,,bookbinding ,,for ,,beginners ,by ,,florence ,o4 ,,bean ,assistant in ,manual ,arts ,boston ,public ,schools ,,john ,c4 ,,brodhead ,assistant ,superintendent ,boston ,public ,schools ,collaborating ,,second ,,edition ,,published ,,by ,,the ,,davis ,,press ,worcester1 ,mass4 #aiah ,copyright #aiad ,,school ,,arts ,,publishing ,,company ,second ,edition ,copyright #aiah ,,the ,,davis ,,press ,,introduction ,the present day demand for industrial education has had the effect of somewhat discrediting the more formal manual training commonly found in the upper elementary grades and early high school years4 ,this work is usually conducted in special shops and by special teachers1 and the question is being raised whether1 with all these advantages1 more vital results might not be attained4 ,whether these criticisms are justified or not1 the present interest in industrial education is strengthening the demand for more effective construction work in grades four1 five and six4 ,it is a growing conviction that there must be laid1 in the earlier grades1 a strong foundation on which to build a practical education in the later grades whether directed toward industrial1 commercial or professional life4 ,the appearance of this book1 therefore1 is timely because it outlines a course suitable for grades five and six which stimulates constructive activities and develops industrial intelligence4 ,it should be noted that its industrial significance is much wider than its title1 8,bookbinding for ,beginners10 would indicate1 as even a hasty examination of the book will show1 and also that it is so planned that it may be used successfully in schools where special teachers and expensive equipments are impossible4 ,the book is different from1 and1 ,i believe1 superior to others of its kind for the following reasons3 ,first1 because the projects it presents1 the methods it advises1 and the results it anticipates have all been worked out by actual experience with thousands of boys and under conditions which may be duplicated in almost any schoolroom4 ,the author's personal experience with the problems incident to the giving of manual training by the grade teacher includes that which she gained as a successful grade teacher herself1 supplemented by some years of supervisory work in a large city system4 ,she is therefore conversant with every possible phase of the school problem4 ,second1 because the methods of instruction which the book employs are such as to develop in the pupils the very qualities which are the surest foundation for subsequent success in manual or mental work of any kind1 namely initiative and originality combined with intelligent1 logical1 careful attention to details4 ,third1 because it gives the teacher just the help needed to save her from all unnecessary work in securing and handling suitable material1 in stimulating the pupils to intensive activity and self-expression1 and in judging or measuring the results of her work1 without relieving her of the necessity of intelligent effort on her part4 ,it thus gives the overburdened teacher the maximum help1 and the specially interested1 the maximum opportunity for original supplementary work4 ,for the above reasons ,i confidently recommend the volume to the attention of all who are seeking to introduce an inexpensive but effective form of manual training into the middle grades of the elementary schools4 ,frank ,m4 ,leavitt ,associate ,professor1 ,industrial ,education4 ,university of ,chicago4 ,,foreword ,the growing demand for various forms of manual training in the lower elementary grades has led to the publication of this little volume of 8problems in elementary bookbinding10 based on the work done in the fifth grade of the ,boston public schools1 where their practicability has been fully demonstrated4 ,some of the most valuable suggestions have been obtained from the teachers and are an outgrowth of their classroom experience4 ,nothing is here presented which is simply theoretical4 ,to ,mr4 ,john ,c4 ,brodhead1 a deep appreciation of his keen criticism1 his helpful suggestions1 and his never-failing interest cannot be too strongly expressed4 ,for their valued suggestions1 thanks are due the teachers of ,boston whose efficient labors have insured the success of the course4 ,acknowledgment is also made of indebtedness to the ,sloyd ,training ,school for material1 and to ,miss ,helen ,e4 ,cleaves and ,mr4 ,ludwig ,frank for their interest and assistance in the details pertaining to design4 ,,the ,,author4 ,illustration3 ,,bookbinding ,,for ,,beginners ,among the various materials which lend themselves readily to a manual training course with large classes are those of the bookbinders' craft4 ,they are inexpensive1 easily handled1 and require no tools or equipment that cannot be used in an ordinary classroom4 ,the operations necessary in the use of these materials not only give excellent training in manual dexterity1 but present remarkable opportunities for the practical application of studies in proportion1 space division1 color1 lettering and applied design4 ,the craft itself is one that comes in touch with everyday life and any skill acquired in the use of these materials is of permanent value4 ,the lessons to be outlined in the following series presuppose some instruction in paper-folding1 cardboard construction1 and simple mechanical drawing4 ,though desirable1 this is not essential4 ,while in some ways better suited to the middle grades of the elementary schools1 selection may be made from the lessons here outlined which will give excellent training to the upper grades in those schools where the curriculum does not include shop-work1 cooking1 or sewing4 ,to secure this flexibility of the course1 each problem is outlined in several ways1 with varying degrees of difficulty4 ,the selection should depend upon the grade in which it is to be given4 ,some of the more dexterous pupils may be able to work out a problem in several ways4 ,in each lesson outlined1 there is a chance for the exercise of individuality in the details of the model as to size1 shape1 decoration1 and color4 ,concerning choice of material1 it seems wiser that this should be exercised by the teacher or supervisor rather than by the pupil4 ,the object of the course is educational1 not industrial1 therefore1 those methods which stimulate inventiveness1 ability to plan simple work1 and dependence on one's own initiative are most desirable4 ,the directions given under each problem have been so worded that they call for the greatest amount of thought and initiative on the part of the worker4 ,the use of such instruction develops power to think1 to plan constructive work and to carry it to completion4 ,at first1 it may be necessary for the teacher to elaborate some points especially in connection with the working drawings or sketches1 but after a little training1 each pupil should be able to lay out and cut all parts from his own drawings2 as the work progresses1 he should depend less and less upon the teacher's assistance in making his plans4 ,high standards of work and correct processes should always be set before the pupil1 and these are best assured by the teacher becoming thoroughly conversant not only with the general construction of an article to be made1 but with the best methods of securing neat and accurate results4 ,eventually1 the pupil's mental attainments will show in the tangible work of his hands4 ,two hours each week for one school year may profitably be devoted to this work4 ,in the upper grades some of the easier problems should be omitted1 and more time devoted to actually bookbinding1 introducing as much variety as time and materials will allow4 ,,equipment ,this equipment is sufficient for the whole course and should last for several years4 ,a strong wooden box with compartments insures an orderly arrangement of tools and prevents breakage4 ,several rooms may use one equipment and by means of the box1 transportation is greatly facilitated4 ,some system of distributing and collecting material should be devised1 and not more than five minutes consumed in making preparations for work4 ,one for each pupil ,rule ,pr4 #f-;inch ,scissors ,pencil1 medium ,tapestry ,needle1 ,no4 #ag ,wooden ,triangle1 #de1 #g-;inch ,for class use1 the number to be governed by the way in which they are to be used1 by the amount of money to be expended4 ,for twenty-five pupils1 #ab paste-brushes and #e punches answer very well4 ,paste-brushes #a inch flat ,eyelet ,punches ,one of each helpful1 but not necessary ,paper ,cutter1 #ab inch to #ae inch ,straight ,edge ,large ,shears ,,materials ,the materials necessary for this course may be purchased from any of the large school supply houses1 or from dealers in bookbinders' supplies4 ,before an order is given1 it is recommended that the materials be seen1 at least in sample1 as names sometimes vary in different commercial houses4 ,the sizes and prices are also liable to variation4 ,in selecting colored papers1 avoid brilliant hues1 and choose soft colors4 ,,for ,,stiff ,,foundation ,approximate size ,newsboard #bf0 #ch0 ,newsboard is in reality a box board1 and differs from binders' board in the quality of the fibre4 ,but for such articles as are described in this course1 it is the more satisfactory of the two4 ,both newsboard and binders' board are sold in bundles each weighing #ej lbs4 ,the board is numbered according to the number of sheets in the bundle4 ,thus ,no4 #ej means that the bundle contains #ej sheets4 ,board of this number is light in weight1 easily handled by small children1 and is well suited to the articles here described4 ,most book covers are made of ,no4 #cj 7#cj sheets to the bundle71 which is twice as thick as ,no4 #fj4 ,the sheets of newsboard are rather large to be handled conveniently4 ,if desired1 they will be cut in quarters by the dealer at slight expense4 ,,for ,,covering ,,foundation ,vellum de luxe #ch0 wide ,vellum de luxe is a sized and tinted cloth of an inexpensive grade of cotton1 which is quite suitable for the purposes of this course4 ,if material of a higher grade is desired1 art canvas1 art vellum1 etc41 may be purchased4 ,these come in a great variety of colors4 ,it is better to use but one color in the class for economy's sake1 but1 if this is not to be considered1 different articles may be of different colors4 ,choose quiet colors such as 8old blue10 8dull green10 8deep red40 ,cover ,paper 7light weight7 #bb0 #bh0 ,,wall ,,paper ,by observing a harmony of coloring between paper and vellum some beautiful results may be obtained4 ,if one is fortunate enough to secure a 8sample book0 there is a chance for great variety4 ,if it must be purchased outright two or three well chosen patterns will suffice4 ,,for ,,lining ,approximate size ,marbled ,paper #bj0 #be0 ,bark wove ,paper #bd0 #cf0 ,,for ,,limp ,,covers ,screenings #bd0 #cf0 ,cover ,paper #bb0 #cf0 ,kraft ,paper #bd0 #cf0 ,drawing ,paper 7gray7 #i0 #ab0 ,red ,rope manila #bd0 #cf0 ,oak tag stock #i0 #ab0 ,tough check #bb0 #bh0 ,,for ,,inside ,page ,paper #ag0 #bb0 ,page ,paper #h0 #aa0 ,drawing ,paper 7white7 #i0 #ab0 ,drawing ,paper 7gray7 #i0 #ab0 ,drawing ,paper 7man47 #i0 #ab0 ,newspaper 7white7 #f0 #i0 ,,for ,,stitching ,,and ,,sewing ,linen ,thread #dj yds4 to skein ,silk #d yds4 to skein ,raffia 7plain7 #d oz4 package ,raffia 7colored7 #d oz4 package ,,paste ,most of the various pastes on the market serve very well the needs of these problems4 ,a far less expensive and quite as satisfactory a paste may be made from wheat or rice flour provided one has the simplest facilities for boiling4 ,take two tablespoonfuls of flour and wet with warm water4 ,over this pour one pint of boiling water and boil three minutes4 teaspoonful of powdered alum added to this will keep it sweet for some time4 ,if an extra strong paste is desired a small quantity of glue may be added to the paste while it is still hot4 ,if solid glue is used this should first be dissolved in hot water4 ,,accessories ,eyelets #bej in box ,purchase eyelets of the same make as the eyelet punch 7see list of equipment71 since those of a different make are not always an exact fit4 ,macreme cord #h oz4 ball ,tape 7white7 #d yds4 in a piece ,tape 7colored7 #aj yds4 in a piece ,stay ,tape 7cloth7 0 wide 8 8 7paper7 0 8 8 8 7cloth7 #a0 8 8 8 7paper7 #a0 8 8 8 7cloth7 #a0 8 8 8 7paper7 #a0 8 ,super #a yd4 wide ,bookbinder's ,twine lb4 ball ,head ,bands ,different widths ,gummed ,tissue ,roll or ,envelope of #e or #f yds4 ,problem ,i ,,booklet ,,time3 #d hours4 ,,materials3 ,for the inside1 any of the paper so listed4 ,for the cover1 any of the paper so listed4 ,for stitching1 any material so listed4 ,the simplest form of a book consists of a cover and inside sheets in a single fold1 sewed through the center4 ,choose materials from the lists given4 ,three definite methods of working out this problem are here outlined1 arranged in the order of their difficulty4 ,other combinations will suggest themselves4 ,,method ,a4 ,first determine the purpose for which the booklet is to be used1 and decide on shape and size of page best suited to this purpose4 ,if for spelling or pocket memoranda1 it may be long and narrow2 if for language a larger page is desirable2 or if for map work1 the size and shape of the maps should be considered4 ,take any sheet of paper and experiment in folding to obtain satisfactory size and proportions4 ,a single sheet of paper folded through the center is called a folio4 ,this sheet will be twice the width of a page and of the same length4 7,commercially1 a folio is made from paper varying from #bb #af to #dd #cb4 ,therefore1 books to which this term is applied are generally of large size47 ,with pencil and rule draw a plan of the open folio and properly dimension the