,a ,,brief ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,by ,,john ,,ba* ,mc,m,a,s,t,e,r ,illu/ration3 ,,george ,,wa%+ton4 ,pa9t$ by ,rembr&t ,peale4 ,,preface ,x is n too mu* to ass]t t mo/ ( our c\ntrym5 acquire at s*ool all ! k !y possess ( ! pa/ hi/ory ( _! c\ntry4 ,9 view ( ?is fact x is mo/ desirable t a hi/ory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates = elem5t>y s*ools %\ld pres5t n only ! ess5tial features ( our c\ntry's progress :i* all %\ld le>n1 b also _m ?+s ( second>y consequ5ce :i* x is well = e "y ,am]ican to "k4 ,9 ?is book ! text prop] consi/s ( ! ess5tials1 & ^! are told 9 z few words z tru? & fairness w p]mit4 ,! notes1 :i* =m a l>ge "p ( ! book1 include ! matt]s ( less fundam5tal importance3 !y may be includ$ 9 ! requir$ lessons1 or may be omitt$1 z ! tea*] ?9ks prop]2 h[ev]1 !y %\ld at lea/ be read4 ,"s ( ! notes are outl9e biographies ( m5 ^: acts require m5tion 9 ! text & :o ought n to be m]e names1 nor appe> sudd5ly )\t any /atem5t ( _! e>li] c>e]s4 ,o!rs are int5d$ to be full] /atem5ts ( important ev5ts briefly describ$ or n>rat$ 9 ! text1 or relate to int]e/+ ev5ts t are ( only second>y importance4 ,/ill o!rs call att5tion to ! treatm5t ( hi/orical p]sonages or ev5ts by our poets & noveli/s1 or sugge/ passages 9 /&>d hi/ories t may be read ) pr(it4 ,su* sugge/$ read+s h be5 *os5 mo/ly f books t are likely to be f\nd 9 all s*ool libr>ies4 ,mu* ( ! ma*9]y sometimes us$ 9 hi/ory tea*+--bibliographies1 ext5sive collat]al read+s1 judgm5t que/ions1 & ! l--h be5 omitt$ z out ( place 9 a brief s*ool hi/ory4 ,bett] results may be obta9$ by hav+ ! pupils write simple n>ratives 9 _! own words1 cov]+ important p]iods & topics 9 our hi/ory3 z1 ! discov]y ( ,am]ica2 ! exploration ( our coa/ & cont95t2 ! settlem5ts t fail$2 ! plant+ ( ! ,engli% colonies2 ! life ( ! coloni/s2 ! /ruggles = possession ( ! c\ntry2 ! causes ( ! ,revolution2 ! mat]ial developm5t ( our c\ntry betwe5 c]ta9 dates2 & o!r subjects t ! tea*] may sugge/4 ,! /ud5t :o c take su* broad views ( our hi/ory1 & put 8 k 9 8 own words1 w acquire in=mation t is n likely to be =gott54 ,no tr\ble has be5 sp>$ 9 ! selection ( int]e/+ & au!ntic illu/rations t w truly illu/rate ! text4 ,ackn[l$gm5t is due = p]mission to photograph _m articles 9 museums & 9 ! possession ( v>i\s hi/orical societies4 ,! reproduction ( "p ( ,l9coln's proclamation on page #cfe is ins]t$ by c\rtesy ( ,david ,mc,kay1 publi%] ( ,loss+'s ,civil ,w> 9 ,am]ica4 ,,john ,,ba* ,mc,m,a,s,t,e,r4 ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,p5nsylvania ,illu/ration3 ,u4 ,s4 ,,battle%ip4 ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,,discov]y ,,& ,,exploration ,i4 ,,! ,,new ,,_w ,,f\nd ,,ii4 ,,! ,,atlantic ,,coa/ ,,& ,,! ,,pacific ,,discov]$ ,,iii4 ,,france ,,& ,,engl& ,,attempt ,,to ,,settle ,,am]ica ,,! ,,engli% ,,9 ,,am]ica ,,iv4 ,,! ,,engli% ,,on ,,! ,,*esapeake ,v4 ,,! ,,engli% ,,9 ,,new ,,engl& ,,vi4 ,,! ,,middle ,,& ,,s\!rn ,,colonies ,,vii4 ,,h[ ,,! ,,colonies ,,7 ,,gov]n$ ,,rivals ,,( ,,! ,,engli% ,,viii4 ,,! ,,indians ,,ix4 ,,! ,,fr5* ,,9 ,,am]ica ,x4 ,,w>s ,,) ,,! ,,fr5* ,,xi4 ,,! ,,fr5* ,,driv5 ,,f ,,am]ica ,,! ,,am]ican ,,revolution ,,xii4 ,,! ,,qu>rel ,,) ,,! ,,"m ,,c\ntry ,,xiii4 ,,! ,,fight ,,= ,,indep5d5ce ,,begun ,,xiv4 ,,! ,,w> ,,9 ,,! ,,middle ,,/ates ,,& ,,on ,,! ,,sea ,,xv4 ,,! ,,w> ,,9 ,,! ,,we/ ,,& ,,9 ,,! ,,s\? ,,developm5t ,,( ,,! ,,union ,,xvi4 ,,aft] ,,! ,,w> ,,xvii4 ,,our ,,c\ntry ,,9 #aghi ,,xviii4 ,,! ,,new ,,gov]nm5t ,,xix4 ,,gr[? ,,( ,,! ,,c\ntry1 #aghi-ahje ,,xx4 ,,! ,,/ruggle ,,= ,,comm]cial ,,indep5d5ce ,,xxi4 ,,rise ,,( ,,! ,,we/ ,,xxii4 ,,! ,,era ,,( ,,good ,,feel+ ,,xxiii4 ,,politics ,,f #ahbi ,,to #ahda ,,xxiv4 ,,gr[? ,,( ,,! ,,c\ntry ,,f #ahbj ,,to #ahdj ,,! ,,long ,,/ruggle ,,aga9/ ,,slav]y ,,xxv4 ,,m ,,t]ritory ,,acquir$ ,,xxvi4 ,,! ,,/ruggle ,,= ,,free ,,soil ,,xxvii4 ,,/ate ,,( ,,! ,,c\ntry ,,f #ahdj ,,to #ahfj ,,xxviii4 ,,! ,,civil ,,w>1 #ahfa-ahfc ,,xxix4 ,,! ,,civil ,,w>1 #ahfc-ahfe ,,xxx4 ,,! ,,navy ,,9 ,,! ,,w>2 ,,life ,,9 ,,w> ,,times ,,xxxi4 ,,recon/ruction ,,economic ,,developm5t ,,xxxii4 ,,gr[? ,,( ,,! ,,c\ntry ,,f #ahfj ,,to #ahhj ,,xxxiii4 ,a ,,qu>t] ,,c5tury ,,( ,,/ruggle ,,ov] ,,indu/rial ,,que/ions1 #ahgb ,,to #ahig ,,xxxiv4 ,,! ,,w> ,,) ,,spa91 ,,& ,,lat] ,,ev5ts ,,app5dix ,,! ,,decl>ation ,,( ,,indep5d5ce ,,con/itution ,,( ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,table ,,( ,,/ates ,,table ,,( ,,presid5ts ,,index ,,li/ ,,( ,,color$ ,,maps ,,fr5* ,,claims1 ,,etc41 ,,9 #agjj ,,ea/]n ,,nor? ,,am]ica1 #aged ,,briti% ,,t]ritory1 #agfd ,,nor!rn ,,colonies ,,dur+ ,,! ,,revolution--,,s\!rn ,,colonies ,,dur+ ,,! ,,revolution ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates1 ,,ab\t #aghc1 ,,%[+ ,,/ate ,,claims ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates1 #ahje ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates1 #ahbd ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates1 #ahej ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates1 #ahfa ,,! ,,we/ ,,9 #ahgj 7,,also #ahfj ,,& #aijg7 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,& ,,its ,,outly+ ,,possessions ,illu/ration3 ,i pl$ge allegiance to my ,flag & to ! ,republic = :i* x /&s2 "o nation1 indivisible1 ) lib]ty & ju/ice = all4 ,,columbus ,beh9d him lay ! gray ,azores1 ,beh9d ! ,gates ( ,h]cules2 ,be=e him n ! gho/ ( %ores1 ,be=e him only %oreless seas4 ,! good mate said3 ,n[ we mu/ pray1 ,=1 lo6 ! v />s are gone4 ,brave ,admiral1 speak2 :at %all ,i say8 ,:y say1 ',sail on6 sail on6 & on6' ,my m5 gr[ mut9\s day by day2 ,my m5 gr[ gha/ly wan & weak4 ,! /\t mate ?\ght ( home2 a spray ,( salt wave wa%$ 8 sw>?y *eek4 ,:at %all ,i say1 brave ,admiral1 say1 ,if we sight naught b seas at dawn8 ,:y y %all say at break ( day1 ',sail on6 sail on6 sail on6 & on6' ,!y sail$ & sail$1 z w9ds might bl[1 ,until at la/ ! blan*$ mate said3 ,:y1 n[ n ev5 ,god w\ld "k ,%\ld ,i & all my m5 fall dead4 ,^! v w9ds =get _! way1 ,= ,god f ^! dread seas is gone1 ,n[ speak1 brave ,admiral2 speak & say-- ,he said1 ,sail on6 sail on6 & on6 ,!y sail$4 ,!y sail$4 ,!n spake ! mate3 ,?is mad sea %[s its tee? to-night4 ,he curls 8 lips1 he lies 9 wait ,) lift$ tee?1 z if to bite6 ,brave ,admiral1 say b "o good ^w2 ,:at %all we d :5 hope is gone8 ,! words leapt l a leap+ sword3 ,sail on6 sail on6 sail on6 & on6 ,!n1 pale & worn1 he kept 8 deck1 ,& pe]$ ?r\gh d>kness4 ,ah1 t night ,( all d>k nights6 ,& !n a speck-- ,a light6 ,a light6 ,a light6 ,a light6 ,x grew1 a />lit flag unfurl$6 ,x grew to be ,"t's bur/ ( dawn4 ,he ga9$ a _w2 he gave t _w ,its gr&e/ lesson3 ,on6 sail on6 --,joaqu9 ,mill]4 ,copyright$ & publi%$ by ,! ,:itak] ,ray ,wigg9 ,co4 ,san ,francisco1 ,cali=nia4 ,us$ by p]mission4 ,a ,,brief ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,new ,,_w ,,f\nd ,! ,new ,_w1 ( :i* our c\ntry is ! mo/ important "p1 0 discov]$ by ,*ri/oph] ,columbus 9 #adib4 ,:5 t great man set sail f ,spa9 on 8 voyage ( discov]y1 he 0 seek+ n only unkn[n l&s1 b a new way to ea/]n ,asia4 ,su* a new way 0 badly ne$$4 ,,! ,,r\tes ,,( ,,trade4--,long be=e ,columbus 0 born1 ! p ( ,europe _h be5 trad+ ) ! f> ,ea/4 ,spices1 drugs1 & preci\s /ones1 silks1 & o!r articles ( luxury 7 br\ght1 p>tly by vessels & p>tly by camels1 f ,india1 ! ,spice ,isl&s1 & ,ca?ay 7,*9a7 by v>i\s r\tes to ,con/ant9ople & ! cities 9 ,egypt & along ! ea/]n %ore ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,!re !y 7 trad$ = ! copp]1 t91 & lead1 coral1 & wool5s ( ,europe1 & !n c>ri$ to ,v5ice & ,g5oa1 :5ce m]*ants spread !m ov] all ,europe4 #a ,! m]*ants ( ,g5oa trad$ *iefly ) ,con/ant9ople1 & ^? ( ,v5ice ) ,egypt4 ,,! ,,turks ,,seize ,,! ,,r\tes ,,( ,,trade4--,:ile ?is trade 0 at its height1 ,asia ,m9or 7f ! ,black ,sea to ! ,m$it]ranean7 0 conqu]$ by ! ,turks1 ! c>avan r\tes across t c\ntry 7 seiz$1 & :5 ,con/ant9ople 0 captur$ 79 #adec71 ! trade ( ,g5oa 0 ru9$4 ,%\ld ! ,turki% conque/s be ext5d$ s\?w>d to ,egypt 7z lat] !y 771 ! prosp]ity ( ,v5ice w\ld likewise be de/roy$1 & all exi/+ trade r\tes to ! ,ori5t w\ld be 9 ,turki% h&s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,kn[n ,,_w ,,9 #adij2 ,,r\tes ,,to ,,india4 ,,! ,,portuguese ,,seek ,a ,,new ,,r\te4--,cle>ly an ocean r\te to ! ,ea/ 0 ne$$1 & on ! discov]y ( su* a r\te ! ,portuguese _h long be5 h>d at "w4 ,fir$ by a desire to exp& ,portugal & add to ! geographical k ( 8 day1 ,pr9ce ,h5ry ! ,navigator s5t out explor] aft] explor]1 :o1 pu%+ d[n ! coa/ ( ,africa1 _h almo/ rea*$ ! equator be=e ,pr9ce ,h5ry di$4 #b ,8 successors cont9u$ ! good "w1 ! equator 0 cross$1 & 9 #adhg ,dias pass$ ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope & sail$ ea/w>d till 8 sailors mut9i$4 ,t5 ye>s lat] ,vasco da ,gama sail$ ar\nd ! end ( ,africa1 up ! ea/ coa/1 & on to ,india1 & br\ght home a c>go ( ea/]n products4 ,a way to ,india by wat] 0 at la/ made kn[n to ,europe4 #c ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,c>avel1 ,a ,,%ip ,,( ,,! ,,fifte5? ,,c5tury4 ,,columbus ,,plans ,a ,,r\te4--,mean:ile ,*ri/oph] ,columbus #d plann$ :at he ?\ght w\ld be a %ort] ocean r\te to ! ,ea/4 ,he _h /udi$ all t 0 kn[n ( geography 9 8 "t4 ,he _h c>efully not$ ! results ( rec5t voyages ( exploration4 ,he _h read ! travels ( ,m>co ,polo #e & _h le>n$ t (f ! coa/ ( ,*9a 0 a ri* & wond]ful isl& :i* ,polo call$ ,cipango4 ,he believ$ t ! e>? is a sph]e1 & t ,*9a & ,cipango c\ld be rea*$ by sail+ ab\t #bejj miles due we/w>d across ! ,atlantic4 ,,columbus ,,seeks ,,aid4--,to make o!rs ?9k s 0 a h>d task1 = ne>ly ev]ybody believ$ ! e>? to be flat1 & sev]al sov]eigns 7 appeal$ to be=e "o 0 f\nd bold en\gh to help him4 ,he fir/ appli$ to ! k+ ( ,portugal1 & :5 t fail$1 to ! k+ & que5 ( ,spa94 #f ,:5 !y seem$ deaf to 8 appeal1 he s5t 8 bro!r to ,engl&1 & at la/1 we>i$ ) wait+1 set (f = ,france4 ,!n ,que5 ,isabella ( ,spa9 0 p]suad$ to act4 ,columbus 0 recall$1 #g %ips 7 provid$ ) :i* to make ! voyage1 & on ,friday1 ! #c;d ( ,augu/1 #adib1 ! ,santa ,m>ia 7sahn'tah mah-ree'ah71 ! ,p9ta 7pe5'tah71 & ! ,nia 7ne5'yah7 set sail f ,palos 7pah'los71 on "o ( ! greate/ voyages ev] made by m54 #h ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,c\ncil ,,( ,,salamanca4 ,,! ,,voyage ,,we/w>d4--,! little fleet w5t fir/ to ! ,can>y ,isl&s & !nce due we/ across ! ,sea ( ,d>kness1 z ! ,atlantic 0 call$4 ,! voyage 0 delightful1 b e sight & s\nd 0 a s\rce ( new t]ror to ! sailors4 ,an eruption ( a volcano at ! ,can>ies 0 wat*$ ) dread z an om5 ( evil4 ,!y cross$ ! l9e ( no magnetic v>iation1 & :5 ! ne$le ( ! compass began to *ange its usual direction1 !y 7 sure x 0 bewit*$4 ,!y ent]$ ! great ,s>gasso ,sea & 7 fright5$ out ( _! wits by ! /range expanse ( float+ vegetation4 ,!y ent]$ ! zone ( ! trade w9ds1 & z ! breeze1 day aft] day1 /eadily waft$ !m we/w>d1 ! bolde/ fe>$ x w\ld be impossible to return4 ,:5 a mirage & flights ( /range birds rais$ hopes t 7 n promptly realiz$1 ! sailors 7 sure !y _h ent]$ an en*ant$ realm4 #i ,illu/ration3 ,,sea ,,mon/]s ,,drawn ,,on ,,old ,,maps4 ,,l& ,,discov]$4--,columbus1 :o 0 above su* fe>1 expla9$ ! unusual sights1 calm$ ! fe>s ( ! sailors1 hid f !m ! true di/ance sail$1 #aj & /eadily pursu$ 8 way till unmi/akable signs ( l& 7 se54 ,a /aff c>v$ by h& & a bran* ) b]ries on x float$ by4 ,excitem5t n[ rose high1 & a rew>d 0 promis$ to ! man :o fir/ saw l&4 ,at la/1 on ! night ( ,octob] #aa1 ,columbus beheld a light mov+ z if c>ri$ by h& along a %ore4 ,a few h\rs lat] a sailor on ! ,p9ta saw l& di/9ctly1 & soon all beheld1 a few miles away1 a long1 l[ bea*4 #aa ,illu/ration3 ,,anci5t ,,vik+ ,,%ip ,,f\nd ,,buri$ ,,9 ,,norway4 ,,! ,,voyage ,,among ,,! ,,isl&s4--,columbus ?\ght he _h f\nd "o ( ! isl&s ( ! ,indies1 z ! s\!rn & ea/]n p>ts ( ,asia 7 call$4 ,dress$ 9 sc>let & gold & foll[$ by a b& ( 8 m5 be>+ bann]s1 he l&$1 fell on 8 knees1 & hav+ giv5 ?anks to ,god1 took possession = ,spa9 & call$ ! isl& ,san ,salvador 7sahn sahl-va-dor'71 :i* means ,holy ,savior4 ,! day 0 ,octob] #ab1 #adib1 & ! isl& 0 "o ( ! ,bahamas4 #ab ,aft] giv+ r$ caps1 beads1 & tr9kets to ! natives :o cr[d$ ab\t him1 ,columbus set sail to explore ! gr\p & pres5tly came 9 sight ( ! coa/ ( ,cuba1 :i* he at fir/ ?\ght 0 ,cipango4 ,sail+ ea/w>d1 l&+ n[ & !n to seek = gold1 he rea*$ ! ea/]n end ( ,cuba1 & soon beheld ! isl& ( ,haiti2 ?is s rem9d$ him ( ,spa9 t he call$ x ,hispaniola1 or ,little ,spa94 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,spani% ,,colony ,,9 ,,! ,,new ,,_w4--,:5 (f ! ,cuban %ore1 ! ,p9ta des]t$ ,columbus4 ,on ! coa/ ( ,haiti ! ,santa ,m>ia 0 wreck$4 ,to c>ry all 8 m5 back to ,spa9 9 ! little ,n9a 0 impossible4 ,su*1 !re=e1 z 7 will+ 7 left at ,haiti1 & f\nd$ ,la ,navidad1 ! fir/ colony ( ,europeans 9 ! ,new ,_w4 #ac ,?is done1 ,columbus sail$ = home1 tak+ ) him t5 natives1 & specim5s ( ! products ( ! l&s he _h discov]$4 ,,! ,,voyage ,,home4--,! ,p9ta 0 ov]tak5 (f ! ,haitian coa/1 b a dreadful /orm p>t$ ! %ips once m1 & nei!r aga9 saw ! o!r till ! day :51 b a few h\rs ap>t1 !y dropp$ an*or 9 ! hav5 ( ,palos1 :5ce !y _h sail$ sev5 mon?s be=e4 ,z ! news spread1 ! p w5t wild ) joy4 ,! j\rney ( ,columbus to ,b>celona 0 a triumphal procession4 ,at ,b>celona he 0 receiv$ ) great c]emony by ! k+ & que51 & soon aft]w>d 0 s5t back ) _m %ips & m5 to f\nd a colony & make fur!r explorations 9 ! ,indies4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,we/ ,,indies--,,%[+ ,,! ,,discov]ies ,,( ,,columbus4 ,,o!r ,,voyages ,,( ,,columbus4--,9 all ,columbus made f\r voyages to ! ,new ,_w4 ,on ! second 7#adic7 he discov]$ ,porto ,rico1 ,jamaica1 & o!r isl&s4 ,on ! ?ird 7#adih7 he saw ! ma9l& ( ,s\? ,am]ica at ! m\? ( ! ,or9oco ,riv]4 #ad ,on ! f\r? 7#aejb-d7 he sail$ along ! %ores ( ,c5tral ,am]ica4 ,return+ to ,spa91 he di$ poor1 neglect$1 & brok5-he>t$ 9 #aejf4 #ae ,,columbus ,,believ$ ,,he ,,rea*$ ,,! ,,indies4--,to 8 dy+ day ,columbus 0 ignorant ( ! fact t he _h l$ ! way to a new cont95t4 ,he suppos$ he _h rea*$ ! ,indies4 ,! l&s he discov]$ 7 !re=e spok5 ( z ! ,indies1 & _! inhabitants 7 call$ ,indians1 a "n giv5 9 "t to ! copp]-color$ natives ( bo? ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,,spa9',s ,,claim ,,to ,,new-,,f\nd ,,l&s4--,"o ( ! fir/ results ( ! discov]ies ( ,columbus 0 an appeal to ! ,pope = a bull secur+ to ,spa9 ! hea!n l&s discov]$2 = a bull _h secur$ to ,portugal ! discov]ies ( h] m>9]s along ! coa/ ( ,africa4 ,pope ,alex&] ,,vi accord+ly drew a nor? & s\? l9e "o hundr$ leagues we/ ( ! ,cape ,v]de ,isl&s1 & gave to ,spa9 all %e might discov] to ! we/ ( x1 res]v+ to ,portugal all %e might discov] to ! ea/4 ,a ye> lat] 7#adid7 ,spa9 & ,portugal by treaty mov$ ! ,l9e ( ,dem>cation to ?ree hundr$ & sev5ty leagues we/ ( ! ,cape ,v]de ,isl&s 7map1 p4 #bj71 & on ?is agreem5t1 approv$ by ! ,pope1 ,spa9 re/$ h] claim to ,am]ica4 ,,summ>y #a4 ,= _m c5turies be=e ! discov]y ( ,am]ica1 ,europe _h be5 trad+ ) ! f> ,ea/4 #b4 ,! r\tes ( ?is trade 7 be+ clos$ by ! ,turks4 #c4 ,columbus believ$ a new r\te c\ld be f\nd by sail+ due we/w>d f ,europe4 #d4 ,aft] _m ye>s ( fruitless ef=t to secure aid to te/ 8 plan1 he obta9$ help f ,spa94 #e4 ,on 8 fir/ voyage we/w>d ,columbus discov]$ ! ,bahama ,isl&s1 ,cuba1 & ,haiti2 on 8 lat] voyages1 v>i\s o!r l&s ab\t ! ,c>ibbean ,sea4 #f4 ,9 ! belief t he _h rea*$ ! ,indies1 ! l&s ,columbus f\nd 7 call$ ! ,indies1 & _! inhabitants ,indians4 ,,footnotes #a ,9 ! ,middle ,ages1 :5 food 0 co>se & cook]y poor1 c9namon & cloves1 nutmeg & mace1 allspice1 g+]1 & pepp] 7 highly priz$ = spic+ ale or season+ food4 ,b all ^! spices 7 v exp5sive 9 ,europe because !y _h to be br\ght s f> f ! di/ant ,ea/4 ,ev5 pepp]1 :i* is n[ us$ by e "o1 0 !n a fit gift f "o k+ to ano!r4 ,camphor & rhub>b1 indigo1 musk1 s&alwood1 ,brazil wood1 aloes wood1 all came f ! ,ea/4 ,musl9 & damask be> ! names ( ea/]n cities :5ce !y 7 fir/ obta9$4 ,9 ! fifte5? c5tury ! *ur*es1 palaces1 manor h\ses1 & homes ( ri* m]*ants 7 adorn$ ) ! rugs & c>pets ( ! ,ea/4 #b ,pr9ce ,h5ry 0 ! f\r? son ( ,john ,i1 k+ ( ,portugal4 ,9 #adai he e/abli%$ 8 home on ,cape ,/4 ,v9c5t1 ga!r$ ab\t him a body ( tra9$ seam51 & dur+ =ty ye>s s5t out almo/ e ye> an explor+ exp$ition4 ,8 pilots discov]$ ! ,azores & ! ,madeira ,isl&s4 ,he di$ 9 #adfj4 ,8 great "w 0 tra9+ seam54 ,_m m5 aft]w>d fam\s z discov]]s & navigators1 z ,dias 7dee'ahss71 ,da ,gama 7dah gah'ma71 ,cabral 7ca-brahl'71 ,magellan1 & ,columbus1 s]v$ "u ,h5ry or 8 successors4 ,9 ^? days !re 7 nei!r /eam%ips nor su* sail+ vessels z we h4 ,= purposes ( exploration ! c>avel 0 us$4 ,x 0 f #fj to #ajj feet long1 & f #ah to #be feet broad1 & _h ?ree ma/s f ! heads ( :i* 7 swung great sails4 ,mu* ( ! /e]+ 0 done by turn+ ^! sails4 ,yet x 0 9 su* little vessels t "s ( ! mo/ fam\s voyages 9 hi/ory 7 made4 #c ,^! voyages 7 possible because ( ! great progress :i* _h rec5tly be5 made 9 ! art ( navigation4 ,! magnetic compass enabl$ seam5 to set _! c\rse :5 ! sun & />s c\ld n be se54 ,! a/rolabe 7picture1 p4 #ce7 made x possible r\ghly to e/imate di/ances f ! equator1 or latitude4 ,^! in/rum5ts enabl$ m>9]s to g on long voyages f> f l&4 ,read ! acc\nt ( ! ,portuguese voyages 9 ,fiske's ,discov]y ( ,am]ica1 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #bid-ccd4 #d ,*ri/oph] ,columbus 0 a native ( ,g5oa1 ,italy1 :]e he 0 born ab\t #adcf4 ,he 0 ! son ( a wool comb]4 ,at f\rte5 he began a seaf>+ life1 & betwe5 voyages made *>ts & globes4 ,ab\t #adgj he w&]$ to ,portugal1 w5t on "o or two voyages d[n ! ,african coa/1 & on ano!r 7#adgg7 w5t z f> nor? z ,icel&4 ,meantime 7#adgc7 he m>ri$ a ,portuguese woman & made 8 home at ! ,madeira ,isl&s2 & x 0 :ile liv+ !re t he =m$ ! plan ( f9d+ a new r\te to ! f> ,ea/4 #e ,9 #abga ,m>co ,polo1 !n a lad ( sev5te51 0 tak5 by 8 fa!r & uncle f ,v5ice to ! coa/ ( ,p]sia1 & !nce ov]l& to nor?we/]n ,*9a1 to a city :]e ,kublai ,khan held 8 c\rt4 ,!y 7 well receiv$1 & ,m>co sp5t _m ye>s mak+ j\rneys 9 ! khan's s]vice4 ,9 #abib !y 7 s5t to escort a royal bride = ! khan f ,pek+ 79 ,*9a7 to ,tabriz1 a city 9 ,p]sia4 ,!y sail$ f ,*9a 9 #abib1 rea*$ ! ,p]sian coa/ 9 #abid1 & arriv$ safely at ,tabriz1 :5ce !y return$ to ,v5ice 9 #abie4 ,9 #abih ,m>co 0 captur$ 9 a w> ) ,g5oa1 & sp5t ab\t a ye> 9 prison4 ,:ile ?us conf9$ he prep>$ an acc\nt ( 8 travels1 "o ( ! mo/ fam\s books ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,he describ$ ,*9a 7or ,ca?ay1 z x 0 !n call$71 ) its great cities teem+ ) p1 its manufactures1 & its weal?1 told ( ,tibet & ,burma1 ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago ) its spice isl&s1 ( ,java & ,sumatra1 ( ,h9du/an1--all f p]sonal k4 ,f he>say he told ( ,japan4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! next sev5ty-five ye>s o!r travel]s f\nd _! way to ,ca?ay & wrote ab\t x4 ,?us be=e #adjj ,europe _h le>n$ ( a great ocean to ! ea/ ( ,ca?ay1 & ( a wond]ful isl& k+dom1 ,cipan'g 7,japan71 :i* lay (f its coa/4 ,all ?is deeply int]e/$ ,columbus1 & 8 copy ( ,m>co ,polo may /ill be se5 ) its m>g9s full ( annotations4 #f ,^! sov]eigns 7 j !n engag$ 9 ! f9al /ruggle = ! expulsion ( ! ,moors f ,spa91 s !y ref]r$ ! appeal to ! que5's confessor1 :o laid x be=e a body ( le>n$ m54 ,?is c\ncil ( ,salamanca made sport ( ! idea1 & tri$ to prove t ,columbus 0 wrong4 ,if ! _w 7 r\nd1 !y said1 p on ! o!r side mu/ walk ) _! heads d[n1 :i* 0 absurd4 ,& if a %ip %\ld sail to ! und]mo/ "p1 h[ c\ld x come back8 ,c\ld a %ip sail up hill8 #g ,on ! way to ,france ,columbus /opp$1 by good luck1 at ! mona/]y ( ,la ,rabida 7lah rah'bee-dah71 & s int]e/$ ! prior1 ,juan ,p]ez 7hoo-ahn' pa'ra?71 9 8 s*eme1 t a mess5g] 0 s5t to beg an int]view = ,p]ez ) ! que5 ( ,spa94 ,x 0 grant$1 & s well did ,p]ez plead ! cause ( 8 fri5d t ,columbus 0 summon$ to c\rt4 ,! rew>d ,columbus dem&$ = any discov]ies he might make seem$ too great1 & 0 refus$4 ,!reupon1 m\nt+ 8 mule1 he aga9 set (f = ,france4 ,sc>cely _h he />t$ :5 ! royal treasur] ru%$ into ! pres5ce ( ! que5 & p]suad$ h] to s5d a mess5g] to br+ ,columbus back4 ,!n 8 t]ms 7 accept$4 ,he 0 to be admiral ( all ! isl&s & c\ntries he might discov]1 & h a "p ( all ! gems1 gold1 & silv] f\nd 9 !m4 #h ,! vessels 7 no l>g] ?an mod]n ya*ts4 ,! ,santa ,m>ia 0 s+le-deck$ & n9ety feet long4 ,! ,p9ta & ,nia 7picture1 p4 #aa7 7 small] c>avels1 & nei!r 0 deck$ amid%ips4 ,9 #ahic reproductions ( ! ?ree vessels1 full size & z exact z possible1 7 s5t across ! sea by ,spa91 & exhibit$ at ! ,_w's ,fair 9 ,*icago4 #i ,! ideas ( geography held by ! unle>n$ ( ^? days are v curi\s to u4 ,!y believ$ t ne> ! equator 0 a fi]y zone :]e ! sea boil$ & no life exi/$2 t hydras1 gorgons1 *im]as1 & all sorts ( horrid mon/]s inhabit$ ! ,sea ( ,d>kness2 & t 9 ! ,indian ,ocean 0 a lode/one m\nta9 t c\ld draw nails out ( %ips4 ,because ( ! way 9 :i* %ips disappe>$ bel[ ! horizon1 x 0 believ$ t !y w5t d[n hill1 & t if !y w5t too f> !y c\ld nev] get back4 #aj ,! object ( ,columbus 0 n to let ! sailors "k h[ f> !y 7 f home4 #aa ,columbus 0 n ! fir/ ,european to rea* ! ,new ,_w4 ,ab\t six hundr$ ye>s e>li]1 ,vik+s f ,norway settl$ 9 ,icel&1 & f ! ,icel&ic *ronicles we le>n t ab\t #ihf ,a4,d4 ,eric ! ,r$ plant$ a colony 9 ,gre5l&4 ,8 son1 ,leif ,ericsson1 ab\t #ajjj ,a4,d41 l$ a p>ty s\?-we/w>d to a /ony c\ntry :i* 0 probably ! coa/ ( ,labrador or ,newf\ndl&4 ,go+ on s\?w>d1 !y came at la/ to a spot :]e wild grapes grew4 ,to ?is spot1 probably on ! ,new ,engl& coa/1 ,leif gave ! "n ,v9l&1 sp5t ! w9t] !re1 & 9 ! spr+ w5t back to ,gre5l& ) a load ( timb]4 ,! next ye> ,leif's bro!r sail$ to ,v9l& & pass$ two w9t]s !re4 ,9 lat] ye>s o!rs w5t1 b none rema9$ long1 & ! l& 0 soon =gott54 ,icel& & ,gre5l& 7 look$ ^u z "p ( ,europe2 & ! ,vik+s' discov]ies _h no influ5ce on ,columbus & ! explor]s :o foll[$ him4 ,read ,fiske's ,discov]y ( ,am]ica ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #adh-bee2 & ,longfell['s ,skeleton 9 ,armor4 #ab ,nobody kn[s j :i* ( ! ,bahamas ,columbus discov]$4 ,?ree ( ! gr\p--,cat1 ,turks & ,watl+--ea* claim ! honor4 ,at pres5t ,watl+ is believ$ to h be5 ,san ,salvador4 ,a good acc\nt ( ! voyage is giv5 9 ,irv+'s ,life & ,voyages ( ,columbus1 ,vol4 ,i1 ,book iii1 & 9 ,fiske's ,discov]y ( ,am]ica1 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #djh-ddb4 #ac ,:5 ,columbus on 8 second voyage return$ to ,hispaniola1 he f\nd t e "o ( ! =ty coloni/s _h p]i%$4 ,!y _h be5 kill$ by ! natives4 #ad ,despite ! great ?+ he did = ,spa94 ,columbus lo/ favor at c\rt4 ,evil m5 sl&]$ him2 8 mann] ( gov]n+ ! new l&s 0 falsely repres5t$ to ! k+ & que52 a new gov]nor 0 s5t out1 & ,columbus 0 br\ght back 9 *a9s4 ,?\gh soon releas$1 he 0 nev] re/or$ to 8 rights4 #ae ,columbus 0 buri$ at ,valladolid1 9 ,spa91 b 9 #aeac 8 body 0 tak5 to a mona/]y at ,seville4 ,!re x rema9$ till #aecf1 :5 x 0 c>ri$ to ,santo ,dom+o 9 ,haiti4 ,9 #agif x 0 remov$ & buri$ ) impos+ c]emonies at ,havana 9 ,cuba4 ,9 #ahih1 :5 ,spa9 0 driv5 f ,cuba1 8 bones 7 c>ri$ back to ,seville4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,atlantic ,,coa/ ,,& ,,! ,,pacific ,,discov]$ ,,! ,,atlantic ,,coa/ ,,l9e ,,explor$4--,columbus hav+ %[n ! way1 ,engli%1 ,spani%1 & ,portuguese explor]s foll[$4 ,"s came 9 se>* ( ,*9a or ! ,spice ,isl&s2 "s 7 9 que/ ( gold & pe>ls4 ,! result 0 ! exploration ( ! ,atlantic coa/ l9e f ,labrador to ! end ( ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,,"s ,,fam\s ,,voyages4--,9 #adig ,john ,cabot1 sail+ f ,engl&1 rea*$ ,newf\ndl&1 :i* he believ$ to be "p ( ,*9a4 #a ,9 #adih ,john ,cabot & 8 son ,seba/ian1 :ile 9 se>* ( ! ,spice ,isl&s1 sail$ along ! coa/ f ,newf\ndl& to :at is n[ ,s\? ,c>ol9a4 #b ,illu/ration3 ,,record ,,( ,,paym5t ,,( ,,john ,,cabot',s ,,p5sion ,,= #adii4 #c ,photograph$ f ! orig9al acc\nts ( ! ,bri/ol cu/oms collectors1 n[ 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey1 ,london4 ,illu/ration3 ,,discov]y ,,on ,,! ,,ea/ ,,coa/ ,,( ,,am]ica4 ,be=e #aejj ,spani>ds 9 se>* ( gold1 or pe>ls1 or new l&s _h explor$ ! coa/ l9e f ,c5tral ,am]ica to ,cape ,/4 ,roque4 #d ,9 #aejj ,cabral1 :ile on 8 way f ,portugal to ,india by ,da ,gama's r\te 7p4 #aa71 sail$ s f> we/w>d t he sight$ ! coa/ ( ! c\ntry n[ call$ ,brazil4 ,cabral w5t on 8 way2 b s5t back a %ip to ! k+ ( ,portugal ) ! news t ! new-f\nd l& lay ea/ ( ! ,l9e ( ,dem>cation4 ,! k+ dispat*$ 7#aeja7 an exp$ition :i* explor$ ! coa/ s\?w>d ne>ly z f> z ! m\? ( ! ,plata ,riv]4 ,,"s ,,results ,,( ,,^! ,,voyages4--,! results ( ^! voyages 7 _m & important4 ,!y furni%$ a bett] k ( ! coa/2 !y prov$ ! exi/5ce ( a great mass ( l& call$ ! ,new ,_w1 b /ill suppos$ to be a "p ( ,asia2 !y secur$ ,brazil = ,portugal1 & l$ to ! nam+ ( our cont95t4 ,,:y ,,! ,,new ,,_w ,,0 ,,call$ ,,am]ica4--,9 ! p>ty s5t by ! k+ ( ,portugal to explore ! coa/ ( ,brazil1 0 an ,italian nam$ ,am]igo ,vespucci 7ah-ma'ree-g ves-poot'*ee71 or ,am]icus ,vespucius1 :o _h twice be=e visit$ ! coa/ ( ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,( ^! ?ree voyages & ( a f\r? ,vespucius wrote acc\nts1 ,!y 7 widely read1 l$ to ! belief t he _h discov]$ a new or f\r? "p ( ! _w1 & caus$ a ,g]man pr(essor ( geography to sugge/ t ?is f\r? "p %\ld be call$ ,am]ica4 ,! "n 0 appli$ fir/ to :at is n[ ,brazil1 !n to all ,s\? ,am]ica1 & f9ally also to ,nor? ,am]ica1 :5 x 0 f\nd1 long aft]w>d1 t ,nor? ,am]ica 0 "p ( ! new cont95t & n "p ( ,asia4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,pr9t$ ,,sugge/ion ,,( ,,! ,,"n ,,am]ica4 #e ,"p ( a page f ,waldseemll]'s book ,cosmographie ,introductio1 pr9t$ 9 #aejg1 n[ 9 ! ,l5ox ,libr>y1 ,new ,york4 ,,balboa ,,discov]s ,,! ,,pacific4--,! man :o l$ ! way to ! discov]y t ,am]ica 0 n "p ( ,asia 0 ,balbo'a4 #f ,he came to ! ea/]n bord] ( ,panama 7#aeaj7 ) a b& ( ,spani>ds seek+ gold4 ,!re !y f\nd$ ! t[n ( ,d>i5 & 9 "t made ,balboa _! comm&]4 ,he m>ri$ ! daught] ( a *ief1 made fri5ds ) ! ,indians1 & he>d f !m ( a great body ( wat] across ! m\nta9s4 ,?is he det]m9$ to see1 & 9 #aeac1 ) ,indian guides & a p>ty ( ,spani>ds1 made 8 way ?r\gh d5se & tangl$ =e/s & f ! summit ( a m\nta9 look$ d[n on ! ,pacific ,ocean1 :i* he call$ ! ,s\? ,sea4 ,f\r days lat]1 /&+ on ! %ore1 he wait$ till ! ris+ tide came roll+ 91 & !n ru%+ into ! wat]1 sword 9 h&1 he took possession ( ! ocean 9 ! "n ( ,spa94 #g ,illu/ration3 ,,spani% ,,helmet ,,& ,,%irt ,,( ,,mail ,,f\nd ,,9 ,,mexico4 ,n[ 9 ,essex ,hall1 ,salem1 ,mass4 ,,! ,,pacific ,,cross$2 ,,! ,,philipp9es ,,discov]$4--,! ,portuguese meantime1 by sail+ ar\nd ,africa1 _h rea*$ ! ,spice ,isl&s4 ,s f> beyond ,india 7 ^! isl&s t ! ,portuguese sailor ,f]d9& ,magellan took up ! old idea ( ,columbus1 & ma9ta9$ t !y c\ld be mo/ easily rea*$ by sail+ we/4 ,to ?is proposition ! k+ ( ,portugal w\ld n li/52 s ,magellan p]suad$ ! k+ ( ,spa9 to let him try2 & 9 #aeai set sail ) five small %ips4 ,he cross$ ! ,atlantic to ! m\? ( ! ,plata1 & w5t s\? till /orms & cold drove him into w9t] qu>t]s4 #h ,9 ,augu/1 #aebj 7e>ly spr+ 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e71 he w5t on 8 way & ent]$ ! /rait :i* n[ be>s 8 "n4 ,"o ( ! %ips _h be5 wreck$4 ,9 ! /rait ano!r /ole away & w5t home4 ,! ?ree rema9+ vessels pass$ safely ?r\gh1 & out into an ocean s quiet comp>$ ) ! /ormy ,atlantic t ,magellan call$ x ! ,pacific4 ,across ?is ! explor]s sail$ = five mon?s be=e !y came to a gr\p ( isl&s :i* ,magellan call$ ! ,ladrones 7,spani% = robb]s7 because ! natives 7 s ?ievi%4 #i ,t5 days lat] !y rea*$ ano!r gr\p1 aft]w>d nam$ ! ,philipp9es4 #aj ,on "o ( ^! isl&s ,magellan & _m ( 8 m5 7 sla94 #aa ,two ( ! %ips !n w5t s\?w>d to ! ,spice ,isl&s1 :]e !y load$ ) spices4 ,"o n[ />t$ = ,panama1 b 0 =c$ to return4 ,! o!r sail$ ar\nd ,africa1 & 9 #aebb rea*$ ,spa9 9 safety4 ,x _h sail$ ar\nd ! _w4 ,! surviv+ capta9 0 greatly honor$4 ,! k+ ennobl$ him1 & on 8 coat ( arms 0 a globe ) ! motto ,y fir/ sail$ ar\nd me4 ,illu/ration3 ,,magellan',s ,,%ip ,,t ,,sail$ ,,ar\nd ,,! ,,_w4 ,,results ,,( ,,! ,,voyage4--,( all ! voyages ev] made by man up to t "t1 ?is ( ,magellan & 8 m5 0 ! greate/4 ,x gave positive pro( t ! e>? is a sph]e4 ,x reveal$ ! va/ wid? ( ! ,pacific4 ,x %[$ t ,am]ica 0 probably n a "p ( ,asia1 & *ang$ ! geographical ideas ( ! "t4 #ab ,,! ,,coa/ ,,( ,,florida ,,explor$4--,:at meantime _h happ5$ along ! coa/ ( ,nor? ,am]ica8 ,9 #aeac ,ponce de ,leon #ac 7pon'?a da la-on'71 a ,spani>d1 sail$ nor?we/ f ,porto ,rico 9 se>* ( an isl& :i* ! ,indians told him conta9$ gold1 & 9 :i* he believ$ 0 a f\nta9 or /ream ^: wat]s w\ld re/ore y\? to ! old4 ,9 ! season ( ,ea/]1 or ,pascua ,florida1 he came ^u a l& :i* he call$ ,florida4 ,ponce suppos$ he _h f\nd an isl&1 & foll[+ ! coa/ s\?w>d w5t r\nd ! p59sula & f> up ! we/ coa/ be=e go+ back to ,porto ,rico4 #ad ,illu/ration3 ,,spani% ,,explorations ,,9 ,,nor? ,,am]ica ,,to #afjj4 ,,! ,,gulf ,,coa/ ,,explor$4--,9 #aeai ano!r ,spani>d1 ,p9$a 7pe-na'da71 sail$ along ! ,gulf coa/ f ,florida to ,mexico4 ,on ! way he ent]$ ! m\? ( a broad riv] :i* he nam$ ,riv] ( ! ,holy ,_s4 ,x 0 long suppos$ t ?is riv] 0 ! ,mississippi2 b x is n[ claim$ to h be5 ! ,mobile4 ,:atev] x 01 ,p9$a sp5t six weeks 9 its wat]s1 saw _m ,indian t[ns on its banks1 trad$ ) ! natives1 & notic$ t !y wore gold ornam5ts4 ,,! ,,exp$ition ,,( ,,n>vaez4--,p9$a's /ory ( ,indians ) gold ornam5ts s excit$ ,n>vaez 7n>-vah'e?7 t he obta9$ leave to conqu] ! c\ntry1 & sail$ f ,cuba ) f\r hundr$ m54 ,l&+ on ! we/ coa/ ( ,florida1 he made a raid inl&4 ,:5 he return$ to ! coa/ ! %ips :i* 7 sail+ ab\t wat*+ = him 7 n[h]e to be se54 ,aft] m>*+ we/w>d = a mon? ! ,spani>ds built five small boats1 put to sea1 & sail+ ne> ! %ore came pres5tly to :]e ! wat]s ( ! ,mississippi ru% into ! ,gulf4 ,two boats 7 upset by ! surg+ wat]s4 ,! o!rs rea*$ ! coa/ beyond1 :]e all save f\r ( ! ,spani>ds p]i%$4 ,,f\r ,,spani>ds ,,cross ,,! ,,cont95t4--,aft] suff]+ great h>d%ips & meet+ ) all sorts ( adv5tures among ! ,indians1 ! f\r survivors1 l$ by ,cabeza de ,vaca 7ca-ba'?a da vah'ca71 walk$ across :at is n[ ,texas1 ,new ,mexico1 ,arizona1 & ,mexico to a little ,spani% t[n ne> ! ,pacific coa/4 ,!y _h cross$ ! cont95t4 #ae ,,new ,,mexico ,,explor$4--,cabeza de ,vaca _h wond]ful tales to relate ( hun*back c[s1 z he call$ ! buffalo1 & ( cities 9 ! int]ior :]e gold & silv] 7 pl5tiful & :]e ! doorways 7 /udd$ ) preci\s /ones4 #af ,excit$ by ^! tales1 ! ,spani% vic]oy ( ,mexico s5t ,fray ,m>cos to ga!r fur!r in=mation4 #ag ,aid$ by ! ,indians1 ,m>cos made 8 way ov] ! des]t & came at la/ to ! cities1 :i* 7 only ! pueblos ( ! ,zui 7zoo'nyee7 ,indians 9 ,new ,mexico4 ,! pueblos 7 h\ses sev]al /ories high1 built ( /one or ( sun-dri$ brick1 & ea* l>ge en\gh = sev]al hundr$ ,indians to live 94 ,b ,m>cos m]ely saw !m at a di/ance1 = "o ( 8 foll[]s :o w5t 9 advance 0 kill$ by ! ,zui1 :]eupon ,m>cos fl$ back to ,mexico4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pueblo1 ,,wood5 ,,pl[1 ,,& ,,ox ,,c>t4 ,,! ,,spani>ds ,,rea* ,,kansas4--,m>cos's reports ab\t ! sev5 cities ( ,cibola 7see'bo-la71 z he call$ !m1 ar\s$ great int]e/1 & ,corona'd 0 s5t ) an army to conqu] !m4 ,m>*+ up ! ea/ coa/ ( ! ,gulf ( ,cali=nia & across ,arizona1 ,coronado came at la/ to ! pueblos & captur$ !m "o by "o4 ,he f\nd no gold1 b did see doorways /udd$ ) ! gre5 /ones ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 ,mu* disappo9t$1 he pu%$ on ea/w>d1 & dur+ two ye>s w&]$ ab\t ov] ! pla9s ( our great ,s\?we/ & probably rea*$ ! c5t] ( :at is n[ ,kansas4 #ah ,,de ,,soto ,,on ,,! ,,mississippi4--,z ,coronado 0 mak+ 8 way home1 an ,indian woman escap$ f 8 army1 & :ile w&]+ ab\t fell 9 ) a b& ( ,spani>ds belong+ to ! army ( ,de ,soto4 #ai ,de ,soto1 z gov]nor ( ,cuba1 _h be5 au?oriz$ to conqu] & hold all ! t]ritory t _h be5 discov]$ by ,n>vaez4 ,he set out accord+ly 9 #aeci1 l&$ an army at ,tampa ,bay1 & sp5t ?ree ye>s 9 w&]+ ov] ,florida1 ,georgia1 ,alabama1 & ,mississippi4 ,9 ! spr+ ( #aedb he cross$ ! ,mississippi ,riv] & ent]$ ,arkansas1 & x 0 !re t "o ( 8 b&s met ! ,indian woman :o escap$ f ,coronado's army4 ,9 ,arkansas ,de ,soto di$ ( fev]1 & 0 buri$ 9 ! ,mississippi ,riv]4 ,8 foll[]s !n built a few boats1 float$ d[n ! riv] to ! ,gulf1 & foll[+ ! coa/ ( ,texas came f9ally to ! ,spani% settlem5ts 9 ,mexico4 ,,! ,,fr5* ,,on ,,! ,,coa/4--,f> to ! nor!a/ explor]s ( ano!r ,european nation by ?is "t 7 seek+ a foo?old4 ,:5 ,john ,cabot came home f 8 fir/ voyage to ! ,newf\ndl& coa/1 he told su* tales ( cod fi%]ies !reab\ts1 t ?ree small %ips set sail f ,engl& to cat* fi% & trade ) ! natives ( ! new-f\nd isle4 ,portuguese & ,fr5*m5 foll[$1 & ye> aft] ye> visit$ ! ,newf\ndl& fi%]ies4 ,no s]i\s attempt 0 made to settle ! isl&4 ,:at ,europe want$ 0 a direct we/w>d passage ?r\gh ,am]ica to ,ca?ay4 ,?is ,john ,v]razano1 an ,italian sail+ "u ! flag ( ,france1 attempt$ to f9d1 & came to :at is n[ ! coa/ ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a4 ,!re ,v]razano turn$ nor?w>d1 ent]$ sev]al bays along ! coa/1 sail$ by ! rock-b\nd %ores ( ,ma9e1 & :5 (f ,newf\ndl& /e]$ = ,france4 ,,! ,,fr5* ,,on ,,! ,,/4 ,,lawr5ce4--,v]razano 0 foll[$ 7#aecd7 by ,jacques ,c>ti] 7zhak c>-tya'71 also 9 se>* ( a passage to ,ca?ay4 ,rea*+ ,newf\ndl& 7map1 p4 #aad71 ,c>ti] pass$ ?r\gh ! /rait to ! nor? ( x1 & explor$ a "p ( ! gulf to ! we/4 ,a ye> lat] he came aga91 nam$ ! gulf ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 & ent]$ ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce ,riv]1 :i* he ?\ght 0 a /rait lead+ to ,*9a4 ,up ?is riv] he sail$ till /opp$ by ! rapids :i* he nam$ ,la*9e 7,*9ese74 ,ne> by 0 a high hill :i* he call$ ,mont ,real 7re-ahl'71 or ,m\nt ,royal4 ,at its base n[ /&s ! city ( ,montreal4 #bj ,f ?is place ! ,fr5* w5t back to a /eep cliff :]e n[ /&s ! city ( ,quebec1 &1 x is believ$1 sp5t ! w9t] !re4 ,! w9t] 0 a t]rible "o1 & :5 ! ice left ! riv] !y return$ to ,france 7#aecf74 ,illu/ration3 ,,indian ,,long ,,h\se4 ,n disc\rag$1 ,c>ti] 7#aeda7 came a ?ird "t to plant a colony on ! riv]4 ,b hung]1 mut9y1 & ! sev]ity ( ! w9t] br\ght ! v5ture to naught4 #ba ,,no ,,settlem5ts ,,9 ,,our ,,c\ntry4--,f ! fir/ voyage ( ,columbus to ! exp$itions ( ,de ,soto1 ,coronado1 & ,c>ti]1 fifty ye>s _h pass$4 ,! coa/ ( ! new cont95t _h be5 r\ghly explor$ z f> nor? z ,labrador on ! ea/ & ,cali=nia on ! we/4 ,! ,spani>ds 9 que/ ( gold & silv] m9es _h conqu]$ & coloniz$ ! ,we/ ,indies1 ,mexico1 & p>ts ( ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,yet n a settlem5t _h be5 made 9 our c\ntry4 ,_m riv]s & bays _h be5 discov]$2 two great exp$itions _h gone into ! int]ior2 b !re 7 no colonies on ! ma9l& ( :at is n[ ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,,summ>y #a4 ,! voyage ( ,columbus l$ to _m o!r voyages1 prompt$ *iefly by a hope ( f9d+ gold4 ,!y result$ 9 ! exploration ( ! coa/ ( ,am]ica1 & may be gr\p$ accord+ to ! p>ts explor$1 z foll[s3-- #b4 ,! ,atlantic coa/ ( ,nor? ,am]ica 0 explor$ 7#adig-aece7 by ,cabot 7= ,engl&7--f ,newf\ndl& to ,s\? ,c>ol9a4 ,ponce de ,leon 7= ,spa97--p59sula ( ,florida4 ,v]razano 7= ,france7--f ,nor? ,c>ol9a to ,newf\ndl&4 ,c>ti] 7= ,france7--,gulf ( ,/4 ,lawr5ce4 #c4 ,! ,gulf & ,c>ibbean coa/s ( ,nor? ,am]ica 7 explor$ 7#aejb- #aebh7 = ,spa9 by ,columbus--,c5tral ,am]ica4 ,ponce de ,leon--we/ coa/ ( ,florida4 ,p9$a--f ,florida to ,mexico4 ,n>vaez exp$ition--f ,florida to ,texas4 #d4 ,! ,atlantic coa/ ( ,s\? ,am]ica 0 explor$ 7#adih-aebj7 by ,columbus--m\? ( ! ,or9oco4 ,o!r explor]s = ,spa9--:ole nor!rn coa/4 ,cabral 7= ,portugal7--"p ( ea/]n coa/4 ,vespucius 7= ,portugal7--ea/]n coa/ ne>ly to ! ,plata ,riv]4 ,magellan 7= ,spa97-- to ! ,/rait ( ,magellan4 #e4 ,! ,pacific coa/ ( ,am]ica 0 explor$ 7#aeac-aedb7 = ,spa9 by ,balboa--"p ( ,panama4 ,magellan--"p ( ! s\?we/ coa/4 ,piz>ro 7note1 p4 #bc7--;f ,panama to ,p]u4 ,cabrillo 7note1 p4 #bh7--;f ,mexico up ! coa/ ( ,cali=nia4 #f4 ,! ,spani>ds e>ly e/abli%$ colonies 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 ,s\? ,am]ica1 & ,mexico2 b fifty ye>s aft] ,columbus's discov]y !re 0 no settlem5t ( ,europeans 9 ! ma9l& "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,sev]al ,spani% exp$itions1 h[ev]1 _h explor$ 7#aecd-aedb7 l>ge p>ts ( ! int]ior3--,cabeza de ,vaca & 8 companions walk$ f ,texas to we/]n ,mexico1 ,coronado w&]$ f ,mexico to ,kansas4 ,de ,soto w&]$ f ,florida beyond ! ,mississippi ,riv]4 ,,footnotes #a ,?is discov]y made a great /ir 9 ,bri/ol1 ! port f :i* ,cabot sail$4 ,a lett] writt5 at ! "t /ates1 ,honors are heap$ ^u ,cabot4 ,he is call$ ,gr& ,admiral1 he is dress$ 9 silk1 & ! ,engli% run aft] him l madm54 ,! k+ gave him #aj & a p5sion ( #bj a ye>4 ,a p\nd /]l+ 9 ^? days 0 9 pur*as+ p[] q ! equal ( fifty doll>s 9 our "t4 #b ,^! voyages ( ,cabot 7 n foll[$ up at ! "t4 ,b 9 ! days ( ,que5 ,elizabe?1 m ?an eighty ye>s lat]1 !y 7 made ! basis ( ! ,engli% claim to a "p ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 #c ,bri/oll--,ar?urus ,kemys et ,ric>dus ap4 ,m]yke collectores cu/um>um et subsidiorum regis ibidem a fe/o ,sancti ,mi*aelis ,ar*angeli anno ,,xiiii mo ,regis nunc usque idem fe/um ,sancti ,mi*aelis tunc proximo sequ5s r$dunt computum de ,,mccccxxiiii li4 ,,vii ,s4 x d4 quadr4 ,de quibus4444 ,item 9 !sauro 9 una tallia pro ,johanne ,cabot1 xx li4 ,translation3 ,bri/ol --,ar?ur ,kemys & ,ri*>d ap ,m]yke1 collectors ( ! k+'s cu/oms & subsidies !re1 f ,mi*aelmas 9 ! f\rte5? ye> ( ?is k+'s reign ,h5ry ,,vii till ! same fea/ next foll[+ r5d] _! acc\nt ( #adbd #gs4 #aj-a_/d;d44444 ,9 ! treasury is "o tally = ,john ,cabot1 #bj4 #d ,on "o ( ^! voyages ! ,spani>ds saw an ,indian village built ov] ! wat] on piles1 ) bridges jo9+ ! h\ses4 ,?is s rem9d$ !m ( ,v5ice t !y call$ x ,v5ezuela 7little ,v5ice71 a "n aft]w>d appli$ to a va/ ext5t ( c\ntry4 #e ,b n[ ^! p>ts ,europe1 ,asia1 & ,africa h be5 m widely explor$1 & ano!r f\r? "p has be5 discov]$ by ,am]icus ,vespucius 7z w appe> 9 ! foll[+ pages72 s ,i d n see :y any "o %\ld rightly object to call+ x ,am]ige or ,am]ica1 i4e4 l& ( ,am]icus1 aft] its discov]] ,am]icus1 a man ( sagaci\s m9d--s9ce bo? ,europe & ,asia are nam$ aft] wom54 ,its situation & ! ways ( its p may be cle>ly und]/ood f ! f\r voyages ( ,am]icus :i* foll[4 #f ,vasco ,nuez de ,balboa _h come f ,spa9 to ,haiti & settl$ d[n z a plant]1 b :5 7#aeaj7 an exp$ition 0 ab\t to sail = ,s\? ,am]ica to plant a colony ne> ,panama1 ,balboa long$ to jo9 x4 ,he 0 9 debt2 s le/ 8 cr$itors %\ld prev5t 8 go+1 he _h himself nail$ up 9 a b>rel & put on bo>d "o ( ! %ips ) ! provisions4 #g ,9 ! c\rse ( exp$itions along ! ea/]n coa/ ( ,mexico1 ! ,spani>ds he>d ( a mighty k+1 ,montezuma1 :o rul$ _m cities 9 ! int]ior & _h great /ores ( gold4 ,9 #aeai ,cor'tes l&$ ) #dej m5 & a few horses1 sank 8 %ips1 & began inl& "o ( ! mo/ wond]ful m>*es 9 all hi/ory4 ,! acc\nt ( ! great ?+s :i* he did1 ( ! m>vel\s cities he conqu]$1 ( ! /range & horrible sights he saw1 reads l fiction4 ,six days aft] rea*+ ! city ( ,mexico1 he seiz$ ,montezuma & made himself ! real rul] ( ! c\ntry2 b lat] ! ,mexicans rose aga9/ him & he _h to conqu] !m by h>d fight+4 ,read ! /ory ( ! conque/ z briefly told 9 ,fiske's ,discov]y ( ,am]ica1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #bde-bic4 ,! ,spani>ds also he>d rumors ( a gold5 k+dom to ! s\?w>d :]e ! ,incas rul$4 ,aft] prelim9>y voyages ( exploration ,francisco ,piz>ro sail$ f ,panama 9 #aeca ) #bjj m5 & #ej horses to conqu] ,p]u4 ,l&+ on ! coa/ he m>*$ inl& to ! camp ( ! ,inca1 a "y man :o _h j seiz$ ! ?rone4 ,! sight ( ! :ite /rang]s clad 9 %9+ armor1 wield+ ?und] & lightn+ 7fire>ms71 & rid+ une>?ly bea/s 7horses 7 unkn[n to ! ,indians71 caus$ wond] & dread 9 ,p]u z x _h 9 ,mexico4 ,! ,inca 0 made prison] & hundr$s ( 8 foll[]s 7 kill$4 ,he (f]$ to fill 8 prison room ) gold z high z he c\ld rea* if ,piz>ro w\ld set him free2 ! (f] 0 accept$ & 9 #aecc "s #ae1jjj1jjj 9 gold 0 divid$ among ! conqu]ors4 ,! ,inca1 h[ev]1 0 put to dea?1 & ! ,spani>ds took possession ( ! :ole c\ntry4 #h ,none ( ,magellan's vessels 7 z l>ge z ! ,santa ,m>ia1 & ?ree 7 small] ?an ! ,nia4 ,! sailors dem&$ t ,magellan return to ,spa94 ,:5 he refus$1 ! capta9s & crews ( ?ree %ips mut9i$1 & 7 put d[n ) difficulty4 #i ,guam1 :i* n[ belongs to our c\ntry1 is "o ( ! ,ladrones4 #aj ,! ,spani>ds took possession ( ! ,philipp9es a few ye>s lat]1 & 9 #aega f\nd$ ,manila4 ,! gr\p 0 nam$ aft] ,philip ,,ii ( ,spa94 ,9 #aeee a ,spani% navigator discov]$ ! ,hawaiian ,isl&s2 b ?\gh !y 7 put d[n on ! e>ly ,spani% *>ts1 ! ,spani>ds did n take possession ( !m4 ,inde$1 ^! isl&s 7 practically =gott51 & two c5turies pass$ be=e !y 7 r$iscov]$ by ! ,engli% explor]1 ,capta9 ,cook1 9 #aggh4 #aa ,magellan 0 a v religi\s man1 & aft] mak+ an alliance ) ! k+ ( ! isl& ( ,cebu1 he set ab\t conv]t+ ! natives to ,*ri/ianity4 ,! k+1 greatly impress$ by ! wond]s ! :ite man did1 cons5t$4 ,a bonfire 0 light$1 ! idols 7 ?r[n 91 a cross 0 set up1 & ! natives 7 baptiz$4 ,?is done1 ! k+ call$ on ,magellan to help him attack ! *ief ( a neighbor+ isl&2 b 9 ! attack ,magellan 0 kill$ & 8 m5 put to flight4 ,?is defeat s ang]$ ! k+ t he invit$ ?irty ,spani>ds to a fea/1 massacr$ !m1 cut d[n ! cross1 & aga9 turn$ pagan4 #ab ,read ! acc\nt 9 ,fiske's ,discov]y ( ,am]ica1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #aij-baa4 #ac ,juan ,ponce de ,leon _h sail$ ) ,columbus on 8 second voyage1 & _h settl$ 9 ,haiti4 ,he>+ t !re 0 gold 9 ,porto ,rico1 he explor$ x = ,spa91 9 #aeji 0 made its gov]nor1 & 9 #aeaa f\nd$ ! city ( ,san ,juan 7sahn hoo-ahn'74 ,aft] he 0 remov$ f ! gov]nor%ip1 he obta9$ leave to se>* = ! isl& ( ,bim9i4 #ad ,he n[ obta9$ au?ority to colonize ! suppos$ isl&2 b sev]al ye>s pass$ be=e he 0 ready to make ! attempt4 ,he !n set (f ) arms1 tools1 horses1 & two hundr$ m51 l&$ on ! we/ coa/ ( ,florida1 lo/ _m m5 9 a fight ) ! ,indians1 & receiv$ a w\nd ( :i* he di$ soon aft] 9 ,cuba4 #ae ,! /ory ( ?is rem>kable m>* across ! cont95t is told 9 ,! ,spani% ,pione]s1 by ,c4 ,f4 ,lummis4 #af ,!re 0 a tradition 9 ,europe t :5 ! ,arabs conqu]$ ,spa9 9 ! eigh? c5tury1 a c]ta9 bi%op ) a goodly foll[+ fl$ to "s isl&s f> out 9 ! ,sea ( ,d>kness & f\nd$ sev5 cities4 ,:5 ! ,spani>ds came 9 contact ) ! ,indians ( ,mexico1 !y 7 told ( sev5 caves f :i* ! ance/ors ( ! natives _h issu$1 & jump$ to ! conclusion t ! sev5 caves 7 ! sev5 cities2 & :5 ,cabeza de ,vaca came ) 8 /ory ( ! wond]ful cities ( ! nor?1 x 0 believ$ t !y 7 ! t[ns built by ! bi%op4 #ag ,at an ,indian village 9 ,mexico1 ,m>cos he>d ( a c\ntry to ! nor?w>d :]e !re 7 sev5 cities ) h\ses ( two1 ?ree1 & f\r /ories1 & t ( ! *ief ) five4 ,on ! doorsills & l9tels ( ! be/ h\ses1 he 0 told1 7 turquoise /ones4 #ah ,read ,! ,spani% ,pione]s1 by ,c4 ,f4 ,lummis1 pp4 #gg-hh1 #aja-adc4 ,! ye> t ,coronado return$ to ,mexico 7#aedb7 an exp$ition "u ,cabrillo 7kah-breel'yo7 coa/$ f ,mexico along :at is n[ ,cali=nia4 ,cabrillo di$ 9 ,san ,diego h>bor4 #ai ,h]n&o de ,soto 0 born ab\t #aejj 9 ,spa91 & :5 ( age w5t to ,panama & !nce to ,p]u ) ,piz>ro4 ,9 ! conque/ ( ,p]u he s di/+ui%$ himself t on return+ to ,spa9 he 0 made gov]nor ( ,cuba4 #bj ,l&+ on ?is spot1 ,c>ti] set =? to visit ! great ,indian village ( ,ho*elaga4 ,he f\nd x surr\nd$ ) a palisade ( tree trunks set 9 ?ree r[s4 ,ent]+ ! n>r[ gate1 he beheld "s fifty long h\ses ( sapl+ frames cov]$ ) b>k1 ea* conta9+ _m fires1 "o = a family4 ,f ^! h\ses came sw>ms ( wom5 & *ildr51 :o cr[d$ ab\t ! visitors1 t\*$ _! be>ds1 & patt$ _! faces4 ,soon ! w>riors came & squatt$ r[ aft] r[ ar\nd ! ,fr5*1 = :om mats 7 br\ght & laid on ! gr\nd4 ,?is done1 ! *ief1 a p>alyz$ old savage1 0 c>ri$ 91 & ,c>ti] 0 bes\ght by signs to heal him1 & :5 ,c>ti] _h t\*$ him1 all ! sick1 lame1 & bl9d 9 ! village 7 br\ght out = treatm5t4 ,read ,p>kman's ,pione]s ( ,france 9 ! ,new ,_w1 pp4 #ahg-aic4 #ba ,z ,c>ti] 0 on 8 way home he /opp$ at ! h>bor ( ,/4 ,johns 9 ,newf\ndl&1 a h>bor !n frequ5t$ by fi%]m5 f ! ,old ,_w4 ,!re he 0 met by ?ree %ips & #bjj coloni/s "u ,rob]val1 :o ord]$ him to return4 ,b "o night ,c>ti] slipp$ away 9 ! d>kness4 ,rob]val w5t on to ! site ( ,quebec & !re plant$ 8 colony4 ,:at became ( x is n kn[n2 b t x did n la/ long is c]ta91 & _m ye>s pass$ be=e ,france repeat$ ! attempt to ga9 a foo?old on ! great riv] ( ,canada4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,france ,,& ,,engl& ,,attempt ,,to ,,settle ,,am]ica ,,! ,,fr5* ,,9 ,,s\? ,,c>ol9a4--,aft] ! failure 9 ,canada tw5ty ye>s pass$ away be=e ! ,fr5* aga9 attempt$ to colonize4 ,!n 7#aefb7 ,admiral ,coligny 7co-le5'ye71 ! lead] ( ! ,hugu5ots1 or ,prote/ants ( ,france1 s\ght to plant a colony 9 ,am]ica = 8 p]secut$ c\ntrym51 & s5t =? an exp$ition "u ,ribaut 7ree-bo'74 ,^! ,fr5*m5 rea*$ ! coa/ ( ,florida1 & turn+ nor?w>d came to a hav5 :i* !y call$ ,port ,royal4 ,"h !y built a =t 9 :at is n[ ,s\? ,c>ol9a4 ,leav+ ?irty m5 to hold x1 ,ribaut sail$ = ,france4 ,fam9e1 homesickness1 ignorance ( life 9 a wild]ness1 soon br\ght ! colony to ru94 ,unable to endure _! h>d%ips long]1 ! coloni/s built a crazy boat1 #a put to sea1 & :5 (f ! ,fr5* coa/ 7 rescu$ by an ,engli% vessel4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,settlem5ts ,,9 ,,! ,,s\?4 ,,! ,,fr5* ,,9 ,,florida4--,two ye>s lat] 7#aefd7 ,coligny tri$ aga91 & s5t =? a colony "u ,laudonnire 7lo-d-ne-air'74 ,x rea*$ ! coa/ ( ,florida1 & a few miles up ! ,/4 ,johns ,riv] built a =t call$ ,c>ol9e 9 honor ( ! ,fr5* ,k+ ,*>les4 ,! next ye> !re came m coloni/s "u ,ribaut4 #b ,illu/ration3 ,,=t ,,c>ol9e4 ,f an old pr9t4 ,,! ,,spani>ds ,,f\nd ,,/4 ,,augu/9e4--,n[ x s happ5$ t j at ?is "t a ,spani>d nam$ ,m55dez 7ma-n5'de?7 _h obta9$ leave to conqu] & settle ,florida4 ,be=e he c\ld set (f1 news came to ,spa9 t ! ,fr5* 7 on ! ,/4 ,johns ,riv]1 & ,m55dez 0 s5t ) troops to drive !m out4 ,he l&$ 9 ,florida 9 #aefe & built a =t :i* 0 ! beg9n+ ( ,/4 ,augu/9e1 ! fir/ p]man5t settlem5t on ! ma9l& "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,ribaut at once sail$ to attack x4 ,b :ile he 0 at sea ,m55dez m>*$ ov]l&1 took ,=t ,c>ol9e1 & put to dea? e man !re1 save a few :o made good _! escape4 #c ,,spa9 ,,holds ,,am]ica4--,m ?an sev5ty ye>s _h n[ p>s$ s9ce ,columbus made 8 great voyage ( discov]y4 ,yet1 save "s ,portuguese settlem5ts 9 ,brazil1 ! only ,european colonies 9 ,am]ica 7 ,spani%4 ,f ,/4 ,augu/9e1 ar\nd ! ,gulf ( ,mexico1 d[n ,s\? ,am]ica to ! ,/rait ( ,magellan & up ! we/ coa/ to ,cali=nia1 save ! foo?old ( ,portugal1 isl& & ma9l& belong$ to ,spa94 ,& all ! re/ ( ,nor? ,am]ica %e claim$4 ,,engli% ,,attacks ,,on ,,spa9 ,,9 ,,! ,,new ,,_w4--,s f> 9 ! sixte5? c5tury ,engl& _h tak5 little or no "p 9 ! "w ( discov]y1 exploration1 & settlem5t4 ,h] fi%]m5 came to ! ,banks ( ,newf\ndl&2 b n till #aefb1 9 ! reign ( ,que5 ,elizabe?1 did ! contact ( ,engl& ) ! ,new ,_w really beg94 ,!n x 0 t ,sir ,john ,hawk9s1 "o ( ,engl&'s great sea k+s1 w5t to ,africa1 load$ 8 %ips ) negroes1 sold !m to plant]s 9 ,haiti1 & came home ) hides & pe>ls4 ,su* trade = "o n a ,spani>d 0 aga9/ ! law ( ,spa94 ,b ,hawk9s c>$ n1 arid came aga9 & aga94 ,:5 f\l wea!r drove him into a ,mexican port1 ! ,spani>ds sank mo/ ( 8 %ips1 b ,hawk9s escap$ ) two vessels1 9 "o ( :i* 0 ,francis ,drake4 #d ,sm>t+ "u defeat1 ,drake resolv$ to be av5g$4 ,fitt+ out a little squadron at 8 own co/1 )\t leave ( ! que51 ,drake 7#aegb7 sail$ to ! ,c>ibbean ,sea1 plund]$ ,spani% t[ns along ! coa/1 captur$ ,spani% %ips1 & w5t home load$ ) gold1 silv]1 & m]*&ise4 #e ,,drake ,,sails ,,ar\nd ,,! ,,globe4--,dur+ ?is raid on ! ,spani% coa/ ,drake m>*$ across ! ,i/hmus ( ,panama & look$ d[n ^u ,balboa's great ,s\? ,sea4 ,z he look$1 he resolv$ to sail on x1 & 9 #aegg left ,engl& ) five %ips on :at prov$ to be ! greate/ voyage s9ce t ( ,magellan4 ,he cross$ ! ,atlantic1 sail$ d[n ! coa/ ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 & ent]$ ! ,/rait ( ,magellan4 ,!re f\r %ips des]t$1 b ,drake w5t on alone up ! we/ coa/1 plund]+ t[ns & captur+ ,spani% vessels4 ,to return ! way he came w\ld h be5 dang]\s1 = ,spani% cruis]s lay 9 wait4 ,drake1 !re=e1 w5t on up ! coa/ 9 se>* ( a passage ?r\gh ! cont95t to ! ,atlantic4 ,coa/+ z f> z s\!rn ,oregon & f9d+ no passage1 ,drake turn$ s\?w>d1 ent]$ a h>bor1 repair$ 8 %ip1 & !n />t$ we/w>d across ! ,pacific4 ,he t\*$ at ! ,philipp9es1 visit$ ! ,spice ,isl&s1 came home by way ( ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 & won ! glory ( be+ ! fir/ ,engli%man to sail ar\nd ! globe4 #f ,illu/ration3 ,,drake',s ,,a/rolabe4 ,n[ 9 ,gre5wi* ,hospital1 ,london4 ,,! ,,engli% ,,9 ,,! ,,f> ,,nor?4--,:ile ,drake 0 on 8 voyage ar\nd ! _w1 ,m>t9 ,frob'i%] discov]$ ,hudson ,/rait1 #g & ,sir ,humphrey ,gilb]t fail$ 9 an attempt to plant a colony some:]e 9 ,am]ica4 ,! failure 0 di%e>t5+4 ,b ! return ( ,drake lad5 ) spoil ar\s$ new int]e/ 9 ,am]ica1 & 79 #aehc7 ,gilb]t l$ a colony to ,newf\ndl&4 ,disa/] aft] disa/] ov]took him1 & :ile he 0 on 8 way home ) two vessels 7all t 7 left ( five71 "o ) ,gilb]t on bo>d w5t d[n at sea4 #h ,,! ,,engli% ,,on ,,roanoke ,,isl&4--,! "w ( colonization !n pass$ to ,sir ,walt] ,raleigh1 a half-bro!r ( ,gilb]t4 ,he began by s5d+ out a p>ty ( explor]s :o sail$ along ! coa/ ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a & br\ght back su* a gl[+ description ( ! c\ntry t ! que5 nam$ x ,virg9ia & ,raleigh *ose x = ! site ( a colony4 #i ,9 #aehe1 accord+ly1 a p>ty ( m5 comm&$ by ,ralph ,lane 7 l&$ on ,roanoke ,isl& 7map1 p4 #dd74 ,b ! site prov$ to be ill *os51 & ! ,indians 7 ho/ile4 ,! coloni/s 7 poorly fitt$ to live 9 a wild]ness1 & 7 almo/ />v+ :5 ,drake1 :o /opp$ at ,roanoke 7#aehf7 to see h[ !y 7 gett+ on1 c>ri$ !m back to ,engl&4 #aj ,illu/ration3 ,,raleigh',s ,,pipes4 ,,! ,,lo/ ,,colony4--,n long aft] ,drake sail$ away ) ! coloni/s1 a p>ty ( recruits arriv$ ) supplies4 ,f9d+ ! isl& des]t$1 fifte5 m5 rema9$ to hold ! place 9 ! que5's "n1 & ! re/ return$ to ,engl&4 ,n di%e>t5$ by ^! rev]ses1 ,raleigh summon$ "s m5 ( influ5ce to 8 aid1 & 79 #aehg7 s5t out a ?ird p>ty ( settl]s1 bo? m5 & wom51 9 *>ge ( ,john ,:ite4 ,?is p>ty 0 to /op at ,roanoke ,isl&1 pick up ! fifte5 m5 !re1 & !n g on to ,*esapeake ,bay4 ,b = "s reason ! settl]s 7 left on ! isl& by ! convoy1 & !re !y 7 =c$ to /ay4 #aa ,illu/ration3 ,,indians ,,9 ,a ,,dug\t ,,canoe4 ,"p ( a draw+ by ,john ,:ite4 ,:ite v soon w5t back to ,engl& = help1 9 ! only %ip ! coloni/s _h4 ,w> ) ,spa9 prev5t$ 8 return = sev]al ye>s1 & !n only ! ru9s ( ! settlem5t 7 f\nd on ! isl&4 #ab ,illu/ration3 ,,engli% ,,dress1 ,,sixte5? ,,c5tury4 ,contempor>y portrait ( ,raleigh & 8 son1 by ,zucc>o4 ,,spa9 ,,attacks ,,engl&4--,! w> :i* prev5t$ ,:ite f promptly return+ to ,roanoke began 9 #aehe4 ,! next ye>1 ) tw5ty-five %ips1 ,drake attack$ ! possessions ( ,spa9 9 ,am]ica1 & burn$ & plund]$ sev]al t[ns4 ,9 #aehg he s+$ ! be>d ( ! k+ ( ,spa9 by burn+ a hundr$ vessels 9 ! h>bor ( ! ,spani% city ( ,cadiz4 ,enrag$ by ^! defeats1 ,k+ ,philip ,,ii ( ,spa9 det]m9$ to invade ,engl& & de/roy t ne/ ( sea rov]s4 ,a great fleet kn[n z ! ,inv9cible ,armada1 c>ry+ ?irty ?\s& m51 0 assembl$ & 9 #aehh swept into ! ,engli% *annel4 ,!re ! ,engli%1 l$ by ,raleigh1 #ac ,drake1 ,frobi%]1 ,hawk9s1 ,lane1 & all ! o!r great sea k+s1 met ! ,armada1 drove x into ! ,nor? ,sea1 & captur$1 burn$1 & sank _m ( ! %ips4 ,! re/ fl$ ar\nd ,scotl&1 on ^: coa/ m 7 wreck$4 ,less ?an half ! ,armada return$ to ,spa94 #ad ,,! ,,engli% ,,explore ,,! ,,new ,,engl& ,,coa/4--,! w> la/$ sixte5 ye>s long] 7till #afjd74 ,?\gh x delay$1 x did n /op1 attempts at colonization4 ,9 #afjb ,b>?olomew ,gosnold1 ) a colony ( ?irty-two m51 sail$ f ,engl&1 saw ! coa/ ( ,ma9e1 turn$ s\?w>d1 nam$ ,cape ,cod & ! ,elizabe? ,isl&s1 #ae & aft] a %ort /ay w5t home4 ,! next ye> ,m>t9 ,pr+ came ) two vessels on an explor+ & trad+ voyage2 & 9 #afje ,george ,weym\? 0 s5t out1 visit$ ! ,k5nebec ,riv] 9 ,ma9e1 & br\ght back a good report ( ! c\ntry4 ,,! ,,virg9ia ,,*>t] ,,( #afjf4--,peace _h n[ be5 made ) ,spa92 ,engl& _h n be5 =c$ to /op h] attempts to colonize 9 ,am]ica2 ! favorable reports ( ,gosnold1 ,pr+1 & ,weym\? l$ to ! belief t colonies c\ld be successfully plant$2 & 9 #afjf ,k+ ,james ,i *>t]$ two comm]cial companies to colonize ,virg9ia1 z ! ,atlantic seabo>d region 0 call$4 ,to ! fir/ or ,london ,company 0 grant$ ! "r to plant a colony any:]e along ! coa/ betwe5 #cd & #da ( nor? latitude 7betwe5 ,cape ,fe> ,riv] & ! ,hudson74 ,to ! second or ,plym\? ,company 0 giv5 ! "r to plant a colony any:]e betwe5 #ch & #de 7betwe5 ! ,potomac ,riv] & ! ,bay ( ,fundy74 ,ea* company 0 to h a tract ( l& "o hundr$ miles squ>e--fifty miles along ! coa/ ea* way f ! fir/ settlem5t & "o hundr$ miles inl&2 & to prev5t ov]lapp+1 x 0 provid$ t ! company la/ to settle %\ld n locate )9 "o hundr$ miles ( ! o!r company's settlem5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,virg9ia4 ,,! ,,colony ,,on ,,! ,,k5nebec4--,! *>t] hav+ be5 grant$1 ea* company set ab\t secur+ emigrants4 ,to get !m 0 n difficult1 = 9 ,engl& at t day !re 7 _m p ^: condition 0 s desp]ate t !y 7 glad to seek a new home beyond ! sea4 #af ,9 a few mon?s1 !re=e1 ! ,plym\? ,company s5t out its fir/ p>ty ( coloni/s2 b ! %ip 0 seiz$ by ! ,spani>ds4 ,! next ye> 7#afjg7 ! company s5t out "o hundr$ or m settl]s 9 two %ips4 ,!y l&$ 9 ,augu/ at ! m\? ( ! ,k5nebec ,riv]1 & built a =t1 a *ur*1 a /oreh\se1 & fifte5 log cab9s4 ,^! m5 7 :olly unfit = life 9 a wild]ness1 & 9 ,decemb] ab\t half w5t home 9 ! %ips 9 :i* !y came4 ,! o!rs pass$ a dismal w9t]1 & :5 a relief %ip arriv$ 9 ! spr+1 all w5t back1 & ! ,plym\? ,company's attempt to colonize end$ 9 failure4 ,,! ,,colony ,,on ,,! ,,james4--,mean:ile ano!r b& ( ,engli%m5 7"o hundr$ & =ty-?ree 9 numb]7 _h be5 s5t out by ! ,london ,company to f\nd a colony 9 :at is n[ ,virg9ia4 ,!y set sail 9 ,decemb]1 #afjf1 9 ?ree %ips "u ,capta9 ,newport1 & 9 ,april1 #afjg1 rea*$ ! entrance ( ,*esapeake ,bay4 ,sail+ we/w>d across ! bay1 ! %ips ent]$ a riv] :i* 0 nam$ ! ,james 9 honor ( ! k+1 & on ! bank ( ?is riv] ! p>ty l&$ & f\nd$ ,jame/[n 7map1 p4 #dd74 ,) ?is ev5t began ! p]man5t occupation ( ,am]ican soil by ,engli%m54 ,at ?is "t1 m ?an a hundr$ ye>s aft] ! voyages ( ,columbus1 ! only o!r ,european settl]s on ! ,atlantic coa/ ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7 ! ,spani>ds 9 ,florida4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ru9s ,,at ,,jame/[n4 ,*ur* t[] z x looks to-day4 ,,summ>y #a4 ,! ,hugu5ots tri$ to f\nd ,fr5* colonies on ! coa/ ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a 7#aefb7 & ( ,florida 7#aefd72 b bo? attempts fail$4 #b4 ,9 #aefe all ,am]ica1 save ,brazil1 ei!r 0 9 ,spani% h&s1 or 0 claim$ by ,spa9 & n yet occupi$4 #c4 ,dur+ ! next tw5ty ye>s ,engli% sailors began to fight ,spani>ds1 ,drake sail$ ar\nd ! globe1 ,frobi%] explor$ ! f> nor?1 & ,sir ,humphrey ,gilb]t attempt$ to plant a colony 9 ,newf\ndl&4 #d4 ,gilb]t's half-bro!r ,raleigh !n took up ! "w ( colonization1 b 8 attempts to plant a colony at ,roanoke ,isl& end$ 9 failure4 #e4 ,! attacks ( ,engli% buccane]s on ! ,am]ican colonies ( ,spa9 l$ to a w> 7#aehe-afjd71 9 :i* ! mo/ memorable ev5t 0 ! defeat ( ! ,spani% ,armada4 #f4 ,aft] ! w> two companies 7 *>t]$ to plant ,engli% colonies 9 ,am]ica4 ,! ,plym\? ,company's colony 0 a failure1 b 9 #afjg ! ,london ,company f\nd$ ,jame/[n4 ,,footnotes #a ,! =e/s suppli$ ! trees = timb]s4 ,! seams 7 calk$ ) ! moss t hung 9 clu/]s f ! bran*es1 & !n sme>$ ) pit* f ! p9es4 ,! ,indians made !m a rude sort ( rope = cordage1 & = sails !y sew$ toge!r b$d+ & %irts4 ,on ! voyage home !y ate _! %oes & lea!r j]k9s4 ,read ,kirk ,munroe's ,flam+o ,fea!r4 #b ,^! m5 7 adv5tur]s1 n true coloni/s1 & little dispos$ to endure ! toil1 hung]1 & dre>9ess ( a life 9 ! wild]ness4 ,x 0 n long1 !re=e1 be=e ! bolde/ ( !m seiz$ two little vessels & sail$ away to plund] ,spani>ds 9 ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,fam9e drove !m into ,havana1 :]e to save _! necks !y told :at 0 go+ on 9 ,florida4 ,sixty-six mut9e]s pres5tly seiz$ two o!r vessels & turn$ buccane]s4 ,b ! survivors 7 =c$ to return to ,=t ,c>ol9e1 :]e ! lead]s 7 put to dea?4 #c ,"s ( ^! & _m o!rs1 :o 7 %ipwreck$ ) ,ribaut1 aft]w>d surr5d]$ & 7 kill$4 ,z ,florida 0 consid]$ ,spani% t]ritory ! ,fr5* _h no "r to settle !re1 s ! ,fr5* k+ did no?+ m ?an prote/ to ,spa94 ,read ! /ory ( ! ,fr5* 9 ,florida z told by ,p>kman1 9 ,pione]s ( ,france 9 ! ,new ,_w1 pp4 #bh-afb4 #d ,read ,fiske's ,old ,virg9ia & h] ,neighb\rs1 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #ai-bj4 #e ,read ,k+sley's ,we/w>d ,ho6 & ,b>nes's ,drake & 8 ,yeom54 ,on return+ to ,engl& 9 #aegc1 ,drake rea*$ ,plym\? on a ,sunday1 dur+ *ur* "t4 ,s great 0 ! excitem5t t ! p left ! *ur* dur+ ! s]mon1 9 ord] to get sight ( him4 #f ,on 8 return 9 #aehj ,que5 ,elizabe? knight$ ,drake on 8 own deck4 ,a *air made f ! timb]s ( 8 vessel 7! ,gold5 ,h9d7 is n[ at ,ox=d4 ,read ,fiske's ,old ,virg9ia & h] ,neighb\rs1 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #bf-bh4 #g ,9 #aegf ,frobi%]1 :5 9 se>* ( a nor?we/ passage to ,*9a1 made 8 way ?r\gh ,arctic ice to ! bay :i* n[ be>s 8 "n4 ,two m voyages 7 made to ! f> nor? 9 se>* ( gold4 #h ,! %ips 7 ov]tak5 (f ! ,azores by a furi\s gale4 ,gilb]t's vessel 0 a v little "o1 s he 0 urg$ to come abo>d 8 l>g] consort2 b he refus$ to des]t 8 companions1 & repli$1 ,d n fe>2 heav5 is z ne> by wat] z by l&4 #i ,que5 ,elizabe? _h decl>$ %e w\ld recognize no ,spani% claim to ,am]ican t]ritory n f\nd$ on discov]y & settlem5t4 ,raleigh 0 au?oriz$1 !re=e1 to hold by homage hea!n l&s1 n actually possess$ & inhabit$ by ,*ri/ian p1 :i* he might discov] )9 ! next six ye>s4 #aj ,! coloni/s took home "s tobacco1 :i* at t "t 0 greatly priz$ 9 ,engl&4 ,:5 ,columbus rea*$ ! isl& ( ,cuba 9 #adib1 two ( 8 foll[]s1 s5t on an err& into ! int]ior1 met natives :o roll$ c]ta9 dri$ leaves into tubes1 &1 light+ "o end ) a firebr&1 drew ! smoke into _! bodies & puff$ x out4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ "t t ,europeans _h se5 cig>s smok$4 ,! ,spani>ds c>ri$ tobacco to ,europe1 & its use spread rapidly4 ,!re is a /ory to ! effect t a s]vant ent]+ a room "o morn+ & see+ smoke issu+ f ,raleigh's m\?1 ?\ght he 0 on fire & da%$ wat] 9 8 face4 #aa ,on ,roanoke ,isl&1 ,augu/ #ah1 #aehg1 a girl 0 born & nam$ ,virg9ia4 ,%e 0 ! gr&daught] ( ,gov]nor ,:ite & ! daught] ( ,eleanor & ,ananias ,d>e1 & ! fir/ *ild ( ,engli% p>5ts born on ! soil ( :at is n[ ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 #ab ,! settl]s _h agre$ t if !y left ,roanoke be=e ,:ite return$1 ! "n ( ! place to :i* !y w5t %\ld be cut on a tree1 & a cross add$ if !y 7 9 di/ress4 ,:5 ,:ite return$ ! blockh\se 0 9 ru9s1 & cut on a tree 0 ! "n ( a ne>-by isl&4 ,a /orm prev5t$ ! %ip go+ ?i!r1 & despite ,:ite's prote/s he 0 c>ri$ back to ,engl&4 ,:at became ( ! colony1 no man kn[s4 #ac ,raleigh 0 an important figure 9 ,engli% hi/ory = _m ye>s aft] ! failure ( 8 ,roanoke colony4 ,:5 ,que5 ,elizabe? di$ 7#afjc71 he fell into disfavor ) h] successor1 ,k+ ,james ,i4 ,he 0 falsely accus$ ( treason & ?r[n into prison1 :]e he rema9$ dur+ twelve ye>s4 ,!re he wrote 8 ,hi/ory ( ! ,_w4 ,aft] a %ort p]iod ( lib]ty1 ,raleigh 0 behead$4 ,z he /ood on ! scaffold he ask$ = ! ax1 & said1 ,?is is a %>p m$ic9e1 b a s\nd cure = all diseases4 #ad ,read ,fiske's ,old ,virg9ia & h] ,neighb\rs1 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #cc-ch4 #ae ,! ,elizabe? ,isl&s are close to ! s\? coa/ ( ,massa*usetts4 ,a few miles f>!r s\? ,gosnold f\nd ano!r small isl& :i* he nam$ ,m>?as ,v9ey>d4 ,lat] explor]s by mi/ake %ift$ ! "n ,m>?as ,v9ey>d to a l>ge isl& ne> by1 & ! little isl& :i* ,gosnold f\nd is n[ call$ ,no ,mans ,l& 7map1 p4 #ei74 #af ,! indu/rial condition ( ,engl& 0 *ang+4 ,! end ( ! long w> ) ,spa9 _h ?r[n ?\s&s ( soldi]s out ( employm5t2 ! turn+ ( pl[ l& into %eep f>ms left ?\s&s ( labor]s )\t "w2 manufactures 7 /ill 9 too primitive a /ate to provide employm5t = all :o ne$$ x4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,engli% ,,on ,,! ,,*esapeake ,,life ,,at ,,jame/[n4--,! coloni/s :o l&$ at ,jame/[n 9 #afjg 7 all m54 ,:ile "s ( !m 7 build+ a =t1 ,capta9 ,newport1 ) ,capta9 ,john ,smi? & o!rs1 explor$ ! ,james ,riv] & visit$ ! ,p[hatan1 *ief ( a neighbor+ tribe ( ,indians4 ,?is done1 ,newport return$ to ,engl& 7,june1 #afjg7 ) 8 ?ree %ips1 leav+ "o hundr$ & five coloni/s to beg9 a /ruggle = life4 ,bad wat]1 fev]1 h>d labor1 ! int5se heat ( an ,am]ican summ]1 & ! sc>city ( food caus$ su* sickness t by ,septemb] m ?an half ! coloni/s 7 dead4 #a ,inde$1 _h x n be5 = ,smi?1 :o got corn f ! ,indians & direct$ affairs 9 g5]al1 ! fate ( ,jame/[n might h be5 t ( ,roanoke4 #b ,z x 01 b =ty 7 alive :5 ,newport return$ ,9 ,janu>y1 #afjh1 ) ! fir/ supply ( "o hundr$ & tw5ty m54 ,illu/ration3 ,,smi? ,,9 ,,slav]y4 ,picture 9 "o ( 8 books4 ,illu/ration3 ,,p[hatan',s ,,coat4 ,n[ 9 a museum at ,ox=d4 ,,! ,,company',s ,,ord]s4--,newport 0 ord]$ to br+ back a c>go4 ,s :ile "s ( ! coloni/s cut d[n c$> & black walnut trees & made clapbo>ds1 o!rs load$ ! %ip ) glitt]+ s& :i* !y ?\ght 0 gold du/4 ,^! labors drew ! m5 away f agriculture1 & only f\r acres 7 plant$ ) corn4 ,9 ,septemb] ,newport 0 back aga9 ) ! second supply ( sev5ty p]sons2 two ( !m 7 wom54 ,?is "t he 0 ord]$ to cr[n ! ,p[hatan1 & to f9d a gold m9e1 discov] a passage to ! ,s\? ,sea1 or f9d ,raleigh's lo/ colony4 ,smi? laugh$ at ^! ord]s4 ,b !y _h to be obey$2 s sev]al p>ties w5t s\?w>d 9 se>* ( ! lo/ colony1 b f\nd x n2 ,newport w5t we/w>d beyond ! falls ( ! ,james 9 se>* ( ! passage2 & ! ,p[hatan 0 duly cr[n$ & dress$ 9 a crimson robe4 #c ,no gold m9e c\ld be f\nd1 s ,newport sail$ = ,engl& ) a c>go ( pit*1 t>1 & clapbo>ds4 ,,smi? ,,rules ,,! ,,colony4--,by ?is "t ,smi? _h become presid5t ( ! c\ncil = ! gov]nm5t ( ! colony4 ,he decre$ t ^? :o did n "w %\ld n eat2 & by spr+ 8 m5 _h dug a well1 %+l$ ! *ur*1 put up tw5ty cab9s1 & cle>$ & plant$ =ty acres ( corn4 ,yet1 despite all he c\ld d1 ! colony 0 on ! v]ge ( ru9 :5 9 ,augu/1 #afji1 sev5 %ips l&$ "s ?ree hundr$ m51 wom51 & *ildr5 kn[n z ! ?ird supply4 #d ,,jame/[n ,,ab&on$4--,& n[ matt]s w5t f bad to worse4 ,! lead]s qu>rel$2 ,smi? 0 injur$ & _h to g back to ,engl&2 ! ,indians became ho/ile2 food became sc>ce2 & :5 at la/ nei!r corn nor roots c\ld be _h1 ! coloni/s began to suff] ! horrors ( fam9e4 ,dur+ t awful w9t]1 long kn[n z ! />v+ "t1 cold1 fam9e1 & ! ,indians swept away m ?an f\r hundr$4 ,:5 ,newport arriv$ 9 ,may1 #afaj1 only sixty fami%+ creatures inhabit$ ,jame/[n4 ,to cont9ue ! colony seem$ hopeless2 & go+ on bo>d ! %ips 7,june1 #afaj71 ! coloni/s set sail = ,engl& & _h gone well d[n ! ,james :5 !y met ,"l ,delaw>e ) ?ree well-provision$ %ips com+ up4 #e ,,jame/[n ,,resettl$4--,"l ,delaw>e _h come out z gov]nor "u a new *>t] grant$ to ! ,london ,company 9 #afji4 ,?is is ( int]e/ because x gave to ! colony an imm5se doma9 ( :i* we %all he> m aft] ,virg9ia became a /ate4 ,?is doma9 ext5d$ f ,po9t ,com=t1 two hundr$ miles up & two hundr$ miles d[n ! coa/1 & !n up into ! l& ?r\gh\t f sea to sea1 we/ & nor?we/4 ,aft] ! meet+ betwe5 ! dep>t+ settl]s & ! newcom]s "u ,delaw>e1 ! :ole b& return$ to ,jame/[n & began once m ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,,prosp]ity ,,beg9s4--,delaw>e1 :o soon w5t back to ,engl&1 left ,sir ,?omas ,dale 9 comm&1 & "u him ! colony began to prosp]4 ,hi!rto ! coloni/s _h liv$ z communi/s4 ,! company own$ all ! l&1 & :atev] food 0 rais$ 0 put into ! public gran>y to be divid$ among ! settl]s1 %>e & %>e alike4 ,dale *ang$ ?is sy/em1 & ! old plant]s 7 giv5 l& to cultivate = !mselves4 ,! effect 0 magical4 ,m5 :o 7 lazy :5 toil+ z s]vants ( ! company1 become indu/ri\s :5 labor+ = !mselves1 & prosp]ity began 9 e>ne/4 ,m settl]s soon arriv$ ) a numb] ( c[s1 goats1 & ox51 & ! little colony began to exp&4 ,:5 ,dale's t]m z act+ gov]nor end$ 9 #afaf1 ,virg9ia conta9$ six little settlem5ts besides ,jame/[n4 ,! next gov]nor1 ,ye>dley1 introduc$ ! cultivation ( tobacco1 :i* 0 n[ mu* us$ 9 ,europe & comm&$ a high price4 ,illu/ration3 ,,virg9ia 7f #afji to #afbd74 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,repres5tative ,,assembly4--,ye>dley 0 succe$$ 7#afag7 by ,argall1 :o = two ye>s rul$ ,virg9ia ) a rod ( iron4 ,s h>% 0 8 rule t ! company 0 =c$ to recall him & s5d back ,ye>dley4 ,ye>dley came ) in/ructions to summon a g5]al assembly1 & 9 ,july1 #afai1 ! fir/ legislative body 9 ,am]ica met 9 ! little *ur* at ,jame/[n2 elev5 bor\ghs 7 repres5t$4 ,ea* s5t two burgesses1 z !y 7 call$1 & ^! tw5ty-two m5 made ! fir/ ,h\se ( ,burgesses1 & _h p[] to enact laws = ! colony4 #f ,,slav]y ,,introduc$4--,ano!r ev5t :i* makes #afai a memorable ye> 9 our hi/ory 0 ! arrival at ,jame/[n ( a ,dut* %ip ) a c>go ( ,african negroes = sale4 ,tw5ty 7 b\ght1 & ! in/itution ( negro slav]y 0 plant$ 9 ,virg9ia4 ,?is seem$ q prop]1 = !re 7 !n 9 ! colony _m :ite slaves1 or bond s]vants--m5 b\nd to s]vice = a t]m ( ye>s4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 "o ( ^! & an ,african negro slave 0 t ! :ite man s]v$ = a %ort "t1 & ! negro dur+ 8 life4 #g ,a ,,c>go ,,( ,,maids4--,yet ano!r ev5t :i* makes #afai a notable ye> 9 ,virg9ian hi/ory 0 ! arrival ( a %ip ) n9ety "y wom5 s5t out by ! company to become wives ( ! settl]s4 ,! e>ly com]s to ,virg9ia _h be5 adv5tur]s1 t is1 m5 seek+ to bett] _! =tunes1 n int5d+ to live & die 9 ,virg9ia1 b hop+ to return to ,engl& 9 a few ye>s ri*1 or at lea/ prosp]\s4 ,t ! colony ) su* a %ift+ population c\ld n prosp] 0 c]ta94 ,virg9ia ne$$ homes4 ,! mass ( ! settl]s 7 unm>ri$1 & ! company v wisely det]m9$ to supply !m ) wives4 ,! n9ety "y wom5 s5t ov] 9 #afai1 & o!rs s5t lat]1 7 free to *oose _! own husb&s3 b ea* man1 on m>ry+ "o ( !m1 _h to pay "o hundr$ & tw5ty p\nds ( tobacco = h] passage to ,virg9ia4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,maids ,,arrive ,,9 ,,virg9ia4 ,,! ,,*>t] ,,tak5 ,,away4--,= ,virg9ia ! future n[ look$ bright4 ,h] tobacco f\nd ready sale 9 ,engl& at a l>ge pr(it4 ,! "r to make h] own laws gave promise ( good gov]nm5t4 ,! f\nd+ ( home ties c\ld n fail to produce increas$ en]gy on ! "p ( ! settl]s4 ,b tr\ble 0 brew+ = ! ,london ,company4 ,! k+ 0 qu>rel+ ) a "p ( 8 p1 & ! company 0 9 ! h&s ( 8 oppon5ts4 ,look+ ^u x z a sem9>y ( s$ition1 ,k+ ,james secur$ 7#afbd7 ! de/ruction ( ! *>t]1 & ,virg9ia became a royal prov9ce4 #h ,,/ate ,,( ,,! ,,colony ,,9 #afbd4--,! colony ( ,virg9ia :5 depriv$ ( its *>t] 0 a little community ( "s f\r ?\s& s\ls1 scatt]$ 9 plantations on & ne> ! ,james ,riv]4 ,let u g back to ^? times & visit "o ( ! plantations4 ,! home ( ! plant] is a wood5 h\se ) r\gh-hewn beams & unplan$ bo>ds1 surr\nd$ by a high /ockade4 ,ne> by are ! f>m build+s & ! cab9s ( 8 bond s]vants4 ,8 books1 8 furniture1 8 clo?+ & t ( 8 family1 h all come f ,engl&4 ,s also h ! f>m+ implem5ts & v likely ! great] "p ( 8 c[s & pigs4 ,on 8 l& are fields ( :eat & b>ley & ,indian corn2 b ! *ief crop is tobacco4 #i ,,effects ,,( ,,tobacco ,,plant+4--,z "t pass$ & ! ,virg9ians f\nd t ! tobacco always br\ght a good price 9 ,engl&1 !y made x m & m ! *ief crop4 ,?is p[]fully affect$ ! :ole "* ( ! colony4 ,x drew to ,virg9ia a bett] class ( settl]s1 :o came ov] to gr[ ri* z plant]s4 ,x l$ ! p to live almo/ exclusively on plantations1 & prev5t$ ! gr[? ( l>ge t[ns4 ,tobacco became ! curr5cy ( ! colony1 & sal>ies1 wages1 & debts 7 paid1 & taxes levi$1 & weal? & income e/imat$1 9 p\nds ( tobacco4 ,,few ,,roads ,,9 ,,virg9ia4--,z !re 7 few t[ns1 #aj s !re 7 few roads4 ,! great plantations lay along ! riv] banks4 ,x 0 easy1 !re=e1 = a plant] to g on visits ( bus9ess or pleasure 9 a sailboat or 9 a b>ge r[$ by 8 s]vants4 ,! f9e riv]s & ! location ( ! plantations along _! banks enabl$ ea* plant] to h 8 own :>f1 to :i* came %ips f ,engl& lad5 ) tables1 *airs1 cutl]y1 tools1 ri* silks1 & clo?1 ev]y?+ ! plant] ne$$ = 8 h\se1 8 family1 8 s]vants1 & 8 plantation1 all to be paid = ) casks ( tobacco4 ,illu/ration3 ,,f\ndations ,,at ,,jame/[n4 ,,gov]nor ,,b]keley4--,despite ! *ange f rule by ! company to rule by ! k+1 ,virg9ia grew & prosp]$4 ,:5 ,sir ,william ,b]keley came ov] z gov]nor 79 #afdb71 h] ,engli% population 0 ne>ly fifte5 ?\s& & h] slaves ?ree hundr$1 & _m ( h] plant]s 7 m5 ( mu* weal?4 ,b]keley's fir/ t]m z gov]nor 7#afdb-afeb7 cov]$ ! p]iod ( ! ,civil ,w> 9 ,engl&4 ,,civil ,,w> ,,9 ,,engl&4--,:5 ,k+ ,james di$ 79 #afbe7 he 0 succe$$ by ,*>les ,i1 "u :om ! old qu>rel betwe5 ! k+ & ! p1 :i* _h caus$ ! d[nfall ( ! ,london ,company1 0 pu%$ into civil w>4 ,9 #afdb ,*>les ,i took ! field1 rais$ ! royal /&>d1 & call$ all loyal subjects to its def5se4 ,! ,p>liam5t ( ,engl& likewise rais$ an army1 & aft] v>y+ =tunes ! k+ 0 defeat$1 captur$1 tri$ = high treason1 f\nd guilty1 & behead$ 7#afdi74 ,engl& !n became a republic1 call$ ! ,commonweal?4 ,,! ,,cavali]s4--,:ile ! ,civil ,w> 0 rag+ 9 ,engl&1 ,virg9ia 7l>gely because ( ! influ5ce ( ,gov]nor ,b]keley7 rema9$ loyal to ! k+4 ,z ! w> w5t on & ! defeats ( ! royal army 7 foll[$ by ! capture ( ! k+1 numb]s ( 8 fri5ds1 ! ,cavali]s1 fl$ to ,virg9ia4 ,aft] ,*>les ,i 0 behead$1 m ?an ?ree hundr$ ( ! nobility1 g5try1 & cl]gy ( ,engl& came ov] 9 "o ye>4 ,no wond]1 !n1 t ! ,g5]al ,assembly recogniz$ ! dead k+'s son z ,k+ ,*>les ,,ii1 & made x treason to d\bt 8 "r to ! ?rone4 ,because ( ?is support ( ! royal cause1 ,p>liam5t puni%$ ,virg9ia by cutt+ (f h] trade1 & ord]$ t /eps be tak5 to r$uce h] to submission4 ,a fleet 0 accord+ly dispat*$1 rea*$ ,virg9ia e>ly 9 #afeb1 & =c$ ,b]keley to h& ov] ! gov]nm5t to ?ree ,p>liam5t>y commission]s4 ,"o ( !m 0 !n elect$ gov]nor1 & ,virg9ia _h almo/ complete self-gov]nm5t till #affj1 :5 ,engl& aga9 became a k+dom1 "u ,*>les ,,ii4 ,,m>yl&1 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,propriet>y ,,colony4--,:5 ,virg9ia became cr[n prop]ty 7#afbd71 ! k+ c\ld d ) x :at he pleas$4 ,k+ ,*>les ,i accord+ly cut (f a piece & gave x to ,george ,calv]t1 ,"l ,baltimore4 #aa ,?is ,"l ,baltimore 0 a ,ca?olic :o _h tri$ 9 va9 to f\nd a settlem5t 9 ,newf\ndl&4 ,he di$ be=e ! pat5t1 or de$1 0 drawn = ! l& cut (f f ,virg9ia1 s 7#afcb7 x 0 issu$ to 8 son ,cecilius1 ! second ,"l ,baltimore4 ,! prov9ce lay nor? ( ! ,potomac ,riv] & 0 call$ ,m>yl&4 ,illu/ration3 ,,m>yl& ,,by ,,! ,,orig9al ,,pat5t4 ,by ! t]ms ( ! grant ,"l ,baltimore 0 to pay ! k+ ea* ye> two arr[heads 9 tok5 ( homage1 & z r5t 0 to give ! k+ "o fif? ( all ! gold & silv] m9$4 ,?is done1 he 0 proprietor ( ,m>yl&4 ,he might co9 money1 grant titles1 make w> & peace1 e/abli% c\rts1 appo9t judges1 & p>don crim9als4 ,b he 0 n all[$ to tax ! p )\t _! cons5t4 ,he _h to summon a legislature to assi/ him 9 mak+ laws1 b ! laws :5 made did n ne$ to be s5t to ! k+ = approval4 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,settl]s4--,! fir/ settlem5t 0 made by a company ( ab\t tw5ty g5tlem5 & ?ree hundr$ artisans & labor]s4 ,!y 7 l$ & accompani$ by two ( ,"l ,baltimore's bro!rs1 & by two ,ca?olic prie/s4 ,!y came ov] 9 #afcd 9 two %ips1 ! ,ark & ! ,dove1 & n f> f ! m\? ( ! ,potomac f\nd$ ,/4 ,m>ys4 ,9 ,febru>y1 #afce1 !y held _! fir/ ,assembly4 ,to x came all freem51 bo? l&hold]s & artisans1 & by !m a body ( laws 0 fram$ & s5t to ! proprietor 7,"l ,baltimore7 = approval4 ,,self-,,gov]nm5t ,,begun4--,?is 0 refus$1 & 9 its place ! proprietor s5t ov] a code ( laws1 :i* ! ,assembly 9 its turn reject$4 ,! ,assembly !n w5t on & fram$ ano!r set ( laws4 ,baltimore ) r>e good s5se n[ yield$ ! po9t1 & gave 8 bro!r au?ority to ass5t to ! laws made by ! p1 b res]v$ ! "r to veto4 ,?us 0 free self-gov]nm5t e/abli%$ 9 ,m>yl&4 #ab ,,tr\ble ,,) ,,claiborne4--,be=e ,"l ,baltimore obta9$ 8 grant1 ,william ,claiborne1 ( ,virg9ia1 _h e/abli%$ an ,indian trad+ po/ on ,k5t ,isl& 9 ,*esapeake ,bay4 ,?is fell )9 ! limits giv5 to ,m>yl&2 b ,claiborne refus$ to ackn[l$ge ! au?ority ( ,baltimore1 :]eupon a vessel belong+ to ! ,k5t ,isl& /ation 0 seiz$ by ! ,m>yl&]s = trad+ )\t a lic5se4 ,claiborne !n s5t an arm$ boat ) ?irty m5 to capture any vessel belong+ to ,/4 ,m>ys4 ,?is boat 0 itself captur$1 in/ead2 b ano!r fight soon occurr$1 9 :i* ,claiborne's =ces beat ! ,m>yl&]s4 ,! /ruggle ?us begun la/$ = ye>s4 #ac ,,! ,,tol]ation ,,act4--,! ye> #afdi is memorable = ! passage ( ! ,m>yl& ,tol]ation ,act1 ! fir/ ( its k9d 9 our hi/ory4 ,?is provid$ t no p]son or p]sons :atsoev] )9 ?is prov9ce1 pr(ess+ to believe 9 ,jesus ,*ri/1 %all f h5ce=? be any ways tr\bl$1 mole/$1 or disc\nt5anc$ =1 or 9 respect to1 8 or h] religion4 ,,end ,,( ,,! ,,claiborne ,,tr\ble4--,! n9e ye>s t foll[$ =m$ a /ormy p]iod = ,m>yl&4 ,"o ( ! p>liam5t>y commission]s to r$uce ,virg9ia to ob$i5ce 7#afeb1 p4 #di7 0 our old fri5d ,claiborne4 ,he & ! new gov]nor ( ,virg9ia =c$ ,baltimore's gov]nor to resign1 & set up a ,prote/ant gov]nm5t :i* repeal$ ! ,tol]ation ,act & disfran*is$ ,roman ,ca?olics4 ,baltimore bade 8 depos$ gov]nor resume (fice4 ,a battle foll[$1 ! ,prote/ant =ces won1 & an attempt 0 made to de/roy ! rights ( ,baltimore2 b ! ,engli% gov]nm5t su/a9$ him1 ! ,virg9ians 7 =c$ to submit1 & ! qu>rel ( m ?an tw5ty ye>s' /&+ came to an end4 ,!nce=? ,virg9ia tr\bl$ ,m>yl& no m4 ,,gr[? ,,( ,,m>yl&4--,! population ( ! colony1 meantime1 grew rapidly4 ,pamphlets describ+ ! colony & tell+ h[ to emigrate & acquire l& 7 circulat$ 9 ,engl&4 ,_m ( ! fir/ com]s wrote home & br\ght out m m51 & 7 ?us enabl$ to take up m l&4 ,emigrants :o came ) t5 or tw5ty settl]s 7 giv5 manors or plantations4 ,su* z came alone receiv$ f>ms4 ,mo/ ( ! "w on plantations 0 done by ind5t$ :ite s]vants1 bo? convicts & r$emption]s4 #ad ,negro slav]y exi/$ 9 ,m>yl& f ! beg9n+1 b slaves 7 n num]\s till aft] #agjj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h& ,,loom4 #ae ,food 0 abundant1 = ! riv]s & bay ab\nd$ ) geese & ducks1 oy/]s & crabs1 & ! woods 7 full ( de]1 turkeys1 & wild pigeons4 ,:eat 0 n pl5tiful1 b corn 0 abundant1 & f x 7 made pone1 hom9y1 & hoe-cakes4 ,,no ,,t[ns4--,z ev]ybody c\ld get l& & !re=e liv$ on manors1 plantations1 or f>ms1 !re 7 practically no t[ns 9 ,m>yl&4 ,ev5 ,/4 ,m>ys1 s late z #afgh1 0 n really a t[n1 b a /r+ ( "s ?irty h\ses /raggl+ = five miles along ! %ore4 ,! bay ) its innum]able creeks1 inlets1 coves1 & riv] m\?s1 af=d$ f9e wat] communication betwe5 ! f>ms & plantations2 & !re 7 no roads4 ,z 9 ,virg9ia1 !re 0 no ne$ ( %ipp+ ports4 ,vessels came direct to manor or plantation :>f1 & ex*ang$ ,engli% goods = tobacco or corn4 ,su* f>m]s or plant]s z _h no wat] communication pack$ _! tobacco 9 a hog%ead1 ) an axle ?r\gh x1 & ) an ox or a horse 9 a pair ( %afts1 or ) a p>ty ( negro slaves or :ite s]vants1 roll$ x to m>ket4 ,,summ>y #a4 ,! /ruggle ( ! ,jame/[n colony = life 0 a desp]ate "o4 ,= two ye>s x 0 pres]v$ by ,capta9 ,john ,smi?'s skillful lead]%ip1 & ! frequ5t re9=cem5ts & supplies s5t ov] by ! ,london ,company2 b 9 #afaj ! settl]s />t$ to leave ! c\ntry4 #b4 ,! arrival ( ,"l ,delaw>e sav$ ! colony4 ,he br\ght out news ( a new *>t] 7#afji7 :i* greatly ext5d$ ! doma9 ( ! company4 #c4 ,! settl]s 7 n[ giv5 l& ( _! own1 tobacco 0 gr[n1 m settlem5ts 7 plant$1 & prosp]ity began4 #d4 ,9 #afai slav]y 0 introduc$2 a %ipload ( "y wom5 arriv$2 & a repres5tative gov]nm5t 0 e/abli%$4 #e4 ,9 #afbd ,virg9ia became a royal colony4 #f4 ,dur+ ! ,civil ,w> 9 ,engl& _m ,cavali]s came to ,virg9ia4 #g4 ,k+ ,*>les ,i cut (f a "p ( ,virg9ia to make 7#afcb7 ! propriet>y colony ( ,m>yl&4 ,! new prov9ce 0 giv5 to ,"l ,baltimore1 :o f\nd$ 7#afcd7 a colony at ,/4 ,m>ys4 #h4 ,claiborne1 a ,virg9ian1 d5i$ ! au?ority ( ,baltimore1 & kept up a /ruggle aga9/ him = _m ye>s4 #i4 ,9 bo? ,m>yl& & ,virg9ia ! p liv$ on l>ge plantations1 & !re 7 few t[ns4 ,travel 0 mo/ly by wat]1 & !re 7 no good roads4 ,,footnotes #a ,read ,fiske's ,old ,virg9ia & h] ,neighb\rs1 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #if-ih4 #b ,capta9 ,john ,smi? 0 born 9 ,engl& 9 #aehj4 ,at an e>ly age he 0 a soldi] 9 ,france & 9 ! ,ne!rl&s2 !n aft] a %ort /ay 9 ,engl& he set (f to fight ! ,turks4 ,9 ,france he 0 robb$ & left = dead1 b rea*$ ,m>seilles & jo9$ a p>ty ( pilgrims b\nd to ! ,levant4 ,dur+ a viol5t /orm ! pilgrims1 believ+ he _h caus$ x1 ?rew him into ! sea4 ,b he swam to an isl&1 & aft] _m adv5tures 0 made a capta9 9 ! ,v5etian army4 ,! ,turks captur$ him & sold him into slav]y1 b he kill$ 8 ma/]1 escap$ to a ,russian =tress1 made 8 way ?r\gh ,g]many1 ,france1 ,spa91 & ,morocco1 & rea*$ ,engl& 9 "t to g out ) ! ,london ,company's colony4 ,8 c>e] 9 ,virg9ia 0 z adv5tur\s z 9 ! ,old ,_w4 ,:ile explor+ ! ,*ickahom9y ,riv] he & 8 companions 7 tak5 by ! ,indians4 ,le/ !y %\ld kill him at once ,smi? %[$ !m a pocket compass ) its quiv]+ ne$le always po9t+ nor?4 ,!y c\ld see1 b c\ld n t\* x because ( ! glass4 ,suppos+ him a wiz>d1 !y took him to ! ,p[hatan4 ,accord+ to ,smi?'s acc\nt two /ones 7 br\ght & ,smi?'s head laid ^u !m1 :ile w>riors1 club 9 h&1 /ood ne> by to beat out 8 bra9s4 ,b sudd5ly ! *ief's little daught]1 ,pocahontas1 ru%$ 9 & laid h] head on ,smi?'s to %ield him4 ,he 0 giv5 8 life & s5t back to ,jame/[n4 #c ,smi? & ,newport visit$ ! old *ief at 8 village ( ,w][ocomoco1 took (f ! ,p[hatan's raccoon-sk9 coat1 & put on ! crimson robe4 ,:5 !y told him to kneel1 he refus$4 ,two m5 !reupon seiz$ him by ! %\ld]s & =c$ him to b5d 8 knees1 & ! cr[n 0 clapp$ on 8 head4 ,! ,p[hatan !n took (f 8 old moccas9s & s5t !m1 ) 8 raccoon-sk9 coat1 to 8 royal bro!r 9 ,london4 #d ,!y 7 "p ( a body ( "s five hundr$ 9 n9e %ips :i* left ,engl& 9 ,june4 ,on ! way ov] a /orm scatt]$ ! fleet2 "o %ip 0 lo/1 & ano!r be>+ ! lead]s ( ! exp$ition 0 wreck$ on ! ,b]mudas4 ,! %ipwreck$ coloni/s sp5t t5 mon?s build+ two little vessels1 9 :i* !y rea*$ ,jame/[n 9 ,may1 #afaj4 #e ,read ,fiske's ,old ,virg9ia & h] ,neighb\rs1 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #aeb-aee4 #f ,! gov]nor1 ! c\ncil1 & ! ,h\se ( ,burgesses con/itut$ ! ,g5]al ,assembly4 ,any act ( ! ,assembly might be veto$ by ! gov]nor1 & no law 0 valid till approv$ by ! g5]al c\rt ( ! company at ,london4 ,nei!r 0 any law made by ! company = ! colony valid till approv$ by ! ,assembly4 ,aft] #affj ! ,h\se ( ,burgesses consi/$ ( two delegates f ea* c\nty1 ) "o f ,jame/[n4 #g ,= "s ye>s to come ! slaves increas$ 9 numb]s v sl[ly4 ,s late z #afga1 :5 ! population ( ,virg9ia 0 #dj1jjj1 !re 7 b #bjjj slaves1 :ile ! bond s]vants numb]$ #fjjj4 ,"s ( ^! ind5tur$ s]vants1 z !y 7 call$1 7 p]sons guilty ( crime 9 ,engl&1 :o 7 s5t ov] to ,virg9ia & sold = a t]m ( ye>s z a puni%m5t4 ,o!rs--! r$emption]s--7 m5 :o1 9 ord] to pay = _! passage to ,virg9ia1 agre$ to s]ve ! own] or ! capta9 ( ! %ip = a c]ta9 "t4 ,on rea*+ ,virg9ia ! capta9 c\ld sell !m to ! plant]s = ! "t specifi$2 at ! end ( ! "t !y became freem54 #h ,t is1 ! unoccupi$ l& became royal doma9 aga91 & ! k+ appo9t$ ! gov]nors & controll$ ! colony ?r\gh a committee ( 8 privy c\ncil4 ,"o unhappy result ( ! d[nfall ( ! ,london ,company 0 ! defeat ( a plan = e/abli%+ s*ools 9 ,virg9ia4 ,z e>ly z #afba "s funds 7 rais$ = a public free s*ool1 9 ,*>les ,city4 ,a tract ( l& 0 also set ap>t 9 ! city ( ,h5ricus = a college1 & a rector1 or presid5t1 0 s5t out to />t x4 ,b he 0 kill$ by ! ,indians 9 #afbb1 & be=e ! company _h f\nd a successor ! *>t] 0 de/roy$4 ,virg9ia's fir/ college--,william & ,m>y--0 e/abli%$ at ,williamsburg 9 #afic4 #i ,read ! description ( e>ly ,virg9ia 9 ,j4 ,e4 ,cooke's ,virg9ia 7,am]ican ,commonweal?s ,s]ies71 pp4 #ada-aeg2 or ,/ories ( ! ,old ,dom9ion2 or ,fiske's ,old ,virg9ia & h] ,neighb\rs1 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #bbc- #bcb4 #aj ,jame/[n 0 long ! *ief t[n ( ,virg9ia2 b 9 its be/ days ! h\ses did n numb] m ?an #ge or #hj1 & ! population 0 n m ?an #bej4 ,9 #afgf ! *ur*1 ! ,h\se ( ,burgesses1 & ! dwell+s 7 burn$ dur+ ,bacon's ,rebellion 7p4 #ie74 ,9 #afgi ! ,burgesses ord]$ ,jame/[n to be rebuilt & to be ! metropolis ( ,virg9ia2 b 9 #afih ! ,h\se ( ,burgesses 0 aga9 burn$ & 9 #afii ,williamsburg became ! seat ( gov]nm5t4 ,! ru9$ *ur* t[] 7p4 #dj7 is ! only /ructure /ill /&+ 9 ,jame/[n2 b rema9s ( ! anci5t gravey>d1 ( a mansion built on ! f\ndations ( ! old ,h\se ( ,burgesses1 & "s f\ndations ( dwell+s may also be se54 ,! site is c>$ = by ! ,association = ! ,pres]vation ( ,virg9ia ,antiquities4 #aa ,george ,calv]t 0 ! son ( a ,york%ire f>m]1 0 educat$ at ,ox=d1 & w5t to ,p>liam5t 9 #afjd4 ,becom+ a favorite ( ,k+ ,james ,i1 he 0 knight$ 9 #afag1 & two ye>s lat] 0 made pr9cipal ,secret>y ( ,/ate4 ,he became a ,roman ,ca?olic1 al?\gh ,ca?olics 7 !n bitt]ly p]secut$ 9 ,engl&4 ,j be=e ! k+ di$1 he resign$ (fice1 & receiv$ ! title ( ,"l ,baltimore1 ! "n ref]r+ to a t[n 9 ,irel&4 ,f9d+ all public (fices clos$ to him because he 0 a ,ca?olic1 ,baltimore resolv$ to seek a home 9 ,am]ica4 #ab ,baltimore ord]$ t any coloni/ :o came 9 ! ,ark or ,dove & br\ght five m5 ) him %\ld h #bjjj acres ( l&1 subject to an annual r5t ( #djj p\nds ( :eat4 ,a settl] :o came 9 #afce c\ld h ! same am\nt ( l& if he br\ght t5 m51 b _h to pay #fjj p\nds ( :eat a ye> z r5t4 ,plantations ( #ajjj acres or m 7 manors1 & ! "l ( ! manor c\ld hold c\rts4 #ac ,claiborne's ,london p>tn]s took possession ( ,k5t ,isl&1 & ackn[l$g$ ! au?ority ( ,baltimore2 b aft] ! ,civil ,w> broke out 9 ,engl&1 ,claiborne jo9$ =ces ) a half pirate nam$ ,+le1 & recov]$ ! isl&4 ,= two ye>s ,+le & 8 crew lord$ x ov] all ,m>yl&1 /eal+ corn1 tobacco1 cattle1 & h\sehold goods4 ,n till #afdf1 :5 ,calv]t receiv$ aid f ,virg9ia1 0 he able to drive out ,claiborne & ,+le1 & recov] ! prov9ce4 #ad ,! r$emption]s1 :5 _! "t 0 out & !y became freem51 receiv$ a set ( tools1 clo!s1 & a ye>'s provisions f _! =m] ma/]s1 & fifty acres f ! proprietor ( ! colony4 #ae ,on su* looms skill$ s]vants wove mu* ( ! clo? us$ on ! plantation4 ,simil> looms 7 us$ 9 all ! colonies4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,engli% ,,9 ,,new ,,engl& ,,new ,,engl& ,,nam$4--,:ile ! ,london ,company 0 plant+ its colony on ! ,james ,riv]1 ! ,plym\? ,company s\ght to retrieve its failure on ! ,k5nebec 7p4 #ci74 ,9 #afad ,capta9 ,john ,smi?1 :o _h return$ to ,engl& f ,jame/[n1 0 s5t ov] ) two %ips to explore4 ,he made a map ( ! coa/ f ,ma9e to ,cape ,cod1 #a & call$ ! c\ntry ,new ,engl&4 ,! next ye> ,smi? l$ out a colony2 b a ,fr5* fleet took him prison]1 no settlem5t 0 made1 & five ye>s pass$ be=e ! fir/ p]man5t ,engli% colony 0 plant$ 9 ! ,plym\? ,company's grant--by ! ,sep>ati/s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,smi?',s ,,map ,,( ,,! ,,new ,,engl& ,,coa/4 ,,! ,,sep>ati/s4--,to und]/& :o ^! p 71 x mu/ be rememb]$ t dur+ ! reign ( ,que5 ,elizabe? ! ,prote/ant ,episcopal ,*ur* 0 ! ,e/abli%$ ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 & t sev]e laws 7 pass$ to =ce all ! p to att5d its s]vices4 ,b a sect arose :i* wi%$ to purify ! *ur* by aboli%+ c]ta9 =ms & c]emonies4 ,^! p 7 call$ ,puritans1 #b & 7 divid$ into two sects3 #a4 ,^? ,puritans :o wi%$ to purify ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& :ile !y rema9$ memb]s ( x4 #b4 ,! ,indep5d5ts1 or ,sep>ati/s1 :o wi%$ to sep>ate f t *ur* & wor%ip ,god 9 _! own way4 ,! ,sep>ati/s 7 cruelly p]secut$ dur+ ,que5 ,elizabe?'s reign1 & aft]w>d4 ,"o b& ( !m fl$ to ,holl& 79 #afjh71 :]e !y f\nd peace2 b "t pass$ & x became necess>y = !m to decide :e!r !y %\ld /ay 9 ,holl& & become ,dut*1 or f9d a home 9 "s l& :]e !y might cont9ue to rema9 ,engli%m54 ,!y decid$ to leave ,holl&1 =m$ a company1 & f9ally obta9$ leave f ! ,london ,company to settle ne> ! m\? ( ! ,delaw>e ,riv]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,brew/]',s ,,*air4 ,n[ 9 ,pilgrim ,hall1 ,plym\?4 ,,voyage ,,( ,,! ,,mayfl[]4--,l$ by ,brew/]1 ,brad=d1 & ,/&i%1 a p>ty ( ,pilgrims sail$ f ,holl& 9 ,july1 #afbj1 9 ! %ip ,spe$well2 7 jo9$ 9 ,engl& by a p>ty f ,london 9 ! ,mayfl[]2 & 9 ,augu/ bo? vessels put to sea4 ,b ! ,spe$well prov$ unseawor?y1 & all put back to ,plym\? 9 ,engl&1 :]e "s gave up ! voyage4 ,"o hundr$ & two held fa/ to _! purpose1 & 9 ,septemb] set sail 9 ! ,mayfl[]4 ,! voyage 0 long & /ormy1 & ,novemb] came be=e !y sight$ a s&y coa/ f> to ! nor!a/w>d ( ! ,delaw>e4 ,= a :ile !y /rove h>d to g s\?w>d2 b adv]se w9ds drove !m back1 & !y dropp$ an*or 9 ,cape ,cod ,bay4 #c ,,! ,,l&+4--,! l& "h 0 )9 ! t]ritory ( ! ,plym\? ,company4 ,! ,pilgrims1 h[ev]1 decid$ to /ay & get leave to settle1 b ?is decision displeas$ "s ( !m4 ,a meet+1 !re=e1 0 held 9 ! %ip's cab9 7,novemb] #ba1 #afbj71 & ! ,mayfl[] compact1 b9d+ all :o sign$ x to obey su* gov]nm5t z might be e/abli%$1 0 drawn up & sign$ by =ty-"o ( ! sixty-five m5 on ! vessel4 ,?is done1 ! "w ( *oos+ a site = _! homes began1 & = sev]al weeks little p>ties explor$ ! coa/ be=e "o ( !m ent]$ a h>bor & select$ a spot :i* ,john ,smi? _h nam$ ,plym\?4 #d ,to ?is h>bor ! ,mayfl[] 0 br\ght1 & :ile ! m5 7 busy putt+ up rude cab9s1 ! wom5 & *ildr5 rema9$ on ! %ip4 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,w9t] 0 a dreadful "o4 ,! ,pilgrims liv$ 9 cr[d$ qu>t]s1 & ! effects ( ! voyage & ! sev]ity ( ! w9t] s5t half ( !m to _! graves be=e spr+4 ,b ! re/ nev] falt]$1 & :5 ! ,mayfl[] return$ to ,engl& 9 ,april1 n "o ( ! coloni/s w5t back 9 h]4 ,by ! end ( ! fir/ summ] a =t _h be5 built on a hill1 sev5 h\ses _h be5 erect$ along a village /reet lead+ d[n f ! =t to ! h>bor1 six & tw5ty acres _h be5 cle>$1 & a b\ntiful h>ve/ _h be5 ga!r$4 ,o!r ,pilgrims came ov]1 ! neighbor+ ,indians kept ! peace1 & ! colony 0 soon prosp]\s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,site ,,( ,,! ,,=t ,,at ,,plym\?4 ,9 ! old bury+ gr\nd4 ,,plym\?1 ,,or ,,! ,,old ,,colony4--,z soon z ! colony 0 plant$1 /eps 7 tak5 to buy ! l& on :i* x /ood4 ,! old ,plym\? ,company 7pp4 #ch1 #ci71 organiz$ 9 #afjf1 0 succe$$ 9 #afbj by a new corporation call$ ! ,c\ncil = ,new ,engl&1 :i* receiv$ a grant ( all ! l& 9 ,am]ica betwe5 #dj & #dh ( nor? latitude4 ,f ?is ,c\ncil = ,new ,engl&1 !re=e1 ! ,pilgrims b\ght z mu* l& z !y ne$$4 ,! k+1 h[ev]1 refus$ to give !m a *>t]1 s ! p ( ,plym\?1 or ! ,old ,colony z x came to be call$1 manag$ _! own affairs 9 _! own way = sev5ty ye>s4 ,at fir/ ! m5 assembl$ 9 t[n meet+1 made laws1 & elect$ (fic]s4 ,b :5 ! gr[? ( ! colony made su* meet+s unwieldy1 repres5tative gov]nm5t 0 set up1 & ea* settlem5t s5t two delegates to an assembly4 ,illu/ration3 ,,grave ,,( ,,miles ,,/&i%1 ne> ,plym\?4 ,,! ,,salem ,,colony4--,%ortly aft] #afbj1 attempts 7 made to plant o!r colonies 9 ,new ,engl&4 #e ,mo/ ( !m fail$1 b "s ( ! coloni/s made a settlem5t call$ ,naumkeag4 ,among ^? :o wat*$ ^! attempts ) great int]e/ 0 ,john ,:ite1 a ,puritan rector 9 ,engl&4 ,he believ$ t ! "t _h come = ! ,puritans to d :at ! ,sep>ati/s _h done4 ,! qu>rel betwe5 ! k+ & ! ,puritans 0 !n becom+ s]i\s1 & ! "t seem$ at h& :5 m5 :o wi%$ to wor%ip ,god accord+ to _! consci5ce w\ld h to seek a home 9 ,am]ica4 ,:ite accord+ly began to urge ! plant+ ( a ,puritan colony 9 ,new ,engl&4 ,s well did he succe$ t an association 0 =m$1 a great tract ( l& 0 obta9$ f ! ,c\ncil = ,new ,engl&1 & 9 #afbh sixty m51 l$ by ,john ,endicott1 settl$ at ,naumkeag & *ang$ its "n to ,salem1 :i* means peace4 ,,! ,,massa*usetts ,,bay ,,colony4--,! memb]s ( ! association next secur$ f ,k+ ,*>les ,i a *>t] :i* made !m a corporation1 call$ ?is corporation ,! ,gov]nor & ,company ( ,massa*usetts ,bay 9 ,new ,engl&1 & gave x ! "r to gov]n colonies plant$ on its l&s4 ,m settl]s ) a great h]d ( cattle 7 n[ hurri$ to ,salem1 :i* ?us became ! l>ge/ colony 9 ,new ,engl&4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,e>ly ,,new ,,engl& ,,colonies4 ,,! ,,great ,,puritan ,,migration4--,! same ye> 7#afbi7 t ! *>t] 0 obta9$1 twelve lead+ ,puritans sign$ an agreem5t to head an emigration to ,massa*usetts1 provid$ ! *>t] & gov]nm5t ( ! company 7 remov$ to ,new ,engl&4 ,"o ( ! sign]s 0 ,john ,w9?rop1 & by him 9 #afcj ne>ly a ?