,,! ,,zoology ,,( ,,! ,,voyage ,,( ,h4 ,m4 ,s4 ,,beagle1 ,,"u ,,! ,,comm& ,,( ,,capta9 ,,fitzroy1 ,r4,n41 ,,dur+ ,,! ,,ye>s #ahcb ,,to #ahcf4 ,,publi%$ ,,) ,,! ,,approval ,,( ,,! ,,lords ,,commission]s ,,( ,,h] ,,maje/y',s ,,treasury4 ,edit$ & ,sup]9t5d$ by ,,*>les ,,d>w91 ,,esq4 ,m4,a4 ,f4,r4,s4 ,,sec4 ,g4,s4 ,,naturali/ ,,to ,,! ,,exp$ition4 ,,"p ,i4 ,,fossil ,,mammalia3 ,,by ,,ri*>d ,,ow51 ,,esq4 ,f4,r4,s4 ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,anatomy ,,& ,,physiology ,,to ,,! ,,royal ,,college ,,( ,,surgeons ,,9 ,,london2 ,,correspond+ ,,memb] ,,( ,,! ,,in/itute ,,( ,,france1 ,,etc4 ,,etc4 ,,london3 ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,smi?1 ,,eld] ,,& ,,co4 #fe1 ,,cornhill4 ,,mdcccxl4 ,,london3 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,/ew>t ,,& ,,murray1 ,,old ,,bailey4 ,,cont5ts4 ,page ,,geological ,,introduction #c ,,toxodon ,,plat5sis1 ,description ( ,cranium #af ( ,l[] ,jaw & ,tee? #bi ,,macrau*5ia ,,pata*onica1 ,c]vical ,v]tebr #ce ,lumb> ,v]tebr #dj ,scapula #dc ,antibra*ium & ,=e-foot #dd ,femur #dh ,tibia1 ,a/ragalus1 & ,metat>sal ,bone #ej ,,glosso!rium1 ,fragm5t ( ,cranium #eg ,,mylodon ,,d>w9ii1 ,l[] ,jaw & ,tee? #fc ,,scelido!rium ,,leptocephalum1 ,cranium & ,tee? #gc ,v]tebral ,column #hd ,bones ( ! ,extremities #hh ,,megalonyx ,,jeff]sonii1 ,l[] ,jaw #ii ,,mega!rium ,,cuvi]i1 ,cranium & ,tee? #ajj ,,tesselat$ ,,arm\r ,,& ,,bones1 l>ge ,ed5tata #ajf ,,ma/odon ,,angu/id5s1 ,cuv4 787 #ajh ,,equus1 ,mol> ,tee? #ajh ,,ct5omys ,,priscus1 & a l>ge ,rod5t #aji ,geological contemporaneity ( prec$+ ext9ct ,mammalia #aaa ,,li/ ,,( ,,plates4 ,,plate ,i4 ,cranium ( ,toxodon ,plat5sis1 nat4 size1 basal view1 ) ! six? mol>1 "r side upp] jaw1 & gr9d+ surface ( ! sev5? mol> left side4 ,,ii4 ,cranium ( ,toxodon ,plat5sis1 side view4 ,,iii4 ,ditto1 upp] view4 ,,iv4 ,ditto1 back view1 ) two views ( ! six? mol>1 "r side1 upp] jaw4 ,v4 ,fragm5t ( l[] jaw1 & tee? ( ,toxodon ,plat5sis4 ,,vi4 ,c]vical v]tebr ( ! ,macrau*5ia ,pata*onica4 ,,vii4 ,ditto1 ditto1 & ( ,au*5ia ,llama4 ,,viii4 ,lumb> v]tebr ( ! ,macrau*5ia ,pata*onica4 a4 ,m$ium convex articul> surface jo9+ ! body ( ! sacrum4 b4 ,lat]al concavities jo9+ ! transv]se processes ( ! b4 sacrum4 c4 ,ossifi$ ligam5t ( an an*ylos$ lumb> v]tebra4 ,,ix4 ,fig4 #a & #b4 ,fragm5ts ( ! ,scapula4 ,fig4 #c4 ,di/al end ( ! femur ( ,macrau*5ia ,pata*onica4 ,x4 ,proximal ends ( ! an*ylos$ radius & ulna ( ,macrau*5ia ,pata*onica4 ,,xi4 ,bones ( ! "r =e-foot1 ,macrau*5ia ,pata*onica4 ,,xii4 ,femur1 ,macrau*5ia ,pata*onica4 ,,xiii4 ,an*ylos$ tibia & fibula1 ,macrau*5ia ,pata*onica4 ,,xiv4 ,"r a/ragalus1 ,macrau*5ia ,pata*onica4 ,,xv4 ,fig4 #a4 ,ext]nal metat>sal bone ( ! "r h9d-foot4 ,fig4 #b4 ,proximal end ( int]nal metac>pal bone1 "r =e-foot4 ,fig4 #c & #d4 ,proximal end ( middle metac>pal bone4 ,fig4 #e4 ,proximal end ( ext]nal metac>pal bone1 "r =e-foot1 ,macrau*5ia ,pata*onica4 ,,xvi4 ,fragm5t ( cranium ( ! ,glosso!rium4 ,fig4 #a4 ,side view4 ,fig4 #b4 ,base view4 ,fig4 #c4 ,inside view1 all half natural size4 ,fig4 #d4 ,os tympanicum1 natural size4 ,,xvii4 ,fig4 #a4 ,megalonyx ,jeff]sonii4 ,fig4 #b4 ,megalonyx laqueatus4 ,fig4 #c & #d4 ,mylodon ,h>lani4 ,fig4 #e4 ,mylodon ,d>w9ii4 ,,xviii4 ,l[] jaw ( ! ,mylodon ,d>w9ii4 ,,xix4 ,fig4 #a4 ,side view ( ! l[] jaw4 ,fig4 #b & #c4 ,la/ mol> too?4 ,fig4 #d4 ,front view ( ! symphysis ( ! l[] jaw1 ,mylodon ,d>w9ii4 ,,xx4 ,portion ( ! skeleton ( ! ,scelido!rium leptocephalum4 ,,xxi4 ,fig4 #a4 ,side view ( ! cranium4 ,fig4 #b4 ,back view ( ! cranium4 ,fig4 #c1 #d1 & #e1 ant]ior mol>1 upp] jaw ,scelido!rium4 ,,xxii4 ,upp] view ( ! cranium ( ! ,scelido!rium4 ,,xxiii4 ,fig4 #a4 ,inside view ( cranium4 ,fig4 #b4 ,articul> surface = ! l[] jaw4 ,fig4 #c4 ,section ( upp] jaw & mol> tee?4 ,fig4 #d4 ,section ( l[] jaw & mol> tee?1 ,scelido!rium4 ,,xxiv4 ,c]vical & ant]ior dorsal v]tebr (4 ,fig4 #a4 ,scelido!rium4 ,fig4 #b4 ,oryct]opus4 ,fig4 #c4 ,dasypus4 ,fig4 #d4 ,myrmecophaga jubata2 all "o-?ird nat4 size4 ,,xxv4 ,fig4 #a & #b4 ,hum]us1 radius & ulna ( ,scelido!rium4 ,fig4 #c4 ,head ( hum]us4 ,fig4 #d4 ,head ( radius4 ,fig4 #e1 #f1 & #g4 ,femur ( ,scelido!rium4 ,,xxvi4 ,fig4 #a1 #c1 & #e4 ,a/ragalus ( ,mega!rium4 ,fig4 #b1 #d1 & #f4 ,a/ragalus ( ,scelido!rium4 ,,xxvii4 ,fig4 #a & #b4 ,patella & head ( tibia ( ,scelido!rium4 ,fig4 #c1 #d1 & #e4 ,ungueal phalanx ( ,scelido!rium4 ,,xxviii4 ,fig4 #a4 ,a/ragalus ( ,mega!rium4 ,fig4 #b4 ,a/ragalus ( ,scelido!rium4 ,fig4 #c-f4 ,a/ragalus ( ,mylodon or ,megalonyx4 ,,xxix4 ,l[] jaw ( ,megalonyx ,jeff]sonii4 ,,xxx4 ,fragm5t ( ! ,cranium ( ,mega!rium ,cuvi]i4 ,,xxxi4 ,section ( ! upp] jaw & tee? ( ! ,mega!rium ,cuvi]i4 ,,xxxii4 ,fig4 #a4 ,magnifi$ view ( /ructure ( mol> ( ,mega!rium4 ,fig4 #b-e4 ,ungueal phalanx & portions ( tesselat$ arm\r ( ,hoplophorus euphractus4 ,fig4 #f-aa4 ,jaws & tee? ( ,ct5omys priscus4 ,fig4 #ab4 ,bones ( "r h9d-foot ( a ,rod5t4 ,fig4 #ac & #ad4 ,fossil too? ( a ,horse4 ,,preface4 ,8 ,maje/y's %ip1 ,beagle1 "u ! comm& ( ,capta9 ,fitz,roy1 0 commission$ 9 ,july1 #ahca1 = ! purpose ( survey+ ! s\!rn p>ts ( ,am]ica1 & aft]w>ds ( circumnavigat+ ! _w4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ,capta9 ,fitz,roy hav+ express$ a desire t "s sci5tific p]son %\ld be on bo>d1 & hav+ (f]$ to give up "p ( 8 own accommodations1 ,i volunte]$ my s]vices2 & ?r\gh ! k9dness ( ! hydrograph]1 ,capta9 ,beau=t1 my appo9tm5t receiv$ ! sanction ( ! ,admiralty4 ,i mu/ "h1 z on all o!r occasions1 take ! opportunity ( publicly ackn[l$g+ ) gratitude1 ! obligation "u :i* ,i lie to ,capta9 ,fitz,roy1 & to all ! ,(fic]s on bo>d ! ,beagle1 = _! con/ant assi/ance 9 my sci5tific pursuits1 & = _! uni=m k9dness to me ?r\gh\t ! voyage4 ,on my return 7,octob]1 #ahcf7 to ,engl&1 ,i f\nd myself 9 possession ( a l>ge collection ( specim5s 9 v>i\s bran*es ( natural hi/ory2 b f ! great exp5se necess>y to secure _! publication1 ,i 0 )\t ! means ( r5d]+ !m g5]ally s]viceable4 ,! ,presid5ts ( ! ,l9nean1 ,zoological1 & ,geological ,societies1 hav+ giv5 me _! op9ion respect+ ! utility to be d]iv$ f publi%+ ^! mat]ials1 ,i address$ a lett] to ! ,"r ,hon\rable ! ,*ancellor ( ! ,ex*equ] 7,t4 ,spr+ ,rice1 ,esq47 in=m+ him ( ! circum/ances "u :i* ,i hop$ t ,i might v5ture to solicit ! aid ( ,gov]nm5t4 ,9 reply1 ,i receiv$ a communication 7z bel[7 ann\nc+ to me t ! ,lords ( ! ,treasury1 f _! read9ess to promote ,sci5ce1 7 will+1 "u c]ta9 conditions1 to give me ! mo/ lib]al assi/ance4 8,treasury ,*amb]s1 ,augu/ #ca1 #ahcg4 8,,sir1 8,x hav+ be5 repres5t$ to ! ,lords ,commission]s ( ,h] ,maje/y's ,treasury1 f v>i\s qu>t]s1 t great advantage w\ld be d]iv$ to ! ,sci5ce ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 if arrangem5ts c\ld be made = enabl+ y to publi%1 9 a conv5i5t =m1 & at a *eap rate1 ! result ( y\r lab\rs 9 t bran* ( sci5ce1 my ,lords w feel !mselves ju/ifi$ 9 giv+ _! sanction to ! application ( a sum1 n exce$+ 9 ! :ole "o ?\s& p\nds1 9 aid ( su* a publication2 ^u ! cle> & di/9ct und]/&+ t ! ,"w %\ld be publi%$1 & ! plates engrav$1 9 su* a mann] z to be mo/ advantage\s to ! ,public at l>ge1 ^u a plan ( arrangem5t to be previ\sly submitt$ to1 & sanction$ by ! ,bo>d1 aft] consultation ) ^? p]sons1 :o1 f _! atta9m5ts 9 ?is bran* ( sci5ce1 are ! mo/ capable ( advis+ _! ,lord%ips !reupon2 & t ! paym5ts on acc\nt ( ! said sum ( "o ?\s& p\nds are to be made to y f "t to "t1 on a c]tificate t su* progress has be5 made 9 ! engrav+s1 9 accordance ) ! plan previ\sly approv$ (1 z to ju/ify ! issue !n appli$ =4 ,my ,lords h !re=e direct$ me to communicate to y ! views !y ent]ta9 ^u ?is subject2 & to apprize y t !y w be prep>$ to act 9 con=mity ) _! arrangem5t1 ^u le>n+ f y t y are ready to proce$ ) ! ,"w ^u ! pr9ciples above laid d[n1 & ^u receiv+ f y a /atem5t ( ! mann] 9 :i* y ?9k ! ,"w %\ld be publi%$1 & ! plates engrav$1 s z mo/ effectually to accompli% ! object my ,lords h 9 view1 9 sanction+ ! paym5t f ! ,public ,funds1 9 aid ( ! exp5ses ( ! ,"w 9 "q4 8,i rema91 8,sir1 ,y\r ,ob$i5t ,s]vant1 8,a4 ,y4 ,,spe>man40 ,! object ( ! pres5t ,"w is to give descriptions & figures ( undescrib$ & imp]fectly kn[n animals1 bo? fossil & rec5t1 toge!r ) "s acc\nt1 9 ! "o case1 ( _! geological position1 & 9 ! o!r ( _! habits & ranges4 ,z ,i d n possess ! k requisite = su* an und]tak+1 & z ,i am1 moreov]1 p>ticul>ly engag$ 9 prep>+ an acc\nt ( ! geological obs]vations1 made dur+ ! voyage1 sev]al g5tlem5 h mo/ k9dly und]tak5 diff]5t portions ( ! ,"w4 ,besides ! v great advantage insur$ 9 ?us enli/+ ! atta9m5ts ( ^! ,naturali/s 9 ! sev]al dep>tm5ts ( sci5ce1 to :i* !y h paid mo/ att5tion1 a great delay is avoid$ by adopt+ ?is me?od ( publication1 :i* mu/ o!rwise h be5 incurr$ be=e ! mat]ials c\ld h be5 made kn[n4 ,an ,acc\nt ( ! ,voyage1 drawn up by ,capta9 ,fitz,roy1 7& to :i* ,i h add$ a volume7 be+ on ! po9t ( publication1 ,i %all n 9 ?is ,"w ent] on any m9ute details respect+ ! c\ntries :i* 7 visit$1 b %all m]ely give a sket* ( ! geology 9 ! introduction to ! "p conta9+ ,fossil ,mammalia1 & a brief geographical notice 9 t atta*$ to ! acc\nt ( exi/+ animals4 ,at ! conclusion ( ?is ,"w1 ,i %all endeav\r to place toge!r ! lead+ results 9 ! natural hi/ory ( ! diff]5t c\ntries1 f :i* ! collections 7 procur$4 ,i may "h /ate t ,mr4 ,ow5 has und]tak5 ! description ( ! ,fossil ,mammalia2 ,mr4 ,wat]h\se1 ! ,rec5t ,mammalia2 ,mr4 ,g\ld1 ! ,birds2 ,mr4 ,bell1 ! ,reptiles2 & ! ,rev4 ,l4 ,j5yns1 ! ,fi%4 ,:atev] assi/ance ,i may obta9 9 ! inv]tebrate classes1 w be notic$ 9 _! respective places4 ,! specim5s h be5 pres5t$ to ! v>i\s public museums1 9 :i* x 0 ?\ght !y w\ld be ( mo/ g5]al s]vice3 m5tion w be made 9 ea* "p :]e ! objects describ$ h be5 deposit$4 ,,fossil ,,mammalia1 ,describ$ by ,,ri*>d ,,ow51 ,,esq4 ,f4,r4,s4 ,f4,g4,s4 ,f4,l4,s4 ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,anatomy ,,& ,,physiology ,,to ,,! ,,royal ,,college ,,( ,,surgeons ,,9 ,,london2 ,,correspond+ ,,memb] ,,( ,,! ,,royal ,,academy ,,( ,,sci5ces ,,( ,,b]l92 ,,( ,,! ,,royal ,,academy ,,( ,,m$ic9e1 ,,& ,,philoma?ic ,,society ,,( ,,p>is2 ,,( ,,! ,,academy ,,( ,,sci5ces ,,( ,,philadelphia1 ,,mosc[1 ,,erlang54 ,,) ,a ,,geological ,,introduction1 ,,by ,,*>les ,,d>w91 ,,esq4 ,m4,a4 ,f4,g4,s4 c4 c4 ,,correspond+ ,,memb] ,,( ,,! ,,zoological ,,society4 ,,geological ,,introduction4 ,,by ,,mr4 ,,d>w94 ,mr4 ,ow5 hav+ und]tak5 ! description ( ! fossil rema9s ( ! ,mammalia1 :i* 7 collect$ dur+ ! voyage ( ! ,beagle1 & :i* are n[ deposit$ 9 ! ,museum ( ! ,college ( ,surgeons 9 ,london1 x rema9s = me briefly to /ate ! circum/ances "u :i* !y 7 discov]$4 ,z x w\ld require a l5g!n$ discussion to ent] fully on ! geological hi/ory ( ! deposits 9 :i* ^! rema9s h be5 pres]v$1 & z ?is w be ! subject ( a sep>ate "w1 ,i %all "h only give suffici5t details1 = ! read] to =m "s g5]al idea ( ! epo*1 at :i* ^! animals liv$1--( _! relative antiquity "o to ! o!r1--& ( ! circum/ances "u :i* _! skeletons 7 emb$d$4 ,all ! rema9s 7 f\nd betwe5 latitudes #ca & #ej on ! ea/]n side ( ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,! localities may conv5i5tly be class$ "u ?ree divisions1 namely--! ,prov9ces bord]+ ! ,plata2 ,bahia ,blanca situat$ ne> ! conf9es ( ,nor!rn ,patagonia2 & ,s\!rn ,patagonia4 ,! fir/ division includes an enorm\s area1 ab\nd+ ) ! rema9s ( l>ge animals4 ,to ! ea/w>d & s\?w>d ( ! great /reams1 :i* unite to =m ! e/u>y ( ! ,plata1 ^? almo/ b\ndless pla9s ext5d1 :i* are kn[n by ! "n ( ! ,pampas4 ,_! physical con/itution does n v>y ov] a wide ext5t2--! travell] may pass = _m hundr$ miles on a level surface1 )\t meet+ ) a s+le pebble1 or discov]+ any *ange 9 ! nature ( ! soil4 ,! =mation consi/s ( a r$di% argillace\s e>?1 g5]ally conta9+ irregul> concretions ( a pale br[n1 indurat$ m>l4 ,?is /one1 :]e mo/ compact1 is trav]s$ by small l9e> cavities1 & 9 sev]al respects resembles ! less pure fre%-wat] lime/ones ( ,europe4 ,! concretions n unfrequ5tly become s num]\s1 t !y unite & =m a cont9u\s /ratum1 or ev5 ! entire mass4 ,at ,bajada de ,/a4 ,f1 9 ! ,prov9ce ( ,entre ,rios1 b$s ( s&1 lime/one1 & clay ( diff]5t qualities1 conta9+ %>ks' tee? & sea-%ells1 und]lie ! ,pampas deposit4 ,! %ells1 al?\gh num]\s1 are few 9 k9d4 ,mr4 ,george ,b4 ,s[]by in=ms me t !y appe> to belong to "o ( ! less anci5t t]ti>y epo*s2 !y consi/ ( ,v5us nov4 spec4 ne> to ,v4 cancellata2 ,arca nov4 spec4 ne> to ,a4 antiquata2 a v l>ge oy/]1 probably an ext9ct species2 an imp]fect specim5 ( a second species ( oy/] ne> to ,o4 edulis2 & a ,pect5 ne> to ,p4 op]cul>is4 ,^! b$s pass upw>ds into an indurat$ m>l1 & ?is aga9 into ! r$ argillace\s e>? ( ! ,pampas1 conta9+ ! rema9s ( ^? ext9ct quadrup$s1 :i* e :]e *>act]ize t deposit4 ,to ! s\?w>d ( ! ,plata level pla9s ( an uni=m composition1 int]rupt$ only at wide int]vals by hills ( cry/all9e rock1 ext5d to a di/ance ( ab\t ?ree hundr$ miles2 & to ! nor?w>d = at lea/ an equal space1 & probably mu* fur!r4 ,z might h be5 expect$ f ! p]fectly level surface1 :]ev] a cont9u\s section is pres5t$ on ! banks ( ! great riv]s1 v slight *anges ( col\r %[1 t ! deposit has be5 accumulat$ 9 /rata z horizontal z ! l&1 or z ! wat]-l9e at ! base ( ! cliffs4 ,9 ! prov9ce ( ,b&a ,ori5tal 7to ! ,n4 & ,n4 ,e4 ( ! ,plata71 & 9 "p ( t ( ,entre ,rios1 ! l&1 ?\gh v l[ & level1 has a f\ndation ( granitic & o!r prim>y rocks4 ,^! old] =mations are p>tially cov]$1 9 mo/ p>ts1 by a r$di% e>?y mass conta9+ a few small calc>e\s concretions2 :ile 9 o!r p>ts1 !y are conceal$ by m regul> /rata1 ( indurat$ m>l pass+ into lime/one1 ( conglom]ates1 & f]rug9\s s&/one4 ,! entire =mation probably belongs to ! same epo* ) t ( ! ,pampas deposit4 ,9 ! e>?y mass1 ev5 :]e x is ( little ?ickness1 & :]e x might readily be mi/ak5 = detritus produc$ f ! und]ly+ granites1 rema9s ( l>ge quadrup$s h sev]al times be5 discov]$4 ,on ! %ores ( ! ,plata & 9 ! neighb\r+ di/ricts1 pro(s ( a *ange ( level hav+ tak5 place betwe5 ! l& & ! wat] )9 a rec5t p]iod1 may be obs]v$4 ,bo? ne> ,monte ,video & ,colonia del ,sacrami5to1 b$s ( %ells are ly+ on ! bea* at ! height ( sev]al feet above ! pres5t tidal action4 ,ne> ,maldonado ,i saw e/u>y %ells ( rec5t species emb$d$ 9 clay1 & rais$ above ! level ( a neighb\r+ fre%-wat] lake4 ,on ! banks ( ! ,p>ana1 a %ell id5tical )1 or mo/ closely resembl+ an e/u>y species 7,potamomya labiata1 n[ liv+ 9 t "p ( ! ,plata1 :]e ! wat] is bracki%7 is accumulat$ 9 great masses1 :i* are f\nd "s miles inl&1 & are elevat$ sev]al y>ds above ! level ( ! riv]4 ,sir ,woodb9e ,p>i%1 also1 has 9 8 possession1 %ells procur$ f an ext5sive =mation ne> ,ens5ada de ,b>ragan 7s\? ( ,bu5os ,ayres71 :i* is qu>ri$ = lime4 ,mr4 ,george ,s[]by has exam9$ ^! fossils1 & says ! foll[+ are id5tical ) liv+ k9ds2 ,voluta colocyn?is1 ,dillwyn3 ,v4 angulata1 ,swa9son3 ,bucc9um globulosum1 ,ki5]3 a v>iety ( ,oliva patula3 a ,cy!ra closely resembl+ or id5tical ) ,c4 flexuosa1 & a fragm5t ( a second species1 probably ,c4 purpurasc5s2 ,potamomya labiata2 & fragm5ts ( oy/]s4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a species ( ,mactra 9 v great numb]s1 ) :i* ,mr4 ,s[]by is :olly unacqua9t$4 ,i may obs]ve t ,i f\nd rec5t %ells ( ! fir/ five species inhabit+ ! coa/1 a %ort di/ance to ! s\?w>d4 ,"s %elly lime/one f ! same place1 :i* ,sir ,woodb9e ,p>i% _h ! k9dness to %[ me1 resembles t :i* ,i saw at ,bajada1 & 9 ,b&a ,ori5tal4 ,^! b$s1 !re=e1 probably =m p>ts ( ! ,pampas deposit1 & are n m]ely indicative ( ! p]iod ( its elevation4 ,nev]!less1 on ! opposite %ores ( ! ,plata1 ne> ! m\? ( ! ,uruguay1 ,i f\nd l9es ( s& dunes1 :]e ! ,mactra & ,cy!ra flexuosa 7 ly+ 9 su* quantities on ! b>e surface1 t ! inhabitants1 by m]ely sift+ ! s&1 collect !m = burn+ into lime4 ,aft] ^! facts we may feel c]ta91 t at a p]iod n v remote1 a great bay occupi$ ! area bo? ( ! ,pampas & ( ! l[] p>ts ( ,b&a ,ori5tal4 ,into ?is bay ! riv]s :i* are n[ unit$ 9 ! "o great /ream ( ! ,plata1 mu/ =m]ly h c>ri$ d[n 7z happ5s at ! pres5t day7 ! c>casses ( ! animals1 inhabit+ ! surr\nd+ c\ntries2 & _! skeletons w\ld ?us become entomb$ 9 ! e/u>y mud :i* 0 !n tranquilly accumulat+4 ,no?+ less ?an a long succession ( su* accid5ts c acc\nt = ! va/ numb] ( rema9s n[ f\nd buri$4 ,z _! exposure has inv>iably be5 due to ! int]section ( ! pla9 by ! banks ( "s /ream1 x is n mak+ an extravagant ass]tion1 to say1 t any l9e :atev] drawn across ! ,pampas w\ld probably cross ! skeleton ( "s ext9ct animal4 ,at ,bajada1 a passage1 z ,i h /at$1 may be trac$ upw>ds f ! b$s conta9+ m>9e %ells1 to ! e/u>y mud ) ! bones ( l& animals4 ,9 ano!r locality a b$ ( ! same m9]alogical nature ) ! ,pampas deposit1 und]lies clay conta9+ l>ge oy/]s & o!r %ells1 app>5tly ! same ) ^? at ,bajada4 ,we may1 !re=e1 conclude t at ! p]iod :5 ! ,arca1 ,v5us1 & ,oy/] 7 liv+1 ! physical condition ( ! surr\nd+ c\ntry 0 ne>ly ! same1 z at ! "t :5 ! rema9s ( ! mammalia 7 emb$d$2 & !re=e t ^! %ells & ! ext9ct quadrup$s probably ei!r co-exi/$1 or t ! int]val betwe5 _! respective exi/5ces 01 9 a geological po9t ( view1 extremely %ort4 ,9 ?is "p ( ,s\? ,am]ica !re is reason to believe t ! movem5ts ( ! l& h be5 s regul>1 t ! p]iod ( its elevation may be tak5 z an elem5t 9 consid]+ ! age ( any deposit4 ,! circum/ance1 !re=e1 t ! b$s imm$iately bord]+ ! ,plata1 conta9 v ne>ly ! same species ( molluscs1 ) ^? n[ exi/+ 9 ! neighb\r+ sea1 h>monizes p]fectly ) ! m anci5t 7?\gh really mod]n7 t]ti>y "* ( ! fossils und]ly+ ! ,pampas deposit at ,bajada1 situat$ at a great] height1 & at a consid]able di/ance 9 ! int]ior4 ,i feel little d\bt t ! f9al ext9ction ( ! sev]al l>ge quadrup$s ( ,la ,plata did n take place1 until ! "t :5 ! sea 0 peopl$ ) all1 or ne>ly all1 its pres5t inhabitants4 ,bahia ,blanca1 situat$ 9 latitude #ci1 & ab\t #bej miles s\? ( ! ,plata1 con/itutes ! second di/rict1 9 :i* ,i f\nd ! rema9s ( quadrup$s4 ,?is l>ge bay is ne>ly surr\nd$ by v l[ l&1 on :i* successive l9es ( s& dunes m>k 9 _m p>ts ! retreat ( ! wat]4 ,at "s di/ance inl& a =mation ( highly indurat$ m>l1 pass+ into lime/one1 =ms an esc>pm5t4 ,beyond ?is1 rocks ( ! same "* ext5d ov] a wide & desolate pla91 :i* rises t[>ds ! flanks ( ! di/ant m\nta9 ( ! ,si]ra de la ,v5tana1 compos$ ( qu>tz4 ,on ! l[ %ores ( ?is bay1 only two places occur1 :]e any section ( ! /rata c be se52 & at bo? ( ^! ,i f\nd fossil rema9s4 ,at ,monte ,h]moso1 a l9e ( cliff ( ab\t #abj feet 9 height1 consi/s 9 ! upp] "p ( a /ratum ( s(t s&/one ) qu>tz pebbles2 & 9 ! l[] ( a r$ argillace\s e>?1 conta9+ concretions ( pale indurat$ m>l4 ,?is l[] b$ has ! same m9]alogical "* ) ! ,pampas deposit2 & possibly may be connect$ ) x4 ,! emb$d$ bones 7 black5$1 & _h und]gone m *emical *ange ?an 9 any o!r locality1 :i* ,i exam9$4 ,) ! exception ( a few l>ge scatt]$ bones1 ! rema9s seem$ to belong *iefly to v small quadrup$s4 ,9 ano!r "p ( ! bay1 call$ ,punta ,alta1 ab\t eighte5 miles f ,monte ,h]moso1 a v small ext5t ( cliff1 ab\t tw5ty feet high1 is expos$4 ,! l[] b$ se5 at ebb tide1 ext5ds ov] a consid]able area2 x consi/s ( a mass ( qu>tz %+le1 irregul>ly /ratifi$1 & divid$ by curv$ lay]s ( indurat$ clay4 ,! pebbles are cem5t$ toge!r by calc>e\s matt]1 :i* results1 p]haps1 f ! p>tial decomposition ( num]\s emb$d$ %ells4 ,9 ?is gravel ! rema9s ( sev]al gigantic animals 7 extraord9>ily num]\s4 ,! cliff1 9 ! "p above high-wat] m>k1 is *iefly compos$ ( a r$di% indurat$ argillace\s e>?2 :i* ei!r passes into1 or is replac$ by1 ! same k9d ( gravel1 z t on :i* ! :ole re/s4 ,! e>?y sub/ance is co>s] ?an t at ,monte ,h]moso1 & does n conta9 calc>e\s concretions4 ,i f\nd 9 x a v few fragm5ts ( %ells1 & "p ( ! rema9s ( "o quadrup$4 ,f ! bones 9 "o ( ! skeletons1 & likewise f ^? 9 "p ( ano!r1 be+ emb$d$ 9 _! prop] relative positions1 ! c>casses ( ! animals1 :5 !y p]i%$1 7 probably drift$ to ?is spot 9 an entire /ate4 ,! gravel1 f its /ratification & g5]al appe>ance1 exactly resembles t :i* is e day accumulat+ 9 banks1 :]e ei!r tides or curr5ts meet2 & ! emb$d$ %ells are ( littoral species4 ,b f ! skeleton1 9 "o in/ance1 be+ 9 a position ne>ly undi/urb$1 & f ! abundance ( s]pul & encru/+ corall9es adh]+ to "s ( ! bones1 ! wat]1 at ! "t ( _! burial1 mu/ h be5 deep] ?an at pres5t4 ,?is conclusion might also h be5 inf]r$ f ! fact1 t 9 ! neighb\r+ cliff ! same b$1 ) its %ells1 has be5 uplift$ "s y>ds above high-wat] m>k4 ,on ! coa/ to ! s\?w>d abundant pro(s occur1 ( a rec5t elevation ( ! cont95t4 ,9 ! gravel1 ne>ly all ! pebbles are ( qu>tz1 & h orig9ally proce$$ f ! l(ty range ( ! ,v5tana1 di/ant betwe5 =ty & fifty miles4 ,besides ! pebbles ( qu>tz1 !re are a few irregul> masses ( ! same indurat$ m>l1 ( :i* ! esc>pm5t ( ! neighb\r+ great pla9 is compos$4 ,h5ce ! gravel b$s mu/ h be5 deposit$1 :5 ! pla9 exi/$ z dry l&2 & on x probably ^? great animals once liv$1 ( :i* we n[ f9d only ! rema9s4 ,! indurat$ m>l =m+ ! pla91 is ! same k9d ( rock ) t occurr+ ov] a wide ext5t ( ! ,pampas2 & !re is no reason to d\bt1 !y are p>ts ( "o great =mation4 ,nev]!less1 ! gravel b$ ( ,bahia ,blanca1 al?\gh subsequ5t to ! calc>e\s =mation1 may be ( ! same age ) ^? p>ts ( ! ,pampas1 :i* /& at a l[ level ne> ! ,plata4 ,= on ?is :ole l9e ( coa/1 ,i believe1 z ! l& has cont9u$ ris+1 fre% littoral deposits h be5 =m$2 & ea* ( ^! w\ld (t5 owe "p ( its mat]ials to ! degradation ( ! "o la/ elevat$4 ,) respect to ! relative age ( ! ,monte ,h]moso & ,punta ,alta b$s1 x is n possible to speak decid$ly4 ,a c]ta9 degree ( simil>ity 9 ! nature ( ! /rata conta9+ qu>tz pebbles1 & ^? ( ! r$di% indurat$ e>?2 & ! %ort di/ance betwe5 ! two localities1 w\ld indicate t no long int]val _h int]v5$4 ,! b$s at ,monte ,h]moso1 c]ta9ly 7 deposit$ m tranquilly1 & probably 9 a deep] sea2 s t ev5 skeletons ( animals1 no l>g] ?an rats1 h be5 p]fectly pres]v$ !re4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ! surr\nd+ c\ntry1 obscure traces ( a succession ( /ep-=m$ t]races may be obs]v$2 & ea* ( ^! indicates a p]iod ( repose dur+ ! elevation ( ! l&1 at :i* "t ! /rata previ\sly exi/+ 7 worn away1 & fre% matt] deposit$4 ,! ,monte ,h]moso b$s 71 p]haps1 =m$ dur+ "o su* int]val1 ant]ior to ! accumulation ( ! %+le bank at ,punta ,alta4 ,mr4 ,g4 ,s[]by1 :o has be5 good en\gh to exam9e ! %ells :i* 7 f\nd ) ! rema9s ( ! quadrup$s1 has giv5 me ! foll[+ li/4 #a4 ,voluta angulata4 #b4 ---- colocyn?is4 #c4 ,oliva ,brasili5sis4 #d4 ---- ,ne>ly relat$ to ,o4 patula1 b specim5 imp]fect4 #e4 ---- ,ne>ly relat$ to ,o4 oryza2 less ne>ly to small species n[ liv+ at ,bahia ,blanca4 #f4 ---- ,nov4 spec4 #g4 ,bucc9um co*lidium4 #h4 ---- globulosum4 #i4 ---- ,"o or two m9ute species1 p]haps "y specim5s1--unkn[n4 #aj4 ,tro*us ,nov4 spec4 787 same z "o n[ liv+ 9 ! bay4 #aa4 ---- ,nov4 spec4 787 ne>ly relat$ to la/2 diff]s 9 n be+ granul> on ! surface4 #ab4 ,assim9ia 787 ,m9ute species1 id5tical ) "o liv+ 9 ! bay4 #ac4 ,bul9us nucleus4 #ad4 ,fissurella ,probably same z a k9d 7nov4 spec4 87 liv+ 9 ! bay4 #ae4 ,crepidula muricata4 #af4 ---- ,nov4 spec4 #ag4 ,cy!ra ,closely relat$ to1 or id5tical ) ,c4 purpurasc5s4 #ah4 ,modiola ,same z rec5t k9d 7nov4 spec47 liv+ 9 ! bay4 #ai4 ,nucula ,ne> to ,n4 m>g>itacea4 #bj4 ,corbula ,m9ute species1 unkn[n4 #ba4 ,c>dita ,ditto ditto #bb4 ,pect5 ,nov4 spec4 787 v imp]fect specim54 #bc4 ,o/rea ,oy/]s ( ! same size n[ live 9 ! bay4 ,i may add t a fossil encru/+ corall9e is ! same ) "o n[ liv+ 9 ! bay4 ,( ^! %ells x is almo/ c]ta9 t twelve species 7& ! corall9e7 are absolutely id5tical ) exi/+ species2 & t f\r m are p]haps s2 ! d\bt p>tly aris+ f ! imp]fect condition ( ! specim5s4 ,( ! sev5 rema9+ ones1 f\r are m9ute1 & "o extremely imp]fect4 ,if ,i _h n made a collection 7f> f p]fect7 ( ! %ells n[ inhabit+ ,bahia ,blanca1 ,mr4 ,s[]by w\ld n h kn[n z liv+ k9ds1 five out ( ! twelve fossils3 !re=e1 x is probable1 if m att5tion _h be5 paid to collect+ ! small liv+ species1 "s ( ! sev5 unkn[n ones w\ld also h be5 f\nd 9 t /ate4 ,! twelve fir/ %ells1 z well z ! f\r d\btful ones1 are n only exi/+ species1 b ne>ly all ( !m inhabit ?is same bay1 on ! %ores ( :i* !y are likewise f\nd fossil4 ,moreov]1 at ! "t1 ,i p>ticul>ly notic$ t ! proportional numb]s appe>$ closely simil> betwe5 ! diff]5t k9ds1--9 ^? n[ ca/ up on ! bea*1 & 9 ^? emb$d$ ) ! fossil bones4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 ,i ?9k1 we are ju/ifi$ 7al?\gh "s ( ! %ells are at pres5t unkn[n to con*ologi/s7 9 consid]+ ! %+le /rata at ,punta ,alta1 z belong+ to an extremely mod]n epo*4 ,f ! pr9ciple already adduc$1 namely1 ! regul> & gradual elevation ( ?is "p ( ! cont95t1 ,i %\ld h judg$ f ! small altitude ( ! b$s at ,punta ,alta1 t ! =mation _h n be5 v anci5t4 ,! conclusion "h arriv$ at1 conc]n+ ! age ( ^! fossil mammalia1 is ne>ly ! same1 ) t1 inf]r$ respect+ ^? entomb$ 9 ! ,pampas2 & x w h]eaft] be %[n1 t "s ( ! species are common to ! two di/ricts4 ,we may suppose1 t :il/ ! anci5t riv]s ( ! ,plata occasionally c>ri$ d[n ! c>casses ( animals exi/+ 9 t c\ntry1 & deposit$ !m 9 ! mud ( ! e/u>y2 o!r animals inhabit$ ! pla9s r\nd ! ,si]ra de la ,v5tana1 & t less] /reams1 act+ toge!r ) ! curr5ts ( a l>ge bay1 drift$ _! rema9s t[>ds a po9t1 :]e s& & %+le 7 accumulat+ into a %oal4 ,! :ole area has s9ce be5 elevat$3 ! e/u>y mud ( ! =m] riv]s has be5 conv]t$ into wide & level pla9s2 & ! %oals ( ! anci5t ,bahia ,blanca n[ =m l[ headl&s on ! pres5t coa/4 ,! ?ird locality1 :i* ,i h to specify1 is ,port ,/4 ,julian1 9 latitude #di #ae on ! coa/ ( ,s\!rn ,patagonia4 ,! t]ti>y pla9s ( t c\ntry are modell$ into a succession ( broad & level t]races1 :i* abut "o above ! o!r2 & :]e !y approa* ! coa/1 are g5]ally cut (f by a l9e ( precipit\s cliff4 ,! :ole surface is ?ickly cov]$ by a b$ ( gravel1 compos$ ( v>i\s k9ds ( porphyries1 & probably orig9at+ f rocks situat$ )9 ! ,cordill]a4 ,! l[] "p ( ! =mation consi/s ( sev]al v>ieties ( s&/one1 & conta9s _m fossil %ells1 ! great] numb] ( :i* are n f\nd 9 a liv+ /ate4 ,! s\? side ( ,port ,/4 ,julian is =m$ by a spit ( flat l&1 ( ne>ly a hundr$ feet 9 height2 & on its surface exi/+ species ( littoral %ells are abundantly scatt]$4 ,! gravel is !re cov]$ 7a circum/ance :i* ,i did n obs]ve 9 sc>cely any o!r locality7 by a ?9 b irregul> b$ ( a s&y or loamy soil1 :i* likewise fills up holl[s or *annels worn ?r\gh x4 ,9 ! l>ge/ ( ^! *annels ! rema9s ( ! s+le fossil quadrup$1 :i* 0 "h discov]$1 7 emb$d$4 ,! skeleton probably 0 at fir/ p]fect2 b ! sea hav+ wa%$ away "p ( ! cliff1 has remov$ _m ( ! bones1--! rema9+ ones1 h[ev]1 /ill occupy+ _! prop] relative position to ea* o!r4 ,i am incl9$ to attribute ! orig9 ( ?is e>?y matt]1 to ! mud :i* might h accumulat$ 9 *annels1 & on ! surface ( ! gravel1 if ?is "p ( ! pla9 _h =m]ly exi/$ z a h>b\r1 su* z ,port ,/4 ,julian is at ! pres5t day4 ,! ,guanaco1 ! only l>ge animal n[ inhabit+ ! wild pla9s ( ,patagonia1 (t5 w&]s ov] ! ext5sive flats1 :i* are left dry at ! head ( ! h>b\r dur+ ebb tide3 we may imag9e t ! fossil animal1 :il/ 9 a l mann] cross+ ! anci5t bay1 fell into "o ( ! muddy creeks1 & 0 !re buri$4 ,i h /at$ t exi/+ species ( %ells are scatt]$ ov] ! surface ( ?is pla92 namely1 ,mytilus ,magellanicus2 a second & undescrib$ species1 n[ liv+ on ! bea*2 ,m4 edulis2 ,patella deaurata2 & on ano!r "p ( ! coa/1 b hav+ simil> geological relations1 ,fusus ,magellanicus2 ,voluta ancilla2 & a ,balanus3--^! %ells are among ! commone/ n[ liv+ on ?is coa/4 ,al?\gh !y mu/ h be5 ly+ expos$ to ! atmosph]ic *anges = a v long p]iod1 !y /ill p>tially reta9 _! diff]5t col\rs4 ,f ^! facts we "k1 ) c]ta9ty1 t ! sup]ficial deposit1 conta9+ ! rema9s ( ! quadrup$1 has be5 elevat$ above ! sea1 )9 ! rec5t p]iod4 ,f ! /ructure ( ! /ep-l pla9s1 :i* front ! coa/1 x is c]ta9 t ea* /ep mu/ h be5 modell$1 subsequ5tly to ! elevation ( ! "o /&+ above x2 &1 z ! same rec5t %ells occur on two high] pla9s1 we may1 ) safety1 conclude1 t ! e>?y matt]1 =m+ ! surface ( ?is l[] "o1 toge!r ) its emb$d$ skeleton1 0 deposit$ long aft] ! exi/5ce ( ! pres5t species1 /ill inhabitants ( ! sea4 ,accord+1 !re=e1 to ! *ronology1 tak5 f ! duration ( species among ! molluscs1 ! fossil quadrup$ ( ,port ,/4 ,julian mu/ h be5 coeval1 or ne>ly s1 ) ^? f ,bahia ,blanca4 ,hav+ n[ briefly describ$ ! pr9cipal circum/ances 9 ! geology ( ! ?ree di/ricts1 to :i* ,i at fir/ allud$1 ,i w conclude1 by obs]v+1 t ! fossil mammalia ( ,la ,plata1 ,bahia ,blanca1 & ,port ,/4 ,julian1 mu/ all h liv$ dur+ a v mod]n p]iod 9 ! geological hi/ory ( ! _w4 ,x is n ! prop] place 9 ?is "w to ent] on any speculations1 conc]n+ ! cause ( ! ext9ction ( s _m gigantic animals4 ,i w only "h add1 t !re is ! /ronge/ evid5ce aga9/ admitt+ ! !ory ( a p]iod ( ov]:elm+ viol5ce1 by :i* ! inhabitants ( ! l& c\ld h be5 swept away1 & de/roy$4 ,on ! contr>y e ?+ indicates a =m] /ate ( tranquillity1 dur+ :i* v>i\s deposits 7 accumulat+ ne> ! !n exi/+ coa/s1 9 ! same mann]1 z we may suppose o!rs are at ?is day 9 progress4 ,! only physical *ange1 :i* we "k has tak5 place1 s9ce ! exi/5ce ( ^! anci5t mammalia1 has be5 a small & gradual ris+ ( ! cont95t2 b x is difficult to believe1 t ?is alone c\ld h s greatly modifi$ ! climate1 z to h be5 ! cause ( ! utt] ext]m9ation ( s _m animals4 ,mr4 ,ow5 w m5tion ! exact locality :]e ! rema9s ( ea* quadrup$ 7 discov]$2 &1 at ! conclusion1 x w be easy to specify by "n ^?1 :i*1 f be+ emb$d$ 9 ! same deposit1 are kn[n =m]ly to h co-exi/$ on ! cont95t ( ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,,fossil ,,mammalia4 ,,by ,,mr4 ,,ow54 ,x may be expect$ t ! description ( ! osse\s rema9s ( ext9ct ,mammalia1 :i* rank among/ ! mo/ int]e/+ results ( ,mr4 ,d>w9's rese>*es 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 %\ld be prec$$ by "s acc\nt ( ! fossil mammif]\s animals :i* h be5 previ\sly discov]$ 9 t ,cont95t4 ,! results ( su* a retrospect are1 h[ev]1 necess>ily compris$ 9 a v brief /atem5t2 = ! ,s\? ,am]ican relics ( ext9ct ,mammalia1 hi!rto describ$1 are limit$1 s f> z ,i "k1 to ?ree species ( ,ma/odon1 & ! gigantic ,mega!rium4 ,"o ( ! above species ( ,ma/odon 7,ma/4 ,cordill]>um7 0 e/abli%$ by ,cuvi]#a on rema9s discov]$ by ,humboldt1 9 ,quito1 ne> ! volcanic m\nta91 call$ ,imbaburra1 at an elevation ( #abjj toises above ! level ( ! sea2 & likewise at ! ,cordill]as ( ,*iquitos1 ne> ,santa ,cruz de la ,si]ra1 a locality :i* is ne> ! c5tre ( ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,a second species 7,ma/odon ,humboldtii1 ,cuv4#b7 is indicat$ by mol> tee?1 /at$ to h be5 discov]$ by ! same philosophic travell]1 9 ,*ile1 ne> ! city ( ,concepcion4 ,! ?ird species ( ,ma/odon appe>s to h once rang$ 9 va/ troops ov] ! wide empire ( ,p]u3 num]\s tee? 7 br\ght !nce to ,p>is by ,dombey1#c & simil> tee?1 toge!r ) a hum]us & tibia f ,santa ,f de ,bogota 7 plac$ by ,humboldt at ! disposal ( ,cuvi]1#d :o consid]$ !m to belong to ! ,ma/odon angu/id5s1 a species ( :i* ! fossil rema9s are by no means uncommon 9 sev]al localities ( ,europe4 ,cuvi] is also dispos$ to ref] to ! same species ! tee? ( ! ,ma/odon f ,brazil & ,lima1 m5tion$ by ,dr4 ,w4 ,hunt] 9 8 obs]vations on ! animal incognitum f ! ,ohio4#e ,! ,mega!rium has be5 sci5tifically describ$ & illu/rat$ 9 ! works ( ,bru1 ,cuvi]1 & ,d',alton1 ^: acc\nts are f\nd$ on a ne>ly complete skeleton ( ?is /up5d\s quadrup$ :i* has exi/$ 9 ! ,royal ,museum at ,madrid = m ?an half a c5tury4 ,! few defici5cies 9 its o/eography h rec5tly be5 suppli$ by ! descriptions & figures giv5 by ,dr4 ,buckl&#f & ,mr4 ,clift1#g tak5 f rema9s ( ! ,mega!rium1 br\ght by ,sir ,woodb9e ,p>i% f ,bu5os ,ayres1 & :i* 7 discov]$ 9 ! b$ ( ! ,rio ,salado1 a tribut>y ( ! ,rio ,plata4 ,sir ,woodb9e ,p>i%'s collection f ! same locality1 includes also rema9s ( o!r species ( ext9ct ,ed5tata1 :i* h n yet be5 describ$4 ,m4 ,d',orbigny1 9 8 travels 9 ,s\? ,am]ica 7vol4 i4 p4 #if471 /ates t1 9 ! banks ( ! ,p>ana1 he f\nd ! fossil rema9s ( a l>ge quadrup$1 ( ! size ( an ,ox1--ano!r quadrup$ ( ! size ( a ,cat1 app>5tly ( ! c>nivor\s ord]2--& a ?ird1 a ,rod5t z l>ge z a ,rat4 ,?is meagre condition ( ! hi/orical "p ( ! subject ( ,s\? ,am]ican fossils by no means arises f _! actual sc>city4 ,! writ+s ( "s ( ! old ,spani% au?ors1 = in/ance1 ,torrubia1 ,g>cillasso1 & o!rs1#h conta9 frequ5t allusions to ! bones ( giants1 :o 9 times ( old dwelt 9 ,p]u4 ,leg5til1 also1 9 #agbh1 speaks z an eye-witness ( ^! ,p]uvian rema9s2 & 8 guides po9t$ out to him ! traces ( ! ?und]-bolts1 by :i* ! ,anaks ( ! ,new ,_w _h be5 ext]m9at$4 ,bones & tee? ( ! ,ma/odon are1 accord+ to ,humboldt1 s abundant 9 a locality ne> ,santa ,f de ,bogota 9 ,columbia1 t to ?is day x be>s ! "n ( ! 8,field ( ,giants40 ,b indep5d5tly ( ^! indications1 ! abundance & v>iety ( ! osse\s rema9s ( ext9ct ,mammalia 9 ,s\? ,am]ica are amply atte/$ by ! mat]ials = ! foll[+ descriptions1 collect$ by "o individual1 ^: sph]e ( obs]vation 0 limit$ to a comp>atively small "p ( ,s\? ,am]ica2 & ! future travell] may fairly hope = simil> success1 if he br+ to ! se>* ! same zeal & tact :i* di/+ui% ! g5tleman to :om ,oryctological ,sci5ce is indebt$ = su* novel & valuable accessions4 ,x is rem>kable t all ! fossils1 collect$ by ,mr4 ,d>w91 belong to h]bivor\s species ( mammalia1 g5]ally ( l>ge size4 ,! great] "p are ref]rible to ! ord] :i* ,cuvi] has call$ ,ed5tata1 & belong to t subdivision ( ! ord] 7,dasypodid7 :i* is *>act]iz$ by hav+ p]fect & sometimes complex mol> tee?1 & an ext]nal osse\s & tesselat$ coat ( mail4 ,! ,mega!rium is ! giant ( ?is tribe2 :i*1 at ! pres5t day1 is exclusively repres5t$ by ,s\? ,am]ican species1 ! l>ge/ 7,dasypus ,gigas1 ,cuv47 n exce$+ ! size ( a ,hog4 ,! hiatus betwe5 ?is liv+ species & ! ,mega!rium1 is fill$ up by a s]ies ( ,armadillo-l animals1 indicat$ m or less satisfactorily by ,mr4 ,d>w9's fossils1 "s ( :i* species 7 z l>ge z an ,ox1 o!rs ab\t ! size ( ! ,am]ican ,tapir4 ,! re/ ( ! collection belongs1 ) ! exception ( "s small ,rod5ts1 to ! ext5sive & het]og5e\s ord] ,pa*yd]mata2 x includes ! rema9s ( a ,ma/odon1 ( a ,horse1 & ( two l>ge & s+ul> ab]rant =ms1 "o ( :i* connects ! ,pa*yd]mat\s ) ! ,rum9ant ,ord]2 ! o!r1 ) :i* ! descriptions 9 ! foll[+ pages comm5ce1 manife/s a close aff9ity to ! ,rod5t ,ord]4 ,a ,,description ,,( ,,! ,,cranium ,,( ,,toxodon ,,plat5sis2 ,a gigantic ext9ct mammif]\s animal1 ref]rible to ! ,ord] ,pa*yd]mata1 b ) aff9ities to ! ,rod5tia1 ,ed5tata1 & ,h]bivor\s ,cetacea4 ,! cranium1 :i* is ! subject ( ! pres5t description1 0 f\nd 9 ! ,s>&is1 a small /ream ent]+ ! ,rio ,negro1 & ab\t #abj miles to ! ,n4 ,w4 ( ,monte ,video3 x _h be5 orig9ally emb$d$ 9 a :iti% argillace\s e>?1 & 0 discov]$ ly+ 9 ! b$ ( ! rivulet1 aft] a sudd5 flood _h wa%$ d[n "p ( ! bank4 ,! zoological *>act]s d$ucible f ?is cranium1 =bid its association1 g5]ically1 ) any kn[n ,mammif]\s animal1 & x mu/ !re=e be ref]r$ to an ext9ct g5us1 :i* ,i propose to call ,toxodon1#i f ! curv$ or ar*$ =m ( ! tee?1 z w aft]w>ds be describ$4 ,! specific "n1 9 ! abs5ce ( o!r means ( kn[+ ! peculi>ities ( ! animal ?an ^? af=d$ by ! skull1 may be mo/ conv5i5tly tak5 f ! di/rict 7,la ,plata71 9 :i* its rema9s 7 fir/ discov]$4 ,! dim5sions ( ! cranium ( ! ,toxodon ,plat5sis amply atte/ t ! animal to :i* x belong$ 0 ( a magnitude atta9$ by few t]re/rial quadrup$s1 & only to be comp>$1 9 ?is respect1 ) ! l>g] ,pa*yd]ms1 or ! ext9ct ,mega!rium4 ,! l5g? ( ! skull 7( :i* a base view ( ! natural size is giv5 9 ,plate ,i47 is two feet f\r in*es3 ! extreme bread? "o foot f\r in*es4 ,! o!r requisite admeasurem5ts are giv5 9 ! table at ! conclusion ( ?is description4 ,! g5]al =m ( ! skull1 z se5 f above1 is pyri=m2 b view$ sideways1 & )\t ! l[] jaw1 x is semi-ovate2 x is depress$1 elongate1 ( consid]able bread?1 includ+ ! span ( ! zygomatic ar*es1 b becom+ r sudd5ly contract$ ant]ior to !m1 ! facial "p !nce gr[+ n>r[] to ne> ! muzzle1 :i* aga9 slightly exp&s4 ,among ! fir/ peculi>ities :i* /rike ! obs]v]1 is ! aspect ( ! plane ( ! occipital =am51 & ( ! occipital or po/]ior region ( ! cranium1 ! latt] ( :i* incl9es f bel[ upw>ds & =w>ds at an angle ( #ej ) ! basal l9e ( ! skull4 ,?is slope ( ! back "p ( ! skull is "o ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ! ,d9o!rium2 x is common to all ! ,cetacea1 & is met ) 9 a slight] degree 9 _m ,rod5tia1 & 9 ! great ,ant-eat] & "s o!rs ( ! ,ed5tate ord]4 ,! correspond+ aspect ( ! =am5 magnum pres5ts ne>ly ! opposite extreme to man 9 ! occipital scale1 propos$ by ,daub5ton to det]m9e ! div]sities ( ! =m ( ! cranium1 z a gage ( ! intellig5ce ( diff]5t animals#aj2 & ! indication ( ! limit$ capacity ( ! ,toxodon1 ?us af=d$1 is /r5g!n$ by ! v small proportion1 :i* ! bony walls ( ! c]ebral cavity be> to ! zygomatic & maxill>y p>ts ( ! skull1 & to ! size ( ! v]tebral column1 z indicat$ by ! condyloid processes1 & =am5 magnum4 ,! zygomatic ar*es are ( rem>kable size & /r5g?2 !y comm5ce imm$iately ant]ior to ! sides ( ! occipital plane1 increase 9 v]tical ext5t z !y pass outw>ds1 =w>ds & d[nw>ds1 & are sudd5ly contract$ z !y b5d inw>ds to abut aga9/ ! sides ( ! sockets ( ! two po/]ior mol> tee?4 ,! cranial cavity is rem>kably n>r[ at ! space includ$ by ! zygomatic ar*es2 be+1 z x 71 excavat$ on ea* side to augm5t ! space = ! lodgm5t ( ! temporal muscles1 s t its diamet] at ?is "p is less ?an t ( ! ant]ior extremity ( ! upp] jaw4 ,! upp] surface ( ! cranium exp&s to =m ! po/-orbital processes1 & aga9 contracts ant]ior to ^!4 ,! muscul> ridges1 or o!r *>act]s1 at ! top ( ! skull1 _c be precisely det]m9$1 z a great proportion ( ! out] table ( ! bone is brok5 away1 expos+ a co>se & ?ick diple4 ,!re seems1 h[ev]1 to h be5 a /rong ridge sep>at+ ! occipital f ! coronal or upp] surface ( ! cranium4 ,! =m ( ! rema9+ p>ts1 :i* are modifi$ 9 relation to ! atta*m5t ( ! muscles ( ! jaws1 indicates t ^! 