t$ to ! wat] :5 ! limb is c>ri$ =w>d = ! return /roke1 ?us (f]+ ! lea/ possible resi/ance4 ,?is ,dr4 ,%>p has comp>$ to ! action ( a r[] 9 fea!r+ 8 o>4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ?is diff]5ce1 :i* x is well to note4 ,! o> is fea!r$ aft] ! /roke2 ! ,beetle fea!rs its legs be=e ! /roke4 ,x is ! fir/ motion :5 x beg9s to swim1 & ! action is n peculi> to ! male4 ,we n[ come to ! ?ird region1 ! abdom54 ,l ! ?orax x is visibly divid$ into segm5ts1 ?\gh ! division betwe5 !m is n s great4 ,mu* diff]5ce ( op9ion exi/s z to ! numb] ( segm5ts 9 ! abdom5 ( a typical insect4 ,"s au?orities ma9ta9 !re are elev51 :ile o!rs put ! numb] z l[ z five4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is !oretical r ?an practical4 ,x is en\gh = u to "k t ! numb] app>5tly v>ies greatly1 ow+ to ! coalesc5ce ( two or m ( ! segm5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf4--,upp] surface ( abdom5 ( typical ,beetle4 ,! head 9 ,insects1 we h se51 c>ries ! eyes1 ant5nae1 & fe$+ organs4 ,! ?orax be>s ! legs & w+s4 ,! abdom5 be>s no app5dages1 except 9 "s cases1 on ! la/ segm5t2 ^! are call$ c]ci4 ,x may be1 h[ev]1 t ! /+s ( bees & ! ovipositors ( saw-flies & o!r insects are modifi$ app5dages4 ,on exam9+ ! abdom5 ( ,dytiscus we %all probably be /ruck ) ! diff]5ce 9 appe>ance betwe5 ! upp] & ! "u surfaces4 ,! latt] is h>d1 smoo?1 & %9y2 ! =m]1 :5 ! w+s are remov$1 is se5 to be cov]$ ) felt-l hair4 ,our int]e/ is ) ! upp] surface4 ,along ! abdom5 on ea* side lie spiracles1 /igmata1 or op5+s to ! brea?+ tubes4 ,! fir/ & la/ are l>g] ?an ! re/1 & _! g5]al =m c be readily made out ) an in* magnifi]1 & ) ! half-in* we may get "s idea ( ! detail %[n 9 ,fig4 #bg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bg4--,spiracle ( ,dytiscus 7magnifi$74 ,dytiscus brea!s 9 ?is way4 ,float+ up to ! top ( ! wat]1 ! end ( ! abdom5 projects above ! surface4 ,if "o wat*es ! ,beetle ! w+-cases w be se5 to rise a little4 ,! air reta9$ by ! felt$ hairs is giv5 (f1 & a fur!r supply tak5 94 ,!n ! w+-cases are l[]$ aga92 ! ,beetle gives two or ?ree /rokes ) its swimm+ legs1 & desc5ds bel[ ! surface to ramble r\nd ! tank 9 se>* ( food4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bh4--,tra*eal tubes 7magnifi$74 ,?is air-supply betwe5 ! w+-cases & ! abdom5 is tak5 9 at ! spiracles & di/ribut$ ?r\gh ! tra*eal tubes ?r\gh\t ! body4 ,^! tubes bran* & subdivide till !y end 9 small twig-l vessels comp>able to ! capill>ies ( ! human body4 ,!y consi/ ( two lay]s--! inn] /r5g!n$ by :at probably is a spiral fibre1 ?\gh ,pack>d believes t1 9 "s cases at lea/1 x consi/s ( simil> r+s4 ,b we mu/ n pursue ?is subject4 ,x w\ld lead u beyond our appo9t$ limits4 99 99 99 99 99 ,ano!r ,beetle fairly common 9 /agnant wat]s r\nd ,london & 9 ! s\!rn c\nties is t to :i* ! "n ,great ,wat] ,beetle 7,hydrophilus piceus7 ( "r belongs4 ,?is "n is sometimes wrongly appli$ to ,dytiscus1 ) :i* its rightful own] has little 9 common1 except its aquatic habitat4 ,its sci5tific "n is ,hydrophilus piceus2 b we %all speak ( x z ,hydrophilus4 ,x is n a v easy matt] to take ?is ,beetle ) a net1 by sweep+ 9 ! ord9>y way1 = x likes to get into ! middle ( a mass ( vegetation1 :]e x is sure ( a good food supply1 & is probably safe f ! attacks ( ,dytiscus1 :o n unfrequ5tly makes a meal ( 8 l>g] relation4 ,a good plan is to pass ! net "u a mass ( we$ & !n %ake x to & fro 9 ! wat]4 ,by ?is means any ,beetles 9 ! we$ w be dislodg$ f _! hid+-places1 & fall d[n into ! bottle4 ,!y h1 9 conf9em5t1 ! same habit ( mak+ a snug place = !mselves2 & m ?an once ,i h fanci$ t a ,beetle ( ?is species _h escap$ f ! aqu>ium1 :5 all ! "t x 0 hidd5 9 a ?ick pat* ( wat]-moss4 ,!y are practically vegetable fe$]s1 ?\gh ,dallas says t !y are n su* /rict veget>ians z to d5y !mselves a meal ( animal food :5 !y meet ) a dead mollusc or l>va 9 ! c\rse ( _! w&]+s4 ,i h nev] kn[n !m to indulge 9 animal food1 dead or liv+1 b ,i h kn[n !m refuse x4 ,hydrophilus is ! l>ge/ ,briti% ,wat] ,beetle1 &1 ) ! sole exception ( ! ,/ag-,beetle1 ! l>ge/ ,briti% memb] ( ! ,ord]4 ,its total l5g? is v little less ?an two in*es1 & across ! middle ( ! back x measures ab\t half z mu*4 ,x is m sl5d]ly built ?an ,dytiscus1 & ! contra/ 9 ! size & armature ( ! legs is v /rik+ 7,fig4 #bi74 ,!re is also a great diff]5ce 9 _! me?od ( progression ?r\gh ! wat]4 ,dytiscus moves bo? legs simultane\sly1 :ile ,hydrophilus walks r ?an swims1 mov+ "o leg aft] ! o!r4 ,if we _c collect ?is ,beetle = ourselves--:i* we %\ld endeav\r to d1 if possible--x may be b\ght ( almo/ any deal] 9 :at are call$ #8aqu>ium requisites4' ,b prices rule high] = ,hydrophilus ?an = ,dytiscus4 ,bateman says t ?is species is r>] ?an =m]ly1 & t specim5s co/ f #as4 to #bs4 #f;d4 a pair1 #8accord+ to ! deal] & ! season4' ,f ?is ,i ga!r t ,i mu/ h gone to a %op :]e ! prices 7 reasonable1 = ,i h nev] paid m ?an #f;d4 = a ,hydrophilus1 & !n h be5 all[$ to pick out a male4 ,at ! same %op ,i h paid #b;d4 = ,dytiscus4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bi4--;,great ,wat] ,beetle4 a1 male2 b1 female2 c1 l>va2 d1 pupa4 ,9 keep+ ?is ,beetle we %all ne$ a l>g] vessel ?an 0 requir$ = ,dytiscus4 7,9 bo? cases ! aqu>ium %\ld be cov]$1 = if food be sc>ce1 & sometimes = o!r reasons1 bo? ^! ,beetles may take to flight47 ,! aqu>ium %\ld be well suppli$ ) gr[+ wat]-we$1 b none t is *oice or valuable %\ld be put 91 = 9 mov+ ab\t ov] ! we$ ! animal w damage almo/ if n q z mu* z x eats4 ,?is difficulty c be easily got ov] by supply+ x ) ana*>is1 wat]-cr[foot1 milfoil1 or any o!r common plant t gr[s rapidly & is easily procurable4 ,! only specim5 t ,i h tak5 myself 0 captur$ a few miles nor? ( ,london4 ,x exhibit$ a /range in/ance ( deprav$ appetite4 ,9 ! l>ge tank into :i* x 0 put 7 gr[+ vallisn]ia1 frog-bit1 & wat]-cr[foot 9 pl5ty4 ,^! x 0 nev] se5 to t\*4 ,! tank1 at "o "t1 _h be5 us$ = newts1 & float+ on ! surface 0 a piece ( virg9 cork4 ,x _h s]v$ ! =m] inmates z a k9d ( isl& cont95t1 & _h nev] be5 remov$4 ,to ! "u side ( ?is ! ,beetle w\ld moor himself1 head d[nw>ds1 & nibble away1 z if cork 7 ! natural diet ( a ,briti% ,wat] ,beetle4 ,9 a few days ! ,beetle di$4 ,x 0 put into _s1 & soon aft] became ! subject ( a po/-mortem4 ,b its /range diet 0 n ! cause ( its dea?1 :i* 0 suffici5tly acc\nt$ = by injuries inflict$ be=e its capture1 probably by a l>val or an adult ,dytiscus4 ,x w\ld be m]e wa/e ( "t to g ov] ?is ,beetle & describe x po9t by po9t1 z 0 done ) ,dytiscus4 ,if :at 0 !re writt5 0 ( any value1 read]s w be able to apply = !mselves ! me?od laid d[n4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 "s po9ts ( diff]5ce to :i* x w be well to invite att5tion4 ,x is a good plan to lay specim5s ( ^! ,beetles side by side = comp>ison4 ,hydrophilus is ! l>g] ( ! two2 & diff]s 9 col\r z well z 9 size4 ,its hue is black ) an olive t+e2 & 9 c]ta9 lights a blue-black metallic gloss may be se5 on ! out] m>g9s ( ! w+-cases4 ,^! are m>k$ ) fa9t longitud9al l9es1 & ea* be>s ?ree r[s ( dots runn+ 9 ! same direction4 ,! great] l5g? & m sl5d] build ( ! legs ( ,hydrophilus are at once app>5t4 ,!re is also a m>k$ diff]5ce 9 ! t>sal jo9ts ( ! =e-legs ( ! male4 ,! disks & cup-l hairs ( ,dytiscus are abs5t 9 ,hydrophilus1 b 9 _! /ead ! la/ jo9t be>s a sub-triangul> plate1 /udd$ on ! inn] surface ) sp9es1 :i* probably s]ve a simil> purpose4 ,a great deal ( valuable in=mation ab\t organs ( ?is k9d & _! functions w be f\nd 9 *apt] ,x ( ,d>w9's ,desc5t ( ,man4 ,simm]ma*]'s pap]#ac %\ld be consult$ by all :o h ! opportunity4 ,our in* magnifi] w %[ u ^! sp9es q cle>ly2 & also a curi\s little bun* ( bri/les1 :i* ,simm]ma*] says are probably organs ( t\*4 ,x is a good plan to take ,hydrophilus out ( ! wat]1 & lay x ^u its back1 s t ! diff]5ce betwe5 x & ,dytiscus may be cle>ly se54 ,! ,beetle %\ld be h&l$ c>efully1 = on ! ?orax is a k9d ( keel1 end+ 9 a %>p sp9e1 :i* ext5ds ov] "p ( ! abdom54 ,?is sp9e is free1 & may easily w\nd ! h&s ( ^? :o d n wat* ! motions ( ! creature pretty c>efully4 ,! =e "p ( ! abdom5 & ! ?orax are cov]$ ) %ort close hairs1 & :5 ! ,beetle is 9 ! wat] ^! p>ts entangle a lay] ( air1 :i* gives x ! appe>ance ( be+ cov]$ ) quicksilv]4 ,! two ,beetles diff] also 9 _! me?od ( ex*ang+ impure = pure air4 ,dytiscus1 z we h se51 takes 9 a fre% supply "u its w+-cov]s beh9d2 ,hydrophilus takes 9 a fre% supply 9 front1 employ+ = ?is purpose ! ant5nae1 :i* app>5tly d n function z feel]s1 z is g5]ally ! case4 ,:5 ,hydrophilus wants to take 9 a supply ( pure air1 x rises to ! top ( ! wat]1 sl[ly & delib]ately4 ,unlike ,dytiscus1 x is nev] 9 a hurry4 ,!n "o ( ! ant5nae is pu%$ ?r\gh ! surface film1 ?us communicat+ ) ! air1 :i* desc5ds to ! hair-cov]$ ?orax1 :5ce x rea*es ! spiracles on ! upp] surface ( ! abdom54 ,to all[ ( ?is ! w+-cases are slightly rais$ 9 front4 ,! spiracles 9 ,dytiscus are l>g] at ! po/]ior end ( ! abdom53 9 ,hydrophilus ! l>ge/ spiracles are 9 front4 ,?is is :at might be expect$1 f ! me?od adopt$ 9 ea* case = procur+ a fre% supply ( air4 ,^! ,beetles h frequ5tly br$ 9 conf9em5t2 b no bett] acc\nt ?an t ( ,lyonnet has ev] be5 giv5 ( ! op]ation ( ! female 9 mak+ h] cocoon & deposit+ h] eggs4 ,z 8 acc\nt is n g5]ally available1 a cond5s$ translation ( x is ins]t$ ) 8 illu/ration4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cj4--;,female ,hydrophilus con/ruct+ a cocoon4 7,aft] ,lyonnet47 ,lyonnet#ad want$ to f9d out h[ ! female made ! cocoons 7,fig4 #cj71 & ?is is h[ he set to "w4 ,he put "s ( ^! ,beetles into a l>ge aqu>ium1 ) a good quantity ( wat] & "s duckwe$4 ,on ,may #ca & ! foll[+ day he notic$ t "o ( ! females 0 swimm+ ab\t 9 e direction1 z if 9 se>* ( some?+4 ,?9k+ t ?is 0 because %e _h n ! prop] mat]ials = h] "w1 he !n put into ! aqu>ium "s ?read-l alga ( a k9d :i* he _h se5 atta*$ to "s cocoons1 & on ,june #c ! ,beetle began to make a cocoon1 b soon gave up ! task1 app>5tly because %e 0 tr\bl$ by o!r aquatic insects :i* _h made a home 9 ?is we$4 ,^! intrud]s 7 remov$1 & ! ,beetle set to "w once m4 ,lyonnet !n notic$ t1 l a spid]1 %e _h h] sp9n+ app>atus at ! po/]ior end ( ! body4 ,%e ext5d$ ! la/ segm5ts slightly1 & op5$ ! h9dmo/ "o1 :5 he saw a ne>ly circul> op5+1 9 :i* 0 a :iti% disk 7,fig4 #cj;,a1 a74 ,on ?is disk 7 two little br[n tub]cles side by side1 ne>ly at "r angles to ! longitud9al axis ( ! body4 ,f ea* !re project$ a blacki%-br[n conical tube1 ab\t a l9e long1 /iff t[>ds ! base1 b flexible & ela/ic t[>ds ! tip4 ,^! tubes 7 ! sp9n]ets1 :i* act$ toge!r ) a p>allel movem5t1 & f ea* proce$$ a sep>ate ?read4 ,& ?is is h[ %e made h] cocoon4 ,%e lay ne> ! surface ( ! wat] back d[nw>ds1 ! "u "p ( ! body & ! second & ?ird pair ( legs buri$ 9 ! ?read-l we$4 ,! front legs 7 free1 & ) ^! %e %ap$ ! we$ ov] h] abdom54 ,!n %e spun a cov]+ ( :ite silk aga9/ ! "u side ( ! we$4 ,:ile %e 0 sp9n+1 f "t to "t %e us$ h] front legs to press & flatt5 ! "w aga9/ h] body 7,fig4 #cj;,b71 giv+ x ! %ape ( a flatt5$ ar*1 to :i* h] body gave ! requisite curve4 ,?is1 =m+ ! top ( ! cocoon1 0 f9i%$ 9 ab\t half an h\r4 ,!n %e turn$ 7,fig4 #cj;,c71 & spun ! bottom ( ! cocoon1 m\ld+ ?is1 l ! top1 on ! curve ( h] abdom51 & unit+ ! top & bottom ) silk :i* %e spun4 ,! "w occupi$ ab\t an h\r & a qu>t]4 ,! ,beetle !n rema9$ ne>ly 9 t position = "s two h\rs4 ,at fir/ %e 0 hidd5 9 ! cocoon q up to ! ?orax4 ,! body1 h[ev]1 0 )drawn almo/ imp]ceptibly4 ,dur+ ?is "t %e 0 busy lay+ h] eggs 9 regul> ord]1 ) ! po9t$ ends upw>ds4 ,aft] ?is %e came out ( ! cocoon1 & clos$ ! m\? 7,fig4 #cj;,d71 mak+ ! op5+ small] by degrees4 ,!n %e made a little ma/ 7,fig4 #cj;,d1 b71 ( ! use ( :i* ,lyonnet admits 8 ignorance1 sugge/+1 h[ev]1 t its con/ruction may s]ve to use up ! silky matt] rema9+ aft] ! "w is f9i%$1 le/ x %\ld acquire h>mful qualities 9 ! body ( ! ,beetle4 ,! true explanation seems to be t x s]ves to convey air to ! eggs inside ! cocoon4 ,on ,july #ag ,lyonnet 0 rew>d$ = 8 pati5t wat*+ by see+ a l>va come out ( ! cocoon1 & ! next day "s fifty m appe>$4 ,:at he saw & record$ x is 9 ! p[] ( o!rs to see1 if !y w imitate 8 pati5t obs]vation4 ,! ,cocktail ,beetle1 or ,devil's ,coa* ,horse 7,ocypus ol5s71 is an excell5t specim5 ( a ,l& ,beetle to exam9e1 = x is ( fairly l>ge size & extremely common4 ,moreov] x does well 9 captivity1 s t !re w be no difficulty 9 wat*+ its habits 9 life1 & pickl+ x = clos] exam9ation :5 dead4 ,dur+ ! day ^! animals usually lie conceal$ "u /ones or pieces ( e>?1 com+ =? at dusk & dur+ ! night 9 se>* ( food4 ,occasionally1 h[ev]1 !y may be met ) 9 daylight1 leisurely /alk+ a small] beetle or a fly2 !n ) a da% seiz+ ! victim 9 _! p[]ful m&ibles1 :i* are q capable ( mak+ an impression on ! human sk91 z ^? :o h&le ^! ,beetles unw>ily w discov] = !mselves4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ca4--;,cocktail ,beetle4 a1 l>va2 b1 pupa4 ,no?+ ( an animal nature comes amiss to !m1 & if !y _c capture liv+ prey1 !y w make a he>ty meal (f c>rion4 ,?is is an advantage to u1 = we may fe$ our captives ) dead insects or ) small pieces ( meat4 ,?is ,beetle is ab\t an in* long1 & ( a deep dull black col\r4 ,! head is jo9$ to ! ?orax by a di/9ct neck1 & ! abdom5 is nak$1 ow+ to ! fact t ! w+-cases are v %ort4 ,its w+-cases be> ab\t ! same proportion to ^? ( ! ,m>g9$ ,wat] ,beetle t a man's frock-coat be>s to a boy's ,eton jacket4 ,& ?is ,beetle may be tak5 z a good type ( a gr\p--! ,beetles ) %ort w+-cases 7,bra*elytra74 ,! attitude ( ?is animal :5 irritat$ or al>m$ is well depict$ 9 ,fig4 #ca4 ,x raises its head m5ac+ly & op5s its /rong m&ibles to _! full ext5t1 at ! same "t turn+ up ! end ( ! abdom51 l a scorpion ab\t to /+4 ,f ! la/ segm5t x w (t5 put =? a pair ( :ite vesicles1 f :i* is dis*>g$ a volatile liquid ( disagreeable od\r1 t probably acts z a def5ce aga9/ insect-eat+ creatures4 ,! be/ way to capture "o ( ^! ,beetles is to pick x up ) :at ,kirby calls ! #8natural =ceps'--! f+] & ?umb4 ,x may be dropp$ into any conv5i5t receptacle2 ! small metal boxes 9 :i* ve/as are sold w answ] ! purpose v well4 ,my specim5 0 giv5 me by a fri5d1 :o kept x ) ano!r 9 a r\nd t9 box4 ,x liv$ ) me = ab\t ?ree mon?s 9 a f\r-ounce bottle1 t measur$ ?ree in*es 9 height1 to ! neck1 & two in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! bottom 0 cov]$ to ! dep? ( ab\t an in* ) g>d5 soil1 & ! top tightly cork$1 to prev5t ! prison]'s escape4 ,?is precaution 0 necess>y2 = ! inside ( ! bottle1 ?\gh clean$ f "t to "t1 soon became cov]$ ) a coat+ ( e>?y p>ticles1 :i* af=d$ ! ,beetle a pretty firm foo?old4 ,x 0 an extremely int]e/+ pet1 & its /ruggles to escape by climb+ up ! sides ( ! bottle (t5 af=d$ me mu* ent]ta9m5t4 ,x seem$ to h a glimm]+ notion t ! only way out 0 by ! top1 & kn[+ no?+ ( ! cork x w\ld re> itself up aga9/ ! side1 & try to climb up by vigor\s movem5ts ( its =e-legs4 ,x w\ld also take advantage ( any little lump ( e>? project+ ab\t ! re/4 ,x _h n intellig5ce en\gh to make any?+ l a m\nd = itself1 ?\gh ! inequalities 7 probably ! result ( its burr[+ "u ! surface4 ,its temp] 0 none ( ! be/1 = if x 0 di/urb$ ) ! =ceps x w\ld res5t x fi]cely4 ,! m&ibles w\ld be op5$1 ! abdom5 curl$ up1 & out w\ld come ! two vesicles z a means ( def5ce4 ,if ! =ceps 7 put ne> ! m&ibles1 !y w\ld be seiz$1 & ! ,beetle w\ld hold on s t5aci\sly t x has (t5 be5 lift$ out ( its bottle 9 ?is fa%ion4 ,x 0 exce$+ly voraci\s1 & 0 g5]ally f$ on g>d5 worms4 ,aft] a full meal its increase 9 size 0 v evid5t4 ,?is is n to be tak5 to mean t insects gr[ aft] !y h atta9$ ! p]fect or imago /ate1 = ?is is n ! case4 ,b :5 !y h _h a long fa/1 ! segm5ts approa* ea* o!r1 & are =c$ ap>t :5 ! creature is gorg$ ) food4 ,if a ,beetle ( ?is species 7 kept fa/+ = "s days1 & !n c>efully measur$1 & measur$ aga9 aft] be+ pl5tifully suppli$ ) worms or flies1 !re w\ld be a diff]5ce ( "s millimetres betwe5 ! results4 ,dallas has an int]e/+ passage 9 8 ,elem5ts ( ,entomology respect+ ! boldness ( ! l>val =m1 :i* is wor? quot+4 #8,i h se5 "o engag$ 9 a /ruggle1 :i* la/$ ab\t tw5ty m9utes1 ) a worm ( "s five in*es 9 l5g?1 ! l>va be+ sc>cely m ?an an in* long4 ,dur+ ?is conte/ ! little savage crept "u ! worm1 fix+ 8 m&ibles into ! creature's body 9 v>i\s places1 ea* bite app>5tly produc+ a consid]able swell+4 ,sometimes he w\ld fa/5 ^u ! head ( ! worm1 & reta9 8 hold ) ! p]t9acity ( a ?or\ghbr$ bulldog1 al?\gh twi/$ ab\t 9 e direction by ! /ruggles ( 8 int5d$ victim4 ,at la/1 h[ev]1 he seem$ to come to ! conclusion t he _h be5 too ambiti\s 9 8 desires1 & w5t quietly (f among/ ! grass1 r prematurely1 z x seem$ to me1 = :5 ! worm began sl[ly to leave ! field ( battle1 ab\t an in* ( 8 tail 0 atta*$ to ! re/ ( 8 body solely by ! inte/9e1 a union :i* ! jaws ( ! l>va w\ld easily h dissolv$4' ,i h nev] se5 a fight betwe5 a l>va & a worm1 = ! few l>va ,i h kept h be5 f$ on flies4 ,b ! adult ,beetle :i* has once fa/5$ on a worm _c be %ak5 (f4 ,x w grip its prey ) ! fir/ pair ( legs1 fix+ ! claws 9 ! sk91 & w f9i% a worm ?ree in*es long at a meal4 ,a dead specim5 %\ld be look$ ov] 9 ! way recomm5d$ = ,dytiscus1 rais+ ! small w+-cov]s & unfold+ ! w+s4 ,! spiracles are to be look$ = at ! sides ( ! abdom51 9 ! groove =m$ by ! meet+ ( ! upp] & "u plates ( ea* segm5t4 ,! %ort d[ny hair ) :i* ! body is cov]$ %\ld be notic$1 & ! front legs are well wor? exam9ation4 ,! tibia or %ank is arm$ ) a /rong sp9e1 & betwe5 ?is "p ( ! leg & t :i* foll[s x is a not*1 ?r\gh :i* ! ,beetle passes its ant5nae to clean !m f dirt4 ,! peculi> %ape ( ! jo9ts ( ! t>sus or foot is v pla9ly disc]nible ) ! appliances at our comm&1 & by a c>eful managem5t we may make out ! diff]5t k9ds ( hairs ) :i* f\r out ( ! five ( ^! jo9ts are furni%$2 "s /\t & sp9e-l1 o!rs f9]1 end+ 9 a pe>-%ap$ bulb4 ,^! la/ probably s]ve ! same purpose z ! suck+-disks ( ,dytiscus & ! t>sal plates ( ,hydrophilus4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,cockroa*es2 ,,e>wigs2 ,,! ,,great ,,gre5 ,,gras%opp]2 ,,! ,,wat] ,,scorpion2 ,,! ,,wat] ,,boatman2 ,,corixa4 ,! next insect to come )9 range ( our pocket l5s is ! ,common ,cockroa* 7,blatta ori5talis#ae71 popul>ly misnam$ ! ,black ,beetle4 ,we %all h no difficulty 9 procur+ mat]ial = exam9ation4 ,h\sekeep]s w tell u t ^! creatures are only too pl5tiful4 ,9 ! la/ *apt] we dealt ) ,%ea?-w+$ ,insects--! ,coleopt]a4 ,cockroa*es belong to ! ,or?opt]a1 or ,insects ) ,/raight ,w+s4 ,! m\?-p>ts resemble ^? ( ,beetles4 ,! *ief diff]5ces t m>k (f ! ,cockroa*es & _! k9 f ! ,beetles are ! incomplete metamorphosis :i* ! =m] und]go1 & ! "* ( ! w+s4 ,/raight-w+$ ,insects1 :5 !y leave ! egg1 diff] little 9 %ape f ! adult1 except 9 ! fact t !y h no w+s2 & ^! app5dages are abs5t1 or s small z to be useless = flight 9 _m species4 ,:5 w+s are pres5t ! fir/ pair are ( little or no use = flight4 ,!y are n1 h[ev]1 h>d *it9\s %ea?s1 meet+ 9 ! middle l9e--t is1 /raight d[n ! c5tre ( ! back--b ( a flexible lea!ry or membran\s sub/ance1 & !y usually ov]lap ea* o!r at ! tips4 ,! h9d] w+s are l>ge & ne>ly semicircul>4 ,! pr9cipal ve9s radiate f ! c5tre to ! circumf]5ce1 l ! /icks ( a fan1 & :5 ! w+s are fold$ up !y lie /raight along ! upp] surface ( ! abdom54 ,x is f ?is fact t ! ,ord] d]ives its "n4 ,!re are two great gr\ps1 or sections1 ( ,/raight-w+$ ,insects--^? t run1 l ! ,cockroa*es1 & ^? t leap1 l ! ,gras%opp]s4 ,no ,/raight-w+$ ,insect is aquatic4 ,! ,common ,cockroa*1 n[ s abundant1 is n a native1 b an importation f ,asia2 ?\gh h[ x rea*$ ?is c\ntry is n q c]ta91 probably by way ( ,holl&4 ,x seems to h e/abli%$ itself 9 ,london by ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 & "s two hundr$ ye>s lat] we f9d ,gilb]t ,:ite record+ 79 or be=e #agij7 t #8a neighb\r compla9$ t h] h\se 0 ov]run ) a k9d ( black beetle1 or1 z %e express$ h]self1 ) a k9d ( black-bob1 :5 !y got up 9 ! morn+ be=e daybreak4 ,soon aft] ?is acc\nt ,i obs]v$ an unusual insect 9 "o ( my d>k *imney closets1 & f9d s9ce1 t 9 ! night !y sw>m also 9 my kit*54444 ,! male is w+$1 ! female is n1 b %[s some?+ l ! rudim5ts ( w+s1 z if 9 ! pupa /ate4444 ,!y are altoge!r night insects1 lucifugae1 nev] com+ =? till ! rooms are d>k & /ill1 & escap+ away nimbly at ! approa* ( a c&le4' ,?is description leaves no d\bt z to :at ! #8black-bobs' really 74 ,?is "n seems to h dropp$ out ( use1 & x w\ld be well if #8black beetle1' 9 ! s5se ( ,cockroa*1 7 also all[$ to drop1 = ! t]m conta9s j z _m errors z words4 ,we may make our fir/ acqua9tance ) ^! insects by keep+ "s specim5s 9 conf9em5t4 ,a t9 box1 ) a glass lid1 w make a capital dwell+ = !m4 ,"s pap] %\ld be put 91 = !m to hide 9 away f ! light1 & !re c be no difficulty 9 provid+ !m ) food4 #8,b>k1 leaves1 ! pi? ( liv+ cycads1 pap]1 wooll5 clo!s1 sug>1 *eese1 bread1 black+1 oil1 lemons1 ink1 fle%1 fi%1 lea!r1 ! dead bodies ( o!r cockroa*es1 _! own ca/ sk9s & empty egg-capsules1 all are gre$ily consum$4 ,cucumb]s1 too1 !y w eat1 ?\gh x disagrees ) !m horribly#af4' ,we h ,dr4 ,%>p's au?ority = ! /atem5t t 9 conf9em5t ^! insects are r amus+ pets1 z !y #8occasionally assume mo/ comical attitudes1 especially :5 clean+ _! limbs4 ,?is !y d some:at aft] ! fa%ion ( cats1 ext5d+ ! head z f> z !y c 9 ! desir$ direction1 & !n pass+ a leg or an ant5na ?r\gh ! m\?2 or !y comb o!r p>ts ( ! body ) ! sp9es on ! legs1 sometimes twi/+ & di/ort+ !mselves consid]ably 9 ord] to rea* "s n v accessible "p ( ! body#ag4' ,! prejudice aga9/ ^! insects is1 h[ev]1 s /rong1 t mo/ p w pref] to exam9e dead r ?an liv+ specim5s1 on acc\nt ( ! disagreeable od\r ( ! latt]4 ,?is od\r is due to a fetid excretion f ! m\?1 & if ! specim5s are kill$ by dropp+ !m into boil+ wat]1 ?is w be dis*>g$1 & aft] a little :ile !y may be tak5 out ) a pair ( =ceps1 & put into _s = pres]vation4 ,if !y are dropp$ alive into _s1 ! excretion w communicate its /rong sc5t to ! pres]v+ m$ium1 & ?is %\ld be *ang$ be=e ! insects are exam9$4 ,f ,fig4 #cb we may get a g5]al idea ( ! appe>ance pres5t$ by a male or female1 ly+ back upw>ds 9 a small glass di%1 ready = exam9ation ) ! pocket l5s4 ,! female may be di/+ui%$ at a glance by h] w+less condition--only rudim5ts ( w+-cases be+ pres5t1 & no w+s--& h] broad] abdom54 ,9 life %e does n /& s high ^u h] legs z does ! male1 & h] abdom5 trails along ! gr\nd4 ,! male does n acquire 8 w+s till ! la/ m\lt4 ,illu/ration3 ,female4 ,male4 ,,fig4 #cb4--;,cockroa*es4 ,z ! ,cockroa* lies back upp]mo/ 9 a glass di%1 ! head is almo/ conceal$4 ,?is is especially ! case1 unless ! insect is flatt5$ out 9 "s way1 or p9n$ d[n to a piece ( weight$ cork4 ,!re w ?us be1 app>5tly1 two1 in/ead ( ?ree ma9 divisions4 ,?is arises p>tly f ! fact t ! head is deflex$1 or b5t d[n s t ! m\? is turn$ t[>ds ! re>1 & p>tly because ! fir/ segm5t ( ! ?orax be>s a *it9\s %ield1 r\ghly semicircul>1 :i* cov]s s mu* ( ! head z w\ld o!rwise be visible4 ,! difficulty1 h[ev]1 may be easily got ov]1 by rev]s+ ! position ( ! insect1 & rais+ ! head ) a ne$le4 ,! ant5nae w attract att5tion by _! great l5g?4 ,9 ! male insect !y exce$1 :ile 9 ! female !y fall a little %ort (1 ! total l5g? ( ! body4 ,!y are well wor? exam9ation4 ,ev5 a l[ p[] w %[ t !y consi/ ( a numb] ( jo9ts--usually f sev5ty-five to n9ety4 ,! ?ree basal jo9ts are mu* l>g] ?an ! re/1 & 9 ! female ! ?ird basal is ne>ly z long z ! fir/4 ,all ^! jo9ts are ?ickly set ) /iff hairs direct$ =w>ds4 ,at ! out] side ( ea* ant5na is a comp\nd eye1 & on ! inn] side is a pale spot1 ! f5e/ra1 :i* 9 ! males ( "s =eign ,cockroa*es is replac$ by a simple eye4 ,if ,cockroa*es are kept 9 conf9em5t1 & =c$ out into ! light1 ! con/ant motion ( ! ant5nae w satisfy ! obs]v] t !y are ( great use to _! own]s4 ,by means ( ^! organs !y n only discov] _! food1 b become by "s means1 probably by ! motion ( air-waves1 aw>e ( dang] t ?reat5s !m4 ,belt1 9 8 ,naturali/ 9 ,nic>agua 7p4 #aaj71 speak+ ( ! ,cockroa*es t infe/ h\ses 9 ! tropics1 says1 #8,!y are v w>y1 z !y h num]\s enemies--birds1 rats1 scorpions1 & spid]s2 _! long1 trembl+ ant5nae are ev] /ret*$ out1 vibrat+ z if feel+ ! v texture ( ! air ar\nd !m2 & _! long legs quickly take !m out ( dang]4' ,x is n giv5 to e "o to visit ! tropics1 b we may all use our eyes 9 obs]v+ ! common insects t ab\nd 9 our c\ntry1 & 9 do+ ?is we %all /r5g!n ! habit ( obs]vation1 & v (t5 f9d confirmation ( :at we read ( ! habits ( insects 9 di/ant l&s4 ,sir ,john ,lubbock#ah1 9 treat+ ( ! s5se ( smell 9 ,insects1 says t #8,plateau put "s food ( :i* cockroa*es are fond on a table1 & surr\nd$ x ) a l[ circul> wall ( c>dbo>d4 ,he !n put "s cockroa*es on ! table3 !y evid5tly sc5t$ ! food1 & made /raight = x4 ,he !n remov$ _! ant5nae1 aft] :i*1 z long z !y c\ld n see ! food1 !y fail$ to f9d x1 ev5 ?