\s& ,puritans 7 l$ to ,salem4 ,!nce !y soon remov$ to a little ?ree-hill$ p59sula :]e !y f\nd$ ! t[n ( ,bo/on4 ,m emigrants foll[$1 & be=e ! end ( #afcj sev5te5 %ips ) ne>ly fifte5 hundr$ ,puritans rea*$ ,massa*usetts4 ,!y settl$ at ,bo/on1 ,*>le/[n1 ,roxbury1 ,dor*e/]1 ,wat]t[n1 & ,cambridge4 ,! *>t] 0 br\ght ) !m1 ! meet+s ( ! company 7 n[ held 9 ! colony1 & s _m ( ! coloni/s became memb]s ( ! company t ,massa*usetts 0 practically self-gov]n+4 ,be=e long a repres5tative gov]nm5t 0 e/abli%$ 9 ! colony1 ea* t[n elect+ memb]s ( a legislature call$ ! ,g5]al ,c\rt4 ,e t[n also _h its local gov]nm5t c>ri$ on by t[n meet+s2 b only *ur* memb]s 7 all[$ to vote4 ,,ma9e ,,& ,,new ,,hamp%ire4--,ab\t two ye>s aft] ! f\nd+ ( ,plym\?1 ! ,c\ncil = ,new ,engl& grant$ to ,john ,mason & ,sir ,f]d9&o ,gorges 7gor'jess7 a l>ge tract ( l& betwe5 ! riv]s ,m]rimac & ,k5nebec4 ,9 x two settlem5ts 7n[ kn[n z ,portsm\? & ,dov]7 7 plant$ 7#afbc7 on ! ,piscat'aqua ,riv]1 & "s fi%+ /ations on ! coa/ f>!r nor?4 ,9 #afbi ! prov9ce 0 divid$4 ,mason obta9$ a pat5t 7or de$7 = ! c\ntry betwe5 ! ,m]rimac & ! ,piscataqua1 & nam$ x ,new ,hamp%ire4 ,gorges receiv$ ! c\ntry betwe5 ! ,piscataqua & ! ,k5nebec1 :i* 0 call$ ,ma9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,engli% ,,armor4 ,n[ 9 ,essex ,hall1 ,salem4 ,,union ,,) ,,massa*usetts4--,! t[ns on ! ,piscataqua 7 small fi%+ & fur-trad+ /ations1 & aft] ,mason di$ 7#afce7 !y 7 left to look out = !mselves4 ,) two o!r ,new ,hamp%ire t[ns 7,exet] & ,hampton7 !y became almo/ indep5d5t republics4 ,!y set up _! own gov]nm5ts1 made _! own laws1 & ow$ allegiance to nobody save ! k+4 ,massa*usetts1 h[ev]1 claim$ z h] nor? b\nd>y an ea/ & we/ l9e ?ree miles nor? ( ! s\rce ( ! ,m]rimac ,riv]4 #f ,%e !re=e soon annex$ ! f\r ,new ,hamp%ire t[ns1 & gave !m repres5tation 9 h] legislature4 ,if ! claim ( ,massa*usetts 0 valid 9 ! case ( ! ,new ,hamp%ire t[ns1 x 0 equally s = ^? ( ,ma9e4 ,b x 0 n till #afeb1 aft] ,gorges 0 dead & ! settl]s 9 ,ma9e 7at ,york1 ,wells1 & ,kitt]y7 _h set up a gov]nm5t ( _! own1 t ^! t[ns 7 br\ght "u h] au?ority4 ,lat] 7#afgg71 ,massa*usetts b\ght up ! claim ( ! heirs ( ,gorges1 & came into possession ( ! :ole prov9ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,,rog] ,,williams ,,flees ,,to ,,! ,,woods4 ,,rhode ,,isl&4--,among ^? :o came to ,salem 9 ! e>ly days ( ! ,massa*usetts ,bay ,colony1 0 a ,puritan m9i/] nam$ ,rog] ,williams4 #g ,b he _h n be5 long 9 ! colony :5 he said ?+s :i* ang]$ ! rul]s4 ,he held t all religions %\ld be tol]at$2 t all laws requir+ att5dance at *ur* %\ld be repeal$2 t ! l& belong$ to ! ,indians & n to ! k+2 & t ! settl]s ought to buy x f ! ,indians & n f ! k+4 ,= ^! & o!r say+s ,williams 0 ord]$ back to ,engl&4 ,b he fl$ to ! woods1 liv$ ) ! ,indians = a w9t]1 & 9 ! foll[+ summ] f\nd$ ,provid5ce 7#afcf74 #h ,& n[ ano!r di/urb] appe>$ 9 ,bo/on 9 ! p]son ( ,anne ,hut*9son1 #i & 9 a little :ile %e & h] foll[]s 7 driv5 away4 ,"s ( !m w5t to ,new ,hamp%ire & f\nd$ ,exet] 7p4 #fj71 :ile o!rs ) ,anne h]self w5t to ,rhode ,isl& 9 ,n>ragansett ,bay1 & f\nd$ ,portsm\? & ,newport4 ,= a "t ea* ( ! little t[ns1 ,provid5ce1 ,portsm\?1 & ,newport1 arrang$ its own affairs 9 its own way1 b 9 #afdc ,williams obta9$ f ! ,engli% ,p>liam5t a *>t] :i* unit$ !m "u ! "n ( ,! ,incorporation ( ,provid5ce ,plantations on ! ,n>ragansett ,bay 9 ,new ,engl&4 ,,connecticut ,,f\nd$4--,religi\s tr\bles did n end ) ! bani%m5t ( ,williams & ,anne ,hut*9son4 ,_m p]sons object$ to ! law =bidd+ any b *ur* memb]s to vote or hold (fice4 ,s 9 #afce & #afcf numb]s ( p1 l$ by ,?omas ,hook] & o!rs1 w5t out 7f ,dor*e/]1 ,wat]t[n1 & ,cambridge7 & f\nd$ ,w9dsor1 ,we!rsfield1 & ,h>t=d 9 ! ,connecticut ,riv] valley4 ,lat] a p>ty 7f ,roxbury7 settl$ at ,spr+field4 ,= a :ile ^! f\r t[ns 7 "p ( ,massa*usetts4 ,b 9 #afci ,w9dsor1 ,h>t=d1 & ,we!rsfield adopt$ a con/itution #aj & f\nd$ a republic :i* !y call$ ,connecticut4 ,,! ,,new ,,hav5 ,,colony4--,z ! qu>rel betwe5 ! ,puritans & ! k+ 0 by ?is "t v bitt]1 ! ,puritans cont9u$ to come to ,new ,engl& 9 l>ge numb]s4 ,"s ( !m made settlem5ts on ,long ,isl& ,s\nd4 ,a l>ge b& "u ,john ,dav5port f\nd$ ,new ,hav5 7#afch74 ,next 79 #afci7 ,mil=d & ,guil=d 7 />t$1 & !n 79 #afdj7 ,/am=d4 ,9 #afdc ! f\r t[ns jo9$ 9 a sort ( union & took ! "n ,new ,hav5 ,colony4 ,illu/ration3 ,,puritan ,,dress4 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,colonies ,,( ,,new ,,engl&4--,?us !re 7 plant$ 9 ,new ,engl& betwe5 #afbj & #afdc five di/9ct colonies1 #aa namely3 7#a7 ,plym\?1 or ! ,old ,colony1 7#b7 ,massa*usetts ,bay ,colony1 7#c7 ,rhode ,isl&1 or ,provid5ce ,plantations1 7#d7 ,connecticut1 & 7#e7 ! ,new ,hav5 ,colony4 ,9 #afdc f\r ( !m--,plym\?1 ,massa*usetts1 ,connecticut1 & ,new ,hav5 --unit$ = def5se aga9/ ! ,indians & ! ,dut*1 #ab & call$ _! league ,! ,unit$ ,colonies ( ,new ,engl&4 ,?is conf$]ation ma9ta9$ a successful exi/5ce = =ty-"o ye>s4 ,,effect ,,( ,,! ,,civil ,,w> ,,9 ,,engl&4--,:5 ! ,new ,engl& conf$]ation 0 =m$1 ! k+ & ! ,puritans 9 old ,engl& _h come to bl[s1 & civil w> 0 rag+ !re4 ,dur+ ! next tw5ty ye>s no m ,engli% colonies 7 plant$ 9 ,am]ica4 ,w> at once /opp$ ! /ream ( emigrants4 ,! ,puritans 9 ,engl& rema9$ to fight ! k+1 & numb]s w5t back f ,new ,engl& to jo9 ! ,p>liam5t>y army4 ,= ! next fifte5 ye>s population 9 ,new ,engl& increas$ sl[ly4 ,,trade ,,& ,,comm]ce4--,life 9 ! ,new ,engl& colonies 0 v unlike t 9 ,virg9ia4 ,p dwelt 9 villages1 cultivat$ small f>ms1 & 7 l>gely engag$ 9 trade & comm]ce4 ,!y b>t]$ corn & peas1 wool5 clo?1 & wampum ) ! ,indians = beav] sk9s1 :i* !y s5t to ,engl& to pay = articles b\ght f ! "m c\ntry4 ,!y salt$ cod1 dri$ alewives & bass1 made bo>ds & /aves = hog%eads1 & s5t all ^! to ! ,we/ ,indies to be ex*ang$ = sug>1 molasses1 & o!r products ( ! tropics4 ,!y built %ips 9 ! seaports :]e lumb] 0 *eap1 & sold !m abroad4 ,!y trad$ ) ,spa9 & ,portugal1 ,engl&1 ! ,ne!rl&s1 & ,virg9ia4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/one ,,h& ,,mill4 ,br\ght f ,engl& 9 #afcj & us$ = gr9d+ fl\r4 ,n[ 9 ,essex ,hall1 ,salem1 ,mass4 ,,sc>city ,,( ,,money4--,! coloni/s br\ght little money ) !m1 & mu* ( :at !y br\ght w5t back to ,engl& to pay = supplies4 ,buy+ & trad+ 9 ,new ,engl&1 !re=e1 _h to be done l>gely )\t gold or silv]4 ,beav] sk9s & wampum1 bu%els ( corn1 produce1 cattle1 & ev5 bullets 7 us$ z money & pass$ at rates fix$ by law4 #ac ,9 ! hope ( rem$y+ ! sc>city ( money1 ! gov]nm5t ( ,massa*usetts ord]$ t a m9t %\ld be set up1 & 9 #afeb ,spani% silv] br\ght f ! ,we/ ,indies 0 melt$ & co9$ into ,p9e ,tree curr5cy4 #ad ,illu/ration3 ,,sp9n+ ,,wool4 ,,manufactures4--,t less gold & silv] might g abroad = supplies1 home manufactures 7 enc\rag$ by gifts ( money1 by exemptions ( prop]ty f taxation1 & by excus+ workm5 f milit>y duty4 ,! cultivation ( flax 0 enc\rag$1 *ildr5 7 taught to sp9 & weave1 & glass works1 salt works1 & iron furnaces 7 />t$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,y>n ,,reel4 #ae ,9 ,essex ,hall1 ,salem1 ,mass4 ,on ! f>ms ut5sils & furniture 7 g5]ally made 9 ! h\sehold4 ,almo/ ev]y?+ 0 made ( wood1 z spoons1 tank>ds1 pails1 firk9s1 h+es = cupbo>d & closet doors1 lat*es1 pl[s1 & h>r[s4 ,e boy le>n$ to use 8 jack-knife1 & c\ld make brooms f bir* trees1 b[ls & dipp]s & bottles f g\rds1 & butt] paddles f r$ *]ry4 ,! wom5 made soap & c&les1 c>d$ wool1 spun1 wove1 blea*$ or dy$ ! l95 & wool5 clo?1 & made ! g>m5ts = ! family4 ,!y knit mitt5s & /ock+s1 made /raw hats & baskets1 & pluck$ ! fea!rs f live geese = b$s & pill[s4 ,,! ,,h\ses4--,on ! f>ms ! h\ses ( ! e>ly settl]s 7 ( logs1 or 7 fram$ /ructures cov]$ ) %+les or clapbo>ds4 ,! tables1 *airs1 /ools1 & b$/eads 7 ( ! pla9e/ sort1 & 7 (t5 made ( pun*eons1 t is1 ( small tree trunks split 9 half4 ,sometimes ! table w\ld be a long bo>d laid across two ,x supports4 ,?is 0 ! bo>d1 ar\nd :i* ! family sat at meals4 #af ,9 ! bett] h\ses 9 ! t[ns ! furniture 0 ( c\rse v mu* f9]4 ,,! ,,villages4--,! c5t] ( village life 0 ! meet+h\se1 or *ur*4 ,ne> by 0 ! h\se ( ! m9i/]1 ! inn or tav]n1 & ! dwell+s ( ! inhabitants4 ,9 e>ly times1 if ! village 0 on ! fronti] or expos$ to ,indian attack x 0 gu>d$ by blockh\ses surr\nd$ by a high /ockade4 ,^! g>rison h\ses1 z !y 7 call$1 7 ( /one or logs1 ) ! second /ory project+ ov] ! fir/1 & _h loopholes 9 place ( w9d[s4 ,mo/ ( !m h long s9ce disappe>$1 b a few /ill rema91 turn$ into dwell+s4 ,sometimes !re 7 ?ree or m blockh\ses 9 a village1 & to ^! :5 ! ,indians 7 tr\blesome ! f>m]s & _! families came ea* night to sleep4 ,,s*ools4-,among ! acts pass$ by ! ,g5]al ,c\rt ( ,massa*usetts 9 e>ly days 7 sev]al 9 reg>d to education4 ,9 #afcf f\r hundr$ p\nds #ag 0 vot$ = a public s*ool4 ,two ye>s lat]1 ,john ,h>v>d1 a =m] m9i/]1 left 8 libr>y & half 8 =tune to ?is s*ool1 & 9 grateful remembrance x 0 call$ ,h>v>d ,college4 ,?us />t$1 ! good "w w5t on4 ,p>5ts & ma/]s 7 by law compell$ to tea* _! *ildr5 & appr5tices to read ,engli%1 "k ! important laws1 & repeat ! or?odox cate*ism4 ,ano!r law requir$ e t[n ( fifty families to ma9ta9 a s*ool = at lea/ six mon?s a ye>1 & e t[n ( two hundr$ h\sehold]s a prim>y & a gramm> s*ool1 :]e9 ,lat9 %\ld be taught4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fairbanks ,,h\se1 ,,ne> ,,bo/on4 ,z x looks to-day4 ,built p>tly 9 #afej4 ,,p]secution ,,( ,,! ,,quak]s4--,?\gh ! ,puritans suff]$ p]secution 9 ! ,old ,_w1 !y _h n le>n$ to be tol]ant4 ,z we h se51 no man c\ld vote 9 ,massa*usetts :o 0 n a memb] ( _! *ur*4 ,!y drove out ,rog] ,williams & ,anne ,hut*9son1 & aga9 & aga91 9 lat] times1 bani%$1 or f9$1 imprison$1 & flogg$ m5 & wom5 :o wi%$ to wor%ip ,god 9 _! own way4 ,:5 two ,quak] wom5 arriv$ 7#afef71 !y 7 s5t away & a %>p law 0 made aga9/ _! sect4 #ah ,b 9 spite ( all p]secution1 ! ,quak]s kept com+4 ,at la/ 79 #afei-fa7 ?ree m5 & a woman 7 hang$ on ,bo/on ,common because !y return$ aft] hav+ once be5 bani%$4 ,plym\? & ,connecticut also enact$ laws aga9/ ! ,quak]s4 #ai ,,connecticut ,,*>t]$ 7#affb74--;,by ?is "t ! days ( ,puritan rule 9 old ,engl& 7 ov]4 ,9 #affj ,k+ ,*>les ,,ii 0 plac$ ^u ! ?rone ( 8 fa!r4 ,connecticut promptly ackn[l$g$ him z k+1 & s5t h] gov]nor1 ! y\ng] ,john ,w9?rop1 to ,london to obta9 a *>t]4 ,he easily secur$ "o 79 #affb7 :i* spread ! au?ority ( ,connecticut ov] ! ,new ,hav5 ,colony1 #bj gave h] a doma9 /ret*+ across ! cont95t to ! ,pacific1 & e/abli%$ a gov]nm5t s lib]al t ! *>t] 0 kept 9 =ce till #ahah4 ,new ,hav5 ,colony = a "t resi/$2 b "o by "o ! t[ns :i* =m$ ! colony ackn[l$g$ ! au?ority ( ,connecticut4 ,,! ,,second ,,*>t] ,,( ,,rhode ,,isl&4--,rhode ,isl&1 likewise1 proclaim$ ! k+ & s\ght a new *>t]4 ,:5 obta9$ 79 #affc71 x def9$ h] b\nd>ies1 & provid$ = a =m ( gov]nm5t q z lib]al z t ( ,connecticut4 ,x rema9$ 9 =ce "o hundr$ & sev5ty-n9e ye>s4 ,,! ,,new ,,colonial ,,era4--,f #afdj to #affj ! ,engli% colonies 9 ,am]ica _h be5 left mu* to !mselves4 ,no new colonies _h be5 f\nd$1 & ! old ones _h manag$ _! own affairs 9 _! own way4 ,b ) ,*>les ,,ii a new era op5s4 ,sev]al new colonies 7 soon e/abli%$2 & ?\gh ,rhode ,isl& & ,connecticut receiv$ lib]al *>t]s1 all ! colonies 7 soon to feel ! k+'s control4 ,z we %all see lat]1 ,massa*usetts 0 depriv$ ( h] *>t]2 b aft] a few ye>s %e receiv$ a new "o 7#afia71 :i* unit$ ! ,plym\? ,colony1 ,massa*usetts1 & ,ma9e 9 ! "o colony ( ,massa*usetts ,bay4 ,new ,hamp%ire1 h[ev]1 0 made a sep>ate royal prov9ce4 ,,summ>y #a4 ,9 #afbj a body ( ,sep>ati/s rea*$ ,cape ,cod & f\nd$ ,plym\?1 ! fir/ ,engli% settlem5t nor? ( ,virg9ia4 #b4 ,two ye>s lat] ! ,c\ncil = ,new ,engl& grant$ l& to ,gorges & ,mason1 f :i* grew ,ma9e & ,new ,hamp%ire4 #c4 ,betwe5 #afbh & #afcj a great ,puritan migration e/abli%$ ! colony ( ,massa*usetts ,bay1 :i* lat] absorb$ ,ma9e & ,new ,hamp%ire4 #d4 ,religi\s disputes l$ to ! expulsion ( ,rog] ,williams & ,anne ,hut*9son f ,massa*usetts4 ,!y f\nd$ t[ns lat] unit$ 7#afdc7 z ,provid5ce ,plantations 7,rhode ,isl&74 #e4 ,o!r religi\s disputes l$ to ! migration ( p :o settl$ 7#afce-cf7 9 ! ,connecticut valley & f\nd$ 7#afci7 ,connecticut4 #f4 ,betwe5 #afch & #afdj o!r t[ns 7 plant$ on ,long ,isl& ,s\nd1 & f\r ( !m unit$ 7#afdc7 & =m$ ! ,new ,hav5 ,colony4 #g4 ,massa*usetts1 ,plym\?1 ,connecticut1 & ,new ,hav5 jo9$ 9 a league --! ,unit$ ,colonies ( ,new ,engl& 7#afdc-hd74 #h4 ,new ,hav5 0 unit$ ) ,connecticut 7#affb71 & ,plym\? ) ,massa*usetts 7#afia71 :ile ,new ,hamp%ire 0 made a sep>ate prov9ce2 s t aft] #afia ! ,new ,engl& colonies 7 ,new ,hamp%ire1 ,massa*usetts1 ,rhode ,isl&1 & ,connecticut4 #i4 ,! ,new ,engl& coloni/s liv$ l>gely 9 villages4 ,!y 7 engag$ 9 f>m+1 manufactur+1 & comm]ce4 #aj4 ,= tw5ty ye>s1 dur+ ! ,civil ,w> & ! ,puritan rule 9 ,engl&1 ! colonies 7 left to !mselves2 b 9 #affj ,*>les ,,ii became k+ ( ,engl&1 & a new era began 9 colonial affairs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,*>t] ,,oak1 ,,h>t=d1 ,,conn4 ,f an old pr9t4 ,,footnotes #a ,on 8 map ,smi? gave to ,cape ,ann1 ,cape ,elizabe?1 ,*>les ,riv]1 & ,plym\? ! names !y /ill reta94 ,cape ,cod he call$ ,cape ,james4 #b ,! ,puritans 7 important 9 hi/ory = _m ye>s4 ,mo/ ( ! ,engli% p :o qu>rel$ & f\ght ) ,k+ ,james & ,k+ ,*>les 7 ,puritans4 ,9 ,m>yl& x 0 a ,puritan army t = a "t ov]?rew ,"l ,baltimore's gov]nm5t 7p4 #eb74 #c ,read ,fiske's ,beg9n+s ( ,new ,engl&1 pp4 #gi-hb4 #d ,! little boat or %allop 9 :i* !y int5d$ to sail along ! coa/ ne$$ to be repair$1 & two weeks pass$ be=e x 0 ready4 ,meantime a p>ty protect$ by /eel caps & corselets w5t a%ore to explore ! c\ntry4 ,a few ,indians 7 se5 9 ! di/ance1 b !y fl$ z ! ,pilgrims approa*$4 ,9 ! ru9s ( a hut 7 f\nd "s corn & an iron kettle t _h once belong$ to a ,european %ip4 ,! corn !y c>ri$ away 9 ! kettle1 to use z se$ 9 ! spr+4 ,o!r explor+ p>ties1 aft] trips 9 ! %allop1 pu%$ on ov] hills & ?r\gh valleys cov]$ deep ) sn[1 & f\nd m des]t$ h\ses1 corn1 & _m graves2 = a pe/il5ce _h lately swept (f ! ,indian population4 ,on ! la/ explor+ voyage1 ! waves ran s high t ! rudd] 0 c>ri$ away & ! explor]s /e]$ ) an o>4 ,z night came on1 all sail 0 spread 9 hope ( rea*+ %ore be=e d>k1 b ! ma/ broke & ! sail w5t ov]bo>d4 ,h[ev]1 !y float$ to an isl& :]e !y l&$ & sp5t ! night4 ,on ! second day aft]1 ,monday1 ,decemb] #ba1 ! explor]s rea*$ ! ma9l&4 ,on ! bea*1 half 9 s& & half 9 wat]1 0 a l>ge b[ld]1 & on ?is fam\s ,plym\? ,rock1 x is said1 ! m5 /epp$ z !y w5t a%ore4 #e ,z to ! e>ly settlem5ts read ,fiske's ,beg9n+s ( ,new ,engl&1 pp4 #ij-ie4 #f ,! ,massa*usetts *>t] grant$ ! l& f )9 ?ree miles s\? ( ! ,*>les ,riv]1 to )9 ?ree miles nor? ( ! ,m]rimac ,riv]1 & all l&s ( & )9 ! bread? a=esaid across ! cont95t4 #g ,rog] ,williams 0 a ,wel%man1 _h be5 educat$ at ,cambridge ,univ]sity 9 ,engl&1 & _h "s reputation z a prea*] be=e com+ to ,bo/on4 ,!re he 0 welcom$ z a godly m9i/]1 & 9 "t 0 call$ to a *ur* 9 ,salem2 b 0 soon =c$ out by ! ,g5]al ,c\rt4 ,he !n w5t to ,plym\?1 :]e he made ! fri5d%ip ( ,mas'sasoit1 *ief ( ! ,wam-pano'ags1 & ( ,canon'icus1 *ief ( ! ,n>ragansetts1 & le>n$ _! language4 ,9 #afcc he return$ to ,salem1 & 0 aga9 made pa/or ( a *ur*4 #h ,! fate ( ,john ,endicott %[s to :at a result ,williams's tea*+ 0 suppos$ to lead4 ,! flag ( ! ,salem militia bore ! r$ cross ( ,/4 ,george4 ,endicott reg>d$ x z a symbol ( pop]y1 & "o day publicly cut out ! cross f ! flag4 ,?is 0 ?\ght a defiance ( royal au?ority1 & ,endicott 0 decl>$ incapable ( hold+ (fice = a ye>4 #i ,anne ,hut*9son held c]ta9 religi\s views on :i* %e lectur$ to ! wom5 ( ,bo/on1 & made s _m conv]ts t %e split ! *ur*4 ,gov]nor ,vane favor$ h]1 b ,john ,w9?rop oppos$ h] tea*+s1 & :5 he became gov]nor aga9 %e & h] foll[]s 7 ord]$ to quit ! colony4 #aj ,! fir/ writt5 con/itution made 9 our c\ntry1 & ! fir/ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w t 0 made by ! p1 = ! p4 ,o!r t[ns 7 add$ lat]1 among !m ,saybrook1 :i* _h gr[n up ab\t an ,engli% =t built 9 #afce at ! m\? ( ! ,connecticut4 #aa ,besides ,new ,hamp%ire1 :i* 9 #afdc 0 practically "p ( ,massa*usetts2 & ,ma9e1 :i* became s a few ye>s lat]4 #ab ,! ,dut*1 z we %all see 9 ! next *apt]1 _h plant$ a colony 9 ! ,hudson valley1 & disput$ ,engli% possession ( ! ,connecticut4 #ac ,/ud5ts at ,h>v>d ,college = _m ye>s paid _! t]m bills ) produce1 meat1 & live /ock4 ,9 #afdi a /ud5t paid 8 bill ) an old c[1 & ! /ew>d ( ! college made sep>ate cr$its = h] hide1 h] suet & inw>ds4 ,on ano!r occasion a goat 0 tak5 & valu$ at #cj %ill+s4 ,taxes also 7 paid 9 corn & cattle4 #ad ,! co9s 7 ! %ill+1 sixp5ce1 ?reep5ce1 & twop5ce4 ,on "o side ( ea* co9 0 /amp$ a rude repres5tation ( a p9e tree4 #ae ,on :i* ! y>n 0 w\nd aft] x 0 spun4 ,= a picture ( ! loom us$ 9 weav+1 see p4 #eb4 #af ,on ! bo>d 7 a saltcell>1 wood5 plates or tr5*]s1 wood5 or pewt] spoons1 & knives1 b no *9a1 no glass4 ,=ks1 x is said1 7 n kn[n ev5 9 ,engl& till #afjh1 & ! fir/ ev] se5 9 ,new ,engl& 7 at ,gov]nor ,w9?rop's table 9 #afcb4 ,^? :o wi%$ a dr9k ( wat] drank f a s+le wood5 tank>d pass$ ar\nd ! table2 or !y w5t to ! bucket & us$ a g\rd4 #ag ,?is 0 a l>ge sum 9 ^? days1 & ab\t z mu* z 0 rais$ by taxation 9 a ye>4 ,! ,g5]al ,c\rt :i* vot$ ! money1 x has be5 said1 0 ! fir/ body 9 :i* ! p1 by _! repres5tatives1 ev] gave _! own money to f\nd a place ( education4 #ah ,! ,fri5ds1 or ,quak]s1 liv$ pure1 upright1 simple lives4 ,!y prote/$ aga9/ all =ms & c]emonies1 & aga9/ all *ur* gov]nm5t4 ,!y refus$ to take any oa?s1 to use any titles1 or to s]ve 9 w>1 because !y ?\ght ^! ?+s wrong4 ,!y 7 mu* p]secut$ 9 ,engl&4 #ai ,ano!r incid5t :i* gives u an insight into ! "* ( ^! e>ly times is ! wit*craft delusion ( #afib4 ,ne>ly ev]ybody 9 ^? days believ$ 9 wit*craft1 & sev]al p]sons 9 ! colonies _h be5 put to dea? z wit*es4 ,:51 !re=e1 9 #afib1 ! *ildr5 ( a ,salem m9i/] began to behave que]ly & said t an ,indian slave woman _h bewit*$ !m1 !y 7 believ$4 ,b ! delusion did n /op ) ! *ildr54 ,9 a few weeks scores ( p 9 ,salem 7 accus+ _! neighbors ( all sorts ( crimes & wit* orgies4 ,_m decl>$ t ! wit*es /uck p9s into !m4 ,tw5ty p]sons 7 put to dea? z wit*es be=e ! craze came to an end4 #bj ,! ,new ,hav5 ,colony 0 de/roy$ z a di/9ct colony because its p (f5d$ ! k+ by %elt]+ ,edw>d ,:alley & ,william ,g(fe1 two ( ! regicides1 or judges :o sat 9 ! tribunal t condemn$ ,*>les ,i4 ,:5 !y fl$ to ,new ,engl& 9 #affj1 a royal ord] = _! arre/ 0 s5t ov] aft] !m1 & a hot pursuit began4 ,= a mon? !y liv$ 9 a cave1 at o!r times 9 cell>s 9 ,mil=d1 ,guil=d1 & ,new ,hav52 & once !y hid "u a bridge :ile _! pursu]s gallop$ pa/ ov]head4 ,aft] hid+ 9 ^! ways ab\t ,new ,hav5 = ?ree ye>s !y w5t to ,hadley 9 ,massa*usetts1 :]e all trace ( !m disappe>s4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,middle ,,& ,,s\!rn ,,colonies ,,! ,,com+ ,,( ,,! ,,dut*4--,we h n[ se5 h[ ,engli% colonies 7 plant$ 9 ! l&s ab\t ,*esapeake ,bay1 & 9 ,new ,engl&4 ,into ! c\ntry ly+ betwe51 !re came 9 #afji an intrud] 9 ! =m ( a little ,dut* %ip call$ ! ,half-,moon4 ,! ,dut* ,ea/ ,india ,company _h fitt$ h] out & s5t ,capta9 ,h5ry ,hudson 9 h] to seek a nor!a/]ly passage to ,*9a4 ,driv5 back by ice 9 8 attempt to sail nor? ( ,europe1 ,hudson turn$ we/w>d1 & came at la/ to ,delaw>e ,bay4 ,up ?is ! ,half-,moon w5t a little way1 b1 gr\nd+ on ! %oals1 ,hudson turn$ ab\t1 foll[$ ! coa/ nor?w>d1 & sail$ up ! riv] n[ call$ by 8 "n4 ,he w5t z f> z ! site ( ,albany2 !n1 f9d+ t ! ,hudson 0 n a passage ?r\gh ! cont95t1 he return$ to ,europe4 #a ,illu/ration3 ,,l&+ ,,( ,,hudson4 ,f an old pr9t4 ,,discov]ies ,,( ,,block ,,& ,,may4--,! discov]y ( ! ,hudson gave ,holl& or ! ,ne!rl&s a claim to ! c\ntry x dra9$1 & ye> aft] ye> ,dut* explor]s visit$ ! region4 ,"o ( !m1 ,adri5 ,block1 79 #afad7 w5t ?r\gh ,long ,isl& ,s\nd1 asc5d$ ! ,connecticut ,riv] z f> z ! site ( ,h>t=d1 & sail$ along ! coa/ to a po9t beyond ,cape ,cod2 ,block ,isl& n[ be>s 8 "n4 ,ano!r1 ,may1 w5t s\?w>d1 pass$ betwe5 two capes1 #b & explor$ ,delaw>e ,bay4 ,! ,dut* !n claim$ ! c\ntry f ! ,delaw>e to ,cape ,cod2 t is1 z f> z ,may & ,block _h explor$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,new ,,ne!rl&4 ,,! ,,fur ,,trade4--,important z ^! discov]ies 71 !y int]e/$ ! ,dut* f> less ?an ! prospect ( a ri* fur trade ) ! ,indians1 & 9 a few ye>s ,dut* trad]s _h f\r little h\ses on ,manhattan ,isl&1 & a little =t n f> f ! site ( ,albany4 ,f x buy]s w5t out among ! ,mohawk ,indians & return$ lad5 ) ! sk9s ( beav]s & o!r valuable furs2 & to ! =t by & by ! ,indians came to trade4 ,s valuable 0 ?is traffic t ^? engag$ 9 x =m$ a company1 obta9$ f ! ,dut* gov]nm5t a *>t]1 & = ?ree ye>s 7#afae- #ah7 enjoy$ a monopoly ( ! fur trade f ! ,delaw>e to ! ,hudson4 ,,! ,,dut* ,,we/ ,,india ,,company4--,:5 ! ?ree ye>s expir$ ! *>t] 0 n r5ew$2 b a new association call$ ! ,dut* ,we/ ,india ,company 0 *>t]$ 7#afba7 & giv5 great political & comm]cial p[] ov] ,new ,ne!rl&1 z ! ,dut* possessions 9 ,nor? ,am]ica 7 n[ call$4 ,m settl]s 7 s5t out 79 #afbc71 "s to ,=t ,orange on ! site ( ,albany1 "s to ,=t ,nassau on ! ,s\? or ,delaw>e ,riv]1 "s to ! ,fre% or ,connecticut ,riv]1 "s to ,long ,isl&1 & "s to ,manhattan ,isl&1 :]e !y f\nd$ ! t[n ( ,new ,am/]dam4 ,illu/ration3 ,,dut* ,,m]*ant 7#afbj74 ,,! ,,patroons4--,all ! little ,dut* settlem5ts 7 =ts or /rong build+s surr\nd$ by palisades1 & 7 c5t]s ( ! fur trade4 ,v little f>m+ 0 done4 ,9 ord] to enc\rage f>m+1 ! ,we/ ,india ,company 79 #afbi7 (f]$ an imm5se tract ( l& to any memb] ( ! company :o %\ld take out a colony ( fifty families4 ,! e/ate ( a ,patroon1 z su* a man 0 call$1 0 to ext5d sixte5 miles along "o bank or eight miles along bo? banks ( a riv]1 & back almo/ any di/ance into ! c\ntry4 #c ,a numb] ( ^! patroon%ips 7 e/abli%$ on ! ,hudson4 ,,! ,,dut* ,,on ,,! ,,connecticut4--,! fir/ attempt 79 #afbc7 ( ! ,dut* to build a =t on ! ,connecticut fail$2 = ! company c\ld n sp>e en\gh m5 to hold ! valley4 ,b lat] ! ,dut* return$1 nail$ ! arms ( ,holl& to a tree at ! m\? ( ! riv] 9 tok5 ( own]%ip1 & 7#afcc7 built ,=t ,good ,hope :]e ,h>t=d n[ /&s4 ,:5 ! ,indians in=m$ ! ,engli% ( ?is1 ! gov]nor ( ,massa*usetts bade ! ,dut* begone2 & :5 !y w\ld n g1 built a =t high] up ! riv] at ,w9dsor 7#afcc71 & ano!r 7#afce7 at ,saybrook at ! riv]'s m\?1 s z to cut !m (f f ,new ,am/]dam4 ,! ,engli% colony ( ,connecticut 0 n[ e/abli%$ 9 ! valley2 b tw5ty ye>s pass$ be=e ,=t ,good ,hope 0 tak5 f ! ,dut*4 ,,dut* ,,& ,,sw$es ,,on ,,! ,,delaw>e4--,! ,dut* settl]s on ! ,delaw>e 7 driv5 (f by ,indians1 b a g>rison 0 s5t back to hold ,=t ,nassau4 ,meantime ! ,sw$es appe>$ on ! ,delaw>e4 ,aft] ! organization ( ! ,dut* ,we/ ,india ,company 7#afbc71 ,william ,ussel9ex ( ,am/]dam w5t to ,sw$5 & urg$ ! k+ to *>t] a simil> company ( ,sw$i% m]*ants4 ,a company to trade ) ,asia1 ,africa1 & ,am]ica 0 accord+ly =m$4 ,"s ye>s lat] ,que5 ,*ri/9a *>t]$ ! ,s\? ,company1 & 9 #afch a colony 0 s5t out by ?is company1 ! we/ bank ( ! ,delaw>e f its m\? to ! ,s*uylkill 7skool'kill7 0 b\ght f ! ,indians1 & a =t 7,*ri/9a7 0 built on ! site ( ,wilm+ton4 ,! ,dut* gov]nor at ,new ,am/]dam prote/$1 b = a doz5 ye>s ! ,sw$es rema9$ unmole/$1 & scatt]$ _! settlem5ts along ! %ores ( ,delaw>e ,riv] & ,bay1 & call$ _! c\ntry ,new ,sw$54 ,al>m$ at ?is1 ,gov]nor ,pet] ,/uyvesant 7/i've-sant7 ( ,new ,ne!rl& built a =t to cut (f ! ,sw$es f ! sea4 ,b a ,sw$i% w> vessel captur$ ! ,dut* =t2 :]eupon ,/uyvesant sail$ up ! ,delaw>e ) a fleet & army1 quietly took possession ( ,new ,sw$51 & made x once m ,dut* t]ritory 7#afee74 ,,dut* ,,rule4--,! rul]s ( ,new ,ne!rl& 7 a director g5]al1 or gov]nor1 & five c\ncilm5 appo9t$ by ! ,we/ ,india ,company4 ,"o ( ^! gov]nors1 ,pet] ,m9uit1 b\ght ,manhattan 7! isl& n[ cov]$ by a "p ( ,new ,york city7 f ! ,indians 7#afbf7 = #fj guild]s1 or ab\t #bd ( our money4 #d ,,dem& ,,= ,,popul> ,,gov]nm5t4--,z population increas$1 ! p began to dem& a %>e 9 ! gov]nm5t2 !y wi%$ to elect f\r ( ! five c\ncilm54 ,a long qu>rel foll[$1 b ,gov]nor ,/uyvesant at la/ ord]$ ! election ( n9e m5 to aid him :5 necess>y4 #e ,,population ,,& ,,cu/oms4--,?\gh mo/ ( ! ,new ,ne!rl&]s 7 ,dut*1 !re 7 among !m also ,g]mans1 ,fr5* ,hugu5ots1 ,engli%1 ,scot*1 ,jews1 ,sw$es1 & z _m religi\s sects z nationalities4 ,! ,dut* ( ,new ,ne!rl& 7 a jolly p1 mu* giv5 to b[l+ & holidays4 ,!y kept ,new ,ye>'s ,day1 ,/4 ,val5t9e's ,day1 ,ea/] & ,p9k/] 7,sunday1 ,monday1 & ,tuesday ! sev5? week aft] ,ea/]71 ,may ,day1 ,/4 ,ni*olas ,day 7,decemb] #f71 & ,*ri/mas4 ,on ,p9k/] days ! :ole population1 negro slaves includ$1 w5t (f to ! woods on picnics4 ,kirmess1 a sort ( annual fair = ea* t[n1 furni%$ additional holidays4 ,! p rose at dawn1 d9$ at noon1 & supp$ at six4 ,9 no colony 7 ! p bett] h\s$ & f$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,dut* ,,door ,,& ,,/oop4 ,,! ,,h\ses /ood ) _! gable ends to ! /reet1 & (t5 a beam project$ f ! gable1 by means ( :i* heavy articles might be rais$ to ! attic4 ,! door 0 divid$ into an upp] & a l[] half1 & be=e x 0 a spaci\s /oop ) seats1 :]e ! family ga!r$ on w>m ev5+s4 ,)9 ! h\se 7 huge fireplaces adorn$ ) blue or p9k tiles on :i* 7 ,bible sc5es or texts1 a huge moon-fac$ clock1 a ,dut* ,bible1 sp9n+ :eels1 cupbo>ds full ( ,delft plates & pewt] di%es1 ru%- bottom *airs1 great *e/s = l95 & clo!s1 & f\r-po/$ b$/eads ) curta9s1 fea!r b$s1 & dimity cov]lets1 & und]nea? a trundle-b$ = ! *ildr54 ,a w>m+ pan 0 us$ to take ! *ill (f ! l95 %eets on cold nights4 ,9 ! h\ses ( ! humbl] sort ! furniture 0 pla9]1 & s& on ! floors did duty = c>pets4 ,illu/ration3 ,,f\r-,,po/$ ,,b$1 ,,& ,,/eps ,,us$ ,,9 ,,gett+ ,,into ,,x4 ,9 ! ,van ,cortl& ,mansion1 ,new ,york city4 ,,trade ,,& ,,comm]ce4--,! *ief products ( ! colony 7 furs1 lumb]1 :eat1 & fl\r4 ,! c5t] ( ! fur trade 0 ,=t ,orange1 f :i* great quantities ( beav] & o!r sk9s pur*as$ f ! ,indians 7 s5t to ,new ,am/]dam2 & to ?is port came vessels f ! ,we/ ,indies1 ,portugal1 & ,engl&1 z well z f ,holl&4 ,!re 0 sc>cely any manufactur+4 ,! comm]cial _s ( ! ,dut* ov]%ad[$ ev]y?+ else1 & kept agriculture at a l[ /age4 ,,! ,,engli% ,,seize ,,new ,,ne!rl&4--,! ,engli%1 :o claim$ ! cont95t f ,ma9e to ,florida1 & f ! ,atlantic to ! ,pacific1 reg>d$ ! ,dut* z intrud]s4 ,soon aft] ,*>les ,,ii came to ! ?rone1 he grant$ ! c\ntry f ! ,delaw>e to ! ,connecticut1 ) ,long ,isl& & "s o!r t]ritory1 to 8 bro!r ,james1 ! ,duke ( ,york4 ,9 #affd1 accord+ly1 a fleet 0 s5t to take possession ( ,new ,am/]dam4 ,/uyvesant call$ out 8 troops & made ready to fight4 ,b ! p 7 tir$ ( ! arbitr>y rule ( ! ,dut* gov]nors1 & petition$ him to yield4 ,at la/ he answ]$1 ,well1 let x be s1 b ,i w\ld r be c>ri$ out dead4 ,,new ,,york4--,! ,dut* flag 0 !n l[]$1 & ,new ,ne!rl& pass$ into ,engli% h&s4 ,new ,am/]dam 0 promptly r5am$ ,new ,york2 ,=t ,orange 0 call$ ,albany2 & ! great] "p ( ,new ,ne!rl& became ! prov9ce ( ,new ,york4 #f ,,gov]nm5t ,,( ,,new ,,york4--,! gov]nor appo9t$ by ! ,duke ( ,york drew up a code ( laws kn[n lat] z ! ,duke's ,laws4 ,no provision 0 made = a legislature1 nor = t[n meet+s1 nor = s*ools4 #g ,gov]nm5t ( ?is sort did n please ! ,engli% on ,long ,isl& & else:]e4 ,dem&s 7 at once made = a %>e 9 ! lawmak+4 ,"s ( ! p refus$ to pay taxes1 & "s t[ns to elect (fic]s1 & s5t /rong prote/s aga9/ taxation )\t _! cons5t4 ,b ne>ly tw5ty ye>s pass$ be=e ,new ,york secur$ a repres5tative legislature4 #h ,,education4--,9 ! s*ools e/abli%$ by ! ,dut*1 ! ma/] 0 (t5 ! prea*] or ! sexton ( ! ,dut* *ur*4 ,_m ( ! ,long ,isl& t[ns 7 f\nd$ by ,new ,engl&]s1 :o long kept up _! ,puritan cu/oms & me?ods ( education4 ,b outside ( ,new ,york city & a few o!r l>ge t[ns1 !re 7 no good s*ools dur+ ! e>ly ye>s ( ! ,new ,york colony4 ,illu/ration3 ,,new ,,j]sey1 ,,delaw>e1 ,,& ,,ea/]n ,,p5nsylvania4 ,,new ,,j]sey4--,be=e ! ,duke ( ,york _h possession ( 8 prov9ce1 he cut (f ! piece betwe5 ! ,delaw>e ,riv] & ! l[] ,hudson & gave x to ,sir ,george ,c>t]et & ,"l ,b]keley 7#affd74 ,!y nam$ ?is l& ,new ,j]sey1 & divid$ x by ! l9e %[n on ! map into ,ea/ & ,we/ ,j]sey4 ,"l ,b]keley sold 8 "p--,we/ ,j]sey--to "s ,quak]s1 & a ,quak] colony 0 plant$ at ,burl+ton4 ,c>t]et's portion--,ea/ ,j]sey-- 0 sold aft] 8 dea? to ,william ,p5n #i & o!r ,quak]s1 :o _h acquir$ ,we/ ,j]sey also4 ,9 #agjb1 h[ev]1 ! proprietors gave up _! "r to gov]n1 & ! two colonies 7 unit$ into ! "o royal prov9ce ( ,new ,j]sey4 ,,p5nsylvania4--,p5n _h jo9$ ! ,fri5ds1 or ,quak]s1 :5 a v "y man4 ,! "p he took 9 ! settlem5t ( ,new ,j]sey l$ him to ?9k ( f\nd+ a colony :]e n only ! ,quak]s1 b any o!rs :o 7 p]secut$1 might f9d a refuge1 & :]e he might try a holy exp]im5t 9 gov]nm5t aft] 8 own ideas4 ,! k+ 0 !re=e petition$ = a tract ( l& 9 ,am]ica ly+ nor? ( ,m>yl&1 & 9 #afha ,p5n receiv$ a l>ge block ( l&1 :i* 0 nam$ ,p5nsylvania1 or ,p5n's ,woodl&4 #aj ,illu/ration3 ,,*>les ,,ii ,,& ,,p5n4 ,,philadelphia ,,f\nd$4--,hav+ receiv$ 8 *>t]1 ,p5n wrote an acc\nt ( 8 prov9ce & circulat$ x 9 ,engl&1 ,irel&1 ,wales1 ,holl&1 & ,g]many4 ,9 ! autumn ( #afha ?ree %iploads ( coloni/s 7 s5t ov]4 ,p5n himself came ! next spr+1 & made 8 way to ! spot *os5 = ! site ( ,philadelphia4 ,! l& belong$ to ?ree ,sw$i% bro!rs2 s ,p5n b\ght x1 & began ! "w ( m>k+ out ! /reets & build+ h\ses4 ,be=e a ye> w5t by1 ,philadelphia 0 a t[n ( eighty h\ses4 ,,p5n ,,& ,,! ,,indians4--,9 deal+ ) ! ,indians ! aim ( ,p5n 0 to make !m fri5ds4 ,be=e com+ ov] he s5t lett]s to be read to !m44 ,aft] 8 arrival he walk$ ) !m1 sat ) !m to wat* _! "y m5 dance1 jo9$ 9 _! fea/s1 &1 x is said1 plann$ a sort ( c\rt or jury ( six :ites & six ,indians to settle disputes ) ! natives4 ,9 ,june1 #afhc1 ,p5n met ! ,indians & made a treaty :i*1 unlike mo/ o!r treaties1 0 kept by bo? p>ties4 ,,! ,,gov]nm5t ,,( ,,p5nsylvania4--,z proprietor ( ,p5nsylvania x became ! duty ( ,p5n to provide a gov]nm5t = ! settl]s1 :i* he did 9 ! ,frame ( ,gov]nm5t4 ,?is provid$ = a gov]nor appo9t$ by ! proprietor1 a legislature ( two h\ses elect$ by ! p1 judges p>tly elect$ by ! p1 & a vote by ballot4 #aa ,9 #agja ,p5n grant$ a new con/itution :i* kept less p[] = 8 gov]nor1 & gave m p[] & rights to ! legislature & ! p4 ,?is 0 call$ ! ,*>t] ( ,privileges1 & x rema9$ 9 =ce z long z ,p5nsylvania 0 a colony4 ,,! ,,t]ritories1 ,,or ,,delaw>e4--,p5nsylvania _h no frontage on ! sea1 & its b\nd>ies 7 disput$ by ! neighbor+ colonies4 #ab ,to secure an outlet to ! sea1 ,p5n appli$ to ! ,duke ( ,york = a grant ( ! t]ritory on ! we/ bank ( ! ,delaw>e ,riv] to its m\?1 & 0 grant$ :at is n[ ,delaw>e4 ,?is region 0 also includ$ 9 ,"l ,baltimore's grant ( ,m>yl&1 & ! dispute ov] x betwe5 ! two proprietors 0 n settl$ till #agcb1 :5 ! pres5t b\nd>y 0 agre$ ^u4 ,p5n int5d$ to add ,delaw>e to ,p5nsylvania1 b ! p ( ^! t]ritories1 or ?ree l[] c\nties1 object$1 & 9 #agjc secur$ a legislature ( _! own1 ?\gh !y rema9$ "u ! gov]nor ( ,p5nsylvania4 ,illu/ration3 ,,p5n',s ,,razor1 ,,case1 ,,& ,,hot ,,wat] ,,tank4 ,n[ 9 ! possession ( ! ,p5nsylvania ,hi/orical ,society4 ,,! ,,peopl+ ,,( ,,p5nsylvania4--,! tol]ation & lib]ality ( ,p5n prov$ s attractive to ! p ( ! ,old ,_w t emigrants came ov] 9 l>ge numb]s4 ,!y came n only f ,engl& & ,wales1 b also f o!r p>ts ( ,europe4 ,9 lat] times ?\s&s ( ,g]mans settl$ 9 ! middle "p ( ! colony1 & _m ,scot*-,iri% 7p ( ,scotti% desc5t f nor!rn ,irel&7 on ! we/]n fronti] & along ! ,m>yl& bord]4 ,z a consequ5ce ( ?is great migration ,p5nsylvania became "o ( ! mo/ popul\s ( ! colonies4 ,x _h _m fl\ri%+ t[ns1 ( :i* ,philadelphia 0 ! l>ge/4 ,?is 0 a f9e specim5 ( a g5u9e ,engli% t[n1 & 0 "o ( ! *ief cities 9 ,engli% ,am]ica4 ,betwe5 ! t[ns lay "s ( ! ri*e/ f>m+ regions 9 ,am]ica4 ,! ,g]mans especially 7 f9e f>m]s1 rais$ great crops1 br$ f9e horses1 & own$ f>ms ^: size 0 ! wond] ( all travel]s4 ,! labor]s 7 g5]ally ind5tur$ s]vants or r$emption]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,c>ol9a ,,by ,,! ,,grant ,,( #affe4 ,,c>ol9a4--,:5 ,*>les ,,ii became k+ 9 #affj1 !re 7 only two s\!rn colonies1 ,virg9ia & ,m>yl&4 ,betwe5 ! ,engli% settlem5ts 9 ,virg9ia & ! ,spani% settlem5ts 9 ,florida 0 a wide /ret* ( unoccupi$ l&1 :i* 9 #affc he grant$ = a new colony call$ ,c>ol9a 9 8 honor4 #ac ,two gr\ps ( settlem5ts 7 plant$4 ,"o 9 ! nor?1 call$ ! ,albem>le ,colony1 0 ( p f ,virg9ia2 ! o!r1 9 ! s\?1 ! ,c>t]et ,colony1 0 ( p f ,engl&1 :o f\nd$ ,*>le/on 7#afgj74 ,john ,locke1 a fam\s ,engli% philosoph]1 at ! reque/ ( ! proprietors drew up a =m ( gov]nm5t1 #ad b x 0 oppos$ by ! coloni/s & nev] w5t into effect4 ,ea* colony1 h[ev]1 _h its own gov]nor1 :o 0 s5t out by ! proprietors till #agbi1 :5 ! proprietors surr5d]$ _! rights to ! k+4 ,! prov9ce ( ,c>ol9a 0 !n =mally divid$ into two colonies kn[n z ,nor? & ,s\? ,c>ol9a4 ,,life ,,9 ,,nor? ,,c>ol9a4--,! p ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a liv$ on small f>ms & own$ few slaves4 ,9 ! t[ns 7 a few me*anics & /orekeep]s1 9 ^: h&s 0 all ! comm]ce ( ! colony4 ,!y b\ght & sold ev]y?+1 & suppli$ ! f>ms & small plantations4 ,9 ! nor!rn "p ( ! colony tobacco 0 gr[n1 9 ! s\!rn "p rice & indigo2 & 9 all p>ts lumb]1 t>1 pit*1 & turp5t9e 7 produc$4 ,h]ds ( cattle & hogs ran wild 9 ! woods1 be>+ _! own]'s br&s1 to alt] :i* 0 a crime4 ,!re 7 no manufactures2 all supplies 7 import$ f ,engl& or ! o!r colonies4 ,!re 7 few roads4 ,!re 7 no t[ns1 b little villages su* z ,wilm+ton1 ,newb]n1 & ,ed5ton1 ! l>ge/ ( :i* did n h a population ( five hundr$ s\ls4 ,z 9 ,virg9ia1 ! c\r?\ses 7 ! c5t]s ( social life1 & c\rt days ! occasion ( social amusem5ts4 ,education 0 scanty & poor1 & !re 0 no pr9t+ press 9 ! colony = a hundr$ ye>s aft] its fir/ settlem5t4 ,mu* ( ! e>ly population ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a consi/$ ( ind5t$ s]vants1 :o1 hav+ s]v$ out _! t]m 9 ,virg9ia1 emigrat$ to ,c>ol9a1 :]e l& 0 easi] to get4 ,lat] came ,g]mans f ! ,rh9e c\ntry1 ,scot*-,iri% f ! nor? ( ,irel&1 & 7aft] #agde7 ,scot*m5 f ! ,highl&s4 #ae ,,s\? ,,c>ol9a4--,9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 also1 ! only important occupation 0 plant+ or f>m+4 ,rice1 introduc$ ab\t #afid1 0 ! *ief product1 & next 9 importance 0 indigo4 ,! plantations1 z 9 ,virg9ia1 7 l>ge & lay along ! coa/ & ! banks ( ! riv]s1 f :i* ! crops 7 float$ to ,*>le/on1 :]e ! plant]s g5]ally liv$4 ,at ,*>le/on ! crops 7 b\ght by m]*ants :o %ipp$ !m to ! ,we/ ,indies & to ,engl&1 :5ce 0 br\ght almo/ e manufactur$ article ! p us$4 ,slaves 7 almo/ ! only labor]s1 & =m$ ab\t half ! population4 ,bond s]vants 7 ne>ly unkn[n4 ,*>le/on1 ! "o city1 0 well laid out & adorn$ ) h&some *ur*es1 public build+s1 & f9e resid5ces ( ri* m]*ants & plant]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*>le/on ,,9 ,,e>ly ,,times4 ,f an old pr9t4 ,,! ,,pirates4--,dur+ ! e>ly ye>s ( ! two ,c>ol9as ! coa/ 0 infe/$ ) pirates1 or1 z !y call$ !mselves1 ,bre?r5 ( ! ,coa/4 ,^! buccane]s _h =m]ly made _! home 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 :5ce !y salli$ =? to prey on ! comm]ce ( ! ,spani% colonies4 ,ab\t ! "t ,*>le/on 0 f\nd$1 ,spa9 & ,engl& wi%$ to put !m d[n4 ,b :5 ! pirates 7 driv5 f _! old haunts1 !y f\nd new ones 9 ! s\nds & h>bors ( ,c>ol9a1 & prey$ on ! comm]ce ( ,*>le/on till ! plant]s turn$ aga9/ !m & drove !m (f4 #af ,,georgia ,,*>t]$4--,! ?irte5? & la/ ( ! ,engli% colonies 9 ,nor? ,am]ica 0 *>t]$ 9 #agcb4 ,at t "t & long aft]w>d1 x 0 ! cu/om 9 ,engl& & ! colonies to imprison p = debt1 & keep !m 9 jail = life or until ! debt 0 paid4 ,! suff]+s ( ^! p greatly int]e/$ ,james ,ogle?orpe1 a gallant ,engli% soldi]1 & l$ him to attempt some?+ = _! relief4 ,8 plan 0 to h !m releas$1 provid$ !y w\ld emigrate to ,am]ica4 ,o!rs aid$ him1 & 9 #agcb a company 0 incorporat$ & giv5 ! l& betwe5 ! ,savannah & ,altamaha riv]s f _! m\?s to _! s\rces1 & !nce across ! cont95t to ! ,pacific4 ,! new colony 0 call$ ,georgia1 9 honor ( ,k+ ,george ,,ii4 ,! site ( ! new colony 0 *os5 9 ord] t ,georgia might occupy & hold "s disput$ t]ritory1 #ag & s]ve z a buff] colony to protect ,*>le/on f attacks by ! ,spani>ds & ! ,indians4 ,illu/ration3 ,,scotti% ,,highl&]4 ,,! ,,settlem5t ,,( ,,georgia4--,9 #agcb ,ogle?orpe ) "o hundr$ & ?irty coloni/s sail$ = ,*>le/on1 & aft] a %ort /ay />t$ s\? & f\nd$ ,savannah 7#agcc74 ,! colony 0 n settl$ entirely by releas$ ,engli% debtors4 ,to x 9 "t came p f ,new ,engl& & ! di/ress$ ( _m l&s1 includ+ ,italians1 ,g]mans1 & ,scotti% ,highl&]s4 ,ogle?orpe's company controll$ ,georgia tw5ty ye>s2 b ! coloni/s *af$ "u its rule1 s t ! company f9ally disb&$ & gave ! prov9ce back to ! k+ 7#ageb74 ,"u ! proprietors ! p 7 requir$ to manufacture silk1 plant v9ey>ds1 & produce oil4 ,b ! prosp]ity ( ,georgia began "u ! royal gov]nm5t1 :5 ! colony settl$ d[n to ! production ( rice1 lumb]1 & indigo4 ,importation ( slaves 0 =bidd5 by ! proprietors1 b "u ! royal gov]nm5t x 0 all[$4 ,! t[ns 7 small1 = almo/ ev]ybody liv$ on a small f>m or plantation4 ,,summ>y #a4 ,:ile ! ,engli% 7 plant+ ! ,jame/[n colony1 ! ,dut* "u ,hudson explor$ ! ,hudson ,riv] 7#afji71 & a few ye>s lat] ! ,dut*m5 ,may & ,block explor$ also ,delaw>e ,bay & ! ,connecticut ,riv]4 #b4 ,! ,dut* fur trade 0 pr(itable1 & 9 #afba ! ,dut* ,we/ ,india ,company 0 plac$ 9 control ( ,new ,ne!rl&4 #c4 ,settlem5ts 7 soon attempt$ & patroon%ips creat$2 b ! *ief indu/ry ( ,new ,ne!rl& 0 ! fur trade4 #d4 ,9 #afch a ,sw$i% colony1 call$ ,new ,sw$51 0 plant$ on ! ,delaw>e2 b x 0 seiz$ by ! ,dut* 7#afee74 #e4 ,! ,engli% by ?is "t _h begun to settle 9 ,new ,engl&4 ,?is l$ to disputes1 & 9 #affd ,new ,ne!rl& 0 seiz$ by ! ,engli%1 arid became a possession ( ! ,duke ( ,york1 bro!r ( ,k+ ,*>les ,,ii4 #f4 ,mo/ ( ! prov9ce 0 call$ ,new ,york2 b "p ( x 0 cut (f & giv5 to two noblem51 & became ! prov9ce ( ,new ,j]sey4 #g4 ,9 #affc & #affe ,*>les ,,ii made "s ( 8 fri5ds proprietors ( ,c>ol9a1 a prov9ce lat] divid$ into ,nor? & ,s\? ,c>ol9a4 #h4 ,9 #afha ,p5nsylvania 0 grant$ to ,william ,p5n z a propriet>y colony4 #i4 ,9 ord] to obta9 ! "r ( access to ! sea1 ,p5n secur$ f ! ,duke ( ,york :at is n[ ,delaw>e4 #aj4 ,! la/ ( ! colonies 0 ,georgia1 *>t]$ 9 #agcb4 #aa4 ,education scanty & poor4 ,no pr9t+ presses = "o hundr$ ye>s aft] fir/ settlem5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,p\nd+ ,,corn4 ,,footnotes #a ,h5ry ,hudson 0 an ,engli% seaman :o twice be=e _h made voyages to ! nor? & nor!a/w>d = an ,engli% trad+ company4 ,/opp+ 9 ,engl& on 8 return f ,am]ica1 ,hudson s5t a report ( 8 discov]y to ! ,dut* company & (f]$ to g on ano!r voyage to se>* = ! nor?we/ passage4 ,he 0 ord]$ to come to ,am/]dam1 b ! ,engli% au?orities w\ld n let him g4 ,9 #afaj he sail$ aga9 = ! ,engli% & ent]$ ,hudson ,bay1 :]e dur+ "s mon?s 8 %ip 0 lock$ 9 ! ice4 ,! crew mut9i$ & put ,hudson1 8 son1 & sev5 sick m5 adrift 9 an op5 boat1 & !n sail$ = ,engl&4 ,!re ! crew 7 imprison$4 ,an exp$ition 0 s5t 9 se>* ( ,hudson1 b no trace ( him 0 f\nd4 #b ,"o ( ^!1 ,cape ,may1 n[ be>s 8 "n2 ! o!r1 ,cape ,h5lop51 is call$ aft] a t[n 9 ,holl&4 #c ,! fir/ patroon%ip 0 ,sw&ale1 9 :at is n[ ! /ate ( ,delaw>e2 b ! ,indians 7 tr\blesome1 & ! e/ate 0 ab&on$4 ,! second1 grant$ to ,mi*ael ,pauw1 includ$ ,/at5 ,isl& & mu* ( :at is n[ ,j]sey ,city2 x 0 sold back to ! company aft] a few ye>s4 ,! mo/ successful patroon%ip 0 ! ,van ,r5ssela] 7r5'se-l]7 e/ate on ! ,hudson ne> ,albany4 ,x ext5d$ tw5ty-f\r miles along bo? banks ( ! riv] & ran back into ! c\ntry tw5ty-f\r miles f ea* bank4 ,! family /ill occupies a small "p ( ! e/ate4 #d ,new ,am/]dam 0 !n a clu/] ( "s ?irty "o-/ory log h\ses ) b>k ro(s1 & two hundr$ population engag$ 9 ! fur trade4 ,! t[n at fir/ grew sl[ly4 ,!re 7 no su* p]secution & di/ress 9 ,holl& z 9 ,engl&1 & !re=e little inducem5t = m5 to migrate4 ,m9uit 0 succe$$ z gov]nor by ,van ,twill] 7#afcc71 & he by ,kieft 7#afch71 dur+ ^: t]m all monopolies ( trade 7 ab&on$4 ,! fur trade1 h]et(ore limit$ to ag5ts ( ! company1 0 op5$ to ! _w1 & new inducem5ts 7 (f]$ to immigrants4 ,any f>m] :o w\ld g to ,new ,ne!rl& 0 c>ri$ free ) 8 family1 & 0 giv5 a f>m1 ) a h\se1 b>n1 horses1 c[s1 %eep1 sw9e1 & tools1 = a small annual r5t4 #e ,f ^! n9e m5 9 "t came an appeal to ! ,dut* gov]nm5t to turn out ! company & give ! p a gov]nm5t ( _! own4 ,! fir/ dem& 0 refus$1 b ! second 0 p>tly grant$2 = 9 #afec ,new ,am/]dam 0 incorporat$ z a city ) a popul> gov]nm5t4 #f ,read ,fiske's ,dut* & ,quak] ,colonies1 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #bhf-bia4 ,9 #afgc1 ,engl& & ,holl& be+ at w>1 a ,dut* fleet recaptur$ ,new ,york & nam$ x ,new ,orange1 & held x = a few mon?s4 ,:5 peace 0 made 7#afgd7 ! city 0 re/or$ to ! ,engli%1 & ,dut* rule 9 ,nor? ,am]ica 0 ov] =ev]4 #g ,ea* t[n 0 to elect a con/able & eight ov]se]s1 ) limit$ p[]s4 ,sev]al t[ns 7 gr\p$ into a rid+1 ov] :i* presid$ a %]iff appo9t$ by ! gov]nor4 ,9 #afhc ! rid+s became c\nties1 & 9 #agjc x 0 ord]$ t ! p ( ea* t[n %\ld elect memb]s ( a bo>d ( sup]visors4 #h ,9 #afhc ,?omas ,dongan came out z gov]nor1 ) au?ority to call an assembly to aid 9 mak+ laws & levy+ taxes4 ,sev5te5 repres5tatives met 9 ,new ,york1 enact$ "s laws1 & fram$ a ,*>t] ( ,fran*ises & ,privileges4 ,! duke sign$ ?is z proprietor 9 #afhd2 b revok$ x z ,k+ ,james ,,ii4 #i ,william ,p5n 0 ! son ( ,sir ,william ,p5n1 an admiral 9 ! navy ( ! ,commonweal? & a fri5d ( ,*>les ,,ii4 ,at ,ox=d "y ,william ,p5n 0 kn[n z an a?lete & a s*ol> & a l+ui/1 a reputation he ma9ta9$ 9 aft] life by le>n+ to speak ,lat91 ,fr5*1 ,g]man1 ,dut*1 & ,italian4 ,aft] becom+ a ,quak]1 he 0 tak5 f ,ox=d & travel$ 9 ,france1 ,italy1 & ,irel&1 :]e he 0 imprison$ = att5d+ a ,quak] meet+4 ,! fa!r at fir/ 0 bitt]ly oppos$ to ! religi\s views ( ! son1 b 9 ! end became reconcil$1 & on ! dea? ( ! admiral 79 #afgj71 ,william ,p5n inh]it$ a =tune4 ,!nce=? all 8 "t1 means1 & en]gy 7 devot$ to ! int]e/s ( ! ,quak]s4 ,= a %ort acc\nt ( ,p5n1 read ,fiske's ,dut* & ,quak] ,colonies1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #aad-aah1 #abi-acj4 #aj ,p5n int5d$ to call 8 tract ,new ,wales1 b to please ! k+ *ang$ x to ,sylvania1 be=e :i* ! k+ put ! "n ,p5n1 9 honor ( ,p5n's fa!r4 ,! k+ ow$ ,p5n's fa!r #af1jjj1 & consid]$ ! debt paid by ! l& grant4 #aa ,all laws 7 to be propos$ by ! gov]nor & ! upp] h\se2 b ! l[] h\se might reject any ( !m4 ,at ! fir/ meet+ ( ! ,assembly ,p5n (f]$ a s]ies ( laws call$ ,! ,great ,law4 ,^! provid$ t all religions %\ld be tol]at$2 t all l&hold]s & taxpay]s might vote & be eligible to memb]%ip 9 ! ,assembly2 t e *ild ( twelve %\ld be taught "s useful trade2 & t ! prisons %\ld be made h\ses ( indu/ry & education4 #ab ,p5nsylvania ext5d$ five degrees ( longitude we/ f ! ,delaw>e4 ,! s\? b\nd>y 0 to be a circle drawn at twelve miles' di/ance f ,newca/le nor?w>d & we/w>d unto ! beg9n+ ( ! =tie? degree ( nor!rn latitude1 & !n by a /raight l9e we/w>d4 ,?is 0 an impossible l9e1 z a circle s drawn w\ld meet nei!r ! ?irty-n9? nor ! =tie? p>allel4 ,m>yl&1 moreov]1 0 to ext5d unto t "p ( ,delaw>e ,bay on ! nor? :i* lie? "u ! =tie? degree ( nor? latitude4 ,p5n held t ! words ( 8 grant beg9n+ ( ! =tie? degree meant ! ?irty-n9? p>allel4 ,! ,baltimores d5i$ ?is & claim$ to ! =tie?4 ,! dispute 0 f9ally settl$ by a compromise l9e :i* 0 p>tly locat$ 7#agfc-fg7 by two surveyors1 ,mason & ,dixon4 ,9 lat] days ?is ,mason & ,dixon's l9e became ! b\nd>y betwe5 ! seabo>d free & slave-hold+ /ates4 ,! nor? b\nd>y ( ,p5nsylvania 0 to be ! beg9n+ ( ! ?ree & =tie? degree ( nor!rn latitude1 :i*1 accord+ to ,p5n's argum5t 9 ! ,m>yl& case1 meant ! =ty- second p>allel1 & on ?is ,new ,york insi/$4 #ac ,! grant ext5d$ f ! #ca/ to ! #cf? degree ( nor? latitude1 & f ! ,atlantic to ! ,s\? ,sea2 x 0 giv5 to eight noblem51 fri5ds ( ! k+4 ,9 #affe /rips 7 add$ on ! nor? & on ! s\?1 & ,c>ol9a !n ext5d$ f ! p>allel ( #bi degrees to t ( #cf degrees #cj m9utes4 #ad ,?is plan1 ! ,gr& ,model1 z x 0 call$1 0 int5d$ to introduce a que] sort ( nobility or l&$ ari/ocracy into ,am]ica4 ,at ! head ( ! /ate 0 to be a palat9e4 ,bel[ him 9 rank 7 propriet>ies1 l&graves1 caciques1 & ! leetm5 or pla9 p4 ,read ,fiske's ,old ,virg9ia & h] ,neighb\rs1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #bga-bgf4 #ae ,read ,fiske's ,old ,virg9ia & h] ,neighb\rs1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #caj-cai4 #af ,read ,fiske's ,old ,virg9ia & h] ,neighb\rs1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #cfa-cfi4 #ag ,ev] s9ce ! e>ly voyages ( discov]y ,spa9 _h claim$ ! :ole ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 & all ( ,s\? ,am]ica we/ ( ! ,l9e ( ,dem>cation4 ,b 9 #afgj ,spa91 by treaty1 ackn[l$g$ ! "r ( ,engl& to ! t]ritory %e !n possess$ 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,no b\nd>ies 7 m5tion$1 s ! region betwe5 ,/4 ,augu/9e & ! ,savannah ,riv] 0 left to be cont5d$ = 9 ! future4 ,engl&1 9 ! *>t] to ! proprietors ( ,c>ol9a 7#affe71 ass]t$ h] claim to ! coa/ z f> s\? z #bi4 ,b ?is 0 absurd2 = ! p>allel ( #bi 0 s\? ( ,/4 ,augu/9e1 :]e ,spa9 = a hundr$ ye>s _h ma9ta9$ a /rong =t & settlem5t4 ,! possessions ( ,engl& really /opp$ at ! ,savannah ,riv]1 & sixty-two ye>s pass$ aft] ! treaty ) ,spa9 7#afgj7 be=e any colony 0 plant$ s\? ( t riv]4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,h[ ,,! ,,colonies ,,7 ,,gov]n$ ,,gr\ps ,,( ,,colonies4--,x has long be5 cu/om>y to gr\p ! colonies 9 two ways--accord+ to _! geographical location1 & accord+ to _! =m ( gov]nm5t4 ,geographically consid]$1 !re 7 ?ree gr\ps3 7#a7 ! ,ea/]n ,colonies1 or ,new ,engl&--,new ,hamp%ire1 ,massa*usetts 7includ+ ,plym\? & ,ma9e71 ,rhode ,isl&1 & ,connecticut2 7#b7 ! ,middle ,colonies--,new ,york1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,p5nsylvania1 & ,delaw>e2 & 7#c7 ! ,s\!rn ,colonies--,m>yl&1 ,virg9ia1 ,nor? & ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 & ,georgia4 7,map1 p4 #acd47 ,politically consid]$1 !re 7 ?ree gr\ps also--! *>t]1 ! royal1 & ! propriet>y4 7#a7 ,! *>t] colonies 7 ^? ^: organization 0 describ$ 9 a *>t]2 namely1 ,massa*usetts1 ,connecticut1 & ,rhode ,isl&4 7#b7 ,! royal colonies 7 "u ! imm$iate au?ority ( ! k+ & subject to 8 w & pleasure--,new ,hamp%ire1 ,new ,york1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,virg9ia1 ,nor? & ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 & ,georgia4 #a 7#c7 ,9 ! propriet>y colonies1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,delaw>e1 & ,m>yl&1 au?ority 0 ve/$ 9 a proprietor or propriet>ies1 :o own$ ! l&1 appo9t$ ! gov]nors1 & e/abli%$ ! legislatures4 ,illu/ration3 ,,colonial ,,*air4 ,9 ! possession ( ! ,concord ,antiqu>ian ,society4 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,navigation ,,act4--,x 0 f ! k+ t ! l& grants1 ! *>t]s1 & ! p[]s ( gov]nm5t 7 obta9$1 & x 0 to him t ! coloni/s ow$ allegiance4 ,n till ! passage ( ! ,navigation ,acts did ,p>liam5t conc]n itself ) ! colonies4 ,! fir/ ( ^! acts1 ! ord9ance ( #afea1 0 int5d$ to cut (f ! trade ( ,holl& ) ! colonies4 ,x provid$ t none b ,engli% or colonial %ips c\ld trade betwe5 ,engl& & h] colonies1 or trade along ! coa/ f port to port1 or engage 9 ! =eign trade ( ! plantations4 ,,! ,,second ,,navigation ,,act 0 pass$ 9 #affj4 ,x provid$ 7#a7 t no goods %\ld be import$ or export$ save 9 ,engli% or colonial %ips1 & 7#b7 t c]ta9 goods #b %\ld n be s5t f ! colonies any:]e except to an ,engli% port4 ,a ?ird act1 pass$ 9 #affc1 requir$ all ,european goods de/9$ = ! colonies to be fir/ l&$ 9 ,engl&4 ,! purpose ( ^! acts 0 to favor ,engli% m]*ants4 ,,! ,,lords ,,( ,,trade4--,t ! k+ 9 p]son %\ld att5d to all ! trade affairs ( 8 colonies 0 impossible4 ,f a v e>ly "t1 !re=e1 ! managem5t ( trade matt]s 0 intru/$ to a committee appo9t$ by ! k+1 or by ,p>liam5t dur+ ! ,civil ,w> & ! ,commonweal?4 ,aft] ! re/oration ( ! mon>*y 79 #affj7 ?is body 0 kn[n fir/ z ! ,committee = ,=eign ,plantations1 !n z ! ,lords ( ,trade1 & f9ally 7aft] #afif7 z ! ,lords ( ! ,bo>d ( ,trade & ,plantations4 ,x 0 _! duty to correspond ) ! gov]nors1 make recomm5dations1 en=ce ! ,navigation ,acts1 exam9e all colonial laws & advise ! k+ z to :i* he %\ld veto or disall[1 write ! k+'s proclamations1 li/5 to compla9ts ( m]*ants1--9 %ort1 att5d to ev]y?+ conc]n+ ! trade & gov]nm5t ( ! colonies4 ,,! ,,colonial ,,gov]nor4--,! mo/ important colonial (ficial 0 ! gov]nor4 ,9 ,connecticut & ,rhode ,isl& ! gov]nor 0 elect$ by ! p2 9 ! royal colonies & 9 ,massa*usetts 7aft] #afhd7 he 0 appo9t$ by ! k+1 & 9 ! propriet>y colonies by ! proprietor ) ! approval ( ! k+4 ,ea* gov]nor appo9t$ by ! k+ recomm5d$ legislation to ! assemblies1 in=m$ ! k+ z to ! condition ( ! colony1 s5t home copies ( ! laws1 & by 8 veto prev5t$ ! passage ( laws injuri\s to ! int]e/s ( ! cr[n4 ,f "t to "t he receiv$ in/ructions z to :at ! k+ wi%$ done4 ,he 0 comm&] ( ! militia1 & c\ld assemble1 prorogue 7adj\rn71 & dismiss ! legislature ( ! colony4 ,illu/ration3 ,,colonial ,,p>lor 7,,re/oration74 ,,! ,,c\ncil4--,associat$ ) ! gov]nor 9 e colony 0 a ,c\ncil ( f ?ree to tw5ty-eight m5 #c :o act$ z a bo>d ( advis]s to ! gov]nor1 usually s]v$ z ! upp] h\se ( ! legislature1 & sometimes act$ z ! highe/ or supreme c\rt ( ! colony4 ,,! ,,l[] ,,h\se ( ! legislature1 or ! ,assembly1--call$ by diff]5t names 9 "s colonies1 z ,h\se ( ,delegates1 or ,h\se ( ,commons1--0 *os5 by su* ( ! p z c\ld vote4 ,) ! gov]nor & ,c\ncil x made ! laws1 #d levi$ ! taxes1 & appo9t$ c]ta9 (fic]s2 b 7except 9 ,rhode ,isl& & ,connecticut7 ! laws c\ld be veto$ by ! gov]nor1 or disall[$ by ! k+ or ! proprietor4 ,!re 7 _m disputes betwe5 gov]nor & ,assembly1 ea* try+ to ga9 m p[] & influ5ce 9 ! gov]nm5t4 ,if ! gov]nor veto$ _m laws1 ! ,assembly might refuse to vote him any sal>y4 ,if ! ,assembly w\ld n levy taxes & pass laws z reque/$ by ! gov]nor1 he might dismiss x & call = ! election ( a new "o4 ,illu/ration3 ,,colonial ,,pewt] ,,di%es4 ,,! ,,laws4--,_m ( ! laws ( colonial times seem to u cruel & sev]e4 ,a l>ge numb] ( crimes 7 !n puni%able ) dea?4 ,= less s]i\s (f5ses m5 & wom5 _h lett]s br&$ on _! =eheads or *eeks or h&s1 or sew$ on _! out] g>m5ts 9 pla9 sight2 or 7 flogg$ ?r\gh ! /reets1 duck$1 /ood "u ! gall[s1 /ood 9 ! pillory1 or put 9 ! /ocks4 ,9 ,new ,engl& x 0 an (f5se to travel or cook food or walk ab\t ! t[n on ! ,sabba? day1 or to buy any clo? ) lace on x4 ,,local ,,gov]nm5t 0 ( ?ree sy/ems3 ! t[n 7t[n%ip7 9 ,new ,engl&2 ! c\nty 9 ! ,s\!rn ,colonies2 & 9 ! ,middle ,colonies a mixture ( bo?4 ,,t[n ,,meet+4--,! affairs ( a ,new ,engl& t[n 7 regulat$ at t[n meet+1 to :i* f "t to "t ! freem5 7 w>n$1 or summon$1 by ! con/able4 ,to be a freeman 9 ,massa*usetts & ,connecticut a man _h to own a c]ta9 am\nt ( prop]ty & be a memb] ( a recogniz$ *ur*4 ,if a newcom]1 he _h to be =mally admitt$ to freeman%ip at a t[n meet+4 ,^! meet+s 7 presid$ ov] by a mod]ator *os5 = ! occasion1 & at !m taxes 7 levi$1 laws enact$1 & once a ye> (fic]s 7 elect$4 #e ,! pr9cipal t[n (fic]s 7 ! selectm5 :o manag$ ! t[n's affairs betwe5 t[n meet+s1 ! con/ables1 ov]se]s ( ! poor1 assessors1 ! t[n cl]k1 & ! treasur]4 ,,! ,,c\nty4--,9 ! ,s\?1 :]e plantations 7 num]\s & :]e !re 7 no t[ns ( ! ,new ,engl& k9d1 c\nty gov]nm5t prevail$4 ,! (fic]s 7 appo9t$ by ! royal gov]nor1 =m$ a bo>d call$ ! c\rt ( qu>t] sessions1 & levi$ local taxes1 made local laws1 & z a c\rt adm9i/]$ ju/ice4 ,9 ! ,middle ,colonies !re 7 bo? t[n & c\nty gov]nm5ts4 ,9 ,new ,york1 ea* t[n 7aft] #agjc7 elect$ a sup]visor1 & c\nty affairs 7 manag$ by a bo>d consi/+ ( ! sup]visors ( all ! t[ns 9 ! c\nty4 ,9 ,p5nsylvania ! c\nty (fic]s 7 elect$ by ! vot]s ( ! :ole c\nty4 ,,no ,,repres5tation ,,9 ,,p>liam5t4--,! colonies s5t no repres5tatives to ,p>liam5t4 ,9 c]ta9 matt]s t body legislat$ = ! colonies1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,navigation ,acts4 ,b unless expressly /at$ 9 ! act1 no law ( ,p>liam5t appli$ to ! colonies4 ,hav+ no repres5tation 9 ,p>liam5t1 ! colonies (t5 s5t special ag5ts to ,london to look aft] _! affairs1 & 9 lat] times kept ag5ts !re regul>ly1 "o man act+ = sev]al colonies4 #f ,a ,,union ,,( ,,! ,,colonies4--,! idea ( unit+ ! colonies = purposes ( g5]al welf>e & common def5se 0 propos$ v e>ly 9 _! hi/ory4 ,9 #afig ,p5n sugge/$ a congress ( delegates f ea* colony4 ,a little lat] ,rob]t ,liv+/on ( ,new ,york urg$ ! gr\p+ ( ! colonies into ?ree prov9ces1 f ea* ( :i* delegates %\ld be s5t to ,albany to consid] measures = def5se4 ,z yet1 h[ev]1 ! colonies 7 n ready = any?+ ( ?is sort4 ,,! ,,*>t]s ,,attack$4--,! k+1 on ! o!r h&1 _h attempt$ to unite "s ( ! colonies 9 a v diff]5t way--by de/roy+ ! *>t]s ( ! nor!rn colonies & putt+ !m "u "o gov]nor4 ,! fir/ attack 0 made by ,k+ ,*>les ,,ii1 on ,massa*usetts1 & aft] a long /ruggle h] *>t] 7p4 #eh7 0 tak5 away by ! ,engli% c\rts 9 #afhd4 ,! *>t]s ( ,rhode ,isl& & ,connecticut 7 next annull$1 & ,k+ ,james ,,ii #g s5t ov] ,edmund ,&ros z gov]nor ( ,new ,engl&4 ,,connecticut ,,saves ,,h] ,,*>t]4--,&ros rea*$ ,bo/on 9 #afhf1 & assum$ ! gov]nm5t ( ,massa*usetts & ,new ,hamp%ire4 #h ,he next ord]$ ,plym\?1 ,rhode ,isl&1 & ,connecticut to submit & accept annexation4 ,plym\? & ,rhode ,isl& did s1 b ,connecticut resi/$4 ,&ros !re=e came to ,h>t=d 7#afhg71 dissolv$ ! colonial gov]nm5t1 & dem&$ ! ,connecticut *>t]4 ,tradition says t ! ,assembly met him1 & debat$ ! "q till dusk2 c&les 7 !n light$ & ! *>t] br\ght 9 & laid on ! table2 ?is done1 ! c&les 7 sudd5ly bl[n out1 & :5 !y 7 relight$1 ! *>t] c\ld n be f\nd2 ,capta9 ,wadswor? ( ,h>t=d _h c>ri$ x (f & hidd5 x 9 an oak tree !reaft] kn[n z ! ,*>t] ,oak4 ,b ,&ros rul$ ,connecticut1 & 9 ! foll[+ ye> ,new ,york & ,ea/ & ,we/ ,j]sey also 7 plac$ "u 8 au?ority4 ,&ros ?us became rul] ( all ! prov9ces ly+ nor? & ea/ ( ! ,delaw>e ,riv]4 #i ,8 rule 0 tyrannical3 he aboli%$ ! legislatures1 & ) ! aid ( appo9t$ c\ncilm5 he made laws & levi$ taxes z he pleas$4 ,,! ,,engli% ,,revolution ,,( #afhi4--;,9 #afhi ,k+ ,james ,,ii 0 driv5 f 8 ?rone1 ,william & ,m>y became k+ & que5 ( ,engl&1 & w> broke out ) ,france4 ,news ( ^! ev5ts caus$ an upheaval 9 ! colonies4 ,! p 9 ,bo/on promptly seiz$ ,&ros & put him 9 jail2 ,connecticut & ,rhode ,isl& resum$ _! *>t] gov]nm5ts2 ! ,prote/ants 9 ,m>yl& ov]?rew ! gov]nm5t ( ! proprietor & set up a new "o 9 ! "n ( ,william & ,m>y #aj2 & 9 ,new ,york ,leisl] rais$ a rebellion4 ,,massa*usetts ,,re*>t]$4--,massa*usetts s5t ag5ts to ,london to ask = ! re/oration ( h] old *>t]2 b in/ead ,william grant$ a new *>t] 9 #afia1 :i* provid$ t ! gov]nor %\ld be appo9t$ by ! k+4 ,plym\? & ,ma9e 7 unit$ ) ,massa*usetts1 b ,new ,hamp%ire 0 made a sep>ate royal colony4 ,! *>t]s ( ,rhode ,isl& & ,connecticut 7 confirm$1 s t !y cont9u$ to elect _! own gov]nors4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,=t ,,at ,,new ,,york4 ,,leisl]',s ,,rebellion4--,&ros _h rul$ ,new ,york ?r\gh a deputy nam$ ,ni*olson1 :o tri$ to rema9 9 control4 ,a ri* m]*ant nam$ ,jacob ,leisl] d5i$ ! "r ( ,ni*olson to act1 refus$ to pay duty on "s w9e he _h import$1 &1 aid$ by ! p1 seiz$ ! =t & set up a tempor>y gov]nm5t4 ,a conv5tion 0 !n call$1 a committee ( safety appo9t$1 & ,leisl] 0 made comm&] 9 *ief4 ,lat] he assum$ ! (fice ( lieut5ant gov]nor4 ,:5 ,k+ ,william he>d ( ^! ?+s1 he appo9t$ a new gov]nor1 & e>ly 9 #afia ?ree %ips ) "s soldi]s rea*$ ,new ,york4 ,leisl] at fir/ refus$ to give up ! =t2 b 0 soon =c$ to surr5d]1 & 0 f9ally hang$ = rebellion4 #aa ,,bacon',s ,,rebellion4--,massa*usetts & ,new ,york 7 n ! fir/ colonies 9 :i* bad gov]nm5t l$ to upris+s aga9/ a royal gov]nor4 ,9 ,virg9ia1 dur+ ! reign ( ,*>les ,,ii1 ! rule ( ,gov]nor ,b]keley 0 selfi% & tyrannical4 ,9 #afgf ! plant]s on ! fronti] ask$ = protection aga9/ ,indian attacks1 b ! gov]nor1 :o 0 engag$ 9 ,indian trade1 refus$ to s5d soldi]s2 & :5 ,na?aniel ,bacon l$ a =ce ( plant]s aga9/ ! ,indians1 ,b]keley decl>$ him a rebel1 rais$ a =ce ( m51 & m>*$ aft] him4 ,:ile ,b]keley 0 away1 ! p 9 ,jame/[n rose & dem&$ a new ,assembly & c]ta9 re=ms4 ,b]keley yield$ to ! dem&s1 & 0 also compell$ to give ,bacon a commission to fight ! ,indians2 b :5 ,bacon 0 well on 8 way1 ,b]keley aga9 proclaim$ him a rebel1 & fl$ f ,jame/[n4 ,bacon1 support$ by mo/ ( ! p1 n[ seiz$ ! gov]nm5t & s5t a =ce to capture ,b]keley4 ,! gov]nor & 8 foll[]s defeat$ ?is =ce & occupi$ ,jame/[n4 ,bacon1 :o 0 aga9 on ! fronti]1 return$1 drove ,b]keley away1 burn$ ,jame/[n le/ x %\ld be aga9 occupi$1 & a mon? lat] di$4 ,! popul> upris+ !n subsid$ rapidly1 & :5 ! k+'s =ces arriv$ 7#afgg7 to re/ore ord]1 ,b]keley 0 9 control4 #ab ,,gr[? ,,( ,,population4--,dur+ ! c5tury :i* foll[$ ! re/oration ( mon>*y 7#affj7 ! colonies grew n only 9 numb] b also 9 population & 9 weal?4 ,9 #affj !re 7 probably #bjj1jjj p 9 ! ,engli% colonies2 by #agfj !re 7 ne>ly #b1jjj1jjj--;all ea/ ( ! ,appala*ian wat]%$4 ,! ?ree great c5t]s 7 ,virg9ia1 ,massa*usetts1 & ,p5nsylvania4 ,sp>se z ! population seems to u1 ! great m>* across ! cont95t _h begun4 #ac ,,cities ,,& ,,t[ns4--,! c5tury 7#affj-agfj7 _h se5 ! rise ( b "o real city 9 ! ,s\?--,*>le/on4 ,annapolis 0 a village1 ,baltimore a hamlet ( a hundr$ s\ls1 ,williamsburg & ,norfolk 7 b t[ns1 & no place 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a 0 m ?an a c\ntry village4 ,philadelphia1 :i* did n exi/ 9 #affj1 _h become a place ( #af1jjj p 9 #agfj1 neat1 well-built1 & prosp]\s4 ,ne> by 0 ,g]man t[n1 & fur!r we/ ,lanca/]1 ! l>ge/ inl& t[n 9 all ! colonies4 ,betwe5 ,philadelphia & ,new ,york !re 7 no places l>g] ?an small villages4 ,new ,york _h a population ( "s #ab1jjj s\ls2 ,bo/on1 ! *ief city 9 ! colonies1 "s #bj1jjj2 & 9 ,new ,engl& 7 sev]al o!r t[ns ( importance4 ,,life ,,9 ,,! ,,cities4--,9 ! cities & l>ge t[ns f ,bo/on to ,*>le/on 9 #agfj 7 _m f9e h\ses4 ,e family ( weal? _h co/ly furniture1 pl5ty ( silv]1 *9a1 glass1 & tape/ry1 & e com=t t money c\ld !n buy4 ,! m5 wore broadclo?1 lace ruffles1 silk /ock+s1 & silv] %oe buckles1 p[d]$ _! hair1 & c>ri$ swords4 ,! wom5 dress$ m elaborately 9 silks & brocades1 & wore t[]+ head-dresses & o/ri* plumes4 ,%opkeep]s wore homespun1 work+m5 & me*anics lea!r aprons4 ,illu/ration3 ,,colonial ,,sidebo>d1 ,,) ,,knife ,,cases1 ,,c&le/ick1 ,,pit*]s1 ,,& ,,decant]4 ,9 ! possession ( ! ,concord ,antiqu>ian ,society4 ,,?+s ,,n ,,9 ,,use ,,9 #affj4--,%\ld we make a li/ ( :at are to u ! ev]yday conv5i5ces ( life & /rike f ! li/ ! ?+s n kn[n 9 #affj1 v few w\ld rema94 ,a bus9ess man 9 "o ( our l>ge cities1 let u suppose1 sets (f = 8 place ( bus9ess on a ra9y day4 ,he puts on a pair ( rubb]s1 takes an umbrella1 buys a morn+ newspap]1 bo>ds a trolley c>1 & :5 8 place ( bus9ess is rea*$1 is c>ri$ by an elevator to 8 (fice floor1 & ent]s a /eam-heat$1 electric-light$ room4 ,9 #affj & = _m ye>s aft]1 !re 0 n 9 any ( ! colonies a pair ( rubb]s1 an umbrella1 a trolley c>1 a morn+ newspap]1 an elevator1 a /eam-heat$ room1 #ad an electric light4 ,illu/ration3 ,,colonial ,,foot ,,/ove4 ,! man ( bus9ess sits d[n 9 a revolv+ *air be=e a rolltop desk4 ,9 front ( him are /eel p5s1 ,india rubb] eras]1 blott+ pap]1 rubb] b&s1 a telephone4 ,he takes up a bundle ( typewritt5 lett]s1 dictates answ]s to a /5ograph]1 s5ds a telegram to "s "o a ?\s& miles away1 & be=e return+ home has receiv$ an answ]4 ,9 #affj !re 0 n 9 all ! l& a /5ograph]1 or any ( ! articles m5tion$2 no telephone1 no telegraph1 n ev5 a po/ (fice4 ,,travel ,,& ,,communication4--,if bus9ess calls him f home1 he travels 9 com=t 9 a /eamboat or a railway c>1 & goes f>!r 9 "o h\r ?an 9 #affj he c\ld h gone 9 two days1 = at t "t !re 0 n a /eamboat1 nor a railroad1 nor ev5 a /agecoa*1 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,m5 w5t f "o colony to ano!r by sail+ vessel2 ov]l& !y travel$ on horseback2 & if a wife w5t ) h] husb&1 %e rode beh9d him on a pillion4 ,! produce ( ! f>ms 0 drawn to ! village m>ket by ox teams4 ,illu/ration3 ,,travel+ ,,9 #affj4 ,,newspap]s ,,& ,,pr9t+4--,9 #affj no newspap] or magaz9e ( any sort 0 publi%$ 9 ! colonies4 ,! fir/ pr9t+ press 9 ,engli% ,am]ica 0 set up at ,cambridge 9 #afcj1 & 0 long ! only "o4 ,! fir/ newspap] 9 our c\ntry 0 ! ,bo/on ,news ,lett]1 pr9t$ 9 #agjd1 & !re 0 none 9 ,p5nsylvania till #agai1 & none s\? ( ! ,potomac till #agcb4 ,,lib]ty ,,( ,,! ,,press did n exi/4 ,no book1 pamphlet1 or almanac c\ld be pr9t$ )\t p]mission4 ,9 #afhe1 :5 a pr9t] 9 ,philadelphia pr9t$ some?+ 9 8 almanac :i* displeas$ ! ,c\ncil1 he 0 =c$ to blot x out4 ,ano!r ,philadelphia pr9t]1 ,brad=d1 (f5d$ ! ,quak]s by putt+ into 8 almanac some?+ too light & airy = "o t is a ,*ri/ian1 :]eupon ! almanac 0 suppress$2 & = lat] (f5ses ,brad=d 0 ?r[n into jail & s h>%ly treat$ t he left ! colony4 ,9 ,new ,york 7#agbe7 ,brad=d />t$ ! fir/ newspap] 9 t colony4 ,"o ( 8 old appr5tices1 ,john ,pet] ,z5g]1 />t$ ! second 7#agcc71 & soon call$ d[n ! wra? ( ! gov]nor because ( "s %>p attacks on 8 conduct4 ,copies ( ! newspap] 7 burn$ be=e ! pillory1 ,z5g] 0 put 9 jail1 & :at began z a trial = libel end$ 9 a great /ruggle = lib]ty ( ! press2 ,z5g]'s acquittal 0 ! cause ( great public rejoic+s4 #ae ,,*anges ,,betwe5 #affj ,,& #agfj4--;,by #agfj ! conditions ( life 9 ! colonies _h *ang$ = ! bett] 9 _m respects4 ,/agecoa*es _h come 91 & a l9e ran regul>ly betwe5 ,new ,york & ,philadelphia4 ,po/ (fices _h be5 e/abli%$4 ,!re 7 pr9t+ presses & newspap]s 9 mo/ ( ! colonies1 !re 7 public subscription libr>ies 9 ,*>le/on & ,philadelphia1 & six colleges scatt]$ ov] ! colonies f ,virg9ia to ,massa*usetts4 ,,education4--,:at we "k z ! public s*ool sy/em1 h[ev]1 did n yet exi/4 ,*ildr5 g5]ally att5d$ private s*ools kept by w&]+ tea*]s :o 7 bo>d$ ar\nd among ! f>m]s or village folk2 & le>n$ only to read1 write1 & ciph]4 ,b a few w5t to ! ,lat9 s*ool or to college1 = :i* !y 7 (t5 prep>$ by cl]gym54 ,,sports ,,& ,,pa/imes4--,amusem5ts 9 colonial days v>i$ some:at ) ! section ( ! c\ntry & ! "* ( ! p :o _h settl$ x4 ,corn husk+s1 quilt+ p>ties1 & sp9n+ bees 7 common 9 _m colonies4 ,a h\se rais+ or a log-roll+ 7a pil+ bee7 0 a great occasion = frolic4 ,picnics1 tea p>ties1 & dances 7 common ev]y:]e2 ! m5 (t5 compet$ 9 foot races1 wre/l+ mat*es1 & %oot+ at a m>k4 ,9 ,new ,engl& ! great day = su* sports 0 tra9+ day1 :i* came f\r times a ye>1 :5 "y & old ga!r$ on ! village gre5 to see ! militia company drill4 ,9 ,new ,york !re 7 also fi%+ p>ties & tav]n p>ties1 & mu* skat+ & coa/+1 horse rac+1 bull bait+1 b[l+ on ! gre5s1 & 9 ,new ,york city balls1 conc]ts1 & private !atricals4 ,9 ,p5nsylvania v5dues 7auctions71 fairs1 & cid] press+ 7besides husk+ bees & h\se rais+s7 7 occasions = social ga!r+s & dances4 ,s\? ( ! ,potomac horse rac+1 fox hunt+1 cock fight+1 & cudgel+ 7 common sports4 ,at ! fairs !re 7 sack & hog%ead races1 bull bait+1 b>becues1 & danc+4 ,!re 0 a !at] at ,williamsburg & ano!r 9 ,*>le/on4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,mill ,,( #afia4 ,! p[] 0 furni%$ by ! great und]%ot wat] :eel4 ,,manufactures ,,& ,,comm]ce4--,little manufactur+ 0 done 9 #agfj1 save = ! h\sehold4 ,a few bran*es ( manufactures--wool5 goods1 felt hats1 /eel--:i* seem$ likely to fl\ri% 9 ! colonies 7 *eck$ by acts ( ,p>liam5t1 le/ !y %\ld compete ) indu/ries 9 ,engl&4 ,b %ipbuild+ 0 n mole/$1 & 9 ,new ,engl& & ,p5nsylvania _m %ips 7 built & sold4 ,l& comm]ce 9 #agfj 0 /ill conf9$ almo/ entirely to ! ,indian fur trade4 ,9 sea-go+ comm]ce ,new ,engl& l$1 h] vessels trad+ n only ) ,great ,brita9 & ! ,we/ ,indies1 b c>ry+ on mo/ ( ! coa/+ trade4 ,9 g5]al ! ,navigation ,acts 7 obey$2 b ! ,molasses ,act 7#agcc71 :i* levi$ a heavy duty on sug> or molasses f a =eign colony1 0 boldly evad$4 ,! law requir$ t all ,european goods mu/ come by way ( ,engl&2 b ?is too 0 evad$1 & smuggl+ ( ,european goods 0 v common4 ,tobacco f ,virg9ia & ,nor? ,c>ol9a (t5 f\nd its way 9 ,new ,engl& %ips to =bidd5 ports4 ,,summ>y #a4 ,! ,engli% colonies 7 ( ?ree sorts--*>t]1 royal1 & propriet>y2 b be=e #affj ea* manag$ its affairs mu* z x pleas$4 #b4 ,*>les ,,ii & lat] k+s tri$ to rule ! colonies = ! b5efit ( ! cr[n & ( ! "m c\ntry4 ,!y act$ ?r\gh ! ,lords ( ,trade 9 ,engl& & ?r\gh colonial gov]nors 9 ,am]ica4 #c4 ,9 #afgf ,bacon l$ an upris+ 9 ,virg9ia aga9/ ,gov]nor ,b]keley's arbitr>y rule4 #d4 ,9 #afhd ,massa*usetts 0 depriv$ ( h] *>t]1 & )9 a few ye>s all ! ,new ,engl& colonies1 ) ,new ,york & ,new ,j]sey1 7 put "u ! tyrannical rule ( ,gov]nor ,&ros4 #e4 ,:5 ,james ,,ii lo/ 8 ?rone1 ,&ros 0 depos$1 & ,massa*usetts 0 giv5 a new *>t] 7#afia74 #f4 ,! gov]nm5t ( ea* colony 0 manag$ by 7#a7 a gov]nor elect$ by ! p 7,rhode ,isl&1 ,connecticut7 or appo9t$ by ! k+ or by ! proprietor2 7#b7 by an appo9t$ ,c\ncil2 & 7#c7 by an ,assembly or l[] h\se elect$ by ! coloni/s4 #g4 ,local gov]nm5t 0 ( ?ree sorts3 9 ,new ,engl& ! t[n%ip sy/em prevail$2 9 ! ,s\!rn ,colonies ! c\nty sy/em2 & 9 ! ,middle ,colonies a mixture ( ! two4 #h4 ,9 #affj-agfj ! population increas$ ne>ly t5fold2 /agecoa*es1 po/ (fices1 & newspap]s 7 introduc$2 comm]ce increas$1 b little manufactur+ 0 done4 ,,footnotes #a ,new ,hamp%ire aft] #afgi1 ,new ,york aft] #afhe 7:5 ! ,duke ( ,york became k+71 ,new ,j]sey aft] #agjb1 ,virg9ia aft] #afbd1 ,nor? & ,s\? ,c>ol9a aft] #agbi1 ,georgia aft] #ageb4 #b ,^! goods 7 products ( ! colonies & 7 nam$ 9 ! act-- su* z tobacco1 sug>1 indigo1 & furs4 ,!re 0 a long li/ ( su* enum]at$ goods1 z !y 7 call$4 #c ,9 ! royal colonies !y 7 appo9t$ by ! cr[n2 9 ,massa*usetts1 by ! ,g5]al ,c\rt2 9 ! propriet>y colonies1 by ! proprietor4 #d ,9 ,massa*usetts z e>ly z #afcd ! ,g5]al ,c\rt consi/$ ( ! gov]nor1 ! assi/ants1 & two deputies f ea* t[n4 ,dur+ t5 ye>s !y all met 9 "o room2 b a qu>rel betwe5 ! assi/ants & ! deputies l$ to _! meet+ z sep>ate bodies4 ,= an acc\nt ( ?is curi\s qu>rel see ,fiske's ,beg9n+s ( ,new ,engl&1 pp4 #ajf-ajh4 ,9 ,connecticut & ,rhode ,isl& also ! t[ns elect$ deputies4 ,outside ( ,new ,engl& ! delegates to ! l[] bran* ( ! legislature 7 usually elect$ f c\nties1 b sometimes f important cities or t[ns4 #e ,! fir/ gov]nm5t ( ,plym\? ,colony 0 practically a t[n meet+4 ,! fir/ t[n to set up a local gov]nm5t 9 ,massa*usetts 0 ,dor*e/] 7#afcc74 ,?us />t$1 ! sy/em spread ov] all ,new ,engl&4 ,no?+ 0 too petty to be act$ on by ! t[n meet+4 ,= example1 ,x is ord]$ t all dogs1 = ! space ( ?ree weeks aft] ! publi%+ h]e(1 %all h "o leg ti$ up4444 ,if a man refuse to tye up 8 dogs leg & he be f\nd scrap+ up fi% us$ = f]tiliz] 9 ! corn field1 ! own] %all pay l#bs41 besides :atev] damage ! dog do?4 ,! proce$+s ( sev]al t[n meet+s at ,provid5ce are giv5 9 ,h>t's ,am]ican ,hi/ory told by ,contempor>ies1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #bad-bai4 #f ,p5n's *>t] requir$ him to keep an ag5t 9 or ne> ,london4 #g ,*>les ,,ii di$ 9 #afhe & 0 succe$$ by 8 bro!r1 ! ,duke ( ,york 7proprietor ( ! colony ( ,new ,york71 :o reign$ z ,james ,,ii4 #h ,new ,hamp%ire1 :i* _h be5 annex$ by ,massa*usetts 9 #afda1 0 made a sep>ate prov9ce 9 #afgi2 b dur+ ! gov]nor%ip ( ,&ros x 0 aga9 annex$4 #i ,^! 7 ,massa*usetts 7includ+ ,ma9e71 ,new ,hamp%ire1 ,plym\?1 ,rhode ,isl&1 ,connecticut1 ,new ,york1 ,ea/ ,j]sey1 & ,we/ ,j]sey--eight 9 all4 ,! only o!r colonies !n 9 exi/5ce 7 ,p5nsylvania 7includ+ ,delaw>e71 ,m>yl&1 ,virg9ia1 & ,c>ol9a4 ,= an acc\nt ( ! attack on ! ,new ,engl& *>t]s1 read ,fiske's ,beg9n+s ( ,new ,engl&1 pp4 #bfe-bfh4 #aj ,! ,prote/ant ,episcopal ,*ur* ( ,engl& 0 e/abli%$ 9 ! colony 7#afib71 & %>p laws 7 made aga9/ ,ca?olics4 ,f #afia till #agae ,m>yl& 0 gov]n$ z a royal prov9ce2 b !n x 0 giv5 back to ! fif? ,"l ,baltimore1 :o 0 a ,prote/ant4 #aa ,read ,fiske's ,dut* & ,quak] ,colonies1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #aii-bjh4 ,9 ,leisl]'s ,times1 by ,elbridge ,brooks1 & ,! ,segum's ,daught]1 by ,edw9 ,l4 ,bynn]1 are two int]e/+ /ories bas$ on ! ev5ts ( ,leisl]'s "t4 #ab ,b]keley put s _m m5 to dea? = ! "p !y bore 9 ! rebellion t ,k+ ,*>les said1 ,! old fool has put to dea? m p 9 t nak$ c\ntry ?an ,i did "h = ! murd] ( my fa!r4 ,b]keley 0 recall$4 ,read ,fiske's ,old ,virg9ia & h] ,neighb\rs1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #dd-ie2 or ! ,c5tury ,magaz9e = ,july1 #ahij4 #ac ,9 ,new ,hamp%ire settl]s _h mov$ up ! valley ( ! ,m]rimac to ,concord4 ,9 ,massa*usetts !y _h cross$ ! ,connecticut ,riv] & 7 well on t[>d ! ,new ,york bord] 7map1 p4 #ei74 ,9 ,new ,york settlem5t 0 /ill conf9$ to ,long ,isl&1 ! valley ( ! ,hudson1 & a few ,g]man settlem5ts 9 ! ,mohawk valley4 ,9 ,p5nsylvania ,g]mans & ,scot*-,iri% _h press$ into ! ,susquehanna valley2 ,read+ _h be5 f\nd$ on ! upp] ,s*uylkill1 & ,be?lehem 9 ! valley ( ! ,lehigh 7map1 p4 #gh74 ,9 ,virg9ia population _h gone we/w>d up ! ,york1 ! ,rappahannock1 & ! ,james riv]s to ! foot ( ! ,blue ,ridge2 & ,g]mans & ,scot*-,iri% f ,p5nsylvania _h ent]$ ! ,great ,valley 7map1 p4 #ej74 ,9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a & ,s\? ,c>ol9a ,g]mans1 ,swiss1 ,wel%1 & ,scot*-,iri% 7 likewise mov+ t[>d ! m\nta9s4 #ad ,h\ses 7 w>m$ by means ( op5 fireplaces4 ,*ur*es 7 n w>m$1 ev5 9 ! colde/ days ( w9t]4 ,p w\ld br+ foot /oves ) !m1 & m5 w\ld sit ) _! hats1 greatcoats1 & mitt5s on4 #ae ,read ,fiske's ,dut* & ,quak] ,colonies1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #bdh-beg4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,! ,,indians ,:]ev] ! e>ly explor]s & settl]s t\*$ our coa/1 !y f\nd ! c\ntry sp>sely inhabit$ by a race ( m5 !y call$ ,indians4 ,^! p1 l _! desc5dants n[ liv+ 9 ! ,we/1 7 a race ) copp]-color$ sk9s1 /raight1 jet-black hair1 black eyes1 be>dless faces1 & high *eek bones4 ,,m\nds ,,& ,,cliff ,,dwell+s4--,:o ! ,indians 7 orig9ally1 :]e !y came f1 h[ !y rea*$ our cont95t1 nobody kn[s4 ,long be=e ! ,europeans came1 ! c\ntry 0 inhabit$ by a p1 probably ! same z ! ,indians1 kn[n z m\nd build]s4 ,_! m\nds1 ( _m sizes & %apes & int5d$ = _m purposes1 are scatt]$ ov] ! ,ohio & ,mississippi valleys 9 great numb]s4 ,"s are 9 ! %ape ( animals1 z ! fam\s s]p5t m\nd 9 ,ohio4 ,"s 7 = def5se1 "s 7 village sites1 & o!rs 7 = burial purposes4 ,illu/rations3 ,,ru9s ,,( ,,cliff ,,dwell+s4 ,9 ! f> ,we/ & ,s\?we/1 :]e ! riv]s _h cut deep b$s1 7 ! cliff dwell]s4 ,9 holl[ places 9 ! rocky cliffs :i* =m ! walls ( ^! riv]s1 9 ,colorado1 ,arizona1 & ,new ,mexico1 are f\nd to- day ! rema9s ( ^! cliff homes4 ,!y are high above ! riv] & difficult to rea*1 & c\ld easily be def5d$4 #a ,illu/ration3 ,,totem ,,pole ,,9 ,,alaska4 ,,tribes ,,& ,,clans4--,! ,indians 7 divid$ into hundr$s ( tribes1 ea* ) its own language or dialect & g5]ally liv+ by itself4 ,ea* tribe 0 subdivid$ into clans4 ,memb]s ( a clan 7 ^? :o trac$ desc5t f "s imag9>y ance/or1 usually an animal1 z ! wolf1 ! fox1 ! be>1 ! eagle4 #b ,an ,indian inh]it$ 8 "r to be a wolf or a be> f 8 "m4 ,:atev] clan %e belong$ to1 t 0 8 also1 & no man c\ld m>ry a woman ( 8 own clan4 ,! civil head ( a clan 0 a sa*em2 ! milit>y heads 7 *iefs4 ,! sa*em & ! *iefs 7 elect$ or depos$1 & ! affairs ( ! clan regulat$1 by a c\ncil ( all ! m5 & wom54 ,! affairs ( a tribe 7 regulat$ by a c\ncil ( ! sa*ems & *iefs ( ! clans4 #c ,,conf$]acies4--,z a few clans 7 unit$ 9 ea* tribe1 s "s tribes unit$ to =m conf$]acies4 ,! greate/ & mo/ p[]ful ( ^! 0 ! league ( ! ,iroquois1 or ,five ,nations1 9 c5tral ,new ,york4 #d ,x 0 compos$ ( ! ,s5eca1 ,cayuga1 ,onondaga1 ,oneida 7o-ni'da71 & ,mohawk tribes4 ,ea* manag$ its own tribal affairs1 b a c\ncil ( sa*ems elect$ f ! clans _h *>ge ( ! affairs ( ! conf$]acy4 ,s great 0 ! p[] ( ! league t x practically rul$ all ! tribes f ,hudson ,bay to ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 & we/w>d z f> z ,lake ,mi*igan4 ,o!r conf$]acies ( less p[] 73 ! ,dakota & ,blackfeet1 we/ ( ! ,mississippi2 ! ,p[hatan1 9 ,virg9ia2 & ! ,creek1 ! ,*ickasaw1 & ! ,*]okee1 9 ! ,s\?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,indian ,,hat*et ,,& ,,arr[head1 ,,made ,,( ,,/one4 ,,hunt+4--,"o ( ! *ief occupations ( an ,indian man 0 hunt+4 ,he devis$ traps ) great skill4 ,8 weapons 7 b[s & arr[s ) /one heads1 /one hat*ets or tomahawks1 fl9t spe>s1 & knives & clubs4 ,to use su* weapons he _h to get close to ! animal1 & to d ?is disguises ( animal heads & sk9s 7 g5]ally adopt$4 ,! ,indians hunt$ & trapp$ ne>ly all k9ds ( ,am]ican animals4 ,,animals ,,& ,,implem5ts ,,unkn[n ,,to ,,! ,,indians4--,be=e ! com+ ( ! ,europeans ! ,indians _h nev] se5 horses or c[s1 %eep1 hogs1 or p\ltry4 ,! dog 0 _! only dome/icat$ animal1 & 9 _m cases ! s-call$ dog 0 really a dome/icat$ wolf4 ,nei!r _h ! ,indians ev] se5 fire>ms1 or gunp[d]1 or swords1 nails1 or /eel knives1 or metal pots or kettles1 glass1 :eat1 fl\r1 or _m o!r articles 9 common use among ! :ites4 ,illu/ration3 ,,indians ,,9 ,,full ,,dress4 ,,clo?+4--,_! clo?+ 0 ( ! simple/ k9d1 & v>i$1 ( c\rse1 ) ! climate4 ,! m5 usually wore a /rip ( de]sk9 ar\nd ! wai/1 a hunt+ %irt1 legg+s1 moccas9s on ! feet1 & sometimes a de]sk9 ov] ! %\ld]s4 ,v (t5 !y wore no?+ b ! /rip ab\t ! wai/ & ! moccas9s4 ,^! g>m5ts ( de]sk9 7 cut ) mu* c>e1 sew$ ) fi%-bone ne$les & s9ew ?read1 & ornam5t$ ) %ells & quills4 ,pa9t+ ! face & body 0 a univ]sal cu/om4 ,= ?is purpose r$ & yell[ o*]1 color$ e>?s1 juices ( plants1 & *>coal 7 us$4 ,:at may be call$ ,indian jewelry consi/$ ( necklaces ( tee? & claws ( be>s1 claws ( eagles & hawks1 & /r+s ( sea %ells1 color$ fea!rs1 & wampum4 ,wampum consi/$ ( /r+s ( beads made f sea %ells1 & 0 highly priz$ & us$ n only = ornam5t1 b z ,indian money4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wampum4 ,,h\ses4--,! dwell+ ( _m ,ea/]n ,indians 0 a wigwam1 or t5t-%ap$ lodge4 ,x 0 =m$ ( sapl+s set upright 9 ! gr\nd 9 ! =m ( a circle & b5t toge!r at _! tops4 ,bran*es w\nd & twi/$ among ! sapl+s complet$ ! frame1 :i* 0 cov]$ ) bru%1 b>k1 & leaves4 ,a gr\p ( su* wigwams made a village1 :i* 0 (t5 surr\nd$ ) a /ockade ( tree trunks put upright 9 ! gr\nd & t\*+ "o ano!r4 ,on ! ,we/]n pla9s ! buffalo-hunt+ ,indian liv$ dur+ ! summ] 9 tepees1 or circul> lodges made ( poles ti$ toge!r at ! small ends & cov]$ ) buffalo sk9s lac$ toge!r4 ,! upp] end ( ! tepee 0 left op5 to let out ! smoke ( a fire built inside4 ,9 w9t] ^! pla9s ,indians liv$ 9 e>? lodges4 ,,food4--,= food ! ,ea/]n ,indians _h fi% f riv]1 lake1 or sea1 wild turkeys1 wild pigeons1 de] & be> meat1 corn1 squa%es1 pumpk9s1 beans1 b]ries1 fruits1 & maple sug> 7:i* !y taught ! :ites to make74 ,9 ! ,we/ ! ,indians kill$ buffaloes1 antelopes1 & m\nta9 %eep1 cut _! fle% into /rips1 & dri$ x 9 ! sun4 #e ,illu/ration3 ,,indian ,,j>1 ,,( ,,bak$ ,,clay4 ,fi% & meat 7 cook$ by lay+ ! fi% on a framework ( /icks built ov] a fire1 & hang+ ! meat on /icks be=e ! fire4 ,corn & squa%es 7 roa/$ 9 ! a%es4 ,dri$ corn 0 also gr\nd betwe5 /ones1 mix$ ) wat]1 & bak$ 9 ! a%es4 ,su* z knew h[ to make clay pots c\ld boil meat & vegetables4 #f ,,canoes4--,9 mov+ f place to place ! ,indians ( ! ,ea/ travel$ on foot or us$ canoes4 ,9 ! nor!rn p>ts :]e bir* trees 7 pl5tiful1 ! canoe 0 ( bir* b>k /ret*$ ov] a light wood5 frame1 sew$ ) /rips ( de]sk91 & sme>$ at ! jo9ts ) spruce gum to make x wat]tight4 ,9 ! ,s\? tree trunks holl[$ out by fire & call$ dug\ts 7 us$4 ,9 ! ,we/ !re 7 bull boats made ( sk9s /ret*$ ov] wood5 frames4 ,= w9t] travel ! ,nor!rn & ,we/]n ,indians us$ sn[%oes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,mak+ ,a ,,dug\t4 ,aft] ! ,spani>ds br\ght horses to ! ,s\?we/1 h]ds ( wild horses roam$ ! s\?we/]n pla9s1 & 9 lat] times gave ! pla9s ,indians a means ( travel ! ,ea/]n ,indians did n h4 ,,indian ,,trails4--,! ,ea/]n ,indians nev]!less (t5 made long j\rneys = purposes ( w> or trade1 & _h _m well-def9$ trails :i* answ]$ z roads4 ,?us "o great trail l$ f ! site ( ,bo/on by way ( :at is n[ ! city ( ,spr+field to ! site ( ,albany4 ,ano!r 9 ,p5nsylvania l$ f :]e ,philadelphia /&s to ! ,susquehanna1 !n up ! ,juniata1 ov] ! m\nta9s1 & to ! ,allegh5y ,riv]4 ,!re 7 ?\s&s ( su* trails scatt]$ ov] ! c\ntry4 ,z ! ,indians always travel$ 9 s+le file1 ^! trails 7 n>r[ pa?s2 !y 7 worn to ! dep? ( a foot or m1 & w\nd 9 & out among ! trees & ar\nd great rocks4 ,z !y foll[$ wat]c\rses & natural grades1 _m ( !m became 9 aft] times r\tes us$ by ! :ite man = roads & railroads4 ,along ! seabo>d ! ,indians liv$ 9 villages & w&]$ ab\t b little4 ,hunt+ & w> p>ties travel$ great di/ances1 b ea* tribe _h its home4 ,on ! great pla9s ! ,indians w&]$ long di/ances ) _! wom51 *ildr51 & belong+s4 ,illu/rations3 ,,we/]n ,,indians ,,travel+4 ,,"w ,,& ,,play4--,! wom5 did mo/ ( ! "w4 ,!y built ! wigwam1 cut ! wood1 plant$ ! corn1 dress$ ! sk9s1 made ! clo?+1 & :5 ! b& travel$1 c>ri$ ! h\sehold goods4 ,! brave made b[s & arr[s1 built ! canoe1 hunt$1 fi%$1 & f\ght4 ,till a *ild1 or papoose1 0 able to run ab\t1 x 0 c>efully wrapp$ 9 sk9s & ti$ to a framework ( wick] :i* c\ld be c>ri$ on ! "m's back1 or hung on ! bran* ( a tree out ( h>m's way4 ,:5 able to g ab\t1 ! boys 7 taught to %oot1 fi%1 & make arr[s & /one implem5ts1 & ! girls to weave or make baskets1 & d all ! ?+s !y w\ld h to d z squaws4 ,= amusem5t1 ! ,indians ran foot races1 play$ football #g & lacrosse1 held corn husk+s1 & _h dances = all sorts ( occasions1 "s ( !m religi\s 9 "*4 ,"s dances occurr$ once a ye>1 z ! corn dance1 ! ?anksgiv+ ( ! ,ea/]n tribes2 ! sun dance ( ! pla9s ,indians2 & ! fi% dance by ! ,indians ( ! ,columbia ,riv] c\ntry at ! op5+ ( ! salmon-fi%+ season4 ,! dep>ture ( a w> p>ty1 ! return ( su* a p>ty1 ! end ( a successful hunt1 7 always occasions = dances4 #h ,,indian ,,religion4--,! ,indians believ$ t e p]son1 e animal1 e ?+ _h a s\l1 or _s1 or manit\4 ,! c]emonies us$ to get ! good w ( c]ta9 manit\s =m$ ! religi\s rites4 ,on ! pla9s x 0 ! buffalo manit\1 9 ! ,ea/ ! manit\ ( corn1 or sun1 or ra91 t 0 mo/ fe>$4 ,ev]y:]e !re 0 a my?ology1 or collection ( tales ( h]oes :o did wond]ful ?+s = ! ,indians4 ,hiawa?a 0 su* a h]o1 :o gave !m fire1 corn1 ! canoe1 & o!r ?+s4 #i ,,w>f>e4--,an ,indian w> 0 g5]ally a raid by a small p>ty l$ by a w>rior ( r5[n4 ,su* a *ief1 /&+ beside ! w> po/ 9 8 village1 w\ld publicly ann\nce ! raid & call = volunte]s4 ,no "o 0 =c$ to g2 b ^? :o 7 will+ w\ld /ep =w>d & /rike ! po/ ) _! tomahawks4 ,among ! pla9s ,indians a pipe 0 pass$ ar\nd1 & all :o smok$ x /ood pl$g$ to g4 ,! weapons us$ 9 w> 7 l ^? us$ 9 ! hunt4 ,?\gh ! ,indians 7 brave !y delight$ to fight f beh9d trees1 to creep ?r\gh ! tall grass & fall ^u _! enemy unaw>es1 or to wait = him 9 ambu%4 ,! dead & w\nd$ 7 scalp$4 ,captive m5 7 g5]ally put to dea? ) torture2 b captive wom5 & *ildr5 7 usually adopt$ into ! tribe4 ,,indian ,,w>s ,,9 ,,virg9ia4--,! fir/ ,europeans :o came to our %ores 7 look$ on by ! ,indians z sup]ior be+s1 z m5 f ! cl\ds4 ,b be=e ! settl]s arriv$ ?is v5]ation 0 dispell$1 & ho/ility took its place4 ,?us ! f\nd]s ( ,jame/[n _h sc>cely t\*$ l& :5 !y 7 attack$4 ,b ,smi? br\ght ab\t an alliance ) ! ,p[hatan1 & till aft] 8 dea? !re 0 peace4 ,!n 7#afbb71 "u ! lead ( ,opekan'kano1 an attack 0 made along ! :ole l9e ( settlem5ts 9 ,virg9ia1 & 9 "o day m ?an ?ree hundr$ :ites 7 massacr$1 _! h\ses burn$1 & mu* prop]ty de/roy$4 ,! bl[ 0 a t]rible "o2 b ! coloni/s ralli$ & wag$ su* a w> aga9/ ! enemy t = m ?an tw5ty ye>s !re 0 no great upris+4 ,b 9 #afdd ,opekankano 7!n an old & grizzl$ w>rior7 aga9 l$ =? 8 tribes1 & 9 two days kill$ sev]al hundr$ :ites4 ,once m ! settl]s ralli$1 swept ! ,indian c\ntry1 captur$ ,opekankano1 & drew a b\nd>y across :i* no ,indian c\ld come )\t p]mission4 ,if he did1 he might be %ot on sight4 #aj ,,e>ly ,,indian ,,w>s ,,9 ,,new ,,engl&4--,9 ,new ,engl& ! exp]i5ce ( ! e>ly settl]s 0 mu* ! same4 ,murd]s by ! ,pequot ,indians hav+ become un5durable1 a little fleet 0 s5t 7#afhf7 aga9/ !m4 ,block ,isl& 0 ravag$1 & ,pequots on ! ma9l& 7 kill$ & _! corn de/roy$4 ,sassacus1 sa*em ( ! ,pequots1 !reupon s\ght to jo9 ! ,n>ragansetts ) him 9 an attempt to drive ! ,engli% f ! c\ntry2 b ,rog] ,williams p]suad$ ! ,n>ragansetts to =m an alliance ) ! ,engli%1 & ! ,pequots began ! w> alone4 ,9 ! w9t] 7#afcf-cg7 ! ,connecticut ,riv] settlem5ts 7 attack$1 sev]al m5 kill$1 & two girls c>ri$ (f4 ,,de/ruction ,,( ,,! ,,pequots4--,9 ,may1 #afcg1 a =ce ( sev5ty-sev5 coloni/s f ,connecticut & ,massa*usetts1 l$ by ,john ,mason & ,john ,und]hill1 m>*$ to ! ,pequot village 9 :at is n[ ! s\!a/ corn] ( ,connecticut4 ,"s ,mohicans & ,n>ragansetts w5t along2 b :5 !y came 9 sight ( ! village1 !y refus$ to jo9 9 ! attack4 ,! village 0 a clu/] ( wigwams surr\nd$ by a /ockade1 ) two n>r[ op5+s = entrance4 ,:ile "s ( ! ,engli% gu>d$ !m1 ! re/ attack$ ! /ockade1 flung tor*es ov] x1 & set ! wigwams on fire4 ,( ! f\r hundr$ or m ,indians 9 ! village1 b five escap$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,de/ruction ,,( ,,! ,,pequots4 ,,k+ ,,philip',s ,,w>4--,= ?irty-eight ye>s ! memory ( ! de/ruction ( ! ,pequots kept peace 9 ,new ,engl&4 ,!n ,philip1 a *ief ( ! ,wampanoags1 took ! w>pa? 7#afge7 &1 jo9$ by ! ,nipmucks & ,n>ragansetts1 s\ght to drive ! :ite m5 f ,new ,engl&4 ,! w> began 9 ,rhode ,isl&1 b spread into ,massa*usetts1 :]e t[n aft] t[n 0 attack$1 & m51 wom51 & *ildr5 massacr$4 ,r\s$ to fury by ^! de$s1 a little b& ( m5 f ,massa*usetts1 ,plym\?1 & ,connecticut 9 ! dead ( w9t] /orm$ ! great swamp =tress ( ! ,n>ragansetts1 de/roy$ a ?\s& ,indians1 & burn$ ! wigwams & w9t] supply ( corn4 ,! p[] ( ! ,n>ragansetts 0 brok52 b ! w> w5t on1 & be=e midsumm] 7#afgf7 tw5ty villages _h be5 attack$ by ! ,nipmucks4 ,b !y1 too1 7 doom$2 _! fight+ /r5g? 0 de/roy$ 9 two victories by ! coloni/s4 ,9 ,augu/ ,philip 0 %ot 9 a swamp4 ,^! victories end$ ! w> 9 ! s\?1 b x broke out almo/ imm$iately 9 ! nor!a/1 & rag$ till ! summ] ( #afgh4 ,dur+ ^! ?ree ye>s ( w> ,new ,engl& suff]$ t]ribly4 ,twelve t[ns _h be5 utt]ly de/roy$1 =ty _h be5 p>tly burn$1 & a ?\s& m51 besides scores ( wom5 & *ildr51 _h p]i%$4 ,z = ! ,new ,engl& ,indians1 _! p[] 0 gone =ev]4 #aa ,,indian ,,w>s ,,9 ,,new ,,ne!rl&4--,! ,dut* 9 ,new ,ne!rl& 7 on fri5dly t]ms ) ! ,iroquois1 to :om !y sold fire-arms2 b ! ,tappans1 ,r>itans1 & o!r ,algonqu9 tribes r\nd ab\t ,new ,am/]dam 7 enemies ( ! ,iroquois1 & ) ^! ! ,dut* _h sev]al w>s4 ,"o 7#afda7 0 br\ght on by ,gov]nor ,kieft's attempt to tax ! ,indians2 ano!r 7#afdc-de7 by ! slaught]1 "o night1 ( m ?an a hundr$ ,indians :o _h ask$ ! ,dut* = %elt] f _! ,mohawk enemies4 ,_m ,dut* f>m]s 7 murd]$1 & a great ,indian /ronghold 9 ,connecticut 0 /orm$ "o w9t] night & sev5 hundr$ ,indians kill$4 #ab ,aft] t5 ye>s ( peace ! ,indians rose aga91 kill$ m5 9 ! /reets ( ,new ,am/]dam1 & h>ri$ ,/at5 ,isl&2 & aga91 aft] an outbreak at ,esopus1 !re 7 sev]al ye>s ( w> 7#afeh-fd74 ,,9 ,,nor? ,,c>ol9a "s ,algonqu9 tribes conspir$ ) ! ,tusc>ora tribe ( ,iroquois to drive ! :ite m5 f ! c\ntry1 & began horrid massacres 7#agaa74 ,help came f ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 & ! ,tusc>oras 7 badly beat54 ,b ! w> 0 r5ew$ next ye>1 & !n ano!r =ce ( :ite m5 & ,indians f ,s\? ,c>ol9a /orm$ ! ,tusc>oras' =t & broke _! p[]4 ,! ,tusc>oras migrat$ to ,new ,york & 7 admitt$ to ! great ,iroquois conf$]acy ( ! ,five ,nations1 :i* !nce=? 0 kn[n z ! ,six ,nations4 #ac ,,9 ,,s\? ,,c>ol9a4--,among ! ,indians :o m>*$ to ! relief ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a 7 m5 ( ! ,yam'assee tribe4 ,t !y %\ld turn aga9/ ! p ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a 0 n to be expect$4 ,b ! ,spani>ds at ,/4 ,augu/9e b\ght !m ) gifts1 &1 jo9$ by ,creeks1 ,*]okees1 & o!rs1 !y began 79 #agae7 a w> :i* la/$ ne>ly a ye> & co/ ! lives ( f\r hundr$ :ite m54 ,!y1 too1 9 ! end 7 beat51 & ! ,yamassees fl$ to ,florida4 ,! /ory ( ^! ,indian w>s has be5 told n because !y 7 w>s1 b because !y 7 ! beg9n+s ( t long & desp]ate /ruggle ( ! ,indian ) ! :ite man :i* cont9u$ d[n almo/ to our own "t4 ,! m>* ( ! :ite man across ! cont95t has be5 conte/$ by ! ,indian at e /ep1 & to-day !re is n a /ate 9 ! ,union ^: soil has n at "s "t be5 r$d5$ by ! blood ( bo?4 ,,:at ,,we ,,owe ,,to ,,! ,,indian4--,! contact ( ! two races has greatly influ5c$ our language1 lit]ature1 & cu/oms4 ,five & tw5ty ( our /ates1 & hundr$s ( c\nties1 cities1 m\nta9s1 riv]s1 lakes1 & bays1 be> names d]iv$ f ,indian languages4 ,*ipmunk & coyote1 moose1 opossum1 raccoon1 skunk1 wood*uck1 t>pon1 are all ( ,indian orig94 ,we /ill use su* expressions z ,indian summ]1 ,indian file1 ,indian corn2 bury ! hat*et1 smoke ! pipe ( peace4 ,to ! ,indians we owe ! canoe1 ! sn[%oe1 ! toboggan1 lacrosse4 ,squanto taught ! ,pilgrims h[ to plant corn 9 hills1 j z x is plant$ to-day1 & long be=e ! :ite man came1 ! ,indians ate hom9y1 mu%1 & succota%1 plant$ pumpk9s & squa%es1 & made maple sug>4 ,,summ>y #a4 ,! ,indians 7 divid$ into tribes1 & ! tribes into clans4 #b4 ,ea* tribe _h its own language or dialect1 & usually liv$ by itself4 #c4 ,memb]s ( a clan trac$ desc5t f "s common imag9>y ance/or1 usually an animal4 ,! civil head ( a clan 0 ! sa*em2 ! milit>y heads 7 ! *iefs4 #d4 ,z ! clans 7 unit$ into tribes1 s ! tribes 7 9 "s places jo9$ 9 conf$]acies4 #e4 ,! *ief occupations ( ,indian m5 7 hunt+ & wag+ w>4 #f4 ,_! ways ( life v>i$ greatly ) ! locality 9 :i* !y liv$3 z 9 ! wood$ regions ( ! ,ea/ or on ! great pla9s ( ! ,we/2 9 ! cold c\ntry ( ! ,nor? or 9 ! w>m] ,s\?4 #g4 ,! gr[? ( :ite settlem5ts1 cr[d+ back ! ,indians1 l$ to sev]al notable w>s 9 e>ly colonial times1 9 all ( :i* ! ,indians 7 beat53-- ,9 ,virg9ia3 upris+s 9 #afbb & 9 #afdd2 bord] w> 9 #afgf4 ,9 ,new ,engl&3 ,pequot ,w>1 #afcf-cg2 ,k+ ,philip's ,w>1 #afge-gh4 ,9 ,new ,ne!rl&3 sev]al w>s ) ,algonqu9 tribes4 ,9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a3 ,algonqu9-,tusc>ora upris+1 #agaa-ac4 ,9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a3 ,yamassee upris+1 #agae-af4 ,,footnotes #a ,read ,fiske's ,discov]y ( ,am]ica1 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #he-id1 #ada-adf4 #b ,! sign or emblem ( ?is ance/or1 call$ ! totem1 0 (t5 pa9t$ on ! clo?