,illustration3 ,the ,wharfe near ,burnsall4 ,photo by ,mr4 ,l4 ,a4 ,edmonds ,,brook ,,and ,,river ,,trouting ,a ,manual of modern ,north ,country methods ,with ,coloured ,illustrations of ,flies and ,fly-,dressing ,materials ,by ,,harfield ,h4 ,,edmonds ,,norman ,n4 ,,lee ,,published ,,by ,,the ,,authors1 #bc1 ,,bank ,,street1 ,,bradford4 ,all rights reserved ,,contents4 ,,page4 ,,preface #e ,,chapter ,i4 ,flies4 ,table ,i4 ,table ,,ii4 ,dressings #g ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,fly ,fishing4 ,wet-,fly ,fishing4 ,dry-,fly ,fishing #ca ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,creeper and ,stone ,fly ,fishing #fb ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,upstream ,worm ,fishing #fi ,,chapter ,v4 ,minnow ,fishing #ia ,,index #ajc ,,illustrations4 ,,frontispiece3 ,the ,wharfe near ,burnsall ,snipe's ,wing1 ,inner side #h ,snipe's ,wing1 ,outer side #h ,shades of ,silk #aj ,drawings of ,natural ,flies #ab ,flies with ,dressing ,materials #af et seq4 ,a ,typical ,stretch #cj ,headwaters of the ,aire #df ,broken ,water #fj ,the ,head of the ,dale #gf ,a ,brook in ,spring #if ,,preface4 ,when the writers began to take a practical interest in trout fly dressing1 they experienced great difficulty in determining the correct feathers for the various patterns1 as the older books on the subject of ,north ,country flies are vague in the extreme4 ,the few more modern writers on wet flies1 for want of precision1 have done little to help the beginner to a proper appreciation of his materials4 ,it was therefore felt that a book1 which not only prescribed the exact part of a bird from which the correct feathers should be taken1 but illustrated such feathers and other materials 7as also the flies made therefrom71 in colour1 would be a help1 at least to beginners in the craft1 and not merely an encumbrance on angling literature4 ,having conceded the difficulties of the novice wishing to dress his own flies1 the question of the number of patterns necessary for fishing the ,rivers of the ,north ,country naturally came next for consideration4 ,as the tendency during recent years has been to increase the number out of all reason and beyond practical bounds1 to the great bewilderment of the beginner and the occasional fisherman1 a list of flies has been drawn up which1 while it contains few patterns as compared with many other lists1 is yet wide enough to provide for varying conditions the season through4 ,the flies are for the most part old friends1 but for the above reasons it is hoped they will not be unwelcome4 ,the original scheme of this work was limited by the foregoing considerations4 ,but when the book had been mapped out in a general form it became evident that a description of the methods employed in fishing ,north ,country streams with success would not only give point to what the writers had to say on flies1 but might be of interest to the majority of ,north ,country fishermen4 ,it was therefore decided to enlarge the scope of the work4 ,the chapters on the various methods of fishing the ,rivers of the ,northern ,counties are the outcome of practical experience1 and as such it is hoped they will be both useful and interesting4 ,the authors desire to express their indebtedness to ,mrs4 ,a4 ,r4 ,gurney1 ,mr4 ,l4 ,a4 ,edmonds1 and ,mr4 ,f4 ,creedy for the photographs from which several of the river scenes have been reproduced4 ,h4 ,h4 ,e4 ,n4 ,n4 ,l4 #aiaf4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,,flies4 ,while it is the endeavour of this work to bring the range of trout flies within reasonable and practical limits and to describe no other than sound practical dressings1 there is no desire to limit experiment either in patterns or numbers4 ,in fact to do so would take away one of the pleasantest features of the pastime and rob many a winter's evening of its delight4 ,all those who take an interest in fly dressing should work from ,nature wherever possible1 for flies frequently differ in no small degree in different localities2 and there is a great deal of enjoyment to be obtained in dressing a fly with the natural insect before one1 and afterwards killing trout on the resulting work of one's hands4 ,it is not intended to devote any space to the processes of fly-tying1 as much has been written on the subject4 ,the reader in search of information cannot do better than read the late ,h4 ,g4 ,mc,clelland's book1 ,the ,trout ,fly ,dresser's ,cabinet of ,devices1 or ,how to tie ,flies for ,trout and ,grayling ,fishing1 which is the most practical and exhaustive treatise on the subject known to the writers4 ,the illustrations1 facing this page1 of both sides of a ,snipe's wing will show the reader the precise places from which the various wing feathers1 described in the text1 are taken1 and while the descriptions of the feathers may not satisfy the naturalist1 they are sufficient for the purposes of the writers4 ,it is naturally of importance in fly-dressing to use no hooks but the best1 and it will be found that ,hardy ,bros4' tapered snecks are satisfactory in every respect1 except that they are on the long side4 ,if about one-sixteenth of an inch be cut off the shank with an old pair of scissors before dressing the fly1 a more useful length will be attained1 as artificial flies are much more killing if kept short in the body4 ,stress is laid on this2 and it will be seen from the illustrations of the flies that the tail ends of the bodies are not carried further down the hook than half way between the point of the hook and the point of the barb4 ,for the two floating ,spinners1 ,hardy ,bros4' ,dry ,fly ,eyed ,hooks are recommended4 ,the numbers of the hooks given in the text correspond with the numbers enumerated in ,hardy ,bros4' catalogue4 ,illustration3 ,inner side ,illustration3 ,outer side ,the writers prefer to dress their flies to gut1 #dx being the most suitable grade2 but good hair1 if it can be obtained1 will be found delightful to fish with1 as a cast made from it falls so very lightly on the water2 and1 even when the hair has become thoroughly soaked1 the droppers1 unlike those tied to gut1 have no tendency to twist round the cast1 but stand well out from it4 ,the most satisfactory tying silk is ,pearsall's 8,gossamer10 which is standardized in shades4 ,a shade card is illustrated and the numbers appearing after the various silks mentioned in the text correspond with the numbers above the various shades illustrated4 ,in dressing the flies the silk is in all cases waxed with transparent wax2 and1 where it is stated that such and such a silk is to be well waxed1 the result should be a shade or two darker than an ordinary waxing would give4 ,in the dressings of most of the winged flies it is laid down that either the outer side or the inner side of the quill feather used should in the finished article appear as the 8under side0 of the wing of the artificial4 ,the reader will easily understand which is the 8under side0 of the wing of the artificial if he remembers that it is that side of the wing which would touch the water if the fly were 8spent0 and floating thereon4 ,although the primary quill feathers are almost exclusively recommended for the wings of most of the winged patterns1 the secondaries will often do equally well4 ,the correct shade of dubbing for the bodies of flies1 where coloured dubbing is specified1 can often be obtained to most advantage by a mixture of two or more shades4 ,for instance1 the dubbing for the ,winter ,brown is a mixture of brown and maroon wool1 while the dubbing for the ,green ,insect is a mixture of green and yellow wool4 ,the silks forming the heads of the various flies are of the same shade as the respective silks used for the bodies unless otherwise stated2 and it should be borne in mind that the flies1 particularly the hackle patterns1 must be dressed lightly1 if one of the most distinctive features of the ,north ,country patterns is to be preserved4 ,in copying from ,nature let the imitation err on the small side if anything4 ,no attempt has been made to reproduce in the coloured plates either gold or silver wire or tinsel4 ,when the river is 8coloured10 flies dressed a size larger than those employed under normal conditions can be used with advantage4 ,although the seasons for the various flies are given1 they are approximate only1 as districts frequently vary one from another1 and the lateness or otherwise of a season naturally has an effect on the hatch1 just as it has on the roses in gardens4 ,often the ,march ,brown can be seen in the latter part of ,may1 and sometimes a particular fly1 for no apparent reason1 will remain on the water for a longer time than usual4 ,the necessity of careful observation cannot therefore be too strongly impressed1 as observation will teach far more than all the books that were ever written4 ,illustration3 ,shades of ,silk4 ,the form of wing specified for the ,spinners is recommended to the attention of the reader1 as being a most practical form of wing for any winged pattern1 wet or dry1 where transparency is the primary object4 ,to the writers it seems an improvement on the hackle points now so popular for many flies1 as it is free from the objectionable and comparatively thick midrib of the latter and it is a harder wearing dressing than the older form4 ,the development to which such newer form of wing lends itself for other patterns than the ,spinners mentioned in the list at pages #bd1 #bf and #cj may be noted1 and the field which is open for experiment will be evident to the reader4 ,under the name of each fly1 in giving its dressing1 the name of the order or family to which the natural insect as represented by the artificial belongs will be found1 and opposite page #ab reproductions of typical examples of each of the orders or families of natural insects mentioned will be found1 with the exception of the ,ant and ,green ,insect4 ,the latter are so well known as to need no illustration4 ,the beginner will therefore have an idea of the fly he is copying and perhaps be able to identify it at the stream side4 ,it must not be forgotten however that certain patterns represent more than one species of fly4 ,it has been the good fortune of the writers to fish on many waters2 and while the ,winter ,brown has often given them the first thrill of the season1 and the ,green ,insect accounted for fish when ,september gusts have strewn the river with leaves and green fly1 they hope they have not grown dogmatic in their views and opinions on matters piscatorial4 ,nevertheless they are inclined to think that1 the closer they keep in shade and colour in their patterns to the natural flies1 the greater has been their success2 for1 although they can recall occasions on which the fish would rise at almost anything1 such occasions have been few and far apart2 while the times when the trout would only look at a particular fly of a particular shade have been by far the more frequent in their experience4 ,why deny fish the power to appreciate variations of shade when they live in a world of colours1 and are clothed in such a beautiful and vari-coloured mail8 ,if trout can appreciate tones of colour1 how different a fly must appear to them in different lights and with different backgrounds4 ,such natural variations of surrounding light and landscape may have a larger effect on 8the bag0 than many think4 ,for easy reference two tables of flies are given4 ,one1 in which are set down the flies in the order in which they may generally be fished through the season1 with the approximate times of their use1 and the other1 with the flies tabled under the various trout fishing months4 ,it remains only to add1 that the taking fly should be fished as point1 i4e41 the fly farthest from the angler4 ,illustration3 ,natural ,flies of the ,orders ,families named ,,table ,i4 #a4 ,winter ,brown ,march to middle of ,april4 #b4 ,waterhen ,bloa ,march to end of ,april and again in ,september4 #c4 ,greenwell's ,glory ,march to first week in ,may and again in ,september4 #d4 ,spring ,black ,march and early ,april4 #e4 ,dark ,snipe ,march to middle of ,april and again in ,september4 #f4 ,orange ,partridge ,march to middle of ,may4 #g4 ,broughton's ,point ,march to middle of ,april4 #h4 ,march ,brown ,april and often ,may4 #i4 ,light ,snipe ,middle of ,april to middle of ,may and again in ,september4 #aj4 ,dark ,needle ,middle of ,april to end of ,june and again in ,september4 #aa4 ,brown ,owl ,latter part of ,april to end of ,june4 #ab4 ,olive ,bloa ,latter part of ,april and throughout ,may4 #ac4 ,dark ,watchet ,last week in ,april and throughout ,may and sometimes early ,june4 #ad4 ,yellow ,partridge ,may to middle of ,june4 #ae4 ,light ,needle ,may1 ,june and ,july4 #af4 ,yellow-,legged ,bloa ,may to end of ,june4 #ag4 ,dotterel ,middle of ,may to end of ,season4 #ah4 ,poult ,bloa ,middle of ,may to middle of ,july4 #ai4 ,gravel ,bed ,middle of ,may to end of ,june4 #bj4 ,stone ,midge ,middle of ,may to end of ,june4 #ba4 ,knotted ,midge ,middle of ,may to end of ,july4 #bb4 ,black ,gnat ,middle of ,may to end of ,august4 #bc4 ,ginger ,spinner 7,wet7 ,june1 ,july and ,august4 #bd4 ,dark ,sedge ,middle of ,june to the end of the ,season4 #be4 ,light ,sedge ,middle of ,june to the end of the ,season4 #bf4 ,red ,spinner 7,wet7 ,july1 ,august and ,september4 #bg4 ,july ,dun ,july and ,august4 #bh4 ,rough-,bodied ,poult ,july1 ,august and ,september4 #bi4 ,pale ,watery ,dun ,middle of ,july to the end of ,september4 #cj4 ,light ,silverhorns ,middle of ,july to the end of ,august4 #ca4 ,dark ,silverhorns ,middle of ,july to the end of ,august4 #cb4 ,august ,dun ,last week in ,july1 ,august and ,september4 #cc4 ,ant ,august to second week in ,september4 #cd4 ,green ,insect ,august and ,september4 #ce4 ,ginger ,spinner 7,dry7 ,june1 ,july and ,august4 #cf4 ,red ,spinner 7,dry7 ,july1 ,august and ,september4 ,,table ,,ii4 ,,march4 ,winter ,brown4 ,waterhen ,bloa4 ,greenwell's ,glory4 ,spring ,black4 ,dark ,snipe4 ,orange ,partridge4 ,broughton's ,point4 ,,april4 ,winter ,brown4 ,waterhen ,bloa4 ,greenwell's ,glory4 ,spring ,black4 ,dark ,snipe4 ,orange ,partridge4 ,broughton's ,point4 ,march ,brown4 ,light ,snipe4 ,dark ,needle4 ,brown ,owl4 ,olive ,bloa4 ,dark ,watchet4 ,,may4 ,greenwell's ,glory4 ,orange ,partridge4 ,march ,brown4 ,light ,snipe4 ,dark ,needle4 ,brown ,owl4 ,olive ,bloa4 ,dark ,watchet4 ,yellow ,partridge4 ,light ,needle4 ,yellow-,legged ,bloa4 ,dotterel4 ,poult ,bloa4 ,gravel ,bed4 ,stone ,midge4 ,knotted ,midge4 ,black ,gnat4 ,,june4 ,dark ,needle4 ,brown ,owl4 ,dark ,watchet4 ,yellow ,partridge4 ,light ,needle4 ,yellow-,legged ,bloa4 ,dotterel4 ,poult ,bloa4 ,gravel ,bed4 ,stone ,midge4 ,knotted ,midge4 ,black ,gnat4 ,ginger ,spinner 7,wet and ,dry74 ,dark ,sedge4 ,light ,sedge4 ,,july4 ,light ,needle4 ,dotterel4 ,poult ,bloa4 ,knotted ,midge4 ,black ,gnat4 ,ginger ,spinner 7,wet and ,dry74 ,dark ,sedge4 ,light ,sedge4 ,red ,spinner 7,wet and ,dry74 ,july ,dun4 ,rough-,bodied ,poult4 ,pale ,watery ,dun4 ,light ,silverhorns4 ,dark ,silverhorns4 ,august ,dun4 ,,august4 ,dotterel4 ,black ,gnat4 ,ginger ,spinner 7,wet and ,dry74 ,dark ,sedge4 ,light ,sedge4 ,red ,spinner 7,wet and ,dry74 ,july ,dun4 ,rough-bodied ,poult4 ,pale ,watery ,dun4 ,light ,silverhorns4 ,dark ,silverhorns4 ,august ,dun4 ,ant4 ,green ,insect4 ,,september4 ,waterhen ,bloa4 ,greenwell's ,glory4 ,dark ,snipe4 ,light ,snipe4 ,dark ,needle4 ,dotterel4 ,dark ,sedge4 ,light ,sedge4 ,red ,spinner 7,wet and ,dry74 ,rough-bodied ,poult4 ,pale ,watery ,dun4 ,august ,dun4 ,ant4 ,green ,insect4 ,,dressings4 ,,wet ,,flies4 ,no4 #a4 ,,winter ,,brown4 ,,perlid ,hook #a or #b4 ,,wings4--,hackled with a greyish feather1 barred1 from the under coverts of a ,woodcock's wing4 7,the lighter side of the feather towards the head of the fly74 ,,body4--,orange silk1 ,no4 #f;a1 dubbed with ruddy brown wool1 the three turns next the tail showing distinct orange4 ,,head4--,bronze ,peacock herl4 ,march to middle of ,april4 ,no4 #b4 ,,waterhen ,,bloa4 ,,ephemerid4 ,hook #a or #b4 ,,wings4--,hackled with a smoky grey feather from the under coverts of a ,waterhen's wing4 7,the darker side of the feather towards the head of the fly74 ,,body4--,yellow silk1 ,no4 #d1 dubbed with ,mole's fur4 ,,head4--,yellow silk4 ,march to end of ,april1 and again in ,september4 ,no4 #c4 ,,greenwell',s ,,glory4 ,,ephemerid4 ,hook #a or #b4 ,,wings4--,from a hen ,blackbird's primary quill feather1 bunched and split4 ,,body4--,yellow silk1 ,no4 #d1 well waxed1 ribbed with four turns of fine gold wire or tinsel4 ,,legs4--,cochybondu ,hen's hackle4 ,,head4--,yellow silk1 well waxed4 ,march to first week in ,may1 and again in ,september1 although1 by dressing with a lighter wing1 body and hackle1 the fly can be used during the intervening months4 ,no4 #d4 ,,spring ,,black4 ,,diptera 7,,gnat74 ,hook #j4 ,,wings4--,hackled with a black ,cock's hackle or a blue black feather from an adult ,starling's neck4 ,,body4--,purple silk1 ,no4 #h1 dubbed sparingly with ,magpie herl4 ,,head4--,purple silk4 ,march and early ,april4 ,illustration3 #a #b #c #d ,no4 #e4 ,,dark ,,snipe ,,or ,,snipe ,,and ,,purple4 ,,ephemerid4 ,hook #a4 ,,wings4--,hackled with the dark feather from the marginal coverts of a ,snipe's wing4 ,,body4--,purple silk1 ,no4 #h4 ,,head4--,purple silk4 ,march to middle of ,april1 and again in ,september4 ,no4 #f4 ,,orange ,,partridge4 ,,perlid ,,and ,,ephemerid4 ,hook #a4 ,,wings4--,hackled with a brown mottled 7not barred7 feather from a ,partridge's neck1 or back4 ,,body4--,orange silk1 ,no4 #f;a1 or orange silk1 ,no4 #f;a1 ribbed with about four turns of gold wire or tinsel4 ,,head4--,orange silk4 ,march to middle of ,may4 ,no4 #g4 ,,broughton',s ,,point ,,or ,,dark ,,bloa4 ,,ephemerid4 ,hook #a or #b4 ,,wings4--,from a ,starling's primary quill feather1 the outer side of the feather as the under side of the wing4 ,,body4--,claret silk1 ,no4 #ac4 ,,legs4--,a black ,hen's hackle4 ,,head4--,claret silk4 ,march to middle of ,april4 ,no4 #h;a4 ,,march ,,brown4 ,,ephemerid4 ,hook #b or #c4 ,,wings4--,from a quill feather from a ,partridge's tail1 greyish in tone1 the top side of the feather as the under side of the wing4 ,,body4--,orange silk1 ,no4 #f;a1 dubbed with sandy fur taken from near the base of a ,hare's ear and ribbed with yellow silk1 ,no4 #d4 ,,tail4--,two strands from a ,partridge's tail1 same feather as the one used for the wings4 ,,legs4--,greyish brown feather from a ,partridge's back4 ,,head4--,orange silk4 ,april and often ,may4 ,illustration3 #e #f #g #h;,a ,no4 #h;b4 ,,march ,,brown4 ,,ephemerid4 ,hook #b or #c4 ,,wings4--,hackled with a mottled brown feather from a ,snipe's rump4 ,,body4--,orange silk1 ,no4 #f;a1 dubbed with fur from the nape of a ,rabbit's neck which has been lightly tinged red with ,crawshaw's ,red ,spinner dye1 and ribbed with gold wire or tinsel4 ,,tail4--,two strands from a feather from a ,snipe's rump1 same feather as is used for the wings4 ,,head4--,orange silk4 ,april1 and often ,may4 ,no4 #i4 ,,light ,,snipe ,,or ,,snipe ,,bloa4 ,,ephemerid4 ,hook #a4 ,,wings4--,hackled with a bluish feather from the under coverts of a ,snipe's wing4 7,the lighter side of the feather towards the head of the fly74 ,,body4--,yellow silk1 ,no4 #d4 ,,head4--,yellow silk4 ,middle of ,april to middle of ,may1 and again in ,september4 ,no4 #aj4 ,,dark ,,needle4 ,,perlid4 ,hook #a4 ,,wings4--,hackled with a brownish feather taken from where the hinder part of a ,starling's wing joins the body1 7,there are only about four of these feathers on each side of the bird47 or with a brownish feather from the back of a ,swift4 ,,body4--,orange brown silk1 ,no4 #f;b4 ,,head4--,magpie herl4 ,middle of ,april to the end of ,june1 and again in ,september4 ,no4 #aa4 ,,brown ,,owl4 ,,trichoptera4 ,hook #a4 ,,wings4--,hackled with a reddish brown feather from the lesser coverts of a ,tawny or ,brown ,owl's wing4 ,,body4--,orange silk1 ,no4 #f;a4 ,,head4--,bronze ,peacock herl4 ,latter part of ,april to end of ,june4 ,illustration3 #h;,b #i #aj #aa ,no4 #ab4 ,,olive ,,bloa4 ,,ephemerid4 ,hook #a4 ,,wings4--,hackled with an olive green feather from a ,green ,plover's neck4 ,,body4--,yellow silk1 ,no4 #d1 well waxed4 ,,head4--,orange brown silk1 ,no4 #f;b4 ,latter part of ,april and throughout ,may4 ,no4 #ac;a4 ,,dark ,,watchet ,,or ,,iron ,,blue ,,dun4 ,,ephemerid4 ,hook #j or #jj4 ,,wings4--,hackled with a dark smoky blue feather from a ,jackdaw's throat4 ,,body4--,orange and purple silk1 ,nos4 #f;a and #h1 twisted together1 dubbed very sparingly with ,mole's fur and wound on the body so that the orange and purple show in alternate bands4 ,,head4--,orange silk4 ,last week in ,april and throughout ,may1 and sometimes early ,june4 ,particularly for dull days4 ,no4 #ac;b4 ,,dark ,,watchet ,,or ,,iron ,,blue ,,dun4 ,,ephemerid4 ,hook #j or #jj4 ,,wings4--,from the darkish blue feather from a ,blue ,tit's tail1 bunched and split4 ,,body4--,same as ,no4 #ac;a4 ,,tail4--,two strands from a medium grizzled blue ,cock's hackle4 ,,legs4--,feather from a young ,starling's thigh or flank4 ,,head4--,orange silk4 ,last week in ,april and throughout ,may1 and sometimes early ,june4 ,for brighter days4 ,no4 #ad4 ,,yellow ,,partridge4 ,,perlid ,,and ,,diptera 7,,crane-,,fly74 ,hook #j or #a4 ,,wings4--,hackled with a greyish feather barely tinged with brown1 from a ,partridge's back4 ,,body4--,yellow silk1 ,no4 #d4 ,,head4--,yellow silk4 ,may to middle of ,june4 ,illustration3 #ab #ac;,a #ac;,b #ad ,no4 #ae4 ,,light ,,needle4 ,,perlid4 ,hook #j or #a4 ,,wings4--,hackled with a feather from a young ,starling's thigh or flank4 ,,body4--,orange silk1 ,no4 #f;a4 ,,head4--,orange silk4 ,may1 ,june and ,july4 ,no4 #af4 ,,yellow-,,legged ,,bloa4 ,,ephemerid4 ,hook #a4 ,,wings4--,from a young ,starling's light primary quill feather1 the outer side of the feather as the under side of the wing4 ,,body4--,primrose yellow silk1 ,no4 #c4 ,,tail4--,two strands from a very pale ginger ,cock's hackle4 ,,legs4--,a ,cock's hackle dyed a rich primrose yellow4 ,,head4--,primrose yellow silk4 ,may to end of ,june4 ,no4 #ag4 ,,dotterel4 ,,ephemerid4 ,hook #a4 ,,wings4--,hackled with a light-tipped fawnish feather from the marginal coverts or lesser coverts of a ,dotterel's wing4 ,,body4--,orange silk1 ,no4 #f1 or primrose yellow silk1 ,no4 #c4 ,,head4--,orange silk1 or primrose yellow silk4 ,if the ,dotterel feather is unobtainable a feather from the under coverts of a young ,starling's wing makes a fair substitute4 ,middle of ,may to end of ,season4 ,no4 #ah4 ,,poult ,,bloa4 ,,ephemerid4 ,hook #j or #a4 ,,wings4--,hackled with a light blue feather from the under coverts of a young ,grouse wing1 taken before the bird is strong on the wing4 7,the lighter side of the feather towards the head of the fly47 ,this feather darkens very rapidly on the live bird from ,august onwards4 ,,body4--,primrose yellow silk1 ,no4 #c4 ,,head4--,primrose yellow silk4 ,middle of ,may to middle of ,july4 ,illustration3 #ae #af #ag #ah ,no4 #ai4 ,,gravel ,,bed4 ,,diptera 7,crane-fly74 ,hook #a4 ,,wings4--,hackled with a greyish feather1 lightly tinged with brown1 from a ,partridge's neck4 ,,body4--,blue silk1 ,no4 #g1 dubbed with blue-grey fur from the flank of an ,opossum4 ,,head4--,blue silk4 ,middle of ,may to end of ,june4 ,a useful fly in a coloured water4 ,no4 #bj4 ,,stone ,,midge4 ,,diptera 7,gnat74 ,hook #j or #jj4 ,,wings4--,hackled with an olive green feather from a ,green ,plover's neck4 ,,body4--,grey silk1 ,no4 #i;a1 well waxed1 or ash-coloured silk1 ,no4 #aj1 but in both cases dubbed sparingly with bluey-grey ,heron herl4 ,,head4--,magpie herl4 ,middle of ,may to end of ,june4 ,no4 #ba4 ,,knotted ,,midge4 ,,diptera 7,gnat74 ,hook #j or #jj4 ,,wings4--,hackled down the body 8palmerwise0 with a small black ,cock's hackle4 ,,body4--,ash-coloured silk1 ,no4 #aj1 dubbed with dark ,heron herl4 ,,head4--,magpie herl4 ,middle of ,may to end of ,july4 ,for close days4 ,no4 #bb4 ,,black ,,gnat4 ,,diptera 7,gnat74 ,hook #jj4 ,,wings4--,a few fibres from a light blue ,hen's hackle put on as a single wing4 ,,body4--,black silk1 ,no4 #i4 ,,legs4--,rusty black ,hen's hackle4 ,,head4--,black silk4 ,middle of ,may to end of ,august4 ,for close days4 ,illustration3 #ai #bj #ba #bb ,no4 #bc4 ,,ginger ,,spinner4 ,,ephemerid4 ,hook #j or #a4 ,,wings4--,fibres of light grizzled blue ,cock's hackle4 ,,body4--,flat gold wire with a wrapping over it of orange silk1 ,no4 #f1 the silk to be untwisted and only one or two strands used4 ,,tail4--,two strands from a ginger ,cock's hackle4 ,,legs4--,ginger ,cock's hackle4 ,,head4--,orange silk4 ,june1 ,july and ,august4 ,no4 #bd4 ,,dark ,,sedge4 ,,trichoptera4 ,hook #a or #b4 ,,wings4--,hackled with a reddish brown feather from the lesser coverts of a ,tawny or ,brown ,owl's wing4 ,,body4--,yellow silk1 ,no4 #d1 dubbed with brownish fawn ,seal's fur4 ,,head4--,brownish green herl from the tail of a cock ,pheasant4 ,middle of ,june to end of the ,season4 ,no4 #be;a4 ,,light ,,sedge4 ,,trichoptera4 ,hook #a or #b4 ,,wings4--,hackled with a light-barred reddish feather1 from the lesser coverts of a ,landrail's wing4 ,,body4--,yellow silk1 ,no4 #d1 dubbed with reddish fur from the thigh of a ,squirrel4 ,,head4--,a reddish herl from the tail of a cock ,pheasant4 ,middle of ,june to the end of the ,season4 ,no4 #be;b4 ,,light ,,sedge4 ,,trichoptera4 ,hook #a or #b4 ,,wings4--,from a light barred reddish feather1 from the lesser coverts of a ,landrail's wing 7a larger feather than the one used for ,no4 #be;a71 the outer side of the feather as the outside of the wing4 ,wings put on 8penthouse0 fashion4 ,,body4--,same as ,no4 #be;a4 ,,legs4--,reddish feather from the marginal coverts of a ,landrail's wing4 ,,head4--,same as ,no4 #be;a4 ,middle of ,june to the end of the ,season4 ,illustration3 #bc #bd #be;,a #be;,b ,no4 #bf4 ,,red ,,spinner4 ,,ephemerid4 ,hook #a4 ,,wings4--,fibres of medium grizzled blue ,cock's hackle4 ,,body4--,red silk1 ,no4 #ab1 dubbed with maroon wool and ribbed with four turns of fine gold wire or tinsel4 ,,tail4--,two strands from a deep red ,cock's hackle4 ,,legs4--,deep red ,cock's hackle4 ,,head4--,red silk4 ,july1 ,august and ,september4 ,no4 #bg4 ,,july ,,dun4 ,,ephemerid4 ,hook #a4 ,,wings4--,from a ,coot's primary quill feather1 the outer side of the feather as the under side of the wing4 ,,body4--,yellow silk1 ,no4 #d1 dubbed sparingly with ,mole's fur4 ,,tail4--,two strands from a medium olive ,cock's hackle4 ,,legs4--,medium olive ,hen's hackle4 ,,head4--,yellow silk4 ,july and ,august4 ,no4 #bh4 ,,rough-,,bodied ,,poult4 ,,ephemerid4 ,hook #j or #a4 ,,wings4--,hackled with a light blue feather from the under coverts of a young ,grouse wing1 taken before the bird is strong on the wing4 7,the lighter side of the feather towards the head of the fly47 ,this feather darkens very rapidly on the live bird from ,august onwards4 ,,body4--,straw-coloured silk1 ,no4 #b1 dubbed sparingly with buff fur from the flank of an ,opossum4 ,,head4--,straw-coloured silk4 ,july1 ,august and ,september4 ,no4 #bi4 ,,pale ,,watery ,,dun4 ,,ephemerid4 ,hook #j or #a4 ,,wings4--,from a young ,starling's light primary quill feather1 the inner side of the feather as the under side of the wing4 ,,body4--,yellow silk1 ,no4 #d1 dubbed with palest buff fur from the flank of an ,oppossum4 ,,tail4--,two strands from palest ginger ,cock's hackle4 ,,legs4--,light blue ,hen's hackle4 ,,head4--,yellow silk4 ,middle of ,july to the end of ,september4 ,illustration3 #bf #bg #bh #bi ,no4 #cj4 ,,light ,,silverhorns4 ,,trichoptera4 ,hook #a4 ,,wings4--,from a ,thrush's secondary quill feather1 the outer side of the feather as the outside of the wing1 or from a ,landrail's primary quill feather1 the outer side of the feather as the outside of the wing4 ,wings put on 8penthouse0 fashion4 ,,body4--,ash-coloured silk1 ,no4 #aj1 sparingly dubbed with reddish grey fur from the thigh of a ,squirrel4 ,,legs4--,feather from a young ,starling's thigh or flank4 ,,head4--,ash-coloured silk4 ,,antenn4--,two strands from a black and white feather from a ,mallard's breast4 ,middle of ,july to the end of ,august4 ,no4 #ca4 ,,dark ,,silverhorns4 ,,trichoptera4 ,hook #a4 ,,wings4--,from a ,waterhen's primary quill feather1 the outer side of the feather as the outside of the wing4 ,wings put on 8penthouse0 fashion4 ,,body4--,black silk1 ,no4 #i1 dubbed very sparingly with ,mole's fur and ribbed with olive silk1 ,no4 #aa4 ,,legs4--,black ,cock's hackle or ,green ,plover's topping4 ,,head4--,black silk4 ,,antenn4--,two strands from a black and white feather from a ,mallard's breast4 ,middle of ,july to the end of ,august4 ,no4 #cb4 ,,august ,,dun4 ,,ephemerid4 ,hook #b4 ,,wings4--,from a ,mallard's breast feather1 lightly tinged with brown4 ,,body4--,yellow silk1 ,no4 #d1 dubbed with yellow olive wool and ribbed with orange silk1 ,no4 #f1 sparingly spun with fur from the nape of a ,rabbit's neck which has been lightly tinged red with ,crawshaw's ,red ,spinner dye4 ,,tail4--,two strands from a medium olive ,cock's hackle4 ,,legs4--,medium olive ,hen's hackle4 ,,head4--,yellow silk4 ,last week in ,july1 ,august and ,september4 ,no4 #cc4 ,,ant4 ,,hymenoptera4 ,hook #j4 ,,wings4--,hackled with a light blue ,hen's hackle4 ,,body4--,orange brown silk1 ,no4 #f;b1 dressed full at the tail with bronze ,peacock herl1 then a few turns of the silk towards the head1 then dressed full at the shoulder with bronze ,peacock herl4 ,,head4--,orange brown silk4 ,august to second week in ,september4 ,illustration3 #cj #ca #cb #cc ,no4 #cd4 ,,green ,,insect4 ,,aphides4 ,hook #jj or #jjj4 ,,wings4--,hackled with a light blue ,cock's hackle4 ,,body4--,yellow silk1 ,no4 #d1 dubbed with bright green olive wool4 ,,head4--,yellow silk4 ,august and ,september4 ,particularly on gusty days4 ,,dry ,,flies4 ,no4 #ce4 ,,ginger ,,spinner4 ,,ephemerid4 ,hook #j or #a1 eyed4 ,,wings4--,fibres of light grizzled blue ,cock's hackle dressed 8spent40 ,,body4--,light cinnamon quill4 ,,tail4--,two strands from a ginger ,cock's hackle4 ,,legs4--,ginger ,cock's hackle1 two turns at the most1 as the fly must be dressed lightly4 ,,head4--,orange silk1 ,no4 #f4 ,june1 ,july and ,august4 ,no4 #cf4 ,,red ,,spinner4 ,,ephemerid4 ,hook #j or #a1 eyed4 ,,wings4--,fibres of medium grizzled blue ,cock's hackle dressed 8spent40 ,,body4--,red quill4 ,,tail4--,two strands of ,gallina1 dyed red brown4 ,,legs4--,deep red ,cock's hackle1 two turns at the most1 as the fly must be dressed lightly4 ,,head4--,red silk1 ,no4 #ab4 ,july1 ,august and ,september4 ,illustration3 #cd #ce #cf ,illustration3 ,a ,typical ,stretch ,photo by ,mrs4 ,a4 ,r4 ,gurney ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,fly ,,fishing4 ,so much has already been written on fly fishing by men of wide and varied experience1 that it is with no little diffidence the writers approach the subject4 ,yet the more thoroughly the whole art of trout fishing is explored1 the more engrossing does it become1 and1 as experience is gained1 the more evident it appears that little is really known and that a vast field still remains open for investigation4 ,it is not intended to try in this chapter to teach the art of fly fishing1 as more can be learned by observation1 perseverance and practice on the river1 than by reading all that was ever written on the subject2 but it is desired1 by emphasizing a few essential points1 to help the novice through his initial difficulties4 ,some anglers who are only able to devote a few weeks during the season to their pastime are content to go to the local tackle dealer or the professional fisherman and to rely entirely on his advice4 ,while it is always well to consult the 8local men0--quaint characters for the most part and many of them cobblers by trade--it is often a mistake to rely entirely upon them2 for1 if a man's ambition be to get out of the rut and to kill fish under difficult conditions1 he must think for himself4 ,the 8local man0 often has a strong partiality for certain patterns of flies1 no matter what the conditions4 ,only recently the writers came across a most glaring example of this particular tendency1 which is perhaps worth mentioning in order to illustrate their point4 ,arriving at the river one ,september afternoon1 they noticed on the opposite bank the local professional1 who is held in very high esteem as a fisherman4 ,he certainly casts as neat a line as the writers have ever seen thrown4 ,in answer to their enquiry1 8,what sport801 they received the reply1 8,a few10 and were more than a little astonished to learn that he was using flies which1 in their opinion1 were more suitable for the end of ,july4 ,it is always a pleasure to see this man cast1 so they sat down and watched him4 ,time after time he put his flies in the most beautiful manner over rising fish1 but without result1 although the water was coloured and the fish continued to rise steadily4 ,soon one showed within casting distance of the bank on which the writers were seated1 so a fly was immediately put over him and was accepted at the first offer4 ,earlier that day there had been a large hatch of ,dark ,needles1 and it was an imitation of that insect which induced the rise4 ,alternately the writers threw over rising fish with more or less success2 but the professional1 who persevered for another half-hour without changing his flies1 at last gave up in disgust4 ,for the time being at least he was beaten4 ,not that he did not know the river or understand the habits of the trout--both were to him as an open book--but simply because he was deficient in his knowledge of insect life4 ,this man probably knew some ten or a dozen good all-round flies which he used the season through1 but without due regard to the hatch of natural insects4 ,now put yourself in the professional's position on that particular day1 only add to his knowledge that of insect life4 ,on finding your flies rejected1 you would have picked from off the water1 and examined1 the natural insects which were floating down2 then1 immediately realizing what was amiss1 you would have substituted an imitation of the taking fly for one on your cast4 ,success would have followed failure1 and a light-hearted angler would have tramped homewards at sunset with a creel the heavier for his practical knowledge4 ,from the foregoing it will be gathered that the novice should make it his first duty to study on every possible occasion the insect life of the river he is going to fish1 and not merely rely upon the tackle dealer or professional to supply his deficiency in this1 or indeed in other matters4 ,by this let it not be thought that the writers consider it necessary to go deeply into the