7 p[]fully develop$ bo? = ! (fices ( ma/ication & preh5sion4 ,! g5]al =m ( ! skull1 :ile x pres5ts c]ta9 po9ts ( resemblance to t ( ! aquatic ,pa*yd]mata1 & ev5 ( ! ,c>nivora1 has mu* t is peculi> to itself2 b1 9 ! facial "p1 x approa*es ! ne>e/ to t ( ! ,rod5tia2 & ! d5tition ( ! ,toxodon1 z exhibit$ 9 ! upp] jaw1 corresponds ) t :i* *>act]izes ! ,rod5t ,ord]4 ,! tee? ( ! ,toxodon consi/ ( mol>s & incisors1 sep>at$ by a long dia/ema1 or too?less space4 ,9 ! upp] jaw ! mol>s are f\rte5 9 numb]1 !re be+ sev5 on ea* side2 ! incisors f\r1 "o v l>ge1 & "o small1 9 ea* int]maxill>y bone4 ,! g5]al =m & nature ( ! tee? are indicat$ by ! sockets2 & ! /ructure ( ! gr9d]s is exhibit$ 9 a brok5 mol>1 ! la/ 9 ! s]ies on ! left side ( ! jaw ( ! pres5t cranium 7,see a figure ( ! gr9d+ surface re/or$ ( ?is too?1 fig4 #b1 ,pl4 ,i471 & by ano!r p]fect mol>1 ! la/ b "o on ! "r side ( ! upp] jaw1 :i*1 ?\gh n belong+ to ! same individual z ! skull "h describ$1 und\bt$ly app]ta9s to ! same species4 ,?is latt] too? 7,fig4 #c1 ,pl4 ,i42 figs4 #b & #c1 ,pl4 ,,iv47 0 f\nd by itself1 emb$d$ 9 ! banks ( ! ,rio ,t]c]o1 or ,c>c>ana1 ne> ! ,p>ana1 at ! di/ance ( a hundr$ & eighty miles f ! locality :]e ! head 0 discov]$4 ,fragm5ts ( a mol> too? ( a ,toxodon1 app>5tly ! sev5? ( ! left side1 upp] jaw1 7 also f\nd at ,bajada de ,/a ,f1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,entre ,rios1 di/ant =ty miles f ! m\? ( ! ,rio ,t]c]o4 ,all ! mol> tee? are long & curv$1 & )\t fangs1#aa z 9 mo/ ( ! h]bivor\s species ( ! ,rod5t ,ord]3 9 ^?1 h[ev]1 ) curv$ gr9d]s1 z ! ,ap]ea or ,gu9ea-pig1 & ,cavia ,pata*onica1 ! concavity ( ! upp] gr9d]s is direct$ outw>d1 ! fangs ( ! tee? ( ! opposite sides div]g+ z !y asc5d 9 ! sockets2 b1 9 ! ,toxodon1 ! convexity ( ! gr9d]s is outw>d1 & ! fangs conv]ge & almo/ meet at ! middle l9e ( ! palate1 =m+ a s]ies ( ar*es1 capable ( ov]com+ imm5se resi/ance f pressure4 7,see ! upp] view ( ! skull1 ,plate ,,iii41 9 :i* ! fractures expose to view a "p ( ! s]ies ( ^! ar*$ sockets47 ,( ! incisors1 ! two small ones 7! sockets ( :i* are indicat$ at s s1 ,pl4 ,,iii47 are situat$ 9 ! middle ( ! front ( ! upp] jaw1 close to ! suture betwe5 ! int]maxill>ies1 & ! two l>ge ones 9 imm$iate contiguity ) ! small incisors1 :i* !y greatly exce$ 9 size4 ,! sockets ( ! two l>ge incisors 7t t1 ,pl4 ,,iii47 ext5d backw>ds1 9 an ar*$ =m1 pres]v+ a uni=m diamet]1 z f> z ! comm5cem5t ( ! alveoli ( ! mol> tee?3 ! curve :i* !y describe is ! segm5t ( a circle2 ! position1 =m1 & ext5t ( ! sockets ( ^! incisors are ! same z 9 ^? ( ! correspond+ tee? ( ! ,rod5tia4 ,! matrix1 or secret+ pulp ( ! l>ge incisors1 0 lodg$1 z 9 ! ,rod5tia1 9 close proximity ) ! sockets ( ! ant]ior mol>s2 & we are enabl$ to inf]1 f ! =m ( ! incisive sockets1 not)/&+ ! abs5ce ( ! tee? !mselves1 t ! pulp 0 p]si/5t1 & t ! gr[? ( ^! incisors1 l ^? ( ! ,rod5tia1 cont9u$ ?r\gh\t life4 ,?is condition1 jo9$ ) ! =m & curvature ( ! socket1 implies a cont9ual we>+ away ( ! cr[n ( ! too? by attrition aga9/ oppos+ incisors ( a correspond+ /ructure 9 ! l[] jaw3 & z a coroll>y1 x may be inf]r$ t ! tee? 9 "q _h a p>tial coat+ ( enamel1 to produce a cutt+ edge1 & 71 9 fact1 true d5tes scalpr>ii4 ,! numb] ( incisors 9 ! upp] jaw ( ,toxodon1 is n )\t its p>allel 9 ! ,rod5t ,ord]1 ! g5us ,lepus be+ *>act]iz$ by f\r1 in/ead ( two sup]ior incisors1 :i* also pres5t a simil> relative size b h a diff]5t relative position1 ! small incisors1 9 ! h>e & rabbit1 be+ s plac$ imm$iately beh9d ! l>ge pair1 z to receive ! appulse ( ! s+le pair ( incisors 9 ! l[] jaw4 ,9 ! ,toxodon ! position ( ! incisors1 9 ! same transv]se l9e1 might lead to ! inf]5ce1 t !y 7 oppos$ by a correspond+ numb] 9 ! l[] jaw2 b ! num]\s examples ( inequality1 9 ! numb] ( incisors1 9 ! upp] & l[] jaws ( exi/+ mammalia1 =bid any conclusion on ?is po9t4#ab ,! sockets ( ! small mesial incisors ( ! ,toxodon 7s s1 ,pl4 ,,iii47 gradually dim9i% 9 size1 z !y p5etrate ! int]maxill>y bones1 & we may1 !re=e1 inf] t ! pulp 0 gradually absorb$ 9 ! progress ( _! developm5t2 & t1 l ord9>y incisors1 _! gr[? 0 ( limit$ duration1 & _! lodgm5t 9 ! jaw effect$ by a s+le conical fang4 ,i may obs]ve1 t ! =mation ( a fang is ! necess>y consequ5ce ( ! gradual absorption ( ! matrix or pulp ( a too?2 = ! pulp cont9ues1 z x dim9i%es 9 size1 to deposit ivory ^u ! inn] surface ( ! cavity ( ! too? f :i* x is rec$+1 & ! too? or fang ?us likewise progressively dim9i%es 9 size4 ,! =mation ( ! socket proce$s un9t]rupt$ly1 & ! bone encroa*+ ^u ! space left by ! too?1 closely surr\nds ! wa/+ fang1 & af=ds x a firm support2 & ?us an inf]5ce may be drawn f ! =m ( ! socket alone1 z to :e!r ! too? x conta9$ _h or _h n "o or m conical fangs1 & consequ5tly :e!r its gr[? 0 tempor>y or un9t]rupt$4 ,apply+ ?is reason+ to ! mol> tee? ( ! ,toxodon1 we inf] t _! gr[?1 l ^? ( mo/ ( ! ,phytiphag\s ,rod5ts1 ( ! ,mega!rium & ,armadillo1 0 p]petual1 because _! sockets are cont9u$ ( uni=m size f ! op5 to ! clos$ extremity2 & ! mol> too? :i* is pres]v$ proves ! accuracy ( ! d$uction1 inasmu* z its base is excavat$ by a l>ge conical cavity = ! lodgm5t ( ! pulp1 ! cont9u$ activity ( :i* 0 ! comp5sation "h design$ to meet ! effects ( attrition on ! opposite or gr9d+ surface ( ! too?4 ,! mol> too? discov]$ by ,mr4 ,d>w9 9 ! banks ( ! ,t]c]o1 n only belong$ to ! same species z ! skull "u consid]ation1 b to an individual ( ! same size2 x fits exactly into ! socket next to ! po/]ior "o ( ! "r side4 ,! figures subjo9$ ( ?is mol> too? 7,fig4 #c1 ,pl4 ,i42 figs4 #b & #c1 ,pl4 ,,iv47 almo/ preclude ! necessity ( a description4 ,! transv]se section ( ! too? gives an irregul>1 unequal sid$1 prism2 ! two broade/ sides ( :i* conv]ge to ! ant]ior angle1 :i* is obtusely r\nd$4 ,! out] surface ( ! too? 7fig4 #b1 ,pl4 ,,iv47 is slightly concave 9 ! transv]se direction1 b undulat+1 f ! pres5ce ( two slight convex ris+s :i* trav]se ! too? l5g?wise4 ,! inn] surface pres5ts at its ant]ior "p a slightly concave surface1 & po/]iorly two prom95t longitud9al convex ridges1 sep>at$ by a groove :i* is flat at ! bottom1 & f ! ant]ior angle ( :i* ! reflect$ fold ( enamel p5etrates ! sub/ance ( ! too?1 advanc+ obliquely =w>ds1 r m ?an half-way across ! body ( ! too?4 ,a longitud9al ridge ( bone projects f ! int]nal side ( ! socket1 & fits into ! groove above m5tion$1 & z a correspond+ ridge exi/s 9 all ! sockets ( ! gr9d]s1 save ! two ant]ior small ones1 we may inf] t ! five po/]ior gr9d]s on ea* side1 _h a simil> /ructure to ! too? above describ$4 ,! ext]nal lay] ( enamel is uni=mly ab\t half a l9e 9 ?ickness2 x is int]rupt$ = ! ext5t ( ne>ly ?ree l9es at ! ant]ior angle1 & = m ?an d\ble t ext5t at ! po/]ior "p ( ! too?1 :i* is consequ5tly worn d[n mu* bel[ ! level ( ! re/ ( ! gr9d+ surface4 ,:]e ! ivory is ?us unprotect$ by ! enamel1 x has a coat ( cm5tum1 :i* also fills up ! small int]val at ! orig9 ( ! reflect$ fold ( enamel4 ,on ! gr9d+ surface ( ! entire too?1 & on ! fractur$ ends ( ! mutilat$ mol>s1 ! compon5t fibres1 or tubules1 ( ! ivory1 are readily p]ceptible by ! nak$ eye1 div]g+ f ! l9e :i* indicates ! la/ rema9s ( ! cavity ( ! pulp ( ! too?1 z x 0 progressively oblit]at$ dur+ gr[?4 ,al?\gh ! complication ( ! gr9d+ surface by ! inflection ( simple or /raight folds ( enamel is peculi>ly *>act]i/ic ( ! ,rod5t type1 we mu/ reg>d ! numb] ( mol> tee?1 & _! dim9ution ( size z !y advance t[>ds ! ant]ior "p ( ! jaw1 9 ! ,toxodon1 z indicative ( a deviation f t ord]1 & an approa* to ! ,pa*yd]ms4 ,! common numb] ( gr9d]s 9 ! upp] jaw ( ,rod5t animals is eight1 f\r on ea* side4 ,9 "s g5]a1 z ,lemmus1 ,mus1 ,cricetus1 !re are only ?ree on ea* side1 & 9 ,hydromys & ,aulacodus1 only two on ea* side4 ,9 ,lepus1 h[ev]1 we f9d six on ea* side ( ! upp]1 & five on ea* side ( ! l[] jaw4 ,! ,toxodon1 l ! ,tapir & ,hippopotamus1 has sev5 on ea* side ( ! upp] jaw3 ! fir/ 9 ea* ( ^! species be+ ! smalle/4 ,x is wor?y ( notice1 h[ev]1 t ! ,capyb>a :i* adh]es to ! ,rod5t type 9 ! numb] ( its mol>s1 pres5ts 9 ! va/ly increas$ size1 & additional numb] ( compon5t lam9 ( ! po/]ior gr9d]s1 an approximation to ! pa*yd]mat\s "* j adduc$1 & ! bony palate at ! same "t pres5ts an expansion betwe5 ^! mol>s1 (f]+ a resemblance to ! ,toxodon :i* ,i h n f\nd 9 any o!r ,rod5t besides ! ,capyb>a4 ,! mo/ important deviation f ! ,rod5t /ructure pres5t$ by ! tee?1 occurs 9 ! direction ( ! reflect$ fold ( enamel1 & su* a deviation might h be5 inf]r$1 ev5 9 ! abs5ce ( ! tee?1 f ! /ructure ( ! articul> surface1 or gl5oid cavity = ! reception ( ! condyle ( ! l[] jaw4 ,z ! ridge ( enamel runs1 z above describ$1 9 a direction approa*+ t ( ! longitud9al axis ( ! skull1 x is obvi\s t ! gr9d+ motions ( ! l[] jaw %\ld be 9 a proportionate degree 9 ! transv]se direction4 ,! gl5oid cavity1 !re=e1 in/ead ( be+ a longitud9al groove1 & op5 beh9d1 z 9 ! true ,rod5ts1 is ext5d$ transv]sely1 & is def5d$ beh9d by a broad desc5d+ bony process prev5t+ ! retraction ( ! jaw1 & %[+ m>ks ( ! =cible pressure to :i* x 0 subject4 ,x is wor?y ( obs]vation t1 9 ! ,wombat1--:i* exhibits ! ,rod5t type ( d5tition1 &1 l ! ,toxodon1 has rem>kably curv$ mol>s1 b 9 an opposite direction1--! condyle ( ! l[] jaw is also ext5d$ transv]sely1 & adapt$ to an articul> surface1 :i* admits ( lat]al motion 9 ! trituration ( ! food4 ,9 ! outw>d span ( ! zygomatic ar*es1 9 :i* ,toxodon deviates f ! ,rod5tia1 we may trace a relation ( subord9acy to ! above /ructure ( ! gr9d+ tee? & jo9t ( ! l[] jaw3 ! wid5+ ( ! ar*es giv+ to ! masset] muscles great] p[] ( draw+ ! jaw f side to side4 ,! dep? ( ! zygoma bespeaks ! magnitude ( ^! ma/icatory muscles1 & ! includ$ space %ews t ! temporal muscles 7 also develop$ to a degree1 :i* indicates ! =ce ) :i* ! great incisors at ! extremity ( ! jaws1 7 us$2 probably1 l ! can9es ( ! ,hippopotamus1 to divide or te> up by ! roots ! aquatic plants1 gr[+ on ! banks ( ! /reams1 :i* ! ,toxodon may h frequ5t$4 ,9 ! ,rod5tia1 ! zygoma1 ?\gh sometimes z deep z 9 ! ,toxodon1 is g5]ally almo/ /raight1 & ! space includ$ betwe5 x & ! cranium is consequ5tly n>r[4 ,! zygoma also is plac$ m =w>ds 9 all true ,rod5ts1 ?an 9 ! ,toxodon2 &1 in/ead ( abutt+ aga9/ ! po/]ior alveoli1 x t]m9ates opposite ! ant]ior ones4 ,x ?us af=ds su* an atta*m5t to ! masset]1 t ?is muscle ext5ds obliquely backw>ds to its ins]tion 9 ! l[] jaw1 at an angle :i* enables x to act ) m advantage 9 draw+ =w>ds ! l[] jaw1--a motion = :i* ! jo9t is expressly adapt$4 ,9 _m ,rod5ts1 also1 !re is a di/9ct muscle1 or portion ( ! masset]1 :i* passes ?r\gh ! ant-orbital =am51 :i* is on t acc\nt ( l>ge size4 ,9 exam9+ ! cranium ( ,toxodon1 ) ref]5ce to ?is /ructure1 x 0 f\nd t ! ant-orbital =am5 0 n l>g] ?an might h be5 expect$ to give transmission to n]ves requisite = supply+ ) s5sibility ! l>ge lips1 & :isk]s ) :i* ! exp&$ muzzle ( ?is rem>kable quadrup$ 0 probably furni%$4 ,hav+ ?us exam9$ ! cranium ( ! ,toxodon 9 its relation1 z a me*anical in/rum5t1 subs]vi5t to ! function ( dige/ion2 we next proce$ to consid] ! /ructure & composition ( ^? cavities ( ! skull :i* gave lodgm5t & protection to ! organs ( special s5se1 & endeav\r to d$uce f _! /ructure conclusions z to ! degree 9 :i* ! organs 7 develop$1 & ! circum/ances "u :i* ! s5ses 7 ex]cis$4 ,! orbit ( ,toxodon =ms ! ant]ior b\nd>y ( ! zygomatic area2 x is ab\t z di/9ctly def9$ z 9 ! ,tapir or ,dugong1 hav+ its osse\s rim less complete ?an 9 ! ,hippopotamus1 yet m develop$ ?an 9 ! ,capyb>a1 ,coypus1 & _m o!r ,rod5tia1 9 :i* ! orbit is sc>cely di/+ui%able 9 ! cranium f ! small space occupi$ by ! orig9 ( ! temporal muscle4 ,! l[] b\nd>y ( ! orbit 9 ,toxodon is =m$ by an excavation 9 ! upp] & ant]ior "p ( ! zygoma2 ! upp] b\nd>y by a /rong & rugg$ ov]>*+ process ( ! frontal bone1 ! po/]ior angle ( :i* 7a1 ,pl4 ,,iii47 desc5ds a little way1 b leaves a space ( ?ree in*es & a half betwe5 x & ! opposite angle ( ! mal> bone bel[ 7b1 ,pl4 ,,ii4 & ,,iii471 ! circumf]5ce ( ! orbit be+ complet$ probably by ligam5t 9 ! rec5t subject4 ,! cavity ?us circumscrib$ is rem>kable = ! prepond]ance ( ! v]tical ov] ! transv]se or longitud9al diamet]1 & indicates great ext5t ( motion ( ! eyeball 9 ! v]tical direction1 su* z may be suppos$ to be well adapt$ to ! exig5cies ( an amphibi\s quadrup$4 ,! orbit ( ! ,capyb>a1 or ,wat]-hog1 makes a ne> approa* to ! =m j describ$4 ,9 ! elevation ( ! supra-orbital b\nd>y1 & its outw>d projection 9 ! ,toxodon1 we p]ceive an approximation to ! =m ( ! orbit 9 ! ,hippopotamus1 b ! size ( ! orbit is relatively l>g] 9 ! ,toxodon1 :i* 9 ?is respect manife/s its aff9ity to ! ,rod5tia4 ,9 t "p ( ! bony /ructure ( ! auditory app>atus1 :i* is visible on ! ext]ior ( ! cranium1 ! skull ( ! ,toxodon pres5ts a "* 9 :i* x rec$es f ! ,rod5tia4 ,9 ^!1 ! tympanic portion ( ! temporal bone is rem>kably develop$1 =m+ a l>ge bulla ossea betwe5 ! gl5oid cavity & ! occiput2 & x always rema9s disunit$ to ! o!r elem5ts ( ! temporal bone4 ,9 ! ,toxodon ! tympanic bone 7c1 ,pl4 ,,ii47 consi/s ( a r\gh compress$ v]tical osse\s plate1 w$g$ 9 transv]sely betwe5 ! occiput & ! po/]ior "p ( ! gl5oid cavity4 ,! int]nal extremity ( ?is plate po9ts inw>ds & =w>ds1 repres5t+ ! /yloid process2 beh9d ?is is se5 ! petr\s bone1 :i* =ms a small angul> protub]ance at ! basis cranii1 & is less develop$ ?an 9 ! ,hippopotamus4 ,ant]ior to ! petr\s bone are ! orifices ( ! ,eu/a*ian tube1 & c>otid canal2 ext]nal to x is ! great =am5 lac]um1 = ! jugul> ve9 & n]vus vagus2 & beh9d x is ! ant]ior condyloid =am54 ,! =am5 auditorium ext]num is only half an in* 9 diamet]1 & gives passage to a long & some:at tortu\s meatus1 :i* passes inw>ds & slightly =w>ds & d[nw>ds2 its direction be+ precisely ! same z 9 ! ,hippopotamus2 x 0 accompani$1 probably1 by z small an ext]nal auricle4 ,b ! indications ( ! aquatic habits ( ! ,toxodon1 :i* are pres5t$ by ! osse\s p>ts relat+ to ! s5ses ( sight & he>+1 are ( m9or import comp>$ ) ^? af=d$ by ! bony b\nd>y ( ! no/rils4 ,?is b\nd>y circumscribes a l>ge ovate ap]ture1 ! aspect ( ^: plane is upw>ds1 & a little =w>ds1 z 9 ! ,h]bivor\s ,cetaceans1 & especially ! ,manatee 7,tri*ecus ,manatus1 ,cuv47 ,9 "o "p ( ! bony /ructure ( ! nasal cavity ! ,toxodon deviates1 h[ev]1 9 a m>k$ degree f ! ,cetace\s /ructure2 ,i allude to ! frontal s9uses1 :i* are expos$ by ! fracture ( ! upp] "p ( ! skull4 7,!y are %ewn 9 ,plate ,,iii41 & an a/]isk is plac$ on "o ( ! n>r[ canals ( int]communication betwe5 ! s9uses & ! nasal passages47 ,! po/]ior orifice ( ! nasal cavity is relatively l>g] & wid] ?an 9 ! ,h]bivor\s ,cetaceans1 & diff]s bo? 9 =m & aspect 9 consequ5ce ( ! great] ext5t ( ! bony palate4 ,! ,toxodon fur!r diff]s f ! ,manatee & ,dugong1 9 ! firm nature ( ! connexion ( ! bones ( ! head2 & x diff]s f ! ,hippopotamus 9 ! /rong atta*m5t ( ! int]maxill>y bones to ! maxill>ies4 ,!re next rema9 to be describ$1 z f> z ! %att]$ condition ( ! skull w p]mit1 ! relative position1 ext5t1 & connexions ( ! pr9cipal bones compos+ x4 ,! occipital bone exhibits a complete conflu5ce ( its basil>1 condyloid1 & supra-occipital elem5ts4 ,! basil> portion1 9 connexion ) ! correspond+ elem5t ( ! sph5oid bone1 describes a curve ^: convexity is d[nw>ds4 ,! condyles are l>ge1 ext5d$ 9 ! transv]se direction1 completely t]m9al1 & a little incl9$ d[nw>ds bel[ ! level ( ! basil> process4 ,! curve ( ! articulat+ surface describes1 9 ! v]tical direction1 two-?irds ( a circle1 indicat+ t ! head mu/ h possess$ consid]able ext5t ( motion upw>ds & d[nw>ds ^u ! atlas2 ?us1 :ile ! body ( ! ,toxodon 0 subm]g$1 ! head probably c\ld be rais$ s z to =m an angle ) ! neck1 & br+ ! sn\t to ! surface ( ! wat] )\t ! necessity ( any correspond+ inflection ( ! sp9e4 ,inde$1 9 ! =m & position ( ! condyles1 ! ,toxodon m ne>ly resembles ! true ,cetacea ?an any o!r exi/+ mammalia2 & x is only ) ^! t x c be comp>$ 9 reg>d to ! aspect ( ! plane ( ! occipital =am51 & ( ! occipital region ( ! skull4 ,?is is incl9$ =w>ds f ! occipital =am5 at su* an angle1 t on view+ ! skull f above1 n only ! condyles1 b ! entire circumf]5ce ( ! occipital =am5 are visible4 7,see ,pl4 ,,iii47 ,! upp] "p ( ! supra-occipital plate pres5ts a broad rug\s depression1 indicative ( ! ins]tion ( /rong c]vical muscles1 & probably ( a ligam5tum ,nu*4#ac ,! ex-occipital processes advance =w>ds = ab\t an in* beyond ! condyles1 & !n sudd5ly ext5d outw>ds at "r angles to ! =m] l9e1 & t]m9ate 9 ! =m ( v]tically compress$ bony plates2 ! l[] rugg$ m>g9s ( :i* repres5t or p]=m ! (fice ( ! ma/oid processes 7d1 d1 ,pls4 ,,ii4 & ,,iii474 ,! bread? ( ! entire occipital region ( ! skull 7fig4 #a1 ,pl4 ,,iv47 appe>s to h be51 all[+ = ! fractures1 ab\t "o-?ird m ?an ! height ( ! same "p4 ,! great developm5t ( ! tympanic bones 9 ! ,rod5tia1 occasions ! int]v5tion ( a consid]able space betwe5 ! occipital bone & ! zygomatic process ( ! temporal2 b 9 ! great ,toxodon1 9 :i* ! s5se ( he>+ 0 d\btless inf]ior to t enjoy$ by ! small & timor\s ,rod5ts1 ! tympanic bone is r$uc$ to a ?9 plate1 :i* is w$g$ 9 betwe5 ! occiput & gl5oid cavity4 ,9 ?is /ructure1 & ! consequ5t po/]ior position ( ! gl5oid cavity1 !re is a close resemblance betwe5 ! ,toxodon & ! ,hippopotamus1 ,tapir1 & ,rh9oc]os4 ,! squam\s elem5t ( ! temporal bone 7,n1 ,pl4 ,,ii47 =ms a small proportion ( ! lat]al walls ( ! cranium1 & also ent]s into ! composition ( ! lat]al & sup]ior p>ts ( ! po/]ior region ( ! cranium1 :]e two deep foss p]=at$ by l>ge vascul> =am9a1 indicate ! junction ( ! squam\s bones ) ! supra-occipital bone4 ,! po/]ior surface ( ! skull is ?us divid$ into ?ree broad & %all[ depressions1 ! two lat]al facets be+ slightly ov]-lapp$ by ! middle "o1 at _! junction ) x4 ,9 ?is /ructure ! ,toxodon resembles ! ,hippopotamus1 & diff]s consid]ably f ! ,cetacea1 9 :i* ! occipital region is r5d]$ convex by ! extraord9>y developm5t ( ! bra9 )94 ,! zygomatic process ( ! temporal bone projects boldly outw>ds at its comm5cem5t1 :]e x is ( great /r5g?1 & ?ree-sid$2 ! gl5oid cavity ext5ds transv]sely across ! base or inf]ior surface ( ?is "p2 ! lat]al surfaces conv]ge to =m ! ridge or upp] b\nd>y ( ! zygoma4 ,! dep? ( ! gl5oid cavity is increas$ by a transv]se production ( bone bo? be=e & beh9d x3 ! po/]ior process 7g1 ,pl4 ,,ii47 desc5ds ! l[e/1 & af=ds ! requisite def5ce aga9/ backw>d dislocation ( ! l[] jaw2 ! pressure ( ! condyle aga9/ ?is process is d5ot$ by a well def9$1 transv]sely-ovate1 flatt5$ & smoo? surface1 z if ! bone _h be5 plan$ d[n at t "p3 ! ant]ior transv]se b\nd>y is convex & smoo?1 & probably =m$ "p ( ! articulation = ! l[] jaw4 ,! l[] facet ( ! zygoma ant]ior to ! gl5oid cavity gradually contracts 9 bread?1 z x advances =w>d1 & at ! di/ance ( ?ree in*es f ! articul> cavity ! zygoma *anges f a prismatic to a lam9> =m4 ,x is at ?is po9t t ! zygomatic suture comm5ces1 at ! l[] m>g9 ( ! ar*2 :5ce x ext5ds directly =w>ds = m ?an half its l5g?1 & !n b5ds upw>ds at a "r angle4 ,! zygomatic suture has a simil> c\rse 9 ! ,capyb>a1 & ,hippopotamus4 ,! rema9d] ( ! zygoma is =m$ ext]nally by ! mal> bone 7,g ,pl4 ,,ii471 :i* 9 its position is int]m$iate to ! ,rod5t & ,pa*yd]mat\s /ructures4 ,x is n susp5d$ 9 ! middle ( ! zygomatic ar*1 z 9 ! =m] ord]2 nei!r does x ext5d into ! region ( ! face s f> ant]ior to ! orbit z 9 ! ,tapir or ,hippopotamus4 ,! ext]ior l9e ( ! malo-maxill>y suture def9es ! orbit ant]iorly2 b f ?is l9e ! maxill>y bone ext5ds backw>ds1 along ! inn] side ( ! mal> portion ( ! zygoma1 until x almo/ rea*es ! temporo-mal> suture2 ?us abutt+ by an oblique surface aga9/ ne>ly ! :ole int]nal facet ( ! mal> bone1 & mat]ially contribut+ to ! g5]al /r5g? ( ! zygomatic ar*4 ,! mal> bone is ( consid]able v]tical ext5t1 & pres5ts a rugg$ & ?ick5$ inf]ior m>g9 = ! atta*m5t ( ! masset]4 ,! upp] m>g9 ( ! mal> bone is smoo?ly r\nd$1 & pres5ts a regul> semicircul> excavation1 =m+ ! l[] b\nd>y ( ! orbit4 ,! relative magnitude ( ! zygomata to ! entire cranium f> exce$s 9 ! ,toxodon t :i* exi/s 9 ! ,hippopotamus or any o!r kn[n ,pa*yd]m4 ,?is arises f ! great v]tical developm5t ( ! mal> bone beh9d ! orbit1 & ! v]tical expansion ( ! temporal portion ( ! ar*4 ,! oblique position ( ! zygoma1 desc5d+ z x advances =w>ds1 is des]v+ ( att5tion1 z ! ,toxodon1 9 deviat+ f ! ,pa*yd]ms 9 ^! respects1 makes an evid5t approa* to ! h]bivor\s ,cetaceans1 z ! ,dugong & ,manatee3 9 ! latt] ,cetacean we obs]ve a simil> developm5t ( ! l[] "p ( ! zygomatic process ( ! mal> bone4 ,x is "h1 also1 t we may p]ceive an indication ( a resemblance betwe5 ! ,mega!rium & ,toxodon4 ,!re is no disc]nible trace ( ! la*rymal bone 7,e1 ,pl4 ,,ii47 hav+ ext5d$1 z 9 ! ,hippopotamus beyond ! ant]ior b\nd>y ( ! orbit3 ! la*rymal =am5 is situat$ r deep 9 ! orbit1 & ! bone itself appe>s to h be5 ( v small size4 ,! surface ( ! supra-orbital process ( ! frontal bone7,c1 ,pl4 ,,ii47 is des]v+ ( att5tion1 z x pres5ts a peculi> rugg$ness :i* is n f\nd 9 any o!r "p ( ! skull2 ! irregul>ity seems1 z x 71 to h be5 produc$ by ! impression ( num]\s small tortu\s & ana/omos+ vessels4 ,9 ! skull ( a ,sumatran two-horn$ ,rh9oc]os1 9 ! ,museum ( ! ,college ( ,surgeons 7,no4 #haf71 ! circumf]5ce ( t "p ( ! surface ( ! skull :i* support$ ! po/]ior horn1 & :i* includes precisely ! same "p ( ! os frontis1 pres5ts ! same "*1 ! surface be+ brok5 by num]\s vascul> impressions4 ,on ! supposition t ?is "* ( ! supra-orbit>y ar* 9 ! ,toxodon might indicate ! sup]9cumb5cy ( a bony case1 ,i exam9$ ! skulls ( two ,armadillos1 ,dasypus ,peba & ,das4 #f-;c9ctus1 & f\nd t 9 ! ,dasypus #f-;c9ctus1 ! supra-orbital ridges1 :i* are slightly elevat$1 to support ! cephalic plate1 pres5t$1 9 a m9or degree1 a correspond+ rugosity4 ,may we v5ture !n to conjecture t ! ,toxodon 0 def5d$ by an ossifi$ integum5t l ! ,armadillo1 or t x 0 arm$ ) an epid]mic production1 analog\s to ! horn ( ! ,rh9oc]os2 or _h ! rug\s surface 9 "q z little relation ) ! p>ts t cov]$ x z ! sculptur$ surface ( ! mal> bones 9 ! ,cavy8 ,aft] =m+ ! rugg$ & prom95t supra-orbital processes already describ$1 ! frontal bone cont9ues to s5d backw>ds a slightly elevat$ ridge or cri/a1 circumscrib+ ! orig9 ( ! temporal muscles1 b ! ext5t ( ?is ridge1 & ! disposition ( ! int]-orbital portion ( ! frontal bones _c be det]m9$ 9 ! pres5t mutilat$ specim54 ,! fractures x has su/a9$ are n1 h[ev]1 :olly unatt5d$ ) advantage2 !y expose ! /ructure ( ! diplo1 :i* f its co>s5ess ( texture & ?ickness1 resembles t ( ! ,cetace\s crania2 & :at is ( /ill m importance1 !y also demon/rate ! exi/5ce & =m ( ! frontal s9uses4 ,! cavity ( ! nose is ext5sive1 & ! rema9s ( ! ossa spongiosa sup]iora te/ify t ! ,toxodon enjoy$ ! s5se ( smell to a degree equal at lea/ to t ( ! ,hippopotamus4 ,! sph5oid bone resembles t ( ! ,hippopotamus1 b x contributes a l>g] %>e to ! =mation ( ! int]nal pt]ygoid processes 7p1 ,pl4 ,,ii472 ^! are ( a simple =m1 & m develop$ ?an 9 ! ,hippopotamus2 !y project outw>ds to a great] ext5t1 & t]m9ate 9 a po9t4 ,! sph5oid also s5ds (f a %ort & ?ick po9t$ process f ! po/]ior "p ( ! base ( ! int]nal pt]ygoid processes4 ,! ala ( ! sph5oid does n rise s f> into ! orbit1 nor does x articulate ) ! p>ietal bone1 z 9 ! ,hippopotamus2 b 9 ?is "p ( its /ructure1 is ! same z 9 ! ,rh9oc]os4 ,! sph5o-palat9e =am5 is relatively l>g] ?an 9 ! above-nam$ ,pa*yd]ms1 & is b\nd$ above by ! desc5d+ orbital plate ( ! frontal bone4 ,! palatal processes ( ! palat9e bones t]m9ate ant]iorly betwe5 ! la/ mol>s1 & ext5d backw>ds = "s di/ance beyond ! alveol> processes1 increas+ ! ext5t ( ! bony ro( ( ! m\? po/]iorly3 ?is is a /ructure 9 :i* ! ,toxodon deviates bo? f ! ,rod5ts1 & ,pa*yd]ms1 & resembles ! ,armadillos among ! ,ed5tata2 except+ t ! po/d5tal "p ( ! bony palate 9 ! ,toxodon is sudd5ly contract$ 9 bread?4 ,! palato-maxill>y suture is 9 ! =m ( a *evron1 ) ! angle direct$ =w>ds1 z 9 ! ,hippopotamus & ,capyb>a1 b truncat$4 ,! sup]ior maxill>y bones 7,f1 ,pl4 ,,ii47 are unit$ po/]iorly to ! mal>1 z above describ$3 !y asc5d & jo9 ! frontal & nasal bones3 _! out] surface is almo/ v]tical1 smoo?1 & slightly undulat+2 p]=at$ at its po/]ior "p by ! ant-orbital =am51 & jo9$ ant]iorly to ! int]maxill>ies by a suture runn+ 9 ! sigmoid direction 7z %ewn 9 ,pl4 ,,ii47 f ! middle ( ! nasal cavity1 to )9 f\r in*es ( ! ant]ior b\nd>y ( ! upp] jaw4 ,we h1 9 ! position & ext5t ( ?is suture1 & ! abs5ce ( tusks & _! l>ge prom95t sockets1 a mo/ important diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,toxodon & ,hippopotamus4 ,! *ief peculi>ity 9 ! maxill>y bones1 obta9s 9 ! ar*$ =m ( ! alveol> processes1 correspond+ to ! %ape & position ( ! gr9d]s above describ$1 & :i* are peculi> among kn[n mammalia to ! pres5t g5us4 ,! palatal surface ( ! maxill>y bones is obliquely p]=at$ by two l>ge =am9a1 f :i* two deep longitud9al grooves ext5d =w>ds1 & are gradually lo/2 we f9d ! po/]ior palat9e =am9a repres5t$ by simil> grooves & =am9a 9 ! ,capyb>a4 ,! int]maxill>y bones 7,d1 ,pls4 ,,ii4 & ,,iii471 ?\gh l>ge1 are relatively ( less ext5t ?an 9 ! ,rod5ts g5]ally4 ,! nasal processes d n rea* ! frontal bone1 b are limit$ to ! ant]ior half ( ! nasal b\nd>y2 approa*+ 9 ?is respect to ! ,h]bivor\s ,cetacea4 ,9 ! outw>d expansion ( _! ant]ior extremities1 ! int]maxill>ies resemble ^? ( ! ,hippopotamus1 9 :i*1 h[ev]1 ?is "* is m /rongly m>k$4 ,! int]maxill>ies 9 ! ,hippopotamus are also mu* less firmly unit$ to ! maxill>y bones ?an 9 ! ,toxodon1 & are consequ5tly commonly lo/ 9 ! fossil crania4 ,on ! palatal surface ( ! int]maxill>y bones !re are two grooves :i* div]ge =w>ds f ! l9e ( ! suture2 & ant]iorly to ^! grooves !re are ! two l>ge ant]ior palat9e =am9a4 ,! maxillo-int]maxill>y sutures on ! palate conv]ge z !y ext5d backw>ds to a po9t2 !re appe>s to h be5 a fissure left betwe5 ?is suture & ! mesial suture ( ! int]maxill>ies2 9 :i* /ructure ! ,toxodon resembles ! ,hippopotamus4 ,aft] summ+ up ! diff]5t aff9ities1 or indications ( aff9ity1 :i* are d$ucible f ! cranium ( ?is mo/ curi\s & int]e/+ fossil mammal1 we are l$ to ! conclusion1 assum+ x to h _h extremities cas$ 9 ho(s1 t x is ref]rible to ! ,ord] ,pa*yd]mata4 ,b ! /ructure1 =m1 & k9d ( tee? 9 ! upp] jaw1 prove1 indisputably1 t ! gigantic ,toxodon 0 intimately relat$ to ! ,rod5t ,ord]4 ,f ! *>act]s ( ?is ord]1 z af=d$ by ! exi/+ species1 ! ,toxodon1 h[ev]1 diff]s 9 ! relative position ( ! sup]num]>y incisors1 & 9 ! numb]1 & direction ( ! curvature1 ( ! mol>s4 ,if1 moreov]1 ! l[] jaw1 next to be describ$1 belong1 z ,i believe1 to ! ,toxodon1 ! d5tal "* ( ! g5us w be incisors 2 pro lani>iis dia/ema2 mol>es 4 ,! ,toxodon aga9 deviates f ! true ,rod5tia1 & resembles ! ,wombat1 & ! ,pa*yd]ms1 9 ! transv]se direction ( ! articul> cavity ( ! l[] jaw4 ,x deviates f ! ,rod5tia1 & resembles ! ,pa*yd]mata 9 ! relative position ( ! gl5oid cavities & zygomatic ar*es1 & 9 _m m9or details already allud$ to4 ,9 ! aspect ( ! plane ( ! occipital =am51 & occipital region ( ! skull2 9 ! =m & position ( ! occipital condyles2 9 ! aspect ( ! plane ( ! ant]ior bony ap]ture ( ! no/rils2 & 9 ! ?ickness & texture ( ! osse\s p>ietes ( ! skull1 ! ,toxodon deviates bo? f ! ,rod5tia & exi/+ ,pa*yd]mata1 & manife/s an aff9ity to ! ,d9o!rium & ,cetace\s ,ord]1 especially ! ,h]bivor\s section4 ,at pres5t we possess no evid5ce to det]m9e :e!r ! extremities ( ! ,toxodon 7 organiz$ on ! ungulate or unguiculate type1 nor c we be positive1 f ! *>act]s :i* ! skull af=ds1 t ! g5us may n be ref]rible to ! ,mutica ( ,l9nu2#ad al?\gh ! developm5t ( ! nasal cavity & ! pres5ce ( l>ge frontal s9uses r5d] x extremely improbable t ! habits ( ?is species 7 s /rictly aquatic1 z ! total abs5ce ( h9d] extremities w\ld occasion4 ,:]e ! d5tition ( a mammif]\s animal is /rictly c>nivor\s1 ?is /ructure is obvi\sly incompatible ) a foot incas$ 9 a ho(3--b :]e ! tee? are adapt$ = triturat+ vegetable sub/ances ! case is diff]5t4 ,if animals s *>act]iz$ are ( small size & seek _! food 9 trees1 or if !y burr[ = roots or = %elt]1 ! vegetable type ( d5tition mu/ co-exi/ ) unguiculate extremities1 z 9 ! ,ed5tata & ,rod5tia g5]ally3 b ! l>ge/ g5us 7,hydro*rus7 ( ! ,rod5t ,ord]1 ^: aff9ity to ! ,pa*yd]mata is manife/$ 9 its heavy %apeless trunk1 ?9ly scatt]$ bri/ly hair1 & _m o!r p>ticul>s1 has ea* ( its toes inclos$ 9 a m9iature ho(4 ,! aff9ity above allud$ to1 is too obvi\s to h escap$ popul> notice1 & ! ,capyb>a1 f its aquatic habits1 has obta9$ ! "n ( ,wat]-hog4 ,x is highly int]e/+ to f9d t ! cont95t to :i* ?is exi/+ ab]rant =m ( ,rod5t is peculi>1 %\ld be f\nd to conta9 ! rema9s ( an ext9ct g5us1 *>act]iz$ by a d5tition :i* closely resembles ! ,rod5t type1 b manife/+ x on a gigantic scale1 & t5d+ to complete ! *a9 ( aff9ities :i* l9ks ! ,pa*yd]mat\s ) ! ,rod5t & ,cetace\s ,ord]s4 ,,admeasurem5ts ,,( ,,! ,,cranium ,,( ,,toxodon4 feet in*es l9es ,extreme l5g? #b #d ,extreme bread? #a #d ,extreme height1 7exclusive ( ! l[] jaw7 #aj ,l5g? ( zygomatic process #a #a #f ,dep? or v]tical ext5t ( d4 #f ,transv]se ext5t ( zygomatic fossa #f ,transv]se diamet] ( cranium betwe5 ! zygomatic ar*es #e ,transv]se diamet] ( occipital plane ( ! cranium #a ,f ! outside ( "o condyle to t ( ! opposite condyle #h #f ,l5g? ( ! bony palate #a #f ,extreme bread? ( ditto #f ,bread? ( palate at ! int]maxill>y suture #b #f ,bread? ( palate beh9d ! mol> alveoli #c ,longitud9al ext5t ( ! mol> alveoli #i #f ,longitud9al ext5t ( ! dia/ema #e #f ,transv]se diamet] ( po/]ior nasal ap]ture #c #i ,transv]se diamet] ( occipital =am5 #c ,transv]se diamet] ( gl5oid cavity #d #f ,ant]o-po/]ior d4 ( ditto #a ,,description ,,( ,,fragm5ts ,,( ,a ,,l[] ,,jaw ,,& ,,tee? ,,( ,a ,,toxodon4 ,f\nd at ,bahia ,blanca1 9 latitude #ci on ! ,ea/ coa/ ( ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,9 look+ ov] "s fragm5ts ( jaws & tee?1 =m+ "p ( ,mr4 ,d>w9's collection ( ,s\? ,am]ican mammif]\s rema9s1 & :i* _h be5 set aside ) mutilat$ specim5s ref]rible to species belong+ to ! family ( ,ed5tata1 my att5tion 0 caught by ! appe>ance ( roots ( tee? project+1 9 a diff]5t direction f ! gr9d]s1 f ! fractur$ ant]ior extremity ( a l[] jaw1 & ,i 0 induc$ to exam9e m9utely ! /ructure ( ! tee? 9 ?is specim51 & to se>* ! collection = correspond+ fragm5ts4 ,! result 0 ! discov]y ( portions ( ! two rami1 & ! comm5cem5t ( ! symphysis ( a l[] jaw1 conta9+ ant]iorly ! roots ( six incisors1 & at lea/ six mol>s on ea* side2 b z ! rami _h be5 fractur$ ?r\gh ! middle ( ! six? alveolus1 ! numb] ( gr9d]s may h correspond$ ) ^? 9 ! upp] jaw ( ! ,toxodon4 ,! mo/ p]fect ( ^! fragm5ts is figur$ 9 ,pl4 ,v4 figures #a & #d2 figure #b %[s ! =m ( ! tee? 9 transv]se section1 & ! disposition ( ! enamel ^u ! gr9d+ surface ( ! mol>s on ! "r side1 z re/or$ f a comp>ison ( ! fractur$ tee? 9 ! two rami4 ,f ! rema9s ( ! symphysis %[n at fig4 #d1 x w be se5 t ! jaw 0 rem>kably compress$1 or n>r[ f side to side2 :ile ! rami 7fig4 #a47 7 ( consid]able dep?1 9 ord] to give lodgm5t to ! matrices & bases ( gr9d]s enjoy+ un9t]rupt$ gr[?4 ,! pulps ( ! six incisors 9 ?is l[] jaw are arrang$ 9 a pretty regul> semicircle1 ^: convexity is d[nw>ds2 ! tee? !mselves are direct$ =w>ds1 & curv$ upw>ds1 l ! inf]ior incisors ( ! ,rod5tia4 ,! =m & degree ( ! curvature are %[n 9 ! almo/ p]fect incisor 7,pl4 ,v4 fig4 #e7 :i* corresponds ) ! left inf]ior incisor ( ! l[] jaw1 & 0 f\nd 9 ! same /ratum1 b belong$ to ano!r individual4 ,^! incisors are ne>ly equal 9 size3 !y are all holl[ at _! base1 & ! indurat$ m9]al sub/ance impact$ 9 _! basal cavities well exhibits ! =m ( ! vascul> pulps :i* =m]ly occupi$ !m4 ,suffici5t ( ! too? itself rema9s 9 f\r ( ! sockets to %[ t ^! incisors1 l ! ne>ly p]fect "o 7fig4 #e71 _h only a p>tial inve/m5t ( enamel2 b ?