+1 or tattoo$ on ! body4 ,on ! nor?we/ coa/1 x 0 c>v$ on a tall pole1 made ( a tree trunk1 :i* 0 set up be=e ! dwell+4 #c ,sci5ti/s h gr\p$ ! ,nor? ,am]ican tribes into fifty or m di/9ct families or gr\ps1 ea* consi/+ ( tribes ^: languages 7 probably develop$ f a common tongue4 ,ea/ ( ! ,mississippi mo/ ( ! l& 0 occupi$ by ?ree gr\ps3 7#a7 ,betwe5 ! ,t5nessee ,riv] & ! ,gulf ( ,mexico liv$ ! ,muskho'gees 7or ,maskoki71 includ+ ! ,creek1 ,*octaw1 & ,*ickasaw tribes4 7#b7 ,! ,iroquois 7ir-o-kwoi'71 ,*]okee'1 & relat$ tribes occupi$ a l>ge area surr\nd+ ,lakes ,erie & ,ont>io1 & small] areas 9 ! s\!rn ,appala*ians & s\? ( ! l[] ,james ,riv]4 7#c7 ,! ,algonqu9s & relat$ tribes occupi$ mo/ ( ! c\ntry ar\nd ,lakes ,sup]ior & ,mi*igan1 mo/ ( ! ,ohio valley1 & ! ,atlantic seabo>d nor? ( ! ,james ,riv]1 besides mu* ( ,canada4 #d ,read ,fiske's ,discov]y ( ,am]ica1 vol4 ,i1 pp4 #gb-gh4 #e ,! mann] ( dry+ 0 call$ j]k+4 ,j]k$ meat w\ld keep = mon?s & 0 cook$ z ne$$4 ,sometimes x 0 p\nd$ betwe5 /ones & mix$ ) fat1 & 0 !n call$ pemmican4 #f ,fire = cook+ & w>m+ 0 />t$ by press+ a po9t$ /ick aga9/ a piece ( wood & turn+ ! /ick ar\nd rapidly4 ,sometimes ?is 0 done by twirl+ x betwe5 ! palms ( ! h&s1 sometimes by wrapp+ ! /r+ ( a little b[ ar\nd ! /ick & mov+ ! b[ back & =? z if fiddl+4 ,! revolv+ /ick w\ld =m a f9e du/ :i* ! heat caus$ by friction w\ld set on fire4 #g ,a game ( football is ?us describ$3 ,likewise !y h ! ex]cise ( football1 9 :i* !y only =cibly enc\nt] ) ! foot to c>ry ! ball ! "o f ! o!r1 & spurn x to ! goal ) a k9d ( dext]ity & swift footman%ip :i* is ! honor ( x4 ,b !y nev] /rike up "o ano!r's heels1 z we d1 n acc\nt+ t praisewor?y to pur*ase a goal by su* an advantage4 #h ,"o :o 0 ) ,smi? 9 ,virg9ia has left u ?is acc\nt ( :at took place :5 ! ,p[hatan 0 cr[n$ 7p4 #db73 ,9 a fair pla9 field !y made a fire be=e :i* 7we 77 sitt+ ^u a mat 7:57 sudd5ly among/ ! woods 0 he>d 444 a hide\s noise & %\t+4 ,!n pres5tly 444 ?irty "y wom5 came out ( ! woods 444 _! bodies pa9t$ "s :ite1 "s r$1 "s black1 "s p>ticolor1 b all diff]+4 ,_! lead] _h a fair pair ( buck's horns on h] head1 & an ott]'s sk9 at h] girdle1 & ano!r at h] arm1 a quiv] ( arr[s at h] back1 a b[ & arr[s 9 h] h&4 ,! next _h 9 h] h& a sword1 ano!r a club 444 all horn$ alike4444 ,^! fi5ds ) mo/ helli% %\ts & cries1 ru%+ f among ! trees1 ca/ !mselves 9 a r+ ab\t ! fire1 s++ & danc+4444 ,hav+ sp5t ne> "o h\r on ?is masqu]ade1 z !y ent]$ 9 l mann] !y dep>t$4 #i ,read ,longfell['s ,hiawa?a4 #aj ,?irty-"o ye>s lat] ano!r outbreak occurr$1 & = mon?s burn+ & scalp+ w5t on along ! bord]1 till ! ,indians 7 beat5 by ! m5 "u ,na?aniel ,bacon 7p4 #id74 #aa ,read ,fiske's ,beg9n+s ( ,new ,engl&1 pp4 #abh-acc1 #baa-bbf1 #bce-bcf4 #ab ,read ,fiske's ,dut* & ,quak] ,colonies1 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #agg-ahj1 #ahc-ahh4 #ac ,read ,fiske's ,old ,virg9ia & h] ,neighb\rs1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #bih-cjd4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,! ,,fr5* ,,9 ,,am]ica ,:ile ,engli%1 ,dut*1 & ,sw$es 7 settl+ on ! ,atlantic seabo>d ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 ! ,fr5* took possession ( ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 ! ,great ,lakes1 & ! ,mississippi4 ,?\gh ! attempt ( ,c>ti] to plant a colony on ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce fail$ 7p4 #cj71 ! ,fr5* nev] lo/ int]e/ 9 t "p ( ! _w1 & new attempts 7 made to plant colonies4 ,illu/ration3 ,,canada 7,,new ,,france7 ,,& ,,acadia4 ,,! ,,fr5* ,,9 ,,nova ,,scotia4--,all fail$ till ,de ,monts 7d'mawng7 & ,*ampla9 7%am-plan'7 #a came ov] 9 #afjd ) two %iploads ( coloni/s4 ,"s l&$ on ! %ore ( :at is n[ ,nova ,scotia & f\nd$ ,port ,royal4 ,! o!rs1 l$ by ,de ,monts1 explor$ ! ,bay ( ,fundy1 & on an isl& at ! m\? ( a riv] plant$ a colony call$ ,/4 ,croix4 ,! "n ,/4 ,croix 7croy7 9 "t 0 giv5 to ! riv] :i* is n[ "p ( ! ea/]n b\nd>y ( ,ma9e4 ,"o w9t] 9 t climate 0 en\gh1 & 9 ! spr+ 7#afje7 ! coa/ f ,ma9e to ,massa*usetts 0 explor$ 9 se>* ( a bett] site = ! colony4 ,none suit$1 &1 return+ to ,/4 ,croix1 ,de ,monts mov$ ! settl]s to ,port ,royal4 ,,quebec ,,f\nd$4--,?is too 0 ab&on$ = a "t1 & 9 #afjg ! coloni/s 7 back 9 ,france4 ,*ampla91 h[ev]1 long$ to be aga9 9 ! ,new ,_w1 & soon p]suad$ ,de ,monts once m to attempt colonization4 ,9 #afjh1 !re=e1 ,*ampla9 ) two %ips sail$ up ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce & f\nd$ ,quebec4 ,"h1 z 0 s (t5 ! case1 ! fir/ w9t] 0 a /ruggle = life2 :5 spr+ came1 only eight ( ! coloni/s 7 alive4 ,b help soon rea*$ !m1 & ,france at la/ _h secur$ a p]man5t foo?old 9 ,am]ica4 ,! dra9age bas9 ( ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce 0 call$ ,new ,france 7or ,canada72 ! l&s ne> ,port ,royal became ano!r ,fr5* colony1 call$ ,acadia4 ,,exploration ,,( ,,new ,,france4--,*ampla9 at once made fri5ds ) ! ,indians1 & 9 #afji w5t ) a p>ty ( ,hurons to help fight _! enemies1 ! ,iroquois ,indians :o dwelt 9 c5tral ,new ,york4 #b ,! way 0 up ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce & up a bran* ( t riv] to ! lake :i* n[ be>s ! "n ( ,*ampla94 ,on its we/]n %ore ! expect$ fight took place1 & a victory1 due to ! fire-arms ( ,*ampla9 & 8 companions1 0 won = ! ,hurons4 #c ,lat] ,*ampla9 explor$ ! ,ottawa ,riv]1 saw ! wat]s ( ,lake ,huron1 & cross$ ,lake ,ont>io4 ,b ! real "w ( ,fr5* discov]y & exploration 9 ! int]ior 0 done by ,ca?olic prie/s & mission>ies4 ,,! ,,ca?olic ,,mission>ies4--,) crucifixes & portable alt>s /rapp$ on _! backs1 ^! brave m5 pu%$ boldly into ! ,indian c\ntry4 ,guid$ by ! ,indians1 !y walk$ ?r\gh ! d5se =e/s1 paddl$ 9 bir*-b>k canoes1 & p5etrat$ a wild]ness :]e no :ite man _h ev] be54 ,!y built little *apels ( b>k ne> ! ,indian villages1 & labor$ h>d to conv]t ! r$ m5 to ,*ri/ianity4 ,x 0 no easy task4 ,(t5 & (t5 _! lives 7 9 dang]4 ,"s 7 dr[n$4 ,"s 7 burn$ at ! /ake4 ,o!rs 7 tomahawk$4 ,b nei!r cold nor hung]1 nor ! dang]s & h>d%ips ( life 9 ! wild]ness1 c\ld turn ! prie/s f _! good "w4 ,"o ( !m toil$ = t5 ye>s among ! ,indians on ! ,niag>a ,riv] & ! %ores ( ,lake ,huron2 two o!rs rea*$ ! outlet ( ,lake ,sup]ior2 a f\r? paddl$ 9 a canoe along its s\? %ore4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fr5* ,,prie/ ,,& ,,indians ,,9 ,,bir*-,,b>k ,,canoe4 ,,! ,,k+',s ,,maid5s4--,= fifty ye>s aft] ! f\nd+ ( ,quebec few settl]s came to ,canada4 ,!n ! ,fr5* k+ s5t ov] ea* ye> a hundr$ or m "y wom5 :o 7 to become wives ( ! settl]s4 #d ,besides enc\rag+ f>m+1 ! gov]nm5t tri$ to induce ! m5 to engage 9 cod fi%+ & :al+2 b ! only bus9ess t really n\ri%$ 9 ,canada 0 trad+ ) ! ,indians = furs4 ,,! ,,fur ,,trade4--,ea* ye> a great fair 0 held outside ! /ockade ( ,montreal1 to :i* hundr$s ( ,indians came f ! f> we/]n lakes4 ,!y br\ght canoe loads ( beav] sk9s & furs ( small animals1 & ex*ang$ !m = bright-color$ clo?1 beads1 blankets1 kettles1 & knives4 ,illu/ration3 ,,indian ,,& ,,fur ,,trad]4 ,?is great trade 0 a monopoly4 ,its pr(its c\ld n be enjoy$ by ev]ybody4 ,numb]s ( h>dy "y m51 !re=e1 took to ! woods & trad$ ) ! ,indians f> beyond ! rea* ( ! k+'s (fic]s4 ,by s do+ ^! wood rang]s 7c\reurs de bois71 z !y 7 call$1 became outlaws1 & if caught1 might be flogg$ & br&$ ) a hot iron4 ,!y built trad+ po/s at _m places 9 ! ,we/1 & (t5 m>ri$ ,indian wom51 :i* w5t a long way to make ! ,indians fri5ds ( ! ,fr5*4 #e ,,! ,,mississippi4--,:5 ! prie/s & trad]s rea*$ ! c\ntry ab\t ,lake ,sup]ior & ,lake ,mi*igan1 !y he>d f ! ,indians ( a great riv] call$ ! ,mississippi--t is1 ,big ,wat] or ,fa!r ( ,wat]s4 ,might n ?is1 x 0 ask$1 be ! long-s\ght nor?we/ passage to ! ,indies8 ,9 hopes t x 01 ,fa!r ,m>quette 7m>-ket'71 a prie/ :o _h f\nd$ a mission on ! ,/rait ( ,mack9ac 7mack'i-naw7 betwe5 ,lakes ,huron & ,mi*igan1 & ,joliet 7zho-le-a'71 a trapp] & soldi]1 7 s5t to f9d ! riv] & foll[ x to ! sea4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fr5* ,,claims1 ,,missions1 ,,& ,,trad+ ,,po/s ,,9 ,,mississippi ,,valley ,,9 #agjj ,!y />t$ 9 ! spr+ ( #afgc ) five companions 9 two canoes4 ,_! way 0 f ! ,/rait ( ,mack9ac to ,gre5 ,bay 9 ,wiscons91 up ! ,fox ,riv]1 across a portage to ! ,wiscons9 ,riv]1 & d[n ?is to ! ,mississippi1 on ^: wat]s !y float$ & paddl$ to a place probably bel[ ! m\? ( ! ,arkansas4 ,!re ! travel]s /opp$1 & turn$ back t[>d ,canada1 conv9c$ t ! great riv] #f mu/ fl[ n to ! ,pacific1 b to ! ,gulf ( ,mexico4 ,illu/ration3 ,,m>quette ,,& ,,joliet ,,at ,a ,,portage4 ,,la ,,salle ,,on ,,! ,,mississippi1 #afhb4--,! voyage ( ,m>quette & ,joliet 0 ( ! greate/ importance to ,france4 ,yet ! only man :o seems to h be5 fully awake to its importance 0 ,la ,salle4 ,if ! ,mississippi fl[$ into ! ,gulf ( ,mexico1 a new & b\ndless ,indian trade lay op5 to ,fr5*m54 ,b did x fl[ into ! ,gulf8 ,t 0 a "q ,la ,salle propos$ to settle2 b ?ree h]oic attempts 7 made1 & two failures1 :i* to o!r m5 w\ld h be5 di%e>t5+1 7 endur$1 be=e he pass$ d[n ! riv] to its m\? 9 #afhb4 #g ,,l\isiana4--,/&+ on ! %ore ( ! ,gulf ( ,mexico1 ,la ,salle put up a rude cross1 nail$ to x ! arms ( ,france1 &1 9 ! "n ( ! ,fr5* k+1 ,l\is ,,xiv1 took =mal possession ( all ! region dra9$ by ! ,mississippi & its bran*es4 ,he nam$ ! c\ntry ,l\isiana4 ,la ,salle knew little ( ! ext5t ( ! region he ?us add$ to ! possessions ( ,france 9 ! ,new ,_w4 ,b ! claim 0 valid1 & ,l\isiana /ret*$ f ! unkn[n s\rces ( ! ,ohio ,riv] & ! ,appala*ian ,m\nta9s on ! ea/1 to ! unkn[n ,rocky ,m\nta9s on ! we/1 & f ! wat]%$ ( ! ,great ,lakes on ! nor?1 to ! ,gulf ( ,mexico on ! s\?4 ,,la ,,salle ,,attempts ,,to ,,occupy ,,l\isiana1 #afhb4--;,b ! great "w ,la ,salle _h plann$ 0 yet to be done4 ,l\isiana _h to be occupi$4 ,a =t 0 ne$$ f> up ! valley ( ! ,mississippi to ov]awe ! ,indians & secure ! fur trade4 ,hurry+ back to ! ,ill9ois ,riv]1 ,la ,salle1 9 ,decemb]1 #afhb1 on ! top ( a /eep cliff1 built a /ockade & nam$ x ,=t ,/4 ,l\is4 ,a =t & city also ne$$ to be built at ! m\? ( ! ,mississippi to keep out ! ,spani>ds & af=d a place :5ce furs float$ d[n ! riv] might be %ipp$ to ,france4 ,?is requir$ ! aid ( ! k+4 ,hurry+ to ,p>is1 ,la ,salle p]suad$ ,l\is ,,xiv to help him1 & 0 s5t back ) f\r %ips to f\nd ! city4 ,,la ,,salle ,,9 ,,texas1 #afhd4--;,b ! little fleet miss$ ! m\? ( ! riv] & rea*$ ! coa/ ( ,texas4 ,!re ! m5 l&$ & built ,=t ,/4 ,l\is ( ,texas4 ,well kn[+ t he _h pass$ ! riv]1 ,la ,salle left "s m5 at ! =t1 & ) ! re/ />t$ on foot to f9d ! ,mississippi--b nev] rea*$ x4 ,he 0 murd]$ on ! way by 8 own m54 ,illu/ration3 ,,la ,,salle',s ,,h\se 7,,canada7 ,,9 #aijj4 ,( ! m5 left 9 ,texas ! ,indians kill$ "s1 & ! ,spani>ds kill$ or captur$ ! re/1 & ! plans ( ?is great explor] fail$ utt]ly4 #h ,,biloxi4--,la ,salle's s*eme ( f\nd+ a city ne> ! m\? ( ! ,mississippi1 h[ev]1 0 c>ri$ out by o!r m54 ,fe> t ! ,engli% w\ld seize ! m\? ( ! riv] l$ ! ,fr5* to act1 & 9 #afii a gallant soldi] nam$ ,ib]ville 7e-b]-veel'7 built a small /ockade & plant$ a colony at ,bilox'i on ! coa/ ( :at is n[ ,mississippi4 ,,new ,,orleans ,,f\nd$4--,dur+ fifte5 ye>s & m ! little colony1 :i* 0 soon mov$ f ,biloxi to ! vic9ity ( ,mobile 7map1 p4 #acd71 /ruggl$ on z be/ x c\ld2 !n /eps 7 tak5 to plant a settlem5t on ! banks ( ! ,mississippi1 & 7#agah7 ,bi5ville 7be-an-veel'7 laid ! f\ndation ( a city he call$ ,new ,orleans4 ,,summ>y #a4 ,aft] _m failures1 a ,fr5* colony 0 plant$ at ,port ,royal 9 ,acadia 7,nova ,scotia7 9 #afja2 b ?is 0 ab&on$ = a "t1 & ! fir/ p]man5t ,fr5* colony 0 plant$ by ,*ampla9 at ,quebec 9 #afjh4 #b4 ,f ^! settlem5ts grew up ! two ,fr5* colonies call$ ,acadia & ,new ,france or ,canada4 #c4 ,new ,france 0 explor$ by ,*ampla91 & by _m brave prie/s4 #d4 ,m>quette & ,joliet rea*$ ! ,mississippi & explor$ x f ! ,wiscons9 to ! ,arkansas 7#afgc74 #e4 ,_! unf9i%$ "w 0 tak5 up by ,la ,salle1 :o w5t d[n ! ,mississippi to ! ,gulf 7#afhb71 & =mally claim$ = ,france all ! region dra9$ by ! riv] & its tribut>ies--a va/ area :i* he call$ ,l\isiana4 #f4 ,occupation ( ! ,mississippi valley by ! ,fr5* foll[$2 =ts & trad+ po/s 7 built1 & 9 #agah ,new ,orleans 0 f\nd$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,an ,,indian ,,village4 ,,footnotes #a ,samuel de ,*ampla9 7born 9 #aefg7 _h be5 a capta9 9 ! royal navy1 & _h visit$ ! ,we/ ,indies1 ,mexico1 & ! ,i/hmus ( ,panama1 across :i* he sugge/$ a canal %\ld be cut4 ,9 #afjc he 0 (f]$ a comm& 9 a company ( adv5tur]s to ,new ,france4 ,on ?is voyage ,*ampla9 w5t up ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce to ! site ( ! ,indian t[n call$ ,ho*elaga by ,c>ti] 7p4 #cj72 b ! village _h disappe>$4 ,return+ to ,france1 he jo9$ ! p>ty ( ,de ,monts 7#afjd74 #b ,! ye> #afji is important 9 our hi/ory4 ,!n x 0 t ,*ampla9 f\ght ! ,iroquois2 t ! second ,virg9ia *>t] 0 grant$2 & t ,hudson's exp$ition gave ! ,dut* a claim to t]ritory 9 ! ,new ,_w4 #c ,! fight ) ! ,iroquois took place n f> f ,ticond]oga4 ,:5 ! two p>ties approa*$1 ,*ampla9 advanc$ & fir$ 8 musket4 ,! woods rang ) ! report1 & a *ief fell dead4 ,!re arose1 says ,*ampla91 a yell l a ?und]clap & ! air 0 full ( arr[s4 ,b :5 ano!r & ano!r gun %ot came f ! bu%es1 ! ,iroquois broke & fl$ l de]4 ,! victory 0 won2 b x made ! ,iroquois ! la/+ enemies ( ! ,fr5*4 ,read ,p>kman's ,pione]s ( ,france 9 ! ,new ,_w1 pp4 #caj-cbd4 #d ,ab\t #ajjj came 9 eight ye>s4 ,:5 m>ri$1 !y receiv$ ea* an ox1 a c[1 a pair ( sw9e1 a pair ( f[ls1 two b>rels ( salt$ meat1 & elev5 cr[ns 9 money4 ,read ,p>kman's ,old ,regime 9 ,canada1 pp4 #bai-bbe4 #e ,! fur trade1 :i* 0 ! life blood ( ,canada1 is f9ely describ$ 9 ,p>kman's ,old ,regime 9 ,canada1 pp4 #cjb-cae4 #f ,m>quette nam$ ! riv] ,immaculate ,conception4 ,he not$ ! abundance ( fi% 9 its wat]s1 ! broad prairies on :i* graz$ h]ds ( buffalo1 & ! flocks ( wild turkeys 9 ! woods4 ,on 8 way home he asc5d$ ! ,ill9ois ,riv]1 & cross$ to ,lake ,mi*igan1 pass+ ov] ! site :]e ,*icago n[ /&s4 ,read ,m>y ,h>twell ,ca!rwood's ,h]oes ( ! ,middle ,we/2 also ,p>kman's ,la ,salle & ! ,discov]y ( ! ,great ,we/1 pp4 #dh-ga2 & ,h>t's ,am]ican ,hi/ory z told by ,contempor>ies1 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #acf-adj4 #g ,9 ! fir/ attempt he left ,=t ,front5ac1 coa/$ along ! nor? %ore ( ,lake ,ont>io1 cross$ ov] & w5t up ! ,niag>a ,riv]1 & ar\nd ! ,falls to ,lake ,erie4 ,!re he built a vessel call$ ! ,griff91 :i* 0 sail$ ?r\gh ! lakes to ! nor!rn "p ( ,lake ,mi*igan 7#afgi74 ,!nce he w5t 9 canoes along ! %ore ( ,lake ,mi*igan to ! riv] ,/4 ,joseph1 :]e he built a =t 7,=t ,/4 ,joseph71 & !n pu%$ on to ! ,ill9ois ,riv] & 7ne> ! pres5t city ( ,peoria7 built ano!r call$ ,=t ,crvecoeur 7crav'k]74 ,!re he left ,h5ri de ,tonty 9 *>ge ( a p>ty to build ano!r %ip1 & w5t back to ,canada4 ,:5 he return$ to ! ,ill9ois 9 #afhj1 on 8 second trip1 ,crvecoeur 0 9 ru9s1 & ,tonty & 8 m5 gone4 ,9 hope ( f9d+ !m ,la ,salle w5t d[n ! ,ill9ois to ! ,mississippi1 b he turn$ back & pass$ ! w9t] on ! riv] ,/4 ,joseph4 7,read ,p>kman's description ( ! great t[n ( ! ,ill9ois & its capture by ! ,iroquois1 9 ,la ,salle & ! ,discov]y ( ! ,great ,we/1 pp4 #bje-bae47 ,f ! ,/4 ,joseph1 aft] ano!r trip to ,canada1 ,la ,salle 7) ,tonty7 />t$ we/w>d = ! ?ird "t 7late 9 #afha71 cross$ ! lake to :]e ,*icago n[ is1 w5t d[n ! ,ill9ois & ! ,mississippi1 & 9 ,april1 #afhb1 float$ out on ! wat]s ( ! ,gulf4 ,on 8 fir/ exp$ition ,la ,salle 0 accompani$ by ,fa!r ,h5nep91 :om he s5t d[n ! ,ill9ois & up ! ,mississippi4 ,b ! ,si\x 7soo7 ,indians captur$ ,fa!r ,h5nep91 & took him up ! ,mississippi to ! falls :i* he nam$ ,/4 ,an?ony1 n[ 9 ! city ( ,m9neapolis4 #h ,read ,p>kman's ,la ,salle1 pp4 #bge-bhh1 #cej-cee1 #cif-dje4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,w>s ,,) ,,! ,,fr5* ,,k+ ,,william',s ,,w>4--,:5 ,james ,,ii 0 driv5 f 8 ?rone 7p4 #ic71 he fl$ to ,france4 ,8 qu>rel ) ,k+ ,william 0 tak5 up by ,l\is ,,xiv1 & 9 #afhi w> began betwe5 ,france & ,engl&4 ,! /rife ?us />t$ 9 ! ,old ,_w soon spread to ! ,new1 & dur+ eight ye>s ! fronti] ( ,new ,engl& & ,new ,york 0 ! sc5e ( ,fr5* & ,indian raids1 massacres1 & burn+ t[ns4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sc5e ,,( ,,! ,,e>ly ,,w>s ,,) ,,! ,,fr5*4 ,,! ,,fronti]4--,! fronti] ( ,engli% settlem5t consi/$ ( a /r+ ( little t[ns close to ! coa/ 9 ,ma9e & ,new ,hamp%ire1 & "s sixty miles back f ! coa/ 9 ,massa*usetts2 ( a second /r+ ( t[ns up ! ,connecticut valley to c5tral ,massa*usetts2 & ( a ?ird up ! ,hudson to ! ,mohawk & up ! ,mohawk to ,s*5ec'tady4 ,mo/ ( ,ma9e & ,new ,hamp%ire1 all ( :at is n[ ,v]mont1 & all ,new ,york nor? & we/ ( ! ,mohawk 0 a wild]ness pi]c$ by /reams :i* af=d$ ! ,fr5* & ,indians easy ways ( rea*+ ! ,engli% fronti]4 ,! ,fr5* fronti] consi/$ ( a few fi%+ t[ns scatt]$ along ! %ores ( ,acadia 7:at is n[ ,nova ,scotia1 ,new ,brunswick1 & ea/]n ,ma9e71 arid a few settlem5ts along ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce to ,=t ,front5ac1 j :]e ! riv] leaves ,lake ,ont>io4 ,betwe5 ^! fronti]s 9 ,ma9e & ,new ,hamp%ire 7 ! ,ab5aki 7ab- nahk'ee7 ,indians1 close allies ( ! ,fr5* & bitt] enemies ( ! ,engli%2 & 9 ,new ,york ! ,iroquois1 allies ( ! ,engli% & enemies ( ! ,fr5* s9ce ! day 9 #afji :5 ,*ampla9 defeat$ !m 7p4 #aae74 #a ,,! ,,fr5* ,,attack ,,! ,,engli% ,,fronti]4--,! gov]nor ( ,new ,france 0 ,c\nt ,front5ac1 a man ( action1 ke51 fi]y1 & d>+1 a spl5did executive1 an able comm&]1 & well call$ ! ,fa!r ( ,new ,france4 ,ga!r+ 8 ,fr5*m5 & ,indians z quickly z possible1 ,front5ac =m$ ?ree w> p>ties on ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce 9 ! w9t] ( #afhi-ij3 t at ,montreal 0 to m>* aga9/ ,albany2 t at ,?ree ,riv]s 0 to ravage ! fronti] ( ,new ,hamp%ire1 & t at ,quebec ! fronti] ( ,ma9e4 ,! ,montreal p>ty 0 ready fir/1 & made its way on sn[%oes to ! little palisad$ village ( ,s*5ectady1 pass$ ?r\gh ! op5 gates #b 9 a bl9d+ /orm ( sn[1 & 9 ! d>kness ( night massacr$ ?reescore m51 wom51 & *ildr51 took captive z _m m1 & left ! place 9 a%es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,attack ,,at ,,s*5ectady4 ,! second w> p>ty ( ,fr5* & ,indians left ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce 9 ,janu>y1 #afij1 sp5t ?ree mon?s /ruggl+ ?r\gh ! wild]ness1 & 9 ,m>* fell ^u ! village ( ,salmon ,falls1 laid x 9 a%es1 ravag$ ! f>ms ne> by1 massacr$ "s ?irty m51 wom51 & *ildr51 & c>ri$ (f "s fifty prison]s4 ,?is de$ done1 ! p>ty hurri$ ea/w>d & fell 9 ) ! ?ird p>ty1 f ,quebec4 ,! two !n attack$ & captur$ ,=t ,loyal 7:]e ,portl& n[ /&s71 & massacr$ or captur$ mo/ ( ! inhabitants4 ,,end ,,( ,,k+ ,,william',s ,,w>4--,sm>t+ "u ! attacks ( ! ,fr5* & ,indians1 ,new ,engl& /ruck back4 ,its fleet1 ) a few hundr$ militia "u ,william ,phips1 captur$ & pillag$ ,port ,royal1 & = a "t held ,acadia4 ,a little army ( troops f ,connecticut & ,new ,york m>*$ aga9/ ,montreal1 & a fleet & army "u ,phips sail$ = ,quebec4 ,b ! "o w5t no f>!r ?an ,lake ,*ampla91 & ,phips1 aft] fail+ 9 an attack on ,quebec1 return$ to ,bo/on4 #c ,= sev5 ye>s m ! ,fr5* & ,indians ravag$ ! fronti] #d be=e ! treaty ( ,ryswick 7riz'wick7 put an end to ! w> 9 #afig4 ,,que5 ,,anne',s ,,w>4--,9 ! %ort int]val ( peace :i* foll[$1 ! ,fr5* made a settlem5t at ,biloxi1 z we h se51 & f\nd$ ,detroit 7#agja74 ,9 ,europe ! ,fr5* k+ 7,l\is ,,xiv7 plac$ 8 gr&son on ! ?rone ( ,spa9 &1 on ! dea? ( ,james ,,ii1 recogniz$ ,james's "y son z ,k+ ,james ,,iii ( ,engl&4 ,= ?is1 w> 0 decl>$ by ,engl& 9 #agja4 ,! /ruggle :i* foll[$ 0 kn[n abroad z ! ,w> ( ! ,spani% ,succession1 b 9 our c\ntry z ,que5 ,anne's ,w>4 #e ,aga9 ! fronti] f ,ma9e to ,massa*usetts 0 ! sc5e ( ,indian raids & massacres4 ,hav]hill 0 laid wa/e a second "t1 #f & ,de]field 9 ! ,connecticut valley 0 burn$4 ,,! ,,attack ,,on ,,de]field 0 a typical ,indian raid4 ,! village1 consi/+ ( =ty-"o h\ses /rung along a road1 /ood on ! extreme nor?we/]n fronti] ( ,massa*usetts4 ,9 ! c5t] ( ! place 0 a squ>e wood5 meet+h\se :i*1 ) "s ( ! h\ses1 0 surr\nd$ by a /ockade eight feet high flank$ on two corn]s by blockh\ses4 #g ,late 9 ,febru>y1 #agjd1 a b& ( ,fr5* & ,indians f ,canada rea*$ ! t[n1 hid 9 ! woods two miles away1 & j be=e dawn mov$ quietly across ! froz5 sn[1 ru%$ into ! village1 &1 rais+ ! w>:oop1 beat 9 ! h\se doors ) ax & hat*et4 ,a few ( ! wret*$ inmates escap$ half-clad to ! next village1 b n9e & =ty m51 wom51 & *ildr5 7 massacr$1 & "o hundr$ m 7 l$ away captives4 #h ,,end ,,( ,,que5 ,,anne',s ,,w>4--,z ! w> w5t on1 ! ,engli% coloni/s twice attack$ ,port ,royal 9 va91 b on ! ?ird attack 9 #agaj ! place 0 captur$4 ,?is "t ! ,engli% took p]man5t possession & r5am$ x ,annapolis 9 honor ( ! que54 ,to ,acadia 0 giv5 ! "n ,nova ,scotia4 ,enc\rag$ by ! success at ,port ,royal1 ! greate/ fleet ev] se51 up to t "t1 9 ,am]ican wat]s 0 s5t aga9/ ,quebec1 & an army ( tw5ty-?ree hundr$ m5 m>*$ by way ( ,lake ,*ampla9 to attack ,montreal4 ,b ! fleet1 hav+ lo/ n9e %ips & a ?\s& m5 9 ! fog at ! m\? ( ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 return$ to ,bo/on1 & ! comm&] ( ! army1 he>+ ( ?is1 m>*$ back to ,albany4 ,:5 peace 0 made by ! treaty ( ,utre*t 7u'trekt7 9 #agac1 ,france 0 =c$ to give up to ,great ,brita9 #i ,acadia1 ,newf\ndl&1 & all claim to ! t]ritory dra9$ by ! riv]s t fl[ into ,hudson ,bay 7map1 p4 #aca74 ,,! ,,fr5* ,,build ,,=ts ,,9 ,,l\isiana4--,?irty-"o ye>s n[ pass$ be=e ,france & ,great ,brita9 7 aga9 at w>1 & 9 ?is p]iod ,france took arm$ possession ( ! ,mississippi valley1 con/ruct$ a *a9 ( =ts f ,new ,orleans to ! ,ohio1 & built ,=ts ,niag>a & ,cr[n ,po9t4 ,?is meant t ! ,fr5* 7 det]m9$ to keep ! ,briti% out ( ,l\isiana & ,new ,france & conf9e !m to ! seacoa/4 ,b ! ,fr5* 7 also det]m9$ to rega9 ,acadia1 & on ! isl& ( ,cape ,breton !y built ,l\isburg1 ! /ronge/ =tress 9 ,am]ica4 #aj ,,k+ ,,george',s ,,w>4--,su* 0 ! /ate ( affairs :5 9 #agdd ,great ,brita9 & ,france aga9 w5t to w>4 ,z ,george ,,ii 0 !n k+ ( ,great ,brita91 ! coloni/s call$ ! /rife ,k+ ,george's ,w>4 ,! ,fr5* n[ ru%$ d[n on ,nova ,scotia & attack$ ,annapolis4 ,x seem$ z if ! :ole ( ,nova ,scotia w\ld be conqu]$2 b in/ead ! p ( ,new ,engl& s5t out a fleet & army & captur$ ,l\isburg4 #aa ,illu/ration3 ,,plan ,,( ,,l\isburg1 #agde4 ,:5 peace 0 made 7#agdh71 aft] two ye>s m ( fight+1 ,great ,brita9 gave ,l\isburg back to ,france4 ,,! ,,fr5* ,,9 ,,! ,,ohio ,,valley4--,! w> end$ & no t]ritory lo/1 ! ,fr5* at once laid plans to %ut ! ,briti% out ( ! ,ohio valley1 :i* ,france claim$ because ! ,ohio ,riv] & its tribut>ies fl[$ into ! ,mississippi4 ,9 #agdi1 !re=e1 a p>ty ( ,fr5*m5 "u ,cloron 7sa-lo-rawng'7 7 s5t to take =mal possession ( t region4 #ab ,illu/ration3 ,,"o ,,( ,,! ,,lead ,,plates ,,buri$ ,,by ,c,,loron4 ,9 ! possession ( ! ,virg9ia ,hi/orical ,society4 ,,! ,,buri$ ,,plates4--,paddl+ up ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce & ,lake ,ont>io1 ^! m5 c>ri$ _! canoes ar\nd ,niag>a ,falls1 coa/$ along ,lake ,erie to a place ne> ,*autauqua ,lake1 & go+ ov]l& to ! lake w5t d[n its outlet to ! ,allegh5y ,riv]4 ,!re ! m5 7 drawn up1 ! ,fr5* k+ 0 proclaim$ own] ( all ! region dra9$ by ! ,ohio1 & a lead plate 0 buri$ at ! foot ( a tree4 ,! inscription on ! plate decl>$ t ! ,ohio & all ! /reams t ent]$ x & ! l& on bo? sides ( !m belong$ to ,france4 ,! p>ty !n pass$ d[n ! ,allegh5y to ! ,ohio1 & d[n ! ,ohio to ! ,miami1 bury+ plates f "t to "t4 #ac ,,! ,,fr5* ,,=ts4--,=mal possession hav+ be5 tak51 ! next /ep ( ! ,fr5* 0 to build a log =t at ,presque ,isle 7on ,lake ,erie :]e ! city ( ,erie n[ is71 & also ,=ts ,le ,boeuf & ,v5ango1 on a bran* ( ! ,allegh5y4 ,,! ,,ohio ,,company4--,b ! ,engli% coloni/s likewise claim$ ! ,mississippi valley1 by virtue ( ! old sea to sea grants1 & ! same ye> t ,cloron came d[n ! ,allegh5y1 !y also prep>$ to take possession ( ! ,ohio valley 9 a mu* m s]i\s way4 ,! ,fr5* 7 bury+ plates & ab\t to build =ts2 ! ,engli% 7 ab\t to plant t[ns & make settlem5ts4 ,already 9 ,p5nsylvania & ,virg9ia population 0 pu%+ rapidly we/w>d4 ,already ,engli% trad]s cross$ ! m\nta9s & ) _! goods pack$ on horses foll[$ ! trails d[n ! ,ohio valley1 go+ f village to village ( ! ,indians & ex*ang+ _! w>es = furs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,e>ly ,,=ds ,,9 ,,! ,,ohio ,,valley4 ,conv9c$ t ! we/w>d movem5t ( trade & population 0 favorable = a speculation 9 l&1 "s prom95t m5 9 ,virg9ia #ad =m$ ! ,ohio ,company1 & obta9$ f ! ,briti% k+ a grant ( five hundr$ ?\s& acres 9 ! ,ohio valley on condition t )9 sev5 ye>s a hundr$ families %\ld be settl$ on x & a =t built & g>rison$4 ,,gov]nor ,,d9widdie ,,al>m$--,:51 !re=e1 ,gov]nor ,d9widdie ( ,virg9ia he>d t ! ,fr5* 7 build+ =ts on ! ,allegh5y1 he became greatly al>m$1 & s5t a mess5g] to dem& _! )drawal4 ,b ! envoy1 becom+ fright5$1 soon turn$ back4 ,cle>ly a man 0 want$1 & ,d9widdie select$ ,george ,wa%+ton1 #ae a "y man ( tw5ty-"o & an (fic] 9 ! ,virg9ia militia4 ,,wa%+ton',s ,,fir/ ,,public ,,s]vice4--,wa%+ton 0 to f9d out ! :]eab\ts ( ! ,fr5*1 proce$ to ! ,fr5* po/1 deliv] a lett] to ! (fic] 9 comm&1 & dem& an answ]4 ,he 0 also to f9d out h[ _m =ts ! ,fr5* _h built1 h[ f> ap>t !y 71 h[ well g>rison$1 & :e!r !y 7 likely to be support$ f ,quebec4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wa%+ton ,,at ,,=t ,,le ,,boeuf4 ,hav+ receiv$ ^! in/ructions1 ,wa%+ton made 8 way 9 ! dep? ( w9t] to ,=t ,le ,boeuf1 deliv]$ ! gov]nor's lett]1 & br\ght back ! refusal ( ! ,fr5* (fic] to )draw4 #af ,,=t ,,duquesne 7#aged7--;,d9widdie n[ realiz$ t ! ,fr5* held ! ,allegh5y1 & t if !y 7 to be %ut out ( ! ,ohio valley1 some?+ _h to be done at once4 ,he !re=e s5t a p>ty ( backwoodsm5 to build a =t at ! =ks ( ! ,ohio 7:]e ,pittsburg n[ is74 ,:ile !y 7 at "w1 ! ,fr5* came d[n ! ,allegh5y1 captur$ ! half-built =t1 & 9 place ( x erect$ a l>g] "o :i* !y nam$ ,duquesne 7doo-kan'74 ,,great ,,mead[s4--,meantime ,wa%+ton _h be5 s5t ) "s soldi]s to ,wills ,creek 9 we/]n ,m>yl&4 ,:5 he he>d ( ! capture ( ! =t1 he />t$ we/w>d1 cutt+ a road = wagons & cannon z he w5t1 & camp$ = a "t at ,great ,mead[s1 9 s\?we/]n ,p5nsylvania4 ,!re1 "o night1 he receiv$ ^w f ,half ,k+1 a fri5dly ,indian encamp$ ) 8 b& six miles away1 t a ,fr5* =ce 0 hidd5 ne> at h&4 ,wa%+ton ) "s =ty m5 set (f at once = ! ,indian camp1 & rea*$ x at daylight4 ,a plan ( attack 0 agre$ on1 & ! m>* begun4 ,on ,wa%+ton's approa*1 ! ,fr5* flew to arms1 & a %>p fight ensu$ 9 :i* ! ,fr5* comm&] ,jumonville #ag & n9e ( 8 m5 7 kill$4 ,,=t ,,necessity4--,at ,great ,mead[s ,wa%+ton n[ ?rew up an intr5*m5t call$ ,=t ,necessity4 ,"s m m5 hav+ rea*$ him1 he left a few at ! =t & w5t on we/w>d aga94 ,b he _h n gone f> :5 ^w came t ! ,fr5* 7 com+ to av5ge ! dea? ( ,jumonville4 ,wa%+ton !re=e fell back to ! =t1 :]e he 0 attack$ & on ,july #d1 #aged1 0 =c$ to surr5d]1 b 0 all[$ to return to ,virg9ia ) 8 m54 ,all previ\s w>s betwe5 ,france & ,engl& _h begun 9 ! ,old ,_w1 b n[ a great /ruggle _h begun 9 ! ,new4 ,,summ>y #a4 ,:5 ,william & ,m>y became k+ & que5 ( ,engl&1 w> ) ,france foll[$4 ,9 ! colonies ?is 0 call$ ,k+ ,william's ,w> 7#afhi-ig74 #b4 ,! ,fr5* f ,canada ravag$ ! ,new ,engl& fronti] & burn$ ,s*5ectady 9 ,new ,york4 ,! ,engli% coloni/s captur$ ,port ,royal1 b fail$ to take ,montreal & ,quebec4 #c4 ,aft] f\r ye>s ( peace 7#afig-agja71 w> betwe5 ,france & ,engl& 0 r5ew$4 ,?is 0 call$ ,que5 ,anne's ,w> 7#agja-ac74 #d4 ,! great ev5t ( ! w> 0 ! conque/ ( ,acadia4 ,port ,royal 0 nam$ ,annapolis2 ,acadia 0 call$ ,nova ,scotia4 #e4 ,?irty-"o ye>s ( peace foll[$4 ,dur+ ?is "t ! ,fr5* occupi$ ! ,mississippi valley1 & built ! =tress ( ,l\isburg on ,cape ,breton ,isl&4 #f4 ,dur+ ,k+ ,george's ,w> 7#agdd-dh71 ,l\isburg 0 captur$1 b x 0 return$ by ! treaty ( peace4 #g4 ,france n[ proce$$ to occupy ! ,ohio valley1 & built =ts on a bran* ( ! ,allegh5y4 #h4 ,! ,briti% also claim$ ! ,ohio valley1 & />t$ to build a =t on ! site ( ,pittsburg1 b 7 driv5 (f by ! ,fr5*4 #i4 ,troops "u ,george ,wa%+ton1 on _! way t[>d ! =t1 defeat$ a small ,fr5* =ce1 b 7 !mselves captur$ by ! ,fr5* at ,=t ,necessity 7,july #d1 #aged74 ,,footnotes #a ,x 0 only a few ye>s aft] ?is defeat t ! ,dut* plant$ _! trad+ po/s on ! upp] ,hudson4 ,!y made fri5ds ( ! ,iroquois1 & :5 ! ,engli% succe$$ ! ,dut*1 !y foll[$ ! same wise policy1 enc\rag$ ! old hatr$ ( ! ,indians = ! ,fr5*1 & inspir$ m ?an "o ( _! raids into ,canada4 ,! ,iroquois ?us became a b>ri] aga9/ ! ,fr5* & prev5t$ !m f com+ d[n ! ,hudson & s cutt+ (f ,new ,engl& f ! ,middle ,colonies4 #b ,! inhabitants1 mo/ly ,dut*1 _h be5 advis$ to be on _! gu>d1 b !y laugh$ at ! advice1 kept _! gates op51 &1 x is said1 at "o ( !m put two sn[ m5 z mock s5t9els4 #c ,x 0 expect$ t ! plund] ( ,quebec w\ld pay ! co/ ( ! exp$ition4 ,failure add$ to ! debt ( ,massa*usetts1 & =c$ ! colony to issue pap] money or bills ( cr$it4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ "t su* money 0 issu$ by any ( ! colonies4 7,= picture ( a bill ( cr$it1 see p4 #bjd47 #d ,!y captur$1 plund]$1 & burn$ ,york1 7 beat5 9 an attack on ,wells1 burn$ h\ses & tomahawk$ a hundr$ p at ,durham1 & burn$ ! f>mh\ses ne> ,hav]hill4 #e ,que5 ,m>y di$ 9 #afid1 & ,k+ ,william 9 #agjb4 ,! cr[n !n pass$ to ,anne1 si/] ( ,m>y4 ,! w>1 !re=e1 0 f\ght mo/ly dur+ h] reign4 #f ,read ,:itti]'s poem ,p5tucket1 & 8 acc\nt 9 prose call$ ,! ,bord] ,w> ( #agjh4 #g ,=midable z 0 ! =t1 ! sn[ ( a sev]e w9t] _h be5 suff]$ to pile 9 drifts aga9/ ! /ockade till 9 places x ne>ly rea*$ ! top1 s t ! /ockade 0 no long] an ob/acle to ! ,fr5* & ,indians4 #h ,read ,p>kman's ,half-,c5tury ( ,conflict1 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #eb-ff4 #i ,ev] s9ce ! accession ( ,k+ ,james ,i 7#afjc7 ,engl& & ,scotl& _h be5 "u ! same k+1 b o!rwise _h be5 indep5d5t1 ea* hav+ its own ,p>liam5t4 ,n[1 9 ,que5 ,anne's reign1 ! two c\ntries 7 unit$ 7#agjg7 & made ! "o c\ntry ( ,great ,brita91 ) "o ,p>liam5t4 #aj ,x 0 dur+ ^! ye>s ( peace t ,georgia 0 plant$4 ,! ,spani>ds at ,/4 ,augu/9e consid]$ ?is an intrusion into _! t]ritory1 & prote/$ vigor\sly :5 ,ogle?orpe e/abli%$ a l9e ( milit>y po/s f ! ,altamaha to ! ,/4 ,johns ,riv]4 ,:5 ^w came t ,great ,brita9 & ,spa9 7 at w>1 ,ogle?orpe1 aid$ by ,briti% %ips1 7#agdj7 attack$ ,/4 ,augu/9e4 ,he fail$ to capture ! city1 & ! ,spani>ds 7#agdb7 invad$ ,georgia4 ,ogle?orpe1 ?\gh greatly outnumb]$1 made a gallant def5se1 =c$ ! ,spani>ds to )draw1 & 7#agdc7 a second "t attack$ ,/4 ,augu/9e1 b fail$ to take x4 #aa ,! exp$ition 0 und]tak5 )\t au?ority f ! k+4 ,! army 0 a body ( raw recruits f ! f>ms1 ! %ops1 lumb] camps1 & fi%+ villages4 ,! comm&]--,pepp]ell--0 *os5 because ( 8 popul>ity1 & knew no m ab\t attack+ a =tress ?an ! humble/ man 9 ! ranks4 ,( cannon suitable to r$uce a =tress ! army _h none4 ,nev]!less1 by d9t ( h>d "w & good luck1 & l>gely by means ( _m cannon captur$ f ! ,fr5*1 ! g>rison 0 =c$ to surr5d]4 ,read ,haw?orne's ,gr&fa!r's ,*air1 ,"p ii1 ,*ap4 vii2 also ,*aps4 viii & ix4 #ab ,read ,p>kman's ,montcalm & ,wolfe1 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #bj-cd1 = a comp>ison ( ! ,fr5* & ,engli% colonies 9 ,am]ica4 #ac ,"o ( ^! plates 0 soon f\nd by ! ,indians & s5t to ! gov]nor ( ,p5nsylvania4 ,two m 9 rec5t ye>s 7 f\nd project+ f ! banks ( ! ,ohio by boys :ile ba?+ or at play4 #ad ,among ! memb]s ( ! company 7 ,gov]nor ,d9widdie ( ,virg9ia1 & two bro!rs ( ,george ,wa%+ton4 #ae ,george ,wa%+ton 0 born on ,febru>y #bb1 #agcb1 at ,bridges ,creek1 9 ,virg9ia4 ,at f\rte5 he ?\ght s]i\sly ( go+ to sea1 b became a surveyor1 & at sixte5 0 s5t to survey "p ( ! va/ e/ate ( ,"l ,fairfax :i* lay beyond ! ,blue ,ridge4 ,he liv$ ! life ( a fronti]sman1 slept 9 t5ts1 9 cab9s1 9 ! op51 & did 8 "w s well t he 0 made a public surveyor4 ,?is position gave him /eady occupation = ?ree ye>s1 & a k ( woodcraft & m5 t /ood him 9 good /ead 9 "t to come4 ,:5 he 0 n9ete51 8 bro!r ,lawr5ce procur$ him an appo9tm5t z an adjutant g5]al ( ,virg9ia ) ! rank ( major1 a po/ he held 9 ,octob]1 #agec1 :5 ,d9widdie s5t him1 accompani$ by a fam\s fronti]sman1 ,*ri/oph] ,gi/1 to f9d ! ,fr5*4 #af ,on ! way home ,wa%+ton left 8 m5 9 *>ge ( ! horses & baggage1 put on ,indian walk+ dress1 & ) ,*ri/oph] ,gi/ set (f by ! ne>e/ way ?r\gh ! woods on foot4 ,! foll[+ day1 says ,wa%+ton1 9 8 acc\nt ( ! j\rney1 j aft] we _h pass$ a place call$ ,murd]+ t[n1 444 we fell 9 ) a p>ty ( ,fr5* ,indians1 :o _h la9 9 wait = u4 ,"o ( !m fir$ at ,mr4 ,gi/ or me1 n fifte5 /eps (f1 b =tunately miss$4 ,! next day !y came to a riv]4 ,!re 0 no way ( gett+ ov] b on a raft1 444 b be=e we 7 half ov] we 7 jamm$ 9 ! ice4444 ,i put out my sett+ pole to try & /op ! raft t ! ice might pass by1 :5 ! rapidity ( ! /ream ?rew x ) su* =ce aga9/ ! pole1 t x j]k$ me out into t5 feet ( wat]1 b ,i =tunately sav$ myself by cat*+ hold ( "o ( ! raft logs4 ,!y 7 =c$ to swim to an isl&1 & next day cross$ on ! ice4 ,read ,p>kman's ,montcalm & ,wolfe1 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #acb-acf4 #ag ,! ,fr5* claim$ t ,jumonville 0 ! be>] ( a dispat* f ! comm&] at ! ,ohio1 t aft] ! ,virg9ians fir$ twice he made a sign t he 0 ! be>] ( a lett]1 t ! fir+ ceas$1 t !y ga!r$ ab\t him & :ile he 0 read+ kill$ him & 8 companions4 ,jumonville's dea? has !re=e be5 call$ an assass9ation by ,fr5* writ]s4 ,! /ory re/$ on false /atem5ts made by ,indians fri5dly to ! ,fr5*4 ,9 reality1 !re is ample pro( t ,jumonville made no attempt to deliv] any message to ,wa%+ton4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ea/]n ,,nor? ,,am]ica ,,at ,,! ,,beg9n+ ,,( ,,! ,,fr5* ,,& ,,indian ,,w>4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,! ,,fr5* ,,driv5 ,,f ,,am]ica ,,! ,,situation ,,9 #aged4--,! ,fr5* 7 n[ 9 arm$ possession ( ! ,ohio valley4 ,_! *a9 ( =ts b\nd$ ! ,briti% colonies f ,lake ,*ampla9 to ,=t ,duquesne4 ,unless !y 7 dislodg$1 all hope ( colonial expansion we/w>d 0 end$4 ,to dislodge !m meant w>1 & ! c]ta9ty ( w> l$ to a s]i\s attempt to unite ! colonies4 ,by ord] ( ! ,lords ( ,trade1 a conv5tion ( delegates f ! colonies #a 0 held at ,albany to secure by treaty & pres5ts ! fri5d%ip ( ! ,six ,nations ( ,indians2 x w\ld n d to let ^? p[]ful tribes g ov] to ! ,fr5* 9 ! com+ w>4 ,aft] treat+ ) ! ,indians1 ! conv5tion proce$$ to consid] ! "q :e!r all ! colonies c\ld n be unit$ = def5se & = ! protection ( _! int]e/s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,jo91 ,,or ,,die4 ,,frankl9',s ,,plan ,,( ,,union4--,"o ( ! delegates 0 ,b5jam9 ,frankl94 ,9 8 newspap]1 ! ,philadelphia ,gazette1 he _h urg$ union1 & he _h put ?is device #b at ! top ( an acc\nt ( ! capture ( ! ,ohio =t 7aft]w>d ,duquesne7 by ! ,fr5*4 ,at ! conv5tion he submitt$ a plan ( union call+ = a presid5t g5]al & a gr& c\ncil ( repres5tatives f ! colonies to meet ea* ye>4 ,!y 7 to make treaties ) ! ,indians1 regulate ! affairs ( ! colonies z a :ole1 levy taxes1 build =ts1 & raise armies4 ,! conv5tion adopt$ ! plan1 b bo? ! colonial legislatures & ! ,lords ( ,trade 9 ,london reject$ x4 #c ,illu/ration3 ,,frankl91 ,,at ,,! ,,age ,,( #gj4 ,,! ,,five ,,po9ts ,,( ,,attack4--,! ,fr5* held five /rongholds1 :i* %ut ! ,briti% out ( ,new ,france & ,l\isiana1 & ?reat5$ ! ,engli% colonies4 #a4 ,l\isburg ?reat5$ ,new ,engl& & ,nova ,scotia4 #b4 ,quebec controll$ ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce4 #c4 ,cr[n ,po9t 7& lat] ,ticond]oga71 on ,lake ,*ampla91 gu>d$ ! wat] r\te to ,new ,york & ?reat5$ ! ,hudson valley4 #d4 ,niag>a gu>d$ ! portage betwe5 ,lakes ,ont>io & ,erie1 & ?reat5$ ,new ,york on ! we/4 #e4 ,=t ,duquesne controll$ ! ,ohio & ?reat5$ ,p5nsylvania & ,virg9ia4 ,! plan ( ! ,briti% 0 to /r5g!n _! hold on ,nova ,scotia 7,acadia71 & to attack ?ree ( ! ,fr5* /rongholds--,cr[n ,po9t1 ,niag>a1 & ,=t ,duquesne--at ! same "t4 ,,acadia4--,late 9 ,may1 #agee1 !re=e1 an exp$ition set sail f ,bo/on1 made its way up ! ,bay ( ,fundy1 captur$ ! ,fr5* =ts at ! head ( t bay1 r$uc$ all ,acadia to ,briti% rule1 & t5d]$ ! oa? ( allegiance to ! ,fr5* ,acadians4 ,?is !y refus$ to take1 :]eupon !y 7 driv5 on bo>d %ips at ! po9t ( ! bayonet & c>ri$ (f & di/ribut$ among ! colonies4 #d ,illu/ration3 ,,=ts ,,9 ,,nor!rn ,,new ,,york4 ,,cr[n ,,po9t4--,! army aga9/ ,cr[n ,po9t1 compos$ ( troops f ! f\r ,new ,engl& colonies & ,new ,york1 ga!r$ at ,albany1 & ,=ts 9 nor!rn ,new ,york1 "u comm& ( ,william ,johnson #e m>*$ to ! head ( ,lake ,george1 :]e x beat ! ,fr5* "u ,dieskau 7dees'k\71 & built ,=t ,william ,h5ry2 b x did n rea* ,cr[n ,po9t4 ,,niag>a4--,a ?ird army1 "u ,g5]al ,%irley ( ,massa*usetts1 likewise set out f ,albany1 & pu%+ across ,new ,york rea*$ ,oswego1 :5 all ?\ght ( attack+ ,niag>a 0 ab&on$4 ,news _h come ( ! cru%+ defeat ( ,braddock4 ,,braddock',s ,,defeat4--,"u ! belief t nei!r colonial (fic]s nor colonial troops 7 ( mu* acc\nt1 ! "m c\ntry at ! op5+ ( ! w> s5t ov] ,edw>d ,braddock1 "o ( h] be/ (fic]s1 & two regim5ts ( regul>s4 ,brad-dock came to ,virg9ia1 appo9t$ ,wa%+ton "o ( 8 aids1 & hav+ ga!r$ "s prov9cial troops1 set (f f ,=t ,cumb]l& 9 ,m>yl& = ,=t ,duquesne4 ,! c\ntry to be trav]s$ 0 a wild]ness4 ,no road l$ ?r\gh ! woods1 s ! troops 7 =c$ to cut "o z !y w5t sl[ly we/w>d 7map1 p4 #add74 ,on ,july #i1 #agee1 :5 "s eight miles f ,=t ,duquesne1 ^? 9 ! van sudd5ly beheld :at seem$ to be an ,indian com+ t[>d !m1 b 0 really a ,fr5* (fic] ) a b& ( ,fr5* & ,indians at 8 back4 ,! mom5t he saw ! ,briti% he /opp$ & wav$ 8 hat 9 ! air1 :]eupon 8 foll[]s disappe>$ 9 ! bu%es & op5$ fire4 ,! ,briti% return$ ! fire & /ood _! gr\nd manfully1 b z !y c\ld n see _! foe1 :ile _! sc>let coats af=d$ a f9e t>get1 !y 7 %ot d[n by scores1 lo/ he>t1 huddl$ toge!r1 & :5 at la/ ,brad-dock 0 =c$ to ord] a retreat1 broke & fl$4 #f ,braddock 0 w\nd$ j z ! retreat began1 & di$ z ! army 0 hurry+ back to ,=t ,cumb]l&1 & le/ ! ,indians %\ld f9d 8 grave1 he 0 buri$ 9 ! road1 & all traces ( ! grave 7 oblit]at$ by ! troops & wagons pass+ ov] x4 ,f ,=t ,cumb]l& ! ,briti% m>*$ to ,philadelphia1 & ! :ole fronti] 0 left to ! m]cy ( ! ,fr5* & ,indians4 ,,fr5* ,,victories4--,w> p>ties 7 s5t out f ,=t ,duquesne 9 e direction1 settlem5t aft] settlem5t 0 sack$1 & be=e ,novemb] ! ,indians 7 burn+1 plund]+1 massacr+1 scalp+ )9 eighty miles ( ,philadelphia4 ,dur+ ! two foll[+ ye>s 7#agef-eg71 ! ,fr5* 7 all en]gy & activity1 & ! ,briti% 7 h>d press$4 #g ,oswego & ,=t ,william ,h5ry 7 captur$1 #h & ! ,new ,york fronti] 0 ravag$ by ! ,fr5*4 ,,briti% ,,victories 7#ageh74--;,& n[ ! tide turn$4 ,william ,pitt1 "o ( ! great ,engli%m5 ( 8 day1 0 plac$ at ! head ( public affairs 9 ,great ,brita91 & devot$ himself ) all 8 en]gy to ! conduct ( ! w>4 ,he *ose bett] comm&]s1 infus$ en?usiasm into m5 & (fic]s alike1 & ! result 0 a s]ies ( victories4 ,a fleet ( frigates & battle%ips1 ) an army ( t5 ?\s& m51 captur$ ,l\isburg4 ,?ree ?\s& prov9cials 9 op5 boats cross$ ,lake ,ont>io1 took ,=t ,front5ac1 & ?us cut communication betwe5 ,quebec & ! ,ohio4 ,a ?ird exp$ition1 "u ,=bes & ,wa%+ton1 m>*$ sl[ly across ,p5nsylvania1 to f9d ,=t ,duquesne 9 ru9s & ! ,fr5* gone4 #i ,illu/ration3 ,,lett] ,,writt5 ,,by ,,wa%+ton',s ,,"m4 ,9 ! possession ( ! ,p5nsylvania ,hi/orical ,society ,,victories ,,( #agei4--,two ( ! five /rongholds 7,l\isburg & ,=t ,duquesne7 7 n[ "u ! ,briti% flag1 & ! next ye> 7#agei7 ! ?ree o!rs met a l fate4 ,an exp$ition "u ,prideaux 7prid'o7 & ,sir ,william ,johnson captur$ ,=t ,niag>a2 an army "u ,amh]/ took ,ticond]oga & ,cr[n ,po9t2 & a fleet & army l$ by ,wolfe1 a "y (fic] di/+ui%$ at ,l\isburg1 took ,quebec4 ,,quebec1 #agei4--,! victory at ,quebec 0 ! greate/ ( ! w>4 ,! =tress 0 ! /ronge/ 9 ,am]ica1 & /ood on ! cre/ ( a high cliff :i* rose f ! wat]s ( ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce4 ,! ,fr5* comm&]1 ,montcalm1 0 a brave & able soldi]4 ,b "o night 9 ,septemb]1 #agei1 ! ,briti% g5]al1 ,wolfe1 l$ 8 army up ! /eep cliff we/ ( ! city1 & 9 ! morn+ =m$ 9 battle array on ! ,pla9s ( ,abraham4 ,a great battle foll[$4 ,bo? ,wolfe & ,montcalm 7 kill$2 b ! ,briti% won1 & ,quebec has ev] s9ce be5 "u _! flag4 ,montreal fell ! next ye> 7#agfj71 & ,canada 0 conqu]$4 #aj ,illu/ration3 ,,capture ,,( ,,quebec ,,spa9 ,,c$es ,,florida ,,to ,,great ,,brita94--,9 ! spr+ ( #agfa1 ,france made proposals ( peace2 b :ile ! negotiation 0 "u way1 ,spa9 alli$ h]self ) ,france1 & 0 soon dragg$ into ! w>4 ,! ,briti% !reupon captur$ ,havana & ,manila 7#agfb71 & ?us became = a %ort "t ma/]s ( ,cuba & ! ,philipp9es4 ,a few weeks lat] prelim9>y articles ( peace 7 sign$ 7,novemb]1 #agfb71 & ! f9al 7or def9itive7 treaty 9 #agfc4 ,spa9 c$$ ,florida to ,great ,brita9 9 return = ,cuba4 ,news ( ! capture ( ! ,philipp9es 0 n receiv$ till aft] ! prelim9>y treaty 0 sign$2 ! isl&s 7 !re=e return$ )\t any equival5t4 #aa ,,! ,,fr5* ,,quit ,,am]ica4--,by ! treaties ( #agfb & #agfc ,france )drew f ,am]ica4 ,to ,great ,brita9 7 c$$ 7#a7 all ( ,new ,france 7or ,canada71 ,cape ,breton ,isl&1 & all ! ne>-by isl&s save two small ones ne> ,newf\ndl&1 & 7#b7 all ( ,l\isiana ea/ ( ! ,mississippi save ! city ( ,new ,orleans & a little t]ritory above & bel[ ! city4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,briti% ,,t]ritory ,,at ,,! ,,end ,,( ,,! ,,fr5* ,,& ,,indian ,,w>4 ,to recomp5se ,spa9 = h] loss 9 ! w>1 ,france c$$ to h] ,new ,orleans & ! neighbor+ t]ritory1 & all ( ,l\isiana we/ ( ! ,mississippi4 ,,! ,,prov9ce ,,( ,,quebec4--,! acquisition ( ,new ,france made x necess>y = ,great ,brita9 to provide = its gov]nm5t4 ,to d ?is %e drew a l9e ab\t ! "p inhabit$ by :ites1 & e/abli%$ ! prov9ce ( ,quebec4 ,! s\? b\nd>y ( ! new prov9ce %\ld be c>efully obs]v$1 = x became ! nor!rn b\nd>y ( ,new ,york & ,new ,engl&4 ,,! ,,proclamation ,,l9e4--,! proclamation :i* creat$ ! prov9ce ( ,quebec also drew a l9e beyond ! s\rces ( ! riv]s :i* fl[ into ! ,atlantic f ! we/ & nor?we/3 beyond ?is l9e no gov]nor ( any ( ! colonies 0 to grant l&4 ,?is meant t ! k+ cut (f ! claims to we/]n l&s set =? 9 ! *>t]s ( ,massa*usetts1 ,connecticut1 ,virg9ia1 ,c>ol9a1 & ,georgia4 ,! t]ritory s cut (f 0 = ! pres5t to be res]v$ = ! ,indians4 ,,! ,,prov9ces ,,( ,,ea/ ,,& ,,we/ ,,florida4--,! proclamation ( #agfc also creat$ two o!r prov9ces4 ,"o call$ ,ea/ ,florida 0 s mu* ( ! pres5t /ate ( ,florida z lies ea/ ( ! ,apala*icola ,riv]4 ,we/ ,florida 0 all ! t]ritory receiv$ f ,spa9 we/ ( ! ,apala*icola4 #ab ,to ,georgia 0 annex$ ! t]ritory betwe5 ! ,/4 ,m>ys ,riv]1 ! proclamation l9e1 & ! ,altamaha4 ,,! ,,fronti]4--,briti% settlem5ts did n yet rea* ! ,allegh5y ,m\nta9s4 ,9 ,new ,york !y ext5d$ a %ort di/ance up ! ,mohawk ,riv]4 ,9 ,p5nsylvania ! little t[n ( ,b$=d1 9 ,m>yl& ,=t ,cumb]l&1 & 9 ,virg9ia ! ,allegh5y ,m\nta9s m>k$ ! fronti] 7p4 #add74 ,,! ,,wild]ness ,,r\tes ,,& ,,=ts4--,?r\gh ! wild]ness ly+ beyond ! fronti] ran sev]al l9es ( =ts int5d$ to protect r\tes ( communication4 ,?us 9 ,new ,york ! r\te up ! ,mohawk to ,oneida ,lake & d[n ,oswego ,riv] to ,lake ,ont>io 0 protect$ by ,=ts ,/anwix1 ,brew]ton1 & ,oswego4 ,f ,=t ,oswego ! r\te cont9u$ by wat] to ,=t ,niag>a at ! m\? ( ! riv] ( t "n1 !n along ! ,niag>a ,riv] & by ,lake ,erie to ,presque ,isle1 !n by l& to ,=t ,le ,boeuf1 !n by riv] to ,=t ,pitt4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wild]ness ,,r\tes ,,& ,,=ts4 ,f ,=t ,pitt two roads l$ back to ! fronti]4 ,"o lead+ to ! ,potomac valley 0 t cut f ,=t ,cumb]l& by ,braddock 79 #agee7 & kn[n z ,braddock's ,road4 ,! o!r to ,b$=d on ! ,p5nsylvania fronti] 0 cut by ,g5]al ,=bes 79 #ageh74 ,along ! %ores ( ! ,great ,lakes 7 a few =ts built by ! ,fr5* & n[ held by ! ,briti%4 ,^! 7 ,s&usky1 ,detroit1 ,mack9aw1 & ,/4 ,joseph4 ,illu/ration3 ,,old ,,=t ,,niag>a4 ,,pontiac',s ,,w>4--,betwe5 ?is *a9 ( =ts & ! ,mississippi ,riv]1 9 ! region giv5 up by ,france1 liv$ _m tribes ( ,indians1 old fri5ds ( ! ,fr5* & bitt] enemies ( ! ,briti%4 ,! old enmity 0 kept aflame by ! ,fr5* ,canadians1 :o /ill c>ri$ on ! fur trade ) ! ,indians4 #ac ,:51 !re=e1 ,pontiac1 a *ief ( ! ,ottawas1 9 #agfb s5t out among ! ,indian nations ambassadors ) ! w> belt ( wampum1 & tomahawks /a9$ r$ 9 tok5 ( w>1 ! tribes ev]y:]e respond$ to ! call4 #ad ,f ! ,ohio & its tribut>ies to ! upp] lakes1 & s\?w>d to ! m\? ( ! ,mississippi1 !y b&$ aga9/ ! ,briti%1 & e>ly 9 #agfc1 l$ by ,pontiac1 swept d[n on ! fronti] =ts4 ,detroit 0 attack$1 ,presque ,isle 0 captur$1 ,le ,boeuf & ,v5ango 7 burn$ to ! gr\nd1 ,=t ,pitt 0 besieg$1 & ! fronti] ( ,p5nsylvania laid wa/e4 ,( f\rte5 po/s f ,mack9aw to ,oswego1 all b f\r 7 tak5 by ! ,indians4 ,x seem$ t n a settl] w\ld be left we/ ( ! ,susquehanna2 b a little army "u ,colonel ,b\quet beat ! ,indians1 cle>$ ! ,p5nsylvania fronti]1 & reliev$ ,=t ,pitt 9 #agfc2 ano!r army 9 #agfd pass$ along ! lake %ore to ,detroit & quiet$ ! ,indians 9 t region1 :ile ,b\quet 7#agfd7 invad$ ! ,ohio c\ntry1 =c$ ! tribes to submit1 & releas$ two hundr$ :ite prison]s4 ,,summ>y #a4 ,! w> :i* foll[$ ! defeat ( ,wa%+ton is kn[n z ! ,fr5* & ,indian ,w>4 #b4 ,fe>+ t ! ,fr5* ,acadians 9 ,nova ,scotia w\ld become tr\blesome1 ! ,briti% disp]s$ !m among ! colonies4 #c4 ,! /rongholds ( ! ,fr5* 7 ,l\isburg1 ,quebec1 ,cr[n ,po9t1 ,niag>a1 & ,=t ,duquesne4 #d4 ,! fir/ exp$ition aga9/ ,=t ,duquesne end$ 9 ,braddock's defeat2 exp$itions aga9/ o!r /rongholds came to naught1 & dur+ ! e>ly ye>s ( ! w> ! ,fr5* c>ri$ ev]y?+ be=e !m4 #e4 ,b :5 ,pitt rose to p[] 9 ,engl&1 ! tide turn$3 ,l\isburg & ,=t ,duquesne 7 captur$ 79 #ageh72 ,niag>a1 ,ticond]oga1 ,cr[n ,po9t1 & ,quebec 7 tak5 79 #agei72 & ,montreal fell 9 #agfj4 #f4 ,spa9 n[ jo9$ 9 ! w>1 :]eupon ,great ,brita9 seiz$ ,cuba & ! ,philipp9es4 #g4 ,peace 0 made 9 #agfb-fc3 ! conque/s f ,spa9 7 re/or$ to h]1 b ,florida 0 c$$ to ,great ,brita92 & ,france gave up h] possessions 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 #h4 ,canada1 ,cape ,breton1 & all ,l\isiana ea/ ( ! ,mississippi1 save ,new ,orleans & vic9ity1 w5t to ,great ,brita94 #i4 ,new ,orleans & ,l\isiana we/ ( ! ,mississippi w5t to ,spa94 #aj4 ,great ,brita9 !n e/abli%$ ! new prov9ces ( ,quebec & ,ea/ & ,we/ ,florida1 & drew ! ,proclamation ,l9e4 #aa4 ,a great ,indian upris+1 kn[n z ,pontiac's ,w>1 foll[$ ! peace1 b 0 quickly put d[n4 ,,footnotes #a ,new ,hamp%ire1 ,massa*usetts1 ,rhode ,isl&1 ,connecticut1 ,new ,york1 ,p5nsylvania1 & ,m>yl& 7 ! only colonies repres5t$4 #b ,!re 0 an old sup]/ition t if a snake 7 cut into pieces & ! pieces all[$ to t\*1 !y w\ld jo9 & ! snake w\ld n die4 ,frankl9 meant t unless ! sep>ate colonies jo9$ !y w\ld be conqu]$4 #c ,frankl9 0 born 9 ,bo/on 9 #agjf1 ! y\nge/ son 9 a family ( sev5te5 *ildr54 ,he w5t to "w 9 8 fa!r's c&le %op :5 t5 ye>s old4 ,he 0 fond ( read+1 & by sav+ :at little money he c\ld secure1 b\ght a few books & read !m ?or\ghly4 ,:5 twelve1 he 0 b\nd appr5tice to a bro!r :o 0 a pr9t]4 ,at sev5te5 he ran away to ,philadelphia1 :]e he f\nd "w 9 a pr9t+ (fice1 & 9 #agbi own$ a newspap] ( 8 own1 :i* soon became ! be/ & mo/ ent]ta9+ 9 ! colonies4 ,8 mo/ fam\s publication is ,poor ,ri*>d's ,almanac4 ,to ?is day ! prov]bs & common s5se say+s ( ,poor ,ri*>d are con/antly quot$4 ,frankl9 0 a good citiz53 he took "p 9 ! f\nd+ ( ! fir/ public libr>y 9 ,philadelphia1 ! =mation ( ! fir/ fire eng9e company1 & ! organization ( ! fir/ militia1 & he p]suad$ ! au?orities to light & pave /reets & to e/abli% a night wat*4 ,he is reg>d$ z ! f\nd] ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania4 ,frankl9 0 also a man ( sci5ce4 ,he discov]$ t lightn+ is electricity1 inv5t$ ! lightn+ rod1 & wrote _m sci5tific pap]s4 ,he s]v$ 9 ! legislature ( ,p5nsylvania1 & 0 made po/ma/] g5]al = ! colonies4 ,all ^! ?+s occurr$ be=e #aged4 #d ,ab\t six ?\s& 7 c>ri$ (f4 ,n[h]e 7 !y welcome4 ,"s :o 7 tak5 to ,bo/on made _! way to ,canada4 ,su* z rea*$ ,s\? ,c>ol9a & ,georgia 7 giv5 leave to return2 b sev5 little boatloads 7 /opp$ at ,bo/on4 ,o!rs rea*$ ,l\isiana1 :]e _! desc5dants /ill live4 ,a few succe$$ 9 return+ to ,acadia4 ,d n fail to read ,longfell['s poem ,evangel9e1 a beautiful /ory f\nd$ on ?is removal ( ! ,acadians4 ,0 x necess>y to remove ! ,acadians8 ,read ,p>kman's ,montcalm & ,wolfe1 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #bcd-bda1 #bef-bff1 #bgf- #bhd2 read also ,! ,old ,fr5* ,w>1 ,"p ii1 ,*ap1 viii1 9 ,haw?orne's ,gr&fa!r's ,*air4 #e ,william ,johnson 0 born 9 ,irel& 9 #agae1 & came to ,am]ica 9 #agch to take *>ge ( 8 uncle's prop]ty 9 ! ,mohawk valley4 ,he settl$ ab\t tw5ty miles we/ ( ,s*5ectady1 & engag$ 9 ! ,indian trade4 ,he dealt hone/ly ) ! ,indians1 le>n$ _! language1 att5d$ _! fea/s1 &1 tomahawk 9 h&1 danc$ _! dances 9 ,indian dress4 ,he ev5 took z 8 wife a si/] ( ,brant1 a ,mohawk *ief4 ,s great 0 8 influ5ce ) ! ,indians t 9 #agdf he 0 made ,commiss>y ( ,new ,york = ,indian ,affairs4 ,9 #agej he 0 made a memb] ( ! prov9cial ,c\ncil1 w5t to ! ,albany conv5tion 9 #aged1 & lat] 0 appo9t$ a major g5]al4 ,aft] ! exp$ition aga9/ ,cr[n ,po9t he 0 knight$ & made ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,indian ,affairs 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,he di$ 9 #aggd4 #f ,x is sometimes said t ,braddock fell into an ambuscade4 ,?is is a mi/ake4 ,he 0 surpris$ because he did n s5d sc\ts ahead ( 8 army2 b ! ,indians 7 n 9 ambu%4 ,braddock w\ld n p]mit ! troops to fight 9 ,indian fa%ion f beh9d trees & bu%es1 b =c$ 8 m5 to =m 9 platoons4 ,a "p ( ! regul>s :o tri$ to fight beh9d trees ,braddock beat ) 8 sword & =c$ into l9e4 ,"s ,virg9ians :o s\ght %elt] beh9d a huge fall5 tree 7 mi/ak5 = ! enemy & fir$ on4 ,9 ! fight & aft] x ,wa%+ton 0 mo/ prom95t4 ,twice a horse 0 %ot "u him4 ,f\r bullets pass$ ?r\gh 8 clo!s4 ,:5 ! retreat began1 he ralli$ ! fugitives1 & br\ght (f ! w\nd$ ,braddock4 #g ,w> betwe5 ,france & ,great ,brita9 0 decl>$ 9 ,may1 #agef4 ,9 ,europe x 0 kn[n z ! ,sev5 ,ye>s' ,w>2 9 ,am]ica z ! ,fr5* & ,indian4 ,on ! side ( ,france 7 ,russia & ,au/ria4 ,on ! side ( ,great ,brita9 0 ,fr$]ick ! ,great ( ,prussia4 ,! fight+ w5t on n only 9 ,am]ica1 b 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 on ! ,european ,cont95t1 9 ! ,m$it]ranean1 & 9 ,india4 #h ,:5 ! colonial troops surr5d]$ ,=t ,william ,h5ry1 ! ,fr5* comm&]1 ,montcalm1 agre$ t !y %\ld return to _! homes 9 safety4 ,b ! ,indians1 madd5$ by liquor1 massacr$ a l>ge numb]1 & c>ri$ (f "s six hundr$ prison]s4 ,montcalm f9ally secur$ ! release ( "s f\r hundr$4 ,coop]'s novel ,! ,la/ ( ! ,mohicans treats ( ! w> ab\t ,lake ,george4 #i ,in/ead ( us+ ! road cut by ,braddock1 ,=bes *ose ano!r r\te1 7map1 p4 #add71 & sp5t mu* "t 9 road mak+4 ,late 9 ,septemb] he 0 /ill fifty miles f ,=t ,duquesne1 & decid$ to g into w9t] qu>t]s4 ,b ! ,fr5* attack$ ,=bes & 7 beat52 & f "s prison]s ,=bes le>n$ t ! g>rison at ,=t ,duquesne 0 weak4 ,a pick$ =ce ( m51 ) ,wa%+ton & 8 ,virg9ians 9 ! lead1 !n hurri$ =w>d1 & rea*$ ! =t to f9d x ab&on$4 ,a new /ockade 0 built ne> by1 & nam$ ,=t ,pitt1 & ! place 0 nam$ ,pittsburg4 #aj ,read ,p>kman's ,montcalm & ,wolfe1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #bhj-big4 ,! fall ( ,quebec is treat$ 9 fiction 9 ,gilb]t ,p>k]'s ,seats ( ! ,mighty4 #aa ,:5 ,manila 0 captur$1 all private prop]ty 0 sav$ f plund] by ! promise ( a ransom ( #a1jjj1jjj4 ,"o half 0 paid 9 money1 & ! re/ 9 bills on ! ,spani% treasury4 ,spa9 nev] paid ^! bills4 #ab ,! nor? b\nd>y 0 ! p>allel ( #ca2 b 9 #agfd ,we/ ,florida 0 enl>g$1 & ! nor? b\nd>y became ! p>allel ( latitude t passes ?r\gh ! m\? ( ! ,yazoo ,riv]4 #ac ,!y told ! ,indians t ! ,briti% w\ld soon be driv5 out1 & t ! ,mississippi ,riv] & ,canada w\ld aga9 be 9 ,fr5* h&s2 t ! ,briti% 7 try+ to de/roy ! ,indian race1 & = ?is purpose 7 build+ =ts & mak+ settlem5ts4 #ad ,read ,p>kman's ,conspiracy ( ,pontiac2 ,kirk ,munroe's ,at ,w> ) ,pontiac4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,! ,,qu>rel ,,) ,,! ,,"m ,,c\ntry ,! ,fr5* & ,indian ,w> gave ! coloni/s valuable tra9+ z soldi]s1 fre$ !m f ! dang] ( attack by _! ,fr5* neighbors1 & s made !m less dep5d5t on ,great ,brita9 = protection4 ,b ! "m c\ntry took no acc\nt ( ?is1 & at once began to d ?+s :i* 9 t5 ye>s' "t drove ! colonies into rebellion4 ,,causes ,,( ,,! ,,qu>rel4--,we are (t5 told t taxation )\t repres5tation 0 ! cause ( ! ,revolution4 ,x 0 inde$ "o cause1 & a v important "o1 b n ! only "o by any means4 ,! causes ( ! ,revolution1 z /at$ 9 ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce1 7 _m1 & arose *iefly f an attempt ( ! "m c\ntry to 7#a7 en=ce ! laws conc]n+ trade1 7#b7 qu>t] royal troops 9 ! colonies1 #a & 7#c7 support ! troops by taxes impos$ )\t cons5t ( ! colonies4 ,,! ,,trade ,,laws 7 enact$ by ,p>liam5t betwe5 #afej & #agfd = ! purpose ( giv+ ,great ,brita9 a monopoly ( colonial trade4 ,by _! provisions-- #a4 ,no goods 7 to be c>ri$ f any port 9 ,europe to ,am]ica unless fir/ l&$ 9 ,engl&4 #b4 ,_m articles ( colonial production1 z tobacco1 cotton1 silk1 indigo1 furs1 rice1 sug>1 c\ld n be s5t to any c\ntry save ,engl&2 b lumb]1 salt fi%1 & provisions c\ld be s5t also to ,france1 ,spa91 or o!r =eign c\ntries4 #c4 ,to help ,engli% wool manufacture1 ! coloni/s 7 =bidd5 to s5d _! wool5 goods or hats to any c\ntry :atev]1 or ev5 f colony to colony4 #d4 ,to help ,engli% iron manufacture1 ! coloni/s 7 =bidd5 to make /eel4 #e4 ,to help ! ,briti% ,we/ ,indies1 a heavy duty 0 laid 79 #agcc7 on sug> or molasses import$ f any o!r ?an a ,briti% possession4 ,,smuggl+4--,_h ^! laws be5 rigidly en=c$ !y w\ld h be5 sev]e inde$1 b !y c\ld n be rigidly en=c$4 ,!y 7 op5ly violat$1 & smuggl+ became s common 9 e colony #b t ! co/ ( collect+ ! rev5ue 0 mu* m ?an ! am\nt ga!r$4 ,?is smuggl+ ! ,briti% gov]nm5t n[ det]m9$ to end4 ,accord+ly1 9 #agfd1 ! colonies 7 ord]$ to /op all unlawful trade1 naval vessels 7 /ation$ (f ! coa/ to seize smuggl]s1 & new c\rts1 call$ vice-admiralty c\rts1 7 set up 9 :i* smuggl]s :5 caught 7 to be tri$ )\t a jury4 #c ,a ,,/&+ ,,army4--,x 0 fur!r propos$ to s5d ov] t5 ?\s& regul> soldi]s to def5d ! colonies aga9/ ! ,indians & aga9/ any attack t might be made by ,france or ,spa94 ,! coloni/s object$ to ! troops on ! gr\nd t !y _h n ask$ = soldi]s & did n ne$ any4 ,illu/ration3 ,,briti% ,,soldi]4 ,,! ,,/amp ,,act4--,z ! co/ ( keep+ ! troops w\ld be v great1 x 0 decid$ to raise "p ( ! money ne$$ by a /amp tax :i* ,p>liam5t enact$ 9 #agfe4 ,! ,/amp ,act appli$ n only to ! ?irte5 colonies1 b also to ,canada1 ,florida1 & ! ,we/ ,indies1 & 0 to take effect on & aft] ,novemb] #a1 #agfe4 #d #a4 ,e piece ( vellum or pap] on :i* 0 writt5 any legal docum5t = use 9 any c\rt 0 to be *>g$ ) a /amp duty ( f ?ree p5ce to t5 p\nds4 #b4 ,_m k9ds ( docum5ts n us$ 9 c\rt1 & newspap]s1 almanacs1 etc41 7 to be writt5 or pr9t$ only on /amp$ pap] made 9 ,engl& & sold at prices fix$ by law4 ,! money rais$ by ! /amp tax 0 n to be tak5 to ,great ,brita91 b 0 to be sp5t 9 ! colonies 9 ! pur*ase ( food & supplies = ! troops4 ,,! ,,colonies ,,d5y ,,! ,,"r ,,( ,,p>liam5t ,,to ,,tax ,,!m4--,b ! coloni/s c>$ n = :at use ! money 0 int5d$4 ,no taxation )\t repres5tation1 0 _! cry4 ,!y ca/ no votes = a memb] ( ,p>liam5t2 !re=e1 !y said1 !y 7 n repres5t$ 9 ,p>liam5t4 ,n be+ repres5t$1 !y c\ld n be tax$ by ,p>liam5t1 because taxes c\ld lawfully be laid on !m only by _! *os5 repres5tatives4 #e ,9 ! op9ion ( ! ,briti% p ! coloni/s 7 repres5t$ 9 ,p>liam5t4 ,briti% subjects 9 ,am]ica1 x 0 held1 7 j z mu* repres5t$ 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons z 7 ! p ( ,man*e/] or ,birm+ham1 nei!r ( :i* s5t a memb] to ! ,h\se4 ,ea* memb] ( ! ,h\se repres5t$ n m]ely ! few m5 :o elect$ him1 b all ! subjects ( ! ,briti% cr[n ev]y:]e4 #f ,,! ,,colonies ,,resi/4--,resi/ance to ! ,/amp ,act began 9 ,virg9ia1 :]e ! ,h\se ( ,burgesses pass$ a set ( resolutions writt5 by ,patrick ,h5ry4 #g ,9 sub/ance !y decl>$ t ! coloni/s 7 ,briti% subjects & 7 n b\nd to obey any law tax+ !m )\t ! cons5t ( _! own legislatures4 ,illu/ration3 ,,patrick ,,h5ry ,,address+ ,,! ,,virg9ia ,,assembly4 ,f an old pr9t4 ,massa*usetts came next ) a call = a congress ( delegates f ! colonies1 to meet at ,new ,york 9 ,octob]4 ,,! ,,/amp ,,act ,,congress1 #agfe4--,n9e ( ! colonies s5t delegates1 & aft] a session ( tw5ty days ! repres5tatives ( six sign$ a decl>ation ( rights & grievances4 ,! decl>ation ( rights set =? t a ,briti% subject c\ld n be tax$ unless he 0 repres5t$ 9 ! legislature t impos$ ! tax2 t ,am]icans 7 n repres5t$ 9 ,p>liam5t2 & t !re=e ! /amp tax 0 an attack on ! rights ( ,engli%m5 & ! lib]ty ( self-gov]nm5t4 ,! grievances compla9$ ( 7 trial )\t jury1 re/rictions on trade1 taxation )\t repres5tation1 & especially ! /amp tax4 ,,! ,,/amp ,,di/ribut]s4--,9 ,augu/1 #agfe1 ! names ( ! m5 9 ,am]ica *os5 to be ! di/ribut]s or sell]s ( ! /amps & /amp$ pap] 7 made public1 & !n ! p began to act4 ,dem&s 7 made t ! di/ribut]s %\ld resign4 ,:5 !y refus$1 ! p rose & by =ce compell$ !m to resign1 & riots occurr$ 9 ! *ief seabo>d t[ns f ,new ,hamp%ire to ,m>yl&4 ,at ,bo/on ! p broke into ! h\se ( ! lieut5ant gov]nor & de/roy$ 8 f9e libr>y & pap]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,p5nsylvania ,,j\rnal ,,& ,,weekly ,,adv]tis] ,on ,novemb] #a1 #agfe1 ! ,/amp ,act w5t into =ce1 b n a /amp or a piece ( /amp$ pap] c\ld be _h 9 any ( ! ?irte5 colonies4 ,"s ( ! newspap]s ceas$ to be pr9t$1 ! la/ issues appe>+ ) black bord]s1 dea?'s heads1 & obitu>y notices4 ,b soon all 7 regul>ly issu$ )\t /amps1 & ev5 ! c\rts disreg>d$ ! law4 #h ,illu/ration3 ,,lant]n ,,us$ ,,at ,,celebration ,,( ,,! ,,repeal ,,( ,,! ,,/amp ,,act4 ,9 ! ,old ,/ateh\se1 ,bo/on4 ,,! ,,/amp ,,act ,,repeal$1 #agff4--,meantime ! m]*ants _h be5 sign+ agreem5ts n to import1 & ! p n to buy1 any ,briti% goods = "s mon?s to come4 ,am]ican trade ) ! "m c\ntry 0 ?us cut (f1 ?\s&s ( workm5 9 ,great ,brita9 7 ?r[n out ( employm5t1 & ,p>liam5t 0 beset ) petitions f ,briti% m]*ants pray+ = a repeal ( ! /amp tax4 ,to en=ce ! act )\t blood%$ 0 impossible4 ,9 ,m>*1 #agff1 !re=e1 ,p>liam5t repeal$ ! ,/amp ,act4 #i ,b at ! same "t x enact$ ano!r1 kn[n z ! ,decl>atory ,act1 9 :i* x decl>$ t x _h p[] to legislate = ! colonies 9 all cases :atsoev]4 ,,! ,,t[n%5d ,,acts1 #agfg4--;,9 _! joy ov] ! repeal ( ! ,/amp ,act1 ! coloni/s gave no he$ to ! ,decl>atory ,act4 ,b ! v next ye> ,*>les ,t[n%5d1 !n m9i/] ( f9ance1 p]suad$ ,p>liam5t to pass sev]al laws s9ce kn[n z ! ,t[n%5d ,acts4 ,"o ( ^! =bade ! legislature ( ,new ,york to pass any m laws until x _h made provision = ! royal troops qu>t]$ 9 ,new ,york city4 ,ano!r laid taxes on all pa9ts1 pap]1 tea1 & c]ta9 o!r articles import$ into ! colonies4 #aj ,,! ,,colonies ,,aga9 ,,resi/4--,none ( ! new taxes 7 heavy1 b aga9 ! case 0 "o ( taxation )\t repres5tation1 s ! legislature ( ,massa*usetts s5t a lett] to ! o!r colonial legislatures ask+ !m to unite & consult = ! protection ( _! rights4 ,?is lett] gave s great (f5se to ! "m c\ntry t ,massa*usetts 0 ord]$ to resc9d h] act1 & ! gov]nors ( ! o!r colonies to see t no notice 0 tak5 ( x4 #aa ,& n[ ! royal troops = ! def5se ( ! colonies began to arrive4 ,b ,massa*usetts1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 & ,s\? ,c>ol9a refus$ to f9d !m qu>t]s1 & = su* refusal ! legislature ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a 0 dissolv$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bo/on ,,massacre ,,monum5t4 ,9 ,bo/on ,common4 ,,! ,,bo/on ,,massacre4--,at ,bo/on ! troops 7 receiv$ ) e m>k ( hatr$ & disgu/1 & = ?ree ye>s 7 subject$ to e sort ( insult & indignity1 :i* !y repaid 9 k9d4 ,! troops l$ riot\s lives1 rac$ horses on ,sunday on ! ,common1 play$ ,yankee ,doodle be=e ! *ur* doors1 & m ?an once ex*ang$ bl[s ) ! citiz5s4 ,9 "o enc\nt] ! troops fir$ on ! cr[d1 kill+ five & w\nd+ six4 ,?is 0 ! fam\s ,bo/on ,massacre1 & produc$ ov] all ! l& a deep impression4 #ab ,,t[n%5d ,,acts ,,repeal$1 #aggj4--,once m ! resi/ance ( ! colonies-- *iefly ?r\gh refus+ to buy ,briti% goods--0 successful1 & ,p>liam5t took (f all ! ,t[n%5d taxes except t on tea4 ,?is import tax ( ?ree p5ce a p\nd on tea 0 reta9$ 9 ord] t ! "r ( ,p>liam5t to tax ! colonies might be ass]t$4 ,b ! coloni/s /ood firm2 !y refus$ to buy tea %ipp$ f ,great ,brita91 b smuggl$ x f ,holl&4 #ac ,,tea ,,tax ,,juggle4--,by #aggc ! refusal to buy tea f ! "m c\ntry 0 sev]ely felt by ! ,ea/ ,india ,company1 :i* _h br\ght f> m tea to ,great ,brita9 ?an x c\ld dispose (4 ,p>liam5t !n remov$ ! export duty ( twelve p5ce a p\nd :i* _h =m]ly be5 paid 9 ,great ,brita9 on all tea %ipp$ to ! colonies4 ,?us aft] pay+ ! ?ree- p5ce tax at ! ,am]ican cu/omh\ses1 ! tea c\ld be sold n9e p5ce a p\nd *eap] ?an be=e4 ,,! ,,tea ,,n ,,all[$ ,,to ,,be ,,sold4--,! ,ea/ ,india ,company n[ quickly select$ ag5ts 9 ! *ief seaports ( ! colonies1 & s5t %iploads ( tea consign$ to !m = sale4 #ad ,b ! coloni/s 7 tempt$ by *eap tea2 !y 7 det]m9$ t ,p>liam5t w\ld n tax !m4 ,!y !re=e =c$ ! ag5ts to resign _! commissions1 & :5 ! tea %ips arriv$1 took possession ( !m4 ,at ,philadelphia ! %ips 7 s5t back to ,london4 ,at ,*>le/on ! tea 0 l&$ & /or$ = ?ree ye>s & !n seiz$ & sold by ! /ate ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a4 ,at ,annapolis ! p =c$ ! own] ( a tea %ip to g on bo>d & set fire to 8 %ip2 vessel & c>go 7 ?us consum$4 ,at ,bo/on ! p wi%$ ! tea s5t back to ,london1 & :5 ! au?orities refus$ to all[ ?is1 a p>ty ( m5 disguis$ z ,indians bo>d$ ! %ips & ?rew ! tea into ! wat]4 #ae ,illu/ration3 ,,?r[+ ,,! ,,tea ,,ov]bo>d1 ,,bo/on4 ,,! ,,intol]able ,,acts4--,p>liam5t n[ det]m9$ to puni% ! colonies1 & = ?is purpose enact$ five laws call$ by ! coloni/s ! ,intol]able ,acts3-- #a4 ,! port ( ,bo/on 0 %ut to trade & comm]ce till ! colony %\ld pay = ! tea de/roy$4 #b4 ,! *>t] ( ,massa*usetts 0 alt]$4 #c4 ,p]sons :o 7 accus$ ( murd] done 9 execut+ ! laws might be tak5 = trial to ano!r colony or to ,great ,brita94 #d4 ,! qu>t]+ ( troops on ! p 0 au?oriz$4 #e4 ,! b\nd>ies ( ! prov9ce ( ,quebec 7 ext5d$ to ! ,ohio & ,mississippi riv]s4 ,z ,massa*usetts1 ,connecticut1 & ,virg9ia claim$ p>ts ( ?is t]ritory1 !y reg>d$ ! ,quebec ,act z ano!r act ( tyranny4 #af ,,! ,,fir/ ,,cont95tal ,,congress4--,because ( ! passage ( ^! laws1 a ,congress sugge/$ by ,virg9ia & call$ by ,massa*usetts met 9 ,c>p5t]'s ,hall 9 ,philadelphia 9 ,septemb]1 #aggd1 & issu$ a decl>ation ( rights & grievances1 a petition to ! k+1 & addresses to ! p ( ,great ,brita91 to ! p ( ,canada1 & to ! p ( ! colonies4 ,x also call$ a second ,congress to meet on ,may #aj1 #agge1 & take action on ! result ( ! petition to ! k+4 ,,summ>y #a4 ,aft] ! ,fr5* & ,indian ,w> ,great ,brita9 det]m9$ to en=ce ! laws ( trade4 #b4 ,x also decid$ t ! colonies %\ld be> a "p ( ! co/ ( _! def5se1 & = ?is purpose a /amp tax 0 levi$4 #c4 ,! "r ( ,p>liam5t to levy su* a tax 0 d5i$ by ! coloni/s on ! gr\nd t !y 7 n repres5t$ 9 ,p>liam5t4 #d4 ,! attempt to en=ce ! tax l$ to resi/ance1 & a congress ( ! colonies 7#agfe7 issu$ a decl>ation ( rights & grievances4 #e4 ,! tax 0 repeal$ 9 #agff1 b ,p>liam5t at ! same "t ass]t$ its "r to tax4 #f4 ,! ,t[n%5d ,acts 7#agfg7 tri$ to raise a rev5ue by import duties on goods br\ght into ! colonies4 ,at ! same "t ! arrival ( ! troops = def5se ( ! colonies caus$ new tr\ble2 9 ,bo/on ! p & ! troops came to bl[s 7#aggj74 #g4 ,! refusal ( ! coloni/s to buy ! tax$ articles l$ to ! repeal ( all ! taxes except t on tea 7#aggj74 #h4 ,! coloni/s /ill refus$ to buy tax$ tea1 :]eupon ,p>liam5t enabl$ ! ,ea/ ,india ,company to s5d ov] tea = sale at a l[] price ?an be=e4 #i4 ,! tea 0 n all[$ to be sold4 ,9 ,bo/on x 0 de/roy$4 #aj4 ,z a puni%m5t ,p>liam5t enact$ ! five ,intol]able ,acts4 #aa4 ,! ,fir/ ,cont95tal ,congress 7#aggd7 !reupon petition$ = r$ress1 & call$ a second ,congress to meet ! next ye>4 ,,footnotes #a ,t is1 compel ! coloni/s to furni% qu>t]s--rooms or h\ses-- = ! troops to live 94 ,read ,p>kman's ,montcalm & ,wolfe1 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #dci-ddj4 #b ,9 ord] to detect & seize smuggl]s ! cr[n _h resort$ to writs ( assi/ance4 ,! law requir$ t e %ip br++ goods to ,am]ica %\ld come to "s e/abli%$ port & t h] c>go %\ld be report$ at ! cu/omh\se4 ,in/ead1 ! smuggl]s w\ld secretly l& goods else:]e4 ,if a cu/oms (fic] suspect$ ?is1 he c\ld g to c\rt & ask = a se>* w>rant1 /at+ ! goods = :i* he 0 to seek & ! place to be se>*$4 ,b ?is w\ld give ! smuggl]s w>n+ & !y c\ld remove ! goods4 ,:at ! (fic]s want$ 0 a g5]al w>rant good = any goods 9 any place4 ,?is writ ( assi/ance1 z x 0 call$1 0 common 9 ,engl&1 & 0 issu$ 9 ! colonies ab\t #aged4 ,9 #agfj ,k+ ,george ,,ii di$1 & all writs issu$ 9 8 "n expir$4 ,9 #agfa1 !re=e1 application 0 made to ! ,sup]ior ,c\rt ( ,massa*usetts = a new writ ( assi/ance to run 9 ! "n ( ,k+ ,george ,,iii4 ,sixty m]*ants oppos$ ! issue1 & ,james ,otis & ,ox5bridge ,?a*] appe>$ = ! m]*ants4 ,! spee* ( ,otis 0 a fam\s plea1 sometimes call$ ! beg9n+ ( colonial resi/ance2 b ! c\rt grant$ ! writ4 #c ,^! acts are compla9$ ( 9 ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce4 ,! k+ is blam$ ,= cutt+ (f our trade ) all p>ts ( ! _w1 t is1 en=c+ ! trade laws2 aga91 ,he has erect$ a multitude ( new (fices1 & s5t hi!r sw>ms ( (fic]s to h>ass our p1 t is to say1 ! vice-admiralty judges & naval (fic]s sworn to act z cu/omh\se (fic]s & seize smuggl]s4 ,9 do+ ?is duty ^! (fic]s did h>ass our p4 #d ,:ile ! ,/amp ,act 0 "u debate 9 ,p>liam5t1 ,colonel ,b>r1 :o f\ght "u ,wolfe at ,l\isburg1 oppos$ x4 ,a memb] _h spok5 ( ! coloni/s z *ildr5 plant$ by our c>e1 n\ri%$ by our indulg5ce1 & protect$ by our arms4 ,!y plant$ by y\r c>e6 said ,b>r4 ,no1 y\r oppression plant$ !m 9 ,am]ica4 ,n\ri%$ by y\r indulg5ce6 ,!y grew up by y\r neglect ( !m4 ,!y protect$ by y\r arms6 ,^! ,sons ( ,lib]ty h nobly tak5 up arms 9 y\r def5se4 ,! words ,sons ( ,lib]ty 7 at once seiz$ on1 & us$ 9 our c\ntry to designate ! oppon5ts ( ! /amp tax4 ,read ,! ,/amp ,act 9 ,haw?orne's ,gr&fa!r's ,*air4 #e ,! coloni/s did n d5y ! "r ( ,p>liam5t to regulate ! trade ( ! :ole ,briti% ,empire1 & to lay ext]nal taxes--cu/oms duties--= ! purpose ( regulat+ trade4 ,b ?is /amp tax 0 an int]nal tax = ! purpose ( rais+ rev5ue4 #f ,p>liam5t 0 divid$ !n1 z n[1 into two h\ses--! ,lords1 consi/+ ( nobles & cl]gy1 & ! ,commons1 consi/+ !n ( two memb]s elect$ by ea* c\nty & two elect$ by ea* ( c]ta9 t[ns4 ,"s *ange 0 made 9 ! li/ ( t[ns ?us repres5t$ 9 ,p>liam5t be=e ! sixte5? c5tury1 b no *ange _h be5 made s9ce1 ?\gh _m ( !m _h lo/ all or mo/ ( _! population4 ,?us ,old ,s>um _h become a gre5 m\nd2 its population _h all drift$ away to ,salisbury4 ,a memb] ( ! ,commons1 s ! /ory runs1 once said3 ,i am ! memb] f ,ludges%all4 ,i am also ! population ( ,ludges%all4 ,:5 ! %]iff's writ comes1 ,i ann\nce ! election1 att5d ! poll1 deposit my vote = myself1 sign ! return1 & "h ,i am4 ,:5 a t[n disappe>$1 ! l&[n] ( ! soil on :i* x once /ood appo9t$ ! two memb]s4 ,su* t[ns 7 call$ rott5 bor\ghs1 pocket bor\ghs1 nom9ation bor\ghs4 #g ,patrick ,h5ry 0 born 9 ,virg9ia 9 #agcf4 ,z a y\? he 0 dull & indol5t & gave no sign ( com+ greatness4 ,aft] two failures z a /orekeep] & "o z a f>m] he turn$ 9 desp]ation to law1 read a few books1 & ) difficulty pass$ ! exam9ation necess>y = admittance to ! b>4 ,h5ry _h n[ f\nd 8 true vocation4 ,bus9ess came to him1 & "o day 9 #agfc he argu$ ! weak 7b popul>7 side ( a case ) su* eloqu5ce t he c>ri$ c\rt & jury ) him1 & x is said 0 c>ri$ out ( ! c\r?\se on ! %\ld]s ( ! p4 ,he 0 n[ fam\s1 & 9 #agfe 0 elect$ to ! ,virg9ia ,h\se ( ,burgesses to repres5t ! c\nty 9 :i* he _h liv$1 j 9 "t to take "p 9 ! proce$+s on ! ,/amp ,act4 ,8 "p 0 to move ! resolutions & support !m 9 a fi]y & eloqu5t spee*1 ( :i* "o passage has be5 pres]v$4 ,recall+ ! fate ( tyrants ( o!r times1 he exclaim$1 ,caes> _h 8 ,brutus1 ,*>les ! ,fir/ 8 ,cromwell1 & ,george ! ,?ird--4 ,treason6 treason6 %\t$ ! ,speak]4 ,treason6 treason6 %\t$ ! memb]s4 ,to :i* ,h5ry answ]$1 & ,george ! ,?ird may pr(it by _! example4 ,if ?is be treason1 make ! mo/ ( x4 #h ,9 ,canada & ! ,we/ ,indies ! /amp tax 0 n resi/$1 & !re /amps 7 us$4 #i ,:5 ,p>liam5t 0 consid]+ ! repeal1 ,b5jam9 ,frankl91 !n 9 ,london z ag5t = ,p5nsylvania & o!r colonies1 0 call$ be=e a committee & exam9$ z to ! /ate ( colonial affairs2 read 8 answ]s 9 ,h>t's ,am]ican ,hi/ory told by ,contempor>ies1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #djg-daa4 ,pitt 9 a great spee* decl>$1 ,! k+dom has no "r to lay a tax on ! colonies1 because !y are unrepres5t$ 9 ,p>liam5t4 ,i rejoice t ,am]ica has resi/$4 ,edmund ,burke1 "o ( ! greate/ ( ,iri% orators1 took ! same view4 #aj ,9 ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce ! k+ is *>g$ ) giv+ 8 ass5t to acts ( ,p>liam5t ,= susp5d+ our own legislatures1 & ,= qu>t]+ l>ge bodies ( arm$ troops among u1 & ,= impos+ taxes on u )\t our cons5t4 #aa ,= refus+ to obey1 ! legislature ( ,massa*usetts 0 dissolv$1 z 7 ! assemblies ( ,m>yl& & ,georgia = hav+ approv$ x1 & t ( ,new ,york = refus+ supplies to ! royal troops1 & t ( ,virg9ia = compla9+ ( ! treatm5t ( ,new ,york4 ,read ,fiske's ,am]ican ,revolution1 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #bh-cf1 #ci-eb4 #ab ,! two regim5ts ( ,briti% troops 9 ,bo/on 7 n[ remov$1 on dem& ( ! p1 to a =t 9 ! h>bor4 ,! soldi]s :o fir$ ! %ots 7 tri$ = murd] & acquitt$1 save two :o receiv$ light s5t5ces4 #ac ,"o ( ! vessels s5t to /op smuggl+ 0 ! s*oon] ,gaspee4 ,hav+ run agr\nd 9 ,n>ragansett ,bay 7,june1 #aggb71 %e 0 bo>d$ by a p>ty ( m5 9 eight boats & burn$4 ,! ,virg9ia legislature appo9t$ a committee ( correspond5ce1 to f9d out ! facts reg>d+ ! de/ruction ( ! ,gaspee & to ma9ta9 a correspond5ce ) our si/] colonies4 ,?is plan ( a committee to in=m ! o!r colonies :at 0 happ5+ 9 ,virg9ia1 & obta9 f !m accurate in=mation z to :at !y 7 do+1 0 at once tak5 up by ,massa*usetts & o!r colonies1 ea* ( :i* appo9t$ a simil> committee4 ,su* committees aft]w>d prov$ to be ! means ( revolution>y organization4 ,read ,fiske's ,am]ican ,revolution1 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #gf-hj4 #ad ,p>liam5t _h giv5 ! company p]mission to d ?is4 ,! company _h long possess$ ! monopoly ( trade ) ! ,ea/ ,indies1 & ! sole "r to br+ tea f ,*9a to ,great ,brita94 ,be=e #aggc1 h[ev]1 x 0 oblig$ to sell ! tea 9 ,great ,brita91 & ! bus9ess ( export+ tea to ! colonies _h be5 c>ri$ on by m]*ants :o b\ght f ! company4 #ae ,read ,! ,tea ,p>ty 9 ,haw?orne's ,gr&fa!r's ,*air4 #af ,all ! ,intol]able ,acts are ref]r$ to 9 ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce4 ,see if y c f9d ! ref]5ces4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,! ,,fight ,,= ,,indep5d5ce ,,begun ,,lex+ton1 #agge4--,:5 ! second ,cont95tal ,congress met 7,may #aj1 #agge71 ! "m c\ntry & h] colonies _h come to bl[s4 ,! p ( ,massa*usetts1 fe>+ t ?is might happ51 _h begun to collect & hide arms1 cannon1 & p[d]4 ,g5]al ,gage1 ! royal gov]nor ( ,massa*usetts & comm&] ( ! ,briti% troops 9 ,bo/on1 0 told t milit>y supplies 7 conceal$ at ,concord1 a t[n "s tw5ty miles f ,bo/on 7map1 p4 #afh74 ,n[ x happ5$ t 9 ,april1 #agge1 two active patriots1 ,samuel ,adams #a & ,john ,hancock1 7 at ,lex+ton1 a t[n on ! road f ,bo/on to ,concord4 ,gage det]m9$ to /rike a d\ble bl[ at ! patriots by s5d+ troops to arre/ ,adams & ,hancock & de/roy ! milit>y /ores4 ,on ! ev5+ ( ,april #ah1 accord+ly1 eight hundr$ regul>s left ,bo/on z quietly z possible4 ,gage hop$ to keep ! exp$ition a secret1 b ! patriots 9 ,bo/on1 suspect+ :]e ! troops 7 go+1 s5t (f ,paul ,rev]e #b & ,william ,dawes to ride by diff]5t r\tes to ,lex+ton1 r\s+ ! c\ntryside z !y w5t4 ,z ! ,briti% advanc$1 al>m bells1 signal guns1 & lights 9 ! villages gave pro( t _! secret 0 out4 ,illu/ration3 ,,john ,,hancock',s ,,bible4 ,n[ 9 ! ,old ,/ateh\se1 ,bo/on4 ,illu/ration3 ,,"o ,,( ,,! ,,lant]ns ,,hung ,,9 ,,! ,,belfry4 ,n[ 9 ! possession ( ! ,concord ,antiqu>ian ,society4 ,! sun 0 ris+ z ! fir/ ( ! ,briti%1 "u ,major ,pitcairn1 ent]$ ,lex+ton & saw drawn up across ! village gre5 "s fifty m9utem5 #c "u ,capta9 ,john ,p>k]4 ,disp]se1 ye villa9s1 cri$ ,pitcairn2 ye rebels1 disp]se6 ,n a man mov$1 :]eupon ! ord] to fire 0 giv52 ! troops hesitat$ to obey2 ,pitcairn fir$ 8 pi/ol1 & a mom5t lat] a volley f ! ,briti% kill$ or w\nd$ sixte5 m9utem54 #d ,p>k] !n gave ! ord] to retire4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/one ,,on ,,village ,,gre5 ,,at ,,lex+ton4 ,,! ,,concord ,,fight4--,f ,lex+ton ! ,briti% w5t on to ,concord1 set ! c\r?\se on fire1 spik$ "s cannon1 cut d[n ! lib]ty pole1 & de/roy$ "s fl\r4 ,meantime ! m9utem51 hav+ assembl$ beyond ! village1 came t[>d ! ,nor? ,bridge1 & ! ,briti% :o 7 gu>d+ x fell back4 ,%ots 7 ex*ang$1 & six m9utem5 7 kill$4 #e ,b ! ,am]icans cross$ ! bridge1 drove back ! ,briti%1 & !n disp]s$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bo/on1 ,,*>le/on1 ,,etc4 ,ab\t noon ! ,briti% />t$ = ,bo/on1 ) hundr$s ( m9utem51 :o _h come f all qu>t]s1 hang+ on _! flanks & re>1 p\r+ 9 a gall+ fire f beh9d trees & /one f5ces & e bit ( ris+ gr\nd4 ,! retreat became a flight1 & ! flight w\ld h become a r\t _h n re9=cem5ts met !m ne> ,lex+ton4 ,protect$ by ?is =ce1 ! defeat$ ,briti% ent]$ ,bo/on by sund[n4 ,by morn+ ! hills f ,*>le/[n to ,roxbury 7 black ) m9utem51 & ,bo/on 0 9 a /ate ( siege4 ,:5 ! ,gre5 ,m\nta9 ,boys he>d ( ! fight1 !y took arms1 & "u ,e?an ,all5 #f surpris$ & captur$ ,=t ,ticond]oga on ,lake ,*ampla9 7map1 p4 #afh74 ,,! ,,second ,,cont95tal ,,congress4--,on ! day t ,=t ,ticond]oga 0 captur$ 7,may #aj1 #agge71 ! ,cont95tal ,congress met at ,philadelphia4 ,x _h be5 creat$1 n to gov]n ! colonies1 nor to conduct a w>1 b m]ely to consult conc]n+ ! public welf>e1 & advise :at ! colonies %\ld d4 ,b w> _h begun1 ,congress 0 =c$ to become a gov]n+ body1 & aft] a mon?'s delay x adopt$ ! b& ( patriots ga!r$ ab\t ,bo/on1 made x ! ,cont95tal army1 & appo9t$ ,george ,wa%+ton 7!n a delegate to ,congress f ,virg9ia7 comm&] 9 *ief4 ,wa%+ton accept$ ! tru/1 & left ,philadelphia ,june #ba1 b _h n gone tw5ty miles :5 he 0 met by news ( ! battle ( ,bunk] ,hill4 ,,bunk] ,,hill1 ,,june #ag1agge4--,s9ce ! fight at ,lex+ton & ,concord 9 ,april1 troops "u ,g5]al ,h[e1 ,sir ,h5ry ,cl9ton1 & ,g5]al ,burgoyne _h arriv$ at ,bo/on & rais$ ! numb] !re to t5 ?\s&4 ,gage n[ felt /rong en\gh to seize ! hills ne> ,bo/on1 le/ ! ,am]icans %\ld occupy !m & comm& ! t[n4 ,le>n+ ( ?is1 ! patriots det]m9$ to =e/all him1 & on ! night ( ,june #af twelve hundr$ m5 "u ,prescott 7 s5t to =tify ,bunk] ,hill 9 ,*>le/[n4 ,prescott ?\ght be/ to g beyond ,bunk] ,hill1 & dur+ ! night ?rew up a rude intr5*m5t on ,bre$s ,hill in/ead4 ,illu/ration3 ,,drum ,,us$ ,,at ,,bunk] ,,hill4 ,n[ 9 ! possession ( ! ,anci5t & ,honorable ,artill]y ,company1 ,bo/on4 ,to all[ batt]ies to be plant$ !re w\ld nev] d1 s ,gage dispat*$ ,h[e ) ne>ly ?ree ?\s& regul>s to drive away ! ,am]icans & hold ! hill4 ,com+ ov] f ,bo/on 9 boats1 ! ,briti% l&$ & m>*$ up ! hill till ?irty y>ds f ! works1 :5 a deadly volley m[$ d[n ! front rank & s5t ! re/ d[n ! hill 9 disord]4 ,a little "t elaps$ be=e ! regul>s 7 se5 aga9 asc5d+1 only to be met by a s]ies ( volleys at %ort range4 ,! ,briti% f\ght /ubbornly1 b 7 once m =c$ to retreat1 leav+ ! hillside cov]$ ) dead & w\nd$4 ,_! loss 0 dreadful1 b ,h[e c\ld n be> to give up ! fight1 & a ?ird "t ! ,briti% 7 l$ up ! hill4 ,! p[d] ( ! ,am]icans 0 sp5t1 & ! fight 0 h& to h& ) /ones1 butts ( muskets1 any?+ t w\ld s]ve z a weapon1 till ! bayonet *>ges ( ! ,briti% =c$ ! ,am]icans to retreat4 #g ,,wa%+ton ,,9 ,,comm&4--,two weeks lat] ,wa%+ton rea*$ ,cambridge & took =mal comm& ( ! army4 ,= eight mon?s he kept ! ,briti% %ut up 9 ,bo/on1 :ile he ga!r$ guns1 p[d]1 & cannon1 & tra9$ ! m54 ,to ! ,cont95tal army mean "t came troops f ,virg9ia1 ,m>yl&1 ,p5nsylvania1 & ( c\rse f ! f\r ,new ,engl& colonies1 comm&$ by m5 :o 7 de/9$ to rise to high positions dur+ ! w>4 ,!re 0 ,daniel ,morgan ( ,virg9ia1 ) a spl5did b& ( %>p%oot]s1 & ,israel ,putnam ( ,connecticut1 ,john ,/>k & ,john ,sullivan ( ,new ,hamp%ire1 ,na?anael ,gre5e ( ,rhode ,isl&1 ,h5ry ,knox ( ,bo/on1 ,horatio ,gates ( ,virg9ia1 & ,b5$ict ,arnold & ,*>les ,lee :o lat] turn$ traitors4 ,,! ,,hessians4--,:5 ,k+ ,george ,,iii he>d ( ! fight at ,bunk] ,hill1 he issu$ a proclamation decl>+ ! coloni/s rebels1 clos$ _! ports to trade & comm]ce1 #h & s\ght to hire troops f ,russia & ,holl&4 ,bo? refus$1 :]eupon he turn$ to "s petty ,g]man /ates & hir$ _m ?\s& soldi]s :o 9 our c\ntry 7 call$ ,hessians4 #i ,illu/ration3 ,,hessian ,,hat4 ,n[ 9 ,essex ,hall1 ,salem4 ,,canada ,,invad$4--,n[ t ! w> 0 really "u way1 ,congress turn$ its att5tion to ,canada4 ,x 0 fe>$ t ! ,briti% gov]nor !re might take ,ticond]oga1 ent] ,new ,york1 & p]haps induce ! ,indians to h>ry ! ,new ,engl& fronti] z !y did 9 ! old ,fr5* w>s4 ,9 ! summ] ( #agge1 !re=e1 two exp$itions 7 s5t aga9/ ,canada4 ,"o "u ,ri*>d ,montgom]y w5t d[n ,lake ,*ampla9 f ,ticond]oga & captur$ ,montreal4 ,ano!r "u ,b5$ict ,arnold sail$ f ,massa*usetts to ! m\? ( ! ,k5nebec ,riv]1 arid =c$ its way ?r\gh ! d5se woods ( ,ma9e to ,quebec4 ,!re ,montgom]y jo9$ ,arnold1 & on ! night ( ,decemb] #ca1 #agge1 ! ,am]ican army 9 a bl9d+ sn[/orm assault$ ! t[n4 ,montgom]y fell dead :ile lead+ ! attack on "o side ( ,quebec1 ,arnold 0 w\nd$ dur+ ! attack on ! o!r side1 & ,morgan1 :o took ,arnold's place & l$ 8 m5 f> into ! t[n1 0 cut (f & captur$4 ,?\gh ! attack on ,quebec fail$1 ! ,am]icans besieg$ ! place till spr+1 :5 !y 7 =c$ to leave ,canada & f9d %elt] at ,cr[n ,po9t4 ,,bo/on ,,evacuat$4--,dur+ ! w9t] ( #agge-gf1 "s heavy guns 7 dragg$ ov] ! sn[ on sl$ges f ,ticond]oga to ,bo/on4 ,a captur$ ,briti% vessel provid$ p[d]1 & 9 ,m>*1 #aggf1 ,wa%+ton seiz$ ,dor*e/] ,heights1 =tifi$ !m1 & by s do+ =c$ ,h[e1 :o _h succe$$ ,gage 9 comm&1 to evacuate ,bo/on1 ,m>* #ag4 ,,:igs ,,& ,,tories4--,dur+ ! excitem5t ov] ! ,/amp ,act1 ! ,t[n%5d ,acts1 & ! tea tax1 ! p 7 divid$ into ?ree p>ties4 ,^? :o resi/$ &--f9ally rebell$ 7 call$ ,:igs1 or ,patriots1 or ,sons ( ,lib]ty4 ,^? :o support$ k+ & ,p>liam5t 7 call$ ,tories or ,loyali/s4 #aj ,betwe5 ^! two extremes 7 ! great mass ( ! population :o c>$ little :i* way ! /ruggle end$4 ,9 ,new ,york1 ,p5nsylvania1 & ! ,c>ol9as ! ,tories 7 num]\s & active1 & :5 ! w> op5$1 !y rais$ regim5ts & f\ght = ! k+4 ,,fight+ ,,9 ,,! ,,c>ol9as4--,9 ,janu>y1 #aggf1 ,sir ,h5ry ,cl9ton sail$ f ,bo/on to attack ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 & a =ce ( sixte5 hundr$ ,tories m>*$ t[>d ! coa/ to aid4 ,b ,nor? ,c>ol9a _h its m9utem5 z well z ,massa*usetts4 ,a body ( !m "u ,colonel ,caswell met & beat ! ,tories at ,moores ,creek 7,febru>y #bg7 & s l>ge a =ce ( patriots _h assembl$ :5 ,cl9ton arriv$ t he did n make ! attack4 ,! next attempt 0 aga9/ ,s\? ,c>ol9a4 ,late 9 ,june1 ,cl9ton ) 8 fleet appe>$ be=e ,*>le/on1 & :ile ! fleet op5$ fire on ,=t ,m\ltrie 7mol'try7 f ! wat]1 ,cl9ton m>*$ to attack x by l&4 ,b ! l& attack fail$1 ! fleet 0 badly damag$ by %ot f ! =t1 & ! exp$ition sail$ away to ,new ,york4 #aa ,,indep5d5ce ,,necess>y4--,prior to #aggf _m ( ! colonies d5i$ any desire = indep5d5ce1 #ab b ! ev5ts ( ?is ye> caus$ a *ange4 ,aft] ! battle ( ,moores ,creek1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a bade h] delegates 9 ,congress vote = indep5d5ce4 ,virg9ia1 9 ,may1 ord]$ h] delegates to propose t ! ,unit$ ,colonies be decl>$ free & indep5d5t4 ,s\? ,c>ol9a & ,georgia in/ruct$ _! delegates to ass5t to any measure = ! good ( ,am]ica4 ,rhode ,isl& dropp$ ! k+'s "n f /ate docum5ts & %]iffs' writs1 & t[n aft] t[n 9 ,massa*usetts vot$ to uphold ,congress 9 a decl>ation ( indep5d5ce4 ,?us enc\rag$1 ,congress1 9 ,may1 resolv$ t royal au?ority mu/ be suppress$1 & advis$ all ! colonies to e/abli% indep5d5t gov]nm5ts4 ,"s _h already done s2 ! re/ "o by "o fram$ writt5 con/itutions ( gov]nm5t1 & became /ates4 #ac ,,indep5d5ce ,,decl>$4--,to pret5d allegiance to ! k+ any long] 0 a f>ce4 ,congress1 !re=e1 appo9t$ ,?omas ,jeff]son1 ,b5jam9 ,frankl91 ,john ,adams1 ,rog] ,%]man1 & ,rob]t ,r4 ,liv+/on to write a decl>ation ( indep5d5ce1 & on ,july #b1 #aggf1 resolv$3 ,t ^! ,unit$ ,colonies are1 & ( "r ought to be1 free & indep5d5t ,/ates1 t !y are absolv$ f all allegiance to ! ,briti% ,cr[n1 & t all political connection betwe5 !m & ! /ate ( ,great ,brita9 is1 & ought to be1 totally dissolv$4 #ad ,?is is ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce4 ,! docum5t we call ! ,decl>ation conta9s ! reasons :y indep5d5ce 0 decl>$4 ,x 0 writt5 by ,jeff]son1 & aft] "s *anges by ,congress 0 adopt$ on ,july #d1 #aggf1 #ae & copi$ 7 ord]$ to be s5t to ! /ates4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,committee ,,on ,,decl>ation ,,( ,,indep5d5ce4 ,f an old pr9t4 ,,summ>y #a4 ,gov]nor ,gage1 he>+ t ! p ( ,massa*usetts 7 ga!r+ milit>y /ores1 s5t troops to de/roy ! /ores4 #b4 ,! battles at ,lex+ton & ,concord foll[$1 & ,bo/on 0 besieg$4 #c4 ,! militia f ! neighbor+ colonies ga!r$ ab\t ,bo/on4 ,!y 7 =m$ into a ,cont95tal army by ,congress1 & ,wa%+ton 0 appo9t$ comm&] 9 *ief4 #d4 ,! battle ( ,bunk] ,hill1 meantime1 took place 7,june1 #agge74 #e4 ,k+ ,george ,,iii n[ decl>$ ! coloni/s rebels1 %ut _! ports1 & s5t troops f ,g]many to subdue !m4 #f4 ,an exp$ition ( ! patriots = ! conque/ ( ,canada fail$ 7#agge- #gf74 #g4 ,b ! ,briti% 7 =c$ to leave ,bo/on 7,m>*1 #aggf74 #h4 ,briti% attacks on ,nor? ,c>ol9a & ,s\? ,c>ol9a came to naught4 #i4 ,july #d1 #aggf1 ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce 0 adopt$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,battle ,,( ,,lex+ton4 ,,footnotes #a ,samuel ,adams 0 born 9 ,bo/on 9 #agbb1 graduat$ f ,h>v>d ,college1 & took s active a "p 9 t[n politics t he has be5 call$ ! ,man ( ! ,t[n ,meet+4 ,f #agfe to #aggd he 0 a memb] ( ! ,massa*usetts ,assembly1 & = "s ye>s its cl]k4 ,he 0 a memb] ( ! committee s5t to dem& ! removal ( ! soldi]s aft] ! massacre ( #aggj1 & ( t s5t to dem& ! resignations ( ! m5 appo9t$ to receive ! tea1 & presid$ ov] ! t[n meet+ t dem&$ ! return ( ! tea %ips to ,engl&4 ,he 0 a memb] ( ! ,cont95tal ,congress1 & sign$ ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce4 ,aft] ! ,revolution he 0 lieut5ant gov]nor & !n gov]nor ( ,massa*usetts1 & di$ 9 #ahjc4 #b ,rev]e w5t by way ( ,*>le/[n 7map1 p4 #afj71 fir/ cross+ ! riv] f ,bo/on 9 a r[boat4 ,z !re 0 dang] t 8 boat might be /opp$ by ! ,briti% w>%ips1 two lant]ns 7 %[n f ! belfry ( ! ,nor? ,*ur* z a signal to 8 fri5ds 9 ,*>le/[n2 & :5 he l&$ !re at midnight1 he f\nd ! patriots a/ir1 ready to give ! al>m if he _h n appe>$4 ,read ,paul ,rev]e's ,ride 9 ,longfell['s ,tales ( a ,wayside ,inn4 #c ,9 #aggd ! ,prov9cial ,congress ( ,massa*usetts ord]$ "o qu>t] ( all ! militiam5 to be enli/$ = em]g5cy s]vice4 ,!y came to be kn[n z m9utem51 & 9 #agge ! ,cont95tal ,congress recomm5d$ t "o f\r? "p ( ! militia 9 e colony1 be select$ = m9utem5 444 to be ready on ! %orte/ notice1 to m>* to any place :]e _! assi/ance may be requir$4 #d ,j be=e ! fight began ,adams & ,hancock left ,lex+ton & set out to att5d ! ,congress at ,philadelphia4 #e ,read ,em]son's ,concord ,hymn2 also ,coop]'s admirable description ( ! day's fight+ 9 ,lionel ,l9coln4 #f ,e?an ,all5 0 born 9 ,connecticut 9 #agcg1 & w5t to ,v]mont ab\t #agfi4 ,v]mont 0 !n claim$ by ,new ,york & ,new ,hamp%ire1 & :5 ,new ,york tri$ to en=ce h] au?ority1 ! settl]s 9 ,new ,hamp%ire ,grants resi/$1 & organiz$ z ! ,gre5 ,m\nta9 ,boys ) ,all5 z lead]4 ,at ,=t ,ticond]oga ,all5 f\nd ! g>rison asleep4 ,! ,briti% comm&ant1 awak5$ by ! noise at 8 door1 came out & 0 ord]$ to surr5d] ! =t4 ,by :at au?ority8 he ask$4 ,9 ! "n ( ! ,great ,jehovah & ! ,cont95tal ,congress1 said ,all54 #g ,read ,fiske's ,am]ican ,revolution1 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #acf-adf1 & ,holmes's ,gr&mo!r's ,/ory ( ,bunk] ,hill4 ,! ,briti% lo/ #ajed & ! ,am]icans #ddi4 ,among ! ,briti% dead 0 ,pitcairn1 :o began ! w> at ,lex+ton4 ,among ! ,am]ican dead 0 ,dr4 ,w>r51 an able lead] ( ! ,bo/on patriots4 ,:ile ! battle 0 rag+1 ,*>le/[n 0 %ell$ & set on fire & f\r hundr$ h\ses burn$4 ,lat]1 9 ,octob]1 a ,briti% fleet ent]$ ! h>bor ( ,falm\? 7n[ ,portl& 9 ,ma9e71 & burn$ ?ree f\r?s ( ! h\ses4 ,janu>y #a1 #aggf1 ,"l ,dunmore1 royal gov]nor ( ,virg9ia1 set fire to ,norfolk1 ! *ief city ( ,virg9ia4 ,! fire rag$ = ?ree days & r$uc$ ! place to a%es4 ,^! acts are *>g$ aga9/ ! k+ 9 ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce3 ,he has plund]$ our seas1 ravag$ our coa/s1 burnt our t[ns1 & de/roy$ ! lives ( our p4 #h ,?is is made a *>ge aga9/ ! k+ 9 ! ,decl>ation3 ,he has abdicat$ gov]nm5t "h by decl>+ u out ( 8 protection1 & wag+ w> aga9/ u4 ,& aga91 ,= cutt+ (f our trade ) all p>ts ( ! _w4 #i ,! ,duke ( ,brunswick1 ! l&grave ( ,hesse-,cassel1 & f\r o!r pr9ces furni%$ ! m54 ,_! g5]als 7 ,ri$esel 7ree'de-zel71 ,knyp-haus5 7knip'h\-z571 ,von ,hei/]1 & ,donop4 ,! employm5t ( ^! troops furni%es ano!r *>ge aga9/ ! k+ 9 ! ,decl>ation3 ,he is1 at ?is "t1 transport+ l>ge armies ( =eign m]c5>ies to complete ! works ( dea?1 desolation1 & tyranny4 ,! fir/ deta*m5t ( ,g]man troops l&$ on ,/at5 ,isl& 9 ,new ,york ,bay on ,augu/ #ae1 #aggf4 ,be=e ! w> end$1 ! six petty ,g]man pr9ces furni%$ #bi1hfg1 ( :om #ab1eej nev] return$4 ,"s #ejjj ( ^! des]t$4 #aj ,be=e fight+ began1 ! ,tories 7 d5\nc$ & held up z enemies to _! c\ntry2 lat] _! lead]s 7 mobb$1 & if !y held (fice1 7 =c$ to resign4 ,aft] ! battle ( ,bunk] ,hill1 laws ( great sev]ity 7 enact$ aga9/ !m4 ,!y 7 dis>m$1 =c$ to take an oa? ( allegiance1 proclaim$ traitors1 driv5 into exile1 & _! e/ates & prop]ty 7 confiscat$4 ,at ! close ( ! w>1 fe>+ ! ang] ( ! ,:igs1 ?\s&s ( ,tories fl$ f our c\ntry to ,jamaica1 ,b]muda1 ,halifax 9 ,nova ,scotia1 & ,canada4 ,"s #cj1jjj w5t f ,new ,york city 9 #aghb-hc1 & upw>d ( #fj1jjj left our c\ntry dur+ & aft] ! w>4 #aa ,:ile ! battle 0 hotte/1 a %ot c>ri$ away ! flag/aff ( ,=t ,m\ltrie4 ,! /aff & flag fell outside ! =t4 ,in/antly ,s]geant ,william ,jasp] leap$ d[n1 fa/5$ ! flag to ! ramrod ( a cannon1 climb$ back1 & plant$ ?is new /aff firmly on ! =t4 ,a f9e monum5t n[ commemorates 8 brav]y4 #ab ,h[ev]1 _m lead]s 9 ,new ,engl&1 z ,samuel ,adams1 ,john ,adams1 & ,elbridge ,g]ry2 9 ,p5nsylvania1 z ,b5jam9 ,ru% & ,b5jam9 ,frankl92 9 ,delaw>e1 z ,?omas ,mc,kean2 z ,*ase ( ,m>yl&2 ,lee1 ,h5ry1 ,jeff]son1 ,wa%+ton1 ( ,virg9ia2 & ,gadsd5 ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 favor$ indep5d5ce4 ,9 ?is /ate ( affairs ,?omas ,pa9e1 9 ,janu>y1 #aggf1 wrote a pamphlet call$ ,common ,s5se1 9 :i* indep5d5ce 0 /rongly urg$4 ,! effect 0 wond]ful4 ,edition aft] edition 0 pr9t$ 9 _m places4 ,common ,s5se1 says "o writ]1 is read to all ranks2 & z _m z read1 s _m become conv]t$4 #ac ,rhode ,isl& & ,connecticut did n ab&on _! *>t]s1 = 9 ^! colonies ! p _h always elect$ _! gov]nors & _h always be5 practically indep5d5t ( ! k+4 ,connecticut did n make a con/itution till #ahah1 & ,rhode ,isl& n till #ahdb4 #ad ,?is resolution _h be5 introduc$ 9 ,congress1 9 ,june1 by ,ri*>d ,h5ry ,lee ( ,virg9ia4 ,= a f9e description ( ! debate on indep5d5ce read ,web/]'s ,oration on ,adams & ,jeff]son4 ,:y did ,john ,dick9son oppose a decl>ation ( indep5d5ce8 ,read ,fiske's ,am]ican ,revolution1 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #aij-aib4 #ae ,a few copies sign$ by ,hancock1 presid5t ( ,congress1 & ,?omson1 ! secret>y1 7 made public on ,july #e2 & on ,july #h "o ( ^! 