study of entomology1 fascinating as that study is2 but if the greatest amount of pleasure is to be derived1 and incidentally a fair number of fish to be killed1 it is essential that the angler should arm himself with a good general knowledge of river insect life4 ,a great deal in this direction can be learned by an occasional emptying of a trout's stomach into a glass of water1 and an examination of the dbris after they have been separated by a brisk stir round4 ,it is most instructive1 and it shows how catholic fish are in their feeding4 ,it shows too1 not infrequently1 the reasons for a poor day's sport1 and often gives a hint which may turn failure into success on some future occasion4 ,though a knowledge of insect life is highly important1 it is equally necessary to learn to adapt oneself to varying conditions4 ,this latter point may at the first glance appear unnecessarily elementary1 so much so as to seem hardly worth making1 but speaking from personal experience1 the writers think that1 probably on account of its very obviousness1 it often receives far less attention than it deserves4 ,how many anglers1 after working the long winter through begin1 as the trout season draws near1 to let their thoughts wander to some favourite stream and live for days1 aye1 almost weeks1 in anticipation of the opening day8 ,they conjure up in their minds all the details that have gone to make up some red-letter day in the past1 the whole scene comes up as fresh as ever1 and memory1 ever willing1 gives them a most vivid picture of the pool in which the fish of the season put up his last gallant struggle4 ,they recall those exciting moments when the strength of the cast was taxed to its utmost as the fish wildly endeavoured to reach the roots of an overhanging tree1 and the joyful feeling of power that crept over them when at last the lusty trout1 having somewhat spent himself1 allowed them to regain a foot or two of line4 ,then came that last mad rush when the captive perceived the net4 ,these memories are happy indeed1 though often enough they lead one astray1 as1 when the eve of the opening day arrives1 one has probably definitely decided to begin operations at the exact pool that was the scene of one's former success4 ,is this adapting oneself to circumstances8 ,it can hardly be so1 and yet probably very few can say that they have never fallen a victim to such foolishness4 ,the wise man waits until the morrow1 when he can see how the wind strikes his favourite stream or reach1 whether the water is too high or too low1 and whether the sport that it normally might be expected to yield is going to be adversely affected by any other condition4 ,if so1 even though disappointed1 he will find a more suitable place at which to begin and no doubt at the end of the day his creel will reveal the reward of his adaptability to circumstance4 ,the consideration of adaptability to circumstance naturally brings one to a classification and subsequent subdivision of the methods of fly fishing1 which methods1 judiciously and intelligently combined1 make for the true road to success4 ,fly fishing may be practised in two principal ways1 with the wet fly and with the dry fly4 ,in the former1 as the name implies1 the flies are fished slightly submerged2 and three or sometimes four flies may be used on the cast4 ,they are placed some #bj inches or so apart1 but varied as to distance according to the state of the river1 greater distance between them being necessary1 and fewer flies being used1 in low clear water4 ,in dry-fly fishing1 as perhaps it is unnecessary to state1 only one fly is used1 and it is made to float by being whipped through the air after each cast1 so as to shake off any globules of water that may be attached to the feathers1 a process which is generally assisted by the fly being lightly touched with oil before use4 ,before going further it is as well to say a few words regarding the rod and tackle4 ,the length of rod the writers find most useful is #aj ft4 #f ins41 and1 if it is to be used for wet-fly fishing exclusively1 they would unhesitatingly recommend a two-piece rod made of greenheart1 or of hickory for the butt1 with greenheart top1 not too whippy and not too stiff4 ,such a rod is softer in the action and less tiring to the wrist than one made of split cane4 ,that is a matter well worth consideration when one is whipping the stream for long periods at a stretch4 ,for dry-fly fishing however1 and general use1 and for almost unending wear1 a split-cane rod by one of the first-class makers will probably best suit the requirements of the average man2 only in selecting the rod1 of whatever pattern1 great care should be devoted to getting one which1 with reel and line attached1 will make a harmonious whole4 ,if the rod be a split cane1 it should be rather more whippy than the average type in use on ,chalk streams4 ,these points should be carefully attended to1 otherwise the beginner1 after working for an hour or so1 will find his wrist growing tired1 and he will then get into a slovenly way of casting1 which is easier to learn than to unlearn4 ,regarding the reel1 line and cast1 we should recommend1 if the reader is buying his rod from a man of practical experience1 that he leaves the first two to the maker's discretion4 ,he will then no doubt get both reel and line of suitable weight for the rod4 ,the cast should be approximately three yards1 tapered1 the last yard being of finest drawn gut for ordinary waters1 but a coarser cast may be used when fishing a full or slightly coloured water4 ,a good cast for ordinary waters can be made of ten strands of gut1 each strand either #ab or #ad inches in length and tapered as follows3--,first two strands of ,quarter drawn1 then two strands of ,half drawn1 then three strands of #bx1 and finally three strands of #dx4 ,,wet-,,fly ,,fishing4 ,it is with wet-fly fishing that it is proposed to deal first1 as this method is by far the more important on the majority of ,north ,country rivers1 the dry fly being a useful auxiliary under conditions to be detailed later4 ,why1 it may be asked1 should the fish be more partial to the wet fly than to the dry fly on ,northern streams4 ,the reason is not far to seek2 for1 owing to the roughness and rapidity of such rivers1 a large percentage of insects1 as they rise from the bed of the river preparatory to hatching out1 are carried many yards downstream before they reach the surface of the water4 ,others1 getting into rough water1 find themselves unequal to the effort of emerging from their nymphal case1 or emerge with wetted and helpless wings1 while many flies1 surviving these natural difficulties1 are carried down some rapid almost immediately after they reach the perfect state1 and get water-logged before ever they have the opportunity of using their wings4 ,hence the trout become used to taking much of their insect food in a submerged or partially submerged state4 ,therefore so long as those streams remain as heretofore1 the wet fly is likely to continue to hold the premier position in the filling of a ,north ,countryman's creel4 ,there are two methods of fishing the wet fly1 upstream and downstream4 ,follows an attempt to give a brief outline of how and when each method may be used to the best advantage4 ,the use of the word 8downstream0 in this connection is1 perhaps1 somewhat misleading1 for it is not intended to refer to that method of fishing in which the angler casts his flies across and downstream1 allowing the current to sweep them round to a point below him1 in the same manner as when fishing the salmon fly4 ,to fish an imitation of a natural insect in such a way as to make it resist the onward flow of the water in a most unnatural manner1 is1 in the writers' judgment1 unsound1 and they wish it to be understood that1 by 8downstream10 they do not allude to this manner of fishing4 ,the downstream method advocated might quite appropriately be termed across-stream fishing1 as the angler faces the bank towards which he purposes fishing1 casts across and slightly upstream1 then allows the flies to be carried without drag till they reach a point a few yards below where they alighted upon the water4 ,wading downstream a yard or more1 he repeats the cast1 until the whole stream has been worked in this manner4 ,the only reason for the term 8downstream0 being used in connection with this class of fishing is that the angler himself works down the river4 ,the next question for consideration is1 when is downstream fishing advisable8 ,it may truly be answered1 8,not often10 for its practice might be confined to strong and full waters1 to waters tinged with colour1 to cold ,spring days before and after the hatch1 to evening fishing in such places as have the river flowing towards the sunset1 and1 lastly1 to occasions when a heavy downstream wind or the nature of the country leaves the angler no choice4 ,the enthusiast frequently finds himself on the river bank on a ,spring morning long before the sun's rays have warmed the air1 or any sign of insect life is visible4 ,with experience he will find that at such times the trout are not in the heavy rapid streams1 but may be looked for in steady flowing water4 ,a favourite place1 which the writers would never pass by on such an occasion1 is formed when a stream some two feet deep flows gently along the edge of a bank1 and particularly if the bank be overhung1 or other natural causes make it a harbour or refuge for the stream's inhabitants4 ,let the novice who finds himself1 cold ,spring weather prevailing1 at the top of such a stream1 cast in the manner described across1 but slightly upstream1 towards such bank4 ,as the flies are carried down1 let him vibrate the point of his rod slightly by an up and down motion in order to make his flies appear as though they were struggling to reach the surface of the water4 ,ten to one before the stream is fished out a sharp pluck will be felt1 but the beginner1 unprepared1 will in many cases leave his fly in the fish or miss him altogether4 ,the hooking of trout under such conditions is difficult in the extreme1 as frequently no rise is seen2 and it is only by perseverance1 leading to appreciation of the moment to strike1 that he can hope to succeed4 ,to teach in theory the correct method and timing of the strike under such conditions1 is beyond the writers4 ,the knowledge seems to come to the persevering almost as a sixth sense4 ,at times it is positively uncanny to watch an 8artist10 in his instinctive response to the rises of fish under the conditions described1 for they are totally invisible to the average man4 ,practice1 coupled with intelligent reasoning out of the whys and wherefores of success and failure1 will do more to help the novice than anything else4 ,but1 even with the rod in the hands of a past-master1 this method of downstream fishing will not always succeed1 though the waiting hour before the rise may often be well spent in giving these tactics a trial4 ,as soon1 however1 as the first insects floating on the surface have been noticed by the fish1 the time has come to change methods and to fish upstream4 ,upstream fishing is far more difficult than downstream fishing1 and the initial efforts will prove disheartening4 ,rise after rise will be missed1 and the flies will be swept to the feet of the angler almost before he has seen where they lit4 ,it is nevertheless all important that the novice should school himself in this branch of fly fishing beyond any other1 as upon it will depend his future success4 ,the education of the angler who has only mastered downstream fishing1 or even dry-fly fishing1 is incomplete2 and1 though the dry-fly purist may shrug his shoulders at the remark1 it is not too much to say that1 if he were transferred from the pellucid waters of the ,chalk stream to some rapid broken river of the ,north1 and were to endeavour to fish the wet fly1 it would be some considerable time before he achieved any great success4 ,whereas the man who has once thoroughly mastered the art of fishing the wet fly upstream would be able quickly to adapt himself to the conditions and surroundings of the home of the dry fly4 ,scoffers have often termed wet-fly fishing in general the 8chuck and chance it0 method1 but those who thus described it can never have seen an expert at work fishing upstream4 ,there is no such thing as 8chuck and chance it0 in the way he throws his flies4 ,every cast is made to a definite point1 not necessarily to a rising fish1 as in dry-fly fishing1 but successively to each of the many little runs1 eddies1 channels1 and slack waters behind boulders1 which his experience teaches are likely to hold feeding fish4 ,it is just the experience gained by such definite fishing that the dry-fly purist who throws to none but feeding fish would lack1 if he overcame his prejudices and essayed to throw the wet fly on ,northern waters4 ,the obvious natural law which causes fish to lie head upstream should convince the reader that no undue stress has been laid upon the importance of fishing upstream1 and that that method should be rigidly adhered to on all occasions1 except those previously mentioned4 ,that trout have exceptionally keen eyesight1 no one who has ever walked along the banks of a trout stream will deny4 ,how then can the least thoughtful expect to creel decent fish with the river in normal condition1 if he stands with the fish below him1 or1 for that matter1 stands anywhere within their very wide range of vision1 a range so wide that1 if a circle be described with the head of a trout for the centre1 only about one-sixth of the circumference of such a circle1 and that immediately behind1 would appear to be outside the range of vision of the fish8 ,from these well-known facts it will be obvious1 even to the uninitiated1 that the best approach for the angler bent on capturing trout in clear water is from behind4 ,yet1 astonishing as it may seem 7and for the simple reason that it is the easier way71 many men--we might almost say the majority of men--invariably fish their flies across and downstream1 letting the flies sweep right round until they are directly below1 where they are often allowed to dangle in the water at the end of a taut line4 ,to fish downstream in this manner requires no particular skill1 as the stream does most of the work2 and1 while the great majority of fish risen are merely pricked and lost1 those caught are below the average of size for the river fished4 ,if the beginner is having a bad day and everything is going wrong1 if he grows tired with his efforts to fish upstream and is tempted to resort to this method1 rather than do so1 let him knock off for a while and smoke a pipe1 and then return1 with renewed hope and vigour1 to his upstream fishing1 determined to master it4 ,now it frequently happens that the angler wading upstream gets almost up to1 or at any rate within two or three yards of a fish1 before ever his presence is noticed4 ,there is therefore in general little necessity to use a long line when fishing upstream1 yet it is often done4 ,frequently anglers are met who say that they cannot fish upstream1 urging1 by way of excuse1 that they have difficulty in seeing fish rise1 which causes late striking1 the fish being missed entirely1 or1 at the most1 only turned over4 ,of course it is difficult to see a rise1 or to strike a fish1 in a rapid stream if a long line is used1 and in the majority of these cases the reason for failure is to be found in the use of too long a line4 ,therefore the novice who is bent on mastering fly-fishing upstream can almost dismiss from his mind the first part of the 8far off and fine0 theory4 ,in practice it will be found that1 for fishing strong flowing streams1 a line 7including the cast7 but little longer than the rod is ample2 while for fishing the more gently flowing shallow water at the edges of such streams1 another yard or two of line will be necessary to assist the angler in keeping out of sight4 ,the angler must be ruled by circumstances1 always bearing in mind the fact that the most practical length of line to use is the shortest on which a trout may be killed4 ,once this fact has been fully appreciated and carried into practice1 many of the supposed difficulties of upstream fishing will vanish entirely1 leaving the novice free to tackle other problems4 ,arriving at a likely stretch of water1 and full of excitement on noticing a fish rise at the tail of the main stream1 the beginner will often wade straight out to a point below the fish and then cast over him4 ,there is always a temptation1 even to the expert1 to go for a rising fish1 but under such circumstances1 if the angler be wise1 he will take a careful survey before wading out1 and will note the character of the water within casting distance of the edge4 ,the experienced angler will do this instinctively1 and will make his first cast to the sharp run at the edge of the bank4 ,his second will be made slightly more across2 and1 after he has released another foot or two of line1 his flies at the third throw will search the slack water behind the rock4 ,here the cast will be repeated two or three times in rapid succession1 the flies not being allowed to remain in the water more than a moment1 lest the current pick up the line and cause a drag4 ,the fear of drag is ever present1 but drag may be avoided in many