,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,_w ,,on ,,m]cator',s ,,projection4 ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,,! ,,philipp9es ,illu/ration3 ,,view ,,f ,,! ,,city ,,wall1 ,,manila4 ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,,! ,,philipp9es ,,= ,,use ,,9 ,,! ,,s*ools ,,( ,,! ,,philipp9e ,,isl&s ,,by ,,adel9e ,,knapp ,au?or ( 8,h[ to ,live10 etc4 ,,) ,,_m ,,illu/rations ,illu/ration ,,silv]1 ,,burdett ,,& ,,company ,,new ,,york ,,bo/on ,,*icago ,,copyright1 #aijb1 ,,by ,,silv]1 ,,burdett ,,& ,,company ,,prefatory ,,note4 ,! hi/ory ( ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s is little kn[n to its p to-day1 = ! records are few & n easy ( access4 ,j at ! pres5t "t ?is k is especially necess>y to ! ,filip9o p4 ,a k ( ! conditions ( ! pa/ is ( ! greate/ importance to a p desir\s ( plann+ wisely & well = ! future4 8,! ,/ory ( ! ,philipp9es0 aims to tea* ,filip9o "y p ! sali5t facts reg>d+ ! pa/ ( _! c\ntry1 &1 besides ?is1 x po9ts out "s ( ! ?+s ne$ful to ! be/ gr[? & progress ( ! isl&s4 ,c]ta9 *apt]s are devot$ to matt]s p]ta9+ to geography1 comm]ce1 & gov]nm5t1 direct+ att5tion to ! ma9 physical features ( ! c\ntry & ! possibilities ( its successful developm5t1 & t\*+ ^u l9es ( comm]cial & social advancem5t :i* lie j ahead4 ,! book %[s t ! ,filip9os h a pa/ fill$ ) ! records ( brave de$s & pati5t =be>ance2 t !y h a beautiful c\ntry1 ri* 9 natural res\rces2 & t ! future developm5t & prosp]ity ( _! isl&s dep5d l>gely ^u !mselves4 ,! volume has be5 prep>$ 9 ord] to fill a def9ite educational ne$ 9 ! s*ools ( ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s1 & z ! fir/ secul> hi/ory ( _! l& to be br\ght )9 rea* ( ,filip9o s*ool *ildr5 x %\ld be ( real value4 ,b x is n only to ! tea*]s & pupils 9 ! s*ools t ?is book is useful2 x %\ld appeal to all :o live 9 ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s & all o!rs :o are int]e/$ 9 !m4 ,! au?or has _h access to ! be/ hi/orical mat]ial available 9 ! ,philipp9es & 9 ,am]ica4 ,! book 0 writt5 9 ! isl&s1 & z ne>ly z possible f ! /&po9t ( ! p4 ,x is impossible to "n ! _m devot$ fri5ds ( ! isl&s--,filip9os & ,am]icans--:o h help$ to make ?is book possible4 ,no m]e words ( ?anks c express ! obligation ( ! au?or & publi%]s to !m2 b _! aid 0 giv5 9 a _s ( desire to help 9 ! education ( ,filip9o "y p4 ,if ! book does ?is1 _! rew>d w be comm5surate ) ! great s]vice !y h r5d]$4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,*apt]4 ,,page4 ,i4 ,,! ,,discov]y ,,( ,,! ,,isl&s #ac ,,ii4 ,,e>ly ,,settlem5ts #bg ,,iii4 ,,! ,,c\ntry ,,& ,,its ,,p #db ,,iv4 ,,e>ly ,,tr\bles #eb ,v4 ,,beg9n+s ,,( ,,/rife #fa ,,vi4 ,,colonial ,,w>s ,,& ,,difficulties #gj ,,vii4 ,,! ,,spani% ,,& ,,! ,,filip9os #gh ,,viii4 ,a ,,new ,,beg9n+ #hh ,,ix4 ,,trade ,,9 ,,! ,,philipp9es #ii ,x4 ,,! ,,isl&s ,,"u ,,ar&ia',s ,,rule #aji ,,xi4 ,,briti% ,,occupation #aag ,,xii4 ,,to ,,! ,,end ,,( ,,! ,,eighte5? ,,c5tury #abd ,,xiii4 ,,! ,,con/itution ,,( #ahab #acb ,,xiv4 ,,*anges ,,9 ,,! ,,isl&s #adb ,,xv4 ,,ef=ts ,,to ,,keep ,,peace #aea ,,xvi4 ,,! ,,insurrection ,,at ,,cavite #afb ,,xvii4 ,,! ,,upris+ ,,( #ahif #agg ,,xviii4 ,,! ,,end ,,( ,,spani% ,,rule #aia ,,xix4 ,,! ,,beg9n+ ,,( ,,am]ican ,,occupation #bjc ,,xx4 ,,civil ,,gov]nm5t ,,= ,,! ,,philipp9es #bab ,,xxi4 ,,physical ,,geography ,,( ,,! ,,ar*ipelago #bba ,,xxii4 ,,! ,,future #bcf ,,illu/rations4 ,,page4 ,,view ,,f ,,! ,,city ,,wall1 ,,manila ,frontispiece ,,k+ ,,*>les ,i4 #ae ,,9 ,,! ,,/raits ,,( ,,magellan #ai ,,map ,,( ,,magellan',s ,,r\te #bj ,,! ,,l&+ ,,( ,,magellan #bb ,,! ,,tomb ,,( ,,magellan1 ,,on ,,! ,,isl& ,,( ,,mactan #bd ,,/atue ,,( ,,seba/ian ,,del ,,cano #bi ,,anci5t ,,=t ,,comm&+ ,,cebu ,,h>bor #cb ,,! ,,monum5t ,,to ,,legaspi ,,at ,,cebu ,,city #ce ,,legaspi ,,sail+ ,,to ,,manila #ch ,,aborig9es ,,( ,,m9danao #dd ,a ,,moro ,,( ,,jol1 ,,9 ,,! ,,sulu ,,ar*ipelago #dg ,,anci5t ,,alphabets #di ,,negritos ,,9 ,a ,,prahu #ej ,,plaza ,,de ,,goiti1 ,,manila #ee ,,*9ese ,,w> ,,junks ,,attack+ ,,manila #eg ,,k+ ,,philip ,,ii4 #fc ,,! ,,city ,,wall ,,& ,,moat1 ,,manila #ff ,a ,,memb] ,,( ,,! ,,guianga ,,tribe ,,( ,,m9danao #gb ,,w>riors ,,( ,,m9danao #gc ,,dut* ,,%ips ,,attack+ ,a ,,*9ese ,,trad+ ,,junk #ge ,,fu]za ,,del ,,pil>1 ,,m9danao #ha ,,/4 ,,laz>us ,,hospital1 ,,manila #hc ,a ,,*ur* ,,at ,,malate #ij ,,! ,,manila ,,ca!dral #ic ,,an ,,old ,,spani% ,,=t ,,at ,,siassi #ie ,,! ,,arrival ,,( ,a ,,spani% ,,galleon #aja ,,! ,,santa ,,lucia ,,gate1 ,,manila #ajd ,,taal ,,volcano #aaj ,,igorrotes #aac ,a ,,/reet ,,9 ,,jol #aad ,,royal ,,gate ,,& ,,sally ,,port ,,9 ,,! ,,city ,,wall1 ,,manila #aai ,,! ,,briti% ,,assault ,,on ,,! ,,walls ,,( ,,manila #aba ,,monum5t ,,to ,,simon ,,de ,,&a ,,on ,,! ,,malacon1 ,,manila #abg ,a ,,mod]n ,,w> ,,%ip #acc ,,k+ ,,f]d9& ,,vii4 #acg ,a ,,/reet ,,9 ,,manila #aci ,,! ,,magellan ,,monum5t1 ,,manila #adc ,,que5 ,,*ri/9a #adf ,,manila ,,bay ,,f ,,! ,,city ,,walls #adh ,,pirate ,,fleet ,,attack+ ,a ,,coa/ ,,t[n #aec ,,! ,,p>ian ,,gate #aee ,,ru9s ,,( ,,manila ,,ca!dral ,,aft] ,,an ,,e>?quake #aeg ,,que5 ,,isabella ,,ii4 ,,z ,a ,,*ild #aeh ,,! ,,gr\nds ,,( ,,! ,,cavite ,,ars5al #afe ,,pump+ ,,/ation1 ,,c>ri$o ,,wat]works #afg ,,! ,,bridge ,,( ,,spa9 #aga ,,=t ,,g5]al ,,weyl] ,,9 ,,m9danao #agh ,,! ,,bridge ,,( ,,san ,,juan ,,del ,,monte #ahb ,,dungeon ,,at ,,cavite #ahe ,,biac-,,na-',,bato1 ,,:]e ,,! ,,treaty ,,0 ,,made #aie ,,emilio ,,agu9aldo #aii ,,admiral ,,montojo #bjd ,,gov]nor-,,g5]al ,,augu/i #bjf ,,! ,,fir/ ,,am]ican ,,flag ,,rais$ ,,9 ,,manila #bji ,,gov]nor ,,william ,h4 ,,taft #bae ,,g5]al ,,adna ,r4 ,,*affee #bag ,,mayon ,,volcano #bbe ,,weav+ ,,jusi #bbg ,,! ,,falls ,,( ,,botocan ,,9 ,,luzon #bcj ,a ,,riv] ,,sc5e ,,on ,,! ,,isl& ,,( ,,luzon #bcc ,,! ,,cagayan ,,de ,,oro ,,riv] #bch ,,manila ,,s*oolboys #bda ,,color$ ,,maps ,,! ,,_w ,inside ,front ,cov] ,,! ,,philipp9e ,,isl&s ,inside ,back ,cov] ,,key ,,to ,,pronunciation ,,( ,,prop] ,,names4 a z 9 fat4 z 9 fate4 z 9 fa!r4 z 9 ask4 e z 9 p54 z 9 mete4 z 9 h]4 i z 9 p94 z 9 p9e4 o z 9 n4 oi z 9 oil1 boy4 ou z 9 p\nd1 pr\d4 z 9 note4 z 9 move4 u z 9 tub4 z 9 mute4 u z 9 pull4 ,a d\ble dot "u a v[el 9 an unacc5t$ syllable indicates t its s\nd is almo/ t ( ! %ort u 9 b1 tub1 etc4 z 9 ,am]ica1 e 9 prud5t1 i 9 *>ity1 o 9 actor1 9 ! book1 9 nature4 ,illu/ration ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,,! ,,philipp9es4 ,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,discov]y ,,( ,,! ,,isl&s4 ,:5 ,*ri/oph] ,columbus 7kristo f] k-lumbus7 discov]$ ,am]ica1 9 ! ye> #adib1 he set all ,europe talk+ ab\t ! unkn[n l&s t lay beyond seas4 ,at t "t little 0 kn[n ( geography4 ,mo/ p believ$ t ! _w 0 flat1 & t if a man 7 to rea* ! edge he c\ld jump (f into space4 ,"s p ?\ght1 too1 t ?is great1 flat e>? re/$ on ! backs ( f\r huge tortoises1 & t ! movem5ts ( ^! creatures caus$ e>?quakes4 ,sailors believ$ t some:]e 9 ! ,atlantic ,ocean ,satan liv$4 ,:5 a %ip 0 wreck$ !y ?\ght t ,satan _h rea*$ out an awful h& & dragg$ ! %ip d[n into ! sea4 ,ev5 le>n$ capta9s believ$ ?is1 & decl>$ t !y _h se5 %ips drawn "u 9 ?is mann]4 ,to !m ! great1 da%+ waves 9 a /orm mu/ h look$ l huge h&s1 & s !y made ?is mi/ake4 ,! sea 0 full ( t]ror to ^? sailors ( long ago2 yet !y brav$ x4 ,!y w5t =? 9 frail little %ips1 su* z a mod]n sailor w\ld h>dly risk a voyage 94 ,until a %ort "t be=e ,columbus's day !y ev5 _h no compass1 b 7 guid$ by ! w9ds & ! />s4 ,!y made long voyages 9 _! t9y %ips1 & little by little !y began to see t ^? :o said t ! _w is r\nd1 & n flat1 mu/ be "r4 ,9 ! ye> #aeac1 a little ov] tw5ty ye>s aft] ,columbus's discov]y1 a ,spani% capta9 nam$ ,balboa 7bl b7 rea*$ ,c5tral ,am]ica4 ,) 8 soldi]s he cross$ ! ,i/hmus ( ,d>i5 7d r n71 & discov]$ ! great ocean :i* wa%es ! we/]n coa/ ( ,am]ica4 ,?is ocean he nam$ ! 8,s\!rn ,sea40 ,m5 7 9 ^? days sl[ly grop+ _! way across seas to ! new l&s4 ,( c\rse1 z soon z !y knew ( ?is ocean1 !y want$ to f9d a way to sail into x f ! ,atlantic ,ocean4 ,!y knew t if !y c\ld d ?is !y w\ld h a %ort] r\te f ,europe to ! fam$ 8spice isl&s0 :i* 7 believ$ to be 9 ! ,s\? ,seas4 ,ab\t ?is "t !re came to ,spa9 a great soldi] & sea-capta9 nam$ ,f]d9& ,magellan 7frd nnd ma jelan74 ,he 0 a ,portuguese noble1 a clev] man ( mu* le>n+4 ,:ile yet a v "y man he became an (fic] 9 ! ,portuguese navy1 & f\ght = 8 k+ 9 _m f> c\ntries4 ,dur+ a w> :i* ,portugal wag$ 9 ,africa1 ,magellan 0 badly w\nd$ 9 "o knee1 s t he 0 ev] aft] lame4 ,on 8 return to ,portugal f ,africa1 o!r capta9s ( ! k+ became jeal\s ( 8 fame & tri$ to belittle all t he _h done4 ,illu/ration3 ,,k+ ,,*>les ,i4 ,!y told ! k+ untrue tales ab\t him1 & made ! sov]eign believe evil aga9/ him4 ,among o!r ?+s1 !y said t he 0 pret5d+ to suff] f a malady ( :i* he _h once be5 a victim1 b ( :i* he 0 really cur$4 ,!y said t he did ?is because he did n wi% to s]ve ! k+ any long]4 ,s !y /irr$ up ! k+'s m9d aga9/ ! brave capta91 & ,magellan 0 v badly treat$4 ,at la/1 deeply hurt by ! k+'s unfairness1 he left ! c\ntry4 ,he w5t to ,spa91 & became a subject ( ,k+ ,*>les ,i4 ,! k+ ( ,spa9 gave ,magellan a w>m welcome4 ,he 0 glad to h him at c\rt1 & li/5$ eag]ly to :at ,magellan _h to say ab\t c]ta9 ri* isl&s t lay 9 ! ,s\!rn ,sea4 ,_m sailors f ,spa9 & f ,portugal _h he>d ( ^! isl&s1 & :5 !y return$ f _! voyages to ! ,malay ,p59sula 9 ! ,ea/1 !y told h[ !y _h se51 9 ,malacca h>bor1 dusky trad]s f t unkn[n l&4 ,none ( !m knew1 h[ev]1 j :]e ^! isl&s lay4 ,at la/ ,k+ ,*>les ,i4 made a compact ) ,magellan4 ,he made ! capta9 a cavali] ( ,spa91 & fitt$ out a fleet = him4 ,magellan pl$g$ himself to sp5d t5 ye>s try+ to f9d ! s\!rn isl&s = ,spa91 & ! k+ gave to him & to 8 heirs ! gov]nor%ip ( all isl&s t he might discov] & conqu]4 ,x 0 on ,augu/ #aj1 #aeai1 t ,magellan's fleet1 fly+ ! royal /&>d ( ,spa91 left ,san ,luc> de ,b>ram$a 7sn lcr d br r m?74 ,!re 7 five %ips1 ,la ,tr9idad 7l trn d?71 ,san ,antonio 7sn n tn 71 ,victoria 7vik tr 71 ,santiago 7sn t g71 & ,concepcion 7kn !p? n74 ,!y sail$ s\?w>d1 f ,san ,luc> de ,b>ram$a t[>d ! ,can>y ,isl&s1 & on ! #ac? ( ,decemb] rea*$ ,rio de ,janeiro 7r d zh nr74 ,f !re !y w5t along d[n ! ea/]n coa/ ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 try+ e op5+ :i* !y ?\ght might be a passage into ! sea !y s\ght4 ,!y lo/ a good deal ( "t sail+ up ! ,rio de la ,plata 7r d l plt71 & at la/ _h to come back to ! ,atlantic4 ,by ?is "t x 0 late 9 w9t]1 & ! wea!r 0 v cold4 ,by n[ ! (fic]s & sailors on all save ,magellan's own %ip _h become rebelli\s4 ,!y 7 sure t no passage c\ld be f\nd into ! ,s\!rn ,sea1 & !y want$ to g back to ,spa94 ,?is rebellion grew until ,magellan _h to put x d[n by ! use ( =ce4 ,he 0 able to w9 ov] ! sailors1 b ! (fic]s /ill made tr\ble1 & at la/ _! revolt 0 s s]i\s t ! fleet c\ld n g on until ?is matt] 0 end$4 ,"o capta9 ev5 made an attack on ,la ,tr9idad1 ! %ip :i* ,magellan comm&$4 ,n until "o ( ! rebelli\s capta9s1 ) a companion1 0 put a%ore1 ano!r kill$1 & a ?ird execut$ = mut9y1 0 ord] re/or$ s t ! fleet c\ld cont9ue ! voyage4 ,b ! way 0 long & try+4 ,! sailors began to lose c\rage aga91 & only ! brav]y & /rong w ( ,magellan kept ! fleet toge!r4 ,"o %ip1 ! ,santiago1 0 wreck$ 9 a great gale1 & :ile (f ! coa/ ( ,new ,gu9ea 7n g9n7 ! crew & mo/ ( ! (fic]s ( ! ,san ,antonio mut9i$4 ,!y put _! capta9 9 irons & sail$ back to ,spa94 ,!re !y lodg$ a compla9t aga9/ _! capta9 & aga9/ ,magellan4 ,!y accus$ ! latt] ( great cruelty1 & rais$ mu* ill feel+ aga9/ him4 ,magellan's wife & family 7 put into prison1 & if ! cavali] himself _h be5 9 ,spa91 x w\ld h gone h>d ) him4 ,b ,magellan 0 v f> f ,spa94 ,) ! ?ree rema9+ %ips he 0 /ill sail+ 9 se>* ( a passage into ! sea :i* ,balboa _h discov]$4 ,on ! #bh? day ( ,octob]1 #aebj1 ! fleet rea*$ ! seaway n[ kn[n z ! ,/raits ( ,magellan1 betwe5 ,patagonia 7pat gn 7 & ,ti]ra del ,fuego 7t err del fwg74 ,h>dly d>+ to hope t ?is 0 ! passage !y s\ght1 !y ent]$ x & sail$ on4 ,ne>ly a mon? lat]1 on ,novemb] #bf1 #aebj1 !y pass$ out ( ! ,/raits & f\nd !mselves on ! broad1 blue ,s\!rn ,sea4 ,?is sea 0 s quiet1 s fair & beautiful1 t ,magellan at once nam$ x ! 8,pacific10 or 8peaceful10 ,ocean4 ,! long$ = seaway 0 discov]$1 & !y 7 ! fir/ to sail ?r\gh x6 ,we may be sure t ! he>ts ( ! little company 7 glad4 ,!re 0 no m d\bt2 no m grumbl+2 no m rebellion aga9/ _! lead]4 ,!y knew1 at la/1 t he 0 a great capta91 & !y foll[$ him will+ly across ! unkn[n sea4 ,!y 7 n[ full ( hope = ! success ( _! voyage4 ,!y 7 eag] to rea* ! ri* spice isl&s :i* !y 7 sure lay be=e !m1 & ! %ips sail$ bravely =w>d ov] ! beautiful ,pacific4 ,on ,m>* #af1 #aeba1 !y came to ! ,ladrone 7l drne7 ,isl&s4 ,to ^! ,magellan gave ! "n ,islas de las ,velas 7s ls d ls vls74 ,x 0 ,miguel de ,legaspi 7m gel d l g?p7 :o1 :5 he visit$ !m 9 #aefd1 call$ !m ! ,ladrones4 ,! exp$ition did n l+] "h1 h[ev]1 b soon sail$ away t[>d ! s\?we/1 :]e ! ,spani>ds hop$ to f9d ! spice isl&s :i* !y s\ght4 ,!y held /eadily to _! we/w>d c\rse1 & 9 due "t rea*$ ,jomohol 7h m hl71 n[ call$ ,malhon 7ml hn71 9 ! ,/raits ( ,suragao 7s r g71 betwe5 ,sam> 7smr7 & ,d9egat 7d n gt74 ,"h !y t\*$1 b did n rema94 ,!y sail$ on along ! coa/ ( ,m9danao 7mn d n71 in/ead1 & e>ly 9 ,ea/] week came to ! m\? ( ! ,butuan 7b t n7 ,riv]4 ,!y 7 ne>ly out ( food & wat] by ?is "t1 s !y l&$ to see :at supplies !y c\ld f9d4 ,! *ief ( ,butuan & 8 p 7 at fir/ fright5$ by ! sight ( ^! :ite /rang]s4 ,! ,spani>ds wore armor & c>ri$ fire>ms4 ,!y mu/ h seem$ /range to ^? simple p1 :o _h nev] be=e se5 su* m5 or su* weapons4 ,! natives welcom$ ! /rang]s1 & br\ght !m fre% food & wat]4 ,!y help$ ! ,spani>ds to load ^! on _! %ips1 & 7 9 e way fri5dly4 ,illu/ration3 ,,9 ,,! ,,/raits ,,( ,,magellan4 ,aft]w>ds ,magellan claim$ ! c\ntry = ,k+ ,*>les ,i4 ( ,spa91 & rais$ ! ,spani% flag4 ,! *ief look$ on dur+ ?is act1 & cons5t$ to x2 b x is n likely t he knew :at ,magellan 0 do+4 ,!n ,magellan nam$ ! c\ntry ! ,san ,laz>us 7sn l?r s7 ,isles4 ,illu/ration3 ,,magellan',s ,,r\te4 ,! ,map %[s ! ,_w z kn[n ab\t #aejj4 ,magellan le>n$ f ! ,butuan p t a ri* & f]tile isl& call$ ,cebu 7sb7 lay to ! nor?1 & to ?is isl& he wi%$ to g4 ,! *ief ( ,butuan !n (f]$ to g ) him & %[ him ! way2 s1 ) ! *ief & "s ( 8 p1 ! fleet sail$ to ,cebu4 ,!y rea*$ h>bor !re ,april #g1 #aeba4 ,at fir/ ! ,cebuans 7sb ns7 7 v unfri5dly t[>d ! /rang]s1 &1 b = ! *ief ( ,butuan1 w\ld h driv5 !m away4 ,he answ]$ = ! ,spani>ds1 h[ev]4 ,he told ! k+ ( ,cebu t !y wi%$ to be fri5ds1 & at la/ ! ,spani>ds 7 all[$ to l&4 ,magellan mu/ h _h ! good gift ( mak+ fri5ds1 = he soon won ov] ! k+ ( ,cebu j z he _h won ov] ! *ief ( ,butuan4 ,he & ! k+ swore fri5d%ip1 & ea* drank blood drawn f ! brea/ ( ! o!r4 ,?is !y did = a sign t !reaft] !y 7 to be bro!rs4 ,magellan also made a treaty ) ! k+ 9 ! "n ( ,k+ ,*>les ,i4 ( ,spa94 ,!re 7 a numb] ( ,spani% fri>s ) ! fleet4 ,^! at once began to tea* ! p1 & be=e long ! k+ 0 baptiz$ z ,k+ ,*>les ,i4 ( ,cebu4 ,_m ( 8 p 7 baptiz$ also4 ,magellan !n promis$ ! ,cebuans to help !m 9 a w> :i* !y 7 hav+ ) ! p ( ,mactan 7mktn71 an isl& ne> ,cebu4 ,to keep ?is promise1 ,magellan cross$ to ,mactan ) =ty ( 8 m5 9 ! ev5+ ( ,april #be?4 ,he w\ld n let any ( ! ,cebuans g ) him1 z he wi%$ to %[ !m h[ quickly ,spani% soldi]s w\ld defeat su* a foe4 ,illu/ration3 ,f a ,pa9t+ 9 ! ,municipal ,s*ool1 ,manila4 ,,! ,,l&+ ,,( ,,magellan4 ,! ,spani% l&$ at night1 & z soon z x 0 light ! p ( ,mactan came d[n to ! bea* 9 great numb]s4 ,a fi]ce battle 0 f\ght1 9 :i* ! ,europeans1 be+ greatly outnumb]$1 7 defeat$4 ,"o old ,spani% acc\nt says t ! ,spani% soldi]s sprang into ! wat] & swam to ! %ips1 leav+ _! lead] on %ore4 ,magellan 0 a skillful swordsman1 & kill$ _m ( ! enemy4 ,at la/1 h[ev]1 a savage1 :o f\ght ) a huge club1 /ruck him a bl[ t cru%$ bo? 8 helmet & 8 skull4 ,he di$1 !re by ! sea1 on ! isl& ( ,mactan1 & a monum5t to 8 memory n[ /&s on ! spot :]e x is suppos$ t he fell4 ,on ! "r bank ( ! ,riv] ,pasig 7psig71 9 ,manila1 ne> ! bridge ( ,spa91 is ano!r monum5t 9 honor ( ?is brave nobleman & soldi]4 ,f]d9& ,magellan ranks ) ! great sailors ( ! _w4 ,n ev5 ,columbus 0 wis] or m skillful ?an he4 ,! discov]y ( ! passage betwe5 ! two great oceans1 & ! long1 dang]\s j\rney across seas to ^! isl&s1 are feats t make him wor?y ( a high & honorable place 9 ! _w's hi/ory4 ,aft] ! dea? ( ,magellan1 ,capta9 ,du>te ,b>bosa 7d rt br bo?7 took comm& ( ! fleet4 ,! k+ ( ,cebu _h n sworn fri5d%ip ) him1 h[ev]1 & ! *ief ( ,butuan _h gone back to 8 home1 s ! ,spani% _h no /rong fri5d 9 ! isl&4 ,! k+ invit$ ,b>bosa & 8 m5 to a fea/ on ! isl&1 & at ?is fea/ ! capta9 & tw5ty-six ( 8 m5 7 kill$4 ,! ,cebuans (f]$ to give up a ,spani% sailor nam$ ,juan ,s]rano 7h n s rn7 = two cannons f "o ( ! %ips1 b ! ,spani% w\ld n come in%ore to br+ ! cannons & take _! %ipmate on bo>d4 ,!y sail$ away & left him to 8 fate4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,tomb ,,( ,,magellan1 ,,on ,,! ,,isl& ,,( ,,mactan4 ,9 all1 ?irty-two ,spani>ds 7 kill$ at ,cebu4 ,?is left !m s %ort ( m5 t !y c\ld n get ! ?ree %ips away4 ,s1 z ! ,concepcion 0 ! poore/ ( ! ?ree1 !y sunk h] 9 ,cebu h>bor4 ,aft] do+ ?is !y made ha/e to get away f ! sc5e ( _! ill =tune4 ,capta9 ,juan ,c>aballo 7kr bly7 0 n[ made comm&] ( ! exp$ition1 & ) less ?an a hundr$ m5 all told1 ! two %ips w5t on to ,borneo4 ,summ>y4--,f]d9& ,magellan1 a ,portuguese noble1 leav+ 8 own c\ntry because ( ill treatm5t1 became a subject ( ,spa94 ,k+ ,*>les ,i4 fitt$ out a fleet = him1 & ,magellan agre$ to sp5d t5 ye>s seek+ = isl&s 9 ! ,s\!rn ,sea1 to conqu] = ,spa94 ,on ,augu/ #aj1 #aeai1 ! fleet sail$ f ,san ,luc> de ,b>ram$a1 s\?w>d4 ,magellan sail$ d[n ! ea/]n coa/ ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 seek+ a passage into ! ocean :i* ,balboa _h discov]$ & nam$ ! ,s\!rn ,sea4 ,!y _h _m h>d%ips4 ,"o %ip 0 wreck$ & "o des]t$2 b on ,octob] #bh1 #aebj1 !y rea*$ ! passage n[ kn[n z ! ,/raits ( ,magellan4 ,?is passage is betwe5 ,patagonia & ,ti]ra del ,fuego4 ,!y sail$ ?r\gh ! ,/raits1 & on ,novemb] #bf1 #aebj1 ent]$ ! ,s\!rn ,sea4 ,magellan nam$ ?is sea ! ,pacific ,ocean4 ,on ,m>* #af1 #aeba1 ! fleet rea*$ ! ,ladrone ,isl&s4 ,!y did n rema9 long1 b sail$ t[>d ! s\?we/4 ,!y t\*$ at ,malhon1 & w5t on along ! coa/ ( ,m9danao4 ,!y l&$ at ! m\? ( ! ,butuan ,riv]1 & 7 well receiv$ by ! *ief & 8 p4 ,magellan claim$ ! c\ntry = ,spa94 ,! *ief ( ,butuan w5t ) ! ,spani% to ,cebu4 ,magellan swore fri5d%ip ) ! k+ ( ,cebu1 & ! latt] 0 baptiz$4 ,magellan1 ) =ty ,spani>ds1 (f]$ to fight ! p ( ,mactan1 :o 7 at w> ) ! ,cebuans4 ,magellan 0 kill$1 h[ev]1 & ! ,spani>ds 7 driv5 back4 ,! new ,spani% lead] 0 kill$1 ) tw5ty-six ( 8 m51 at a fea/ giv5 by ! k+ ( ,cebu on %ore4 ,! ,spani% sunk "o ( _! %ips2 & ! o!r two1 ) all ! ,spani>ds left1 sail$ = ,borneo4 ,que/ions4--,:at did p believe 9 ! "t ( ,columbus ab\t ! %ape ( ! e>?8 ,:at did !y ?9k ab\t ! sea8 ,:at ,european fir/ saw ! ,pacific ,ocean8 ,h[ did he rea* x8 ,:o 0 ,magellan8 ,h[ did he come to take s]vice ) ! k+ ( ,spa98 ,:5 did ,magellan's fleet leave ,spa98 ,:at c\rse did x take8 ,tell :5 he discov]$ ! ,/raits4 ,:]e did ,magellan g aft] ent]+ ! ,pacific8 ,give an acc\nt ( 8 l&+ at ,butuan4 ,:]e did he g next8 ,h[ did he die8 ,:at !n became ( ! fleet8 ,illu/ration ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,e>ly ,,settlem5ts4 ,9 ! mon? ( ,septemb]1 #aebb1 a few weeks ov] ?ree ye>s aft] ,magellan's pr\d fleet sail$ f ,san ,luc> de ,b>ram$a1 9 ,spa91 a s+le %ip put into t port4 ,%e 0 seaworn & batt]$1 ) torn sails1 & timb]s w>p$ & sc>r$ by _m a /orm4 ,! p hail$ h] ) joy1 & ev]y:]e 9 ,spa9 m5 7 glad :5 !y he>d ( h] safe home-com+4 ,?is %ip 0 ! ,victoria1 comm&$ by ,capta9 ,juan ,seba/ian del ,cano 7s bst n del kn71 a /atue ( :om n[ /&s 9 ! ma9 hall ( ! ,palacio 9 ,manila4 ,%e 0 ! only "o left ( ! five %ips t _h gone out ) ,magellan ?ree ye>s be=e4 ,b batt]$ & sc>r$ z %e 01 ! ,victoria 0 a %ip to be pr\d (4 ,%e _h sail$ cle> ar\nd ! _w1 & at t "t no o!r %ip _h ev] done su* a ?+4 ,no wond]1 !n1 t ev]ybody 0 glad to see h]1 & 0 pr\d ( h]4 ,! p 7 sorry :5 !y le>n$ ( ! sad fate ( ,magellan1 b !re 7 /ill brave capta9s & clev] seam5 9 ,spa91 & ^! at once began mak+ plans to g to ! new-f\nd ,san ,laz>us ,isles4 ,"o ( ! exp$itions t 7 fitt$ out 0 lo/2 b 9 #aedb a second company left ! city ( ,navidad 7n v d?7 9 ,mexico1 or ,new ,spa91 z t c\ntry 0 (t5 call$4 ,?is "o 0 comm&$ by a ,spani% nobleman nam$ ,ruy ,lopez de ,villalobos 7r l pe?d vl y l'bos74 ,aft] a long1 h>d j\rney ! exp$ition rea*$ ! isl& n[ call$ ,sam>4 ,! ,spani% did n try to settle !re1 b ,ruy ,lopez nam$ ?is isl& ,isla ,filip9a1 9 honor ( ,pr9ce ,philip ( ,spa94 ,t "o little fact is ( int]e/ to u1 because ab\t a ye> lat] a c]ta9 ,spani% g5tleman :o 0 writ+ a lett] home f ,mexico spoke ( ! :ole gr\p ( isl&s z ,las ,islas ,filip9as4 ,?is "n 0 at once tak5 up 9 ,spa94 ,no "o rememb]$ t ,magellan _h nam$ ! isl&s ,san ,laz>us1 b e "o call$ !m ,islas ,filip9as2 & s ^! ,philipp9e ,isl&s receiv$ a "n :i* !y h ev] s9ce kept4 ,! ,spani% g5tleman :o wrote t lett] 0 ,don ,miguel ,lopez de ,legaspi4 ,he 0 a nobleman ( ,spa91 b = _m ye>s he liv$ 9 ,mexico4 ,he 0 "o ( ! _m great m5 :o1 9 e>ly times1 made ,spa9's "n a pr\d "o4 ,he 0 a "y man :5 he w5t to ,new ,spa9 & began to practice law4 ,he 0 an hone/ g5tleman & an able /atesman1 & be=e _m ye>s he 0 made mayor ( ! ,city ( ,mexico4 ,he seems to h be5 a truly religi\s man1 wise & j2 a man to tru/1 & "o well able to lead o!r m54 ,= su* m5 !re are always high places 9 ! _w4 ,legaspi 01 moreov]1 a brave soldi] & a skillful sailor4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/atue ,,( ,,seba/ian ,,del ,,cano4 ,9 ! ,palacio1 ,manila4 ,x is n /range1 !re=e1 t ! k+ ( ,spa9 %\ld h kn[n ab\t him4 ,! k+ at ?is "t 0 ,philip ,,ii41 = :om1 :5 he 0 pr9ce1 ^! isl&s 7 nam$4 ,he came to ! ?rone 9 #aeee1 & soon aft] 0 m9d$ to s5d out an exp$ition to settle 9 ! c\ntry nam$ = him4 ,he look$ ab\t = a man to comm& ?is exp$ition1 & 8 *oice fell ^u ,legaspi4 ,s he made him g5]al ( ! :ole =ce4 ,!re 7 f\r %ips & a frigate 9 ! new fleet1 & all 7 /rongly arm$ & well /ock$ = ! j\rney4 ,! =ce ( m5 numb]$ #djj soldi]s & sailors1 c>efully *os51 & fit = ! brave adv5ture be=e !m4 ,) ! fleet !re 7 also six fri>s ( ! ,ord] ( ,/4 ,augu/9e1 & ! lead] ( ^! 0 a man aft] ,legaspi's own he>t4 ,8 "n 0 ,&res de ,urdaneta 7ndrs d urd nt74 ,he _h be5 at "o "t a capta9 9 ,k+ ,*>les's navy1 & _h long want$ ,k+ ,*>les ,i4 to s5d him on an exp$ition to ! ,pacific4 ,b ! k+ 0 we>y ( w>s & long$ = re/4 ,( 8 own accord he left ! ?rone1 to retire into private life2 & ,urdaneta took holy ord]s4 ,:5 ,philip ,,ii4 0 mak+ ready 8 great exp$ition1 he rememb]$ 8 fa!r's fri5d ,urdaneta1 & *ose him to g ) ,legaspi z capta9 ( ! spiritual =ces ( ! fleet4 ,^! two m51 ,legaspi & ,urdaneta1 7 w>m fri5ds4 ,x is v fitt+ t 9 ! monum5t on ! ,luneta 9 ,manila1 _! figures %\ld to-day /& side by side4 ,:5 we see ?is monum5t1 we %\ld rememb] ! brave j\rney ^! two m5 made toge!r ye>s ago1 & ! bright future :i* !y hop$ to secure = ^! isl&s4 ,?is new fleet sail$ f ,navidad1 on ! coa/ ( ,mexico1 on ! #ba/ day ( ,novemb]1 #aefd4 ,! exp$ition 0 unlike ! ones t _h gone be=e x4 ,x _h = its aim ! sett+ up ( ,spa9's rule 9 ! isl&s1 :]eas ! o!rs _h gone out to seek new l&s & to conqu] !m4 ,! m5 ) ,legaspi meant to /ay 9 ! isl&s & to make _! homes !re4 ,legaspi _h be5 w>n$ n to g fir/ to ,cebu4 ,8 advis]s ?\ght x w\ld be bett] to settle on "o ( ! o!r isl&s & sl[ly to make fri5ds ) ! ,cebuans be=e go+ to live among !m4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 0 n ,legaspi's plan4 ,he knew t ! ,cebuans 7 ! v p :om he mu/ w9 ov] at fir/1 if he hop$ to h peace 9 8 new home4 ,y see1 ! ,spani>ds z yet knew no?+ ab\t ! great isl& ( ,luzon4 ,!y _h no k ( ! size & nature ( ?is new c\ntry1 b ?\ght ! be/ "p ( x lay to ! s\?4 ,legaspi sail$ = ,cebu1 b :5 he began to draw ne> to ! ar*ipelago he s5t "o ( 8 %ips ahead to le>n :at sort ( welcome ! exp$ition might look = f ! ,cebuans4 ,! comm&] ( ?is %ip br\ght back a gloomy report4 ,! ,cebuans _h n be5 at all fri5dly4 ,in/ead1 !y _h caught & kill$ "o ( ! m5 ( ! l&+ crew f ! %ip1 & w\ld h kill$ ! o!rs _h n ! ,spani% pull$ (f f %ore & gone back to _! %ip4 ,:5 ?is report 0 br\ght to ,legaspi he 0 v sorry4 ,he at once1 h[ev]1 made up 8 m9d to g to ,cebu & subdue ! p4 ,?is he ?\ght 0 8 duty t[>d 8 k+2 s ! fleet sail$ to ,cebu4 ,x came safe into h>bor1 & ! soldi]s l&$ 9 front ( ! t[n ( ,cebu on ! #bg? day ( ,april1 #aefe4 ,! ,spani% 7 amaz$ & delight$ ) ! beauty & fruitfulness ( ! isl&4 ,we>y ) _! long voyage1 !y w\ld gladly h made fri5ds ) ! p & be5 at peace 9 t lovely spot4 ,illu/ration3 ,,anci5t ,,=t ,,comm&+ ,,cebu ,,h>bor4 ,! p1 h[ev]1 w\ld n be fri5ds4 ,!y _h driv5 ! ,spani% f _! %ore once1 & did n mean t ! /rang]s %\ld come back to live !re4 ,! *ief1 ,k+ ,tupas 7tps71 0 a brave & w>like man1 & ) a l>ge army he came d[n to ! %ore to beat (f ! newcom]s4 ,a fi]ce battle 0 f\ght !re by ! sea1 b x did n la/ long4 ,! spe>s & arr[s ( ! ,cebuans 7 ( little use aga9/ ,spani% armor1 :ile ! ,spani% fire>ms did deadly "w among ! lightly-clad ,cebuan w>riors4 ,aft] a few h\rs ! ,cebuans 7 =c$ back f ! %ore1 & ! ,spani% held ! t[n4 ,legaspi n[ set to "w to w9 ! lik+ ( ! ,cebuans4 ,he believ$ firmly t ! k+ ( ,spa9 0 by div9e "r ! lawful rul] ( ^! isl&s2 b = himself1 he meant to gov]n k9dly & wisely 9 ! "n ( ! k+4 ,he c\ld n d ?is until he _h %[n ! p t he & 8 soldi]s 7 _! fri5ds4 ,to ?is task1 !re=e1 he b5t all 8 wisdom4 ,s e>ne/ly did ! ,spani% comm&] "w to w9 ov] ! p1 t 9 a v few mon?s ! :ole isl& 0 9 a /ate ( peace4 ,a little lat]1 ,padre ,urdaneta w5t back to ,spa9 to report all t _h be5 done4 ,k+ ,philip ,,ii4 0 mu* pleas$ ) ! fri>'s report1 & made ,legaspi 8gov]nor-g5]al ( all ! t]ritory 9 ! ar*ipelago t he might conqu] = ,spa940 ,matt]s n[ w5t v quietly ) ! natives = sev]al ye>s2 b tr\ble came to ! ,spani>ds f ! outside4 ,at ?is "t !re 0 great rivalry betwe5 ,spa9 & ,portugal 9 ! discov]y & settlem5t ( new l&s4 ,9 ea* ( ^! c\ntries !re 7 _m d>+ sailors & brave soldi]s :o lik$ no?+ bett] ?an to g on wild adv5tures = _! k+s1 to f9d & to claim new l&s4 ,s great 0 ! rivalry betwe5 ^! two c\ntries t ,pope ,alex&] ,,vi41 soon aft] ! discov]y ( ,am]ica1 made a decree divid+ betwe5 !m all ! l&s t might be discov]$4 ,! divid+ l9e 0 ! m]idian ( ,cape ,v]de ,isl&4 ,by 8 decree ! ,pope gave all hea!n l&s discov]$ we/ ( t l9e to ,spa94 ,all ! l&s t %\ld be discov]$ ea/ ( ! m]idian he gave to ,portugal4 ,"u ?is rul+1 z we may see by look+ at a map1 ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s w\ld h fall5 to ,portugal4 ,spa91 h[ev]1 claim$ ^! isl&s by "r ( discov]y1 & 0 ready to uphold h] claim by =ce ( arms4 ,?is ,legaspi _h to d be=e he _h be5 long 9 ,cebu4 ,an exp$ition ( ,portuguese came out aga9/ ! ,spani%1 &1 b = ,legaspi's brave def5se ( ! isl&1 w\ld h tak5 x f !m4 ,! ,portuguese 7 =c$ to retire1 h[ev]1 & ?\gh = ye>s !re 0 mu* tr\ble ov] ! matt]1 ,portugal nev] made good h] claim to ! ,philipp9es4 ,by #aegj ,legaspi _h made ! t[n ( ,cebu a city & ! seat ( gov]nm5t4 ,9 ! spr+ ( ?is ye> a gr&son ( 81 a "y ,spani% capta9 nam$ ,juan ,salc$o 7sl sd71 came f ,mexico to help him 9 ! isl&s4 ,he 0 a v "y man1 b a good soldi]1 & wise beyond 8 ye>s4 ,8 gr&fa!r 0 glad1 inde$1 to h su* a help]1 & s5t him out at ! head ( a /rong =ce to visit all ! isl&s4 ,! ,spani% _h le>n$ by ?is "t ab\t ! isl& ( ,luzon t lay to ! nor?1 s ,salc$o 0 ord]$ to g up !re & see :at x 0 l4 ,he sail$ f ,cebu e>ly 9 ! summ]1 & made 8 way nor?w>d to ! great bay ( ,manila4 ,"h he f\nd a t[n call$ ,maynila by ! p :o liv$ !re1 & "h he l&$ ) 8 company ( soldi]s1 all 9 full armor4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,monum5t ,,to ,,legaspi ,,at ,,cebu ,,city4 ,! p ( ,luzon _h nev] be=e se5 ,european soldi]s4 ,!y ?\ght t ^! 7 gods1 & n m51 & made ha/e to be fri5ds ) !m4 ,!y c\ld n und]/& ! fire>ms :i* ! soldi]s c>ri$1 & 7 mu* afraid ( !m4 ,!y gave up _! city at once1 & br\ght food & fruits z (f]+s to ! /range visitors4 ,salc$o spoke k9dly to !m1 & :5 he _h made !m und]/& :at he want$1 !y all swore loyalty to ,spa94 ,b ,soliman 7s lmn71 *ief ( ,maynila1 soon saw t ^! huge /rang]s 7 only m51 aft] all4 ,!n he 0 fill$ ) sorr[ to ?9k t he _h giv5 up 8 city to !m1 & made up 8 m9d to w9 x back4 ,he ga!r$ all 8 w>riors & l$ !m aga9/ ! ,spani%1 b x 0 ( no use4 ,salc$o's =ces 7 too /rong = 8 army1 & ,soliman 0 defeat$4 ,he 0 driv5 out f 8 city aga92 b ?is "t1 r ?an let ! ,spani% h x1 he set fire to x & burn$ x d[n4 ,juan ,salc$o n[ %[$ himself to be k9d z well z brave4 ,:5 he _h tak5 ,soliman prison]1 he did n puni% him = break+ 8 oa? ( fealty to ,spa94 ,he =gave him freely1 & let him take ! oa? aga94 ,!n he let him g on rul+ 8 p 9 ! "n ( ! k+ ( ,spa94 ,aft] ?is ,salc$o pass$ on ?r\gh ,luzon1 claim+ ! c\ntry = ,philip ,,ii4 ,he visit$ ^? p>ts n[ kn[n z ,laguna 7l gn71 ,pangas9an 7pn gs nn71 & ! ,cam>9es 7cm rns74 ,he took ! city ( ,ca9ta 7k nt71 :]e a ,moro *ief rul$1 & !n w5t to :at is n[ ,ilocos ,sur 7l cos sr74 ,"o ( 8 capta9s1 nam$ ,m>t9 de ,goiti 7mrt9 d g t71 he left at ,maynila ) a small =ce to gu>d ! camp4 ,goiti also conqu]$ ! p ( ,pampanga 7pm png74 ,lat] ,salc$o s5t a mess5g] to 8 gr&fa!r1 ,gov]nor-,g5]al ,legaspi1 ask+ him to come at once to ,maynila4 ,dur+ all ! "t t ,salc$o 0 tak+ ,maynila & br++ ! c\ntry "u ! rule ( ,spa91 ,legaspi 0 busy 9 ! ,visayas 7vis ys74 ,he _h be5 9 ! c\ntry five ye>s or m1 & _h done mu* to make peace ) ! p4 ,! *ief ( ,cebu _h accept$ baptism1 ) _m ( ! ,cebuans1 & "o ( 8 daught]s 0 m>ri$ to a ,spani>d4 ,!re 0 great good feel+ betwe5 ! two races1 & ! ,cebuans look$ ^u ! ,spani% z fri5ds4 ,well pleas$1 !re=e1 ) ! way ?+s 7 go+ 9 ,cebu1 ,legaspi w5t on a t\r ?r\gh all ! ,visayan gr\p4 ,legaspi 0 at ,iloilo on ! isl& ( ,panay 7pn 7 :5 ?is mess5g] f\nd him & told him all t ,salc$o _h done 9 ,luzon4 ,legaspi 0 mu* pleas$ at ! news4 ,he saw at once t ,maynila 0 ! place ( all o!rs on ! isl&s 9 :i* to set up ! gov]nm5t1 & he made ready to g to ,luzon4 ,he c\ld d ?is all ! m easily because ( ! way he _h manag$ ?+s 9 ! ,visayas4 ,all ! native *iefs 7 /ill 9 p[]1 & ,legaspi left !m to rule z !y _h always done1 save t !y n[ rul$ 9 ! "n ( ! k+ ( ,spa94 ,! gov]nor-g5]al 0 able1 !re=e1 to leave beh9d him a quiet1 ord]ly gov]nm5t1 & to give 8 m9d freely to ! new "w be=e him4 ,! j\rney nor?w>d 0 made 9 safety1 & e>ly 9 ,m>* ( ! ye> #aega1 ,legaspi & 8 p>ty rea*$ ,cavite 7k vt74 ,"h !y 7 met by ! ,tagal 7tgl7 *ief1 ,lacondola 7l con dl71 rajah or k+ ( ,tondo 7tond71 :o is sometimes also spok5 ( z ,rajah ,mat&a 7m tnd7 or ! 