0 read to a cr[d ( p 9 ! ,/ateh\se y>d at ,philadelphia4 ,! common idea t ! ,decl>ation 0 sign$ at "o "t is errone\s4 ,! sign+ did n beg9 till ,augu/ #b4 ,( ^? :o sign$ !n & aft]w>d1 sev5 7 n memb]s ( ,congress on ,july #d1 #aggf4 ,( ^? sign]s :o 7 memb]s on ,july #d1 x is kn[n t five 7 abs5t on t day4 ,sev5 m5 :o 7 memb]s ( ,congress on ,july #d 7 n memb]s on ,augu/ #b1 & nev] sign$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,nor!rn ,,colonies ,,dur+ ,,! ,,revolution ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,! ,,w> ,,9 ,,! ,,middle ,,/ates ,,& ,,on ,,! ,,sea ,,battle ,,( ,,long ,,isl&4--,:5 ,h[e sail$ f ,bo/on 79 ,m>*1 #aggf71 he w5t to ,halifax 9 ,nova ,scotia4 ,b ,wa%+ton 0 sure ,new ,york w\ld be attack$1 s he mov$ ! ,cont95tal army to t city & took position on ! hills back ( ,brooklyn on ,long ,isl&4 ,he 0 n mi/ak51 = to ,new ,york h>bor 9 ,june came ,g5]al ,h[e1 & 9 ,july ,cl9ton f 8 defeat at ,*>le/on1 & ,admiral ,h[e #a ) troops f ,engl&4 ,?us re9=c$1 ,g5]al ,h[e l&$ on ,long ,isl& 9 ,augu/1 & drove ! ,am]icans f _! outpo/s1 back to ,brooklyn4 #b ,wa%+ton n[ expect$ an assault1 b ,h[e rememb]$ ,bunk] ,hill & made ready to besiege ! ,am]icans1 :]eupon two nights aft] ! battle ,wa%+ton cross$ ) ! army to ,manhattan ,isl&4 #c ,,wa%+ton',s ,,retreat4--,wa%+ton left a /rong =ce "u ,putnam 9 ! he>t ( ,new ,york city1 & /ation$ 8 ma9 army along ,h>lem ,heights4 ,h[e cross$ to ,manhattan & l&$ beh9d ,putnam1 #d :o 0 ?us =c$ to leave 8 guns & t5ts1 & flee to ,h>lem ,heights1 :]e ,h[e attack$ ,wa%+ton ! next day & 0 repuls$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,battle ,,( ,,h>lem ,,heights4 ,tablet on a ,columbia ,college build+1 ,new ,york city4 ,s matt]s /ood = ne>ly a mon?1 :5 ,h[e attempt$ to g ar\nd ! ea/ end ( ,wa%+ton's l9e1 & ?us =c$ him to retreat to ,:ite ,pla9s4 ,baffl$ 9 an attack at ?is place1 ,h[e w5t back to ,new ,york & c>ri$ ,=t ,wa%+ton by /orm1 tak+ _m prison]s4 ,wa%+ton meantime _h cross$ ! ,hudson to ,new ,j]sey1 leav+ ,g5]al ,*>les ,lee ) sev5 ?\s& m5 9 ,new ,york /ate4 ,he n[ ord]$ ,lee to jo9 him #e2 b ,lee disobey$1 & ,wa%+ton1 closely pursu$ by ! ,briti%1 retreat$ across ,new ,j]sey4 ,,! ,,victory ,,at ,,tr5ton1 ,,decemb] #bf1 #aggf4--,on ! ,p5nsylvania side ( ! ,delaw>e ,riv]1 ,wa%+ton turn$ at bay1 & hav+ at la/ receiv$ "s ren=cem5ts1 he recross$ ! ,delaw>e on ,*ri/mas night 9 a bl9d+ sn[/orm1 m>*$ n9e miles to ,tr5ton1 surpris$ a body ( ,hessians1 captur$ a ?\s& prison]s1 & w5t back to ,p5nsylvania4 ,wa%+ton n[ propos$ to foll[ up ?is victory ) o!r attacks4 ,b a new difficulty arose1 = ! "t ( s]vice ( _m ( ! ,ea/]n troops w\ld expire on ,janu>y #a4 ,^! m5 7 !re=e ask$ to s]ve six weeks long]1 & 7 (f]$ a b\nty ( t5 doll>s a man4 ,illu/ration3 ,,morris',s ,,/rong ,,box4 ,n[ 9 ! possession ( ! ,p5nsylvania ,hi/orical ,society4 ,,rob]t ,,morris ,,s5ds ,,money4--,_m agre$ to s]ve1 b ! payma/] _h no money4 ,wa%+ton !re=e pl$g$ 8 own =tune1 & appeal$ to ,rob]t ,morris at ,philadelphia4 #f ,if x be possible1 ,sir1 he wrote1 to give u assi/ance1 d x2 borr[ money :ile x c be done1 we are do+ x ^u our private cr$it4 ,morris respond$ at once1 & on ,new ,ye>'s morn+1 #aggg1 w5t f h\se to h\se1 r\s$ 8 fri5ds f _! b$s to borr[ money f !m1 & e>ly 9 ! day s5t fifty ?\s& doll>s4 ,,battle ,,( ,,pr9ceton1 ,,janu>y #c1 #aggg4--,wa%+ton cross$ aga9 to ,tr5ton1 :]eupon ,"l ,cornwallis hurri$ up ) a ,briti% army1 & %ut 9 ! ,am]icans betwe5 8 =ces & ! ,delaw>e4 ,b ,wa%+ton slipp$ out1 w5t ar\nd ,cornwallis1 & ! next morn+ attack$ ?ree ,briti% regim5ts at ,pr9ceton & beat !m4 ,he !n took possession ( ! hills at ,morri/[n1 :]e he sp5t ! re/ ( ! w9t]4 ,,! ,,attempt ,,to ,,cut ,,(f ,,new ,,engl&4--,! ,briti% plan = ! campaign ( #aggg 0 to seize ,lake ,*ampla9 & ! ,hudson ,riv] & s cut (f ,new ,engl& f ! ,middle ,/ates4 ,to c>ry out ?is plan1 7#a7 ,g5]al ,burgoyne 0 to come d[n f ,canada1 7#b7 ,h[e 0 to g up ! ,hudson f ,new ,york & jo9 ,burgoyne at ,albany1 & 7#c7 ,/4 ,leg] 0 to g f ,lake ,ont>io d[n ! ,mohawk to ,albany4 #g ,,oriskany4--,he>+ ( ! approa* ( ,/4 ,leg]1 ,g5]al ,h]kim] ( ! ,new ,york militia ga!r$ eight hundr$ m5 & hurri$ to ! relief ( ,=t ,/anwix4 ,ne> ,oriskany1 ab\t six miles f ! =t1 he fell into an ambuscade ( ,briti% & ,indians1 & a fi]ce h&-to-h& fight ensu$1 till ! ,indians fl$ & ! ,briti%1 =c$ to foll[1 left ! ,am]icans 9 possession ( ! field1 too weak to pursue4 ,j at ?is "t ! g>rison ( ! =t made a sortie aga9/ "p ( ! ,briti% army1 captur$ _! camp1 & c>ri$ a quantity ( supplies & _! flags #h back to ! =t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,national ,,flag4 ,:5 news ( ,oriskany rea*$ ,s*uyl]1 ! patriot g5]al comm&+ 9 ! nor?1 he call$ = a volunte] to lead a =ce to relieve ,=t ,/anwix4 ,arnold respond$1 & ) twelve hundr$ m5 hurri$ we/w>d1 & by a clev] ruse #i =c$ ,/4 ,leg] to raise ! siege & flee to ,montreal4 ,illu/ration3 ,,battle ,,( ,,b5n+ton4 ,f an old pr9t4 ,,b5n+ton4--,burgoyne set out 9 ,june1 captur$ ,ticond]oga1 & advanc$ to ! upp] ,hudson4 ,z he came s\?w>d1 ! /urdy f>m]s ( ,v]mont & ,new ,york began to ga!r on 8 flank1 & collect$ at ,b5n+ton _m horses & l>ge /ores ( food & ammunition4 ,z ,burgoyne ne$$ horses1 he s5t a =ce ( ,hessians to attack ,b5n+ton4 ,b ,/>k1 ) 8 ,gre5 ,m\nta9 ,boys & ,new ,hamp%ire militia1 met ! ,hessians six miles f t[n1 surr\nd$ !m on all sides1 beat !m1 & took sev5 hundr$ prison]s & quantities ( guns & "s cannon 7,augu/ #af74 ,,s>atoga4--,^! defeats 7 s]i\s bl[s to ,burgoyne1 ar\nd ^: army ! ,am]icans _h be5 ga!r+4 ,he decid$1 h[ev]1 to fight1 cross$ ! ,hudson1 & ab\t ! middle ( ,septemb] attack$ ! ,am]icans at ,bemis ,heights1 & aga9 on ! same gr\nd e>ly 9 ,octob]4 #aj ,he 0 beat5 9 bo? battles & on ,octob] #ag 0 =c$ to surr5d] at ,s>atoga4 ,,battle ,,( ,,br&yw9e4--,:at1 meantime1 _h ,h[e be5 do+8 ,he %\ld h pu%$ up ! ,hudson to jo9 ,burgoyne4 ,b he decid$ to capture ,philadelphia be=e go+ nor?1 & hav+ put 8 army on bo>d a fleet1 he />t$ = t city by sea4 ,n v5tur+ to ent] ! ,delaw>e1 he sail$ up ,*esapeake ,bay & two weeks aft] l&+ f\nd ,wa%+ton await+ him on ,br&yw9e ,creek1 :]e 7,septemb] #aa1 #aggg7 a battle 0 f\ght & won by ! ,briti%4 ,among ! w\nd$ 0 ,m>quis de ,lafayette1 #aa :o e>li] 9 ! ye> _h come f ,france to (f] 8 s]vices to ,congress4 ,,philadelphia ,,occupi$4--,two weeks lat] ,h[e ent]$ ,philadelphia 9 triumph4 #ab ,congress _h fl$ to ,lanca/]1 & lat] w5t to ,york1 ,p5nsylvania4 ,wa%+ton n[ attack$ ,h[e at ,g]mant[n 7j nor? ( ,philadelphia71 b 0 defeat$ & w5t into w9t] qu>t]s at ,valley ,=ge1 :]e ! patriots suff]$ greatly f cold & hung]4 #ac ,illu/ration3 ,,at ,,valley ,,=ge4 ,,result ,,( ,,! ,,campaign4--,! ye>'s campaign 0 f> f a failure4 #ad ,! surprise at ,tr5ton & ! victory at ,pr9ceton %[$ t ,wa%+ton 0 a g5]al ( ! fir/ rank4 ,! defeats at ,br&yw9e & ,g]mant[n did n di%e>t5 ! army4 ,! victory at ,s>atoga 0 "o ( ! decisive campaigns ( ! _w's hi/ory2 = x ru9$ ! plans ( ! ,briti% #ae & secur$ u ! aid ( ,france4 ,,help ,,f ,,france1 #aggh4--;,9 #aggf ,congress commission$ ,b5jam9 ,frankl91 ,ar?ur ,lee1 & ,silas ,deane to g to ,france & seek h] help4 ,france1 sm>t+ "u ! loss ( ,l\isiana & ,canada 7#agfc71 w\ld gladly h help$ u2 b n till ! victories at ,tr5ton1 ,pr9ceton1 ,oriskany1 & ,s>atoga c\ld %e feel sure ( ! ability ( ! ,am]icans to fight4 ,!n ! ,fr5* k+ recogniz$ our indep5d5ce1 & 9 ,febru>y1 #aggh1 made ) u a treaty ( alliance & w5t to w> ) ,great ,brita94 ,! effect ( ! ,fr5* alliance 0 imm$iate4 ,france began to fit out a fleet & army to help u4 ,he>+ ( ?is1 ,cl9ton1 :o _h succe$$ ,h[e 9 comm& at ,philadelphia1 left t city ) 8 army & />t$ = ,new ,york4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*ur* ,,ne> ,,monm\? ,,battlefield1 ,,built ,,9 #ageb4 ,,monm\?1 ,,june #bh1 #aggh4--,wa%+ton decid$ to pursue1 & z ,cl9ton1 hamp]$ by an imm5se tra9 ( baggage1 mov$ sl[ly across ,new ,j]sey1 he 0 ov]tak5 by ! ,am]icans at ,monm\?4 ,*>les ,lee #af 0 to beg9 ! attack1 & ,wa%+ton1 com+ up a little lat]1 0 to complete ! defeat ( ! enemy4 ,b ,lee 0 a traitor1 & hav+ attack$ ! ,briti%1 began a retreat :i* w\ld h lo/ ! day _h n ,wa%+ton come up j 9 "t to lead a new attack4 ,! battle rag$ till nightfall1 & 9 ! d>kness ,cl9ton slipp$ away & w5t on to ,new ,york4 ,wa%+ton n[ cross$ ! ,hudson1 encamp$ at ,:ite ,pla9s1 & dur+ ?ree ye>s rema9$ 9 t neighborhood1 con/antly ?reat5+ ! ,briti% 9 ,new ,york4 #ag ,,beg9n+ ,,( ,,! ,,navy4--,m ?an ?ree ye>s _h n[ pass$ s9ce ! fight at ,lex+ton1 & "h let u /op & review :at ! ,am]icans _h be5 do+ at sea4 ,at ! outset1 ! coloni/s _h no w>%ips at all4 ,congress !re=e 79 ,decemb]1 #agge7 ord]$ ?irte5 arm$ vessels to be built at once1 b\ght m]*ant %ips to s]ve z cruis]s1 & ?us creat$ a navy ( ?irty vessels be=e ! #d? ( ,july1 #aggf4 #ah ,eight ( ! cruis]s 7 quickly assembl$ at ,philadelphia1 & e>ly 9 ,janu>y1 #aggf1 ,esek ,hopk9s1 comm&] 9 *ief1 /epp$ on bo>d ( "o ( !m & took comm&4 ,z he did s1 ,lieut5ant ,john ,paul ,jones hoi/$ a yell[ silk flag on :i* 0 ! device ( a p9e tree & a coil$ rattlesnake & ! motto ,don't tread on me4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ flag ev] display$ on an ,am]ican man-(-w>4 ,ice delay$ ! dep>ture ( ! squadron2 b 9 ,febru>y x put to sea1 w5t to ! ,bahama ,isl&s1 captur$ ! =ts on ! isl& ( ,new ,provid5ce1 & c>ri$ (f a quantity ( p[d] & cannon4 ,,capta9 ,,b>ry4--,soon aft]w>d ano!r cruis]1 ! sixte5-gun brig ,lex+ton1 ,capta9 ,john ,b>ry1 #ai fell 9 ) a ,briti% arm$ vessel (f ! coa/ ( ,virg9ia1 & aft] a %>p engagem5t captur$ h]4 ,%e 0 ! fir/ prize br\ght 9 by a commission$ (fic] ( ! ,am]ican navy4 ,,! ,,cruis]s ,,9 ,,europe4--,9 #aggg ! cruis]s c>ri$ ! w> into ,briti% ports & wat]s1 across ! ,atlantic4 ,! ,reprisal 7:i* _h c>ri$ ,frankl9 to ,france71 "u ,capta9 ,wilkes1 9 company ) two o!r vessels1 sail$ twice ar\nd ,irel&1 made fifte5 prizes1 & al>m$ ! :ole coa/4 #bj ,ano!r cruis]1 ! ,rev5ge1 sc\r$ ,briti% wat]s1 & :5 9 ne$ ( repairs boldly ent]$ a ,briti% port 9 disguise & refitt$4 ,9 #aggh ,john ,paul ,jones1 #ba 9 ! ,rang]1 sail$ to ! ,iri% ,*annel1 de/roy$ f\r vessels1 set fire to ! %ipp+ 9 a ,briti% port1 f\ght & captur$ a ,briti% arm$ s*oon]1 sail$ ar\nd ,irel& ) h]1 & rea*$ ,france 9 safety4 ,! next ye> 7#aggi7 ,jones1 9 ! ,bonhomme ,ri*>d 7bo-nom' re-%>'71 fell 9 ) ! ,briti% frigate ,s]apis (f ! ea/ coa/ ( ,great ,brita91 & on a moonlight night f\ght "o ( ! mo/ desp]ate battles 9 naval hi/ory & won x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gold ,,m$al ,,giv5 ,,to ,,jones4 #bb ,,! ,,frigates4--,( ! ?irte5 frigates ord]$ by ,congress 9 #agge1 only f\r rema9$ by ! end ( #aggh4 ,"s 7 captur$ at sea1 "s 7 de/roy$ to prev5t _! fall+ into ,briti% h&s1 & "o blew up :ile gallantly fight+4 ,( ! cruis]s b\ght 9 #agge1 only "o rema9$4 ,o!r pur*ases at home & abroad 7 made1 b ?ree frigates 7 captur$ & de/roy$ at ,*>le/on 9 #aggi1 & by ! end ( ! ye> our navy 0 r$uc$ to six vessels4 ,dur+ ! w> #bd vessels ( ! navy 7 lo/ by capture1 wreck1 or de/ruction4 ,! ,briti% navy lo/ #ajb4 ,,! ,,private]s4--,s f> we h consid]$ only ! ,am]ican navy--! w>%ips own$ by ! gov]nm5t4 ,congress also 7,m>*1 #aggf7 issu$ lett]s ( m>que1 or lic5ses to citiz5s to fit out arm$ vessels & make w> on ,briti% %ips arm$ or un>m$2 & ! sea soon sw>m$ ) private]s fitt$ out1 n only by citiz5s b also by ! /ates4 ,! private]s 7 active ?r\gh\t ! w>1 & took hundr$s ( prizes4 ,,summ>y #a4 ,aft] ! ,briti% left ,bo/on1 ,wa%+ton mov$ 8 army to ,long ,isl&1 :]e he 0 attack$ by ! ,briti% & driv5 up ! ,hudson to ,:ite ,pla9s4 #b4 ,lat] 9 ! ye> 7#aggf71 ,wa%+ton cross$ ! ,hudson & retreat$ ?r\gh ,new ,j]sey to ,p5nsylvania2 !n he turn$ ab\t1 won ! battles ( ,tr5ton 7,decemb] #bf1 #aggf7 & ,pr9ceton 7,janu>y #c1 #aggg71 & sp5t ! re/ ( ! w9t] 9 ,new ,j]sey4 #c4 ,! ,briti% plan = ! campaign ( #aggg 0 to cut (f ,new ,engl& f ! ,middle ,/ates2 ,burgoyne 0 to come d[n f ,canada & meet ,h[e1 :o 0 to move up ! ,hudson4 #d4 ,burgoyne lo/ sev]al battles1 & 0 =c$ to surr5d] at ,s>atoga 7,octob] #ag1 #aggg74 #e4 ,h[e put (f go+ up ! ,hudson till too late2 in/ead1 he defeat$ ,wa%+ton at ,br&yw9e ,creek 7,septemb] #aa1 #aggg71 & captur$ ,philadelphia4 ,wa%+ton !n attack$ ,h[e at ,g]mant[n1 0 defeat$1 & sp5t ! w9t] at ,valley ,=ge4 #f4 ,aft] ,burgoyne's surr5d]1 ,france recogniz$ our indep5d5ce 7,febru>y1 #aggh7 & jo9$ u 9 ! w>4 #g4 ,fe>+ a ,fr5* attack on ,new ,york1 ! ,briti% left ,philadelphia 7,june1 #aggh72 ,wa%+ton foll[$ & f\ght ! battle ( ,monm\?2 b ! ,briti% w5t on to ,new ,york1 & = ?ree ye>s ,wa%+ton rema9$ ne> t city4 #h4 ,congress1 9 ,decemb]1 #agge1 creat$ a little navy2 b "s ( ^! vessels nev] got to sea2 o!rs "u ,hopk9s & ,b>ry won victories dur+ #aggf4 #i4 ,9 #aggg ! cruis]s 7 s5t to ,briti% wat]s & "u ,wilkes & o!rs h>ri$ ,briti% coa/s4 #aj4 ,9 #aggh ,paul ,jones sail$ ar\nd ,irel& & 9 #aggi he won 8 great victory 9 ! ,bonhomme ,ri*>d4 ,,footnotes #a ,admiral ,h[e n[ wrote to ,wa%+ton1 (f]+ p>don to all p]sons :o %\ld desi/ f rebellion2 he address$ ! lett] to ,george ,wa%+ton1 ,esq41 & s5t x "u flag ( truce4 ,! mess5g] 0 told !re 0 no "o 9 ! army ) t title4 ,a week lat] ano!r mess5g] came ) a pap] address$ ,george ,wa%+ton1 ,esq4 etc4 etc4 ,?is "t he 0 receiv$2 & :5 ,wa%+ton decl9$ to receive ! lett]1 expla9$ t etc4 etc4 meant ev]y?+4 ,inde$1 said ,wa%+ton1 !y might mean any?+4 ,he 0 det]m9$ t ,h[e %\ld recognize him z comm&] 9 *ief ( ! ,cont95tal army1 & n treat him z ! lead] ( rebels4 #b ,_m ( ! prison]s tak5 9 ?is & o!r battles 7 put on bo>d %ips an*or$ ne> ,brooklyn4 ,_! suff]+s 9 ^! ,j]sey prison %ips 7 t]rible1 & _m di$ & 7 buri$ on ! bea*4 ,f ^! rude graves _! bones f "t to "t 7 wa%$ out4 ,at la/ 9 #ahjh !y 7 tak5 up & dec5tly buri$ ne> ! ,brooklyn navy y>d1 & 9 #ahgc 7 put 9 a vault 9 ,wa%+ton ,p>k1 ,brooklyn4 #c ,:ile ,wa%+ton 0 ne> ,new ,york1 a "y man nam$ ,na?an ,hale volunte]$ to ent] ! ,briti% l9es on ,long ,isl& to procure in=mation greatly ne$$4 ,z he 0 return+ he 0 recogniz$ by a ,tory k9sman1 0 captur$1 tri$ z a spy1 & hang$4 ,8 la/ words 73 ,i regret t ,i h b "o life to lose = my c\ntry4 #d ,:5 ,h[e1 m>*+ across ,manhattan ,isl&1 rea*$ ,murray ,hill1 ,mrs4 ,l9dley ,murray s5t a s]vant to invite him to lun*eon4 ,! army 0 halt$1 & ,mrs4 ,murray ent]ta9$ ,h[e & 8 (fic]s = two h\rs4 ,x 0 ?is delay t enabl$ ,putnam to escape4 #e ,*>les ,lee 0 9 g5]al comm& at ,*>le/on dur+ ! attack on ,=t ,m\ltrie1 & :5 he jo9$ ,wa%+ton at ,new ,york1 0 ?\ght a great (fic]4 ,lee 0 jeal\s1 hop$ to be made comm&] 9 *ief1 & purposely left ,wa%+ton to 8 fate4 ,lat] ,lee cross$ to ,new ,j]sey & took up 8 qu>t]s at ,bask+ ,ridge1 n f> f ,morri/[n1 :]e ! ,briti% captur$ him 7,decemb] #ac1 #aggf74 #f ,rob]t ,morris 0 born at ,liv]pool1 ,engl&1 b came to ,philadelphia z a lad & ent]$ on a bus9ess c>e]1 & :5 ! ,revolution op5$1 0 a man ( means & influ5ce4 ,he sign$ ! non-importation agreem5t ( #agfe1 & sign$ ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce1 & at ?is "t 7,decemb]1 #aggf7 0 a lead+ memb] ( ,congress4 ,a ye> lat]1 :5 ! army 0 at ,valley ,=ge1 he s5t x z a gift a l>ge quantity ( food & clo?+4 ,9 #agha ,morris 0 made ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,f9ance1 & 9 ord] to supply ! army 9 ! movem5t aga9/ ,yorkt[n1 l5t 8 notes to ! am\nt ( #a1djj1jjj4 ,9 #agha he f\nd$ ! ,bank ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 :i* is n[ ! olde/ bank 9 our c\ntry4 ,aft] ! w> ,morris 0 a s5ator f ,p5nsylvania4 ,he speculat$ l>gely 9 ,we/]n l&s1 lo/ 8 =tune1 & f #agih to #ahjb 0 a prison] = debt4 ,he di$ 9 #ahjf4 #g ,read ! /ory ( ,jane ,mc,crea 9 ,fiske's ,am]ican ,revolution1 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #bgg-bgi4 #h ,^! flags 7 hoi/$ on ! =t & ov] !m 0 rais$ ! fir/ flag ( />s & /ripes ev] flung to ! breeze4 ,congress on ,june #ad1 #aggg1 _h adopt$ our national flag4 ,! flag at ,=t ,/anwix 0 made ( pieces ( a :ite %irt1 a blue jacket1 & /rips ( r$ flannel4 ,! day 0 ,augu/ #f4 #i ,! /ory runs t sev]al ,tory spies 7 captur$ & condemn$ to dea?1 b "o nam$ ,cuyl] 0 sp>$ by ,arnold on condition t he %\ld g to ! camp ( ,/4 ,leg] & say t ,burgoyne 0 captur$ & a great ,am]ican army 0 com+ to relieve ,=t ,/anwix4 ,cuyl] agre$1 & hav+ cut :at seem$ bullet holes 9 8 clo!s1 ru%$ into ! ,briti% camp1 cry+ out t a l>ge ,am]ican army 0 at h&1 & t he _h b>ely escap$ ) life4 ,! ,indians at once began to des]t1 ! panic spread to ! ,briti%1 & ! next day ,/4 ,leg] 0 flee+ t[>d ,lake ,ont>io4 #aj ,! second battle is (t5 call$ ! battle ( ,/illwat]4 ,%ortly be=e ?is ,congress remov$ ,s*uyl] f comm& & gave x to ,gates1 :o ?us reap$ ! glory ( ! :ole campaign4 ,9 bo? battles ,arnold greatly di/+ui%$ himself4 ,he won ! fir/ fight & 0 w\nd$ 9 ! second4 #aa ,lafayette 0 a "y ,fr5* nobleman :o1 fir$ by acc\nts ( ! w> 9 ,am]ica1 fitt$ out a vessel1 & despite ! ord]s ( ! ,fr5* k+ escap$ & came to ,philadelphia1 & (f]$ 8 s]vices to ,congress4 ,) him 7 ,de ,kalb & elev5 o!r (fic]s4 ,two gallant ,poli% (fic]s1 ,pulaski & ,kosciusko1 _h come ov] be=e ?is "t4 ,kosciusko _h be5 recomm5d$ to ,wa%+ton by ,frankl91 !n 9 ,france2 he 0 made a colonel 9 ! eng9e] corps & sup]9t5d$ ! build+ ( ! ,am]ican =tifications at ,bemis ,heights4 ,aft] ! w> he return$ to ,pol&1 & long aft]w>d l$ ! ,poles 9 _! /ruggle = lib]ty4 #ab ,an int]e/+ novel on ?is p]iod ( ! w> is ,dr4 ,s4 ,w4 ,mit*ell's ,hugh ,wynne4 #ac ,at ,valley ,=ge ,b>on ,/eub5 jo9$ ! army4 ,he 0 an able ,g]man (fic] :o _h se5 s]vice "u ,fr$]ick ! ,great ( ,prussia1 & _h be5 p]suad$ by ! ,fr5* ,m9i/] ( ,=eign ,affairs to come to ,am]ica & help to organize & discipl9e ! army4 ,he l&$ 9 ,new ,hamp%ire late 9 #aggg1 & sp5t ! dreadful w9t] at ,valley ,=ge 9 drill+ ! troops1 tea*+ !m ! use ( ! bayonet1 & organiz+ ! army on ! ,european plan4 ,aft] ! w> ,new ,york pres5t$ ,/eub5 ) a f>m ( #af1jjj acres n f> f ,=t ,/anwix4 ,!re he di$ 9 #agid4 #ad ,c]ta9 (fic]s & memb]s ( ,congress plott$ dur+ #aggg to h ,wa%+ton remov$ f ! comm& ( ! army4 ,= an acc\nt ( ?is ,conway ,cabal read ,fiske's ,am]ican ,revolution1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #cd-dc4 #ae ,great ,brita9 n[ s5t ov] commission]s to (f] lib]al t]ms ( peace1--no taxes by ,p>liam5t1 no re/rictions on trade1 no troops 9 ,am]ica )\t cons5t ( ! colonial assemblies1 ev5 repres5tation 9 ,p>liam5t1--b ! (f] 0 reject$4 ,:y did ! commission]s fail8 ,read ,fiske's ,am]ican ,revolution1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #d-ag1 #bb-bd4 #af ,lee _h be5 ex*ang$ = a captur$ ,briti% g5]al1 & came to ,valley ,=ge 9 ,may4 ,f pap]s f\nd aft] 8 dea? we "k t :ile a prison] he advis$ ,h[e z to ! be/ means ( conqu]+ ! /ates4 ,= 8 conduct 9 ! battle & insol5ce to ,wa%+ton aft] x1 ,lee 0 susp5d$ f ! army = "o ye>1 b :5 he wrote an insol5t lett] to ,congress1 he 0 dismiss$ f ! army4 #ag ,a ,fr5* fleet ( twelve %ips1 "u ,c\nt d',e/a+1 soon arriv$ ne> ,new ,york4 ,x might p]haps h captur$ ! ,briti% fleet 9 ! h>bor2 b )\t mak+ ! attempt ,d',e/a+ w5t on to ,newport to attempt ! capture ( a ,briti% =ce :i* _h held t place s9ce ,decemb]1 #aggf4 ,wa%+ton s5t ,gre5e & ,lafayette ) troops to assi/ him1 ! ,new ,engl& militia turn$ out by ?\s&s1 & all seem$ ready = ! attack1 :5 a ,briti% fleet appe>$ & ,d',e/a+ w5t out to meet x4 ,a /orm scatt]$ ! vessels ( ! two squadrons1 & ,d',e/a+ w5t to ,bo/on = repairs1 & !n to ! ,we/ ,indies4 #ah ,six ( ! ?irty nev] got to sea1 b 7 captur$ or de/roy$ :5 ! ,briti% took ,new ,york & ,philadelphia4 ,our navy1 !re=e1 may be consid]$ at ! outset to h consi/$ ( #bd vessels1 m\nt+ #dbb guns4 ,great ,brita9 at t "t _h #aab w> vessels1 c>ry+ #cgad guns1 & #gh ( ^! vessels 7 /ation$ on or ne> our coa/4 #ai ,john ,b>ry 0 a native ( ,irel&4 ,he came to ,am]ica at ?irte51 & at tw5ty-five 0 capta9 ( a %ip4 ,at ! op5+ ( ! w> he (f]$ 8 s]vices to ,congress1 & 9 ,febru>y1 #aggf1 0 giv5 comm& ( ! ,lex+ton4 ,aft] 8 victory ,b>ry 0 transf]r$ to ! #bh-;gun frigate ,eff+ham1 & 9 #aggg 7:ile blockad$ 9 ! ,delaw>e71 ) #bg m5 9 f\r boats captur$ & de/roy$ a #aj-;gun s*oon] & f\r transports4 ,= ?is he 0 ?ank$ by ,wa%+ton4 ,:5 ! ,briti% captur$ ,philadelphia1 ,b>ry took ! ,eff+ham up ! riv] to save h]2 b %e 0 burn$ by ! ,briti%4 ,at diff]5t times ,b>ry comm&$ sev]al o!r %ips1 & 9 #aghb1 9 ! ,alliance1 f\ght ! la/ action ( ! w>4 ,9 #agid he 0 s5ior capta9 ( ! navy1 ) ! title ( commodore4 ,he di$ 9 #ahjc4 #bj ,:5 ^! %ips return$ to ,france ) ! prizes1 ! ,briti% gov]nm5t prote/$ s vigor\sly t ! ,reprisal & ! ,lex+ton 7 seiz$ & held till security 0 giv5 t !y w\ld leave ,france4 ,! prizes 7 ord]$ out ( port1 7 tak5 into ! (f+1 & !n quietly sold to ,fr5* m]*ants4 ,! ,reprisal on h] way home 0 lo/ at sea4 ,! ,lex+ton 0 captur$ & h] m5 ?r[n into prison4 ,!y escap$ by digg+ a hole "u ! wall1 & 7 on bo>d a vessel 9 ,london b\nd = ,france1 :5 !y 7 discov]$ & s5t back to prison4 ,a ye> lat] "o ( !m1 ,ri*>d ,dale1 escap$ by walk+ pa/ ! gu>ds 9 daylight1 dress$ 9 a ,briti% uni=m4 ,he nev] w\ld tell h[ he got ! uni=m4 #ba ,john ,paul1 ,jr41 0 born 9 ,scotl& 9 #agdg4 ,he began a seaf>+ life :5 twelve ye>s old & foll[$ x till #aggc1 :5 he fell heir to a plantation 9 ,virg9ia on condition t he %\ld take ! "n ( ,jones4 ,!reaft] he 0 kn[n z ,john ,paul ,jones4 ,9 #agge ,jones (f]$ 8 s]vices to ,congress1 assi/$ 9 f\nd+ our navy1 & 9 ,decemb]1 #agge1 0 commission$ lieut5ant4 ,he di$ 9 ,p>is 9 #agib1 b ! :]eab\ts ( 8 grave 0 long unkn[n4 ,9 #aije1 h[ev]1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ambassador to ,france 7,horace ,port]7 discov]$ ! body ( ,jones1 :i* 0 br\ght ) due honors to ! ,unit$ ,/ates & deposit$ at ! ,naval ,academy at ,annapolis4 ,port]'s acc\nt ( h[ ! body 0 f\nd may be read 9 ! ,c5tury ,magaz9e = ,octob]1 #aije4 ,jones is ! h]o ( ,coop]'s novel call$ ,! ,pilot4 #bb ,! word+ on ! m$al may be translat$ z foll[s3 ,! ,am]ican ,congress to ,john ,paul ,jones1 fleet comm&]--= ! capture or defeat ( ! enemy's %ips (f ! coa/ ( ,scotl&1 ,sept4 #bc1 #aggi4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,! ,,w> ,,9 ,,! ,,we/ ,,& ,,9 ,,! ,,s\? ,,! ,,we/4--,aft] ,great ,brita9 obta9$ f ,france ! c\ntry betwe5 ! m\nta9s & ! ,mississippi1 ! ,briti% k+1 z we h se5 7p4 #adc71 =bade settlem5t we/ ( ! m\nta9s4 ,b ! we/w>d movem5t ( population 0 n to be /opp$ by a proclamation4 ,! h>dy fronti]sm5 gave x no he$1 &1 pass+ ov] ! m\nta9s ( ,virg9ia & ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 !y hunt$1 trapp$1 & made settlem5ts 9 ! =bidd5 l&4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,we/ ,,dur+ ,,! ,,revolution4 ,,t5nessee4--,?us1 9 #agfi1 ,william ,bean ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a built a cab9 on ! banks ( ! ,watauga ,creek & began ! settlem5t ( :at is n[ ,t5nessee4 ,! next ye> ,james ,rob]tson & _m o!rs foll[$ & dott$ ! valleys ( ! ,hol/on & ! ,cl9* ) cle>+s & log cab9s4 ,^! m5 at fir/ 7 )\t gov]nm5t ( any sort1 s !y =m$ an association & = "s ye>s gov]n$ !mselves2 b 9 #aggf _! delegates 7 seat$ 9 ! legislature ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 & next ye> _! settlem5ts 7 organiz$ z ,wa%+ton c\nty 9 t /ate4 ,rob]tson soon 7#aggi7 l$ a colony fur!r we/ & on ! banks ( ! ,cumb]l& f\nd$ ,na%boro1 n[ call$ ,na%ville4 ,illu/ration3 ,,indian ,,attack+ ,a ,,fronti]sman4 ,,k5tucky4--,! ye> 7#agfi7 t ,bean w5t into ,t5nessee1 ,daniel ,boone1 "o ( ! great m5 ( fronti] hi/ory1 ent]$ :at is n[ ,k5tucky4 ,o!rs foll[$1 & despite ,indian w>s & massacres1 ,boonesboro1 ,h>rodsburg1 & ,lex+ton 7 f\nd$ be=e #aggg4 ,^! backwoodsm5 also 7 = a "t )\t any gov]nm5t2 b 9 ,decemb]1 #aggf1 ,virg9ia organiz$ ! region z a c\nty ) ! pres5t b\nd>ies ( ,k5tucky4 #a ,,george ,,rog]s ,,cl>k4--,9 ! c\ntry nor? ( ! ,ohio 7 a few old ,fr5* t[ns1--,detroit1 ,kaskaskia1 ,v9c5nes1--& a few =ts built by ! ,fr5* & g>rison$ by ! ,briti%1 f :om ! ,indians obta9$ guns & p[d] to attack ! fronti]4 ,aga9/ ^! =ts & villages ,george ,rog]s ,cl>k1 a "y ,virg9ian1 plann$ an exp$ition :i* 0 approv$ by ,patrick ,h5ry1 !n gov]nor ( ,virg9ia4 ,h5ry c\ld give him little aid1 b ,cl>k 0 det]m9$ to g2 & 9 #aggh1 ) "o hundr$ & eighty m51 left ,pittsburg 9 boats1 float$ d[n ! ,ohio to its m\?1 m>*$ across ! swamps & prairies ( s\?-we/]n ,ill9ois1 & took ,kaskaskia4 ,v9c5nes #b !reupon surr5d]$2 b 0 soon recaptur$ by ! ,briti% g5]al at ,detroit ) a b& ( ,indians4 ,b ,cl>k1 aft] a dreadful m>* across c\ntry 9 midw9t]1 attack$ ! =t 9 ! dead ( night1 captur$ x1 & !n conqu]$ ! c\ntry ne> ! ,waba% & ,ill9ois riv]s1 & held x = ,virg9ia4 #c ,,spa9 ,,9 ,,! ,,we/4--,! conque/ 0 mo/ timely2 = 9 #aggi ,spa9 jo9$ 9 ! w> aga9/ ,great ,brita91 seiz$ t[ns & ,briti% =ts 9 ,florida1 & 9 ,janu>y1 #agha1 s5t out f ,/4 ,l\is a b& ( ,spani>ds & ,indians :o m>*$ across ,ill9ois & took possession ( ,=t ,/4 ,joseph 9 :at is n[ s\?we/]n ,mi*igan1 occupi$ x1 & claim$ ! ,nor?we/ = ,spa94 ,,! ,,s\? ,,invad$4--,ne> ! end ( #aggh1 ! ,briti% armies held /rong positions at ,new ,york & ,newport1 & ! ,fr5* fleet "u ,d',e/a+ 0 9 ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,! ,briti% !re=e felt free to /rike a bl[ at ! ,s\?4 ,a fleet & army accord+ly sail$ f ,new ,york & 7,decemb] #bi1 #aggh7 captur$ ,savannah4 ,georgia 0 !n ov]run1 0 decl>$ conqu]$1 & ! royal gov]nor 0 ree/abli%$ 9 (fice4 #d ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,s\!rn ,,colonies ,,dur+ ,,! ,,revolution ,,! ,,am]icans ,,repuls$ ,,at ,,savannah4--,gov]nor ,rutl$ge ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a n[ appeal$ to ,d',e/a+1 :o at once br\ght 8 fleet f ! ,we/ ,indies2 & ,savannah 0 besieg$ by ! ,am]ican =ces "u ,l9coln & ! ,fr5* "u ,d',e/a+4 ,aft] a long siege1 an assault 0 made on ! ,briti% def5ses 7,octob]1 #aggi71 9 :i* ! brave ,pulaski 0 sla9 & ,d',e/a+ 0 w\nd$4 ,! ,fr5* !n sail$ away1 & ,l9coln fell back into ,s\? ,c>ol9a4 ,,briti% ,,capture ,,*>le/on4--,he>+ ( ?is1 ,sir ,h5ry ,cl9ton & ,"l ,cornwallis sail$ ) ,briti% troops f ,new ,york 7,decemb]1 #aggi7 to ,savannah4 ,!nce ! ,briti% m>*$ ov]l& to ,*>le/on4 ,l9coln did all he c\ld to def5d ! city1 b 9 ,may1 #aghj1 0 compell$ to surr5d]4 ,s\? ,c>ol9a 0 !n ov]run by ! ,briti%1 & ,cl9ton return$ to ,new ,york1 leav+ ,cornwallis 9 comm&4 ,,p>tisan ,,lead]s4--,s\? ,c>ol9a n[ became ! seat ( a bitt] p>tisan w>4 ,! ,tories !re clamor$ = rev5ge4 ,t no man %\ld be neutral1 ,cornwallis ord]$ ev]yone to decl>e = or aga9/ ! k+1 & s5t (fic]s ) troops ab\t ! /ate to enroll ! royali/s 9 ! militia4 ,! :ole population 0 ?us array$ 9 two ho/ile p>ties4 ,! patriots c\ld n (f] organiz$ opposition2 b little b&s ( !m f\nd refuge 9 ! woods1 swamps1 & m\nta9 valleys1 :5ce !y issu$ to attack ! ,briti% troops & ! ,tories4 ,l$ by ,&rew ,pick5s1 ,?omas ,sumt]1 & ,francis ,m>ion :om ! ,briti% call$ ! ,swamp ,fox1 !y won _m desp]ate fights4 #e ,,camd54--,congress1 h[ev]1 _h n ab&on$ ! ,s\?4 ,two ?\s& m5 "u ,de ,kalb 7 m>*+ s\? be=e ! surr5d] ( ,*>le/on4 ,aft] x1 a call = troops 0 made on all ! /ates s\? ( ,p5nsylvania1 & ,g5]al ,gates1 !n call$ ! ,h]o ( ,s>atoga1 0 s5t to jo9 ,de ,kalb & take comm&4 ,! mo/ important po9t 9 ! int]ior ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a 0 ,camd51 & aga9/ ?is ,gates m>*$ 8 troops4 ,b he manag$ matt]s s badly t ne> ,camd5 ! ,am]ican army 0 beat51 r\t$1 & cut to pieces by ! ,briti% "u ,cornwallis 7,augu/ #af1 #aghj74 #f ,illu/ration3 ,,wayne',s ,,camp ,,kettle4 ,n[ 9 possession ( ! ,p5nsylvania ,hi/orical ,society4 ,,! ,,w> ,,9 ,,! ,,nor?4--,:at meantime _h happ5$ 9 ! ,nor?8 ,! ma9 armies ne> ,new ,york _h done little fight+2 b ! ,briti% _h made a numb] ( sudd5 raids on ! coa/4 ,9 #aggi ,norfolk & ,portsm\? 9 ,virg9ia1 & ,new ,hav5 & sev]al o!r t[ns 9 ,connecticut _h be5 attack$1 & %ips & h\ses burn$4 ,9 ,new ,york1 ,cl9ton captur$ ,/ony ,po9t2 b ,an?ony ,wayne l$ a =ce ( ,am]icans aga9/ ! =t1 & at dead ( night1 by "o ( ! mo/ brilliant assaults 9 ! _w's milit>y hi/ory1 recaptur$ x 7,july1 #aggi74 #g ,illu/ration3 ,,at ,,we/ ,,po9t3 ,,look+ ,,up ,,! ,,hudson4 ,,treason ,,( ,,arnold4--,/ony ,po9t 0 "o ( sev]al =ts built by ord] ( ,wa%+ton to def5d ! ,hudson4 ,! *ief =t 0 at ,we/ ,po9t1 ! comm& ( :i*1 9 ,july1 #aghj1 0 giv5 to ,arnold4 ,:5 ! ,briti% left ,philadelphia 9 #aggh1 ,arnold 0 made milit>y comm&] !re1 & s conduct$ himself t he 0 s5t5c$ by c\rt-m>tial to be reprim&$ by ,wa%+ton4 ,?is c5sure1 add$ to previ\s unfair treatm5t by ,congress1 l$ him to seek rev5ge 9 ! ru9 ( 8 c\ntry4 ,to br+ ?is ab\t he ask$ = ! comm& ( ,we/ ,po9t1 & hav+ receiv$ x1 (f]$ to surr5d] ! =t to ! ,briti%4 ,cl9ton's ag5t 9 ! matt] 0 ,major ,john ,&r 7an'dra71 :o "o day 9 ,septemb]1 #aghj1 came up ! riv] 9 ! ,briti% %ip ,vulture1 w5t a%ore1 & at night met ,arnold ne> ,/ony ,po9t4 ,morn+ came be=e ! t]ms #h ( surr5d] 7 arrang$1 & ! ,vulture hav+ be5 fir$ on dropp$ d[n ! riv] out ( range4 ,,we/ ,,po9t ,,sav$4--,?us left )9 ! ,am]ican l9es1 ,&r cross$ ! riv] to ! ea/ %ore1 & />t$ = ,new ,york by l&1 b 0 /opp$ by ?ree ,am]icans1 #i se>*$1 & pap]s ( great importance 7 f\nd 9 8 /ock+s4 ,despite an (f] ( 8 wat* & money = 8 release1 ,&r 0 deliv]$ to ! ne>e/ ,am]ican (fic]1 0 lat] tri$ by c\rt-m>tial1 f\nd guilty1 & s5t5c$ to be hang$ z a spy4 ,! ,am]ican (fic] to :om ,&r 0 deliv]$1 n suspect+ ,arnold1 s5t ! news to him z well z to ,wa%+ton4 ,arnold receiv$ ! message fir/2 kn[+ t ,wa%+ton 0 at h&1 he at once procur$ a boat1 0 r[$ d[n ! riv] to ! ,vulture1 & escap$4 ,f !n till ! end ( ! w> he s]v$ z an (fic] 9 ! ,briti% army4 ,! disa/]s at ,*>le/on & ,camd51 & ! n>r[ escape f disa/] at ,we/ ,po9t1 made #aghj ! mo/ di%e>t5+ ye> ( ! w>4 ,,k+s ,,m\nta94--,b ! tide quickly turn$4 ,aft] 8 victory at ,camd51 ,cornwallis began to invade ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 & s5t ,colonel ,f]guson into ! ,s\? ,c>ol9a highl&s to enli/ all ! ,tories he c\ld f9d4 ,z ,f]guson advanc$ into ! hill c\ntry1 ! backwoodsm5 & m\nta9e]s ralli$ f all sides1 & l$ by ,sevi]1 ,%elby1 & ,williams1 surr\nd$ him & =c$ him to make a /& on ! summit ( ,k+s ,m\nta91 ,octob] #g1 #aghj4 ,fight+ 9 true ,indian fa%ion f beh9d e tree & rock1 !y %ot ,f]guson's army to pieces1 kill$ him1 & =c$ ! few survivors to surr5d]4 ,?is victory =c$ ,cornwallis to put (f 8 conque/ ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a4 ,,c[p5s4--,g5]al ,gre5e 0 n[ s5t to replace ,gates 9 comm& ( ! patriot army 9 ! ,s\?4 ,he 0 too weak to attack ,cornwallis1 b by divid+ 8 army & secur+ ! aid ( ! p>tisan b&s he hop$ to annoy ! ,briti% ) raids4 ,morgan1 :o comm&$ "o ( ^! divisions1 0 s successful t ,cornwallis s5t ,t>leton ) a ?\s& m5 aga9/ him4 ,morgan (f]$ battle on ! gr\nds kn[n z ! ,c[p5s1 & !re ,t>leton 0 r\t$ & ?ree f\r?s ( 8 m5 7 kill$1 w\nd$1 or tak5 prison]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,battle ,,( ,,! ,,c[p5s4 ,,! ,,great ,,retreat4--,?is victory won1 ,morgan set (f to jo9 ,gre5e1 ) ,cornwallis himself 9 hot pursuit4 ,:5 ,gre5e he>d ! news1 he det]m9$ to draw ! ,briti% g5]al f> nor?w>d & !n fight him :]ev] he w\ld be at mo/ disadvantage4 #aj ,! retreat ( ! ,am]ican army 0 !re=e cont9u$ to ! bord] ( ,virg9ia4 ,,guil=d ,,c\rt ,,h\se4--,hav+ receiv$ re9=cem5ts1 ,gre5e turn$ s\?w>d & (f]$ battle at ,guil=d ,c\rt ,h\se 7,m>* #ae1 #agha74 ,a desp]ate fight ensu$1 & :5 night came1 ,gre5e retir$1 leav+ ! ,briti% unable to foll[ him4 ,cornwallis _h lo/ "o qu>t] ( 8 army 9 kill$ & w\nd$4 ,he 0 9 ! mid/ ( a ho/ile c\ntry1 too weak to /ay1 & unwill+ to confess defeat by retreat+ to ,s\? ,c>ol9a4 ,?us outg5]al$ he hurri$ to ,wilm+ton1 :]e he c\ld be aid$ by ! ,briti% fleet4 ,illu/ration3 ,,lafayette ,,monum5t4 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c4 ,gre5e foll[$ = a "t1 & !n turn$ into ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 drove ! ,briti% out ( ,camd51 & by ! #d? ( ,july _h reconqu]$ half ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a4 ,late 9 ,augu/1 he =c$ ! ,briti% back to ,eutaw ,spr+s1 :]e 7,septemb] #h1 #agha7 a desp]ate battle 0 f\ght4 #aa ,! ,briti% troops held _! gr\nd1 b on ! foll[+ night !y set (f =4 ,*>le/on1 :]e !y rema9$ until ! end ( ! w>4 #ab ,,yorkt[n4--,f ,wilm+ton ,cornwallis m>*$ to s\!a/]n ,virg9ia1 :]e a ,briti% =ce "u ,b5$ict ,arnold jo9$ him4 ,he !n set (f to capture ,lafayette1 :o _h be5 s5t to def5d ,virg9ia f ,arnold4 ,b ,lafayette retreat$ to ! back c\ntry1 till re9=cem5ts came4 ,:5 ,cornwallis c\ld drive him no f>!r1 ! ,briti% army retreat$ to ! coa/1 & =tifi$ itself at ,yorkt[n4 ,9 ,augu/ ,wa%+ton receiv$ ^w t a l>ge ,fr5* fleet "u ,de ,grasse 0 ab\t to sail f ! ,we/ ,indies to ,*esapeake ,bay4 ,he saw t ! supreme mom5t _h come4 ,lay+ aside 8 plan = an attack on ,new ,york1 he hurri$ s\?w>d1 m>*$ 8 army to ! head ( ,*esapeake ,bay1 & !n took x by %ips to ,yorkt[n4 #ac ,! ,fr5* fleet 0 already 9 ! bay4 ,"s ,fr5* troops _h jo9$ ,lafayette1 & ,cornwallis 0 already surr\nd$ :5 ,wa%+ton arriv$4 ,! siege 0 n[ press$ ) ov]:elm+ =ce1 & ,cornwallis surr5d]$ on ,octob] #ai1 #agha4 ,,end ,,( ,,! ,,w>4--,swift c\ri]s c>ri$ ! news to ,philadelphia1 :]e1 at ! dead ( night1 ! p 7 r\s$ f sleep by ! wat*man cry+ 9 ! /reet1 ,pa/ two o'clock & ,cornwallis is tak54 ,9 ! morn+ ,congress receiv$ ! dispat*es & w5t 9 solemn procession to a *ur* to give ?anks to ,god4 ,:5 ! ,briti% prime m9i/]1 ,"l ,nor?1 he>d ! news1 he exclaim$1 ,all is ov]2 all is ov]6 ,! k+ alone rema9$ /ubborn1 & = a :ile insi/$ on hold+ ,georgia1 ,*>le/on1 & ,new ,york4 ,b 8 advis]s 9 "t p]suad$ him to yield1 & 7,novemb] #cj1 #aghb7 a prelim9>y treaty1 ackn[l$g+ ! indep5d5ce ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 0 sign$ at ,p>is4 #ad ,! f9al treaty 0 n sign$ till ,septemb] #c1 #aghc4 #ae ,illu/ration3 ,,wa%+ton',s ,,headqu>t]s ,,at ,,newburgh4 ,f an old pr9t4 ,9 ,novemb] ! ,cont95tal army 0 disb&$1 & 9 ,decemb]1 at ,annapolis1 :]e ,congress 0 sitt+1 ,wa%+ton =mally surr5d]$ 8 comm&1 & w5t home to ,m\nt ,v]non4 #af ,,summ>y #a4 ,despite ! k+'s proclamation 9 #agfc1 fronti]sm5 soon cross$ ! m\nta9s & settl$ 9 :at is n[ ,k5tucky & ,t5nessee4 #b4 ,9 ! region nor? ( ! ,ohio 7 a few ,briti% =ts1 "s ( :i* ,george ,rog]s ,cl>k captur$ 9 #aggh & #aggi2 b ,=t ,/4 ,joseph 9 ,mi*igan 0 captur$ by ! ,spani%4 #c4 ,at ! end ( #aggh ! ,briti% began an attack on ! ,s\!rn /ates by captur+ ,savannah4 #d4 ,georgia 0 !n ov]run4 ,! ,am]icans1 aid$ by a ,fr5* fleet1 attack$ ,savannah & 7 repuls$ 7#aggi74 #e4 ,9 #aghj1 ren=c$ by a fleet & army f ,new ,york1 ! ,briti% captur$ ,*>le/on & ov]ran ,s\? ,c>ol9a4 ,! ,am]icans "u ,gates 7 badly beat5 at ,camd52 b a ,briti% =ce 0 de/roy$ at ,k+s ,m\nta94 #f4 ,9 ! same ye> ,b5$ict ,arnold turn$ traitor1 & s\ght 9 va9 to deliv] ,we/ ,po9t to ! ,briti%4 #g4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> 7#agha7 our arms 7 g5]ally victori\s4 ,morgan won ! battle ( ! ,c[p5s2 ,gre5e outg5]al$ ,cornwallis & !n reconqu]$ ,s\? ,c>ol9a4 ,at ! end ( ! ye> ,*>le/on & ,savannah 7 ! only ,s\!rn t[ns held by ! ,briti%4 #h4 ,cornwallis m>*$ into ,virg9ia1 & =tifi$ himself at ,yorkt[n4 ,!re ,wa%+ton1 aid$ by a ,fr5* army & fleet1 =c$ him to surr5d] 7#agha74 #i4 ,peace 0 made next ye>1 our indep5d5ce 0 ackn[l$g$1 & by ! end ( #aghc ! la/ ,briti% soldi]s _h left ! c\ntry4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wa%+ton ,,& ,,lafayette ,,at ,,m\nt ,,v]non4 ,,footnotes #a ,ab\t ?is "t ! settl]s on ! upp] ,ohio ,riv] 79 :at is n[ ,we/ ,virg9ia & s\?we/]n ,p5nsylvania7 became eag] = /atehood4 ,bo? ,virg9ia & ,p5nsylvania claim$ _! allegiance4 ,!y ask$ ,congress1 !re=e1 = recognition z ! /ate ( ,we/sylvania1 ! f\rte5? prov9ce ( ! ,am]ican ,conf$]acy4 ,congress did n grant _! pray]4 #b ,read ,?ompson's ,alice ( ,old ,v9c5nes4 #c ,f>!r ea/1 meantime1 a b& ( savages l$ by ,colonel ,john ,butl] swept d[n f ,=t ,niag>a1 ent]$ ,wyom+ ,valley 9 nor!a/]n ,p5nsylvania1 ne> ! site ( ,wilkes-,b>re1 & p]petrat$ "o ( ! mo/ awful massacres 9 hi/ory 7,july #d1 #aggh74 7,read ,campbell's poem ,g]trude ( ,wyom+74 ,a little lat] ano!r b&1 l$ by a son ( ,butl]1 burn$ ! village ( ,*]ry ,valley 9 ,new ,york1 & murd]$ _m ( ! inhabitants--m51 wom51 & *ildr54 ,cruelties ( ?is sort c\ld n g unpuni%$4 ,9 ! summ] ( #aggi1 !re=e1 ,g5]al ,sullivan ) an army invad$ ! ,indian c\ntry 9 c5tral ,new ,york1 burn$ =ty ,indian villages1 de/roy$ _! crops1 cut d[n _! fruit trees1 & br\ght ! ,indians to ! v]ge ( fam9e4 #d ,congress n[ put ,l9coln 9 comm& 9 ! ,s\?2 b :5 he m>*$ into ,georgia1 ! ,briti% set (f to attack ,*>le/on1 sack+ h\ses & slaught]+ cattle z !y w5t4 ,?is move =c$ ,l9coln to foll[ !m1 & hav+ be5 jo9$ by ,pulaski1 he compell$ ! ,briti% to retreat4 #e ,f\r novels by ,simms1--,! ,p>tisan1 ,melli*ampe1 ,ka?>9e ,walton1 & ,! ,sc\t1--& ,horse%oe ,rob9son1 by ,k5n$y1 are fam\s /ories relat+ to ! ,revolution 9 ! ,s\?4 ,read ,bryant's ,song ( ,m>ion's ,m54 #f ,a l>ge numb] ( m5 7 kill$1 & a ?\s& tak5 prison]s4 ,among ! dead 0 ,de ,kalb4 ,among ! liv+ 0 ,gates1 :o fl$ among ! fir/ & made su* ha/e to escape t he cov]$ two hundr$ miles 9 f\r days4 #g ,! purpose ( ! attack on ,/ony ,po9t 0 to draw ! ,briti% f ,connecticut4 ,! capture _h ! desir$ result1 & ,/ony ,po9t 0 !n ab&on$4 ,! =t /ood on a rocky promontory ) ! wat] ( ! ,hudson ,riv] on ?ree sides4 ,on ! f\r? 0 a morass cross$ by a n>r[ road :i* at high tide 0 "u wat]4 ,! c\ntry betwe5 ! ,briti% =ces 9 ,new ,york & ! ,am]ican army on ! highl&s ( ! ,hudson 0 kn[n z ! neutral gr\nd1 & is ! sc5e ( ,coop]'s great novel ,! ,spy4 #h ,! ,briti% 7 to come up ! riv] & attack ,we/ ,po9t4 ,arnold 0 to man ! def5ses 9 su* a way t !y c\ld easily be tak51 "o at a "t1 & s af=d an excuse = surr5d]+ !m1 ) ! ?ree ?\s& m5 "u ,arnold's comm&4 #i ,! names ( ,&r's captors 7 ,john ,pauld+1 ,david ,williams1 & ,isaac ,van ,w>t4 ,congress gave ea* a m$al & a p5sion = life4 #aj ,to accompli% ?is ,gre5e s5t ! great] "p ( 8 army nor?w>d "u ,g5]al ,hug]1 :ile he ) a small gu>d hurri$ across c\ntry1 & took comm& ( ,morgan's army4 ,& n[ a mo/ excit+ *ase began4 ,cornwallis de/roy$ 8 heavy baggage t he might move z rapidly z possible1 & va9ly /rove to get ne> en\gh to ,gre5e to make him fight4 ,gre5e ) great skill kept j out ( rea* & = t5 days lur$ ! ,briti% f>!r & f>!r nor?4 ,at ,guil=d ,c\rt ,h\se ,gre5e & ,morgan 7 jo9$ by ! ma9 army4 ,cornwallis !n proclaim$ ,nor? ,c>ol9a conqu]$1 & call$ on all ,loyali/s to jo9 him4 #aa ,two good works relat+ to ^! ev5ts are ,! ,=ay]s & ,eutaw1 by ,simms4 #ab ,:ile ^! ?+s 7 happ5+ 9 ! ,s\?1 a ,fr5* army ( #fjjj m5 "u ,ro*ambeau arriv$ at ,newport 7#aghj71 f :i* ! ,briti% _h )drawn 9 #aggi4 ,!re1 = a :ile1 ! ,fr5* fleet 0 blockad$ by ! ,briti%1 & ! troops rema9$ to aid ! fleet 9 case ( necessity4 ,! next ye>1 h[ev]1 ?is army m>*$ across ,connecticut & jo9$ ,wa%+ton's =ces 7,july1 #agha71 & prep>ations 7 begun = an attack on ,new ,york4 #ac ,:5 ,cl9ton realiz$ t ,wa%+ton 0 on ! way to ,yorkt[n1 he s5t ,arnold on a raid into ,connecticut1 9 hope ( =c+ ,wa%+ton to return4 ,e>ly 9 ,septemb] ,arnold attack$ ,new ,london1 c>ri$ "o ( its =ts by /orm1 & set tire to ! t[n1 b 0 driv5 (f by ! m9utem54 #ad ,congress appo9t$ ,b5jam9 ,frankl9 7our m9i/] 9 ,france71 ,john ,adams 79 ,holl&71 ,john ,jay 79 ,spa971 ,?omas ,jeff]son1 & ,h5ry ,laur5s to negotiate ! treaty4 ,jeff]son's appo9tm5t came too late = him to s]ve2 ! o!r f\r sign$ ! treaty ( #aghb1 & ,frankl91 ,adams1 & ,jay sign$ ! treaty ( #aghc4 #ae ,aft] ! surr5d] ( ,cornwallis1 ,wa%+ton return$ ) 8 army to ! ,hudson & made 8 headqu>t]s at ,newburgh4 ,9 ,april1 #aghc1 a cessation ( w> on l& & sea 0 =mally proclaim$1 & ! ,briti% prep>$ to leave ,new ,york4 ,*>le/on & ,savannah 7 evacuat$ 9 #aghb1 b ,novemb] #be1 #aghc1 came be=e ! la/ ,briti% soldi] left ,new ,york4 ,:5 ! troops "u ,wa%+ton ent]$ ,new ,york city1 !y f\nd a ,briti% flag nail$ to ! /aff1 ! haly>ds gone1 & ! /aff soap$4 ,a sailor climb$ ! pole by nail+ on cleats1 pull$ d[n ! ,briti% flag1 & reev$ new haly>ds4 ,! />s & /ripes 7 !n rais$ & salut$ ) ?irte5 guns4 #af ,wa%+ton refus$ to be paid = 8 s]vices4 ,actual exp5ses dur+ ! w> 7 all he w\ld take1 & ^! am\nt$ to ab\t #gj1jjj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,ab\t #aghc ,,%[+ ,,/ate ,,claims ,,to ,,we/]n ,,l&s ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,aft] ,,! ,,w> ,,our ,,b\nd>ies4--,by ! treaty ( #aghc our c\ntry 0 b\nd$ on ! nor? by a l9e 7v mu* z at pres5t7 f ! m\? ( ! ,/4 ,croix ,riv] 9 ,ma9e to ! ,lake ( ! ,woods2 on ! we/ by ! ,mississippi ,riv]2 & on ! s\? by ! p>allel ( #ca nor? latitude f ! ,mississippi to ! ,apala*icola1 & !n by ! pres5t s\? b\nd>y ( ,georgia to ! sea4 #a ,b our flag did n z yet wave ov] e "p ( ! c\ntry )9 ^! b\nds4 ,great ,brita91 claim+ t c]ta9 provisions 9 ! treaty _h be5 violat$1 held ! =ts f ,lake ,*ampla9 to ,lake ,mi*igan & w\ld n )draw h] troops4 #b ,spa91 hav+ receiv$ ! ,floridas back f ,great ,brita9 by a treaty ( #aghc1 held ! =ts at ,memphis1 ,baton ,r\ge1 & ,vicksburg1 & mu* ( :at is n[ ,alabama & ,mississippi4 #c ,a ,,c5tral ,,gov]nm5t4--,f #agge to #agha ! /ates 7 gov]n$1 s f> z !y _h any g5]al gov]nm5t1 by ! ,cont95tal ,congress4 ,dur+ ^! ye>s !re 0 no writt5 docum5t fix+ ! p[]s ( ,congress & limit+ ! p[]s ( ! /ates4 ,:ile ! w> 0 go+ on1 ,congress submitt$ a plan = a g5]al gov]nm5t1 call$ ,articles ( ,conf$]ation & ,p]petual ,union2 b ne>ly f\r ye>s pass$ be=e all ! /ates accept$ x4 ,! delay 0 caus$ by ! refusal ( ,m>yl& to approve ! ,articles unless ! /ates hav+ sea-to-sea *>t]s w\ld give to ,congress1 = ! public good1 ! l&s !y claim$ beyond ! m\nta9s4 #d ,congress !re=e appeal$ to ! /ates to c$e _! ,we/]n l&s4 ,if !y w\ld d ?is1 ,congress promis$ to sell ! l&s1 use ! money to pay ! debts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & cut ! region into /ates & admit !m into ! ,union at ! prop] "t4 ,new ,york1 ,connecticut1 & ,virg9ia at la/ agre$ to give up _! l&s nor?we/ ( ! ,ohio ,riv]1 & on ,m>* #a1 #agha1 ! ,m>yl& delegates sign$ ! ,articles & by s do+ put !m 9 =ce4 #e ,,! ,,articles ,,( ,,conf$]ation4--,9 ! gov]nm5t set up by ! ,articles ( ,conf$]ation !re 0 no ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 no ,supreme ,c\rt1 no ,s5ate4 ,congress consi/$ ( a s+le body to :i* ea* /ate s5t at lea/ two delegates1 & might s5d any numb] up to sev54 ,! memb]s 7 elect$ annually1 7 paid by ! /ates !y repres5t$1 c\ld n s]ve m ?an ?ree ye>s 9 six1 & might be recall$ at any "t4 ,ea* /ate ca/ "o vote1 & n9e affirmative votes 7 necess>y to c>ry any important measure4 ,congress c\ld make w> & peace1 ent] into treaties ) =eign p[]s1 co9 money1 contract debts 9 ! "n ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & call ^u ea* /ate = its %>e ( ! g5]al exp5ses4 ,,! ,,/ates ,,c$e ,,l&s4--,al?\gh ?ree /ates _h t5d]$ _! ,we/]n l&s :5 ,m>yl& sign$ ! ,articles1 ! conditions ( cession 7 n at once accept$ by ,congress1 & "s "t pass$ be=e ! de$s 7 deliv]$4 ,by ! ye> #aghf1 h[ev]1 ! claims nor?we/ ( ! ,ohio _h be5 c$$ by ,new ,york1 ,virg9ia1 #f ,massa*usetts1 & ,connecticut4 #g ,s\? ( ! ,ohio1 :at is n[ ,we/ ,virg9ia & ,k5tucky /ill belong$ to ,virg9ia4 ,nor? ,c>ol9a (f]$ :at is n[ ,t5nessee to ,congress 9 #aghd1 #h b ! conditions 7 n !n accept$1 & t t]ritory 0 n turn$ ov] to ,congress till #agij4 ,! long1 n>r[ /rip ( we/]n l& own$ by ,s\? ,c>ol9a 0 c$$ to ,congress 9 #aghg4 ,s\? ( ?is 0 a /rip own$ by ,georgia1 & f>!r s\? l&s long 9 dispute betwe5 ,georgia & ,spa9 & ,congress4 ,georgia did n accept h] pres5t we/]n limits till #ahjb4 ,,migration ,,we/w>d4--,into ! c\ntry we/ ( ! m\nta9s ! p 7 mov+ 9 ?ree great /reams4 ,"o f ,new ,engl& 0 pu%+ out along ! ,mohawk valley into c5tral ,new ,york2 ano!r f ,p5nsylvania & ,virg9ia 0 p\r+ its population into ,k5tucky2 ! ?ird f ,nor? ,c>ol9a 0 ov]runn+ ,t5nessee4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,settl]',s ,,log ,,cab94 ,= ?is movem5t ! h>d times :i* foll[$ ! ,revolution 7 l>gely ! cause4 ,comp>$ ) our "t1 ! means ( mak+ a livelihood 7 few & f> less remun]ative4 ,great mills & factories ea* employ+ ?\s&s ( p]sons _h no exi/5ce4 ,! imports f ,great ,brita9 f> surpass$ 9 value our exports2 ! diff]5ce 0 settl$ 9 specie 7co97 tak5 f ! c\ntry4 ,! p 7 poor1 & z l& 9 ! ,we/ 0 *eap1 !y left ! ,ea/ & w5t we/w>d4 ,,r\tes ,,to ,,! ,,ohio ,,valley4--,new ,engl& p b\nd to ! ,ohio valley w5t ?r\gh ,connecticut to ,k+/on1 ,new ,york1 on across ,new ,j]sey to ,ea/on1 ,p5nsylvania1 & !nce to ,b$=d1 :]e !y /ruck ! road cut ye>s be=e by ! troops ( ,g5]al ,=bes1 & by x w5t to ,pittsburg 7p4 #aid74 ,settl]s f ,m>yl& & ,virg9ia w5t g5]ally to ,=t ,cumb]l& 9 ,m>yl&1 & !n on by ,brad dock's ,road to ,pittsburg1 or turn$ (f & rea*$ ! ,monongahela at ,r$/one1 or ! ,ohio at ,:eel+ 7map1 p4 #bja74 ,su* 0 ! ru% to ! ,ohio valley t ea* spr+ & summ] hundr$s ( boats & arks left ,pittsburg & ,:eel+ or ,r$/one1 & float$ d[n ! ,ohio to ,maysville1 ,l\isville1 & o!r places 9 ,k5tucky4 #i ,! flatboat 0 usually twelve feet wide & =ty feet long1 ) high sides & a flat or slightly ar*$ top1 & 0 /e]$1 & :5 necess>y 0 r[$1 by long o>s or sweeps4 ,"s 7 arrang$ to c>ry cattle z well z h\sehold goods4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ohio ,,riv] ,,flatboat ,,( ,,ab\t #ahdj4 ,! boat is l ^? us$ 9 e>li] times4 ,,! ,,ohio ,,company ,,( ,,associates4--,mean:ile1 "s old soldi]s ( ,new ,engl& & ,new ,j]sey :o _h claims = b\nty l&s1 #aj organiz$ ! ,ohio ,company ( ,associates1 & 9 #aghg s5t an ag5t 7,manasseh ,cutl]7 to ,new ,york1 :]e ,congress 0 sitt+1 & bade him buy a great tract ( l& nor?we/ ( ! ,ohio1 on :i* !y might settle4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,s\!rn ,,"p ,,( ,,! ,,nor?we/ ,,t]ritory4 ,,! ,,ord9ance ,,( #aghg4--,:5 ,cutl] rea*$ ,new ,york1 he f\nd ,congress debat+ a measure ( great importance4 ,?is 0 an ord9ance = ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,nor?we/ ,t]ritory1 includ+ ! :ole region f ! ,lakes to ! ,ohio1 & f ,p5nsylvania to ! ,mississippi4 ,:5 pass$1 ?is fam\s ,ord9ance ( #aghg provid$-- #a4 ,t until five ?\s& free :ite males liv$ 9 ! t]ritory1 ! gov]n+ body %\ld be a gov]nor & ?ree judges appo9t$ by ,congress4 #b4 ,t :5 !re 7 five ?\s& free :ite m5 9 ! t]ritory1 !y might elect a legislature & s5d a delegate to ,congress4 #c4 ,t slav]y %\ld n be p]mitt$ 9 ! t]ritory1 b t fugitive slaves %\ld be return$4 #d4 ,t ! t]ritory %\ld 9 "t be cut up into n m ?an five1 or less ?an ?ree1 /ates4 #e4 ,t :5 ! population ( ea* division numb]$ sixty ?\s&1 x %\ld be admitt$ into ! ,union on ! same foot+ z ! orig9al /ates4 ,,ohio ,,settl$4--,aft] ! ord9ance 0 pass$1 ,cutl] b\ght five million acres ( l& nor? ( ! ,ohio ,riv]1 & 9 ! w9t] ( #aghg-hh a p>ty ( "y m5 s5t out by ! ,ohio ,company made _! way f ,new ,engl& to a bran* ( ! ,monongahela ,riv]4 ,!re !y built a great boat1 & :5 ! ice broke up1 float$ d[n ! ,ohio to ! l&s ( ! ,ohio ,company1 :]e !y erect$ a few log huts & a =t ( hewn timb] :i* !y call$ ,campus ,m>tius4 ,! little settlem5t 0 call$ ,m>ietta4 #aa ,f>!r d[n ! ,ohio1 on l& own$ by ,john ,cleve ,symmes & associates1 ,columbia & ,losantiville1 aft]w>d call$ ,c9c9nati1 7 f\nd$ 9 #aghh4 ,,/ate ,,b\nd>ies4--,! old *>t]s :i* l$ to ! conflict+ claims to l& 9 ! ,we/1 caus$ l disputes 9 ! ,ea/4 ,massa*usetts claim$ a /rip ( c\ntry embrac+ we/]n ,new ,york1 & did n settle ! dispute till #aghf4 #ab ,a simil> dispute betwe5 ,connecticut & ,p5nsylvania 0 settl$ 9 #aghb4 #ac ,new ,york claim$ all ,v]mont z hav+ once be5 "p ( ,new ,ne!rl&2 b ,v]mont 0 really an indep5d5t republic4 #ad ,9 ,k5tucky ! p 7 insi/+ t _! c\ntry be sep>at$ f ,virg9ia & made a /ate4 ,,tr\ble ,,) ,,spa94--,congress _h tr\ble 9 try+ to secure f =eign nations fair treatm5t = our comm]ce1 & 0 involv$ 9 a dispute ov] ! navigation ( ! ,mississippi4 ,spa9 own$ bo? banks at ! m\? ( ! riv]1 & d5i$ ! "r ( ,am]icans to g 9 or out )\t h] cons5t4 ,! ,spani% m9i/] :o came ov] 9 #aghe 0 ready to make a comm]cial treaty if ! riv] 0 clos$ to navigation = tw5ty-five ye>s1 & ! ,ea/]n /ates 7 q ready to agree to x4 ,b ! p ( ,k5tucky & ,t5nessee ?reat5$ to leave ! ,union if cut (f f ! sea1 & no treaty 0 made ) ,spa9 till #agie4 ,,! ,,weakness ,,( ,,! ,,conf$]ation4--,! "q ( trade & comm]ce ) =eign p[]s & betwe5 ! /ates 0 v s]i\s1 & ! weakness ( ,congress 9 ?is & o!r matt]s soon wreck$ ! ,conf$]ation4 #a4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! ,articles ( ,conf$]ation gave ,congress no p[] to levy taxes ( any k9d4 ,money1 !re=e1 c\ld n be obta9$ to pay ! debts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or ! annual co/ ( gov]nm5t4 #ae #b4 ,congress _h no p[] to regulate ! =eign trade4 ,z !re 7 few articles manufactur$ 9 ! c\ntry1 *9a1 glass1 cutl]y1 edg$ tools1 h>dw>e1 wool51 l951 & _m o!r articles ( daily use 7 import$ f ,great ,brita94 ,z ,great ,brita9 took little f u1 ^! goods 7 l>gely paid = 9 specie1 :i* grew sc>c] & sc>c] ea* ye>4 ,great ,brita91 moreov]1 hurt our trade by %utt+ our vessels out ( h] ,we/ ,indies1 & by heavy duties on ,am]ican goods com+ to h] ports 9 ,am]ican %ips4 #af ,congress1 hav+ no p[] to regulate trade1 c\ld n retaliate by treat+ ,briti% %ips 9 ! same way4 #c4 ,congress _h no p[] to regulate trade betwe5 ! /ates4 ,z a consequ5ce1 "s ( ! /ates laid heavy duties on goods import$ f o!r /ates4 ,retaliation foll[$1 & ! safety ( ! ,union 0 endang]$4 #d4 ,congress did n h sole p[] to co9 money & regulate ! value !re(4 ,!re 71 !re=e1 ne>ly z _m k9ds ( pap] money z !re 7 /ates1 & ! money issu$ by ea* /ate pass$ 9 o!rs at all sorts ( value1 or n at all4 ,?is h9d]$ int]/ate trade4 #e4 ,congress c\ld n en=ce treaties4 ,x c\ld make treaties ) o!r c\ntries1 b only ! /ates c\ld compel ! p to obs]ve !m1 & ! /ates did n *oose to d s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,new ,,hamp%ire ,,colonial ,,pap] ,,money4 ,simil> bills 7 issu$ by ! /ates be=e #aghi4 ,,congress ,,asks ,,= ,,m ,,p[]4--,( ! defects 9 ! ,articles ( ,conf$]ation ,congress 0 fully aw>e1 & x ask$ ! /ates to am5d ! ,articles & give x m au?ority4 #ag ,to d ?is requir$ ! ass5t ( all ! /ates1 & z ! cons5t ( ?irte5 /ates c\ld n be obta9$1 ! additional p[]s 7 n giv5 to ,congress4 ,?is soon br\ght matt]s to a crisis4 ,) no regulation ( trade1 ! pur*ase ( m & m goods f ,briti% m]*ants made money s sc>ce t ! /ates 7 =c$ to pr9t & issue l>ge am\nts ( pap] bills4 ,9 ,massa*usetts1 :5 ! legislature refus$ to issue su* curr5cy1 ! debtors rose &1 l$ by a ,revolution>y (fic] nam$ ,daniel ,%ays1 prev5t$ ! c\rts f try+ suits = ! recov]y ( debts4 ,! gov]nor call$ out troops1 & sev]al enc\nt]s took place be=e a bitt] w9t] disp]s$ ! insurg5ts4 #ah ,,! ,,annapolis ,,trade ,,conv5tion4--,9 ?is condition ( affairs1 ,virg9ia invit$ h] si/] /ates to s5d delegates to a conv5tion at ,annapolis 9 #aghf4 ,!y 7 to take into consid]ation ! trade & comm]ce ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,five /ates s5t delegates1 b ! conv5tion c\ld d no?+1 because less ?an half ! /ates 7 pres5t1 & because ! p[]s ( ! delegates 7 too limit$4 ,a reque/ 0 !re=e made by x t ,congress call a conv5tion ( ! /ates to meet at ,philadelphia & take into consid]ation ! situation ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,,! ,,con/itutional ,,conv5tion4--,congress issu$ ! call e>ly 9 #aghg1 & delegates f twelve /ates #ai met at ,philadelphia & fram$ ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,wa%+ton 0 made presid5t ( ! conv5tion1 & among ! memb]s 7 _m ( ! able/ m5 ( ! "t4 #bj ,illu/ration3 ,,invitation ,,s5t ,,by ,,wa%+ton1 ,,z ,,presid5t ,,( ,,! ,,conv5tion4 ,9 ! possession ( ! ,p5nsylvania ,hi/orical ,society4 ,,! ,,compromises4--,9 ! c\rse ( ! debates 9 ! conv5tion great diff]5ce ( op9ion arose on sev]al matt]s4 ,! small /ates want$ a ,congress ( "o h\se1 & equality ( /ate repres5tation4 ,! great /ates want$ ,hi/orical a ,congress ( two h\ses1 ) repres5tation 9 proportion to population4 ,?is diff]5ce ( op9ion 0 s s]i\s t a compromise 0 necess>y1 & x 0 agre$ t 9 "o bran* 7,h\se ( ,repres5tatives7 ! p %\ld be repres5t$1 & 9 ! o!r 7,s5ate7 ! /ates4 ,! "q !n arose :e!r slaves %\ld be c\nt$ z population4 ,! ,s\!rn delegates said yes2 ! ,nor!rn1 no4 ,x 0 f9ally agre$ t direct taxes & repres5tatives %\ld be apportion$ accord+ to population1 & t ?ree fif?s ( ! slaves %\ld be c\nt$ z population4 ,?is 0 ! second compromise4 ,! conv5tion agre$ t ,congress %\ld regulate =eign comm]ce4 ,b ! ,s\!rn memb]s object$ t by means ( ?is p[] ,congress might pass navigation acts limit+ trade to ,am]ican %ips1 :i* might raise freights on exports f ! ,s\?4 ,_m ,nor!rn memb]s1 on ! o!r h&1 want$ ! slave trade /opp$4 ,^! two matt]s 7 !re=e made ! basis ( ano!r compromise1 by :i* ,congress c\ld pass navigation acts1 b c\ld n prohibit ! slave trade be=e #ahjh4 ,,! ,,con/itution ,,ratifi$4--,:5 ! conv5tion _h f9i%$ its "w 7,septemb] #ag1 #aghg71 ! ,con/itution #ba 0 s5t to ! old 7,cont95tal7 ,congress1 :i* ref]r$ x to ! /ates1 & ! /ates1 "o by "o1 call$ on ! p to elect2 delegates to conv5tions to ratify or reject ! new plan ( gov]nm5t4 ,9 a few /ates x 0 accept$ )\t any dem& = *anges4 ,9 o!rs x 0 vigor\sly oppos$ z likely to set up too /rong a gov]nm5t4 ,9 ,massa*usetts1 ,new ,york1 & ,virg9ia adoption 0 long 9 d\bt4 #bb ,by ,july1 #aghh1 elev5 /ates _h ratifi$1 & ! ,con/itution 0 9 =ce z to ^! ,/ates4 #bc ,,e/abli%m5t ,,( ,,! ,,new ,,gov]nm5t4--,! ,cont95tal ,congress !n appo9t$ ! fir/ ,w$nesday 9 ,janu>y1 #aghi1 z ! day on :i* electors ( ,presid5t %\ld be *os5 9 ! elev5 /ates2 ! fir/ ,w$nesday 9 ,febru>y z ! day on :i* ! electors %\ld meet & vote = ,presid5t2 & ! fir/ ,w$nesday 9 ,m>* 7:i* happ5$ to be ! #d? ( ,m>*7 z ! day :5 ! new ,congress %\ld assemble at ,new ,york & canvass ! vote = ,presid5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,f$]al ,,hall1 ,,on ,,wall ,,/reet1 ,,new ,,york4 ,f an old pr9t4 ,,wa%+ton ,,! ,,fir/ ,,presid5t4--,:5 ,m>* #d came1 nei!r ! ,s5ate nor ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives _h a quorum1 & a mon? w5t by be=e ! electoral votes 7 c\nt$1 & ,wa%+ton & ,john ,adams decl>$ ,presid5t & ,vice ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 #bd ,"s "t n[ elaps$ be=e ,wa%+ton c\ld be notifi$ ( 8 election4 ,m "t 0 consum$ by ! long j\rney f ,m\nt ,v]non to ,new ,york1 :]e1 on ,april #cj1 #aghi1 /&+ on ! balcony ( ,f$]al ,hall1 he took ! oa? ( (fice 9 ! pres5ce ( a cr[d ( 8 fell[-citiz5s4 ,,summ>y #a4 ,! treaty ( peace def9$ ! b\nd>ies ( our c\ntry2 b ,great ,brita9 cont9u$ to hold ! =ts along ! nor?1 & ,spa9 to occupy ! c\ntry 9 ! s\?we/4 #b4 ,sev5 ( ! ?irte5 /ates claim$ ! c\ntry we/ ( ! m\nta9s4 #c4 ,! o!r six1 especially ,m>yl&1 d5i$ ^! claims1 & ?is dispute delay$ ! adoption ( ! ,articles ( ,conf$]ation till #agha4 #d4 ,by ! ye> #aghf ! l&s nor?we/ ( ! ,ohio _h be5 c$$ to ,congress4 #e4 ,9 #aghg1 !re=e1 ,congress =m$ ! ,nor?we/ ,t]ritory4 #f4 ,c]ta9 /ates1 meantime1 7 settl+ disputes z to _! b\nd>ies 9 ! ea/4 #g4 ,we _h tr\ble ) ,spa9 ov] ! "r to use ! l[] ,mississippi ,riv]1 & ) ,great ,brita9 ov] matt]s ( trade4 #h4 ,six ye>s' trial prov$ t ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 too weak "u ! ,articles ( ,conf$]ation4 #i4 ,9 #aghg1 !re=e1 ! ,con/itution 0 fram$1 & )9 a ye> 0 ratifi$ by elev5 /ates4 #aj4 ,9 #aghi ,wa%+ton & ,adams became ,presid5t & ,vice ,presid5t1 & gov]nm5t "u ! ,con/itution began4 ,illu/ration3 ,,lib]ty ,,bell4 ,,footnotes #a ,bo? ,france & ,spa9 _h tri$ to %ut u out ( ! ,mississippi valley4 ,read ,fiske's ,critical ,p]iod ( ,am]ican ,hi/ory1 pp4 #ag-be4 #b ,by ! treaty ( #aghc ,congress provid$ t all debts due ,briti% subjects might be recov]$ by law1 & t ! /ates %\ld be ask$ to pay = confiscat$ prop]ty ( ! ,loyali/s4 ,b ! /ates w\ld n p]mit ! recov]y ( ! debts nor pay = ! prop]ty tak5 f ! ,loyali/s4 ,great ,brita91 by hold+ ! =ts along our nor!rn fronti]1 controll$ ! fur trade & ! ,indians1 & rul$ ! c\ntry ab\t ! =ts4 ,^! 7 ,dut*man's ,po9t1 ,po9t au ,f]1 ,oswegat*ie1 ,oswego1 ,niag>a1 ,erie1 ,detroit1 ,mack9aw4 #c ,to und]/& h] conduct we mu/ rememb] t 9 #agfd1 %ortly aft] ! ,fr5* & ,indian ,w>1 ,great ,brita9 made #cb #bh' nor? latitude 7?r\gh ! m\? ( ! ,yazoo1 p4 #adc7 ! nor? b\nd>y ( ,we/ ,florida2 & al?\gh ,great ,brita9 9 h] treaty ) u made #ca ! b\nd>y betwe5 u & ,we/ ,florida1 ,spa9 insi/$ t x %\ld be #cb #bh'4 ,spa9's claim to ! ,nor?we/1 f\nd$ on h] occupation ( ,=t ,/4 ,joseph 7p4 #ahc71 _h n be5 all[$2 %e 0 !re=e ! m det]m9$ to exp& h] claims 9 ! ,s\?4 #d ,! /ates claim+ su* l&s by virtue ( _! colonial *>t]s 7 ,massa*usetts1 ,connecticut1 ,virg9ia1 ,nor? & ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 & ,georgia4 ,new ,york _h acquir$ ! ,iroquois title to l&s 9 ! ,we/4 ,h] claim conflict$ ) ^? ( ,virg9ia1 ,connecticut1 & ,massa*usetts4 ,! claims ( ,connecticut & ,massa*usetts cov]$ l&s includ$ 9 ! ,virg9ia claim--,m>yl& d5i$ ! validity ( all ^! claims1 = ^! reasons3 7#a7 ! ,mississippi valley belong$ to ,france till #agfc2 7#b7 :5 ,france gave ! valley ea/ ( ! ,mississippi to ,great ,brita9 9 #agfc1 x became cr[n l&2 7#c7 9 #agfc ! k+ drew ! l9e ar\nd ! s\rces ( ! riv]s fl[+ into ! ,atlantic ,ocean1 & =bade ! coloni/s to settle beyond t l9e 7p4 #adc74 #e ,! ,articles 7 n to g into effect till e /ate sign$4 ,m>yl& 0 ! ?irte5? /ate to sign4 #f ,virg9ia res]v$ own]%ip ( a l>ge tract call$ ! ,virg9ia ,milit>y ,l&s4 ,x lay 9 :at is n[ ,ohio betwe5 ! ,scioto & ,little ,miami riv]s 7map1 p4 #bja71 & 0 us$ to pay b\nties to h] soldi]s ( ! ,revolution4 #g ,connecticut res]v$ ! own]%ip 7& till #ahjj ! gov]nm5t7 ( a tract #abj miles long1 we/ ( ,p5nsylvania4 ,( ?is ,we/]n ,res]ve ( ,connecticut1 "s #ejj1jjj acres 7 set ap>t 9 #agib = ! relief ( p]sons ^: h\ses & f>ms _h be5 burn$ & plund]$ by ! ,briti%4 ,! re/ 0 sold & ! money us$ z a s*ool fund4 #h ,:5 ! settl]s on ! ,watauga 7pp4 #aha1 #ahb7 he>d ( ?is1 !y became al>m$ le/ ,congress %\ld n accept ! cession1 & =m+ a new /ate :i* !y call$ ,frankl91 appli$ to ,congress = admission into ! ,union4 ,no att5tion 0 giv5 to ! application4 ,nor? ,c>ol9a repeal$ ! act ( cession1 arrang$ matt]s ) ! settl]s1 & 9 #aghg ! ,frankl9 gov]nm5t dissolv$4 #i ,! favorite "t = ! riv] trip 0 f ,febru>y to ,may1 :5 !re 0 high wat] 9 ! ,ohio & its tribut>ies ! ,allegh5y & ,monongahela4 ,!n ! voyage f ,pittsburg to ,l\isville c\ld be made 9 eight or t5 days4 ,an obs]v] at ,pittsburg 9 #aghg saw #ej flatboats dep>t 9 six weeks4 ,ano!r man at ,=t ,f9ney c\nt$ #agg pass+ boats ) #bgjj p 9 eight mon?s4 #aj ,9 ord] to enc\rage enli/m5t 9 ! army1 ,congress _h (f]$ to give a tract ( l& to ea* (fic] & man :o s]v$ ?r\gh ! w>4 ,! premium 9 l&1 or gift1 ov] & above pay1 0 kn[n z l& b\nty4 #aa ,read ,mc,master's ,hi/ory ( ! ,p ( ! ,u4 ,s41 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #eje- #eai4 ,all ! l& b\ght by ! ,ohio ,company 0 n = its use4 ,a l>ge "p 0 = ano!r1 kn[n z ! ,scioto ,company1 :i* s5t an ag5t to ,p>is & sold ! l& to a ,fr5* company4 ,?is1 9 turn1 sold 9 small pieces to ,fr5*m5 eag] to leave a c\ntry !n 9 a /ate ( revolution4 ,9 #agij1 accord+ly1 sev]al hundr$ emigrants rea*$ ,alex&ria1 ,virg9ia1 & came on to ! little squ>e ( log huts1 ) a blockh\se at ea* corn]1 :i* ! company _h built = !m & nam$ ,gallipolis4 ,mo/ ( !m 7 city-br$ artisans1 unfit = fronti] life1 :o suff]$ greatly 9 ! wild]ness4 #ab ,! l& 0 includ$ 9 ! limits laid d[n 9 ! *>t] ( ,massa*usetts2 b t *>t] 0 grant$ aft] ! ,dut* 7 9 actual possession ( ! upp] ,hudson4 ,9 #aghf a nor? & s\? l9e 0 drawn #hb miles we/ ( ! ,delaw>e4 ,own]%ip ( ! l& we/ ( t l9e w5t to ,massa*usetts2 b jurisdiction ov] ! l&1 ! "r to gov]n1 0 giv5 to ,new ,york4 #ac ,connecticut1 "u h] sea-to-sea grant f ! cr[n1 claim$ a /rip across nor!rn ,p5nsylvania1 b\ght "s l& !re f ! ,indians 7#aged71 & "s ( h] p settl$ on ! ,susquehanna 9 :at 0 kn[n z ! ,wyom+ ,valley 7#agfb & #agfi74 ,! dispute :i* foll[$1 fir/ ) ! ,p5ns & !n ) ! /ate ( ,p5nsylvania1 dragg$ on till a c\rt ( arbitration appo9t$ by ! ,cont95tal ,congress decid$ 9 favor ( ,p5nsylvania4 #ad ,because ( ,*ampla9's discov]y ( ! lake :i* n[ be>s 8 "n 7p4 #aae71 ! ,fr5* claim$ mo/ ( ,v]mont2 on _! e>ly maps x appe>s z "p ( ,new ,france1 & z late z #agci !y made settlem5ts 9 x4 ,ab\t #agej ! gov]nor ( ,new ,hamp%ire grant$ l& 9 ,v]mont to settl]s1 & ! c\ntry began to be kn[n z ,new ,hamp%ire ,grants2 b 9 #agfc ,new ,york claim$ x z "p ( ! region giv5 to ! ,duke ( ,york 9 #affd4 ,?is br\ght on a bitt] dispute :i* 0 /ill rag+ :51 9 #aggg1 ! settl]s decl>$ ,new ,hamp%ire ,grants a free & indep5d5t /ate to be call$ ,new ,connecticut4 ,lat] ! "n 0 *ang$ to ,v]mont4 ,b ! ,cont95tal ,congress1 = fe> ( displeas+ ,new ,york1 nev] recogniz$ ,v]mont z a /ate4 #ae ,ea* /ate 0 b\nd to pay its %>e ( ! annual exp5ses2 b !y fail$ or 7 unable to d s4 #af ,:y w\ld n ,great ,brita9 make a trade treaty ) u8 ,read ,fiske's ,critical ,p]iod1 pp4 #acf-adb2 also pp4 #adb-adg1 ab\t difficulties betwe5 ! /ates4 #ag ,congress ask$ = au?ority to d ?ree ?+s3 7#a7 to levy taxes on import$ goods1 & use ! money s obta9$ to dis*>ge ! debts due to ,france1 ,holl&1 & ,spa92 7#b7 to lay & collect a special tax1 & use ! money to meet ! annual exp5ses ( gov]nm5t2 & 7#c7 to regulate trade ) =eign c\ntries4 #ah ,! /ory ( ,%ays's ,rebellion is told 9 fiction 9 ,bellamy's ,duke ( ,/ockbridge4 ,read ,mc,master's ,hi/ory ( ! ,p ( ! ,u4 ,s41 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #cac-cbf4 #ai ,all ! /ates except ,rhode ,isl&4 #bj ,"o _h writt5 ! ,albany ,plan ( ,union2 "s _h be5 memb]s ( ! ,/amp ,act ,congress2 "s _h sign$ ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce1 or ! ,articles ( ,conf$]ation2 two _h be5 presid5ts & tw5ty-eight _h be5 memb]s ( ,congress2 sev5 _h be5 or 7 !n gov]nors ( /ates4 ,9 aft] times two 7,wa%+ton & ,madison7 became ,presid5ts1 "o 7,elbridge ,g]ry7 ,vice ,presid5t1 f\r memb]s ( ! ,cab9et1 two ,*ief ,ju/ices & two ju/ices ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt1 five m9i/]s at =eign c\rts1 & _m o!rs s5ators & memb]s ( ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives4 ,"o1 ,frankl91 has ! di/9ction ( hav+ sign$ ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce1 ! treaty ( alliance ) ,france 7#aggh71 ! treaty ( peace ) ,great ,brita9 7#aghc71 & ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! f\r great docum5ts 9 our e>ly hi/ory4 #ba ,e /ud5t %\ld read ! ,con/itution1 z pr9t$ ne> ! end ( ?is book or else:]e1 & %\ld "k ab\t ! ?ree bran*es ( gov]nm5t1 legislative1 executive1 & judicial2 ! p[]s ( ,congress 7,art4 ,i1 ,sec4 #h71 ( ! ,presid5t 7,art4 ,i1 ,sec4 #g2 ,art4 ,,ii1 ,secs4 #b & #c71 & ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 c\rts 7,art4 ,,iii72 ! pr9cipal p[]s =bidd5 to ,congress 7,art4 ,i1 ,sec4 #i7 & to ! /ates 7,art4 ,i1 ,sec4 #aj72 ! me?ods ( am5d+ ! ,con/itution 7,art4 ,v72 ! supremacy ( ! ,con/itution 7,art4 ,,vi74 #bb ,to remove ! _m objections made to ! new plan1 & enable ! p ! bett] to und]/& x1 ,hamilton1 ,madison1 & ,jay wrote a s]ies ( little essays = ! press1 9 :i* !y def5d$ ! ,con/itution1 expla9$ & discuss$ its provisions1 & %[$ h[ closely x resembl$ ! /ate con/itutions4 ,^! essays 7 call$ ,! ,f$]ali/1 &1 ga!r$ into book =m 79 #aghh71 h become fam\s z a treatise on ! ,con/itution & on gov]nm5t4 ,^? :o oppos$ ! ,con/itution 7 call$ ,anti-,f$]ali/s1 & !y wrote pamphlets & elaborate s]ies ( lett]s 9 ! newspap]s1 sign$ by su* names z ,cato1 ,agrippa1 ,a ,c\ntryman4 ,!y decl>$ t ,congress w\ld ov]p[] ! /ates1 t ! ,presid5t w\ld become a despot1 t ! ,c\rts w\ld de/roy lib]ty2 & !y insi/$ t am5dm5ts %\ld be made1 gu>antee+ lib]ty ( spee*1 fre$om ( ! press1 trial by jury1 no qu>t]+ ( troops 9 "t ( peace1 lib]ty ( consci5ce4 ,read ,mc,master's ,hi/ory ( ! ,p ( ! ,u4 ,s41 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #dij-dia2 #dgh-dgi4 #bc ,because ! ,con/itution provid$ t x %\ld g into =ce z soon z n9e /ates ratifi$ x4 ,nor? ,c>ol9a & ,rhode ,isl& did n ratify till "s mon?s lat]1 &1 till !y did1 7 n memb]s ( ! new ,union4 #bd ,9 ?ree ( ! elev5 /ates !n 9 ! ,union 7,p5nsylvania1 ,m>yl&1 & ,virg9ia7 ! presid5tial electors 7 *os5 by vote ( ! p4 ,9 ,massa*usetts ! vot]s 9 ea* congressional di/rict vot$ = two c&idates1 & ! legislature *ose "o ( ! two1 & also two electors at l>ge4 ,9 ,new ,hamp%ire also ! p vot$ = electors1 b none receiv+ a majority vote1 ! legislature made ! *oice4 ,else:]e ! legislatures appo9t$ electors2 b 9 ,new ,york ! two bran*es ( ! legislature fell into a dispute & fail$ to *oose any4 ,wa%+ton receiv$ ! fir/ vote ( all ! #fi electors1 & ,adams receiv$ #cd votes1 ! next highe/ numb]4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,our ,,c\ntry ,,9 #aghi ,,! ,,/ates4--,:5 ,wa%+ton became ,presid5t1 ! ?irte5 orig9al /ates ( ! ,union #a 7 9 _m respects v unlike ! same /ates 9 our day4 ,9 "s ! executive 0 call$ presid5t2 9 o!rs gov]nor4 ,9 "s he _h a veto2 9 o!rs he _h n4 ,9 "s !re 0 no s5ate4 ,to be a vot] 9 ^? days a man _h to h an e/ate wor? a c]ta9 sum ( money1 #b or a specifi$ annual income1 or own a c]ta9 numb] ( acres4 #c ,moreov]1 to be eligible z gov]nor or a memb] ( a /ate legislature a man _h to own m prop]ty ?an 0 ne$$ to qualify him to vote4 ,9 _m /ates x 0 fur!r requir$ t (ficehold]s %\ld be ,prote/ants1 or at lea/ ,*ri/ians1 or %\ld believe 9 ! exi/5ce ( ,god4 ,! adoption ( ! ,con/itution made necess>y c]ta9 acts ( legislation by ! /ates4 ,!y c\ld issue no m bills ( cr$it2 provision !re=e _h to be made = ! r$emption ( ^? out/&+4 ,!y c\ld lay no duties on imports2 su* z _h laid import duties _h to repeal _! laws & aboli% _! cu/omh\ses4 ,all ligh?\ses1 beacons1 buoys1 ma9ta9$ by individual /ates 7 surr5d]$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & 9 o!r ways ! /ates _h to adju/ !mselves to ! new gov]nm5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cont95tal ,,pap] ,,money4 ,,! ,,national ,,debt4--,ea* ( ! /ates 0 9 debt = money & supplies us$ 9 ! w>2 & ov] ! :ole c\ntry hung a great debt contract$ by ! old ,congress4 ,"p ( ?is national debt 0 repres5t$ by bills ( cr$it1 loan-(fice c]tificates1 lott]y c]tificates1 & _m o!r sorts ( promises to pay1 :i* _h become almo/ wor?less4 ,?is 0 /rictly true ( ! bills ( cr$it or pap] money issu$ 9 great quantities by ! ,cont95tal ,congress4 #d ,besides ?is dome/ic debt ow$ to ! p at home1 !re 0 a =eign debt1 = ,congress _h borr[$ a little money f ,spa9 & a great deal f ,france & ,holl&4 ,on ?is debt int]e/ 0 due1 = ,congress _h n be5 able to pay ev5 t4 ,,! ,,money ,,( ,,! ,,c\ntry4--,! ,cont95tal bills hav+ long ceas$ to circulate1 ! curr5cy ( ! c\ntry consi/$ ( pap] money issu$ by individual /ates1 & ! gold1 silv]1 & copp] co9s ( =eign c\ntries4 ,^! pass$ by su* names z ! ,joe or ,johannes1 ! d\bloon1 pi/ole1 moidore1 gu9ea1 cr[n1 doll>1 %ill+1 sixp5ce1 pi/>e51 p5ny4 ,a common co9 0 ! ,spani% mill$ doll>1 :i* pass$ at diff]5t rat+s 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 #e ,congress 9 #aghf adopt$ ! doll> z a unit1 divid$ x into ! half1 qu>t]1 dime1 half dime1 c5t1 & half c5t1 & ord]$ "s copp]s to be m9t$2 b v few 7 made by ! contractor4 ,illu/ration3 ,,settl$ ,,area ,,9 #agij4 ,,population4--,j h[ _m p dwelt 9 our c\ntry be=e #agij c only be guess$ at4 ,9 t ye> !y 7 c\nt$ = ! fir/ "t1 & x 0 !n asc]ta9$ t !y numb]$ #c1ibi1jjj 79 ! ?irte5 /ates7 ( :om #gjj1jjj 7 slaves4 ,all save ab\t #bjj1jjj dwelt along ! seabo>d1 ea/ ( ! m\nta9s2 & ne>ly half 7 betwe5 ,*esapeake ,bay & ,florida4 ,! mo/ popul\s /ate 0 ,virg9ia2 aft] h]1 next 9 ord] 7 ,massa*usetts 7includ+ ,ma9e71 ,p5nsylvania1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 & ,new ,york4 ,! mo/ popul\s city 0 ,philadelphia1 aft] :i* came ,new ,york1 ,bo/on1 ,*>le/on1 & ,baltimore4 ,,life ,,9 ,,! ,,cities4--,:at pass$ = ?riv+ cities 9 ^? days 7 collections ( a ?\s& or two h\ses1 v few ( :i* made any pret5sion to ar*itectural beauty1 rang$ along n>r[ /reets1 none ( :i* 7 sew]$1 & few ( :i* 7 pav$ or light$ ev5 on nights :5 ! moon did n %9e4 ,dur+ daylight a few con/ables kept ord]4 ,at night small p>ties ( m5 call$ ! night wat* walk$ ! /reets4 ,ea* citiz5 0 requir$ to s]ve 8 turn on ! wat* or f9d a sub/itute or pay a f9e4 ,he _h to be a fireman & keep 9 8 h\se ne> ! front door a c]ta9 numb] ( lea!r fire buckets ) :i* at ! clang+ ( ! c\r?\se or m>ket bell he w\ld run to ! burn+ build+ & take 8 place 9 ! l9e :i* pass$ ! full buckets f ! ne>e/ pump to ! eng9e1 or 9 ! l9e :i* pass$ ! empty buckets f ! eng9e back to ! pump4 ,wat] = h\sehold use or = putt+ out fires came f private wells or f ! t[n pumps4 ,!re 7 no city wat] works4 ,illu/ration3 ,,e>ly ,,fire ,,eng9e4 ,lack ( good & abundant wat]1 lack ( prop] dra9age1 ignorance ( ! laws ( heal?1 fil?y1 unpav$ /reets1 spread diseases ( ! wor/ sort4 ,smallpox 0 common4 ,yell[ fev] 9 ! great cities 0 ( almo/ annual occurr5ce1 & (t5 rag$ ) ! viol5ce ( a plague4 ,,lack ,,( ,,conv5i5ces4--,few appliances :i* increase com=t1 or promote heal?1 or save "t or labor1 7 9 use4 ,n ev5 9 ! homes ( ! ri* 7 !re cook /oves or furnaces or op5 grates = burn+ an?racite coal1 or a ba? room1 or a gas jet4 ,lamps & c&les af=d$ light by night4 ,! w>m+ pan1 ! foot /ove 7p4 #ig71 & ! f\r- po/$ b$/ead 7p4 #gf71 ) curta9s to be drawn :5 ! nights 7 cold1 7 /ill ess5tials4 ,! boy 0 =tunate :o did n h to break ! ice 9 8 wat] pail morn+ aft] morn+ 9 w9t]4 ,clocks & wat*es 7 luxuries = ! ri*4 ,! sundial 0 yet 9 use1 & :5 ! flight ( "t 0 to be not$ 9 h\rs or p>ts1 p resort$ to ! h\r glass4 ,_m a m9i/] us$ "o on ,sundays to "t 8 prea*+ by1 & _m a h\sewife to "t h] cook+4 #f ,illu/ration3 ,,h\r ,,glass4 ,9 ,essex ,hall1 ,salem4 ,no city _h yet rea*$ su* size z to make /reet c>s or cabs or omnibuses necess>y4 ,"t 0 less valuable ?an 9 our day4 ,! m]*ant kept 8 own books1 wrote all bus9ess lett]s ) a quill p51 & wait$ = ! ink to dry or spr9kl$ x ) s&4 ,!re 7 no envelopes1 no po/age /amps1 no lett] boxes 9 ! /reets1 no collection ( ! mails4 ,! lett] writt51 ! pap] 0 c>efully fold$1 seal$ ) wax or a waf]1 address$1 & c>ri$ to ! po/ (fice1 :]e po/age 0 paid 9 money at rates :i* w\ld n[ seem extortionate4 ,a s+le %eet ( pap] 0 a s+le lett]1 & two %eets a d\ble lett] on :i* d\ble po/age 0 paid4 ,?ree mails a week betwe5 ,philadelphia & ,new ,york1 & two a week betwe5 ,new ,york & ,bo/on1 7 ?\ght ample4 ,! po/ (fices 9 ! c\ntry t[ns consi/$ g5]ally ( a draw] or a few boxes 9 a /ore4 ,illu/ration3 ,,quills ,,z ,,sold ,,= ,,mak+ ,,p5s4 ,9 ,essex ,hall1 ,salem4 ,,newspap]s c\ld n be s5t by mail1 & !re 7 few to s5d4 ,?\gh ! fir/ newspap] 9 ! colonies 0 pr9t$ 9 ,bo/on z e>ly z #agjd1 ! fir/ daily newspap] 9 our c\ntry 0 issu$ 9 ,philadelphia 9 #aghd4 ,illu/rat$ newspap]s1 trade j\rnals1 sci5tific weeklies1 illu/rat$ magaz9es1 #g 7 unkn[n4 ,su* newspap]s z exi/$ 9 #aghi 7 publi%$ mo/ ( !m once a week1 & a few twice1 & 7 pr9t$ by presses work$ by h&2 & no pap] any:]e 9 our c\ntry 0 issu$ on ,sunday or sold = z little z a p5ny4 ,,books4--,9 no city 9 #agij c\ld !re h be5 f\nd an art gall]y1 a free museum ( natural hi/ory1 a s*ool or in/itute ( any sort :]e in/ruction 9 ! arts & sci5ces 0 giv54 ,!re 7 _m good private libr>ies1 b h>dly any t 7 op5 to public use4 ,books 7 mo/ly import$ f ,great ,brita91 or su* z 7 sure ( a ready sale 7 repr9t$ by "s ,am]ican publi%] :5 en\gh subscrib]s 7 obta9$ to pay ! co/4 ,( native au?ors v few _h produc$ any?+ :i* is n[ read save by ! curi\s4 #h ,,s*ools ,,& ,,colleges4--,9 education great progress _h be5 made4 ,!re 7 z yet no normal s*ools1 no high s*ools1 no manual tra9+ s*ools1 &1 save 9 ,new ,engl&1 no approa* to ! free common s*ool ( to-day4 ,!re 7 private1 p>i%1 & *>ity s*ools & academies 9 all ! /ates4 ,9 _m ( ^! a small numb] ( *ildr5 ( ! poor1 "u c]ta9 conditions1 might receive in/ruction 9 read+1 writ+1 & ari?metic4 ,b z yet ! /ates did n h ! money ) :i* to e/abli% a great sy/em ( free common s*ools4 ,illu/ration3 ,,an ,,old-,,"t ,,private ,,c>riage4 ,money 9 aid ( academies & colleges 0 (t5 rais$ by lott]ies4 ,inde$1 e "o ( ! eight olde/ colleges ( t day _h receiv$ su* help4 #i ,9 ea* ( ^! ! classes 7 small]1 ! c\rse ( in/ruction mu* simpl]1 & ! graduates mu* y\ng] ?an to-day4 ,9 no c\ntry ( t "t 7 ! ri* & well-to-d bett] educat$ ?an 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #aj & x is safe to say t 9 none 0 prim>y education--read+1 writ+1 & ari?metic--m diffus$ among ! p4 #aa ,,travel4--,to travel f "o city to ano!r 9 #aghi requir$ at lea/ z _m days z x n[ does h\rs4 #ab ,! /agecoa*1 horseback1 or private conveyances 7 ! common means ( l& travel4 ,! roads 7 bad & ! l>ge riv]s unbridg$1 & 9 /ormy wea!r or 9 w9t] ! delays at ! f]ries 7 (t5 v long4 ,breakd[ns & upsets 7 common1 & 9 ra9y wea!r a travel] by /agecoa* 0 =tunate if he did n h to help ! driv] pull ! :eels out ( ! mud4 #ac ,,! ,,inns ,,& ,,tav]ns1 sometimes call$ c(feeh\ses or ord9>ies1 at :i* travel]s lodg$1 7 designat$ by pictur$ signs or emblems hung be=e ! door1 & 7 giv5 names :i* _h no relation to _! uses1 z ! ,indian ,head1 ! ,crook$ ,billet1 ! ,gre5 ,dragon1 ! ,pl[ & ,h>r[4 ,9 ^! tav]ns dances or balls 7 held1 & sometimes public meet+s4 ,to ^? 9 ! c\ntry came sleigh-ride p>ties4 ,f !m ! /agecoa*es dep>t$1 & be=e _! doors auctions 7 (t5 held1 & 9 ! great room )9 7 po/$ public notices ( all sorts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sign ,,( ,,! ,,indian ,,head ,,tav]n1 ,,ne> ,,concord1 ,,mass4 ,n[ 9 ! possession ( ! ,concord ,antiqu>ian ,society4 ,,! ,,%ops 7 designat$ 9 mu* ! same way z ! inns1 n by /reet numb]s b by signs2 z ! ,lock & ,key1 ! ,lion & ! ,glove1 ! ,bell 9 ,h&1 ! ,gold5 ,ball1 ! ,?ree ,doves4 ,"o %op is describ$ z ne> a c]ta9 bake-h\se1 ano!r z close by ! t[nh\se1 ano!r z opposite a judge's dwell+4 ,! %op 0 usually ! front room ( a little h\se4 ,9 ! re> or ov]head liv$ ! tradesman1 8 family1 & 8 appr5tice4 ,,me?ods ,,( ,,bus9ess4--,= 8 w>es ! tradesman took ca% :5 he c\ld get x1 gave %ort cr$it ) good security :5 he _h to1 & (t5 0 =c$ to resort to b>t]4 ,?us pap] mak]s took rags = pap]1 bru% mak]s ex*ang$ bru%es = hog's bri/les1 & a g5]al %opkeep] took gra91 wood1 *eese1 butt]1 9 ex*ange = dry goods & clo?+4 ,few ( ! mod]n me?ods ( ext5d+ bus9ess1 ( seek+ cu/om]s1 ( mak+ ! public aw>e ( :at ! m]*ant _h = sale1 exi/$1 ev5 9 a rude /ate4 ,!re 7 no comm]cial travel]s1 no means ( widespread adv]tis+4 ,:5 an adv]tisem5t _h be5 ins]t$ 9 a newspap] ^: circulation 0 n fifte5 hundr$ copies1 :5 a h&bill _h be5 po/$ 9 ! m>kets & ! c(feeh\ses1 ! means ( rea*+ ! public 7 exhau/$4 ,,! ,,work+man4--,:at 0 true ( ! m]*ant 0 true ( m5 9 e walk 9 life4 ,_! opportunities 7 few1 _! labor 0 h>d1 _! com=ts ( life 7 f> inf]ior to :at is n[ )9 _! rea*4 ,9 e great city to-day are m51 wom51 & boys engag$ 9 a hundr$ trades1 pr(essions1 & occupations unkn[n 9 #agij4 ,! great corporations1 mills1 factories1 m9es1 railroads1 ! /eamboats1 rapid transit1 ! telegraph1 ! telephone1 ! typewrit]1 ! sew+ ma*9e1 ! automobile1 ! po/al deliv]y s]vice1 ! police & fire dep>tm5ts1 ! banks & tru/ companies1 ! dep>tm5t /ores1 & scores ( o!r inv5tions & bus9ess in/itutions ( great cities1 n[ giv+ employm5t to millions ( human be+s1 h be5 creat$ s9ce #agij4 ,! work+ day 0 f sunrise to sunset1 ) "o h\r = breakfa/ & ano!r = d9n]4 ,wages 7 ab\t a ?ird :at !y are n[1 & 7 less :5 ! days 7 %ort ?an :5 !y 7 long4 ,! r$emption] 0 /ill 9 dem& 9 ! ,middle ,/ates4 ,9 ! ,s\? almo/ all labor 0 done by slaves4 ,,slav]y4--,9 ! ,nor? slav]y 0 on ! decl9e4 ,:ile /ill "u ! cr[n1 ,virg9ia & sev]al o!r colonies _h attempt$ to *eck slav]y by =bidd+ ! importation ( m slaves1 b _! laws = ?is purpose 7 disall[$ by ! k+4 ,aft] #aggf ! /ates 7 free to d z !y pleas$ 9 ! matt]1 & _m ( !m /opp$ ! importation ( slaves4 ,moreov]1 be=e ,congress %ut slav]y out ( ! ,nor?we/ ,t]ritory1 ! ,new ,engl& /ates & ,p5nsylvania _h ei!r aboli%$ slav]y outright or provid$ = its ext9ction by gradual abolition laws4 #ad ,,indu/ries4--,9 ,new ,engl& ! p liv$ on _! own f>ms1 :i* !y cultivat$ ) _! own h&s & ) ! help ( _! *ildr51 or engag$ 9 codfi%+1 :al+1 lumb]+1 %ipbuild+1 & comm]ce4 ,!y built %ips & sold !m abroad1 or us$ !m to c>ry away ! products ( ,new ,engl& to ! ,s\?1 to ! ports ( ,france1 ,spa91 ,russia1 ,sw$51 ! ,we/ ,indies1 & ev5 to ,*9a4 ,to ! ,we/ ,indies w5t horses1 cattle1 lumb]1 salt fi%1 & mules2 & f !m came sug>1 molasses1 c(fee1 indigo1 w9es4 ,f ,sw$5 & ,russia came iron1 hemp1 & duck4 ,! ,middle ,/ates produc$ mu* gra9 & fl\r4 ,new ,york _h lo/ mu* ( h] fur trade because ( ! ,briti% control ( ! fronti] po/s2 b h] exports ( fl\r1 gra91 lumb]1 lea!r1 & :at n1 9 #agia1 7 valu$ at ne>ly #c1jjj1jjj4 ,! p ( ,p5nsylvania made lumb]1 l951 fl\r1 pap]1 iron2 built %ips2 c>ri$ on a prosp]\s comm]ce ) =eign l&s & a good fur trade ) ! ,indians4 ,illu/ration3 ,,trad+ ,,canoe4 ,9 ,m>yl& & ,virg9ia ! /aple crop 0 /ill tobacco1 b !y also produc$ mu* gra9 & fl\r4 ,nor? ,c>ol9a produc$ t>1 pit*1 res91 turp5t9e1 & lumb]4 ,"s rice & tobacco 7 rais$4 ,great h]ds ( cattle & hogs ran wild4 ,9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a rice 0 ! mo/ important crop4 ,indigo1 once an important product1 _h decl9$ s9ce ! ,revolution1 & cotton 0 only j beg9n+ to be gr[n = export4 ,f ! back c\ntry came t>1 pit*1 turp5t9e1 & beav]1 de]1 & be> sk9s = export4 ,,! ,,fur ,,trade4--,! region ( ! ,great ,lakes1 :]e ! ,briti% /ill held ! =ts on ! ,am]ican side ( ! b\nd>y1 0 ! *ief seat ( ! fur trade4 ,goods = ,indian use 7 br\ght f ,engl& to ,montreal & ,quebec1 & c>ri$ 9 canoes to ,oswego1 ,niag>a1 ,detroit1 ,mack9aw1 ,sault ,/e4 ,m>ie 7map1 p4 #aid71 & !nce scatt]$ ov] ! ,nor?we/4 #ae ,,summ>y #a4 ,9 #aghi ! /ates _h gov]nm5ts less democratic ?an at pres5t2 9 g5]al only prop]ty own]s c\ld vote & hold (fice4 #b4 ,! /ates 7 all 9 debt1 & ,congress _h incurr$ besides a l>ge national debt4 #c4 ,! population 0 less ?an #d1jjj1jjj1 mo/ly on ! ,atlantic seabo>d4 #d4 ,cities 7 few & small1 )\t /reet c>s1 pavem5ts1 wat] works1 gas or electric lights1 public libr>ies or museums1 lett] c>ri]s1 or paid firem54 ,ev]y:]e _m ( ! common conv5i5ces ( mod]n life 7 unkn[n4 #e4 ,travel 0 sl[ & tiresome1 because !re 7 no railroads1 /eamboats1 or automobiles4 #f4 ,occupations 7 f> few] ?an n[1 wages l[]1 & h\rs ( labor long]4 ,slav]y _h be5 aboli%$1 or 0 be+ gradually /opp$1 9 ,new ,engl& & ,p5nsylvania1 b exi/$ 9 all ! o!r /ates2 & 9 ! ,s\? ne>ly all ! labor 0 done by slaves4 #g4 ,new ,engl&]s 7 engag$ 9 f>m+1 fi%+1 lumb]+1 & comm]ce2 ! ,middle ,/ates produc$ mu* :eat & fl\r1 & also lumb]2 ! ,s\? *iefly tobacco1 rice1 & t>1 pit*1 & turp5t9e4 ,,footnotes #a ,! /ates ratifi$ ! ,con/itution on ! dates giv5 bel[3-- #a4 ,delaw>e444444444 ,dec4 #g1 #aghg #b4 ,p5nsylvania44444 ,dec4 #ab1aghg #c4 ,new ,j]sey4444444 ,dec4 #ah1 #aghg #d4 ,georgia4444444444 ,jan4 #b1 #aghh #e4 ,connecticut444444 ,jan4 #i1 #aghh #f4 ,massa*usetts4444 ,feb4 #g1 #aghh #g4 ,m>yl&444444444 ,april #bh1 #aghh #h4 ,s\? ,c>ol9a444 ,may #bc1 #aghh #i4 ,new ,hamp%ire4444 ,june #ba1 #aghh #aj4 ,virg9ia44444444 ,june #bf1 #aghh #aa4 ,new ,york44444444 ,july #bf1 #aghh #ab4 ,nor? ,c>ol9a44 ,nov4 #ba1 #aghi #ac4 ,rhode ,isl&4444 ,may #bi1 #agij #b ,9 ,new ,j]sey any p]son hav+ a freehold 7real e/ate own$ outright or = life7 wor? #ej might vote4 ,9 ,new ,york ea* vot] _h to h a freehold ( #bj1 or pay #dj %ill+s h\se r5t & 8 taxes4 ,9 ,massa*usetts he _h to h an e/ate ( #fj1 or an income ( #c f 8 e/ate4 #c ,9 ,m>yl& #ej acres2 9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a #ej acres or a t[n lot2 9 ,georgia #aj ( taxable prop]ty4 #d ,:5 ,congress 0 =c$ to assume ! conduct ( ! w>1 money 0 ne$$ to pay ! troops4 ,b ! ,congress !n _h no au?ority to tax ei!r ! colonies or ! p1 s 79 #agge-ha7 x issu$ bills ( cr$it1 or ,cont95tal money1 ( v>i\s d5om9ations4 ,a loan (fice 0 also e/abli%$ 9 ea* /ate1 & ! p 7 ask$ to loan ,congress money & receive 9 return loan-(fice c]tificates be>+ int]e/ & payable 9 ?ree ye>s4 ,b little money came f ?is s\rce2 & ! p refus$ to take ! bills ( cr$it at _! face value4 ,! /ates !n made !m legal t5d]1 t is1 made !m lawful money = ! paym5t ( debts4 ,b z !y became m & m pl5tiful1 prices ( ev]y?+ paid = 9 ,cont95tal money rose high] & high]4 ,f an old bill ( ,janu>y1 #agha1 x appe>s t 9 ,philadelphia a pair ( boots co/ #fjj 9 pap] doll>s2 six y>ds ( *9tz1 #ijj2 eight y>ds ( b9d+1 #djj2 a ske9 ( silk1 #aj2 & butt]1 #bj a p\nd4 ,9 ,bo/on at ! same "t sug> 0 #aj a p\nd2 beef1 #h2 & fl\r1 #aege a b>rel4 ,to say ( any?+ t x 0 n wor? a cont95tal 0 to say t x 0 utt]ly wor?less4 #e ,9 ,new ,engl& x 0 valu$ at six %ill+s2 9 ,new ,york at eight2 9 ,p5nsylvania at sev5 & six p5ce2 9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a & ,georgia at f\r %ill+s & eight p5ce4 #f ,! h\r glass consi/$ ( two small glass bulbs jo9$ by a small glass tube4 ,9 "o bulb 0 z mu* f9e s& z 9 ! c\rse ( an h\r c\ld run ?r\gh ! tube into ! o!r bulb4 ,at auctions :5 %ips or real e/ate 7 = sale x 0 common to measure "t by burn+ an in* or m ( c&le2 t is1 ! bidd+ w\ld g on till a c]ta9 l5g? ( c&le 0 consum$4 #g ,! ,massa*usetts ,magaz9e 0 illu/rat$ ) occasional engrav+s ( cities & sc5]y2 b x 0 n :at we "k z an illu/rat$ magaz9e4 ,read a description ( ! newspap]s ( ?is "t 9 ,mc,master's ,hi/ory ( ! ,p ( ! ,u4 ,s41 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #ce-ch4 #h ,frankl9 is /ill ! mo/ popul> ( colonial writ]s4 ,8 autobiography1 8 ,way to ,weal?1 & _m ( 8 essays are /ill republi%$ & widely read4 ,! poetry ( ,philip ,fr5eau1 ( ,john ,trumbull1 & ,francis ,hopk9son is /ill read by _m2 b x 0 9 political writ+ t our c\ntrym5 excell$4 ,no p h ev] produc$ a f9] body ( political lit]ature ?an t call$ =? by ! ,revolution4 ,read ,mc,master's ,hi/ory ( ! ,p ( ! ,u4 ,s41 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #gd-hj4 #i ,h>v>d1 ,william & ,m>y1 ,yale1 ,pr9ceton1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,columbia1 ,br[n1 & ,d>tm\?4 ,9 a lott]y drawn 9 #agig = ! b5efit ( ,br[n ,univ]sity1 #ijjj tickets 7 sold at #f ea*--a total ( #ed1jjj4 ,( ?is1 #hjjj 0 kept by ! univ]sity1 & #df1jjj di/ribut$ 9 #ccbh prizes--#bjjj at #i ea*1 #ajjj at #ab ea*1 & ! re/ f #bj to #djjj4 #aj ,9 ! conv5tion :i* fram$ ! ,con/itution tw5ty ( ! fifty- five m5 7 college graduates4 ,five 7 graduates ( ,pr9ceton1 ?ree ( ,h>v>d1 ?ree ( ,yale1 ?ree ( ,william & ,m>y1 two ( ,p5nsylvania1 "o ( ,k+'s 7n[ ,columbia71 & "o ea* ( ,ox=d1 ,ed9burgh1 & ,glasg[4 #aa ,! writ+s ( m5 :o 7 n college graduates--,wa%+ton1 ,frankl91 ,dick9son1 & _m o!rs--speak well = ! "* ( ! e>ly s*ools4 #ab ,! j\rney f ,bo/on to ,new ,york by l& consum$ six days1 b may n[ be made 9 less ?an six h\rs4 ,new ,york 0 a two days' j\rney f ,philadelphia1 b ! di/ance may n[ be trav]s$ 9 two h\rs4 #ac ,"o pair ( horses usually dragg$ ! /age eighte5 miles1 :5 a fre% team 0 put on1 & if no accid5t happ5$1 ! travel] w\ld rea* an inn ab\t t5 at night4 ,aft] a frugal meal he w\ld betake himself to b$1 = at ?ree ! next morn+1 ev5 if x ra9$ or sn[$1 he _h to make ready1 by ! light ( a horn lant]n or a f>?+ c&le1 = ano!r ride ( eighte5 h\rs4 #ad ,9 #aggg ,v]mont =bade ! slav]y ( m5 & wom54 ,9 #aghj ,p5nsylvania pass$ a gradual abolition act4 ,massa*usetts by h] con/itution decl>$ ,all m5 are born free & equal1 :i* h] c\rts held prohibit$ slav]y4 ,new ,hamp%ire 9 h] con/itution made a simil> decl>ation ) a l result4 ,9 #aghd ,connecticut & ,rhode ,isl& adopt$ gradual abolition laws1 provid+ t *ildr5 born ( a slave p>5t aft] a c]ta9 date %\ld be free :5 !y rea*$ a c]ta9 age1 & t _! *ildr5 7 nev] to be slaves4 ,^! 7 /ates :]e slaves _h nev] be5 mu* 9 dem&1 & :]e ! indu/ries ( ! p did n dep5d on slave labor4 #ae ,! dep>ture ( a fleet ( canoes f ,quebec or ,montreal 0 a f9e sight4 ,! trad+ canoe ( b>k 0 =ty-five feet long1 & c>ri$ f\r tons ( goods4 ,! crew ( eight m51 ) _! hats gaudy ) plumes & t9sel1 _! brilliant h&k]*iefs ti$ ar\nd _! ?roats1 _! bright-color$ %irts1 flam+ belts1 & gayly work$ moccas9s1 =m$ a picture t c n be describ$4 ,:5 ! axes1 p[d]1 %ot1 dry goods1 & provisions 7 pack$ 9 ! canoes1 :5 ea* voyag] _h hung 8 votive (f]+ 9 ! *apel ( 8 patron sa9t1 a boatman ( exp]i5ce /epp$ into ! b[ & ano!r into ! /]n ( ea* canoe1 ! crew took places betwe5 !m1 & at ! ^w ! fleet glid$ up ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce on its way to ! ,ottawa1 & !nce on to ,sault ,/e4 ,m>ie1 to ,gr& ,portage 7ne> ! nor!a/ corn] ( :at is n[ ,m9nesota71 or to ,mack9aw4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,,! ,,new ,,gov]nm5t ,,fir/ ,,acts ,,( ,,congress4--,dur+ ,wa%+ton's fir/ t]m ( (fice z ,presid5t 7#aghi-ic71 ! "t ( ,congress 0 l>gely tak5 up ) ! passage ( laws necess>y to put ! new gov]nm5t 9 op]ation1 & to c>ry out ! plan ( ! ,con/itution4 ,illu/ration3 ,,desk ,,us$ ,,by ,,wa%+ton ,,:ile ,,presid5t4 ,9 ! possession ( ! ,p5nsylvania ,hi/orical ,society4 ,dep>tm5ts ( ,/ate1 ,treasury1 & ,w> 7 e/abli%$2 a ,supreme ,c\rt 0 organiz$ ) a ,*ief ,ju/ice #a & five associates2 ?ree ,circuits 7"o = ea* ( ! ?ree gr\ps ( /ates1 ,ea/]n1 ,middle1 & ,s\!rn7 & ?irte5 ,di/rict ,c\rts 7"o = ea* /ate7 7 creat$1 & provision 0 made = all ! ma*9]y ( ju/ice2 & twelve am5dm5ts to ! ,con/itution 7 s5t out to ! /ates1 ( :i* t5 7 ratifi$ by ! requisite numb] ( /ates & became a "p ( ! ,con/itution4 #b ,at ! second session ( ,congress provision 0 made1 9 ! ,fund+ ,measure1 = ! assumption ( ! ,cont95tal & /ate debts incurr$ dur+ ! w> = indep5d5ce4 #c ,! ,di/rict ( ,columbia z ! p]man5t seat ( gov]nm5t 0 locat$ on ! banks ( ! ,potomac1 #d & ! tempor>y seat ( gov]nm5t 0 mov$ f ,new ,york to ,philadelphia1 !re to rema9 = t5 ye>s4 ,,new ,,/ates4--,! /ates ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a & ,rhode ,isl&1 hav+ at la/ ratifi$ ! ,con/itution1 s5t repres5tatives & s5ators to %>e 9 ! "w ( ,congress dur+ ?is session4 ,! qu>rel betwe5 ,new ,york & ,v]mont hav+ be5 settl$1 ,v]mont 0 admitt$ 9 #agia2 & ,virg9ia hav+ giv5 h] cons5t1 ! p ( ,k5tucky 7 au?oriz$ to =m a /ate con/itution1 & ,k5tucky ent]$ ! ,union 9 #agib4 #e ,,! ,,national ,,bank ,,& ,,! ,,curr5cy4--,! fund+ ( ! debt 7propos$ by ,hamilton7 0 ! fir/ great f9ancial measure adopt$ by ,congress4 #f ,! second 7#agia7 0 ! *>t] ( ! ,bank ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ) p[] to e/abli% bran*es 9 ! /ates & to issue bank notes to be us$ z money4 ,! ?ird 7#agib7 0 ! law provid+ = a national co9age & au?oriz+ ! e/abli%m5t ( a ,unit$ ,/ates m9t = mak+ ! co94 #g ,x 0 ord]$ t :oev] w\ld br+ gold or silv] to ! m9t %\ld receive = x ! same weight ( co9s4 ,?is 0 free co9age ( gold & silv]1 & made our /&>d ( money bimetallic1 or ( two metals2 = a debtor c\ld *oose :i* k9d ( money he w\ld pay4 ,illu/ration3 ,,hamilton',s ,,tomb1 ,,new ,,york ,,city4 ,,! ,,rev5ue ,,laws4--,o!r f9ancial measures ( ,wa%+ton's fir/ t]m 7 ! t>iff law1 :i* levi$ duties on import$ goods1 w>es1 & m]*&ise1 ! excise or :isky tax1 & ! law fix+ rates ( po/age on lett]s4 #h ,,! ,,rise ,,( ,,p>ties4--,z to ! ju/ice & wisdom ( ! acts ( ,congress ! p 7 divid$ 9 _! op9ions4 ,^? :o approv$ & support$ ! adm9i/ration 7 call$ ,f$]ali/s1 & _h = lead]s ,wa%+ton1 ,john ,adams1 ,hamilton1 ,rob]t ,morris1 ,john ,jay1 & ,rufus ,k+2 ^? :o oppos$ ! adm9i/ration 7 ! ,anti-,f$]ali/s1 or ,republicans1 ^: great lead]s 7 ,jeff]son1 ,madison1 ,monroe1 ,g]ry1 ,gallat91 & ,r&olph4 ,! ,republicans _h oppos$ ! fund+ & assumption measures1 ! national bank1 & ! excise4 ,!y compla9$ t ! national debt 0 too l>ge1 t ! sal>ies ( ! ,presid5t1 ,congressm51 & (ficials 7 too high1 & t ! taxes 7 too heavy2 & !y accus$ ! ,f$]ali/s ( a fondness = mon>*y & ari/ocracy4 ,wa%+ton op5$ ea* session ( ,congress ) a spee* j z ! k+ op5$ ,p>liam5t1 & ea* bran* ( ,congress pres5t$ an answ] j z ! ,lords & ,commons did to ! k+4 ,nobody c\ld g to ! ,presid5t's reception )\t a c>d ( invitation4 ,! judges ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt wore g[ns z did ,engli% judges4 ,! ,s5ate held its daily sessions 9 secret1 & %ut out report]s & ! p4 ,all ?is ! ,anti- ,f$]ali/s held to be unrepublican4 ,illu/ration3 ,,lady ,,wa%+ton',s ,,reception4 ,f an old pr9t4 ,,! ,,election ,,( #agib4--,:5 ! "t came1 9 #agib1 to elect a successor to ,wa%+ton1 !re 7 ?us two political p>ties4 ,bo? p>ties support$ ,wa%+ton = ,presid5t2 b ! ,republicans tri$ h>d1 ?