,,happ9ess3 ,,by ,,c>l ,,hilty          
,illu/ration            ,,happ9ess      
,,essays ,,on ,,! ,,mean+    ,,( ,,life 
,,by ,,c>l ,,hilty      ,,pr(essor ,,(  
,,con/itutional ,,law    ,,univ]sity ,,(
 ,,b]n4 ,,translat$ ,,by    ,,francis   
,,gre5wood ,,peabody    ,,pr(essor ,,(  
,,*ri/ian ,,morals ,,9    ,,h>v>d       
,,univ]sity1 ,,cambridge                
,illu/ration      ,,new ,,york3 ,,!     
,,macmillan ,,co4    ,,london3          
,,macmillan  ,,co41 ,l,,td4 #aijc       
,,copyright1 #aijc1 ,,by ,,! ,,macmillan
 ,,company      ,set up & electrotyp$   
,janu>y1 #aijc4 ,repr9t$ ,june1         
,octob]1 #aijc4      ,norwood ,press3   
,b]wick  ,smi? ,co41 ,norwood1 ,mass41  
,u4,s4,a4          ,,cont5ts            
,,essay ,i                              
,,page    ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,"w            
#c      ,,essay ,,ii    ,,h[ ,,to       
,,fight ,,! ,,battles ,,( ,,life        
#be      ,,essay ,,iii    ,,good        
,,habits                           #de  
,,essay ,,iv    ,,! ,,*ildr5 ,,( ,,?is  

,,_w ,,are    ,,wis] ,,?an ,,! ,,*ildr5 
,,( ,,light      #fa      ,,essay ,v    
,,! ,,art ,,( ,,hav+ ,,"t               
#gc      ,,essay ,,vi    ,,happ9ess     
#ig      ,,essay ,,vii    ,,! ,,mean+   
,,( ,,life                  #abg        
,,notes                                 
#aec          ,,preface      ,great     
numb]s ( ?\ghtful p are j n[ mu* p]plex$
 to  "k :at to make ( ! facts ( life1 & 
are look+ ab\t !m  = "s reasonable      
int]pretation ( ! mod]n _w4 ,!y _c      
ab&on ! "w ( ! _w1 b !y are consci\s t  
!y h  n le>n$ ! art ( "w4 ,!y h to fight
 ! battle ( life1 b  !y are n sure :at  
weapons are fit = t battle4 ,!y are s   
beset by ! c>es ( liv+ t !y h no "t =   
life itself4  ,!y obs]ve t happ9ess (t5 
eludes ^? :o mo/ eag]ly pursue  x2 & t !
 mean+ ( life is (t5 hidd5 f ^? ^:  way 
w\ld seem to be mo/ free4 ,to ?is /ate (
 m9d--hesitat+1  re/less1 & dissatisfi$1
 9 ! _w b n cont5t to be ( !  _w--!     
reflections ( ,pr(essor ,hilty1 z       
publi%$ 9 ,switz]l&  & ,g]many1 h       

already br\ght mu* reassurance &        
composure2 &  _! message seems h>dly    
less applicable to ,engli% & ,am]ican   
life4 ,"h also ! fev] ( comm]cialism    
?reat5s ! vitality (  idealism1 & "h    
also ! art ( life is lo/ 9 ! pace (     
liv+4  ,religion to a great _m educat$ p
 /ill seems1 z ,bi%op ,butl]  wrote 9   
#agcf1 8n s mu* z a subject ( inquiry4  
,?is seems agre$  among p]sons (        
disc]nm5t02 & a book ab\t religion might
 /ill  beg9 ) ! words :i* ,s*lei]ma*]   
wrote 9 #ahjf3 8,x may well  surprise ! 
wise m5 ( ?is age t any "o %\ld /ill    
v5ture to  ask _! att5tion = a subject  
:i* !y h s :olly ab&on$40  ,& yet1 9    
regions ( exp]i5ce :i* no "o fails soon]
 or lat] to  ent]1--regions ( great joy 
& sorr[1 exp]i5ces ( s]i\s duty  &      
bewild]+ d\bts ( ! mean+ ( life1--_m a  
m9d t has  seem$ to itself to h outgr[n 
religion looks ab\t = a religion  t is  
real4 ,su* a m9d w n be satisfi$ ) a    
left-ov] fai?2  x w n be tempt$ by an   
ecclesia/ical omnisci5ce4 ,x dem&s      

sanity1 res]ve1 wisdom1 & insight1 a    
compet5t witness ( ! ?+s  ( ! ,_s4 ,?is 
is ! /ate ( m9d to :i* ?is little book  
is address$4 ,! au?or makes 8 appeal n  
to discussion1 b to  life4 ,he reports !
 /ory ( a rational exp]i5ce4 ,he walks )
  confid5ce because he kn[s ! way4 ,he  
accepts ! say+ ( ,pico  della ,mir&ola3 
8,philosophia v]itatem qua]it1 444      
religio possidet40  ,let u take life1 he
 says1 j z x is & mu/ be1 & obs]ve t  ! 
doors :i* lead into its inn] mean+ op5  
only to ! key ( a  reasonable fai?4     
,x might be fanci$ t a writ] ?us        
describ$ mu/ be a recluse  or my/ic1    
remote f ! _s ( ! mod]n _w & judg+      
exp]i5ces :i* he does n %>e4 ,q !       
contr>y is ! fact4  ,! philosophy ( life
 :i* he tea*es is wr\ght out ( l>ge     
exp]i5ce1 bo? ( academic & political    
affairs1 & t :i*  draws read]s to !     
au?or is 8 capacity to ma9ta9 9 ! mid/ (
  important duties ( public s]vice an   
unusual deta*m5t ( desire &  an int]ior 
quietness ( m9d4 ,8 %ort ,essays are !  

,m$itations (  ,m>cus ,aurelius1 told 9 
! language ( mod]n life2 ! ,imitation ( 
,*ri/1 express$ ) ! academic res]ve ( a 
mod]n g5tleman4    ,"s ye>s ago ,i      
obta9$ p]mission f ,pr(essor ,hilty to  
translate  = ,engli% & ,am]ican read]s a
 few ( ^! ,essays :i* _h  f\nd su*      
acceptance 9 ,switz]l& & ,g]many2 & !   
pres5t  volume1 conta9+ 8 fir/ s]ies1   
has be5 a pleasant occupation (  "s     
vacation days4 ,i h f\nd x necess>y1    
h[ev]1 to use mu*  fre$om 9 deal+ ) 8   
idiomatic & epigrammatic /yle1 & h      
p]haps exce$$ ! legitimate "r ( a       
translator 9 ! attempt  to reproduce !  
tone & temp] ( ! au?or4 ,no?+1 ,i ?9k1  
is  "h :i* ,pr(essor ,hilty has n said2 
b !re are _m %ift+s  ( phrase & _m      
ruptures ( ,g]man s5t5ces2 & "h & !re  a
 passage has be5 omitt$ :i* seem$       
important to ,swiss read]s  only4 ,!    
,essay on ,epictetus1 be+ r a           
compilation & review  ?an an illu/ration
 ( ,hilty's own philosophy ( life1 is   
omitt$2  z are also ! copi\s &          

discursive footnotes :i* enri* !        
orig9al4 ,i tru/ t ^! lib]ties &        
omissions may n obscure  ! qualities (  
,pr(essor ,hilty's m9d--its insight1    
sagacity1 humor1  & dev\tness--:i* no "o
 :o has _h ! privilege ( 8 p]sonal      
acqua9tance c recall )\t affection &    
gratitude4                              
,,francis ,g4 ,,peabody4                
,cambridge1 ,massa*usetts1 ,octob] #ae1 
#aijb4          ,,note      ,c>l ,hilty 
0 born ,febru>y #bh1 #ahcc1 at ,*ur1    
,switz]l&4 ,he  0 a /ud5t at ,gtt+51    
,heidelb]g1 ,london1 & ,p>is2 & an      
advocate at ,*ur1 #ahee-ahgd4 ,9 #ahgd  
he 0 appo9t$ ,pr(essor (  ,con/itutional
 ,law 7,/aats- und ,vlk]re*t7 9 !       
,univ]sity ( ,b]n1  :i* position he /ill
 holds4 ,s9ce #ahij he has be5 a memb] (
  ! ,swiss ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives      
7,nationalrat72 & 9 #aija he 0  ,rector 
( ! ,univ]sity ( ,b]n4 ,among 8         
sci5tific writ+s may be  nam$ ! foll[+3 
,!ori/s & ,ideali/s ( ,democracy        
7,!ori/5  und ,ideali/5 d] ,demokratie71

 ,b]n1 #ahfh2 ,ideas & ,ideals ( ,swiss 
,politics 7,ide5 und ,ideale s*weiz]is*]
 ,politik71 ,b]n1 #ahge2  ,lectures on !
 ,swiss ,political ,sy/em 7,vorlesung5  
b] die ,politik  d] ,eidg5oss5s*aft71   
,b]n1 #ahgi2 ,on ,capital ,puni%m5t     
7,ueb] die  ,wi$]e9fhrung d]            
,todes/rafe71 ,b]n1 #ahgi2 ,!           
,neutrality (  ,switz]l& 7,die          
,neutralitt d] ,s*weiz 9 ihr] heutig5   
,auffassung71  ,b]n1 #ahhi 7,fr5*       
translation by ,m5?a1 #ahhi72 ,!        
,ref]5dum 9  ,switz]l& 7,das ,ref]5dum  
im s*weiz]is*5 ,/aatsre*t71 ,ar*iv  fr  
ff5tli*es ,re*t1 #ahhg2 ,! ,bo] ,w> 7,d]
 ,bur5krieg71 ,b]n1  #aijj4 ,he has also
 be5 ! editor ( ! ,j\rnal ( ,swiss      
,jurisprud5ce  7,politis*es ,jahrbu* d] 
s*weiz]is*5 ,eidg5oss5s*aft7 s9ce       
#ahhf4    ,9 ! mid/ ( ?is sci5tific     
activity ,pr(essor ,hilty has express$  
8 inn] life ?r\gh a s]ies ( little books
 issu$ at int]vals  dur+ ! la/ t5 ye>s1 
z foll[s3 ,happ9ess 7,glck71 ,fir/      
,s]ies1  #ahia1 ,second ,s]ies1 #ahie1  

,?ird ,s]ies1 #ahih2 ,on ,read+ &       
,speak+  7,les5 und ,r$571 #ahia2 ,=    
,sleepless ,nights 7,fr s*laflose ,n*te7
  ,brief ,read+s = ea* ,day ( ! ,ye>1   
#aija4          ,i4 ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,"w  
,i4 ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,"w      ,! mo/      
important ( all arts is ! art ( "w2 = if
 "o c\ld  ?or\ghly und]/& ?is art1 all  
o!r k & conduct w\ld  be inf9itely      
simplifi$4 ,few p1 h[ev]1 really "k h[  
to "w1  & ev5 9 an age :5 (t5] p]haps   
?an ev] be=e we he> (  8"w0 & 8work]s0  
"o _c obs]ve t ! art ( "w makes mu*     
positive progress4 ,on ! contr>y1 !     
g5]al incl9ation seems to be  to "w z   
little z possible1 or to "w = a %ort "t 
9 ord] to  pass ! rema9d] ( "o's life 9 
re/4    ,"w & re/--are !y !n aims 9 life
 :i* are positively  contradictory8 ,?is
 mu/ be our fir/ inquiry2 = :ile e "o is
  ready ) praise ( "w1 pleasure 9 "w    
does n always come )  ! prais+4 ,s long 
z ! dis9cl9ation to "w is s common an   
evil1 inde$ almo/ a disease ( mod]n     
civilization1 s long z e  "o z soon z   

possible endeavors to escape f ! "w :i* 
he ?us  !oretically praises1 !re is     
absolutely no hope = any bett]+ (  our  
social condition4 ,inde$1 if "w & re/ 7 
contradictories1  our social conditions 
w\ld be :olly beyond r$emption4    ,= e 
human he>t longs = re/4 ,! humble/ &    
lea/  intellectual "k ! ne$ ( x1 & 9 its
 highe/ moods1 ! s\l  seeks relief f    
con/ant /ra94 ,inde$1 ! imag9ation has  
f\nd  no bett] "n = a future & happi]   
exi/5ce ?an a /ate (  et]nal re/4 ,if   
"w1 !n1 is necess>y1 & re/ is !         
cessation  ( "w1 !n ! say+--8,9 ! sweat 
( ?y face %alt ?\ eat  bread0--is inde$ 
a bitt] curse & ?is e>? is a 8vale (    
te>s40  ,9 e g5]ation !re are b few :o c
 on su* t]ms be said  to lead a wor?y or
 a human life2 & ev5 ^! c d s only by   
doom+ o!r human be+s to ! curse ( "w &  
by hold+ ^!  o!rs fa/ b\nd 9 its slav]y4
 ,x 0 f ?is po9t ( view t  ! anci5t     
au?ors pictur$ ! hopeless slav]y ( ! _m 
z !  condition "u :i* ! few might become
 free citiz5s ( a civiliz$  ,/ate2 & ev5

 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 a consid]able "p ( 
!  population ( "o great nation1 )      
,*ri/ian prea*]s1 ,bible 9  h&1 direct+ 
!m1 ma9ta9$ on ! field ( battle !       
proposition  t "o race %\ld be f        
g5]ation to g5]ation condemn$ to be  !  
slave ( ano!r4 ,culture1 x is said1 gr[s
 only "u conditions  ( weal?1 & weal?   
only ?r\gh accumulation ( capital1 &    
capital  only ?r\gh accumulation ( ! "w 
( ^? :o are n ju/ly  paid2 t is to say1 
?r\gh inju/ice4    ,su* are !           
conceptions ( society :i* at once       
confront u z we  approa* our subject4 ,!
 foll[+ pages are n1 h[ev]1 to be       
devot$ to any pr(\nd consid]ation ei!r (
 ! relative or ( !  absolute tru? ( ^!  
conceptions4 ,i sugge/1 at ?is po9t1    
only !  obvi\s tru?1 t if1 n "s p1 b    
all1 w\ld "w & "w  fai?fully1 ! 8,social
 ,"q10 z x is call$1 w\ld be =?)  solv$2
 & ,i may add1 t by no o!r means :atev] 
is x likely  to be solv$4 ,fai?ful "w1  
h[ev]1 is n to be br\ght ab\t by        
compulsion4 ,ev5 if ! physical means (  

univ]sal compulsion 7  pres5t1 no       
fruitful "w w\ld come ( x4 ,x is !      
desire = "w  :i* mu/ be k9dl$ 9 man2 &  
?is br+s u back aga9 to consid]  !      
pr9ciples :i* may be appli$ to ?is      
desire4    ,! desire = "w1 we mu/1 fir/ 
( all1 admit1 _c be atta9$  by          
in/ruction2 or ev5--z our daily exp]i5ce
 sadly te/ifies--by  m]e example4 ,x mu/
 be rea*$ by reflection & exp]i5ce2 &   
exp]i5ce ?us reflect$ on w reveal to any
 s]i\s inquir] !  foll[+ facts4 ,re/1   
su* z is desir$1 is n to be f\nd 9      
complete inactivity ( m9d or body1 or 9 
z little activity z  possible4 ,on !    
contr>y1 x is to be f\nd only 9         
well-adapt$ &  well-ord]$ activity ( bo?
 body & m9d4 ,! :ole nature ( man is    
creat$ = activity1 & ,nature rev5ges    
h]self bitt]ly on him :o  w\ld ra%ly    
defy ?is law4 ,man is inde$ driv5 out ( 
! p>adise (  absolute re/1 & ,god gives 
him ! comm& to "w1 b ) ! "w  comes !    
consolation t "w is ess5tial to         
happ9ess4    ,true re/1 !re=e1 issues f 

"w4 ,intellectual re/ occurs  ?r\gh !   
p]ception ( fruitful progress 9 "o's "w1
 & ?r\gh  ! solv+ ( "o's problems4      
,physical re/ is f\nd 9 ^? natural      
int]missions :i* are giv5 by daily sleep
 & daily food1 & !  ess5tial & re/ful   
pause ( ,sunday4 ,su* a condition (     
cont9u\s  & :olesome activity1 int]rupt$
 only by ^! natural pauses1 is  !       
happie/ condition on e>?1 & no man %\ld 
wi% = himself  any o!r outw>d happ9ess4 
,inde$1 we may g a /ep f>!r & add  t x  
does n v mu* matt] :at ! nature ( ?is   
activity may  be4 ,g5u9e activity1 :i*  
is n m]e sport1 has ! prop]ty (  becom+ 
int]e/+ z soon z a man becomes s]i\sly  
absorb$ 9 x4  ,x is n ! k9d ( activity  
:i* ensures happ9ess to u2 x is !  joy (
 action & atta9m5t4 ,! greate/          
unhapp9ess :i* "o c  exp]i5ce is to h a 
life to live )\t a "w to d1 & to come   
to ! end ( life )\t its fruit (         
accompli%$ "w4    ,x is1 !re=e1 :olly   
ju/ifiable to speak ( ! 8"r to "w40     
,inde$1 x is ! mo/ primitive ( all human

 rights4 ,! unemploy$  are1 we mu/      
admit1 ! mo/ un=tunate ( p4 ,!re are1   
h[ev]1  q z _m ( ^!1 & p]haps m ( !m1 9 
:at we call  ! bett] classes ?an among  
:at we call ! work+ classes4 ,!  latt]  
are driv5 to "w by necessity1 :ile !    
=m]1 ?r\gh  _! mi/ak5 ways ( education1 
_! prejudices1 & ! imp]i\s  cu/om :i* 9 
c]ta9 classes =bids g5u9e "w1 f9d       
!mselves  almo/ absolutely & by h]$ity  
condemn$ to ?is great unhapp9ess4  ,ea* 
ye> we see !m turn+ _! /eps ) spiritual 
we>9ess &  ennui to ! ,swiss m\nta9s &  
heal?-resorts1 f :i* 9 va9  !y          
anticipate refre%m5t4 ,once1 ! summ] 0  
en\gh to give !m  at lea/ a tempor>y    
re/oration f _! disease ( idl5ess4 ,n[1 
!y h to add ! w9t] also1 & soon ! fair  
valleys :i* !y  h conv]t$ into hospitals
 w be op5 all ! ye> to a re/less  ?rong1
 ev] seek+ re/ & nev] f9d+ x1 because x 
does n  seek re/ 9 "w4 8,six days %alt  
?\ labor10 n less & n  m1--) ?is        
prescription mo/ ( ! n]v\s diseases (   
our "t  w\ld be heal$1 except s f> z !y 

are an inh]it$ curse f idle  ance/ors4  
,) ?is prescription mo/ ( ! physicians 9
 sanit>iums  & insane asylums w\ld lose 
_! practice4 ,life is n giv5 to man  to 
enjoy1 b1 s f> z may be1 to use         
effectively4 ,"o :o does n  recognize   
?is has already lo/ 8 spiritual heal?4  
,inde$1 x is n  possible = him to reta9 
ev5 8 physical heal? z he might "u      
conditions ( natural activity &         
reasonable ways ( liv+4 ,! days  ( our  
age are ?reescore ye>s & t51 & "s are s 
/rong t  !y come to f\rscore ye>s2 yet  
?\gh !re be labor & sorr[ 9  ^! ye>s (  
"w1 /ill !y h be5 preci\s3 ?us we read !
  anci5t say+4 ,p]haps1 inde$1 ?is 0 its
 orig9al mean+4    ,we d well1 h[ev]1 to
 add at once "o limitation4 ,n all "w   
is ( equal value1 & !re is spuri\s "w   
:i* is direct$ to  fictiti\s ends1 & "w 
:i* is itself fictiti\s 9 its =m4  ,mu*1
 = in/ance1 ( ! sew+ & embroid]+ done by
 cultivat$  wom51 mu* ( ! p>ad+ (       
soldi]s1 mu* ( :at is call$ art1  l !   
useless drumm+ on ! piano by p]sons ) no

 musical  s5se1 a consid]able "p ( !    
sportsman's life1 &1 n lea/1  ! "t      
devot$ to keep+ "o's acc\nts1--all ^!   
are occupations  ( ?is fictiti\s nature4
 ,a sagaci\s & wide-awake p]son mu/ look
  = some?+ m satisfy+ ?an ^!4 ,"h also  
is ! reason :y  factory labor1 &1 9     
%ort1 all me*anical occupation 9 :i* "o 
does b a "p ( ! "w1 gives meagre        
satisfaction1 & :y an  artisan :o       
completes 8 "w1 or an agricultural      
labor]1 is1 z  a rule1 mu* m cont5t$ ?an
 factory op]atives1 among :om !  social 
discont5t ( ! mod]n _w fir/ utt]$       
itself4 ,! factory  workman sees little 
( ! outcome ( 8 "w4 ,x is ! ma*9e  t    
works1 & he is a "p ( x4 ,he contributes
 to ! mak+ (  "o little :eel1 b he nev] 
makes a :ole clock1 :i* might be to  him
 8 "w ( art & an a*ievem5t wor?y ( a    
man4 ,me*anical  "w l ?is fails to      
satisfy because x (f5ds t natural       
consci\sness ( human wor? :i* ! humble/ 
human be+ feels4 ,on  ! o!r h&1 !       
happie/ workm5 are ^? :o c absolutely   

lose  !mselves 9 _! "w3 ! arti/ ^: s\l  
mu/ be :olly occupi$  ) 8 subject1 if he
 hopes to grasp & reproduce x2 ! s*ol>  
:o has no eye = any?+ beyond 8 special  
task4 ,inde$1 ! same  ?+ is to be said (
 ^? p :om we call 8"o-idea-ed0 &  :o h  
creat$ _! own little _w )9 "o n>r[      
sph]e4 ,all  ^! h at lea/ !             
feel+--sometimes1 no d\bt1 )\t adequate 
reason--t !y are accompli%+ real "w = ! 
_w2 a true1  useful1 necess>y "w1 :i* is
 n m]e play2 & _m su* p]sons1  by ?is   
cont9u\s1 /r5u\s1 & sometimes ev5       
physically unheal?y  activity1 atta9    
great old age1 :ile idle & luxuri\s m5 &
 wom5  ( society1 :o are1 p]haps1 ! lea/
 useful & lea/ productive  class ( !    
mod]n _w1 mu/ devote mu* ( _! "t to !   
re/oration ( _! heal?4    ,! fir/ ?+1   
!n1 = our mod]n _w to acquire is !      
conviction & exp]i5ce t well-direct$ "w 
is ! necess>y &  univ]sal condition (   
physical & intellectual heal?1 & = ?is  
reason is ! way to happ9ess4 ,f ?is x   
necess>ily foll[s t  ! idle class is to 

be reg>d$1 n z a sup]ior & favor$ class1
  b z t :i* !y are1--spiritually        
defective & diseas$ p]sons  :o h lo/ !  
"r pr9ciple = ! guidance ( _! lives4  ,z
 soon z ?is op9ion becomes g5]al &      
e/abli%$1 !n1 &  only !n1 w ! bett] era 
= ! _w beg94 ,until t "t1  ! _w w suff] 
f ! excessive "w ( "s1 balanc+ !        
insuffici5t "w ( o!rs1 & x /ill rema9s a
 "q :i* (  ^! two types is 9 reality ! m
 un=tunate4    ,:y is x !n t ^!         
pr9ciples--to :i* ! exp]i5ce (  ?\s&s ( 
ye>s te/ifies1 :i* any "o1 :e!r he works
 or  does n "w1 c te/ = himself1 & :i*  
all ! religions &  philosophies prea*--h
 n made _! j impression8 ,:y is x1  =   
in/ance1 t !re are /ill ?\s&s ( wom5 :o 
def5d )  mu* passion _m passages (      
,bible-tea*+1 & yet1 ) a/oni%+          
composure & 9 opposition to an express  
comm& ( ! ,bible1 take  "o day at ! mo/1
 or p]haps none at all1 = "w1 & six =   
ref9$ idl5ess8 ,all ?is proce$s 9 l>ge  
degree f an irrational  division &      
arrangem5t ( "w1 :i* ?us ill-arrang$ may

 inde$  become a positive burd54    ,&  
?is br+s me back to ! title ( my ,essay4
 ,in/ruction 9  ! art ( "w is possible  
only = him :o is already conv9c$  ( my  
fir/ proposition1 t "s "w is necess>y1 &
 :o w\ld  gladly give himself to "w if x
 7 n t1 to 8 surprise1  "s h9drance     
confronts him4 ,yet1 "w1 l e o!r art1   
has  its ways ( dext]ity1 by means ( :i*
 "o may greatly less5 its  labori\sness2
 & n only ! will+ness to "w1 b ev5 !    
capacity to "w1 is s difficult to       
acquire t _m p]sons fail (  x altoge!r4 
,! fir/ /ep1 !n1 t[>d ! ov]com+ ( a     
difficulty is 9  recogniz+ ! difficulty4
 ,& :at is ! difficulty :i* *iefly      
h9d]s "w8 ,x is laz9ess4 ,e man is      
naturally lazy4 ,x always  co/s "o an   
ef=t to rise above "o's cu/om>y         
condition ( physical  indol5ce4 ,moral  
laz9ess is1 9 %ort1 our orig9al s94 ,no 
"o is  naturally fond ( "w2 !re are only
 diff]5ces ( natural &  con/itutional   
excitability4 ,ev5 ! mo/ active-m9d$1 if
 !y  yield$ to _! natural disposition1  

w\ld amuse !mselves ) o!r  ?+s r ?an )  
"w4    ,love ( "w mu/1 !re=e1 proce$ f a
 motive :i* is /rong]  ?an ! motive (   
physical idl5ess4 ,& ?is motive is to be
 f\nd 9  ei!r ( two ways4 ,x may be a l[
 motive1 z1 = in/ance1 a passion  l     
ambition or self-seek+1 or1 inde$1 !    
s5se ( necessity1 z  9 ! pres]vation (  
life2 or x may be a high motive1 l !    
s5se  ( duty or love1 ei!r = ! "w       
itself1 or = ! p]sons =  :om ! "w is    
done4 ,! nobl] motive has ?is advantage1
 t x is  ! m p]man5t & is n dep5d5t on !
 m]e success ( "w4  ,x does n lose its  
=ce ei!r ?r\gh ! di%e>t5+ effect (      
failure1 or ! satisfy+ effect ( success4
 ,?us x happ5s t  ambiti\s & self-seek+ 
p]sons are (t5 v dilig5t work]s1 b  are 
seldom cont9u\s & ev5ly progressive     
work]s4 ,!y are almo/  always cont5t ) t
 :i* looks l "w1 if x produce favorable 
conditions = !mselves1 al?\gh x does    
no?+ ( ?is = _!  neighbors4 ,mu* ( our  
m]cantile & indu/rial activity--&1 alas6
  we mu/ add1 mu* ( ! "w ( s*ol>s &     

arti/s--has ?is m>k (  unreality4       
,if1 !n1 "o 7 to give to a "y man ent]+ 
into life a ^w  ( prelim9>y c\nsel1 x   
w\ld be ?is3 ,d y\r "w f a s5se  ( duty1
 or = love ( :at y are do+1 or = love ( 
c]ta9  def9ite p]sons3 atta* y\rself to 
"s great int]e/ ( human  life--to a     
national movem5t = political lib]ty2 to 
! ext5sion  ( ! ,*ri/ian religion2 to ! 
elevation ( ! neglect$ classes2  to !   
abolition ( drunk5ness2 to ! re/oration 
( p]man5t peace  among ! nations2 to    
social re=m2 to ballot re=m2 to prison  
re=m2--!re are pl5ty ( su* causes invit+
 u to-day2--&  y w soon discov] an      
impulse proce$+ f ^! causes to  y\rself2
 & 9 addition y w h--:at at fir/ is a   
great  help--companion%ip 9 y\r "w4 ,!re
 %\ld be no "y p]son1  man or woman1    
to-day among civiliz$ nations :o is n   
actively  enli/$ 9 "s su* army (        
progress4 ,! only means ( elevat+ &     
/r5g!n+ y\?1 & tra9+ x 9 p]sev]ance1 is 
?is3 t  e>ly 9 life "o is fre$ f        
himself1 & does n live = himself  alone4