drawing4 7,see ,plate ,i47 ,if there has been no previous training in simple mechanical drawing1 the use of extension and dimension lines1 arrow heads1 and the proper placing of figures should be explained4 ,if some proficiency in this kind of drawing has been acquired1 a freehand sketch may take the place of an accurate drawing4 ,plate ,,ii shows some of the line conventions used in making a working drawing4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,i4 ,accurate working drawings and freehand sketches such as children should produce before making the booklet4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,ii4 ,line ,conventions4 ,in the same manner as for the pages1 draw a plan of the cover1 which should project beyond the pages from to of an inch4 ,lay out and cut the cover and one sheet for the inside1 keeping carefully on the lines4 ,having cut one sheet of the inside1 lay the sheet on as many pieces of the paper as are needed1 7from three to seven make a booklet of desirable thickness72 then make a hole with a pin or needle at each corner1 piercing all at one time4 ,on each sheet draw the four sides1 using rule and pencil4 ,this is easier than to measure each one4 ,the folded sheets should be placed one inside the other to form the inside of the booklet1 and the whole placed inside the folded cover1 with the edges of the cover projecting slightly4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,iii4 ,sketches illustrating a simple method of stitching a booklet4 ,with a needle make a hole through the center of the fold1 and another near each end of the fold 7from one-half an inch to an inch and a half from the end7 according to the size of the booklet1 as shown in ,plate ,,iii4 ,with thread or raffia sew through the center hole1 from the inside out1 back to the inside through an end hole1 outside through the center hole1 inside through the other end hole1 and tie the ends in a square knot 7see illustration1 ,plate ,,iv7 near the center of the fold4 ,other equally satisfactory methods of sewing may be worked out4 ,b4 ,determine the purpose of the booklet first and then its size and shape4 ,as in ,a draw plans of the inside and cover4 ,with rule and pencil lay out parts on materials to be used4 ,cut and sew as in ,a4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,iv4 ,the position of the threads in tying a square knot4 ,simple lettering on the cover adds much to the appearance of the booklet4 ,choose a title appropriate to its contemplated use1 as 8,,notes10 8,,sketches10 etc41 which should be executed in rather large ,roman capitals4 ,on a separate sheet1 mark out an oblong of height and width desired for the title and practise on this4 ,if title is long1 make letters narrow1 if short1 letters may be broadened1 to fill up more space4 ,when satisfactory results are obtained1 cut out and place on the cover1 moving up and down to determine its best position4 ,the base line of the title should be placed below the top at one-fifth to one-quarter of the entire distance from the top to the bottom of the cover4 ,after the position is determined1 the title should be transferred either by tracing or copying4 ,the pupil's name in much smaller capitals should be worked out in the same manner and placed below the center with a somewhat wider margin at the base than at the top4 ,do not enclose the title in an oblong or other figure4 ,a single or double line as a border around the cover looks well1 if carefully done4 7,see illustration1 ,plate ,v47 ,c4 ,for the cover use gray drawing paper1 tinted1 other materials as desired4 ,draw plans as in ,a and ,b4 ,a larger surface than required for the cover should be tinted before it is marked out1 so that any streaking along the edge may be cut off4 ,to mix a wash of the color selected1 put two or three tablespoonfuls of water in the water-cup and add a little paint until the desired tone is produced1 being quite sure to have enough to cover the whole surface4 ,try to have the wash clean1 not muddy1 and beware of too much paint6 ,the colors should be soft1 not crude1 and somewhat neutralized by the addition of the complementary color4 ,the best results are produced by the use of green1 pale yellow1 brown1 dull orange1 and red4 ,blue is very likely to streak and is seldom satisfactory4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,v4 ,the simplest possible designs for book covers1 involving good spacing and careful lettering4 ,when ready to apply the wash1 place the paper on an inclined surface--#de or more from the horizontal4 ,a sheet of heavy cardboard or a book answers this purpose admirably4 ,with a full brush make a horizontal stroke across the top of the paper4 ,the second stroke should be just below this leaving no dry spots between4 ,being careful to keep the brush full of paint1 continue in this manner until the entire surface is covered4 ,the surplus amount of paint which will settle along the lower edge should be taken up with the brush1 which has first been squeezed dry between the thumb and finger4 ,when the paper is dry1 mark out the cover and cut4 ,cut out the leaves and sew as in ,a4 ,the cover may be lettered as in ,b4 ,,scrap ,,book ,a4 ,this form of book is excellent for a thin scrap book4 ,the pages may be of any size but if definite ideas are lacking it is advised that the size of an ordinary magazine be taken as a basis4 ,wrapping paper may be used for both leaves and cover4 ,b4 ,sometimes it is desirable to take two or three stories from magazines and fasten the pages together1 inclosing all in covers4 ,trim neatly the edges of such leaves where they were torn from the binding and assemble them in proper order4 ,for each pair cut a strip of thin paper of exactly the same length as the page and say one inch to one inch and a half in width4 ,to each of these strips paste two leaves4 ,when all have been pasted and dried assemble again and stitch through the backs as already shown4 ,problem ,,ii ,a ,,holder ,,for ,,the ,,parts ,,of ,a ,,model ,before proceeding further1 some kind of a permanent holder should be provided to keep all together the various pieces of the model4 ,this prevents the confusion and loss of time incident to passing several kinds of materials each by itself4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,vi4 ,pattern for a simple envelope4 ,one lesson might be used for the making of a portfolio for this purpose1 cut from screenings or heavy wrapping paper1 and patterned after an envelope1 from #f0 #i0 to #i0 #ab0 in size4 7,see ,plate ,,vi47 ,the contents are more securely held by providing some kind of a fastener4 ,the following method is a good one3 ,in the center of one side of the flap plan to punch a hole4 ,this should first be re-enforced by cutting from heavy paper a circle of to radius and pasting it in the correct place4 ,through both thicknesses punch the hole4 ,into this insert twine1 first looping it in the centre and then passing both ends through the loop4 ,use this to tie the envelope4 ,if large pads of paper are used in the schoolroom1 their cardboard backs may be utilized4 ,take two of the same size1 punch holes along three sides of each1 near the edges and lace them together4 ,if one of the long sides of the resulting holder has been left open1 materials can be removed with greater ease than if a short side is so used4 ,a set of holders thus made is very durable4 ,new paper bags make good holders although less desirable than either of the other two4 ,problem ,,iii ,,mounts ,,and ,,pads ,,time3 #f hours4 ,,materials3 ,newsboard1 vellum1 and paper for memorandum pad1 or calendar1 or pad to be mounted4 ,we shall now begin to deal with materials that are more exclusively employed in bookbinding work4 ,the simple articles considered at first are not books2 but because the processes involved and the materials used will be used later in the more difficult work of binding a real book1 they are made a part of this course4 ,the wise teacher will become somewhat familiar with handling the required materials before attempting to give instruction4 ,it is recommended that two or more models from each problem be made by the teacher before selecting one for the class4 ,the articles described in ,problem ,,iii 7,see ,plate ,,vii7 consist of a foundation of a single piece of newsboard1 covered back and front with a bookbinding cloth4 ,a4 ,,mount ,,of ,a ,,calendar ,,or ,,picture ,first secure the article to be mounted and then determine the size and shape most desirable for the mount4 ,never make the mount first and then attempt to find something to fit it4 ,to determine the size of the mount1 place the calendar or picture on a sheet of paper and find the most pleasing margins by laying a pencil on each side of the article4 ,increase or decrease this margin by moving the pencils back and forth until a satisfactory position is found1 as shown in ,plate ,,viii4 ,indicate this position by a line on each side4 ,in the same manner1 establish top and bottom margins4 ,the margin at the top may equal that at the side1 or be a trifle wider or narrower2#a the one at the bottom may equal the side margins or be wider1 but never narrower1 and always greater than the top margin4 ,draw lines for top and bottom and the size of the foundation is indicated4 ,a fraction of an inch may be added or subtracted to give even measurements4 #a ,in a vertical sheet1 wider2 in a horizontal sheet1 narrower4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,vii4 ,mounts and pads made by children4 ,working drawings should now be made of the completed model1 showing the location of the calendar1 also of the front and back4 ,make them either accurately or freehand as described in ,problem ,i4 ,if the latter method is used1 some sense of proportion should be observed4 ,that is1 do not draw #c inches as long as #f inches1 nor #d inches longer than #g inches4 ,the size of the foundation has already been determined4 ,the front covering should be inch larger on each side than the foundation1 to allow for laps which are to fold onto the back of the newsboard4 ,the back covering should be from to of an inch smaller than the foundation on each side1 as the finished product looks much neater if no raw edge is visible from the front4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,viii4 ,deciding upon the right size mount for a picture by experiment with pencils4 ,in ,plate ,,ix1 the first drawing is of the face of the completed model showing the location of the calendar4 ,this also shows the size of the foundation4 ,the other two drawings show the size of the two pieces of vellum4 ,if the first drawing seems too complicated1 omit the location of the calendar1 and draw and dimension only the outside rectangle to give the size of the foundation4 ,the pieces of material given out should be a little larger than the finished size1 although unnecessary waste should be avoided4 ,no attempt should be made to cut these pieces carefully or regularly4 ,each pupil should be led to depend on his own initiative in the use of the rule and triangle4 ,an irregular edge which is not a guide1 is more educational than straightedges and right angles which are of considerable assistance4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,ix4 ,the completed mount showing the location of the calendar1 and the two pieces of vellum4 ,with rule1 triangle1 and pencil1 carefully lay out each part from the drawings already made1 and cut the coverings with the scissors4#b ,the foundation is more successfully cut with the paper cutter1 as to cut it with scissors is a very difficult task for little hands and likely to loosen the scissors at the joint4 ,the most desirable way is for each pupil to cut his own newsboard1 in which case the ruler fastened to the cutter may be used to insure the correct size without any preliminary measuring4 ,if the cutter is deemed unsafe for the pupils' use1 the proper size may be marked on the newsboard with pencil and the pieces cut by a large boy or by the teacher4 #b ,selvage should never be allowed to remain on a covering of vellum4 ,a 8raw edge0 pastes down more closely and is1 therefore1 less apparent4 ,vellum tears very easily lengthwise1 and a torn edge may be allowed if it is to be covered4 ,if not to be covered1 all edges should invariably be cut4 ,when the pieces have all been cut1 place the newsboard on the back side of the front piece of vellum1 with the margins equal1 and draw around it4 ,cover the surface inside the pencil lines with a thin1 even coat of paste4 ,much of the success of the work depends on the pasting and rubbing4 ,the paste is of the right consistency when put up by the dealer1 and if it dries somewhat after being opened1 a little water thoroughly stirred in will make it all right4 ,the brush well filled with paste should be passed over the surface of the covering material with long even strokes4 ,no dry spots should be left1 and especial pains should be taken to cover the surface close to the pencil lines4 ,look across the pasted surface toward the light to see if it is entirely covered2 looking directly down upon it does not reveal the dry places4 ,rub the brush rather heavily over the surface to make the paste sink into the cloth4 ,while pasting1 several sheets of newspaper are invaluable to protect the desk1 the model1 and the fingers4 ,with a few quick strokes of the card-cutter1 cut off the folds of a newspaper1 leaving loose sheets the size of half or a quarter page4 ,each desk should have several sheets1 placed one on top of another4 ,when the top sheet has become sticky1 discard it4 ,a perfectly clean surface beneath it is ready to be used in the same way4 ,press the newsboard on the pasted surface1 turn it over1#c and rub it down very hard on the right side of