8old ,rajah40 ,lacondola welcom$ ,legaspi z ! lawful rul]1 & told him t he & 8 p 7 loyal to ! k+ ( ,spa94 ,! p>ty !n w5t on to ,maynila1 & "h also ,legaspi 0 greet$ z ! k+'s repres5tative4 ,soliman1 ! =m] k+ ( ,maynila1 0 nev] a really will+ subject ( ,spa94 ,b he 0 a nephew ( ,lacondola1 & ! old ,rajah's c\nsel _h great weight ) him2 s he nev] rebell$ aga9/ ! new rul]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,legaspi ,,sail+ ,,to ,,manila4 ,legaspi n[ decl>$ ,k+ ,philip ! ov]lord ( t :ole c\ntry1 & made ,maynila ! capital4 ,he *ang$ ! spell+ ( ! "n to ,manila4 ,?is ^w is made up ( two ,tagal words--may1 :i* means 8to h10 & nila1 a k9d ( tree t once grew ?ickly ar\nd ! city--& ,maynila means t !re 7 _m nila trees !re4 ,lacondola & ,soliman jo9$ =ces ) ,m>t9 de ,goiti1 to help /r5g!n ! new rule 9 ! isl&s4 ,! c\ntry n[ kn[n z ,batangas 7b tngs7 ,prov9ce 0 !n rul$ by sev]al *iefs :o 7 usually at w> ) ! ,tagals & o!r tribes4 ,!y & _! p _h come f ,borneo & _h int]m>ri$ ) ! ,negritos 7n grts74 ,!y 7 great hunt]s & good fight]s1 b w\ld n yield to ! ,spani>ds2 s1 ) ! aid ( o!r tribes1 ! ,spani>ds drove !m f ! c\ntry4 ,!re 7 o!r *iefs rul+ 9 ! di/ricts ab\t ,manila ,bay2 b ^! %[$ !mselves fri5dly to ,spa91 & 7 left 9 (fice1 to gov]n 9 ! "n ( ! k+4 ,! "w ( putt+ ! c\ntry 9 ord] n[ w5t on rapidly4 ,9 ,june1 #aega1 ,legaspi =m$ ! ,city ,c\ncil ( ,manila1 & began to lay ! f\ndation = a wise & j rule 9 ^! isl&s4 ,he made a plan = ,manila1 & _h ! city laid out 9 squ>es & /reets j z we see x to-day inside ! walls4 ,he also set ! p to "w build+ ^! walls = a def5se aga9/ ! wild tribes4 ,! walls 7 n9ete5 ye>s 9 build+1 & to-day1 aft] m ?an ?ree hundr$ ye>s1 !y are /ill /rong & beautiful1 to %[ h[ well ! ,tagal p build$4 ,! =t at ! m\? ( ! ,pasig ,riv] 0 also begun at ?is "t4 ,gov]nor-,g5]al ,legaspi 0 a /rong1 wise rul] = ?is c\ntry4 ,he 0 a man f> ahead ( 8 times & ( 8 p1 8a good man among m51 & a great man among /atesm540 ,if 8 plans = ! ,philipp9es _h be5 c>ri$ out1 ! hi/ory ( ! isl&s w\ld be v diff]5t f :at x is to-day4 ,if ^? :o came aft] him _h be5 z wise & z k9d z he1 ! ,filip9os w\ld h be5 a happy1 cont5t$ p4 ,b d>k days came all too soon to ! colony4 ,on ! #bj? day ( ,augu/1 #aegb1 ,legaspi di$1 worn out by ! h>d labors ( 8 active1 useful life4 ,he 0 buri$ 9 ! ,augu/9e ,*apel ( ,san ,fau/o1 9 ,manila1 & ano!r sort ( rule soon began 9 ! isl&s4 ,summ>y4--,! ,victoria1 comm&$ by ,juan ,seba/ian del ,cano1 rea*$ ,spa9 9 ,septemb]1 #aebb4 ,%e 0 ! fir/ %ip to sail ar\nd ! _w4 ,tw5ty ye>s lat] ,ruy ,lopez de ,villalobos comm&$ an exp$ition :i* w5t to ,sam>4 ,he nam$ ?is isl& 8,isla ,filip9a10 & lat] ,legaspi gave ! "n 8,islas ,filip9as0 to ! entire ar*ipelago4 ,miguel de ,legaspi comm&$ an exp$ition s5t out by ,k+ ,philip ,,ii4 to settle 9 ! isl&s4 ,) him came ! ,augu/9e fri> ,p4 ,urdaneta4 ,?is fleet left ,navidad1 ,mexico1 ,novemb] #ba1 #aefd4 ,! ,spani% w5t to ,cebu1 conqu]$ ! p1 & !n began to make fri5ds ) !m & to build up ! gov]nm5t4 ,lat] ! ,spani% _h tr\ble ) ! ,portuguese1 :o came to claim ! c\ntry1 b 7 driv5 away4 ,9 #aegj1 ,juan ,salc$o came out4 ,he w5t to ,luzon1 took ,maynila1 & !n s5t a mess5g] to ,legaspi to tell him to come !re4 ,legaspi 0 9 ! ,visayas1 pacify+ ! c\ntry1 b he at once w5t to ,maynila4 ,he 0 well receiv$ by ,lacondola & ,soliman1 & set up 8 capital 9 ,maynila4 ,he =m$ ! ,city ,c\ncil1 made a plan = ! city1 & _h "w begun on ! walls4 ,he began a wise & humane rule 9 ! isl&s1 b di$1 9 ,augu/1 #aegb1 be=e he 0 able to c>ry out _m ( 8 plans4 ,que/ions4--,:5 did ! ,victoria return to ,spa98 ,:at _h %e done8 ,h[ did ! ,islas ,filip9as get _! "n8 ,:o 0 ,miguel de ,legaspi8 ,:o 0 ,urdaneta8 ,:5 did ,legaspi's exp$ition />t8 ,:]e did x sail f8 ,h[ 0 he receiv$ 9 ,cebu8 ,:o 0 ,juan ,salc$o8 ,tell ( 8 "w 9 ,luzon4 ,:5 did ,legaspi come to ,manila8 ,:o receiv$ him8 ,:5 0 ! ,city ,c\ncil f\nd$8 ,:at sort ( man 0 ,legaspi8 ,:5 did he die8 ,illu/ration ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,c\ntry ,,& ,,its ,,p4 ,be=e we g f>!r ) ?is /ory ( ! ,philipp9es1 let u look1 = a little :ile1 at ! c\ntry itself1 & ! p :o live 9 x4 ,m5 :o are wise 9 sci5ce tell u t !re mu/ h be5 9 ! ,pacific ,ocean1 "s ?\s&s ( ye>s ago1 a great body ( l& t has n[ sunk out ( sight4 ,we d n "k :5 x sank2 b aft] x did s !re mu/ h be51 "o aft] ano!r1 a great _m volcanic eruptions t broke up ! sunk5 cont95t into small] tracts ( l&4 ,_m ( ^! eruptions took place "u wat]1 & ) ! ov]fl[ ( lava ! sep>ate tracts grew l>g]4 ,lat] /ill ?is sunk5 l& began sl[ly to rise f ! sea4 ,9 "s places ?is *ange is /ill go+ on4 ,new isl&s h come up out ( ! sea )9 ! memory ( p :o are /ill alive1 & !re h be51 )9 mod]n times1 great *anges on "s ( ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s4 ,! :ole gr\p is ( volcanic orig91 b !re are n[ v few active volcanoes left 9 ! c\ntry4 ,( ^! ,mayon 7m n71 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ,luzon1 is ! l>ge/4 ,?is is said to be ! mo/ beautiful volcano 9 ! _w4 ,its =m is a p]fect cone4 ,taal 7tl7 volcano1 :i* is on an isl& 9 ,lake ,bombon 7bmbn71 is also a fam\s volcano4 ,!re are ov] #a1bjj isl&s 9 ! ar*ipelago1 b we d n "k exactly h[ _m !re are4 ,!y h nev] be5 c\nt$4 ,"s ( !m are h>dly m ?an bits ( rock %[+ above ! sea1 :ile ,luzon1 ! l>ge/1 is #dhj miles long4 ,on all ( ! isl&s !re are l>ge m\nta9s4 ,great peaks rise1 9 "s cases to a height ( #g1jjj or #h1jjj feet1 cov]$ to ! v top ) =e/s ( mighty trees4 ,! f9e/ build+ timb] 9 ! _w w "s day come f ^! isl&s4 ,teak1 ebony1 mahogany1 & c$> trees gr[ "h1 besides rubb] & camphor trees1 & _m o!rs = :i* !re is great dem& 9 all ! m>kets ( ! _w4 ,f9e fruit trees ( _m sorts are also f\nd4 ,:5 !re are good roads 9 ! isl&s ov] :i* to haul logs1 & mod]n mills & ma*9]y to make !m into lumb]1 ! timb] trade ( ! ,philipp9es w be a great indu/ry4 ,!re are n[ ab\t eight millions ( p 9 ! ,philipp9es4 ,h[ _m 7 "h :5 ! ,spani% came we d n "k4 ,! l>g] "p ( ! p 9 ! isl&s are ( ! ,malay 7ml7 race4 ,^! 7 n ! fir/ dwell]s 9 ! c\ntry1 b came f ! ,malay ,p59sula1 & x is likely t !y _h n be5 "h m ?an two or ?ree hundr$ ye>s :5 ! ,spani% came4 ,!y are ! p ^: lives & acts make up mo/ ( :at we call ! 8hi/ory0 ( ! isl&s1 & !y are ! p usually meant by ! t]m 8,filip9os40 ,illu/ration3 ,,aborig9es ,,( ,,m9danao4 ,up 9 ! m\nta9s1 liv+ 9 ne>ly z wild a /ate z :5 ! ,spani% came1 we /ill f9d ! aborig9es4 ,?is is a ^w :i* means ! fir/ dwell]s 9 a c\ntry4 ,x is ?\ght t ! fir/ p :o liv$ 9 ! nor!rn isl&s 7 ! ,aetas1 or ,negritos4 ,a race call$ ! ,indonesians 79 d ns ns7 are ! aborig9es ( ! great isl& ( ,m9danao4 ,! ,negritos are dy+ out4 ,!y are a small1 timid p1 ) ?ick lips & flat noses4 ,_! hair is l curly wool4 ,!y hunt & fight ) b[s & arr[s1 & are v quick & active4 ,_! *ief food is fi%1 & ! br[n m\nta9 rice :i* !y plant & h>ve/4 ,ev5 if tak5 :5 *ildr5 & br\ght up 9 a city1 !y d n gr[ to l civiliz$ life1 b run away & g back to ! m\nta9s z soon z !y h ! *ance4 ,an important tribe ( wild p 9 ^! isl&s are ! ,igorrotes 7ig rts71 ( :om !re are _m on ,luzon4 ,! ,igorrotes are ! f9e/ & /ronge/ ( all ! wild tribes 9 ! c\ntry4 ,!y are v brave1 & are good fight]s1 us+ 9 w>f>e a %ort1 broad knife1 :i* !y wield ) deadly skill4 ,!y nev] submitt$ to ! ,spani>ds1 & 7 badly us$ by t p4 ,! ,spani>ds always made w> ^u !m1 & at "o "t tri$ to put an end to all ( ! tribe 9 ,luzon4 ,!y burn$ _! villages & kill$ all :o fell 9 _! p[]4 ,!y c\ld n conqu] !m1 h[ev]1 & ! ,igorrotes h always hat$ ! ,spani% fi]cely4 ,! civiliz$ ,filip9o p spr+ f none ( ^! wild tribes4 ,z we h said1 !y are ,malays1 & came "h f ! great ,malay ,p59sula4 ,! ,malays1 f e>lie/ times1 7 a sea-go+ folk1 d>+ sailors1 & skillful 9 manag+ _! boats4 ,!y w5t boldly to sea 9 t9y crafts1 ) only ! />s to guide !m1 tak+ risks su* z no ,europeans d>$ to take4 ,!y ov]ran ! isl&s ( ! ,s\? ,pacific1 go+ ev5 z f> z ! isl& ( ,madagasc>4 ,!y settl$ 9 ! ,philipp9es1 drove ! natives back into ! m\nta9s1 & made _! homes along ! coa/s & on ! ri* pla9s4 ,!y _h a writt5 alphabet ( _! own :5 ! ,spani% came1 & 7 f> ahead1 ev5 !n1 ( ! native races4 ,! ,malays :o settl$ 9 ! isl& ( ,m9danao 7 conv]t$ to ! ,moslem fai? by "s ,arabian mission>ies :o came to t isl& z e>ly z ! twelf? or ?irte5? c5tury4 ,f ,m9danao ?is religion 0 c>ri$ to ! isl& ( ,sulu 7s l71 & x is n[ ! fai? ( ! p ( ! entire ,sulu ar*ipelago4 ,! p :o held to ?is religion 7 call$ ,moros by ! ,spani%1 & by ?is "n !y are /ill kn[n4 ,!re are _m tribes 9 ! isl&s1 bo? ( ! aborig9es & ( ! ,malay p4 ,9 e>ly days ^! tribes 7 m sep>ate ?an at pres5t1 & _h little to d ) "o ano!r1 save :5 !re 0 w> among !m4 ,ea* _h its own language1 & ev5 n[ a great _m dialects are spok5 9 ! isl&s4 ,?is fact1 among o!rs1 has help$ to keep ! tribes ap>t & to prev5t !m f becom+ a /rong1 unit$ p4 ,we see1 f :at has be5 said1 t ! dwell]s 9 ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s are n /rictly a p 9 ! s5se t ! ,spani% or ! ,engli% are a p4 ,ev5 ! ,malay folk 9 ! isl&s h be51 f ! v fir/1 split up into _m tribes1 hav+ little 9 common4 ,"u "s me?ods ( gov]nm5t ^! tribes might h be5 unit$2 b ,spani% rule 0 n ( a sort to b9d !m toge!r4 ,r1 x set tribes aga9/ "o ano!r1 & us$ "s to help conqu] o!rs4 ,x did n draw !m toge!r 9 a /rong national life su* z has made ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica a great & p[]ful nation4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,moro ,,( ,,jol1 ,,9 ,,! ,,sulu ,,ar*ipelago4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates has be5 settl$ by p f _m c\ntries4 ,^! p h gone to ,am]ica f ne>ly e nation on e>?2 b ! diff]5t races h become "o /rong ,am]ican p by reason ( a common int]e/ 9 ! good gov]nm5t ( _! c\ntry1 & a common desire = its welf>e4 ,ea* ,/ate has its own life & gov]nm5t1 b all are unit$ to =m ! great c\ntry ( :i* ea* is a "p1 & to support ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t :i* b9ds ! ,/ates toge!r4 ,:5 ! ,filip9o p h le>n$ ?us to /& toge!r1 a new day w dawn = ^! isl&s4 ,:5 ! p all speak "o language1 & :5 "y & old c read & write t language1 ! c\ntry w be m unit$1 & w beg9 to "k some?+ ( t national life :i* o!r c\ntries enjoy4 ,! p w !n be unit$2 !y w "k h[ to gov]n _! l& wisely & ju/ly4 ,!y w und]/&1 z !y h n done be=e1 ! relation "o nation be>s to o!rs 9 ! _w1 & w be able to develop ! great weal? ( _! c\ntry4 ,! two great tribes ( ,malay ,filip9os are ! ,tagals & ! ,visayans4 ,! ,tagals live 9 s\!rn ,luzon1 ! ,visayans 9 ! gr\p ( isl&s call$ ! ,visayas1 :i* lie s\? ( ,luzon & nor? ( ,m9danao4 ,!re are1 besides1 _m less] peoples 9 ! isl&s1 s t1 z we h se51 !re c\ld be no common national life4 ,! tribes 7 gov]n$ by great *iefs or k+s1 :o rul$ ?r\gh small *iefs & dattos4 ,ea* ( ^! 0 at ! head ( ab\t a hundr$ families :om he /ood = 9 ! tribal c\ncil1 & = :om he 0 spokesman be=e ! great *ief4 ,! small *ief 0 call$ ! head ( a hundr$4 ,x 0 a simple1 b effective1 =m ( gov]nm5t1 & suit$ ! p4 ,legaspi & ,salc$o made no *anges 9 x1 except to decl>e ! k+ ( ,spa9 ! rul] ( all ! tribes4 ,!y _h ! great *iefs swe> loyalty to ,spa91 & !n left !m to gov]n = ! k+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,anci5t ,,alphabets ,,9 ,,use ,,9 ,,! ,,ar*ipelago ,,:5 ,,! ,,spani% ,,came4 ,among ! ,moros ( ,m9danao & ,sulu !re are /ill 9 use words t 7 obsolete 9 ! ,arabic 9 ! "t ( ,mohamm$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,negritos ,,9 ,a ,,prahu4 ,lat]1 h[ev]1 :5 ,legaspi & ,salc$o 7 gone1 _m evils crept 94 ,! great *iefs 7 put out ( p[]1 & little by little self-gov]nm5t 0 tak5 f ! p4 ,!y came at la/ to h no voice 9 ! ord]+ ( _! own lives1 & no "o to speak = !m to _! unkn[n rul] 9 ,spa94 ,summ>y4--,! ,philipp9e ,isl&s are believ$ to be "p ( a great cont95t t once lay 9 ! ,s\? ,pacific ,ocean4 ,?is cont95t sank4 ,aft]w>ds a sl[ upheaval br\ght ! isl&s up f ! sea4 ,! ,aetas1 or ,negritos1 7 ! e>lie/ inhabitants ( ! c\ntry4 ,! ,indonesians ( ,m9danao are also aborig9es4 ,! ,igorrotes are a wild tribe ( ,luzon & ! ,visayas1 :o h f ! fir/ be5 enemies ( ,spa94 ,! ,spani% treat$ !m cruelly & won _! hatr$4 ,! civiliz$ ,filip9os are ( ,malay orig91 & came "h f ! ,malay ,p59sula4 ,^? :o settl$ 9 ,m9danao 7 conv]t$ to ! ,mohamm$an fai? 9 ! twelf? or ?irte5? c5tury by ,arabian mission>ies2 & !y are call$ ,moros4 ,! p ( ! isl&s are brok5 up into _m tribes1 & ?is has h9d]$ _! becom+ a unit$ p4 ,! tribal =m ( gov]nm5t 0 simple1 & s well suit$ to ! c\ntry t ,legaspi made little *ange 9 x4 ,! ,spani% :o came aft] him1 h[ev]1 took all self-gov]nm5t f ! p4 ,que/ions4--,:at are we taught ( ! orig9 ( ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s8 ,:o are ! aborig9es8 ,:at is ! orig9 ( ! civiliz$ ,filip9os8 ,h[ did ! ,moslem fai? come into ! c\ntry8 ,describe ! e>ly =m ( gov]nm5t4 ,illu/ration ,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,e>ly ,,tr\bles4 ,until ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 :5 ,mexico became indep5d5t ( ,spa91 ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s 7 gov]n$ = ,spa9 by t c\ntry4 ,?is work$ great h>d%ip 9 ! isl&s4 ,mexico h]self 0 a dep5d5cy ( ,spa91 & s ! ,philipp9es really became a dep5d5cy ( a dep5d5cy4 ,all laws = ! c\ntry 7 made 9 ,mexico1 & 9 ?is way ! isl&]s 7 remov$ "o /ep f>!r f ! =eign rul] :o 0 _! k+4 ,! ,high ,c\rt ( ,mexico appo9t$ ! gov]nor-g5]al1 & at ! same "t t x did s nam$ ! man :o %\ld succe$ him4 ,?is x did 9 ord] t !re might be no "t lo/ 9 fill+ ! (fice :5 x became vacant4 ,:5 ,legaspi di$1 !re=e1 8 successor 0 already appo9t$1 & at once took up ! duties ( 8 (fice4 ,! new gov]nor-g5]al 0 nam$ ,guido de ,lavaz>es 7wd d l v ?rs71 & he 0 a v diff]5t sort ( man f ,legaspi4 ,he 0 m w>like & less wise1 & he lik$ to m$dle 9 matt]s :i* did n conc]n him4 ,dur+ 8 t]m ( (fice1 he w5t to ! aid ( a k+ ( ,borneo :o _h be5 de?ron$ by 8 rebelli\s subjects1 & help$ ! k+ to rega9 8 ?rone4 ,he 0 s elat$ ) 8 success 9 do+ ?is t he became ambiti\s4 ,he s f> =got common s5se t he want$ ,k+ ,philip to let him & 8 ,philipp9e =ces make w> on ,*9a & conqu] t c\ntry = ,spa94 ,he c\ld n h done ?is1 & ! k+ ( ,spa9 0 too s5sible to let him try4 ,lat]1 h[ev]1 ! gov]nor-g5]al _h all he wi%$ ( fight+ ! ,*9ese4 ,aft] ,legaspi's dea? 8 gr&son1 ,juan ,salc$o1 w5t on ) ! "w ( sett+ up ,spani% rule 9 ! isl&s4 ,he pass$ ?r\gh ! nor!rn "p ( ,luzon1 & :]ev] he w5t told ! p t ,philip ,,ii4 0 _! k+4 ,he made x a po9t always to make fri5ds ) ! great *ief ( any tribe to :i* he w5t4 ,?is *ief he w\ld w9 ov] to swe> fealty to ,spa94 ,!n ,salc$o w\ld leave him to rule z be=e1 only 9 ! "n ( ! k+4 ,he promis$ to help ! *iefs aga9/ _! enemies1 & 0 ready1 ) 8 soldi]s1 to fight _! battles :5ev] !y ne$$ him4 ,9 turn he tru/$ !m to be loyal to ! k+1 & to keep _! p f rebell+4 ,he did n try to improve ! c\ntry 9 any way1 or to tea* ! p any?+ t w\ld help !m to make x bett]4 ,8 "o idea 0 to w9 t]ritory = 8 k+4 ,?is1 inde$1 0 all t ! k+ want$ him to d4 ,spa9 want$ mu* t]ritory1 a wide dom9ion1 m ?an %e want$ loyal subjects4 ,x 0 ?is gre$ = p[] & = weal? t caus$ h] d[nfall1 & 9 ! end lo/ = h] ! ri* c\ntry :i* %e _h ga9$ at great co/4 ,salc$o1 aft] all1 0 a f> bett] man & k9d] to ! p ?an 7 mo/ ( ^? :o came aft] him4 ,he _h mu* ( t wise k9dl9ess :i* made ,legaspi a good rul]4 ,he took ! c\ntry by =ce1 b he 0 n a tyrant4 ,he did n oppress ! p1 nor did he make unwise laws to gov]n !m4 ,he made 8 headqu>t]s 9 ,ilocos ,sur1 mean+ to rule ! nor!rn prov9ces f !re4 ,he _h1 h[ev]1 h>dly settl$ d[n :5 news rea*$ him ( a great dang] t ?reat5$ ,manila4 ,ga!r+ all 8 =ces he m>*$ s\?w>d z fa/ z 8 army c\ld travel1 to help ,m>t9 de ,goiti1 :o 0 /ill 9 *>ge ( ,manila1 to def5d ! city4 ,x 0 ?is same dang]1 :i* s al>m$ ,salc$o1 t gave ,guido de ,lavaz>es 8 wi% to fight ! ,*9ese4 ,x 0 a mo/ unexpect$ dang]1 & came )\t w>n+ ^u ! colony4 ,at ab\t ! "t :5 ,legaspi 0 f\nd+ 8 capital at ,manila1 a ,*9ese pirate nam$ ,li-ma-hong 7l m hong7 0 sail+ ! wat]s ( ! ,*9a ,sea4 ,he l$ a l>ge =ce ( m5 z lawless z himself1 &1 z "t w5t on1 he became ! t]ror ( sea-go+ folk all ab\t !re4 ,he grew s bold1 & 8 pirate fleet s /rong1 t he d>$ to attack ev5 ! great w> junks ( ,*9a4 ,at la/ ! ,*9ese ,gov]nm5t decl>$ him an outlaw1 & put a price on 8 head4 ,aft] ?is ! ,*9a ,sea 0 n a safe place = him1 s he made up 8 m9d to g some:]e else4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plaza ,,de ,,goiti1 ,,manila4 ,he _h captur$ ! crew ( a trad+ junk1 & f ^! m5 he le>n$ ab\t ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s4 ,:at !y told him pleas$ him s mu* t he decid$ to g to ,manila1 take ! city1 & set up a k+dom ( 8 own on ,luzon4 ,he felt c]ta9 ( success 9 ?is und]tak+2 = he _h a fleet ( sixty-two arm$ junks & a =ce ( #d1jjj fight+ m54 ,9 8 company 7 _m tradesm5 z well z soldi]s1 & _m wom5 w5t ) ! fleet4 ,he also _h pl5ty ( supplies1 & ,li-ma-hong 0 sure t1 once he _h tak5 ! c\ntry1 he c\ld set up a colony4 ,he took ) him1 on 8 own junk1 ! crew ( ! captur$ junk1 to pilot ! way1 & ) 8 fleet sail$ = ,luzon4 ,9 ,novemb]1 #aegd1 !y rea*$ ! nor? coa/ ( t isl&4 ,"h "s ( ! pirates1 :o w5t a%ore = supplies1 sack$ & burn$ a village & kill$ _m ( ! ,filip9os4 ,^? :o escap$ made _! way to :]e ,salc$o 01 & told him :at _h happ5$4 ,?us x came ab\t t ! ,spani% capta9 le>n$ ( ,li-ma-hong's s*eme be=e ! pirate rea*$ ,manila4 ,leav+ ! nor!rn "p ( ,luzon1 ! ,*9ese kept on along ! coa/ t[>d ,manila4 ,be=e !y came to ! bay1 h[ev]1 ! fleet 0 caught 9 a typhoon4 ,sev]al ( ! junks & "s #bjj m5 7 lo/ 9 ! /orm4 ,/ill1 ,li-ma-hong ?\ght he _h a =ce /rong en\gh to take ,manila1 s !y w5t on4 ,! pirate comm&] l&$ an army ( #a1ejj m5 be=e ,manila1 & s5t !m up to take ! city4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*9ese ,,w> ,,junks ,,attack+ ,,manila4 ,!y 7 l$ by a ,japanese nam$ ,sioco 7s k71 :om ,li-ma-hong _h made 8 lieut5ant1 & 9 a few h\rs a savage fight 0 wag+ betwe5 ! ,spani% & ! ,*9ese4 ,! ,spani% =ce 0 small1 b well arm$1 & e man knew t he 0 fight+ = life aga9/ a cruel foe4 ,no m]cy 0 to be look$ = f ^? wild pirates1 & no qu>t] 0 ask$ or giv54 ,ev5 ! ag$ gov]nor-g5]al bore arms 9 ! fight1 = e man 0 ne$$4 ,! fir/ ,spani>d kill$ 0 brave ,m>t9 de ,goiti1 b he 0 n ! la/4 ,! little g>rison 0 ne>ly de/roy$ be=e _! =tune turn$ & ! pirates 7 driv5 back4 ,! ,japanese lead] ,sioco 0 kill$1 & aft] t ! ,*9ese fell back & rent]$ _! junks4 ,a few days lat] ,li-ma-hong himself l$ a second attack4 ,b mean:ile native troops _h be5 ga!r$1 & aga9 ! pirates 7 beat54 ,?is "t ! fleet retir$ to ! m\? ( ! ,agno ,riv]1 & ,li-ma-hong set up 8 k+dom 9 :at is n[ ! prov9ce ( ,pangas9an4 ,"h ! ,*9ese built temples & began to plant crops & engage 9 trade4 ,!y felt v secure1 & if !y _h be5 let alone ! pirates w\ld no d\bt h be5 prosp]\s2 b puni%m5t 0 at h& = !m4 ,juan ,salc$o1 ) 8 soldi]s1 _h rea*$ ,manila1 & soon aft]w>ds a w> junk f ,*9a came into h>bor1 look+ = ,li-ma-hong4 ,?is w> junk 0 s5t by ! emp]or1 :o _h le>n$ ( ! mis*ief ! pirate 0 do+ 9 ! ,philipp9es4 ,! capta9 _h ord]s to f9d ,li-ma-hong & br+ him to ju/ice1 & he meant to d ?is if he c\ld4 ,! junk jo9$ ! ,spani% 9 an exp$ition by wat]1 :ile ano!r =ce ( ,spani% & ,filip9o soldi]s w5t =w>d to engage ! pirates on l&4 ,:5 ^! attack+ =ces arriv$1 ,li-ma-hong saw t he mu/ retreat = 8 life1 s he play$ a trick ^u ! enemy & ^u "s ( 8 own soldi]s4 ,he told (f "s ( 8 m5 to g =w>d aga9/ ! enemy1 & make ! latt] believe t !y 7 ! ma9 body ( ! ,*9ese4 ,! trick 0 successful4 ,:5 ! ,spani% & native troops made ! attack1 ! pirates1 aft] a %[ ( fight+1 began to fall back t[>d ! m\nta9s4 ,! enemy gave *ase & furni%$ ,li-ma-hong ! *ance = :i* he 0 wat*+4 ,) all 8 fleet he slipp$ d[n ! riv]1 keep+ "u cov] ( ! re$s & tall grass1 ga9$ ! sea & fl$1 leav+ 8 soldi]s at ! m]cy ( ! foe4 ,! ,*9ese ?us meanly des]t$ by _! lead] did n wait to be kill$1 b retreat$ 9 e>ne/ to ! m\nta9s4 ,"h !y took refuge ) ! ,igorrotes1 & "h !y sp5t ! re/ ( _! lives4 ,!y m>ri$ wom5 f among ! ,igorrotes1 & f !m are desc5d$ ^? p :o are to-day kn[n z ! ,igorrote-,*9ese4 ,x 0 "s "t be=e peace & a s5se ( safety 7 re/or$ 9 ,manila4 ,"w 0 pu%$ m rapidly on ! city walls1 :i* 7 /ill build+1 & ^u ,=t ,santiago4 ,o!r troops ( ,spani% 7 s5t f ,mexico to make ! def5se ( ! city /rong]1 b long be=e !y came ,salc$o w5t back to 8 "w 9 ! nor?4 ,he di$ ( fev] 9 ,ilocos ,sur a ye> or two lat]4 ,capta9 ,salc$o 0 /ill a "y man1 b tw5ty-sev5 ye>s old1 at ! "t ( 8 dea? 7,m>* #aa1 #aegf74 ,_h he liv$ long]1 he w\ld d\btless h become a great /atesman1 = he %[$ mu* tact & wisdom 9 8 deal+s ) ! p4 ,he 0 hone/ly m\rn$ by bo? ! ,spani% & ! native soldi]s ( 8 army4 ,a few ye>s aft] 8 dea?1 8 bones 7 br\ght to ,manila & laid to re/ beside ^? ( 8 gr&fa!r1 ,miguel de ,legaspi4 ,summ>y4--,up to ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s 7 gov]n$ z a dep5d5cy ( ,mexico4 ,! ,high ,c\rt ( ,mexico nam$ ! gov]nor-g5]al & made laws = ! c\ntry4 ,legaspi 0 succe$$ by ,guido de ,lavaz>es4 ,aft] ,legaspi's dea? ,salc$o w5t to ,ilocos ,sur to c>ry on 8 "w ( subject+ ! c\ntry to ,spa94 ,9 #aegd ! ,*9ese pirate ,li-ma-hong made an attack on ,manila1 mean+ to take ! city & set up a k+dom !re4 ,driv5 back f ! city1 he retreat$ to ! m\? ( ! ,agno ,riv] & settl$ !re ) 8 pirate b&4 ,a ,*9ese w> junk came to ! help ( ! ,spani%1 & ,li-ma-hong 0 =c$ to flee4 ,he escap$1 des]t+ "s ( 8 own soldi]s :om he _h s5t inl&4 ,9 #aegf ,juan ,salc$o di$ 9 ,ilocos ,sur4 ,que/ions4--,describe ! gov]nm5t ( ! ar*ipelago previ\s to ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,:o succe$$ ,legaspi8 ,:at sort ( man 0 he8 ,:at did ,salc$o d aft] ,legaspi's dea?8 ,:at 0 8 me?od 9 deal+ ) ! p8 ,give an acc\nt ( ,li-ma-hong's invasion4 ,:5 did ,juan ,salc$o die8 ,illu/ration ,*apt] ,v4 ,,beg9n+s ,,( ,,/rife4 ,= ! fir/ two hundr$ ye>s1 z we h said1 ! ,spani% colony 9 ! ,philipp9es 0 gov]n$ f ,mexico4 ,a ,supreme ,c\rt1 or ,aud5cia1 l t ( ,mexico1 0 set up 9 ,manila4 ,?is c\rt tri$ cases & settl$ law que/ions = ! :ole ar*ipelago4 ,! ,mexican code ( law 0 9 =ce "h1 & ! (ficials 9 ! isl&s tri$ to make ! gov]nm5t z mu* z possible l t ( ,mexico4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 0 a v diff]5t c\ntry f ,mexico4 ,! ,filip9os 7 a v diff]5t p f ! native ,mexicans4 ,:at work$ well1 !re=e1 = "o c\ntry & "o p1 did n suit at all = ! o!r4 ,(t51 9 ^! isl&s1 "r & ju/ice 7 h9d]$ by ! v laws made to help !m4 ,! m5 :o fram$ ^! laws did n "k ! isl&s or ! ,filip9os1 s !y c\ld n und]/& :y ! code t 0 good = ,mexico %\ld fail "h4 ,soon /ill o!r tr\bles arose4 ,! rul]s :o came aft] ,legaspi did away1 "o by "o1 ) ! native =ms ( gov]nm5t4 ,!re 7 no long] any tribal c\ncils 9 :i* ! heads ( gr\ps c\ld speak = _! p4 ,! native k+s & *iefs 7 set aside1 & ! p !n _h no repres5tatives4 ,!re 0 no?+ to *eck ! p[] ( ! gov]nor-g5]al4 ,he _h full control ov] ! lives & lib]ties ( ! p1 & no "o c\ld call him to acc\nt b ! k+ ( ,spa94 ,9 "n ! anci5t (fice ( head ( a hundr$ /ill liv$ 9 ! (fice ( 8cabeza de b>angay0 7cb? d br n'g71 :i* ! ,spani% kept up4 ,! (fice itself1 h[ev]1 0 no long] high or honorable4 ,! *ief duty ( ! cabeza de b>angay came to be ! rais+ ( money among ! p = ! gov]nm5t4 ,if ! p 7 poor1 if times 7 bad1 if ! crops _h fail$1 /ill ?is money mu/ be rais$4 ,! gov]nm5t look$ to ! b>angay *ief to get x1 9 "o way or ano!r4 ,(t51 :5 ! p 7 unable to pay1 8 prop]ty 0 tak51 & _m a headman ( a village 0 /ripp$ ( all he _h by ! (fic]s ( gov]nm5t4 ,9 "t1 !re=e1 ! (fice fell into su* disgrace t no self-respect+ ,filip9o w\ld take x4 ,at la/ a law _h to be pass$ compell+ s]vice z cabeza de b>angay4 ,v e>ly 9 ! hi/ory ( ! colony !re began to be /rife among ! ,spani% au?orities4 ,! bitt] misund]/&+ betwe5 ,*ur* & ,/ate arose almo/ at once1 & x cont9u$ ?r\gh all ! ye>s ( ,spani% rule 9 ! isl&s4 ,soon aft] its =mation1 ! ,supreme ,c\rt1 too1 became a p>ty 9 ! qu>rels ( ! p[]s4 ,ea* ( ^! ?ree p>ties 0 det]m9$ to control matt]s1 & ! result 0 v bad = ! colony4 ,at times1 inde$1 ! qu>rel 0 s %>p t affairs 9 ! c\ntry 7 at a /&/ill1 & ru9 ?reat5$ ! colony4 ,illu/ration3 ,,k+ ,,philip ,,ii4 ,s matt]s w5t on until ! ye> #aehg1 :5 !y became s bad t ! ,bi%op ( ,manila s5t a secret mess5g] to ,spa9 to lay compla9t be=e ! k+4 ,?is mess5g] 0 a fri> nam$ ,alonzo ,san*ez 7lon? sn'*e?74 ,he w5t fir/ to ,mexico & laid 8 case be=e ! vic]oy1 :o s5t him on to ,spa94 ,!re he ga9$ a he>+ f ,k+ ,philip ,,ii41 :o promis$ to look into ! matt]4 ,! k+ !n put ! case 9 *>ge ( "o ( 8 m9i/]s1 :o /udi$ x ) great c>e1 & at la/ made a report :i* 0 ! basis ( a royal decree4 ,9 ?is decree ! k+ gave att5tion to a good _m ?+s t 7 wrong 9 ! isl&s1 & made "s def9ite laws 9 reg>d to !m4 ,! decree did away altoge!r ) ! ,supreme ,c\rt1 & appo9t$ ju/ices ( ! peace 9 its place4 ,x set =? pla9ly j :at %\ld be ! field ( action ( ! ,/ate & :at ( ! ,*ur*4 ,x gave ! gov]nor-g5]al full p[] to d z he lik$ 9 matt]s reg>d+ all di/ant & unexplor$ p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,9 :at he did 9 su* places he ne$ n consult ev5 ! k+'s w4 ,if1 h[ev]1 he wi%$ to und]take a w>1 or any exp$ition t mu/ be paid = out ( ! royal treasury1 he mu/ fir/ submit 8 plans to a c\ncil made up ( ! ,bi%op ( ,manila & ! *ief milit>y capta9s 9 ! isl&s4 ,! decree also =bade ! mak+ ( any m slaves 9 ! isl&s4 ,all slaves held by ,spani>ds 7 to be set free at once4 ,all betwe5 ! ages ( t5 & tw5ty ye>s1 held by ,filip9os1 7 to be fre$ at ! latt] age1 & all ov] tw5ty ye>s old 7 to be set free 9 five ye>s4 ,arrangem5t 0 made = a tribute to be rais$ f among ! p4 ,! money s ga!r$ 0 to be divid$ 9 a fix$ ratio betwe5 ! ,*ur*1 ! ,/ate1 & ! army4 ,all begg+ fri>s--& ( ^! _m _h come to ! c\ntry--7 ord]$ to leave ! ,philipp9es1 & =ty ,augu/9e fri>s 7 s5t out to ,manila4 ,a new gov]nor-g5]al 0 s5t to ! isl&s1 ) in/ructions to c>ry out ! decree4 ,?is (ficial 0 ,don ,gomez ,p]ez ,desm>9as 7g me? p re? des mr ns74 ,he 0 a man ( great en]gy & =ce ( "*1 & no d\bt meant to be j & fair4 ,he did n1 h[ev]1 get along well ) ! ,bi%op ( ,manila1 & be=e long ! tr\ble betwe5 ,*ur* & ,/ate broke out aga94 ,?is "t ! bi%op decid$ to g1 himself1 to ,spa91 & see :e!r "s und]/&+ c\ld n be _h by :i* peace c\ld be kept4 ,bi%op ,salaz> 7sl ?r7 0 !n sev5ty-eight ye>s old4 ,he 0 an ,augu/9e fri>1 & _h be5 p>i% prie/ ( ,manila4 ,9 #aeha1 :5 ,pope ,gregorio ,,xiii4 f\nd$ ! ,see ( ,manila1 ,salaz> 0 made bi%op2 b he n[ felt t ! ,*ur* mu/ h /ill great] au?ority 9 ! isl&s4 ,"o object ( 8 visit to ,spa9 0 to get ! cons5t ( ! k+ & ( ! ,pope t ,manila %\ld be made an ar*bi%opric4 ,9 ?is he succe$$4 ,! ,pope issu$ a bull dat$ ,augu/ #ad1 #aeie1 creat+ ! ,ar*bi%opric ( ,manila1 & ,salaz> 0 made ! fir/ ar*bi%op4 ,he di$1 h[ev]1 be=e (ficial notice rea*$ him ( 8 new dignity4 ,news travel$ sl[ly 9 ^? days1 b 9 ! c\rse ( "t ! emp]or ( ,japan he>d t a colony ( ,europeans _h settl$ 9 ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s4 ,he seems to h ?\ght t ,japan _h "s int]e/ 9 ^! isl&s2 = 9 #aeic he s5t an ambassador to ,manila4 ,! "n ( ?is ambassador 0 ,f>r&a ,kieman 7f rnd k mn74 ,8 com+ 0 ! cause ( "s anxiety to ! ,spani%4 ,z soon z he l&$ 9 ,manila he wait$ ^u ,gov]nor-,g5]al ,desm>9as ) 8 message4 ,?is 0 a dem& ^u ! ,spani% 9 ! ,philipp9es to surr5d]1 & to decl>e !mselves to be vassals ( ,japan4 ,if !y did n d ?is1 ,kieman told ,desm>9as1 ! emp]or w\ld s5d w> junks to take ! c\ntry by =ce4 ,to all ?is ! gov]nor-g5]al repli$ ) great polit5ess1 b v firmly4 ,he told ! ambassador t he & ! o!r ,spani% coloni/s 7 already subjects ( a great k+1 9 ^: "n he rul$1 & t he c\ld n yield ! c\ntry to ,japan4 ,at ! same "t 8 k+ wi%$ to be on good t]ms ) ! emp]or1 ^: p[] & greatness 7 s well kn[n1 & ! gov]nor-g5]al hop$ a treaty c\ld be made betwe5 ! two rul]s4 ,su* a treaty1 he po9t$ out1 w\ld be a great help to bo? c\ntries4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,city ,,wall ,,& ,,moat1 ,,manila4 ,f>r&a ,kieman ?\ght t all ?is 0 reasonable1 & soon aft]w>ds envoys 7 s5t f ,manila to ! c\rt ( ,japan4 ,!y 7 well receiv$1 & a treaty 0 made = trade & mutual def5se betwe5 ,japan & ! ,philipp9es4 ,h[ev]1 ! %ip on :i* ! envoys 7 return+ home 0 wreck$1 & !y & ! treaty 7 lo/4 ,9 ,may1 #aeic1 ano!r envoy1 ,fray ,p$ro ,bauti/a 7pdr b tst71 0 s5t to ,japan1 & a new treaty 0 made4 ,a copy ( ?is 0 s5t back to ,manila1 b ! fri> envoy ask$ p]mission to /ay 9 ,japan4 ,8 reque/ 0 grant$2 he /ay$ 9 ,japan1 & began prea*+ to ! p4 ,"s ye>s lat] ! fruit ( ?is act1 :i* at ! "t seem$ s slight1 came back to ,manila 9 a way mo/ unexpect$4 ,9 ! meantime ,gov]nor-,g5]al ,desm>9as 0 busy 9 ,manila4 ,he 0 anxi\s to see ! city walls f9i%$1 & kept ! p at "w on ?is great task4 ,! =t at ! m\? ( ! riv] 0 complet$1 & ! walls ( ! city already made a noble %[+4 ,! ,ca!dral ( ,manila & ! ,santa ,pol5ciana 7snt p l5s n7 ,college ( ,orphans 7 built1 & _m o!r good build+s 7 complet$4 ,desm>9as _h also br\ght ! prov9ces ( ,zambales 7?m bls7 & ! ,cam>9es "u ,spani% rule4 ,9 ! autumn ( #aeic1 a native k+ ( ,f]nate 7f] nt71 "o ( ! ,molucca ,isl&s1 came to ,manila to ask = help aga9/ ! ,dut* sailors :o made tr\ble on 8 isl&4 ,desm>9as ga!r$ a l>ge fleet1 & on ,octob] #f? />t$ ) ! native k+ = ,f]nate4 ,:ile on ! way1 ! ,*9ese o>sm5 on ! gov]nor-g5]al's galley rose 9 revolt "o night1 took ! galley1 & kill$ ! gov]nor-g5]al4 ,"s ( ! ,spani% troops on bo>d escap$ by jump+ ov]bo>d4 ,aft] ! dea? ( ,desm>9as1 ! ,*9ese put ! re/ ( ! ,spani% a%ore & w5t (f ) ! galley4 ,?is sad ev5t broke up ! exp$ition4 ,! fleet return$ to ,manila & ,don ,luis 7lis7 ,p]ez ,desm>9as1 a son ( ! dead (ficial1 took up ! gov]nm5t4 ,he rul$ quietly until #aeif1 :5 8 successor1 ,don ,francisco ,tello de ,guzman 7frn ssk tll d g?mn71 came to ,manila4 ,9 ! ye> #aeih1 ,k+ ,philip ,,ii4 ( ,spa9 be+ dead1 8 son1 ,k+ ,philip ,,iii41 aga9 set up ! ,supreme ,c\rt 9 ,manila4 ,?is 0 done ) great pomp & %[4 ,!re 0 a long procession 9 ! /reets ( ,manila1 & high civic & religi\s c]emonies4 ,! c\rt 0 giv5 ! same p[]s z ! c\rt ( ,mexico & ( ,lima1 9 ,p]u1 & dur+ ,spani% rule 0 nev] aga9 done away )4 ,summ>y4--,! code ( laws by :i* ,mexico 0 rul$ 0 made ! code ( ! ,philipp9es z well4 ,?is arrangem5t 0 n a good "o4 ,! rul] :o came aft] ,legaspi did away ) ! native *iefs & k+s4 ,only ! (fice ( head ( a hundr$ 0 left1 & t _h s little honor t no self-respect+ ,filip9o c>$ to take x4 ,e>ly 9 ! hi/ory ( ! colony began ! /rife betwe5 au?orities :i*1 dur+ ! rule ( ,spa91 caus$ mo/ ( ! tr\ble 9 ! colony4 ,at la/ ,bi%op ,salaz> ( ,manila s5t a mess5g] to ,spa94 ,! result 0 a royal decree def9+ ! (ficial field ( ! ,/ate & ( ! ,*ur*4 ,gomez ,p]ez ,desm>9as 0 made gov]nor-g5]al1 & came to ,manila4 ,he did n get along well ) ! ,bi%op ( ,manila1 & lat] ! bi%op w5t1 himself1 to ,spa94 ,he succe$$ 9 gett+ ,manila made an ar*bi%opric1 & 0 himself appo9t$ ar*bi%op1 b di$ be=e ! (ficial notice rea*$ him4 ,9 #aeic ! emp]or ( ,japan s5t an ambassador to ,manila to dem& tribute f ! ,spani% colony4 ,?is ! gov]nor-g5]al decl9$ to give1 b a treaty 0 made ) ,japan4 ,9 t same ye> ! k+ ( ,f]nate came to ,manila seek+ help aga9/ ! ,dut*4 ,gov]nor-,g5]al ,desm>9as rais$ a fleet to g to ,f]nate1 b :ile on ! way 0 kill$ by ! ,*9ese o>sm5 on bo>d 8 galley4 ,8 son ,luis ,p]ez ,desm>9as succe$$ him 9 (fice until #aeif1 :5 a new gov]nor-g5]al came out4 ,9 #aeih ! ,supreme ,c\rt 0 aga9 set up by ord] ( ,k+ ,philip ,,iii4 ( ,spa94 ,que/ions4--,:at code ( laws 0 put 9 use 9 ! ,philipp9es8 ,:at *anges 9 gov]nm5t did ,legaspi's successors make8 ,:y did ,bi%op ,salaz> s5d a mess5g] to ,spa98 ,:at 0 ! result ( ! mess5g]'s visit8 ,:5 0 ,manila made an ar*bi%opric8 ,:o came to ,manila to get help f ! ,spani%8 ,:at did ! gov]nor-g5]al d8 ,h[ did he die8 ,:o re9/at$ ! ,supreme ,c\rt8 ,:5 0 x done8 ,illu/ration ,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,colonial ,,w>s ,,& ,,difficulties4 ,f n[ on tr\ble came ?ick & fa/ ^u ! ,spani% colony 9 ! ,philipp9es4 ,"s ( x 0 due to ! wild & tr\bl$ times ?r\gh :i* all ! civiliz$ _w 0 pass+1 b mo/ ( x 0 caus$ by ! %ort-sight$ folly ( ! home gov]nm5t4 ,9 #aeii1 :5 ,antonio ,morga 7n tn morg7 0 gov]nor-g5]al1 ! fir/ real attempt 0 made to occupy ,m9danao & ! ,sulu ar*ipelago4 ,= ?is purpose an exp$ition />t$ f ,manila "u ! lead]%ip ( ,e/evan ,rod]igues 7est vn r drgs71 a ,portuguese nobleman1 :o _h receiv$ p]mission f ,spa9 to set up a colony 9 ,m9danao4 ,he 0 to be gov]nor ( t isl&1 &1 f 8 headqu>t]s !re1 0 to try to conqu] ! ,moros ( ,sulu1 :o _h nev] submitt$ to ,spa9's rule4 ,?is exp$ition 0 a sad mi/ake1 & fail$ f ! beg9n+4 ,! ,m9danao ,mohamm$ans resi/$ all ef=ts ( ! ,spani% to l&1 & ,rod]igues lo/ 8 life 9 ! v fir/ battle4 ,8 body 0 tak5 to ,manila = burial4 ,sev]al o!r exp$itions 7 s5t out1 f "t to "t1 to puni% ! ,moros & =ce a settlem5t ^u ! isl&2 b none ( !m succe$$4 ,! ef=ts ( ! ,spani% only ar\s$ ! ang] & hatr$ ( ^! p4 ,= two hundr$ & fifty ye>s aft] t ,moro pirates h>ri$ ! %ores ( all ! isl&s :]e ! ,spani% dwelt4 ,!y kill$ & robb$ bo? ,europeans & ,filip9os2 !y burn$ t[ns & villages1 & c>ri$ (f ! p to be _! slaves4 ,= fe> ( !m ! coa/s 7 des]t$4 ,no "o d>$ live ne> ! sea2 fi%]m5 d>$ n foll[ _! call+1 nor f>m]s till _! fields4 ,trad]s d>$ n come to ! isl& ports to buy or to sell1 & ! coa/wise trade ( ! c\ntry 0 all b ru9$4 ,:ile ! ,spani% 7 busy try+ to ga9 a foo?old 9 ! s\?1 !re came to ,manila two visitors :o 7 ! innoc5t cause ( /ill m tr\ble 9 ! c\ntry4 ,^! 