,illustration3 ,,the ,,world ,,on ,,mercator',s ,,projection4 ,,the ,,story ,,of ,,the ,,philippines ,illustration3 ,,view ,,from ,,the ,,city ,,wall1 ,,manila4 ,,the ,,story ,,of ,,the ,,philippines ,,for ,,use ,,in ,,the ,,schools ,,of ,,the ,,philippine ,,islands ,,by ,,adeline ,,knapp ,author of 8,how to ,live10 etc4 ,,with ,,many ,,illustrations ,illustration ,,silver1 ,,burdett ,,and ,,company ,,new ,,york ,,boston ,,chicago ,,copyright1 #aijb1 ,,by ,,silver1 ,,burdett ,,and ,,company ,,prefatory ,,note4 ,the history of the ,philippine ,islands is little known to its people to-day1 for the records are few and not easy of access4 ,just at the present time this knowledge is especially necessary to the ,filipino people4 ,a knowledge of the conditions of the past is of the greatest importance to a people desirous of planning wisely and well for the future4 8,the ,story of the ,philippines0 aims to teach ,filipino young people the salient facts regarding the past of their country1 and1 besides this1 it points out some of the things needful to the best growth and progress of the islands4 ,certain chapters are devoted to matters pertaining to geography1 commerce1 and government1 directing attention to the main physical features of the country and the possibilities of its successful development1 and touching upon lines of commercial and social advancement which lie just ahead4 ,the book shows that the ,filipinos have a past filled with the records of brave deeds and patient forbearance2 that they have a beautiful country1 rich in natural resources2 and that the future development and prosperity of their islands depend largely upon themselves4 ,the volume has been prepared in order to fill a definite educational need in the schools of the ,philippine ,islands1 and as the first secular history of their land to be brought within reach of ,filipino school children it should be of real value4 ,but it is not only to the teachers and pupils in the schools that this book is useful2 it should appeal to all who live in the ,philippine ,islands and all others who are interested in them4 ,the author has had access to the best historical material available in the ,philippines and in ,america4 ,the book was written in the islands1 and as nearly as possible from the standpoint of the people4 ,it is impossible to name the many devoted friends of the islands--,filipinos and ,americans--who have helped to make this book possible4 ,no mere words of thanks can express the obligation of the author and publishers to them2 but their aid was given in a spirit of desire to help in the education of ,filipino young people4 ,if the book does this1 their reward will be commensurate with the great service they have rendered4 ,,contents4 ,,chapter4 ,,page4 ,i4 ,,the ,,discovery ,,of ,,the ,,islands #ac ,,ii4 ,,early ,,settlements #bg ,,iii4 ,,the ,,country ,,and ,,its ,,people #db ,,iv4 ,,early ,,troubles #eb ,v4 ,,beginnings ,,of ,,strife #fa ,,vi4 ,,colonial ,,wars ,,and ,,difficulties #gj ,,vii4 ,,the ,,spanish ,,and ,,the ,,filipinos #gh ,,viii4 ,a ,,new ,,beginning #hh ,,ix4 ,,trade ,,in ,,the ,,philippines #ii ,x4 ,,the ,,islands ,,under ,,arandia',s ,,rule #aji ,,xi4 ,,british ,,occupation #aag ,,xii4 ,,to ,,the ,,end ,,of ,,the ,,eighteenth ,,century #abd ,,xiii4 ,,the ,,constitution ,,of #ahab #acb ,,xiv4 ,,changes ,,in ,,the ,,islands #adb ,,xv4 ,,efforts ,,to ,,keep ,,peace #aea ,,xvi4 ,,the ,,insurrection ,,at ,,cavite #afb ,,xvii4 ,,the ,,uprising ,,of #ahif #agg ,,xviii4 ,,the ,,end ,,of ,,spanish ,,rule #aia ,,xix4 ,,the ,,beginning ,,of ,,american ,,occupation #bjc ,,xx4 ,,civil ,,government ,,for ,,the ,,philippines #bab ,,xxi4 ,,physical ,,geography ,,of ,,the ,,archipelago #bba ,,xxii4 ,,the ,,future #bcf ,,illustrations4 ,,page4 ,,view ,,from ,,the ,,city ,,wall1 ,,manila ,frontispiece ,,king ,,charles ,i4 #ae ,,in ,,the ,,straits ,,of ,,magellan #ai ,,map ,,of ,,magellan',s ,,route #bj ,,the ,,landing ,,of ,,magellan #bb ,,the ,,tomb ,,of ,,magellan1 ,,on ,,the ,,island ,,of ,,mactan #bd ,,statue ,,of ,,sebastian ,,del ,,cano #bi ,,ancient ,,fort ,,commanding ,,cebu ,,harbor #cb ,,the ,,monument ,,to ,,legaspi ,,at ,,cebu ,,city #ce ,,legaspi ,,sailing ,,to ,,manila #ch ,,aborigines ,,of ,,mindanao #dd ,a ,,moro ,,of ,,jol1 ,,in ,,the ,,sulu ,,archipelago #dg ,,ancient ,,alphabets #di ,,negritos ,,in ,a ,,prahu #ej ,,plaza ,,de ,,goiti1 ,,manila #ee ,,chinese ,,war ,,junks ,,attacking ,,manila #eg ,,king ,,philip ,,ii4 #fc ,,the ,,city ,,wall ,,and ,,moat1 ,,manila #ff ,a ,,member ,,of ,,the ,,guianga ,,tribe ,,of ,,mindanao #gb ,,warriors ,,of ,,mindanao #gc ,,dutch ,,ships ,,attacking ,a ,,chinese ,,trading ,,junk #ge ,,fuerza ,,del ,,pilar1 ,,mindanao #ha ,,st4 ,,lazarus ,,hospital1 ,,manila #hc ,a ,,church ,,at ,,malate #ij ,,the ,,manila ,,cathedral #ic ,,an ,,old ,,spanish ,,fort ,,at ,,siassi #ie ,,the ,,arrival ,,of ,a ,,spanish ,,galleon #aja ,,the ,,santa ,,lucia ,,gate1 ,,manila #ajd ,,taal ,,volcano #aaj ,,igorrotes #aac ,a ,,street ,,in ,,jol #aad ,,royal ,,gate ,,and ,,sally ,,port ,,in ,,the ,,city ,,wall1 ,,manila #aai ,,the ,,british ,,assault ,,on ,,the ,,walls ,,of ,,manila #aba ,,monument ,,to ,,simon ,,de ,,anda ,,on ,,the ,,malacon1 ,,manila #abg ,a ,,modern ,,war ,,ship #acc ,,king ,,ferdinand ,,vii4 #acg ,a ,,street ,,in ,,manila #aci ,,the ,,magellan ,,monument1 ,,manila #adc ,,queen ,,christina #adf ,,manila ,,bay ,,from ,,the ,,city ,,walls #adh ,,pirate ,,fleet ,,attacking ,a ,,coast ,,town #aec ,,the ,,parian ,,gate #aee ,,ruins ,,of ,,manila ,,cathedral ,,after ,,an ,,earthquake #aeg ,,queen ,,isabella ,,ii4 ,,as ,a ,,child #aeh ,,the ,,grounds ,,of ,,the ,,cavite ,,arsenal #afe ,,pumping ,,station1 ,,carriedo ,,waterworks #afg ,,the ,,bridge ,,of ,,spain #aga ,,fort ,,general ,,weyler ,,in ,,mindanao #agh ,,the ,,bridge ,,of ,,san ,,juan ,,del ,,monte #ahb ,,dungeon ,,at ,,cavite #ahe ,,biac-,,na-',,bato1 ,,where ,,the ,,treaty ,,was ,,made #aie ,,emilio ,,aguinaldo #aii ,,admiral ,,montojo #bjd ,,governor-,,general ,,augusti #bjf ,,the ,,first ,,american ,,flag ,,raised ,,in ,,manila #bji ,,governor ,,william ,h4 ,,taft #bae ,,general ,,adna ,r4 ,,chaffee #bag ,,mayon ,,volcano #bbe ,,weaving ,,jusi #bbg ,,the ,,falls ,,of ,,botocan ,,in ,,luzon #bcj ,a ,,river ,,scene ,,on ,,the ,,island ,,of ,,luzon #bcc ,,the ,,cagayan ,,de ,,oro ,,river #bch ,,manila ,,schoolboys #bda ,,colored ,,maps ,,the ,,world ,inside ,front ,cover ,,the ,,philippine ,,islands ,inside ,back ,cover ,,key ,,to ,,pronunciation ,,of ,,proper ,,names4 a as in fat4 as in fate4 as in father4 as in ask4 e as in pen4 as in mete4 as in her4 i as in pin4 as in pine4 o as in not4 oi as in oil1 boy4 ou as in pound1 proud4 as in note4 as in move4 u as in tub4 as in mute4 u as in pull4 ,a double dot under a vowel in an unaccented syllable indicates that its sound is almost that of the short u in but1 tub1 etc4 as in ,america1 e in prudent1 i in charity1 o in actor1 in the book1 in nature4 ,illustration ,,the ,,story ,,of ,,the ,,philippines4 ,chapter ,i4 ,,the ,,discovery ,,of ,,the ,,islands4 ,when ,christopher ,columbus 7kristo fer k-lumbus7 discovered ,america1 in the year #adib1 he set all ,europe talking about the unknown lands that lay beyond seas4 ,at that time little was known of geography4 ,most people believed that the world was flat1 and that if a man were to reach the edge he could jump off into space4 ,some people thought1 too1 that this great1 flat earth rested on the backs of four huge tortoises1 and that the movements of these creatures caused earthquakes4 ,sailors believed that somewhere in the ,atlantic ,ocean ,satan lived4 ,when a ship was wrecked they thought that ,satan had reached out an awful hand and dragged the ship down into the sea4 ,even learned captains believed this1 and declared that they had seen ships drawn under in this manner4 ,to them the great1 dashing waves in a storm must have looked like huge hands1 and so they made this mistake4 ,the sea was full of terror to those sailors of long ago2 yet they braved it4 ,they went forth in frail little ships1 such as a modern sailor would hardly risk a voyage in4 ,until a short time before ,columbus's day they even had no compass1 but were guided by the winds and the stars4 ,they made long voyages in their tiny ships1 and little by little they began to see that those who said that the world is round1 and not flat1 must be right4 ,in the year #aeac1 a little over twenty years after ,columbus's discovery1 a ,spanish captain named ,balboa 7bl b7 reached ,central ,america4 ,with his soldiers he crossed the ,isthmus of ,darien 7d r n71 and discovered the great ocean which washes the western coast of ,america4 ,this ocean he named the 8,southern ,sea40 ,men were in those days slowly groping their way across seas to the new lands4 ,of course1 as soon as they knew of this ocean1 they wanted to find a way to sail into it from the ,atlantic ,ocean4 ,they knew that if they could do this they would have a shorter route from ,europe to the famed 8spice islands0 which were believed to be in the ,south ,seas4 ,about this time there came to ,spain a great soldier and sea-captain named ,ferdinand ,magellan 7frd nnd ma jelan74 ,he was a ,portuguese noble1 a clever man of much learning4 ,while yet a very young man he became an officer in the ,portuguese navy1 and fought for his king in many far countries4 ,during a war which ,portugal waged in ,africa1 ,magellan was badly wounded in one knee1 so that he was ever after lame4 ,on his return to ,portugal from ,africa1 other captains of the king became jealous of his fame and tried to belittle all that he had done4 ,illustration3 ,,king ,,charles ,i4 ,they told the king untrue tales about him1 and made the sovereign believe evil against him4 ,among other things1 they said that he was pretending to suffer from a malady of which he had once been a victim1 but of which he was really cured4 ,they said that he did this because he did not wish to serve the king any longer4 ,so they stirred up the king's mind against the brave captain1 and ,magellan was very badly treated4 ,at last1 deeply hurt by the king's unfairness1 he left the country4 ,he went to ,spain1 and became a subject of ,king ,charles ,i4 ,the king of ,spain gave ,magellan a warm welcome4 ,he was glad to have him at court1 and listened eagerly to what ,magellan had to say about certain rich islands that lay in the ,southern ,sea4 ,many sailors from ,spain and from ,portugal had heard of these islands1 and when they returned from their voyages to the ,malay ,peninsula in the ,east1 they told how they had seen1 in ,malacca harbor1 dusky traders from that unknown land4 ,none of them knew1 however1 just where these islands lay4 ,at last ,king ,charles ,i4 made a compact with ,magellan4 ,he made the captain a cavalier of ,spain1 and fitted out a fleet for him4 ,magellan pledged himself to spend ten years trying to find the southern islands for ,spain1 and the king gave to him and to his heirs the governorship of all islands that he might discover and conquer4 ,it was on ,august #aj1 #aeai1 that ,magellan's fleet1 flying the royal standard of ,spain1 left ,san ,lucar de ,barrameda 7sn lcr d br r mth74 ,there were five ships1 ,la ,trinidad 7l trn dth71 ,san ,antonio 7sn n tn 71 ,victoria 7vik tr 71 ,santiago 7sn t g71 and ,concepcion 7kn thepth n74 ,they sailed southward1 from ,san ,lucar de ,barrameda toward the ,canary ,islands1 and on the #acth of ,december reached ,rio de ,janeiro 7r d zh nr74 ,from there they went along down the eastern coast of ,south ,america1 trying every opening which they thought might be a passage into the sea they sought4 ,they lost a good deal of time sailing up the ,rio de la ,plata 7r d l plt71 and at last had to come back to the ,atlantic4 ,by this time it was late in winter1 and the weather was very cold4 ,by now the officers and sailors on all save ,magellan's own ship had become rebellious4 ,they were sure that no passage could be found into the ,southern ,sea1 and they wanted to go back to ,spain4 ,this rebellion grew until ,magellan had to put it down by the use of force4 ,he was able to win over the sailors1 but the officers still made trouble1 and at last their revolt was so serious that the fleet could not go on until this matter was ended4 ,one captain even made an attack on ,la ,trinidad1 the ship which ,magellan commanded4 ,not until one of the rebellious captains1 with a companion1 was put ashore1 another killed1 and a third executed for mutiny1 was order restored so that the fleet could continue the voyage4 ,but the way was long and trying4 ,the sailors began to lose courage again1 and only the bravery and strong will of ,magellan kept the fleet together4 ,one ship1 the ,santiago1 was wrecked in a great gale1 and while off the coast of ,new ,guinea 7n ginn7 the crew and most of the officers of the ,san ,antonio mutinied4 ,they put their captain in irons and sailed back to ,spain4 ,there they lodged a complaint against their captain and against ,magellan4 ,they accused the latter of great cruelty1 and raised much ill feeling against him4 ,magellan's wife and family were put into prison1 and if the cavalier himself had been in ,spain1 it would have gone hard with him4 ,but ,magellan was very far from ,spain4 ,with the three remaining ships he was still sailing in search of a passage into the sea which ,balboa had discovered4 ,on the #bhth day of ,october1 #aebj1 the fleet reached the seaway now known as the ,straits of ,magellan1 between ,patagonia 7pat gn 7 and ,tierra del ,fuego 7t err del fwg74 ,hardly daring to hope that this was the passage they sought1 they entered it and sailed on4 ,nearly a month later1 on ,november #bf1 #aebj1 they passed out of the ,straits and found themselves on the broad1 blue ,southern ,sea4 ,this sea was so quiet1 so fair and beautiful1 that ,magellan at once named it the 8,pacific10 or 8peaceful10 ,ocean4 ,the longed for seaway was discovered1 and they were the first to sail through it6 ,we may be sure that the hearts of the little company were glad4 ,there was no more doubt2 no more grumbling2 no more rebellion against their leader4 ,they knew1 at last1 that he was a great captain1 and they followed him willingly across the unknown sea4 ,they were now full of hope for the success of their voyage4 ,they were eager to reach the rich spice islands which they were sure lay before them1 and the ships sailed bravely forward over the beautiful ,pacific4 ,on ,march #af1 #aeba1 they came to the ,ladrone 7l drne7 ,islands4 ,to these ,magellan gave the name ,islas de las ,velas 7s ls d ls vls74 ,it was ,miguel de ,legaspi 7m gel d l gthp7 who1 when he visited them in #aefd1 called them the ,ladrones4 ,the expedition did not linger here1 however1 but soon sailed away toward the southwest1 where the ,spaniards hoped to find the spice islands which they sought4 ,they held steadily to their westward course1 and in due time reached ,jomohol 7h m hl71 now called ,malhon 7ml hn71 in the ,straits of ,suragao 7s r g71 between ,samar 7smr7 and ,dinegat 7d n gt74 ,here they touched1 but did not remain4 ,they sailed on along the coast of ,mindanao 7mn d n71 instead1 and early in ,easter week came to the mouth of the ,butuan 7b t n7 ,river4 ,they were nearly out of food and water by this time1 so they landed to see what supplies they could find4 ,the chief of ,butuan and his people were at first frightened by the sight of these white strangers4 ,the ,spaniards wore armor and carried firearms4 ,they must have seemed strange to those simple people1 who had never before seen such men or such weapons4 ,the natives welcomed the strangers1 and brought them fresh food and water4 ,they helped the ,spaniards to load these on their ships1 and were in every way friendly4 ,illustration3 ,,in ,,the ,,straits ,,of ,,magellan4 ,afterwards ,magellan claimed the country for ,king ,charles ,i4 of ,spain1 and raised the ,spanish flag4 ,the chief looked on during this act1 and consented to it2 but it is not likely that he knew what ,magellan was doing4 ,then ,magellan named the country the ,san ,lazarus 7sn lthr s7 ,isles4 ,illustration3 ,,magellan',s ,,route4 ,the ,map shows the ,world as known about #aejj4 ,magellan learned from the ,butuan people that a rich and fertile island called ,cebu 7sb7 lay to the north1 and to this island he wished to go4 ,the chief of ,butuan then offered to go with him and show him the way2 so1 with the chief and some of his people1 the fleet sailed to ,cebu4 ,they reached harbor there ,april #g1 #aeba4 ,at first the ,cebuans 7sb ns7 were very unfriendly toward the strangers1 and1 but for the chief of ,butuan1 would have driven them away4 ,he answered for the ,spaniards1 however4 ,he told the king of ,cebu that they wished to be friends1 and at last the ,spaniards were allowed to land4 ,magellan must have had the good gift of making friends1 for he soon won over the king of ,cebu just as he had won over the chief of ,butuan4 ,he and the king swore friendship1 and each drank blood drawn from the breast of the other4 ,this they did for a sign that thereafter they were to be brothers4 ,magellan also made a treaty with the king in the name of ,king ,charles ,i4 of ,spain4 ,there were a number of ,spanish friars with the fleet4 ,these at once began to teach the people1 and before long the king was baptized as ,king ,charles ,i4 of ,cebu4 ,many of his people were baptized also4 ,magellan then promised the ,cebuans to help them in a war which they were having with the people of ,mactan 7mktn71 an island near ,cebu4 ,to keep this promise1 ,magellan crossed to ,mactan with forty of his men in the evening of ,april #beth4 ,he would not let any of the ,cebuans go with him1 as he wished to show them how quickly ,spanish soldiers would defeat such a foe4 ,illustration3 ,from a ,painting in the ,municipal ,school1 ,manila4 ,,the ,,landing ,,of ,,magellan4 ,the ,spanish landed at night1 and as soon as it was light the people of ,mactan came down to the beach in great numbers4 ,a fierce battle was fought1 in which the ,europeans1 being greatly outnumbered1 were defeated4 ,one old ,spanish account says that the ,spanish soldiers sprang into the water and swam to the ships1 leaving their leader on shore4 ,magellan was a skillful swordsman1 and killed many of the enemy4 ,at last1 however1 a savage1 who fought with a huge club1 struck him a blow that crushed both his helmet and his skull4 ,he died1 there by the sea1 on the island of ,mactan1 and a monument to his memory now stands on the spot where it is supposed that he fell4 ,on the right bank of the ,river ,pasig 7psig71 in ,manila1 near the bridge of ,spain1 is another monument in honor of this brave nobleman and soldier4 ,ferdinand ,magellan ranks with the great sailors of the world4 ,not even ,columbus was wiser or more skillful than he4 ,the discovery of the passage between the two great oceans1 and the long1 dangerous journey across seas to these islands1 are feats that make him worthy of a high and honorable place in the world's history4 ,after the death of ,magellan1 ,captain ,duarte ,barbosa 7d rt br both7 took command of the fleet4 ,the king of ,cebu had not sworn friendship with him1 however1 and the chief of ,butuan had gone back to his home1 so the ,spanish had no strong friend in the island4 ,the king invited ,barbosa and his men to a feast on the island1 and at this feast the captain and twenty-six of his men were killed4 ,the ,cebuans offered to give up a ,spanish sailor named ,juan ,serrano 7h n s rn7 for two cannons from one of the ships1 but the ,spanish would not come inshore to bring the cannons and take their shipmate on board4 ,they sailed away and left him to his fate4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,tomb ,,of ,,magellan1 ,,on ,,the ,,island ,,of ,,mactan4 ,in all1 thirty-two ,spaniards were killed at ,cebu4 ,this left them so short of men that they could not get the three ships away4 ,so1 as the ,concepcion was the poorest of the three1 they sunk her in ,cebu harbor4 ,after doing this they made haste to get away from the scene of their ill fortune4 ,captain ,juan ,caraballo 7kr bly7 was now made commander of the expedition1 and with less than a hundred men all told1 the two ships went on to ,borneo4 ,summary4--,ferdinand ,magellan1 a ,portuguese noble1 leaving his own country because of ill treatment1 became a subject of ,spain4 ,king ,charles ,i4 fitted out a fleet for him1 and ,magellan agreed to spend ten years seeking for islands in the ,southern ,sea1 to conquer for ,spain4 ,on ,august #aj1 #aeai1 the fleet sailed from ,san ,lucar de ,barrameda1 southward4 ,magellan sailed down the eastern coast of ,south ,america1 seeking a passage into the ocean which ,balboa had discovered and named the ,southern ,sea4 ,they had many hardships4 ,one ship was wrecked and one deserted2 but on ,october #bh1 #aebj1 they reached the passage now known as the ,straits of ,magellan4 ,this passage is between ,patagonia and ,tierra del ,fuego4 ,they sailed through the ,straits1 and on ,november #bf1 #aebj1 entered the ,southern ,sea4 ,magellan named this sea the ,pacific ,ocean4 ,on ,march #af1 #aeba1 the fleet reached the ,ladrone ,islands4 ,they did not remain long1 but sailed toward the southwest4 ,they touched at ,malhon1 and went on along the coast of ,mindanao4 ,they landed at the mouth of the ,butuan ,river1 and were well received by the chief and his people4 ,magellan claimed the country for ,spain4 ,the chief of ,butuan went with the ,spanish to ,cebu4 ,magellan swore friendship with the king of ,cebu1 and the latter was baptized4 ,magellan1 with forty ,spaniards1 offered to fight the people of ,mactan1 who were at war with the ,cebuans4 ,magellan was killed1 however1 and the ,spaniards were driven back4 ,the new ,spanish leader was killed1 with twenty-six of his men1 at a feast given by the king of ,cebu on shore4 ,the ,spanish sunk one of their ships2 and the other two1 with all the ,spaniards left1 sailed for ,borneo4 ,questions4--,what did people believe in the time of ,columbus about the shape of the earth8 ,what did they think about the sea8 ,what ,european first saw the ,pacific ,ocean8 ,how did he reach it8 ,who was ,magellan8 ,how did he come to take service with the king of ,spain8 ,when did ,magellan's fleet leave ,spain8 ,what course did it take8 ,tell when he discovered the ,straits4 ,where did ,magellan go after entering the ,pacific8 ,give an account of his landing at ,butuan4 ,where did he go next8 ,how did he die8 ,what then became of the fleet8 ,illustration ,chapter ,,ii4 ,,early ,,settlements4 ,in the month of ,september1 #aebb1 a few weeks over three years after ,magellan's proud fleet sailed from ,san ,lucar de ,barrameda1 in ,spain1 a single ship put into that port4 ,she was seaworn and battered1 with torn sails1 and timbers warped and scarred by many a storm4 ,the people hailed her with joy1 and everywhere in ,spain men were glad when they heard of her safe home-coming4 ,this ship was the ,victoria1 commanded by ,captain ,juan ,sebastian del ,cano 7s bst n del kn71 a statue of whom now stands in the main hall of the ,palacio in ,manila4 ,she was the only one left of the five ships that had gone out with ,magellan three years before4 ,but battered and scarred as she was1 the ,victoria was a ship to be proud of4 ,she had sailed clear around the world1 and at that time no other ship had ever done such a thing4 ,no wonder1 then1 that everybody was glad to see her1 and was proud of her4 ,the people were sorry when they learned of the sad fate of ,magellan1 but there were still brave captains and clever seamen in ,spain1 and these at once began making plans to go to the new-found ,san ,lazarus ,isles4 ,one of the expeditions that were fitted out was lost2 but in #aedb a second company left the city of ,navidad 7n v dth7 in ,mexico1 or ,new ,spain1 as that country was often called4 ,this one was commanded by a ,spanish nobleman named ,ruy ,lopez de ,villalobos 7r l pethd vl y l'bos74 ,after a long1 hard journey the expedition reached the island now called ,samar4 ,the ,spanish did not try to settle there1 but ,ruy ,lopez named this island ,isla ,filipina1 in honor of ,prince ,philip of ,spain4 ,that one little fact is of interest to us1 because about a year later a certain ,spanish gentleman who was writing a letter home from ,mexico spoke of the whole group of islands as ,las ,islas ,filipinas4 ,this name was at once taken up in ,spain4 ,no one remembered that ,magellan had named the islands ,san ,lazarus1 but every one called them ,islas ,filipinas2 and so these ,philippine ,islands received a name which they have ever since kept4 ,the ,spanish gentleman who wrote that letter was ,don ,miguel ,lopez de ,legaspi4 ,he was a nobleman of ,spain1 but for many years he lived in ,mexico4 ,he was one of the many great men who1 in early times1 made ,spain's name a proud one4 ,he was a young man when he went to ,new ,spain and began to practice law4 ,he was an honest gentleman and an able statesman1 and before many years he was made mayor of the ,city of ,mexico4 ,he seems to have been a truly religious man1 wise and just2 a man to trust1 and one well able to lead other men4 ,for such men there are always high places in the world4 ,legaspi was1 moreover1 a brave soldier and a skillful sailor4 ,illustration3 ,,statue ,,of ,,sebastian ,,del ,,cano4 ,in the ,palacio1 ,manila4 ,it is not strange1 therefore1 that the king of ,spain should have known about him4 ,the king at this time was ,philip ,,ii41 for whom1 when he was prince1 these islands were named4 ,he came to the throne in #aeee1 and soon after was minded to send out an expedition to settle in the country named for him4 ,he looked about for a man to command this expedition1 and his choice fell upon ,legaspi4 ,so he made him general of the whole force4 ,there were four ships and a frigate in the new fleet1 and all were strongly armed and well stocked for the journey4 ,the force of men numbered #djj soldiers and sailors1 carefully chosen1 and fit for the brave adventure before them4 ,with the fleet there were also six friars of the ,order of ,st4 ,augustine1 and the leader of these was a man after ,legaspi's own heart4 ,his name was ,andres de ,urdaneta 7ndrs d urd nt74 ,he had been at one time a captain in ,king ,charles's navy1 and had long wanted ,king ,charles ,i4 to send him on an expedition to the ,pacific4 ,but the king was weary of wars and longed for rest4 ,of his own accord he left the throne1 to retire into private life2 and ,urdaneta took holy orders4 ,when ,philip ,,ii4 was making ready his great expedition1 he remembered his father's friend ,urdaneta1 and chose him to go with ,legaspi as captain of the spiritual forces of the fleet4 ,these two men1 ,legaspi and ,urdaneta1 were warm friends4 ,it is very fitting that in the monument on the ,luneta in ,manila1 their figures should to-day stand side by side4 ,when we see this monument1 we should remember the brave journey these two men made together years ago1 and the bright future which they hoped to secure for these islands4 ,this new fleet sailed from ,navidad1 on the coast of ,mexico1 on the #bast day of ,november1 #aefd4 ,the expedition was unlike the ones that had gone before it4 ,it had for its aim the setting up of ,spain's rule in the islands1 whereas the others had gone out to seek new lands and to conquer them4 ,the men with ,legaspi meant to stay in the islands and to make their homes there4 ,legaspi had been warned not to go first to ,cebu4 ,his advisers thought it would be better to settle on one of the other islands and slowly to make friends with the ,cebuans before going to live among them4 ,this1 however1 was not ,legaspi's plan4 ,he knew that the ,cebuans were the very people whom he must win over at first1 if he hoped to have peace in his new home4 ,you see1 the ,spaniards as yet knew nothing about the great island of ,luzon4 ,they had no knowledge of the size and nature of this new country1 but thought the best part of it lay to the south4 ,legaspi sailed for ,cebu1 but when he began to draw near to the archipelago he sent one of his ships ahead to learn what sort of welcome the expedition might look for from the ,cebuans4 ,the commander of this ship brought back a gloomy report4 ,the ,cebuans had not been at all friendly4 ,instead1 they had caught and killed one of the men of the landing crew from the ship1 and would have killed the others had not the ,spanish pulled off from shore and gone back to their ship4 ,when this report was brought to ,legaspi he was very sorry4 ,he at once1 however1 made up his mind to go to ,cebu and subdue the people4 ,this he thought was his duty toward his king2 so the fleet sailed to ,cebu4 ,it came safe into harbor1 and the soldiers landed in front of the town of ,cebu on the #bgth day of ,april1 #aefe4 ,the ,spanish were amazed and delighted with the beauty and fruitfulness of the island4 ,weary with their long voyage1 they would gladly have made friends with the people and been at peace in that lovely spot4 ,illustration3 ,,ancient ,,fort ,,commanding ,,cebu ,,harbor4 ,the people1 however1 would not be friends4 ,they had driven the ,spanish from their shore once1 and did not mean that the strangers should come back to live there4 ,the chief1 ,king ,tupas 7tps71 was a brave and warlike man1 and with a large army he came down to the shore to beat off the newcomers4 ,a fierce battle was fought there by the sea1 but it did not last long4 ,the spears and arrows of the ,cebuans were of little use against ,spanish armor1 while the ,spanish firearms did deadly work among the lightly-clad ,cebuan warriors4 ,after a few hours the ,cebuans were forced back from the shore1 and the ,spanish held the town4 ,legaspi now set to work to win the liking of the ,cebuans4 ,he believed firmly that the king of ,spain was by divine right the lawful ruler of these islands2 but for himself1 he meant to govern kindly and wisely in the name of the king4 ,he could not do this until he had shown the people that he and his soldiers were their friends4 ,to this task1 therefore1 he bent all his wisdom4 ,so earnestly did the ,spanish commander work to win over the people1 that in a very few months the whole island was in a state of peace4 ,a little later1 ,padre ,urdaneta went back to ,spain to report all that had been done4 ,king ,philip ,,ii4 was much pleased with the friar's report1 and made ,legaspi 8governor-general of all the territory in the archipelago that he might conquer for ,spain40 ,matters now went very quietly with the natives for several years2 but trouble came to the ,spaniards from the outside4 ,at this time there was great rivalry between ,spain and ,portugal in the discovery and settlement of new lands4 ,in each of these countries there were many daring sailors and brave soldiers who liked nothing better than to go on wild adventures for their kings1 to find and to claim new lands4 ,so great was the rivalry between these two countries that ,pope ,alexander ,,vi41 soon after the discovery of ,america1 made a decree dividing between them all the lands that might be discovered4 ,the dividing line was the meridian of ,cape ,verde ,island4 ,by his decree the ,pope gave all heathen lands discovered west of that line to ,spain4 ,all the lands that should be discovered east of the meridian he gave to ,portugal4 ,under this ruling1 as we may see by looking at a map1 the ,philippine ,islands would have fallen to ,portugal4 ,spain1 however1 claimed these islands by right of discovery1 and was ready to uphold her claim by force of arms4 ,this ,legaspi had to do before he had been long in ,cebu4 ,an expedition of ,portuguese came out against the ,spanish1 and1 but for ,legaspi's brave defense of the island1 would have taken it from them4 ,the ,portuguese were forced to retire1 however1 and though for years there was much trouble over the matter1 ,portugal never made good her claim to the ,philippines4 ,by #aegj ,legaspi had made the town of ,cebu a city and the seat of government4 ,in the spring of this year a grandson of his1 a young ,spanish captain named ,juan ,salcedo 7sl sd71 came from ,mexico to help him in the islands4 ,he was a very young man1 but a good soldier1 and wise beyond his years4 ,his grandfather was glad1 indeed1 to have such a helper1 and sent him out at the head of a strong force to visit all the islands4 ,the ,spanish had learned by this time about the island of ,luzon that lay to the north1 so ,salcedo was ordered to go up there and see what it was like4 ,he sailed from ,cebu early in the summer1 and made his way northward to the great bay of ,manila4 ,here he found a town called ,maynila by the people who lived there1 and here he landed with his company of soldiers1 all in full armor4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,monument ,,to ,,legaspi ,,at ,,cebu ,,city4 ,the people of ,luzon had never before seen ,european soldiers4 ,they thought that these were gods1 and not men1 and made haste to be friends with them4 ,they could not understand the firearms which the soldiers carried1 and were much afraid of them4 ,they gave up their city at once1 and brought food and fruits as offerings to the strange visitors4 ,salcedo spoke kindly to them1 and when he had made them understand what he wanted1 they all swore loyalty to ,spain4 ,but ,soliman 7s lmn71 chief of ,maynila1 soon saw that these huge strangers were only men1 after all4 ,then he was filled with sorrow to think that he had given up his city to them1 and made up his mind to win it back4 ,he gathered all his warriors and led them against the ,spanish1 but it was of no use4 ,salcedo's forces were too strong for his army1 and ,soliman was defeated4 ,he was driven out from his city again2 but this time1 rather than let the ,spanish have it1 he set fire to it and burned it down4 ,juan ,salcedo now showed himself to be kind as well as brave4 ,when he had taken ,soliman prisoner1 he did not punish him for breaking his oath of fealty to ,spain4 ,he forgave him freely1 and let him take the oath again4 ,then he let him go on ruling his people in the name of the king of ,spain4 ,after this ,salcedo passed on through ,luzon1 claiming the country for ,philip ,,ii4 ,he visited those parts now known as ,laguna 7l gn71 ,pangasinan 7pn gs nn71 and the ,camarines 7cm rns74 ,he took the city of ,cainta 7k nt71 where a ,moro chief ruled1 and then went to what is now ,ilocos ,sur 7l cos sr74 ,one of his captains1 named ,martin de ,goiti 7mrtin d go t71 he left at ,maynila with a small force to guard the camp4 ,goiti also conquered the people of ,pampanga 7pm png74 ,later ,salcedo sent a messenger to his grandfather1 ,governor-,general ,legaspi1 asking him to come at once to ,maynila4 ,during all the time that ,salcedo was taking ,maynila and bringing the country under the rule of ,spain1 ,legaspi was busy in the ,visayas 7vis ys74 ,he had been in the country five years or more1 and had done much to make peace with the people4 ,the chief of ,cebu had accepted baptism1 with many of the ,cebuans1 and one of his daughters was married to a ,spaniard4 ,there was great good feeling between the two races1 and the ,cebuans looked upon the ,spanish as friends4 ,well pleased1 therefore1 with the way things were going in ,cebu1 ,legaspi went on a tour through all the ,visayan group4 ,legaspi was at ,iloilo on the island of ,panay 7pn 7 when this messenger found him and told him all that ,salcedo had done in ,luzon4 ,legaspi was much pleased at the news4 ,he saw at once that ,maynila was the place of all others on the islands in which to set up the government1 and he made ready to go to ,luzon4 ,he could do this all the more easily because of the way he had managed things in the ,visayas4 ,all the native chiefs were still in power1 and ,legaspi left them to rule as they had always done1 save that they now ruled in the name of the king of ,spain4 ,the governor-general was able1 therefore1 to leave behind him a quiet1 orderly government1 and to give his mind freely to the new work before him4 ,the journey northward was made in safety1 and early in ,march of the year #aega1 ,legaspi and his party reached ,cavite 7k vt74 ,here they were met by the ,tagal 7tgl7 chief1 ,lacondola 7l con dl71 rajah or king of ,tondo 7tond71 who is sometimes also spoken of as ,rajah ,matanda 7m tnd7 or the 8old ,rajah40 ,lacondola welcomed ,legaspi as the lawful ruler1 and told him that he and his people were loyal to the king of ,spain4 ,the party then went on to ,maynila1 and here also ,legaspi was greeted as the king's representative4 ,soliman1 the former king of ,maynila1 was never a really willing subject of ,spain4 ,but he was a nephew of ,lacondola1 and the old ,rajah's counsel had great weight with him2 so he never rebelled against the new ruler4 ,illustration3 ,,legaspi ,,sailing ,,to ,,manila4 ,legaspi now declared ,king ,philip the overlord of that whole country1 and made ,maynila the capital4 ,he changed the spelling of the name to ,manila4 ,this word is made up of two ,tagal words--may1 which means 8to have10 and nila1 a kind of tree that once grew thickly around the city--and ,maynila means that there were many nila trees there4 ,lacondola and ,soliman joined forces with ,martin de ,goiti1 to help strengthen the new rule in the islands4 ,the country now known as ,batangas 7b tngs7 ,province was then ruled by several chiefs who were usually at war with the ,tagals and other tribes4 ,they and their people had come from ,borneo and had intermarried with the ,negritos 7n grts74 ,they were great hunters and good fighters1 but would not yield to the ,spaniards2 so1 with the aid of other tribes1 the ,spaniards drove them from the country4 ,there were other chiefs ruling in the districts about ,manila ,bay2 but these showed themselves friendly to ,spain1 and were left in office1 to govern in the name of the king4 ,the work of putting the country in order now went on rapidly4 ,in ,june1 #aega1 ,legaspi formed the ,city ,council of ,manila1 and began to lay the foundation for a wise and just rule in these islands4 ,he made a plan for ,manila1 and had the city laid out in squares and streets just as we see it to-day inside