the vellum4 ,when rubbing the vellum on the right side1 a small piece of cloth for each pupil prevents finger marks1 and enables the pupil to rub harder as the cloth protects the hand4 #c ,when turning over any part of the model which has a pasted surface1 take hold near the center as far as possible1 as handling by the edges or corners is likely to remove paste from the places where it is most needed4 ,before pasting projecting parts1 the corners should be cut4 ,two methods are shown in the illustrations4 ,in the first1 two adjacent projections are turned onto the back of the foundation4 ,be careful that they fit very closely to the sides of the newsboard1 press down with the fingers1 and hold them very firmly4 ,at the corner will be a surplus piece which should be pinched to stand upright4 ,slanting the scissors very slightly upward1 cut from the corner toward the center4 7,see ,plate ,x74 ,the second method is to make slanting cuts from the outside of the vellum toward the corners of the newsboard4 7,see ,plate ,,xi74 ,apply paste to the projecting sides1 fold over and rub down2 treat the ends in the same manner4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,x4 ,clipping the corners4 ,if it is desired that the completed mount shall hang on the wall1 make a loop of ribbon1 tape1 or vellum4 ,if tape or ribbon is used1 choose the color very carefully2 that which matches the vellum is the best choice2 but1 if a contrast is preferred1 choose a soft color which has some quality in harmony with the vellum4 ,paste this loop to the back of the foundation1 allowing it to project above the top4 ,apply paste to the back covering and rub it down very firmly1 being careful that no loose edges are left4 ,instead of pasting on a loop1 a hole may be punched near the top with the eyelet punch1 and an eyelet inserted4 ,this should be done after the back is pasted on4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xi4 ,one method of cutting the corners4 ,according to plan1 paste on the calendar or picture4 ,dry all under a weight4 ,if several mounts are to be placed under the same weight1 it is better that each should be separated from the others by a sheet of blotting paper1 or several thicknesses of newspaper4 ,allow them to stand over night4 ,in the morning they will be found sufficiently pressed4 ,b4 ,,mount ,,for ,,memorandum ,,pad ,secure a small pad1 and plan a mount to extend beyond the pad inch or more on each side4 ,draw plans1 work out1 and paste as in ,a4 ,instead of a loop by which to suspend the pad1 make a holder for a pencil to be placed on the right side of the mount4 ,cut a strip of vellum one-half or three-quarters the length of the mount4 ,at each end of the strip turn about inch onto the wrong side to give a finished edge4 ,to secure the correct size1 fold the strip over the pencil to be used1 and1 with the pencil still folded in1 paste the two long edges of the strip together1 and then to the back of the newsboard1 having it placed midway between the top and bottom edges4 ,the pasting of the back covering then follows4 ,remove the cardboard back from the pad before pasting it to the mount4 ,dry under weight4 ,c4 ,,pocket ,,memorandum ,,pad ,this is intended to be carried in the pocket1 and its size should be governed by its use4 ,avoid rectangles which approximate the square1 but choose rather such proportions as #b #c or #b #d4 ,as in ,a1 make working drawings for the three pieces4 ,if desired1 the first drawing may be of the completed face4 7,see ,plate ,,xii47 ,lay out and cut all parts4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xii4 ,a front view of the memorandum pad accurately drawn to show proportions2 also drawings of the vellum coverings4 ,on the front piece of vellum lay the newsboard as in ,a1 and draw around it4 ,from the corners indicated by the pencil lines measure equal distances along adjacent lines1 and connect the points by straight lines4 ,be careful not to make these lines too near the corners1 of an inch to #a inch being a good measurement for a small pad4 ,cut on these lines with a sharp knife1 or folding the ends of the line together1 cut along the line with scissors4 ,apply paste to the front piece1 being careful not to paste outside the slanting lines at the corners1 for this space should be left free to hold the sheets of paper4 ,one way to protect these corners is to insert a piece of newsboard or paper in the slits1 from the right side of the vellum1 so that the corners on the wrong side are covered4 ,the paste may then be applied with freedom4 ,remove the protecting piece of newsboard and paste the vellum to the foundation4 ,finish as in ,a without the hanger1 or1 if desired1 add pencil holder as in ,b4 ,cut several sheets of white paper of an inch smaller than the newsboard1 and1 when the paste is thoroughly dry1 insert them in the slits4 ,d4 ,,blotter ,like ,c except that it should be large enough to hold a school blotter4 ,increase the size of the corners to be proportionate to the size of the blotter4 ,problem ,,iv ,,time3 #h hours4 ,,materials3 ,newsboard1 vellum1 and lining paper4 ,note3 ,as in ,problem ,,ii1 each of these models has a foundation of a single piece of newsboard1 covered on the front with vellum1 but on the back with lining paper4 ,a4 ,a ,,needlecase ,as shown at ,a in ,plate ,,xiii1 the needlecase should be planned to hold four papers of needles1 two at each end4 ,the size of the case will depend on the size of the papers of needles1 and must be planned accordingly4 ,make the width a little more than twice the width of a paper of needles1 and allow a little space lengthwise between the papers of needles to permit their easy removal4 ,the pockets are formed of strips of vellum pasted on to each end of the foundation1 and their depth should be a little more than half the length of a paper of needles4 ,an accurate working drawing of the completed case should be made 7see ,plate ,,xiv74 ,from this1 mark out and cut the newsboard to the correct size4 ,the front covering of vellum should have laps on the sides only and may well be a little shorter than the foundation4 ,make freehand1 dimensioned sketches of this piece1 of the vellum pockets1 and of the marbled paper4 ,the pockets should have inch laps on three sides for pasting to the back4 ,on the other edge1 which is to be free1 allow at least an eighth of an inch to be turned over like a hem onto the wrong side for a neat finish4 ,the paper for the back should be one-fourth of an inch narrower and shorter than the foundation4 ,mark out and cut with the scissors1 the pieces of vellum and marbled paper4 ,the front covering should be pasted on first4 ,before pasting the pockets 7which should be fastened to the back only7 turn over the hem1 and crease it hard1 but do not paste4 ,the hem will extend onto the side laps4 ,from these laps cut off the under side of the hem that it may not be double4 ,paste on the pockets and the back4 ,dry all under weight4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xiii4 ,a needlecase1 a checkerboard and a blotter4 ,good problems upon which to practise the processes involved in bookbinding4 ,b4 ,a ,,checkerboard ,first decide on the size of the small squares1 remembering that there are eight in each direction4 ,also allow for a margin1 outside the squares1 which should vary in proportion to the size of the squares4 ,a single or double border line enclosing the squares is a desirable addition4 7,see ,b1 ,plate ,,xiii47 ,make working drawings of the foundation1 the front covering of vellum1 and the back covering of lining paper4 ,in selecting vellum for this model1 have in mind the application of a color which is to be used on alternate squares4 ,either a deep red vellum with alternate squares of black or a dull green vellum with alternate squares of red is a good combination4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xiv4 ,an accurate working drawing of the completed needlecase1 and dimensioned sketches of the pieces used for covering4 ,lay out and cut all parts1 using the card cutter for the newsboard1 and the scissors for the vellum and the lining paper4 ,as in previous models1 lay foundation on the back of the piece of vellum1 draw around it1 and cover with paste the surface enclosed by the pencil lines4 ,again place the foundation on the vellum1 press it down hard1 turn over both pieces and rub the vellum on the right side until it is smooth4 ,when thoroughly rubbed down1 paste laps1 being careful to make neat corners4 ,paste on lining paper and dry under weight4 ,during a subsequent lesson1 mark out the checkerboard1 accurately1 with rule and pencil4 ,only alternate squares need be colored1 and this may be done with water colors1 crayon1 or pencil4 ,if water colors are chosen1 they should be used with as little water as possible4 ,before applying the paint to the vellum1 the glaze of the surface may be reduced by rubbing over it the powder which comes from common white chalk4 ,rub the powder in with the fingers and lightly brush off what remains4 ,on a separate piece of vellum1 practice the application of color before applying it to the checkerboard1 both to test the color itself1 and to become somewhat familiar with the best method of application4 ,after the paint is thoroughly dry1 the surface may be cleaned by rubbing carefully with a piece of cloth4 ,finish by putting on the outside border line with pencil4 ,c4 ,a ,,blotter ,this is to be a more elaborate production than the blotter described in ,problem ,,iii 7,d74 ,compare ,c1 ,plate ,,xiii4 ,first determine the size of the foundation1 which may vary from small-blotter to desk-blotter size4 ,consider proportions very carefully4 ,a small blotter admits greater variance between length and width than one of larger size4 ,make dimensioned drawings of foundation1 front covering of vellum or cover paper1 and back covering of marbled paper4 ,when the foundation has been cut and the front covering pasted on1 plan the corners which are to consist of separate pieces4 ,determine their size by setting off a triangle at one corner with a rule or pencil1 moving the rule or pencil to vary the size of the triangle until one of satisfactory size is decided upon4 ,lay out on paper a triangle of the chosen size4 ,the thickness of the foundation1 plus the thickness of the one or more sheets of blotting paper which are to be placed under the corners1 must be taken into consideration4 ,before adding the laps which are to extend onto the back for half an inch or more experiment with patterns cut from paper 7see ,plate ,,xv74 ,the corners may be made of linen1 vellum1 cover paper1 or skiver 7a prepared leather which has been split by machinery74 ,cut them out by the pattern4 ,to give a finish to the edge which is to be free1 turn it over about of an inch4 ,if leather is used1 a portion of the under side along the edges should be additionally skived off1 before turning over1 to make the laps very thin4 ,cover paper1 if used1 may be re-enforced by pasting a piece of muslin onto the back4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xv4 ,diagram for blotter corner4 ,these corners present an opportunity for applied design4 ,the most satisfactory decoration for leather is 8tooling40 ,on the other materials suggested1 a design may be applied by stenciling or block printing4#d #d ,simple directions for these processes may be found in the ,school ,arts ,book as follows3 ,tooling1 ,june1 #aijh2 ,stenciling1 ,june and ,october1 #aijh1 ,march1 #aiab2 ,block-printing1 ,june1 #aijg4 ,the designs should be simple and appropriate 7see ,plates ,,xvi71 and the color scheme carefully planned4 ,unless a special study has been made of color harmonies1 a combination of analogous colors or complementary colors is a wiser choice than a more complicated combination4 ,practise on paper until a pattern is secured1 and apply it to the corners by the method decided upon4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xvi4 ,blotter pad corners with original units by grammar-school children4 ,when pasting on the decorated corners1 the sheets of blotting paper should be placed on the foundation so that there will be room for their use4 ,paste the laps to the back of the foundation1 being very careful to place the corners in exact position4 ,leave the sheets of blotting paper under the corners until after the whole has been pressed2 otherwise the weight would crush the corners4 ,when putting in new sheets of blotting paper1 they can be more easily slipped under the corners if a small triangle has been cut from each corner of the blotting paper4 ,a sheet of lining paper about of an inch shorter and narrower than the foundation should be pasted to the back4 ,dry all under weight4 ,problem ,v ,,mounts ,,and ,,covers ,,time3 #f hours4 ,,materials3 ,newsboard1 vellum1 and lining paper4 ,,note3 ,each article in this problem has two foundation pieces covered by a single piece of vellum1 which forms a hinge between them1 and the whole is lined with marbled paper4 ,a4 ,a ,,calendar ,,stand ,first make or secure a calendar1 which should be of small size4 ,if desired1 a picture may be used with the calendar1 but it should harmonize with it in size and color4 ,in such a case plan to have the space between the two much smaller than the margins1 so that the eye will take them in as a group1 and not as two separate objects4 ,decide on the margins as described in ,problem ,,ii1 and thus arrive at the proper size for one of the foundation pieces of newsboard4 7,see ,plate ,,xvii47 ,make a dimensioned sketch of this piece1 and plan to have two made of newsboard4 ,for the outside covering plan a strip of vellum which shall be long enough to cover both pieces of newsboard when placed about one-eighth of an inch