\gh 9 va91 to defeat ,adams = ,vice ,presid5t4 ,,opposition ,,to ,,! ,,gov]nm5t by no means end$ ) ! =mation ( p>ties & votes at ! polls4 ,! ,assembly ( ,virg9ia condemn$ ! assumption ( ! /ate debts4 ,nor? ,c>ol9a d5\nc$ assumption & ! excise law4 ,9 ,m>yl& a resolution decl>+ assumption dang]\s to ! rights ( ! /ates 0 lo/ by ! ca/+ vote ( ! ,speak]4 ,! "r ( ,congress to tax pleasure c>riages 0 te/$ 9 ! ,supreme ,c\rt1 :i* decl>$ ! tax con/itutional4 ,:5 t c\rt decid$ 7#agic7 t a citiz5 ( "o /ate might sue ano!r /ate1 ,virg9ia1 ,connecticut1 & ,massa*usetts call$ = a con/itutional am5dm5t to prev5t ?is1 & ! ,elev5? ,am5dm5t 0 propos$ by ,congress 7#agid7 & decl>$ 9 =ce 9 #agih4 ,! tax on :isky caus$ an insurrection 9 ,p5nsylvania4 ,,! ,,:isky ,,insurrection4--,! f>m]s ar\nd ,pittsburg 7 l>gely engag$ 9 di/ill+ :isky1 refus$ to pay ! tax1 & drove (f ! collectors4 ,congress !reupon 7#agid7 enact$ a law to en=ce ! collection1 b :5 ! m>%al arre/$ "s ( ! (f5d]s1 ! p rose1 drove him away1 & by =ce ( arms prev5t$ ! execution ( ! law4 ,wa%+ton !n call$ = troops f ,p5nsylvania1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,m>yl&1 & ,virg9ia1 & ^! m>*+ across ! /ate by a m]e %[ ( =ce br\ght ! p to ob$i5ce4 ,lead]s ( ! insurrection 7 arre/$1 tri$1 & convict$ ( treason1 b 7 p>don$ by ,wa%+ton4 #i ,,! ,,indian ,,w>4--,/ill f>!r we/1 meantime1 a great battle _h be5 f\ght ) ! ,indians4 ,! succession ( boats load$ ) emigrants float+ d[n ! ,ohio1 & ! arrivals ( settl]s nor? ( ! riv] at ,m>ietta1 ,gallipolis1 & ,c9c9nati1 _h greatly excit$ ! ,indians4 ,! com+ ( ! :ites meant ! de/ruction ( game & ( fur-be>+ animals1 & ! pu%+ we/w>d ( ! ,indians4 ,?is ! r$ m5 det]m9$ to resi/1 & did s by attack+ boats & kill+ emigrants1 & 9 ,janu>y1 #agij1 !y m>*$ d[n on ! settlem5t call$ ,big ,bottom 7nor?we/ ( ,m>ietta7 & swept x f ! face ( ! e>?4 ,wa%+ton s5t fifte5 hundr$ troops f ,k5tucky & ,p5nsylvania aga9/ ! ,indians 9 ! autumn ( #agij4 ,l$ by ,colonel ,h>m>1 ! troops burn$ "s ,indian supplies & villages1 b accompli%$ no?+ save to enrage ! ,indians yet m4 ,wa%+ton !reupon put ,g5]al ,/4 ,clair 9 comm&1 & 9 ! autumn ( #agia ,/4 ,clair set (f to build a *a9 ( =ts f ,c9c9nati to ,lake ,mi*igan2 b ! ,indians surpris$ him & cut 8 army to pieces4 ,illu/ration3 ,,t]ritory ,,c$$ ,,by ,,! ,,treaty ,,( ,,gre5ville4 ,an?ony ,wayne 0 next plac$ 9 comm&1 & two ye>s 7 sp5t 9 c>eful prep>ation be=e he began 8 m>* across :at is n[ ! /ate ( ,ohio4 ,at ! ,falls ( ! ,maumee 7,augu/1 #agid7 he met & beat ! ,indians s s\ndly t a ye> lat]1 by ! treaty ( ,gre5ville1 a la/+ peace 0 made ) ! t5 great nations ( ! ,nor?we/4 ,,neutrality4--,wa%+ton's second t]m ( (fice 0 a /ormy "t 9 =eign z well z 9 dome/ic affairs4 ,9 ,febru>y1 #agic1 ! ,fr5* ,republic decl>$ w> on ,great ,brita91 & s br\ght up ! "q1 ,:i* side %all ! ,unit$ ,/ates take8 ,wa%+ton said nei!r side1 & issu$ a proclamation ( neutrality1 w>n+ ! p n to commit ho/ile acts 9 favor ( ei!r ,great ,brita9 or ,france4 ,! ,republicans 7& _m :o 7 ,f$]ali/s7 grew angry at ?is & r\ndly abus$ ! ,presid5t4 ,france1 !y said1 is an old fri5d2 ,great ,brita91 our old enemy4 ,france help$ w9 indep5d5ce & loan$ u money & s5t u troops & %ips2 ,great ,brita9 attempt$ to enslave u4 ,we 7 b\nd to ,france by a treaty ( alliance & a treaty ( comm]ce2 we 7 b\nd to ,great ,brita9 by no treaty ( any k9d4 ,to be neutral1 !n1 0 to be ungrateful to ,france4 #aj ,z a result ! ,f$]ali/s 7 call$ ! ,briti% p>ty1 & !y1 9 turn1 call$ ! ,republicans ! ,fr5* p>ty or ,democrats4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wa%+ton',s ,,coa*4 ,,great ,,brita9 ,,seizes ,,our ,,%ips4--,to pres]ve neutrality "u su* conditions w\ld h be5 h>d en\gh1 b ,great ,brita9 made x h>d] /ill by seiz+ ,am]ican m]*ant %ips t 7 c>ry+ lumb]1 fi%1 fl\r1 & provisions to ! ,fr5* ,we/ ,indies4 #aa ,our m]*ants at once appeal$ to ,congress = aid1 & ! ,republicans attempt$ to retaliate on ,great ,brita9 9 a way t might h br\ght on w>4 ,9 ?is !y fail$1 b ,congress laid an emb>go = a %ort "t1 prev5t+ all our vessels f sail+ to =eign ports2 & money 0 vot$ to build =tifications at ! seaports f ,ma9e to ,georgia1 & = build+ ars5als at ,spr+field 7,mass47 & ,c>lisle 7,pa471 & = con/ruct+ six frigates4 #ab ,wa%+ton did n wi% w>1 & ) ! approval ( ! ,s5ate s5t ,*ief-,ju/ice ,john ,jay to ,london to make a treaty ( fri5d%ip & comm]ce ) ,great ,brita94 ,,jay',s ,,treaty1 :5 ratifi$ 7#agie71 0 f> f :at 0 desir$4 ,b x provid$ = ! deliv]y ( ! po/s on our nor!rn fronti]1 its o!r provisions 7 ! be/ t c\ld be _h1 & x insur$ peace4 ,= ?is reason among o!rs ! treaty gave great (f5se to ! ,republicans1 :o want$ ! ,unit$ ,/ates to qu>rel ) ,great ,brita9 & take sides ) ,france4 ,!y d5\nc$ x f "o end ( ! c\ntry to ! o!r1 burn$ copies ( x at mass meet+s1 & hang$ ,jay 9 effigy4 ,= ! same reason1 also1 ,france took deep (f5se4 ,,treaty ,,) ,,spa94--,our treaty ) ,great ,brita9 0 foll[$ by "o ) ,spa91 by :i* ! vex$ "q ( ! ,mississippi 0 put at re/4 ,spa9 agre$ to )draw h] troops f all h] po/s nor? ( ! p>allel ( #ca degrees4 ,%e also agre$ t ,new ,orleans %\ld be a port ( deposit4 ,?is 0 ( great advantage to ! gr[+ ,we/1 = ! f>m]s1 !reaft]1 c\ld float _! bacon1 fl\r1 lumb]1 etc4 d[n ! ,ohio & ! ,mississippi to ,new ,orleans & !re sell x = export to ! ,we/ ,indies or ,europe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,la/ ,,page ,,( ,,! ,,autograph ,,copy ,,( ,,wa%+ton',s ,,f>ewell ,,address4 ,9 ! ,l5ox ,libr>y1 ,new ,york4 ,,! ,,election ,,( #agif4--,wa%+ton1 :o _h twice be5 elect$ ,presid5t1 n[ decl9$ to s]ve a ?ird "t1 & 9 ,septemb]1 #agif1 ann\nc$ 8 det]m9ation by publi%+ 9 a newspap] :at is call$ 8 ,f>ewell ,address4 #ac ,!re 0 no su* ?+ z a national p>ty conv5tion 9 ^? days1 or = _m ye>s to come4 ,! ,f$]ali/s1 h[ev]1 by common cons5t1 select$ ,john ,adams z _! c&idate = ,presid5t1 & mo/ ( !m support$ ,?omas ,p9ckney = ,vice ,presid5t4 ,! ,republicans put =w>d ,?omas ,jeff]son & ,a>on ,burr & o!rs4 ,! ,fr5* m9i/] to our c\ntry us$ 8 influ5ce to help ! ,republican c&idates2 #ad b :5 ! election 0 ov]1 x turn$ out t ,adams #ae 0 *os5 ,presid5t & ,jeff]son ,vice ,presid5t4 ,p9ckney1 ! ,f$]ali/ c&idate = ,vice ,presid5t1 0 defeat$ because he fail$ to receive ! votes ( all ! ,f$]ali/ electors4 #af ,,! ,x4 ,y4 ,z4 ,,affair4--,! ,fr5* ,directory1 a body ( five m5 t gov]n$ ! ,fr5* ,republic1 n[ refus$ to receive a m9i/] :om ,wa%+ton _h j s5t to t c\ntry 7,*>les ,g4 ,p9ckney74 ,?is delib]ate affront to ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 d5\nc$ by ,adams 9 8 fir/ message to ,congress2 b he s5t to ,p>is a special commission compos$ ( two ,f$]ali/s & "o ,republican1 #ag 9 an e>ne/ ef=t to keep ! peace4 ,^! commission]s 7 visit$ by ?ree ag5ts ( ! ,directory1 :o told !m t be=e a new treaty c\ld be made !y mu/ give a pres5t ( #ej1jjj to ea* ,director1 apologize = ,adams's d5unciation ( ,france1 & loan a l>ge sum 7practically pay tribute money7 to ,france4 ,9 report+ ?is affair to ,congress ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate conceal$ ! names ( ! ,fr5* ag5ts & call$ !m ,mr4 ,x1 ,mr4 ,y1 & ,mr4 ,z4 ,?is gave ! affair ! "n ( ! ,x4 ,y4 ,z4 ,mission4 ,,prep>ation ,,= ,,w> ,,) ,,france 7#agih74--,! read+ ( ! dispat*es 9 ,congress caus$ a great *ange 9 feel+4 ,! c\ntry _h be5 insult$1 & ,congress1 =gett+ politics1 made prep>ations = w>4 ,an army 0 rais$ & ,wa%+ton made lieut5ant g5]al4 ,! ,navy ,dep>tm5t 0 creat$ & ! fir/ ,secret>y ( ! ,navy appo9t$4 ,%ips 7 built1 pur*as$1 & giv5 to ! gov]nm5t2 & ) ! cry1 ,millions = def5se1 n a c5t = tribute1 ! p (f]$ _! s]vices to ! ,presid5t1 & labor$ )\t pay 9 ! erection ( =ts along ! seabo>d4 ,!n 0 writt5 by ,joseph ,hopk9son1 ( ,philadelphia1 & sung = ! fir/ "t1 our national song ,hail1 ,columbia6 #ah ,,! ,,ali5 ,,& ,,s$ition ,,acts4--,9 prep>+ = w>1 ,congress _h act$ wisely4 ,b ! ,f$]ali/s1 :om ! tr\ble ) ,france _h plac$ 9 control ( ,congress1 also pass$ ! ,ali5 & ,s$ition ,acts1 :i* ar\s$ bitt] opposition4 ,! ,ali5 ,acts 7 7#a7 a law requir+ ali5s1 or =eign]s1 to live 9 our c\ntry f\rte5 ye>s be=e !y c\ld be naturaliz$ & become citiz5s2 7#b7 a law giv+ ! ,presid5t p[]1 = ! next two ye>s1 to s5d out ( ! c\ntry any ali5 he ?\ght to be dang]\s to ! peace ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 & 7#c7 ! ,ali5 ,enemies ,act = ! expulsion1 9 "t ( w>1 ( ! subjects ( ! ho/ile gov]nm5t4 ,! ,s$ition ,act provid$ = ! puni%m5t ( p]sons :o act$1 spoke1 or wrote 9 a s$iti\s mann]1 t is1 oppos$ ! execution ( any law ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or wrote1 pr9t$1 or utt]$ any?+ ) int5t to defame ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates or any ( its (ficials4 ,adams did n use ! p[] giv5 him by ! second ,ali5 ,act2 b ! ,s$ition ,act 0 rigor\sly en=c$ ) f9es & imprisonm5t4 ,su* int]f]5ce ) ! lib]ty ( ! press co/ ,adams mu* ( 8 popul>ity4 ,,! ,,virg9ia ,,& ,,k5tucky ,,resolutions4--,! ,republicans 7 greatly excit$ by ! ,ali5 & ,s$ition ,acts1 & at ! sugge/ion ( ,jeff]son resolutions condemn+ !m z uncon/itutional #ai & h5ce utt]ly void & ( no =ce 7 pass$ by ! legislatures ( ,k5tucky & ,virg9ia4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,ent]prise4 ,sev5 /ates answ]$ ) resolutions decl>+ ! acts con/itutional4 ,:]eupon1 9 ! foll[+ ye> 7#agii71 ,k5tucky decl>$ t :5 a /ate ?\ght a law ( ,congress uncon/itutional1 t /ate might veto or nullify x1 t is1 =bid its citiz5s to obey x4 ,?is doctr9e ( nullification1 z we %all see1 0 lat] ( s]i\s importance4 ,,! ,,naval ,,w> ,,) ,,france4--,meantime1 ! little navy :i* _h be5 s ha/ily prep>$ 0 s5t to sc\r ! seas ar\nd ! ,fr5* ,we/ ,indies1 & 9 a few mon?s won _m victories4 #bj ,! publication ( ! ,x4 ,y4 ,z4 lett]s creat$ almo/ z mu* indignation 9 ,france z 9 our c\ntry1 & =c$ ! ,directory to s5d ^w t if o!r commission]s came1 !y w\ld be receiv$4 ,adams !reupon appo9t$ ?ree2 b :5 !y rea*$ ,france ! ,directory _h fall5 f p[]1 ,napoleon 0 rul+1 & ) him a new treaty 0 conclud$ 9 #ahjj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,?omas ,,jeff]son4 ,,! ,,election ,,( #ahjj4--,! co/ ( ?is w> made new taxes necess>y1 & ^!1 c\pl$ ) ! ,ali5 & ,s$ition ,acts1 did mu* to br+ ab\t ! defeat ( ! ,f$]ali/s4 ,_! c&idates = ! presid5cy & vice presid5cy 7 ,john ,adams & ,*>les ,c4 ,p9ckney4 ,! ,republicans nom9at$ ,jeff]son #ba & ,a>on ,burr1 & won4 ,un=tunately ,jeff]son & ,burr ea* receiv$ ! same numb] ( votes1 s x became ! duty ( ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives to det]m9e :i* %\ld be ,presid5t4 ,:5 ! ,h\se elects a ,presid5t1 ea* /ate1 no matt] h[ _m repres5tatives x may h1 ca/s "o vote4 ,!re 7 !n sixte5 /ates #bb 9 ! ,union4 ,! votes ( n9e1 !re=e1 7 necess>y to elect4 ,b ! ,f$]ali/s held ! votes ( six1 & z ! repres5tatives ( two m 7 equally divid$1 ! ,f$]ali/s ?\ght !y c\ld say :o %\ld be ,presid5t1 & tri$ h>d to elect ,burr4 ,f9ally "s ( !m yield$ & all[$ ! ,republicans to make ,jeff]son ,presid5t1 ?us leav+ ,burr to be ,vice ,presid5t4 ,,presid5t ,,jeff]son4--,! inauguration took place on ,m>* #d1 #ahja1 at ,wa%+ton1 to :i* city ! gov]nm5t 0 remov$ f ,philadelphia 9 ! summ] ( #ahjj4 #bc ,ev]y:]e ! day 0 celebrat$ ) bell r++1 cannonad+1 d9n]s1 & p>ades4 ,! p _h triumph$2 ! ,man ( ! ,p 0 ,presid5t4 ,mon>*y1 ari/ocracy1 & ,f$]alism1 x 0 said1 _h receiv$ a dea?bl[4 ,,summ>y #a4 ,! fir/ ,congress "u ! ,con/itution pass$ laws e/abli%+ ! executive dep>tm5ts & ! ,unit$ ,/ates c\rts1 & o!r laws necess>y to put ! new gov]nm5t 9 op]ation4 #b4 ,! debts incurr$ dur+ ! ,revolution 7 assum$ & fund$1 & ! p]man5t seat ( gov]nm5t 7aft] #ahjj7 0 locat$ on ! ,potomac4 #c4 ,import & excise duties 7 laid1 a national bank 0 *>t]$1 & a m9t 0 e/abli%$ = co9+ ,unit$ ,/ates money4 #d4 ,9 ,wa%+ton's second t]m z ,presid5t 7#agic-ig7 !re 0 w> betwe5 ,great ,brita9 & ,france1 & x 0 ) difficulty t our gov]nm5t succe$$ 9 rema9+ neutral4 #e4 ,treaties 7 made ) ,great ,brita9 & ,spa91 :]eby ^! p[]s )drew f ! po/s !y held 9 our c\ntry1 ! "r ( deposit at ,new ,orleans 0 secur$1 & peace 0 pres]v$4 #f4 ,a five ye>s' ,indian w> 9 ! ,nor?we/ ,t]ritory 0 end$ by ,wayne's victory 7#agid7 & ! treaty ( ,gre5ville 7#agie74 #g4 ,! p ( we/]n ,p5nsylvania resi/$ ! excise tax on :isky1 b _! insurrection 0 easily suppress$ by a =ce ( militia4 #h4 ,diff]5ces on que/ions ( dome/ic & =eign policy _h result$ 9 ! gr[? ( ! ,f$]ali/ & ,republican p>ties1 b p>ty organization 0 imp]fect4 ,9 #agif ,adams 7,f$]ali/7 0 elect$ ,presid5t1 & ,jeff]son 7,republican7 ,vice ,presid5t4 #i4 ,! ,briti% treaty & ! election ( ,adams gave (f5se to ! ,fr5* gov]nm5t1 :i* made insult+ dem&s ^u our commission]s s5t to t c\ntry4 ,a brief naval w> 9 ! ,fr5* ,we/ ,indies 0 end$ by a treaty made by a new ,fr5* gov]nm5t 9 #ahjj4 #aj4 ,! passage ( ! ,ali5 & ,s$ition ,acts br\ght out prote/s aga9/ !m 9 :at are call$ ! ,virg9ia & ,k5tucky ,resolutions ( #agih-ii1 "o ( :i* claim$ ! "r ( a /ate to nullify an act ( ,congress :i* x deem$ uncon/itutional4 #aa4 ,9 ! next presid5tial election 7#ahjj7 ! ,republicans 7 successful2 b z ,jeff]son & ,burr _h ea* ! same numb] ( votes1 ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives _h to decide :i* %\ld be ,presid5t & :i* ,vice ,presid5t4 ,aft] a long conte/ ,jeff]son 0 giv5 ! high] (fice1 z ! ,republicans _h wi%$4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,silh\ette1 ,a ,,k9d ,,( ,,portrait ,,(t5 ,,made ,,be=e #ahdj4 ,9 ! possession ( ! ,concord ,antiqu>ian ,society4 ,,footnotes #a ,wa%+ton appo9t$ ,john ,jay ! fir/ ,*ief ,ju/ice1 & gave ! newly creat$ secret>y%ips ( ,/ate1 ,treasury1 & ,w> to ,?omas ,jeff]son1 ,alex&] ,hamilton1 & ,h5ry ,knox respectively4 ,^! m5 7 int5d$ to be heads ( dep>tm5ts2 b ,wa%+ton soon began to consult !m & ! ,attorney ,g5]al on matt]s ( /ate & ?us made !m also a body ( advis]s kn[n z ! ,cab9et4 ,all ! ,secret>ies & ! ,po/ma/] ,g5]al & ! ,attorney ,g5]al are n[ memb]s ( ! ,cab9et4 #b ,^! t5 am5dm5ts =m a sort ( bill ( rights1 & 7 int5d$ to remove objections to ! ,con/itution by ^? :o fe>$ t ! national gov]nm5t might encroa* on ! lib]ties ( ! p4 #c ,= ! diff]5t k9ds ( debt1 see p4 #baa4 ,! ,cont95tal money 0 fund$ at #a 9 gov]nm5t /ock = #ajj 9 ! pap] money2 b ! o!r =ms ( debt 7 assum$ by ! gov]nm5t at _! face value4 ,all told1--/ate debts1 =eign debt1 loan-(fice c]tificates1 etc41-- ^! obligations am\nt$ to ab\t #ge1jjj1jjj4 ,to pay s l>ge a sum 9 ca% 0 impossible1 s ,congress ord]$ int]e/-be>+ /ock to be giv5 9 ex*ange = evid5ce ( debt4 #d ,z fir/ laid out1 ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia 0 a squ>e t5 miles on a side1 & 0 p>tly 9 ,virg9ia & p>tly 9 ,m>yl&4 ,b ! piece 9 ,virg9ia _m ye>s lat] 7#ahdf7 0 giv5 back to t /ate4 #e ,aft] ^! two /ates 7 admitt$ ea* 0 giv5 a /> & a /ripe on ! national flag4 ,until #ahah our flag ?us _h fifte5 />s & fifte5 /ripes1 no fur!r *ange be+ made z new /ates 7 admitt$4 ,9 #ahah two /ripes 7 tak5 (f1 ! numb] ( />s 0 made ! same z ! numb] ( /ates1 & s9ce !n ea* new /ate has be5 repres5t$ by a new />4 #f ,alex&] ,hamilton 0 born 9 #ageg on ! isl& ( ,nevis1 "o ( ! ,briti% ,we/ ,indies4 ,he 0 s5t to ,new ,york to be educat$1 & ent]$ ,k+'s ,college 7n[ ,columbia ,univ]sity74 ,!re he became an ard5t patriot1 wrote pamphlets 9 def5se ( ! fir/ ,congress1 & address$ a public meet+ :5 b sev5te54 ,he 0 capta9 ( an artill]y company 9 #aggf1 "o ( ,wa%+ton's aids 9 #aggg-ha1 di/+ui%$ himself at ,yorkt[n1 & 79 #aghb7 w5t to ,congress4 ,he 0 a man ( en]gy1 en?usiasm1 & high ideals1 0 possess$ ( a s+ul> g5ius = f9ance1 & believ$ 9 a vigor\s national gov]nm5t4 ,z ,secret>y ( ! ,treasury1 ,hamilton propos$ n only ! fund+ & assumption plans1 b ! national bank & ! m9t4 #g ,! co9s 7 to be ! eagle or t5-doll> piece1 half eagle1 & qu>t] eagle ( gold2 ! doll>1 half1 qu>t]1 dime1 & half dime ( silv]2 & ! c5t & half c5t ( copp]4 ,! m9t 0 e/abli%$ at once at ,philadelphia1 & ! fir/ copp] co9 0 /ruck 9 #agic4 ,b co9age 0 a sl[ process1 & _m ye>s pass$ be=e =eign co9s ceas$ to circulate4 ,! acc\nts ( ,congress 7 always kept 9 doll>s & c5ts4 ,b ! /ates & ! p us$ p\nds1 %ill+s1 p5ce1 & ,spani% doll>s1 & x 0 sev]al ye>s be=e ! /ates1 by law1 requir$ _! (fic]s to levy taxes & keep acc\nts 9 doll>s & c5ts 7,virg9ia 9 #agib1 ,rhode ,isl& & ,massa*usetts 9 #agie1 ,new ,york & ,v]mont 9 #agig1 ,new ,j]sey 9 #agii74 #h ,a s+le lett] 9 ^? days 0 "o writt5 on a s+le %eet ( pap]1 l>ge or small1 & ! po/age on x 0 #f c5ts = any di/ance "u #cj miles1 #h c5ts f #cj to #fj1 #aj c5ts f #fj to #ajj1 & s on to #dej miles1 above :i* ! rate 0 #be c5ts4 ,9 all our c\ntry !re 7 b #ge po/ (fices1 & ! rev5ue d]iv$ f !m 0 ab\t #ajj1jjj a ye>4 #i ,read ,mc,master's ,hi/ory ( ! ,p ( ! ,u4 ,s41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #ahi-bjd4 #aj ,good feel+ t[>d ,france l$ ! ,republicans to "s funny extremes4 ,to address a p]son z ,sir1 ,mr41 ,mrs41 or ,miss 0 unrepublican4 ,y %\ld say1 z 9 ,france1 ,citiz5 ,jones1 or ,citiz5ess ,smi?4 ,tall poles ) a r$ lib]ty cap on top 7 erect$ 9 e t[n :]e !re 7 ,republicans2 civic fea/s 7 held2 & ,july #ad 7! anniv]s>y ( ! day ! ,ba/ile ( ,p>is fell 9 #aghi7 0 duly celebrat$4 #aa ,:5 ,great ,brita9 drove ,fr5* %ips f ! sea1 ,france ?rew op5 ! trade ) ! ,fr5* ,we/ ,indies to o!r %ips4 ,b ,great ,brita9 _h laid d[n a rule t no neutral c\ld h 9 "t ( w> a trade ) h] enemy x did n h 9 "t ( peace4 ,our m]*ants fell "u ! ban ( ,great ,brita9 = ?is reason4 #ab ,^! frigates 7 n built4 ,!y 7 really int5d$ = use aga9/ ! ,b>b>y p[]s 7,morocco1 ,tunis1 ,algi]s1 ,tripoli7 t 7 plund]+ our ,m$it]ranean comm]ce4 ,^! nations ( nor!rn ,africa _h long be5 accu/om$ to prey ^u ,european %ips & sell ! crews into slav]y4 ,to obta9 protection aga9/ su* treatm5t ! nations ( s\!rn ,europe paid ^! pirates an annual tribute4 ,"s ( our %ips & sailors 7 captur$1 & z we _h no navy ) :i* to protect our comm]ce1 a treaty 0 made ) ,algi]s 7#agie7 :i* b\nd u to pay a ye>ly tribute ( twelve ?\s& ,alg]9e sequ9s 9 m>itime /ores4 ,we %all see :at came ( ?is a few ye>s lat]4 #ac ,9 ! ,f>ewell ,address1 besides giv+ notice ( 8 retirem5t1 ,wa%+ton argu$ at l5g? aga9/ sectional jeal\sy & p>ty _s1 & urg$ ! promotion ( in/itutions = ! g5]al diffusion ( k4 ,he disapprov$ ( l>ge /&+ armies 7ov]gr[n milit>y e/abli%m5ts71 & e>ne/ly decl>$ t our true policy is to /e] cle> ( p]man5t alliances ) any portion ( ! =eign _w1 especially ,european nations4 ,wa%+ton di$ at ,m\nt ,v]non1 ,decemb] #ad1 #agii4 #ad ,he call$ on all ,fr5* citiz5s liv+ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates to we> on _! hats ! ,fr5* tricolor 7blue1 :ite1 & r$7 cockade1 & ( c\rse all ! ,republican fri5ds ( ,france did ! same & made x _! p>ty badge4 ,he next publi%$ 9 ! newspap]s a long lett] 9 :i* he said1 9 sub/ance1 t unless ! ,unit$ ,/ates *ang$ its policy t[>d ,france x might expect tr\ble4 ,?is meant t unless a ,republican ,presid5t 7,jeff]son7 0 elect$1 !re might be w> betwe5 ! two c\ntries4 #ae ,john ,adams 0 born 9 ,qu9cy1 ,massa*usetts1 9 #agce4 ,he graduat$ f ,h>v>d ,college1 /udi$ law1 & 9 #aggj 0 "o ( ! lawy]s :o def5d$ ! soldi]s t 7 tri$ = murd] 9 connection ) ! fam\s ,bo/on ,massacre4 ,he 0 s5t to ! ,fir/ & ,second ,cont95tal ,congresses1 & 0 a memb] ( ! committee appo9t$ to frame ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce1 & ( ! committee to arrange treaties ) =eign p[]s4 ,he 0 = a "t associat$ ) ,frankl9 9 ! m9i/ry to ,france2 9 #aghj w5t z m9i/] to ,holl&2 & 9 #aghc 0 "o ( ! sign]s ( ! treaty ( peace ) ,great ,brita94 ,9 #aghe he 0 appo9t$ ! fir/ ,unit$ ,/ates m9i/] to ,great ,brita92 & 9 #aghi- #ig 0 ,vice ,presid5t4 #af ,adams receiv$ #ga votes1 ,jeff]son #fh1 ,p9ckney #ei1 ,burr #cj1 & n9e o!r m5 also receiv$ votes4 ,"u ! orig9al ,con/itution ! electors did n vote sep>ately = ,presid5t & ,vice ,presid5t4 ,ea* ca/ "o ballot ) two names on x2 ! man receiv+ ! mo/ votes 7if a majority ( ! numb] ( electors7 0 elect$ ,presid5t1 & ! man receiv+ ! next highe/ numb] 0 elect$ ,vice ,presid5t4 ,?us x happ5$ t :ile ! ,f$]ali/s elect$ ! ,presid5t1 ! ,republicans elect$ ! ,vice ,presid5t4 #ag ,! ,f$]ali/s 7 ,john ,m>%all & ,*>les ,c4 ,p9ckney4 ,elbridge ,g]ry 0 ! ,republican memb]4 #ah ,read ! acc\nt ( ! popul> excitem5t 9 ,mc,master's ,hi/ory ( ! ,p ( ! ,u4 ,s41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #cgf-chg4 #ai ,t is1 condemn+ !m on ! gr\nd t ! ,con/itution did n give ,congress p[] to make su* laws4 ,! ,virg9ia & ,k5tucky ,resolutions are pr9t$ 9 full 9 ,mac,donald's ,select ,docum5ts1 #aggf- #ahfa1 pp4 #adi-afj4 #bj ,"o squadron t captur$ a numb] ( vessels 0 "u ! comm& ( ,capta9 ,john ,b>ry4 ,ano!r squadron "u ,capta9 ,truxtun captur$ sixty ,fr5* private]s4 ,! ,con/ellation took ! ,fr5* frigate ,insurg5te & beat ! ,v5geance1 :i* escap$2 ! ,ent]prise captur$ eight private]s & recaptur$ f\r ,am]ican m]*antm52 & ! ,bo/on captur$ ! ,b]ceau4 ,dur+ ! w> eighty-f\r arm$ ,fr5* vessels 7 tak5 by our navy4 #ba ,?omas ,jeff]son 0 born on a ,virg9ia plantation ,april #ac1 #agdc1 att5d$ ,william & ,m>y ,college1 /udi$ law1 & 9 #agfi became a memb] ( ! ,virg9ia ,h\se ( ,burgesses4 ,he rose into notice z a def5d] ( colonial rights1 0 s5t to ! ,second ,cont95tal ,congress1 & 9 #aggf wrote ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce4 ,betwe5 #aggf & #aghi he 0 a memb] ( ! ,virg9ia legislature1 gov]nor ( ,virg9ia1 memb] ( ,congress 7#aghc-aghd71 & m9i/] to ,france 7#aghd-aghi74 ,he 0 a /rict con/ructioni/ ( ! ,con/itution2 he wrote ! orig9al draft ( ! ,k5tucky ,resolutions ( #agih1 _h great fai? 9 ! ability ( ! p to gov]n !mselves1 & dread$ ! gr[? ( great cities & ! ext5sion ( ! p[]s ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt4 ,he & ,john ,adams di$ ! same day1 ,july #d1 #ahbf1 ! fiftie? anniv]s>y ( ! adoption ( ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce4 #bb ,t5nessee1 ! sixte5?1 0 admitt$ 9 #agif4 #bc ,a /ory is curr5t t on inauguration day ,jeff]son rode unatt5d$ to ! ,capitol & ti$ 8 horse to ! f5ce be=e ent]+ ! ,s5ate ,*amb] & tak+ ! oa? ( (fice4 ,! /ory 0 inv5t$ by an ,engli% travel] & is pure fiction4 ,! ,presid5t walk$ to ! ,capitol att5d$ by militia & ! cr[d ( support]s :o came to witness ! end ( ! conte/$ election1 & 0 salut$ by ! guns ( a company ( artill]y z he ent]$ ! ,s5ate ,*amb] & aga9 z he came out4 ,,*apt] ,,xix ,,gr[? ,,( ,,! ,,c\ntry1 #aghi-ahje ,,prosp]ity4--,twelve ye>s _h n[ elaps$ s9ce ! meet+ at ,new ,york ( ! fir/ ,congress "u ! ,con/itution1 & !y _h be5 ye>s ( great prosp]ity4 ,:5 ,wa%+ton took ! oa? ( (fice1 ea* /ate regulat$ its trade ) =eign c\ntries & ) its neighbors 9 its own way1 & issu$ its own pap] money1 :i* x made legal t5d]4 ,agriculture 0 9 a primitive /age1 v little cotton 0 gr[n1 m9+ 0 b little practic$1 manufacture _h n pass$ ! h\sehold /age1 transportation 0 sl[ & co/ly1 & 9 all ! /ates b ?ree banks _h be5 *>t]$4 #a ,) ! e/abli%m5t ( a /rong & vigor\s gov]nm5t "u ! new ,con/itution1 & ! passage ( ! mu*-ne$$ laws we h m5tion$1 ^! conditions began to pass away4 ,n[ t ! p _h a gov]nm5t t c\ld raise rev5ue1 pay its debts1 regulate trade ) =eign nations & betwe5 ! /ates1 en=ce its laws1 & provide a uni=m curr5cy1 confid5ce return$4 ,m5 felt safe to engage 9 bus9ess1 & z a consequ5ce trade & comm]ce reviv$1 & money long unus$ 0 br\ght out & inve/$4 ,banks 7 incorporat$ & _! /ock quickly pur*as$4 ,manufactur+ companies 7 organiz$ & mills & factories />t$2 a score ( canals 7 plann$ & ! build+ ( sev]al 0 begun2 #b turnpike companies 7 *>t]$2 lott]ies #c 7 au?oriz$ to raise money = all sorts ( public improvem5ts1--s*ools1 *ur*es1 :>ves1 factories1 & bridges2 & speculation 9 /ock & ,we/]n l& became a rage4 ,,new ,,indu/ries4--,x 0 dur+ ! decade #agij-ahjj t ,slat] built ! fir/ mill = work+ cotton y>n2 #d t ,eli ,t]ry began ! manufacture ( clocks z a bus9ess2 t sew+ ?read 0 fir/ made 9 our c\ntry 7at ,pawtucket1 ,r4,i472 t ,jacob ,p]k9s began to make nails by ma*9e2 t ! fir/ broom 0 made f broom corn2 t ! fir/ c>pet mill & ! fir/ cotton mill 7 />t$2 t ,eli ,:itney inv5t$ ! cotton g92 & t ! fir/ /eamboat w5t up & d[n ! ,delaw>e4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,t]ry ,,clock4 ,,! ,,cotton ,,g94--,be=e #agij ! products ( ! /ates s\? ( ,virg9ia 7 t>1 pit*1 lumb]1 rice1 & indigo4 ,b ! de/ruction ( ! indigo plants by insects ye> aft] ye> sugge/$ ! cultivation ( "s o!r crop1 & cotton 0 tri$4 ,to clean x ( its se$s by h& 0 sl[ & co/ly1 & to remove ! difficulty ,eli ,:itney ( ,massa*usetts1 !n a "y man liv+ 9 ,georgia1 inv5t$ a ma*9e call$ ! cotton g94 #e ,!n ! cultivation ( cotton became mo/ pr(itable1 & ! new indu/ry spread rapidly 9 ! ,s\?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,model ,,( ,,:itney',s ,,cotton ,,g94 ,9 ! ,national ,museum1 ,wa%+ton4 ,,! ,,/eamboat4--,! idea ( driv+ boats ?r\gh wat] by ma*9]y mov$ by /eam 0 an old "o4 ,sev]al m5 _h made su* exp]im5ts 9 our c\ntry be=e #agij4 #f ,b 9 t ye> ,john ,fit* put a /eamboat on ! ,delaw>e & dur+ f\r mon?s ran x regul>ly f ,philadelphia to ,tr5ton4 ,he 0 ahead ( 8 "t & = lack ( support 0 =c$ to give up ! ent]prise4 ,illu/ration3 ,,model ,,( ,,fit*',s ,,/eamboat4 ,9 ! ,national ,museum1 ,wa%+ton4 ,,! ,,new ,,we/4--,9 ! we/]n c\ntry t5 ye>s _h wr\ght a great *ange4 ,good times 9 ! comm]cial /ates & ! ,indian w> 9 ! ,we/ _h done mu* to keep population out ( ! ,nor?we/ ,t]ritory f #agij to #agie4 ,b f ! ,s\? population _h mov$ /eadily ov] ! m\nta9s into ! region s\? ( ! ,ohio ,riv]4 ,! new /ate ( ,k5tucky 7admitt$ 9 #agib7 grew rapidly 9 population4 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 aft] ratify+ ! ,con/itution1 aga9 c$$ h] ,we/]n t]ritory1 & out ( ?is & ! n>r[ /rip c$$ by ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 ,congress 7#agij7 made ! ,t]ritory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates s\? ( ! riv] ,ohio4 ,b population came 9 su* numb]s t 9 #agif ! ,nor? ,c>ol9a cession 0 admitt$ z ! /ate ( ,t5nessee4 ,9 ! f> ,s\?1 aft] ,spa9 accept$ ! b\nd>y ( #ca1 ,congress e/abli%$ ! t]ritory ( ,mississippi 7#agih71 consi/+ ( mo/ ( ! s\!rn half ( ! pres5t /ates ( ,mississippi & ,alabama4 ,f\r ye>s lat] ,georgia accept$ h] pres5t b\nd>ies1 & ! t]ritory ( ,mississippi 0 !n enl>g$1 s z to include all ! ,we/]n l&s c$$ by ,s\? ,c>ol9a & ,georgia 7map1 p4 #bdb74 ,,clevel&4--,jay's treaty1 by provid+ = ! surr5d] ( ! =ts along ! ,great ,lakes1 op5$ t region to settlem5t1 & 9 #agif ,moses ,clevel& l$ a ,new ,engl& colony across ,new ,york & on ! %ore ( ,lake ,erie laid out ! t[n :i* n[ be>s 8 "n4 ,o!rs foll[$1 & by #ahjj !re 7 ?irty-two settlem5ts 9 ! ,connecticut ,res]ve4 ,,detroit4--,! *ief t[n ( ! ,nor?we/ 0 ,detroit4 ,wayne1 :o saw x 9 #agif1 describ$ x z a cr[d$ mass ( "o- & two-/ory build+s sep>at$ by /reets s n>r[ t two wagons c\ld sc>cely pass4 ,ar\nd ! t[n 0 a /ockade ( high pickets ) ba/ions & cannon at prop] di/ances1 & )9 ! /ockade a k9d ( citadel4 ,! only entrances 7 ?r\gh two gates def5d$ by blockh\ses at ei!r end ( a /reet along ! riv]4 ,e night f sunset to sunrise ! gates 7 %ut1 & dur+ ?is "t no ,indian 0 all[$ to rema9 9 ! t[n4 ,,indiana ,,t]ritory4--,aft] ,wayne's treaty ) ! ,indians1 five ye>s br\ght s _m p into ! ,nor?we/ ,t]ritory t 9 #ahjj ! we/]n "p 0 cut (f & made ! sep>ate t]ritory ( ,indiana4 #g ,n #f1jjj :ite p !n liv$ 9 all its va/ area4 ,! c5sus ( #ahjj %[$ t m ?an #e1jjj1jjj p !n dwelt 9 our c\ntry2 ( ^!1 ne>ly #djj1jjj 7 9 ! five ,we/]n /ates & t]ritories--,k5tucky1 ,t5nessee1 ,nor?we/1 ,indiana1 ,mississippi4 ,,public ,,l& ,,on ,,cr$it4--,! same ye> 7#ahjj7 9 :i* ,congress creat$ ! t]ritory ( ,indiana1 x *ang$ ! mann] ( sell+ ! public l&s4 ,hi!rto ! buy] _h be5 oblig$ to pay ca%4 ,aft] #ahjj he might buy on cr$it1 pay+ "o qu>t] annually4 ,! effect ( ?is 0 to br+ settl]s into ! ,we/ 9 su* numb]s t ! /ate ( ,ohio 0 admitt$ 9 #ahjc1 & ! t]ritory ( ,mi*igan =m$ 9 #ahje4 #h ,illu/ration3 ,,settl$ ,,area ,,9 #ahaj4 ,,france ,,acquires ,,l\isiana4--,= yet ano!r reason ! ye> #ahjj is a memorable "o 9 our hi/ory4 ,:5 ! ,fr5* ,m9i/] ( ,=eign ,affairs he>d t ,spa9 79 #agie7 _h agre$ t #ca nor? latitude %\ld be ! divid+ l9e betwe5 u & ,we/ ,florida1 he became al>m$4 ,he fe>$ t our next /ep w\ld be to acquire ,we/ ,florida1 & p]haps ! c\ntry we/ ( ! ,mississippi4 ,to prev5t ?is he ask$ ,spa9 to give ,l\isiana back to ,france z ,france _h giv5 x to ,spa9 9 #agfb 7see page #adc72 ,france w\ld !n occupy & hold x =ev]4 ,spa9 refus$2 b soon aft] ,napoleon came into p[] ! reque/ 0 r5ew$ 9 s tempt+ a =m t ,spa9 yield$1 & by a secret treaty return$ ,l\isiana to ,france 9 #ahjj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates1 #ahje4 ,,! ,,mississippi ,,clos$ ,,to ,,our ,,comm]ce4--,! treaty = a :ile 0 kept secret2 b :5 x became kn[n t ,napoleon 0 ab\t to s5d an army to take possession ( ,l\isiana1 a ,spani% (ficial at ,new ,orleans took away ! "r ( deposit at t city & s prev5t$ our citiz5s f s5d+ _! produce out ( ! ,mississippi ,riv]4 ,?is 0 a violation ( ! treaty ) ,spa91 & ! settl]s 9 ! valley f ,pittsburg to ,nat*ez dem&$ ! in/ant seizure ( ,new ,orleans4 ,inde$1 an attempt 0 made 9 ,congress to au?orize ! =mation ( an army ( fifty ?\s& m5 = ?is v purpose4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,cabildo1 ,,city ,,hall ,,( ,,new ,,orleans4 ,,l\isiana ,,pur*as$1 #ahjc4--;,b ,presid5t ,jeff]son did n want w>2 in/ead1 he obta9$ ! cons5t ( ,congress to (f] #b1jjj1jjj = ,we/ ,florida & ,new ,orleans4 ,monroe 0 !n s5t to ,p>is to aid ,liv+/on1 our m9i/]1 9 mak+ ! pur*ase1 & mu* to _! surprise ,napoleon (f]$ to sell all ,l\isiana4 #i ,aft] "s hesitation ! (f] 0 accept$4 ,! price 0 #ae1jjj1jjj1 ( :i* #aa1bej1jjj 0 paid to ,france & #c1gej1jjj to citiz5s ( our c\ntry :o _h claims aga9/ ,france4 #aj ,,! ,,b\nd>ies ,,( ,,l\isiana4--,! spl5did t]ritory ?us acquir$ _h nev] be5 giv5 def9ite b\nds4 ,b re/+ on ! discov]ies & explorations ( ,m>quette1 ,joliet1 & ,la ,salle1 ,l\isiana 0 und]/ood to ext5d we/w>d to ! ,rio ,gr&e & ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 & nor?w>d to ! s\rces ( ! riv]s t fl[$ into ! ,mississippi4 ,:e!r ! pur*ase includ$ ,we/ ,florida 0 d\btful1 b we claim$ x1 s t our claim ext5d$ ea/w>d to ! ,p]dido ,riv]4 ,,! ,,t]ritory ,,( ,,orleans4--,! c\ntry hav+ be5 acquir$1 x _h to be gov]n$4 ,s mu* ( x z lay we/ ( ! ,mississippi & s\? ( #cc nor? latitude1 ) ! city ( ,new ,orleans & ! region r\nd ab\t x1 0 made ! new t]ritory ( ,orleans4 ,! re/ ( ! pur*ase we/ ( ! ,mississippi 0 call$ ! t]ritory ( ,l\isiana 7map1 p4 #bdb74 ,,l\isiana ,,explor$4--,:5 ! ,l\isiana pur*ase 0 made 9 #ahjc1 mo/ ( ! c\ntry 0 an unkn[n l&4 ,b 9 #ahjd an explor+ p>ty "u ,m]iwe!r ,lewis & ,william ,cl>k #aa w5t up ! ,miss\ri ,riv] f ,/4 ,l\is1 sp5t ! w9t] ( #ahjd-e 9 :at is n[ ,nor? ,dakota1 cross$ ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s 9 ! summ] ( #ahje1 & w5t d[n ! ,columbia to ! ,pacific4 ,aft] pass+ a w9t] 7#ahje-f7 ne> ! coa/1 ! p>ty />t$ ea/w>d 9 ! spr+1 recross$ ! m\nta9s1 & 9 ! autumn rea*$ ,/4 ,l\is4 ,,/4 ,,l\is 0 !n a little fronti] hamlet ( maybe a ?\s& p ( all sorts--,fr5*1 ,spani%1 ,am]ican1 negro slaves1 & ,indians4 ,! h\ses 7 built on a bottom or t]race at ! foot ( a lime/one cliff & arrang$ along a few /reets ) ,fr5* names4 ,! *ief occupation ( ! p 0 ! fur trade1 & to !m ! reports br\ght back by ,lewis & ,cl>k 7 s excit+ t ! ,/4 ,l\is ,fur ,company 0 organiz$ to hunt & trap on ! upp] ,miss\ri4 ,illu/ration3 ,,br&+ ,,iron ,,us$ ,,by ,,lewis4 ,,re=ms ,,9 ,,! ,,/ates4--,dur+ ! ye>s :i* _h pass$ s9ce ! adoption ( ! ,f$]al ,con/itution1 great political re=ms _h be5 made4 ,! doctr9e t all m5 are born politically equal 0 be+ put into practice1 & ! /ates _h begun to re=m _! old con/itutions or to adopt new ones1 aboli%+ religi\s qualifications = (ficehold]s or vot]s1 #ab & do+ away ) ! prop]ty qualifications =m]ly requir$ ( vot]s4 #ac ,"s /ates _h re=m$ _! laws = puni%+ crime1 _h r$uc$ ! numb] ( crimes puni%able ) dea? f fifte5 or tw5ty to "o or two1 & _h aboli%$ :ipp+1 br&+1 cutt+ (f ! e>s1 & o!r cruel puni%m5ts ( colonial times4 ,! "r ( man to life1 lib]ty1 & ! pursuit ( happ9ess 0 m fully recogniz$ ?an ev] be=e4 ,,re=ms ,,9 ,,! ,,f$]al ,,gov]nm5t4--,:5 ! ,republican p>ty came into p[] 9 #ahja1 x 0 pl$g$ to make re=ms to put ! %ip ( /ate1 z ,jeff]son said1 on ! ,republican tack4 ,ab\t a ?ird ( ! important ,f$]ali/ (fice-hold]s 7 accord+ly remov$ f (fice1 ! annual spee* at ! op5+ ( ,congress 0 aboli%$1 & ! writt5 message introduc$--a cu/om foll[$ ev] s9ce by our ,presid5ts4 ,int]nal taxes 7 repeal$1 ! army 0 r$uc$1 #ad ! co/ ( gov]nm5t less5$1 & millions ( doll>s set aside annually = ! paym5t ( ! national debt4 ,t !re might nev] aga9 be su* a conte/$ election z t ( #ahjj1 ,congress submitt$ to ! /ates an am5dm5t to ! ,con/itution provid+ t ! electors %\ld vote = ,presid5t & ,vice ,presid5t on sep>ate ballots1 & n z !ret(ore on ! same ballot4 ,! /ates promptly ratifi$1 & z ! ,twelf? ,am5dm5t x w5t into =ce 9 #ahjd 9 "t = ! election ( t ye>4 ,,jeff]son ,,re,,lect$4--,! ,f$]ali/ c&idates = ,presid5t & ,vice ,presid5t 9 #ahjd 7 ,*>les ,c4 ,p9ckney & ,rufus ,k+2 b ! ,republican c&idates1 ,?omas ,jeff]son & ,george ,cl9ton1 #ae 7 elect$ by a v l>ge majority4 ,,burr ,,kills ,,hamilton4--,vice-,presid5t ,burr1 :o _h cons5t$ to be a c&idate = ! presid5cy 9 #ahja 7p4 #bce7 aga9/ ,jeff]son1 _h nev] be5 =giv5 by 8 p>ty1 & _h ev] s9ce be5 a political outca/4 ,8 fri5ds 9 ,new ,york1 h[ev]1 nom9at$ him = gov]nor & tri$ to get ! support ( ! ,f$]ali/s1 b ,hamilton s\ght to prev5t ?is4 ,aft] ,burr 0 defeat$ he *all5g$ ,hamilton to a duel 7,july1 #ahjd7 & kill$ him4 ,,burr',s ,,conspiracy4--,fe>+ arre/ = murd]1 ,burr fl$ to ,philadelphia & appli$ to ! ,briti% m9i/] = ,briti% help 9 effect+ a sep>ation ( ! we/]n "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates f t :i* lies betwe5 ! ,atlantic & ! m\nta9s2 = he believ$ ! p 9 ,orleans t]ritory 7 eag] to ?r[ (f ,am]ican rule4 ,aft] ! end ( 8 t]m z ,vice ,presid5t 7,m>* #d1 #ahje7 ,burr w5t we/ & came back ) a s*eme = conqu]+ a region 9 ! s\?we/1 enli/$ a few m5 9 8 ent]prise1 assembl$ !m at ,bl5n]hassets ,isl& 9 ! ,ohio ,riv] 7a few miles bel[ ,m>ietta71 & 79 ,decemb]1 #ahjf7 />t$ = ,new ,orleans4 ,! boats ) m5 & arms float$ d[n ! ,ohio1 ent]$ ! ,mississippi1 & 7 go+ d[n t riv] :5 ,g5]al ,james ,wilk9son1 a fell[-conspirator1 betray$ ! s*eme to ,jeff]son4 ,burr 0 arre/$ & s5t to ,virg9ia1 *>g$ ) levy+ w> aga9/ ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :i* 0 treason1 & ) sett+ on foot a milit>y exp$ition aga9/ ! dom9ions ( ! k+ ( ,spa91 :i* 0 a high misdemeanor4 ,( ! *>ge ( treason ,burr 0 acquitt$2 t ( high misdemeanor 0 s5t to a c\rt 9 ,ohio = trial1 & came to naught4 #af ,illu/ration3 ,,burr',s ,,grave ,,at ,,pr9ceton1 ,n4 ,j4 ,,summ>y #a4 ,) ! e/abli%m5t ( gov]nm5t "u ! ,con/itution1 confid5ce 0 re/or$ & prosp]ity began4 #b4 ,banks 7 *>t]$ by ! /ates1 "s roads & canals 7 con/ruct$1 & money 0 ga!r$ by lott]ies = all sorts ( public improvem5ts4 #c4 ,new indu/ries 7 />t$1 & ! cotton g9 & o!r ma*9es 7 inv5t$4 #d4 ,! defeat ( ! ,indians1 ! removal ( ! ,briti% & ,spani% f our ,we/]n c\ntry1 & ! sale ( public l& on cr$it enc\rag$ a /ream ( emigrants into ! ,we/4 #e4 ,k5tucky1 ,t5nessee1 & ,ohio ent]$ ! ,union1 & ! t]ritories ( ,mississippi1 ,indiana1 & ,mi*igan 7 organiz$4 #f4 ,! cession ( ,l\isiana to ,france 9 #ahjj1 & ! clos+ ( ! ,mississippi ,riv] to ,am]icans1 l$ to ! pur*ase ( ,l\isiana 9 #ahjc4 #g4 ,?is great region 0 organiz$ into ! t]ritories ( ,orleans & ,l\isiana2 & ! wid? ( ! cont95t f ,/4 ,l\is to ! m\? ( ! ,columbia 0 explor$ by ,lewis & ,cl>k4 #h4 ,_m re=ms 7 made 9 ! /ate & national gov]nm5ts t5d+ to make !m m democratic4 #i4 ,9 #ahjd ,jeff]son 0 reelect$ ,presid5t1 b ,burr 0 n aga9 *os5 ,vice ,presid5t4 ,hav+ engag$ 9 a plan = conqu]+ a region 9 ! s\?we/ 7#ahjf71 ,burr 0 arre/$ = treason1 b 0 n condemn$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pione] ,,hunt]4 ,,footnotes #a ,read ,t[n & ,c\ntry ,life 9 #ahjj1 ,*ap4 xii 9 ,mc,master's ,hi/ory ( ! ,p ( ! ,u4 ,s41 ,vol4 ,,ii4 #b ,! ,middlesex f ,bo/on to ,l[ell2 ! ,dismal ,swamp 9 ,virg9ia2 ! ,santee 9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a4 #c ,9 ^? days lott]ies = public purposes 7 n ?\ght wrong4 ,! ,cont95tal ,congress & _m /ate legislatures us$ !m to raise rev5ue4 ,congress au?oriz$ "o to secure money ) :i* to improve ,wa%+ton city4 ,faneuil ,hall 9 ,bo/on & ,indep5d5ce ,hall 9 ,philadelphia 7 aid$ by lott]ies4 ,private lott]ies _h be5 =bidd5 by _m ( ! colonies4 ,b ! /ates cont9u$ to au?orize lott]ies = public purposes till aft] #ahcj1 :5 "o by "o !y =bade all lott]ies4 #d ,p>liam5t 9 #aggd =bade any "o to take away f ,engl& any draw+ or model ( any ma*9e us$ 9 ! manufacture ( cotton goods4 ,no su* ma*9es 7 all[$ 9 our c\ntry 9 colonial times4 ,9 #aghg1 h[ev]1 ! ,massa*usetts legislature vot$ six tickets 9 ! ,/ate ,l& ,lott]y to two ,scot*m5 nam$ ,burr to help !m build a sp9n+ j5ny4 ,ab\t ! same "t #bjj 0 giv5 to a man nam$ ,som]s to help him con/ruct a ma*9e4 ,! models ?us built 7 put 9 ! ,/ateh\se at ,bo/on = anybody to copy :o wi%$1 & mills 7 soon />t$ at ,worce/]1 ,bev]ly1 & ,provid5ce4 ,b x 0 n till #agij1 :5 ,samuel ,slat] came to ,am]ica1 t ! great ,engli% ma*9es 7 introduc$4 ,slat] 0 famili> ) !m & made 8 f memory4 #e ,eli ,:itney 0 born 9 #agfe1 & :ile /ill a lad %[$ great skill 9 mak+ & h&l+ tools4 ,aft] graduat+ f ,yale ,college1 he w5t to reside 9 ! family ( ,g5]al ,gre5e1 :o _h be5 giv5 a plantation by ,georgia4 ,:ile he 0 mak+ ! fir/ cotton g91 plant]s came long di/ances to see x1 & be=e x 0 f9i%$ & pat5t$ "s "o broke into ! build+ :]e x 0 & /ole x4 ,9 #agid he receiv$ a pat5t1 b he 0 unable to en=ce 8 rights4 ,aft] a few ye>s1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a b\ght 8 "r = t /ate1 & ,nor? ,c>ol9a levi$ a tax on cotton g9s = 8 b5efit4 ,b ! sum he receiv$ 0 v small4 #f ,james ,rumsey1 z e>ly z #aghe1 _h exp]im5t$ ) a /eamboat on ! ,potomac1 & ab\t ! same "t ,john ,fit* built "o 9 ,p5nsylvania1 & succe$$ s well t 9 #aghf & 9 #aghg "o ( 8 boats made trial trips on ! ,delaw>e4 ,lat] 9 #aghg ,rumsey ran a /eamboat on ! ,potomac at ! rate ( f\r miles an h\r4 #g ,n ! ,indiana ( to-day1 b ! great region includ+ :at is n[ ,indiana1 ,ill9ois1 ,wiscons91 & half ( ,mi*igan & ,m9nesota4 ,! settlem5ts 7 ,mack9aw1 ,gre5 ,bay1 ,prairie du ,*i51 ,cahokia1 ,belle ,fonta9e1 ,l',aigle1 ,kaskaskia1 ,prairie du ,ro*]1 ,=t ,massac1 & ,v9c5nes4 ,notice t mo/ ( ^! names are ( ,fr5* orig94 ,! gov]nor 0 ,william ,h4 ,h>rison1 aft]w>d a ,presid5t4 #h ,9 #ahji ,ill9ois t]ritory 0 creat$ f ! we/]n "p ( ,indiana t]ritory4 ,:5 ! c5sus 0 tak5 9 #ahaj1 ne>ly #a1jjj1jjj p 7 liv+ we/ ( ! ,appala*ians4 #i ,read ! sc5e betwe5 ,napoleon & 8 bro!rs ov] ! sale ( ,l\isiana1 z told 9 ,adams's ,hi/ory ( ! ,u4 ,s41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #cc-ci4 #aj ,! transf] ( ,l\isiana to ,france took place on ,novemb] #cj1 #ahjc1 & ! deliv]y to u on ,decemb] #bj4 ,our commission]s ,william ,c4 ,c4 ,claiborne & ,james ,wilk9son met ! ,fr5* commission] ,laussat 7lo- sah'7 9 ! hall ( ! ,cabildo 7a build+ /ill 9 exi/5ce1 p4 #bdc71 pres5t$ _! cr$5tials1 receiv$ ! keys ( ! city1 & li/5$ to ,laussat z he proclaim$ ,l\isiana ! prop]ty ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,?is c]emony ov]1 ! commission]s /epp$ out on a balcony to witness ! transf] ( flags4 ,! tricolor :i* float$ f ! top ( a /aff 9 ! ,place d',armes 7n[ ,jackson ,squ>e7 0 drawn sl[ly d[n & ! />s & /ripes z sl[ly rais$ till ! two met midway1 :5 bo? 7 salut$ by cannon4 ,our flag 0 !n rais$ to ! top ( ! pole1 & t ( ,france l[]$ & plac$ 9 ! h&s ( ,laussat4 ,"o hundr$ ye>s lat] ! anniv]s>y 0 celebrat$ by repeat+ ! same c]emony4 ,! ,f$]ali/s bitt]ly oppos$ ! pur*ase ( ,l\isiana4 ,read ,mc,master's ,hi/ory ( ! ,p ( ! ,u4 ,s41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #fbi-fca4 ,= descriptions ( life 9 ,l\isiana1 read ,cable's ,creoles ( ,l\isiana1 ,! ,gr&issimes1 & ,/range ,true ,/ories ( ,l\isiana4 #aa ,bo? ,lewis & ,cl>k 7 ,virg9ians & exp]i5c$ ,indian fight]s4 ,on _! return ,lewis 0 made gov]nor ( ! upp] ,l\isiana t]ritory1 lat] call$ ,miss\ri t]ritory2 & di$ ne> ,na%ville 9 #ahji4 ,cl>k 0 likewise a gov]nor ( ,miss\ri t]ritory & lat] a ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,indian ,affairs2 he di$ at ,/4 ,l\is 9 #ahch4 ,he 0 a y\ng] bro!r ( ,george ,rog]s ,cl>k4 #ab ,p5nsylvania1 ,delaw>e1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 ,georgia4 #ac ,9 ,p5nsylvania all free male taxpay]s c\ld vote4 ,georgia & ,delaw>e gave ! suffrage to all free :ite male taxpay]s4 ,9 ,v]mont & ,k5tucky !re _h nev] be5 a prop]ty qualification4 #ad ,9 #ahjb1 h[ev]1 !re 0 f\nd$ ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,milit>y ,academy at ,we/ ,po9t4 #ae ,cl9ton 0 born 9 #agci1 took an active "p 9 ,revolution>y affairs1 0 *os5 gov]nor ( ,new ,york 9 #aggg1 & 0 reflect$ e election = eighte5 ye>s4 ,he 0 ! lead] ( ! popul> p>ty 9 t /ate1 0 twice *os5 ,vice ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & di$ 9 t (fice 9 #ahab4 #af ,burr's trial 0 conduct$ 79 a circuit c\rt7 ) rigid imp>tiality by ,*ief-,ju/ice ,john ,m>%all1 "o ( ! greate/ judges our c\ntry has kn[n4 ,z head ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt = ?irty-f\r ye>s 7#ahja-ce71 he r5d]$ _m decisions ( la/+ influ5ce4 ,,*apt] ,,xx ,,! ,,/ruggle ,,= ,,comm]cial ,,indep5d5ce ,,w> ,,) ,,tripoli4--,9 8 fir/ inaugural ,jeff]son ann\nc$ a policy ( peace1 comm]ce1 & fri5d%ip ) all nations2 b unhappily he 0 n able to c>ry x out4 ,"u treaties ) ,algi]s1 ,tripoli1 & ,tunis1 we _h paid tribute or made pres5ts to ^! p[]s1 to prev5t !m f attack+ our %ips4 ,9 #ahjj1 h[ev]1 :5 ,adams s5t ! ye>ly tribute to ,algi]s1 ! rul] ( ,tripoli dem&$ a l>ge pres5t1 & :5 x did n come1 decl>$ w>4 ,expect+ tr\ble ) ?is ne/ ( pirates1 ,jeff]son 9 #ahja s5t ov] a fleet :i* 0 to blockade ! coa/ ( ,tripoli & t ( any o!r ,b>b>y p[] t might be at w> ) u4 ,b f\r ye>s pass$1 & ,tripoli 0 five times bomb>d$ be=e t]ms ( peace 7 dictat$ by ,capta9 ,rodg]s "u ! muzzles ( 8 guns 7#ahje74 #a ,,great ,,brita9 ,,& ,,france4--,:ile our conte/ ) ,tripoli 0 dragg+ along1 ,france & ,great ,brita9 aga9 w5t to w> 7#ahjc71 & our neutral rights 7 aga9 attack$4 ,briti% cruis]s captur$ _m ,am]ican %ips on ! gr\nd t !y 7 c>ry+ on trade betwe5 ! ports ( ,france & h] colonies4 ,napoleon attack$ ,briti% comm]ce by decrees :i* clos$ ! ports ( ,europe to ,briti% goods1 decl>$ a blockade ( ! ,briti% ,isles1 & made subject to capture any neutral vessels t t\*$ at a ,briti% port4 ,great ,brita9 repli$ ) ord]s 9 c\ncil1 blockad+ ! ports ( ,france & h] allies1 & requir+ all neutral vessels go+ to a clos$ port to /op at "s ,briti% port & pay tribute4 #b ,z ,great ,brita9 rul$ ! sea1 & ,napoleon mo/ ( we/]n ,europe1 ^! decrees & ord]s meant ! ru9 ( our comm]ce4 ,aga9/ su* rules ( w> our gov]nm5t prote/$1 claim+ ! "r ( free trade1 or ! fre$om ( ! seas1--! "r ( a neutral to trade ) ei!r bellig]5t1 provid$ ! goods 7 n = use 9 actual w> 7z guns1 p[d]1 & %ot74 ,,our ,,sailors ,,impress$4--,b we _h yet ano!r cause ( qu>rel ) ,great ,brita94 ,%e claim$ t 9 "t ( w> %e _h a "r to ! s]vices ( h] sailors2 t if !y 7 on =eign %ips1 !y mu/ come home & s]ve on h] w> vessels4 ,%e d5i$ t a ,briti% subject c\ld become a naturaliz$ ,am]ican2 once a ,briti% subject1 always a ,briti% subject1 0 h] doctr9e4 ,%e /opp$ our vessels at sea1 exam9$ ! crews1 & seiz$ or impress$ any ,briti% subjects f\nd among !m-- & _m ,am]ican sailors z well4 ,aga9/ su* impressm5t our gov]nm5t set up ! claim ( sailors' rights--d5y+ ! "r ( ,great ,brita9 to se>* our %ips at sea or to seize sailors ( any nationality :ile on bo>d an ,am]ican vessel4 ,,! ,,attack ,,on ,,! ,,*esapeake4--,be=e #ahje ,great ,brita9 conf9$ impressm5t to ! high seas & to h] own ports4 ,aft] #ahje %e c>ri$ x on also (f our coa/s & 9 our ports4 ,f9ally1 9 #ahjg1 a ,briti% (fic]1 he>+ t "s ,briti% sailors 7 among ! crew ( our frigate ,*esapeake :i* 0 ab\t to sail1 only p>tly equipp$1 f ! ,wa%+ton navy y>d1 ord]$ ! ,leop>d to foll[ ! ,*esapeake to sea & se>* h]4 ,?is 0 done1 & :5 ,commodore ,b>ron refus$ to h 8 vessel se>*$1 %e 0 fir$ on by ! ,leop>d1 bo>d$1 se>*$1 & "o ,briti% & ?ree ,am]ican sailors 7 tak5 f h] deck4 #c ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,*esapeake ,,surr5d]s ,,to ,,! ,,leop>d4 ,,congress ,,retaliates4--,x 0 n[ high "t = u to /rike back at ,france & ,great ,brita94 ,we _h ei!r to fight = free trade & sailors' rights1 or to ab&on ! sea & /op all attempts to trade ) ,europe & ,great ,brita94 ,jeff]son *ose ! latt] c\rse4 ,our retaliation !re=e consi/$ ( #a4 ,! ,long ,emb>go 7#ahjg-i74 #b4 ,! ,non-int]c\rse ,act 7#ahji74 #c4 ,macon's ,bill ,no4 #b 7#ahaj74 #d4 ,! ,decl>ation ( ,w> 7#ahab74 ,,! ,,long ,,emb>go4--,late 9 ,decemb]1 #ahjg1 at ! reque/ ( ,jeff]son1 ,congress laid an emb>go & cut (f all trade ) =eign ports4 #d ,! re/riction 0 s sweep+ & ! damage to f>m]s1 plant]s1 m]*ants1 %ip[n]s1 & sailors s great1 t ! law 0 at once evad$4 ,m /r+5t laws 7 !re=e enact$1 till at la/ trade along ! coa/ f port to port 0 made all b impossible4 ,defiance to ! emb>go laws became s g5]al #e t a ,=ce ,act 7#ahji7 0 pass$1 giv+ ! ,presid5t au?ority to use ! army & navy 9 en=c+ ob$i5ce4 ,?is 0 too mu*1 & su* a /orm ( indignation arose 9 ! ,ea/]n /ates t ,congress repeal$ ! emb>go laws 7#ahji7 & sub/itut$ ,,! ,,non-,,int]c\rse ,,act4--,?is =bade comm]ce ) ,great ,brita9 & ,france1 b all[$ x ) su* c\ntries z 7 n "u ,fr5* or ,briti% control4 ,if ei!r p[] w\ld repeal its ord]s or decrees1 ! ,presid5t 0 to ann\nce ?is fact & r5ew comm]ce ) t p[]4 ,j at ?is "t ! second t]m ( ,jeff]son end$1 #f & ,madison became ,presid5t 7,m>* #d1 #ahji74 #h ,,! ,,ersk9e ,,agreem5t7#ahji74--;,& n[ ! ,briti% m9i/]1 ,mr4 ,ersk9e1 (f]$1 9 ! "n ( ! k+1 to lift ! ord]s 9 c\ncil if ! ,unit$ ,/ates w\ld r5ew trade ) ,great ,brita94 ,! (f] 0 accept$1 & ! r5ewal ( trade proclaim$4 ,b :5 ! k+ he>d ( x1 he recall$ ,ersk9e & disav[$ ! agreem5t1 & ,madison 0 =c$ to decl>e trade ) ,great ,brita9 aga9 susp5d$4 ,,macon',s ,,bill ,,no4 #b4--,non-int]c\rse hav+ fail$1 ,congress 9 #ahaj tri$ a new exp]im5t1 & by ,macon's ,bill ,no4 #b 7s-call$ because x 0 ! second ( two bills introduc$ by ,mr4 ,macon7 re/or$ trade ) ,france & ,great ,brita94 ,at ! same "t x provid$ t if ei!r p[] w\ld )draw its decrees or ord]s1 trade %\ld be cut (f ) ! o!r unless t p[] also w\ld )draw !m4 ,napoleon n[ 7#ahaj7 pret5d$ to recall 8 decrees1 b ,great ,brita9 refus$ to )draw h] ord]s 9 c\ncil1 :]eupon 9 #ahaa trade 0 aga9 /opp$ ) ,great ,brita94 ,,! ,,decl>ation ,,( ,,w>4--,& n[ ! end _h come4 ,we _h ei!r to submit tamely or to fight4 ,! p decid$ to fight1 & 9 ! elections ( #ahaj completely *ang$ ! "* ( ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives4 ,a l>ge numb] ( new memb]s 7 elect$1 & ! control ( public affairs pass$ f m5 ( ! ,revolution>y p]iod to a y\ng] set ) v diff]5t views4 ,among !m 7 two m5 :o rose at once to lead]%ip & rema9$ s = ne>ly =ty ye>s to come4 ,"o 0 ,h5ry ,clay ( ,k5tucky2 #i ! o!r 0 ,john ,c4 ,calh\n ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a4 ,clay 0 made speak] ( ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives1 & "u 8 lead ! ,h\se at once began prep>ations = w> ) ,great ,brita91 :i* 0 =mally decl>$ 9 ,june1 #ahab4 ,! causes /at$ by ,madison 9 ! proclamation 7 7#a7 impress+ our sailors1 7#b7 s5d+ %ips to cruise (f our ports & se>* our vessels1 7#c7 int]f]+ ) our trade by ord]s 9 c\ncil1 & 7#d7 urg+ ! ,indians to make w> on ! ,we/]n settl]s4 ,,! ,,battle ,,( ,,tippecanoe4--,t ! ,briti% _h be5 tamp]+ ) ! ,indians 0 believ$ to be prov$ by ! prep>ation ( _m ( ! ,indian tribes = w>4 ,f "t to "t "s ,indian ( great ability _h aris5 & attempt$ to unite ! tribes 9 a g5]al w> ^u ! :ites4 ,k+ ,philip 0 su* a lead]1 & s 0 ,pontiac1 & s at ?is "t 7 ! tw9 bro!rs ,tecum! & ! ,prophet4 ,! purpose ( ,tecum! 0 to unite all ! tribes f ! ,great ,lakes to ! ,gulf ( ,mexico 9 a g5]al w>1 to drive ! :ites f ! ,mississippi valley4 ,aft] unit+ _m ( ! ,nor!rn tribes he w5t s\?1 leav+ 8 bro!r1 ! ,prophet1 9 comm&4 ,b ! action ( ! ,prophet s al>m$ ,g5]al ,h>rison1 #aj gov]nor ( ,indiana t]ritory1 t he m>*$ aga9/ ! ,indians & beat !m at ! ,tippecanoe 7#ahaa74 #aa ,illu/ration3 ,,vic9ity ,,( ,,! ,,tippecanoe ,,riv]4 ,,madison ,,re,,lect$4--,z ,madison 0 will+ to be a w> ,presid5t ! ,republicans nom9at$ him = a second t]m ( ! presid5cy1 ) ,elbridge ,g]ry #ab = ! vice presid5cy4 ,! ,f$]ali/s & ^? oppos$ to w>1 ! peace p>ty1 nom9at$ ,de,witt ,cl9ton = ,presid5t4 ,madison & ,g]ry 7 elect$4 #ac ,,! ,,w> ,,op5s4--,! w> :i* n[ foll[$1 ,mr4 ,madison's ,w> z ! ,f$]ali/s call$ x1 0 f\ght along ! edges ( our c\ntry & on ! sea4 ,x may !re=e be consid]$ "u f\r heads3-- #a4 ,w> on l& along ! ,canadian fronti]4 #b4 ,w> on l& along ! ,atlantic seabo>d4 #c4 ,w> on l& along ! ,gulf coa/4 #d4 ,w> on ! sea4 ,sc>cely _h ! fight+ begun :5 news arriv$ t ,great ,brita9 _h recall$ ! hat$ ord]s 9 c\ncil1 b %e w\ld n give up ! "r ( se>* & ( impressm5t1 s ! w> w5t on1 z ,madison believ$ t cause en\gh /ill rema9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,w> ,,( #ahab4 ,,fight+ ,,on ,,! ,,fronti]1 #ahab4--,! hope ( ! lead]s ( ! w> p>ty1 ,w> ,hawks z ! ,f$]ali/s call$ !m1 0 to capture ! ,briti% prov9ces nor? ( u & make peace at ,halifax4 ,?ree armies 7 !re=e ga!r$ along ! ,canadian fronti]4 ,"o "u ,g5]al ,hull 0 to cross at ,detroit & m>* ea/w>d4 ,a second "u ,g5]al ,van ,r5ssela] 0 to cross ! ,niag>a ,riv]1 jo9 ! =ces "u ,hull1 capture ,york 7n[ ,toronto71 & !n g on to ,montreal4 ,! ?ird "u ,g5]al ,de>born 0 to ent] ,canada f nor!a/]n ,new ,york1 arid meet ! o!r troops ne> ,montreal4 ,! ?ree armies 7 !n to capture ,montreal & ,quebec & conqu] ,canada4 ,b ! plan fail$2 ,hull 0 driv5 out ( ,canada1 & surr5d]$ at ,detroit4 ,van ,r5ssela] did n get a foot+ 9 ,canada1 & ,de>born w5t no f>!r ?an ! nor!rn b\nd>y l9e ( ,new ,york4 ,,fight+ ,,on ,,! ,,fronti]1 #ahac4--,! surr5d] ( ,hull fill$ ! p ) indignation1 & a new army "u ,william ,h5ry ,h>rison 0 s5t across ! wilds ( ,ohio 9 ! dead ( w9t] to recapture ,detroit4 ,b ! ,briti% & ,indians attack$ & captur$ "p ( ! army at ,fr5*t[n on ! ,rais9 ,riv]1 :]e ! ,indians massacr$ ! prison]s4 ,!y !n attack$ ,=t ,meigs & ,=t ,/eph5son1 b 7 driv5 (f4 ,,battle ,,( ,,lake ,,erie4--,meantime a "y naval (fic]1 ,oliv] ,haz>d ,p]ry1 0 ha/ily build+ at ,erie 7,presque ,isle7 a little fleet to attack ! ,briti%1 ^: fleet on ,lake ,erie _h be5 built j z hurri$ly4 ,! fight took place ne> ! we/ end ( ! lake & end$ 9 ! capture ( all ! ,briti% %ips4 #ad ,x 0 !n t ,p]ry s5t (f to ,h>rison ^? famili> words ,we h met ! enemy & !y are ours4 #ae ,,battle ,,( ,,! ,,?ames4--,?is signal victory gave ,p]ry comm& ( ,lake ,erie & enabl$ him to c>ry ,h>rison's army ov] to ,canada1 :]e1 on ! ,?ames ,riv]1 he beat ! ,briti% & ,indians & put !m to flight4 #af ,by ^! two victories ( ,p]ry & ,h>rison we rega9$ all t we _h lo/ by ! surr5d] ( ,hull4 ,on ! ,new ,york fronti] nei!r side accompli%$ any?+ decisive 9 #ahac1 ?\gh ! public build+s at ,york 7n[ ,toronto7 7 de/roy$1 & "s villages on bo? sides ( ! ,niag>a ,riv] 7 burn$4 ,,fight+ ,,on ,,! ,,fronti]1 #ahad4--;,bett] (fic]s 7 n[ put 9 comm& on ! ,new ,york fronti]1 & dur+ #ahad our troops "u ,jacob ,br[n & ,w9field ,scott captur$ ,=t ,erie & won ! battles ( ,*ippewa & ,lundys ,lane4 ,b 9 ! end ! ,briti% drove our army out ( ,canada4 ,fur!r ea/w>d ! ,briti% ga!r$ a fleet on ,lake ,*ampla9 & s5t an army to attack ,plattsburg1 b ,?omas ,macdon\gh utt]ly de/roy$ ! fleet 9 ,plattsburg ,bay1 & ! army 0 repuls$4 ,,fight+ ,,along ,,! ,,seabo>d4--,dur+ #ahab & #ahac ! ,briti% did little m ?an blockade our coa/ f ,rhode ,isl& to ,new ,orleans1 leav+ all ! ea/ coa/ ( ,new ,engl& unmole/$4 #ag ,b 9 #ahad ! entire coa/ 0 blockad$1 ! ea/]n "p ( ,ma9e 0 seiz$ & occupi$1 & ,/on+ton 9 ,connecticut 0 bomb>d$4 ,,wa%+ton ,,& ,,baltimore ,,attack$4--,a fleet ent]$ ,*esapeake ,bay & l&$ an army :i* m>*$ to ,wa%+ton1 burn$ ! ,capitol1 ! ,presid5t's h\se1 ! ,treasury ,build+1 & o!r public build+s1 #ah & ) ! aid ( ! fleet made a va9 attack on ,baltimore4 ,x 0 dur+ ! bomb>dm5t ( a =t ne> ,baltimore t ,francis ,scott ,key1 tempor>ily a prison] ) ! ,briti%1 wrote ,! ,/>-spangl$ ,bann]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ru9s ,,( ,,! ,,capitol ,,aft] ,,! ,,fire4 ,,fight+ ,,along ,,! ,,gulf ,,coa/4--,aft] ! repulse at ,baltimore ! ,briti% army 0 c>ri$ to ! isl& ( ,jamaica to jo9 a great exp$ition fitt+ out = an attack on ,new ,orleans4 ,x 0 ,novemb] be=e ! fleet be>+ ! army set sail1 & ,decemb] :5 ! troops l&$ on ! s\!a/ coa/ ( ,l\isiana & />t$ = ! ,mississippi4 ,on ! banks ( t riv]1 a few miles bel[ ,new ,orleans1 !y met our =ces "u ,g5]al ,&rew ,jackson drawn up beh9d a l9e ( rude intr5*m5ts1 attack$ !m on ! #h? ( ,janu>y1 #ahae1 & 7 badly beat54 ,illu/ration3 ,,battle ,,( ,,new ,,orleans4 ,f an old pr9t4 ,,! ,,sea ,,fights4--,! victories won by ! army 7 inde$ important1 b ^? by ! navy 7 m glori\s /ill4 ,9 ye>s be=e ! w> ,briti% capta9s laugh$ at our little navy & call$ our %ips fir- built ?+s ) a bit ( /rip$ bunt+ at _! ma/heads4 ,^! fir- built ?+s n[ inflict$ on ! ,briti% navy a s]ies ( defeats su* z x _h nev] be=e suff]$ f any nation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,naval ,,cannon ,,( #ahab4 ,be=e ! end ( #ahab ! frigate ,con/itution1 ,old ,ironsides z %e is /ill popul>ly call$1 #ai beat ! ,gu]rire 7g>-e-ar'7 s badly t %e c\ld n be br\ght to port2 ! little sloop ,wasp almo/ %ot to pieces ! ,briti% sloop ,frolic2 #bj ! frigate ,unit$ ,/ates br\ght ! ,mac$onian 9 triumph to ,newport 7,r4,i472 #ba & ! ,con/itution made a wreck ( ! ,java4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cutlass4 ,9 #ahac ! ,hornet1 ,comm&] ,james ,lawr5ce1 s riddl$ ! ,briti% sloop ,peacock t aft] surr5d]+ %e w5t d[n c>ry+ ) h] n9e ( h] own crew & ?ree ( ! ,hornet's4 ,! brig ,ent]prise1 ,william ,burr[s 9 comm&1 f\ght ! ,briti% brig ,box]1 ,capta9 ,bly!1 (f ,portl& h>bor1 ,ma9e4 ,bo? comm&]s 7 kill$1 b ! ,box] 0 tak5 & c>ri$ into ,portl&1 :]e ,burr[s & ,bly!1 wrapp$ 9 ! flags !y _h s well def5d$1 7 buri$ 9 ! ,ea/]n ,cemet]y :i* ov]looks ! bay4 ,,! ,,*esapeake ,,captur$4--,b we too met ) defeats4 ,:5 ,lawr5ce return$ home ) ! ,hornet1 he 0 giv5 comm& ( ! ,*esapeake1 !n fitt+ out 9 ,bo/on h>bor1 & :ile s engag$ 0 *all5g$ by ! comm&] ( ! ,briti% frigate ,%annon to come out & fight4 ,he w5t1 0 mortally w\nd$1 & a second "t ! ,*esapeake /ruck to ! ,briti%4 ,z ,lawr5ce 0 c>ri$ bel[ he cri$ out1 ,don't give up ! %ip--keep h] guns go+--fight h] till %e s9ks2 b ! ,briti% c>ri$ h] by bo>d+4 ,! brig ,argus1 :ile de/roy+ m]*antm5 (f ! ,engli% coa/1 0 tak5 by ! ,briti% brig ,pelican4 #bb ,,peace4--,q e>ly 9 ! w> ,russia t5d]$ h] s]vices z m$iator & !y 7 accept$ by u4 ,great ,brita9 decl9$1 b (f]$ to treat directly if commission]s 7 s5t to "s neutral port4 ,john ,qu9cy ,adams1 ,h5ry ,clay1 ,alb]t ,gallat91 ,james ,a4 ,bay>d1 & ,jona?an ,russell 7 duly appo9t$1 & late 9 ,decemb]1 #ahad1 sign$ a treaty ( peace at ,gh5t4 ,no?+ 0 said 9 x ab\t impressm5t1 se>*1 or ord]s 9 c\ncil1 nor inde$ ab\t any ( ! causes ( ! w>4 ,nev]!less ! ga9 0 great4 ,our naval victories made u respect$ abroad & %[$ u to be ! equal ( any m>itime p[]4 ,at home1 ! w> ar\s$ a national feel+1 did mu* to consolidate ! ,union1 & put an end to our old colonial dep5d5ce on ,europe4 ,!nce=? ,am]icans look$ we/w>d1 n ea/w>d4 ,,! ,,h>t=d ,,conv5tion4--,news ( ! treaty sign$ 9 ,decemb]1 #ahad1 did n rea* our c\ntry till ,febru>y1 #ahae4 #bc ,_h !re be5 ocean /eam%ips or cables 9 ^? days1 two fam\s ev5ts 9 our hi/ory w\ld n h happ5$4 ,! battle ( ,new ,orleans w\ld n h be5 f\ght1 & ! report ( ! ,h>t=d ,conv5tion w\ld n h be5 publi%$4 ,! ,h>t=d ,conv5tion 0 compos$ ( ,f$]ali/ delegates f ! ,new ,engl& /ates1 #bd met 9 ,decemb]1 #ahad1 & held its sessions 9 secret4 ,b its report propos$ "s am5dm5ts to ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,con/itution1 /ate armies to def5d ,new ,engl&1 & ! ret5tion ( a "p ( ! f$]al taxes to pay ! co/4 ,congress 0 to be ask$ to agree to ?is1 arid if x decl9$1 ! /ate legislatures 7 to s5d delegates to ano!r conv5tion to meet 9 ,june1 #ahae4 #be ,:5 ! commission]s to pres5t ^! dem&s rea*$ ,wa%+ton1 peace _h be5 decl>$1 & !y w5t home1 foll[$ by ! je]s ( ! nation4 ,,summ>y #a4 ,! w> ) ,tripoli 7#ahja-e7 end$ 9 victory = our navy4 #b4 ,! r5ewal ( w> betwe5 ,france & ,great ,brita9 involv$ u 9 m s]i\s tr\ble4 #c4 ,:5 ,france attack$ ,briti% comm]ce by decrees1 ,great ,brita9 repli$ ) ord]s 9 c\ncil 7#ahjf-g74 ,9 ^! pap] blockades we 7 ! *ief suff]]s4 #d4 ,great ,brita9 claim$ a "r to take h] subjects (f ,am]ican %ips1 & :ile impress+ _m ,briti% sailors into h] navy1 %e impress$ _m ,am]icans also4 #e4 ,%e s5t vessels ( w> to our coa/ to se>* our %ips1 & 9 #ahjg ev5 seiz$ sailors on bo>d an ,am]ican %ip ( w>1 ! ,*esapeake4 #f4 ,congress retaliat$ ) sev]al measures cutt+ (f trade ) ,france & ,great ,brita92 ^! fail+1 w> on ,great ,brita9 0 decl>$ 9 #ahab4 #g4 ,w> on l& 0 begun by attempts to invade ,canada f ,detroit1 ,niag>a1 & nor!a/]n ,new ,york4 ,^! attempts fail$1 & ,detroit 0 captur$ by ! ,briti%4 #h4 ,9 #ahac ,p]ry won a great naval victory on ,lake ,erie2 & ! ,am]ican soldi]s1 aft] a rev]se at ,fr5*t[n1 invad$ ,canada & won ! battle ( ! ,?ames4 #i4 ,9 #ahad ! ,am]icans won ! battles ( ,*ippewa & ,lundys ,lane1 b 7 lat] driv5 f ,canada4 ,a ,briti% invasion ( ,new ,york met disa/] at ,plattsburg ,bay4 #aj4 ,along ! seabo>d ! ,briti% blockad$ ! entire coa/1 seiz$ ! ea/]n "p ( ,ma9e1 took ,wa%+ton & burn$ ! public build+s1 & attack$ ,baltimore4 #aa4 ,lat] ,new ,orleans 0 attack$1 b 9 #ahae ,jackson won a signal victory & drove ! ,briti% f ,l\isiana4 #ab4 ,on ! sea our vessels won _m %ip duels4 #ac4 ,peace 0 made 9 #ahad1 j z ! ,new ,engl& ,f$]ali/s 7 hold+ _! ,h>t=d ,conv5tion4 ,! w> result$ 9 /r5g!n+ ! ,union & mak+ x m respect$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fl9tlock ,,musket1 ,,su* ,,z ,,0 ,,us$ ,,9 ,,! ,,w> ,,( #ahab4 ,illu/ration3 ,,mod]n ,,milit>y ,,c>b9e4 ,,footnotes #a ,dur+ ! w>1 9 #ahjc1 ! frigate ,philadelphia ran on ! rocks 9 ! h>bor ( ,tripoli1 & 0 captur$ by ! ,tripolitans4 ,! ,am]icans !n det]m9$ to de/roy h]4 ,/eph5 ,decatur sail$ into ! h>bor ) a volunte] crew 9 a little vessel disguis$ z a fi%+ boat4 ,! ,tripolitans all[$ ! ,am]icans to come close1 :]eupon !y bo>d$ ! ,philadelphia1 drove (f ! pirate crew1 set ! vessel on fire1 & escap$ unh>m$4 #b ,! ,fr5* decrees & ,briti% ord]s 9 c\ncil 7 z foll[s3 7#a7 ,napoleon began 7#ahjf7 by issu+ a decree clos+ ! ports ( ,hamburg & ,brem5 7:i* he _h lately captur$7 & s cutt+ (f ,briti% trade ) ,g]many4 7#b7 ,great ,brita9 retaliat$ ) an ord] 9 c\ncil 7,may1 #ahjf71 blockad+ ! coa/ ( ,europe f ,bre/ to ! m\? ( ! riv] ,elbe4 7#c7 ,napoleon retaliat$ 7,novemb]1 #ahjf7 ) ! ,b]l9 ,decree1 decl>+ ! ,briti% ,isles 9 a /ate ( blockade1 & =bidd+ ,engli% trade ) any c\ntry "u ,fr5* control4 7#d7 ,great ,brita9 issu$ ano!r ord] 9 c\ncil 7,novemb]1 #ahjg71 comm&+ h] naval (fic]s to seize any neutral vessel go+ to any clos$ port 9 ,europe unless x fir/ t\*$ at a ,briti% port1 paid duty1 & b\ght a lic5se to trade4 7#e7 ,napoleon !reupon 7,decemb]1 #ahjg7 issu$ 8 ,milan ,decree1 au?oriz+ ! seizure ( any neutral vessel t _h t\*$ at any ,briti% port & tak5 out a lic5se4 ,read ,adams's ,hi/ory ( ! ,u4 ,s41 ,vol4 ,,iii1 ,*ap4 #af2 ,vol4 ,,iv1 ,*aps4 #d1 #e1 #f2 ,mc,master's ,hi/ory ( ! ,p ( ! ,u4 ,s41 ,vol4 ,,iii1 pp4 #bai-bbc1 #bdi-bej1 #bgb-bgd4 #c ,! ,briti% sailor 0 hang$ at ,halifax4 ,! ?ree ,am]icans 7 n return$ till #ahab4 ,read ,maclay's ,hi/ory ( ! ,navy1 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #cje- #cjh4 #d ,! ,f$]ali/s ridicul$ ! emb>go z ! t]rap9-policy2 t is1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 l a t]rap9 :5 /ruck1 _h pull$ its head & feet )9 its %ell in/ead ( fight+4 ,!y rev]s$ ! lett]s s t !y read o-grab-me1 & wrote ! syllables backw>d s z to spell g-b>-'em4 #e ,read ,mc,master's ,hi/ory ( ! ,p ( ! ,u4 ,s41 ,vol4 ,,iii1 pp4 #bgi-cch4 #g ,! p w\ld gladly h giv5 him a ?ird t]m4 ,inde$1 ! legislatures ( eight /ates invit$ him to be a c&idate = reflection4 ,9 decl9+ he said1 ,if "s t]m9ation to ! s]vices ( ! ,*ief ,magi/rate be n fix$ by ! ,con/itution1 or suppli$ by practice1 8 (fice1 nom9ally f\r ye>s1 w 9 fact become = life2 & hi/ory %[s h[ easily t deg5]ates into an inh]itance4 ,! examples ( ,wa%+ton & ,jeff]son e/abli%$ an unwritt5 law aga9/ a ?ird t]m = any ,presid5t4 #h ,james ,madison 0 born 9 ,virg9ia 9 #agea1 & educat$ p>tly at ,pr9ceton4 ,9 #aggf he 0 a delegate to ! ,virg9ia conv5tion to frame a /ate con/itution1 0 a memb] ( ! fir/ legislature "u x1 w5t to ,congress 9 #aghj-hc1 & !n return$ to ! /ate legislature1 #aghd- #hg4 ,he 0 "o ( ! mo/ important memb]s ( ! conv5tion t fram$ ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,con/itution4 ,aft] ! adoption ( ! ,con/itution1 he l$ ! ,republican p>ty 9 ,congress 7#aghi-ig74 ,he wrote ! ,virg9ia ,resolutions ( #agih1 & 9 #ahja-i 0 ,secret>y ( ,/ate "u ,jeff]son4 ,z ! ,republican c&idate = ,presid5t 9 #ahjh1 he receiv$ #abb electoral votes aga9/ #dg = ! ,f$]ali/ c&idate ,*>les ,c4 ,p9ckney4 ,he di$ 9 #ahcf4 #i ,h5ry ,clay1 ! son ( a ,bapti/ m9i/]1 0 born 9 ,virg9ia 9 #aggg 9 a neighborhood call$ ! ,sla%es4 ,"o ( 8 boyhood duties 0 to ride to ! mill ) a bag ( :eat or corn4 ,?us he e>n$ ! "n ( ! ,mill ,boy ( ! ,sla%es1 :i* 9 8 campaigns = ! presid5cy 0 us$ to get votes4 ,8 education 0 receiv$ 9 a log- cab9 s*oolh\se4 ,at f\rte5 he 0 beh9d ! c\nt] 9 a /ore at ,ri*mond2 b f9ally began to read law1 & 9 #agig mov$ to ,k5tucky to gr[ up ) ! c\ntry4 ,!re he prosp]$ greatly1 & 9 #ahjc 0 elect$ to ! /ate legislature1 9 #ahjf & aga9 9 #ahji-aj s]v$ z a ,unit$ ,/ates s5ator to fill an unexpir$ t]m1 & 9 #ahaa ent]$ ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives4 ,f !n till 8 dea?1 ,june #bi1 #aheb1 he 0 "o ( ! mo/ important m5 9 public life2 he 0 t5 ye>s speak] ( ! ,h\se1 f\r ye>s ,secret>y ( ,/ate1 tw5ty ye>s a s5ator1 & ?ree times a c&idate = ,presid5t4 ,he 0 a great lead] & an eloqu5t speak]4 ,he 0 call$ ! ,great ,pacificator & ! ,great ,compromis]1 & "o ( 8 say+s1 ,i _h r be "r ?an be ,presid5t1 has become fam\s4 #aj ,william ,h5ry ,h>rison 0 a son ( ,b5jam9 ,h>rison1 a sign] ( ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce4 ,he 0 born 9 ,virg9ia 9 #aggc1 s]v$ 9 ! ,indian campaigns "u ,/4 ,clair & ,wayne1 comm&$ ,=t ,wa%+ton on ! site ( ,c9c9nati1 0 secret>y ( ! ,nor?we/ ,t]ritory1 & !n delegate to ,congress1 & did mu* to secure ! law = ! sale ( public l& on cr$it4 ,he 0 made gov]nor ( ,indiana ,t]ritory 9 #ahja1 & won great fame z a g5]al 9 ! ,w> ( #ahab4 #aa ,tecum!'s ef=ts 9 ! ,s\? l$ to a w> ) ! ,creeks 9 #ahac- #ad4 ,^! ,indians began by captur+ ,=t ,mims 9 :at is n[ s\!rn ,alabama1 & kill+ _m p !re2 b !y 7 soon subdu$ by ,g5]al ,&rew ,jackson4 ,read ,edw>d ,eggle/on's ,roxy2 & ,eggle/on & ,seelye's ,tecumseh & ! ,%awnee ,prophet4 #ab ,g]ry 0 a native ( ,massa*usetts & "o ( ! delegates :o refus$ to sign ! ,con/itution :5 x 0 fram$ 9 #aghg4 ,z a lead+ ,republican he 0 *os5 by ,adams to repres5t 8 p>ty on ! ,x4 ,y4 ,z4 ,mission4 ,z gov]nor ( ,massa*usetts he sign$ a bill re>rang+ ! s5atorial di/ricts 9 su* wise t "s t[ns hav+ ,f$]ali/ majorities 7 jo9$ to o!rs hav+ great] ,republican majorities1 ?us mak+ m ?an a fair proportion ( ! di/ricts ,republican4 ,?is political fraud is call$ ,g]rym&]+4 ,g]ry di$ ,novemb] #bc1 #ahad1 ! second ,vice ,presid5t to die 9 (fice4 #ac ,eighte5 /ates ca/ electoral votes at ?is election 7#ahab74 ,! electors 7 *os5 by popul> vote 9 eight /ates1 & by vote ( ! legislature 9 t5 /ates1 includ+ ,l\isiana 7! =m] t]ritory ( ,orleans71 :i* 0 admitt$ into ! ,union ,april #h1 #ahab4 ,! admission ( ,l\isiana 0 bitt]ly oppos$ by ! ,f$]ali/s4 ,= _! reasons1 read a spee* by ,josiah ,qu9cy 9 ,john/on's ,am]ican ,orations1 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #ahj-bjd4 #ad ,p]ry's flag%ip 0 nam$ ! ,lawr5ce1 aft] ! gallant comm&] ( ! ,*esapeake1 captur$ a %ort :ile be=e (f ,bo/on4 ,z ,lawr5ce1 mortally w\nd$1 0 c>ri$ bel[1 he said to 8 m51 ,don't give up ! %ip4 ,p]ry put at ! ma/head ( ! ,lawr5ce a blue p5nant be>+ ! words ,don't give up ! %ip1 & f\ght two ( ! l>ge/ vessels ( ! enemy till e gun on 8 engag$ side 0 disabl$1 & b tw5ty m5 out ( a hundr$ & ?ree 7 unhurt4 ,!n ent]+ a boat ) 8 bro!r & f\r seam51 he 0 r[$ to ! ,niag>a1 :i* he br\ght into ! battle1 & ) x broke ! enemy's l9e & won4 #ae ,! /ory ( ! naval w> is told 9 ,maclay's ,hi/ory ( ! ,navy1 ,"p ,?ird2 & 9 ,roosevelt's ,naval ,w> ( #ahab4 #af ,9 ?is battle ! great ,indian lead] ,tecum! 0 kill$4 #ag ,9 ,new ,engl& ! ru9 ( comm]ce made ! w> mo/ unpopul>1 & x 0 because ( ?is t ! ,briti% did n at fir/ blockade ! ,new ,engl& coa/4 ,briti% goods came to ,bo/on1 ,salem1 & o!r ports 9 neutral %ips1 or 9 ,briti% %ips disguis$ z neutral1 & great quantities ( !m 7 c>ri$ 9 f\r-horse wagons to ! ,s\?1 :5ce raw cotton 0 br\ght back to ,new ,engl& to be %ipp$ abroad4 ,! ,republicans made great fun ( ?is ox-&-horse-m>9e4 #ah ,= a description ( ! sc5es 9 ,wa%+ton1 read ,mc,master's ,hi/ory ( ! ,p ( ! ,u4 ,s41 ,vol4 ,,iv1 pp4 #ach-adg2 or ,adams's ,hi/ory ( ! ,u4 ,s41 ,vol4 ,,viii1 pp4 #add-aeb2 or ,memoirs ( ,dolly ,madison1 ,*ap4 #h4 #ai ,read ,holmes's poem ,old ,ironsides4 #bj ,?is battle 0 f\ght on a cle> moonlight night & 0 full ( dramatic incid5ts4 ,a /orm _h la%$ ! sea into fury & ! waves 7 runn+ m\nta9 high4 ,wave aft] wave swept ! deck ( ! ,wasp & dr5*$ ! sailors4 ,! two sloops roll$ till ! muzzles ( _! guns dipp$ 9 ! sea2 b bo? crews *e]$ he>tily & f\ght on till1 z ! ,wasp rubb$ across ! b[ ( ! ,frolic1 h] jib boom came 9 betwe5 ! ma/s ( ! ,wasp4 ,a bo>d+ p>ty !n leap$ ^u h] b[sprit1 & z !y ran d[n ! deck 7 amaz$ to see nobody save ! man at ! :eel & ?ree w\nd$ (fic]s4 ,z ! ,briti% 7 n able to l[] _! flag1 ,lieut5ant ,biddle ( ! ,wasp haul$ x d[n4 ,sc>cely _h ?is be5 done :5 ! ,briti% frigate ,poicti]s came 9 sight1 & *as$ & ov]haul$ ! ,wasp & captur$ h]4 #ba ,( all ! ,briti% frigates captur$ dur+ ! w>1 ! ,mac$onian 0 ! only "o br\ght to port4 ,! o!rs 7 %ot to pieces & sank or 7 de/roy$ soon aft] ! battle4 ,! ,mac$onian arriv$ at ,newport 9 ,decemb]1 #ahab4 ,:5 ! lieut5ant be>+ h] flag & dispat*es rea*$ ,wa%+ton1 he 0 in=m$ t a naval ball 0 be+ held 9 honor ( ! capture ( ! ,gu]rire & ano!r %ip1 & t _! flags 7 hang+ on ! wall4 ,ha/5+ to ! hotel1 he ann\nc$ himself & 0 quickly escort$ to ! ballroom1 :]e1 ) *e]s & s++1 ! flag ( ! ,mac$onian 0 hung beside ^? ( ! o!r two captur$ vessels4 #bb ,9 ,octob]1 #ahab1 ! frigate ,essex1 ,capta9 ,port] 9 comm&1 sail$ f ,delaw>e ,bay1 cruis$ d[n ! ea/ & up ! we/ coa/ ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 & captur$ sev5 ,briti% vessels4 ,b %e 0 captur$ ne> ,valp>aiso by ! ,briti% frigates ,*]ub & ,phoebe 9 ,m>*1 #ahad4 ,9 ,janu>y1 #ahae1 ! ,presid5t1 ,commodore ,decatur1 0 captur$ (f ,long ,isl& by a ,briti% squadron ( f\r vessels4 ,9 ,febru>y ! ,con/itution1 ,capta9 ,/ew>t1 :5 ne> ,madeira1 captur$ ! ,cyane & ! ,levant4 #bc ,"s idea ( ! difficulty ( travel & ! transmission ( news 9 ^? days may be ga9$ f ! fact t :5 ! ag5t be>+ ! treaty ( peace arriv$ at ,new1 ,york ,febru>y #aa1 #ahae1 an express rid] 0 s5t po/ ha/e to ,bo/on1 at a co/ ( #bbe4 #bd ,! /ates ( ,v]mont & ,new ,hamp%ire s5t no delegates to ?is conv5tion2 b ?ree delegates 7 appo9t$ by c]ta9 c\nties 9 ^? /ates4 ,:5 ,connecticut & ,rhode ,isl& *ose delegates1 a ,f$]ali/ newspap] publi%$ 9 ,bo/on welcom$ !m 9 an article head$ ,second & ,?ird ,pill>s ( a ,new ,f$]al ,edifice ,re>$4 ,despite ! action ( ! ,h>t=d ,conv5tion1 ! fact rema9s t ,massa*usetts contribut$ m ?an h] proportionate %>e ( money & troops = ! w>4 #be ,! report is pr9t$ 9 ,mac,donald's ,select ,docum5ts4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi ,,rise ,,( ,,! ,,we/ ,,trade1 ,,comm]ce1 ,,& ,,! ,,fi%]ies4--,! treaty ( #ahad did n end our tr\bles ) ,great ,brita94 ,our %ips 7 /ill %ut out ( h] ,we/ ,indian ports4 ,! =t at ,a/oria1 ne> ! m\? ( ! ,columbia ,riv]1 _h be5 seiz$ dur+ ! w> & = a "t 0 n return$ z ! treaty requir$4 ,! au?orities 9 ,nova ,scotia claim$ t we no long] _h a "r to fi% 9 ,briti% wat]s1 & seiz$ our fi%+ vessels or drove !m f ! fi%+ gr\nds4 ,we _h no trade treaty ) ,great ,brita94 ,9 #ahae1 !re=e1 a conv5tion 0 made regulat+ trade ) ,great ,brita9 & h] ,ea/ ,indian colonies1 b n ) h] ,we/ ,indies2 #a 9 #ahag1 a v important agreem5t limit$ ! navies on ! ,great ,lakes2 #b & 9 #ahah a conv5tion 0 made def5d+ our fi%+ rights 9 ,briti% wat]s4 #c ,,banks ,,& ,,! ,,curr5cy4--,b !re 7 also dome/ic affairs :i* requir$ att5tion4 ,:5 ! *>t] ( ! ,bank ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7p4 #bbd7 expir$ 9 #ahaa1 x 0 n r5ew$1 = ! p>ty 9 p[] d5i$ t ,congress _h au?ority to *>t] a bank4 ,a ho/ ( banks *>t]$ by ! /ates !reupon sprang up1 9 hope ( gett+ "s ( ! bus9ess =m]ly done by ! national bank & its bran*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,bank ,,( ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates4 ,9 ?ree ye>s' "t "o hundr$ & tw5ty new /ate banks 7 creat$4 ,ea* issu$ bank notes ) a promise to ex*ange !m = specie 7gold or silv] co97 on dem&4 ,9 #ahad1 h[ev]1 ne>ly all ! banks outside ( ,new ,engl& susp5d$ specie paym5t2 t is1 refus$ to r$eem _! notes 9 specie4 ,p]sons hav+ gold & silv] money !n kept x1 & ! only money left 9 circulation 0 ! bank notes--:i*1 a few miles away f ! place ( issue1 w\ld n pass at _! face value4 #d ,bus9ess & travel 7 s]i\sly int]f]$ )1 & 9 ord] to provide ! p ) "s k9d ( money :i* w\ld pass at ! same value ev]y:]e1 ,congress 9 #ahaf *>t]$ a second ,bank ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #e v mu* l ! fir/ "o1 = a p]iod ( tw5ty ye>s4 ,,manufactures ,,& ,,! ,,t>iff4--,be=e ! emb>go days1 trade & comm]ce 7 s pr(itable1 because ( ! w> 9 ,europe1 t manufactures 7 neglect$4 ,almo/ all manufactor$ articles--cotton & wool5 goods1 *9a1 glass1 edge tools1 & :at n--7 import$1 f ,great ,brita9 *iefly4 ,b ! mom5t our =eign trade 0 cat (f by ! emb>go1 manufactures sprang up1 & money hi!rto put into %ips & comm]ce 0 inve/$ 9 mills & factories4 ,societies = ! enc\ragem5t ( dome/ic manufactures 7 />t$ ev]y:]e4 ,to we> ,am]ican-made clo!s1 walk 9 ,am]ican-made %oes1 write on ,am]ican-made pap]1 & use ,am]ican- made furniture 7 acts ( patriotism :i* ! p publicly pl$g$ !mselves to p]=m4 ,?us enc\rag$1 manufactories s ?rove & fl\ri%$ t by #ahaj ! value ( goods made 9 our c\ntry ea* ye> 0 #agc1jjj1jjj4 ,:5 trade 0 resum$ ) ,great ,brita9 aft] ! w>1 h] goods 7 s5t ov] 9 imm5se quantities4 ,?is hurt our manufactur]s1 & !re=e ,congress 9 #ahaf laid a t>iff or tax on import$ manufactures1 = ! purpose ( keep+ ! price ( =eign goods high & ?us protect+ home manufactures4 ,,prosp]ity ,,( ,,! ,,c\ntry4--,despite ! injury done by ,briti% ord]s1 ,fr5* decrees1 ! emb>go1 non-int]c\rse1 & ! w>1 ! c\ntry grew m prosp]\s ye> by ye>4 ,cities 7 gr[+1 new t[ns 7 be+ plant$1 riv]s 7 be+ bridg$1 colleges1 #f academies1 s*ools1 7 spr++ up1 sev]al ?\s& miles ( turnpike _h be5 built1 & ov] ^! good roads bett] /agecoa*es drawn by bett] horses c>ri$ ! mail & travel]s 9 quick] "t ?an ev] be=e4 ,,r\tes ,,to ,,! ,,we/4--,goods = ,pittsburg & ! ,we/ c\ld n[ leave ,philadelphia e day 9 huge canvas-cov]$ wagons drawn by f\r or six horses1 & 7 only tw5ty days on ! road4 ,! c>ry+ trade 9 ?is way 0 v great4 ,m ?an twelve ?\s& wagons came to ,pittsburg ea* ye>1 br++ goods wor? sev]al millions ( doll>s4 ,f ,new ,york w>es & m]*&ise = ! ,we/ w5t 9 sloops up ! ,hudson to ,albany1 7 wagon$ to ! falls ( ! ,mohawk1 :]e !y 7 put into ,s*5ectady boats1 :i* 7 pu%$ by poles up ! ,mohawk to ,utica4 ,!nce !y w5t by canal & riv] to ,oswego on ,lake ,ont>io1 9 sloops to ,lewi/on on ! ,niag>a ,riv]1 by wagon to ,buffalo1 by sloop to ,we/field on ,lake ,erie1 by wagon to ,*autauqua ,lake1 & !nce by boat d[n ! lake & ! ,allegh5y ,riv] to ,pittsburg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,r\tes ,,f ,,philadelphia ,,& ,,new ,,york ,,to ,,! ,,we/4 ,,! ,,/eamboat4--,! gr[? ( ! c\ntry & ! increase 9 travel n[ made ! /eamboat possible4 ,be=e #ahjg all attempts to use su* boats _h fail$4 #g ,b :5 ,fulton 9 t ye> ran ! ,cl]mont f ,new ,york to ,albany & back1 practical /eam navigation began4 ,9 #ahjh a l9e ( /eamboats ran up & d[n ! ,hudson4 ,9 #ahji !re 0 "o on ! ,delaw>e1 ano!r on ! ,r>itan1 & a ?ird on ,lake ,*ampla94 ,9 #ahaa a /eamboat w5t f ,pittsburg to ,new ,orleans1 & 9 #ahab !re 7 /eam f]ryboats betwe5 :at is n[ ,j]sey ,city & ,new ,york1 & betwe5 ,philadelphia & ,camd54 #h ,illu/ration3 ,,an ,,e>ly ,,f]ryboat4 ,by ! use ( ! /eamboat & bett] roads x 0 possible 9 #ahbj to g f ,new ,york to ,philadelphia betwe5 sunrise & sunset 9 summ]1 & f ,new ,york to ,bo/on 9 =ty-eight h\rs1 & f ,bo/on to ,wa%+ton 9 less ?an five days4 ,,! ,,ru% ,,to ,,! ,,we/4--,aft] ! peace 9 #ahae came a p]iod ( h>d times4 ,great ,brita9 kept our %ips out ( h] ports 9 ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,france1 ,spa91 & ,holl& did _! own trad+ ) _! colonies4 ,dem&s = our products fell (f1 trade & comm]ce decl9$1 ?\s&s ( p 7 ?r[n out ( employm5t1 & ano!r wave ( emigration />t$ we/w>d4 ,no?+ l x _h ev] be=e be5 kn[n4 ,p w5t by t5s ( ?\s&s1 build+ new t[ns & villages1 cle>+ ! =e/s1 & turn+ ! prairies into f>ms & g>d5s4 ,"s w5t 9 wagons1 "s on horseback2 great numb]s ev5 w5t on foot1 pu%+ _! *ildr5 & h\sehold goods 9 h&c>ts1 9 :eelb>r[s1 9 little box c>ts on f\r small :eels made ( plank4 #i ,once on ! fronti]1 ! pione]1 ! mov]1 ! newcom]1 w\ld secure 8 plot ( l&1 cut d[n a few trees1 & build a half-fac$ camp1--a %$ ) a ro( ( sapl+ & b>k1 & "o side op51--& 9 ?is he w\ld live till ! log cab9 0 f9i%$4 ,,! ,,log ,,cab94--,to build a log cab9 ! settl] w\ld fell trees ( ! prop] size1 cut !m into logs1 & ) 8 ax not* !m half ?r\gh at ! ends4 ,laid "o on ano!r ^! logs =m$ ! f\r sides ( ! cab94 ,op5+s 7 left = a door1 "o w9d[1 & a huge fireplace2 ! cracks betwe5 ! logs 7 fill$ ) mud2 ! ro( 0 ( hewn bo>ds1 & ! *imney ( logs sme>$ on ! inside ) clay & l9$ at ! bottom ) /ones4 ,greas$ pap] did duty = glass 9 ! w9d[4 ,! door swung on wood5 h+es & 0 fa/5$ ) a wood5 lat* on ! inside1 :i* 0 rais$ f ! outside by a lea!r /r+ pass$ ?r\gh a hole 9 ! door4 ,"s cab9s _h no floor b ! e>?2 9 o!rs ! floor 0 ( pun*eons1 or planks split & hewn f trunks ( trees & laid ) ! r\nd side d[n4 #aj ,illu/ration3 ,,corn-,,husk ,,mop4 ,,pione] ,,life4--,if ! f>m 7 wood$1 ! fir/ labor ( ! settl] 0 to grub up ! bu%es1 cut d[n ! small] trees1 & kill ! l>g] ones by cutt+ a girdle ar\nd ea* ne> ! roots4 ,:5 ! trees 7 fell$1 ! neighbors w\ld come & help roll ! logs into great piles = burn+4 ,f ! a%es ! settl] made pota%2 = _m ye>s pota% 0 "o ( ! important exports ( ! c\ntry4 ,9 ! l& ?us cle>$ & laid op5 to ! sun ! pione] plant$ 8 corn1 flax1 :eat1 & vegetables4 ,! corn he %ell$ on a gritt]1 & gr\nd 9 a h&mill1 or p\nd$ 9 a wood5 mort> ) a wood5 pe/le1 or c>ri$ on horseback to "s mill p]haps fifte5 miles away4 ,cook+ /oves 7 n us$4 ,game 0 roa/$ by hang+ x by a lea!r /r+ be=e an op5 fire4 ,all bak+ 0 done 9 a ,dut* ov5 on ! he>?1 or 9 an out ov5 built1 z its "n implies1 out ( doors4 #aa ,de]sk9 9 ! e>ly days1 & lat] t[ l951 wool5s1 jeans1 & l9seys1 7 ! *ief mat]ials = clo?+ till /ore goods became common4 #ab ,! amusem5ts ( ! pione]s 7 l ^? ( colonial days--%oot+ mat*es1 be> hunts1 races1 militia mu/]s1 rais+s1 log roll+s1 w$d+s1 corn husk+s1 & quilt+ p>ties4 ,illu/ration3 ,,break+ ,,flax4 ,,five ,,new ,,/ates4--,! fir/ effect ( ! emigration to ! ,we/ 0 su* an increase ( population !re t five new /ates 7 admitt$ 9 five ye>s4 ,!y 7 ,indiana 7#ahaf71 ,mississippi 7#ahag71 ,ill9ois 7#ahah71 ,alabama 7#ahai71 ,miss\ri 7#ahba74 ,z ,l\isiana 7#ahab7 & ,ma9e 7#ahbj7 _h also be5 admitt$ by #ahba1 ! ,union !n includ$ tw5ty-f\r /ates 7map1 p4 #bgi74 ,,p[] ,,( ,,! ,,we/4--,a second result ( ?is build+ ( ! ,we/ 0 an increase 9 its political importance4 ,! ,we/ 9 #ahae s5t to ,congress #h s5ators & #bh memb]s ( ! ,h\se2 aft] #ahbb x s5t #ah s5ators out ( #dh1 & #dg memb]s ( ! ,h\se out ( #bac4 ,illu/ration3 ,,trad+ ,,) ,a ,,riv] ,,m]*ant4 ,,trade ,,( ,,! ,,we/4--,a ?ird result 0 a /raggle = ! trade ( ! ,we/4 ,favor$ by ! riv] sy/em1 ! f>m]s ( ! ,we/ 7 able to float _! produce1 on raft & flatboat1 to ,new ,orleans4 ,be=e ! introduction ( ! /eamboat1 navigation up ! ,mississippi 0 all b impossible4 ,flatboats1 rafts1 b>ges1 broadhorns1 ) _! cont5ts1 7 !re=e sold at ,new ,orleans1 & ! money br\ght back to ,pittsburg or ,:eel+ & !re us$ to buy ! manufactures s5t f ! ,ea/]n /ates4 ,b n[ a score ( /eamboats w5t d[n & up ! ,mississippi & ! ,ohio1 /opp+ at ,c9c9nati1 ,l\isville1 ,/4 ,l\is1 ,nat*ez1 & a ho/ ( small] t[ns1 load$ ) goods obta9$ at ,pittsburg & ,new ,orleans4 #ac ,comm]cially ! ,we/ 0 indep5d5t ( ! ,ea/4 ,! ,we/]n trade ( ,new ,york1 ,philadelphia1 & ,baltimore 0 s]i\sly ?reat5$4 ,,! ,,erie ,,canal4--,s valuable 0 ?is trade1 & s important to ! ,ea/1 t ,new ,york 9 #ahag began ! con/ruction ( ! ,erie ,canal f ,albany to ,buffalo1 & f9i%$ x 9 #ahbe4 #ad ,! result1 z we %all see 9 a lat] *apt]1 0 f>-rea*+4 ,,slav]y4--,a f\r? result ( ! ru% to ! ,we/ 0 ! rise ( ! "q ( slav]y beyond ! ,mississippi4 ,be=e ! adoption ( ! ,con/itution1 z we h se51 slav]y 0 =bidd5 or 0 9 c\rse ( abolition 9 ! five ,new ,engl& /ates1 9 ,p5nsylvania1 & 9 ! ,nor?we/ ,t]ritory4 ,s9ce ! adoption ( ! ,con/itution gradual abolition laws _h be5 adopt$ 9 ,new ,york 7#agii7 & 9 ,new ,j]sey 7#ahjd74 #ae ,k5tucky1 ,t5nessee1 ,l\isiana1 ,mississippi1 & ,alabama came into ! ,union z slave-hold+ /ates2 & ,ohio1 ,indiana1 & ,ill9ois 7besides ,v]mont7 z free /ates4 ,s 9 #ahai ! divid+ l9e betwe5 ! elev5 free & ! elev5 slave /ates 0 ! s\? b\nd>y l9e ( ,p5nsylvania 7p4 #ha7 & ! ,ohio ,riv]4 ,,slav]y ,,beyond ,,! ,,mississippi4--,by #ahai s _m p _h cross$ ! ,mississippi & settl$ on ! we/ bank & up ! ,miss\ri t ,congress 0 ask$ to make a new t]ritory to be call$ ,arkansas & a new /ate to be nam$ ,miss\ri4 ,:e!r ! new /ate 0 to be slave or free 0 n /at$1 b ! ,miss\rians own$ slaves & a settlem5t ( ?is matt] 0 important = two reasons3 7#a7 !re 7 !n elev5 slave & elev5 free /ates1 & ! admission ( ,miss\ri w\ld upset ?is balance 9 ! ,s5ate2 7#b7 h] entrance into ! ,union w\ld probably settle ! policy z to slav]y 9 ! rema9d] ( ! great ,l\isiana ,pur*ase4 ,! ,s\? !re=e insi/$ t ,miss\ri %\ld be a slave-hold+ /ate1 & ! ,s5ate vot$ to admit h] z su*4 ,! ,nor? insi/$ t slav]y %\ld be aboli%$ 9 ,miss\ri1 & ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives vot$ to admit h] z a free /ate4 ,z nei!r w\ld yield1 ! "q w5t ov] to ! next session ( ,congress4 ,,ma9e4--,by t "t ,ma9e1 :i* belong$ to ,massa*usetts1 _h obta9$ leave to frame a con/itution1 & appli$ = admission z a free /ate4 ,?is af=d$ a *ance to pres]ve ! balance ( /ates 9 ! ,s5ate1 & ,congress accord+ly pass$ at ! same "t two bills1 "o to admit ,ma9e z a free /ate1 & "o to au?orize ,miss\ri to make a proslav]y con/itution4 ,,! ,,miss\ri ,,compromise1 #ahbj4--,! second ( ^! bills embodi$ ! ,miss\ri ,compromise1 or ,compromise ( #ahbj1 :i* provid$ t 9 all ! t]ritory pur*as$ f ,france 9 #ahjc & ly+ nor? ( ! p>allel #cf #cj' !re nev] %\ld be slav]y1 except 9 ,miss\ri 7map p4 #bgi74 #af ,?is ,compromise left a great region f :i* free /ates might be made 9 future1 & v little = slave /ates4 ,we %all see ! consequ5ces ( ?is by & by4 ,,exploration ,,( ,,! ,,we/4--,we/ ( ,miss\ri ! c\ntry 0 /ill a wild]ness ov]run by ,indians1 & by buffalo & o!r wild animals4 ,_m believ$ x to be almo/ un9habitable4 ,pike1 :o 7#ahjf-g7 m>*$ across ! pla9s f ,/4 ,l\is to ! neighborhood ( ,pikes ,peak & on to ! upp] wat]s ( ! ,rio ,gr&e1 & ,long1 :o 7#ahbj7 foll[$ ,pike1 br\ght back dismal acc\nts ( ! c\ntry4 ,pike report$ t ! banks ( ! ,kansas1 ! ,platte1 & ! ,arkansas riv]s might admit ( a limit$ population1 b n ! pla9s4 ,long said ! c\ntry we/ ( ,c\ncil ,bluffs is almo/ :olly unfit = cultivation1 & ( c\rse un9habitable by p dep5d+ on agriculture1 & t beyond ! ,rockies x 0 de/9$ to be ! abode ( p]fect desolation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,buffalo ,,runn+ ,,away ,,f ,a ,,prairie ,,fire4 ,,! ,,great ,,am]ican ,,des]t4--,?is />t$ ! belief t 9 ! ,we/ 0 a great des]t1 & = _m ye>s geograph]s indicat$ su* a des]t on _! maps4 ,x cov]$ mo/ ( :at is n[ ,nebraska1 ,kansas1 & ,oklahoma1 & p>ts ( ,texas1 ,colorado1 & ,s\? ,dakota4 ,"o geograph] 7#ahce7 decl>$1 a l>ge "p maybe lik5$ to ! ,great ,sah>a or ,african ,des]t4 ,,! ,,nor?we/]n ,,b\nd>y4--,:5 ,l\isiana 0 pur*as$ 9 #ahjc no b\nd>y 0 giv5 x on ! nor? or we/4 ,by treaty ) ,great ,brita9 9 #ahah1 ! #di? p>allel 0 made our nor!rn b\nd>y f ! ,lake ( ! ,woods to ! summit ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 #ag ,,! ,,oregon ,,c\ntry4--,! c\ntry we/ ( ! s\rces ( ! ,miss\ri ,riv] & ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 ! region dra9$ by ! ,columbia1 or z x 0 sometimes call$1 ! ,oregon ,riv]1 0 claim$ by bo? ,great ,brita9 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,z nei!r w\ld yield1 x 0 agre$ t ! ,oregon c\ntry %\ld be held jo9tly = a "t4 #ah ,,! ,,spani% ,,b\nd>y4--,s\? ( ,oregon & we/ ( ! m\nta9s lay ! possessions ( ,spa91 ) :i* c\ntry 9 #ahai we made a treaty1 fix+ ! we/]n limits ( ! ,l\isiana ,pur*ase4 ,we began by claim+ z f> z ! ,rio ,gr&e1 & ask+ = ,florida4 ,we end$ by accept+ ! l9e %[n on ! map1 p4 #bgh1 & buy+ ,florida4 #ai ,,summ>y #a4 ,! treaty ( peace 9 #ahad left sev]al issues unsettl$2 x 0 !re=e foll[$ by a trade treaty ) ,great ,brita91 an agreem5t to limit naval p[] on ! nor!rn lakes1 & 7#ahah7 a treaty ab\t fi%]ies 9 ,briti% wat]s4 #b4 ,! susp5sion ( specie paym5ts by ! /ate banks dur+ ! w> caus$ su* disord] 9 ! curr5cy t a national bank 0 *>t]$ to regulate x4 #c4 ,! emb>go1 by cutt+ (f importation ( ,briti% goods1 enc\rag$ home manufactures4 ,heavy importations aft] ! w> injur$ home manufactures1 & to help !m ,congress enact$ a protective t>iff law4 #d4 ,despite comm]cial tr\bles & ! w>1 ! p 7 prosp]\s4 ,new t[ns 7 f\nd$1 travel 0 improv$1 ! /eamboat 0 introduc$1 & ! ,we/ grew rapidly4 #e4 ,aft] #ahae a great wave ( population p\r$ ov] ! ,we/4 #f4 ,sev5 new /ates 7 admitt$ betwe5 #ahab & #ahba4 #g4 ,a /ruggle = ! trade ( ! gr[+ ,we/ l$ to ! build+ ( ! ,erie ,canal4 #h4 ,a /ruggle ov] slav]y l$ to ! ,miss\ri ,compromise 7#ahbj74 #i4 ,by treaties ) ,great ,brita9 & ,spa91 b\nd>ies ( ! ,l\isiana ,pur*ase 7 e/abli%$1 ,florida 0 pur*as$1 & ! ,oregon c\ntry 0 held jo9tly ) ,great ,brita94 ,illu/ration3 ,,an ,,old ,,/agecoa*4 ,,footnotes #a ,a s]i\s qu>rel ov] ! ,we/ ,indian trade n[ arose & 0 n settl$ till #ahcj4 ,read ,mc,master's ,hi/ory ( ! ,p ( ! ,u4 ,s41 ,vol4 ,v1 pp4 #dhc-dhg4 #b ,! agreem5t ( #ahag provid$ t ea* p[] might h "o arm$ vessel on ,lake ,ont>io1 two on ! upp] lakes1 & "o on ,lake ,*ampla94 ,ea* vessel 0 to h b "o eighte5-p\nd cannon4 ,all o!r arm$ vessels 7 to be dismantl$ & no o!rs 7 to be built or arm$4 ,9 ,europe su* a wat] b\nd>y betwe5 two p[]s w\ld h be5 gu>d$ by /rong fleets & =ts & _m arm$ m54 #c ,! fi%]y treaty provides 7#a7 t our citiz5s may =ev] cat* & dry fi% on c]ta9 p>ts ( ! coa/s ( ,newf\ndl& & ( ,labrador2 7#b7 t !y may n cat* fi% )9 ?ree miles ( any o!r ( ! coa/s ( ! ,briti% dom9ions 9 ,am]ica2 7#c7 t our fi%]m5 may ent] ! h>bors on ^! o!r coa/s = %elt]1 or to obta9 wat]1 or wood1 or to repair damages1 & = no o!r purpose :atev]4 #d ,z to ! /raits to :i* p 7 put = small *ange1 read ,mc,master's ,hi/ory ( ! ,p ( ! ,u4 ,s41 ,vol4 ,,iv1 pp4 #big-bih4 #e ,?is bank _h bran*es 9 ! v>i\s /ates1 & specie c\ld be _h = its notes at any bran*4 ,h5ce its notes pass$ at _! face value ov] all ! c\ntry1 & became1 l specie1 ( ! same value ev]y:]e4 ,au?ority to *>t] ! bank 0 f\nd 9 ! provision ( ! ,con/itution giv+ ,congress p[] to regulate ! curr5cy4 #f ,?irty-n9e ( our colleges1 !ological sem9>ies1 & univ]sities 7 f\nd$ betwe5 #aghc & #ahbj4 #g ,= ,rumsey & ,fit*1 see p4 #bci4 ,william ,long/reet 9 #agij tri$ a small model /eamboat on ! ,savannah ,riv]2 & 9 #agid ,elijah ,ormsbee at ,provid5ce & ,samuel ,morey on ,long ,isl& ,s\nd1 9 #agif ,john ,fit* on a pond 9 ,new ,york city1 9 #agig ,morey on ! ,delaw>e1 9 #ahjb ,oliv] ,evans at ,philadelphia1 & 9 #ahjd & #ahjf ,john ,/ev5s at ,hobok51 demon/rat$ t boats c\ld be mov$ by /eam4 ,b none _h made ! /eamboat a practical success4 #h ,! /ate ( ,new ,york gave ,fulton & 8 p>tn]1 ,liv+/on1 ! sole "r to use /eamboats on ! wat]s ( ! /ate4 ,?is monopoly 0 evad$ by us+ teamboats1 on :i* ! ma*9]y t turn$ ! paddle :eel 0 mov$ by six or eight horses hit*$ to a crank & walk+ r\nd & r\nd 9 a circle on ! deck4 ,teamboats 7 us$ *iefly z f]ryboats4 ,read ,mc,master's ,hi/ory ( ! ,p ( ! ,u4 ,s41 ,vol4 ,,iv1 pp4 #cig-djg4 #i ,read ,mc,master's ,hi/ory ( ! ,p ( ! ,u4 ,s41 ,vol4 ,,iv1 pp4 #cha-cid4 ,all ! great highways to ! ,we/ 7 cr[d$ ) b&s ( emigrants4 ,9 n9e days #bfj wagons b\nd = ! ,we/ pass$ ?r\gh "o ,new ,york t[n4 ,at ,ea/on1 9 ,p5nsylvania1 on a favorite r\te f ,new ,engl& 7map1 p4 #aid71 #eaa wagons accompani$ by #cjff p]sons pass$ 9 a mon?4 ,a tollgate keep] on ano!r r\te report$ #bjjj families z hav+ pass$ dur+ n9e mon?s4 ,f ,alabama1 :i!r p 7 hurry+ to settle on ! cotton l&s1 came reports ( a migration q z l>ge4 ,:5 ! c5sus ( #ahbj 0 tak51 ! returns %[$ t !re 7 b #ge m p 9 ,delaw>e 9 #ahbj ?an !re 7 9 #ahaj4 ,9 ! city ( ,*>le/on !re 7 #bd1gaa p 9 #ahaj & #bd1ghj 9 #ahbj4 ,9 _m /ates along ! seabo>d ! rate ( increase ( population 0 less dur+ ! c5sus p]iod #ahaj-bj ?an x _h be5 be=e1 because ( ! great numb]s :o _h left = ! ,we/4 #aj ,if ! newcom] *ose "s settlem5t = 8 home1 ! neighbors w\ld ga!r :5 ! logs 7 cut1 hold a rais+1 & build 8 cab9 9 ! c\rse ( "o day4 ,tables1 *airs1 & o!r furniture 7 g5]ally made by ! settl] ) 8 own h&s4 ,brooms & bru%es 7 ( corn husks1 & _m ( 8 ut5sils 7 cut f ! trunks ( trees4 ,i "k ( no sc5e m primitive1 said a ,k5tucky pione]1 ?an su* a cab9 he>? z t ( my "m's4 ,9 ! morn+ a buckeye backlog1 a hickory =e/ick1 re/+ on /ones1 ) a johnny cake on a clean a% bo>d1 set be=e ! fire to bake2 a fry+ pan ) its long h&le re/+ on a spl9t-bottom *air1 & a teakettle swung f a log pole1 ) myself sett+ ! table1 or turn+ ! meat4 ,!n came ! bl[+ ( ! con*-%ell = fa!r 9 ! field1 ! h[l+ ( old ,lion1 ! ga!r+ ar\nd ! table1 ! bless+1 ! dull clatt] ( pewt] spoons on pewt] di%es1 & ! talk ab\t ! crops & /ock4 #aa ,= an acc\nt ( ! social conditions 9 #ahbj1 read ,mc,master's ,hi/ory ( ! ,p ( ! ,u4 ,s41 ,vol4 ,,iv1 ,*ap1 xxxvii2 also ,eggle/on's ,circuit ,rid]1 ,coop]'s ,prairie1 & ,recollections ( ,life 9 ,ohio1 by ,w4 ,c4 ,h[ells4 #ab ,a /ory is told ( an e>ly settl] :o 0 elect$ to ! t]ritorial legislature ( ,ill9ois4 ,till !n he _h always worn bucksk9 clo!s1 b ?9k+ !m unbecom+ a lawmak]1 he & 8 sons ga!r$ hazel nuts & b>t]$ !m at ! crossroads /ore = a few y>ds ( blue /r\d+1 out ( :i* ! wom5 ( ! settlem5t made him a coat & pantaloons4 #ac ,on ! ,ohio ,riv] float$ odd craft ( _m sorts4 ,!re 7 timb] rafts f ! m\nta9 /reams2 pirogues built ( trunks ( trees2 broadhorns2 huge po9t$ & cov]$ hulks c>ry+ #ej tons ( freight & float+ d[n/ream ) ! curr5t & up/ream by means ( poles1 sails1 o>s1 or ropes2 keel boats = up/ream "w1 ) long1 n>r[1 po9t$ b[ & /]n1 ro($1 mann$ ) a crew ( t5 m51 & propell$ ) sett+ poles2 flatboats :i* w5t d[n/ream ) ! pione] nev] to come back--flat-bottom$1 box-%ap$ craft mann$ by a crew ( six1 kept 9 ! curr5t by o>s #cj feet long call$ sweeps & a /e]+ o> #ej feet long at ! /]n4 ,^? int5d$ to g d[n ! ,mississippi 7 /rongly built1 ro($ ov]1 & kn[n z ,orleans boats4 ,k5tucky flatboats = use on ! ,ohio 7 half ro($ & slight]4 ,m+l$ ) ^! 