,,bookb9d+ ,,= ,,beg9n]s ,by ,,flor5ce ,o4 ,,bean ,assi/ant 9 ,manual ,arts ,bo/on ,public ,s*ools ,,john ,c4 ,,brodhead ,assi/ant ,sup]9t5d5t ,bo/on ,public ,s*ools ,collaborat+ ,,second ,,edition ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,! ,,davis ,,press ,worce/]1 ,mass4 #aiah ,copyright #aiad ,,s*ool ,,arts ,,publi%+ ,,company ,second ,edition ,copyright #aiah ,,! ,,davis ,,press ,,introduction ,! pres5t day dem& = indu/rial education has _h ! effect ( some:at discr$it+ ! m =mal manual tra9+ commonly f\nd 9 ! upp] elem5t>y grades & e>ly high s*ool ye>s4 ,?is "w is usually conduct$ 9 special %ops & by special tea*]s1 & ! "q is be+ rais$ :e!r1 ) all ^! advantages1 m vital results might n be atta9$4 ,:e!r ^! criticisms are ju/ifi$ or n1 ! pres5t int]e/ 9 indu/rial education is /r5g!n+ ! dem& = m effective con/ruction "w 9 grades f\r1 five & six4 ,x is a gr[+ conviction t !re mu/ be laid1 9 ! e>li] grades1 a /rong f\ndation on :i* to build a practical education 9 ! lat] grades :e!r direct$ t[>d indu/rial1 comm]cial or pr(essional life4 ,! appe>ance ( ?is book1 !re=e1 is timely because x outl9es a c\rse suitable = grades five & six :i* /imulates con/ructive activities & develops indu/rial intellig5ce4 ,x %\ld be not$ t its indu/rial significance is mu* wid] ?an its title1 8,bookb9d+ = ,beg9n]s10 w\ld indicate1 z ev5 a ha/y exam9ation ( ! book w %[1 & also t x is s plann$ t x may be us$ successfully 9 s*ools :]e special tea*]s & exp5sive equipm5ts are impossible4 ,! book is diff]5t f1 &1 ,i believe1 sup]ior to o!rs ( its k9d = ! foll[+ reasons3 ,fir/1 because ! projects x pres5ts1 ! me?ods x advises1 & ! results x anticipates h all be5 work$ out by actual exp]i5ce ) ?\s&s ( boys & "u conditions :i* may be duplicat$ 9 almo/ any s*oolroom4 ,! au?or's p]sonal exp]i5ce ) ! problems incid5t to ! giv+ ( manual tra9+ by ! grade tea*] includes t :i* %e ga9$ z a successful grade tea*] h]self1 supplem5t$ by "s ye>s ( sup]visory "w 9 a l>ge city sy/em4 ,%e is !re=e conv]sant ) e possible phase ( ! s*ool problem4 ,second1 because ! me?ods ( in/ruction :i* ! book employs are su* z to develop 9 ! pupils ! v qualities :i* are ! sure/ f\ndation = subsequ5t success 9 manual or m5tal "w ( any k9d1 namely initiative & orig9ality comb9$ ) intellig5t1 logical1 c>eful att5tion to details4 ,?ird1 because x gives ! tea*] j ! help ne$$ to save h] f all unnecess>y "w 9 secur+ & h&l+ suitable mat]ial1 9 /imulat+ ! pupils to int5sive activity & self-expression1 & 9 judg+ or measur+ ! results ( h] "w1 )\t reliev+ h] ( ! necessity ( intellig5t ef=t on h] "p4 ,x ?us gives ! ov]burd5$ tea*] ! maximum help1 & ! specially int]e/$1 ! maximum opportunity = orig9al supplem5t>y "w4 ,= ! above reasons ,i confid5tly recomm5d ! volume to ! att5tion ( all :o are seek+ to introduce an inexp5sive b effective =m ( manual tra9+ into ! middle grades ( ! elem5t>y s*ools4 ,frank ,m4 ,leavitt ,associate ,pr(essor1 ,indu/rial ,education4 ,univ]sity ( ,*icago4 ,,=eword ,! gr[+ dem& = v>i\s =ms ( manual tra9+ 9 ! l[] elem5t>y grades has l$ to ! publication ( ?is little volume ( 8problems 9 elem5t>y bookb9d+10 bas$ on ! "w done 9 ! fif? grade ( ! ,bo/on public s*ools1 :]e _! practicability has be5 fully demon/rat$4 ,"s ( ! mo/ valuable sugge/ions h be5 obta9$ f ! tea*]s & are an outgr[? ( _! classroom exp]i5ce4 ,no?+ is "h pres5t$ :i* is simply !oretical4 ,to ,mr4 ,john ,c4 ,brodhead1 a deep appreciation ( 8 ke5 criticism1 8 helpful sugge/ions1 & 8 nev]-fail+ int]e/ _c be too /rongly express$4 ,= _! valu$ sugge/ions1 ?anks are due ! tea*]s ( ,bo/on ^: effici5t labors h insur$ ! success ( ! c\rse4 ,ackn[l$gm5t is also made ( indebt$ness to ! ,sloyd ,tra9+ ,s*ool = mat]ial1 & to ,miss ,hel5 ,e4 ,cleaves & ,mr4 ,ludwig ,frank = _! int]e/ & assi/ance 9 ! details p]ta9+ to design4 ,,! ,,au?or4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bookb9d+ ,,= ,,beg9n]s ,among ! v>i\s mat]ials :i* l5d !mselves readily to a manual tra9+ c\rse ) l>ge classes are ^? ( ! bookb9d]s' craft4 ,!y are inexp5sive1 easily h&l$1 & require no tools or equipm5t t _c be us$ 9 an ord9>y classroom4 ,! op]ations necess>y 9 ! use ( ^! mat]ials n only give excell5t tra9+ 9 manual dext]ity1 b pres5t rem>kable opportunities = ! practical application ( /udies 9 proportion1 space division1 color1 lett]+ & appli$ design4 ,! craft itself is "o t comes 9 t\* ) ev]yday life & any skill acquir$ 9 ! use ( ^! mat]ials is ( p]man5t value4 ,! lessons to be outl9$ 9 ! foll[+ s]ies presuppose "s in/ruction 9 pap]-fold+1 c>dbo>d con/ruction1 & simple me*anical draw+4 ,?\gh desirable1 ?is is n ess5tial4 ,:ile 9 "s ways bett] suit$ to ! middle grades ( ! elem5t>y s*ools1 selection may be made f ! lessons "h outl9$ :i* w give excell5t tra9+ to ! upp] grades 9 ^? s*ools :]e ! curriculum does n include %op-"w1 cook+1 or sew+4 ,to secure ?is flexibility ( ! c\rse1 ea* problem is outl9$ 9 sev]al ways1 ) v>y+ degrees ( difficulty4 ,! selection %\ld dep5d ^u ! grade 9 :i* x is to be giv54 ,"s ( ! m dext]\s pupils may be able to "w out a problem 9 sev]al ways4 ,9 ea* lesson outl9$1 !re is a *ance = ! ex]cise ( individuality 9 ! details ( ! model z to size1 %ape1 decoration1 & color4 ,conc]n+ *oice ( mat]ial1 x seems wis] t ?is %\ld be ex]cis$ by ! tea*] or sup]visor r ?an by ! pupil4 ,! object ( ! c\rse is educational1 n indu/rial1 !re=e1 ^? me?ods :i* /imulate inv5tiv5ess1 ability to plan simple "w1 & dep5d5ce on "o's own initiative are mo/ desirable4 ,! directions giv5 "u ea* problem h be5 s word$ t !y call = ! greate/ am\nt ( ?\ght & initiative on ! "p ( ! work]4 ,! use ( su* in/ruction develops p[] to ?9k1 to plan con/ructive "w & to c>ry x to completion4 ,at fir/1 x may be necess>y = ! tea*] to elaborate "s po9ts especially 9 connection ) ! work+ draw+s or sket*es1 b aft] a little tra9+1 ea* pupil %\ld be able to lay out & cut all p>ts f 8 own draw+s2 z ! "w progresses1 he %\ld dep5d less & less ^u ! tea*]'s assi/ance 9 mak+ 8 plans4 ,high /&>ds ( "w & correct processes %\ld always be set be=e ! pupil1 & ^! are be/ assur$ by ! tea*] becom+ ?or\ghly conv]sant n only ) ! g5]al con/ruction ( an article to be made1 b ) ! be/ me?ods ( secur+ neat & accurate results4 ,ev5tually1 ! pupil's m5tal atta9m5ts w %[ 9 ! tangible "w ( 8 h&s4 ,two h\rs ea* week = "o s*ool ye> may pr(itably be devot$ to ?is "w4 ,9 ! upp] grades "s ( ! easi] problems %\ld be omitt$1 & m "t devot$ to actually bookb9d+1 introduc+ z mu* v>iety z "t & mat]ials w all[4 ,,equipm5t ,?is equipm5t is suffici5t = ! :ole c\rse & %\ld la/ = sev]al ye>s4 ,a /rong wood5 box ) comp>tm5ts insures an ord]ly arrangem5t ( tools & prev5ts breakage4 ,sev]al rooms may use "o equipm5t & by means ( ! box1 transportation is greatly facilitat$4 ,"s sy/em ( di/ribut+ & collect+ mat]ial %\ld be devis$1 & n m ?an five m9utes consum$ 9 mak+ prep>ations = "w4 ,"o = ea* pupil ,rule ,pr4 #f-;in* ,scissors ,p5cil1 m$ium ,tape/ry ,ne$le1 ,no4 #ag ,wood5 ,triangle1 #de1 #g-;in* ,= class use1 ! numb] to be gov]n$ by ! way 9 :i* !y are to be us$1 by ! am\nt ( money to be exp5d$4 ,= tw5ty-five pupils1 #ab pa/e-bru%es & #e pun*es answ] v well4 ,pa/e-bru%es #a in* flat ,eyelet ,pun*es ,"o ( ea* helpful1 b n necess>y ,pap] ,cutt]1 #ab in* to #ae in* ,/raight ,edge ,l>ge ,%e>s ,,mat]ials ,! mat]ials necess>y = ?is c\rse may be pur*as$ f any ( ! l>ge s*ool supply h\ses1 or f deal]s 9 bookb9d]s' supplies4 ,be=e an ord] is giv51 x is recomm5d$ t ! mat]ials be se51 at lea/ 9 sample1 z names sometimes v>y 9 diff]5t comm]cial h\ses4 ,! sizes & prices are also liable to v>iation4 ,9 select+ color$ pap]s1 avoid brilliant hues1 & *oose s(t colors4 ,,= ,,/iff ,,f\ndation ,approximate size ,newsbo>d #bf0 #ch0 ,newsbo>d is 9 reality a box bo>d1 & diff]s f b9d]s' bo>d 9 ! quality ( ! fibre4 ,b = su* articles z are describ$ 9 ?is c\rse1 x is ! m satisfactory ( ! two4 ,bo? newsbo>d & b9d]s' bo>d are sold 9 bundles ea* weigh+ #ej lbs4 ,! bo>d is numb]$ accord+ to ! numb] ( %eets 9 ! bundle4 ,?us ,no4 #ej means t ! bundle conta9s #ej %eets4 ,bo>d ( ?is numb] is light 9 weight1 easily h&l$ by small *ildr51 & is well suit$ to ! articles "h describ$4 ,mo/ book cov]s are made ( ,no4 #cj 7#cj %eets to ! bundle71 :i* is twice z ?ick z ,no4 #fj4 ,! %eets ( newsbo>d are r l>ge to be h&l$ conv5i5tly4 ,if desir$1 !y w be cut 9 qu>t]s by ! deal] at slight exp5se4 ,,= ,,cov]+ ,,f\ndation ,vellum de luxe #ch0 wide ,vellum de luxe is a siz$ & t9t$ clo? ( an inexp5sive grade ( cotton1 :i* is q suitable = ! purposes ( ?is c\rse4 ,if mat]ial ( a high] grade is desir$1 art canvas1 art vellum1 etc41 may be pur*as$4 ,^! come 9 a great v>iety ( colors4 ,x is bett] to use b "o color 9 ! class = economy's sake1 b1 if ?is is n to be consid]$1 diff]5t articles may be ( diff]5t colors4 ,*oose quiet colors su* z 8old blue10 8dull gre510 8deep r$40 ,cov] ,pap] 7light weight7 #bb0 #bh0 ,,wall ,,pap] ,by obs]v+ a h>mony ( color+ betwe5 pap] & vellum "s beautiful results may be obta9$4 ,if "o is =tunate en\gh to secure a 8sample book0 !re is a *ance = great v>iety4 ,if x mu/ be pur*as$ outright two or ?ree well *os5 patt]ns w suffice4 ,,= ,,l9+ ,approximate size ,m>bl$ ,pap] #bj0 #be0 ,b>k wove ,pap] #bd0 #cf0 ,,= ,,limp ,,cov]s ,scre5+s #bd0 #cf0 ,cov] ,pap] #bb0 #cf0 ,kraft ,pap] #bd0 #cf0 ,draw+ ,pap] 7gray7 #i0 #ab0 ,r$ ,rope manila #bd0 #cf0 ,oak tag /ock #i0 #ab0 ,t\gh *eck #bb0 #bh0 ,,= ,,inside ,page ,pap] #ag0 #bb0 ,page ,pap] #h0 #aa0 ,draw+ ,pap] 7:ite7 #i0 #ab0 ,draw+ ,pap] 7gray7 #i0 #ab0 ,draw+ ,pap] 7man47 #i0 #ab0 ,newspap] 7:ite7 #f0 #i0 ,,= ,,/it*+ ,,& ,,sew+ ,l95 ,?read #dj yds4 to ske9 ,silk #d yds4 to ske9 ,raffia 7pla97 #d oz4 package ,raffia 7color$7 #d oz4 package ,,pa/e ,mo/ ( ! v>i\s pa/es on ! m>ket s]ve v well ! ne$s ( ^! problems4 ,a f> less exp5sive & q z satisfactory a pa/e may be made f :eat or rice fl\r provid$ "o has ! simple/ facilities = boil+4 ,take two tablespoonfuls ( fl\r & wet ) w>m wat]4 ,ov] ?is p\r "o p9t ( boil+ wat] & boil ?ree m9utes4 teaspoonful ( p[d]$ alum add$ to ?is w keep x sweet = "s "t4 ,if an extra /rong pa/e is desir$ a small quantity ( glue may be add$ to ! pa/e :ile x is /ill hot4 ,if solid glue is us$ ?is %\ld fir/ be dissolv$ 9 hot wat]4 ,,accessories ,eyelets #bej 9 box ,pur*ase eyelets ( ! same make z ! eyelet pun* 7see li/ ( equipm5t71 s9ce ^? ( a diff]5t make are n always an exact fit4 ,macreme cord #h oz4 ball ,tape 7:ite7 #d yds4 9 a piece ,tape 7color$7 #aj yds4 9 a piece ,/ay ,tape 7clo?7 0 wide 8 8 7pap]7 0 8 8 8 7clo?7 #a0 8 8 8 7pap]7 #a0 8 8 8 7clo?7 #a0 8 8 8 7pap]7 #a0 8 ,sup] #a yd4 wide ,bookb9d]'s ,tw9e lb4 ball ,head ,b&s ,diff]5t wid?s ,gumm$ ,tissue ,roll or ,envelope ( #e or #f yds4 ,problem ,i ,,booklet ,,"t3 #d h\rs4 ,,mat]ials3 ,= ! inside1 any ( ! pap] s li/$4 ,= ! cov]1 any ( ! pap] s li/$4 ,= /it*+1 any mat]ial s li/$4 ,! simple/ =m ( a book consi/s ( a cov] & inside %eets 9 a s+le fold1 sew$ ?r\gh ! c5t]4 ,*oose mat]ials f ! li/s giv54 ,?ree def9ite me?ods ( work+ out ?is problem are "h outl9$1 arrang$ 9 ! ord] ( _! difficulty4 ,o!r comb9ations w sugge/ !mselves4 ,,me?od ,a4 ,fir/ det]m9e ! purpose = :i* ! booklet is to be us$1 & decide on %ape & size ( page be/ suit$ to ?is purpose4 ,if = spell+ or pocket memor&a1 x may be long & n>r[2 if = language a l>g] page is desirable2 or if = map "w1 ! size & %ape ( ! maps %\ld be consid]$4 ,take any %eet ( pap] & exp]im5t 9 fold+ to obta9 satisfactory size & proportions4 ,a s+le %eet ( pap] fold$ ?r\gh ! c5t] is call$ a folio4 ,?is %eet w be twice ! wid? ( a page & ( ! same l5g?4 7,comm]cially1 a folio is made f pap] v>y+ f #bb #af to #dd #cb4 ,!re=e1 