 ,selfi%ness is always enfeebl+1 & f x  
proce$s no "w  t is /rong4    ,i g on to
 rem>k t ! mo/ effective in/rum5t to    
ov]come "o's  laz9ess 9 "w is ! =ce (   
habit4 ,:y %\ld we use ?is mighty  =ce 9
 ! s]vice ( our physical nature & n put 
x to use 9  our high] life z well8 ,z a 
matt] ( fact1 "o c z well accu/om       
himself to "w or to self-control1 to    
virtue1 or tru?fulness1 or  g5]osity1 z 
he c to laz9ess1 or self-indulg5ce1 or  
extravagance1  or exagg]ation1 or       
/+9ess4 ,& ?is is to be said fur!r--t no
  virtue is securely possess$ until x   
has become a habit4 ,?us x is  t z a man
 tra9s himself to ! habit ( "w1 !       
resi/ance (  idl5ess con/antly dim9i%es 
until at la/ "w becomes a necessity4    
,:5 ?is happ5s1 "o has become free f a v
 great "p ( !  tr\bles ( life4    ,!re  
rema9 a few elem5t>y rules ) :i* "o c ! 
m easily  f9d 8 way to ?is habit ( "w4  
,& fir/ among su* rules is !  kn[+ h[ to
 beg94 ,! resolution to set oneself to  
"w & to  fix "o's :ole m9d on ! matt] 9 

h& is really ! h>de/ "p  ( work+4 ,:5 "o
 has once tak5 8 p5 or 8 spade 9 h&1 &  
has made ! fir/ /roke1 8 :ole "w has    
already gr[n easi]4  ,!re are p :o      
always f9d some?+ especially h>d ab\t   
beg9n+ _! "w1 & :o are always s busy )  
prep>ations1  beh9d :i* lurks _!        
laz9ess1 t !y nev] apply !mselves  to _!
 "w until !y are compell$2 & !n !       
intellectual &  ev5 ! physical excitem5t
 r\s$ by ! s5se ( insuffici5t "t  9 :i* 
to d "o's "w injures ! "w itself4 ,o!r p
 wait  = "s special inspiration1 :i* 9  
reality is mu* m likely to  come by     
means (1 or 9 ! mid/ (1 "w itself4 ,x is
 at lea/ my  exp]i5ce t "o's "w1 :ile "o
 is do+ x1 takes on a diff]5t  look f t 
:i* "o anticipat$1 & t "o does n rea* s 
_m fruitful & new ideas 9 8 times ( re/ 
z he does dur+  ! "w itself4 ,f all ?is 
foll[s ! rule1 n to po/pone  "w1 or     
lightly to accept ! pretext ( physical  
or intellectual  indisposition1 b to    
d$icate a def9ite & well-consid]$ am\nt 
(  "t e day to "o's "w4 ,!n1 if ! 8old  

man10 z ,/4 ,paul calls  him1 is cunn+  
en\gh to see t he mu/ 9 any ev5t d "s "w
 at  a special "t & _c :olly give       
himself to re/1 he may usually  be tru/$
 to resolve to d ea* day t :i* = ea* day
 is mo/  necess>y4    ,aga91 !re are a  
great _m m51 occupi$ 9 intellectual "w (
 a  productive k9d1 :o wa/e _! "t & lose
 ! happ9ess ( "w by  devot+ !mselves to 
! arrangem5t ( _! "w1 or /ill (t5]1  to 
! introduction ( _! "w4 ,z a g5]al rule1
 no arti/ic1  or pr(\nd1 or remote      
introduction to "o's "w is desirable4   
,on  ! contr>y1 x usually anticipates   
unsuitably t :i* %\ld  come lat]4 ,ev5  
if ?is be d\bt$1 ! advice is at any rate
 good  t "o's introduction & "o's title 
%\ld be writt5 la/4 ,?us  compos$1 !y   
commonly co/ no labor4 ,"o makes a      
beg9n+ mu* m  easily :5 he />ts )\t any 
preamble1 ) t *apt] ( 8  "w ) :i* he is 
mo/ famili>4 ,= ! same reason1 :5 "o    
reads a book1 x is well to omit at !    
fir/ read+ ! preface &  (t5 ! fir/      
*apt]4 ,= my own "p1 ,i nev] read a     

preface until  ,i h f9i%$ a book1 & ,i  
discov]1 almo/ )\t exception1 t  :51    
aft] read+ ! book1 ,i turn back = a look
 at ! preface1 ,i  h lo/ no?+ by omitt+ 
x4 ,( c\rse1 x mu/ be said t !re  are   
books ( :i* ! preface is ! be/ "p4 ,(   
^!1 h[ev]1 x  may also be said t !y are 
n wor? read+ at all4    ,& n[ ,i may    
safely take /ill ano!r /ep & add1 t1 ) !
  exception ( an introduction to y\r "w 
or its c5tral treatm5t1  x is be/ to    
beg9 ) t "p :i* is easie/ to y4 ,! *ief 
?+ is to beg94 ,"o may inde$ advance    
less directly 9 8 "w by  do+ x          
unsy/ematically1 b ?is loss is m ?an    
made good by 8  ga9 ( "t4 ,"u ?is head  
also %\ld be add$ two o!r rules4 ,"o  is
 ! law3 8,take no ?\ght = ! morr[3 = !  
morr[ %all take  ?\ght = ! ?+s (        
itself40 ,man is end[$ ) ! dang]\s  gift
 ( imag9ation1 & imag9ation has a mu*   
l>g] realm ?an  t ( "o's capacity4      
,?r\gh "o's imag9ation "o sees 8 :ole   
"w ly+ be=e him z a task to be a*iev$   
all at once1 :ile 8  capacity1 on ! o!r 

h&1 c conqu] its task only by degrees1 &
  mu/ con/antly r5ew its /r5g?4 ,d y\r  
"w1 !n1 z a rule1 =  ea* day4 ,! morr[ w
 come 9 its own "t1 & ) x w come  !     
/r5g? = ! morr[4 ,! second rule is ?is3 
,9 intellectual  "w "o %\ld1 inde$1 deal
 ) 8 mat]ial ?or\ghly2 b he  %\ld n     
expect to exhau/ 8 mat]ial1 s t !re %all
 be  no?+ fur!r left to say or to read4 
,no man's /r5g? is 9 ^!  days suffici5t 
= absolute ?or\ghness4 ,! be/ pr9ciple  
is to  be completely ma/] ( a relatively
 small region ( rese>*2 & to  deal ) !  
l>g] inquiries only 9 _! ess5tial       
features4 ,he :o  tries to d too mu*    
usually accompli%es too little4    ,a   
fur!r condition ( good "w is ?is1--t "o 
%\ld n p]si/  9 work+ :5 "w has lo/ its 
fre%ness & pleasure4 ,i h  already said 
t "o may beg9 )\t pleasure1 = o!rwise   
"o1 z  a rule1 w\ld n beg9 at all4 ,b "o
 %\ld /op z soon z 8 "w  itself br+s    
fatigue4 ,?is does n mean t "o %\ld1 =  
?is  reason1 /op all "w1 b only t he    
%\ld /op ! special k9d (  "w :i* is     

fatigu+ him4 ,*ange 9 "w is almo/ z     
refre%+ z  complete re/4 ,inde$1 )\t ?is
 *>act]i/ic ( human nature1 we  %\ld    
h>dly accompli% any?+4    ,aga91 9 ord] 
to be able to d mu* "w1 "o mu/ economize
 "o's  =ce1 & ! practical means to ?is  
is by wa/+ no "t on  useless activities4
 ,i c h>dly make pla9 h[ mu* pleasure & 
p[] = "w is lo/ by ?is =m ( wa/efulness4
 ,fir/ ( all1  among su* ways ( wa/+ "t 
%\ld be reckon$ ! excessive  read+ (    
newspap]s2 & to ?is %\ld be add$ !      
excessive  devotion to societies &      
meet+s4 ,an imm5se numb] ( p1 =         
in/ance1 beg9 _! morn+1 ! be/ "t !y h = 
"w1 )  ! newspap]1 & end _! day q z     
regul>ly 9 "s club or  meet+4 ,!y read  
ea* morn+ ! :ole ( a pap]1 or p]haps  ( 
sev]al pap]s1 b x w\ld be h>d1 z a rule1
 to say :at  intellectual acquisition   
rema9$ ! next day f su* read+4  ,?is1 at
 lea/1 is c]ta91 t aft] "o has f9i%$ 8  
pap]1 he  exp]i5ces a c]ta9 dis9cl9ation
 = "w1 & snat*es up ano!r  pap]1 if x   
happ5 to be )9 rea*4 ,any "o1 !re=e1 :o 

desires  to d mu* "w mu/ c>efully avoid 
all useless occupation ( 8  m9d1 &1 "o  
may ev5 add1 ( 8 body4 ,he mu/ res]ve 8 
p[]s  = t :i* x is 8 bus9ess to d4      
,f9ally1 & = intellectual "w1--) :i*    
?r\gh\t ,i am  specially conc]n$1--!re  
is "o la/ & important help4 ,x is  !    
habit ( review+1 & revis+1 "o's mat]ial4
 ,almo/ e  intellectual "w is at fir/   
grasp$ only 9 its g5]al outl9es1  & !n1 
z "o attacks x a second "t1 its f9]     
aspects reveal  !mselves1 & !           
appreciation ( !m becomes m complete4   
,"o's  *ief endeavor1 !n1 %\ld be1 z a  
fam\s writ] ( our day rem>ks1  8n to    
a*ieve ! con/ant productiv5ess :i*      
p]mits itself no  pause1 b r to lose    
oneself 9 t :i* "o w\ld create4 ,h5ce   
issues ! desire to reproduce "o's ideal 
9 visible =ms4 ,ext]nal  indu/ry1 ! ef=t
 to grasp "o's mat]ial & promptly ma/]  
x1--^! are1 inde$1 obvi\s conditions (  
au?or%ip1 b !y are  ( less value ?an t  
high] & spiritual indu/ry :i* /eadily   
works t[>d an unatta9$ end40    ,!      

conception ( "w1 ?us excell5tly /at$1   
meets a f9al  difficulty :i* our        
discussion has already recogniz$4 ,= "w1
  "u ?is view1 ma9ta9s cont9uity1 9     
spite ( & ev5 dur+  "o's necess>y re/4  
,"h is ! ideal ( ! highe/ "w4 ,! m9d    
works cont9u\sly1 :5 x has once acquir$ 
! g5u9e indu/ry  :i* comes ?r\gh        
devotion to "o's task4 ,9 fact1 x is    
curi\s  to notice h[ (t51 aft] pauses 9 
"o's "w n excessively  prolong$1 "o's   
mat]ial has unconsci\sly advanc$4       
,ev]y?+ has  gr[n spontane\sly4 ,_m     
difficulties seem sudd5ly dispos$ (1    
"o's fir/ supply ( ideas is multipli$1  
assumes picturesqu5ess1 &  l5ds itself  
to expression2 s t ! r5ewal ( "o's "w   
occurs  ) ease1 z ?\gh x 7 m]ely ! ga!r+
 ( fruit :i* 9 !  int]val _h rip5$ )\t  
ef=t ( our own4    ,?is1 !n1 is a second
 rew>d ( "w1 9 addition to t :i*  "o    
commonly recognizes4 ,only he :o works  
kn[s :at enjoym5t &  refre%m5t are4 ,re/
 :i* does n foll[ "w is l eat+ )\t      
appetite4 ,! be/1 ! pleasante/1 & ! mo/ 

rew>d+--&  also ! *eape/--way ( pass+ ! 
"t is to be busy ) "o's  "w4 ,& z matt]s
 /& 9 ! _w to-day1 x seems reasonable   
to anticipate t at ! end ( our c5tury "s
 social revolution  w make ^? :o are !n 
at "w ! rul+ class2 j z at !  beg9n+ ( !
 la/ c5tury a social revolution gave to 
indu/ri\s  citiz5s _! victory ov] ! idle
 nobility & ! idle prie/s4  ,:]ev] any  
social class s9ks into idl5ess1 subsi/+ 
l ^?  idl]s ( ! pa/ on incomes creat$ by
 ! "w ( o!rs1 !re  su* non-productive   
citiz5s aga9 mu/ yield4 ,! rul+ class ( 
!  future mu/ be ! work+ class4         
,,ii4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,fight ,,! ,,battles   
,,( ,,life          ,,ii4 ,,h[ ,,to     
,,fight ,,! ,,battles ,,( ,,life        
,_m p 9 our day--ev5 well-int5tion$ p--h
 lo/ _!  fai? 9 idealism4 ,!y reg>d x z 
a respectable =m ( philosophy  = !      
education ( ! "y1 b z a cre$ ( little   
use 9 lat]  life4 ,!oretically1 !y say1 
& = purposes ( education1 idealism  has 
mu* to comm5d x1 b1 practically1 ?+s    
turn out to be  brutally mat]ial4 ,?us  

su* p]sons divide life into two p>ts1 9 
"o  ( :i* we may indulge ourselves 9 f9e
 !ories & s5tim5ts1 &1  inde$1 are to be
 enc\rag$ 9 !m2 & 9 ! o!r ( :i* we wake 
rudely f ?is dream & deal ) reality z   
be/ we c4 ,kant1 9  "o ( 8 brief]       
writ+s1 dealt a hundr$ ye>s ago ) ?is   
/ate  ( m9d4 ,he exam9$ ! phrase :i* 0  
ev5 !n famili>3 8,t may  be well en\gh 9
 !ory1 b does n "w 9 practice02 & he %[$
  t x express$ an absurd contradiction  
unwor?y ( a ?9k+ be+4    ,! logical     
realism ( our day1 h[ev]1 is n conc]n$ )
  !oretical propositions4 ,x turns1 on !
 contr>y1 to ! h>d fact  ( ! /ruggle =  
exi/5ce1 9 :i* indiff]5ce to o!rs &     
absolute self-int]e/ are n only         
p]missible1 b1 z "o looks at  ! real    
conditions ( life1 seem m or less       
positively dem&$4  ,^! mod]n reali/s    
say3 8,! _w we see ab\t u is "o :]e only
  a few c succe$ & :]e _m mu/ fail4 ,!re
 are n good ?+s  en\gh = all4 ,! "q is n
 :e!r su* a /ate ( ?+s  is "r or j4 ,on 
! contr>y1 x mu/ be admitt$ to be a h>d1

  unreasonable1 unju/ univ]se4 ,x is n =
 ! individual1 h[ev]1  set )\t cons5t ( 
8 own 9 su* a univ]se1 to *ange x4 ,8   
only problem is to make x c]ta9 t 9 su* 
a univ]se he is #8!  hamm]1 n ! anvil4'0
    ,su* is ! ess5ce ( t worldly wisdom 
:i* is ! cre$ ( _m  cultivat$ p to-day4 
,) x disappe>s1 ( c\rse1 any ne$ (      
moral or religi\s education4 ,su*       
in/ruction 9 s*ools might z  well be    
ab&on$4 ,inde$1 ,sa9t-,j made ! orig9al 
sugge/ion  t in/ead ( su* in/ruction !re
 %\ld be sub/itut$ ! daily  /udy ( !    
plac>ds po/$ on ! /reet corn]s :i*      
ann\nce  ! police regulations ( !       
gov]nm5t z to ! conduct ( life4  ,"u su*
 a !ory ( education1 "y p w\ld gr[      
imm5sely  clev] & practical4 ,!y w\ld be
 tra9$ to get & to keep4 ,!y  w\ld be   
free f e s5tim5t ( honor :i* might be a 
h9drance  9 _! pa?4 ,mo/ ( !m1 x mu/ be 
confess$1 w\ld1 e>ly 9  life1 lose      
physical1 intellectual1 & moral vigor1 &
 o!rs w\ld  lam5t1 p]haps too late1 t _!
 y\? _h be5 sacrific$ to t  :i* 0 n wor?

 _! seek+4 ,at ! be/1 !y w\ld acquire  b
 unc]ta9 possessions to be def5d$ daily 
aga9/ a ?\s&  competitors1 & ^!         
possessions w\ld br+ bitt]ness along )  
!m1 bo? to ^? :o h !m & to ^? :o h !m n4
 ,peace  & happ9ess w\ld be secur$ to no
 "o4 ,su* seems to be ! issue (  ?is    
view ( life :i* is n[ s common among u1 
& :i* we call  ! view ( ! 8practical0   
man4    ,b :at is idealism8 ,x is1 z ,i 
und]/& x1 a =m ( fai?1 an  inw>d        
conviction4 ,x is absolutely necess>y = 
! p]man5ce (  ! _w2 yet x nev] c be     
prov$ true1 & inde$ = him :o  has x ne$s
 no pro(4 ,fur!r1 no "o becomes an      
ideali/ by be+  taught ab\t x or by     
reason+ conc]n+ x4 ,nor is ?is s /range 
z x might seem1 = ! v tru/wor?9ess ( !  
human reason  itself is prov$ to u only 
by exp]i5ce4 ,! v tru?s ( religion      
rema9 unprov$ unless ! moral p[] :i*    
issues f !m provides  _! pro(4 ,t :i*   
has p[] mu/ h reality4 ,no o!r pro(  (  
reality is f9al4 ,ev5 our s5ses c\ld n  
conv9ce u1 if our  exp]i5ce & ! exp]i5ce

 ( all o!r m5 did n assure u t  we      
c\ld--n unconditionally1 b "u normal    
conditions--tru/ !m  n to deceive4 ,t   
:i* br+s conviction to "o is 8 exp]i5ce1
  & t :i* r\ses 9 him ! desire & ! inw>d
 disposition to  believe 9 8 own        
exp]i5ce is ! te/imony ( o!rs :o h _h  t
 exp]i5ce !mselves4    ,!re is a %ort   
treatise1 writt5 by "o :o 9 8 y\? 0 a   
fri5d ( ,goe!'s1--! ,russian ,g5]al von 
,kl+]1--:i* gives its  te/imony 9 a few 
words conc]n+ ?is idealism 9 practical  
life4  ,x may be f\nd 9 von ,kl+]'s     
r>ely op5$ works1 "u ! title3  8,h[ x is
 possible )\t deceit1 & ev5 9 con/ant   
conflict )  evil1 to ov]come ! _w40 ,its
 cont5ts are simply a s]ies (  weighty  
aphorisms1 ( :i* ,i select a few3       
8,fir/ ( all10 says von ,kl+]1 8"o :o   
w\ld ov]come ! _w  mu/ give up ?9k+ (   
:at p call happ9ess1 & mu/ ) all  8     
might1 )\t indirectness1 or fe>1 or     
self-seek+1 simply d  8 duty4 ,he mu/1 t
 is to say1 be pure 9 m9d & he>t1 s t   
none ( 8 actions %all be /a9$ by        

selfi%ness4 ,:]e ju/ice &  "r-deal+ are 
call$ =1 !re mu/ be 9 him no di/9ction (
  great or small1 ( significant or      
insignificant4444    8,secondly1 = !    
protection ( 8 own /r5g? & 8 purity (   
conduct1 he mu/ be free f ! desire to   
%9e1 free f !  %all[ness ( vanity & !   
re/less se>* = fame & p[]4 ,mo/  human  
follies proce$ f ! re/lessness (        
ambition4 ,ambition  demoralizes bo? ^? 
:om x ma/]s & ^? ?r\gh :om x            
accompli%es its ends4 ,! bolde/ & mo/   
c&id criticism does n  w\nd s deeply z  
does ! fooli% long+ = praise4444        
8,aga91 "o :o is ?us pure 9 motive w    
p]mit himself to be  conspicu\s only :5 
& :]e 8 duty dem&s x4 ,= ! re/1 he  w   
live a life ( seclusion 9 8 family1 )   
few fri5ds1 among  8 books1 & 9 ! _w ( !
 _s4 ,?us he avoids t conflict  ) o!rs  
ab\t trifles :i* to _m p]sons are ( su* 
absorb+  conc]n4 ,"o may be p>don$ =    
ecc5tricity 9 su* affairs by hav+  no   
place at all among !m4 ,8 life does n   
t\* ! circle (  society1 & he asks (    

society only to let him d 8 duty1 & !n  
to be p]mitt$ to live 9 peace4 ,x may be
 t he w ?us /ir  o!rs to envy or to     
hate1 b x w be an envy & hate too petty 
= expression1 or at any rate ineffective
 = h>m4 ,he :o has ?us  )drawn f trifles
 gets mu* out ( life4 ,inde$1 he gets m 
?an  he expects & m ?an he has int5d$2 =
 he f9ally ga9s t  :i* m5 9 its co>s]   
s5se call happ9ess4444    8,to all ?is10
 says von ,kl+]1 8,i add ano!r po9t3 t  
"o mu/  )hold himself f all ambition to 
pose z a re=m] & f  all signs ( t       
desire4 ,he mu/ n ent] into controv]sy  
ab\t  op9ions ) p :o h no?+ b op9ions4  
,he mu/ speak (  himself only to himself
 & ?9k ( himself only 9 himself4444 ,i  
h develop$10 concludes von ,kl+]1 8my   
own "* & my own  inn] exp]i5ce z my p[] 
& disposition h p]mitt$2 & s f>  z ,i h 
done ?is s]i\sly & hone/ly1 s f> has    
come to me (  itself :at m5 call        
happ9ess & prosp]ity4 ,i h obs]v$ myself
  m deeply ?an o!rs & dealt ) myself m  
unsp>+ly ?an  ) o!rs4 ,i h nev] play$ a 

"p1 nev] felt incl9$ !reto1  & h ev]    
express$ ! convictions ,i h rea*$ )\t   
fe>1  & h held !m fa/1 s t ,i n[ no m   
fe> ! possibility  ( be+ or do+ o!r ?an 
my convictions dem&4 ,"o is safe f  !   
temptations ( o!rs only :5 "o c no m    
tempt himself4 ,i  h borne _m           
responsibilities1 b at ! conclusion (   
ea* ,i h  pass$ ! re/ ( my "t 9 !       
pr(\nde/ solitude & ! mo/  complete     
obscurity40#a    ,! au?or ( ^! weighty  
aphorisms 0 deal+ especially )          
political life4 ,he does n seek = !m any
 philosophical basis4 ,he  (f]s !m      
simply z ! result ( 8 /irr+ & (t5       
adv5tur\s  c>e]1 & z su* 8 te/imony is  
f> m valuable ?an if x  _h issu$ f !    
closet ( a philosoph] or a !ologian :o  
_h  slight contact ) practical affairs4 
,x is n my int5tion to  translate ^!    
sugge/ions into ab/ract =m & make !m    
less real  & p]suasive4 ,i only desire  
to annotate !m ) a few practical        
comm5ts4    ,i4 ,conc]n+ von ,kl+]'s    
fir/ proposition1 x is to be said t     

true idealism is n ! deceiv+ ( oneself  
conc]n+ reality1 or  ! int5tional ignor+
 ( reality1 or ! hid+ f reality1 or !   
creat+ = oneself a _w ( unreality4      
,idealism1 on ! contr>y1  is rea*$ by a 
deep] int]pretation ( ! _w1 by victory  
ov] x  & especially by victory ov]      
oneself4 ,= we1 too1 are an integral  "p
 ( ! _w & we _c conqu] ! :ole unless1   
fir/ (  all1 we conqu] our own "p ( x1  
by /r5g? ( pr9ciples & =ce  ( habit4    
,h5ce issues t "r judgm5t ( success :i* 
von ,kl+]  lays d[n4 ,"o ( our own      
contempor>ies1 ,?i]s1 a man :o _h 9     
high degree atta9$ success1 & :o at     
c]ta9 po9ts 9 8 life  pursu$ x )        
excessive zeal1 once made ?is /rik+     
rem>k3 8,m5  ( pr9ciple ne$ n succe$4   
,success is necess>y only to s*em]s40   
,9 o!r words1 a g5u9e victory ov] ! _w  
is n to be a*iev$  ?r\gh t k9d ( success
 :i* ! ,fr5* call succs & :i*  = _m m5  
makes ! end ( ef=t4 ,he :o plays ?is    
game (  ambition may z well ab&on ! hope
 ( peace ( m9d or ( peace )  o!rs1 & 9  

mo/ cases he mu/ =feit outright 8       
self-respect4    ,real success 9 life1  
!n1 ! atta9m5t ( ! highe/ human         
p]fection & ( true & fruitful activity1 
necess>ily &  repeat$ly involves outw>d 
failure4 ,success1 to von ,kl+]1 means  
an honorable c>e] ) victory at its      
close4 ,! "w ( life is  reg>d$ 9 its    
:ol5ess1 z a brave & honorable man %\ld 
wi%  & hope x to be4 ,unbrok5 success is
 necess>y only = c[>ds4  ,inde$1 "o may 
g fur!r & say t ! secret ( ! highe/     
success 9 important affairs (t5 lies 9  
failure4 ,! m5 :o h  mo/ completely     
comm&$ ! admiration ( ! _w1 & :o are    
mo/ conspicu\s 9 hi/ory1 are n ^? :o h  
rea*$ ! goal  ( life ?r\gh success      
alone4 ,cs> & ,napoleon w\ld h be5      
rememb]$ only z examples ( tyranny if x 
_h n be5 = ,brutus1  ,wat]loo & ,/4     
,hel5a4 ,! ,maid ( ,orlans w\ld be      
recall$ z a  ma/]ful woman l _m o!rs _h 
x n be5 = h] m>tyrdom4  ,hannibal w\ld  
be no noble example if ,c>?age _h       
conqu]$4 ,a traitor  l ,*>les ,i4 (     

,engl& is /ill held 9 high honor by _m  
p]sons  :o _c endure ! memory ( ! mo/   
h]oic "* 9 mod]n  hi/ory1--,cromwell4   
,_h ,cromwell di$ on ! scaffold & ,*>les
 on  ! ?rone1 ?is e/imate ( !m w\ld h   
be5 rev]s$4 ,! life  ( ! ,emp]or        
,fr$]ick ,,iii4 is ano!r example & w be 
a /ill  m impressive "o z ! bett] future
 looks back on x4 ,! greate/  example ( 
all1 ! cross1 ! gall[s ( its "t1 became 
= all  ! _w a sign ( honor & subdu$ to  
itself ! p[] ( ,rome4  ,look+ at        
,*ri/ianity 9 a :olly human &           
un!ological way1 "o  may believe t its  
unexampl$ success w\ld n h be5 possible 
if ! s*ol>s & scribes ( t day _h welcom$
 x4 ,some?+  ( su* failure comes ) all  
"r ways ( life4 ,)\t x1 life  s9ks 9 !  
rut ( commonplace4 ,?is k9d ( failure   
%\ld n be>  ! common reproa* ( mis=tune4
 ,x is1 on ! contr>y1 ! cr[n  ( ?orns   
:i* m>ks ! way ( ! cross1 & proves to be
 ! true  cr[n aft] all4    ,,ii4        
,conc]n+ ! second aphorism ( von ,kl+]'s
 !re is ?is to  add3 t no self-seek+    

p]son ev] rea*es ! end he mo/ desires4  
,x is surpris+ to see :at "o may        
accompli% :5 he gives 8  att5tion &     
en]gy :olly to ! do+ ( "o ?+4 ,examples 
( ?is  k9d ( success meet u at e turn4  
,:at ^! p]sons at he>t  desire1 h[ev]1  
is n ! weal?1 or honor1 or p[]1 or le>n+
  :i* !y rea*4 ,!y prize ^! possessions 
only z ! necess>y  pr]equisites =       
happ9ess4 ,:at is x1 !n1 ( :i* !y mu/   
fir/  ( all be conv9c$8 ,x is ! tru? t  
happ9ess does n come  ?r\gh ^!          
possessions1 t1 9 fact1 ^! possessions  
are likely  to br+ unhapp9ess4 ,:5 ?is  
conviction is atta9$1 !n1 at la/1  !    
self-seek+ _s w p]haps ab&on its aim4   
,( all self-seek]s1 ! mo/ un=tunate are 
to be f\nd among !  educat$4 ,:5 !y /&  
on ! l[] rung ( ! ladd] :i*  !y wi% to  
climb1 !y are consum$ by envy ( ^? above
 !m2  & ( all ! emotions :i* degrade a  
man 9 8 own eyes ! mo/  humiliat+ is    
envy4 ,:51 on ! o!r h&1 !y h climb$ to  
! top1 !n !y are di/ress$ by ! con/ant  
fe> ( ^? :o  are climb+ t[>d !m & ^:    