the walls4 ,he also set the people to work building these walls for a defense against the wild tribes4 ,the walls were nineteen years in building1 and to-day1 after more than three hundred years1 they are still strong and beautiful1 to show how well the ,tagal people builded4 ,the fort at the mouth of the ,pasig ,river was also begun at this time4 ,governor-,general ,legaspi was a strong1 wise ruler for this country4 ,he was a man far ahead of his times and of his people1 8a good man among men1 and a great man among statesmen40 ,if his plans for the ,philippines had been carried out1 the history of the islands would be very different from what it is to-day4 ,if those who came after him had been as wise and as kind as he1 the ,filipinos would have been a happy1 contented people4 ,but dark days came all too soon to the colony4 ,on the #bjth day of ,august1 #aegb1 ,legaspi died1 worn out by the hard labors of his active1 useful life4 ,he was buried in the ,augustine ,chapel of ,san ,fausto1 in ,manila1 and another sort of rule soon began in the islands4 ,summary4--,the ,victoria1 commanded by ,juan ,sebastian del ,cano1 reached ,spain in ,september1 #aebb4 ,she was the first ship to sail around the world4 ,twenty years later ,ruy ,lopez de ,villalobos commanded an expedition which went to ,samar4 ,he named this island 8,isla ,filipina10 and later ,legaspi gave the name 8,islas ,filipinas0 to the entire archipelago4 ,miguel de ,legaspi commanded an expedition sent out by ,king ,philip ,,ii4 to settle in the islands4 ,with him came the ,augustine friar ,p4 ,urdaneta4 ,this fleet left ,navidad1 ,mexico1 ,november #ba1 #aefd4 ,the ,spanish went to ,cebu1 conquered the people1 and then began to make friends with them and to build up the government4 ,later the ,spanish had trouble with the ,portuguese1 who came to claim the country1 but were driven away4 ,in #aegj1 ,juan ,salcedo came out4 ,he went to ,luzon1 took ,maynila1 and then sent a messenger to ,legaspi to tell him to come there4 ,legaspi was in the ,visayas1 pacifying the country1 but he at once went to ,maynila4 ,he was well received by ,lacondola and ,soliman1 and set up his capital in ,maynila4 ,he formed the ,city ,council1 made a plan for the city1 and had work begun on the walls4 ,he began a wise and humane rule in the islands1 but died1 in ,august1 #aegb1 before he was able to carry out many of his plans4 ,questions4--,when did the ,victoria return to ,spain8 ,what had she done8 ,how did the ,islas ,filipinas get their name8 ,who was ,miguel de ,legaspi8 ,who was ,urdaneta8 ,when did ,legaspi's expedition start8 ,where did it sail from8 ,how was he received in ,cebu8 ,who was ,juan ,salcedo8 ,tell of his work in ,luzon4 ,when did ,legaspi come to ,manila8 ,who received him8 ,when was the ,city ,council founded8 ,what sort of man was ,legaspi8 ,when did he die8 ,illustration ,chapter ,,iii4 ,,the ,,country ,,and ,,its ,,people4 ,before we go farther with this story of the ,philippines1 let us look1 for a little while1 at the country itself1 and the people who live in it4 ,men who are wise in science tell us that there must have been in the ,pacific ,ocean1 some thousands of years ago1 a great body of land that has now sunk out of sight4 ,we do not know when it sank2 but after it did so there must have been1 one after another1 a great many volcanic eruptions that broke up the sunken continent into smaller tracts of land4 ,many of these eruptions took place under water1 and with the overflow of lava the separate tracts grew larger4 ,later still this sunken land began slowly to rise from the sea4 ,in some places this change is still going on4 ,new islands have come up out of the sea within the memory of people who are still alive1 and there have been1 within modern times1 great changes on some of the ,philippine ,islands4 ,the whole group is of volcanic origin1 but there are now very few active volcanoes left in the country4 ,of these ,mayon 7m n71 in the southern part of ,luzon1 is the largest4 ,this is said to be the most beautiful volcano in the world4 ,its form is a perfect cone4 ,taal 7tl7 volcano1 which is on an island in ,lake ,bombon 7bmbn71 is also a famous volcano4 ,there are over #a1bjj islands in the archipelago1 but we do not know exactly how many there are4 ,they have never been counted4 ,some of them are hardly more than bits of rock showing above the sea1 while ,luzon1 the largest1 is #dhj miles long4 ,on all of the islands there are large mountains4 ,great peaks rise1 in some cases to a height of #g1jjj or #h1jjj feet1 covered to the very top with forests of mighty trees4 ,the finest building timber in the world will some day come from these islands4 ,teak1 ebony1 mahogany1 and cedar trees grow here1 besides rubber and camphor trees1 and many others for which there is great demand in all the markets of the world4 ,fine fruit trees of many sorts are also found4 ,when there are good roads in the islands over which to haul logs1 and modern mills and machinery to make them into lumber1 the timber trade of the ,philippines will be a great industry4 ,there are now about eight millions of people in the ,philippines4 ,how many were here when the ,spanish came we do not know4 ,the larger part of the people in the islands are of the ,malay 7ml7 race4 ,these were not the first dwellers in the country1 but came from the ,malay ,peninsula1 and it is likely that they had not been here more than two or three hundred years when the ,spanish came4 ,they are the people whose lives and acts make up most of what we call the 8history0 of the islands1 and they are the people usually meant by the term 8,filipinos40 ,illustration3 ,,aborigines ,,of ,,mindanao4 ,up in the mountains1 living in nearly as wild a state as when the ,spanish came1 we still find the aborigines4 ,this is a word which means the first dwellers in a country4 ,it is thought that the first people who lived in the northern islands were the ,aetas1 or ,negritos4 ,a race called the ,indonesians 7in d ns ns7 are the aborigines of the great island of ,mindanao4 ,the ,negritos are dying out4 ,they are a small1 timid people1 with thick lips and flat noses4 ,their hair is like curly wool4 ,they hunt and fight with bows and arrows1 and are very quick and active4 ,their chief food is fish1 and the brown mountain rice which they plant and harvest4 ,even if taken when children and brought up in a city1 they do not grow to like civilized life1 but run away and go back to the mountains as soon as they have the chance4 ,an important tribe of wild people in these islands are the ,igorrotes 7ig rts71 of whom there are many on ,luzon4 ,the ,igorrotes are the finest and strongest of all the wild tribes in the country4 ,they are very brave1 and are good fighters1 using in warfare a short1 broad knife1 which they wield with deadly skill4 ,they never submitted to the ,spaniards1 and were badly used by that people4 ,the ,spaniards always made war upon them1 and at one time tried to put an end to all of the tribe in ,luzon4 ,they burned their villages and killed all who fell in their power4 ,they could not conquer them1 however1 and the ,igorrotes have always hated the ,spanish fiercely4 ,the civilized ,filipino people spring from none of these wild tribes4 ,as we have said1 they are ,malays1 and came here from the great ,malay ,peninsula4 ,the ,malays1 from earliest times1 were a sea-going folk1 daring sailors1 and skillful in managing their boats4 ,they went boldly to sea in tiny crafts1 with only the stars to guide them1 taking risks such as no ,europeans dared to take4 ,they overran the islands of the ,south ,pacific1 going even as far as the island of ,madagascar4 ,they settled in the ,philippines1 drove the natives back into the mountains1 and made their homes along the coasts and on the rich plains4 ,they had a written alphabet of their own when the ,spanish came1 and were far ahead1 even then1 of the native races4 ,the ,malays who settled in the island of ,mindanao were converted to the ,moslem faith by some ,arabian missionaries who came to that island as early as the twelfth or thirteenth century4 ,from ,mindanao this religion was carried to the island of ,sulu 7s l71 and it is now the faith of the people of the entire ,sulu archipelago4 ,the people who held to this religion were called ,moros by the ,spanish1 and by this name they are still known4 ,there are many tribes in the islands1 both of the aborigines and of the ,malay people4 ,in early days these tribes were more separate than at present1 and had little to do with one another1 save when there was war among them4 ,each had its own language1 and even now a great many dialects are spoken in the islands4 ,this fact1 among others1 has helped to keep the tribes apart and to prevent them from becoming a strong1 united people4 ,we see1 from what has been said1 that the dwellers in the ,philippine ,islands are not strictly a people in the sense that the ,spanish or the ,english are a people4 ,even the ,malay folk in the islands have been1 from the very first1 split up into many tribes1 having little in common4 ,under some methods of government these tribes might have been united2 but ,spanish rule was not of a sort to bind them together4 ,rather1 it set tribes against one another1 and used some to help conquer others4 ,it did not draw them together in a strong national life such as has made the ,united ,states of ,america a great and powerful nation4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,moro ,,of ,,jol1 ,,in ,,the ,,sulu ,,archipelago4 ,the ,united ,states has been settled by people from many countries4 ,these people have gone to ,america from nearly every nation on earth2 but the different races have become one strong ,american people by reason of a common interest in the good government of their country1 and a common desire for its welfare4 ,each ,state has its own life and government1 but all are united to form the great country of which each is a part1 and to support the ,federal ,government which binds the ,states together4 ,when the ,filipino people have learned thus to stand together1 a new day will dawn for these islands4 ,when the people all speak one language1 and when young and old can read and write that language1 the country will be more united1 and will begin to know something of that national life which other countries enjoy4 ,the people will then be united2 they will know how to govern their land wisely and justly4 ,they will understand1 as they have not done before1 the relation one nation bears to others in the world1 and will be able to develop the great wealth of their country4 ,the two great tribes of ,malay ,filipinos are the ,tagals and the ,visayans4 ,the ,tagals live in southern ,luzon1 the ,visayans in the group of islands called the ,visayas1 which lie south of ,luzon and north of ,mindanao4 ,there are1 besides1 many lesser peoples in the islands1 so that1 as we have seen1 there could be no common national life4 ,the tribes were governed by great chiefs or kings1 who ruled through small chiefs and dattos4 ,each of these was at the head of about a hundred families whom he stood for in the tribal council1 and for whom he was spokesman before the great chief4 ,the small chief was called the head of a hundred4 ,it was a simple1 but effective1 form of government1 and suited the people4 ,legaspi and ,salcedo made no changes in it1 except to declare the king of ,spain the ruler of all the tribes4 ,they had the great chiefs swear loyalty to ,spain1 and then left them to govern for the king4 ,illustration3 ,,ancient ,,alphabets ,,in ,,use ,,in ,,the ,,archipelago ,,when ,,the ,,spanish ,,came4 ,among the ,moros of ,mindanao and ,sulu there are still in use words that were obsolete in the ,arabic in the time of ,mohammed4 ,illustration3 ,,negritos ,,in ,a ,,prahu4 ,later1 however1 when ,legaspi and ,salcedo were gone1 many evils crept in4 ,the great chiefs were put out of power1 and little by little self-government was taken from the people4 ,they came at last to have no voice in the ordering of their own lives1 and no one to speak for them to their unknown ruler in ,spain4 ,summary4--,the ,philippine ,islands are believed to be part of a great continent that once lay in the ,south ,pacific ,ocean4 ,this continent sank4 ,afterwards a slow upheaval brought the islands up from the sea4 ,the ,aetas1 or ,negritos1 were the earliest inhabitants of the country4 ,the ,indonesians of ,mindanao are also aborigines4 ,the ,igorrotes are a wild tribe of ,luzon and the ,visayas1 who have from the first been enemies of ,spain4 ,the ,spanish treated them cruelly and won their hatred4 ,the civilized ,filipinos are of ,malay origin1 and came here from the ,malay ,peninsula4 ,those who settled in ,mindanao were converted to the ,mohammedan faith in the twelfth or thirteenth century by ,arabian missionaries2 and they are called ,moros4 ,the people of the islands are broken up into many tribes1 and this has hindered their becoming a united people4 ,the tribal form of government was simple1 and so well suited to the country that ,legaspi made little change in it4 ,the ,spanish who came after him1 however1 took all self-government from the people4 ,questions4--,what are we taught of the origin of the ,philippine ,islands8 ,who are the aborigines8 ,what is the origin of the civilized ,filipinos8 ,how did the ,moslem faith come into the country8 ,describe the early form of government4 ,illustration ,chapter ,,iv4 ,,early ,,troubles4 ,until the beginning of the nineteenth century1 when ,mexico became independent of ,spain1 the ,philippine ,islands were governed for ,spain by that country4 ,this worked great hardship in the islands4 ,mexico herself was a dependency of ,spain1 and so the ,philippines really became a dependency of a dependency4 ,all laws for the country were made in ,mexico1 and in this way the islanders were removed one step farther from the foreign ruler who was their king4 ,the ,high ,court of ,mexico appointed the governor-general1 and at the same time that it did so named the man who should succeed him4 ,this it did in order that there might be no time lost in filling the office when it became vacant4 ,when ,legaspi died1 therefore1 his successor was already appointed1 and at once took up the duties of his office4 ,the new governor-general was named ,guido de ,lavazares 7wd d l v thrs71 and he was a very different sort of man from ,legaspi4 ,he was more warlike and less wise1 and he liked to meddle in matters which did not concern him4 ,during his term of office1 he went to the aid of a king of ,borneo who had been dethroned by his rebellious subjects1 and helped the king to regain his throne4 ,he was so elated with his success in doing this that he became ambitious4 ,he so far forgot common sense that he wanted ,king ,philip to let him and his ,philippine forces make war on ,china and conquer that country for ,spain4 ,he could not have done this1 and the king of ,spain was too sensible to let him try4 ,later1 however1 the governor-general had all he wished of fighting the ,chinese4 ,after ,legaspi's death his grandson1 ,juan ,salcedo1 went on with the work of setting up ,spanish rule in the islands4 ,he passed through the northern part of ,luzon1 and wherever he went told the people that ,philip ,,ii4 was their king4 ,he made it a point always to make friends with the great chief of any tribe to which he went4 ,this chief he would win over to swear fealty to ,spain4 ,then ,salcedo would leave him to rule as before1 only in the name of the king4 ,he promised to help the chiefs against their enemies1 and was ready1 with his soldiers1 to fight their battles whenever they needed him4 ,in turn he trusted them to be loyal to the king1 and to keep their people from rebelling4 ,he did not try to improve the country in any way1 or to teach the people anything that would help them to make it better4 ,his one idea was to win territory for his king4 ,this1 indeed1 was all that the king wanted him to do4 ,spain wanted much territory1 a wide dominion1 more than she wanted loyal subjects4 ,it was this greed for power and for wealth that caused her downfall1 and in the end lost for her the rich country which she had gained at great cost4 ,salcedo1 after all1 was a far better man and kinder to the people than were most of those who came after him4 ,he had much of that wise kindliness which made ,legaspi a good ruler4 ,he took the country by force1 but he was not a tyrant4 ,he did not oppress the people1 nor did he make unwise laws to govern them4 ,he made his headquarters in ,ilocos ,sur1 meaning to rule the northern provinces from there4 ,he had1 however1 hardly settled down when news reached him of a great danger that threatened ,manila4 ,gathering all his forces he marched southward as fast as his army could travel1 to help ,martin de ,goiti1 who was still in charge of ,manila1 to defend the city4 ,it was this same danger1 which so alarmed ,salcedo1 that gave ,guido de ,lavazares his wish to fight the ,chinese4 ,it was a most unexpected danger1 and came without warning upon the colony4 ,at about the time when ,legaspi was founding his capital at ,manila1 a ,chinese pirate named ,li-ma-hong 7l m hong7 was sailing the waters of the ,china ,sea4 ,he led a large force of men as lawless as himself1 and1 as time went on1 he became the terror of sea-going folk all about there4 ,he grew so bold1 and his pirate fleet so strong1 that he dared to attack even the great war junks of ,china4 ,at last the ,chinese ,government declared him an outlaw1 and put a price on his head4 ,after this the ,china ,sea was not a safe place for him1 so he made up his mind to go somewhere else4 ,illustration3 ,,plaza ,,de ,,goiti1 ,,manila4 ,he had captured the crew of a trading junk1 and from these men he learned about the ,philippine ,islands4 ,what they told him pleased him so much that he decided to go to ,manila1 take the city1 and set up a kingdom of his own on ,luzon4 ,he felt certain of success in this undertaking2 for he had a fleet of sixty-two armed junks and a force of #d1jjj fighting men4 ,in his company were many tradesmen as well as soldiers1 and many women went with the fleet4 ,he also had plenty of supplies1 and ,li-ma-hong was sure that1 once he had taken the country1 he could set up a colony4 ,he took with him1 on his own junk1 the crew of the captured junk1 to pilot the way1 and with his fleet sailed for ,luzon4 ,in ,november1 #aegd1 they reached the north coast of that island4 ,here some of the pirates1 who went ashore for supplies1 sacked and burned a village and killed many of the ,filipinos4 ,those who escaped made their way to where ,salcedo was1 and told him what had happened4 ,thus it came about that the ,spanish captain learned of ,li-ma-hong's scheme before the pirate reached ,manila4 ,leaving the northern part of ,luzon1 the ,chinese kept on along the coast toward ,manila4 ,before they came to the bay1 however1 the fleet was caught in a typhoon4 ,several of the junks and some #bjj men were lost in the storm4 ,still1 ,li-ma-hong thought he had a force strong enough to take ,manila1 so they went on4 ,the pirate commander landed an army of #a1ejj men before ,manila1 and sent them up to take the city4 ,illustration3 ,,chinese ,,war ,,junks ,,attacking ,,manila4 ,they were led by a ,japanese named ,sioco 7s k71 whom ,li-ma-hong had made his lieutenant1 and in a few hours a savage fight was waging between the ,spanish and the ,chinese4 ,the ,spanish force was small1 but well armed1 and every man knew that he was fighting for life against a cruel foe4 ,no mercy was to be looked for from those wild pirates1 and no quarter was asked or given4 ,even the aged governor-general bore arms in the fight1 for every man was needed4 ,the first ,spaniard killed was brave ,martin de ,goiti1 but he was not the last4 ,the little garrison was nearly destroyed before their fortune turned and the pirates were driven back4 ,the ,japanese leader ,sioco was killed1 and after that the ,chinese fell back and rentered their junks4 ,a few days later ,li-ma-hong himself led a second attack4 ,but meanwhile native troops had been gathered1 and again the pirates were beaten4 ,this time the fleet retired to the mouth of the ,agno ,river1 and ,li-ma-hong set up his kingdom in what is now the province of ,pangasinan4 ,here the ,chinese built temples and began to plant crops and engage in trade4 ,they felt very secure1 and if they had been let alone the pirates would no doubt have been prosperous2 but punishment was at hand for them4 ,juan ,salcedo1 with his soldiers1 had reached ,manila1 and soon afterwards a war junk from ,china came into harbor1 looking for ,li-ma-hong4 ,this war junk was sent by the emperor1 who had learned of the mischief the pirate was doing in the ,philippines4 ,the captain had orders to find ,li-ma-hong and bring him to justice1 and he meant to do this if he could4 ,the junk joined the ,spanish in an expedition by water1 while another force of ,spanish and ,filipino soldiers went forward to engage the pirates on land4 ,when these attacking forces arrived1 ,li-ma-hong saw that he must retreat for his life1 so he played a trick upon the enemy and upon some of his own soldiers4 ,he told off some of his men to go forward against the enemy1 and make the latter believe that they were the main body of the ,chinese4 ,the trick was successful4 ,when the ,spanish and native troops made the attack1 the pirates1 after a show of fighting1 began to fall back toward the mountains4 ,the enemy gave chase and furnished ,li-ma-hong the chance for which he was watching4 ,with all his fleet he slipped down the river1 keeping under cover of the reeds and tall grass1 gained the sea and fled1 leaving his soldiers at the mercy of the foe4 ,the ,chinese thus meanly deserted by their leader did not wait to be killed1 but retreated in earnest to the mountains4 ,here they took refuge with the ,igorrotes1 and here they spent the rest of their lives4 ,they married women from among the ,igorrotes1 and from them are descended those people who are to-day known as the ,igorrote-,chinese4 ,it was some time before peace and a sense of safety were restored in ,manila4 ,work was pushed more rapidly on the city walls1 which were still building1 and upon ,fort ,santiago4 ,other troops of ,spanish were sent from ,mexico to make the defense of the city stronger1 but long before they came ,salcedo went back to his work in the north4 ,he died of fever in ,ilocos ,sur a year or two later4 ,captain ,salcedo was still a young man1 but twenty-seven years old1 at the time of his death 7,march #aa1 #aegf74 ,had he lived longer1 he would doubtless have become a great statesman1 for he showed much tact and wisdom in his dealings with the people4 ,he was honestly mourned by both the ,spanish and the native soldiers of his army4 ,a few years after his death1 his bones were brought to ,manila and laid to rest beside those of his grandfather1 ,miguel de ,legaspi4 ,summary4--,up to the beginning of the nineteenth century the ,philippine ,islands were governed as a dependency of ,mexico4 ,the ,high ,court of ,mexico named the governor-general and made laws for the country4 ,legaspi was succeeded by ,guido de ,lavazares4 ,after ,legaspi's death ,salcedo went to ,ilocos ,sur to carry on his work of subjecting the country to ,spain4 ,in #aegd the ,chinese pirate ,li-ma-hong made an attack on ,manila1 meaning to take the city and set up a kingdom there4 ,driven back from the city1 he retreated to the mouth of the ,agno ,river and settled there with his pirate band4 ,a ,chinese war junk came to the help of the ,spanish1 and ,li-ma-hong was forced to flee4 ,he escaped1 deserting some of his own soldiers whom he had sent inland4 ,in #aegf ,juan ,salcedo died in ,ilocos ,sur4 ,questions4--,describe the government of the archipelago previous to the nineteenth century4 ,who succeeded ,legaspi8 ,what sort of man was he8 ,what did ,salcedo do after ,legaspi's death8 ,what was his method in dealing with the people8 ,give an account of ,li-ma-hong's invasion4 ,when did ,juan ,salcedo die8 ,illustration ,chapter ,v4 ,,beginnings ,,of ,,strife4 ,for the first two hundred years1 as we have said1 the ,spanish colony in the ,philippines was governed from ,mexico4 ,a ,supreme ,court1 or ,audencia1 like that of ,mexico1 was set up in ,manila4 ,this court tried cases and settled law questions for the whole archipelago4 ,the ,mexican code of law was in force here1 and the officials in the islands tried to make the government as much as possible like that of ,mexico4 ,this1 however1 was a very different country from ,mexico4 ,the ,filipinos were a very different people from the native ,mexicans4 ,what worked well1 therefore1 for one country and one people1 did not suit at all for the other4 ,often1 in these islands1 right and justice were hindered by the very laws made to help them4 ,the men who framed these laws did not know the islands or the ,filipinos1 so they could not understand why the code that was good for ,mexico should fail here4 ,soon still other troubles arose4 ,the rulers who came after ,legaspi did away1 one by one1 with the native forms of government4 ,there were no longer any tribal councils in which the heads of groups could speak for their people4 ,the native kings and chiefs were set aside1 and the people then had no representatives4 ,there was nothing to check the power of the governor-general4 ,he had full control over the lives and liberties of the people1 and no one could call him to account but the king of ,spain4 ,in name the ancient office of head of a hundred still lived in the office of 8cabeza de barangay0 7cbth d br n'g71 which the ,spanish kept up4 ,the office itself1 however1 was no longer high or honorable4 ,the chief duty of the cabeza de barangay came to be the raising of money among the people for the government4 ,if the people were poor1 if times were bad1 if the crops had failed1 still this money must be raised4 ,the government looked to the barangay chief to get it1 in one way or another4 ,often1 when the people were unable to pay1 his property was taken1 and many a headman of a village was stripped of all he had by the officers of government4 ,in time1 therefore1 the office fell into such disgrace that no self-respecting ,filipino would take it4 ,at last a law had to be passed compelling service as cabeza de barangay4 ,very early in the history of the colony there began to be strife among the ,spanish authorities4 ,the bitter misunderstanding between ,church and ,state arose almost at once1 and it continued through all the years of ,spanish rule in the islands4 ,soon after its formation1 the ,supreme ,court1 too1 became a party in the quarrels of the powers4 ,each of these three parties was determined to control matters1 and the result was very bad for the colony4 ,at times1 indeed1 the quarrel was so sharp that affairs in the country were at a standstill1 and ruin threatened the colony4 ,illustration3 ,,king ,,philip ,,ii4 ,so matters went on until the year #aehg1 when they became so bad that the ,bishop of ,manila sent a secret messenger to ,spain to lay complaint before the king4 ,this messenger was a friar named ,alonzo ,sanchez 7lonth sn'cheth74 ,he went first to ,mexico and laid his case before the viceroy1 who sent him on to ,spain4 ,there he gained a hearing from ,king ,philip ,,ii41 who promised to look into the matter4 ,the king then put the case in charge of one of his ministers1 who studied it with great care1 and at last made a report which was the basis of a royal decree4 ,in this decree the king gave attention to a good many things that were wrong in the islands1 and made some definite laws in regard to them4 ,the decree did away altogether with the ,supreme ,court1 and appointed justices of the peace in its place4 ,it set forth plainly just what should be the field of action of the ,state and what of the ,church4 ,it gave the governor-general full power to do as he liked in matters regarding all distant and unexplored parts of the country4 ,in what he did in such places he need not consult even the king's will4 ,if1 however1 he wished to undertake a war1 or any expedition that must be paid for out of the royal treasury1 he must first submit his plans to a council made up of the ,bishop of ,manila and the chief military captains in the islands4 ,the decree also forbade the making of any more slaves in the islands4 ,all slaves held by ,spaniards were to be set free at once4 ,all between the ages of ten and twenty years1 held by ,filipinos1 were to be freed at the latter age1 and all over twenty years old were to be set free in five years4 ,arrangement was made for a tribute to be raised from among the people4 ,the money so gathered was to be divided in a fixed ratio between the ,church1 the ,state1 and the army4 ,all begging friars--and of these many had come to the country--were ordered to leave the ,philippines1 and forty ,augustine friars were sent out to ,manila4 ,a new governor-general was sent to the islands1 with instructions to carry out the decree4 ,this official was ,don ,gomez ,perez ,desmarinas 7g meth p reth des mr ns74 ,he was a man of great energy and force of character1 and no doubt meant to be just and fair4 ,he did not1 however1 get along well with the ,bishop of ,manila1 and before long the trouble between ,church and ,state broke out again4 ,this time the bishop decided to go1 himself1 to ,spain1 and see whether some understanding could not be had by which peace could be kept4 ,bishop ,salazar 7sl thr7 was then seventy-eight years old4 ,he was an ,augustine friar1 and had been parish priest of ,manila4 ,in #aeha1 when ,pope ,gregorio ,,xiii4 founded the ,see of ,manila1 ,salazar was made bishop2 but he now felt that the ,church must have still greater authority in the islands4 ,one object of his visit to ,spain was to get the consent of the king and of the ,pope that ,manila should be made an archbishopric4 ,in this he succeeded4 ,the ,pope issued a bull dated ,august #ad1 #aeie1 creating the ,archbishopric of ,manila1 and ,salazar was made the first archbishop4 ,he died1 however1 before official notice reached him of his new dignity4 ,news traveled slowly in those days1 but in the course of time the emperor of ,japan heard that a colony of ,europeans had settled in the ,philippine ,islands4 ,he seems to have thought that ,japan had some interest in these islands2 for in #aeic he sent an ambassador to ,manila4 ,the name of this ambassador was ,farranda ,kieman 7f rnd k mn74 ,his coming was the cause of some anxiety to the ,spanish4 ,as soon as he landed in ,manila he waited upon ,governor-,general ,desmarinas with his message4 ,this was a demand upon the ,spanish in the ,philippines to surrender1 and to declare themselves to be vassals of ,japan4 ,if they did not do this1 ,kieman told ,desmarinas1 the emperor would send war junks to take the country by force4 ,to all this the governor-general replied with great politeness1 but very firmly4 ,he told the ambassador that he and the other ,spanish colonists were already subjects of a great king1 in whose name he ruled1 and that he could not yield the country to ,japan4 ,at the same time his king wished to be on good terms with the emperor1 whose power and greatness were so well known1 and the governor-general hoped a treaty could be made between the two rulers4 ,such a treaty1 he pointed out1 would be a great help to both countries4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,city ,,wall ,,and ,,moat1 ,,manila4 ,farranda ,kieman thought that all this was reasonable1 and soon afterwards envoys were sent from ,manila to the court of ,japan4 ,they were well received1 and a treaty was made for trade and mutual defense between ,japan and the ,philippines4 ,however1 the ship on which the envoys were returning home was wrecked1 and they and the treaty were lost4 ,in ,may1 #aeic1 another envoy1 ,fray ,pedro ,bautista 7pdr b tst71 was sent to ,japan1 and a new treaty was made4 ,a copy of this was sent back to ,manila1 but the friar envoy asked permission to stay in ,japan4 ,his request was granted2 he stayed in ,japan1 and began preaching to the people4 ,some years later the fruit of this act1 which at the time seemed so slight1 came back to ,manila in a way most unexpected4 ,in the meantime ,governor-,general ,desmarinas was busy in ,manila4 ,he was anxious to see the city walls finished1 and kept the people at work on this great task4 ,the fort at the mouth of the river was completed1 and the walls of the city already made a noble showing4 ,the ,cathedral of ,manila and the ,santa ,polenciana 7snt p lens n7 ,college of ,orphans were built1 and many other good buildings were completed4 ,desmarinas had also brought the provinces of ,zambales 7thm bls7 and the ,camarines under ,spanish rule4 ,in the autumn of #aeic1 a native king of ,fernate 7fer nt71 one of the ,molucca ,islands1 came to ,manila to ask for help against the ,dutch sailors who made trouble on his island4 ,desmarinas gathered a large fleet1 and on ,october #fth started with the native king for ,fernate4 ,while on the way1 the ,chinese oarsmen on the governor-general's galley rose in revolt one night1 took the galley1 and killed the governor-general4 ,some of the ,spanish troops on board escaped by jumping overboard4 ,after the death of ,desmarinas1 the ,chinese put the rest of the ,spanish ashore and went off with the galley4 ,this sad event broke up the expedition4 ,the fleet returned to ,manila and ,don ,luis 7lis7 ,perez ,desmarinas1 a son of the dead official1 took up the government4 ,he ruled quietly until #aeif1 when his successor1 ,don ,francisco ,tello de ,guzman 7frn ssk tll d gthmn71 came to ,manila4 ,in the year #aeih1 ,king ,philip ,,ii4 of ,spain being dead1 his son1 ,king ,philip ,,iii41 again set up the ,supreme ,court in ,manila4 ,this was done with great pomp and show4 ,there was a long procession in the streets of ,manila1 and high civic and religious ceremonies4 ,the court was given the same powers as the court of ,mexico and of ,lima1 in ,peru1 and during ,spanish rule was never again done away with4 ,summary4--,the code of laws by which ,mexico was ruled was made the code of the ,philippines as well4 ,this arrangement was not a good one4 ,the ruler who came after ,legaspi did away with the native chiefs and kings4 ,only the office of head of a hundred was left1 and that had so little honor that no self-respecting ,filipino cared to take it4 ,early in the history of the colony began the strife between authorities which1 during the rule of ,spain1 caused most of the trouble in the colony4 ,at last ,bishop ,salazar of ,manila sent a messenger to ,spain4 ,the result was a royal decree defining the official field of the ,state and of the ,church4 ,gomez ,perez ,desmarinas was made governor-general1 and came to ,manila4 ,he did not get along well with the ,bishop of ,manila1 and later the bishop went1 himself1 to ,spain4 ,he succeeded in getting ,manila made an archbishopric1 and was himself appointed archbishop1 but died before the official notice reached him4 ,in #aeic the emperor of ,japan sent an ambassador to ,manila to demand tribute from the ,spanish colony4 ,this the governor-general declined to give1 but a treaty was made with ,japan4 ,in that same year the king of ,fernate came to ,manila seeking help against the ,dutch4 ,governor-,general ,desmarinas raised a fleet to go to ,fernate1 but while on the way was killed by the ,chinese oarsmen on board his galley4 ,his son ,luis ,perez ,desmarinas succeeded him in office until #aeif1 when a new governor-general came out4 ,in #aeih the ,supreme ,court was again set up by order of ,king ,philip ,,iii4 of ,spain4 ,questions4--,what code of laws was put in use in the ,philippines8 ,what changes in government did ,legaspi's successors make8 ,why did ,bishop ,salazar send a messenger to ,spain8 ,what was the result of the messenger's visit8 ,when was ,manila made an archbishopric8 ,who came to ,manila to get help from the ,spanish8 ,what did the governor-general do8 ,how did he die8 ,who reinstated the ,supreme ,court8 ,when was it done8 ,illustration ,chapter ,,vi4 ,,colonial ,,wars ,,and ,,difficulties4 ,from now on trouble came thick and fast upon the ,spanish colony in the ,philippines4 ,some of it was due to the wild and troubled times through which all the civilized world was passing1 but most of it was caused by the short-sighted folly of the home government4 ,in #aeii1 when ,antonio ,morga 7n tn morg7 was governor-general1 the first real attempt was made to occupy ,mindanao and the ,sulu archipelago4 ,for this purpose an expedition started from ,manila under the leadership of ,estevan ,roderigues 7est vn r drgs71 a ,portuguese nobleman1 who had received permission from ,spain to set up a colony in ,mindanao4 ,he was to be governor of that island1 and1 from his headquarters there1 was to try to conquer the ,moros of ,sulu1 who had never submitted to ,spain's rule4 ,this expedition was a sad mistake1 and failed from the beginning4 ,the ,mindanao ,mohammedans resisted all efforts of the ,spanish to land1 and ,roderigues lost his life in the very first battle4 ,his body was taken to ,manila for burial4 ,several other expeditions were sent out1 from time to time1 to punish the ,moros and force a settlement upon the island2 but none of them succeeded4 ,the efforts of the ,spanish only aroused the anger and hatred of these people4 ,for two hundred and fifty years after that ,moro pirates harried the shores of all the islands where the ,spanish dwelt4 ,they killed and robbed both ,europeans and ,filipinos2 they burned towns and villages1 and carried off the people to be their slaves4 ,for fear of them the coasts were deserted4 ,no one dared live near the sea2 fishermen dared not follow their calling1 nor farmers till their fields4 ,traders dared not come to the island ports to buy or to sell1 and the coastwise trade of the country was all but ruined4 ,while the ,spanish were busy trying to gain a foothold in the south1 there came to ,manila two visitors who were the innocent cause of still more trouble in the country4 ,these were two high mandarins of ,china1 