\gh !y w&]$ ab\t q close to x4' ,! l>ge kidney-%ap$ comp\nd eyes are sure to attract att5tion4 ,x is wor? :ile to take out & break up an eye1 g5tly wa%+ out ! pigm5t4 ,if we d ?is1 & !n exam9e x ) ! pocket l5s1 we %all h "s idea ( ! multiplicity ( l5ses 9 ! eye ( a ,cockroa*1 ea* ( ! six-sid$ facets be+ a l5s4 ,next come ! m\? p>ts1 :i* may be run ov] v quickly1 = ^? ( ,beetles are =m$ ^u ! same plan1 & f ?is primitive plan are d]iv$ ! m\? p>ts ( all o!r ,insects1 ( :atev] "* !y may be4 ,to exam9e ! m\? organs ! insect mu/ be turn$ on its back1 & ! labrum 7a71 or upp] lip1 rais$ ) a ne$le1 s z to all[ ( a g5]al view ( ! re/4 ,!n ! jaws or m&ibles 7b7 may be pick$ out ) a ne$le4 ,^! jaws are /rongly too!d1 & "w f side to side1 & x is easy to see t !y are v effici5t organs4 ,! l[] jaws 7c71 or maxillae1 lie bel[1 & are comp\nd organs1 ea* be+ made up ( sev]al p>ts--! base1 call$ ! c>do or h+e 7n %[n 9 ! illu/ration1 b connect$ at "r angles by a jo9t ) ! l[] "p1 ! /ipes74 ,f ! /ipes rise ! galea1 or helmet1 on ! out] side2 &1 on ! inn] side1 ! lac9ia1 to :i* ! "n maxilla is (t5 appli$1 ?\gh x prop]ly belongs to ! :ole4 ,at ! base ( ! galea is ins]t$ ! five-jo9t$ maxill>y palp1 ?ickly set ) hairs1 & probably an organ ( t\*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cc4--,m\? p>ts ( a ,cockroa*4 ,by exam9+ ! maxillae 7c7 be=e !y are sep>at$1 & comp>+ !m ) ! labium 7c7 or "u lip1 :i* closes ! m\? f bel[1 x w be evid5t t !re is no slight simil>ity betwe5 !m4 ,nor is ?is /range3 = ! "u lip consi/s ( ! second maxillae jo9$ at _! bases1 :i* =m ! subm5tum 7s7 & m5tum 7m74 7,! =m] is ! small1 ! latt] ! l>ge :ite basal portion2 ! v]tical l9e 9 ! illu/ration %[s ! m5tal suture1 & %\ld be trac$ 9 ! dead insect47 ,! organs 9 ! c5tre con/itute ! ligula2 & on ea* side ( ! labium is a ?ree-jo9t$ palp 7labial71 l t on ! maxillae1 ?ickly set ) hairs1 & ) a simil> function4 ,x is well to "w ov] ! m\? p>ts a few times till ! relation betwe5 ! maxillae & ! labium is se5 & und]/ood4 ,! int]nal tongue 7d7 is atta*$ to ! inn] side ( ! labium4 ,n[1 /ill work+ on ! "u side ( ! insect1 ! ?ree segm5ts ( ! ?orax are to be made out1 & "o _c fail to notice ! great size ( ! fir/ jo9t 7! coxa7 9 all ! legs1 & t ^! jo9ts seem to s]ve z %ields to protect ! "u side ( ! ?orax4 ,!n ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! legs %\ld be trac$1 & comp>$ ) ,fig4 #bc on p4 #dd4 ,! sp9y armature ( ! tibiae is to be notic$1 z are ! claws1 betwe5 :i* is a project+ lobe1 ?\gh ?is is abs5t 9 immature specim5s4 ,we %all f9d t ! app5dages ( ! ?orax are ! same z 9 ! ,m>g9$ ,wat] ,beetle4 ,x is well to take z little z possible on tru/1 & to v]ify ev]y?+ t we possibly c4 ,n[ we may rev]se ! position ( our subject1 & hav+ cut (f ! w+-cases1 :i* are te*nically call$ tegm9a1 exam9e ! w+s4 ,^! may be g5tly unfold$ ) a ne$le or a camel's hair bru%1 :5 ! longitud9al me?od ( fold+ w be cle>ly se51 & ! diff]5ce ( ! ve9+ f t ( ! w+s ( ! ,m>g9$ ,wat] ,beetle w be app>5t4 ,a female %\ld also be exam9$1 & ! small tegm9a cut (f1 s z to see t n ev5 ! rudim5ts ( w+s are pres5t4 ,! ,cockroa* brea!s l o!r adult ,insects1 & ! spiracles are t5 9 numb]--two on ! ?orax & eight on ! abdom54 ,! ?oracic spiracles may be pretty readily se51 b ^? on ! abdom5 are n s easy to make out4 ,b by cutt+ away1 ) a f9e pair ( scissors1 ! edges ( ! plates t cov] ! upp] & "u surfaces ( ! abdom5 & ! membrane t unites !m 7,fig4 #cd71 we may discov] !m z ! op5 ends ( small tubes4 ,:ile deal+ ) ! insect 9 ?is fa%ion1 x w be easy to take out a piece ( ! tra*eal tube1 :i* may be comp>$ ) ,fig4 #bh4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cd4--;,cockroa*1 %[+ ,spiracles4 ,! abdom5 consi/s ( a s]ies ( r+s or segm5ts1 ! exact numb] ( :i* is r difficult to decide1 f ! fact t "s are conceal$ & o!rs alt]$ 9 =m4 ,dr4 ,%>p#ai says t #8x is consid]$ t t5 dorsal & t5 v5tral plates exi/1 ?\gh ! latt] are n s easily demon/rat$ z ! =m]4' ,9 ! male1 t5 above 7dorsal7 & n9e bel[ 7v5tral71 & 9 ! female two less 9 ea* case1 may be made out )\t dissection4 ,f ! sides ( ! t5? segm5t two organs1 ! c]ci 7,fig4 #ce1 a71 are giv5 (f1 "o on ea* side4 ,^! may be di/+ui%$ f ! /yles ( ! males by _! pres5ce 9 bo? sexes4 ,our in* l5s w %[ t ea* c]cus consi/s ( sixte5 r+s4 ,if we use ! half-in*1 we %all see t ea* r+ is set ) hairs ( diff]5t l5g?s4 ,:5 we h got s f> x may be well to comp>e ! /ructure ( a c]cus ) t ( an ant5na 7p4 #fg74 ,9 ea* we h a succession ( jo9t$ r+s giv+ flexibility to ! organ1 & ! r+s 9 ea* case are /udd$ ) hairs4 ,x has be5 %[n pretty conclusively--& we may v]ify ! exp]im5ts--t ! ant5nae are s5se-organs4 ,are we n ju/ifi$ 9 com+ to ! conclusion t1 s9ce ! ant5nae & ! c]ci resemble ea* o!r 9 /ructure1 !y also resemble ea* o!r 9 function8 ,if ! ,cockroa* receives s5sations by means ( ! ant5nae1 is x n probable t x also receives s5sations by means ( ! c]ci8 ,hav+ work$ ov] ! ,cockroa* f ! outside1 x w be advantage\s to get "s acqua9tance ) its int]nal anatomy4 ,?is is n a difficult matt]4 ,! specim5 is to be p9n$ d[n1 "u wat]1 ) its back upp]mo/4 ,! w+s hav+ be5 remov$1 a longitud9al cut is to be made d[n ! c5tre f ! po/]ior "p ( ! abdom5 to ! back ( ! head1 & ! two sides ( ! integum5t turn$ back4 ,or ! junction betwe5 ! upp] & l[] plates on ea* side may be cut ?r\gh ) a cutt+ ne$le1 & ! :ole integum5t remov$4 ,! fir/ task is to cle> away ! fat-body1 a :iti% sub/ance :i* ov]lies ! *ief organs ( ! body4 ,:5 ?is is pick$ to pieces & float$ (f ! dige/ive sy/em w be expos$4 ,aft] ?is has be5 work$ ov] a few times !re %\ld be no difficulty 9 deal+ ) simil> p>ts 9 o!r ,insects4 ,at ! back ( ! head lies ! gullet or oesophagus lead+ into ! crop 7c71 at ! base ( :i* lies ! gizz>d 7g74 ,! int]ior ( ?is organ is furni%$ ) six /rong *it9\s tee?1 ) small ridges ( ! same sub/ance betwe5 !m4 ,t[>ds ! po/]ior end are six cu%ions1 all set ) f9e bri/les4 ,beh9d ?is comes ! /oma* 7v71 into :i* op5 sev5 or eight tubes1 clos$ at "o end1 & betwe5 x are ! ,malpighian tubes1 :i* are conc]n$ 9 ! process ( excretion4 ,! small inte/9e 7co7 succe$s1 & beh9d ?is is ! rectum 7r74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ce4--;,alim5t>y ,canal ( ,cockroa*4 ,x w be int]e/+ to sep>ate ! gizz>d f ! crop 7c7 & /oma* 7v7 & break x op5 ) a c\ple ( ne$les1 s z to exam9e ! tee?1 :i* w be m easily made out if ! op5$ organ be all[$ to soak = a "t 9 a solution ( cau/ic pota%4 ,simil> tee?-l processes are f\nd 9 ! gizz>ds ( _m o!r ,insects1 & _! pres5ce has giv5 rise to "s /range ideas4 ,swamm]dam#bj says1 #8,i pres]ve also ! ?reefold /oma* ( a locu/1 :i* is v l ! /oma* ( animals t *ew ! cud1 & p>ticul>ly has t "p ( ! /oma* call$ ,e*9us#ba v di/9ctly visible4 ,i d n1 !re=e1 d\bt b locu/s *ew ! cud1 z well z ! animals j m5tion$4 ,inde$1 ,i p]suade myself t ,i h se5 ?is4' ,some:at simil> tee?-l processes exi/ 9 ! ,lob/]1 ! ,crab1 & ! ,crayfi%4 #8,pr(essor ,plateau has express$ a /rong op9ion t nei!r 9 ! /oma* ( ,cru/acea nor 9 ! gizz>d ( ,insects h ! s-call$ tee? any ma/icatory "*4' ,he adopts ,swamm]dam's comp>ison1 b consid]s !m /ra9]s1 n divid]s ( ! food#bb4 ,we may be =tunate en\gh to meet ) "s specim5s ( ! ,am]ican ,cockroa* 7,p]iplaneta am]icana1 ,fig4 #cf71 a mu* l>g] species1 :i* has e/abli%$ itself 9 "s few places 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,at ! ,zoological ,g>d5s1 ,reg5t's ,p>k1 x is abundant1 & has almo/1 if n entirely1 driv5 out ! common =m4 ,mr4 ,b>tlett believes t x 0 introduc$ 9 cases 9 :i* animals h be5 s5t ov] f ,am]ica4 ,bo? sexes are w+$4 ,!y n only possess organs ( flight1 b use !m4 ,if "o visits ! ,g>d5s1 !re w be no difficulty 9 gett+ specim5s2 & x is int]e/+ to comp>e ! po9ts ( agreem5t 9 & ( diff]5ce betwe5 ?is animal & our common =m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cf4--;,am]ican ,cockroa* 7male74 ,! ,e>wig 7,=ficula auricularia7 is common en\gh to furni% u ) pl5ty ( specim5s on :i* we may employ our pocket l5s4 ,any g>d5 9 ! summ] mon?s w yield an ample supply4 ,e>wigs1 l ,cockroa*es1 are light-%unn+ insects1 & love to hide !mselves 9 ! corollas ( fl[]s2 & x is probably f _! habit ( seek+ to conceal !mselves t !y h acquir$ _! bad reputation--by no means conf9$ to our own c\ntry--( creep+ into ! e>s ( p]sons ly+ asleep1 & caus+ dea? by gett+ into ! bra94 ,su* an occurr5ce is beyond ! b\nds ( possibility4 ,no insect ( ?is size c\ld pass ! drum ( ! e>4 ,we may easily keep ^! insects & obs]ve _! movem5ts1 if we put !m into a wide-m\!d glass bottle & supply !m ) food4 ,!y are extremely fond ( ! fl[]s ( ! dahlia2 b a dahlia w\ld (f] too _m hid+-places1 s we w put into ! bottle "s na/urtium fl[]s1 or any o!rs ) a bell-%ap$ corolla4 ,if we get a colony 9 spr+ we may wat* ! c>e ( ! female = h] eggs4 ,accord+ to ,kirby & ,sp5ce#bc1 #8%e absolutely sits ^u h] eggs1 z if to hat* !m--a fact :i* ,fris* appe>s fir/ to h notic$--& gu>ds !m ) ! greate/ c>e4 ,de ,ge] 7,mmoires1 iii4 #edh7 hav+ f\nd an e>wig ?us occupi$1 remov$ h] into a box :]e 0 "s e>?1 & scatt]$ ! eggs 9 all directions4 ,%e soon1 h[ev]1 collect$ !m "o by "o1 ) h] jaws1 into a heap1 & assidu\sly sat ^u !m z be=e4 ,! "y ones1 :i* resemble ! p>5ts1 except 9 want+ elytra & w+s1 444 imm$iately ^u be+ hat*$ creep l a brood ( *ick5s "u ! belly ( ! "m1 :o v quietly suff]s !m to pu% betwe5 h] feet1 & w (t51 z ,de ,ge] f\nd1 sit ov] !m 9 ?is po/ure = "s h\rs4' ,mr4 ,kirby adds3 #8,?is rem>kable fact ,i h myself witness$1 hav+ f\nd an e>wig "u a /one :i* ,i accid5tally turn$ ov]1 sitt+ ^u a clu/] ( "y ones1 j z ?is celebrat$ naturali/ has describ$4' ,l ! ,cockroa*es1 ,e>wigs und]go an incomplete metamorphosis4 ,:5 ! "y leave ! egg !y resemble _! p>5ts1 z may be se5 f ! immature =ms repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #cg4 ,! resemblance becomes great] at ea* successive m\lt4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cg4--,l>va & ,pupa ( ,e>wig4 ,9 work+ ov] ^! insects1 ! =ceps1 or p9c]s1 at ! end ( ! abdom5 w attract att5tion4 ,!y are f\nd ?r\gh\t ! family1 b little is kn[n ( _! function4 ,x is said t !y are us$ to aid 9 fold+ ! w+s1 & tuck+ !m "u ! w+-cov]s4 ,?is c sc>cely be _! only function1 = !y are f\nd 9 species t h no w+s4 ,probably !y s]ve z organs ( def5ce &1 to "s slight ext5t1 ( (f5ce4 ,:5 ! abdom5 is curl$ up1 ^! =ceps c]ta9ly give ! insect a ?reat5+ appe>ance4 ,!y _c1 h[ev]1 d mu* h>m4 ,^! =ceps diff] 9 %ape 9 ! male 7,fig4 #ch7 & female1 ! blades be+ almo/ close toge!r 9 ! latt]4 ,9 ! males !y diff] consid]ably 9 size4 ,( #ehc mature males tak5 9 "o day 9 ! ,f>ne ,isl&s1 & exam9$ by ,messrs4 ,bateson & ,br9dley1 ! =ceps v>i$ 9 l5g? f #be mm4 to #i mm4#bd ,^! are call$ respectively #8l[' males & #8high' males4 ,! latt] are 9 all po9ts l>g] ?an ! =m]1 & h be5 describ$ z a sep>ate species1 #8b x 0 impossible to get reliable measurem5ts ( ! total l5g?1 ow+ to ! fact t ! abdom9al segm5ts telescope into ea* o!r' 7cf4 p4 #cj74 ,aft] exam9+ ! ant5nae & dissect+ out ! m\? organs1 ! peculi> ov]lapp+ or imbrication ( ! plates ( ! abdom5 %\ld be look$ =2 & on ! membrane t connects !m ! spiracles may be detect$4 ,! w+s & ! complex me?od ( fold+ h l$ "s sy/emati/s to rank ! ,e>wigs z an ,ord]1 :ile "s o!rs rank !m z a ,sub-ord]4 ,= ! pres5t1 at any rate1 we ne$ n conc]n ourselves ab\t ?is4 ,x is en\gh = u to "k t !y are closely relat$ to ! ,or?opt]a4 ,z we look at ! ,e>wig f above1 ! w+-cases recall to our m9d ^? ( ! ,devil's ,coa* ,horse 7,fig4 #ca71 ?\gh !re is "o great diff]5ce4 ,f b5ea? ^? ( ! ,e>wig project two small lea!ry pieces :i* are abs5t 9 ! ,beetle4 ,^! pieces are n1 z "o might imag9e1 at ! tips ( ! w+s1 b on ! front m>g91 ab\t halfway d[n1 & is indicat$ 9 ! illu/ration by ! %ad+ betwe5 ! extremity ( ! w+-case & ! crease-m>k at a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ch4--;,e>wig 7male74 ,f ! illu/ration we may und]/& h[ ! ,e>wig op5s & closes its w+s4 ,f ! po9t a ve9s1 :i* are ?ick5$ ab\t halfway d[n1 radiate to ! h9d] edge ( ! w+1 & a little beyond ! ?ick5+ !y are connect$ by a ve9 :i* runs p>allel ) ! h9d] edge4 ,^! radiat+ ve9s are br\ght toge!r1 s t !re is a fan-l clos+1 l t ( ! ,cockroa*1 b f a diff]5t c5tre4 ,! w+ is !n fold$ back at ! place :]e ! ve9s are ?ick5$1 & !n !re is a second transv]se fold at ! po9t a1 s t ! only "p ( ! w+ n[ visible is ! lea!ry pat*1 :i* projects beyond ! w+-case :5 ! w+ is tuck$ away4 ,x is n difficult to unfold ! w+ ( a dead specim51 "u wat]1 us+ a ne$le & f9e bru%4 ,mr4 ,e4 ,a4 ,butl]#be recomm5ds a simple b excell5t plan = unfold+ & pres]v+ ! w+1 by gumm+ x1 ) ! upp] surface d[nw>ds1 to a piece ( c>d1 & gradually unfold+ x & fa/5+ x d[n4 ,?is is n s easy z x may seem1 b ) pati5ce & p]sev]ance success w be obta9$2 & a simil> me?od may be adopt$ ) ! w+s ( o!r ,insects1 :i* may be m\nt$ 9 ?is way )\t any tr\ble4 ,?us !y may be easily pres]v$ = exam9ation at a future "t1 or = comp>ison ) ! w+s ( o!r ,insects4 ,x is r rem>kable t an insect l ! ,common ,e>wig1 :i* v r>ely takes to flight1 %\ld h su* a complex me?od ( fold+ its w+s4 ,dr4 ,%>p says t ?\gh ! ,e>wig #8is sc>cely surpass$ 9 numb]s by any ,briti% insect1 yet x is r>ely se5 on ! w+4 ,x is probable t ! majority ( individuals ( ?is species may nev] make use ( _! organs ( flight1 or g ?r\gh ! complex process ( fold+ & unfold+ !m4' ,let u *oose our next example f ! ,leap+ ,or?opt]a4 ,!y may be di/+ui%$ at a glance f _! relatives t run1 b d n leap1 by ! peculi> /ructure ( ! ?ird pair ( legs4 ,^! are mu* long] & /\t] ?an ! o!r two pairs1 & ! ?igh is v muscul>4 ,?is insect is a v good type ( ! family ,locustidae1 to :i*1 h[ev]1 none ( ! insects popul>ly call$ #8locu/s' belong4 ,!y are includ$ 9 ano!r family 7,acridiidae71 :]e ! common ,briti% ,gras%opp]s are also plac$4 ,! ,locu/ids & ! true locu/s may be di/+ui%$ by ! diff]5ce 9 _! ant5nae3 9 ! latt] ^! organs are %ort1 9 ! =m] !y are v long & delicate4 ,! ,great ,gre5 ,gras%opp] 7,locusta viridissima7 7,fig4 #ci7 is fairly common all ov] ! c\ntry1 b (t5 escapes obs]vation f ! fact t its hue corresponds s ne>ly to t ( ! foliage on or among :i* x lives4 ,"o specim5 tak5 9 a ,devon%ire lane gave me a great deal ( tr\ble be=e x 0 secur$ & transf]r$ to a small tube4 ,x 0 p]*$ on a leaf :5 ,i fir/ saw x1 & z ,i approa*$ x leap$ away4 ,?\gh ,i 0 c]ta9 x _h n gone f>1 x 0 "s little "t be=e ,i discov]$ x1 & got ne> en\gh to grasp leaf & insect1 9 "t to prev5t ! latt] f tak+ ano!r jump4 ,?is insect may be kept alive 9 conf9em5t = a consid]able "t1 & w d fairly well on a diet ( leaves & fruit1 ?\gh x w n refuse an occasional meal ( fle%4 ,dr4 ,%>p says t a specim5 9 conf9em5t #8ma/]$ a humble-bee1 extract$ ) its m&ibles ! honey-bag1 & ate ?is da9ty1 leav+ ! o!r p>ts ( ! bee unt\*$4' ,x is said t if two be plac$ toge!r 9 a box !y w fight mo/ desp]ately1 & t ! victor w make a meal (f ! body ( its victim4 ,de ,ge] witness$ a case ( ?is k9d 9 a closely alli$ species t is f\nd 9 ,sw$54 ,its specific "n signifies #8w>t-eat]1' & commemorates ! fact t ! peasants incite ^! insects to bite _! w>ts1 firmly believ+ t w>ts once bitt5 spe$ily disappe>1 & d n gr[ aga94 ,we/wood says t "o ( ^! insects actually dev\r$ "p ( its own leg t _h be5 brok5 (f accid5tally4 ,:5 ! creature 0 se5 at night ! deta*$ leg 0 :ole2 9 ! morn+ ab\t half ( x _h be5 eat54 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ci4--;,great ,gre5 ,gras%opp] 7female74 ,x is well to get specim5s ( male & female insects4 ,we %all require ! =m] 9 ord] to exam9e ! s\nd-produc+ app>atus1 :i* ! females d n possess2 & ! latt] = ! sake ( ! ovipositor--a long scimit>-l organ by means ( :i* ! eggs are deposit$4 ,let u take ! female fir/4 ,! l5g?1 includ+ ! ovipositor1 is a little "u two in*es1 & ! ant5nae w measure ab\t z mu* m4 ,! w+-cases d n lie flat ^u ! back1 z d ^? ( ! ,cockroa*1 b 9 a slant+ position1 l ! sides ( a ro(1 =m+ a ridge 9 ! c5tre4 ,! head is n b5t back1 z 9 ! ,cockroa*1 nor does x project 9 front1 z 9 ! ,beetles1 b ! front is almo/ v]tical4 ,! armature ( ! m\? is /rong1 & ( ! same patt]n z t ( ! ,cockroa*4 ,! hood--s ! upp] cov]+ ( ! ?orax is call$--is ( a peculi> %ape1 some:at l t ( a saddle4 ,! w+-cases & w+s1 ) _! fold+1 w (f] little difficulty4 ,next we may exam9e ! c]ci1 & contra/ !m ) ^? ( ! ,cockroa* & ) ! =ceps ( ! ,e>wig4 ,la/ ( all1 ! ovipositor mu/ be exam9$1 & its /ructure made out1 s f> z ! means at our comm& w all[4 ,app>atus ( ?is k9d = plac+ eggs 9 positions fav\rable to _! developm5t is by no means conf9$ to ^! insects1 = examples may be f\nd 9 o!r ,ord]s4 ,sirex1 ! s-call$ ,tail$ ,wasp1 has a long /raight "o1 :i* is (t5 suppos$ to be a /+1 & ! insect itself is n unfrequ5tly tak5 = a gigantic wasp or hornet4 ,:5 ! ovipositor ( our subject is look$ at ) ! unassi/$ eye1 x appe>s to consi/ ( two curv$ blades plac$ side by side1 ) an int]nal groove on ea*4 ,! app>atus1 h[ev]1 is n q s simple3 x is made up ( six *it9\s rods1 ( :i* f\r--! two above1 & ! two c5tral ones--are develop$ f ! n9? segm5t ( ! abdom51 :ile ! two l[] ones spr+ f ! eigh?4 ,x is n difficult to te/ ^! /atem5ts4 ,specim5s are pl5tiful2 & z ! ovipositor 9 ?is insect is l>ge1 & easily brok5 up into its compon5t p>ts1 x may well s]ve z an introduction to ! /udy ( ^! organs 9 o!r ,insects--! ,saw-flies1 = example4 ,:5 ! insect is ab\t to deposit h] eggs1 %e selects a spot :]e ! soil is light1 & b5d+ ! ovipositor ne>ly at a "r angle to h] body1 ?ru/s x into ! gr\nd z f> z possible4 ,!n1 by a muscul> ef=t1 ! plates ( ! ovipositor are sep>at$1 & sev]al eggs travel d[n ! passage =m$ by ! c5tral pair ( rods into ! hole4 ,?is is repeat$ "t aft] "t1 till ! op]ation ( egg-lay+ is complet$4 ,?is takes place 9 ! autumn1 & ! "y em]ge f ! eggs 9 ! spr+4 ,:5 !y come out !y are t9y copies ( ! adults2 b !y d n acquire w+s till aft] sev]al mon?s4 ,! ovipositor ( ! female appe>s aft] ! second m\lt1 & till ?is organ is develop$ no diff]5ce is app>5t betwe5 ! "y insects4 ,! *ief int]e/ ( ! male insect lies 9 its w+s1 = ! fir/ pair 7! tegm9a7 are ! organs ) :i* x produces its #8love-songs4' ,kirby comm5ts on ! fact t ,li*t5/e91 9 ! ,l9naean ,transactions 7iv4 #ea71 #8draws att5tion to ! eye-l area 9 ! "r w+-case ( ! males ( ?is g5us1' add+ t t au?or seem$ #8n to be aw>e t ,de ,ge] _h notic$ x be=e him1 z a sexual "*2 & also1 ) good reason1 suppos$ t x assi/s ^! animals 9 ! s\nds !y produce4' ,?is is h[ ,de ,ge] 7,mmoires1 iii4 #dbi7 describes ! s\nd-produc+ app>atus ( ! ,great ,gre5 ,gras%opp]3 #8,9 our male gras%opp]s1 9 t "p ( ! "r elytron :i* is fold$ horizontally ov] ! trunk1 !re is a r\nd plate ( v f9e transp>5t membrane1 resembl+ a little mirror or piece ( talc1 ( ! t5sion ( a drum4 ,?is membrane is surr\nd$ by a /rong & prom95t n]vure1 & is conceal$ "u ! fold ( ! left elytron1 :i* has also sev]al prom95t n]vures answ]+ to ! m>g9 ( ! membrane or ocellus4 ,!re is e reason to believe t ! brisk movem5t ) :i* ! gras%opp] rubs ^! n]vures aga9/ ea* o!r produces a vibration 9 ! membrane1 augm5t+ ! s\nd4 ,! males 9 "q s+ cont9ually 9 ! h$ges 9 ! mon?s ( ,july & ,augu/1 especially t[>ds sunset1 & "p ( ! night4 ,:5 any "o approa*es !y imm$iately cease _! 8song40' ,x is probably unnecess>y to d m ?an rem>k t ! noises made by ,insects d n correspond to ! voices ( ! high] animals4 #8,= no insect1 l ! l>g] animals1 uses its m\? = utt]ance ( any k9d3 9 ?is respect !y are all p]fectly mute2 &1 ?\gh incessantly noisy1 are ev]la/+ly sil5t#bf4' ,our plan ) ^! w+s is to fir/ v]ify ! fact ( _! be>+ ^! talc-l spots1 ! s]rat$ n]vures on ! "r & ! rudim5t>y file on ! left elytron4 ,! s\nd is produc$ by rubb+ ! base ( ! left elytron aga9/ t ( ! "r4 ,a rec5t au?or comp>es ?is insect to a fiddl]1 & says t ! left tegm5 is ! b[ & ! "r ! fiddle4 ,! la/ po9t to exam9e is ! e>4 ,x seems /range to say t ^! insects h e>s 9 _! legs2 b ?\gh "s ( ! old] entomologi/s reg>d$ ^! /ructures 9 ! tibiae ( ! fir/ pair ( legs z no?+ m ?an resonators or s\nd-bo>ds to int5sify _! *irp+1 !re is no d\bt t !y are really organs ( he>+4 ,mu* int]e/+ in=mation on ?is subject w be f\nd 9 ,sir ,john ,lubbock's ,s5ses ( ,animals4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dj4--,tibial e> ( ,great ,gre5 ,gras%opp]4 ,^! oval pat*es are pla9ly di/+ui%able by ! unassi/$ eye1 & correspond 9 function to ! tympanum or drum ( ! human e>4 ,! air-supply to ! tibiae is di/9ct f t ( ! re/ ( ! body1 & is d]iv$ f a l>ge orifice on ea* side ( ! fir/ segm5t ( ! ?orax4 ,^! orifices may be se5 by remov+ ! #8hood4' ,inde$1 !y _c escape obs]vation4 ,f ^! orifices an air-tube passes to ea* leg1 divid+ into two bran*es 9 ! tibia & reunit+ bel[ ! drums4 ,dr4 ,%>p#bg says t #8al?