cases1 if care is exercised in regulating the speed at which the rod point is raised as the flies are swept down by the current4 ,when the flies have been thrown to a quieter bit of water and there is a danger of the current picking up the line1 the moment of drag can often be postponed if the cast finishes in a wavy line on the water1 as the current has to pickup the slack before the drag takes effect on the flies4 ,to cast thus is a feat not difficult of achievement for many of the fraternity4 ,another throw is now made1 then another1 each rather more across stream1 and then1 as a result of the next cast1 the flies are hustled rapidly down a race between two boulders4 ,here1 as in all swift-flowing water1 it is necessary to make several casts before the angler can be sure that his flies have thoroughly searched the run2 and it is most important to keep in mind that the casts of a past master at upstream fly fishing follow quickly one after another4 ,illustration3 ,headwaters of the ,aire ,photo by ,n4 ,n4 ,lee ,wading now a few yards across stream1 the angler continues this system of casting until he eventually reaches a point from which he can assail the trout that was noticed rising at the tail of the main stream4 ,a few more steps then bring him to the far bank4 ,to fish a stream or length of river systematically1 crossing and recrossing1 each time a few yards higher up1 until the whole has been thoroughly covered1 takes time2 but it is far better that the angler's flies should be on the water1 searching every spot fit to hold a fish1 than waving in the air while he moves rapidly on from stream to stream4 ,particularly is this the case in ,spring when the rise comes on late and ends early1 and also on a ,summer's evening when the water seems literally alive with fish1 so madly do they rise1 but for all too brief a spell4 ,time is of all importance on such occasions1 and here it is that the angler who fishes methodically and with intelligence scores so heavily as compared with the rod who spends half his time in walking from stream to stream1 and the other half in fishing them in a mechanical sort of way4 ,so many unsuccessful fishermen only fish the larger streams of a river 7and usually downstream71 entirely ignoring the fact that1 while such streams afford a harbour for a great number of fish1 they are often deserted in favour of odd corners and favourite 8lies0 directly the 8rise0 begins4 ,the thoughtful fisherman studies the water1 its pools1 currents and eddies1 and all those other details1 the meaning of which under varying conditions he has learned to read1 and he is always alive to gather some new hint4 ,he brings to his aid the wisdom gained by past experiences1 successes and failures1 and a knowledge of the habitat of the trout which has been the reward of keen observation and a reasoning mind4 ,he will tell you that in early ,spring the trout1 having hardly recovered their energy after spawning1 are not to be found in the heavy rapids1 but may be looked for at the tail ends of streams and in gently flowing water2 that1 as the weeks go by1 and as the sun's rays warm the water1 insect life becomes more plentiful1 and that the trout1 once more lusty and strong with the abundant supply of food1 spread themselves over the river1 into rapid streams and all those places into which steady supplies are concentrated2 and further1 that during the heat of ,summer they will be located in the thinnest of water1 at the very edges of streams1 pools and eddies1 where they lie ever ready to dart away at the least suspicion of danger4 ,such an angler realizes the necessity of a good knowledge of insect life1 watercraft and the habitat of the trout1 and becomes as intimate with each as an artist is with his colours4 ,and as blue and yellow combined will make a green1 so surely will the man who thoroughly acquires such knowledge be a long way towards being numbered amongst the elect4 ,a goodly dish of trout hardly come by is a great satisfaction to a man who has to fit in his fishing days when he can1 but perhaps the greatest pleasure to the true disciple of ,walton is the capture1 after many failures and disappointments and under difficult conditions1 of some wily old trout whose education1 by the constant bombardment of his stronghold1 has been brought to a high degree of finish4 ,what memories of his capture crowd the mind when some chance word stirs the chords6 ,perhaps he came from out a moorland stream when the snell wind flung back the spray from every sounding fall1 or may be he stubbornly gave up his virile life on some sun-steeped day when first the daffodils proclaimed that laggard ,spring had come to a waking country side4 ,whatever the memory1 it is wholly delightful4 ,the charm of fly fishing is never ending and a great part lies in the infinite field for experiment open to him who runs4 ,every day some new feature is revealed2 and1 even in this twentieth century1 he who will leave the beaten track1 bent on exploration1 will always discover new ground for investigation4 ,the truth of this was brought home to one of the writers most forcibly when on a fishing expedition one ,july some years ago4 ,rain on the previous day had left the river slightly coloured1 and in magnificent condition1 and as the sun was some little way above1 though nearing the horizon1 he1 with the lightest heart and full of hope1 approached a steady flowing reach where the banks were here and there fringed with clumps of willows4 ,a fish rose well out in the stream1 then another1 and another2 and as the tackle had been fitted up before leaving the farm-house1 even to the putting on of a cast of flies1 it was not long before those fish1 which were apparently seizing every fly that passed over them1 were covered again and again4 ,all to no purpose1 for the trout proved very discriminating1 and at last1 when a fish half rose without breaking the surface of the water1 a change of fly was decided on4 ,hovering round the willows1 dancing to and fro in the air1 were hundreds of insects1 which on examination proved to be ,light and ,dark ,silverhorns4 ,five minutes had barely elapsed when1 with a ,light ,silverhorns to replace his point fly and a ,dark one as first dropper1 the angler was again assailing his fish2 but he could get no more satisfactory response than a bulge or two4 ,then the position of these two flies was reversed1 a step which often pays1 but it did not on that occasion4 ,the case was becoming desperate1 for the rise would soon be over4 ,so with some reluctance he left the rising fish and waded into the stream and put his flies into a likely looking eddy below an overhanging willow bush growing on the far bank4 ,almost immediately a fish was battling for dear life1 but without avail2 and soon five more1 all coming from under the bank1 quickly joined him in the creel4 ,as the last of these fish was being drawn over the net1 two local anglers appeared on the scene4 ,neither had killed a fish1 so a few precious moments were taken up in wading out and giving each one or two of the killing fly4 ,when the rise was over the angler counted eight brace of nice sizable fish1 all but two being killed on the ,silverhorns1 the exceptions having fallen to the ,brown ,owl1 which was probably taken for the ,light ,silverhorns4 ,all came from under the willows and banks on a reach no more than fifty yards in length1 but strange to say1 the local men finished up without a fish to show between them4 ,later on1 when considering the events of the evening between the sheets1 it occurred to the successful one1 that the killing fly of the evening was a killing fly only so long as it was fished close to the banks near the willows1 and in those places over which hovered the natural fly4 ,the locals had evidently fished the fly out in mid-stream2 hence their clean creels4 ,the following day was a ,day of ,rest1 and as this idea was after all but surmise1 nothing was said to the two local fishermen1 but the results of the next evening's fishing were awaited with considerable interest4 ,conditions on the ,monday proved to be very similar to those prevailing on the ,saturday1 and the results of the day justified the surmise1 that the fish under the willows were feeding on such insects as hovered above them1 every now and then to touch the water1 while those out in mid-stream had no ,silverhorns available and so confined their attention to the spent spinners1 smuts and other flies1 which were brought to them by the current4 ,if the solution of the problem that presented itself on that first evening be correct1 then the killing power of a fly is often dependent on its being fished with due regard to the haunts of the natural insect it is supposed to imitate4 ,what a field is here for investigation1 and yet the matter is one upon which no hard and fast rules can be made4 ,prevailing conditions must be studied carefully4 ,a cross-wind might obviously entirely alter the local conditions1 and one would not look in such circumstances for flies in their usual haunts4 ,on windy days the observant angler would probably find that the menu of the fish on the side from which the wind was blowing would include many ,diptera or other land-bred insects1 while the fish on the lee shore1 would most likely be feeding principally on such insects of aquatic origin as happened to be hatching out at the time4 ,the foregoing merely serves to illustrate a few of the many considerations involved in this absorbing sport2 and in following up these problems many side issues of equal importance will be opened up4 ,if the beginner is dogged by disappointment and failure 7and who can feel the utter bitterness of disappointment more than a fisherman871 let him be advised to take heart of grace and not to blame the lowness of the water1 the brightness of the day1 thunder or any of the elements1 for his lack of sport1 but to say to himself1 8,what have ,i left undone that should have been done8 ,where have ,i failed80 ,for trout1 like human beings1 take their daily bread2 and it is up to the angler to find out when and where and in what shape4 ,if the beginner will therefore reason out the causes of failure instead of making excuses for it1 he will be more likely then and on future occasions to remedy his mistakes and to know the satisfaction of killing fish on a really difficult day4 ,,dry-,,fly ,,fishing4 ,next to be considered are the dry fly and its use on the ,north ,country ,rivers2 but the novice is strongly urged1 before ever he seeks to master this branch of angling1 to get a good grip of the wet-fly method4 ,from the term 8,north ,country ,rivers0 are naturally excluded such rivers as the ,costa1 which is probably the nearest approach in the ,north to the ,chalk streams of ,hampshire1 the home of the dry fly4 ,on that particular river the dry fly would probably on most occasions take the premier position1 whereas on the rougher and more rapid streams1 such as the ,wharfe1 ,ribble1 ,lune1 etc41 the position is reversed4 ,not many years ago one very seldom came across anyone further ,north than ,derbyshire fishing the dry fly1 but slowly and surely has the method become more and more popular2 for it is only by the judicious combination of the two methods of fly fishing that the best results and the greatest pleasure can1 in the judgment of the writers1 be obtained4 ,but chacun son got1 and far be it from them to legislate for any sportsmen who wish or agree to keep their waters exclusively for any one method of fishing4 ,dry-fly fishing1 as practised in the ,south1 differs slightly from the method here advocated for the rougher streams above-mentioned1 inasmuch as the purist of the ,south will not throw a fly to any but a rising fish1 even though he wait an hour or more before locating one1 while the ,north ,country angler not only throws to the rise1 but also to such places as are likely to hold feeding fish4 ,when a specially strong hatch of duns takes place on ,northern rivers and the fish line up to suck in the insects as they hurry downstream1 sails spread to the breeze1 it will pay the angler to try the floater4 ,again1 between streams on rapid rivers one often comes upon a long stretch of quiet steady flowing water ideal for the dry fly4 ,by applying themselves to such a stretch with the methods of their friends of the ,south the writers have more than once retrieved a bad day4 ,quiet eddies too may frequently be fished with success by this method1 and every river has some places1 and is subject to some moods1 in which the dry fly scores over the wet4 ,the first experience of one of the writers in dry-fly fishing was years ago4 ,he had fished for grayling till noon on a bright frosty ,october day with indifferent success1 when1 on reaching a long stream with the current under the far bank1 he noticed several fish rising at the tail4 ,in between himself and the fish was a wide stretch of water some twelve or eighteen inches in depth1 and the fish were out of reach1 as the angler was not wearing waders4 ,now the occasional fish he had managed to reach during the course of the morning absolutely refused the wet fly4 ,at the moment another fisherman appeared from upstream and1 wading out1 immediately caught several nice fish1 to the no small envy of him on the bank4 ,before passing on the successful angler vouchsafed the remark 8dry fly10 and gave the writer in question the 8oil tip0 in theory and in practice4 ,off came boots and stockings1 and1 with the shallow water safely waded1 the rising grayling were within casting distance4 ,so long as the fly--a ,red ,tag--could be kept dry1 so long did the fish rise at it1 but they would not look at it when water-logged4 ,between whiles the angler came to shore to stamp a bit of feeling into his legs1 for the water was icy cold2 but he enjoyed himself hugely and got quite a decent bag1 besides adding greatly to the scope of his accomplishment in the gentle art4 ,the writers have seen the dry fly score heavily during the rise of ,iron ,blue ,duns1 and they remember one occasion when that most dainty and beautiful ,ephemera was sailing down in numbers1 and when a feathered imitation accounted for six brace of fish from a weed-grown reach of steady flowing water4 ,a word here must be said with regard to the timing of the strike when using the dry fly1 for the man who is used to wet-fly fishing will probably strike too quickly and at the most only prick his fish4 ,in the former method1 before attempting to drive home the steel1 the fish should be allowed to turn with the fly in his mouth4 ,in wet-fly fishing the fish has often turned before the rise becomes apparent4 ,many occasions could be mentioned on which the dry fly has given the writers most pretty fishing4 ,once on a ,cleveland stream1 slow flowing and edged with most luxuriant vegetation1 the wet fly1 cast over rise after rise1 was totally ignored1 but a change to a floating ,female ,black ,gnat at once worked wonders4 ,had it not been for the innumerable derelict branches and water weeds in which the cast was time after time tied up1 the creel would have been heavy4 ,but the enjoyment was intense that glorious ,june evening4 ,quite sharp streams too will often fish well with the dry fly in the long evenings1 and on one occasion it was again the ,female ,black ,gnat which accounted for some difficult ,wharfe trout that refused all wet flies1 however presented4 ,it is indeed during the evening rise that the dry fly will be found most generally useful on ,northern streams4 ,that fickle evening rise that so many anglers impatiently wait for all day1 only to return home beaten and disappointed at dark6 ,not that the fish do not rise1 for at times the water literally boils with them1 but their discrimination is truly wonderful4 ,how many an angler on occasions during all that mad rise has never killed a fish1 or not until the sun had dropped well behind the horizon and dusk was upon him4 ,then perhaps he has creeled four or five before the rise ceased1 but has returned home dissatisfied1 realizing that he had been thoroughly beaten1 and that it was the failing light1 and not his skill1 knowledge or ingenuity1 that saved him from a blank4 ,an autopsy will often reveal on such occasions spinners1 gnats and sedge flies2 and yet the most lightly and carefully made imitations1 however deftly thrown1 utterly fail as wet flies to attract the fish4 ,at times like these a ,black ,gnat1 ,ginger and ,red ,spinners ,no4 #ce and ,no4 #cf1 fished dry1 and later1 as the sun drops behind the horizon1 a ,silver ,sedge may be recommended4 ,the angler should begin at the tail end of the stream and work gradually up1 placing his fly over every rise and in all such places as are likely to hold feeding fish4 ,on occasions when all else fails1 a trial may be given to a fancy fly1 such as the ,pink ,wickham or ,coachman4 ,with such patterns during that most tantalising of rises the writers have sometimes retrieved their fortunes4 ,then1 as dusk comes on and the dry fly becomes difficult to see1 let the angler quickly change to a cast of wet flies1 the flies dressed a size larger than those usually used during the day1 and before the rise is over his creel may be the heavier for the change4 ,the dry fly has done yeoman service on some of those impossible days when fish streak away like lightning directly