who reached the city in the year #afjc4 ,their story was that the emperor of ,china had heard that there existed1 near the city of ,cavite1 a great mountain of pure gold4 ,the emperor1 they said1 could hardly believe this to be true2 so he had sent them to see this mountain1 that they might come back and tell him about it4 ,at that time ,bravo de ,acua 7brv d kn y7 was governor-general4 ,he received the mandarins politely1 and sent them with an escort to ,cavite1 to see for themselves that no such mountain was there4 ,the visitors were royally entertained during their stay in ,manila1 and at last went home with their report to their emperor4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,member ,,of ,,the ,,guianga ,,tribe ,,of ,,mindanao4 ,this visit caused a great fright in ,manila1 for the ,spanish at once suspected that there was a plot behind it for the ,chinese to seize the city4 ,they believed1 or pretended to believe1 that the mandarins had come merely to spy out the land and prepare the way4 ,at once the city was made ready against invasion4 ,the garrisons were increased1 new ones were formed1 and every ,spaniard armed himself4 ,the ,filipinos were much excited over the stories told of coming trouble2 while the ,chinese1 suspected and insulted by all1 could not but understand that some danger threatened them4 ,at last the ,chinese1 wild with fear1 took matters into their own hands4 ,they began to fortify places outside the city1 and one evening opened the battle by firing upon some ,filipinos inside the city walls4 ,they followed up this act by crossing the river and making a savage attack on ,binondo 7b nnd71 then only a small village on the river bank4 ,after that they gathered their forces at ,tondo1 and kept up the siege of ,binondo all that night4 ,illustration3 ,,warriors ,,of ,,mindanao4 ,next morning a strong force of ,spanish marched out against them4 ,this force was led by ,luis ,perez ,desmarinas1 and in it were the pick of all the young ,castilian gentlemen in the country4 ,the best of the ,spanish soldiery were there also1 as well as a body of native troops4 ,these troops were ,pampangans1 who were then the best trained of the ,filipino soldiers4 ,on the other hand were thousands of frightened ,chinese1 ready to fight to the death1 and there was awful work in the streets of ,binondo that day4 ,neither side gave or got any quarter1 and by night1 of all those brave young ,spanish gentlemen scarce one was left alive4 ,but at last the ,chinese gave way4 ,they had neither weapons to carry on war1 nor food to help them withstand a siege4 ,they began1 therefore1 to fall back toward the interior2 but they were hotly chased1 and as they fled nearly #be1jjj of them were killed4 ,it was sad business1 and all the more sad because it is likely that neither side really knew what the fighting was about4 ,besides trouble with the ,moros in the south and with the ,chinese in the north1 the colony had much to bear from ,spain's old-time foe1 the ,dutch4 ,at this time there were really very few ,spanish in the islands4 ,there had been less than a thousand when the battle with the ,chinese was fought4 ,many were killed on that fatal day1 so that in the new trouble the ,spaniards would have fared ill1 had it not been that the army of the colony now numbered many ,filipino soldiers in its ranks4 ,from the end of the sixteenth century down to the year #agfc1 there was war between ,spain and the ,dutch1 and this war caused much hardship in the islands4 ,it was ,spain's short-sighted method in dealing with her colonies to restrict their trade whenever it was likely to interfere with that of her home merchants4 ,so harsh were the measures by which she held in check the trade of her colonies that she kept all her dependencies poor1 so that in the end the mother country lost more than she gained4 ,at this time the ,philippine merchants were allowed to trade only with ,mexico4 ,once a year1 usually in ,july1 a state galleon left ,manila carrying goods to that country4 ,the goods were sold in ,mexico1 and the money and other goods were sent back by galleon to ,manila4 ,illustration3 ,,dutch ,,ships ,,attacking ,a ,,chinese ,,trading ,,junk4 ,the galleons also carried the mail1 and great sums of money which ,mexico sent over to meet the expenses of the island government4 ,they were always rich prizes1 and ,spain's enemies knew this all too well4 ,they would lie in wait for them1 to capture and despoil them4 ,the ,dutch ships1 in particular1 often did this4 ,from first to last they captured a good many of the royal galleons4 ,every capture meant calamity to the islands4 ,it meant for ,manila merchants the loss of a whole year's business4 ,to the ,state and to the ,church it meant loss of income1 of salaries1 and of money to carry on all public work4 ,to the natives it meant harder and longer tasks1 deeper poverty1 heavier burdens which they must endure in raising the extra tribute1 and heavier taxes by which the loss was made good4 ,for a hundred and fifty years there was fighting over the royal galleons4 ,at one time1 when ,spain and ,england were at war1 there were six years during which no galleon reached ,manila4 ,the country was in such sore straits that even the ,chinese revolted1 and the ,spanish were nearly starved4 ,spain1 however1 seemed to learn no lesson from these experiences4 ,she went on as of old1 sending one galleon a year1 richly laden1 at the mercy of the enemy1 8putting all her eggs into one basket10 as the saying is1 and when the 8one basket0 came to mishap all was lost4 ,besides keeping a lookout for the galleons1 the ,dutch ships were wont to lie in wait outside ,manila harbor1 to catch ,chinese and ,japanese trading junks coming into port4 ,in this way they often captured rich prizes1 and made still greater drain upon the islands4 ,it was necessary for the colony to raise large sums of money and many bodies of fighting men to go against these ships in order to protect the harbor from them4 ,many battles were fought with the ,dutch in ,philippine waters1 and many times the efforts of the natives brought victory to the ,spanish side4 ,but it was a hard and bitter experience4 ,the colony lived in a state of constant danger and of real want from this source4 ,not until the middle of the eighteenth century1 when peace was made with ,holland1 had the people of these islands any security of life or commerce4 ,summary4--,in #aeii the first real attempts were made to settle in ,mindanao4 ,an expedition was sent south1 but failed1 and its leader was killed4 ,the ,spanish only stirred up the ,moros against themselves1 so that the pirates came north and laid waste the coast towns4 ,in #afjc two ,chinese mandarins came to ,manila1 looking for a mountain of gold which they had heard was near ,cavite4 ,this visit awakened a fear that the ,chinese meant to seize ,manila1 and the city was made ready against invasion4 ,the ,chinese of ,manila were driven by abuse to make an attack on some natives1 and the ,spanish then fell upon them1 killing over #be1jjj4 ,the ,spanish themselves lost the pick of their soldiers and cavaliers that day4 ,owing to ,spain's war with the ,dutch1 the islands at this time1 and for many years after1 suffered great losses and hardships4 ,the ,dutch used to lie in wait to capture the galleons that carried merchandise and money back and forth between ,manila and ,mexico4 ,whenever a galleon was lost1 the whole country suffered2 but the weight fell heaviest upon the natives1 who1 by extra tribute and taxes1 had to make the loss good4 ,questions4--,tell about the first expedition to settle ,mindanao4 ,what did the ,moros do to avenge what they deemed ,spanish invasion8 ,give an account of the battle against the ,chinese4 ,what led up to this battle8 ,how was trade carried on between the islands and ,mexico8 ,what was the result of the capture of a galleon by ,spain's enemies8 ,why was ,spain's restriction of her colonies' trade a bad thing for her8 ,illustration ,chapter ,,vii4 ,,the ,,spanish ,,and ,,the ,,filipinos4 ,at the time when ,spain took the ,philippine ,islands and began to rule them1 every country in ,europe was busy setting up colonies in the newly discovered parts of the world4 ,if the king owed something to a troublesome subject1 or wished to reward or please a favorite1 an easy way to pay the debtor or help the favorite was to make him a governor or other official in some far-off new colony4 ,in turn the governor thought it only fair to make his colony as profitable to the ,crown as he could4 ,that he had no right to oppress other peoples in order to do this was a matter about which he never thought4 ,it is hard for us1 who live in an age when the rights of man are upheld1 to remember that there was once a time when no one in power thought very much about these rights4 ,statesmen had not then learned that a mother country owes a duty to her colonies4 ,they thought only of the help that a colony should give toward supporting the home government4 ,england for many years held this idea about ,america4 ,she put great hardships upon her colonies there4 ,she taxed them very unjustly1 and put unfair limits to their trade4 ,the ,americans1 however1 knew that no government had a right to oppress even its own colonies4 ,when the king of ,england went too far in his unjust rule1 the people rebelled4 ,they threw off the yoke of ,england just as1 some years later1 ,mexico threw off the yoke of ,spain1 and became independent4 ,the ,philippine ,islands suffered beyond what was the usual fate of colonies1 even at that time4 ,they were far out of the regular routes of ocean travel4 ,the people there knew nothing at all of the ideas of human liberty that were even then setting the world thinking4 ,then1 too1 they were ruled by a people who were behind the rest of the world in accepting these ideas4 ,spain1 blinded by her own pride and folly1 has been slowest of all ,european nations to listen to the gospel of human rights4 ,she ruled her colonies cruelly long after other nations came to see that they owed a duty to their dependencies1 and as a result ,spain lost her colonies at just the time when she most needed their help4 ,the ,philippines1 moreover1 were not ruled from ,spain direct4 ,they were1 as has been said1 a dependency of ,mexico1 and ,mexico was in turn a dependency of ,spain4 ,it happened1 therefore1 that even when the islands had officials who might have been glad to help the people1 these officials were themselves in a hard place4 ,they had two masters over them4 ,spain looked to ,mexico for the royal dues from the islands1 and ,mexico1 in turn1 looked to the governor-general1 who must see to it that his colony was profitable to the ,crown4 ,so1 we see1 there was a great burden laid upon the archipelago1 and this burden the people had to carry4 ,for three hundred and eighty years the ,filipinos were subjects of ,spain4 ,they submitted to her rule because there was never a time when1 without outside help1 they could throw off that rule4 ,but they never were1 in their hearts1 willing subjects4 ,during all the time the ,spanish were in the islands there was never a very long period when the people were not somewhere in revolt4 ,on ,luzon1 on ,bohol 7b h71 on ,samar1 ,leyte 7l t71 ,mindanao1 and in the ,sulu ,islands1 there was one uprising after another during the seventeenth century4 ,in ,cebu it was needful1 always1 for ,spain to keep a strong armed force1 and it was often necessary to send the troops from ,cebu to put down trouble in the other islands4 ,the love of liberty dies hard from the human heart2 and while there was at no time a general revolt of the people1 the frequent revolts of different tribes kept the ,spanish busy4 ,yet at no time did the ,filipinos go to war to gain national independence4 ,they were not united enough for that4 ,it is a part of the pity of it all that this should have been so4 ,it is sad to think of all the suffering and want the people bore1 and of all the lives that were lost in their small battles4 ,it is sadder still to remember that the aim of these battles was not to win independence from ,spain1 but to secure only such decent treatment as is the right of every human being4 ,illustration3 ,,fuerza ,,del ,,pilar1 ,,mindanao4 ,it will be remembered that the friar whom ,governor-,general ,desmarinas sent to make a treaty with ,japan stayed in that country4 ,he set up missions there1 and both he and other friars who came over from ,manila preached to the people4 ,in time the emperor learned of this4 ,he asked about the new teachers1 and was told that this was ,spain's way of getting a hold on another country4 ,spanish friars would go into a country to teach the people religion1 and later ,spain would send her soldiers to protect the friars and their converts4 ,after that1 his advisers told the emperor1 it was only a matter of time when ,spain would come to rule the country4 ,the emperor was alarmed to hear all this4 ,he ordered the friars back to ,manila1 and forbade any one to teach ,christianity in his country4 ,the missionary friars defied him1 however1 and later some were put to death with their ,japanese converts4 ,but other friars came from ,manila1 and in #afcc the emperor became angry1 and did a dreadful thing4 ,he gathered in his own country a band of #aej people who were lepers4 ,he loaded them into a ship and sent them to ,manila4 ,the commander of the ship bore to the governor-general a message which made a sensation in ,manila4 ,the message set forth the fact that the emperor did not allow ,christians to come to ,japan4 ,since1 however1 the priests of ,manila seemed very fond of such people as these lepers1 he sent this shipload as a present to them4 ,we may imagine the rage of the ,manila officials over this 8present40 ,some of them were for taking the ship outside the harbor and sinking her with her load4 ,others advised sending her back to ,japan4 ,the friars1 however1 to whom the lepers had been sent1 claimed them4 ,they begged the governor-general to have mercy on the poor creatures1 and at last he relented4 ,illustration3 ,,st4 ,,lazarus ,,hospital1 ,,manila4 ,the lepers were brought ashore with much ceremony1 and kept in ,manila4 ,as soon as possible a hospital was built for them1 and they were taken to it4 ,this hospital was named ,st4 ,lazarus ,hospital4 ,it still exists in ,manila1 though the present building is not the one put up for those first lepers4 ,in putting down the revolts of the people against tyranny1 the ,spanish had1 from time to time1 lost many troops4 ,many were also killed in the great battle with the ,chinese1 of which we have read1 and in the wars with the ,moros still other ,spanish lives were lost4 ,the ,moro pirates from the south were a source of great danger1 as we have already seen4 ,in #afce the ,spanish were forced to build a fort at ,zamboanga 7smb ng7 to keep these pirates in check4 ,garrisons were also stationed at several places in ,sulu for the same purpose4 ,the ,spanish1 however1 never really controlled the ,sulu archipelago4 ,the soldiers were never safe more than a day's march from their forts1 and they lived in constant danger of attack from the ,moros4 ,in one way and another the army of the colony was much weakened1 and an uprising of the ,chinese1 in #afcd1 made great trouble4 ,this uprising took place in ,laguna ,province4 ,enraged by official oppression #cj1jjj ,chinese rose in rebellion4 ,so strong were they1 that they held their own against the ,spanish for nearly a year4 ,indeed1 they might not have been conquered at all but for the help of the native troops1 who fought with the ,spanish4 ,over #f1jjj ,chinese were killed in this revolt4 ,in ,november #afde1 happened one of the worst earthquakes ,manila has ever known4 ,every public building in the city1 save one monastery and two churches1 was destroyed4 ,the governor-general nearly lost his life in the wreck of his palace1 and over #fjj people were killed in ,manila4 ,it became necessary to rebuild the city1 and then the ,spanish found that there was a great lack1 not only of soldiers1 but of laborers4 ,the need became so great that1 in #afdi1 ,governor-,general ,diego ,fajardo 7d g f hd7 made a bad mistake4 ,he began to force the people into military service1 and also compelled them to work upon the arsenal at ,cavite4 ,the people had borne much4 ,patient as they were1 this injustice was more than they would endure1 and they became deeply angry4 ,rebellion spread like wildfire through a number of the islands1 and there was almost1 though not quite1 a general revolt4 ,it began on ,samar1 and was led by a ,filipino named ,sumoroy 7s m roy74 ,at the head of a large force he attacked the ,spanish and the friars4 ,he led his army down the coast of ,samar1 burning towns and churches4 ,many of the priests and ,spanish on the island were killed1 and the rebellion grew4 ,troops were at once sent out against the rebels1 and the governor of ,samar sent messengers to demand ,sumoroy's head4 ,the messengers did not return1 but the rebels sent back the head of a pig to the governor4 ,the revolt spread to other islands4 ,soon the people of ,masbate 7ms bt7 and ,leyte1 of ,cebu1 ,caraga 7c rg7 and ,zamboanga1 were in arms4 ,the trouble even reached ,manila1 and the officials there became alarmed4 ,governor-,general ,fajardo had not dreamed that his act of injustice would work so much mischief4 ,now1 greatly concerned1 he sent ,general ,lopez ,azaldegin 7 thld gin7 to ,samar4 ,this officer had all the forces that could be raised1 and full authority to put down the rebels as he saw fit4 ,a great many battles were fought up and down ,samar1 and at last ,sumoroy was driven back into the mountains4 ,the ,spanish carried on the war with savage cruelty4 ,they severely punished all rebels whom they caught1 and showed mercy to none4 ,when they found that ,sumoroy had escaped to the mountains1 they raided his home and tortured his mother to death4 ,by such outrages they hoped to frighten the people into submission4 ,by threats and torture they tried to make his people betray ,sumoroy1 and at last they succeeded4 ,he was captured and turned over to the enemy4 ,general ,azaldegin had the rebel leader's head struck off and stuck upon a pole4 ,it was then sent about among the islands to teach the people what treatment rebels might expect from ,spain4 ,thus the rebellion was quelled for a time4 ,the people had gained nothing by it1 but it had kindled a fire in their hearts4 ,this fire was not quenched2 it only waited1 hidden1 ready to blaze up again when the right moment should come4 ,summary4--,the early idea of a colony was that it should be only a source of income to the mother country4 ,this idea was held by other countries than ,spain2 but ,spain clung to the idea long after other nations gave it up4 ,she did not listen to the gospel of the rights of man1 and in time she lost most of her colonies4 ,her policy in the ,philippines kept the natives rebellious4 ,for three hundred and eighty years the ,filipinos were ruled by her1 but in their hearts they never consented to that rule4 ,there was one revolt after another1 the people trying by this means to gain decent treatment4 ,in #afcc1 angered by the efforts of friars to convert his people1 the emperor of ,japan sent a 8present0 to the priests at ,manila4 ,this 8present0 was a shipload of #aej lepers4 ,after some debate the priests persuaded the governor-general to let the lepers land1 and ,st4 ,lazarus ,hospital was built for them4 ,the colony was now much weakened by wars1 and in #afcd a revolt of the ,chinese in ,laguna was nearly successful4 ,it was only put down by native help4 ,the great earthquake of #afde nearly destroyed ,manila1 and #fjj people were killed in the city4 ,laborers and soldiers were now so scarce that ,governor-,general ,fajardo tried to compel the people to serve in the army and work on the arsenal at ,cavite4 ,this led to a revolt which took all the forces the ,spanish could muster to put it down4 ,questions4--,what was the early idea of what a colony should be8 ,how were the ,american colonies driven to revolt8 ,how did ,spain treat her colonies8 ,why did not the islands throw off her yoke8 ,why did the ,japanese emperor send lepers to ,manila8 ,what caused the rebellion on ,samar8 ,who led it8 ,how was it put down8 ,illustration ,chapter ,,viii4 ,a ,,new ,,beginning4 ,the story of the colony at this time is a sad one4 ,bad management1 dishonesty1 and cruelty at last brought the country to such a pass that both ,mexico and ,spain were weary4 ,the king even thought of giving up the colony1 hopeless of ever receiving any benefit from it4 ,the islands were a drain upon the treasury rather than a help to it1 and it looked as if things would never be any better4 ,in the year #afec1 however1 a new beginning was planned4 ,the country was to be given another chance4 ,to this end a new governor-general and a new archbishop were sent out from ,mexico4 ,these two men1 it was thought1 could work peacefully together4 ,it was hoped that they would bring better days to the islands4 ,the governor-general1 ,sabinino ,manrique de ,lara 7sb nn mnrk d lr71 was an honest1 pious man4 ,the new archbishop was wise and just1 and seems to have had a sincere desire to help the country4 ,the archbishop was charged by the ,pope with the task of cleansing the land from the evil acts that had made so much sorrow4 ,when the ship reached ,manila1 before any one else was allowed to land1 the archbishop went ashore4 ,he landed alone1 knelt at once1 and blessed the soil4 ,the governor-general then landed1 and prayers were offered for the good of the country4 ,some days afterwards1 in the open air1 outside the city walls1 a solemn service was held4 ,archbishop ,problete 7pr bl t7 then went through the ceremony of purifying the land4 ,he blessed the colony and declared it clean of all the evil done there4 ,from that day peace and good-will were to be upon all the people4 ,after this1 things went better for several years4 ,there was peace and good understanding between ,church and ,state1 so that both worked for the good of the country4 ,governor-,general ,lara allowed the archbishop a voice in matters of ,state1 and yielded to him in many ways4 ,he even permitted him to veto1 or forbid1 orders which the governor-general himself approved4 ,these privileges the ,churchman seems not to have abused4 ,but more than mere words and public services were needed to cleanse the land4 ,evil and oppression had worked wrong that was not to be undone in any easy way4 ,the rebellion of #afdi was not yet forgotten1 nor were there lacking people ready to make trouble to gain their own ends4 ,here and there1 every little while1 conflict broke out anew1 but always in a small way4 ,it was never grave enough to cause fear in ,manila4 ,it was enough1 however1 to keep the people restless1 and the ,spanish soldiers on the alert4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,church ,,at ,,malate4 ,the oldest church building in ,manila4 ,the commander of the ,spanish forces in the ,visayas was ,captain ,gregorio de ,castillo4 ,weary of putting down the frequent small revolts1 he at last hit upon a plan to end the trouble4 ,he issued a notice promising that all rebels who would come into camp and lay down their arms would be forgiven4 ,in spite of past lessons1 many of the ,filipinos trusted to this promise4 ,a large number of them came and gave up their weapons4 ,when too late they saw what a mistake they had made4 ,they were taken to ,manila as prisoners1 and were not pardoned4 ,instead1 most of them were punished4 ,some were put to death2 others were sent to the galleys2 only a few were set free4 ,we may be sure that the memory of this false dealing rankled in the hearts of the people4 ,in #affj rebellion broke out with fresh force4 ,this time the ,pampangans were in the uprising4 ,this people had from the first been loyal to ,spain4 ,they were among the best of her native soldiers1 and had always helped to keep her enemies out of the country4 ,for reward the government set them1 with many others1 to cutting timber for the arsenal4 ,this work all were compelled to do without pay4 ,from ,pampanga the revolt swept through other provinces of ,luzon4 ,it took more definite shape than any other uprising had done1 and gained strength4 ,a ,filipino named ,malong was at the head of the movement4 ,he was a real leader1 and he at once began to raise an army4 ,the ,ilocans and ,cacaygans joined him1 and in a little while #dj1jjj men had been enrolled4 ,they were not well armed1 nor were they well supplied with food2 but they marched through the country1 making war on the ,spanish4 ,again1 however1 effort failed because it was not united4 ,the tribes could not grasp the idea of real union4 ,the people had no clear thought of a national life together4 ,so they fought among themselves as well as against the common enemy1 and their warfare came to naught4 ,they could not long resist the trained ,spanish troops1 and in time the rebellion was put down4 ,the army was scattered1 and its leaders became outlaws in the mountains4 ,while ,governor-,general ,lara was in office another ,chinese invasion threatened4 ,a ,mongol chief named ,koxinga 7kox ing71 who had been driven from his own country by the ,tartars1 was the leader of it4 ,when the ,tartars overran ,china1 about the middle of the seventeenth century1 ,koxinga and many of his followers refused to submit4 ,they went to ,formosa1 drove out the ,dutch people1 and settled there4 ,later ,koxinga laid a plan to take the ,philippine ,islands and set up his kingdom there4 ,koxinga's chief adviser was an ,italian friar named ,riccio 7r ch 74 ,this friar he had made a high mandarin1 or nobleman4 ,he now sent him to ,manila1 dressed in the garb of his office1 to demand tribute from the ,philippine ,government4 ,naturally this demand caused amaze and alarm in ,manila4 ,the ,spaniards were aghast at the idea of a ,catholic priest demanding tribute from a ,catholic country1 in the name of a heathen ruler4 ,later the authorities at ,rome called the friar to account for his conduct4 ,at this time1 however1 the ,spanish were at a loss how to act4 ,they did not dare send the priest-mandarin away1 nor could they give him any answer4 ,they therefore kept him waiting in ,manila while they made up their minds what to do4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,manila ,,cathedral4 ,as was usual1 when trouble arose1 the government thought that the ,chinese in ,manila were plotting to take the city4 ,they felt sure that these men would be ready to help ,koxinga when he came1 so everything was made ready for another attack upon the ,chinese in ,luzon4 ,all government troops1 both ,spanish and native1 were collected at ,manila4 ,the forts at ,yligan 7lgn71 at ,calamianes 7cl m ns71 and at ,zamboanga1 were torn down and the soldiers brought to ,luzon4 ,only the fort at ,caraga1 ,mindanao1 was left standing4 ,this one they did not dare to give up2 the soldiers there were all that kept the ,moros from destroying the settlements on that coast4 ,when the ,chinese saw the ,spaniards making ready for war1 they knew from past experience that it meant trouble for them4 ,as usual1 therefore1 they began the trouble themselves4 ,they attacked the ,spanish1 and the latter at once began fighting the ,chinese wherever they found them4 ,this time the ,spanish meant to kill every ,chinaman in the country4 ,they hunted out all who hid1 and cut them down4 ,not one whom they caught was spared4 ,not one of all in the islands would have been spared if the country could have gotten along without them4 ,some one remembered1 however1 before it was too late1 that if all the ,chinese were killed there would be no one left to carry on the small trades of the country4 ,because bootmakers and tailors and small shopkeepers were needed1 therefore about #e1jjj ,chinamen were spared1 and these were permitted to remain in ,manila4 ,after peace was made1 ,riccio was allowed to go back to ,formosa1 to tell ,koxinga what had been done4 ,he found the chieftain getting ready to come to ,manila with an army to take the country1 and ,riccio told him what had happened4 ,koxinga's rage was great when he heard his mandarin's story4 ,he planned to go at once to the islands to punish this wicked cruelty to his countrymen4 ,he fell ill1 however1 and died of fever before he could start4 ,thus ,manila escaped the fate that must almost surely have fallen upon the city if the ,chinese chief and his great army had reached the bay4 ,illustration3 ,,an ,,old ,,spanish ,,fort ,,at ,,siassi4 ,the foolish attack upon the ,chinese took so many ,spanish soldiers from the southern islands that the ,moros now had free swing along the coasts of ,mindanao and the ,visayas4 ,other troubles came up in ,manila1 and soon evil and sorrow were as active and as real as though the islands had never been cleansed by book and ceremony4 ,not even these can stay the results of cruelty and evil in men's lives4 ,poor ,governor-,general ,lara1 in spite of his wish to be a good leader in the ,philippines1 made many enemies4 ,these men began to accuse him of dishonesty in office4 ,they charged him with disloyalty to the king1 and he was put into prison4 ,he was also made to pay a fine equal to #fj1jjj1 ,mexican money4 ,afterwards he was set free1 but he never got over the effects of his disgrace4 ,filled with sorrow and shame1 he went back to ,spain and became a friar4 ,in #affc ,diego ,salcedo became governor-general4 ,he was no sooner in office than the good understanding between the ,church and the ,state came to an end4 ,salcedo treated ,archbishop ,problete very harshly1 and took from him many of the privileges granted him by ,lara4 ,great strife grew out of this1 and the government was soon in as bad order as it had ever been4 ,at last the archbishop became ill and died4 ,salcedo then behaved in a very unseemly manner4 ,he made a great feast1 and would not allow the usual mourning services to be held for the archbishop4 ,this conduct came to the ears of the authorities at home1 and the governor-general was punished as he deserved4 ,he was put into prison to await the sailing of the galleon that should take him to ,mexico for further punishment4 ,he was sent to ,mexico later1 but died at sea on his way there4 ,all this was a sad end to the new rule that was to have done so much good in the country4 ,no good1 however1 can grow out of injustice and cruelty4 ,these people may have meant well1 but they did not do right4 ,they had not set up rules of fairness and truthful dealing in the islands1 so all their cleansing with words came to naught4 ,summary4--,in #afec a new governor-general and a new archbishop were sent out to ,manila4 ,the land was blessed and pronounced clean of all the evil that had been done there4 ,there was now to be a new state of things4 ,for some years matters went better at ,manila4 ,there was peace between the ,church and the ,state4 ,later1 however1 revolt broke out here and there in the ,visayas4 ,to quiet the natives they were promised forgiveness if they would come in and lay down their weapons4 ,the ,spanish general who made this promise broke his word4 ,those who came and surrendered were severely punished1 and only a few were pardoned4 ,after this the government tried to make the natives work without pay1 cutting timber for the arsenal4 ,this made trouble1 and there was a rebellion which came near to being general1 but which was finally put down4 ,a threatened invasion by ,koxinga1 a ,chinese chief from ,formosa1 led to a general slaughter by the ,spanish of the ,chinese in ,manila4 ,only #e1jjj ,chinese were left alive in the islands4 ,governor-,general ,lara made enemies who accused him of dishonesty4 ,he was put in prison and fined4 ,he was set free later1 but felt the disgrace so keenly that he went back to ,spain and took holy orders4 ,he was succeeded by ,diego ,salcedo1 who soon quarreled with the archbishop4 ,when the latter died1 ,salcedo behaved in a way so unseemly that he was sent out of the country in disgrace4 ,he died at sea1 on his way to ,mexico4 ,questions4--,what great change was made in #afec8 ,what did the new officials do8 ,how did the new government succeed8 ,what promise did ,captain ,gregorio de ,castillo make to the rebels in the ,visayas8 ,how did he keep it8 ,what led to the revolt of #affj8 ,give an account of this uprising4 ,who was ,koxinga8 ,what envoy did he send to ,manila8 ,how was this envoy received8 ,what action did the ,spanish take in regard to his demands8 ,illustration ,chapter ,,ix4 ,,trade ,,in ,,the ,,philippines4 ,the ,spanish galleons which used to sail the ,pacific ,ocean between ,manila and ,mexico have been the subject of many a romance4 ,the world never tires of reading the stories written about them4 ,they seem to belong to the age of romance and poetry4 ,the galleons come1 however1 pretty close to modern times4 ,the last one left ,manila for ,mexico in #ahaa1 and the last one for ,manila sailed from ,acapulco in #ahae4 ,these ships were in shape something like a half-moon4 ,they were very high at bow and stern1 short from fore to aft1 and very wide4 ,they were of about #a1ejj tons burden1 with light draught4 ,they usually had four decks1 and always carried big guns4 ,the galleons were the ,spanish mail ships1 and the only carriers for trade between the islands and ,mexico4 ,this trade with ,mexico was the colony's only source of income4 ,the local government had no money of its own4 ,it could not act independently2 all that it brought in tribute and taxes to the royal treasury belonged to the ,crown1 to be disposed of at the king's will4 ,not only were the islands governed through ,mexico1 but all their trade was with that country4 ,so severe were the laws that restricted their trade1 that the people were not allowed to go even to ,china and ,japan to buy goods4 ,they might buy only such goods as ,chinese and ,japanese traders brought to ,manila4 ,once a year1 usually in ,july1 a galleon left ,manila laden with goods from the islands4 ,these were sold in ,mexico1 and the money which they brought1 or an equal value in ,mexican goods1 was sent back on the return galleon4 ,we have seen how great were the risks which these ships ran in making their voyages4 ,the enemies of ,spain often captured them1 while some were lost at sea and never again heard from4 ,it was not all romance1 the life of those who sailed and manned the galleons4 ,often there was greed and cruelty to contend with1 rather than poetry and story to be lived4 ,always there was danger1 and it was not the spirit of adventure1 but the desire for gain that sent these men to sea4 ,the many risks which the galleons ran made shipping ventures uncertain4 ,nor was this the greatest ill which the ,manila merchants had to bear4 ,the merchants of ,spain were always jealous of them1 for they were afraid that the island trade with ,china and with ,mexico would hurt their own business4 ,so they were always clamoring for laws that should keep ,manila merchants from dealing with those countries4 ,by the beginning of the eighteenth century very harsh laws had been made governing all shipments4 ,goods might be shipped only in bales of a certain size and weight1 and only a limited number of bales might be sent by each galleon4 ,nor did the restrictions end here4 ,there were some goods in which ,manila merchants might not deal at all4 ,they could ship no woven stuffs save the finest linen4 ,if the goods sent to ,mexico by the ,philippine ,government brought more than a certain amount in ,mexico1 the full sum could not be sent back in money4 ,the islands must take the surplus in ,mexican goods4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,arrival ,,of ,a ,,spanish ,,galleon4 ,so business suffered1 and each year the country grew poorer4 ,at the same time the men who ruled the country grew very rich4 ,one acting governor-general1 in less than two years of service1 got together a fortune of #bej1jjj4 ,there were other officials1 as well1 who managed to take home with them to ,spain sums nearly as large4 ,all this1 of course1 worked hardship in the islands4 ,money was very scarce4 ,merchants became bankrupt and had to go out of business4 ,often the government itself had no money with which to pay for public work4 ,the army1 too1 suffered4 ,the soldiers had no barracks1 but lived as they could1 and wherever they found shelter4 ,often there were long periods when no rations were issued to them1 and they begged their food from house to house4 ,when their demands were not granted1 they would take by force what they wished1 and this led to great evil4 ,a large army was needed to control the people and to enforce payment of tribute4 ,this tribute was collected from the natives for the support of the government4 ,those who had not yet been baptized were taxed only a small sum2 those who belonged to the ,church paid more4 ,few1 however1 paid in money4 ,nearly all paid in kind--in goods which they made1 or produce which they raised from the land4 ,all tribute in goods was kept in the royal storehouses until the galleon was about to sail4 ,then the goods were sent to ,mexico1 to be sold4 ,sometimes1 however1 some of these goods were traded for merchandise brought to the islands by ,chinese dealers4 ,a certain per cent4 of the price which the shipments brought in ,mexico was sent back to ,manila to pay government expenses4 ,usually1 however1 this fixed percentage was not sufficient to meet these expenses4 ,it was needful1 then1 to increase it by a further sum from the royal treasury4 ,this additional sum was called the 8,real ,situado0 7rl s t d74 ,one galleon a year was not enough to meet the needs of merchants who wished to ship goods to ,mexico4 ,in #agbd1 therefore1 a royal decree was made public that thereafter two galleons of #ejj tons each would be sent4 ,this decree1 however1 limited the number of merchants who might ship goods1 and the amount which each might send4 ,it also fixed the amount in cash that might be taken in payment4 ,all values over this amount must be taken in ,mexican goods4 ,a few years later this