\gh ! tibial e>s ( ! ,locustidae are v p]fect organs1 !re is great difficulty 9 decid+ on ! exact nature ( _! functions4 ,!y w\ld appe> to be admirably adapt$ to det]m9e ! precise locality f :i* a s\nd proce$s 444 = ! legs c be mov$ 9 ! free/ mann] 9 e direction1 s z to br+ ! drum into ! mo/ direct l9e ( ! vibrations4 ,b z to :at k9ds ( vibrations may be p]ceiv$1 & ! mann] 9 :i* !y may be transmitt$ to ! n]ves1 !re is b little evid5ce4' ,! next ,ord] f :i* we %all *oose examples w be ! ,hemipt]a1 conta9+ ! ,l& & ,wat] ,bugs & "s o!r =ms4 ,our *ief conc]n1 h[ev]1 is ) ! ,wat] ,bugs4 ,9 ?is ,ord] ! metamorphosis is incomplete2 ! m\? is adapt$ = suck+ ! juices ( plants & animals2 & !re are usually f\r w+s4 ,9 ! ,l& & ,wat] ,bugs1 "p ( ! =e w+s is h>d] ?an ! h9d w+s2 9 ! o!r w+$ memb]s ( ! ,ord] bo? pairs ( w+s are membran\s4 ,! front w+s are call$ hemelytra or halfelytra1 to di/+ui% !m f ! elytra or w+-cases ( ,beetles1 :i* are *it9\s ?r\gh\t4 ,fig4 #da %[s ! hemelytron & h9d w+ ( a ,l& ,bug1 & ! names giv5 to ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! front w+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #da4--;,a ,l& ,bug 7magnifi$74 a1 corium2 b1 clavus2 c1 membrane4 ,! ,wat] ,scorpion 7,nepa c9erea7 is n difficult to procure1 or to keep 9 conf9em5t :5 x is caught4 ,x w\ld be /ra9+ language to call x a h&some creature1 yet x well des]ves c>eful /udy1 on acc\nt ( ! wond]ful modification ( ! fir/ pair ( legs1 & x is f ! resemblance ( ^! to ! p$ipalps ( ! scorpion t ! insect d]ives its popul> "n4 ,its l5g? is ab\t an in* & a qu>t]1 f ! tip ( ! beak1 or ro/rum1 to ! end ( ! brea?+-tube4 ,its greate/ wid? is a little ov] a qu>t] ( an in* 7,fig4 #db74 ,! g5]al hue h>monizes well ) ! mud1 b ! upp] surface ( ! abdom5 is a w>m r$1 #8& is ?ick set ) hair1 s z to af=d a v agreeable sight4' ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #db4--,wat] ,scorpion4 ,x is extremely common 9 %all[ pools1 & its fav\rite haunt is ne> ! %ore1 :]e x w lie1 almo/ buri$ 9 ! mud1 ) its raptorial legs elevat$1 ready to seize on any pass+ insect1 & its brea?+-tube j pu%$ ?r\gh ! surface-film4 ,i le>nt ?is habit ( ! insect on ! fir/ occasion on :i* ,i tri$ to collect specim5s ( x4 ,i _h be5 told t a c]ta9 piece ( wat] sw>m$ ) ,wat] ,scorpions4 ,?is1 ,i aft]w>ds f\nd1 0 q correct2 b ?\gh ,i work$ ! pond f end to end1 a s+le specim5 0 all t rew>d$ my lab\r4 ,:il/ transf]r+ ! insect f ! net-tube to ! bottle = transport1 a /rang] jo9$ me1 & k9dly volunte]$ 8 assi/ance4 ,he _h no collect+ tackle1 b 9 ab\t a qu>t] ( an h\r he br\ght at lea/ a doz5 good specim5s 9 ! bottle he _h borr[$4 ,x 0 natural to inquire to :at 8 success 0 due4 ,he told me t x 0 8 fir/ attempt at collect+1 b t j be=e jo9+ me he _h notic$ ! ends ( ! brea?+-tubes /ick+ out ( ! wat]4 ,?is excit$ 8 curiosity1 & on mov+ ! mud ) 8 walk+-/ick1 ! insects 7 se5 to crawl away sl[ly4 ,:5 he saw me transf] ! ,wat] ,scorpion f ! net-tube to ! bottle1 he imm$iately recogniz$ x4 ,!n he c\rte\sly (f]$ 8 help1 = :i*1 ( c\rse1 ,i 0 grateful4 ,we may keep ! ,wat] ,scorpion alive = a consid]able "t 9 a small bottle ( wat]1 9 :i* is "s gr[+ we$4 ,if we wat* x mov+ ab\t1 we %all see t ! front legs are us$ = locomotion z well z = seiz+ prey4 ,"s au?ors d\bt ?is4 ,any "o may settle ! "q = himself1 if he w put "o ( ^! insects into a small bottle ) pl5ty ( we$4 ,g5]ally1 h[ev]1 ! insect uses only ! second & ?ird pairs = walk+1 ! fir/ pair be+ rais$ & direct$ =w>d1 ) ! t>sus b5t at an angle 7,fig4 #db74 ,ev5 :5 x does use its front legs = locomotion1 ! action is n t ( walk+2 ! insect employs ^! limbs to pull itself along 9 a sort ( #8h&-ov]-h&' fa%ion1 b on a level surface x uses ! fir/ pair 9 ! same way z x does ! o!r two pairs4 ,its habit ( bury+ itself 9 ! mud may also be wat*$ ) v little tr\ble4 ,a common pudd+-bas9 w make an excell5t aqu>ium = ?is purpose4 ,! bottom is to be cov]$ ) g>d5 m\ld & vegetable dbris1 mix$ ) a few /ones4 ,! :ole mass %\ld be arrang$ unev5ly1 s t :5 wat] is add$ x may n =m "o %eet1 b a s]ies ( small %all[ pools4 ,v little duckwe$ w s]ve to keep x sweet4 ,x only rema9s to drop 9 ! ,wat] ,scorpion4 ,be=e long x w accommodate itself to its new surr\nd+s1 & s bury itself t x w be no easy task to discov] x4 ,an aqu>ium ( ! k9d describ$ /&s at pres5t on my writ+-table4 ,_m h be5 ! inquiries z to :at k9d ( creature liv$ !re92 & m ?an "o old h& at collect+ has fail$ to f9d ! insect4 ,x is always safe to look r\nd ! sides ( ! bas9 = ! brea?+-tube2 if x is n detect$ 9 ?is situation1 a glance along ! surface ( ! t9y pools w probably %[ a break 9 ! film4 ,! ,wat] ,scorpion w n be f> (f4 ,t ! insect really does cov] itself ) mud may be demon/rat$ by transf]r+ x f ! aqu>ium describ$ to any %all[ vessel1 & all[+ a f9e /ream ( wat]--say1 f a dipp+-tube--to fall g5tly on x4 ,! mud w be wa%$ away1 & 9 a few seconds w settle at ! bottom4 ,x is well to keep su* an aqu>ium cov]$1 = ! ,wat] ,scorpion has no mean p[] ( flight4 ,a circul> plate ( glass1 :i* may be b\ght = a few p5ce1 makes ! be/ cov]1 b a piece ( f9e musl9 fa/5$ r\nd ! rim ( ! bas9 w d4 ,swamm]dam says1 #8,^! ,wat] ,scorpions live all ! day 9 ! wat]1 out ( :i* !y rise ab\t ! dusk ( ev5+ into ! air1 & s fly+ f place to place1 (t5 betake !mselves 9 que/ ( food to o!r wat]s4' ,!n foll[s a d$uction :i* %[s h[ f> he 0 9 advance ( 8 "t3 #8,?is af=ds u a satisfactory reason = ! great numb] ( insects t imm$iately appe> 9 ! smalle/ collections ( wat]1 s9ce !y may v well get ?i!r :5 x is d>k1 s t ! op9ion :i* ascribes to putrefaction ! p[] ( =m+ insects1 c41 mu/1 by ?is in/ance ( ! ,wat] ,scorpion's nocturnal transmigrations1 appe> m & m frivol\s & unnecess>y4' ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dc4--;,a4 ,wat] ,scorpion4 a1 ro/rum2 b1 w+-cases2 c1 w+s2 d d1 second & ?ird pairs ( legs2 e1 raptorial legs 7! fir/ pair72 f1 sp9e =m+ brea?+-tube2 g1 p>asitic mite4 ,b4 ,portion ( an oviduct conta9+ eggs 7magnifi$74 ,c4 ,an egg 7magnifi$74 ,d4 ,p>asitic mite4 a1 head2 b1 eyes2 c1 legs2 d d1 legs 7se5 f "u surface74 7,aft] ,swamm]dam47 ,no l>va or o!r animal t is ( any value %\ld be kept 9 ! same aqu>ium ) ! ,wat] ,scorpion4 ,dr4 ,hill1 :o annotat$ ! ,engli% edition ( ,swamm]dam1 says1 #8,!re is n p]haps 9 all ! animal creation s outrage\s or fi]ce a creature aga9/ ^? weak] ?an itself z ! ,wat] ,scorpion4 ,x de/roys1 l ! wolf among %eep1 tw5ty times z _m z its hung] requires4' ,! ,rev4 ,g4 ,c4 ,bateman plac$ "o 9 a sauc] ) a t9y m9n[2 #8b no soon] did ! little fi% swim )9 rea* ( ! =e-legs ( ! scorpion ?an x 0 seiz$ by !m1 & press$ aga9/ ! hungry creature's ro/rum4' ,x seems to be p>ticul>ly fond ( ,asellus1 ! wat] woodl\se4 ,i h (t5 tak5 dead specim5s ( ?is cru/acean1 suck$ completely dry1 f betwe5 ! raptorial legs ( ! insect4 ,"o specim5 0 s ?or\ghly clean$ out t x 0 m\nt$ j z x 01 ! only prep>ation be+ a brief soak+ 9 _s4 ,9 exam9+ ! head ! eyes may be readily di/+ui%$1 & on press+ ! ro/rum or beak ) a ne$le1 ! proboscis w be =c$ out1 j z "o may =ce out ! /+ by press+ ! abdom5 ( a bee or a wasp4 ,9 ?is gr\p ! ant5nae are ?ree-jo9t$ & conceal$4 ,:5 "o beg9s to look = ^! organs he w probably come to ! conclusion t ! concealm5t is highly effectual4 ,a v simple me?od ( f9d+ !m 9 a _s specim5 is to take ! insect betwe5 ! ?umb & index f+] ( ! left h&1 hold+ x up to ! light 9 su* fa%ion z to keep ! fir/ pair ( legs well cle> ( ! head4 ,!n1 ) a ne$le held 9 ! "r h&1 raise ! ?orax till x lies 9 ! same plane z ! body4 ,ea* ant5na lies 9 a groove b5ea? ! eye4 ,g5tle manipulation ) ! ne$le w lift !m out1 s t !y may be cle>ly se51 n only ) ! h& magnifi]1 b ) ! unassi/$ eye4 ,or ! insect may be p9n$ d[n "u wat] in/ead ( be+ held 9 ! h&1 & ! ant5nae lift$ or bru%$ out ( ! groove4 ,x w greatly simplify matt]s if1 be=e attempt+ to raise ! w+s1 ! fact is borne 9 m9d t ! tip ( ! "r w+-case lies ov] t ( ! left4 ,x is p]haps z well to remove ! w+-case altoge!r by ins]t+ a ne$le "u x1 & g5tly rais+ x1 us+ a little pressure 9 an outw>d direction4 ,x w !n be q "t to raise ! w+ & to see ! me?od ( fold+ & unfold+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dd4--,raptorial leg ( ,wat] ,scorpion4 ,9 ,fig4 #dd we h a repres5tation ( ! raptorial 7front7 leg ( ?is insect4 ,?is leg %\ld be comp>$ ) ! legs ( o!r ,insects--n 9 pictures only1 b 9 actual specim5s--t we may see h[1 :ile ! g5]al plan is pres]v$1 diff]5t jo9ts are modifi$ to suit ! special function ( ?is limb--t ( tak+ prey4 7,see also ,fig4 #dc47 ,! ?igh 7f7 is ! l>ge/ jo9t1 = ! obvi\s reason t x conta9s ! muscles t "w ! tibia & t>sus1 :i* toge!r =m a k9d ( knife-blade1 %utt+ d[n into a groove 9 ! ?igh1 :i* may v well be comp>$ to ! h&le ( a pocket-knife4 ,?is description1 h[ev]1 is n to be tak5 on tru/4 ,x is n en\gh to read ab\t ! groove3 we mu/ see x = ourselves1 raise ! #8knife-blade' f ! groove1 & press x d[n aga91 & pass ! ne$le along ! groove4 ,if we exam9e ! int]ior ( ! groove1 we %all f9d t !re is a projection along ! bottom1 s t a cross section w\ld appe> l ?is--,wimage4 ,! inn] portion ( ! tibia is also groov$2 s t :5 once ! prey is seiz$ by ?is p[]ful limb1 x has no *ance ( escape4 ,! t>sus 7t>7 is n cle>ly di/+ui%$ f ! tibia 7tib7 9 ! engrav+1 b x may be di/9ctly se5 z a claw-l app5dage 9 a liv+ or dead specim54 ,! brea?+-tube rema9s to be exam9$4 ,x may be deta*$ f ! body = m conv5i5t manipulation4 ,:5 ?is is done1 ! tube w be se5 to consi/ ( two pieces1 ea* groov$ on ! inn] side & set ) hairs1 :i*1 z !y int]lock1 prev5t ! entrance ( wat]4 ,a some:at simil> arrangem5t occurs 9 ! proboscis or tongue ( butt]flies4 ,!re is p]haps a clos] p>allel 9 ! ant5nae ( ! mask$ crab1 :i*1 "u c]ta9 conditions1 =m a k9d ( brea?+-tube1 ea* ant5na be+ jo9$ to its fell[ by ! hairs ) :i* x is set4 ,!re are two o!r ,wat] ,bugs :i* l5d !mselves to our purpose v well4 ,ea* is popul>ly call$ ,wat] ,boatman1 ?\gh t "n is bett] conf9$ to ,notonecta1 because ! insects ( ?is g5us #8r[ !mselves ab\t on _! backs ) _! long fea!r$ legs4' ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates !y are call$ ,wat] ,cicadae1 f ! %rill noise !y make1 probably by rubb+ ! =e-legs toge!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #de4--,wat] ,boatman4 ,9 ,fig4 #de ! ,wat] ,boatman 7,notonecta glauca7 is repres5t$ z se5 f above--a position 9 :i* we %all r>ely discov] x1 if we keep x 9 a small aqu>ium4 ,9 ,fig4 #df ! same insect is %[n swimm+ on its back1 or 9 ! position x assumes :5 tak+ 9 a supply ( air4 ,! end ( ! abdom5 & ! tips ( ! feet re/ aga9/ ! surface-film2 & at ! slighte/ al>m a vigor\s /roke ( ! la/ pair ( legs s5ds ! insect to a place ( safety4 ,f ! way 9 :i* ^! insects habitually swim1 ,m\ffet came to ! conclusion t x 0 probable m5 le>n$ ! art ( swimm+ on _! backs f !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #df4--,wat] ,boatman swimm+4 ,active z ! ,wat] ,boatman is1 x (t5 falls a victim to ! ,wat] ,scorpion1 if bo? are kept 9 ! same aqu>ium4 ,i le>nt ?is fact by exp]i5ce1 = hav+ put two ,wat] ,boatm5 into a small tank 9 :i* 0 a ,wat] ,scorpion1 ,i f\nd bo? ! =m] dead 9 ! morn+4 ,x 0 evid5t t _! de/roy] _h _h a good meal4 ,! only po9t to :i* att5tion ne$ be call$ 9 exam9+ ! ,wat] ,boatman is its me?od ( tak+ 9 a supply ( air4 ,9 look+ at a dead specim5 we %all see a ridge or keel runn+ d[n ! middle ( ! "u side ( ! abdom51 & fr+$ ) hair on ea* side4 ,a simil> fr+e runs along ea* side ( ! abdom51 ?us =m+ two passages along :i* ! air tak5 9 at ! end ( ! body is convey$ to ! spiracles1 ! l>ge/ ( :i* are on ! ?orax4 ,corixa 7,fig4 #dg7 swims ) its back upp]mo/1 & :5 kept 9 ! aqu>ium may g5]ally be se5 =ag+ = small creatures--l>vae or worms--among ! s$im5t at ! bottom4 ,bateman1 :o kept a numb] ( ^! insects1 says t he f$ 8 specim5s on g>d5 worms & pieces ( raw meat4 ,m9e h always =ag$ = !mselves1 & done v well )\t fe$+4 ,!y may (t5 be se5 to rub ! %ort =e-legs alt]nately across ! front ( ! head1 probably = ! purpose ( produc+ a call-note4 ,i h (t5 wat*$ !m at ?is practice1 b h nev] be5 able to detect any s\nd4 ,! defect is evid5tly 9 my s5se ( he>+1 = ! s\nds re/ on und\bt$ au?ority1 & are co9cid5t ) ! rubb+ ( ! =e-legs across ! head4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dg4--;,corixa1 ) w+s exp&$4 ,:]e s\nd-produc+ organs exi/ x is m ?an probable ! capacity = receiv+ s\nd-impressions also exi/s4 ,grab] made "s int]e/+ exp]im5ts to te/ ! s5se ( he>+ 9 ,corixa4 ,8 results are ?us summ>iz$ by ,sir ,john ,lubbock#bh3 #8,he plac$ "s ,wat] ,boatm5 7,corixa7 9 a deep j> full ( wat]1 at ! bottom ( :i* 0 a lay] ( mud4 ,he dropp$ a /one on ! mud1 b ! insects1 :i* 7 repos+ quietly on "s we$s1 took no notice4 ,he !n put a piece ( glass on ! mud1 & dropp$ ! /one on to x1 ?us mak+ a noise1 ?\gh ! di/urbance ( ! wat] 0 ! same4 ,! ,wat] ,boatm51 h[ev]1 at once took to flight4' ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,spid]s1 ,,mites1 ,,& ,,myriapods ,9 ?is *apt] we %all take examples f two ,classes--! ,ara*noidea & ! ,myriapoda4 ,to ! fir/-nam$ ,class belong also ! ,scorpions1 :i*1 ) ! ,book ,scorpions1 ! ,h>ve/m51 & "s o!rs1 may be neglect$ "h4 ,?is w leave u only ! ,spid]s & ,mites to deal )4 ,e "o kn[s a ,spid] :5 he sees "o1 ?\gh n e "o c give (fh& a def9ition t %all include ! :ole ,ord]4 ,let u endeav\r to express _! *>act]s 9 simple t]ms1 keep+ 9 m9d ! def9ition ( head1 ?orax1 & abdom5 9 ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,9 ,spid]s ! head & ?orax are jo9$ toge!r 9 "o unsegm5t$ portion1 call$ ! cephalo?orax1 & ?is is connect$ ) ! abdom51 :i* is also unsegm5t$1 by a m or less sl5d] /alk or p$uncle4 ,s t :ile ,insects h ?ree regions1 ,spid]s h b two4 ,we may express ! diff]5ce ?us3 ,insects head1 ?orax abdom54 ---v---_/image ,spid] cephalo?orax abdom54 ,! cephalo?orax be>s six pairs ( app5dages 7,fig4 #dh;,a74 ,tak+ ^! 9 ord]1 !re are-- #a4 ,a pair ( falces 7an71 repres5t+ ! ant5nae ( insects4 ,^! h a movable claw-l jo9t at ! extremity1 p]=at$ s z to convey into a w\nd ! secretion f ! poison-gl&s4 #b4 ,a pair ( five-jo9t$ p$ipalps 7p71 sometimes call$ maxill>y palpi1 f ! fact t ! p>ts :5ce !y spr+ correspond to ! maxillae ( insects 7,fig4 #ba;,a1 d74 ,9 ! female ! la/ jo9t t]m9ates 9 a claw2 9 ! male ?is jo9t is specially modifi$ = sexual purposes 7,fig4 #dh;,b74 #c4 ,f\r pairs ( walk+ legs1 ( :i* only ! coxae 7c7 are %[n 9 ! diagram4 ,! two front legs are (t5 us$ z organs ( t\*4 ,brea?+ is c>ri$ on by *amb]$ air-tubes or lung-sacs1 & 9 all our ,briti% ,spid]s 7) ! s+le exception ( ! native ,trap-door ,spid]1 :i*1 by ! way1 does n make a trap-door7 !re are also air-tubes resembl+ ^? ( ,insects4 ,! lung-sacs op5 to ! ext]nal air by /igmata 7/7 on ! abdom51 :ile ! ord9>y air-tubes op5 ne> ! sp9n]ets 7sp71 ! organs employ$ 9 ! production ( ! silky ?reads f :i* are =m$ webs1 ne/s1 egg-bags1 & ropes4 ,by means ( ^! ?reads1 spid]s drop f _! webs to ! gr\nd1 con/ruct fly+ bridges f "o po9t to ano!r1 & ev5 9 "s sort travel ?r\gh ! air4 ,spid]s live ^u ! juices ( _! prey1 :i* are drawn up into ! /oma* by means ( a suctorial app>atus at ! end ( ! gullet4 ,! "y1 :5 !y leave ! egg1 resemble _! p>5ts 9 all respects b size--t is1 !y und]go no metamorphosis4 ,! eyes ( spid]s are simple1 & six or eight 9 numb]4 ,^! v>y mu* 9 size & relative position1 & furni% *>act]s ( great importance 9 classify+ species4 ,^? ( ! ,hunt+ ,spid]s1 :i* make no web1 b pursue or spr+ ^u _! prey1 are usually arrang$ 9 ?ree r[s2 :ile ^? :i* make webs = ! capture ( prey h ! eyes 9 a d\ble r[4 ,9 all cases !y are on ! front "p ( ! upp] surface ( ! cephalo?orax4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dh4--;,a4 ,s*eme ( "u surface ( ,wolf ,spid] 7female74 ,b4 ,p$ipalp ( male 7enl>g$74 ,= o!r ref]5ces1 see text4 ,! ,common ,g>d5 ,spid] 7,epeira diadema7 is a v good subject1 & !re c be no difficulty 9 procur+ any numb] ( specim5s4 ,! smalle/ g>d5 w be sure to yield a pl5tiful supply2 & ev5 if we h no g>d51 a v sup]ficial se>* among ! h$g][s w give u z _m z we c possibly want4 ,e "o kn[s ?is spid]1 & ! beautifully regul> web :i* x makes4 ,fir/ ( all1 :at "o may call ! outl9e ( ! web is spun--/rong ?reads /ret*+ f po9t to po9t1 to :i* are atta*$ l9es radiat+ f a common c5tre4 ,?is may be repres5t$ diagrammatically by draw+ a circle & produc+ radii f ! c5tre to ! circumf]5ce 9 all directions1 or by mak+ a rectangul> figure & draw+ l9es to ! b\nd>ies f ! po9t :]e ! diagonals int]sect4 ,x mu/ n1 h[ev]1 be suppos$ t ! outl9e ( ! web is ( a regul> =m4 ,9 ?is respect ! spid] adapts itself to circum/ances1 & sp9s a great] or less numb] ( support+ ?reads1 z may be necess>y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #di4--;,g>d5 ,spid] & ,web4 ,!n ! spiral is made 7,fig4 #di7 f ! c5tre to ! circumf]5ce4 ,! fir/ few turns are ( ! same "* z ! radial l9es2 b all ! re/ ( ! %ort l9es =m+ ! spiral1 & connect+ ! radial l9es1 are coat$ ) a viscid secretion1 :i* is ! ess5tial "p ( ! sn>e2 = ! victims are really lim$ l birds on a twig1 n entangl$ 9 ! ?reads4 ,x is well to te/ ! "* ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! spiral1 n only by t\*1 :i* is conv9c+ en\gh1 b ) pocket l5s4 ,our l[ p[]s w n give su* results z are %[n 9 ,fig4 #ej1 b we %all h no difficulty 9 di/+ui%+ ! /icky p>ts f ^? n coat$ ) ! secretion4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ej4--;,a ,adhesive ,?reads ( ,spiral4 ,b4 ,non-adhesive ,radial ,?reads4 ,x may be d\bt$ :e!r all ! ,spid]s ( ?is g5us make ! spiral 9 ! same way1 = obs]v]s diff] 9 _! description ( :at !y h se54 ,"s say t a non-adhesive spiral f c5tre to circumf]5ce is fir/ made1 & t ! spid] !n moves #89 a clos] spiral f ! circumf]5ce inw>ds1 bit+ away ! =m] spiral1 replac+ x by ano!r1 :i* is viscid & adhesive#bi4' ,dr4 ,butl]1 on ! o!r h&1 :o #8wat*$ spid]s = mon?s toge!r1 pett+1 fe$+1 & try+ exp]im5ts ) !m e morn+1' aft] describ+ ! mak+ ( ! fir/ & non-adhesive "p ( ! spiral1 says1 #8,?is l9e is n c>ri$ to ! b\nd>y1 b at "s di/ance f ! c5tre a second is comm5c$1 =m$ ( extremely viscid silk1 ^u :i* ! gummy secretion is di/9ctly visible1 ) ! aid ( a l5s1 9 ! =m ( closely approximat$ globules ( amb]-col\r$ glue4 ,x is said t :5 ! viscid l9es are complet$ ! spid] cuts away ! unadhesive l9es1 b ?is ,i h nev] obs]v$#cj4' ,my own obs]vations lead me to believe t ,dr4 ,butl] is correct 9 8 description4 ,?\gh ,i h (t5 wat*$1 ,i h nev] se5 a spid] #8bit+' away any "p ( its web1 nor w\ld ! falces appe> to be adapt$ = su* an op]ation4 ,!y are pi]c+1 n cutt+1 weapons4 ,! spid] may be wat*$ at leisure1 if put into a bottle ( mod]ate size1 ! top ( :i* %\ld be cov]$ ) musl9 or calico to prev5t escape4 ,"h x is fairly easy to br+ ! pocket l5s into play1 & to di/+ui% ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! animal4 ,! eyes1 & _! arrangem5t1 %\ld be p>ticul>ly notic$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ea4--;,an*orage ( ,web4 ,blackwall1 9 support ( ! position t 9 mak+ _! webs spid]s are guid$ by t\* r ?an sight1 says1 #8,v>i\s species1 :5 conf9$ 9 spaci\s glass j>s plac$ 9 situations absolutely imp]vi\s to light1 con/ruct nets :i* d n exhibit ! slighte/ irregul>ity ( plan or defect ( /ructure#ca4' ,my specim5s h always be5 kept 9 ! light1 & 9 small bottles r ?an spaci\s j>s1 b ,i h nev] se5 spid]s attempt to make a geometrical web "u su* conditions4 ,a bottle :i* = "s mon?s s]v$ z a prison-h\se = a ,g>d5 ,spid] n[ /&s on my writ+-table4 ,its sides are m>k$ by hundr$s ( #8an*orages'--b ! ?reads cross & recross1 =m+ 9 "s p>ts a k9d ( %eet1 & 9 o!rs a tangl$ mass4 ,"s ( ^! ?reads mu/ h be5 cov]$ ) viscid secretion1 = flies 7 lim$1 & s fell a prey to ! spid]4 ,_! dri$ sk9s are dott$ ab\t among ! ?reads1 & ! spid] itself p]i%$ long ago f cold4 ,b ,i keep ! bottle z a curiosity1 to %[ t ^! spid]s d n always make geometrical webs4 ,:5 "o has a ,g>d5 ,spid] 9 a bottle1 x may be obs]v$ to practise a curi\s & v effective me?od ( disabl+ its prey4 ,if a bluebottle or any o!r l>ge fly be dropp$ & entangl$ among ! ?reads1 ! spid] w envelop x 9 a %eet ( web4 ,?is is h[ ,blackwall describes ! op]ation3 #8,caus+ ! victim to rotate by ! action ( ! ?ird pair ( legs & ! palps1 ! fir/ pair ( legs also be+ frequ5tly employ$ 9 a simil> mann]1 !y ext5d ! sp9n]s lat]ally1 & apply+ to !m alt]nately ! su/5taculum ( ea* po/]ior leg1 !y seize & draw out num]\s f9e l9es 9 ! =m ( a fillet1 :i* !y atta* to _! revolv+ prey1 & ?us involve x 9 a d5se cov]+ ( silk f "o extremity to ! o!r4 ,by means ( ?is /ratagem !y are capable ( ov]com+ =midable & p[]ful insects1 su* z wasps1 bees1 & ev5 l>ge beetles#cb4' ,! op]ation does n occupy mu* "t2 9 a v few m9utes ! fly is swa!d 9 a silky cov]+ z completely z an ,egyptian mummy 9 its l95 folds4 ,( c\rse resi/ance1 mu* less attack1 is out ( ! "q1 & :5 x is ?us r5d]$ p[]less = h>m ! spid] proce$s ) its meal4 ,! su/5taculum--or support--is a /rong movable sp9e ne> ! end ( ! t>sus1 on ! "u side ( ea* ( ! la/ pair ( legs4 ,^! sp9es act 9 opposition to ! claws1 & ?us ^! animals are enabl$ to hold ) a firm grasp su* l9es z !y h occasion to draw f _! sp9n]s ) ! feet ( ! h9d legs1 & su* also z !y design to atta* !mselves to4 ,) reg>d to ?is me?od ( swa?+ prey1 ,hudson#cc says ( an ,arg5t9e spid]1 #8t its intellig5ce has supplem5t$ ?is in/9ctive proc$ure ) a v curi\s & unique habit4 ,! ,pholcus1 9 spite ( its size1 is a weak creature1 possess+ little v5om to dispat* its prey )1 s t x makes a long & labori\s task ( kill+ a fly4 ,a fly1 :5 caught 9 a web1 is a noisy creature1 & x ?us happ5s t :5 ! ,daddy longlegs--z ,anglo-,arg5t9es h dubb$ ?is species--succe$s 9 sn>+ a captive1 ! %rill outrage\s cries ( ! victim are he>d = a long "t--(t5 = t5 or twelve m9utes4 ,?is noise greatly excites o!r spid]s 9 ! vic9ity1 & pres5tly !y are se5 quitt+ _! webs & hurry+ to ! sc5e ( conflict4 ,sometimes ! captor is driv5 (f1 & !n ! /ronge/ or mo/ d>+ spid] c>ries away ! fly4 ,b :]e a l>ge colony are all[$ to cont9ue = a long "t 9 undi/urb$ possession ( a ceil+1 :5 "o has caught a fly he proce$s rapidly to ?r[ a cov]+ ( web ov] x1 !n1 cutt+ x away1 drops x d[n & lets x hang susp5d$ by a l9e at a di/ance ( two or ?ree feet f ! ceil+4 ,! o!r spid]s arrive on ! sc5e1 & aft] a %ort inve/igation retreat to _! own webs1 & :5 ! coa/ is cle> our spid] proce$s to draw up ! captive fly1 :i* is by ?is "t exhau/$ ) its /ruggles4' ,9 ?is connexion ,hudson notes t spid]s are attract$ by ! s\nd ( ! vibration ( a /r+ or wire1 ?9k+ x made by an insect t has be5 caught2 & he says t ! /ories ( tame spid]s are f\nd$ on a misund]/&+ ( ! motive t br+s ! animal d[n4 ,we may well d\bt if spid]s are attract$ by music1 b t "s spid]s possess a s5se ( he>+1 or some?