the cast falls on the water4 ,by much stalking and careful fishing of out-of-the-way places and odd corners1 the writers have sometimes finished with a brace or two which have given great satisfaction4 ,it is very comical to see the evident surprise of a fish which is taken in by a dry fly when he is quietly feeding in the shallows4 ,before he moves off for the stream he often seems to completely lose his head1 bouncing about half in and half out of the water1 and creating no end of a splash4 ,on one occasion within the writers' experience under such circumstances a trout landed himself high and dry on the shingle where he broke the hold1 and1 continuing his antics1 regained the water4 ,long ere this he must have made room for his descendants1 as agile1 let it be hoped1 as himself4 ,how inordinately fond trout must be of the 8fisherman's curse0--a term which covers1 no doubt1 several varieties of fly--for it will be found to have occurred in the trout's menu with unfailing regularity throughout the summer and autumn4 ,it almost always is the fly which the trout pick off the surface of the water when they rise in the quiet flats the livelong day1 days which1 most anglers will agree1 are usually the most difficult4 ,sometimes something may be done with ,ginger or ,red ,spinners1 wet or dry1 under such conditions1 when imitations of the 8curses10 probably on account of their size1 fail to attract4 ,the ,ginger and ,red ,spinners described have only by degrees worked their way into the inner circle of the writers' flies4 ,experience has proved their usefulness1 for they will often be taken when all else fails4 ,these dry patterns have killed fish under particularly difficult and hopeless conditions2 and their use is recommended with the greatest confidence4 ,such then is a brief outline of the occasions on which the dry fly has been found to be of most use to the ,north ,countryman2 but no hard and fast rules can be made1 for the angler's discernment must play the greater part in regulating his actions1 and the foregoing hints are merely given as some small guide to the beginner4 ,but let all who try the dry fly beware of drag2 it will ruin the chances of the most artistic cast4 ,anyone with designs on dry-fly fishing on ,northern streams may well confine himself to a few of ,mr4 ,halford's patterns1 say the ,olive ,dun1 ,dark ,olive ,dun1 ,iron ,blue ,dun1 and ,black ,gnat1 with the addition of the ,ginger and ,red ,spinners1 ,nos4 #ce and #cf1 the ,red ,quill1 and the ,silver ,sedge1 and a fancy pattern or two1 such as the ,coachman and ,pink ,wickham1 for use on occasions described above4 ,a great debt of gratitude is due to those who introduced the dry fly and developed its use so whole-heartedly1 for there is a charm about dry-fly fishing which is distinctive1 and a fascination that almost defies description in watching a neatly cocked artificial fly approach the rings made by a rising trout4 ,a moment of suspense1 intense excitement1 followed by joy supreme when a timely strike is rewarded by a tightened line4 ,so1 apart from its being an asset in the filling of the creel1 the dry fly increases the pleasures of the gentle craft to a very great extent1 a craft as unique in its scope and variety as it is intriguing in its difficulties4 ,the whole setting of the craft enhances its enchantment and give it a hold upon its followers1 powerful as that of friendship1 converting them into ardent devotees for life4 ,whether one follows its calling in the flower-starred water meadows of the ,south1 or explores the rivers of the 8stone-ribbed ,north10 the peace and beauty of the surroundings1 far from the noisy crowd1 add a charm which every good fisherman knows how to be thankful for4 ,illustration3 ,broken ,water ,photo by ,mr ,f4 ,creedy ,how pleasant is the time of the after-luncheon pipe1 with the dipper curtseying from the stones in mid-stream4 ,may be the desolate call of the curlew floats down from the fells1 and the grey dale village1 with its quaint architecture1 speaks of times long past1 of times when the ,borderers filed down the valley1 perhaps to fall upon a party of ,monks from the rich ,abbey of ,fountains4 ,imagination suggests to the ear the savage shout of exultation of the assailants and the screams of the stricken1 when a widening circle in the stream brings one back to present day realities in a second4 ,such is a part of the angler's day1 which1 lingering in the mind1 inspires him through the long wintry months to look forward to the time when ,god's earth shall be fresh and green again1 and the wild thyme be fragrant on the banks of many a ,north ,country stream4 ,great men and small alike are held by the wonderful fascination of the sport1 which gives such joy1 affords such relaxation to the mind1 and is so free from all taint of brutality4 ,and though the actual angling requires the utmost concentration of mind and thought1 yet after all1 it has truly been described as 8,the ,contemplative ,man's ,recreation40 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,creeper ,,and ,,stone ,,fly ,,fishing4 ,there are not many streams in the ,north that have a distinct rise of ,may ,fly or ,green ,drake1 and for that reason the writers have not given any dressings of that fly1 nor do they propose to devote space to a consideration of ,may ,fly fishing4 ,to make up for the loss of that beautiful ,ephemera there is on most of these rivers the sober-hued ,stone ,fly1 whose season almost coincides with that of the ,may ,fly4 ,the flies are very different4 ,the one1 elegant and dainty1 is to be seen one moment floating with wings upright upon the surface1 then drifting in the breeze1 while the other1 dark coloured and of unprepossessing aspect1 merges from the ,creeper stage only to scuttle under the stones and remain quietly in darkness till nightfall1 making off once more for obscurity if by chance its whereabouts is revealed4 ,the ,stone ,fly has four wings1 which in repose are folded flat over the back4 ,it passes the greater part of its existence in the ,creeper state1 in which it can be found during the latter part of ,april and throughout ,may under the stones in shallow water near the edges of streams4 ,the ,creeper varies in colour from an olive green to a dull dark brown1 strong yellow showing at the junction of the segments of the body4 ,it is of somewhat repulsive appearance1 and measures from half an inch to nearly an inch in length4 ,it has six legs1 two caudal set1 and two antenn4 ,it is often difficult to collect a supply of ,creepers2 not that they are particularly active1 but the disturbance of the water caused by lifting the stones is apt to hide them while they wriggle under other stones4 ,it is stated that if the angler1 wishing to secure a supply1 stands with his back to the current of the river and holds his landing net upright before him with the top of the net resting on the river bed1 and then shuffles his brogues amongst the stones1 the ,creepers displaced by his activity will be washed into the waiting net and a plentiful supply be thus secured4 ,the writers have never been particularly successful in this device1 but that is no reason why others should not try it4 ,the ,creepers obtained are best kept in a tin box1 together with a little damp moss4 ,there is no doubt that the ,creeper forms an important item in the trout's menu in ,spring1 as an autopsy of the day's catch at that time of the year will reveal2 and many is the ,creeper that has been grabbed by a watchful fish as it ventured from out its hiding place1 or that has been torn from beneath the stones by a questing trout4 ,creepers are very plentiful in those ,north ,country rivers which have the typical stony bed1 but the season of the ,creeper being ,april and ,may1 the writers do not often fish it1 nor is ,creeper fishing generally much followed1 as during that time of the year fly fishing is at its very best4 ,still1 if on occasion the reader has found his most carefully dressed flies fail to rise a fish--as they will sometimes even in ,spring--he might do worse than collect a few ,creepers1 as this method of fishing forms a pleasant variant of the fisherman's craft and throws a further light upon the habits and life and whereabouts of the trout4 ,the line should be well greased1 and the cast 7as in fly fishing71 three yards tapered down to finest drawn gut with a form of ,pennell tackle at the end1 having the lower hook a size larger than the upper one 7this latter being size ,no4 #c in the scale before mentioned on page #h74 ,the bend of one hook should be five-eighths of an inch from the bend of the other1 the hooks to be whipped on with olive green silk for preference4 ,the fly rod and line complete the outfit4 ,the end hook of the tackle should be put through the ,creeper almost at the extremity of its tail1 where it is toughest1 and the other hook in the unhappy beast's shoulder1 not the head1 as the head is liable to tear off4 ,the fishing should be done upstream and the ,creeper cast gently1 with an avoidance of jerk4 ,the fly fisherman will soon instinctively feel the amount of power he can put into his casts4 ,the rod point must be raised slowly as the bait trundles down1 so that there is no drag4 ,when the line stops or draws away1 the angler tightens at once2 otherwise the fish may eject the bait4 ,the most productive places in ,creeper fishing are usually the edges of the streams1 but rougher water and the necks of streams will often yield fish2 and all places where trout are known or expected to be should be tried1 particularly about boulders and where a current in the river is contracted into a narrow run4 ,about the last week in ,may the ,creepers will be found to be quitting the water and fastening themselves to the rocks and stones on the river's brim1 to the buttresses of bridges1 and to those rocks which stand out above the water4 ,here it is possible at times to watch the ,stone ,fly emerge through the slit in the back of the ,creeper1 leaving the perfectly-shaped skin rigid behind it1 although in general ,stone ,flies hatch during the night4 ,once the ,fly is hatching in numbers1 the carnival begins1 although very few are to be seen unless they are searched for4 ,an odd fly may be seen occasionally being carried down the stream or paddling across a shallow1 but for the most part the ,stone ,flies lie very close in their hiding places beneath the stones near the water4 ,consequently the ideal conditions for ,stone ,fly fishing are when a fresh of a few inches comes suddenly down the river and washes them out of their hiding places4 ,the large females with the long wings are usually preferred by both fishermen and trout2 the fishermen find them easy to see on the water1 and the trout no doubt find them a satisfying mouthful4 ,the males vary in size1 although they are smaller than the females and have shorter wings2 the smallest males are difficult to see when cast on the water and soon become water-logged2 the larger males are almost as good as the females4 ,the males are called 8,jacks40 ,if males are used1 the hooks of the tackle should be nearer together than the hooks in the tackle usually used in ,stone ,fly fishing4 ,it is not as a rule difficult to collect a supply of ,stone ,flies1 but the males greatly outnumber the females4 ,as they are picked up they can be placed in one of the ,stone ,fly boxes sold for the purpose1 a transparent one for preference4 ,the tackle and rod line and cast for ,stone ,fly fishing are exactly the same as those described for ,creeper fishing1 and the fly should be put on the hooks in the same manner as the ,creeper4 ,the fishing should again be upstream and the ,stone ,fly be cast as in ,creeper fishing2 but1 whereas the ,creeper is fished under the water1 the ,stone ,fly is fished on the surface1 as it loses much of its attractiveness when water-logged4 ,it will stand a fair amount of knocking about1 but jerks should be avoided1 as tending to throw the fly off the hooks4 ,the ,stone ,fly accounts for some large fish1 and sometimes those old warriors that have passed the regular fly-taking stage1 and have become wily and big1 succumb to its charms4 ,therefore it is well to remember that all places which harbour a trout will often yield one under proper conditions2 and1 although the streams fish about as well with ,stone ,fly as with anything else1 it should not be forgotten that trout1 when on the feed1 very often leave the streams for shallow water1 and for any vantage point where the current concentrates all the flotsam and jetsam from yards above into one narrow channel1 and that they love to haunt the neighbourhood of rocks and boulders4 ,the ,stone ,fly will kill many fish which are not strictly on the feed1 but which cannot resist the temptation to make the most of the ,stone ,fly season when a great juicy female fly floats overhead4 ,if the reader bears this fact in mind he will seize the opportunity in the early summer to get the big one which has so often waved a vanishing tail at his flies4 ,the size of the fly is against its being sucked in as easily as the usual artificial1 and it is of advantage to give a moment's grace before striking when a fish rises4 ,never to be forgotten is the disappointment of a too hasty strike one lovely early ,june morning4 ,the angler was out before the sun topped the fell1 and a few brace were already in the creel1 when he reached a perfect eddy at the side of the main stream4 ,the ,stone ,fly was cast secundum artem 7would that the further proceedings had been on the same plane674 ,it had hardly alighted when a big fish came up like a porpoise4 ,alas6 quick as light the eager one tightened without allowing the moment's grace1 down went the fish and played strongly1 facing the current and giving heartrending jars to the line4 ,confidence was beginning to take the place of fear of a light hold1 when up the beauty came1 headed into the stream and came down with all the force of its waters thrown into the scale4 ,he was just opposite the angler when the rod flew up1 and that sorrowful angler saw no more of what would undoubtedly have been his big fish of the season4 ,the charm of ,stone ,fly fishing is truly enhanced by the season of its use4 ,what could be finer than the river side in the latter days of ,may and early ,june2 and a turn before breakfast at that time of the year is a delight to be remembered the winter through4 ,besides1 a good creel when fish are not so terribly difficult to kill is like all success honestly come by1 a delight to the heart and a pleasure to one's friends4 ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,upstream ,,worm ,,fishing4 ,no book devoted to the subject of the fishing of ,north ,country rivers would be complete without a chapter on worm fishing4 ,this branch of the sport1 has during recent years become more and more popular in the ,northern ,counties1 as worm fishing1 under the conditions mentioned later1 undoubtedly deserves to be classed as an art alongside of the highest forms of fly fishing4 ,indeed1 in its difficulties it exceeds fly fishing1 both wet and dry4 ,there remains1 however1 still a certain amount of prejudice against worm fishing among fly fishermen1 who continue to look upon it as unsporting and therefore beneath the notice of a self-respecting fisherman4 ,but the prejudice of these men is probably largely due to their misconception of the term4 ,for while trout can mostly be caught by any in a fresh with very elementary tackle1 it takes an observant and persevering man to make a basket under conditions suitable for sporting upstream worming4 ,the use of the worm during the first few months of the season cannot be defended1 whether the river be low and clear1 or running strong with the ,spring freshets2 for seldom a day passes at that time of the year without a rise at some part of it during which trout will take a fly1 and1 while that is the case1 what true disciple of ,walton would use any other lure8 ,the season therefore when the worm can fairly be used is restricted to the time of low clear waters during the hottest part of the summer1 when the trout have ceased to rise freely to the fly in the day-time1 a period of some eight or ten weeks1 beginning about the #ajth of ,june4 ,the ,stone ,fly is usually over by that date4 ,any antipathy to worm fishing under those conditions in our ,north ,country ,rivers is difficult to understand1 for it provides a most sporting variety of fishing during the blazing days of summer when the fly is hopeless4 ,and unless a man is prepared to work hard in the blistering sun1 unless he has a good knowledge of the habits of trout1 and is able to show a fair amount of skill1 both in approaching his fish and in throwing the worm1 his basket will be a light one4 ,many are the days during the latter part of ,june and the month of ,july when the man who fishes fly only will return home with but an odd fish or so to show for his day's outing4 ,that may satisfy the gentleman of leisure1 but to those who can devote to their favourite pastime only such days--often few and far between--as can be snatched from business1 the killing of a few brace will appeal strongly4 ,to them in particular this chapter is addressed in the hope that some of those who1 through prejudice1 use fly only will reserve judgment1 and1 having read so