\gh 9 ?is respect1 z well z 9 _! curvature & p]petual gr[?1 !y resemble ! d5tes scalpr>ii ( ! ,rod5tia1 !y diff] 9 hav+ a prismatic figure1 l ! inf]ior incisors ( ! ,sumatran ,rh9oc]os1 or ! tusks ( ! ,bo>4 ,two ( ! sides1 viz41 ^? =m+ ! ant]ior convex & mesial surfaces ( ! incisor h a coat+ ( enamel1 ab\t half a l9e 9 ?ickness1 :i* t]m9ates at ! angles betwe5 ^! & ! po/]ior or concave surface4 ,9 plate ,v4 fig4 #d1 ! enamel ( ! brok5 incisors is repres5t$ by %ort l9es1 %[+ ! direction ( its cry/all9e fibres2 ! :ite space imm$iately )9 ! enamel %[s ! ?ickness ( ! ivory at ! base ( ! too?1 ! includ$ gray sub/ance repres5ts a section ( ! =mative matrix or pulp ( ! too?1 :i* 0 ( ! usual conical =m3 ! inf]ior brok5 end ( ! incisor 7fig4 #e17 appe>s to h be5 di/ant ab\t "o-?ird f ! apex ( ! pulp4 ,f ! relative position ( ! bases or roots ( ^! incisors1 we may inf] t !y div]g$ f ea* o!r z !y advanc$ =w>ds1 9 ord] to br+ _! broade/ cutt+ surfaces into l9e4 ,t !y 7 oppos$ to tee? ( a correspond+ /ructure 9 ! upp] jaw is prov$ by ! oblique *isel-l cutt+ surface ( ! m p]fect incisor3 & x is n )\t int]e/ to f9d t ! pres5ce ( d5tes scalpr>ii at ! ant]ior "p ( ! m\? has n be5 necess>ily limit$ to ,mammalia ( small size4 ,! position ( ! pulps ( ^! incisors1 9 close proximity ) ! ant]ior gr9d]s1 corresponds ) ! position ( ! pulps ( ! incisors 9 ! upp] jaw ( ! ,toxodon1 & indicates1 9 conjunction ) ! size ( ! pulps1 t a consid]able ext5t ( ! inf]ior incisors 0 lodg$ 9 ! sub/ance ( ! ant]ior "p ( ! jaw4 ,x is mo/ likely t no v]tically direct$ too? w\ld be develop$ 9 ! "p ( ! jaw s occupi$ by ! curv$ bases ( ! incisors1 & h5ce a dia/ema or too?less space w\ld int]v5e betwe5 ! mol>s & incisors ( ?is l[] jaw1 z 9 ! upp] jaw ( ! ,toxodon4 ,x is int]e/+1 also1 to obs]ve1 t z ! deviations f ! ,rod5t type1 :i* occur 9 ! cranium ( ! ,toxodon1 are ! same1 9 "s in/ances1 z ^? :i* obta9 9 ! ,wombat2 s we f9d a correspond+ deviation 9 ! size & relative position ( ! inf]ior incisors1 :i*1 z 9 ! ,wombat1 t]m9ate ant]ior to ! mol> tee?1 in/ead ( ext5d+ backw>ds beyond ! la/ gr9d]1 z 9 mo/ ( ! true ,rod5ts4 ,! ,capyb>a pres5ts ! ne>e/ approa* to ?is /ructure1 ! pulps ( ! inf]ior incisors be+ situat$ opposite ! int]space ( ! fir/ & second gr9d]s4 ,! mol> tee?1 9 ?is mutilat$ l[] jaw1 l ^? 9 ! upp] jaw ( ,toxodon1 _h p]si/5t pulps1 z is prov$ by ! conical cavity at _! base1 z repres5t$ 9 fig4 #c2 !y consequ5tly requir$ a deep socket1 & a correspond+ dep? ( jaw to =m ! socket & protect ! pulps4 ,9 ord] to economise space1 & to increase ! p[] ( resi/ance 9 ! too?1 & p]haps1 also1 to dim9i% ! effects ( direct pressure on ! highly vascul> & s5sible matrix1 we f9d ! mol>s & _! sockets are curv$1 b 9 a less degree ?an ^? ( ! upp] jaw ( ! ,toxodon4 ,!y correspond1 h[ev]1 ) ! sup]ior mol>s ( ! ,toxodon 9 ! ant]o-po/]ior diamet]1 9 be+ small & simple at ! ant]ior "p ( ! jaw1 & by increas+ 9 magnitude & complexity z !y are situat$ m po/]iorly4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 n>r[] f side to side2 b suppos+ !m to belong to ! ,toxodon1 x w\ld agree 9 ?is respect ) mo/ o!r l>ge h]bivor\s mammalia2--! fix$ surface = attrition 9 ! upp] jaw be+ f obvi\s pr9ciples m ext5sive ?an ! oppos$ moveable surface 9 ! l[] jaw4 ,! fir/ gr9d]1 9 ! l[] jaw "h describ$ 7,pl4 ,v4 fig4 #b71 is ( small size & simple /ructure1 be+ surr\nd$ ) a coat+ ( enamel ( uni=m ?ickness1 & )\t any fold p5etrat+ ! sub/ance ( ! too?4 ,x is m curv$ ?an any ( ! o!r mol>s1 & appe>s to h diff]$ f ! ext]nal incisor only 9 its entire coat+ ( enamel & direction ( gr[?2 x is int]e/+1 inde$1 to f9d s gradual a transition1 9 /ructure1 f mol> to incisive tee?1 z ?is jaw pres5ts2 = ! robu/ incisors may "h be reg>d$ z repres5t+ mol>s simplifi$ by ! p>tial loss ( enamel1 & ) a *ange 9 _! direction4 ,9 ! second mol>1 we f9d an increase 9 ! ant]o-po/]ior diamet]1 & 9 ! l5g? ( ! too?1 & ! enamel at ! middle ( ! out] side makes a fold :i* p5etrates a little way into ! too?2 ! l9e ( enamel1 on ! inn] side1 is slightly concave & unbrok54 ,! ?ird mol> pres5ts an increase ( dim5sions 9 ! same directions z ! second2 ! enamel on ! out] side ( ! too? pres5ts a simil> fold1 b x is direct$ a little m backw>ds4 ,9 ! f\r? mol>1 besides a fur!r increase ( size1 & a correspond+ b deep] fold ( enamel 9 ! ext]nal side ( ! too?1 we h ! gr9d+ surface r5d]$ m complicat$ by two folds ( enamel ent]+ ! sub/ance ( ! too? f ! inn] side3 ^! folds divide ! ant]o-po/]ior ext5t ( ! too? into ?ree ne>ly equal p>ts2 !y are bo? direct$ obliquely =w>ds1 half-way across ! sub/ance ( ! ivory4 ,! fif? mol> pres5ts ! same /ructure z ! f\r?1 :i* x exce$s only slightly 9 size4 ,9 ! six? mol> we h a proportionally great] increase ( size 9 ! ant]o-po/]ior diamet]1 :i* measures two in*es2 b ! lat]al diamet] is b slightly augm5t$2 its /ructure resembles t ( ! fif?4 ,z ^! gr9d+ tee? by no means increase 9 ! lat]al diamet] 9 ! same proportion z 9 _! ant]o-po/]ior diamet]1 ! po/]ior ones pres5t1 b 9 a great] degree1 ! compress$ =m :i* *>act]izes ! gr9d]s ( ! upp] jaw ( ! ,toxodon4 ,x w be se51 h[ev]1 t !re is a diff]5ce 9 ! /ructure ( ! gr9d]s 9 ?is fragm5t ( ! l[] jaw & ^? ( ! upp] jaw ( ! ,toxodon4 ,9 ! l[] gr9d]s !re are two folds ( enamel proce$+ f ! inn] side ( ! too? into its sub/ance1 :il/ 9 ! upp] gr9d]s !re is only "o fold cont9u$ f ! inn] side2 9 ! l[] gr9d]s !re is also a fold ( enamel reflect$ into ! sub/ance ( ! too? f ! out] surface1 :ile 9 ! upp] gr9d]s ( ,toxodon we f9d ! enamel coat+ on ! out] side ( ! too? m]ely b5t inw>ds1 s z to describe1 9 ! transv]se section1 a g5tly undulat+ l9e2 fig4 #g1 ,pl4 ,v4 is ! gr9d+ surface ( ! six? mol>1 "r side1 upp] jaw4 ,b ?is diff]5ce ( /ructure is by no means incompatible ) ! co-exi/5ce ( ! two s]ies ( tee? 9 ! same animal1 s9ce we f9d ! gr9d]s ( ! upp] & l[] jaws pres5t+ diff]5ces ( /ructure ( equal degree 9 exi/+ h]bivor\s species4 ,if we exam9e ! jaws ( ! ,horse1 = example1 we %all f9d n only an equal am\nt ( diff]5ce 9 ! /ructure ( ! upp] & l[] gr9d]s1 b t !y deviate f "o ano!r 9 a v simil> mann] to t above describ$ 9 ! ,toxodon4 ,9 ?is comp>ison att5tion %\ld be conf9$ to ! c\rse ( ! ext]nal envelop+ lay] ( enamel1 leav+ out ( consid]ation ! c5tral cresc5tic isl&s ( enamel :i* con/itute ! additional complexity ( ! ,horse's gr9d]4 ,view+ !n ! c\rse ( ! ext]nal coat ( enamel on ! worn surface ( ! too?1 we f9d x describ+ on ! out] side ( ! too? 9 ! upp] jaw an undulat+ l9e1--a middle convexity be+ situat$ betwe5 two concavities2 on ! inn] side ( ! too? "o fold ( enamel p5etrates to ! middle ( ! too?1 & on ea* side ( ?is !re is a small] fold4 ,b 9 ! l[] jaw ! l9e ( enamel on ! out] side ( ! too?1 in/ead ( m]ely b5d+ outw>ds midway 9 its c\rse1 is reflect$ a little way inw>ds2 :ile on ! opposite1 or inn] side ( ! too?1 ! enamel s5ds two ext5sive folds into ! sub/ance ( ! too?1 opposite to ! int]space ( :i* ! %ort] fold projects f ! out] side4 ,n[1 on ! supposition t ! fragm5t ( ! l[] jaw "h describ$ belongs to ! ,toxodon1 ! k9d & degree ( diff]5ce 9 ! complexity ( ! gr9d+ surface ( ! tee? 9 ! upp] & l[] jaw1 are rem>kably analog\s to ^? :i* exi/ 9 ! ,horse4 ,i h only fur!r to rem>k t 9 ! ,horse ! inflect$ folds ( enamel1 in/ead ( be+ simple & /raight ) ! two con/itutive lay]s 9 apposition1 z 9 ! ,toxodon1 are irregul> 9 _! c\rse1 ) cm5tum int]v5+ betwe5 ! con/itutive lay]s1 :i* also div]ge f ea* o!r at _! angle ( reflection1 s z to augm5t ! am\nt ( d5se mat]ial :i* ent]s into ! composition ( ! too?4 ,_m analog\s examples w readily occur to ! exp]i5c$ comp>ative anatomi/4 ,! ,horse has be5 adduc$ z "o to :i* ref]5ce c v readily be made2 b ,i w\ld also cite ! ,sumatran ,rh9oc]os1 ! skull ( :i*1 9 ! ,hunt]ian collection1 has already be5 allud$ to4 ,9 ?is species ! ant]ior gr9d]s1 9 bo? jaws1 are small & simple1 & increase 9 complexity z !y rec$e backw>ds4 ,! ?ird sup]ior gr9d] 7fig4 #h1 ,pl4 ,v47 pres5ts a s+le fold ( enamel1 reflect$ obliquely =w>ds f ! inn] side half-way across ! too?2 ! out] l9e ( enamel describes a simply undulat+ l9e4 ,! opposite gr9d] ( ! l[] jaw 7fig4 #i1 ,pl4 ,v47 has only "o-half ! bread? ( ! upp] "o1 b has its gr9d+ surface fur!r complicat$ by hav+ two inflect$ folds ( enamel f ! inn] side1 & "o %ort] & broad] fold f ! out] side4 ,?is too?1 !re=e1 pres5ts a close resemblance to "o ( ! po/]ior gr9d]s ( ! l[] jaw ( ! ,toxodon1 b diff]s ess5tially 9 be+ ( limit$ gr[?1 & consequ5tly 9 hav+ fangs4#ae ,9 speculat+ ^u ! nature ( ! organiz$ sub/ances :i* ! tee? ( ! ,toxodon 7 de/9$ to gr9d d[n1 we mu/ n only take ! /ructure ( ! too? into consid]ation1 b also ! p[] ( p]petual r5ovation1 :i* w comp5sate = ! defective quantity ( enamel 9 ! gr9d]s ( ! ,toxodon1 z comp>$ ) ^? ( ! exi/+ ,rum9ants & ,pa*yd]ms1 ^: gr9d]s1 :5 once complet$1 receive no fur!r addition ( d5tal sub/ance at _! base4 ,! ,toxodon1 9 ?is "* ( its d5tition1 p>ticipat$ 9 ! same advantages ) ! ,capyb>a & ! ,mega!rium4 ,al?\gh we h be5 enabl$ to obs]ve ! /ructure ( ! gr9d+ tee? ( ! upp] jaw ( ! ,toxodon 9 two examples only2 "o1 an insulat$ p]fect gr9d] correspond+ to ! six? alveolus on ! "r side1 & ! o!r1 a portion ( ! la/ gr9d] ( ! left side rema9+ 9 ! socket ( ! head previ\sly describ$1 yet f ! relations subsi/+ betwe5 socket & too?1 a v satisfactory op9ion may be =m$ ( ! /ructure ( ^? tee? :i* are want+1 z well z ( _! size4 ,x ?us appe>s1 t ! gr9d]s ( ! upp] jaw ( ! ,toxodon1 are small & simple at ! ant]ior "p ( ! jaw1 & t !y increase 7*iefly 9 ant]o-po/]ior ext5t7 9 size1 z well z 9 complexity1 z !y rec$e backw>ds 9 ! jaw4 ,9 ?is respect1 z well z 9 size1 ! tee?1 9 ! fragm5ts ( ! l[] jaw j describ$1 exactly correspond4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a slight diff]5ce 9 ! lat]al diamet] ( ! two sets ( gr9d]s1 ^? ( ! l[] jaw be+ n>r[]1 z is usually ! case1 b n 9 ! same degree z 9 ! ,horse or ,rum9ant4 ,a great] diff]5ce obta9s 9 ! degree ( curvature ( ! two sets ( mol>s1 ^? ( ! l[] jaw1 especially ! po/]ior gr9d]s1 be+ mu* less b5t ?an ! correspond+ tee? ( ! upp] jaw4 ,x is necess>y to obs]ve1 also1 t ! convexity ( ! curve ( ! inf]ior gr9d]s is direct$ outw>ds1 z 9 ! sup]ior gr9d]s2 :ile 9 ! ,gu9ea ,pig & ,wombat1 :i* h also curv$ gr9d]s1 ! convexity is outw>ds 9 ! l[] jaw1 & inw>ds 9 ! upp] jaw4 ,nev]!less1 if we take into consid]ation ! close simil>ity :i* exi/s betwe5 ! tee? ( ! upp] jaw ( ! ,toxodon1 & ^? ( ?is l[] jaw 9 m ess5tial po9ts1 z 9 _! p]si/5t pulps1 _! *>act]i/ic /ructure & =m1 ! dep? ( _! sockets1 & _! relative sizes & complexity2 & :5 we consid] h[ ! dep? ( ?is l[] jaw1 & its n>r[ness 9 ! transv]se direction1 corresponds ) ! *>act]i/ic =m ( ! upp] jaw ( ! ,toxodon1 & t to ^! resemblances is add$ an app>atus ( incisors adequate to oppose ! great d5tes scalpr>ii ( ! upp] jaw1 ! conclusion seems irresi/ible1 t ! l[] jaw1 "h describ$1 mu/ be ref]r$1 if n to ! same1 at lea/ to a ne>ly alli$ species ( ,toxodon1 z t to :i* ! l>ge cranium belong$4 ,fur!r rese>*es 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 x is hop$1 w lead1 ere long1 to ! completion ( our k ( ! o/eology ( ?is v rem>kable & int]e/+ g5us ( ext9ct mammif]\s animals4 ,,description ,,( ,,p>ts ,,( ,,! ,,skeleton ,,( ,,macrau*5ia ,,pata*onica2 ,a l>ge ext9ct ,mammif]\s ,animal1 ref]rible to ! ,ord] ,pa*yd]mata2 b ) aff9ities to ! ,rum9antia1 & especially to ! ,camelid4 ,9 ! prec$+ pages ! nature & aff9ities ( a l>ge ext9ct ,mammal 7 attempt$ to be det]m9$ f ! cranium & tee? exclusively3 we come n[ to consid] ! rema9s ( a quadrup$ consi/+ ( bones ( ! trunk & extremities1 )\t a fragm5t ( a too? or ( ! cranium to s]ve z a guide to its position 9 ! zoological scale4 ,x may appe>1 ev5 to anatomi/s & naturali/s famili> ) ! k9d ( evid5ce af=d$ by a fossil fragm5t1 t an op9ion z to ! relation ( ! pres5t species to a p>ticul> family ( ,rum9ants1 =m$ )\t a k ( ! important organs ( m&ucation1 mu/ be vague & d\btful1 b ! evid5ce ab\t to be adduc$1 w be reg>d$1 x is hop$1 z m conclusive ?an c\ld h be5 priori expect$4 ,! portions ( ! skeleton ( ! animal--:i*1 9 relation to ! aff9ity above allud$ to1 z well z f ! l5g? ( its neck1 ,i propose to call ,macrau*5ia#af--7 discov]$ by ,mr4 ,d>w9 9 an irregul> b$ ( s&y soil1 ov]ly+ a horizontal accumulation ( gravel on ! s\? side ( ,port ,/4 ,julian3 & indep5d5tly ( ! circum/ances "u :i* !y 7 f\nd1 _! correspond5ce ) ea* o!r 9 size1 col\r1 texture & g5]al "* prove !m to h belong$ to "o & ! same individual4 ,^! rema9s include two c]vical v]tebr1 sev5 lumb> v]tebr1 all m or less fractur$2 a portion ( ! sacrum & ossa innom9ata2 fragm5ts ( ! "r scapula2 ( ! "r radius & ulna1 & "r =e-foot2 ! "r femur ne>ly entire1 ! proximal & di/al extremities ( ! "r tibia & fibula2 & a metat>sal bone ( ! "r h9d-foot4 ,be=e ent]+ ^u ! description ( ^! rema9s1 a few obs]vations may be advantage\sly premis$ on "s ( ! di/+ui%+ *>act]s ( ! ,camelid4 ,x is well kn[n t ! ,camels & ,llamas deviate 9 _! d5tition1 viz41 9 ! pres5ce ( two incisors 9 ! upp] jaw1 f ! true ,rum9ants2 & we _c avoid p]ceiv+ t 9 ?is p>ticul> ! direction 9 :i* !y deviate t5ds t[>ds ! cont]m9\s ,ungulate ,ord]1 9 :i* incisor tee? are r>ely abs5t 9 ! upp] jaw4 ,!y also fur!r deviate f ! ,rum9ants & approa* ! ,pa*yd]ms 9 ! abs5ce ( cotyl$ons 9 ! ut]us & fetal membranes2 hav+1 in/ead !re(1 a diffus$ vascul> villosity ( ! *orion1 z 9 ! s[ & m>e4 ,b besides ^! *>act]s1 by :i*1 9 rec$+ f "o type ( ho($ mammalia1 ! ,camelid claim aff9ity ) ano!r1 !re are _m p>ts ( _! organization peculi> to !mselves2 ( "s ( ^! peculi>ities1 ! relation to ! circum/ances "u :i* ! animal exi/s1 c be satisfactorily trac$2 9 o!rs1 ! connection ( ! /ructure ) ! exig5cies ( ! species1 is by no means obvi\s1 & 9 ?is pr$icam5t /&s ! o/eological peculi>ity1 :i* is imm$iately connect$ ) our pres5t subject--a peculi>ity 9 :i* ! ,camelid diff] n only f ! o!r ,rum9ants1 b f all o!r exi/+ ,mammalia1 & :i* consi/s 9 ! abs5ce ( p]=ations = ! v]tebral art]ies 9 ! transv]se processes ( ! c]vical v]tebr1 ! atlas except$4 ,i may obs]ve t :at is describ$ z a p]=ation ( a s+le transv]se process 9 a c]vical v]tebra is ess5tially a space int]v5+ betwe5 two transv]se processes1 a rudim5tal rib1 & ! body ( ! v]tebra4 ,9 ! cold-blood$ ,saurians1--9 :i* ! conflu5ce ( ! sep>ate elem5ts ( a v]tebra takes place t>dily & imp]fectly1 if at all1--! nature ( ! s call$ p]=ation ( ! transv]se process is v cle>ly manife/$1 z 9 ! c]vical v]tebr ( ! ,crocodile1 9 :i* ! int]space ( ! inf]ior & sup]ior transv]se processes is clos$ ext]nally by a sep>ate %ort moveable c]vical rib4 ,9 ! ,orni?orhyn*us p>adoxus ! v]tebra d5tata also pres]ves ?r\gh\t life ?is condition ( its lat]al app5dages3 9 o!r ,mammalia x is only 9 ! ftal /ate t ! two transv]se processes are manife/$ on ea* side ) _! extremities unit$ by a di/9ct c>tilage1 :i* aft]w>ds becomes ossifi$ & an*ylos$ to !m4 ,9 ! ,hippopotamus ! inf]ior transv]se process s5ds d[nw>ds a broad flat plate ext5d$ ne>ly 9 ! axis ( ! neck1 b s obliquely1 t ! po/]ior m>g9s ( ^! processes1 9 "o v]tebra1 ov]lap ! ant]ior ones ( ! succe$+ v]tebra bel[1 l ! c]vical ribs 9 ! ,crocodile2 ! same /ructure obta9s 9 _m o!r mammalia1 especially 9 ! ,m>supials4 ,9 ! ,giraffe1 ! inf]ior transv]se processes are repres5t$ by relatively small] compress$ lam91 project+ obliquely d[nw>ds & outw>ds f ! ant]ior & inf]ior extremity ( ! body ( ! v]tebra4 ,! sup]ior transv]se processes 9 ?is animal are v slightly develop$ 9 any ( ! c]vical v]tebr1 & ! p]=ation = ! v]tebral art]y is above & g5]ally 9 front ( ! rudim5t ( ?is process1 be+ cont9u$ z x 7 ?r\gh ! side ( ! sub/ance ( ! body ( ! v]tebr4 ,9 ! long c]vical v]tebr ( ! ,camel & ,llama1 ! upp] & l[] transv]se processes are n develop$ 9 ! same p]p5dicul> plane on ! sides ( ! v]tebr1 b at "s di/ance f ea* o!r2 ! l[] transv]se processes 7a1 fig4 #a1 ,pl4 ,,vi42 a1 fig4 #a1 #c1 #d1 ,pl4 ,,vii47 be+ giv5 (f f ! l[] "p ( ! ant]ior extremity ( ! body ( ! v]tebra2 ! upp] ones 7b1 fig4 #a1 ,pl4 ,,vi42 a1 fig4 #a1 #c1 #d1 ,pl4 ,,vii47 f ! base ( ! sup]ior ar* ne> ! po/]ior "p ( ! v]tebra1 or f ! sides ( ! po/]ior "p ( ! body ( ! v]tebr4 ,! extremities ( ^! transv]se processes d n become unit$ toge!r1 b !y ei!r pass into ea* o!r at _! base1 or cont9ue ?r\gh\t life sep>at$ by an oblique groove 7z 9 fig4 #a1 ,pl4 ,,vi47 ,?is groove w\ld n1 h[ev]1 af=d suffici5t def5ce = ! important art]ies supply+ ^? p>ts ( ! bra9 :i* are mo/ ess5tial to life2 &1 accord+ly ! v]tebral art]ies "h deviate f _! usual c\rse1 9 ord] t adequate protection may be af=d$ to !m 9 _! c\rse along ! neck4 ,f ! six? to ! second c]vical v]tebr inclusive 9 ! ,au*5i1 & f ! fif? to ! second inclusive 9 ! ,cameli1#ag ! v]tebral art]ies ent] ! v]tebral canal itself1 along ) ! sp9al *ord1 at ! po/]ior ap]ture 9 ea* v]tebra1 run =w>ds on ! outside ( ! dura mat] ( ! *ord betwe5 x & ! v]tebral ar*1 & :5 !y h ?us trav]s$ ab\t two-?irds ( ! sp9al canal1 !y p]=ate respectively ! sup]ior v]tebral lam91 & em]ge directly b5ea? ! ant]ior oblique or articulat+ processes1 :5ce !y are cont9u$ along ) ! sp9al *ord into ! v]tebral canal ( ! succe$+ v]tebra1 & p]=ate ! sides ( ! ant]ior "p ( ! sup]ior ar* 9 l mann]2 & s on ?r\gh all ! c]vical v]tebr until !y rea* ! atlas1 9 :i* _! disposition1 & consequ5tly ! /ructure ( ! art]ial canals1 resemble ^? 9 o!r ,rum9ants4 ,! two c]vical v]tebr ( ! ,macrau*5ia pres5t precisely ! /ructure & disposition ( ! bony canals = ! v]tebral art]ies :i* are peculi>ly *>act]i/ic ( ! ,camelid among exi/+ ,mammalia4 ,9 ,plate ,,vi4 fig4 #b1 ! groove & orifices ( ! canal = ! v]tebral art]y are %[n 9 a section expos+ ! sp9al canal3 9 ,plate ,,vii4 figures #a & #c exhibit ! orifices at ! comm5cem5t ( ! art]ial canals1 z se5 9 a po/]ior view ( ! v]tebr2 9 figs4 #b & #d1 ! t]m9ations ( ! same canals are %[n1 9 ! ant]ior view ( ! same v]tebr2 ! small] figures 7#c & #d7 are tak5 f ! f\r? c]vical v]tebra ( a ,llama4 ,! v]tebr ( ! ,macrau*5ia also closely resemble ! middle c]vical v]tebr ( ! ,vicugna & ,llama 9 _! elongat$ =m2 approa*+ ! ,au*5ial division ( ! ,camelid1 & deviat+ f ! true ,camels 9 ! relations ( ! l5g? ( ! body ( ! v]tebra to its bread? & dep?1 & 9 ! mu* small] size ( ! inf]ior processes4 ,except+ ! ,giraffe1 !re is no exi/+ mammal :i* possesses c]vical v]tebr s long z ! ,macrau*5ia2 b ! c]vical v]tebr ( ! ,giraffe1 diff] 9 ! situation ( ! p]=ations = ! v]tebral art]ies1 & 9 ! =m ( ! t]m9al articul> surfaces1 z w be pres5tly notic$4 ,bo? ( ! c]vical v]tebr ( ! ,macrau*5ia "h describ$1 are ( ! same size1 ea* measures six in*es & a half 9 extreme l5g?1 two in*es1 t5 l9es 9 bread?1 & two in*es1 f\r l9es 9 dep?4 ,9 ! ,giraffe & ! ,camelid1 ! sp9\s processes are ?9 lam9 ( consid]able ext5t 9 ! axis ( ! v]tebra1 b ris+ to a v %ort di/ance above ! level ( ! v]tebral ar*3 ! sp9\s processes h ! same =m 9 ! correspond+ v]tebr ( ! ,macrau*5ia1 b pres5t a /ill great] longitud9al ext5t2 !y comm5ce at ! int]space ( ! ant]ior oblique processes1 & ext5d to opposite ! base ( ! po/]ior oblique processes2 ! upp] m>g9 describ+ a g5tle curve1 z %[n 9 fig4 #a1 ,pl4 ,,vi4 ,! transv]se processes also pres5t ! =m ( slightly produc$1 b longitud9ally ext5d$1 lam93 _! disposition is ess5tially ! same z 9 ! ,camelid1 b m ne>ly corresponds ) ! modifications pres5t$ by ! ,au*5i4 ,! inf]ior transv]se processes1--^? :i* are alone develop$ 9 fi%1 b :i* are n pres5t 9 any o!r v]tebr save ! c]vical1 9 mammalia1--^! processes 9 ! ,macrau*5ia are cont9u$ f ! sides ( ! "u surface ( ! ant]ior "p ( ! body ( ! v]tebra2 _! extremities be+ brok5 (f1 x _c be det]m9$ h[ f> !y ext5d$ f ! body ( ! v]tebr1 b !y gradually subside z !y pass backw>ds3 ! sup]ior transv]se processes are cont9u$ outw>ds f ! sides ( ! po/]ior "p ( ! body ( ! v]tebra1 & gradually subside z !y advance =w>ds along ?ree-f\r?s ( ! body ( ! v]tebra3 !y are n cont9u$ into ! ant]ior & inf]ior transv]se processes1 z 9 ! ,vicugna1 b are sep>at$ !refrom by a n>r[ & %all[ groove4 ,! articul>1 or oblique processes1 closely resemble ^? ( ! ,au*5ia 9 =m1 & 9 ! direction ( ! articul> surfaces2 ^? ( ! ant]ior processes look+ inw>ds & a little upw>ds2 ^? ( ! po/]ior1 outw>ds & a little d[nw>ds4 ,9 ! ,macrau*5ia a small longitud9al process 7c1 fig4 #b1 ,pl4 ,,vii47 is giv5 (f imm$iately bel[ ! base ( ! ant]ior oblique process2 ?is /ructure is n obs]vable 9 any ( ! c]vical v]tebr ( ! ,giraffe or ,camelid4 ,9 ! =m ( ! articulat+ surfaces ( ! bodies ( ! v]tebr ! ,macrau*5ia deviates f ! ,giraffe & ,camel1 b resembles ! ,au*5i4 ,9 ! ,giraffe & ,camel ! ant]ior articulat+ surface is convex & almo/ hemisph]ic1 ! po/]ior surface is proportionally concave1 s t ! c]vical v]tebr are articulat$ by ball & socket jo9ts2 yet n1 z 9 mo/ ,reptiles1 ) int]v5+ synovial cavities1 b by ! conc5tric ligam5t\s int]v]tebral sub/ance *>act]i/ic ( ! ,mammif]\s class4 ,9 ! ,llama & ,vicugna1 ! degree ( convexity & concavity 9 ! articul> surface ( ! bodies ( ! c]vical v]tebr is mu* less ?an 9 ! ,camels2 & 9 consequ5ce !y c>ry _! necks m /iffly & m 9 a /raight l9e4 ,9 ,macrau*5ia ! ant]ior articulat+ surface 7fig4 #b1 ,pl4 ,,vii47 pres5ts a /ill slight] convexity ?an 9 ! ,llama 7fig4 #d1 ,pl4 ,,vii471 & ! po/]ior surface 7fig4 #a1 ,pl4 ,,vii47 pres5ts a correspond+ly %all[] concavity4 ,! =m ( ! extremities ( ! body ( ! v]tebr1 especially ( ! po/]ior1 is sub-hexagonal1 ! bread? be+ to ! dep? z eight to five4 ,! sides & "u "p ( ! v]tebr are slightly concave2 on ! inf]ior surface !re are two ridges1 cont9u$ =w>ds f ! po/]ior m>g9 ( ! v]tebra1 ea* situat$ ab\t an in* di/ant f ! middle l9e2 !y conv]ge z !y pass =w>ds1 & are gradually lo/ 9 ! level ( ! v]tebra2 _! greate/ elevation does n exce$ half an in*4 ,9 ! ,au*5i !re is a longitud9al protub]ance 9 ! mesial l9e1 in/ead ( ! two ridges4 ,! two long c]vical v]tebr ( ! ,macrau*5ia are also *>act]iz$ by ! ma9t5ance ( an almo/ uni=m diamet] ( ! body1 bo? 9 its v]tical & transv]se ext5t2 ! c]vical v]tebr ( ! ,vicugna come ne>e/ to !m 9 ?is respect2 ^? ( ! ,camel deviate fur!r 9 ! l>ge excavation at ! "u "p ( ! body4 ,! long v]tebral or sp9al canal (f]s a slight enl>gem5t at ! two extremities2 ?is /ructure :i* is g5]ally 9 ! ratio ( ! ext5t ( motion ( ! v]tebr on ea* o!r is m m>k$ 9 ! ,camel1 :]e ! =m & mode ( articulation ( ! bodies ( ! v]tebr are design$ to admit ( a free & ext5sive inflection ( ! c]vical v]tebr2 & ! result ( ?is /ructure is v obvi\s 9 ! sigmoid flexure ( ! neck 9 ! liv+ animal4 ,9 ! ,au*5i1 on ! contr>y1 ! neck is c>ri$ less gracefully erect & 9 an almo/ /raight l9e1 & ! =m ( ! v]tebr & ! nature ( _! jo9ts correspond1 z we h se51 to ?is condition4 ,f ! l5g? ( ! bodies ( ! c]vical v]tebr ( ! ,macrau*5ia1 & ! almo/ flatt5$ =m ( _! ant]ior & po/]ior articul> surfaces1 ,i inf] t ! long neck 9 ?is s+ul> quadrup$ mu/ h be5 c>ri$ 9 ! same /iff & upright position z 9 ! ,vicugna & ,guanaco4 ,! foll[+ individual diff]5ces are obs]vable 9 ! two c]vical v]tebr ( ! ,macrau*5ia2--9 ! po/]ior "o ! sup]ior ar* is wid] & ) ?ick] p>ietes1 ! body is m concave bel[1 & ! inf]ior transv]se processes h a m l5g!n$ orig94 ,n a fragm5t ( dorsal v]tebr1 ribs or /]num1 is includ$ 9 ! collection ( ! bones ( ! ,macrau*5ia2 b =tunately sev5 lumb> v]tebr1 =m+ a consecutive s]ies ( ! same individual z t to :i* ! c]vical v]tebr belong$1 7 obta9$1 all m or less fractur$1 b all suffici5tly p]fect to demon/rate _! true nature4 ,^! v]tebr1 al?\gh n possess+ su* di/9ctive *>act]s z ! c]vical1 contribute by no means an unimportant elem5t t[>ds ! illu/ration ( ! o/eology ( ! ,macrau*5ia1 & support ! view :i* ,i h tak5 ( its aff9ities2 =1 al?\gh1 z w be se5 f ! /ructure ( its extremities1 ?is animal mu/ be ref]r$ to ! ,ord] ,pa*yd]mata1 yet no exi/+ species ( t ord] has m ?an six lumb> v]tebr2 :il/ among ! ,rum9ants x is only 9 ! ,camel1 ,drom$>y1 ,llama & ,vicugna1 t ! lumb> v]tebr rea* ! numb] sev51--! same numb] :i* *>act]izes ! ext9ct annectant species 9 "q4 ,! dim5sions ( ! v]tebr 9 ! ,macrau*5ia pres5t ! same relations to ! two c]vical v]tebr above describ$1 :i* ! lumb> v]tebr ( ! ,vicugna be> to ! ?ird1 f\r?1 or fif? ( its c]vical v]tebr4 ,b "h we beg9 to discov] modifications ( =m1 9 :i* ! ,macrau*5ia deviates f ! ,camelid1 & approa*es ! ,pa*yd]ms1 z ! ,horse & ,hippopotamus2 & ^! indications become /rong] z ! v]tebr approa* ! sacrum4 ,9 ! ,camel1 z well z 9 ! ,horse & ,hippopotamus1 ! bodies ( ! lumb> v]tebr dim9i% 9 v]tical ext5t1 or become flatt]1 z !y approa* ! sacrum2 b ?is "* is m /rongly m>k$ 9 ! ,macrau*5ia ?an 9 ei!r ( ! above species4 ,b 9 ! ,camelid ! transv]se processes ( ! lumb> v]tebr1 are elongat$1 flatt5$1 & n>r[1 resembl+ ribs1 except t !y are ne>ly /raight2 & ?is is m p>ticul>ly ! case ) ! transv]se processes ( ! la/ lumb> v]tebr1 :i* are ! n>r[e/ ( all 9 proportion to _! l5g?1 & /& freely out )\t t\*+ ! sacrum4 ,! transv]se processes ( ! lumb> v]tebr ( ! ,giraffe resemble ^? ( ! ,camel1 b are relatively small] & %ort]4 ,9 ! ,hippopotamus ! transv]se processes ( ! lumb> v]tebr are mu* broad] 9 proportion to _! l5g? ?an 9 any ( ! ,rum9ants1 & !y increase 9 bread? to ! la/ lumb> v]tebra1 :i* pres5ts 9 addition1 ! foll[+ *>act]s2 ea* transv]se process s5ds (f f its po/]ior m>g9 a ?ick5$ & transv]sely elongat$ protub]ance1 :i* supports a flatt5$ articul> surface adapt$ to a correspond+ surface on ! ant]ior "p ( ! transv]se process ( ! fir/ sacral v]tebra3 x likewise pres5ts on its ant]ior edge a flatt5$ & r\gh surface1 :i* is closely atta*$ by ligam5t\s sub/ance to ! opposite "p ( ! transv]se process ( ! p5ultimate lumb> v]tebra4 ,a simil> /ructure exi/s 9 ! la/ two lumb> v]tebr ( ! ,rh9oc]os1 ,tapir1 & ,horse4 ,9 ! latt] animal1 an*ylosis ( ^! articulat+ surfaces ( ! lumb> & sacral v]tebr g5]ally takes place ) age1 &1 judg+ f ! "* ( ! same surfaces 9 ! ,hippopotamus1 ! motion ( its lumb> v]tebr ^u ! sacrum may 9 l mann] become ultimately arre/$4 ,n[ 9 ! ,macrau*5ia1 z 9 ! ,pa*yd]ms above cit$1 ! transv]se processes ( ! la/ lumb> v]tebr are ( consid]able ?ickness & ext5t1 & are jo9$ by en>?rosis to ! transv]se processes ( ! sacrum2 b ! bony /ructure ( ^! jo9ts w\ld indicate t !y 7 n subject to be oblit]at$ by an*ylosis4 ,! articul> surfaces :i* project f ! po/]ior "p ( ! transv]se processes ( ! la/ lumb> v]tebr pres5t a regul> & smoo? concavity1 adapt$ to a correspond+ convexity 9 ! transv]se processes ( ! fir/ sacral v]tebra4 ,^! articulat+ surfaces h evid5tly be5 cov]$ ) smoo? c>tilage2 !y pres5t a pretty regul> transv]se ellipsoid =m4 ,a view ( ! ?ree jo9ts by :i*1 indep5d5tly ( ! two oblique processes1 ! la/ lumb> v]tebra ( ! ,macrau*5ia 0 articulat$ ) ! sacrum1 is giv5 9 ,plate ,,viii4 fig4 #a4 ,! transv]se processes ( ! po/]ior lumb> v]tebra1 besides _! agreem5t ) ^? ( ! ,horse & ,hippopotamus 9 ! /ructure j describ$1 also correspond ) !m 9 g5]al =m1 & deviate rem>kably f ^? ( ! ,camelid 9 _! great bread?4 ,x w be se5 t ! articulations on ! body & transv]se processes ( ! la/ lumb> v]tebra ( ! ,macrau*5ia diff] f ! correspond+ articul> surfaces ( ! ,horse1 inasmu* z ! middle surface is convex1 :ile ! two lat]al ones are concave1 & ^! are moreov] relatively l>g] ?an ei!r 9 ! ,horse or ,hippopotamus3 by ?is /ructure ! trunk 0 m firmly lock$ to t segm5t ( ! v]tebral column1 :i* receives & transmits to ! re/ ( ! body ! motive impetus d]iv$ f ! h9d] extremities1 :i* are 9 all quadrup$s ! *ief p[]s 9 progression2 :ile at ! same "t ! %ock mu/ h be5 dim9i%$ by ! great ext5t ( int]pos$ ela/ic c>tilages2 & a c]ta9 yield+ or slid+ motion w\ld be all[$ betwe5 ! lumb> v]tebr & sacrum4 ,! ant]ior oblique processes ( ! lumb> v]tebr ( ! ,macrau*5ia 7fig4 #d1 ,pl4 ,,viii47 h concave articul> facets turn$ t[>ds1 & ne>ly cont9u$ into1 ea* o!r at _! l[] extremities2 s z to =m toge!r a deep semilun> not*1 into :i* ! correspond+ convex articul> surfaces ( ! po/]ior oblique processes ( ! adjo9+ v]tebra 7fig4 #c1 ,pl4 ,,viii47 are firmly lock$4 ,9 ! close approximation ( ! two ant]ior concave articul> facets1 :i* are sep>at$ f ea* o!r only by a v]tical ridge1 & a r\gh surface ( ab\t ?ree or f\r l9es 9 bread?1 ! lumb> v]tebr ( ! ,macrau*5e resemble ^? ( ! ,horse1 & diff] f ^? ( ! ,camel tribe & ,rum9ants g5]ally1 9 :i* ^? surfaces are wid] ap>t4 ,9 ! hook-l =m1 h[ev]1 ( ^! articul> processes ! lumb> v]tebr ( ! ,macrau*5e diff] f ^? ( ! ,horse2 & resemble ^? ( _m ,rum9ant species1 & ( ! ,anoplo!re2#ah b ! degree ( concavity ( ! articulat+ surface is n s great 9 ! ,macrau*5e4 ,x w\ld be int]e/+ to det]m9e ! relations :i* ! lumb> v]tebr ( ! ,macrau*5e be> to ^? ( ! ,palo!re2 b ! indication :i* ,cuvi] gives ( ! s+le lumb> v]tebra1 ( :i* he _h cognizance 9 ! latt] g5us#ai is too slight to enable me to ent] ^u ! comp>ison4 ,! :ole l5g? ( ! lumb> region 9 ! ,macrau*5e is tw5ty in*es4 ,:5 ! bodies ( ^! v]tebr are naturally adapt$ toge!r1 !y =m a slight curve1 indicat+ t ! lo9s ( ! ,macrau*5e 7 ar*$1 or b5t d[nw>ds t[>ds ! sacrum4 ,t ! lumb> v]tebr 7 rigidly connect$ toge!r1 or b slightly flexible1 is evid5t f ! flatness ( ! articul> surfaces ( ! v]tebral body1 & by ! circum/ance ( ossification hav+ ext5d$ along ! ant]ior v]tebral ligam5ts1 & produc$ an an*ylosis betwe5 ! f\r? & fif? lumb> v]tebr2 7fig4 #b1 c1 ,pl4 ,,viii47 ,?is k9d ( ossification is frequ5t 9 ag$ horses1 & ,i h se5 an example ( a simil> an*ylosis ( ! lumb> v]tebr1 by abnormal deposition ( bone 9 _! ant]ior ligam5ts1 9 ! skeleton ( a ,hippopotamus pres]v$ 9 ! ,s5k5b]gian ,museum1 at ,frank=t4 ,9 prep>+ ! prec$+ acc\nt ( ! c]vical & lumb> regions ( ! v]tebral column ( ! ,macrau*5e1 ,i h felt frequ5tly a /rong desire to ent] into a comp>ison betwe5 !m & ! correspond+ v]tebr ( ! ext9ct ,pa*yd]ms ( ! ,p>is ,bas94 ,"s ( ^!1 z ! ,anoplo!rium gracile1 9 ! l5g? & sl5d]ness ( ! c]vical v]tebr1 resemble bo? ,au*5ia & ,macrau*5ia2 o!rs1 z ! ,palo!rium m9us1 & probably ! re/ ( ! g5us1 resemble ! ,camelid & ,macrau*5ia 9 hav+ sev5 lumb> v]tebr4 ,cuvi] po9ts out ! resemblance :i* ! atlas ( ! ,anoplo!re be>s to t ( ! ,camel1 & especially ( ! ,llama2#bj b he expressly notices ! exi/5ce ( ! canals = ! v]tebral art]y 9 ! fif? or six? c]vical v]tebra ( ! ,anoplo!rium commune4#ba ,d ! c]vical v]tebr--say f ! ?ird to ! six? inclusive--( ! ,palo!rium pres5t an imp]=ate condition ( _! transv]se processes1 or ext]ior "p ( _! sides8 ,cuvi]1 :o seems n to h be5 aw>e ( ?is peculi>ity 9 ! ,camelid1 m]ely notices ! abs5ce ( ^! art]ial =am9a 9 ! la/ c]vical v]tebra ( ! ,palo!rium m9us1#bb :i*1 un=tunately = ! comp>ison ,i am desir\s ( e/abli%+1 is t :i* mo/ commonly pres5ts ?is imp]=ate condition 9 ! ,mammalia g5]ally4 ,z1 h[ev]1 ! c]vical v]tebr ( ! ,palo!re _h ! ant]ior articul> surface ( ! body convex1 & ! transv]se processes produc$ into desc5d+ lam91 x is mo/ probable t !y correspond$ ) ! c]vical v]tebr ( ! typical ,pa*yd]ms 9 ! condition ( _! art]ial =am9a4 ,! sacrum & ossa innom9ata 9 ! pres5t specim5 ( ,macrau*5ia are v imp]fect2 b suffici5t is pres]v$ to %[ t ! sacrum 0 an*ylos$ to ! ilia3 ! l[] b\nd>y ( ?is an*ylosis is m>k$ bel[ by an ext]nal ridge1 & by vascul> canals & grooves 9 ! sub/ance ( ! bone1 z 9 ! ,hippopotamus4 ,! body ( ! sacrum is lo/1 b ! smoo? articul> convexities ^u ! transv]se processes adapt$ to ! articul> depressions ( ! la/ lumb> v]tebra are =tunately pres]v$4 ,! rema9s ( ! ant]ior extremity ( our ,macrau*5ia include fragm5ts ( a left scapula2 ! proximal extremities ( ! an*ylos$ bones ( ! "r antibra*ium2 ! metac>pal & mo/ ( ! phalangeal bones ( ! "r =e-foot4 ,! fir/-m5tion$ fragm5ts1 include ! head & neck ( ! scapula1 a small "p ( its body ) ! beg9n+ ( ! sp9e1 ! coracoid process1 & ! ne>ly entire gl5oid cavity4 ,?is articul> surface 7fig4 #b1 ,pl4 ,,ix47 resembles 9 its g5]al =m1 & degree ( concavity1 t ( ! ,camel & ,rh9oc]os1 & is deep] ?an 9 ! ,hippopotamus4 ,! coracoid process is repres5t$ by a slightly produc$ r\gh1 ?ick1 & obtuse tub]osity1 situat$ clos] to ! gl5oid cavity ?an 9 ! ,camelid or ,rh9oc]os1 & hav+ almo/ ! same relative position & size1 z 9 ! ,palo!rium crassum4 ,! sup]ior bord] or co/a ( ! scapula pres5ts mu* v>iety 9 ! ,ungulate quadrup$s ) :i* we h to comp>e ! ,macrau*5ia4 ,9 ! ,rum9ants its cont\r =ms beh9d ! coracoid a concave sweep1 :i* advances close to ! sp9e ( ! scapula4 ,9 ! ,camel & ,horse ! m>g9al concavity is %all[]1 & ! di/ance ( ! sup]ior co/a f ! sp9e ( ! scapula is great]2 ! ext5t ( ! supra-sp9al fossa increases 9 ! true ,pa*yd]ms1 & ! ,macrau*5e agrees ) !m 9 ?is /ructure4 ,9 ! ,tapir1 h[ev]1 ! cont\r ( ! sup]ior co/a is brok5 by a deep r\nd not* imm$iately beh9d ! coracoid3 9 ! ,hippopotamus ?is process ar*es 9 a slight degree backw>d ov] a correspond+ b wid] & %all[] not*4 ,9 ! ,palo!rium crassum ! concavity ( ! sup]ior co/a1 beh9d ! coracoid1 is z slight z 9 ! ,rh9oc]os2 b 9 ! ,macrau*5ia ! sup]ior co/a ( ! scapula beg9s to rise or /ret* away f ! p>allel ( ! sp9e1 imm$iately beh9d ! coracoid process4 ,! modifications ( ! sp9e ( ! scapula :i* *>act]ize respectively ! ,rum9ants & ,pa*yd]ms h be5 cle>ly & concisely set =? by ,cuvi]1 :o at ! same "t po9ts out ! exceptional condition :i* ! ,camelid pres5t 9 ! production ( ! acromial angle4 ,x 0 ) peculi> int]e/ & c>e1 !re=e1 t ,i reunit$ all ! fragm5ts ( ! scapula ( ! ,macrau*5e1 9 ! hope ( ga9+ f ?is "p ( ! skeleton z decisive evid5ce ( an aff9ity to ! ,camel z ! c]vical v]tebr _h af=d$4 ,x un=tunately happ5s1 h[ev]1 t ! "p ( ! scapula mo/ important 9 ?is comp>ison is brok5 (f2 yet f ?is v circum/ance1 comb9$ ) a slight incl9ation =w>ds ( ! ant]ior m>g9 ( ! sp9e imm$iately b5ea? ! fractur$ acromion1 & f ! ?ickness ( ! fractur$ surface1 we may inf] t ! acromial angle ( ! sp9e 0 m produc$ ?an 9 ! ord9>y ,rum9ants1 al?