7 two high m&>9s ( ,*9a1 :o rea*$ ! city 9 ! ye> #afjc4 ,_! /ory 0 t ! emp]or ( ,*9a _h he>d t !re exi/$1 ne> ! city ( ,cavite1 a great m\nta9 ( pure gold4 ,! emp]or1 !y said1 c\ld h>dly believe ?is to be true2 s he _h s5t !m to see ?is m\nta91 t !y might come back & tell him ab\t x4 ,at t "t ,bravo de ,acua 7brv d kn y7 0 gov]nor-g5]al4 ,he receiv$ ! m&>9s politely1 & s5t !m ) an escort to ,cavite1 to see = !mselves t no su* m\nta9 0 !re4 ,! visitors 7 royally ent]ta9$ dur+ _! /ay 9 ,manila1 & at la/ w5t home ) _! report to _! emp]or4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,memb] ,,( ,,! ,,guianga ,,tribe ,,( ,,m9danao4 ,?is visit caus$ a great fright 9 ,manila1 = ! ,spani% at once suspect$ t !re 0 a plot beh9d x = ! ,*9ese to seize ! city4 ,!y believ$1 or pret5d$ to believe1 t ! m&>9s _h come m]ely to spy out ! l& & prep>e ! way4 ,at once ! city 0 made ready aga9/ invasion4 ,! g>risons 7 increas$1 new ones 7 =m$1 & e ,spani>d arm$ himself4 ,! ,filip9os 7 mu* excit$ ov] ! /ories told ( com+ tr\ble2 :ile ! ,*9ese1 suspect$ & insult$ by all1 c\ld n b und]/& t "s dang] ?reat5$ !m4 ,at la/ ! ,*9ese1 wild ) fe>1 took matt]s into _! own h&s4 ,!y began to =tify places outside ! city1 & "o ev5+ op5$ ! battle by fir+ ^u "s ,filip9os inside ! city walls4 ,!y foll[$ up ?is act by cross+ ! riv] & mak+ a savage attack on ,b9ondo 7b nnd71 !n only a small village on ! riv] bank4 ,aft] t !y ga!r$ _! =ces at ,tondo1 & kept up ! siege ( ,b9ondo all t night4 ,illu/ration3 ,,w>riors ,,( ,,m9danao4 ,next morn+ a /rong =ce ( ,spani% m>*$ out aga9/ !m4 ,?is =ce 0 l$ by ,luis ,p]ez ,desm>9as1 & 9 x 7 ! pick ( all ! "y ,ca/ilian g5tlem5 9 ! c\ntry4 ,! be/ ( ! ,spani% soldi]y 7 !re also1 z well z a body ( native troops4 ,^! troops 7 ,pampangans1 :o 7 !n ! be/ tra9$ ( ! ,filip9o soldi]s4 ,on ! o!r h& 7 ?\s&s ( fright5$ ,*9ese1 ready to fight to ! dea?1 & !re 0 awful "w 9 ! /reets ( ,b9ondo t day4 ,nei!r side gave or got any qu>t]1 & by night1 ( all ^? brave "y ,spani% g5tlem5 sc>ce "o 0 left alive4 ,b at la/ ! ,*9ese gave way4 ,!y _h nei!r weapons to c>ry on w>1 nor food to help !m )/& a siege4 ,!y began1 !re=e1 to fall back t[>d ! int]ior2 b !y 7 hotly *as$1 & z !y fl$ ne>ly #be1jjj ( !m 7 kill$4 ,x 0 sad bus9ess1 & all ! m sad because x is likely t nei!r side really knew :at ! fight+ 0 ab\t4 ,besides tr\ble ) ! ,moros 9 ! s\? & ) ! ,*9ese 9 ! nor?1 ! colony _h mu* to be> f ,spa9's old-"t foe1 ! ,dut*4 ,at ?is "t !re 7 really v few ,spani% 9 ! isl&s4 ,!re _h be5 less ?an a ?\s& :5 ! battle ) ! ,*9ese 0 f\ght4 ,_m 7 kill$ on t fatal day1 s t 9 ! new tr\ble ! ,spani>ds w\ld h f>$ ill1 _h x n be5 t ! army ( ! colony n[ numb]$ _m ,filip9o soldi]s 9 its ranks4 ,f ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury d[n to ! ye> #agfc1 !re 0 w> betwe5 ,spa9 & ! ,dut*1 & ?is w> caus$ mu* h>d%ip 9 ! isl&s4 ,x 0 ,spa9's %ort-sight$ me?od 9 deal+ ) h] colonies to re/rict _! trade :5ev] x 0 likely to int]f]e ) t ( h] home m]*ants4 ,s h>% 7 ! measures by :i* %e held 9 *eck ! trade ( h] colonies t %e kept all h] dep5d5cies poor1 s t 9 ! end ! "m c\ntry lo/ m ?an %e ga9$4 ,at ?is "t ! ,philipp9e m]*ants 7 all[$ to trade only ) ,mexico4 ,once a ye>1 usually 9 ,july1 a /ate galleon left ,manila c>ry+ goods to t c\ntry4 ,! goods 7 sold 9 ,mexico1 & ! money & o!r goods 7 s5t back by galleon to ,manila4 ,illu/ration3 ,,dut* ,,%ips ,,attack+ ,a ,,*9ese ,,trad+ ,,junk4 ,! galleons also c>ri$ ! mail1 & great sums ( money :i* ,mexico s5t ov] to meet ! exp5ses ( ! isl& gov]nm5t4 ,!y 7 always ri* prizes1 & ,spa9's enemies knew ?is all too well4 ,!y w\ld lie 9 wait = !m1 to capture & despoil !m4 ,! ,dut* %ips1 9 p>ticul>1 (t5 did ?is4 ,f fir/ to la/ !y captur$ a good _m ( ! royal galleons4 ,e capture meant calamity to ! isl&s4 ,x meant = ,manila m]*ants ! loss ( a :ole ye>'s bus9ess4 ,to ! ,/ate & to ! ,*ur* x meant loss ( income1 ( sal>ies1 & ( money to c>ry on all public "w4 ,to ! natives x meant h>d] & long] tasks1 deep] pov]ty1 heavi] burd5s :i* !y mu/ endure 9 rais+ ! extra tribute1 & heavi] taxes by :i* ! loss 0 made good4 ,= a hundr$ & fifty ye>s !re 0 fight+ ov] ! royal galleons4 ,at "o "t1 :5 ,spa9 & ,engl& 7 at w>1 !re 7 six ye>s dur+ :i* no galleon rea*$ ,manila4 ,! c\ntry 0 9 su* sore /raits t ev5 ! ,*9ese revolt$1 & ! ,spani% 7 ne>ly />v$4 ,spa91 h[ev]1 seem$ to le>n no lesson f ^! exp]i5ces4 ,%e w5t on z ( old1 s5d+ "o galleon a ye>1 ri*ly lad51 at ! m]cy ( ! enemy1 8putt+ all h] eggs into "o basket10 z ! say+ is1 & :5 ! 8"o basket0 came to mi%ap all 0 lo/4 ,besides keep+ a look\t = ! galleons1 ! ,dut* %ips 7 wont to lie 9 wait outside ,manila h>bor1 to cat* ,*9ese & ,japanese trad+ junks com+ into port4 ,9 ?is way !y (t5 captur$ ri* prizes1 & made /ill great] dra9 ^u ! isl&s4 ,x 0 necess>y = ! colony to raise l>ge sums ( money & _m bodies ( fight+ m5 to g aga9/ ^! %ips 9 ord] to protect ! h>bor f !m4 ,_m battles 7 f\ght ) ! ,dut* 9 ,philipp9e wat]s1 & _m times ! ef=ts ( ! natives br\ght victory to ! ,spani% side4 ,b x 0 a h>d & bitt] exp]i5ce4 ,! colony liv$ 9 a /ate ( con/ant dang] & ( real want f ?is s\rce4 ,n until ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 :5 peace 0 made ) ,holl&1 _h ! p ( ^! isl&s any security ( life or comm]ce4 ,summ>y4--,9 #aeii ! fir/ real attempts 7 made to settle 9 ,m9danao4 ,an exp$ition 0 s5t s\?1 b fail$1 & its lead] 0 kill$4 ,! ,spani% only /irr$ up ! ,moros aga9/ !mselves1 s t ! pirates came nor? & laid wa/e ! coa/ t[ns4 ,9 #afjc two ,*9ese m&>9s came to ,manila1 look+ = a m\nta9 ( gold :i* !y _h he>d 0 ne> ,cavite4 ,?is visit awak5$ a fe> t ! ,*9ese meant to seize ,manila1 & ! city 0 made ready aga9/ invasion4 ,! ,*9ese ( ,manila 7 driv5 by abuse to make an attack on "s natives1 & ! ,spani% !n fell ^u !m1 kill+ ov] #be1jjj4 ,! ,spani% !mselves lo/ ! pick ( _! soldi]s & cavali]s t day4 ,ow+ to ,spa9's w> ) ! ,dut*1 ! isl&s at ?is "t1 & = _m ye>s aft]1 suff]$ great losses & h>d%ips4 ,! ,dut* us$ to lie 9 wait to capture ! galleons t c>ri$ m]*&ise & money back & =? betwe5 ,manila & ,mexico4 ,:5ev] a galleon 0 lo/1 ! :ole c\ntry suff]$2 b ! weight fell heavie/ ^u ! natives1 :o1 by extra tribute & taxes1 _h to make ! loss good4 ,que/ions4--,tell ab\t ! fir/ exp$ition to settle ,m9danao4 ,:at did ! ,moros d to av5ge :at !y deem$ ,spani% invasion8 ,give an acc\nt ( ! battle aga9/ ! ,*9ese4 ,:at l$ up to ?is battle8 ,h[ 0 trade c>ri$ on betwe5 ! isl&s & ,mexico8 ,:at 0 ! result ( ! capture ( a galleon by ,spa9's enemies8 ,:y 0 ,spa9's re/riction ( h] colonies' trade a bad ?+ = h]8 ,illu/ration ,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,! ,,spani% ,,& ,,! ,,filip9os4 ,at ! "t :5 ,spa9 took ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s & began to rule !m1 e c\ntry 9 ,europe 0 busy sett+ up colonies 9 ! newly discov]$ p>ts ( ! _w4 ,if ! k+ ow$ some?+ to a tr\blesome subject1 or wi%$ to rew>d or please a favorite1 an easy way to pay ! debtor or help ! favorite 0 to make him a gov]nor or o!r (ficial 9 "s f>-(f new colony4 ,9 turn ! gov]nor ?\ght x only fair to make 8 colony z pr(itable to ! ,cr[n z he c\ld4 ,t he _h no "r to oppress o!r peoples 9 ord] to d ?is 0 a matt] ab\t :i* he nev] ?\ght4 ,x is h>d = u1 :o live 9 an age :5 ! rights ( man are upheld1 to rememb] t !re 0 once a "t :5 no "o 9 p[] ?\ght v mu* ab\t ^! rights4 ,/atesm5 _h n !n le>n$ t a "m c\ntry owes a duty to h] colonies4 ,!y ?\ght only ( ! help t a colony %\ld give t[>d support+ ! home gov]nm5t4 ,engl& = _m ye>s held ?is idea ab\t ,am]ica4 ,%e put great h>d%ips ^u h] colonies !re4 ,%e tax$ !m v unju/ly1 & put unfair limits to _! trade4 ,! ,am]icans1 h[ev]1 knew t no gov]nm5t _h a "r to oppress ev5 its own colonies4 ,:5 ! k+ ( ,engl& w5t too f> 9 8 unju/ rule1 ! p rebell$4 ,!y ?rew (f ! yoke ( ,engl& j z1 "s ye>s lat]1 ,mexico ?rew (f ! yoke ( ,spa91 & became indep5d5t4 ,! ,philipp9e ,isl&s suff]$ beyond :at 0 ! usual fate ( colonies1 ev5 at t "t4 ,!y 7 f> out ( ! regul> r\tes ( ocean travel4 ,! p !re knew no?+ at all ( ! ideas ( human lib]ty t 7 ev5 !n sett+ ! _w ?9k+4 ,!n1 too1 !y 7 rul$ by a p :o 7 beh9d ! re/ ( ! _w 9 accept+ ^! ideas4 ,spa91 bl9d$ by h] own pride & folly1 has be5 sl[e/ ( all ,european nations to li/5 to ! gospel ( human rights4 ,%e rul$ h] colonies cruelly long aft] o!r nations came to see t !y ow$ a duty to _! dep5d5cies1 & z a result ,spa9 lo/ h] colonies at j ! "t :5 %e mo/ ne$$ _! help4 ,! ,philipp9es1 moreov]1 7 n rul$ f ,spa9 direct4 ,!y 71 z has be5 said1 a dep5d5cy ( ,mexico1 & ,mexico 0 9 turn a dep5d5cy ( ,spa94 ,x happ5$1 !re=e1 t ev5 :5 ! isl&s _h (ficials :o might h be5 glad to help ! p1 ^! (ficials 7 !mselves 9 a h>d place4 ,!y _h two ma/]s ov] !m4 ,spa9 look$ to ,mexico = ! royal dues f ! isl&s1 & ,mexico1 9 turn1 look$ to ! gov]nor-g5]al1 :o mu/ see to x t 8 colony 0 pr(itable to ! ,cr[n4 ,s1 we see1 !re 0 a great burd5 laid ^u ! ar*ipelago1 & ?is burd5 ! p _h to c>ry4 ,= ?ree hundr$ & eighty ye>s ! ,filip9os 7 subjects ( ,spa94 ,!y submitt$ to h] rule because !re 0 nev] a "t :51 )\t outside help1 !y c\ld ?r[ (f t rule4 ,b !y nev] 71 9 _! he>ts1 will+ subjects4 ,dur+ all ! "t ! ,spani% 7 9 ! isl&s !re 0 nev] a v long p]iod :5 ! p 7 n some:]e 9 revolt4 ,on ,luzon1 on ,bohol 7b h71 on ,sam>1 ,leyte 7l t71 ,m9danao1 & 9 ! ,sulu ,isl&s1 !re 0 "o upris+ aft] ano!r dur+ ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,9 ,cebu x 0 ne$ful1 always1 = ,spa9 to keep a /rong arm$ =ce1 & x 0 (t5 necess>y to s5d ! troops f ,cebu to put d[n tr\ble 9 ! o!r isl&s4 ,! love ( lib]ty dies h>d f ! human he>t2 & :ile !re 0 at no "t a g5]al revolt ( ! p1 ! frequ5t revolts ( diff]5t tribes kept ! ,spani% busy4 ,yet at no "t did ! ,filip9os g to w> to ga9 national indep5d5ce4 ,!y 7 n unit$ en\gh = t4 ,x is a "p ( ! pity ( x all t ?is %\ld h be5 s4 ,x is sad to ?9k ( all ! suff]+ & want ! p bore1 & ( all ! lives t 7 lo/ 9 _! small battles4 ,x is sadd] /ill to rememb] t ! aim ( ^! battles 0 n to w9 indep5d5ce f ,spa91 b to secure only su* dec5t treatm5t z is ! "r ( e human be+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fu]za ,,del ,,pil>1 ,,m9danao4 ,x w be rememb]$ t ! fri> :om ,gov]nor-,g5]al ,desm>9as s5t to make a treaty ) ,japan /ay$ 9 t c\ntry4 ,he set up missions !re1 & bo? he & o!r fri>s :o came ov] f ,manila prea*$ to ! p4 ,9 "t ! emp]or le>n$ ( ?is4 ,he ask$ ab\t ! new tea*]s1 & 0 told t ?is 0 ,spa9's way ( gett+ a hold on ano!r c\ntry4 ,spani% fri>s w\ld g into a c\ntry to tea* ! p religion1 & lat] ,spa9 w\ld s5d h] soldi]s to protect ! fri>s & _! conv]ts4 ,aft] t1 8 advis]s told ! emp]or1 x 0 only a matt] ( "t :5 ,spa9 w\ld come to rule ! c\ntry4 ,! emp]or 0 al>m$ to he> all ?is4 ,he ord]$ ! fri>s back to ,manila1 & =bade any "o to tea* ,*ri/ianity 9 8 c\ntry4 ,! mission>y fri>s defi$ him1 h[ev]1 & lat] "s 7 put to dea? ) _! ,japanese conv]ts4 ,b o!r fri>s came f ,manila1 & 9 #afcc ! emp]or became angry1 & did a dreadful ?+4 ,he ga!r$ 9 8 own c\ntry a b& ( #aej p :o 7 lep]s4 ,he load$ !m into a %ip & s5t !m to ,manila4 ,! comm&] ( ! %ip bore to ! gov]nor-g5]al a message :i* made a s5sation 9 ,manila4 ,! message set =? ! fact t ! emp]or did n all[ ,*ri/ians to come to ,japan4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 ! prie/s ( ,manila seem$ v fond ( su* p z ^! lep]s1 he s5t ?is %ipload z a pres5t to !m4 ,we may imag9e ! rage ( ! ,manila (ficials ov] ?is 8pres5t40 ,"s ( !m 7 = tak+ ! %ip outside ! h>bor & s9k+ h] ) h] load4 ,o!rs advis$ s5d+ h] back to ,japan4 ,! fri>s1 h[ev]1 to :om ! lep]s _h be5 s5t1 claim$ !m4 ,!y begg$ ! gov]nor-g5]al to h m]cy on ! poor creatures1 & at la/ he rel5t$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/4 ,,laz>us ,,hospital1 ,,manila4 ,! lep]s 7 br\ght a%ore ) mu* c]emony1 & kept 9 ,manila4 ,z soon z possible a hospital 0 built = !m1 & !y 7 tak5 to x4 ,?is hospital 0 nam$ ,/4 ,laz>us ,hospital4 ,x /ill exi/s 9 ,manila1 ?\gh ! pres5t build+ is n ! "o put up = ^? fir/ lep]s4 ,9 putt+ d[n ! revolts ( ! p aga9/ tyranny1 ! ,spani% _h1 f "t to "t1 lo/ _m troops4 ,_m 7 also kill$ 9 ! great battle ) ! ,*9ese1 ( :i* we h read1 & 9 ! w>s ) ! ,moros /ill o!r ,spani% lives 7 lo/4 ,! ,moro pirates f ! s\? 7 a s\rce ( great dang]1 z we h already se54 ,9 #afce ! ,spani% 7 =c$ to build a =t at ,zamboanga 7smb ng7 to keep ^! pirates 9 *eck4 ,g>risons 7 also /ation$ at sev]al places 9 ,sulu = ! same purpose4 ,! ,spani%1 h[ev]1 nev] really controll$ ! ,sulu ar*ipelago4 ,! soldi]s 7 nev] safe m ?an a day's m>* f _! =ts1 & !y liv$ 9 con/ant dang] ( attack f ! ,moros4 ,9 "o way & ano!r ! army ( ! colony 0 mu* weak5$1 & an upris+ ( ! ,*9ese1 9 #afcd1 made great tr\ble4 ,?is upris+ took place 9 ,laguna ,prov9ce4 ,enrag$ by (ficial oppression #cj1jjj ,*9ese rose 9 rebellion4 ,s /rong 7 !y1 t !y held _! own aga9/ ! ,spani% = ne>ly a ye>4 ,inde$1 !y might n h be5 conqu]$ at all b = ! help ( ! native troops1 :o f\ght ) ! ,spani%4 ,ov] #f1jjj ,*9ese 7 kill$ 9 ?is revolt4 ,9 ,novemb] #afde1 happ5$ "o ( ! wor/ e>?quakes ,manila has ev] kn[n4 ,e public build+ 9 ! city1 save "o mona/]y & two *ur*es1 0 de/roy$4 ,! gov]nor-g5]al ne>ly lo/ 8 life 9 ! wreck ( 8 palace1 & ov] #fjj p 7 kill$ 9 ,manila4 ,x became necess>y to rebuild ! city1 & !n ! ,spani% f\nd t !re 0 a great lack1 n only ( soldi]s1 b ( labor]s4 ,! ne$ became s great t1 9 #afdi1 ,gov]nor-,g5]al ,diego ,faj>do 7d g f hd7 made a bad mi/ake4 ,he began to =ce ! p into milit>y s]vice1 & also compell$ !m to "w ^u ! ars5al at ,cavite4 ,! p _h borne mu*4 ,pati5t z !y 71 ?is inju/ice 0 m ?an !y w\ld endure1 & !y became deeply angry4 ,rebellion spread l wildfire ?r\gh a numb] ( ! isl&s1 & !re 0 almo/1 ?\gh n q1 a g5]al revolt4 ,x began on ,sam>1 & 0 l$ by a ,filip9o nam$ ,sumoroy 7s m roy74 ,at ! head ( a l>ge =ce he attack$ ! ,spani% & ! fri>s4 ,he l$ 8 army d[n ! coa/ ( ,sam>1 burn+ t[ns & *ur*es4 ,_m ( ! prie/s & ,spani% on ! isl& 7 kill$1 & ! rebellion grew4 ,troops 7 at once s5t out aga9/ ! rebels1 & ! gov]nor ( ,sam> s5t mess5g]s to dem& ,sumoroy's head4 ,! mess5g]s did n return1 b ! rebels s5t back ! head ( a pig to ! gov]nor4 ,! revolt spread to o!r isl&s4 ,soon ! p ( ,masbate 7ms bt7 & ,leyte1 ( ,cebu1 ,c>aga 7c rg7 & ,zamboanga1 7 9 arms4 ,! tr\ble ev5 rea*$ ,manila1 & ! (ficials !re became al>m$4 ,gov]nor-,g5]al ,faj>do _h n dream$ t 8 act ( inju/ice w\ld "w s mu* mis*ief4 ,n[1 greatly conc]n$1 he s5t ,g5]al ,lopez ,azaldeg9 7 ?ld g97 to ,sam>4 ,?is (fic] _h all ! =ces t c\ld be rais$1 & full au?ority to put d[n ! rebels z he saw fit4 ,a great _m battles 7 f\ght up & d[n ,sam>1 & at la/ ,sumoroy 0 driv5 back into ! m\nta9s4 ,! ,spani% c>ri$ on ! w> ) savage cruelty4 ,!y sev]ely puni%$ all rebels :om !y caught1 & %[$ m]cy to none4 ,:5 !y f\nd t ,sumoroy _h escap$ to ! m\nta9s1 !y raid$ 8 home & tortur$ 8 "m to dea?4 ,by su* outrages !y hop$ to fright5 ! p into submission4 ,by ?reats & torture !y tri$ to make 8 p betray ,sumoroy1 & at la/ !y succe$$4 ,he 0 captur$ & turn$ ov] to ! enemy4 ,g5]al ,azaldeg9 _h ! rebel lead]'s head /ruck (f & /uck ^u a pole4 ,x 0 !n s5t ab\t among ! isl&s to tea* ! p :at treatm5t rebels might expect f ,spa94 ,?us ! rebellion 0 quell$ = a "t4 ,! p _h ga9$ no?+ by x1 b x _h k9dl$ a fire 9 _! he>ts4 ,?is fire 0 n qu5*$2 x only wait$1 hidd51 ready to blaze up aga9 :5 ! "r mom5t %\ld come4 ,summ>y4--,! e>ly idea ( a colony 0 t x %\ld be only a s\rce ( income to ! "m c\ntry4 ,?is idea 0 held by o!r c\ntries ?an ,spa92 b ,spa9 clung to ! idea long aft] o!r nations gave x up4 ,%e did n li/5 to ! gospel ( ! rights ( man1 & 9 "t %e lo/ mo/ ( h] colonies4 ,h] policy 9 ! ,philipp9es kept ! natives rebelli\s4 ,= ?ree hundr$ & eighty ye>s ! ,filip9os 7 rul$ by h]1 b 9 _! he>ts !y nev] cons5t$ to t rule4 ,!re 0 "o revolt aft] ano!r1 ! p try+ by ?is means to ga9 dec5t treatm5t4 ,9 #afcc1 ang]$ by ! ef=ts ( fri>s to conv]t 8 p1 ! emp]or ( ,japan s5t a 8pres5t0 to ! prie/s at ,manila4 ,?is 8pres5t0 0 a %ipload ( #aej lep]s4 ,aft] "s debate ! prie/s p]suad$ ! gov]nor-g5]al to let ! lep]s l&1 & ,/4 ,laz>us ,hospital 0 built = !m4 ,! colony 0 n[ mu* weak5$ by w>s1 & 9 #afcd a revolt ( ! ,*9ese 9 ,laguna 0 ne>ly successful4 ,x 0 only put d[n by native help4 ,! great e>?quake ( #afde ne>ly de/roy$ ,manila1 & #fjj p 7 kill$ 9 ! city4 ,labor]s & soldi]s 7 n[ s sc>ce t ,gov]nor-,g5]al ,faj>do tri$ to compel ! p to s]ve 9 ! army & "w on ! ars5al at ,cavite4 ,?is l$ to a revolt :i* took all ! =ces ! ,spani% c\ld mu/] to put x d[n4 ,que/ions4--,:at 0 ! e>ly idea ( :at a colony %\ld be8 ,h[ 7 ! ,am]ican colonies driv5 to revolt8 ,h[ did ,spa9 treat h] colonies8 ,:y did n ! isl&s ?r[ (f h] yoke8 ,:y did ! ,japanese emp]or s5d lep]s to ,manila8 ,:at caus$ ! rebellion on ,sam>8 ,:o l$ x8 ,h[ 0 x put d[n8 ,illu/ration ,*apt] ,,viii4 ,a ,,new ,,beg9n+4 ,! /ory ( ! colony at ?is "t is a sad "o4 ,bad managem5t1 di%one/y1 & cruelty at la/ br\ght ! c\ntry to su* a pass t bo? ,mexico & ,spa9 7 we>y4 ,! k+ ev5 ?\ght ( giv+ up ! colony1 hopeless ( ev] receiv+ any b5efit f x4 ,! isl&s 7 a dra9 ^u ! treasury r ?an a help to x1 & x look$ z if ?+s w\ld nev] be any bett]4 ,9 ! ye> #afec1 h[ev]1 a new beg9n+ 0 plann$4 ,! c\ntry 0 to be giv5 ano!r *ance4 ,to ?is end a new gov]nor-g5]al & a new ar*bi%op 7 s5t out f ,mexico4 ,^! two m51 x 0 ?\ght1 c\ld "w peacefully toge!r4 ,x 0 hop$ t !y w\ld br+ bett] days to ! isl&s4 ,! gov]nor-g5]al1 ,sab99o ,manrique de ,l>a 7sb nn mnrk d lr71 0 an hone/1 pi\s man4 ,! new ar*bi%op 0 wise & j1 & seems to h _h a s9c]e desire to help ! c\ntry4 ,! ar*bi%op 0 *>g$ by ! ,pope ) ! task ( cleans+ ! l& f ! evil acts t _h made s mu* sorr[4 ,:5 ! %ip rea*$ ,manila1 be=e any "o else 0 all[$ to l&1 ! ar*bi%op w5t a%ore4 ,he l&$ alone1 knelt at once1 & bless$ ! soil4 ,! gov]nor-g5]al !n l&$1 & pray]s 7 (f]$ = ! good ( ! c\ntry4 ,"s days aft]w>ds1 9 ! op5 air1 outside ! city walls1 a solemn s]vice 0 held4 ,ar*bi%op ,problete 7pr bl t7 !n w5t ?r\gh ! c]emony ( purify+ ! l&4 ,he bless$ ! colony & decl>$ x clean ( all ! evil done !re4 ,f t day peace & good-w 7 to be ^u all ! p4 ,aft] ?is1 ?+s w5t bett] = sev]al ye>s4 ,!re 0 peace & good und]/&+ betwe5 ,*ur* & ,/ate1 s t bo? work$ = ! good ( ! c\ntry4 ,gov]nor-,g5]al ,l>a all[$ ! ar*bi%op a voice 9 matt]s ( ,/ate1 & yield$ to him 9 _m ways4 ,he ev5 p]mitt$ him to veto1 or =bid1 ord]s :i* ! gov]nor-g5]al himself approv$4 ,^! privileges ! ,*ur*man seems n to h abus$4 ,b m ?an m]e words & public s]vices 7 ne$$ to cleanse ! l&4 ,evil & oppression _h work$ wrong t 0 n to be undone 9 any easy way4 ,! rebellion ( #afdi 0 n yet =gott51 nor 7 !re lack+ p ready to make tr\ble to ga9 _! own ends4 ,"h & !re1 e little :ile1 conflict broke out anew1 b always 9 a small way4 ,x 0 nev] grave en\gh to cause fe> 9 ,manila4 ,x 0 en\gh1 h[ev]1 to keep ! p re/less1 & ! ,spani% soldi]s on ! al]t4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,*ur* ,,at ,,malate4 ,! olde/ *ur* build+ 9 ,manila4 ,! comm&] ( ! ,spani% =ces 9 ! ,visayas 0 ,capta9 ,gregorio de ,ca/illo4 ,we>y ( putt+ d[n ! frequ5t small revolts1 he at la/ hit ^u a plan to end ! tr\ble4 ,he issu$ a notice promis+ t all rebels :o w\ld come into camp & lay d[n _! arms w\ld be =giv54 ,9 spite ( pa/ lessons1 _m ( ! ,filip9os tru/$ to ?is promise4 ,a l>ge numb] ( !m came & gave up _! weapons4 ,:5 too late !y saw :at a mi/ake !y _h made4 ,!y 7 tak5 to ,manila z prison]s1 & 7 n p>don$4 ,in/ead1 mo/ ( !m 7 puni%$4 ,"s 7 put to dea?2 o!rs 7 s5t to ! galleys2 only a few 7 set free4 ,we may be sure t ! memory ( ?is false deal+ rankl$ 9 ! he>ts ( ! p4 ,9 #affj rebellion broke out ) fre% =ce4 ,?is "t ! ,pampangans 7 9 ! upris+4 ,?is p _h f ! fir/ be5 loyal to ,spa94 ,!y 7 among ! be/ ( h] native soldi]s1 & _h always help$ to keep h] enemies out ( ! c\ntry4 ,= rew>d ! gov]nm5t set !m1 ) _m o!rs1 to cutt+ timb] = ! ars5al4 ,?is "w all 7 compell$ to d )\t pay4 ,f ,pampanga ! revolt swept ?r\gh o!r prov9ces ( ,luzon4 ,x took m def9ite %ape ?an any o!r upris+ _h done1 & ga9$ /r5g?4 ,a ,filip9o nam$ ,malong 0 at ! head ( ! movem5t4 ,he 0 a real lead]1 & he at once began to raise an army4 ,! ,ilocans & ,cacaygans jo9$ him1 & 9 a little :ile #dj1jjj m5 _h be5 enroll$4 ,!y 7 n well arm$1 nor 7 !y well suppli$ ) food2 b !y m>*$ ?r\gh ! c\ntry1 mak+ w> on ! ,spani%4 ,aga91 h[ev]1 ef=t fail$ because x 0 n unit$4 ,! tribes c\ld n grasp ! idea ( real union4 ,! p _h no cle> ?\ght ( a national life toge!r4 ,s !y f\ght among !mselves z well z aga9/ ! common enemy1 & _! w>f>e came to naught4 ,!y c\ld n long resi/ ! tra9$ ,spani% troops1 & 9 "t ! rebellion 0 put d[n4 ,! army 0 scatt]$1 & its lead]s became outlaws 9 ! m\nta9s4 ,:ile ,gov]nor-,g5]al ,l>a 0 9 (fice ano!r ,*9ese invasion ?reat5$4 ,a ,mongol *ief nam$ ,kox+a 7kox 9g71 :o _h be5 driv5 f 8 own c\ntry by ! ,t>t>s1 0 ! lead] ( x4 ,:5 ! ,t>t>s ov]ran ,*9a1 ab\t ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ,kox+a & _m ( 8 foll[]s refus$ to submit4 ,!y w5t to ,=mosa1 drove out ! ,dut* p1 & settl$ !re4 ,lat] ,kox+a laid a plan to take ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s & set up 8 k+dom !re4 ,kox+a's *ief advis] 0 an ,italian fri> nam$ ,riccio 7r * 74 ,?is fri> he _h made a high m&>91 or nobleman4 ,he n[ s5t him to ,manila1 dress$ 9 ! g>b ( 8 (fice1 to dem& tribute f ! ,philipp9e ,gov]nm5t4 ,naturally ?is dem& caus$ amaze & al>m 9 ,manila4 ,! ,spani>ds 7 agha/ at ! idea ( a ,ca?olic prie/ dem&+ tribute f a ,ca?olic c\ntry1 9 ! "n ( a hea!n rul]4 ,lat] ! au?orities at ,rome call$ ! fri> to acc\nt = 8 conduct4 ,at ?is "t1 h[ev]1 ! ,spani% 7 at a loss h[ to act4 ,!y did n d>e s5d ! prie/-m&>9 away1 nor c\ld !y give him any answ]4 ,!y !re=e kept him wait+ 9 ,manila :ile !y made up _! m9ds :at to d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,manila ,,ca!dral4 ,z 0 usual1 :5 tr\ble arose1 ! gov]nm5t ?\ght t ! ,*9ese 9 ,manila 7 plott+ to take ! city4 ,!y felt sure t ^! m5 w\ld be ready to help ,kox+a :5 he came1 s ev]y?+ 0 made ready = ano!r attack ^u ! ,*9ese 9 ,luzon4 ,all gov]nm5t troops1 bo? ,spani% & native1 7 collect$ at ,manila4 ,! =ts at ,yligan 7lgn71 at ,calamianes 7cl m ns71 & at ,zamboanga1 7 torn d[n & ! soldi]s br\ght to ,luzon4 ,only ! =t at ,c>aga1 ,m9danao1 0 left /&+4 ,?is "o !y did n d>e to give up2 ! soldi]s !re 7 all t kept ! ,moros f de/roy+ ! settlem5ts on t coa/4 ,:5 ! ,*9ese saw ! ,spani>ds mak+ ready = w>1 !y knew f pa/ exp]i5ce t x meant tr\ble = !m4 ,z usual1 !re=e1 !y began ! tr\ble !mselves4 ,!y attack$ ! ,spani%1 & ! latt] at once began fight+ ! ,*9ese :]ev] !y f\nd !m4 ,?is "t ! ,spani% meant to kill e ,*9aman 9 ! c\ntry4 ,!y hunt$ out all :o hid1 & cut !m d[n4 ,n "o :om !y caught 0 sp>$4 ,n "o ( all 9 ! isl&s w\ld h be5 sp>$ if ! c\ntry c\ld h gott5 along )\t !m4 ,"s "o rememb]$1 h[ev]1 be=e x 0 too late1 t if all ! ,*9ese 7 kill$ !re w\ld be no "o left to c>ry on ! small trades ( ! c\ntry4 ,because bootmak]s & tailors & small %opkeep]s 7 ne$$1 !re=e ab\t #e1jjj ,*9am5 7 sp>$1 & ^! 7 p]mitt$ to rema9 9 ,manila4 ,aft] peace 0 made1 ,riccio 0 all[$ to g back to ,=mosa1 to tell ,kox+a :at _h be5 done4 ,he f\nd ! *iefta9 gett+ ready to come to ,manila ) an army to take ! c\ntry1 & ,riccio told him :at _h happ5$4 ,kox+a's rage 0 great :5 he he>d 8 m&>9's /ory4 ,he plann$ to g at once to ! isl&s to puni% ?is wick$ cruelty to 8 c\ntrym54 ,he fell ill1 h[ev]1 & di$ ( fev] be=e he c\ld />t4 ,?us ,manila escap$ ! fate t mu/ almo/ surely h fall5 ^u ! city if ! ,*9ese *ief & 8 great army _h rea*$ ! bay4 ,illu/ration3 ,,an ,,old ,,spani% ,,=t ,,at ,,siassi4 ,! fooli% attack ^u ! ,*9ese took s _m ,spani% soldi]s f ! s\!rn isl&s t ! ,moros n[ _h free sw+ along ! coa/s ( ,m9danao & ! ,visayas4 ,o!r tr\bles came up 9 ,manila1 & soon evil & sorr[ 7 z active & z real z ?\gh ! isl&s _h nev] be5 cleans$ by book & c]emony4 ,n ev5 ^! c /ay ! results ( cruelty & evil 9 m5's lives4 ,poor ,gov]nor-,g5]al ,l>a1 9 spite ( 8 wi% to be a good lead] 9 ! ,philipp9es1 made _m enemies4 ,^! m5 began to accuse him ( di%one/y 9 (fice4 ,!y *>g$ him ) disloyalty to ! k+1 & he 0 put into prison4 ,he 0 also made to pay a f9e equal to #fj1jjj1 ,mexican money4 ,aft]w>ds he 0 set free1 b he nev] got ov] ! effects ( 8 disgrace4 ,fill$ ) sorr[ & %ame1 he w5t back to ,spa9 & became a fri>4 ,9 #affc ,diego ,salc$o became gov]nor-g5]al4 ,he 0 no soon] 9 (fice ?an ! good und]/&+ betwe5 ! ,*ur* & ! ,/ate came to an end4 ,salc$o treat$ ,ar*bi%op ,problete v h>%ly1 & took f him _m ( ! privileges grant$ him by ,l>a4 ,great /rife grew out ( ?is1 & ! gov]nm5t 0 soon 9 z bad ord] z x _h ev] be54 ,at la/ ! ar*bi%op became ill & di$4 ,salc$o !n behav$ 9 a v unseemly mann]4 ,he made a great fea/1 & w\ld n all[ ! usual m\rn+ s]vices to be held = ! ar*bi%op4 ,?is conduct came to ! e>s ( ! au?orities at home1 & ! gov]nor-g5]al 0 puni%$ z he des]v$4 ,he 0 put into prison to await ! sail+ ( ! galleon t %\ld take him to ,mexico = fur!r puni%m5t4 ,he 0 s5t to ,mexico lat]1 b di$ at sea on 8 way !re4 ,all ?is 0 a sad end to ! new rule t 0 to h done s mu* good 9 ! c\ntry4 ,no good1 h[ev]1 c gr[ out ( inju/ice & cruelty4 ,^! p may h meant well1 b !y did n d "r4 ,!y _h n set up rules ( fairness & tru?ful deal+ 9 ! isl&s1 s all _! cleans+ ) words came to naught4 ,summ>y4--,9 #afec a new gov]nor-g5]al & a new ar*bi%op 7 s5t out to ,manila4 ,! l& 0 bless$ & pron\nc$ clean ( all ! evil t _h be5 done !re4 ,!re 0 n[ to be a new /ate ( ?+s4 ,= "s ye>s matt]s w5t bett] at ,manila4 ,!re 0 peace betwe5 ! ,*ur* & ! ,/ate4 ,lat]1 h[ev]1 revolt broke out "h & !re 9 ! ,visayas4 ,to quiet ! natives !y 7 promis$ =giv5ess if !y w\ld come 9 & lay d[n _! weapons4 ,! ,spani% g5]al :o made ?is promise broke 8 ^w4 ,^? :o came & surr5d]$ 7 sev]ely puni%$1 & only a few 7 p>don$4 ,aft] ?is ! gov]nm5t tri$ to make ! natives "w )\t pay1 cutt+ timb] = ! ars5al4 ,?is made tr\ble1 & !re 0 a rebellion :i* came ne> to be+ g5]al1 b :i* 0 f9ally put d[n4 ,a ?reat5$ invasion by ,kox+a1 a ,*9ese *ief f ,=mosa1 l$ to a g5]al slaught] by ! ,spani% ( ! ,*9ese 9 ,manila4 ,only #e1jjj ,*9ese 7 left alive 9 ! isl&s4 ,gov]nor-,g5]al ,l>a made enemies :o accus$ him ( di%one/y4 ,he 0 put 9 prison & f9$4 ,he 0 set free lat]1 b felt ! disgrace s ke5ly t he w5t back to ,spa9 & took holy ord]s4 ,he 0 succe$$ by ,diego ,salc$o1 :o soon qu>rel$ ) ! ar*bi%op4 ,:5 ! latt] di$1 ,salc$o behav$ 9 a way s unseemly t he 0 s5t out ( ! c\ntry 9 disgrace4 ,he di$ at sea1 on 8 way to ,mexico4 ,que/ions4--,:at great *ange 0 made 9 #afec8 ,:at did ! new (ficials d8 ,h[ did ! new gov]nm5t succe$8 ,:at promise did ,capta9 ,gregorio de ,ca/illo make to ! rebels 9 ! ,visayas8 ,h[ did he keep x8 ,:at l$ to ! revolt ( #affj8 ,give an acc\nt ( ?is upris+4 ,:o 0 ,kox+a8 ,:at envoy did he s5d to ,manila8 ,h[ 0 ?is envoy receiv$8 ,:at action did ! ,spani% take 9 reg>d to 8 dem&s8 ,illu/ration ,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,trade ,,9 ,,! ,,philipp9es4 ,! ,spani% galleons :i* us$ to sail ! ,pacific ,ocean betwe5 ,manila & ,mexico h be5 ! subject ( _m a romance4 ,! _w nev] tires ( read+ ! /ories writt5 ab\t !m4 ,!y seem to belong to ! age ( romance & poetry4 ,! galleons come1 h[ev]1 pretty close to mod]n times4 ,! la/ "o left ,manila = ,mexico 9 #ahaa1 & ! la/ "o = ,manila sail$ f ,acapulco 9 #ahae4 ,^! %ips 7 9 %ape some?+ l a half-moon4 ,!y 7 v high at b[ & /]n1 %ort f =e to aft1 & v wide4 ,!y 7 ( ab\t #a1ejj tons burd51 ) light draught4 ,!y usually _h f\r decks1 & always c>ri$ big guns4 ,! galleons 7 ! ,spani% mail %ips1 & ! only c>ri]s = trade betwe5 ! isl&s & ,mexico4 ,?is trade ) ,mexico 0 ! colony's only s\rce ( income4 ,! local gov]nm5t _h no money ( its own4 ,x c\ld n act indep5d5tly2 all t x br\ght 9 tribute & taxes to ! royal treasury belong$ to ! ,cr[n1 to be dispos$ ( at ! k+'s w4 ,n only 7 ! isl&s gov]n$ ?r\gh ,mexico1 b all _! trade 0 ) t c\ntry4 ,s sev]e 7 ! laws t re/rict$ _! trade1 t ! p 7 n all[$ to g ev5 to ,*9a & ,japan to buy goods4 ,!y might buy only su* goods z ,*9ese & ,japanese trad]s br\ght to ,manila4 ,once a ye>1 usually 9 ,july1 a galleon left ,manila lad5 ) goods f ! isl&s4 ,^! 7 sold 9 ,mexico1 & ! money :i* !y br\ght1 or an equal value 9 ,mexican goods1 0 s5t back on ! return galleon4 ,we h se5 h[ great 7 ! risks :i* ^! %ips ran 9 mak+ _! voyages4 ,! enemies ( ,spa9 (t5 captur$ !m1 :ile "s 7 lo/ at sea & nev] aga9 he>d f4 ,x 0 n all romance1 ! life ( ^? :o sail$ & mann$ ! galleons4 ,(t5 !re 0 gre$ & cruelty to cont5d )1 r ?an poetry & /ory to be liv$4 ,always !re 0 dang]1 & x 0 n ! _s ( adv5ture1 b ! desire = ga9 t s5t ^! m5 to sea4 ,! _m risks :i* ! galleons ran made %ipp+ v5tures unc]ta94 ,nor 0 ?is ! greate/ ill :i* ! ,manila m]*ants _h to be>4 ,! m]*ants ( ,spa9 7 always jeal\s ( !m1 = !y 7 afraid t ! isl& trade ) ,*9a & ) ,mexico w\ld hurt _! own bus9ess4 ,s !y 7 always clamor+ = laws t %\ld keep ,manila m]*ants f deal+ ) ^? c\ntries4 ,by ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury v h>% laws _h be5 made gov]n+ all %ipm5ts4 ,goods might be %ipp$ only 9 bales ( a c]ta9 size & weight1 & only a limit$ numb] ( bales might be s5t by ea* galleon4 ,nor did ! re/rictions end "h4 ,!re 7 "s goods 9 :i* ,manila m]*ants might n deal at all4 ,!y c\ld %ip no wov5 /uffs save ! f9e/ l954 ,if ! goods s5t to ,mexico by ! ,philipp9e ,gov]nm5t br\ght m ?an a c]ta9 am\nt 9 ,mexico1 ! full sum c\ld n be s5t back 9 money4 ,! isl&s mu/ take ! surplus 9 ,mexican goods4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,arrival ,,( ,a ,,spani% ,,galleon4 ,s bus9ess suff]$1 & ea* ye> ! c\ntry grew poor]4 ,at ! same "t ! m5 :o rul$ ! c\ntry grew v ri*4 ,"o act+ gov]nor-g5]al1 9 less ?an two ye>s ( s]vice1 got toge!r a =tune ( #bej1jjj4 ,!re 7 o!r (ficials1 z well1 :o manag$ to take home ) !m to ,spa9 sums ne>ly z l>ge4 ,all ?is1 ( c\rse1 work$ h>d%ip 9 ! isl&s4 ,money 0 v sc>ce4 ,m]*ants became bankrupt & _h to g out ( bus9ess4 ,(t5 ! gov]nm5t itself _h no money ) :i* to pay = public "w4 ,! army1 too1 suff]$4 ,! soldi]s _h no b>racks1 b liv$ z !y c\ld1 & :]ev] !y f\nd %elt]4 ,(t5 !re 7 long p]iods :5 no rations 7 issu$ to !m1 & !y begg$ _! food f h\se to h\se4 ,:5 _! dem&s 7 n grant$1 !y w\ld take by =ce :at !y wi%$1 & ?is l$ to great evil4 ,a l>ge army 0 ne$$ to control ! p & to en=ce paym5t ( tribute4 ,?is tribute 0 collect$ f ! natives = ! support ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,^? :o _h n yet be5 baptiz$ 7 tax$ only a small sum2 ^? :o belong$ to ! ,*ur* paid m4 ,few1 h[ev]1 paid 9 money4 ,ne>ly all paid 9 k9d--9 goods :i* !y made1 or produce :i* !y rais$ f ! l&4 ,all tribute 9 goods 0 kept 9 ! royal /oreh\ses until ! galleon 0 ab\t to sail4 ,!n ! goods 7 s5t to ,mexico1 to be sold4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 "s ( ^! goods 7 trad$ = m]*&ise br\ght to ! isl&s by ,*9ese deal]s4 ,a c]ta9 p] c5t4 ( ! price :i* ! %ipm5ts br\ght 9 ,mexico 0 s5t back to ,manila to pay gov]nm5t exp5ses4 ,usually1 h[ev]1 ?is fix$ p]c5tage 0 n suffici5t to meet ^! exp5ses4 ,x 0 ne$ful1 !n1 to increase x by a fur!r sum f ! royal treasury4 ,?is additional sum 0 call$ ! 