apart1 and to make half-inch laps on each side and end4 ,plan a strip of vellum about an inch wide and as long as the width of the foundation pieces to form the back of the hinge2 and two pieces of lining paper1 each one-eighth of an inch smaller in both directions than the foundation pieces4 ,make dimensioned sketches of these pieces 7see ,plate ,,xviii71 lay out and cut all parts4 ,in the center of the narrow strip of vellum mark off a space one-eighth of an inch wide1 extending lengthwise of the strip4 ,apply paste and lay the two pieces of newsboard on the vellum and with edges against the lines drawn4 ,press hard on the newsboard1 turn it over1 and rub down the vellum4 ,a hinge is thus formed for the two pieces of newsboard4 ,lay these pieces on the large piece of vellum and draw around the whole4 ,apply paste to the vellum inside the pencil lines4 ,lay the double foundation on the pasted surface with the narrow strip of vellum on top4 ,rub down the outside surface very hard1 leaving no wrinkles or rough places2 clip the corners as described in ,problem ,,ii1 paste the laps1 fold them over1 rub them down1 and line the mount with the pieces of marbled paper4 ,connect the front and back halves of the mount by a single or double strap of vellum pasted to the inside of each4 ,finish by pasting on the calendar and picture4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xvii4 ,calendars4 ,,note4 ,if the calendars are made for ,christmas1 a most appropriate time1 the children are sometimes desirous of decorating with ,christmas seals4 ,these are not so desirable as a decorative picture1 but if the teacher feels that to forbid their use would be dispiriting to the child1 she should insist that only one seal should be used and that on the back of the standard where it will carry its message1 but will not detract from the appearance of the face of the mount4 ,an envelope might be made in which to present the calendar1 and the seals used on the outside of the envelopes4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xviii4 ,freehand sketches of the parts of a simple calendar mount4 ,b4 ,,another ,,calendar ,,mount ,plan the back standard to be smaller than the front instead of the same size4 ,plate ,,xix suggests a suitable trapezoidal shape4 ,in this case the vellum must be of the same length as before1 but cut to fit the different widths of the newsboard 7compare ,plate ,,xx74 ,plan a narrow strip of vellum to line the hinge1 as in ,a4 ,paste this piece and the outside covering as before4 ,cut the lining paper of the correct shapes and apply to the back4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xix4 ,the foundation pieces for an easel mount4 ,c4 ,a ,,needle-,,book ,this consists of covers with leaves of flannel4 ,decide upon the size of leaves1 which should not be too large and in good proportion4 ,one piece of flannel should form two leaves1 as in booklets described in ,problem ,i4 ,plan the covers to be one-eighth of an inch larger in each direction than the leaves4 ,these should be constructed like the calendar mount already described in ,a1 but the space between should be greater1 perhaps three-eighths of an inch4 ,make dimensioned sketches of all parts4 ,the parts should then be laid out1 cut1 and pasted4 ,finish the edges of the leaves by pinking 7cutting in small points74 ,four leaves are sufficient4 ,sew them to the cover as described in ,problem ,i4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xx4 ,the flat of vellum for covering the foundation4 ,d4 ,a ,,covered ,,memorandum ,,pad ,secure a small pad4 ,plan covers1 as described in ,b1 which shall project about one-eighth of an inch in each direction beyond the pad4 ,plan to have the space between them about of an inch more than the thickness of the pad4 ,when the covers are finished1 paste the pad firmly to the inside of one cover4 ,if desired1 loops of vellum to hold the pencil may be pasted on the side of the pad1 as described in ,problem ,i4 ,problem ,,vi ,,folding ,,checkerboard#c ,,time3 #f hours4 ,,materials3 ,newsboard1 vellum1 squared paper4 ,this checkerboard 7,plate ,,xxi7 is planned with squares 0 in size1 and of these there should be #h on each side alternating dark and light4 ,by making a foundation #g0 square1 it gives a margin of 0 on all sides1 resulting not only in a satisfactory appearance1 but providing a place for extra checkers4 ,this board folds through the center and is small enough to be easily carried in the pocket4 ,the illustration is intended to show the construction to the teacher4 ,such a drawing should not be attempted by the pupils whose efforts should be confined to simple sketches of the necessary pieces as in the other problems4 ,cut two pieces of newsboard #c0 strong #g01 and a piece of vellum about #i0 square4 ,it will be observed that the width of the newsboard is less than half the length in order to allow a space between the two pieces of newsboard without which the completed board would not close4 ,on the back side of the piece of vellum mark off in heavy lines the positions of the two pieces of newsboard and allow 0 or 0 space between them4 ,paste the newsboard to the vellum as already described1 cut the corners and paste the edges4 ,a strip of vellum #b0 #g0 should be pasted to cover the space between the two pieces of newsboard and extend well onto them4 #c ,from 8,war ,time ,occupations40 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxi ,the paper used for lining may be prepared in one of several ways1 either by machine or by hand1 and may be in one piece or two4 ,the former is less likely to be confusing4 ,the easiest and quickest method is to have the squares printed in dark ink on white or light gray paper of good quality1 and fairly tough4 ,the use of linoleum is suggested as one method of printing squares1 or a line plate may be made1 the squares printed from it and finished linings for the checkerboards furnished to those who are making them4 ,the light squares may be left as they are or may be colored with water color1 crayon1 or oils4 ,all the outside squares should be lined in1 either when printed or afterward by hand4 ,a border line about 0 outside the squares adds very much to the general appearance4 ,if all the markings and coloring must be done by hand1 paper commercially ruled into 0 squares is recommended4 ,this secures accuracy1 and saves much tiresome ruling4 ,three such spaces on each side form a inch square and when the checkerboard is laid off by small dots on outside lines1 proceed to color alternate squares by one of the following methods3 ,a4 ,with soft pencil darken alternate squares leaving others of the original color4 ,begin with the upper row1 and take successive rows downward4 ,across the paper lay a rule just below the lower edge of the squares to be darkened4 ,with the pencil make vertical strokes only1 using the side of the pencil to give an even surface free from ridges4 ,be careful with the lines at the right and left edges that they do not extend into the adjoining space4 ,the edge of the rule will stop the strokes at the right place at the bottom and they should not extend quite to the top as this can be adjusted later4 ,when all rows are finished1 turn paper around so that what was top is now bottom1 and complete squares by the same method4 ,b4 ,instead of pencil1 colored crayons may be used in the same manner as already described4 ,c4 ,crayons of two colors may be used in alternate squares1 or one color and a black pencil4 ,orange and black or red and black are pleasing combinations4 ,d4 ,ink or water may be applied with a brush4 ,when completed place the 8board0 so that a dark square is in the upper left and lower right corners respectively1 and cut open vertically1 removing about 0 from the center two halves4 ,if no space is left1 the paper soon cracks in folding2 if too little space is left1 the edges soon turn and later become 0dog-eared82 if too much is left1 it is confusing to the players1 as theoretically there should be no space at all4 ,paste these pieces to each half of the cover1 placing them about 0 apart1 and dry flat under weight4 ,when thoroughly dry1 the inner surface should be varnished with shellac or valspar to give stability to the color4 ,otherwise1 it soon becomes rubbed and the appearance1 if not the utility1 of the board is spoiled4 ,one coat is sufficient to hold the color1 but if a polished surface is desired two are needed4 ,the question of coating the outside with shellac or other polish is an open one1 and may be decided to suit the individual taste4 ,it is sometimes desirable to show that an article is the product of the schoolroom1 and in this case a neatly printed label with a space for the pupil's name1 etc41 may be pasted to the outside4 ,if larger boards are desired make the squares one inch in size leaving 0 margin4 ,the foundation consists of two pieces of newsboard1 each #d0 #i0 and the vellum for covering should be #aa0 square4 ,the process of assembling is like that used in the small board4 ,,checkers ,i4 ,dowels4 ,checkers may be made from dowels 0 or 0 for small checkerboards and 0 or #a0 for the larger boards4 ,broom handles1 etc41 may be used as substitutes for the dowels4 ,the checkers should be of a uniform thickness1 and this is best secured by using a combination mitre-box1 saw1 and gauge4 ,if this is not available1 any other means may be employed to saw the dowels into disks 0 or 0 in thickness4 ,lay a piece of sandpaper on a flat surface and rub the checkers on this to remove saw marks4 ,two grades of sandpaper give a better finish than one4 ,to play the game1 it is necessary that there should be two colors of checkers4 ,some woods present sufficient difference in their natural colors to serve this purpose1 but it is generally better that one set at least should be artificially colored4 ,for this1 use stain or ink4 ,place some of the fluid in a shallow dish1 and drop the checkers into it4 ,remove at once with nippers or two sticks1 and lay on a paper to dry4 ,most stains will stand some water1 but common ink would wash out if rained on4 ,so to preserve the color1 checkers dyed with ink should afterward be dropped into a thin shellac and taken out and dried4 ,those of natural color should also be shellaced as they keep clean much longer4 ,after the shellac is dry1 there is a little roughness on the surface4 ,if this is rubbed off with fine sandpaper the checkers are much more agreeable to handle4 ,twelve checkers of each color are needed for a set but three or four extra ones may be added4 ,put these in a strong bag securely tied4 ,,ii4 ,button ,molds4 ,instead of using dowels1 as just described1 wooden button molds may be colored and used4 ,,iii4 ,buttons4 ,two contrasting colors of flat buttons make excellent checkers4 ,problem ,,vii ,,picture ,,frame ,,time3 #d hours4 ,,materials3 ,newsboard1 vellum or paper4 ,first choose size of picture and then width of frame4 ,this may be uniform on all sides or one may observe the rules for margins shown on pages #ba and #bb4 ,make a careful drawing of the outside of the frame and opening1 and then lay out and cut the newsboard as indicated4 ,for covering1 plan and cut a piece of vellum1 grass cloth1 paper or other material which shall extend beyond the newsboard on each side for at least one-half an inch4 ,on this material indicate the position of the newsboard including the opening for the picture4 ,also draw lines one-half an inch inside and parallel to the lines showing opening4 ,cut on these lines and at each corner cut oblique lines to allow the laps to fold under4 ,for the back there should be planned and cut another piece of newsboard one-eighth of an inch shorter than the front and of the same width2 and to cover it a strip of covering material three-eighths of an inch longer and one-quarter of an inch narrower than the newsboard4 7,see ,plate ,,xxii47 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxii4 ,dimensioned sketches of the parts of a picture frame4 ,to assemble3 ,paste the foundation of the front to the covering and turn under and paste the laps at the opening4 ,at this time paste only one outside lap and that the top one4 ,over one end of the newsboard-back turn the outside strip about half an inch and paste this down leaving the remainder of the piece free4 ,place this piece of newsboard against the front1 with the pasted end at the top1 and over both pieces of newsboard paste the three laps attached to the front side4 ,fold back the free piece and paste as a lining over the back4 ,to this may be pasted a patent hanger--a ring attached to a gummed disk4 ,the picture should be inserted at the opening in the top4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxiii4 ,a folding picture frame4 ,if a double frame is desired 7see ,plate ,,xxiii7 make a frame for each picture but use for the back of each a piece of heavy paper which should not have an additional covering4 ,make a foundation which folds through the center planning to have it extend slightly beyond the frames as shown in ,plate ,,xxii2 to each half of this foundation attach the frames already made4 ,c4 ,either style of frame may be made with a covering of silk1 grass cloth1 leather1 and slightly padded4 ,for this purpose use sheet wadding which should be firmly attached to the front of the foundation4 ,over this lay the covering material and paste the laps only1 not the broad faces4 ,problem ,,viii ,,hinged ,,covers ,,time3 #h hours4 ,,materials3 ,newsboard1 vellum1 paper for leaves1 eyelets1 cord1 and 7if desired7 cover paper for ,c and ,d4 ,,note3 ,in selecting materials1 choose those which harmonize with each other1 i4e41 the vellum1 cover paper1 and lining paper should be of the same hue4 ,the problem is to make two separate hinged