far1 may be sufficiently interested to read to the end of the chapter1 and maybe to put into practice those hints which are here offered on one of the most delightful branches of trout fishing4 ,a day with the upstream worm always gives to the writers the utmost pleasure and satisfaction4 ,each cast is as full of interest as a cast made with the wet fly2 and from the moment the worm touches the water to the moment it is withdrawn1 the excitement rivals that conjured up by the approach of a dry fly to the spot whence recently emanated the rings made by a rising trout4 ,then again1 the skill necessary to throw a worm without flicking it off the hooks1 and to drop it exactly where required with the least possible disturbance1 is of no mean order4 ,that is not all1 however2 conditions vary1 and all rivers from day to day present new problems4 ,unless therefore the angler is able to adapt himself to varying conditions1 the most precise and delicate casting is of little avail4 ,to divine instinctively where the trout lie is the great secret of success2 and it is the application of that knowledge that marks the expert in this branch of angling4 ,to put the matter in a nutshell1 an adept in upstream worm fishing combines delicate and accurate casting1 unsurpassed even by the dry-fly man1 with an intimate knowledge of the habits of trout4 ,this can only be gained by keen and careful observation4 ,neither wet-fly nor dry-fly fishing requires quite such a wide experience with regard to the habits of trout1 and for that reason upstream worm fishing is to be classed as an art in itself4 ,the knowledge gained of the habitat of the trout by clear water worming is a valuable asset to the wet-fly fisher and may often be turned to good account on one of those days when the hatch of fly is meagre and rising fish are few4 ,is not this latter reason alone sufficient recommendation to induce every fly fisher to take up this branch of the art8 ,if the reader thinks so1 perhaps the few following hints on tackle and procedure may serve as some guide1 particularly if he be a novice and about to make his initial effort4 ,the rod is1 of course1 of primary importance4 ,many writers recommend one of #ab ft4 in length2 and ,stewart1 who has always held the reputation of being one of the finest exponents of upstream worming of his day1 recommends the use of a rod even longer than that4 ,no doubt a long rod has the advantage of enabling the wielder to keep out of sight readily1 but the writers seldom use any other than a #aj ft4 fly rod1 simply because they frequently find it advisable to change from worm to fly and vice vers4 ,the reel and line should be the same as that used for fly fishing1 and also the cast 7as in fly fishing71 a tapered one of three yards1 the last yard being of finest drawn gut4 ,then comes the worm tackle4 ,with regard to this there is a choice of three different varieties1 each having its own advantages1 and it is for the reader to use that with which he best succeeds4 ,first there is the single-hook tackle1 in which the worm is threaded over the shank of the hook1 and is kept from slipping down by a crank at the top4 ,the advantages of this tackle are that most of the hook is hidden1 being buried in the worm1 and1 the hook being fairly large1 a good hold is got upon a fish when hooked4 ,second comes the two-hook or ,pennell tackle4 ,in this case two small hooks are used1 one being whipped on to the gut an inch above the other4 ,the upper hook is put through the worm a quarter to half an inch below the head1 the worm is then twisted once round the tackle between the hooks1 and the lower hook is put through the lower end of the body4 ,this is a very good form of tackle1 and is the one preferred by the writers1 as the worm lives longer on it than when threaded on a single hook1 is livelier and has a more natural appearance in the water4 ,the hooks should be size ,no4 #c in the scale before mentioned on page #h4 ,third comes the ,stewart tackle1 which is the same in form as the ,pennell1 except that it has three hooks one above the other1 instead of two4 ,this is a tackle the writers have very seldom used1 and they are therefore1 perhaps1 hardly competent to speak of its merits4 ,their experience1 however1 leads them to think that the three hooks cannot be sufficiently well concealed by the small worms which it is imperative to use in low clear waters1 and that therefore the trout have a better opportunity of detecting the deception4 ,the next point in the outfit is waders1 and these are absolutely essential if the best is to be got out of upstream worming4 ,the fish must be approached from almost directly behind1 which is impossible in most cases if the fishing is done from the bank4 ,lastly1 the angler should always carry a few small leads or sinkers which can be easily put on and easily removed4 ,split shot in various sizes1 hammered flat1 will do quite well4 ,they will not often be required1 but it is always as well to have them handy for the odd places where their use is necessary1 which are described later4 ,and now a word as to worms4 8,maiden dews10 so often advertised1 are not the best for the purpose1 but those known as 8,pinktails0 are the real thing2 they should be small1 say #b inches in length1 and of a pale pink colour4 ,they should1 of course1 be well scoured1 and they can be carried in moss in a bag hung round the neck4 ,with regard to throwing the worm1 the two aims never to be lost sight of are accuracy and delicacy1 and this combination can only be attained by constant practice4 ,the man who can cast a fly will soon get the knack of putting the worm where he wishes1 if he remembers that1 when throwing the worm1 the action is slower and more of a swing than in casting a fly1 and that the rod point should be brought rather nearer the water at the finish of the cast4 ,in addition to this1 the arm should be pushed forward just as the worm is about a foot from the mark1 in order to obviate any recoil and ensure that there shall be little disturbance of the surface as the worm drops into the water4 ,the greatest trouble of the novice is the frequency with which he flicks the worm off the hooks1 particularly if the day's supply has not been well scoured4 ,to master this trouble all jerks must be avoided1 both when withdrawing the worm from the water and also when the cast is extended behind4 ,as before stated1 the movement should be more of a swing than in fly casting1 with just sufficient power to extend the line behind and the same in front2 there will then be few lost or broken worms4 ,the next and1 without doubt1 the most essential point for consideration is where to fish4 ,imagine a bright day towards the end of ,june on the banks of a typical ,north ,country river4 ,the gate just passed through brings one to the tail end of a rapid stream some fifty yards in length1 broken here and there by boulders1 some submerged and others just showing their dark mossy heads above the surface of the water4 ,at the head of the stream there is a line of submerged stepping stones which no doubt many years ago1 before the bed of the river changed1 served a useful purpose4 ,this stretch of river from bank to bank is nowhere more than two feet deep1 except in the middle a few yards below the stepping stones1 where the current is strongest and where it has dug out a deeper channel4 ,the beginner looking at this stream immediately notices the darker tone of water denoting the deeper channel and concludes that1 of all places in the reach1 that is the most likely to hold a good fish4 ,let him not be misled2 the deeper channel holds many good fish1 but of all parts of the stream1 that channel is the least likely place from which to basket one4 ,illustration3 ,the ,head of the ,dale ,photo by ,n4 ,n4 ,lee ,often have the writers seen men enter this stream1 and wade straight out to the deeper water1 unwittingly driving scores of trout in consternation before them4 ,they fish the deeper rush of water1 are rather surprised that it does not yield a fish1 and then move up the river to the next stream1 splashing right through the best water as they go4 ,these men1 more often than not1 return home with a creel lighter than it was before they ate their mid-day meal2 and1 besides doing nothing themselves1 they make it absolutely impossible for another following on1 to fish the stream with any chance of success within half-an-hour of their having disturbed it4 ,the way in which a friend1 an adept at clear-water worming1 would approach and fish this stream is very different4 ,here is a description of his method4 ,he enters the reach at the very tail end1 where1 at the edge1 the water ripples along some two or three inches deep4 ,the manner of his beginning may be compared to an otter's in the quietness with which he enters the river2 there is no splash or disturbance1 and1 more probably than not1 he will stoop to avoid being seen4 ,he will make the first cast straight upstream1 the worm entering the water twenty-five or thirty feet in front of him1 but only some six to twelve inches from the bank4 ,many beginners have laughed at the idea of a fish being caught in such a place1 but let the unbelievers walk on a bright summer's day along the bank of a trout stream1 and what do they see8 ,innumerable fish darting away from the edges of the river1 scared at their approach4 ,it is for these very fish that our expert intends to try1 when he makes his cast at the extreme edge of the river4 ,directly the worm reaches the water1 it begins to travel naturally and without drag towards the angler1 who slowly raises the point of his rod1 keeping in touch with the worm so that a twist of the wrist will immediately drive the hook home if a fish takes hold4 ,he is careful to avoid drag1 which is fatal1 and is usually caused by the too rapid raising of the rod point4 ,without moving his position he makes another cast1 only this time slightly more across the stream1 then another and another1 each being further from the bank4 ,he now wades gently a yard further upstream4 ,in front of him1 and just within casting distance1 he notices an obstacle which causes a tiny eddy4 ,the object is little more than a good-sized tuft of grass jutting out from the bank1 but even that so alters the flow of the water1 as to form a likely feeding place for a fish4 ,the cast is carefully made and the worm falls into the water as though it had crawled to the edge of the grass and dropped in4 ,almost as soon as the worm has touched the water the current carries it gently1 and quite naturally1 into the eddy4 ,the line stops1 our friend withholds his hand1 and it is not until the line moves slightly towards the main stream that he gives a turn of the wrist1 driving the hook home into a nice half-pound fish4 ,for a moment it splashes dangerously in the shallow water before making off for the deeper stream4 ,the hook1 however1 is well home and the captive is quickly brought down and drawn over the submerged net4 8,well60 says an uninitiated onlooker1 8who would have thought that a fish would have been so near the edge1 and in such shallow water too80 ,the more you fish the upstream worm1 the greater will be your astonishment at the number and the size of trout caught in such places4 ,having basketed his fish1 the angler rebaits his tackle1 and then gently moves a yard further upstream1 repeating his systematic casting4 ,in this manner he stalks his quarry up the one side to the head of the stream4 ,yes1 8stalk0 is the word which most adequately describes this man's methods1 as he takes the greatest pains to avoid being seen4 ,it is work1 and hard work too1 on a blazing hot day2 but it pays1 and it is only necessary to see the expert's basket at the end of it to be convinced4 ,there is always a good dish of fish1 and1 as often as not1 a very large fish to top off with4 ,the stepping stones having been reached1 our friend leaves the water4 ,keeping well away from the edge he returns to the tail of the stream and wades some eight yards across4 ,his first cast is made upstream and slightly towards the bank he has just left1 the next one more directly in front1 the next inclined towards the opposite side1 and so on until he is casting more and more towards the far bank4 ,yard by yard the stream is covered in this manner1 as the angler works upwards until two or three boulders are within casting distance1 one showing distinctly above the surface of the water1 while the others are detected only by the broken surface of the stream4 ,this is another very likely place1 but our friend prefers the edges of the stream and thinner water to such places1 although the latter are often good for two or three fish4 ,the first cast is made towards the near bank1 but without result4 ,the second also fails to entice a fish1 although the worm was dropped just by the side of one of the submerged boulders4 ,at the third cast1 however1 which was made to the other side of the same boulder1 a fish fastens and is brought to net4 ,the golden gleam of another trout is seen as he is turned over1 but missed1 behind one of the other rocks4 ,then at the succeeding cast the worm enters the water about a foot beyond the rock which lifts above the surface of the stream4 ,the sharp water running round the side of a boulder forms a favourite feeding place for a fish2 a trout occupying such a position usually lies with his head slightly in advance of the rock4 ,the worm has just time to sink before it is picked up by the stream and carried rapidly down the run4 ,a fish turns and darts after it4 ,he seizes his prey as it sweeps almost past the rock1 the steel is gently driven home1 and another fish duly joins his brethren in the creel4 ,the whole of the stream is worked in the foregoing manner1 the far edge of the river being treated in the same way as the side on which a beginning was made1 and great care is taken that a tell-tale wave does not precede the angler4 ,at the far side1 immediately below the stepping-stones1 and lying slightly across stream1 is the submerged trunk of an old tree which lodged there years ago1 no doubt washed down and left by some winter flood4 ,the position of this tree trunk1 resisting the force of the current1 causes a sharp stream to flow parallel to it4 ,in this run a good fish will always be found1 lying ready to seize whatever of his fancy the stream may carry to him4 ,a cast is made1 the worm gently dropping into the water some two or three inches from the side of the log4 ,the rod point is slowly raised1 our expert being most particular not to do this too quickly1 and cause a drag on the worm4 ,this necessity for avoidance of drag is a point to be reiterated and insisted on as strongly in this branch of the art as in fly fishing1 as one is often inclined to think a stream is running quicker than is actually the case1 and an unnatural drag will cause many a good fish to turn away1 that would otherwise have taken the lure4 ,the worm has hardly travelled more than half its course1 when the line stops4 ,as it moves away a gentle strike is rewarded by a tightened line1 and another lusty trout is battling for dear life4 ,upstream he goes for a few yards1 then flings himself into the air1 but a lowered rod point defeats the manuvre1 and control of the captive is regained as he re-enters the water4 ,the split cane soon tells on his strength1 and quietly he is coaxed down stream to the net1 but instead of floating in he merges indistinct into the shadowy water1 and an upflying rod tells of a light hold and the loss of a stout-hearted fish4 ,leaving this stream1 and incidentally the friend whose methods have been studied1 let the reader give his company up the river to the next stream2 and1 to realize how failure may be caused by wrong approach1 let him listen to an incident which happened to one of the writers in his early days of upstream worming4 ,but first the stream must be described4 ,a long deep pool 7or dub1 as it is called on the ,eden7 breaks away in a short characterless rapid1 narrowing towards the tail and then rushing under willow trees which hang right out over the river from the right bank4 ,the strong stream has dug out a deep channel under these willows1 while the left or near bank is a bed of fine gravel gradually sloping into the deeper water at the far side4 ,this deep channel holds many good fish1 but they are quite unassailable so long as they remain well under the willows4 ,now for the incident4 ,the day was blazing hot1 the month ,july1 and the river low and clear when the writer in question first essayed to fish it with the worm4 ,entering the water at the tail of the stream1 he waded out as near as possible to the willows1 which1 as described1 were on his left4 ,casting straight up in front of him he cherished the idea that the stream would carry the worm under the willows to the place where1 it was hoped1 the best fish would lie feeding4 ,so far1 so good4 ,in this manner he worked to the top of the stream without a touch1 when a final throw was made1 pitching the worm into the water just where it rushed hardest under the willows4 ,almost before the worm touched the water1 the dark form of a large fish1 some three or four pounds in weight1 shot from the shallows on his right1 to his holt in the deeps under the willows4 ,this fish had been lying in the very thin water at