\gh evid5tly 9 a less degree ?an 9 ! ,camel tribe4 ,! ,macrau*5ia1 h[ev]1 surpasses ^! ab]rant ,rum9ants1 & equals ! ,pa*yd]ms 9 ! elevation & ext5t ( its scapul> sp9e3 b ?is process comm5ces ab\t half an in* beh9d ! gl5oid cavity1 & rises at once to ! height ( ?ree in*es above ! plane ( ! scapula2 9 :i* /ructure we may trace ! same t5d5cy to ! ,rum9ant type1 z is manife/$ 9 ! scapula ( ! ,hippopotamus & ,anoplo!rium2 = 9 mo/ o!r ,pa*yd]ms ! sp9e increases gradually f its extremities to ! middle "p4 ,! ant]ior m>g9 ( ! sp9e b5ea? ! %ort acromion is p]=at$ by an elliptical fissure measur+ t5 l9es1 by ?ree l9es4 ,! ext5t ( ! sp9e :i* is pres]v$1 measures eight in*es & a half2 x is a ?9 & ne>ly /raight plate ( bone1 exp&+ into a ?ick & rugg$ upp] m>g91 :i* slightly ov]-ar*es ! inf]ior fossa4 7fig4 #a1 ,pl4 ,,ix47 ,9 its g5]al =m & proportions ! sp9e ( ! scapula 9 ,macrau*5ia pres5ts ! ne>e/ resemblance to t ( ! ,hippopotamus2 b its orig9 is clos] to ! articul> surface ( ! scapula ?an 9 ?is1 or any o!r ,pa*yd]mal or ,rum9ant g5us4 ,! portion ( ! antibra*ium ( ! ,macrau*5ia :i* is pres]v$1 pres5ts a condition ( ! radius & ulna int]m$iate to ^? :i* respectively *>act]ize ! same bones 9 ! ,pa*yd]ms & ,camels4 ,9 ! =m] ! radius & ulna are sep>ate bones1 unit$ 9 ! prone position by ligam5t1 yet s t ! movem5t ( sup9ation _c be p]=m$2 9 ! ord9>y ,rum9ants !y are p>tially jo9$ by bony conflu5ce1 :i* r>ely ext5ds to ! proximal extremities2 9 ! ,camel & ,llama ! an*ylosis ( ! radius & ulna is s complete1 t no trace ( _! orig9al sep>ation c be p]ceiv$1 & ! olecranon appe>s b z a m]e process ( ! radius4 ,9 ! ,macrau*5ia ! an*ylosis ( ! radius & ulna is also complete1 b ! b\nd>y l9e ( ! two orig9ally di/9ct bones is v manife/1 & ! proportion :i* ea* contributes to ! great articulat+ surface = ! di/al end ( ! hum]us is readily di/+ui%able4 ,ab\t a six? "p ( ?is surface is due to ! head ( ! radius1 :i* ent]s into ! composition ( ! ant]ior & out] "p ( ! articulation1 & its ext5t is def9$ by a depress$ l9e describ+ a pretty regul> curve1 ) ! concavity direct$ =w>ds & a little outw>ds4 7a1 fig4 #a1 ,pl4 ,x47 ,j bel[ ! articul> surface a /rong triangul> rugg$ protub]ance projects f ! front ( ! head ( ! radius1 = ! atta*m5t ( ! t5don ( ! biceps4 ,! l9e ( sep>ation ( ! radius & ulna is indicat$ on ! inn] side ( ! head ( ! radius by a deep & n>r[ fissure ext5d+ d[nw>ds f bel[ ! ant]ior "p ( ! articulat+ surface2 & on ! out] side by a broad groove lead+ upw>ds to a deep pit ne> ! proximal end ( ! antibra*ium4 ,we may see by ! direction ( ! head ( ! radius :i* is ?us def9$1 t x crosses obliquely 9 front ( ! ulna1 z 9 ! ,elephant1 ,hippopotamus1 & o!r ,pa*yd]ms1 & t ! bones are an*ylos$ 9 ! prone condition3 bel[ ?is fissure & groove1 :i* m>k ! int]osse\s l9e1 ! radius & ulna become bl5d$ toge!r into "o compact bone1 :i* is flatt5$ f be=e backw>ds1 ) a well m>k$ ridge on ! out] side2 & excavat$ by a s+le m$ull>y cavity1 ! compact walls ( :i* pres5t a g5]al ?ickness ( "o-?ird ( an in*4 ,! proximal articul> surface or sigmoid cavity ( ! antibra*ium1 con/itut$ z above describ$1 resembles t ( ! ,palo!re1 ,tapir1 & ! g5]ality ( ! ,pa*yd]ms 9 hav+ two depressions1 in/ead ( ?ree1 z 9 ! ,anoplo!re1 & ,rum9ants4 ,! ,hippopotamus has a slight t5d5cy to ! latt] /ructure1 :i* is also less m>k$ 9 ! ,camel ?an 9 ! ord9>y ,rum9ants4 ,9 its g5]al =m ! sigmoid cavity ( ! ,macrau*5e resembles t ( ! ,hippopotamus m ?an t ( ! ,camel4 ,9 ! ,camel ?is articul> surface is trav]s$ transv]sely by a broad1 %all[1 & slightly r\gh5$ tract1 :i* divides ! smoo? surface ( ! jo9t into two p>ts1 "o =m+ ! ant]ior horizontal surface due to ! conjo9$ radius & ulna1 ! o!r =m+ ! v]tical concave surface on ! ant]ior "p ( ! base ( ! olecranon4 ,9 ! ,hippopotamus !re is1 z x 71 an attempt at a simil> division ( ! articulat+ surface at ! proximal end ( ! antibra*ial bones2 a deep] & r\gh] depression encroa*es ^u ! articulation f its out] side1 b /ops :5 x has rea*$ half-way across4 ,9 ! ,macrau*5ia ! r\gh5$ surface1 7b4 fig4 #a1 ,pl4 ,x47 comm5c+ also at ! outside1 ext5ds only "o-?ird ( ! way across ! articul> surface3 x is1 h[ev]1 z %all[ z 9 ! ,camel4 ,! articul> surface on ! ant]ior "p ( ! base ( ! olecranon is broad] 9 ! ,hippopotamus ?an 9 ! ,camel2 b 9 ! ,macrau*5e x is twice z broad z 9 ! ,hippopotamus4 ,! size ( ! olecranon 9 ! ,macrau*5e exce$s t ( ! ,hippopotamus1 & =tiori t ( ! ,camel3 inde$ 9 its g5]al magnitude ! ,macrau*5ia mu/ h fully equall$ ! l>ge/ ,hippopotamus2 b x no d\bt _h a m %apely1 & less broad & bulky trunk4 ,! olecranon ( ! ,macrau*5ia diff]s 9 %ape1 bo? f t ( ! ,camel & ,hippopotamus2 x t]m9ates above 9 a ?ree-sid$ cone ) an obtuse apex2 & pres5ts a well-m>k$ protub]ance at ! out] side ( ! base1 :i* is n pres5t 9 ei!r ! ,camel or ,hippopotamus4 ,!re is also a /rong rugg$ ridge on ! back "p ( ! olecranon :i* makes an angle be=e s9k+ into ! level ( ! ulna bel[4 ,! confirmation ( ! close aff9ity ( ! ,macrau*5ia to ! ,pa*yd]mat\s ,ord]1 :i* ! /ructure ( ! c]vical v]tebr alone might h r5d]$ v d\btful1 is af=d$ by ! bones ( ! "r =e-foot 7,pl4 ,,xi472 ^! are =tunately 9 s p]fect a condition1 z to make x c]ta9 t ?is int]e/+ quadrup$ _h ?ree toes on ! =e-feet1 & n m2 & t ! fully develop$ metac>pal bones are di/9ct1 & correspond 9 numb] ) ! toes1 & are n an*ylos$ into a s+le cannon bone1 z 9 ! ,rum9ants4 ,! bones pres]v$ are ! metac>pals1 proximal phalanges1 & middle phalanges ( ea* ( ! ?ree toes1 & ! di/al phalanx ( ! inn]mo/ toe4 ,! proximal end ( ! inn]mo/ metac>pal bone pres5ts ?ree articul> surfaces2 ! middle facet is ! l>ge/1 & ! two lat]al ones slope away f x at an angle ( #de4 ,! middle facet is broad & slightly convex 9 front1 n>r[ & concave beh9d2 ! di/al articul> surface ( ! trapezoides mu/ h correspond$ ) ?is surface2 ! out] facet is n>r[1 flat1 ext5ds f ! =e to ! back "p ( ! head ( ! bone1 & mu/ h be5 adapt$ to a correspond+ surface on ! os magnum2 ! inn] facet is ! smalle/1 pres5ts a triangul> =m1 & is situat$ t[>ds ! back "p ( ! head ( ! metac>pal bone2 x indicates ! exi/5ce ( a rudim5tal metac>pal bone1 or ve/ige ( a pollex4 ,bel[ ! out]mo/ ( ! lat]al surfaces !re is a cresc5tic articul> surface ) its concavity direct$ outw>ds & d[nw>ds 7fig4 #b1 ,pl4 ,,xv471 aga9/ :i* a correspond+ convex articul> surface ( ! middle metac>pal abuts1 7fig4 #c1 ,pl4 ,,xv47 ,ext]nal to ?is surface ! proximal end ( ! middle metac>pal bone pres5ts two articul> surfaces = ! c>pus2 ! l>g] "o1 :i* 0 adapt$ to ! os magnum1 is horizontal1 broad & convex be=e1 n>r[ & concave beh9d2 ! out]mo/ facet is a small triangul> surface incl9$ d[nw>ds to ! level ( ! articulat+ surface ( ! out]mo/ metac>pal4 ,x also pres5ts a po/]ior v]tical articul> surface = a sesamoid bone4 ,! proximal extremity ( ! out] metac>pal bone is jo9$ to ! middle metac>pal1 n by "o semilun> surface1 b by two sep>ate articulations ( small size 7fig4 #d & #e1 ,pl4 ,,xv472 x pres5ts a s+le l>ge slightly convex articul> surface = ! os magnum1 ( an irregul> semicircul> =m1 ) ! convexity ( ! curve turn$ outw>ds4 ,! metac>pus increases 9 bread? z x approa*es ! phalanges2 ! two lat]al metac>pals b5d+ slightly away f ! middle "o1 & exp&+ t[>ds _! di/al extremities3 ! middle bone pres5ts a symmetrical figure except at its proximal extremity 7fig4 #b1 ,pl4 ,,xi47 ,! di/al articulat+ facet ( ea* ( ! metac>pal bones ext5ds s f> ^u bo? ! ant]ior & po/]ior surfaces z to describe m ?an a semicircle 7fig4 #c1 ,pl4 ,,xi472 9 ! two lat]al metac>pals x is trav]s$ ?r\gh\t by a longitud9al convex ridge divid+ x into two equal lat]al p>ts2 ! ridge is mo/ produc$ on ! po/]ior half ( ! jo9t 7fig4 #d1 ,pl4 ,,xi473 9 ! middle metac>pal ?is ridge subsides be=e x rea*es ! ant]ior "p ( ! articul> surface4 ,! proximal extremity ( ! middle proximal phalanx pres5ts a po/]ior not* correspond+ to ! above p>tially develop$ ridge3 ! proximal extremities ( ! lat]al phalanges are trav]s$ by a middle longitud9al depression1 & two lat]al %all[ concavities 7fig4 #f1 ,pl4 ,,xi472 b ^! are ( su* an ext5t z to be 9 contact ) only a "p ( ! convexity above1 :i* !re=e 0 d\btless adapt$ to a sesamoid bone on ea* side ( ! longitud9al ridge4 ,! /ructure ( ! above describ$ jo9ts proves t ! motion ( ! toe ^u ! metac>pus 0 mu* fre] & m ext5sive ?an 9 ! ,rh9oc]os1 :i* is ! only exi/+ ,ungulate mammal :i* pres5ts ! tridactyle /ructure 9 ! =e-foot4 ,9 ?is species ! metac>po-phalangeal articulations exhibit only a slight trace ( ! longitud9al ridges & grooves :i* are conf9$ to ! po/]ior "p ( ! jo9t2 ^! are m develop$ 9 ! ,camelid2 b ! ,hog & ,horse 9 ?is respect approa* ne>] to ! ,macrau*5e1 ?\gh ! /ructure ( ! metac>po-phalangeal jo9ts 9 ! ,hog falls f> %ort ( ! compactness & /r5g? comb9$ ) fre$om ( play 9 flexion & ext5sion :i* di/+ui% ^? ( ! ,macrau*5e4 ,! ,palo!rium m$ium mo/ resembles ! ,macrau*5e 9 ! /ructure ( ! tro*le> metac>po-phalangeal jo9ts2 b bo? 9 ?is species1#bc & ! ,pal4 crassum#bd ! articul> surface at ! di/al end ( ! metac>pal is relatively n>r[] ?an 9 ! ,macrau*5ia2 moreov] all ! species ( ! ext9ct ,palo!re diff] f ! ,macrau*5e 9 ! great] size & /r5g? ( ! middle z comp>$ ) ! lat]al metac>pals4 ,! articulation at ! di/al extremity ( ! proximal phalanges 7fig4 #e1 ,pl4 ,,xi47 is simple1 & n divid$ into two pulleys by a longitud9al ridge2 x is slightly concave f side to side2 b 9 its ext5t ^u ! ant]ior & po/]ior surfaces ( ! bone indicates a fre$om ( flexion & ext5sion ( ! toes1 :i* h>monizes ) ! /ructure ( ! jo9t above4 ,! proximal articulat+ surfaces ( ! second phalanges 7fig4 #g1 ,pl4 ,,xi47 corresponds ( c\rse to ^? to :i* !y are adapt$2 !y are1 h[ev]1 *>act]iz$ by s5d+ upw>ds an obtuse process f ! middle ( _! ant]ior m>g94 ,! di/al articulat+ surfaces 7fig4 #h1 ,pl4 ,,xi47 resemble ^? ( ! proximal phalanges1 b ext5d fur!r ^u ! back "p ( ! phalanx ?an ! front1 indicat+ ! m horizontal position ( ! second phalanges4 ,! la/ phalanx1 does n resemble ! neatly def9$ ungulate phalanges ( ! ,rum9antia1 & ,solip$ia1 b has ! irregul> =m *>act]i/ic ( ^? ( ! ,pa*yd]mata4 ,x is w$ge-%ap$1 broad] ?an x is long1 ) a rugg$ surface1 except :]e x plays ^u ! di/al end ( ! second phalanx1 :]e x is slightly concave 9 "o direction1 & convex 9 ! o!r1 7figs4 #g & #i1 ,pl4 ,,xi47 ,a portion ( ?is phalanx ext5ds backw>ds beh9d ! articul> surface1 z 9 ! correspond+ bone ( ! ,palo!re & ,rh9oc]os4 ,! femur ( ! ,macrau*5ia 7fig4 #a1 ,pl4 ,,xii47 is full two feet 9 l5g?1 & consequ5tly long] ?an 9 any kn[n ,camel or ,rh9oc]os2 z comp>$ ) its transv]se diamet] x is mu* long] ?an ! femur ( ! latt] animal3 9 ! proportion ( its bread? to its l5g?1 & ! expansion ( its extremities z comp>$ ) ! diamet] ( ! %aft1 x m resembles t ( ! ,camel4 ,! femur ( ! ,giraffe deviates f t ( ! ,macrau*5ia 9 ! excessive expansion ( its di/al extremity4 ,b ! mo/ /rik+ evid5ce d$ucible f ?is bone1 ( ! aff9ity ( ! ,macrau*5ia to ! true ,pa*yd]mat\s type is af=d$ by ! evid5t traces ( a ?ird tro*ant]1 ! outl9e ( :i* is conjecturally re/or$ 9 ! figure4 ,( ! ,pa*yd]ms :i* h ?is *>act]i/ic /ructure1 ! ext9ct ,palo!re (f]s ! ne>e/ resemblance to ! ,macrau*5e 9 ! g5]al =m & /ructure ( ! femur4 ,! head ( ! femur 9 ! ,macrau*5e 7fig4 #b1 ,pl4 ,,xii47 pres5ts ! =m ( a pretty regul> hemisph]e2 x is less flatt5$ above1 & is direct$ m obliquely inw>ds ?an 9 ! ,palo!re3 ! neck support+ x does n project s f> f ! %aft z 9 ! ,palo!re or ,tapir1 b f>!r ?an 9 ! ,camel4 ,! great tro*ant] rises above ! level ( ! head2 9 :i* /ructure & 9 ! depression betwe5 ! head & tro*ant]1 ! femur ( ! ,macrau*5e (f]s a "* int]m$iate betwe5 ! ,tapir or ,palo!re1 & ! ,camel4 ,! less] tro*ant] is a slight projection f a ridge ( bone :i* is cont9u$ f ! "u "p ( ! head ( ! femur to ! inn] surface ( ! %aft4 ,9 ! ,palo!re ! less] tro*ant] is situat$ m t[>ds ! po/]ior surface ( ! femur2 s t1 9 ?is p>ticul>1 ! ,macrau*5e approa*es ne>] to ! ,camel4 ,cuvi] makes no m5tion ( ! condition ( ! depression = ! ligam5tum t]es 9 ! ,palo!re4 ,among exi/+ ord9>y ,pa*yd]ms ! ,hippopotamus pres5ts no trace ( ! ins]tion ( a ligam5tum t]es 9 ! head ( ! femur2 9 ! ,camel ! place ( its ins]tion is indicat$ by a well-m>k$ circumscrib$ pit2 9 ! ,tapir a simil> circul> depression is situat$ close to ! inf]ior m>g9 ( ! articul> convexity4 ,! ligam5t 0 und\bt$ly pres5t 9 ,macrau*5ia1 b ! place ( its ins]tion is a broad & deep not* lead+ f ! "u & back "p ( ! head ( ! bone a little way into its articul> surface3 ?is ,i reg>d z ano!r ( ^? int]e/+ transitional /ructures ) :i* ! rema9s ( ! ,macrau*5ia1 few & imp]fect ?\gh !y un=tunately are1 s freely ab\nd4 ,! femur ( ,macrau*5ia1 9 ! flatness ( ! back "p ( its neck1 & ! elongat$ =m ( ! po/-tro*ant]ian depression1 resembles t ( ! ,camel r ?an t ( ! ,palo!re2 & ! same resemblance is %[n 9 ! cyl9drical figure1 /raightness1 & l5g? ( ! %aft4 ,! dep? ( ! tro*ant]ian depression1 & ! incurvation ( ! /rong ridge cont9u$ d[nw>ds f ! great tro*ant] are individual peculi>ities 9 ! ,macrau*5ia4 ,a great "p ( ! ?ird tro*ant] is brok5 (f2 b f ! rema9s ( its base we see t x _h ! same relative size z 9 ! ,palo!re2 b x is situat$ at ! middle ( ! %aft ( ! femur1 & consequ5tly l[] d[n ?an 9 ! ,palo!res & ,tapirs4 ,9 ! g5]al =m & relative size ( ! condyles at ! di/al extremity ( ! femur 7fig4 #c1 ,pl4 ,,ix4 & ,,xii47 ! ,macrau*5e is int]m$iate to ! ,camel & ,palo!re1 b resembles m ! latt]4 ,9 ! articul> surface = ! patella1 x deviates some:at f ! ,palo!re1 hav+ ?is "p long] 9 proportion to its bread?1 m regul>ly & deeply concave f side to side1 & ) its lat]al b\nd>ies m %>ply def9$4 ,9 all ^! po9ts ! ,macrau*5e approa*es ! ,camel3 ! same aff9ity is %[n 9 ! protub]ance above ! inn] condyle2 b 9 ! ext5t ( ! po/]ior projection ( ?is condyle 7fig4 #c1 ,pl4 ,,ix47 x exce$s ! ,camel & ,palo!re1 & displays an int]m$iate /ructure betwe5 ^! species & ! ,hippopotamus4 ,!re is a r\gh cresc5tic depression above ! out] condyle :]e ! l9ea asp]a beg9s to div]ge2 ! correspond+ depression is deep] 9 ! ,hippopotamus1 :ile 9 ! ,camel x is repres5t$ by a r\gh5$ surface only1 :i* is n depress$4 ,9 ! fossa betwe5 ! rotul> articulation & ! ext]nal condyle ! ,macrau*5e resembles ! ,camel3 ! int]space ( ! condyles is relatively wid] ?an 9 ! ,camel1 & ! process above ! inn] condyle is m angul>2 9 bo? ^! respects ! ,macrau*5e incl9es t[>ds ! ,palo!re4 ,9 ! /ructure ( ! bones ( ! leg ( ! ,macrau*5ia we f9d ! same transitional "* :i* is af=d$ by ! def9able limits ( ! an*ylos$ bones ( ! =e-arm4 ,9 ! ,pa*yd]ma ! fibula is an entire & di/9ct bone4 ,9 ! ,rum9antia1 ) ! exception ( ! small ,musk-de]1 &1 9 an inf]ior degree1 ! ,elk1 ! fibula appe>s only z a %ort cont9u\s process s5t d[n f ! "u "p ( ! ext]nal condyle ( ! tibia4 ,9 ! ,camel tribe ! only trace ( ! fibula 9 ! bones ( ! leg1 is ?is process 9 a /ill m rudim5tal /ate4 ,9 ! ,macrau*5ia ! fibula is entire1 b is conflu5t ) ! tibia ?r\gh ne>ly its :ole ext5t3 ! proximal "p ( ! fibula is well def9$2 its head is an*ylos$ to ! out] condyle ( ! tibia1 b ! %aft is cont9u$ free = ! ext5t ( ne>ly two in*es1 & !n aga9 becomes conflu5t ) ! tibia1 =m+ app>5tly ! out] ridge ( t bone4 ,ab\t five in*es f ! di/al end ( ! tibia ?is out] ridge becomes flatt5$ by be+1 z x 71 press$ aga9/ ! tibia1 & ! ant]ior & po/]ior edges are rais$ above ! level ( ! tibia2 beyond ?is "p ! limits ( ! fibula beg9 aga9 to be def9$ by deep vascul> grooves4 ,! out] side ( ! di/al end ( ! fibula is excavat$ by a broad t5d9\s groove4 ,! fibula & tibia are di/9ct bones 9 bo? ! ,palo!re & ,anoplo!re1 z 9 ! ,pa*yd]ms4 ,x is to ! =m] g5us1 h[ev]1 especially ,pal4 magnum1 t ! ,macrau*5e pres5ts ! ne>e/ approa* 9 ! g5]al =m ( ! tibia1 ! pr9cipal bone ( its leg3 b 9 ! ,macrau*5e ! tibia is relatively %ort]1 & ?ick]1 & is /raight] & less exp&$ at its extremities1 especially ! upp] "o1 ?an 9 any ( ! ,palo!res4 ,! mesial b\nd>ies ( ! two sup]ior articulat+ surfaces ( ! tibia are rais$ 9 ! =m ( ridges1 :i* are sep>at$ by a deep groove2 ( ^! ridges ! ext]nal is ! highe/1 z 9 ,pal4 magnum3 b ! articul> surfaces 9 ! ,macrau*5e slope away f ^! ridges m ?an 9 ! ,palo!res4 ,! rotul> or ant]ior tub]osity ( ! tibia is m produc$1 & rises high] ?an 9 ! ,palo!res2 ! ridge cont9u$ d[nw>ds f ?is process is m m>k$ 9 ! ,macrau*5e1 & its limits are bett] def9$3 ! %aft ( ! tibia bel[ ! ridge is also m flatt5$ 9 ! ant]o-po/]ior direction ?an 9 ! ,palo!re4 ,! configuration ( ! back "p ( bo? proximal & di/al extremities ( ! tibia are s cle>ly & accurately giv5 9 figures #b & #c1 ,pl4 ,,xiii41 z to r5d] v]bal description unnecess>y4 ,nei!r ! text nor ! figures 9 ! #8,ossem5s ,fossiles' af=d ! means ( pursu+ ! comp>ison betwe5 ! ,macrau*5e & ,palo!re 9 ^! p>ticul>s2 & ,i proce$1 !re=e1 to ! consid]ation ( ! inf]ior articulat+ surface ( ! bones ( ! leg 7fig4 #d1 ,pl4 ,,xiii47 ,s9ce1 ( ! h9d-foot1 we possess 9 ! pres5t collection only a s+le t>sal & metat>sal bone1 ! /ructure ( ! di/al articul> surface ( ! tibia is att5d$ ) peculi> int]e/1 because we are taught by ,cuvi] t x reveals to u 9 ! ,ungulate animals ! didactyle or tridactyle /ructure ( ! foot4 ,9 ! ,rum9ants ?is articul> surface is ne>ly squ>e1 & ext5d$ transv]sely betwe5 two p]p5dicul> malleoli1 :ile 9 ! ,pa*yd]ms ) ?ree toes to ! h9d-foot ! articul> surface ( ! tibia is oblique1 & is divid$ into two facets betwe5 ! p]p5dicul> malleol> b\nd>ies4 ,n[ 9 ! ,macrau*5ia1 al?\gh ! two bones ( ! leg are an*ylos$ toge!r1 ! ext5t ( t "p ( ! t>sal articul> surface :i* is due to ! tibia is indicat$1 z 9 ! case ( ! radius 9 ! jo9t ( ! =e-arm1 by a groove2 & we are ?us able to comp>e ?is surface ) ! di/al articul> surface ( ! tibia 9 ! ,palo!re & ,anoplo!re4 ,x pres5ts 9 ! ,macrau*5ia a v close resemblance ) t ( ! ,palo!rium magnum1#be be+ divid$ into two facets by a convex ris+1 :i* trav]ses ! jo9t f beh9d =w>ds2 b ! ridge is n>r[]1 ! int]nal facet some:at deep]1 & ! ext]nal oblique surface r flatt] ?an 9 ! ?ree-to$ ,palo!re4 ,9 ! portion ( ! t>sal articul> surface due to ! fibula1 we f9d1 h[ev]1 a m m>k$ deviation f ! ,palo!re1 & an int]e/+ correspond5ce ) ! ,anoplo!re1 9 ! inf]ior truncation & horizontal articul> surface :i* is cont9u$ ^u ! l[] extremity ( ! fibula1 at "r angles ) ! v]tical malleol> facet :i* =ms ! out] b\nd>y ( ! tro*lea ( ! a/ragalus3 ?is articul> surface un]r+ly indicates a correspond+ articul> projection 9 ! calcaneum1 :i*1 !re=e1 al?\gh ! bone itself does n =m "p ( ! pres5t collection1 we may conclude to diff] f ! calcaneum ( ! ,palo!rium1 & to resemble t ( ! ,anoplo!rium1 9 ?is p>ticul> at lea/4 ,! valuable indication :i* ! di/al articul> surfaces ( ! an*ylos$ tibia & fibula h giv5 ( ! correspond5ce ( ! h9d-foot ) ! =e-foot ( ! ,macrau*5ia1 9 reg>d to ! numb] ( ! toes1 receives ample confirmation f ! a/ragalus1 :i*1 ( all ! bones 9 ! foot1 is ! "o t an anatomi/ w\ld h *os51 _h 8 *oice be5 s limit$1 & :i* mo/ =tunately has be5 secur$ by ,mr4 ,d>w91 9 a v p]fect /ate1 9 ! pres5t in/ance4 ,i h comp>$ ?is a/ragalus ) t ( ! ,giraffe1 & o!r ,rum9ants1 ! ,camel1 ! ,anoplo!re1 ! ,horse1 ! ,hog1 ! ,hippopotamus1 ,rh9oc]os1 ,tapir1 & ,palo!re3 x is ) ! ,pa*yd]ms hav+ ?ree toes to ! h9d-foot1 t ! ,macrau*5ia agrees 9 ! ma9 di/+ui%+ *>act]s ( ?is bone2 its ant]ior articul> surface1 = example1 is simple1 & n divid$ into a d\ble tro*lea by a v]tical ridge3 la/ly1 x is ) ! a/ragalus ( ! ,tapir & ,palo!re t x pres5ts ! close/ correspond5ce 9 ! g5]al =m & ! m9or details ( /ructure1 & ) ^! ,pa*yd]ms1 !re=e1 ,i %all *iefly limit ! comp>ison ( ! ,macrau*5ia1 9 reg>d to ! bone 9 "q4 ,if ! upp] or tibial articul> surface 7fig4 #e1 ,pl4 ,,xiv47 be comp>$ ) t 9 ! ,palo!rium magnum 7,ossem4 ,foss4 ,pl4 ,,liv4 fig4 #b17 x w be se51 t ! g5]al direction ( t surface is m p>allel ) ! axis ( ! bone 9 ,macrau*5ia4 ,9 ! ,palo!rium x is turn$ a little t[>ds ! out] or fibul> side1 & 9 ! ,tapir ! g5]al direction ( ! same surface is plac$ /ill m obliquely4 ,! ant]ior bord] ( ?is articulat+ surface is brok5 by a semicircul> not* 9 ! ,palo!re2 9 ! ,tapir x describes a g5tle concave curve1 & ! ,macrau*5e resembles ! ,tapir 9 ?is respect4 ,! *ief diff]5ce betwe5 ! a/ragalus ( ! ,tapir & ! ,palo!re1 :5 view$ f above1 obta9s 9 ! relative l5g? ( ! bone1 ant]ior to ! tibial articulat+ surface3 ! ,macrau*5e pres5ts1 9 ?is respect1 an int]m$iate /ructure1 b diff]s f bo? 9 ! great] ext5t ( ! tibial side ( ?is "p ( ! a/ragalus4 ,if we next direct att5tion to ! ant]ior or scaphoid articul> surface1 7fig4 #c1 ,pl4 ,,xiv47 & comp>e x ) t ( ! ,palo!rium magnum1 7fig4 #d1 ,pl4 ,,liv1 ,ossem4 ,foss47 x w be se51 t x pres5ts 9 ! ,macrau*5ia an oval1 & 9 ! ,palo!rium an irregul> quadrangul> =m3 9 ! ,macrau*5ia1 ?is surface is uni=m or undivid$1 & is g5tly convex1 except at its l[] "p2 :ile 9 ! ,palo!re x is divid$ by an oblique ridge into a broad int]nal facet = ! scaphoid bone1 & a n>r[ int]nal surface = articulation ) ! os cuboides2 ! l>g] surface is also concave transv]sely1 & slightly convex v]tically3 9 ! ,tapir1 ! ant]ior surface ( ! a/ragalus deviates /ill fur!r f t ( ! ,macrau*5ia1 bo? 9 g5]al =m1 & 9 ! proportion ( ! cuboidal facet4 ,9 ! didactyle ,anoplo!rium1 ,camel1 & true ,rum9ants1 :]e ! cuboides pres5ts a l>ge relative size1 a /ill great] proportion ( ! ant]ior surface ( ! a/ragalus is devot$ to ! articulation ) ?is bone1 & is sep>at$ f ! scaphoid surface by a well-develop$ v]tical ridge4 ,! ,macrau*5ia pres5ts1 !re=e1 ! extreme v>iation f ?is type2--& %\ld ! entire t>sus h]eaft] be discov]$1 x w d\btless be f\nd1 t ! os cuboides is articulat$ po/]iorly to ! os calcis exclusively4 ,! ext]nal surface ( ! a/ragalus ( ! ,macrau*5e1 7fig4 #a4 ,pl4 ,,xiv17 is long] 9 proportion to its v]tical ext5t ?an 9 ! ,tapir or ,palo!re3 ! articul> surface = ! fibul> malleolus is less curv$4 ,betwe5 ?is surface & ! ant]ior facet ! bone is excavat$ by a deep not*1 bo? 9 ! ,tapir & ,palo!re2 b 9 ! ,macrau*5ia by a g5tle concavity4 ,b5ea? ! malleol> articul> smoo? surface 9 ! ,palo!re !re is a deep pit2 9 ! ,tapir a %all[ "o2 b 9 ! ,macrau*5ia we obs]ve only a smoo? & slightly convex triangul> surface4 ,if we comp>e ! inn] surface ( ! a/ragalus 9 ^! ?ree animals1 we %all f9d ! exi/+ ,tapir aga9 =m+ a transition betwe5 ! two ext9ct g5]a4 ,9 ! ,palo!re1 a r\nd protub]ance projects f ! ant]ior "p ( ?is surface3 9 ! ,tapir1 we obs]ve a g5tle ris+ ( ! bone 9 ! same "p1 :ile 9 ! ,macrau*5e 7fig4 #b7 ! surface ( ! bone is level at ?is "p4 ,! m>g9 ( ! tibial malleol> articul> surface1 :i* is v slightly rais$ 9 ! ,macrau*5e1 is m develop$ 9 ! ,tapir1 & /ill m s 9 ! ,palo!re1 :]e x =ms a ridge1 ov]hang+ ! r\gh out] side ( ! bone4 ,ne> ! l[] "p ( ?is surface we obs]ve a small b deep depression 9 ! ,palo!re2 !re is a %all[] "o 9 ! correspond+ "p 9 ! ,tapir2 & ! depression is /ill wid] & %all[] 9 ! ,macrau*5ia4 ,9 ! ,palo!re ! a/ragalus articulates by ?ree surfaces ) ! os calcis1 po/]iorly by a l>ge concave surface1 ext]nally by a longitud9al sub-elliptic surface1 & ant]iorly by a ?9 transv]se facet3 9 ! ,macrau*5e 7fig4 #d7 two only ( ^! surfaces are pres5t1 viz4 ! concave & ! longitud9al "o1 ! ant]ior transv]se surface be+ want+3 9 ! ,tapir1 ! transv]se surface is pres5t1 b is conflu5t ) ! longitud9al "o4 ,! po/]ior surface is relatively l>g] & deep] 9 ! ,macrau*5e ?an 9 ! ,palo!re1 & approa*es ne>] to ! triangul> ?an ! oval =m3 ! longitud9al surface is plac$ m obliquely1 & is truncat$ ant]iorly4 ,9 ! ,tapir ?is surface is conflu5t ) ! scaphoid articul> surface1 b x is sep>at$ !refrom by a n>r[ /rip ( bone 9 bo? ! ,palo!re & ,macrau*5e4 ,x is satisfactory to f9d 9 ! bone1 :i* m>ks mo/ /rongly ! aff9ity ( ,macrau*5ia to ,palo!rium1 s _m easily recognizable diff]5ces1 because ! /ructure ( ! c]vical v]tebr 9 ! latt] g5us is too imp]fectly kn[n1 to all[ u to pr$icate confid5tly a di/9ction betwe5 x & ,macrau*5ia 9 t p>ticul>2 ! diff]5ce1 h[ev]1 :i* !y pres5t 9 ! condition ( ! bones ( ! =e-arm & leg1 =bids _! be+ consid]$ z g5]ically relat$4 ,!re rema9s to be notic$ only a s+le fractur$ metat>sal bone 7fig4 #a4 ,pl4 ,,xv47 ,?is1 f its b5t & unsymmetrical figure1 is evid5tly n a middle "o1 & hav+ ! side ( ! proximal end1 :i* 0 articulat$ to ! adjo9+ metat>sal 9 a ne>ly p]fect /ate1 x enables u to ref] x ) c]ta9ty to ! h9d-foot1 s9ce x does n agree ) any ( ! correspond+ surfaces at ! proximal extremities ( ! metac>pal bones4 ,x rema9s !n to be det]m9$1 :e!r x is an ext]nal metat>sal ( ! "r-foot1 or an int]nal "o ( ! left-foot1 ! g5]al curvature ( ^! be+ 9 ! same direction4 ,) nei!r ( ^! bones 9 ! ,tapir does our metat>sal agree1 s9ce x has b "o articul> facet on ! lat]al surface ( its proximal end1 :ile ! out] metat>sal ( ! "r-foot ( ! ,tapir1 ) :i*1 9 o!r respects1 x mo/ closely corresponds1 has two articul> surfaces4 ,9 ! ca/ ( a h9d-foot ( a ,palo!re1 ,i f9d t ! out] metat>sal bone closely agrees ) ?is metat>sal bone ( ! ,macrau*5e1 9 ! /ructure j allud$ to3 ! articulation ) ! middle metat>sal be+ by a s+le sub-oval facet1 :i* /&s out a little way f ! surface ( ! bone3 ! articul> surface 9 ! ,macrau*5e pres5ts a simil> =m & condition1 & is simil>ly situat$ to t 9 ! ,palo!re1 be+ at ! po/]ior "p ( ! lat]al surface1 & a little bel[ ! sup]ior or t>sal articul> surface4 ,! bone exp&s t[>ds its di/al end1 :i* corresponds 9 /ructure ) ^? ( ! two lat]al metat>sals 9 ! =e-foot1 9 be+ completely divid$ into two tro*le> surfaces by a well-develop$ m$ian ridge1 & 9 hav+ ! po/]ior half ( ?is ridge sudd5ly produc$1 s z to project ab\t two l9es fur!r f ! tro*le> surface ?an ! ant]ior "p ( ! same ridge4 ,9 bo? ! ,tapir & ,palo!re ?is ant]ior "p ( ! ridge is :olly suppress$1 & ! po/]ior is mu* m feebly develop$ ?an 9 ! ,macrau*5ia4 ,! metat>sal bone "h describ$ is ( exactly ! same l5g? ) ! int]nal metac>pal bone1 & proves1 9 conjunction ) ! proportions ( ! a/ralagus1 t ! =e & h9d-feet ( ! ,macrau*5ia 7 ( equal size4 ,?us !n we obta9 evid5ce1 f a few mutilat$ bones ( ! trunk & extremities ( a s+le repres5tative ( its race1 t !re once exi/$ 9 ,s\? ,am]ica a ,pa*yd]mat\s quadrup$1 n proboscidian1 :i* equall$ 9 /ature ! ,rh9oc]oses & ,hippopotamuses ( ! old _w4 ,b ?is1 ?\gh an int]e/+ & hi!rto unsuspect$ fact1 is f> f be+ ! sum ( ! in=mation :i* is yield$ by ^! fossils4 ,we h se5 t ! s+le ungueal phalanx bespeaks a quadrup$ ( ! great s]ies ( ,ungulata1 & ?is indication is corroborat$ by ! condition ( ! radius & ulna1 :i* are fix$ immoveably 9 ! prone position4 ,n[ 9 ! ,ungulat$ s]ies !re are b two kn[n g5]a1--! ,rh9oc]os & ,palo!rium1--:i*1 l ! quadrup$ 9 "q1 h only ?ree toes on ! =e-foot4 ,aga91 9 ref]r+ ! ,macrau*5ia to ! ,tridactyle family ( ,pa*yd]ms1 we f9d1 t[>ds ! close ( our analysis1 & by a detail$ comp>ison ( individual bones1 t ! ,macrau*5ia has ! close/ aff9ity to ! ,palo!rium4 ,b ! ,palo!rium1 l ! ,rh9oc]os & ,tapir1 has ! ulna di/9ct f ! radius1 & ! fibula f ! tibia2 s t ev5 if ! ,p>isian ,pa*yd]m _h actually pres5t$ ! same peculi>ities ( ! c]vical v]tebr z ! ,patagonian "o1 x w\ld h be5 haz>d\s1 to say ! lea/1 :ile ignorant ( ! d5tition ( ! latt]1 to ref] x to ! g5us ,palo!rium4 ,mo/ int]e/+1 inde$ w be ! k1 :5ev] ! means ( obta9+ x may arrive1 ( ! /ructure ( ! skull & tee? 9 ! ,macrau*5ia4 ,mean:ile1 we _c b recognise1 9 ! an*ylos$ & conflu5t /ate ( ! bones ( ! =e-arm & leg1 a m>k$ t5d5cy 9 x t[>ds ! ,rum9ant ,ord]1 & ! s+ul> modifications ( ! c]vical v]tebr h enabl$ u to po9t out ! precise family ( t ord]1 ) :i* ! ,macrau*5ia is m imm$iately alli$4 ,9 fir/ demon/rat+ ?is relation%ip1 x 0 %[n 9 h[ _m p>ticul>s ! ,camelid1 )\t los+ ! ess5tial *>act]s ( ,rum9antia1 manife/$ a t5d5cy to ! ,pa*yd]mat\s type2 & ! evid5ce :i* ! lo/ g5]a1 ,macrau*5ia & ,anoplo!rium1 be> to a reciprocal transition f ! ,pa*yd]ms to ! ,rum9ants1 ?r\gh ! ,camelid1 _c b be view$ ) extreme int]e/ by ! ,zoologi/ engag$ 9 ! /udy ( ! natural aff9ities ( ! ,animal ,k+dom4 ,! ,macrau*5ia is n less valuable to ! ,geologi/1 9 ref]5ce to ! geographical di/ribution ( animal =ms4 ,x is well kn[n h[ unlook$-= & unlikely 0 ! ann\ncem5t ( ! exi/5ce ( an ext9ct quadrup$ entomb$ 9 ! ,p>is ,bas91 ^: close/ aff9ities 7 to a g5us1 7,tapirus17 at t "t1 reg>d$ z exclusively ,s\? ,am]ican4 ,/ill great] surprise 0 excit$ :5 a species ( ! g5us ,didelphys 0 discov]$ to h co-exi/$ 9 ,europe ) ! ,palo!rium4 ,n[1 on ! o!r h&1 we f9d 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 besides ! ,tapir1 :i* is closely alli$ to ! ,palo!re1--& ! ,llama1 to :i* ! ,anoplo!re (f]s _m traces ( aff9ity1--! rema9s ( an ext9ct ,pa*yd]m1 ne>ly ak9 to ! ,european g5us ,palo!rium3 &1 la/ly1 ?is ,macrau*5ia is itself 9 a rem>kable degree a transitional =m1 & manife/s *>act]s :i* connect x bo? ) ! ,tapir & ! ,llama4 ,,admeasurem5ts ,,( ,,! ,,bones ,,( ,,! ,,macrau*5ia4 ,in*es4 ,l9es4 ,l5g? ( ?ird 787 c]vical v]tebra #g #i ,v]tical diamet] ( ditto #d #j ,v]tical diamet] ( body ( ditto #b #c ,transv]se diamet] ( ditto #c #c ,v]tical diamet] ( sp9al canal #a ,l5g? ( f\r? lumb> v]tebra #e #e ,v]tical diamet] ( body ( ditto #b #i ,transv]se diamet] ( ditto #b #aj ,v]tical diamet] ( sp9al canal #a #a ,transv]se ditto ditto#bf #a #f ,transv]se diamet] ( la/ lumb> v]tebra #i ,transv]se diamet] ( body ( ditto #b #b ,v]tical diamet] ( ditto #a #c ,entire l5g? ( lumb> region ( v]tebral column #bj ,v]tical diamet] ( gl5oid cavity ( scapula #c ,transv]se ditto ditto ditto #b #aj ,elevation ( sp9e ( scapula #c #e ,v]tical diamet] ( proximal articul> surface ( =e-arm #c #f ,transv]se ditto ditto ditto #c #e ,height ( olecranon #e #c ,greate/ diamet] ( its base #b ,circumf]5ce ( proximal end ( an*ylos$ radius & ulna #aa #aj ,entire l5g? ( inn] toe ( =e-foot1 inclusive ( metac>pal bone #ac ,bread? ( proximal end ( metac>pus #c #h ,bread? ( di/al end ( ditto #e #d ,l5g? ( inn] metac>pal bone #g #f ,l5g? ( middle ditto #h ,l5g? ( out] ditto #g ,l5g? ( inn] proximal phalanx #c #f ,l5g? ( middle ditto #b #aj ,l5g? ( out] ditto #c #d ,l5g? ( inn] middle phalanx #b ,l5g? ( middle ditto #b #c ,l5g? ( inn] di/al phalanx#bg #a ,l5g? ( ! femur #bd ,diamet] ( base ( articul> surface ( ! head ( ditto #c #f ,greate/ diamet] ( proximal end #g ,greate/ diamet] ( di/al end #f #c ,circumf]5ce ( middle ( %aft #h ,l5g? ( tibia #ah ,greate/ diamet] ( proximal end #e #g ,greate/ diamet] ( di/al end1 includ+ fibula #d #d ,circumf]5ce ( middle ( %aft #i ,l5g? ( metat>sal bone#bh #g #d ,,errata4--,! read] is reque/$ to sub/itute ! ^w #8"r' = #8left' 9 ! la/ l9e ( p4 #ce1 be=e ! words #8radius1' #8=e-foot1' & #8femur1' & 9 ! fir/ l9e ( p4 #cf1 be=e ! words #8tibia1' & #8h9d-foot4' ,,description ,,( ,a ,,fragm5t ,,( ,a ,,cranium ,,( ,,an ,,ext9ct ,,mammal1 ,,indicative ,,( ,a ,,new ,,g5us ,,( ,,ed5tata1 ,,& ,,= ,,:i* ,,is ,,propos$ ,,! ,,"n ,,( ,,glosso!rium4 8,la premire *ose faire dans l'tude d'un animal fossile1 e/ de reconnaitre la =me de ses d5ts molaires2 on dt]m9e p>-l s'il e/ c>nivore ou h]bivore20 says ,cuvi]1 at ! comm5cem5t ( t s]ies ( spl5did *apt]s 9 :i* ! re/oration ( ! ext9ct ,pa*yd]ms ( ! ,p>is ,bas9 is record$4 ,9 ! pres5t case1 h[ev]1 z 9 t ( ! ,mammif]\s animal ^: fossil rema9s we 7 la/ consid]+1 ! important organs1 to :i* ,cuvi] directs our fir/ att5tion1 are want+4 ,nor are !re "h1 z 9 ! ,macrau*5ia1 any rema9s ( ! locomotive extremities to comp5sate = ! defici5cy ( tee?1 & guide u into ! "r track ( inve/igation & comp>ison4 ,! animal1 ! nature & aff9ities ( :i* are ! subject ( ! foll[+ pages1 is1 9 fact1 repres5t$ 9 ,mr4 ,d>w9's collection1 by no?+ m ?an a fragm5t ( ! cranium4 ,?is fragm5t1 :i* 0 f\nd 9 ! b$ ( ! same riv]1 7see p4 #af17 9 ,b&a ,ori5tal1 ) ! cranium ( ! ,toxodon1 includes ! p>ietes ( ! left side ( ! c]ebral cavity1 ! correspond+ n]v\s & vascul> =am9a1 ! left occipital condyle1 a portion ( ! left zygomatic process1 &1 =tunately also1 ! left articul> surface = ! l[] jaw4 ,! importance ( ?is surface 9 ! det]m9ation ( ! aff9ities ( a fossil animal has be5 duly appreciat$1 s9ce ! relations ( ! motions ( ! l[] jaw to ! k9d ( life ( ea* animal 7 po9t$ out by ,cuvi]2 b yet we %\ld be deceiv$ 7 we to e/abli%1 9 con=mity ) ! g5]alization enunciat$ by ,cuvi]1#bi our conclusion1 f ?is surface1 ( ! nature ( ! food ( ! ext9ct species "u consid]ation2 = ! gl5oid cavity is s %ap$ z to all[ ! l[] jaw free motion 9 a horizontal plane1 f "r to left1 & =w>ds or backw>ds1 l ! movem5ts ( a mill-/one2 &1 nev]!less1 ,i v5ture to affirm x to be mo/ probable1 t ! food ( ,glosso!rium 0 d]iv$ f ! animal & n f ! vegetable k+dom2 & to pr$ict1 t :5 ! bones ( ! extremities %all be discov]$1 !y w prove ! ,glosso!re to be n an ungulate b an unguiculate quadrup$1 ) a =e-foot end[$ ) ! movem5ts ( pronation & sup9ation1 & arm$ ) claws1 adapt$ to make a brea* 9 ! /rong walls ( ! habitations ( ^? insect-societies1 ^u :i* !re is good evid5ce 9 o!r p>ts ( ! pres5t cranial fragm5t1 t ! animal1 ?