8,real ,situado0 7rl s t d74 ,"o galleon a ye> 0 n en\gh to meet ! ne$s ( m]*ants :o wi%$ to %ip goods to ,mexico4 ,9 #agbd1 !re=e1 a royal decree 0 made public t !reaft] two galleons ( #ejj tons ea* w\ld be s5t4 ,?is decree1 h[ev]1 limit$ ! numb] ( m]*ants :o might %ip goods1 & ! am\nt :i* ea* might s5d4 ,x also fix$ ! am\nt 9 ca% t might be tak5 9 paym5t4 ,all values ov] ?is am\nt mu/ be tak5 9 ,mexican goods4 ,a few ye>s lat] ?is decree 0 revok$4 ,only "o galleon a ye> 0 to be s5t1 & new & m sev]e re/rictions 7 put ^u all %ipm5ts4 ,x became m & m difficult1 z "t w5t on1 = ! m]*ants ( ,manila to c>ry on trade4 ,dur+ ! eighte5? c5tury no =eign m]*ants 7 all[$ to d bus9ess 9 ,manila4 ,spa91 9 fact1 did all t %e c\ld to kill trade & indu/ry 9 ! isl&s4 ,at ! same "t %e compell$ ^? :o rul$ ! c\ntry to en=ce paym5t ( ! la/ p5ny's value ( tribute t c\ld be dra9$ f ! c\ntry4 ,! gov]nor-g5]al at ?is "t 7#aged-agei7 0 ,p$ro de ,ar&ia 7d rnd 74 ,he 0 "o ( ! mo/ able & ent]pris+ (ficials ! isl&s _h ?us f> _h4 ,he tri$ to make a good _m re=ms 9 ! c\ntry1 & to build up its comm]ce4 ,he is said to h di$ ( worry & regret t he c\ld n rule ! l& z he ?\ght "r1 & at ! same "t be at peace ) ^? ab\t him :o 7 also 9 au?ority4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,santa ,,lucia ,,gate1 ,,manila4 ,ar&ia %[$ himself to be some?+ ( a /atesman4 ,he made re=ms 9 ! army1 & tri$ to br+ ! wild tribes to ackn[l$ge ,spa9's rights 9 ! isl&s4 ,at ! same "t he did _m di%one/ ?+s4 ,he made a great =tune = himself :ile 9 (fice4 ,p]haps he 0 sorry = 8 di%one/y aft]w>ds1 = :5 he di$ he left 8 =tune to religi\s in/itutions4 ,9 ^? days m5 saw no wrong or absurdity 9 devot+ ill-gott5 weal? to c>ry+ on good works4 ,x 0 ,ar&ia :o =m$ ! fir/ real milit>y body 9 ! c\ntry4 ,?is 0 a regim5t made up ( five companies ( ,filip9o soldi]s & f\r companies ( ,europeans4 ,! latt] ,ar&ia _h br\ght ) him f ,mexico4 ,he call$ ! :ole corps ! 8,k+'s ,regim5t10 & took great pride 9 x4 ,z troops came 9 f ! prov9ces !y 7 add$ to ! regim5t1 until at la/ x numb]$ ab\t #b1jjj soldi]s 9 two battalions ( t5 companies ea*4 ,9 ,octob] ( #aged ! soldi]s1 = ! fir/ "t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! isl&s1 7 qu>t]$ 9 b>racks4 ,!y 7 also1 bo? (fic]s & m51 paid regul>ly e two weeks4 ,9 #agee ! ,*9ese "q came up aga94 ,?is "t x 0 decid$ to s5d home all ^? ,*9ese :o w\ld n be baptiz$4 ,!y 7 giv5 a few mon?s to w9d up _! bus9ess1 & a day 0 set :5 !y %\ld leave ! isl&s4 ,all :o accept$ baptism 7 all[$ to rema91 & a good _m did ?is4 ,ov] #b1jjj1 h[ev]1 7 s5t out ( ! c\ntry on ,june #cj1 #agee4 ,ne$ n[ arose = %ops & = small trad]s to c>ry on bus9ess 9 place ( ^! ,*9ese4 ,to supply ?is ne$ a trad+ company ( ,spani% & half-,spani% 0 =m$ 9 ,manila4 ,?is trad+ company 0 9 exi/5ce = "s ye>s1 b 0 nev] v successful4 ,x c\ld n buy on z good t]ms z ! ,*9ese _h be5 able to make1 nor c\ld x sell to su* good advantage4 ,x receiv$ a great deal ( aid f ! gov]nm5t1 b f9ally made a bad failure & w5t out ( bus9ess4 ,! rul+ :i* s5t ! ,*9ese out ( ! isl&s work$ o!r h>m to ! bus9ess ( ! c\ntry4 ,n only 7 !re none to d ! "w :i* ! ,*9ese _h done1 b _! go+ 0 a direct money loss to ! gov]nm5t4 ,! ,*9ese _h be5 heavily tax$1 & :5 !y 7 s5t away a %ortage ( #cj1jjj 9 ! tax receipts foll[$ z a direct result4 ,?is made money s sc>ce 9 ,manila t a petition 0 s5t to ,spa9 ask+ = a r$uction ( ! royal dues4 ,^! royal dues 7 ! am\nt :i* ! colony _h ea* ye> to raise = ! k+1 & ! gov]nm5t 0 n[ sc>cely able to collect x f ! p4 ,b ,spa9 0 9 great ne$ ( money4 ,w>s ) o!r nations _h almo/ empti$ h] treasury1 & ! petition = r$uction 0 refus$4 ,a decree 0 pass$1 h[ev]1 :i* made ?+s a little easi] = ! m]*ants4 ,! isl&s mu/ pay ! full am\nt ( ! royal dues1 b m]*ants might s5d by ! galleon m goods & goods ( a f9] quality ?an be=e4 ,!y might also br+ back m ,mexican goods4 ,9 ?is way !y c\ld make m money1 & ?us ! c\ntry 0 bett] able to raise ! sums dem&$4 ,summ>y4--,! only trad+ %ips t c>ri$ %ipm5ts ( goods f ,manila 7 ! ,spani% galleons4 ,! entire trade ( ! isl&s 0 ) ,mexico1 & 0 re/rict$ by v sev]e laws4 ,a galleon sail$ b once a ye>1 & ! am\nt ( goods :i* c\ld be s5t by h] 0 limit$ by law4 ,! great risks :i* ! galleons ran made %ipm5ts unc]ta9 ( return1 & bus9ess 0 at a disadvantage4 ,9 #agbd a decree 0 made public all[+ two galleons a ye>1 ( #ejj tons ea*1 to be s5t4 ,! numb] ( m]*ants :o c\ld %ip goods 0 n[ limit$1 & ! am\nt t ea* c\ld s5d4 ,lat] ?is decree 0 revok$4 ,only "o galleon c\ld be s5t1 & m sev]e re/rictions 7 put ^u %ipm5ts4 ,no =eign m]*ants 7 all[$ to d bus9ess 9 ,manila4 ,9 #aged ,p$ro de ,ar&ia became gov]nor-g5]al4 ,he made _m improvem5ts 9 ! army1 & tri$ to build up trade4 ,he =m$ ! fir/ real milit>y body 9 ! isl&s1 & call$ x ! 8,k+'s ,regim5t40 ,9 #agee a law 0 made t all ,*9ese :o refus$ baptism %\ld be s5t out ( ! c\ntry on ,june #cj4 ,ov] #b1jjj 7 s5t away on t day4 ,?is made a de>? ( trad]s1 & a trad+ company ( ,spani% & half-,spani% 0 =m$4 ,x 0 nev] a success1 h[ev]4 ,! dep>ture ( ^! ,*9ese co/ ! c\ntry a loss ( #cj1jjj 9 taxes t ye>4 ,?is made times s h>d t ! colony pray$ ! k+ = a r$uction 9 ! royal dues4 ,_! petition 0 refus$1 b "s ( ! re/rictions 9 reg>d to %ipm5ts by ! galleon 7 made light]4 ,m]*ants c\ld %ip m & bett] goods4 ,?is made matt]s easi]1 & ! c\ntry c\ld bett] meet ! dem&s ( ! ,cr[n4 ,que/ions4--,:at 7 ! ,spani% galleons8 ,h[ (t5 did !y sail8 ,:5 did ! la/ "o leave ,manila = ,mexico8 ,:y 7 su* sev]e re/rictions put ^u ! trade ( ! isl&s8 ,:at 7 "s ( ^! re/rictions8 ,:at improvem5ts did ,gov]nor-,g5]al ,ar&ia make 9 ! army8 ,give an acc\nt ( ! decree expell+ ! ,*9ese f ! isl&s4 ,:at effect foll[$ ! dep>ture ( ! ,*9ese8 ,illu/ration ,*apt] ,x4 ,,! ,,isl&s ,,"u ,,ar&ia',s ,,rule4 ,x 0 :ile ,p$ro de ,ar&ia 0 gov]nor-g5]al t ! fam\s ov]fl[ ( ,taal volcano took place4 ,at t "t ! crat] ( ,taal 0 torn op5 s t x measur$ m ?an a mile & a half across1 & f ?is awful op5+ p\r$ d[n a broad /ream ( melt$ lava1 kill+ & de/roy+ ev]y?+ t x t\*$4 ,x ru%$ d[n ! side ( ! m\nta9 & fell hot & hiss+ into ! lake4 ,great cl\ds ( /eam arose f ! heat$ wat]s1 & su* a %[] ( a%es & /ones fell z made ! p ?9k ! _w 0 com+ to an end4 ,= six mon?s t]rible /orms rag$ 9 t "p ( ,luzon4 ,! volcano broke out on ! #ae? day ( ,may1 #aged1 & x 0 !n t ! boil+ lava began to fl[4 ,huge /ones %ot up f ! crat] & fell into ! lake1 or 7 hurl$ d[n ^u ! l&4 ,d>kness reign$1 & ! p 7 fill$ ) t]ror4 ,?is /ate ( ?+s la/$ until ab\t ! second day ( ,june4 ,!n1 sudd5ly1 a mighty column ( smoke arose f ! m\nta91 ?ick1 black1 & awful4 ,high] & high] x m\nt$1 until x spread ov] ! sky1 & ! sun %one ?r\gh x ) a sickly yell[ light4 ,illu/ration3 ,,taal ,,volcano4 ,?is smoke p\r$ out = ne>ly all ! "t until ,july #aj4 ,on t day heavy %[]s ( mud1 black z ink1 began to fall4 ,t]rible s\nds 7 he>d1 z ( cannon be+ fir$ (f inside ! m\nta94 ,! l& trembl$1 & great waves f ! lake da%$ aga9/ ! %ore4 ,dead fi%1 alligators1 & snakes 7 ca/ up on %ore1 & ! t[n ( ,balili 7b ll7 0 soon a swamp ( black1 liquid mud4 ,!n fire began to p\r out ( ! crat]4 ,x la/$ until ,septemb] #be1 :5 !re 0 ano!r great %[] ( /ones4 ,! p ( ,taal 7 driv5 f _! homes & fl$ = _! lives4 ,!n1 writes ,fray ,francisco ,v55*illo 7v5 en *ly71 :o1 ?r\gh ^! dreadful weeks ( disa/]s1 kept a daily j\rnal ( all t he obs]v$1 8a fe>ful /orm ( ?und] & lightn+ began1 & nev] /opp$ until ,decemb] #d40 ,9 ! mean:ile ! volcano 0 /ill 9 eruption1 & awful ?+s kept happ5+4 ,lake ,bombon rose & swept ov] ! t[n ( ,taal4 ,on ,novemb] #ad inky d>kness settl$ ov] ! c\ntry4 ,?is la/$ = two days1 dur+ :i*1 ev5 z f> away z ,manila1 c&les 7 ne$$ at noonday4 ,dur+ ^! two days1 fire & lava p\r$ out /eadily f ! m\nta94 ,at la/1 on ,decemb] #b1 began a two days' hurricane4 ,x wip$ out ! t[n ( ,taal1 & !n all 0 quiet4 ,9 all1 ! tr\ble la/$ = six mon?s & sev5te5 days4 ,! t[ns ( ,taal1 ,sananan 7sn nn71 ,sala 7sl71 & ,lipa 7lp7 7 :olly ru9$1 & great h>m 0 done 9 t[ns fifte5 miles di/ant f ! volcano4 ,x 0 a m>vel\s ev5t1 & traces ( x are /ill to be se5 9 all ! c\ntry ar\nd ,lake ,bombon4 ,nev] s9ce !n has !re be5 su* an ov]fl[ f ,taal volcano4 ,! ru9s ( ! old t[n ( ,taal may /ill be se5 j :]e ! ,pansipit 7pn spit7 ,riv] ent]s ! lake1 b !y are be+ ov]gr[n by grasses & fl[]s4 ,9 a few ye>s !y w be q hidd54 ,! pres5t t[n ( ,taal is f>!r up ! riv]4 ,x is not$ = ! f9e sug> produc$ !re4 ,?is sug> is well kn[n1 & comm&s a good price 9 =eign m>kets4 ,excell5t cotton /uffs are also made !re4 ,:5 ,gov]nor-,g5]al ,ar&ia _h =m$ 8 new ,k+'s ,regim5t1 he at once f\nd "w = x to d4 ,besides ! regim5t he collect$ a body ( good native troops & began a campaign aga9/ ! ,igorrotes4 ,! ,spani% _h nev] be5 able to subdue ^! p4 ,9 ,ar&ia's day !y 7 /ill z wild & savage z :5 ! ,europeans fir/ came to ! isl&s4 ,ar&ia set out to conqu] !m or to kill e "o ( !m t c\ld be f\nd4 ,! w> 0 c>efully plann$4 ,ab\t #a1ajj soldi]s 7 s5t aga9/ !m1 & ^! soldi]s wag$ a w>f>e z savage1 z cruel1 z ! wild tribes !mselves c\ld h c>ri$ on4 ,! ,igorrotes 7 surpris$ 9 _! villages & giv5 no qu>t]4 ,_! t[ns 7 burn$ d[n1 & wom5 & *ildr5 7 kill$ )\t m]cy4 ,gr[+ crops 7 de/roy$1 & ! l& 0 laid wa/e :]ev] an ,igorrote home 0 f\nd4 ,b 9 spite ( ?is cruelty ! ,spani% c\ld n conqu] ! p4 ,in/ead1 ! ,k+'s ,regim5t 0 driv5 back aga9 & aga91 & :5ev] ! ,igorrotes took a ,spani>d prison]1 !y av5g$ ^u him ! wrongs ( _! tribe4 ,! attempt 0 at la/ giv5 up4 ,! ,igorrotes c\ld n be subdu$1 nor c\ld !y be coax$ into swe>+ loyalty to ,spa94 ,ar&ia !n s\ght to b>ga9 ) !m4 ,9 #ageh a decree 0 pass$ t 0 meant n only = !m1 b = ! o!r hea!n tribes4 ,! decree read t ^? :o w\ld accept baptism ne$ pay no tribute or tax = ! re/ ( _! lives4 ,! ,igorrotes 7 n caught by ?is (f]4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 !y gave !mselves no tr\ble to pay tribute or tax1 anyway1 s ! (f] _h no attraction = !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,igorrotes4 ,at ?is same "t ,ar&ia _h /ill ano!r tr\ble on 8 h&s1 b "o = :i* he 0 n to blame4 ,a few ye>s be=e1 9 #agdi1 ! sultan ( ,sulu 0 depos$ f 8 ?rone dur+ a rebellion4 ,be+ 9 "n1 at lea/1 a vassal ( ,spa91 he came to ,manila to ask ,spani% aid 9 rega9+ 8 rights4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,/reet ,,9 ,,jol4 ,! act+ gov]nor-g5]al at t "t 0 ! ,bi%op ( ,nuevo ,segovia 7n v s gv 74 ,?is wor?y gave ! sultan a w>m welcome & %[$ him high honor4 ,! ,moro rul] 0 urg$ to accept baptism1 & at la/ did s1 ) sev]al ( 8 suite4 ,aft] t he & a l>ge numb] ( foll[]s 7 kept 9 great /yle 9 ,manila4 ,! sultan 0 kn[n z ,f]d9& ,i41 & great att5tion 0 paid him z rightful rul] ( ! ,sulu ar*ipelago4 ,b = "s reason no?+ 0 done to help him recov] 8 lo/ ?rone4 ,f9ally1 h[ev]1 he 0 told t he 0 to be tak5 to ,sulu4 ,9 fact1 ) a l>ge ,spani% escort1 ! p>ty did g z f> z ,zamboanga4 ,!re ! sultan & 8 p1 ) a pr9ce ( ,sulu :o _h come to ,m9danao to greet him1 7 ?r[n into prison4 ,to expla9 ?is1 x 0 *>g$ t ! sultan _h writt5 disloyal lett]s to fri5ds 9 ,sulu4 ,9 "o ( ^! lett]s1 x 0 claim$1 he _h said t he _h n act$ ( 8 own free w 9 accept+ baptism4 ,^! lett]s _h be5 int]cept$ at ,zamboanga1 & 7 decl>$ to be treasonable4 ,! sultan 0 tak5 back to ,manila z a prison]1 & ?is act at once drove ! ,moros to fre% fury4 ,aga9 !re 0 w> all along ! s\!rn coa/4 ,x 0 press$ ) great cruelty on bo? sides1 & _m lives 7 lo/4 ,! tr\ble la/$ = "s ye>s1 b ! ,spani% ga9$ nei!r p[] nor t]ritory by all ?is wa/e ( lives & money4 ,:5 ,ar&ia came into (fice he wi%$ to s5d ! sultan back to ,sulu & re/ore to him 8 rights4 ,9 ?is1 h[ev]1 he 0 oppos$ by ! cl]gy4 ,_h he p]si/$ 9 try+ to d ?is x w\ld h made great /rife2 s he yield$4 ,f]d9& ,i4 /ay$ on 9 ,luzon1 b 0 n kept 9 conf9em5t4 ,8 son1 8 daught]1 & sev]al *iefs ( 8 p 7 ) him 9 ! city2 b he 0 none ! less a prison]1 & rema9$ su* until ! ,briti% took ,manila 9 #agfb4 ,9 #agfc ! ,engli% comm&] s5t him to ,sulu & reseat$ him on 8 ?rone4 ,z = ! ,moros ( ! ,sulu ar*ipelago1 !y nev] aga9 tru/$ ! ,spani%4 ,summ>y4--,9 ! ye> #aged !re 0 a t]rible eruption ( ,taal volcano4 ,x began on ,may #ae & la/$ = ov] six mon?s4 ,dur+ ?is "t ! m\nta9 p\r$ out fire & lava4 ,awful %[]s ( mud & /ones fell1 & !re 7 t]rible hurricanes4 ,! t[ns ( ,taal1 ,sananan1 ,sala1 & ,lipa 7 :olly ru9$1 & great h>m 0 done 9 places fifte5 miles away4 ,dur+ ,ar&ia's t]m ( (fice1 w> 0 wag$ aga9/ ! ,igorrotes1 to conqu] or to kill !m all4 ,?is w> 0 c>ri$ on ) great cruelty1 b ! ,igorrotes 7 n to be subdu$1 & x 0 giv5 up4 ,lat] !y 7 (f]$ fre$om f taxation if !y w\ld accept baptism1 b !y refus$ x4 ,9 #agdi ! sultan ( ,sulu came to ,manila seek+ aid to put d[n a rebellion ( 8 p4 ,he 0 well receiv$1 & 0 p]suad$ to let himself be baptiz$4 ,aft]w>ds x 0 claim$ t he _h writt5 treasonable lett]s home1 & he 0 kept a prison] 9 ,manila4 ,ar&ia tri$ to h him re/or$ to 8 rights1 b c\ld n4 ,! sultan 0 s5t back 9 #agfc by ! ,briti%1 :o !n held ,manila4 ,?is treatm5t ( ! sultan greatly enrag$ ! ,moros aga9/ ! ,spani%4 ,que/ions4--,:5 0 ! great ov]fl[ ( ,taal volcano8 ,give an acc\nt ( x4 ,:o decid$ to conqu] ! ,igorrotes8 ,describe ?is w> & its results4 ,:y did ! sultan ( ,sulu come to ,manila8 ,h[ 0 he treat$ by ! ,spani%8 ,:o f9ally reseat$ him on 8 ?rone8 ,illu/ration ,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,briti% ,,occupation4 ,9 ! latt] "p ( ! ye> #agfa w> 0 begun betwe5 ,spa9 & ,france on ! "o h&1 & ,engl& on ! o!r4 ,spa9 & ,france 7 fir/ to decl>e ?is w>1 b ,engl& c>ri$ on h] "p 9 x ) great vigor4 ,! ,engli% took ,havana1 & an ,engli% fleet "u ,admiral ,corni% 7korni%7 0 s5t to ! ,pacific ) ord]s to take ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s4 ,) a fleet ( ?irte5 vessels ,admiral ,corni% ent]$ ,manila ,bay on ! ev5+ ( ,septemb] #bb1 #agfb4 ,! %ips an*or$ (f ,cavite1 & next day ,corni% s5t to dem& ! surr5d] ( ! city4 ,?is 01 ( c\rse1 refus$ by ,ar*bi%op ,rojo 7rh71 :o 0 !n act+ gov]nor-g5]al ( ! city4 ,! ar*bi%op's =ces at t "t consi/$ ( a small "p ( ! ,k+'s ,regim5t1 n m ?an ab\t #fjj m5 & (fic]s1 & #hj pieces ( artill]y4 ,! ,engli% troops1 :o 7 l&$ "u comm& ( ,g5]al ,drap] 7drp]71 numb]$ "o regim5t ( ,briti% infantry1 two companies ( artill]y1 #b1bjj ,sepoys f ,india1 & #c1jjj seam5--9 all1 #f1chj m54 ,nev]!less1 9 spite ( ! inequality ( ! two armies1 ! ,spani% ,*ur*man defi$ ! second dem& to surr5d]4 ,a "p ( ! ,spani% =ce w5t bravely out to fight ! l&+ ,engli%1 b ) :at success x is easy to guess4 ,!y 7 driv5 back into ! city1 & ! enemy l&$ 9 full =ce4 ,! ,briti% encamp$ ar\nd ,manila1 at ,malate 7m lt71 ,santiago1 & ,san ,juan4 ,on ! #bd? ( ,septemb] !y began to bomb>d ! city4 ,at ?is "t "o ( ! royal galleons 0 expect$ at ,manila4 ,?is 0 ! ,philip9a1 c>ry+ a v ri* c>go & a l>ge sum ( money = ! gov]nm5t4 ,"s ( ! ,engli% %ips w5t out to lie 9 wait = h]4 ,!y miss$ h]2 = ! ,spani% fri>s manag$ to rea* h] fir/1 & by _! aid %e ga9$ a place ( safety4 ,! ,briti%1 h[ev]1 br\ght 9 ano!r galleon1 ! ,tr9idad1 f :i* !y took #b1ejj1jjj4 ,a nephew ( ! ar*bi%op 0 on bo>d ! ,tr9idad1 & 0 captur$ ) ! %ip4 ,:5 ! ,engli% le>n$ :o he 01 !y s5t him to ,manila ) an escort1 & turn$ him ov] to 8 uncle4 ,! escort !n />t$ back to ! %ip1 b 0 attack$ & kill$ by ,filip9os4 ,! natives cut (f ! head ( ! ,engli% (fic]1 & refus$ to give x up4 ,! ,briti% 7 greatly ang]$ by ?is outrage1 & !y n[ /orm$ ! city 9 e>ne/4 ,! ,spani% _h by n[ got toge!r a l>ge native =ce1 :i* 0 s5t aga9/ ! enemy4 ,!y c\ld n /& aga9/ ! ,briti% regul>s1 h[ev]1 & 7 soon beat5 back4 ,! enemy's artill]y made great brea*es 9 ! walls1 & on ,octob] #e ,g5]al ,drap] & 8 army =c$ a way into ! city4 ,by ano!r day ! foll[+ t]ms ( surr5d] 7 agre$ ^u3 ,illu/ration3 ,,royal ,,gate ,,& ,,sally ,,port ,,9 ,,! ,,city ,,wall1 ,,manila4 ,! ,spani% 7 to h full religi\s fre$om2 private prop]ty 0 to be held safe2 ! ,supreme ,c\rt 0 to keep ord]1 & free trade 0 to be all[$4 ,! ,spani% 7 to pay ! ,briti% an indemnity ( #d1jjj1jjj4 ,^! t]ms 7 sign$1 & ! ,briti% flag float$ ov] ,manila4 ,! ,engli% & ,sepoy troops1 turn$ loose 9 ! city1 did great mis*ief & de/roy$ mu* public prop]ty4 ,! ar*bi%op !n w5t to ,g5]al ,drap] & begg$ him to put a /op to ?is4 ,! g5]al issu$ ord]s =bidd+ viol5ce & pillage by 8 soldi]s4 ,he himself %ot & kill$ "o ,sepoy :om he saw attack a ,filip9o4 ,b :ile ! ,briti% 7 9 possession ( ,manila1 !y 7 n )\t opposition4 ,x 0 ! law 9 ! ar*ipelago t if at any "t ! c\ntry %\ld be )\t a gov]nor-g5]al1 ! ,supreme ,c\rt %\ld gov]n4 ,?is law "o ( ! ju/ices ( ! c\rt n[ tri$ to put 9 =ce4 ,simon de ,&a y ,salaz> 7smn d nd sl ?r71 ! ju/ice 9 "q1 pret5d$ to ?9k t ! ,spani% c\ld h held ,manila b = ! weakness ( ! ar*bi%op4 ,refus+ to li/5 to reason1 he ga!r$ a b& ( ,filip9os :om he promis$ to lead aga9/ ! ,engli%4 ,) a few ( !m he fl$ 9 a prahu to ,bulacan ! night be=e ! city surr5d]$4 ,he took ) him "s ( ! /amp$ pap] ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,?is w\ld1 he knew1 be a help to him 9 a plan :i* he meant to c>ry out4 ,n[1 ignor+ ! fact t ,ar*bi%op ,rojo 0 ! act+ gov]nor-g5]al1 ,simon de ,&a began an absurd fight aga9/ ! ,engli%4 ,he claim$ ! "r1 z a ju/ice ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt1 to act z gov]nor-g5]al4 ,on ! /amp$ pap] he wrote a proclamation ord]+ ! ,briti% to leave ,manila4 ,he s5t ?is proclamation to ,g5]al ,drap]1 :o ignor$ x & decl>$ ,&a a nuisance4 ,aft] ?is ,&a rais$ a small army1 & f\ght sev]al battles ) ! ,briti%4 ,!y only s]v$ to keep ! c\ntry /irr$ up1 s t nei!r ! ,spani% nor ! ,briti% c\ld g ab\t _! affairs 9 peace4 ,g5]al ,drap]1 mean:ile1 0 busy re/or+ ! sultan ( ,sulu to 8 ?rone4 ,&a _h become a h9drance to peace1 :ile at ! same "t he _h no p[] to c>ry on effective w>f>e4 ,see+ ?is1 ! ,*9ese ( ,pampanga made a plot to kill him4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,briti% ,,assault ,,on ,,! ,,walls ,,( ,,manila4 ,simon de ,&a 0 told ( ?is plot1 & 8 rage 0 great4 ,he collect$ all 8 ,filip9os & m>*$ aga9/ ! ,*9ese4 ,he _h real w> at la/1 & ! ,spani% acc\nts say t #h1jjj ,*9ese 7 sla94 ,9 ! meantime ! w> 9 ,europe 0 ov]4 ,by ! ,peace ( ,p>is1 made ,febru>y #aj1 #agfc1 x 0 settl$ t ,manila %\ld be re/or$ to ,spa94 ,! ,briti% comm&] made ready to turn ov] ! city to ! ,spani% & g home1 b at once a new difficulty arose4 ,simon de ,&a 0 9 comm& ( :atev] ,spani% army !re 0 9 ! isl&s at ?is "t4 ,!re=e1 :5 a notice 0 s5t to ! ar*bi%op = ! 8,comm&]-9-,*ief ( ! ,spani% =ces10 ! ar*bi%op s5t x on to ,&a4 ,?is notice 0 to ! effect t ,&a %\ld take ov] ! city f ! ,engli%2 b he refus$ to receive ! notice4 ,he decl>$ t he %\ld h be5 address$ z 8,capta9-,g5]al10 & w\ld recognize no o!r /yle ( address4 ,on ?is fooli% plea he kept up w> ) ! ,engli% until ,janu>y1 #agfd1 9 spite ( ! peace betwe5 8 c\ntry & ,engl&4 ,all t ! ,briti% wi%$ 0 t ,&a %\ld let !m h& ! city ov] to him & dep>t4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 he w\ld n d4 ,on ,janu>y #cj1 #agfd1 ,ar*bi%op ,rojo di$4 ,!re 0 /ill1 h[ev]1 no "o to :om to give up ,manila1 = sev]al m5 at once claim$ ! "r to act z gov]nor-g5]al4 ,at la/ ! ,spani% ,gov]nm5t s5t out f ,mexico a new gov]nor-g5]al4 ,z soon z he rea*$ ,manila he s5t ^w to ! ,briti% comm&] t he 0 ready to take ov] ! city1 & he arrang$ t ,simon de ,&a %\ld be ! "o actually to receive ! city back4 ,x 0 turn$ ov] to ,&a = ! gov]nor-g5]al1 & ! ,engli% left ! c\ntry4 ,only #a1jjj1jjj 0 paid ( ! #d1jjj1jjj w> indemnity agre$ ^u1 b ! ,engli% receiv$ a bill ^u ! ,madrid treasury = ! rema9d] ( t sum4 ,summ>y4--,9 ! latt] "p ( #agfa w> began betwe5 ,france & ,spa9 on ! "o h&1 & ,engl& on ! o!r4 ,9 ,septemb]1 #agfb1 a ,briti% fleet came to ,manila & took t city4 ,ar*bi%op ,rojo1 :o 0 act+ gov]nor-g5]al1 surr5d]$ ! city4 ,simon de ,&a1 a ju/ice ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt1 oppos$ ! surr5d] ( ,manila4 ,he fl$ to ,bulacan1 ga!r$ a native army1 & issu$ a proclamation ord]+ ! ,briti% to leave ! isl&s4 ,?is proclamation 0 n he$$4 ,sev]al ineffective battles 7 f\ght1 & /rife cont9u$ betwe5 ! ,engli% & ,&a's =ces4 ,! ,*9ese made a plot to kill ,&a1 & he f\ght !m ) 8 army4 ,:5 peace 0 decl>$ 9 ,europe1 x 0 decid$ t ,manila %\ld be giv5 back to ,spa94 ,simon de ,&a1 z comm&] ( ! ,spani% army 9 ! ,philipp9es1 %\ld h receiv$ ! city f ! ,engli%4 ,he claim$ n to h be5 prop]ly address$1 & refus$ to accept ! notice tell+ him ( ! treaty ( peace4 ,he kept up ! w> aga9/ ! ,briti% until ,janu>y1 #agfd4 ,! ar*bi%op di$ on ,janu>y #cj1 #agfd4 ,sev]al m5 n[ claim$ ! "r to act z gov]nor-g5]al4 ,at la/ ! home gov]nm5t s5t out a new gov]nor-g5]al1 :o took ov] ! city1 & ! ,engli% left ! isl&s4 ,que/ions4--,:at c\ntries 7 at w> aga9/ ,engl& 9 #agfa8 ,:at did ! ,engli% d8 ,:5 & h[ 0 ,manila tak5 by ! ,briti%8 ,:o 0 ,simon de ,&a8 ,on :at did he base 8 claim to a "r to act = ! c\ntry8 ,:5 0 peace made8 ,:y did ,&a refuse to take ov] ! city8 ,h[ long did he keep up ! w>8 ,h[ 0 ! matt] f9ally settl$8 ,illu/ration ,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,to ,,! ,,end ,,( ,,! ,,eighte5? ,,c5tury4 ,:ile ! ,briti% 7 9 ,manila1 & = sev]al ye>s aft] !y left ! c\ntry1 ! isl&s 7 v unquiet4 ,!re 7 _m small upris+s among ! p1 :o hop$1 9 ?is "t ( unre/1 to ga9 "s ( ! rights :i* !y felt 7 !irs4 ,"o ( ^! upris+s 0 l$ by a native nam$ ,silan 7sln74 ,?is man 0 n q sane1 & made _m pret5sions1 su* z t he 0 ! e>?ly repres5tative ( div9e p[]4 ,_m ( ,simon de ,&a's foll[]s des]t$ him to jo9 ,silan's army1 & = a "t ,silan 0 v successful aga9/ ! ,spani%4 ,he turn$ ! vic>-g5]al ( ,ilocos ,sur out ( 8 h\se1 & made ! ,augu/9e fri>s pay tribute to support ! rebel =ces4 ,8 bra9 0 weak1 h[ev]1 & success seem$ :olly to de/roy 8 reason4 ,he came to ?9k t he 0 m ?an human1 & !n1 ( c\rse1 he began to make mi/akes4 ,at la/ ,silan jo9$ ) ! ,briti% aga9/ 8 own c\ntry4 ,?is op5$ ! eyes ( ! ,filip9os to 8 real nature4 ,!y saw t he 0 ready to betray !m in/ead ( lead+ !m aga9/ _! enemies1 & at once !y turn$ f him4 ,9 ,may1 #agfc1 he 0 kill$ by a half-ca/e nam$ ,vicos 7vks71 & ! rebellion :i* he _h l$ di$ out4 ,!re 7 o!r revolts 9 ,luzon1 h[ev]4 ,ev]y:]e ! p 7 ready1 on any pretext1 to take up arms aga9/ au?ority4 ,!y refus$ to pay tribute1 & res5t$ all dem&s ( ,spa9 ^u !m4 ,small riots kept break+ out 9 ! prov9ces1 & ! loyal troops 7 con/antly m>*+ ab\t ! isl& 9 pursuit ( rebels4 ,9 all ?is petty w>f>e ! ,spani% lo/ #gj ,europeans & #adj native soldi]s1 & fully #aj1jjj natives 7 sla94 ,by ! ye> #agfe1 h[ev]1 ! ,spani% _h ! c\ntry aga9 "u control1 & "s degree ( peace settl$ ov] ! l&4 ,!re 0 /ill political /rife 9 ,manila1 ev5 ?\gh ! p 7 no long] 9 revolt4 ,?is /rife at la/ became v s]i\s4 ,a bitt] qu>rel also exi/$ betwe5 ! ,augu/9e fri>s on ! "o h&1 & ! memb]s ( ! ,society ( ,jesus on ! o!r4 ,! ,augu/9es 7 ! fir/ ord] ( fri>s to s5d prie/s to ! isl&s4 ,f e>lie/ times ! ,augu/9e fri>s _h be5 conc]n$ 9 ! welf>e ( ! p4 ,l all o!r lead]s 9 ! isl&s1 !y made _m mi/akes1 b !y also did _m wise & good ?+s4 ,an ,augu/9e fri> _h fir/ 79 #aeie7 taught ! ,filip9os ! art ( weav+1 & z e>ly z #afaj ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,manila1 an ,augu/9e fri>1 _h f\nd$ ! ,college ( ,santo ,tomas4 ,! ,jesuits also _h a college 9 ,manila1 ,san ,jos ,college1 f\nd$ by !m 9 #afja4 ,?is ,society _h among its memb]s _m f9e s*ol>s4 ,x _h done mu* = education 9 ! isl&s1 & ! ,jesuit prie/s 7 ne>ly all m5 le>n$ 9 law & matt]s ( gov]nm5t4 ,ea* p>ty to ?is qu>rel betwe5 ! ord]s accus$ ! o!r ( cruelty to ! natives4 ,ea* decl>$ t ! o!r 0 h9d]+ ! gov]nm5t 9 its rule1 in/ead ( help+ to keep ! peace4 ,at la/ ! tr\ble became s s]i\s t1 9 #agfh1 ! ,jesuits left ! ar*ipelago4 ,x 0 ?\ght be/ = ! peace ( ! c\ntry t !y %\ld g1 & !y rema9$ away = n9ety-"o ye>s4 ,9 #ahei ! ,society aga9 came to ! isl&s & took up its "w among ! p4 ,at ! "t ! ,jesuits left1 ,gov]nor-,g5]al ,jos ,raon 7h s r n7 0 accus$ by ! o!r ,ord]s ( favor+ ?is ,society4 ,he 0 *>g$ ) tell+ ! ,jesuits /ate secrets1 & on ?is *>ge 0 disgrac$ & s5t home4 ,soon aft]w>ds ,simon de ,&a1 :o 0 9 ,spa9 dur+ ?is "t1 0 made gov]nor-g5]al1 & came back to ,manila4 ,&a took up ! re9s ( gov]nm5t1 confid5t t he 0 j ! man to rule ^! isl&s4 ,9 ?is1 h[ev]1 he 0 mi/ak54 ,he 0 head/rong & imprud5t4 ,he 0 unwill+ to =give 8 enemies or to be advis$ by 8 fri5ds4 ,inde$1 8 ha/y temp] & 8 lack ( good s5se be=e long turn$ 8 fri5ds f him4 ,he qu>rel$ ) ! (fic]s ( ! ,/ate1 ( ! army1 & ( ! ,*ur*1 & 8 rule 0 a /ormy "o4 ,he soon wore himself out1 & 9 #aggf he di$ 9 ! hospital ( ,san ,juan de ,dios1 at ,cavite4 ,illu/ration3 ,,monum5t ,,to ,,simon ,,de ,,&a ,,on ,,! ,,malacon1 ,,manila4 ,at ?is "t new ideas ( human rights & lib]ties 7 /irr+ ! :ole _w4 ,9 ,europe p 7 gr[+ bold] & fre] 9 _! prote/s aga9/ tyranny4 ,9 ,am]ica ! colonies _h begun ! eight ye>s' w> t 0 to free !m f ,engl&'s unju/ rule4 ,9 ,mexico 0 gr[+ ! discont5t t only end$ :5 ,mexico _h ?r[n (f ! yoke ( ,spa94 ,ev]y:]e ! p 7 dem&+ fre$om2 b 9 ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s a plan 0 =m+ to take f ! natives /ill m ( ! little lib]ty !y _h4 ,9 ! ye> #aggh ,don ,jos ,basco y ,v>gas 7h s bs c vr gs7 became gov]nor-g5]al ( ! ar*ipelago4 ,he f\nd bus9ess at a l[ ebb1 & ! c\ntry v poor4 ,! treasury 0 ne>ly empty2 ! p _h no money1 & ! indu/ries ( ! c\ntry 7 almo/ at a /&/ill4 ,v>gas 0 9 "s ways a wise man4 ,he saw t f>m+1 & n trade1 0 ! "w t alone c\ld br+ prosp]ity to ^! isl&s4 ,f>m+1 h[ev]1 0 neglect$4 ,! c\ntry c\ld be v ri* if ! p w\ld b give _! att5tion to rais+ ! crops t gr[ s readily "h4 ,rice1 cocoanuts1 hemp1 c(fee1 tea1 sug>--all ( :i* are ?+s t ! :ole _w uses--c\ld be gr[n "h1 s t ! isl&s "u cultivation w\ld rank ) ! ri* c\ntries ( ! e>?4 ,all ?is ,v>gas und]/ood4 ,he saw t great sums ( money c\ld be made (f ! l&1 & he resolv$ t x %\ld be done4 ,b1 l o!rs :o _h be5 9 (fice be=e him1 8 ?\ght 0 = ,spa91 in/ead ( = ! p4 ,he c>$ no?+ t ! ,filip9os1 too1 %\ld %>e 9 :atev] good might come to ! c\ntry4 ,!re c1 h[ev]1 be no real prosp]ity 9 a c\ntry unless x is %>$ by all ! p 9 x4 ,"o class _c always g on gett+ good ?+s :ile ano!r goes )\t4 ,?is fact ,v>gas =got4 ,8 plan = improv+ ?+s conc]n$ itself only ) ! good t %\ld result to ! royal treasury4 ,he gave no ?\ght to ! effect ! plan might h on ! p4 ,tobacco _h be5 gr[n 9 ! ,visayas f ! beg9n+ ( ,spani% rule4 ,! ,spani>ds br\ght ! se$ ) !m f ,mexico1 & ! plant 0 tak5 into ,*9a f ^! isl&s4 ,up to ! "t :5 ,v>gas came1 ! crop _h nev] be5 a l>ge "o "h1 b "u ! sy/em :i* he />t$ x soon became ! mo/ important indu/ry 9 ! c\ntry4 ,9 #agha ! gr[+ & sell+ ( tobacco on ! isl& ( ,luzon 0 made a gov]nm5t monopoly4 ,?is meant t no man might raise or sell a s+le leaf ( tobacco )\t fir/ hav+ p]mission f ! gov]nm5t4 ,be=e ?is1 any man :o wi%$ to d s might raise z mu* tobacco z he c\ld1 & might sell x :5 & z he pleas$4 ,all ?is 0 n[ *ang$4 ,! f>m]s on ,luzon :o _h good tobacco l& 7 compell$ to raise ?is crop1 or else =feit ! use ( _! l& & its products = a t]m ( ye>s4 ,if a man refus$ to plant tobacco1 8 l& 0 tak5 f him = ?ree ye>s1 & ano!r man might cultivate x4 ,a law 0 also pass$ compell+ ! tobacco plant]s & labor]s to "w on ! crop :5ev] labor 0 ne$$4 ,! way 9 :i* ! plan work$ 0 v simple4 ,! gov]nm5t made a contract ) a plant] = 8 crop4 ,! price to be paid 0 bas$ ^u an e/imate ( :at ! l& 0 likely to yield4 ,if at h>ve/ "t ! crop 0 less ?an ?is e/imate1 ! plant] _h to pay a heavy f9e4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 x 0 l>g] ?an _h be5 e/imat$1 he c\ld n keep a s+le leaf = 8 own use2 x mu/ all be turn$ ov] to ! (ficials1 & :at ! gov]nm5t did n use 0 de/roy$4 ,?is 0 v h>d1 & ! p[] giv5 to tobacco inspectors made x h>d] /ill4 ,^! (fic]s _h au?ority to look :]ev] !y saw fit = hidd5 tobacco4 ,!y might se>* ! h\se ( a tobacco gr[]1 or ev5 ! p]sons ( himself & 8 family1 if !y suspect$ him ( hid+ a few leaves = 8 own use4 ,?is work$ mu* evil1 & m ?an "o inspector1 9 ! e>ly days ( ! sy/em1 0 kill$ by an angry plant] ^: home & family he ?us mole/$4 ,! new sy/em ( tobacco-gr[+ work$ well = ! au?orities4 ,nev] be=e _h ! treasury be5 s well fill$4 ,! royal dues 7 promptly paid1 & = ! fir/ "t 9 ! hi/ory ( ,spa9's rule "h1 ! colony seem$ likely to become pr(itable to ! ,cr[n4 ,! home gov]nm5t 0 delight$1 & ,v>gas 0 mu* prais$4 ,! tobacco monopoly1 h[ev]1 laid a heavy h& ^u ! mo/ useful class ( ,spa9's ,filip9o subjects4 ,x oppress$ ! f>m]s & ! l&-own]s4 ,^! are ! p1 9 e c\ntry1 :o are mo/ deeply int]e/$ 9 good gov]nm5t4 ,!y are ! ma9/ay ( national ord] & prosp]ity4 ,:5 ?is class 9 any l& suff]s1 no o!r c long rema9 prosp]\s4 ,x 0 late 9 ! day1 moreov]1 = su* a sy/em to be inaugurat$4 ,x belong$ to a less enlight5$ age 9 ! hi/ory ( mank9d1 & 9 ! end x co/ ,spa9 m ?an x ev] pr(it$ h]4 ,! ,filip9o p 7 com+ out ( ! d>kness 9 :i* !y _h s long be5 kept4 ,!y 7 le>n+ t m]e bl9d revolt w\ld help !m none1 & ?is k 0 9 itself ( great wor?4 ,x is n 9 human nature to be> pati5tly su* wrongs z !y n[ suff]$1 & ! wra? ( ! p smold]$1 ready to break out at any mom5t4 ,:5ev] x did blaze up1 !re 0 tr\ble = ,spani>ds & ,filip9os alike4 ,summ>y4--,! pres5ce ( ! ,briti% 9 ! isl&s 0 a signal = fur!r revolts ( ! p4 ,!re 7 upris+s all ov] ! isl& ( ,luzon aft] ! ,briti% left1 & ! ,spani% =ces 7 kept busy m>*+ aft] rebels4 ,x is e/imat$ t "s #aj1jjj natives lo/ _! lives 9 ^! upris+s4 ,a bitt] qu>rel betwe5 ! ,augu/9e fri>s & ! ,jesuits result$ 9 ! ,jesuits leav+ ! c\ntry 9 #agfh4 ,gov]nor-,g5]al ,raon fell into disgrace at ab\t ! same "t1 & 0 remov$ f (fice4 ,he 0 succe$$ by ,simon de ,&a1 ^: rule 0 n successful4 ,9 #aggh ,don ,jos ,basco y ,v>gas became gov]nor-g5]al4 ,he made ! gr[+ ( tobacco 9 ,luzon a gov]nm5t monopoly4 ,?is sy/em br\ght money into ! royal treasury1 b work$ great h>d%ip = ! f>m]s4 ,que/ions4--,give an acc\nt ( ,silan's revolt4 ,:at 0 ! cause ( ! tr\ble betwe5 ! ,augu/9e fri>s & ! ,jesuits8 ,:5 did ! ,jesuits leave ! c\ntry8 ,:o succe$$ ,jos ,raon z gov]nor-g5]al8 ,:at sy/em ( tobacco culture did he introduce8 ,h[ did ?is sy/em affect ! c\ntry8 ,illu/ration ,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,! ,,con/itution ,,( #ahab4 ,9 ! ye> #ahjj1 ,spa91 :ile /ill a pr\d nation1 0 no long] a p[]ful "o4 ,9 e>li] c5turies %e _h l$ ! _w 9 comm]ce1 9 ! arts1 & 9 sci5ce4 ,%e _h kn[n wise & f>-sight$ rul]s1 & h] s*ol>s _h be5 among ! greate/ 9 ! _w4 ,europe1 :5 any new ent]prise 0 talk$ (1 wait$ = ,spa9 to take ! lead 9 action reg>d+ x4 ,b1 little by little1 ,spa9 fell beh9d o!r c\ntries 9 ! m>* ( progress4 ,o!r nations improv$ _! navies & _! m]*ant %ips1 :ile ,spa9 /ill clung to ! old galleons ( hundr$s ( ye>s ago4 ,%e made no progress 9 h] m]*ant s]vice1 nor mu* 9 h] naval /r5g?4 ,o!r nations 7 seek+ trade & new *ances = prosp]ity2 ,spa9 /ill kept h] m>kets clos$ to ! outside _w4 ,9 ! ye> #ahjj %e ev5 pass$ a law =bidd+ =eign]s to live 9 ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s4 ,su* a law c\ld n be fully en=c$ at t /age ( ! _w's progress1 b ,spa9 did succe$ 9 keep+ ! port ( ,manila clos$ to outside comm]ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,mod]n ,,w> ,,%ip4 ,h] colonies might n ev5 trade freely ) "o ano!r4 ,mexico might n s5d to ! ,philipp9es = goods1 le/ ! ,mexicans %\ld buy less f ,spa94 ,m]*ants 9 ! ,p59sula look$ ) great jeal\sy ^u ! gr[+ trade betwe5 ! ,philipp9es & ,am]ica4 ,=eign m]*ants c\ld n d bus9ess 9 ,manila1 & e ef=t 0 made to limit ! nature ( ! trade 9 t port4 ,cuba1 ,porto ,rico1 & o!r ,spani% colonies suff]$1 z well1 f ! h>% re/rictions :i* ! "m c\ntry put ^u _! trade4 ,! gov]nm5t ( ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s _h gr[n to be ( ! v wor/ sort4 ,_m ( ! high (ficials 7 m]e adv5tur]s f ,spa94 ,!y _h no high] idea ( "r ?an _! own wills2 !y nei!r lov$ nor und]/ood ! p1 & !y c\ld n comm& ! good w or ! respect ( ! ,filip9os4 ,_m ( ! latt] 7 sup]ior 9 "* & 9 education to ! m5 :o rul$ ! c\ntry1 & ! p 7 held 9 *eck by fe> r ?an by loyalty4 ,! gov]nm5t sy/em ( tobacco-gr[+ e>ly became a great s\rce ( tr\ble4 ,con/ant wat*+1 heavy f9es1 imprisonm5t1 ev5 :ipp+1 came to be necess>y 9 ord] to hold ! p to "w on ! tobacco crop1 & mu* evil & inju/ice 7 done aga9/ ! p by ! (ficials :o en=c$ ^! measures4 ,z 0 to be expect$1 ! p (t5 rebell$4 ,s]i\s riots happ5$ among ! tobacco gr[]s 9 nor!rn ,luzon 9 #ahjg1 & aga9 9 #ahad4 ,9 ^! !re 0 great loss ( life among bo? ,spani% & ,filip9os4 ,moreov]1 to add to ! evil ( =c+ ! p to gr[ tobacco1 ! gov]nm5t 0 v sl[ 9 pay+ ! plant]s4 ,ye> aft] ye> ^! m5 7 compell$ ei!r to raise tobacco or to give up _! l&1 :ile !y c\ld get sc>cely any return = _! "w4 ,:5 at la/ ! gov]nm5t made paym5t1 x paid 9 treasury notes4 ,^! ! p 7 =c$ by necessity to sell = almo/ no?