decree was revoked4 ,only one galleon a year was to be sent1 and new and more severe restrictions were put upon all shipments4 ,it became more and more difficult1 as time went on1 for the merchants of ,manila to carry on trade4 ,during the eighteenth century no foreign merchants were allowed to do business in ,manila4 ,spain1 in fact1 did all that she could to kill trade and industry in the islands4 ,at the same time she compelled those who ruled the country to enforce payment of the last penny's value of tribute that could be drained from the country4 ,the governor-general at this time 7#aged-agei7 was ,pedro de ,arandia 7d rnd 74 ,he was one of the most able and enterprising officials the islands had thus far had4 ,he tried to make a good many reforms in the country1 and to build up its commerce4 ,he is said to have died of worry and regret that he could not rule the land as he thought right1 and at the same time be at peace with those about him who were also in authority4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,santa ,,lucia ,,gate1 ,,manila4 ,arandia showed himself to be something of a statesman4 ,he made reforms in the army1 and tried to bring the wild tribes to acknowledge ,spain's rights in the islands4 ,at the same time he did many dishonest things4 ,he made a great fortune for himself while in office4 ,perhaps he was sorry for his dishonesty afterwards1 for when he died he left his fortune to religious institutions4 ,in those days men saw no wrong or absurdity in devoting ill-gotten wealth to carrying on good works4 ,it was ,arandia who formed the first real military body in the country4 ,this was a regiment made up of five companies of ,filipino soldiers and four companies of ,europeans4 ,the latter ,arandia had brought with him from ,mexico4 ,he called the whole corps the 8,king's ,regiment10 and took great pride in it4 ,as troops came in from the provinces they were added to the regiment1 until at last it numbered about #b1jjj soldiers in two battalions of ten companies each4 ,in ,october of #aged the soldiers1 for the first time in the history of the islands1 were quartered in barracks4 ,they were also1 both officers and men1 paid regularly every two weeks4 ,in #agee the ,chinese question came up again4 ,this time it was decided to send home all those ,chinese who would not be baptized4 ,they were given a few months to wind up their business1 and a day was set when they should leave the islands4 ,all who accepted baptism were allowed to remain1 and a good many did this4 ,over #b1jjj1 however1 were sent out of the country on ,june #cj1 #agee4 ,need now arose for shops and for small traders to carry on business in place of these ,chinese4 ,to supply this need a trading company of ,spanish and half-,spanish was formed in ,manila4 ,this trading company was in existence for some years1 but was never very successful4 ,it could not buy on as good terms as the ,chinese had been able to make1 nor could it sell to such good advantage4 ,it received a great deal of aid from the government1 but finally made a bad failure and went out of business4 ,the ruling which sent the ,chinese out of the islands worked other harm to the business of the country4 ,not only were there none to do the work which the ,chinese had done1 but their going was a direct money loss to the government4 ,the ,chinese had been heavily taxed1 and when they were sent away a shortage of #cj1jjj in the tax receipts followed as a direct result4 ,this made money so scarce in ,manila that a petition was sent to ,spain asking for a reduction of the royal dues4 ,these royal dues were the amount which the colony had each year to raise for the king1 and the government was now scarcely able to collect it from the people4 ,but ,spain was in great need of money4 ,wars with other nations had almost emptied her treasury1 and the petition for reduction was refused4 ,a decree was passed1 however1 which made things a little easier for the merchants4 ,the islands must pay the full amount of the royal dues1 but merchants might send by the galleon more goods and goods of a finer quality than before4 ,they might also bring back more ,mexican goods4 ,in this way they could make more money1 and thus the country was better able to raise the sums demanded4 ,summary4--,the only trading ships that carried shipments of goods from ,manila were the ,spanish galleons4 ,the entire trade of the islands was with ,mexico1 and was restricted by very severe laws4 ,a galleon sailed but once a year1 and the amount of goods which could be sent by her was limited by law4 ,the great risks which the galleons ran made shipments uncertain of return1 and business was at a disadvantage4 ,in #agbd a decree was made public allowing two galleons a year1 of #ejj tons each1 to be sent4 ,the number of merchants who could ship goods was now limited1 and the amount that each could send4 ,later this decree was revoked4 ,only one galleon could be sent1 and more severe restrictions were put upon shipments4 ,no foreign merchants were allowed to do business in ,manila4 ,in #aged ,pedro de ,arandia became governor-general4 ,he made many improvements in the army1 and tried to build up trade4 ,he formed the first real military body in the islands1 and called it the 8,king's ,regiment40 ,in #agee a law was made that all ,chinese who refused baptism should be sent out of the country on ,june #cj4 ,over #b1jjj were sent away on that day4 ,this made a dearth of traders1 and a trading company of ,spanish and half-,spanish was formed4 ,it was never a success1 however4 ,the departure of these ,chinese cost the country a loss of #cj1jjj in taxes that year4 ,this made times so hard that the colony prayed the king for a reduction in the royal dues4 ,their petition was refused1 but some of the restrictions in regard to shipments by the galleon were made lighter4 ,merchants could ship more and better goods4 ,this made matters easier1 and the country could better meet the demands of the ,crown4 ,questions4--,what were the ,spanish galleons8 ,how often did they sail8 ,when did the last one leave ,manila for ,mexico8 ,why were such severe restrictions put upon the trade of the islands8 ,what were some of these restrictions8 ,what improvements did ,governor-,general ,arandia make in the army8 ,give an account of the decree expelling the ,chinese from the islands4 ,what effect followed the departure of the ,chinese8 ,illustration ,chapter ,x4 ,,the ,,islands ,,under ,,arandia',s ,,rule4 ,it was while ,pedro de ,arandia was governor-general that the famous overflow of ,taal volcano took place4 ,at that time the crater of ,taal was torn open so that it measured more than a mile and a half across1 and from this awful opening poured down a broad stream of melted lava1 killing and destroying everything that it touched4 ,it rushed down the side of the mountain and fell hot and hissing into the lake4 ,great clouds of steam arose from the heated waters1 and such a shower of ashes and stones fell as made the people think the world was coming to an end4 ,for six months terrible storms raged in that part of ,luzon4 ,the volcano broke out on the #aeth day of ,may1 #aged1 and it was then that the boiling lava began to flow4 ,huge stones shot up from the crater and fell into the lake1 or were hurled down upon the land4 ,darkness reigned1 and the people were filled with terror4 ,this state of things lasted until about the second day of ,june4 ,then1 suddenly1 a mighty column of smoke arose from the mountain1 thick1 black1 and awful4 ,higher and higher it mounted1 until it spread over the sky1 and the sun shone through it with a sickly yellow light4 ,illustration3 ,,taal ,,volcano4 ,this smoke poured out for nearly all the time until ,july #aj4 ,on that day heavy showers of mud1 black as ink1 began to fall4 ,terrible sounds were heard1 as of cannon being fired off inside the mountain4 ,the land trembled1 and great waves from the lake dashed against the shore4 ,dead fish1 alligators1 and snakes were cast up on shore1 and the town of ,balili 7b ll7 was soon a swamp of black1 liquid mud4 ,then fire began to pour out of the crater4 ,it lasted until ,september #be1 when there was another great shower of stones4 ,the people of ,taal were driven from their homes and fled for their lives4 ,then1 writes ,fray ,francisco ,venenchillo 7ven en chly71 who1 through these dreadful weeks of disasters1 kept a daily journal of all that he observed1 8a fearful storm of thunder and lightning began1 and never stopped until ,december #d40 ,in the meanwhile the volcano was still in eruption1 and awful things kept happening4 ,lake ,bombon rose and swept over the town of ,taal4 ,on ,november #ad inky darkness settled over the country4 ,this lasted for two days1 during which1 even as far away as ,manila1 candles were needed at noonday4 ,during these two days1 fire and lava poured out steadily from the mountain4 ,at last1 on ,december #b1 began a two days' hurricane4 ,it wiped out the town of ,taal1 and then all was quiet4 ,in all1 the trouble lasted for six months and seventeen days4 ,the towns of ,taal1 ,sananan 7sn nn71 ,sala 7sl71 and ,lipa 7lp7 were wholly ruined1 and great harm was done in towns fifteen miles distant from the volcano4 ,it was a marvelous event1 and traces of it are still to be seen in all the country around ,lake ,bombon4 ,never since then has there been such an overflow from ,taal volcano4 ,the ruins of the old town of ,taal may still be seen just where the ,pansipit 7pn spit7 ,river enters the lake1 but they are being overgrown by grasses and flowers4 ,in a few years they will be quite hidden4 ,the present town of ,taal is farther up the river4 ,it is noted for the fine sugar produced there4 ,this sugar is well known1 and commands a good price in foreign markets4 ,excellent cotton stuffs are also made there4 ,when ,governor-,general ,arandia had formed his new ,king's ,regiment1 he at once found work for it to do4 ,besides the regiment he collected a body of good native troops and began a campaign against the ,igorrotes4 ,the ,spanish had never been able to subdue these people4 ,in ,arandia's day they were still as wild and savage as when the ,europeans first came to the islands4 ,arandia set out to conquer them or to kill every one of them that could be found4 ,the war was carefully planned4 ,about #a1ajj soldiers were sent against them1 and these soldiers waged a warfare as savage1 as cruel1 as the wild tribes themselves could have carried on4 ,the ,igorrotes were surprised in their villages and given no quarter4 ,their towns were burned down1 and women and children were killed without mercy4 ,growing crops were destroyed1 and the land was laid waste wherever an ,igorrote home was found4 ,but in spite of this cruelty the ,spanish could not conquer the people4 ,instead1 the ,king's ,regiment was driven back again and again1 and whenever the ,igorrotes took a ,spaniard prisoner1 they avenged upon him the wrongs of their tribe4 ,the attempt was at last given up4 ,the ,igorrotes could not be subdued1 nor could they be coaxed into swearing loyalty to ,spain4 ,arandia then sought to bargain with them4 ,in #ageh a decree was passed that was meant not only for them1 but for the other heathen tribes4 ,the decree read that those who would accept baptism need pay no tribute or tax for the rest of their lives4 ,the ,igorrotes were not caught by this offer4 ,as a matter of fact1 they gave themselves no trouble to pay tribute or tax1 anyway1 so the offer had no attraction for them4 ,illustration3 ,,igorrotes4 ,at this same time ,arandia had still another trouble on his hands1 but one for which he was not to blame4 ,a few years before1 in #agdi1 the sultan of ,sulu was deposed from his throne during a rebellion4 ,being in name1 at least1 a vassal of ,spain1 he came to ,manila to ask ,spanish aid in regaining his rights4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,street ,,in ,,jol4 ,the acting governor-general at that time was the ,bishop of ,nuevo ,segovia 7n v s gv 74 ,this worthy gave the sultan a warm welcome and showed him high honor4 ,the ,moro ruler was urged to accept baptism1 and at last did so1 with several of his suite4 ,after that he and a large number of followers were kept in great style in ,manila4 ,the sultan was known as ,ferdinand ,i41 and great attention was paid him as rightful ruler of the ,sulu archipelago4 ,but for some reason nothing was done to help him recover his lost throne4 ,finally1 however1 he was told that he was to be taken to ,sulu4 ,in fact1 with a large ,spanish escort1 the party did go as far as ,zamboanga4 ,there the sultan and his people1 with a prince of ,sulu who had come to ,mindanao to greet him1 were thrown into prison4 ,to explain this1 it was charged that the sultan had written disloyal letters to friends in ,sulu4 ,in one of these letters1 it was claimed1 he had said that he had not acted of his own free will in accepting baptism4 ,these letters had been intercepted at ,zamboanga1 and were declared to be treasonable4 ,the sultan was taken back to ,manila as a prisoner1 and this act at once drove the ,moros to fresh fury4 ,again there was war all along the southern coast4 ,it was pressed with great cruelty on both sides1 and many lives were lost4 ,the trouble lasted for some years1 but the ,spanish gained neither power nor territory by all this waste of lives and money4 ,when ,arandia came into office he wished to send the sultan back to ,sulu and restore to him his rights4 ,in this1 however1 he was opposed by the clergy4 ,had he persisted in trying to do this it would have made great strife2 so he yielded4 ,ferdinand ,i4 stayed on in ,luzon1 but was not kept in confinement4 ,his son1 his daughter1 and several chiefs of his people were with him in the city2 but he was none the less a prisoner1 and remained such until the ,british took ,manila in #agfb4 ,in #agfc the ,english commander sent him to ,sulu and reseated him on his throne4 ,as for the ,moros of the ,sulu archipelago1 they never again trusted the ,spanish4 ,summary4--,in the year #aged there was a terrible eruption of ,taal volcano4 ,it began on ,may #ae and lasted for over six months4 ,during this time the mountain poured out fire and lava4 ,awful showers of mud and stones fell1 and there were terrible hurricanes4 ,the towns of ,taal1 ,sananan1 ,sala1 and ,lipa were wholly ruined1 and great harm was done in places fifteen miles away4 ,during ,arandia's term of office1 war was waged against the ,igorrotes1 to conquer or to kill them all4 ,this war was carried on with great cruelty1 but the ,igorrotes were not to be subdued1 and it was given up4 ,later they were offered freedom from taxation if they would accept baptism1 but they refused it4 ,in #agdi the sultan of ,sulu came to ,manila seeking aid to put down a rebellion of his people4 ,he was well received1 and was persuaded to let himself be baptized4 ,afterwards it was claimed that he had written treasonable letters home1 and he was kept a prisoner in ,manila4 ,arandia tried to have him restored to his rights1 but could not4 ,the sultan was sent back in #agfc by the ,british1 who then held ,manila4 ,this treatment of the sultan greatly enraged the ,moros against the ,spanish4 ,questions4--,when was the great overflow of ,taal volcano8 ,give an account of it4 ,who decided to conquer the ,igorrotes8 ,describe this war and its results4 ,why did the sultan of ,sulu come to ,manila8 ,how was he treated by the ,spanish8 ,who finally reseated him on his throne8 ,illustration ,chapter ,,xi4 ,,british ,,occupation4 ,in the latter part of the year #agfa war was begun between ,spain and ,france on the one hand1 and ,england on the other4 ,spain and ,france were first to declare this war1 but ,england carried on her part in it with great vigor4 ,the ,english took ,havana1 and an ,english fleet under ,admiral ,cornish 7kornish7 was sent to the ,pacific with orders to take the ,philippine ,islands4 ,with a fleet of thirteen vessels ,admiral ,cornish entered ,manila ,bay on the evening of ,september #bb1 #agfb4 ,the ships anchored off ,cavite1 and next day ,cornish sent to demand the surrender of the city4 ,this was1 of course1 refused by ,archbishop ,rojo 7rh71 who was then acting governor-general of the city4 ,the archbishop's forces at that time consisted of a small part of the ,king's ,regiment1 not more than about #fjj men and officers1 and #hj pieces of artillery4 ,the ,english troops1 who were landed under command of ,general ,draper 7drper71 numbered one regiment of ,british infantry1 two companies of artillery1 #b1bjj ,sepoys from ,india1 and #c1jjj seamen--in all1 #f1chj men4 ,nevertheless1 in spite of the inequality of the two armies1 the ,spanish ,churchman defied the second demand to surrender4 ,a part of the ,spanish force went bravely out to fight the landing ,english1 but with what success it is easy to guess4 ,they were driven back into the city1 and the enemy landed in full force4 ,the ,british encamped around ,manila1 at ,malate 7m lt71 ,santiago1 and ,san ,juan4 ,on the #bdth of ,september they began to bombard the city4 ,at this time one of the royal galleons was expected at ,manila4 ,this was the ,philipina1 carrying a very rich cargo and a large sum of money for the government4 ,some of the ,english ships went out to lie in wait for her4 ,they missed her2 for the ,spanish friars managed to reach her first1 and by their aid she gained a place of safety4 ,the ,british1 however1 brought in another galleon1 the ,trinidad1 from which they took #b1ejj1jjj4 ,a nephew of the archbishop was on board the ,trinidad1 and was captured with the ship4 ,when the ,english learned who he was1 they sent him to ,manila with an escort1 and turned him over to his uncle4 ,the escort then started back to the ship1 but was attacked and killed by ,filipinos4 ,the natives cut off the head of the ,english officer1 and refused to give it up4 ,the ,british were greatly angered by this outrage1 and they now stormed the city in earnest4 ,the ,spanish had by now got together a large native force1 which was sent against the enemy4 ,they could not stand against the ,british regulars1 however1 and were soon beaten back4 ,the enemy's artillery made great breaches in the walls1 and on ,october #e ,general ,draper and his army forced a way into the city4 ,by another day the following terms of surrender were agreed upon3 ,illustration3 ,,royal ,,gate ,,and ,,sally ,,port ,,in ,,the ,,city ,,wall1 ,,manila4 ,the ,spanish were to have full religious freedom2 private property was to be held safe2 the ,supreme ,court was to keep order1 and free trade was to be allowed4 ,the ,spanish were to pay the ,british an indemnity of #d1jjj1jjj4 ,these terms were signed1 and the ,british flag floated over ,manila4 ,the ,english and ,sepoy troops1 turned loose in the city1 did great mischief and destroyed much public property4 ,the archbishop then went to ,general ,draper and begged him to put a stop to this4 ,the general issued orders forbidding violence and pillage by his soldiers4 ,he himself shot and killed one ,sepoy whom he saw attack a ,filipino4 ,but while the ,british were in possession of ,manila1 they were not without opposition4 ,it was the law in the archipelago that if at any time the country should be without a governor-general1 the ,supreme ,court should govern4 ,this law one of the justices of the court now tried to put in force4 ,simon de ,anda y ,salazar 7smn d nd sl thr71 the justice in question1 pretended to think that the ,spanish could have held ,manila but for the weakness of the archbishop4 ,refusing to listen to reason1 he gathered a band of ,filipinos whom he promised to lead against the ,english4 ,with a few of them he fled in a prahu to ,bulacan the night before the city surrendered4 ,he took with him some of the stamped paper of the government4 ,this would1 he knew1 be a help to him in a plan which he meant to carry out4 ,now1 ignoring the fact that ,archbishop ,rojo was the acting governor-general1 ,simon de ,anda began an absurd fight against the ,english4 ,he claimed the right1 as a justice of the ,supreme ,court1 to act as governor-general4 ,on the stamped paper he wrote a proclamation ordering the ,british to leave ,manila4 ,he sent this proclamation to ,general ,draper1 who ignored it and declared ,anda a nuisance4 ,after this ,anda raised a small army1 and fought several battles with the ,british4 ,they only served to keep the country stirred up1 so that neither the ,spanish nor the ,british could go about their affairs in peace4 ,general ,draper1 meanwhile1 was busy restoring the sultan of ,sulu to his throne4 ,anda had become a hindrance to peace1 while at the same time he had no power to carry on effective warfare4 ,seeing this1 the ,chinese of ,pampanga made a plot to kill him4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,british ,,assault ,,on ,,the ,,walls ,,of ,,manila4 ,simon de ,anda was told of this plot1 and his rage was great4 ,he collected all his ,filipinos and marched against the ,chinese4 ,he had real war at last1 and the ,spanish accounts say that #h1jjj ,chinese were slain4 ,in the meantime the war in ,europe was over4 ,by the ,peace of ,paris1 made ,february #aj1 #agfc1 it was settled that ,manila should be restored to ,spain4 ,the ,british commander made ready to turn over the city to the ,spanish and go home1 but at once a new difficulty arose4 ,simon de ,anda was in command of whatever ,spanish army there was in the islands at this time4 ,therefore1 when a notice was sent to the archbishop for the 8,commander-in-,chief of the ,spanish forces10 the archbishop sent it on to ,anda4 ,this notice was to the effect that ,anda should take over the city from the ,english2 but he refused to receive the notice4 ,he declared that he should have been addressed as 8,captain-,general10 and would recognize no other style of address4 ,on this foolish plea he kept up war with the ,english until ,january1 #agfd1 in spite of the peace between his country and ,england4 ,all that the ,british wished was that ,anda should let them hand the city over to him and depart4 ,this1 however1 he would not do4 ,on ,january #cj1 #agfd1 ,archbishop ,rojo died4 ,there was still1 however1 no one to whom to give up ,manila1 for several men at once claimed the right to act as governor-general4 ,at last the ,spanish ,government sent out from ,mexico a new governor-general4 ,as soon as he reached ,manila he sent word to the ,british commander that he was ready to take over the city1 and he arranged that ,simon de ,anda should be the one actually to receive the city back4 ,it was turned over to ,anda for the governor-general1 and the ,english left the country4 ,only #a1jjj1jjj was paid of the #d1jjj1jjj war indemnity agreed upon1 but the ,english received a bill upon the ,madrid treasury for the remainder of that sum4 ,summary4--,in the latter part of #agfa war began between ,france and ,spain on the one hand1 and ,england on the other4 ,in ,september1 #agfb1 a ,british fleet came to ,manila and took that city4 ,archbishop ,rojo1 who was acting governor-general1 surrendered the city4 ,simon de ,anda1 a justice of the ,supreme ,court1 opposed the surrender of ,manila4 ,he fled to ,bulacan1 gathered a native army1 and issued a proclamation ordering the ,british to leave the islands4 ,this proclamation was not heeded4 ,several ineffective battles were fought1 and strife continued between the ,english and ,anda's forces4 ,the ,chinese made a plot to kill ,anda1 and he fought them with his army4 ,when peace was declared in ,europe1 it was decided that ,manila should be given back to ,spain4 ,simon de ,anda1 as commander of the ,spanish army in the ,philippines1 should have received the city from the ,english4 ,he claimed not to have been properly addressed1 and refused to accept the notice telling him of the treaty of peace4 ,he kept up the war against the ,british until ,january1 #agfd4 ,the archbishop died on ,january #cj1 #agfd4 ,several men now claimed the right to act as governor-general4 ,at last the home government sent out a new governor-general1 who took over the city1 and the ,english left the islands4 ,questions4--,what countries were at war against ,england in #agfa8 ,what did the ,english do8 ,when and how was ,manila taken by the ,british8 ,who was ,simon de ,anda8 ,on what did he base his claim to a right to act for the country8 ,when was peace made8 ,why did ,anda refuse to take over the city8 ,how long did he keep up the war8 ,how was the matter finally settled8 ,illustration ,chapter ,,xii4 ,,to ,,the ,,end ,,of ,,the ,,eighteenth ,,century4 ,while the ,british were in ,manila1 and for several years after they left the country1 the islands were very unquiet4 ,there were many small uprisings among the people1 who hoped1 in this time of unrest1 to gain some of the rights which they felt were theirs4 ,one of these uprisings was led by a native named ,silan 7sln74 ,this man was not quite sane1 and made many pretensions1 such as that he was the earthly representative of divine power4 ,many of ,simon de ,anda's followers deserted him to join ,silan's army1 and for a time ,silan was very successful against the ,spanish4 ,he turned the vicar-general of ,ilocos ,sur out of his house1 and made the ,augustine friars pay tribute to support the rebel forces4 ,his brain was weak1 however1 and success seemed wholly to destroy his reason4 ,he came to think that he was more than human1 and then1 of course1 he began to make mistakes4 ,at last ,silan joined with the ,british against his own country4 ,this opened the eyes of the ,filipinos to his real nature4 ,they saw that he was ready to betray them instead of leading them against their enemies1 and at once they turned from him4 ,in ,may1 #agfc1 he was killed by a half-caste named ,vicos 7vks71 and the rebellion which he had led died out4 ,there were other revolts in ,luzon1 however4 ,everywhere the people were ready1 on any pretext1 to take up arms against authority4 ,they refused to pay tribute1 and resented all demands of ,spain upon them4 ,small riots kept breaking out in the provinces1 and the loyal troops were constantly marching about the island in pursuit of rebels4 ,in all this petty warfare the ,spanish lost #gj ,europeans and #adj native soldiers1 and fully #aj1jjj natives were slain4 ,by the year #agfe1 however1 the ,spanish had the country again under control1 and some degree of peace settled over the land4 ,there was still political strife in ,manila1 even though the people were no longer in revolt4 ,this strife at last became very serious4 ,a bitter quarrel also existed between the ,augustine friars on the one hand1 and the members of the ,society of ,jesus on the other4 ,the ,augustines were the first order of friars to send priests to the islands4 ,from earliest times the ,augustine friars had been concerned in the welfare of the people4 ,like all other leaders in the islands1 they made many mistakes1 but they also did many wise and good things4 ,an ,augustine friar had first 7in #aeie7 taught the ,filipinos the art of weaving1 and as early as #afaj the ,archbishop of ,manila1 an ,augustine friar1 had founded the ,college of ,santo ,tomas4 ,the ,jesuits also had a college in ,manila1 ,san ,jos ,college1 founded by them in #afja4 ,this ,society had among its members many fine scholars4 ,it had done much for education in the islands1 and the ,jesuit priests were nearly all men learned in law and matters of government4 ,each party to this quarrel between the orders accused the other of cruelty to the natives4 ,each declared that the other was hindering the government in its rule1 instead of helping to keep the peace4 ,at last the trouble became so serious that1 in #agfh1 the ,jesuits left the archipelago4 ,it was thought best for the peace of the country that they should go1 and they remained away for ninety-one years4 ,in #ahei the ,society again came to the islands and took up its work among the people4 ,at the time the ,jesuits left1 ,governor-,general ,jos ,raon 7h s r n7 was accused by the other ,orders of favoring this ,society4 ,he was charged with telling the ,jesuits state secrets1 and on this charge was disgraced and sent home4 ,soon afterwards ,simon de ,anda1 who was in ,spain during this time1 was made governor-general1 and came back to ,manila4 ,anda took up the reins of government1 confident that he was just the man to rule these islands4 ,in this1 however1 he was mistaken4 ,he was headstrong and imprudent4 ,he was unwilling to forgive his enemies or to be advised by his friends4 ,indeed1 his hasty temper and his lack of good sense before long turned his friends from him4 ,he quarreled with the officers of the ,state1 of the army1 and of the ,church1 and his rule was a stormy one4 ,he soon wore himself out1 and in #aggf he died in the hospital of ,san ,juan de ,dios1 at ,cavite4 ,illustration3 ,,monument ,,to ,,simon ,,de ,,anda ,,on ,,the ,,malacon1 ,,manila4 ,at this time new ideas of human rights and liberties were stirring the whole world4 ,in ,europe people were growing bolder and freer in their protests against tyranny4 ,in ,america the colonies had begun the eight years' war that was to free them from ,england's unjust rule4 ,in ,mexico was growing the discontent that only ended when ,mexico had thrown off the yoke of ,spain4 ,everywhere the people were demanding freedom2 but in the ,philippine ,islands a plan was forming to take from the natives still more of the little liberty they had4 ,in the year #aggh ,don ,jos ,basco y ,vargas 7h s bs c vr gs7 became governor-general of the archipelago4 ,he found business at a low ebb1 and the country very poor4 ,the treasury was nearly empty2 the people had no money1 and the industries of the country were almost at a standstill4 ,vargas was in some ways a wise man4 ,he saw that farming1 and not trade1 was the work that alone could bring prosperity to these islands4 ,farming1 however1 was neglected4 ,the country could be very rich if the people would but give their attention to raising the crops that grow so readily here4 ,rice1 cocoanuts1 hemp1 coffee1 tea1 sugar--all of which are things that the whole world uses--could be grown here1 so that the islands under cultivation would rank with the rich countries of the earth4 ,all this ,vargas understood4 ,he saw that great sums of money could be made off the land1 and he resolved that it should be done4 ,but1 like others who had been in office before him1 his thought was for ,spain1 instead of for the people4 ,he cared nothing that the ,filipinos1 too1 should share in whatever good might come to the country4 ,there can1 however1 be no real prosperity in a country unless it is shared by all the people in it4 ,one class cannot always go on getting good things while another goes without4 ,this fact ,vargas forgot4 ,his plan for improving things concerned itself only with the good that should result to the royal treasury4 ,he gave no thought to the effect the plan might have on the people4 ,tobacco had been grown in the ,visayas from the beginning of ,spanish rule4 ,the ,spaniards brought the seed with them from ,mexico1 and the plant was taken into ,china from these islands4 ,up to the time when ,vargas came1 the crop had never been a large one here1 but under the system which he started it soon became the most important industry in the country4 ,in #agha the growing and selling of tobacco on the island of ,luzon was made a government monopoly4 ,this meant that no man might raise or sell a single leaf of tobacco without first having permission from the government4 ,before this1 any man who wished to do so might raise as much tobacco as he could1 and might sell it when and as he pleased4 ,all this was now changed4 ,the farmers on ,luzon who had good tobacco land were compelled to raise this crop1 or else forfeit the use of their land and its products for a term of years4 ,if a man refused to plant tobacco1 his land was taken from him for three years1 and another man might cultivate it4 ,a law was also passed compelling the tobacco planters and laborers to work on the crop whenever labor was needed4 ,the way in which the plan worked was very simple4 ,the government made a contract with a planter for his crop4 ,the price to be paid was based upon an estimate of what the land was likely to yield4 ,if at harvest time the crop was less than this estimate1 the planter had to pay a heavy fine4 ,if1 on the other hand1 it was larger than had been estimated1 he could not keep a single leaf for his own use2 it must all be turned over to the officials1 and what the government did not use was destroyed4 ,this was very hard1 and the power given to tobacco inspectors made it harder still4 ,these officers had authority to look wherever they saw fit for hidden tobacco4 ,they might search the house of a tobacco grower1 or even the persons of himself and his family1 if they suspected him of hiding a few leaves for his own use4 ,this worked much evil1 and more than one inspector1 in the early days of the system1 was killed by an angry planter whose home and family he thus molested4 ,the new system of tobacco-growing worked well for the authorities4 ,never before had the treasury been so well filled4 ,the royal dues were promptly paid1 and for the first time in the history of ,spain's rule here1 the colony seemed likely to become profitable to the ,crown4 ,the home government was delighted1 and ,vargas was much praised4 ,the tobacco monopoly1 however1 laid a heavy hand upon the most useful class of ,spain's ,filipino subjects4 ,it oppressed the farmers and the land-owners4 ,these are the people1 in every country1 who are most deeply interested in good government4 ,they are the mainstay of national order and prosperity4 ,when this class in any land suffers1 no other can long remain prosperous4 ,it was late in the day1 moreover1 for such a system to be inaugurated4 ,it belonged to a less enlightened age in the history of mankind1 and in the end it cost ,spain more than it ever profited her4 ,the ,filipino people were coming out of the darkness in which they had so long been kept4 ,they were learning that mere blind revolt would help them none1 and this knowledge was in itself of great worth4 ,it is not in human nature to bear patiently such wrongs as they now suffered1 and the wrath of the people smoldered1 ready to break out at any moment4 ,whenever it did blaze up1 there was trouble for ,spaniards and ,filipinos alike4 ,summary4--,the presence of the ,british in the islands was a signal for further revolts of the people4 ,there were uprisings all over the island of ,luzon after the ,british left1 and the ,spanish forces were kept busy marching after rebels4 ,it is estimated that some #aj1jjj natives lost their lives in these uprisings4 ,a bitter quarrel between the ,augustine friars and the ,jesuits resulted in the ,jesuits leaving the country in #agfh4 ,governor-,general ,raon fell into disgrace at about the same time1 and was removed from office4 ,he was succeeded by ,simon de ,anda1 whose rule was not successful4 ,in #aggh ,don ,jos ,basco y ,vargas became governor-general4 ,he made the growing of tobacco in ,luzon a government monopoly4 ,this system brought money into the royal treasury1 but worked great hardship for the farmers4 ,questions4--,give an account of ,silan's revolt4 ,what was the cause of the trouble between the ,augustine friars and the ,jesuits8 ,when did the ,jesuits leave the country8 ,who succeeded ,jos ,raon as governor-general8 ,what system of tobacco culture did he introduce8 ,how did this system affect the country8 ,illustration ,chapter ,,xiii4 ,,the ,,constitution ,,of #ahab4 ,in the year #ahjj1 ,spain1 while still a proud nation1 was no longer a powerful one4 ,in earlier centuries she had led the world in commerce1 in the arts1 and in science4 ,she had known wise and far-sighted rulers1 and her scholars had been among the greatest in the world4 ,europe1 when any new enterprise was talked of1 waited for ,spain to take the lead in action regarding it4 ,but1 little by little1 ,spain fell behind other countries in the march of progress4 ,other nations improved their navies and their merchant ships1 while ,spain still clung to the old galleons of hundreds of years ago4 ,she made no progress in her merchant service1 nor much in her naval strength4 ,other nations were seeking trade and new chances for prosperity2 ,spain still kept her markets closed to the outside world4 ,in the year #ahjj she even passed a law forbidding foreigners to live in the ,philippine ,islands4 ,such a law could not be fully enforced at that stage of the world's progress1 but ,spain did succeed in keeping the port of ,manila closed to outside commerce4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,modern ,,war ,,ship4 ,her colonies might not even trade freely with one another4 ,mexico might not send to the ,philippines for goods1 lest the ,mexicans should buy less from ,spain4 ,merchants in the ,peninsula looked with great jealousy upon the growing trade between the ,philippines and ,america4 ,foreign merchants could not do business in ,manila1 and every effort was made to limit the nature of the trade in that port4 ,cuba1 ,porto ,rico1 and other ,spanish colonies suffered1 as well1 from the harsh restrictions which the mother country put upon their trade4 ,the government of the ,philippine ,islands had grown to be of the very worst sort4 ,many of the high officials were mere adventurers from ,spain4 ,they had no higher idea of right than their own wills2 they neither loved nor understood the people1 and they could not command the good will or the respect of the ,filipinos4 ,many of the latter were superior in character and in education to the men who ruled the country1 and the people were held in check by fear rather than by loyalty4 ,the government system of tobacco-growing early became a great source of trouble4 ,constant watching1 heavy fines1 imprisonment1 even whipping1 came to be necessary in order to hold the people to work on the tobacco crop1 and much evil and injustice were done against the people by the officials who enforced these measures4 ,as was to be expected1 the people often rebelled4 ,serious