covers between which loose leaves may be bound1 the whole to be fastened together with macrame or other cord4 ,this may be designed for one of many uses1 suggestions for several of which follow 7see ,plate ,,xxiv74 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxiv4 ,examples of hinged covers made by grammar school children4 ,a4 ,a ,,sketch ,,book ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxv4 ,freehand dimensioned sketches showing parts of a sketch book cover4 ,in making dimensioned sketches for the various parts 7see ,plate ,,xxv7 determine first the size of the pages and plan the covers to extend beyond them about one-eighth of an inch4 ,make the sketches of the pages and the newsboard foundations4 ,lay out and cut the latter1 of full size1 and then from either a long or short side of each1 in accordance with plan1 cut a strip to form a hinge4 ,the width of these strips may be from three-quarters of an inch to one inch4 ,vellum should be planned to cover completely one side of both pieces of each cover1 to fold around the small piece and to lap over onto the large piece about one-half inch4 ,it should also fold over the other three edges about one-half inch4 7,see ,plate ,,xxvi47 ,the lining paper should cover to within about one-eighth of an inch of the edges of the large pieces and should not extend onto the hinge4 ,constant bending soon breaks paper1 but with ordinary use does not affect the tough vellum4 ,make dimensioned sketches of these pieces 7see ,plate ,,xxv7 and lay out and cut all remaining parts4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxvi4 ,a diagram showing the position of the two pieces of newsboard on a piece of vellum4 ,properly place main part of newsboard on vellum1 drawing around it4 ,lay small part one-eighth of an inch from main part and draw around it4 ,remove the pieces of newsboard and apply paste to vellum inside the pencil line1 being careful to cover the surface smoothly and evenly2 lay both back pieces in place1 turn the vellum over and rub down4 ,cut from the projecting vellum on the hinged side a small piece even with the edges of the hinges as far as the outside corners 7see ,plate ,,xxvi71 and clip off the outside corners as before described4 ,apply paste to projecting vellum1 fold over first the hinged side and its opposite1 then the other two sides1 and rub down4 ,paste the lining paper in and dry the covers separately under weight4 ,remember to place newspaper or blotting paper between each pair1 otherwise the moisture from one will cause wrinkles in the other4 ,for the leaves1 use drawing paper1 which may be cut singly or in folio 7with single fold74 ,the latter method is preferable1 as folded sheets are easier to place at the back1 look better1 and are more secure4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxvii4 ,two methods of cutting and folding paper for the pages of a scrap book or postcard album4 ,two holes in each cover are sufficient for the cord1 but a little care should be taken to determine the best position for them4 ,the distance of each from the end of the hinge strips should be from one-fifth to one-sixth of its length1 and1 of course1 they should be placed midway between the long edges4 ,after punching the holes1 see that the leaves are properly marked so that the holes in them will exactly fit the holes in the cover4 ,to do this1 place one sheet on the cover1 leaving correct margins1 and through the center of each hole mark the paper which should then be punched4 ,treat the other sheets in the same manner4 ,eyelets should be inserted in the covers only1 and for that purpose a good eyelet punch is necessary4 ,directions for its use and sample eyelets accompany punches when sent from the dealer4 ,complete by tying all together with a piece of cord4 ,make a small flat bow on the front cover4 ,b4 ,a ,,scrap ,,book ,this should be planned and worked out in the same manner as the ,sketch ,book1 but it should be somewhat larger1 possibly #f #h inches4 ,for the leaves1 screenings or wrapping paper may be used4 ,to prevent covers from flaring after the book has been filled1 the thickness at the back should be increased by additional folds in the paper1 as shown in ,plate ,,xxviia4 ,the 8stub0 should be about one inch wide after it is folded4 ,the ,japanese method1 which is to fold a very long strip many times in the same manner1 forms a pleasing arrangement 7see ,plate ,,xxviib74 ,c4 ,a ,,postcard ,,album ,make the covers described in ,a and the leaves of a heavy paper4 ,green or brown screenings look well and give a background generally harmonious with colored postcards4 ,the size of the leaves should be sufficient to leave a generous margin around the card4 ,if two are to be placed on one page1 have the space between less than the margins around the edges4 ,a little additional margin at the bottom is always pleasing4 ,slits for holding the cards may be made in the following manner3 cut a blank sheet of paper of the size of a postal card and from each corner measure both vertically and horizontally #a to #a inches and connect the adjacent corners with straight lines4 ,place this pattern in proper position and use the ends of the lines on it to locate the lines to be drawn on the page itself4 ,it a hole is punched at each end of the line1 it gives a neat appearance and prevents the paper from tearing easily4 ,the lines on the page should be cut with a sharp knife4 ,insert each card by placing its corners in the slits4 ,a second set of oblique lines parallel to those already described may be drawn and cut three-eighths of an inch farther from each corner4 ,this will form a strap to hold the cards in place1 and on the opposite side of the leaf cards may be inserted in the outside slits4 ,d4 ,a ,,clipping ,,file ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxviii4 ,relative positions of newsboard and vellum in making the cover of a clipping file4 ,between two separate covers several envelopes--say five--are to be fastened and used for holding clippings1 etc4 ,select the envelopes--#c by #i inches is a convenient size4 ,plan covers to be about one-eighth of an inch longer on each end than the envelopes and seven-eighths of an inch wider4 ,this allows three-quarters of an inch for the guard and also a projection of one-eighth of an inch on the opposite side4 ,strips of vellum should be planned to cover completely both sides of the hinge1 to lap over onto the large piece about one inch both outside and in1 and to extend beyond each end about one-half inch4 ,to cover the rest of the newsboard1 cover paper should be used and the pieces should lap over the vellum about three-quarters of an inch on the side next to the hinge and fold over the other edges about one-half an inch4 ,the lining paper should cover to within one-eighth of an inch of the edges of the large pieces of newsboard4 ,make dimensioned sketches of all pieces and lay out and cut all parts4 ,draw a line through the center of the vellum showing where the back edge of the small piece of newsboard should come4 ,lay main part one-eighth of an inch from this line and draw around the edges of both pieces except where the large piece projects beyond the vellum 7see ,plate ,,xxviii74 ,apply paste to vellum1 lay pieces of newsboard in place1 turn it over and rub down4 ,cut from the projecting vellum a small piece even with the ends of the hinges as far as the outside corners4 ,apply paste first to projecting ends1 then to long strip2 fold over and rub down4 ,properly place cover on cover paper and draw around it4 ,apply paste to cover paper and finish as when vellum is used for entire cover4 ,paste in the lining paper and dry under weight4 ,strips of vellum about #b inches wide and one inch longer than the envelopes should be folded lengthwise down the middle to form guards4 ,cut strips of newsboard three-quarters of an inch wide1 and of the same length as the envelope4 ,apply paste to half the vellum and lay the newsboard on it with one edge against the center fold4 ,against the other edge of the newsboard lay the lower edge of the envelope with its ends and the ends of the newsboard in the same straight lines4 ,treat the ends of vellum in the same manner as on the covers4 ,punch holes in covers and guards1 insert eyelets1 and fasten together by tying1 or with paper fasteners4 ,problem ,,ix ,,boxes ,,time3 #f hours4 ,,materials3 ,newsboard1 stay-tape or vellum1 and a thin paper4 ,first determine the size of the box1 which should be made for a definite purpose4 ,consider the proportions of the width1 length1 and height2 also the height of the sides of the cover4 ,a box consists of foundations of newsboard1 the edges of which are stayed with strips of tape or vellum1 and the outside covered with paper4 ,the cover should be larger than the bottom by inch in both directions to allow it to slip over the box4 ,this amount will vary somewhat with the thickness of the newsboard1 the paper with which it is covered1 and the skill of the worker4 ,the foundation for each part is to be developed from a single piece of newsboard4 ,the box and cover are to be covered with a thin paper4 ,a great variety of paper for this purpose may be purchased1 either figured or in plain colors4 ,for the box plan a strip of paper long enough to extend around the four sides and to provide for a lap where the ends join4 ,be generous with this lap1 as it will be found that the paper 8takes up0 when it is pasted on4 ,the width of the strip should be at least one inch more than the depth of the box4 ,for the cover1 plan covering paper like the newsboard development1 but with its sides inch or more wider to fold over the edges4 ,let the corner squares serve as laps4 ,make dimensioned sketches of all pieces and lay out and cut all parts4 7,see ,plate ,,xxix47 ,along folding lines of the foundations score deeply with a knife1 one blade of the scissors1 or with a pin1 and fold with the crease on the outside4 ,it is essential to the success of the box to have this crease on the outside to insure a sharp1 straight1 and strong edge1 which might otherwise be rounded1 irregular1 and weak4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxix4 ,drawings of the pieces required in making boxes4 ,fasten the corners of both box and cover together with pieces of tape or strips of vellum1 lapping onto the sides4 7,see ,plate ,,xxx47 ,if possible1 allow the corners to dry before proceeding further4 ,paste the strip of paper around the box1 allowing inch to project beyond both top and bottom edges4 ,rub down well4 ,make a vertical cut at each corner of upper projection and fold and paste laps down on the inside4 7,see ,plate ,,xxxi47 ,make a ,v-cut at each corner of the lower projection1 fold and paste the laps against the bottom4 7,see ,plate ,,xxxii47 ,it will probably be necessary to apply more paste before finally rubbing these laps down4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxx4 ,the box in process of construction showing method of 8staying0 the corners4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxxi4 ,showing method of pasting the laps to the inside of the box4 ,paste top of cover to the paper1 leaving equal margins on all sides4 ,from the two long edges make cuts to the corners of the newsboard foundation at right angles to its edges4 ,fold and paste paper over the ends of cover first1 and then onto the inside1 using the thumb to push the paper over the edges4 7,see ,plate ,,xxxi47 ,the cuts made from the long edges give an extra length to end coverings4 ,paste this extra piece onto long sides and then paste the part naturally to be used to cover these sides4 ,the appearance of the box will be greatly improved by running the thumb and finger along the folded edges of the cover to sharpen them4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxxii4 ,the laps are being pasted to the bottom of the box4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxxiii4 ,here the paper is being pasted to the side of the cover4 ,in this manner1 boxes of any size may be made4 ,small boxes may be covered with linen1 cretonne1 or other kinds of cloth4 ,in this case it may be better 7after making the foundations as already described7 to paste the covering to the inside of the foundation only1 otherwise the surface might be discolored by the paste oozing through the cloth4 ,a box with a glass top is sometimes desirable for holding specimens of various kinds4 ,such a box may be made as above described with the following changes3 ,if it is to be a sealed box the specimens should be properly placed in the box and the glass 7which should be as large as the outside measurement of the box to prevent its dropping in7 laid over the top before pasting down that part of the covering which projects above the box itself4 ,when properly arranged this should then be pasted to the glass exactly as the laps are pasted to the bottom of the box4 ,if a removable cover is desired1 cut strips of newsboard for the sides and a strip of material for covering them in the same manner that the box is covered4 ,after staying the corners with vellum1 paste on the strip of covering material2 one edge of this should lap over the newsboard and be pasted to the inside of the cover and the other should hold the glass in position after it has been placed on the newsboard4 ,problem ,x ,,postcard ,,holder ,,time3 #h hours4 ,,materials3 ,newsboard1 vellum1 and lining paper4 ,before beginning this holder1 it may be well to have collections made of cards relating to a definite subject4 ,interest in the study of various industries1 history1 and geography is greatly increased by the use of pictures1 and in many places sets of cards prepared for such a purpose may be purchased4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxxiv4 ,the postcard holder partly open4 ,this holder consists of an outside case into which the inner holder slips4 7,see ,plate ,,xxxiv47 ,the size of the faces may be determined by individual pupils1 but1 if the blocks to be described later are used1 it will be quite essential to have a uniform size so that the blocks may be used interchangeably among the pupils4 ,for this reason1 it is recommended that the broad faces of the outside be about one inch larger in each direction than a postcard1 and the narrow faces #a0 wide4 ,plan the foundation of a single piece of newsboard1 as wide as the outside length of the holder1 scored to divide it into the four faces above referred to1 and a fifth division the exact size of one narrow face4 ,arrange these faces to be joined at their long edges with a narrow face on each end of the strip of newsboard so that when folded together one narrow face will be double1 which gives greater stability to the shape of the holder4 ,plan a strip of vellum #b inches wider than the length of the case1 and long enough to extend around it1 allowing for a lap at one corner4 ,it will be found in putting on this vellum that it will require a piece longer than the sum of the width of the faces as1 however closely it may be put on1 it 8takes up0 at the corners4 ,therefore be generous with the lap as a little extra length does no harm4 ,for the inner holder plan a strip of newsboard 0 narrower than the case1 scored to divide it into five parts4 ,two parts are to be of the same length as the case1 alternating with two narrow faces 0 less than thickness of the case 7that they may fit inside7 and the fifth piece about one-half the length of the long faces4 ,plan two strips of vellum to cover the narrow faces1 and lap onto the adjoining faces about #a04 ,allow 0 at each end to turn over the edges4 ,for each of the three broad faces1 plan a covering of lining paper which shall allow an edge of vellum to show at the joints1 and shall lap over the other edges of the newsboard4 ,notice that these three pieces are of three different sizes4 ,make dimensioned sketches of all pieces 7,see ,plate ,,xxxv7 and lay out and cut all parts4 ,along the folding lines of both newsboard foundations1 score and fold as explained in connection with the box4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxxv4 ,dimensioned sketches of the parts of the postcard holder4 ,when pasting the vellum onto the outside case1 it will be found of great advantage to have blocks of wood to work around4 ,if there is a woodworking room in connection with the school1 these blocks may well be made there4 ,they should be at least the full length of the case and may project beyond the ends4 ,their thickness should be the width of the narrow faces1 and their width may be the same as that of the broad faces1 or narrower4 ,if narrower1 the blocks may be slipped along as the vellum is being rubbed down4 ,the strip of vellum for covering the outside is so large that it is difficult for a child to cover it with paste1 before a part of it has dried4 ,it is better1 therefore1 to paste a little more than enough for one face at a time1 rub this down1 apply paste again1 and so on to the end4 ,by putting the paste a little beyond were it is needed there is a certainty of leaving no dry areas at the corners4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxxvi4 ,an illustration of the method of covering the outside of the case when a block of wood is used4 ,if blocks are to be used1 paste together the two end divisions of the newsboard1 put the block inside1 and paste on the strip of vellum4 ,place one end of the vellum flush with one edge of the case1 and cover one broad face first4 7,see ,plate ,,xxxvi47 ,before rubbing down the vellum on the next face1 be sure that it is pulled as closely as possible over the edge1 leaving no wrinkles or loose places4 ,when all the faces have been covered1 there should remain a margin of vellum to lap onto the face first covered4 ,if this is pasted down very closely1 it will be almost invisible4 ,if no blocks are available1 three faces should be covered before joining the two end pieces of newsboard1 which should then be covered as one piece4 ,lay each face as it is being pasted so that one edge is at the edge of the desk or table1 and allow the rest of the case to hang over the side4 7,see ,plate ,,xxxvii47 ,in this way the faces may be easily covered4 ,next make a longitudinal cut on the projecting vellum as far as the newsboard at each corner of the case4 ,the resulting laps may then be easily pasted down onto the inside of the case4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxxvii4 ,an illustration of the method of covering the outside of the case when no block of wood is available4 ,over the narrow faces of the inner holder paste the strips of vellum1 cut for this purpose4 ,paste and fold their ends over the edges of the newsboard4 ,these ends fit a little better if two slits are made in each at the fold of the newsboard4 ,cover the broad faces with the lining paper1 turning and pasting the laps over the edges closely4 ,the corners should be cut as in the flat objects described in previous articles4 ,this inner part should not be pressed as a flat piece as this would cause the paper to crack open when folded for use4 ,if desired1 the inside may be lined with white paper1 in which case the pieces should be put in separately instead of in one long strip4 ,this is difficult for any but most skillful workers4 ,b4 ,a holder of similar construction1 but of convenient size to hold note or letter paper makes an excellent filing case4 ,problem ,,xi ,,slip ,,box#d ,,time3 #f hours4 ,,materials3 ,newsboard1 vellum1 thin paper4 ,this box 7,plate ,,xxxviii7 by varying the size may be used for holding pencils1 checkers1 a picture puzzle1 or for other purposes4 ,accurately lay out the box on the newsboard as shown in the drawing and cut on the outside lines1 preferably with the cardboard cutter4 ,along the edges of the base score with a sharp knife or strong pin and turn up the sides with the lines outside4 ,the corners should be stayed with a strip of vellum as shown to hold the box in shape4 ,cut a strip of lining or other thin paper long enough to extend around the box and lap over about inch2 the width should be at least one inch greater than height of sides4 ,paste this strip to the sides of the box allowing surplus width to extend equally above and below4 ,at each corner of the box make cuts in the paper so that it may be pasted to the inside of the box at one edge and to the bottom of the box at the other4 ,it is advised that no attempt be made to line either the inside or the base4 ,the case should be enough larger than the box to allow the latter to slip easily but not fall out4 ,by making each side of the case of an inch wider than the corresponding sides of the box1 this is accomplished4 ,it will be noticed that three narrow faces are shown in the drawing4 ,lap the broader outside face ,b over the narrower one ,a and paste securely4 ,this gives stability to the outside4 ,cut a strip of vellum long enough to paste around the box and extend beyond it at least inch at each end4 ,paste this to the foundation2 at each corner make cuts in the vellum1 and paste projecting parts to the inside of the foundation4 #d ,from 8,war ,time ,occupations40 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxxviii4 ,problem ,,xii ,a ,,portfolio ,,time3 #f hours4 ,,materials3 ,newsboard1 vellum1 cover paper1 lining paper1 tape4 7,a74 ,this portfolio consists of two foundation pieces of newsboard1 covered and lined with paper and joined by a back of vellum4 ,let the size and shape of these covers be determined by the use to which they are to be put4 ,they may be for drawings1 maps1 compositions1 etc4 ,the size of the newsboard will practically be the size of the finished portfolio1 and should be somewhat larger than the papers it is to hold4 ,plan the back1 which consists of two pieces of vellum1 wide enough to allow for the space desired between the covers1 and also to lap onto each cover at least one inch4 ,one piece of vellum should be long enough to lap over the ends of the newsboard about an inch1 and the other piece should be about of an inch shorter than the newsboard4 ,plan the cover paper to be large enough to allow for inch lap to fold over the three free edges1 but remember to allow a margin of vellum to show at the other edge4 ,plan the lining paper to be small enough to allow the foundation to extend beyond it at least of an inch on all sides4 ,make dimensioned sketches of all pieces and lay out and cut all parts4 7,see ,plate ,,xxxix47 ,place the newsboard foundations on the short piece of vellum the proper distance apart1 with equal amounts of vellum extending under each4 ,the newsboard1 of course1 will extend at each end a trifle beyond the vellum4 ,when the proper position is determined1 draw pencil lines lengthwise of the vellum indicating the edge of each cover4 ,put paste on the vellum and rub down well onto the newsboard forming the inside of the hinge4 ,to make sure that the upper and lower edges of the covers are in a continuous straight line1 place a rule or straight edge against one cover1 extending across and beyond the vellum2 place the second cover against the rule and the edges will be in a straight line4 7,see ,plate ,,xl47 ,paste the second piece of vellum onto the outside and turn the projecting ends over the newsboard1 pasting them down4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxxix4 ,dimensioned sketches of the parts of a portfolio4 ,properly place one foundation piece on the cover paper1 allowing the vellum to show where it laps onto the newsboard1 and draw around it4 ,the amount of vellum which is to show is a problem in space division4 ,just how much will look well on the particular cover under consideration should be carefully thought out4 ,apply paste to the cover paper1 noting that it requires more skill to spread paste uniformly on a heavy paper than on vellum or lining paper4 ,place one piece of newsboard on the paper as previously marked1 turn them over and rub down4 ,a piece of cloth held in the hand and used for rubbing the surface prevents finger marks2 or the rubbing may be done on a piece of paper laid over the surface4 ,the cover paper should cling firmly to the foundation at every point and this should be assured before proceeding4 ,apply paste to the projecting laps1 fold them over and rub down4 ,treat the other half in the same manner4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xl4 ,pasting the newsboard to the vellum back4 ,it is desirable to tie the portfolio together on one side at least4 ,for this purpose secure tape of harmonizing color and or inch in width4 ,about an inch from and parallel to the front edges cut a slit through both paper and newsboard of the same length as the width of the tape4 7,this needs to be done with a knife or1 better yet1 with a chisel47 ,insert a piece of tape from #f to #i inches long in each slit and securely paste at least #a inch to the inside of the newsboard1 allowing the greater length to project from the outside4 ,paste the lining paper on the inside of each half and this will cover the pasted end of the tape4 ,the portfolio is then complete4 7,b74 ,by a different arrangement of tape the same kind of portfolio may be used as a magazine holder or cover for a paper book or pamphlet4 ,plan the newsboard foundations to project of an inch beyond the book on three sides4 ,the space between the two pieces of newsboard should be at least an inch greater than the thickness of the book so that the covers will lie flat when the book is inside4 ,it will be seen that with so wide a space the inner edge of the newsboard will not extend as far back as the back of the book1 and in planning the newsboard it should actually be narrower than the book4 ,make dimensioned sketches of all pieces and lay out and cut all parts4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xli4 ,a magazine in a stiff cover4 ,construct the covers as for the portfolio1 but insert the tape as follows3 ,about of an inch from both upper and lower edges of the back cover1 and just where the cover paper laps onto the vellum1 make slits of the same width as the tape and parallel to the edges4 ,push one end of the tape through from the outside and paste1 with the end turned toward the edge4 ,carry the tape over the adjacent edge along inside of the cover and over the opposite edge where it should be inserted in the second slit and pasted on the inside as at the other end4 ,a little slackness of tape is not objectionable4 ,the lining paper may come to the edge of the tape1 or1 with more difficulty1 be slipped under it4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xlii4 ,simple borders suitable for use on a portfolio4 ,when one cover of the book has been placed under the tape1 it should hold it securely4 7,see ,plate ,,xli47 ,if desired1 there is here an excellent opportunity for the application of a cover design4 ,this may consist of simple straight line borders in lower grades1 or of more elaborate designs in upper grades4 7,see ,plate ,,xlii47 ,lettering also may be used either singly or combined with decorative figures4 ,the design should be carefully planned before any attempt is made to place it upon the finished cover4 ,erasures are always noticeable and should be avoided4 ,it is recommended that straight lines should be drawn with a rule1 and the distance of the border from the edge measured either with a rule or a piece of paper4 ,the decoration may be applied with ink1 crayons1 or water color4 ,common ink diluted gives the effect of a darker tone of the color of the paper and as it is easily