+1 to speculators :o w5t ab\t buy+ !m up4 ,! isl&s suff]$ mu* f all ^! bad conditions1 & ! p became impati5t & rebelli\s ov] ! inju/ice heap$ ^u !m4 ,! ,am]ican ,revolution _h _h a m>k$ effect ^u all ,europe4 ,x _h awak5$ ideas ( lib]ty 9 ! common p ev]y:]e1 & _h set ! :ole _w ?9k+ ab\t ! rights ( man4 ,! fre$om ( ?is "o c\ntry help$ to insure ! lib]ties ( all o!r l&s4 ,ev5 9 ! f>-(f ,philipp9es ! e*o 0 he>d ( ! dem& = t ju/ice & dec5t treatm5t :i* is e man's "r4 ,9 ,engl&1 9 ,france1 & 9 ,g]many1 m5 7 ask+ = a voice 9 _! own gov]nm5t1 & _! dem& 0 w9n+ a he>+4 ,besides ?is1 ! p ( ,mexico _h n[ begun ! /ruggle :i* end$ at la/ 9 _! ?r[+ (f ,spa9's yoke4 ,by ! ye> #ahaj x 0 pla9 t x w\ld no long] be possible to c>ry on ! colony's trade by means ( ! galleons to ,mexico4 ,! ,spani% ,cortes 7corts71 !re=e1 pass$ a decree discont9u+ ^! %ips1 & ,manila m]*ants 7 giv5 p]mission to fit out private %ips1 "u ! ,spani% flag1 = trade ) ,am]ica4 ,! la/ /ate galleon left ,manila = ,acapulco 9 #ahaa4 ,t same ye> saw ! />t ( ! fir/ newspap] 9 ! ,philipp9es1 & ! beg9n+ ( an ef=t by ! "y m5 ( ,manila to br+ ab\t a bett] und]/&+ betwe5 ! colony & ! "m c\ntry4 ,ab\t ?is "t ! cause ( political lib]ty began to w9 a he>+ 9 ,spa94 ,! ,lib]al ,p>ty 0 9 p[] !re1 & a /rong feel+ = popul> gov]nm5t 0 w9n+ its way 9 ! c\ntry4 ,9 #ahji ! ,supreme ,c\ncil 9 ,spa9 conv5$ ! fam\s ,cortes de ,cadiz1 9 :i* 7 assembl$ delegates f all ,spa9's colonies--,cuba1 ,v5ezuela1 ! ,philipp9es1 etc4 ,! ,cortes "s "t lat] pass$ :at is kn[n 9 hi/ory z ! ,act ( ,con/itution ( #ahab4 ,x gave to ea* ( ! colonies ! "r to s5d "o or m repres5tatives to ! ,cortes4 ,! ,filip9o delegate :o sign$ ?is ,act ( ,con/itution 0 ,v5tura de ,los ,reyes 7v5 tr d los r'es74 ,! ,act 0 sworn to by ! prop] (ficials 9 ,manila 9 #ahac1 b soon aft]w>ds 0 susp5d$4 ,x came into =ce aga91 h[ev]1 a few ye>s lat]1 & 9 #ahbj ! ,cortes aga9 admitt$ repres5tatives f ! ,philipp9es4 ,!re 7 sev5te5 ( ^! repres5tatives1 & !y took "p 9 ! p>liam5t>y debates ( #ahbb-ahbc4 ,a %ort "t aft]w>ds ! ,con/itution 0 aga9 susp5d$ by act ( ,f]d9& ,,vii4 ,a little lat] ,k+ ,f]d9& di$1 & aga9 two ,filip9o deputies sat 9 ! ,cortes4 ,filip9o memb]s also sat 9 ! ,cortes dur+ ! reign ( ,isabella ,,ii41 b ^u ! op5+ ( ,p>liam5t 9 #ahcg x 0 vot$ to exclude !m4 ,?us ! dream ( ! ,filip9os1 ( repres5tation 9 ! gov]nm5t1 came to naught4 ,all ?is gave ! p a ta/e ( political fre$om4 ,! m5 :o repres5t$ ! isl&s 9 ! ,spani% ,cortes came back to ,manila full ( ! idea ( equal rights = all4 ,!y prea*$ ?is doctr9e to ! p1 & _! words f\nd ready he>]s4 ,soon1 on ,luzon1 a gr\p ( "y ,filip9os & ,me/izos ga!r$4 ,_! aim 0 to br+ ab\t real re=ms 9 ! gov]nm5t1 & to secure great] peace1 prosp]ity1 & lib]ty to ! p4 ,! discont5t ( ! ,filip9os began to be ( a m intellig5t sort1 & to h a def9ite purpose4 ,! p 7 com+ to a cle>] idea ( :at !y want$1 & ( ! nature ( ! re=ms ne$$ 9 ! c\ntry4 ,illu/ration3 ,,k+ ,,f]d9& ,,vii4 ,at ?is "t1 too1 =eign]s began to d bus9ess 9 ,manila4 ,engl&1 by =ce ( arms1 _h ga9$ ! "r to trade ) ?is port1 & 8! %ut door0 0 no long] possible4 ,mexico _h obta9$ h] fre$om f ,spa91 & ! isl&s 7 n[ gov]n$ direct f ! ,p59sula4 ,! indep5d5ce ( ,mexico _h a m>k$ influ5ce on ! ,filip9os 9 ,luzon4 ,!y began to feel t !y too might /rike = _! rights4 ,!y _h no idea ( w9n+ indep5d5ce1 b !y felt t !y mu/ h great] lib]ty4 ,to meet ?is gr[+ discont5t m troops 7 ask$ =1 & 7 s5t f ,spa94 ,! ,k+'s ,regim5t 0 reorganiz$ f ^!1 & a =ce ( #aj1jjj m5 0 kept 9 & ab\t ,manila4 ,9 ! ,visayas matt]s 7 diff]5t4 ,! p !re 7 f>!r f ! capital4 ,!y knew little or no?+ ( ! *anges & ! diff]5ces br\ght ab\t by ! ,con/itution ( #ahab4 ,!y _h no idea ( ! mean+ ( ! ^w 8equality0 z betwe5 !mselves & _! rul]s4 ,mo/ ( !m _h nev] he>d ( ! ,con/itution ( #ahab4 ,!y did n dream t political equality _h ev] be5 ?\ght ( = !m4 ,! colony 0 at ?is "t tr\bl$ outw>dly z well z )94 ,spa9 & ,engl& 7 at w>1 & ! ,engli% 7 a s\rce ( dang] & anxiety to ! ar*ipelago4 ,sev]al exp$itions _h to be rais$ to fight (f ! ,briti% f v>i\s places on ! isl&s1 :]e !y _h set up headqu>t]s4 ,! ,moros & ! wild tribes ( ,m9danao 7 also giv+ tr\ble4 ,!y ev5 came z f> nor? z ,manila1 & c>ri$ (f m5 & wom5 into captivity 9 ! s\?4 ,nev]!less1 dur+ all ^! tr\bl$ ye>s1 a numb] ( useful works 7 und]tak5 & c>ri$ out by ! gov]nm5t4 ,9 #ahag a royal decree 0 issu$ comm&+ t s*ools = ,filip9o boys & girls %\ld be op5$ 9 all ! conv5ts4 ,9 #ahbj ! duties 7 tak5 (f1 = t5 ye>s1 f ! natural & manufactur$ products ( ! isl&s s5t to ,spa91 & an ef=t 0 made to revive ! dy+ comm]ce ( ! c\ntry4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,/reet ,,9 ,,manila4 ,9 ?is same ye> !re 0 a great *ol]a epidemic 9 ,manila4 ,_m natives1 "s #cj1jjj1 ! acc\nts say1 di$ ( x2 b only "o =eign]1 an ,engli%man4 ,! p got ! idea t ! =eign]s _h caus$ ?is epidemic by poison+ ! wat] ( ! wells4 ,!y rose aga9/ ! =eign resid5ts1 & kill$ all ! ,engli% & ,fr5* be=e ! au?orities c\ld control !m4 ,!re 0 a feel+ among ! ,spani% 9 ,manila t ,gov]nor-,g5]al ,folgu]as 7fol g rs7 _h n be5 z prompt z he might h be5 9 quell+ ?is upris+4 ,x 0 op5ly /at$ t he _h made no ef=t to subdue ! mob until ! ,engli% & ! ,fr5* resid5ts 7 kill$4 ,to def5d himself aga9/ ?is accusation ! gov]nor-g5]al made c]ta9 criticisms ( ! ,spani%-,am]ican =ces 9 ! isl&s4 ,he *>g$ !m ) disloyalty1 recomm5d+ t !y be )drawn1 & replac$ by a l>g] =ce to be s5t f ,spa94 ,he repres5t$ to ! home gov]nm5t t ?is 0 necess>y1 because ! ,spani%-,am]ican troops c\ld n be dep5d$ ^u4 ,9 #ahbb a new gov]nor-g5]al1 ,seor ,juan ,antonio ,m>t9ez 7n tn mr tne?71 0 s5t out4 ,) him came _m (fic]s & soldi]s f ! ,p59sula4 ,foll[+ ! advice ( ,folgu]as1 ,m>t9ez s5t a numb] ( p]sons to ,spa91 on ! pretext t !y _h conspir$ aga9/ ! gov]nm5t4 ,all ?is provok$ a revolt ( a "p ( ! ,k+'s ,regim5t1 l$ by ,capta9 ,novales 7n vls71 a ,spani%-,am]ican4 ,a fi]ce battle 0 f\ght 9 ! /reets ( ,manila on ! night ( ,june #a1 #ahbc1 & ,folgu]as 0 sla94 ,h[ev]1 ord] 0 f9ally re/or$ 9 ! regim5t4 ,! lead]s ( ! revolt 7 execut$1 &1 z usual1 ! au?orities seem$ to ?9k t ! matt] ne$$ no fur!r att5tion4 ,summ>y4--,at ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ,spa9 0 no long] a great _w p[]4 ,! gov]nm5t ( ! ,philipp9es 0 full ( evil1 & ! p _h b little ju/ice4 ,! tobacco monopoly _h become a s\rce ( mu* tr\ble1 & ! p 7 (t5 9 rebellion because ( x4 ,ideas ( lib]ty 7 gr[+ among o!r nations1 & ! ,filip9os1 too1 7 becom+ re/less "u oppression4 ,9 #ahaa ! la/ /ate galleon = ,acapulco left ,manila4 ,! fir/ newspap] 9 ! ,philipp9es 0 />t$ 9 #ahaa4 ,9 #ahab ! ,spani% ,cortes pass$ ! ,con/itution ( #ahab1 giv+ ,spani% colonies repres5tation 9 ! ,cortes4 ,! ,con/itution 0 sworn to 9 ,manila 9 #ahac4 ,x 0 aft]w>ds susp5d$1 b came aga9 into =ce a few ye>s lat]1 & 9 #ahbj ! ,cortes aga9 admitt$ ,filip9o repres5tatives4 ,9 #ahcg1 h[ev]1 ^! isl&s 7 f9ally d5i$ repres5tation4 ,! enemies ( ,spa9 gave ! isl&s mu* tr\ble dur+ ^! e>ly ye>s ( ! c5tury1 & ! ,moros & wild tribes ( ,m9danao 7 also 9 arms4 ,9 #ahag s*ools = ,filip9o boys & girls 7 ord]$ to be op5$ 9 all ! conv5ts4 ,9 #ahbj duties 7 tak5 (f1 = t5 ye>s1 f natural & manufactur$ products ( ! isl&s s5t to ,spa94 ,9 t ye> a great *ol]a epidemic rag$ 9 ,manila4 ,9 #ahbc occurr$ ! revolt ( a "p ( ! ,k+'s ,regim5t 9 ,manila4 ,que/ions4--,:at 7 "s ( ! reasons :y ,spa9 fell f h] e>ly position z a great _w p[]8 ,:at effect _h ! gov]nm5t monopoly ( tobacco-gr[+ ^u ! c\ntry8 ,h[ did ! fre$om ( ,am]ica affect o!r peoples 9 ! _w8 ,:y 7 ! /ate galleons to ,mexico discont9u$8 ,:5 did ! la/ galleon leave ,manila8 ,:at 0 ! ,con/itution ( #ahab8 ,give an acc\nt ( its hi/ory 9 ! isl&s4 ,:at l$ up to ! revolt head$ by ,capta9 ,novales 9 #ahbc8 ,illu/ration ,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,*anges ,,9 ,,! ,,isl&s4 ,don ,juan ,antonio ,m>t9ez 0 gov]nor-g5]al ( ! ,philipp9es f #ahbb to #ahbe4 ,dur+ 8 t]m ( (fice he _h mu* to cont5d )1 bo? f ! foes ( ! p & f ! foes ( ,spa94 ,x 0 dur+ 8 rule t ! ,con/itution ( #ahab 0 done away )4 ,! revolt head$ by ,capta9 ,novales 0 no soon] quell$ ?an dang] aga9 ?reat5$ f ! pirates ( ,sulu4 ,^! came aga9/ ,manila1 & s d>+ _h !y gr[n t !y ev5 captur$ & c>ri$ away ! ,padre-,prov9cial ( ! ,recoletos & a numb] ( o!r memb]s ( t ord] ( fri>s4 ,! captives 7 tak5 to ,jol1 :]e !y 7 held 9 ransom = ! sum ( #aj1jjj4 ,?is money 0 rais$ 9 ,manila1 & ! fri>s 7 releas$4 ,aft] ?is outrage1 ,m>t9ez s5t ,capta9 ,alonzo ,morgado 7 lon? mor gd71 ) ! sea =ces ( ! ,philipp9es1 to c>ry on w>f>e aga9/ ! s\!rn pirates4 ,morgado succe$$ 9 driv+ !m back f ,manila1 & really puni%$ !m v sev]ely4 ,x 0 n1 h[ev]1 until ! ye> #ahfb1 :5 ! ,spani% br\ght /eam gunboats into use aga9/ !m1 t ^! pirates ceas$ to be a m5ace to ! p ( ,luzon & ! ,visayas4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,magellan ,,monum5t1 ,,manila4 ,/ill ! desire = great] political fre$om grew among ! "y ,filip9o m54 ,new tea*]s arose among !m f "t to "t1 & ! _s ( discont5t spread f>!r & f>!r4 ,9 ! ye> #ahbh ano!r revolt took place4 ,x 0 head$ by two bro!rs1 ,spani%-,am]icans1 bo? (fic]s 9 ! ,spani% =ce 9 ! ,philipp9es4 ,?is revolt 0 put d[n1 z all o!rs _h be52 b x n[ became cle> t1 if peace 0 to be kept1 ! ,spani%-,am]ican soldi]s mu/ g4 ,mo/ ( !m _h come f ,mexico1 :i* c\ntry 0 n[ indep5d5t ( ,spa91 & !y held ideas ( lib]ty t 7 dang]\s to ,spani% rule 9 ! ,philipp9es4 ,a l>ge body ( troops 0 n[ br\ght f ,spa91 & ,spani% soldi]s always aft]1 :ile ,spa9 rul$1 made up ! =eign =ce 9 ! isl&s4 ,9 ?is same ye>1 #ahbh1 a royal ord] 0 issu$ comm&+ ! cultivation & protection ( cotton 9 ! isl&s4 ,! se$s ( ?is plant _h ye>s be=e be5 br\ght ov] f ,mexico1 & ! fri>s _h tri$ to p]suade ! p to gr[ cotton2 b !y _h n be5 v successful4 ,! p did n yet "k h[ useful cotton c\ld be to !m1 or h[ great an indu/ry cotton-gr[+ 9 ! isl&s might become4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 ! matt] 0 giv5 c>eful att5tion4 ,ma*9]y 0 br\ght ov] = mak+ ?read & clo? f ! cotton fib]1 & e ef=t 0 made to protect & enc\rage ! new v5ture4 ,don ,m>iano ,rica=t 7m r n rk =t71 ! gov]nor-g5]al at t "t1 made a law =bidd+ =eign]s to g into ! prov9ces to buy goods or l&4 ,z e>ly z #ahji an ,engli% firm _h be5 all[$ to d bus9ess 9 ,manila1 & a numb] ( =eign]s 7 at ?is "t 9 ! city4 ,! gov]nm5t tri$ to keep !m z mu* z possible )9 ! city1 & to prev5t !m f m+l+ ) ! p 9 ! prov9ces4 ,rica=t also tri$ to make ! ,filip9os und]/& t ! ,spani% 7 _! fri5ds1 & t ! gov]nm5t made laws = _! help & protection4 ,b ! p _h become v di/ru/ful4 ,ev5 ! ,*ur* seem$ no long] able to reassure !m1 or to keep peace z x _h done 9 ! pa/4 ,!re 7 small revolts1 "h & !re 9 ! isl&s1 :i* ! gov]nm5t 0 =c$ to put d[n4 ,a rebellion 9 ,bohol 0 only quell$ aft] s]i\s tr\ble1 & at la/ m troops 7 s5t out f ,spa94 ,x _h become necess>y = ,spa9 to yield to ! dem&s ( o!r c\ntries1 & op5 ! port ( ,manila to =eign vessels4 ,^! c\ld n[ ent] ! h>bor1 b !y 7 compell$ to pay d\ble ! regul> port duties4 ,x 0 gr[+ h>d] & h>d]1 9 fact1 = ,spa9 to rule ! isl&s 9 ! old despotic fa%ion4 ,moreov]1 9 ! "m c\ntry itself a p>ty _h ris5 t 0 hone/ly anxi\s to give ! ar*ipelago a good gov]nm5t4 ,! lead]s ( ?is p>ty li/5$ gladly to ! reports ( educat$ ,filip9os1 & tri$ to le>n ! true /ate ( affairs4 ,^! lead]s1 h[ev]1 7 almo/ p[]less to br+ ab\t re=ms1 because ( diss5sions aris+ among ! ,filip9os !mselves4 ,few ( ! natives c\ld read or speak ! ,spani% language4 ,?is fact alone made x h>d to help !m2 = /ill few] ,spani% ev] took ! tr\ble to le>n ! native tongues4 ,! p1 !re=e1 7 = ! mo/ "p ignorant ev5 ( ^? laws :i* gave !m rights & privileges4 ,!re 7 always ^? 9 p[] ^: int]e/s 7 be/ s]v$ by ?is ignorance1 & !y took no pa9s to tea* ! p :at ! laws 74 ,illu/ration3 ,,que5 ,,*ri/9a4 ,! c\ntry 0 n[ sunk 9 deep pov]ty1 & ! condition ( ! ,filip9os 0 sad inde$4 ,9 #ahcf ! gre$ & bad gov]nm5t ( ,que5 ,*ri/9a 7kri/na7 ( ,spa9 _h empti$ ! royal treasury1 & %e greatly ne$$ money4 ,%e tri$ to h h] (fic]s wr+ m f ! ,philipp9es & h] o!r colonies1 b ?is !y c\ld n d4 ,! colonies1 ri*ly z nature _h gift$ !m1 7 almo/ dra9$ ( _! weal?4 ,! que51 !re=e1 agre$ ) ,l\is ,philippe 7l fil p7 ( ,france to h& ov] ,cuba to ,france = ! sum ( #cj1jjj1jjj reals4 ,9 ! agreem5t to ?is effect !re 0 also a clause (f]+ to sell ,porto ,rico & ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s to ,france = #aj1jjj1jjj reals m4 ,if ?is agreem5t _h gone ?r\gh1 x might h made a great *ange 9 ! hi/ory ( ^! isl&s2 b x came to naught4 ,! que5 s5t h] m9i/]1 ,comp>vano 7kom prvn71 to ,france1 to conf] ) ! ,fr5* k+ & 8 advis]s1 & !re ! ,spani>d le>n$ = ! fir/ "t ( ! clause ab\t ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s4 ,! ,fr5* k+ want$ to b>ga9 ov] ?is clause4 ,he said t 9 view ( all ! tr\ble 9 ! ar*ipelago1 & = v>i\s o!r reasons1 ! price nam$ 0 too high4 ,9 fact1 he refus$ to pay m ?an #g1jjj1jjj reals1 & decl>$ t #aj1jjj1jjj reals 0 an outrage\s price4 ,r ?an pay x he w\ld put ! contract 9 ! fire4 ,! ,spani% m9i/] ask$ to see ! contract4 ,aft] look+ at x1 he said quietly1 8,y\r ,maje/y is "r2 x is outrage\s40 ,& tak+ ! k+ at 8 ^w1 he laid ! pap] on ! fire4 ,he meant t ! price 0 outrage\sly small--n l>ge1 z ! k+ _h decl>$4 ,he did a d>+ ?+1 b 8 c\rage sav$ ,spa9 f ! disgrace ( su* a poor b>ga9 z ! que5 w\ld h made4 ,! foll[+ ye> tr\ble broke out anew 9 ! ,philipp9es4 ,= ! fir/ "t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,*ur* 9 ! isl&s ! p dem&$ t ! ,spani% fri>s %\ld be replac$ by native prie/s4 ,!y 7 loyal to ! ,*ur*2 b !y 7 det]m9$ to h m5 ( _! own blood to m9i/] its (fices to !m4 ,?is tr\ble _h be5 gr[+ = ye>s1 & n[ t x 0 giv5 op5 expression x became s]i\s inde$4 ,9 #ahda a v grave insurrection broke out 9 ,tayabas 7t bs74 ,x 0 head$ by a native nam$ ,apol9>io de la ,cruz 7 pl nr d l kr?71 :o /yl$ himself 8k+ ( ! ,tagals40 ,he claim$ sup]natural p[]s1 & by false repres5tations succe$$ 9 rais+ a foll[+ ( "s #c1jjj ,filip9os4 ,) ^! he w5t to w> aga9/ ! fri>s4 ,he murd]$ ! alcalde ( ,tayabas ,prov9ce1 & made ! p believe t :5 !y attack$ ! ,spani%1 ! e>? w\ld op5 & swall[ up ! foe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,manila ,,bay ,,f ,,! ,,city ,,walls4 ,! ,spani>ds c\ld mu/] b ab\t #djj soldi]s1 & z _m m coa/ gu>ds & irregul> =ces4 ,!y m>*$ out aga9/ ,apol9>io & 8 foll[]s1 h[ev]1 & defeat$ !m1 al?\gh !re 0 great loss ( life on bo? sides4 ,9 ,manila at ?is "t 0 a regim5t ( ,tagal soldi]s f ,tayabas4 ,^! soldi]s mut9i$1 & w\ld h jo9$ ,apol9>io1 b 7 %ot d[n by ! ,spani% troops be=e !y c\ld leave ! g>rison4 ,apol9>io himself 0 ( uns\nd m9d1 & :5 8 foll[]s began to see ?is1 !y fell away f him4 ,if ! revolt$ ,tagal regim5t _h succe$$ 9 jo9+ him1 8 defeat might h be5 delay$2 b 9 ! end he mu/ h be5 ov]come4 ,9 all su* enc\nt]s ) ! ,filip9os1 ! ,spani>ds _h ! advantage ( bett] organization4 ,! troops 7 well drill$ & tra9$ to obey1 & _! lead]s 7 skill$ 9 w>f>e4 ,) no army organization & no outside aid ! ,filip9o p 7 helpless to ma9ta9 _! rights4 ,nev]!less1 x is n 9 ! nature ( brave m5 to submit tamely to inju/ice or oppression1 & x is no matt] = surprise t ?\gh ea* new revolt 0 promptly put d[n1 ! _s ( lib]ty con/antly urg$ ! p on to new attempts to ga9 "s measure ( fre$om4 ,f n[ on1 ^! attempts became m frequ5t & m desp]ate4 ,summ>y4--,tr\ble cont9u$ to increase 9 ! isl&s4 ,!re 0 great dang] f ! s\!rn pirates1 & x _h become cle> t ,spani%-,am]ican soldi]s c\ld no long] be us$ 9 ! army4 ,^! soldi]s sid$ ) ! p aga9/ ! gov]nm5t4 ,l>ge bodies ( troops 7 br\ght f ,spa91 & ! army 0 put ^u a new foot+4 ,9 #ahbh a royal ord] 0 issu$1 comm&+ ! gr[+ & protection ( cotton4 ,=eign]s 7 =bidd5 to g into ! prov9ces to buy l& or to trade ) ! p4 ,! gov]nm5t n[ tri$ to make ! p und]/& t x 0 _! fri5d1 b ! ,filip9os _h gr[n v di/ru/ful4 ,9 #ahcf ,que5 ,*ri/9a (f]$ to sell ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s to ,france2 b h] ambassador1 ,comp>vano1 :om %e s5t to arrange ! matt]1 burn$ ! contract :5 he le>n$ its cont5ts4 ,9 #ahcg ! ,filip9os dem&$ t native prie/s %\ld replace ! ,spani% fri>s4 ,9 #ahda an insurrection head$ by ,apol9>io de la ,cruz1 :o call$ himself 8k+ ( ! ,tagals10 broke out4 ,?is 0 put d[n ) great loss ( life on bo? sides4 ,que/ions4--,:y 7 ,spani%-,am]ican soldi]s no long] useful 9 ! army 9 ! ,philipp9es8 ,:om did ! s\!rn pirates capture & c>ry away f ,manila8 ,9 :at ye> 0 ! gr[+ ( cotton comm&$8 ,to :om did ,que5 ,*ri/9a (f] to sell ! isl&s8 ,:o 0 ! 8k+ ( ! ,tagals08 ,give an acc\nt ( ! revolt :i* he head$4 ,illu/ration ,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,ef=ts ,,to ,,keep ,,peace4 ,! situation 9 ! ar*ipelago 0 n[ v grave inde$1 & ! au?orities 9 ,manila began to see t some?+ mu/ be done to meet ! ev]-gr[+ discont5t ( ! p4 ,a little m lib]ty giv5 at ?is "t might h *ang$ t discont5t to gratitude4 ,if ! p c\ld h believ$ t ! ,spani>ds desir$ _! good1 !y might h work$ ) ! ,europeans = ! b5efit ( ! :ole c\ntry4 ,b !re 0 lack ( tru/ & und]/&+ on bo? sides1 & because ( ?is /ill h>%] laws 7 made by ! ,spani% 9 _! ef=ts to put d[n rebellion4 ,"o ( ^! laws provid$ = a rigid exam9ation ( all books pr9t$ 9 ! native tongues4 ,su* books z did n please ! au?orities 7 condemn$ & burn$4 ,) reg>d to all books pr9t$ 9 ! ,tagal language1 ?is c5sor%ip 0 kept up until ! end ( ,spani% rule4 ,ef=ts 7 also made to keep ! isl&s f clos] communication ) ! outside _w4 ,9 #ahdi a royal ord] aga9 =bade =eign]s to g into ! prov9ces4 ,9 ?is ye> ! gov]nor-g5]al1 ,n>ciso de ,clav]ia 7nr ss d cl vr 71 organiz$ a police =ce = ,manila & ! prov9ces4 ,?is =ce 0 call$ 8,! ,ord] ( ,safety = ,manila40 ,dur+ ,clav]ia's t]m ( (fice a v good re=m 0 made 9 trad+ privileges4 ,! alcalde ( a prov9ce _h be=e t _h ! sole "r to trade ) ! p ( 8 prov9ce4 ,"u ! new law1 h[ev]1 any ,spani>d or ,filip9o :o wi%$ to d s might trade freely 9 ! prov9ces4 ,! p 9 ! isl&s /ill _h s]i\s tr\ble ) ! pirates f ,m9danao & ! ,sulu ar*ipelago4 ,^! pirates _h regul> fleets1 & a milit>y =ce z /rong z t ( ! ,spani>ds !mselves1 & !y _h become a s\rce ( con/ant dang] to comm]ce & to ! lib]ty ( ! p4 ,s great damage did !y d1 t = f\r ye>s ! gov]nm5t 0 oblig$ to remit all tribute 9 ! isl& ( ,negros1 "o ( ! ri*e/ ( ! agricultural isl&s4 ,! ravages ( ^! pirates _h made ! p s poor t !y 7 sc>cely able to procure ! necess>ies ( life4 ,! dang] f ?is s\rce at la/ became s great t trade betwe5 ! isl&s 0 at a /&/ill4 ,! m]*ants ( ,manila !re=e took action 9 self-def5se1 & br\ght /eamboats ov] f ,europe4 ,^! 7 safe1 z ! pirates1 9 _! sl[]-go+ %ips1 c\ld n ov]take !m2 b ! t[ns ly+ along ! coa/ 7 /ill subject to raids4 ,9 #ahdh ,gov]nor-,g5]al ,clav]ia s5t out an exp$ition to ! isl&s ( ,balangu5gui1 a gr\p 9 ! ,sulu ar*ipelago1 :]e mo/ ( ! pirates _h _! homes4 ,?is exp$ition de/roy$ ! t[ns ( ! pirates1 burn$ _! %ips1 & took _m captives4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pirate ,,fleet ,,attack+ ,a ,,coa/ ,,t[n4 ,two or ?ree ye>s lat] ,gov]nor-,g5]al ,urbiztondo 7ur b? tond7 w5t ) an exp$ition aga9/ ! pirates1 & made a /rong attack on ! city ( ,jol4 ,?is exp$ition consi/$ ( f\r regim5ts ( artill]y & a native battalion drawn f among ! p ( ,cebu4 ,?is isl& _h suff]$ greatly f piratic raids1 & x is said t ! wives ( ^! ,cebuans decl>$ t !y w\ld n receive _! husb&s back aga9 if !y ran away f ! foe4 ,?is ?reat may h _h "s effect1 = ! m5 f\ght ) great brav]y & gave ! pirates su* a sev]e puni%m5t t !re 7 no fur!r attacks = sev]al ye>s4 ,"s ye>s lat]1 9 #ahfj1 :5 ,don ,f]n&o de ,norzag>ay 7nor ? gi7 0 gov]nor-g5]al1 eighte5 /eam gunboats 7 s5t out f ,spa94 ,) ^! ! ,spani% =ces 9 ! ar*ipelago 7 able completely to defeat ! pirates & to put an end to ! outrages t _h co/ ! isl&s s mu* 9 prop]ty & 9 lives4 ,9 #ahed !re 0 an upris+ 9 ,nueva ,ecija 7n v ?'h74 ,?is upris+ 0 head$ by a ,spani%-,me/izo nam$ ,cue/a 7k st71 a "y man ( great ability & promise4 ,he _h be5 educat$ 9 ,spa91 & :ile !re _h be5 receiv$ at c\rt1 & _h ev5 be5 %[n great favor by ,que5 ,isabella4 ,he _h be5 mu* ) memb]s ( ! ,lib]al ,p>ty1 !n ga9+ /r5g? 9 ,spa91 & _h caught ! new ideas ( political fre$om & human rights4 ,cue/a came home ) an e>ne/ desire to help 8 p4 ,he 0 made comm&ante ( c>ab9]os 9 ,nueva ,ecija1 b be=e he _h be5 long 9 comm& he incit$ 8 troops to rebellion4 ,!y attack$ ! ,spani% (ficials 9 ! prov9ce1 & made w> ^u ! fri>s4 ,! revolt 0 put d[n1 h[ev]1 & ,cue/a1 ) sev]al o!rs1 0 execut$4 ,/ill o!rs1 :o _h be5 conc]n$ 9 ! upris+1 7 bani%$ f ! c\ntry4 ,all ^! ?+s increas$ ! anxiety ( ! ,spani% ov] ! situation 9 ! ,philipp9es4 ,"y ,filip9o m5 7 disc\rag$ f go+ to ,spa92 /ud5ts 9 ! sem9>ios :o desir$ to leave ^! s*ools & f9i% _! education 9 ,spa9 7 refus$ p]mission to d s4 ,! c\ntry 0 poor & 0 ov]run ) b&its4 ,natives guilty ( m9or (f5ses aga9/ ! law 7 treat$ s sev]ely t !y took to ! jungle1 becom+ outlaws4 ,ev]y:]e oppression & tyranny rul$1 ) all ! evils t ^! br+ 9 _! tra94 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,p>ian ,,gate4 ,! tobacco monopoly 0 kill+ all o!r agricultural ent]prise1 & ! ,*9ese control ( ! trades & small bus9ess indu/ries 0 keep+ ! p f e>n+ money at ^!4 ,! ,filip9os _h = "s ye>s realiz$ ! evil ( all[+ ! ,*9ese ?us to monopolize ! trades & m9or occupations1 b !y 7 p[]less at t "t to prev5t su* monopoly4 ,!y c\ld n conduct ?is bus9ess = !mselves2 ! ,spani% _h nev] be5 a trad+ p1 & ! isl&]s _h _h no *ance to le>n bus9ess me?ods f !m4 ,! ,spani% gov]nm5t 9 ! isl&s _h always be5 milit>y1 b 9 #ahfj a civil gov]nm5t 0 =m$ = ! prov9ce ( ,manila4 ,civil gov]nm5t is gov]nm5t by laws upheld by civil1 or citiz51 (ficials1 in/ead ( by milit>y =ce4 ,x puni%es (f5d]s ?r\gh ! c\rts1 in/ead ( by arm$ p[]4 ,9 ?is same ye>1 by comm& ( ! gov]nor-g5]al1 ! ,p>ian1 ! great build+ :]e ne>ly all ! ,*9ese 9 ,manila 7 qu>t]$1 0 de/roy$4 ,?is act ( ! gov]nm5t 0 bitt]ly oppos$ by ! ,*9ese & by "s o!rs2 b x 0 c>ri$ out1 9 spite ( great difficulties4 ,! only rem9d] ( ! ,p>ian n[ left is ! ,p>ian ,gate1 :i* gives entrance to ! wall$ city ne> ! po9t :]e ! build+ once /ood4 ,^! ye>s 7 m>k$1 z well1 by num]\s sev]e e>?quakes & volcanic eruptions4 ,"o or two new volcanoes 7 =m$1 & !re 7 great di/urbances 9 ,luzon & ! isl&s ne> by4 ,9 #ahfc came ! great e>?quake ( ,manila--! sev]e/ t ! c\ntry has ev] kn[n4 ,?\s&s ( p 7 kill$ 9 ! city & ! surr\nd+ c\ntry4 ,! ca!dral 0 de/roy$1 & ! city 0 r$uc$ to a m]e m\nta9 ( ru9s4 ,only ! great wall1 ,/4 ,augu/9e ,*ur*1 & a few o!r /ructures )/ood ! %ock4 ,aft] ?is1 tr\ble deep5$ = ! c\ntry4 ,! treasury 0 dra9$ to rebuild ! city2 ! l& 0 p9*$ to ! la/ possible limit to raise tribute = ! ,cr[n2 & ! p 7 ne>ly desp]ate4 ,! gov]nm5t c\ld n meet its paym5ts1 b insi/$ ^u ! tobacco crop be+ cultivat$ ea* ye>2 & great quantities ( tobacco _h to be sold to raise money = ! ne$s ( ! mom5t4 ,9 #ahfd lightn+ set fire to ! g5]al /oreh\se ( tobacco & caus$ a loss ( #b1jjj1jjj to ! colonial treasury4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ru9s ,,( ,,manila ,,ca!dral ,,aft] ,,an ,,e>?quake4 ,9 #ahfg ! 8,gu>dia ,civil0 0 =m$1 = ! purpose ( captur+ ! b&its :o ov]ran ! c\ntry4 ,^! b&its _h come to be z great a s\rce ( dang] z ! pirates _h be51 & 9 #ahfi ! p]il ( ! situation 0 increas$ by a proclamation made by ,gov]nor-,g5]al ,torre4 ,?is proclamation (f]$ free p>don to all b&its :o %\ld pres5t !mselves to ! gov]nm5t )9 ?ree mon?s4 ,?is 0 a great opportunity = ! ill-dispos$ p ( ! prov9ces4 ,hundr$s ( !m became b&its & ent]$ ^u a ?ree mon?s' t]m ( robb]y & outrage1 sure ( p>don at any "t !y might pres5t !mselves be=e ! gov]nor4 ,x became necess>y to organize a special gu>d1 :i* 0 call$ 8,torre's ,gu>d10 to g aga9/ ?is great mob ( outlaws4 ,illu/ration3 ,,que5 ,,isabella ,,ii4 ,,z ,a ,,*ild4 ,b 9 spite ( murmur+s1 discont5t1 & suff]+ among ! p1 ! "w ( build+ up ! city1 & ( mak+ improvem5ts 9 & ab\t ,manila1 w5t /eadily on4 ,! palace 0 rebuilt1 "w 0 begun ^u ! ca!dral1 & _m public works 7 und]tak54 ,9 #ahfe a municipal s*ool1 9 *>ge ( ! ,si/]s ( ,*>ity1 0 f\nd$1 & a normal s*ool = tea*]s 0 op5$ 9 ,manila "u ! *>ge ( ! ,jesuits1 :o _h return$ to ! c\ntry 9 #ahei1 aft] an abs5ce ( ne>ly "o hundr$ ye>s4 ,! civil gov]nm5t1 :i* _h rec5tly be5 =m$ 9 ,manila ,prov9ce1 support$ ?is s*ool4 ,9 #ahfh ,que5 ,isabella ,,ii4 ( ,spa9 0 depos$1 & ! gov]nm5t t foll[$ h] 0 ( a revolution>y nature1 f\nd$ on republican pr9ciples4 ,:ile ?is gov]nm5t prevail$1 an ,assembly ( ,filip9os & ,me/izos 0 =m$ 9 ,manila4 ,its memb]s1 :o 7 p]sons born 9 ! isl&s1 hop$ to br+ ab\t c]ta9 re=ms 9 ! local gov]nm5t4 ,!y _h ! p[] ( vot+ re=ms = ! colony1 subject to ! w ( ! home gov]nm5t4 ,!y outl9$ _m re=ms :i* 7 ne$$ 9 ! isl&s1 & tri$ to ga9 = !m ! att5tion ( ! home gov]nm5t4 ,b ! influ5ce ( ! cons]vative p>ty1 bo? at home & 9 ! colony1 prevail$4 ,x 0 n long be=e ! mon>*y 0 aga9 9 p[]1 & !n ?is ,philipp9e ,assembly di$4 ,! ,filip9os _h _h a ta/e ( self-gov]nm5t1 & x 0 h>d = !m to g back into bondage4 ,x 0 n possible t !y %\ld aga9 submit pati5tly to ! oppression :i* !y _h borne = s _m ye>s4 ,! sp>k :i* ,spa9 h]self _h k9dl$ no p[] on e>? c\ld ext+ui%1 & ! little fire ( lib]ty burn$ on1 wait+ = ! mom5t :5 x %\ld bur/ into a great flame4 ,summ>y4--,! situation 9 ! ,philipp9es 0 becom+ desp]ate4 ,!re 0 lack ( tru/ betwe5 ! ,spani% & ! ,filip9os1 & ?is kept !m f und]/&+ or help+ "o ano!r4 ,m & m sev]e measures 7 tak5 by ! rul]s to keep d[n revolt4 ,by ! middle ( ! c5tury ! ravages ( pirates along ! coa/ _h ne>ly kill$ all trade4 ,! m]*ants ( ,manila n[ br\ght /eam trad+ %ips f ,spa91 & ^!1 be+ swift] ?an ! craft ( ! pirates1 escap$ capture2 b t[ns along ! coa/ 7 /ill subject to raids4 ,9 #ahdh an exp$ition w5t aga9/ ! pirates & puni%$ !m sev]ely4 ,o!r exp$itions foll[$ up ! "w ( t "o1 & at la/1 9 #ahfj1 eighte5 /eam gunboats 7 s5t f ,spa94 ,) ! aid ( ^! ! ,spani% =ces 7 able to put an end to piracy 9 ^? seas4 ,9 #ahed !re 0 a s]i\s upris+1 head$ by a "y ,spani% ,me/izo nam$ ,cue/a4 ,?is 0 put d[n1 & a numb] ( ,filip9os :o _h tak5 "p 9 x 7 execut$4 ,?is upris+ greatly increas$ ! anxiety ( ! gov]nm5t 9 ! isl&s4 ,9 #ahfj a civil gov]nm5t 0 f\nd$ = ,manila ,prov9ce4 ,9 ?is same ye> ! ,p>ian1 ! build+ :]e ! ,*9ese liv$ )9 ! wall$ city1 0 de/roy$4 ,9 #ahfc a great e>?quake 9 ,manila kill$ ?\s&s ( p & r$uc$ ! city to ru9s4 ,9 #ahfg ! ,gu>dia ,civil 0 =m$1 & ef=ts 7 made to capture & puni% ! b&its :o ov]ran ! c\ntry4 ,mu* "w 0 done dur+ ?is & succe$+ ye>s t[>d rebuild+ ! city4 ,9 #ahfe a normal s*ool = tea*]s 0 op5$ 9 ,manila4 ,9 #ahfh ,que5 ,isabella ,,ii4 0 depos$1 & = a "t ! gov]nm5t 9 ,spa9 0 revolution>y 9 "*4 ,:ile ?is gov]nm5t 0 9 p[]1 ! m enlight5$ ,filip9os & ,me/izos 9 ,manila tri$ h>d to br+ ab\t re=ms at home2 b ! new ord] 0 %ort-liv$1 & ! mon>*y 0 soon re/or$ to p[] 9 ,spa94 ,que/ions4--,:y 7 ! m]*ants ( ,manila =c$ to br+ /eam%ips f ,spa98 ,give an acc\nt ( ! diff]5t exp$itions aga9/ ! pirates4 ,:o 0 ,cue/a8 ,:at 0 ! result ( ! revolt :i* he head$8 ,:5 0 ! ,p>ian de/roy$8 ,:5 0 ! great e>?quake ( ,manila8 ,= :at purpose 0 ! ,gu>dia ,civil =m$8 ,:5 0 ,que5 ,isabella ,,ii4 depos$8 ,:at 0 ! "* ( ! gov]nm5t t succe$$ h]8 ,:at effect _h ?is gov]nm5t on ! ,filip9o p8 ,illu/ration ,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,! ,,insurrection ,,at ,,cavite4 ,9 #ahgb took place :at is n[ kn[n z ! ,cavite insurrection4 ,?is upris+ _h 9 itself no real importance2 x only ga9$ importance because ( ! att5tion :i* 0 paid to x4 ,! cause ( ! revolt 0 ! desire ( ! p = native prie/s4 ,!re 0 a p>ty among ! native cl]gy ^: lead]s 7 dem&+ t ! fri>s %\ld be =bidd5 to act z p>i% prie/s1 & %\ld be made to give up c]ta9 b5efits to :i* !y 7 n entitl$4 ,! native p>ty _h "s "r on its side 9 ^! dem&s4 ,a treaty _h be5 made at ,tr5t1 "s ye>s be=e1 def9+ ! positions & rights ( ! cl]gy 9 ! isl&s4 ,"u ?is treaty ! fri>s 7 n entitl$ to act z p>i% prie/s4 ,!y ask$ ?is privilege f ! ,pope1 h[ev]1 & x 0 grant$ !m4 ,z a result ! ,filip9o cl]gy c\ld act only 9 inf]ior positions1 z assi/ants & lay read]s4 ,!y enjoy$ b few ( ! rights & dignities ( _! call+4 ,! lead] ( ! cl]gy :o 7 dem&+ _! rights 0 a prie/ nam$ ,jos ,burgos 7h s burgs74 ,he 0 native born1 & a man ( great /r5g? & dignity ( "*4 ,x is n believ$ t he1 or ! prie/s :o 7 among 8 foll[]s1 really incit$ ! revolt at ,cavite4 ,he _h1 h[ev]1 _m enemies1 & ^! succe$$ 9 mak+ him appe> to be guilty4 ,b :atev] ! orig9 ( ! upris+1 x w5t wrong ?r\gh a mi/ake ab\t signals4 ,a numb] ( ! native soldi]y 7 conc]n$ 9 ! affair1 & 7 to h aid$ ! plott]s 9 ,manila4 ,x 0 agre$ t c]ta9 m5 9 ,manila %\ld get ev]y?+ ready1 & s5d up a rocket1 by :i* signal ^? at ,cavite w\ld "k t ! "t _h come to act4 ,x happ5$1 h[ev]1 t "o night 9 ! latt] "p ( ,janu>y a fie/a 0 held 9 "o ( ! suburbs ( ,manila4 ,fireworks 7 set (f1 & ^! ! soldi]s at ,cavite mi/ook = ! signal ( attack4 ,!y !re=e seiz$ ! ars5al at ,cavite1 & attack$ ! ,europeans liv+ 9 & ab\t ! t[n4 ,:5 x 0 too late to undo _! action1 !y discov]$ ! mi/ake4 ,_! fri5ds at ,manila _h no idea :at 0 tak+ place4 ,!y did n come to ! aid ( ! revolt]s at ,cavite1 & :5 !y le>n$ ! news1 !re 0 no "t to ga!r _! =ces4 ,! loyal troops 7 call$ out1 & ! tr\ble 0 put d[n 9 two days4 ,all might ev5 yet h gone well ) ! c\ntry if ?is matt] c\ld h be5 all[$ to re/ "r !re4 ,! gov]nm5t1 h[ev]1 saw fit to reg>d ?is upris+ z ( grave importance4 ,all :o 7 suspect$ ( a "p 9 x 7 sev]ely puni%$2 _m 7 %ot1 & ?ree ( ! native prie/s 7 g>rott$4 ,^! prie/s 7 ,dr4 ,burgos1 ,dr4 ,m>iano ,gomez 7m r n gme?71 & ,dr4 ,jac9to ,zamora 7h snt ? mr74 ,z to _! guilt1 !re w always be a d\bt1 & to ?is day ! native cl]gy decl>e t ^! m5 7 innoc5t ( plann+ ! revolt4 ,^! executions made ! p desp]ate4 ,! secret societies :i* _h be5 =m+ all ov] ,luzon _h up to ?is "t be5 m]ely local lodges ( ! great society ( ,freemasons4 ,n[ !y 7 turn$ into political societies1 ) a def9ite aim1 & t aim 0 to w9 great] lib]ty = ! ,filip9os4 ,^! societies aft]w>ds play$ a v important "p 9 ! hi/ory ( ! isl&s4 ,%ortly aft] ! upris+ at ,cavite1 ano!r revolt occurr$ 9 ,zamboanga2 b ?is 0 put d[n ) ! help ( ! ,moros4 ,aft] ! ,cavite insurrection1 ! native regim5t ( artill]y 0 disb&$1 & a regim5t ( artill]y f ! ,p59sula 0 br\ght to ! isl&s4 ,9 spite ( all ^! di/urbances1 consid]able public "w 0 done dur+ ! next few ye>s4 ,! ports ( ,legaspi1 ,tacloban1 & ,leyte 7 op5$ to =eign comm]ce 9 #ahgc-ahgd1 & 9 #ahge ! fam\s ,bridge ( ,spa9 across ! ,pasig ,riv]1 9 ,manila1 0 built & ?r[n op5 = public use4 ,! op5+ ( ! ,suez ,canal 0 a helpful ?