+ analog\s !reto1 seems to be prov$ by ! exi/5ce ( /ridulat+ organs 9 c]ta9 memb]s ( ! gr\p4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eb4--;,foot ( ,g>d5 ,spid]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ec4--,sp9n]ets ( ,g>d5 ,spid]4 ,two o!r po9ts rema9 to be not$4 ,! feet %\ld be exam9$1 = _! /ructure ?r[s "s light on ! way 9 :i* ! ,g>d5 ,spid] runs s securely to & fro on ! radial l9es4 ,"o ( ! legs ( a dead specim5 %\ld be deta*$1 & its armature ( sp9es & hairs not$4 ,! foot is arm$ ) ?ree /\t claws1 :i* are pect9at$--t is1 too!d l a comb1 & b5ea? !m are small] ones1 sometimes describ$ z too!d hairs4 ,x w be easy to und]/& :at a secure foo?old ^! claws give ! animal z x runs backw>ds & =w>ds ov] ! radial l9es2 = if ! web be %ak5 by ! w9d or design$ly its own] c take a firm hold ) ea* foot1 & ?us h eight sep>ate po9ts ( atta*m5t4 ,an in* h& l5s is q suffici5t to give a g5]al idea ( ! hairy & sp9\s clo?+ ( ! legs & ! position ( ! claws2 b to see ! tee? a high] p[]--a half-in*--w be necess>y4 ,x is a good plan to *oose a fre%ly kill$ specim5 = ! exam9ation ( its sp9n]ets4 ,if ! spid] is laid on its back 9 a glass di%1 g5tle pressure on ! abdom5 away f ! cephalo?orax w cause ! mat]ial secret$ by ! sp9n+-gl&s to ooze out4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 _c be done if ! specim5 has be5 = "s "t 9 _s4 ,we %all be able to make out six tubes 7f\r ( !m l>g] ?an ! o!r two7 gr\p$ r\nd ! anal ap]ture2 b1 = ! pres5t1 we mu/ take = grant$ ! fact t ^! are made up ( a numb] ( small] tubes1 s t ! end ( ea* sp9n]et is n unlike ! rose ( a wat]+-c4 ,a good half-in* w give "s indications ( ?is rose-l appe>ance4 ,! ,jump+ ,spid] 7,salticus scenicus7 belongs to a family ! memb]s ( :i* make no web or sn>e = ! capture ( prey1 b tru/ = _! food-supply to _! skill 9 /alk+ flies & o!r insects1 :i* !y capture by a sudd5 spr+4 ,x is f ?is habit t ! type-g5us & ! family h receiv$ _! sci5tific & popul> names4 ,! common ,briti% species is extremely abundant1 & :]ev] flies are pl5tiful ^! spid]s w n be v f> (f4 ,?is is ! case n only 9 ! c\ntry1 b also 9 ,london & o!r l>ge t[ns4 ,x is a noticeable spid] f its coloration--black m>k$ ) :ite4 ,! eyes are eight 9 numb]2 ?\gh ! arti/ 9 our illu/ration has only repres5t$ f\r4 ,! c5tre two ( ! front are ! l>ge/ ( all1 & h be5 comp>$ n inaptly to bull's eyes4 ,two o!rs are plac$ on ea* side ( ! cephalo?orax1 s t ! eyes =m1 r\ghly1 ?ree sides ( a squ>e1 & ! c5tral eyes 9 ! lat]al l9es are ! smalle/4 ,we may repres5t !m ?us image1 :ile ! eyes ( ! ,g>d5 ,spid] are dispos$ 9 ?is fa%ion image4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ed4--;,jump+ ,spid]4 7,l9e %[s natural size47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ee4--;,falces ( ,male ,jump+ ,spid]4 ,x requires "s little practice to detect ! eyes ( spid]s & to rememb] _! position 9 ! diff]5t g5]a1 b by exam9+ e spid] met )1 & consult+ "s h&book to ! gr\p1 "o w soon be able to det]m9e ! common] ,briti% species4 ,) a c\ple ( ne$les we may remove ! falces 7,fig4 #ee7 = exam9ation2 & !re is no difficulty 9 m\nt+ !m1 z %[n 9 ! cut1 on a piece ( c>d1 s t !y may be comp>$ ) ! same weapons 9 o!r species4 ,= example1 ! falces ( ! ,g>d5 ,spid] diff] f ^? ( ! ,jump+ ,spid] 9 t !y are %ort & /\t1 & ! tee? on ! basal jo9t are m 9 numb]4 ,! foll[+ acc\nt ( ! habit ( ?is spid] 9 captur+ prey is f ,kirby & ,sp5ce's ,introduction to ,entomology 7ed4 #ahgj1 p4 #dec73--#8,:5 ^! insects spy a small gnat or fly ^u a wall1 !y creep v g5tly t[>ds x ) %ort /eps1 till !y come )9 a conv5i5t di/ance1 :5 !y spr+ ^u x sudd5ly l a tig]4 ,b>tram obs]v$ "o ( ^! spid]s t jump$ two feet ^u a humble-bee4 ,! mo/ amus+ acc\nt1 h[ev]1 ( ! motions ( ^! animals is giv5 by ! celebrat$ ,evelyn 9 8 ,travels4 ,:5 at ,rome1 he (t5 obs]v$ a spid] ( ?is k9d hunt+ ! flies :i* alight$ ^u a rail on :i* 0 its /ation4 ,x kept crawl+ "u ! rail till x arriv$ at ! "p opposite to ! fly1 :5 /eal+ up x w\ld attempt to leap ^u x4 ,if x discov]$ t x 0 n p]fectly opposite1 x w\ld imm$iately slide d[n aga9 unobs]v$1 & at ! next attempt w\ld come directly ^u ! fly's back4 ,did ! fly happ5 n to be )9 a leap1 x w\ld move t[>ds x s s(tly1 t its motion seem$ n m p]ceptible ?an t ( ! %ad[ ( ! gnomon ( a dial4 ,if ! int5d$ prey mov$1 ! spid] w\ld keep pace ) x z exactly z if !y 7 actuat$ by "o _s1 mov+ backw>ds1 =w>ds1 or on ea* side )\t turn+4 ,:5 ! fly took w+1 & pit*$ itself beh9d ! huntress1 %e turn$ r\nd ) ! swiftness ( ?\ght1 & always kept h] head t[>ds x1 ?\gh to all appe>ance z immovable z "o ( ! nails driv5 into ! wood on :i* 0 h] /ation3 till at la/1 be+ arriv$ )9 due di/ance1 swift z lightn+ %e made ! fatal leap & secur$ h] prey4' ,?is spid] employs a clev] precaution aga9/ fall+1 :5 ab\t to spr+ ^u its prey4 ,x applies ! end ( ! abdom5 to ! surface on :i* x /&s1 & op5+ its sp9n]ets1 makes an #8an*orage' 7,fig4 #ef74 ,!n1 by ! act ( spr++1 x draws f ! sp9n]ets a l9e atta*$ to ! spot f :i* x />t$4 ,?is l9e is /rong en\gh to support ! spid] 9 case x misses its prey4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ef4--;,a4 ,foot or ,jump+ ,spid]4 ,b4 ,scopula4 7,mu* enl>g$47 ,! foot ( ! ,jump+ ,spid] is extremely int]e/+1 & %[s a v +5i\s arrangem5t1 by means ( :i* ! animal c run ) difficulty on smoo? poli%$ upright surfaces1 or reta9 its foot+ :5 x alights on su* surfaces aft] a spr+4 ,we c see ?is arrangem5t 9 ,fig4 #ef4 ,j beh9d ! claws is a bundle ( co>se hairs1 te*nically call$ a scopula1 or little bru%4 ,f ^! hairs adhesive matt] fl[s1 & 9 ?is fa%ion ! spid] lit]ally /icks on4 ,) ?is bru% ( hairs may be comp>$ ! t>sal cu%ions ( _m flies1 & ! adhesive hairs ( ,dytiscus & o!r beetles 7see ,*ap4 ,,ii7--?\gh ^! la/ h a diff]5t function4 ,div+ ,spid]s 7,argyroneta aquatica7 are especially suitable = our purpose4 ,!y are v common 9 mo/ ponds1 & 9 "s places are s abundant z to be almo/ a nuisance to ! collector :o is 9 se>* ( o!r ?+s4 ,?ree ( !m are repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #eg4 ,"o is swimm+2 ano!r is j ent]+ ! bell-%ap$ web "u wat]2 & ! ?ird is j climb+ out ( ! wat] on to ! broad float+ leaves ( ! wat] cr[foot4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eg4--;,div+ ,spid]s4 ,de ,ge]'s acc\nt ( ^! spid]s is extremely int]e/+#cd1 & we may v]ify x = ourselves1 = ^! creatures may be kept )\t any tr\ble4 ,!y c]ta9ly agree1 :5 a numb] are kept 9 captivity1 mu* bett] ?an d o!r spid]s4 ,de ,ge] kept sev]al 9 ! same aqu>ium1 & says t :5 !y met !y felt ea* o!r ) _! palps1 & op5$ _! falces1 b he nev] saw !m d any h>m to ea* o!r4 ,i h kept !m "u simil> conditions ) ! same result4 ,he tells u t ^! spid]s sp9 "u wat] a cell ( /rong1 close1 :ite silk1 ! %ape ( :i* he comp>es to a skull-cap1 ! half ( a pigeon's egg1 or a div+-bell4 ,9 ,septemb]1 #agcf1 he fir/ became acqua9t$ ) ^! creatures1 & kept "o 9 an aqu>ium = f\r mon?s4 ,x made its cell aga9/ ! side ( ! aqu>ium1 & ! top ( x rose above ! surface ( ! wat]4 7,?is 0 due to its be+ inflat$4 ,! web 0 n spun above ! surface47 ,! walls ( ! cell 7 v ?91 b x 0 fill$ ) air1 & ! spid] 0 re/+ inside1 head upp]mo/1 ) its legs press$ aga9/ ! body4 ,ab\t ?ree mon?s lat] he f\nd t ! m\? ( ! cell 0 clos$1 & ! spid] 0 com=tably settl$ 9 its w9t] qu>t]s4 ,:5 pressure 0 appli$ ! cell bur/ & ! air escap$1 m\nt+ up to ! top 9 bubbles4 ,! spid] made its way out1 & took an ,asellus t 0 (f]$1 & made a meal ( x4 ,de ,ge] !n came to ! conclusion t ^! cells "u wat] 7 con/ruct$ = ! purpose ( af=d+ ! spid] a retreat :5 ! wat] 0 froz5 ov]1 s t !y c\ld n come to ! surface = a supply ( air4 ,he f\nd1 h[ev]1 by obs]vation1 t !y 7 also made 9 summ] by bo? sexes4 ,9 a cell ( ?is k9d ! female deposits h] eggs--f eighty to a hundr$ 9 numb]1 enclos$ 9 a cocoon ( :ite silk--& keeps gu>d ov] !m1 ) h] head def5d+ ! entrance to ! cell4 ,he succe$$ 9 f9d+ out ! me?od by :i* ! ,div+ ,spid] fills its cell ) air4 ,he notic$ t :5 ! creature 0 mov+ ab\t 9 ! wat]1 its body 0 cov]$ ) a lay] ( air1 & t ?is air 0 r5ew$ f "t to "t :5 ! animal came to ! surface & rais$ its abdom5 above ! wat]4 ,load$1 s to speak1 ) air 9 ?is fa%ion1 ! spid] desc5d$1 & ent]$ ! cell backw>ds1 leav+ an air-bubble4 ,hav+ repeat$ ?is sev]al times1 at la/ %e remov$ all ! wat] f ! cell1 introduc+ 9 its place an equal quantity ( air4 ,x is v easy to wat* ! ,div+ ,spid] mak+ its dwell+ "u wat]1 & fill+ x ) air4 ,fir/ ( all ! web is wov5 9 a bell or ?imble %ape betwe5 ! sprays ( wat]-we$1 or aga9/ ! bottom or side ( ! aqu>ium4 ,x is curi\s to notice h[ practices t mu/ be necess>y :5 ! creature is at lib]ty are cont9u$ 9 captivity :]e !y are useless4 ,a web con/ruct$ 9 runn+ wat]1 or ev5 9 a pond or dit*1 is liable to be swept away or to be empti$ ( air by a v slight curr5t1 s its own] has rec\rse to a sy/em ( guys & support+ ?reads1 :i* are n requir$ :5 ! spid] is safely h\s$ 9 a small aqu>ium4 ,nev]!less1 ! guys are made4 ,9 an eight-ounce bottle ,i h n[ a male ,div+ ,spid]1 :i* has liv$ !re = ab\t sev5 mon?s4 ,its cell is made betwe5 ! :orls ( a spray ( milfoil1 & guy ?reads h be5 c>ri$ to no less ?an five :orls--two above & ?ree bel[ ! op5+4 ,n[ t x is fill$ ) air1 ! cell gleams 9 ! wat] l a great bubble ( quicksilv]4 ,! air may be expell$ by %ak+ or tilt+ ! bottle1 & if ! web be n damag$ ! spid] w g5]ally refill x ) air1 ?\gh sometimes x pref]s to make a new dwell+4 ,fig4 #eh %[s ! cell ( a ,div+ ,spid]2 ! :ite l9es repres5t support+ ?reads atta*$ to ! wat] plants4 ,9 exam9+ dead specim5s we %all f9d t1 contr>y to :at is usual1 ! male exce$s ! female 9 size4 ,i h a slide ( a male1 ) ! legs spread out be=e & beh9d1 & ! measurem5t f ! claws ( ! fir/ pair ( legs to ^? ( ! f\r? pair is #a in*es4 ,! body is in* long4 ,! :ole surface is m ?ickly clo!d ) hair ?an is ! case ) o!r spid]s1 & ! reason = ?is is obvi\s4 ,?is hairy body-cov]+ s]ves to c>ry d[n into ! wat] a lay] ( air1 & ! fr+e ( hair on ! legs makes !m effici5t swimm+ organs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eh4--;,cell ( ,div+ ,spid]4 ,! ,ord] ( ,mites w yield u subjects = our pocket l5s4 ,mites are relat$ to ,spid]s1 b =m a di/9ct ,ord]4 ,l ! ,spid]s1 "s are aquatic1 ?\gh ! mo/ ( !m live on l&4 ,_m are p>asitic1 dur+ ! :ole or "p ( _! lives subsi/+ on ! juices ( _! ho/s3 ! food ( o!rs consi/s ( organic dbris1 & ^! seem to be ( b5efit to man1 s9ce !y act z scav5g]s4 ,if we turn to page #if we %all !re f9d not$ ! po9ts ( diff]5ce 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! ma9 divisions ( ! body 9 ,insects & 9 ,spid]s4 ,9 ,mites ! di/9ction betwe5 ! cephalo?orax & abdom5 is lo/1 & ! body is m or less oval or globul>4 ,9 ! p]fect =ms !re are eight legs2 b "s1 9 _! e>li] /ages1 h only six4 ,! m\? may be adapt$ = bit+1 ?\gh x is usually suctorial4 ,9 ! ,*eese ,mites & "s o!rs brea?+ seems to be c>ri$ on ?r\gh ! sk91 = !re are no air-tubes2 b 9 mo/ ,mites air-tubes1 ) two /igmata1 are pres5t4 ,if we take a dip ) ! collect+-net 9 almo/ any pond we %all be pretty sure to capture "s specim5s ( ,wat] ,mites ( ! g5us ,hydra*na1 easily recognizable by _! bright coloration1 _! eight swimm+ legs ?ickly fr+$ ) hair1 & _! unceas+ activity4 ,!y may be kept 9 a bottle1 or o!r small vessel1 ) "s wat]-we$1 & w =age = !mselves4 ,9 ,fig4 #ei we %all see ! po9ts we h to look = 9 exam9+ a ,wat] ,mite ) a pocket l5s4 ,!re %\ld be no difficulty 9 mak+ out 9 ! specim5 all ! details %[n 9 ! cut4 ,x may be t !y w bre$3 if s we %\ld avail ourselves ( ! opportunity ( wat*+ _! developm5t4 ,_! life-hi/ory is some:at curi\s1 & is specially int]e/+ f ! fact t :ile ,swamm]dam _h "s fa9t p]ception ( ! true mean+ ( :at he saw1 ,de ,ge]1 writ+ a hundr$ ye>s lat]1 drew entirely wrong conclusions f simil> obs]vations4 ,x 0 left = ,dugs to cle> up ! matt] 9 ! ,annales des ,sci5ces ,naturelles1 #ahcd4 ,be=e summ>iz+ ! acc\nt ( ! ,fr5* naturali/ x may be well to quote :at ,swamm]dam & ,de ,ge] h said on ! subject3-- #8,!re is no?+ m rem>kable 9 ?is insect ! ,wat] ,scorpion ?an t x con/antly appe>s cov]$ ) a prodigi\s numb] ( nits ( diff]5t sorts & sizes1 ?\gh p]haps we may ) m reason consid] !m z s _m little creatures1 :i* live & gr[ by suck+ ! ,scorpion's blood4 ,^! are some:at ( an oblong figure1 approa*+ to r\nd1 & h a %9+1 & z x 7 bloat$1 surface1 )\t any ( ! r+s obs]vable 9 mo/ insects4 ,! neck is oblong & %ap$ l a pe>1 ) ! small end /ick+ 9 ! ,scorpion's body4 ,! col\r ( ?is insect is a mean betwe5 t ( v]milion & purple2 & :5 x is pretty well gr[n !re appe>s )9 x an elegant transp>5t spot or p>ticle 7,fig4 #ei74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ei4--,r$ ,wat] ,mite 7nat4 size1 & "u surface magnifi$74 #8,?is spot or p>ticle induc$ me to consid] ) m att5tion ?is m9ute & hi!rto unreg>d$ insect1 & ev5 to und]take ! dissection ( x4 ,b :o w\ld imag9e t on ?is exam9ation x %\ld prove a p]fect & surpris+ insect8 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 a c]ta9 fact2 & ?us 9 t inf9ite v>iety ( works1 by means ( :i* ,god is pleas$ to make ,himself kn[n to u1 we ev] meet ) new matt] ( admiration & a/oni%m5t4 #8,?is little creature be+ extract$ f ! %ell t cov]$ x1 looks l a "y spid] be=e x has left its egg4 ,on ! =e "p is ! head 7,fig4 #dc;,d1 a7 & on its head are ! eyes1 b3 "u ! eyes are plac$ its little legs elegantly coil$ & fold$1 c c2 b !y appe> mu* m di/9ctly on turn+ ! insect on its back1 d d2 & 9 ?is situation also x be/ appe>s ) :at art ^! legs are laid up 9 ! %ell1 & all are cov]$ ) hair4 ,! col\r ( ?is little creature is1 z ,i h already obs]v$1 a mean betwe5 t ( v]milion & purple2 & ?is col\r %[s itself ?r\gh ! coat or %ell1 :i* is transp>5t4 ,i _c det]m9e to :at species ( insects ?is is to be ref]r$2 nor c ,i say to :at size x gr[s1 or by :at k9d ( creature x is ?us deposit$ on ! ,wat] ,scorpion 9 ! =m ( an egg1 !re to receive life & gr[?4 ,nev]!less1 ,i _c b look on ! discov]y ,i h made z v int]e/+1 s9ce x proves t !re are 9 ! nature ( ?+s eggs :i* acquire a s5sible gr[? by an entrane\s n\ri%m5t1 unless p]haps "s naturali/ %\ld *oose to consid] ?is z a complete insect1 r ?an z an egg2 nor %all ,i /r5u\sly oppose 8 op9ion1 see+ t1 9 all cases1 ! egg is 9 reality no o!r ?an ! insect itself1 :i* rema9s 9 t /ate till x has acquir$ suffici5t /r5g? to break its prison1 & live )\t su* a cov]+#ce4' ,hav+ quot$ ,swamm]dam1 let u see :at ,de ,ge] has to say on ! subject3-- #8,on ! body & legs ( _m aquatic insects1 su* z ,dytiscus & ,wat] ,scorpions1 may be frequ5tly se5 little oval1 se$-l bodies1 ( a bright r$ col\r1 firmly atta*$1 &1 z x 71 implant$ 9 ! sk91 by a little /alk4 ,i h _h ,wat] ,scorpions ) ! upp] surface s cov]$ ) ^! r$ bodies t !re 0 sc>cely a vacant space on ! sk94 ,!y are mo/ frequ5tly to be se5 9 ! spr+2 b ! insects on :i* !re 0 su* a great numb] did n live long ) me4 ,hav+ cru%$ "s ( ^! se$-l bodies1 ,i f\nd !m fill$ ) r$ liquid matt]4 ,i am conv9c$1 by exp]im5t1 t !y are ! eggs ( ,wat] ,mites1 s9ce !re came out ( !m little r$ ,mites ) r\nd bodies & long legs1 :i* swam ab\t ) great swiftness4 #8,^! r$ ,wat] ,mites1 !n1 atta* _! eggs to ! bodies & legs ( l>g] aquatic insects1 & !re !y rema9 till ! "y are hat*$4 ,& s9ce we f9d eggs ( _m diff]5t sizes1 we may be sure t !y gr[ & increase 9 size1 d\btless ow+ to a c]ta9 nutritive juice :i* passes f ! body ( ! insect into ! egg4 ,h5ce x is1 z ,i h se5 myself1 t ,wat] ,scorpions load$ ) ^! eggs become weak & feeble1 because !y are oblig$ to furni% _! hang]s-on ) n\ri%m5t f _! own bodies4 ,moreov]1 ^! eggs appe> to cause ! ,wat] ,scorpions "s irritation or uneas9ess1 s9ce ,i h (t5 se5 !m rub ) _! feet ^? p>ts ( ! body :]e ! eggs 72 & p]haps !y did ?is ) ! view ( rubb+ !m (f1 b !y 7 too securely fa/5$#cf4' ,dugs wat*$ ! developm5t ( ! common ,r$ ,wat] ,mite 7,fig4 #ei71 & tells u t t[>ds ! end ( ,may ! females deposit _! eggs 9 ! leaves ( pondwe$1 :i* !y puncture ) _! beaks4 ,! l>va 7,fig4 #fj71 r$ 9 col\r1 ) six legs1 is free-swimm+1 & has a l>ge beak1 :i* looks l a great head1 & t]m9ates 9 a n>r[ m\?4 ,x is n kn[n h[ long ?is l>val /age cont9ues2 b 9 ! next /age 7,fig4 #fa7 ! ,mite becomes p>asitic on aquatic beetles & bugs1 fa/5+ its beak into ! body ( its ho/1 f :i* x d]ives its n\ri%m5t4 ,! legs & palps are (t5 retract$ or absorb$1 s t x is n difficult to und]/& h[ x 0 ,swamm]dam & ,de ,ge] took ^! p>asitic nymphs to be ! eggs ( ! ,mite4 ,dur+ _! p>asitic condition !y increase consid]ably 9 size1 at la/ em]g+ z adult eight-legg$ free-swimm+ ,mites4 ,x 0 j be=e ! em]g5ce ( ! ,mite t ,swamm]dam exam9$ ! p>asitic nymph1 = he figures ! #8insect1' :i* he extract$ f ! egg1 z hav+ eight legs 7,fig4 #dc;,d74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fj4--,l>va ( ,wat] ,mite4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fa4--,nymph ( ,wat] ,mite4 ,i once f\nd a ,wat] ,mite 9 ! body ( a ,dytiscus#cg4 ,i 0 break+ up ! beetle1 & _h remov$ ! elytra & ! w+s4 ,i only want$ ! ext]nal skeleton2 s a slit 0 made betwe5 ! plates ( ! dorsal & v5tral surface1 & ! inte/9es remov$4 ,! ,mite 0 emb$d$ 9 ! fat-body4 ,i c\ld f9d no m5tion 9 ! lit]ature ( ,beetles or ,mites ( any simil> occurr5ce2 & %\ld sc>cely h m5tion$ x "h1 _h ,i n be5 unexpect$ly confirm$ by my fri5d ,mr4 ,g4 ,e4 ,ma9l&1 ,f4,r4,m4,s41 :o once _h a simil> exp]i5ce1 & :o k9dly all[s me to quote f a lett] he s5t me on ! subject3-- #8,i am sorry to say ,i c f9d no docum5t>y evid5ce z to ! ,ara*nid ,i f\nd emb$d$ 9 ! tissues ( ,dytiscus1 b a good deal has come back to my recollection4 ,on remov+ ! "r elytron & slitt+ up ! dorsal surface1 ,i f\nd x 9 ! tissue close up to ! ?orax4 ,i _c recollect :at ultimately became ( x1 aft] ,i _h %[n x to fri5ds at ! ,hackney ,microscopical ,society4444 ,i "k t ,i c>efully measur$ ! ,hydra*na 7:i* 0 abnormally l>ge7 & its relative size to t ( its ho/1 & made a comp>ison 9 a lecture 7to ! ,s5ior ,b& ( ,hope at ,/4 ,mi*ael's1 ,hackney7 ( a man ) a creature z l>ge z a gu9ea-pig "u 8 %\ld]-blade4' ,! occurr5ce ( ! ,mite inside ! ,beetle 01 ( c\rse1 q exceptional4 ,x probably f\nd its way 9 ?r\gh "o ( ! abdom9al spiracles4 ,! ,beetle ,mite 7,gamasus coleoptratorum7 7,fig4 #fb7 is extremely common1 & is p>asitic on ! ,dung ,beetle & on ! ,humble ,bee1 s t 9 ord] to exam9e ! p>asite we mu/ capture ! ho/4 ,!re c be no difficulty ab\t ?is1 = ,dung ,beetles & ,humble ,bees are pl5tiful en\gh4 ,?is ,beetle ,mite1 app>5tly1 does n infe/ o!r species ( beetles4 ,i h kept ! ,devil's ,coa* ,horse 9 a bottle ) ! common ,dung ,beetle = "s mon?s1 & ?\gh ! latt] sw>m$ ) ^! p>asites1 !y nev] left _! ho/ = ! o!r beetle4 ,ev5 :5 remov$ by means ( a small bru% f "o beetle to ! o!r1 !y left ! ,devil's ,coa* ,horse ( _! own accord1 & soon made _! way back to ! ,dung ,beetle4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fb4--;,beetle ,mite4 ,^! p>asites1 ) _! ho/1 came into my possession 9 a /range way4 ,a fri5d1 :o knew my hobbies1 told me t he _h manag$ to procure = me "s "y beetles j born4 ,i v5tur$ to sugge/ t beetles 7 n born z beetles1 b 9 q a diff]5t %ape4 ,my sugge/ion 0 receiv$ unsympa!tically1 & ,i 0 told t ,i %\ld alt] my op9ion :5 ! creatures 7 s5t me4 ,b ,i did n4 ,! box conta9$ a ,dung ,beetle1 ov] :i* 7 sw>m+ scores ( ^! little ,mites1 & ,i _h "s difficulty 9 conv9c+ ! g5tleman :o s5t !m to me t ^! ,mites 7 n ! "y ( ! beetle4 ,we %\ld comp>e ?is ,beetle ,mite ) ! ,wat] ,mite1 & notice ! diff]5ce 9 ! m\? p>ts & ! legs1 :i* h a l>ge pad betwe5 ! claws4 ,we may f9d ano!r ,beetle ,mite1 closely alli$ to ?is species1 on ! ,devil's ,coa* ,horse1 & "s ( its ne> relations4 ,?is ,mite 0 also kn[n to ,de ,ge]#ch1 ^: rem>ks ^u x are wor? quot+1 9 a cond5s$ =m4 ,he f\nd a beetle cov]$ ) ^! ,mites1 & on exam9+ !m ) a h& l5s saw t !y 7 atta*$ to _! ho/ by a long ?read or /alk1 :i* came f ! po/]ior end ( ! body4 ,sev]al ,mites1 he tells u1 7 jo9$ toge!r by "o ?read :i* fa/5$ !m all to ! beetle2 & he came to ! conclusion t ! p>asites 7 n\ri%$ at ! exp5se ( ! beetle1 ! ?read s]v+ to convey ! juices ( its body to !m4 #8,x is v s+ul>1' he says1 #8to see liv+ insects plant$ on ! body ( l>g] insects1 f :i* !y draw _! subsi/5ce by means ( a ?read or /alk4' ,& !n he goes on to comp>e ^! #8vegetative ,mites1' z he calls !m1 ) ! #8eggs' ( ! ,wat] ,mites1 :i* he f\nd on ,dytiscus & ! ,wat] ,scorpion4 ,! ?read exi/s1 & ! ,mites are atta*$ by x to _! ho/1 b !y d n draw n\ri%m5t ?r\gh x f ! beetle1 = x is compos$ ( _! excrem5ts4 ,! ,myriapods are worm-%ap$ creatures1 brea?+ by means ( air-tubes1 & furni%$ ) a numb] ( limbs closely resembl+ ea* o!r4 ,!re are two gr\ps3 ! ,c5tip$es & ! ,millep$es4 ,! =m] h ! body flatt5$1 ) "o pair ( app5dages to ea* segm5t1 ! fir/ pair be+ modifi$ into pi]c+ poison-organs1 & !y fe$ on liv+ prey4 ,! body ( ! ,millep$es is r\nd1 ) two pairs ( app5dages to ea* segm5t2 !y h no poison-organs1 & _! food consi/s *iefly1 if n entirely1 ( vegetable matt]4 ,!re seems to be "s d\bt1 h[ev]1 z to :e!r ,julus1 "o ( ! commone/ ,millep$es1 does n occasionally indulge 9 animal food4 ,9 ,nature ,notes 7,jan4 #ahif7 !re 0 a review ( ! ,cambridge ,natural ,hi/ory 7vol4 v74 ,! review]1 9 a brief summ>y ( ,mr4 ,s9clair's "p ( ! book 7! ,myriapods71 said1 aft] describ+ ! ,c5tip$es3 #8,! millep$es1 on ! contr>y1 are sluggi% veget>ians1 ) h>d1 cyl9drical bodies1 c4' ,on ?is a correspond5t wrote 9 ! ,m>* numb]3 #8,"s "t ago my att5tion 0 attract$ to a l>ge e>?worm1 wri?+ & twi/+ ab\t on ! g>d5 pa?1 z ?\gh 9 pa91 or ?r\gh hav+ receiv$ "s injury4 ,on exam9+ x m closely to asc]ta9 ! cause ( its unusual movem5ts1 ,i f\nd t a millep$e _h fa/5$ itself to ! side ( ! worm1 & appe>$ to be bor+ or eat+ its way into ! body1 :il/ ! mo/ viol5t ef=ts on ! "p ( ! worm 7 ineffectual 9 %ak+ (f its antagoni/4 ,if ! millep$e is a veget>ian1 :at c\ld be its object 9 attack+ s h>mless & def5celess a creature z ! e>?worm8 ,! above1 :i* ,i take to be a millep$e1 is ! black or d>k-col\r$ creature 8) h>d1 cyl9drical body0 ord9>ily f\nd coil$ up 9 a spiral "u /ones or rubbi%4' ,! editor1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 ref]r$ ! matt] to ! writ] ( ! review4 ,8 reply 0 z foll[s3 #8,if !re is no mi/ake ab\t ! id5tity ( ! aggressor 9 ! acc\nt cit$ above1 ! obs]vation is "o ( consid]able int]e/2 =1 s f> z we are aw>e1 x is ! only case on record ( a millep$e be+ guilty ( su* conduct4 ,b 7 x n = ! positive /atem5t t ! species 0 ! d>k-col\r$ creature ) a h>d1 cyl9drical body1 :i* is ord9>ily f\nd coil$ up 9 a spiral "u /ones or rubbi%--a description :i* exactly applies to ! millep$es ( ! g5us ,julus--we %\ld h conclud$ )\t hesitation t ! /ruggle 9 "q 0 m]ely "o ( ^? t habitually takes place betwe5 ! c5tip$es ( ! g5]a ,li?obius or ,geophilus & ! e>?worms ^u :i* !y fe$4' ,bo? ! ,c5tip$es & ,millep$es are %y1 light-%unn+ animals1 & if we turn ov] "s /ones 9 ! g>d5 or 9 a walk ?r\gh ! fields we %all probably f9d specim5s en\gh to s]ve u 9 gett+ "s idea ( bo? gr\ps4 ,! ,c5tip$es are sometimes call$ #8,hundr$-legs1' b ?is implies ! possession ( _m m legs ?an ! creatures really h4 ,9 ,norfolk & ,suffolk ! p call !m #8,=ty-legs1' & ?is is mu* ne>] ! m>k4 ,li?obius =ficatus1 ab\t an in* long & ruf\s br[n 9 col\r1 is extremely abundant "u /ones & ! b>k ( trees1 & 9 cell>s & ou?