7 arks1 galleys1 rafts1 & %anty boats ( e sort1 & float+ %ops c>ry+ goods1 w>es1 & m]*&ise to e f>mh\se & settlem5t along ! riv] bank4 ,n[ x w\ld be a float+ lott]y (fice1 :]e tickets 7 sold = pork1 gra91 or produce2 n[ a t9n]'s e/abli%m5t1 :]e t9w>e 0 sold or m5d$2 n[ a smi?y1 :]e horses & ox5 7 %od & wagons m5d$2 n[ a factory = ! manufacture ( axes1 scy!s1 & edge tools2 n[ a dry- goods %op fitt$ up j z 7 su* %ops 9 ! villages1 & fill$ ) all sorts ( goods & w>es ne$$ by ! settl]s4 #ad ,?is canal 0 orig9ally a dit* #d feet deep1 #dj feet wide1 & #cfc miles long4 ,! *ief promot] 0 ,de ,witt ,cl9ton4 ,! oppon5ts ( ! canal !re=e call$ x 9 d]ision ,cl9ton's big dit*1 & decl>$ t x c\ld nev] be made a success4 ,b ,cl9ton & 8 fri5ds c>ri$ ! canal to completion1 & 9 #ahbe a fleet ( canal boats left ,buffalo1 w5t ?r\gh ! canal1 d[n ! ,hudson1 & out into ,new ,york ,bay4 ,!re fre% wat] br\ght f ,lake ,erie 9 a keg 0 p\r$ into ! salt wat] ( ! ,atlantic4 #ae ,x 0 once hop$ t ,s\!rn /ates also w\ld 9 "t aboli% slav]y2 b z m & m l& 0 devot$ to cotton rais+ 9 ! ,s\?1 ! dem& = slave labor !re increas$4 ,! ,s\? came to reg>d slav]y z necess>y = h] prosp]ity1 & to desire its ext5sion to m t]ritory4 #af ,meantime ,arkansas 7#ahai7 _h be5 organiz$ z a slave-hold+ t]ritory4 ,z ,miss\ri _h to make a /ate con/itution & submit x to ,congress %e did n ent] ! ,union till #ahba4 ,! ,compromise l9e #cf #cj' 0 "p ( ! s\? b\nd>y ( ,miss\ri & ext5d$ to ! #ajj? m]idian4 ,miss\ri did n h ! pres5t nor?we/]n b\nd>y till #ahcf2 comp>e maps on pp4 #bgi & #cca4 ,on ! ,compromise read ! spee* ( ,s5ator ,rufus ,k+1 9 ,john/on's ,am]ican ,orations1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #cc- #fb2 & t ( ,s5ator ,p9ckney1 pp4 #fc-aja4 #ag ,by ! treaty ) ,great ,brita9 9 #aghc a l9e 0 to be drawn f ! ,lake ( ! ,woods due we/ to ! ,mississippi4 ,?is 0 impossible1 b ! difficulty 0 end$ by ! treaty ( #ahah4 ,f ! nor?we/]nmo/ po9t ( ! ,lake ( ! ,woods a l9e 7z ! treaty provides7 is drawn due s\? to ! #di? p>allel4 ,?is makes a little knob on our b\nd>y4 #ah ,we claim$ x because 9 #agib ,capta9 ,gray1 9 ! %ip ,columbia1 discov]$ ! riv]1 ent]$1 & nam$ x aft] 8 %ip2 because 9 #ahje-f ,lewis & ,cl>k explor$ bo? its ma9 bran*es & sp5t ! w9t] ne> its m\?2 & because 9 #ahaa an ,am]ican fur-trad+ po/1 ,a/oria1 0 built on ! banks ( ! ,columbia ne> its m\?4 ,great ,brita9 claim$ a "p ( x because ( explorations "u ,vanc\v] 7#agib71 & occupation ( v>i\s po/s by ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company4 ,at fir/ ,oregon 0 ! c\ntry dra9$ by ! ,columbia ,riv]4 ,?r\gh our treaty ) ,spa91 9 #ahai1 "p ( ! #db;d p>allel 0 made ! s\!rn b\nd>y4 ,9 #ahbd1 by treaty ) ,russia1 ! c\ntry :i* !n own$ ,alaska1 #ed #dj' became ! nor!rn b\nd>y4 ,! ,rocky ,m\nta9s 7 und]/ood to be ! ea/]n limit4 #ai ,:at is call$ ! pur*ase ( ,florida consi/$ 9 releas+ ,spa9 f all liability = damages ( _m sorts inflict$ on our citiz5s f #agic to ! date ( ! treaty1 & pay+ !m ourselves2 ! sum 0 n to exce$ #e1jjj1jjj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,9 #ahbd4 ,,*apt] ,,xxii ,,! ,,era ,,( ,,good ,,feel+ ,,! ,,p>ty ,,issues4--,! issues :i* divid$ ! ,f$]ali/s & ! ,republicans f #agic to #ahae arose *iefly f our =eign relations4 ,neutrality1 ,fr5* decrees1 ,briti% ord]s 9 c\ncil1 se>*1 impressm5t1 ! emb>go1 non-int]c\rse1 ! w>1 7 ! matt]s t conc]n$ ! p4 ,soon aft] #ahae all ?is *ang$2 ,napoleon 0 a prison] at ,/4 ,hel5a1 ,europe 0 at peace1 & dome/ic issues began to be m important4 ,,! ,,era ,,( ,,good ,,feel+4--,! election ( #ahaf1 h[ev]1 0 decid$ *iefly on ! issues ( ! w>4 ,james ,monroe1 #a ! ,republican c&idate = ,presid5t1 0 elect$ by a v l>ge majority ov] ,rufus ,k+4 ,dur+ ,monroe's t]m dome/ic issues 7 gr[+ up1 b _h n become national4 ,!y 7 r sectional4 ,p>ty feel+ subsid$1 & ?is 0 s noticeable t 8 t]m 0 call$ ! ,era ( ,good ,feel+4 ,9 ?is condition ( affairs ! ,f$]ali/ p>ty di$ out1 & :5 ,monroe 0 r5om9at$ 9 #ahbj1 no competitor appe>$4 #a ,! ,f$]ali/s pres5t$ no c&idate4 ,,political ,,ev5ts4--,! *ief political ev5ts ( ,monroe's fir/ t]m 7#ahag-ba71 z we h se51 7 ! admission ( sev]al new /ates1 ! ,compromise ( #ahbj1 & ! treaties ( #ahah & #ahai1 ) ,great ,brita9 & ,spa94 ,! *ief political ev5ts ( 8 second t]m 7#ahba-be7 73 a dispute ov] ! disposition ( public l&s 9 ! new /ates2 #c a dispute ov] ! p[] ( ,congress to aid ! build+ ( roads & canals1 call$ int]nal improvem5ts2 ! recognition ( ! indep5d5ce ( ,s\? ,am]ican colonies ( ,spa92 ! ann\ncem5t ( ! ,monroe ,doctr9e2 ! passage ( a new t>iff act2 & ! break+ up ( ! ,republican p>ty4 ,,! ,,s\? ,,am]ican ,,republics4--,9 #ahjh ,napoleon invad$ ,spa91 drove out ! k+1 & plac$ 8 bro!r ,joseph ,bonap>te on ! ?rone4 ,!reupon _m ( ! ,spani% colonies 9 ,am]ica rebell$ & organiz$ !mselves z republics4 ,:5 ,napoleon 0 s5t to ,/4 ,hel5a1 ! ,spani% k+ 7:o 0 re/or$ 9 #ahad7 br\ght back mo/ ( ! colonies to _! allegiance4 ,la ,plata1 h[ev]1 rebell$1 & 0 quickly foll[$ by ! o!rs4 ,9 #ahbb ,presid5t ,monroe recogniz$ ! indep5d5ce ( ,la ,plata 7,arg5t9a71 ,*ile1 ,p]u1 ,colombia1 ,mexico1 & ,c5tral ,am]ica4 ,,! ,,holy ,,alliance4--,! k+ ( ,spa91 unable to conqu] ! revolt$ colonies1 appli$ = aid to ! ,holy ,alliance :i* 0 =m$ by ,russia1 ,prussia1 ,au/ria1 & ,france = ! purpose ( ma9ta9+ mon>*ical gov]nm5t 9 ,europe4 ,= a :ile ^! p[]s did no?+1 b 9 #ahbc !y call$ a conf]5ce to consid] ! "q ( re/or+ to ,spa9 h] ,s\? ,am]ican colonies4 ,b ! ,s\? ,am]ican republics _h won _! indep5d5ce f ,spa91 & _h be5 recogniz$ by u z sov]eign p[]s2 :at "r _h o!r nations to comb9e & =ce !m back aga9 to ! condition ( colonies8 ,9 8 annual message 7,decemb]1 #ahbc71 ! ,presid5t !re=e took occasion to make c]ta9 ann\ncem5ts :i* h ev] s9ce be5 call$ ! ,monroe ,doctr9e4 #d ,illu/ration3 ,,an ,,old-,,"t ,,s(a4 ,,! ,,monroe ,,doctr9e4--,ref]r+ to ! conduct ( ! ,holy ,alliance1 he said-- #a4 ,t ! ,unit$ ,/ates w\ld n m$dle 9 ! political affairs ( ,europe4 #b4 ,t ,european gov]nm5ts mu/ n ext5d _! sy/em to any "p ( ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica1 nor 9 any way seek to control ! de/9y ( any ( ! nations ( ?is hemisph]e4 ,z ,russia _h be5 attempt+ to plant a colony on ! coa/ ( ,cali=nia1 :i* 0 !n a "p ( ,mexico1 ! ,presid5t ann\nc$ 7z ano!r "p ( ! doctr9e7-- #c4 ,t ! ,am]ican cont95ts 7 no long] op5 = colonization by ,european p[]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,an ,,old-,,"t ,,piano4 ,,! ,,t>iff ,,( #ahbd4--;,failure ( ! t>iff ( #ahaf to %ut out ,briti% manufactures1 ! h>d times ( #ahai1 & ! g5]al ru9 ( bus9ess l$ to a dem& = ano!r t>iff 9 #ahbj4 ,to ?is ! cotton /ates 7 bitt]ly oppos$4 ,9 ! ,s\? !re 7 no manufactur+ c5t]s1 no great manufactur+ indu/ries ( any sort4 ,! plant]s sold _! cotton to ! ,nor? & 7*iefly7 to ,great ,brita91 f :i* !y b\ght almo/ all k9ds ( manufactur$ goods !y us$4 ,naturally1 !y want$ l[ duties on _! import$ articles2 j en\gh tax to support ! gov]nm5t & no m4 ,9 ! ,nor?1 especially 9 t[ns n[ almo/ :olly giv5 up to manufactures1 z ,lynn & ,l[ell & ,fall ,riv] & ,provid5ce & ,cohoes & ,pat]son & o!rs2 9 regions :]e ! f>m]s 7 rais+ %eep = wool2 9 ,p5nsylvania1 :]e iron 0 m9$2 & 9 ,k5tucky1 :]e ! hemp fields 71 p want$ dome/ic manufactures protect$ by a high t>iff4 ,! /ruggle 0 a long "o4 ,at ea* session ( ,congress f #ahbj to #ahbd ! "q came up4 ,f9ally 9 #ahbd a new t>iff = protection 0 enact$ despite ! ef=ts ( ! ,s\? & "p ( ,new ,engl&4 ,,break+ ,,up ,,( ,,! ,,republican ,,p>ty4--,?\gh ! ?ree que/ions ( int]nal improvem5ts1 ! t>iff1 & ! use ( ! public l&s l$ to bitt] disputes1 !y did less to break up ! p>ty h>mony ?an ! action ( ! lead]s4 ,aft] ! second election ( ,monroe ! "q ( 8 successor at once arose4 ,! p ( ,t5nessee nom9at$ ,&rew ,jackson2 ,s\? ,c>ol9a nam$ ! ,secret>y ( ,w>1 ,calh\n2 ,k5tucky want$ ,h5ry ,clay1 :o _h long be5 speak] ( ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives2 ! ,new ,engl& /ates 7 = ,john ,qu9cy ,adams1 ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate4 ,f9ally ! usual p>ty caucus ( ,republican memb]s ( ,congress nom9at$ ,craw=d ( ,georgia1 ! ,secret>y ( ! ,treasury4 ,,! ,,election ,,( #ahbd-be4--,! )drawal ( ,calh\n f ! race = ! presid5cy left 9 x ,adams1 ,clay1 ,craw=d1 & ,jackson1 repres5t+ ! f\r sections ( ! c\ntry--,nor!a/1 ,nor?we/1 ,s\!a/1 ,s\?we/4 ,z no "o _h a majority ( ! electoral votes1 x became ! duty ( ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives to elect "o f ! ?ree :o _h receiv$ ! highe/ votes4 #e ,!y 7 ,jackson1 ,adams1 & ,craw=d4 ,! ,h\se *ose ,adams1 #f :o 0 duly inaugurat$ 9 #ahbe4 #g ,! electoral college _h elect$ ,calh\n ,vice ,presid5t4 #h ,,! ,,*>ge ,,( ,,corruption4--,! fri5ds ( ,jackson 7 bitt]ly disappo9t$ by 8 defeat4 ,he 0 ! ,man ( ! ,p1 _h receiv$ ! highe/ numb] ( electoral votes 7?\gh n a majority71 & ought1 !y said1 to h be5 elect$ by ! ,h\se4 ,t he _h n be5 elect$ 0 due1 !y claim$1 to a b>ga93 ,clay 0 to urge 8 fri5ds to vote = ,adams2 if elect$1 ,adams 0 to make ,clay ,secret>y ( ,/ate4 ,no su* b>ga9 0 ev] made4 ,b aft] ,adams became ,presid5t he appo9t$ ,clay ,secret>y ( ,/ate1 & !n ! support]s ( ,jackson 7 conv9c$ t ! *>ge 0 true4 ,,rise ,,( ,,! ,,new ,,p>ties4--,! legislature ( ,t5nessee1 !re=e1 at once r5om9at$ ,jackson1 & ab\t him ga!r$ all :o1 = any reason1 dislik$ ,adams & ,clay1 all :o 7 oppos$ to ! t>iff & int]nal improvem5ts1 or want$ a man ( ! p = ,presid5t4 ,!y 7 call$ ,jackson m51 or ,democratic ,republicans4 ,adams1 x 0 well kn[n1 w\ld also be r5om9at$1 z ! c&idate ( ! support]s ( ! t>iff & int]nal improvem5ts4 ,!y 7 ! ,adams m51 or ,national ,republicans4 ,?us 0 ! once h>moni\s ,republican p>ty brok5 into fragm5ts1 out ( :i* grew two di/9ctly new p>ties4 ,illu/ration3 ,,lett] ,,writt5 ,,by ,,jackson1 ,,!n ,a ,,s5ator4 ,,! ,,t>iff ,,( #ahbh4--,! act ( #ahbd n prov+ satisfactory to ! gr[]s & manufactur]s ( wool1 a new t>iff law 0 enact$ 9 #ahbh4 ,s _m & s high 7 ! duties laid t ! oppon5ts ( protection nam$ ! law ! ,t>iff ( ,abom9ations4 ,to ! cotton /ates x 0 p>ticul>ly hateful1 & 9 memorials1 resolutions1 & prote/s !y decl>$ t a t>iff = protection 0 uncon/itutional1 unju/1 & oppressive4 ,!y made ?reats ( ceas+ to trade ) ! t>iff /ates1 & talk$ ( nullify+1 or refus+ to obey ! law1 & ev5 ( leav+ ! ,union4 ,,! ,,election ,,( #ahbh4--;,great z 0 ! excitem5t 9 ! ,s\? ov] ?is new t>iff law1 x produc$ little effect 9 ! /ruggle = ! presid5cy4 ,! campaign _h really be5 go+ on = ?ree ye>s pa/ & w\ld h end$ 9 ! election ( ,jackson _h ! t>iff nev] exi/$4 ,old ,hickory1 ! ,h]o ( ,new ,orleans1 ! ,man ( ! ,p1 0 m ?an ev] ! favorite ( ! h\r1 & ?\gh 8 p>ty 0 anti- t>iff he c>ri$ /ates :]e ! vot]s 7 deeply int]e/$ 9 ! protection ( manufactures4 ,inde$1 he receiv$ m ?an twice ! numb] ( electoral votes ca/ = ,adams4 #i ,,summ>y #a4 ,aft] ! election ( ,monroe 7#ahaf7 ! ,f$]ali/ p>ty di$ out1 ! old p>ty issues disappe>$1 & ,monroe's t]m is kn[n z ! ,era ( ,good ,feel+4 #b4 ,! ,s\? ,am]ican colonies ( ,spa91 hav+ rebell$1 =m$ republics1 & 7 recogniz$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,to prev5t int]f]5ce ) !m by ,european p[]s1 especially by ! ,holy ,alliance1 ,monroe ann\nc$ ! doctr9e n[ kn[n by 8 "n 7#ahbc74 #c4 ,! gr[? ( ! ,we/ & ! rise ( new /ates br\ght up ! "q ( int]nal improvem5ts at national exp5se4 #d4 ,! gr[? ( manufactures br\ght up ! "q ( m protection & a new t>iff4 ,9 #ahbd a new t>iff law 0 enact$1 9 spite ( ! opposition ( ! ,s\?1 :i* _h no manufactures & import$ l>gely f ,great ,brita94 #e4 ,^! issues1 :i* 7 l>gely sectional1 & ! action ( c]ta9 lead]s1 split ! ,republican p>ty1 & l$ to ! nom9ation ( f\r presid5tial c&idates 9 #ahbd4 #f4 ,! electors fail$ to *oose a ,presid5t1 b did elect a ,vice ,presid5t4 ,adams 0 !n elect$ ,presid5t by ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives4 #g4 ,a new t>iff 0 enact$ 9 #ahbh1 ?\gh ! ,s\? oppos$ x ev5 m /rongly ?an ! t>iff ( #ahbd4 #h4 ,9 #ahbh ,jackson1 "o ( ! c&idates defeat$ 9 #ahbd1 0 elect$ ,presid5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,cone/oga ,,wagon1 ,,su* ,,z ,,0 ,,9 ,,use ,,ab\t #ahbe4 ,,footnotes #a ,james ,monroe 0 a ,virg9ian1 born 9 #ageh2 he ent]$ ,william & ,m>y ,college1 s]v$ 9 ! ,cont95tal army1 0 a memb] ( ! ,virg9ia ,assembly1 ( ! ,cont95tal ,congress = ?ree ye>s1 & ( ! ,virg9ia conv5tion t adopt$ ! ,f$]al ,con/itution 9 #aghh4 ,he /rongly oppos$ ! adoption ( ! ,con/itution4 ,z ,unit$ ,/ates s5ator 7#agij- #id71 he oppos$ ,wa%+ton's adm9i/ration2 b 0 s5t z m9i/] to ,france 7#agid-if74 ,9 #agii-ahjb ,monroe 0 gov]nor ( ,virg9ia1 & !n 0 s5t to ,france to aid ,liv+/on 9 ! pur*ase ( ,l\isiana2 0 m9i/] to ,great ,brita9 #ahjd-f1 & 9 #ahaa-ag 0 ,secret>y ( ,/ate1 & 9 #ahad-ae act$ also z ,secret>y ( ,w>4 ,9 #ahag-be he 0 ,presid5t4 ,he di$ 9 #ahca4 #b ,monroe c>ri$ e /ate 9 ! ,union & 0 entitl$ to e electoral vote4 ,b "o elector did n vote = him1 9 ord] t ,wa%+ton might /ill h ! honor ( be+ ! only ,presid5t unanim\sly elect$4 #c ,9 ! new ,we/]n /ates 7 great tracts :i* belong$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & :i* ! ,we/]n /ates n[ ask$ %\ld be giv5 to !m1 or at lea/ be sold to !m = a few c5ts an acre4 ,! ,ea/ oppos$ ?is1 & ask$ = gifts ( ,we/]n l& :i* !y might sell s z to use ! money to build roads & canals & e/abli% free s*ools4 #d ,read ,mc,master's ,hi/ory ( ! ,p ( ! ,u4 ,s41 ,vol4 ,v1 pp4 #bh-ed4 #e ,jackson _h #ii votes1 ,adams #hd1 ,craw=d #da1 & ,clay #cg4 ,! ,con/itution 7,article ,,xii ( ! am5dm5ts7 provides t if no p]son h a majority ( ! electoral votes1 !n f ! p]sons hav+ ! highe/ numb]s1 n exce$+ ?ree1 on ! li/ ( ^? vot$ = z ,presid5t1 ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives %all *oose imm$iately1 by ballot1 ! ,presid5t4 #f ,by a vote ( #ac /ates1 aga9/ #g = ,jackson1 & #d = ,craw=d4 #g ,john ,qu9cy ,adams 0 born at ,bra9tree1 ,massa*usetts1 9 #agfg1 w5t ) 8 fa!r ,john ,adams to ,france1 & sp5t sev]al ye>s abroad2 !n graduat$ f ,h>v>d1 /udi$ law1 & 0 appo9t$ by ,wa%+ton m9i/] to ! ,ne!rl&s & !n to ,portugal1 & 9 #agig to ,prussia4 ,he 0 a s5ator f ,massa*usetts 9 #ahjc-h4 ,9 #ahji ,madison s5t him z m9i/] to ,russia1 :]e he 0 :5 ! w> op5$ 9 #ahab4 ,( ! five commission]s at ,gh5t he 0 ! able/ & ! mo/ conspicu\s4 ,9 #ahae ,madison appo9t$ him m9i/] to ,great ,brita91 & 9 #ahag he came home to be ,secret>y ( ,/ate "u ,monroe4 ,9 #ahca he became a memb] ( ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives & cont9u$ z su* till /rick5 9 ! ,h\se ) p>alysis 9 ,febru>y1 #ahdh4 #h ,john ,caldwell ,calh\n 0 born 9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a 9 #aghb1 ent]$ ,yale ,college 9 #ahjb1 /udi$ law1 & became a lawy] at ,abbeville1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 9 #ahjg4 ,9 #ahjh he w5t to ! legislature1 & 9 #ahaa ent]$ ,congress1 & 0 appo9t$ *airman ( ! committee on =eign relations4 ,z su* he wrote ! report & resolutions 9 favor ( w> ) ,great ,brita94 ,at ?is p]iod ( 8 c>e] he favor$ a lib]al con/ruction ( ! ,con/itution1 & support$ ! t>iff ( #ahaf1 ! *>t] ( ! ,second ,bank ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & int]nal improvem5ts4 ,he 0 ,secret>y ( ,w> 9 ,monroe's ,cab9et1 & 0 ,vice ,presid5t f #ahbe until #ahcb1 :5 he resign$ & ent]$ ! ,s5ate1 :]e he rema9$ mo/ ( ! "t till 8 dea? 9 #ahej4 #i ,?is election is notewor?y also z ! fir/ 9 :i* ne>ly all ! /ates *ose electors by popul> vote4 ,only two ( ! tw5ty-f\r /ates made ! *oice by vote ( ! legislature2 9 ! o!rs ! popul> vote = ,jackson electors numb]$ #fdg1bgf & t = ,adams electors #ejh1jfd4 ,a good book on presid5tial elections is ,a ,hi/ory ( ! ,presid5cy1 by ,edw>d ,/anwood4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiii4 ,,politics ,,f #ahbi ,,to #ahda ,9 _m respects ! election ( ,jackson #a 0 an ev5t ( z mu* political importance z 0 ! election ( ,jeff]son4 ,m5 hail$ x z ano!r great upris+ ( ! p1 z ano!r triumph ( democracy4 ,!y act$ z if ! c\ntry _h be5 deliv]$ f imp5d+ evil1 & hurri$ by ?\s&s to ,wa%+ton to see ! h]o inaugurat$ & ! era ( promis$ re=m op5$4 #b ,,! ,,new ,,p>ty4--,jackson treat$ ! public (fices z ! spoils ( victory1 & )9 a few weeks hundr$s ( po/ma/]s1 collectors ( rev5ue1 & o!r (ficehold]s 7 turn$ out1 & _! places giv5 to active work]s = ,jackson4 ,?is spoils sy/em 0 new 9 national politics & creat$ imm5se excitem5t4 ,b x 0 no?+ m ?an an attempt to build up a new national p>ty 9 ! same way t p>ties _h already be5 built up 9 "s ( ! /ates4 #c ,,jackson ,,z ,,presid5t4--,9 _m respects ,jackson's adm9i/ration 0 ! mo/ excit+ ! c\ntry _h yet exp]i5c$4 ,nev] s9ce ! days ( ,presid5t ,john ,adams _h p>ty feel+ run s high4 ,! vigor\s p]sonality ( ! ,presid5t1 8 int5se s9c]ity1 8 det]m9ation to d1 at all haz>ds1 j :at he believ$ to be "r1 made him devot$ fri5ds & bitt] enemies & l$ to 8 adm9i/ration be+ (t5 call$ ! ,reign ( ,&rew ,jackson4 ,! que/ions ) :i* he _h to deal 7 ( s]i\s importance1 & on ! solution ( "s ( !m hung ! safety ( ! republic4 ,illu/ration3 ,,g5]al ,,&rew ,,jackson4 ,,! ,,s\? ,,c>ol9a ,,doctr9e4--,su* a "o 0 ! old issue ( ! t>iff4 ,! view ( ! ,s\? z set =? by ! lead]s1 especially by ,calh\n ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 0 t ! /ate ought to nullify ! ,t>iff ,act ( #ahbh because x 0 uncon/itutional4 #d ,daniel ,web/] attack$ ?is ,s\? ,c>ol9a doctr9e & 7#ahcj7 argu$ ! issue ) ,s5ator ,hayne ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a4 ,! spee*es ( ! two m5 9 ! ,s5ate1 ! debate :i* foll[$1 & ! importance ( ! issue1 make ! occasion a fam\s "o 9 our hi/ory4 ,t ,s\? ,c>ol9a w\ld g s f> z actually to c>ry out ! doctr9e & nullify ! t>iff did n seem likely4 ,b ! s]i\sness ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a al>m$ ! fri5ds ( ! t>iff1 & 9 #ahcb ,congress am5d$ ! act ( #ahbh & r$uc$ ! duties4 ,,s\? ,,c>ol9a ,,nullifies ,,! ,,t>iff4--,?is did n satisfy ,s\? ,c>ol9a4 ,! new t>iff /ill protect$ manufactures1 & x 0 protection t %e oppos$2 & 9 ,novemb]1 #ahcb1 %e adopt$ ! ,ord9ance ( ,nullification1 :i* =bade any ( h] citiz5s to pay ! t>iff duties aft] ,febru>y #a1 #ahcc4 ,:5 ,congress met 9 ,decemb]1 #ahcb1 ! great "q 0 :at to d ) ,s\? ,c>ol9a4 ,jackson 0 det]m9$ ! law %\ld be obey$1 #e s5t vessels to ,*>le/on h>bor1 & ask$ = a ,=ce ,act to enable him to collect ! rev5ue by =ce if necess>y4 #f ,,! ,,great ,,debate4--,9 ! c\rse ( ! debate on ! ,=ce ,act1 ,calh\n 7:o _h resign$ ! vice presid5cy & _h be5 elect$ a s5ator f ,s\? ,c>ol9a7 expla9$ & def5d$ nullification & cont5d$ t x 0 a peaceable & lawful rem$y & a prop] ex]cise ( /ate rights4 ,web/] #g d5i$ t ! ,con/itution 0 a m]e compact1 decl>$ t nullification & secession 7 rebellion1 & upheld ! au?ority & sov]eignty ( ! ,union4 #h ,illu/ration3 ,,bir?place ,,( ,,daniel ,,web/]4 ,,! ,,compromise ,,( #ahcc4--;,clay meantime came =w>d ) a compromise4 ,he propos$ t ! t>iff ( #ahcb %\ld be r$uc$ gradually till #ahdb1 :5 all duties %\ld be tw5ty p] c5t on ! value ( ! articles import$4 ,z su* duties w\ld n be protective1 ,calh\n & ! o!r ,s\!rn memb]s accept$ ! plan1 & ! ,compromise ,t>iff 0 pass$ 9 ,m>*1 #ahcc4 #aj ,to satisfy ! ,nor? arid uphold ! au?ority ( ! gov]nm5t1 ! ,=ce ,act also 0 pass$4 ,b z ,s\? ,c>ol9a repeal$ ! ,ord9ance ( ,nullification !re 0 nev] any ne$ to use =ce4 ,,fir/ ,,national ,,nom9at+ ,,conv5tions4--,9 ! mid/ ( ! excitem5t ov] ! t>iff1 came ! election ( #ahcb4 ,s9ce #ahbd1 :5 ! ,republican p>ty 0 break+ up1 presid5tial c&idates _h be5 nom9at$ by /ate legislatures & caucuses ( memb]s ( /ate legislatures4 ,b 9 #ahca ! ,antimasons #aa held a conv5tion at ,baltimore1 nom9at$ ,william ,wirt & ,amos ,ellmak] = ,presid5t & ,vice ,presid5t1 & s introduc$ ! national nom9at+ conv5tion4 ,! example ?us set 0 quickly foll[$3 9 ,decemb]1 #ahca1 a national conv5tion ( ,national ,republicans nom9at$ ,clay 7!n a s5ator7 = ,presid5t1 & ,john ,s]geant = ,vice ,presid5t4 ,9 ,may1 #ahcb1 a national conv5tion ( ,jackson m51 or ,democrats z "s call$ !m1 nom9at$ ,m>t9 ,van ,bur5 = ,vice ,presid5t4 ,!re 0 no ne$ to r5om9ate ,jackson1 = 9 a lett] to "s fri5ds he _h already decl>$ himself a c&idate1 & _m /ate legislatures _h made ! nom9ation4 ,he 0 /ill ! idol ( ! p & 0 re-elect$ by a great] majority ?an 9 #ahbh4 ,,! ,,bank ,,attack$4--,"o ( ! issues 9 ! campaign 0 ! re*>t] ( ! ,bank ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ^: *>t] 0 to expire 9 #ahcf4 ,jackson always hat$ t in/itution1 _h attack$ x 9 8 annual messages1 & _h veto$ 7#ahcb7 a re*>t] bill pass$ 7= political effect7 by ,clay & 8 fri5ds 9 ,congress4 ,,removal ,,( ,,! ,,deposits4--,jackson !re=e look$ ^u 8 reflection z a popul> approval ( 8 treatm5t ( ! bank4 ,he cont9u$ to attack x1 & 9 #ahcc reque/$ ! ,secret>y ( ! ,treasury1 ,william ,duane1 to remove ! deposits ( gov]nm5t money f ! bank & its bran*es4 ,:5 ,duane refus$1 ,jackson turn$ him out ( (fice & put 9 ,rog] ,b4 ,taney1 :o made ! removal4 #ab ,! ,s5ate pass$ resolutions1 mov$ by ,clay1 c5sur+ ! ,presid5t = ?is action2 b ,s5ator ,b5ton ( ,miss\ri said t he w\ld n re/ till ! c5sure 0 expung$4 ,expung+ n[ became a p>ty "q2 /ate aft] /ate in/ruct$ its s5ators to vote = x1 & f9ally 9 #ahcg ! ,s5ate ord]$ a black l9e to be drawn ar\nd ! resolutions & ! words ,expung$ by ord] ( ! ,s5ate to be writt5 across !m4 ,,rise ,,( ,,! ,,:ig ,,p>ty4--,! hatr$ :i* ! ,national ,republicans felt = ,jackson 0 int5se4 ,!y accus$ him ( try+ to set up a despotic gov]nm5t1 &1 ass]t+ t !y 7 cont5d+ aga9/ ! same k9d ( tyranny our =efa!rs f\ght aga9/ 9 ! ,w> ( ,indep5d5ce1 !y call$ !mselves ,:igs4 ,9 ! /ate elections ( #ahcd ! new "n came into g5]al use1 & !nce=? = _m ye>s !re 0 a national ,:ig p>ty4 ,,! ,,antislav]y ,,movem5t4--,! ,miss\ri ,compromise 0 suppos$ to h settl$ ! issue ( slav]y4 ,b its effect 0 j ! rev]se4 ,antislav]y agitators 7 ar\s$4 ,! antislav]y newspap]s grew m num]\s & aggressive4 ,new antislav]y societies 7 =m$ & old ones 7 reviv$ & became aggressive1 & 9 #ahcc delegates f _m ( !m met at ,philadelphia & =m$ ! ,am]ican ,antislav]y ,society4 #ac ,,antislav]y ,,docum5ts4--,! field ( "w = ! anti-slav]y p 0 naturally ! ,s\?4 ,t section 0 flood$ ) newspap]s1 pamphlets1 pictures1 & h&bills int5d$ to /ir up s5tim5t = in/ant abolition ( slav]y & lib]ation ( ! slaves4 ,illu/ration3 ,,slave ,,qu>t]s ,,on ,a ,,s\!rn ,,plantation4 ,aga9/ ?is ! ,s\? prote/$1 decl>$ su* docum5ts 7 likely to cause slaves to run away or rise 9 insurrection1 & call$ on ! ,nor? to suppress !m4 ,,proslav]y ,,mobs4--,to /op _! circulation by legal means 0 n possible2 s attempts 7 made to d x by illegal means4 ,9 _m ,nor!rn cities1 z ,philadelphia1 ,new ,york1 ,bo/on1 ,utica1 & else:]e1 mobs broke up ! antislav]y meet+s4 ,9 ,*>le/on1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 ! po/ma/] seiz$ "s antislav]y docum5ts & ! p burn$ !m4 ,at ,c9c9nati ! newspap] (fice ( ,james ,g4 ,birney 0 twice sack$ & 8 presses de/roy$ 7#ahcf74 ,ano!r at ,alton1 ,ill9ois1 0 f\r times attack$1 & ! own]1 ,elijah ,lovejoy1 0 at la/ kill$ by ! mob :ile protect+ 8 press4 ,,! ,,"r ,,( ,,petition4--,n cont5t ) ?is1 ! pro-slav]y p attempt$ to pass a bill ?r\gh ,congress 7#ahcf7 to exclude antislav]y docum5ts f ! mails1 & ev5 attack$ ! "r ( petition4 ,! bill to close ! mails to antislav]y docum5ts fail$4 ,b ! attempt to exclude antislav]y petitions f ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives succe$$3 a ,gag ,rule 0 adopt$ :i* =bade any petition1 resolution1 or pap] relat+ 9 any way to slav]y or ! abolition ( slav]y to be receiv$1 & ?is 0 9 =ce d[n to #ahdd4 #ad ,,our ,,c\ntry ,,out ,,( ,,debt4--,despite all ?is political commotion our c\ntry = ye>s pa/ _h prosp]$ greatly4 ,9 ?is prosp]ity ! gov]nm5t _h %>$4 ,its income _h f> exce$$ its exp5ses1 & by us+ ! surplus ye> by ye> to r$uce ! national debt x succe$$ 9 pay+ ! la/ doll> by #ahce4 ,,! ,,surplus4--,aft] ! debt 0 ext+ui%$ a surplus /ill rema9$1 & 0 greatly increas$ by a sudd5 speculation 9 public l&s1 s t by ! middle ( #ahcf ! gov]nm5t _h m ?an #dj1jjj1jjj ( surplus money 9 ! banks4 ,:at to d ) ! money 0 a s]i\s "q1 & all sorts ( uses 7 sugge/$4 ,b ,congress decid$ t f ! surplus z x exi/$ on ,janu>y #a1 #ahcg1 #e1jjj1jjj %\ld be subtract$ & ! rema9d] di/ribut$ among ! /ates 9 f\r in/allm5ts4 #ae ,,! ,,election ,,( ,,van ,,bur54--,:5 ! "t came to *oose a successor to ,jackson1 a ,democratic national conv5tion nom9at$ ,m>t9 ,van ,bur51 ) ,ri*>d ,m4 ,johnson = ,vice ,presid5t4 ,! ,:igs 7 too disorganiz$ to hold a national conv5tion2 b mo/ ( !m favor$ ,william ,h5ry ,h>rison = ,presid5t4 ,van ,bur5 0 elect$ 7#ahcf72 b no c&idate = ,vice ,presid5t receiv$ a majority ( ! electoral vote4 ,! duty ( *oos+ t (fic] !re=e pass$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,s5ate1 :i* elect$ ,ri*>d ,m4 ,johnson4 ,,! ,,era ,,( ,,speculation4--,on ,m>* #d1 #ahcg1 ,van ,bur5 #af ent]$ on a t]m made memorable by "o ( ! wor/ panics our c\ntry has exp]i5c$4 ,f #ahcd to #ahcf 0 a p]iod ( wild speculation4 ,money 0 pl5tiful & easy to borr[1 & 0 inve/$ 9 all sorts ( s*emes by :i* p expect$ to make =tunes4 ,millions ( acres ( ! public l& 7 b\ght & held = a rise 9 price4 ,real e/ate 9 ! cities sold = fabul\s prices4 ,cotton1 timb] l&s 9 ,ma9e1 railroad1 canal1 bank1 & /ate /ocks1 & lots 9 ,we/]n t[ns :i* _h no exi/5ce save on pap]1 all 7 objects ( speculation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,new ,,york ,,m]*ant1 #ahcg4 ,,panic ,,( #ahcg4--,money us$ = ^! purposes 0 borr[$ l>gely f ! /ate banks1 & mu* ( x 0 ! surplus :i* ! gov]nm5t _h deposit$ 9 ! banks4 ,:51 !re=e1 9 ,janu>y1 #ahcg1 ! gov]nm5t drew out "o qu>t] ( its surplus to di/ribute among ! /ates1 ! banks 7 =c$ to /op mak+ loans & call 9 "s ( ! money !y _h l5t4 ,?is hurt bus9ess ( e sort4 ,q unexpect$ly ! price ( cotton fell2 ?is ru9$ _m4 ,bus9ess m5 fail$ by scores1 & ! m]*ants ( ,new ,york appeal$ to ,van ,bur5 to assemble ,congress & /op ! fur!r di/ribution ( ! surplus4 ,van ,bur5 refus$1 & ! banks ( ,new ,york city susp5d$ specie paym5t1 t is1 no long] r$eem$ _! notes 9 gold & silv]4 ,^? 9 e o!r /ate foll[$1 & a panic swept ov] ! c\ntry4 #ag ,,! ,,new ,,national ,,debt4--,) bus9ess at a /&/ill1 ! national rev5ues fell (f2 & ! desp]ate f9ancial /ate ( ! c\ntry =c$ ,van ,bur5 to call ,congress toge!r 9 ,septemb]4 ,by t "t ! ?ird in/allm5t ( ! surplus _h be5 paid to ! /ates1 & times 7 h>d] ?an ev]4 ,to m5d matt]s ,congress susp5d$ paym5t ( ! f\r? in/allm5t1 & au?oriz$ ! debts ( ! gov]nm5t to be paid 9 treasury notes4 ,?is put our c\ntry aga9 9 debt1 & x has ev] s9ce rema9$ s4 ,,political ,,discont5t4--,z always happ5s 9 p]iods ( f9ancial di/ress1 h>d times br$ political discont5t4 ,! ,:igs laid all ! blame on ! ,democrats1 :o1 !y said1 _h de/roy$ ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,bank1 & by _! reckless f9ancial policy _h caus$ ! panic & ! h>d times4 ,:e!r ?is 0 true or n1 ! p believ$ x1 & v>i\s /ate elections %[$ signs ( a ,:ig victory 9 #ahdj4 #ah ,,! ,,log-,,cab9 ,,campaign4--,! ,:igs 9 _! national conv5tion nom9at$ ,william ,h5ry ,h>rison & ,john ,tyl]4 ,! ,democrats r5om9at$ ,van ,bur51 b nam$ no "o = ! vice presid5cy4 ,! antislav]y p1 9 hopes ( draw+ (f f ! ,:ig & ,democratic p>ties ^? :o 7 oppos$ to slav]y1 & s mak+ a new p>ty1 nom9at$ ,james ,g4 ,birney4 ,! ,:ig conv5tion did n adopt a plat=m1 b an ill-tim$ sne] at ,h>rison furni%$ j :at !y ne$$4 ,he w\ld1 a ,democratic newspap] said1 be m at home 9 a log cab9 dr9k+ cid] ?an liv+ 9 ! ,:ite ,h\se z ,presid5t4 ,! ,:igs hail$ ?is sne] z an insult to ! millions ( ,am]icans :o !n liv$1 or _h once liv$1 or ^: p>5ts _h dwelt 9 log cab9s1 & made ! cab9 ! emblem ( _! p>ty4 ,log cab9s 7 erect$ 9 e city1 t[n1 & village z ,:ig headqu>t]s2 7 m\nt$ on :eels1 7 drawn f place to place1 & liv$ 9 by ,:ig /ump speak]s4 ,great mass meet+s 7 held1 & ! :ole campaign became "o ( frolic1 song1 & tor*light processions4 #ai ,! p want$ a *ange4 ,h>rison 0 an ideal popul> c&idate1 & ,tippecanoe #bj & ,tyl] too & a ,:ig ,congress 7 elect$4 ,,dea? ,,( ,,h>rison2 ,,tyl] ,,presid5t 7#ahda74--;,z soon z ,h>rison 0 inaugurat$1 a special session ( ,congress 0 call$ to undo ! "w ( ! ,democrats4 ,b "o mon? aft] inauguration day ,h>rison di$1 & :5 ,congress assembl$1 ,tyl] #ba 0 ,presid5t4 ,,summ>y #a4 ,! inauguration ( ,jackson 0 foll[$ by ! introduction ( ! spoils sy/em into national politics4 #b4 ,! "q ( nullification 0 debat$ 9 ! ,s5ate by ,web/] & ,hayne4 ,"u ,calh\n's lead]%ip1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a nullifi$ ! t>iff ( #ahcb4 ,jackson ask$ = a ,=ce ,act2 b ! dispute 0 settl$ by ! ,compromise ( #ahcc4 #c4 ,jackson vigor\sly oppos$ ! ,bank ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & aft] 8 relection he ord]$ ! removal ( ! gov]nm5t deposits4 #d4 ,?is p]iod is notable 9 ! hi/ory ( political p>ties = 7#a7 ! introduction ( ! national nom9at+ conv5tion1 7#b7 ! rise ( ! ,:ig p>ty1 7#c7 ! =mation ( ! antislav]y p>ty4 #e4 ,slav]y 0 n[ a national issue4 ,an attempt 0 made to %ut antislav]y docum5ts out ( ! mails1 & antislav]y petitions 7 %ut out ( ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives4 #f4 ,f9ancially1 ,jackson's second t]m is notable = 7#a7 ! paym5t ( ! national debt1 7#b7 ! gr[? ( a great surplus 9 ! treasury1 7#c7 ! di/ribution ( ! surplus among ! /ates4 #g4 ,! mann] ( di/ribut+ ! surplus rev5ue among ! /ates int]rupt$ a p]iod ( wild speculation & br\ght on ! panic ( #ahcg4 #h4 ,van ,bur51 :o succe$$ ,jackson z ,presid5t1 call$ a special session ( ,congress2 & ! f\r? in/allm5t ( ! surplus 0 )held4 #i4 ,f9ancial di/ress1 h>d times1 & g5]al discont5t l$ to a dem& = a *ange2 & ! log-cab91 h>d-cid] campaign t foll[$ end$ ) ! election ( ,h>rison 7#ahdj74 ,,footnotes #a ,&rew ,jackson 0 born 9 ,waxhaw1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 #agfg1 b always consid]$ himself a native ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 = ! place ( 8 bir? 0 on ! bord] ( ! two /ates4 ,dur+ ! ,revolution a p>ty ( ,briti% came to ! settlem5t :]e ,jackson liv$4 ,an (fic] ord]$ ! boy to clean 8 boots1 & :5 ,jackson refus$1 /ruck him ) a sword1 inflict+ w\nds on 8 head & arm4 ,&rew & 8 bro!rs 7 tak5 prison]s to ,camd54 ,8 "m obta9$ 8 release & %ortly aft] di$ :ile on h] way to nurse ! sick prison]s 9 ,*>le/on4 ,left an orphan1 ,jackson work$ at saddl]y1 taught s*ool1 /udi$ law1 & w5t to ,t5nessee 9 #aghh2 0 appo9t$ a di/rict attorney1 9 #agif 0 ! fir/ repres5tative to ,congress f ! /ate ( ,t5nessee1 & 9 #agig became "o ( its s5ators4 ,9 #agih-ahjd he 0 "o ( ! judges ( ! ,t5nessee supreme c\rt4 ,8 milit>y c>e] began 9 #ahac-ad1 :5 he beat ! ,indians 9 ! ,creek ,w>4 ,9 #ahad he 0 made a major g5]al1 9 #ahae won ! battle ( ,new ,orleans1 & 9 #ahah beat ! ,sem9oles 9 ,florida4 ,he 0 ! fir/ gov]nor ( ! t]ritory ( ,florida4 ,he di$ 9 ,june1 #ahde4 ,read ! acc\nt ( ,jackson's action 9 ! ,sem9ole ,w> & ! execution ( ,arbu?not & ,ambri/]1 9 ,mc,master's ,hi/ory ( ! ,p ( ! ,u4 ,s41 ,vol4 ,,iv1 pp4 #dci-def4 #b ,! inauguration 0 ( ! simple/ k9d4 ,uncov]$1 on foot1 escort$ by ! committee 9 *>ge1 & surr\nd$ on bo? sides by gigs1 wood wagons1 hacks full ( wom5 & *ildr51 & foll[$ by ?\s&s ( m5 f all p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 ,jackson walk$ f 8 hotel to ! ,capitol & on ! ea/ portico took ! oa? ( (fice4 ,a wild ru% 0 !n made by ! p to %ake 8 h&4 ,) difficulty ! ,presid5t rea*$ a horse & />t$ = ! ,:ite ,h\se1 pursu$ by a motley conc\rse ( p1 rid+1 runn+ helt]-skelt]1 /riv+ :o %\ld fir/ ga9 admittance4 ,s great 0 ! cr[d at ! ,:ite ,h\se t ,jackson 0 pu%$ ?r\gh ! draw+ room & w\ld h be5 cru%$ aga9/ ! wall _h n 8 fri5ds l9k$ arms & made a b>ri] ab\t him4 ,! w9d[s _h to be op5$ to enable ! cr[d to leave ! room4 #c ,editors ( newspap]s t support$ ,jackson 7 giv5 (fice or 7 rew>d$ ) public pr9t+1 & a p>ty press devot$ to ! ,presid5t 0 ?us e/abli%$4 ,to keep bo? work]s & newspap]s po/$ z to ! policy ( ! adm9i/ration1 !re 0 set up at ,wa%+ton a p>tisan j\rnal = :i* all (ficehold]s 7 expect$ to subscribe4 ,! ,presid5t1 ignor+ 8 secret>ies1 turn$ = advice to a few p>ty lead]s :om ! ,adams m5 nicknam$ ! ,kit*5 ,cab9et4 #d ,calh\n ma9ta9$ 7#a7 t ! ,con/itution is a compact or contract betwe5 ! /ates2 7#b7 t ,congress c only ex]cise su* p[] z ?is compact gives x2 7#c7 t :5 ,congress assumes p[] n giv5 x1 & enacts a law x has no au?ority to enact1 any /ate may veto1 or nullify1 t law1 t is1 decl>e x n a law )9 h] b\nd>y2 7#d7 t ,congress has no au?ority to lay a t>iff = any o!r purpose ?an to pay ! debts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 7#e7 t ! t>iff to protect manufactures 0 !re=e an ex]cise ( p[] n grant$ by ! ,con/itution4 ,?is view ( ! ,con/itution 0 held by ! ,s\!rn /ates g5]ally4 ,b z ! two mo/ ard5t exp\nd]s ( x 7 ,hayne & ,calh\n1 bo? ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 x 0 call$ ! ,s\? ,c>ol9a doctr9e4 #e ,on ! anniv]s>y ( ,jeff]son's bir?day1 ,april #ac1 #ahcj1 a great d9n] 0 giv5 9 ,wa%+ton at :i* nullification spee*es 7 made 9 response to toa/s4 ,jackson 0 pres5t1 & :5 call$ on = a toa/ (f]$ ?is3 ,our ,f$]al ,union1 x mu/ be pres]v$4 #f ,read ,mc,master's ,hi/ory ( ! ,p ( ! ,u4 ,s41 ,vol4 ,,vi1 pp4 #aec-afc4 #g ,daniel ,web/] 0 born 9 ,new ,hamp%ire 9 #aghb1 graduat$ f ,d>tm\?1 /udi$ law1 wrote "s pamphlets1 & made sev]al ,f\r? ( ,july orations1 prais+ ! ,f$]al ,con/itution & d5\nc+ ! emb>go4 ,9 #ahac he ent]$ ,congress z a repres5tative f ,new ,hamp%ire1 b lo/ 8 seat by remov+ to ,bo/on 9 #ahaf4 ,9 #ahbc ,web/] return$ to ,congress z a repres5tative f "o ( ! ,massa*usetts di/ricts1 rose at once to a place ( lead]%ip1 & 9 #ahbg ent]$ ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,s5ate4 ,by ?is "t he 0 fam\s z an orator4 ,passages f 8 spee*es 7 recit$ by s*oolboys1 & su* phrases z ,our c\ntry1 our :ole c\ntry1 & no?+ b our c\ntry1 ,?ank ,god1 ,i1 ,i also1 am an ,am]ican1 ,indep5d5ce n[1 & ,indep5d5ce =ev]6 pass$ into ev]yday spee*4 ,9 8 second reply to ,hayne ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 def5d+ & expla9+ ! ,con/itution 7p4 #bij71 he clos$ ) ! words ,lib]ty & ,union1 n[ & =ev]1 "o & insep>able4 ,9 #ahcf he receiv$ ! electoral vote ( ,massa*usetts = ! presid5cy4 ,he 0 a s5ator = _m ye>s1 0 twice ,secret>y ( ,/ate1 & di$ 9 ,octob]1 #aheb4 #i ,read ! spee*es ( ,calh\n 9 ,john/on's ,am]ican ,orations1 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #cjc-cai4 #aj ,%ortly be=e ,febru>y #a1 #ahcc1 ! day on :i* nullification 0 to g into effect1 ! ,s\? ,c>ol9a lead]s met & susp5d$ ! ,ord9ance ( ,nullification till ,m>* #c1 ! la/ day ( ! session ( ,congress4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 !y _h no p[] to d4 ,! /ate au?orities did n ?9k x wise to put ! ord9ance 9 =ce till !y saw :at ,congress w\ld d ) ! t>iff4 #aa ,9 #ahbf a ,mason nam$ ,william ,morgan1 liv+ at ,batavia1 9 we/]n ,new ,york1 ?reat5$ to reveal ! secrets ( masonry4 ,b ab\t ! "t 8 book 0 to appe>1 he sudd5ly disappe>$4 ,! ,masons 7 accus$ ( hav+ kill$ him1 & ! p ( we/]n ,new ,york d5\nc$ !m at public meet+s z memb]s ( a society dang]\s to ! /ate4 ,a p>ty pl$g$ to exclude ,masons f public (fice 0 quickly =m$ & soon spread into ,ohio1 ,p5nsylvania1 & ,new ,engl&1 :]e x became v /rong4 #ab ,?is s-call$ removal consi/$ 9 deposit+ ! rev5ue1 z x 0 collect$1 9 a few /ate banks1 ! pet banks1--in/ead ( 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,bank z be=e1--& gradually draw+ out ! money on deposit ) ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,bank4 ,read an acc\nt ( ! int]views ( ,jackson ) committees f public meet+s 9 ,mc,master's ,hi/ory ( ! ,p ( ! ,u4 ,s41 ,vol4 ,,vi1 pp4 #bjj-bjd4 #ac ,! pr9ciples ( ?is new society1 =mulat$ by ,william ,lloyd ,g>rison1 73 7#a7 t ea* /ate _h a "r to regulate slav]y )9 its b\nd>ies2 7#b7 t ,congress %\ld /op ! int]/ate slave trade2 7#c7 t ,congress %\ld aboli% slav]y 9 ! t]ritories & 9 ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia2 7#d7 t ,congress %\ld admit no m slave /ates into ! ,union4 #ad ,read ,:itti]'s poem ,a ,summons--,l9es writt5 on ! adoption ( ,p9ckney's ,resolutions4 #ae ,! surplus on ,janu>y #a1 #ahcg1 0 #db1dfh1jjj4 ,! am\nt to be di/ribut$ !re=e 0 #cg1dfh1jjj4 ,only ?ree in/allm5ts 7a little ov] #bh1jjj1jjj7 7 paid4 ,= ! use ! /ates made ( ! money1 read ,mc,master's ,hi/ory ( ! ,p ( ! ,u4 ,s41 ,vol4 ,,vi1 pp4 #cea- #ceh4 #af ,m>t9 ,van ,bur5 0 born 9 ,new ,york /ate 9 #aghb1 /udi$ law1 began 8 political c>e] at eighte51 & held sev]al (fices be=e he 0 s5t to ! /ate s5ate 9 #ahab4 ,f #ahae to #ahai he 0 attorney g5]al ( ,new ,york1 became ,unit$ ,/ates s5ator 9 #ahba1 & 0 reflect$ 9 #ahbg2 b resign$ 9 #ahbh to become gov]nor ( ,new ,york4 ,jackson appo9t$ him ,secret>y ( ,/ate 9 #ahbi2 b he resign$ 9 #ahca & 0 s5t z m9i/] to ,great ,brita94 ,! appo9tm5t 0 made dur+ a recess ( ! ,s5ate1 :i* lat] refus$ to confirm ! appo9tm5t1 & ,van ,bur5 0 =c$ to come home4 ,because ( ?is p>ty p]secution ! ,democrats nom9at$ him = ,vice ,presid5t 9 #ahcb1 & f #ahcc to #ahcg he _h ! pleasure ( presid+ ov] ! body t _h reject$ him4 ,he di$ 9 #ahfb4 #ag ,specie paym5t 0 resum$ 9 ! autumn ( #ahch2 b mo/ ( ! banks aga9 susp5d$ 9 #ahci1 & aga9 9 #ahda4 ,read ! acc\nt ( ! panic 9 ,mc,master's ,hi/ory ( ! ,p ( ! ,u4 ,s41 ,vol4 ,,vi1 pp4 #cih-dje4 #ah ,f9ancial di/ress 0 n ! only ?+ t tr\bl$ ,van ,bur5's adm9i/ration4 ,dur+ #ahcg _m ,canadians rebell$ aga9/ misrule1 & began ! ,patriot ,w> 9 _! c\ntry4 ,"o ( _! lead]s enli/$ aid 9 ,buffalo1 & seiz$ a ,canadian isl& 9 ! ,niag>a ,riv]4 ,! /eam] ,c>ol9e 0 !n run betwe5 ?is isl& & ! ,new ,york %ore1 c>ry+ ov] visitors1 &1 x 0 claim$1 guns & supplies4 ,?is 0 unlawful1 & "o night 9 ,decemb]1 #ahcg1 a =ce ( ,canadian gov]nm5t troops r[$ ov] to ! ,new ,york %ore1 bo>d$ ! ,c>ol9e1 & de/roy$ h]2 x 0 a disput$ "q :e!r %e 0 burn$ & sunk1 or :e!r %e 0 set afire & s5t ov] ! ,falls4 ,! :ole bord] f ,v]mont to ,mi*igan became greatly excit$ ov] ?is invasion ( our t]ritory4 ,m5 volunte]$ 9 ! ,patriot cause1 supplies & money 7 contribut$1 guns 7 tak5 f gov]nm5t ars5als1 & raids 7 made into ,canada4 ,van ,bur5 s5t ,g5]al ,scott to ! fronti]1 did :at he c\ld to pres]ve peace & neutrality1 & ?us made himself unpopul> 9 ! bord] /ates4 ,!re 0 also dang] ( w> ov] ! disput$ nor!rn b\nd>y ( ,ma9e4 ,/ate troops 7 s5t to ! t]ritory 9 dispute1 along ! ,aroo/ook ,riv] 7#ahci2 map1 p4 #caf72 b ,van ,bur5 made an unpopul> agreem5t ) ! ,briti% m9i/]1 :]eby ! troops 7 )drawn & bo? sides agre$ n to use =ce4 #ai ,9 ! ,we/1 m5 came to ^! meet+s 9 huge canoes & wagons ( all sorts1 & camp$ on ! gr\nd4 ,at "o meet+ ! gr\nd cov]$ by ! p 0 measur$1 & all[+ f\r to ! squ>e y>d x 0 e/imat$ ab\t #hj1jjj att5d$4 ,dayton1 9 ,ohio1 claim$ #ajj1jjj at h] meet+4 ,at ,bunk] ,hill !re 7 #fj1jjj4 ,9 ! processions1 huge balls 7 roll$ along to ! cry1 ,keep ! ball a-roll+4 ,e log cab9 _h a b>rel ( h>d cid] & a g\rd dr9k+ cup ne> x4 ,on ! walls 7 coon sk9s1 & ! lat*-/r+ 0 always hang+ out4 ,m ?an a hundr$ campaign songs 7 writt5 & sung to popul> airs4 ,e ,:ig wore a log-cab9 m$al1 or brea/p91 or badge1 or c>ri$ a log-cab9 cane4 ,read ,mc,master's ,hi/ory ( ! ,p ( ! ,u4 ,s41 ,vol4 ,,vi1 pp4 #eej-ehh4 #bj ,! battle f\ght 9 #ahaa1 mean+ ,h>rison1 ! victor 9 t battle4 ,see note on p4 #bed4 #ba ,john ,tyl] 0 born 9 ,virg9ia 9 #agij & di$ 9 #ahfb4 ,at tw5ty- "o he 0 elect$ to ! legislature ( ,virg9ia1 0 elect$ to ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives 9 #ahba1 & favor$ ! admission ( ,miss\ri z a slave /ate4 ,9 #ahbe he became gov]nor ( ,virg9ia1 & 9 #ahbg 0 elect$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,s5ate4 ,!re he oppos$ ! t>iff & int]nal improvem5ts1 support$ ,jackson1 b condemn$ 8 proclamation to ! mill9]s1 vot$ = ! c5sure ( ,jackson1 & :5 in/ruct$ by ,virg9ia to vote = expung+1 refus$ & resign$ f ! ,s5ate 9 #ahcf4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiv ,,gr[? ,,( ,,! ,,c\ntry ,,f #ahbj ,,to #ahdj ,,population4--,:5 ,h>rison 0 elect$ 9 #ahdj1 ! population ( our c\ntry 0 #ag1jjj1jjj1 spread ov] tw5ty-six /ates & ?ree t]ritories4 ,( ^! millions sev]al hundr$ ?\s& _h come f ! ,old ,_w4 ,no records ( su* arrivals 7 kept be=e #ahbj2 s9ce t date c>eful records h be5 made1 & f !m x appe>s t betwe5 #ahbj & #ahdj ab\t #gej1jjj immigrants came to our %ores4 ,!y 7 *iefly f ,irel&1 ,engl&1 & ,g]many4 #a ,illu/ration3 ,,settl$ ,,area ,,9 #ahdj4 ,we/ ( ! m\nta9s 7 ov] #f1jjj1jjj p2 yet b two ,we/]n /ates1 ,arkansas 7#ahcf7 & ,mi*igan 7#ahcg71 _h be5 admitt$ to ! ,union s9ce #ahba2 & b two new ,we/]n t]ritories1 ,wiscons9 & ,i[a1 _h be5 organiz$4 ,?is meant t ! ,we/]n /ates already admitt$ 7 fill+ up ) population4 #b ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,public ,,s*ool ,,( ,,e>ly ,,times4 ,,! ,,public ,,l&s4--,! rise ( new ,we/]n /ates br\ght up ! tr\blesome "q1 ,:at %all be done ) ! public l&s8 #c ,! ,cont95tal ,congress _h pl$g$ ! c\ntry to sell ! l&s & use ! money to pay ! debt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,mu* 0 sold = ?is purpose1 b ,congress set aside "o ?irty-six? "p ( ! public doma9 = ! use ( local s*ools4 #d ,z ! ,we/]n /ates made f ! public doma9 _h receiv$ l& grants = s*ools1 _m ( ! ,ea/]n /ates ab\t #ahba ask$ = grants 9 aid ( _! s*ools4 ,! ,we/]n /ates object$1 & bo? !n & 9 lat] times ask$ t all ! public l&s )9 _! bord]s be giv5 to !m or sold to !m = a small sum4 ,aft] #ahbd ef=ts 7 made by ,b5ton & o!rs to r$uce ! price ( l& to actual settl]s4 #e ,b ,congress did n adopt any ( ^! measures4 ,aft] #ahcj1 :5 ! public debt 0 ne>ly paid1 ,clay attempt$ to h ! money d]iv$ f l& sales di/ribut$ among all ! /ates4 ,! "q :at to d ) ! l&s 0 discuss$ ye> aft] ye>4 ,at la/ 9 #ahda 7:ile ,tyl] 0 ,presid5t7 ,clay's bill became a law ) ! proviso t ! money %\ld n be di/ribut$ if ! t>iff rates 7 increas$4 ,! t>iff rates 7 soon increas$ 7#ahdb71 & b "o di/ribution 0 made4 ,,! ,,indians4--,ano!r result ( ! fill+ up ( ! c\ntry 0 ! cr[d+ ( ! ,indians f _! l&s4 ,!y _h always be5 reg>d$ z ! rightful own]s ( ! soil till _! title %\ld be ext+ui%$ by treaty4 ,_m su* treaties _h be5 made1 c$+ c]ta9 areas b res]v+ o!rs on :i* ! :ites 7 n to settle4 ,b population mov$ we/w>d s rapidly t x seem$ be/ to set ap>t a region beyond ! ,mississippi & move all ! ,indians !re z quickly z possible4 #f ,9 #ahcd1 !re=e1 su* a region1 an ,indian ,c\ntry1 0 creat$ 9 :at 0 lat] call$ ,indian ,t]ritory1 & ! "w ( removal began4 ,9 ! ,s\? ?is prov$ a h>d matt]4 ,9 ,georgia ! ,creeks & ,*]okees refus$ = a :ile to g1 & by s do+ involv$ ! f$]al gov]nm5t 9 s]i\s tr\ble ) ,georgia & ) ! ,indians4 ,9 #ahce an attempt to move ! ,sem9oles f ,florida to ! ,indian ,c\ntry caus$ a w> :i* la/$ sev5 ye>s & co/ millions ( doll>s4 #g ,,int]nal ,,improvem5ts4--,ano!r issue ) :i* ! gr[? ( ! ,we/ _h mu* to d 0 t ( gov]nm5t aid to roads1 canals1 & railroads4 ,mu* money 0 sp5t on ! ,cumb]l& ,road2 #ah b 9 #ahag ,madison veto$ a bill appropriat+ money to be divid$ among ! /ates = int]nal improvem5ts1 & f t "t d[n to ,van ,bur5's day ! "q ( ! "r ( ,congress to use money = su* purposes 0 con/antly debat$ 9 ,congress4 #i ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,national ,,road4 ,,! ,,/ates ,,build ,,canals ,,& ,,roads4--,all ?is "t population 0 increas+1 ! ,we/ 0 gr[+1 int]/ate trade 0 develop+1 new t[ns & villages 7 spr++ up1 & f>ms increas+ 9 numb] z ! p mov$ to ! new l&s4 ,! ne$ ( *eap transportation became great] & great] ea* ye>1 & z ,congress w\ld d no?+1 ! /ates took ^u !mselves ! "w ( build+ roads & canals4 ,:at a canal c\ld d to op5 up a c\ntry 0 %[n :5 ! ,erie ,canal 0 f9i%$ 9 #ahbe 7see p4 #bgc74 ,s _m p by t "t _h settl$ along its r\te1 t ! value ( l& & ! weal? ( ! /ate 7 greatly increas$4 #aj ,! m]*ants ( ,new ,york c\ld !n s5d _! goods up ! ,hudson1 by ! canal to ,buffalo1 & !n to ,clevel& or ,detroit1 or by ,*autauqua ,lake & ! ,allegh5y to ,pittsburg1 = ab\t "o ?ird ( :at x co/ be=e ! canal 0 op5$ 7maps1 pp4 #bfg1 #bgi74 ,buffalo began to gr[ ) great rapidity1 & 9 a few ye>s its trade _h rea*$ ,*icago4 ,9 #ahci eight /eamboats pli$ betwe5 ^! two t[ns4 ,a ,,trip ,,on ,a ,,canal ,,packet4--,pass5g]s travel$ on ! canal 9 packet boats1 z !y 7 call$4 ,! hull ( su* a craft 0 eighty feet long & elev5 feet wide1 & c>ri$ on its deck a long1 l[ h\se ) flat ro( & slop+ sides4 ,9 ea* side 7 a doz5 or m w9d[s ) gre5 bl9ds & r$ curta9s4 ,:5 ! wea!r 0 f9e1 pass5g]s sat on ! ro(1 read+1 talk+1 or sew+1 till ! man at ! helm call$ ,l[ bridge6 :5 ev]ybody w\ld ru% d[n ! /eps & into ! cab91 to come =? once m :5 ! bridge 0 pass$4 ,walk+ on ! ro( :5 ! packet 0 cr[d$ 0 impossible4 ,^? :o wi%$ su* ex]cise _h to take x on ! t[pa?4 ,?ree horses abrea/ c\ld drag a packet boat "s f\r miles an h\r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,locks ,,on ,,! ,,erie ,,canal1 ,,rockport1 ,n4,y4 ,,we/]n ,,r\tes4--,ar\s$ by ! success ( ! ,erie ,canal1 ,p5nsylvania began a great highway f ,philadelphia to ,pittsburg4 ,z plann$1 x 0 to be "p canal & "p turnpike ov] ! m\nta9s4 ,b be=e x 0 complet$1 railroads came into use1 & :5 f9i%$1 x 0 "p railroad1 "p canal4 ,n to be outdone by ,new ,york & ,p5nsylvania1 ! p ( ,baltimore began ! con/ruction 7#ahbh7 ( ! ,baltimore & ,ohio ,railroad1 ! fir/ 9 ! c\ntry = ! c>riage ( pass5g]s & freight4 #aa ,massa*usetts1 al>m$ at ! prospect ( los+ h] trade ) ! ,we/1 appo9t$ 7#ahbg7 a commission & an eng9e] to select a r\te = a railroad to jo9 ,bo/on & ,albany4 ,ohio _h already comm5c$ a canal f ,clevel& to ! ,ohio4 #ab ,,e>ly ,,railroads4--,! idea ( a public railroad to c>ry freight & pass5g]s 0 ( sl[ gr[?1 #ac b once x 0 />t$ m & m miles 7 built e ye>1 till by #ahce tw5ty-two railroads 7 9 op]ation4 ,! longe/ ( !m 0 only "o hundr$ & ?irty-six miles long2 x ext5d$ f ,*>le/on we/w>d to ! ,savannah ,riv]1 opposite ,augu/a4 ,^! e>ly railroads 7 made ( wood5 beams re/+ on /one blocks set 9 ! gr\nd4 ,! upp] surface ( ! beams1 :]e ! :eels re/$1 0 protect$ by long /rips or /raps ( iron spik$ to ! beam4 ,! spikes (t5 work$ loose1 &1 z ! c> pass$ ov]1 ! /rap w\ld curl up & come ?r\gh ! bottom ( ! c>1 mak+ :at 0 call$ a snake head4 ,illu/ration3 ,,an ,,e>ly ,,railroad4 ,:at %\ld be ! motive p[]1 0 a tr\blesome "q4 ,! horse 0 ! favorite2 x sometimes pull$ ! c>1 & sometimes walk$ on a treadmill on ! c>4 ,sails 7 tri$ also1 & f9ally locomotives4 #ad ,locomotives c\ld n climb /eep grades4 ,:5 a hill 0 met )1 ! road _h to g ar\nd x1 or if ?is 0 n possible1 ! eng9e _h to be tak5 (f & ! c>s pull$ up or let d[n an incl9$ plane by means ( a rope & /ation>y eng9e4 #ae ,a ,,trip ,,on ,,an ,,e>ly ,,railroad4--,a travel] f ,philadelphia to ,pittsburg1 9 #ahcf1 w\ld set (f ab\t five o'clock 9 ! morn+ = :at 0 call$ ! depot4 ,!re 8 baggage w\ld be pil$ on ! ro( ( a c>1 :i* 0 drawn by horses to ! foot ( an incl9$ plane on ! bank ( ! ,s*uylkill4 ,up ?is incl9e ! c> w\ld be drawn by a /ation>y eng9e & rope to ! top ( ! riv] bank4 ,:5 all ! c>s ( ! tra9 _h be5 pull$ up 9 ?is way1 !y w\ld be c\pl$ toge!r & made fa/ to a little puff+1 :eez+ locomotive )\t cab or brake1 ^: tall smoke/ack s5t =? volumes ( wood smoke & r$-hot c9d]s4 ,at ,lanca/] 7map1 p4 #bfg7 ! railroad end$1 & pass5g]s w5t by /age to ,columbia on ! ,susquehanna1 & !n by canal packet up t riv] & up ! ,juniata to ! railroad at ! foot ( ! m\nta9s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h&bill ,,( ,a ,,philadelphia ,,transportation ,,company1 ,,( #ahce4 ,! m\nta9s 7 cross$ by ! ,portage ,railroad1 a s]ies ( incl9$ planes & levels some:at l a flight ( /eps4 ,at ,john/[n1 we/ ( ! ,allegh5ies1 ! travel] once m took a canal packet to ,pittsburg4 #af ,,! ,,we/ ,,builds ,,railroads ,,& ,,canals4--,prior to #ahcf mo/ ( ! railroads & canals 7 9 ! ,ea/4 ,b 9 #ahcf ! craze = int]nal improvem5ts rag$ 9 ,indiana1 ,ill9ois1 & ,mi*igan1 & 9 ea* an elaborate sy/em ( railroads & canals 0 plann$1 to be built by ! /ate4 ,ill9ois 9 ?is way contract$ a debt ( #ae1jjj1jjj2 ,indiana1 #aj1jjj1jjj1 & ,mi*igan1 #e1jjj1jjj4 ,b sc>cely 0 "w begun on ! canals & railroads :5 ! panic ( #ahcg came1 & ! /ates 7 left ) heavy debts & unf9i%$ public works t c\ld n pay ! co/ ( op]at+ !m4 ,"s default$ 9 ! paym5t ( int]e/1 & "o ev5 repudiat$ h] bonds :i* %e _h issu$ & sold to e/abli% a great bank4 ,,! ,,mails4--,z ! means ( transportation improv$1 ! mails 7 c>ri$ m rapidly1 & into m di/ant p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,by #ahcg x 0 possible to s5d a lett] f ,new ,york to ,wa%+ton 9 "o day1 to ,new ,orleans 9 less ?an sev5 days1 to ,/4 ,l\is 9 less ?an five days1 & to ,buffalo 9 ?ree days2 & aft] #ahch mail 0 c>ri$ by /eam%ips to ,engl& 9 a little ov] two weeks4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,savannah4 ,,ocean ,,/eam%ips4--,9 ! mon? ( ,may1 #ahai1 ! /eam%ip ,savannah left ! city ( t "n = ,liv]pool1 ,engl&1 & rea*$ x 9 tw5ty-five days1 us+ /eam mo/ ( ! way4 ,%e 0 a side- :eel] ) paddle :eels s arrang$ t 9 /ormy wea!r !y c\ld be tak5 9 on deck4 #ag ,no o!r /eam%ips cross$ ! ,atlantic till #ahch1 :5 ! ,sirius rea*$ ,new ,york 9 eighte5 days1 & ! ,great ,we/]n 9 sixte5 days f ,engl&4 ,o!rs foll[$1 9 #ahci ! ,cun>d l9e 0 f\nd$1 & regul> /eam navigation ( ! ,atlantic 0 e/abli%$4 ,,express4--,bett] means ( communication made possible ano!r conv5i5ce1 ( :i* ,w4 ,f4 ,h>nd5 0 ! orig9ator4 ,he began 9 #ahci to c>ry packages1 bundles1 money1 & small boxes betwe5 ,new ,york & ,bo/on1 travel+ by /eamboat & railroad4 ,at fir/ two c>petbags held all he _h to c>ry2 b 8 bus9ess increas$ s rapidly t 9 #ahdj ,p4 ,b4 ,burke & ,alv9 ,adams />t$ a rival conc]n :i* became ! ,adams ,express ,company4 ,illu/ration3 ,,c>petbag4 ,,me*anical ,,developm5t4--,! great] use ( ! /eamboat1 ! build+ ( railroads1 & ! introduction ( ! /eam locomotive1 7 b a few signs ( ! m>vel\s indu/rial & me*anical developm5t ( ! times4 ,! gr[? & ext5t ( ! c\ntry1 ! opportunities = do+ bus9ess on a great scale1 l$ to a dem& = "t-sav+ & labor-sav+ ma*9]y4 ,"o ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ! p]iod #ahbj-dj1 !re=e1 is ! inv5tion & introduction ( su* ma*9]y4 ,bo>ds 7 n[ plan$1 & bricks press$1 by ma*9e4 ,x 0 dur+ ?is p]iod t ! f>m]s began to give up ! flail = ! ?ra%+ ma*9e2 t pap] 0 ext5sively made f /raw2 t ,fairbanks inv5t$ ! plat=m scales2 t ,colt inv5t$ ! revolv]2 t /eel p5s 7 made by ma*9e2 & t a rude =m ( friction mat* 0 introduc$4 #ah ,an?racite coal 0 n[ 9 use 9 ! l>ge t[ns & cities1 & grate & coal /oves 7 displac+ op5 fires & wood /oves1 j z gas 0 displac+ c&les & lamps4 ,,! ,,cities ,,& ,,t[ns4--,! increase ( manufactur+ 9 ! nor!a/]n "p ( ! c\ntry caus$ ! rise ( l>ge t[ns giv5 up almo/ exclusively to mills & factories & ! homes ( workm54 #ai ,! increase ( bus9ess1 trade1 & comm]ce1 & ! arrival ( ?\s&s ( immigrants ea* ye>1 l$ to a rapid gr[? ( population 9 ! seaports & *ief cities ( ! int]ior4 ,?is produc$ _m *anges 9 city life4 ,! d+y oil lamps 9 ! /reets1 light$ only :5 ! moon did n %9e1 7 giv+ way to gas lights4 ,! con/able & ! night wat*man ) 8 rattle 7 be+ replac$ by ! policeman4 ,su* _h be5 ! increase 9 population & area ( ! *ief cities1 t "s means ( *eap transportation ab\t ! /reets 0 ne$$1 & 9 #ahcj a l9e ( omnibuses 0 />t$ 9 ,new ,york city4 ,s well did x succe$ t o!r l9es 7 />t$2 & ?ree ye>s lat] omnibuses 7 us$ 9 ,philadelphia4 ,illu/ration3 ,,new ,,york ,,omnibus1 #ahcj4 ,f a pr9t ( ! "t4 ,,! ,,work+man4--,! gr[? ( manufactures & ! build+ ( works ( int]nal improvem5t produc$ a dem& = workm5 ( all sorts1 & ?\s&s came ov]1 or 7 br\ght ov]1 f ! ,old ,_w4 ,! unskill$ 7 employ$ on ! railroads & canals2 ! skill$ 9 ! mills1 factories1 & ma*9e %ops4 ,z work+m5 increas$ 9 numb]1 trades unions 7 =m$1 & ef=ts 7 made to secure bett] wages & a %ort] work+ day4 ,9 ?is !y succe$$3 aft] a long s]ies ( /rikes 9 #ahcd & #ahce ! t5-h\r day 0 adopt$ 9 ,philadelphia & ,baltimore1 & 9 #ahdj1 by ord] ( ,presid5t ,van ,bur51 w5t into =ce 9 all public e/abli%m5ts "u ! f$]al gov]nm5t4 ,,! ,,s\?4--,no su* labor issues tr\bl$ ! s\!rn half ( ! c\ntry4 ,!re ! labor] 0 own$ by ! man ^: l&s he cultivat$1 & /rikes1 lock\ts1 que/ions ( wages1 & que/ions ( h\rs 7 unkn[n4 ,! mills1 factories1 ma*9e %ops1 ! _m div]sifi$ indu/ries ( ! ,nor!rn /ates 7 unkn[n4 ,9 ! great belt ( /ates f ,nor? ,c>ol9a to ! ,texas bord]1 ! *ief crop 0 cotton4 ,^! /ates ?us _h two common bonds ( union3 ! ma9t5ance ( ! in/itution ( negro slav]y1 & ! developm5t ( a common indu/ry4 ,z ! p ( ! free /ates develop$ diff]5t sorts ( indu/ry1 !y became less & less l ! p ( ! ,s\?1 & 9 "t ! two sections 7 indu/rially two sep>ate communities4 ,! int]e/s ( ! p be+ diff]5t1 _! op9ions on great national issues 7 diff]5t & sectional4 ,,re=ms4--,z we h se51 a great antislav]y agitation 7p2 #bic7 occurr$ dur+ ! p]iod #ahbj-dj4 ,x 0 only "o ( _m re=m movem5ts ( ! "t4 ,/ate aft] /ate aboli%$ imprisonm5t = debt1 #bj less5$ ! sev]ity ( laws = ! puni%m5t ( crime1 ext5d$ ! fran*ise1 #ba or "r to vote1 re=m$ ! discipl9e ( prisons1 & e/abli%$ hospitals & asylums4 ,s eag] 7 ! p to re=m any?+ t seem$ to be wrong1 t !y sometimes w5t to extremes4 #bb ,! antimasonic movem5t 7p4 #bib7 0 su* a movem5t = re=m2 ! ,ow5ite movem5t 0 ano!r4 ,sylve/] ,graham prea*+ re=m 9 diet1 ,mrs4 ,bloom] advocat+ re=m 9 woman's dress1 & ,joseph ,smi?1 :o f\nd$ ,mormonism1 7 b s _m advocates ( re=m ( "s sort4 ,ow5 believ$ t pov]ty came f individual own]%ip1 & ! accumulation ( m money by "o man ?an by ano!r4 ,he believ$ t p %\ld live 9 communities 9 :i* ev]y?+--l&s1 h\ses1 cattle1 products ( ! soil--are own$ by ! community2 t ! individual %\ld d 8 "w1 b be f$1 h\s$1 clo!d1 educat$1 & amus$ by ! community4 ,ow5's tea*+s 7 well receiv$1 & ,ow5ite communities 7 f\nd$ 9 _m places 9 ! ,we/ & 9 ,new ,york1 only to end 9 failure4 #bc ,,mormonism _h bett] =tune4 ,joseph ,smi?1 its f\nd]1 publi%$ 9 #ahcj ! ,book ( ,mormon1 z an addition to ! ,bible4 #bd ,a *ur* 0 next organiz$1 mission>ies 7 s5t ab\t ! c\ntry1 & 9 #ahca ! sect mov$ to ,kirtl& 9 ,ohio1 & !re built a temple4 ,tr\ble ) o!r sects & ) ! p =c$ !m to move aga91 & !y w5t to ,miss\ri4 ,b !re1 too1 !y came 9 conflict ) ! p1 7 driv5 f "o c\nty to ano!r1 & 9 #ahci-dj 7 driv5 f ! /ate by =ce ( arms4 ,a refuge 0 !n f\nd 9 ,ill9ois1 :]e1 on ! banks ( ! ,mississippi1 !y f\nd$ ! t[n ( ,nauvoo4 ,9 spite ( _! w&]+s !y _h increas$ 9 numb]1 & 7 a prosp]\s community4 #be ,illu/ration3 ,,pack ,,animals4 ,,! ,,great ,,we/ ,,explor$4--,dur+ ! tw5ty ye>s s9ce ,major ,long's exp$ition1 ! c\ntry beyond ! ,miss\ri _h be5 m fully explor$4 ,9 #ahbb b&s ( m]*ants at ,/4 ,l\is began to trade ) ,santa ,fe1 s5d+ _! goods on ! backs ( mules & 9 wagons1 ?us op5+ up :at 0 kn[n z ! ,santa ,fe trail4 ,"o ye> lat] a trapp] nam$ ,prevo/ f\nd ! ,s\? ,pass ov] ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 & ent]$ ! ,great ,salt ,lake c\ntry4 #bf ,?is 0 ! beg9n+1 & ye> aft] ye> b&s ( trapp]s w&]$ ov] :at 0 !n ,mexican t]ritory b is n[ "p ( our c\ntry1 f ! ,great ,salt ,lake to ! l[] ,colorado ,riv]1 & f ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s to ! ,pacific4 #bg ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,f> ,,we/ ,,9 #ahdj4 ,betwe5 #ahcj & #ahcb ,hall ,j4 ,kelley attempt$ to f\nd a colony 9 ,oregon1 b fail$1 z did ano!r lead]1 ,na?aniel ,j4 ,wye?4 #bh ,wye? tri$ aga9 9 #ahcd1 b 8 settlem5ts 7 n p]man5t4 ,a few fur trad]s & mission>ies to ! ,indians _h bett] =tune2 b 9 #ahdj mo/ ( ! :ite m5 9 ! ,oregon c\ntry 7 ,briti% fur trad]s4 ,x 0 n till #ahdb t ! tide ( ,am]ican migration began to set /rongly t[>d ,oregon2 b )9 a few ye>s aft] t "t ! ,am]icans !re greatly outnumb]$ ! ,briti%4 ,,summ>y #a4 ,9 #ahdj ! population ( ! c\ntry 0 #ag1jjj1jjj1 ( :om m ?an a ?ird dwelt we/ ( ! ,allegh5y ,m\nta9s4 #b4 ,= tw5ty ye>s !re _h be5 mu* discussion ab\t ! disposition ( ! public l&s2 b ,congress did n give up ! plan ( sell+ !m = ! b5efit ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 #c4 ,z population increas$1 ! ,indians 7 pu%$ fur!r & fur!r we/4 ,"s w5t to ! ,indian ,c\ntry peaceably4 ,9 ,georgia & ,florida !y resi/$4 #d4 ,z ,congress w\ld n sanction a g5]al sy/em ( f$]al improvem5ts1 ! /ates built canals & railroads = !mselves4 #e4 ,! success ( ^? 9 ! ,ea/ enc\rag$ ! ,we/]n /ates to und]take l improvem5ts4 ,b !y plung$ ! /ates into debt4 #f4 ,! p]iod 0 "o ( great me*anical developm5t1 & _m inv5tions ( _w-wide use date f ?is "t4 #g4 ,! gr[? ( manufactures produc$ great manufactur+ t[ns1 & ! increase ( artisans & me*anics l$ to ! =mation ( trades unions4 #h4 ,! unre/ caus$ by ! rapid developm5t1 ( ! c\ntry invit$ re=ms ( all sorts1 & _m--social1 indu/rial1 & political--7 attempt$4 ,,footnotes #a ,9 ! e>ly ?irties mu* excitem5t 0 ar\s$ by ! arrival ( hundr$s ( paup]s s5t ov] f ,engl& by ! p>i%es to get rid ( !m4 ,b :5 ,congress inve/igat$ ! matt]1 x 0 f\nd n to be s bad z repres5t$1 ?\gh a v s]i\s evil4 #b ,life 9 ! ,we/ at ?is p]iod is well describ$ 9 ,eggle/on's ,hoosi] ,s*oolma/] & ,! ,graysons4 #c ,! cr$it sy/em ( sell+ l&s 7p4 #bda7 0 aboli%$ 9 #ahbj1 because a great _m pur*as]s c\ld n pay = :at !y b\ght4 #d ,! public doma9 is laid (f 9 t[n%ips six miles squ>e4 ,ea* t[n%ip is subdivid$ into #cf sections "o mile squ>e1 & ! sixte5? section 9 ea* t[n%ip 0 set ap>t 9 #aghe = ! use ( s*ools 9 ! t[n%ip4 ,?is provision 0 appli$ to new /ates erect$ f ! public doma9 d[n to #ahdh2 9 /ates admitt$ aft] t "t bo? ! sixte5? & ! ?irty-six? sections h be5 set ap>t = ?is purpose4 ,9 addition to ?is1 be=e #ahba1 ,ohio1 ,indiana1 ,ill9ois1 ,alabama1 ,mississippi1 & ,l\isiana _h ea* receiv$ two entire t[n%ips = ! use ( colleges & academies4 #e ,aft] ! ,indian title to l& 0 ext+ui%$1 ! l& 0 survey$ & (f]$ = sale at auction4 ,l& :i* did n sell at auction c\ld be pur*as$ at private sale = #a4be an acre4 ,b5ton propos$ t l& :i* did n sell at private sale )9 five ye>s %\ld be (f]$ at #ej c5ts an acre1 & if n sold1 %\ld be giv5 to any "o :o w\ld cultivate x = ?ree ye>s4 #f ,an attempt to remove ! ,indians 9 nor!rn ,ill9ois & 9 ,wiscons9 l$ to ! ,black ,hawk ,w> 9 #ahcb4 ,! ,indians _h agre$ to g we/1 b :5 ! settl]s ent]$ on _! l&s1 ,black ,hawk induc$ ! ,sacs & ,foxes to resi/1 & a %ort w> 0 necess>y to subdue !m4 #g ,! lead] 0 ,osceola1 a *ief ( mu* ability1 :o p]petrat$ sev]al massacres be=e he 0 captur$4 ,9 #ahcg he visit$ !1 camp ( ,g5]al ,jesup "u a flag ( truce1 & 0 seiz$ & s5t to ,=t ,m\ltrie1 ne> ,*>le/on1 :]e he di$4 ,8 foll[]s 7 beat5 7#ahcg7 9 a h>d-f\ght battle by ,colonel ,za*>y ,taylor1 b kept up ! w> till #ahdb4 #h ,:5 ,ohio 0 admitt$ 7p4 #bda71 ,congress promis$ to use a "p ( ! money f ! sale ( l& to build a road jo9+ ! ,potomac & ,ohio riv]s4 ,"w on ! ,national ,road1 z x 0 call$1 0 />t$ 9 #ahaa4 ,x began at ,cumb]l& on ! ,potomac & rea*$ ! ,ohio at ,:eel+4 ,b ,ohio1 ,indiana1 & ,ill9ois dem&$ t ! road be ext5d$1 & 9 "t x 0 built ?r\gh ,columbus & ,indianapolis to ,v&alia4 ,!nce x 0 to g to ,jeff]son ,city 9 ,miss\ri2 b a dispute arose z to :e!r x %\ld cross ! ,mississippi at ,alton or at ,/4 ,l\is1 & "w on x 0 /opp$4 #i ,jackson veto$ sev]al bills = int]nal improvem5ts1 & ! ho/ility ( 8 p>ty to su* a use ( gov]nm5t money 0 "o ( ! grievances ( ! ,:igs4 #aj ,= a description ( life 9 c5tral ,new ,york1 read ,my ,own ,/ory1 by ,j4 ,t4 ,tr[bridge4 #aa ,! fir/ railroad 9 our c\ntry 0 us$ 9 #ahjg1 at ,bo/on1 to c>ry e>? f a hilltop to grade a /reet4 ,o!rs1 only a few miles long1 7 soon us$ to c>ry /one & coal f qu>ry & m9e to ! :>f--9 #ahaj ne> ,philadelphia1 9 #ahbf at ,qu9cy 7a little s\? ( ,bo/on71 9 #ahbg at ,mau**unk 7,p5nsylvania74 ,all ( ^! 7 private roads & c>ri$ no pass5g]s4 #ab ,:ile ! means ( travel 7 improv+1 ! inns & t[ns ev5 along ! great /age r\tes _h n improv$4 ,:5 y alight at a c\ntry tav]n1 said a travel]1 x is t5 to "o y /& hold+ y\r horse1 bawl+ = ! ho/l] :ile ! l&lord looks on4 ,once inside ! tav]n e man1 woman1 & *ild plies y ) que/ions4 ,to get a d9n] is ! "w ( h\rs4 ,at night y are put into a room ) a doz5 o!rs & sleep two or ?ree 9 a b$4 ,9 ! morn+ y g outside to wa% y\r face & !n repair to ! b>room to see y\r face 9 ! only look+ glass ! tav]n conta9s4 ,ano!r travel] compla9s t at ! be/ hotel 9 ,new ,york !re 0 nei!r glass1 mug1 cup1 nor c>pet1 & b "o mis]able rag dignifi$ by ! "n ( t[el4 ,illu/ration3 ,,mansion ,,h\se1 #ci ,,broadway1 ,,new ,,york1 ,,9 #ahca4 #ac ,z e>ly z #ahad ,john ,/ev5s appli$ to ,new ,j]sey = a railroad *>t]1 & :5 x 0 grant$1 he s\ght to p]suade ! ,new ,york ,canal ,commission to build a railroad in/ead ( a canal4 ,9 #ahbc ,p5nsylvania grant$ ,/ev5s & 8 fri5ds a *>t] to build a railroad f ,philadelphia to ! ,susquehanna4 ,9 #ahbe ,/ev5s built a circul> road at ,hobok5 & us$ a /eam locomotive to %[ ! possibility ( su* a means ( locomotion4 ,b all ^! s*emes 7 ahead ( ! times4 #ad ,! fri5ds ( canals bitt]ly oppos$ railroads z impractical4 ,sn[1 x 0 said1 w\ld block !m = weeks4 ,if locomotives 7 us$1 ! sp>ks w\ld make x impossible to c>ry hay or o!r ?+s combu/ible4 ,! boil]s w\ld bl[ up z !y did on /eamboats4 ,canals 7 !re=e saf] & *eap]4 ,read ,mc,master's ,hi/ory ( ! ,p ( ! ,u4 ,s41 ,vol4 ,,vi1 pp4 #hg-hi4 #ae ,almo/ all ! e>ly roads us$ ?is device4 ,!re 0 "o su* incl9$ plane at ,albany2 ano!r at ,belmont1 n[ 9 ,philadelphia2 a ?ird on ! ,pat]son & ,hudson ,railroad ne> ,pat]son2 & a f\r? on ! ,baltimore & ,ohio4 ,:5 ,p5nsylvania built h] railroad ov] ! ,allegh5y ,m\nta9s1 _m su* planes 7 necess>y1 s t ! ,portage ,railroad1 z x 0 call$1 0 a wond] ( eng9e]+ skill4 #af ,! /ate built ! railroads1 l ! canals1 z highways op5 to ev]ybody4 ,at fir/ no c>s or motive p[]1 except at ! incl9$ planes1 7 suppli$4 ,any c> own] c\ld c>ry pass5g]s or freight :o paid ! /ate two c5ts a mile = ea* pass5g] & #d4ib = ea* c> s5t ov] ! rails4 ,aft] #ahcf ! /ate provid$ locomotives & *>g$ = haul+ c>s4 #ag ,! capta9 ( a s*oon]1 see+ h] smoke1 ?\ght %e 0 a %ip on fire & />t$ = h]1 b f\nd %e w5t fa/] ) fire & smoke ?an we possibly c\ld ) all sails set4 ,x 0 !n t we discov]$ t :at we suppos$ a vessel on fire 0 no?+ less ?an a /eamboat cross+ ! ,we/]n ,ocean4 ,9 ,june1 :5 (f ! coa/ ( ,irel&1 %e 0 aga9 mi/ak5 = a %ip on fire1 & "o ( ! k+'s rev5ue cutt]s 0 s5t to h] relief & *as$ h] = a day4 #ah ,a common =m 0 kn[n z ! loco-foco4 ,9 #ahce ! ,democratic p>ty 9 ,new ,york city 0 split into two factions1 & on ! night = ! nom9ation ( c&idates = (fice "o faction got possession ( ! hall by us+ a back door4 ,b ! m5 ( ! o!r faction drove x f ! room & 7 proce$+ to make _! nom9ations :5 ! gas 0 cut (f4 ,= ?is ! lead]s 7 prep>$1 & tak+ c&les out ( _! pockets lit !m ) loco-foco mat*es4 ,! next morn+ a newspap] call$ !m ,loco-,focos1 & 9 "t ! "n 0 appli$ to a w+ ( ! ,democratic p>ty4 #ai ,good descriptions ( life 9 ,new ,engl& are ,lucy ,l>com's ,new ,engl& ,girlhood2 ,t4 ,b4 ,aldri*'s ,/ory ( a ,bad ,boy2 & ,e4 ,e4 ,hale's ,new ,engl& ,boyhood4 #bj ,read ,:itti]'s ,prison] = ,debt4 #ba ,9 ,rhode ,isl& _m ef=ts to h ! fran*ise ext5d$ came to naught4 ,! old colonial *>t] 0 /ill 9 =ce1 & "u x no man c\ld vote unless he own$ real e/ate wor? #acd or r5t+ = #g a ye>1 or 0 ! elde/ son ( su* a freeman4 ,aft] ! ,:ig victory 9 #ahdj1 h[ev]1 a p's p>ty 0 organiz$1 & adopt$ a /ate con/itution :i* ext5d$ ! fran*ise1 & "u :i* ,?omas ,w4 ,dorr 0 elect$ gov]nor4 ,dorr attempt$ to seize ! /ate prop]ty by =ce1 & e/abli% 8 gov]nm5t2 b 8 p>ty & 8 /ate (ficials des]t$ him1 & he 0 arre/$1 tri$1 f\nd guilty ( treason1 & s5t5c$ to life imprisonm5t4 ,he 0 f9ally p>don$1 & 9 #ahdb a /ate con/itution 0 regul>ly adopt$1 & ! old *>t] ab&on$4 #bb ,9 ,new ,york _m p 7 dem&+ a re=m 9 l& t5ure4 ,"o ( ! great patroon%ips grant$ by ! ,dut* ,we/ ,india ,company 7p4 #gb7 /ill rema9$ 9 ! ,van ,r5ssela] family4 ,! f>m]s on ?is va/ e/ate paid r5t 9 produce4 ,:5 ! patroon1 ,/eph5 ,van ,r5ssela]1 di$ 9 #ahci1 ! heir attempt$ to collect "s ov]due r5ts2 b ! f>m]s assembl$1 drove (f ! %]iff1 & s compell$ ! gov]nm5t to s5d militia to aid ! %]iff4 ,! ,anti-r5t ,w> ?us />t$ dragg$ on till #ahdf1 dur+ :i* "t riots1 outrages1 "s murd]s1 & mu* disord] took place4 ,aga9 & aga9 ! militia 7 call$ out4 ,9 ! end ! f>m]s 7 all[$ to buy _! f>ms1 & ! old leasehold sy/em 0 de/roy$4 ,coop]'s novels ,! ,r$sk9s1 ,! ,*a9be>]1 & ,satan/oe relate to ^! tr\bles4 ,s also does ,ru? ,hall's ,d[nr5t]'s ,son4 #bc ,read ,mc,master's ,hi/ory ( ! ,p ( ! ,u4 ,s41 ,vol4 ,v1 pp4 #ij- #ig4 #bd ,joseph ,smi? ass]t$ t 9 a vision ! angel ( ! ,"l told him to dig "u a /one on a c]ta9 hill ne> ,palmyra1 ,new ,york1 & t on do+ s he f\nd plates ( gold inscrib$ ) unkn[n *>act]s1 & two /ones or cry/als1 on look+ ?r\gh :i* he 0 enabl$ to translate ! *>act]s4 #be ,read ,mc,master's ,hi/ory ( ! ,p ( ! ,u4 ,s41 ,vol4 ,,vi1 pp4 #ajb-ajg2 #ded-deh4 #bf ,9 #ahbd ,w4 ,h4 ,a%ley l$ a p>ty f ,/4 ,l\is up ! ,platte ,riv]1 ov] ! m\nta9s1 & well d[n ! ,gre5 ,riv]1 & home by ,great ,salt ,lake1 ! ,s\? ,pass1 ! ,big ,horn1 ! ,yell[/one1 & ! ,miss\ri4 ,9 #ahbf ,a%ley & a p>ty w5t ?r\gh ! ,s\? ,pass1 dragg+ a six-p\nd cannon1 ! fir/ :eel$ vehicle kn[n to h cross$ ! m\nta9s nor? ( ! ,santa ,fe trail1 ,! cannon 0 put 9 a trad+ po/ on ,utah ,lake4 #bg ,9 #ahbf ,j$$iah ,smi? ) fifte5 trapp]s w5t f ne> ! ,great ,salt ,lake to ! l[] ,colorado ,riv]1 cross$ to ,san ,diego1 & w5t up ,cali=nia & ov] ! ,si]ra ,nevada to ,great ,salt ,lake4 ,9 #ahbg1 ) ano!r p>ty1 ,smi? w5t ov] ! same gr\nd to ! l[] ,colorado1 :]e ! ,indians kill$ t5 ( 8 m5 & /ole 8 prop]ty4 ,) two companions ,smi? walk$ to ,san ,jose1 :]e ! ,mexicans seiz$ him4 ,at ,mont]ey 7mon-te-r7 an ,am]ican %ip capta9 secur$ 8 release1 & ) a new b& ( foll[]s ,smi? w5t to a =k ( ! ,sacram5to ,riv]4 ,:ile ,smi? & 8 p>ty 7 9 ,oregon 9 #ahbh1 ! ,indians massacr$ all b five ( !m4 ,! re/ fl$ & ,smi? w5t on alone to ,=t ,vanc\v]1 a ,briti% fur-trad+ po/ on ! ,columbia ,riv]4 ,up ?is riv] ,smi? w5t 79 ! spr+ ( #ahbi7 to ! m\nta9s1 turn$ s\?w>d1 & 9 ,augu/1 ne> ! head wat]s ( ! ,snake ,riv]1 met two ( 8 p>tn]s4 ,toge!r !y cross$ ! m\nta9s to ! s\rce ( ! ,big ,horn1 & !n "o w5t on to ,/4 ,l\is4 ,e>ly 9 #ahcj he return$ ) eighty-two m5 & t5 wagons4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ wagon tra9 on ! ,oregon trail4 #bh ,wye? _h jo9$ ,kelley's p>ty2 b f9d+ t x w\ld n />t = "s "t1 he )drew1 & organiz$ a company to trade 9 ,oregon1 & e>ly 9 #ahcb1 ) tw5ty-n9e companions1 left ,bo/on1 w5t to ,/4 ,l\is1 jo9$ a b& ( trapp]s ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9 ,fur ,company1 & w5t ) !m to a great ,indian fair on ! upp] wat]s ( ! ,snake ,riv]4 ,!re "s ( 8 companions des]t$ him1 z o!rs _h done along ! way4 ,) ! re/ ,wye? rea*$ ,=t ,vanc\v]1 :]e ! company w5t to pieces1 & 9 #ahcc ,wye? return$ to ,bo/on4 ,,*apt] ,,xxv ,,m ,,t]ritory ,,acquir$ ,,tyl] ,,& ,,! ,,:igs ,,qu>rel4--,:5 ,congress 79 ,may1 #ahda7 fir/ met 9 ,tyl]'s t]m1 ,clay l$ ! ,:igs 9 propos+ measures to c>ry out _! p>ty pr9ciples4 ,b ,tyl] veto$ _! bill e/abli%+ a new national bank4 ,! ,:igs !n made "s *anges to suit1 z !y suppos$1 8 objections1 & s5t him a bill to *>t] a ,fiscal ,corporation2 b ?is also came back ) a veto2 :]eupon 8 ,cab9et (fic]s 7all save ,daniel ,web/]1 ,secret>y ( ,/ate7 resign$1 & ! ,:ig memb]s ( ,congress1 9 an address to ! p1 read him out ( ! p>ty4 ,lat] 9 8 t]m ,tyl] veto$ two t>iff bills1 b f9ally approv$ a ?ird1 kn[n z ! ,t>iff ( #ahdb4 ,= ^! uses ( ! veto p[] ! ,:igs ?\ght ( impea*+ him2 b did n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,disput$ ,,ma9e ,,b\nd>y4 ,,web/]-,,a%burton ,,treaty4--,:5 ,tyl]'s cab9et (fic]s resign$1 ,web/] rema9$ 9 ord] to conclude a new treaty ) ,great ,brita91 #a by :i* our pres5t nor!a/]n b\nd>y 0 fix$ f ! ,/4 ,croix to ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce4 ,nei!r p[] obta9$ all ! t]ritory x claim$ "u ! treaty ( #aghc1 b ! disput$ region 0 divid$ ab\t equally betwe5 !m4 #b ,soon aft] ! treaty 0 conclud$ ,web/] resign$ ! secret>y%ip ( /ate1 & ! rupture betwe5 ,tyl] & ! ,:igs 0 complete4 ,,! ,,republic ,,( ,,texas4--,! great ev5t ( ,tyl]'s "t 0 ! decision to annex ! republic ( ,texas4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,alamo4 ,9 #ahba ,mexico secur$ h] indep5d5ce ( ,spa91 & ab\t ?ree ye>s aft]w>d adopt$ ! policy ( grant+ a great tract ( l& 9 ,texas to anybody :o1 "u c]ta9 conditions1 & )9 a c]ta9 "t1 w\ld settle a specifi$ numb] ( families on ! grant4 ,to colonize 9 ?is way at once became popul> 9 ! ,s\?1 & 9 a few ye>s ?\s&s ( ,am]ican citiz5s 7 settl$ 9 ,texas4 ,= a :ile all w5t well2 b 9 #ahcc s]i\s tr\ble began betwe5 ! ,mexican gov]nm5t & ! ,texans1 :o 9 #ahcf decl>$ _! indep5d5ce1 f\nd$ ! republic ( ,texas1 #c & s\ght admission into our ,union z a /ate4 ,nei!r ,jackson nor ,van ,bur5 favor$ annexation1 s ! "q dragg$ on till #ahdd1 :5 ,tyl] made ) ,texas a treaty ( annexation & s5t x to ! ,s5ate4 ,t body refus$ ass5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,w> ,,) ,,mexico4 ,,! ,,democrats ,,& ,,texas4--,! issue 0 ?us =c$4 ,! ,democratic national conv5tion ( #ahdd claim$ t ,texas _h once be5 ours1 #d & decl>$ = its reannexation4 ,to please ! ,nor!rn ,democrats x also decl>$ = ! reoccupation ( ,oregon up to #ed #dj'4 ,?is meant t we %\ld compel ,great ,brita9 to ab&on all claim to t c\ntry1 & make x all ,am]ican soil4 ,! ,democrats w5t into ! campaign ) ! popul> cries1 ,! reannexation ( ,texas2 ,! :ole ( ,oregon or none2 ,texas or disunion--& elect$ ,polk #e aft] a close conte/4 ,,texas ,,annex$2 ,,oregon ,,divid$4--,tyl]1 reg>d+ ! triumph ( ! ,democrats z an in/ruction f ! p to annex ,texas1 urg$ ,congress to d s at once1 & 9 ,m>*1 #ahde1 a resolution = ! admission ( ,texas pass$ bo? h\ses1 & 0 sign$ by ! ,presid5t4 #f ,! resolution provid$ also t out ( h] t]ritory f\r additional /ates might be made if ,texas %\ld cons5t4 ,! b\nd>ies 7 9 dispute1 b 9 ! end ,texas 0 held to h includ$ all ! t]ritory f ! b\nd>y ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates to ! ,rio ,gr&e & a l9e ext5d+ due nor? f its s\rce4 ,aft] ,texas 0 annex$1 notice 0 s]v$ on ,great ,brita9 t jo9t occupation ( ,oregon mu/ end 9 "o ye>4 ,! ,briti% m9i/] !n propos$ a b\nd>y treaty :i* 0 conclud$ 9 a few weeks 7#ahdf74 ,! l9e agre$ on 0 ! #di? p>allel f ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s to ! ,/rait ( ,juan de ,fuca 7hoo-ahn' da foo'ca71 & by x to ! ,pacific ,ocean 7comp>e maps1 pp4 #bgh & #ccj74 ,,w> ,,) ,,mexico4--,mexico claim$ t ! real b\nd>y ( ,texas 0 ! ,nueces 7nw'sess7 ,riv]4 ,:51 !re=e1 ,polk 79 #ahdf7 s5t ,g5]al ,za*>y ,taylor ) an army to ! ,rio ,gr&e1 ! ,mexicans attack$ him2 b he beat !m at ,palo ,alto 7pah'lo ahl'to7 & aga9 ne> by at ,resaca de la ,palma 7ra-sah'ca da lah pahl'ma71 & drove !m across ! ,rio ,gr&e4 ,:5 ,presid5t ,polk he>d ( ! fir/ attack1 he decl>$ t ,mexico has %$ ,am]ican blood ^u ,am]ican soil4444 ,w> exi/s1444 & exi/s by ! act ( ,mexico h]self4 ,congress promptly vot$ m5 & money = ! w>4 ,,mont]ey4--,taylor1 hav+ cross$ ! ,rio ,gr&e1 m>*$ to ,mont]ey & 7,septemb]1 #ahdf7 attack$ ! city4 ,x 0 =tifi$ ) /rong /one walls 9 ! fa%ion ( ,old ,_w cities2 ! flat-ro($ h\ses bri/l$ ) guns2 & across e /reet 0 a b>ricade4 ,9 ?ree days ( desp]ate fight+ our troops =c$ _! way into ! city1 ent]$ ! build+s1 made _! way f h\se to h\se by break+ ?r\gh ! walls or asc5d+ to ! ro(s1 & rea*$ ! c5t] ( ! city be=e ! ,mexicans surr5d]$ ! t[n4 ,,new ,,mexico ,,& ,,cali=nia4--,imm$iately aft] ! decl>ation ( w>1 ,colonel ,/eph5 ,w4 ,ke>ny ) a =ce ( m5 set (f 7,june1 #ahdf7 by ! old ,santa ,fe trail & 7,augu/ #ah7 captur$ ,santa ,fe )\t a /ruggle1 e/abli%$ a civil gov]nm5t1 decl>$ ,new ,mexico annex$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & !n />t$ to take possession ( ,cali=nia4 ,b ,cali=nia _h already be5 conqu]$ by ! ,am]icans4 ,9 ,june1 #ahdf1 "s ?ree hundr$ ,am]ican settl]s1 believ+ t w> 0 imm95t & fe>+ !y w\ld be attack$1 revolt$1 adopt$ a flag on :i* 0 a grizzly be>1 & decl>$ ,cali=nia an indep5d5t republic4 ,fremont1 :o _h be5 explor+ 9 ,cali=nia1 came to _! aid 7,july #e71 & two days lat] ,commodore ,sloat ) a naval =ce ent]$ ,mont]ey & rais$ ! flag !re4 ,9 #ahdg 7,janu>y #h1 #i7 battles 7 f\ght ) ! ,mexicans ( ,cali=nia2 b ! ,am]icans held ! c\ntry4 ,,bu5a ,,vi/a4--,t[>d ! close ( #ahdf ,g5]al ,w9field ,scott 0 put 9 comm& ( ! army 9 ,mexico1 & ord]$ ,taylor to s5d a l>ge "p ( ! army to meet him at ,v]a ,cruz 7v'ra kroos74 ,santa ,anna1 he>+ ( ?is1 ga!r$ #ah1jjj m5 & at ,bu5a ,vi/a1 9 a n>r[ valley at ! foot ( ! m\nta9s1 attack$ ,taylor 7,febru>y #bc1 #ahdg74 ,! battle rag$ f morn+ to night4 ,aga9 & aga9 ! little ,am]ican army ( #ejjj seem$ c]ta9 to be ov]come by ! #ah1jjj ,mexicans4 ,b !y f\ght on desp]ately1 & :5 night came1 bo? armies left ! field4 #g ,illu/ration3 ,,g5]al ,,taylor ,,at ,,bu5a ,,vi/a4 ,f an old pr9t4 ,,! ,,m>* ,,to ,,mexico4--,scott l&$ at ,v]a ,cruz 9 ,m>*1 #ahdg1 took ! ca/le & city aft] a siege ( fifte5 days1 & ab\t a week lat] set (f = ! city ( ,mexico1 w9n+ victory aft] victory on ! way4 ,! heights ( ,c]ro ,gordo 7 tak5 by /orm1 & ! army ( ,santa ,anna 0 beat5 aga9 at ,jalapa 7ha-lah'pa74 ,puebla 7pw'bla7 surr5d]$ at ,scott's approa*1 & !re he wait$ ?ree mon?s4 ,b on ,augu/ #g ,scott aga9 />t$ we/w>d ) #aj1jjj m51 & ?ree days lat] look$ d[n on ! di/ant city ( ,mexico surr\nd$ by broad pla9s & sn[-capp$ m\nta9s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ca!dral1 ,,mexico4 ,!n foll[$ 9 quick succession ! victory at ,contr]as 7kn-tr'ras71 ! /orm+ ( ! heights ( ,*urubusco1 ! victory at ,mol9o del ,rey 7m-lee'no del r'7 ! /orm+ ( ! ca/le ( ,*apultepec' p]*$ on a l(ty rock1 & ! triumphal entry into ,mexico 7,septemb] #ad74 #h ,,! ,,t]ms ,,( ,,peace 7#ahdh74--,! republic ( ,mexico 0 n[ a conqu]$ nation & might h be5 add$ to our doma92 b ! victors 7 cont5t to reta9 ,upp] ,cali=nia & ,new ,mexico--! region f ! ,rio ,gr&e to ! ,pacific1 & f ! ,gila ,riv] to ,oregon 7comp>e maps1 pp4 #cah1 #ccj74 ,= ?is great t]ritory we paid ,mexico #ae1jjj1jjj1 & 9 addition paid "s #c1ejj1jjj ( claims our citiz5s _h aga9/ h] = injury to _! p]sons or prop]ty4 #i ,illu/ration3 ,,monum5t ,,on ,,mexican ,,b\nd>y4 ,,%all ,,! ,,newly ,,acquir$ ,,t]ritory ,,be ,,slave ,,soil ,,or ,,free8--,! treaty ) ,mexico hav+ be5 ratifi$ & ! t]ritory acquir$1 x became ! duty ( ,congress to provide ! p ) "s ,am]ican =m ( gov]nm5t4 ,!re ne$$ to be ,am]ican gov]nors1 c\rts1 legislatures1 cu/omh\ses1 rev5ue laws1 9 %ort a complete *ange f ! ,mexican way ( gov]n+4 ,to d ?is w\ld h be5 easy if x _h n be5 = ! fact t 79 #ahbg7 ,mexico _h aboli%$ slav]y4 ,all ! t]ritory acquir$ 0 !re=e free soil2 b ! ,s\? wi%$ to make x slave soil4 ,! "q ( ! h\r ?us became1 ,%all ,new ,mexico & ,cali=nia be slave soil or free soil8 #aj ,,! ,,presid5tial ,,campaign ,,( #ahdh4--,s tr\blesome 0 ! issue t ! two great p>ties tri$ to keep x out ( politics4 ,! ,democrats 9 _! plat=m 9 #ahdh said no?+ ab\t slav]y 9 ! new t]ritory1 & ! ,:igs made no plat=m4 ,?is action ( ! two p>ties s displeas$ ! antislav]y ,:igs & ,wilmot ,proviso ,democrats t !y held a conv5tion1 =m$ ! ,free-soil p>ty1 #aa nom9at$ ,m>t9 ,van ,bur5 = ,presid5t1 & drew away s _m ,new ,york ,democrats f _! p>ty t ! ,:igs c>ri$ ! /ate & won ! presid5tial election4 #ab ,on ,m>* #e1 #ahdi 7,m>* #d 0 ,sunday71 ,taylor #ac & ,fillmore #ad 7 inaugurat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,democratic ,,c>toon ,,9 ,,campaign ,,( #ahdh ,,gold ,,9 ,,cali=nia4--,by ?is "t ! "q ( slav]y 9 ! new t]ritory 0 /ill m complicat$ by ! discov]y ( gold 9 ,cali=nia4 ,_m ye>s be=e ?is "t a ,swiss settl] nam$ ,j4 ,a4 ,sutt] _h obta9$ a grant ( l& 9 ,cali=nia1 :]e ! city ( ,sacram5to n[ /&s4 ,9 #ahdh ,james ,w4 ,m>%all1 :ile build+ a sawmill = ,sutt] at ,coloma1 "s fifty miles away f ,sutt]'s ,=t1 discov]$ gold 9 ! mill race4 ,bo? ,sutt] & ,m>%all attempt$ to keep ! fact secret1 b _! /range actions attract$ ! att5tion ( a labor]1 :o also f\nd gold4 ,!n ! news spread fa/1 & p came by hundr$s & by ?\s&s to ! gold fields4 #ae ,lat] 9 ! ye> ! news rea*$ ! ,ea/1 & :5 ,polk 9 8 annual message confirm$ ! rumors1 ! ru% = ,cali=nia began4 ,"s w5t by vessel ar\nd ,cape ,horn4 ,o!rs took %ips to ! ,i/hmus ( ,panama1 cross$ x on foot1 & sail$ to ,san ,francisco4 ,/ill o!rs hurri$ to ! ,miss\ri to make ! ov]l& j\rney across ! pla9s4 #af ,by ,augu/1 #ahdi1 "s eighty ?\s& gold hunt]s1 =ty-n9]s1 z !y came to be call$1 _h rea*$ ! m9es4 #ag ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,rock]4 ,,! ,,/ate ,,( ,,cali=nia4--,z ,congress _h provid$ no gov]nm5t1 & z sc>cely any c\ld be said to exi/1 ! p held a conv5tion1 made a free-/ate con/itution1 & appli$ = admission into ! ,union z a /ate4 ,,issues ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,nor? ,,& ,,! ,,s\?4--,! election ( ,taylor1 & ,cali=nia's application = /atehood1 br\ght on a crisis betwe5 ! ,nor? & ! ,s\?4 ,mo/ ( ! p 9 ! ,nor? desir$ no m slave /ates & no m slave t]ritories1 abolition ( slav]y & ! slave trade 9 ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia1 & ! admission ( ,cali=nia z a free /ate4 ,! ,s\? oppos$ ^! ?+s2 compla9$ ( ! difficulty ( captur+ slaves t escap$ to ! free /ates1 & ( ! con/ant agitation ( ! slav]y "q by ! abolitioni/s2 & dem&$ t ! ,mexican cession be left op5 to slav]y4 ,s9ce #ahdj two slave-hold+ /ates1 ,florida & ,texas 7#ahde71 & two free /ates1 ,i[a 7#ahdf7 & ,wiscons9 7#ahdh71 _h be5 admitt$ to ! ,union1 mak+ fifte5 free & fifte5 slave /ates 9 all2 & ! ,s\? n[ oppos$ ! admission ( ,cali=nia1 p>tly because x w\ld give ! free /ates a majority 9 ! ,s5ate4 ,,! ,,compromise ,,( #ahej4--;,at ?is /age ,h5ry ,clay 0 aga9 s5t to ! ,s5ate4 ,he _h p[]fully support$ two great compromise measures--! ,miss\ri ,compromise ( #ahbj1 & ! ,compromise ,t>iff ( #ahcc4 ,he believ$ t ! ,union 0 9 dang] ( de/ruction2 b t if ! two p>ties w\ld aga9 compromise1 x c\ld be sav$4 ,to please ! ,nor? he n[ propos$ 7#a7 t ,cali=nia %\ld be admitt$ z a free /ate1 & 7#b7 t ! slave trade 7buy+ & sell+ slaves71 b n ! "r to own slaves1 %\ld be aboli%$ 9 ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia4 ,to please ! ,s\? he propos$ 7#a7 t ,congress %\ld pass a m /r+5t law = ! capture ( fugitive slaves1 & 7#b7 t two t]ritories1 ,new ,mexico & ,utah1 %\ld be =m$ f "p ( ! ,mexican pur*ase1 ) ! und]/&+ t ! p 9 !m %\ld decide :e!r !y %\ld be slave soil or free4 ,?is pr9ciple 0 call$ squatt] sov]eignty1 or popul> sov]eignty4 ,illu/ration3 ,,clay ,,address+ ,,! ,,s5ate ,,9 #ahej4 ,f an old engrav+4 ,texas claim$ ! ,rio ,gr&e z "p ( h] we/ b\nd>y4 ,b ! ,unit$ ,/ates claim$ ! "p ( ,new ,mexico ea/ ( ! ,rio ,gr&e1 & bo? sides seem$ ready to appeal to arms4 ,clay propos$ t ,texas %\ld give up h] claim & be paid = s do+4 ,dur+ ?ree mon?s ?is plan 0 hotly debat$1 #ah & ?reats ( secession & viol5ce 7 made op5ly4 ,b 9 ! end ! plan 0 accept$3 7#a7 ,cali=nia 0 admitt$1 7#b7 ,new ,mexico & ,utah 7 organiz$ z t]ritories op5 to slav]y1 7#c7 ,texas took h] pres5t b\nds 7see maps1 pp4 #cah1 #ccj7 & receiv$ #aj1jjj1jjj1 7#d7 a new fugitive slave law #ai 0 pass$1 & 7#e7 ! slave trade 0 prohibit$ 9 ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia4 ,^! measures toge!r 7 call$ ! ,compromise ( #ahej4 ,,dea? ,,( ,,taylor4--,:ile ! debate on ! compromise 0 "u way1 ,taylor di$ 7,july #i1 #ahej7 & ,fillmore 0 sworn into (fice z ,presid5t = ! rema9d] ( ! t]m4 ,,summ>y #a4 ,congress 9 #ahda pass$ two bills = *>t]+ a new national bank1 b ,presid5t ,tyl] veto$ bo?4 ,! ,:ig lead]s !n decl>$ t ,tyl] 0 n a ,:ig4 #b4 ,! next ye> ! ,web/]-,a%burton treaty settl$ a long-/&+ dispute ov] ! nor!a/]n b\nd>y4 #c4 ,9 #ahdd ! ,democrats decl>$ = ! annexation ( ,texas & ,oregon1 & elect$ ,polk ,presid5t4 ,congress !n quickly decid$ to admit ,texas to ! ,union4 #d4 ,w> ) ,mexico foll[$ a dispute ov] ! ,texas b\nd>y4 ,9 ! c\rse ( x ,taylor won victories at ,mont]ey & ,bu5a ,vi/a2 ,scott made a fam\s m>* to ! city ( ,mexico2 & ,ke>ny m>*$ to ,santa ,fe & on to ,cali=nia4 #e4 ,peace add$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates a great tract ( c\ntry acquir$ f ,mexico4 ,mean:ile1 ! ,oregon c\ntry _h be5 divid$ by treaty ) ,great ,brita94 #f4 ,! acquisition ( ,mexican t]ritory br\ght up ! "q ( ! admission ( slav]y1 = ! t]ritory 0 free soil "u ,mexican rule4 #g4 ,! oppon5ts ( ext5sion ( ! slave area =m$ ! ,free-soil p>ty 9 #ahdh1 & drew (f en\gh ,democratic votes s t ! ,:igs elect$ ,taylor & ,fillmore4 #h4 ,mean:ile gold _h be5 discov]$ 9 ,cali=nia1 & a wild ru% = ! digg+s began4 #i4 ,! p 9 ,cali=nia =m$ a free-/ate con/itution & appli$ = admission to ! ,union4 #aj4 ,! *ief political issues n[ c5t]$ ar\nd slav]y1 & z !y _h to be settl$1 le/ ! ,union be brok51 ! ,:igs & ,democrats arrang$ ! ,compromise ( #ahej4 #aa4 ,?is made ,cali=nia a free /ate1 b left ! new t]ritories ( ,utah & ,new ,mexico op5 to slav]y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,old ,,adobe ,,ran* ,,h\se ,,9 ,,s\!rn ,,cali=nia4 ,,footnotes #a ,besides ! long-/&+ dispute ov] ! ,ma9e b\nd>y1 two o!r matt]s 7 possible causes ( w> ) ,great ,brita94 7#a7 ,h] cruis]s _h be5 se>*+ our vessels (f ! ,african coa/ to see if !y 7 slav]s4 7#b7 ,9 ! attack on ! ,c>ol9e 7p4 #big7 "o ,am]ican 0 kill$1 & 9 #ahdj a ,canadian1 ,alex&] ,mc,leod1 0 arre/$ 9 ,new ,york & *>g$ ) ! murd]4 ,great ,brita9 n[ av[$ responsibility = ! burn+ ( ! ,c>ol9e1 & dem&$ t ! man %\ld be releas$4 ,mc,leod1 h[ev]1 0 tri$ & acquitt$4 #b ,two o!r provisions ( ! treaty 7 ( especial importance4 7#a7 ,9 ord] to /op ! slave trade ea* nation 0 to keep a squadron 7c>ry+ at lea/ eighty guns7 cruis+ (f ! coa/ ( ,africa4 7#b7 ,x 0 agre$ t any p]son :o1 *>g$ ) ! crime ( murd]1 piracy1 arson1 robb]y1 or =g]y1 committ$ 9 ei!r c\ntry1 %all escape to ! o!r1 %all if possible be seiz$ & giv5 up to ! au?orities ( ! c\ntry :i* he fl$4 #c ,a w> betwe5 ,mexico & ,texas foll[$1 & 0 c>ri$ on ) great cruelty by ! ,mexicans4 ,santa ,anna1 ! presid5t ( ,mexico1 hav+ driv5 "s ,texans into a build+ call$ ! ,alamo 7ah'la-mo71 9 ,san ,antonio1 c>ri$ x by /orm & ord]$ all ( its def5d]s %ot4 ,a b& ( ,texans :o surr5d]$ at ,goliad met ! same fate4 ,9 #ahcf1 h[ev]1 ,g5]al ,samuel ,h\/on 7hu'/un7 beat ! ,mexicans 9 ! decisive battle ( ,san ,jac9to4 ,! /ruggle ( ! ,texans = indep5d5ce ar\s$ sympa?y 9 our c\ntry2 hundr$s ( volunte]s jo9$ _! army1 & money1 arms1 & ammunition 7 s5t !m4 ,read ,a4 ,e4 ,b>r's novel ,rememb] ! ,alamo4 #d ,ref]r+ to our claim betwe5 #ahjc & #ahai 7p4 #bgf7 t ! ,l\isiana ,pur*ase ext5d$ we/ to ! ,rio ,gr&e4 #e ,james ,k4 ,polk 0 born 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a 9 #agie1 b w5t ) 8 p>5ts to ,t5nessee 9 #ahjf1 :]e 9 #ahbc he became a memb] ( ! legislature4 ,f #ahbd to #ahci he 0 a memb] ( ,congress1 & 9 #ahci 0 elect$ gov]nor ( ,t5nessee4 ,polk 0 ! fir/ presid5tial d>k horse2 t is1 ! fir/ c&idate ^: nom9ation 0 unexpect$ & a surprise4 ,9 ! ,democratic national conv5tion at ,baltimore ! conte/ 0 at fir/ betwe5 ,van ,bur5 & ,cass4 ,polk's "n did n appe> till ! eigh? ballot2 on ! n9? ! conv5tion /amp$$ & ,polk receiv$ e vote4 ,:5 ! news 0 spread ov] ! c\ntry by means ( railroads & /agecoa*es1 _m p w\ld n believe x till confirm$ by ! newspap]s4 ,! ,:igs nom9at$ ,h5ry ,clay2 & ! ,lib]ty p>ty1 ,james ,g4 ,birney4 ,tyl] also 0 r5om9at$ by 8 fri5ds1 b )drew4 #f ,read ,:itti]'s ,texas4 #g ,9 ! c\rse ( ! fight a son ( ,h5ry ,clay 0 kill$1 & ,jeff]son ,davis1 aft]w>d ,presid5t ( ! ,conf$]ate ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 0 w\nd$4 ,at "o /age ( ! battle ,lieut5ant ,critt5d5 0 s5t to dem& ! surr5d] ( a ,mexican =ce t _h be5 cut (f2 b ! ,mexican (fic] 9 comm& s5t him bl9dfold$ to ,santa ,anna4 ,critt5d5 !reupon dem&$ ! surr5d] ( ! entire ,mexican army1 & :5 told t ,taylor mu/ surr5d] 9 an h\r or h 8 army de/roy$1 repli$1 ,g5]al ,taylor nev] surr5d]s4 ,read ,:itti]'s ,angels ( ,bu5a ,vi/a4 #h ,! w> 0 bitt]ly oppos$ by ! antislav]y p ( ! ,nor? z an attempt to ga9 m slave t]ritory4 ,numb]s ( pamphlets 7 writt5 aga9/ x4 ,l9coln1 !n a memb] ( ,congress1 introduc$ resolutions ask+ ! ,presid5t to /ate on :at spot on ,am]ican soil blood _h be5 %$ by ,mexican troops1 & ,james ,russell ,l[ell wrote 8 fam\s ,bigl[ ,pap]s4 #i ,five ye>s lat] 7#ahec71 by ano!r treaty ) ,mexico1 negotiat$ by ,james ,gadsd51 we acquir$ a comp>atively small tract s\? ( ! ,gila1 call$ ! ,gadsd5 ,pur*ase 7comp>e maps1 pp4 #ccj1 #ceb74 ,! price 0 #aj1jjj1jjj4 ,! pur*ase 0 made l>gely because ,congress 0 !n consid]+ ! build+ ( a railroad to ! ,pacific1 & because ! r\te likely to be *os5 w5t s\? ( ! ,gila4 #aj ,z e>ly z #ahdf ! ,nor? attempt$ to decide ! "q 9 favor ( fre$om4 ,polk _h ask$ = #b1jjj1jjj ) :i* to settle ! b\nd>y dispute ) ,mexico1 & :5 ! bill to appropriate ! money 0 be=e ! ,h\se1 ,david ,wilmot mov$ to add ! proviso t all t]ritory b\ght ) x %\ld be free soil4 ,! ,h\se pass$ ! ,wilmot ,proviso1 b ! ,s5ate did n2 s ! bill fail$4 ,! foll[+ ye> 7#ahdg7 a bill to give ,polk #c1jjj1jjj 0 introduc$1 & aga9 ! proviso 0 add$ by ! ,h\se & reject$ by ! ,s5ate4 ,!n ! ,h\se gave way1 & pass$ ! bill2 b ! acquisition ( ,cali=nia & ,new ,mexico by treaty left ! "q /ill unsettl$4 #aa ,_! plat=m decl>$3 7#a7 t ,congress has no m p[] to make a slave ?an to make a k+2 7#b7 t !re mu/ be free soil = a free p2 7#c7 t !re mu/ be no m slave /ates1 no m slave t]ritories2 7#d7 t we inscribe on our bann]1 ',free soil1 free spee*1 free labor1 & freem54' #ab ,! ,lib]ty p>ty nom9at$ ,john ,p4 ,hale ( ,new ,hamp%ire1 b he )drew 9 favor ( ,van ,bur54 ,! ,lib]ty p>ty 0 ?us m]g$ 9 ! ,free-soil p>ty1 & s disappe>$ f politics4 ,! ,democratic c&idates = ,presid5t & ,vice-,presid5t 7 ,lewis ,cass & ,william ,o4 ,butl]4 #ac ,za*>y ,taylor 0 born 9 ,virg9ia 9 #aghd1 0 tak5 to ,l\isville1 ,k5tucky1 :ile /ill a *ild1 & grew up !re4 ,9 #ahjh he ent]$ ! ,unit$ ,/ates army z a lieut5ant1 & by #ahaj _h ris5 to be a capta94 ,= a valiant def5se ( ,=t ,h>rison on ! ,waba%1 he 0 made a major4 ,he fur!r di/+ui%$ himself 9 ! ,black ,hawk & ,sem9ole w>s4 ,9 ! ,mexican ,w> ,g5]al ,taylor 0 a great favorite ) 8 m51 :o call$ him 9 admiration ,old ,r\gh & ,ready4 ,be=e #ahdh he _h tak5 v little int]e/ 9 politics4 ,he 0 nom9at$ because ( 8 record z a milit>y h]o4 #ad ,mill>d ,fillmore 0 born 9 c5tral ,new ,york 9 #ahjj1 & at f\rte5 0 appr5tic$ to a trade1 b /udi$ law at odd times1 & practic$ law at ,buffalo4 ,he s]v$ ?ree t]ms 9 ! /ate assembly1 0 f\r times elect$ to ,congress1 & 0 once ! ,:ig c&idate = gov]nor4 ,9 #ahdh he 0 nom9at$ = ! vice presid5cy z a /rong ,:ig likely to c>ry ,new ,york4 #ae ,labor]s left ! fields1 tradesm5 ! %ops1 & seam5 des]t$ _! %ips z soon z !y ent]$ port4 ,"o ,cali=nia newspap] susp5d$ its issue because editor1 typesett]s1 & pr9t]'s devil _h gone to ! gold fields4 ,9 ,june ! ,/> /opp$ = a l reason1 & ,cali=nia 0 )\t a newspap]4 ,"s m5 made #ejjj1 #aj1jjj1 & #ae1jjj 9 a few days4 ,cali=nia life 9 ! e>ly times is describ$ 9 ,kirk ,munroe's ,gold5 ,days ( '#di1 & 9 ,bret ,h>te's ,luck ( ,ro>+ ,camp & ,tales ( ! ,argonauts4 #af ,^? :o cross$ ! pla9s suff]$ t]ribly1 & = _m ye>s ! wrecks ( _! wagons1 ! bones ( _! ox5 & horses1 & ! graves ( _m ( ! m5 7 to be se5 along ! r\te4 ,?is r\te 0 f ,indep5d5ce 9 ,miss\ri1 up ! ,platte ,riv]1 ov] ! ,s\? ,pass1 pa/ ,great ,salt ,lake1 & s to ! digg+s4 #ag ,"s m9]s obta9$ gold by digg+ ! e>?1 putt+ x into a t9 pan1 p\r+ on wat]1 & !n %ak+ ! pan s z to ?r[ out ! muddy wat] & leave ! p>ticles ( gold4 ,o!rs us$ a box m\nt$ on rock]s & call$ a cradle or rock]4 #ah ,read ! spee*es ( ,calh\n & ,web/] 9 ,john/on's ,am]ican ,orations1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,web/]'s spee* gave great (f5se 9 ! ,nor?4 ,read ,mc,master's ,daniel ,web/]1 pp4 #cad-cbd1 & ,:itti]'s poem ,i*abod4 ,! debate & its att5dant sc5es are well describ$ 9 ,rhodes's ,hi/ory ( ! ,u4 ,s41 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #ajd-ahi4 #ai ,! fugitive slave law gave great (f5se to ! ,nor?4 ,x provid$ t a runaway slave might be seiz$ :]ev] f\nd1 & br\ght be=e a ,unit$ ,/ates judge or commission]4 ,! negro c\ld n give te/imony to prove he 0 n a fugitive b _h be5 kidnapp$1 if su* 7 ! case4 ,all citiz5s 7 comm&$1 :5 summon$1 to aid 9 ! capture ( a fugitive1 &1 if necess>y1 9 8 deliv]y to 8 own]4 ,f9e & imprisonm5t 7 provid$ = any "o :o h>bor$ a fugitive or aid$ 9 8 escape4 ,! law 0 put 9 execution at once1 & slave cat*]s1 man hunt]s1 z !y 7 call$1 invad$ ! ,nor?4 ,?is s excit$ ! p t _m slaves :5 seiz$ 7 rescu$4 ,su* rescues occurr$ dur+ #ahea at ,new ,york1 ,bo/on1 ,syracuse1 & at ,ottawa 9 ,ill9ois4 ,read ,wilson's ,rise & ,fall ( ! ,slave ,p[] 9 ,am]ica1 ,*ap4 #bf4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ?is excitem5t ,mrs4 ,h>riet ,bee*] ,/[e publi%$ h] /ory ( ,uncle ,tom's ,cab94 ,mrs4 ,/[e's purpose 0 to %[ ! in/itution ( slav]y truly j z x exi/$4 ,! book is r a picture ( :at slav]y might h be5 ?an ( :at slav]y really 02 b x 0 s p[]fully writt5 t ev]ybody read x1 & ?