?\ghts & purposes !y well  "k f _! own  
exp]i5ce4 ,if !y seek safety by surr\nd+
  !mselves by flatt]]s1 !n !y are nev]  
safe f betrayal2 =  if !y seem likely to
 fall1 no "o c>es to hold !m up4 ,if1   
f9ally1  !y %ut _! e>s to ^! di/urb+    
voices )9 _! he>ts &  give !mselves to  
self-indulg5ce1 !n !y lose ! v qualities
  :i* are mo/ ess5tial to success4      
,besides all ?is1 ! *ances ( success = !
 self-seek] are  slight4 ,n "o 9 t5     
atta9s :at he desires1 &1 ev5 ( ^? :om  
we call =tunate1 few %\ld be s reckon$  
until !y die4 ,x is n  necess>y to cite 
examples ( su* failure4 ,! daily pap]   
reports  !m to u e morn+4 ,long ago "o (
 ! prophets ( ,israel  describ$ ?is     
unsatisfy+ result ( life & ef=t 9       
classic words  :i* we may well repeat3  
8,ye h s[n mu*1 & br+ 9 little2 ye  eat1
 b ye h n en\gh2 ye dr9k1 b ye are n    
fill$ )  dr9k2 ye clo! y1 b !re is none 
w>m2 & he t e>ne? wages  e>ne? wages to 
put x into a bag ) holes40    ,/ill     
fur!r1 no?+ is s exhau/+ z ?is          

self-seek+ ef=t4  ,! passion :i* x      
develops is l an access ( fev] :i* burns
  away "o's vitality4 ,! /r5g? ( heal?1 
on ! o!r h&1 r5ews  itself ?r\gh        
self-=gett+ "w2 & ?rives on unselfi%    
s]vice  done = wor?y ends4 ,only 9 su*  
s]vice are o!r p s9c]ely  incl9$ to     
help4 ,?us x happ5s t "s p1 ?\gh !y "w  
h>d & nev] retire to ! heal?-resorts1   
/ill live to a robu/ old  age1 :ile o!r 
p sp5d half ! ye> or p]haps ! :ole ( x  
at ! ba?s & rema9 )\t re/4 ,! _m n]v\s  
diseases ( our  "t are = ! mo/ "p caus$ 
by ! self-c5tr$ life1 & _!  real cure   
mu/ be ?r\gh a r5ewal 9 heal? ( m9d & w4
    ,,iii4 ,z to von ,kl+]'s ?ird       
sugge/ion1 x is to be said t  !         
incl9ation to solitude is absolutely    
necess>y n only =  happ9ess1 b = !      
tranquil developm5t ( "o's spiritual    
life4  ,! happ9ess :i* c really be      
atta9$1 & :i* is indep5d5t (  all       
*anges1 is to be f\nd 9 a life giv5 to  
great ?\ghts & 9 a  "w peacefully       
direct$ t[>d great ends4 ,su* a life is1

 h[ev]1  necess>ily )drawn f fruitless  
sociability4 ,z ,goe! says1 8,to  su* a 
life1 all else is vanity & illusion40 ,x
 is by su* a c\rse  ( life t "o by      
degrees escapes f ! fickl5ess & mood9ess
  ( life4 ,he le>ns n to take p too     
s]i\sly4 ,he comes to reg>d  )          
tranquillity ! %ift+ *anges ( op9ions & 
incl9ations4 ,s  f> z 8 incl9ation goes 
& 8 duties p]mit1 he w\ld r %un         
popul>ity ?an seek x4    ,,iv4 ,z to !  
la/ ( von ,kl+]'s p>agraphs1 x may be   
said to  conta9 ! philosophy ( 8 life4  
,look+ at p z individuals1  _! lives    
appe> full ( contra/s2 b tak+ !m all    
toge!r1  _! lives are 9 fact mu* alike4 
,"o section ( humanity1 ( high  & ( l[  
e/ate1 lives ei!r consci\sly or         
unconsci\sly a m]ely  animal life4 ,su* 
p]sons simply foll[ ! pa? :i* _!        
physical  nature indicates1 fulfill+ _! 
little span ( life1 & kn[+  no o!r      
de/9y4 ,ano!r gr\p is ev] seek+ "s      
escape f ?is  unsatisfy+ end ( life4    
,dante1 9 ! fir/ canto ( 8 ,div9e       

,com$y1 v beautifully describes ^!      
seek]s = ! bett] life2  & ?is se>* makes
 9 reality ! spiritual exp]i5ce ( all   
great  p]sonalities4    ,! fir/ /ep 9   
?is way ( life is tak5 :5 "o becomes    
discont5t$ ) life z x is & longs =      
some?+ bett]4 ,"o's  reason seeks an    
outlet f ! labyr9? ( ! _w & at la/ f    
%e] we>9ess resolves1 at any co/1 to    
=sake ! _w's ways &  to seek peace4 ,:5 
"o has come to ?is resolution1 !n he is 
on !  way to salvation1 & exp]i5ces t   
inn] happ9ess :i* "o ga9s  :o has f\nd  
at la/ ! way he ought to g4 ,&1 inde$1  
?is man is  ess5tially sav$2 = he is n[ 
op5 to ! unh9d]$ influ5ces (  new       
spiritual =ces1 aga9/ :i* 9 8 e>ly life 
8 w _h set  itself4    ,yet1 z a matt] (
 fact1 he is only ready = 8 second /ep4 
,x is  ! long conflict = supremacy      
betwe5 :at ! ,apo/le calls 8!  old & !  
new man40 ,bo? ( !m are 9 him /ill & 8  
problem is  to realize ! 8new man0 & br+
 x to fulness ( life4 ,_m p  :o are     
/riv+ = ! bett] life come to ?is second 

/ep & /ay  !re all _! days2 & ?is is !  
reason :y s _m lives :i*  are rightly   
direct$ /ill give ! impression (        
imp]fection1 &  :y !y d n seem to       
contribute mu*--?\gh (t5 m ?an we       
?9k--to ! ennobl+ ( human relation%ips4 
,!re rema9s ! ?ird /ep ( spiritual gr[?1
 :i*1 once fairly  tak51 leads to !     
complete int]pretation ( life4 ,x is !  
/age  ( practical activity1 ! p>ticipat+
 9 ! creation ( a spiritual  k+dom4     
,sometimes x has be5 lik5$ to ! tak+ "p 
9 a great  "w ( ar*itecture1 sometimes  
to ! enli/m5t 9 an active w>4  ,no?+    
less ?an ?is life ( unselfi% s]vice c   
br+ to !  individual true cont5t4 ,s    
long z "o lives = himself & is          
consid]+1 ev5 9 ! highe/ & noble/ way1 8
 own self-culture1  !re l+]s 9 him "s   
ta9t ( 8 orig9al selfi%ness1 or1 at     
be/1 he b half sees 8 way4 ,z ,goe! has 
express$ x3 8,:ile "o  /rives1 he errs40
 ,?is self-direct$ ef=t mu/1 at la/1    
cease4  ,no?+ is m untrue1 no?+ is m    
fundam5tally di%e>t5+1  ?an ! maxim (   

,less+ :i* s _m h admir$1 accord+ to    
:i* endless ef=t aft] tru? is to be     
pref]r$ to ! possession  ( ! tru?4 ,"o  
might z well say t endless ?ir/1 or     
endless  cold1 0 m acceptable ?an ! f9d+
 ( a refre%+ f\nta9 or  ! w>m? ( !      
quick5+ sun4    ,"h !n1 9 ?is attitude (
 life1 remov$ f religi\s or             
philosophical re/lessness1 is ! pa? to  
cont9u\s inw>d peace  & p[]4 ,x leads1  
fir/ ( all1 to humility & to fre$om f   
self-complac5cy4 ,x is possible to hold 
to ?is pa? ?r\gh !  mid/ ( all natural  
ills2 x is ! be/ way t life has to (f]4 
,:at ! happ9ess is :i* "o !n f9ds is h>d
 to communicate to  ano!r4 ,x comes (   
ceas+ to ?9k fir/ ( all ( oneself4 ,x   
has1  z ,ro! says1 8no private bus9ess  
to transact40 ,x does its "w            
tranquilly1 ) absolute c]ta9ty t1 ?\gh !
 issue ( its  "w may be unrecogniz$1    
/ill x is secure4 ,?is way ( life br+s  
) x c\rage1 & ?is c\rage manife/s       
itself1 n 9 fev]i%  excitem5t1 b 9 an   
outw>d habit ( composure :i* te/ifies to

  inw>d & c5tral /ability4 ,su* a life  
tru/s its way & its  de/9y4 ,outw>d     
exp]i5ces & ! judgm5ts ( o!r m5 h no    
p[] to move x4 ,x is1 p]haps1 n ess5tial
 t 9 ! education  ( y\? ^! tru?s %\ld be
 urg5tly press$1 = !y may easily  appe> 
vision>y & 9 su* a matt] all appe>ance (
 obscurity &  unreality is to be        
deplor$4 ,god p]mits only high-m9d$     
s\ls1 l  von ,kl+]1 fully to atta9 ?is  
way ( life4    ,we ne$ n discuss :e!r   
all ?is %\ld be call$ idealism--a "n    
:i* w\ld drive _m clev] p f its         
acceptance4 ,:atev]  x may be nam$1 x is
 a fai? :i* has br\ght to ^? :o h       
confid5tly giv5 !mselves to x great]    
inw>d peace ?an is f\nd  9 any m famili>
 cre$4 ,x ne$s b slight obs]vation (    
life or  ( hi/ory to be conv9c$ ( ?is4  
,& yet1 ,i fe>1 mo/ ( my read]s  may be 
m incl9$ to say ) ,k+ ,agrippa3 8,almo/ 
?\ p]suade/  me10 little z ,agrippa     
pr(it$ by ! success he atta9$4    ,a    
,g]man poet sums up ! ri*ness ( ?is     
spiritual peace1 :i* m5  l von ,kl+]    

exhibit1 9 l9es :i* ,i ?us slightly     
adapt3      8,outw>d life is light &    
%ad[1    ,m+l$ wrong & /ruggl+ "r1    ,b
 )9 ! outw>d tr\ble    ,%9es a heal+1   
inw>d light4      ,n to u may come      
fulfilm5t1    ,n bel[ our /ruggles      
cease1    ,yet ! heav5ly vision gives u1
    ,ev5 "h1 an inw>d peace40           
,,iii4 ,,good ,,habits          ,,iii4  
,,good ,,habits      ,! mo/ important   
exp]i5ce :i*1 soon] or lat]1 meets e    
?\ghtful p]son1 bo? 9 8 own intellectual
 developm5t & 9  8 obs]vation ( o!rs1 is
 ?is1--t e act1 &1 inde$1  e def9ite    
?\ght1 leaves beh9d x an incl9ation :i* 
is l  a mat]ial influ5ce1 & :i* makes ! 
next simil> ?\ght1 or  act1 easi]1 & !  
next dissimil> ?\ght1 or act1 m         
difficult4  ,?is is ! curse ( evil      
conduct1--t x ev] br+s =? m  evil       
conduct2 & ?is too is ! sure & *ief     
rew>d ( good  conduct1--t x /r5g!ns !   
t5d5cy to good & makes p]man5t  :at has 
be5 ga9$4 ,"h is ! solemn & tragic fact 
:i* lies  beh9d all human life1--t :at  

we h once done we c nev]  *ange4 ,!re x 
rema9s1 j z x happ5$1 little z we may be
  incl9$ to believe1 or to admit1 t x is
 !re4 ,& h5ce x is  t hi/ory truly      
writt5 is no ent]ta9+ drama1 end+ 9     
g5]al  reconciliation & embrace1 b a    
trag$y :i* describes ! movem5t  ( de/9y4
    ,if1 !n1 "o beg9s ?us to take life  
s]i\sly1 he w soon obs]ve  t its ma9    
problem does n conc]n its ?\ght or its  
fai?1  /ill less any outw>d confession  
:i* may leave ! s\l )9  q undi/urb$4 ,! 
real problem ( life is simply & solely  
"o  ( habit1 & ! end ( all education    
%\ld be to tra9 p to  incl9ations t[>d  
good4 ,to *oose discreetly betwe5 good &
 evil is  n always practicable1 = human 
passions are sometimes too /rong2  b :at
 may be develop$ is a prompt &          
spontane\s in/9ct = !  good2 & ! ideal (
 human life is "o 9 :i* all t is good   
has  become %e] habit1 & all t is bad is
 s contr>y to nature1 t  x gives "o ev5 
a physically p]ceptible & pa9ful %ock4  
,fail+  ?is1 all t "o calls virtue or   

piety is b a s]ies ( ^? good  int5tions 
) :i* ! pa? to evil1 z to good1 may be  
pav$4    ,:at1 !n1 are ! mo/ important (
 good habits8 ,i propose to "n a  few1 n
 9 any sy/ematic fa%ion2 = ( sy/ems (   
morals ! mod]n  _w seems to h _h m ?an  
en\gh1 & x is mu* m likely to  give "s  
att5tion to purely practical sugge/ions 
bas$ on practical  exp]i5ce4    ,! fir/ 
& *ief rule seems to be ?is1--t "o %\ld 
try r  to cultivate good habits ?an     
m]ely negatively to escape f bad  ones4 
,x is mu* easi] 9 ! inn] life1 z 9 !    
out]1 to attack  positively ?an to repel
 def5sively2 = 9 aggressive conduct e   
success br+s joy1 :ile 9 m]e resi/ance  
mu* ( "o's ef=t seems  to h no positive 
result4 ,! ma9 po9t to be ga9$ is !     
habit (  prompt resolution1 direct$     
imm$iately t[>d action4 ,:at ,voltaire  
said ( ! hi/ory ( nations is 9 l>ge     
degree true ( human life3  8,i h notic$ 
t de/9y 9 e case dep5ds ^u ! act ( a    
mom5t40    ,! second pr9ciple ( good    
habits is fe>lessness4 ,p]haps ?is is  n

 possible to acquire 9 a high degree )\t
 a /rong religi\s  fai?4 ,?is ,i w n    
discuss4 ,x is1 at any rate1 c]ta9 t fe>
  is n only ! lea/ agreeable ( human    
emotions1 s t "o %\ld  at any co/ conqu]
 x1 b t x is also ! mo/ sup]flu\s4 ,=   
fe> does n prev5t ! approa* ( t :i* is  
fe>$2 x only  exhau/s be=eh& ! /r5g? :i*
 "o ne$s to meet ! ?+ he  fe>s4 ,mo/ ( !
 ?+s :i* we fe> to meet are n 9 reality 
s  t]rible z !y appe> to be :5 look$ at 
f af>4 ,:5 !y meet  u1 !y c be borne4 ,!
 imag9ation is incl9$ to picture evils z
  m p]man5t & p]si/5t ?an !y are really 
to be4 ,if1 z "o's  tr\ble approa*$1 he 
%\ld say to himself3 8,?is is likely to 
la/  ab\t ?ree days10 "o w\ld 9 _m cases
 be ju/ifi$ by ! ev5t1  &1 at any rate1 
w\ld proce$ to meet ! tr\ble ) a bett]  
c\rage4 ,on ! :ole1 ! be/ def5ce aga9/  
fe> :i* philosophy  c provide is !      
conviction t e fe> is a symptom ( "s    
wrong condition 9 ourselves4 ,if "o se>*
 = t weakness & rid  himself ( x1 !n1 = 
! mo/ "p1 fe> w vani% also4    ,beyond  

?is philosophical def5ce f fe>1 h[ev]1  
lie c]ta9  spiritual conditions (       
c\rage4 ,! *ief ( ^! is det]m9+ =       
oneself :at are ! be/ bless+s ( life4   
,fir/ ( all1 "o mu/  acquire z soon z   
possible ! habit ( pref]r+ ! bett] ?+s  
to ! worse4 ,he mu/ especially ab&on !  
expectation ( possess+  at ! same "t    
diff]5t ?+s :i* are contradictory ( ea* 
o!r4 ,"h is ! secret ( failure 9 _m a   
c>e]4 ,9 my op9ion1  a man may n only   
freely *oose 8 aims 9 life1 b he may    
atta9  all ^? aims :i* he s]i\sly &     
:olly desires1 provid$ t  = ! sake ( ?is
 desire he is ready to surr5d] all o!r  
desires  :i* are inconsi/5t ) x4 ,! be/ 
possessions "o c h 9  life1 & ! ?+s :i*1
 ) reasonable sagacity1 are ! easie/  to
 get1 are ^!3 firm moral pr9ciples1     
intellectual discipl9e1  love1 loyalty1 
! capacity = "w & ! enjoym5t ( x1       
spiritual  & physical heal?1 & v mod]ate
 worldly possessions4 ,no o!r  bless+s c
 be comp>$ ) ^!1 & "s o!r possessions   
are  inconsi/5t ) ^!--= in/ance1 great  

weal?1 great worldly  honor & p[]1      
habitual self-indulg5ce4 ,^! are ! ?+s  
:i*  p commonly mo/ desire1 & :i* !y v  
(t5 atta91 b !y  mu/ always be atta9$   
?r\gh ! surr5d] ( ! bett] ?+s4    ,"o   
mu/1 !re=e1 promptly & unhesitat+ly     
det]m9e to surr5d]  ! desire = weal?1   
honor1 & luxury1 & to take 9 _! place   
o!r possessions4 ,)\t ?is det]m9ation1  
!re c be no  religi\s or philosophical  
basis ( spiritual education4 ,:at seems 
to be spiritual developm5t ends 9       
unreality1 vacillation1 at la/          
hypocrisy4 ,x mu/ be confess$ t ev5 !   
be/ ( m5 are1 z a  rule1 b half-he>t$ 9 
mak+ ?is fundam5tal resolution4 ,!y     
give up "u compulsion "o or ano!r       
fragm5t ( _! desires4 ,few  are sagaci\s
 en\gh to =esee ! *oice :i* soon] or    
lat] mu/  be made1 & free !mselves :ile 
!y are /ill "y f _!  prolong$ p]plexity 
by "o quick & sublime decision4    ,a   
fur!r ob/acle to any wor?y life is !    
desire = praise1 or =  pleasure4 ,! man 
:o is dom9at$ by ei!r ( ^! motives is   

simply  a slave ( ! op9ions or ta/es (  
o!rs4 ,bo? ( ^! desires mu/  be1 )\t    
compromise1 expell$1 & sympa?y1 :i* "o  
has always  at 8 comm&1 mu/ take _!     
place4 ,=1 if ! l[] desires h  be5 ca/  
out & no high] impulses ent]1 !n we h   
simply an  un5durable empt9ess 9 life4  
8,:5 ! unclean _s10 says !  ,gospel1 8is
 gone out ( a man1 he walke? ?r\gh dry  
places1 seek+  re/1 & f9de? none4444 ,!n
 goe? he1 & take? ) himself sev5  o!r   
spirits m wick$ ?an himself1 & !y ent] 9
 & dwell  !re3 & ! la/ /ate ( t man is  
worse ?an ! fir/40    ,?us1 at any co/1 
& ev5 = ! sake ( "o's own s\l1 "o mu/   
make x 8 habit to cultivate love = o!rs1
 n fir/ ( all  inquir+ :e!r !y des]ve t 
love or n--a "q :i*  is (t5 too h>d to  
answ]4 ,= )\t love life is )\t joy1     
especially :5 "o has outgr[n 8 y\?4     
,lack+ love1 we s9k into  indiff]5ce1 & 
indiff]5ce passes easily into av]sion1 &
 "o's  av]sions s poison life t life is 
no bett] ?an dea?4    ,fur!r1 our       
dislikes mu/ be direct$1 n aga9/ p1 b   

aga9/ ?+s4 ,good & evil are too mu* m+l$
 9 p]sons to be  ju/ly di/+ui%$1 & ea*  
unju/ judgm5t reacts ^u ^? :o  h p]mitt$
 !mselves to be unju/ & embitt]s _!     
lives4  ,!re=e1 p]mit nei!r y\r         
philosophy nor y\r exp]i5ce to cr[d  out
 ( y\r life ! p[] to love4 ,dismiss !   
prelim9>y "q  ( ano!r's "r to be lov$4  
,love is ! only way ( keep+ "o's  inn]  
life 9 peace1 & ( ma9ta9+ an int]e/ 9 p 
&  9 ?+s4 ,)\t x1 bo? p & ?+s become by 
degrees an  annoyance & affront4 ,?us   
love is1 at ! same "t1 ! highe/  worldly
 wisdom4 ,"o :o loves is always1 ?\gh   
unconsci\sly1 wis]  ?an "o :o does n4   
,if y incl9e to say ) ! poet3      8,?is
 is my cre$ & ?is w ev] be1    ,to love 
& hate z o!rs may treat me60    live = a
 :ile by ?is cre$1 & y w le>n soon en\gh
 h[ mu*  ( hate & h[ little ( love y are
 likely to receive4    ,9 all ! po9ts   
?us f> indicat$1 & especially 9 ! la/1  
!re  is no place = half-way conduct4    
,!re mu/ be a complete & absolute       
decision1 ) no petty & clev]            

computations ( consequ5ces4 ,& 9        
addition to ^! m decisive rules ( habit1
 !re are _m small]  ones :i* g to re9=ce
 & make practicable ! l>g] pr9ciples4   
,= in/ance1 !re is ! ,gospel comm&3     
8,let ! dead bury _!  dead40 ,! dead are
 ! be/ p to d ?is "w4 ,if "o refra9  f  
controv]sy ab\t :at is pa/ & gone1 !n "o
 may give himself  to tasks ( positive  
con/ruction1 & n m]ely to t de/ructive  
"w :i*1 ev5 if x be ess5tial1 %\ld be   
subord9ate4 ,_m a  memorial has be5     
d$icat$ to ^? :o de/roy :i* %\ld h be5  
res]v$ = ^? :o fulfil4    ,& yet1 "o mu/
 n let himself be *eat$4 ,he mu/ n ev5  
be  ?\ght to be easily dup$4 ,he mu/ let
 ! w\ld-be clev] p "k  t he reads _!    
?\ghts & kn[s :at !y are seek+4 ,"o may1
  z ,i h already said1 read su* ?\ghts q
 ?or\ghly if "o be  no long] bl9d$ by   
any selfi%ness ( 8 own4    ,ap>t f ?is  
degree ( self-def5ce1 :i* is s f>       
necess>y1  ! bett] plan 9 g5]al is to   
see ! good side ( p &  to take = grant$ 
t !re is good 9 !m4 ,!n x n only  happ5s

 t !y (t5 make ! ef=t to be good &      
become actually  bett] ?r\gh "o's       
appreciation ( !m1 b x also happ5s t  "o
 is sav$ f a p]sonal exp]i5ce ( regret  
or di/ress4 ,=  int]c\rse ) p]sons :om  
"o recognizes z bad1 demoralizes "o's   
own nature1 & 9 ! case ( s5sitive p]sons
 may g s f> z to  h ev5 a physical      
effect4 ,:at is bad ne$s no sev]ity (   
criticism  or ( reproa*4 ,9 mo/ cases x 
ne$s only to be br\ght to ! light4  ,!n1
 ev5 if ! man prote/ t he is n bad1 8   
consci5ce  judges him4 ,!re=e1 :5 "o mu/
 blame o!rs1 he %\ld proce$  ) great    
calmness1 speak ( ! matt] )\t disguise &
 )\t  gloss+1 b simply & )\t passion4   
,passionate reproa*es seldom  d good1 & 
good p :o lack sympa?y are apt to be v  
try+4  ,!re is a k9d ( virtu\s "* n     
unfamili> 9 "s ,prote/ant  circles :i*  
to ^? :o diff] f its convictions seems  
to h  no capacity = love4 ,x is         
especially aggravat+ to "y p1 s  t !y   
(t5 pref] ! company ( ! vici\s to t (   
moral b  cold-blood$ fri5ds4    ,f9ally1

 x may n appe> possible = y to be       
equally fri5dly )  ev]ybody4 ,well1 !n1 
discrim9ate among p1 b always 9 favor  (
 ! humble1 ! poor1 ! simple1 ! un$ucat$1
 ! *ildr51 ev5  ! animals & plants4     
,nev]1 on ! o!r h&1 if y desire a quiet 
m9d1 seek ! favor ( important p1 & nev] 
expect gratitude  = condesc5sion to !   
humble1 b c\nt ! love !y h = y  z       
preci\s z y d y\r love = !m4    ,!re are
 _m o!r ( ^! less] in/ances ( good      
habits :i* ,i  might /ill fur!r m5tion1 
& if my read] %\ld recall !m1 he  is n  
to reg>d !m z unrecogniz$ by me4 ,i only
 invite him1 9 !  fir/ place1 to put to 
practical use my li/ z ?us f> sugge/$4  
,z  he does s1 let him notice--z he soon
 mu/ notice--t x is mu*  m to 8 purpose 
to beg9 practically ) "o good habit ?an 
to  beg9 by mak+ a complete catalogue ( 
all4 ,! real difficulty 9  ?is          
cultivation ( good habits--inde$ ! only 
difficulty--is 9  ridd+ ! he>t ( its    
natural selfi%ness4 ,= selfi%ness is !  
practical ob/acle to good habits1 ?\gh x

 may pret5d to believe 9  !m4 ,no "o :o 
und]/&s himself w d5y t !re is 9 e  "o a
 curi\s t5d5cy to moral deg5]ation4 ,x  
is (t5 some?+  t lit]ally bord]s on     
depravity4 ,n[1 ?is incl9ation to evil  
is  to be conqu]$ only by a sup]ior =ce2
 & ! :ole problem1 bo?  ( philosophy & (
 religion1--a problem z old z ! _w & yet
  new ) ea* individual1--is summ$ up 9 !
 "q3 8,:]e %all ,i  f9d ?is sup]ior =ce 
:i* %all make me incl9$ to goodness &   
%all r5ew t spiritual heal? :i* is      
ess5tial = ! "r  conduct ( life80    ,to
 ?is "q1 !re are /ill giv5 _m diff]5t   
answ]s4 ,dante1  9 ! fam\s tw5ty-sev5?  
canto ( ! ,purgatorio1 says3      8,:5  
und]nea? u 0 ! /airway all    ,run o'er1
 & we 7 on ! highe/ /ep1    ,virgilius  
fa/5$ ^u me 8 eyes1    ,& said3         
99       99       99       99       99  
,by intellect & art ,i "h h br\ght      
!e40#b    ,by ! guidance ( reason1 !n1 !
 travell] has be5 l$ to ! ,holy         
,m\nta91 :]e at la/ he he>s 8 guide say3
      8,take ?9e own pleasure = ?y guide

 h5ce=?2    ,beyond ! /eep ways & ! n>r[
 art ?\40    ,& yet--& "h we notice a   
m>k$ inconsi/5cy 9 ! great  m$ival poet 
& philosoph]--x is an angel :o be>s ^!  
mortal  s\ls across ! sea & br+s !m to !
 foot ( ?is m\nta91  & ano!r angel      
repeat$ly re/ra9s !m f return+ on _!    
way1 ev5 :5 !y h pass$ ! ,gate ( ,grace2
 & by ! diamond  ?re%old1 beyond :i*    
none may pass )\t 8 bidd+1 sits a ?ird  
angel1 to :om "o may approa* only by a  
miracle ( ,god's grace4 ,9  all ?is     
j\rney1 !n1 ! 8intellect & art0 :i*     
accompany !  travell] play1 we mu/      
confess1 a v limit$ rle4    ,?is great  
"q1 h[ev]1 ( ! moral dynamic is1 = !    
mom5t1  n my !me1 & its answ] is1 ,i    
d\bt n1 to be f9ally rea*$  only by !   
way ( p]sonal exp]i5ce4 ,only ?is is to 
be said1 once  m1 t "o's self-discipl9e 
beg9s ) ! discipl9e ( !  w4 ,fir/ ( all 
comes ! def9ite resolution to pursue "o 
wor?y  end ( life ) s+l5ess ( m9d & to  
turn f all t is  oppos$ to x4 ,giv5 ?is 
decision ( ! w1 & !re foll[s !  capacity

 to act4 ,& ?is se>* is n 9 va91 :5 "o  
det]m9es  to make x a univ]sal & an     
unres]v$ se>*1 & to recognize  ! p[] t  
is atta9$ z ! only possible pro( t ! "r 
way has be5 f\nd4 ,:atev] br+s ) x no   
s5se ( support+1  calm+1 e?ical p[] is n
 true1 & :atev] does contribute ?is  p[]
 mu/1 at lea/1 h "s degree ( tru? 9 x4  
,9 ! future1  any philosophy ( life :i* 
proposes to be m effective ?an our      
pres5t philosophy mu/ meet ?is te/4 ,all
 else leads a/ray4      8,:y is x t we  
%r9k away    ,:5 dea?1 our fri5d1 draws 
ne> "s day8    ,we see ! %ad[y pres5ce  
/&1    ,b n ! gift )9 ! h&6    ,s %r9ks 
f love ! human he>t    ,z ?\gh1 l dea?1 
love came to "p1    ,= :]e love ent]s1  
self mu/ die    ,& life f9d love its    
de/9y4    ,o dea? ( self6 ,pass l !     
night1    ,& wak5 u f dea? to light60   
,,iv4 ,,! ,,*ildr5 ,,( ,,?is ,,_w ,,are 
,,wis] ,,?an ,,! ,,*ildr5 ,,( ,,light   
,,iv4 ,,! ,,*ildr5 ,,( ,,?is ,,_w ,,are 
,,wis] ,,?an ,,! ,,*ildr5 ,,( ,,light   
,i d n "q ! tru? ( ?is text1 b ,i _c    

fail to obs]ve  9 x ! mo/ famili> def5ce
 ( worldly wisdom aga9/ ! _s  (         
idealism4 ,! objection to idealism :i*  
we mo/ commonly he> is  ?is1 t x is well
 en\gh 9 !ory1 b t x does n "w 9        
practice2 & if x be really true t       
worldly wisdom & idealism are           
irreconcilable1 !n mo/ p mu/ hold to !  
fir/4 ,!y h to  live on ?is e>?1 & to   
deal ) life z x is2 !y mu/ accept  !    
inevitable1 ev5 ?\gh x co/s !m a mom5t (
 deep regret to  ab&on _! idealism4 ,?is
 _w calls = worldly wisdom2 ano!r  _w   
may be bless$ ) light--on ?is /one (    
/umbl+ _m a life  :i* has already       
ov]come ! common temptation ( selfi%ness
 is  /ill wreck$ & lo/4    ,! fir/ ?+ t 
/rikes u1 !n1 9 ?is dang]\s text is its 
high appreciation ( :at x calls ! *ildr5
 ( ?is _w4 ,inde$1  ^! p are nev] s     
sev]ely h&l$ by ,*ri/ z are ! prie/s  & 
! dev\t ,ph>isees ( 8 "t4 ,su* say+s z3 
8,! publicans  & ! h>lots g into ! k+dom
 ( ,god be=e y10 are n utt]$  aga9/ !   
*ildr5 ( ?is _w4 ,! *ildr5 ( ?is _w "k  