\ses4 ,^! animals run ) great rapidity :5 di/urb$1 s t "o ne$s to be on ! al]t to seize !m :5 !y are driv5 f ! places 9 :i* !y lurk4 ,! body has n9e pr9cipal & six subsidi>y or small] r+s1 & !re are fifte5 pairs ( walk+ legs1 besides ! fir/ pair1 :i* are modifi$ to s]ve z poison-organs4 ,de ,ge] says t he nev] d>$ to pick up ^! ,c5tip$es ) unglov$ h&s1 because he _h se5 a fly1 :i* _h be5 bitt5 by "o1 die on ! spot1 #8:i* seems to be a sign t _! bite is v5om\s4' ,he exam9$ _! modifi$ legs ) a good microscope1 b c\ld n di/+ui% any op5+4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 an op5+1 z ,de ,ge] suspect$1 ?\gh he c\ld n di/+ui% x2 x lies ne> ! po9t1 & we may also trace ! canal ?r\gh ! claw d[n to ! poison-gl&s :i* lie1 "o on ea* side1 at ! base ( ! claws4 ,! m\? p>ts resemble ^? ( insects1 & may be dissect$ out 9 ! same way4 ,:5 ?is ,c5tip$e walks1 says ,de ,ge]1 x does n use ! la/ f\r pairs ( legs1 b drags !m aft] x2 b :5 x walks backw>ds1 :i* x does z well z =w>ds1 x !n makes use ( ^! f\r pairs ( legs 9 ! same way z ! o!rs4 ,if we keep ,li?obius alive we %all see t x c walk backw>ds1 ?\gh x c sc>cely be said to g z well "o way z ! o!r4 ,f ! same old writ] "s useful h9ts z to ! me?od ( keep+ ^! animals may be ga!r$4 ,^? t he kept 9 a vessel )\t any moi/ure soon di$1 & 7 q dri$ up 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 :i* w tea* u to keep !m 9 a vessel ) damp e>?1 %ad$ f light & heat4 ,dr4 ,%>p#ci gives "s int]e/+ details ab\t ! bre$+ habits ( ,li?obius1 & describes1 = ! fir/ "t1 ! uses ( ! two hooks on ! "u surface ( ! body ( ! female4 ,he exp]im5t$ ) ,c5tip$es & ,millep$es4 ,keep+ !m 9 l>ge %all[ glass vessels1 ! bottom ( :i* 0 cov]$ ) a lay] ( e>?1 he f$ ! specim5s ( ,li?obius on insects & worms1 & sometimes on raw *opp$ meat1 b !y did n ?rive on ?is z !y did on prey :i* !y c\ld kill = !mselves4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fc4--;,a4 ,li?obius =ficatus4 ,b4 ,m\? p>ts se5 f bel[ 7,aft] ,grab]47 ,li?obius1 he tells u1 lays b few eggs comp>$ ) ! numb] deposit$ by ,julus4 ,ea* egg1 z x leaves ! oviduct1 is receiv$ by ! hooks m5tion$ above1 & by means ( !m x is roll$ on ! soil till a cov]+ ( e>? adh]es to ! visc\s mat]ial ) :i* ! egg is coat$4 ,! male consid]s ! eggs special delicacies1 & dev\rs !m :5ev] he has ! opportunity4 ,x is to prev5t ?is t ! female cov]s !m ) e>?1 s t ! male may n recognize !m4 ,geophilus is a mu* long] animal ?an ,li?obius1 = its body may consi/ ( f #hj to #ahj r+s4 ,! species h no eyes4 ,sev]al ( !m are common1 especially 9 ! s\? ( ,engl&1 & possess1 z d _m g5]a ( ! same family1 ! prop]ty ( phosphoresc5ce1 :5ce h aris5 ! /ories ( #8lum9\s e>?worms' curr5t f "t to "t4 ,geophilus crassipes is ! =m mo/ frequ5tly captur$ :5 display+ its light4 ,x is f "o in* to two in*es long1 ( a r$di%-orange col\r1 & some:at worm-l 9 %ape4 ,mr4 ,pocock1 ( ! ,briti% ,museum 7,natural ,hi/ory71 says3 #8,! prop]ty ( lum9osity lies 9 an adhesive fluid secret$ by gl&s :i* op5 ^u ! l[] surface ( ! body1 & ! p[] ( dis*>g+ or reta9+ ! fluid appe>s to be entirely "u ! c5tip$e's control4 ,! ph5om5on is obs]vable dur+ ! autumn mon?s1 f ab\t ! middle ( ,septemb] to ! end ( ,novemb]1 & al?\gh its significance is n cle>ly und]/ood1 x is g5]ally believ$ to be connect$ ) ! pair+ ( ! sexes#dj4' ,dur+ a visit to ! seaside x is well to look out = specim5s ( a m>9e ,c5tip$e1 :i* is1 app>5tly1 n v common4 ,x is said to occur #8"u /ones & sea-we$s on ! %ore at or ne> ,plym\?'2 & 9 #ahie ,i _h ! good =tune to meet ) "o at ,bexhill4 ,?is ,c5tip$e does n live 9 ! sea1 b w survive prolong$ imm]sion 9 salt wat]4 ,x is f> too valuable = u to pick to pieces1 s t1 if we %\ld h ! good =tune to meet ) "o1 we %\ld c>efully exam9e x1 mak+ :at notes are necess>y1 & !n pickle ! specim5 & s5d x to ! ,briti% ,museum1 ,cromwell ,road1 ,s4,w4 ,! tube %\ld be labell$ ) ! place & date ( capture1 & x %\ld be /at$ on ! label :e!r ! animal 0 tak5 above or bel[ high-wat] m>k4 ,! ,common ,millep$e--(t5 miscall$ ! wireworm--is readily di/+ui%$ by ! abs5ce ( poison-claws1 & its cyl9drical worm-l appe>ance4 ,de ,ge]1 :o ( c\rse adopt$ ! ,l9naean def9ition ( #8,insects1' says ( ! ,millep$es ( ! g5us ,julus1 to :i* our ,common ,millep$e 7,julus t]restris7 belongs3 #8,!y =m1 z x 71 ! la/ l9k ( ! *a9 :i* unites ! class ( ,insects to t ( ,worms1 = ! body is elongat$ & cyl9drical2 & ?\gh !y h a great numb] ( feet1 ^! are s %ort1 t :5 ^! animals walk1 !y seem r to glide along aft] ! fa%ion ( legless worms#da4' ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fd4--,! ,common ,millep$e4 ,dr4 ,%>p says t ^! animals d v well 9 conf9em5t1 & he f\nd t slic$ apples & grass =m$ ! be/ food = !m4 ,he wat*$ ! process ( ne/-mak+ & egg-lay+1 & ^! creatures are s abundant1 & ! necess>y appliances s simple1 t we may foll[ 8 example & see x = ourselves4 ,8 arrangem5ts 7 ! same z = ,li?obius1 & he saw ! female make a holl[ sph]e ( a bit ( e>?1 /uck toge!r by ! secretion f ! saliv>y gl&s1 & smoo? on ! inside4 ,a small hole 0 left on ! top1 & ?r\gh ?is %e pass$ 9 f #fj to #ajj eggs1 clos+ ! ap]ture ) e>? moi/5$ ) ! saliv>y secretion4 ,! eggs 7 hat*$ 9 ab\t twelve days4 ,! "y ( all ! ,myriapods :5 !y leave ! egg h b ?ree pairs ( legs1 b ! numb] ( limbs & segm5ts is increas$ at ea* successive m\lt4 ,hav+ wat*$ our ,millep$es 9 conf9em5t1 x w be well to take a pres]v$ specim5 & exam9e x c>efully ) ! pocket l5s1 s z to comp>e x ) ! ,c5tip$e2 !n to comp>e bo? ) ! common e>?worm1 & to note ! po9ts ( lik5ess & ( diff]5ce4 ,! d>k spots on ea* segm5t 9 ! illu/ration %[ ! /igmata4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fe4--,segm5ts ( ,millep$e 7magnifi$74 ,,*apt] ,v ,,cru/aceans4--,,prawn1 ,,%rimp1 ,,mysis1 ,,crabs2 ,,amphipods2 ,,isopods ,! next gr\p ( ,ar?ropod animals ) :i* we h to deal is t ( ! ,cru/acea4 ,"s or o!r ( ! memb]s ( ?is class are well kn[n to ev]ybody1 if only 9 ! %ape ( too?some food--! ,prawn1 ! ,%rimp1 ! ,lob/]1 ! ,crayfi%1 & ! ,crab4 ,! great *>act]i/ic ( ?is class ( ! ,ar?ropod phylum is ! s-call$ #8%ell1' :i* diff]s greatly f true %ell 9 be+ compos$ ( *it9e1 h>d5$ ) salts ( lime4 ,mo/ ( ! species live 9 ! wat] & brea! by means ( gills or ?r\gh ! sk94 ,9 deal+ ) ^! creatures1 "s long words mu/ be employ$1 if our pres5t "w on !m is to be a /epp+-/one to some?+ m advanc$4 ,! difficulty is m app>5t ?an real1 & if boldly fac$ w soon be ov]come4 ,our fir/ division1 or sub-class1 ( ! ,cru/acea is t ( ! ,malacostraca1 or animals ) s(t %ells--a "n orig9ally adopt$1 z ,mr4 ,/ebb+ tells u#db1 #8to di/+ui% su* creatures z crabs & crawfi% & prawns f su* o!rs z oy/]s & clams2 n because ( ! absolute1 b because ( ! comp>ative s(tness ( _! %ells4' ,"u ?is sub-class are gr\p$ two ,ord]s--! ,/alk$-ey$ & ! ,sessile-ey$ ,cru/aceans1 ! te*nical names = :i* are ! ,podoph?alma & ! ,edrioph?alma4 ,to ! ,/alk$-ey$ ,cru/aceans belong ! ,prawn1 ! ,%rimp1 ,mysis1 or ! ,opossum ,%rimp1 & ! ,crabs1 to m5tion only ^? =ms ) :i* we are deal+ "h4 ,! reason = sci5tific & popul> names w be evid5t if liv+ or _s specim5s are exam9$1 = x w be se5 t ! eyes are elevat$ on /alks4 ,mr4 ,/ebb+#dc relates an amus+ /ory ( a v intellig5t /ud5t1 :o1 on be+ told t ! eyes 7( ! %rimp7 7 /alk$1 c&idly confess$ to hav+ always ?\ght t ?is appe>ance 0 due to _! hav+ be5 =c$ out ( ! head by boil+4 ,! g5]al %ape ( a ,prawn 7,palaemon s]ratus7 is fairly famili> to ev]ybody4 ,! body is divid$ into two pr9cipal regions--! c>apace1 or cephalo?orax1 z x us$ to be call$ 7=m$ by ! union ( ! head & ?orax71 & ! pleon1 or swimm+ "p4 ,! c>apace has a project+ beak or ro/rum1 & is unsegm5t$2 ! pleon is divid$ into segm5ts1 & ! :ole may be repres5t$ ?us3-- ---- -- -- -- -- -- -- 7 c #a #b #c #d #e #f t :]e ! long /roke 7c7 /&s = ! c>apace1 ! %ort] ones 7#a-f7 = ! segm5ts ( ! pleon1 & ! 7 = ! telson or tail4 ,! c>apace consi/s ( f\rte5 unit$ segm5ts1 & ?is w give tw5ty or tw5ty-"o segm5ts 9 all1 accord+ z we reckon ! telson an app5dage ( ! six? segm5t ( ! abdom51 or z a di/9ct segm5t4 ,! c>apace be>s ! eyes1 two pairs ( ant5nae1 six pairs ( m\? app5dages1 & five pairs ( walk+ legs or p]eiopods1 normally ) sev5 jo9ts--9 all1 f\rte5 pairs ( app5dages1 t is1 "o pair = ea* ( ! f\rte5 segm5ts ( :i* ! c>apace is compos$4 ,! segm5ts #a-e ( ! pleon be> swimm+ feet1 or pleopods1 & ! female uses ^! = reta9+ ! eggs1 :i* %e be>s ab\t ) h]4 ,9 ?is fa%ion ! #8h5' lob/] c>ries h] #8b]ries4' ,! ,prawn is a capital inmate ( ! aqu>ium1 & z x does well 9 conf9em5t1 specim5s %\ld be kept 9 ord] to get a g5]al acqua9tance ) _! =m & ext]nal anatomy1 & to wat* _! habits4 ,! ,common ,prawn w answ] ! purpose1 b /ill bett] is ,palaemonetes v>ians1 an exce$+ly common species4 ,x has ?is advantage1 t x #8seems to be equally at home 9 salt wat] & fre%4' ,! only condition necess>y is a good supply ( food1 & ?is may be furni%$ by putt+ into ! aqu>ium f "t to "t a quantity ( wat]-fleas4 ,if ^! ,prawns are well f$ !y w %$ _! sk9s at frequ5t int]vals1 & ?is op]ation w give u mat]ial = exam9ation1 = ! ca/ sk9 w s]ve our purpose almo/ z well z a _s specim54 ,"s ( ^! ,prawns are n[ liv+ 9 "o ( my aqu>ia4 ,!y 7 tak5 9 a bracki% dyke or cut ne> ,ne:av51 9 ,sussex1 & 9 ! mud :i* 0 br\ght back ) !m 7 a numb] ( small bivalves ( ! g5us ,spha]ium4 ,mo/ p "k ,mr4 ,kew's exce$+ly int]e/+ book1 ,! ,disp]sal ( ,%ells#dd4 ,9 x he relates "s extraord9>y in/ances ( ! way 9 :i* species ( %ells are c>ri$ %ort di/ances1 & may be c>ri$ f "o di/rict or c\ntry to ano!r4 ,^! ,prawns (f]$ a good illu/ration ( ?is1 & practically confirm$ "s ( ! /atem5ts 9 8 book1 = on sev]al occasions !y 7 se5 ) ! bivalve %ells atta*$ to _! walk+ legs4 ,! molluscs lay half buri$ 9 ! mud & vegetable dbris at ! bottom ( ! tank1 & z ! ,prawns walk$ ab\t !y sometimes trod betwe5 ! op5 valves1 :i*1 z !y clos$1 fa/5$ on to ! intrud+ limb4 ,on "o occasion ! molluscs did n relax _! grasp = days2 & _h ?is incid5t occurr$ :5 ! creatures 7 at lib]ty ! molluscs might h be5 c>ri$ = a consid]able di/ance4 ,if specim5s ( ,spha]ium are put into an aqu>ium conta9+ ,prawns ( ?is k9d1 x is probable t be=e v long ! cru/aceans w h "o or two atta*$ to "s ( _! limbs4 ,prawns are exce$+ly beautiful1 & if we get hold ( live specim5s1 f salt wat] or fre%1 !y %\ld be put into an aqu>ium--! small]1 9 reason1 ! bett]--s t _! motions may be wat*$ ) ! h& l5s4 ,if mu* we$ be put 91 ! ,prawns w use _! walk+ legs 9 pref]5ce1 :ile if !re is little vegetation ! p[]ful tail-fan w be employ$ = motion backw>ds1 :ile ! five pairs ( limbs on ! abdom5 enable _! own]s to move =w>ds ?r\gh ! wat]4 ,f ,fig4 #ff "o may get a good notion ( a ,prawn1 & ( ! po9ts 9 :i* ,prawns1 9 ! zoological s5se ( ! ^w1 diff] f ,%rimps4 ,! head ( ! ,prawn is arm$ 9 front ) a long blade-l beak1 /udd$ along its upp] & l[] edges ) a s]ies ( tee? l ^? ( a saw1 & ! second leg is *elate1 t is1 arm$ ) p9c]s1 resembl+1 9 m9iature1 t ( a lob/] or crab4 ,9 ! ,%rimp1 on ! contr>y1 !re is sc>cely a trace ( ! beak1 & ! fir/ leg is incompletely *elate1 or sub-*elate#de 7,fig4 #fg71 its la/ jo9t fold+ back ^u ! "o t supports x1 j z ! blade ( a pocket-knife closes on its h&le4 ,^! two di/9ctions hold good betwe5 all ,prawns & all true ,%rimps4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ff4--,prawn4 ,n[ let u g ov] our ,prawn--a _s specim5--9 detail4 ,! ant5nae may be sep>at$1 & exam9$1 & ! app5dages ( ! inn] pair di/+ui%$1 = at fir/ x may be ?\ght t !re are m ?an two pairs4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n ! case1 z %\ld be asc]ta9$ by actual inve/igation4 ,a ne$le ins]t$ at ! base ( ! out] ant5nae w sep>ate ! fir/ ?ree segm5ts1 be>+ respectively ! eyes1 & ! fir/ & second pairs ( ant5nae4 ,! eye %\ld be c>efully look$ at to make out t x is really comp\nd4 ,!n ! jo9ts ( ! ant5nae1 ea* ) its circle ( s5se-hairs1 are to be notic$4 ,la/ ( all1 ! inn] pair ( ant5nae des]ve att5tion1 = ^! c>ry 9 ! basal jo9t an organ ( he>+4 ,?is jo9t is l>ge & sac-l1 & conta9s an op5+ ?r\gh :i* gra9s ( s& are introduc$ by ! animal itself4 ,! gra9s s]ve to transmit ! vibrations ( ! wat] 9 ! sac to ! auditory hairs1 to ea* ( :i* a bran* is s5t (f f ! auditory n]ve4 ,if ! jo9t is op5$ ! s& w be f\nd4 ,! fir/ ant5nae ( a lob/] or crayfi% may also be exam9$ & comp>$4 ,! m\? organs1 ( :i* !re are six pairs1 w (f] "s difficulty1 & = ?is reason x may be well to pass !m ov] 9 ?is case & to deal ) ^! organs g5]ally :5 treat+ ( ! ,crab4 ,b5ea? ! out] foot-jaws are ! fir/ pair ( walk+ feet1 :i* are us$ z cleans+ organs4 ,gosse describes !m z #8beset ) hairs :i* /& out at "r angles to ! l5g? ( ! limb1 radiat+ 9 all directions l ! bri/les ( a bottle-bru%4' ,if we wat* our ,prawn 9 life1 we %all frequ5tly see ^! limbs 9 active op]ation4 ,!y are br\ght to be> on e "p ( ! body )9 rea*4 ,s[]by says#df3 #8,! prawn loves to be clean1 & he takes surpris+ pa9s to keep himself s4 ,draw+ up 8 tail & abdom51 he subjects _! "u surface to ! mo/ c>eful revision1 scrubb+ & pok+ betwe5 ! lappets ( ! %ell & body1 div+ into e crevice1 & ) ! p9c]-h& pick+ out e speck too l>ge to bru% away4' ,! next pair ( legs are also *elate2 b ! ?ree foll[+ pairs are arm$ ) claws1 & x is ^u ! po9ts ( ^! t ! animal walks on ! bottom4 ,! p9c]s ( ! second pair ( legs are us$ to pick up food & br+ x up to ! m\? organs1 :]e x is tak5 by ! out] foot-jaws1 & pass$ into ! m\?4 ,! swimm+ feet c>ry two bran*es1 f9ely fr+$ ) hairs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fg4 ,fir/ walk+ leg ( ,%rimp 7enl>g$74 ,if ! c>apace be remov$ ! gills at ! base ( ! walk+ feet w be expos$4 ,^! consi/ ( ?9 leaf-l plates atta*$ to a c5tral /alk1 & !y are arat$ by wat] pass+ 9 beh9d & out 9 front4 ,aft] :at has be5 said ( ! ,prawn1 little space ne$ be devot$ to ! ,%rimp1 = x may be gone ov] 9 precisely ! same way4 ,x w be suffici5t to call att5tion to ! diff]5ce 9 ! ant5nae1 to ! rudim5t>y ro/rum or beak1 & to emphasize ! di/9ction betwe5 ! t]m9al jo9ts ( ! fir/ leg 9 ! two creatures4 ,! leg %[n 9 ,fig4 #fg corresponds to ! limb us$ = cleans+ by ! ,prawn4 ,!re is a great diff]5ce 9 _! habits1 = ,%rimps burr[ 9 ! s& = concealm5t4 ,9 do+ ?is ! swimm+ feet1 z well z ! walk+ legs1 are br\ght into action1 & :5 ! ,%rimp is settl+ d[n1 s& is swept ov] its back by ! ant5nae1 to r5d] ! concealm5t complete4 ,9 _m ( ! rock-pools r\nd ! coa/1 & also 9 bracki% wat]1 ,mysis1 or ! ,opossum ,%rimp1 may be met )4 ,x is n1 s f> z my exp]i5ce goes1 a good inmate ( ! aqu>ium1 b x is extremely int]e/+ f ! fact t1 unlike its high] relations1 ! auditory app>atus is n situat$ 9 ! ant5nae1 b 9 ! plates ( ! telson 7,fig4 #fh;,e74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fh4--,mysis1 or ! ,opossum ,%rimp4 ,mysis is %rimp-l 9 g5]al appe>ance b diff]s f ,%rimps 9 ! /ructure ( ! legs1 9 ! abs5ce ( gills1 & 9 o!r p>ticul>s4 ,! telson consi/s ( five pieces4 ,9 ea* ( ! two inn] & small] pieces is an oval sac1 l t describ$ 9 ! basal jo9ts ( ! fir/ ant5nae ( ! ,prawn1 conta9+ a s+le l5s-%ap$ otoli?1 consi/+ ( *alky matt] emb$d$ 9 "s organic sub/ance4 #8,! vibration ( ! hairs 9 ?is sac is me*anical1 n dep5d+ on ! life ( ! animal4 ,h5s5 took a ,mysis1 & fix$ x 9 su* a position t he c\ld wat* p>ticul> hairs ) a microscope4 ,he !n s\nd$ a scale2 to mo/ ( ! notes ! hairs rema9$ entirely passive1 b to "s "o x respond$ s viol5tly & vibrat$ s rapidly z to become invisible4 ,:5 ! note ceas$ ! hair became quiet2 z soon z x 0 re-s\nd$1 ! hair at once began to vibrate aga94 ,o!r hairs1 9 ! same way1 respond$ to o!r notes4 ,! relation ( ! hairs to p>ticul> notes is probably det]m9$ by v>i\s conditions2 = in/ance1 by ! l5g?1 ?ickness1 c4#dg' ,we %all n be able at pres5t to repeat ,h5s5's exp]im5t1 b we may break up ! sac & extract ! otoli?1 :i* may be se5 ) ! l5ses at our comm&4 ,small specim5s ( ! ,%ore ,crab 7,c>c9us maenas7 are fair game = u4 ,!y w int]e/ u :ile liv+ 9 ! aqu>ium1 & :5 dead we c put !m into pickle1 & break !m up at our leisure4 ,! broad %ell ( ! ,crab--! crab-c>t ( *ildr5--corresponds to ! c>apace ( ! ,lob/]1 ! ,prawn1 & ! ,%rimp1 & be>s ! same numb] ( app5dages--f\rte5 pairs4 ,to make out ! pleon or swimm+ "p1 x is only necess>y to lay ! crab on its back1 &1 ) a ne$le1 or small knife1 turn back ! flap--or #8apron1' z fi%]m5 call x--:i* lies 9 a groove on ! "u surface4 ,"h we %all f9d ! pleopods1 or swimm+ feet1 ?\gh !y are n really us$ = t purpose4 ,! eyes1 ! two pairs ( ant5nae1 & ! five pairs ( walk+ legs w (f] no difficulty4 ,x is only necess>y to rem>k t ! t]m9al jo9ts ( ! la/ pair ( walk+ legs are flatt5$ & fr+$ ) hair1 %[+ "s approa* to ! swimm+ crabs1 :i* use ^? organs to swim )4 ,n[ we may exam9e ! m\? organs1 ( :i* !re are six pairs4 ,to d ?is1 ! crab may be fix$1 ) ! back d[nw>ds1 or held lightly b firmly 9 ! left h&4 ,! latt] plan is p]haps ! m conv5i5t4 ,! index & middle f+]s %\ld support ! c>apace1 & ! ?umb %\ld be plac$ on ! pleon4 ,! out] pair ( m\? organs are ! ?ird maxillip$es1 or jaw-feet4 ,^! close ! area ( ! m\?1 some:at aft] ! fa%ion ( ! d\ble-doors ( a cupbo>d1 ?\gh ! h++1 ( c\rse1 is diff]5t4 ,to op5 ^! jaw-feet1 a ne$le %\ld be ins]t$ at ! top1 ) a g5tle pressure d[nw>ds & outw>ds4 ,! back ( ! crab is turn$ away f u1 s t ! left jaw-foot %\ld be press$ outw>ds to ! "r1 & ! "r jaw-foot to ! left4 ,!oretically ^! limbs consi/ ( ! same numb] ( jo9ts z ! p]eiopods or walk+ legs2 & ?is is to be borne 9 m9d1 ev5 if we d n succe$--& we probably %all n--9 trac+ ! full numb] ( sev5 jo9ts4 ,b we may notice & c\nt ! t]m9al jo9ts1 & obs]ve ! fr++ ( ! limb ) hair4 ,a simil> me?od ( us+ ! ne$le w enable u to raise ! second & fir/ pairs ( maxillip$es1 :i* are ( small] size & s(t] /ructure4 ,hav+ rais$ ^! organs1 x is well to replace !m--to close ! doors1 z x 7--& !n to raise !m aga91 to obs]ve h[ !y "w4 ,!y may !n be deta*$ & fa/5$ to a small piece ( c>d1 = comp>ison ) simil> organs 9 ! lob/] & ! crayfi%1 & ) ! m\? organs ( insects4 ,b5ea? ! maxillip$es are ! second & fir/ maxillae--?91 leaf-l organs4 ,! fir/-nam$ are furni%$ ) spoon-l scoops1 :i* s]ve to c>ry out f ! gill-*amb] ! wat] t has p>t$ ) its oxyg5 9 arat+ ! gills4 ,imm$iately bel[ ! maxillae lie ! m&ibles1 ) h>d1 cutt+ edges1 by means ( :i* ! food is brok5 up4 ,ea* c>ries a palp4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fi4--,maxillip$es & ,maxilla 7b7 ( ,%ore ,crab4 7d7 ,fir/ maxillip$e4 7,aft] ,savigny47 ,^! inn] ?ree pairs %\ld also be deta*$1 & ! :ole ( ! m\? organs arrang$ on a c>d ?us3-- ,,m&ibles4 ,,fir/ ,,maxillae4 ,,second ,,maxillae4 ,,fir/ ,,maxillip$es4 ,,second ,,maxillip$es4 ,,?ird ,,maxillip$es4 ,! fir/ attempt w c]ta9ly be unsuccessful2 & ! fir/ few attempts w probably be unsatisfactory2 b we %all ga9 k ) ea* successive trial4 ,& k is wor? ! w9n+4 ,! /oma* is int]e/+1 & ! ga/ric mill may be easily exam9$4 ,:5 ! m\? organs are remov$1 !re w be no difficulty 9 tak+ out ! /oma*4 ,?is %\ld be cut op5 ) a ne$le1 & !n we %all see ! ga/ric tee? 7g g7 :i* gr9d up ! food aga9/ ! fix$ calc>e\s plate 7b b74 ,! l[] end ( ! /oma* is set ) f9e hairs1 :i* prev5t ! passage ( food into ! inte/9es until x has be5 gr\nd f9e betwe5 ^! liv+ mill/ones4 ,a simil> arrangem5t is f\nd 9 all ! high] ,cru/acea4 ,! "t sp5t 9 comp>+ ! ga/ric mill ( ! ,crab ) ! #8gizz>d' ( ! ,cockroa* w n be ?r[n away4 ,! ,broad-claw$ ,porcela9 ,crab 7,porcellana platy*eles7 is also wor? keep+1 = x is a droll little creature4 ,^! crabs are g5]ally to be f\nd cl++ to ! "u surface ( /ones or ( l$ges ( rocks ov]hang+ small pools4 ,! *ief int]e/ ( ^! crabs1 = u1 lies 9 ! exce$+ly beautiful arrangem5t = procur+ food ) :i* ! out] pair ( foot-jaws is furni%$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gj4--,/oma* ( ,crab laid op54 b b b1 fix$ plate1 aga9/ :i* ! ga/ric tee? g g are oppos$2 b b1 ga/ric tee? enl>g$4 #8,wat*+ a ,broad-claw b5ea? a /one close to ! side ( my tank1 ,i notic$ t 8 long ant5nae 7 cont9ually flirt$ ab\t2 ^! are d\btless s5sitive organs ( t\*1 or "s analog\s s5se1 :i* in=m ! animal ( ! pres5ce1 & p]haps ( ! nature1 ( objects )9 rea*4 ,at ! same "t ,i rem>k$ t ! out] foot-jaws 7p$ipalps7 7 employ$ alt]nately 9 mak+ ca/s1 be+ ?r[n out delib]ately1 b )\t int]mission1 & drawn 91 exactly 9 ! mann] ( ! fr+$ h& ( a ,b>nacle1 ( :i* bo? ! organ & ! action /rongly rem9d$ me4 ,i look$ at ?is m closely ) ! aid ( a l5s3 ea* foot-jaw =m$ a p]fect spoon ( hairs1 :i* at e ca/ exp&$ & p>tly clos$4 ,t y may und]/& ?is bett]1 ,i mu/ say t ! foot-jaw resembles a sickle 9 =m1 be+ compos$ ( five jo9ts1 ( :i* ! la/ f\r are curv$ l ! blade ( t implem5t4 ,ea* ( ^! jo9ts is set along its inn] edge ) a r[ ( p>allel bri/les1 ( :i* ^? ( ! la/ jo9t ar* out 9 a semicircle1 cont9u+ ! curve ( ! limb2 ! re/ ( ! bri/les are curv$ p>allel or conc5trical ) ^!1 b dim9i% 9 l5g? z !y rec$e d[nw>ds4 ,x w be se51 !re=e1 t :5 ! jo9ts ( ! foot-jaw are ?r[n out1 approa*+ to a /raight l9e1 ! curv$ hairs are made to div]ge2 b z ! ca/ is made !y resume _! p>allelism1 & sweep 91 z ) a net1 ! atoms ( ! embrac$ wat]#dh4' ,all ?is description may be v]ifi$ f a _s specim51 if ! foot-jaws be c>efully remov$4 ,& ! exam9ation ) ! l5s w also %[ t ^! hairs are plumose1 t is1 set ) small] hair1 l ! b>bs ( a fea!r4 ,at ?is po9t we may conv5i5tly take leave ( ! ,/alk-ey$1 & pass on to ! ,sessile-ey$1 ,cru/acea4 ,leav+ ! ,cumacea out ( ! "q1 we h two ,sub-ord]s f :i* to *oose our subjects--! ,amphipoda & ! ,isopoda--conv5i5tly ,engli%$1 ,amphipods & ,isopods4 ,we le>n f ,mr4 ,/ebb+#di t #8! ,amphipoda1 :i* are common 9 fre% z well z 9 salt wat]1 7 s nam$ by ! ,fr5* naturali/ ,latreille1 z hav+ feet ext5d+ 9 all directions1 _! limbs at ! same "t hav+ mu* div]sity ( =m1 9 correspond5ce ) div]sity ( function4 ,! ,isopoda1 or equalfoot$ animals1 besides be+ f\nd bo? 9 fre% & salt wat]1 h m decid$ly ?an ! ,amphipoda ext5d$ _! range to ! dry l&4 ,! "n 0 inv5t$ by ,latreille 9 ignorance ( ! great numb] ( species1 s9ce inve/igat$1 9 :i* ! feet are /rik+ly unlike & unequal4 ,nev]!less1 ! "n may /&1 j z a rose rema9s a rose ev5 :5 x is n rose-col\r$4' ,^! la/ two s5t5ces mu/ be borne 9 m9d1 = !y ?r[ great light on a subject t may give u "s tr\ble--! "q ( priority 9 nom5clature4 ,! majority ( ! ,amphipods live 9 salt wat]1 b a few are f\nd 9 ponds & /reams1 & "s dwell on ! %ore1 ne>1 b n 91 ! sea4 ,! animals ( ?is ,sub-ord] are di/9ctly segm5t$1 & ?ree regions may be di/+ui%$ ?us image1 :]e ,c /&s = ! ,cephalon1 or head1 ,p]4 = ! ,p]eion1 or body1 & ,pl4 = ! ,pleon 7lit]ally1 ! swimm+ "p71 or tail4 ,on ! head we %all f9d two pairs ( ant5nae1 ! eyes1 & ! m\? app5dages4 ,ea* segm5t ( ! p]eion be>s a pair ( app5dages2 ! fir/ two pairs are call$ respectively ! fir/ & second gna?opods 7or jaw-feet71 & ! o!r five pairs p]eiopods1 or walk+ feet4 ,! pleon c>ries ?ree pairs ( pleopods1 or swimm+ feet1 on ! fir/ ?ree segm5ts1 & ea* ( ! foll[+ ?ree has a pair ( uropods or tail app5dages4 ,x is well to make out ^! p>ts 9 e specim5 t comes 9 our way4 ,m is le>nt by break+ up "o specim5 ?an by read+ ! cle>e/ description s (t5 t "o kn[s x by he>t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ga4--;,gamm>us4 7,aft] ,s>s47 ,we may beg9 ) ! ,fre%-wat] ,%rimp 7,gamm>us pulex71 :i* may be tak5 abundantly 9 runn+ wat] :]e !re is pl5ty ( vegetation4 ,will[-moss af=ds ^! ,cru/aceans a fav\rite hid+-place4 ,x is an excell5t plan to ga!r a quantity ( we$ & %ake x ov] a newspap] or a piece ( mack9to%4 ,! #8,%rimps'--:i*1 by ! way1 are n really ,%rimps--w be dislodg$ f ! we$1 & we %all see !m wriggl+ along on _! sides1 f :i* habit !y & _! ne> relatives are (t5 call$ #8,scuds1' & #8,screws4' ,!y are useful inmates ( an aqu>ium1 because !y fe$ on decay+ animal matt]1 & s keep ! wat] pure & sweet4 ,op9ions are divid$ z to :e!r ^! animals fe$ on wat]-plants2 x is probable t :5 _! natural food fails !m1 !y take :at comes 9 _! way4 ,i h kept m>9e & fre%-wat] species ( ,gamm>us 7! g5us to :i* ! ,fre%-wat] ,%rimp belongs7 9 tanks :i* conta9$ no o!r animals1 b pl5ty ( vegetation1 & bo? liv$ & did well = a consid]able "t4 ,!y are by no means unwill+ to make a meal (f ! dead body ( "o ( _! own species2 b x is exce$+ly d\btful if !y prey on ea* o!r1 z "s old writ]s h ass]t$4 ,?is notion probably arose f ! fact t ! male c>ries ! female1 :i* is mu* small]1 ab\t ) him1 dur+ ! p]iod ( c\rt%ip1 hold+ h] tightly b5ea? 8 body by means ( ! f+]s ( its fir/ two pairs ( h&s4 ,! habit is n conf9$ to ?is g5us1 nor ev5 to ?is ,sub-ord]2 = "s1 if n all1 ! species ( ,idotea c>ry on _! c\rt%ip 9 simil> fa%ion1 z does also ! ,wat] ,woodl\se4 ,= ! v]ification ( /atem5ts su* z ^!1 a small aqu>ium is necess>y1 b ! animals w n be "u obs]vation long be=e ! obs]v] w be conv9c$ ( _! tru?4 ,all species ( ,gamm>us1 :e!r liv+ 9 ! sea or fre% wat]1 may be readily di/+ui%$ by ! r[s ( small sp9es on ! ?ree h9d] segm5ts ( ! pleon1 = ?is is "o ( ! *>act]i/ic m>ks ( ! g5us4 ,aft] we h kept specim5s 9 ! aqu>ium = a "t1 s z to become famili> ) _! g5]al appe>ance & habits1 we w put !m to practical use by break+ !m up4 ,our fir/ task is to "w ov] ! animal z a :ole1 & to make out ! ?ree regions--cephalon1 or head2 p]eon1 or body2 & plon1 or swimm+ "p1 or tail--into :i* x is divisible4 ,x w n be suffici5t to d ?is once1 & !n to imag9e we h ! :ole matt] fix$ 9 our memory4 ,x %\ld be repeat$ ov] & ov] aga91 ) e specim5 t comes into our h&s1 till we "k ^! regions practically1 & ! numb] & k9d ( app5dages !y c>ry4 ,& !n ! ?ree r[s ( sp9es are to be look$ =4 ,= all ?is ! in* l5s w be q suffici5t4 ,n[ let u sep>ate ! head4 ,:5 ?is is done1 & if we use ! l5s1 we %all at once be able to acc\nt = ! "n #8,sessile-ey$ ,cru/acea1' = ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! eyes ( our specim5 & ^? ( a %rimp or a crab w be evid5t4 ,nor c !re be any d\bt t !y are comp\nd eyes1 ?