\gh z l>ge z an ox1 0 adapt$ to prey4 ,we p]ceive1 9 ! fir/ place1 look+ ^u ! base ( ?is portion ( skull1 a rem>kable cavity1 situat$ imm$iately beh9d ! tympanic bone1 ( ne>ly a regul> hemisph]ical =m1 an in* 9 diamet] 7fig4 #b1 b1 ,pl4 ,,xvi74 ,! sup]ficies ( ?is cavity appe>s n to h be5 cov]$ ) articul> c>tilage1 = x is irregul>ly pitt$ ) _m deep impressions2 & ,i conclude1 !re=e1 t x s]v$ to af=d a ligam5t\s atta*m5t to ! /yloid elem5t ( a l>ge os hyoides4 ,) ?is indication ( ! size ( ! skeleton ( ! tongue1 is comb9$ a m c]ta9 pro( ( ! ext5t ( its s(t1 & especially its muscul> p>ts1 9 ! magnitude ( ! =am51 = ! passage ( ! l+ual or motor n]ve 7c4 fig4 #b & #c74 ,?is =am51 7! ant]ior condyloid17 9 ! pres5t specim51 is ! l>ge/ ( ^? :i* p]=ate ! walls ( ! cranium1 ) ! exception ( ! =am5 magnum2 x is fully twice ! size ( t :i* gives passage to ! second division ( ! fif? n]ve2 its area is oval1 & eight l9es 9 ! long diamet]1 s t x readily admits ! passage ( ! little f+]4 ,x is only 9 ! ,ant-eat]s & ,pangol9s t we f9d an approximation to ^! proportions ( ! =am5 = ! passage ( ! muscul> n]ve ( ! tongue2 & ! exi/+ ,myrmecophag\s species ev5 fall %ort ( ! l>g] fossil 9 ?is respect4 ,"s idea ( ! size ( ! l+ual n]ve1 & ( ! organ x 0 de/9$ to put 9 motion1 may be =m$1 :5 x is /at$ t ! =am5 giv+ passage to ! correspond+ n]ve 9 ! ,giraffe1--! l>ge/ ( ! ,rum9ants1 & hav+ ! longe/ & mo/ muscul> tongue 9 t ord]1--is sc>cely m ?an "o-f\r? ! size4 ,) ^! indications ( ! extraord9>y developm5t ( ! tongue1 we are naturally l$1 9 ord] to c>ry out a clos] & m detail$ comp>ison ( ! fossil 9 "q1 to t gr\p ( mammalia 9 :i* ! tongue plays ! *ief "p 9 ! acquisition ( ! food4 ,! size1 =m1 & position ( ! occipital condyle1--! magnitude ( ! occipital =am51 7:i* mu/ "h h some:at exce$$ ?ree in*es 9 ! transv]se diamet]17--! slope ( ! occipital surface ( ! cranium f bel[1 upw>ds & =w>ds1 at an angle ( #fj ) ! base ( ! cranial cavity-ea* & all atte/ ! close aff9ities ( ! pres5t animal to ! ,ed5tata4 ,m decisive evid5ce ( ! same relation%ip w be adduc$ f ! organization ( o!r p>ts ( ! cranium4 ,! gl5oid articul> surface 7a1 fig4 #b1 ,pl4 ,,xvi47 is an almo/ flatt5$ plane1 wid] 9 ! transv]se ?an 9 ! longitud9al direction2 &1 z 9 ! g5]a ,myrmecophaga & ,manis1 x is n def5d$ beh9d by any desc5d+ process4 ,9 its g5]al =m x resembles ! gl5oid cavity ( ,oryct]opus m ?an t ( ! prec$+ ,ed5tates2 b1 9 ,oryct]opus1 ! articulation is def5d$ po/]iorly by a desc5d+ process ( ! zygoma1 & x is also situat$ relatively clos] to ! os tympanicum4 ,_h ! ,glosso!rium tee?8 ,! ext5t ( ! temporal muscle1 :i* is indicat$ by ! rugg$ surface ( ! temporal fossa1 & by ! well-m>k$ b\nd>y1 =m$ by a slightly elevat$ bony ridge1 :i* ext5ds to ne> ! l9e ( ! sagittal suture1 toge!r ) ! size ( ! zygomatic portion ( ! temporal bone1 & ! rema9s ( ! oblique suture by :i* x 0 articulat$ to ! mal> bone1 enables me to answ] ?is "q confid5tly 9 ! affirmative4 ,!y w probably be f\nd to be mol> tee? ( a simple /ructure1 z 9 ! ,oryct]opus4 ,! evid5ce j allud$ to ( ! exi/5ce ( an os mal is int]e/+1 because ?is bone is want+ 9 ! ,pangol9s2 & its rudim5tal repres5tative 9 ! true ,ant-eat]s does n rea* ! zygomatic process ( ! temporal bone1 :i* consequ5tly has no articul> or sutural surface at its ant]ior extremity4 ,9 ! pres5ce1 !re=e1 ( ! surface = ! junction ( ! os mal1 & ! consequ5t evid5ce ( ! completion ( ! zygomatic ar*1 we le>n t ! ,glosso!re 0 m ne>ly alli$ to ! ,armadillos & ,oryct]ope4 ,t its aff9ity to ! latt] g5us 0 clos] ?an to ! ,armadillos we h mo/ int]e/+ evid5ce 9 ! =m & loose condition ( ! tympanic bone3 x is repres5t$ ( ! natural size at fig4 #d1 ,pl4 ,,xvi4 ,?r\gh ! c>e & att5tion devot$ to 8 specim5s by _! gift$ discov]]1 ?is bone 0 pres]v$ 9 situ1 z repres5t$ at d1 fig4 #a2 b x _h no osse\s connection ) ! petr\s or o!r elem5ts ( ! temporal bone1 & c\ld be displac$ & replac$ ) ! same ease z 9 ! ,oryct]ope4 ,?is bony frame ( ! membrana tympani1 9 ! ,glosso!re1 describes r m ?an a semicircle1 hav+ ! horns direct$ upw>ds2 x has a groove1 "o l9e 9 bread?1 along its concave m>g91 = ! atta*m5t ( ! e>-drum1 & s5ds d[n a rugg$ process1 half an in* long1 f its l[] m>g94 ,9 ! ,dasypodes & ,myrmecophag1 ! tympanic bone soon becomes an*ylos$ ) ! o!r p>ts ( ! temporal2 x is only 9 ,oryct]opus1 among ! exi/+ insectivor\s ,bruta or ,ed5tata1 t x manife/s ?r\gh\t life ! ftal condition ( a di/9ct bony hoop1 defici5t at ! upp] "p4 ,! os tympanicum ( ,oryct]opus1 h[ev]1 diff]s f t ( ,glosso!rium1 9 =m+ "p ( ! circumf]5ce ( an ellipse1 ^: long axis is v]tical2 & 9 s5d+ outw>ds1 f its ant]ior "p1 a convex em95ce1 :i* t]m9ates 9 a po9t direct$ d[nw>ds & =w>ds4 ,su* appe> to be ! mo/ *>act]i/ic features ( ! cranial fragm5t "u consid]ation1 9 :i* we h f\nd1 t ! articul> surface = ! os hyoides ?r[s m light ^u ! nature ( ! animal ( :i* x is a "p1 ?an ev5 ! gl5oid cavity itself4 ,!re n[ rema9s to be describ$ z mu* ( ! individual *>act]s ( ! con/itu5t bones z ! specim5 exhibits4 ,! occipital bone1 besides =m+ ! po/]ior & "p ( ! inf]ior p>ietes ( ! cranium1 ext5ds = ab\t half an in* ^u ! sides1 :]e ! ex-occipital elem5t is articulat$ by a v]tical suture ) ! ma/oid elem5t ( ! temporal3 ?is suture is situat$ 9 a deep & well-m>k$ muscul> depression 7e1 fig4 #a71 measur+ ?ree in*es 9 ! v]tical1 & upw>ds ( "o in* 9 ! transv]se direction4 ,! o!r sutures1 unit+ ! occipital to ! adjo9+ bones1 are oblit]at$4 ,! bread? ( ! occipital region mu/ h exce$$ ! height ( ! same by ab\t "o-?ird4 ,! condyle ext5ds ne>ly to ! ext]nal b\nd>y ( ! occipital aspect ( ! cranium2 !re is situat$1 ext]nal to x1 only a small ovate1 r\nd$ & smoo? protub]ance4 ,! slightly concave surface ( ! occipital plane ( ! cranium is b\nd$ above by a ?ick obtuse ridge1 ! muscul> impressions are well sculptur$ ^u x4 ,x is trav]s$ transv]sely at its upp] ?ird by a slightly elevat$ bony cre/2 & ! surface bel[ ?is ridge is aga9 divid$ by a n>r[] int]muscul> cre/1 :i* runs ne>ly v]tically1 at ab\t an in* & a half f ! ext]nal b\nd>y ( ! occipital plane4 ,z a simil> cre/ mu/ h exi/$ on ! opposite side1 ! g5]al "* ( ! occipital surface 9 ! ,glosso!re w\ld resemble t ( ! ,toxodon4 ,a simil> correspond5ce may be notic$ 9 ! t]m9al position ( ! condyle1 & ! slope ( ! occipital plane4 ,above ! transv]se ridge1 ! r\gh surface ( ! occipital plane slopes =w>d1 at a less obtuse angle ) ! basal plane1 to ! fir/ nam$ ridge :i* sep>ates ! occipital f ! coronal or sup]ior surface ( ! skull4 ,! cont\r ( ?is surface runs =w>ds1 z f> z ! fragm5t ext5ds1 9 an almo/ /raight l9e3 ! ext5t ( surface betwe5 ! temporal muscul> ridges mu/ h be5 ab\t five in*es po/]iorly1 b x decreases gradually z x ext5ds =w>ds3 all t "p :i* is pres]v$ is q smoo?4 ,! atta*m5t ( ! fasciculi ( ! temporal muscle1 & ! conv]g5ce ( _! fibres z !y pass$ ?r\gh ! zygoma are well-m>k$ on ! sculptur$ surface ( ! bone4 ,! zygomatic process is relatively /\t] ?an 9 ,oryct]opus3 x is prismatic3 ! ext]nal facet is ne>ly plane3 ! sup]ior is concave1 & increases 9 bread? ant]iorly3 ! inf]ior surface (f]s a slight convexity beh9d ! flatt5$ articul> surface = ! l[] jaw4 ,! m>g9 ( ! zygoma =m$ by ! meet+ ( ! upp] & l[] facets pres5ts a semicircul> curve1 ext5d$ transv]sely f ! cranium1 & direct$ =w>ds4 ,! ant]ior extremity is obliquely truncat$ f bel[ upw>ds & =w>ds1 & pres5ts a flatt5$ triangul> surface indicative ( its junction ) an os mal3 ! space betwe5 ?is extremity & ! side ( ! cranium measures "o in* & n9e l9es across1 & ?us gives u ! ?ickness ( ! temporal muscle4 ,! di/ance f ! orig9 ( ! zygoma to ! occipital plane is relatively great] ?an 9 ,oryct]opus2 ,glosso!rium is 9 ?is respect m simil> to ,myrmecophaga & ,manis4 ,! sph5oid bone =ms a some:at smoo? protub]ance bel[ & beh9d ! base ( ! zygoma4 ,! tympanic bone is w$g$ 9 betwe5 ?is protub]ance 9 front1 & ! ma/oid process beh9d4 ,! *ief peculi>ity ( ! broad ma/oid is ! regul> semicircul> cavity at its "u "p = ! articulation ( ! /yloid bone ( ! tongue4 ,?is depression is sep>at$ bel[ by a broad r\gh protub]ance f ! =am5 jugul>e1 7f1 fig4 #b1 ,pl4 ,,xvi17 :i* is imm$iately ext]nal to1 & slightly 9 advance ( ! great =am5 condyloideum1 c4 ,a small rugg$ portion ( ! os petrosum sep>ates ! jugul> f ! c>otid canal1 :i* ar*es upw>ds & directly inw>ds to ! side ( ! %all[ sella turcica1 7! ext]nal & int]nal orifices ( ! c>otid canal are %[n at g1 figs4 #b & #c74 ,! *ief protub]ance on ! basis cranii is a l>ge & rugg$ "o1 s]v+ = ! atta*m5t ( muscles1 & due *iefly to ! expansion ( a great s9us 9 ! body ( ! sph5oid4 ,?is protub]ance is sep>at$ f ! small] sph5oid protub]ance be=e m5tion$ by a l>ge groove cont9u$ d[nw>ds & =w>ds f ! tympanic cavity1 & conta9+ ! ,eu/a*ian tube1 :i* does n trav]se a complete osse\s canal4 ,imm$iately int]nal to ! gl5oid cavity is ! l>ge orifice ( ! canal transmitt+ ! ?ird division ( ! fif? pair ( n]ves1 ! pr9cipal bran* ( :i* end[s ! tongue ) s5sibility2 ?is =am5 7h1 fig4 #b7 is r less ?an t = ! muscul> n]ve ( ! tongue4 ,! int]nal surface ( ! pres5t cranial fragm5t af=ds a v satisfactory idea ( ! size & %ape ( ! bra9 ( ! ext9ct species to :i* x belongs4 ,x is evid5t t1 z 9 o!r ,bruta1 ! c]ebellum mu/ h be5 almo/ entirely expos$ beh9d ! c]ebrum2 & t ! latt] 0 ( small relative size1 n exce$+ t ( ! ,ass2 & *iefly rem>kable1 z 9 ! ,oryct]ope1 ,ant-eat]1 & ,armadillo = ! great developm5t ( ! olfactory ganglia4 ,! ant]o-po/]ior ext5t ( ! cribri=m plate1 z expos$ 9 ?is fragm5t1 is ?ree in*es1 & ! complication ( ! ?moid olfactory lamell :i* radiate f x into ! nasal cavity is equal to t :i* exi/s 9 ! small] ,ed5tata 7fig4 #c1 ,pl4 ,,xvi74 ,! nasal cavity is complicat$ 9 ,glosso!rium by ! great numb] & capaci\s size ( ! air-cells :i* are 9 communication ) x3 ^! ext5d ov] all ! upp]1 lat]al1 & back p>ts ( ! cranial cavity1 z f> ev5 z ! upp] b\nd>y ( ! =am5 magnum3 !y also occupy ! ant]ior two-?irds ( ! basis cranii4 ,! ext]nal configuration ( ! skull w\ld1 !re=e1 af=d a v inadequate or r deceptive notion ( ! capacity ( ! c]ebral cavity1 7 n ! exi/5ce & magnitude ( ^! s9uses kn[n4 ,! int]space ( ! out] & inn] tables ( ! cranium are sep>at$ above ! orig9s ( ! olfactory ganglia = ! ext5t ( ?ree in*es3 above ! middle ( ! c]ebrum !y are an in* & a half ap>t2 at ! sides ( ! cranium ! int]pos$ air-cells are f "o to two in*es across2 at ! back "p ( ! cranium ab\t "o in*4 ,! s9uses h g5]ally a r\nd$ =m4 ,! =am5 rotundum1 7?r\gh :i* 9 figure #c a probe is repres5t$ z pass+71 & ! =am5 ovale are situat$ close toge!r1 )9 a common transv]sely oblong depression 7i74 ,! c>otid canal 7g7 op5s into ! out] side ( ! comm5cem5t ( ?is wide *annel1 :i* conducts ! great fif? pair ( n]ves to ! outlets ( its two *ief divisions4 ,! petr\s bone projects into ! cranial cavity1 9 ! =m ( an angul> process ) ?ree facets3 ! =am5 auditorium int]num 7k71 & ! aqu$uctus ve/ibuli1 are situat$ on ! po/]ior facet4 ,imm$iately beh9d ! os petrosum is ! =am5 lac]um jugul>e 7l71 situat$ at ! po9t ( conv]g5ce ( ! v]tical groove ( ! lat]al s9us1 ) a groove ( simil> size cont9u$ =w>ds f above ! ant]ior condyloid canal4 ,! plane ( ! int]nal op5+ ( ?is canal 7c1 fig4 #c7 is direct$ obliquely inw>ds & backw>ds1 & ! lat]al wall ( ! =am5 magnum beh9d ! =am5 condyloideum slopes outw>ds to ! edge ( ! condyle4 ,imm$iately int]nal to ! =am5 condyloideum is a small vascul> =am5 conduct+ a bran* ( ! basil> art]y into ! condyloid canal1 = ! n\ri%m5t1 d\btless1 ( ! great l+ual n]ve4 ,9 ! relations ( ! plane ( ! int]nal orifice ( ! ant]ior condyloid =am5 ) t ( ! =am5 magnum1 we se>* 9 va9 = a correspond+ /ructure 9 any ( ! ,mammif]\s ord]s1 save ! ,ed5tata3#cj & among ^! ! ,oryct]ope comes ne>e/ ! ,glosso!re 9 ?is respect4 ,9 ! degree ( developm5t ( ! int]nal osse\s ridge giv+ atta*m5t to ! t5torium c]ebelli1 ! ,ant-eat]s & ,armadillos m resemble ! ,glosso!re ?an does ! ,oryct]ope2 9 :i* a cont9u\s bony plate ar*es across ! cranial cavity3 9 ! ,manis a /ill great] proportion ( ! t5torium is ossifi$1 & x consequ5tly rec$es ! fur!/ among/ ! ,ed5tata1 9 ?is1 z 9 mo/ o!r p>ticul>s ( ! cranial organization1 f ! ,glosso!re4 ,! *ief di/9ctive peculi>ity 9 ! cranium ( ! ,glosso!re1 s f> z x c be /udi$ 9 ! pres5t fragm5t1 & comp>$ ) t ( o!r ,ed5tata1 is ! deep1 well-m>k$1 semicircul> /yloid depression1 above describ$4 ,a "q may arise aft] p]us+ ! prec$+ evid5ce1 ^u :i* ! pres5t fossil is ref]r$ to a great ,ed5tate species ne>ly alli$ to ! ,oryct]opus1 :e!r "o or o!r ( ! l[] jaws1 subsequ5tly to be describ$1 & 9 l mann] ref]able1 f _! d5tition1 ei!r to ! ,oryct]opodoid or ,dasypodoid families ( ,ed5tata1 may n h belong$ to ! same species z does ! pres5t mutilat$ cranium4 ,i c only answ]1 t ^? jaws 7 discov]$ by ,mr4 ,d>w9 9 a diff]5t & v remote locality1--t no fragm5ts or tee? ref]able to !m 7 f\nd associat$ ) ! pres5t fossil2 & t1 z x w\ld be1 !re=e1 impossible to det]m9e f ! evid5ce we h n[ be=e u1 :i* ( ! two l[] jaws %\ld be associat$ ) ,glosso!rium2 & z bo? may ) equal if n great] probability belong to a totally di/9ct g5us1 x appe>s to me to be pref]able1 bo? 9 reg>d to ! advancem5t ( our k ( ^! mo/ int]e/+ ,ed5tata ( an anci5t _w1 z well z = ! conv5i5ce ( _! description1 to assign to !m1 = ! pres5t1 di/9ct g5]ic appellations4 ,! figures 9 ,plate ,,xvi4 preclude ! necessity ( a table ( admeasurem5ts ( ! cranial fragm5t ( ,glosso!rium4 ,,description ,,( ,a ,,mutilat$ ,,l[] ,,jaw ,,& ,,tee?1 ,,on ,,:i* ,,is ,,f\nd$ ,a ,,subg5us ,,( ,,mega!rioid ,,ed5tata1 ,,"u ,,! ,,"n ,,( ,,mylodon4 ,! g5us ,megalonyx1 z is well kn[n1 owes its "n & ! discov]y ( ! fossil rema9s on :i* x 0 f\nd$1 to ! celebrat$ ,jeff]son1#ca =m]ly ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,cuvi]1 f an exam9ation ( a s+le too?1 & ! ca/s ( c]ta9 bones ( ! extremities1 especially ! t]m9al ones1 det]m9$ ! ord9al aff9ities ( ?is rem>kable ext9ct quadrup$4#cb ,b :ile he reta9$1 ! "n ( ,megalonyx1 & us$ x 9 a g5]ic s5se1 ,cuvi] (f]$ no *>act]s :]eby o!r fossil rema9s might be g5]ically ei!r di/+ui%$ f1 or id5tifi$ ) ! ,megalonyx ,jeff]sonii1 unless1 among su* rema9s !re happ5$ to be a too?1 or a claw exactly correspond+ ) ! descriptions & figures 9 ! ,ossem5s ,fossiles2 & :51 ( c\rse1 a specific id5tity1 & n m]ely a g5]ic relation%ip w\ld be e/abli%$4 ,! great] "p ( ,cuvi]'s *apt] on ,megalonyx is devot$ to ! beautiful & ju/ly celebrat$ reason+ on ! ungueal phalanx1 :]eby x is prov$ to belong1 n to a gigantic ,c>nivore ( ! ,lion-k9d1 z ,jeff]son suppos$1 b to ! less =midable ord] ( ,ed5tate quadrup$s2 & ,cuvi]1 9 ref]5ce to ! too?1--! "p on :i* alone a g5]ic "* c\ld h be5 f\nd$1--m]ely obs]ves t x resembles at lea/ z mu* ! tee? ( "o ( ! great ,armadillos1 z x does ^? ( ! ,slo?s4#cc ,9 ! la/ edition ( ! ,rgne ,animal1 ,cuvi] introduces ! ,mega!rium & ,megalonyx1 betwe5 ! ,slo?s & ,armadillos2 b alludes to no o!r diff]5ce betwe5 ! two g5]a ?an t ( size1--8l'autre1 le ,megalonyx1 e/ un peu mo9dre40 7p4 #bbf47 ,"s sy/ematic naturali/s1 z ,desm>e/1 & ,fis*]1 h1 !re=e1 suppress$ ! g5us1 & made ! ,megalonyx a species ( ,mega!rium "u ! "n ( ,mega!rium ,jeff]sonii4 ,! d5tal *>act]s ( ! g5us ,mega!rium are laid d[n by ,fis*]#cd z foll[s3--8,d5t4 prim1 et lan4 41 mol> es 1 obducti1 tritores1 coronide nunc plan transv]sim sulcat nunc m$io excavat m>g9ibus prom9ulis40 ,t ,megalonyx _h ! same numb] ( mol>es z ,mega!rium1 7suppos+ t numb] 9 ! ,mega!re to be correctly /at$1 :i* x is n17 is "h assum$ f analogy1 = nei!r ,jeff]son1 ,wi/>1 nor ,cuvi]1--! au?orities = ,megalonyx quot$ by ,fis*]--possess$ o!r means ( kn[+ ! d5tition ( t animal ?an 7 af=d$ by ! fragm5t ( a s+le too?4 ,n[ ! almo/ entire l[] jaw ab\t to be describ$ (f]s1 9 s f> z respects ! g5]al =m & /ructure ( ! tee?1 ! same k9d & degree ( correspond5ce ) ! ,mega!rium1 z does ! ,megalonyx ,jeff]sonii ( ,cuvi]3 &1 :at is only probable 9 t species1 is "h c]ta91 viz41 an agreem5t ) ! ,mega!rium 9 ! class1 viz4 mol>es1 to :i* ! tee? exclusively belong4 ,! "q1 !re=e1 on :i* ,i f9d myself1 9 ! outset1 call$ ^u to come to a decision is1 z to ! pref]5ce ( ! mode ( view+ ! subject ( ! g5]ic relation%ip ( ! ,megalonyx adopt$ by ,desm>e/1 ,fis*]1 c41 or ( t1 on :i* ,cuvi]1 & aft] him ,dr4 ,h>lan1 h practically act$3 :e!r1 9 %ort1 ! g5us ,mega!rium is to re/ ^u ! m compreh5sive *>act]s ( k9d & g5]al /ructure ( ! tee?1 or ^u ! m re/rict$ ones1 ( =m & su* modifications 9 ! disposition & proportions ( ! compon5t textures ( ! too?1 z give rise to ! *>act]i/ic appe>ances ( ! triturat+ surface ( ! cr[n4 ,) respect to exi/+ ,mammalia1 mo/ naturali/s ( ! pres5t day seem to be unanim\s z to ! conv5i5ce at lea/ ( f\nd+ a g5]ic or subg5]ic di/9ction on well-m>k$ modifications 9 ! =m & /ructure ( ! tee?1 al?\gh !y may correspond 9 numb] & k9d1 9 pro( ( :i* x ne$s only to p]use ! pages ( a ,sy/ema ,mammalium :i* relate to ! di/ribution ( ! ,rod5t ,ord]4 ,accord+ to ?is mode ( view+ ! logical ab/ractions "u :i* species are gr\p$ toge!r1 ! ext9ct ,ed5tate ,mammal discov]$ by ,jeff]son mu/ be ref]r$ to a g5us di/9ct f ,mega!rium1 & = :i* ! t]m ,megalonyx %\ld be reta9$4 ,?is w be suffici5tly evid5t by comp>+ ! descriptions giv5 by ,cuvi] ( "o ( ! tee? ( ! ,megalonyx ,jeff]sonii1 & by ,dr4 ,h>lan ( a too? ( 8 ,megalonyx laqueatus1 ) ^? ( ! ,mega!rium :i* h be5 publi%$ by ,mr4 ,clift4 ,! fragm5t ( ! mol> too? ( ! ,megalonyx ,jeff]sonii1 describ$ & figur$ 9 ! ,ossem5s ,fossiles1 seems to h be5 implant$ 9 ! jaw1 l ! tee? ( ! ,mega!rium1 by a simple holl[ base simil> 9 =m & size to ! protrud$ cr[n3 its /ructure ,cuvi] describes z consi/+ ( a c5tral cyl9d] ( bone envelop$ 9 a %ea? ( enamel4#ce ,! transv]se section ( ?is too? pres5ts an irregul> elliptical =m1 ! ext]nal cont\r be+ g5tly & uni=mly convex1 ! int]nal "o1 undulat+2 convex 9 ! middle1 & slightly concave on ea* side1 aris+ f ! too? be+ trav]s$ longitud9ally on its inn] side by two wide & %all[ depressions4 ,! imp]fect too? ( ! species call$ by ,dr4 ,h>lan ,megalonyx laqueatus1 & ( :i* a ca/ 0 pres5t$ by t able & indu/ri\s naturali/ to ! ,museum ( ! ,royal ,college ( ,surgeons1 resembles 9 g5]al =m1 & especially 9 ! *>act]i/ic d\ble longitud9al groove on ! inn] side1 ! too? ( ! ,megalonyx ,jeff]sonii4 ,x is ?us describ$ by ,dr4 ,h>lan3 8,! fractur$ mol> too? appe>s to h belong$ to ! inf]ior maxilla on ! "r side2 ! cr[n is de/roy$2 a "p ( ! cavity ( ! root rema9s4 ,! body is compress$ transv]sely1 & pres5ts a d\ble curvature1 :i* r5d]s its ant]ior & ext]ior aspects slightly convex2 ! po/]ior & int]ior g5tly concave2 ^! surfaces are all uni=m1 ) ! exception ( ! int]ior or mesial aspect1 :i* pres5ts a longitud9al rib or ridge1 "o-half ! ?ickness ( ! long diamet] ( ! too?2 ) a broad1 n pr(\nd longitud9al groove or *annel along ea* ( its bord]s4 ,x is f ?is resemblance to a portion ( a flut$ column1 t ! animal takes its specific appellation 7,megx4 laqueatus74 8,! cr[n w\ld resemble an irregul> ellipsis wide/ at ! ant]ior portion4 ,! too? consi/s ( a c5tral pill> ( bone surr\nd$ ) enamel1 ! =m] ( a dead :ite1 ! latt] ( a f]rug9\s br[n col\r3 ! transv]se diamet] is m ?an two-?irds less ?an its l5g?1 :il/ t ( ,megx4 ,jeff]sonii is only "o-?ird less--! ant]o-po/]ior diamet] is "o-half its l5g? 9 ! =m]1 & two-?irds less 9 ! latt]4 ,! proportions ( ?is too? are consequ5tly totally at v>iance ) t ( its k9dr$ species40 ,vide ,pl4 ,,xii4 fig4 #g1 #h1 #i4cf ,dr4 ,h>lan describes also two claws ( ! =e-foot1 a radius1 hum]us1 scapula1 "o rib1 an os calcis1 a metac>pal bone1 c]ta9 v]tebr1 a femur1 & tibia1 ( ! same ,megalonyx2 ^! p>ts ( ! skeleton1 toge!r ) ! too?1 :i* s =tunately s]v$ to e/abli% ! g5]ic relation%ip ( ! species ) ! ,megalonyx ( ,jeff]son & ,cuvi]1 7 discov]$ 9 ,big-bone-cave1 ,t5nessee1 ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,dr4 ,h>lan does n ent] into ! "q ( ! g5]ic *>act]s ( ,megalonyx1 b x w\ld seem t he felt !m to re/ n entirely on d5tal modifications1 = he obs]ves t 8a m9ute exam9ation ( ! too? & knee-jo9t r5d]s x n improbable1 suppos+ ! la/ nam$ "* to be peculi> to x1 t if ! :ole frame %\ld h]eaft] be discov]$1 x may ev5 claim a g5]ic di/9ction1 9 :i* case1 ei!r ,aulaxodon1 or ,,pleurodon1 w\ld n be an inappropriate "n40#cg ,!re c be no d\bt1 z x appe>s to me1 ) respect to a fossil jaw pres5t+ tee? 9 ! same numb]1 & ( ! same g5]al /ructure1 z 9 ! ,mega!rium1 & ) individual modifications ( =m1 z well-m>k$ z ^? :i* di/+ui% ,mega!rium f ,megalonyx1 t ! ,palontologi/ has no o!r *oice ?an to ref] x1 ei!r z ,fis*] has done ) ,megalonyx1 to a di/9ct species ( ! g5us ,mega!rium1 or to reg>d x z ! type ( a subg5us di/9ct f bo?4 ,) ref]5ce1 h[ev]1 to ! ,pleurodon ( ,dr4 ,h>lan1 aft] a detail$ comp>ison ( ! ca/ ( ! too? on :i* t g5us is ma9ly f\nd$1 ) ! descriptions & figures ( ! too? ( ! ,megalonyx ,jeff]sonii1 9 ! 8,ossem5s ,fossiles10 !y seem to diff] 9 s slight a degree z to w>rant only a specific di/9ction1 & ?is diff]5ce ev51 view+ ! v>i\s proportions ( ! tee? 9 ! same jaw ( ! ,mega!rium1 is m satisfactorily e/abli%$ by ! *>act]s po9t$ out by ,dr4 ,h>lan 9 ! =m & proportions ( ! radius1 ?an by ^? 9 ! too? itself4 ,! next notice ( ! ,megalonyx :i* ,i h consult$1 9 ! hope ( meet+ ) additional & m precise in=mation z to its real g5]ic *>act]s1 is an acc\nt giv5 by ! le>n$ ,pr(essor ,doell+]1#ch ( "s fossil bones1 collect$ by ! accompli%$ travell]s ,spix & ,m>tius 9 ! cave ( ,lassa ,gr&e1 ne> ! ,arrayal de ,torracigos1 9 ,brazil4 ,9 ?is collection1 h[ev]1 x un=tunately happ5s t !re are no tee?1 b only a few bones ( ! extremities1 includ+ "s ungueal phalanges1 :i* ,pr(essor ,doell+] concludes1 f _! %ape1 ! pres5ce ( an osse\s %ea? = ! claw1 & ! =m ( _! articulation1 to belong1 )\t d\bt1 to an animal ( ! ,mega!rioid k9d1 ab\t ! size ( an ,ox4 ,he p>ticul>ly /ates t !y are n bones ( an immature individual2 b t !y agree suffici5tly ) ,cuvi]'s descriptions & figures ( ! ,megalonyx to be ref]r$ to t species ( animal 7zu dieses ?i]>t27 & he adds1 :at is c]ta9ly an int]e/+ fact1 t ! fossils 9 "q =m ! fir/ ( ! k9d t _h be5 discov]$ out ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,subsequ5tly to ! discov]y ( ^! bones1 & ( ^? ( ! ,megalonyx laqueatus above allud$ to1 ! rema9s ( ano!r great ,ed5tate animal 7 f\nd 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 & 7 deposit$ 9 ! ,lyceum at ,new ,york2 among ^! is a portion ( ! l[] jaw ) ! :ole d5tal s]ies ( "o side4 ,x is ?us describ$ by ,dr4 ,h>lan4 8,! fragm5t ,i am n[ ab\t to describe is a portion ( ! dext] l[] jaw ( ! ,megalonyx1 conta9+ f\r mol> tee?2 ?ree ( ! cr[ns ( ^! tee? are p]fect1 t ( ! ant]ior "o is imp]fect4 ,^! tee? diff] consid]ably f ea* o!r 9 %ape1 & increase 9 size f ! front1 ! f\r? & po/]ior too? be+ d\ble ! size ( ! fir/1 & m compress$ lat]ally2 x is also v]tically concave on its ext]nal aspect1 & v]tically convex on its int]nal aspect2 ! int]ior or mesial surface is /rongly flut$1 & x has a deep longitud9al furr[ on ! d]mal aspect1 9 :i* respect x diff]s f ! too? ( ! ,m4 laqueatus previ\sly describ$ by me1 ( :i* ! d]mal aspect is uni=m1 b to :i*1 9 all o!r respects1 x has a close resemblance4 ,i suppose x !re=e probable1 t ?is la/ may h belong$ to ! upp] jaw4 ,! ?ree ant]ior mol>s diff] 9 %ape & m>k+s3 !y are v]tically groov$1 or flut$1 on _! int]ior & po/]ior aspects1 a transv]se section pres5t+ an irregul> cube4 ,! l5g? ( ! cr[n ( ! po/]ior mol> is two in*es3 ! bread? ab\t five-t5?s ( an in*3 ! l5g? ( ! too? is ?ree in*es & six-t5?s4 ,! diamet] ( ! p5ultimate mol> is eight-t5?s by sev5-t5?s ( an in*4 ,! l5g? ( ?is fragm5t ( ! jaw-bone is eight in*es & f\r-t5?s2 ! height ?ree in*es & six-t5?s3 ! l5g? ( ! space occupi$ by ! alveol> sockets five in*es & eight-t5?s4 ,! cr[n ( ! too? pres5ts no protub]ances1 b resembles t ( ! ,slo?2 ! roots are holl[40#ci ,?is fossil is ref]r$ by ,dr4 ,h>lan to 8 ,megalonyx laqueatus2 b1 p5d+ ! abs5ce ( o!r pro( ( ! id5tity ( species1 9 :i*1 z may be se5 by comp>+ fig4 #b1 ) fig4 #d1 9 ,pl4 ,,xvii41 ! tee? diff] widely 9 =m1 x w\ld be obvi\sly haz>d\s to adopt su* an approximation on hypo!tical gr\nds4#dj ,9 ord]1 h[ev]1 to obta9 m satisfactory evid5ce ( ! nature & am\nt ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,megalonyx laqueatus1 & ! alli$ animal repres5t$ by ! above-describ$ fragm5t ( l[] jaw1 ,i wrote to my mu* respect$ fri5d ,m4 ,,laurill>d1 reque/+ him to s5d me a sket* ( ! tee? 9 ! ca/ ( t l[] jaw1 :i* _h be5 transmitt$ f ,new ,york to ! ,g>d5 ( ,plants4 ,) full confid5ce 9 ! *>act]i/ic precision & accuracy ( ! draw+ ) :i* ,i h be5 oblig+ly fav\r$ by ,m4 ,laurill>d1 ,i am dispos$ to reg>d ! am\nt ( diff]5ce recognizable 9 e too? 9 ! l[] jaw 9 "q 7fig1 #c & #d17 z comp>$ ) ! mol> too? ei!r ( ,megalonyx ,jeff]sonii 7fig4 #a17 or ,megx4 laqueatus 7fig4 #b7 to be su* z to ju/ify its g5]ic sep>ation f ,megalonyx on ! same gr\nds z ,megalonyx is di/+ui%$ f ,mega!rium1 & = ! subg5us ( ,mega!rioid ,ed5tata1 ?us indicat$1 ,i w\ld propose ! "n ( ,,mylodon4#da ,! species ( :i* ! fossil rema9s are describ$ by ,dr4 ,h>lan may be d$icat$ to t indefatigable ,naturali/ :o has contribut$ to natural sci5ce s mu* valuable in=mation respect+ ! ,zoology1 bo? rec5t & fossil1 ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican cont95t4 ,! fossil ab\t to be describ$ repres5ts a second & small] species ( ! same g5us1 & ,i propose to call x ,mylodon ,d>w9ii1 9 hon\r ( its discov]]1 ( ^: rese>*es 9 ! ,s\!rn division ( ! ,new ,_w x =ms "o ( _m new & int]e/+ fruits4 ,?is fossil 0 discov]$ 9 a b$ ( p>tly consolidat$ gravel at ! base ( ! cliff call$ ,punta ,alta1 at ,bahia ,blanca 9 ,nor!rn ,patagonia3 x consi/s ( ! l[] jaw ) ! s]ies ( tee? entire on bo? sides3 b ! extremity ( ! symphysis1 ! coronoid & condyloid processes1 & ! angul> process ( ! left ramus1 are want+4 ,! tee? are compos$1 z 9 ,bradypus1 ,mega!rium & ,megalonyx1 ( a c5tral pill> ( co>se ivory1 imm$iately inve/$ ) a ?9 lay] ( f9e & d5se ivory1 & ! :ole surr\nd$ by a ?ick coat+ ( cem5t4 ,9 ! fig4 #e1 ,pl4 ,,xvii41 ! f9e ivory is repres5t$ by ! :ite /riat$ conc5tric tract on ! gr9d+ surface ( ! tee?2 x is ( a yell[i%-:ite col\r 9 ! fossil1 & /&s out1 z an obtuse ridge1 f t surface3 bo? ^! conditions dep5d on ! l>ge proportion ( ! m9]al to ! animal con/itu5t 9 ?is sub/ance ( ! too?4 ,! ext]nal lay] ( ! cem5t pres5ts 9 ! fossil ! same yell[i%-br[n t9t z ! bone itself1 :i* x s closely resembles1 bo? 9 intimate /ructure & 9 *emical composition2 ! int]nal lay] next ! d5se ivory is jet black1 indicat+ ! great proportion ( animal matt] orig9ally pres5t 9 ?is "p4 ,! c5tral pill> ( co>se ivory1 :i*1 f its m yield+ texture1 has be5 worn d[n into a holl[ at ! triturat+ surface ( ! too?1 also pres5ts1 z a consequ5ce ( ! less proportion ( ! h>d5+ phosphates1 a d>k] br[n col\r ?an ! ext]nal lay] ( ! cem5t1 or ! bone itself4 ,! tee? are implant$ 9 v deep sockets2 ab\t "o-six? only ( ! la/ mol> projects above ! alveolus2 ! proportion ( ! expos$ "p ( ! too? increases z !y are plac$ fur!r =w>ds4 ,! implant$ "p ( ea* too? is simple2 pres]v+ ! same size & =m z ! project+ cr[n1 & pres5t+ a l>ge conical cavity at ! base1 indicative ( ! orig9al p]si/5t pulp1 & p]petual gr[? ( ^! tee?4 ,! ext5t ( ! :ole f\r alveoli is f\r in*es1 eight l9es2 ! l5g? ( ! jaw f ! angle to ! brok5 end ( ! symphysis is sev5te5 in*es & a half2#db f ! figures x w be se5 t only a small proportion ( ! ant]ior "p ( ! jaw is lo/1 s t we may reg>d ! d5tig]\s "p ( ! jaw z be+ limit$ to ab\t "o-f\r? ( its entire l5g?2 ! alveoli be+ ne>ly equidi/ant f ! two extremities4 ,! fir/ & second tee?1 c\nt+ backw>ds1 are sep>at$ by an int]space ( r m ?an ?ree l9es2 t betwe5 ! second & ?ird is "o l9e less2 ! ?ird & f\r? are r m ?an a l9e ap>t3 f ! oblique position1 h[ev]1 ( ! ?ree h9d] tee? ! int]vals betwe5 !m appe> 9 a side view1 z 9 fig4 #a1 ,pl4 ,,xix41 to be less ?an 9 reality1 & ! ?ird & f\r? tee? seem to t\* ea* o!r4 ,ea* too? has a =m & size peculi> to itself1 & diff]5t f ! re/1 b corresponds ( c\rse ) its fell[ on ! opposite side4 ,! same may be obs]v$1 b 9 a less degree1 9 ! tee? ( ! ,mega!rium itself2 h5ce1 x is obvi\sly haz>d\s to f\nd a g5]ic di/9ction ^u a s+le too?1 unless1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,glyptodon1#dc ! modification ( =m happ5s to be extremely well-m>k$4 ,! :ole s]ies ( tee?1 or _! sockets1 at lea/ ( "o ( ! jaws1 %\ld be kn[n = ! purpose ( mak+ a satisfactory comp>ison ) ! previ\sly e/abli%$ ,ed5tate g5]a4 ,! fir/ mol> 9 ! pres5t jaw is ! smalle/ & simple/ ( ! s]ies3 its transv]se section is ellipsoid1 or subovate1 n>r[e/ 9 front1 & some:at m convex on ! out] ?an on ! inn] side3 ! long diamet] ( ! ellipse is n9e l9es1 ! %ort or transv]se diamet] six l9es3 ! l5g? ( ! too? may be ab\t ?ree in*es1 b ,i h n deem$ x necess>y to fracture ! alveolus 9 ord] to asc]ta9 precisely ?is po9t4 ,! second too? pres5ts 9 transv]se section a m irregul> & wid] oval figure ?an ! fir/3 ! l9e ( ! out] side is convex1 b t ( ! inn] side slightly concave1 9 consequ5ce ( ! too? be+ trav]s$ longitud9ally by a broad & %all[ *annel or impression2 ! longitud9al diamet] ( ! transv]se section is "o in*2 ! transv]se diamet] at ! wide/ "p n9e l9es4 ,!re is a slight diff]5ce 9 ! size ( ?is too? on ! two sides ( ! jaw1 ! "r "o1 f :i* ! above dim5sions are tak51 be+ ! l>ge/4 ,! transv]se section ( ! ?ird too? has a trapezoidal or rhomboidal =m2 ! angles are r\nd$ (f2 ! po/]ior "o is mo/ produc$2 ! ant]ior & po/]ior surfaces are flatt5$1 ! latt] slightly concave 9 ! middle2 ! ext]nal & int]nal sides are concave 9 ! middle1 especially ! inn] side1 :]e ! concavity approa*es to ! =m ( an ent]+ not*4 ,! longe/ diamet] ( ! transv]se section ( ?is too? is ?irte5 l9es1 ! %orte/ sev5 l9es & a half3 9 ! too? on ! "r side ! ext]nal surface is ne>ly flat2 ?is slight diff]5ce is n indicat$ 9 ! figure 7,pl4 ,,xviii47 ,! la/ mol>1 :i* is g5]ally ! mo/ *>act]i/ic 9 ! fossil ,bruta1 pres5ts 9 an exagg]at$ degree ! peculi>ities ( ! prec$+ too?2 ! longitud9al *annels on bo? ! out] & inn] surfaces encroa* s f> ^u ! sub/ance ( ! too?1 t ! c5tral co>se ivory sub/ance is z x 7 squeez$ out ( ! int]space1 & ! elevat$ ridge ( ! d5se ivory describes an h\r-glass figure ^u ! triturat+ surface1 ! connect+ i/hmus be+ b half ! bread? ( ! re/ ( ! tract2 ! ext]nal cm5tum pres]ves ne>ly an equal ?ickness ?r\gh\t4 ,( ! two lobes into :i* ?is too? is divid$ by ! transv]se con/riction1 ! ant]ior is ! l>ge/2 _! proportions & oblique position are pretty accurately giv5 9 ! figure4 ,! longitud9al diamet] ( ! transv]se section ( ?is too? is "o in*1 sev5 l9es1 its greate/ lat]al or transv]se diamet] is t5 l9es1 its lea/ diamet] at ! con/rict$ "p is ?ree l9es1 ! l5g? ( ! entire too? is f\r in*es4 ,judg+ f ! =m ( ! jaw1 ! l5g? ( ! o!r tee? decreases 9 a regul> ratio to ! ant]ior "o4 ,! po/]ior too? is slightly curv$1 z %[n 9 fig4 #b1 ,pl4 ,,xix41 ) ! concavity direct$ t[>ds ! out] side ( ! jaw4 ,! g5]al =m ( ! horizontal ramus ( ! jaw1 is s well illu/rat$ 9 ! figures ,pl4 ,,xviii4 & ,,xix41 t ! description may be brief4 ,! symphysis is completely an*ylos$1 ab\t f\r in*es 9 l5g?1 & ext5d$ =w>d to ! extremity ( ! jaw at a v slight angle ) ! inf]ior bord] ( ! ramus3 x is ( great bread?1 smoo? & g5tly concave int]nally1 & sugge/s ! idea ( its adaptation = ! support & glid+ movem5ts =w>ds & backw>ds ( ! free extremity ( a long & well-develop$ tongue4 ,! ext]ior surface ( ! symphysis is *>act]iz$ by ! pres5ce ( two oval mammilloid processes1 situat$ on ea* side ( ! middle l9e1 & ab\t half-way betwe5 ! ant]ior & po/]ior extremes ( ! symphysis4 ,a front view ( ^! processes1 ( ! natural size1 is giv5 9 fig4 #d1 ,pl4 ,,xix43 a side view ( ! "o on ! "r side repres5t$ 9 ! r$uc$ figure4 ,ne>ly f\r in*es beh9d ! ant]ior extremity ( ! above process is ! l>ge ant]ior op5+ ( ! d5tal canal3 x is five l9es 9 diamet]1 situat$ ab\t "o-?ird ( ! dep? ( ! ramus ( ! jaw f ! upp] m>g94 ,! magnitude ( ?is =am51 :i* gives passage to ! n]ve & art]y ( ! l[] lip1 indicates t ?is "p 0 ( l>ge size2 & ! two symphyseal processes1 :i* probably 7 subs]vi5t to ! atta*m5t ( l>ge retractor muscles1 d5ote ! free & ext5sive motions ( su* a lip1 z we h presum$ to h exi/$ f ! size ( ! =am9a de/9$ = ! transmission ( its n]v\s & nutri5t organs4 ,! angle ( ! jaw is produc$ backw>ds1 & ends 9 an obtuse po9t1 slightly b5t upw>ds2 a =am51 "o-?ird less ?an ! ant]ior "o1 leads f ne> ! comm5cem5t ( ! d5tal canal1 to ! out] surface ( ! jaw1 a little bel[ & beh9d ! la/ mol> too?2 ?is =am5 pres5ts ! same size & relative position on bo? sides ( ! jaw4 ,i f9d no indication ( a correspond+ =am51 or ( symphyseal processes 9 ! figures or descriptions ( ! l[] jaw ( ! ,mega!rium1 nor 9 ! l[] jaw ( ! ,slo?s1 ,ant-eat]s1 ,armadillos1 or ,manises1 :i* ,i h _h ! opportunity ( exam9+ ) a view to ?is comp>ison4 ,9 ! ,mega!rium ! inf]ior cont\r ( ! l[] jaw is peculi>ly rem>kable1 z ,cuvi] has obs]v$1 = ! convex prom95ce or enl>gem5t :i* is develop$ d[nw>ds f its middle "p4 ,9 ! ,mylodon ! correspond+ convexity exi/s 9 a v slight degree1 n exce$+ t :i* may be obs]v$ at ! correspond+ "p ( ! l[] jaw ( ! ,ai1 or ,oryct]ope4 ,a broad & %all[ furr[ ext5ds along ! out] side ( ! jaw1 close to ! alveol> m>g91 f ! beg9n+ ( ! coronoid process to ! ant]ior d5tal =am54 ,! base ( ! coronoid process beg9s ext]nal & po/]ior to ! la/ gr9d]3 ! :ole ( ! asc5d+ ramus ( ! jaw1 b5ea? ! coronoid process is excavat$ on its inn] side by a wide & deep concavity1 b\nd$ bel[ by a well-m>k$ ridge1 :i* ext5ds obliquely backw>ds f ! po/]ior "p ( ! alveolus ( ! la/ gr9d] to ! inf]ior m>g9 ( ! asc5d+ ramus1 :i* is b5t inw>ds be=e x rea*es ! angle ( ! jaw4 ,! l>ge =am5 or entry to ! d5tal canal is situat$ 9 ! int]nal concavity ( ! asc5d+ ramus ( ! jaw1 two in*es beh9d ! la/ mol>1 ?ree in*es f ! l[] m>g9 ( ! ramus1 & ne>ly five in*es f ! elevat$ angle ( ! jaw3 x measures n9e l9es 9 ! v]tical diamet]1 & its magnitude indicates ! l>ge size ( ! vessels :i* are de/9$ to supply ! mat]ials = ! con/ant r5ewal ( ! d5tal sub/ance1--a sub/ance :i* f its texture mu/ be suppos$ to h be5 subject to rapid abrasion4 ,ab\t an in* beh9d ! d5tal =am5 a deep vascul> groove1 ab\t two l9es 9 bread?1 is cont9u$ d[nw>ds to ! ridge :i* circumscribes ! int]nal concavity ( ?is "p ( ! jaw1 & p]=ates ! ridge1 :i* ?us ar*es ov] ! canal3 ?is /ructure is pres5t 9 bo? rami ( ! jaw4 ,! mylo-hyoid ridge is di/9ctly m>k$ ab\t an in* & a half bel[ ! alveol> m>g94 ,o!r muscul> ridges & irregul> em95ces are pres5t on ! out] side ( ! base ( ! asc5d+ ramus1 & ne> ! angle ( ! jaw2 z %[n 9 fig4 #a1 ,pl4 ,,xix4 ,f ! prec$+ descriptions x w be se5 t ! l[] jaw ( ! ,mylodon is v diff]5t f t ( ! ,mega!rium2 ) t ( ! ,megalonyx we h at pres5t no means ( comp>+ x4 ,among exi/+ ,ed5tata ! ,mylodon1 9 ! =m ( ! po/]ior "p & angle ( ! jaw1 holds an int]m$iate place betwe5 ! ,ai & ! great ,armadillo2 9 ! =m ( ! an*ylos$ symphysis ( ! l[] jaw x resembles mo/ closely ! ,unau or two-to$ ,slo?2 b 9 ! peculi> ext]nal configuration ( ! symphysis result+ f ! mammilloid processes above describ$1 ! ,mylodon pres5ts a "* :i* has n hi!rto be5 obs]v$ 9 any o!r species ( ,bruta1 ei!r rec5t or fossil4 ,9 conclusion x may be /at$1 t ! tee? & bones "h describ$ (f] all ! conditions & appe>ances ( ^? ( a full gr[n animal2 & t !y pres5t a m>k$ diff]5ce ( size z comp>$ ) ^? ( ! ,mylodon ,h>lani1 z w be evid5t by ! foll[+ admeasurem5ts4 ,,admeasurem5ts ,,( ,,! ,,l[] ,,jaw ,,( ,,mylodon ,,d>w9ii4 ,in*es4 ,l9es4 ,l5g? 7z f> z complete7 #ag #f ,extreme wid?1 f ! outside ( "o ramus to t ( ! o!r #i #j ,dep? ( ea* ramus #d #i ,l5g? ( alveol> s]ies #d #h ,f fir/ mol> to brok5 end ( symphysis #f #j ,bread? ( symphysis #c #g ,longitud9al ext5t ( symphysis #d #f ,circumf]5ce ( n>r[e/ "p ( ea* ramus #e #i ,,description ,,( ,a ,,consid]able ,,"p ,,( ,,! ,,skeleton ,,( ,a ,,l>ge ,,ed5tate ,,mammal1 ,,alli$ ,,to ,,! ,,mega!rium ,,& ,,oryct]opus1 ,,& ,,= ,,:i* ,,is ,,propos$ ,,! ,,"n ,,( ,,scelido!rium#dd ,,leptocephalum4 ,( ! l>ge ,ed5tate quadrup$s t once exi/$ 9 ! ,new ,_w1 suffici5t ( ! osse\s rema9s ( ! gigantic ,mega!rium alone has be5 transmitt$ to ,europe to give a satisfactory idea ( ! g5]al =m & proportions ( ! ext9ct animal4 ,diff]5t bones ( ! ,megalonyx1 ,mylodon1 & ,glyptodon h be5 describ$1 b n suffici5t ( ! rema9s ( any individual ( ^! subg5]a has1 hi!rto1 rea*$ ,europe1 or be5 s describ$ z to enable u to =m a comp>ison betwe5 !m & ! ,mega!rium1 or any ( ! exi/+ ,ed5tata1 9 reg>d to ! g5]al con/ruction & proportions ( ! entire skeleton4 ,?is /ate ( our k ( ! o/eology ( ! s+ul> giants ( ! ,ed5tate ,ord] r5d]s ! rema9s ( ! pres5t animal peculi>ly int]e/+1 s9ce1 al?\gh ! extremities are too imp]fect to enable u to recon/ruct ! entire skeleton1 a suffici5t proportion ( x has be5 pres]v$ 9 ! natural position to give a v satisfactory idea ( its aff9ities to o!r ,ed5tata1 ^: o/eology is m completely kn[n4 ,! fossil rema9s "h describ$ 7 discov]$ by ,mr4 ,d>w9 9 ! same b$ ( p>tly consolidat$ gravel at ,punta ,alta1 ,nor!rn ,patagonia1 z t 9 :i* ! l[] jaws ( ! ,toxodon & ,mylodon 7 imb$d$4 ,! p>ts ( ! skeleton ab\t to be describ$ 7 discov]$ 9 _! natural relative position1 z repres5t$ at ,pl4 ,,xx41 indicat+1 ,mr4 ,d>w9 obs]ves1 t ! sublittoral =mation 9 :i* !y _h be5 orig9ally deposit$ _h be5 subject to little di/urbance4#de ,!y include ! cranium1 ne>ly entire1 ) ! tee? & "p ( ! os hyoides2 ! sev5 c]vical1 eight ( ! dorsal1 & five ( ! sacral v]tebr1 ! two scapul1 left hum]us1 radius & ulna1 two c>pal bones1 & an ungueal phalanx2 bo? femora1 ! proximal extremities ( ! left tibia & fibula1 & ! left a/ragalus4 ,! pr9cipal p>ts ( ! cranium :i* are defici5t are ! ant]ior extremities ( bo? ! upp] & l[] jaws1 ! os frontis1 ?moid bone1 & ! :ole upp] "p ( ! facial division ( ! skull2 b suffici5t rema9s to %[ t ! g5]al =m ( ! skull resembl$ an elongat$1 sl5d]1 subcompress$ cone1 comm5c+ beh9d by a flatt5$ v]tical base1 slightly exp&+ to ! zygomatic region1 & !nce gradually contract+ 9 all its dim5sions to ! ant]ior extremity4 ,! ,cape ,ant-eat] 7,oryct]opus71 ( all ,ed5tata1 mo/ ne>ly resembles ! pres5t fossil 9 ! =m ( its cranium1 & next 9 ?is comp>ison ! great ,armadillo 7,dasypus gigas1 ,cuv47 may be cit$3 on ! supposition1 !re=e1 t ! correspond5ce ) ! above exi/+ ,ed5tals obs]vable 9 ! p>ts ( ! fossil cranium :i* d exi/1 0 c>ri$ out ?r\gh ^? :i* are defective1 ! l5g? ( ! skull ( ! ,scelido!re mu/ h be5 n less ?an two feet4 ,if n[ ! read] w turn to ,pl4 ,,xx4 he w see t ?is cranium is s+ul>ly small & sl5d] 9 proportion to ! re/ ( ! skeleton1 especially ! bulky pelvis & femur1 ( :i* bones ! latt] has a l5g? ( sev5te5 in*es1 & a bread? ( n less ?an n9e in*es2 ! a/ragalus1 aga91 exce$s 9 bulk t ( ! l>ge/ ,hippopotamus or ,rh9oc]os2 yet ! condition ( ! epiphyseal extremities ( ! long bones proves ! pres5t fossils to h belong$ to an immature animal4 ,h5ce1 al?\gh ! ,scelido!re1 l mo/ o!r ,ed5tals1 0 ( l[ /ature1 &1 l ! ,mega!rium1 pres5t$ a disproportionate developm5t ( ! h9d] p>ts1 x is probable1 t1 bulk = bulk1 x equall$1 :5 alive1 ! l>ge/ exi/+ pa*yd]ms1 n proboscidian4 ,!re is no evid5ce t x possess$ a tesselat$ osse\s coat ( mail4 ,i %all comm5ce ! description ( ! pres5t skeleton ) ! cranium4 ,! condyles ( ! occiput 7,see ,pl4 ,,xxi4 fig4 #b17 are wide ap>t1 sub-elliptic1 v simil> 9 position1 =m1 & relative size to ^? 