:at !y want & pursue ! end !y set be=e  
!mselves )  en]gy & p]si/5ce1 putt+ away
 all t /&s betwe5 !m &  x2 & ?is !      
*ildr5 ( light1 at lea/ 9 _! e>li] /ages
  ( developm5t1 seldom d4 ,/ill fur!r1 !
 *ildr5 ( ?is _w  are n :olly imp]vi\s  
to ! high] motives ( life4 ,_! he>ts    
are n ! rock :]e ! good se$ falls 9 va94
 ,!y are m]ely  ! soil :i* is *ok$ by   
o!r gr[?1 :]e ! se$ takes root  b _c    
prosp]4 ,! *ildr5 ( ?is _w may at any   
rate claim  t x is n !y :o h built !    
crosses & scaffolds = !  s]vants ( !    
tru?4    ,we mu/ n !n ?9k ( ! *ildr5 (  
?is _w z absolutely  bad or z           
unappreciative ( ! excell5t4 ,on !      
contr>y1 !y are  g5]ally bett] ?an !y   
pret5d to be1 & among !m are _m  p]sons 
:o are1 z x 71 hypocrites rev]s$2 :o    
conceal1 t is  to say1 _! be/ ?\ghts4   
,:at !y lack is commonly ! c\rage  to be
 good4 ,!y d n h a suffici5tly          
sub/antial confid5ce  9 ! moral ord] ( !
 _w to guide !m 9 ! /ruggle =  exi/5ce4 
,&1 9 fact1 ?is assurance ( ! moral ord]

 does  n at fir/ sight appe> to be      
ju/ifi$4 ,on ! contr>y1 "o :o  des]ts ! 
wisdom ( ! _w mu/ anticipate1 fir/ (    
all1 t  he w be des]t$ by ! _w & t he w 
n improbably pass  ! great] "p ( 8 life 
9 unc]ta9ty :e!r he has *os5 !  bett]   
pa?4 ,su* is ! te/imony ( all :o h      
practically foll[$  ?is pa? & h n m]ely 
he>d ( x or prea*$ ab\t x4 ,?us1  !     
*ildr5 ( ?is _w are simply ! p :o pref] 
to travel  ! common & well-kn[n road4 ,!
 unfamili> pa? may appe> to  !m 9 !ory v
 beautiful & sublime1 b !y d n f9d x a  
practicable pa? to foll[4    ,x is /ill 
m difficult to say :o are ! *ildr5 (    
light4 ,x is  true t ! ,gospels         
sometimes m5tion !m1 b :at is ! mean+  (
 ! light ( :i* ! ,gospels speak8 ,:5ce  
comes x1 & h[ does  x %9e into ! life ( 
m58 ,"h we t\* at once ! greate/ (      
human problems4 ,:5ce come we8 ,:i!r d  
we g8 ,:at is our de/9y8  ,all t c be   
said 9 pla9 words ( ! *ildr5 ( light is 
?is3  t !y are seek+ t :i* is beyond    
reality1 & are receptive  to !          

sugge/ions ( ! ideal _w4 ,! *ildr5 (    
light are  ^? :o supremely desire some?+
 bett] ?an to eat & dr9k &  to-morr[    
die4 ,?is is ! motive :i* mo/ /irs _!   
he>ts &  wills1 & out ( ?is desire comes
 to !m by degrees1 fir/1 fai?1  & !n    
conviction4    ,?is way to ! light is 9 
a c]ta9 degree indicat$ 9 ! ,gospel  (  
,mat!w3 8,bless$ are ! pure 9 he>t3 = !y
 %all see ,god02  & x is m precisely    
describ$ 9 ! ,gospel ( ,luke3 8,if ?y   
:ole body be full ( light1 ! :ole %all  
be full ( light0--a  passage ^: exact   
mean+ no "o has cle>ly det]m9$4 ,beyond 
su*  evid5ce z ?is "o c h>dly g2 =1 if  
we d1 ! *ildr5 (  ?is _w1 :o "k no?+ (  
su* exp]i5ces & reg>d !m z              
extravagances or worse1 w at ! be/ turn 
away l ,felix & !  ,a!nians1 say+3 8,we 
w he> !e aga9 ( ?is matt]02 hav+ no  m  
incl9ation ?an ,felix to be fur!r drawn 
into su* di/urb+  & unpr(itable         
discussions4 ,! dreams ( ! *ildr5 (     
light1 !y  w say1 lead to no?+ & _h     
bett] be =gott54    ,x mu/ be sadly     

confess$ t a great "p ( religi\s        
in/ruction  has be5 s+ul>ly unfruitful4 
,inde$1 religion _c be imp>t$  by       
in/ruction4 ,x assumes n only a fai? 9 t
 :i* is beyond  ! _w ( k1 b also a fai? 
9 ! tea*]s ( religion4  ,! tea*]s (     
religion1 !re=e1 c1 at ! be/1 only      
produce  9 "o a k9d ( m5tal disposition4
 ,!y c free ! m9d f  dis9cl9ation to _! 
view or f positive incapacity to %>e x1 
& !y c =tify conviction by _! tea*+4    
,?is limitation 9  religi\s in/ruction  
has m ?an "o cause4 ,x sometimes happ5s 
because ! he>]'s way ( life is          
inconsi/5t ) idealism4 ,x is  also1 & q 
z (t51 caus$ by a false def9ition (     
religion--!  notion t religion is a     
matt] ( doctr9e1 a k9d ( sci5ce :i*  c  
be taught & le>n$4    ,:]e91 !n1 x w be 
ask$1 lies ! advantage ( ! wisdom  ( !  
light ov] ! wisdom ( ?is _w8 ,surely1 ! 
wisdom (  ! _w is a m obvi\s possession1
 & gu>antees to u m (  ! good ?+s ( life
 ?an ! *ildr5 ( light c secure4 ,!      
advantage ( ! *ildr5 ( light1 ,i answ]1 

is ?reefold4 ,x is to  be f\nd1 fir/1 9 
! assurance t !y are ! possessors (     
tru? & are made !reby inw>dly & :olly at
 peace4 ,less+1 9  8 well-kn[n words1   
ann\nc$ t tru? 0 n a ?+ :i* m5  %\ld    
desire to possess4 ,happ9ess1 he        
conceiv$1 0 to be f\nd 9  ! se>* = tru?1
 n 9 its possession4 ,b ! possession (  
! tru? br+s ) x ! only true happ9ess--a 
happ9ess :i*  is abundant & unspeakable1
 & :i* no man :o has 9 any degree       
obta9$ x w\ld ex*ange = all ! o!r good  
?+s ( e>?4 ,=  ! fundam5tal "q is n (   
possess+ any def9ite outw>d  ?+1 b ( !  
inw>d happ9ess atta9$ ?r\gh t           
possession4  ,ev5 ! selfi%1 ! envi\s1 & 
! self-indulg5t d n reg>d  t :i* !y want
 to possess z _! real aim4 ,x is only 9 
_!  eyes ! ess5tial means to ! real end1
 & t end is _! own  inw>d happ9ess4 ,&  
?is is precisely :]e !y are             
self-deceiv$4  ,= !re is ?is solemn fact
 ab\t ! ord] ( ! _w1 :i*  reveals itself
 to e c&id obs]v]1--t su* p may atta9   
all t !y e>ne/ly desire1 yet n atta9 ) x

 _! own peace4  ,_! atta9m5t itself1 _! 
v success1 becomes _! puni%m5t4  ,all   
?is may be p]haps some:at h>d to und]/&1
 b = ! mom5t  x may be accept$ m]ely z a
 work+ hypo!sis1 & "o may lat]  obs]ve 9
 life :e!r x is n true4 ,x is by us+ ?us
 a work+  hypo!sis t ev5 natural sci5ce 
mo/ easily rea*es ! tru?4    ,! second  
advantage :i* ! _s ( ! tru?1 z we may   
p>aphrase x1 has ov] ! wisdom ( ?is _w  
is ?is3 t :5  br\ght to ! te/ x is 9    
reality mu* wis] ?an worldly wisdom4    
,no?+ b ! wisdom ( ! *ildr5 ( light is 9
 h>mony )  ! real laws ( ! univ]se4 ,t  
is ! reason :y ^! seem+ly  unwise p]sons
 /ill = ! mo/ "p pass ?r\gh ! exp]i5ces 
( life ) less tr\ble & h>m ?an ! wise ( 
?is _w4 ,!  consci5ces ( ! *ildr5 (     
light are undi/urb$1 & a tr\bl$         
consci5ce embitt]s ! be/ joys4 ,!y pass 
?r\gh life also )  mu* less hurry1      
worry1 & fe>1 bo? ( p & ( ev5ts4 ,none  
( ^! di/resses ( life is to be escap$   
except ?r\gh ?is frame  ( m9d4 ,f9ally1 
!y live m peacefully--n only 9 _! own   

he>ts1 b also ) o!r p--because !y live  
)\t !  passions1 hatr$s1 & jeal\sies :i*
 make life h>d to endure4 ,ev5  ^? :o d 
n desire = !mselves ?is habit ( m9d1 &  
are n  inde$ capable ( x1 z soon z !y   
are conv9c$ t ! *ildr5  ( light mean :at
 !y seem1 t _! attitude is n m]ely a    
cloak to cov] ! wisdom ( ! _w1 & t !y   
are n va9 &  sup]cili\s1 gr[ m atta*$ to
 ^! 8,ideali/s0 ?an to p  l !mselves4 ,!
 affection :i* goes out t[>d su* p]sons 
is  q beyond p>allel4 ,x is ! rev]5ce1 =
 in/ance1 felt t[>d  *>act]s l ,nicolaus
 von ,fle1 or ,francis ( ,assisi1 or    
,ca!r9e  ( ,si5a1 or 9 our own "t       
,gordon ,pa%a4 ,?\s&s1 = example1 9  all
 l&s deeply lam5t$ ,g5]al ,gordon's dea?
 & felt x to be a  national disa/]1     
al?\gh !y _h n ! lea/ notion ( foll[+  8
 life4 ,x is a =m ( s5tim5t :i* ! mo/   
di/+ui%$ &  mo/ successful political    
rul] ( our own "t does n inspire4       
,p]sons l ^!1 j because !y h d5i$       
!mselves :at seem  to o!rs ! good ?+s ( 
life & h ab&on$ ! competition  = !m1 h  

become ! true rul]s ( _! p & ! h]oes  ( 
humanity4 ,tru?1 happ9ess1 fre$om f fe> 
& c>e1 peace  ) oneself & ) all m51 !   
s9c]e respect & affection (  all1--"o   
w\ld ?9k t ^! might be recogniz$ z      
beyond a  d\bt ! good ?+s ( life1 comp>$
 ) :i* ! accumulation  ( weal?1 !       
increase ( honor1 & ! res\rces ( luxury 
h no  weight or significance4 ,inde$1 ! 
bless+s ( ! *ildr5 ( light  w\ld        
outweigh ! rew>ds ( worldly wisdom1 ev5 
if ^! rew>ds  c\ld be atta9$ ) c]ta9ty &
 )\t ! bitt]ness1 anxiety1  & rivalry   
:i* inevitably accompany !m4    ,la/ly1 
^! ideal possessions h ?is fur!r        
advantage1--t :5  atta9$1 !y are secure2
 & t !y are )9 any "o's p[] to  atta94  
,"o ne$ only desire !m s]i\sly & :olly1 
& cease f  a hesitat+ dep5d5ce on !     
wisdom & ! successes ( ?is _w1  & !n1 z 
_m witnesses w te/ify f _! own exp]i5ce1
 !  bless+s ( ! *ildr5 ( light are      
surely atta9$4 ,x may n be  ?r\gh "o    
ef=t4 ,inde$1 9 mo/ cases1 x only happ5s
 aft] "o or  m crises 9 "o's            

life--crises :i* are 9 fact n unlike    
dea?  itself1 & 9 :i* a man r5\nces all 
8 e>ly hopes4 ,9 su* a  crisis1 h[ev]1 !
 wor/ ( ! way ( light is pass$4 ,9      
ev]y?+  else x is a mu* easi] & m       
agreeable way ?an ! worldly way1  & "o  
is sure to meet mu* bett] company4      
,*ri/ has comp>$ 8 way ( life to ! be>+ 
( a yoke1 &  inde$ x always is a yoke2 b
 comp>$ ) o!r ways ( life1 x is  a mu*  
easi] & light] yoke4 ,t is ! te/imony ( 
all1 )\t  exception1 :o h ev] borne t   
yoke1 & n "o s+le p]son  has ev] be5    
f\nd :o1 at ! end ( su* a life1 :atev]  
may h  be5 its outw>d circum/ances1 has 
look$ back ^u x ) regret1 or  has       
confess$ t ! way ( ! _w 0 bett] &       
happi]4 ,on !  o!r h&1 h[ _m !re h be5  
s9ce ! days ( ,k+ ,solomon  :o h come to
 ! end ( a life :i*1 to ! wisdom ( ?is  
_w1  seem$ successful & free1 & h f\nd x
 only 8vanity ( vanities40    ,"o w\ld  
?9k t ?is s+le fact ( human exp]i5ce    
w\ld be  decisive4 ,x fails ( its effect
 only1 z we "k1 because ! l[]  wisdom   

)holds "o f t high] wisdom :i* v5tures !
 l>g]  ga9 = ! high] /ake4 ,yet1 ,i w n 
reproa* ^? :o foll[  ! l[] wisdom4 ,i   
simply leave x to ! read]'s own         
reflection to  decide :e!r1 on weigh+ ! 
case z he be/ c1 & consid]+  !          
conditions 9 :i* human life is ord9>ily 
plac$1 he w d  bett] to *oose ! l[] or !
 high] way4 ,=1 aft] all1 ! mo/  fooli% 
p are beyond "q ^? :o foll[ ?is         
pilgrimage (  life = sev5ty or eighty   
ye>s )\t ev] cle>ly decid+ :e!r  to     
*oose ! wisdom ( ?is _w or ! wisdom (   
light2 & to ?is  class ( fooli% p]sons1 
:o1 = ! mo/ "p1 accompli% no?+ 9  ! _w1 
belong1 curi\sly en\gh1 a v consid]able 
numb] ( :at  we call ! cultivat$ p ( our
 day4          ,v4 ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,hav+ 
,,"t          ,v4 ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,hav+  
,,"t      ,i h no "t1--t is n only ! mo/
 famili> & conv5i5t  excuse = n do+ "o's
 duty2 x is also1 "o mu/ confess1 !     
excuse :i* has 9 x ! greate/ appe>ance (
 tru?4 ,is x a good  excuse8 ,i mu/ at  
once admit t )9 c]ta9 limits ! excuse is

  reasonable1 b ,i %all try to %[ h[ x  
is t ?is lack ( "t  occurs1 & h[ "o may1
 at lea/ 9 "s degree1 f9d ! "t he  ne$s4
 ,?us my s]mon diff]s f ^? ( ! prea*]s1 
9 hav+1  n ?ree heads1 b only two4 ,?is 
,i say to propitiate ^? :o may  prote/ t
 !y h no "t = read+4    ,! mo/ imm$iate 
reason1 !n1 = lack ( "t is to be f\nd 9 
! "* ( ! pres5t age4 ,!re is j n[ a     
prevail+  re/lessness1 & a cont9u\s mood
 ( excitem5t1 f :i*1 unless  "o make    
himself a h]mit1 he _c :olly escape4 ,"o
 :o lives at  all 9 ^! days mu/ live    
fa/4 ,if "o c\ld obs]ve ! mod]n  _w z a 
bird might look d[n ^u x1 & at ! same "t
 c\ld  di/+ui% ! details ( its life1 he 
w\ld see b5ea? him a picture  l t ( a   
re/less & sw>m+ ant-hill1 :]e ev5 !     
railway  tra9s1 z !y cross & recross ea*
 o!r by night & day1 w\ld  be en\gh to  
bewild] 8 bra94 ,some?+ ( ?is bewild]m5t
 is1  9 fact1 felt by almo/ e "o :o is  
involv$ 9 ! movem5t (  ! "t4 ,!re are a 
great _m p :o h n ! lea/ idea  :y !y are
 ?us all day long 9 a hurry4 ,p ^:      

circum/ances  p]mit complete leisure are
 to be se5 ru%+ ?r\gh ! /reets1 or      
:irl+ away 9 a tra91 or cr[d+ out ( !   
!atre1 z if !re  7 await+ !m at home !  
mo/ s]i\s tasks4 ,! fact is t  !y simply
 yield to ! g5]al movem5t4 ,"o might be 
l$ to fancy  t ! mo/ preci\s & mo/      
unusual possession on e>? 0 !           
possession ( "t4 ,we say t "t is money1 
yet p :o h  pl5ty ( money seem to h no  
"t2 & ev5 ! p :o despise  money are     
con/antly admoni%+ u1 & our ov]-work$   
*ildr51  to rememb] ! ,apo/le's say+1 & 
8to r$eem ! "t40 ,?us !  mod]n _w seems 
pitiless 9 its exhortation to "w4 ,human
 be+s  are driv5 l horses until !y drop4
 ,_m lives are ru9$ by !  pace1 b !re   
are always m lives ready l horses to be 
driv54    ,yet ! results ( ?is re/less  
ha/e are 9 ! ma9 n conv9c+4  ,!re h be5 
p]iods 9 hi/ory :5 p1 )\t !  re/lessness
 & fatigue t n[ prevail1 accompli%$ f> m
 9  _m =ms ( human activity ?an m5      
a*ieve to-day4 ,:]e are we n[  to f9d a 
man l ,lu!r1 :o c\ld write 8 incomp>able

 translation  ( ! ,bible 9 an incr$ibly 
brief space ( "t1 & yet n break  d[n at 
! end ( ! task1 or be =c$ to sp5d mon?s 
or ye>s  9 recreation or vacation8 ,:]e 
are ! s*ol>s ^: works fill  ?\s&s (     
volumes1 or ! arti/s l ,mi*ael ,angelo &
 ,raphael1  :o c\ld be at once pa9t]s1  
ar*itects1 sculptors & poets8 ,:]e  %all
 we f9d a man l ,titian1 :o at n9ety    
ye>s ( age c\ld /ill  d 8 "w )\t !      
necessity ( retir+ ea* ye> to a summ]   
resort or sanit>ium8 ,! fact is t !     
n]v\s ha/e ( our day  _c be :olly       
expla9$ by assum+ t mod]n m5 d m "w1  or
 bett] "w1 ?an _! pr$ecessors4 ,x mu/ be
 possible to live1  if n )\t p]fect re/1
 /ill )\t ha/e1 & yet accompli%  some?+4
    ,! fir/ condition ( escape f ?is    
ineffective ha/e is1 beyond  d\bt1 !    
resolution n to be swept away by !      
prevail+ curr5t  ( ! age1 z ?\gh "o _h  
no w ( 8 own4 ,on ! contr>y1 "o  mu/    
oppose ?is curr5t & det]m9e to live z a 
free man1 & n  z a slave ei!r ( "w or ( 
pleasure4 ,our pres5t sy/em ( !         

organization ( labor makes ?is          
resolution f> f easy4 ,inde$1  our :ole 
mann] ( ?9k+ ab\t money-mak+ & our      
pa9/ak+  provision ( money = future     
g5]ations--our capitali/ sy/em1 9       
%ort--increase ! difficulty4 ,"h is !   
solemn backgr\nd ( our  pres5t "q1 ) :i*
 ,i d n propose to deal4 ,we may simply 
notice t ! problem ( ! use ( "t is      
closely involv$ )  ! problem ( t radical
 *ange :i* civilization itself mu/      
exp]i5ce be=e x rea*es a m equitable    
division ( labor & a  m equitable       
di/ribution ( prosp]ity4 ,s long z !re  
are p1  & especially educat$ p1 :o "w   
only :5 !y are =c$  to "w & = no o!r    
purpose ?an to free !mselves & _!       
*ildr5 z soon z possible f ! burd5 ( "w2
 s long z !re  are p :o pr\dly say3 8,je
 suis d'une famille o on n'avait pas  de
 plume qu'aux *apeaux10--s long mu/ !re 
be _m p :o h  too little "t simply      
because a few h too mu*4 ,all ?is1      
h[ev]1  is ( ! future4 ,! only practical
 problem = our own age is to  ma9ta9 a  

sort ( def5sive attitude t[>d our lack (
 "t1 & to  seek less radical ways (     
=tify+ ourselves4 ,let me enum]ate "s  (
 ^! ways4    ,! be/ way ( all to h "t is
 to h ! habit ( regul>  "w1 n to "w by  
fits & />ts1 b 9 def9ite h\rs ( !       
day1--?\gh n ( ! night1--& to "w six    
days 9 ! week1 n  five & n sev54 ,to    
turn night into day or ,sunday into a   
"w-day  is ! be/ way to h nei!r "t nor  
capacity = "w4 ,ev5  a vacation fails ( 
its purpose1 if x be giv5 to no         
occupation  :atev]4 ,i am n )\t hope t !
 "t may come :5 m$ical  sci5ce w        
positively demon/rate t regul> "w1      
especially  z "o gr[s old]1 is ! be/    
pres]vative bo? ( physical &            
intellectual heal?4 ,i may ev5 add = !  
sake ( wom5 among my  read]s1 t "h is ! 
be/ pres]vative ( beauty also4 ,idl5ess 
is inf9itely m we>isome ?an "w1 &       
induces also mu* m  n]v\sness2 = x      
weak5s t p[] ( resi/ance :i* is !       
f\ndation ( heal?4    ,"w1 x is true1   
may be excessive1 b ?is is mo/ obvi\sly 

!  case :5 "o c>es m = ! result ( 8 "w  
?an he does =  ! "w itself4 ,"u su*     
conditions1 x is peculi>ly difficult  to
 ex]cise mod]ation1 & z an anci5t prea*]
 rem>ks ) a  sigh3 8,"w is giv5 to e man
 accord+ to 8 p[]1 b 8  he>t _c abide by
 x40 ,9 su* cases1 h[ev]1 ,nature h]self
  has giv5 u a monitor 9 t physical     
fatigue :i* "w itself  produces4 ,"o ne$
 only take acc\nt ( su* fatigue1 & n    
*eat x  by /imulants1 & !n1 ev5 )\t mu* 
philosophiz+1 he w n  lack self-control4
    ,! habit ( regul> "w is fur!r       
greatly enc\rag$ by hav+ a  def9ite     
vocation :i* involves positive tasks &  
obligations4 ,?us  ! sociali/ic romances
 :i* draw a picture ( ! future ( !  _w  
are q ju/ifi$ :5 !y describe ! univ]sal 
organization  ( indu/ry "u ! =m ( an    
army1 = an army repres5ts t way  ( life 
9 :i* ord] & duty 9 "o's "w are mo/     
emphasiz$4  ,e ,swiss citiz5 kn[s t1 ) !
 exception ( occasional  excessive      
dem&s1 he has nev] be5 9 bett] heal? ?an
 :5 s]v+  8 t]m 9 ! army4 ,e h\r 9 ! day

 !n _h its regul> &  suffici5t task1 &  
no "o 0 call$ to consid] :e!r he desir$ 
to d ?+s or n to d !m1 :ile no "o _h "t 
to anticipate  ! tasks ( ! foll[+ day4  
,"h is ! mis=tune ( _m ri*  p 9 our     
day1--t !y h no def9ite vocation4 ,z !  
common  say+ has x1 8,!re is no #8mu/' =
 !m40 ,= _m su* p]sons1 a  specific     
bus9ess w\ld be a r$emption f !         
dilettantism :i* n[  ?reat5s _! peace ( 
m9d4 ,!y might well foll[ ! example (  t
 ,bav>ian pr9ce :o has und]tak5 !       
pr(ession ( an oculi/4 ,i  am ev5 incl9$
 to believe t "p ( ! movem5t t[>d !     
high]  education :i* is s conspicu\s    
among wom5 9 our day is simply !        
response to ?is dem& ( human nature = "s
 def9ite vocation4    ,ano!r "q mu*     
discuss$ 9 our "t conc]ns ! division (  
"o's work+ day4 ,9 great cities ) _! va/
 di/ances1 9 !  case ( unm>ri$ p]sons   
engag$ 9 m or less me*anical tasks1  & 9
 ! case ( all p :o reg>d _! "w z a burd5
 to be  ?r[n (f z soon z possible1 !re  
is "s advantage 9 work+  cont9u\sly &   