+ to ! comm]ce ( ! ,philipp9es1 & "u wise & j gov]nm5t !re might h be5 a "t ( prosp]ity = ! c\ntry4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,gr\nds ,,( ,,! ,,cavite ,,ars5al4 ,9 #ahgg ,don ,dom+o ,moriones y ,morillo 7d m9g m r ns m rly7 became gov]nor-g5]al4 ,:5 he arriv$ 9 ,manila1 ! ,k+'s ,regim5t1 ! ma9/ay ( ! ,spani% =ces 9 ! isl&s1 0 9 revolt4 ,?is revolt _h be5 kept a secret by ! retir+ gov]nor-g5]al1 = fe> ( ! result if ! natives %\ld le>n ! tru?4 ,! new gov]nor-g5]al caus$ ! regim5t to be drawn up 9 l9e & numb]$4 ,:5 ?is _h be5 done1 e t5? man 0 told (f to be %ot next morn+4 ,moriones 0 aft]w>ds p]suad$ to sp>e _m ( ^! m51 b ! r+lead]s 7 all %ot2 "s o!rs 7 put into prison = long t]ms1 & ab\t fifty ( !m 7 s5t back to ,spa9 9 disgrace4 ,! t]m ( (fice ^u :i* he ent]$ ) su* vigor 0 m>k$ by a numb] ( v good acts on ! "p ( ! gov]nor-g5]al4 ,8 "n %\ld be rememb]$ ) gratitude 9 ,manila1 = x 0 he :o caus$ ! public wat]works to be built4 ,ov] a hundr$ ye>s be=e1 a patriotic gov]nor-g5]al1 ,don ,f]n&o ,c>ri$o 7f] nnd c r d71 _h left a fund to provide ! city ) a suitable wat] supply4 ,?is money 0 to be kept at int]e/ until ! fund grew l>ge en\gh = ! purpose1 & x _h increas$ s mu* t "w %\ld h be5 begun a good _m ye>s be=e4 ,b ^? hav+ ! money 9 *>ge 7 n will+ to give x up1 & x 0 only aft] a bitt] /ruggle t ,gov]nor-,g5]al ,moriones 0 able to get ,c>ri$o's wi%es c>ri$ out4 ,?is ent]prise 0 a great bless+ to ! city ( ,manila1 z ! value ( a pure wat] supply _c be ov]-e/imat$4 ,moriones also did :at he c\ld to get appropriations f ! treasury to pay (f ! tobacco gr[]s1 ^: condition 0 at ?is "t pitiful inde$4 ,!y _h n be5 paid = "s ye>s1 :ile at ! same "t !y 7 n all[$ to gr[ any o!r crop by :i* !y might ma9ta9 !mselves4 ,9 #ahha ?is tobacco monopoly1 :i* _h work$ su* wrong to ! p1 0 end$ by royal decree ( ,k+ ,alfonso ,,xii4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pump+ ,,/ation1 ,,c>ri$o ,,wat]works4 ,9 #ahhj !re 0 a viol5t e>?quake 9 ,manila4 ,! di/urbances la/$ f ! #ad? ( ,july to ! #be? ( ! same mon?1 & did a great deal ( damage 9 ! city1 caus+ loss ( prop]ty & life4 ,! p 7 r$uc$ to su* a /ate ( t]ror t !y d>$ n live 9 ! bett] class ( h\ses 9 ,manila1 b took to ! nipa huts 9 ! suburbs4 ,^! h\ses 7 less dang]\s because ( _! light /ructure4 ,?is same ye> cable communication 0 set up betwe5 ,spa9 & ,manila4 ,9 #ahha ,gov]nor-,g5]al ,primo de ,riv]a 7prm d r vr7 came to (fice4 ,"o ( ! fir/ ?+s he did 0 to organize an exp$ition aga9/ ! ,igorrotes ( nor!rn ,luzon2 b1 l all o!r attempts to subdue ^! p1 ?is exp$ition 0 a failure4 ,! ,spani% soldi]s :o took "p 9 x left beh9d !m among ! ,igorrotes su* a record = cruelty & viol5ce t to ?is day mo/ ( ^! p hate ! sight ( a :ite man4 ,!re 0 tr\ble en\gh = ! p dur+ ,riv]a's rule4 ,9 #ahhb a *ol]a epidemic broke out 9 ,manila1 & 9 less ?an ?ree mon?s #cj1jjj p di$ 9 ! city & its suburbs & ?r\gh\t ! prov9ce4 ,!re 7 also sev]al typhoons ( unusual viol5ce1 & a t]rify+ eruption ( ,mayon volcano1 :i* la/$ = _m mon?s4 ,9 #ahhc ,joaqu9 ,jovell> y ,sol] 7h kn h vlhr slr71 :o _h won a "n = himself z ! 8peacemak]0 9 ,cuba1 became gov]nor-g5]al ( ! ,philipp9es4 ,he 0 well receiv$ by ! ,spani%1 & made "s attempt to br+ ab\t re=ms 9 ! c\ntry4 ,! old-"t tribute1 ! cause ( s _m revolts among ! p1 0 replac$ by ! 8c$ula p]sonal10 or pap] ( id5tity1 :i* e inhabitant above eighte5 ye>s ( age 0 compell$ to h4 ,dur+ 8 "t1 !re 7 small outbreaks among ! p1 & ?reats ( a g5]al insurrection1 :i* l$ to m troops be+ s5t out f ! ,p59sula4 ,x became necess>y n[ to h ,spani% troops almo/ altoge!r1 z ! native soldi]s c\ld n be dep5d$ ^u to fire on _! own p4 ,by n[ !re 0 com+ to ! front 9 ! isl&s a consid]able body ( ?\ghtful "y m54 ,^! 7 beg9n+ to dem& great] lib]ty = ! ,filip9os4 ,9 ! ,visayas1 ,graciano ,lopez ,ja5a 7gr seno lpe? h n7 _h become a tea*] ( ! p4 ,?is man has be5 call$ ! 8,john ! ,bapti/ ( ! ,visayas40 ,! p 9 t "p ( ! c\ntry 7 9 a position ev5 m hopeless ?an 7 ^? 9 ,luzon4 ,!y knew little or no?+ ( :at 0 go+ on 9 ! nor!rn isl&s4 ,!y _h no lead]s ( _! own1 b 7 dom9at$ by diff]5t p>ties among _! rul]s4 ,^! p>ties 7 con/antly qu>rel+ among !mselves & ) ! gov]nm5t at home4 ,betwe5 ^! factions ! p lay l corn betwe5 ! mill/ones1 cru%$ almo/ beyond hope ( ev] atta9+ ! smalle/ human rights4 ,ja5a 0 born 9 ,j>o1 ne> ,iloilo1 & 0 a /ud5t 9 ! sem9>io !re4 ,l _m "y m5 ( 8 "t1 he _h ! desire to g to ,spa9 & f9i% 8 /udies4 ,! fri>s _h tak5 al>m at ! numb] ( "y ,filip9o m5 :o 7 do+ ?is1 & !y refus$ ,ja5a p]mission to leave 8 /udies at ! sem9>io4 ,!y claim$ t1 z he 0 "o ( _! /ud5ts1 !y _h a "r to dictate h[ he %\ld dispose ( 8 life1 & :]e he %\ld pursue 8 /udies4 ,an action s arbitr>y & unju/ z ?is 0 n to be borne by a "y man ( any _s4 ,ja5a left ! sem9>io )\t ! p]mission ( 8 tea*]s1 w5t to ,manila1 & f !re to ,spa94 ,9 ,madrid he made ! acqua9tance ( a numb] ( memb]s ( ! ,lib]al ,p>ty1 :o li/5$ will+ly to :at ! "y man _h to say1 & made great ef=ts to get him an audi5ce ) ! ,m9i/]s ( ,/ate4 ,= a "t he 0 well receiv$ 9 ,spa91 b ! ,lib]al ,p>ty fell into discr$it at c\rt1 & ,ja5a 0 unable to ga9 a he>+ = any ( ! re=ms t 7 s de> to 8 he>t4 ,he liv$ 9 great pov]ty 9 ,madrid1 =c$ to d m5ial "w to ma9ta9 himself4 ,he 0 nev] able to get back to 8 own c\ntry1 = :i* he suff]$ s mu*1 b di$ 9 ,madrid :ile /ill a comp>atively "y man4 ,he left a great _m writ+s :i* are well kn[n ?r\gh\t ! ,visayas4 ,8 "n is z mu* honor$ 9 t "p ( ! c\ntry z is ! "n ( ,rizal ev]y:]e 9 ! ,philipp9es4 ,dr4 ,jos ,rizal y ,m]cado 7r ?l m] kd7 w nev] be =gott5 :ile !re are patriotic ,filip9os left to keep 8 memory alive4 ,he 0 a native ( ,calamba 7k lmb71 9 ,laguna ,prov9ce1 & 0 born 9 ! e>ly sixties4 ,he 0 graduat$ f ! ,jesuit ,college 9 ,manila1 & f !re he w5t to ,europe1 :]e he /udi$ m$ic9e4 ,he 0 graduat$ f ,madrid ,univ]sity z ,doctor ( ,m$ic9e & ,philosophy4 ,aft]w>ds he w5t to ,p>is & to sev]al ,g]man univ]sities1 f "o ( :i* he took ano!r degree4 ,9 ,g]many he became greatly int]e/$ 9 ! sociali/ic movem5t ( ! day4 ,he m+l$ freely ) ! ,g]man /ud5ts1 among :om he 0 v popul>1 & %>$ 9 _! ideas ( human rights & political lib]ty4 ,he 0 a true ,ca?olic1 b he long$ to see 8 c\ntry fre$ f ! n>r[ rule :i* _h made civil gov]nm5t 9 ! ,philipp9es a f>ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,bridge ,,( ,,spa94 ,! influ5ce ( ! ,ord]s 9 ! isl&s _h become kn[n ev5 9 ,spa9 z a hurtful ?+ = ! c\ntry4 ,z f> back z ! ye> #ahgj ! ,spani% ,m9i/] ( ,/ate1 9 a =mal report1 _h recomm5d$ t ! fri>s be remov$ f *>ge ( ! s*ools 9 ! isl&s4 ,n[ ! dem& 0 becom+ g5]al t _! places %\ld be tak5 by secul> prie/s :o 7 natives ( ! c\ntry4 ,rizal believ$ t x w\ld be necess>y to s5d ! ,ord]s out ( ! ,philipp9es be=e ! c\ntry c\ld ev] be prosp]\s4 ,:ile abroad he wrote a novel entitl$ 8,nolle me ,tang]e10 9 :i* he %[$ pla9ly ! attitude ( ! fri>s & ! p t[>d "o ano!r4 ,?is novel 0 writt5 9 ! ,spani% language1 b 0 publi%$ 9 ,g]many4 ,:ile ,rizal 0 liv+ z a /ud5t 9 ,france1 he wrote ano!r political novel1 8,el ,filibu/]o40 ,lat] he return$ to ! isl&s1 & !re did notable "w 9 8 pr(ession ( m$ic9e4 ,he became actively int]e/$ 9 ! condition ( ! c\ntry1 z well4 ,9 8 own t[n he l$ a p>ty :i* dem&$ ( ! ,dom9ican ,ord] t x %[ title de$s to a l>ge tract ( agricultural l& ( :i* x _h possession4 ,?is br\ght d[n ^u him ! opposition ( ! fri>s1 & he f\nd x wise to return to ,europe4 ,9 8 abs5ce 8 relatives & _m ( ! *ief families ) :om he _h be5 fri5dly 9 8 t[n 7 p]secut$1 & driv5 f ! l&s :i* !y _h r5t$ f ! religi\s ,ord]s4 ,_! hold+s 7 giv5 to ,spani>ds1 & !y receiv$ no comp5sation = _! losses4 ,9 #ahic ,rizal w5t to ,hong-,kong1 mean+ to settle !re & practise 8 pr(ession4 ,a little lat] he 0 giv5 to und]/& t x w\ld be safe = him to come back to ,manila1 & he came4 ,:5 he rea*$ ! cu/oms h\se at ,manila1 8 baggage 0 rigidly se>*$1 & x 0 claim$ t among 8 effects 7 f\nd a numb] ( disloyal pamphlets4 ,among ^! 7 "s proclamations :i* x 0 claim$ he _h writt5 = ! purpose ( />t+ a revolt among ! natives4 ,x is n common s5se to believe t ,rizal _h any ( ^! ?+s 9 8 trunk1 & x is n[ g5]ally und]/ood t !y 7 plac$ !re by ^? :o did ! se>*+4 ,8 enemies dem&$ t he %\ld be execut$ z a traitor1 b ! gov]nor-g5]al w\ld n give him up to !m4 ,in/ead he 0 bani%$ to nor!rn ,m9danao1 :]e = f\r ye>s he liv$ v quietly4 ,he practis$ m$ic9e !re among ! p1 & _m =eign]s came f ov] ! sea to consult him4 ,he p]=m$ sev]al rem>kable op]ations ^u ! eyes dur+ ^! ye>s4 ,!n ! ,cuban tr\bles broke out1 &1 to prove 8 loyalty to ,spa91 ,dr4 ,rizal ask$ p]mission to g to ,cuba z an army doctor 9 ! ,spani% =ces4 ,?is favor 0 grant$ him ,july #bh1 #ahif4 ,he w5t up to ,manila by way ( ,cebu1 j at ! "t ( ! outbreak ( #ahif4 ,he 0 ! idol ( ! p2 ev]y:]e 8 c\ntrym5 7 talk+ ab\t him1 & look+ to him z a lead]2 8 "n br\ght !m hope & /r5g!n$ _! c\rage4 ,by !m he 0 reg>d$ z ! future lib]ator ( ! race1 & to !m he repres5t$ ! promise ( lib]ty4 ,all ?is s al>m$ 8 enemies t !y decl>$ x dang]\s to h him 9 ,manila4 ,he 0 at once put on bo>d ! ,spani% cruis] ,ca/illa1 & f !re transf]r$ to ! mail /eam] ,isla de ,panay1 b\nd = ,b>celona4 ,he c>ri$ lett]s ( recomm5dation to ! ,m9i/]s ( ,w> & ( ! ,colonies1 :i* 7 s5t to him by ,g5]al ,blanco ) a p]sonal lett]4 ,8 enemies 7 det]m9$ to h 8 life1 & he 0 cabl$ at ,b>celona to return at once to ! isl&s4 ,c]ta9 accusations 7 made aga9/ him1 & he 0 ?r[n into prison at ! ,=tress ( ,montji]at 7mont-h rt7 9 ,spa91 until a /eam] %\ld return to ! isl&s4 ,!n he 0 s5t back to ,manila1 a /ate prison]1 isolat$ f all b 8 jail]s4 ,he 0 br\ght to trial = s$ition & rebellion be=e a c\rt-m>tial ( eight capta9s1 ) a lieut5ant-colonel presid+2 b !re 0 no te/imony aga9/ him4 ,h[ c\ld !re be8 ,! facts %[ t x 0 q impossible = ,rizal to h _h any?+ to d ) ! revolution ( #ahif4 ,he _h be5 a prison] ( /ate1 9 seclusion1 = ye>s4 ,he _h _h no communication ) ! p ( ,luzon1 & !re 0 no?+ to %[ t he _h tak5 any "p 9 ! revolt4 ,b he _h be5 condemn$ be=eh&1 & ( all ! cruel acts ( ,gov]nor-,g5]al ,polavieja 7p l v h71 ! cruele/ 0 8 decree = ! execution ( ?is man4 ,!re 7 b a few days betwe5 ,rizal's s5t5ce & 8 dea?4 ,he 0 engag$ to m>ry ,miss ,joseph9e ,tauf]1 ! adopt$ daught] ( an ,am]ican g5tleman :o _h be5 a pati5t ( ,rizal's 9 ,hong-,kong1 & to h] he 0 m>ri$ on ! day ( 8 execution4 ,he 0 %ot at six o'clock 9 ! morn+ ( ,decemb] #cj1 #ahif1 & an imm5se cr[d ga!r$ on ! ,luneta to witness t t]rible sacrifice4 ,8 wid[ jo9$ ! insurg5ts4 ,%e 0 pres5t at ! battle ( ,silang 7s lng71 & fl$ ) ! re/ be=e ! ,spani%1 tramp+ ?r\gh tw5ty-?ree villages on h] way to ! nor!rn prov9ces4 ,%e 0 at la/ bani%$ f ! c\ntry by ,gov]nor-,g5]al ,polavieja4 ,dur+ ! ,am]ican occupation %e return$ = a "t to ! isl&s ^: welf>e 0 s de> to h] m>tyr$ husb&4 ,lat] %e w5t to ,hong-,kong1 :]e %e di$1 9 ,m>*1 #aijb4 ,! "n ( ,jos ,rizal is n[ hail$ ) honor4 ,! gov]nm5t has made ! anniv]s>y ( 8 bir? a public holiday1 & x is obs]v$ ye>ly 9 ! public s*ools ( ! ar*ipelago4 ,?us is 8 memory kept alive4 ,8 unselfi% love = 8 native c\ntry %\ld be rememb]$ & %>$ by ! ,filip9o boys & girls n[ gr[+ up to "w = ! good ( ! l& = :i* he hop$ & d>$ s mu*4 ,summ>y4--,! ,cavite insurrection1 :i* took place 9 #ahgb1 :ile n 9 itself ( great importance1 0 ! real beg9n+ ( ! rebellion ( #ahif4 ,x fail$ ?r\gh a mi/ake 9 reg>d to signals4 ,! ,spani% au?orities ov]rat$ ! importance ( ?is upris+1 & ^? :om !y accus$ ( be+ conc]n$ 9 x 7 puni%$ ) great sev]ity4 ,?is c\rse drove ! p to desp]ation4 ,o!r upris+s took place1 & !re 0 great di/urbance 9 ! c\ntry4 ,_m good public works w5t on1 h[ev]4 ,! ,c>ri$o wat]works 7 built & put 9 op]ation1 & an ef=t 0 made to raise money to pay (f ! tobacco gr[]s4 ,9 #ahha ! tobacco monopoly 0 done away ) by royal decree ( ,alfonso ,,xii4 ,9 #ahhb came ! great *ol]a epidemic 9 ,manila4 ,dur+ ! "t x rag$1 #cj1jjj p di$ 9 ! city & prov9ce4 ,dur+ ^! ye>s1 tea*]s ( ! p began to rise 9 ! ,visayas1 z well z 9 ,luzon4 ,ja5a1 ! ,visayan patriot1 0 9 ,spa91 try+ to obta9 ju/ice = 8 p4 ,lat]1 ,dr4 ,jos ,rizal began writ+ ( ! wrongs ( 8 c\ntry4 ,he came back to ,manila1 aft] an abs5ce ( "s ye>s1 b 0 bani%$ to ,m9danao4 ,:5 ! tr\ble 9 ,cuba began1 he volunte]$ to g !re z a surgeon 9 ! ,spani% army4 ,he sail$ f ,manila to ,b>celona1 expect+ to g f !re to ,cuba4 ,at ,b>celona1 on ! /r5g? ( despat*es f ,manila1 he 0 ?r[n into prison1 & lat] 0 s5t back to ,manila4 ,8 enemies !re secur$ 8 trial on a false *>ge ( s$ition1 & he 0 s5t5c$ to dea? & execut$4 ,que/ions4--,:at 0 ! ma9 cause ( ! ,cavite insurrection ( #ahgb8 ,:o 0 ,don ,f]n&o ,c>ri$o8 ,:5 7 ! ,manila wat]works complet$8 ,:5 0 ! tobacco monopoly end$8 ,:o 0 ,ja5a8 ,give an acc\nt ( ,dr4 ,rizal & 8 "w4 ,illu/ration ,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,! ,,upris+ ,,( #ahif4 ,:5 ! ,jesuits left ,manila 9 #agfh1 ! missions :i* !y _h f\nd$ 7 giv5 to ! ,recoletos4 ,9 #ahei ! ,jesuits came back to ! isl&s4 ,^! missions1 = :i* ! ,society _h work$ s h>d 9 ye>s gone by1 7 return$ to x1 & o!r places 7 made = ! ,recoletos4 ,?is 0 done at ! exp5se ( ! native prie/s1 & ! p res5t$ x4 ,! feel+ 0 gr[+ among !m t ! native cl]gy 7 n fairly treat$1 & ! in/all+ ( fri>s 9 _! places increas$ t feel+4 ,x w\ld be unju/ to ! ,spani% ,ord]s to ov]look ! good !y did 9 e>ly ye>s 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,!y help$ ! p 9 _m ways4 ,to !m is due ! cr$it ( introduc+ *ocolate1 c(fee1 cotton1 & tobacco into ! isl&s4 ,!y taught ! p to weave1 & to make _m ?+s ( use4 ,b too great p[] fell into _! h&s1 & !y did n keep pace ) ! times4 ,besides ?is1 ! p _h n[ come to believe t _! spiritual lead]s %\ld be m5 ( _! own race4 ,illu/ration3 ,,=t ,,g5]al ,,weyl] ,,9 ,,m9danao4 ,moreov]1 a feel+ ( national life1 su* z !y _h nev] be=e kn[n1 0 awak5+ among ! ,filip9os4 ,! _m languages spok5 among !m1 & ! tribal diff]5ces :i* exi/$ 9 ! c\ntry1 did m ?an any?+ else to keep ! ,filip9o p 9 subjection4 ,n until !y are a unit$ p1 ) "o language1 & ) a common desire = ! welf>e ( _! c\ntry1 c !y take ! place :i* !y %\ld hold among ! peoples ( ! _w4 ,?is ! m enlight5$ among !m 7 com+ to see1 & 7 mak+ a /eady ef=t to unite ! tribes 9 a dem& = re=m4 ,9 ?is ef=t ! secret societies1 ( :i* m5tion has be5 made1 play$ a l>ge "p4 ,^! societies 7 9 ! beg9n+ ,masonic lodges4 ,! fir/ ( !m 9 ! ,philipp9es 0 f\nd$ at ,cavite 9 #ahfj4 ,only ,spani>ds 7 memb]s at ! outset1 b 9 "t ,filip9os & ,me/izos 7 admitt$4 ,lat] ! memb]s began to take an int]e/ 9 politics1 & little by little ! ,masonic lodges came to be ! ga!r+ places ( ?9k]s & re=m]s4 ,none ( ^! societies _h z yet any idea ( revolt aga9/ ! "m c\ntry2 b ! p 7 b5t ^u secur+ re=ms 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ! isl&s4 ,x 0 impossible to get ju/ice 9 any c\rt 9 ! ar*ipelago4 ,e public (fic] knew t good s]vice & an honorable record w\ld n s]ve to keep him 9 (fice if anyone :o _h m influ5ce ?an he wi%$ 8 position4 ,corruption1 brib]y1 & di%one/y 7 ! ord] 9 ! gov]nm5t4 ,all classes 7 tax$ to ! utmo/ limit1 & ! c\ntry 0 9 a /ate ( wret*$ness ?r\gh misrule4 ,! ,filip9os !mselves _h no rights :i* anyone seem$ b\nd to respect4 ,! p rememb]$ ) bitt]ness ^? noble words ( ! ,cortes :i* decl>$1 9 ! ,con/itution ( #ahab3 8,! c\ntries & prov9ces ( ,am]ica & ,asia are & ought always to h be5 an integral "p ( ! ,spani% mon>*y4 ,_! natives & free inhabitants are equal 9 rights & privileges to ^? ( ! ,p59sula40 ,:at ! re=m]s s\ght 0 n sep>ation f ! "m c\ntry4 ,!y desir$ only t ,filip9os %\ld be recogniz$ z among h] citiz5s1 & entitl$ to ! rights :i* ?is decl>ation ( ! ,cortes said 7 !irs4 ,aft] ! revolt at ,cavite1 a new secret society 0 =m$1 kn[n z ! ,katipunan 7k t pnn7 or ,association ( ! ,sons ( ! ,c\ntry4 ,"o ( ! passwords ( ?is society 0 8,gom-bur-za40 ,?is ^w is made up ( a "p ( ! "n ( ea* "o ( ! native padres execut$ because ( t tr\ble at ,cavite--,gomez1 ,burgos1 & ,zamora4 ,! ,katipunan 0 compos$ ( ! common p4 ,x numb]$ _m ?\s&s ( memb]s1 :o /ood ready to give _! lives = ! good ( ! ,philipp9es1 & x 0 probably m responsible ?an any o!r "o ?+ = ! great upris+ ( #ahif4 ,9 #ahie tr\ble broke out among ! ,moros 9 ! s\?1 & 9 t ye> ! ,spani% began :at is kn[n z ! ,m>auit 7mr wt7 campaign 9 ,m9danao4 ,?is 0 an exp$ition aga9/ ! ,moros1 "u ! comm& ( ,gov]nor-,g5]al ,blanco himself4 ,?is campaign prov$ a great surprise to ! ,moros1 :o 7 f9ally ov]p[]$ by a division ( ! ,spani% troops comm&$ by ,brigadi]-,g5]al ,gonzales ,p>rado 7p rd74 ,! campaign la/$ = ?ree mon?s1 & 0 a complete success4 ,aft] ?is1 9 ord] t ! gov]nm5t might keep ord] !re1 x 0 decid$ to settle ! c\ntry 9 ! ,m>auit di/rict ) families f ,luzon & ! o!r nor!rn isl&s4 ,?is decision ha/5$ ! d[nfall ( ! ,spani% 9 ! ,philipp9es4 ,at fir/ ! ,filip9o p 7 invit$ to g & live 9 ?is conqu]$ t]ritory1 b no "o accept$ ! invitation4 ,x s\nd$ smoo? & fair2 b x meant leav+ fri5ds & home & security = p]il1 h>d%ip1 & d\btful adv5ture4 ,s1 z ! unwill+ness ( ! p 0 se51 ! invitation 0 made m urg5t1 & took ! =m ( an ord]4 ,?is ord]1 h[ev]1 0 only s5t to prov9ces :]e ! secret societies 7 suppos$ to be /ronge/4 ,x caus$ great dissatisfaction among ! ,filip9os1 :o quickly und]/ood its mean+4 ,_m left _! homes & w5t to live 9 ! m\nta9s to avoid tr\ble4 ,! gov]nm5t n[ made /ill great] ef=t1 & 9 #ahie & #ahif !re 0 a sy/ematic p]secution ( ! p to get !m to g s\?4 ,?is p]secution prov$ too mu* = ev5 ,filip9o pati5ce1 & 9 ! spr+ ( #ahif ! ,katipunan s5t a petition to ,japan1 ask+ ! ,mikado to annex ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s to ,japan4 ,x is said t #e1jjj ,filip9os sign$ ?is petition4 ,! emp]or ( ,japan s5t ! petition to ,spa91 & 9 ?is way ! names ( all ^! petition]s became kn[n to ! gov]nm5t4 ,! p[]s at ,manila1 h[ev]1 did n d>e to act at once1 b wait$ _! "t2 & ! puni%m5t1 :5 x came1 0 all ! m sev]e = ! delay4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,bridge ,,( ,,san ,,juan ,,del ,,monte4 ,at ?is "t all ! ,spani>ds 9 ,manila knew t "s great upris+ 0 plann$ among ! p4 ,! gov]nm5t1 h[ev]1 realiz$ ! mi/ake t _h be5 made 9 pay+ too mu* att5tion to ! revolt at ,cavite1 & x n[ made ! great] mi/ake ( n pay+ en\gh att5tion to ?is tr\ble4 ,on ,july #e1 #ahif1 an (fic] ( ! ,gu>dia ,civil report$ t ov] #ad1jjj m5 9 ! valley ( ,pasig 7 pl$g$ to revolt4 ,/ill no?+ 0 done ab\t ?is by ! ,spani% until a mon? lat]1 :5 a l>ge numb] ( revolution>y flags & ammunition 7 f\nd at ,taal4 ,gov]nor-,g5]al ,blanco !n ord]$ "s arre/s to be made4 ,by ?is "t ! ,katipunan _h its plans ne>ly complet$4 ,!re 0 to h be5 an upris+ on ! #bj? ( ,augu/2 b1 on ! night be=e1 ! plot 0 discov]$ by ,fa!r ,m>iano ,gil 7m r n zhl71 an ,augu/9e fri>1 ! p>i% prie/ at ,tondo4 ,! au?orities !n realiz$ = ! fir/ "t t ! ,katipunan 0 a political society1 & ,gov]nor-,g5]al ,blanco cabl$ ! fact to ,madrid4 ,! g>rison at ,manila numb]$ only #a1ejj m51 _m ( :om 7 natives & n to be dep5d$ ^u = help2 s t ,g5]al ,blanco did n d>e to take ! field aga9/ ! rebels4 ,nev]!less1 arre/s 7 made daily1 & ! prisons 7 full to ov]fl[+4 ,among ! prison]s 7 "s ( ! lead+ ,filip9os ( ,luzon1 _m ( :om 7 m]ely suspect$ ( disloyalty to ! gov]nm5t4 ,mu* "t 0 lo/ by ! ,spani% because ,g5]al ,blanco 0 unwill+ to use =ce until e honorable means ( br++ ab\t peace _h be5 exhau/$4 ,he felt1 moreov]1 t 8 army 0 too small to ju/ify an advance aga9/ ! rebels1 & s he cabl$ to ,madrid = help4 ,9 return he got ^w t #b1jjj m51 two gunboats1 & l>ge /ores ( arms & ammunition 7 to be s5t at once4 ,by ,augu/ #cj ! upris+ 0 9 full =ce4 ,! rebels 7 ga!r$ at ,san ,juan del ,monte1 a suburb ( ,manila1 :]e ! fir/ battle 0 f\ght4 ,?is took place betwe5 ! ,filip9os "u comm& ( ,san*o ,val5zuela 7snk vl n ?u l7 & ?ree o!rs1 & "s native cavalry & memb]s ( ! ,gu>dia ,civil4 ,! ,filip9os 7 driv5 back1 & on t day m>tial law 0 proclaim$ 9 ,manila & 9 ! prov9ces ab\t ! bay4 ,lat] ! rebel lead]s at ,san ,juan 7 %ot on ! ,luneta4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ ( _m executions :i* took place f week to week aft]w>ds1 until ! gre5 lawn ( ! ,luneta 0 saturat$ ) patriot blood4 ,n[ !re 0 w> 9 e>ne/ betwe5 ! ,spani% & ! ,filip9os4 ,! rebellion 0 gr[+ daily1 & ! cream ( ,manila society 0 9 ! jails4 ,gov]nor-,g5]al ,blanco 0 /ill incl9$ to look ^u ! upris+ z m]ely local1 & n to reg>d x s]i\sly2 b he 0 con/antly urg$ to sev]e measures by c]ta9 ( 8 advis]s4 ,!y desir$ t all rebels caught %\ld be put to dea? at once1 & !re seem$ no l5g? to :i* _! v9dictive _s 0 n will+ to g4 ,! newspap]s ( ,manila 7 =bidd5 to speak ( ! upris+1 or to use ! words 8rebellion0 or 8rebel40 ,! matt] 0 treat$ z ( slight importance1 & ! natives engag$ 9 ! insurrection 7 spok5 ( z b&its4 ,?is 0 also ! tone :i* ,gov]nor-,g5]al ,blanco adopt$ 9 all ! despat*es :i* he s5t to ! home gov]nm5t4 ,prov9ce aft] prov9ce decl>$ ) ! rebels1 until all s\!rn ,luzon 0 9 revolt4 ,cavite ,prov9ce _h become ! c5t] ( ! upris+1 & ,emilio ,agu9aldo 7 ml g w nld71 =m]ly a s*oolma/] at ,cavite1 came to ! front z a lead]4 ,he 0 a native ( ! city ( ,cavite1 born ,m>* #bb1 #ahfi1 & at ?is "t 0 ab\t tw5ty-sev5 ye>s old4 ,illu/ration3 ,,dungeon ,,at ,,cavite4 ,by ! middle ( ,septemb]1 troops to ! numb] ( #f1jjj _h be5 s5t up f ,zamboanga & s\!rn /ations to aid ! gov]nm5t at ,manila4 ,ne>ly two-?irds ( ^! 7 natives1 h[ev]1 & ! ,spani>ds felt t !y _h good reason to di/ru/ _! loyalty4 ,! rebels 7 9 great =ce ab\t ,silang1 ,imus 7 mus71 & ,novaleta 7n v lt71 & !re 7 upris+s 9 ,t>lac 7trlk71 ,pangas9an1 ,laguna1 ,morong1 & ,tayabas4 ,on ,octob] #a a /eam] arriv$ f ,spa9 ) a battalion ( m>9es1 :i* 0 w>mly welcom$ by ! ,spani>ds4 ,! next day came ano!r /eam] ) m troops1 & aft] t a l>ge numb] ( m5 came1 until1 be=e ! tr\ble 0 ov]1 !re 7 #bh1jjj ,spani% soldi]s 9 ! isl&s4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 7 raw drafts4 ,! tr\ble 9 ,cuba _h tak5 all ( ,spa9's fight+ m51 & %e _h no?+ to s5d to ! ,philipp9es b boys4 ,^! "y soldi]s 7 undrill$1 )\t uni=ms1 & b poorly arm$4 ,! ,filip9os 7 no bett] (f ?an ! ,spani% troops4 ,!y 7 h>di]1 b !y 7 ev5 m poorly arm$4 ,!y _h "s rifles1 b mo/ ( _! guns 7 made ( gas or wat] pipe wrapp$ ) telegraph wire4 ,!y _h cannon made f boil] tubes & f old bells & o!r metal4 ,b !y 7 det]m9$ & c\rage\s1 & 7 fight+ = :at 0 de>] to !m ?an life--! dec5t treatm5t to :i* e free man is entitl$ at ! h&s ( 8 gov]nm5t4 ,! ,spani% treat$ all ,filip9os captur$ ) great cruelty4 ,f "t to "t suspects 7 s5t 9 f ! prov9ces1 b\nd h& & foot2 !y 7 haul$ up f ! holds ( vessels ) *a9 & hook1 & dis*>g$ z c>go1 l bales ( hemp4 ,! ra9y season set 91 & ,g5]al ,blanco _h n ! =ce at 8 comm& :i* 8 successor _h aft]w>ds4 ,! native troops 7 n to be dep5d$ ^u1 & x 0 almo/ impossible = ! few ,spani% soldi]s to get ab\t ! c\ntry4 ,he cont5t$ himself1 !re=e1 ) keep+ ! rebels out ( ,manila4 ,9 ,decemb]1 #ahif1 ! gov]nor-g5]al w5t back to ,spa94 ,at t "t ! total ,european =ce 9 ! isl&s 0 #aj1jjj m54 ,!y held ! ars5als at ,cavite1 & ! city ( ,manila2 b ! rebels 7 /rongly entr5*$ ?r\gh\t ! p59sula ( ,cavite & 9 ,laguna ,prov9ce4 8,at t "t10 says ,=man1 ! hi/orian1 8,i 0 in=m$ by ! secret>y ( ! milit>y c\rt t !re 7 #d1gjj individuals await+ trial by c\rt-m>tial40 ,g5]al ,camilo ,polavieja 0 s5t out to ! ,philipp9es z gov]nor-g5]al 9 ,blanco's /ead4 ,he arriv$ 9 ,june1 #ahif1 & at once set to "w to put d[n ! rebellion4 ,he 0 an en]getic milit>y lead]1 a man :o _h himself ris5 f ! ranks4 ,he _h be5 9 ,cuba1 & 8 exp]i5ce !re enabl$ him to see at once h[ s]i\s 0 ! /ate ( ?+s 9 ! ,philipp9es4 ,on ! %ip ) him came #ejj troops1 "u comm& ( ,g5]al ,la*ambre 7l *mbr71 & on ano!r %ip #a1ejj m4 ,o!rs quickly foll[$1 s t 9 a %ort "t1 z we h /at$ be=e1 !re 7 #bh1jjj fight+ ,europeans 9 ! isl&s4 ,x 0 n[ ! dry season1 & ,g5]al ,la*ambre at once took ! field aga9/ ! rebels 9 ,cavite ,prov9ce4 ,! ,filip9os at ?is "t expressly decl>$ t !y 7 fight+1 n ,spa91 b ! dom9ion ( ! ,spani% fri>s4 ,_! battle cry 01 8,long live ,spa96 ,d[n ) ! prie/s60 ,! campaign 0 conduct$ v well on ! "p ( ! ,spani%4 ,_! troops 7 bett] arm$ ?an ! ,filip9os1 & 7 well comm&$1 :ile ! rebels _h no tra9$ milit>y (fic]s to plan _! battles4 ,! ,filip9os 7 driv5 f ,imus1 & lat] f ,silang2 & al?\gh ! ,spani% met ) great losses1 9 "t ! rebels1 unable to hold any "o place1 7 driv5 up to ,laguna ,prov9ce4 ,by ! middle ( ,m>* e rebel b& ( importance _h be5 scatt]$4 ,polavieja cabl$ = m troops to be s5t f ,spa94 ,he want$ ^! to g>rison ! di/ricts :i* he _h tak5 f ! rebels1 z 8 army corps 0 ne$$ 9 ! nor!rn prov9ces1 to :i* ! ,filip9os _h be5 driv5 back4 ,b !re 7 already #bjj1jjj ,spani% soldi]s 9 ,cuba1 & m 7 ne$$ !re4 ,! ,spani% gov]nm5t1 !re=e1 refus$ to s5d any m troops to ! ,philipp9es4 ,! newspap]s at ,madrid made light ( ! tr\ble 9 ! isl&s1 & criticis$ ! gov]nor-g5]al's rule4 ,polavieja !n cabl$ t he 0 brok5 d[n 9 heal? & %\ld be oblig$ to resign4 ,?r\gh mu* ( ! campaign he 0 s ill t he c\ld n sit 8 horse1 & 0 oblig$ to direct ! campaign f ,p>aaque 7p rn yk71 :]e he rema9$ until aft] ! capture ( ,san ,francisco & ! driv+ back ( ! rebels into ! m\nta9s4 ,9 ,april1 #ahig1 he w5t back to ,spa94 ,g5]al ,la*ambre foll[$1 to receive great praise = ! good "w he _h done 9 ! ,philipp9es4 ,polavieja himself arriv$ 9 ,spa9 bl9d1 physically disabl$1 & really ill2 b he _h accompli%$ a great deal 9 ! isl&s1 & _h gott5 ! rebellion well 9 h&4 ,! next gov]nor-g5]al 0 ,primo de ,riv]a1 :o _h held t (fice be=e1 f ! ye>s #ahhj to #ahhc4 ,he rea*$ ,manila on ! #bc;d ( ,april1 & w5t to ! front on ! #bi? day ( t mon?4 ,summ>y4--,! gr[? ( secret societies 9 ! isl&s1 & ! rebelli\s attitude ( _m ( ! p1 l$ ,spa9 to adopt a new measure4 ,x 0 decid$ to settle ! ,m>auit di/rict1 9 ,m9danao1 ) ,filip9os f ,luzon4 ,invitations1 am\nt+ really to ord]s1 to g & live 9 ?is di/rict 7 s5t out among ! p liv+ 9 prov9ces :]e ! secret societies 7 suppos$ to be /ronge/4 ,because ( ^! invitations _m ,filip9os left _! homes & w5t to live 9 ! m\nta9s1 to avoid tr\ble4 ,! gov]nm5t !n began try+ to =ce p to g s\? to live4 ,9 #ahif ! ,katipunan s5t a petition to ! emp]or ( ,japan1 ask+ him to annex ! isl&s to ,japan4 ,! emp]or s5t ?is petition to ,spa94 ,! gov]nm5t n[ awoke to a k ( h[ s]i\s 0 ! revolt 9 ! isl&s4 ,_m arre/s 7 made1 & soon ! jails 9 ,manila 7 fill$ ) prison]s4 ,by ,augu/ #cj ! upris+ 0 9 full =ce1 & ! fir/ battle 0 f\ght at ,san ,juan del ,monte1 on t day4 ,troops 7 n[ s5t f ,spa91 :ile f all ov] ! isl&s fight+ m5 ga!r$ to ! aid ( ! ,filip9o lead]s4 ,by ,decemb]1 #ahif1 !re 7 #aj1jjj ,european troops 9 ! isl&s4 ,!y held ! ars5al at ,cavite1 & ! city ( ,manila2 b ! ,filip9os held /rong positions 9 ! ,cavite p59sula & 9 ,laguna ,prov9ce4 ,gov]nor-,g5]al ,blanco w5t back to ,spa91 & ,g5]al ,camilo ,polavieja 0 s5t out 9 8 /ead4 ,! new gov]nor-g5]al c>ri$ on ! w> ) great vigor4 ,he s5t = m troops1 until !re 7 #bh1jjj ,spani% soldi]s 9 ! c\ntry4 ,! ,spani% succe$$ 9 driv+ ! ,filip9os back f _! /rong places1 b 7 too few to d m ?an hold !m 9 *eck4 ,! home gov]nm5t refus$ to s5d m troops to ! ,philipp9es1 z all ,spa9's arm$ =ce 0 ne$$ 9 ,cuba4 ,gov]nor-,g5]al ,polavieja 0 tak5 v ill1 & w5t back to ,spa94 ,g5]al ,la*ambre foll[$1 soon aft]4 ,! next gov]nor-g5]al 0 ,primo de ,riv]a1 :o rea*$ ,manila ,april #bc1 #ahig4 ,que/ions4--,:at 7 ! secret societies t n[ grew up 9 ! isl&s8 ,:at plan did ! gov]nm5t make = settl+ ! ,m>auit di/rict8 ,give an acc\nt ( ! petition s5t by ! ,katipunan to ,japan4 ,:5 0 ! fir/ battle f\ght 9 ! upris+ ( #ahif8 ,outl9e ! progress ( ?is upris+4 ,illu/ration ,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,,! ,,end ,,( ,,spani% ,,rule4 ,"o ( ! fir/ ?+s t ,g5]al ,primo de ,riv]a did aft] 8 arrival1 = ! second "t1 9 ! isl&s1 0 to issue a proclamation (f]+ amne/y to all :o w\ld lay d[n _! arms4 ,_m ( ! ,filip9os :o 7 9 revolt accept$ ! (f]1 & pl$g$ allegiance to ,spa94 ,!y 7 driv5 to ?is /ep by _! fe>s4 ,! ,filip9o =ces 7 weak5$ & disc\rag$4 ,g5]al ,polavieja _h c>ri$ on ! campaign aga9/ !m ) su* savage cruelty t ! p 7 fill$ ) t]ror4 ,no qu>t] _h be5 giv5 by ! ,spani%1 & 9 ,cavite ,prov9ce alone ov] #cj1jjj ,filip9os _h lo/ _! lives4 ,agu9aldo _h left ,cavite1 :i* prov9ce 0 n[ cle>$ ( ! ,filip9o =ces1 & _h jo9$ ,g5]al ,llan]as 7lyn rs71 :o 0 lead+ ! ,filip9os 9 ! nor?1 beyond ,pampanga4 ,! /ate ( ! c\ntry at ?is "t 0 pitiful4 ,no crops _h be5 plant$2 !re 0 no food = ! p2 _! "y c>abaos _h be5 kill$2 ! rice & camotes 7 all gone4 ,w> _h r$uc$ ! c\ntry to a wild]ness4 ,ev]y:]e ! au?orities 7 seek+ to put d[n ! rebellion1 b _! cruel measures actually made rebels ( ! p4 ,! ,filip9o prie/s & curates 7 put 9 *a9s1 7 flogg$ & tortur$1 to make !m tell :at !y might h le>n$1 ?r\gh ! confessional1 ( ! secret societies & ! movem5ts ( ! p4 ,! ,spani% campaign 9 ,manila 0 be+ conduct$ by ,g5]al ,monet 7,mnt71 & !re1 too1 no m]cy 0 %[n to natives s un=tunate z to be captur$4 ,9 ,pangas9an ,g5]al ,nuez 7nnye?7 0 fight+ ! rebels4 ,! w> 0 wag$ ) bitt]ness2 no qu>t] 0 giv5 on ei!r side1 & ! natives lo/ no opportunity to av5ge ! puni%m5t :i* ! ,spani>ds visit$ ^u !m4 ,by ?is "t ! ra9y wea!r 0 tell+ sev]ely on ! unseason$ ,spani% soldi]s4 ,!re 0 mu* sickness among !m1 s t ! milit>y hospitals 7 full4 ,! soldi]s _h n be5 paid = sev]al mon?s1 & !y 7 bitt]ly discont5t$4 ,! ,filip9os1 too1 7 suff]+ sev]ely4 ,!y 7 poorly f$ & poorly arm$2 b !y kept up a con/ant petty w>f>e t 0 v try+ to ! ,spani%1 al?\gh x 0 useless1 s f> z ga9+ any real end 0 conc]n$4 ,!y n[ held two places1 ,angat 7ngt7 & ,san ,mateo1 9 ,bulacan ,prov9ce4 ,^! _h be5 =tifi$ securely1 & !y 7 by nature su* =tresses t x w\ld h be5 almo/ impossible = ! ,spani% to dislodge any =ce f !m4 ,! ,filip9os 7 n1 h[ev]1 /rong en\gh to make any effective w>f>e aga9/ ! enemy1 b _h to cont5t !mselves ) hold+ ^! two places & h>ass+ ! ,spani% z mu* z !y c\ld4 ,on ! #b;d ( ,july1 #ahig1 ! gov]nor-g5]al issu$ an edict comm&+ all :o 7 conc]n$ 9 ! rebellion to report !mselves to ! ,spani% au?orities by ,july #aj4 ,! edict also ord]$ all (fic]s1 milit>y & civil1 to prev5t ! p f leav+ ! t[ns or villages1 except to till ! fields1 to look aft] _! f>m prop]ties1 or d _! daily "w4 ,all :o 7 all[$ to g out on su* bus9ess mu/ be provid$ ) passes /at+ :]e !y 7 go+1 by :at road !y %\ld travel1 :5 !y %\ld return1 & :at 0 _! err&4 ,any ,filip9o /ay+ out ov] "t1 or f\nd on any road or 9 any place n m5tion$ 9 ! pass1 0 to be treat$ z a rebel4 ,! edict also decl>$ t aft] ,july #aj all p]sons w\ld be oblig$ to prove _! id5tity by 8c$ula p]sonal10 toge!r ) ! pass4 ,anyone :o fail$ to obs]ve ^! ord]s1 x 0 decl>$1 w\ld be tri$ by c\rt-m>tial4 ,?is measure 0 s outrage\s & s unnecess>y t x _h an effect on ! p exactly opposite to :at ! gov]nor-g5]al hop$ =4 ,^? ,filip9os :o _h be5 neutral 7 made angry by x4 ,x enrag$ ! rebels & drove _m o!rs into ! insurg5t camp4 ,! rebels !mselves respond$ by a docum5t call+ ^u all ,filip9os to rise 9 def5se ( ! c\ntry4 ,?is docum5t dem&$ t ! fri>s %\ld be expell$1 & t l& seiz$ by !m %\ld be return$ to ! t[ns to :i* x belong$2 t all liv+s & p>i%es %\ld be divid$ equally betwe5 ! ,spani% & ! native prie/s4 ,x ask$ = repres5tation by ,filip9os 9 ,p>liam5t2 = fre$om ( ! press2 = religi\s tol]ation2 & = m j laws 9 ! isl&s4 ,x dem&$ t !re %\ld be equal t]ms & pay = ,spani% & native civil s]vants2 t no citiz5 %\ld be bani%$ f ! ,philipp9es2 & t !re %\ld be equal puni%m5t = ,spani>ds & ,filip9os :o %\ld (f5d aga9/ ! laws ( ! l&4 ,x decl>$ t ! w> w\ld be prolong$ until ,spa9 0 compell$ to grant ! dem&s ( ! p4 ,to ^! dem&s ,agu9aldo add$ an appeal to ! p to jo9 ! rebellion4 ,_m ,filip9os respond$1 & ! =ce ( ! rebels 0 greatly increas$4 ,g5]al ,primo de ,riv]a n[ began to urge ! home gov]nm5t to grant "s ( ! dem&s made by ! ,filip9os4 ,! au?orities at ,madrid 7 com+ to see t some?