riots happened among the tobacco growers in northern ,luzon in #ahjg1 and again in #ahad4 ,in these there was great loss of life among both ,spanish and ,filipinos4 ,moreover1 to add to the evil of forcing the people to grow tobacco1 the government was very slow in paying the planters4 ,year after year these men were compelled either to raise tobacco or to give up their land1 while they could get scarcely any return for their work4 ,when at last the government made payment1 it paid in treasury notes4 ,these the people were forced by necessity to sell for almost nothing1 to speculators who went about buying them up4 ,the islands suffered much from all these bad conditions1 and the people became impatient and rebellious over the injustice heaped upon them4 ,the ,american ,revolution had had a marked effect upon all ,europe4 ,it had awakened ideas of liberty in the common people everywhere1 and had set the whole world thinking about the rights of man4 ,the freedom of this one country helped to insure the liberties of all other lands4 ,even in the far-off ,philippines the echo was heard of the demand for that justice and decent treatment which is every man's right4 ,in ,england1 in ,france1 and in ,germany1 men were asking for a voice in their own government1 and their demand was winning a hearing4 ,besides this1 the people of ,mexico had now begun the struggle which ended at last in their throwing off ,spain's yoke4 ,by the year #ahaj it was plain that it would no longer be possible to carry on the colony's trade by means of the galleons to ,mexico4 ,the ,spanish ,cortes 7corts71 therefore1 passed a decree discontinuing these ships1 and ,manila merchants were given permission to fit out private ships1 under the ,spanish flag1 for trade with ,america4 ,the last state galleon left ,manila for ,acapulco in #ahaa4 ,that same year saw the start of the first newspaper in the ,philippines1 and the beginning of an effort by the young men of ,manila to bring about a better understanding between the colony and the mother country4 ,about this time the cause of political liberty began to win a hearing in ,spain4 ,the ,liberal ,party was in power there1 and a strong feeling for popular government was winning its way in the country4 ,in #ahji the ,supreme ,council in ,spain convened the famous ,cortes de ,cadiz1 in which were assembled delegates from all ,spain's colonies--,cuba1 ,venezuela1 the ,philippines1 etc4 ,the ,cortes some time later passed what is known in history as the ,act of ,constitution of #ahab4 ,it gave to each of the colonies the right to send one or more representatives to the ,cortes4 ,the ,filipino delegate who signed this ,act of ,constitution was ,ventura de ,los ,reyes 7ven tr d los r'es74 ,the ,act was sworn to by the proper officials in ,manila in #ahac1 but soon afterwards was suspended4 ,it came into force again1 however1 a few years later1 and in #ahbj the ,cortes again admitted representatives from the ,philippines4 ,there were seventeen of these representatives1 and they took part in the parliamentary debates of #ahbb-ahbc4 ,a short time afterwards the ,constitution was again suspended by act of ,ferdinand ,,vii4 ,a little later ,king ,ferdinand died1 and again two ,filipino deputies sat in the ,cortes4 ,filipino members also sat in the ,cortes during the reign of ,isabella ,,ii41 but upon the opening of ,parliament in #ahcg it was voted to exclude them4 ,thus the dream of the ,filipinos1 of representation in the government1 came to naught4 ,all this gave the people a taste of political freedom4 ,the men who represented the islands in the ,spanish ,cortes came back to ,manila full of the idea of equal rights for all4 ,they preached this doctrine to the people1 and their words found ready hearers4 ,soon1 on ,luzon1 a group of young ,filipinos and ,mestizos gathered4 ,their aim was to bring about real reforms in the government1 and to secure greater peace1 prosperity1 and liberty to the people4 ,the discontent of the ,filipinos began to be of a more intelligent sort1 and to have a definite purpose4 ,the people were coming to a clearer idea of what they wanted1 and of the nature of the reforms needed in the country4 ,illustration3 ,,king ,,ferdinand ,,vii4 ,at this time1 too1 foreigners began to do business in ,manila4 ,england1 by force of arms1 had gained the right to trade with this port1 and 8the shut door0 was no longer possible4 ,mexico had obtained her freedom from ,spain1 and the islands were now governed direct from the ,peninsula4 ,the independence of ,mexico had a marked influence on the ,filipinos in ,luzon4 ,they began to feel that they too might strike for their rights4 ,they had no idea of winning independence1 but they felt that they must have greater liberty4 ,to meet this growing discontent more troops were asked for1 and were sent from ,spain4 ,the ,king's ,regiment was reorganized from these1 and a force of #aj1jjj men was kept in and about ,manila4 ,in the ,visayas matters were different4 ,the people there were farther from the capital4 ,they knew little or nothing of the changes and the differences brought about by the ,constitution of #ahab4 ,they had no idea of the meaning of the word 8equality0 as between themselves and their rulers4 ,most of them had never heard of the ,constitution of #ahab4 ,they did not dream that political equality had ever been thought of for them4 ,the colony was at this time troubled outwardly as well as within4 ,spain and ,england were at war1 and the ,english were a source of danger and anxiety to the archipelago4 ,several expeditions had to be raised to fight off the ,british from various places on the islands1 where they had set up headquarters4 ,the ,moros and the wild tribes of ,mindanao were also giving trouble4 ,they even came as far north as ,manila1 and carried off men and women into captivity in the south4 ,nevertheless1 during all these troubled years1 a number of useful works were undertaken and carried out by the government4 ,in #ahag a royal decree was issued commanding that schools for ,filipino boys and girls should be opened in all the convents4 ,in #ahbj the duties were taken off1 for ten years1 from the natural and manufactured products of the islands sent to ,spain1 and an effort was made to revive the dying commerce of the country4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,street ,,in ,,manila4 ,in this same year there was a great cholera epidemic in ,manila4 ,many natives1 some #cj1jjj1 the accounts say1 died of it2 but only one foreigner1 an ,englishman4 ,the people got the idea that the foreigners had caused this epidemic by poisoning the water of the wells4 ,they rose against the foreign residents1 and killed all the ,english and ,french before the authorities could control them4 ,there was a feeling among the ,spanish in ,manila that ,governor-,general ,folgueras 7fol g rs7 had not been as prompt as he might have been in quelling this uprising4 ,it was openly stated that he had made no effort to subdue the mob until the ,english and the ,french residents were killed4 ,to defend himself against this accusation the governor-general made certain criticisms of the ,spanish-,american forces in the islands4 ,he charged them with disloyalty1 recommending that they be withdrawn1 and replaced by a larger force to be sent from ,spain4 ,he represented to the home government that this was necessary1 because the ,spanish-,american troops could not be depended upon4 ,in #ahbb a new governor-general1 ,seor ,juan ,antonio ,martinez 7n tn mr tneth71 was sent out4 ,with him came many officers and soldiers from the ,peninsula4 ,following the advice of ,folgueras1 ,martinez sent a number of persons to ,spain1 on the pretext that they had conspired against the government4 ,all this provoked a revolt of a part of the ,king's ,regiment1 led by ,captain ,novales 7n vls71 a ,spanish-,american4 ,a fierce battle was fought in the streets of ,manila on the night of ,june #a1 #ahbc1 and ,folgueras was slain4 ,however1 order was finally restored in the regiment4 ,the leaders of the revolt were executed1 and1 as usual1 the authorities seemed to think that the matter needed no further attention4 ,summary4--,at the beginning of the nineteenth century ,spain was no longer a great world power4 ,the government of the ,philippines was full of evil1 and the people had but little justice4 ,the tobacco monopoly had become a source of much trouble1 and the people were often in rebellion because of it4 ,ideas of liberty were growing among other nations1 and the ,filipinos1 too1 were becoming restless under oppression4 ,in #ahaa the last state galleon for ,acapulco left ,manila4 ,the first newspaper in the ,philippines was started in #ahaa4 ,in #ahab the ,spanish ,cortes passed the ,constitution of #ahab1 giving ,spanish colonies representation in the ,cortes4 ,the ,constitution was sworn to in ,manila in #ahac4 ,it was afterwards suspended1 but came again into force a few years later1 and in #ahbj the ,cortes again admitted ,filipino representatives4 ,in #ahcg1 however1 these islands were finally denied representation4 ,the enemies of ,spain gave the islands much trouble during these early years of the century1 and the ,moros and wild tribes of ,mindanao were also in arms4 ,in #ahag schools for ,filipino boys and girls were ordered to be opened in all the convents4 ,in #ahbj duties were taken off1 for ten years1 from natural and manufactured products of the islands sent to ,spain4 ,in that year a great cholera epidemic raged in ,manila4 ,in #ahbc occurred the revolt of a part of the ,king's ,regiment in ,manila4 ,questions4--,what were some of the reasons why ,spain fell from her early position as a great world power8 ,what effect had the government monopoly of tobacco-growing upon the country8 ,how did the freedom of ,america affect other peoples in the world8 ,why were the state galleons to ,mexico discontinued8 ,when did the last galleon leave ,manila8 ,what was the ,constitution of #ahab8 ,give an account of its history in the islands4 ,what led up to the revolt headed by ,captain ,novales in #ahbc8 ,illustration ,chapter ,,xiv4 ,,changes ,,in ,,the ,,islands4 ,don ,juan ,antonio ,martinez was governor-general of the ,philippines from #ahbb to #ahbe4 ,during his term of office he had much to contend with1 both from the foes of the people and from the foes of ,spain4 ,it was during his rule that the ,constitution of #ahab was done away with4 ,the revolt headed by ,captain ,novales was no sooner quelled than danger again threatened from the pirates of ,sulu4 ,these came against ,manila1 and so daring had they grown that they even captured and carried away the ,padre-,provincial of the ,recoletos and a number of other members of that order of friars4 ,the captives were taken to ,jol1 where they were held in ransom for the sum of #aj1jjj4 ,this money was raised in ,manila1 and the friars were released4 ,after this outrage1 ,martinez sent ,captain ,alonzo ,morgado 7 lonth mor gd71 with the sea forces of the ,philippines1 to carry on warfare against the southern pirates4 ,morgado succeeded in driving them back from ,manila1 and really punished them very severely4 ,it was not1 however1 until the year #ahfb1 when the ,spanish brought steam gunboats into use against them1 that these pirates ceased to be a menace to the people of ,luzon and the ,visayas4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,magellan ,,monument1 ,,manila4 ,still the desire for greater political freedom grew among the young ,filipino men4 ,new teachers arose among them from time to time1 and the spirit of discontent spread farther and farther4 ,in the year #ahbh another revolt took place4 ,it was headed by two brothers1 ,spanish-,americans1 both officers in the ,spanish force in the ,philippines4 ,this revolt was put down1 as all others had been2 but it now became clear that1 if peace was to be kept1 the ,spanish-,american soldiers must go4 ,most of them had come from ,mexico1 which country was now independent of ,spain1 and they held ideas of liberty that were dangerous to ,spanish rule in the ,philippines4 ,a large body of troops was now brought from ,spain1 and ,spanish soldiers always after1 while ,spain ruled1 made up the foreign force in the islands4 ,in this same year1 #ahbh1 a royal order was issued commanding the cultivation and protection of cotton in the islands4 ,the seeds of this plant had years before been brought over from ,mexico1 and the friars had tried to persuade the people to grow cotton2 but they had not been very successful4 ,the people did not yet know how useful cotton could be to them1 or how great an industry cotton-growing in the islands might become4 ,now1 however1 the matter was given careful attention4 ,machinery was brought over for making thread and cloth from the cotton fiber1 and every effort was made to protect and encourage the new venture4 ,don ,mariano ,ricafort 7m r n rk fort71 the governor-general at that time1 made a law forbidding foreigners to go into the provinces to buy goods or land4 ,as early as #ahji an ,english firm had been allowed to do business in ,manila1 and a number of foreigners were at this time in the city4 ,the government tried to keep them as much as possible within the city1 and to prevent them from mingling with the people in the provinces4 ,ricafort also tried to make the ,filipinos understand that the ,spanish were their friends1 and that the government made laws for their help and protection4 ,but the people had become very distrustful4 ,even the ,church seemed no longer able to reassure them1 or to keep peace as it had done in the past4 ,there were small revolts1 here and there in the islands1 which the government was forced to put down4 ,a rebellion in ,bohol was only quelled after serious trouble1 and at last more troops were sent out from ,spain4 ,it had become necessary for ,spain to yield to the demands of other countries1 and open the port of ,manila to foreign vessels4 ,these could now enter the harbor1 but they were compelled to pay double the regular port duties4 ,it was growing harder and harder1 in fact1 for ,spain to rule the islands in the old despotic fashion4 ,moreover1 in the mother country itself a party had risen that was honestly anxious to give the archipelago a good government4 ,the leaders of this party listened gladly to the reports of educated ,filipinos1 and tried to learn the true state of affairs4 ,these leaders1 however1 were almost powerless to bring about reforms1 because of dissensions arising among the ,filipinos themselves4 ,few of the natives could read or speak the ,spanish language4 ,this fact alone made it hard to help them2 for still fewer ,spanish ever took the trouble to learn the native tongues4 ,the people1 therefore1 were for the most part ignorant even of those laws which gave them rights and privileges4 ,there were always those in power whose interests were best served by this ignorance1 and they took no pains to teach the people what the laws were4 ,illustration3 ,,queen ,,christina4 ,the country was now sunk in deep poverty1 and the condition of the ,filipinos was sad indeed4 ,in #ahcf the greed and bad government of ,queen ,christina 7kristna7 of ,spain had emptied the royal treasury1 and she greatly needed money4 ,she tried to have her officers wring more from the ,philippines and her other colonies1 but this they could not do4 ,the colonies1 richly as nature had gifted them1 were almost drained of their wealth4 ,the queen1 therefore1 agreed with ,louis ,philippe 7l fil p7 of ,france to hand over ,cuba to ,france for the sum of #cj1jjj1jjj reals4 ,in the agreement to this effect there was also a clause offering to sell ,porto ,rico and the ,philippine ,islands to ,france for #aj1jjj1jjj reals more4 ,if this agreement had gone through1 it might have made a great change in the history of these islands2 but it came to naught4 ,the queen sent her minister1 ,comparvano 7kom prvn71 to ,france1 to confer with the ,french king and his advisers1 and there the ,spaniard learned for the first time of the clause about the ,philippine ,islands4 ,the ,french king wanted to bargain over this clause4 ,he said that in view of all the trouble in the archipelago1 and for various other reasons1 the price named was too high4 ,in fact1 he refused to pay more than #g1jjj1jjj reals1 and declared that #aj1jjj1jjj reals was an outrageous price4 ,rather than pay it he would put the contract in the fire4 ,the ,spanish minister asked to see the contract4 ,after looking at it1 he said quietly1 8,your ,majesty is right2 it is outrageous40 ,and taking the king at his word1 he laid the paper on the fire4 ,he meant that the price was outrageously small--not large1 as the king had declared4 ,he did a daring thing1 but his courage saved ,spain from the disgrace of such a poor bargain as the queen would have made4 ,the following year trouble broke out anew in the ,philippines4 ,for the first time in the history of the ,church in the islands the people demanded that the ,spanish friars should be replaced by native priests4 ,they were loyal to the ,church2 but they were determined to have men of their own blood to minister its offices to them4 ,this trouble had been growing for years1 and now that it was given open expression it became serious indeed4 ,in #ahda a very grave insurrection broke out in ,tayabas 7t bs74 ,it was headed by a native named ,apolinario de la ,cruz 7 pl nr d l krth71 who styled himself 8king of the ,tagals40 ,he claimed supernatural powers1 and by false representations succeeded in raising a following of some #c1jjj ,filipinos4 ,with these he went to war against the friars4 ,he murdered the alcalde of ,tayabas ,province1 and made the people believe that when they attacked the ,spanish1 the earth would open and swallow up the foe4 ,illustration3 ,,manila ,,bay ,,from ,,the ,,city ,,walls4 ,the ,spaniards could muster but about #djj soldiers1 and as many more coast guards and irregular forces4 ,they marched out against ,apolinario and his followers1 however1 and defeated them1 although there was great loss of life on both sides4 ,in ,manila at this time was a regiment of ,tagal soldiers from ,tayabas4 ,these soldiers mutinied1 and would have joined ,apolinario1 but were shot down by the ,spanish troops before they could leave the garrison4 ,apolinario himself was of unsound mind1 and when his followers began to see this1 they fell away from him4 ,if the revolted ,tagal regiment had succeeded in joining him1 his defeat might have been delayed2 but in the end he must have been overcome4 ,in all such encounters with the ,filipinos1 the ,spaniards had the advantage of better organization4 ,the troops were well drilled and trained to obey1 and their leaders were skilled in warfare4 ,with no army organization and no outside aid the ,filipino people were helpless to maintain their rights4 ,nevertheless1 it is not in the nature of brave men to submit tamely to injustice or oppression1 and it is no matter for surprise that though each new revolt was promptly put down1 the spirit of liberty constantly urged the people on to new attempts to gain some measure of freedom4 ,from now on1 these attempts became more frequent and more desperate4 ,summary4--,trouble continued to increase in the islands4 ,there was great danger from the southern pirates1 and it had become clear that ,spanish-,american soldiers could no longer be used in the army4 ,these soldiers sided with the people against the government4 ,large bodies of troops were brought from ,spain1 and the army was put upon a new footing4 ,in #ahbh a royal order was issued1 commanding the growing and protection of cotton4 ,foreigners were forbidden to go into the provinces to buy land or to trade with the people4 ,the government now tried to make the people understand that it was their friend1 but the ,filipinos had grown very distrustful4 ,in #ahcf ,queen ,christina offered to sell the ,philippine ,islands to ,france2 but her ambassador1 ,comparvano1 whom she sent to arrange the matter1 burned the contract when he learned its contents4 ,in #ahcg the ,filipinos demanded that native priests should replace the ,spanish friars4 ,in #ahda an insurrection headed by ,apolinario de la ,cruz1 who called himself 8king of the ,tagals10 broke out4 ,this was put down with great loss of life on both sides4 ,questions4--,why were ,spanish-,american soldiers no longer useful in the army in the ,philippines8 ,whom did the southern pirates capture and carry away from ,manila8 ,in what year was the growing of cotton commanded8 ,to whom did ,queen ,christina offer to sell the islands8 ,who was the 8king of the ,tagals08 ,give an account of the revolt which he headed4 ,illustration ,chapter ,,xv4 ,,efforts ,,to ,,keep ,,peace4 ,the situation in the archipelago was now very grave indeed1 and the authorities in ,manila began to see that something must be done to meet the ever-growing discontent of the people4 ,a little more liberty given at this time might have changed that discontent to gratitude4 ,if the people could have believed that the ,spaniards desired their good1 they might have worked with the ,europeans for the benefit of the whole country4 ,but there was lack of trust and understanding on both sides1 and because of this still harsher laws were made by the ,spanish in their efforts to put down rebellion4 ,one of these laws provided for a rigid examination of all books printed in the native tongues4 ,such books as did not please the authorities were condemned and burned4 ,with regard to all books printed in the ,tagal language1 this censorship was kept up until the end of ,spanish rule4 ,efforts were also made to keep the islands from closer communication with the outside world4 ,in #ahdi a royal order again forbade foreigners to go into the provinces4 ,in this year the governor-general1 ,narciso de ,claveria 7nr ss d cl vr 71 organized a police force for ,manila and the provinces4 ,this force was called 8,the ,order of ,safety for ,manila40 ,during ,claveria's term of office a very good reform was made in trading privileges4 ,the alcalde of a province had before that had the sole right to trade with the people of his province4 ,under the new law1 however1 any ,spaniard or ,filipino who wished to do so might trade freely in the provinces4 ,the people in the islands still had serious trouble with the pirates from ,mindanao and the ,sulu archipelago4 ,these pirates had regular fleets1 and a military force as strong as that of the ,spaniards themselves1 and they had become a source of constant danger to commerce and to the liberty of the people4 ,so great damage did they do1 that for four years the government was obliged to remit all tribute in the island of ,negros1 one of the richest of the agricultural islands4 ,the ravages of these pirates had made the people so poor that they were scarcely able to procure the necessaries of life4 ,the danger from this source at last became so great that trade between the islands was at a standstill4 ,the merchants of ,manila therefore took action in self-defense1 and brought steamboats over from ,europe4 ,these were safe1 as the pirates1 in their slower-going ships1 could not overtake them2 but the towns lying along the coast were still subject to raids4 ,in #ahdh ,governor-,general ,claveria sent out an expedition to the islands of ,balanguengui1 a group in the ,sulu archipelago1 where most of the pirates had their homes4 ,this expedition destroyed the towns of the pirates1 burned their ships1 and took many captives4 ,illustration3 ,,pirate ,,fleet ,,attacking ,a ,,coast ,,town4 ,two or three years later ,governor-,general ,urbiztondo 7ur bth tond7 went with an expedition against the pirates1 and made a strong attack on the city of ,jol4 ,this expedition consisted of four regiments of artillery and a native battalion drawn from among the people of ,cebu4 ,this island had suffered greatly from piratic raids1 and it is said that the wives of these ,cebuans declared that they would not receive their husbands back again if they ran away from the foe4 ,this threat may have had some effect1 for the men fought with great bravery and gave the pirates such a severe punishment that there were no further attacks for several years4 ,some years later1 in #ahfj1 when ,don ,fernando de ,norzagaray 7nor th gi7 was governor-general1 eighteen steam gunboats were sent out from ,spain4 ,with these the ,spanish forces in the archipelago were able completely to defeat the pirates and to put an end to the outrages that had cost the islands so much in property and in lives4 ,in #ahed there was an uprising in ,nueva ,ecija 7n v th'h74 ,this uprising was headed by a ,spanish-,mestizo named ,cuesta 7k st71 a young man of great ability and promise4 ,he had been educated in ,spain1 and while there had been received at court1 and had even been shown great favor by ,queen ,isabella4 ,he had been much with members of the ,liberal ,party1 then gaining strength in ,spain1 and had caught the new ideas of political freedom and human rights4 ,cuesta came home with an earnest desire to help his people4 ,he was made commandante of carabineros in ,nueva ,ecija1 but before he had been long in command he incited his troops to rebellion4 ,they attacked the ,spanish officials in the province1 and made war upon the friars4 ,the revolt was put down1 however1 and ,cuesta1 with several others1 was executed4 ,still others1 who had been concerned in the uprising1 were banished from the country4 ,all these things increased the anxiety of the ,spanish over the situation in the ,philippines4 ,young ,filipino men were discouraged from going to ,spain2 students in the seminarios who desired to leave these schools and finish their education in ,spain were refused permission to do so4 ,the country was poor and was overrun with bandits4 ,natives guilty of minor offenses against the law were treated so severely that they took to the jungle1 becoming outlaws4 ,everywhere oppression and tyranny ruled1 with all the evils that these bring in their train4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,parian ,,gate4 ,the tobacco monopoly was killing all other agricultural enterprise1 and the ,chinese control of the trades and small business industries was keeping the people from earning money at these4 ,the ,filipinos had for some years realized the evil of allowing the ,chinese thus to monopolize the trades and minor occupations1 but they were powerless at that time to prevent such monopoly4 ,they could not conduct this business for themselves2 the ,spanish had never been a trading people1 and the islanders had had no chance to learn business methods from them4 ,the ,spanish government in the islands had always been military1 but in #ahfj a civil government was formed for the province of ,manila4 ,civil government is government by laws upheld by civil1 or citizen1 officials1 instead of by military force4 ,it punishes offenders through the courts1 instead of by armed power4 ,in this same year1 by command of the governor-general1 the ,parian1 the great building where nearly all the ,chinese in ,manila were quartered1 was destroyed4 ,this act of the government was bitterly opposed by the ,chinese and by some others2 but it was carried out1 in spite of great difficulties4 ,the only reminder of the ,parian now left is the ,parian ,gate1 which gives entrance to the walled city near the point where the building once stood4 ,these years were marked1 as well1 by numerous severe earthquakes and volcanic eruptions4 ,one or two new volcanoes were formed1 and there were great disturbances in ,luzon and the islands near by4 ,in #ahfc came the great earthquake of ,manila--the severest that the country has ever known4 ,thousands of people were killed in the city and the surrounding country4 ,the cathedral was destroyed1 and the city was reduced to a mere mountain of ruins4 ,only the great wall1 ,st4 ,augustine ,church1 and a few other structures withstood the shock4 ,after this1 trouble deepened for the country4 ,the treasury was drained to rebuild the city2 the land was pinched to the last possible limit to raise tribute for the ,crown2 and the people were nearly desperate4 ,the government could not meet its payments1 but insisted upon the tobacco crop being cultivated each year2 and great quantities of tobacco had to be sold to raise money for the needs of the moment4 ,in #ahfd lightning set fire to the general storehouse of tobacco and caused a loss of #b1jjj1jjj to the colonial treasury4 ,illustration3 ,,ruins ,,of ,,manila ,,cathedral ,,after ,,an ,,earthquake4 ,in #ahfg the 8,guardia ,civil0 was formed1 for the purpose of capturing the bandits who overran the country4 ,these bandits had come to be as great a source of danger as the pirates had been1 and in #ahfi the peril of the situation was increased by a proclamation made by ,governor-,general ,torre4 ,this proclamation offered free pardon to all bandits who should present themselves to the government within three months4 ,this was a great opportunity for the ill-disposed people of the provinces4 ,hundreds of them became bandits and entered upon a three months' term of robbery and outrage1 sure of pardon at any time they might present themselves before the governor4 ,it became necessary to organize a special guard1 which was called 8,torre's ,guard10 to go against this great mob of outlaws4 ,illustration3 ,,queen ,,isabella ,,ii4 ,,as ,a ,,child4 ,but in spite of murmurings1 discontent1 and suffering among the people1 the work of building up the city1 and of making improvements in and about ,manila1 went steadily on4 ,the palace was rebuilt1 work was begun upon the cathedral1 and many public works were undertaken4 ,in #ahfe a municipal school1 in charge of the ,sisters of ,charity1 was founded1 and a normal school for teachers was opened in ,manila under the charge of the ,jesuits1 who had returned to the country in #ahei1 after an absence of nearly one hundred years4 ,the civil government1 which had recently been formed in ,manila ,province1 supported this school4 ,in #ahfh ,queen ,isabella ,,ii4 of ,spain was deposed1 and the government that followed her was of a revolutionary nature1 founded on republican principles4 ,while this government prevailed1 an ,assembly of ,filipinos and ,mestizos was formed in ,manila4 ,its members1 who were persons born in the islands1 hoped to bring about certain reforms in the local government4 ,they had the power of voting reforms for the colony1 subject to the will of the home government4 ,they outlined many reforms which were needed in the islands1 and tried to gain for them the attention of the home government4 ,but the influence of the conservative party1 both at home and in the colony1 prevailed4 ,it was not long before the monarchy was again in power1 and then this ,philippine ,assembly died4 ,the ,filipinos had had a taste of self-government1 and it was hard for them to go back into bondage4 ,it was not possible that they should again submit patiently to the oppression which they had borne for so many years4 ,the spark which ,spain herself had kindled no power on earth could extinguish1 and the little fire of liberty burned on1 waiting for the moment when it should burst into a great flame4 ,summary4--,the situation in the ,philippines was becoming desperate4 ,there was lack of trust between the ,spanish and the ,filipinos1 and this kept them from understanding or helping one another4 ,more and more severe measures were taken by the rulers to keep down revolt4 ,by the middle of the century the ravages of pirates along the coast had nearly killed all trade4 ,the merchants of ,manila now brought steam trading ships from ,spain1 and these1 being swifter than the craft of the pirates1 escaped capture2 but towns along the coast were still subject to raids4 ,in #ahdh an expedition went against the pirates and punished them severely4 ,other expeditions followed up the work of that one1 and at last1 in #ahfj1 eighteen steam gunboats were sent from ,spain4 ,with the aid of these the ,spanish forces were able to put an end to piracy in those seas4 ,in #ahed there was a serious uprising1 headed by a young ,spanish ,mestizo named ,cuesta4 ,this was put down1 and a number of ,filipinos who had taken part in it were executed4 ,this uprising greatly increased the anxiety of the government in the islands4 ,in #ahfj a civil government was founded for ,manila ,province4 ,in this same year the ,parian1 the building where the ,chinese lived within the walled city1 was destroyed4 ,in #ahfc a great earthquake in ,manila killed thousands of people and reduced the city to ruins4 ,in #ahfg the ,guardia ,civil was formed1 and efforts were made to capture and punish the bandits who overran the country4 ,much work was done during this and succeeding years toward rebuilding the city4 ,in #ahfe a normal school for teachers was opened in ,manila4 ,in #ahfh ,queen ,isabella ,,ii4 was deposed1 and for a time the government in ,spain was revolutionary in character4 ,while this government was in power1 the more enlightened ,filipinos and ,mestizos in ,manila tried hard to bring about reforms at home2 but the new order was short-lived1 and the monarchy was soon restored to power in ,spain4 ,questions4--,why were the merchants of ,manila forced to bring steamships from ,spain8 ,give an account of the different expeditions against the pirates4 ,who was ,cuesta8 ,what was the result of the revolt which he headed8 ,when was the ,parian destroyed8 ,when was the great earthquake of ,manila8 ,for what purpose was the ,guardia ,civil formed8 ,when was ,queen ,isabella ,,ii4 deposed8 ,what was the character of the government that succeeded her8 ,what effect had this government on the ,filipino people8 ,illustration ,chapter ,,xvi4 ,,the ,,insurrection ,,at ,,cavite4 ,in #ahgb took place what is now known as the ,cavite insurrection4 ,this uprising had in itself no real importance2 it only gained importance because of the attention which was paid to it4 ,the cause of the revolt was the desire of the people for native priests4 ,there was a party among the native clergy whose leaders were demanding that the friars should be forbidden to act as parish priests1 and should be made to give up certain benefits to which they were not entitled4 ,the native party had some right on its side in these demands4 ,a treaty had been made at ,trent1 some years before1 defining the positions and rights of the clergy in the islands4 ,under this treaty the friars were not entitled to act as parish priests4 ,they asked this privilege from the ,pope1 however1 and it was granted them4 ,as a result the ,filipino clergy could act only in inferior positions1 as assistants and lay readers4 ,they enjoyed but few of the rights and dignities of their calling4 ,the leader of the clergy who were demanding their rights was a priest named ,jos ,burgos 7h s burgs74 ,he was native born1 and a man of great strength and dignity of character4 ,it is not believed that he1 or the priests who were among his followers1 really incited the revolt at ,cavite4 ,he had1 however1 many enemies1 and these succeeded in making him appear to be guilty4 ,but whatever the origin of the uprising1 it went wrong through a mistake about signals4 ,a number of the native soldiery were concerned in the affair1 and were to have aided the plotters in ,manila4 ,it was agreed that certain men in ,manila should get everything ready1 and send up a rocket1 by which signal those at ,cavite would know that the time had come to act4 ,it happened1 however1 that one night in the latter part of ,january a fiesta was held in one of the suburbs of ,manila4 ,fireworks were set off1 and these the soldiers at ,cavite mistook for the signal of attack4 ,they therefore seized the arsenal at ,cavite1 and attacked the ,europeans living in and about the town4 ,when it was too late to undo their action1 they discovered the mistake4 ,their friends at ,manila had no idea what was taking place4 ,they did not come to the aid of the revolters at ,cavite1 and when they learned the news1 there was no time to gather their forces4 ,the loyal troops were called out1 and the trouble was put down in two days4 ,all might even yet have gone well with the country if this matter could have been allowed to rest right there4 ,the government1 however1 saw fit to regard this uprising as of grave importance4 ,all who were suspected of a part in it were severely punished2 many were shot1 and three of the native priests were garrotted4 ,these priests were ,dr4 ,burgos1 ,dr4 ,mariano ,gomez 7m r n gmeth71 and ,dr4 ,jacinto ,zamora 7h snt th mr74 ,as to their guilt1 there will always be a doubt1 and to this day the native clergy declare that these men were innocent of planning the revolt4 ,these executions made the people desperate4 ,the secret societies which had been forming all over ,luzon had up to this time been merely local lodges of the great society of ,freemasons4 ,now they were turned into political societies1 with a definite aim1 and that aim was to win greater liberty for the ,filipinos4 ,these societies afterwards played a very important part in the history of the islands4 ,shortly after the uprising at ,cavite1 another revolt occurred in ,zamboanga2 but this was put down with the help of the ,moros4 ,after the ,cavite insurrection1 the native regiment of artillery was disbanded1 and a regiment of artillery from the ,peninsula was brought to the islands4 ,in spite of all these disturbances1 considerable public work was done during the next few years4 ,the ports of ,legaspi1 ,tacloban1 and ,leyte were opened to foreign commerce in #ahgc-ahgd1 and in #ahge the famous ,bridge of ,spain across the ,pasig ,river1 in ,manila1 was built and thrown open for public use4 ,the opening of the ,suez ,canal was a helpful thing to the commerce of the ,philippines1 and under wise and just government there might have been a time of prosperity for the country4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,grounds ,,of ,,the ,,cavite ,,arsenal4 ,in #ahgg ,don ,domingo ,moriones y ,morillo 7d ming m r ns m rly7 became governor-general4 ,when he arrived in ,manila1 the ,king's ,regiment1 the mainstay of the ,spanish