\gh ! out] integum5t is n divid$ into facets4 ,! ant5nae are next to be consid]$4 ,( ^! !re are two pairs1 ! sup]ior1 or inn]1 pair be+ ! long]4 ,^! ant5nae consi/ ( ?ree basal jo9ts & a _m-jo9t$ flagellum1 or la%1 & on ea* ( ! inn] pair is a second>y app5dage1 aris+ f ! di/al 7or out]7 end ( ! ?ird basal jo9t4 ,we may repres5t "o ( ! sup]ior ant5nae ?us3 image4 ,! da%es repres5t ! ?ree basal jo9ts1 ! long r[ ( dots ! _m-jo9t$ flagellum1 & ! slant+ r[ ( dots /&s = ! second>y app5dage4 ,! s5sory-hairs on ! jo9ts ( ! flagellum %\ld be look$ =1 & may be made out ) ! in* l5s4 ,! same p[] w %[ ! d5ticle1 or too?-l projection at ! base ( ! l[] ant5nae4 ,next come ! m\? p>ts4 ,z comp>$ ) ,crabs1 ,amphipods seem badly (f 9 ?is respect2 = ! second & ?ird maxillip$es ( ! =m] become ! fir/ & second gna?opods ( ! latt]1 s t in/ead ( six pairs ( m\? organs ! ,amphipods h only f\r4 ,x is n an easy matt] = a beg9n] to sep>ate ! m\? p>ts ( an ,amphipod1 b ! difficulty is n insup]able1 & w gr[ #8small by degrees & beautifully less' ) practice4 ,we h to make out f\r pairs ( organs arrang$ 9 ! ord] giv5 at ! side ( ! page1 ! m&ibles be+ ! inn]mo/4 ,,m&ibles4 ,,fir/ ,,maxillae4 ,,second ,,maxillae4 ,,maxillip$es4 ,( c\rse we mu/ beg9 ) ! maxillip$es 7,fig4 #gb74 ,! specim5 may be held betwe5 ! f+] & ?umb1 & ! p>ts pick$ out ) a ne$le4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 bett] & easi] to make ! dissection "u wat]4 ,!n we c remove ! second & fir/ maxillae1 ! latt] easily recognizable by its palp or feel]4 ,la/ ( all come ! m&ibles1 also be>+ a palp4 ,we %all feel ^! "u ! ne$le1 because ( _! h>d5$ cutt+ edges4 ,^! are di/9ctly too!d4 ,:5 practice has made ! sep>ation ( ^! p>ts fairly easy1 !y %\ld be comp>$ ) ! m\? p>ts ( o!r memb]s ( ! gr\p1 s z to utilize ! k we h ga9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gb4--,maxillip$es ( ,gamm>us m>9us 79 c5tre74 ,a4 ,fir/ maxilla4 ,b4 ,second maxilla 7magnifi$74 ,next come ! two pairs ( gna?opods1 & 9 ^! we h to f9d sev5 jo9ts--:i* may be d5ot$ by ! numb]s #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f1 #g2 #a be+ ! basal jo9t1 or t ne>e/ ! body4 ,! six? jo9t is (t5 call$ ! #8h&1' & ! sev5?1 ! #8f+]4' ,! jo9ts v>y greatly 9 diff]5t g5]a4 ,! walk+ legs are next to be exam9$1 & we may notice t ! fir/ & second pairs are turn$ =w>ds1 & ! ?ird1 f\r?1 & fif? pairs backw>ds4 ,at ! bases ( ^! legs are ! brea?+ app>atus1 & ! females h leaf-l plates on ! ant]ior f\r pairs1 =m+ a p\* 9 :i* ! eggs are hat*$1 & "h %e %elt]s h] "y1 & c>ries !m ab\t ) h]4 ,! foll[+ acc\nt ( ?is habit is tak5 f ,bate & ,we/wood's ,sessile-ey$ ,cru/aceae 7i4 pp4 #chj1 #cha71 & 0 furni%$ to ! au?ors ( t book by ,dr4 ,james ,salt]3 #8,on cat*+ a female ) live l>vae1 no?+ is se5 ( ! prog5y till ! p>5t has become at home 9 ! aqu>ium1 :5 ! little creatures leave h] & swim ab\t 9 h] imm$iate neighb\rhood4 ,! plan ,i h adopt$ to wat* ?is curi\s habit ( mat]nal protection1 has be5 to place a s+le individual 9 a bottle ( sea wat]4 ,aft] a "t1 & t soon1 ! little cru/acean seems at ease & swims sl[ly ab\t1 :5 ! "y fry leave h] & sw>m ar\nd h] 9 a p]fect cl\d2 !y nev] leave h] = m ?an half or ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in*1 & z %e sl[ly moves ab\t !y accompany h]4 ,if n[ "o taps ! side ( ! bottle ) "o's f+]-nail1 ! sw>m ( l>vae ru% "u _! p>5t1 & 9 a second are out ( sight4 ,! p>5t n[ becomes excit$1 & swims ab\t quickly1 z if try+ to escape2 b by lett+ ! bottle conta9+ h] re/ q /ill %e soon gets compos$1 :5 out come ! "y l>vae aga9 & swim ab\t z be=e4 ,?is may be repeat$ z (t5 z ! obs]v] wi%es1 & always ) ! same result4 ,i h only se5 ?is 9 "o species1 b x is q a common species 9 ,poole ,h>b\r1 & ,i h wat*$ ! int]e/+ habit _m times4' ,! swimm+ legs are1 r\ghly speak+1 image-%ap$--t is1 !y consi/ ( a /em1 c>ry+ two _m-jo9t$ filam5ts1 fr+$ ) f9e plumose hairs4 ,a hair is said to be plumose :5 x be>s small] & f9] hairs on ea* side4 #8,by fold+ ! tail b5ea? ! body1 & sudd5ly /rik+ x out aga91 ^? animals :i* exi/ 9 ! wat]1 z well z ^? :i* live on ! %ore1 are enabl$ to d>t or leap to a consid]able di/ance#ej4' ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gc4--,ne/-build+ ,amphipod4 7,f life47 ,our h& l5s may be well employ$ 9 wat*+ "s ( ! ne/-build+ ,amphipods at "w 9 ! aqu>ium4 ,!re c be no difficulty 9 keep+ ^! creatures 9 captivity1 & "u obs]vation1 z !y build _! tubes & re> _! families4 ,!y are pl5tiful 9 e rock pool r\nd ! coa/1 & x w\ld be a h>d matt] to dip ! net into any su* pool )\t gett+ a few specim5s4 ,!y ne$ absolutely no c>e4 ,! aqu>ium ( ! specim5 figur$ 0 a f\r-ounce bottle1 tightly cork$2 & 9 x 0 a spray ( ,cladophora1 on :i* ! animal f$1 & ! gr[? ( :i* broke up ! c>bon dioxide & set free good /ore ( oxyg54 ,"h x liv$ = "s mon?s1 & built m ?an "o tube = itself aga9/ ! side ( ! bottle4 ,x is easy en\gh ?r\gh ! pocket l5s to wat* ! ,amphipod at "w4 ,l o!r build]s1 ! fir/ ?+ x does is to get its mat]ials ready4 ,ly+ on its side1 ) its back aga9/ ! glass1 x w rake toge!r ) its ant5nae & jaw-feet a good /ore ( vegetable dbris1 or if !re be no supply ( ?is1 w break (f bran*es f ! gr[+ we$4 ,b ga!r+ vegetable dbris1 or ev5 filam5ts ( liv+ we$1 is v f> f be+ tube-build+4 ,some?+ m is ne$$ to b9d ! mass into a coh]5t /ructure4 ,?is ! animal itself supplies4 ,! bases ( ! fir/ two pairs ( walk+ feet are l>ge1 & conta9 gl&s :i* secrete a glut9\s cem5t1 t c be spread l mort>1 or spun out into ?reads4 ,an ,am]ican obs]v] devot$ mu* "t to ! obs]vation ( ^! animals4 ,he says#ea3 #8,:5 captur$ & plac$ 9 a small zoophyte tr\gh1 ) small bran*+ algae1 ! individuals almo/ always proce$$ at once to con/ruct a tube1 & c\ld v readily be obs]v$ "u ! microscope4444 ,! bran*es 7 n usually at once br\ght ne> en\gh toge!r to s]ve z ! framework ( ! tube1 b 7 gradually br\ght toge!r by pull+ !m 9 & fa/5+ !m a little at a "t until !y 7 br\ght into ! prop] position1 :]e !y 7 firmly held by means ( a ?ick network ( f9e ?reads ( cem5t spun f bran* to bran*4 ,aft] ! tube _h assum$ v ne>ly its complet$ =m1 x 0 /ill usually no?+ b a transp>5t network ( cem5t-?reads wov5 among ! bran*es ( ! we$4' ,!n he describes ! me?od 9 :i* ! ,amphipod works up bits ( we$ & its own dropp+s into ! framework ( ! tube4 ,9 putt+ its foecal pellets to ?is use1 x rem9ds "o ( a species ( ,melic]ta 7,melic]ta janus7#eb1 :i* employs ! same mat]ial to coat its gelat9\s %ea?4 ,9 break+ up we$ & pellets ) its foot-jaws & 7probably7 its m&ibles1 ! ,amphipod recalls ! practice ( "s ( ! ,mask+ ,crabs1 :i* h be5 se5 to apply to ! m\? ! mat]ial !y 7 us+ to deck !mselves4 ,dr4 ,aurivillius sugge/s t 9 ! case ( ! ,crabs !re may be an adhesive secretion f ! m\?1 z !re is possibly 9 ! ,amphipods4 #8,! sp9n+ 0 done :olly ) ! fir/ & second p]eiopods1 ! tips ( :i* 7 t\*$1 f po9t to po9t ov] ! inside ( ! skeleton tube1 9 a way t recall$ /rongly ! movem5ts ( ! h&s 9 play+ ^u a piano4 ,! cem5t adh]$ at once to ! po9ts t\*$1 & spun out betwe5 !m 9 uni=m delicate ?reads4 ,! ?reads seem$ to h>d5 v quickly aft] !y 7 spun1 & did n seem1 ev5 f ! fir/1 to adh]e to ! animal itself4 ,9 "o case1 9 :i* ! entire con/ruction ( ! tube 0 wat*$1 ! "w 0 app>5tly v ne>ly or q complet$ 9 little m ?an half an h\r4' ,! species we are likely to meet ) 9 rock-pools fa%ion _! tubes 9 a simil> way4 ,! only diff]5ce to be not$ is t !y employ less cem5t1 & a l>g] proportion ( brok5-d[n we$ & o!r matt]s4 ,! ,s&-hopp] 7,talitrus locusta7 & ! ,%ore-hopp] 7,or*estia littorea7 are s exce$+ly pl5tiful t x may be well to collect & pres]ve "s dur+ any visit to ! seaside4 ,bo? are ( fairly l>ge size1 & pres5t no great difficulty to u 9 mak+ out _! sev]al p>ts4 ,let u take ! ,s&-hopp] fir/4 ,s&-hopp]s sw>m on mo/ s&y %ores1 :]e !y p]=m ! useful "p ( scav5g]s4 ,!y are always f\nd above high-wat] m>k1 & d n ent] ! sea ( _! own accord4 ,9 hunt+ = !m x is a good plan to turn ov] decay+ masses ( sea-we$1 = "u !m ! ,s&-hopp]s are sure to sw>m4 ,/range tales h be5 told ( _! voracity4 ,bate & ,we/wood#ec record ! /ory ( a correspond5t :o says t at ,:its& he #8saw 8n millions1 b c>tloads10 ( ?is species ly+ pil$ toge!r along ! m>g9 ( ! sea4 ,!y hopp$ & leap$ ab\t1 dev\r+ ea* o!r1 z if = v wantonness4 ,a h&k]*ief1 :i* a lady let fall among/ !m1 0 soon r$uc$ to a piece ( op5 "w by ! m9ute jaws ( ^! small creatures4' ,?is /atem5t has be5 copi$ into a good _m books1 )\t criticism4 ,at la/ ,mr4 ,david ,rob]tson tri$ v>i\s exp]im5ts ) a view to discov] if ^! creatures w\ld fe$ on ea* o!r1 or1 fail+ o!r food1 put up ) cambric or musl94 ,! specim5s ^u :i* he made 8 obs]vations did nei!r ! "o nor ! o!r4 ,mr4 ,rob]tson embodi$ ! results ( 8 exp]im5ts 9 a pap] :i* he read be=e ! ,natural ,hi/ory ,society ( ,glasg[#ed4 ,& ! /ory may be read 9 an abbreviat$ =m 9 ! ,rev4 ,t4 ,r4 ,r4 ,/ebb+'s ,naturali/ ( ,cumbrae1 p4 #cbi4 ,9 ,gamm>us we h a /&>d ) :i* to comp>e our ,s&-hopp]4 ,! fir/ ?+ to notice is ! diff]5ce 9 ! ant5nae4 ,"h ! sup]ior pair are v %ort1 & c>ry no second>y app5dage1 & ! l[] pair h no d5ticle or too?-l process4 ,!re is also consid]able diff]5ce 9 ! gna?opods1 or jaw-feet1 ! six? jo9t ( :i*1 9 ! ,s&-hopp]1 does n =m a #8h&4' ,! pleopods1 or swimm+ feet1 are small1 & are us$ = leap+4 ,we %all also f9d "s diff]5ce 9 ! details ( ! m\? p>ts1 especially 9 ! too?+ ( ! m&ibles4 ,we n[ come naturally to ! ,isopoda1 :i* are di/+ui%$ by ! ne>ly uni=m size ( ! sev5 segm5ts :i* con/itute ! trunk1 & ! sev5 pairs ( limbs borne by ^! segm5ts4 ,! head is di/9ct1 & ! brea?+ app>atus is c>ri$ on ! "u side ( ! pleon--9 ^! animals n ! #8swimm+' "p--five pairs ( plates ly+ "o ov] ano!r1 sometimes cov]$ by a l>g] out] pair4 ,a normal ,isopod may be repres5t$ image3----1 :]e ! small da% w /& = ! cephalon1 or head2 ! sev5 dots = ! segm5ts ( ! p]eion1 & ! long da% = ! pleon4 ,! ,common ,asellus 7,asellus aquaticus7 ( ponds & dit*es is an excell5t subject4 ,x lives well 9 conf9em5t1 & if ! conditions are fairly fav\rable1 w increase & multiply4 ,^! animals w =age = !mselves1 & pick up a com=table liv+ f ! vegetable dbris t always accumulates at ! bottom ( an aqu>ium1 & !y are n av]se f an occasional meal ( animal food4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gd4 ,wat] ,woodl\se4 ,:ile our specim5s ( ,asellus are mov+ ab\t 9 any conv5i5t vessel1 we may v]ify ) ! h& l5s :at has be5 said ab\t ! g5]al =m4 ,!n we may notice ! ant5nae1 ! inn] pair be+ mu* ! small]4 ,!re c be no difficulty 9 discrim9at+ ! head & ! eyes2 ! sev5 segm5ts ( ! p]eion1 ea* be>+ a pair ( limbs2 & ! pleon ) its two t]m9al app5dages4 ,^! la/ consi/ ( a /alk be>+ two long] filam5ts1 arm$ ) sp9es1 & end+ 9 a small p5cil ( hairs4 ,x is easy to see t ! segm5ts ( ! pleon h coalesc$1 s z to =m a cont9u\s plate or %ield on ! upp] surface4 ,if we n[ take our dissect+ microscope & place an ,asellus 9 "s wat] 9 an excavat$ #c 94 by #a 94 slip on ! /age1 exam9ation ) an in* l5s w %[ u a consid]able am\nt ( detail4 ,) ! half-in* ,leitz l5s 7see p4 #ah7 "o may see q cle>ly ! beautifully annulat$ =m ( ! flagella ( ! ant5nae1 ! s5sory hairs ) :i* ^! organs are set1 & ! circulation ( ! blood 9 ! limbs & ! ant5nae--! corpuscles mov+ 9 a cont9u\s /ream4 ,m ?an ?is3 we %all be able ) ! same p[] to di/+ui% tufts ( ,vorticellids t settle on ! ,asellus1 & ! comm5sal rotif]s t roam ab\t on ! body ( _! ho/1 g5]ally on ! limbs & "u surface4 ,n[ we may turn ! ,asellus on its back1 to exam9e ! brea?+ app>atus m closely ?an we 7 able to d :5 ! creature 0 mov+ ab\t 9 ! bottle4 ,x w be easy to make out ! op]cul> plates--modifi$ tail app5dages--t op5 & %ut to admit wat] to1 or all[ x to fl[ out f1 ! true brea?+-plates :i* function z gills1 & correspond to ! swimm+ feet ( ! ,amphipods4 ,9 ! female !re is a p\* b5ea? ! p]eion1 9 :i* ! eggs are c>ri$ till !y are hat*$1 & :i* s]ves z a nurs]y & refuge = ! "y4 ,if a good numb] ( ^! animals be collect$ !y w probably bre$1 & !n !re w be ! opportunity ( see+ = ourselves ! "y c>ri$ ab\t 9 ! incubatory p\*4 ,!re are two o!r aquatic ,isopods :i* w make good subjects = u on acc\nt ( _! great abundance1 & ! ease ) :i* !y may be kept 9 any improvis$ aqu>ium1 ) a little we$4 ,!y may bo? be tak5 9 bracki% wat]1 & w live & ?rive 9 fre% wat]1 )\t any admixture ( salt4 ,inde$1 bo? h liv$ = "s mon?s 9 a small bottle ( ,new ,riv] wat]1 9 :i* ! only we$ is "s will[ moss4 ,!y fe$ on ?is & on ! vegetable dbris t accumulates at ! bottom ( ! bottle1 & bo? species h br$4 ,! fir/ is ,idotea 7,i4 pelagica71 a long1 n>r[ creature1 ) v %ort inn] ant5nae4 ,! la/ f\r segm5ts ( ! pleon =m a plate on ! upp] surface2 & on ! "u surface ! op]cul> plates may be op5$ l t9y fold+-doors1 to %[ ! brea?+ plates4 ,^! v>y greatly 9 col\r4 ,( ano!r species1 ,sp5ce1 ,bate1 & ,we/wood say3 #8,accord+ to our exp]i5ce ! col\r ( ! animal is dep5d5t ^u t ( ! we$ on :i* x lives4 ,^? t live on ! black fucus are g5]ally v d>k purple1 :ile ^? t we f9d on ! gre5 algae are brightly v]dant2 & x has always be5 our op9ion t ?is *ange 0 due to ! food#ee4' ,! o!r little creature is call$ ,spha]oma--x has no ,engli% "n--f ! fact t x c roll itself into a ball4 ,x is n difficult to id5tify1 f ! fact t all ! segm5ts ( ! pleon are jo9$ into "o plate1 ! h9d] m>g9 ( :i* is entire1 ?us image4 ,! g>d5 w af=d u a hunt+-gr\nd = ! la/ specim5 ( ?is gr\p = :i* we h space--! ,woodlice4 ,en\gh has be5 said ( ! me?od ( look+ ov] & break+-up ,isopods g5]ally to r5d] detail$ description unnecess>y4 ,! inn] pair ( ant5nae1 h[ev]1 are s small z to be readily ov]look$3 inde$1 on fir/ sight ^! creatures seem to h b a s+le pair4 ,"s h1 & o!rs h n1 ! p[] ( roll+ !mselves into a ball2 &1 conc]n+ ! =m]1 ,swamm]dam tells ! foll[+ /ory3-- #8,"o ( our maids]vants _h at "o "t f\nd a great numb] ( ,woodlice 9 ! g>d51 contract$ into r\nd balls 4441 & ?9k+ %e _h f\nd a k9d ( coral beads1 %e began to put !m "o aft] ano!r on a ?read1 b x soon happ5$ t ^! little creatures1 :i* roll !mselves up 9 su* a mann] only = fe> ( h>m1 & appe> z if !y 7 dead1 be+ oblig$ to ?r[ (f _! mask1 resum$ _! motions4 ,on see+ :i*1 ! maids]vant 0 s greatly a/oni%$1 t %e ?rew away ! ,woodlice & ! ?read1 & cri$ out1 & ran away#ef4' ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,aquatic ,,insect ,,l>vae ,9 ?is *apt] we %all deal ) a few aquatic insect l>vae4 ,( ^!1 "s are aquatic also 9 ! p]fect condition1 :ile o!rs em]ge f ! pupa /age z arial insects4 ,x requires no great am\nt ( c>e to keep ^! creatures1 & "s h9ts on ?is subject & on collect+ are giv5 9 ! fir/ *apt]4 ,! l>va ( ,dytiscus is abundant dur+ ! great] "p ( ! ye>1 & is almo/ sure to be met ) by ! collector1 :o w f9d x an extremely int]e/+ object = exam9ation & /udy4 ,no o!r creatures %\ld be put 9 ! same bottle ) ^! l>vae2 & if !re are sev]al ( !m 9 "o bottle1 x is a good plan to put 9 pl5ty ( pondwe$1 :i* w (t5 keep !m f attack+ ea* o!r4 ,:5 full gr[n1 ! ,dytiscus l>va may atta9 a l5g? ( two in*es or r m4 ,its col\r is d+y br[n1 & its aspect =bidd+ en\gh to ju/ify ! uncomplim5t>y names t h be5 be/[$ ^u x--,wat]-devil & ,wat]-tig]4 ,x c]ta9ly rivals ! tig] 9 fi]c5ess1 & its me?od ( /eal+ up to its prey & attack+ x f beh9d l$ ,swamm]dam to call x ! ,sic>ius or ,assass9 ,worm4 ,"o mu/ n imag9e t ,swamm]dam 0 ignorant ( its nature2 #8worm' ) him 0 a g5]al t]m = any l>val =m4 ,inde$1 he says1 #8,x is extremely probable t "s peculi> species ( ! ,wat] ,beetle proce$s f ?is worm1 :51 hav+ rema9$ 9 ! wat] a suffici5t "t1 x betakes itself to ! l& to und]go its mutation2 b ?is is m]e conjecture4' ,:at 0 conjecture = him is fact = u4 ,n[ let u put our l>va into a small tube1 & exam9e x m closely4 ,! head is l>ge & jo9$ to ! fir/ segm5t ( ! ?orax by a di/9ct neck4 ,!re are twelve small eyes1 six on ea* side1 a pair ( ant5nae1 two pairs ( palps1 & a l>ge pair ( sickle-%ap$ m&ibles1 :i* ,swamm]dam calls #8tee?1' & says t #8x is p]haps to conta9 ! muscles su* tee? require t ,nature has made ! head s l>ge4' ,beh9d ! head come elev5 segm5ts1 ( :i* ! fir/ & la/ are ! longe/4 ,!y gradually increase 9 wid? till ! six?1 ! re/ aga9 decreas+1 till ! elev5? ends 9 a blunt po9t1 f :i* div]ge two app5dages1 ?us image1 ?ickly fr+$ on bo? sides ) hair1 z are ! t5? & elev5? segm5ts4 ,!re are six legs1 "o pair to ea* ( ! fir/ ?ree segm5ts4 ,^! also c>ry fr+es ( hair1 ?us increas+ _! p[] z swimm+ organs2 &1 9 addition1 !y be> num]\s sp9es1 & end 9 /rong d\ble claws1 :i* mu/ be ( s]vice 9 climb+ ov] aquatic vegetation1 & may assi/ 9 hold+ a /ruggl+ victim or 9 /rik+ x d[n1 s z to br+ x )9 rea* ( ! m&ibles4 ,spiracles w be f\nd--sev5 on ea* side4 ,^! d n1 h[ev]1 9 ! l>val condition1 s]ve z brea?+ organs1 ?\gh !y fulfil _! prop] (fice 9 ! pupa4 ,! air-tubes ( ! l>va op5 at ! extremity ( ! la/ segm5t4 ,:5 ! l>va wants to brea! x comes to ! surface )\t an ef=t1 = x is light] ?an ! wat] x displaces4 ,! tail rises above ! surface1 & a fre% supply ( air is tak5 94 ,:5 ! l>va wi%es to desc5d1 a /roke ( ! tail s5ds x d[nw>ds1 & z x rea*es ! bottom ( ! tube x w cl+ ) its claws to any we$ we may h put 9 ) x1 or hold on ) !m to ! glass itself4 ,! *ief int]e/ ( ?is animal lies 9 its m&ibles1 & ! me?od 9 :i* !y are employ$4 ,x 0 =m]ly believ$ t ! m\? ( ?is l>va 0 clos$1 s t x c\ld n take solid food1 & t x liv$ entirely on ! juices ( its prey1 :i* x suck$ up ?r\gh its holl[ m&ibles4 ,swamm]dam says ( ?is l>va1 #8,:5 ab\t to eat he seizes ) ! two tee? 7m&ibles7 ! little creatures t come 9 8 way1 & pi]ces _! body ) ! %>p crook$ po9ts4 ,! tee? be+ p]=at$ f ! po9ts to ! roots1 he 9 a surpris+ mann] sucks ?r\gh !m into 8 m\? ! blood ( ! un=tunate captive4 ,?is may be easily se51 especially :5 ! blood ( 8 prey is ( a r$ col\r1 z ! tee? are transp>5t4' ,he !n describes h[ he wat*$ "o ( ^! l>vae fe$1 & saw ! blood1 mix$ ) air-bubbles1 travel up ! m&ibles4 ,aft] ?is he tells u h[1 if we h a ,dytiscus l>va1 we may #8procure ourselves a v ent]ta9+ & surpris+ sight1 by ?r[+ to x a small e>?worm2 = let ?is la/ move1 tw9e1 & o!rwise be/ir itself ev] s mu*1 ! o!r keeps its hold1 & v calmly sucks ! blood ( its prison]4' ,we may1 h[ev]1 g to "w 9 ano!r fa%ion4 ,we may dissect out ! m&ibles f a dead l>va & pass a f9e hair into ! slit ne> ! po9t1 & x w come out at ! orifice ne> ! base4 ,x is ?r\gh ?is orifice t ! nutritive juices ( ! prey are drawn into ! true m\?4 ,?is practical pro( t ! m&ibles are pi]c$ is by no means s difficult z "o might suppose4 ,de ,ge]#eg seems to h be5 ! fir/ to sugge/ t !re mu/ be "s k9d ( true m\?1 & 9 support ( 8 sugge/ion tells u t he saw ?is l>va eat+ up ! solid p>ts ( a ,wat] ,woodl\se 7cloporte71 aft] hav+ suck$ up its juices4 ,m ?an ?is1 he places ! m\? 9 :at has prov$ to be ! true position1 ?\gh he did n solve ! my/]y z to :y x is kept s firmly clos$4 ,?is 0 done by ,mr4 ,burgess1 an ,am]ican naturali/1 f ^: pap]#eh ! foll[+ p>ticul>s are cond5s$3-- #8,au?ors h describ$ ?is creature z m\?less2 & if we exam9e ! slit :]e we %\ld expect ! m\? to be1 we f9d t ?is slit ends 9 a p]fectly clos$ seam4 ,! me?ods ( microscopical rese>* 7 br\ght into play1 & a longitud9al section ( ! head cut & m\nt$4 ,?is %[$ t ! upp] & l[] lips 7 lock$ toge!r by a peculi> jo9t--! upp] com+ ov] & lock+ into ! "u lip 7,fig4 #ge74' ,we may get "s idea ( ?is m\?-lock by plac+ ! f+]s ( ! "r h& ov] ^? ( ! left1 & !n b5d+ !m4 ,mr4 ,burgess concludes 8 pap] ?us3 #8,we f9d t ! ,wat]-tig]1 f> f be+ m\?less1 z ord9>ily assum$1 has 9 fact a v wide m\?1 ?\gh its lips are closely lock$ toge!r by a dove-tail$ groov$ jo9t develop$ = ?is purpose4 ,:e!r ?is jo9t c be unlock$ by ! animal itself is ano!r "q1 :i* ,i _c answ]1 ?