\s&s ( p 9 ! ,nor? :o hi!rto c>$ little ab\t ! slav]y issue 7 conv]t$ to abolitionism4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,9 #ahej4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvi ,,! ,,/ruggle ,,= ,,free ,,soil ,,! ,,presid5tial ,,campaign ,,( #aheb4--,! ,compromise ( #ahej 0 ?\ght to be a f9al settlem5t ( all ! tr\bles t _h gr[n out ( slav]y4 ,! great lead]s ( ! ,:ig & ,democratic p>ties solemnly pl$g$ !mselves to /& by ! compromise1 & :5 ! national conv5tions met 9 #aheb1 ! two p>ties 9 _! plat=ms made equally solemn promises4 ,! ,democrats nom9at$ ,frankl9 ,pi]ce #a ( ,new ,hamp%ire = ,presid5t1 & decl>$ !y w\ld abide by & adh]e to ! compromise1 & w\ld resi/ all attempts at r5ew+1 9 ,congress or out ( x1 ! agitation ( ! slav]y "q4 ,! ,:igs select$ ,w9field ,scotl& decl>$ ! compromise to be a settlem5t 9 pr9ciple ( ! slav]y "q1 & promis$ to d all !y c\ld to prev5t fur!r agitation ( x4 ,! ,free-soil]s nom9at$ ,john ,p4 ,hale ( ,new ,hamp%ire4 ,! refusal ( ! ,:ig p>ty to /& aga9/ ! compromise drove _m ,nor!rn vot]s f its ranks4 ,pi]ce c>ri$ e /ate save f\r &1 ,m>* #d1 #ahec1 0 duly inaugurat$4 #b ,,! ,,slav]y ,,"q ,,n ,,settl$4--,b ,pi]ce _h n be5 _m mon?s 9 (fice :5 ! qu>rel ov] slav]y 0 rag+ once m4 ,9 ,janu>y1 #ahed1 ,/eph5 ,a4 ,d\glas ( ,ill9ois introduc$ into ! ,s5ate a bill to organize a new t]ritory to be call$ ,nebraska4 ,e foot ( x 0 nor? ( #cf #cj' & 01 by ! ,compromise ( #ahbj 7p4 #bgd71 free soil4 ,b an attempt 0 made to am5d ! bill & decl>e t ! ,miss\ri ,compromise %\ld n apply to ,nebraska1 :]eupon su* bitt] opposition arose t ,d\glas recall$ 8 bill & br\ght 9 ano!r4 #c ,,kansas-,,nebraska ,,act4--,! new bill provid$ = ! creation ( two t]ritories1 "o to be call$ ,kansas & ! o!r ,nebraska2 = ! repeal ( ! ,miss\ri ,compromise1 ?us op5+ ! c\ntry nor? ( #cf #cj' to slav]y2 & = ! adoption ( ! doctr9e ( popul> sov]eignty4 ,! ,free-soil]s1 l$ by ,salmon ,p4 ,*ase1 ,william ,h4 ,sew>d1 & ,*>les ,sumn]1 tri$ h>d to defeat ! bill4 ,b x pass$ ,congress1 & 0 sign$ by ! ,presid5t 7#ahed74 #d ,illu/ration3 ,,gov]nor',s ,,mansion1 ,,kansas1 ,,9 #aheg4 ,contempor>y draw+4 ,,! ,,/ruggle ,,= ,,kansas4--,& n[ began a sev5 ye>s' /ruggle betwe5 ! ,free-soil]s & ! proslav]y m5 = ! possession ( ,kansas4 ,m5 ( bo? p>ties hurri$ to ! t]ritory4 #e ,! fir/ election 0 = t]ritorial delegate to ,congress1 & 0 c>ri$ by ! proslav]y p>ty assi/$ by hundr$s ( ,miss\rians :o ent]$ ! t]ritory1 vot$ unlawfully1 & w5t home4 ,! second election 0 = memb]s ( ! t]ritorial legislature4 ,aga9 ! ,miss\rians sw>m$ ov] ! bord]1 & a proslav]y legislature 0 elect$4 ,gov]nor ,re$] set ! elections aside 9 sev5 di/ricts1 & 9 !m o!r memb]s 7 *os52 b ! legislature :5 x met turn$ out ! sev5 s elect$ & seat$ ! m5 reject$ by ! gov]nor4 ,! proslav]y laws ( ,miss\ri 7 adopt$1 & ,kansas became a slave-hold+ t]ritory4 ,,! ,,topeka ,,con/itution4--,unwill+ to be gov]n$ by a legislature s elect$1 look+ on x z illegal & usurp+1 ! free-/ate m5 fram$ a /ate con/itution at ,topeka 7#ahee71 organiz$ a /ate gov]nm5t1 & appli$ to ,congress = admission into ! ,union z a /ate4 ,! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives vot$ to admit ,kansas1 b ! ,s5ate w\ld n cons5t1 & 7,july #d1 #ahef7 ,unit$ ,/ates troops disp]s$ ! legislature :5 x attempt$ to assemble "u ! ,topeka con/itution4 ,kansas 0 a slave- hold+ t]ritory = two ye>s yet be=e ! free-/ate m5 secur$ a majority 9 ! legislature1 #f & n till #ahfa did x secure admission z a free /ate4 ,,p]sonal ,,lib]ty ,,laws4--,9 ! ,ea/ meantime ! rapidly gr[+ feel+ aga9/ slav]y f\nd expression 9 :at 7 call$ p]sonal lib]ty laws1 :i* 9 "t 7 enact$ by all save two ( ! free /ates4 ,_! av[$ object 0 to prev5t free negroes f be+ s5t into slav]y on ! claim t !y 7 fugitive slaves2 b !y really ob/ruct$ ! execution ( ! fugitive slave law ( #ahej4 ,ano!r sign ( ,nor!rn feel+ 0 ! sympa?y n[ %[n = ! ,und]gr\nd ,railroad4 ,?is 0 n a railroad1 b a network ( r\tes along :i* slaves escap+ to ! free /ates-7 s5t by night f "o fri5dly h\se to ano!r till !y rea*$ a place ( safety1 p]haps 9 ,canada4 ,illu/ration3 ,,reception ,,at ,,! ,,:ite ,,h\se1 ,,9 #aheh4 ,contempor>y draw+4 ,,break+ ,,up ,,( ,,old ,,p>ties4--,on political p>ties ! ev5ts ( ! f\r ye>s #ahej-ed 7 s]i\s4 ,! ,compromise ( #ahej1 & ! vigor\s execution ( ! new fugitive slave law1 drove ?\s&s ( old l9e ,:igs f _! p>ty4 ,! dea?s ( ,clay & ,web/] 9 #aheb depriv$ ! p>ty ( its greate/ lead]s4 ,! ,kansas-,nebraska bill complet$ ! ru91 & f t "t =? ! p>ty 0 ( small political importance4 ,! ,democratic p>ty also suff]$1 & ?\s&s left its ranks to jo9 ! ,free-soil]s4 ,out ( su* elem5ts 9 #ahed-ef 0 f\nd$ ! new ,republican p>ty4 #g ,,! ,,campaign ,,( #ahef4--;,at ,philadelphia1 9 ,june1 #ahef1 a ,republican national conv5tion nom9at$ ,john ,c4 ,fremont = ,presid5t4 ,! ,democrats nom9at$ ,james ,bu*anan4 ,a remnant ( ! ,:igs1 n[ nicknam$ ,silv] ,grays1 indors$ ,fillmore1 :o _h be5 nom9at$ by ! ,am]ican1 or ,"k-no?+1 p>ty4 #h ,! ,free-soil]s jo9$ ! ,republicans4 ,bu*anan 0 elect$4 #i ,,dr$ ,,scott ,,decision1 #aheg4--,two days aft] ! inauguration ( ,bu*anan1 ! ,supreme ,c\rt made public a decision :i* ?rew ! c\ntry into int5se excitem5t4 ,a slave nam$ ,dr$ ,scott _h be5 tak5 by 8 own] f ,miss\ri to ! free /ate ( ,ill9ois & !n to ,m9nesota1 made free soil by ! ,compromise ( #ahbj4 ,:5 br\ght back to ,miss\ri1 ,dr$ ,scott su$ = fre$om4 ,long resid5ce on free soil1 he claim$1 _h made him free4 ,! case f9ally rea*$ ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :i* decid$ aga9/ him4 #aj ,b 9 deliv]+ ! decision1 ,*ief- ,ju/ice ,taney ann\nc$3 7#a7 t ,congress c\ld n %ut slav]y out ( ! t]ritories1 & 7#b7 t ! ,miss\ri ,compromise ( #ahbj 0 uncon/itutional & void4 ,,! ,,t]ritories ,,op5 ,,to ,,slav]y4--,?is decision confirm$ all t ! ,s\? _h ga9$ by ! ,kansas-,nebraska ,act & ! ,compromise ( #ahej1 & also op5$ to slav]y ,wa%+ton & ,oregon1 :i* 7 !n free t]ritories4 ,if ! c\rt suppos$ t its decision w\ld end ! /ruggle1 x 0 mu* mi/ak54 ,n a ye> w5t by b "s incid5t occurr$ :i* add$ to ! excitem5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,l9coln',s ,,law ,,(fice ,,9 ,,spr+field4 ,,l9coln-,,d\glas ,,debate4--,9 #aheh ! p ( ,ill9ois 7 to elect a legislature :i* w\ld *oose a s5ator to succe$ ,/eph5 ,a4 ,d\glas4 ,! ,democrats decl>$ = ,d\glas4 ,! ,republicans nom9at$ ,abraham ,l9coln1 #aa & z ! canvass proce$$ ! two c&idates trav]s$ ! /ate1 hold+ a s]ies ( debates4 ,! que/ions discuss$ 7 popul> sov]eignty1 ! ,dr$ ,scott decision1 & ! ext5sion ( slav]y into ! t]ritories1 & ! debates attract$ ! att5tion ( ! :ole c\ntry4 ,l9coln 0 defeat$2 b 8 spee*es gave him a national reputation4 #ab ,,john ,,br[n ,,at ,,h>p]s ,,f]ry4--,9 #ahei ,john ,br[n1 a lifelong enemy ( slav]y1 w5t to ,h>p]s ,f]ry1 ,virg9ia1 ) a little b& ( foll[]s1 to /ir up an insurrection & free ! slaves4 ,he 0 captur$1 tri$ = murd] & treason1 & hang$4 ,! attempt 0 a wild "o2 b x caus$ int5se excitem5t 9 bo? ! ,nor? & ! ,s\?1 & add$ to ! bitt] feel+ :i* _h long exi/$ betwe5 ! two sections4 #ac ,,! ,,presid5tial ,,election ,,( #ahfj4--,! ,democrats 7 n[ s divid$ on ! slav]y issues t :5 !y met 9 conv5tion at ,*>le/on1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 9 #ahfj1 ! p>ty 0 r5t 9 twa91 & no c&idates 7 *os54 ,lat] 9 ! ye> ! ,nor!rn w+ nom9at$ ,/eph5 ,a4 ,d\glas = ,presid5t4 ,! ,s\!rn delegates1 at a conv5tion ( _! own1 select$ ,john ,c4 ,breck9ridge4 ,ano!r p>ty made up ( old ,:igs & ,"k-no?+s nom9at$ ,john ,bell ( ,t5nessee4 ,?is 0 ! ,con/itutional ,union p>ty4 ,! ,republicans #ad nam$ ,abraham ,l9coln & c>ri$ ! election4 #ae ,,summ>y #a4 ,! ,compromise ( #ahej 0 suppos$ to settle ! slav]y issues1 & ! two great p>ties pl$g$ !mselves to support x4 #b4 ,b ! issues 7 n settl$1 & 9 #ahed ! organization ( ,kansas & ,nebraska reop5$ ! /ruggle4 #c4 ,! ,kansas-,nebraska bill & ! conte/ ov] ,kansas split bo? ! ,:ig p>ty & ! ,democratic p>ty1 & by ! union ( ^? :o left !m1 ) ! ,free-soil]s1 ! ,republican p>ty 0 made1 #ahed-ef4 #d4 ,9 #aheg ! ,supreme ,c\rt decl>$ ! ,miss\ri ,compromise uncon/itutional1 & op5$ all t]ritories to slav]y4 #e4 ,9 #aheh ?is decision & o!r slav]y issues 7 debat$ by ,l9coln & ,d\glas4 #f4 ,?is debate made ,l9coln a national "*1 & 9 #ahfj he 0 elect$ ,presid5t by ! ,republican p>ty4 ,illu/ration3 ,,s*oolh\se ,,9 ,,! ,,m\nta9s1 ,,us$ ,,by ,,br[n ,,z ,,an ,,ars5al4 ,contempor>y draw+4 ,,footnotes #a ,frankl9 ,pi]ce 0 born 9 ,new ,hamp%ire 9 #ahjd1 & di$ 9 #ahfi4 ,he began 8 political c>e] 9 ! /ate legislature1 w5t to ,congress 9 #ahcc1 & to ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,s5ate 9 #ahcg4 ,9 ! w> ) ,mexico1 ,pi]ce rose f ! ranks to a brigadi] g5]al%ip4 ,he 0 a bitt] oppon5t ( anti-slav]y measures2 b :5 ! ,civil ,w> op5$ he became a ,union man4 #b ,! electoral vote 01 = ,pi]ce1 #bed2 = ,scott1 #db4 ,! popul> vote 01 = ,pi]ce1 #a1fja1dgd2 = ,scott1 #a1chf1ehj2 = ,hale1 #aee1ffg4 #c ,/eph5 ,a4 ,d\glas 0 born 9 ,v]mont 9 #ahac1 w5t we/ 9 #ahcc1 0 made attorney-g5]al ( ,ill9ois 9 #ahcd1 secret>y ( /ate & judge ( ! supreme c\rt ( ,ill9ois 9 #ahdj1 a memb] ( ,congress 9 #ahdc1 & ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,s5ate 9 #ahdg4 ,he 0 a small man1 b "o ( su* m5tal p[] t he 0 call$ ! ,little ,giant4 ,he 0 a c&idate = ! presid5tial nom9ation 9 ! ,democratic conv5tions ( #aheb & #ahef1 & 9 #ahfj 0 nom9at$ by ! ,nor!rn w+ ( t p>ty4 ,he 0 a ,union man4 #d ,= popul> op9ion on ! ,kansas-,nebraska bill1 read ,rhodes's ,hi/ory ( ! ,u4 ,s41 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #dfa-dgj4 #e ,proslav]y m5 f ,miss\ri & o!r ,s\!rn /ates f\nd$ ,at*ison1 ,leav5wor?1 ,lecompton1 & ,kickapoo1 9 ! nor!a/]n "p ( ,kansas4 ,free-/ate m5 f ! ,nor? f\nd$ ,lawr5ce1 ,topeka1 ,manhattan1 ,osawatomie1 9 ! ea/-c5tral "p ( ! t]ritory4 #f ,9 #ahef bord] w> rag$ 9 ,kansas1 settl]s 7 murd]$1 prop]ty de/roy$1 & ! free-/ate t[n ( ,lawr5ce 0 sack$ by ! proslav]y m54 ,9 #aheg ! proslav]y p>ty made a slave-/ate con/itution at ,lecompton & appli$ = admission1 & ! ,s5ate 7#aheh7 vot$ to admit ,kansas "u x2 b ! ,h\se refus$4 ,9 #ahei ! ,free- soil]s made a second 7! ,wy&otte7 con/itution1 "u :i* ,kansas 0 admitt$ into ! ,union 7#ahfa74 #g ,! break+ up ( old p>ties ov] ! slav]y issues naturally br\ght up ! "q ( =m+ a new p>ty1 & at a meet+ at ,ripon 9 ,wiscons9 9 #ahed1 x 0 propos$ to call ! new p>ty ,republican4 ,aft] ! passage ( ! ,kansas-,nebraska bill1 a ?\s& citiz5s ( ,mi*igan sign$ a call = a /ate conv5tion1 at :i* a ,republican /ate p>ty 0 =m$ & a ticket nom9at$ on :i* 7 ,:igs1 ,free-soil]s1 & ,anti-,nebraska ,democrats4 ,simil> fusion tickets1 z !y 7 call$1 7 adopt$ 9 eight o!r /ates4 ,! success ( ! new p>ty 9 ! elections ( #ahed1 & its /ill great] success 9 #ahee1 l$ to a call = a conv5tion at ,pittsburg on ,wa%+ton's ,bir?day1 #ahef4 ,!re & !n ! national ,republican p>ty 0 f\nd$4 #h ,! ,am]ican p>ty 0 ! outcome ( a long-preval5t feel+ aga9/ ! election ( =eign-born citiz5s to (fice4 ,at _m times & at _m places ?is feel+ _h produc$ political organizations4 ,b x 0 n till #aheb t a secret1 oa?-b\nd organization1 ) signs1 grips1 & passwords1 0 =m$ & spread its memb]%ip rapidly ?r\gh mo/ ( ! /ates4 ,z its memb]s w\ld n tell its pr9ciples & me?ods1 & pr(ess$ entire ignorance ( !m :5 que/ion$1 ! ,am]ican p>ty 0 call$ 9 d]ision ! ,"k-no?+s4 ,its success1 h[ev]1 0 great1 & 9 #ahee ,"k-no?+ gov]nors & legislatures 7 elect$ 9 eight /ates1 & heavy votes poll$ 9 six m4 #i ,! electoral vote 01 = ,bu*anan1 #agd2 = ,frmont1 #aad2 = ,fillmore1 #h4 ,! popul> vote 01 = ,bu*anan1 #a1hch1afi2 = ,frmont1 #a1cda1bfd2 = ,fillmore1 #hgd1ecd4 ,james ,bu*anan 0 born 9 ,p5nsylvania 9 #agia1 0 educat$ at s*ool & college1 /udi$ law1 s]v$ 9 ! /ate legislature1 0 five times elect$ to ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives1 & ?ree times to ! ,s5ate4 ,9 ! ,s5ate he 0 a w>m support] ( ,jackson1 & favor$ ! annexation ( ,texas "u ,tyl]4 ,he 0 ,secret>y ( ,/ate "u ,polk1 & _h be5 m9i/] to ,great ,brita94 #aj ,! ,*ief ,ju/ice rul$ t no negro ^: ance/ors _h be5 br\ght z slaves into ! ,unit$ ,/ates c\ld be a citiz52 ,scott !re=e 0 n a citiz51 & h5ce c\ld n sue 9 any ,unit$ ,/ates c\rt4 #aa ,abraham ,l9coln 0 born 9 ,k5tucky1 ,febru>y #ab1 #ahji1 & :ile /ill a *ild 0 tak5 by 8 p>5ts to ,indiana4 ,! fir/ w9t] 0 sp5t 9 a half-fac$ camp1 & = sev]al ye>s ! log cab9 t replac$ x _h nei!r door nor wood floor4 ,twelve mon?s' s*ool+ 0 all he ev] _h2 b he 0 fond ( books & borr[$ ,aesop's ,fables1 ,rob9son ,crusoe1 & ,weems's ,life ( ,wa%+ton1 ! book 9 :i* fir/ appe>$ ! fabul\s /ory ( ! hat*et & ! *]ry tree4 ,at n9ete5 ,l9coln w5t z a flatboatman to ,new ,orleans4 ,9 #ahcj 8 fa!r mov$ to ,ill9ois1 :]e ,l9coln help$ build ! cab9 & split ! rails to f5ce 9 ! l&1 & !n w5t on ano!r flatboat voyage to ,new ,orleans4 ,he became a cl]k 9 a /ore 9 #ahca1 s]v$ z a volunte] 9 ! ,black ,hawk ,w>1 tri$ bus9ess & fail$1 became po/ma/] ( ,new ,salem1 :i* soon ceas$ to h a po/ (fice1 support$ himself z pl[man1 f>m h&1 & wood cutt]1 & tri$ survey+2 b made s _m fri5ds t 9 #ahcd he 0 s5t to ! legislature1 & reelect$ 9 #ahcf1 #ahch1 & #ahdj4 ,he n[ began ! practice ( law1 settl$ 9 ,spr+field1 0 elect$ to ,congress 9 #ahdf1 & s]v$ !re "o t]m4 #ab ,= a description ( ! ,l9coln-,d\glas debate ( #aheh1 read ,rhodes's ,hi/ory ( ! ,u4 ,s41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #cad-cch4 #ac ,_m p]sons reg>d$ ,br[n z a m>tyr4 ,read ,:itti]'s ,br[n ( ,ossawatomie1 or ,/$man's ,h[ ,old ,br[n took ,h>p]'s ,f]ry4 ,read1 also1 ,rhodes's ,hi/ory ( ! ,u4 ,s41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #chc-cih4 #ad ,! plat=m ( ! ,republicans adopt$ 9 #ahfj 7at ,*icago7 sets =?3 7#a7 t ! p>ty repudiates ! pr9ciples ( ! ,dr$ ,scott decision1 7#b7 t ,kansas mu/ be admitt$ z a free /ate1 7#c7 t ! t]ritories mu/ be free soil1 & 7#d7 t slav]y 9 exi/+ /ates %\ld n be int]f]$ )4 #ae ,! electoral vote 01 = ,l9coln1 #ahj2 = ,d\glas1 #ab2 = ,breck9ridge1 #gb2 = ,bell1 #ci4 ,! popul> vote 01 = ,l9coln1 #a1hff1deb2 = ,d\glas1 #a1cgf1ieg2 = ,breck9ridge1 #hdi1gha2 = ,bell1 #ehh1hgi4 ,l9coln receiv$ no votes at all 9 t5 ,s\!rn /ates4 ,! popul> votes 7 s di/ribut$ t if ^? = ,d\glas1 ,breck9ridge1 & ,bell _h all be5 ca/ = "o ( ! c&idates1 ,l9coln w\ld /ill h be5 elect$ ,presid5t 7by #agc electoral votes to #acj74 ,,*apt] ,,xxvii ,,/ate ,,( ,,! ,,c\ntry ,,f #ahdj ,,to #ahfj ,,population4--,9 ! tw5ty ye>s :i* _h elaps$ s9ce #ahdj ! population ( our c\ntry _h ris5 to ov] #ca1jjj1jjj4 ,9 ,new ,york alone !re 71 9 #ahfj1 ab\t z _m p z liv$ 9 ! :ole ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #aghi4 ,n a little ( ?is increase ( population 0 due to ! /ream ( immigrants :i* _h be5 p\r+ into ! c\ntry4 ,f a few ?\s& 9 #ahbj1 ! numb] :o came ea* ye> rose gradually to ab\t #ajj1jjj 9 ! ye> #ahdb1 & !n w5t d[n aga94 ,b fam9e 9 ,irel& & h>d times 9 ,g]many />t$ ano!r great wave ( immigration1 :i* rose high] & high] till 7#ahed7 m ?an #djj1jjj p arriv$ 9 "o ye>4 ,!n once m ! wave subsid$1 & 9 #ahfa less ?an #ij1jjj came4 ,illu/ration3 ,,settl$ ,,area ,,9 #ahfj4 ,,new ,,/ates ,,& ,,t]ritories4--,?\gh population 0 /ill mov+ we/w>d1 few ( our c\ntrym51 be=e ! gold craze ( #ahdi1 _h cross$ ! ,miss\ri4 ,^? :o did1 w5t g5]ally to ,oregon1 :i* 0 organiz$ z a t]ritory 9 #ahdh & admitt$ into ! ,union z a /ate 9 #ahei4 ,by t "t ,cali=nia 7#ahej7 & ,m9nesota 7#aheh7 _h also be5 admitt$1 s t ! ,union 9 #ahfj consi/$ ( ?irty-?ree /ates & five t]ritories4 ,eighte5 /ates 7 free1 & fifte5 slave-hold+4 ,! five t]ritories 7 ,new ,mexico1 ,utah1 ,wa%+ton 7#ahec71 ,kansas1 & ,nebraska 7small map1 p4 #cid74 ,,city ,,life4--,ab\t "o six? ( ! population 9 #ahfj liv$ 9 cities1 ( :i* !re 7 ab\t #adj ( #hjjj or m p ea*4 ,mo/ ( !m 7 ugly1 dirty1 badly built1 & poorly gov]n$4 ,! old] ones1 h[ev]1 7 mu* improv$4 ,! /reet pump _h giv5 way to wat] works2 gas & plumb+ 7 9 g5]al use2 _m cities _h uni=m$ police2 #a b ! "w ( fight+ fires 0 done by volunte] fire dep>tm5ts4 ,/reet c>s 7drawn by horses7 n[ ran 9 all ! *ief cities1 omnibuses 7 9 g5]al use1 & 9 ,new ,york city ! great ,c5tral ,p>k1 ! fir/ ( its k9d 9 ! c\ntry1 _h be5 laid out4 ,illu/rat$ magaz9es1 & weekly pap]s1 ,sunday newspap]s1 & trade j\rnals _h be5 e/abli%$1 & 9 "s cities grad$ s*ools _h be5 introduc$4 #b ,,s*ools ,,& ,,colleges4--,9 ! c\ntry ! di/rict s*ool = boys & girls 0 gradually be+ improv$4 ,! l>g] cities ( ! ,nor? n[ _h high s*ools z well z common s*ools1 & 9 a few in/ances sep>ate high s*ools = girls4 ,betwe5 #ahdj & #ahfj eighty-two sect>ian & tw5ty non-sect>ian colleges 7 f\nd$1 & ! ,naval ,academy at ,annapolis 0 op5$4 ,n ev5 ! l>ge/ college 9 #ahfj _h #hjj /ud5ts1 & 9 b "o 7,univ]sity ( ,i[a1 #ahef7 7 wom5 admitt$ to all dep>tm5ts4 ,,lit]ature4--,public libr>ies 7 n[ to be f\nd n only 9 ! great cities1 b 9 mo/ ( ! l>ge t[ns1 & 9 su* libr>ies 7 collections ( poetry1 essays1 novels1 & hi/ories writt5 by ,am]ican au?ors4 ,longfell[1 ,holmes1 ,l[ell1 ,poe1 ,bryant1 & ,:itti] among poets2 ,haw?orne1 ,irv+1 ,coop]1 ,simms1 & ,poe among writ]s ( fiction2 ,em]son & ,l[ell among essayi/s1 7 read & admir$ abroad z well z at home4 ,prescott1 :o _h lately 7#ahei7 di$1 _h left beh9d him hi/ories ( ,spa9 9 ! ,old ,_w & 9 ! ,new2 ,p>kman 0 j beg9n+ 8 /ory ( ! ,fr5* 9 ,am]ica2 ,motley _h publi%$ 8 ,rise ( ! ,dut* ,republic1 & "p ( 8 ,hi/ory ( ! ,unit$ ,ne!rl&s2 ,hildre? _h complet$ "o ,hi/ory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ,bancr(t 0 /ill at "w on ano!r4 ,ne> ^! m5 ( ! fir/ rank /ood _m writ]s popul> 9 _! day4 ,! novels ( ,k5n$y1 & ! poetry ( ,drake1 ,halleck1 & ,willis are n yet =gott54 ,,occupations4--,9 ! ,ea/]n /ates ! p 7 engag$ *iefly 9 fi%+1 comm]ce1 & manufactur+2 9 ! ,middle /ates 9 f>m+1 comm]ce1 manufactur+1 & m9+4 ,to ! great coal & iron m9es ( ,p5nsylvania 7 7#ahei7 add$ ! oil fields4 ,t petroleum exi/$ 9 t /ate _h long be5 kn[n2 b x 0 n till ,drake drill$ a well ne> ,titusville 79 nor?we/]n ,p5nsylvania7 & /ruck oil t en\gh 0 obta9$ to make x m>ketable4 ,d[n ! ,ohio !re 0 a great trade 9 bitum9\s coal1 & ! union ( ! coal1 iron1 & oil trades 0 already mak+ ,pittsburg a great city4 ,9 ! ,s\? little *ange _h tak5 place4 ,cotton1 tobacco1 sug>1 & ! products ( ! p9e =e/s 7 /ill ! *ief s\rces ( weal?2 mills & factories h>dly exi/$4 ,! ,we/ _h n only its imm5se f>ms1 b also ! iron m9es ( upp] ,mi*igan1 ! lead m9es ( ! upp] ,mississippi & 9 ,miss\ri1 ! copp] m9es ( ! ,lake ,sup]ior c\ntry1 & ! lumb] indu/ry ( ,mi*igan & ,wiscons94 ,?r\gh ! lakes pass$ a great comm]ce4 ,cali=nia 0 ! great gold-m9+ /ate2 b gold & silv] _h j be5 discov]$ ne> ,pikes ,peak1 & 9 :at is n[ ,nevada4 ,,! ,,mormons4--,utah t]ritory 9 #ahfj conta9$ =ty ?\s& :ite p1 ne>ly all ,mormons4 ,^! p1 z we h se51 :5 driv5 f ,miss\ri1 built ! city call$ ,nauvoo 9 ,ill9ois4 ,_! lead]s n[ introduc$ ! practice ( polygamy1 & 9 v>i\s ways oppos$ ! /ate au?orities4 ,9 #ahdd !y came to bl[s ) ! /ate2 ! lead]s 7 arre/$1 & :ile 9 jail ,joseph ,smi? & 8 bro!r 7 murd]$ by a mob4 ,brigham ,"y !n became head ( ! *ur*1 & 9 ! w9t] ( #ahdf ! ,mormons1 driv5 f ,nauvoo1 cross$ ! ,mississippi & began a long m>* we/w>d ov] ! pla9s to ,great ,salt ,lake1 !n 9 ,mexico4 ,!re !y settl$ d[n1 & :5 ! w> ) ,mexico end$1 !y 7 aga9 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,:5 ,utah 0 made a t]ritory 9 #ahej1 ,brigham ,"y 0 appo9t$ its fir/ gov]nor4 #c ,illu/ration3 ,,=t ,,union1 ,,built ,,9 #ahbi ,,by ,,! ,,am]ican ,,fur ,,company4 ,,! ,,f> ,,we/4--,be=e #ahej ea* new /ate add$ to ! ,union _h bord]$ an "s old] /ate2 b n[ ,cali=nia & ,oregon 7 sep>at$ f ! o!r /ates by wide /ret*es ( wild]ness4 ,! ,rocky ,m\nta9 highl& & ! ,great ,pla9s1 h[ev]1 7 n entirely un9habit$4 ,ov] !m w&]$ b&s ( ,indians m\nt$ on fleet ponies2 :ite hunt]s & trapp]s1 "s trapp+ = !mselves1 "s = ! great fur companies2 & imm5se h]ds ( buffalo1 #d & 9 ! s\? h]ds ( wild horses4 ,! /reams /ill ab\nd$ ) beav]4 ,game 0 ev]y:]e1 de]1 elk1 antelope1 be>s1 wild turkeys1 prairie *ick5s1 & on ! /reams wild ducks & geese4 ,"h & !re 7 villages ( savage & m]ciless ,indians1 & ! =ts or trad+ po/s ( ! trapp]s4 ,e ye> b&s ( emigrants cross$ ! pla9s & ! m\nta9s1 b\nd to ,utah1 ,cali=nia1 or ,oregon4 ,,propos$ ,,railroad ,,to ,,! ,,pacific4--,9 #ahdb ,john ,c4 ,fremont1 ) ,kit ,c>son z guide1 began a s]ies ( explorations :i* f9ally ext5d$ f ! ,columbia to ! ,colorado1 & f ! ,miss\ri to ,cali=nia & ,oregon 7map1 p4 #cad74 #e ,m5 !n began to urge s]i\sly ! plan ( a railroad across ! cont95t to "s po9t on ! ,pacific4 ,9 #ahde ,asa ,:itney #f appli$ to ,congress = a grant ( a /rip ( l& f "s po9t on ,lake ,mi*igan to ,puget ,s\nd1 & came aga9 ) l appeals 9 #ahdf & #ahdh4 ,by t "t ! ,mexican cession _h be5 acquir$1 & ?is ) ! discov]y ( gold 9 ,cali=nia gave ! idea su* importance t 79 #ahec7 money 0 f9ally vot$ by ,congress = ! survey ( sev]al r\tes4 ,jeff]son ,davis1 z ,secret>y ( ,w>1 ord]$ five r\tes to be survey$ & 79 #ahee7 recomm5d$ ! mo/ s\!rly2 & ! ,s5ate pass$ a bill to *>t] ?ree roads4 #g ,jeal\sy among ! /ates prev5t$ ! passage ( ! bill by ! ,h\se4 ,9 #ahfj ! plat=ms ( ! ,democratic & ,republican p>ties decl>$ = su* a railroad4 ,,me*anical ,,improvem5t4--,dur+ ! p]iod #ahdj-fj me*anical improvem5t 0 m rem>kable ?an 9 e>li] p]iods4 ,! fir/ iron-front build+ 0 erect$1 ! fir/ /eam fire eng9e us$1 wire rope manufactur$1 a gra9 drill inv5t$1 ,hoe's pr9t+ press ) revolv+ type cyl9d]s introduc$1 & six inv5tions or discov]ies ( univ]sal b5efit to mank9d 7 giv5 to ! _w4 ,!y 7 ! electric telegraph1 ! sew+ ma*9e1 ! improv$ h>ve/]1 vulcaniz$ rubb]1 ! photograph1 & anae/hesia4 ,illu/ration3 ,,morse ,,& ,,8 ,,fir/ ,,telegraph ,,in/rum5t4 ,,! ,,telegraph4--,sev5 ye>s ( /ruggle enabl$ ,samuel ,f4 ,b4 ,morse1 help$ by ,alfr$ ,vail1 to make ! electric telegraph a success1 #h & 9 #ahdd1 ) ! aid ( a small appropriation by ,congress1 ,morse built a telegraph l9e f ,baltimore to ,wa%+ton4 #i ,fur!r aid 0 ask$ f ,congress & refus$4 #aj ,! ,magnetic ,telegraph ,company 0 !n />t$4 ,new ,york & ,baltimore 7 connect$ 9 #ahdf1 & 9 t5 ye>s "s =ty companies 7 9 op]ation 9 ! mo/ popul\s /ates4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h[e',s ,,fir/ ,,sew+ ,,ma*9e4 ,,! ,,sew+ ,,ma*9e2 ,,! ,,h>ve/]4--,a man nam$ ,hunt inv5t$ ! lock/it* sew+ ma*9e 9 #ahcd2 b x 0 n successful1 & "s "t elaps$ be=e 8 idea 0 tak5 up by ,elias ,h[e1 :o aft] sev]al ye>s ( exp]im5t 7#ahdf7 made a practical ma*9e4 ,p 7 sl[ to use x1 b by #ahej he _h s ar\s$ ! int]e/ ( inv5tors t sev5 rivals 7 9 ! field1 & to _! jo9t labors we owe "o ( ! mo/ useful inv5tions ( ! c5tury4 ,f ! h\sehold ! sew+ ma*9e pass$ into use 9 factories 7#ahfb71 & to-day gives employm5t to hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( p4 ,illu/ration3 ,,e>ly ,,h>ve/]4 ,f an old pr9t4 ,:at ! sew+ ma*9e is to ! home & ! factory1 t is ! reap] to ! f>m4 ,aft] _m ye>s ( exp]im5t ,cyrus ,mc,cormick inv5t$ a practical reap] & 7#ahdj7 s\ght to put x on ! m>ket1 b sev]al m ye>s pass$ be=e success 0 assur$4 ,to-day1 greatly improv$ & p]fect$1 x is 9 use ! _w ov]1 & has made possible ! great gra9 fields1 n only ( our own middle ,we/ & ,nor?we/1 b ( ,arg5t9a1 ,au/ralia1 & ,russia4 ,,vulcaniz$ ,,rubb]2 ,,photography2 ,,anae/hesia4--,! e>ly attempts to use ,india rubb] = %oes1 coats1 caps1 & wagon cov]s fail$ because 9 w>m wea!r ! rubb] s(t5$ & emitt$ an (f5sive smell4 ,to ov]come ?is ,goodye> labor$ ye> aft] ye> to discov] a me?od ( h>d5+ or1 z x is call$1 vulcaniz+ rubb]4 ,ev5 :5 ! discov]y 0 made & pat5t$1 sev]al ye>s pass$ be=e he 0 sure ( ! process4 ,9 #ahdd he succe$$ & gave to ! _w a mo/ useful inv5tion4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,dagu]reotype1 ,,9 ,,metal ,,case1 #ahdc4 ,9 #ahci a ,fr5*man nam$ ,dagu]re pat5t$ a me?od ( tak+ pictures by expos+ to sunlight a copp] plate treat$ ) c]ta9 *emicals4 ,! exposure = ea* picture 0 "s tw5ty m9utes4 ,an ,am]ican1 ,dr4 ,john ,w4 ,drap]1 s improv$ ! me?od t pictures 7 tak5 ( p]sons 9 a mu* %ort] "t1 & photography 0 fairly />t$4 ,great] yet 0 ! discov]y t by brea?+ sulphuric e!r a p]son c become ins5sible to pa9 & !n recov] consci\sness4 ,! glory ( ! discov]y has be5 claim$ = ,dr4 ,morton & ,dr4 ,jackson1 :o us$ x 9 #ahdf4 ,laugh+ gas 7nitr\s oxide7 0 us$ z an anse/hetic be=e ?is "t by ,dr4 ,wells ( ,h>t=d4 ,,transportation ,,improv$4--,9 ! c\ntry ea/ ( ! ,mississippi "s ?irty ?\s& miles ( railroad _h be5 built1 & direct communication op5$ f ! ,nor? & ,ea/ to ,*icago 7#ahec7 & ,new ,orleans 7#ahei74 ,= ! gr[? ( railroads betwe5 #ahej & #ahfa /udy ! maps on pp4 #cca1 #cec4 #aa ,at fir/ ! l9es betwe5 di/ant cities 7 compos$ ( _m connect+ b indep5d5t roads4 ,?us betwe5 ,albany & ,buffalo !re 7 t5 su* little roads2 b 9 #ahec !y 7 consolidat$ & became ! ,new ,york ,c5tral1 & ! era ( ! great trunk l9es 0 fairly op5$4 ,on ! ocean1 /eam%ip s]vice betwe5 ! ,old ,_w & ! ,new 0 s improv$ t /eam%ips pass$ f ,liv]pool to ,new ,york 9 less ?an twelve days4 ,bett] means ( transportation 7 ( b5efit1 n m]ely to ! travel] & ! m]*ant1 b to ! p g5]ally4 ,lett]s c\ld be c>ri$ fa/] & m *eaply1 s ! rate ( po/age on a s+le lett] 0 r$uc$ 7#ahea7 f five or t5 c5ts to ?ree c5ts1 #ab & be=e #ahfj express s]vice cov]$ e important l9e ( transportation4 ,,! ,,atlantic ,,cable4--,! success ( ! telegraph on l& sugge/$ a bold attempt to lay wires across ! b$ ( ! ocean1 & 9 #ahed ,cyrus ,w4 ,field ( ,new ,york 0 ask$ to aid 9 ! lay+ ( a cable f ,/4 ,johns to ,cape ,ray1 ,newf\ndl&4 ,b ,field w5t fur!r & =m$ a company to jo9 ,newf\ndl& & ,irel& by cable1 & aft] two failures succe$$ 7#aheh74 ,dur+ ?ree weeks all w5t well & "s f\r hundr$ messages 7 s5t2 !n ! cable ceas$ to "w1 & eight ye>s pass$ be=e ano!r 0 laid4 ,s9ce !n _m telegraph cables h be5 laid across ! ,atlantic2 b x 0 n till #aijc t ! fir/ 0 laid across ! ,pacific4 ,,=eign ,,relations4--,we h se5 h[ dur+ ?is p]iod our c\ntry 0 exp&$ by ! annexation ( ,texas 7#ahde7 & by two cessions ( t]ritory f ,mexico 7#ahdh & #ahec74 ,b ?is 0 n en\gh to satisfy ! ,s\?1 & attempts 7 made to buy ,cuba4 ,polk 7#ahdh7 (f]$ ,spa9 #ajj1jjj1jjj = x4 ,filibu/]s tri$ to capture x 79 #ahea71 & ,pi]ce 7#ahec7 urg$ its annexation4 ,) ?is end 9 view our m9i/]s to ,great ,brita91 ,france1 & ,spa9 met at ,o/5d 9 ,belgium 9 #ahed & issu$ :at 0 call$ ! ,o/5d ,manife/o4 ,?is set =? t ,cuba mu/ be annex$ to protect slav]y1 & if ,spa9 w\ld n sell = a fair price1 !n by e law1 human & div9e1 we %all be ju/ifi$ 9 wre/+ x f ,spa9 if we possess ! p[]4 ,bu*anan also 7#aheh7 urg$ ! pur*ase ( ,cuba2 b 9 va94 ,,*9a ,,& ,,japan4--,m pleas+ to recall are our relations ) ,*9a & ,japan4 ,our flag 0 fir/ se5 9 ,*9a 9 #aghd1 :5 ! trad+ vessel ,empress ( ,*9a rea*$ ,canton4 ,wa%+ton 7#agij7 appo9t$ a consul to reside 9 t city1 ! only "o 9 ,*9a1 !n op5 to =eign trade2 b no m9i/] f ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 s5t to ,*9a till ,caleb ,gu%+ w5t 9 #ahdd4 ,by him our fir/ treaty 0 negotiat$ ) ,*9a1 "u :i* five ports 7 op5$ to ,am]ican trade & two v important concessions secur$3 7#a7 ,am]ican citiz5s *>g$ ) any crim9al act 7 to be tri$ & puni%$ only by ! ,am]ican consul4 7#b7 ,all privileges :i* ,*9a might give to any o!r nation 7 likewise to be giv5 to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,at t "t ,japan 0 a h]mit nation4 ,9 #ahec1 h[ev]1 ,commodore ,m4 ,c4 ,p]ry w5t to t c\ntry ) a fleet1 & s5t to ! emp]or a message express+ ! wi% ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates to ent] into trade relations ) ,japan4 ,!n he sail$ away2 b return$ 9 #ahed & made a treaty 7! fir/ ent]$ into by ,japan7 :i* result$ 9 op5+ t c\ntry to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,o!r nations foll[$1 & ,japan 0 ?us op5$ to trade ) ! civiliz$ _w4 ,,summ>y #a4 ,betwe5 #ahdj & #ahfj ! population increas$ f #ag1jjj1jjj to #ca1jjj1jjj4 #b4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod millions ( immigrants _h come4 #c4 ,z population cont9u$ to move we/w>d new /ates & t]ritories 7 =m$4 #d4 ,9 "o ( ^! new t]ritories1 ,utah1 7 ! ,mormons :o _h be5 driv5 f ,ill9ois4 #e4 ,! rise ( a new /ate on ! ,pacific coa/ reviv$ ! old dem& = a railroad across ! pla9s1 & surveys 7 ord]$4 #f4 ,ea/ ( ! ,mississippi ?\s&s ( miles ( railroads 7 built1 & ! ,ea/1 ! ,we/1 & ! f> ,s\? 7 connect$4 #g4 ,?is p]iod is m>k$ by _m great inv5tions & discov]ies1 includ+ ! telegraph1 ! sew+ ma*9e1 & ! reap]4 #h4 ,x 0 9 ?is p]iod t trade relations 7 begun ) ,*9a & ,japan4 ,illu/ration3 ,,mod]n ,,h>ve/]4 ,,footnotes #a ,all ! l>ge cities 7 s poorly gov]n$1 h[ev]1 t !y 7 (t5 ! sc5es ( s]i\s riots1 political1 labor1 race1 & ev5 religi\s4 #b ,an unfri5dly picture ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #ahdb is ,dick5s's ,am]ican ,notes1 a book well wor? read+4 #c ,sev]al non-,mormon (ficials 7 s5t to ,utah1 b !y 7 n all[$ to ex]cise any au?ority1 & 7 driv5 out4 ,! ,mormons =m$ ! /ate ( ,des]et & appli$ = admission into ! ,union4 ,congress paid no att5tion to ! appeal1 & 7#aheg7 ,bu*anan appo9t$ a new gov]nor & s5t troops to ,utah to uphold ! ,f$]al au?ority4 ,"y =bade !m to ent] ! t]ritory1 & dispat*$ an arm$ =ce t captur$ "s ( _! supplies4 ,9 ! spr+ ( #aheh ! ,presid5t (f]$ p>don to all :o w submit !mselves to ! j au?ority ( ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t1 & ,"y & 8 foll[]s did s4 #d ,an int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! buffalo is giv5 9 ,a4 ,c4 ,laut's ,! ,/ory ( ! ,trapp]1 pp4 #fe-hj4 ,h]ds ( a hundr$ ?\s& 7 common4 ,z _m z a million buffalo robes 7 s5t ea/ ea* ye> 9 ! ?irties & =ties4 #e ,john ,c4 ,fremont 0 born 9 ,savannah1 ,georgia1 9 #ahac1 & 9 #ahdb 0 ,lieut5ant ( ,eng9e]s1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,army4 ,9 #ahdb he w5t up ! ,platte ,riv] & ?r\gh ! ,s\? ,pass4 ,! next ye> he pass$ s\?w>d to ,great ,salt ,lake1 !n nor?we/w>d to ! ,columbia1 !n s\?w>d ?r\gh ,oregon to ,cali=nia1 & back by ,great ,salt ,lake to ,s\? ,pass 9 #ahdd4 ,9 #ahde he cross$ :at is n[ ,nebraska & ,utah1 & rea*$ ! vic9ity ( ,mont]ey 9 ,cali=nia4 ,! ,mexican au?orities ord]$ him away2 b he rema9$ 9 ,cali=nia & help$ to w9 ! c\ntry dur+ ! w> ) ,mexico4 ,lat]1 he 0 s5ator f ,cali=nia1 ,republican c&idate = ,presid5t 9 #ahef1 & an army g5]al dur+ ! ,civil ,w>4 #f ,:itney ask$ = a /rip sixty miles wide4 ,s mu* ( ! l& z 0 n ne$$ = railroad purposes 0 to be sold & ! money us$ to build ! road4 ,dur+ #ahdg-di 8 plan 0 approv$ by ! legislatures ( sev5te5 /ates1 & by mass meet+s ( citiz5s or ,bo>ds ( ,trade 9 sev5te5 cities4 #g ,"o f ! we/ bord] ( ,texas to ,cali=nia2 ano!r f ! we/ bord] ( ,miss\ri to ,cali=nia2 & a ?ird f ! we/ bord] ( ,wiscons9 to ! ,pacific 9 ,oregon or ,wa%+ton4 #h ,9 #ahdb ,morse laid ! fir/ subm>9e telegraph 9 ! _w1 f ,gov]nors ,isl& 9 ,new ,york h>bor to ,new ,york city4 ,x consi/$ ( a wire w\nd ) /r+ & coat$ ) t>1 pit*1 & india rubb]1 to prev5t ! electric curr5t runn+ (f into ! wat]4 ,x 0 laid on ,octob] #ah1 & ! next morn+1 :ile messages 7 be+ receiv$1 ! an*or ( a vessel caught & de/roy$ ! wire4 #i ,! wire 0 at fir/ put 9 a lead tube & laid 9 a furr[ pl[$ 9 ! e>?4 ,?is fail$2 s ! wire 0 /rung on poles4 ,"o end 0 9 ! ,pratt ,/4 ,depot1 ,baltimore1 & ! o!r 9 ! ,supreme ,c\rt ,*amb] at ,wa%+ton4 ,! fir/ words s5t1 aft] ! completion ( ! l9e1 7 ,:at ha? ,god wr\ght4 ,two days lat] ! ,democratic conv5tion 7:i* nom9at$ ,polk = ,presid5t7 met at ,baltimore1 & its proce$+s 7 report$ h\rly to ,wa%+ton by telegraph4 #aj ,morse (f]$ to sell 8 pat5t to ! gov]nm5t1 b ! ,po/ma/] ,g5]al report$ t ! telegraph 0 m]ely an int]e/+ exp]im5t & c\ld nev] h a practical value1 s ! (f] 0 n accept$4 #aa ,! use ( va/ sums ( money 9 build+ s _m railroads1 toge!r ) ov]trad+ & reckless speculation1 br\ght on a bus9ess panic 9 #aheg4 ,factories 7 clos$1 banks fail$1 ?\s&s ( m5 & wom5 7 ?r[n out ( employm5t1 & = two ye>s ! c\ntry suff]$ f h>d times4 #ab ,x 0 n till #ahhc t ! rate 0 r$uc$ to two c5ts4 ,be=e ! introduction ( ! po/age /amp1 lett]s 7 s5t to ! po/ (fices1 & :5 ! po/age _h be5 paid1 !y 7 m>k$ ,paid by ! (ficials4 ,:5 ! mails increas$ 9 volume 9 ! l>ge cities1 ?is way ( do+ bus9ess consum$ s mu* "t t ! po/ma/]s at ,/4 ,l\is & ,new ,york sold /amps to be affix$ to lett]s z evid5ce t ! po/age _h be5 paid4 ,! conv5i5ce 0 s great t public op9ion =c$ ,congress to au?orize ! po/ (fice dep>tm5t to furni% /amps & require ! p to use !m 7#ahdg74 ,illu/ration3 ,,map ,,( ,,ea/]n ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,9 #ahfa4 ,,*apt] ,,xxviii ,,! ,,civil ,,w>1 #ahfa-ahfc ,illu/ration3 ,,newspap] ,,bullet9 ,,po/$ ,,9 ,,! ,,/reets ,,( ,,*>le/on4 ,,! ,,conf$]ate ,,/ates ,,( ,,am]ica4--,aft] ,l9coln's election1 ! cotton /ates1 "o by "o1 pass$ ord9ances decl>+ t !y left ! ,union4 ,fir/ to g 0 ,s\? ,c>ol9a 7,decemb] #bj1 #ahfj71 & by ,febru>y #a1 #ahfa1 ,mississippi1 ,florida1 ,alabama1 ,georgia1 ,l\isiana1 & ,texas _h foll[$4 ,on ,febru>y #d delegates f six ( ^! sev5 /ates met at ,montgom]y1 ,alabama1 fram$1 a con/itution1 #a e/abli%$ ! ,conf$]ate ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 & elect$ ,jeff]son ,davis #b & ,alex&] ,h4 ,/eph5s provisional ,presid5t & ,vice ,presid5t4 ,lat] !y 7 elect$ by ! p4 ,illu/ration3 ,,abraham ,,l9coln4 ,photograph ( #ahef4 ,illu/ration3 ,,jeff]son ,,davis4 ,,l9coln',s ,,policy4--,presid5t ,bu*anan did no?+ to prev5t all ?is1 & su* 0 ! political situation :5 ,l9coln 0 inaugurat$ 7,m>* #d1 #ahfa74 ,8 views & 8 policy 7 cle>ly /at$ 9 8 inaugural address3 ,i h no purpose directly or indirectly to int]f]e ) ! in/itution ( slav]y 9 ! /ates :]e x exi/s4444 ,no /ate on its own m]e motion c lawfully get out ( ! ,union4444 ,! ,union is unbrok51 & to ! ext5t ( my ability ,i %all take c>e t ! laws ( ! ,union be fai?fully execut$ 9 all ! /ates4444 ,9 do+ ?is !re ne$ be no blood%$ or viol5ce1 & !re %all be none unless x be =c$ ^u ! national au?ority4444 ,! p[] confid$ 9 me w be us$ to hold1 occupy1 & possess ! prop]ty & places belong+ to ! gov]nm5t4 ,,=t ,,sumt] ,,captur$4--,almo/ all ! prop]ty & places belong+ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates gov]nm5t 9 ! sev5 sec$+ /ates _h be5 seiz$ by ! ,conf$]ates4 #c ,b ,=t ,sumt] 9 ,*>le/on h>bor 0 /ill 9 ,union h&s1 & to ?is1 ,l9coln notifi$ ! gov]nor ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 supplies w\ld be s5t4 ,!reupon ! ,conf$]ate army already ga!r$ 9 ,*>le/on bomb>d$ ! =t till ,major ,&]son surr5d]$ x 7,april #ad1 #ahfa74 #d ,illu/ration3 ,,"o ,,( ,,! ,,batt]ies ,,t ,,bomb>d$ ,,=t ,,sumt]4 ,,! ,,w> ,,op5s4--,) ! capture ( ,=t ,sumt] ! w> = ! ,union op5$ 9 e>ne/4 ,on ,april #ae ,l9coln call$ = sev5ty-five ?\s& militia to s]ve = ?ree mon?s4 #e ,!reupon ,virg9ia1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,t5nessee1 & ,arkansas sec$$ & jo9$ ! ,conf$]acy4 ,! capital ( ! ,conf$]acy 0 soon mov$ f ,montgom]y to ,ri*mond1 ,virg9ia4 ,9 ! slave-hold+ /ates ( ,delaw>e1 ,m>yl&1 ,k5tucky1 & ,miss\ri ! ,union m5 outnumb]$ ! secessioni/s & held ^! /ates 9 ! ,union4 ,:5 ,virg9ia sec$$1 ! we/]n c\nties refus$ to leave ! ,union1 & 9 #ahfc 7 admitt$ into ! ,union z ! /ate ( ,we/ ,virg9ia4 ,,! ,,divid+ ,,l9e4--,! fir/ call = troops 0 soon foll[$ by a second4 ,! responses to bo? 7 s prompt t by ,july #a1 #ahfa1 m ?an "o hundr$ & eighty ?\s& ,union soldi]s 7 "u arms4 ,!y 7 /ation$ at v>i\s po9ts along a l9e t /ret*$ f ,norfolk 9 ,virg9ia up ! ,*esapeake ,bay & ,potomac ,riv] to ,h>p]s ,f]ry1 & !n across we/]n ,virg9ia1 ,k5tucky1 & ,miss\ri4 ,s\? ( ?is divid+ l9e 7 ! ,conf$]ate armies4 #f ,geographically ?is l9e 0 cut into ?ree sections3 t 9 ,virg9ia1 t 9 ,k5tucky1 & t 9 ,miss\ri1 ,illu/ration3 ,,/one ,,bridge ,,ov] ,,bull ,,run4 ,cross$ by _m flee+ ,union m54 ,,bull ,,run4--,g5]al ,w9field ,scott 0 9 comm& ( ! ,union army4 ,"u him & 9 comm& ( ! troops ab\t ,wa%+ton 0 ,g5]al ,mc,dowell1 :o 9 ,july1 #ahfa1 0 s5t to drive back ! ,conf$]ate l9e 9 ,virg9ia4 ,m>*+ a few miles s\?we/1 ,mc,dowell met ,g5]al ,beaureg>d ne> ,manassas1 & on ! field ( ,bull ,run 0 beat5 & 8 army put to flight4 #g ,! battle taught ! ,nor? t ! w> w\ld n end 9 ?ree mon?s2 t an army ( raw troops 0 no bett] ?an a mob2 t discipl9e 0 z necess>y z patriotism4 ,!reaft] m5 7 enli/$ = ?ree ye>s or = ! w>4 ,g5]al ,george ,b4 ,mc,clellan #h 0 n[ put 9 comm& ( ! ,union ,army ( ! ,potomac1 & sp5t ! re/ ( #ahfa1 & ! e>ly mon?s ( #ahfb1 9 drill+ 8 raw volunte]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,driv+ ,,back ,,! ,,conf$]ate ,,l9e ,,9 ,,! ,,we/4 ,,conf$]ate ,,l9e ,,9 ,,k5tucky ,,driv5 ,,back1 #ahfb4--;,9 ,k5tucky ! ,conf$]ate l9e /ret*$ across ! s\!rn "p ( ! /ate z %[n on ! map4 ,aga9/ ?is ,g5]al ,?omas 0 s5t 9 ,janu>y1 #ahfb4 ,he defeat$ ! ,conf$]ates at ,mill ,spr+s ne> ! ea/]n end4 ,9 ,febru>y ,g5]al ,u4 ,s4 ,grant & ,flag-,(fic] ,foote 7 s5t to attack1 by l& & wat]1 ,=ts ,donelson & ,h5ry ne> ! we/]n end ( ! l9e4 ,foote arriv$ fir/ at ,=t ,h5ry on ! ,t5nessee & captur$ x4 ,!reupon ,grant m>*$ across c\ntry to ,=t ,donelson on ! ,cumb]l&1 & aft] ?ree days' %>p fight+ =c$ ,g5]al ,buckn] to surr5d]4 #i ,illu/ration3 ,,ulysses ,s4 ,,grant4 ,,%iloh ,,or ,,pittsburg ,,l&+4--,! ,conf$]ate l9e 0 n[ brok51 & ab&on+ ,na%ville & ,columbus1 ! ,conf$]ates fell back t[>d ,cor9? 9 ,mississippi4 ,! ,union army foll[$ 9 ?ree p>ts4 #a4 ,"o "u ,g5]al ,curtis mov$ to s\?we/]n ,miss\ri & won a battle at ,pea ,ridge 7,arkansas74 #b4 ,ano!r "u ,g5]al ,pope on ! banks ( ! ,mississippi aid$ ,flag- ,(fic] ,foote 9 ! capture ( ,isl& ,no4 #aj4 #aj ,! fleet !n pass$ d[n ! riv] & took ,=t ,pill[4 #c4 ,! ?ird "p "u ,grant took position v ne> ,pittsburg ,l&+1 at ,%iloh1 #aa :]e x 0 attack$ & driv5 back4 ,b ! next day1 be+ /rongly ren=c$1 ,g5]al ,grant beat ! ,conf$]ates1 :o retreat$ to ,cor9?4 ,g5]al ,halleck n[ took comm&1 & hav+ unit$ ! second & ?ird p>ts ( ! army1 took ,cor9? & cut (f ,memphis1 :i* !n surr5d]$ to ! fleet 9 ! riv]4 ,,bragg',s ,,raid4--,& n[ ! ,conf$]ates turn$ furi\sly4 ,_! army "u ,g5]al ,bragg1 />t+ f ,*attanooga1 ru%$ across ,t5nessee & ,k5tucky t[>d ,l\isville1 b aft] a hot fight ) ,g5]al ,buell's army at ,p]ryville 0 =c$ to turn back1 & w5t into w9t] qu>t]s at ,murfreesboro4 #ab ,illu/ration3 ,,nor!rn ,,cavalryman4 ,a w>-"t draw+ publi%$ 9 #ahfi4 ,!re ,bragg 0 attack$ by ! ,union =ces1 n[ "u ,g5]al ,rosecrans1 0 beat5 9 "o ( ! mo/ bloody battles ( ! w> 7,decemb] #ca1 #ahfb1 & ,janu>y #b1 #ahfc71 & 0 =c$ to retreat fur!r s\?4 ,,new ,,orleans1 #ahfb4--;,bo? banks ( ! ,mississippi z f> s\? z ! ,arkansas 7 by ?is "t 9 ,union h&s4 #ac ,s\? ( t riv] on ! ea/ bank ( ! ,mississippi ! ,conf$]ates /ill held ,vicksburg & ,port ,hudson 7maps1 pp4 #cec1 #cfh74 ,b ,new ,orleans _h be5 captur$ 9 ,april1 #ahfb1 by a naval exp$ition "u ,f>ragut2 #ad & ! city 0 occupi$ by a ,union army "u ,g5]al ,butl]4 #ae ,illu/ration3 ,,w> ,,9 ,,! ,,ea/1 #ahfb4 ,,! ,,p59sul> ,,campaign1 #ahfb4--;,9 ! ,ea/ ! ye> op5$ ) great prep>ation = ! capture ( ,ri*mond1 ! ,conf$]ate capital4 #a4 ,armies "u ,fremont & ,banks 9 ! ,%5&oah valley 7 to prev5t an attack on ,wa%+ton f ! we/4 #b4 ,an army "u ,mc,dowell 0 to be ready to m>* f ,fr$]icksburg to ,ri*mond1 :5 ! prop] "t came4 #c4 ,mc,clellan 0 to take ! l>ge/ army by wat] f ,wa%+ton to ,=t ,monroe1 & !n m>* up ! p59sula =m$ by ! ,york & ,james riv]s to ! neighborhood ( ,ri*mond1 :]e ,mc,dowell 0 to jo9 him4 ,l&+ at ! l[] end ( ! p59sula e>ly 9 ,april1 ,mc,clellan mov$ nor?w>d to ,yorkt[n1 & captur$ x aft] a long siege4 ,mc,clellan !n hurri$ up ! p59sula aft] ! retreat+ enemy1 & on ! way f\ght & won a battle at ,williamsburg4 #af ,,! ,,%5&oah ,,campaign1 #ahfb4--;,x 0 n[ expect$ t ,mc,dowell1 :o _h be5 gu>d+ ,wa%+ton1 w\ld jo9 ,mc,clellan1 b ,g5]al ,t4 ,j4 ,jackson #ag 7,/onewall ,jackson71 :o comm&$ ! ,conf$]ate =ces 9 ! ,%5&oah1 ru%$ d[n ! valley & drove ,banks across ! ,potomac into ,m>yl&4 ,?is success al>m$ ! au?orities at ,wa%+ton1 & ,mc,dowell 0 held 9 nor!rn ,virg9ia to protect ! capital4 ,"p ( 8 troops1 ) ^? ( ,banks & ,fremont1 7 dispat*$ aga9/ ,jackson2 b ,jackson won sev]al battles & made good 8 escape4 ,illu/ration3 ,,?omas ,j4 ,,jackson4 ,,end ,,( ,,p59sul> ,,campaign4--,?\gh depriv$ ( ! aid ( ,mc,dowell1 ,g5]al ,mc,clellan mov$ we/w>d to )9 eight or t5 miles ( ,ri*mond2 b ! ,conf$]ate ,g5]al ,j4 ,e4 ,john/on n[ attack$ him at ,fair ,oaks4 ,a few weeks lat] ,g5]al ,r4 ,e4 ,lee1 #ah :o _h succe$$ ,john/on 9 comm&1 0 jo9$ by ,jackson2 ! ,conf$]ates !n attack$ ,mc,clellan at ,me*anicsville & ,ga9es ,mill & =c$ him to retreat1 fight+ z he w5t 7,june #bf to ,july #a71 to ,h>risons ,l&+ on ! ,james ,riv]4 ,!re ! ,union army rema9$ till ,augu/1 :5 x w5t back by wat] to ! ,potomac4 ,illu/ration3 ,,rob]t ,e4 ,,lee4 ,,lee',s ,,raid2 ,,battle ,,( ,,antietam1 #ahfb4--,! dep>ture ( ! ,union army f ,h>risons ,l&+ left ,g5]al ,lee free to d z he *ose1 & seiz+ ! opportunity he turn$ aga9/ ! ,union =ces "u ,g5]al ,pope1 ^: army 0 drawn up betwe5 ,c$> ,m\nta9 & ,fr$]icksburg1 on ! ,rappahannock ,riv]4 ,/onewall ,jackson fir/ attack$ ,g5]al ,banks at ! we/]n end ( ! l9e at ,c$> ,m\nta91 & beat him4 ,jackson & ,lee !n fell ^u ,g5]al ,pope on ! old field ( ,bull ,run1 beat him1 & =c$ him to fall back to ,wa%+ton1 :]e 8 army 0 unit$ ) t ( ,mc,clellan4 #ai ,?is done1 ,lee cross$ ! ,potomac & ent]$ ,m>yl&4 ,mc,clellan attack$ him at ,antietam ,creek 7,septemb]1 #ahfb71 :]e a bloody battle 0 f\ght 7sometimes call$ ! battle ( ,%>psburg74 ,lee 0 beat52 b ,mc,clellan did n prev5t 8 recross+ ! ,potomac into ,virg9ia4 #bj ,,fr$]icksburg1 #ahfb4--,mc,clellan 0 n[ remov$1 & ,g5]al ,a4 ,e4 ,burnside put 9 comm&4 ,! ,conf$]ates meantime _h tak5 position on ,m>ye's ,heights on ! s\? side ( ! ,rappahannock1 beh9d ,fr$]icksburg4 ,! position 0 impregnable2 b 9 ,decemb] ,burnside attack$ x & 0 repuls$ ) dreadful slaught]4 ,! two armies !n w5t into w9t] qu>t]s ) ! ,rappahannock betwe5 !m4 ,,! ,,emancipation ,,proclamation4--,ev] s9ce ! op5+ ( ! ye> #ahfb1 ! "q ( slav]y 9 ! loyal /ates & 9 ! t]ritories _h be5 con/antly be=e ,congress4 ,9 ,april ,congress aboli%$ slav]y 9 ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia & set free ! slaves !re ) comp5sation to ! own]s4 ,9 ,june x aboli%$ slav]y 9 ! t]ritories & fre$ ! slaves !re )\t comp5sation to ! own]s1 & 9 ,july au?oriz$ ! seizure ( slaves ( p]sons !n 9 rebellion4 ,9 ,m>* ,l9coln _h ask$ ,congress to help pay = ! slaves 9 ! loyal slave /ates1 if ^! /ates w\ld aboli% slav]y2 b nei!r ,congress nor ! /ates adopt$ ! plan4 #ba ,l9coln n[ det]m9$1 z an act ( w>1 to free ! slaves 9 ! ,conf$]ate /ates1 & :5 ! armies ( ,lee & ,mc,clellan /ood face to face at ,antietam1 he decid$1 if ,lee 0 beat51 to issue an emancipation proclamation4 ,lee 0 beat51 & on ,septemb] #bb1 #ahfb1 ! proclamation came =? decl>+ t on ,janu>y #a1 #ahfc1 all p]sons held z slaves 9 any /ate or "p ( a /ate !n 9 rebellion aga9/ ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 %all be !n1 !nce=?1 & =ev] free4 ,! ,conf$]ate /ates did n return to _! allegiance1 & on ,janu>y #a1 #ahfc1 a second proclamation 0 issu$1 decl>+ ! slaves )9 ! ,conf$]ate l9es to be free m54 ,illu/ration3 ,,"p ,,( ,,! ,,autograph ,,copy ,,( ,,l9coln',s ,,proclamation ,,( ,,janu>y #a1 #ahfc4 #a4 ,l9coln did n aboli% slav]y any:]e4 ,he emancipat$ c]ta9 slaves4 #b4 ,8 proclamation did n apply to ! loyal slave /ates--,delaw>e1 ,m>yl&1 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,k5tucky1 ,miss\ri4 #c4 ,x did n apply to su* ,conf$]ate t]ritory z ! ,union armies _h conqu]$2 namely1 ,t5nessee1 sev5 c\nties 9 ,virg9ia1 & ?irte5 p>i%es 9 ,l\isiana4 #d4 ,l9coln fre$ ! slaves by virtue ( 8 au?ority z comm&] 9 *ief ( ! ,union armies1 & z a fit & necess>y w> measure4 ,,summ>y #a4 ,9 #ahfj & #ahfa sev5 cotton /ates sec$$1 =m$ ! ,conf$]ate ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 & elect$ ,jeff]son ,davis ,presid5t4 #b4 ,! capture ( ,=t ,sumt] 7,april1 #ahfa7 & ,l9coln's call = troops 7 foll[$ by ! secession ( f\r m ,s\!rn /ates4 #c4 ,9 #ahfa an attempt 0 made to drive back ! ,conf$]ate l9e 9 ,virg9ia2 b ?is end$ 9 disa/] at ! battle ( ,bull ,run4 #d4 ,9 #ahfb ! ,p59sul> ,campaign fail$1 ,pope 0 defeat$ at ,bull ,run1 ,lee's invasion ( ,m>yl& 0 end$ by ! battle ( ,antietam1 & ,burnside met defeat at ,fr$]icksburg4 #e4 ,9 ! ,we/ 9 #ahfb ! ,conf$]ate l9e 0 =c$ back to nor!rn ,mississippi1 & ,new ,orleans 0 captur$4 ,great battles 7 f\ght at ,=t ,donelson1 ,%iloh1 ,p]ryville1 & ,murfreesboro4 #f4 ,on ,janu>y #a1 #ahfc1 ,presid5t ,l9coln decl>$ free ! slaves 9 ! /ates & p>ts ( /ates held by ! ,conf$]ates4 ,,footnotes #a ,! con/itution ( ! ,conf$]acy 0 ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates alt]$ to suit conditions4 ,! ,presid5t 0 to s]ve six ye>s & 0 n to be eligible = relection2 ! "r to own slaves 0 affirm$1 b no slaves 7 to be import$ f any =eign c\ntry except ! slave-hold+ /ates ( ! old ,union4 ,! ,congress 0 =bidd5 to e/abli% a t>iff = protection ( any bran* ( indu/ry4 ,a ,supreme ,c\rt 0 provid$ =1 b 0 nev] organiz$4 #b ,jeff]son ,davis 0 born 9 #ahjh1 graduat$ f ! ,milit>y ,academy at ,we/ ,po9t 9 #ahbh1 s]v$ 9 ! ,black ,hawk ,w>1 resign$ f ! army 9 #ahce1 & became a cotton plant] 9 ,mississippi4 ,9 #ahde he 0 elect$ to ,congress1 b resign$ to take "p 9 ! ,mexican ,w>1 & 0 w\nd$ at ,bu5a ,vi/a4 ,9 #ahdg lie 0 elect$ a s5ator1 & f #ahec to #aheg 0 ,secret>y ( ,w>4 ,he !n return$ to ! ,s5ate1 :]e he 0 :5 ,mississippi sec$$4 ,he di$ 9 ,new ,orleans 9 #ahhi4 #c ,prop]ty ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates seiz$ by ! /ates 0 turn$ ov] to ! ,conf$]ate gov]nm5t4 ,?us ,l\isiana gave up #ecf1jjj 9 specie tak5 f ! ,unit$ ,/ates cu/omh\se & m9t at ,new ,orleans4 #d ,read ,inside ,sumt] 9 '#fa 9 ,battles & ,lead]s ( ! ,civil ,w>1 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #fe-gc4 #e ,read ,w> ,prep>ations 9 ! ,nor? 9 ,battles & ,lead]s ( ! ,civil ,w>1 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #he-ih2 on pp4 #adi-aei1 also1 read ,go+ to ! ,front4 #f ,an int]e/+ acc\nt ( ,sc5es 9 ,virg9ia 9 '#fa may be f\nd 9 ,battles & ,lead]s ( ! ,civil ,w>1 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #afj-aff4 #g ,! ,conf$]ate army 0 m disorganiz$ by victory ?an t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates by defeat1 says ,g5]al ,john/on2 & no pursuit ( ! ,union =ces 0 made4 ,! l>g] "p ( ! m51 ,mc,dowell telegraph$ to ,wa%+ton1 are a confus$ mob1 entirely disorganiz$4 ,none /opp$ %ort ( ! =tifications along ! ,potomac1 & numb]s ent]$ ,wa%+ton4 ,read ,battles & ,lead]s ( ! ,civil ,w>1 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #bbi-bci4 ,i h no idea t ! ,nor? w give x up1 wrote ,/eph5s1 ,vice ,presid5t ( ! ,conf$]acy4 ,_! defeat w increase _! en]gy4 ,he 0 "r4 #h ,george ,br9ton ,mc,clellan 0 born 9 ,philadelphia 9 #ahbf1 graduat$ f ,we/ ,po9t1 s]v$ 9 ! ,mexican ,w>1 & resign$ f ! army 9 #aheg1 to become a civil eng9e]1 b rejo9$ x at ! op5+ ( ! w>4 ,9 ,july1 #ahfa1 he conduct$ a successful campaign aga9/ ! ,conf$]ates 9 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 & 8 victories !re 7 ! cause ( 8 promotion to comm& ! ,army ( ! ,potomac4 ,aft] ! battle ( ,antietam 7p4 #cfc7 he took no fur!r "p 9 ! w>1 & f9ally resign$ 9 #ahfd4 ,f #ahgh to #ahha he 0 gov]nor ( ,new ,j]sey4 ,he di$ 9 #ahhe4 #i ,hiram ,ulysses ,grant 0 born 9 ,ohio 9 #ahbb1 & at sev5te5 ent]$ ,we/ ,po9t1 :]e 8 "n 0 regi/]$ ,ulysses ,s4 ,grant1 & z su* he 0 ev] aft] kn[n4 ,he s]v$ 9 ! ,mexican ,w>1 & aft]w>d engag$ 9 bus9ess ( v>i\s sorts till ! op5+ ( ! ,civil ,w>1 :5 he 0 made colonel ( ! ,tw5ty-fir/ ,ill9ois ,regim5t1 & !n comm&] ( ! di/rict ( s\!a/ ,miss\ri4 ,:5 ,g5]al ,buckn]1 :o comm&$ at ,=t ,donelson1 wrote to ,grant to "k :at t]ms he w\ld (f]1 ,grant repli$3 ,no t]ms except unconditional & imm$iate surr5d] c be accept$4 ,i propose to move imm$iately ^u y\r works4 ,?is won = ,grant ! popul> "n ,unconditional ,surr5d] ,grant4 ,&rew ,h4 ,foote 0 born 9 ,connecticut 9 #ahjf1 ent]$ ! navy at sixte51 & :5 ! w> op5$1 0 made flag (fic] ( ! ,we/]n navy4 ,8 gunboats 7 l huge rafts c>ry+ a h\se ) flat ro( & slop+ sides t came d[n to ! wat]'s edge4 ,! slop+ sides & ends 7 cov]$ ) iron plates & pi]c$ = guns2 ?ree 9 ! b[1 two 9 ! /]n1 & f\r on ea* side4 ,! huge :eel 9 ! /]n :i* drove ! boat 0 "u cov]2 b ! smoke /acks 7 unprotect$4 ,foote di$ 9 #ahfc1 a re> admiral4 #aj ,! isl&s 9 ! ,mississippi are numb]$ f ! m\? ( ! ,ohio ,riv] to ,new ,orleans4 #aa ,read ,battles & ,lead]s ( ! ,civil ,w>1 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #dfe-dhf4 #ab ,f>!r we/ ! ,conf$]ates attack$ ! ,union army at ,cor9? 7,octob] #d71 b 7 defeat$ by ,g5]al ,rosecrans4 #ac ,9 ,janu>y1 #ahfb1 ! ,conf$]ate l9e we/ ( ! ,mississippi /ret*$ f ,belmont across s\!rn ,miss\ri to ,indian ,t]ritory2 b ,grant drove ! ,conf$]ates out ( ,belmont2 ,g5]al ,curtis1 z we h se51 beat !m at ,pea ,ridge 79 ,m>*71 & :5 ! ye> end$1 ! ,union army 0 9 possession ( nor!rn ,arkansas4 #ad ,david ,g4 ,f>ragut 0 born 9 #ahja1 & :5 elev5 ye>s old s]v$ on ! ,essex 9 ! ,w> ( #ahab4 ,:5 8 fleet />t$ up ! ,mississippi ,riv]1 9 #ahfb1 he f\nd 8 way to ,new ,orleans block$ by two =ts1 ,/4 ,philip & ,jackson1 by *a9s across ! riv] on hulks bel[ ,=t ,jackson1 & by a fleet ( ironclad boats above4 ,aft] bomb>d+ ! =ts = six days1 he cut ! *a9s1 ran by ! =ts1 defeat$ ! fleet1 & w5t up to ,new ,orleans1 & lat] took ,baton ,r\ge & ,nat*ez4 ,= ! capture ( ,new ,orleans he receiv$ ! ?anks ( ,congress1 & 0 made a re> admiral2 = 8 victory 9 ,mobile ,bay 7p4 #cgi7 ! rank ( vice admiral 0 creat$ = him1 & 9 #ahff a /ill high] rank1 t ( admiral1 0 made = him4 ,he di$ 9 #ahgj4 #ae ,:5 x 0 kn[n 9 ,new ,orleans t ,f>ragut's fleet 0 com+1 ! cotton 9 ! y>ds & 9 ! cotton presses 0 haul$ on drays to ! levee & burn$ to prev5t its fall+ into ,union h&s4 ,! capture ( ! city _h a great effect on ,great ,brita9 & ,france1 bo? ( :om ! ,conf$]ates hop$ w\ld int]v5e to /op ! w>4 ,slidell1 :o 0 9 ,france seek+ recognition = ! ,conf$]acy z an indep5d5t nation1 wrote t he _h be5 l$ to believe t if ,new ,orleans _h n be5 tak5 & we suff]$ no v s]i\s rev]ses 9 ,virg9ia & ,t5nessee1 our recognition w\ld v soon h be5 decl>$4 ,read ,battles & ,lead]s ( ! ,civil ,w>1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #ad-ba1ia-id4 #af ,! /ory ( ! m>* is int]e/+ly told 9 ,recollections ( a ,private1 9 ,battles & ,lead]s ( ! ,civil ,w>1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #ahi-aii4 #ag ,?omas ,j4 ,jackson 0 born 9 ,we/ ,virg9ia 9 #ahbd1 graduat$ f ,we/ ,po9t1 s]v$ 9 ! ,mexican ,w>1 resign$ f ! army1 & till #ahfa taught 9 ! ,virg9ia ,/ate ,milit>y ,in/itute at ,lex+ton4 ,he !n jo9$ ! ,conf$]ate army1 & = ! firm /& ( 8 brigade at ,bull ,run ga9$ ! "n ( ,/onewall4 #ah ,rob]t ,e4 ,lee 0 born 9 ,virg9ia 9 #ahjg1 a son ( ,light ,horse ,h>ry ,lee ( ! ,revolution>y army4 ,he 0 a graduate ( ,we/ ,po9t1 & s]v$ 9 ! ,mexican ,w>4 ,aft] ,virg9ia sec$$ he left ! ,union army & 0 appo9t$ a major g5]al ( ,virg9ia troops1 & 9 #ahfb became comm&] 9 *ief4 ,at ! end ( ! w> he accept$ ! presid5cy ( ,wa%+ton ,college 7n[ ,wa%+ton & ,lee ,univ]sity71 & di$ 9 ,lex+ton1 ,virg9ia1 9 #ahgj4 #ai ,"p ( ,mc,clellan's army _h jo9$ ,pope be=e ! second battle ( ,bull ,run4 #bj ,read ,a ,woman's ,recollections ( ,antietam1 9 ,battles & ,lead]s ( ! ,civil ,w>1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #fhf-fie2 also ,o4 ,w4 ,holmes's ,my ,hunt aft] ,! ,capta94 #ba ,we/ ,virg9ia & ,miss\ri lat] 7#ahfc7 provid$ = gradual emancipation1 & ,m>yl& 7#ahfd7 adopt$ a con/itution t aboli%$ slav]y4 ,,*apt] ,,xxix ,,! ,,civil ,,w>1 #ahfc-ahfe ,,! ,,gettysburg ,,campaign1 #ahfc4--;,aft] ! defeat at ,fr$]icksburg1 ,burnside 0 remov$1 & ,g5]al ,hook] put 9 comm& ( ! ,army ( ! ,potomac4 ,fight+ ,joe1 z ,hook] 0 call$1 l$ 8 army ( #acj1jjj m5 aga9/ ,lee & ,jackson1 & aft] a /ubborn fight at ,*ancellorsville 7,may #a-d1 #ahfc7 0 beat5 & fell back4 #a ,9 ,june ,lee once m took ! (f5sive1 ru%$ d[n ! ,%5&oah valley to ! ,potomac ,riv]1 cross$ ,m>yl&1 & ent]$ ,p5nsylvania ) ! ,army ( ! ,potomac 9 hot pursuit4 ,on rea*+ ,m>yl& ,g5]al ,hook] 0 remov$ & ,g5]al ,meade put 9 comm&4 ,illu/ration3 ,,w> ,,9 ,,! ,,ea/1 #ahfc-fe4 ,on ! hills at ,gettysburg1 ,p5nsylvania1 ! two armies met1 & !re 7,july #a-c7 ,lee attack$ ,meade4 ,! /ruggle 0 desp]ate4 ,ab\t "o f\r? ( ! m5 engag$ 7 kill$ or w\nd$4 ,b ! spl5did valor ( ! ,union army prevail$1 & ,lee 0 beat5 & =c$ to return to ,virg9ia1 :]e he rema9$ unmole/$ till ! spr+ ( #ahfd4 #b ,! battle ( ,gettysburg end$ ,lee's plan = c>ry+ ! w> into ! ,nor?1 & f ! losses on t field 8 army nev] fully recov]$4 #c ,illu/ration3 ,,battle ,,( ,,gettysburg4 ,contempor>y draw+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,vicksburg ,,campaign4 ,illu/ration3 ,,grant',s ,,headqu>t]s ,,ne> ,,vicksburg4 ,f a rec5t photograph4 ,,vicksburg1 #ahfc4--;,9 ,janu>y1 #ahfc1 ! ,conf$]ates held ! ,mississippi ,riv] only f ,vicksburg to ,port ,hudson4 ,! capture ( ^! two t[ns w\ld complete ! op5+ ( ! riv]4 ,grant1 !re=e1 det]m9$ to capture ,vicksburg4 ,! t[n /&s on ! top ( a bluff :i* rises /raight & /eep f ! riv]1 & _h be5 s /rongly =tifi$ on ! l& side t to take x seem$ impossible4 ,grant1 hav+ fail$ 9 a direct advance ?r\gh ,mississippi1 cut a canal across a b5d 9 ! riv]1 on ! we/ bank1 hop+ to div]t ! wat]s & get a passage by ! t[n4 ,?is1 too1 fail$2 & he !n decid$ to cross bel[ ,vicksburg & attack by l&4 ,to aid him1 ,admiral ,port] ran 8 gunboats pa/ ! t[n on a night 9 ,april & c>ri$ ! army across ! riv]4 ,l&+ on ! ea/ bank1 ,grant won a victory at ,port ,gibson1 & he>+ t ,j4 ,e4 ,john/on 0 com+ to help ,pemb]ton1 pu%$ 9 betwe5 !m1 beat ,john/on1 & turn+ aga9/ ,pemb]ton drove him into ,vicksburg4 ,aft] a siege ( sev5 weeks1 9 :i* ,vicksburg suff]$ sev]ely f bomb>dm5t & fam9e1 ,pemb]ton surr5d]$ ! t[n & army ,july #d1 #ahfc4 ,9 less ?an a week 7,july #i7 ,port ,hudson surr5d]$1 ! ,mississippi 0 op5$ f s\rce to m\?1 & ! ,conf$]acy 0 cut 9 two4 ,illu/ration3 ,,w> ,,9 ,,! ,,we/1 #ahfc-fe1 ,,& ,,on ,,! ,,coa/4 ,,*ickamauga1 #ahfc4--,:ile ,grant 0 besieg+ ,vicksburg1 ,rosecrans =c$ a ,conf$]ate army "u ,bragg to quit its position s\? ( ,murfreesboro1 & !n to leave ,*attanooga & retire into nor!rn ,georgia4 ,!re ,bragg 0 ren=c$1 & he !n attack$ ,rosecrans 9 ! ,*ickamauga valley 7,septemb] #ai & #bj1 #ahfc71 :]e 0 f\ght "o ( ! mo/ desp]ate battles ( ! w>4 ,! ,union "r w+ 0 driv5 f ! field1 b ! left w+ "u ,g5]al ,?omas held ! enemy 9 *eck & sav$ ! army f r\t4 ,by 8 firmness ,?omas won ! "n ( ! ,rock ( ,*ickamauga4 ,,*attanooga4--,rosecrans n[ w5t back to ,*attanooga4 ,bragg foll[$1 &1 tak+ position on ! hills & m\nta9s :i* surr\nd ! t[n on ! ea/ & s\?1 %ut 9 ! ,union army & besieg$ x4 ,hook] 0 s5t f ,virg9ia ) m troops1 ,%]man #d br\ght an army f ,vicksburg1 ,rosecrans 0 replac$ by ,?omas1 & ,grant 0 put 9 comm& ( all4 ,!n matt]s *ang$4 ,! troops "u ,?omas 7,novemb] #bc7 seiz$ "s l[ hills at ! foot ( ,mission>y ,ridge1 ea/ ( ,*attanooga4 ,hook] 7,novemb] #bd7 c>ri$ ! ,conf$]ate works on ,look\t ,m\nta91 s\?we/ ( ! t[n1 9 a fight (t5 call$ ! ,battle above ! ,cl\ds4 ,%]man 7,novemb] #bd & #be7 attack$ ! nor!rn end ( ,mission>y ,ridge4 ,?omas 7,novemb] #be7 !reupon c>ri$ ! heights ( ,mission>y ,ridge1 & drove (f ! enemy4 ,bragg retreat$ to ,dalton 9 nor?we/]n ,georgia1 :]e ! comm& ( 8 army 0 giv5 to ,g5]al ,j4 ,e4 ,john/on4 ,illu/ration3 ,,william ,t4 ,,%]man4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*>g+ ,,up ,,mission>y ,,ridge4 ,,! ,,plan ,,( ,,campaign1 #ahfd4--,! ,conf$]ates _h n[ b two great armies left4 ,"o "u ,lee 0 ly+ quietly beh9d ! ,rappahannock & ,rapidan riv]s1 protect+ ,ri*mond2 ! o!r "u ,j4 ,e4 ,john/on #e 0 at ,dalton1 ,georgia4 ,! two g5]als *os5 to lead ! ,union armies aga9/ ^! =ces 7 ,grant & ,%]man4 ,grant 7n[ lieut5ant g5]al arid 9 comm& ( all ! armies7 ) ! ,army ( ! ,potomac 0 to drive ,lee back & take ,ri*mond4 ,%]man ) ! =ces "u ,?omas1 ,mc,pherson1 & ,s*(ield 0 to attack ,john/on & ent] ,georgia4 ,! ,union soldi]s outnumb]$ ! ,conf$]ates4 ,illu/ration3 ,,joseph ,e4 ,,john/on4 ,,m>*+ ,,?r\gh ,,georgia4--,on ,may #d1 #ahfd1 accord+ly1 ,%]man mov$ =w>d aga9/ ,john/on1 flank$ him out ( ,dalton1 & drove him1 /ep by /ep1 ?r\gh ! m\nta9s to ,atlanta4 ,john/on's retreat =c$ ,%]man to weak5 8 army by leav+ gu>ds 9 ! re> to protect ! railroads on :i* he dep5d$ = supplies2 ,john/on int5d$ to attack :5 he c\ld fight on equal t]ms4 ,b 8 retreat displeas$ ,davis1 & at ,atlanta he 0 replac$ by ,g5]al ,hood1 :o 0 expect$ to fight at once4 ,9 ,july ,hood made ?ree furi\s attacks1 0 repuls$1 & 9 ,septemb] left ,atlanta & />t$ nor?w>d4 ,8 purpose 0 to draw ,%]man out ( ,georgia1 b ,%]man s5t ,?omas ) "p ( ! army into ,t5nessee1 & aft] foll[+ ,hood = a :ile1 #f turn$ back to ,atlanta4 ,aft] p>tly burn+ ! t[n1 ,%]man />t$ = ! seacoa/ 9 ,novemb]1 te>+ up ! railroads1 burn+ bridges1 & liv+ on ! c\ntry z he w5t4 #g ,9 ,decemb] ,=t ,mc,allister 0 tak5 & ,savannah occupi$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,rail ,,twi/$ ,,ar\nd ,,pole ,,by ,,%]man',s ,,m54 ,9 ! possession ( ! ,long ,isl& ,hi/orical ,society4 ,,grant ,,& ,,lee ,,9 ,,virg9ia1 #ahfd4--,on ! same day 9 ,may1 #ahfd1 on :i* ,%]man set out to attack ,john/on 9 ,georgia1 ! ,army ( ! ,potomac began ! campaign 9 ,virg9ia4 ,g5]al ,meade 0 9 comm&2 b ,grant1 z comm&] 9 *ief ( all ! ,union armies1 direct$ ! campaign 9 p]son4 ,cross+ ! ,rapidan1 ! army ent]$ ! ,wild]ness1 a /ret* ( c\ntry cov]$ ) d5se woods ( oak & p9e & ?ick und]gr[?4 ,lee attack$1 & = sev]al days ! fight+ 0 almo/ incessant4 ,b ,grant pu%$ on to ,spottsylvania ,c\rt ,h\se & to ,cold ,h>bor1 :]e bloody battles 7 f\ght2 & !n w5t s\? ( ,ri*mond & besieg$ ,pet]sburg4 #h ,,e>ly',s ,,raid1 #ahfd4--,lee n[ s\ght to div]t ,grant by an attack on ,wa%+ton1 & s5t ,g5]al ,e>ly d[n ! ,%5&oah valley4 ,e>ly cross$ ! ,potomac1 ent]$ ,m>yl&1 won a battle at ! ,monocacy ,riv]1 & actually ?reat5$ ! def5ses ( ,wa%+ton1 b 0 =c$ to retreat4 #i ,illu/ration3 ,,phillip ,h4 ,,%]idan4 ,to /op ^! attacks ,grant s5t ,%]idan #aj into ! valley1 :]e he defeat$ ,e>ly at ,w9*e/] & at ,fi%]s ,hill & aga9 at ,c$> ,creek4 ,x 0 dur+ ?is la/ battle t ,%]idan made 8 fam\s ride f ,w9*e/]4 #aa ,,! ,,situation ,,e>ly ,,9 #ahfe4--;,by #ahfe1 ,union fleets & armies _h seiz$ _m ,conf$]ate /rongholds on ! coa/4 ,9 ! ,we/1 ,?omas _h de/roy$ ,hood's army 9 ! great battle ( ,na%ville 7,decemb]1 #ahfd74 ,9 ! ,ea/1 ,grant 0 /eadily press+ ! siege ( ,pet]sburg & ,ri*mond1 & ,%]man 0 mak+ ready to advance nor?w>d f ,savannah4 ,! cause ( ! ,conf$]acy 0 s desp]ate t 9 ,febru>y1 #ahfe1 ,alex&] ,h4 ,/eph5s1 ,vice ,presid5t ( ! ,conf$]ate ,/ates1 0 s5t to meet ,l9coln & ,secret>y ,sew>d & discuss t]ms ( peace4 ,l9coln dem&$ ?ree ?+s3 ! disb&+ ( ! ,conf$]ate armies1 ! submission ( ! sec$$ /ates to ! rule ( ,congress1 & ! abolition ( slav]y4 ,! t]ms 7 n accept$1 & ! w> w5t on4 ,,%]man ,,m>*es ,,nor?w>d1 #ahfe4--;,aft] re/+ = a mon? at ,savannah1 ,%]man />t$ nor?w>d ?r\gh ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 7,febru>y #ag7 ent]$ ,columbia1 ! capital ( ! /ate1 & =c$ ! ,conf$]ates to evacuate ,*>le/on4 ,to oppose him1 a new army 0 organiz$ & put "u ! comm& ( ,john/on4 ,b ,%]man press$ on1 ent]$ ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 & rea*$ ,goldsboro 9 safety4 ,,! ,,surr5d] ,,( ,,lee1 #ahfe4--;,e>ly 9 ,april1 ,lee f\nd himself unable to hold ,ri*mond & ,pet]sburg any long]4 ,he retreat$ we/w>d4 ,grant foll[$1 & on ,april #i1 #ahfe1 ,lee surr5d]$ at ,appomattox ,c\rt ,h\se1 sev5ty-five miles we/ ( ,ri*mond4 #ab ,,fall ,,( ,,! ,,conf$]acy4--,! ,conf$]acy !n w5t rapidly to pieces4 ,john/on surr5d]$ to ,%]man ne> ,raleigh on ,april #bf2 ,jeff]son ,davis 0 captur$ at ,irw9ville1 ,georgia1 on ,may #aj1 & ! w> on l& 0 ov]4 #ac ,,reflection ,,( ,,l9coln4--,:ile ! w> 0 rag+1 ! "t aga9 came to elect a ,presid5t & ,vice ,presid5t4 ,! ,republicans nom9at$ ,l9coln & ,&rew ,johnson4 ,! ,democrats select$ ,g5]al ,mc,clellan & ,george ,h4 ,p5dleton4 ,l9coln & ,johnson 7 elect$ & on ,m>* #d1 #ahfe1 7 inaugurat$4 ,,dea? ,,( ,,l9coln4--,on ! night ( ,april #ad1 ! f\r? anniv]s>y ( ! day on :i* ,&]son m>*$ out ( ,=t ,sumt]1 :ile ,l9coln 0 seat$ ) 8 wife & "s fri5ds 9 a box at ,=d's ,!at] 9 ,wa%+ton1 he 0 %ot by an actor :o _h /ol5 up beh9d him4 #ad ,! next morn+ he di$1 & ,&rew ,johnson became ,presid5t4 ,,summ>y #a4 ,9 #ahfc1 ,lee repuls$ an advance by ,hook]'s army1 & invad$ ,p5nsylvania1 b 0 defeat$ by ,meade at ,gettysburg4 #b4 ,9 ! ,we/1 ,grant took ,vicksburg1 & ! ,mississippi 0 op5$ to ! sea4 ,! ,conf$]ates defeat$ ,rosecrans at ,*ickamauga1 b 7 defeat$ by ,grant & o!r g5]als at ,*attanooga4 #c4 ,9 #ahfd1 ,grant mov$ across ,virg9ia1 aft] mu* h>d fight+1 & besieg$ ,pet]sburg & ,ri*mond1 & ,%]man m>*$ across ,georgia to ,savannah4 #d4 ,9 #ahfe1 ,%]man m>*$ nor?w>d into ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 & ,grant =c$ ,lee to leave ,ri*mond & surr5d]4 #e4 ,9 #ahfd1 ,l9coln 0 relect$4 #f4 ,9 ,april1 #ahfe1 ,l9coln 0 assass9at$ & ,johnson became ,presid5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,%>p%oot]',s ,,rifle ,,us$ ,,9 ,,! ,,civil ,,w>4 ,) telescope sight4 ,weight1 #cb lb4 ,,footnotes #a ,jackson 0 mortally w\nd$ by a volley f 8 own m51 :o mi/ook him & 8 escort = ,union cavalry1 9 ! dusk ( ev5+ ( ! second day at ,*ancellorsville4 ,8 la/ words 73 ,let u cross ov] ! riv] & re/ "u ! %ade ( ! trees4 #b ,read ,! ,?ird ,day at ,gettysburg 9 ,battles & ,lead]s ( ! ,civil ,w>1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 pp4 #cfi-che4 ,! field ( ,gettysburg is n[ a national p>k dott$ ) monum5ts erect$ 9 memory ( ! dead1 & m>k+ ! positions ( ! regim5ts & spots :]e desp]ate fight+ occurr$4 ,ne> by is a national cemet]y 9 :i* are int]r$ sev]al ?\s& ,union soldi]s4 ,read ,presid5t ,l9coln's beautiful ,gettysburg ,address4 #c ,) ! exception ( a small body ( regul>s1 ! ,union armies 7 compos$ ( volunte]s4 ,:5 x became app>5t t ! w> w\ld n end 9 a few mon?s1 ,congress pass$ a ,draft ,act3 :5ev] a congressional di/rict fail$ to furni% ! requir$ numb] ( volunte]s1 ! names ( able-bodi$ m5 n already 9 ! army 7 to be put into a box1 & en\gh names to complete ! numb] 7 to be drawn out by a bl9dfold$ man4 ,9 ,july1 #ahfc1 :5 ?is 0 done 9 ,new ,york city1 a riot broke out & = sev]al days ! city 0 mob-rul$4 ,negroes 7 kill$1 prop]ty 0 de/roy$1 & ! riot]s 7 n put d[n till troops 7 s5t by ! gov]nm5t4 #d ,william ,tecumseh ,%]man 0 born 9 ,ohio 9 #ahbj1 graduat$ f ,we/ ,po9t1 & s]v$ 9 ! ,sem9ole & ,mexican w>s4 ,he became a bank] 9 ,san ,francisco1 !n a lawy] 9 ,kansas1 9 #ahfj sup]9t5d5t ( a milit>y s*ool 9 ,l\isiana1 & !n presid5t ( a /reet c> company 9 ,/4 ,l\is4 ,9 #ahfa he 0 appo9t$ colonel 9 ! regul> army4 ,he f\ght at ,bull ,run1 0 made brigadi] g5]al ( volunte]s1 & 0 transf]r$ to ! ,we/1 :]e he rose rapidly4 ,aft] ! w>1 ,grant 0 made g5]al ( ! army1 & ,%]man lieut5ant g5]al2 & :5 ,grant became ,presid5t1 ,%]man 0 promot$ to ! rank ( g5]al4 ,he 0 retir$ 9 #ahhd & di$ 9 #ahia at ,new ,york4 #e ,joseph ,eggle/on ,john/on 0 born 9 ,virg9ia 9 #ahjg1 graduat$ f ,we/ ,po9t1 & s]v$ 9 ! ,black ,hawk1 ,sem9ole1 & ,mexican w>s4 ,:5 ! ,civil ,w> op5$1 he jo9$ ! ,conf$]acy1 0 made a major g5]al1 & ) ,beaureg>d comm&$ at ! fir/ battle ( ,bull ,run4 ,john/on 0 next put 9 *>ge ( ! op]ations aga9/ ,mc,clellan 7#ahfb72 b 0 w\nd$ at ,fair ,oaks & succe$$ by ,lee4 ,9 #ahfc he 0 s5t to relieve ,vicksburg1 b fail$4 ,9 #ahfd he 0 put 9 comm& ( ,bragg's army aft] its defeat1 & s became oppos$ to ,%]man4 #f ,e>ly 9 ,octob] ,hood _h rea*$ ,dallas on 8 way to ,t5nessee4 ,f ,dallas he s5t a division to capture a g>rison & depots at ,allatoona1 comm&$ by ,g5]al ,corse4 ,%]man1 :o 0 foll[+ ,hood1 communicat$ ) ,corse f ! top ( ,k5esaw ,m\nta9 by signals2 & ,corse1 ?\gh greatly outnumb]$1 held ! =t & drove (f ! enemy4 ,on ?is incid5t 0 f\nd$ ! popul> hymn ,hold ! ,=t1 = ,i am ,com+4 #g ,to de/roy ! railroads s !y c\ld n be quickly rebuilt1 ! rails1 heat$ r$-hot 9 fires made ( burn+ ties1 7 twi/$ ar\nd trees or telegraph poles4 ,/ations1 ma*9e %ops1 cotton bales1 cotton g9s & presses 7 burn$4 ,along ! l9e ( m>*1 a /rip ( c\ntry sixty miles wide 0 made desolate4 #h ,:ile ! siege ( ,pet]sburg 0 "u way1 a tunnel 0 dug & a m9e explod$ "u a ,conf$]ate "w call$ ,elliott's ,sali5t 7,july #cj1 #ahfd74 ,z soon z ! mass ( fly+ e>?1 m51 guns1 & c>riages _h settl$1 a body ( ,union troops mov$ =w>d ?r\gh ! break ?us made 9 ! enemy's l9e4 ,b ! assault 0 badly manag$4 ,! ,conf$]ates ralli$1 & ! ,union =ces 7 driv5 back into ! crat] made by ! explosion1 :]e _m 7 kill$ & #adjj captur$4 #i ,on ,octob] #ai1 #ahfd1 ,/4 ,albans1 a t[n 9 ,v]mont ne> ! ,canadian bord]1 0 raid$ by ,conf$]ates f ,canada4 ,!y seiz$ all ! horses !y c\ld f9d1 robb$ ! banks1 & escap$4 ,a little lat] ! p ( ,detroit 7 excit$ by a rumor t _! city 0 to be raid$ on ,octob] #cj4 ,great prep>ations = def5se 7 made2 b no enemy came4 #aj ,philip ,h4 ,%]idan 0 born at ,albany1 ,new ,york1 9 #ahca1 graduat$ f ,we/ ,po9t1 & 0 9 ,miss\ri :5 ! w> op5$4 ,9 #ahfb he 0 giv5 a comm& 9 ! cavalry1 f\ght 9 ! ,we/1 & be=e ! ye> clos$ 0 made a brigadi] & !n major g5]al = gallantry 9 action4 ,at ,*attanooga he l$ ! *>ge up ,mission>y ,ridge4 ,aft] ! w> he became lieut5ant g5]al & !n g5]al ( ! army1 & di$ 9 #ahhh4 #aa ,%]idan _h sp5t ! night at ,w9*e/]1 & z he rode t[>d 8 camp at ,c$> ,creek1 he met su* a cr[d ( wagons1 fugitives1 & w\nd$ m5 t he 0 =c$ to take to ! fields4 ,at ,newt[n1 ! /reets 7 s cr[d$ he c\ld n pass ?r\gh !m4 ,rid+ ar\nd ! village1 he met ,capta9 ,mc,kinley 7aft]w>d ,presid5t71 :o1 says ,%]idan1 spread ! news ( my return ?r\gh ! motley ?rong !re4 ,betwe5 ,newt[n & ,middlet[n he met ! only troops 9 ! pres5ce ( & resi/+ ! enemy4444 ,jump+ my horse ov] ! l9e ( rails1 ,i rode to ! cre/ ( ! elevation & 444 ! m5 rose up f beh9d _! b>ricade ) *e]s ( recognition4 ,:5 he rode to ano!r "p ( ! field1 a l9e ( regim5tal flags rose up out ( ! gr\nd1 z x seem$1 to welcome me4 ,) ^! flags 0 ,colonel ,hayes 7aft]w>d ,presid5t74 ,hurry+ to ano!r place1 he came ^u "s divisions m>*+ to ! front4 ,:5 ! m5 saw me1 !y began *e]+ & took up ! d\ble-quick to ! front4 ,cross+ ! pike1 he rode1 hat 9 h&1 along ! entire l9e ( infantry1 %\t+1 ,we are all "r4444 ,nev] m9d1 boys1 we'll :ip !m yet4 ,we %all sleep 9 our qu>t]s to-night4 ,& !y did4 ,read ,%]idan's ,ride by ,t4 ,bu*anan ,read4 #ab ,read ,battles & ,lead]s ( ! ,civil ,w>1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 pp4 #gbi-gdf4 #ac ,on ! flight ( ,davis f ,ri*mond1 read ,battles & ,lead]s ( ! ,civil ,w>1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 pp4 #gfb-gfg2 or ! ,c5tury ,magaz9e1 ,novemb]1 #ahhc4 #ad ,aft] fir+ ! %ot1 ! assass9 wav$ 8 pi/ol & %\t$ ,sic semp] tyrannis--,?us be x ev] to tyrants 7! motto ( ! /ate ( ,virg9ia7 & jump$ f ! box to ! /age4 ,b 8 spur caught 9 an ,am]ican flag :i* drap$ ! box1 & he fell & broke 8 leg4 ,limp+ (f ! /age1 he fl$ f ! !at]1 m\nt$ a horse 9 wait+1 & escap$ to ,virg9ia4 ,!re he 0 f\nd hidd5 9 a b>n & %ot4 ,! body ( ! ,m>tyr ,presid5t 0 borne f ,wa%+ton to ,spr+field1 by ! r\te he took :5 com+ to 8 fir/ inauguration 9 #ahfa4 ,read ,walt ,:itman's poem ,my ,capta94 ,,*apt] ,,xxx ,,! ,,navy ,,9 ,,! ,,w>2 ,,life ,,9 ,,w> ,,times ,,! ,,s\!rn ,,coa/ ,,blockade4--,! naval w> began ) a proclamation ( ,davis (f]+ commissions to private]s1 #a & two by ,l9coln 7,april #ai & #bg1 #ahfa71 decl>+ ! coa/ blockad$ f ,virg9ia to ,texas4 ,illu/ration3 ,,s9k+ ,,! ,,petrel4 ,contempor>y draw+4 ,! object ( ! blockade 0 to cut (f ! =eign trade ( ! ,s\!rn /ates1 & to prev5t _! gett+ supplies ( all sorts4 ,b z ,great ,brita9 0 "o ( ! *ief consum]s ( ,s\!rn cotton1 & 01 inde$1 dep5d5t on ! ,s\? = h] supply1 x 0 c]ta9 t unless ! blockade 0 made effective by _m ,union %ips1 cotton w\ld be c>ri$ out ( ! ,s\!rn ports1 & supplies run into !m1 9 spite ( ,l9coln's proclamation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,c>toon ,,publi%$ ,,9 #ahfa4 ,,runn+ ,,! ,,blockade4--,?is is j :at 0 done4 ,goods ( all sorts 7 br\ght f ,great ,brita9 to ! city ( ,nassau 9 ! ,bahama ,isl&s 7map1 p4 #cec74 ,!re ! goods 7 plac$ on bo>d blockade runn]s & />t$ = ,wilm+ton 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 or = ,*>le/on4 ,s nicely w\ld ! voyage be tim$ t ! vessel w\ld be (f ! port "s night :5 ! moon did n %9e4 ,!n1 ) all lights out1 ! runn] w\ld da% ?r\gh ! l9e ( blockad+ %ips1 &1 if successful1 w\ld by daylight be safe 9 port4 ,! c>go l&$1 cotton w\ld be tak5 on bo>d2 & ! fir/ d>k night1 or dur+ a /orm1 ! runn]1 aga9 break+ ! blockade1 w\ld /eam back to ,nassau4 ,,! ,,tr5t ,,affair4--,great ,brita9 & ,france promptly ackn[l$g$ ! ,conf$]ate ,/ates z bellig]5ts4 ,?is gave !m ! same rights 9 ! ports ( ,great ,brita9 & ,france z our vessels ( w>4 ,hop+ to secure a recognition ( indep5d5ce f ^! c\ntries1 ! ,conf$]ate gov]nm5t s5t ,mason & ,slidell to ,europe4 ,^! two commission]s ran ! blockade1 w5t to ,havana1 & bo>d$ ! ,briti% mail /eam%ip ,tr5t4 ,capta9 ,wilkes ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates man-(-w> ,san ,jac9to1 he>+ ( ?is1 /opp$ ! ,tr5t & took (f ,mason & ,slidell4 ,int5se excitem5t foll[$ 9 our c\ntry & 9 ,great ,brita91 #b :i* at once dem&$ _! release & prep>$ = w>4 ,!y 7 releas$1 & ! act ( ,wilkes 0 disav[$ z an ex]cise ( ! "r ( se>* :i* we _h always resi/$ :5 ex]cis$ by ,great ,brita91 & :i* _h be5 "o ( ! causes ( ! ,w> ( #ahab4 ,,! ,,cruis]s4--,:ile ! comm]ce ( ! ,conf$]acy 0 almo/ de/roy$ by ! blockade1 a fleet ( ,conf$]ate cruis]s attack$ ! comm]ce ( ! ,union4 ,! mo/ fam\s ( ^!1 ! ,florida1 ,alabama1 ,georgia1 & ,%5&oah #c 7 built or pur*as$ 9 ,great ,brita9 = ! ,conf$]acy1 & 7 suff]$ to put to sea 9 spite ( ! prote/s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates m9i/]4 ,once on ! ocean !y cruis$ f sea to sea1 de/roy+ e m]*ant vessel "u our flag t came 9 _! way4 ,illu/ration3 ,,%ell ,,lodg$ ,,9 ,,! ,,/]n ,,po/ ,,( ,,! ,,ke>s>ge4 ,n[ 9 ! ,ordnance ,museum1 ,wa%+ton ,navy ,y>d4 ,"o ( !m1 ! ,alabama1 sail$ ! ocean unh>m$ = two ye>s4 ,%e cruis$ 9 ! ,nor? ,atlantic1 9 ! ,gulf ( ,mexico1 9 ! ,c>ibbean ,sea1 (f ! coa/ ( ,brazil1 w5t ar\nd ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 ent]$ ! ,*9a ,sea1 came aga9 ar\nd ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 & by way ( ,brazil & ! ,azores to ,*]b\rg 9 ,france4 ,dur+ ! cruise %e de/roy$ ov] sixty m]*antm54 ,at ,*]b\rg ! ,alabama 0 f\nd by ! ,unit$ ,/ates cruis] ,ke>s>ge1 & "o ,sunday morn+ 9 ,june1 #ahfd1 ! two met 9 battle (f ! coa/ ( ,france1 & ! ,alabama 0 sunk4 #d ,,op]ations ,,along ,,! ,,coa/4--,besides blockad+ ! coa/1 ! ,union navy captur$ or aid$ 9 captur+ =ts1 cities1 & wat] ways4 ,! =ts at ! entrance to ,pamlico ,s\nd & ,port ,royal 7 captur$ 9 #ahfa4 ,control ( ! wat]s ( ,pamlico & ,albem>le #e s\nds 0 secur$ 9 #ahfb by ! capture ( ,roanoke ,isl&1 ,elizabe? ,city1 ,newb]n1 & ,=t ,macon 7map1 p4 #cfi74 ,9 #ahfc ,=t ,sumt] 0 batt]$ d[n 9 a naval attack on ,*>le/on4 ,9 #ahfd ,f>ragut l$ 8 fleet into ,mobile ,bay 79 s\!rn ,alabama71 de/roy$ ! ,conf$]ate fleet1 captur$ ! =ts at ! entrance to ! bay1 & ?us cut ! city ( ,mobile (f f ! sea4 ,9 #ahfe ,=t ,fi%]1 :i* gu>d$ ! entrance to ,cape ,fe> ,riv]1 on :i* 0 ,wilm+ton1 fell be=e a comb9$ attack by l& & naval =ces4 ,,on ,,! ,,inl& ,,wat]s4--,on ! great wat] ways ( ! ,we/ ! notable de$s ( ! navy 7 ! capture ( ,=t ,h5ry on ! ,t5nessee by ,foote's flotilla 7p4 #ceh71 ! capture ( ,new ,orleans by ,f>ragut 7p4 #cfa71 & ! run ( ,port]'s fleet pa/ ! batt]ies at ,vicksburg 7p4 #cfh74 ,illu/ration3 ,,"o ,,( ,,port]',s ,,gunboats ,,pass+ ,,vicksburg4 ,,! ,,monitor ,,& ,,! ,,m]rimac 4--,b ! mo/ fam\s ( all ! naval engagem5ts 0 t ( ! ,monitor & ! ,m]rimac 9 #ahfb4 ,:5 ! w> op5$1 !re 7 at ! navy y>d at ,norfolk1 ,virg9ia1 a quantity ( guns1 /ores1 supplies1 & elev5 vessels4 ,! (fic] 9 comm&1 fe>+ t !y w\ld fall into ,conf$]ate h&s1 set fire to ! h\ses1 %ops1 & vessels1 & ab&on$ ! place4 ,"o ( ! vessels :i* 0 burn$ to ! wat]'s edge & sunk 0 ! /eam frigate ,m]rimac4 ,f9d+ h] hull bel[ ! wat] l9e unhurt1 ! ,conf$]ates rais$ ! ,m]rimac1 turn$ h] into an ironclad ram1 r5am$ h] ,virg9ia1 & s5t h] =? to de/roy a squadron ( ,unit$ ,/ates vessels at an*or 9 ,hampton ,roads 7at ! m\? ( ! ,james ,riv]74 ,illu/ration3 ,,m]rimac ,,& ,,monitor4 ,/eam+ across ! roads "o day 9 ,m>*1 #ahfb1 ! ,m]rimac ramm$ & sank ! ,cumb]l&1 #f =c$ ! ,congress to surr5d]1 & set h] on fire4 ,?is done1 ! ,m]rimac )drew1 int5d+ to resume ! "w ( de/ruction on ! morr[2 = h] iron armor _h prov$ to be ample protection aga9/ ! guns ( ! ,union %ips4 ,b ! next morn+1 z %e came ne> ! ,m9nesota1 ! /range/-look+ craft afloat came =? to meet h]4 ,its deck 0 almo/ level ) ! wat]1 & 0 plat$ ) %eets ( iron4 ,9 ! c5t] ( ! deck 0 an iron- plat$ cyl9d] :i* c\ld be revolv$ by ma*9]y1 & 9 ?is 7 two l>ge guns4 ,?is 0 ! ,monitor #g :i* _h arriv$ 9 ! ,roads ! night be=e1 & n[ came out f beh9d ! ,m9nesota to fight ! ,m]rimac4 ,dur+ f\r h\rs ! battle rag$ ) app>5tly no result2 !n ! ,m]rimac )drew & ! ,monitor took h] place beside ! ,m9nesota4 #h ,?is battle m>ks ! doom ( wood5 naval vessels2 all ! nations ( ! _w 7 =c$ to build _! navies anew4 ,,f9ances ,,( ,,! ,,w>4--,f\r ye>s ( w> on l& & sea co/ ! p ( ! ,nor? an imm5se sum ( money4 ,to obta9 ! money ,congress began 7#ahfa7 by rais+ ! t>iff on import$ articles2 by tax+ all incomes ( m ?an #hjj a ye>2 & by levy+ a direct tax1 :i* 0 apportion$ among ! /ates accord+ to _! population4 #i ,b ! money f ^! s\rces 0 n suffici5t1 & 7#ahfb7 an int]nal rev5ue tax 0 resort$ to1 & collect$ by /amp duties4 #aj ,ev5 ?is tax did n yield en\gh money1 & ! gov]nm5t 0 =c$ to borr[ on ! cr$it ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,bonds 7 issu$1 #aa & !n ,unit$ ,/ates notes1 call$ gre5backs1 7 put 9 circulation & made legal t5d]2 t is1 ev]ybody _h to take !m 9 paym5t ( debts4 #ab ,,money ,,9 ,,w> ,,"t4--,aft] ! gov]nm5t began to issue pap] money1 ! banks susp5d$ specie paym5t1 & all gold & silv] co9s1 includ+ ! #c1 #e1 #aj1 #be1 & #ej c5t pieces1 disappe>$ f circulation4 ,! p 7 !n )\t small *ange1 & = a "t po/age /amps & tok5 pieces ( brass & copp] 7 us$ in/ead4 ,9 ,m>*1 #ahfc1 h[ev]1 ,congress au?oriz$ ! ,issue ( #ej1jjj1jjj 9 pap] fractional curr5cy4 #ac ,bo? ! gre5backs & ! fractional curr5cy 7 m]ely promises to pay money4 ,z ! gov]nm5t did n pay on dem&1 co9 comm&$ a premium2 t is1 #ajj 9 gold or silv] c\ld be ex*ang$ 9 ! m>ket 7d[n till #ahgi7 = m ?an #ajj 9 pap] money4 ,,national ,,banks4--,besides ! pap] money issu$ by ! gov]nm5t !re 7 9 circulation sev]al ?\s& diff]5t k9ds ( /ate bank notes4 ,"s _h no value1 "s a little value1 & o!rs 7 good = ! sums 79 gre5backs7 express$ on _! faces4 ,9 ord] to replace ^! notes by a s\nd curr5cy hav+ ! same value ev]y:]e1 ,congress 7#ahfc7 e/abli%$ ! national bank+ sy/em4 ,legally organiz$ bank+ associations 7 to pur*ase ,unit$ ,/ates bonds & deposit !m ) ! gov]nm5t4 ,ea* bank s do+ 0 !n entitl$ to issue national bank notes to ! value ( n9ety p] c5t #ad ( ! bonds x _h deposit$4 ,_m banks accept$ ^! t]ms2 b x 0 n till 7#ahfe7 aft] ,congress tax$ ! notes ( /ate banks t ^? notes 7 driv5 out ( circulation4 ,,co/ ,,( ,,! ,,w>4--,j :at ! w> co/ c nev] be fully det]m9$4 ,hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( m5 left occupations ( all sorts & jo9$ ! armies4 ,:at !y might h made _h !y /ay$ at home 0 :at !y lo/ by go+ to ! front4 ,e loyal /ate1 city1 & c\nty1 & almo/ e t[n & village1 incurr$ a w> debt4 ,! national gov]nm5t dur+ ! w> sp5t = w> purposes #c1ffj1jjj1jjj4 ,to ?is mu/ be add$ ! value ( our m]*ant %ips de/roy$ by ,conf$]ate cruis]s2 ! losses 9 ! ,s\?2 & _m hundr$ millions paid 9 p5sions to soldi]s & _! wid[s4 ,! loss 9 ! cities & t[ns burn$ or injur$ by siege & ! o!r op]ations ( w>1 & ! loss caus$ by ! ru9 ( trade & comm]ce & ! de/ruction ( railroads1 f>ms1 plantations1 crops1 & private prop]ty1 c n be fully e/imat$1 b x 0 v great4 ,! mo/ awful co/ 0 ! loss ( life4 ,on ! ,union side m ?an #cfj1jjj m5 7 kill$1 or di$ ( w\nds or ( disease4 ,on ! ,conf$]ate side ! numb] 0 ne>ly if n q z l>ge1 s t "s #gjj1jjj m5 p]i%$ 9 ! w>4 ,_m 7 "y m5 ) e prospect ( a long life be=e !m1 & _! e>ly dea? depriv$ _! c\ntry ( ! b5efit ( _! labor4 ,,di/ress ,,9 ,,! ,,s\?4--,9 ! ,nor? ! p suff]$ little if any real h>d%ip4 ,9 ! ,s\?1 aft] ! blockade became effective1 ! p suff]$ privations4 ,n m]ely luxuries 7 giv5 up1 b ! necess>ies ( life became sc>ce4 ,?r[n on _! own res\rces1 ! p resort$ to all mann] ( make%ifts4 ,to get br9e f :i* salt c\ld be obta9$ by evaporation1 ! e>!n floors ( smokeh\ses1 saturat$ by ! dripp+ ( bacon1 7 dug up & wa%$1 & b>rels 9 :i* salt pork _h be5 pack$ 7 soak$ 9 wat]4 ,tea & c(fee ceas$ to be us$1 & dri$ blackb]ry1 currant1 & raspb]ry leaves 7 us$ in/ead4 ,rye1 :eat1 *icory1 *e/nuts roa/$ & gr\nd1 did duty = c(fee4 ,! sp9n+ :eel came aga9 into use1 & homespun clo?+1 dy$ ) ! extract ( black-walnut b>k1 or ) wild indigo1 0 g5]ally worn4 ,z articles 7 sc>ce1 prices rose1 & !n w5t high] & high] z ! ,conf$]ate money depreciat$1 l ! old ,cont95tal money 9 ,revolution>y times4 ,9 #ahfd ,mrs4 ,jeff]son ,davis /ates t 9 ,ri*mond a turkey co/ #fj1 a b>rel ( fl\r #cjj1 & a pair ( %oes #aej4 ,no little suff]+ 0 caus$ = want ( m$ic9es1 #ae wool5 goods1 blankets1 #af %oes1 pap]1 #ag & 9 "s ( ! cities ev5 bread became sc>ce4 #ah ,to get food = ! army ! ,conf$]ate ,congress 7#ahfc7 au?oriz$ ! seizure ( supplies = ! troops & paym5t at fix$ prices :i* 7 f> bel[ ! m>ket rates4 #ai ,"s m5 made =tunes by blockade runn+1 smuggl+ f ! ,nor?1 & speculation 9 /ocks4 ,dwell]s on ! great plantations1 remote f ! op]ations ( ! cont5d+ armies1 suff]$ n f want ( food2 b ! great body ( ! p _h mu* to endure4 ,,summ>y #a4 ,! op]ations ( ! navy compris$ 7#a7 ! blockade ( ! coa/ ( ! ,conf$]ate ,/ates1 7#b7 ! capture ( seaports1 7#c7 ! pursuit & capture ( ,conf$]ate cruis]s1 & 7#d7 aid+ ! army on ! we/]n riv]s4 #b4 ,a notable feature 9 ! naval w> 0 ! use ( ironclad vessels4 ,^! put an end to ! wood5 naval vessels1 & revolutioniz$ ! navies ( ! _w4 #c4 ,! co/ ( ! w> 9 human life1 money1 & prop]ty de/roy$ 0 imm5se1 & c be /at$ only approximately4 #d4 ,9 ! ,s\?1 z ! w> progress$1 ! h>d%ips endur$ by ! mass ( ! p caus$ mu* suff]+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,load+ ,a ,,naval ,,cannon ,,9 ,,! ,,civil ,,w>4 ,contempor>y draw+4 ,,footnotes #a ,! fir/ ,conf$]ate private] to get to sea 0 ! ,savannah4 ,%e took "o prize & 0 captur$4 ,ano!r1 ! ,beaureg>d1 0 tak5 aft] a %ort cruise4 ,a ?ird1 ! ,petrel1 mi/ook ! frigate ,/4 ,lawr5ce = a m]*antman & attempt$ to take h]1 b 0 sunk by a broadside4 ,aft] a ye> ! blockade /opp$ private]+4 #b ,capta9 ,wilkes 0 congratulat$ by ! ,secret>y ( ! ,navy1 ?ank$ by ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives1 & giv5 a gr& banquet 9 ,bo/on2 & ! :ole c\ntry 0 jubilant4 ,! ,briti% m9i/] at ,wa%+ton 0 direct$ to dem& ! lib]ation ( ! prison]s & a suitable apology = ! aggression1 & if n answ]$ 9 sev5 days1 or if unfavorably answ]$1 0 to return to ,london at once4 #c ,e>ly 9 ! w> an ag5t 0 s5t to ,great ,brita9 by ! ,conf$]ate navy dep>tm5t to procure vessels to be us$ z comm]ce de/roy]s4 ,! ,florida & ,alabama 7 built at ,liv]pool & s5t to sea un>m$4 ,_! guns & ammunition 7 s5t 9 vessels f ano!r ,briti% port4 ,! ,%5&oah 0 pur*as$ at ,london 7h] "n 0 !n ! ,sea ,k+7 & 0 met at ,madeira by a t5d] f ,liv]pool ) m5 & guns4 ,on h] way to ,au/ralia1 ! ,%5&oah de/roy$ sev5 ( our m]*antm54 ,%e !n w5t to ,b]+ ,sea & 9 "o week captur$ tw5ty- five :al]s1 mo/ ( :i* %e de/roy$4 ,?is 0 9 ,june1 #ahfe1 aft] ! w> 0 ov]4 ,9 ,augu/ a ,briti% %ip capta9 in=m$ ! comm&] ( ! ,%5&oah t ! ,conf$]acy no long] exi/$4 ,! ,%5&oah 0 !n tak5 to ,liv]pool & deliv]$ to ! ,briti% gov]nm5t1 :i* turn$ h] ov] to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 #d ,read ,battles & ,lead]s ( ! ,civil ,w>1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 pp4 #fjj-fad4 #e ,9 #ahfd a ,conf$]ate ironclad ram1 ! ,albem>le1 appe>$ on ! wat]s ( ,albem>le ,s\nd4 ,z no ,union w> %ip c\ld h>m h]1 ,comm&] ,w4 ,b4 ,gu%+ plann$ an exp$ition to de/roy h] by a torp$o4 ,on ! night ( ,octob] #bg1 ) f\rte5 companions 9 a /eam laun*1 he made 8 way to ! ram1 blew h] up ) ! torp$o1 & ) "o o!r man escap$4 ,8 adv5tures on ! way back to ! fleet read l fiction1 & are told by himself 9 ,battles & ,lead]s ( ! ,civil ,w>1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 pp4 #fcd-fdj4 #f ,! hole made 9 ! ,cumb]l& by ! ,m]rimac 0 l>ge en\gh = a man to ent]4 ,?r\gh ?is ! wat] p\r$ 9 s rapidly t ! sick1 w\nd$1 & _m :o 7 n disabl$ 7 c>ri$ d[n ) ! %ip4 ,aft] %e sank1 ! flag at ! ma/head /ill wav$ above ! wat]4 ,read ,longfell['s poem ,! ,cumb]l&4 #g ,! ,monitor 0 design$ by ,john ,ericsson1 :o 0 born 9 ,sw$5 9 #ahjc4 ,aft] s]v+ z an eng9e] 9 ! ,sw$i% army1 he w5t to ,engl&2 & !n came to our c\ntry 9 #ahci4 ,he 0 ! inv5tor ( ! fir/ practical screw propell] = /eamboats1 & by 8 inv5tion ( ! revolv+ turret = w> vessels he completely *ang$ naval ar*itecture4 ,8 "n is connect$ ) _m great inv5tions4 ,he di$ 9 #ahhi4 #h ,:5 ! ,conf$]ates evacuat$ ,norfolk "s mon?s lat]1 ! ,m]rimac 0 bl[n up4 ,! ,monitor1 9 ,decemb]1 #ahfb1 w5t d[n 9 a /orm at sea4 #i ,z ! "r ( a ,/ate to sec$e 0 n ackn[l$g$1 ?is direct tax ( #bj1jjj1jjj 0 apportion$ among ! ,conf$]ate z well z among ! ,union /ates4 ,! ,conf$]ate /ates1 ( c\rse1 did n pay _! %>e4 #aj ,de$s1 mortgages1 bills ( lad+1 bank *ecks1 pat5t m$ic9es1 w9es1 liquors1 tobacco1 propriet>y articles1 & _m o!r ?+s 7 tax$4 ,betwe5 #ahfb & #ahfe ab\t #ghj1jjj1jjj 0 rais$ 9 ?is way4 #aa ,betwe5 ,july #a1 #ahfa1 & ,augu/ #ca1 #ahfe1 bonds to ! am\nt ( #a1aji1jjj1jjj 7 issu$ & sold4 #ab ,! ,legal ,t5d] ,act1 :i* au?oriz$ ! issue ( gre5backs1 0 enact$ 9 #ahfb1 & two ye>s lat] #ddi1jjj1jjj 7 9 circulation4 ,! gre5backs c\ld n be us$ to pay duties on imports or int]e/ on ! public debt1 :i* 7 payable 9 specie4 #ac ,?is pap] fractional curr5cy consi/$ ( small pap] bills 9 d5om9ations ( #c1 #e1 #aj1 #ae1 #be1 & #ej c5ts4 ,read ! acc\nt 9 ,rhodes's ,hi/ory ( ! ,u4 ,s41 ,vol4 ,v1 pp4 #aia-aif4 #ad ,9 #aijb *ang$ to "o hundr$ p] c5t4 #ae ,:5 ,%]man 0 9 comm& at ,memphis1 a fun]al procession 0 all[$ to pass beyond ! ,union l9es4 ,! c(f91 h[ev]1 0 full ( m$ic9es = ! ,conf$]ate army4 #af ,blankets 7 sometimes made ( c[ hair1 or long moss f ! seabo>d1 & ev5 c>pets 7 cut up & s5t z blankets to ! army4 #ag ,! newspap]s ( ! "t give evid5ce ( ! sc>city ( pap]4 ,"s are pr9t$ on half %eets1 a few on br[n pap]1 & "s on note pap]4 #ah ,riots ( wom51 prompt$ by ! high prices ( food1 occurr$ 9 ,atlanta1 ,mobile1 ,ri*mond1 & o!r places4 #ai ,read ,w> ,di>y ( a ,union ,woman 9 ! ,s\?1 9 ! ,c5tury ,magaz9e1 ,octob]1 #ahhi2 ,rhodes's ,hi/ory ( ! ,u4 ,s41 ,vol4 ,v1 pp4 #cdh-chd4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxi ,,recon/ruction ,,?ree ,,issues4--,aft] ! collapse ( ! ,conf$]acy1 our c\ntrym5 7 call$ on to meet ?ree issues aris+ directly f ! w>3-- #a4 ,! fir/ 01 ,:at %all be done to de/roy ! in/itution ( slav]y8 #a #b4 ,! second 01 ,:at %all be done ) ! late ,conf$]ate /ates8 #b #c4 ,! ?ird _h to d ) ! national debt & ! curr5cy4 ,,! ,,?irte5? ,,am5dm5t4--,:5 ! w> end$1 slav]y _h be5 aboli%$ 9 ,m>yl&1 ,miss\ri1 & ,we/ ,virg9ia1 by gradual or imm$iate abolition acts1 & 9 ,t5nessee by a special emancipation act4 ,9 ord] t x might be done away ) ev]y:]e ,congress 79 ,janu>y1 #ahfe7 s5t out to ! /ates a ,?irte5? ,am5dm5t to ! ,con/itution1 decl>+ slav]y aboli%$ ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 ,decemb]1 #ahfe1 ?ree f\r?s ( ! /ates hav+ ratifi$1 x became "p ( ! ,con/itution1 & slav]y 0 no m4 ,,recon/ruction4--,aft] ! dea? ( ,l9coln1 ! "w ( recon/ruction 0 tak5 up by 8 successor1 ,johnson4 #c ,he recogniz$ ! gov]nm5ts e/abli%$ by loyal p]sons 9 ,t5nessee1 ,virg9ia1 ,arkansas1 & ,l\isiana4 ,= ! o!r /ates he appo9t$ provisional gov]nors & au?oriz$ conv5tions to be call$4 ,^! conv5tions repudiat$ ! ,conf$]ate debt1 repeal$ ! ord9ances ( secession1 & ratifi$ ! ,?irte5? ,am5dm5t4 ,?is done1 ,johnson consid]$ ^! /ates z recon/ruct$ & entitl$ to s5d s5ators & repres5tatives to ,congress4 ,b ,congress ?