obtained it is on the whole a satisfactory medium4 7,see ,plate ,,xliii47 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xliii4 ,some cover designs made by students at the ,sloyd ,training ,school1 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,problem ,,xiii ,,stationery ,,holder ,,time3 #h hours4 ,,materials3 ,newsboard1 vellum and paper4 ,a very satisfactory stationery holder 7see ,plates ,,xliv and ,,xlv7 may be made by substituting pockets1 etc41 for the plain lining of the portfolio4 ,make the outside as described in ,problem ,,xii4 ,then cut for each half1 a piece of newsboard one-quarter of an inch shorter and narrower than the outside pieces4 ,cover one of these smaller pieces with the same paper that is used on the outside turning over a margin of one-half an inch on each of the four sides4 ,at each corner attach suitable pieces for holding a blotter4 7,see page #cc47 ,when pressed and dried this forms a lining for one side4 ,the other piece of newsboard should be used as a foundation for a 8bellows pocket0 for holding stationery4 ,first bind one long edge with a strip of vellum having it show on the upper surface for about an inch and a half4 ,the pocket should be made of vellum and when completed1 should be as large as the newsboard foundation4 ,to give strength and stability to this cut a piece of paper of the same size as the newsboard4 ,plan and cut a piece of vellum #e inches longer and an inch and a half wider than this4 ,lay the paper lining on the vellum with an equal amount of vellum projecting at each end1 and fold the vellum over one long edge of the paper for its entire length and to the depth of about one inch4 ,paste the hem thus made to the paper but do not paste the broad face as this will cause wrinkling4 ,then fold the vellum over each end of the paper sharply and make a reverse fold one inch from the end4 ,place this vellum on the newsboard with the hem of the pocket against the bound edge of the newsboard1 and on the other three sides turn over the projecting vellum and paste to the under side of the newsboard4 ,before pasting in this piece and the blotter for linings1 a fastener or tape should be inserted as already described4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xliv4 ,stationery ,holders 7closed7 made by students at the ,boston ,school of ,occupational ,therapy4 ,the holder may be made more elaborate by adding a third page which should be narrower than the other two and when folded together will appear as a flap4 ,cut a piece of newsboard for its foundation and fasten to one of the large pieces in the same manner as the two large pieces are attached4 ,to line this1 cut a piece of newsboard one-quarter of an inch shorter and narrower than the outside piece and cover it with a single piece of vellum2 or pockets may be added and a strap for holding pen or pencil4 ,some very handsome cases can thus be made by using wall papers on the broad faces4 ,narrow stripes or gold bands used as border decorations on the corners of the blotter or the edge of the pockets are very effective while figures well cut may be appliqued to the outside or the inside4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xlv4 ,an open stationery holder made at the ,boston ,school of ,occupational ,therapy4 ,for fastening1 use cord1 tape or ribbon which should be inserted before the linings are pasted in4 ,to illustrate3 ,pass a ribbon across the outside of the middle piece1 putting each end through a slit--say one inch from the edge--and glue these firmly to the newsboard4 ,through a slit in the other broad face pass another length of ribbon on the end of which shall be a ,japanese bead2 on the narrow face in similar fashion attach a loop of ribbon 7made by passing both ends through the same slit74 ,when closed the case may be fastened by putting the bead through the loop4 ,another style of fastener consists of a cord or braid similarly inserted with a fancy knot in place of the bead4 ,problem ,,xiv ,,sewing ,,and ,,binding ,a ,,book ,,time3 #aj hours4 ,,materials3 ,newsboard1#e vellum1 cover paper1 white paper1 tape1 sewing linen1 and 8super40 ,there are several ways of sewing a book and even more ways of binding it after it is sewed4 ,the first method here given is the simplest1 and is such as is feasible in a fifth or sixth grade without a sewing frame1 a press1 or other apparatus than the simple tools required in the previous problems4 ,first determine the shape and size of the book4 ,it is better at first not to attempt a book which is very thick1 seven to twelve signatures being sufficient for a beginning4 ,a 8signature0 is the name applied to a folded sheet1 several of which go to make up the inside of a book4 ,if the sheet is folded once it is called a 8folio02 if twice1 a 8quarto02 if three times1 an 8octavo40 7,see ,plate ,,xlvi47 ,these signatures1 when sewed together1 form what is technically known as 8the book10 and the covers and back 8the case40 #e ,a book-cover may be made of heavier newsboard than the articles previously described1 although in elementary grades it will probably be more convenient to use one weight only4 ,number #cj is commonly used for books of ordinary size 7say #g #e inches71 while for larger books 7#aj #g inches7 a still heavier board is used4 ,with a piece of cheap paper experiment a little1 folding it one or more times and if necessary trimming the edges to change size or proportions4 ,when the size is determined1 cut a sufficient number of sheets1 fold1 and 8stack0 7pile7 them for sewing4 ,if the paper provided is too small to be used for a 8quarto10 place one 8folio0 inside another which will give two thicknesses of paper at each fold and will have the same effect as a 8quarto40 ,if desired1 two or three sheets of paper may be placed together before folding so that there will be several thicknesses at the back4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xlvi4 ,diagram to show methods of folding sheets of paper4 ,these signatures are to be sewed over three pieces of tape1 one to be at the middle of the fold1 one from #a to #a inches from each end1 according to the size of the pages4 ,on the back of the first signature mark carefully the position of the edges of each piece of tape1 and additional points an inch from each end4 ,the latter points show the location of the 8kettle stitches40 ,replace this signature on the others and mark across the backs of all1 locating similar points on other signatures with as much accuracy as possible4 7,see ,plate ,,xlvii47 ,the major folds should then be 8jogged up0 evenly at the back1 and the minor folds at the 8head0 or top4 ,at each point on each signature make a hole for sewing by opening the signatures and piercing through with a needle from the back4 ,replace the signatures in the same order as before4 ,cut three pieces of tape about three inches long4 ,place the first signature on the deck or table with the fold of the back toward the operator4 ,the left hand should be placed inside the signature to receive and return the threaded needle which is pushed through from the outside by the right hand4 7,see ,plate ,,xlviii47 ,pass the thread in through the first hole 7leaving an end long enough for tying71 out through the second hole1 over the tape1 in through the third hole1 out through the fourth hole1 over the second tape1 in through the fifth hole1 out through the sixth hole1 over the third tape1 in through the seventh hole1 and out through the eighth or last hole of the signature4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xlvii4 ,marking the signatures before stitching4 ,close this signature and place the second signature on top of the first2 then pass the thread in through the eighth hole of the second signature1 and out through the seventh hole1 over the tape1 in through the sixth hole and so on until the thread comes out through the first hole4 ,tie the thread to the loose short end in a square or hard knot4 ,place the third signature on top of the second and proceed as before4 ,on reaching the end of the third signature1 pass the needle under the stitch connecting the first and second signatures and through the loop formed by the thread4 7,see ,plate ,,xlix47 ,pull tightly to form the 8kettle stitch0 which should be made at the end of every signature hereafter4 ,in the same manner any number of signatures may thus be sewed to form a book4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xlviii4 ,sewing a book over tapes4 ,for fly-leaves1 prepare four single sheets folded once1 to be of the same size as the leaves of the book4 ,place these folded sheets one on top of another leaving about of an inch of the folded edge of each exposed1 the upper sheet being protected by a piece of waste paper4 ,rub paste over the exposed surface of all four at the same time4 7,see ,plate ,l47 ,remove the upper sheet and with its pasted edge downward place it upon the front signature of the book1 its folded edge being flush with the folded edges of the sewed part1 and the tapes thrown back out of the way4 ,after rubbing this sheet well down1 open it and place the second sheet inside the first1 having its pasted edge downward also4 ,see that the folds exactly fit1 and rub down the second sheet4 ,turn the book over and repeat the process on the opposite side4 7,see page #ic-;,d74 ,before proceeding farther the 8book0 should be dried under weight4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xlix4 ,the needle is in position to form the 8kettle stitch40 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,l4 ,applying paste to the folds of the fly-leaves4 ,lay the 8book0 flat on the desk and with a wooden mallet hammer the folds at the back which will make the signatures lie close together4 ,turn the 8book0 over and repeat the process4 ,a few strokes are sufficient4 ,cover the back with paste 7or1 if available1 hot glue2 do not attempt cold71 and rub it well in with the fingers that it may hold the signatures together and prevent their spreading4 ,use only a thin1 even coat of paste2 pull the tapes tightly across the back1 and paste their ends to the outside leaves4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,li4 ,dimensioned sketches of the parts of a book4 ,cut a strip of 8super0 a little shorter than the length of the back1 and wide enough to extend on to the fly-leaves about #a inch4 ,place this over the freshly pasted back and rub it well on4 ,paste the part of the 8super0 which extends onto each side to the outside leaves over the tapes4 ,when perfectly dry cut off about two-thirds of the width of each outside leaf1 leaving a stub onto which the super and tapes are already pasted4 ,the ends of these stubs should be slanted by cutting from the binding toward the front of the book4 ,the 8case10 which should be a trifle longer than the 8book10 should be constructed similarly to the portfolio but without tape or lining paper1 and with but one strip of vellum 7the long one7 on the back4 ,plan to have the covers extend beyond the front and ends of the book about of an inch2 but as the newsboard foundations should set forward from the binding about of an inch4 ,their width should be a trifle less than the width of the pages4 ,make dimensioned sketches of all pieces and lay out and cut all parts4 7,see ,plate ,,li47 ,place the pieces of newsboard on each side of the 8book0 in the exact position they are intended to occupy4 ,take a narrow strip of paper and attach its ends to the outside of the pieces of newsboard 7see ,plate ,,lii7 so that when the latter are removed from the 8book0 they will be attached to each other the correct distance apart2 that is the space between them will be at least an inch greater than the thickness of the book4 ,place them on the vellum and trace along the inner edge of each after ascertaining that the distance between them is the same at both ends4 ,remove the paper which connects the covers and paste them to the vellum in the position already marked out1 but do not yet turn over the ends of vellum4 ,cut a strip of heavy paper of just the width of the back of the 8book0 and paste in the middle of the piece of vellum1 after which the ends of vellum should be turned over and pasted down4 ,complete the 8case0 by pasting on the cover paper after which it should be pressed and dried4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,lii4 ,determining the distance between covers4 ,when this is done place the 8book0 as far back in the 8case0 as it is possible to do and be certain that the edges of the covers are in alignment4 ,make tiny pencil marks at the front edge of the leaves to guide the placing of the 8book0 after the paste is spread4 ,when necessary lines or points have been located remove the 8book0 from the 8case0 and prepare to paste4 ,under the first whole leaf place a piece of newspaper considerably larger than the 8book0 to protect the pages4 ,spread paste over the surface of this leaf1 first under the stub which should then be pushed down with the brush to hold it securely to the outside leaf2 then cover the outside of the stub with paste4 ,place the 8book0 in the 8case0 following the guide lines previously made1 and press the covers together with the hands4 ,lay the book on the desk or table with the pasted half down4 7,see ,plate ,,liii47 ,open at the pasted leaf a very little way and carefully rub the lining onto the cover1 smoothing out any wrinkles which may appear4 ,turn the book over and repeat the process with the other cover4 ,do not open wide until the book has been pressed4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,liii4 ,pasting 8book0 inside the 8cover40 ,this should be done very effectually and for this purpose two boards clamped together with handscrews make a better press than a