)\t int]ruption4 ,?is is :at we are 9 ! 
habit ( call+ ! ,engli% me?od4 ,x is    
nev] possible1 h[ev]1  to accompli% 9   
?is way s mu* intellectual "w ( a       
productive  "* z may be done "u ! ,swiss
 cu/om ( a pause at midday4  ,no "o c   
cont9u\sly1 or ev5 ) mom5t>y pauses1    
devote himself  = six or eight h\rs to  
"w ( an intellectual "*4 ,ev5 if  he    
all[ himself an h\r's int]val1 ! s5se ( 
/ra9 rema9s1  toge!r ) an abbreviation (
 "t = "w 9 ! aft]noon4  ,on ! o!r h&1 "u
 ! ,swiss cu/om1 x is p]fectly easy to  
"w = t5 or elev5 h\rs a day1--f\r 9 !   
morn+1 f\r 9  ! aft]noon1 & two or ?ree 
9 ! ev5+1 & few ( u c\ld  accompli% our 
"w 9 t eight-h\r day ( :i* we he> s mu*1
  al?\gh we h n ! honor ( be+ reckon$ z 
( ! class kn[n  z 8work+-p40    ,! next 
ess5tial po9t is n to h too mu* fuss9ess
 ab\t "o's  "w1 or1 9 o!r words1 n to   
p]mit oneself elaborate prep>ations  z  
to "t1 place1 surr\nd+s1 incl9ation1 or 
mood4 ,! incl9ation  to "w comes (      
itself :5 "o has begun 8 "w1 & x is ev5 

true t a k9d ( fatigue ) :i* "o (t5     
beg9s--unless1  inde$1 x has "s positive
 or physical cause--disappe>s z "o      
s]i\sly attacks 8 "w1 & does n simply1 z
 x 71 def5d  himself f x4      8,beg9 ) 
*e]fulness ?y task      ,nor ask h[ x   
may end1    ,f>!r ?an all t ?\ c\ld/ ask
      ,its issues surely t5d40    ,9    
%ort1 if "o p]mit himself habitually to 
/op & ask t  indol5t "p ( him :i* !     
,apo/le ,paul calls 8! old man0 :at  he 
w\ld l to d1 or w\ld pref] n to d1 8!   
old man0 is mo/  unlikely to vote =     
s]i\s "w1 b betakes himself to excell5t 
religi\s or moral advice4 ,! bad "p ( "o
 mu/ be =c$ to !  habit ( obey+1 )\t    
grumbl+1 ! 8categorical imp]ative0  ( ! 
bett] "p4 ,:5 "o has a*iev$ ?is am\nt ( 
soldi]ly  discipl9e 9 himself1 !n he is 
on ! "r pa?1 & until he has  rea*$ ?is  
po9t1 he has n f\nd 8 way4 ,"h he fir/  
le>ns  :e!r 8 life is sav$ or lo/4      
,sometimes a man proposes to himself  to
 collect 8 ?\ghts be=e he beg9s1 or to  
m$itate on ! "w  he is go+ to d4 ,9 mo/ 

cases1 ?is is m]ely an excuse = do+     
no?+1 & x is mo/ obvi\sly su* an excuse1
 :51 to enc\rage  ?is prelim9>y         
reflection1 a man lights 8 cig>4 ,9     
%ort1 "o's  be/ ideas come :ile he is   
work+1 & (t51 inde$1 :ile he is  work+  
on a :olly diff]5t topic4 ,a di/+ui%$   
mod]n prea*]  has rem>k$ ) orig9ality1  
?\gh n ) /rict accuracy1 t  !re is n a  
s+le case m5tion$ 9 ! ,bible 9 :i* an   
angel  appe>$ to a man :o 0 n at "w4    
,9 close connection ) ?is po9t %\ld be  
m5tion$ ! habit (  us+ fragm5ts ( "t4   
,_m p h no "t because !y always  want to
 h a l>ge am\nt ( un9t]rupt$ "t be=e !y 
set  !mselves to "w4 ,9 su* a plan !y   
are d\bly deceiv$4 ,on !  "o h&1 9 _m   
circum/ances ( life ^! prolong$ p]iods  
are  difficult to secure1 &1 on ! o!r   
h&1 ! p[] ( "w :i*  "o possesses is n s 
unlimit$ t x c cont9u\sly utilize  long 
/ret*es ( "t4 ,?is is peculi>ly true (  
su* intellectual  "w z is devot$ to     
productive ef=t4 ,( su* "w x may be said
  )\t exagg]ation t ! fir/ h\r1 or ev5 !

 fir/ half-h\r1  is ! mo/ fruitful4     
,dismiss+1 h[ev]1 ^! l>ge intellectual  
und]tak+s1 !re are to be f\nd 9         
connection ) e piece (  "w a great numb]
 ( subord9ate tasks ( prep>ation or     
arrangem5t  :i* are ( a me*anical       
nature1 & = ea* ( :i* a qu>t] ( an  h\r 
or s is suffici5t4 ,^! m9or matt]s1 if n
 dispos$ ( 9  small fragm5ts ( "t :i*   
w\ld o!rwise be wa/$1 w absorb  ! "t &  
p[] :i* %\ld be devot$ to "o's important
 task4 ,x  might1 inde$1 be reasonably  
ma9ta9$ t ! use ( ^! fragm5ts  ( "t1    
toge!r ) ! complete dismissal ( ! ?\ght1
 8,x is  n wor? :ile to beg9 to-day10   
acc\nts = half ( ! intellectual  results
 :i* "o atta9s4    ,ano!r important     
means = sav+ "t is ! habit ( *ang+ !    
k9d ( "w 9 :i* "o is engag$4 ,*ange is  
almo/ z re/ful  z complete re/1 & if "o 
acquire a c]ta9 degree ( skill 9  8 ways
 ( *ange1--a skill :i* comes f exp]i5ce 
r ?an  f !oriz+1--"o may c>ry on 8 "w = 
almo/ ! entire  day4 ,moreov]1 s f> z my
 exp]i5ce goes1 x is a mi/ake to plan  t

 "o piece ( "w %all be f9i%$ be=e ano!r 
is begun4  ,! judici\s c\rse1 on !      
contr>y1 is t :i* prevails among        
arti/s1 :o are (t5 engag$ on a :ole     
s]ies ( sket*es1 & turn1  accord+ to !  
mom5t>y incl9ation :i* ov]ma/]s !m1 fir/
 to  "o piece ( "w & !n to ano!r4 ,"h1  
too1 x may be rem>k$ is  an excell5t way
 ( ma9ta9+ "o's self-control4 ,! old    
,adam 9 u  (t5 p]suades ! bett] nature t
 he is n really lazy1 b is  simply n 9 !
 mood = a c]ta9 piece ( "w4 ,9 ?is /ate 
(  ?+s1 "o %\ld =?) say to himself3     
8,well1 if y d n feel  incl9$ to ?is    
piece ( "w1 take up ) ano!r40 ,!n "o w  
discov] :e!r ! difficulty is a          
dis9cl9ation to a special =m  ( "w1 to  
:i* "o might yield1 or a dis9cl9ation to
 d any "w  at all4 ,9 %ort1 "o mu/ n    
p]mit oneself to deceive oneself4       
,ano!r po9t to be consid]$ is ! habit ( 
work+ quickly1 n  giv+ too mu* c>e to   
outw>d =m1 b devot+ "o's ef=ts to  !    
cont5t ( ! task4 ,! exp]i5ce ( mo/      
work]s w be>  me out :5 ,i say t ! mo/  

pr(itable & effective tasks are  ^? :i* 
h be5 done quickly4 ,i am well aw>e t   
,horace  advises "o to take n9e ye>s = !
 p]fect+ ( v]ses2 b su*  scrupul\sness  
presupposes an excessive notion ( !     
quality ( "o's  "w4 ,?or\ghness is a v  
beautiful & necess>y trait1 9 s f>  z x 
conc]ns tru?1 = tru? _c be too ?or\ghly 
explor$2 b  !re is a spuri\s ?or\ghness 
:i* absorbs itself 9 all mann] (        
details & subord9ate que/ions :i* are n 
wor? inve/igat+1  or :i* _c be :olly    
kn[n4 ,?or\ghness ( ?is k9d is nev]     
satisfi$ ) itself4 ,x is sometimes      
mi/ak5 = great le>n+2  = to _m p le>n+  
is pr(\nd only :5 :olly deta*$ f        
practical usefulness1 or :5 an au?or1 = 
a :ole lifetime1 has  brood$ ov] "o     
book4    ,tru?1 :]ev] x may be s\ght1   
is1 z a rule1 s simple t x  (t5 does n  
look le>n$ en\gh4 ,p feel z if !y mu/   
add to x some?+ :i* is n ess5tial to !  
nature ( tru?1  9 ord] to give to tru? a
 respectable & academic look4 ,among    
le>n$ p1 x is (t5 ! case t "o mu/ fir/  

e>n 8  reputation by "s piece ( "w :i*  
is ( no use to himself or to  any "o    
else1 & 9 :i* he heaps toge!r ! hi!rto  
undiscov]$  rubbi% ( "s remote c5tury4  
,lassalle 0 able to write 8 fam\s  "w on
 ,h]akleitos )\t =feit+ 8 int]e/ 9 !    
affairs  ( mod]n life1 b !re are few    
au?ors ) ?is capacity =  practical      
conc]ns4 ,on ! contr>y1 _m au?ors 9 _!  
maid5  v5ture ( le>n$ "w n only h _!    
eyesight ru9$ by _!  rese>*es1 b lose _!
 inw>d vision1 :i* is a matt] ( mu*  m  
consequ5ce4 ,!y rea* ! goal ( _!        
ambition & become (  no fur!r use4    ,a
 fur!r way ( sav+ a deal ( "t is to d   
"o's "w & be  done ) x2 n to deal ) x1 t
 is to say1 9 a provisional  or         
prep>atory mann]4 ,?is k9d ( imm$iate   
?or\ghness is 9 our  day extremely r>e1 
& 9 my op9ion mu* ( ! blame %\ld be     
laid to ! newspap]s1 :i* accu/om p to   
sup]ficial surveys  ( tru?4 ,! editorial
 writ] says1 at ! close ( 8 article1    
8,we  %all return to ?is subject lat]02 
b 9 fact he nev] returns4 ,s  x is ) !  

mod]n read]4 ,if he wants to make use ( 
:at he has  read1 he has to beg9 ! read+
 ( x afre%4 ,8 skimm+ ( !  subject--z ! 
phrase is--has _h no result1 & s ! "t t 
he  has giv5 to skimm+ has be5 lo/4 ,?is
 is ! reason :y p  h s little ?or\gh k 9
 our day1 & :y1 ?\gh !y  h /udi$ a      
subject t5 times1 on ! elev5? occasion  
:5 !y  ne$ x1 !y mu/ /udy x aga94       
,inde$1 !re are p :o w\ld  be extremely 
glad if !y c\ld rememb] ev5 ! works (   
:i* !y  !mselves 7 ! au?ors4    ,) ?is  
po9t is obvi\sly connect$ ! ne$ (       
ord]l9ess & (  ! read+ ( orig9al        
au?orities4 ,! habit ( ord]l9ess saves  
"o  f ! ne$ ( hunt+ = mat]ial1 & ?is    
se>* = mat]ial is  n only1 z we all "k1 
a great wa/e ( "t1 b tempts u also to   
lose pleasure 9 our "w4 ,fur!r1         
ord]l9ess p]mits u to all[  "o subject  
to be =gott51 :ile we apply ourselves to
 ! next4 ,!  read+ ( orig9al s\rces1 on 
! o!r h&1 gives "o ! advantage  ( be+   
sure ( 8 mat]ial1 & ( hav+ 8 own judgm5t
 ab\t  x4 ,!re is ?is fur!r advantage1 t

 ! orig9al s\rces are 9  mo/ cases n    
only mu* brief]1 b mu* m int]e/+ & mu*  
easi] to rememb] ?an ! books t h be5    
writt5 ab\t !m4  ,second-h& k nev] gives
 ! c\rage & self-confid5ce :i*  "o gets 
f acqua9tance ) orig9al s\rces4 ,"o ( ! 
great  mi/akes ( mod]n s*ol>%ip1 z      
di/+ui%$ f t ( !  classic _w1 is--z     
,w9kelmann has po9t$ out--t our le>n+ 9 
s _m cases consi/s 9 kn[+ only :at o!r p
 h kn[n4    ,b1 aft] all1 we h n yet    
nam$ ! *ief elem5t 9 !  art ( hav+ "t4  
,x consi/s 9 bani%+ f "o's life all     
sup]fluities4 ,mu* :i* mod]n            
civilization reg>ds z ess5tial1  is1 9  
reality1 sup]flu\s1 & :ile ,i %all      
indicate sev]al ?+s  :i* appe> to me    
unnecess>y1 ,i %all be q cont5t to h my 
read] supplem5t !m by 8 own impressions4
 ,= in/ance1 "o  sup]fluity is be]4 ,x  
is sup]flu\s at any "t ( ! day &        
especially :5 drunk 9 ! morn+1 aft] !   
fa%ion made popul> by  ,pr9ce ,bism>ck4 
,p]haps ! greate/ contributors to wa/e (
 "t 9  ?is c5tury are ! brew]s1 & ! "t w

 come :5 p may  reg>d ! excessive dr9k+ 
( be] z !y n[ reg>d ! excessive  use (  
alcohol 9 o!r =ms4    ,i may "n z a     
second sup]fluity ! excessive read+ (   
newspap]s4  ,!re are 9 our day p :o     
reg>d !mselves z educat$1 & :o  yet read
 no?+ b newspap]s4 ,_! h\ses are built &
 furni%$  9 all possible--&             
impossible--/yles1 & yet y w f9d 9  !m  
h>dly a doz5 good books4 ,!y get _! :ole
 supply ( ideas  out ( ! newspap]s &    
magaz9es1 & ^! publications are m  & m  
design$ to meet ! ne$s ( su* p4 ,?is    
excessive1  or ev5 exclusive1 read+ (   
newspap]s is (t5 excus$ on acc\nt  ( our
 political int]e/s2 b "o has only to    
notice :at x is 9  ! newspap]s :i* p are
 mo/ anxi\s to read to arrive at a      
judgm5t :e!r ?is excuse is s\nd4 ,i may 
add t ! "t ( day  d$icat$ to ! newspap] 
is by no means unimportant4 ,p1 =       
in/ance1 :o devote _! fir/ h\r 9 ! morn+
 to ! read+ (  "o or two newspap]s lose 
!reby ! fre%e/ int]e/ 9 _! day's  "w4   
,ano!r sup]fluity is ! excessive go+ to 

meet+s4 ,a man :o is  mu* devot$ to su* 
ga!r+s c sc>cely f9d "t = s]i\s  "w4    
,inde$1 x is n necess>y = him to d      
indep5d5t "w2 =  he has sub/itut$ = 8   
own judgm5t ! judgm5t ( ! cr[d1 &  !    
cr[d c>ries him on its %\ld]s4 ,a great 
wa/e ( "t occurs1  fur!r1 among "o class
 ( p at ! pres5t "t1 ?r\gh a  pret5d$   
devotion to art4 ,i d n ref] to art     
practis$ by oneself1  b to art z        
passively accept$2 & ,i %\ld p]haps make
 exception  9 :at ,i say1 ( ! art (     
music4 ,9 o!r =ms ( art _m p]sons  p]mit
 ^? impulses :i* %\ld h /irr$ !m to     
idealism1  & to responsiv5ess t[>d !    
beautiful1 to evaporate 9 /hetic        
satisfactions4 ,_m wom51 to speak       
frankly1 are educat$ to acquire  m]e    
arti/ic appreciation2 & !y _c1 )\t sev]e
 /ruggles  & aga9/ great h9drances1 f9d 
! way back f ?is mood to any  pr(itable 
& spiritually satisfy+ "w4    ,ano!r    
sup]fluity is ! devotion to social      
duties & ! :ole  purposeless sy/em (    
mak+ 8calls40 ,^! habits are ! m]e %ad[s

  ( g5u9e fri5d%ip1 & ( ! intellectual  
/imulus ?r\gh  p]sonal int]c\rse :i* !y 
7 orig9ally int5d$ to express4 ,i  ne$ n
 speak ( sup]flu\s amusem5ts4 ,! !atre1 
= in/ance1  to accompli% its legitimate 
aim ne$s s fundam5tal a re=m t  !re w\ld
 be really no?+ left ( its pres5t       
me?ods4 ,f9ally1  & ( q ano!r category  
among ! elem5ts ( culture 9 our  "t1 ,i 
may "n z sup]flu\s ! sup]ficial & popul>
 products  ( mat]ialism1 & ) ^! ! debas+
 ,fr5* novels & dramas  ( ! day4 ,p ( ! 
educat$ class 9 our "t1 & especially  p 
( ! academic circle1 ought to h ! c\rage
 to say (  su* lit]ature3 8,we "k no?+  
ab\t x40 ,!n p]haps "o might  h "t to   
read some?+ ea* day :i* 0 s]i\s &       
educative2  some?+ t t5d$ to /r5g!n !   
m9d & to br+ "o into real  contact ) !  
intellectual movem5t ( ! age4    ,& n[1 
le/ !re %\ld be compla9t ( "t wa/$ on   
su* read+  z ?is1 ,i %all add b two o!r 
po9ts4 ,"o ( ^!1 /at$ by  ,ro!1 is !    
advice t x is mo/ desirable n to take up
 "o's  "t ) ! details ( "o's bus9ess    

affairs4 ,ev5 if ?is is n  altoge!r     
possible1 "o may1 if he wi% x1 greatly  
r$uce ! c>e (  details ( adm9i/ration1 &
 live 9 a _w ( l>g] & happi]  ?\ghts4 ,!
 o!r po9t1 :i* has ev5 m practical      
significance1  is ?is3 ,limit y\rself to
 t :i* y really "k & :i* has  be5       
especially committ$ to y\r c>e4 ,= y\r  
special task y w  almo/ always h "t     
en\gh4 ,an ,old ,te/am5t say+ /ates x   
ev5  m pla9ly3 8,he t tille? 8 l& %all h
 pl5ty ( bread3 b  he t foll[e? aft] va9
 p]sons %all h pov]ty en\gh40 ,z  to !  
?+s :i* d n conc]n "o's special call+1 b
 :i*  h a c]ta9 significance 9 ! _w & a 
c]ta9 importance =  culture1 x may be   
necess>y = "o1 once 9 8 life1 to acquire
 a  sup]ficial survey ( !m by a glance  
at ! be/ orig9al s\rces4  ,"o %\ld      
!reaft] leave ^! matt]s alone & n conc]n
 himself  ) !m fur!r4    ,f9ally1 9 ?is 
enum]ation ( ! ?+s :i* wa/e "o's "t1  ,i
 may add t "o mu/ n p]mit himself to be 
ov]burd5$ )  sup]flu\s tasks4 ,!re are 9
 our day an inf9ite numb] (             

^!1--correspond5ce1 committees1 reports1
 & n ! lea/1  lectures4 ,all ( !m take  
"t1 & x is extremely probable t  no?+ w 
come ( !m4 ,:5 ! ,apo/le ,paul 0        
address+ !  ,a!nians1 he rem>k$ t !y did
 no?+ else ?an to he> "s new  ?+4 ,x 0 n
 ! s]i\s "p ( 8 address1 or its         
spiritual  quick5+1 to :i* !y gave _!   
att5tion1 x 0 its novelty2 &  ! outcome 
( 8 s]mon 0 simply t "s mock$1 & ! mo/  
fri5dly said ) patroniz+ k9dness3 8,we w
 he> !e aga9 (  ?is matt]40 ,inde$1 !   
report] ( ! incid5t f9ds x necess>y  to 
m5tion expressly1 t "o memb] ( ! ,a!nian
 ,city-,c\ncil  & "o woman 9 ! audi5ce  
receiv$ "s la/+ good f !  ,apo/le's     
address4 ,h[ is x1 let me ask y1 )      
y\rselves8 ,h  ! lectures :i* y h he>d  
be5 to y 9 any way positive  influ5ces (
 insight & decision1 or h !y be5 m]ely !
  evid5ces ( ! speak]'s erudition8      
,su* are ! ways :i* 9 our pres5t social 
conditions are op5 to  any "o to use =  
sav+ "t4 ,i mu/ add1 h[ev]1 t if "o     
tries  to use ^! ways ( sav+ "t1 he w   

make ano!r discov]y4 ,=  "o ( ! mo/     
ess5tial elem5ts ( su* happ9ess z we c  
rea* on  e>? lies 9 n hav+ too mu* "t4  
,! va/ly great] proportion  ( human     
happ9ess consi/s 9 cont9u\s &           
progressive "w1 )  ! bless+ :i* is giv5 
to "w & :i* 9 ! end makes "w  itself a  
pleasure4 ,! _s ( man is nev] m *e]ful  
?an :5  x has discov]$ its prop] "w4    
,make ?is discov]y1 fir/ ( all1  if y   
wi% to be happy4 ,mo/ ( ! wrecks ( human
 life are caus$ by  hav+ ei!r no "w1 or 
too little "w1 or uncong5ial "w2 & !    
human he>t1 :i* is s easily agitat$1    
nev] beats m peacefully  ?an 9 ! natural
 activity ( vigor\s1 yet satisfy+1 "w4  
,only  "o mu/ gu>d aga9/ mak+ ( "w an   
idol1 in/ead ( s]v+  ,god ?r\gh "o's "w4
 ,^? :o =get ?is la/ di/9ction f9d      
!mselves 9 lat] life doom$ to           
intellectual or physical pro/ration4    
,!re are1 !n1 b two possessions :i* may 
be atta9$ by p]sons  ( e condition1 :i* 
nev] des]t "o ?r\gh life1 & are a       
con/ant consolation 9 mis=tune4 ,^! are 

"w & love4 ,^? :o  %ut ^! bless+s out ( 
life commit a great] s9 ?an suicide4    
,!y d n ev5 "k :at x is t !y ?r[ away4  
,re/ )\t  "w is a ?+ :i* 9 ?is life "o  
_c endure4 ,! be/ bless+  :i* c be      
promis$ is t la/ bless+ ( ,moses = ,a%]3
 8,?y  %oes %all be iron & brass2 & z ?y
 days1 s %all ?y /r5g?  be40 ,bett] ?an 
?is "o %\ld n desire1 & if "o has ?is he
  %\ld be ?ankful4 ,yet1 x mu/ be add$1 
?is cont5t$ness 9  cont9u\s "w is       
possible only :5 "o ab&ons ambition2 =  
ambition is always mo/ deeply anxi\s n  
to d "w1 b z soon z  possible to get !  
result ( "w1 ev5 if t result is         
illusive4  ,ambition is ! ,molo* ( our  
"t1 to :om we feel b\nd to sacrifice    
ev5 our own *ildr51 & :o1 m ?an all o!r 
foes1 de/roys !  bodies & ! s\ls ( y\?4 
,if1 /ill fur!r1 "o commit himself1 z is
 s (t5 ! case1 to  t philosophy (       
mat]ialism 9 :i* ?is brief life is ! end
 (  opportunity1 s t b a few ye>s are   
ours = ! accompli%m5t  ( all :i* !      
pitiless & endless /ruggle = exi/5ce & !

  survival ( ! fitte/ p]mit1 !n !re is  
an end ( all re/fulness  & bless$ness 9 
"w4 ,"u su* a view1 "t is inde$ too     
%ort1  & e art is inde$ too long4 ,!    
true _s ( "w1 :i* has  no "t =          
sup]fluities1 b "t en\gh = :at is "r &  
true1 gr[s be/ 9 ! soil ( t philosophy  
:i* sees "o's "w  ext5d+ into ! inf9ite 
_w1 & "o's life on e>? z b "o  "p ( life
 itself4 ,!n "o gets /r5g? to d 8 highe/
 tasks1  & pati5ce among ! grave        
difficulties & h9drances :i* confront   
him bo? )9 himself & 9 ! times 9 :i* he 
lives4 ,"o is  calmly indiff]5t to mu*  
:i* 9 ! sight ( ?is _w alone  may seem  
important1 b :i*1 se5 9 ! light (       
et]nity1 loses  significance4 ,?is is ! 
mean+ ( t beautiful say+ ( !  philosoph]
 ( ,grlitz1 :i* br+s to our tr\bl$ "t   
its message  ( com=t3      8,he :o1 :ile
 "h1 lives ! et]nal life    ,is ?r\gh   
et]nity set free f /rife40#c            
,,vi4 ,,happ9ess          ,,vi4         
,,happ9ess      ,:atev] ! philosoph]s   
may say1 x rema9s true t1 f ! fir/  h\r 

( man's wak+ consci\sness until t       
consci\sness ceases1  8 mo/ ard5t desire
 is to be happy1 & t ! mom5t ( 8        
pr(\nde/ regret is :5 he becomes conv9c$
 t on ?is e>?  p]fect happ9ess _c be    
f\nd4 ,"h is ! problem :i* gives to  !  
v>i\s ages ( human hi/ory _! special    
*>act]s4 ,bli! are  ^? ages :5 "y &     
progressive nations /ill hope =         
happ9ess1  or :5 m5 believe t 9 "s new  
=mula ( philosophy1 or (  religion1 or  
p]haps 9 "s new indu/rial programme1 !  
secret (  human happ9ess has at la/ be5 
f\nd4 ,gloomy are ^? ages 9 :i*1  z 9   
our "t1 great masses ( p are burd5$ ) ! 
conviction  t all ^! famili> =mulas h   
be5 illusions1 & :5 p]sons  ( ! ke5e/   
insight say--z !y are n[ say+--t ! v ^w 
happ9ess has 9 x a note ( melan*oly4 ,no
 soon]1 we are told1 does  "o speak (   
happ9ess ?an x flees f him4 ,9 its v    
nature x  lies beyond ! sph]e (         
practical realization4    ,i d n %>e ?is
 op9ion4 ,i believe t happ9ess c be     
f\nd4  ,if ,i ?\ght o!rwise1 ,i %\ld be 

sil5t & n make unhapp9ess  ! m bitt] by 
discuss+ x4 ,x is1 inde$1 true t ^? :o  
talk ( happ9ess utt] !re) a sigh1 z if  
!re 7 d\bt  :e!r happ9ess c\ld be       
atta9$4 ,x is /ill fur!r true t         
irrational views ( happ9ess seem to be =
 ! pres5t =c$ ^u  u4 ,only ?r\gh ^!     
imp]fect views c individuals or         
communities  approa* t degree (         
spiritual & mat]ial developm5t :i* is ! 
necess>y f\ndation = real happ9ess4     
,& "h our "q seems to involve a s]i\s   
contradiction4 ,= we  h1 fir/ ( all1 to 
le>n f our own exp]i5ce mu* t does n    
br+ u happ9ess4 ,ea* 9 8 own way mu/    
pass1 ) ! greate/ (  all poets1 ?r\gh ! 
8=e/ d>k0 to ! 8city dol5t10 & climb  ! 
/eep pa? ( ! 8,holy ,m\nta910 be=e he   
may le>n h[      8,t apple sweet1 :i*   
?r\gh s _m bran*es    ,! c>e ( mortals  
goe? 9 pursuit (1    ,to-day %all put 9 
peace ?y hung]+s40#d    ,all ?is is to  
be atta9$1 n ?r\gh in/ruction1 b ?r\gh  
exp]i5ce4 ,x is a pa?1 & especially !   
latt] "p ( x1 :i*  ea* mu/ walk alone4  