forces in the islands1 was in revolt4 ,this revolt had been kept a secret by the retiring governor-general1 for fear of the result if the natives should learn the truth4 ,the new governor-general caused the regiment to be drawn up in line and numbered4 ,when this had been done1 every tenth man was told off to be shot next morning4 ,moriones was afterwards persuaded to spare many of these men1 but the ringleaders were all shot2 some others were put into prison for long terms1 and about fifty of them were sent back to ,spain in disgrace4 ,the term of office upon which he entered with such vigor was marked by a number of very good acts on the part of the governor-general4 ,his name should be remembered with gratitude in ,manila1 for it was he who caused the public waterworks to be built4 ,over a hundred years before1 a patriotic governor-general1 ,don ,fernando ,carriedo 7fer nnd c r d71 had left a fund to provide the city with a suitable water supply4 ,this money was to be kept at interest until the fund grew large enough for the purpose1 and it had increased so much that work should have been begun a good many years before4 ,but those having the money in charge were not willing to give it up1 and it was only after a bitter struggle that ,governor-,general ,moriones was able to get ,carriedo's wishes carried out4 ,this enterprise was a great blessing to the city of ,manila1 as the value of a pure water supply cannot be over-estimated4 ,moriones also did what he could to get appropriations from the treasury to pay off the tobacco growers1 whose condition was at this time pitiful indeed4 ,they had not been paid for some years1 while at the same time they were not allowed to grow any other crop by which they might maintain themselves4 ,in #ahha this tobacco monopoly1 which had worked such wrong to the people1 was ended by royal decree of ,king ,alfonso ,,xii4 ,illustration3 ,,pumping ,,station1 ,,carriedo ,,waterworks4 ,in #ahhj there was a violent earthquake in ,manila4 ,the disturbances lasted from the #adth of ,july to the #beth of the same month1 and did a great deal of damage in the city1 causing loss of property and life4 ,the people were reduced to such a state of terror that they dared not live in the better class of houses in ,manila1 but took to the nipa huts in the suburbs4 ,these houses were less dangerous because of their light structure4 ,this same year cable communication was set up between ,spain and ,manila4 ,in #ahha ,governor-,general ,primo de ,rivera 7prm d r vr7 came to office4 ,one of the first things he did was to organize an expedition against the ,igorrotes of northern ,luzon2 but1 like all other attempts to subdue these people1 this expedition was a failure4 ,the ,spanish soldiers who took part in it left behind them among the ,igorrotes such a record for cruelty and violence that to this day most of these people hate the sight of a white man4 ,there was trouble enough for the people during ,rivera's rule4 ,in #ahhb a cholera epidemic broke out in ,manila1 and in less than three months #cj1jjj people died in the city and its suburbs and throughout the province4 ,there were also several typhoons of unusual violence1 and a terrifying eruption of ,mayon volcano1 which lasted for many months4 ,in #ahhc ,joaquin ,jovellar y ,soler 7h kn h vlhr slr71 who had won a name for himself as the 8peacemaker0 in ,cuba1 became governor-general of the ,philippines4 ,he was well received by the ,spanish1 and made some attempt to bring about reforms in the country4 ,the old-time tribute1 the cause of so many revolts among the people1 was replaced by the 8cedula personal10 or paper of identity1 which every inhabitant above eighteen years of age was compelled to have4 ,during his time1 there were small outbreaks among the people1 and threats of a general insurrection1 which led to more troops being sent out from the ,peninsula4 ,it became necessary now to have ,spanish troops almost altogether1 as the native soldiers could not be depended upon to fire on their own people4 ,by now there was coming to the front in the islands a considerable body of thoughtful young men4 ,these were beginning to demand greater liberty for the ,filipinos4 ,in the ,visayas1 ,graciano ,lopez ,jaena 7gr seno lpeth h n7 had become a teacher of the people4 ,this man has been called the 8,john the ,baptist of the ,visayas40 ,the people in that part of the country were in a position even more hopeless than were those in ,luzon4 ,they knew little or nothing of what was going on in the northern islands4 ,they had no leaders of their own1 but were dominated by different parties among their rulers4 ,these parties were constantly quarreling among themselves and with the government at home4 ,between these factions the people lay like corn between the millstones1 crushed almost beyond hope of ever attaining the smallest human rights4 ,jaena was born in ,jaro1 near ,iloilo1 and was a student in the seminario there4 ,like many young men of his time1 he had the desire to go to ,spain and finish his studies4 ,the friars had taken alarm at the number of young ,filipino men who were doing this1 and they refused ,jaena permission to leave his studies at the seminario4 ,they claimed that1 as he was one of their students1 they had a right to dictate how he should dispose of his life1 and where he should pursue his studies4 ,an action so arbitrary and unjust as this was not to be borne by a young man of any spirit4 ,jaena left the seminario without the permission of his teachers1 went to ,manila1 and from there to ,spain4 ,in ,madrid he made the acquaintance of a number of members of the ,liberal ,party1 who listened willingly to what the young man had to say1 and made great efforts to get him an audience with the ,ministers of ,state4 ,for a time he was well received in ,spain1 but the ,liberal ,party fell into discredit at court1 and ,jaena was unable to gain a hearing for any of the reforms that were so dear to his heart4 ,he lived in great poverty in ,madrid1 forced to do menial work to maintain himself4 ,he was never able to get back to his own country1 for which he suffered so much1 but died in ,madrid while still a comparatively young man4 ,he left a great many writings which are well known throughout the ,visayas4 ,his name is as much honored in that part of the country as is the name of ,rizal everywhere in the ,philippines4 ,dr4 ,jos ,rizal y ,mercado 7r thl mer kd7 will never be forgotten while there are patriotic ,filipinos left to keep his memory alive4 ,he was a native of ,calamba 7k lmb71 in ,laguna ,province1 and was born in the early sixties4 ,he was graduated from the ,jesuit ,college in ,manila1 and from there he went to ,europe1 where he studied medicine4 ,he was graduated from ,madrid ,university as ,doctor of ,medicine and ,philosophy4 ,afterwards he went to ,paris and to several ,german universities1 from one of which he took another degree4 ,in ,germany he became greatly interested in the socialistic movement of the day4 ,he mingled freely with the ,german students1 among whom he was very popular1 and shared in their ideas of human rights and political liberty4 ,he was a true ,catholic1 but he longed to see his country freed from the narrow rule which had made civil government in the ,philippines a farce4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,bridge ,,of ,,spain4 ,the influence of the ,orders in the islands had become known even in ,spain as a hurtful thing for the country4 ,as far back as the year #ahgj the ,spanish ,minister of ,state1 in a formal report1 had recommended that the friars be removed from charge of the schools in the islands4 ,now the demand was becoming general that their places should be taken by secular priests who were natives of the country4 ,rizal believed that it would be necessary to send the ,orders out of the ,philippines before the country could ever be prosperous4 ,while abroad he wrote a novel entitled 8,nolle me ,tangere10 in which he showed plainly the attitude of the friars and the people toward one another4 ,this novel was written in the ,spanish language1 but was published in ,germany4 ,while ,rizal was living as a student in ,france1 he wrote another political novel1 8,el ,filibustero40 ,later he returned to the islands1 and there did notable work in his profession of medicine4 ,he became actively interested in the condition of the country1 as well4 ,in his own town he led a party which demanded of the ,dominican ,order that it show title deeds to a large tract of agricultural land of which it had possession4 ,this brought down upon him the opposition of the friars1 and he found it wise to return to ,europe4 ,in his absence his relatives and many of the chief families with whom he had been friendly in his town were persecuted1 and driven from the lands which they had rented from the religious ,orders4 ,their holdings were given to ,spaniards1 and they received no compensation for their losses4 ,in #ahic ,rizal went to ,hong-,kong1 meaning to settle there and practise his profession4 ,a little later he was given to understand that it would be safe for him to come back to ,manila1 and he came4 ,when he reached the customs house at ,manila1 his baggage was rigidly searched1 and it was claimed that among his effects were found a number of disloyal pamphlets4 ,among these were some proclamations which it was claimed he had written for the purpose of starting a revolt among the natives4 ,it is not common sense to believe that ,rizal had any of these things in his trunk1 and it is now generally understood that they were placed there by those who did the searching4 ,his enemies demanded that he should be executed as a traitor1 but the governor-general would not give him up to them4 ,instead he was banished to northern ,mindanao1 where for four years he lived very quietly4 ,he practised medicine there among the people1 and many foreigners came from over the sea to consult him4 ,he performed several remarkable operations upon the eyes during these years4 ,then the ,cuban troubles broke out1 and1 to prove his loyalty to ,spain1 ,dr4 ,rizal asked permission to go to ,cuba as an army doctor in the ,spanish forces4 ,this favor was granted him ,july #bh1 #ahif4 ,he went up to ,manila by way of ,cebu1 just at the time of the outbreak of #ahif4 ,he was the idol of the people2 everywhere his countrymen were talking about him1 and looking to him as a leader2 his name brought them hope and strengthened their courage4 ,by them he was regarded as the future liberator of the race1 and to them he represented the promise of liberty4 ,all this so alarmed his enemies that they declared it dangerous to have him in ,manila4 ,he was at once put on board the ,spanish cruiser ,castilla1 and from there transferred to the mail steamer ,isla de ,panay1 bound for ,barcelona4 ,he carried letters of recommendation to the ,ministers of ,war and of the ,colonies1 which were sent to him by ,general ,blanco with a personal letter4 ,his enemies were determined to have his life1 and he was cabled at ,barcelona to return at once to the islands4 ,certain accusations were made against him1 and he was thrown into prison at the ,fortress of ,montjierat 7mont-h rt7 in ,spain1 until a steamer should return to the islands4 ,then he was sent back to ,manila1 a state prisoner1 isolated from all but his jailers4 ,he was brought to trial for sedition and rebellion before a court-martial of eight captains1 with a lieutenant-colonel presiding2 but there was no testimony against him4 ,how could there be8 ,the facts show that it was quite impossible for ,rizal to have had anything to do with the revolution of #ahif4 ,he had been a prisoner of state1 in seclusion1 for years4 ,he had had no communication with the people of ,luzon1 and there was nothing to show that he had taken any part in the revolt4 ,but he had been condemned beforehand1 and of all the cruel acts of ,governor-,general ,polavieja 7p l v h71 the cruelest was his decree for the execution of this man4 ,there were but a few days between ,rizal's sentence and his death4 ,he was engaged to marry ,miss ,josephine ,taufer1 the adopted daughter of an ,american gentleman who had been a patient of ,rizal's in ,hong-,kong1 and to her he was married on the day of his execution4 ,he was shot at six o'clock in the morning of ,december #cj1 #ahif1 and an immense crowd gathered on the ,luneta to witness that terrible sacrifice4 ,his widow joined the insurgents4 ,she was present at the battle of ,silang 7s lng71 and fled with the rest before the ,spanish1 tramping through twenty-three villages on her way to the northern provinces4 ,she was at last banished from the country by ,governor-,general ,polavieja4 ,during the ,american occupation she returned for a time to the islands whose welfare was so dear to her martyred husband4 ,later she went to ,hong-,kong1 where she died1 in ,march1 #aijb4 ,the name of ,jos ,rizal is now hailed with honor4 ,the government has made the anniversary of his birth a public holiday1 and it is observed yearly in the public schools of the archipelago4 ,thus is his memory kept alive4 ,his unselfish love for his native country should be remembered and shared by the ,filipino boys and girls now growing up to work for the good of the land for which he hoped and dared so much4 ,summary4--,the ,cavite insurrection1 which took place in #ahgb1 while not in itself of great importance1 was the real beginning of the rebellion of #ahif4 ,it failed through a mistake in regard to signals4 ,the ,spanish authorities overrated the importance of this uprising1 and those whom they accused of being concerned in it were punished with great severity4 ,this course drove the people to desperation4 ,other uprisings took place1 and there was great disturbance in the country4 ,many good public works went on1 however4 ,the ,carriedo waterworks were built and put in operation1 and an effort was made to raise money to pay off the tobacco growers4 ,in #ahha the tobacco monopoly was done away with by royal decree of ,alfonso ,,xii4 ,in #ahhb came the great cholera epidemic in ,manila4 ,during the time it raged1 #cj1jjj people died in the city and province4 ,during these years1 teachers of the people began to rise in the ,visayas1 as well as in ,luzon4 ,jaena1 the ,visayan patriot1 was in ,spain1 trying to obtain justice for his people4 ,later1 ,dr4 ,jos ,rizal began writing of the wrongs of his country4 ,he came back to ,manila1 after an absence of some years1 but was banished to ,mindanao4 ,when the trouble in ,cuba began1 he volunteered to go there as a surgeon in the ,spanish army4 ,he sailed from ,manila to ,barcelona1 expecting to go from there to ,cuba4 ,at ,barcelona1 on the strength of despatches from ,manila1 he was thrown into prison1 and later was sent back to ,manila4 ,his enemies there secured his trial on a false charge of sedition1 and he was sentenced to death and executed4 ,questions4--,what was the main cause of the ,cavite insurrection of #ahgb8 ,who was ,don ,fernando ,carriedo8 ,when were the ,manila waterworks completed8 ,when was the tobacco monopoly ended8 ,who was ,jaena8 ,give an account of ,dr4 ,rizal and his work4 ,illustration ,chapter ,,xvii4 ,,the ,,uprising ,,of #ahif4 ,when the ,jesuits left ,manila in #agfh1 the missions which they had founded were given to the ,recoletos4 ,in #ahei the ,jesuits came back to the islands4 ,these missions1 for which the ,society had worked so hard in years gone by1 were returned to it1 and other places were made for the ,recoletos4 ,this was done at the expense of the native priests1 and the people resented it4 ,the feeling was growing among them that the native clergy were not fairly treated1 and the installing of friars in their places increased that feeling4 ,it would be unjust to the ,spanish ,orders to overlook the good they did in early years in this country4 ,they helped the people in many ways4 ,to them is due the credit of introducing chocolate1 coffee1 cotton1 and tobacco into the islands4 ,they taught the people to weave1 and to make many things of use4 ,but too great power fell into their hands1 and they did not keep pace with the times4 ,besides this1 the people had now come to believe that their spiritual leaders should be men of their own race4 ,illustration3 ,,fort ,,general ,,weyler ,,in ,,mindanao4 ,moreover1 a feeling of national life1 such as they had never before known1 was awakening among the ,filipinos4 ,the many languages spoken among them1 and the tribal differences which existed in the country1 did more than anything else to keep the ,filipino people in subjection4 ,not until they are a united people1 with one language1 and with a common desire for the welfare of their country1 can they take the place which they should hold among the peoples of the world4 ,this the more enlightened among them were coming to see1 and were making a steady effort to unite the tribes in a demand for reform4 ,in this effort the secret societies1 of which mention has been made1 played a large part4 ,these societies were in the beginning ,masonic lodges4 ,the first of them in the ,philippines was founded at ,cavite in #ahfj4 ,only ,spaniards were members at the outset1 but in time ,filipinos and ,mestizos were admitted4 ,later the members began to take an interest in politics1 and little by little the ,masonic lodges came to be the gathering places of thinkers and reformers4 ,none of these societies had as yet any idea of revolt against the mother country2 but the people were bent upon securing reforms in the government of the islands4 ,it was impossible to get justice in any court in the archipelago4 ,every public officer knew that good service and an honorable record would not serve to keep him in office if anyone who had more influence than he wished his position4 ,corruption1 bribery1 and dishonesty were the order in the government4 ,all classes were taxed to the utmost limit1 and the country was in a state of wretchedness through misrule4 ,the ,filipinos themselves had no rights which anyone seemed bound to respect4 ,the people remembered with bitterness those noble words of the ,cortes which declared1 in the ,constitution of #ahab3 8,the countries and provinces of ,america and ,asia are and ought always to have been an integral part of the ,spanish monarchy4 ,their natives and free inhabitants are equal in rights and privileges to those of the ,peninsula40 ,what the reformers sought was not separation from the mother country4 ,they desired only that ,filipinos should be recognized as among her citizens1 and entitled to the rights which this declaration of the ,cortes said were theirs4 ,after the revolt at ,cavite1 a new secret society was formed1 known as the ,katipunan 7k t pnn7 or ,association of the ,sons of the ,country4 ,one of the passwords of this society was 8,gom-bur-za40 ,this word is made up of a part of the name of each one of the native padres executed because of that trouble at ,cavite--,gomez1 ,burgos1 and ,zamora4 ,the ,katipunan was composed of the common people4 ,it numbered many thousands of members1 who stood ready to give their lives for the good of the ,philippines1 and it was probably more responsible than any other one thing for the great uprising of #ahif4 ,in #ahie trouble broke out among the ,moros in the south1 and in that year the ,spanish began what is known as the ,marauit 7mr wt7 campaign in ,mindanao4 ,this was an expedition against the ,moros1 under the command of ,governor-,general ,blanco himself4 ,this campaign proved a great surprise to the ,moros1 who were finally overpowered by a division of the ,spanish troops commanded by ,brigadier-,general ,gonzales ,parrado 7p rd74 ,the campaign lasted for three months1 and was a complete success4 ,after this1 in order that the government might keep order there1 it was decided to settle the country in the ,marauit district with families from ,luzon and the other northern islands4 ,this decision hastened the downfall of the ,spanish in the ,philippines4 ,at first the ,filipino people were invited to go and live in this conquered territory1 but no one accepted the invitation4 ,it sounded smooth and fair2 but it meant leaving friends and home and security for peril1 hardship1 and doubtful adventure4 ,so1 as the unwillingness of the people was seen1 the invitation was made more urgent1 and took the form of an order4 ,this order1 however1 was only sent to provinces where the secret societies were supposed to be strongest4 ,it caused great dissatisfaction among the ,filipinos1 who quickly understood its meaning4 ,many left their homes and went to live in the mountains to avoid trouble4 ,the government now made still greater effort1 and in #ahie and #ahif there was a systematic persecution of the people to get them to go south4 ,this persecution proved too much for even ,filipino patience1 and in the spring of #ahif the ,katipunan sent a petition to ,japan1 asking the ,mikado to annex the ,philippine ,islands to ,japan4 ,it is said that #e1jjj ,filipinos signed this petition4 ,the emperor of ,japan sent the petition to ,spain1 and in this way the names of all these petitioners became known to the government4 ,the powers at ,manila1 however1 did not dare to act at once1 but waited their time2 and the punishment1 when it came1 was all the more severe for the delay4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,bridge ,,of ,,san ,,juan ,,del ,,monte4 ,at this time all the ,spaniards in ,manila knew that some great uprising was planned among the people4 ,the government1 however1 realized the mistake that had been made in paying too much attention to the revolt at ,cavite1 and it now made the greater mistake of not paying enough attention to this trouble4 ,on ,july #e1 #ahif1 an officer of the ,guardia ,civil reported that over #ad1jjj men in the valley of ,pasig were pledged to revolt4 ,still nothing was done about this by the ,spanish until a month later1 when a large number of revolutionary flags and ammunition were found at ,taal4 ,governor-,general ,blanco then ordered some arrests to be made4 ,by this time the ,katipunan had its plans nearly completed4 ,there was to have been an uprising on the #bjth of ,august2 but1 on the night before1 the plot was discovered by ,father ,mariano ,gil 7m r n zhl71 an ,augustine friar1 the parish priest at ,tondo4 ,the authorities then realized for the first time that the ,katipunan was a political society1 and ,governor-,general ,blanco cabled the fact to ,madrid4 ,the garrison at ,manila numbered only #a1ejj men1 many of whom were natives and not to be depended upon for help2 so that ,general ,blanco did not dare to take the field against the rebels4 ,nevertheless1 arrests were made daily1 and the prisons were full to overflowing4 ,among the prisoners were some of the leading ,filipinos of ,luzon1 many of whom were merely suspected of disloyalty to the government4 ,much time was lost by the ,spanish because ,general ,blanco was unwilling to use force until every honorable means of bringing about peace had been exhausted4 ,he felt1 moreover1 that his army was too small to justify an advance against the rebels1 and so he cabled to ,madrid for help4 ,in return he got word that #b1jjj men1 two gunboats1 and large stores of arms and ammunition were to be sent at once4 ,by ,august #cj the uprising was in full force4 ,the rebels were gathered at ,san ,juan del ,monte1 a suburb of ,manila1 where the first battle was fought4 ,this took place between the ,filipinos under command of ,sancho ,valenzuela 7snk vl n thu l7 and three others1 and some native cavalry and members of the ,guardia ,civil4 ,the ,filipinos were driven back1 and on that day martial law was proclaimed in ,manila and in the provinces about the bay4 ,later the rebel leaders at ,san ,juan were shot on the ,luneta4 ,this was the first of many executions which took place from week to week afterwards1 until the green lawn of the ,luneta was saturated with patriot blood4 ,now there was war in earnest between the ,spanish and the ,filipinos4 ,the rebellion was growing daily1 and the cream of ,manila society was in the jails4 ,governor-,general ,blanco was still inclined to look upon the uprising as merely local1 and not to regard it seriously2 but he was constantly urged to severe measures by certain of his advisers4 ,they desired that all rebels caught should be put to death at once1 and there seemed no length to which their vindictive spirit was not willing to go4 ,the newspapers of ,manila were forbidden to speak of the uprising1 or to use the words 8rebellion0 or 8rebel40 ,the matter was treated as of slight importance1 and the natives engaged in the insurrection were spoken of as bandits4 ,this was also the tone which ,governor-,general ,blanco adopted in all the despatches which he sent to the home government4 ,province after province declared with the rebels1 until all southern ,luzon was in revolt4 ,cavite ,province had become the center of the uprising1 and ,emilio ,aguinaldo 7 ml g w nld71 formerly a schoolmaster at ,cavite1 came to the front as a leader4 ,he was a native of the city of ,cavite1 born ,march #bb1 #ahfi1 and at this time was about twenty-seven years old4 ,illustration3 ,,dungeon ,,at ,,cavite4 ,by the middle of ,september1 troops to the number of #f1jjj had been sent up from ,zamboanga and southern stations to aid the government at ,manila4 ,nearly two-thirds of these were natives1 however1 and the ,spaniards felt that they had good reason to distrust their loyalty4 ,the rebels were in great force about ,silang1 ,imus 7 mus71 and ,novaleta 7n v lt71 and there were uprisings in ,tarlac 7trlk71 ,pangasinan1 ,laguna1 ,morong1 and ,tayabas4 ,on ,october #a a steamer arrived from ,spain with a battalion of marines1 which was warmly welcomed by the ,spaniards4 ,the next day came another steamer with more troops1 and after that a large number of men came1 until1 before the trouble was over1 there were #bh1jjj ,spanish soldiers in the islands4 ,these1 however1 were raw drafts4 ,the trouble in ,cuba had taken all of ,spain's fighting men1 and she had nothing to send to the ,philippines but boys4 ,these young soldiers were undrilled1 without uniforms1 and but poorly armed4 ,the ,filipinos were no better off than the ,spanish troops4 ,they were hardier1 but they were even more poorly armed4 ,they had some rifles1 but most of their guns were made of gas or water pipe wrapped with telegraph wire4 ,they had cannon made from boiler tubes and from old bells and other metal4 ,but they were determined and courageous1 and were fighting for what was dearer to them than life--the decent treatment to which every free man is entitled at the hands of his government4 ,the ,spanish treated all ,filipinos captured with great cruelty4 ,from time to time suspects were sent in from the provinces1 bound hand and foot2 they were hauled up from the holds of vessels with chain and hook1 and discharged as cargo1 like bales of hemp4 ,the rainy season set in1 and ,general ,blanco had not the force at his command which his successor had afterwards4 ,the native troops were not to be depended upon1 and it was almost impossible for the few ,spanish soldiers to get about the country4 ,he contented himself1 therefore1 with keeping the rebels out of ,manila4 ,in ,december1 #ahif1 the governor-general went back to ,spain4 ,at that time the total ,european force in the islands was #aj1jjj men4 ,they held the arsenals at ,cavite1 and the city of ,manila2 but the rebels were strongly entrenched throughout the peninsula of ,cavite and in ,laguna ,province4 8,at that time10 says ,forman1 the historian1 8,i was informed by the secretary of the military court that there were #d1gjj individuals awaiting trial by court-martial40 ,general ,camilo ,polavieja was sent out to the ,philippines as governor-general in ,blanco's stead4 ,he arrived in ,june1 #ahif1 and at once set to work to put down the rebellion4 ,he was an energetic military leader1 a man who had himself risen from the ranks4 ,he had been in ,cuba1 and his experience there enabled him to see at once how serious was the state of things in the ,philippines4 ,on the ship with him came #ejj troops1 under command of ,general ,lachambre 7l chmbr71 and on another ship #a1ejj more4 ,others quickly followed1 so that in a short time1 as we have stated before1 there were #bh1jjj fighting ,europeans in the islands4 ,it was now the dry season1 and ,general ,lachambre at once took the field against the rebels in ,cavite ,province4 ,the ,filipinos at this time expressly declared that they were fighting1 not ,spain1 but the dominion of the ,spanish friars4 ,their battle cry was1 8,long live ,spain6 ,down with the priests60 ,the campaign was conducted very well on the part of the ,spanish4 ,their troops were better armed than the ,filipinos1 and were well commanded1 while the rebels had no trained military officers to plan their battles4 ,the ,filipinos were driven from ,imus1 and later from ,silang2 and although the ,spanish met with great losses1 in time the rebels1 unable to hold any one place1 were driven up to ,laguna ,province4 ,by the middle of ,march every rebel band of importance had been scattered4 ,polavieja cabled for more troops to be sent from ,spain4 ,he wanted these to garrison the districts which he had taken from the rebels1 as his army corps was needed in the northern provinces1 to which the ,filipinos had been driven back4 ,but there were already #bjj1jjj ,spanish soldiers in ,cuba1 and more were needed there4 ,the ,spanish government1 therefore1 refused to send any more troops to the ,philippines4 ,the newspapers at ,madrid made light of the trouble in the islands1 and criticised the governor-general's rule4 ,polavieja then cabled that he was broken down in health and should be obliged to resign4 ,through much of the campaign he was so ill that he could not sit his horse1 and was obliged to direct the campaign from ,paraaque 7p rn yk71 where he remained until after the capture of ,san ,francisco and the driving back of the rebels into the mountains4 ,in ,april1 #ahig1 he went back to ,spain4 ,general ,lachambre followed1 to receive great praise for the good work he had done in the ,philippines4 ,polavieja himself arrived in ,spain blind1 physically disabled1 and really ill2 but he had accomplished a great deal in the islands1 and had gotten the rebellion well in hand4 ,the next governor-general was ,primo de ,rivera1 who had held that office before1 from the years #ahhj to #ahhc4 ,he reached ,manila on the #bc;d of ,april1 and went to the front on the #bith day of that month4 ,summary4--,the growth of secret societies in the islands1 and the rebellious attitude of many of the people1 led ,spain to adopt a new measure4 ,it was decided to settle the ,marauit district1 in ,mindanao1 with ,filipinos from ,luzon4 ,invitations1 amounting really to orders1 to go and live in this district were sent out among the people living in provinces where the secret societies were supposed to be strongest4 ,because of these invitations many ,filipinos left their homes and went to live in the mountains1 to avoid trouble4 ,the government then began trying to force people to go south to live4 ,in #ahif the ,katipunan sent a petition to the emperor of ,japan1 asking him to annex the islands to ,japan4 ,the emperor sent this petition to ,spain4 ,the government now awoke to a knowledge of how serious was the revolt in the islands4 ,many arrests were made1 and soon the jails in ,manila were filled with prisoners4 ,by ,august #cj the uprising was in full force1 and the first battle was fought at ,san ,juan del ,monte1 on that day4 ,troops were now sent from ,spain1 while from all over the islands fighting men gathered to the aid of the ,filipino leaders4 ,by ,december1 #ahif1 there were #aj1jjj ,european troops in the islands4 ,they held the arsenal at ,cavite1 and the city of ,manila2 but the ,filipinos held strong positions in the ,cavite peninsula and in ,laguna ,province4 ,governor-,general ,blanco went back to ,spain1 and ,general ,camilo ,polavieja was sent out in his stead4 ,the new governor-general carried on the war with great vigor4 ,he sent for more troops1 until there were #bh1jjj ,spanish soldiers in the country4 ,the ,spanish succeeded in driving the ,filipinos back from their strong places1 but were too few to do more than hold them in check4 ,the home government refused to send more troops to the ,philippines1 as all ,spain's armed force was needed in ,cuba4 ,governor-,general ,polavieja was taken very ill1 and went back to ,spain4 ,general ,lachambre followed1 soon after4 ,the next governor-general was ,primo de ,rivera1 who reached ,manila ,april #bc1 #ahig4 ,questions4--,what were the secret societies that now grew up in the islands8 ,what plan did the government make for settling the ,marauit district8 ,give an account of the petition sent by the ,katipunan to ,japan4 ,when was the first battle fought in the uprising of #ahif8 ,outline the progress of this uprising4 ,illustration ,chapter ,,xviii4 ,,the ,,end ,,of ,,spanish ,,rule4 ,one of the first things that ,general ,primo de ,rivera did after his arrival1 for the second time1 in the islands1 was to issue a proclamation offering amnesty to all who would lay down their arms4 ,many of the ,filipinos who were in revolt accepted the offer1 and pledged allegiance to ,spain4 ,they were driven to this step by their fears4 ,the ,filipino forces were weakened and discouraged4 ,general ,polavieja had carried on the campaign against them with such savage cruelty that the people were filled with terror4 ,no quarter had been given by the ,spanish1 and in ,cavite ,province alone over #cj1jjj ,filipinos had lost their lives4 ,aguinaldo had left ,cavite1 which province was now cleared of the ,filipino forces1 and had joined ,general ,llaneras 7lyn rs71 who was leading the ,filipinos in the north1 beyond ,pampanga4 ,the state of the country at this time was pitiful4 ,no crops had been planted2 there was no food for the people2 their young carabaos had been killed2 the rice and camotes were all gone4 ,war had reduced the country to a wilderness4 ,everywhere the authorities were seeking to put down the rebellion1 but their cruel measures actually made rebels of the people4 ,the ,filipino priests and curates were put in chains1 were flogged and tortured1 to make them tell what they might have learned1 through the confessional1 of the secret societies and the movements of the people4 ,the ,spanish campaign in ,manila was being conducted by ,general ,monet 7,mnt71 and there1 too1 no mercy was shown to natives so unfortunate as to be captured4 ,in ,pangasinan ,general ,nuez 7nnyeth7 was fighting the rebels4 ,the war was waged with bitterness2 no quarter was given on either side1 and the natives lost no opportunity to avenge the punishment which the ,spaniards visited upon them4 ,by this time the rainy weather was telling severely on the unseasoned ,spanish soldiers4 ,there was much sickness among them1 so that the military hospitals were full4 ,the soldiers had not been paid for several months1 and they were bitterly discontented4 ,the ,filipinos1 too1 were suffering severely4 ,they were poorly fed and poorly armed2 but they kept up a constant petty warfare that was very trying to the ,spanish1 although it was useless1 so far as gaining any real end was concerned4 ,they now held two places1 ,angat 7ngt7 and ,san ,mateo1 in ,bulacan ,province4 ,these had been fortified securely1 and they were by nature such fortresses that it would have been almost impossible for the ,spanish to dislodge any force from them4 ,the ,filipinos were not1 however1 strong enough to make any effective warfare against the enemy1 but had to content themselves with holding these two places and harassing the ,spanish as much as they could4 ,on the #b;d of ,july1 #ahig1 the governor-general issued an edict commanding all who were concerned in the rebellion to report themselves to the ,spanish authorities by ,july #aj4 ,the edict also ordered all officers1 military and civil1 to prevent the people from leaving the towns or villages1 except to till the fields1 to look after their farm properties1 or do their daily work4 ,all who were allowed to go out on such business must be provided with passes stating where they were going1 by what road they should travel1 when they should return1 and what was their errand4 ,any ,filipino staying out over time1 or found on any road or in any place not mentioned in the pass1 was to be treated as a rebel4 ,the edict also declared that after ,july #aj all persons would be obliged to prove their identity by 8cedula personal10 together with the pass4 ,anyone who failed to observe these orders1 it was declared1 would be tried by court-martial4 ,this measure was so outrageous and so unnecessary that it had an effect on the people exactly opposite to what the governor-general hoped for4 ,those ,filipinos who had been neutral were made angry by it4 ,it enraged the rebels and drove many others into the insurgent camp4 ,the rebels themselves responded by a document calling upon all ,filipinos to rise in defense of the country4 ,this document demanded that the friars should be expelled1 and that land seized by them should be returned to the towns to which it belonged2 that all livings and parishes should be divided equally between the ,spanish and the native priests4 ,it asked for representation by ,filipinos in ,parliament2 for freedom of the press2 for religious toleration2 and for more just laws in the islands4 ,it demanded that there should be equal terms and pay for ,spanish and native civil servants2 that no citizen should be banished from the ,philippines2 and that there should be equal punishment for ,spaniards and ,filipinos who should offend against the laws of the land4 ,it declared that the war would be prolonged until ,spain was compelled to grant the demands of the people4 ,to these demands ,aguinaldo added an appeal to the people to join the rebellion4 ,many ,filipinos responded1 and the force of the rebels was greatly increased4 ,general ,primo de ,rivera now began to urge the home government to grant some of the demands made by the ,filipinos4 ,the