\gh ,de ,ge]'s obs]vation above quot$ makes ?is probable4 ,x is1 at all ev5ts1 easy to op5 ! m\? by manipulation ) a pair ( =ceps4' ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ge4--,m\?-lock4 m1 m\? #abe4 7,aft] ,burgess47 ,pr(essor ,miall#ei has v]ifi$ ,burgess's obs]vations1 & c>ri$ !m a /ep fur!r4 ,he f\nd by actual exp]im5t t #8! m\?-lock act$ automatically1 op5+ :5 ! m&ibles op5$1 & clos+ :5 !y clos$4' ,bo? ^! au?orities /& v high4 ,yet1 ) all respect to !m1 x w be well to te/ ^! /atem5ts be=e accept+ !m4 ,some?+ ( ?is m\?-lock may be se5 9 any well-prep>$ slide ( a ,dytiscus l>va4 ,if we hold ! slide up to ! light & exam9e ) a p[] ( #aj1 we %all see a d>k l9e--9 "s cases two ne>ly p>allel ?9n] l9es--runn+ f ! base ( "o m&ible to ! base ( ! o!r4 ,! d>k l9e is ! clos$ m\?-lock4 ,! two ne>ly p>allel ?9n] l9es are ! edges ( ! lips drawn asund] 9 prep>+ ! specim5 or by ! pressure ( ! cov]-glass4 ,if we get to see ?is mu*1 we %all h advanc$ "o /ep4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gf4--;,dytiscus ,l>vae4 ,next we may v]ify ,pr(essor ,miall's exp]im5t1 ?\gh n q 9 8 way1 = su* section-cutt+ z he speaks ( is beyond our p[]s4 ,l>vae z l>ge z possible %\ld be *os51 & kill$ by dropp+ !m into boil+ wat]4 ,! m&ibles ( "o %\ld be all[$ to rema9 clos$1 & ^? ( ! o!r plugg$ op5 ) pi? or a small piece ( wood--a bit ( a mat* w s]ve4 ,by putt+ ea* 9 turn into an excavat$ slip ) wat]1 c>efully cov]+ ?is ) a pla9 slip1 & hold+ ^! slips toge!r ) an ela/ic b&1 we may exam9e ! l>vae z we did ! slide4 ,! result w be practically ! same4 ,:]e ! m&ibles are clos$1 we %all see ! d>k l9e2 & :]e !y are op51 we %all see ! two ?9n] ones ne>ly p>allel4 ,"o caution may be necess>y4 ,! m&ibles be> at ! base a r\nd$ process1 :i* fits into a *it9\s cup4 ,x is n difficult to mi/ake ?is = ! m\?-lock1 ) :i*1 h[ev]1 x is n connect$4 ,!re is /ill "o o!r me?od :i* we may adopt to see ! m\?4 ,! head ( "o ( ^! l>vae may be cut (f1 dropp$ into a /rong solution ( cau/ic pota%1 :]e x %\ld rema9 = a day or two4 ,aft] wa%+ x well 9 wat]1 cut x 9 half l5g?ways1 & turn+ ei!r half ^u its side1 s z to expose ! "p cut1 exam9e ) ! pocket l5s4 ,^! exp]im5ts are by no means difficult4 ,b if c>ri$ out /ep by /ep1 x w be easy to und]/& h[ ! l>va c suck out ! juices ( its prey1 & h[ x c op5 its m\? to swall[ "s ( ! solid p>ts4 ,! l>va does n readily *ange into a pupa 9 conf9em5t4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we wi% to re> a beetle1 ! l>va mu/ be pl5tifully suppli$ ) food1 & remov$ f a bottle to a flat di%1 :]e e>? c be plac$ aga9/ ! side s z to rise above ! wat]-level4 ,fig4 #gg1 :]e a pupa is repres5t$ 9 a bank by ! side ( a pond1 w give u a h9t h[ to g to "w4 ,! "t occupi$ 9 pupation w v>y accord+ to ! temp]ature ( ! room--b is nev] less ?an a =tnight4 ,9 ! op5 x is probable t ! w9t] is pass$ 9 ! pupal condition1 ! p]fect insect em]g+ 9 ! spr+4 ,l ,l& ,beetles1 x does n assume its d>k hue = "s days1 b its pale sk9 d>k5s by degrees4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gg4--,pupa ( ,dytiscus4 ,! l>va ( ,hydrophilus does n seem to be (t5 tak5 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,x w\ld make a capital subject = inve/igation1 & ! food-supply c\ld be arrang$ easily en\gh4 ,! repetition ( ! exp]i5ces ( ,lyonnet1 :o re>$ ^! l>vae f ! egg1 w\ld be ( great int]e/4 ,he says t he took ab\t ?irty l>vae f ! brood1 & f$ !m ) v small wat]-snails4 ,^! !y dev\r$ 9 ! same way z ! l>g] l>vae d4 ,hav+ seiz$ ! snail ) _! m&ibles1 !y b5t backw>ds1 & support+ x on _! back1 :i* s]v$ !m = a table1 eat x !re1 )\t mak+ any use ( _! legs to hold _! prey4 ,:5 ! supply ( small snails ran %ort1 !y did v well ) l>ge ones cut up into pieces1 & ) tadpoles4 ,if1 h[ev]1 food 0 n suppli$ to !m1 !y f$ on ea* o!r4 ,b1 except :5 press$ by hung]1 !y liv$ toge!r peaceably en\gh1 & seem$ to take pleasure 9 ea* o!r's society#fj4 ,! l>va ( ,limnobia replicata1 a ,crane-fly alli$ to1 b small] ?an1 ! well-kn[n ,daddy-longlegs1 is ano!r excell5t subject = inve/igation4 ,x is n v (t5 tak52 p]haps because x is n (t5 look$ =4 ,b x is common en\gh1 = all t4 ,9 g5]al appe>ance ^! l>vae resemble small cat]pill>s cov]$ ) sp9es4 ,"s ( ^! are simple & o!rs =k$1 n mu* unlike ! lett] image1 ) a %ort /em1 & ! arms slightly curv$4 ,!re are no feet1 & ! la/ segm5t c>ries two pairs ( hooks1 "o l>ge & ! o!r small4 ,f _! position !y are call$ anal hooks4 ,! dykes ( ! ,sussex m>%es are an excell5t hunt+-gr\nd4 ,probably ! *annels ( wat]-mead[s1 or any o!r %all[ /&+ wat] 9 :i* aquatic moss gr[s1 w\ld s]ve ! collector's purpose q z well4 ,& su* pieces ( wat] ab\nd all ov] ! c\ntry4 ,= tak+ ^! l>vae ! ord9>y net & bottle are ( little use1 ?\gh a few may be captur$ by sweep+ backw>ds & =w>ds among pat*es ( aquatic moss4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a f> easi] & sur] me?od4 ,a good h&ful ( ! moss %\ld be ga!r$1 & put into a %all[ vessel half full ( wat]--a develop+-di% answ]s capitally--& !n %ak5 to & fro or g5tly /irr$ ) a small piece ( /ick4 ,! l>vae w curl into a r+ & fall to ! bottom1 :5ce !y may be pick$ up & dropp$ into a bottle or o!r receptacle to be tak5 home4 ,a fair quantity ( moss %\ld be ga!r$1 = ?is is _! fav\rite food1 & all l>vae are gre$y fe$]s4 ,o!r wat]-plants1 h[ev]1 d n come amiss to !m4 ,j be=e ^! l9es 7 writt5 ,i 0 exam9+ a bottle 9 :i* "s ( ^! l>vae 7 kept4 ,x conta9$ a few sprays ( will[-moss & "s ivy-leav$ duckwe$1 :i* float$ on ! surface4 ,"o l>va on a spray ( moss 0 rea*+ upw>d1 & x 0 di/9ctly se5 to fe$ on ! duckwe$4 ,?is mu/ h be5 f *oice1 = !re 0 )9 rea* pl5ty ( :at all obs]v]s consid] to be its natural food4 ,?is1 too1 might h be5 m easily obta9$2 =1 to rea* ! duckwe$1 ! l>va _h to hold on to ! moss by ! anal hooks1 & ext5d its body 9 a fa%ion analog\s to t ( ! cat]pill> ( a geomet] mo?1 :i* w hold on to a bran* ) its =e-legs & clasp]s & ma9ta9 ! body at an angle ( #de1 sometimes = h\rs toge!r4 ,i h also se5 !m fe$ on hornwort4 ,! l>va ( ?is small ,crane-fly is n at all difficult to keep4 ,x is exce$+ly h>dy1 & w survive a great deal ( r\gh treatm5t4 ,9 ,novemb]1 #ahie1 ,i s5t ?ree 9 a tube--securely pack$1 z ,i ?\ght--to a fri5d 9 ,york%ire4 ,a few days aft]w>ds ,i he>d1 ) regret1 #8t ! bottle 0 brok5 9 transit1 & t ! l>vae arriv$ dead4' ,?ree days lat] ,i 0 gratifi$ by receiv+ a lett]1 f :i* ! foll[+ is quot$3 #8,! ,limnobia l>vae h come to life aga94 ,i put !m into wat] z soon z !y arriv$1 & aft] ly+ motionless = _m h\rs !y h begun to creep ab\t & fe$4' ,?is is excell5t te/imony to _! p[]s ( endurance1 b x is weak 9 comp>ison to t :i* ,de ,ge] supplies#fa4 ,he 0 ,m>%al ( ! ,c\rt ( ,sw$51 & "o ,novemb]1 be=e leav+ 8 c\ntry h\se = 8 (ficial duties at ,/ockholm1 he put f\r ( ^! l>vae into a vessel ( wat]1 & left !m to take _! *ance4 ,! wat] froze into a solid mass4 ,:5 he return$ 9 ! foll[+ ,may he f\nd ab\t half ! wat] ?aw$1 & two ( ! l>vae dead4 ,! o!rs1 ?\gh !y _h be5 enclos$ 9 ice all ! w9t]1 7 lively & 9 good condition4 ,he put !m into ano!r vessel ) fre% wat] & "s aquatic moss1 & at once !y began to move ab\t & comm5c$ to fe$4 ,bo? pupat$ by ! fifte5? ( ! mon?1 & ! p]fect fly em]g$ aft] six days 9 ! pupal /age4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gh4--,l>va ( ,limnobia replicata4 ,! foll[+ description ( ?is l>va is pr9cipally cond5s$ f ,de ,ge]1 :5ce ! figures are also tak54 ,! body is long & cyl9drical1 & divid$ into elev5 segm5ts1 ( :i* ! fir/ & l>ge/ is sub-triangul>4 ,! second & ?ird segm5ts are %ort] ?an ! re/4 ,! head 7t7 is v small & completely retractile )9 ! fir/ segm5t1 ! ant]ior m>g9 ( :i* completely closes ! orifice1 s t1 9 ?is condition1 ! creature appe>s to be headless4 ,! body is cov]$ ) sp9es1 "s simple & o!rs bran*$4 ,on ! fir/ ?ree segm5ts !re are only simple sp9es2 b f ! f\r? to ! t5? segm5t inclusive !re are also on ea* segm5t two =k$ sp9es--t is1 f\rte5 9 all4 ,on ! la/ segm5t ! sp9es are simple1 & "h are also f\r *it9\s hooks1 "o pair mu* l>g] ?an ! o!r4 ,^! simple sp9es c>ry a :ite vessel1 :i* ext5ds ?r\gh\t _! :ole l5g?2 b 9 ! =k$ sp9es !re are two su* vessels plac$ side by side 9 ! /em1 & div]g+ "o to ea* bran*4 ,he comes to ! conclusion t ^! sp9es are probably ! brea?+ app>atus ( ! l>va1 = !y are simil> to ^? :i* he obs]v$ 9 an aquatic cat]pill>4 ,walk]#fb calls ^! sp9es #8long filam5t\s processes1 :i* appe> to be int]nally suppli$ ) air-tubes1' b he does n seem to h tak5 ! tr\ble to break up a specim51 or he w\ld h be5 9 no d\bt z to _! real nature4 ,?is is %[n by ! fact t ! l>va nev] comes to ! surface to take 9 a supply ( air1 b cont5ts itself ) ! oxyg5 dissolv$ 9 ! wat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gi4--;,=k$ sp9e ( ,limnobia1 enl>g$2 ! d>k l9es %[ air-tubes4 ,! pupa is q z rem>kable z ! l>va1 ?\gh ! brea?+ app>atus does n assume ! =m ( sp9es1 b consi/s ( two #8trumpets1' "o on ea* side ( ! head1 z is ! case ) ! pupae ( gnats1 us+ t t]m 9 a wide s5se4 ,! col\r is a gre5i%-br[n1 dott$ ) black4 ,! abdom5 is capable ( a good deal ( motion f side to side2 & by ?is means ! pupa c raise itself to ! surface ( ! wat] to take 9 a supply ( air4 ,de ,ge] rem>k$ t :5 ! pupa rose = ?is purpose x lay ) its body horizontal1 hav+ ! lips ( ! trumpets a little above ! surface4 ,x appe>$ n to l be+ plac$ on its back1 because 9 t position ! trumpets _c be rais$ above ! surface4 ,:5 he tri$ ! exp]im5t ( putt+ ! pupa back d[nw>ds1 x wriggl$ ov] by b5d+ ! abdom54 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hj4--,pupa case ( ,limnobia4 7,f a photograph tak5 at ! ,york%ire ,college1 ,le$s47 ,on ! abdom5 !re are sev]al *it9\s hooks1 :i* s]ve 9 "s sort z sub/itutes = limbs4 ,by _! means ! pupa c moor itself to ! /ems ( aquatic plants2 & ?is is necess>y1 s9ce its specific gravity be+ less ?an t ( ! wat] x w\ld be always at ! surface1 if x _h no su* means ( an*orage4 ,& ( c\rse1 at ! top ( ! wat]1 x w\ld be expos$ to ! dang] ( be+ snapp$ up by birds4 ,de ,ge]'s specim5 pass$ six days 9 ! pupal /ate1 & !n em]g$ z a p]fect ,crane-fly4 ,my specim5s did n em]ge till aft] t5 & elev5 days ( pupahood1 :i* seems /range1 z !y 7 pl5tifully suppli$ ) food 9 _! l>val /age4 ,! fly is a little m ?an half an in* long1 & may be di/+ui%$ f ! common ,daddy-longlegs by ! "* ( ! w+s1 :i* are fold$ some:at l ^? ( a wasp1 b ) ?is diff]5ce3 t ! w+s ( ?is fly are fold$ outw>d1 :ile ^? ( ! wasp are fold$ inw>ds4 ,:5 ! insect wi%es to fly1 x op5s ! fold s t ! :ole w+ pres5ts a plane surface1 b ! fold reappe>s directly ! ,crane-fly ceases its flight 7,frontispiece74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ha4--;,=e-w+ ( ,bee1 %[+ m>g9al fold 7 #g74 ,de ,ge]'s allusion to ! w+ ( ! wasp might h be5 ext5d$ to mo/ ( ! ,hym5opt]a1 z we may see by exam9+ ! =e & h9d w+s ( a bee or a sawfly4 ,dr4 ,%>p#fc says1 #8,! w+s ( ! ,hym5opt]a are rem>kable = ! beautiful mann] 9 :i* ! h9d] "o is unit$ to ! ant]ior "o1 s t ! two act 9 flight z a s+le organ4 ,! h9d w+ is furni%$ ) a s]ies ( hooks1 & ! h9d m>g9 ( ! front w+ is curl$ ov] s t ! hooks cat* on to x4 ,9 "s ( ! p>asitic =ms ! w+s 444 h no hooks4 ,! p[]s ( flight1 9 ^! cases1 are probably b small4' ,if we 7 tak+ our subjects 9 consecutive ord]1 ! l>va ( ,pty*opt]a w\ld prop]ly come "h1 z be+ t ( a ,crane-fly4 ,b s9ce x w be conv5i5t to exam9e ano!r l>va :i* resemble ,limnobia 9 its brea?+ app>atus1 we w take next ! l>va ( ,p>aponyx /ratiotata1 "o ( ! ,*9a ,m>ks1 = x is extremely int]e/+ & by no means h>d to come by4 ,! ,*9a ,m>ks are small mo?s1 ) :ite w+s be>+ d>k m>k+s1 :i* h be5 suppos$ to resemble ,*9ese *>act]s4 ,_! l>vae are aquatic 9 v>y+ degree--t is1 "s brea! air 9 ! usual way1 by means ( spiracles2 :ile o!rs1 by means ( gills1 brea! ! oxyg5 dissolv$ 9 ! wat]4 ,_m collectors h1 no d\bt1 tak5 ^! l>vae1 & ca/ !m away 9 ! belief t !y 7 caddis-worms4 ,su* 0 ! exp]i5ce ( ! ,rev4 ,gregory ,bateman1 ! au?or ( ,fre%-wat] ,aqu>ia1 :o says 7p4 #bei73 #8,:ile hunt+ = fre%-wat] animals1 "o n seldom comes across an insect wrapp$ up 9 two or m gre5 leaves1 or pieces ( leaves1 ( "s aquatic plant4 ,! leaves & ! animal h some:at ! appe>ance ( a caddis-worm 9 its case2 9 fact1 = a "t1 be=e ,i knew :at x 01 ,i mi/ook x 7& ,i d>esay o!rs h done s also7 = a caddis-worm4' ,! cases are usually1 b n inv>iably1 made f ! food-plant ( ! insect4 ,mr4 ,bateman has not$ t ^! l>vae #8d n always conf9e !mselves to ! same we$1 ei!r = food or = build+ mat]ial4' ,?is has also be5 my exp]i5ce4 ,a l>va ( ! ,br[n ,*9a ,m>k1 rec5tly tak5 on ! ,norfolk ,broads--an excell5t collect+ gr\nd = aquatic l>vae--0 put into a tube4 ,! case _h be5 damag$1 & ! only vegetation 9 ! tube 0 a spray ( bladd]wort4 ,on exam9+ ! tube1 aft] "s days1 ,i fail$ to f9d ! l>va4 ,! reason 0 evid5t on remov+ ! cork1 a small "p ( :i* _h be5 gnaw$ away to procure mat]ial = ! repair ( ! l>val case1 :i* 0 affix$ to ! "u side4 ,! l>va 0 dead & too mu* decay$ to be put into pickle1 a circum/ance ,i mu* regret1 z ,i %\ld l to h pres]v$ ! l>va 9 su* a /range dwell+4 ,z x is1 ,i h only be5 able to keep ! h\se )\t its t5ant4 ,pondwe$ is ! usual home ( ! l>va ( ! ,br[n ,*9a ,m>k1 & f ! leaves ( ?is plant ! fir/ l>val case is g5]ally fa%ion$4 ,?is 0 ! species ^u :i* ,raumur made 8 int]e/+ obs]vations1 mo/ ( :i* h be5 confirm$ by succe$+ obs]v]s4 ,9 well-gr[n l>vae ! contrivance by :i* ! animal is protect$ f contact ) ! wat] 9 :i* x lives %\ld be not$1 z x may be easily1 ) ! h& l5s4 ,! sk9 is ?ickly set ) t9y protub]ances betwe5 :i* ! wat] _c p5etrate1 ! surface film /ret*+ f tip to tip ( ^! prom95ces1 j z x does ov] ! hairs t cov] ! body ( a wat]-spid]4 ,de ,ge]#fd describes an aquatic l>va ( "o ( ! ,*9a ,m>ks 7,p>aponyx /ratiotata71 :i* has its brea?+ app>atus fa%ion$ on a simil> plan to t ( ,limnobia1 ?\gh !re is "s diff]5ce 9 ! details4 ,he f\nd 8 specim5s on ! leaves ( ! ,wat] ,soldi]1 & 8 int]e/+ acc\nt recalls ! fact to memory t ?is rem>kable plant 0 at "o "t call$ ! ,m>% ,aloe--an exce$+ly appropriate "n4 ,he describes ! filam5ts on ! body ( ! l>va1 & conclud$ t !y 7 probably brea?+-organs1 because ( ! d>k-col\r$ vessels )9 !m4 ,^! he trac$1 z we w pres5tly d1 to _! union 9 ! /em ( ! gill1 & !nce to ! air-vessels runn+ d[n ea* side ( ! body ( ! l>va4 ,he f$ !m on leaves ( ! ,wat] ,soldi]1 & kept !m ?r\gh ! w9t]4 ,9 ! foll[+ ,june he f\nd !m prep>+ to und]go _! trans=mation into ! pupal /age1 & at ! end ( ! mon? ! mo?s came out4 ,he 0 gratifi$ by see+ ! congress ( ^! insects4 ,! females deposit$ _! eggs on ! float+ vegetation & on ! sides ( 8 aqu>ium1 a little bel[ ! surface ( ! wat]1 & 9 ab\t eight days ! "y l>vae 7 se54 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hb4--,l>va ( ,p>aponyx /ratiotata 7enl>g$74 ,^! l>vae mu/ be v abundant1 ?\gh !y d n seem to be (t5 tak5 by collectors4 ,9 describ+ an alli$ 7,am]ican7 species1 :i* is f\nd on ,vallisn]ia & pondwe$1 ,mr4 ,h>t says#fe1 #8,!y fe$ at fir/ expos$ on ! leaf1 b lat] two or ev5 ?ree leaves are loosely webb$ toge!r1 face to face1 by ea* l>va1 betwe5 :i* x rema9s conceal$ :ile fe$+4 ,!y are1 !re=e1 h>d to discov] unless _! hid+-places are brok5 up by se9+1 or ! l1 :5 ! l>vae may be se5 swimm+ ab\t4' ,?is is1 no d\bt1 ! reason :y ^! l>vae are n m (t5 tak54 ,any?+ l a se9e net is ( c\rse out ( ! "q = u2 b masses ( vegetation may be readily brok5 up by vigor\sly work+ ! bottle & net backw>ds & =w>ds among/ !m4 ,specim5s ,i h se5 7 tak5 among duckwe$2 & ,mr4 ,h>t m5tions "o in/ance ( "p ( ! l>val case be+ con/ruct$ ( ivy-leav$ duckwe$1 #8:i* 0 abundant !re at t "t4' ,n[ let u br+ our l5s to be>1 s t we may make out ! ext]nal /ructure1 & recognize ! simil>ity ( ! brea?+-organs ( ?is ,mo?-l>va to ^? ( ! ,crane-fly l>va already treat$ ( 7p4 #afh74 ,9 ord] to make out ! s*eme ( ! gills1 :i* is some:at complicat$1 "o %\ld fir/ ( all di/+ui% ! spiracles1 rememb]+ t !y are n functional4 ,& x is be/ to beg9 ) ^? on ! middle segm5ts ( ! body4 ,!y may be detect$ z little d>k spots1 sometimes enclos$ 9 a r+4 ,! head1 ! fir/ segm5t ( ! ?orax1 & ! la/ segm5t ( ! body1 be> no gills2 ! second segm5t ( ! ?orax has b two pairs on ea* side2 & !re is b a s+le gill on ea* side ( ! n9? segm5t ( ! body4 ,on ! o!r 7n9e7 body-segm5ts !re are ! full numb] ( five gills on ea* side1 arrang$ two above1 & ?ree bel[ ! spiracle4 ,! upp] pair are call$ supra-/igmals1 or gills :i* lie above ! spiracles2 ! l[] pair are call$ infra-/igmals1 or gills :i* lie bel[ ! spiracles2 & ! s+le "o1 ! l[e/1 is kn[n z ! p$al or foot gill4 ,^! te*nicalities ne$ n give u any tr\ble "h1 9 our exam9ation ( ! l>va2 nor d !y pres5t any real difficulty4 ,b x is wor? :ile to ma/] ! arrangem5t z soon z we get hold ( "o ( ^! l>vae1 & !n we %all be able to take up & und]/& te*nical descriptions ( ?is aquatic cat]pill> & its allies1 9 s f>1 at lea/1 z !y ref] to ! brea?+ app>atus4 ,! gills diff] 9 _! "*3 "s few are simple1 :ile mo/ ( !m are m or less bran*$4 ,9 ,limnobia ! bran*+ ( ! gills is into a simple =k2 9 ,p>aponyx ?is k9d ( division also occurs1 & 9 o!rs mo/ ( ! gill bran*es are also giv5 (f f ! ma9 /em bel[ "o ( ! bran*es ( ! =k4 ,9 ,fig4 #hd we h a repres5tation ( "o ( ^! bran*$ gills4 ,x w n be difficult = u to make out ! details z !re %[n4 ,b ! vessels t run d[n into ! filam5ts1 con/itut+ !m brea?+-organs1 are small] ?an ^? ( ,limnobia1 & w consequ5tly require a little m c>e & pati5ce be=e we c di/+ui% !m4 ,illu/ration3 --------------- ,,gill ,,gill ,,spiracle ,,gill ,,gill ,,gill --------------- ,,fig4 #hc4--;,diagram ( segm5t ( ,p>aponyx1 %[+ arrangem5ts ( tra*eal gills4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hd4--;,gill ( ,p>aponyx l>va4 a1 b1 /em2 c1 d1 e1 f1 bran*es2 g1 atta*m5t ( ! air-vessel ( ! gill to ! ma9 tra*eae ( ! body4 7,aft] ,de ,ge]47 ,"o w\ld ?9k t1 ) su* an array ( gills1 ?is l>va ought to be 9 good case = its air-supply4 ,x may1 p]haps1 be d\bt$ :e!r ?is is s4 ,at any rate1 ! creature adopts ! same plan z ! l>va ( ,*ironomus1 :i* has no gills at all1 = driv+ away f its case wat] t has p>t$ ) its oxyg54 ,wat] *>g$ ) oxyg5 p\rs into ! case1 & s ! air-supply is r5ew$4 ,?is plan is no?+ m ?an keep+ ! =e-"p ( ! body 9 undulat+ motion1 ! tail 9 bo? ! l>vae s]v+ z a po9t ( atta*m5t4 ,"o or two t ,i h kept made _! cases aga9/ ! side ( ! bottle1 & s af=d$ an excell5t opportunity ( see+ !m 9 ?is motion4 ,! ,tanypus l>va does ! same ?+4 ,aga9/ ! side ( "o ( my small aqu>ia a ,tanypus l>va & a ,*ironomus l>va h bo? made tubes2 & z ,i look up f writ+ ^! l9es ,i c see !m bo? h>d at ?is "w4 ,! l>va ( ! ,ald]-fly 7,sialis lutarius7 is also furni%$ ) tra*eal gills1 sev5 on ea* side4 ,s little is kn[n ( ! life-hi/ories ( common insects t x may be pr(itable to introduce ! acc\nt ( an obs]v] :o wat*$ ! deposition ( ! eggs & ! em]g5ce ( ! "y l>vae3 #8,on ,april #be ,i f\nd1 on ! ru%es r\nd ! m>g9 ( a small pond1 a great _m pat*es ( eggs1 & %ortly aft] obs]v$ _m ( ! ,sialis lut>ius deposit+ !m4 #8,!y =m l>ge pat*es ( f two to ?ree in*es 9 l5g?1 g5]ally encircl+ ! :ole ru% ne> ! top1 b sometimes deposit$ on "o side only1 & ext5d$ to ab\t a l9e 9 bread?4 #8,i c\nt$ #ajj 9 a squ>e l9e1 s t ea* bat* may be fairly consid]$ to conta9 f #b1jjj to #c1jjj eggs2 ! great] portion ( :i* mu/ consequ5tly p]i% ei!r 9 ! egg or l>va /ate2 z1 common z ! insect is1 & widely di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry1 we %\ld be p]fectly ov]:elm$ ) ! sw>ms ( ! p]fect insect if su* 7 p]mitt$1 :5 x is consid]$ t r\nd ?is "o small pond !re c\ld n h be5 less ?an #ajj pat*es ( !m4 #8,! eggs are ( a v s+ul> =m1 & plac$ 9 a slant+ position4 #8,! females1 :ile deposit+ !m1 appe>$ p]fectly motionless on ! ru%1 & v>i$ consid]ably 9 size1 be+ f five l9es to ne>ly d\ble t 9 l5g?4 ,"s p>ts ( ! pat*es ( eggs are ( a mu* light] col\r ?an ! re/4 #8,on ,may #c ,i f\nd _m ( ! eggs hat*+1 ! little l>vae tumbl+ ab\t 9 great numb]s1 ) _! bodies erect$ l ! l>vae ( ! ,/aphyl9idae4 #8,on putt+ !m into wat] !y swam ab\t ) ! greate/ activity1 wriggl+ & undulat+ _! bodies ab\t mu* l a s]p5t or ! tadpoles1 & work+ _! legs at ! same "t#ff4' ,! au?or draws att5tion to ! disproportionately l>ge head ( ! l>vae1 :i*1 h[ev]1 he did n describe1 z he _h #8br\ght "s ( !m alive1 & "s eggs = exhibition4' ,sialis l>vae occur 9 mo/ ponds ) muddy bottoms4 ,!y may be tak5 by scoop+ up "s ( ! mud 9 a long-h&l$ spoon--a mo/ useful in/rum5t = ! collector--& wa%+ x1 or by ?r[+ 9 ! drag1 & br++ to l& a mass ( wat]-we$1 roots & all4 ,a few may g5]ally be detect$ ne> ! roots4 ,!y may be pick$ up ) a small pair ( =ceps1 or ) a bru%1 & dropp$ into a bottle2 or1 bett] /ill1 into sep>ate tubes2 = !y are fi]ce & voraci\s1 &1 fail+ o!r food1 by no means indispos$ to prey on ea* o!r4 ,_! g5]al appe>ance1 & especially _! p[]ful m&ibles1 give !m "s resemblance to ! l>vae ( a wat] beetle1 = :i* a celebrat$ naturali/ n unnaturally took !m1 :5 he began to /udy !m4 ,& ?is w\ld seem to be ! op9ion ( "s m\nt]s1 = ,i h a slide ( ! m\? p>ts ( ?is l>vae1 labell$ #8,m\? p>ts ( ! l>vae ( a wat] beetle4' ,x 0 n till ,i _h brok5 up a good _m ,sialis l>vae t ,i f\nd out :at ! slide really 04 ,^! l>vae may be kept alive 9 small bottles ( wat]1 if !y are suppli$ ) food4 ,!y w eat ,*ironomus l>vae & ^? ( ,tanypus4 ,pr(essor ,miall has f\nd t !y w eat caddis-worms & ,may-fly l>vae4 ,probably1 no small aquatic creatures t !y c ov]come are safe f !m4 ,a l>va t is full-f$1 & ready to *ange to become a pupa1 w measure ab\t an in* 9 l5g? or a little m 7,fig4 #he74 ,! g5]al col\r is br[ni%1 ) d>k m>k+s4 ,! legs are p[]ful1 & our l5s w %[ u t !y end 9 two /rong curv$ claws4 ,f ea* ( ! fir/ sev5 segm5ts ( ! abdom5 are giv5 (f a pair ( jo9t$ tra*eal gills or brea?+-organs1 :i* are direct$ upw>ds & backw>ds :5 ! l>va is at re/--a r>e occurr5ce--b :i* wave to & fro 9 ! wat] :5 ! creature is swimm+4 ,f ?is fact has aris5 ! /atem5t f\nd 9 mo/ books t ! l>va uses ^! gills n only = respiration1 b = locomotion4 ,pr(essor ,miall has come to a contr>y conclusion1 &1 z he has k9dly in=m$ me1 is confirm$ 9 8 op9ion by ! weakness ( ! muscles4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #he4--,l>va ( ,sialis 7enl>g$74 ,x w be well to make repeat$ obs]vations till we are satisfi$ on ! subject4 ,:5 ^! l>vae are kept1 ! conditions necess>y to provide !m ) food & to keep ! wat] arat$ by means ( gr[+ vegetation are unfav\rable to close obs]vation4 ,x w1 !re=e1 be necess>y to remove "o or m ( ^! l>vae to a bottle 9 :i* !re is no?+ b pure wat]4 ,! "w is n[ r5d]$ mu* easi]4 ,!re is no?