books to :i* ?is t]m is appli$ are g5]ally ( l>ge size47 ,) p5cil & rule draw a plan ( ! op5 folio & prop]ly dim5sion ! draw+4 7,see ,plate ,i47 ,if !re has be5 no previ\s tra9+ 9 simple me*anical draw+1 ! use ( ext5sion & dim5sion l9es1 arr[ heads1 & ! prop] plac+ ( figures %\ld be expla9$4 ,if "s pr(ici5cy 9 ?is k9d ( draw+ has be5 acquir$1 a freeh& sket* may take ! place ( an accurate draw+4 ,plate ,,ii %[s "s ( ! l9e conv5tions us$ 9 mak+ a work+ draw+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,i4 ,accurate work+ draw+s & freeh& sket*es su* z *ildr5 %\ld produce be=e mak+ ! booklet4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,ii4 ,l9e ,conv5tions4 ,9 ! same mann] z = ! pages1 draw a plan ( ! cov]1 :i* %\ld project beyond ! pages f to ( an in*4 ,lay out & cut ! cov] & "o %eet = ! inside1 keep+ c>efully on ! l9es4 ,hav+ cut "o %eet ( ! inside1 lay ! %eet on z _m pieces ( ! pap] z are ne$$1 7f ?ree to sev5 make a booklet ( desirable ?ickness72 !n make a hole ) a p9 or ne$le at ea* corn]1 pi]c+ all at "o "t4 ,on ea* %eet draw ! f\r sides1 us+ rule & p5cil4 ,?is is easi] ?an to measure ea* "o4 ,! fold$ %eets %\ld be plac$ "o inside ! o!r to =m ! inside ( ! booklet1 & ! :ole plac$ inside ! fold$ cov]1 ) ! edges ( ! cov] project+ slightly4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,iii4 ,sket*es illu/rat+ a simple me?od ( /it*+ a booklet4 ,) a ne$le make a hole ?r\gh ! c5t] ( ! fold1 & ano!r ne> ea* end ( ! fold 7f "o-half an in* to an in* & a half f ! end7 accord+ to ! size ( ! booklet1 z %[n 9 ,plate ,,iii4 ,) ?read or raffia sew ?r\gh ! c5t] hole1 f ! inside out1 back to ! inside ?r\gh an end hole1 outside ?r\gh ! c5t] hole1 inside ?r\gh ! o!r end hole1 & tie ! ends 9 a squ>e knot 7see illu/ration1 ,plate ,,iv7 ne> ! c5t] ( ! fold4 ,o!r equally satisfactory me?ods ( sew+ may be work$ out4 ,b4 ,det]m9e ! purpose ( ! booklet fir/ & !n its size & %ape4 ,z 9 ,a draw plans ( ! inside & cov]4 ,) rule & p5cil lay out p>ts on mat]ials to be us$4 ,cut & sew z 9 ,a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,iv4 ,! position ( ! ?reads 9 ty+ a squ>e knot4 ,simple lett]+ on ! cov] adds mu* to ! appe>ance ( ! booklet4 ,*oose a title appropriate to its contemplat$ use1 z 8,,notes10 8,,sket*es10 etc41 :i* %\ld be execut$ 9 r l>ge ,roman capitals4 ,on a sep>ate %eet1 m>k out an oblong ( height & wid? desir$ = ! title & practise on ?is4 ,if title is long1 make lett]s n>r[1 if %ort1 lett]s may be broad5$1 to fill up m space4 ,:5 satisfactory results are obta9$1 cut out & place on ! cov]1 mov+ up & d[n to det]m9e its be/ position4 ,! base l9e ( ! title %\ld be plac$ bel[ ! top at "o-fif? to "o-qu>t] ( ! entire di/ance f ! top to ! bottom ( ! cov]4 ,aft] ! position is det]m9$1 ! title %\ld be transf]r$ ei!r by trac+ or copy+4 ,! pupil's "n 9 mu* small] capitals %\ld be work$ out 9 ! same mann] & plac$ bel[ ! c5t] ) a some:at wid] m>g9 at ! base ?an at ! top4 ,d n enclose ! title 9 an oblong or o!r figure4 ,a s+le or d\ble l9e z a bord] ar\nd ! cov] looks well1 if c>efully done4 7,see illu/ration1 ,plate ,v47 ,c4 ,= ! cov] use gray draw+ pap]1 t9t$1 o!r mat]ials z desir$4 ,draw plans z 9 ,a & ,b4 ,a l>g] surface ?an requir$ = ! cov] %\ld be t9t$ be=e x is m>k$ out1 s t any /reak+ along ! edge may be cut (f4 ,to mix a wa% ( ! color select$1 put two or ?ree tablespoonfuls ( wat] 9 ! wat]-cup & add a little pa9t until ! desir$ tone is produc$1 be+ q sure to h en\gh to cov] ! :ole surface4 ,try to h ! wa% clean1 n muddy1 & bew>e ( too mu* pa9t6 ,! colors %\ld be s(t1 n crude1 & some:at neutraliz$ by ! addition ( ! complem5t>y color4 ,! be/ results are produc$ by ! use ( gre51 pale yell[1 br[n1 dull orange1 & r$4 ,blue is v likely to /reak & is seldom satisfactory4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,v4 ,! simple/ possible designs = book cov]s1 involv+ good spac+ & c>eful lett]+4 ,:5 ready to apply ! wa%1 place ! pap] on an incl9$ surface--#de or m f ! horizontal4 ,a %eet ( heavy c>dbo>d or a book answ]s ?is purpose admirably4 ,) a full bru% make a horizontal /roke across ! top ( ! pap]4 ,! second /roke %\ld be j bel[ ?is leav+ no dry spots betwe54 ,be+ c>eful to keep ! bru% full ( pa9t1 cont9ue 9 ?is mann] until ! entire surface is cov]$4 ,! surplus am\nt ( pa9t :i* w settle along ! l[] edge %\ld be tak5 up ) ! bru%1 :i* has fir/ be5 squeez$ dry betwe5 ! ?umb & f+]4 ,:5 ! pap] is dry1 m>k out ! cov] & cut4 ,cut out ! leaves & sew z 9 ,a4 ,! cov] may be lett]$ z 9 ,b4 ,,scrap ,,book ,a4 ,?is =m ( book is excell5t = a ?9 scrap book4 ,! pages may be ( any size b if def9ite ideas are lack+ x is advis$ t ! size ( an ord9>y magaz9e be tak5 z a basis4 ,wrapp+ pap] may be us$ = bo? leaves & cov]4 ,b4 ,sometimes x is desirable to take two or ?ree /ories f magaz9es & fa/5 ! pages toge!r1 inclos+ all 9 cov]s4 ,trim neatly ! edges ( su* leaves :]e !y 7 torn f ! b9d+ & assemble !m 9 prop] ord]4 ,= ea* pair cut a /rip ( ?9 pap] ( exactly ! same l5g? z ! page & say "o in* to "o in* & a half 9 wid?4 ,to ea* ( ^! /rips pa/e two leaves4 ,:5 all h be5 pa/$ & dri$ assemble aga9 & /it* ?r\gh ! backs z already %[n4 ,problem ,,ii ,a ,,hold] ,,= ,,! ,,p>ts ,,( ,a ,,model ,be=e proce$+ fur!r1 "s k9d ( a p]man5t hold] %\ld be provid$ to keep all toge!r ! v>i\s pieces ( ! model4 ,?is prev5ts ! confusion & loss ( "t incid5t to pass+ sev]al k9ds ( mat]ials ea* by itself4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,vi4 ,patt]n = a simple envelope4 ,"o lesson might be us$ = ! mak+ ( a portfolio = ?is purpose1 cut f scre5+s or heavy wrapp+ pap]1 & patt]n$ aft] an envelope1 f #f0 #i0 to #i0 #ab0 9 size4 7,see ,plate ,,vi47 ,! cont5ts are m securely held by provid+ "s k9d ( a fa/5]4 ,! foll[+ me?od is a good "o3 ,9 ! c5t] ( "o side ( ! flap plan to pun* a hole4 ,?is %\ld fir/ be re-en=c$ by cutt+ f heavy pap] a circle ( to radius & pa/+ x 9 ! correct place4 ,?r\gh bo? ?icknesses pun* ! hole4 ,into ?is ins]t tw9e1 fir/ loop+ x 9 ! c5tre & !n pass+ bo? ends ?r\gh ! loop4 ,use ?is to tie ! envelope4 ,if l>ge pads ( pap] are us$ 9 ! s*oolroom1 _! c>dbo>d backs may be utiliz$4 ,take two ( ! same size1 pun* holes along ?ree sides ( ea*1 ne> ! edges & lace !m toge!r4 ,if "o ( ! long sides ( ! result+ hold] has be5 left op51 mat]ials c be remov$ ) great] ease ?an if a %ort side is s us$4 ,a set ( hold]s ?us made is v durable4 ,new pap] bags make good hold]s al?\gh less desirable ?an ei!r ( ! o!r two4 ,problem ,,iii ,,m\nts ,,& ,,pads ,,"t3 #f h\rs4 ,,mat]ials3 ,newsbo>d1 vellum1 & pap] = memor&um pad1 or cal5d>1 or pad to be m\nt$4 ,we %all n[ beg9 to deal ) mat]ials t are m exclusively employ$ 9 bookb9d+ "w4 ,! simple articles consid]$ at fir/ are n books2 b because ! processes involv$ & ! mat]ials us$ w be us$ lat] 9 ! m difficult "w ( b9d+ a real book1 !y are made a "p ( ?is c\rse4 ,! wise tea*] w become some:at famili> ) h&l+ ! requir$ mat]ials be=e attempt+ to give in/ruction4 ,x is recomm5d$ t two or m models f ea* problem be made by ! tea*] be=e select+ "o = ! class4 ,! articles describ$ 9 ,problem ,,iii 7,see ,plate ,,vii7 consi/ ( a f\ndation ( a s+le piece ( newsbo>d1 cov]$ back & front ) a bookb9d+ clo?4 ,a4 ,,m\nt ,,( ,a ,,cal5d> ,,or ,,picture ,fir/ secure ! article to be m\nt$ & !n det]m9e ! size & %ape mo/ desirable = ! m\nt4 ,nev] make ! m\nt fir/ & !n attempt to f9d some?+ to fit x4 ,to det]m9e ! size ( ! m\nt1 place ! cal5d> or picture on a %eet ( pap] & f9d ! mo/ pleas+ m>g9s by lay+ a p5cil on ea* side ( ! article4 ,increase or decrease ?is m>g9 by mov+ ! p5cils back & =? until a satisfactory position is f\nd1 z %[n 9 ,plate ,,viii4 ,indicate ?is position by a l9e on ea* side4 ,9 ! same mann]1 e/abli% top & bottom m>g9s4 ,! m>g9 at ! top may equal t at ! side1 or be a trifle wid] or n>r[]2#a ! "o at ! bottom may equal ! side m>g9s or be wid]1 b nev] n>r[]1 & always great] ?an ! top m>g94 ,draw l9es = top & bottom & ! size ( ! f\ndation is indicat$4 ,a fraction ( an in* may be add$ or subtract$ to give ev5 measurem5ts4 #a ,9 a v]tical %eet1 wid]2 9 a horizontal %eet1 n>r[]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,vii4 ,m\nts & pads made by *ildr54 ,work+ draw+s %\ld n[ be made ( ! complet$ model1 %[+ ! location ( ! cal5d>1 also ( ! front & back4 ,make !m ei!r accurately or freeh& z describ$ 9 ,problem ,i4 ,if ! latt] me?od is us$1 "s s5se ( proportion %\ld be obs]v$4 ,t is1 d n draw #c in*es z long z #f in*es1 nor #d in*es long] ?an #g in*es4 ,! size ( ! f\ndation has already be5 det]m9$4 ,! front cov]+ %\ld be in* l>g] on ea* side ?an ! f\ndation1 to all[ = laps :i* are to fold onto ! back ( ! newsbo>d4 ,! back cov]+ %\ld be f to ( an in* small] ?an ! f\ndation on ea* side1 z ! f9i%$ product looks mu* neat] if no raw edge is visible f ! front4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,viii4 ,decid+ ^u ! "r size m\nt = a picture by exp]im5t ) p5cils4 ,9 ,plate ,,ix1 ! fir/ draw+ is ( ! face ( ! complet$ model %[+ ! location ( ! cal5d>4 ,?is also %[s ! size ( ! f\ndation4 ,! o!r two draw+s %[ ! size ( ! two pieces ( vellum4 ,if ! fir/ draw+ seems too complicat$1 omit ! location ( ! cal5d>1 & draw & dim5sion only ! outside rectangle to give ! size ( ! f\ndation4 ,! pieces ( mat]ial giv5 out %\ld be a little l>g] ?an ! f9i%$ size1 al?\gh unnecess>y wa/e %\ld be avoid$4 ,no attempt %\ld be made to cut ^! pieces c>efully or regul>ly4 ,ea* pupil %\ld be l$ to dep5d on 8 own initiative 9 ! use ( ! rule & triangle4 ,an irregul> edge :i* is n a guide1 is m educational ?an /raight$ges & "r angles :i* are ( consid]able assi/ance4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,ix4 ,! complet$ m\nt %[+ ! location ( ! cal5d>1 & ! two pieces ( vellum4 ,) rule1 triangle1 & p5cil1 c>efully lay out ea* "p f ! draw+s already made1 & cut ! cov]+s ) ! scissors4#b ,! f\ndation is m successfully cut ) ! pap] cutt]1 z to cut x ) scissors is a v difficult task = little h&s & likely to loos5 ! scissors at ! jo9t4 ,! mo/ desirable way is = ea* pupil to cut 8 own newsbo>d1 9 :i* case ! rul] fa/5$ to ! cutt] may be us$ to insure ! correct size )\t any prelim9>y measur+4 ,if ! cutt] is deem$ unsafe = ! pupils' use1 ! prop] size may be m>k$ on ! newsbo>d ) p5cil & ! pieces cut by a l>ge boy or by ! tea*]4 #b ,selvage %\ld nev] be all[$ to rema9 on a cov]+ ( vellum4 ,a 8raw edge0 pa/es d[n m closely & is1 !re=e1 less app>5t4 ,vellum te>s v easily l5g?wise1 & a torn edge may be all[$ if x is to be cov]$4 ,if n to be cov]$1 all edges %\ld inv>iably be cut4 ,:5 ! pieces h all be5 cut1 place ! newsbo>d on ! back side ( ! front piece ( vellum1 ) ! m>g9s equal1 & draw ar\nd x4 ,cov] ! surface inside ! p5cil l9es ) a ?91 ev5 coat ( pa/e4 ,mu* ( ! success ( ! "w dep5ds on ! pa/+ & rubb+4 ,! pa/e is ( ! "r consi/5cy :5 put up by ! deal]1 & if x dries some:at aft] be+ op5$1 a little wat] ?or\ghly /irr$ 9 w make x all "r4 ,! bru% well fill$ ) pa/e %\ld be pass$ ov] ! surface ( ! cov]+ mat]ial ) long ev5 /rokes4 ,no dry spots %\ld be left1 & especial pa9s %\ld be tak5 to cov] ! surface close to ! p5cil l9es4 ,look across ! pa/$ surface t[>d ! light to see if x is entirely cov]$2 look+ directly d[n ^u x does n reveal ! dry places4 ,rub ! bru% r heavily ov] ! surface to make ! pa/e s9k into ! clo?4 ,:ile pa/+1 sev]al %eets ( newspap] are invaluable to protect ! desk1 ! model1 & ! f+]s4 ,) a few quick /rokes ( ! c>d-cutt]1 cut (f ! folds ( a newspap]1 leav+ loose %eets ! size ( half or a qu>t] page4 ,ea* desk %\ld h sev]al %eets1 plac$ "o on top ( ano!r4 ,:5 ! top %eet has become /icky1 disc>d x4 ,a p]fectly clean surface b5ea? x is ready to be us$ 9 ! same way4 ,press ! newsbo>d on ! pa/$ surface1 turn x ov]1#c & rub x d[n v h>d on ! "r side ( ! vellum4 ,:5 rubb+ ! vellum on ! "r side1 a small piece ( clo? = ea* pupil prev5ts f+] m>ks1 & enables ! pupil to rub h>d] z ! clo? protects ! h&4 #c ,:5 turn+ ov] any "p ( ! model :i* has a pa/$ surface1 take hold ne> ! c5t] z f> z possible1 z h&l+ by ! edges or corn]s is likely to remove pa/e f ! places :]e x is mo/ ne$$4 ,be=e pa/+ project+ p>ts1 ! corn]s %\ld be cut4 ,two me?ods are %[n 9 ! illu/rations4 ,9 ! fir/1 two adjac5t projections are turn$ onto ! back ( ! f\ndation4 ,be c>eful t !y fit v closely to ! sides ( ! newsbo>d1 press d[n ) ! f+]s1 & hold !m v firmly4 ,at ! corn] w be a surplus piece :i* %\ld be p9*$ to /& upright4 ,slant+ ! scissors v slightly upw>d1 cut f ! corn] t[>d ! c5t]4 7,see ,plate ,x74 ,! second me?od is to make slant+ cuts f ! outside ( ! vellum t[>d ! corn]s ( ! newsbo>d4 7,see ,plate ,,xi74 ,apply pa/e to ! project+ sides1 fold ov] & rub d[n2 treat ! ends 9 ! same mann]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,x4 ,clipp+ ! corn]s4 ,if x is desir$ t ! complet$ m\nt %all hang on ! wall1 make a loop ( ribbon1 tape1 or vellum4 ,if tape or ribbon is us$1 *oose ! color v c>efully2 t :i* mat*es ! vellum is ! be/ *oice2 b1 if a contra/ is pref]r$1 *oose a s(t color :i* has "s quality 9 h>mony ) ! vellum4 ,pa/e ?is loop to ! back ( ! f\ndation1 all[+ x to project above ! top4 ,apply pa/e to ! back cov]+ & rub x d[n v firmly1 be+ c>eful t no loose edges are left4 ,in/ead ( pa/+ on a loop1 a hole may be pun*$ ne> ! top ) ! eyelet pun*1 & an eyelet ins]t$4 ,?is %\ld be done aft] ! back is pa/$ on4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xi4 ,"o me?od ( cutt+ ! corn]s4 ,accord+ to plan1 pa/e on ! cal5d> or picture4 ,dry all "u a weight4 ,if sev]al m\nts are to be plac$ "u ! same weight1 x is bett] t ea* %\ld be sep>at$ f ! o!rs by a %eet ( blott+ pap]1 or sev]al ?icknesses ( newspap]4 ,all[ !m to /& ov] night4 ,9 ! morn+ !y w be f\nd suffici5tly press$4 ,b4 ,,m\nt ,,= ,,memor&um ,,pad ,secure a small pad1 & plan a m\nt to ext5d beyond ! pad in* or m on ea* side4 ,draw plans1 "w out1 & pa/e z 9 ,a4 ,in/ead ( a loop by :i* to susp5d ! pad1 make a hold] = a p5cil to be plac$ on ! "r side ( ! m\nt4 ,cut a /rip ( vellum "o-half or ?ree-qu>t]s ! l5g? ( ! m\nt4 ,at ea* end ( ! /rip turn ab\t in* onto ! wrong side to give a f9i%$ edge4 ,to secure ! correct size1 fold ! /rip ov] ! p5cil to be us$1 &1 ) ! p5cil /ill fold$ 91 pa/e ! two long edges ( ! /rip toge!r1 & !n to ! back ( ! newsbo>d1 hav+ x plac$ midway betwe5 ! top & bottom edges4 ,! pa/+ ( ! back cov]+ !n foll[s4 ,remove ! c>dbo>d back f ! pad be=e pa/+ x to ! m\nt4 ,dry "u weight4 ,c4 ,,pocket ,,memor&um ,,pad ,?is is int5d$ to be c>ri$ 9 ! pocket1 & its size %\ld be gov]n$ by its use4 ,avoid rectangles :i* approximate ! squ>e1 b *oose r su* proportions z #b #c or #b #d4 ,z 9 ,a1 make work+ draw+s = ! ?ree pieces4 ,if desir$1 ! fir/ draw+ may be ( ! complet$ face4 7,see ,plate ,,xii47 ,lay out & cut all p>ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xii4 ,a front view ( ! memor&um pad accurately drawn to %[ proportions2 also draw+s ( ! vellum cov]+s4 ,on ! front piece ( vellum lay ! newsbo>d z 9 ,a1 & draw ar\nd x4 ,f ! corn]s indicat$ by ! p5cil l9es measure equal di/ances along adjac5t l9es1 & connect ! po9ts by /raight l9es4 ,be c>eful n to make ^! l9es too ne> ! corn]s1 ( an in* to #a in* be+ a good measurem5t = a small pad4 ,cut on ^! l9es ) a %>p knife1 or fold+ ! ends ( ! l9e toge!r1 cut along ! l9e ) scissors4 ,apply pa/e to ! front piece1 be+ c>eful n to pa/e outside ! slant+ l9es at ! corn]s1 = ?is space %\ld be left free to hold ! %eets ( pap]4 ,"o way to protect ^! corn]s is to ins]t a piece ( newsbo>d or pap] 9 ! slits1 f ! "r side ( ! vellum1 s t ! corn]s on ! wrong side are cov]$4 ,! pa/e may !n be appli$ ) fre$om4 ,remove ! protect+ piece ( newsbo>d & pa/e ! vellum to ! f\ndation4 ,f9i% z 9 ,a )\t ! hang]1 or1 if desir$1 add p5cil hold] z 9 ,b4 ,cut sev]al %eets ( :ite pap] ( an in* small] ?an ! newsbo>d1 &1 :5 ! pa/e is ?or\ghly dry1 ins]t !m 9 ! slits4 ,d4 ,,blott] ,l ,c except t x %\ld be l>ge en\gh to hold a s*ool blott]4 ,increase ! size ( ! corn]s to be proportionate to ! size ( ! blott]4 ,problem ,,iv ,,"t3 #h h\rs4 ,,mat]ials3 ,newsbo>d1 vellum1 & l9+ pap]4 ,note3 ,z 9 ,problem ,,ii1 ea* ( ^! models has a f\ndation ( a s+le piece ( newsbo>d1 cov]$ on ! front ) vellum1 b on ! back ) l9+ pap]4 ,a4 ,a ,,ne$lecase ,z %[n at ,a 9 ,plate ,,xiii1 ! ne$lecase %\ld be plann$ to hold f\r pap]s ( ne$les1 two at ea* end4 ,! size ( ! case w dep5d on ! size ( ! pap]s ( ne$les1 & mu/ be plann$ accord+ly4 ,make ! wid? a little m ?an twice ! wid? ( a pap] ( ne$les1 & all[ a little space l5g?wise betwe5 ! pap]s ( ne$les to p]mit _! easy removal4 ,! pockets are =m$ ( /rips ( vellum pa/$ on to ea* end ( ! f\ndation1 & _! dep? %\ld be a little m ?an half ! l5g? ( a pap] ( ne$les4 ,an accurate work+ draw+ ( ! complet$ case %\ld be made 7see ,plate ,,xiv74 ,f ?is1 m>k out & cut ! newsbo>d to ! correct size4 ,! front cov]+ ( vellum %\ld h laps on ! sides only & may well be a little %ort] ?an ! f\ndation4 ,make freeh&1 dim5sion$ sket*es ( ?is piece1 ( ! vellum pockets1 & ( ! m>bl$ pap]4 ,! pockets %\ld h in* laps on ?ree sides = pa/+ to ! back4 ,on ! o!r edge1 :i* is to be free1 all[ at lea/ an eigh? ( an in* to be turn$ ov] l a hem onto ! wrong side = a neat f9i%4 ,! pap] = ! back %\ld be "o-f\r? ( an in* n>r[] & %ort] ?an ! f\ndation4 ,m>k out & cut ) ! scissors1 ! pieces ( vellum & m>bl$ pap]4 ,! front cov]+ %\ld be pa/$ on fir/4 ,be=e pa/+ ! pockets 7:i* %\ld be fa/5$ to ! back only7 turn ov] ! hem1 & crease x h>d1 b d n pa/e4 ,! hem w ext5d onto ! side laps4 ,f ^! laps cut (f ! "u side ( ! hem t x may n be d\ble4 ,pa/e on ! pockets & ! back4 ,dry all "u weight4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xiii4 ,a ne$lecase1 a *eck]bo>d & a blott]4 ,good problems ^u :i* to practise ! processes involv$ 9 bookb9d+4 ,b4 ,a ,,*eck]bo>d ,fir/ decide on ! size ( ! small squ>es1 rememb]+ t !re are eight 9 ea* direction4 ,also all[ = a m>g91 outside ! squ>es1 :i* %\ld v>y 9 proportion to ! size ( ! squ>es4 ,a s+le or d\ble bord] l9e enclos+ ! squ>es is a desirable addition4 7,see ,b1 ,plate ,,xiii47 ,make work+ draw+s ( ! f\ndation1 ! front cov]+ ( vellum1 & ! back cov]+ ( l9+ pap]4 ,9 select+ vellum = ?is model1 h 9 m9d ! application ( a color :i* is to be us$ on alt]nate squ>es4 ,ei!r a deep r$ vellum ) alt]nate squ>es ( black or a dull gre5 vellum ) alt]nate squ>es ( r$ is a good comb9ation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xiv4 ,an accurate work+ draw+ ( ! complet$ ne$lecase1 & dim5sion$ sket*es ( ! pieces us$ = cov]+4 ,lay out & cut all p>ts1 us+ ! c>d cutt] = ! newsbo>d1 & ! scissors = ! vellum & ! l9+ pap]4 ,z 9 previ\s models1 lay f\ndation on ! back ( ! piece ( vellum1 draw ar\nd x1 & cov] ) pa/e ! surface enclos$ by ! p5cil l9es4 ,aga9 place ! f\ndation on ! vellum1 press x d[n h>d1 turn ov] bo? pieces & rub ! vellum on ! "r side until x is smoo?4 ,:5 ?or\ghly rubb$ d[n1 pa/e laps1 be+ c>eful to make neat corn]s4 ,pa/e on l9+ pap] & dry "u weight4 ,dur+ a subsequ5t lesson1 m>k out ! *eck]bo>d1 accurately1 ) rule & p5cil4 ,only alt]nate squ>es ne$ be color$1 & ?is may be done ) wat] colors1 crayon1 or p5cil4 ,if wat] colors are *os51 !y %\ld be us$ ) z little wat] z possible4 ,be=e apply+ ! pa9t to ! vellum1 ! glaze ( ! surface may be r$uc$ by rubb+ ov] x ! p[d] :i* comes f common :ite *alk4 ,rub ! p[d] 9 ) ! f+]s & lightly bru% (f :at rema9s4 ,on a sep>ate piece ( vellum1 practice ! application ( color be=e apply+ x to ! *eck]bo>d1 bo? to te/ ! color itself1 & to become some:at famili> ) ! be/ me?od ( application4 ,aft] ! pa9t is ?or\ghly dry1 ! surface may be clean$ by rubb+ c>efully ) a piece ( clo?4 ,f9i% by putt+ on ! outside bord] l9e ) p5cil4 ,c4 ,a ,,blott] ,?is is to be a m elaborate production ?an ! blott] describ$ 9 ,problem ,,iii 7,d74 ,comp>e ,c1 ,plate ,,xiii4 ,fir/ det]m9e ! size ( ! f\ndation1 :i* may v>y f small-blott] to desk-blott] size4 ,consid] proportions v c>efully4 ,a small blott] admits great] v>iance betwe5 l5g? & wid? ?an "o ( l>g] size4 ,make dim5sion$ draw+s ( f\ndation1 front cov]+ ( vellum or cov] pap]1 & back cov]+ ( m>bl$ pap]4 ,:5 ! f\ndation has be5 cut & ! front cov]+ pa/$ on1 plan ! corn]s :i* are to consi/ ( sep>ate pieces4 ,det]m9e _! size by sett+ (f a triangle at "o corn] ) a rule or p5cil1 mov+ ! rule or p5cil to v>y ! size ( ! triangle until "o ( satisfactory size is decid$ ^u4 ,lay out on pap] a triangle ( ! *os5 size4 ,! ?ickness ( ! f\ndation1 plus ! ?ickness ( ! "o or m %eets ( blott+ pap] :i* are to be plac$ "u ! corn]s1 mu/ be tak5 into consid]ation4 ,be=e add+ ! laps :i* are to ext5d onto ! back = half an in* or m exp]im5t ) patt]ns cut f pap] 7see ,plate ,,xv74 ,! corn]s may be made ( l951 vellum1 cov] pap]1 or skiv] 7a prep>$ lea!r :i* has be5 split by ma*9]y74 ,cut !m out by ! patt]n4 ,to give a f9i% to ! edge :i* is to be free1 turn x ov] ab\t ( an in*4 ,if lea!r is us$1 a portion ( ! "u side along ! edges %\ld be additionally skiv$ (f1 be=e turn+ ov]1 to make ! laps v ?94 ,cov] pap]1 if us$1 may be re-en=c$ by pa/+ a piece ( musl9 onto ! back4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xv4 ,diagram = blott] corn]4 ,^! corn]s pres5t an opportunity = appli$ design4 ,! mo/ satisfactory decoration = lea!r is 8tool+40 ,on ! o!r mat]ials sugge/$1 a design may be appli$ by /5cil+ or block pr9t+4#d #d ,simple directions = ^! processes may be f\nd 9 ! ,s*ool ,arts ,book z foll[s3 ,tool+1 ,june1 #aijh2 ,/5cil+1 ,june & ,octob]1 #aijh1 ,m>*1 #aiab2 ,block-pr9t+1 ,june1 #aijg4 ,! designs %\ld be simple & appropriate 7see ,plates ,,xvi71 & ! color s*eme c>efully plann$4 ,unless a special /udy has be5 made ( color h>monies1 a comb9ation ( analog\s colors or complem5t>y colors is a wis] *oice ?an a m complicat$ comb9ation4 ,practise on pap] until a patt]n is secur$1 & apply x to ! corn]s by ! me?od decid$ ^u4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xvi4 ,blott] pad corn]s ) orig9al units by gramm>-s*ool *ildr54 ,:5 pa/+ on ! decorat$ corn]s1 ! %eets ( blott+ pap] %\ld be plac$ on ! f\ndation s t !re w be room = _! use4 ,pa/e ! laps to ! back ( ! f\ndation1 be+ v c>eful to place ! corn]s 9 exact position4 ,leave ! %eets ( blott+ pap] "u ! corn]s until aft] ! :ole has be5 press$2 o!rwise ! weight w\ld cru% ! corn]s4 ,:5 putt+ 9 new %eets ( blott+ pap]1 !y c be m easily slipp$ "u ! corn]s if a small triangle has be5 cut f ea* corn] ( ! blott+ pap]4 ,a %eet ( l9+ pap] ab\t ( an in* %ort] & n>r[] ?an ! f\ndation %\ld be pa/$ to ! back4 ,dry all "u weight4 ,problem ,v ,,m\nts ,,& ,,cov]s ,,"t3 #f h\rs4 ,,mat]ials3 ,newsbo>d1 vellum1 & l9+ pap]4 ,,note3 ,ea* article 9 ?is problem has two f\ndation pieces cov]$ by a s+le piece ( vellum1 :i* =ms a h+e betwe5 !m1 & ! :ole is l9$ ) m>bl$ pap]4 ,a4 ,a ,,cal5d> ,,/& ,fir/ make or secure a cal5d>1 :i* %\ld be ( small size4 ,if desir$1 a picture may be us$ ) ! cal5d>1 b x %\ld h>monize ) x 9 size & color4 ,9 su* a case plan to h ! space betwe5 ! two mu* small] ?an ! m>g9s1 s t ! eye w take !m 9 z a gr\p1 & n z two sep>ate objects4 ,decide on ! m>g9s z describ$ 9 ,problem ,,ii1 & ?us arrive at ! prop] size = "o ( ! f\ndation pieces ( newsbo>d4 7,see ,plate ,,xvii47 ,make a dim5sion$ sket* ( ?is piece1 & plan to h two made ( newsbo>d4 ,= ! outside cov]+ plan a /rip ( vellum :i* %all be long en\gh to cov] bo? pieces ( newsbo>d :5 plac$ ab\t "o-eigh? ( an