weight4 ,if two thin pieces of tin1 zinc1 or blotting-paper are placed between the 8case0 and the 8book0 while in press it will prevent the moisture from being absorbed by the leaves1 causing them to wrinkle4 ,,variations ,several variations of the 8case0 are possible4 7,a74 ,the simplest is to cover the outside corners with vellum4 ,if this is to be done1 the vellum corners are to be applied before the cover paper4 ,the width of the corner piece1 exclusive of the laps and measured on a line bisecting the right-angle1 should equal the width of the strip of vellum which shows at the back4 ,this rule holds true in all high class bindings such as morocco1 ,levant1 calf1 etc4 7,see ,plate ,,liv47 ,by experimenting a little1 a pattern 7trapezoid7 may be made for the corner pieces by which to cut them4 7,see ,plate ,,liv47 ,plan these pieces to extend under the paper at least of an inch4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,liv4 ,diagram to illustrate the size of separate corners1 also method of cutting them4 ,after the cover paper has been cut in rectangular shape1 according to the original plan1 the two outside corners should be trimmed to allow the proper amount of vellum to show4 ,this may be accomplished in one of two ways4 ,using the same pattern as for the vellum corners1 fit its two opposite non-parallel edges as close to the corner as possible and cut along the inside edge of the pattern4 ,or1 one may place the newsboard on the paper and trace around it1 lay off the size of the finished corner and cut on the resulting oblique line4 ,after the vellum corners have been pasted on firmly1 place the cover paper carefully and paste it on as already described4 7,b74 ,after the 8case0 is completed in either of the two ways described1 it may be decorated with lettering or by the application of other design4 ,in this instance the suggestions given in connection with the portfolio should be followed4 7,c74 ,the entire 8case0 may be covered with vellum4 ,generally a cloth covering is not desirable on a hand-sewed book1 but if for a special reason one is to be used1 have a single piece of vellum cut large enough to cover both back and sides4 ,after finding the correct distance between the two pieces of newsboard1 lay them on the vellum1 in the manner already described1 trace around them1 and complete the 8case0 by pasting4 ,problem ,,xv ,,sewing ,a ,,book ,,on ,a ,,frame ,,time ,,and ,,materials3 ,as for ,problem ,x1 except bookbinder's twine is to be used instead of tape4 ,to carry out this problem a few common wood-working tools will be necessary4 ,a sewing frame may be made by older pupils1 a working drawing for which is here given4 7,see ,plate ,,lv47 ,the wooden upright screws may be purchased4 ,instead of tapes the book is to be sewed on bookbinder's twine4 ,cut three pieces #f inches longer than the distance between the upper and lower bars4 ,tie one end of each securely to the upper bar and slide them along to position4 7,see ,plate ,,lvi47 ,tie the other ends to the lower bar1 pulling them as taut as possible4 ,the signatures should be 8jogged up0 and carefully placed in a vise1 back up and extending above the jaws about half an inch4 ,it may be better 7depending on the shape and size of the vise7 to place the signatures between two boards1 and then the whole in the vise4 ,on the back of one signature mark off the position of the 8kettle stitches0 and twine #e points in all--and1 if ,t-square1 try square or triangle are available1 square lines across2 otherwise lay off these points on both outside signatures and thus insure cuts which shall be 8square across0 the back4 ,at each point saw across all signatures with a back saw1 making a cut about of an inch deep4 ,hold the saw perfectly horizontally1 that the cuts may be of uniform depth on all signatures4 ,if vise and saw are not available1 ,v-cuts may be made on each signature with scissors instead4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,lv4 ,working drawing of sewing-frame4 ,to sew a printed book1 begin at the front with the 8head0 toward the right4 ,place the first signature on the frame 7page #a down71 with the back toward the operator and the three inside cuts against the twine1 leaving the cuts at the ends for the 8kettle stitches40 ,if necessary1 move the pieces of twine along the bars so that they exactly fit the cuts and sink into them4 7,see ,plate ,,lvi74 ,tighten the twine by turning the wooden nuts and commence to sew4 ,hold the signature open with the left hand1 and1 commencing at the head1 7right7 insert the needle from the outside through the first hole4 ,bring the thread out through the second hole on the right of the twine1 cross it1 and return the thread through the same hole on the left of the twine4 ,it will be seen that this process is virtually the same as sewing over tapes4 ,continue across the first signature and1 when completed1 close it1 lay the second signature on top1 and1 in the same manner1 sew across it from left to right4 ,pull the sewing threads tightly and always forward in the direction of the sewing4 ,if they are pulled backward1 the paper will be torn4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,lvi4 ,a sewing-frame in use4 ,after sewing across the second signature1 tie the thread to the loose end as in a book sewed on tapes4 ,when the third signature has been sewed1 make loop stitch as already illustrated1 7forming a part of the 8kettle stitch07 and repeat this stitch at the end of each signature4 ,when the sewing is finished1 grasp the book firmly and slide it up on the cords about #a inches2 then cut the twine from the frame1 leaving about #a inches projecting beyond the book on both sides4 ,pull the twine with both hands to straighten it4 ,put in fly-leaves and 8super0 and bind as before4 ,the ends of the twine should be frayed out1 and1 after the fly-leaves are in1 pasted in fan-shape to the outside leaf4 ,put on the case as shown in ,problem ,,xiv4 ,,additional ,,points 7,a74 ,the binding may be made stronger by 8whip-stitching0 the fly-leaves after they are pasted in4 ,for this purpose1 take an ordinary sewing needle 7about ,no4 #b7 and linen thread 7,no4 #ce74 ,begin at the right and1 with 8over-and-over0 stitches about of an inch apart1 sew through the outside signature and the fly-leaves4 ,a knot should be made at each end to fasten the threads4 ,turn the book over and repeat the operation on the opposite side4 7,b74 ,if heavy paper is used for the fly-leaves1 the outside leaf should be torn or cut off carefully before putting on the case4 ,leave just a narrow margin at the fold to hold the other half from coming out4 ,this being done1 there is but one thickness with which to line the cover1 but two free leaves are left as before4 7,c74 ,head-bands may be used on a book sewed on a frame4 ,cut pieces to fit across the back of the book and paste one at each end after the 8super0 has been pasted on4 7,d74 ,any book is made more attractive by using colored 8end papers0 or fly-leaves4 ,these may be of the same material as the cover or of contrasting material4 ,a small surface pattern worked out in crayon or water color for this purpose makes an excellent problem in applied design and at the same time adds much to the appearance of the book4 ,when using any paper for fly-leaves which has a right and wrong side1 the sheets should be folded wrong side out4 ,note that only two folios of colored paper should be used while the other two are white--that is at each end of the 8book0 there will be one white folio with a colored one inside it4 ,when stacking the sheets to apply the paste1 place a colored sheet at the bottom1 then a white sheet1 then a colored sheet1 and a white sheet on top4 ,when pasting these to the book1 this brings a white sheet first and a colored sheet inside1 so that when pasted to the 8case0 one-half forms its lining and the other half is free4 ,problem ,,xvi ,,rebinding ,a ,,paper-,,covered ,,book ,,time ,,and ,,materials3 ,as for ,problem ,,xiv or ,,xv except the 8book40 ,signatures for sewing may be obtained by taking apart some good paper covered book4 ,foreign books frequently come in this shape1 and are much less expensive than in any other binding4 ,carefully remove the cover and the sewing threads1 if any1 and scrape the glue from the back4 ,then proceed with the sewing and binding as already described4 ,it may be desired to have fly-leaves of lithographed or lining paper4 ,in this case have two rather heavy sheets of such paper folded once with the plain side out1 and two folded sheets of white paper4 ,when pasting these onto the book1 place a white sheet first1 and then place a figured sheet inside it4 ,when completed1 each cover will have a lining of figured paper faced by a fly-leaf of the same1 and a plain second fly-leaf next to the printed pages4 ,problem ,,xvii ,,binding ,,new ,,printed ,,sheets ,,time ,,and ,,materials3 ,as for ,problem ,,xiv or ,,xv except the 8book40 ,unsewed but printed signatures may sometimes be obtained from a printer or publisher4 ,fold and assemble the sheets1 using great care to observe the correct order4 ,sew and bind by one of the methods already given4 ,problem ,,xviii ,,rebinding ,,an ,,old ,,book ,,time ,,and ,,materials3 ,as for ,problem ,,xiv or ,,xv except the 8book40 ,a school book whose leaves are still in good condition1 but with broken cover or loose binding1 may often be preserved for much longer service by rebinding4 ,sometimes one has a worn book which has personal value1 and a new cover is desired4 ,first remove the old covers1 being careful not to injure the leaves1 pull out the sewing threads and remove glue1 8super10 and fly-leaves4 ,some repairing may also be necessary4 ,torn edges may be pasted together or faced with gummed tissue1 or1 if the tears are not to deep1 the edges may be trimmed off4 ,broken places in the folds may be mended if necessary by using strips of paper about #a inch in width and as long as the leaves4 ,if many strips are pasted onto the folds1 the back of the book will be thick and bulky4 ,for this reason1 a thin tough paper should be used4 ,paste the fold of two adjoining leaves lengthwise on the center of one of these strips1 so placed that1 however badly torn1 the leaves will assume their proper position1 and the extra piece will be on the outside of the fold4 ,illustrations are usually printed on a single sheet1 often of paper different from the leaves of the book4 ,to insert these1 cover the back with a piece of waste paper1 leaving a margin along one edge as in the case of the fly-leaf4 ,cover this margin with paste and insert the leaf in its proper place1 pasting it down to the adjacent leaf4 ,the illustration should usually be on the right of the book4 ,when all repairing has been done1 re-assemble the signatures and bind as a new book4 ,,original ,,problems ,a final test of the pupil's efficiency lies in his ability to plan and carry to completion an original project4 ,originality does not consist in making an article never heard of before1 but in adapting to one's specific needs1 principles and processes already learned through class instruction4 ,a fitting close to a course in elementary book-binding is such a problem4 ,if pupils choose to make articles such as the memorandum pad or the hinged covers which have already been taught1 they should be accepted as original work1 provided that each pupil selects the size and proportions himself1 and does not depend on the teacher to repeat the instruction in detail4 ,yet more credit should be given one whose originality extends further as in the case of a boy who made for his father's use a holder for conductor's checks1 or the one who made a mount for telephone numbers4 ,all articles constructed should be such as are appropriately made of the materials used4 ,models1 such as are sometimes made of cardboard1 to be constructed later of different materials should be excluded from this course4 ,it is by no means essential or desirable that originality be held in abeyance until the end of the course but rather1 it should be fostered during each succeeding lesson4 ,the pupils who work more rapidly than the average of the class may always have on hand an extra piece of work to be done when the regular assignment has been completed4 ,the adaptation of any problem to a specific purpose should always be considered an opportunity for the development of class originality4 ,for example1 a principal may want several portfolios in which to keep a particular kind of papers2 or a set of hinged covers to hold a 8,course of ,study0 may be desired for each teacher's desk4 ,these should be considered class problems and worked out as such4 ,it should be continually borne in mind that the object of the course is the development of the child4 ,when he is conscious of the ability to make an article of intrinsic value a long step has been taken4 8,to help the pupil to help himself0 is the highest aim of education4 ,,team ,,work ,some of these problems may be given1 especially in older classes as 8team work40 ,the class may be divided into sections doing specific parts of the work under a foreman4 ,this method is a good one when the aim is the output or when an insight into the construction of articles in large quantities is desired4 ,,afterword ,the border-line between educational handwork and technical bookbinding has now been reached1 and it is not the writer's purpose to cross it4 ,if this book of problems assists others in solving the quest for interesting and educational handwork1 its mission will have been accomplished4 ,transcriber's ,notes3 ,italics are shown thus3 sloping4 ,small capitals have been capitalised4 ,variations in spelling and hyphenation are retained4 ,perceived typographical errors have been changed4