authorities at ,madrid were coming to see that something must be done4 ,the war in ,cuba had so drained the resources of ,spain that she had neither men nor money to expend in punishing the rebel ,filipinos1 and it was therefore decided to make some concessions to their demands4 ,in ,august1 #ahig1 ,seor ,pedro ,alisandro ,paterno 7l sndr p tern71 a ,filipino1 educated in ,europe1 a man of means and position in ,manila1 was made the agent of ,spain to try to arrange terms of peace with the rebel leaders4 ,he visited ,aguinaldo in the mountains of ,bulacan ,province4 ,there he talked with the ,filipino leader1 and was given power to act in his name4 ,aguinaldo stated to ,seor ,paterno the terms on which peace could be made4 ,it must always be a matter of regret that these terms were never made public1 either by the ,filipinos or by the ,spaniards4 ,in the disputes that afterwards arose1 the ,spanish government denied the claims made by the ,filipinos1 and declared that the terms of peace had included nothing of what the ,filipinos stated had been agreed upon4 ,it will1 therefore1 never be certainly known what these terms were4 ,illustration3 ,,biac-,,na-',,bato1 ,,where ,,the ,,treaty ,,was ,,made4 ,certain reforms in the government were demanded4 ,these reforms were opposed by the friars1 whose power was lessened by them4 ,the friars endeavored to prevent the government from yielding the terms1 whatever they may have been1 and succeeded in prolonging the trouble for several months4 ,at last1 however1 ,seor ,paterno was given authority to act for the captain-general of the forces in the islands1 representing the ,spanish government4 ,on ,september #ai he had a meeting with ,aguinaldo and his generals1 and an agreement was entered into4 ,this conference took place at ,biac-na-'bato 7b knb t71 a mountain fastness not far from the famous sulphur springs1 near ,angat1 in the province of ,bulacan4 ,here was made what is now known to history as the treaty of ,biac-na-'bato4 ,it was made between ,aguinaldo and the other ,filipino generals on the one hand1 and ,seor ,paterno1 acting for the ,spanish government1 on the other4 ,by its terms the ,filipinos agreed to deliver up their arms1 all ammunition1 etc41 to the ,spaniards4 ,they were to give up all places held by them1 and to cease1 for three years1 all plotting against the ,spanish authority4 ,these three years the government should have for bringing about the reforms demanded and promised4 ,aguinaldo and thirty-four others of the insurgent leaders promised to leave the country1 not to return until they were given permission by the ,spanish government4 ,the government1 on its side1 agreed to pay the rebels #a1jjj1jjj1 ,mexican1 as indemnity1 and to reimburse the ,filipinos not in arms1 but who had suffered by the war1 in the sum of #gjj1jjj1 ,mexican4 ,this latter sum was to be paid in three equal installments1 the last one to be paid in six months after the ,te ,deum should be sung in token that peace was secured4 ,after this treaty had been signed1 ,aguinaldo and his thirty-four companions were taken to ,sual 7sl71 on the coast1 under an escort of ,spanish officers4 ,here they and their escort had a feast1 and great good feeling towards ,spain was expressed by the ,filipino military leaders4 ,then the exiles were taken on board the steamship ,uranus 7 rnus71 for ,hong-,kong4 ,they sailed on ,december #bg1 #ahig1 with an escort of ,spaniards of high rank4 ,when they reached port1 they were handed a draft on the ,bank of ,hong-,kong for #djj1jjj1 ,mexican1 the first installment on the sum agreed to be paid them4 ,in the meantime there was rejoicing in ,manila and in ,madrid4 ,general ,primo de ,rivera received great commendation1 and was publicly thanked by the government4 ,on every side were words of praise for his success as a peacemaker4 ,the ,queen ,regent presented him with the ,grand ,cross of ,san ,fernando and a pension of #aj1jjj pesetas a year4 ,the people now looked to see the promised reforms carried out2 but1 instead1 the government seemed to forget that any promises had been made4 ,the ,filipinos had laid down their arms1 and there were about two months of quiet4 ,seven thousand of the troops were sent back to ,spain1 and ,general ,primo de ,rivera evidently thought that he had broken the back of the revolt4 ,business was resumed in ,manila4 ,the ,spaniards went on with their pleasures1 and matters in ,luzon seemed1 on the surface1 to be as usual2 but trouble was still in store for the islands4 ,persons who had taken part in the rebellion were arrested1 on slight charges1 from time to time1 and put into prison2 others were openly insulted and regarded with suspicion1 as rebels against the country4 ,there were many executions1 and instead of the general pardon which was taken for granted as a part of the treaty of peace1 only a few pardons were bestowed4 ,time went on4 ,no steps were taken toward making the reforms1 and the ,filipinos began to see that the government had once more deceived them4 ,at this time the ,seventy-fourth ,regiment of native infantry was in garrison at ,cavite4 ,this was a very old regiment in the ,philippines4 ,for many years it had been known as the ,first ,regiment of the ,visayas4 ,in #ahhf it was thought that by making the native regiments a part of the ,spanish army another tie would be formed between the islands and ,spain4 ,so these were all numbered in line with the ,spanish regiments1 and the ,first ,visayas became the ,seventy-fourth ,regiment of infantry4 ,early in #ahih1 companies of armed men1 whom the government called ladrones1 were infesting the province4 ,the country was in an unsettled state1 and some of these companies--really insurgents who had taken up arms again--came into ,cavite ,province4 ,on ,march #bd1 the ,seventy-fourth ,regiment was ordered out against them2 but1 to the surprise of everybody1 it refused to go4 ,the soldiers declared that they were ready to fight the enemies of ,spain or of the islands1 but that they would not march against their own people4 ,eight corporals were called out of the regiment1 and the men were again ordered to advance1 on penalty of death to all4 ,all refused1 and the entire regiment was sent to the barracks to await sentence4 ,by morning it had deserted in a body4 ,on the following day another regiment joined them4 ,on ,march #be occurred in ,manila one of the most senseless of the many tragedies which marked ,spanish rule in the islands4 ,this is known as the massacre of ,calle de ,camba 7kly d kmb74 ,a number of ,visayan soldiers1 in a public house on this street1 fell into a discussion of matters of no especial importance2 but they got to talking loudly1 and became excited over their talk4 ,some one overheard them and reported to the police4 ,illustration3 ,,emilio ,,aguinaldo4 ,without stopping to ask any questions1 a band of the ,guardia ,civil came and raided the place4 ,they shot down a large number of the people1 and made between sixty and seventy of them prisoners4 ,some of these latter were men who had not been in the building at all1 but were merely passing in the street and were taken along with the rest4 ,next morning the whole company of sixty-two were taken out to the cemetery and shot4 ,the rebellion now flamed up again1 and among the insurgents were two battalions of well-trained veteran soldiers4 ,on the #c;d of ,april1 #ahih1 a party of #e1jjj natives made a raid on the city of ,cebu4 ,the leaders were armed with rifles1 but the rank and file had only bolos4 ,the ,spanish fled before them1 and the natives cut the cable to ,manila1 so that the refugees could not communicate with the garrison there4 ,a gunboat came in from ,mindanao that afternoon1 however1 and two small boats were sent to ,iligan 7 l gn7 and ,iloilo for troops4 ,these arrived two or three days later1 and were followed by renforcements from ,manila4 ,the rebels were forced out of the city on the #hth of ,april1 and sustained a crushing defeat4 ,after that the ,spanish chased them back into the mountains1 where they took refuge4 ,this new movement was more serious than any that had gone before4 ,all trust in ,spain was swept away4 ,the earlier leaders had desired reform1 but the ,filipinos now in the field sought first of all vengeance for the wrongs which had been heaped upon them4 ,it had been understood in connection with the treaty of ,biac-na-'bato that ,general ,primo de ,rivera would stay in the islands and see that the reforms were carried out4 ,instead of his doing this1 however1 the home government recalled him early in #ahih1 and appointed in his place ,general ,basilio ,augusti 7b sli au gust71 a stranger to the ,philippines4 ,he arrived in the islands early in ,april1 and in the second week of that month ,primo de ,rivera left ,manila for ,spain4 ,before he reached ,madrid1 ,spain's disaster in ,manila had taken place1 and the islands were fated never again to come under ,spain's rule4 ,summary4--,one of ,primo de ,rivera's first acts was to offer amnesty to all ,filipinos who would lay down their arms and pledge their allegiance to ,spain4 ,this was a good move1 and many accepted the offer4 ,later1 however1 another edict was issued1 which forbade people to leave their towns or villages without passes stating their business1 the roads they might travel1 and the time when they should return4 ,all persons were also required to prove identity by 8cedula personal40 ,this measure was so unreasonable and so severe that it enraged the people1 and the rebellion blazed up anew4 ,the rebels issued a proclamation calling upon the people to join them1 and stating their grievances and demands4 ,the governor-general advised the authorities in ,spain to grant some of these demands4 ,in ,august1 #ahig1 ,pedro ,a4 ,paterno1 a ,filipino1 was sent in behalf of ,spain to confer with the ,filipino leaders4 ,he met them at ,biac-na-'bato1 and there a treaty was arranged4 ,war was to cease2 and the rebel leaders would leave the country and give up all plotting against ,spanish authority4 ,the government agreed to pay certain sums to the revolutionists2 to reimburse ,filipinos not in rebellion1 who had suffered from the war2 and to grant the reforms demanded by the rebels4 ,when this treaty had been signed1 the thirty-five rebel leaders were escorted to ,sual1 whence they sailed for ,hong-,kong1 on ,december #bg1 #ahig1 with an escort of ,spaniards of high rank4 ,at ,hong-,kong they were handed a draft for #djj1jjj1 ,mexican1 the first installment of a sum agreed to be paid them4 ,business now went on in ,manila4 ,many of the ,spanish troops were sent home2 but no steps were taken toward the promised reforms1 and the people began to see that they had again been deceived4 ,on ,march #bd1 #ahih1 the ,seventy-fourth ,regiment of native infantry revolted when ordered to go against certain ,filipinos who had taken up arms in ,cavite ,province4 ,next day this regiment deserted in a body1 and on the following day another regiment joined them4 ,on ,march #be occurred the massacre of ,calle de ,camba4 ,all trust in ,spain was now at an end1 and the people again began arming themselves4 ,contrary to the understanding claimed under the treaty of ,biac-na-'bato1 a new governor-general1 ,basilio ,augusti1 was sent out1 and ,primo de ,rivera left ,manila in ,april1 #ahih4 ,questions4--,what was the edict that caused the rebellion to break out afresh8 ,what proclamation did the patriot leaders issue8 ,what did ,rivera advise the government to do8 ,what was the treaty of ,biac-na-'bato8 ,how was this treaty kept on the part of ,spain8 ,illustration ,chapter ,,xix4 ,,the ,,beginning ,,of ,,american ,,occupation4 ,in the month of ,april1 #ahih1 war was declared between the ,united ,states and ,spain4 ,the cause of this war was the feeling of the people of the ,united ,states in regard to the way in which ,spain was treating the people of ,cuba and ,porto ,rico4 ,these were the only colonies left of the many ,spain had once possessed in the ,new ,world4 ,for years ,spain had oppressed and ill-treated the ,cubans until human nature could no longer bear such bitter injustice1 and the people rose against it4 ,spain poured her armies into the island1 and the means which she used to put down the rebellion were contrary to humane ideas among civilized people4 ,the ,united ,states more than once protested against them4 ,spain1 however1 paid no attention to these protests4 ,she did not show in any way what the ,american ,declaration of ,independence calls 8a decent respect for the opinions of mankind40 ,instead1 she continued her barbarous course in ,cuba until other nations began to feel that the ,united ,states1 as the nearest neighbor of that unhappy country1 should interfere4 ,illustration3 ,,admiral ,,montojo4 ,at last1 during the night of ,february #ae1 #ahih1 the ,united ,states battle-ship ,maine1 while lying in ,havana harbor1 was blown up4 ,a mine had been placed in the harbor exactly where the battle-ship was allowed to anchor4 ,this mine had exploded1 and1 as a result1 #bff lives were lost of the #cec officers and men who were on the ship4 ,a court was held to inquire into this awful event1 but it was not possible to say where the blame for the catastrophe belonged4 ,it was evident1 however1 that the state of affairs in ,cuba was becoming dangerous to other nations1 and was no longer to be borne4 ,the ,president of the ,united ,states1 in a special message to ,congress1 stated plainly that the war in ,cuba must end4 ,congress then passed a resolution to declare war against ,spain if that nation did not at once take her army out of ,cuba and restore peace there4 ,as ,spain refused to do this1 war was declared1 first by the ,united ,states1 and then by ,spain4 ,at this time ,commodore ,george ,dewey was in command of the ,south ,pacific squadron of the ,united ,states4 ,this fleet1 which numbered ten ships1 was lying in the harbor of ,hong-,kong4 ,as that harbor is under ,english control1 and as ,great ,britain was friendly to both ,spain and the ,united ,states1 she was compelled to treat both nations fairly4 ,to allow the fleet of one of these nations to remain in the harbor would have been unfair to the other one2 so ,commodore ,dewey was notified that his ships must leave ,hong-,kong4 ,at the same time he received orders from his own government to go in search of the ,spanish fleet and to capture or destroy it4 ,this fleet1 as ,dewey knew1 was in ,manila harbor2 and1 obeying orders1 he at once set out for ,manila4 ,the ,spanish ships1 seven in number1 with ten small gunboats1 were anchored off ,cavite4 ,commodore ,dewey entered ,manila harbor under cover of the night1 and when day broke on ,sunday1 ,may #a1 #ahih1 his ships lay at anchor in front of ,manila4 ,at six o'clock that morning began the famous battle of ,manila ,bay4 ,by half-past seven the ,spanish flagship was in flames1 and the commander of the fleet1 ,admiral ,montojo 7mon th7 was forced to take refuge on another ship of the fleet1 the ,isla de ,cuba4 ,by noon of that day the ,spanish fleet was wholly destroyed1 and the admiral and all survivors had fled into ,manila4 ,the ,americans had sustained no loss of life1 and only a slight injury to one of the ships1 the ,boston4 ,they next opened fire on the arsenal and fort at ,cavite1 and kept this up until a flag of truce was shown4 ,by sunset ,cavite was under control of the ,united ,states1 and the ,stars and ,stripes floated over the town and the forts at ,cacao 7kn k71 ,punta 7pnt71 and ,sangley 7sngli74 ,illustration3 ,,governor-,,general ,,augusti4 ,commodore ,dewey now demanded the surrender of ,manila1 which was refused by ,governor-,general ,augusti4 ,dewey refrained from taking the city by force1 but declared the port blockaded4 ,on the following day he demanded control of the telegraph station1 and on this being refused he ordered the cable cut4 ,the officials in ,manila had just time to send the dire news to ,spain before this order was carried out4 ,admiral ,dewey--for his government at once rewarded him by promoting him to the rank of admiral--now held the key to the situation in the ,philippines4 ,he was in possession of the island of ,corregidor 7kr-rg dr71 of the arsenal at ,cavite1 the city of ,cavite1 and the surrounding country4 ,his fleet lay in the harbor1 ready at any moment to force the surrender of ,manila2 but he was awaiting instructions from home and the arrival of land forces1 for which he had asked1 before completing his victory4 ,the ,filipinos in arms had taken fresh courage on the approach of the ,americans1 and had closed in about ,manila1 so that the ,spaniards were literally prisoners within the city limits4 ,outside1 in ,manila ,bay1 the ,american fleet lay1 cutting off all chance of escape by sea4 ,in the meantime the ,filipino leader1 ,emilio ,aguinaldo1 had come to ,cavite from ,hong-,kong1 with a number of his companions in exile4 ,they had been given arms from the arsenal by ,admiral ,dewey1 and ,aguinaldo had the admiral's permission to organize his countrymen into an army4 ,it was intended that this army should act with the ,american forces1 when the latter should be ready to take the city and occupy the islands4 ,aguinaldo1 however1 took advantage of this opportunity to attempt to organize a dictatorial government1 with himself at the head4 ,out of his misguided ambition to rule1 great trouble grew1 for ,filipinos and ,americans alike4 ,the country1 already suffering from a long period of misrule and warfare1 was plunged into still deeper misery4 ,the ,americans were seriously hampered in their efforts to restore order1 and the establishment of peace was hindered4 ,the first renforcements sent out to ,admiral ,dewey from ,america reached ,manila ,bay in ,june1 #ahih1 and were landed on the #cjth day of that month4 ,others followed very soon1 and on the #beth of ,july ,general ,wesley ,merritt 7wesli merit71 the first ,american governor-general of ,manila1 joined ,admiral ,dewey4 ,on ,august #g these two officers together demanded the surrender of the city1 and again on ,august #i2 but the ,spaniards refused both demands4 ,on the #acth of ,august the ,americans made a final demand1 and on receiving a third refusal they sent their land forces against ,manila4 ,at the same time the fleet began the bombardment of the forts and trenches south of the city4 ,the walled city and the business district of ,binondo were purposely spared1 as it was not the wish of the ,americans to do any more damage than was necessary4 ,the battle was very short1 lasting hardly more than an hour4 ,at the end of that time the ,spaniards yielded to superior force1 and a white flag was hoisted in token of their capitulation4 ,a few hours later the ,spanish and the ,american commanders met1 terms were arranged1 and ,manila and the ,philippine archipelago were surrendered to the ,united ,states4 ,the ,spanish flag1 which floated over ,fort ,santiago1 was hauled down1 and the ,stars and ,stripes took its place4 ,in the meantime1 on the day before1 ,august #ab1 #ahih1 a protocol of peace had been signed between ,spain and the ,united ,states4 ,such a protocol is an agreement between two nations who are at war with each other to cease fighting until terms of permanent peace can be arranged4 ,by the terms of the protocol it was agreed1 among other things1 that the ,united ,states government was to occupy and hold ,manila ,bay and the city and harbor of ,manila until a treaty of peace should be made between that government and ,spain4 ,it was also agreed that ,spain and the ,united ,states should each appoint not more than five commissioners1 to meet in ,paris at a date not later than ,october #a4 ,these commissioners were to arrange terms of peace1 and in the meantime all fighting between the two nations should be suspended4 ,the commissioners were chosen by the two countries1 and met in ,paris as had been agreed4 ,it was not until the #ajth of ,december1 however1 that they succeeded in arranging terms4 ,a treaty of peace was completed and signed in ,paris on that date4 ,it was ratified in ,washington on the #ajth of ,february1 #ahii1 by the ,president of the ,united ,states and a representative of the ,queen ,regent of ,spain4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,first ,,american ,,flag ,,raised ,,in ,,manila4 ,under this treaty of peace ,spain1 as had been planned in the protocol1 gave up all claim to ,cuba2 she ceded to the ,united ,states ,porto ,rico and all of her other islands in the ,west ,indies1 and also the island of ,guam1 one of the ,ladrone group in the ,pacific4 ,besides this1 she ceded 8the archipelago known by the name of the ,philippine ,islands10 which for over three hundred years had been one of her richest colonies4 ,the ,united ,states was to pay ,spain the sum of #bj1jjj1jjj1 gold1 within three months after this ratified treaty was exchanged between the two nations4 ,other matters were dealt with in the treaty1 but this transfer of the ,philippine archipelago is the point which vitally interests us now4 ,it is because of the facts which have been set forth in these chapters that the ,united ,states is now in possession of the ,philippines1 and that this history of the country is written in the ,english language4 ,but the real history of the ,philippine ,islands has only begun4 ,the events that make up the past record of this beautiful land have been but a sad preface to the future which we hope may be hers4 ,the ,filipino people have had much to bear4 ,they have been shut away from the rest of the world1 and from a knowledge of the world's progress4 ,they have been governed by unjust laws until the great mass of the people1 left to themselves1 would scarcely know how to go about to rule their own lives4 ,but they have a history2 they have a country2 they have a future4 ,it is not the policy of the ,united ,states either to forget these things or to let the people themselves forget them4 ,as the late ,president ,mc,kinley expressed it--the ,united ,states desires not conquest1 but a benevolent assimilation of these islands1 that they may become one country and one united1 prosperous1 and happy people4 ,summary4--,in ,april1 #ahih1 war was declared between the ,united ,states and ,spain4 ,commodore ,george ,dewey1 in command of the ,american squadron in the ,pacific1 being ordered to go in search of the ,spanish fleet in the ,pacific1 and capture or destroy it1 sailed for the ,philippine ,islands1 where he knew the fleet to be4 ,he entered ,manila ,bay under cover of night1 ,april #cj1 and at daybreak on ,may #a his ships lay at anchor off ,cavite4 ,at six o'clock that same morning the battle of ,manila ,bay was begun4 ,by noon the ,spanish fleet was destroyed1 and the admiral and all survivors had fled into the city4 ,by sunset ,cavite was taken4 ,two months later1 ,american troops arrived in ,manila ,bay1 and on ,august #ac the city of ,manila surrendered to the ,americans4 ,on ,february #aj1 #ahii1 a treaty of peace was signed between the ,united ,states and ,spain4 ,under this treaty1 ,spain ceded the ,philippine ,islands to the ,united ,states4 ,questions4--,when was war declared between the ,united ,states and ,spain8 ,what causes led up to this war8 ,why did ,dewey have to leave ,hong-,kong harbor8 ,what were his orders8 ,how did he carry them out8 ,when did ,manila surrender to the ,americans8 ,when did the first body of ,american troops arrive8 ,when was the treaty of peace signed8 ,what were the terms of that treaty relating to the ,philippine ,islands8 ,illustration ,chapter ,,xx4 ,,civil ,,government ,,for ,,the ,,philippines4 ,the ,united ,states is often spoken of as a free country4 ,its people are free because they have a voice in the making and upholding of their government4 ,there are strong laws in the land to protect their freedom4 ,no man and no state can be really free without such laws4 ,if a man would enjoy liberty1 and freedom from the power of evil1 he must obey the laws of goodness4 ,so a people must honor and uphold the laws of the state1 if the state is to be strong enough to protect their liberties4 ,we can easily see that if there were no laws1 and each man were free to do as he pleased1 no man's life or property would be safe4 ,every man would have to take care of himself1 and the land where such a condition existed would cease to be a civilized country4 ,laws are made for the protection of a people1 and without them there would be an end to liberty and progress4 ,for a great many years the government in the ,philippine ,islands was by force of arms4 ,it was not a government in which the people had any voice4 ,they were ruled by laws made by a power outside of themselves1 and often these laws were against their interests and welfare4 ,it is hard to make a people uphold such laws4 ,the government that tries to do this will always1 in the end1 have to call in force to its aid4 ,a government cannot long rule1 however1 by force alone4 ,even a military government1 to be successful1 must be based upon just laws4 ,it must recognize and uphold what is just and right4 ,at the beginning of ,american rule in these islands1 a good many reforms had to be made at once4 ,it was necessary to set the country in order1 so that business might go on1 justice might be done1 and safety insured to the people4 ,life and property were in danger1 and even among themselves the people hardly knew who were their friends and who were their foes4 ,the country needed wise1 just laws1 strongly upheld1 to bring about peace1 order1 and safety4 ,at that time a military rule was the best form of government to meet this need1 and military rule was therefore set up in the islands4 ,this government made many changes in the country4 ,courts were established1 and every effort was made to carry out the laws with justice to all4 ,many prisoners who had been for years wrongfully imprisoned were released from jail4 ,steps were taken at once to open schools where the children might be taught2 and many other reforms were made that1 in time1 will show good results in the country4 ,they are of a sort that will make this a much richer and happier land4 ,this is what the ,united ,states wishes to do4 ,it is a great and powerful nation1 and other nations expect it to build up a good government in these islands4 ,the government at ,washington has declared that the aim of ,american rule in the ,philippines is to prepare the people for self-government and to teach them what true liberty really is4 ,in ,january1 #ahii1 the ,president of the ,united ,states appointed a body of men wise in government to come to the ,philippine ,islands from ,america4 ,these men were to learn all that they could about the country and its people1 in order that they might recommend a just form of government for the country4 ,they had to find out what were the ideas of the ,filipino people in regard to government1 and to study the needs of the country1 before they could make any recommendations4 ,the commissioners came to ,manila early in ,april1 #ahii1 and began work at once4 ,they traveled about the country to see what it was like4 ,they held meetings in ,manila and elsewhere1 and invited leading ,filipinos to come and meet with them4 ,they did this in order to ask them about matters of interest to the country and its people4 ,they promised the people that just laws should be established in the country1 and the government is keeping that promise4 ,the members of the commission saw that good schools are a great need in the country4 ,an attempt was made to provide these at once1 and the commander of the army established a great many schools1 with soldiers as teachers4 ,it was seen1 however1 that to make the schools what the people needed would require experienced teachers4 ,these could not be provided immediately2 but a couple of years later hundreds of trained ,american teachers were brought to the islands4 ,in time1 when there are enough trained ,filipino teachers to carry on the work1 this country will have a school system as good as any in the world4 ,the ,american ,government has pledged itself to bring education to these islands1 and to see that the people have justice and fair treatment in all that touches their lives4 ,it will not cease its efforts until the ,filipinos are as able to maintain themselves securely in their rights and liberties as are the ,americans4 ,illustration3 ,,governor ,,william ,h4 ,,taft4 ,the president of the first ,philippine commission was the ,hon4 ,jacob ,schurman1 and this commission is known as the ,schurman ,commission4 ,the members did the work which they were sent here to do1 and made a full report to ,congress4 ,this report sets forth all that the commission had learned about the country4 ,the views of the ,filipinos who appeared before the commission are given in their own words1 which were written down at the time4 ,the report was printed1 in order that both ,filipinos and ,americans might know all that had been said and done4 ,in ,april1 #aijj1 a new commission was appointed to come to the islands and do further work4 ,this commission was known as the ,taft ,commission1 its president being the ,hon4 ,william ,h4 ,taft4 ,to its members was given the task of forming a government for the country4 ,a central government was set up in ,manila in ,september1 #aijj4 ,central government means the government for the whole country4 ,the government of provinces1 towns1 and barrios is called local government4 ,the local government is carried on by the provincial governors1 by presidentes1 alcaldes1 and lesser officers4 ,these have authority in their own districts1 subject to that of the central government4 ,the central government at ,manila was what is called a military government--that is1 the commander of the army in the islands was governor-general of the country4 ,he was the executive1 or officer whose business it is to execute1 or carry out1 the laws of a land4 ,as we have seen1 the government in ,spanish times was almost wholly a military government4 ,it was a different sort of military government1 however1 from that in which ,americans believe4 ,americans believe that even armed force is only for upholding the law4 ,it can never1 justly1 be law in itself4 ,the executive of a country is1 as we have said1 the official who executes the laws4 ,in the ,united ,states the ,president is the executive4 ,the laws are framed by men whom the people elect to do the work4 ,the men thus elected become what is called a legislative1 or law-making1 body4 ,the chief legislative body in the ,united ,states is ,congress4 ,when the central government was set up here in the ,philippines1 in ,september1 #aijj1 the executive1 or governor1 was ,major-,general ,mac,arthur1 commander of the army4 ,the ,taft ,commission acted as the legislative body1 and had1 as well1 some executive powers4 ,illustration3 ,,general ,,adna ,r4 ,,chaffee4 ,this government remained in force until ,july #d1 #aija4 ,at that time ,major-,general ,adna ,r4 ,chaffee succeeded ,major-,general ,mac,arthur as commander of the army1 and ,judge ,taft1 president of the commission1 was made governor of the islands4 ,all the authority formerly held by the military governor and the commission now passed to ,governor ,taft4 ,the new government was not military1 but civil4 ,under a civil government the law is maintained through the courts and police powers4 ,only when the country1 or a section of it1 is in a state of rebellion is the military power called upon to act4 ,even then it does not act for itself1 but as an arm of the civil government1 to carry out the laws4 ,the civil government in the ,philippines was set up ,july #d1 #aija1 the anniversary of ,american independence4 ,on that day ,governor ,taft was formally inaugurated1 or established1 in office4 ,september #a1 #aija1 three ,filipino members were added to the commission4 ,they were ,dr4 ,t4 ,h4 ,pardo de ,tavera and ,seor ,benito ,legardo1 of ,manila1 and ,seor ,jos ,luzuriaga1 of ,negros4 ,the ,american members1 besides ,president 7now ,governor7 ,taft1 were ,hon4 ,luke ,e4 ,wright1 ,hon4 ,henry ,c4 ,ide1 ,hon4 ,bernard ,moses1 and ,hon4 ,dean ,worcester4 ,besides carrying on the present government1 the commissioners were charged with the task of planning a permanent government for the islands4 ,to do this it was necessary to have the aid of ,filipino members1 and the gentlemen thus added to the commission were a great help to the ,americans in drawing up a form of government suitable to the country4 ,the plan which has been made and submitted to ,congress is somewhat as follows3 ,there should be a governor and four heads of departments4 ,these should be appointed by the ,president of the ,united ,states4 ,there should also be a body to be called the ,executive ,council4 ,this council would be made up of the governor1 the four heads of departments1 and four other members1 to be appointed by the ,president4 ,members of the council should be both ,filipinos and ,americans4 ,besides the council there should be an assembly1 of not more than thirty representatives1 all to be elected by the ,filipino people4 ,the members of this assembly should serve for two years4 ,under such a government the ,executive ,council and the ,assembly would have the power to elect two delegates to represent the interests of the islands and of the ,filipino people before ,congress4 ,these delegates would be residents of the islands4 ,such a system would give the ,filipino people what is called a representative government--that is1 they would have a voice in making their own laws4 ,in time they would have just as much self-government as they could fit themselves for4 ,the report of the commission to ,congress recommends that such a government be begun here ,january #a1 #aijd4 ,if this is done1 the success of the government must depend to a great extent upon the efforts and faithfulness of the ,filipino people themselves4 ,summary4--,at the beginning of ,american rule in the ,philippines1 the government was military4 ,the commander of the army in the islands was also governor-general4 ,in ,january1 #ahii1 the ,president of the ,united ,states appointed a commission to come to the archipelago and study the country4 ,this commission is known as the ,schurman ,commission4 ,the commissioners came to ,manila early in ,april1 #ahii4 ,they held meetings in ,manila and elsewhere1 and invited leading ,filipinos to come and talk with them on matters of government and the needs of the country4 ,they spent the year in learning all that they could about the islands1 and then made a report to ,congress4 ,during this year1 schools were opened in many parts of the archipelago1 and certain needed reforms were made in the courts4 ,in ,april1 #aijj1 a new commission1 known as the ,taft ,commission1 was appointed4 ,it was charged with the task of forming a government for the country4 ,the government continued for another year to be military1 but on ,july #d1 #aija1 civil government was set up1 and ,hon4 ,william ,h4 ,taft1 president of the commission1 became the first civil governor4 ,three ,filipino members were added to the commission the following ,september4 ,the civil government proceeded to draw up plans for a permanent government in the islands1 and submitted them to the ,president and ,congress4 ,questions4--,why is the ,united ,states often called a free country8 ,why can there be no real liberty where there is no law8 ,what are some of the changes ,americans have made in this country8 ,when was the first ,philippine commission appointed8 ,what did it do8 ,what was the second commission called8 ,what sort of government was established here in ,september1 #aijj8 ,when was the civil government begun8 ,who was made first civil governor8 ,when were the first ,filipino commissioners appointed8 ,how does the form of government recommended by the commission give the ,filipinos a voice in making their own laws8 ,illustration ,chapter ,,xxi4 ,,physical ,,geography ,,of ,,the ,,archipelago4 ,one of the things which history should teach us is how to make the future better than the past has been4 ,history teaches people about the brave deeds done by their ancestors1 and about what has been suffered for the good of the land by those who have passed away4 ,it is well for a people to consider from time to time what manner of country theirs has been4 ,only by doing this can they know how to serve its interests1 and to secure for it the best future that is possible4 ,for the ,philippine ,islands a very bright future may be hoped4 ,how soon prosperity and happiness will come to the country depends1 however1 more largely upon its own people than upon any outside influence4 ,the ,americans in the ,philippines can only advise and teach2 the actual work of building up the country1 and of making it a power in the ,orient1 must be done by the ,filipinos4 ,let us take a look at the country as it is to-day1 and learn something of its nature and of its resources4 ,of all the islands1 ,luzon is the largest1 and1 at the present time1 the most important4 ,it is a delightful place1 with lofty mountains1 fertile plains1 and beautiful rivers4 ,but beautiful as it is to-day1 it possesses possibilities which1 if developed1 will make it indeed what the ,spanish were wont so proudly to call it1 8the ,pearl of the ,orient40 ,on the west coast of ,luzon are two important bays1 ,lingayen 7lin g n7 and ,manila1 with several smaller ones1 as ,subig 7sbig71 ,balayan 7b ln71 ,batangas1 and ,tyabas1 on the west and south4 ,on the northern side most of the great mountain ranges sweep down to the sea1 sending out spurs of land that form little coves or harbors2 while on the south coast lies the safely sheltered harbor of ,sorsogon 7sr s gn74 ,the mountains in the western part of the island are broken up into practically three ranges1 none more than thirty or forty miles long1 and all known by one name1 ,sierra de ,ilocos 7s er d lcos74 ,short spurs of hills run out from all these1 so that there is very little level land in this section4 ,a plain of small extent lies about ,vigan 7v gn71 and there is also the valley of the ,abra 7br71 which is long and narrow4 ,east of the central cordillera and stretching out toward