9 ,oryct]opus4 ,! =am5 occipitale is transv]sely oval1 its plane slopes f above d[nw>ds & =w>ds at an angle ( #dj ) t ( ! occipital region ( ! skull4 ,?is region1 z be=e /at$1 is v]tical 9 position 7see fig4 #a1 ,pl4 ,,xxi471 ( a sub-semicircul> =m1 ! bread? be+ ne>ly "o-?ird m ?an ! height2 x is b\nd$ above & lat]ally by a pretty regul> curve2 b ! sup]ior m>g9 is n produc$ s f> backw>ds z 9 ,oryct]opus4 ,! occipital plane is bisect$ by a mesial v]tical ridge2 !re is a less develop$ transv]se curv$ int]muscul> cre/ :i* runs p>allel ) & ab\t half an in* bel[ ! m>g9al ridge3 ! surface ( ! occipital plane on ! int]spaces ( ^! ridges is irregul>ly pitt$ ) ! impression ( ! ins]tion ( p[]ful muscles4 ,! correspond+ surface is smoo? 9 ! ,oryct]ope & ,armadillos2 9 ! great ext9ct ,glosso!re x resembles 9 "* t ( ! ,scelido!re2 b 9 ! =w>d slope ( ! occipital plane ! ,glosso!re diff]s 9 a m>k$ degree f ! pres5t animal4 ,! upp] surface ( ! cranium is smoo? & regul>ly convex4 ,! ext5t ( ! orig9 ( ! temporal muscles is def9$ by a slightly-rais$ broad comm5cem5t ( a ridge1 :i*1 9 ! old] animal1 might become m develop$4 ,!re is no trace ( ?is ridge 9 ! ,oryct]ope2 b x exi/s 9 ! ,armadillos1 9 :i* ! tee? are ( a d5s] texture1 & bett] organiz$ = ma/ication1 & consequ5tly are associat$ ) bett] develop$ ma/icatory muscles4 ,x w be subsequ5tly %[n t ! ,scelido!re resembles ! ,armadillos 9 s f> z x possesses a great] proportion ( ! d5se ivory to ! ext]nal cm5tum 9 its tee?1 ?an does ! ,mega!rium2 :ile x diff]s widely f ! ,oryct]ope1 9 ! /ructure ( its tee?4 ,! tee?1 h[ev]1 are few] 9 ! ,scelido!re ?an 9 any ,armadillo1 & relatively small] ?an 9 mo/ ( ! species ( t family4 ,accord+ly we f9d t ! zygomatic ar*es are relatively weak]2 & 9 ?is p>ticul> ! ,scelido!re corresponds ) ! ,oryct]ope4 ,! zygomatic process ( ! temporal comm5ces po/]iorly ab\t an in* & a half f ! occipital plane1 its orig9 or base is ext5d$ =w>ds 9 a horizontal l9e fully f\r in*es1 :]e x t]m9ates z usual 9 a ?9 concave edge1 z %[n on ! "r side 9 ,pl4 ,,xxii4 ,! free portion ( ! zygoma1 cont9u$ =w>ds f ! out] "p ( ?is edge1 is a sl5d] sub compress$ process1 half an in* 9 ! longe/ or v]tical diamet]1 & less ?an ?ree l9es 9 ! transv]se2 ! extremity ( ?is process is brok5 (f2 ! opposite extremity ( ! mal> portion ( ! zygoma is entire1 & obtusely r\nd$4 ,! bony ar* may h be5 complet$ by ! ext5sion ( ! temporal process to ! mal> "o1 b ! two p>ts und\bt$ly 7 n connect$ toge!r by s ext5sive a surface z 9 ! ,oryct]ope4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! zygomatic ar* be naturally incomplete 9 ! ,scelido!re1 ! int]space betwe5 ! mal> & temporal portions mu/ be relatively mu* less ?an 9 ! ,slo? or ,ant-eat]2 = ! brok5 end ( ! temporal "p is sep>at$ f ! obtusely r\nd$ apex ( ! mal> process 9 ! pres5t specim5 by an int]val ( only "o in*4 ,! articul> surface 7,pl4 ,,xxiii41 fig4 #b7 b5ea? ! zygoma = ! l[] jaw is flat & ev51 ) ! out] & inn] m>g9 slightly b5t d[n1 b hav+ no def9able ant]ior or po/]ior limits2 its bread? is two in*es4 ,x diff]s f ! correspond+ surface 9 ! ,oryct]ope 9 be+ sep>at$ by a relatively wid] int]val f ! tympanic bone1 & 9 want+ consequ5tly ! support :i* ! bony meatus auditorius gives 9 ! ,oryct]ope to ! back "p ( ! m&ibul> jo9t4 ,! ,armadillos diff] /ill m f ! ,scelido!re 9 ?is important "p ( ! cranial organization1 inasmu* z ! gl5oid cavity is n only protect$ beh9d by ! desc5d+ os tympanicum1 b also 9 front by a correspond+ v]tical d[nw>d ext5sion ( ! os mal4 ,! ,scelido!re 9 ! g5]al =m & relative position ( ! surface = ! articulation ( ! l[] jaw resembles ! ,glosso!re m closely ?an any o!r ,ed5tate animal ) :i* ,i h be5 able to comp>e x4 ,! mal> bone ( ! ,mega!rium pres5ts1 z is well kn[n1 two *>act]s1 9 :i* x conspicu\sly diff]s f t ( ! ,oryct]ope & ,armadillos1 & approximates 9 an equally m>k$ degree to ! ,slo?s2 ^! *>act]s consi/ 9 a process asc5d+ z if to complete ! po/]ior circumf]5ce ( ! orbit1 & ano!r process desc5d+ outside ! l[] jaw to give advantage\s & augm5t$ surface ( atta*m5t to ! masset]ic muscle1 9 its "* ( a protractor ( ! jaw4 ,n[ bo? ^! modifications ( ! mal> bone are pres5t 9 ! ,scelido!re1 & are ! *ief if n ! sole m>ks ( ! aff9ity to ! ,mega!rium :i* ! /ructure ( ! cranium af=ds4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 ! m int]e/+1 p]haps1 on t acc\nt1 & because !y are associat$ ) o!r & m num]\s *>act]s approximat+ ! species 9 "q to ! ord9>y t]re/rial z di/+ui%$ f ! arboreal ,ed5tata4 ,= if ! ,scelido!re1 in/ead ( ! ,mega!re1 _h be5 discov]$ half a c5tury ago1 & if its true nature & aff9ities _h be5 9 l mann] elucidat$ by ! g5ius & sci5ce ( a ,cuvi]2 & suppos+ on ! o!r h& t ! ,mega!rium in/ead ( ! ,scelido!re _h be5 "o ( ! novel & int]e/+ fruits ( ,mr4 ,d>w9's rec5t exploration ( ! coa/ ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 !n ! aff9ities ( ! ,mega!re ) ! ,slo?s w\ld und\bt$ly h be5 view$ f a tru] po9t ?an at ! "t :51--! ,scelido!re1 & analog\s transitional =ms1 be+ unkn[n1--x 0 reg>d$ z a gigantic ,slo?4 ,hav+ indicat$ ! pr9cipal *>act]s ( ! cranium ( ! ,scelido!re1 :i* det]m9e its aff9ities among/ ! ,ed5tata1 !re next rema9s to be consid]$ ! relative position1 ext5t1 & connections1 ( ! diff]5t bones compos+ ! cranium4 ,! occipital bone con/itutes ! :ole ( ! po/]ior1 ! usual proportion ( ! inf]ior1 & a small "p ( ! upp] & lat]al portions ( ! cranial cavity3 !re is a small desc5d+ ex-occipital process imm$iately ext]ior to ! condyle3 above ?is "p ! occipital bone is articulat$ to ! ma/oid process ( ! temporal1 & ! supra-occipital plate is jo9$ by a complex d5tat$ lambdoidal suture to ! two p>ietals1 )\t ! int]v5tion ( int]p>ietal or ,wormian bones2 ! c\rse & =m ( ! lambdoidal suture is %[n 9 ,pl4 ,,xxii42 x has ! same relative position z 9 ! ,oryct]ope2 9 ! ,armadillos1 ! suture runs along ! angle betwe5 ! po/]ior & sup]ior surfaces ( ! skull4 ,! ?ickness ( ! occipital bone1 at ?is angle1 9 ! ,scelido!re1 exce$s an in*1 & its texture consi/s ( a close massive diplo1 betwe5 ! d5se out] & inn] tables1 7,pl4 ,,xxiii4 fig4 #a47 ,! squam\s portion ( ! temporal bone has a v slight elevation1 n ext5d+ ^u ! side ( ! cranium m ?an half an in* above ! zygoma2 x is ?us relatively l[] ?an 9 ! ,oryct]opus2 b is simil>ly b\nd$ above by an almo/ /raight l9e1 7,pl4 ,,xxi41 fig4 #a474 ,! ma/oid process is small1 compress$1 ) a r\nd$ cont\r2 imm$iately int]nal to x is a v deep depression1 correspond+ to t = ! diga/ric muscle4 ,b ! mo/ int]e/+ features 9 ?is region ( ! temporal bone consi/ 9 ! free condition ( ! tympanic bones1 & ! pres5ce ( a semicircul> pit1 imm$iately beh9d ! tympanic bone = ! articulation ( ! /yloid elem5t ( ! hyoid or tongue-bone3 9 ^! po9ts we trace a mo/ rem>kable correspond5ce ) ! ,glosso!re1 & 9 ! sep>ate tympanic bone ! same aff9ity to ! ,oryct]opus1 z has be5 already notic$ 9 ! m bulky ext9ct ,ed5tal4 ,?is correspond5ce naturally leads to a speculation z to ! probable g5]ic relation%ip betwe5 ! ,glosso!re & ,scelido!re3 n[ x may fir/ be rem>k$ t ! /yloid articul> depression is relatively mu* l>g] & mu* deep] 9 ! ,glosso!re ?an 9 ! ,scelido!re2 9 ! =m] its diamet] equals1 z we h se51 "o in*2 9 ! ,scelido!re x measures only a ?ird ( an in*1 ! :ole cranium be+ ab\t two-fif?s small]2 if we turn next to ! ant]ior condyloid =am9a1 :i* 9 ! ,scelido!re are d\ble on ea* side1 we obta9 f !m evid5ce t ! muscul> n]ve ( ! tongue c\ld only h be5 "o-?ird ! size ( t ( ! ,glosso!re4 ,^! pro(s ( ! sup]ior relative developm5t ( ! tongue 9 ! ,glosso!re indicate a diff]5ce ( habits1 & a modification1 probably1 ( ! /ructure ( ! locomotive extremities2 & :5 we associate ^! deviations f ! ,scelido!re1 ) ! kn[n diff]5ce 9 ! position ( ! occipital plane1 :i* 9 ! ,glosso!re corresponds ) t 9 ! ,myrmecophaga & ,bradypus1 we %all be ju/ifi$ 9 cont9u+ to reg>d !m1 until evid5ce to ! contr>y be obta9$1 z belong+ to di/9ct g5]a4 ,! p>ietal bones pres5t an oblong regul> quadrate figure1 ! sagittal suture runn+ p>allel ) ! squam\s1 & ! frontal ) ! lambdoidal suture2 !re is sc>cely any trace ( d5ticulations 9 ! sagittal suture2 ! bones are ( rem>kable ?ickness1 v>y+1 at ?is suture1 f six to n9e l9es1 & _! oppos$ surfaces are lock$ toge!r by n>r[ ridges1 :i* slightly radiate f ! l[] to ! upp] "p ( ! unit+ surface3 ! sub/ance ( ! bone consi/s ( an uni=m & pretty d5se diplo2 & !re are no s9uses develop$ 9 x4 ,we c h>dly reg>d ! extraord9>y air-cells :i* occupy ! int]space ( ! two tables ( ! skull 9 ! p>ietal & occipital bones ( ! ,glosso!re 7,pl4 ,,xvi41 fig4 #c7 z a diff]5ce dep5d+ m]ely on age4 ,! frontal & ?moid bones are brok5 away 9 ! pres5t cranium4 ,! sph5oid comm5ces two in*es 9 front ( ! =am5 occipitale2 ! fractur$ /ate ( ! skull does n all[ its ant]ior or lat]al limits to be accurately def9$2 its body is occupi$ ) l>ge air-s9uses2 ! only "p1 inde$1 ( ?is bone :i* is expos$ to obs]vation is t :i* =ms "p ( ! floor ( ! cranium2 & ?is we %all n[ proce$ to describe1 9 connexion ) ! o!r peculi>ities ( ! cranial cavity1 7fig4 #a4 ,pl4 ,,xxiii47 ,! body ( ! sph5oid is impress$ on its cranial surface ) a broad & %all[ sella turcica 7a71 b\nd$ by two grooves1 7b b17 lead+ =w>ds & inw>ds f ! c>otid =am9a 7c72 ! l9e ( suture betwe5 ! sph5oid & occipital bones runs along a slight transv]se elevation 7d71 :i* b\nds ! sella po/]iorly2 ?is suture is p>tially oblit]at$3 a slight m$ian protub]ance 7e7 b\nds ! sella turcica ant]iorly2 !re are nei!r ant]ior nor po/]ior cl9oid processes4 ,ext]nal to ! c>otid *annel !re is a wide groove 7f7 lead+ to ! =am5 ovale 7g72 ?is =am5 is ab\t "o-?ird small] ?an 9 ! ,glosso!re1 & !re=e1 z comp>$ ) ! ant]ior condyloid =am9a1 indicates t ! tongue 0 end[$ ) a great] proportion ( s5sitive ?an motive p[] 9 ! ,scelido!re3 b 9 reason+ on ! size ( ?is n]ve1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t 9 bo? animals c]ta9 bran*es1 bo? ( ! second & ?ird divisions ( ! fif? pair ( n]ves1 are to be associat$ ) ! p]si/5ce ( l>ge d5tal pulps1 ( :i* !y regulate ! secret+ p[]4 ,ant]ior to ! =am5 ovale1 & at ! t]m9ation ( ! same l>ge common groove1 lodg+ ! trunk ( ! fif? pair ( n]ves is ! =am5 rotundum 7h72 ?is leads to a v long canal1 ! diamet] ( :i* is five l9es1 be+ some:at less ?an t = ! ?ird division ( ! fif? pair4 ,! ant]ior sph5oid is brok5 away1 s t no obs]vation c be made on ! optic =am9a4 ,! basil> process ( ! occipital bone is p]=at$ at its middle by two small =am9a 7i7 on ! same transv]se l9e1 ab\t half an in* ap>t4 ,9 ! ,armadillo ^! =am9a d n exi/3 9 ! ,oryct]ope !y are pres5t1 b op5 b5ea? an ov]hang+ ridge1 :i* is cont9u$ f !m to ! upp] "p ( ! ant]ior condyloid =am5 on ea* side4 ,! sella turcica ( ! ,oryct]ope is deep] & n>r[] ?an 9 ! ,scelido!re2 & is sep>at$ f ! basil> occipital process by a transv]se ridge1 :i* s5ds =w>d two %ort cl9oid processes2 two small] ant]ior cl9oid processes project backw>ds f ! angle ( ! ant]ior b\nd>y ( ! sella turcica4 ,! =am9a ovalia & rotunda op5 9 ! same cont9u\s groove1 z 9 ! ,glosso!re & ,scelido!re1 b !y are relatively wid] ap>t2 & ! canal = ! ?ird division ( ! fif? pair is %ort]1 & runs m directly outw>ds4 ,! petr\s bone 9 ! ,scelido!re is relatively l>g] ?an 9 ! ,glosso!re1 b ?is probably arises f ! precoci\s developm5t ( ! organ ( he>+ 9 ! pres5t immature specim5 9 ob$i5ce to ! g5]al law4 ,! trunk ( ! fif? pair ( n]ves does n impress x ) s deep & well def9$ a groove z 9 ! ,glosso!re2 ! elliptic int]nal auditory =am5 7k7 is situat$ ab\t ! middle ( ! po/]ior surface2 beh9d ?is is ! aqu$uctus ve/ibuli2 & imm$iately po/]ior to ! petr\s bone is ! =am5 jugul>e 7l73 ! %ape ( ! os petrosum agrees m ) t ( ! ,armadillo ?an ) t ( ! ,oryct]ope4 ,an accid5tal fracture ( ! "r os petrosum demon/rates its usual d5se & brittle texture1 & at ! same "t has expos$ ! co*lea ) "p ( its delicate & beautiful lam9a spiralis4 ,! cons]vation ( p>ts ( ! organs ( vision 9 c]ta9 fossils1 has giv5 rise to argum5ts :i* prove t ! laws ( light 7 ! same at remote epo*s ( ! e>?'s hi/ory z n[2 & ! /ructures ,i h j m5tion$1 9 l mann]1 demon/rate t ! laws ( ac\/ics h n *ang$1 & t ! ext9ct giants ( a =m] race ( quadrup$s 7 end[$ ) ! same exquisite me*anism = appreciat+ ! vibrations ( s\nd z _! exi/+ cong5]s enjoy at ! pres5t day4 ,! bra91 be+ regulat$ 9 its developm5t by laws analog\s to ^? :i* gov]n ! e>ly p]fection ( ! organ ( he>+1 appe>s to h be5 relatively l>g] 9 ! ,scelido!re ?an 9 ! ,glosso!re3 x 0 c]ta9ly relatively long]2 ! fractur$ cranium gives u six in*es ( ! ant]o-po/]ior diamet] ( ! bra91 b ! analogy ( ! ,oryct]ope w\ld lead to ! inf]5ce t x ext5d$ fur!r into ! "p :i* is brok5 away4 ,! greate/ transv]se diamet] ( ! cranial cavity is f\r in*es eight l9es3 ^! dim5sions1 h[ev]1 are suffici5t to %[ t ! bra9 0 ( v small relative size 9 ! ,scelido!re2 &1 bo? 9 ?is respect1 & 9 ! relative position ( its pr9cipal masses1 ! bra9 ( ! ext9ct ,ed5tal closely accords ) ! g5]al "* ( ?is organ 9 ! exi/+ species ( ! same ,ord]4 ,we p]ceive by ! obtuse ridge cont9u$ obliquely upw>ds f above ! upp] edge ( ! petr\s bone1 t ! c]ebellum has be5 situat$ :olly beh9d ! c]ebrum1 we le>n also f ! same /ructure ( ! endur+ p>ts t ^! p]i%able masses 7 n divid$1 z 9 ! ,manis1 by a bony septum1 b by a membran\s t5torium1 z 9 ! ,glosso!re & ,armadillos3 9 ! ,oryct]opus1 z has be5 be=e rem>k$1 !re is a /rong1 %>p1 bony ridge ext5d+ into ea* side ( ! t5torium4 ,! v]tical diamet] ( ! c]ebellum & m$ulla oblongata equals t ( ! c]ebrum1 & is two in*es ?ree l9es3 ! transv]se diamet] ( ! c]ebellum 0 ab\t ?ree in*es n9e l9es2 its ant]o-po/]ior ext5t ab\t "o in* & a half4 ,! sculptur+ ( ! int]nal surface ( ! cranial cavity bespeaks ! high vascul>ity ( ! s(t p>ts :i* x conta9$1 & !re are evid5t indications t ! upp] & lat]al surfaces ( ! bra9 _h be5 dispos$ 9 a few simple p>allel longitud9al convolutions4 ,! two ant]ior condyloid =am9a 7m7 h ! same relative position z ! s+le correspond+ =am5 9 ! ,glosso!re1 ,oryct]ope1 & ,armadillos1 & ! inn] surface ( ! skull slopes outw>ds f ^! =am9a to ! inn] m>g9 ( ! occipital condyle4 ,( ! bones ( ! face !re rema9 only portions ( ! mal>1 la*rymal1 palat9e1 & maxill>ies4 ,! *ief peculi>ities ( ! mal> bone h be5 already notic$3 ! bread? ( ! base ( ! desc5d+ masset]ic processes is two in*es two l9es2 its t]m9ation is brok5 (f3 ! l5g? ( ! asc5d+ po/-orbital process ( ! mal> _c be det]m9$ f ! same cause1 b x is =tunate t suffici5t ( ?is "p ( ! cranium %\ld h be5 pres]v$ to give ?is evid5ce ( ! aff9ities ( ! ,scelido!re to ! ,mega!re4 ,! mal> bone is cont9u$ ant]iorly1 9 a regul> curve =w>ds & upw>ds1 to ! la*rymal bone1 & completes1 ) x1 ! ant]ior b\nd>y ( ! orbit3 ! size ( ! orbit is relatively small] ?an 9 ! ,oryct]ope1 & /ill less ?an 9 ! ,ant-eat]s3 "h1 h[ev]1 we h m]ely an exemplification ( ! g5]al law :i* regulates ! relative size ( ! eye to ! body 9 ! mammalia4 ,! mal> bone does n ext5d s f> =w>ds 9 front ( ! orbit z 9 ei!r ! ,oryct]ope or ,armadillo2 9 ! incl9ation1 h[ev]1 ) :i* ! sides ( ! face conv]ge =w>ds f ! orbits1 ! ,scelido!re holds an int]m$iate place betwe5 ! ,armadillos & ,oryct]ope4 ,! la*rymal bone does n ext5d s f> ^u ! face 9 ! ,scelido!re z 9 ! ,oryct]ope2 9 :i* respect ! ,scelido!re resembles m ! ,mega!re4 ,! =am5 = ! exit ( ! infra-orbital n]ve has ! same situation ne> ! orbit z 9 ! ,mega!re2 its absolute di/ance f ! ant]ior bord] ( ! orbit is only half t 9 ! ,oryct]ope4 ,! =am5 is s+le 9 ! ,scelido!re1 z 9 ! ,oryct]ope2 9 ! ,mega!re !re are two or ?ree ant-orbital =am9a4 ,! v]tical diamet] ( ?is =am5 is eight l9es1 ! transv]se diamet] f\r l9es4 ,s mu* ( ! out] surface ( ! sup]ior maxill>y bones z has be5 pres]v$1 is smoo? & v]tical4 ,ea* sup]ior maxill>y bone conta9s ! sockets ( five tee?1 occupy+ an ant]o-po/]ior ext5t ( ?ree in*es sev5 l9es1 7,pl4 ,,xxii4 & ,,xxiii4 fig4 #c74 ,! po/]ior alveolus is situat$ j beh9d ! transv]se l9e1 ext5d+ across ! ant]ior b\nd>y ( ! orbits2 ! rema9+ sockets ( ! mol> s]ies ext5d =w>ds ?ree in*es 9 front ( ! orbits4 ,9 ! ,mega!rium1 ! roots ( ! five sup]ior mol>s are all situat$ beh9d ! ant]ior b\nd>y ( ! orbit3 9 ! ,oryct]opus1 on ! contr>y1 ! gr9d]s are all plac$ 9 advance ( ! orbit2 s t ! ,scelido!re resembles t species m ?an ! ,mega!re 9 ! relative location ( ! tee?4 ,! palatal int]space betwe5 ! roots ( ! la/ mol> too? ( ea* s]ies is elev5 l9es2 ! palate gradually ?\gh slightly wid5s1 z x advances =w>ds3 ! po/]ior m>g9 ( ! palate is t]m9at$ by an acute-angl$ not*4 ,9 ! bread? ( ! bony palate ! ,scelido!re is int]m$iate betwe5 ! ,mega!re & ,oryct]ope4 ,! ant]ior ( ! upp] mol>s is repres5t$ at fig4 #c1 #d1 & #e1 ,pl4 ,,xxi41 & at #a1 fig4 #c1 ,pl4 ,,xxiii42 x corresponds closely 9 =m & size ) ! opposite mol> bel[2 ! base ( ! triangle giv5 by its transv]se section is turn$ inw>ds & obliquely =w>ds4 ,! second mol> ( ! upp] jaw1 also pres5ts 9 transv]se section a triangul> =m1 ) ! angles r\nd$ (f2 b ! inn] side ( ! too? is trav]s$ by a longitud9al groove4 ,! l>ge/ diamet] ( ! transv]se section1 :i* is plac$ obliquely z reg>ds ! axis ( ! skull1 measures t5 l9es & a half2 ! opposite diamet] ( ! too? is six l9es4 ,! ?ird & f\r? mol>s pres5t ! same =m & size1 & relative position z ! second4 ,! fif? mol> is ! smalle/ ( ! s]ies2 its transv]se section gives an inequilat]al triangle1 ) ! corn]s r\nd$ (f2 ! broade/ side is turn$ outw>ds1 & is slightly concave2 ! ant]o-po/]ior diamet] ( ?is too? is sev5 l9es2 ! transv]se f\r l9es4 ,! l5g? ( ! tee? 9 ! upp] jaw is ab\t two in*es & a half4 ,x is almo/ sup]flu\s to obs]ve t ! tee? ( ! ,scelido!re1 z 9 o!r ,bruta1 are )\t fangs1 & h _! ins]t$ base excavat$ by l>ge conical cavities1 = ! lodgm5t ( a p]si/5t pulp4 ,! too? is compos$ ( a small c5tral body ( co>se ivory or #8d5t9e1' trav]s$ by m$ull>y canals1 :i* at ! p]iph]y ( ! co>se d5t9e ana/omose by loops1 f ! convexity ( :i* ! calcig]\s tubes are giv5 (f :i* =m ! f9e d5t9e3 ! lay] ( ?is sub/ance1 :i* imm$iately surr\nds ! co>se d5t9e1 is ab\t "o l9e & a half 9 ?ickness1 & ! :ole is inve/$ ) a v ?9 coat+ ( cem5t4 ,! tee? ( ! ,scelido!re ?us pres5t a m resi/+ /ructure ?an d ^? ( ! ,mylodon2 hav+ a l>g] proportion ( ! d5se ivory compos$ ( ! m9ute calcig]\s tubes1 & a mu* small] proportion ( ! s(t] ext]nal cm5tum2 9 ?is respect ! ,scelido!re rec$es f>!r f ,mega!re1 & approa*es ne>] ! ,armadillos ?an does ! ,mylodon4 ,! l[] jaw resembles1 9 ! g5]al =m ( ! po/]ior moiety :i* is "h pres]v$1 t ( ! ,slo? & ,mylodon m ?an t ( any o!r ,ed5tate species4 ,its deep po/]ior angle is produc$ backw>ds1 & a broad coronoid process rises & ne>ly fills ! zygomatic space2 ! condyle is flat1 z ! gl5oid surface has already indicat$2 its transv]se diamet] is an in* & eight l9es2 its ant]o-po/]ior diamet] sev5 l9es3 x is pr9cipally ext5d$ inw>ds beyond ! v]tical l9e ( ! asc5d+ ramus4 ,! l[] cont\r ( ! jaw describes an undulat+ l9e2 :i*1 comm5c+ f ! po/]ior angle1 is at fir/ g5tly convex1 !n slightly concave1 !n aga9 convex1 bel[ ! alveoli ( ! tee?1 :]e x is r\nd$ & exp&$1 z 9 ! ,oryct]ope4 ,! fractur$ condition ( ! "r ramus ( ?is "p =tunately expos$ ! roots ( ! f\r gr9d+ tee?1 :i* con/itute ! d5tal s]ies on ea* side ( ! l[] jaw4 ,! l5g? ( ! jaw occupi$ by ^! f\r alveoli is ?ree in*es t5 l9es1 :i* exce$s a little t ( ! oppos$ five gr9d]s above2 ! ramus ( ! jaw gradually dim9i%es 9 all its dim5sions ant]ior to ! mol> tee?2 ! d5tal canal passes 9 a g5tle curve bel[1 & on ! inn] side ( ! alveoli1 :5ce x gradually incl9es to ! out] wall ( ! jaw4 ,! :ole asc5d+ ramus ( ! jaw consi/s ( a v ?9 plate ( bone2 x is slightly concave on ! inn] side1 & ! inf]ior m>g9 ( ! produc$ angle incl9es inw>ds1 z 9 ! ,mylodon & ,slo?2 x is impress$ on ! out] side ) two %all[ depressions1 & two p>allel ridges1 bo? foll[+ ! g5tle curvature ( ! "p4 ,!re is a =am5 on ! out] side ( ! ramus at ! ant]ior "p ( ! base ( ! coronoid process correspond+ ) t 9 ! l[] jaw ( ! ,mylodon1 b ! longitud9al *annel :i* runs along ! out] side ( ! alveol> processes is want+1 & ! expansion at ! base ( ^? processes is m sudd5 & relatively great]2 ! g5]al correspond5ce1 h[ev]1 betwe5 ^! l[] jaws is su* z w\ld lead to ! idea t !y belong$ to animals ( ! same g5us1 7 x n t ! tee? pres5t modifications ( =m 9 ! ,scelido!re1 z di/9ct f ^? ( ! ,mylodon1 z are any ( ! m9or d5tal diff]5ces on :i* g5]a or subg5]a ( exi/+ ,mammalia are f\nd$ 9 ! pres5t /ate ( ,zoological ,classification4 ,to make ?is di/9ction m readily intelligible1 ,i h giv5 a view ( ! transv]se section ( ! tee? 9 ! "r ramus ( ! l[] jaw 7fig4 #d1 ,pl4 ,,xxiii471 correspond+ ) t ( ! ,mylodon ,d>w9ii1 7,pl4 ,,xvii41 fig4 #e74 ,9 ! pres5t subg5us ! ant]o-po/]ior ext5t ( ! f\r alveoli ( ! l[] jaw ne>ly equals f\r in*es1 & is relatively great] ?an 9 ! ,mylodon1 al?\gh ! tee? are plac$ clos] toge!r2 ?is is ow+ to _! great] relative size4 ,! fir/ mol> too? pres5ts ! simple/ =m2 its transv]se section is a compress$ inequilat]al triangle ) ! angles r\nd$ (f2 ! longe/ diamet] ( ?is section :i* is p>allel ) ! inn] alveol> bord] is elev5 l9es1 ! transv]se diamet] almo/ six l9es2 ! base or broade/ side ( ! triangle is turn$ inw>ds1 & is slightly concave2 ! two small] sides are also slightly concave4 ,! second mol> is plac$ m obliquely 9 ! jaw2 ! long axis ( its transv]se section int]sects at an acute angle t ( ! jaw itself2 ! transv]se section pres5ts a compress$ or oblong =m1 ) ! l>g] end next ! out] side1 & ! small] end next ! inn] side ( ! jaw2 ?is end is simply r\nd$1 b ! out] end pres5ts a s9uosity1 correspond+ to a broad groove :i* trav]ses ! :ole l5g? ( ! out] side ( ! too?2 ! ant]ior1 :i* corresponds to ! int]nal side or base ( ! transv]se section ( ! prec$+ mol>1 is slightly concave4 ,! ?ird mol> has ne>ly ! same =m & relative position z ! prec$+2 ! long diamet] ( ! transv]se section is1 9 bo?1 t5 l9es & a half2 ! pr9cipal transv]se diamet] is1 9 ! second mol> five l9es1 9 ! ?ird ne>ly six2 ! diff]5ce ( =m obs]vable 9 ^! z comp>$ ) ! two middle gr9d]s ( ! ,mylodon is well-m>k$2 9 ! latt] ^! tee? are impress$ ) a longitud9al groove on _! inn] sides2 9 ! ,scelido!re !y h a simil> impression along _! out] b n along ! inn] side4 ,9 ! la/ mol> ! resemblance is mu* clos]1 & ! modification ( =m by :i* x diff]s f ! prec$+ ones is ( ! same k9d2 ! transv]se section gives an irregul> oblong figure ) its axis ne>ly p>allel ) t ( ! jaw1 & con/rict$ at ! middle by s9uosities produc$ by two wide *annels :i* trav]se longitud9ally1 "o ! out]1 ! o!r ! inn] side ( ! too?2 ! latt] groove is mu* wid] & %all[] 9 ! ,scelido!re ?an 9 ! ,mylodon4 ,! two lobes produc$ by ^! grooves are m equal 9 ,scelido!re2 ! ant]ior "o is concave on its ant]ior surface in/ead ( convex z 9 ! ,mylodon2 ! po/]ior "o is m compress$2 ! longitud9al or ant]o-po/]ior diamet] ( ! transv]se section ( ?is too? is "o in* five l9es2 ! greate/ transv]se diamet] is n9e l9es2 ! diamet] ( ! i/hmus jo9+ ! lobes is ?ree l9es & a half2 ! entire l5g? ( ?is too? is ?ree in*es ?ree l9es4#df ,,v]tebral ,,column4 ,( ?is "p ( ! skeleton ( ! ,scelido!re1 ,mr4 ,d>w9's specim5 includes1 z is repres5t$ 9 ,plate ,,xx41 ! c]vical1 "p ( ! dorsal1 & ! sacral s]ies ( v]tebr 9 a m or less p]fect condition4 ,! c]vical v]tebr pres5t ! ord9>y mammalian numb]1 sev51 & are free1 or s articulat$ z to h p]mitt$ reciprocal movem5t ^u ea* o!r4 ,_! transv]se processes are p]=at$ z usual = ! v]tebral art]ies4 ,^! processes 9 ! atlas are rem>kable = _! great bread?1 l5g?1 & ?ickness2 & indicate ! muscul> =ces :i* mu/ h work$ ! head ^u ! sp9e to h be5 v p[]ful4 ,! axis is provid$ ) a robu/ #8processus d5tatus1' hav+ a base equal 9 bread? to ! body ( ! axis itself2 & a smoo? articul> convexity on ! side ( ! apex on :i* ! r+ ( ! atlas rotat$4 ,! l9e ( union betwe5 ! axis & its *>act]i/ic process1 :i* "h resembles ! body ( an abortive v]tebra1 is v di/9ct4 ,! transv]se processes ( ! v]tebra d5tata are comp>atively feeble1 b ?is condition is amply comp5sat$ = by ! great developm5t ( ! sp9\s process4 7,pl4 ,,xxiv4 fig4 #a47 ,?is process is b5t backw>ds at ne>ly a "r angle1 ov]laps ) its reflect$ extremity ! sp9e ( ! ?ird c]vical v]tebra1 & re/s by its base1 on ! "u "p ( :i* are ! po/]ior articul> surfaces1 ^u ! broad & /rong ant]ior oblique processes ( ! ?ird v]tebra4 ,! ?ird1 f\r?1 fif?1 & six? c]vical v]tebr h mod]ately develop$ & po9t$ sp9\s processes3 _! transv]se processes are broad1 & ext5d obliquely backw>ds1 & slightly ov]lap ea* o!r4 ,on ! "u "p ( ! transv]se process ( ! six? c]vical v]tebra !re is ! fractur$ base ( :at ,i conjecture to h be5 an exp&$ ali=m plate1 analog\s to t obs]vable 9 ! correspond+ v]tebra ( ! ,oryct]ope4 ,! sev5? c]vical v]tebra has "p ( ! articul> depression = ! head ( ! fir/ rib ^u ea* side ( its body3 ! transv]se process is feebly develop$1 b ! sp9e is d\ble ! height & size ( ^? ( ! prec$+ v]tebr4 ,! sp9\s process ( ! fir/ dorsal v]tebra 9 l mann] rises to twice ! height ( ! prec$+ sp9e ( ! sev5? c]vical1 & pres]ves an equal ant]o-po/]ior diamet] f its base to its summit1 :i* is ?ick & slightly b5t backw>ds3 f\r or five succe$+ dorsal v]tebr give evid5ce ( hav+ be5 surm\nt$ by sp9es ( equal height & /r5g?4 ,! transv]se processes ( ^! dorsal v]tebr pres5t bold concavities on _! inf]ior "p = ! reception ( ! tub]cles ( ! ribs1 & !y gradually asc5d ^u ! base ( ! sp9es z ! v]tebr are plac$ fur!r back1 s z to increase ! expansiv5ess ( ! *e/4 ,! /ate ( ! fossil did n af=d fur!r in=mation z to ! condition ( ?is "p ( ! v]tebral column1 b ! p>ts :i* h be5 pres]v$ are precisely ^? f :i* ! mo/ int]e/+ inf]5ces z to ! aff9ities & habits ( ! ext9ct quadrup$ c be d$uc$4 ,:e!r ! ,mega!rium be mo/ ne>ly alli$ to ! tribes ( ! ,slo? or ,armadillo has be5 a "q "u rec5t discussion1 &1 z a coroll>y ( ?is problem1 :e!r its habits 7 ^? ( a scansorial or ( a fossorial quadrup$4 ,=1 /range z x may appe> at fir/ sight1 !re h n be5 want+ argum5ts1 & ^? urg$ by an anatomi/ to :om we owe mu* novel & int]e/+ in=mation respect+ ! ext9ct ,ed5tata1 9 support ( ! belief t ! ,mega!rium1 gigantic & pond]\s z mu/ h be5 its frame1 actually climb$ trees l a ,slo?1 & _h claws & feet organis$ = preh5sile actions1 & n 9 accordance ) t type by :i* !y are usually adapt$ = digg+ up ! soil4#dg ,n[1 9 :atev] degree ! ,mega!rium may be involv$ 9 ?is "q1 ! small] ,mega!rioid species at pres5t "u consid]ation mu/ be at lea/ equally implicat$ 9 x4 ,9 ! adaptation ( ! frame ( a mammif]\s quadrup$ = especial & peculi> actions & modes ( life1 su* z = climb+ & liv+ 9 trees1 or = burr[+ & seek+ concealm5t 9 ! e>?1 n only ! imm$iate in/rum5ts1 z ! feet1 are modifi$1 b ! :ole ( ! osse\s & muscul> fabric is m or less impress$ ) correspond+ adaptations1 :il/ at ! same "t ^! special adju/m5ts are inv>iably subord9at$ to ! type ( organization :i* *>act]izes ! gr\p4 ,! type ( ! ord] ,bruta or ,ed5tata is well-m>k$2 "o or m claws ( unusual l5g? & /r5g?1 *>act]ize ! =e-feet & sometimes ! h9d-feet 9 e g5us1 & ! t]m #8,macronykia' w\ld m aptly designate !m ?an ! t]m :i* ,cuvi] sub/itut$ = ! good old ,l9nean appellation4 ,! uni=m abs5ce ( true roots to ! tee?1 :]e ^! are pres5t1 is ano!r g5]al "*2 ! skeleton exhibits _m well-m>k$ peculi>ities common to ! :ole ord]2 :ile at ! same "t x is modifi$ 9 v>i\s modes & degrees 9 accordance ) ! peculi> habits & exig5cies ( ! species4 ,"o ( ! regions ( ! skeleton :i* manife/s adaptive modifications ( ?is k9d 9 ! mo/ rem>kable degree is ! c]vical division ( ! v]tebral column4 ,9 "o ed5tate species x is l5g!n$ out by two additional v]tebr m ?an 9 any o!r mammal2 9 ano!r x is r$uc$ by an*ylosis to z great an ext5t bel[ ! regul> numb] ( moveable pieces3 & ^!1 ! two mo/ opposite conditions ( ! c]vical v]tebr :i* are to be met ) 9 ! mammif]\s class are relat$ to equally div]se & opposite habits ( life4 ,) respect to ! ,ai1 or ?ree-to$ ,slo?1 8an animal1 great "p ( ^: life1 :5 n engag$ 9 eat+1 is sp5t 9 sleep+ on trees1--an easy attitude = repose is mo/ ess5tial to its com=table exi/5ce2 & accord+ly we f9d1 t ! auxili>y v]tebr at ! base ( ! neck contribute to produce t flexibility ( ?is organ :i* all[s ! head ( ! animal to incl9e =w>ds & re/ ^u its bosom40 ,dr4 ,buckl&1 f ^: ,pap] on ! 8,adaptation ( ! ,/ructure ( ! ,slo?s to _! peculi> ,mode ( ,life10#dh ! prec$+ judici\s physiological rem>k is quot$1 adduces ! au?ority ( ,mr4 ,bur*ell 9 pro( t ! ,slo? c 9 a rem>kable mann] & ) great facility twi/ its head q r\nd1 & look 9 ! face ( a p]son /&+ directly beh9d x1 :ile at ! same "t ! body & limbs rema9 unmov$4 ,a s+le glance at ! l5g? & sl5d]ness ( ! c]vical region ( ! sp9e1 & ( ! feeble condition ( ! transv]se & sp9\s processes 9 ! v]tebr compos+ t "p ( ! skeleton ( ! ,slo?1 is en\gh to %[ its adaptation to increase ! rotatory motion & flexibility ( ! neck4 ,9 describ+ ! skeleton ( a species ( ,armadillo 7,dasypus #f-;c9ctus1 ,l9n47#di ,i 0 l$ 9 l mann] to po9t out ! subs]vi5cy ( ! peculi>ities ( ! c]vical v]tebr to ! habits & mode ( life ( t animal2 obs]v+ t ! 8an*ylosis ( ! c]vical v]tebr obta9s 9 ! ,cetacea1 z well z 9 ! g5us ,dasypus1 & t z 9 ! aquatic ord] ?is firm connexion ( ! c]vical v]tebr assi/s mat]ially 9 enabl+ ! head to ov]come ! resi/ance ( ! d5se fluid ?r\gh :i* !y p]petually move1 s 9 ! ,armadillos a l advantage may be d]iv$ f ?is /ructure dur+ ! act ( displac+ ! d5s] mat]ial 9 :i* !y excavate _! retreats40#ej ,hav+ 9 view ^! well-m>k$ examples ( ! subs]vi5cy ( ! /ructure ( ! bones ( ! neck to ! habits ( exi/+ species ( ! ord] ,bruta1 ,i proce$$ to inve/igate ! /ructure ( ! correspond+ "p ( ! skeleton 9 ! ,scelido!rium1 hop+ !reby to ga9 a new & useful elem5t 9 ! det]m9ation ( ! problem at pres5t "u discussion1 z to ! aff9ities & habits ( ! ext9ct ,mega!rioid quadrup$s4 ,! fossil1 9 its orig9al /ate1 yield$ a view ( s mu* ( ! ant]ior "p ( ! bodies ( ! c]vical v]tebr z prov$ t !y 7 nei!r s num]\s z 9 ! ,slo?1 nor an*ylos$ toge!r z 9 ! ,armadillos3 aft] a long & c>eful *isell+ at ! h>d matrix 9 :i* !y 7 imb$d$1 ! transv]se & sp9\s processes 7 expos$ to view1 z !y are repres5t$ 9 ,plates ,,xx4 & ,,xxiv4 ,! description ( ^! processes has already be5 giv54 ,on comp>+ ! c]vical v]tebr ( ! ,scelido!rium ) ^? ( ! exi/+ ,bruta1 ! close/ resemblance to !m 0 f\nd 9 ! skeleton ( ! ,oryct]ope4 ,n[ ?is quadrup$1 ?\gh n s rapid a burr[]1 or s /rictly a subt]ranean species z ! ,armadillos1 p>ticipates1 nev]!less1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 9 _! fossorial habits1 & is closely alli$ to !m 9 g5]al /ructure3 x diff]s f !m1 inde$1 ma9ly 9 a modification ( ! d5tal sy/em1 9 ! abs5ce ( d]mal arm\r1 & ( an*ylosis ( ! c]vical v]tebr4 ,b ! advantages :i*1 z a burr[]1 x w\ld h d]iv$ f ! latt] /ructure1 are comp5sat$ = by ! %ortness ( ! c]vical v]tebr1 & by ! great developm5t & imbricat$ or int]lock+ co-adaptation ( ! transv]se & ant]ior sp9\s processes ( ! c]vical v]tebr4 ,! analog\s quadrup$ 9 ! ,s\? ,am]ican ,cont95t--! great ant-eat] 7myrmecophaga jubata7 :i* uses its p[]ful compress$ fossorial claws = break+ ?r\gh ! h>d walls ( ! habitations ( its insect prey1 b :i* does n excavate a subt]rane\s retreat = itself1 pres5ts ! c]vical v]tebr ( a m elongat$ =m1 & )\t t developm5t ( ! sp9\s & transv]se processes :i* t5d to fix ! neck & increase ! size ( ! muscles :i* move ! head3 &1 if we c\ld conceive t its =e-feet 7 employ$ to scrat* up vegetable roots1 in/ead ( dis9t]r+ t]mites1 !re w\ld be no reason to expect any modification ( ! c]vical v]tebr z a direct consequ5ce ( su* a diff]5ce 9 ! application ( its fossorial extremities3 :51 !re=e1 we f9d t ! c]vical v]tebr d actually diff] 9 two myrmecophag\s species1 to ! ext5t obs]vable 9 ! ,cape & ,s\? ,am]ican ant-eat]s1 we arrive legitimately at ! conclusion t su* diff]5ce relates to fossorial habits ( ! "o species1 9 :i* habits ! o!r does n p>ticipate4 ,n[1 !re=e1 if ?is conclusion be j 9 reg>d to ! ,oryct]ope1 x mu/ be> ) m =ce ^u ! "q ( ! habits ( ! ,scelido!rium z ! me*anism = /r5g!n+ ! connection ( c]vical v]tebr1 & = augm5t+ ! surface ( atta*m5t ( ! muscles :i* work$ ! head & neck1 is m /rongly wr\ght out 9 t ext9ct species4 ,! great size & /r5g? ( ! sp9\s process ( ! d5tata1 & ! mode 9 :i* x is int]lock$ ) ! sp9\s & oblique processes ( ! ?ird c]vical1 toge!r ) ! imbricat$ disposition ( ! transv]se processes ( ?is & ! succe$+ v]tebr1 & ! rem>kable height ( ! dorsal sp9es1 all comb9e to indicate 9 a v /rik+ mann]1 if n to demon/rate1 t ! conical head ( ! pres5t species1 :i* is comp>atively small & sl5d]1 & = its own m]e support requir+ !re=e no su* me*anism1 0 us$ 9 aid ( ! fossorial actions ( ! extremities4 ,z ! c]vical v]tebr ( ! ,mega!rium h _! processes comp>atively weak] ?an 9 ! ,scelido!rium1 & ! ant]ior dorsal sp9es are relatively %ort]1 x may be conclud$1 t :atev] 7 ! ext5t or nature ( ! fossorial lab\rs ( ! enorm\s claws ) :i* x 0 provid$1 ! head did n co-op]ate ) ! digg+ implem5ts 9 _! especial task 9 ! same degree z 9 ! ,scelido!re & ,oryct]ope4 ,at ! same "t !re is no modification ( ! c]vical region ( ! sp9e ( ! ,mega!re correspond+ ) ^? :i* we h se5 to be subs]vi5t to ! arboreal habits ( ! slo?1 a rem>k :i* w n be deem$ sup]flu\s by ^? :o h p]us$ ! acute obs]vations & argum5ts adduc$ by ,m4 ,lund 9 fav\r ( ! scansorial "* ( ! extremities ( ! ,mega!rium & ,megalonyx4 ,! fragm5ts ( ! dorsal v]tebr & ribs ( ! ,scelido!rium1 :i* are figur$ 9 ,plate ,,xx41 (f] no modifications :i* ne$ deta9 our att5tion2 !y closely con=m1 except+ 9 ! great] relative height ( ! ant]ior dorsal sp9es1 already notic$1 ) ! ,mega!rioid type4 ,! sacrum manife/s 9 its va/ expanse1 ! great developm5t ( ! po/]ior transv]se processes to jo9 ! is*ium1 ! capaci\s m$ull>y cavity1 & wide n]v\s =am9a1 a l con=mity ) ! ,mega!rium1 & a correspond+ h>mony ) ! disproportionate bulk ( ! h9d legs4 ,,bones ,,( ,,! ,,extremities4 ,! ,scapula 9 its d\ble sp9e1 ! osse\s ar* =m$ by ! conflu5ce ( ! acromion ) ! coracoid process1 & ! sub/itution ( a di/9ct =am5 = ! suprascapul> not*1 agrees ) t ( ! ,mega!rium3 b ! span ( ! acromial ar* is relatively wid]1 & ! surface = ! articulation ( ! clavicle is bett] m>k$4 ,?is articul> surface1 :i* is di/9ctly %ewn ^u ! acromion ( bo? ! scapul 9 ,pl4 ,,xx4 is ! m int]e/+1 z be+ ! only evid5ce ( ! clavicle ( ! ,scelido!re :i* we at pres5t possess2 b x is en\gh to prove t ?is quadrup$ enjoy$ all ! advantages 9 ! actions ( ! =e extremity1 :i* arise out ( ! additional fixation ( ! %\ld]-jo9t af=d$ by ! clavicle--a bone :i* ! ext9ct ,mega!rioids are ! l>ge/ ( ! mammif]\s class to possess 9 a completely develop$ /ate4 ,! =m1 position1 & aspect ( ! gl5oid cavity = ! hum]us closely correspond ) ! condition ( ! same "p 9 ! ,mega!rium4 ,! limits ( ! acromial & coronoid portions ( ! ar* 7 /ill def9eable 9 ! pres5t skeleton1 :i* indicates ! nonage ( ! individual 9 ! unan*ylos$ condition ( mo/ ( ! epiphysiaes4 ,9 reg>d to ! pres5ce ( a clavicle 9 ! ,megalonyx ,m4 ,lund has d$uc$ c]ta9 conclusions1 :i*1 if well f\nd$1 w\ld be equally applicable to ! pres5t alli$ species1 & to ! great ,mega!rium4 ,i am induc$1 !re=e1 to (f] a few physiological obs]vations on t bone1 :i* appe> to me to lead to a m correct int]pretation ( its uses & relations 9 ! great mammif]\s animals n[ "u consid]ation4 ,:5 ! ant]ior extremities 9 mammalia are us$ simply = ! purpose ( progressive motion on dry l&1 z 9 ! ,pa*yd]ms & ,rum9ants1 or 9 wat]1 z 9 ! ,cetaceans1 !re is no clavicle2 ?is bone is introduc$ betwe5 ! /]num & acromion1 9 ord] to give firmness & fixity to ! %\ld]-jo9t :5 ! =e-leg is to dis*>ge "s o!r (fice ?an t ( locomotion4 ,9 ^! cases1 h[ev]1 ! clavicle exi/s 9 v>i\s degrees ( developm5t1 & ev5 its rudim5t may be disp5s$ ) 9 "s ( ! actions :i* require a consid]able ext5t ( lat]al or outw>d motion1 & ( fre$om ( rotation ( ! =e-limb4 ,:51 !re=e1 we f9d ! clavicle fully develop$ 9 ! skeleton ( an ext9ct mammif]\s animal1 & s plac$ z to give ! hum]al articulation all ! b5efit ( ?is additional me*anism1 we may confid5tly expect t x w af=d an insight into ! habits & mode ( life ( su* ext9ct species4 ,m4 ,lund#ea has argu$ f ! clavicle ( ! ,megalonyx1 t x climb$ l a ,slo?4 8,animals10 says ,sir ,c4 ,bell1#eb 8:i* fly or dig1 or climb1 z ,bats1 ,moles1 ,porcup9es1 ,squirrels1 ,ant-eat]s1 ,armadillos1 & ,slo?s1 h ?is bone2 = 9 !m1 a lat]al or outw>d motion is requir$40 ,b 9 reg>d to ! pres5t problem1 we h to enquire :e!r ! clavicle manife/s any modifications ( =m1 ( /r5g?1 or developm5t 9 relation to ! special diff]5ces ( ^! sev]al actions1 ) :i* its pres5ce is ass]t$ to be associat$8 ,9 mammals :i* fly1 ! clavicle is always complete3 ! rabbit1 ! fox1 & ! badg] are in/ances ( burr[+ animals 9 :i* ! clavicle is abs5t or rudim5tal4 ,! pres5ce ( a p]fect clavicle is n m con/ant 9 climb+ quadrup$s4 ,! ,ai1 = example1 has an incomplete clavicle1 :i* is atta*$ to ! acromion process1 & t]m9ates 9 a po9t ab\t "o-f\r? ( ! di/ance betwe5 ! acromion & ! top ( ! /]num1 to :i* ! clavicul> /yle is atta*$ by a long sl5d] ligam5t3 ! advantage1 !re=e1 :i* a p]fect clavicle af=ds 9 ! fixation ( ! %\ld]-jo9t1 is lo/ to ?is climb] p> excell5ce4 ,aga91 ! ,be>s1 :i* are ! bulkie/ quadrup$s t are gift$ ) ! faculty ( climb+1 & ?is 9 s p]fect a degree t ! ,sun-be>s ( ! ,ea/]n ,tropics may be t]m$ arboreal animals1--^! scansorial quadrup$s are de/itute ( ev5 ! smalle/ rudim5t ( a clavicle1 z ,i h asc]ta9$ by repeat$ c>eful dissection4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 a clavicle 9 any degree ( developm5t is n ess5tial to a climb+ quadrup$1 we mu/ seek = "s o!r relation & use ( t rem>kably /rong1 & p]fect bone1 z x exi/s 9 ! ,mega!re1 ,megalonyx1 & ,scelido!re4 ,! abs5ce ( #8d5tes primores' or ( ant]ior or incisive tee? 9 ^! quadrup$s at once sets aside any idea ( its connection ) an action ( ! =e extremities1 v common 9 ! mammals :i* possess clavicles1 viz41 t ( c>ry+ ! food to ! m\?1 & hold+ x !re to be gnaw$ by ! tee?4 ,fly+ is ( c\rse out ( ! "q1 al?