in* ap>t1 & to make half-in* laps on ea* side & end4 ,plan a /rip ( vellum ab\t an in* wide & z long z ! wid? ( ! f\ndation pieces to =m ! back ( ! h+e2 & two pieces ( l9+ pap]1 ea* "o-eigh? ( an in* small] 9 bo? directions ?an ! f\ndation pieces4 ,make dim5sion$ sket*es ( ^! pieces 7see ,plate ,,xviii71 lay out & cut all p>ts4 ,9 ! c5t] ( ! n>r[ /rip ( vellum m>k (f a space "o-eigh? ( an in* wide1 ext5d+ l5g?wise ( ! /rip4 ,apply pa/e & lay ! two pieces ( newsbo>d on ! vellum & ) edges aga9/ ! l9es drawn4 ,press h>d on ! newsbo>d1 turn x ov]1 & rub d[n ! vellum4 ,a h+e is ?us =m$ = ! two pieces ( newsbo>d4 ,lay ^! pieces on ! l>ge piece ( vellum & draw ar\nd ! :ole4 ,apply pa/e to ! vellum inside ! p5cil l9es4 ,lay ! d\ble f\ndation on ! pa/$ surface ) ! n>r[ /rip ( vellum on top4 ,rub d[n ! outside surface v h>d1 leav+ no wr9kles or r\gh places2 clip ! corn]s z describ$ 9 ,problem ,,ii1 pa/e ! laps1 fold !m ov]1 rub !m d[n1 & l9e ! m\nt ) ! pieces ( m>bl$ pap]4 ,connect ! front & back halves ( ! m\nt by a s+le or d\ble /rap ( vellum pa/$ to ! inside ( ea*4 ,f9i% by pa/+ on ! cal5d> & picture4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xvii4 ,cal5d>s4 ,,note4 ,if ! cal5d>s are made = ,*ri/mas1 a mo/ appropriate "t1 ! *ildr5 are sometimes desir\s ( decorat+ ) ,*ri/mas seals4 ,^! are n s desirable z a decorative picture1 b if ! tea*] feels t to =bid _! use w\ld be dispirit+ to ! *ild1 %e %\ld insi/ t only "o seal %\ld be us$ & t on ! back ( ! /&>d :]e x w c>ry its message1 b w n detract f ! appe>ance ( ! face ( ! m\nt4 ,an envelope might be made 9 :i* to pres5t ! cal5d>1 & ! seals us$ on ! outside ( ! envelopes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xviii4 ,freeh& sket*es ( ! p>ts ( a simple cal5d> m\nt4 ,b4 ,,ano!r ,,cal5d> ,,m\nt ,plan ! back /&>d to be small] ?an ! front in/ead ( ! same size4 ,plate ,,xix sugge/s a suitable trapezoidal %ape4 ,9 ?is case ! vellum mu/ be ( ! same l5g? z be=e1 b cut to fit ! diff]5t wid?s ( ! newsbo>d 7comp>e ,plate ,,xx74 ,plan a n>r[ /rip ( vellum to l9e ! h+e1 z 9 ,a4 ,pa/e ?is piece & ! outside cov]+ z be=e4 ,cut ! l9+ pap] ( ! correct %apes & apply to ! back4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xix4 ,! f\ndation pieces = an easel m\nt4 ,c4 ,a ,,ne$le-,,book ,?is consi/s ( cov]s ) leaves ( flannel4 ,decide ^u ! size ( leaves1 :i* %\ld n be too l>ge & 9 good proportion4 ,"o piece ( flannel %\ld =m two leaves1 z 9 booklets describ$ 9 ,problem ,i4 ,plan ! cov]s to be "o-eigh? ( an in* l>g] 9 ea* direction ?an ! leaves4 ,^! %\ld be con/ruct$ l ! cal5d> m\nt already describ$ 9 ,a1 b ! space betwe5 %\ld be great]1 p]haps ?ree-eigh?s ( an in*4 ,make dim5sion$ sket*es ( all p>ts4 ,! p>ts %\ld !n be laid out1 cut1 & pa/$4 ,f9i% ! edges ( ! leaves by p9k+ 7cutt+ 9 small po9ts74 ,f\r leaves are suffici5t4 ,sew !m to ! cov] z describ$ 9 ,problem ,i4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xx4 ,! flat ( vellum = cov]+ ! f\ndation4 ,d4 ,a ,,cov]$ ,,memor&um ,,pad ,secure a small pad4 ,plan cov]s1 z describ$ 9 ,b1 :i* %all project ab\t "o-eigh? ( an in* 9 ea* direction beyond ! pad4 ,plan to h ! space betwe5 !m ab\t ( an in* m ?an ! ?ickness ( ! pad4 ,:5 ! cov]s are f9i%$1 pa/e ! pad firmly to ! inside ( "o cov]4 ,if desir$1 loops ( vellum to hold ! p5cil may be pa/$ on ! side ( ! pad1 z describ$ 9 ,problem ,i4 ,problem ,,vi ,,fold+ ,,*eck]bo>d#c ,,"t3 #f h\rs4 ,,mat]ials3 ,newsbo>d1 vellum1 squ>$ pap]4 ,?is *eck]bo>d 7,plate ,,xxi7 is plann$ ) squ>es 0 9 size1 & ( ^! !re %\ld be #h on ea* side alt]nat+ d>k & light4 ,by mak+ a f\ndation #g0 squ>e1 x gives a m>g9 ( 0 on all sides1 result+ n only 9 a satisfactory appe>ance1 b provid+ a place = extra *eck]s4 ,?is bo>d folds ?r\gh ! c5t] & is small en\gh to be easily c>ri$ 9 ! pocket4 ,! illu/ration is int5d$ to %[ ! con/ruction to ! tea*]4 ,su* a draw+ %\ld n be attempt$ by ! pupils ^: ef=ts %\ld be conf9$ to simple sket*es ( ! necess>y pieces z 9 ! o!r problems4 ,cut two pieces ( newsbo>d #c0 /rong #g01 & a piece ( vellum ab\t #i0 squ>e4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! wid? ( ! newsbo>d is less ?an half ! l5g? 9 ord] to all[ a space betwe5 ! two pieces ( newsbo>d )\t :i* ! complet$ bo>d w\ld n close4 ,on ! back side ( ! piece ( vellum m>k (f 9 heavy l9es ! positions ( ! two pieces ( newsbo>d & all[ 0 or 0 space betwe5 !m4 ,pa/e ! newsbo>d to ! vellum z already describ$1 cut ! corn]s & pa/e ! edges4 ,a /rip ( vellum #b0 #g0 %\ld be pa/$ to cov] ! space betwe5 ! two pieces ( newsbo>d & ext5d well onto !m4 #c ,f 8,w> ,"t ,occupations40 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxi ,! pap] us$ = l9+ may be prep>$ 9 "o ( sev]al ways1 ei!r by ma*9e or by h&1 & may be 9 "o piece or two4 ,! =m] is less likely to be confus+4 ,! easie/ & quicke/ me?od is to h ! squ>es pr9t$ 9 d>k ink on :ite or light gray pap] ( good quality1 & fairly t\gh4 ,! use ( l9oleum is sugge/$ z "o me?od ( pr9t+ squ>es1 or a l9e plate may be made1 ! squ>es pr9t$ f x & f9i%$ l9+s = ! *eck]bo>ds furni%$ to ^? :o are mak+ !m4 ,! light squ>es may be left z !y are or may be color$ ) wat] color1 crayon1 or oils4 ,all ! outside squ>es %\ld be l9$ 91 ei!r :5 pr9t$ or aft]w>d by h&4 ,a bord] l9e ab\t 0 outside ! squ>es adds v mu* to ! g5]al appe>ance4 ,if all ! m>k+s & color+ mu/ be done by h&1 pap] comm]cially rul$ into 0 squ>es is recomm5d$4 ,?is secures accuracy1 & saves mu* tiresome rul+4 ,?ree su* spaces on ea* side =m a in* squ>e & :5 ! *eck]bo>d is laid (f by small dots on outside l9es1 proce$ to color alt]nate squ>es by "o ( ! foll[+ me?ods3 ,a4 ,) s(t p5cil d>k5 alt]nate squ>es leav+ o!rs ( ! orig9al color4 ,beg9 ) ! upp] r[1 & take successive r[s d[nw>d4 ,across ! pap] lay a rule j bel[ ! l[] edge ( ! squ>es to be d>k5$4 ,) ! p5cil make v]tical /rokes only1 us+ ! side ( ! p5cil to give an ev5 surface free f ridges4 ,be c>eful ) ! l9es at ! "r & left edges t !y d n ext5d into ! adjo9+ space4 ,! edge ( ! rule w /op ! /rokes at ! "r place at ! bottom & !y %\ld n ext5d q to ! top z ?is c be adju/$ lat]4 ,:5 all r[s are f9i%$1 turn pap] ar\nd s t :at 0 top is n[ bottom1 & complete squ>es by ! same me?od4 ,b4 ,in/ead ( p5cil1 color$ crayons may be us$ 9 ! same mann] z already describ$4 ,c4 ,crayons ( two colors may be us$ 9 alt]nate squ>es1 or "o color & a black p5cil4 ,orange & black or r$ & black are pleas+ comb9ations4 ,d4 ,ink or wat] may be appli$ ) a bru%4 ,:5 complet$ place ! 8bo>d0 s t a d>k squ>e is 9 ! upp] left & l[] "r corn]s respectively1 & cut op5 v]tically1 remov+ ab\t 0 f ! c5t] two halves4 ,if no space is left1 ! pap] soon cracks 9 fold+2 if too little space is left1 ! edges soon turn & lat] become 0dog-e>$82 if too mu* is left1 x is confus+ to ! play]s1 z !oretically !re %\ld be no space at all4 ,pa/e ^! pieces to ea* half ( ! cov]1 plac+ !m ab\t 0 ap>t1 & dry flat "u weight4 ,:5 ?or\ghly dry1 ! inn] surface %\ld be v>ni%$ ) %ellac or valsp> to give /ability to ! color4 ,o!rwise1 x soon becomes rubb$ & ! appe>ance1 if n ! utility1 ( ! bo>d is spoil$4 ,"o coat is suffici5t to hold ! color1 b if a poli%$ surface is desir$ two are ne$$4 ,! "q ( coat+ ! outside ) %ellac or o!r poli% is an op5 "o1 & may be decid$ to suit ! individual ta/e4 ,x is sometimes desirable to %[ t an article is ! product ( ! s*oolroom1 & 9 ?is case a neatly pr9t$ label ) a space = ! pupil's "n1 etc41 may be pa/$ to ! outside4 ,if l>g] bo>ds are desir$ make ! squ>es "o in* 9 size leav+ 0 m>g94 ,! f\ndation consi/s ( two pieces ( newsbo>d1 ea* #d0 #i0 & ! vellum = cov]+ %\ld be #aa0 squ>e4 ,! process ( assembl+ is l t us$ 9 ! small bo>d4 ,,*eck]s ,i4 ,d[els4 ,*eck]s may be made f d[els 0 or 0 = small *eck]bo>ds & 0 or #a0 = ! l>g] bo>ds4 ,broom h&les1 etc41 may be us$ z sub/itutes = ! d[els4 ,! *eck]s %\ld be ( a uni=m ?ickness1 & ?is is be/ secur$ by us+ a comb9ation mitre-box1 saw1 & gauge4 ,if ?is is n available1 any o!r means may be employ$ to saw ! d[els into disks 0 or 0 9 ?ickness4 ,lay a piece ( s&pap] on a flat surface & rub ! *eck]s on ?is to remove saw m>ks4 ,two grades ( s&pap] give a bett] f9i% ?an "o4 ,to play ! game1 x is necess>y t !re %\ld be two colors ( *eck]s4 ,"s woods pres5t suffici5t diff]5ce 9 _! natural colors to s]ve ?is purpose1 b x is g5]ally bett] t "o set at lea/ %\ld be artificially color$4 ,= ?is1 use /a9 or ink4 ,place "s ( ! fluid 9 a %all[ di%1 & drop ! *eck]s into x4 ,remove at once ) nipp]s or two /icks1 & lay on a pap] to dry4 ,mo/ /a9s w /& "s wat]1 b common ink w\ld wa% out if ra9$ on4 ,s to pres]ve ! color1 *eck]s dy$ ) ink %\ld aft]w>d be dropp$ into a ?9 %ellac & tak5 out & dri$4 ,^? ( natural color %\ld also be %ellac$ z !y keep clean mu* long]4 ,aft] ! %ellac is dry1 !re is a little r\ghness on ! surface4 ,if ?is is rubb$ (f ) f9e s&pap] ! *eck]s are mu* m agreeable to h&le4 ,twelve *eck]s ( ea* color are ne$$ = a set b ?ree or f\r extra ones may be add$4 ,put ^! 9 a /rong bag securely ti$4 ,,ii4 ,button ,molds4 ,in/ead ( us+ d[els1 z j describ$1 wood5 button molds may be color$ & us$4 ,,iii4 ,buttons4 ,two contra/+ colors ( flat buttons make excell5t *eck]s4 ,problem ,,vii ,,picture ,,frame ,,"t3 #d h\rs4 ,,mat]ials3 ,newsbo>d1 vellum or pap]4 ,fir/ *oose size ( picture & !n wid? ( frame4 ,?is may be uni=m on all sides or "o may obs]ve ! rules = m>g9s %[n on pages #ba & #bb4 ,make a c>eful draw+ ( ! outside ( ! frame & op5+1 & !n lay out & cut ! newsbo>d z indicat$4 ,= cov]+1 plan & cut a piece ( vellum1 grass clo?1 pap] or o!r mat]ial :i* %all ext5d beyond ! newsbo>d on ea* side = at lea/ "o-half an in*4 ,on ?is mat]ial indicate ! position ( ! newsbo>d includ+ ! op5+ = ! picture4 ,also draw l9es "o-half an in* inside & p>allel to ! l9es %[+ op5+4 ,cut on ^! l9es & at ea* corn] cut oblique l9es to all[ ! laps to fold "u4 ,= ! back !re %\ld be plann$ & cut ano!r piece ( newsbo>d "o-eigh? ( an in* %ort] ?an ! front & ( ! same wid?2 & to cov] x a /rip ( cov]+ mat]ial ?ree-eigh?s ( an in* long] & "o-qu>t] ( an in* n>r[] ?an ! newsbo>d4 7,see ,plate ,,xxii47 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxii4 ,dim5sion$ sket*es ( ! p>ts ( a picture frame4 ,to assemble3 ,pa/e ! f\ndation ( ! front to ! cov]+ & turn "u & pa/e ! laps at ! op5+4 ,at ?is "t pa/e only "o outside lap & t ! top "o4 ,ov] "o end ( ! newsbo>d-back turn ! outside /rip ab\t half an in* & pa/e ?is d[n leav+ ! rema9d] ( ! piece free4 ,place ?is piece ( newsbo>d aga9/ ! front1 ) ! pa/$ end at ! top1 & ov] bo? pieces ( newsbo>d pa/e ! ?ree laps atta*$ to ! front side4 ,fold back ! free piece & pa/e z a l9+ ov] ! back4 ,to ?is may be pa/$ a pat5t hang]--a r+ atta*$ to a gumm$ disk4 ,! picture %\ld be ins]t$ at ! op5+ 9 ! top4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxiii4 ,a fold+ picture frame4 ,if a d\ble frame is desir$ 7see ,plate ,,xxiii7 make a frame = ea* picture b use = ! back ( ea* a piece ( heavy pap] :i* %\ld n h an additional cov]+4 ,make a f\ndation :i* folds ?r\gh ! c5t] plann+ to h x ext5d slightly beyond ! frames z %[n 9 ,plate ,,xxii2 to ea* half ( ?is f\ndation atta* ! frames already made4 ,c4 ,ei!r /yle ( frame may be made ) a cov]+ ( silk1 grass clo?1 lea!r1 & slightly padd$4 ,= ?is purpose use %eet wadd+ :i* %\ld be firmly atta*$ to ! front ( ! f\ndation4 ,ov] ?is lay ! cov]+ mat]ial & pa/e ! laps only1 n ! broad faces4 ,problem ,,viii ,,h+$ ,,cov]s ,,"t3 #h h\rs4 ,,mat]ials3 ,newsbo>d1 vellum1 pap] = leaves1 eyelets1 cord1 & 7if desir$7 cov] pap] = ,c & ,d4 ,,note3 ,9 select+ mat]ials1 *oose ^? :i* h>monize ) ea* o!r1 i4e41 ! vellum1 cov] pap]1 & l9+ pap] %\ld be ( ! same hue4 ,! problem is to make two sep>ate h+$ cov]s betwe5 :i* loose leaves may be b\nd1 ! :ole to be fa/5$ toge!r ) macrame or o!r cord4 ,?is may be design$ = "o ( _m uses1 sugge/ions = sev]al ( :i* foll[ 7see ,plate ,,xxiv74 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxiv4 ,examples ( h+$ cov]s made by gramm> s*ool *ildr54 ,a4 ,a ,,sket* ,,book ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxv4 ,freeh& dim5sion$ sket*es %[+ p>ts ( a sket* book cov]4 ,9 mak+ dim5sion$ sket*es = ! v>i\s p>ts 7see ,plate ,,xxv7 det]m9e fir/ ! size ( ! pages & plan ! cov]s to ext5d beyond !m ab\t "o-eigh? ( an in*4 ,make ! sket*es ( ! pages & ! newsbo>d f\ndations4 ,lay out & cut ! latt]1 ( full size1 & !n f ei!r a long or %ort side ( ea*1 9 accordance ) plan1 cut a /rip to =m a h+e4 ,! wid? ( ^! /rips may be f ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* to "o in*4 ,vellum %\ld be plann$ to cov] completely "o side ( bo? pieces ( ea* cov]1 to fold ar\nd ! small piece & to lap ov] onto ! l>ge piece ab\t "o-half in*4 ,x %\ld also fold ov] ! o!r ?ree edges ab\t "o-half in*4 7,see ,plate ,,xxvi47 ,! l9+ pap] %\ld cov] to )9 ab\t "o-eigh? ( an in* ( ! edges ( ! l>ge pieces & %\ld n ext5d onto ! h+e4 ,con/ant b5d+ soon breaks pap]1 b ) ord9>y use does n affect ! t\gh vellum4 ,make dim5sion$ sket*es ( ^! pieces 7see ,plate ,,xxv7 & lay out & cut all rema9+ p>ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxvi4 ,a diagram %[+ ! position ( ! two pieces ( newsbo>d on a piece ( vellum4 ,prop]ly place ma9 "p ( newsbo>d on vellum1 draw+ ar\nd x4 ,lay small "p "o-eigh? ( an in* f ma9 "p & draw ar\nd x4 ,remove ! pieces ( newsbo>d & apply pa/e to vellum inside ! p5cil l9e1 be+ c>eful to cov] ! surface smoo?ly & ev5ly2 lay bo? back pieces 9 place1 turn ! vellum ov] & rub d[n4 ,cut f ! project+ vellum on ! h+$ side a small piece ev5 ) ! edges ( ! h+es z f> z ! outside corn]s 7see ,plate ,,xxvi71 & clip (f ! outside corn]s z be=e describ$4 ,apply pa/e to project+ vellum1 fold ov] fir/ ! h+$ side & its opposite1 !n ! o!r two sides1 & rub d[n4 ,pa/e ! l9+ pap] 9 & dry ! cov]s sep>ately "u weight4 ,rememb] to place newspap] or blott+ pap] betwe5 ea* pair1 o!rwise ! moi/ure f "o w cause wr9kles 9 ! o!r4 ,= ! leaves1 use draw+ pap]1 :i* may be cut s+ly or 9 folio 7) s+le fold74 ,! latt] me?od is pref]able1 z fold$ %eets are easi] to place at ! back1 look bett]1 & are m secure4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxvii4 ,two me?ods ( cutt+ & fold+ pap] = ! pages ( a scrap book or po/c>d album4 ,two holes 9 ea* cov] are suffici5t = ! cord1 b a little c>e %\ld be tak5 to det]m9e ! be/ position = !m4 ,! di/ance ( ea* f ! end ( ! h+e /rips %\ld be f "o-fif? to "o-six? ( its l5g?1 &1 ( c\rse1 !y %\ld be plac$ midway betwe5 ! long edges4 ,aft] pun*+ ! holes1 see t ! leaves are prop]ly m>k$ s t ! holes 9 !m w exactly fit ! holes 9 ! cov]4 ,to d ?is1 place "o %eet on ! cov]1 leav+ correct m>g9s1 & ?r\gh ! c5t] ( ea* hole m>k ! pap] :i* %\ld !n be pun*$4 ,treat ! o!r %eets 9 ! same mann]4 ,eyelets %\ld be ins]t$ 9 ! cov]s only1 & = t purpose a good eyelet pun* is necess>y4 ,directions = its use & sample eyelets accompany pun*es :5 s5t f ! deal]4 ,complete by ty+ all toge!r ) a piece ( cord4 ,make a small flat b[ on ! front cov]4 ,b4 ,a ,,scrap ,,book ,?is %\ld be plann$ & work$ out 9 ! same mann] z ! ,sket* ,book1 b x %\ld be some:at l>g]1 possibly #f #h in*es4 ,= ! leaves1 scre5+s or wrapp+ pap] may be us$4 ,to prev5t cov]s f fl>+ aft] ! book has be5 fill$1 ! ?ickness at ! back %\ld be increas$ by additional folds 9 ! pap]1 z %[n 9 ,plate ,,xxviia4 ,! 8/ub0 %\ld be ab\t "o in* wide aft] x is fold$4 ,! ,japanese me?od1 :i* is to fold a v long /rip _m times 9 ! same mann]1 =ms a pleas+ arrangem5t 7see ,plate ,,xxviib74 ,c4 ,a ,,po/c>d ,,album ,make ! cov]s describ$ 9 ,a & ! leaves ( a heavy pap]4 ,gre5 or br[n scre5+s look well & give a backgr\nd g5]ally h>moni\s ) color$ po/c>ds4 ,! size ( ! leaves %\ld be suffici5t to leave a g5]\s m>g9 ar\nd ! c>d4 ,if two are to be plac$ on "o page1 h ! space betwe5 less ?an ! m>g9s ar\nd ! edges4 ,a little additional m>g9 at ! bottom is always pleas+4 ,slits = hold+ ! c>ds may be made 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 cut a blank %eet ( pap] ( ! size ( a po/al c>d & f ea* corn] measure bo? v]tically & horizontally #a to #a in*es & connect ! adjac5t corn]s ) /raight l9es4 ,place ?is patt]n 9 prop] position & use ! ends ( ! l9es on x to locate ! l9es to be drawn on ! page itself4 ,x a hole is pun*$ at ea* end ( ! l9e1 x gives a neat appe>ance & prev5ts ! pap] f te>+ easily4 ,! l9es on ! page %\ld be cut ) a %>p knife4 ,ins]t ea* c>d by plac+ its corn]s 9 ! slits4 ,a second set ( oblique l9es p>allel to ^? already describ$ may be drawn & cut ?ree-eigh?s ( an in* f>!r f ea* corn]4 ,?is w =m a /rap to hold ! c>ds 9 place1 & on ! opposite side ( ! leaf c>ds may be ins]t$ 9 ! outside slits4 ,d4 ,a ,,clipp+ ,,file ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxviii4 ,relative positions ( newsbo>d & vellum 9 mak+ ! cov] ( a clipp+ file4 ,betwe5 two sep>ate cov]s sev]al envelopes--say five--are to be fa/5$ & us$ = hold+ clipp+s1 etc4 ,select ! envelopes--#c by #i in*es is a conv5i5t size4 ,plan cov]s to be ab\t "o-eigh? ( an in* long] on ea* end ?an ! envelopes & sev5-eigh?s ( an in* wid]4 ,?is all[s ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* = ! gu>d & also a projection ( "o-eigh? ( an in* on ! opposite side4 ,/rips ( vellum %\ld be plann$ to cov] completely bo? sides ( ! h+e1 to lap ov] onto ! l>ge piece ab\t "o in* bo? outside & 91 & to ext5d beyond ea* end ab\t "o-half in*4 ,to cov] ! re/ ( ! newsbo>d1 cov] pap] %\ld be us$ & ! pieces %\ld lap ov] ! vellum ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* on ! side next to ! h+e & fold ov] ! o!r edges ab\t "o-half an in*4 ,! l9+ pap] %\ld cov] to )9 "o-eigh? ( an in* ( ! edges ( ! l>ge pieces ( newsbo>d4 ,make dim5sion$ sket*es ( all pieces & lay out & cut all p>ts4 ,draw a l9e ?r\gh ! c5t] ( ! vellum %[+ :]e ! back edge ( ! small piece ( newsbo>d %\ld come4 ,lay ma9 "p "o-eigh? ( an in* f ?is l9e & draw ar\nd ! edges ( bo? pieces except :]e ! l>ge piece projects beyond ! vellum 7see ,plate ,,xxviii74 ,apply pa/e to vellum1 lay pieces ( newsbo>d 9 place1 turn x ov] & rub d[n4 ,cut f ! project+ vellum a small piece ev5 ) ! ends ( ! h+es z f> z ! outside corn]s4 ,apply pa/e fir/ to project+ ends1 !n to long /rip2 fold ov] & rub d[n4 ,prop]ly place cov] on cov] pap] & draw ar\nd x4 ,apply pa/e to cov] pap] & f9i% z :5 vellum is us$ = entire cov]4 ,pa/e 9 ! l9+ pap] & dry "u weight4 ,/rips ( vellum ab\t #b in*es wide & "o in* long] ?an ! envelopes %\ld be fold$ l5g?wise d[n ! middle to =m gu>ds4 ,cut /rips ( newsbo>d ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* wide1 & ( ! same l5g? z ! envelope4 ,apply pa/e to half ! vellum & lay ! newsbo>d on x ) "o edge aga9/ ! c5t] fold4 ,aga9/ ! o!r edge ( ! newsbo>d lay ! l[] edge ( ! envelope ) its ends & ! ends ( ! newsbo>d 9 ! same /raight l9es4 ,treat ! ends ( vellum 9 ! same mann] z on ! cov]s4 ,pun* holes 9 cov]s & gu>ds1 ins]t eyelets1 & fa/5 toge!r by ty+1 or ) pap] fa/5]s4 ,problem ,,ix ,,boxes ,,"t3 #f h\rs4 ,,mat]ials3 ,newsbo>d1 /ay-tape or vellum1 & a ?9 pap]4 ,fir/ det]m9e ! size ( ! box1 :i* %\ld be made = a def9ite purpose4 ,consid] ! proportions ( ! wid?1 l5g?1 & height2 also ! height ( ! sides ( ! cov]4 ,a box consi/s ( f\ndations ( newsbo>d1 ! edges ( :i* are /ay$ ) /rips ( tape or vellum1 & ! outside cov]$ ) pap]4 ,! cov] %\ld be l>g] ?an ! bottom by in* 9 bo? directions to all[ x to slip ov] ! box4 ,?is am\nt w v>y some:at ) ! ?ickness ( ! newsbo>d1 ! pap] ) :i* x is cov]$1 & ! skill ( ! work]4 ,! f\ndation = ea* "p is to be develop$ f a s+le piece ( newsbo>d4 ,! box & cov] are to be cov]$ ) a ?9 pap]4 ,a great v>iety ( pap] = ?is purpose may be pur*as$1 ei!r figur$ or 9 pla9 colors4 ,= ! box plan a /rip ( pap] long en\gh to ext5d ar\nd ! f\r sides & to provide = a lap :]e ! ends jo94 ,be g5]\s ) ?is lap1 z x w be f\nd t ! pap] 8takes up0 :5 x is pa/$ on4 ,! wid? ( ! /rip %\ld be at lea/ "o in* m ?an ! dep? ( ! box4 ,= ! cov]1 plan cov]+ pap] l ! newsbo>d developm5t1 b ) its sides in* or m wid] to fold ov] ! edges4 ,let ! corn] squ>es s]ve z laps4 ,make dim5sion$ sket*es ( all pieces & lay out & cut all p>ts4 7,see ,plate ,,xxix47 ,along fold+ l9es ( ! f\ndations score deeply ) a knife1 "o blade ( ! scissors1 or ) a p91 & fold ) ! crease on ! outside4 ,x is ess5tial to ! success ( ! box to h ?is crease on ! outside to insure a %>p1 /raight1 & /rong edge1 :i* might o!rwise be r\nd$1 irregul>1 & weak4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxix4 ,draw+s ( ! pieces requir$ 9 mak+ boxes4 ,fa/5 ! corn]s ( bo? box & cov] toge!r ) pieces ( tape or /rips ( vellum1 lapp+ onto ! sides4 7,see ,plate ,,xxx47 ,if possible1 all[ ! corn]s to dry be=e proce$+ fur!r4 ,pa/e ! /rip ( pap] ar\nd ! box1 all[+ in* to project beyond bo? top & bottom edges4 ,rub d[n well4 ,make a v]tical cut at ea* corn] ( upp] projection & fold & pa/e laps d[n on ! inside4 7,see ,plate ,,xxxi47 ,make a ,v-cut at ea* corn] ( ! l[] projection1 fold & pa/e ! laps aga9/ ! bottom4 7,see ,plate ,,xxxii47 ,x w probably be necess>y to apply m pa/e be=e f9ally rubb+ ^! laps d[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxx4 ,! box 9 process ( con/ruction %[+ me?od ( 8/ay+0 ! corn]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxxi4 ,%[+ me?od ( pa/+ ! laps to ! inside ( ! box4 ,pa/e top ( cov] to ! pap]1 leav+ equal m>g9s on all sides4 ,f ! two long edges make cuts to ! corn]s ( ! newsbo>d f\ndation at "r angles to its edges4 ,fold & pa/e pap] ov] ! ends ( cov] fir/1 & !n onto ! inside1 us+ ! ?umb to pu% ! pap] ov] ! edges4 7,see ,plate ,,xxxi47 ,! cuts made f ! long edges give an extra l5g? to end cov]+s4 ,pa/e ?is extra piece onto long sides & !n pa/e ! "p naturally to be us$ to cov] ^! sides4 ,! appe>ance ( ! box w be greatly improv$ by runn+ ! ?umb & f+] along ! fold$ edges ( ! cov] to %>p5 !