,no visible help is on any side1 & z "o 
meets  ea* ( ^? ob/acles :i* 9 8 own    
/r5g? p]haps he c\ld n  ov]come1 he is  
upborne by t      8444 eagle 9 ! sky1 ) 
plumes ( gold1    ,) w+s wide op51 &    
int5t to /oop1             99       99  
99       99       99      ,!n :eel+     
some:at m1 x seem$ to me1    ,t]rible z 
! lightn+ he desc5d$1    ,& snat*$ me   
upw>d ev5 to ! fire40#e    ,?us !       
sugge/ions :i* n[ foll[ conc]n !mselves 
m]ely )  ! _m mislead+ ways :i* purport 
to lead t[>d happ9ess1 &  9 :i* ea* new 
g5]ation 9 its re/less long+ is tempt$  
to g  a/ray4    ,! pa?s by :i* p j\rney 
t[>d happ9ess lie 9 "p ?r\gh  ! _w ab\t 
!m & 9 "p ?r\gh ! exp]i5ce ( _! s\ls4   
,on ! "o h&1 !re is ! happ9ess :i* comes
 f weal?1 honor1  ! enjoym5t ( life1 f  
heal?1 culture1 sci5ce1 or art2 &1 on  !
 o!r h&1 !re is ! happ9ess :i* is to be 
f\nd 9 a good  consci5ce1 9 virtue1 "w1 
philan?ropy1 religion1 devotion to great
  ideas & great de$s4    ,! outw>d ways 
to happ9ess are1 h[ev]1 all1 9 "o       

respect1  disappo9t+4 ,!y are n pa?s :i*
 are possible = e "o  to foll[1 & !re=e1
 = _m _c lead to happ9ess4 ,/ill  fur!r1
 ! possession ( good ?+s :i* o!rs d n   
possess  _c b br+ ) x to any noble s\l  
"s tw+e ( consci5ce4  ,"o :o enjoys ^!  
outw>d bless+s1 & recalls ! millions (  
human be+s by 8 side :o are p]i%+ = lack
 ( !m1 mu/ be  ei!r ?or\ghly selfi% or  
pr(\ndly unhappy4 ,x is ( su* p]sons  t 
,jesus is ?9k+ :5 he speaks ( !         
8unrighte\s ,mammon10 &  ev5 goes on to 
say3 8,h[ h>dly %all !y t h ri*es ent]  
into  ! k+dom40 ,no man1 t is to say1 c 
atta9 to ,*ri/ian happ9ess  :o atta9s   
di/9ction at ! co/ ( o!rs4 8,"o t is    
pr\d 9  he>t10 says ! ,book ( ,prov]bs1 
8is an abom9ation to ! ,"l40    ,?us x 0
 t ,francis ( ,assisi1 & _m a sa9t be=e 
&  aft] him1 resolv$1 at any price1 to  
break ! *a9s ( worldly  possessions4 ,x 
0 a logical resolution4 ,weal? is !     
grave/ (  ob/acles to ! spiritual life1 
& few m5 are :olly free f its           
solicitations or slav]y4 ,! possession &

 adm9i/ration ( a l>ge  prop]ty1 &1     
inde$1 e position ( exceptional honor & 
p[]1  induce ) almo/ absolute c]ta9ty a 
h>d5+ ( ! disposition  :i* is ! v       
opposite ( happ9ess4 ,"o %udd]s z he    
obs]ves  h[ dull life seems to t        
spiritless ?rong :i* 9 ev]-increas+     
numb]s visits ea* ye> ! ,swiss m\nta9s  
to escape ! empt9ess (  _! prosp]\s     
lives4    ,su* is ! result ( ^! ext]nal 
ways ( seek+ happ9ess4 ,b we  d n f>e   
mu* bett] :5 we turn to t =m ( happ9ess 
:i*  lays claim to a nobl] & a spiritual
 s\rce1--! happ9ess ( !  /hetic life4 ,=
 ! b\nd>ies betwe5 ?is =m ( happ9ess &  
t ( m]e mat]ialism are by no means easy 
to def9e4 /hetic  enjoym5t (t5 passes   
ov] into m]e s5sualism1 z ,goe!1 ! great
  model ( /hetic int]e/1 has prov$ to u 
bo? 9 8 poetry--z  9 ! case ( ,fau/--& 9
 8 own life4 ,inde$1 ! new s*ool (      
/heticism runs grave risk ( int]pret+   
mu* 9 t]ms ( art :i*  is 9 fact m]e     
mat]ialism4 ,^? :o ?us seek happ9ess    
%\ld  recall ! say+ ( _! illu/ri\s      

pr$ecessor1 :o possess$ 9  an           
extraord9>y degree ! capacity to atta9  
:atev] happ9ess 9  life /heticism _h to 
(f]4 8,:5 all is said10 rem>ks ,goe!1   
8my  life has be5 no?+ b c>e & "w4 ,i c 
ev5 say t 9 my  sev5ty-five ye>s1 ,i h n
 _h f\r weeks ( real happ9ess4 ,x  has  
be5 a cont9u\s roll+ up hill ( a /one   
:i* mu/ ev] be  pu%$ aga9 f ! bottom40  
,f\r weeks ( happ9ess 9 sev5ty-five     
ye>s6 ,?is man ( art decl>es t 9 8 view 
life is no?+ else  ?an mis]y6 ,!re is   
h>dly an hone/ day-labor] :o at ! end ( 
8 life1 full z x may h be5 ( g5u9e      
tr\bles1 c\ld give s  poor an acc\nt (  
himself4    ,! fact is1 !n1 t human     
nature seems obvi\sly n int5d$ =  ?is   
k9d ( happ9ess4 ,life is made =         
activity2 & ?is k9d (  receptive        
enjoym5t1 ev5 9 its highe/ =ms1 is      
design$ m]ely  to give flavor & *ange to
 life1 & to be sp>+ly us$2 s t  ^? :o   
give !mselves too confid5tly to su*     
enjoym5t bitt]ly  deceive !mselves4     
,g5u9e happ9ess _c be arbitr>ily        

produc$4  ,x issues f ob$i5ce to a g5u9e
 dem& ( human nature1 & f  intellig5t   
activity naturally employ$4 ,"h is !    
rational basis  ( t fai? 9 human        
equality & t cont5tm5t ) ! simple  joys 
( life1 9 :i* p to-day believe mu* too  
little1 & :i*  a:ile ago p prais$ )     
p]haps exagg]at$ s5tim5t4    ,/ill      
fur!r1 z reg>ds su* /hetic enjoym5t1 x  
is to be  obs]v$ t ! level ( /hetic     
judgm5ts 9 lit]ature & art  is n[ s     
visibly s9k+ t ^! res\rces _c long      
satisfy  m9ds t c be call$ educat$1 or  
nations t c be call$  progressive4 ,! "t
 may soon come :5 p w we>y ( ?is        
8effloresc5ce0 ( sci5ce1 lit]ature1 &   
art2 & may ev5 wi%  to ex*ange x = a    
ta/e ( heal?y b>b>ism4 ,! ,au/rian poet 
,rosegg] has ?us describ$ a n impossible
 future3 8,we already  see ea* ye> a    
great migration ( p pass+ f ! cities  to
 ! c\ntry & ! m\nta9s1 & n until !      
leaves are  t\*$ ) autumn color return+ 
to ! city walls4 ,! "t w  come1 h[ev]1  
:5 prosp]\s city-folk w betake !mselves 

p]man5tly to c\ntry life2 & :5 ! "w-p ( 
! city  w migrate to ! wild]ness &      
subdue x4 ,!y w ab&on !  se>* = book-k1 
!y w f9d _! pleasure & r5ewal  9        
physical "w1 !y w make laws "u :i* an   
indep5d5t &  self-respect+ livelihood w 
be ensur$ to c\ntry-dwell]s2 & !  notion
 ( an ignorant peasantry w disappe>40   
,h[ev] ?is may be1  x is at lea/ c]ta9 t
 we are approa*+ a p]iod m>k$ by a      
return to nature1 & by a ta/e =         
simplicity1 su* z exi/$ at !  end ( !   
la/ c5tury1 :5 ,m>ie ,anto9ette play$   
%eph]dess )  h] c\rti]s at ! ,trianon4  
,x is a simplicity :i* is c>icatur$  by 
! luxuri\s folk :o p>ade ea* summ] ?r\gh
 ,switz]l&  9 m\nta9 dresses & spik$    
%oes1 & attempt an intimacy )  ! life ( 
nature4 ,ev5 ^! folk1 /range z is _!    
attire &  laughable z is _! mimicry ( ! 
life ( peasants & m\nta9e]s1  f9d       
!mselves z happy z _! conv5tional lives 
p]mit4    ,"o o!r ext]nal notion (      
happ9ess may be dealt ) 9 a ^w4 ,x  is !
 happ9ess :i* is s\ght 9 fre$om f c>e4  

,su* happ9ess  is an ideal = ^? only :o 
h nev] _h ! exp]i5ce ( su*  fre$om4 ,= !
 fact is t ?r\gh our c>es1 :5 n         
excessive1  & ?r\gh our victory ov]     
c>es1 comes ! mo/ ess5tial "p (  human  
happ9ess4 ,c>es ( a reasonable nature d 
n con/itute :at we  call c>e4 ,_m a life
 ( ! wide/ exp]i5ce w\ld te/ify t !  mo/
 un5durable exp]i5ce is to be f\nd1 n 9 
a s]ies ( /ormy  days1 b 9 a s]ies (    
cl\dless ones4    ,i pass1 !n1 f ^? :o  
seek = happ9ess 9 mat]ial &  outw>d     
conditions to ^? m rational inquir]s :o 
seek x 9 !  spiritual life4 ,^! p]sons  
expect t happ9ess w be secur$  9 ! do+ (
 _! duty1 9 a good consci5ce1 9 p]sonal 
"w (  public good1 9 patriotism1 or     
*>ity1 or "s =m ( philan?ropy1  or      
p]haps 9 con=mity to ! tea*+s ( _!      
,*ur*4 ,& yet1 a  v consid]able "p ( !  
drift to pessimism :i* "o obs]ves 9  our
 day comes ( ! exp]i5ce t no "o ( ^!    
ways leads surely  to happ9ess1 or1 at  
lea/1 t "o does n get 9 su* ways !      
happ9ess = :i* he hop$4 ,inde$1 x is    

p]haps /ill fur!r true  t a great "p ( !
 reckless 8,realism10 n[ s preval5t     
among u1  comes n ( ! conviction t x w  
make "o happy1 b only (  ! despair (    
f9d+ any o!r way ( happ9ess4 ,= if x be 
true  t nei!r our "w1 nor :at we call   
our virtues1 c br+ peace  to ! s\l2 if  
outw>d activity1 & *>ity1 & patriotism1 
are b  a mock]y ( happ9ess2 if religion 
is = ! mo/ "p only a =m  or a phrase1   
)\t objective c]ta9ty2 if all is ?us b  
vanity (  vanities1 !n inde$3 8,let u   
eat & dr9k1 = to-morr[ we die40    ,i d 
n jo9 9 ! condemnation ) :i* ! morali/s 
usually  meet ?is view ( life4 ,i d5y   
only ! conclusions :i* are drawn  f su* 
a view4 ,i recognize ! hone/ purpose (  
^! mod]n  philosoph]s4 ,!y repres5t1 at 
lea/1 a s9c]e love ( tru?2 !y  are      
ho/ile to all m]e phrases4 ,! _s ( !    
mod]n _w looks  = a happ9ess :i* is n   
m]e philosophical composure1 b :i*  has 
objective results4 ,x dem&s a k9d (     
cont5tm5t 9 :i*  e human be+ may h a    
%>e4 ,9 all ?is1 ! _s ( !  age is :olly 

"r1 & ?is dem& = objective happ9ess :i* 
x  utt]s is a note :i* has n be5 he>d = 
two ?\s& ye>s4 ,i1  too1 desire         
happ9ess2 b ,i "k t "o :o w\ld f9d ! way
 to  happ9ess mu/1 fir/ ( all1 & )\t    
hesitation1 ?r[ ov]bo>d  all ! false    
idols :i* h tempt$ him to wor%ip !m4 ,z 
he  dismisses ! prejudices :i* bir?1 or 
circum/ances1 or habits1 h  creat$1 he  
takes "o /ep aft] ano!r t[>d true       
happ9ess4 ,z !  ,emp]or ,maximilian (   
,mexico1 "o ( ! lea/ =tunate p]sons (   
our  day1 rightly said3 8,! ab&on+ ( an 
untru?1 or ( a prejudice1  br+s ) x =?) 
a s5sation ( joy40 ,"h1 !n1 is our guide
  along ?is d>k5$ road1 :i* )\t "s su*  
guidance we c\ld n  f9d at all4      8,!
 happy life lies /raight be=e our       
eyes1--    ,we see x1 b we "k n h[ to   
prize40    ,fir/ ( all1 !n1 we mu/ admit
 t happ9ess does n consi/ 9  ! s5se (   
virtue alone4 ,?is idol ( !             
incorruptible ,robespi]re  w n s]ve u4  
,= virtue 9 its complet5ess dwells 9 no 
human  he>t4 ,"o mu/ h b a meagre       

conception ( virtue1 or else a v  limit$
 intellectual capacity1 :o f9ds himself 
always self-cont5t$4  ,ev5 ! va9e/ ( m5 
are n 9 reality cont5t$2 _! vanity      
itself is 9 l>ge degree only a s5se (   
unc]ta9ty ab\t _!  wor?1 s t !y ne$ !   
con/ant endorsem5t ( o!rs to satisfy    
!m4 ,! maxim says t a good consci5ce    
makes a s(t pill[1 &  he :o has ?is     
unfail+ s5se ( duty done no d\bt has    
happ9ess2  b ,i h n1 z yet1 fall5 9 )   
su* a man4 ,my impression is  t !re is n
 "o ( u :o has ev]1 ev5 = a s+le day1   
done  8 :ole duty4 ,beyond ?is1 ,i ne$ n
 g4 ,if "o ( my read]s says  to me3 8,i 
am ! man :o has ?us done 8 duty10--well1
 he may be  q "r1 b ,i d n c>e = t man's
 ne>] acqua9tance4  ,! f>!r a man       
advances 9 ! do+ ( 8 duty1 s mu* ! m  8 
consci5ce & p]ception gr[ ref9$4 ,!     
circle ( 8 duties  wid5s cont9ually be=e
 him1 s t he und]/&s ! ,apo/le ,paul1   
:51 ) p]fect s9c]ity1 & )\t false       
humility1 he speaks (  himself z ! 8*ief
 ( s9n]s40    ,are1 !n1 ,i ask aga91    

philan?ropy & ! good de$s--public &     
private--:i* x sugge/s1 ! secret (      
happ9ess8 ,love is a great  ^w1 & !     
,apo/le is altoge!r ju/ifi$ :5 9 !      
famili>  passage ( 8 lett]s he says t   
among ! _m ?+s :i* p]i%1  love abides4  
,b :5 9 ! same passage he says t x is   
possible  to speak ) ! tongues ( angels1
 & give all "o's goods to fe$  ! poor1 &
 ev5 give "o's body to be burn$1 & yet n
 h  love1--!n we compreh5d )\t fur!r    
explanation :at he means by  love4 ,=   
love is a "p ( ,god's own be+1 :i* does 
n orig9ate  9 ! he>ts ( m54 ,"o :o      
possesses x kn[s well en\gh t x  is n 8 
own4 ,ev5 ! pale human reflection ( ?is 
,div9e love  br+s happ9ess1 b x is a    
tempor>y happ9ess2 & always )  ! p]il\s 
unc]ta9ty ( a love :i* anticipates      
return1 s t  ! happ9ess dep5ds ^u ! w ( 
o!rs4 ,he1 !n1 :o yields  8 he>t        
absolutely to o!rs1 & /akes 8 happ9ess  
on _!  affection1 may "s day f9d !      
t]rible words ( ! ,jewi% prophet  true3 
8,curs$ be ! man t tru/e? 9 man1 & make?

 fle% 8  arm1 & ^: he>t dep>te? f !     
,"l40 ,all ?is may be "o day  a         
spiritual exp]i5ce1 :i* may conv]t 8    
love into hate4 ,t  apo!osis ( hate :i* 
m>ks ! talk ( _m a social agitator 9    
our day is b ! evid5ce ( ^? bitt]       
disillusions ( affection  :i* millions h
 be5 call$ to feel4    ,is1 !n1 happ9ess
 to be f\nd 9 "w8 ,"w is c]ta9ly "o     
great  factor ( human happ9ess--inde$1 9
 "o s5se1 ! greate/2 =  )\t "w all      
happ9ess :i* is n m]e intoxication is   
absolutely  d5i$4 ,9 ord] to get !      
capacity = happ9ess1 "o mu/ obey !      
comm&s3 8,six days %alt ?\ labor10 & 8,9
 ! sweat ( ?y face  %alt ?\ eat bread40 
,( all seek]s = happ9ess1 ! mo/ fooli%  
are ^? :o evade ^! two conditions4 ,)\t 
"w no man c be  happy4 ,9 ?is negative  
/atem5t ! say+ is absolutely true4 ,&   
yet1 x is a great] error to suppose t "w
 is 9 itself happ9ess1  or to believe t 
e "w leads to happ9ess4 ,x is n alone   
our  imag9ation t pictures ano!r ideal1 
s t "o c h>dly imag9e  a heav51 or an   

e>?ly p>adise1 z devot$ to unremitt+ "w2
 x  is also true--& x is mu* m to be    
rememb]$--t only a fool  c be :olly     
cont5t$ ) ! "w t he does4 ,"o might ev5 
say  t ! wise/ see mo/ cle>ly !         
incomplet5ess ( _! "w1 s  t n "o ( !m   
has be5 able1 at ! end ( 8 day's "w1 to 
say ( x3 8,behold1 x is v good40 ,?is   
m]e praise ( "w1 !n1  is1 = ! mo/ "p1   
only a sort ( a spur1 or :ip1 ) :i* "o  
urges himself1 or o!rs1 to ! tasks (    
life2 s t ev5 ^?  :o take pride 9       
describ+ !mselves z 8work+-p0 are mu*   
conc]n$ to r$uce z f> z possible _!     
work+ day4 ,if "w 7  ess5tially ! same z
 happ9ess1 ^! p w\ld be seek+ to        
prolong z mu* z possible ! h\rs ( "w4   
,( all seek]s = happ9ess1 h[ev]1 ! mo/  
extraord9>y are ^?  :o look = x 9 !     
philosophy ( pessimism2 yet ( ^! !re    
are n a few1 & by no means ( ! bas]     
sort4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1  almo/ always     
associat$ ) ! cre$ ( pessimism a c]ta9  
false  impression ( "o's own importance4
 ,x has an appe>ance ( magnanimity  to  

?r[ ov]bo>d all "o's hopes1 & to believe
 t ev]y?+1  oneself includ$1 is bad4 ,= 
?is1 at lea/1 is true1 t if all are     
bad1 he :o sees t x is s1 & admits x1   
is1 aft] all1 ! lea/  bad2 & if he is   
s9c]ely cont5t$ t o!rs %\ld reg>d him z 
bad1 he may be n f> f ! way to some?+   
bett]4 ,yet1 pessimism  z a p]man5t     
habit ( m9d is1 = ! mo/ "p1 only a      
mantle (  philosophy ?r\gh :i*1 :5 x is 
?r[n back1 !re looks out !  face (      
vanity2--a vanity :i* is nev] satisfi$ &
 :i* )holds  "o =ev] f a cont5t$ m9d4   
,f9ally1 ( all p :o seek = happ9ess1 !  
mo/ unhappy are  ^? :o seek x 9 m]e     
con=mity to religi\s cre$s4 ,!re are  _m
 su* p 9 our day1 & !y f9d !mselves 9 ! 
end  bitt]ly disappo9t$4 ,= all *ur*    
organizations are incl9$ to  promise m  
?an !y c assure1 & are l nets to cat*   
all  mann] ( fi%4 ,9 a passage f ! works
 ( ! late ,pr(essor  ,gelz]1 he rem>ks  
t1 = mo/ *ur*-go+ p1 wor%ip is  no?+ m  
?an 8appe>+ at ,c\rt once a week to     
pres5t "o's  respects to ! ?rone40 ,he  

adds t !re is ! same =mal  s]vice ( man 
also2 = "o sometimes does ?is s]vice1   
or1 z !  ,bible says1 8,ha? wr\ght a    
good "w ^u me10 only = ! bett]          
ma9t5ance 9 ! future ( "o's own         
self-e/eem4    ,i %all n contradict :at 
s di/+ui%$ a man out ( 8 ri*  exp]i5ce  
has said on ?is subject4 ,yet1 = my own 
"p1 ,i mu/ /ill  believe t if a human   
s\l wor%ips ,god ev5 9 ! mo/ irrational 
way1 & recognizes its dep5d5ce on ,him1 
,god w n =sake t  s\l4 ,i mu/ believe1  
/ill fur!r1 t ! feeble/ & mo/           
sup]/iti\s expressions ( religion br+ to
 "o :o1 ev5 )  occasional s9c]ity1      
p]si/s 9 !m1 m happ9ess ?an ! mo/       
brilliant philosophy ( a!ism c (f]4 ,yet
 ?is bless+ be/[$  ^u simple s\ls by !  
pati5ce ( ,god is n to be atta9$ 9  its 
fulness by ^? :o are capable ( l>g]     
insight4 ,su* p]sons  h ! duty laid on  
!m to free ! ,*ri/ian ,religion f !     
lukew>mness :i* = two ?\s& ye>s has     
afflict$ x4 ,!irs is  ! duty (          
dissatisfaction ) ! =ms & =mulas ( !    

,*ur*4  ,no m]e sci5ce ( religion %\ld  
cont5t !m2 = su* a sci5ce  alone nev]   
br\ght happ9ess to man1 & /ill (f]s to a
 p :o  d n really und]/& its tea*+s1    
/ones in/ead ( bread4 ,s  long z p seek 
cont5tm5t 9 ^! ways1 _! pa? to happ9ess 
mu/ ab\nd 9 disappo9tm5ts2 & ^!         
disappo9tm5ts become !  h>d] to be>     
because p1 z a rule1 d n d>e to confess 
ei!r  to !mselves1 or to o!rs1 t !y are 
?us disappo9t$4 ,!y mu/  pret5d to      
!mselves t !y are satisfi$ because !y   
see no pa?  :i* may lead !m back to     
happ9ess & peace4    ,su*1 !n1 are "s ( 
! ways by :i*1 ) slight modifications  &
 comb9ations1 ! human race ?r\gh all its
 hi/ory has s\ght  = happ9ess2 & if we d
 n recognize ^! ways 9 hi/ory1 we may   
f9d !m all ) m or less di/9ctness 9 our 
own exp]i5ce4 ,&  yet by no "o ( ^! ways
 has ! race f\nd ! happ9ess x seeks4    
,:at1 !n1 ,i ask once m1 is ! pa? to ?is
 end8    ,! fir/ & ! mo/ ess5tial       
condition ( true happ9ess1 ,i answ]1  is
 a firm fai? 9 ! moral ord] ( ! _w4 ,if 

"o lack ?is1 if  x be held t ! _w is    
gov]n$ by *ance or by ^? *angeless  laws
 ( nature :i* 9 _! deal+s ) ! weak are  
m]ciless1 or  if1 f9ally1 "o imag9e ! _w
 controll$ by ! cunn+ & p[]  ( man1--!n 
!re is no hope ( p]sonal happ9ess4 ,9   
su* an ord]  ( ! _w1 !re is no?+ left = 
! individual b to rule1 or  to be rul$2 
to be ei!r ! anvil or ! hamm]2 & x is   
h>d to  say :i* ( ! two w\ld be to an   
honorable man ! m unwor?y lot4    ,9    
national life especially1 ?is view ( !  
_w leads to con/ant  w> & prep>ation =  
w>1 & ! text-book ( politics becomes  ,!
 ,pr9ce ( ,ma*iavelli4 ,f su* a         
condition ( w> ! only  possible1 ?\gh   
p>tial1 deliv]ance w\ld be ?r\gh "s va/ 
gov]nm5tal control1 rul+ ) iron =ce &   
compreh5d+ 9  itself all civiliz$       
peoples4 ,su* a ,/ate w\ld1 at lea/1    
make w>  betwe5 ,/ates impossible1 z x 0
 impossible 9 ! ,roman ,empire (  !     
,cs>s1 & z ,napoleon ,i4 dream$ t x     
might be impossible 9  ,europe4 ,e      
"r-m9d$ man mu/ inw>dly prote/ aga9/ a  

view  :i* ?us robs man 9 8 p]son ( 8 w &
 9 8 politics (  8 fre$om2 & hi/ory also
 tea*es1 9 _m incid5ts1 ! empt9ess  &   
folly ( su* a view4 ,!re are "s p]sons  
:o believe t !y  are =c$ to accept ?is  
social cre$1 because ! conception ( !   
_w z a moral ord] does n seem to !m     
suffici5tly prov$4  ,to su* p]sons1 ,i c
 only repeat t :i* is writt5 above !    
entrance to ,dante's hell3      8,?r\gh 
me ! way is to ! city dol5t2    ,?r\gh  
me ! way is to et]nal dole2    ,?r\gh me
 ! way among ! p lo/4             99    
99       99       99       99      ,all 
hope ab&on1 ye :o ent] 960#f    ,i g on 
to say1 h[ev]1 t =mal pro( ( ?is moral  
ord] ( !  _w is impossible4 ,! anci5t   
,hebrews believ$ t "o c\ld n  look ^u ! 
face ( ,god & live1 & ,*ri/ianity1 9 its
 turn1  (f]s u no =mal pro( ( ! "* (    
,god4 ,! only pa? t  leads to ! pro( (  
,god is t :i* is foll[$ 9 ! ,s]mon on  !
 ,m\nt3 8,bless$ are ! pure 9 he>t3 = !y
 %all see ,god40  ,"h is a pro( :i* any 
"o may te/ ^: he>t is pure2 :ile  f ^?  