+ mu/ be done4 ,! w> 9 ,cuba _h s dra9$ ! res\rces ( ,spa9 t %e _h nei!r m5 nor money to exp5d 9 puni%+ ! rebel ,filip9os1 & x 0 !re=e decid$ to make "s concessions to _! dem&s4 ,9 ,augu/1 #ahig1 ,seor ,p$ro ,alis&ro ,pat]no 7l sndr p t]n71 a ,filip9o1 educat$ 9 ,europe1 a man ( means & position 9 ,manila1 0 made ! ag5t ( ,spa9 to try to arrange t]ms ( peace ) ! rebel lead]s4 ,he visit$ ,agu9aldo 9 ! m\nta9s ( ,bulacan ,prov9ce4 ,!re he talk$ ) ! ,filip9o lead]1 & 0 giv5 p[] to act 9 8 "n4 ,agu9aldo /at$ to ,seor ,pat]no ! t]ms on :i* peace c\ld be made4 ,x mu/ always be a matt] ( regret t ^! t]ms 7 nev] made public1 ei!r by ! ,filip9os or by ! ,spani>ds4 ,9 ! disputes t aft]w>ds arose1 ! ,spani% gov]nm5t d5i$ ! claims made by ! ,filip9os1 & decl>$ t ! t]ms ( peace _h includ$ no?+ ( :at ! ,filip9os /at$ _h be5 agre$ ^u4 ,x w1 !re=e1 nev] be c]ta9ly kn[n :at ^! t]ms 74 ,illu/ration3 ,,biac-,,na-',,bato1 ,,:]e ,,! ,,treaty ,,0 ,,made4 ,c]ta9 re=ms 9 ! gov]nm5t 7 dem&$4 ,^! re=ms 7 oppos$ by ! fri>s1 ^: p[] 0 less5$ by !m4 ,! fri>s endeavor$ to prev5t ! gov]nm5t f yield+ ! t]ms1 :atev] !y may h be51 & succe$$ 9 prolong+ ! tr\ble = sev]al mon?s4 ,at la/1 h[ev]1 ,seor ,pat]no 0 giv5 au?ority to act = ! capta9-g5]al ( ! =ces 9 ! isl&s1 repres5t+ ! ,spani% gov]nm5t4 ,on ,septemb] #ai he _h a meet+ ) ,agu9aldo & 8 g5]als1 & an agreem5t 0 ent]$ into4 ,?is conf]5ce took place at ,biac-na-'bato 7b knb t71 a m\nta9 fa/ness n f> f ! fam\s sulphur spr+s1 ne> ,angat1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,bulacan4 ,"h 0 made :at is n[ kn[n to hi/ory z ! treaty ( ,biac-na-'bato4 ,x 0 made betwe5 ,agu9aldo & ! o!r ,filip9o g5]als on ! "o h&1 & ,seor ,pat]no1 act+ = ! ,spani% gov]nm5t1 on ! o!r4 ,by its t]ms ! ,filip9os agre$ to deliv] up _! arms1 all ammunition1 etc41 to ! ,spani>ds4 ,!y 7 to give up all places held by !m1 & to cease1 = ?ree ye>s1 all plott+ aga9/ ! ,spani% au?ority4 ,^! ?ree ye>s ! gov]nm5t %\ld h = br++ ab\t ! re=ms dem&$ & promis$4 ,agu9aldo & ?irty-f\r o!rs ( ! insurg5t lead]s promis$ to leave ! c\ntry1 n to return until !y 7 giv5 p]mission by ! ,spani% gov]nm5t4 ,! gov]nm5t1 on its side1 agre$ to pay ! rebels #a1jjj1jjj1 ,mexican1 z indemnity1 & to reimburse ! ,filip9os n 9 arms1 b :o _h suff]$ by ! w>1 9 ! sum ( #gjj1jjj1 ,mexican4 ,?is latt] sum 0 to be paid 9 ?ree equal in/allm5ts1 ! la/ "o to be paid 9 six mon?s aft] ! ,te ,deum %\ld be sung 9 tok5 t peace 0 secur$4 ,aft] ?is treaty _h be5 sign$1 ,agu9aldo & 8 ?irty-f\r companions 7 tak5 to ,sual 7sl71 on ! coa/1 "u an escort ( ,spani% (fic]s4 ,"h !y & _! escort _h a fea/1 & great good feel+ t[>ds ,spa9 0 express$ by ! ,filip9o milit>y lead]s4 ,!n ! exiles 7 tak5 on bo>d ! /eam%ip ,uranus 7 rnus71 = ,hong-,kong4 ,!y sail$ on ,decemb] #bg1 #ahig1 ) an escort ( ,spani>ds ( high rank4 ,:5 !y rea*$ port1 !y 7 h&$ a draft on ! ,bank ( ,hong-,kong = #djj1jjj1 ,mexican1 ! fir/ in/allm5t on ! sum agre$ to be paid !m4 ,9 ! meantime !re 0 rejoic+ 9 ,manila & 9 ,madrid4 ,g5]al ,primo de ,riv]a receiv$ great comm5dation1 & 0 publicly ?ank$ by ! gov]nm5t4 ,on e side 7 words ( praise = 8 success z a peacemak]4 ,! ,que5 ,reg5t pres5t$ him ) ! ,gr& ,cross ( ,san ,f]n&o & a p5sion ( #aj1jjj pesetas a ye>4 ,! p n[ look$ to see ! promis$ re=ms c>ri$ out2 b1 in/ead1 ! gov]nm5t seem$ to =get t any promises _h be5 made4 ,! ,filip9os _h laid d[n _! arms1 & !re 7 ab\t two mon?s ( quiet4 ,sev5 ?\s& ( ! troops 7 s5t back to ,spa91 & ,g5]al ,primo de ,riv]a evid5tly ?\ght t he _h brok5 ! back ( ! revolt4 ,bus9ess 0 resum$ 9 ,manila4 ,! ,spani>ds w5t on ) _! pleasures1 & matt]s 9 ,luzon seem$1 on ! surface1 to be z usual2 b tr\ble 0 /ill 9 /ore = ! isl&s4 ,p]sons :o _h tak5 "p 9 ! rebellion 7 arre/$1 on slight *>ges1 f "t to "t1 & put into prison2 o!rs 7 op5ly insult$ & reg>d$ ) suspicion1 z rebels aga9/ ! c\ntry4 ,!re 7 _m executions1 & in/ead ( ! g5]al p>don :i* 0 tak5 = grant$ z a "p ( ! treaty ( peace1 only a few p>dons 7 be/[$4 ,"t w5t on4 ,no /eps 7 tak5 t[>d mak+ ! re=ms1 & ! ,filip9os began to see t ! gov]nm5t _h once m deceiv$ !m4 ,at ?is "t ! ,sev5ty-f\r? ,regim5t ( native infantry 0 9 g>rison at ,cavite4 ,?is 0 a v old regim5t 9 ! ,philipp9es4 ,= _m ye>s x _h be5 kn[n z ! ,fir/ ,regim5t ( ! ,visayas4 ,9 #ahhf x 0 ?\ght t by mak+ ! native regim5ts a "p ( ! ,spani% army ano!r tie w\ld be =m$ betwe5 ! isl&s & ,spa94 ,s ^! 7 all numb]$ 9 l9e ) ! ,spani% regim5ts1 & ! ,fir/ ,visayas became ! ,sev5ty-f\r? ,regim5t ( infantry4 ,e>ly 9 #ahih1 companies ( arm$ m51 :om ! gov]nm5t call$ ladrones1 7 infe/+ ! prov9ce4 ,! c\ntry 0 9 an unsettl$ /ate1 & "s ( ^! companies--really insurg5ts :o _h tak5 up arms aga9--came into ,cavite ,prov9ce4 ,on ,m>* #bd1 ! ,sev5ty-f\r? ,regim5t 0 ord]$ out aga9/ !m2 b1 to ! surprise ( ev]ybody1 x refus$ to g4 ,! soldi]s decl>$ t !y 7 ready to fight ! enemies ( ,spa9 or ( ! isl&s1 b t !y w\ld n m>* aga9/ _! own p4 ,eight corporals 7 call$ out ( ! regim5t1 & ! m5 7 aga9 ord]$ to advance1 on p5alty ( dea? to all4 ,all refus$1 & ! entire regim5t 0 s5t to ! b>racks to await s5t5ce4 ,by morn+ x _h des]t$ 9 a body4 ,on ! foll[+ day ano!r regim5t jo9$ !m4 ,on ,m>* #be occurr$ 9 ,manila "o ( ! mo/ s5seless ( ! _m trag$ies :i* m>k$ ,spani% rule 9 ! isl&s4 ,?is is kn[n z ! massacre ( ,calle de ,camba 7kly d kmb74 ,a numb] ( ,visayan soldi]s1 9 a public h\se on ?is /reet1 fell into a discussion ( matt]s ( no especial importance2 b !y got to talk+ l\dly1 & became excit$ ov] _! talk4 ,"s "o ov]he>d !m & report$ to ! police4 ,illu/ration3 ,,emilio ,,agu9aldo4 ,)\t /opp+ to ask any que/ions1 a b& ( ! ,gu>dia ,civil came & raid$ ! place4 ,!y %ot d[n a l>ge numb] ( ! p1 & made betwe5 sixty & sev5ty ( !m prison]s4 ,"s ( ^! latt] 7 m5 :o _h n be5 9 ! build+ at all1 b 7 m]ely pass+ 9 ! /reet & 7 tak5 along ) ! re/4 ,next morn+ ! :ole company ( sixty-two 7 tak5 out to ! cemet]y & %ot4 ,! rebellion n[ flam$ up aga91 & among ! insurg5ts 7 two battalions ( well-tra9$ vet]an soldi]s4 ,on ! #c;d ( ,april1 #ahih1 a p>ty ( #e1jjj natives made a raid on ! city ( ,cebu4 ,! lead]s 7 arm$ ) rifles1 b ! rank & file _h only bolos4 ,! ,spani% fl$ be=e !m1 & ! natives cut ! cable to ,manila1 s t ! refugees c\ld n communicate ) ! g>rison !re4 ,a gunboat came 9 f ,m9danao t aft]noon1 h[ev]1 & two small boats 7 s5t to ,iligan 7 l gn7 & ,iloilo = troops4 ,^! arriv$ two or ?ree days lat]1 & 7 foll[$ by ren=cem5ts f ,manila4 ,! rebels 7 =c$ out ( ! city on ! #h? ( ,april1 & su/a9$ a cru%+ defeat4 ,aft] t ! ,spani% *as$ !m back into ! m\nta9s1 :]e !y took refuge4 ,?is new movem5t 0 m s]i\s ?an any t _h gone be=e4 ,all tru/ 9 ,spa9 0 swept away4 ,! e>li] lead]s _h desir$ re=m1 b ! ,filip9os n[ 9 ! field s\ght fir/ ( all v5geance = ! wrongs :i* _h be5 heap$ ^u !m4 ,x _h be5 und]/ood 9 connection ) ! treaty ( ,biac-na-'bato t ,g5]al ,primo de ,riv]a w\ld /ay 9 ! isl&s & see t ! re=ms 7 c>ri$ out4 ,in/ead ( 8 do+ ?is1 h[ev]1 ! home gov]nm5t recall$ him e>ly 9 #ahih1 & appo9t$ 9 8 place ,g5]al ,basilio ,augu/i 7b sli au gust71 a /rang] to ! ,philipp9es4 ,he arriv$ 9 ! isl&s e>ly 9 ,april1 & 9 ! second week ( t mon? ,primo de ,riv]a left ,manila = ,spa94 ,be=e he rea*$ ,madrid1 ,spa9's disa/] 9 ,manila _h tak5 place1 & ! isl&s 7 fat$ nev] aga9 to come "u ,spa9's rule4 ,summ>y4--,"o ( ,primo de ,riv]a's fir/ acts 0 to (f] amne/y to all ,filip9os :o w\ld lay d[n _! arms & pl$ge _! allegiance to ,spa94 ,?is 0 a good move1 & _m accept$ ! (f]4 ,lat]1 h[ev]1 ano!r edict 0 issu$1 :i* =bade p to leave _! t[ns or villages )\t passes /at+ _! bus9ess1 ! roads !y might travel1 & ! "t :5 !y %\ld return4 ,all p]sons 7 also requir$ to prove id5tity by 8c$ula p]sonal40 ,?is measure 0 s unreasonable & s sev]e t x enrag$ ! p1 & ! rebellion blaz$ up anew4 ,! rebels issu$ a proclamation call+ ^u ! p to jo9 !m1 & /at+ _! grievances & dem&s4 ,! gov]nor-g5]al advis$ ! au?orities 9 ,spa9 to grant "s ( ^! dem&s4 ,9 ,augu/1 #ahig1 ,p$ro ,a4 ,pat]no1 a ,filip9o1 0 s5t 9 behalf ( ,spa9 to conf] ) ! ,filip9o lead]s4 ,he met !m at ,biac-na-'bato1 & !re a treaty 0 arrang$4 ,w> 0 to cease2 & ! rebel lead]s w\ld leave ! c\ntry & give up all plott+ aga9/ ,spani% au?ority4 ,! gov]nm5t agre$ to pay c]ta9 sums to ! revolutioni/s2 to reimburse ,filip9os n 9 rebellion1 :o _h suff]$ f ! w>2 & to grant ! re=ms dem&$ by ! rebels4 ,:5 ?is treaty _h be5 sign$1 ! ?irty-five rebel lead]s 7 escort$ to ,sual1 :5ce !y sail$ = ,hong-,kong1 on ,decemb] #bg1 #ahig1 ) an escort ( ,spani>ds ( high rank4 ,at ,hong-,kong !y 7 h&$ a draft = #djj1jjj1 ,mexican1 ! fir/ in/allm5t ( a sum agre$ to be paid !m4 ,bus9ess n[ w5t on 9 ,manila4 ,_m ( ! ,spani% troops 7 s5t home2 b no /eps 7 tak5 t[>d ! promis$ re=ms1 & ! p began to see t !y _h aga9 be5 deceiv$4 ,on ,m>* #bd1 #ahih1 ! ,sev5ty-f\r? ,regim5t ( native infantry revolt$ :5 ord]$ to g aga9/ c]ta9 ,filip9os :o _h tak5 up arms 9 ,cavite ,prov9ce4 ,next day ?is regim5t des]t$ 9 a body1 & on ! foll[+ day ano!r regim5t jo9$ !m4 ,on ,m>* #be occurr$ ! massacre ( ,calle de ,camba4 ,all tru/ 9 ,spa9 0 n[ at an end1 & ! p aga9 began arm+ !mselves4 ,contr>y to ! und]/&+ claim$ "u ! treaty ( ,biac-na-'bato1 a new gov]nor-g5]al1 ,basilio ,augu/i1 0 s5t out1 & ,primo de ,riv]a left ,manila 9 ,april1 #ahih4 ,que/ions4--,:at 0 ! edict t caus$ ! rebellion to break out afre%8 ,:at proclamation did ! patriot lead]s issue8 ,:at did ,riv]a advise ! gov]nm5t to d8 ,:at 0 ! treaty ( ,biac-na-'bato8 ,h[ 0 ?is treaty kept on ! "p ( ,spa98 ,illu/ration ,*apt] ,,xix4 ,,! ,,beg9n+ ,,( ,,am]ican ,,occupation4 ,9 ! mon? ( ,april1 #ahih1 w> 0 decl>$ betwe5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,spa94 ,! cause ( ?is w> 0 ! feel+ ( ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 reg>d to ! way 9 :i* ,spa9 0 treat+ ! p ( ,cuba & ,porto ,rico4 ,^! 7 ! only colonies left ( ! _m ,spa9 _h once possess$ 9 ! ,new ,_w4 ,= ye>s ,spa9 _h oppress$ & ill-treat$ ! ,cubans until human nature c\ld no long] be> su* bitt] inju/ice1 & ! p rose aga9/ x4 ,spa9 p\r$ h] armies into ! isl&1 & ! means :i* %e us$ to put d[n ! rebellion 7 contr>y to humane ideas among civiliz$ p4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates m ?an once prote/$ aga9/ !m4 ,spa91 h[ev]1 paid no att5tion to ^! prote/s4 ,%e did n %[ 9 any way :at ! ,am]ican ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce calls 8a dec5t respect = ! op9ions ( mank9d40 ,in/ead1 %e cont9u$ h] b>b>\s c\rse 9 ,cuba until o!r nations began to feel t ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 z ! ne>e/ neighbor ( t unhappy c\ntry1 %\ld int]f]e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,admiral ,,montojo4 ,at la/1 dur+ ! night ( ,febru>y #ae1 #ahih1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates battle-%ip ,ma9e1 :ile ly+ 9 ,havana h>bor1 0 bl[n up4 ,a m9e _h be5 plac$ 9 ! h>bor exactly :]e ! battle-%ip 0 all[$ to an*or4 ,?is m9e _h explod$1 &1 z a result1 #bff lives 7 lo/ ( ! #cec (fic]s & m5 :o 7 on ! %ip4 ,a c\rt 0 held to inquire into ?is awful ev5t1 b x 0 n possible to say :]e ! blame = ! cata/rophe belong$4 ,x 0 evid5t1 h[ev]1 t ! /ate ( affairs 9 ,cuba 0 becom+ dang]\s to o!r nations1 & 0 no long] to be borne4 ,! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 a special message to ,congress1 /at$ pla9ly t ! w> 9 ,cuba mu/ end4 ,congress !n pass$ a resolution to decl>e w> aga9/ ,spa9 if t nation did n at once take h] army out ( ,cuba & re/ore peace !re4 ,z ,spa9 refus$ to d ?is1 w> 0 decl>$1 fir/ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & !n by ,spa94 ,at ?is "t ,commodore ,george ,dewey 0 9 comm& ( ! ,s\? ,pacific squadron ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,?is fleet1 :i* numb]$ t5 %ips1 0 ly+ 9 ! h>bor ( ,hong-,kong4 ,z t h>bor is "u ,engli% control1 & z ,great ,brita9 0 fri5dly to bo? ,spa9 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 %e 0 compell$ to treat bo? nations fairly4 ,to all[ ! fleet ( "o ( ^! nations to rema9 9 ! h>bor w\ld h be5 unfair to ! o!r "o2 s ,commodore ,dewey 0 notifi$ t 8 %ips mu/ leave ,hong-,kong4 ,at ! same "t he receiv$ ord]s f 8 own gov]nm5t to g 9 se>* ( ! ,spani% fleet & to capture or de/roy x4 ,?is fleet1 z ,dewey knew1 0 9 ,manila h>bor2 &1 obey+ ord]s1 he at once set out = ,manila4 ,! ,spani% %ips1 sev5 9 numb]1 ) t5 small gunboats1 7 an*or$ (f ,cavite4 ,commodore ,dewey ent]$ ,manila h>bor "u cov] ( ! night1 & :5 day broke on ,sunday1 ,may #a1 #ahih1 8 %ips lay at an*or 9 front ( ,manila4 ,at six o'clock t morn+ began ! fam\s battle ( ,manila ,bay4 ,by half-pa/ sev5 ! ,spani% flag%ip 0 9 flames1 & ! comm&] ( ! fleet1 ,admiral ,montojo 7mon th7 0 =c$ to take refuge on ano!r %ip ( ! fleet1 ! ,isla de ,cuba4 ,by noon ( t day ! ,spani% fleet 0 :olly de/roy$1 & ! admiral & all survivors _h fl$ into ,manila4 ,! ,am]icans _h su/a9$ no loss ( life1 & only a slight injury to "o ( ! %ips1 ! ,bo/on4 ,!y next op5$ fire on ! ars5al & =t at ,cavite1 & kept ?is up until a flag ( truce 0 %[n4 ,by sunset ,cavite 0 "u control ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ! ,/>s & ,/ripes float$ ov] ! t[n & ! =ts at ,cacao 7kn k71 ,punta 7pnt71 & ,sangley 7sngli74 ,illu/ration3 ,,gov]nor-,,g5]al ,,augu/i4 ,commodore ,dewey n[ dem&$ ! surr5d] ( ,manila1 :i* 0 refus$ by ,gov]nor-,g5]al ,augu/i4 ,dewey refra9$ f tak+ ! city by =ce1 b decl>$ ! port blockad$4 ,on ! foll[+ day he dem&$ control ( ! telegraph /ation1 & on ?is be+ refus$ he ord]$ ! cable cut4 ,! (ficials 9 ,manila _h j "t to s5d ! dire news to ,spa9 be=e ?is ord] 0 c>ri$ out4 ,admiral ,dewey--= 8 gov]nm5t at once rew>d$ him by promot+ him to ! rank ( admiral--n[ held ! key to ! situation 9 ! ,philipp9es4 ,he 0 9 possession ( ! isl& ( ,corregidor 7kr-rg dr71 ( ! ars5al at ,cavite1 ! city ( ,cavite1 & ! surr\nd+ c\ntry4 ,8 fleet lay 9 ! h>bor1 ready at any mom5t to =ce ! surr5d] ( ,manila2 b he 0 await+ in/ructions f home & ! arrival ( l& =ces1 = :i* he _h ask$1 be=e complet+ 8 victory4 ,! ,filip9os 9 arms _h tak5 fre% c\rage on ! approa* ( ! ,am]icans1 & _h clos$ 9 ab\t ,manila1 s t ! ,spani>ds 7 lit]ally prison]s )9 ! city limits4 ,outside1 9 ,manila ,bay1 ! ,am]ican fleet lay1 cutt+ (f all *ance ( escape by sea4 ,9 ! meantime ! ,filip9o lead]1 ,emilio ,agu9aldo1 _h come to ,cavite f ,hong-,kong1 ) a numb] ( 8 companions 9 exile4 ,!y _h be5 giv5 arms f ! ars5al by ,admiral ,dewey1 & ,agu9aldo _h ! admiral's p]mission to organize 8 c\ntrym5 into an army4 ,x 0 int5d$ t ?is army %\ld act ) ! ,am]ican =ces1 :5 ! latt] %\ld be ready to take ! city & occupy ! isl&s4 ,agu9aldo1 h[ev]1 took advantage ( ?is opportunity to attempt to organize a dictatorial gov]nm5t1 ) himself at ! head4 ,out ( 8 misguid$ ambition to rule1 great tr\ble grew1 = ,filip9os & ,am]icans alike4 ,! c\ntry1 already suff]+ f a long p]iod ( misrule & w>f>e1 0 plung$ into /ill deep] mis]y4 ,! ,am]icans 7 s]i\sly hamp]$ 9 _! ef=ts to re/ore ord]1 & ! e/abli%m5t ( peace 0 h9d]$4 ,! fir/ ren=cem5ts s5t out to ,admiral ,dewey f ,am]ica rea*$ ,manila ,bay 9 ,june1 #ahih1 & 7 l&$ on ! #cj? day ( t mon?4 ,o!rs foll[$ v soon1 & on ! #be? ( ,july ,g5]al ,wesley ,m]ritt 7wesli m]x71 ! fir/ ,am]ican gov]nor-g5]al ( ,manila1 jo9$ ,admiral ,dewey4 ,on ,augu/ #g ^! two (fic]s toge!r dem&$ ! surr5d] ( ! city1 & aga9 on ,augu/ #i2 b ! ,spani>ds refus$ bo? dem&s4 ,on ! #ac? ( ,augu/ ! ,am]icans made a f9al dem&1 & on receiv+ a ?ird refusal !y s5t _! l& =ces aga9/ ,manila4 ,at ! same "t ! fleet began ! bomb>dm5t ( ! =ts & tr5*es s\? ( ! city4 ,! wall$ city & ! bus9ess di/rict ( ,b9ondo 7 purposely sp>$1 z x 0 n ! wi% ( ! ,am]icans to d any m damage ?an 0 necess>y4 ,! battle 0 v %ort1 la/+ h>dly m ?an an h\r4 ,at ! end ( t "t ! ,spani>ds yield$ to sup]ior =ce1 & a :ite flag 0 hoi/$ 9 tok5 ( _! capitulation4 ,a few h\rs lat] ! ,spani% & ! ,am]ican comm&]s met1 t]ms 7 arrang$1 & ,manila & ! ,philipp9e ar*ipelago 7 surr5d]$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! ,spani% flag1 :i* float$ ov] ,=t ,santiago1 0 haul$ d[n1 & ! ,/>s & ,/ripes took its place4 ,9 ! meantime1 on ! day be=e1 ,augu/ #ab1 #ahih1 a protocol ( peace _h be5 sign$ betwe5 ,spa9 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,su* a protocol is an agreem5t betwe5 two nations :o are at w> ) ea* o!r to cease fight+ until t]ms ( p]man5t peace c be arrang$4 ,by ! t]ms ( ! protocol x 0 agre$1 among o!r ?+s1 t ! ,unit$ ,/ates gov]nm5t 0 to occupy & hold ,manila ,bay & ! city & h>bor ( ,manila until a treaty ( peace %\ld be made betwe5 t gov]nm5t & ,spa94 ,x 0 also agre$ t ,spa9 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld ea* appo9t n m ?an five commission]s1 to meet 9 ,p>is at a date n lat] ?an ,octob] #a4 ,^! commission]s 7 to arrange t]ms ( peace1 & 9 ! meantime all fight+ betwe5 ! two nations %\ld be susp5d$4 ,! commission]s 7 *os5 by ! two c\ntries1 & met 9 ,p>is z _h be5 agre$4 ,x 0 n until ! #aj? ( ,decemb]1 h[ev]1 t !y succe$$ 9 arrang+ t]ms4 ,a treaty ( peace 0 complet$ & sign$ 9 ,p>is on t date4 ,x 0 ratifi$ 9 ,wa%+ton on ! #aj? ( ,febru>y1 #ahii1 by ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & a repres5tative ( ! ,que5 ,reg5t ( ,spa94 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,am]ican ,,flag ,,rais$ ,,9 ,,manila4 ,"u ?is treaty ( peace ,spa91 z _h be5 plann$ 9 ! protocol1 gave up all claim to ,cuba2 %e c$$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,porto ,rico & all ( h] o!r isl&s 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 & also ! isl& ( ,guam1 "o ( ! ,ladrone gr\p 9 ! ,pacific4 ,besides ?is1 %e c$$ 8! ar*ipelago kn[n by ! "n ( ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s10 :i* = ov] ?ree hundr$ ye>s _h be5 "o ( h] ri*e/ colonies4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 to pay ,spa9 ! sum ( #bj1jjj1jjj1 gold1 )9 ?ree mon?s aft] ?is ratifi$ treaty 0 ex*ang$ betwe5 ! two nations4 ,o!r matt]s 7 dealt ) 9 ! treaty1 b ?is transf] ( ! ,philipp9e ar*ipelago is ! po9t :i* vitally int]e/s u n[4 ,x is because ( ! facts :i* h be5 set =? 9 ^! *apt]s t ! ,unit$ ,/ates is n[ 9 possession ( ! ,philipp9es1 & t ?is hi/ory ( ! c\ntry is writt5 9 ! ,engli% language4 ,b ! real hi/ory ( ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s has only begun4 ,! ev5ts t make up ! pa/ record ( ?is beautiful l& h be5 b a sad preface to ! future :i* we hope may be h]s4 ,! ,filip9o p h _h mu* to be>4 ,!y h be5 %ut away f ! re/ ( ! _w1 & f a k ( ! _w's progress4 ,!y h be5 gov]n$ by unju/ laws until ! great mass ( ! p1 left to !mselves1 w\ld sc>cely "k h[ to g ab\t to rule _! own lives4 ,b !y h a hi/ory2 !y h a c\ntry2 !y h a future4 ,x is n ! policy ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ei!r to =get ^! ?+s or to let ! p !mselves =get !m4 ,z ! late ,presid5t ,mc,kinley express$ x--! ,unit$ ,/ates desires n conque/1 b a b5evol5t assimilation ( ^! isl&s1 t !y may become "o c\ntry & "o unit$1 prosp]\s1 & happy p4 ,summ>y4--,9 ,april1 #ahih1 w> 0 decl>$ betwe5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,spa94 ,commodore ,george ,dewey1 9 comm& ( ! ,am]ican squadron 9 ! ,pacific1 be+ ord]$ to g 9 se>* ( ! ,spani% fleet 9 ! ,pacific1 & capture or de/roy x1 sail$ = ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s1 :]e he knew ! fleet to be4 ,he ent]$ ,manila ,bay "u cov] ( night1 ,april #cj1 & at daybreak on ,may #a 8 %ips lay at an*or (f ,cavite4 ,at six o'clock t same morn+ ! battle ( ,manila ,bay 0 begun4 ,by noon ! ,spani% fleet 0 de/roy$1 & ! admiral & all survivors _h fl$ into ! city4 ,by sunset ,cavite 0 tak54 ,two mon?s lat]1 ,am]ican troops arriv$ 9 ,manila ,bay1 & on ,augu/ #ac ! city ( ,manila surr5d]$ to ! ,am]icans4 ,on ,febru>y #aj1 #ahii1 a treaty ( peace 0 sign$ betwe5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,spa94 ,"u ?is treaty1 ,spa9 c$$ ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,que/ions4--,:5 0 w> decl>$ betwe5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,spa98 ,:at causes l$ up to ?is w>8 ,:y did ,dewey h to leave ,hong-,kong h>bor8 ,:at 7 8 ord]s8 ,h[ did he c>ry !m out8 ,:5 did ,manila surr5d] to ! ,am]icans8 ,:5 did ! fir/ body ( ,am]ican troops arrive8 ,:5 0 ! treaty ( peace sign$8 ,:at 7 ! t]ms ( t treaty relat+ to ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s8 ,illu/ration ,*apt] ,,xx4 ,,civil ,,gov]nm5t ,,= ,,! ,,philipp9es4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates is (t5 spok5 ( z a free c\ntry4 ,its p are free because !y h a voice 9 ! mak+ & uphold+ ( _! gov]nm5t4 ,!re are /rong laws 9 ! l& to protect _! fre$om4 ,no man & no /ate c be really free )\t su* laws4 ,if a man w\ld enjoy lib]ty1 & fre$om f ! p[] ( evil1 he mu/ obey ! laws ( goodness4 ,s a p mu/ honor & uphold ! laws ( ! /ate1 if ! /ate is to be /rong en\gh to protect _! lib]ties4 ,we c easily see t if !re 7 no laws1 & ea* man 7 free to d z he pleas$1 no man's life or prop]ty w\ld be safe4 ,e man w\ld h to take c>e ( himself1 & ! l& :]e su* a condition exi/$ w\ld cease to be a civiliz$ c\ntry4 ,laws are made = ! protection ( a p1 & )\t !m !re w\ld be an end to lib]ty & progress4 ,= a great _m ye>s ! gov]nm5t 9 ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s 0 by =ce ( arms4 ,x 0 n a gov]nm5t 9 :i* ! p _h any voice4 ,!y 7 rul$ by laws made by a p[] outside ( !mselves1 & (t5 ^! laws 7 aga9/ _! int]e/s & welf>e4 ,x is h>d to make a p uphold su* laws4 ,! gov]nm5t t tries to d ?is w always1 9 ! end1 h to call 9 =ce to its aid4 ,a gov]nm5t _c long rule1 h[ev]1 by =ce alone4 ,ev5 a milit>y gov]nm5t1 to be successful1 mu/ be bas$ ^u j laws4 ,x mu/ recognize & uphold :at is j & "r4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ,am]ican rule 9 ^! isl&s1 a good _m re=ms _h to be made at once4 ,x 0 necess>y to set ! c\ntry 9 ord]1 s t bus9ess might g on1 ju/ice might be done1 & safety insur$ to ! p4 ,life & prop]ty 7 9 dang]1 & ev5 among !mselves ! p h>dly knew :o 7 _! fri5ds & :o 7 _! foes4 ,! c\ntry ne$$ wise1 j laws1 /rongly upheld1 to br+ ab\t peace1 ord]1 & safety4 ,at t "t a milit>y rule 0 ! be/ =m ( gov]nm5t to meet ?is ne$1 & milit>y rule 0 !re=e set up 9 ! isl&s4 ,?is gov]nm5t made _m *anges 9 ! c\ntry4 ,c\rts 7 e/abli%$1 & e ef=t 0 made to c>ry out ! laws ) ju/ice to all4 ,_m prison]s :o _h be5 = ye>s wrongfully imprison$ 7 releas$ f jail4 ,/eps 7 tak5 at once to op5 s*ools :]e ! *ildr5 might be taught2 & _m o!r re=ms 7 made t1 9 "t1 w %[ good results 9 ! c\ntry4 ,!y are ( a sort t w make ?is a mu* ri*] & happi] l&4 ,?is is :at ! ,unit$ ,/ates wi%es to d4 ,x is a great & p[]ful nation1 & o!r nations expect x to build up a good gov]nm5t 9 ^! isl&s4 ,! gov]nm5t at ,wa%+ton has decl>$ t ! aim ( ,am]ican rule 9 ! ,philipp9es is to prep>e ! p = self-gov]nm5t & to tea* !m :at true lib]ty really is4 ,9 ,janu>y1 #ahii1 ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates appo9t$ a body ( m5 wise 9 gov]nm5t to come to ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s f ,am]ica4 ,^! m5 7 to le>n all t !y c\ld ab\t ! c\ntry & its p1 9 ord] t !y might recomm5d a j =m ( gov]nm5t = ! c\ntry4 ,!y _h to f9d out :at 7 ! ideas ( ! ,filip9o p 9 reg>d to gov]nm5t1 & to /udy ! ne$s ( ! c\ntry1 be=e !y c\ld make any recomm5dations4 ,! commission]s came to ,manila e>ly 9 ,april1 #ahii1 & began "w at once4 ,!y travel$ ab\t ! c\ntry to see :at x 0 l4 ,!y held meet+s 9 ,manila & else:]e1 & invit$ lead+ ,filip9os to come & meet ) !m4 ,!y did ?is 9 ord] to ask !m ab\t matt]s ( int]e/ to ! c\ntry & its p4 ,!y promis$ ! p t j laws %\ld be e/abli%$ 9 ! c\ntry1 & ! gov]nm5t is keep+ t promise4 ,! memb]s ( ! commission saw t good s*ools are a great ne$ 9 ! c\ntry4 ,an attempt 0 made to provide ^! at once1 & ! comm&] ( ! army e/abli%$ a great _m s*ools1 ) soldi]s z tea*]s4 ,x 0 se51 h[ev]1 t to make ! s*ools :at ! p ne$$ w\ld require exp]i5c$ tea*]s4 ,^! c\ld n be provid$ imm$iately2 b a c\ple ( ye>s lat] hundr$s ( tra9$ ,am]ican tea*]s 7 br\ght to ! isl&s4 ,9 "t1 :5 !re are en\gh tra9$ ,filip9o tea*]s to c>ry on ! "w1 ?is c\ntry w h a s*ool sy/em z good z any 9 ! _w4 ,! ,am]ican ,gov]nm5t has pl$g$ itself to br+ education to ^! isl&s1 & to see t ! p h ju/ice & fair treatm5t 9 all t t\*es _! lives4 ,x w n cease its ef=ts until ! ,filip9os are z able to ma9ta9 !mselves securely 9 _! rights & lib]ties z are ! ,am]icans4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gov]nor ,,william ,h4 ,,taft4 ,! presid5t ( ! fir/ ,philipp9e commission 0 ! ,hon4 ,jacob ,s*urman1 & ?is commission is kn[n z ! ,s*urman ,commission4 ,! memb]s did ! "w :i* !y 7 s5t "h to d1 & made a full report to ,congress4 ,?is report sets =? all t ! commission _h le>n$ ab\t ! c\ntry4 ,! views ( ! ,filip9os :o appe>$ be=e ! commission are giv5 9 _! own words1 :i* 7 writt5 d[n at ! "t4 ,! report 0 pr9t$1 9 ord] t bo? ,filip9os & ,am]icans might "k all t _h be5 said & done4 ,9 ,april1 #aijj1 a new commission 0 appo9t$ to come to ! isl&s & d fur!r "w4 ,?is commission 0 kn[n z ! ,taft ,commission1 its presid5t be+ ! ,hon4 ,william ,h4 ,taft4 ,to its memb]s 0 giv5 ! task ( =m+ a gov]nm5t = ! c\ntry4 ,a c5tral gov]nm5t 0 set up 9 ,manila 9 ,septemb]1 #aijj4 ,c5tral gov]nm5t means ! gov]nm5t = ! :ole c\ntry4 ,! gov]nm5t ( prov9ces1 t[ns1 & b>rios is call$ local gov]nm5t4 ,! local gov]nm5t is c>ri$ on by ! prov9cial gov]nors1 by presid5tes1 alcaldes1 & less] (fic]s4 ,^! h au?ority 9 _! own di/ricts1 subject to t ( ! c5tral gov]nm5t4 ,! c5tral gov]nm5t at ,manila 0 :at is call$ a milit>y gov]nm5t--t is1 ! comm&] ( ! army 9 ! isl&s 0 gov]nor-g5]al ( ! c\ntry4 ,he 0 ! executive1 or (fic] ^: bus9ess x is to execute1 or c>ry out1 ! laws ( a l&4 ,z we h se51 ! gov]nm5t 9 ,spani% times 0 almo/ :olly a milit>y gov]nm5t4 ,x 0 a diff]5t sort ( milit>y gov]nm5t1 h[ev]1 f t 9 :i* ,am]icans believe4 ,am]icans believe t ev5 arm$ =ce is only = uphold+ ! law4 ,x c nev]1 ju/ly1 be law 9 itself4 ,! executive ( a c\ntry is1 z we h said1 ! (ficial :o executes ! laws4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! ,presid5t is ! executive4 ,! laws are fram$ by m5 :om ! p elect to d ! "w4 ,! m5 ?us elect$ become :at is call$ a legislative1 or law-mak+1 body4 ,! *ief legislative body 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is ,congress4 ,:5 ! c5tral gov]nm5t 0 set up "h 9 ! ,philipp9es1 9 ,septemb]1 #aijj1 ! executive1 or gov]nor1 0 ,major-,g5]al ,mac,arthur1 comm&] ( ! army4 ,! ,taft ,commission act$ z ! legislative body1 & _h1 z well1 "s executive p[]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,g5]al ,,adna ,r4 ,,*affee4 ,?is gov]nm5t rema9$ 9 =ce until ,july #d1 #aija4 ,at t "t ,major-,g5]al ,adna ,r4 ,*affee succe$$ ,major-,g5]al ,mac,arthur z comm&] ( ! army1 & ,judge ,taft1 presid5t ( ! commission1 0 made gov]nor ( ! isl&s4 ,all ! au?ority =m]ly held by ! milit>y gov]nor & ! commission n[ pass$ to ,gov]nor ,taft4 ,! new gov]nm5t 0 n milit>y1 b civil4 ,"u a civil gov]nm5t ! law is ma9ta9$ ?r\gh ! c\rts & police p[]s4 ,only :5 ! c\ntry1 or a section ( x1 is 9 a /ate ( rebellion is ! milit>y p[] call$ ^u to act4 ,ev5 !n x does n act = itself1 b z an arm ( ! civil gov]nm5t1 to c>ry out ! laws4 ,! civil gov]nm5t 9 ! ,philipp9es 0 set up ,july #d1 #aija1 ! anniv]s>y ( ,am]ican indep5d5ce4 ,on t day ,gov]nor ,taft 0 =mally inaugurat$1 or e/abli%$1 9 (fice4 ,septemb] #a1 #aija1 ?ree ,filip9o memb]s 7 add$ to ! commission4 ,!y 7 ,dr4 ,t4 ,h4 ,p>do de ,tav]a & ,seor ,b5ito ,leg>do1 ( ,manila1 & ,seor ,jos ,luzuriaga1 ( ,negros4 ,! ,am]ican memb]s1 besides ,presid5t 7n[ ,gov]nor7 ,taft1 7 ,hon4 ,luke ,e4 ,wright1 ,hon4 ,h5ry ,c4 ,ide1 ,hon4 ,b]n>d ,moses1 & ,hon4 ,dean ,worce/]4 ,besides c>ry+ on ! pres5t gov]nm5t1 ! commission]s 7 *>g$ ) ! task ( plann+ a p]man5t gov]nm5t = ! isl&s4 ,to d ?is x 0 necess>y to h ! aid ( ,filip9o memb]s1 & ! g5tlem5 ?us add$ to ! commission 7 a great help to ! ,am]icans 9 draw+ up a =m ( gov]nm5t suitable to ! c\ntry4 ,! plan :i* has be5 made & submitt$ to ,congress is some:at z foll[s3 ,!re %\ld be a gov]nor & f\r heads ( dep>tm5ts4 ,^! %\ld be appo9t$ by ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,!re %\ld also be a body to be call$ ! ,executive ,c\ncil4 ,?is c\ncil w\ld be made up ( ! gov]nor1 ! f\r heads ( dep>tm5ts1 & f\r o!r memb]s1 to be appo9t$ by ! ,presid5t4 ,memb]s ( ! c\ncil %\ld be bo? ,filip9os & ,am]icans4 ,besides ! c\ncil !re %\ld be an assembly1 ( n m ?an ?irty repres5tatives1 all to be elect$ by ! ,filip9o p4 ,! memb]s ( ?is assembly %\ld s]ve = two ye>s4 ,"u su* a gov]nm5t ! ,executive ,c\ncil & ! ,assembly w\ld h ! p[] to elect two delegates to repres5t ! int]e/s ( ! isl&s & ( ! ,filip9o p be=e ,congress4 ,^! delegates w\ld be resid5ts ( ! isl&s4 ,su* a sy/em w\ld give ! ,filip9o p :at is call$ a repres5tative gov]nm5t--t is1 !y w\ld h a voice 9 mak+ _! own laws4 ,9 "t !y w\ld h j z mu* self-gov]nm5t z !y c\ld fit !mselves =4 ,! report ( ! commission to ,congress recomm5ds t su* a gov]nm5t be begun "h ,janu>y #a1 #aijd4 ,if ?is is done1 ! success ( ! gov]nm5t mu/ dep5d to a great ext5t ^u ! ef=ts & fai?fulness ( ! ,filip9o p !mselves4 ,summ>y4--,at ! beg9n+ ( ,am]ican rule 9 ! ,philipp9es1 ! gov]nm5t 0 milit>y4 ,! comm&] ( ! army 9 ! isl&s 0 also gov]nor-g5]al4 ,9 ,janu>y1 #ahii1 ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates appo9t$ a commission to come to ! ar*ipelago & /udy ! c\ntry4 ,?is commission is kn[n z ! ,s*urman ,commission4 ,! commission]s came to ,manila e>ly 9 ,april1 #ahii4 ,!y held meet+s 9 ,manila & else:]e1 & invit$ lead+ ,filip9os to come & talk ) !m on matt]s ( gov]nm5t & ! ne$s ( ! c\ntry4 ,!y sp5t ! ye> 9 le>n+ all t !y c\ld ab\t ! isl&s1 & !n made a report to ,congress4 ,dur+ ?is ye>1 s*ools 7 op5$ 9 _m p>ts ( ! ar*ipelago1 & c]ta9 ne$$ re=ms 7 made 9 ! c\rts4 ,9 ,april1 #aijj1 a new commission1 kn[n z ! ,taft ,commission1 0 appo9t$4 ,x 0 *>g$ ) ! task ( =m+ a gov]nm5t = ! c\ntry4 ,! gov]nm5t cont9u$ = ano!r ye> to be milit>y1 b on ,july #d1 #aija1 civil gov]nm5t 0 set up1 & ,hon4 ,william ,h4 ,taft1 presid5t ( ! commission1 became ! fir/ civil gov]nor4 ,?ree ,filip9o memb]s 7 add$ to ! commission ! foll[+ ,septemb]4 ,! civil gov]nm5t proce$$ to draw up plans = a p]man5t gov]nm5t 9 ! isl&s1 & submitt$ !m to ! ,presid5t & ,congress4 ,que/ions4--,:y is ! ,unit$ ,/ates (t5 call$ a free c\ntry8 ,:y c !re be no real lib]ty :]e !re is no law8 ,:at are "s ( ! *anges ,am]icans h made 9 ?is c\ntry8 ,:5 0 ! fir/ ,philipp9e commission appo9t$8 ,:at did x d8 ,:at 0 ! second commission call$8 ,:at sort ( gov]nm5t 0 e/abli%$ "h 9 ,septemb]1 #aijj8 ,:5 0 ! civil gov]nm5t begun8 ,:o 0 made fir/ civil gov]nor8 ,:5 7 ! fir/ ,filip9o commission]s appo9t$8 ,h[ does ! =m ( gov]nm5t recomm5d$ by ! commission give ! ,filip9os a voice 9 mak+ _! own laws8 ,illu/ration ,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,,physical ,,geography ,,( ,,! ,,ar*ipelago4 ,"o ( ! ?