\gh our surprise w\ld h>dly be less at see+ a bea/ z bulky z an elephant climb+ a tree1 ?an x w\ld be to witness x mov+ ?r\gh ! air4 ,if n[ we re/rict our comp>ison to ! relations ( ! clavicle 9 t ord] ( ,mammalia to :i* ! ext9ct species 9 "q belong$1 we %all see t x is mo/ con/ant1 /ronge/1 & mo/ complete 9 ^? species :i* make mo/ use ( _! /rong & long claws 9 displac+ ! e>?1 z ! ,armadillos & ,oryct]opus3 &1 z ! clavicle is incomplete 9 "o climb+ ,ed5tal1 we are naturally l$ to conclude t its p]fect developm5t 9 an ext9ct species mu/ h be5 associat$ ) uses & relations analog\s to ^? ) :i* x coexi/s 9 o!r g5]a ( ! same ord]4 ,?us x w be se51 t1 9 reject+ ! conclusion drawn by ,m4 ,lund f ! pres5ce ( a clavicle1 ,i concur 9 ! op9ion express$ by ,dr4 ,buckl&#ec t ! ,mega!rium--& ) x ! ,megalonyx & ,scelido!rium--_h ! %\ld]-jo9t /r5g!n$ by ! clavicle1 9 ref]5ce to ! (fice ( ! =e-arm1 z an in/rum5t to be employ$ 9 digg+ roots out ( ! gr\nd4 ,n1 h[ev]1 t ^! gigantic quadrup$s f$ on roots1 b r1 z ! /ructure ( ! tee? w\ld %[1 on ! foliage ( ! trees uproot$ by ! ag5cy ( ?is p[]ful me*anism ( ! =e-legs1 & ( ! o!rwise un9telligible colossal /r5g? ( ! haun*es1 h9d legs1 & tail4 ,! hum]us pres5ts a l>ge convex oval head1 on ea* side ( :i* is a tub]osity = ! implantation ( ! supra- & sub-scapul> muscles3 ^! tub]osities d n rise above ! articul> convexity1 s z to re/rict ! movem5ts ( ! %\ld]-jo9t1 z 9 ! ,horse & ,rum9ants1 b exhibit a /ructure & disposition con=mable to ^? :i* *>act]ize ! proximal extremity ( ! hum]us 9 o!r mammalia :i* enjoy rotatory movem5ts ( ! upp] or =e-limb4 ,! tub]osities are1 h[ev]1 relatively m develop$1 & give great] bread? to ! proximal end ( ! hum]us 9 ! ,scelido!re ?an 9 ! ,mega!re4 ,! di/al end ( ! hum]us1 al?\gh mutilat$1 cle>ly indicates t x _h ! same *>act]i/ic bread? ( ! ext]nal & int]nal condyles1 z 9 ! ,mega!rium4 ,9 fig4 #a4 ,pl4 ,,xxv4 :i* gives a front view ( ! left hum]us1 ! broad int]nal condyle1 ) its extremity brok5 (f1 is se5 project+ to ! left h&2 bo? 9 ?is figure & 9 fig4 #b4 9 :i* ! int]nal side ( ! hum]us is turn$ t[>ds ! obs]v]1 ! wide groove1 ) its two osse\s b\nd>ies1 is %ewn1 :i* pla9ly indicates t ! left condyle 0 p]=at$ = ! direct passage ( ! art]y or m$ian n]ve1 or ( bo?1 to ! =e-arm4 ,! groove = ! musculo-spiral n]ve on ! out] side ( ! hum]us is ov]-ar*$ at its upp] "p by a /rong obtuse process2 :i* is comp>atively less develop$ 9 ! ,mega!rium4 ,! tro*le> or inf]ior articul> surface ( ! hum]us pres5ts1 z 9 ! ,mega!rium1 two well-m>k$ convexities1 ) an int]v5+ concavity3 ?is indication ( ! rotatory p[] ( ! =e-leg is confirm$ by ! =m ( ! head ( ! radius4 ,9 ,pl4 ,,xxv4 fig4 #d4 a view is giv5 ( ?is articul> surface3 x pres5ts ! =m ( a subcircul> g5tle concavity1 :i* plays ^u ! out] convexity ( ! hum]al articul> surface3 imm$iately bel[ ! upp] concavity ! radius pres5ts a lat]al smoo? convex surface1 :i* rotates ^u a small concavity on ! ulna1 analog\s to ! #8less] semilun>1' 9 human anatomy1 9 :i* ! me*anism = rotation1 s f> z ! upp] jo9t ( ! radius is conc]n$1 is n m elaborately wr\ght out ?an 9 ! pres5t ext9ct ed5tate quadrup$4 ,! radius exp&s z x proce$s to ! elb[-jo9t1 :]e x atta9s a bread? indicative ( ! great p[] & size ( ! unguiculate paw1 ( :i* x may be call$ ! /em1 & to ! movem5ts ( :i* x s]v$ z ! pivot4 ,all ! bones ( ! =e-limb j describ$--! scapula1 ! hum]us1 & ! radius1--indicate by ! bold features & projections ( ! muscul> ridges & tub]cles ! prodigi\s =ce :i* 0 conc5trat$ ^u ! actions ( ! =e-paw1 & ! ulna1 9 its broad & high olecranon 7( :i* a side view is giv5 9 fig4 #b4 ,pl4 ,,xxv47 gives correspond+ evid5ce4 ,! great semilun> concavity is trav]s$ by a sub-m$ian smoo? ridge1 :i* plays ^u ! int]space ( ! two hum]al convexities4 ,! body ( ! bone is subcompress$1 /raight1 & dim9i%es 9 size z x approa*es ! c>pal jo9t3 ! imm$iate articulat+ surfaces are want+ 9 bo? ! radius & ulna1 ! epiphyseal di/al extremities hav+ become deta*$ f _! respective diaphyses4 ,( ! t]m9al segm5t ( ! locomotive extremities1 ! only evid5ce among ! rema9s ( ! skeleton ( ! ,scelido!re is ! ungueal phalanx figur$ at ,pl4 ,,xxvii4 #c1 #d1 & #e2 b z x is unc]ta9 :e!r x belongs to ! =e or h9d-foot1 x w be describ$ aft] ! o!r bones ( ! extremities h be5 notic$4 ,( ^! bones ! femur is ! mo/ rem>kable1 bo? = its great proportional size1 & its extreme bread?1 z comp>$ ) its l5g? or ?ickness3 b 9 all ^! circum/ances ! aff9ity ( ! ,scelido!re ) ! ,mega!re is prom95tly br\ght into view4 ,!re is no o!r kn[n quadrup$ ) :i* ! ,scelido!re s closely corresponds 9 ?is respect4 ,9 proce$+1 h[ev]1 to comp>e toge!r ! ?igh-bones ( ^! two ext9ct quadrup$s1 sev]al diff]5ces pres5t !mselves1 :i* are wor?y ( notice3 ( ^! ! fir/ is ! pres5ce 9 ! ,scelido!re ( a depression = a #8ligam5tum t]es' on ! back "p ( ! head ( ! femur1 ne> its junction ) ! neck ( ! bone3 ?is is %ewn 9 ! po/]ior view ( ! femur giv5 9 ,pl4 ,,xx4 ,! head itself =ms a pretty regul> hemisph]e3 ! great tro*ant] does n rise s high z 9 ! ,mega!rium1 b1 relatively1 x emulates x 9 bread?3 ! small tro*ant] is proportionally m develop$3 ! ext]nal cont\r ( ! %aft ( ! femur is /raight] 9 ! ,scelido!re ?an 9 ! ,mega!re1 & ! %aft itself is less b[$ =w>ds at t "p4 ,! articul> condyles occupy a relatively small] space ^u ! di/al extremity ( ! femur 9 ! ,scelido!re1 & !y diff] m /rik+ly f ^? ( ! ,mega!re1 9 be+ cont9u$ "o into ! o!r3 ! rotul> surface1 = example1 :i* is %ewn 9 fig4 #e4 ,pl4 ,,xxv4 is =m$ by bo? condyles1 :ile 9 ! ,mega!rium x is a cont9uation exclusively ( ! ext]nal articul> surface4 ,! patella1 :i* works ^u ! above-m5tion$ surface1 is a ?ick /rong ovate bone1 ) ! small] end d[nw>ds3 r\gh & convex ext]nally1 smoo? on ! int]nal surface1 :i* is concave 9 ! v]tical & convex 9 ! transv]se directions4 ,( ! bones ( ! leg only ! proximal end ( ! tibia is pres]v$2 b ?is is valuable1 z %ew+ ano!r well-m>k$ diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,scelido!re & ,mega!re2 = :]eas 9 ! latt] ! fibula is an*ylos$ ) ! tibia1 ?is bone1 9 ! ,scelido!re1 pres5ts a smoo? flat oval articul> surface1 :i* is %ewn 9 fig4 #b4 ,pl4 ,,xxvii4 bel[ ! out] "p ( ! head ( ! bone2 f ! size & appe>ance ( :i*1 ,i inf]1 t ! fibula w\ld n h become conflu5t ) ! tibia1 ev5 9 ! mature & full-gr[n animal4 ,! relative l5g? ( ! =e & h9d extremities _c be precisely det]m9$ f ! pres5t imp]fect skeleton ( ! ,scelido!re2 b !re is good evid5ce = believ+1 t ! =e extremity 0 ! %orte/4 ,! hum]us is %ort] ?an ! femur by "o-n9? "p ( ! latt] bone2 & ! radius1 :i* wants only ! di/al epiphysis1 mu/ h be5 %ort] ?an ! hum]us4 ,n[ ! relative developm5t ( ! =e & h9d legs is "o ( ! po9ts to be tak5 into consid]ation 9 an attempt to det]m9e ! habits & nature ( an ext9ct mammal4 ,9 climb+ animals ! preh5sile p[] is m ess5tial to ! h9d] ?an to ! =e p>ts or extremities4 ,9 ! lee* ! pr9cipal suck] is 9 ! tail2 & high] organiz$ climb]s1 9 l mann]1 dep5d ma9ly on _! po/]ior clasp]s 9 desc5d+ trees1 & hold on by means ( !m :il/ select+ ! place = ! next application ( ^? at ! =e "p ( ! body1 :e!r _! place be suppli$ by ! beak1 z 9 ! ,maccaws1 or ! =e-feet or h&s 9 ! ,mammalia4 ,b1 al?\gh we p]ceive ! h9d] limbs to be ! la/ to lose ! advantage\s /ructure ( ! h& 9 ! ,quadruman\s species1 & not)/&+ t ! tail is = ?is purpose sometimes specially organiz$ to s]ve z a preh5sile in/rum5t1 yet we f9d t ! p[] ( grasp+ ! bran*es ( trees by ei!r legs or tail is nev] ma9ta9$ at ! exp5se ( undue bulk & weight ( ^? organs4 ,on ! contr>y1 z ! =e-limbs are ! ma9 in/rum5ts 9 ! active ex]tions ( climb+1 s !y are ! /ronge/ z well z ! longe/ 9 all ! be/ climb]s1 & ! weight ( ! body :i* !y h to drag along is dim9i%$ by dw>fi% proportions ( ! h9d] limbs1 z 9 ! ,orangs & ! ,slo?s4 ,c ^? huge quadrup$s h be5 de/9$ to climb t _h ! pelvis & h9d] extremities m pond]\s & bulky 9 proportion to ! =e p>ts ( ! body ?an 9 any o!r kn[n exi/+ or ext9ct v]tebrate animals8 ,m4 ,lund argues = ! scansorial "* ( ! ,megalonyx1 because its ant]ior extremities are long] ?an ! po/]ior ones2 b if !y some:at exce$ ! h9d legs 9 l5g?1 h[ va/ly inf]ior are !y 9 respect ( _! bread? & ?ickness4 ,! preh5sile faculty ( ! h9d] limbs ( ! be/ climb]s1 z ! ,slo?s1 ,orangs1 & ,*ameleons is by no means dep5d5t on ! sup]ior mass ( muscle & bone :i* ent]s into _! con=mation1 b is associat$ ) ! v rev]se conditions4 ,x is impossible to survey ! discrepancy ( size betwe5 ! femur & ! hum]us ( ! ,scelido!re1 z exhibit$ 9 ,pl4 ,,xx41 )\t a conviction t x relates to o!r habits ?an ^? ( climb+ trees4 ,! expanse ( ! sacrum1 ! evid5ce ( ! muscul> masses employ$ 9 work+ ! h9d legs & tail1 :i* is af=d$ by ! capacity ( ! cavity lodg+ ! "p ( ! sp9al m>r[ f :i* ! n]ves ( ^? muscles 7 d]iv$1 bo? indicate ! actions ( ! h9d legs & tail to h be5 m p[]ful & en]getic ?an w\ld be requir$ = m]e preh5sion3 & ! association ( h9d] extremities s rem>kable = _! bulk1 ) a long & p[]ful tail1 =bids my yield+ ass5t to ! speculation set =? by ,m4 ,lund1 z to ! preh5sile "* ( ! tail ( ! ,megalonyx4 ,a/ragalus4--,9 ! exam9ation ( ?is *>act]i/ic bone ,i h kept 9 view ! "q ( ! habits ( ! ,mega!rioid quadrup$s 9 g5]al1 & ! especial aff9ities ( ! ,scelido!rium1 9 illu/ration ( :i* ,i %all notice at ! same "t ! peculi>ities ( ! a/ragalus ( ! ,slo?1 ,mega!rium & ,armadillo4#ed ,! upp] articul> surface ( ! a/ragalus ( ! ,scelido!rium 7,pl4 ,,xxvi4 fig4 #d471 pres5ts1 9 its transv]se cont\r1 two convex pulleys1 a & b1 & an int]m$iate concavity1 =m+ "o cont9u\s articul> surface4 ,! ext]nal or fibul> tro*lea 7a7 is /rictly speak+ convex only at its po/]ior "p1 ! upp] surface gradually n>r[+ to a ridge1 z x advances =w>ds f :i*1 ! inn] & out] p>ts slope away at an angle ( #ce4 ,! tibial#ee convexity 7b7 is m regul> & less elevat$1 x has only half ! ant]o-po/]ior ext5t ( ! out] pulley2 its m>g9al cont\r =ms an obtuse angle at ! inn] side4 ,9 ! ,mega!rium ! upp] articul> surface ( ! a/ragalus is also divid$ into two tro*le1 ( :i* ! "o on ! fibul> side 7fig4 #c1 a71 is ( mu* great] relative size & ext5t ?an ! tibial "o 7b71 & is rais$ ne>ly f\r in*es above ! level ( ! latt]1 al?\gh 9 ! oblique position 9 :i* ! bone is naturally plac$ 9 ! skeleton1 ! highe/ "p ( ea* convexity is on ! same level4 ,! fibul> tro*lea diff]s also f t 9 ! ,scelido!re 9 be+ regul>ly convex 9 ! transv]se z well z ! ant]o-po/]ior direction4 ,! tibial convexity resembles t 9 ! ,scelido!re1 save 9 its small] relative size2 its int]nal m>g9 likewise =ms an angul> projection bel[ ! int]nal malleolus4 ,! upp] surface ( ! a/ragalus ( ! ,mylodon1 or ,megalonyx787 7,pl4 ,,xxviii4 fig4 #e471ef diff]s f t 9 ! ,mega!rium 9 hav+ a n>r[] fibul> tro*le> ridge4 ,! a/ragalus ( ! ,ai 7,bradypus tridactylus7 diff]s widely f t ( ei!r ! ,mega!re1 ,mylodon787 or ,scelido!re 9 hav+ a conical cavity on ! upp] surface1 9 place ( ! fibul> convexity1 9 :i* concavity ! di/al end ( ! fibula rotates l a pivot4 ,?is me*anism is closely relat$ to ! scansorial uses ( ! inw>dly inflect$ foot ( ! ,slo?4 ,if ! a/ragalus ( an ,armadillo#eg 7 plac$ side by side ) t ( ! ,mega!re1 x w\ld be v difficult to det]m9e ! analog\s p>ts1 especially ( ! upp] surface1 unless guid$ by ! int]m$iate /ructure pres5t$ by ! ,scelido!re4 ,! upp] surface ( ?is bone1 9 ! ,armadillo1 is1 h[ev]1 divid$ into two transv]sely convex tro*le1 sep>at$ by a mu* wid] transv]sely concave surface4 ,! fibul> tro*lea resembles t ( ! ,scelido!re 9 hav+ its upp] & out] facets slop+ away at an acute angle1 b )\t meet+ at a ridge ant]iorly2 ?is surface is n m rais$ above ! tibial tro*lea ?an 9 ! ,scelido!re4 ,! inn] tro*lea diff]s f t ( ! ,scelido!re 9 hav+ a great] relative ant]o-po/]ior ext5t1 & 9 =m+1 9 place ( an uni=m convex surface1 a tro*lea simil> 9 /ructure to t on ! out] side4 ,! ext5t ( r\gh surface on ! upp] "p ( ! a/ragalus int]v5+ betwe5 ! articul> surface = ! bones ( ! leg1 & t = ! scaphoides is extremely small 9 ! ,mega!re & ,mylodon7872 x is relatively great] 9 ! ,scelido!re2 x is /ill m ext5sive 9 ! ,armadillo2 b is ! longe/ 9 ! ,slo?4 ,! ant]ior extremity ( ! a/ragalus :i* is entirely occupi$ by ! scaphoid articul> surface is v peculi> 9 ! ,scelido!re 7,pl4 ,,xxvi4 fig4 #b473 x pres5ts "o convex & two concave facets1 :i*1 h[ev]1 =m "p ( "o cont9u\s articul> surface3 ! convex facet =ms ! int]nal "p ( ! surface1 & pres5ts a rhomboidal =m ) ! long axis v]tical4 ,! concave facets 7c & d7 are ext5d$ transv]sely & plac$ "o above ! o!r2 !y are slightly concave 9 ! transv]se1 & ne>ly flat 9 ! v]tical directions4 ,9 ! ,mega!rium 7fig4 #a47 ! scaphoid surface ( ! a/ragalus is divid$ only into "o concave & "o convex portion1 bo? cont9u\s ) ea* o!r3 ! concave facet 7c7 corresponds ) ! upp] concavity 9 ! ,scelido!re1 b is a pretty uni=m subcircul> depression1 f\rte5 l9es 9 dep?3 ! convex facet1 d1 is cont9u$ across ! :ole bread? ( ! "u "p ( ! scaphoid surface & corresponds ) bo? ! inn] convex1 & l[] concave surfaces ( ! scaphoid articulation 9 ! ,scelido!re4 ,9 ! ,mylodon787 7,pl4 ,,xxviii4 fig4 #c471 ! articul> facet1 correspond+ ) t m>k$ 7c7 9 ! a/ragali ( ! ,mega!re & ,scelido!re1 is simply flatt5$1 in/ead ( be+ concave2 ! re/ ( ! scaphoid surface corresponds ) t 9 ! ,mega!rium4 ,9 ! ,armadillo ! scaphoid articul> surface is undivid$ & :olly convex3 9 ?is "p ( ! a/ragalus1 !re=e1 we f9d ! ,scelido!re deviat+ f ! ,armadillo fur!r ?an does ! ,mega!re2 :ile ! ,mylodon or ,megalonyx787 mo/ resembles ! ,armadillo 9 ! configuration ( ?is "p ( ! a/ragalus4 ,if we comp>e ! out] surfaces ( ! a/ragalus 9 ^! quadrup$s1 we %all f9d1 h[ev]1 t ! ,scelido!re & ,armadillo closely agree3 ! out] facet ( ! fibul> tro*le1 above describ$1 is cont9u$ 9 ! ,scelido!re 7,pl4 ,,xxviii4 fig4 #b471 ^u ! fibul> side ( ! a/ragalus rea*+ ne>ly half-way d[n ! po/]ior "p1 & d[n ne>ly ! :ole ( its ant]ior4 ,9 ! ,armadillo1 x ext5ds ov] ! :ole ( ! ant]ior "p ( ! out] side ( ! a/ragalus4 ,9 bo? animals ! l[] b\nd>y ( ?is articul> surface describes a /rong sigmoid curve4 ,9 ! ,mega!rium 7,pl4 ,,xxviii4 fig4 #a71 ! correspond+ surface = ! fibul> malleolus on ! out] side ( ! a/ragalus is =m$ by a comp>atively v small semicircul> flatt5$ facet1 :i* by its r\ghness indicates t ! end ( ! fibula 0 atta*$ to x by ligam5t\s sub/ance1 & t ! synovial bag 0 n cont9u$ ^u t surface z 9 ! ,scelido!re & ,armadillo4 ,9 ! ,mylodon787 7,pl4 ,,xxviii4 fig4 #d71 ev5 ?is r\gh facet is want+ & ! fibul> tro*lea is b\nd$ by ! angle :i* divides ! upp] f ! out] surface ( ! a/ragalus4 ,turn+ n[ our att5tion to ! "u surface ( ! a/ragalus1 we obs]ve t x pres5ts 9 ! ,scelido!re 7,pl4 ,,xxvi4 fig4 #f71 an irregul> quadrate =m1 hav+ ! out] side occupi$ by an elongat$ subovate articul> facet1 e1 = ! calcaneum1 b\nd$ ext]nally by a %>p edge1 ) its long axis & its greate/ concavity 9 ! ant]o-po/]ior direction1 & slightly convex f side to side3 a second calcaneal articul> surface 7f7 is situat$ at ! inn] & ant]ior angle2 x is oblong & ne>ly flat2 is cont9u\s ) ! inf]ior concave facet ( ! scaphoid articulation1 b is divid$ f ! convex facet by a groove3 ! two calcaneal articulations are sep>at$ by a deep & r\gh depression1 trav]s+ ! "u surface ( ! a/ragalus diagonally1 & increas+ 9 bread? t[>ds ! po/]ior & int]nal angle4 ,! inn] side ( ! a/ragalus pres5ts a convex protub]ance4 ,! correspond5ce betwe5 ! a/ragalus ( ! ,scelido!re & ,mega!re is be/ se5 at ! "u surface ( ! bone3 9 bo? ! two calcaneal articulations are sep>at$ by ! diagonal depression1 & ! int]nal & ant]ior surface is cont9u\s ) ! scaphoid articulation4 ,9 ! ,mega!re1 h[ev]1 9 consequ5ce ( ! abs5ce ( ! inf]ior concavity :i* *>act]izes ! ,scelido!re1 ! ant]ior calcaneal facet 7f7 appe>s z a m direct backw>d cont9uation ( ! scaphoidal surface2 b !y are divid$ by a m m>k$ angle ?an is repres5t$ 9 ! figure 7fig4 #e1 ,pl4 ,,xxvi474 ,! po/]ior & out] calcaneal surface 9 ! ,mega!re 7e7 is broad] 9 proportion to its l5g?1 cont9u$ fur!r upw>ds ^u ! outw>d surface1 is consequ5tly m convex 9 ! transv]se direction1 & is n b\nd$ ext]nally by s %>p & prom95t a ridge z 9 ! ,scelido!re4 ,! protub]ance f ! inn] surface ( ! a/ragalus is m compress$ lat]ally 9 ! ,mega!re ?an 9 ! ,scelido!re4 ,! correspond5ce betwe5 ! a/ragali ( ! ,mylodon787 7,pl4 ,,xxviii4 fig4 #f7 & ,mega!re 9 ! con=mation ( ! "u surface is s close1 t ! few diff]5ces :i* exi/ w be suffici5tly appreciat$ by an inspection ( ! figures4 ,9 ! ,armadillo ! a/ragalus1 9 consequ5ce ( ! great] production ( its ant]ior "p1 pres5ts m ( an angul> ?an a quadrate figure2 & ! scaphoid articul> surface1 be+ proportionally c>ri$ =w>ds1 is altoge!r sep>at$ f ! ant]ior calcaneal surface4 ,! po/]ior & inn] calcaneal surface resembles t 9 ! ,scelido!re1 b is less incl9$ upw>ds2 & is cont9u\s ) ! po/]ior "p ( ! tibial articul> surface4 ,?us ! a/ragalus 9 ! /ructure ( its two mo/ important articulations1 viz4 t :i* receives ! sup]9cumb5t weight f ! leg1 & t :i* transmits x to ! heel1 pres5ts a clos] correspond5ce 9 ! ,scelido!re ) t ( ! ,dasypus1 ?an ) t ( ! ,mega!re or ,mylodon4 ,! ungueal phalanx ( ! ,scelido!re be=e allud$ to1 is repres5t$ ( ! natural size 9 ,pl4 ,,xxvii4 ,! side view1 fig4 #c4 %[s ! position ( ! articul> surface on ! proximal end1 slop+ obliquely t[>ds ! "u surface1 & ov]topp$ by an obtuse protub]ance1 calculat$ to imp$e any upw>d retraction ( ! claw3 ! pres5t jo9t1 9 fact1 illu/rates 9 e p>ticul> ! argum5t by :i* ,cuvi] e/abli%$ ! true aff9ities ( ! alli$ ext9ct g5us ,megalonyx4#eh ,! pres5t phalanx is1 h[ev]1 less compress$1 & less incurv$ ?an ^? ( ! ,megalonyx1 :i* h be5 hi!rto describ$2 b x m resembles 9 ^! proportions "o ( ! small]1 & presum$ h9d]1 ungueal phalanges ( ! ,mega!rium4 ,! upp] & lat]al p>ts ( ! bone are r\nd$1 & x gradually tap]s to ! apex1 :i* is brok5 (f4 ,! osse\s %ea? = ! claw is develop$ only at ! "u "p ( ! bone3 x pres5ts ! =m ( a ?ick flat plate ( bone1 ) ! m>g9 v regul>ly & obliquely bevell$ (f1 & hav+ a v]tical process ( bone atta*$ l5g?wise to ! middle ( its "u surface4 ,?is process mu/ h s]v$ = ! ins]tion ( a v p[]ful flexor t5don4 ,! figures ( ?is bone preclude ! necessity ( any fur!r v]bal description4 ,m4 ,lund lays mo/ /ress ^u ! argum5t f\nd$ on ! inw>d inflection ( ! sole ( ! foot 9 ! ,megalonyx1 & appeals ) greate/ confid5ce to ?is /ructure 9 support ( 8 hypo!sis ( ! scansorial habits ( t ext9ct ,ed5tal4#ei ,x is q true t ! ,quadrumana d]ive advantage f ?is position ( ! foot 9 climb+ trees1 & t x is c>ri$ to excess 9 ! ,slo?s1 :i* c only apply ! out] edge ( ! foot to ! gr\nd4 ,b we may ask1 0 ! inv]sion ( ! sole ( ! foot actually c>ri$ to su* an ext5t 9 ! ,megalonyx8 ,&1 admitt+ its exi/5ce 9 an inf]ior degree1 is x !n conclusive z to ! scansorial habits ( t species8 ,m4 ,lund expressly /ates t x is produc$ by a diff]5t /ructure & arrangem5t ( ! t>sal bones1 f t :i* exi/s 9 ! ,slo?1 b he does n specify ! nature ( ?is diff]5ce4 ,if ! a/ragalus1 :i* ,i h ref]r$ ) d\bt to ! ,megalonyx1 d n actually belong to t g5us1 x is evid5tly "p ( a v closely alli$ species4 ,n[ ?is a/ragalus1 z we h se51 resembles mo/ closely t ( ! ,mega!rium2 & s9ce we may inf] t ! calcaneum1 scaphoides1 & cuboides _h a l correspond5ce1 ! incl9ation ( ! sole ( ! foot inw>ds mu/ h be5 v slight1 z ,i h det]m9$ f exam9ation ( ! /ructure & co-adaptation ( ^? bones 9 ! incomplete skeleton ( ! ,mega!rium 9 ! ,london ,college ( ,surgeons4 ,su* an incl9ation ( ! foot may be conceiv$ to h facilitat$ ! b5d+ ( ! long claws ^u ! sole1 dur+ ! ord9>y progressive movem5ts ( ! animal1 b x is q insuffici5t to ju/ify ! conclusion1 t x relat$ to an application ( ! h9d-feet = ! purposes ( climb+4 ,x is n )\t int]e/ aga9 to call to m9d ! deviation ( ! /ructure ( ! a/ragalus ( ! ,scelido!re f ! ,mega!rioid to ! ,dasypodoid type ( /ructure4 ,= if ! ,mega!rioid type ( /ructure _h really be5 "o suitable to ! exig5cies ( climb+ quadrup$s1 x might h be5 expect$ to h exhibit$ ! scansorial modifications m decid$ly1 z ! species dim9i%$ 9 /ature2 b z reg>ds ! in/ructive bone ( ! h9d-foot1 ! modifications ( :i* we h j be5 consid]+1 ?is is by no means ! case4 ,,description ,,( ,a ,,mutilat$ ,,l[] ,,jaw ,,( ,,! ,,megalonyx ,,jeff]sonii4 ,9 ! prec$+ section an a/ralagus 0 describ$1 :i* 0 reg>d$ z belong+ possibly to ! same ,ed5tate species z ! jaw figur$ & describ$1 p4 #fi1 ,pl4 ,,xviii4 & ,,xix41 "u ! "n ( ,mylodon ,d>w9ii2 b ! same correspond5ce1--t ( relative size1--r5d]s x equally possible t ?is a/ragalus may belong to ! species ( ,megalonyx to :i* ! l[] jaw n[ "u consid]ation app]ta9s4 ,!re c\ld be no d\bt1 f its /ructure1 t x 0 ! a/ragalus ( a gigantic species ( ! ord] ,bruta1 & ( ! ,mega!rioid family1 & m ne>ly alli$ to ! ,mega!re ?an is ! ,scelido!re1 b suffici5tly di/9ct f bo?4 ,! l[] jaw1 figur$ 9 ,pl4 ,,xxix41 is ! only fossil br\ght home by ,mr4 ,d>w9 t c\ld be confid5tly ref]r$ to ! g5us ,megalonyx2 b ! =m ( ! too? 9 place on ! "r side ( ! jaw fully ju/ifies ?is det]m9ation4 ,! jaw itself is deeply & firmly imb$d$ 9 ! matrix1 s t only ! upp] or alveol> bord] is visible4 ,! coronoid & condyloid processes are brok5 away1 & ! texture ( ! rema9+ "p ( ! jaw 0 too friable1 & adh]$ too firmly to ! surr\nd+ matrix to admit ( m ( its =m be+ asc]ta9$ ?an is figur$4 ,!re 7 f\r mol>s on ea* side ( ?is jaw2 ! l>ge oblique p]=ation ne> ! fractur$ symphysis is ! ant]ior extremity ( ! wide d5tal canal4 ,! =ms ( ! alveoli are be/ pres]v$ 9 ! "r ramus3 ! fir/ is ! smalle/1 & seems to h conta9$ a too?1 ( :i* ! transv]se section mu/ h be5 simply elliptical3 ! second too? is likewise lat]ally compress$1 b ! transv]se section is ovate1 ! great end be+ turn$ =w>ds3 ! ?ird socket pres5ts a correspond+ =m1 b a l>g] size3 ! f\r? socket is too mu* mutilat$ to all[ ( a correct op9ion be+ =m$ z to ! %ape ( ! too? :i* x once conta9$4 ,! natural size ( ! too? 9 situ1 & ( ! adjo9+ socket1 is giv5 9 ,pl4 ,,xxix41 fig4 #b4 ,! diff]5ce ( =m :i* ! jaw ( ! ,megalonyx pres5ts1 z comp>$ ) t ( ! ,mylodon1 especially 9 ! great] rec$5ce ( ! two horizontal rami f ea* o!r1 w be appreciat$ by comp>+ ,pl4 ,,xviii4 ) ,pl4 ,,xxix4 ,,description ,,( ,a ,,fragm5t ,,( ,,! ,,skull ,,& ,,( ,,! ,,tee? ,,( ,,! ,,mega!rium ,,cuvi]i4 ,not)/&+ ! full1 accurate1 & elaborate acc\nts ( ! skeleton ( ! ,mega!rium giv5 by ,bru1#fj ,cuvi]1#fa ,p&] & ,d',alton1#fb & ,mr4 ,clift1#fc ! fragm5ts ( ?is mo/ gigantic ( quadrup$s br\ght home by ,mr4 ,d>w91 possess mu* int]e/1 & h add$1 :at c\ld h>dly h be5 anticipat$1 important in=mation z to ! d5tal sy/em1 :]eby an error 9 ! g5]ic "* ( ! ,mega!rium has be5 correct$4 ,! fragm5ts "h allud$ to are portions ( ! skull ( ?ree full-gr[n ,mega!res3 ! mo/ p]fect "p ( :i* af=ds a view ( ! po/]ior1 & ( "p ( ! basal surface1 :i* regions ( ! cranium h n hi!rto be5 else:]e figur$ or describ$1 7,pl4 ,,xxx47 ,! plane ( ! occipital =am5 =ms ) t ( ! base ( ! skull an angle ( #adj1 ! plane ( ! po/]ior surface ( ! skull =ms ) ! basal plane an angle ( #fh4 ,! occipital condyles are !re=e t]m9al1 or =m ! mo/ po/]ior p>ts ( ! cranium4 ,! ext5t ( _! convex curvature 9 ! ant]o-po/]ior direction1 :i* equals t ( a semicircle1 indicates t ! ,mega!rium possess$ consid]able fre$om & ext5t ( motion ( ! head4 ,! condyles are n ext5d$ 9 ! lat]al direction s f> z 9 ! ,toxodon2 _! axis is m oblique ?an 9 ! ,glosso!rium1 & _! int]nal surface is m p>allel ) ! axis ( ! skull1 ! =am5 magnum n pres5t+ t infundibuli=m expansion :i* is s *>act]i/ic ( ! ,glosso!rium4 ,! occipital condyles resemble mo/ 9 =m & position ^? ( ! ,scelido!rium2 b 9 ! angle ( ! occipital plane ! ,mega!rium is int]m$iate betwe5 ! ,scelido!re & ,glosso!re4 ,! ex-occipitals t]m9ate lat]ally & inf]iorly1 ea* 9 a %ort1 b /rong obtuse process4 ,! po/]ior plane ( ! skull is trav]s$ by a /rong ar*$ int]muscul> cre/1 :i* =ms ! upp] b\nd>y ( a pretty deep fossa1 :i* is divid$ by a m$ian v]tical ridge1 ext5d+ d[nw>ds to )9 an in* ( ! upp] m>g9 ( ! =am5 magnum4 ,a second /rong obtuse transv]sely ar*$ ridge curves ov] ! fir/1 & =ms ! upp] b\nd>y ( ! po/]ior or occipital region ( ! skull3 ! int]space betwe5 ! two transv]se ridges is v irregul>1 & indicates ! firm implantation ( p[]ful nu*al muscles or ligam5ts1 7,pl4 ,,xxx4 fig4 #a47 ,9 ! configuration & angle ( ! occipital plane ! ,mega!rium indicates ! same g5]al correspond5ce ) ! ,ed5tate type1 :i* has be5 po9t$ out 9 ! descriptions ( ! crania ( ! ,glosso!re & ,scelido!re3 & ! resemblance to ! ,scelido!re is n less /rik+ 9 ! small proportional size ( ! cranium 9 ?is quadrup$1 :i* surpasses ! re/ ( its class 9 s great a degree 9 ! colossal proportions ( its h9d] p>ts4 ,hav+ detect$ 9 ! base ( ! skull ( ! ,scelido!re an articul> semicircul> pit = ! head ( ! /yloglossal bone1 simil> to1 b relatively small] ?an1 t rem>kable "o 9 ! skull ( ! ,glosso!re1 x became a matt] ( int]e/ to det]m9e :e!r ?is /ructure1 :i* does n exi/ 9 any ( ! exi/+ ,ed5tals1 %\ld likewise be pres5t 9 ! gigantic type ( ! ,mega!rioid family4 ,! result ( a c>eful removal ( ! matrix f ! basal region ( "o ( ! cranial fragm5ts ( ! ,mega!rium 0 ! detection ( ?is articul> cavity1 9 ea* temporal bone 9 ! same relative position z 9 ! ,glosso!re & ,scelido!re4 ,! /yloid articul> cavity is relatively small]1 & %all[]1 ?an 9 ! ,glosso!re1 its proportions be+ mu* ! same z ^? ( ! ,scelido!re4 ,! cranial or po/]ior extremity ( ! /ylo-hyoid bone 9 ! ,scelido!rium is b5t upw>ds at an obtuse angle 7,pl4 ,,xxi471 & t]m9ates 9 an articul> ball :i* rotates 9 ?is cavity4 ,! size ( ?is bone1 & its mode ( articulation1 indicates great p[] & muscul>ity ( tongue 9 ! ,mega!rioids1 & calls to m9d ! importance ( t organ 9 ! ,giraffe1 :i* subsi/s on ! same k9d ( food z t :i* ,i h suppos$ to h support$ ! ,mega!rioids1 al?\gh ! g5]al organization ( ^! animals & ! mode 9 :i* ! foliage 0 br\ght )9 rea* ( ! tongue are z opposite z c well be imag9$4 ,! ant]ior condyloid =am5 pres5ts sc>cely "o-half ! absolute size ( t ( ! ,glosso!re1 :5ce we may inf] a correspond+ly inf]ior developm5t ( ! tongue 9 ! ,mega!re4 ,! fractur$ p>ietes ( ! cranial cavity ( ! ,mega!rium e :]e exhibit evid5ces ( ! great ext5t ( ! air-cells or s9uses cont9u$ f ! nasal cavity3 on ! basil> aspect ( ! cranium !y ext5d z f> back z ! jugul> =am9a3 ! :ole ( ! basi-sph5oid be+ ?us excavat$1 & p]meable to air1 d]iv$ f ! sph5oid s9uses1 7,pl4 ,,xxx4 fig4 #b474 ,! v]tical diamet] ( ! cranial cavity is f\r in*es1 eight l9es2 its transv]se diamet]1 :i* is greate/ 9 ! po/]ior ?ird "p ( ! cavity1 correspond+ ) ! po/]ior "p ( ! c]ebrum is six in*es3 f ! indications af=d$ by ! rema9s ( ! cranial cavity 9 ,mr4 ,d>w9's specim5s1 ,i conclude t ! bra9 ( ! ,mega!rium 0 m depress$1 & ^u ! :ole1 small] by ne>ly "o-half ?an t ( ! ,elephant2 b ) ! c]ebellum relatively l>g]1 & situat$ m po/]iorly ) relation to ! c]ebral hemisph]es3 :5ce x may be conclud$ t ! ,mega!rium 0 a creature ( less intellig5ce1 & ) ! comm& ( few] res\rces1 or a less v>i$ in/9ct ?an ! ,elephant4 ,x has be5 usual to *>act]ize ! ,mega!rium1 9 con=mity ) ! concurr5t descriptions ( ,bru1 ,cuvi]1 & ,d',alton1 by ! d5tal =mula ( mol>es 1 i4 e4 by ! pres5ce ( f\r gr9d+ tee? on ea* side ( ! upp]1 z ( ! l[] jaw4 ,x 0 ! agreem5t ( ! excell5t au?orities above cit$ 9 ?is /atem5t1 :i* induc$ ,mr4 ,clift & myself to reg>d a s+le deta*$ too?1 :i* =m$ "p ( ! valuable collection ( rema9s ( ! ,mega!rium deposit$ 9 ! ,hunt]ian ,museum by ,sir ,woodb9e ,p>i%1 z be+1 f its comp>atively small size1 ! too? ( ei!r a y\ng] individual or ( a small] species ( ,mega!rium4 ,^u cle>+ away ! matrix f ! palatal & alveol> surface ( "o ( ! cranial fragm5ts ( ! ,mega!rium 9 ,mr4 ,d>w9's collection1 ,i 0 gratifi$ by ! detection ( ! cr[n ( a fif? mol>1 correspond+ 9 size & =m ) ! deta*$ too?1 above allud$ to3 its small size1 & its position h d\btless occasion$ its be+ ov]-look$ 9 ! cranium ( ! great skeleton at ,madrid4 ,! ant]ior mol> ( ! upp] jaw pres5ts a ne>ly semicircul> transv]se section1 ) ! angles r\nd$ (f2 ! ?ree succe$+ tee? are f\r-sid$1 ) ! transv]se some:at exce$+ ! ant]o-po/]ior diamet]3 !y are r long] & l>g] ?an ! fir/3 ! la/ mol> is likewise f\r-sid$1 b pres5ts a sudd5 dim9ution ( diamet]1 & is relatively broad]4 ,! foll[+ are ! respective dim5sions ( ! upp] maxill>y tee?4 ,fir/ ,second ,?ird ,f\r? ,fif? ,mol>4 ,mol>4 ,mol>4 ,mol>4 ,mol>4 ,94 ,l9es4 ,94 ,l9es4 ,94 ,l9es4 ,94 ,l9es4 ,94 ,l9es4 ,l5g? #h #f #i #d #i #d #h #g #e #b ,transv]se #a #i #b #d #b #c #b #j #a #d diamet] ,ant]o-po/]ior #a #e #b #j #b #j #a #aa #j #aj diamet] ,besides ! diff]5ces 9 size1 ! upp] mol>s v>y z to _! curvature3 ?is diff]5ce is exhibit$ 9 ! v]tical section ( ^! tee? figur$ 9 ,pl4 ,,xxxi4 ,! convexity ( ! curve ( ! fir/1 second & ?ird mol>s is direct$ =w>ds2 ! f\r? is /raight1 its ant]ior surface only describ+ a slight convexity 9 ! v]tical direction2 ! fif? too? is curv$1 b 9 a contr>y direction to ! o!rs2 & ! bases ( ! five mol>s ?us pres5t a g5]al conv]g5ce t[>ds a po9t a little way beh9d ! middle ( ! s]ies4 ,! next peculi>ity to be notic$ 9 ^! rem>kable tee? is ! great l5g? ( ! pulp-cavity 7d71 ! apex ( :i* is p>allel ) ! alveol> m>g9 ( ! jaw3 a transv]se fissure is cont9u$ f ?is apex to ! middle concavity ( ! work+ surface ( ! too?1 :i* is ?us divid$ into two p>ts4 ,ea* ( ^! p>ts consi/s ( ?ree di/9ct sub/ances1--a c5tral "p analog\s to ! body or bone ( ! too? or #8d5t9e1' a p]iph]al & ne>ly equally ?ick lay] ( cm5tum1 & an int]m$iate ?9n] /ratum ( a d5s] sub/ance1 :i* is describ$ 9 ,mr4 ,clift's memoir on ! ,mega!rium z #8enamel1' & to :i* sub/ance 9 ! comp\nd tee? ( ! ,elephant1 x is analog\s bo? 9 its relative situation1 & relative d5sity to ! o!r con/itu5ts4 ,microscopic exam9ations ( ?9 & transp>5t slices ( ! too? ( ! ,mega!rium prove1 h[ev]1 t ! d5se lay] sep>at+ ! int]nal sub/ance f ! cm5tum is n enamel1 b pres5ts ! same /ructure z ! h>d #8d5t9e' or ivory ( ! g5]ality ( ,mammalian tee?2 & corresponds ) ! ?9 cyl9d] ( h>d #8d5t9e' 9 ! too? ( ! ,slo?4 ,no species ( ! ,ord] ,bruta has true enamel ent]+ into ! composition ( its tee?2 b ! modifications ( /ructure :i* ! tee? pres5t 9 ! diff]5t g5]a ( ?is ord] are consid]able1 & _! complexity is n less ?an t ( ! enamell$ tee? ( ! ,h]bivor\s ,pa*yd]ms & ,rum9antia1 9 consequ5ce ( ! introduction ( a d5tal sub/ance into _! composition correspond+ 9 /ructure ) t ( ! tee? ( ! ,myliobates1 ,psammodus1 & o!r c>tilag9\s fi%es4 ,! microscopic inve/igation ( ! /ructure ( ! tee? ( ! ,mega!rium 0 und]tak5 *iefly ) ! view ( comp>+ ?is /ructure ) t ( ! tee? ( ! ,slo? & ,armadillo1 & ( ?us obta9+ an insight into ! food1 & an additional te/ ( ! real nature ( ! disput$ aff9ities ( ! ,mega!rium4 ,! c5tral "p ( ! too? 7c4 ,pl4 ,,xxxi47 consi/s ( a co>se ivory1 l ! correspond+ "p ( ! too? ( ! ,slo?4 ,x is trav]s$ ?r\gh\t by m$ull>y canals ( an in* 9 diamet]1 :i* are cont9u$ f ! pulp-cavity1 & proce$1 at an angle ( #ej1 to ! plane ( ! d5se ivory1 p>allel to ea* o!r1 ) a slightly undulat+ c\rse1 hav+ regul> int]spaces1 equal to "o & a half diamet]s ( _! own are1 & g5]ally ana/omos+ 9 pairs by a loop ( :i* ! convexity is turn$ t[>ds ! orig9 ( ! tubes ( ! f9e d5t9e1 z if ea* pair s jo9$ consi/$ ( a cont9u\s reflect$ canal1 7c4 fig4 #a1 ,pl4 ,,xxxii47 ,! loops are g5]ally =m$ close to ! f9e d5t9e4 ,9 a few situations ,i h obs]v$ "o ( ! m$ull>y canals cont9u$ across ! f9e d5t9e1 & ana/omos+ ) ! correspond+ canals ( ! cm5tum4 ,! int]spaces ( ! m$ull>y canals ( ! co>se d5t9e are pr9cipally occupi$ by calcig]\s tubes :i* h an irregul> c\rse1 ana/omose reticul>ly1 & t]m9ate 9 v f9e cells4 ,! m regul> & p>allel calcig]\s tubes1 :i* con/itute ! ?9 lay] ( h>d d5t9e1 are giv5 (f f ! convexity ( ! t]m9al loops ( ! m$ull>y canals4 ,! c\rse ( ^! tubes 7b4 fig4 #a1 ,pl4 ,,xxxii47 is r m transv]sely to ! axis ( ! too? ?an ! m$ull>y canals f :i* !y are cont9u$4 ,!y run p>allel to ea* o!r1 b ) m9ute undulations ?r\gh\t _! c\rse1 9 :i* !y are sep>at$ by int]spaces equal to "o & a half _! own diamet]4 ,z !y approa* ! cm5tum !y divide & sub-divide1 & gr[ m wavy & irregul>3 _! t]m9al bran*es take on a b5t direction1 & =m ana/omoses1 dilate into small cells1 & _m are se5 to become cont9u\s ) ! radiat+ fibres or tubes ( ! cells or corpuscles ( ! contigu\s cm5tum4 ,?is sub/ance ent]s l>gely into ! con/itution ( ! comp\nd too? ( ! ,mega!rium3 x is *>act]iz$1 l ! cm5tum ( ! ,elephant's gr9d]1 by ! pres5ce ( num]\s radiat$ cells1 or purk+ian corpuscles1 scatt]$ ?r\gh\t its sub/ance1 b may be di/+ui%$ by wide m$ull>y canals :i* trav]se x 9 a direction p>allel ) ea* o!r1 & =m+ a slight angle ) ! transv]se axis ( ! too?4 ,^! canals are wid] ?an ^? ( ! c5tral co>se d5t9e1 _! diamet] be+ ? ( an in*2 !y are sep>at$ by int]spaces equal to f f\r to six ( _! own diamet]s1 divide a few times di*otom\sly 9 _! c\rse1 & f9ally ana/omose 9 loops1 ! convexity ( :i* is direct$ t[>ds1 & 9 mo/ cases is 9 close contiguity )1 ! lay] ( d5se d5t9e4 ,f9e calcig]\s tubes are e :]e giv5 (f at "r angles f ! m$ull>y canals ( ! cm5tum1 :i* =m a ri* reticulation 9 _! int]spaces1 & a direct cont9uation betwe5 ! loops ( ! m$ull>y canals & ! calcig]\s tubes ( ! d5se d5t9e4 ,! cm5tum diff]s f ! co>se d5t9e 9 ! l>g] size & wid] int]spaces ( its m$ull>y canals1 & by ! pres5ce ( ! bone-corpuscles 9 _! int]spaces2 b !y are br\ght into organic communication ) ea* o!r1 n only by means ( ! tubes ( ! d5se d5t9e1 b by occasional cont9uity ( ! m$ull>y canals across t sub/ance4 ,! too? ( ! ,mega!rium ?us (f]s an unequivocal example ( a c\rse ( nutrim5t f ! d5t9e to ! cm5tum1 & reciprocally4 ,retzius obs]ves ) respect to ! human too?1 t 8! f9e tubes ( ! cm5tum ent] into imm$iate communications ) ! cells & tubes ( ! d5t9e 7zahnkno*571 s t ?is "p c obta9 f )\t ! requisite hum\rs aft] ! c5tral pulp has almo/ ceas$ to exi/40 ,9 ! ,mega!rium1 h[ev]1 ^? ana/omoses h n to p]=m a vic>i\s (fice1 s9ce ! pulp ma9ta9s its full size & functional activity dur+ ! :ole p]iod ( ! animal's exi/5ce4 ,x relates to ! high] organiz$ condition1 & great] degree ( vitality ( ! entire gr9d] 9 t ext9ct species4 ,! conical cavities 7d4 ,pl4 ,,xxxi47 atte/ ! size & =m ( ! p]si/5t pulp2 ! diamet] ( its base is equal to ! "p ( ! cr[n ( ! too? :i* is =m$ by ! co>se & f9e d5t9e4 ,f ! gradual ?9n+ (f & f9al disappe>ance ( ^! sub/ances z !y rea* ! base ( ! too?1 ,i conclude t !y 7 bo? =m$ at ! exp5se ( ! pulp4 ,! f9e tubes & cells mu/ h be5 excavat$ 9 its p]iph]al lay] = ! reception ( ! h>d5+ salts ( ! d5se d5t9e1 & ! re/ conv]t$ into ! p>allel s]ies ( m$ull>y canals ) _! respective sy/ems ( calcig]\s tubes1 9 a mann] closely analog\s to ! developm5t ( ! entire too? ( ! ,oryct]opus4 ,! co>s] d5t9e ( ! too? ( ! ,mega!rium diff]s1 9 fact1 f ! entire too? ( ! ,oryct]opus1 only 9 t ! p>allel m$ull>y canals & _! radiat+ calcig]\s tubes are n sep>at$ f ! contigu\s canals by a di/9ct lay] ( cm5tum1 & t ! m$ull>y canals ana/omose at _! p]iph]al extremities4 ,! wide spaces1 7e4 ,pl4 ,,xxxi47 indicate ! ?ickness ( ! d5tal capsule by ! ossification ( :i* ! ext]ior /ratum ( cem5t 0 =m$4 ,x 0 n until ,i knew ! true /ructure ( ! too? ( ! ,mega!rium1 t ,i c\ld compreh5d ! mode ( its =mation4 ,! p>allel lay]s ( enamel 9 ! ,elephant's gr9d] are =m$1 z is well kn[n1 by membran\s plates pass+ f ! coronal end ( ! clos$ capsule t[>ds ! base ( ! too?2 b a c]ta9 ext5t ( enamel c only ?us be =m$1 & :5 ! cr[n ( ! gr9d] has once protrud$1 & come into use1 ! enamel _c be add$ to4 ,! modification ( ! /ructure ( ! too? ( ! ,mega!rium readily p]mits ! un9t]rupt$ & cont9u\s =mation ( ! d5se sub/ance :i* is analog\s to ! enamel ( ! ,elephant's gr9d]4 ,) respect to ! "q ( ! respective aff9ities ( ! ,mega!rium to ! ,bradypodoid or ,dasypodoid families1 ! result ( ?is exam9ation ( ! tee? speaks /rongly = its clos] relation%ip ) ! =m] gr\p3 ! ,megalonyx1 ,mylodon1 & ,scelido!rium1 9 l mann] correspond 9 ! /ructure ( _! tee? ) ! ,slo?1 & diff] f ! ,armadillo4 ,if f a simil>ity ( d5tal /ructure we may pr$icate a simil>ity ( food1 x may reasonably be conjectur$ t ! leaves & s(t succul5t spr\ts ( trees may h be5 ! /aple diet ( ! ,mega!rioid quadrup$s1 z ( ! exi/+ ,slo?s4 ,_! enorm\s claws1 ,i conclude1 f ! fossorial "* ( ! p[]ful me*anism by :i* !y 7 work$1 to h be5 employ$1 n1 z 9 ! ,slo?s1 to c>ry ! animal to ! food1 b to br+ ! food )9 ! rea* ( ! animal1 by uproot+ ! trees on :i* x grew4 ,9 ! rema9s ( ! ,mega!rium we h evid5ce ( ! frame-"w ( a quadrup$ equal to ! task ( und]m9+ & haul+ d[n ! l>ge/ memb]s ( a tropical =e/4 ,9 ! latt] op]ation x is obvi\s t ! imm$iate application ( ! ant]ior extremities to ! trunk ( ! tree w\ld dem& a correspond+ fulcrum1 to be effectual1 & x is ! necessity = an adequate basis ( support & resi/ance to su* an application ( ! =e extremities :i* gives ! explanation to ! anomal\s developm5t ( ! pelvis1 tail1 & h9d] extremities 9 ! ,mega!rioid quadrup$s4 ,no wond]1 !re=e1 t _! type ( /ructure is s peculi>2 = :]e %all we n[ f9d quadrup$s equal1 l !m1 to ! habitual task ( uproot+ trees = food8 ,,description ,,( ,,fragm5ts ,,( ,,bones1 ,,& ,,( ,,osse\s ,,tesselat$ ,,d]mal ,,cov]+ ,,( ,,l>ge ,,ed5tata4 ,x is n[ det]m9$ t !re once exi/$ 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 besides ! ,mega!rium1 ! ,megalonyx1 & ! alli$ g5]a describ$ 9 ! prec$+ pages ( ! pres5t "w1 gigantic species ( ! ord] ,bruta belong+ to ! ,armadillo family1 & def5d$1 l ! small exi/+ repres5tatives ( t family1 by a tesselat$ bony d]mal cov]+4 ,! l>ge/ kn[n species ( ^! ext9ct ,dasypodid is ! ,glyptodon clavipes1 ( :i* ! arm\r & p>ts ( ! skeleton h be5 describ$ by ,,mm4 ,weiss & ,d',alton 9 ! ,b]l9 ,transactions = #ahbg & #ahcd3 & ! g5]ic & specific *>act]s & "n1 ) an acc\nt ( ! d5tal sy/em1 & bones ( ! extremities1 7 record$ 9 ! ,geological ,proce$+s = ,m>* #ahci4 ,x w\ld seem t p>ts ( ! same1 or a ne>ly alli$ gigantic species 7 describ$ 9 ! same ye> by ,m4 ,lund2 "u ! "n ( ,hoplophorus4 ,( ! valuable & int]e/+ discov]ies ( ?is able ,naturali/ ,i regret t ,i 0 n aw>e until ! appe>ance ( a notice ( !m 9 ! ,comptes ,r5dus = ,april1 #ahci4fd ,among/ ! fragm5ts ( bony tesselat$ arm\r 9 ,mr4 ,d>w9's collection are a few pieces :i* 7 f\nd by him1 associat$ ) rema9s ( ,toxodon & ,glosso!rium ne> ! ,rio ,negro 9 ,b&a ,ori5tal4#fe ,^! fragm5ts1 if we may judge f _! ?ickness1 mu/ h belong$ to an animal at lea/ z l>ge z ! ,glyptodon clavipes2 b ! patt]n diff]s 9 ! great] equality ( size ( ! compon5t tess]4 ,! ?ickness ( ! l>ge/ fragm5t is "o in* & a half1 ! tess] v>y 9 diamet] f "o in* to half an in*1 & are sep>at$ by grooves ab\t two l9es 9 dep?1 & two 9 diamet]4 ,! patt]n =m$ by ! ana/omosis ( ^! grooves is an irregul> net-"w2 ! cont\r ( ! tess] is ei!r unev5ly subcircul>1 hexagonal1 p5tagonal1 or ev5 f\r-sid$2 ) ! sides m or less unequal4 ,9 ^? portions ( ?is arm\r1 :]e "o ( ! tess] exce$s ! contigu\s ones 9 size1 ! imag9ation may readily conceive x to be ! c5tre ( a rosette1 ar\nd :i* ! small] ones arrange !mselves1 b !re is no regul> sy/em ( rosettes1 z 9 ! portions ( ! d]mal arm\r ( ! ,glyptodon figur$ by ,weiss1 & ^? br\ght to ,engl& by ,sir ,woodb9e ,p>i%1 9 :i* ! c5tral piece is d\ble ! size ( ! m>g9al ones4 ,! portions ( ! tesselat$ bony d]mal cov]+ ( a ,dasypodoid quadrup$1 figur$ 9 ,pl4 ,,xxxii4 figs4 #e & #d1 ( ! natural size1 7 discov]$ fold$ r\nd ! middle & ungueal phalanges1 figs4 #b & #c1 at ,punta ,alta1 9 ,bahia ,blanca1 9 an e>?y b$ int]/ratifi$ ) ! conglom]ate conta9+ ! rema9s ( ! fossil ,ed5tals4 ,9 "o ( ^! fragm5ts1 measur+ six in*es long by five broad1 ! tess] are arrang$ 9 rosettes1 & s closely correspond 9 size & patt]n ) ! bony arm\r describ$ by ,m4 ,lund1 z *>act]iz+ 8 species1 ,hoplophorus euphractus1 t ,i feel no hesitation 9 ref]r+ !m to t animal4 ,"o ( ! patt]n rosettes is figur$ at fig4 #d1 toge!r ) ! ?ickness ( ! arm\r at ?is "p1 & ! co>se tubulo-cellul> /ructure ( ! bone4 ,ano!r portion ( d]mal arm\r f ! same locality1 gives ! patt]n %[n 9 fig4 #e1 =m$ by squ>e or p5tagonal tess]1 arrang$ 9 transv]se r[s2 x is c]ta9 t ?is portion ( arm\r belong$ to ! same animal z ! prec$+ piece2 & probably t x con/itut$ "p ( ! transv]se dorsal b&s ( ! ,hoplophorus4 ,! middle & ungueal phalanx1 z well z ! portions ( arm\r1 are giv5 ( ! natural size1 9 ,pl4 ,,xxxii4 ,! upp] & out] surface ( ! phalanx1 is %[n 9 fig4 #b4 ,x is smoo? & flat2 jo9s ! inn] surface by a %>p edge1 :i* runs along ! upp] & inn] side ( ! bone2 & passes by a gradual convexity to ! "u surface2 ! ridge correspond+ ) ! base ( ! claw1 is feebly develop$ at ! "u & lat]al p>ts ( ! base ( ! claw4 ,bel[ ! d\ble tro*le> jo9t = ! middle phalanx1 !re are two articul> surfaces = two l>ge sesamoid bones4 ,! middle phalanx corresponds 9 its small ant]o-po/]ior diamet] & w$ge-%ape1 ) t ( ! great ,glyptodon3 b ! t]m9al phalanx is long] & deep]1 9 proportion to its bread?4 ,among ! collection ( fossils f ,punta ,alta1 9 ,bahia ,blanca1 !re is an int]e/+ fragm5t ( ! head ( a gigantic animal ( ! ,ed5tate ord]1 includ+ ! gl5oid cavity1 & "p ( ! zygomatic process ( ! left side4 ,! articul> surface = ! l[] jaw1 exhibits1 9 its flatness1 ext5t1 & ! abs5ce ( a po/]ior ridge1 ! well-m>k$ *>act]i/ics ( ?is "p ( ! ,ed5tal /ructure4 ,x measures two in*es f\r l9es 9 ! transv]se1 & two in*es two l9es 9 ! ant]o-po/]ior diamet]4 ,! comm5cem5t ( ! zygomatic process pres5ts a v]tical diamet] ( two in*es1 & a transv]se diamet] ( eight l9es at ! ?icke/ "p4 ,x is slightly concave at its l[] bord]1 & convex above4 ,! small portion ( ! cranial p>ietes1 :i* is pres]v$1 exhibits ! cellul> /ructure consequ5t ^u ! great ext5sion & developm5t ( ! nasal air-s9uses3 ?is condition ( ! cranial p>ietes1 has already be5 notic$ 9 ! description ( ! m p]fect skulls ( ! l>ge ext9ct ,ed5tata4 ,,notice ,,( ,,fragm5ts ,,( ,,mol> ,,tee? ,,( ,a ,,ma/odon4 ,( ! rema9s ( ?is gigantic ext9ct ,pa*yd]m1 obs]v$ by ,mr4 ,d>w9 at ,santa ,f1 9 ,entre ,rios1 & on ! banks ( ! ,t]c]o1 ! fragm5ts ( ! tee? & portions ( ! skeleton :i* rea*$ ,engl&1 are n suffici5t to lead to a det]m9ation ( ! species2 b suffici5tly prove x to h be5 ne>ly alli$1 if n id5tical1 ) ! ,ma/odon angu/id5s ( ,cuvi]1 & unque/ionably di/9ct f ! ,ma/odon giganteum ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,,notice ,,( ,,! ,,rema9s ,,( ,a ,,species ,,( ,,equus1 ,f\nd associat$ ) ! ext9ct ,ed5tals & ,toxodon at ,punta ,alta1 9 ,bahia ,blanca1 & ) ! ,ma/odon & ,toxodon at ,santa ,f1 9 ,entre ,rios4 ,! fir/ ( ^! rema9s is a sup]ior mol> too? ( ! "r side2 x 0 emb$d$ 9 ! qu>tz %+le1 =m$ ( pebbles /rongly cem5t$ toge!r ) calc>e\s matt]1 :i* adh]$ z closely to ! too? 9 "q1 z ! correspond+ matrix did to ! associat$ fossil rema9s4 ,! too? 0 z completely fossiliz$ z ! rema9s ( ! ,mylodon1 ,mega!rium1 & ,scelido!re2 & 0 s f> decompos$1 t 9 ! attempt to deta* ! adh]5t matrix1 x became p>tially resolv$ into its compon5t curv$ lamell4 ,e po9t ( comp>ison t c\ld be e/abli%$ prov$ x to diff] f ! too? ( ! common ,equus ,caballus only 9 a slight inf]iority ( size4 ,! second evid5ce ( ! co-exi/5ce ( ! horse ) ! ext9ct ,mammals ( ! t]ti>y epo* ( ,s\? ,am]ica reposes on a m p]fect too?1 likewise ( ! upp] jaw1 f ! r$ argillace\s e>? ( ! ,pampas at ,bajada de ,santa ,f1 9 ! ,prov9ce ( ,entre ,rios4#ff ,?is too? is figur$ at ,pl4 ,,xxxii4 fig4 #ac & #ad1 f :i* ! anatomi/ c judge ( its close correspond5ce ) a middle mol> ( ! left side ( ! upp] jaw4 ,?is too? agre$ s closely 9 col\r & condition ) ! rema9s ( ! ,ma/odon & ,toxodon1 f ! same locality1 t ,i h no d\bt respect+ ! contemporane\s exi/5ce ( ! individual horse1 ( :i* x once =m$ "p4 ,?is evid5ce ( ! =m] exi/5ce ( a g5us1 :i*1 z reg>ds ,s\? ,am]ica1 _h become ext9ct1 & has a second "t be5 introduc$ into t ,cont95t1 is n "o ( ! lea/ int]e/+ fruits ( ,mr4 ,d>w9's palontological discov]ies4 ,,description ,,( ,,rema9s ,,( ,,rod5tia1 ,,includ+ ,,! ,,jaws ,,& ,,tee? ,,( ,,an ,,ext9ct ,,species ,,( ,,ct5omys4 ,! fragm5t ( ! upp] jaw1 figur$ 9 ,pl4 ,,xxxii4 fig4 #f1 exhibits ! fir/ & second mol> 9 situ1 & ! socket ( ! ?ird & f\r? mol>1 ( a ,rod5t1 :i* by ! =m & numb] ( ! upp] maxill>y tee? is ref]able to ! g5us ,ct5omys4 ,! mol>s are a little l>g]1 ! longitud9al groove on _! ext]nal surface is some:at deep]1 & ! la/ mol> is relatively wid] ?an 9 ! exi/+ subt]rane\s species1--! ,tucutucu 7,ct5omys ,brasili5sis1 ,bl471 ( ^: habits s int]e/+ an acc\nt is giv5 9 ! description ( ! ,mammalia ( ! pres5t ,collection 7,no4 ,,iv4 p4 #gi74 ,! =m ( ! gr9d+ surface ( ! fir/ & second upp] mol> is %[n bel[ ! fig4 #f1 & ?ree views ( ! second gr9d] are giv5 at figs4 #g1 #h1 & #i4 ,! fragm5t ( ! l[] jaw ( ! same fossil ,rod5t is figur$ at fig4 #aj & #aa4 ,! long ant]ior incisor is relatively n>r[] ?an 9 ! ,ct5omys ,brasili5sis4 ,i h n _h ! means ( comp>+ ?is fossil ) ! ,ct5omys ,magellanicus2 b s9ce x is probable t ! ,ct4 ,magellanicus may n be specifically diff]5t f ! ,ct4 ,brasili5sis1 x may be conclud$ t ! pres5t fossil is equally di/9ct f bo?4 ,! portion ( ! "r h9d-foot ( ! ,rod5t figur$ at fig4 #ab1 includes ! calcaneum1 a/ragalus1 cuboides1 ext]nal & middle cunei=m bones1 & ! metat>sals & proximal phalanges ( ! toes correspond+ ) ! ?ree middle toes ( five-to$ quadrup$s4 ,! metat>sals are *iefly rem>kable = ! well-develop$ d\ble-tro*le> articul> surface1 & int]m$iate ridge4 ,^! rema9s1 z well z ! jaws & tee? ( ! ,ct5omys1 7 discov]$ at ,monte ,h]moso 9 ,bahia ,blanca4 ,9 ! same r$di% e>?y /ratum ( t locality1 ,mr4 ,d>w9 discov]$ ! decompos$ mol> ( a ,rod5t1 equall+ 9 size1 & closely resembl+ 9 ! disposition ( its oblique compon5t lam91 ! h9d] mol> ( ! ,capyb>a 7,hydro*rus74 ,! fossil diff]s1 h[ev]1 9 ! great] relative bread? ( ! compon5t lam94 ,i h1 la/ly1 to notice ! head ( a femur1 & "s fragm5ts ( pelvic bones f ! same =mation :i* be> ! same proportion to ! too? above allud$ to1 z subsi/s betwe5 ! tee? & bones ( ! ,capyb>a1 & :i* are suffici5t to prove t !re once has exi/$ 9 ,s\? ,am]ica a species ( ! family ,caviid1 z l>ge z ! pres5t ,capyb>a1 b n[ app>5tly ext9ct4 ,?is fact1 toge!r ) ! great] "p ( ^? :i* h be5 record$ 9 ! =ego+ pages ( ! pres5t "w1 e/abli%es ! correspond5ce1 9 reg>d to ! *>act]i/ic type1 :i* exi/s betwe5 ! pres5t & ext9ct animals ( ! ,s\? ,am]ican ,cont95t3 we h abundant evid5ce likewise ( ! great] numb] ( g5]ic & specific modifications ( ^! fundam5tal types :i* ! animals ( a =m] epo* exhibit$1 & also ( ! va/ly sup]ior size :i* "s ( ! species atta9$4 ,at ! same "t x has be5 %ewn t "s ( ! pres5t laws ( ! geographical di/ribution ( animals w\ld n h be5 applicable to ,s\? ,am]ica1 at ! p]iod :5 ! ,mega!rioids1 ,toxodon1 & ,macrau*5ia exi/$3 s9ce ! ,horse1 & accord+ to ,m4 ,lund1 ! ,antelope & ! ,hyna1 7 !n associat$ ) ^? m /rictly ,s\? ,am]ican =ms4 ,! ,horse1 :i*1 z reg>ds ! ,am]ican cont95t1 _h once become ext9ct1 has aga9 be5 introduc$1 & n[ ranges 9 c\ntless troops ov] ! pampas & savannahs ( ! new _w4 ,if ! small ,opossums ( ,s\? ,am]ica _h be5 9 l mann] import$ into ,europe1 & 7 n[ e/abli%$ l ! ,squirrels & ,dormice 9 ! =e/s ( ,france1 an analog\s case w\ld exi/ to t ( ! ,horse 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 z ! fossil ,didelphys ( ,montm>tre proves4 ,) respect to ! geological contemporaneity ( ! fossils collect$ by him1 ,mr4 ,d>w9 subjo9s ! foll[+ obs]vations3-- 8,! rema9s ( ! foll[+ animals 7 emb$d$ toge!r at ,punta ,alta 9 ,bahia ,blanca3--,! ,mega!rium ,cuvi]ii1 ,megalonyx ,jeff]sonii1 ,mylodon ,d>w9ii1 ,scelido!rium leptocephalum1 ,toxodon ,plat5sis 787 a ,horse & a small ,dasypodoid quadrup$1 m5tion$ p4 #ajg2 at ,/4 ,f 9 ,entre ,rios1 a ,horse1 a ,ma/odon1 ,toxodon ,plat5sis1 & "s l>ge animal ) a tesselat$ osse\s d]mal cov]+2 on ! banks ( ! ,t]c]o ! ,ma/odon1 ,toxodon1 &1 accord+ to ! ,jesuit ,falkn]1 "s animal ) ! same k9d ( cov]+2 ne> ! ,rio ,negro 9 ,b&a ,ori5tal1 ! ,toxodon ,plat5sis1 ,glosso!rium1 & "s animal ) ! same k9d ( cov]+4 ,to ^! two latt] animals ! ,glyptodon clavipes1 describ$ by ,mr4 ,ow5 9 ! ,geological ,transactions1 may1 f ! locality :]e x 0 discov]$1 & f ! simil>ity ( ! deposit :i* cov]s ! great] "p ( ,b&a ,ori5tal1 almo/ c]ta9ly be add$1 z hav+ be5 contemporane\s4 ,f ne>ly ! same reasons1 x is probable t ! ,rod5ts f\nd at ,monte ,h]moso 9 ,bahia ,blanca1 co-exi/$ ) ! sev]al gigantic mammif]s f ,punta ,alta4 ,i h1 also1 %[n 9 ! ,introduction1 t ! ,macrau*5ia ,pata*onica1 mu/ h be5 coeval1 or ne>ly s1 ) ! la/ m5tion$ animals4 ,al?\gh we h no evid5ce ( ! geological age ( ! deposits 9 "s ( ! localities j specifi$1 yet f ! pres5ce ( ! same fossil mammif]s 9 o!rs1 ( ! age ( :i* we h fair means ( judg+1 79 relation to ! usual /&>d ( comp>ison1 ( ! am\nt ( *ange 9 ! specific =ms ( ! inv]tebrate inhabitants ( ! sea17 we may safely inf] t mo/ ( ! animals describ$ 9 ?is volume1 & likewise ! ,glyptodon1 7 /rictly contemporane\s1 & t all liv$ at ab\t ! same v rec5t p]iod 9 ! e>?'s hi/ory4 ,moreov]1 z "s ( ! fossil animals1 discov]$ 9 su* extraord9>y numb]s by ,m4 ,lund 9 ! caves ( ,brazil1 are id5tical or closely relat$ ) "s ( ^?1 :i* lately liv$ toge!r 9 ,la ,plata & ,patagonia1 a c]ta9 degree ( light is ?us ?r[n on ! antiquity ( ! anci5t ,fauna ( ,brazil1 :i* o!rwise w\ld h be5 left involv$ 9 complete d>kness40 ,,london3 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,/ew>t ,,& ,,murray1 ,,old ,,bailey4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 ,i4 ,g4 ,s*>f del et li?og4 ,pr9t$ by ,c4 ,hullm&el4 ,base ( ! ,skull ( ,taxodon ,plat5sis4 ,nat4 ,size4 ,publi%$ by ,smi?1 ,eld] ,c #fe1 ,cornhill1 ,london4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 ,,ii4 ,g4 ,s*>f del et li?og4 ,pr9t$ by ,c4 ,hullm&el4 ,side ,view ( ! ,skull ( ,taxodon4 ,"o-?ird ! ,natural ,size4 ,publi%$ by ,smi?1 ,eld] ,c #fe1 ,cornhill1 ,london4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 ,,iii4 ,g4 ,s*>f del et li?og4 ,pr9t$ by ,c4 ,hullm&el4 ,top ,view ( ! ,skull ( ! ,taxodon4 ,"o-?ird ! ,nat4 ,size4 ,publi%$ by ,smi?1 ,eld] ,c #fe1 ,cornhill1 ,london4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 ,,iv4 ,g4 ,s*>f del et li?og4 ,pr9t$ by ,c4 ,hullm&el4 ,taxodon ,plat5sis4 ,publi%$ by ,smi?1 ,eld] ,c #fe1 ,cornhill1 ,london4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 ,v4 ,g4 ,s*>f del et li?og4 ,pr9t$ by ,c4 ,hullm&el4 ,fragm5ts ( ! l[] ,jaw & ,tee? ( a ,taxodon4 ,nat4 ,size4 ,publi%$ by ,smi?1 ,eld] ,c #fe1 ,cornhill1 ,london4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 ,,vi4 ,g4 ,s*>f del et li?og4 ,pr9t$ by ,c4 ,hullm&el4 ,c]vical ,v]tebr ( ,macrau*5ia4 ,publi%$ by ,smi?1 ,eld] ,c #fe1 ,cornhill1 ,london4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 ,,vii4 ,g4 ,s*>f del et li?og4 ,pr9t$ by ,c4 ,hullm&el4 ,c]vical ,v]tebr ( #a1 #b4 ,macrau*5ia #c1d ,au*5ia4 ,publi%$ by ,smi?1 ,eld] ,c #fe1 ,cornhill1 ,london4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 ,,viii4 ,g4 ,s*>f del et li?og4 ,lumb> ,v]tebr1 ,macrau*5ia4 ,fig4 #a4 ,po/]ior ,view ( la/ lumb>4 ,fig3 #b1cd4 ,f\r? lumb> ,v]tebra4 ,nat4 ,size4 ,publi%$ by ,smi?1 ,eld] ,c #fe1 ,cornhill1 ,london4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 ,,ix4 ,li?og4 f ,nature by ,g4 ,s*>f4 ,macrau*5ia4 ,fig4 #ab4 ,scapula4 ,fig4 #c4 ,femur4 ,publi%$ by ,smi?1 ,eld] ,c #fe1 ,cornhill4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 ,x4 ,g4 ,s*>f del et li?og4 ,proximal ,extremity ( an*ylos$ ,ulna & ,radius ,macrau*5ia4 ,nat4 ,size4 ,london1 ,publi%$ by ,smi?1 ,eld] ,c #fe1 ,cornhill4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 ,,xi4 ,g4 ,s*>f del et li?og4 ,pr9t$ by ,c4 ,hullm&el4 ,bones ( ! "r =e-foot1 ,macrau*5ia4 ,fig4 #a1 1 #bi1 ,nat4 ,size4 ,publi%$ by ,smi?1 ,eld] ,c #fe1 ,cornhill4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 ,,xii4 ,li?og4 f ,nature by ,g4 ,s*>f4 ,pr9t$ by ,c4 ,hullm&el4 ,nat4 ,size4 ,"r ,femur4 ,macrau*5ia4 ,publi%$ by ,smi?1 ,eld] ,c #fe1 ,cornhill4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 ,,xiii4 ,li?og4 f ,nature by ,g4 ,s*>f4 ,pr9t$ by ,c4 ,hullm&el4 ,macrau*5ia4 ,"r ,tibia & ,fibula4--,fig4 #bd4 ,nat4 ,size4 ,publi%$ by ,smi?1 ,eld] ,c #fe1 ,cornhill4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 ,,xiv4 ,li?og4 f ,nature by ,g4 ,s*>f4 ,"r ,a/ragalus41 ,macrau*5ia4 ,nat4 ,size4 ,publi%$ by ,smi?1 ,eld] ,c #fe1 ,cornhill4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 ,,xv ,li?og4 f ,nature by ,g4 ,s*>f4 ,pr9t$ by ,c4 ,hullm&el4 ,macrau*5ia4 ,fig4 #a4 ,metat>sal4 #be4 ,metac>pals4 ,nat4 ,size4 ,publi%$ by ,smi?1 ,eld] ,c #fe1 ,cornhill4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 ,,xvi4 ,li?og4 f ,nature by ,g4 ,s*>f4 ,pr9t$ by ,c4 ,hullm&el4 ,fragm5t ( ! ,cranium ( ! ,glosso!rium ,nat4 ,size4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 ,,xvii4 ,fig4 #c4 #d4 ,laurill>d del4 ,fig4 #e4 ,g4 ,s*>f del et li?og4 ,pr9t$ by ,c4 ,hullm&el4 #a4 ,megalonyx ,jeff]soni4 #b4 ,meg4 laqueatus4 #c4 #d4 ,mylodon ,h>lani4 #e4 ,myl4 ,d>w9ii4 ,publi%$ by ,smi?1 ,eld] ,c #fe1 ,cornhill4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 ,,xviii ,g4 ,s*>f del et li?og4 ,pr9t$ by ,c4 ,hullm&el4 ,mylodon4 ,nat ,size4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 ,,xix ,g4 ,s*>f del et li?og4 ,pr9t$ by ,c4 ,hullm&el4 ,mylodon4 ,fig #a4 ,nat4 ,size4 ,fig4 #b4c4d4 ,nat4 ,size4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 ,,xx4 ,li?og4 f ,nature by ,g4 ,s*>f4 ,pr9t$ by ,c4 ,hullm&el4 ,scelido!rium4 ,nat4 ,size4 ,publi%$ by ,smi?1 ,eld] ,c #fe1 ,cornhill4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 ,,xxi4 ,g4 ,s*>f del et li?og4 ,pr9t$ by ,c4 ,hullm&el4 ,scelido!rium4 ,fig #a #b ,nat4 ,size4 ,fig #ce4 ,nat4 ,size4 ,publi%$ by ,smi?1 ,eld] ,c #fe1 ,cornhill1 ,london4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 ,,xxii4 ,li?og4 f ,nature by ,g4 ,s*>f4 ,pr9t$ by ,c4 ,hullm&el4 ,scelido!rium4 ,publi%$ by ,smi?1 ,eld] ,c #fe1 ,cornhill1 ,london4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 ,,xxiii4 ,li?og4 f ,nature by ,g4 ,s*>f4 ,cranial ,cavity & ,d5tition ( ,scelido!rium4 ,nat4 ,size4 ,publi%$ by ,smi?1 ,eld] ,c #fe1 ,cornhill4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 ,,xxiv4 ,li?og4 f ,nature by ,g4 ,s*>f4 ,c]vical & ,ant]ior dorsal ,v]tebr ,fig3 #a4 ,scelido!re4 ,fig3 #b4 ,oryct]ope4 ,fig3 #c4 ,armadillo4 ,fig3#d4 ,great ,ant-eat]4 ,"o-?ird ,nat4 ,size4 ,publi%$ by ,smi?1 ,eld] ,c #fe1 ,cornhill4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 ,,xxv4 ,li?og4 f ,nature by ,g4 ,s*>f4 ,pr9t$ by ,c4 ,hullm&el4 ,scelido!rium ,nat4 ,size4 ,publi%$ by ,smi?1 ,eld] ,c #fe1 ,cornhill4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 ,,xxvi4 ,pr9t$ by ,c4 ,hullm&el4 ,left ,a/ragalus ,fig4 #a4c4e4 ,mega!rium3 ,nat4 ,size4 #b4d4f ,scelido!rium4 ,nat4 ,size4 ,publi%$ by ,smi?1 ,eld] ,c #fe1 ,cornhill4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 ,,xxvii4 ,li?og4 f ,nature by ,g4 ,s*>f4 ,scelido!rium4 ,fig4 #a4b4 ,nat4 ,size4 #c4d4e ,nat4 ,size4 ,publi%$ by ,smi?1 ,eld] ,c #fe1 ,cornhill4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 ,,xxviii4 ,li?og4 f ,nature by ,g4 ,s*>f4 ,pr9t$ by ,c4 ,hullm&el4 ,left ,a/ragalus4 ,fig4 #a4 ,mega!rium4 ,nat4 ,size4 ,fig3 #b4 ,scelido!rium4 ,nat4 ,size4 ,fig4 #c-f1 ,mylodon48 ,nat4 ,size4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 ,,xxix4 ,li?og4 f ,nature by ,g4 ,s*>f4 ,pr9t$ by ,c4 ,hullm&el4 ,l[] ,jaw ( ,megalonyx4 ,fig4 #a4 4 ,fig4 #b4 ,nat4 ,size4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 ,,xxx4 ,li?og4 f ,nature by ,g4 ,s*>f4 ,pr9t$ by ,c4 ,hullm&el4 ,mega!rium ,nat4 ,size ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 ,,xxxi4 ,li?og4 f ,nature by ,g4 ,s*>f4 ,pr9t$ by ,c4 ,hullm&el4 ,section ( ! sup]ior maxill>y tee?1 ,mega!rium4 ,nat4 ,size4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 ,,xxxii4 ,li?og4 f ,nature by ,g4 ,s*>f4 ,pr9t$ by ,c4 ,hullm&el4 #a4 ,mega!rium4 #be4 ,hoplophorus4 #fab4 ,ct5omys4 #acad4 ,equus4 ----- ,footnote #a3 ,see ,ossem5s ,fossiles1 ,ed4 iv4 tom4 ii4 p4 #cfh4 ,pl4 #bg4 fig #a4 #ab4 ,footnote #b3 ,ibid4 p4 #cgj4 ,pl4 #bg4 fig4 #e4 ,footnote #c3 ,ibid4 p4 #cdg1 #cfg4 ,footnote #d3 ,ibid4 p4 #ccg4 ,pl4 #bf4 fig4 #g4 ,footnote #e3 ,philosophical ,transactions1 vol4 lviii4 p4 #cd4 7#agfh47 ,footnote #f3 ,bridgewat] ,treatise1 p4 #aci4 ,footnote #g3 ,geological ,transactions1 vol4 iii4 p4 #dcg4 pl4 #dd1 #de1 #df4 ,footnote #h3 ,quot$ by ,cuvi]1 ,ossem4 ,foss4 ,ed4 iv4 tom4 ii4 p4 #cea4 ,footnote #i3 1 arcus2 1 d5s4 ,footnote #aj3 ,mem4 de l',acad4 des ,sci5ces de ,p>is1 #agfd1 p4 #efh4 ,footnote #aa3 ,true fangs exi/ only 9 tee? ( tempor>y gr[?1 !y may be "o or m 9 numb]1 b always dim9i% 9 size z !y rec$e f ! cr[n ( ! too?1 & are ei!r solid1 or ) a v small canal4 ,footnote #ab3 ,?is 0 writt5 be=e an exam9ation ( ! fragm5t ( a l[] jaw1 =m+ "p ( ,mr4 ,d>w9's collection ( ,fossil ,rema9s1 _h l$ me to suspect t x 0 ref]rible to ! g5us ,toxodon2 %\ld ?is suspicion prove correct1 ! f\r unequal incisors ( ! upp] jaw are oppos$ to six equal siz$ ones 9 ! l[]4 ,footnote #ac3 ,i h asc]ta9$ t ?is ela/ic ligam5t exi/s 9 ! neck ( ! ,dugong4 ,footnote #ad3 ,! ,g]man ,translator 7,see ,frorieps ,notiz541 #ahcg1 p4 #aai7 ( ! ab/ract ( my description ( ! ,toxodon1 publi%$ 9 ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,geological ,society1 asks1 :at is ! ,mutica 7mispr9t$ ,muticata71 ( ,l9nu8 ,! t]m is quot$ f ! ,sy/ema ,natur1 ,ed4 xii4 p4 #bd4 ,l9nu fir/ divides ,mammalia into ?ree gr\ps1 accord+ to modifications ( ! locomotive organs1 viz4 ,unguiculata1 ,ungulata1 ,mutica1 & subdivides ^!1 accord+ to modifications ( ! d5t>y organs1 into ! ord]s1 ,bruat1 ,glires1 ,primates1 c4 ,footnote #ae3 ,besides ! relation to food requir+ mu* comm9ution1 :i* tee? ) p]si/5t pulps be>1 !y are also connect$ ) ! longevity ( ! individual4 ,! t]m ( life 9 a h]bivor\s animal1 ) gr9d]s ( tempor>y gr[?1 is1 ( necessity1 dep5d5t on ! duration ( ^! ess5tial aids to nutrition2 ?us1 a %eep g5]ally we>s d[n its gr9d]s 9 twelve ye>s1 & its natural t]m ( life is consequ5tly limit$ to ab\t t p]iod4 ,footnote #af3 longus1 c]vix3 f ! latt] ^w ,illig] d]iv$ ,au*5ia1 8 g5]ic "n ( ! ,llama1 ,vicugna1 c4 ,footnote #ag3 ,9 ! sev5? c]vical v]tebra ( ! ,camel1 z 9 _m o!r ,mammalia1 !re is no p]=ation 9 any "p = ! v]tebral art]ies4 ,9 a ,vicugna1 ,i f9d ! same /ructure2 b 9 a ,llama1 ! side ( ! body ( ! sev5? c]vical v]tebra is p]=at$ longitud9ally on ! "r side4 ,9 ! ,camel1 ! v]tebral art]ies pi]ce ! six? c]vical v]tebra1 imm$iately bel[ ! sup]ior transv]se processes1 & pass obliquely to ! ant]ior ap]ture ( ! c]vical canal1 :]e !y em]ge b5ea? ! ant]ior oblique processes1 & !n ent] ! sp9al canal ( ! fif? c]vical v]tebra1 z describ$ 9 ! text4 ,footnote #ah3 ,cuvi]1 ,ossem5s ,fossiles1 iii4 p4 #bch4 ,footnote #ai3 ,loc4 cit4 p4 #bcd4 ,footnote #bj3 ,loc4 cit4 p4 #bce4 ,footnote #ba3 ,loc4 cit4 p4 #bcg4 ,footnote #bb3 ,loc4 cit4 p4 #bcb4 ,footnote #bc3 ,see ,ossem4 ,fossiles1 ,pl4 ,,xx4 fig4 #c4 ,footnote #bd3 ,loc4 cit4 ,pl4 ,,xxii4 fig4 #f4 ,footnote #be3 ,see ,ossem4 ,foss4 iii4 ,pl4 ,,xxvi4 fig4 #e4 ,footnote #bf3 ,?is diamet] increases rapidly 9 ! po/]ior lumb> v]tebr1 9 correspond5ce ) ! enl>gem5t ( ! sp9al *ord1 :i* gives (f ! great n]ves ( ! h9d] extremities4 ,footnote #bg3 ,! relative bread? ( ^! bones is %[n 9 ! figures ( ! =e-foot1 ,pl4 ,,xi4 ,footnote #bh3 ,! figures 9 ,pl4 ,,xiv4 preclude ! necessity ( giv+ ! admeasurem5ts ( ! a/ragalus4 ,footnote #bi3 8,comme le g5re de vie de *aque animal e/ t\j\rs en rapport avec les m\vem5ts dont sa m*oire e/ susceptible1 on retr\ve dans la con=mation des surfaces de/9es l'articulation1 les p>ticul>its qui sembl5t le dt]m9] d'avance4 ,a9si dans les animaux qui viv5t de *airs1 sub/ances filam5teuses qui ne peuv5t tre crases1 mais seulem5t c\pes et de*ires1 le m\vem5t de la m*oire infrieure ne peut s'excut] que de haut en bas4 ,dans les h]bivores1 les frugivores et les granivores1 comme le pr9cipal m\vem5t e/ celui de broiem5t p\r cras]1 comprim] les h]bes et les fruits1 p\r bris] les gra9s et les rduire1 en pte1 le m\vem5t des m*oires se fait encore de droite gau*e1 et rciproquem5t1 on en mme temps1 de devant en arrire1 en un mot1 dans un plan horizontal autant que dans un v]tical3 les uns reprs5t5t des ciseaux1 les autres des meules de m\l940 ,footnote #cj3 ,9 ! monotremat\s ,e*idna1 ! l>ge canal = ! l+ual n]ve has a widely diff]5t direction & c\rse f t 9 ! plac5tal ,ed5tata4 ,footnote #ca3 ,transactions ( ! ,philosophical ,society ( ,philadelphia1 vol4 iv4 p4 #bdf4 ,footnote #cb3 ,its relations to ! ,ed5tata1 previ\sly conjectur$ by ,dr4 ,wi/>1 are prov$ 9 ! ,annales du ,musum1 tom4 v4 p4 #ceh2 its m imm$iate aff9ities z an annectant =m 9 t gr\p are discuss$ 9 ! edition ( ! ,ossem4 ,fossiles1 ( #ahcc1 tom4 v4 pt4 #a4 p4 #afj4 ,footnote #cc3 ,speak+ ( ?is too?1 ,cuvi] obs]ves1 8,je l'avois cru d'abord ncessairem5t de p>esseux2 mais auj\rdhui que je connois mieux l'o/ologie des div]s tat\s1 je tr\ve qu'elle ressemble au mo9s autant une d5t de l'un des gr&s tat\s40--,loc4 cit4 p4 #agb4 ,footnote #cd3 ,synopsis ,mammalium4 ,footnote #ce3 ,x is mo/ probable t ! sub/ance :i* is "h t]m$ 8enamel10 is simil> to t :i* =ms ! d5se prom95t ridges 9 ! too? ( ! ,mega!rium1 & :i* ,i h %[n to be compos$ ( m9ute p>allel calcig]\s tubes1 simil> to ! ivory or bone ( ! human too?4 ,footnote #cf3 ,m$ical & ,physical ,rese>*es1 pp4 #cbc-d4 ,footnote #cg3 ,loc cit4 p4 #ccj4 ,footnote #ch3 ,spix & ,m>tius1 ,reise 9 ,brazil1 ,b& ii4 p4 #e4 ,footnote #ci3 ,h>lan's ,m$ical & ,physical ,rese>*es1 #ahce1 p4 #ccd4 ,m4 de ,bla9ville speaks ( a ca/ ( a fragm5t ( a l[] jaw 8portant encore c9q d5ts en srie20 z hav+ be5 transmitt$ to ! ,museum ( ! ,g>d5 ( ,plants f ,nor? ,am]ica1 toge!r ) o!r bones1 all ( :i* he ref]s to ! g5us ,megalonyx2 ,m4 de ,bla9ville does n describe ^! tee?1 :i* is to be regrett$1 inasmu* z1 if he be correct 9 reg>d to _! numb]1 :i* c h>dly be d\bt$1 & if he wrote ) any cle> & def9ite ideas ( ! g5]ic *>act]s ( ,megalonyx1 ?is w\ld indicate t ,megalonyx diff]$ g5]ically bo? f ,mega!rium & ,mylodon 9 a m important d5tal "* ?an has hi!rto be5 suspect$ 7,see 8,comptes ,r5dus1 c40 #ahci1 ,no4 ,v4 p4 #adb47 ,footnote #dj3 ,dr4 ,h>lan also indicates diff]5ces 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ! skeleton ( ! ,new ,york fossils z comp>$ ) 8 ,megx4 laqueatus2 b ?9ks !m probably due to a diff]5ce 9 ! age ( ! individuals3 he says 8,!re is also 9 ,mr4 ,graves' collection1 9 ,new ,york1 a tibia1 ne>ly p]fect f ! "r leg2 ! segm5t ( a flatt5$ sph]e1 on :i* ! ext]nal condyle ( ! femur moves1 is r m depress$1 ?an 9 ! specim5 f ,big-bone-cave4 ,o!r m>ks & peculi>ities are obs]vable on ?is bone1 n f\nd on t ( ! ,megalonyx laqueatus ( ,big-bone-cave1 b !y are probably due to a diff]5ce 9 ! age ( ! individuals40 ,loc4 cit4 p4 #cce4 ,footnote #da3 1 mola2 1 d5s4 ,footnote #db3 ,if ! l[] jaw ( ,mylodon ,h>lani1 be>s ! same proportion to its tee? z does t ( ,mylodon ,d>w9ii1 x mu/ be ab\t two feet 9 l5g?4 ,footnote #dc3 ,see ,proce$+s ( ! ,geological ,society1 ,m>* #ahci1 & ,p>i%'s ,bu5os ,ayres1 p4 #agh1 b1 ,pl4 #a1 fig4 #b & #c4 ,footnote #dd3 1 femur2 1 bellua2 9 allusion to ! disproportionate size ( ! ?igh-bone4 ,footnote #de3 ,?is bea* is cov]$ at spr+ tides2 _m p>ts ( ! skeleton 7 encru/$ ) rec5t ,flu/r1 & small m>9e %ells 7 lodg$ 9 ! crevices betwe5 ! bones4 ,footnote #df3 ,x requires little /ret* ( imag9ation to conceive t ?is m complex po/]ior too? 7,pl4 ,,xxiii41 fig4 #d1 #d7 9 ! l[] jaw is ! repres5tative ( ! two small] po/]ior tee? 7ib4 fig4 #c1 #d1 & #e7 ( ! upp] jaw conjo9$4 ,footnote #dg3 ,lund1 ,vid5skab]nes ,selskabs1 ,natur43 og ,ma!m4 ,afh&l+]1 ,kib5havn1 vol4 viii4 ,footnote #dh3 ,l9n4 ,trans4 vol4 xvii4 7#ahcc7 p4 #ag4 ,footnote #di3 ,zool4 ,proce$+s1 #ahcb1 p4 #acd4 ,footnote #ej3 ,! ant]ior prolongation ( ! /]num 9 front ( ! neck & ! correspond+ ant]ior position ( ! clavicles & scapul occasions a transf]5ce ( su* a proportion ( ! mov+ p[]s ( ! head f ! c]vical v]tebr to ^! bones 9 ! mole1 z r5d]s any modifications ( ^! v]tebr1 l ^? 9 ! ,armadillo1 uncall$ =4 ,footnote #ea3 ,loc4 cit4 ,footnote #eb3 ,bridgewat] ,treatise1 p4 #df4 ,footnote #ec3 ,bridgewat] ,treatise1 p4 #aeb4 ,footnote #ed3 ,dasypus #f-;c9ctus1 ,l41 is ! species ( :i* ,i h ! a/ragalus sep>ate1 s z to be able to foll[ out ! comp>ison4 ,footnote #ee3 ,9 di/+ui%+ ^! tro*le z fibul> & tibial1 x is to be und]/ood t ! t]ms relate only to aspects correspond+ to ! position ( ^? bones1 & n t ! fibula is articulat$ to ! :ole ( ! tro*lea s call$3 x probably re/$ only ^u ! out] facet 9 ! ,scelido!re4 ,footnote #ef3 ,?is a/ragalus 0 f\nd at ,santa ,f1 9 ,entre ,rios1 associat$ ) ! rema9s ( ! ,ma/odon & ,toxodon2 b f its size & =m ,i ent]ta9 little d\bt t x belong$ to a ,mega!rioid quadrup$ z l>ge z ! ,mylodon or ,megalonyx4 ,! brief allusion to ! a/ragalus ( ! ,megalonyx 9 ,m4 ,lund's ,memoir does n af=d ! means ( det]m9+ ) c]ta9ty ?is po9t4 ,footnote #eg3 ,see ! figures ( ?is bone1 giv5 by ,cuvi] 9 ,pl4 x4 & xi4 ,ossem5s ,fossiles1 vol4 v4 "p i4 ,footnote #eh3 ,ossem5s ,fossiles1 vol4 v4 "p i4 p4 #afc4 ,footnote #ei3 ,= ! translation ( ! foll[+ passage1 & ( o!rs allud$ to 9 ! pres5t "w1 f ! orig9al ,dani% ,memoir ( ,m4 ,lund1 loc4 cit41 ,i am mu* indebt$ to ! ,rev4 ,w4 ,bilton1 ,m4,a4 c4 c43-- 8,?us 9 e po9t ( comp>ison we h in/itut$ betwe5 ! organization ( burr[]s & climb]s2 we h se5 t ! ,megalonyx con/antly diff]s f ! =m] & resembles ! latt]2 b ! po9t to :i* ,i la/ allud$ 7! obliquity ( foot71 ,i consid] to be q decisive4 8,!re is "o o!r po9t 9 its organization1 :i* is n q )\t weight 9 ref]5ce to our pres5t inquiry1--,i mean its unusually p[]ful tail4 ,n[1 x is c]ta9ly true t _m animals :i* are n climb]s h a p[]ful tail1 z e4 g4 ,armadillos1 :ile ! o!rs t climb well1 h none1 z ,slo?s & ,apes4 ,b :5 we f9d a rem>kably p[]ful tail atta*$ to an animal t accord+ to all probability 0 a climb]1 we are l$ to inf] t ?is organ mu/ h s]v$ = t purpose3 9 o!r words1 t ! ,megalonyx 0 furni%$ ) a preh5sile tail4 8,h[ f> ! ,mega!rium is to be consid]$ 9 ! same light z ! ,megalonyx _c be decid$ )\t an accurate & sci5tific exam9ation ( its skeleton at ,madrid4 ,p&] & ,d',alton d n m5tion any di/ortion ( ! h9d-foot1 nei!r does _! figure exhibit any4 ,x is nev]!less q possible t su* may exi/1 b t x is disguis$ by ! faulty mann] 9 :i* ! skeleton is put up4 ,x /rikes me z little probable t two animals :i* agree s well 9 ! pr9cipal p>ticul>s ( _! organization %\ld diff] s mu* 9 "o ( ! mo/ important4 ,! ,mega!rium has be5 prov$ by lat] discov]ies to possess ! same p[]ful tail z ! ,megalonyx1 & z x corresponds also ) ! latt] entirely 9 ! con=mation ( its extremities1 ! same difficulties pres5t !mselves aga9/ ! supposition ( its hav+ be5 a burr[]4 ,b if ! ,mega!rium 0 really a climb]1 x mu/ h _h /ill m occasion 7on acc\nt ( its great] size71 = t peculi> arrangem5t ( ! h9d-feet :i* we h describ$ 9 ! ,megalonyx40 ,footnote #fj3 ,descripcion del ,esqueleto de un quadrup$o muy corpul5to y r>o1 que se cons]va en el ,real ,gab9ete de ,hi/oria ,natural de ,madrid4 ,folio1 ,madrid1 #agif4 ,footnote #fa3 ,ossem5s ,fossiles1 tom4 v4 pt4 i4 p4 #agi4 ,footnote #fb3 8,das ,ries5 ,faul?i]1 ,bradypus giganteus1 von ,dr4 ,*r4 ,p&] und ,dr4 ,e4 ,d',alton40 ,folio1 ,bonn1 #ahba4 ,footnote #fc3 ,transactions ( ! ,geological ,society1 #ahce1 p4 #dch4 ,footnote #fd3 ,an excell5t translation ( ! description ( ! ,brazilian fossils f\nd by ,m4 ,lund1 is publi%$ 9 ! ,annals ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,july & ,augu/1 #ahci4 ,footnote #fe3 ,at ! di/ance ( a few leagues f ! locality "h m5tion$1 o!r fragm5ts 7 f\nd by ,mr4 ,d>w92 also ne> ,santa ,f1 9 ,entre ,rios2 also on ! %ores ( ! ,laguna1 ne> ! ,gu>dia del ,monte1 ,s\? ( ,bu5os ,ayres2 also1 accord+ to ! ,jesuit ,falkn]1 on ! banks ( ! ,t]c]o4 ,footnote #ff3 ,mr4 ,d>w9 has m p>ticul>ly describ$ ! circum/ances ( ! emb$m5t ( ?is too? 9 8 ,j\rnal ( ,rese>*es1 p4 #adi1 dur+ ! ,voyage ( ! ,beagle4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,transcrib]',s ,,notes #a4 ,! ,errata 0 correct$4 #b4 ,sil5tly correct$ obvi\s typographical errors & v>iations 9 spell+4 #c4 ,reta9$ ar*aic1 non-/&>d1 & unc]ta9 spell+s z pr9t$4 #d4 ,re-index$ footnotes us+ numb]s & collect$ toge!r at ! end ( ! la/ *apt]4 #e4 ,enclos$ italics font 9 und]scores4 #f4 ,d5ot$ sup]scripts by a c>et be=e a s+le sup]script "*1 e4g4 ,mr4