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxxii4 ,! laps are be+ pa/$ to ! bottom ( ! box4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxxiii4 ,"h ! pap] is be+ pa/$ to ! side ( ! cov]4 ,9 ?is mann]1 boxes ( any size may be made4 ,small boxes may be cov]$ ) l951 cretonne1 or o!r k9ds ( clo?4 ,9 ?is case x may be bett] 7aft] mak+ ! f\ndations z already describ$7 to pa/e ! cov]+ to ! inside ( ! f\ndation only1 o!rwise ! surface might be discolor$ by ! pa/e ooz+ ?r\gh ! clo?4 ,a box ) a glass top is sometimes desirable = hold+ specim5s ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,su* a box may be made z above describ$ ) ! foll[+ *anges3 ,if x is to be a seal$ box ! specim5s %\ld be prop]ly plac$ 9 ! box & ! glass 7:i* %\ld be z l>ge z ! outside measurem5t ( ! box to prev5t its dropp+ 97 laid ov] ! top be=e pa/+ d[n t "p ( ! cov]+ :i* projects above ! box itself4 ,:5 prop]ly arrang$ ?is %\ld !n be pa/$ to ! glass exactly z ! laps are pa/$ to ! bottom ( ! box4 ,if a removable cov] is desir$1 cut /rips ( newsbo>d = ! sides & a /rip ( mat]ial = cov]+ !m 9 ! same mann] t ! box is cov]$4 ,aft] /ay+ ! corn]s ) vellum1 pa/e on ! /rip ( cov]+ mat]ial2 "o edge ( ?is %\ld lap ov] ! newsbo>d & be pa/$ to ! inside ( ! cov] & ! o!r %\ld hold ! glass 9 position aft] x has be5 plac$ on ! newsbo>d4 ,problem ,x ,,po/c>d ,,hold] ,,"t3 #h h\rs4 ,,mat]ials3 ,newsbo>d1 vellum1 & l9+ pap]4 ,be=e beg9n+ ?is hold]1 x may be well to h collections made ( c>ds relat+ to a def9ite subject4 ,int]e/ 9 ! /udy ( v>i\s indu/ries1 hi/ory1 & geography is greatly increas$ by ! use ( pictures1 & 9 _m places sets ( c>ds prep>$ = su* a purpose may be pur*as$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxxiv4 ,! po/c>d hold] p>tly op54 ,?is hold] consi/s ( an outside case into :i* ! inn] hold] slips4 7,see ,plate ,,xxxiv47 ,! size ( ! faces may be det]m9$ by individual pupils1 b1 if ! blocks to be describ$ lat] are us$1 x w be q ess5tial to h a uni=m size s t ! blocks may be us$ int]*angeably among ! pupils4 ,= ?is reason1 x is recomm5d$ t ! broad faces ( ! outside be ab\t "o in* l>g] 9 ea* direction ?an a po/c>d1 & ! n>r[ faces #a0 wide4 ,plan ! f\ndation ( a s+le piece ( newsbo>d1 z wide z ! outside l5g? ( ! hold]1 scor$ to divide x into ! f\r faces above ref]r$ to1 & a fif? division ! exact size ( "o n>r[ face4 ,arrange ^! faces to be jo9$ at _! long edges ) a n>r[ face on ea* end ( ! /rip ( newsbo>d s t :5 fold$ toge!r "o n>r[ face w be d\ble1 :i* gives great] /ability to ! %ape ( ! hold]4 ,plan a /rip ( vellum #b in*es wid] ?an ! l5g? ( ! case1 & long en\gh to ext5d ar\nd x1 all[+ = a lap at "o corn]4 ,x w be f\nd 9 putt+ on ?is vellum t x w require a piece long] ?an ! sum ( ! wid? ( ! faces z1 h[ev] closely x may be put on1 x 8takes up0 at ! corn]s4 ,!re=e be g5]\s ) ! lap z a little extra l5g? does no h>m4 ,= ! inn] hold] plan a /rip ( newsbo>d 0 n>r[] ?an ! case1 scor$ to divide x into five p>ts4 ,two p>ts are to be ( ! same l5g? z ! case1 alt]nat+ ) two n>r[ faces 0 less ?an ?ickness ( ! case 7t !y may fit inside7 & ! fif? piece ab\t "o-half ! l5g? ( ! long faces4 ,plan two /rips ( vellum to cov] ! n>r[ faces1 & lap onto ! adjo9+ faces ab\t #a04 ,all[ 0 at ea* end to turn ov] ! edges4 ,= ea* ( ! ?ree broad faces1 plan a cov]+ ( l9+ pap] :i* %all all[ an edge ( vellum to %[ at ! jo9ts1 & %all lap ov] ! o!r edges ( ! newsbo>d4 ,notice t ^! ?ree pieces are ( ?ree diff]5t sizes4 ,make dim5sion$ sket*es ( all pieces 7,see ,plate ,,xxxv7 & lay out & cut all p>ts4 ,along ! fold+ l9es ( bo? newsbo>d f\ndations1 score & fold z expla9$ 9 connection ) ! box4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxxv4 ,dim5sion$ sket*es ( ! p>ts ( ! po/c>d hold]4 ,:5 pa/+ ! vellum onto ! outside case1 x w be f\nd ( great advantage to h blocks ( wood to "w ar\nd4 ,if !re is a woodwork+ room 9 connection ) ! s*ool1 ^! blocks may well be made !re4 ,!y %\ld be at lea/ ! full l5g? ( ! case & may project beyond ! ends4 ,_! ?ickness %\ld be ! wid? ( ! n>r[ faces1 & _! wid? may be ! same z t ( ! broad faces1 or n>r[]4 ,if n>r[]1 ! blocks may be slipp$ along z ! vellum is be+ rubb$ d[n4 ,! /rip ( vellum = cov]+ ! outside is s l>ge t x is difficult = a *ild to cov] x ) pa/e1 be=e a "p ( x has dri$4 ,x is bett]1 !re=e1 to pa/e a little m ?an en\gh = "o face at a "t1 rub ?is d[n1 apply pa/e aga91 & s on to ! end4 ,by putt+ ! pa/e a little beyond 7 x is ne$$ !re is a c]ta9ty ( leav+ no dry areas at ! corn]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxxvi4 ,an illu/ration ( ! me?od ( cov]+ ! outside ( ! case :5 a block ( wood is us$4 ,if blocks are to be us$1 pa/e toge!r ! two end divisions ( ! newsbo>d1 put ! block inside1 & pa/e on ! /rip ( vellum4 ,place "o end ( ! vellum flu% ) "o edge ( ! case1 & cov] "o broad face fir/4 7,see ,plate ,,xxxvi47 ,be=e rubb+ d[n ! vellum on ! next face1 be sure t x is pull$ z closely z possible ov] ! edge1 leav+ no wr9kles or loose places4 ,:5 all ! faces h be5 cov]$1 !re %\ld rema9 a m>g9 ( vellum to lap onto ! face fir/ cov]$4 ,if ?is is pa/$ d[n v closely1 x w be almo/ invisible4 ,if no blocks are available1 ?ree faces %\ld be cov]$ be=e jo9+ ! two end pieces ( newsbo>d1 :i* %\ld !n be cov]$ z "o piece4 ,lay ea* face z x is be+ pa/$ s t "o edge is at ! edge ( ! desk or table1 & all[ ! re/ ( ! case to hang ov] ! side4 7,see ,plate ,,xxxvii47 ,9 ?is way ! faces may be easily cov]$4 ,next make a longitud9al cut on ! project+ vellum z f> z ! newsbo>d at ea* corn] ( ! case4 ,! result+ laps may !n be easily pa/$ d[n onto ! inside ( ! case4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxxvii4 ,an illu/ration ( ! me?od ( cov]+ ! outside ( ! case :5 no block ( wood is available4 ,ov] ! n>r[ faces ( ! inn] hold] pa/e ! /rips ( vellum1 cut = ?is purpose4 ,pa/e & fold _! ends ov] ! edges ( ! newsbo>d4 ,^! ends fit a little bett] if two slits are made 9 ea* at ! fold ( ! newsbo>d4 ,cov] ! broad faces ) ! l9+ pap]1 turn+ & pa/+ ! laps ov] ! edges closely4 ,! corn]s %\ld be cut z 9 ! flat objects describ$ 9 previ\s articles4 ,?is inn] "p %\ld n be press$ z a flat piece z ?is w\ld cause ! pap] to crack op5 :5 fold$ = use4 ,if desir$1 ! inside may be l9$ ) :ite pap]1 9 :i* case ! pieces %\ld be put 9 sep>ately in/ead ( 9 "o long /rip4 ,?is is difficult = any b mo/ skillful work]s4 ,b4 ,a hold] ( simil> con/ruction1 b ( conv5i5t size to hold note or lett] pap] makes an excell5t fil+ case4 ,problem ,,xi ,,slip ,,box#d ,,"t3 #f h\rs4 ,,mat]ials3 ,newsbo>d1 vellum1 ?9 pap]4 ,?is box 7,plate ,,xxxviii7 by v>y+ ! size may be us$ = hold+ p5cils1 *eck]s1 a picture puzzle1 or = o!r purposes4 ,accurately lay out ! box on ! newsbo>d z %[n 9 ! draw+ & cut on ! outside l9es1 pref]ably ) ! c>dbo>d cutt]4 ,along ! edges ( ! base score ) a %>p knife or /rong p9 & turn up ! sides ) ! l9es outside4 ,! corn]s %\ld be /ay$ ) a /rip ( vellum z %[n to hold ! box 9 %ape4 ,cut a /rip ( l9+ or o!r ?9 pap] long en\gh to ext5d ar\nd ! box & lap ov] ab\t in*2 ! wid? %\ld be at lea/ "o in* great] ?an height ( sides4 ,pa/e ?is /rip to ! sides ( ! box all[+ surplus wid? to ext5d equally above & bel[4 ,at ea* corn] ( ! box make cuts 9 ! pap] s t x may be pa/$ to ! inside ( ! box at "o edge & to ! bottom ( ! box at ! o!r4 ,x is advis$ t no attempt be made to l9e ei!r ! inside or ! base4 ,! case %\ld be en\gh l>g] ?an ! box to all[ ! latt] to slip easily b n fall out4 ,by mak+ ea* side ( ! case ( an in* wid] ?an ! correspond+ sides ( ! box1 ?is is accompli%$4 ,x w be notic$ t ?ree n>r[ faces are %[n 9 ! draw+4 ,lap ! broad] outside face ,b ov] ! n>r[] "o ,a & pa/e securely4 ,?is gives /ability to ! outside4 ,cut a /rip ( vellum long en\gh to pa/e ar\nd ! box & ext5d beyond x at lea/ in* at ea* end4 ,pa/e ?is to ! f\ndation2 at ea* corn] make cuts 9 ! vellum1 & pa/e project+ p>ts to ! inside ( ! f\ndation4 #d ,f 8,w> ,"t ,occupations40 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxxviii4 ,problem ,,xii ,a ,,portfolio ,,"t3 #f h\rs4 ,,mat]ials3 ,newsbo>d1 vellum1 cov] pap]1 l9+ pap]1 tape4 7,a74 ,?is portfolio consi/s ( two f\ndation pieces ( newsbo>d1 cov]$ & l9$ ) pap] & jo9$ by a back ( vellum4 ,let ! size & %ape ( ^! cov]s be det]m9$ by ! use to :i* !y are to be put4 ,!y may be = draw+s1 maps1 compositions1 etc4 ,! size ( ! newsbo>d w practically be ! size ( ! f9i%$ portfolio1 & %\ld be some:at l>g] ?an ! pap]s x is to hold4 ,plan ! back1 :i* consi/s ( two pieces ( vellum1 wide en\gh to all[ = ! space desir$ betwe5 ! cov]s1 & also to lap onto ea* cov] at lea/ "o in*4 ,"o piece ( vellum %\ld be long en\gh to lap ov] ! ends ( ! newsbo>d ab\t an in*1 & ! o!r piece %\ld be ab\t ( an in* %ort] ?an ! newsbo>d4 ,plan ! cov] pap] to be l>ge en\gh to all[ = in* lap to fold ov] ! ?ree free edges1 b rememb] to all[ a m>g9 ( vellum to %[ at ! o!r edge4 ,plan ! l9+ pap] to be small en\gh to all[ ! f\ndation to ext5d beyond x at lea/ ( an in* on all sides4 ,make dim5sion$ sket*es ( all pieces & lay out & cut all p>ts4 7,see ,plate ,,xxxix47 ,place ! newsbo>d f\ndations on ! %ort piece ( vellum ! prop] di/ance ap>t1 ) equal am\nts ( vellum ext5d+ "u ea*4 ,! newsbo>d1 ( c\rse1 w ext5d at ea* end a trifle beyond ! vellum4 ,:5 ! prop] position is det]m9$1 draw p5cil l9es l5g?wise ( ! vellum indicat+ ! edge ( ea* cov]4 ,put pa/e on ! vellum & rub d[n well onto ! newsbo>d =m+ ! inside ( ! h+e4 ,to make sure t ! upp] & l[] edges ( ! cov]s are 9 a cont9u\s /raight l9e1 place a rule or /raight edge aga9/ "o cov]1 ext5d+ across & beyond ! vellum2 place ! second cov] aga9/ ! rule & ! edges w be 9 a /raight l9e4 7,see ,plate ,,xl47 ,pa/e ! second piece ( vellum onto ! outside & turn ! project+ ends ov] ! newsbo>d1 pa/+ !m d[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxxix4 ,dim5sion$ sket*es ( ! p>ts ( a portfolio4 ,prop]ly place "o f\ndation piece on ! cov] pap]1 all[+ ! vellum to %[ :]e x laps onto ! newsbo>d1 & draw ar\nd x4 ,! am\nt ( vellum :i* is to %[ is a problem 9 space division4 ,j h[ mu* w look well on ! p>ticul> cov] "u consid]ation %\ld be c>efully ?\ght out4 ,apply pa/e to ! cov] pap]1 not+ t x requires m skill to spread pa/e uni=mly on a heavy pap] ?an on vellum or l9+ pap]4 ,place "o piece ( newsbo>d on ! pap] z previ\sly m>k$1 turn !m ov] & rub d[n4 ,a piece ( clo? held 9 ! h& & us$ = rubb+ ! surface prev5ts f+] m>ks2 or ! rubb+ may be done on a piece ( pap] laid ov] ! surface4 ,! cov] pap] %\ld cl+ firmly to ! f\ndation at e po9t & ?is %\ld be assur$ be=e proce$+4 ,apply pa/e to ! project+ laps1 fold !m ov] & rub d[n4 ,treat ! o!r half 9 ! same mann]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xl4 ,pa/+ ! newsbo>d to ! vellum back4 ,x is desirable to tie ! portfolio toge!r on "o side at lea/4 ,= ?is purpose secure tape ( h>moniz+ color & or in* 9 wid?4 ,ab\t an in* f & p>allel to ! front edges cut a slit ?r\gh bo? pap] & newsbo>d ( ! same l5g? z ! wid? ( ! tape4 7,?is ne$s to be done ) a knife or1 bett] yet1 ) a *isel47 ,ins]t a piece ( tape f #f to #i in*es long 9 ea* slit & securely pa/e at lea/ #a in* to ! inside ( ! newsbo>d1 all[+ ! great] l5g? to project f ! outside4 ,pa/e ! l9+ pap] on ! inside ( ea* half & ?is w cov] ! pa/$ end ( ! tape4 ,! portfolio is !n complete4 7,b74 ,by a diff]5t arrangem5t ( tape ! same k9d ( portfolio may be us$ z a magaz9e hold] or cov] = a pap] book or pamphlet4 ,plan ! newsbo>d f\ndations to project ( an in* beyond ! book on ?ree sides4 ,! space betwe5 ! two pieces ( newsbo>d %\ld be at lea/ an in* great] ?an ! ?ickness ( ! book s t ! cov]s w lie flat :5 ! book is inside4 ,x w be se5 t ) s wide a space ! inn] edge ( ! newsbo>d w n ext5d z f> back z ! back ( ! book1 & 9 plann+ ! newsbo>d x %\ld actually be n>r[] ?an ! book4 ,make dim5sion$ sket*es ( all pieces & lay out & cut all p>ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xli4 ,a magaz9e 9 a /iff cov]4 ,con/ruct ! cov]s z = ! portfolio1 b ins]t ! tape z foll[s3 ,ab\t ( an in* f bo? upp] & l[] edges ( ! back cov]1 & j :]e ! cov] pap] laps onto ! vellum1 make slits ( ! same wid? z ! tape & p>allel to ! edges4 ,pu% "o end ( ! tape ?r\gh f ! outside & pa/e1 ) ! end turn$ t[>d ! edge4 ,c>ry ! tape ov] ! adjac5t edge along inside ( ! cov] & ov] ! opposite edge :]e x %\ld be ins]t$ 9 ! second slit & pa/$ on ! inside z at ! o!r end4 ,a little slackness ( tape is n objectionable4 ,! l9+ pap] may come to ! edge ( ! tape1 or1 ) m difficulty1 be slipp$ "u x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xlii4 ,simple bord]s suitable = use on a portfolio4 ,:5 "o cov] ( ! book has be5 plac$ "u ! tape1 x %\ld hold x securely4 7,see ,plate ,,xli47 ,if desir$1 !re is "h an excell5t opportunity = ! application ( a cov] design4 ,?is may consi/ ( simple /raight l9e bord]s 9 l[] grades1 or ( m elaborate designs 9 upp] grades4 7,see ,plate ,,xlii47 ,lett]+ also may be us$ ei!r s+ly or comb9$ ) decorative figures4 ,! design %\ld be c>efully plann$ be=e any attempt is made to place x ^u ! f9i%$ cov]4 ,erasures are always noticeable & %\ld be avoid$4 ,x is recomm5d$ t /raight l9es %\ld be drawn ) a rule1 & ! di/ance ( ! bord] f ! edge measur$ ei!r ) a rule or a piece ( pap]4 ,! decoration may be appli$ ) ink1 crayons1 or wat] color4 ,common ink dilut$ gives ! effect ( a d>k] tone ( ! color ( ! pap] & z x is easily obta9$ x is on ! :ole a satisfactory m$ium4 7,see ,plate ,,xliii47 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xliii4 ,"s cov] designs made by /ud5ts at ! ,sloyd ,tra9+ ,s*ool1 ,bo/on1 ,mass4 ,problem ,,xiii ,,/ation]y ,,hold] ,,"t3 #h h\rs4 ,,mat]ials3 ,newsbo>d1 vellum & pap]4 ,a v satisfactory /ation]y hold] 7see ,plates ,,xliv & ,,xlv7 may be made by sub/itut+ pockets1 etc41 = ! pla9 l9+ ( ! portfolio4 ,make ! outside z describ$ 9 ,problem ,,xii4 ,!n cut = ea* half1 a piece ( newsbo>d "o-qu>t] ( an in* %ort] & n>r[] ?an ! outside pieces4 ,cov] "o ( ^! small] pieces ) ! same pap] t is us$ on ! outside turn+ ov] a m>g9 ( "o-half an in* on ea* ( ! f\r sides4 ,at ea* corn] atta* suitable pieces = hold+ a blott]4 7,see page #cc47 ,:5 press$ & dri$ ?is =ms a l9+ = "o side4 ,! o!r piece ( newsbo>d %\ld be us$ z a f\ndation = a 8bell[s pocket0 = hold+ /ation]y4 ,fir/ b9d "o long edge ) a /rip ( vellum hav+ x %[ on ! upp] surface = ab\t an in* & a half4 ,! pocket %\ld be made ( vellum & :5 complet$1 %\ld be z l>ge z ! newsbo>d f\ndation4 ,to give /r5g? & /ability to ?is cut a piece ( pap] ( ! same size z ! newsbo>d4 ,plan & cut a piece ( vellum #e in*es long] & an in* & a half wid] ?an ?is4 ,lay ! pap] l9+ on ! vellum ) an equal am\nt ( vellum project+ at ea* end1 & fold ! vellum ov] "o long edge ( ! pap] = its entire l5g? & to ! dep? ( ab\t "o in*4 ,pa/e ! hem ?us made to ! pap] b d n pa/e ! broad face z ?is w cause wr9kl+4 ,!n fold ! vellum ov] ea* end ( ! pap] %>ply & make a rev]se fold "o in* f ! end4 ,place ?is vellum on ! newsbo>d ) ! hem ( ! pocket aga9/ ! b\nd edge ( ! newsbo>d1 & on ! o!r ?ree sides turn ov] ! project+ vellum & pa/e to ! "u side ( ! newsbo>d4 ,be=e pa/+ 9 ?is piece & ! blott] = l9+s1 a fa/5] or tape %\ld be ins]t$ z already describ$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xliv4 ,/ation]y ,hold]s 7clos$7 made by /ud5ts at ! ,bo/on ,s*ool ( ,occupational ,!rapy4 ,! hold] may be made m elaborate by add+ a ?ird page :i* %\ld be n>r[] ?an ! o!r two & :5 fold$ toge!r w appe> z a flap4 ,cut a piece ( newsbo>d = its f\ndation & fa/5 to "o ( ! l>ge pieces 9 ! same mann] z ! two l>ge pieces are atta*$4 ,to l9e ?is1 cut a piece ( newsbo>d "o-qu>t] ( an in* %ort] & n>r[] ?an ! outside piece & cov] x ) a s+le piece ( vellum2 or pockets may be add$ & a /rap = hold+ p5 or p5cil4 ,"s v h&some cases c ?us be made by us+ wall pap]s on ! broad faces4 ,n>r[ /ripes or gold b&s us$ z bord] decorations on ! corn]s ( ! blott] or ! edge ( ! pockets are v effective :ile figures well cut may be appliqu$ to ! outside or ! inside4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xlv4 ,an op5 /ation]y hold] made at ! ,bo/on ,s*ool ( ,occupational ,!rapy4 ,= fa/5+1 use cord1 tape or ribbon :i* %\ld be ins]t$ be=e ! l9+s are pa/$ 94 ,to illu/rate3 ,pass a ribbon across ! outside ( ! middle piece1 putt+ ea* end ?r\gh a slit--say "o in* f ! edge--& glue ^! firmly to ! newsbo>d4 ,?r\gh a slit 9 ! o!r broad face pass ano!r l5g? ( ribbon on ! end ( :i* %all be a ,japanese bead2 on ! n>r[ face 9 simil> fa%ion atta* a loop ( ribbon 7made by pass+ bo? ends ?r\gh ! same slit74 ,:5 clos$ ! case may be fa/5$ by putt+ ! bead ?r\gh ! loop4 ,ano!r /yle ( fa/5] consi/s ( a cord or braid simil>ly ins]t$ ) a fancy knot 9 place ( ! bead4 ,problem ,,xiv ,,sew+ ,,& ,,b9d+ ,a ,,book ,,"t3 #aj h\rs4 ,,mat]ials3 ,newsbo>d1#e vellum1 cov] pap]1 :ite pap]1 tape1 sew+ l951 & 8sup]40 ,!re are sev]al ways ( sew+ a book & ev5 m ways ( b9d+ x aft] x is sew$4 ,! fir/ me?od "h giv5 is ! simple/1 & is su* z is feasible 9 a fif? or six? grade )\t a sew+ frame1 a press1 or o!r app>atus ?an ! simple tools requir$ 9 ! previ\s problems4 ,fir/ det]m9e ! %ape & size ( ! book4 ,x is bett] at fir/ n to attempt a book :i* is v ?ick1 sev5 to twelve signatures be+ suffici5t = a beg9n+4 ,a 8signature0 is ! "n appli$ to a fold$ %eet1 sev]al ( :i* g to make up ! inside ( a book4 ,if ! %eet is fold$ once x is call$ a 8folio02 if twice1 a 8qu>to02 if ?ree times1 an 8octavo40 7,see ,plate ,,xlvi47 ,^! signatures1 :5 sew$ toge!r1 =m :at is te*nically kn[n z 8! book10 & ! cov]s & back 8! case40 #e ,a book-cov] may be made ( heavi] newsbo>d ?an ! articles previ\sly describ$1 al?\gh 9 elem5t>y grades x w probably be m conv5i5t to use "o weight only4 ,numb] #cj is commonly us$ = books ( ord9>y size 7say #g #e in*es71 :ile = l>g] books 7#aj #g in*es7 a /ill heavi] bo>d is us$4 ,) a piece ( *eap pap] exp]im5t a little1 fold+ x "o or m times & if necess>y trimm+ ! edges to *ange size or proportions4 ,:5 ! size is det]m9$1 cut a suffici5t numb] ( %eets1 fold1 & 8/ack0 7pile7 !m = sew+4 ,if ! pap] provid$ is too small to be us$ = a 8qu>to10 place "o 8folio0 inside ano!r :i* w give two ?icknesses ( pap] at ea* fold & w h ! same effect z a 8qu>to40 ,if desir$1 two or ?ree %eets ( pap] may be plac$ toge!r be=e fold+ s t !re w be sev]al ?icknesses at ! back4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xlvi4 ,diagram to %[ me?ods ( fold+ %eets ( pap]4 ,^! signatures are to be sew$ ov] ?ree pieces ( tape1 "o to be at ! middle ( ! fold1 "o f #a to #a in*es f ea* end1 accord+ to ! size ( ! pages4 ,on ! back ( ! fir/ signature m>k c>efully ! position ( ! edges ( ea* piece ( tape1 & additional po9ts an in* f ea* end4 ,! latt] po9ts %[ ! location ( ! 8kettle /it*es40 ,replace ?is signature on ! o!rs & m>k across ! backs ( all1 locat+ simil> po9ts on o!r signatures ) z mu* accuracy z possible4 7,see ,plate ,,xlvii47 ,! major folds %\ld !n be 8jogg$ up0 ev5ly at ! back1 & ! m9or folds at ! 8head0 or top4 ,at ea* po9t on ea* signature make a hole = sew+ by op5+ ! signatures & pi]c+ ?r\gh ) a ne$le f ! back4 ,replace ! signatures 9 ! same ord] z be=e4 ,cut ?ree pieces ( tape ab\t ?ree in*es long4 ,place ! fir/ signature on ! deck or table ) ! fold ( ! back t[>d ! op]ator4 ,! left h& %\ld be plac$ inside ! signature to receive & return ! ?read$ ne$le :i* is pu%$ ?r\gh f ! outside by ! "r h&4 7,see ,plate ,,xlviii47 ,pass ! ?read 9 ?r\gh ! fir/ hole 7leav+ an end long en\gh = ty+71 out ?r\gh ! second hole1 ov] ! tape1 9 ?r\gh ! ?ird hole1 out ?r\gh ! f\r? hole1 ov] ! second tape1 9 ?r\gh ! fif? hole1 out ?r\gh ! six? hole1 ov] ! ?ird tape1 9 ?r\gh ! sev5? hole1 & out ?r\gh ! eigh? or la/ hole ( ! signature4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xlvii4 ,m>k+ ! signatures be=e /it*+4 ,close ?is signature & place ! second signature on top ( ! fir/2 !n pass ! ?read 9 ?r\gh ! eigh? hole ( ! second signature1 & out ?r\gh ! sev5? hole1 ov] ! tape1 9 ?r\gh ! six? hole & s on until ! ?read comes out ?r\gh ! fir/ hole4 ,tie ! ?read to ! loose %ort end 9 a squ>e or h>d knot4 ,place ! ?ird signature on top ( ! second & proce$ z be=e4 ,on rea*+ ! end ( ! ?ird signature1 pass ! ne$le "u ! /it* connect+ ! fir/ & second signatures & ?r\gh ! loop =m$ by ! ?read4 7,see ,plate ,,xlix47 ,pull tightly to =m ! 8kettle /it*0 :i* %\ld be made at ! end ( e signature h]eaft]4 ,9 ! same mann] any numb] ( signatures may ?us be sew$ to =m a book4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xlviii4 ,sew+ a book ov] tapes4 ,= fly-leaves1 prep>e f\r s+le %eets fold$ once1 to be ( ! same size z ! leaves ( ! book4 ,place ^! fold$ %eets "o on top ( ano!r leav+ ab\t ( an in* ( ! fold$ edge ( ea* expos$1 ! upp] %eet be+ protect$ by a piece ( wa/e pap]4 ,rub pa/e ov] ! expos$ surface ( all f\r at ! same "t4 7,see ,plate ,l47 ,remove ! upp] %eet & ) its pa/$ edge d[nw>d place x ^u ! front signature ( ! book1 its fold$ edge be+ flu% ) ! fold$ edges ( ! sew$ "p1 & ! tapes ?r[n back out ( ! way4 ,aft] rubb+ ?is %eet well d[n1 op5 x & place ! second %eet inside ! fir/1 hav+ its pa/$ edge d[nw>d also4 ,see t ! folds exactly fit1 & rub d[n ! second %eet4 ,turn ! book ov] & repeat ! process on ! opposite side4 7,see page #ic-;,d74 ,be=e proce$+ f>!r ! 8book0 %\ld be dri$ "u weight4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xlix4 ,! ne$le is 9 position to =m ! 8kettle /it*40 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,l4 ,apply+ pa/e to ! folds ( ! fly-leaves4 ,lay ! 8book0 flat on ! desk & ) a wood5 mallet hamm] ! folds at ! back :i* w make ! signatures lie close toge!r4 ,turn ! 8book0 ov] & repeat ! process4 ,a few /rokes are suffici5t4 ,cov] ! back ) pa/e 7or1 if available1 hot glue2 d n attempt cold71 & rub x well 9 ) ! f+]s t x may hold ! signatures toge!r & prev5t _! spread+4 ,use only a ?91 ev5 coat ( pa/e2 pull ! tapes tightly across ! back1 & pa/e _! ends to ! outside leaves4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,li4 ,dim5sion$ sket*es ( ! p>ts ( a book4 ,cut a /rip ( 8sup]0 a little %ort] ?an ! l5g? ( ! back1 & wide en\gh to ext5d on to ! fly-leaves ab\t #a in*4 ,place ?is ov] ! fre%ly pa/$ back & rub x well on4 ,pa/e ! "p ( ! 8sup]0 :i* ext5ds onto ea* side to ! outside leaves ov] ! tapes4 ,:5 p]fectly dry cut (f ab\t two-?irds ( ! wid? ( ea* outside leaf1 leav+ a /ub onto :i* ! sup] & tapes are already pa/$4 ,! ends ( ^! /ubs %\ld be slant$ by cutt+ f ! b9d+ t[>d ! front ( ! book4 ,! 8case10 :i* %\ld be a trifle long] ?an ! 8book10 %\ld be con/ruct$ simil>ly to ! portfolio b )\t tape or l9+ pap]1 & ) b "o /rip ( vellum 7! long "o7 on ! back4 ,plan to h ! cov]s ext5d beyond ! front & ends ( ! book ab\t ( an in*2 b z ! newsbo>d f\ndations %\ld set =w>d f ! b9d+ ab\t ( an in*4 ,_! wid? %\ld be a trifle less ?an ! wid? ( ! pages4 ,make dim5sion$ sket*es ( all pieces & lay out & cut all p>ts4 7,see ,plate ,,li47 ,place ! pieces ( newsbo>d on ea* side ( ! 8book0 9 ! exact position !y are int5d$ to occupy4 ,take a n>r[ /rip ( pap] & atta* its ends to ! outside ( ! pieces ( newsbo>d 7see ,plate ,,lii7 s t :5 ! latt] are remov$ f ! 8book0 !y w be atta*$ to ea* o!r ! correct di/ance ap>t2 t is ! space betwe5 !m w be at lea/ an in* great] ?an ! ?ickness ( ! book4 ,place !m on ! vellum & trace along ! inn] edge ( ea* aft] asc]ta9+ t ! di/ance betwe5 !m is ! same at bo? ends4 ,remove ! pap] :i* connects ! cov]s & pa/e !m to ! vellum 9 ! position already m>k$ out1 b d n yet turn ov] ! ends ( vellum4 ,cut a /rip ( heavy pap] ( j ! wid? ( ! back ( ! 8book0 & pa/e 9 ! middle ( ! piece ( vellum1 aft] :i* ! ends ( vellum %\ld be turn$ ov] & pa/$ d[n4 ,complete ! 8case0 by pa/+ on ! cov] pap] aft] :i* x %\ld be press$ & dri$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,lii4 ,det]m9+ ! di/ance betwe5 cov]s4 ,:5 ?is is done place ! 8book0 z f> back 9 ! 8case0 z x is possible to d & be c]ta9 t ! edges ( ! cov]s are 9 alignm5t4 ,make t9y p5cil m>ks at ! front edge ( ! leaves to guide ! plac+ ( ! 8book0 aft] ! pa/e is spread4 ,:5 necess>y l9es or po9ts h be5 locat$ remove ! 8book0 f ! 8case0 & prep>e to pa/e4 ,"u ! fir/ :ole leaf place a piece ( newspap] consid]ably l>g] ?an ! 8book0 to protect ! pages4 ,spread pa/e ov] ! surface ( ?is leaf1 fir/ "u ! /ub :i* %\ld !n be pu%$ d[n ) ! bru% to hold x securely to ! outside leaf2 !n cov] ! outside ( ! /ub ) pa/e4 ,place ! 8book0 9 ! 8case0 foll[+ ! guide l9es previ\sly made1 & press ! cov]s toge!r ) ! h&s4 ,lay ! book on ! desk or table ) ! pa/$ half d[n4 7,see ,plate ,,liii47 ,op5 at ! pa/$ leaf a v little way & c>efully rub ! l9+ onto ! cov]1 smoo?+ out any wr9kles :i* may appe>4 ,turn ! book ov] & repeat ! process ) ! o!r cov]4 ,d n op5 wide until ! book has be5 press$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,liii4 ,pa/+ 8book0 inside ! 8cov]40 ,?is %\ld be done v effectually & = ?is purpose two bo>ds clamp$ toge!r ) h&screws make a bett] press ?an a weight4 ,if two ?9 pieces ( t91 z9c1 or blott+-pap] are plac$ betwe5 ! 