\ght o!rwise & w\ld n admit _! s5ators & repres5tatives4 ,johnson !n d5i$ ! "r ( ,congress to legislate = ! /ates n repres5t$ 9 ,congress4 ,he veto$ _m bills :i* *iefly affect$ ! ,s\?1 & 9 ! summ] ( #ahff made spee*es d5\nc+ ,congress = its action4 ,,! ,,f\rte5? ,,am5dm5t4--,"o measure :i* ,presid5t ,johnson w\ld h veto$ if he c\ld1 0 a ,f\rte5? ,am5dm5t to ! ,con/itution :i* ,congress propos$ 9 #ahff4 ,t5 ( ! =m] ,conf$]ate /ates reject$ x1 z did also f\r ( ! ,union /ates4 ,congress1 !re=e1 9 ,m>*1 #ahfg1 pass$ ov] ! veto a ,recon/ruction ,act sett+ =? :at ! /ates w\ld h to d to get back into ! ,union4 ,"o condition 0 t !y mu/ ratify ! ,f\rte5? ,am5dm5t2 :5 !y _h done s1 & :5 ! am5dm5t _h become a "p ( ! ,con/itution1 !y 7 to be readmitt$4 ,,s\!rn ,,/ates ,,readmitt$4--,six /ates--,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 ,florida1 ,alabama1 ,l\isiana1 & ,arkansas--submitt$1 & ! am5dm5t hav+ become a "p ( ! ,con/itution1 !y 7 7#ahfh7 decl>$ aga9 9 ! ,union4 ,t5nessee _h be5 readmitt$ 9 #ahff4 ,virg9ia1 ,mississippi & ,texas 7 n readmitt$ till #ahgj1 & ,georgia n till #ahga4 ,,! ,,debt ,,& ,,! ,,curr5cy4--,! f9ancial "q to be settl$ includ$ two p>ts3 ,:at %all be done ) ! bonds 7p4 #cha78 & ,:at %all be done ) ! pap] money8 ,z to ! fir/1 x 0 decid$ to pay ! bonds z fa/ z possible1 #d & by #ahgc "s #ejj1jjj1jjj 7 paid4 ,z to ! second1 x 0 at fir/ decid$ to cancel 7in/ead ( reissu+7 ! gre5backs z !y came into ! treasury 9 paym5t ( taxes & o!r debts to ! gov]nm5t4 ,b aft] ! gre5backs 9 circulation _h be5 ?us r$uc$ 7f #ddi1jjj1jjj7 to #cef1jjj1jjj1 ,congress ord]$ t _! cancellation %\ld /op4 ,,johnson ,,impea*$4--,! ,presid5t meantime _h be5 impea*$4 ,9 ,m>*1 #ahfg1 ,congress pass$ 7ov] ,johnson's veto7 ! ,t5ure ( ,(fice ,act1 depriv+ him ( p[] to remove c]ta9 (ficials4 ,he might susp5d !m till ! ,s5ate exam9$ into ! cause ( susp5sion4 ,if x approv$1 ! (fic] 0 remov$4 ,if x disapprov$1 he 0 re9/at$4 #e ,johnson soon disobey$ ! law4 ,9 ,augu/1 #ahfg1 he ask$ ,secret>y-(-,w> ,/anton to resign1 & :5 ,/anton refus$1 susp5d$ him4 ,! ,s5ate disapprov$ & re9/at$ ,/anton4 ,b ,johnson !n remov$ him & appo9t$ ano!r man 9 8 place4 ,= ?is act1 & = 8 spee*es aga9/ ,congress1 ! ,h\se impea*$ ! ,presid5t1 & ! ,s5ate tri$ him1 = high crimes & misdemeanors4 ,he 0 n f\nd guilty4 #f ,illu/ration3 ,,republican ,,c>toon ,,( #ahfh4 ,blood w tell3 ,! great race = ! presid5tial sweep/akes1 betwe5 ! ,we/]n ,w> ,horse ,u4 ,s4 ,grant & ! ,manhattan ,donkey4 ,,grant ,,elect$ ,,presid5t1 #ahfh4--;,9 ! mid/ ( ,johnson's qu>rel ) ,congress ! "t came to elect 8 successor4 ,! ,democratic p>ty nom9at$ ,horatio ,seym\r4 ,! ,republicans *ose ,ulysses ,s4 ,grant & elect$ him4 ,grant's fir/ t]m is memorable because ( ! adoption ( ! ,fifte5? ,am5dm5t2 ! re/oration to ! ,union ( ! la/ f\r ( ! =m] ,conf$]ate /ates1 ,virg9ia1 ,georgia1 ,mississippi1 & ,texas2 ! disord] 9 ! ,s\?2 & ! "* ( our =eign relations4 ,,! ,,fifte5? ,,am5dm5t4--,enc\rag$ by _! success at ! polls1 ! ,republicans w5t on ) ! "w ( recon/ruction1 & 79 ,febru>y1 #ahfi7 ,congress s5t out ! ,fifte5? ,am5dm5t to ! ,con/itution4 ,by ! ,f\rte5? ,am5dm5t ! /ates 7 left 7z be=e7 to settle = !mselves :o %\ld & :o %\ld n vote4 ,b if any /ate d5i$ or 9 any way abridg$ ! "r ( any portion ( its male citiz5s ov] tw5ty-"o ye>s old to vote1 ,congress 0 to r$uce ! numb] ( repres5tatives f t /ate 9 ,congress 9 ! same proportion4 ,b n[ by ! ,fifte5? ,am5dm5t ea* /ate 0 =bidd5 to deprive any man ( ! "r to vote because ( 8 race1 color1 or previ\s condition ( s]vitude4 ,9 ,m>*1 #ahgj1 ! am5dm5t w5t into =ce1 hav+ be5 ratifi$ by a suffici5t numb] ( /ates4 ,,c>petbag ,,rule4--,presid5t ,grant began 8 adm9i/ration 9 tr\bl$ times4 ,! ,recon/ruction ,act _h secur$ ! negro ! "r to vote4 ,_m ,s\!rn /ates 7 !reby giv5 ov] to negro rule4 ,see+ ?is1 a sw>m ( ,nor!rn politicians call$ c>petbagg]s w5t s\?1 made !mselves political lead]s ( ! ignorant fre$m51 & plund]$ & misgov]n$ ! /ates4 ,9 ?is !y 7 aid$ by a few ,s\!rn]s :o support$ ! negro cause & 7 call$ scalawags4 ,b mo/ ( ! ,s\!rn :ites 7 det]m9$ to /op ! misgov]nm5t2 &1 b&$ toge!r 9 secret societies1 call$ by su* names z ,knights ( ! ,:ite ,camelia1 & ! ,ku-,klux-,klan1 !y t]roriz$ ! negroes & kept !m f vot+4 #g ,,=ce ,,act4--,su* intimidation 0 9 violation ( ! ,fifte5? ,am5dm5t4 ,congress !re=e enact$ ! ,ku-,klux ,act1 or ,=ce ,act 7#ahga71 :i* prescrib$ f9e & imprisonm5t = any "o convict$ ( h9d]+ or attempt+ to h9d] a negro f vot+1 or 8 vote :5 ca/ f be+ c\nt$4 ,,rise ,,( ,,! ,,lib]al ,,republicans4--,! tr\bles :i* foll[$ ! en=cem5t ( ?is act l$ _m to ?9k t ! gov]nm5t _h gone too f>1 & a m lib]al treatm5t ( ! ,s\? 0 dem&$4 ,_m compla9$ t ! civil s]vice ( ! gov]nm5t 0 us$ to rew>d p>ty work]s1 & t fitness = (fice 0 n duly consid]$4 ,!re 0 opposition to ! high t>iff4 ,^! & o!r causes n[ split ! ,republican p>ty 9 ! ,we/ & l$ to ! =mation ( ! ,lib]al ,republican p>ty4 ,illu/ration3 ,,c>toon ,,( #ahfb4 ,say1 ,missus ,mexico1 me & ^! o!r g5ts 'ave come to nurse y a bit4 #h ,,=eign ,,relations4--,our =eign relations s9ce ! close ( ! ,civil ,w> pres5t _m matt]s ( importance4 ,9 #ahfg ,alaska #i 0 pur*as$ f ,russia = #g1bjj1jjj4 ,at ! op5+ ( ! w> ,france s5t troops to ,mexico1 ov]?rew ! gov]nm5t1 & set up an empire ) ,maximilian1 ,ar*duke ( ,au/ria1 z emp]or4 ,?is 0 a violation ( ! ,monroe ,doctr9e 7p4 #bhb74 ,:5 ! w> 0 ov]1 !re=e1 troops 7 s5t to ! ,rio ,gr&e1 & a dem& 0 made on ,france to recall h] troops4 ,! ,fr5* army 0 )drawn1 & ,maximilian 0 captur$ by ! ,mexicans & %ot4 ,^! ?+s happ5$ :ile ,johnson 0 ,presid5t4 ,,santo ,,dom+o4--,9 #ahfi ,grant negotiat$ a treaty = ! annexation ( ! negro republic ( ,santo ,dom+o1 & urg$ ! ,s5ate to ratify x4 ,:5 ! ,s5ate fail$ to d s1 he made a second appeal1 ) a l result4 ,,alabama ,,claims4--,9 #ahga ! treaty ( ,wa%+ton 0 sign$1 by :i* sev]al out/&+ subjects ( dispute ) ,great ,brita9 7 submitt$ to arbitration4 7#a7 ,*ief ( ^! 7 ! ,alabama claims = damage to ! prop]ty ( our citiz5s by ! ,conf$]ate cruis]s built or pur*as$ 9 ,great ,brita94 #aj ,! five #aa arbitrators met at ,g5eva 9 #ahgb & aw>d$ u #ae1ejj1jjj 9 gold z indemnity4 7#b7 ,a dispute ov] ! nor!a/]n fi%]ies #ab 0 ref]r$ to a commission :i* met at ,halifax & aw>d$ ,great ,brita9 #e1ejj1jjj4 7#c7 ,! same treaty provid$ t a dispute ov] a "p ( ! nor?we/ b\nd>y %\ld be submitt$ to ! emp]or ( ,g]many z arbitrator4 ,he decid$ 9 favor ( our claim1 ?us confirm+ our possession ( ! small ,san ,juan gr\p ( isl&s1 9 ! *annel betwe5 ,vanc\v] & ! ma9l&4 ,,cuba4--,9 #ahfh ! p ( ,cuba rebell$ aga9/ ,spa91 proclaim$ a republic1 & began a w> :i* la/$ ne>ly t5 ye>s4 ,am]ican %ips 7 seiz$1 our citiz5s arre/$2 ,am]ican prop]ty 9 ,cuba 0 de/roy$ or confiscat$2 & our ports 7 us$ to fit out filibu/]s to aid ! ,cubans4 ,because ( ^! ?+s & ! sympa?y felt 9 our c\ntry = ! ,cubans1 ,grant made (f]s ( m$iation1 :i* ,spa9 decl9$4 ,z ! w> cont9u$1 ! "q ( giv+ ! ,cubans rights ( bellig]5ts1 & recogniz+ _! indep5d5ce1 0 urg$ on ,congress4 ,:ile ^! issues 7 undecid$1 a vessel call$ ! ,virg9ius1 fly+ our flag1 0 seiz$ by ,spa9 z a filibu/]1 & fifty-?ree ( h] pass5g]s & crew 7 put to dea? 7#ahgc74 ,w> seem$ likely to foll[2 b ,spa9 releas$ ! %ip & survivors1 & lat] paid #hj1jjj to ! families ( ! murd]$ m54 ,,summ>y #a4 ,! end ( ! ,civil ,w> br\ght up sev]al issues = settlem5t4 #b4 ,out ( ! negro problem came ! ,?irte5?1 ,f\rte5?1 & ,fifte5? am5dm5ts to ! ,con/itution4 #c4 ,out ( ! issue ( readmitt+ ! ,conf$]ate /ates into ! ,union grew a s]i\s qu>rel ) ,presid5t ,johnson4 #d4 ,congress pass$ ! ,recon/ruction ,act ov] ,johnson's veto 7#ahfg71 & by #ahfh sev5 /ates 7 back 9 ! ,union4 #e4 ,johnson's intemp]ate spee*es & 8 violation ( an act ( ,congress l$ to 8 impea*m5t & trial4 ,he 0 n convict$4 #f4 ,johnson 0 succe$$ by ,grant1 9 ^: adm9i/ration ! rema9+ ,s\!rn /ates 7 readmitt$ to ! ,union2 b ! condition ( ! ,s\?1 "u c>petbag gov]nm5t1 became worse ?an ev]1 & l$ to ! passage ( ! ,=ce ,act4 #g4 ,our =eign relations aft] ! end ( ! w> are memorable = ! pur*ase ( ,alaska1 ! )drawal ( ! ,fr5* f ,mexico1 ! treaty ) ,great ,brita9 = ! settlem5t ( sev]al old issues1 ! attempt ( ,grant to pur*ase ,santo ,dom+o1 & ! ,virg9ius affair ) ,spa94 ,,footnotes #a ,a closely relat$ "q 01 ,:at %all be done = ! negroes set free by ! ,emancipation ,proclamation8 ,dur+ ! w>1 z ! ,union armies occupi$ m & m ( ,conf$]ate t]ritory1 ! numb] ( fre$m5 )9 ! l9es grew to hundr$s ( ?\s&s4 ,_m 7 enli/$ z soldi]s1 o!rs 7 settl$ on ab&on$ or confiscat$ l&s1 & societies 7 organiz$ to aid !m4 ,9 #ahfe1 h[ev]1 ,congress e/abli%$ ! ,fre$m5's ,bureau to c>e = !m4 ,tracts ( confiscat$ l& 7 set ap>t to be grant$ 9 =ty-acre plots1 & ! bureau 0 to f9d ! negroes "w1 e/abli% s*ools = !m1 & protect !m f inju/ice4 #b ,:5 ! elev5 ,s\!rn /ates pass$ _! ord9ances ( secession1 !y claim$ to be out ( ! ,union4 ,z to ?is !re 7 9 ! ,nor? ?ree diff]5t views4 7#a7 ,l9coln held t no /ate c\ld sec$e2 t ! p ( ! sec$+ /ates 7 insurg5ts or p]sons engag$ 9 rebellion2 t :5 ! rebellion 0 cru%$ 9 any /ate1 loyal p]sons c\ld aga9 elect s5ators & repres5tatives1 & ?us resume _! old relations to ! ,union4 7#b7 ,o!rs held t ^! /ates _h ceas$ to exi/2 t no?+ b _! t]ritory rema9$1 & t ,congress c\ld d :at x pleas$ ) ?is t]ritory4 7#c7 ,betwe5 ^! extremes 7 mo/ ( ! ,republican lead]s1 :o held t ^! /ates _h lo/ _! rights "u ! ,con/itution1 & t only ,congress c\ld re/ore !m to ! ,union4 #c ,&rew ,johnson 0 born 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a 9 #ahjh4 ,he nev] w5t to s*ool1 & :5 t5 ye>s old 0 appr5tic$ to a tailor4 ,:5 eighte51 he w5t to ,t5nessee1 :]e he m>ri$ & 0 taught to read & write by 8 wife4 ,he 0 a man ( ability1 0 ?ree ye>s ald]man & ?ree ye>s mayor ( ,gre5ville1 0 ?ree times elect$ a memb] ( ! legislature1 six times a memb] ( ,congress1 & twice gov]nor ( ,t5nessee4 ,:5 ! w> op5$1 he 0 a ,democratic s5ator f ,t5nessee1 & /\tly oppos$ secession4 ,9 #ahfb ,l9coln made him milit>y gov]nor ( ,t5nessee4 ,9 #ahge he 0 aga9 elect$ ,unit$ ,/ates s5ator1 b di$ ! same ye>4 #d ,"s ( ^! bonds 7issu$ aft] ,m>*1 #ahfc7 conta9$ ! provision t !y %\ld be paid 9 co94 ,b o!rs 7issu$ 9 #ahfb7 m]ely provid$ t ! int]e/ %\ld be paid 9 co94 ,n[1 gre5backs 7 legal t5d] = all debts except duties on imports & int]e/ on ! bonds4 ,a dem& 0 !re=e made t ! e>ly bonds %\ld be paid 9 gre5backs2 also t all gov]nm5t bonds 7:i* _h be5 exempt$ f taxation7 %\ld be tax$ l o!r prop]ty4 ,?is idea 0 s popul> 9 ,ohio t x 0 call$ ! ,ohio idea1 & its support]s 7 nicknam$ ,gre5back]s4 ,to put an end to ?is "q ,congress 7#ahfi7 provid$ t all bonds %\ld be paid 9 co94 #e ,?is ,t5ure ( ,(fice ,act 0 aft]w>d repeal$ 7p>tly 9 #ahfi1 & p>tly 9 #ahhg74 #f ,!re h be5 eight cases ( impea*m5t ( (fic]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! ,h\se beg9s by s5d+ a committee to ! ,s5ate to impea*1 or accuse1 ! (fic] 9 "q4 ,! ,s5ate !n organizes itself z a c\rt ) ! ,vice ,presid5t z ! presid+ (fic]1 & fixes ! "t = trial4 ,! ,h\se pres5ts articles ( impea*m5t1 or specific *>ges ( misconduct1 & appo9ts a committee to take *>ge ( its side ( ! case4 ,! accus$ is repres5t$ by lawy]s1 witnesses are exam9$1 argum5ts made1 & ! decision r5d]$ by vote ( ! s5ators4 ,:5 a ,presid5t is impea*$1 ! ,*ief ,ju/ice ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt presides 9 place ( ! ,vice ,presid5t4 #g ,read ,a ,fool's ,err&1 by ,a4 ,w4 ,t\rge1 & ,r$ ,rock1 by ,?omas ,nelson ,page--two int]e/+ novels describ+ life 9 ! ,s\? dur+ ?is p]iod4 #h ,:5 ,france fir/ int]f]$ 9 ,mexican affairs1 x 0 9 conjunction ) ,great ,brita9 & ,spa91 on ! pretext ( aid+ ,mexico to provide = h] debts to ^! p[]s4 ,b :5 ,france proce$$ to ov]?r[ ! ,mexican gov]nm5t1 ,great ,brita9 & ,spa9 )drew4 #i ,soon aft] ! pur*ase a few small ,alaskan isl&s 7 leas$ to a fur company = tw5ty ye>s1 & dur+ t "t ne>ly #g1jjj1jjj 0 paid into ! ,unit$ ,/ates treasury z r5tal & royalty4 ,besides seals & fi%1 mu* gold has be5 obta9$ 9 ,alaska4 #aj ,! cruis]s 7 ! ,alabama1 ,sumt]1 ,%5&oah1 ,florida1 & o!rs 7p4 #cgh74 ,we claim$ t ,great ,brita9 _h n done h] duty z a neutral2 t %e ought to h prev5t$ _! build+1 arm+1 or equipp+ 9 h] ports & sail+ to de/roy ! comm]ce ( a fri5dly nation1 & t1 n hav+ done s1 %e 0 responsible = ! damage !y did4 ,we claim$ damages = 7#a7 private losses by de/ruction ( %ips & c>goes2 7#b7 high rates ( insurance paid by citiz5s2 7#c7 co/ ( pursu+ ! cruis]s2 7#d7 transf] ( ,am]ican m]*ant %ips to ! ,briti% flag2 7#e7 prolongation ( ! w> because ( recognition ( ! ,conf$]ate ,/ates z bellig]5ts1 & ! result+ co/ to u4 ,great ,brita9 d5i$ t #b1 #c1 #d1 & #e 7 subject to arbitration1 & x look$ = a :ile z if ! arbitration w\ld come to naught4 ,! tribunal decid$ aga9/ #b1 #d1 & #e on pr9ciples ( int]national law1 & made no aw>d = #c4 #aa ,"o 0 appo9t$ by ! ,presid5t1 "o by ,great ,brita91 "o by ! ,k+ ( ,italy1 "o by ! ,presid5t ( ! ,swiss ,conf$]ation1 & "o by ! ,emp]or ( ,brazil4 ,9 #agid-aijd !re 7 fifty-sev5 cases submitt$ to arbitration1 ( :i* tw5ty 7 ) ,great ,brita94 #ab ,! "q 01 :e!r ! privilege grant$ citiz5s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates to cat* fi% 9 ! h>bors1 bays1 creeks1 & %ores ( ! prov9ces ( ,quebec1 ,new ,brunswick1 ,nova ,scotia1 & ,pr9ce ,edw>d ,isl& 0 m valuable ?an ! privilege grant$ ,briti% subjects to cat* fi% 9 h>bors1 bays1 creeks1 & (f ! coa/ ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates nor? ( #ci4 ,! commission decid$ t x 04 ,,*apt] ,,xxxii ,,gr[? ,,( ,,! ,,c\ntry ,,f #ahfj ,,to #ahhj ,,! ,,we/4--,9 #ahfj ! great ,we/ bore little resemblance to its pres5t appe>ance4 ,! only /ates :olly or p>tly we/ ( ! ,mississippi ,riv] 7 ,m9nesota1 ,i[a1 ,miss\ri1 ,arkansas4 ,l\isiana1 ,texas1 ,cali=nia1 & ,oregon4 ,kansas t]ritory ext5d$ f ,miss\ri to ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 ,nebraska t]ritory includ$ ! region f ,kansas to ! ,briti% possessions1 & f ,m9nesota & ,i[a to ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 ,new ,mexico t]ritory /ret*$ f ,texas to ,cali=nia1 ,utah t]ritory f ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s to ,cali=nia1 & ,wa%+ton t]ritory f ! m\nta9s to ! ,pacific4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sc5e ,,9 ,a ,,m9+ ,,t[n4 ,deadwood1 ,dakota1 9 ! '#gj's4 ,,gold ,,& ,,silv] ,,m9+4--,"o decade1 h[ev]1 completely *ang$ ! ,we/4 ,9 #aheh gold 0 discov]$ on ! ea/]n slope ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 ne> ,pikes ,peak2 gold hunt]s ru%$ ?i!r1 ,d5v] 0 f\nd$1 & 9 #ahfa ,colorado 0 made a t]ritory4 ,kansas1 r$uc$ to its pres5t limits1 0 admitt$ z a /ate ! same ye>1 & ! nor!rn "p ( ,nebraska t]ritory 0 cut (f & call$ ,dakota t]ritory 7map1 p4 #ceb74 ,9 #ahei silv] 0 discov]$ on ,m\nt ,davidson 7!n 9 we/]n ,utah71 & population p\r$ ?i!r4 ,virg9ia ,city sprang into exi/5ce1 & 9 #ahfa ,nevada 0 made a t]ritory & 9 #ahfd1 ) enl>g$ b\nd>ies1 0 admitt$ into ! ,union z a /ate4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,we/4 ,preci\s metals 7 f\nd 9 #ahfb 9 :at 0 !n ea/]n ,wa%+ton2 ! old ,=t ,boise ( ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company became a ?riv+ t[n1 o!r settlem5ts 7 made1 & 9 #ahfc ! t]ritory ( ,idaho 0 organiz$4 ,9 ! same ye> ,arizona 0 cut (f f ,new ,mexico4 ,h>dly _h ?is be5 done :5 gold 0 f\nd on ! ,jeff]son =k ( ! ,miss\ri ,riv]4 ,bannack ,city1 ,virg9ia ,city1 & ,hel5a 7 f\nd$1 & 9 #ahfd ,montana 0 made a t]ritory4 #a ,9 #ahfg ,nebraska became a /ate1 & ! next ye> ,wyom+ t]ritory 0 =m$4 ,,ov]l& ,,trails4--,:5 ,l9coln 0 inaugurat$ 9 #ahfa1 no railroad cross$ ! pla9s4 ,! horse1 ! /agecoa*1 ! pack tra91 ! prairie s*oon]1 #b 7 ! means ( transportation1 & b few r\tes ( travel 7 well def9$4 ,! ,great ,salt ,lake & ,cali=nia trail1 />t+ 9 ,kansas1 foll[$ ! nor? bran* ( ! ,platte ,riv] to ! m\nta9s1 cross$ ! ,s\? ,pass1 & w5t on by way ( ,salt ,lake ,city to ,sacram5to4 ,ov] ?is l9e1 once ea* week1 a f\r-horse ,concord coa* #c />t$ f ea* end ( ! r\te4 ,f ,indep5d5ce 9 ,miss\ri ano!r l9e ( coa*es c>ri$ ! mail ov] ! old ,santa ,fe trail to ,new ,mexico4 ,! great ,we/]n mail r\te began at ,/4 ,l\is1 w5t across ,miss\ri & ,arkansas1 curv$ s\?w>d to ,el ,paso 9 ,texas1 & !n by way ( ! ,gila ,riv] to ,los ,angeles & ,san ,francisco2 ! di/ance ( #bgbi miles 0 cov]$ 9 tw5ty-f\r days4 #d ,illu/ration3 ,,ov]l& ,,mail ,,coa* ,,/>t+ ,,f ,,san ,,francisco ,,= ,,! ,,ea/ ,,9 #aheh4 ,contempor>y draw+4 ,,pony ,,express4--,?is 0 too sl[ = bus9ess m51 & 9 #ahfj ! /age company />t$ ! ,pony ,express to c>ry lett]s on horseback f ,/4 ,joseph to ,san ,francisco4 ,m\nt$ on a swift pony1 ! rid]1 a brave1 cool-head$1 pick$ man1 w\ld gallop at breakneck spe$ to ! fir/ relay /ation1 jump on ! back ( ano!r pony & spe$ away to ! second1 m\nt a fre% horse & be (f = a ?ird4 ,at ! ?ird /ation he w\ld f9d a fre% rid] m\nt$1 :o1 ! mom5t ! mail bags _h be5 fa/5$ to 8 horse1 w\ld ride (f to cov] 8 ?ree /ations 9 z %ort a "t z possible4 ,! rid]s left ea* end ( ! r\te twice a week or (t5]4 ,! total di/ance1 ab\t two ?\s& miles1 0 pass$ ov] 9 t5 days4 #e ,9 ! l>ge cities ( ! ,ea/ free deliv]y ( lett]s by c>ri]s 0 introduc$ 7#ahfc71 ! po/al money ord] sy/em 0 adopt$ 7#ahfd71 & trials 7 made ) po/al c>s 9 :i* ! mail 0 sort$ :ile en r\te4 ,,! ,,telegraph4--,mean:ile ,congress 79 ,june1 #ahfj7 incorporat$ ! ,pacific ,telegraph ,company to build a l9e across ! cont95t4 ,by ,novemb] ! l9e rea*$ ,=t ,ke>ny1 :]e an op]ator 0 in/all$ 9 a little sod hut4 ,by ,octob]1 #ahfa1 ! two l9es1 "o build+ ea/w>d f ,cali=nia1 & ! o!r we/w>d f ,omaha1 rea*$ ,salt ,lake ,city4 ,! *>ge = a t5-^w message f ,new ,york to ,salt ,lake ,city 0 #hg4ej4 ,:5 ! telegraph l9e 0 f9i%$1 ! "w ( ! ,pony ,express end$1 & all lett]s w5t by ! ov]l& /age l9e1 ^: coa*es ent]$ e l>ge m9+ c5t]1 c>ry+ pass5g]s1 express matt]1 & ! mail4 #f ,,ov]l& ,,freight4--,! discov]y ( gold 9 we/]n ,kansas1 9 #aheh1 & ! f\nd+ ( ,d5v]1 l$ to a great freight bus9ess across ! pla9s4 ,fl\r1 bacon1 sug>1 c(fee1 dry goods1 h>dw>e1 furniture1 clo?+1 came 9 imm5se quantities to ,omaha1 ,/4 ,joseph1 ,at*ison1 ,leav5wor?1 !re to be haul$ to ! digg+s4 ,at*ison became a trade c5t]4 ,!re1 9 ! spr+ ( #ahfj1 might h be5 se5 hundr$s ( wagons1 & tons ( goods pil$ on ! levee1 & w>eh\ses full ( provisions1 boots1 %oes1 & clo?+4 ,f x1 day aft] day1 w5t a score ( prairie s*oon]s drawn by horses1 mules1 or ox54 #g ,,! ,,railroad4--,! idea ( a railroad ov] ! pla9s 01 z we h se51 an old "o2 b at la/1 9 #ahfb1 ,congress *>t]$ two railroad companies to build across ! public doma9 f ! ,miss\ri ,riv] to ,cali=nia4 ,"o1 ! ,union ,pacific1 0 to />t at ,omaha & build we/w>d4 ,! o!r1 ! ,c5tral ,pacific1 0 to />t 9 ,cali=nia & build ea/w>d till ! two met4 ,"w 0 begun 9 ,novemb]1 #ahfe1 & 9 ,may1 #ahfi1 ! two l9es 7 jo9$ at ,promontory ,po9t1 ne> ,salt ,lake ,city4 ,z ! railroad progress$1 ! ov]l& coa*es pli$ betwe5 ! ends ( ! two sections1 _! runs gr[+ %ort] & %ort] till1 :5 ! road 0 f9i%$1 ! ov]l& /agecoa* 0 discont9u$4 ,,! ,,home/ead ,,law4--,:5 ! ,union ,pacific & ,c5tral ,pacific railroads 7 *>t]$1 !y 7 giv5 imm5se l& grants2 #h b 9 ! same ye> 7#ahfb7 ! ,home/ead ,law 0 enact$4 ,"u ! provisions ( ?is law a f>m ( #hj or #afj acres 9 ! public doma9 might be secur$ by any head ( a family or p]son tw5ty-"o ye>s old :o 0 a citiz5 ( our c\ntry or _h decl>$ an int5tion to become su*1 provid$ he or %e w\ld live on ! f>m & cultivate x = five ye>s4 #i ,betwe5 #ahfc & #ahgj1 #ajc1jjj entries = #ab1jjj1jjj acres 7 made4 ,?is %[$ t ! p desir$ ! l&1 & 0 "o reason :y no m %\ld be giv5 to corporations4 ,,nor!rn ,,pacific ,,railroad4--,9 #ahfd ,congress _h *>t]$ a railroad = ! new ,nor?we/1 & _h giv5 ! company an imm5se l& grant4 ,b build+ did n beg9 till #ahgj4 ,all w5t well till #ahgc1 :5 a great panic swept ov] ! c\ntry & ! road became bankrupt4 ,x !n ext5d$ f ,dulu? to ,bism>ck4 ,two ye>s lat] ! company 0 reorganiz$1 & ! road 0 f9i%$ 9 #ahhc4 #aj ,,:eat ,,fields ,,( ,,dakota4--,dur+ ! panic c]ta9 ( ! directors ( ! road b\ght great tracts ( l& f ! company1 pay+ = !m ) ! railroad bonds4 ,on "s ( ^! l&s 9 ! valley ( ! ,r$ ,riv] ( ! ,nor? an attempt 0 made to raise :eat 9 #ahgf4 ,x prov$ successful1 & ! next ye> a wave ( emigration set /rongly t[>d ,dakota4 ,9 #ahfj !re 7 n #ejjj p 9 ,dakota2 9 #ahgj !re 7 b #ad1jjj1 mo/ly m9]s2 9 #ahhj !re 7 #ace1jjj4 ,,prairie ,,homes4--,^! newcom]s--home/ead]s1 z !y 7 (t5 call$-- broke up ! prairie1 plant$ :eat1 rais$ %eep & cattle1 & liv$ at fir/ 9 a dug\t1 or hole dug 9 ! side ( a depression 9 ! prairie4 ,?is 0 ro($ 7ab\t ! level ( ! prairie7 ) ?ick bo>ds cov]$ ) sods4 ,aft] a ye> or two 9 su* a home ! settl] w\ld build a sod h\se4 ,! walls1 two feet ?ick1 7 made ( sods cut l great bricks f ! prairie4 ,! ro( w\ld be ( bo>ds cov]$ ) %+les or (t5] ) sods1 & ! walls inside w\ld sometimes be :itewa%$4 ,ne> wat]c\rses a few settl]s f\nd en\gh trees to make log cab9s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,log ,,cab9 ,,) ,,sod ,,ro(4 ,,! ,,ran*es4--,/ret*+ across ! c\ntry f ,montana & ,dakota to ,arizona lay ! grass region1 ! great ran* c\ntry1 :]e h]ds ( cattle graz$ & 7 driv5 to ! railroads to be tak5 to m>ket4 ,9 lat] ye>s ?is became also ! greate/ %eep-rais+ & wool-produc+ region 9 ! ,union4 ,,buffaloes ,,& ,,indians4--,) ! build+ ( ! railroads & ! com+ ( ! settl]s ! reckless slaught] ( ! buffalo & ! cr[d+ ( ! ,indians began4 #aa ,to-day ! buffalo is z r>e an animal 9 ! ,we/ z 9 ! ,ea/2 & aft] _m w>s & treaties ) ! ,indians1 !y n[ hold less ?an "o hundr$? ( ! l& we/ ( ! ,mississippi4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cu/]',s ,,fight4 ,,me*anical ,,progress4--,! p]iod #ahfj to #ahhj 0 "o ( great me*anical & indu/rial progress4 ,dur+ ?is "t dynamite & ! b>b$-wire f5ce 7 introduc$2 ! compress$-air rock drill1 ! typewrit]1 ! ,we/+h\se air brake1 ! ,janney c> c\pl]1 ! cable c>1 ! trolley sy/ems1 ! electric light1 ! se>* light1 electric motors1 ! ,bell telephone1 ! phonograph1 ! gas eng9e1 & a ho/ ( o!r inv5tions & me*anical devices 7 inv5t$4 ,to satisfy ! dem&s ( trade & comm]ce1 great works ( eng9e]+ 7 und]tak51 su* z tw5ty ye>s be=e c\ld n h be5 attempt$4 ,! jetties con/ruct$ by ,james ,b4 ,eads 9 ! ,s\? ,pass at ! m\? ( ! ,mississippi1 to =ce t riv] to keep op5 its own *annel2 ! /eel-ar* railroad bridge built by ,eads across ! ,mississippi at ,/4 ,l\is2 ! ,roebl+ susp5sion bridges ov] ! ,ohio at ,c9c9nati & ov] ! ,ea/ ,riv] at ,new ,york2 & ! successful lay+ ( ! ,atlantic cable 7#ahff7 by ,cyrus ,w4 ,field1 are a few ( ! great me*anical triumphs ( ?is p]iod4 ,,indu/rial ,,developm5t4--,indu/ries once c>ri$ on 9 ! h\sehold or 9 small factories 7 conduct$ on a l>ge scale by great corporations4 ,! ma*9e = mak+ t9 cans made possible ! cann+ indu/ry4 ,! self- b9d+ h>ve/] & reap] made possible ! imm5se gra9 fields ( ! ,we/4 ,! production & ref9+ ( petroleum became an indu/ry ( great importance4 ,! great fl\r mills ( ,m9neapolis1 ! iron & /eel mills ( ,p5nsylvania1 ! pack+ h\ses ( ,*icago & ,kansas ,city1 & _m o!r ent]prises 7 ! direct result ( ! use ( ma*9]y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/eel ,,mill4 ,,rise ,,( ,,great ,,corporations4--,trades & occupations1 indu/ries ( all sorts1 began to conc5trate & comb9e1 & l>ge corporations took ! place ( individuals & small companies4 ,9 place ( _m little railroads !re 7 n[ trunk l9es4 #ab ,9 place ( _m little telegraph companies1 express companies1 & oil companies !re 7 n[ a few l>ge ones4 ,illu/ration3 ,,settl$ ,,area ,,9 #ahhj4 ,,immigration4--,?is indu/rial developm5t1 9 spite ( ma*9]y1 c\ld n h be5 s great 7 x n = ! increase 9 population1 weal?1 ! facilities ( transportation1 & ! great numb] ( work+m54 ,^! 7 l>gely immigrants1 :o came by hundr$s ( ?\s&s ye> aft] ye>4 ,f ab\t #ij1jjj 9 #ahfb1 ! numb] :o came ea* ye> rose to m ?an #dej1jjj 9 #ahgc2 & !n fell to less ?an #aej1jjj 9 #ahgh4 ,! population ( ! :ole c\ntry 9 #ahhj 0 #ej1jjj1jjj1 ( :om m ?an #f1ejj1jjj 7 ( =eign bir?4 ,,summ>y #a4 ,! discov]y ( gold & silv] ne> ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s 9 #aheh & lat] br\ght to t region _m ?\s& m9]s4 #b4 ,_! pres5ce 9 t wild region made local gov]nm5t necess>y1 & by #ahfh sev5 new t]ritories 7 =m$ 7,colorado1 ,dakota1 ,nevada1 ,idaho1 ,arizona1 ,montana1 ,wyom+71 & "o ( !m 7,nevada1 #ahfd7 0 admitt$ into ! ,union z a /ate4 #c4 ,means ( communication ) ,cali=nia & ! f> ,we/ 7 improv$4 ,fir/ came ! ,pony ,express1 !n ! telegraph1 & f9ally ! railroad4 #d4 ,! con/ruction ( ! railroad across ! middle ( ! c\ntry 0 foll[$ by ! build+ ( ano!r ne> ! nor!rn bord]4 #e4 ,railroad build+1 ! ,home/ead ,law1 & ! success ( ! ,dakota :eat f>ms1 l$ to ! rapid developm5t ( ! new ,nor?we/4 #f4 ,q z noticeable is ! me*anical & indu/rial progress ( ! c\ntry1 ! rise ( great corporations1 & ! flood ( immigrants t came to our %ores ea* ye>4 ,,footnotes #a ,= descriptions ( ! wild life 9 ! new ,nor?we/ 9 ! pione] days read ,lang=d's ,vigilante ,days & ,ways4 #b ,a l>ge wagon ) a :ite canvas top4 #c ,a k9d ( heavy coa*1 s call$ because fir/ manufactur$ at ,concord1 ,new ,hamp%ire4 #d ,:5 ! w> op5$ & ,texas sec$$1 ?is r\te 0 ab&on$1 & aft] ,april1 #ahfa1 lett]s & pass5g]s w5t f ,/4 ,joseph by way ( ,salt ,lake ,city to ,cali=nia4 #e ,all lett]s _h to be writt5 on ! ?9ne/ pap]1 & no m ?an tw5ty p\nds' weight 0 all[$ 9 ea* ( ! two p\*es4 ,! trail 0 infe/$ ) road ag5ts 7robb]s71 & rov+ b&s ( ,indians 7 ev] ready to murd] & scalp2 b 9 summ] & w9t]1 by day & night1 ov] ! pla9s & ov] ! m\nta9s1 ^! brave m5 made _! dang]\s rides1 c>ry+ no arms save a revolv] & a knife4 ,ea* lett] _h to be inclos$ 9 a t5-c5t /amp$ envelope & h on x 9 addition = ea* half ounce five "o-doll> /amps ( ! ,pony ,express ,company4 ,! /ory ( ! ,pony ,express is told 9 ,h5ry ,inman's ,great ,salt ,lake ,trail1 ,*ap4 viii4 #f ,z ! gov]nm5t _h no po/ (fices 9 ! m9+ camps1 ! /age company became ! po/ma/]s1 deliv]$ ! lett]s1 & *>g$ tw5ty- five c5ts = ea*4 ,sometimes ! own] ( a little /ore 9 a remote m\nta9 camp w\ld act z po/ma/]1 & *>ge a high price = s5d+ lett]s to or br++ !m f ! ne>e/ /age /ation4 ,"o su* us$ a b>rel = ! lett] box1 & s5t ! mail once a mon?4 ,a hole 0 cut 9 ! head ( ! b>rel1 & beside x 0 po/$ a notice :i* read3 ,?is is a ,po/ ,(fice4 ,%ove a qu>t] ?r\gh ! hole ) y\r lett]4 ,we h no use = /amps z ,i c>ry ! mail4 #g ,! light] articles w5t 9 wagons drawn by f\r or six horses or mules1 ! heavi] 9 great wagons drawn by six & eight yoke ( ox51 :i* made ! trip to ,d5v] 9 five weeks4 ,! co/ ( provisions br\ght 9 ?is way 0 v great4 ,?us 9 #ahfe1 9 ,hel5a1 ,montana1 fl\r sold = #he a sack ( "o hundr$ p\nds4 ,potatoes co/ fifty c5ts 9 gold a p\nd1 & coal oil1 at ,virg9ia ,city1 #aj 9 gold a gallon4 ,bo>d & lodg+s rose 9 proportion1 & x 0 n uncommon to see po/$ 9 ! bo>d+ h\ses su* notices z ?is3 ,bo>d ) bread at meals1 #cb2 bo>d )\t bread1 #bb4 ,read ,h\gh's ,! ,way to ! ,we/1 pp4 #bjj-bba4 #h ,e o!r section 9 a /rip ( l& tw5ty miles wide along ! entire l5g? ( ! railroad4 ,! gov]nm5t _h always be5 lib]al 9 grant+ l& to aid 9 ! con/ruction ( roads1 canals1 & railroads1 & betwe5 #ahbg & #ahfj _h giv5 away = su* purposes #bae1jjj1jjj acres4 ,_h ^! acres be5 9 "o great tract x w\ld h be5 sev5 times z l>ge z ,p5nsylvania4 ,9 #ahfb ,congress also add$ to its grants = educational purposes 7p4 #cja7 by giv+ to ea* /ate f #ij1jjj to #iij1jjj acres ( public l& 9 aid ( a college = tea*+ agriculture & ! me*anical arts4 #i ,= conditions on :i* l& c\ld be secur$ be=e ?is1 see p4 #cjb4 #aj ,! hi/ory ( ! railroads across ! cont95t is told 9 ,cy4 ,w>man's ,/ory ( ! ,railroad2 = ! ,nor!rn ,pacific1 read pp4 #agi-aif4 #aa ,:ite m5 eag] = l& invad$ ! ,indian res]vations2 acts ( viol5ce 7 frequ5t1 & %ameful frauds 7 p]petrat$ by ! ag5ts ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,! ,indians1 9 retaliation1 kill$ settl]s & ran (f horses1 mules1 & cattle4 ,!re 7 upris+s ( ! ,si\x 9 ,m9nesota 7#ahfb7 & 9 ,montana 7#ahff72 b ! wor/ (f5d]s 7 ! ,apa*es ( ,arizona1 & aga9/ !m ,g5]al ,crook wag$ w> 9 #ahgb4 ,t[>d ! close ( #ahgb ! ,modocs left _! res]vation 9 ,oregon1 took refuge 9 ! ,lava ,b$s 9 nor!rn ,cali=nia1 & defi$ ! troops s5t to drive !m back4 ,g5]al ,canby & sev]al o!rs 7 trea*]\sly murd]$ at a conf]5ce 7#ahgc71 & a w> ( sev]al mon?s' duration foll[$ be=e ! ,modocs 7 =c$ to surr5d]4 ,9 #ahgd ! ,*ey5nes 7%e-enz'71 enrag$ at ! slaught] ( ! buffaloes by ! :ites1 made cattle raids1 & m fight+ ensu$4 ,an attempt to remove ! ,si\x to a new res]vation l$ to yet ano!r w> 9 #ahgf1 9 :i* ,lieut5ant- ,colonel ,cu/] & 8 =ce ( #bfb m5 7 massacr$ 9 ,montana4 ,read ,longfell['s poem ,! ,rev5ge ( ,ra9-9-!-,face4 #ab ,?us 7#ahfi7 ! ,new ,york ,c5tral 7f ,albany to ,buffalo7 & ! ,hudson ,riv] 7f ,new ,york to ,albany7 7 comb9$ & =m$ "o railroad "u "o managem5t f ,new ,york to ,buffalo4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxiii ,a ,,qu>t] ,,c5tury ,,( ,,/ruggle ,,ov] ,,indu/rial ,,que/ions1 #ahgb ,,to #ahig ,,! ,,national ,,labor ,,p>ty4--,! *ang$ indu/rial conditions ( ! p]iod #ahfj-hj affect$ politics1 & aft] #ahfh ! que/ions :i* divid$ p>ties became m & m indu/rial & f9ancial4 ,! rise ( ! national labor p>ty & its dem&s %[s ?is v /rongly4 ,ev] s9ce #ahbi ! work+man _h be5 9 politics 9 "s ( ! /ates1 & _h secur$ _m re=ms4 ,b no national labor congress 0 held till #ahfe1 aft] :i* l congresses 7 held ea* ye> till #ahgj1 :5 a national conv5tion 0 call$ to =m a ,national ,labor-,re=m ,p>ty4 ,! dem&s ( ! p>ty ?us =m$ 7#ahgb7 7 = taxation ( gov]nm5t bonds 7p4 #chg72 repeal ( ! national bank+ sy/em 7p4 #chb72 an eight-h\r work+ day2 exclusion ( ! ,*9ese2 #a & no l& grants to corporations 7p4 #cih74 ,at e presid5tial election s9ce ?is "t1 nom9ations h be5 made by "o or m labor p>ties4 ,,! ,,prohibition ,,p>ty4--,ano!r p>ty :i* fir/ nom9at$ presid5tial c&idates 9 #ahgb 0 t ( ! ,prohibitioni/s4 ,aft] mu* agitation ( temp]ance re=m1 #b ef=ts 7 made to prohibit ! sale ( liquor entirely1 & betwe5 #ahea & #ahee eight /ates adopt$ prohibitory laws4 ,!n ! movem5t subsid$ = a :ile1 b 9 #ahfi x began aga9 & 9 t ye> ! ,national ,prohibition ,re=m p>ty 0 f\nd$4 ,9 #ahgb its plat=m call$ = ! suppression ( ! sale ( intoxicat+ liquor1 & = a long s]ies ( o!r re=ms4 ,e f\r ye>s s9ce t "t ! ,prohibition p>ty has nam$ its c&idates4 ,,grant ,,reflect$4--,9 #ahgb no great importance 0 atta*$ to ei!r ( ^! p>ties 7! ,labor & ! ,prohibition74 ,! conte/ lay betwe5 ,g5]al ,grant1 ! ,republican c&idate = ,presid5t1 & ,horace ,greeley1 #c ! ,lib]al ,republican nom9ee 7p4 #cij71 :o 0 support$ also by mo/ ( ! ,democrats4 ,grant 0 elect$ by a l>ge majority4 ,,! ,,panic ,,( #ahgc4--,sc>cely _h ,grant be5 re9augurat$ :5 a s]i\s panic swept ov] ! c\ntry4 ,! p]iod s9ce ! w> _h be5 "o ( great prosp]ity1 wild speculation1 & extraord9>y indu/rial developm5t4 ,s9ce #ahfi "s #bd1jjj miles ( railroad _h be5 built4 ,b 9 ! mid/ ( all ?is prosp]ity1 ! city ( ,*icago 0 almo/ de/roy$ by fire 7#ahga71 #d & ! next ye> a l>ge "p ( ! city ( ,bo/on 0 burn$4 ,?is l$ to a dem& = money to rebuild !m4 ,_m speculative ent]prises fail$4 ,! railroads t 7 be+ built ahead ( population1 9 ord] to op5 up new l&s1 c\ld n sell _! bonds1 & :5 a bank] :o 0 back+ "o ( ! railroads fail$1 ! panic />t$4 ,?\s&s ( bus9ess m5 fail$1 & ! wages ( work+m5 7 cut d[n4 ,,! ,,specie ,,paym5t ,,act4--,! cry 0 !n rais$ = m money1 & 79 #ahgd7 ,congress attempt$ to increase1 or inflate1 ! am\nt ( gre5backs 9 circulation f #cef1jjj1jjj to #djj1jjj1jjj4 ,grant veto$ ! bill4 ,:at %all be done ) ! curr5cy8 !n became ! "q ( ! h\r4 ,pap] money 0 /ill circulat+ at less ?an its face value z measur$ 9 co94 ,to make x wor? face value1 ,congress 7#ahge7 decid$ to resume specie paym5t2 t is1 ! fractional curr5cy 0 to be call$ 9 & r$eem$ 9 #aj1 #be1 & #ej c5t silv] pieces2 & aft] ,janu>y #a1 #ahgi1 all gre5backs 7 to be r$eem$ 9 specie4 ,,political ,,p>ties ,,9 #ahgf4 #e--,?is policy ( resumption ( specie paym5t did n please ev]ybody4 ,a ,gre5back p>ty 0 =m$1 :i* call$ = ! repeal ( ! ,specie ,paym5t ,act & = ! issue ( m gre5backs4 ,t ! presid5tial election w\ld be close 0 c]ta91 & ?is c]ta9ty did mu* to lead ! ,democratic & ,republican p>ties to take up "s ( ! dem&s ( ! ,prohibition1 ,lib]al ,republican1 & ,labor p>ties4 ,?us bo? ! ,democratic & ,republican p>ties call$ = no m l& grants to corporations1 & = ! exclusion ( ! ,*9ese4 ,illu/ration3 ,,memorial ,,hall1 ,,philadelphia4 ,,! ,,election ,,( #ahgf4--,! ,republican c&idate = ,presid5t 0 ,ru!r=d ,b4 ,hayes2 #f ! ,democratic c&idate 0 ,samuel ,j4 ,tild54 ,! admission ( ,colorado 9 ,augu/1 #ahgf1 made ?irty-eight /ates1 ca/+ #cfi electoral votes4 ,a c&idate to be elect$ !re=e ne$$ at lea/ #ahe electoral votes4 ,s close 0 ! conte/ t ! election ( ,hayes 0 claim$ by exactly #ahe votes4 ,?is numb] includ$ ! votes ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 ,florida1 ,l\isiana1 & ,oregon1 9 ea* ( :i* a dispute 0 rag+ z to :e!r ,republican or ,democratic electors 7 *os54 ,bo? sets claim$ to h be5 elect$1 & bo? met & vot$4 ,,electoral ,,commission4--,! electoral votes ( ! /ates are c\nt$ 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ,h\se & ,s5ate4 ,! "q !n became1 ,:i* ( ^! duplicate sets %all ,congress c\nt8 ,to det]m9e ! "q an electoral commission ( fifte5 memb]s 0 creat$4 #g ,x decid$ t ! votes ( ! ,republican electors ,9 ! f\r /ates %\ld be c\nt$1 & ,hayes 0 !re=e decl>$ elect$4 #h ,,end ,,( ,,c>petbag ,,gov]nm5ts4--,! inauguration ( ,hayes 0 foll[$ by ! recall ( ,unit$ ,/ates troops f ! ,s\?1 & ! d[nfall ( c>petbag gov]nm5ts 9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a & ,l\isiana4 ,dur+ ! fir/ half ( ,hayes's t]m !4 ,democrats _h control ( ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives1 & dur+ ! second half1 ( ! ,s5ate z well4 ,z a result1 propos$ p>tisan measures ei!r fail$ to pass ,congress1 or 7 veto$ by ! ,presid5t4 ,,! ,,ye> #ahgg 0 "o ( great bus9ess depression4 ,a /rike on ! ,baltimore & ,ohio ,railroad 9 ! summ] ( #ahgg spread to o!r railroads & became almo/ an indu/rial insurrection4 ,traffic 0 /opp$1 millions ( doll>s' wor? ( freight c>s1 ma*9e %ops1 & o!r prop]ty 0 de/roy$1 & 9 ! battles f\ght ar\nd ,pittsburg _m lives 7 lo/4 #i ,failures 7 num]\s2 9 #ahgh m bus9ess m5 fail$ ?an 9 ! panic ye> #ahgc4 ,,silv] ,,co9age4--,= mu* ( ?is bus9ess depression ! f9ancial policy ( ! gov]nm5t 0 blam$1 & :5 ,congress assembl$ 9 #ahgg1 ?is policy 0 at once attack$4 ,an attempt to repeal ! act = resum+ specie paym5t 7p4 #djh7 0 made1 b fail$4 #aj ,ano!r measure1 h[ev]1 conc]n+ silv] co9age1 0 m successful4 ,congress _h dropp$ 7#ahgc7 ! silv] doll> f ! li/ ( co9s to be made at ! m9t4 #aa ,soon aft]w>d ! silv] m9es ( ,nevada began to yield a/oni%+ly1 & ! price ( silv] fell4 ,?is l$ to a dem& 7by inflationi/s & silv]-produc]s7 t ! silv] doll> %\ld aga9 be co9$2 & 9 #ahgh ,congress pass$ 7ov] ,hayes's veto7 ! ,bl&-,allison ,act1 :i* requir$ ! ,secret>y ( ! ,treasury to buy n less ?an #b1jjj1jjj nor m ?an #d1jjj1jjj wor? ( silv] bullion ea* mon? & co9 x into doll>s4 #ab ,,! ,,*9ese ,,mu/ ,,g4--,ano!r act veto$ by ,hayes 0 int5d$ to /op ! com+ ( ,*9ese to our c\ntry4 ,9 #ahgg an anti-,*9ese movem5t 0 begun 9 ,san ,francisco by ! work+m5 l$ by ,d5nis ,ke>ney4 ,op5-air meet+s 7 held1 & ! dem& = ,*9ese exclusion 0 urg$ s vigor\sly t ,congress 7#ahgi7 pass$ an act re/rict+ ,*9ese immigration4 ,hayes veto$ ?is z violat+ our treaty ) ,*9a1 b 7#ahhj7 negotiat$ a new treaty :i* provid$ t ,congress might regulate ! immigration ( ,*9ese labor]s4 ,,! ,,election ,,( #ahhj2 ,,dea? ,,( ,,g>field4--,9 #ahhj !re 7 aga9 sev]al p>ties1 b ! conte/ 0 betwe5 ! ,republicans ) ,james ,a4 ,g>field #ac & ,*e/] ,a4 ,ar?ur z c&idates = ,presid5t & ,vice ,presid5t1 & ! ,democrats ) ,w9field ,s4 ,hancock & ,william ,h4 ,engli% z lead]s4 ,g>field & ,ar?ur 7 elect$1 & on ,m>* #d1 #ahha1 7 duly inaugurat$4 ,f\r mon?s lat]1 z ! ,presid5t /ood 9 a railway /ation 9 ,wa%+ton1 a disappo9t$ (fice seek] %ot him 9 ! back4 ,aft] 8 dea? 7,septemb] #ai1 #ahha7 ,*e/] ,a4 ,ar?ur became ,presid5t4 #ad ,,important ,,laws1 #ahha-he4--;,all p>ties _h call$ = anti-,*9ese legislation4 ,! long-desir$ act 0 accord+ly pass$ by ,congress1 exclud+ ! ,*9ese f our c\ntry = a p]iod ( tw5ty ye>s4 ,ar?ur veto$ x z contr>y to our treaty ) ,*9a4 ,an act susp5d+ ! immigration ( ,*9ese labor]s = t5 ye>s 0 !n pass$ & became law2 simil> acts h be5 pass$ f "t to "t s9ce !n4 ,! ,republicans 7& ,prohibitioni/s7 _h dem&$ ! suppression ( polygamy 9 ,utah & ! neighbor+ t]ritories4 ,ano!r law 7! ,edmunds ,act1 #ahhb7 0 !re=e enact$ = ?is end4 #ae ,! murd] ( ,g>field ar\s$ a g5]al dem& = civil s]vice re=m4 ,! ,p5dleton ,act 7#ahhc7 0 !re=e enact$ to secure appo9tm5t to (fice on ! gr\nd ( fitness1 n p>ty s]vice4 #af ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,cruis] ,,bo/on4 ,,! ,,new ,,navy4--,aft] ! close ( ! ,civil ,w> our navy 0 suff]$ to fall into neglect & decay4 ,! ?irty-sev5 cruis]s1 all b f\r ( :i* 7 ( wood2 ! f\rte5 s+le-turret$ monitors built dur+ ! w>2 ! muzzle-load+ guns1 belong$ to a pa/ age4 ,by #ahha ?is 0 fully realiz$ & ! f\ndation ( a new & spl5did navy 0 begun by ! con/ruction ( ?ree un>mor$ cruis]s--! ,atlanta1 ,bo/on1 & ,*icago4 ,once />t$1 ! new navy grew rapidly1 & 9 ! c\rse ( twelve ye>s =ty-sev5 vessels 7 afloat or on ! /ocks4 #ag ,,new ,,re=ms ,,dem&$4--,meantime ! wond]ful developm5t ( our c\ntry caus$ a dem& = fur!r re=ms4 ,! *ief employ]s ( labor 7 corporations & capitali/s1 _m ( :om abus$ ! p[] _! weal? gave !m4 ,!y 7 accus$ ( import+ labor]s "u contract & !reby keep+ wages d[n1 ( gett+ special privileges f legislatures1 & ( comb9+ to fix prices to suit !mselves4 ,9 ! campaign ( #ahhd1 !re=e1 ^! issues came to ! front1 & dem&s 7 made = 7#a7 legislation aga9/ ! importation ( contract labor1 7#b7 regulation ( int]/ate comm]ce1 especially z c>ri$ on by railways1 7#c7 gov]nm5t own]%ip ( telegraphs & railways1 7#d7 r$uction ( ! h\rs ( labor1 7#e7 bureaus to collect & spread in=mation z to labor4 ,illu/ration3 ,,grov] ,,clevel&4 ,,! ,,election ,,( #ahhd4--,! ,republicans nom9at$ ,james ,g4 ,bla9e = ,presid5t2 ! ,democrats1 ,grov] ,clevel&4 #ah ,! nom9ation ( ,bla9e gave (f5se to _m ,republicans2 !y took ! "n ( ,indep5d5ts & support$ ,clevel&1 :o 0 elect$4 ,,important ,,laws1 #ahhe-hi4 #ai--;,z ! two great p>ties1 ,democratic & ,republican1 _h ea* favor$ ! passage ( c]ta9 laws dem&$ by ! labor p>ties1 ^! re=ms 7 n[ obta9$4 #a4 ,an ,anti-,contract-,labor ,law 7#ahhe7 =bade any p]son1 company1 or corporation to br+ ali5s into ! ,unit$ ,/ates "u contract to p]=m labor or s]vice4 #b4 ,an ,int]/ate ,comm]ce ,act 7#ahhg7 provid$ = a commission ^: duty x is to see t all *>ges = ! c>riage ( pass5g]s or freight are reasonable & j1 & t no unfair special rates are made = favor$ %ipp]s4 #c4 ,a ,bureau ( ,labor 0 e/abli%$ & put 9 *>ge ( a commission] ^: duty x is to diffuse among ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates useful in=mation on subjects connect$ ) labor4 ,su* bureaus or dep>tm5ts already exi/$ 9 _m ( ! /ates4 ,,! ,,surplus4--,^! old issues dispos$ (1 ! cont9u$ gr[? & prosp]ity ( our c\ntry br\ght up new ones4 ,= "s "t pa/ ! rev5ue ( ! gov]nm5t _h s exce$$ its exp5ses t on ,decemb] #a1 #ahhg1 !re 0 a surplus ( #ej1jjj1jjj 9 ! treasury4 ,six mon?s lat] ?is _h ris5 to #ajc1jjj1jjj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,/atue ,,( ,,lib]ty4 ,?ree plans 7 sugge/$ = dispos+ ( ! surplus4 ,"s ?\ght x %\ld be di/ribut$ among ! /ates z 9 #ahcg4 ,"s 7 = buy+ gov]nm5t bonds & s r$uc+ ! national debt4 ,o!rs urg$ a r$uction ( ! annual rev5ue by cutt+ d[n ! t>iff rates4 ,! ,presid5t 9 8 message 9 #ahhg ask$ = su* a r$uction1 & 9 #ahhh ! ,h\se pass$ a new t>iff bill :i* ! ,s5ate reject$4 ,,! ,,campaign ,,( #ahhh4--;,9 ! campaign ( #ahhh1 !re=e1 ! t>iff issue came to ! front4 ,! ,democrats r5om9at$ ,grov] ,clevel& = ,presid5t1 & call$ = a t>iff = rev5ue only1 & = no m rev5ue ?an 0 ne$$ to pay ! co/ ( economical gov]nm5t4 ,! ,republicans nom9at$ ,b5jam9 ,h>rison #bj on a plat=m favor+ a protective t>iff1 & elect$ him4 ,,new ,,/ates4--,bo? ! great p>ties _h call$ = ! admission ( new /ates4 ,j be=e ! end ( ,clevel&'s t]m1 !re=e1 an enabl+ act 0 pass$ = ,nor? & ,s\? ,dakota1 ,wa%+ton1 & ,montana1 :i* 7 accord+ly admitt$ to ! ,union a few mon?s lat] 7#ahhi74 ,idaho & ,wyom+ 7 admitt$ ! foll[+ ye> 7#ahij71 & ,utah 9 #ahif4 ,,new ,,laws ,,( #ahij4--,! adm9i/ration ( affairs hav+ aga9 pass$ to ! ,republican p>ty1 x enact$ ! ,mc,kinley ,t>iff ,law1 :i* slightly rais$ ! av]age rate ( duties2 ! ,%]man ,anti-,tru/ ,act1 =bidd+ comb9ations to re/ra9 trade2 & a new f9ancial measure :i* also bore ! "n ( ,s5ator ,%]man4 ,! law 7p4 #dji7 requir+ ! pur*ase & co9age ( at lea/ #b1jjj1jjj wor? ( silv] bullion ea* mon? did n satisfy ! silv] m54 ,!y want$ a free-co9age law1 giv+ any man ! privilege ( hav+ 8 silv] co9$ into doll>s 7p4 #bbd74 ,z !y _h a majority ( ! ,s5ate1 !y pass$ a free-co9age bill1 b ! ,h\se reject$ x4 ,a conf]5ce foll[$1 & ! s-call$ ,%]man ,act 0 pass$1 increas+ ! am\nt ( silv] to be b\ght ea* mon? by ! gov]nm5t4 #ba ,,! ,,congressional ,,election ,,( #ahij4--,! effect ( ! increas$ t>iff rates1 ! ,%]man ,act1 & l>ge exp5ditures by ,congress 0 at once app>5t1 & 9 ! congressional election ( #ahij ! ,republicans 7 beat54 ,! ,democratic m9ority 9 ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives 0 turn$ into a great majority1 & 9 bo? ,h\se & ,s5ate appe>$ memb]s ( a new p>ty call$ ! ,f>m]s' ,alliance4 #bb ,,presid5tial ,,campaign ,,( #ahib4--,! success ( ! ,alliance m5 9 ! election ( #ahij1 & ! conviction t nei!r ! ,democrats nor ! ,republicans w\ld fur!r all _! dem&s1 l$ to a meet+ ( ,alliance & ,labor lead]s 9 ,may1 #ahia1 & ! =mation ( ! ,p's ,p>ty ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica4 ,9 #ahib ?is ,p's ,p>ty1 or ! ,populi/s1 z !y 7 call$1 nom9at$ ,james ,b4 ,weav] = ,presid5t1 ca/ a million votes1 & secur$ ! election ( f\r s5ators & elev5 repres5tatives 9 ,congress4 ,! ,republicans r5om9at$ ,h>rison = ,presid5t4 ,b ! ,democrats secur$ majorities 9 ! ,h\se & ! ,s5ate1 & elect$ ,clevel&4 #bc ,,! ,,panic ,,( #ahic4--,:5 ,clevel&'s second inauguration took place1 ,m>* #d1 #ahic1 our c\ntry _h already ent]$ a p]iod ( panic & bus9ess depression4 ,trade _h fall5 (f4 ,money 0 h>d to borr[4 ,=eign]s :o held our /ocks & bonds s\ght to sell !m1 & a great am\nt ( gold 0 drawn to ,europe4 ,s bad did bus9ess conditions become t ! ,presid5t call$ ,congress to meet 9 special session 9 ,augu/ to rem$y matt]s4 ,! silv] doll>s co9$ by ! gov]nm5t 7 issu$ & accept$ by ! gov]nm5t at _! face value1 & circulat$ on a p> ) gold1 al?\gh ! price ( silv] bullion _h fall5 s l[ t ! metal 9 a silv] doll> 0 wor? less ?an sev5ty c5ts4 ,_m p believ$ ! bus9ess panic 0 due to fe>s t ! gov]nm5t c\ld n mu* long] keep ! increas+ volume ( silv] curr5cy at p> ) gold4 ,!re=e ,congress repeal$ "p ( ! ,%]man ,act ( #ahij1 s z to /op ! pur*ase ( m silv]4 ,,! ,,wilson ,,t>iff4--,! bus9ess revival :i* ! majority ( ,congress n[ expect$1 did n come4 ,failures cont9u$2 mills rema9$ clos$1 gold cont9u$ to leave ! c\ntry1 & gov]nm5t receipts 7 #cd1jjj1jjj less ?an exp5ditures :5 ! ye> end$4 ,by ! close ( ! autumn ( #ahic1 hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( p 7 out ( employm5t & _m 9 want4 ,9 ?is condition ( affairs ,congress met 9 regul> session 7,decemb]1 #ahic74 ,! ,democrats 7 9 control ( bo? bran*es1 & 7 pl$g$ to revise ! t>iff4 ,a bill 0 !re=e pass$1 cutt+ d[n "s ( ! t>iff rates 7! ,wilson ,act74 #bd ,nobody expect$ t ! revis$ t>iff w\ld yield en\gh money to meet ! exp5ses ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,"o section ( ! law !re=e provid$ t all ye>ly incomes above #djjj %\ld be tax$ two p] c5t4 ,?\gh ,congress _h levi$ an income tax ?irty ye>s be=e1 its "r to d s 0 n[ d5i$ by _m1 & ! ,supreme ,c\rt decid$ 7#ahie7 t ! income tax 0 uncon/itutional4 #be ,,au/ralian ,,ballot4--,"o great re=m :i* mu/ n g unnotic$ 0 ! introduction ( ! ,au/ralian or secret ballot4 ,! purpose ( ?is sy/em ( vot+1 fir/ us$ 9 ,au/ralia1 is to enable ! vot] to prep>e 8 ballot 9 a boo? by himself & deposit x )\t any "o kn[+ = :om he votes4 ,! sy/em 0 fir/ us$ 9 our c\ntry 9 ,massa*usetts & 9 ,l\isville1 ,k5tucky1 9 #ahhh4 ,s successful 0 x t t5 /ates adopt$ x ! next ye>1 & by #ahid x 0 9 use 9 all b sev5 ( ! =ty-f\r /ates4 ,,negroes ,,disfran*is$4--,six ( ! sev5 7 ,s\!rn /ates :]e negroes 7 num]\s4 ,aft] ! fall ( ! c>petbag gov]nm5ts1 illegal means 7 (t5 us$ to keep negroes f ! polls & prev5t negro dom9ation 9 ^! /ates4 ,lat] legal me?ods 7 tri$ in/ead3 ! paym5t ( taxes1 & sometimes su* an educational qualification z ! ability to read1 7 requir$ ( vot]s2 b ! laws 7 s fram$ z to exclude _m negroes & few :ites4 ,mississippi 0 ! fir/ /ate to am5d h] con/itution = ?is purpose 7#ahij71 & ne>ly all ! ,s\!rn /ates h foll[$ h] example4 #bf ,,! ,,free ,,co9age ,,issue4--,n[ t ! treasury _h ceas$ to buy silv]1 ! dem& = ! free co9age ( silv] 0 r5ew$4 ,! ,republicans 9 _! national plat=m1 9 #ahif1 decl>$ aga9/ x1 :]eupon ?irty- f\r delegates f ! silv] /ates 7,idaho1 ,montana1 ,s\? ,dakota1 ,colorado1 ,utah1 & ,nevada7 left ! conv5tion4 ,! ,democratic p>ty decl>$ = free co9age1 #bg b _m ,democrats 7gold ,democrats7 !reupon =m$ a new p>ty1 call$ ! ,national ,democratic1 & nom9at$ c&idates on a gold-/&>d plat=m4 ,bo? ! great p>ties 7 ?us split on ! issue ( free co9age ( silv]4 ,,! ,,campaign ,,( #ahif4--,! ,republican p>ty nom9at$ ,william ,mc,kinley #bh = ,presid5t4 ,! ,democrats nam$ ,william ,j4 ,bryan1 & he 0 indors$ by ! ,p's p>ty & ! ,national ,silv] p>ty4 #bi ,! campaign 0 mo/ excit+4 ,! c\ntry 0 flood$ ) books1 pamphlets1 h&bills1 sett+ =? bo? sides ( ! silv] issue2 ,bryan & ,mc,kinley address$ imm5se cr[ds1 & on election day #ac1ijj1jjj votes 7 ca/4 ,mc,kinley 0 elect$4 ,,! ,,d+ley ,,t>iff4--,! excitem5t ov] silv] 0 su* t 9 ! campaign ! t>iff "q 0 little consid]$4 ,b ! ,republicans 7 pl$g$ to a revision ( ! t>iff1 & accord+ly 7,july1 #ahig7 ! ,d+ley ,bill pass$ ,congress & 0 approv$ by ! ,presid5t4 ,?us 9 ! c\rse ( sev5 ye>s ! *ange ( adm9i/ration f "o p>ty to ! o!r _h l$ to ! passage ( ?ree t>iff acts--! ,mc,kinley 7#ahij71 ! ,wilson 7#ahid71 & ! ,d+ley 7#ahig74 ,,=eign ,,complications4--,x is n[ "t to review our =eign relations dur+ ?is p]iod4 ,twice s9ce #ahij !y _h br\ght u app>5tly to ! v]ge ( w>4 ,,! ,,*ilean ,,incid5t4--,9 #ahia1 :ile ! ,unit$ ,/ates %ip ,baltimore 0 9 ! port ( ,valp>aiso1 ,*ile1 "s sailors w5t on %ore1 7 attack$ on ! /reets1 & "o 0 kill$ & sev]al w\nd$4 ,*ile (f]$ no apology & no rep>ation to ! injur$1 b in/ead s5t an (f5sive note ab\t ! matt]4 ,h>rison1 9 a message to ,congress 7#ahib71 pla9ly sugge/$ w>4 ,b ! (f5sive note 0 )drawn1 a prop] apology 0 made1 & ! incid5t end$4 ,,! ,,seal ,,fi%]ies4--,great ,brita9 & our c\ntry 7 long at v>iance ov] ! "q ( own]%ip ( seals 9 ,b]+ ,sea4 ,our purpose 0 to protect !m f ext]m9ation by c]ta9 re/rictions on seal fi%+4 ,to settle our rights 9 ! matt]1 a c\rt ( arbitration 0 appo9t$ & met 9 ,p>is 9 #ahic4 ,! decision 0 aga9/ u1 b /eps 7 tak5 to protect ! seals f ext]m9ation4 #cj ,illu/ration3 ,,hawaiian ,,boats ,,) ,,outrigg]s4 ,,hawaii4--,j be=e ,h>rison retir$ f (fice a revolution 9 ! ,hawaiian ,isl&s drove ! que5 f ! ?rone4 ,a provisional gov]nm5t 0 !n e/abli%$1 commission]s 7 dispat*$ to ,wa%+ton1 & a treaty = ! annexation ( ,hawaii to ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 drawn up & s5t to ! ,s5ate4 ,presid5t ,clevel& recall$ ! treaty & s\ght to h ! que5 re/or$4 ,b ! ,hawaiians 9 control resi/$ & 9 #ahid e/abli%$ a republic4 ,,v5ezuela4--,= _m ye>s !re 0 a dispute ov] ! b\nd>y l9e betwe5 ,briti% ,guiana & ,v5ezuela1 & 9 #ahie x seem$ likely to involve ,v5ezuela 9 a w> ) ,great ,brita94 ,our gov]nm5t _h tri$ to br+ ab\t a settlem5t by arbitration4 ,great ,brita9 refus$ to arbitrate1 & d5i$ our "r to int]f]e4 ,presid5t ,clevel& insi/$ t "u ! ,monroe ,doctr9e we _h a "r1 & 9 ,decemb]1 #ahie1 ask$ ,congress to au?orize a commission to inve/igate ! claims ( ,great ,brita94 ,?is 0 done1 & great excitem5t at once arose at home & 9 ,great ,brita94 ,b ,great ,brita9 & ,v5ezuela soon submitt$ ! "q to arbitration4 ,,summ>y #a4 ,! wond]ful indu/rial gr[? ( our c\ntry betwe5 #ahfj & #ahhj br\ght up = settlem5t grave indu/rial & f9ancial que/ions4 #b4 ,! failure ( ! two great p>ties to take up ^! que/ions at once1 caus$ ! =mation ( _m new p>ties1 su* z ! ,national ,labor1 ! ,prohibition1 ! ,lib]al ,republican1 & ! ,p's p>ty4 #c4 ,"s ( _! dem&s 7 enact$ into laws1 z ! silv] co9age act1 ! exclusion ( ! ,*9ese1 ! anti-contract-labor & int]/ate comm]ce acts1 ! e/abli%m5t ( a national labor bureau1 & ! antitru/ act4 #d4 ,9 #ahij-ig ! t>iff 0 ?ree times revis$ by ! ,mc,kinley1 ,wilson1 & ,d+ley acts4 #e4 ,9 ! political _w ! mo/ notable ev5ts 7 ! conte/$ election ( #ahgf-gg2 ! recall ( ,unit$ ,/ates troops f ! ,s\?1 & ! fall ( c>petbag gov]nm5ts2 ! assass9ation ( ,g>field2 & ! two defeats ( ! national ,republican ticket 7#ahhd & #ahib74 #f4 ,9 ! f9ancial _w ! *ief ev5ts 7 ! panics ( #ahgc & #ahic1 ! resumption ( specie paym5t 7#ahgi71 & ! free-silv] issue4 #g4 ,9 ! _w at l>ge we _h tr\ble ) ,*ile1 ,hawaii1 & ,great ,brita94 ,,footnotes #a ,aft] ! discov]y ( gold 9 ,cali=nia1 ,*9am51 call$ coolies1 came to t /ate 9 consid]able numb]s4 ,b !y attract$ little att5tion till #aheb1 :5 ! gov]nor compla9$ t !y 7 s5t out by ,*9ese capitali/s "u contract1 t ! gold !y dug 0 s5t to ,*9a1 & t !y work$ = wages s l[ t no ,am]ican c\ld compete ) !m4 ,attempts 7 !n made to /op _! importation1 especially by heavy taxes laid on !m4 ,b ! c\rts decl>$ su* taxation illegal1 & appeals 7 !n made to ,congress = relief4 ,no action 0 tak52 b 9 #ahfh an old treaty ) ,*9a 0 am5d$1 & to import ,*9am5 )\t _! free cons5t 0 made a p5al (f5se4 ,?is did n prev5t _! com+1 s ! dem& 0 made = _! exclusion by act ( ,congress4 #b ,9 ! e>ly ye>s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury liquor 0 a "p ( ! work+man's wages4 ,e labor] on ! f>m1 9 ! h>ve/ field1 e sailor1 & m5 employ$ 9 _m ( ! trades1 z c>p5t]s & masons1 dem&$ daily grog at ! co/ ( ! employ]4 ,ab\t #ahaj a temp]ance movem5t put an end to mu* ( ?is4 ,b intemp]ance rema9$ ! curse ( ! work+man d[n to ! days ( ,van ,bur5 & ,tyl]1 :5 a great] temp]ance movem5t began4 #c ,horace ,greeley 0 born 9 ,new ,hamp%ire 9 #ahaa1 & :ile /ill a lad le>n$ ! trade ( pr9t]4 ,:5 he w5t to ,new ,york 9 #ahca1 he 0 s poor t he walk$ ! /reets 9 se>* ( "w4 ,dur+ ! ,h>rison campaign 9 #ahdj he edit$ ! ,log ,cab91 a ,:ig newspap]1 & soon aft] ! election f\nd$ ! ,new ,york ,tribune4 ,9 #ahdh he 0 elect$ a memb] ( ,congress4 ,he 0 "o ( ! sign]s ( ! bond :i* releas$ ,jeff]son ,davis f imprisonm5t aft] ! ,civil ,w>4 ,greeley ov]ex]t$ himself 9 ! campaign ( #ahgb1 & di$ a few weeks aft] ! election4 #d ,! fire is said to h be5 />t$ by a c[ kick+ ov] a lamp 9 a small b>n4 ,ne>ly #bbjj acres 7 burn$ ov]1 "s #ag1dej build+s consum$1 #bjj lives 7 lo/1 & #ih1jjj p made homeless4 #e ,! close ( ! fir/ c5tury ( our national indep5d5ce 0 ! occasion ( a great exposition 9 ,philadelphia--! fir/ ( _m t h be5 held 9 our c\ntry on c5t5nial anniv]s>ies ( great ev5ts 9 our hi/ory4 ,! ,philadelphia exposition 0 fir/ plann$ z a mammo? fair = ! display ( ! indu/ries & arts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 b ,congress hav+ approv$ ! idea1 all =eign nations 7 invit$ to take "p1 & ?irty-?ree did s4 ,! ma9 build+ cov]$ "s tw5ty acres & 0 devot$ to ! display ( manufactures4 ,! exposition occupi$ also f\r o!r l>ge build+s devot$ to ma*9]y1 agriculture1 etc41 ( :i* ,horticultural ,hall & ,memorial ,hall are /ill /&+4 #f ,ru!r=d ,b4 ,hayes 0 born 9 ,ohio 9 #ahbb1 & aft] graduat+ f ,k5yon ,college & ! ,h>v>d ,law ,s*ool settl$ at ,fremont1 ,ohio1 b soon mov$ to ,c9c9nati4 ,at ! op5+ ( ! w> he jo9$ ! ,union army & by #ahfe _h ris5 to ! rank ( brevet major g5]al4 ,:ile /ill 9 ! army1 he 0 elect$ to ,congress1 s]v$ two t]ms1 & 0 !n twice elect$ gov]nor ( ,ohio4 ,9 #ahge he 0 elect$ = a ?ird t]m4 ,he di$ 9 #ahic4 #g ,! commission consi/$ ( five s5ators1 five repres5tatives1 & five ju/ices ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt2 eight 7 ,republicans1 & sev5 ,democrats4 #h ,by #ahe electoral votes aga9/ #ahd = ,tild54 ,! popul> vote at ! election ( #ahgf 0 7accord+ to ! ,republican claim73 = ,hayes1 #d1jcc1gfh2 = ,tild51 #d1bhe1iib2 = ,pet] ,coop] 7,gre5back-,labor or ,indep5d5t71 #ha1gcg2 = ,gre5 ,clay ,smi? 7,prohibition71 #iebb4 #i ,! /rik]s' grievances 7 r$uction ( wages1 irregul> employm5t1 irregul> paym5t ( wages1 & =c$ patronage ( company hotels4 ,!re 7 riots at ,baltimore1 ,*icago1 ,read+1 & o!r places besides ,pittsburg2 /ate militia 0 call$ out to quell ! disord]2 & at ! reque/ ( ! /ate gov]nors1 ,unit$ ,/ates troops 7 s5t to ,p5nsylvania1 ,m>yl&1 & ,we/ ,virg9ia4 #aj ,specie paym5t 0 accord+ly begun on ,janu>y #a1 #ahgi1 & !n = ! fir/ "t s9ce gre5backs 7 made legal t5d] !y 7 accept$ ev]y:]e at p> ) co94 ,by ! provisions ( o!r laws1 ! am\nt ( gre5backs kept 9 circulation 0 fix$ at #cdf1fha1jjj4 #aa ,! price ( silv] 9 #ahgb 0 su* t ! #dab-a_/b gra9s 9 ! doll> 7 wor? #a4jb 9 gold money4 ,! silv] doll> 0 wor? m z silv] bullion ?an z money1 & 0 !re=e little us$ z money4 ,?is dropp+ ( ! silv] doll> f ! li/ ( co9s1 or ceas+ to co9 x1 0 call$ ! demonetization ( silv]4 #ab ,to c>ry any numb] ( ^! c>t-:eel doll>s 9 ! pocket w\ld h be5 inconv5i5t1 because ( _! size & weight4 ,provision 0 !re=e made t ! doll>s might be deposit$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates treasury & pap] silv] c]tificates issu$ aga9/ !m4 ,get specim5s ( diff]5t k9ds ( pap] money1 read ! words pr9t$ on a silv] c]tificate1 & comp>e ) ! word+ on a gre5back 7,unit$ ,/ates note7 & on a national bank note4 #ac ,james ,a4 ,g>field 0 born 9 ,ohio 9 #ahca4 ,:ile /ill a lad4 he long$ to be a sailor1 & fail+ 9 ?is1 he became a canal boatman4 ,aft] a little exp]i5ce z su* he w5t back to s*ool1 support+ himself by work+ z a c>p5t] & tea*+ s*ool4 ,9 #ahed he ent]$ ! junior class ( ,williams ,college1 graduat$ 9 #ahef1 became a tea*] 9 ,hiram ,in/itute1 0 elect$ to ! ,ohio s5ate 9 #ahei1 & jo9$ ! ,union army 9 #ahfa4 ,9 #ahfb he 0 elect$ to ,congress1 took 8 seat 9 ,decemb]1 #ahfc1 & cont9u$ to be a memb] ( ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives till #ahha4 #ad ,*e/] ,alan ,ar?ur 0 born 9 ,v]mont 9 #ahcj1 graduat$ f ,union ,college1 became 7#ahec7 a lawy] 9 ,new ,york city1 & 0 7#ahga-gh7 cu/oms collector ( ! port ( ,new ,york4 ,9 #ahhj he att5d$ ! national ,republican conv5tion z a delegate f ,new ,york1 & 0 "o ( ! #cjb memb]s ( t conv5tion :o vot$ to ! la/ = ! r5om9ation ( ,grant4 ,aft] ,grant 0 defeat$ & ,g>field nom9at$1 ,ar?ur 0 nam$ = ! vice presid5cy1 9 ord] to appease ! ,/alw>ts1 z ! fri5ds ( ,grant 7 call$4 #ae ,:5 ?is fail$ to accompli% its purpose1 ,congress 7#ahhg7 enact$ ano!r law provid+ heavy p5alties = polygamy4 ,! ,mormon ,*ur* !n decl>$ aga9/ ! practice4 #af ,! murd] ( ,g>field l$ also to a new presid5tial succession law4 ,! old law provid$ t if bo? ! ,presid5t & ! ,vice ,presid5t %\ld die1 ! (fice %\ld be fill$ tempor>ily by ! presid5t pro tem ( ! ,s5ate1 or if !re 7 none1 by ! speak] ( ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives4 ,b "o ,congress expir$ ,m>* #d1 #ahha1 & ! next "o did n meet & elect its presid+ (fic]s till ,decemb]2 s if ,ar?ur _h di$ be=e !n1 !re w\ld h be5 no "o to act z ,presid5t4 ,a new law pass$ 9 #ahhf provides t if bo? ! presid5cy & ! vice presid5cy become vacant1 ! presid5cy %all pass to ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate1 or1 if !re be none1 to ! ,secret>y ( ! ,treasury1 or1 if necess>y1 to ! ,secret>y ( ,w>1 ,attorney ,g5]al1 ,po/ma/] ,g5]al1 ,secret>y ( ! ,navy1 or ,secret>y ( ! ,int]ior4 #ag ,9 #ahha1 ,lieut5ant ,a4 ,w4 ,greely 0 s5t to plant a /ation 9 ! ,arctic regions4 ,supplies s5t 9 #ahhb & #ahhc fail$ to rea* him1 & al>m 0 felt = ! safety ( 8 p>ty4 ,9 #ahhd a rescue exp$ition 0 s5t out "u ,comm&] ,w4 ,s4 ,s*ley4 ,?ree vessels 7 made ready by ! ,navy ,dep>tm5t1 & a f\r? by ,great ,brita94 ,aft] a long se>* ,greely & six companions 7 f\nd on ! po9t ( />vation & five 7 br\ght safely home4 ,dur+ _! /ay 9 ! ,arctic1 !y _h rea*$ a po9t )9 #dcj miles ( ! nor? pole1 ! f>!/ nor? any :ite man _h !n gone4 #ah ,grov] ,clevel& 0 born 9 ,new ,j]sey 9 #ahcg4 ,9 #ahda 8 fa!r1 a ,presbyt]ian m9i/]1 remov$ to ,onondaga ,c\nty1 ,new ,york1 :]e ,grov] att5d$ s*ool & s]v$ z cl]k 9 ! village /ore4 ,lat] he taught = a ye> 9 ! ,in/itute = ! ,bl9d 9 ,new ,york city2 b soon began ! /udy ( law1 & settl$ 9 ,buffalo4 ,he 0 assi/ant di/rict attorney ( ,erie ,c\nty1 %]iff & mayor ( ,buffalo1 & 9 #ahhb1 z ! ,democratic c&idate = gov]nor ( ,new ,york1 c>ri$ ! /ate by #aib1jjj plurality4 ,bo? :5 mayor & :5 gov]nor he 0 not$ = 8 free use ( ! veto p[]4 #ai ,9 #ahhe ! ,b>?oldi /atue ( ,lib]ty ,enlight5+ ! ,_w 0 =mally receiv$ at ,new ,york4 ,x 0 a gift f ! p ( ,france to ! p ( ,am]ica4 ,a hundr$ ?\s& ,fr5*m5 contribut$ ! money = ! /atue1 & ! p$e/al 0 built ) money rais$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,an isl& 9 ,new ,york h>bor 0 *os5 = ! site1 & !re ! /atue 0 unveil$ 9 ,octob]1 #ahhf4 ,! top ( ,lib]ty's tor* is #cfe feet above l[ wat]4 ,9 ,septemb]1 #ahhf1 a sev]e e>?quake occurr$ ne> ,*>le/on1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 ! vibrations ( :i* 7 felt z f> away z ,cape ,cod & ,milwaukee4 ,9 ,*>le/on mo/ ( ! h\ses 7 made unfit = habitation1 _m p]sons 7 kill$1 & "s #h1jjj1jjj wor? ( prop]ty 0 de/roy$4 #bj ,b5jam9 ,h>rison1 ! gr&son ( ,presid5t ,william ,h5ry ,h>rison1 0 born at ,nor? ,b5d1 ,ohio1 9 #ahcc4 ,he 0 educat$ at ,miami ,univ]sity1 /udi$ law1 settl$ at ,indianapolis1 & :5 ! w> op5$1 0 report] to ! supreme c\rt ( ,indiana4 ,jo9+ ! volunte]s z a lieut5ant1 he 0 brevett$ brigadi] g5]al be=e ! w> end$4 ,9 #ahha he became a s5ator f ,indiana4 ,he di$ 9 #aija4 #ba ,?is requir$ ! ,secret>y ( ! ,treasury to buy ea* mon? #d1ejj1jjj ounces ( silv]1 pay = x ) treasury notes1 & r$eem ! notes on dem& 9 co94 ,aft] ,july #a1 #ahia1 ! silv] s pur*as$ ne$ n be co9$1 b might be /or$ & silv] c]tificates issu$ aga9/ x4 #bb ,soon aft] ! w> ! f>m]s 9 ! great agricultural /ates _h =m$ associations "u su* names z ! ,grange1 ,patrons ( ,husb&ry1 ,patrons ( ,indu/ry1 ,agricultural ,:eel1 ,f>m]s' ,alliance1 & o!rs4 ,ab\t #ahhf !y began to unite1 & =m$ ! ,national ,agricultural ,:eel & ! ,f>m]s' ,alliance & ,coop]ative ,union4 ,9 #ahhi ^! & o!rs 7 unit$ 9 a conv5tion at ,/4 ,l\is into ! ,f>m]s' ,alliance & ,indu/rial ,union4 #bc ,! electoral vote 03 = ,clevel&1 #bgg2 ,h>rison1 #ade2 ,weav]1 #bb4 ,! popul> vote 03 ,democratic1 #e1eef1edc2 ,republican1 #e1age1ehb2 ,populi/1 #a1jdj1hhf2 ,prohibition1 #bee1hda2 ,sociali/ ,labor1 #ba1ecb4 #bd ,clevel& object$ to c]ta9 features ( ! bill1 & refus$ to sign x2 b he did n veto x4 ,by ! ,con/itution1 if ! ,presid5t nei!r signs a bill nor returns x ) 8 veto )9 t5 days 7,sunday except$7 aft] he receives x1 ! bill becomes a law )\t 8 signature1 provid$ ,congress has n mean:ile adj\rn$4 ,if ,congress adj\rns be=e ! t5-day limit expires & ! ,presid5t does n sign1 !n ! bill does n become a law1 b is pocket veto$4 #be ,because ,congress _h made ! tax uni=m--! same on incomes ( ! same am\nt ev]y:]e--in/ead ( fix+ ! total am\nt to be rais$ & divid+ x among ! /ates accord+ to population1 z requir$ by ! ,con/itution 9 ! case ( direct taxes4 #bf ,! fran*ise has be5 slightly n>r[$ 9 "s ,nor!rn /ates by educational qualifications2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 9 f\r /ates x has be5 ext5d$ to wom5 on ! same t]ms z m5--9 ,wyom+ 7s9ce #ahfi71 ,colorado 7s9ce #ahic71 ,utah 7s9ce #ahie71 & ,idaho 7s9ce #ahif74 ,9 ne>ly half ! /ates1 wom5 c n[ vote 9 s*ool elections4 ,9 ,kansas !y vote also 9 municipal elections4 #bg ,!y dem&$ ! free & unlimit$ co9age ( bo? silv] & gold at ! pres5t legal ratio ( #af to #a2 t is1 t out ( "o p\nd ( gold %\ld be co9$ z _m doll>s z out ( sixte5 p\nds ( silv]4 #bh ,william ,mc,kinley 0 born 9 ,ohio 9 #ahdc1 att5d$ ,allegh5y ,college = a %ort "t1 !n taught a di/rict s*ool1 & 0 a cl]k 9 a c\ntry po/ (fice4 ,:5 ! ,civil ,w> op5$1 he jo9$ ! army z a private 9 a regim5t 9 :i* ,hayes 0 aft]w>ds colonel1 s]v$ ?r\gh ! w>1 & 0 brevett$ major = gallantry at ,c$> ,creek & ,fi%]s ,hill4 ,! w> ov]1 he became a lawy]1 ent]$ politics 9 ,ohio1 & 0 elect$ a memb] ( sev5 ,congresses4 ,f #ahib to #ahif he 0 gov]nor ( ,ohio4 #bi ,! ,gold ,democrats nom9at$ ,john ,m4 ,palm]2 & ! ,prohibitioni/s1 ! ,national p>ty1 & ! ,sociali/ ,labor p>ty also nam$ c&idates4 ,b none ( ^! p>ties ca/ s _m z #aej1jjj popul> votes or secur$ any electoral votes4 #cj ,we cont5d$ t we _h jurisdiction 9 ,b]+ ,sea2 t ! seals re>+ _! "y on our isl&s 9 t sea 7 our prop]ty2 t ev5 ?\gh !y tempor>ily w5t f> out into ! ,pacific ,ocean !y 7 "u our protection4 ,our rev5ue cutt]s _h !re=e seiz$ ,canadian vessels tak+ seals 9 ! op5 sea4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxiv4 ,,! ,,w> ,,) ,,spa91 ,,& ,,lat] ,,ev5ts ,,! ,,cuban ,,rebellion4--,9 ,febru>y1 #ahie1 ! ,cubans1 = ! six? "t 9 fifty ye>s1 rose 9 rebellion aga9/ ,spa91 & attempt$ to =m a republic4 ,^! proce$+s conc]n$ u = sev]al reasons4 ,am]ican trade ) ,cuba 0 int]rupt$2 ,am]ican money inve/$ 9 ,cuban m9es1 railroads1 & plantations might be lo/2 our ports 7 us$ by ! ,cubans 9 fitt+ out milit>y exp$itions :i* our gov]nm5t 0 =c$ to /op at great exp5se2 ! cruelty ) :i* ! w> 0 wag$ ar\s$ indignation4 ,dur+ ! summ] ( #ahig ! suff]+ ( ,cuban non- combatants 0 s great t our p began to s5d !m food & m$ical aid4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cuba ,,& ,,porto ,,rico4 ,,de/ruction ,,( ,,! ,,ma9e4--,:ile our p 7 engag$ 9 ?is humane "w1 our battle%ip ,ma9e1 rid+ at an*or 9 ! h>bor ( ,havana1 0 bl[n up 7,febru>y #ae1 #ahih7 & two hundr$ & sixty ( h] sailors kill$4 ,w> 0 n[ inevitable1 & on ,april #ai ,congress adopt$ a resolution dem&+ t ,spa9 %\ld )draw f ,cuba1 & au?oriz+ ! ,presid5t to compel h] to leave if necess>y4 #a ,spa9 at once sev]$ diplomatic relations1 & 7,april #ba1 #ahih7 w> began4 ,,! ,,battle ,,at ,,manila ,,bay4--,a fleet :i* _h assembl$ at ,key ,we/ sail$ at once to blockade ,havana & o!r ports on ! coa/ ( ,cuba4 ,ano!r "u ,commodore ,dewey sail$ f ,hongkong to attack ! ,spani% fleet 9 ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s4 ,dewey f\nd x 9 ,manila ,bay1 :]e on ! morn+ ( ,may #a1 #ahih1 he attack$ & de/roy$ x )\t los+ a man or a %ip4 ,! city ( ,manila 0 !n blockad$1 & ,g5]al ,m]ritt ) tw5ty ?\s& m5 0 s5t across ! ,pacific to take possession ( ! ,philipp9es4 ,,blockade ,,( ,,c]v]a',s ,,fleet4--,meantime a second ,spani% fleet1 "u ,admiral ,c]v]a 7?air-va'ra71 sail$ f ! ,cape ,v]de ,isl&s4 ,act+ ,re>-,admiral ,sampson1 ) %ips :i* _h be5 blockad+ ,havana1 & ,commodore ,s*ley1 ) a fly+ squadron1 w5t 9 se>* ( ,c]v]a1 :o1 aft] a long hunt1 0 f\nd 9 ! h>bor ( ,santiago on ! s\? coa/ ( ,cuba1 & at once blockad$4 #b ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,philipp9es4 ,,! ,,m]rimac4--,! entrance to ,santiago h>bor is long1 n>r[1 & def5d$ by /rong =ts4 ,9 an attempt to make ! blockade m c]ta91 ,lieut5ant ,hobson & a volunte] crew ( sev5 m5 took ! colli] 7coal %ip7 ,m]rimac well into ! h>bor entrance & sank h] 9 ! *annel 7,june #c74 #c ,! little b& 7 made prison]s ( w> & 9 "t 7 ex*ang$4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,field ,,gun ,,ne> ,,santiago4 ,,battles ,,ne> ,,santiago4--,z ! fleet ( ,c]v]a c\ld n be attack$ by wat]1 x 0 decid$ to capture ,santiago & s =ce him to run out4 ,g5]al ,%aft] ) an army 0 !re=e s5t to ,cuba1 & l&$ a few miles f ! city 7,june #bb1 #bc71 & at once pu%$ =w>d4 ,on ,july #a ! ,spani% positions on two hills1 ,el ,caney 7el ca-na'7 & ,san ,juan 7sahn hoo-ahn'71 7 c>ri$ by /orm4 #d ,! capture ( ,santiago 0 n[ s c]ta9 t1 on ,july #c1 ,c]v]a's fleet da%$ f ! h>bor & attempt$ to break ?r\gh ! blockad+ fleet4 ,a runn+ sea fight foll[$1 & 9 a few h\rs all six ( ! ,spani% vessels 7 %att]$ wrecks on ! coa/ ( ,cuba4 ,n "o ( our %ips 0 s]i\sly damag$4 ,two weeks lat] ,g5]al ,toral 7to-rahl'7 surr5d]$ ! city ( ,santiago1 ! ea/]n end ( ,cuba1 & a l>ge army4 ,,porto ,,rico4--,g5]al ,miles n[ set (f ) an army to capture ,porto ,rico4 ,he l&$ on ! s\? coa/ 7,augu/ #a7 ne> ,ponce 7pon'?a71 & 0 pu%+ across ! isl& :5 ho/ilities came to an end4 ,,peace4--,mean:ile1 ! ,fr5* m9i/] 9 ,wa%+ton ask$1 on behalf ( ,spa91 on :at t]ms peace w\ld be made4 ,presid5t ,mc,kinley /at$ !m1 & on ,augu/ #ab an agreem5t1 or protocol1 0 sign$4 ,?is provid$ 7#a7 t ho/ilities %\ld cease at once1 7#b7 t ,spa9 %\ld )draw f ,cuba & c$e ,porto ,rico & an isl& 9 ! ,ladrones to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & 7#c7 t ! city & h>bor ( ,manila %\ld be held by u till a treaty ( peace 0 sign$ & ! fate ( ! ,philipp9es settl$4 #e ,! treaty 0 sign$ at ,p>is1 ,decemb] #aj1 #ahih1 & w5t into =ce ^u its ratification f\r mon?s lat]4 ,spa9 agre$ to )draw f ,cuba1 & to c$e u ,porto ,rico1 ,guam 7"o ( ! ,ladrone ,isl&s71 & ! ,philipp9es4 ,our gov]nm5t agre$ to pay ,spa9 #bj1jjj1jjj4 ,,hawaii1 mean:ile1 _h /eadily be5 seek+ annexation to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,_m causes prev5t$ x2 b dur+ ! w> ) ,spa9 ! possibility ( our hold+ ! ,philipp9es gave importance to ! ,hawaiian ,isl&s1 & 9 ,july1 #ahih1 !y 7 annex$4 ,9 #aijj !y 7 =m$ into ! t]ritory ( ,hawaii4 ,ab\t ! same "t sev]al o!r small ,pacific isl&s 7 acquir$ by our c\ntry4 #f ,,porto ,,rico ,,& ,,cuba4--,= ,porto ,rico1 ,congress provid$ a sy/em ( civil gov]nm5t :i* w5t into effect ,may #a1 #aijj1 & made ! isl& a dep5d5cy1 or colony--a di/rict gov]n$ accord+ to special laws ( ,congress1 b n =m+ "p ( our c\ntry4 #g ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,& ,,its ,,outly+ ,,possessions4 ,:5 ,spa9 )drew f ,cuba1 our gov]nm5t took control1 & aft] introduc+ _m sanit>y re=ms1 turn$ ! cities ov] to ! ,cubans4 ,! p !n elect$ delegates to a conv5tion :i* =m$ a con/itution1 & :5 ?is _h be5 adopt$ & a presid5t elect$1 our troops 7 )drawn1 & 7,may #bj1 #aija71 ! ,cubans began to gov]n _! isl&4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,philipp9e ,,m>ket4 ,,w> ,,9 ,,! ,,philipp9es4--,:5 our =ces ent]$ ,manila 7,augu/1 #ahih71 native troops "u ,agu9aldo 7ahg-ee-nahl'd71 :o _h revolt$ aga9/ ,spani% rule1 held ,luzon #h & mo/ ( ! o!r isl&s4 ,agu9aldo n[ dem&$ t we %\ld turn ! isl&s ov] to 8 p>ty1 & :5 ?is 0 refus$1 attack$ our =ces 9 ,manila4 ,w> foll[$2 b 9 battle aft] battle ! native troops 7 beat5 & scatt]$1 & 9 "t ,agu9aldo 0 captur$4 ,! gr\p ( isl&s is n[ gov]n$ z a dep5d5cy4 ,,w> ,,9 ,,*9a4--,! next c\ntry ) :i* we _h tr\ble 0 ,*9a4 ,e>ly 9 #aijj memb]s ( a ,*9ese society call$ ! ,box]s began to kill ,*ri/ian natives1 mission>ies1 & o!r =eign]s4 ,! disord] soon rea*$ ,pek+1 :]e =eign m9i/]s1 _m ,europeans1 & ,am]icans 7 besieg$ 9 ! "p ( ! city :]e !y 7 all[$ to reside4 ,%ips & troops 7 at once s5t to jo9 ! =ces ( ,japan & ! p[]s ( ,europe 9 rescu+ ! =eign]s 9 ,pek+4 ,w> 0 n decl>$2 b "s battles 7 f\ght & "s t[ns captur$ be=e ,pek+ 0 tak5 & ,*9a br\ght to reason4 #i ,illu/ration3 ,,settl$ ,,area ,,9 #aijj4 ,,! ,,c5sus ,,( #aijj4--;,at home 9 #aijj our population 0 c\nt$ = ! twelf? "t 9 our hi/ory & f\nd to be #gf1jjj1jjj4 ,?is c5sus did n include ! population ( ,porto ,rico1 ,guam1 or ! ,philipp9es4 ,9 ,new ,york ! population exce$$ t ( ! :ole ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #ahaj2 9 ,p5nsylvania x 0 great] ?an t ( ! :ole ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #ahjj1 & ,ohio & ,ill9ois ea* _h m p ?an ! :ole c\ntry 9 #agij4 ,,immigration4--,9 #ahgi 7p4 #djc7 a great wave ( immigration began & rose rapidly till ne>ly #hjj1jjj =eign]s came 9 "o ye>1 9 #ahhb4 ,!n ! wave decl9$1 b = ! re/ ( ! c5tury e ye> br\ght sev]al hundr$ ?\s&4 ,9 #aijj ano!r great wave 0 ris+1 & by #aije m ?an #a1jjj1jjj immigrants 7 com+ e ye>4 ,= "s ye>s ^! immigrants h come mo/ly f s\!rn & ea/]n ,europe4 ,,gr[? ,,( ,,cities4--,mo/ rem>kable has be5 ! rapid gr[? ( our cities4 ,9 #agij !re 7 b #f cities ( ov] #hjjj inhabitants ea* 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & _! total population 0 b #aca1jjj4 ,9 #aijj !re 7 #ede su* cities1 & _! inhabitants numb]$ #be1jjj1jjj-- ab\t a ?ird ( ! entire population2 #ch ( ^! cities _h ea* m ?an #ajj1jjj inhabitants4 ,by #aijf our l>ge/ city1 ,new ,york1 _h m ?an #d1jjj1jjj p1 ,*icago _h pass$ ! #b1jjj1jjj m>k1 & ,philadelphia _h ab\t #a1ejj1jjj4 ,,! ,,new ,,s\?4--,! c5sus ( #aijj br\ght out o!r facts ( great int]e/4 ,= _m ye>s aft] #ahfj ! ,s\? _h gone backw>d r ?an =w>d4 ,f #ahhj to #aijj h] progress 0 wond]ful4 ,9 #ahhj %e 0 load$ ) debt1 h] manufactures ( little importance1 h] railways dilapidat$1 h] banks few 9 numb]1 & h] labor+ population l>gely unemploy$4 ,9 #aijj h] cotton mills rival$ ^? ( ,new ,engl&4 ,s9ce #ahhj h] cotton crop has d\bl$1 h] natural res\rces h begun to be develop$1 & coal1 iron1 lumb]1 cottonse$ oil1 & 79 ,texas & ,l\isiana7 petroleum h become important products4 ,alabama ranks high 9 ! li/ ( coal-produc+ /ates1 & h] city ( ,birm+ham has become a great c5t] ( ! iron & /eel indu/ry4 ,atlanta & _m o!r ,s\!rn cities are n[ important manufactur+ c5t]s4 ,) mat]ial prosp]ity came ability to improve ! sy/ems ( public s*ools4 ,?r\gh\t ! ,s\? sep>ate s*ools are ma9ta9$ = :ite & = negro *ildr52 & great progress has be5 made 9 bo?4 ,,! ,,election ,,( #aijj4--,"o ( ! signs ( great prosp]ity 9 our c\ntry has always be5 ! numb] ( political p>ties4 ,9 ! campaign = ! election ( ,presid5t & ,vice ,presid5t 9 #aijj !re 7 elev5 p>ties1 l>ge & small4 ,b ! conte/ really 0 betwe5 ! ,republicans1 :o nom9at$ ,william ,mc,kinley & ,!odore ,roosevelt1 & ! ,democrats1 :o nom9at$ ,william ,j4 ,bryan & ,adlai ,e4 ,/ev5son1 indors$ by ! ,populi/ & ,silv] p>ties4 ,illu/ration3 ,,!odore ,,roosevelt4 ,,mck9ley ,,assass9at$4--,mc,kinley & ,roosevelt 7 elect$1 & duly inaugurat$ ,m>* #d1 #aija4 ,9 t ye> a great ,pan-,am]ican ,exposition 0 held at ,buffalo1 & :ile att5d+ x 9 ,septemb]1 ,mc,kinley 0 %ot by an an>*i/ :o1 dur+ a public reception1 approa*$ him z if to %ake h&s4 ,e>ly on ! morn+ ( ,septemb] #ad ! ,presid5t di$1 & ,vice-,presid5t ,roosevelt #aj succe$$ to ! presid5cy4 ,,! ,,*9ese4--,9 ,presid5t ,roosevelt's fir/ message to ,congress 7,decemb]1 #aija7 lie dealt ) _m curr5t issues4 ,"o ( 8 reque/s 0 = fur!r legislation conc]n+ ,*9ese labor]s4 ,! ,*9ese ,exclusion ,act accord+ly 0 7#aijb7 appli$ to our isl& possessions1 & no ,*9ese labor] is n[ all[$ to ent] "o ( !m1 nor may ^? already !re g f "o gr\p to ano!r1 or come to any ( our /ates4 ,,irrigation4--,ano!r matt] urg$ on ! att5tion ( ,congress by ! ,presid5t 0 ! irrigation #aa ( arid public l&s 9 ! ,we/ 9 ord] t !y might be made fit = settlem5t4 ,great res]voirs = ! /orage ( wat] %\ld be built1 & canals to lead ! wat] to ! arid l&s %\ld be con/ruct$ at gov]nm5t exp5se1 ! l& s reclaim$ %\ld be kept = actual settl]s1 & ! co/ repaid by ! sale ( ! l&4 ,congress 9 #aijb approv$ ! plan1 & by law set aside ! money d]iv$ f ! sale ( public l& 9 ?irte5 /ates & ?ree t]ritories z a fund = build+ irrigation works4 ,! "w ( reclamation 0 begun ! next ye>1 & by #aijg eight new t[ns ) "s #aj1jjj p exi/$ on l&s ?us wat]$4 ,,i/hmian ,,canal ,,r\tes4--,! project ( a canal across ! i/hmus connect+ ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica1 0 m ?an sev5ty-five ye>s old4 ,b no s]i\s attempt 0 made to cut a wat] way till a ,fr5* company 0 organiz$ 9 #ahgh1 sp5t #bfj1jjj1jjj 9 t5 ye>s1 & !n fail$4 ,ano!r ,fr5* company !n took up ! "w1 & 9 turn laid x d[n = want ( funds4 ,s ! matt] /ood :5 ! w> ) ,spa9 br\ght home to u ! great importance ( an i/hmian canal4 ,!n ! "q arose1 ,:i* 0 ! bett] ( two r\tes1 t by ,lake ,nic>agua1 or t across ! i/hmus ( ,panama8 #ab ,congress 7#ahii7 s5t a commission to consid] ?is1 & x report$ t bo? r\tes 7 feasible4 ,!reupon ! ,fr5* company (f]$ to sell its rights & ! unf9i%$ canal = #dj1jjj1jjj1 & ,congress 7#aijb7 au?oriz$ ! ,presid5t to buy ! rights & prop]ty ( ! ,fr5* company1 & f9i% ! ,panama ,canal2 or1 if ,colombia w\ld n grant u control ( ! necess>y /rip ( l&1 to build "o by ! ,nic>agua r\te4 ,illu/ration3 ,,panama ,,canal ,,zone4 ,,! ,,panama ,,canal ,,treaty4--,9 ! spr+ ( #aijc1 accord+ly1 a treaty 0 negotiat$ ) ,colombia = ! con/ruction ( ! ,panama ,canal4 ,our ,s5ate ratifi$1 b ,colombia reject$1 ! treaty1 :]eupon ! prov9ce ( ,panama 7,novemb]1 #aijc7 sec$$ f ,colombia & became indep5d5t republic4 ,our gov]nm5t promptly recogniz$ ! new republic1 & a treaty ) x 0 ratifi$ 7,febru>y1 #aijd7 by :i* we secur$ ! "r to dig ! canal4 ,! prop]ty ( ! ,fr5* company 0 !n pur*as$1 & a commission appo9t$ to sup]9t5d ! "w ( con/ruction4 #ac ,,! ,,alaskan ,,b\nd>y4--,by our treaty ( pur*ase ( ,alaska1 its b\nd>ies dep5d$ on an old treaty betwe5 ,russia & ,great ,brita94 ,:5 gold 0 discov]$ 9 ,canada 9 #ahga1 a dispute arose ov] ! b\nd>y1 & x became s]i\s :5 gold 0 discov]$ 9 ! ,klondike region 9 #ahif4 ,our claim plac$ ! b\nd>y ( s\!a/]n ,alaska ?irty-five miles inl& & p>allel to ! coa/4 ,canada put x s mu* f>!r we/ z to give h] sev]al important ports4 ,! matt] 0 f9ally submitt$ to arbitration1 & 9 #aijc ! decision divid$ ! l& 9 dispute1 b gave u all ! ports4 #ad ,,presid5tial ,,election ,,( #aijd4--,! campaign ( #aijd 0 op5$ by ! nom9ation by ! ,republican p>ty ( ,!odore ,roosevelt & ,*>les ,w4 ,fairbanks4 ,! ,democrats pres5t$ ,alton ,b4 ,p>k] & ,h5ry ,g4 ,davis1 & 9 ! c\rse ( ! summ] sev5 o!r p>ties--! ,p's1 ! ,sociali/1 ! ,sociali/ ,labor1 ! ,prohibition1 ! ,unit$ ,*ri/ian1 ! ,national ,lib]ty1 & ! ,cont95tal--nom9at$ c&idates4 ,roosevelt & ,fairbanks 7 elect$4 #ae ,,oklahoma4--,among ! dem&s ( ! ,democratic p>ty 9 #aijd 0 t = ! admission ( ,oklahoma & ,indian ,t]ritory z "o /ate1 & ( ,new ,mexico & ,arizona z sep>ate /ates4 ,9 #aijf ,congress au?oriz$ ! p ( ,oklahoma #af & ,indian ,t]ritory to frame a con/itution1 & if x 7 adopt$ by vote ( ! p1 ! ,presid5t 0 emp[]$ to proclaim ! /ate ( ,oklahoma a memb] ( ! ,union1 :i* 0 done 9 #aijg4 ,! same act au?oriz$ ! p ( ,new ,mexico & ,arizona to vote sep>ately on ! "q :e!r ! two %\ld =m "o /ate to be call$ ,arizona4 ,at ! election 79 ,novemb]1 #aijf7 a majority ( ! p ( ,new ,mexico vot$ =1 & a majority ( ! p ( ,arizona aga9/1 jo9t /atehood1 s ! two rema9$ sep>ate t]ritories4 ,,pure ,,food ,,& ,,meat ,,inspection ,,laws4--,at ! same session ( ,congress 7#aijf7 two o!r wise & greatly ne$$ laws 7 enact$4 ,= ye>s pa/ ! adult]ation ( food1 drugs1 m$ic9es1 & liquors _h be5 c>ri$ on to an ext5t disgraceful to our c\ntry4 ,! ,pure ,food ,act1 z x is call$1 0 pass$ to prev5t ! manufacture ( adult]at$ or misbr&$ or poison\s or delet]i\s foods1 drugs1 m$ic9es1 & liquors 9 ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia & ! t]ritories1 or ! transportation ( su* articles f "o /ate to ano!r4 ,foods & drugs ent]+ into int]/ate comm]ce mu/ be correctly label$4 ,! meat inspection act requires t all meat & food products int5d$ = sale or transportation z articles ( int]/ate or =eign comm]ce1 %all be inspect$ by (ficials ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture & m>k$ inspect$ & pass$4 ,all slaught]+1 pack+1 & cann+ e/abli%m5ts mu/ be inspect$ & _! products duly label$4 ,,int]v5tion ,,9 ,,cuba4--,z ! ye> #aijf drew to a close1 we 7 once m call$ on to int]v5e 9 affairs 9 ,cuba4 ,! elections ( #aije 9 t isl& _h be5 foll[$ by ! revolt ( ! defeat$ p>ty1 & ! appe>ance ( arm$ b&s :i* ?reat5$ ! *ief t[ns & ev5 ,havana4 ,an attempt to br+ ab\t an und]/&+ ) ! rebels 0 repudiat$ by ,presid5t ,palma1 :o decl>$ m>tial law & call$ a meet+ ( ! ,cuban congress1 :i* body gave him supreme p[]4 ,presid5t ,roosevelt1 "u our treaty ) ,cuba1 0 b\nd to ma9ta9 9 t isl& a gov]nm5t able to protect life & prop]ty4 ,secret>y-(- ,w> ,taft 0 !re=e s5t to ,havana to exam9e into affairs1 & :ile he 0 s engag$ ,presid5t ,palma resign$1 & ! ,cuban congress did n elect a successor4 ,secret>y ,taft !n assum$ ! gov]nor%ip ( ! isl& & held x till ,octob]1 :5 ,*>les ,magoon 0 appo9t$ tempor>y gov]nor4 #ag ,,panic ,,( #aijg4--,! wond]ful prosp]ity :i* our c\ntry _h enjoy$ = "s ye>s pa/ came to a sudd5 end 9 ! fall ( #aijg4 ,di/ru/ ( c]ta9 banks l$ to a run on sev]al 9 ,new ,york city4 ,:5 !y 7 =c$ to /op pay+ out money1 a panic />t$ & spread ov] ! c\ntry1 bus9ess suff]$1 & h>d times came aga94 ,,! ,,election ,,( #aijh4--;,dur+ ! summ] ( #aijh sev5 p>ties nom9at$ c&idates = ,presid5t & ,vice ,presid5t4 ,!y 7 ! ,republican1 ,democratic1 ,prohibition1 ,populi/1 ,sociali/1 ,sociali/ ,labor1 & ,indep5d5ce4 ,! ,republicans nom9at$ ,william ,h4 ,taft & ,james ,s4 ,%]man2 & ! ,democrats1 ,william ,j4 ,bryan & ,john ,w4 ,k]n4 ,taft #ah & ,%]man 7 elect$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,william ,h4 ,,taft4 ,e>ly 9 #aiji ,taft visit$ ! ,canal ,zone1 ) em95t eng9e]s1 to inve/igate ! condition ( ! half-f9i%$ ,panama ,canal4 ,he 0 inaugurat$ ,presid5t on ,m>* #d4 ,9 ! selection ( 8 cab9et (fic]s1 & 9 8 public addresses1 he %[$ a det]m9ation to avoid sectionalism & n>r[ p>tisan%ip4 ,"o ( 8 fir/ acts z ,presid5t 0 to conv5e ,congress 9 special session beg9n+ ,m>* #ae1 = ! purpose ( fram+ a new t>iff act4 ,,summ>y #a4 ,our =eign relations s9ce #ahih h be5 mo/ important4 ,9 #ahih !re 0 a %ort w> ) ,spa94 #b4 ,! *ief ev5ts ( ! w> 7 ! battle ( ,manila ,bay1 ! s9k+ ( ! ,m]rimac1 ! battles ne> ,santiago1 ! de/ruction ( ,c]v]a's fleet1 ! invasion ( ,porto ,rico1 & ! capture ( ,manila4 #c4 ,peace br\ght u ! ,philipp9es1 ,porto ,rico1 & ,guam1 & =c$ ,spa9 to )draw f ,cuba4 #d4 ,cuba = a:ile rema9$ "u our flag2 b 9 #aijb we )drew1 & ,cuba became a republic4 ,lat] ev5ts =c$ u to int]v5e 9 #aijf4 #e4 ,9 #aijj ev5ts =c$ u into a %ort w> 9 ,*9a4 #f4 ,9 #ahih ,hawaii 0 annex$1 & 9 #aijj 0 organiz$ z a t]ritory2 9 #aijc our dispute ) ,great ,brita9 ov] ! ,alaskan b\nd>y 0 settl$2 & 9 #aijd a treaty ) ,panama gave u ! "r to dig ! ,panama ,canal4 #g4 ,prom95t among dome/ic affairs s9ce #ahih1 are ! assass9ation ( ,presid5t ,mc,kinley 7#aija72 ! ,irrigation ,act ( #aijb2 ! pure food & meat inspection laws ( #aijf2 & ! admission ( ! /ate ( ,oklahoma4 ,,footnotes #a ,at ! same "t x 0 resolv$1 ,t ! ,unit$ ,/ates h]eby disclaims any disposition or int5tion to ex]cise sov]eignty1 jurisdiction1 or control ov] said isl&1 except = ! pacification !re(1 & ass]ts its det]m9ation1 :5 t is accompli%$1 to leave ! gov]nm5t & control ( ! isl& to its p4 #b ,:5 ! ,ma9e 0 de/roy$1 ! battle%ip ,oregon1 !n on ! ,pacific coa/1 0 ord]$ to ! ,atlantic seabo>d4 ,mak+ h] way s\?w>d ?r\gh ! ,pacific1 %e pass$ ! ,/rait ( ,magellan1 /eam$ up ! ea/ coa/ ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 & aft] ! swifte/ long voyage ev] made by a battle%ip1 took h] place 9 ! blockad+ fleet4 #c ,! /orm ( %ot & %ell f ! =ts c>ri$ away "s ( ! ,m]rimac's /e]+ ge>1 s t ,hobson 0 unable to s9k ! vessel at ! spot int5d$4 ,! *annel 0 /ill navigable4 ,read ! article by ,lieut5ant ,hobson 9 ! ,c5tury ,magaz9e = ,decemb]1 #ahih to ,m>*1 #ahii4 #d ,among ^? :o di/+ui%$ !mselves 9 ?is campaign 7 ,g5]al ,joseph ,:eel]1 an ex-,conf$]ate cavalry lead]2 & ,lieut5ant-,colonel ,!odore ,roosevelt1 ) 8 regim5t ( volunte]s call$ ,r\gh ,rid]s4 #e ,! city ( ,manila 0 captur$ ?r\gh a comb9$ attack by ,dewey's fleet & ,m]ritt's army1 ,augu/ #ac1 be=e news ( ! protocol _h be5 receiv$4 #f ,our flag 0 rais$ ov] ,wake ,isl& e>ly 9 #ahii4 ,"p ( ! ,samoa gr\p1 includ+ ,tutuila 7too-too-e'la7 & small adjac5t isl&s1 0 acquir$ 9 #aijj by a jo9t treaty ) ,great ,brita9 & ,g]many2 ^! isl&s are #gg squ>e miles 9 area & h #fjjj population4 ,_m t9y isl&s 9 ! ,pacific1 mo/ ( !m rocks or coral reefs1 belong to u2 b !y are ( little importance1 except ! ,midway ,isl&s1 :i* are occupi$ by a p>ty ( telegraph]s 9 *>ge ( a relay 9 ! cable jo9+ our cont95t ) ! ,philipp9es4 #g ,porto ,rico is a little small] ?an ,connecticut1 b has a population ( ab\t "o million1 ( :om a ?ird are color$4 ,! civil gov]nm5t consi/s ( a gov]nor1 an executive c\ncil ( #aa memb]s1 & a ,h\se ( ,delegates ( #ce memb]s elect$ by ! p4 ,! isl& is repres5t$ at ,wa%+ton by a resid5t commission]4 #h ,! ,philipp9e gr\p numb]s ab\t two ?\s& isl&s4 ,! l& area is ab\t equal to t ( ,new ,engl& & ,new ,york2 t is1 #aae1jjj squ>e miles4 ,luzon1 ! l>ge/1 is ab\t ! size ( ,k5tucky4 ,a c5sus tak5 9 #aijc gave a population ( #g1fjj1jjj1 ( :om #fjj1jjj 7 savages4 ,= sev]al ye>s ! ,philipp9es 7 gov]n$ by ! ,presid5t1 fir/ ?r\gh ! army1 & !n ?r\gh an appo9t$ commission4 ,?is commission1 ) ,judge ,william ,h4 ,taft z presid5t1 began its duties 9 ,june ( #aijj2 b by act ( ,congress 7,july #a1 #aijb7 a new plan ( gov]nm5t has be5 provid$ =4 ,?is includes a gov]nor & a legislature ( two bran*es1 "o ! ,philipp9e commission ( eight memb]s1 & ! o!r an assembly *os5 by ! ,filip9os4 #i ,9 #ahih ! emp]or ( ,russia invit$ _m ( ! nations ( ! _w to meet & discuss ! r$uction ( _! armies & navies4 ,delegates f tw5ty-six nations accord+ly met at ! ,hague 79 ,holl&7 9 ,may1 #ahii1 & !re discuss$ 7#a7 dis>mam5t1 7#b7 revision ( ! laws ( l& & naval w>1 7#c7 m$iation & arbitration4 ,?ree cov5ants or agreem5ts 7 made & left op5 = signature by ! nations till #aijj4 ,"o =bade ! use 9 w> ( deadly gases1 ( projectiles dropp$ f balloons1 & ( bullets made to exp& 9 ! human body4 ,! second revis$ ! laws ( w>1 & ! ?ird provid$ = a p]man5t c\rt ( arbitration at ! ,hague1 be=e :i* cases may be br\ght ) ! cons5t ( ! nations conc]n$4 #aj ,!odore ,roosevelt 0 born 9 ,new ,york 9 #aheh1 graduat$ f ,h>v>d ,univ]sity 9 #ahhj1 & f #ahhb to #ahhd 0 a memb] ( ! legislature ( ,new ,york4 ,9 #ahhf he 0 ! c&idate ( ! ,republican p>ty = mayor ( ,new ,york city & 0 defeat$4 ,9 #ahhi he 0 appo9t$ a memb] ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,civil ,s]vice ,commission1 b resign$ 9 #ahie to become presid5t ( ! ,new ,york city police bo>d4 ,9 #ahig he 0 appo9t$ ,assi/ant ,secret>y ( ! ,navy1 b :5 ! w> ) ,spa9 op5$1 resign$ & organiz$ ! ,fir/ ,unit$ ,/ates ,cavalry ,volunte]s1 popul>ly kn[n z ,roosevelt's ,r\gh ,rid]s4 ,( ?is regim5t he 0 lieut5ant colonel & !n colonel1 & aft] x 0 mu/]$ out ( s]vice1 0 elect$ gov]nor ( ,new ,york 9 ! autumn ( #ahih4 ,he is ! au?or ( _m books on hi/ory1 biography1 & hunt+1 besides essays & magaz9e articles4 #aa ,be=e ?is "t _m small areas _h be5 irrigat$ by means ( works con/ruct$ by individuals1 by companies1 & by local gov]nm5ts4 #ab ,9 #ahbe ,c5tral ,am]ica invit$ u to build a canal by way ( ,lake ,nic>agua1 & f t "t =? ! "q 0 (t5 be=e ,congress4 ,9 ,jackson's "t a commission] 0 s5t to exam9e ! ,nic>agua r\te & t across ! i/hmus ( ,panama4 ,aft] ,texas 0 annex$ we made a treaty ) ,new ,granada 7n[ ,colombia71 & secur$ ! "r ( way or transit across ! i/hmus ( ,panama ^u any modes ( communication t n[ exi/1 or t may be h]eaft] con/ruct$4 ,aft] ! ,mexican w>1 ! discov]y ( gold 9 ,cali=nia1 & ! expansion ( our t]ritory on ! ,pacific coa/1 ! importance ( a canal 0 greatly increas$4 ,b ,great ,brita9 /epp$ 9 & practically seiz$ control ( ! ,nic>agua r\te4 ,a crisis foll[$1 & 9 #ahej we made ) ,great ,brita9 ! ,clayton-,bulw] treaty1 by :i* ea* p>ty 0 pl$g$ nev] to obta9 exclusive control ov] ! said %ip canal4 ,:5 79 #aijj7 we practically decid$ to build by ! ,nic>agua r\te1 & felt we mu/ h exclusive control1 x became necess>y to abrogate ?is "p ( ! ,clayton-,bulw] treaty4 ,! ,hay-,pauncefote treaty 0 !re=e made1 by :i* ,great ,brita9 gave up all claim to a %>e 9 ! control ( su* a canal1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates gu>ante$ t any i/hmian canal built by u %\ld be op5 to all nations on equal t]ms4 #ac ,9 accordance ) our rights "u ! treaty1 ,congress 7,april1 #aijd7 au?oriz$ ! ,presid5t1 z soon z he _h acquir$ ! prop]ty ( ! canal company & paid ,panama #aj1jjj1jjj1 to take possession ( ! ,canal ,zone1 a /rip t5 miles wide 7five miles on ea* side ( ! canal7 /ret*+ across ! i/hmus & ext5d+ ?ree m>9e miles f l[ wat] out into ! ocean at ea* end4 ,on ,april #bb1 #aijd1 ! prop]ty ( ! canal company 0 transf]r$ at ,p>is1 & on ,may #i ! company 0 paid #dj1jjj1jjj2 ,panama _h already be5 paid h] #aj1jjj1jjj1 & on ,may #ai ,g5]al ,davis1 presid5t ( ! ,canal ,commission1 issu$ a proclamation ann\nc+ ! beg9n+ ( 8 adm9i/ration z gov]nor ( ! ,canal ,zone4 #ad ,ano!r ev5t ( #aijc 0 ! addition ( a n9? memb] to ! ,cab9et1--! ,secret>y ( ,comm]ce & ,labor4 ,! ,secret>y ( ,agriculture 7#ahhi7 0 ! eigh? memb]4 #ae ,by #ccf electoral votes aga9/ #adj = ,p>k] & ,davis4 ,! popul> vote 03 ,republican1 #g1fbc1dhf2 ,democratic1 #e1jgg1iga2 ,sociali/1 #djb1bhc2 ,prohibition1 #beh1ecf2 ,populi/1 #aag1ahc2 ,sociali/ ,labor1 #ca1bdi3 all o!rs comb9$1 less ?an #aj1jjj4 #af ,! c5tral portion ( ,indian ,t]ritory 0 op5$ = settlem5t on ,april #bb1 #ahhi1 :5 a great ru% 0 made = ! new l&s4 ,o!r areas 7 soon add$1 & 9 #ahij ,oklahoma t]ritory 0 organiz$4 ,x includ$ ! we/]n half ( ! ,indian ,t]ritory %[n on p4 #cid4 #ag ,ano!r ev5t ( #aijf 0 a great e>?quake 9 we/]n ,cali=nia 7,april #ah74 ,_m build+s 9 _m places 7 %ak5 d[n1 & mo/ ( ,san ,francisco 0 de/roy$ by fires :i* c\ld n be put out because ! wat] ma9s 7 brok5 by ! e>?quake4 ,hundr$s ( p]sons lo/ _! lives1 & ! prop]ty loss 9 ,san ,francisco alone 0 e/imat$ at #djj1jjj1jjj4 #ah ,william ,h[>d ,taft 0 born 9 ,ohio1 ,septemb] #ae1 #aheg1 graduat$ f ,yale1 /udi$ law1 became judge ( ! ,sup]ior ,c\rt ( ,ohio1 & ,unit$ ,/ates ,circuit ,judge 7#f? ,circuit74 ,aft] ! w> ) ,spa91 ,judge ,taft 0 made presid5t ( ! ,philipp9e ,commission1 & 9 #aija fir/ civil gov]nor ( ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s4 ,9 #aijd he 0 appo9t$ ,secret>y ( ,w>1 an (fice :i* he resign$ aft] 8 nom9ation = ! ,presid5cy4