:o m]ely reason ab\t ,god's ord] ( ! _w 
,he hides  ,himself1 & no man may r5d by
 =ce ! veil t cov]s ,him4    ,if1 !n1 "o
 beg9s simply to live z 9 a moral _w1 8 
pa? to  happ9ess lies pla9ly be=e him4  
,! door is op5 & no man c %ut  x4 ,)9 8 
he>t !re is a c]ta9 /ability1 re/1 &    
assurance1  :i* endure & ev5 ga!r /r5g? 
amid all outw>d /orms4 ,8  he>t becomes1
 z ! ,psalmi/ says1 n fr[>d or fe>ful1 b
  8fix$40 ,! only p]il f :i* he n[ has  
to gu>d himself is  ! p]il ( reg>d+ too 
s]i\sly ! *angeful impressions &  ev5ts 
( ea* day4 ,8 desire mu/ be to live     
resolutely 9 "o ev5  mood1 & to look = 8
 daily %>e ( consci\s happ9ess n 9  8   
emotions1 b 9 8 activity4 ,!n = ! fir/  
"t he le>ns  :at "w really is4 ,x is no 
m to him a feti%1 to be s]v$  ) anxi\s  
fe>2 x is no long] an idol ?r\gh :i* he 
wor%ips  himself2 x is simply ! natural 
& heal?y way ( life1 :i* frees  him n   
only f ! _m spiritual evils :i* are     
produc$ by  idl5ess1 b also f numb]less 
physical evils :i* h ! same  s\rce4     

,happy "w is ! heal?ie/ ( human         
conditions4 ,hone/ sweat  on ! br[ is ! 
s\rce ( p]man5t & self-r5ew+ p[] & (    
light-he>t$ness2 & ^! toge!r make "o    
really happy4 ,inde$1  ! lat] discov]ies
 ( m$ical sci5ce are tea*+ u t physical 
heal? is secur$ only by a high degree ( 
p[] ( resi/ance aga9/  enemies :i* life 
_c avoid4 ,b ?is p[] ( resi/ance--z "o  
may soon discov]--is n a m]ely physical 
capacity2 x is q z  mu* a moral quality 
& 9 l>ge "p ! product ( moral ef=t4     
,"h1 !n1 are two secrets ( happ9ess :i* 
are fundam5tally  insep>able3 ,life     
direct$ by fai? 9 ! p]man5t moral ord] (
  ! _w1 & ,"w done 9 t same fai?4       
,beyond ^! two1 & "o  o!r :i* ,i %all   
m5tion lat]1 all o!r ways ( happ9ess are
  second>y1 & inde$ all else comes ( its
 own accord1 accord+ to  "o's special   
ne$s1 if only "o holds firmly to ^!     
prim>y s\rces  ( spiritual p[]4    ,i g 
on to m5tion a few ( ^! subord9ate rules
 = happ9ess :i*  may be d$uc$ f !       
exp]i5ce ( life4 ,!y are m]e maxims (   

conduct to :i* _m o!rs might be add$4   
,we ne$1 = in/ance1 to be at ! same "t  
bo? brave & humble4  ,t is ! mean+ ( !  
/range ^w ( ! ,apo/le3 8,:5 ,i am  weak1
 !n am ,i /rong40 ,ei!r quality alone   
does m h>m ?an good4    ,aga91 "o mu/ n 
make pleasure an end1 = pleasure comes (
 its own  accord 9 ! "r way ( life1 & ! 
simple/1 ! *eape/1 &  ! mo/ inevitable  
pleasures are ! be/4    ,aga91 "o c be> 
all tr\bles1 except two3 worry & s94    
,fur!r1 all t is really excell5t has a  
small beg9n+4 ,! good  does n %[ its be/
 at once4    ,f9ally1 all pa?s :i* x is 
be/ to foll[1 are ent]$ by op5  doors4  
,!re are1 x mu/ be add$1 "s difficulties
 & problems :i*  ?\ghtful p %\ld take   
into acc\nt 9 _! int]c\rse )  o!rs4 ,"o 
mu/ n hate o!r p1 or1 on ! o!r h&1      
idolize  !m1 or take _! op9ions1 dem&s1 
& judgm5ts too s]i\sly4  ,"o mu/ n sit 9
 judgm5t on o!rs1 or1 on ! o!r h&1      
submit  himself to _! judgm5t4 ,"o mu/ n
 c\rt ! society ( ^? :o  ?9k mu* (      
!mselves4 ,inde$1 ,i may say 9 g5]al t1 

except  9 c]ta9 call+s1 "o %\ld n       
cultivate acqua9tance ) great  p1 or f9e
 p1 ) ! ri*1 or ! fa%ionable1 b s f>  z 
possible1 )\t repell+ !m1 %\ld avoid _! 
company4 ,among  ! be/ s\rces ( happ9ess
 is ! enjoym5t f\nd 9 small ?+s  & among
 humble p2 & _m a bitt] exp]i5ce is     
avoid$ by !  habit ( an unassum+ life4  
,! be/ way to h p]man5t peace )  ! _w is
 n to expect mu* ( x2 n to be afraid (  
x2 s f>  z "o c )\t self-deception see !
 good 9 x2 & to reg>d !  evil z some?+  
p[]less & tempor>y :i* w soon defeat    
itself4    ,9 %ort1 ,i may 9 conclusion 
say1 t "o mu/ n take ?is life too       
s]i\sly4 ,z soon z we live above x1 mu* 
( x becomes unimportant1  & if !        
ess5tials are secure we mu/ n c>e too   
mu* = !  subord9ate4 ,_m ( ! be/ p suff]
 f ?is magnify+  ( trifles1 & especially
 f _! dep5d5ce on o!r p's  op9ions2 &   
?is lack ( proportion makes = su* p ea* 
day's  "w mu* m difficult ?an x w\ld    
o!rwise be4    ,i h said t ^! practical 
rules might be indef9itely  multipli$4  

,b !y are all1 z ,i h also said1 9      
reality  sup]flu\s4 ,= if ! soil ( !    
he>t is f]tiliz$1 z ,i  h already       
describ$1 !n ^! fruits ( life gr[ out ( 
x  spontane\sly1 & s]ve ! special ne$s (
 ! individual4 ,!  ess5tial "q conc]ns !
 soil itself1 )\t :i* n "o  ( ^!        
practical fruits c gr[4 ,?us ,i may say 
9 g5]al t  ,i take no great int]e/ 9 :at
 p call sy/ems ( morals1 or  9 ! rules (
 conduct :i* !y prescribe4 ,a sy/em (   
morals  ei!r issues spontane\sly f a    
habit ( m9d1 :i* 9 its turn  issues f a 
view ( life1 atta9$ ev5 ?r\gh ! dea? (  
"o's  old self2 or else su* a sy/em is  
no?+ b a s]ies ( beautiful  maxims1     
pleasant to he>1 good to record 9 di>ies
 & cal5d>s1 b  incapable ( conv]t+ !    
human he>t4    ,i d n c>e to multiply ! 
mat]ial = ^! collections ( maxims4  ,i  
%all only add "o la/ & solemn tru?4 ,x  
is ?is1--t "u  ! conditions ( human life
 unhapp9ess also is necess>y4 ,inde$1   
if "o c>$ to /ate x 9 a p>adox1 he might
 say t unhapp9ess  is ess5tial to       

happ9ess4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 z ! exp]i5ce 
(  life pla9ly %[s1 unhapp9ess is       
inevitable1 & "o mu/ 9 "o way  or ano!r 
reconcile himself to x4 ,! mo/ to :i* "o
 c atta9  9 ?is human lot is p]fect     
adju/m5t to "o's de/9y2 t inw>d  &      
p]man5t peace :i*1 z ,isaiah says1 is l 
an 8ov]fl[+  /ream40 ,x is ?is peace &  
?is alone :i* ,*ri/ promises to  8      
disciples1 & x is ?is1 & no outw>d      
satisfaction1 :i* !  ,apo/le ,paul      
expects = 8 fell[-,*ri/ians1 :51 at !   
end ( 8  unpeaceful life1 he prays t 8! 
peace ( ,*ri/ may rule0 9 _!  he>ts4    
,?us1 = real happ9ess ! outw>d issue (  
ev5ts may come to  h no high importance4
 ,/oicism endeavor$ to solve ! problem (
  happ9ess by develop+ ins5sibility to  
pa91 b its endeavor 0  va94 ,! problem (
 happ9ess is to be solv$ 9 q ano!r way4 
,"o mu/ accept 8 suff]+ & unhapp9ess1 & 
adju/ himself to  !m4 ,& to ?is end "o  
is1 fir/ ( all1 help$ by consid]+ :at   
unhapp9ess implies1 & by liv+ consi/5tly
 above ! sway (  mom5t>y feel+4 ,=      

unhapp9ess does u good 9 no less ?an    
?ree  ways1--ways :i* are cumulative 9  
_! effect4 ,x is1 9 ! fir/  place1 a    
puni%m5t1 ! natural consequ5ce ( our    
de$s4 ,x is1  ?us consid]$1 a "p ( ^?   
de$s !mselves1 & !re=e mu/  foll[ !m z  
surely z a logical consequ5ce foll[s its
 premise4  ,unhapp9ess is1 secondly1 a  
cleans+ process1 wak+ u to great]       
s]i\sness & great] receptivity to tru?4 
,?irdly1 unhapp9ess  recalls u to       
self-exam9ation & =tifies u by disclos+ 
:at is  our own /r5g?1 & :at is ,god's  
/r5g?4 ,by no o!r exp]i5ce  does "o     
atta9 t spiritual c\rage :i* is f>      
remov$ f  self-confid5ce & v ne> to     
humility4 ,9 a ^w1 x mu/ be said  t !   
deep] life ( man & t noble be>+ :i* we  
rem>k 9  "s p1 & :i* no "o1 :atev] be 8 
/ation1 c falsely  assume1 are atta9$   
only ?r\gh fai?ful endurance ( mis=tune4
  ,t ^w ( ! ,apo/le ,paul1 8,we glory 9 
tribulations10 is1 l  _m ( 8 say+s1     
absolutely un9telligible to any "o :o   
has n  exp]i5c$ :at r5ewal ( p[] & :at  

pr(\nd happ9ess may be  discov]$ ?r\gh  
mis=tune itself4 ,x is a =m ( happ9ess  
:i*  "o nev] =gets if he has once really
 exp]i5c$ x4    ,?is1 !n1 is ! riddle ( 
life :i* p]plexes _m a man & turns  him 
f ! "r way1--t good p d n get ! good ?+s
  :i* might seem to !m _! due4      8,! 
prophet ho/1 ! m>tyr ?rong1             
,reckon$1 ! _w z dross1    ,despis$ !   
%ame1 endur$ ! wrong1        ,c\nt+ _!  
ga91 _! loss2    ,& ,he1 to :om !y sang 
_! song1        ,0 nail$ ^u ! cross40   
,suff]+1 !n1 lies on ! road to life1 &  
"o mu/ expect to meet  x if he w\ld be  
happy4 ,_m a p]son1 :5 he sees ?is lion 
9  8 pa?1 turns ab\t & cont5ts himself )
 some?+ less ?an  happ9ess4 ,& yet x is 
also true1 z exp]i5ce tea*es1 t 9  our  
mis=tunes1 z 9 our enjoym5ts1 imag9ation
 greatly outruns  reality4 ,our pa9 is  
seldom z great z our imag9ation pictures
 x4  ,sorr[ is (t5 ! gate :i* op5s into 
great happ9ess4 ,?us !  true life calls 
= a c]ta9 sev]ity ( deal+1 z if "o %\ld 
say to himself3 8,y may l to d ?is ?+1  

or y may n l  to d x1 b y mu/ d x02 &   
true education re/s on ^! two  f\ndation
 /ones1--love ( tru? & c\rage = ! "r4   
,)\t  !m1 education is wor?less4 ,x is l
 ! k+dom ( ,god :i* is to  be tak5 by   
viol5ce1 8,& ! viol5t take x ) =ce40 ,& 
?us1  ( all ! human qualities :i* lead  
to happ9ess1 c]ta9ly ! mo/  ess5tial is 
c\rage4    ,we look back1 !n1 f9ally1   
ov] :at has be5 said1 & repeat :at  a   
gift$ au?oress ( our "t1 ,gisela ,grimm1
 has said 9 h] drama  ( ,old ,scotl&3   
8,happ9ess is communion ) ,god1 & !     
c5tral  spiritual quality :i* atta9s ?is
 communion is c\rage40 ,o!r  happ9ess   
?an ?is is n to be f\nd on e>?1 & if !re
 7  happ9ess )\t ^! traits1 x w\ld n be 
! happ9ess we  %\ld desire4 ,& ?is k9d (
 happ9ess is real4 ,x is n1 l  e o!r    
dream ( happ9ess1 an illusion f :i*     
soon] or  lat] "o mu/ wake4 ,x does n   
issue f our a*ievem5ts or our           
compulsions4 ,on ! contr>y1 :5 we h once
 accept$ & made our  own ! view ( life  
:i* ,i h describ$1 & h ceas$ to look    

ab\t u = "s o!r view1 !n happ9ess comes 
to u by ! way4  ,x is a /ream ( inw>d   
peace2 broad5+ z we gr[ old]1 fir/      
enri*+ our own s\ls & !n p\r+ itself =? 
to bless o!r  lives4    ,?is is ! goal  
to :i* our life mu/ atta91 if x hope =  
happ9ess1 & to ?is goal x c atta94      
,inde$1 if once ! fir/  decision be     
made1 & ! fir/ /eps tak51 !n1 z ,dante  
says3      444 8,?is m\nt is su*1 t ev] 
,at ! beg9n+ d[n bel[ 'tis tiresome1    
,& aye ! m "o climbs1 ! less x hurts4   
,!re=e1 :5 x %all seem s pleasant to !e1
    ,t go+ up %all be to !e z easy    ,z
 go+ d[n ! curr5t 9 a boat1    ,!n at   
?is pa?way's end+ ?\ wilt be40#g        
,bel[ at ! foot ( ! m\nta9 ! fix$       
decision is dem&$4 ,!re  "o mu/         
absolutely det]m9e to pay any price :i* 
%all be ask$  = ! happ9ess :i* is real4 
,no fur!r /ep c be tak5 )\t  ?is fir/   
resolution1 & by no easi] pa? has any "o
 atta9$ !  happ9ess he s\ght4 ,goe!1 !  
tea*] ( ^? :o s\ght happ9ess  9 o!r     
ways1 admitt$--z ,i h said--t 9         

sev5ty-five ye>s (  life he _h _h f\r   
weeks ( cont5t1 & no "o :o has foll[$   
him  c1 at ! end ( life1 :5 ask$ :at 8  
consci5ce te/ifies1 make  bett] reply4  
,we1 on ! o!r h&1 %\ld be able1 at !    
la/1 to  say3 8,! days ( our ye>s are   
?reescore ye>s & t51 & ?\gh we  be s    
/rong z to come to f\rscore ye>s1 & ?\gh
 !re has be5  mu* labor & sorr[1 /ill x 
has be5 a life ( happ9ess40             
,,vii4 ,,! ,,mean+ ,,( ,,life           
,,vii4 ,,! ,,mean+ ,,( ,,life      ,?is 
is ! "q ( que/ions4 ,a man mu/ be :olly 
sup]ficial or  :olly animal :o does n at
 "s "t 9 8 life ask :at is !  mean+ ( 8 
life4 ,yet1 sad to say1 mo/ m5 end _!   
lives )\t  f9d+ an answ]4 ,"s repeat1 9 
_! d>k] moods1 ! melan*oly  confession (
 a m$ival philosoph]3 8,i live1 b "k n  
h[ long2  ,i die1 b "k n :52 ,i dep>t1 b
 "k n :i!r4 ,h[ is x  possible = me to  
fancy myself happy60 ,o!rs drive f _!   
m9ds  ^! morbid reflections :i*1 z !y   
say1 8lead to no?+10 &  repeat3 8,let u 
eat & dr9k1 = to-morr[ we die40    ,ev5 

among :at we call cultivat$ p1 :]e      
education has made a  pr(\nd] view      
accessible1 ! numb] ( ^? :o f9d ! mean+ 
( life is by no means l>ge4 ,aft] "s va9
 & sup]ficial attempts  to save !mselves
 !y yield at la/1 & (t5 f> too soon1 to 
!  pitiful programme ( self-indulg5ce4  
,& :at is _! next /ep8 ,x  is to pursue 
consi/5tly ?is programme4 ,b !re is n   
long left  ! heal? :i* is necess>y = ?is
 life ( eat+ & dr9k+1 &  !n 9 ?rongs !y 
make _! pilgrimages1 ! wom5 at ! front1 
to ,pa/or ,kneipp1 or ,dr4 ,metzg]1 or  
"s o!r infallible heal]1  hop+ = a quick
 re/oration & a second *ance to wa/e _! 
lives4    ,/ill o!rs !re are :o h n !   
means to adopt ?is plan (  life4 ,_m (  
^! seek a sub/itute = x 9 "s =m ( social
  scrambl+2 or if ?is fails1 commit     
!mselves to ! new doctr9e  ( economics1 
accord+ to :i* ! only real problem (    
life is !  8/oma* problem10 & :i* tea*es
 t 9 satisfy+ ! /oma* !  social ideals (
 ! race w be also satisfi$4    ,/ill    
o!rs !re are :o are m subtle & m        

critical4 ,!y h  come to see h[         
impracticable are all ^! s*emes to r$eem
 life  f its tr\bles4 ,?us1 aft] !y h   
tri$ _m half-way measures1  !y come at  
la/ to ! confession ( ! wise/ ( k+s3    
8,vanity  ( vanities1 all is vanity40   
,!y commit !mselves to scepticism       
conc]n+ any mean+ 9 life & to ! wor%ip (
 non-exi/5ce4 ,to  !m ! end ( life is to
 be ,nirvana1 annihilation1 !           
=getfulness  ( t :i* life has be52 & !y 
fancy t !y h atta9$  a v noble attitude 
t[>d life :51 aft] _m ye>s ( %>p        
cont5tion ) _! heal?y human nature1 :i* 
/eadily prote/s  aga9/ ^! subtle        
negations1 !y are able at la/ to repeat 
!  words ( ! ,h9doo sage3      8,?r\gh  
bir? & rebir?'s endless r\nd    ,i ran &
 s\ght1 b nev] f\nd    ,:o fram$ & built
 ?is h\se ( clay4    ,:at mis]y6--bir? =
 ay & ay6      ,o build]6 !e at la/ ,i  
see6    ,ne'er %alt ?\ build aga9 = me4 
,?y raft]s all are brok5 n[1            
,demoli%$ lies ?y ridgepole1 l[4        
,my he>t1 demoli%$ too1 ,i we51    ,an  

end ( all desire ha? se540#h    ,su* is 
! f9al ^w ( _! philosophy4 ,nei!r light 
nor hope  is left = human life4 ,he does
 ! be/ :o e>lie/ recognizes !           
hopelessness ( life & ha/5s to its end4 
,human nature1 h[ev]1 is s ab\nd+ 9 life
 & s eag] = life  t except 9 ^?         
transitory & morbid conditions :i* we h 
come to describe z f9 de sicle moods1 x 
is nev] long cont5t to  int]pret        
exp]i5ce 9 t]ms ( univ]sal bankruptcy4  
,on ! contr>y1  x insi/s t ! problem (  
philosophy mu/ be 9 ! future1 z x  has  
be5 9 ! pa/1 ! %$d+ ( light on ! mean+ (
 life4 ,x  is a problem :i* philosophy  
has (t5 answ]$ ) m]e phrases1  :i* h    
br\ght no mean+ or com=t to ! tr\bl$    
he>t ( man1  & x is n surpris+ t s9ce ! 
climax ( ?is holl[ =malism  0 rea*$ 9   
,hegel1 !re has be5 a natural di/ru/ (  
philosophy4    ,& :at is x 9 ?is        
speculative philosophy :i* creates ?is  
di/ru/8 ,x is its attempt to reg>d !    
univ]se z self-explanatory4  ,"h1 ev5 at
 ! pres5t "t1 is "o ( ! fundam5tal      

propositions  ( mo/ philosophiz+1 aga9/ 
:i* no argum5t may be p]mitt$4  ,x seems
 an ess5tial assumption ( philosophy2   
s9ce if o!r ways  ( explanation ( !     
univ]se 7 sup]add$1 philosophy z an     
indep5d5t sci5ce w\ld seem to be        
sup]flu\s4 ,is x c]ta91  h[ev]1 t !     
subord9ation ( philosophy ?us appreh5d$ 
w\ld  be1 aft] all1 a great mis=tune8   
,:at ! human m9d is conc]n$  ab\t is n !
 p]petuation ( philosophy z a sci5ce1 b 
!  discov]y ( "s mean+ 9 life itself1   
its de/9y1 its pa/ &  its future2 & "o  
is q ju/ifi$ 9 los+ int]e/ 9 any  sci5ce
 :i* does n 9 ! end contribute to !     
int]pretation &  amelioration ( human   
life4 ,we h a "r to dem& ( philosophy  t
 %e contribute to ?is end1 & t %e %all  
speak also )  "s degree ( simplicity (  
language1 dismiss+ ! attempt to  satisfy
 ) empty & un9telligible phrases ! hung]
 ( ! s\l  = fundam5tal tru?4    ,& yet1 
f ! "t ( ,plato to t ( ,hegel1          
,s*op5hau]1 &  ,nietzs*e1 ! mak+ (      
phrases has be5 ! special bus9ess (     

philosophy4 ,x has creat$ a language (  
its own1 :i* sep>ates x  z by an        
imp5etrable h$ge f ! region ( m5's      
common talk2 &  :5 "o translates su*    
language into ! famili> spee* ( 8 own   
"t1 :]e words h a def9ite mean+1 x is z 
?\gh he )drew  f a veil$ goddess !      
disguise :i* gave h] all h] p[] &       
dignity4 ,! fact is t ab/ract philosophy
 has nev] expla9$ to  any satisfaction  
ei!r ! exi/5ce or ! developm5t ( ! _w2  
/ill less has philosophy br\ght into    
unity ^! two conceptions1  & int]pret$  
!m ?r\gh a s+le cause4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! 
hi/ory ( philosophy has be5 a hi/ory (  
words1 convey+ no real  int]pretation1 &
 x w\ld seem z if 9 ! ?\s&s ( ye>s (    
philosophic speculation ei!r "s         
int]pretation %\ld h be5  atta9$ or t   
!re %\ld at la/ be he>d ! confession t  
philosophy c ?r[ no fur!r light on ^!   
fundam5tal facts4  ,"h1 x w\ld seem1 we 
%\ld rea* ! end ( philosophy1 & %\ld    
assume t ! fir/ cause ( ?+s is          
unkn[able4    ,philosophy1 h[ev]1 has   

seldom cons5t$ to ?is confession (      
impot5ce4 ,on ! contr>y1 x has repeat$ly
 rev]t$ to "s absolute  assumption ( an 
adequate cause :i* lies beh9d !         
possibility (  pro(4 ,sometimes x is !  
assumption ( a vital ,sub/ance1 "o &    
un*angeable2 sometimes x is ! assumption
 ( an inf9ite conc\rse  ( atoms4 ,yet   
su* conceptions are 9 ! highe/ degree   
elusive1 &  =ce u to inquire :5ce su*   
sub/ance1 be x simple or inf9itely      
divid$1 comes1 h[ x becomes quick5$ )   
life1 & h[ x imp>ts  ! life x has4 ,!   
transition f su* m]e movem5ts ( atoms to
  ph5om5a ( feel+ or ?\ght or w1 makes a
 leap 9 nature :i*  no man has 9 !      
remote/ degree propos$ to expla94 ,on ! 
contr>y1  in/ead ( bridg+ su* a *asm !  
mo/ fam\s inquir]s simply  record !     
melan*oly confession3 8,ignoramus1      
ignorabimus40    ,sometimes1 aga91      
philosophy has taught1 ) _m & l>ge      
words1  t ! mean+ ( ! _w resides 9 an   
opposition betwe5 ,be+  & ,n-be+4 ,?is  
is no new doctr9e & x is at lea/        

intellig5t  & intelligible4 ,yet :at we 
really ne$ to "k conc]ns ,be+  alone4 ,x
 is ! _w t lies be=e our eyes t int]e/s 
u4 ,h[  has ?is _w come to be1 we ask1  
or is x p]haps a m]e illusion1  ! mirage
 ( our own ?\ght1 ) no reality b t :i*  
our own  m9ds assign1 z p 9 _! despair h
 sometimes believ$ x to  be8 ,z =       
,non-exi/5ce1 :at rational int]e/ has   
?is = u8 ,is  x ev5 an intelligible     
conception8 ,does x n r set be=e u a    
contradiction :i* we may conceive1 b c  
nev] v]ify1 & :i*  has = life itself no 
significance at all8    ,/ill o!r       
philosoph]s invite u to turn f ! outw>d 
_w ^:  f9al cause ?us eludes u1 & to    
consid] our own self-consci\s  nature1 !
 ,ego1 conc]n+ :i* no "o c d\bt & :i* no
  philosophy is ne$$ to prove4 ,yet no  
soon] does ?is poor ,ego issue  f its   
own self-consci\sness &1 z x 71 take a  
/ep into !  outw>d _w1 z ?\gh to        
int]pret ?r\gh itself ! mean+ (  life1  
?an x becomes aw>e t "s fur!r & ext]nal 
cause is  necess>y to expla9 ev5 ! ,ego 

to itself4    ,f9ally1 philosophy1 9 its
 se>* = ! mean+ ( life1 b[s to  !       
au?ority ( natural sci5ce & proposes to 
int]pret exp]i5ce  ?r\gh "s doctr9e (   
developm5t1 or evolution1 or h]$ity1  or
 natural selection4 ,all t exi/s1 x     
ann\nces1 comes ( "s  primitive         
protoplasm1 or ev5 ( "s s+le primitive  
cell4 ,yet  /ill !re presses ! anci5t "q
 h[ su* cells may h be5  made & h[ !re  
has be5 imp>t$ to !m _! inf9ite capacity
  = life & gr[?4 ,x is ! "q :i* ! ke5 & 
practical  ,napoleon ask$ z he /ood a   
c5tury ago "u ! my/]y ( !  />s 9 ,egypt4
 ,turn+ to ! s*ol> ,monge1 he said3     
8,qui a fait  t\t cela80 ,to su* a "q   
nei!r ab/ract philosophy nor natural    
sci5ce has z yet giv5 &1 s f> z we c    
judge1 w ev] give  any answ]4    ,to    
int]pret ! _w1 !n1 by itself or ?r\gh   
itself is  impossible1 = !re is 9 ! _w  
itself no f9al cause4 ,if  ! m9d ( man  
is ! f9al int]pret] ( ! _w1 !n x        
becomes itself ! ,god x seeks1 & !      
philosoph]s become !  object ( a k9d (  

wor%ip4 ,"h1 inde$1 is ! outcome ( mu*  
philosophy to-day4 ,if1 h[ev]1 !        
philosoph]s h any p[] (  obs]vation1 !y 
soon discov] "o positive b>ri] to ?is   
excessive  self-importance4 ,x is !     
humbl+ consci\sness ( limitation 9  _!  
own p[]s & 9 _! own hold on life itself2
 ! inevitable  impression1 :i* no human 
praise c remove1 ( _! own defects2  !   
impossibility ( f9d+ a mean+ ev5 = _!   
own lives )9  ^? lives !mselves4    ,"h 
is ! weakness ( t pan!ism :i*1 f ! "t ( 
,sp9oza1 has s l>gely controll$         
speculative ?\ght1 &1 f  ! "t ( ,hegel1 
,s*op5hau]1 & ,goe!1 has be5 ! prevail+ 
cre$ ( cultivat$ p1 s f> z !y conc]n    
!mselves )  philosophy4 ,no =m (        
philosophy is s demoraliz+ 9 its e?ical 
consequ5ces z ?is4 ,x bre$s contempt (  
moral activity2 x  =feits ! "r ( ! w to 
oppose :at is evil & to create  :at is  
good4 ,soon] or lat] ! coroll>y ( su* a 
fai? appe>s 9  "s =m ( sup]/ition1 crude
 b compell+1--l hypnotism or            
spiritualism1 or ! vulg> & noisy        

sub/itutes = religion :i*  are n[ s     
conspicu\s4 ,?us ! cycle ( philosophical
 speculation  fulfils itself1 & returns 
aft] c5turies to ! same po9t at :i*  x  
began4 ,! f9al =m ( tru? may come to be1
 n ! sy/ems (  ab/ract philosophy or (  
speculative !ology1 :i* h prov$ s       
mislead+ & unsatisfy+1 b simply a       
summ+-up ( ! exp]i5ce  ( mank9d1 z x has
 affect$ human de/9y ?r\gh ! hi/ory (  !
 _w2 & 9 ?is exp]i5ce we h a philosophy 
bett] ?an  ab/ractions1 & always )9 "o's
 rea*4    ,& :]e d we f9d ?is philosophy
 :i* discov]s ! mean+ (  life n ?r\gh   
speculative reason+ b ?r\gh !           
int]pretation  ( exp]i5ce1 & :i* obs]ves
 9 exp]i5ce a spiritual p[]  creat+ &   
ma9ta9+ bo? ! _w & ! individual8 ,?is is
  ! view ( life :i* _h its orig9 9      
,israel & 0 fulfill$ 9  ,*ri/ianity4 ,x 
_c inde$ be call$ 9 ! te*nical s5se a   
philosophy1 = philosophy w\ld feel      
itself call$ ^u to expla9  /ill fur!r t 
,cause :i* x ?us rea*$4 ,!ology z a     
positive  sci5ce meets ! same fate z    

philosophy4 ,x _c prove its ,god1  z    
philosophy _c int]pret ! _w or human    
life 9 or ?r\gh  !mselves4 ,:at p call  
ontology1 or ! pro(s ( ! be+ (  ,god1 is
 no real sci5ce1 & conv9ces none b him  
:o is already  pl$g$4 ,x is 9 ! nature (
 ,god to be beyond our int]pretations4  
,a god :o c\ld be expla9$ w\ld n be     
,god1 & a man :o c\ld  expla9 ,god w\ld 
n be man4 ,! legitimate aim ( life is n 
to  see ,god z ,he is1 b to see !       
affairs ( ?is _w & ( human  life some:at
 z ,god might see !m4 ,x is1 !re=e1 no  
new ?+ to  "q :e!r !ology c be fairly   
call$ a sci5ce at all4 ,on  ?is po9t1 = 
in/ance1 ! evid5ce ( ,*ri/ is 9 !       
negative1  & ! !ological speculations ( 
,*ri/ians are1 9 fact1 n  d]iv$ f him4  
,!y proce$1 on ! contr>y1 f ! ,apo/le   
,paul1  :o appli$ to ! prov+ (          
,*ri/ianity ! subtlety ( !ological      
tra9+ :i* he _h receiv$ "u ,judaism2 &  
ev5 9 8 case x  mu/ be rememb]$ t 8     
tea*+ 0 direct$ to conv9ce ^? :o  _h    
be51 l him1 tra9$ 9 ! !ology ( ,israel4 