+ to ob/ruct4 ,z soon z ! l>vae rea* ! bottom !y w walk r\nd & r\nd1 giv+ u a good opportunity ( wat*+ !m4 ,9 swimm+--:i* may be backw>ds z well z =w>ds--! abdom5 is wav$ f side to side4 ,to see ! backw>d motion "o ne$ only put a dipp+-tube or a p5cil1 or ! l1 9 front ( ! l>va1 s z to b> its progress4 ,! creature w retreat a /ep or two1 & !n1 ) a fl\ri% ( ! abdom51 d>t back ?r\gh ! wat]4 ,! l>va w sometimes wave ! abdom5 up & d[n1 j z "o may see a ,*ironomus l>va d :5 x has affix$ its dwell+ to ! side ( ! glass1 & ?is motion probably assi/s ! process ( respiration4 ,:5 ! l>vae h be5 wat*$ "u ! conditions above describ$1 ,i h nev] be5 able to detect indep5d5t motion ( ! gills4 ,b x is bett] t e "o %\ld obs]ve = himself1 & draw 8 own conclusions f :at he sees4 ,n[ let u exam9e a specim5 m closely ) ! l5s1 or "u ! dissect+ microscope4 ,! m\? p>ts may be brok5 up sep>ately1 or a little c>eful manipulation w enable u to see ! *ief features )\t injur+ ! specim54 ,! head is /rong & massive1 & ! gr\p ( ocelli1 or simple eyes1 may be cle>ly made out4 ,! ant5nae be> a small p5cil ( hairs1 no d\bt s5sory 9 function1 at ! extremity1 b c>eful managem5t ( ! light w be requir$ to di/+ui% !m4 ,! m&ibles are extremely bus9ess-l in/rum5ts1 & ea* be>s two /rong tee? on ! inn] side4 ,next come ! maxillae1 ) _! palps1 ea* ( :i* has an app5dage1 :ile ea* maxilla c>ries ?ree /rong sp9es4 ,! labium1 ) its palps1 & ! m5tum1 ) its saw-l not*+s1 may be pla9ly se54 ,! ?ree segm5ts ( ! ?orax (f] no difficulty4 ,! legs are wor? m ?an a cursory exam9ation f _! app>atus ( sp9es & d\ble fr+e ( hairs4 ,n9e body-segm5ts succe$ to ! ?orax1 & beh9d ^! is a long tail-l organ1 :i* "s au?ors consid] repres5ts a t5? segm5t4 ,illu/ration3 h t #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h #i tail -- ----- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- ------ ,,fig4 #hf4--;,diagram ( ,sialis l>va1 %[+ arrangem5t ( gills 7repres5t$ by v]tical l9es74 h1 head2 t1 ?orax2 #a-i1 segm5ts ( abdom54 ,! gills are sev5 on ea* side1 & are giv5 (f f ! spaces 9 front ( ! fir/ sev5 segm5ts ( ! abdom54 ,ea* gill is five-jo9t$--an unusual arrangem5t1 = ! gills ( ! l>vae ( ,limnobia & ,gyr9us are )\t jo9ts4 ,) ! half-in* ,leitz ! bran*+ tra*eal tube 9 ! gill may be se51 z well z ! d\ble fr+e ( hairs & ! long hairs at ! extremity4 ,! tail-l organ1 ?\gh )\t jo9ts1 be>s a close resemblance to ! gills4 ,x has two tra*eal tubes runn+ ?r\gh x1 & x is fr+$ on bo? sides ) hair4 ,inde$1 ,pr(essor ,miall1 ,f4,r4,s41 comp>es x to #8two ord9>y tra*eal gills completely fus$ toge!r4' ,! fir/ glance w conv9ce ! obs]v] t ! comp>ison is j4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hg4--,pupa ( ,sialis4 ,! pupa 7,fig4 #hg7 ne$ n deta9 u1 = ! l>va und]goes its trans=mation 9 ! gr\nd1 n 9 ! wat]1 :]e x c\ld be wat*$4 ,b x is int]e/+ to notice t ! legs & w+s are enclos$ 9 sep>ate cases1 & t ! segm5ts ( ! abdom5 be> sp9es4 ,^! sp9es are extremely s]viceable to ! pupa :5 mak+ its way out ( its cell to em]ge z a p]fect insect1 :i* is well kn[n1 especially to fi%]m51 z ! ,ald]-fly4 ,x may be f\nd ne> /reams1 & r>ely uses its w+s4 ,pty*opt]a paludosa is a small ,crane-fly1 ) an aquatic l>va :i* w repay obs]vation4 ,x is "o ( ! gr\p g5]ally call$ #8rat-tail$ maggots1' f ! peculi> "* ( ! brea?+ app>atus1 :i* consi/s ( a retractile tube at ! end ( ! abdom54 ,x is1 ,i believe1 bett] kn[n to "s deal]s ?an ! l>va ( ! ,drone-fly1 ! rat-tail$ maggot ( ,raumur4 ,a few mon?s ago ,i want$ "s ,drone-fly l>vae1 & ask$ a deal] to supply me4 ,:5 ! l>vae arriv$ & 7 turn$ out = exam9ation1 !y prov$ to be ,pty*opt]a l>vae--:i* ,i did n want4 ,i naturally wrote to po9t out ! mi/ake2 & 0 told1 9 reply1 t ! l>vae s5t 7 ! only #8rat-tails' kn[n to my correspond5t4 ,?is l>va is a mud-dwell]1 & is be/ captur$ by scoop+ up surface mud ne> ! banks ( pools & dit*es1 j :]e ! wat] %all[s on to ! %ore4 ,?is %\ld be wa%$ 9 a small di% or sauc]1 s z to c>ry away ! mud & leave ! l>vae wriggl+ on ! bottom4 ,!y may be pick$ up ) a bru% & dropp$ into a bottle = transport home4 ,!re is n ! slighte/ difficulty ab\t keep+ !m = obs]vation4 ,a bottle ( ! capacity ( six or eight fluid ounces w make a good aqu>ium = a doz5 or ev5 tw5ty4 ,! bottom %\ld be cov]$ to ! dep? ( ab\t an in* ) mud fairly ri* 9 organic matt]4 ,my own plan has be5 to use ! accumulation f ! bottom ( a l>ge aqu>ium4 ,9 ?is ! l>vae w bury ! body1 & fe$1 ! tail protrud+ & ?ru/ up to ! surface ( ! wat]1 ( :i* !re %\ld be ab\t two in*es above ! mud4 ,?is is a lib]al all[ance ( space4 ,a c\ple ( ^! l>vae liv$ ) me = "s mon?s 9 a glass capsule two in*es 9 diamet] & ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* 9 height4 ,! mud at ! bottom & ! wat] cov]+ x toge!r measur$ ab\t half an in*4 ,bo? pupat$1 & 9 due "t f ! pupa cases a p]fect insect came out4 ,b t l>vae may pupate1 !y require to be well f$4 ,h[ %all we "k :5 ! bulk ( ! n\ri%m5t has be5 extract$ f ! mud8 ,f ! ca/+s ( ! l>vae2 & ^!1 ?\gh ( a diff]5t %ape1 are z easy to be di/+ui%$ z ! ca/+s ( ! e>?worm 9 ! g>d5 or ^? ( ! lobworm on ! sea%ore4 ,all ! mud t passes ?r\gh ! bodies ( ! l>vae is dis*>g$ 9 ! =m ( t9y h>d1 cyl9drical pellets2 & :5 ! mass consi/s ( ^! pellets x %\ld be *ang$1 or ! l>vae w g %ort ( food4 ,!y w1 h[ev]1 support long fa/s4 ,f ,fig4 #hh we may get a good idea ( ! appe>ance ( ! l>vae :5 kept 9 conf9em5t4 ,! figures are r less ?an natural size1 & all ! attitudes 7 sket*$ f life4 ,"o is se5 ext5d$ on ! bottom2 two are p>tially buri$ 9 ! mud1 ) ! brea?+-tube protrud+4 ,! l>va on ! mud1 & b5t into curves1 is j ab\t to rise to ! surface2 o!rs are %[n 9 ! act ( ris+1 :ile "o has its brea?+-tube rais$ above ! surface1 & ano!r is atta*$ by ! brea?+-tube to ! side ( ! glass vessel4 ,! l>va ) ! />-l process at ! end ( ! tail is t ( ,odontomyia1 a l>ge bee-l fly4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hh4--,l>vae ( ,pty*opt]a paludosa 7f life74 ,a l>va ( good size1 l t ( ,pty*opt]a1 is especially easy to exam9e2 & by reason ( its transp>5cy ! tra*eal tubes may be cle>ly trac$4 ,! "u surface ( ! l>va %\ld be fir/ look$ at1 & its adaptation = exi/5ce 9 ! mud ( a pond-bottom w be evid5t4 ,! creature is legless1 b possesses ?ree pairs ( false legs arm$ ) d>k-col\r$ hooks1 & ea* body-segm5t be>s a circle ( /iff hairs1 :i* enable ! l>va to travel ?r\gh ! mud1 9 ! same way t ! e>?worm moves ?r\gh ! soil4 ,moreov]1 ! segm5ts betwe5 ^! circles are pretty ?ickly set ) hairs4 ,! tra*eal tubes run d[n on ea* side ( ! body1 n 9 a direct l9e1 = !re is a mo/ +5i\s arrangem5t by :i* contraction & expansion ( ! l>va1 & ! protrusion & retraction ( ! tail1 are provid$ =4 ,"o c easily disc]n t 9 mo/ ( ! segm5ts ! tubes are l>ge1 & t ^! l>ge portions are connect$ by small] tubes1 :5ce o!rs are giv5 (f into ! body4 ,^! connect+-tubes are loop-l :5 ! l>va is ( ! normal l5g?1 b are /raight5$ out1 ?us add+ to _! l5g?1 :5 ! l>va is ext5d$4 ,! op5+ & clos+ ( ^! loops may be obs]v$ at leisure if a l>va be put 9 a long excavat$ slip1 ) "s wat]1 & !n cov]$ ) a pla9 glass slip4 ,! two slips1 fa/5$ toge!r ) small ela/ic b&s1 %\ld !n be laid on ! /age ( ! dissect+ microscope = exam9ation2 or !y may be held 9 ! h&s1 & ! movem5ts ( ! l>va wat*$ ) ! h& l5s4 ,9 ! po/]ior segm5ts ( ! body ! tra*eal tubes run side by side1 :ile 9 ! tail itself !y are1 s to speak1 int]tw9$4 ,:5 ! tip ( ! tail pi]ces ! surface-film a fre% supply ( air is tak5 94 ,at ! base ( ! ext5sile portion are two processes :i* div]ge1 "o on ea* side1 at an angle ( #de degrees4 ,^!1 accord+ to a ,g]man obs]v]1 are tra*eal gills1 & !y are absorb$ j be=e ! l>va ent]s ! pupal condition4 ,raumur f\nd ^! l>vae pl5tifully 9 ! ,bois de ,b\logne1 & gives a figure#fg4 ,he 0 n1 h[ev]1 successful 9 re>+ ! fly4 ,lyonnet n only took ! l>vae & kept !m 9 an aqu>ium1 b wat*$ _! *ange into ! pupal condition1 & saw !m em]ge z p]fect insects4 ,an ab/ract ( ?is description w probably be ( int]e/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hi4--;,a4 ,pty*opt]a l>va 7enl>g$74 ,b4 ,tail1 %[+ air-vessels 7/ill m enl>g$74 7,aft] ,lyonnet47 ,he tells u t ! l>vae %[$ signs ( *ang+ into pupae 9 ,june4 ,! *ange 0 made )\t ! l>vae leav+ ! wat]1 & !y und]w5t all _! trans=mations 9 less ?an a =tnight4 ,at ! approa* ( ! *ange ! l>vae became :it] 9 col\r1 b less transp>5t4 ,!n !y ca/ _! sk91 leav+ !re9 ! air-vessels1 or r _! ext]nal cov]+4 ,aft] ?is la/ m\lt 0 ov]1 he 0 surpris$ to f9d t ! tube :i* =m$ ! tail ( ! l>va1 & by :i* x took 9 a supply ( air1 ?\gh x s]ves ! same purpose 9 ! pupa1 is atta*$ to ! ?orax1 ne> ! top ( ! head#fh4 ,lyonnet appe>s to h ov]look$ ! fact t !re 0 a second & %ort] tube giv5 (f f ! ?orax1 :i* mo/ obs]v]s consid] to be functionless 7,fig4 #ij74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ij4--,pupa ( ,pty*opt]a4 7,aft] ,lyonnet47 ,/range z is ! l>va1 ! pupa is /rang] /ill1 & seems ev5 bett] adapt$ = exi/5ce 9 ! mud4 ,! h9d] "p ( ea* segm5t ( ! abdom5 is ?ick5$ & /udd$ ) *it9\s projections4 ,?is ?ick5+ is m m>k$1 & ( great] ext5t 9 ea* succe$+ segm5t1 rea*+ its greate/ developm5t 9 ! la/ segm5t1 :i* is arm$ ) hooks4 ,! body "p ( ea* segm5t be>s r[s ( small] sp9es1 s t ?is pupa %\ld h little or no difficulty 9 mov+ ?r\gh pretty ?ick mud4 ,sev]al ( ^! ,crane-flies h pass$ ?r\gh all _! /ages ) me1 & 9 ne>ly e case ! trans=mation f pupa to p]fect insect 0 made 9 wat]--9 a tube ?ree in*es long1 ) a diamet] ( ab\t an in*4 ,! l>vae 7 tak5 ab\t ! middle ( ,septemb]4 ,my notes %[ t ! fir/ pupat$ on ,novemb] #ag1 & ! fir/ fly came out on ,novemb] #be4 ,! long brea?+-tube ( ! pupa 0 sev]al times purposely displac$ f its position on ! surface4 ,! creature 0 evid5tly incommod$1 & twi/$ itself into /rong curves2 ! head 0 ?r[n f side to side till "p ( ! brea?+-tube 0 rais$ above ! surface & adh]$ to ! side ( ! glass tube4 ,nor did ! ef=ts cease till a consid]able portion ( ! tube 0 9 free communication ) ! air4 ,?is w\ld seem to %[ t ! air-supply is tak5 ?r\gh ! bladd]s :i* appe> at irregul> int]vals 9 ! brea?+-tube1 & n at ! tip1 :]e ! ke5e/ obs]v]s h fail$ to f9d an op5+4 ,,index ,acridiidae1 #hj4 ,ald]-fly1 l>va (1 #agg2 pupa (1 #ahb4 ,am]ican ,cockroa*1 #gd4 ,amphipods1 #ada2 ,rev4 ,t4 ,r4 ,r4 ,/ebb+ on1 #ada4 ,aqu>ia1 description (1 #bj4 ,ara*noidea1 #if4 ,argyroneta aquatica1 #ajh2 ,de ,ge] on1 #aji2 ne/ (1 #aaj4 ,ar?ropods1 #bg2 divisions (1 #bh2 description (1 #bi4 ,ascidians1 ,d>w9 on1 #ac4 ,asellus aquaticus1 description (1 #aec4 ,assass9 ,worm1 #aeh4 ,aurivillius1 ,dr41 on ,crabs1 #aej4 ,bate & ,we/wood on ,gamm>us1 #adg2 on ,talitrus1 #aea4 ,bateman1 ,rev4 ,g4 ,c41 on ,hydrophilus1 #ej2 on ,nepa1 #ia2 on ,*9a ,m>ks1 #aga4 ,beak]s1 #ba4 ,beetle ,mite1 #aai4 ,belt on ,blatta1 #fg4 ,black ,beetle1 #fc4 ,black-bobs1 #fd4 ,blackwall on ,spid]s1 #aja1 #ajb4 ,blatta ori5talis1 description (1 #fc1 #ff2 ,gilb]t ,:ite on1 #fd2 ,dr4 ,%>p on1 #fe2 ,belt on1 #fg2 ,sir ,j4 ,lubbock on1 #fh2 anatomy (1 #fh2 brea?+ (1 #gj2 ,swamm]dam on1 #gd2 ,pr(essor ,plateau on1 #gd4 ,book ,scorpions1 #if4 ,bra*elytra1 #ei4 ,broad-claw$ ,porcela9 ,crab1 #aci4 ,br[n ,*9a ,m>k1 #agb4 ,bru%es1 #bc4 ,bugs1 #hf4 ,burgess1 ,mr41 on l>va ( ,dytiscus1 #afj4 ,butl]1 ,dr41 on ,spid]s1 #ajj4 ,butl]1 ,mr4 ,e4 ,a41 on ,=ficula1 #gi4 ,capsules1 #ba4 ,c>c9us ma5as1 description (1 #acf4 ,c5tip$es1 #abb2 m>9e1 #abe4 ,c]ci1 #dg4 ,*elate1 mean+ ( ^w1 #acb n4 ,*9a ,m>ks1 #aga2 ,rev4 ,g4 ,c4 ,bateman on1 #aga2 ,de ,ge] on1 #agb4 ,cockroa*1 #fc4 ,cocktail ,beetle1 #eg4 ,coleopt]a1 #cb4 ,collect+1 me?od (1 #be4 ,corixa1 #id2 ,grab] on1 #ie2 ,sir ,j4 ,lubbock on1 #ie4 ,crab1 ,%ore1 #acf2 ,porcela91 #aci4 ,crane-fly1 #afe4 ,cru/acea1 #abh4 ,daddy-longlegs1 #ajc4 ,dallas on ,ocypus1 #fa4 ,d>w9 on microscopes1 #ab2 on ,ascidians1 #ac4 ,devil's ,coa* ,horse1 #eg4 ,dipp+-tubes1 #bc4 ,dissect+ microscope1 #ah4 ,dissection1 mode (1 #cg4 ,div+ ,spid]s1 #ajh4 ,dugs on ,wat] ,mites1 #aag4 ,dung ,beetle1 #aai4 ,dytiscus m>g9alis1 #ca2 etymology (1 #cc n42 break+ ( %ells by1 #cc2 ,s[]by on1 #cd2 description (1 #ce2 food (1 #cf2 anatomy (1 #cg2 habits (1 #da2 ,kirby on1 #da2 ,sir ,j4 ,lubbock on1 #db2 ,pr(essors ,l[ne & ,miall on1 #de2 ,dr4 ,%>p on1 #dg2 abdom5 (1 #dg2 brea?+ (1 #dh2 l>va (1 #aeg2 ,swamm]dam on1 #aeh1 #aei2 ,mr4 ,burgess on1 #afj4 ,e>wig1 #ge4 ,edrioph?alma1 #abi4 ,elytra1 #da4 ,epeira diadema1 description (1 #ih2 web (1 #ih2 ,j4 ,a4 ,?omson on1 #ajj2 ,dr4 ,butl] on1 #ajj2 ,blackwall on1 #aja1 #ajb2 mode ( tak+ its prey1 #ajb2 ,hudson on1 #ajc2 feet (1 #ajd2 sp9n]ets (1 #aje4 ,evans1 ,w41 on ,sialis1 #agg4 ,field1 !1 quot$1 #cc1 #ce4 ,=ceps1 #bb4 ,=ficula auricul>ia1 #ge2 ,kirby & ,sp5ce on1 #gf2 ,de ,ge] on1 #gf2 "y (1 #gf2 =ceps (1 #gg2 anatomy (1 #gg2 ,butl] on1 #gi2 ,dr4 ,%>p on1 #gi4 ,=mal91 #bd4 ,=ty-legs1 #abb4 ,fre%-wat] ,%rimp1 #adb4 ,gamasus coleoptratorum1 #aai4 ,gamm>us m>9us1 #adf2 ,dr4 ,j4 ,salt] on1 #adg4 ,gamm>us pulex1 #adb2 anatomy (1 #add4 ,ge]1 ,de1 on ,=ficula1 #gf2 on ,locu/a1 #hj2 on ,wat] ,mites1 #aaf2 on ,beetle ,mites1 #abj2 on ,li?obius1 #abc2 on ,julus1 #abf2 on l>va ( ,limnobia1 #afg2 on ,p>aponyx1 #agb4 ,geophilus1 #abd4 ,geophilus crassipes1 #abe2 ,mr4 ,pocock on1 #abe4 ,glass block1 #bb4 ,glass box1 #bb4 ,glass slips1 #bb4 ,gosse on ,prawns1 #acc4 ,grab] on ,corixa1 #ie4 ,gras%opp]1 ,great ,gre51 #hj4 ,great ,wat] ,beetle1 #di4 ,h>t1 ,mr41 on ,p>aponyx1 #agc4 ,h>ve/m51 #if4 ,hemipt]a1 #hf4 ,hill1 ,dr41 on ,nepa1 #ij4 ,hudson on ,spid]s1 #ajc4 ,hundr$-legs1 #abb4 ,hunt+ ,spid]s1 #ih4 ,hydra*na1 #aac4 ,hydra*na globula1 #aah n4 ,hydrophilus1 l>va (1 #afd2 ,lyonnet on1 #afd4 ,hydrophilus piceus1 #di2 ,bateman on1 #ej2 legs (1 #ec2 ,simm]ma*] on1 #ec2 brea?+ (1 #ed2 cocoons (1 #ed2 ,lyonnet on1 #ed4 ,hym5opt]a1 w+s (1 #agj4 ,idotea1 #adc4 ,idotea pelagica1 #aee4 ,ill9ois ,/ate ,laboratory1 mode ( collect+ 91 #be4 #8,insects1' #bg2 divisions (1 #cb4 ,inv]tebrates1 #bh4 ,isopods1 #aeb4 ,julus1 #aba1 #abd4 ,julus t]re/ris1 #abf2 ,de ,ge] on1 #abf2 ,dr4 ,%>p on1 #abf4 ,jump+ ,spid]s1 #aje4 ,kew1 ,mr41 on disp]sal ( %ells1 #acj4 ,kirby on ,dytiscus1 #da2 on ,ocypus1 #ei2 on ,=ficula1 #gf2 on ,locu/a1 #hc2 on insect noises1 #hd2 on ,salticus1 #ajg4 ,knives1 #bd4 ,l& ,bugs1 #hf4 ,leap+ ,or?opt]a1 #gi4 ,leitz1 l5ses (1 #af4 ,li*t5/e9 on ,locu/a1 #hc4 ,limnaea brok5 by ,dytiscus1 #cc4 ,limnobia replicata1 l>va (1 #afe2 ,de ,ge] on1 #afg2 pupa (1 #afh4 ,li?obius =ficatus1 #abb2 ,de ,ge] on1 #abc2 ,dr4 ,%>p on1 #abc4 ,locu/a viridissima1 #hj2 ,dr4 ,%>p on1 #hj1 #he2 ,de ,ge] on1 #hj1 #hc2 ,we/wood on1 #ha2 ,kirby on1 #hc2 ,li*t5/e9 on1 #hc2 e> (1 #he4 ,locu/idae1 #hj4 ,l[ne1 ,pr(essor1 on ,dytiscus1 #de4 ,lubbock1 ,sir ,j41 on ,dytiscus1 #db2 on ,blatta1 #fh2 on ,corixa1 #ie2 on ,opossum ,%rimp1 #ace4 ,lyonnet on l>va ( ,hydrophilus1 #afd2 on ,pty*opt]a1 #ahf4 ,magnification1 p[] (1 #ae n4 ,ma9l&1 ,mr4 ,g4 ,e41 on ,wat] ,mites1 #aah4 ,malaco/raca1 #abh2 ,rev4 ,t4 ,r4 ,r4 ,/ebb+ on1 #abh4 ,m>g9$ ,wat] ,beetle1 #ca4 ,mask+ ,crabs1 #aej4 ,melic]ta janus1 #aej4 ,miall1 ,pr(essor1 on ,dytiscus1 #de2 on ,sialis l>vae1 #agi1 #aha4 ,microscopes1 use (1 #aa2 description (1 #ae4 ,millep$es1 #aba1 #abe4 ,mites1 description (1 #aab4 ,model1 a calico1 #cj4 ,myriapods1 #if1 #abj4 ,mysis1 #ace4 ,nature ,notes on ,millep$es1 #aba4 ,ne$les1 #bc4 ,nepa c9]ea1 #hf2 mode ( keep+1 #hh2 ,swamm]dam on1 #hi2 ,dr4 ,hill on1 #ij2 ,rev4 ,g4 ,c4 ,bateman on1 #ia2 anatomy (1 #ia4 ,noises made by insects1 #hd4 ,notonecta glauca1 #ic4 ,ocypus ol5s1 #eg2 ,kirby on1 #ei2 z a pet1 #ei2 ,dallas on1 #fa2 l>va (1 #fa4 ,opossum ,%rimp1 #ace2 ,sir ,j4 ,lubbock on1 #ace4 ,or*e/ia littorea1 #aea4 ,or?opt]a1 #fc4 ,ovipositors1 #hb4 ,palaemon s]ratus1 #abi4 ,palaemonetes v>ians1 #acj4 ,p>aponyx /ratiotata1 #aga2 ,de ,ge] on1 #agb2 ,mr4 ,h>t on1 #agc2 anatomy (1 #agd4 ,p]ipatus1 #cj2 ,pr(essor ,s$gwick on1 #ca4 ,p]iplaneta am]icana1 #gd4 ,pholcus1 #ajc4 ,phylum1 def9ition (1 #bg4 ,planorbis brok5 by ,dytiscus1 #cc4 ,plateau1 ,pr(essor1 on ,blatta1 #gd4 ,pocket l5s1 description (1 #ac4 ,pocock1 ,mr41 on ,geophilus1 #abe4 ,podoph?alma1 #abi4 ,porcellana platy*eles1 #aci4 ,prawns1 #abi2 ,gosse on1 #acc2 ,s[]by on1 #acc4 ,pty*opt]a1 l>va (1 #ahb2 pupa (1 #ahg2 ,raumur on1 #ahe2 ,lyonnet on1 #ahf4 ,quekett ,microscopical ,club1 incid5t at1 #bj4 #8,rat-tails1' #ahb4 ,raumur on ,pty*opt]a1 #ahe4 ,rob]tson1 ,mr41 on ,talitrus1 #aea4 ,salt]1 ,dr4 ,j41 on ,gamm>us1 #adg4 ,salticus sc5icus1 #aje2 ,kirby & ,sp5ce on1 #ajg2 foot (1 #ajh4 ,s&-hopp]1 #aea4 ,scorpions1 #if4 ,s$gwick1 ,pr(essor1 on ,p]ipatus1 #ca4 ,%>p1 ,dr41 on ,dytiscus1 #dg2 on ,blatta1 #fe2 on ,=ficula1 #gi2 on ,locu/a1 #hj1 #he2 on ,li?obius1 #abc2 on ,julus1 #abf2 on w+s ( ,hym5opt]a1 #agj4 ,%ells brok5 by ,dytiscus1 #cc2 ,mr4 ,kew on disp]sal (1 #acj4 ,%ore ,crab1 #acf4 ,%ore-hopp]1 #aea4 ,%rimp1 #acb4 ,sialis lut>ius1 l>va (1 #agg2 ,w4 ,evans on1 #agg2 anatomy (1 #ahj2 pupa (1 #ahb4 ,sic>ius1 #aeh4 ,simm]ma*] on ,hydrophilus1 #ec4 ,sirex1 #hb4 ,s[]by1 ,g4 ,b41 on ,dytiscus1 #cd4 ,spha]ium1 #acj4 ,spha]oma1 #aee4 ,spid]s1 g5]al description (1 #if2 ,trap-door1 #ig2 ,hunt+1 #ih2 ,g>d51 #ih2 ,jump+1 #aje2 ,div+1 #ajh4 ,/ebb+1 ,rev4 ,t4 ,r4 ,r41 on etymology ( ,dytiscus1 #cc n42 on ,malaco/raca1 #abh2 on mean+ ( *elate & sub-*elate1 #acb n42 on ,amphipods1 #ada4 ,/ew>t1 ,pr(essor1 incid5t (1 #bj4 ,/ilopyga1 #fc4 ,swamm]dam on ,blatta1 #gd2 on ,nepa1 #hi2 on ,wat] ,mites1 #aad2 on ,woodlice1 #aef2 on ,dytiscus l>va1 #aeh1 #aei4 ,tail$ ,wasp1 #hb4 ,talitrus locu/a1 #aea2 ,bate & ,we/wood on1 #aea2 ,mr4 ,rob]tson on1 #aeb4 ,tanypus1 l>va (1 #agf4 ,tegetmei]1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,b41 on de/ruction ( %ells1 #cd4 ,?omson1 ,j4 ,a41 on ,spid]s1 #ajj4 ,trap-door ,spid]1 #ig4 ,v]tebrates1 #bh4 ,w>t-eat]1 #ha4 ,wat] ,beetle1 ,m>g9$1 #ca2 ! ,great1 #di4 ,wat] ,boatman1 #ic4 ,wat] ,bugs1 #hf4 ,wat]-devil1 #aeg4 ,wat] ,mites1 #aac2 ,swamm]dam on1 #aad2 ,de ,ge] on1 #aaf2 ,dugs on1 #aag2 ,ma9l& on1 #aah4 ,wat] ,scorpion1 #hf4 ,wat]-tig]1 #aeg4 ,we/wood on ,locu/a1 #ha4 ,:ite1 ,gilb]t1 on ,blatta1 #fd4 ,w+-cases1 #da4 ,wireworm1 #abf4 ,wood1 ,rev4 ,j4 ,g41 on l5s /&1 #ae4 ,woodlice1 #aee2 ,swamm]dam on1 #aef4 ,worms1 #bi4 ,wright1 ,mr4 ,l41 on microscopes1 #af4 ,zeiss1 l5ses (1 #ae4 ,,! ,,end4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,d>w91 ,desc5t ( ,man 7#bnd ed471 p4 #aei1 note #bc4 #b ,! p[] ( magnification ( a l5s is ! ratio ( its focal di/ance to #aj in*es4 ,?us a l5s ( #a in* focus 7or focal di/ance7 magnifies #aj times 7writt5 #aj1 or t5 diamet]s72 "o ( 94 focal di/ance1 #bj times1 & s on4 #c ,a ,popul> ,h&book to ! ,microscope1 p4 #ci4 #d ,j\rnal ( ! ,quekett ,microscopical ,club1 v4 #adh4 #e ,ponds & ,rock ,pools1 p4 #ag4 #f ,bullet9 ( ! ,ill9ois ,/ate ,laboratory ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 iv4 #aeh4 #g #8,dytiscus' is writt5 ( set purpose4 ,x is n1 z "s p tell u1 a miswrit+ = ,dyticus2 b a prop]ly =m$ dim9utive1 f ! ,greek duts a div]2 l paidiskos a little boy4 ,l9naeus consi/5tly calls ! g5us ,dytiscus f #agce onw>ds4 ,dyticus only dates f ,ge(froy's ,hi/oire ,abrge des ,insectes1 fir/ publi%$ anonym\sly 9 #agfb4 ,on ?is "q ( nom5clature ,i am glad to h ! support ( ! ,rev4 ,t4 ,r4 ,r4 ,/ebb+1 ,f4,r4,s41 :o1 9 answ] to my inquiries1 k9dly wrote1 #8,d>w9 uses 8,dytiscus0 9 ! ,orig9 ( ,species1 & ,i %\ld decid$ly recomm5d its be+ upheld4' #h ,april #d1 #ahif4 #i ,popul> ,hi/ory ( ! ,aqu>ium1 p4 #beh4 #aj ,may #b1 #ahif4 #aa ,int]national ,sci5ce ,s]ies1 ,no4 lxv4 #ab ,aquatic ,insects1 pp4 #ee1 #ef4 #ac ,zeits*rift f4 wiss4 ,zoologie1 ,bd4 xl4 ,s4 #dha4 #ad ,mmoires du ,musum d'hi/oire naturelle1 xviii4 #ded sqq4 #ae ,i h purposely giv5 ,blatta z ! g5]ic "n1 r ?an ,/ilopyga1 :i* %\ld prop]ly be us$1 z ! =m] is only employ$ 9 v rec5t lit]ature4 #af ,miall & ,d5ny1 ,! ,cockroa*1 p4 #bj4 #ag ,cambridge ,natural ,hi/ory1 v4 #bca4 #ah ,! ,s5ses ( ,animals1 p4 #dd4 #ai ,cambridge ,nat4 ,hi/4 v4 #bbc4 #bj ,book ( ,nature1 p4 #id4 #ba ,?is ref]s to ! gizz>d4 ,e*9us 0 us$ to d5ote ! ?ird /oma* ( ,rum9ants 7n[ call$ ! manyplies71 because x 0 ?\ght to resemble a h$gehog roll$ up4 #bb ,miall & ,d5ny1 ,! ,cockroa*1 p4 #aah 7note74 #bc ,introduction to ,entomology1 lett] xi4 #bd ,proce$+s ( ! ,zoological ,society1 #ahib1 p4 #ehf4 #be ,our ,h\sehold ,insects1 pp4 #aei-afc4 #bf ,kirby & ,sp5ce1 ,introd4 to ,entomology1 ed4 #ahgj1 p4 #dhd4 #bg ,cambridge ,natural ,hi/ory1 v4 #cah4 #bh ,! ,s5ses ( ,animals1 p4 #ge4 #bi ,j4 ,ar?ur ,?omson1 ,outl9es ( ,zoology1 p4 #bhh4 #cj ,sci5ce = ,all1 ii4 #agh4 #ca ,briti% ,spid]s1 p4 #aj4 #cb ,briti% ,spid]s1 p4 #cei4 #cc ,naturali/ 9 ,la ,plata1 p4 #ahh4 #cd ,mmoires1 vii4 p4 #cjd sqq4 #ce ,book ( ,nature1 pp4 #aja1 #ajb4 #cf ,mmoires1 vii4 #add1 #ade4 #cg ,! specim5 0 k9dly id5tifi$ = me1 by ,dr4 ,tr\ess>t ( ,p>is1 z a nymph ( ,hydra*na globula 7,dugs71 & has be5 deposit$ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,natural ,hi/ory74 #ch ,mmoires1 vii4 #abc-abh4 #ci ,cambridge ,natural ,hi/ory1 vol4 v4 *4 ii4 #dj ,nature1 ,dec4 #ab1 #ahie4 #da ,mmoires1 vii4 #efi4 #db ,cru/acea1 p4 #g4 #dc ,cru/acea1 p4 #bbe4 #dd ,int]national ,sci5ce ,s]ies1 ,no4 lxxv4 #de #8,a limb is *elate :5 x has jo9ts t w act toge!r l a pair ( tongs4 ,g5]ally ?is "* is produc$ by ! h++ ( ! sev5? jo9t a consid]able way d[n on ! side ( ! six?4 ,:5 ! sev5? jo9t1 or f+]1 c be fold$ back ^u ! six?1 al?\gh ! latt] is n produc$ into any ?umb-l process to oppose x1 ! limb is !n said to be sub-*elate1 ! claw be+ 9 t case p>tial1 ?\gh (t5 extremely effici5t4' ,/ebb+1 ,cru/acea 7,int]national ,sci5ce ,s]ies1 lxxiv71 p4 #de4 #df ,popul> ,hi/ory ( ! ,aqu>ium1 p4 #bbc4 #dg ,lubbock1 ,s5ses ( ,animals 7,int]national ,sci5ce ,s]ies1 lxv471 p4 #ic4 #dh ,aqu>ium 7ed4 #ahef71 pp4 #da1 #db4 #di ,cru/acea 7,int]national ,sci5ce ,s]ies1 lxxiv71 pp4 #h1 #i4 #ej ,bate & ,we/wood1 ,briti% ,sessile-ey$ ,cru/acea1 i4 #h4 #ea ,trans4 ,connecticut ,academy 7#ahhb71 iv4 #bgd1 #bge1 note4 #eb ,ponds & ,rock ,pools1 p4 #aah4 #ec ,briti% ,sessile-ey$ ,cru/acea1 i4 #ba4 #ed ,proce$+s ,nat4 ,hi/4 ,soc4 ,glasg[1 vol4 i4 pt4 ii4 n4 s4 pp4 #acj-acb4 #ee ,briti% ,sessile-ey$ ,cru/acea1 ii4 #cha4 #ef ,book ( ,nature1 i4 #agd4 #eg ,mmoires1 iv4 #chf4 #eh ,proce$+s ,bo/on ,society ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 xxi4 #bbc-bbh4 #ei ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,aquatic ,insects1 p4 #dg4 #fj ,mmoires du ,museum1 xviii4 #ddb1 #ddc4 #fa ,mmoires1 vi4 #ceb-ee4 #fb ,dipt]a1 iii4 #bha4 #fc ,cambridge ,natural ,hi/ory1 v4 #did4 #fd ,mmoires p\r s]vir1 i4 #egg sqq4 #fe ,bullet9 ( ! ,ill9ois ,/ate ,laboratory ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 iv4 #afg4 #ff ,w4 ,evans1 ,trans4 ,entomol4 ,soc4 7,london71 iv4 #bfa4 #fg ,mmoires p\r s]vir1 t4 vi4 ,plate #ca4 #fh ,mmoires du ,musum1 t4 xix4 pp4 #ajc1 #ajd4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 #a4 ,obvi\s pr9t]s'1 punctuation & spell+ errors h be5 correct$ sil5tly4 #b4 ,"s hyph5at$ & non-hyph5at$ v]sions ( ! same words h be5 reta9$ z 9 ! orig9al4 #c4 ,sup]scripts are repres5t$ us+ ! c>et "*1 e4g4 ,dr4 or ,xxx4 #d4 ,italics are %[n z xxx4