the tail end of the rapids1 no doubt seizing every morsel that came within reach1 but ever ready to dart into his stronghold on the least sign of danger4 ,on the two following days the same thing happened1 when it occurred to that youthful angler that his approach had been all wrong1 and that if he had worked the thin water first1 leaving the deeper channel until the last1 success might have attended his efforts4 ,but reflection had come too late2 he had to leave1 and he never saw the fish again4 ,there is another moral to the incident2 although a deep inaccessible pool may be the stronghold of the largest trout1 they will1 during the hot summer months1 frequently come to the thin edges of the stream to feed4 ,another personal experience will perhaps serve to illustrate other possibilities4 ,towards the end of ,june1 after seven weeks' drought1 the writers went to the upper reaches of a ,north ,country river1 where1 thanks to the generosity of the proprietor1 they were permitted to have a few days' fishing4 ,owing to the long spell of dry weather the river1 which at the best of times is there little better than a good sized beck1 had shrunk to a mere trickle with deep pools here and there4 ,the whole bed of the river was thickly coated with a green slimy growth4 ,local opinion had it that fishing was waste of time until a good flood came to clean the bed of the river4 ,enthusiasm prevailed1 however1 as it was the first opportunity one of the party had of fishing this stretch1 and the chance was not one to be missed1 even though the prospects held out no great hope of success4 ,up to about noon on the first day he who was strange to the water had never a fish to show for his efforts1 although the trout were there and plentiful4 ,what with the oppressive heat and persistent failure1 much of the keenness of early morning had worn off1 and it was with a feeling akin to relief that the angler unslung his creel and threw himself on to the bank where he might enjoy a cigarette under the cool shade of the trees4 ,as the wreaths of smoke curled upwards1 the unsuccessful one1 with his back propped against the trunk of a tree1 began to survey the stretch of river above him4 ,both banks were bordered by trees and clumps of willows for a distance of some two hundred yards4 ,the water was nowhere more than two feet deep and so slight was the current that it was almost imperceptible4 ,not a ripple broke the surface of the stretch from end to end4 ,it was like the proverbial 8sheet of glass10 and1 had it but been able to reflect the expression on the angler's face1 nothing but disappointment would have been revealed4 ,at length he jumped up with the intention of exploring the higher regions of the river and as he did so several fish1 scared at his proximity1 darted from the edge4 ,those trout decided the course of action1 and1 although the reach was to all appearances hopeless1 the angler determined to try for some of the fish that were lying at the very edges1 apparently basking in the sun4 ,wading a stretch of water such as this1 was most difficult1 necessitating the utmost caution and slow approach1 if the tell-tale wave were to be avoided4 ,for obvious reasons it was essential that the angler should keep as close in to the willows on his side of the river as possible1 and cast as long a line as he could control4 ,every time the worm was allowed to sink to the bottom1 it was fouled with the vegetable growth on the stones4 ,this happened almost every cast1 and just as the angler was beginning to think that nobody but a fool would ever try to fish such a place1 he came within casting distance of a narrow opening between the willows4 ,throwing carefully round the trees1 the worm was landed within a few inches of the bank4 ,there was a wave such as a trout makes when darting from the edge1 and for the fraction of a second he thought that the slight disturbance caused by the worm dropping into the water had scared the fish4 ,but no6 the line quivered1 then moved slightly1 and1 in response to a well-timed strike1 the rod bent to the fight of a good half-pounder1 which gave that thrill of satisfaction which is only felt when a difficult situation has been overcome4 ,that stretch of water yielded1 within an hour or so1 eight fish1 which later proved to be above the average size for that part of the river4 ,the experience has been of the greatest value4 ,many times since then1 when fish would not take well in the stream1 has a blank been saved by attacking a stretch of water of this nature in this way4 ,one thing leads to another1 and perhaps a further use to which the knowledge gained on that occasion has been put is worth recording4 ,in common with many others1 who can only go a-fishing at such times as business permits1 the writers frequently wield the rod on most unpropitious days4 ,even in ,july they sometimes find on reaching the river that half a gale of wind is blowing dead down stream4 ,an hour's battling against the elements1 trying in vain to get the worm well up in front1 is as a rule enough for anyone4 ,even if the worm lands occasionally where it is wanted1 the wind will catch the line and cause a most unnatural drag1 and ruin all chance of enticing a fish4 ,those were the prevailing conditions on the first opportunity that offered of making use of the experience just narrated4 ,leaving an ideal stream1 which on this particular day was absolutely unsheltered from a strong downstream wind1 the writers walked upstream1 but had not gone far when one of them noticed1 in contrast with the wind-beaten surface of the water1 an unruffled place between two large trees which overhung the bank4 ,the water here was wadable1 the current almost non-existent1 and within the shelter of the trees it was not difficult to make a neat cast4 ,the worm had scarcely touched the water when1 from under the cover of the overhanging boughs1 came a nice plump well-fed fish1 and in full view of the angler appropriated the worm in the most unsuspicious manner4 ,enough1 the angler walked on trying behind every bush1 whether the river at that particular place was streamy or otherwise2 and since then1 the writers have often had the laugh of a heavy downstream wind4 ,now by the foregoing it is not desired to suggest1 that it is wise1 whenever an almost streamless stretch of water is reached1 to fish it1 as the process is slow and takes up much time1 which might probably be used to better advantage in the streams and thin water2 but1 as a stand-by1 when conditions are against the angler and the trout not keen1 it is always well to try such places4 ,another favourite feeding ground1 where innumerable trout always congregate1 is the very tail end of a pool1 just before it breaks away into the stream below4 ,the water in such a place forms a glassy glide1 in fishing which the novice will find his path to success beset with difficulties1 particularly if the banks of the river afford no cover4 ,the greatest circumspection in approach1 and more than ordinary delicacy in casting1 are two essentials which will go far towards the mastery of this situation2 but there is again the difficulty of an unnatural drag to be overcome4 ,to obviate this trouble entirely in such a place1 is almost impossible1 but much may be done to attain the desired end by fishing with a short line and letting as little of it touch the water as possible4 ,reaches of this character1 however1 will always fish best when the angler has the wind behind him1 and under those conditions should never be neglected1 as among the trout which haunt such places will frequently be found the largest that the river produces4 ,let it be understood1 however1 that the remarks in the foregoing paragraph apply principally to large pools extending almost the whole way across a river2 but at the same time1 it must not be thought that the tail end of a small pool is useless2 on the contrary1 such places will often yield a trout1 and they are easier to fish than the larger glides4 ,mention of the uses for the sinkers suggested in the outfit has been purposely left until almost the last1 as in clear-water worming the part they play is a very small one4 ,when on an open stretch of water trouble is experienced in casting against a wind1 after having first tried in vain to overcome the difficulty by reducing the length of the casting line1 then1 as a last resource1 pinch on to the cast a small lead eighteen inches above the hooks4 ,this will materially assist in getting out the line1 and at the same time the lead will help to reduce the drag on the line which the wind will be certain to cause4 ,further use for sinkers will be found when fishing rapid rivers where many channels of very swift flowing water are frequently met with4 ,outside these occasions1 however1 leads will be found of little value and their use should be exceptional in upstream worming4 ,without wishing to enlarge further on this almost inexhaustible subject1 there is one other point of some importance which should be mentioned and that is a method by which any difficulty experienced in detecting when the worm has been seized may be overcome4 ,many beginners1 particularly if their eyesight is not of the best1 find this a great source of trouble4 ,let them grease the reel line well before a start is made4 ,it will then float1 and any check upon it will be noticed immediately4 ,if even that does not get over the difficulty1 let them tie on a small piece of light-coloured wool where the cast and line join 7the wool can often be obtained from the fences at the stream side where sheep have rubbed71 form the wool into a tiny ball and soak it with oil such as is carried by the dry-fly man4 ,when this ball gets water-logged all that is necessary is to squeeze it between finger and thumb and occasionally re-oil it4 ,it will be found to float splendidly1 and by following the golfer's first maxim1 8,keep your eye on the ball10 few bites will pass unobserved4 ,let it be hoped that those who have read to the end of this chapter and feel any inclination to give clear-water worming a trial will get from that branch of the sport as much pleasure and satisfaction as the writers have enjoyed1 during those days in summer which come1 alas1 all too seldom4 ,days which open with the incomparable freshness of a ,june morning1 continue with the brightest of skies1 with songs of birds1 and murmuring streams1 and close with the landscape wrapped in shadows4 ,the while great beetles drone by1 and moths1 white and brown1 flutter out of the grasses under foot1 when it requires an effort to leave such a wonderful world1 and to re-enter the dwellings of man4 ,,chapter ,v4 ,,minnow ,,fishing4 ,minnow fishing1 although barred on many streams1 has much to be said for it1 if it be practised judiciously and at certain times of the year1 as it accounts for many of the larger fish whose cannibal habits have grown in proportion to their years1 and whose demise can in no way be regretted4 ,it may1 therefore1 fairly be said that the majority of ,northern rivers are benefited by a limited use of the minnow4 ,but its use must be limited1 for it does a stream a great deal of harm1 if1 from one end of the season to the other1 it is daily raked with minnows1 natural and artificial1 of all shapes and sizes4 ,besides1 the practice is unfair to those who wish to fish the fly1 as trout are usually put down for some considerable time after a minnow has been spun over them4 ,it is1 moreover1 a mystery why any man should wish to fish the minnow during the early part of the year when trout rise readily to the fly4 ,spinning should therefore be restricted to times of flood1 as hereafter described1 and to the latter part of the season1 excepting ,september4 ,when fish begin to come somewhat shyly at the worm during ,july and ,august--fished in the method previously described--they are frequently in the right mood for a minnow4 ,at such times the waters are usually low and clear2 it therefore requires considerable dexterity to achieve success1 and there is no doubt that the minnow1 fished under such conditions1 is a sporting method of angling2 although it is a greater pleasure to land a pound trout on a #jj hook than to kill a two pounder on the heavier tackle required for minnow fishing4 ,with the evolution of the casting reel--its yearly improvements and new inventions1 all in aid of long distance casting--there is reason to think that minnow fishing has been popularized at the expense of the skill shown by the old-fashioned school1 which1 using a short line and possessed of a good knowledge of the habits of its quarry1 lured many an old cannibal from under the tree roots1 from behind some boulder1 or from the depths of an eddy1 old villains that had battened for years upon the young stock of the river4 ,one sees now1 not without regrets1 little of the old manner of fishing the minnow1 but far more of the method in which the minnow is thrown as far as possible across stream1 and then worked back to the angler with very little idea of its being properly presented4 ,the modern method appears to require but little skill1 knowledge or ingenuity1 and it is by a long way the nearest approach to 8chuck and chance it0 of any of the methods of fishing described4 ,the long-distance casting reel has its uses1 but in minnow fishing1 as in all other branches of angling1 the man must adapt himself to circumstances1 and if he does so he will find that it is not always necessary to throw a long way4 ,out of all the reels on the market it would be presumptuous to say that such and such a reel is best4 ,each has its advocates1 and while one man will swear by a certain make1 the next may swear at it4 ,the rod should be short1 #h ft4 #f ins4 or #i feet1 and fairly stiff1 though not too stiff4 ,if a preference may be expressed1 it is for a rod that just gives slightly as a minnow is drawn across the current1 and for light spinning the split-cane fly rod frequently serves very well4 ,the line to use with the majority of reels is made of fine waterproof silk1 as it does not kink so readily as an undressed one1 but there are certain reels on the market with which it is an absolute necessity to use undressed lines1 and for many it is claimed that their mechanism can be so adjusted as to do away entirely with kinking4 ,out of the many varieties of mount for the natural minnow there is none so popular in the ,north 7and deservedly so7 as the 8,ariel40 ,it is easily baited2 the lead 7which can be had in various weights7 is pushed into the body of the bait1 the bottom hook is put through the back just above the tail1 and the gut is then drawn tight until a slight bend is imparted to the minnow2 the other hooks are then put into either side so as to hold the bait in position4 ,there is one point of importance which must be carefully watched in baiting the tackle4 ,the fore part of the minnow must be perfectly straight2 if this is not so and there is a curve in that part of the body1 instead of spinning cleanly1 the minnow will come towards the angler with an intoxicated wobble1 which is fatal to good results4 ,the variety of artificial minnows offered to fishermen is truly bewildering1 and life is far too short for the writers to have tested even a tithe of them2 but there is one which has invariably proved a killer in a coloured water1 and that is the 8,devon40 ,it is sold in all sizes from one inch upwards and in a variety of colours4 ,the virtues of this minnow lie1 in all probability1 in its particularly brilliant spin1 and it is the writers' practice always to have two or three sizes handy1 in gold1 brown and blue4 ,to them it is a proven fact that the artificial is never so good as the natural2 for a trout if he once runs at an artificial1 but is not hooked1 will seldom come again4 ,whereas with a natural minnow1 once the trout has tasted blood1 he often cannot resist the temptation to have a second go1 unless he has been badly scratched2 and in some instances1 he will come again and again until finally hooked4 ,there are1 however1 times when natural minnows seem more difficult to get than trout2 and for a clear water on such occasions1 a light ,phantom1 or one of the many excellent reproductions of the minnow sold by fishing tackle houses can be used4 ,the trace should be from three to five feet in length1 the former being long enough for a coloured water1 and the latter short enough for the clearest conditions4 ,it should1 for average use1 be of finest undrawn gut1 though when using very small minnows in a low clear water1 a much finer quality is to be recommended4 ,to obviate kinking of the cast and line1 and to get a nice free spin1 it is1 of course1 necessary to use swivels on the trace4 ,of these the angler should always carry a supply of various sizes1 and at least two should be put on to the cast4 ,the writers' practice is more often than not to use three1 increasing slightly in size as the distance from the minnow increases4 ,and in preference to the use of lead on the trace1 they are always for having it concealed in the body of the minnow whenever possible4 ,the most silvery natural minnows are undoubtedly the best4 ,they should be from an inch and a quarter to two inches in length1 and they are perhaps better used fresh than in any other condition4 ,if they are put into a bottle three parts full of water1 corked1 