,x mu/ n be imag9$1 !re=e1 t ! f9al     
,cause ( ! _w  :i* we call ,god1 c be   
philosophically prov$4 ,fai? 9 ,god is  
fir/  ( all a p]sonal exp]i5ce4 ,no?+   
%\ld disguise ?is proposition1  ?\gh x  
is ! /one ( (f5ce :]e _m /umble :o are  
seek+  an adequate mean+ ( life4 ,no?+ c
 be done to help ^? :o  refuse ?is      
exp]i5ce4 ,no argum5t c conv9ce !m4 ,!re
 is no  philosophical refutation ( a    
det]m9$ a!ism4    ,"h is an admission   
:i* mu/ gravely affect n only our       
religi\s  & philosophical relations )   
o!rs1 b ev5 our practical &  political  
life4 ,"h is ! fundam5tal diff]5ce      
betwe5 p  ( ! same nation1 or condition1
 or "t1 or ev5 family4 ,9 o!r  diff]5ces
 ( op9ion !re may be f\nd "s common     
gr\nd1 b  betwe5 fai? & d5ial !re is no 
common gr\nd1 because we are  deal+ ) a 
"q ( ! w & because ! human w is free4   
,! say+ ( ,t]tullian1 t ! human s\l is  
naturally ,*ri/ian1  is 9 a lit]al s5se 
q untrue4 ,e man :o reflects on 8       
responsibilities recognizes t he is n   

naturally ,*ri/ian4 ,he  is1 at ! mo/1  
only possibly ,*ri/ian1 z ,t]tullian    
p]haps meant  to say4 ,he is capable (  
becom+ ,*ri/ian ?r\gh ! exp]i5ce (      
life4 ,a!ism & ,*ri/ianity are equally  
accessible to ! nature (  man4    ,fai? 
9 ,god1 !n1 is a =m ( exp]i5ce1 n a =m (
 pro(4 ,if  exp]i5ce 7 z unfruitful z   
pro(1 !n fai? 9 ,god w\ld be  no?+ m ?an
 a n]v\s condition1 & ! answ] (         
,fe/us--8,paul1  ?\ art beside          
?yself60--w\ld be ! j e/imate ( a fai?  
l t ( ,paul4 ,ea* p]iod ( hi/ory has 9  
fact produc$ _m  a ,fe/us1 s$ul\sly     
gu>d+ 8 reason & consci5ce aga9/ all  t 
_c be prov$4 ,o!r fai?1 h[ev]1 ?an t :i*
 proce$s  f exp]i5ce is n expect$ by    
,god f any man2 :ile to e  man1 9 8 own 
exp]i5ce & 9 ! witness ( hi/ory1 ?is    
fai?  is abundantly (f]$4 ,!re is1      
!re=e1 9 ! refusal ( fai? a  confession1
 n m]ely ( intellectual error1 b ( moral
 neglect2 &  _m a man :o has surr5d]$ 8 
fai? w\ld be sl[ to confess to  o!rs h[ 
well aw>e he is t ! fault is 8 own4     

,"h1 !n1 is ! fir/ /ep t[>d ! discov]y (
 ! mean+ (  life4 ,x is an act ( w1 a   
moral v5ture1 a li/5+ to exp]i5ce4  ,no 
man c omit ?is initial /ep1 & no man c  
tea* ano!r !  lesson :i* lies 9 8 own   
exp]i5ce4 ,! prophets ( ! ,old  ,te/am5t
 f\nd an accurate expression = ?is act (
 w :5 !y  describ$ x z a 8turn+10 & !y  
w5t on to assure _! p  ( ! p]fect inw>d 
peace & ! s5se ( confid5ce :i* foll[$  f
 ?is act4 8,look unto me1 & be ye sav$10
 says ,isaiah2 8,incl9e  y\r e>1 & come 
unto me3 he>1 & y\r s\l %all live40 ,f t
  "t to ?is1 ?\s&s ( ^? :o h ?us *ang$ !
 direction  ( _! wills h ent]$ into !   
same s5se ( peace2 :ile no man  :o has  
?us giv5 8 w to ,god has ev] felt       
himself p]man5tly  bewild]$ or =sak54   
,"h1 also1 9 ?is free act ( ! w1 is     
atta9$ t s5se (  lib]ty :i* 9 bo? ! ,old
 & ,new ,te/am5ts is describ$ z         
8righte\sness40 ,x is a s5se (          
initiative & p[]1 z ?\gh "o  7 n :olly !
 subject ( arbitr>y grace1 b _h a c]ta9 
positive companion%ip ) ,god4 ,x is :at 

! ,old ,te/am5t calls a  8cov5ant10     
involv+ mutual rights & obligations4 ,no
 man1 h[ev]1  :o accepts ?is relation is
 incl9$ to urge ov]mu* 8 own rights1    
kn[+ z he well does t 8 "p 9 ! cov5ant  
falls ev] %ort  & is ev5 !n made        
possible only ?r\gh 8 /eady confid5ce 9 
,god4 ,grace1 une>n$ & undes]v$1 he /ill
 kn[s t he ne$s2  yet beh9d ?is grace   
lies ev] ! initiative ( p]sonal 8turn+10
  & ! free ass]tion ( ! w z ! fir/ /ep  
t[>d complete  r$emption4 ,to say )     
,paul t a man is 8ju/ifi$ by fai?10 or  
to  emphasize z ,lu!r does1 ev5 m       
/rongly1 ! prov9ce ( grace1 is  to run  
"s risk ( =gett+ ! con/ant dem& = an    
initial /ep  ( "o's own4    ,?is /ep    
once tak51 bo? ! _w 9 :i* "o lives &    
"o's own  p]sonal life get a cle> &     
intelligible mean+4 ,on ! "o h&  /&s !  
free w ( ,god1 creat+ & direct+ ! _w1 n 
re/rict$ by ! s-call$ laws ( nature1 yet
 a ,god ( ord]1 ^:  desires are n       
arbitr>y or lawless4 ,on ! o!r h& is !  
free  w ( man1 ) ! free *oice be=e x (  

ob$i5ce or refusal2--a  w1 !re=e1 :i*   
may *oose ! wrong ?\gh x may n !reby    
?w>t ! ,div9e purpose4 ,! evil-do]1 if  
imp5it5t1 mu/ suff]1  b 8 evil is       
conv]t$ into good4 ,9 su* a philosophy  
:at is a  wisely adju/$ human life8 ,x  
is a life ( free ob$i5ce to !  et]nal & 
un*angeable laws ( ,god2 a life1 !re=e1 
:i* atta9s  ?r\gh self-discipl9e        
successive /eps ( spiritual p[]4 ,life  
on  o!r t]ms br+s on a progressive      
decl9e ( spiritual p[] & )  ?is a s5se (
 self-condemnation4 ,:at is ! happy     
life8 ,x is a life  ( consci\s h>mony ) 
?is ,div9e ord] ( ! _w1 a s5se1  t is to
 say1 ( ,god's companion%ip4 ,& :]e9 is 
! pr(\nde/  unhapp9ess8 ,x is 9 ! s5se (
 remot5ess f ,god1 issu+ into  incurable
 re/lessness ( he>t1 & f9ally into      
incapacity to make  "o's life fruitful  
or effective4    ,if1 !n1 we are at     
times tempt$ to fancy t all ?is         
undemon/rable  exp]i5ce is unreal1 or   
metaphysical1 or purposeless1 or        
imag9>y1  x is be/ to deal ) su* return+

 scepticism mu* z we deal )  ! selfi% or
 mean ?\ghts :i* we are try+ to outgr[4 
,let all  ^! h9drances to ! high] life  
be quietly b firmly repell$4  ,! bett]  
_w we ent] is inde$ ent]$ by fai? & n by
 sight2  b ?is fai? gr[s m confid5t & m 
support+1 until x is  l an inw>d faculty
 ( sight itself4 ,to sub/itute = ?is a  
_w  ( ! outw>d s5ses is to f9d no mean+ 
9 life :i* c convey  confid5ce & peace4 
,x is b to embitt] e noble & ?\ghtful   
nature ) re/less d\bts f :i* !re is no  
escape4    ,su* 0 religion z x disclos$ 
itself to ! e>ly ,hebrews4 ,soon1       
inde$1 t religion 0 ov]gr[n by ! =malism
 :i* conv]t$  its practical tea*+ into  
m]e prohibitions or m]e me*anism2 b     
beh9d ^! abuses ( lat] hi/ory lay !     
primitive simplicity (  spiritual lib]ty
 & life4 ,su* also 0 ! hi/orical beg9n+ 
( ! ,*ri/ian religion4 ,! mission (     
,*ri/1 l t ( ea*  g5u9e re=m]1 0 to     
recall m5 to _! orig9al consci\sness  ( 
,god2 & x is p]haps ! greate/ trag$y (  
hi/ory1 :ile at  ! same "t ! be/ pro( ( 

! free w ( man1 t ! ,hebrew  p1 to :om  
,*ri/ ann\nc$ t he 0 expressly s5t1 c\ld
  n1 z a :ole1 br+ !mselves to obey 8   
call4 ,!y 7 held 9  bondage by _!       
accumulat$ =malism1 z _m a man has be5  
ev]  s9ce4 ,!y c\ld n rise to ! ?\ght ( 
a wor%ip :i* 0 9  _s & 9 tru?4 ,_h !y1 )
 _! extraord9>y gifts1 be5  able to he> 
,*ri/'s message1 !y w\ld h become !     
dom9ant  nation ( ! _w4    ,& :at is to 
be said ( ^? ,g5tile peoples :o li/5$ m 
will+ly to ! message ( ,*ri/1 ^? 8wild  
olive trees10 z ,/4  ,paul calls !m1 :i*
 7 graft$ on ! 8brok5 bran*es08 ,!y also
  h _h ! same hi/ory4 ,!y also1 9 _! own
 way1 h become  enslav$ by ! same       
=malism2 & !y also mu/ rega9 _! lib]ty  
?r\gh ! return ( individual s\ls to a   
p]sonal exp]i5ce ( !  me?od ( ,*ri/4    
,"h is ! evid5ce ( ! inde/ructible tru? 
& ! extraord9>y  vitality ( ! ,*ri/ian  
religion4 ,to subdue its oppon5ts 0 b a 
slight a*ievem5t2 = e positive tru? mu/ 
9 ! end prevail4  ,its real conflict has
 be5 ) ! =ces ( accumulat$ op9ion1 (    

sup]flu\s le>n+1 ( sickly fancies among 
its fri5ds1 & )  ! intellectual slav]y  
to :i* ^! influ5ces h l$4 ,?r\gh  ^!    
ob/ructions ! light & p[] ( g5u9e       
,*ri/ianity h  brok5 l sun%9e ?r\gh a   
mi/2 & ) su* ,*ri/ianity h  appe>$ 9    
hi/ory ! political lib]ty on :i* !      
p]man5ce (  civilization re/s1 !        
philosophical tru? :i* solves ! problems
  ( human life1 & ! pres5t com=t = !    
human he>t1 beyond !  p[] ( mis=tune to 
di/urb4    ,we rea*1 !n1 a philosophy ( 
life :i* is n speculative or  fanciful1 
b re/s on ! facts ( hi/ory4 ,?is is 8!  
way1  ! tru?1 & ! life40 ,bett] is x =  
"o if he f9ds ?is  8way0 )\t too _m     
companions or pr(essional guides1 = _m  
a religi\s tea*+1 design$ to %[ ! way1  
has repell$ "y  lives f foll[+ x4 ,z "o 
foll[s ! way1 he ga9s1 fir/ (  all1     
c\rage1 s t he d>es to g on 9 8 se>*4   
,he goes /ill  fur!r1 & ! way op5s into 
! assurance t life1 ) all its  my/]y1 is
 n liv$ 9 va94 ,he pu%es on1 & ! way    
issues into  heal?1 n only ( ! s\l b ev5

 ( ! body2 = bodily heal?  is m dep5d5t 
on spiritual condition ?an spiritual    
condition on  bodily heal?2 & mod]n     
m$ic9e c nev] re/ore & assure heal?  to 
! body if x limit its problem to        
physical relief alone4 ,nor is  ev5 ?is 
! end ( ! 8way0 ( ,*ri/4 ,x leads n only
 to p]sonal  heal?1 b to social heal? z 
well2 n by cont9ually incit+ !  masses  
to "s social programme1 b by /r5g!n+ !  
individuals  ( :i* ! masses are made4   
,"h alone is positive social r$emption2 
:ile ! hopes t turn to o!r ways ( social
 re=m are = !  mo/ "p deceptive dreams4 
,f9ally1 ! way is sure to lead e life   
:i* foll[s x1 & is  will+ to pay ! price
 = ! possession ( tru?1 into ! region  (
 spiritual peace4 ,no o!r way ( life    
p]mits ?is compreh5sive  s5se ( peace & 
assurance4 ,ap>t f x we h b ! unremitt+ 
& bitt] /ruggle = exi/5ce1 ! en=cem5t ( 
national  self-seek+1 ! tempor>y victory
 ( ! /rong1 ! hell ( ! weak  & ! poor2  
yet1 at ! same "t1 no peace ev5 = !     
/rong1 :o  h _! little day ( p[]1 b live

 9 daily fe> t ?is p[]  w fail & leave  
!m at ! m]cy ( ! wolves1 _! neighbors4  
,meantime1 on e page ( ! _w's hi/ory1 & 
9 ! exp]i5ce  ( daily life1 ,god writes 
! opposite tea*+1 t out ( ! mid/  ( evil
 issues at la/ ! ma/]y ( ! good2 & t1 9 
mod]n  z 9 anci5t "t1 ! meek bo? inh]it 
& control ! e>?4  ,hi/ory is n a record 
( despotic control l t ( a ,roman ,cs>1 
effective & intellig5t1 b necess>ily    
involv+ a progressive  deg5]ation ( 8   
subjects2 x is a /ory ( progressive     
amelioration  9 moral /&>ds &           
a*ievem5ts2 & ?is fact ( moral progress 
is  ! mo/ conv9c+ pro( ( ! be+ ( ,god4  
,?us x happ5s t to "o :o loves lib]ty & 
:o reads hi/ory1  ! logic ( ?\ght leads 
to fai? 9 ,god4 ,)\t su* fai? x  is     
difficult to believe 9 human progress   
?r\gh fre$om1 or to  view ! movem5t ( ! 
mod]n _w ) hope4 ,)\t su* fai?  ! popul>
 agitations ( ! "t are disquiet+ &      
al>m+1  & ! only refuge ( ! _s is 9     
submission to "s human  au?ority ei!r ( 
,*ur* or ( ,/ate4 ,)\t su* fai? x w\ld  

be increas+ly impossible to ma9ta9 a    
democratic republic l  ,switz]l& 9 !    
mid/ ( ! autocratic mon>*ies ( ,europe4 
,)  pr(\nd tru?fulness ! ,swiss         
,p>liam5t at ,a>au op5$ its session  )  
^! simple words3 8,our help is 9 ! ,"l  
our ,god1 :o ha?  made heav5 & e>?40 ,&1
 f9ally1 )\t political lib]ty !re  w\ld 
be b a brief survival ( religi\s lib]ty 
itself1 & x  too w\ld be supplant$ by a 
condition ( s]vitude4 ,a ,/ate-,*ur*  is
 a self-contradictory expression4 ,/ate 
& ,*ur* alike ne$  self-gov]nm5t =      
self-developm5t4 ,a free ,*ur* & a free 
,/ate  are n only mo/ repres5tative (   
,*ri/ianity1 b are beyond  d\bt ! =ms ( 
,*ri/ian citiz5%ip :i* are to survive4  
,n  compulsion1 nor any =m ( au?ority1 w
 9 ! end dom9ate !  _w1 b fre$om1 9 all 
its =ms & its effects4 ,! end ( social  
evolution is to be ! free ob$i5ce ( m5 &
 nations to ! moral  ord] ( ! _w4    ,& 
yet1 we mu/ repeat1 ! secret ( true     
progress is n to be  f\nd 9 an a*ievem5t
 ( philosophy1 or a process ( ?\ght2 b  

9 a hi/orical process1 a liv+ exp]i5ce4 
,to ea* man's w is  (f]$ ! *oice ( ?is  
way :i* leads to p]sonal recognition  ( 
! tru? & p]sonal exp]i5ce ( happ9ess4   
,to ea* nation  ! same *oice is pres5t$4
 ,no philosophy or religion has real    
significance :i* does n lead ?is way4   
,no man c rightly call x  m]e mis=tune1 
or confess 8 unbelief ) s5tim5tal       
regret1 :5  he misses ! way & =feits 8  
peace ( m9d4 ,8 pessimism is n1  z he   
fondly ?9ks1 a m>k ( di/9ction2 x is1 on
 ! contr>y1 z  a rule1 an evid5ce (     
moral defect or weakness1 & %\ld /ir 9  
him  a positive moral scorn4    ,:at is 
x1 !n1 :i* makes "o unable to f9d ! way 
( ,jesus8 ,x  is1 = ! mo/ "p1 ei!r      
unwill+ness to make a s]i\s ef=t to  f9d
 x1 or dis9cl9ation to accept !         
consequ5ces ( ! *oice4  ,to take up ) "s
 philosophical novelty1 involv+ no dem& 
^u  ! w2 to surr5d] oneself to !        
pleasures ( life2 to atta*  oneself1 )  
sup]ficial & unreflect+ devotion1 to "s 
=m (  ,*ur* or sect2--h[ mu* easi] is   

any "o ( ^! refuges ( !  m9d ?an s]i\s  
m$itation on ! great problems ( life & !
  gr[? ( a p]sonal conviction6 ,& yet1  
h[ unmi/akable h be5  ! joy1 & ! /r5g?  
to live & to die1 & ! peace ( m9d &     
s5se ( "r adju/m5t to ! ,univ]se1 :i* ^?
 h f\nd :o  h foll[$ ) pati5ce ! way ,i 
h describ$6 ,9 ! te/imony  ( su* s\ls   
!re is complete accord4 ,consci\sly or  
unconsci\sly1  e he>t desires !         
satisfactions :i* ?is way ( life c give1
  & )\t ^! satisfactions ( ! _s no o!r  
possessions or  pleasures c insure      
spiritual peace4    ,:at inf9ite pa9s   
are tak5 by p 9 ! mod]n _w = !  sake (  
_! heal? ( body or ! welf>e ( _! s\ls6  
,= heal?  ( body !y g b>efoot 9 !       
daytime or sleep 9 wet %eets at  night2 
= ! good ( _! s\ls !y g on pilgrimages &
 into  retreats1 or submit !mselves to  
o!r =ms ( spiritual ex]cise4  ,!y g ev5 
f>!r 9 _! pi\s cr$ulity4 ,!re is n a    
h>d%ip  or a folly1 or a risk ( body or 
s\l1 or any =m ( m>tyrdom1 :i*  is n    
accept$ by ?\s&s 9 ! hope t x w save _! 

s\ls4  ,& all ! "t ! simple way to !    
mean+ ( life lies /raight  be=e _!      
feet1--a way1 h[ev]1 let u la/ ( all    
rememb]1 :i*  x is n en\gh to "k1 b :i* 
is giv5 u to foll[4 ,?is is !  tru? :i* 
a s*ol> ( ! "t ( ,lu!r tea*es1 ?\gh he  
himself  _h n fully atta9$ ! tru?4 ,n1  
he writes1 by kn[+ ! way  b by go+ x1 is
 ! mean+ ( life to be f\nd4 ,he put into
 !  m\? ( ,*ri/ 8 lesson3      8,:y art 
?\ !n s fa9t ( he>t1      ,o man (      
little fai?8    ,h ,i n /r5g? to d ,my  
"p      ,z ,god's ^w promise?8      ,:y 
wilt ?\ n return to ,me      ,^: pity w 
receive8    ,:y seek n ,him ^: grace c  
free      ,& e fault =give8      ,:y 0 x
 h>d ! way to f9d1      ,:i* /raight    
be=e !e ran8    ,:y do/ ?\ w&] z ?\gh   
bl9d8      ',tis ?9e own *oice1 ,o man60
          ,,notes      ,,note #a        
8,fri$ri* ,max von ,kl+]10 says         
,pr(essor ,hilty1 80 born 9 #ageb1  at  
,frank=t4 ,8 family 7 poor1 & aft] he _h
 ) difficulty  pursu$ 8 /udies at !     
,univ]sity ( ,giess51 he became at fir/ 

a play-writ] = a travell+ company4 ,he  
!n s]v$ dur+ !  ,bav>ian ,w> (          
,succession 9 a corps ( volunte]s4 ,lat]
 he became  read] & travell+ companion  
to ! ,cz>evit* ,paul ( ,russia1         
aft]w>ds ! ,emp]or4 ,he 0 made ,director
 ( ! corps ( cadets  ( ! nobility1 z    
well z ( ! ,emp]or's pages1 & ( ! girls'
  s*ool = ! nobility4 ,"u ,alex&] ,i4 he
 0 also made ,curator  ( ! ,univ]sity ( 
,dorpat4 ,9 all ^! relations ( life1 :i*
  7 z difficult z c be imag9$1 9 8      
contact ) actors1  cr[n-pr9ces1 ,cz>s1  
noble pages & wom5 ( ! c\rt1 diplomats  
& pr(essors--:o1 tak5 toge!r1 are       
c]ta9ly n ( ! classes  mo/ easy to deal 
)--& liv+ at a c\rt ?or\ghly degrad$ &  
beset by self-seek]s ( ! l[e/ k9d z 0 ! 
c\rt ( ,ca!r9e  ,,ii41 von ,kl+] pres]v$
 8 c&id "* & moral c\rage &  ga9$ ! high
 respect ( 8 contempor>ies4 ,9 ,goe!'s  
,wahrheit  und ,di*tung1 he m5tions von 
,kl+] z foll[s3 #8,?is ma9t5ance  ( a   
/]l+ "* is ! m cr$itable :5 x occurs 9 !
  mid/ ( worldly & bus9ess life & :5 a  

way ( conduct :i*  might appe> to _m    
curt & abrupt1 be+ judici\sly foll[$1   
accompli%es its ends4 ,su* 0 8 "*4 ,)\t 
subs]vi5ce  7:i*1 inde$1 has nev] be5 a 
quality ( ! natives ( ,frank=t7  he     
atta9$ to ! mo/ important positions1 0  
able to ma9ta9  himself !re & to cont9ue
 8 s]vices ) ! highe/ approval  &       
gratitude ( 8 noble patrons4 ,?r\gh all 
?is1 he nev] =got  ei!r 8 old fri5ds or 
! pa?s :i* he _h come4' ,9 ! lat]  ye>s 
( 8 life1 ,goe! r5ew$ ! /udy ( von      
,kl+]'s writ+s1  #8:i* recall$ to me 8  
unwe>i$ activity & 8 rem>kable  "*4'0   
,,note #b    ,dante1 ,purgatorio1 xxvii1
 #abf1 #aca4      ,,note #c    ,jakob   
,bhme1 f a supplem5t to 8 works         
7,hi/oris*e ,ueb]si*t74      ,,note #d  
,dante1 ,purgatorio1 xxvii1 #aae4       
,,note #e    ,dante1 ,purgatorio1 ix1   
#ai4      ,,note #f    ,dante1 ,inf]no1 
iii1 #a1 #i4      ,,note #g    ,dante1  
,purgatorio1 iv1 #hh4      ,,note #h    
,dhammapada1 transl4 ,*>les ,r4 ,lanman1
 9 ,hymns ( ! ,fai?1 ,a4 ,j4  ,edmunds1 

,*icago1 #aijb1 page #ch4            ,,!
 ,,que/ ,,( ,,happ9ess      ,a ,,/udy   
,,( ,,victory ,,ov] ,,life',s ,,tr\bles 
,,by ,,newell ,,dwight ,,hillis         
,pa/or ( ,plym\? ,*ur*1 ,brooklyn2 au?or
 ( 8,!    ,influ5ce ( ,*ri/ 9 ,mod]n    
,life10 etc4      ,clo?1 ,decorat$      
,bord]s1 #a4ej net      ,,comm5ts    ,i 
f9d 8,! ,que/ ( ,happ9ess0 a v ri* &    
beautiful "w4 ,x  is em95tly a book = ! 
home4 ,:]ev] x is kn[n x mu/ make  life 
sweet] & m :olesome4 ,,philip ,s4       
,,moxom1 ,pa/or ( ,s\?  ,congregational 
,*ur*1 ,spr+field1 ,mass4    ,x is a    
book full ( help & sympa?y1 m>k$ by a   
wide acqua9tance  ) lit]ature & ) life1 
& by a true insight into ^?  conditions 
:i* make = ! true/ & be/ exi/5ce4 ,s4   
,p4 ,,cadman1  ,pa/or ( ,c5tral         
,congregational ,*ur*1 ,brooklyn4    ,x 
is a consummate /atem5t ( ! highe/      
conception ( ! nature  ( human life1 & (
 ! only me?ods by :i* its mean+ &       
possibilities c be atta9$4 ,dr4 ,hillis 
is n only a great ma/] (  /yle1 b a s]5e

 satisfaction ) ,god's me?od ( moral    
gov]nm5t  brea!s f e page & makes !     
tea*] tru/wor?y4 ,,*>les  ,,fr$]ic      
,,goss4    8,! ,que/ ( ,happ9ess0 is    
,dr4 ,hillis's v be/ book4 ,x is /rong1 
vivid1 cle>1 & has a c]ta9 indef9able   
human quality :i* w  be sure to give x a
 l>ge circulation & make x a s\rce (    
great  helpfulness4 ,i especially enjoy$
 ! 8,=ewords40 ,!y w\ld make an         
attractive volume 9 !mselves4 ,,amory   
,h4 ,,brad=d1 ,pa/or ( ,fir/            
,congregational ,*ur*1 ,montclair1 ,n4  
,j4            ,,! ,,pleasures ,,(      
,,life      ,,by      ,,sir ,,john      
,,lubbock      ,,"l ,,avebury           
,clo?1 #ab mo1 #a4be      ,x is good to 
read 8 *e]y *apt]s1 & to rejoice t !re  
is  "o su* glad optimi/ 9 ?is sad _w4   
,bo/on ,h]ald4    ,! tone ( ! "w ?r\gh\t
 is h>mlessly optimi/ic1 & x has a      
he>ty & *e]y drift1 v salut>y = di%e>t5$
 or ov]-we>i$  p4 ,! ,dial4    ,a good  
:olesome book4 ,! lit]>y v>iety (       
expression is *>m+4  ,home ,j\rnal4     

,,! ,,use ,,( ,,life      ,,by          
,,sir ,,john ,,lubbock      ,au?or ( 8,!
 ,pleasures ( ,life10 etc41 etc4        
,clo?1 #ab mo1 #a4be      ,"o ( ! mo/   
a/\nd+ m5 ( lett]s ( to-day4 ,an        
exceptional  weight atta*es to ! k9dly  
philosophy ( 8 late/ long talk 8,!  ,use
 ( ,life10 & ev]ybody w rise ! bett] f !
 p]usal (  8 m$itations4 ,philadelphia  
,record4    ,inspir$ by a :olesome      
optimism1 s\nd common s5se1 & a rev]5t  
recognition ( ! high] tru?s ( exi/5ce4  
,j ! volume t  ne$$ to be writt5 on a   
subject full ( vital int]e/ to e        
?\ghtful man & woman4 ,! ,bookman4      
,,! ,,macmillan ,,company    #ff ,,fif? 
,,av5ue1 ,,new ,,york                   
,,transcrib]',s ,,notes3                
,italiciz$ text is surr\nd$ by          
und]scores3 italics4      ,sup]script$  
text is prec$$ by a c>at "*3 ,l,,td4    
,obvi\s typographical errors h be5      
correct$4      ,inconsi/5cies 9         
hyph5ation h be5 /&>diz$4      ,ar*aic  
or v>iant spell+ has be5 reta9$4