the ,sierra ,madres 7mdrs7 hills1 is a beautiful valley over a hundred miles long1 and in some parts very wide4 ,through it runs the ,rio ,grande de ,cagayan 7k g n71 with several smaller streams emptying into it4 ,here is some of the best tobacco land in the country1 and tobacco is about the only crop raised4 ,it was made the main crop during the years of government monopoly1 so that the cultivation of rice1 of cocoa1 and of all the native products was driven out4 ,this has been a great misfortune to the country4 ,the land is adapted to a variety of crops4 ,it is rich and fertile1 and could be made to raise nearly all the food crops needed by its inhabitants4 ,the people have come1 however1 to depend entirely upon one crop1 and in years when the tobacco crop fails there is great need in the country4 ,another great valley1 the finest and richest in ,luzon1 stretches from the bay of ,lingayen to ,manila ,bay4 ,it has some #c1jjj square miles of fine farming land4 ,the provinces of ,pangasinan1 ,tarlac1 ,nueva ,ecija1 ,pampanga1 and ,manila lie in this valley4 ,it is a well watered region4 ,the ,rio ,grande1 the ,chico1 the ,agno1 and the ,dagupan rivers flow through it1 besides numerous smaller streams4 ,in the central part of the plain rises ,mount ,arayat 7 r t71 a volcanic mountain which in a clear day can be seen from ,manila4 ,it is claimed that this mountain rose suddenly from the plain in a single night1 during some earthquake disturbance in the year #agjj4 ,we find this statement made in apparent good faith by some scientific authorities4 ,we know that the mountain is of volcanic origin1 and that it was formed only a few hundred years ago2 but there is no reliable record of when it made its appearance1 or of how long it was in forming4 ,southward1 in ,batangas ,province1 is ,lake ,bombon4 ,in the middle of this lake is ,taal volcano1 whose many eruptions have in times past worked destruction in that neighborhood4 ,the lake1 also1 is of volcanic origin4 ,there must once have been a great mountain here1 which sank during some upheaval1 forming the lake and the present volcano of ,taal4 ,the country all about the lake is very fertile1 and under good cultivation4 ,the principal crop there is coffee1 of which an excellent quality is grown2 and formerly it was produced in very great quantities4 ,rice1 ,indian corn1 cotton1 and all kinds of vegetables common to the tropics1 grow there in great abundance4 ,these can be made a source of profit in supplying the markets of ,manila4 ,there is a great deal of alum about ,taal volcano1 and it is said that a good quality of iron is found in the mountains of this province4 ,in ,laguna ,province is ,bay 7b7 ,lake1 or ,laguna de ,bay4 ,this is a body of fresh water1 with an outlet by the ,pasig ,river1 which flows down to ,manila ,bay4 ,light draft steamers run up the ,pasig and through the lake1 and on this beautiful waterway is a constant throng of craft1 going up and down with produce for the different ports4 ,there is very fine timber in the island of ,luzon1 particularly in ,tayabas1 ,camarines ,norte1 and ,ilocos ,norte4 ,some gold has been found in the mountains about these provinces1 and specimens of many other minerals have been brought to ,manila4 ,in ,camarines ,sur lies the valley of the ,vigan1 in which are several small lakes4 ,there are large rice fields here1 and the quality of the rice is very fine4 ,large quantities of it are sent to ,manila4 ,one of the richest and most fertile parts of the whole island is ,albay 7l b7 ,province1 in the southeastern corner4 ,this is a particularly beautiful part of the island4 ,here is ,mayon volcano1 which is called by scientists the most beautiful volcano in the world4 ,it is the most perfectly formed and symmetrical1 but it is no more desirable a neighbor than are volcanoes anywhere4 ,in past years it has wrought great destruction in the country1 but of late has been quiet1 and seems to be on its good behavior4 ,illustration3 ,,mayon ,,volcano4 ,the rich volcanic soil of this district will produce almost anything that can be made to grow in a tropical country4 ,very fine hemp grows here1 probably the best that the islands produce4 ,cocoa1 coffee1 sugar1 and rice all do well4 ,cocoanuts1 bananas1 all the fruits and vegetables of the islands1 grow in ,albay1 with scarcely any cultivation4 ,the climate is mild1 and very healthful1 and near ,tibi are hot sulphur springs which are said to cure rheumatism and numerous other ills4 ,the most important of the smaller islands lying out from ,luzon are ,mindoro 7mn dr7 and ,masbate 7ms bt74 ,these are small and very mountainous4 ,mindoro is deeply wooded1 but only a little is known of the interior of the island4 ,the great bay of ,manila is twenty miles long and thirty-two miles wide4 ,it has a depth in some places of seventy feet4 ,it is entered by two channels1 one on either side of ,corregidor ,island4 ,the main one is called the ,boca ,grande 7bk grnd72 the other1 which is smaller1 the ,boca ,chica 7bk chk74 ,the bay is so large that it is more like an inland sea than a bay2 in fact1 it is too large to afford secure anchorage for vessels during great storms4 ,the ,visayas form the second large division of the ,philippine archipelago4 ,this is a group of islands1 six in number1 which lie between ,luzon and ,mindanao4 ,they are very thickly populated4 ,the ,visayan people seem almost a distinct race--different from those of ,luzon1 and from their neighbors of ,mindanao4 ,they speak a language of their own1 and are inclined to regard themselves as a separate people4 ,now that new conditions prevail in the islands1 and there is better communication between the ,visayas and ,luzon1 much of this feeling of separation among the people will probably soon be overcome4 ,it is to be hoped that it will be4 ,the people of the ,philippines must come to feel that they are one people1 with common interests1 and that all must work together to develop the whole country4 ,iloilo1 the principal city of the ,visayas1 is on the island of ,panay4 ,it is an open seaport1 and will in time become a very important city4 ,it was destroyed during the insurrection1 but is now rapidly building up again4 ,under good management it will some day be one of the main shipping centers of the archipelago4 ,illustration3 ,,weaving ,,jusi4 ,iloilo ,province is a great sugar and rice growing district4 ,it is1 besides1 noted for the fine fabrics which its people make4 ,this is the center for the manufacture of the cloth known as jusi4 ,the women manufacture also most exquisite pia cloth4 ,some of this is of so fine a quality that it has to be woven in closed rooms1 for the slightest breeze would serve to break the delicate threads of which it is made4 ,very beautiful silk and cotton goods are also made in this province4 ,since the ,american occupation there has come to be a large demand in ,america for these goods1 so that the people engaged in the industry are kept very busy4 ,the island of ,negros1 which lies to the southeast of ,panay1 is an important agricultural island4 ,a great deal of sugar is grown here1 and there is much wealth in the island4 ,many of the large sugar estates are owned by ,filipinos4 ,considerable modern machinery has been introduced into the island4 ,steel plows are in use1 and in many places sugar is manufactured by improved modern methods4 ,all of these things have helped to make ,negros very prosperous4 ,if the planters here would combine and introduce machinery for refining their own sugar they would come in time to an even greater measure of prosperity and independence than they now enjoy4 ,rice1 hemp1 and some tobacco are raised in ,negros1 and fine cocoanuts and bananas grow wild4 ,the island of ,cebu is little more than the top of a mountain rising from the sea4 ,a good deal of historic interest centers here1 however4 ,the city of ,cebu was the first seat of ,spanish government1 and remained the capital of the archipelago until ,legaspi went to ,luzon and set up his government in ,manila4 ,cebu was made an open seaport by the ,spanish1 and although its exports are not large now1 when the resources of this island are developed the city will become an important shipping center4 ,there is a large ,malay population in the island4 ,there are no rivers or valleys2 the land is broken up into small farms1 and hemp is the principal crop4 ,the island produces also a good deal of copra and raw sugar1 and the people raise most of their own foodstuffs4 ,bohol1 ,leyte1 and ,samar are all volcanic islands4 ,they are mountainous1 and subject to frequent earthquakes and similar disturbances4 ,there is not much agricultural land in ,bohol1 and the soil is poor and thin2 but a good deal of hemp is raised1 and some cocoa4 ,the people are fishermen and sailors1 and earn their living from the sea4 ,although ,bohol is much smaller than ,cebu1 it has a larger population4 ,leyte ships more hemp than does any other of the ,visayan islands4 ,there are several good harbors on this island1 but ,tacloban is the chief shipping point4 ,very little is known of the interior of ,leyte1 for the country has not been developed4 ,samar is the largest of the ,visayan islands1 but has the smallest population4 ,it is a very mountainous country1 wind-swept and beaten upon by the sea4 ,it lies directly in the track of the northeast monsoons1 which visit it with great fury4 ,its chief port1 ,catbalogan1 is well sheltered and a safe harbor4 ,between the north of ,samar and the southern end of ,luzon lies the famous ,strait of ,san ,bernardino4 ,this is one of the principal entrances into the archipelago from the ,pacific ,ocean4 ,it has been the scene of many a famous sea battle1 for here the ,dutch and the ,english ships used to lie in wait for the galleons of ,spain which brought treasure from ,mexico to the ,philippines and carried out rich freights for ,acapulco4 ,next in size to ,luzon is the island of ,mindanao4 ,it was on the north coast of this island that ,magellan made his first landing in the ,philippines4 ,there are four great mountain ranges in ,mindanao1 with many high peaks4 ,the island is rich in vast forests1 and some day the world will draw its main supply of fine building lumber from them4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,falls ,,of ,,botocan ,,in ,,luzon4 ,although ,mindanao is of volcanic formation1 and has even within historic times undergone great changes1 there is only one active volcano in the island4 ,this is ,mount ,apo 7p71 a few miles from the coast of ,davao 7d v7 ,gulf4 ,the mountain has three peaks4 ,the top is covered with sulphur1 which sometimes gleams white as snow in the sunshine and at other times makes ,apo look like a mountain of gold4 ,there are a number of fine rivers and lakes on ,mindanao4 ,the best port in the island is ,balanag 7b l-ng71 in the ,gulf of ,davao4 ,the harbor of ,zamboanga is very good1 and there is a still better harbor at ,lindangan 7ln dngn74 ,nowhere on the island1 however1 are there such sheltered harbors as are found on the southern coast of ,luzon4 ,very few storms visit this part of the archipelago4 ,the typhoons only touch one corner of it in the far northeast4 ,the climate of ,mindanao is more healthful than it has in the past been supposed to be4 ,the soil is very rich and fertile1 and almost any tropical crop can be readily grown there4 ,hemp1 sugar-cane1 tobacco1 coffee1 cocoa1 rice1 ,indian corn1 and many other things are raised1 and all do well2 but the island is backward as regards development4 ,no serious attempt has ever been made to build up its agriculture or its commerce4 ,there are many tribes living among its mountains whose names1 even1 are not known to the civilized people of the archipelago4 ,there are few ,malays in ,mindanao1 and their manufactures and industries have never been encouraged4 ,some gold has been found in the hills1 and silver is plentiful4 ,coal has also been discovered in the mountains4 ,it is likely1 however1 that when ,mindanao is opened up and its resources are better known1 it will be found that its wealth consists less in minerals than in vegetable growths4 ,we already know that the vegetation of the island1 little as it has been developed1 surpasses that of ,luzon and the ,visayas4 ,the soil is of excellent quality1 and the rains are so abundant and the climate is so favorable that the entire island is covered with vegetation4 ,in the forests are found ,india rubber vines1 mahogany1 ironwood1 teak1 ebony1 and other trees of great value4 ,there are immense tangles of bamboo and rattan2 hemp and banana trees grow well1 and cloves1 nutmegs1 and cinnamon4 ,this great island is divided into seven districts--,zamboanga1 ,misamis1 ,suragao 7s r g71 ,davao1 ,cottabato 7kot t bt71 ,basilan 7bs ln71 and ,lanay 7ln 74 ,although the population is small in comparison with the great extent of the island1 seventeen different dialects are spoken among its people4 ,zamboanga is the capital town of ,mindanao4 ,it has a good port1 although somewhat open to the sea1 and in the river ,masdong1 three miles to the southeast1 is safe anchorage1 protected from all winds4 ,south of ,mindanao lies the ,sulu archipelago4 ,it is made up of four groups4 ,the population of this archipelago is estimated at between #bj1jjj and #cj1jjj2 but so very little is known about it that this estimate is not likely to be correct4 ,jol1 the capital city1 on the island of ,sulu1 is the residence of the sultans4 ,it is a beautiful town1 clean and well-kept4 ,it has a good port1 and a line of steamers runs direct from ,jol to ,singapore1 and another to ,manila4 ,the vegetation of this archipelago is very like that of ,mindanao4 ,there is abundance of teak1 mahogany1 cedar1 and other highly prized woods4 ,horses1 cattle1 buffaloes1 and goats are plentiful4 ,the people of ,jol manufacture fine knives and chisels4 ,the pearl fisheries of the archipelago are also very important4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,river ,,scene ,,on ,,the ,,island ,,of ,,luzon4 ,lying far off to the west1 with the ,sulu ,sea on one side and the ,china ,sea on the other1 with ,borneo on the south and the island of ,mindoco to the north1 is the long1 narrow island of ,palaan 7pl -wn74 ,the ,spanish called it ,paragua 7pra gw74 ,this island is inhabited chiefly by the wild tribes4 ,there are some #aj1jjj or more of the native ,christian population1 and perhaps #aj1jjj ,moros4 ,palaan1 on account of its geographical position1 is very important to the archipelago4 ,it will become important also from a commercial point of view1 as it forms1 with the island ,balabac 7bl bk71 the ,strait of ,balabac4 ,at certain times of the year sailing vessels are compelled to pass through this strait to enter the archipelago4 ,the rattan grown in this island is very fine4 ,it is the best that comes to ,manila1 and the trade in it is enormous4 ,the tree from which gum mastic is obtained grows there in great abundance1 as well as other trees producing resin4 ,the island has fine pasture lands1 with large numbers of cattle1 carabao1 goats1 and wild hogs2 and there are found the famous edible birds' nests so much prized by the ,chinese that they sometimes pay for them twice their weight in silver4 ,the island has not been very well explored1 but it is said to be rich in minerals4 ,south of ,palaan lies the little island of ,balabac4 ,it is only thirty-six miles long and eight or ten wide1 with a population of #c1jjj or #d1jjj4 ,its only town is ,balabac4 ,its forest growths are like those of ,palaan1 and there is said to be an abundant deposit of coal there4 ,questions4--,name some of the principal rivers of ,luzon4 ,where is the best tobacco land in this island8 ,where does the finest hemp grow8 ,what minerals are found on ,luzon8 ,where is ,laguna de ,bay8 ,what is its outlet8 ,where on ,luzon is the best timber found8 ,how large is ,manila ,bay8 ,what are the ,visayas8 ,what is the principal city of this group8 ,where is it8 ,what are its manufactures8 ,what are the principal products of ,negros8 ,why is ,cebu of interest historically8 ,what is the principal crop on this island8 ,what sort of soil has ,bohol8 ,how do the people live there8 ,what is the principal crop on ,leyte8 ,what is its chief city8 ,which is the largest of the ,visayan islands8 ,how does its population compare with that of the other islands of the group8 ,what sort of country is it8 ,where is the ,strait of ,san ,bernardino8 ,why is it famous8 ,where is ,mindanao8 ,where1 on ,mindanao1 did ,magellan first land8 ,are there any active volcanos on the island8 ,what sort of climate has ,mindanao8 ,is it a well watered country8 ,what are its products8 ,what is its capital city8 ,has it any good harbors8 ,where is the ,sulu archipelago8 ,what is its capital city8 ,what sort of town is it8 ,what do the people manufacture8 ,where is ,palaan8 ,where is the ,strait of ,balabac8 ,why is this strait important8 ,where is the island of ,balabac8 ,illustration ,chapter ,,xxii4 ,,the ,,future4 ,we have now learned something of the different islands of the ,philippine archipelago and of the possibilities that lie in them4 ,much has been done in the past to make this country a source of income to the ,spanish crown2 much1 however1 remains to be done1 to make of the islands a country whose prosperity shall help the people themselves4 ,the wealth of a country is not to be estimated by the amount of its exports1 or by the number of its great buildings1 fine harbors1 or splendid cities4 ,a nation may have all of these while the people themselves are poor4 ,the ,united ,states is a great and rich nation1 not because of the value of its national possessions1 but because the great mass of the people are fairly well off4 ,there can be no real prosperity in a country unless the people themselves share it2 there can be no just government if that government is considered as something apart from the people4 ,the people must have a part in it before it can be a good government4 ,but before a people can take any real part in the government of a civilized land1 they must understand something of the principles on which good government is based4 ,they must know something of the world's history and of the government of other countries4 ,they must have a common language1 and must be a united people1 all ready to work for the common good4 ,that country can never prosper which is divided by a feeling of race difference1 or by jealousies that make hard feeling among its people4 ,it is because the ,united ,states has learned these things by experience that it has opened public schools in the ,philippine ,islands4 ,it seeks to have all the people learn ,english1 because only by means of a common language can the ,americans and the ,filipinos come to understand one another2 only by means of such a language can the different peoples among the ,philippines come into real harmony4 ,the time is coming1 too1 when ,english will be the language of the whole commercial world4 ,already the people of other great countries know that they must learn to speak it for business uses1 and it is taught as a matter of course in most of the schools of ,europe4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,cagayan ,,de ,,oro ,,river4 ,a people must have even more than a common language1 common interests1 and modern education1 to become a prosperous people4 ,not only must men be wise enough to take part in their own government1 but they must have control of the trades and industries and commercial ventures of their own land4 ,so long as the commercial business of a country is almost wholly carried on by foreigners1 that country will never become rich4 ,it is not meant by this that foreigners should not be allowed to do business in the country2 that is an idea which belongs to dark ages of the world's history4 ,but there should be no need for them in the country4 ,the people should have such patriotic pride in the welfare of their own land as to conduct its business themselves4 ,nevertheless1 wherever there is a demand for anything in the commercial world1 there will surely1 in time1 be a supply4 ,there must be merchants in the ,philippine ,islands4 ,there must be tradesmen1 artisans1 mechanics1 workers in wood1 iron1 and leather1 and followers of the arts and crafts known to civilization4 ,if the ,filipino people do not take up these lines of work1 and carry them out well and wisely1 outsiders will come in and monopolize them4 ,they have already come to the archipelago4 ,moreover1 they will continue to come1 from ,china and ,japan1 from ,india and ,ceylon1 and from all the countries of ,europe1 if the people of the country do not themselves learn to take their places4 ,so long as the foreigners are here1 there will be nothing for the native people to do but to work as laborers1 or as clerks and servants4 ,the great resource of the ,philippine ,islands must always be agriculture4 ,when modern methods of farming are adopted here1 and modern machinery has taken the place of the wooden implements and the out-of-date tools now in use2 when we have large sugar mills and refineries in place of the small and primitive ones now here1 we shall see great progress made4 ,with peace in the country1 and good government making every man secure in his right to life1 liberty1 and the pursuit of happiness1 farm work will be very different here4 ,nearly the entire population of the archipelago ought then to draw a good living from the land4 ,when all the good land is brought under cultivation1 the crops raised in the islands ought to increase tenfold over what are now grown4 ,before much can be accomplished1 however1 a great deal of government work must be carried out4 ,this the ,americans have in view2 already some millions of dollars have been set aside by the civil government to make roads1 harbors1 and bridges1 and for public works of many sorts in the archipelago4 ,a day of hope seems opening1 not merely for the ,americans to whom the task has fallen of carrying on the work1 but for the whole ,filipino people4 ,they and the ,americans must work together to bring the promises of this day into full fruitage4 ,no word about the islands can be complete unless it touches upon the wonderful beauty of this country4 ,this is a great part of the good inheritance of the people4 ,it ought to quicken the pleasure and pride of every ,filipino in his beautiful land4 ,its lofty mountains1 its lovely plains and noble rivers1 the rich verdure that clothes the country1 all go to make up beautiful pictures everywhere4 ,there is much that can and must be done to make the cities and towns more fit and beautiful places for people to live in2 but for the outside country nature has done great things4 ,the banana plants and the nipa and cocoanut palms are beautiful as well as useful4 ,so are the great mango trees and the fields of growing rice4 ,in all nature there is nothing more graceful than the giant bamboos that grow by every stream4 ,their beauty is of a very perfect sort4 ,this plant does more than delight the eye2 of all tropical growths it is the most useful to man4 ,in a little composition which was written by a ,chinese schoolboy in his own country1 a fine account is given of the many uses to which the bamboo can be put4 ,he says3 ,illustration3 ,,manila ,,schoolboys4 8,we have a bamboo hedge in our grounds1 and nothing could be better4 ,i am writing with a bamboo-handled pencil2 ,i have seen bamboo masts on vessels4 ,on the whole1 the bamboo is one of the most precious possessions of ,china4 ,its tapering stalks supply joists for houses1 ribs for sails1 shafts for spars1 tubes and buckets for water1 fishing-rods1 and the handles and ribs of our fans4 ,the great bamboo1 split1 makes an excellent roof4 ,rafts are made of the bamboo2 baskets are woven of it4 ,the ,chinaman sits in a bamboo chair at a bamboo table2 and he may rest himself1 in the heat of the day1 beneath the bamboo tree1 with a bamboo hat upon his head4 ,when ,i have been all about the edges of the world1 and have seen all kinds of strange people1 ,i ask nothing better than to come back home and sit under the shade of a bamboo veranda1 and when my life is finished1 to go to heaven from a bamboo bed40 ,to how many other uses than even these do the ,filipino people put bamboo6 ,they make the sails of ships from it2 they build bridges of it2 boats1 rafts1 water-pipes1 scaffolds for building houses1 and all kinds of baskets and furniture4 ,indeed this plant1 with the ,india rubber plant and the bijuca1 would enable almost any ,filipino to build and furnish a house that would answer all the needs of the climate4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we have now studied the main facts in the history of these islands4 ,the ,story of the ,philippines has many sad chapters1 but there need be no more such4 ,the ,filipino people have been patient under trial4 ,they have been forbearing through much injustice and misrule4 ,they have been brave and patriotic always4 ,now we may hope that a new day has dawned upon the land4 ,what this day will bring forth depends1 to a great extent1 upon the ,filipino boys and girls who are now growing up4 ,they must learn to be good citizens4 ,they must be able1 when they are men and women1 to take a wise part in governing the country4 ,the night before ,jos ,rizal was shot1 he said to a friend3 8,what is death to me8 ,i have sown2 others are left to reap40 ,rizal would have been glad to see this new day4 ,he would have been glad to see schoolhouses opening everywhere in the country1 for he knew that knowledge is power4 ,the seeds which he helped to sow are those of liberty1 justice1 and peace4 ,the ,filipino people must be wise enough to cherish these seeds into strong1 healthy growth4 ,if they do this the country will surely reap the harvest which he foresaw1 of peaceful days1 full of hope and happiness4 ,,index4 ,acua1 ,bravo de1 #ga4 ,aetas1 #dd4 ,agriculture1 #bci4 ,aguinaldo1 ,emilio1 #ahd1 #aid1 #aif1 #bjg4 ,albay ,province1 #bbd4 ,alexander ,,vi41 ,pope1 #cc4 ,alfonso ,,xii4 of ,spain1 #afg4 ,alum1 #bbd4 ,american1 fleet1 #bjd2 occupation1 #bjc2 ,revolution1 #ace2 teachers1 #bad1 #bae4 ,anda1 ,simon de1 #abj-abb1 #abf4 ,apo1 ,mount1 #bca4 ,arandia1 ,pedro de1 #ajc1 #aje1 #aji1 #aab1 #aac4 ,arayat1 ,mount1 #bbc4 ,archbishopric of ,manila created1 #fe4 ,arsenal1 ,cavite1 #afe1 #bje1 #bjf4 ,artillery regiment1 ,spanish1 #afd4 ,assembly1 ,filipino1 recommended1 #bah1 #bai4 ,augusti1 ,governor-,general1 #bja1 #bjf4 ,augustines1 #cj1 #fd1 #abe4 ,azaldegin1 ,general ,lopez1 #he1 #hf4 ,balabac1 #bcd4 ,balanguengui ,islands1 #aeb4 ,balboa1 #ad1 #ag4 ,bamboo1 #bcb1 #bda1 #bdb4 ,bandits1 #aeg1 #aeh4 ,barbosa1 ,captain ,duarte1 #bc4 ,barcelona1 #agc4 ,bautista1 ,fray ,pedro1 #fg4 ,biac-na-'bato1 #aie2 treaty of1 #aif1 #bjj4 ,birds' nests1 edible1 #bcd4 ,bishop of ,manila1 #fc-fe4 ,blanco1 ,governor-,general1 #agc1 #aha1 #ahc1 #ahd1 #ahf4 ,bohol1 #bbi4 ,bombon1 ,lake1 #aaa1 #bbc4 ,boston1 ,u4 ,s4 cruiser1 #bje4 ,bridge of ,spain1 #bc1 #afd1 #aga4 ,british in ,manila1 #aag-abb4 ,burgos1 ,dr4 ,jos1 #afc1 #afd1 #ahj4 ,butuan1 chief of1 #ai1 #ba1 #bc4 ,cabeza de barangay1 #fb4 ,cable cut1 #bjf4 ,calle de ,camba1 massacre of1 #aii4 ,canary ,islands1 #af4 ,cacao1 #bje4 ,caraballo1 ,juan1 #be4 ,carabaos1 #aib1 #bcd4 ,castillo1 ,captain ,gregorio1 #ia4 ,cathedral1 ,manila1 #fg1 #ic1 #aef1 #aeg1 #aei4 ,cavite ,arsenal1 #afe1 #bje1 #bjf4 ,cavite1 insurrection of1 #afb1 #ahb4 ,cebu1 #bbh2 ,king ,charles ,i4 of1 #ba2 ,king ,tupas of1 #cb1 #cg2 raid on1 #bjj2 women of1 #aec4 8,cedula personal10 #afh1 #aic4 ,censorship of native books1 #aea4 ,chaffee1 ,major-,general1 #bag4 ,charles ,i41 ,king1 #ae1 #af1 #ai1 #ba4 ,china1 emperor of1 #ga4 ,chinese in ,manila1 #ef-ei1 #gb1 #aje1 #ajf1 #aee4 ,cholera in ,manila1 #ach1 #afh4 ,christina1 ,queen1 #adf4 ,church and ,state1 relations between1 #fb-fe1 #hi4 ,civil government1 ,american1 #bag2 ,spanish1 #aef4 ,claveria1 ,governor-,general1 #aeb4 ,coffee1 #bbd1 #bbe4 ,columbus1 #ac1 #ad4 ,commission1 ,schurman1 #bad1 #bae2 ,taft1 #baf1 #bag4 ,commissioners1 ,filipino1 #bah4 ,comparvano1 ,spanish ,minister1 #adg4 ,concepcion1 the1 #af1 #be4 ,congress1 #bag1 #bah4 ,constitution of #ahab1 #acf1 #ach1 #ahj4 ,corregidor ,island1 #bjf1 #bbf4 ,cortes1 de ,cadiz1 #ace1 #ahj2 ,spanish1 #ace1 #acf4 ,cotton1 #add4 ,cuba ceded to ,united ,states1 #bji4 ,cuesta1 ,filipino leader1 #aed4 ,dattos1 #dh4 ,davao ,gulf1 #bca4 ,del ,cano1 ,juan ,sebastian1 #bg1 #bi4 ,delegates to ,congress1 ,filipino1 #bai4 ,desmarinas1 ,gomez ,perez1 #fd1 #fe1 #fg2 ,luis ,perez1 #fh1 #gc4 ,dewey1 ,admiral ,george1 #bjd-bjg4 ,draper1 ,british general1 #aag1 #aai1 #aba4 ,dutch1 the1 #gd1 #ge1 #gf1 #bbi4 ,earthquakes1 #hd1 #aef1 #afg4 ,education1 #ach1 #bad1 #bcg4 8,el ,filibustero10 #agb4 ,english language1 #bcg4 ,executive1 #baf2 ,council1 #bah4 ,fajardo1 ,governor-,general1 #hd1 #he4 ,ferdinand ,,vii41 #acf4 ,fernate1 king of1 #fg4 ,filipino1 ,assembly1 #aei2 clergy1 #afb2 commissioners1 #bah2 people1 #dd1 #de1 #dh1 #bad4 ,folgueras1 ,governor-,general1 #adj4 ,foreigners in trade1 #ajc1 #acg1 #ade1 #bci4 ,forests1 #bcb1 #bcc4 ,forman1 ,john1 historian1 #ahg4 ,freemasons1 #afd4 ,friars1 #fd1 #hb1 #abe1 #adg1 #afb1 #afi1 #aga1 #agg1 #ahg4 ,galleons1 #ge1 #gf1 #ii-ajc1 #ace4 ,gil1 ,padre ,mariano1 #ahc4 ,goiti1 ,martin de1 #cf1 #ci1 #ed1 #eg1 #gj4 ,gold1 #bbd1 #bca4 ,gomez1 ,dr4 ,mariano1 #afd4 ,government1 central1 #baf2 civil1 #aef1 #bag2 form of1 recommended1 #bah4 ,guam1 #bji4 ,guardia ,civil1 #aeg1 #ahb1 #ahd1 #aii4 ,guzman1 ,don ,francisco ,tello de1 #fh4 ,head of a hundred1 #dh1 #fb4 ,hemp1 #bbe1 #bbh1 #bbi1 #bca1 #bcb4 ,history of ,philippines1 #baj1 #bba4 ,holland1 peace with1 #gg4 ,hot ,springs1 #bbf4 ,ide1 ,hon4 ,henry ,c41 #bah4 ,igorrote-,chinese1 #ei4 ,igorrotes1 #de1 #aab1 #aac1 #afh4 ,iloilo1 #bbg4 ,insurrection of ,cavite1 #afb1 #ahb4 ,see ,revolts4 ,iron1 #bbd4 ,isabella ,,ii41 #aeh1 #aei4 ,isla de ,cuba1 #bje4 ,isla de ,panay1 #agc4 ,islas ,filipinas1 named1 #bh4 ,jaena1 ,graciano ,lopez1 #afi1 #agj4 ,japan1 emperor of1 #fe1 #hb1 #aha4 ,jesuits1 #abf1 #aei1 #agg4 ,jol1 #aad1 #aec1 #bcb2 a ,moro of1 #dg4 ,jomohol1 #ah4 ,jusi weaving1 #bbg4 ,katipunan1 #ahj1 #aha1 #ahc4 ,kieman1 ,farranda1 #fe1 #ff4 ,king of the ,tagals1 the1 #adh1 #adi4 ,king's ,regiment1 the1 #aje1 #acg1 #adj1 #aff4 ,koxinga1 #ib-id4 ,lachambre1 ,general1 #ahg4 ,lacondola1 #cg-ci4 ,ladrone ,islands1 #ah1 #bji4 ,ladrones1 bands of1 #aih4 ,laguna de ,bay1 #bbd4 ,lara1 ,governor-,general1 #hh1 #ij4 ,la ,trinidad1 #af1 #ag4 ,lavazares1 ,governor-,general1 #eb1 #eg4 ,laws1 object of1 #bab4 ,legardo1 ,sr4 ,benito1 #bah4 ,legaspi1 ,miguel ,lopez de1 #ah1 #bh-dj1 #eb4 ,legaspi1 port of1 #afd4 ,legislative bodies1 #bag4 ,leyte1 port of1 #afd1 #bbi4 ,liberal ,party1 #ace1 #agj4 ,li-ma-hong1 #ed1 #ef-ei4 ,lingayen1 bay of1 #bbb4 ,llaneras1 ,general1 #aia4 ,louis ,philippe1 #adf1 #adg4 ,luneta1 the1 #cj1 #ahd4 ,luzon1 #cd1 #cg1 #acf1 #bbb4 ,mac,arthur1 ,major-,general1 #bag4 ,machinery1 improved1 #bbh4 ,mactan1 island of1 #ba4 ,magellan1 ,ferdinand1 #ad-bd1 #bbi2 ,straits of1 #ag1 #ai4 ,maine1 the1 #bjd4 ,malhon1 #ah4 ,malong's revolt1 #ia4 ,mandarins in ,manila1 #ga4 ,mango trees1 #bdj4 ,manila1 #acg1 #ade1 #bjg1 #bjh2 archbishopric of1 #fe2 cathedral1 #fg1 #ic1 #aef1 #aeg1 #aei4 ,manila ,bay1 #bjg1 #bbb1 #bbf2 battle of1 #bje4 ,marauit campaign1 #ahj4 ,martinez1 ,governor-,general1 #adj1 #adb4 ,masbate1 #bbf4 ,matanda1 ,rajah1 #cg4 ,maynila1 #cd1 #ch4 ,mayon volcano1 #afh1 #bbe4 ,mc,kinley1 ,president1 #baj4 ,merritt1 ,gen4 ,wesley1 #bjg4 ,mexico1 #gi1 #abh1 #acg2 ,high ,court of1 #eb4 ,military government1 #bac4 ,mindanao1 #ah1 #gj1 #bbi-bcb4 ,mindoro1 #bbf4 ,monet1 ,general1 #aib4 ,montjierat1 fortress of1 #agd4 ,montojo1 ,admiral1 #bjd1 #bje4 ,morga1 ,governor-,general1 #gj4 ,morgado1 ,capt4 ,alonzo1 #adb4 ,moriones1 ,governor-,general1 #afd1 #aff4 ,moro pirates1 #ga1 #id1 #ach1 #adb1 #aeb4 ,moros1 #df1 #dg1 #gj1 #ahj4 ,moses1 ,hon4 ,bernard1 #bah4 ,municipal school1 #aei4 ,native clergy1 #adg1 #afb1 #agg1 #aib4 ,navidad1 #bh1 #cj4 ,negritos1 #dd1 #ej4 ,negros1 #aeb1 #bbh4 8,nolle me ,tangere10 #agb4 ,normal school1 #aei4 ,norzagaray1 ,governor-,general1 #aed4 ,novales1 ,captain1 #adj4 ,nuevo ,segovia1 ,bishop of1 #aac4 ,nuez1 ,general1 #aib4 ,order of ,safety1 the1 #aeb4 ,outlaws1 #aee4 ,palaan1 #bcd4 ,pampangans1 revolt of1 #ia4 ,parado1 ,general ,gonzales1 #aha4 ,parian1 the1 #aef2 gate1 #aee1 #aef4 ,paris1 peace of1 #aba4 ,paterno1 ,sr4 ,pedro ,a41 #aid-aif4 ,peace1 ,commission1 #bjh2 of ,paris1 #aba2 treaty of1 #bjh-baj4 ,pearl fisheries1 #bcd4 ,philip ,,ii41 ,king1 #bh1 #bi1 #cj1 #fc1 #fh4 ,philip ,,iii41 ,king1 #fh4 ,pia cloth1 #bbg4 ,pirates1 ,chinese1 #ed-ei2 see ,moro4 ,polavieja1 ,governor-,general1 #agd1 #ahg1 #aia4 ,pope ,alexander ,,vi41 #cc4 ,porto ,rico1 #bjc1 #bji4 ,president of ,u4 ,s41 #bjd1 #bji1 #bad1 #baf1 #bah4 ,prisoners released by ,u4 ,s41 #bac4 ,problete1 ,archbishop1 #hi1 #if4 ,protocol of peace1 #bjh4 ,punta1 #bje4 ,raon1 ,governor-,general1 #abf4 8,real ,situado10 #ajc4 ,recoletos1 #agg4 ,reformers in ,spain1 #ade4 ,report of ,schurman ,commission1 #bae4 ,representative government1 #bai4 ,revolts-- ,sumoroy's1 #he1 #hf4 ,malong's1 #ia4 ,silan's1 #abd4 ,luzon1 #acf4 ,novales'1 #adj4 ,bohol1 #ade4 ,tayabas1 #adh4 ,tagal regiment1 #adh4 ,cuesta's1 #aed4 ,cavite1 #afb4 ,zamboanga1 #afd4 ,seventy-fourth ,regiment1 #aih4 ,reyes1 ,ventura de ,los1 #acf4 ,ricafort1 ,governor-,general1 #add1 #ade4 ,riccio1 friar-mandarin1 #ib-id4 ,rio de ,janeiro1 #af4 ,rivera1 ,governor-,general1 #afh1 #ahi1 #aia1 #aid1 #aig1 #bja4 ,rizal1 ,dr4 ,jos1 #agj-age1 #bdc2 his widow1 #agd4 ,roderigues1 ,estevan1 #gj4 ,rojo1 ,archbishop1 #aag1 #abj1 #abb4 ,royal dues1 #ajf4 ,st4 ,lazarus ,hospital1 #hc4 ,salazar1 ,archbishop1 #fe4 ,salazar1 ,simon de ,anda y1 #aag1 #abj-abb1 #abf4 ,salcedo1 ,governor-,general1 #if4 ,salcedo1 ,juan1 #cd-cg1 #ea1 #ec1 #ed1 #eh1 #ei1 #fa4 ,san ,antonio1 #af1 #ag4 ,san ,bernardino ,strait1 #bbi4 ,sanchez1 ,alonzo1 #fc4 ,sangley1 #bje4 ,san ,fausto ,chapel1 #dj4 ,san ,jos ,college1 #abf4 ,san ,juan del ,monte1 #ahb1 #ahc4 ,san ,lazarus ,islands1 #ai4 ,san ,lucar ,barrameda1 #af1 #bg4 ,santiago1 #af1 #ag4 ,santo ,tomos1 #abe4 ,schools in the ,philippines1 #ach1 #bac1 #bad1 #bcg4 ,schurman1 ,hon4 ,jacob1 #bae2 ,commission1 #bad4 ,secret societies1 #afd1 #agi4 ,self-government1 #aei1 #bac1 #bad4 ,sepoy troops1 #aah1 #abj4 ,serrano1 ,juan1 #bc4 ,seventy-fourth ,regiment1 revolt of the1 #aih4 ,silan1 revolt of1 #abd1 #abe4 ,silang1 battle of1 #agd4 ,sioco1 ,japanese pirate1 #eg4 ,soldiers as teachers1 #bad4 ,soler1 ,governor-,general1 #afh4 ,soliman1 chief of ,maynila1 #cf1 #ch1 #ci4 ,south ,pacific squadron1 #bjd4 ,spanish-,americans1 #add4 ,spanish ,cortes1 #ace1 #acf4 ,spanish1 fleet1 #bje2 friars1 #afb1 #afi1 #aga1 #agg1 #ahg2 troops1 #ahf1 #ahh4 ,steam gunboats1 #aeb4 ,steel plows1 #bbh4 ,strait1 of ,balabac1 #bcd2 of ,san ,bernardino1 #bbi4 ,students1 ,filipino1 #aed1 #afi1 #bda4 ,study of ,english1 #bcg4 ,sual1 #aif4 ,suez canal1 #afd4 ,sultan of ,sulu1 #aac1 #aae4 ,sulu archipelago1 #bcb4 ,sumoroy's revolt1 #he1 #hf4 ,supreme ,court1 #fa1 #fb1 #fh1 #aai1 #abj4 ,suragao1 #ah2 district1 #bcb4 ,taal1 town of1 destroyed1 #aaa2 volcano1 #aji1 #bbc4 ,tacloban1 #afd1 #bbi4 ,tagals1 #dh2 king of the1 #adh1 #adi4 ,taufer1 ,miss ,josephine1 #agd4 ,tavera1 ,dr4 ,pardo de1 #bah4 ,te ,deum sung in ,manila1 #aif4 ,tibi1 #bbf4 ,tobacco1 inspectors1 #acj2 land1 #bbb1 #bbh2 monopoly1 #abi1 #acj1 #acd1 #aee1 #afg4 ,torre1 ,governor-,general1 #aeh4 ,torre's guard1 #aeh4 ,trade1 #ii-ajg2 control of1 #ace2 restrictions on1 #gd1 #ajj1 #aja4 ,treaty of ,paris1 #aba2 of ,peace1 #bjh2 of ,trent1 #afb4 ,trent1 treaty of1 #afb4 ,trinidad1 ,la1 #af4 ,trinidad1 galleon captured by ,british1 #aah4 ,typhoons1 #bca4 ,united ,states1 #bjc-baj1 #bab1 #bad1 #baf1 #bcf4 ,uranus1 island steamer1 #aig4 ,urbiztondo1 ,governor-,general1 #aec4 ,urdaneta1 ,padre ,andres de1 #cj1 #cc1 #db4 ,valenzuela1 ,sancho1 #ahc4 ,vargas1 ,don ,jos1 ,basco y1 #abh1 #acj4 ,venenchillo1 ,fray ,francisco1 #aaa4 ,vicos1 #abe4 ,victoria1 #af1 #ag4 ,vigan1 #bbb1 #bbd4 ,villalobos1 ,ruy ,lopez de1 #bh4 ,visayans1 #dh4 ,visayas1 the1 #bbf4 ,war1 declaration of1 #bjc4 ,worcester1 ,hon4 ,dean1 #bah4 ,wright1 ,hon4 ,luke ,e41 #bah4 ,zamboanga1 #bca4 ,zamora1 ,dr4 ,jacinto1 #afd4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,the ,world and ,its ,people ,a series of geographical readers that describe the countries and the inhabitants of all parts of the world2 graded to suit the needs of young people from primary to high school age2 prepared by well-informed writers who combine entertainment with instruction2 and filled with a wealth of maps and illustrations3 a series of recognized value as a preparation for the regular text-books1 and a supplement to them4 ,book ,i4 ,,first ,,lessons ,edited by ,,larkin ,,dunton1 ,,ll4,d4 #afj pages #cf cents ,book ,,ii4 ,,glimpses ,,of ,,the ,,world ,edited by ,,larkin ,,dunton1 ,,ll4,d4 #afj pages #cf cents ,book ,,iii4 ,,our ,,own ,,country ,by ,,minna ,c4 ,,smith4 #bbb pages #ej cents ,book ,,iv4 ,,our ,,american ,,neighbors ,by ,,fannie ,e4 ,,coe4 #ccb pages #fj cents ,book ,v4 ,,modern ,,europe ,by ,,fannie ,e4 ,,coe4 #djd pages #fj cents ,book ,,vi4 ,,life ,,in ,,asia ,by ,,mary ,,cate ,,smith4 #ccd pages #fj cents ,book ,,vii4 ,,views ,,in ,,africa ,by ,,anna ,b4 ,,badlam4 #dej pages #gb cents ,book ,,viii4 ,,australia ,,and ,,the ,,islands ,,of ,,the ,,sea ,by ,,eva ,m4 ,c4 ,,kellogg4 #dej pages #fh cents ,book ,,ix4 ,,hawaii ,,and ,,its ,,people ,by ,,alexander ,s4 ,,twombly4 #chd pages #fh cents ,book ,x4 ,,the ,,south ,,american ,,republics ,by ,w4 ,,fisher ,,markwick and ,,william ,a4 ,,smith1 ,m4,a4 #cfb pages #fj cents ,the prices above indicated are for introduction ,silver1 ,burdett ,company ,publishers ,new ,york ,boston ,chicago ,illustration3 ,,philippine ,,islands ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,transcriber',s ,,notes #a4 ,silently corrected obvious typographical errors and variations in spelling4 #b4 ,retained archaic1 non-standard1 and uncertain spellings as printed4 #c4 ,enclosed italics font in underscores4 #d4 ,enclosed bold font in equals4