+s :i* hi/ory %\ld tea* u is h[ to make ! future bett] ?an ! pa/ has be54 ,hi/ory tea*es p ab\t ! brave de$s done by _! ance/ors1 & ab\t :at has be5 suff]$ = ! good ( ! l& by ^? :o h pass$ away4 ,x is well = a p to consid] f "t to "t :at mann] ( c\ntry !irs has be54 ,only by do+ ?is c !y "k h[ to s]ve its int]e/s1 & to secure = x ! be/ future t is possible4 ,= ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s a v bright future may be hop$4 ,h[ soon prosp]ity & happ9ess w come to ! c\ntry dep5ds1 h[ev]1 m l>gely ^u its own p ?an ^u any outside influ5ce4 ,! ,am]icans 9 ! ,philipp9es c only advise & tea*2 ! actual "w ( build+ up ! c\ntry1 & ( mak+ x a p[] 9 ! ,ori5t1 mu/ be done by ! ,filip9os4 ,let u take a look at ! c\ntry z x is to-day1 & le>n some?+ ( its nature & ( its res\rces4 ,( all ! isl&s1 ,luzon is ! l>ge/1 &1 at ! pres5t "t1 ! mo/ important4 ,x is a delightful place1 ) l(ty m\nta9s1 f]tile pla9s1 & beautiful riv]s4 ,b beautiful z x is to-day1 x possesses possibilities :i*1 if develop$1 w make x inde$ :at ! ,spani% 7 wont s pr\dly to call x1 8! ,pe>l ( ! ,ori5t40 ,on ! we/ coa/ ( ,luzon are two important bays1 ,l+ay5 7l9 g n7 & ,manila1 ) sev]al small] ones1 z ,subig 7sbig71 ,balayan 7b ln71 ,batangas1 & ,tyabas1 on ! we/ & s\?4 ,on ! nor!rn side mo/ ( ! great m\nta9 ranges sweep d[n to ! sea1 s5d+ out spurs ( l& t =m little coves or h>bors2 :ile on ! s\? coa/ lies ! safely %elt]$ h>bor ( ,sorsogon 7sr s gn74 ,! m\nta9s 9 ! we/]n "p ( ! isl& are brok5 up into practically ?ree ranges1 none m ?an ?irty or =ty miles long1 & all kn[n by "o "n1 ,si]ra de ,ilocos 7s er d lcos74 ,%ort spurs ( hills run out f all ^!1 s t !re is v little level l& 9 ?is section4 ,a pla9 ( small ext5t lies ab\t ,vigan 7v gn71 & !re is also ! valley ( ! ,abra 7br71 :i* is long & n>r[4 ,ea/ ( ! c5tral cordill]a & /ret*+ out t[>d ! ,si]ra ,madres 7mdrs7 hills1 is a beautiful valley ov] a hundr$ miles long1 & 9 "s p>ts v wide4 ,?r\gh x runs ! ,rio ,gr&e de ,cagayan 7k g n71 ) sev]al small] /reams empty+ into x4 ,"h is "s ( ! be/ tobacco l& 9 ! c\ntry1 & tobacco is ab\t ! only crop rais$4 ,x 0 made ! ma9 crop dur+ ! ye>s ( gov]nm5t monopoly1 s t ! cultivation ( rice1 ( cocoa1 & ( all ! native products 0 driv5 out4 ,?is has be5 a great mis=tune to ! c\ntry4 ,! l& is adapt$ to a v>iety ( crops4 ,x is ri* & f]tile1 & c\ld be made to raise ne>ly all ! food crops ne$$ by its inhabitants4 ,! p h come1 h[ev]1 to dep5d entirely ^u "o crop1 & 9 ye>s :5 ! tobacco crop fails !re is great ne$ 9 ! c\ntry4 ,ano!r great valley1 ! f9e/ & ri*e/ 9 ,luzon1 /ret*es f ! bay ( ,l+ay5 to ,manila ,bay4 ,x has "s #c1jjj squ>e miles ( f9e f>m+ l&4 ,! prov9ces ( ,pangas9an1 ,t>lac1 ,nueva ,ecija1 ,pampanga1 & ,manila lie 9 ?is valley4 ,x is a well wat]$ region4 ,! ,rio ,gr&e1 ! ,*ico1 ! ,agno1 & ! ,dagupan riv]s fl[ ?r\gh x1 besides num]\s small] /reams4 ,9 ! c5tral "p ( ! pla9 rises ,m\nt ,arayat 7 r t71 a volcanic m\nta9 :i* 9 a cle> day c be se5 f ,manila4 ,x is claim$ t ?is m\nta9 rose sudd5ly f ! pla9 9 a s+le night1 dur+ "s e>?quake di/urbance 9 ! ye> #agjj4 ,we f9d ?is /atem5t made 9 app>5t good fai? by "s sci5tific au?orities4 ,we "k t ! m\nta9 is ( volcanic orig91 & t x 0 =m$ only a few hundr$ ye>s ago2 b !re is no reliable record ( :5 x made its appe>ance1 or ( h[ long x 0 9 =m+4 ,s\?w>d1 9 ,batangas ,prov9ce1 is ,lake ,bombon4 ,9 ! middle ( ?is lake is ,taal volcano1 ^: _m eruptions h 9 times pa/ work$ de/ruction 9 t neighborhood4 ,! lake1 also1 is ( volcanic orig94 ,!re mu/ once h be5 a great m\nta9 "h1 :i* sank dur+ "s upheaval1 =m+ ! lake & ! pres5t volcano ( ,taal4 ,! c\ntry all ab\t ! lake is v f]tile1 & "u good cultivation4 ,! pr9cipal crop !re is c(fee1 ( :i* an excell5t quality is gr[n2 & =m]ly x 0 produc$ 9 v great quantities4 ,rice1 ,indian corn1 cotton1 & all k9ds ( vegetables common to ! tropics1 gr[ !re 9 great abundance4 ,^! c be made a s\rce ( pr(it 9 supply+ ! m>kets ( ,manila4 ,!re is a great deal ( alum ab\t ,taal volcano1 & x is said t a good quality ( iron is f\nd 9 ! m\nta9s ( ?is prov9ce4 ,9 ,laguna ,prov9ce is ,bay 7b7 ,lake1 or ,laguna de ,bay4 ,?is is a body ( fre% wat]1 ) an outlet by ! ,pasig ,riv]1 :i* fl[s d[n to ,manila ,bay4 ,light draft /eam]s run up ! ,pasig & ?r\gh ! lake1 & on ?is beautiful wat]way is a con/ant ?rong ( craft1 go+ up & d[n ) produce = ! diff]5t ports4 ,!re is v f9e timb] 9 ! isl& ( ,luzon1 p>ticul>ly 9 ,tayabas1 ,cam>9es ,norte1 & ,ilocos ,norte4 ,"s gold has be5 f\nd 9 ! m\nta9s ab\t ^! prov9ces1 & specim5s ( _m o!r m9]als h be5 br\ght to ,manila4 ,9 ,cam>9es ,sur lies ! valley ( ! ,vigan1 9 :i* are sev]al small lakes4 ,!re are l>ge rice fields "h1 & ! quality ( ! rice is v f9e4 ,l>ge quantities ( x are s5t to ,manila4 ,"o ( ! ri*e/ & mo/ f]tile p>ts ( ! :ole isl& is ,albay 7l b7 ,prov9ce1 9 ! s\!a/]n corn]4 ,?is is a p>ticul>ly beautiful "p ( ! isl&4 ,"h is ,mayon volcano1 :i* is call$ by sci5ti/s ! mo/ beautiful volcano 9 ! _w4 ,x is ! mo/ p]fectly =m$ & symmetrical1 b x is no m desirable a neighbor ?an are volcanoes any:]e4 ,9 pa/ ye>s x has wr\ght great de/ruction 9 ! c\ntry1 b ( late has be5 quiet1 & seems to be on its good behavior4 ,illu/ration3 ,,mayon ,,volcano4 ,! ri* volcanic soil ( ?is di/rict w produce almo/ any?+ t c be made to gr[ 9 a tropical c\ntry4 ,v f9e hemp gr[s "h1 probably ! be/ t ! isl&s produce4 ,cocoa1 c(fee1 sug>1 & rice all d well4 ,cocoanuts1 bananas1 all ! fruits & vegetables ( ! isl&s1 gr[ 9 ,albay1 ) sc>cely any cultivation4 ,! climate is mild1 & v heal?ful1 & ne> ,tibi are hot sulphur spr+s :i* are said to cure rheumatism & num]\s o!r ills4 ,! mo/ important ( ! small] isl&s ly+ out f ,luzon are ,m9doro 7mn dr7 & ,masbate 7ms bt74 ,^! are small & v m\nta9\s4 ,m9doro is deeply wood$1 b only a little is kn[n ( ! int]ior ( ! isl&4 ,! great bay ( ,manila is tw5ty miles long & ?irty-two miles wide4 ,x has a dep? 9 "s places ( sev5ty feet4 ,x is ent]$ by two *annels1 "o on ei!r side ( ,corregidor ,isl&4 ,! ma9 "o is call$ ! ,boca ,gr&e 7bk grnd72 ! o!r1 :i* is small]1 ! ,boca ,*ica 7bk *k74 ,! bay is s l>ge t x is m l an inl& sea ?an a bay2 9 fact1 x is too l>ge to af=d secure an*orage = vessels dur+ great /orms4 ,! ,visayas =m ! second l>ge division ( ! ,philipp9e ar*ipelago4 ,?is is a gr\p ( isl&s1 six 9 numb]1 :i* lie betwe5 ,luzon & ,m9danao4 ,!y are v ?ickly populat$4 ,! ,visayan p seem almo/ a di/9ct race--diff]5t f ^? ( ,luzon1 & f _! neighbors ( ,m9danao4 ,!y speak a language ( _! own1 & are incl9$ to reg>d !mselves z a sep>ate p4 ,n[ t new conditions prevail 9 ! isl&s1 & !re is bett] communication betwe5 ! ,visayas & ,luzon1 mu* ( ?is feel+ ( sep>ation among ! p w probably soon be ov]come4 ,x is to be hop$ t x w be4 ,! p ( ! ,philipp9es mu/ come to feel t !y are "o p1 ) common int]e/s1 & t all mu/ "w toge!r to develop ! :ole c\ntry4 ,iloilo1 ! pr9cipal city ( ! ,visayas1 is on ! isl& ( ,panay4 ,x is an op5 seaport1 & w 9 "t become a v important city4 ,x 0 de/roy$ dur+ ! insurrection1 b is n[ rapidly build+ up aga94 ,"u good managem5t x w "s day be "o ( ! ma9 %ipp+ c5t]s ( ! ar*ipelago4 ,illu/ration3 ,,weav+ ,,jusi4 ,iloilo ,prov9ce is a great sug> & rice gr[+ di/rict4 ,x is1 besides1 not$ = ! f9e fabrics :i* its p make4 ,?is is ! c5t] = ! manufacture ( ! clo? kn[n z jusi4 ,! wom5 manufacture also mo/ exquisite pia clo?4 ,"s ( ?is is ( s f9e a quality t x has to be wov5 9 clos$ rooms1 = ! slighte/ breeze w\ld s]ve to break ! delicate ?reads ( :i* x is made4 ,v beautiful silk & cotton goods are also made 9 ?is prov9ce4 ,s9ce ! ,am]ican occupation !re has come to be a l>ge dem& 9 ,am]ica = ^! goods1 s t ! p engag$ 9 ! indu/ry are kept v busy4 ,! isl& ( ,negros1 :i* lies to ! s\!a/ ( ,panay1 is an important agricultural isl&4 ,a great deal ( sug> is gr[n "h1 & !re is mu* weal? 9 ! isl&4 ,_m ( ! l>ge sug> e/ates are own$ by ,filip9os4 ,consid]able mod]n ma*9]y has be5 introduc$ into ! isl&4 ,/eel pl[s are 9 use1 & 9 _m places sug> is manufactur$ by improv$ mod]n me?ods4 ,all ( ^! ?+s h help$ to make ,negros v prosp]\s4 ,if ! plant]s "h w\ld comb9e & introduce ma*9]y = ref9+ _! own sug> !y w\ld come 9 "t to an ev5 great] measure ( prosp]ity & indep5d5ce ?an !y n[ enjoy4 ,rice1 hemp1 & "s tobacco are rais$ 9 ,negros1 & f9e cocoanuts & bananas gr[ wild4 ,! isl& ( ,cebu is little m ?an ! top ( a m\nta9 ris+ f ! sea4 ,a good deal ( hi/oric int]e/ c5t]s "h1 h[ev]4 ,! city ( ,cebu 0 ! fir/ seat ( ,spani% gov]nm5t1 & rema9$ ! capital ( ! ar*ipelago until ,legaspi w5t to ,luzon & set up 8 gov]nm5t 9 ,manila4 ,cebu 0 made an op5 seaport by ! ,spani%1 & al?\gh its exports are n l>ge n[1 :5 ! res\rces ( ?is isl& are develop$ ! city w become an important %ipp+ c5t]4 ,!re is a l>ge ,malay population 9 ! isl&4 ,!re are no riv]s or valleys2 ! l& is brok5 up into small f>ms1 & hemp is ! pr9cipal crop4 ,! isl& produces also a good deal ( copra & raw sug>1 & ! p raise mo/ ( _! own food/uffs4 ,bohol1 ,leyte1 & ,sam> are all volcanic isl&s4 ,!y are m\nta9\s1 & subject to frequ5t e>?quakes & simil> di/urbances4 ,!re is n mu* agricultural l& 9 ,bohol1 & ! soil is poor & ?92 b a good deal ( hemp is rais$1 & "s cocoa4 ,! p are fi%]m5 & sailors1 & e>n _! liv+ f ! sea4 ,al?\gh ,bohol is mu* small] ?an ,cebu1 x has a l>g] population4 ,leyte %ips m hemp ?an does any o!r ( ! ,visayan isl&s4 ,!re are sev]al good h>bors on ?is isl&1 b ,tacloban is ! *ief %ipp+ po9t4 ,v little is kn[n ( ! int]ior ( ,leyte1 = ! c\ntry has n be5 develop$4 ,sam> is ! l>ge/ ( ! ,visayan isl&s1 b has ! smalle/ population4 ,x is a v m\nta9\s c\ntry1 w9d-swept & beat5 ^u by ! sea4 ,x lies directly 9 ! track ( ! nor!a/ monsoons1 :i* visit x ) great fury4 ,its *ief port1 ,catbalogan1 is well %elt]$ & a safe h>bor4 ,betwe5 ! nor? ( ,sam> & ! s\!rn end ( ,luzon lies ! fam\s ,/rait ( ,san ,b]n>d9o4 ,?is is "o ( ! pr9cipal entrances into ! ar*ipelago f ! ,pacific ,ocean4 ,x has be5 ! sc5e ( _m a fam\s sea battle1 = "h ! ,dut* & ! ,engli% %ips us$ to lie 9 wait = ! galleons ( ,spa9 :i* br\ght treasure f ,mexico to ! ,philipp9es & c>ri$ out ri* freights = ,acapulco4 ,next 9 size to ,luzon is ! isl& ( ,m9danao4 ,x 0 on ! nor? coa/ ( ?is isl& t ,magellan made 8 fir/ l&+ 9 ! ,philipp9es4 ,!re are f\r great m\nta9 ranges 9 ,m9danao1 ) _m high peaks4 ,! isl& is ri* 9 va/ =e/s1 & "s day ! _w w draw its ma9 supply ( f9e build+ lumb] f !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,falls ,,( ,,botocan ,,9 ,,luzon4 ,al?\gh ,m9danao is ( volcanic =mation1 & has ev5 )9 hi/oric times und]gone great *anges1 !re is only "o active volcano 9 ! isl&4 ,?is is ,m\nt ,apo 7p71 a few miles f ! coa/ ( ,davao 7d v7 ,gulf4 ,! m\nta9 has ?ree peaks4 ,! top is cov]$ ) sulphur1 :i* sometimes gleams :ite z sn[ 9 ! sun%9e & at o!r times makes ,apo look l a m\nta9 ( gold4 ,!re are a numb] ( f9e riv]s & lakes on ,m9danao4 ,! be/ port 9 ! isl& is ,balanag 7b l-ng71 9 ! ,gulf ( ,davao4 ,! h>bor ( ,zamboanga is v good1 & !re is a /ill bett] h>bor at ,l9dangan 7ln dngn74 ,n[h]e on ! isl&1 h[ev]1 are !re su* %elt]$ h>bors z are f\nd on ! s\!rn coa/ ( ,luzon4 ,v few /orms visit ?is "p ( ! ar*ipelago4 ,! typhoons only t\* "o corn] ( x 9 ! f> nor!a/4 ,! climate ( ,m9danao is m heal?ful ?an x has 9 ! pa/ be5 suppos$ to be4 ,! soil is v ri* & f]tile1 & almo/ any tropical crop c be readily gr[n !re4 ,hemp1 sug>-cane1 tobacco1 c(fee1 cocoa1 rice1 ,indian corn1 & _m o!r ?+s are rais$1 & all d well2 b ! isl& is backw>d z reg>ds developm5t4 ,no s]i\s attempt has ev] be5 made to build up its agriculture or its comm]ce4 ,!re are _m tribes liv+ among its m\nta9s ^: names1 ev51 are n kn[n to ! civiliz$ p ( ! ar*ipelago4 ,!re are few ,malays 9 ,m9danao1 & _! manufactures & indu/ries h nev] be5 enc\rag$4 ,"s gold has be5 f\nd 9 ! hills1 & silv] is pl5tiful4 ,coal has also be5 discov]$ 9 ! m\nta9s4 ,x is likely1 h[ev]1 t :5 ,m9danao is op5$ up & its res\rces are bett] kn[n1 x w be f\nd t its weal? consi/s less 9 m9]als ?an 9 vegetable gr[?s4 ,we already "k t ! vegetation ( ! isl&1 little z x has be5 develop$1 surpasses t ( ,luzon & ! ,visayas4 ,! soil is ( excell5t quality1 & ! ra9s are s abundant & ! climate is s favorable t ! entire isl& is cov]$ ) vegetation4 ,9 ! =e/s are f\nd ,india rubb] v9es1 mahogany1 ironwood1 teak1 ebony1 & o!r trees ( great value4 ,!re are imm5se tangles ( bamboo & rattan2 hemp & banana trees gr[ well1 & cloves1 nutmegs1 & c9namon4 ,?is great isl& is divid$ into sev5 di/ricts--,zamboanga1 ,misamis1 ,suragao 7s r g71 ,davao1 ,cottabato 7kot t bt71 ,basilan 7bs ln71 & ,lanay 7ln 74 ,al?\gh ! population is small 9 comp>ison ) ! great ext5t ( ! isl&1 sev5te5 diff]5t dialects are spok5 among its p4 ,zamboanga is ! capital t[n ( ,m9danao4 ,x has a good port1 al?\gh some:at op5 to ! sea1 & 9 ! riv] ,masdong1 ?ree miles to ! s\!a/1 is safe an*orage1 protect$ f all w9ds4 ,s\? ( ,m9danao lies ! ,sulu ar*ipelago4 ,x is made up ( f\r gr\ps4 ,! population ( ?is ar*ipelago is e/imat$ at betwe5 #bj1jjj & #cj1jjj2 b s v little is kn[n ab\t x t ?is e/imate is n likely to be correct4 ,jol1 ! capital city1 on ! isl& ( ,sulu1 is ! resid5ce ( ! sultans4 ,x is a beautiful t[n1 clean & well-kept4 ,x has a good port1 & a l9e ( /eam]s runs direct f ,jol to ,s+apore1 & ano!r to ,manila4 ,! vegetation ( ?is ar*ipelago is v l t ( ,m9danao4 ,!re is abundance ( teak1 mahogany1 c$>1 & o!r highly priz$ woods4 ,horses1 cattle1 buffaloes1 & goats are pl5tiful4 ,! p ( ,jol manufacture f9e knives & *isels4 ,! pe>l fi%]ies ( ! ar*ipelago are also v important4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,riv] ,,sc5e ,,on ,,! ,,isl& ,,( ,,luzon4 ,ly+ f> (f to ! we/1 ) ! ,sulu ,sea on "o side & ! ,*9a ,sea on ! o!r1 ) ,borneo on ! s\? & ! isl& ( ,m9doco to ! nor?1 is ! long1 n>r[ isl& ( ,palaan 7pl -wn74 ,! ,spani% call$ x ,p>agua 7pra gw74 ,?is isl& is inhabit$ *iefly by ! wild tribes4 ,!re are "s #aj1jjj or m ( ! native ,*ri/ian population1 & p]haps #aj1jjj ,moros4 ,palaan1 on acc\nt ( its geographical position1 is v important to ! ar*ipelago4 ,x w become important also f a comm]cial po9t ( view1 z x =ms1 ) ! isl& ,balabac 7bl bk71 ! ,/rait ( ,balabac4 ,at c]ta9 times ( ! ye> sail+ vessels are compell$ to pass ?r\gh ?is /rait to ent] ! ar*ipelago4 ,! rattan gr[n 9 ?is isl& is v f9e4 ,x is ! be/ t comes to ,manila1 & ! trade 9 x is enorm\s4 ,! tree f :i* gum ma/ic is obta9$ gr[s !re 9 great abundance1 z well z o!r trees produc+ res94 ,! isl& has f9e pa/ure l&s1 ) l>ge numb]s ( cattle1 c>abao1 goats1 & wild hogs2 & !re are f\nd ! fam\s edible birds' ne/s s mu* priz$ by ! ,*9ese t !y sometimes pay = !m twice _! weight 9 silv]4 ,! isl& has n be5 v well explor$1 b x is said to be ri* 9 m9]als4 ,s\? ( ,palaan lies ! little isl& ( ,balabac4 ,x is only ?irty-six miles long & eight or t5 wide1 ) a population ( #c1jjj or #d1jjj4 ,its only t[n is ,balabac4 ,its =e/ gr[?s are l ^? ( ,palaan1 & !re is said to be an abundant deposit ( coal !re4 ,que/ions4--,"n "s ( ! pr9cipal riv]s ( ,luzon4 ,:]e is ! be/ tobacco l& 9 ?is isl&8 ,:]e does ! f9e/ hemp gr[8 ,:at m9]als are f\nd on ,luzon8 ,:]e is ,laguna de ,bay8 ,:at is its outlet8 ,:]e on ,luzon is ! be/ timb] f\nd8 ,h[ l>ge is ,manila ,bay8 ,:at are ! ,visayas8 ,:at is ! pr9cipal city ( ?is gr\p8 ,:]e is x8 ,:at are its manufactures8 ,:at are ! pr9cipal products ( ,negros8 ,:y is ,cebu ( int]e/ hi/orically8 ,:at is ! pr9cipal crop on ?is isl&8 ,:at sort ( soil has ,bohol8 ,h[ d ! p live !re8 ,:at is ! pr9cipal crop on ,leyte8 ,:at is its *ief city8 ,:i* is ! l>ge/ ( ! ,visayan isl&s8 ,h[ does its population comp>e ) t ( ! o!r isl&s ( ! gr\p8 ,:at sort ( c\ntry is x8 ,:]e is ! ,/rait ( ,san ,b]n>d9o8 ,:y is x fam\s8 ,:]e is ,m9danao8 ,:]e1 on ,m9danao1 did ,magellan fir/ l&8 ,are !re any active volcanos on ! isl&8 ,:at sort ( climate has ,m9danao8 ,is x a well wat]$ c\ntry8 ,:at are its products8 ,:at is its capital city8 ,has x any good h>bors8 ,:]e is ! ,sulu ar*ipelago8 ,:at is its capital city8 ,:at sort ( t[n is x8 ,:at d ! p manufacture8 ,:]e is ,palaan8 ,:]e is ! ,/rait ( ,balabac8 ,:y is ?is /rait important8 ,:]e is ! isl& ( ,balabac8 ,illu/ration ,*apt] ,,xxii4 ,,! ,,future4 ,we h n[ le>n$ some?+ ( ! diff]5t isl&s ( ! ,philipp9e ar*ipelago & ( ! possibilities t lie 9 !m4 ,mu* has be5 done 9 ! pa/ to make ?is c\ntry a s\rce ( income to ! ,spani% cr[n2 mu*1 h[ev]1 rema9s to be done1 to make ( ! isl&s a c\ntry ^: prosp]ity %all help ! p !mselves4 ,! weal? ( a c\ntry is n to be e/imat$ by ! am\nt ( its exports1 or by ! numb] ( its great build+s1 f9e h>bors1 or spl5did cities4 ,a nation may h all ( ^! :ile ! p !mselves are poor4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates is a great & ri* nation1 n because ( ! value ( its national possessions1 b because ! great mass ( ! p are fairly well (f4 ,!re c be no real prosp]ity 9 a c\ntry unless ! p !mselves %>e x2 !re c be no j gov]nm5t if t gov]nm5t is consid]$ z some?+ ap>t f ! p4 ,! p mu/ h a "p 9 x be=e x c be a good gov]nm5t4 ,b be=e a p c take any real "p 9 ! gov]nm5t ( a civiliz$ l&1 !y mu/ und]/& some?+ ( ! pr9ciples on :i* good gov]nm5t is bas$4 ,!y mu/ "k some?+ ( ! _w's hi/ory & ( ! gov]nm5t ( o!r c\ntries4 ,!y mu/ h a common language1 & mu/ be a unit$ p1 all ready to "w = ! common good4 ,t c\ntry c nev] prosp] :i* is divid$ by a feel+ ( race diff]5ce1 or by jeal\sies t make h>d feel+ among its p4 ,x is because ! ,unit$ ,/ates has le>n$ ^! ?+s by exp]i5ce t x has op5$ public s*ools 9 ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s4 ,x seeks to h all ! p le>n ,engli%1 because only by means ( a common language c ! ,am]icans & ! ,filip9os come to und]/& "o ano!r2 only by means ( su* a language c ! diff]5t peoples among ! ,philipp9es come into real h>mony4 ,! "t is com+1 too1 :5 ,engli% w be ! language ( ! :ole comm]cial _w4 ,already ! p ( o!r great c\ntries "k t !y mu/ le>n to speak x = bus9ess uses1 & x is taught z a matt] ( c\rse 9 mo/ ( ! s*ools ( ,europe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,cagayan ,,de ,,oro ,,riv]4 ,a p mu/ h ev5 m ?an a common language1 common int]e/s1 & mod]n education1 to become a prosp]\s p4 ,n only mu/ m5 be wise en\gh to take "p 9 _! own gov]nm5t1 b !y mu/ h control ( ! trades & indu/ries & comm]cial v5tures ( _! own l&4 ,s long z ! comm]cial bus9ess ( a c\ntry is almo/ :olly c>ri$ on by =eign]s1 t c\ntry w nev] become ri*4 ,x is n meant by ?is t =eign]s %\ld n be all[$ to d bus9ess 9 ! c\ntry2 t is an idea :i* belongs to d>k ages ( ! _w's hi/ory4 ,b !re %\ld be no ne$ = !m 9 ! c\ntry4 ,! p %\ld h su* patriotic pride 9 ! welf>e ( _! own l& z to conduct its bus9ess !mselves4 ,nev]!less1 :]ev] !re is a dem& = any?+ 9 ! comm]cial _w1 !re w surely1 9 "t1 be a supply4 ,!re mu/ be m]*ants 9 ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s4 ,!re mu/ be tradesm51 artisans1 me*anics1 work]s 9 wood1 iron1 & lea!r1 & foll[]s ( ! arts & crafts kn[n to civilization4 ,if ! ,filip9o p d n take up ^! l9es ( "w1 & c>ry !m out well & wisely1 outsid]s w come 9 & monopolize !m4 ,!y h already come to ! ar*ipelago4 ,moreov]1 !y w cont9ue to come1 f ,*9a & ,japan1 f ,india & ,ceylon1 & f all ! c\ntries ( ,europe1 if ! p ( ! c\ntry d n !mselves le>n to take _! places4 ,s long z ! =eign]s are "h1 !re w be no?+ = ! native p to d b to "w z labor]s1 or z cl]ks & s]vants4 ,! great res\rce ( ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s mu/ always be agriculture4 ,:5 mod]n me?ods ( f>m+ are adopt$ "h1 & mod]n ma*9]y has tak5 ! place ( ! wood5 implem5ts & ! out-(-date tools n[ 9 use2 :5 we h l>ge sug> mills & ref9]ies 9 place ( ! small & primitive ones n[ "h1 we %all see great progress made4 ,) peace 9 ! c\ntry1 & good gov]nm5t mak+ e man secure 9 8 "r to life1 lib]ty1 & ! pursuit ( happ9ess1 f>m "w w be v diff]5t "h4 ,ne>ly ! entire population ( ! ar*ipelago ought !n to draw a good liv+ f ! l&4 ,:5 all ! good l& is br\ght "u cultivation1 ! crops rais$ 9 ! isl&s ought to increase t5fold ov] :at are n[ gr[n4 ,be=e mu* c be accompli%$1 h[ev]1 a great deal ( gov]nm5t "w mu/ be c>ri$ out4 ,?is ! ,am]icans h 9 view2 already "s millions ( doll>s h be5 set aside by ! civil gov]nm5t to make roads1 h>bors1 & bridges1 & = public works ( _m sorts 9 ! ar*ipelago4 ,a day ( hope seems op5+1 n m]ely = ! ,am]icans to :om ! task has fall5 ( c>ry+ on ! "w1 b = ! :ole ,filip9o p4 ,!y & ! ,am]icans mu/ "w toge!r to br+ ! promises ( ?is day into full fruitage4 ,no ^w ab\t ! isl&s c be complete unless x t\*es ^u ! wond]ful beauty ( ?is c\ntry4 ,?is is a great "p ( ! good inh]itance ( ! p4 ,x ought to quick5 ! pleasure & pride ( e ,filip9o 9 8 beautiful l&4 ,its l(ty m\nta9s1 its lovely pla9s & noble riv]s1 ! ri* v]dure t clo!s ! c\ntry1 all g to make up beautiful pictures ev]y:]e4 ,!re is mu* t c & mu/ be done to make ! cities & t[ns m fit & beautiful places = p to live 92 b = ! outside c\ntry nature has done great ?+s4 ,! banana plants & ! nipa & cocoanut palms are beautiful z well z useful4 ,s are ! great mango trees & ! fields ( gr[+ rice4 ,9 all nature !re is no?+ m graceful ?an ! giant bamboos t gr[ by e /ream4 ,_! beauty is ( a v p]fect sort4 ,?is plant does m ?an delight ! eye2 ( all tropical gr[?s x is ! mo/ useful to man4 ,9 a little composition :i* 0 writt5 by a ,*9ese s*oolboy 9 8 own c\ntry1 a f9e acc\nt is giv5 ( ! _m uses to :i* ! bamboo c be put4 ,he says3 ,illu/ration3 ,,manila ,,s*oolboys4 8,we h a bamboo h$ge 9 our gr\nds1 & no?+ c\ld be bett]4 ,i am writ+ ) a bamboo-h&l$ p5cil2 ,i h se5 bamboo ma/s on vessels4 ,on ! :ole1 ! bamboo is "o ( ! mo/ preci\s possessions ( ,*9a4 ,its tap]+ /alks supply joi/s = h\ses1 ribs = sails1 %afts = sp>s1 tubes & buckets = wat]1 fi%+-rods1 & ! h&les & ribs ( our fans4 ,! great bamboo1 split1 makes an excell5t ro(4 ,rafts are made ( ! bamboo2 baskets are wov5 ( x4 ,! ,*9aman sits 9 a bamboo *air at a bamboo table2 & he may re/ himself1 9 ! heat ( ! day1 b5ea? ! bamboo tree1 ) a bamboo hat ^u 8 head4 ,:5 ,i h be5 all ab\t ! edges ( ! _w1 & h se5 all k9ds ( /range p1 ,i ask no?+ bett] ?an to come back home & sit "u ! %ade ( a bamboo v]&a1 & :5 my life is f9i%$1 to g to heav5 f a bamboo b$40 ,to h[ _m o!r uses ?an ev5 ^! d ! ,filip9o p put bamboo6 ,!y make ! sails ( %ips f x2 !y build bridges ( x2 boats1 rafts1 wat]-pipes1 scaffolds = build+ h\ses1 & all k9ds ( baskets & furniture4 ,inde$ ?is plant1 ) ! ,india rubb] plant & ! bijuca1 w\ld enable almo/ any ,filip9o to build & furni% a h\se t w\ld answ] all ! ne$s ( ! climate4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we h n[ /udi$ ! ma9 facts 9 ! hi/ory ( ^! isl&s4 ,! ,/ory ( ! ,philipp9es has _m sad *apt]s1 b !re ne$ be no m su*4 ,! ,filip9o p h be5 pati5t "u trial4 ,!y h be5 =be>+ ?r\gh mu* inju/ice & misrule4 ,!y h be5 brave & patriotic always4 ,n[ we may hope t a new day has dawn$ ^u ! l&4 ,:at ?is day w br+ =? dep5ds1 to a great ext5t1 ^u ! ,filip9o boys & girls :o are n[ gr[+ up4 ,!y mu/ le>n to be good citiz5s4 ,!y mu/ be able1 :5 !y are m5 & wom51 to take a wise "p 9 gov]n+ ! c\ntry4 ,! night be=e ,jos ,rizal 0 %ot1 he said to a fri5d3 8,:at is dea? to me8 ,i h s[n2 o!rs are left to reap40 ,rizal w\ld h be5 glad to see ?is new day4 ,he w\ld h be5 glad to see s*oolh\ses op5+ ev]y:]e 9 ! c\ntry1 = he knew t k is p[]4 ,! se$s :i* he help$ to s[ are ^? ( lib]ty1 ju/ice1 & peace4 ,! ,filip9o p mu/ be wise en\gh to *]i% ^! se$s into /rong1 heal?y gr[?4 ,if !y d ?is ! c\ntry w surely reap ! h>ve/ :i* he =esaw1 ( peaceful days1 full ( hope & happ9ess4 ,,index4 ,acua1 ,bravo de1 #ga4 ,aetas1 #dd4 ,agriculture1 #bci4 ,agu9aldo1 ,emilio1 #ahd1 #aid1 #aif1 #bjg4 ,albay ,prov9ce1 #bbd4 ,alex&] ,,vi41 ,pope1 #cc4 ,alfonso ,,xii4 ( ,spa91 #afg4 ,alum1 #bbd4 ,am]ican1 fleet1 #bjd2 occupation1 #bjc2 ,revolution1 #ace2 tea*]s1 #bad1 #bae4 ,&a1 ,simon de1 #abj-abb1 #abf4 ,apo1 ,m\nt1 #bca4 ,ar&ia1 ,p$ro de1 #ajc1 #aje1 #aji1 #aab1 #aac4 ,arayat1 ,m\nt1 #bbc4 ,ar*bi%opric ( ,manila creat$1 #fe4 ,ars5al1 ,cavite1 #afe1 #bje1 #bjf4 ,artill]y regim5t1 ,spani%1 #afd4 ,assembly1 ,filip9o1 recomm5d$1 #bah1 #bai4 ,augu/i1 ,gov]nor-,g5]al1 #bja1 #bjf4 ,augu/9es1 #cj1 #fd1 #abe4 ,azaldeg91 ,g5]al ,lopez1 #he1 #hf4 ,balabac1 #bcd4 ,balangu5gui ,isl&s1 #aeb4 ,balboa1 #ad1 #ag4 ,bamboo1 #bcb1 #bda1 #bdb4 ,b&its1 #aeg1 #aeh4 ,b>bosa1 ,capta9 ,du>te1 #bc4 ,b>celona1 #agc4 ,bauti/a1 ,fray ,p$ro1 #fg4 ,biac-na-'bato1 #aie2 treaty (1 #aif1 #bjj4 ,birds' ne/s1 edible1 #bcd4 ,bi%op ( ,manila1 #fc-fe4 ,blanco1 ,gov]nor-,g5]al1 #agc1 #aha1 #ahc1 #ahd1 #ahf4 ,bohol1 #bbi4 ,bombon1 ,lake1 #aaa1 #bbc4 ,bo/on1 ,u4 ,s4 cruis]1 #bje4 ,bridge ( ,spa91 #bc1 #afd1 #aga4 ,briti% 9 ,manila1 #aag-abb4 ,burgos1 ,dr4 ,jos1 #afc1 #afd1 #ahj4 ,butuan1 *ief (1 #ai1 #ba1 #bc4 ,cabeza de b>angay1 #fb4 ,cable cut1 #bjf4 ,calle de ,camba1 massacre (1 #aii4 ,can>y ,isl&s1 #af4 ,cacao1 #bje4 ,c>aballo1 ,juan1 #be4 ,c>abaos1 #aib1 #bcd4 ,ca/illo1 ,capta9 ,gregorio1 #ia4 ,ca!dral1 ,manila1 #fg1 #ic1 #aef1 #aeg1 #aei4 ,cavite ,ars5al1 #afe1 #bje1 #bjf4 ,cavite1 insurrection (1 #afb1 #ahb4 ,cebu1 #bbh2 ,k+ ,*>les ,i4 (1 #ba2 ,k+ ,tupas (1 #cb1 #cg2 raid on1 #bjj2 wom5 (1 #aec4 8,c$ula p]sonal10 #afh1 #aic4 ,c5sor%ip ( native books1 #aea4 ,*affee1 ,major-,g5]al1 #bag4 ,*>les ,i41 ,k+1 #ae1 #af1 #ai1 #ba4 ,*9a1 emp]or (1 #ga4 ,*9ese 9 ,manila1 #ef-ei1 #gb1 #aje1 #ajf1 #aee4 ,*ol]a 9 ,manila1 #ach1 #afh4 ,*ri/9a1 ,que51 #adf4 ,*ur* & ,/ate1 relations betwe51 #fb-fe1 #hi4 ,civil gov]nm5t1 ,am]ican1 #bag2 ,spani%1 #aef4 ,clav]ia1 ,gov]nor-,g5]al1 #aeb4 ,c(fee1 #bbd1 #bbe4 ,columbus1 #ac1 #ad4 ,commission1 ,s*urman1 #bad1 #bae2 ,taft1 #baf1 #bag4 ,commission]s1 ,filip9o1 #bah4 ,comp>vano1 ,spani% ,m9i/]1 #adg4 ,concepcion1 !1 #af1 #be4 ,congress1 #bag1 #bah4 ,con/itution ( #ahab1 #acf1 #ach1 #ahj4 ,corregidor ,isl&1 #bjf1 #bbf4 ,cortes1 de ,cadiz1 #ace1 #ahj2 ,spani%1 #ace1 #acf4 ,cotton1 #add4 ,cuba c$$ to ,unit$ ,/ates1 #bji4 ,cue/a1 ,filip9o lead]1 #aed4 ,dattos1 #dh4 ,davao ,gulf1 #bca4 ,del ,cano1 ,juan ,seba/ian1 #bg1 #bi4 ,delegates to ,congress1 ,filip9o1 #bai4 ,desm>9as1 ,gomez ,p]ez1 #fd1 #fe1 #fg2 ,luis ,p]ez1 #fh1 #gc4 ,dewey1 ,admiral ,george1 #bjd-bjg4 ,drap]1 ,briti% g5]al1 #aag1 #aai1 #aba4 ,dut*1 !1 #gd1 #ge1 #gf1 #bbi4 ,e>?quakes1 #hd1 #aef1 #afg4 ,education1 #ach1 #bad1 #bcg4 8,el ,filibu/]o10 #agb4 ,engli% language1 #bcg4 ,executive1 #baf2 ,c\ncil1 #bah4 ,faj>do1 ,gov]nor-,g5]al1 #hd1 #he4 ,f]d9& ,,vii41 #acf4 ,f]nate1 k+ (1 #fg4 ,filip9o1 ,assembly1 #aei2 cl]gy1 #afb2 commission]s1 #bah2 p1 #dd1 #de1 #dh1 #bad4 ,folgu]as1 ,gov]nor-,g5]al1 #adj4 ,=eign]s 9 trade1 #ajc1 #acg1 #ade1 #bci4 ,=e/s1 #bcb1 #bcc4 ,=man1 ,john1 hi/orian1 #ahg4 ,freemasons1 #afd4 ,fri>s1 #fd1 #hb1 #abe1 #adg1 #afb1 #afi1 #aga1 #agg1 #ahg4 ,galleons1 #ge1 #gf1 #ii-ajc1 #ace4 ,gil1 ,padre ,m>iano1 #ahc4 ,goiti1 ,m>t9 de1 #cf1 #ci1 #ed1 #eg1 #gj4 ,gold1 #bbd1 #bca4 ,gomez1 ,dr4 ,m>iano1 #afd4 ,gov]nm5t1 c5tral1 #baf2 civil1 #aef1 #bag2 =m (1 recomm5d$1 #bah4 ,guam1 #bji4 ,gu>dia ,civil1 #aeg1 #ahb1 #ahd1 #aii4 ,guzman1 ,don ,francisco ,tello de1 #fh4 ,head ( a hundr$1 #dh1 #fb4 ,hemp1 #bbe1 #bbh1 #bbi1 #bca1 #bcb4 ,hi/ory ( ,philipp9es1 #baj1 #bba4 ,holl&1 peace )1 #gg4 ,hot ,spr+s1 #bbf4 ,ide1 ,hon4 ,h5ry ,c41 #bah4 ,igorrote-,*9ese1 #ei4 ,igorrotes1 #de1 #aab1 #aac1 #afh4 ,iloilo1 #bbg4 ,insurrection ( ,cavite1 #afb1 #ahb4 ,see ,revolts4 ,iron1 #bbd4 ,isabella ,,ii41 #aeh1 #aei4 ,isla de ,cuba1 #bje4 ,isla de ,panay1 #agc4 ,islas ,filip9as1 nam$1 #bh4 ,ja5a1 ,graciano ,lopez1 #afi1 #agj4 ,japan1 emp]or (1 #fe1 #hb1 #aha4 ,jesuits1 #abf1 #aei1 #agg4 ,jol1 #aad1 #aec1 #bcb2 a ,moro (1 #dg4 ,jomohol1 #ah4 ,jusi weav+1 #bbg4 ,katipunan1 #ahj1 #aha1 #ahc4 ,kieman1 ,f>r&a1 #fe1 #ff4 ,k+ ( ! ,tagals1 !1 #adh1 #adi4 ,k+'s ,regim5t1 !1 #aje1 #acg1 #adj1 #aff4 ,kox+a1 #ib-id4 ,la*ambre1 ,g5]al1 #ahg4 ,lacondola1 #cg-ci4 ,ladrone ,isl&s1 #ah1 #bji4 ,ladrones1 b&s (1 #aih4 ,laguna de ,bay1 #bbd4 ,l>a1 ,gov]nor-,g5]al1 #hh1 #ij4 ,la ,tr9idad1 #af1 #ag4 ,lavaz>es1 ,gov]nor-,g5]al1 #eb1 #eg4 ,laws1 object (1 #bab4 ,leg>do1 ,sr4 ,b5ito1 #bah4 ,legaspi1 ,miguel ,lopez de1 #ah1 #bh-dj1 #eb4 ,legaspi1 port (1 #afd4 ,legislative bodies1 #bag4 ,leyte1 port (1 #afd1 #bbi4 ,lib]al ,p>ty1 #ace1 #agj4 ,li-ma-hong1 #ed1 #ef-ei4 ,l+ay51 bay (1 #bbb4 ,llan]as1 ,g5]al1 #aia4 ,l\is ,philippe1 #adf1 #adg4 ,luneta1 !1 #cj1 #ahd4 ,luzon1 #cd1 #cg1 #acf1 #bbb4 ,mac,arthur1 ,major-,g5]al1 #bag4 ,ma*9]y1 improv$1 #bbh4 ,mactan1 isl& (1 #ba4 ,magellan1 ,f]d9&1 #ad-bd1 #bbi2 ,/raits (1 #ag1 #ai4 ,ma9e1 !1 #bjd4 ,malhon1 #ah4 ,malong's revolt1 #ia4 ,m&>9s 9 ,manila1 #ga4 ,mango trees1 #bdj4 ,manila1 #acg1 #ade1 #bjg1 #bjh2 ar*bi%opric (1 #fe2 ca!dral1 #fg1 #ic1 #aef1 #aeg1 #aei4 ,manila ,bay1 #bjg1 #bbb1 #bbf2 battle (1 #bje4 ,m>auit campaign1 #ahj4 ,m>t9ez1 ,gov]nor-,g5]al1 #adj1 #adb4 ,masbate1 #bbf4 ,mat&a1 ,rajah1 #cg4 ,maynila1 #cd1 #ch4 ,mayon volcano1 #afh1 #bbe4 ,mc,kinley1 ,presid5t1 #baj4 ,m]ritt1 ,g54 ,wesley1 #bjg4 ,mexico1 #gi1 #abh1 #acg2 ,high ,c\rt (1 #eb4 ,milit>y gov]nm5t1 #bac4 ,m9danao1 #ah1 #gj1 #bbi-bcb4 ,m9doro1 #bbf4 ,monet1 ,g5]al1 #aib4 ,montji]at1 =tress (1 #agd4 ,montojo1 ,admiral1 #bjd1 #bje4 ,morga1 ,gov]nor-,g5]al1 #gj4 ,morgado1 ,capt4 ,alonzo1 #adb4 ,moriones1 ,gov]nor-,g5]al1 #afd1 #aff4 ,moro pirates1 #ga1 #id1 #ach1 #adb1 #aeb4 ,moros1 #df1 #dg1 #gj1 #ahj4 ,moses1 ,hon4 ,b]n>d1 #bah4 ,municipal s*ool1 #aei4 ,native cl]gy1 #adg1 #afb1 #agg1 #aib4 ,navidad1 #bh1 #cj4 ,negritos1 #dd1 #ej4 ,negros1 #aeb1 #bbh4 8,nolle me ,tang]e10 #agb4 ,normal s*ool1 #aei4 ,norzag>ay1 ,gov]nor-,g5]al1 #aed4 ,novales1 ,capta91 #adj4 ,nuevo ,segovia1 ,bi%op (1 #aac4 ,nuez1 ,g5]al1 #aib4 ,ord] ( ,safety1 !1 #aeb4 ,outlaws1 #aee4 ,palaan1 #bcd4 ,pampangans1 revolt (1 #ia4 ,p>ado1 ,g5]al ,gonzales1 #aha4 ,p>ian1 !1 #aef2 gate1 #aee1 #aef4 ,p>is1 peace (1 #aba4 ,pat]no1 ,sr4 ,p$ro ,a41 #aid-aif4 ,peace1 ,commission1 #bjh2 ( ,p>is1 #aba2 treaty (1 #bjh-baj4 ,pe>l fi%]ies1 #bcd4 ,philip ,,ii41 ,k+1 #bh1 #bi1 #cj1 #fc1 #fh4 ,philip ,,iii41 ,k+1 #fh4 ,pia clo?1 #bbg4 ,pirates1 ,*9ese1 #ed-ei2 see ,moro4 ,polavieja1 ,gov]nor-,g5]al1 #agd1 #ahg1 #aia4 ,pope ,alex&] ,,vi41 #cc4 ,porto ,rico1 #bjc1 #bji4 ,presid5t ( ,u4 ,s41 #bjd1 #bji1 #bad1 #baf1 #bah4 ,prison]s releas$ by ,u4 ,s41 #bac4 ,problete1 ,ar*bi%op1 #hi1 #if4 ,protocol ( peace1 #bjh4 ,punta1 #bje4 ,raon1 ,gov]nor-,g5]al1 #abf4 8,real ,situado10 #ajc4 ,recoletos1 #agg4 ,re=m]s 9 ,spa91 #ade4 ,report ( ,s*urman ,commission1 #bae4 ,repres5tative gov]nm5t1 #bai4 ,revolts-- ,sumoroy's1 #he1 #hf4 ,malong's1 #ia4 ,silan's1 #abd4 ,luzon1 #acf4 ,novales'1 #adj4 ,bohol1 #ade4 ,tayabas1 #adh4 ,tagal regim5t1 #adh4 ,cue/a's1 #aed4 ,cavite1 #afb4 ,zamboanga1 #afd4 ,sev5ty-f\r? ,regim5t1 #aih4 ,reyes1 ,v5tura de ,los1 #acf4 ,rica=t1 ,gov]nor-,g5]al1 #add1 #ade4 ,riccio1 fri>-m&>91 #ib-id4 ,rio de ,janeiro1 #af4 ,riv]a1 ,gov]nor-,g5]al1 #afh1 #ahi1 #aia1 #aid1 #aig1 #bja4 ,rizal1 ,dr4 ,jos1 #agj-age1 #bdc2 8 wid[1 #agd4 ,rod]igues1 ,e/evan1 #gj4 ,rojo1 ,ar*bi%op1 #aag1 #abj1 #abb4 ,royal dues1 #ajf4 ,/4 ,laz>us ,hospital1 #hc4 ,salaz>1 ,ar*bi%op1 #fe4 ,salaz>1 ,simon de ,&a y1 #aag1 #abj-abb1 #abf4 ,salc$o1 ,gov]nor-,g5]al1 #if4 ,salc$o1 ,juan1 #cd-cg1 #ea1 #ec1 #ed1 #eh1 #ei1 #fa4 ,san ,antonio1 #af1 #ag4 ,san ,b]n>d9o ,/rait1 #bbi4 ,san*ez1 ,alonzo1 #fc4 ,sangley1 #bje4 ,san ,fau/o ,*apel1 #dj4 ,san ,jos ,college1 #abf4 ,san ,juan del ,monte1 #ahb1 #ahc4 ,san ,laz>us ,isl&s1 #ai4 ,san ,luc> ,b>ram$a1 #af1 #bg4 ,santiago1 #af1 #ag4 ,santo ,tomos1 #abe4 ,s*ools 9 ! 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