8case0 & ! 8book0 :ile 9 press x w prev5t ! moi/ure f be+ absorb$ by ! leaves1 caus+ !m to wr9kle4 ,,v>iations ,sev]al v>iations ( ! 8case0 are possible4 7,a74 ,! simple/ is to cov] ! outside corn]s ) vellum4 ,if ?is is to be done1 ! vellum corn]s are to be appli$ be=e ! cov] pap]4 ,! wid? ( ! corn] piece1 exclusive ( ! laps & measur$ on a l9e bisect+ ! "r-angle1 %\ld equal ! wid? ( ! /rip ( vellum :i* %[s at ! back4 ,?is rule holds true 9 all high class b9d+s su* z morocco1 ,levant1 calf1 etc4 7,see ,plate ,,liv47 ,by exp]im5t+ a little1 a patt]n 7trapezoid7 may be made = ! corn] pieces by :i* to cut !m4 7,see ,plate ,,liv47 ,plan ^! pieces to ext5d "u ! pap] at lea/ ( an in*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,liv4 ,diagram to illu/rate ! size ( sep>ate corn]s1 also me?od ( cutt+ !m4 ,aft] ! cov] pap] has be5 cut 9 rectangul> %ape1 accord+ to ! orig9al plan1 ! two outside corn]s %\ld be trimm$ to all[ ! prop] am\nt ( vellum to %[4 ,?is may be accompli%$ 9 "o ( two ways4 ,us+ ! same patt]n z = ! vellum corn]s1 fit its two opposite non-p>allel edges z close to ! corn] z possible & cut along ! inside edge ( ! patt]n4 ,or1 "o may place ! newsbo>d on ! pap] & trace ar\nd x1 lay (f ! size ( ! f9i%$ corn] & cut on ! result+ oblique l9e4 ,aft] ! vellum corn]s h be5 pa/$ on firmly1 place ! cov] pap] c>efully & pa/e x on z already describ$4 7,b74 ,aft] ! 8case0 is complet$ 9 ei!r ( ! two ways describ$1 x may be decorat$ ) lett]+ or by ! application ( o!r design4 ,9 ?is in/ance ! sugge/ions giv5 9 connection ) ! portfolio %\ld be foll[$4 7,c74 ,! entire 8case0 may be cov]$ ) vellum4 ,g5]ally a clo? cov]+ is n desirable on a h&-sew$ book1 b if = a special reason "o is to be us$1 h a s+le piece ( vellum cut l>ge en\gh to cov] bo? back & sides4 ,aft] f9d+ ! correct di/ance betwe5 ! two pieces ( newsbo>d1 lay !m on ! vellum1 9 ! mann] already describ$1 trace ar\nd !m1 & complete ! 8case0 by pa/+4 ,problem ,,xv ,,sew+ ,a ,,book ,,on ,a ,,frame ,,"t ,,& ,,mat]ials3 ,z = ,problem ,x1 except bookb9d]'s tw9e is to be us$ in/ead ( tape4 ,to c>ry out ?is problem a few common wood-work+ tools w be necess>y4 ,a sew+ frame may be made by old] pupils1 a work+ draw+ = :i* is "h giv54 7,see ,plate ,,lv47 ,! wood5 upright screws may be pur*as$4 ,in/ead ( tapes ! book is to be sew$ on bookb9d]'s tw9e4 ,cut ?ree pieces #f in*es long] ?an ! di/ance betwe5 ! upp] & l[] b>s4 ,tie "o end ( ea* securely to ! upp] b> & slide !m along to position4 7,see ,plate ,,lvi47 ,tie ! o!r ends to ! l[] b>1 pull+ !m z taut z possible4 ,! signatures %\ld be 8jogg$ up0 & c>efully plac$ 9 a vise1 back up & ext5d+ above ! jaws ab\t half an in*4 ,x may be bett] 7dep5d+ on ! %ape & size ( ! vise7 to place ! signatures betwe5 two bo>ds1 & !n ! :ole 9 ! vise4 ,on ! back ( "o signature m>k (f ! position ( ! 8kettle /it*es0 & tw9e #e po9ts 9 all--&1 if ,t-squ>e1 try squ>e or triangle are available1 squ>e l9es across2 o!rwise lay (f ^! po9ts on bo? outside signatures & ?us insure cuts :i* %all be 8squ>e across0 ! back4 ,at ea* po9t saw across all signatures ) a back saw1 mak+ a cut ab\t ( an in* deep4 ,hold ! saw p]fectly horizontally1 t ! cuts may be ( uni=m dep? on all signatures4 ,if vise & saw are n available1 ,v-cuts may be made on ea* signature ) scissors in/ead4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,lv4 ,work+ draw+ ( sew+-frame4 ,to sew a pr9t$ book1 beg9 at ! front ) ! 8head0 t[>d ! "r4 ,place ! fir/ signature on ! frame 7page #a d[n71 ) ! back t[>d ! op]ator & ! ?ree inside cuts aga9/ ! tw9e1 leav+ ! cuts at ! ends = ! 8kettle /it*es40 ,if necess>y1 move ! pieces ( tw9e along ! b>s s t !y exactly fit ! cuts & s9k into !m4 7,see ,plate ,,lvi74 ,tight5 ! tw9e by turn+ ! wood5 nuts & comm5ce to sew4 ,hold ! signature op5 ) ! left h&1 &1 comm5c+ at ! head1 7"r7 ins]t ! ne$le f ! outside ?r\gh ! fir/ hole4 ,br+ ! ?read out ?r\gh ! second hole on ! "r ( ! tw9e1 cross x1 & return ! ?read ?r\gh ! same hole on ! left ( ! tw9e4 ,x w be se5 t ?is process is virtually ! same z sew+ ov] tapes4 ,cont9ue across ! fir/ signature &1 :5 complet$1 close x1 lay ! second signature on top1 &1 9 ! same mann]1 sew across x f left to "r4 ,pull ! sew+ ?reads tightly & always =w>d 9 ! direction ( ! sew+4 ,if !y are pull$ backw>d1 ! pap] w be torn4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,lvi4 ,a sew+-frame 9 use4 ,aft] sew+ across ! second signature1 tie ! ?read to ! loose end z 9 a book sew$ on tapes4 ,:5 ! ?ird signature has be5 sew$1 make loop /it* z already illu/rat$1 7=m+ a "p ( ! 8kettle /it*07 & repeat ?is /it* at ! end ( ea* signature4 ,:5 ! sew+ is f9i%$1 grasp ! book firmly & slide x up on ! cords ab\t #a in*es2 !n cut ! tw9e f ! frame1 leav+ ab\t #a in*es project+ beyond ! book on bo? sides4 ,pull ! tw9e ) bo? h&s to /raight5 x4 ,put 9 fly-leaves & 8sup]0 & b9d z be=e4 ,! ends ( ! tw9e %\ld be fray$ out1 &1 aft] ! fly-leaves are 91 pa/$ 9 fan-%ape to ! outside leaf4 ,put on ! case z %[n 9 ,problem ,,xiv4 ,,additional ,,po9ts 7,a74 ,! b9d+ may be made /rong] by 8:ip-/it*+0 ! fly-leaves aft] !y are pa/$ 94 ,= ?is purpose1 take an ord9>y sew+ ne$le 7ab\t ,no4 #b7 & l95 ?read 7,no4 #ce74 ,beg9 at ! "r &1 ) 8ov]-&-ov]0 /it*es ab\t ( an in* ap>t1 sew ?r\gh ! outside signature & ! fly-leaves4 ,a knot %\ld be made at ea* end to fa/5 ! ?reads4 ,turn ! book ov] & repeat ! op]ation on ! opposite side4 7,b74 ,if heavy pap] is us$ = ! fly-leaves1 ! outside leaf %\ld be torn or cut (f c>efully be=e putt+ on ! case4 ,leave j a n>r[ m>g9 at ! fold to hold ! o!r half f com+ out4 ,?is be+ done1 !re is b "o ?ickness ) :i* to l9e ! cov]1 b two free leaves are left z be=e4 7,c74 ,head-b&s may be us$ on a book sew$ on a frame4 ,cut pieces to fit across ! back ( ! book & pa/e "o at ea* end aft] ! 8sup]0 has be5 pa/$ on4 7,d74 ,any book is made m attractive by us+ color$ 8end pap]s0 or fly-leaves4 ,^! may be ( ! same mat]ial z ! cov] or ( contra/+ mat]ial4 ,a small surface patt]n work$ out 9 crayon or wat] color = ?is purpose makes an excell5t problem 9 appli$ design & at ! same "t adds mu* to ! appe>ance ( ! book4 ,:5 us+ any pap] = fly-leaves :i* has a "r & wrong side1 ! %eets %\ld be fold$ wrong side out4 ,note t only two folios ( color$ pap] %\ld be us$ :ile ! o!r two are :ite--t is at ea* end ( ! 8book0 !re w be "o :ite folio ) a color$ "o inside x4 ,:5 /ack+ ! %eets to apply ! pa/e1 place a color$ %eet at ! bottom1 !n a :ite %eet1 !n a color$ %eet1 & a :ite %eet on top4 ,:5 pa/+ ^! to ! book1 ?is br+s a :ite %eet fir/ & a color$ %eet inside1 s t :5 pa/$ to ! 8case0 "o-half =ms its l9+ & ! o!r half is free4 ,problem ,,xvi ,,reb9d+ ,a ,,pap]-,,cov]$ ,,book ,,"t ,,& ,,mat]ials3 ,z = ,problem ,,xiv or ,,xv except ! 8book40 ,signatures = sew+ may be obta9$ by tak+ ap>t "s good pap] cov]$ book4 ,=eign books frequ5tly come 9 ?is %ape1 & are mu* less exp5sive ?an 9 any o!r b9d+4 ,c>efully remove ! cov] & ! sew+ ?reads1 if any1 & scrape ! glue f ! back4 ,!n proce$ ) ! sew+ & b9d+ z already describ$4 ,x may be desir$ to h fly-leaves ( li?ograph$ or l9+ pap]4 ,9 ?is case h two r heavy %eets ( su* pap] fold$ once ) ! pla9 side out1 & two fold$ %eets ( :ite pap]4 ,:5 pa/+ ^! onto ! book1 place a :ite %eet fir/1 & !n place a figur$ %eet inside x4 ,:5 complet$1 ea* cov] w h a l9+ ( figur$ pap] fac$ by a fly-leaf ( ! same1 & a pla9 second fly-leaf next to ! pr9t$ pages4 ,problem ,,xvii ,,b9d+ ,,new ,,pr9t$ ,,%eets ,,"t ,,& ,,mat]ials3 ,z = ,problem ,,xiv or ,,xv except ! 8book40 ,unsew$ b pr9t$ signatures may sometimes be obta9$ f a pr9t] or publi%]4 ,fold & assemble ! %eets1 us+ great c>e to obs]ve ! correct ord]4 ,sew & b9d by "o ( ! me?ods already giv54 ,problem ,,xviii ,,reb9d+ ,,an ,,old ,,book ,,"t ,,& ,,mat]ials3 ,z = ,problem ,,xiv or ,,xv except ! 8book40 ,a s*ool book ^: leaves are /ill 9 good condition1 b ) brok5 cov] or loose b9d+1 may (t5 be pres]v$ = mu* long] s]vice by reb9d+4 ,sometimes "o has a worn book :i* has p]sonal value1 & a new cov] is desir$4 ,fir/ remove ! old cov]s1 be+ c>eful n to injure ! leaves1 pull out ! sew+ ?reads & remove glue1 8sup]10 & fly-leaves4 ,"s repair+ may also be necess>y4 ,torn edges may be pa/$ toge!r or fac$ ) gumm$ tissue1 or1 if ! te>s are n to deep1 ! edges may be trimm$ (f4 ,brok5 places 9 ! folds may be m5d$ if necess>y by us+ /rips ( pap] ab\t #a in* 9 wid? & z long z ! leaves4 ,if _m /rips are pa/$ onto ! folds1 ! back ( ! book w be ?ick & bulky4 ,= ?is reason1 a ?9 t\gh pap] %\ld be us$4 ,pa/e ! fold ( two adjo9+ leaves l5g?wise on ! c5t] ( "o ( ^! /rips1 s plac$ t1 h[ev] badly torn1 ! leaves w assume _! prop] position1 & ! extra piece w be on ! outside ( ! fold4 ,illu/rations are usually pr9t$ on a s+le %eet1 (t5 ( pap] diff]5t f ! leaves ( ! book4 ,to ins]t ^!1 cov] ! back ) a piece ( wa/e pap]1 leav+ a m>g9 along "o edge z 9 ! case ( ! fly-leaf4 ,cov] ?is m>g9 ) pa/e & ins]t ! leaf 9 its prop] place1 pa/+ x d[n to ! adjac5t leaf4 ,! illu/ration %\ld usually be on ! "r ( ! book4 ,:5 all repair+ has be5 done1 re-assemble ! signatures & b9d z a new book4 ,,orig9al ,,problems ,a f9al te/ ( ! pupil's effici5cy lies 9 8 ability to plan & c>ry to completion an orig9al project4 ,orig9ality does n consi/ 9 mak+ an article nev] he>d ( be=e1 b 9 adapt+ to "o's specific ne$s1 pr9ciples & processes already le>n$ ?r\gh class in/ruction4 ,a fitt+ close to a c\rse 9 elem5t>y book-b9d+ is su* a problem4 ,if pupils *oose to make articles su* z ! memor&um pad or ! h+$ cov]s :i* h already be5 taught1 !y %\ld be accept$ z orig9al "w1 provid$ t ea* pupil selects ! size & proportions himself1 & does n dep5d on ! tea*] to repeat ! in/ruction 9 detail4 ,yet m cr$it %\ld be giv5 "o ^: orig9ality ext5ds fur!r z 9 ! case ( a boy :o made = 8 fa!r's use a hold] = conductor's *ecks1 or ! "o :o made a m\nt = telephone numb]s4 ,all articles con/ruct$ %\ld be su* z are appropriately made ( ! mat]ials us$4 ,models1 su* z are sometimes made ( c>dbo>d1 to be con/ruct$ lat] ( diff]5t mat]ials %\ld be exclud$ f ?is c\rse4 ,x is by no means ess5tial or desirable t orig9ality be held 9 abeyance until ! end ( ! c\rse b r1 x %\ld be fo/]$ dur+ ea* succe$+ lesson4 ,! pupils :o "w m rapidly ?an ! av]age ( ! class may always h on h& an extra piece ( "w to be done :5 ! regul> assignm5t has be5 complet$4 ,! adaptation ( any problem to a specific purpose %\ld always be consid]$ an opportunity = ! developm5t ( class orig9ality4 ,= example1 a pr9cipal may want sev]al portfolios 9 :i* to keep a p>ticul> k9d ( pap]s2 or a set ( h+$ cov]s to hold a 8,c\rse ( ,/udy0 may be desir$ = ea* tea*]'s desk4 ,^! %\ld be consid]$ class problems & work$ out z su*4 ,x %\ld be cont9ually borne 9 m9d t ! object ( ! c\rse is ! developm5t ( ! *ild4 ,:5 he is consci\s ( ! ability to make an article ( intr9sic value a long /ep has be5 tak54 8,to help ! pupil to help himself0 is ! highe/ aim ( education4 ,,team ,,"w ,"s ( ^! problems may be giv51 especially 9 old] classes z 8team "w40 ,! class may be divid$ into sections do+ specific p>ts ( ! "w "u a =eman4 ,?is me?od is a good "o :5 ! aim is ! output or :5 an insight into ! con/ruction ( articles 9 l>ge quantities is desir$4 ,,aft]word ,! bord]-l9e betwe5 educational h&work & te*nical bookb9d+ has n[ be5 rea*$1 & x is n ! writ]'s purpose to cross x4 ,if ?is book ( problems assi/s o!rs 9 solv+ ! que/ = int]e/+ & educational h&work1 its mission w h be5 accompli%$4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,italics are %[n ?us3 slop+4 ,small capitals h be5 capitalis$4 ,v>iations 9 spell+ & hyph5ation are reta9$4 ,p]ceiv$ typographical errors h be5 *ang$4