and carried in the pocket1 they may be kept alive the whole day1 if the water be changed occasionally4 ,if the angler is anxious to keep the weight of his impedimenta down to a minimum1 salted minnows take up far less room than live ones and are naturally much lighter1 and it is doubtful whether they are appreciably inferior to fresh ones4 ,but preserved minnows1 which have been kept in a solution of formalin1 are certainly not so good as fresh or salted ones1 as trout never seem to want to try a second bite1 when they have been missed the first time4 ,minnow fishing as practised in a coloured water is comparatively easy1 and does not call for any great amount of dexterity4 ,that branch of the sport1 therefore1 may be dealt with first1 with the prefatory remark that the minnow at such times should be used judiciously and sparingly and with a view to removing the cannibals from the river4 ,when a fresh is running1 the minnow is used to best advantage when the river begins to rise and again as it subsides1 that is when it wears the complexion known as 8porter colour40 ,if on such occasions the angler sees an odd fish or two rise in some eddy or back wash1 he may count the risers his if he spins with any skill at all4 ,illustration3 ,a ,brook in ,spring ,photo by ,n4 ,n4 ,lee ,if the angler knows of the stronghold of some monster trout grown ugly and big on a diet of trout1 minnows and bottom food1 let him hasten thither with all speed if a fresh comes down the river1 and fish very carefully round the ancient's precincts1 as in all probability he will come from out his keep to seek for food round the edges of the stream1 and to seize any fry which he sees carried down by1 and struggling against1 the rush of the water4 ,to fish a coloured water1 the angler must throw his minnow well across stream and then bring it round to his own side in a series of short pulls1 occasionally1 where the current is strongest1 allowing the force of water to carry it a foot or two down stream1 imitating more or less what one would imagine the actions of some small fish would be that had got into heavy water4 ,and as trout will often follow a minnow from one side of the river to the other before taking it1 and as in flood time they are to be found under the banks very close to the edge1 it is imperative that the angler should not lift the minnow out of the water until he has worked it well up under the bank on which he stands1 and thoroughly searched the edges4 ,it is impossible to lay too much stress on this point1 as it will be found that almost eight fish out of ten take the minnow close to the edge1 just as they become afraid that they may lose their prey4 ,all slack waters1 eddies and places out of the rush of heavy water1 where trout seek shelter in time of flood1 should be fished2 and1 if it be possible to cast the minnow upstream and to work it down1 the reward will be greater than that gained by the man who will not take the trouble to fish as recommended4 ,the next point to consider is the strike1 and it is in minnow fishing that the angler's self-control will be most highly taxed4 ,as soon as he feels a trout touch the minnow1 he will be tempted to strike--the novice will probably give a startled jerk and ruin his chances--but not until a trout has got a good hold on the minnow should any strike be given2 and then it should be more of a firm steady strain than what is generally known as a 8strike40 ,minnow fishing in a clear water is very much more artistic1 and at the same time more difficult1 than the methods previously described1 for it calls for precise and delicate casting1 and requires an intimate knowledge of the habits of trout4 ,in the blazing days of late summer it is very exhilarating to fish the minnow up some small clear tributary stream or brook1 at the most only a few yards wide2 and to do so successfully requires consummate skill4 ,in fishing waters of this description it is imperative that the minnow be thrown directly upstream and then rapidly spun down4 ,this latter point must be attended to1 otherwise the minnow coming down more or less with the current1 will not spin4 ,the main stream1 places under banks1 about submerged tree roots1 and behind boulders1 and the heads of rapid streams1 should all be carefully searched1 and when the angler observes a trout rush from its place of concealment at his minnow1 he must keep a firm hold upon his nerves and simply continue steadily to spin without himself otherwise moving4 ,a trout bent upon the capture of a minnow becomes very unwary and will frequently follow his prey almost to the feet of the angler1 and1 if the angler remains as still as his spinning will allow1 will often seize the bait at the last moment4 ,it is very necessary therefore to fish a cast right out4 ,it is also wise in the main to adapt the size of the minnow1 be it natural or artificial1 to the size of the water to be fished2 and it should always be remembered that a minnow is better too small than too large4 ,when fishing small tributary waters1 or even thin water on the main river1 the weight of the lead or sinker may be materially reduced1 and a small minnow should be used4 ,when fishing the main river under low clear water conditions1 upstream methods must be rigidly adhered to1 and the beginner may here be warned1 above all things1 not to get into that mechanical method of fishing the minnow now so prevalent1 which is satisfied with long casts across the river and recovery of line without any definite object in view1 except to get the minnow from one side to the other4 ,if a boulder resists the onward flow of the current near the far bank1 throw the minnow so that it drops gently into the water a foot or more above the boulder2 then spin down past it4 ,if nothing happens then1 try the other side of the rock4 ,should the water undermine the far bank1 drop the minnow in at the top of the run and spin down it2 in fact try every place1 including the thinnest of water1 that could contain a fish1 and use all the knowledge and intelligence you have2 for you will need it all1 if you are to get any success in low clear water4 ,when a reach of quiet steady-flowing water is ruffled by a wind1 it will often yield good results to a minnow carefully fished4 ,the edges should be thoroughly worked and the angler should never fail to spin his minnow alongside all patches of weed1 as in such places minnows frequently congregate1 and a feeding trout knows where to find them4 ,another type of spinning is afforded by a long reach of rapid water that is broken up all over by boulders of every possible shape and size4 ,in such water the trout will not follow the minnow far2 they will either seize their prey as it passes them1 or turn round and make a sudden rush at it before it can get many inches below4 ,therefore it is best to fish the minnow here with a short line and to spin the bait briskly down past each boulder4 ,for such water the longer fly rod will be found to be the better weapon4 ,the minnow is also sometimes useful when a gale of wind in the middle of summer puts fly fishing out of the question4 ,to be able to command success with the minnow1 either in clear water or in brooks1 is an accomplishment worth striving for4 ,it is a sport that gives the fisherman excitement in plenty1 as the whole actions of the trout are seen from beginning to end4 ,and it is impossible to describe adequately the fascination which holds the angler whose eyes are riveted upon a fish rushing down upon his minnow1 nor to tell the difficulty of refraining from incontinently snatching away the minnow from a fish in the act of seizing it4 ,although minnow fishing has many attractions1 when followed in times of bright skies and low waters1 it is perhaps more open to abuse than any other of the fair methods of angling4 ,for not only does the indiscriminate use of the minnow1 especially with the long-distance casting reel in the hands of a persevering man--not necessarily a very skilful one--work havoc amongst the fish1 but it spoils the sport of others1 as a spun minnow usually puts fish down for some considerable time4 ,therefore1 in ,club waters particularly1 a man should be careful and circumspect in the use of the minnow4 ,for while its judicious use will do good in removing fish that can well be done without1 and will sometimes provide a dish of trout when the fly is at a discount during the heat of the day1 say1 in ,august1 its use out of season will call down many hard words4 ,and while it is possible for one to work rapidly downstream1 raking the whole river across and across and thus spoil the sport of all others on the water1 a sportsman will choose his reach1 fish it quietly upstream1 and leave his brethren of the fly in peace and undisturbed enjoyment4 ,,index4 ,across stream fly fishing1 #ci ,ant1 ,dressing for1 #bi ,ant1 ,season for1 #ad ,ariel ,tackle1 #id ,artificial ,flies1 ,see ,flies ,august ,dun1 ,dressing for1 #bh ,august ,dun1 ,season for1 #ad ,autopsy1 #cd1 #eg1 #fc ,bites1 ,method of detecting in upstream ,worm ,fishing1 #ij ,black ,gnat1 #ef1 #eg1 #fj ,black ,gnat1 ,dressing for1 #bd ,black ,gnat1 ,season for1 #ac ,bodies of ,flies1 #h1 #aj ,broughton's ,point1 ,dressing for1 #ah ,broughton's ,point1 ,season for1 #ac ,brown ,owl1 ,dressing for1 #bj ,brown ,owl1 ,season for1 #ac ,cast1 #cg1 #fd1 #ff1 #gc1 #ie ,cast1 ,gut1 ,how to ,taper1 #ch ,casts1 ,rapidity of in ,wet-fly ,fishing1 #df ,casting ,reel1 #ib1 #ic ,chalk ,streams1 #cg1 #db1 #ec ,chuck and ,chance it1 #db1 #ic ,coachman1 #eh1 #fj ,coloured ,water1 ,size of ,flies for1 #aj ,costa1 #ec ,creeper1 ,description of1 #fc ,creeper ,fishing1 ,rod for1 #fd ,creeper ,fishing1 ,tackle for1 #fd ,creeper1 ,method of ,baiting1 #fd ,creeper1 ,method of ,collecting1 #fc ,creeper1 ,method of ,fishing1 #fe ,dark ,needle1 ,dressing for1 #ai ,dark ,needle1 ,season for1 #ac ,dark ,olive ,dun1 #fj ,dark ,sedge1 ,dressing for1 #be ,dark ,sedge1 ,season for1 #ad ,dark ,silverhorns1 ,dressing for1 #bh ,dark ,silverhorns1 ,season for1 #ad ,dark ,snipe1 ,dressing for1 #ag ,dark ,snipe1 ,season for1 #ac ,dark ,watchet1 ,dressings for1 #bj1 #ba ,dark ,watchet1 ,season for1 #ac ,devon ,minnows1 #id ,diptera1 #eb ,dotterel1 ,dressing for1 #bb ,dotterel1 ,season for1 #ac ,downstream1 ,when to ,fish ,fly1 #dj ,drag1 #df1 #fj1 #gh1 #ha1 #hg1 #hh1 #hi ,dressings of ,flies1 #af et seq4 ,droppers1 ,dressed to ,hair1 #i ,dry ,flies1 ,list of1 #fj ,dry-,fly ,fishing1 ,rod for1 #cg ,dry-,fly1 ,times for ,fishing1 #ed ,dubbing1 ,mixture of1 #i ,eden1 #hb ,entomology1 #cd ,evening ,rise1 #eg ,evening1 ,size of ,flies for1 #eh ,far-off and ,fine1 #de ,fisherman's ,curse1 #ei ,flies1 ,bodies of1 #h1 #aj ,flies1 ,dressed lightly1 #aj ,flies1 ,dressed to gut1 #h ,flies1 ,dressed to hair1 #h ,flies1 ,dressings of1 #af et seq4 ,flies1 ,heads of1 #aj ,flies1 ,number on cast in ,wet-fly ,fishing1 #cf ,flies1 ,seasons of1 #aj1 #ac et seq4 ,flies1 ,size of1 for ,coloured ,water1 #aj ,flies1 ,size of1 for ,evening ,fishing1 #eh ,flies1 ,tables of1 #ac et seq4 ,flies1 ,to err on small side1 #aj ,flies1 ,winged1 #i1 #aa ,fly ,dressing1 ,mc,clelland's ,book on1 #g ,fly1 ,taking1 ,fished as point1 #ab ,formalin1 ,minnows preserved in1 not recommended1 #if ,general ,use1 ,rod for1 #cg ,ginger ,spinner1 ,dry1 ,dressing for1 #cj ,ginger ,spinner1 ,dry1 ,season for1 #ad ,ginger ,spinner1 ,wet1 ,dressing for1 #bd ,ginger ,spinner1 ,wet1 ,season for1 #ac ,gnats1 #eg 8,gossamer10 ,pearsall's ,silk1 #i ,gravel ,bed1 ,dressing for1 #bc ,gravel ,bed1 ,season for1 #ac ,greased ,line1 #fd1 #ij ,green ,insect1 ,dressing for1 #bi ,green ,insect1 ,season for1 #ad ,greenheart ,rod1 #cf ,greenwell's ,glory1 ,dressing for1 #af ,greenwell's ,glory1 ,season for1 #ac ,gut1 ,tapered ,cast1 #ch ,gut1 ,flies dressed to1 #h ,hackle ,points1 #aa ,hair1 ,flies dressed to1 #h ,halford1 ,mr4 ,f4 ,m41 ,patterns of ,flies of1 #fj ,hardy's ,hooks1 #h ,heads of ,flies1 #aj ,hickory ,rod1 #cf ,hooks1 #h1 #fd1 #ff1 #gc1 #gd ,hooks1 ,hardy's1 #h ,hooks1 ,short in ,shank1 #h ,inner ,side of ,feather1 #i ,insect ,life1 ,knowledge of1 #cc1 #cd ,iron ,blue ,dun1 #ef1 #fj 8,jacks10 #ff ,july ,dun1 ,dressing for1 #bf ,july ,dun1 ,season for1 #ad ,kinking1 #ic1 #ie ,knotted ,midge1 ,dressing for1 #bc ,knotted ,midge1 ,season for1 #ac ,leads1 #gd1 #hi1 #id1 #ie1 #ii ,light ,needle1 ,dressing for1 #ba ,light ,needle1 ,season for1 #ac ,light ,sedge1 ,dressings for1 #be ,light ,sedge1 ,season for1 #ad ,light ,silverhorns1 ,dressing for1 #bg ,light ,silverhorns1 ,season for1 #ad ,light ,snipe1 ,dressing for1 #ai ,light ,snipe1 ,season for1 #ac ,lightly ,dressed ,flies1 #aj ,line1 #cg1 #fd1 #ff1 #gc1 #ij1 #ic1 #ie ,line1 ,short for ,upstream ,fly ,fishing1 #de ,line1 ,to be greased1 #fd1 #ij ,lune1 #ed ,maiden ,dew ,worms1 #gd ,march ,brown1 ,dressings for1 #ah1 #ai ,march ,brown1 ,season for1 #ac ,mc,clelland's ,book on ,fly ,dressing1 #g ,metamorphosis of ,creeper1 #fe ,minnow ,fishing1 in a clear water1 #ih ,minnow ,fishing1 in a coloured water1 #if ,minnow ,fishing1 in a wind1 #aja ,minnow ,fishing1 ,rod for1 #ic1 #ajj ,minnow ,fishing1 ,season for1 #ib ,minnow ,fishing1 ,tackle for1 #id ,minnow ,fishing1 ,upstream1 #ih1 #ii1 #ajb ,minnow1 ,where to ,fish1 #if ,minnows1 ,better too small than too large1 #ii ,minnows1 in ,formalin1 #if ,minnows1 ,method of ,baiting with1 #id ,minnows1 ,method of keeping alive1 #if ,minnows1 ,natural better than ,artificial1 #id ,minnows1 ,salted1 #if ,oil ,tip1 #cf1 #ee1 #ij ,olive ,bloa1 ,dressing for1 #bj ,olive ,bloa1 ,season for1 #ac ,olive ,dun1 #fj ,orange ,partridge1 ,dressing for1 #ag ,orange ,partridge1 ,season for1 #ac ,outer ,side of ,feather1 #i ,pale ,watery ,dun1 ,dressing for1 #bg ,pale ,watery ,dun1 ,season for1 #ad ,pearsall's 8,gossamer0 ,silk1 #i ,pennell ,tackle for ,creeper and ,stone-,fly ,fishing1 #fd ,pennell ,tackle for ,upstream ,worm ,fishing1 #gc ,phantom ,minnow1 #ie ,pinktail ,worms1 #gd ,pink ,wickham1 #eh1 #fj ,point ,fly1 #ab ,poult ,boa1 ,dressing for1 #bb ,poult ,bloa1 ,season for1 #ac ,primary ,feathers1 #i ,rapidity of ,casts in ,wet-,fly ,fishing1 #df ,red ,quill1 #fj ,red ,spinner1 dry1 ,dressing for1 #cj ,red ,spinner1 dry1 ,season for1 #ad ,red ,spinner1 wet1 ,dressing for1 #bf ,red ,spinner1 wet1 ,season for1 #ad ,reel1 #cg1 #gc1 #ib1 #ic ,ribble1 #ed ,rod for ,creeper ,fishing1 #fd ,rod for ,dry-,fly ,fishing1 #cg ,rod for ,general ,use1 #cg ,rod for ,minnow ,fishing1 #ic1 #ajj ,rod for ,stone ,fly ,fishing1 #ff ,rod for ,upstream ,worm ,fishing1 #gc ,rod for ,wet-,fly ,fishing1 #cf ,rough-,bodied ,poult1 ,dressing for1 #bg ,rough-,bodied ,poult1 ,season for1 #ad ,salted ,minnows1 #if ,season of ,flies1 #aj1 #ac et seq4 ,secondary ,feathers1 #i ,sedge ,flies1 #eg ,short-,bodied ,flies1 #h ,short ,line for ,upstream ,fly ,fishing1 #dd ,silk1 ,pearsall's 8,gossamer01 #i ,silk1 ,shades of1 #i ,silk1 ,waxed1 #i ,silver ,sedge1 #eg1 #fj ,single ,hook ,worm ,tackle1 #gc ,small ,side1 ,artificials to err on1 #aj ,smuts1 #eb ,spinners1 #h1 #eb1 #eg ,spinners1 ,wing for1 #aa ,spinning1 ,rod for1 #ic1 #ajj ,split-,cane ,rod1 #cg1 #ic ,split ,shot1 #gd1 #hi ,spring ,black1 ,dressing for1 #ag ,spring ,black1 ,season for1 #ac ,stewart1 ,rod recommended by1 #gb ,stewart ,tackle1 #gd ,stone ,flies1 ,females1 #ff ,stone ,flies1 ,males1 #ff ,stone ,fly1 ,description of1 #fb ,stone-,fly ,fishing1 ,rod for1 #ff ,stone-,fly ,fishing1 ,tackle for1 #ff ,stone ,fly1 ,method of ,baiting1 #ff ,stone ,fly1 ,method of ,fishing1 #ff ,stone ,midge1 ,dressing for1 #bc ,stone ,midge1 ,season for1 #ac ,strike1 ,timing of1 #da1 #ef1 #fe1 #fg1 #gh1 #ha1 #hf1 #ih ,swivels1 #ie ,tackle for ,creeper ,fishing1 #fd ,tackle for ,minnow ,fishing1 #id ,tackle for ,stone-,fly ,fishing1 #ff ,tackle for ,upstream ,worm ,fishing1 #gc1 #gd ,tail of ,pool1 ,upstream ,worm ,fishing of1 #hh ,taking ,fly1 ,fished as ,point1 #ab ,tapered ,cast1 ,how to ,make1 #ch ,trace1 #ie ,transparent ,wax1 #i ,under ,side of ,wing of ,artificial1 #i ,upstream ,fly ,fishing1 #da ,upstream ,fly ,fishing1 ,short ,line for1 #dd ,upstream ,minnow ,fishing1 #ih1 #ii1 #ajb ,upstream ,worm ,fishing in still water1 #he ,upstream ,worm ,fishing1 ,method of1 #gf ,upstream ,worm ,fishing1 ,method of detecting ,bites1 #ij ,upstream ,worm ,fishing1 ,rod for1 #gc ,upstream ,worm ,fishing1 ,season of1 #gj ,upstream ,worm ,fishing1 ,secret of ,success in1 #gb ,upstream ,worm ,fishing1 ,tackles for1 #gc1 #gd ,upstream ,worm ,fishing1 ,wrong ,method of1 #hb ,vibrate ,rod ,point1 #da ,waders for ,upstream ,worming1 #gd ,waterhen ,bloa1 ,dressing for1 #af ,waterhen ,bloa1 ,season for1 #ac ,wax1 ,transparent1 #i ,waxed ,silk1 #i ,wet ,flies1 ,number on ,cast1 #cf ,wet-,fly ,fishing1 ,methods of1 #ci ,wet-,fly ,fishing1 ,rod for1 #cf ,wharfe1 #ed1 #eg ,wind1 ,effect of1 on ,haunts of ,flies1 #eb ,wind1 ,upstream ,worm ,fishing in a1 #hg ,wing for ,spinners1 #aa ,wing of ,artificial1 under side1 #i ,winged ,flies1 #i1 #aa ,winter ,brown1 ,dressing for1 #af ,winter ,brown1 ,season for1 #ac ,wool on ,cast in ,upstream ,worm ,fishing1 #ij ,worm ,tackles1 #gc1 #gd ,worms1 #gd ,yellow-,legged ,bloa1 ,dressing for1 #bb ,yellow-,legged ,bloa1 ,season for1 #ac ,yellow ,partridge1 ,dressing for1 #ba ,yellow ,partridge1 ,season for1 #ac ,printed by ,percy ,lund1 ,humphries 4 ,co41 ,ltd41 ,priestman ,street1 ,bradford1 and #c1 ,amen ,corner1 ,london1 ,e4,c4 #bddbb