,transcrib]'s ,notes3 #a4 ** ,*9ese "*4 ** #b #b ,*9ese ,*>act]s1 etc4 #b4 ,items m>k$ w? an a/]isk 79973 ,pieces m5tion$ "h f ! ,briti% ,museum collection4 #c4 ,! items m>k$ ) two a/]isks 799997 are /at$ to h be5 copi$ f old specim5s 9 ! palace collections4 ,,*9ese ,,pott]y ,,& ,,porcela9 ,?is ,edition is limit$ to #aejj copies1 ( :i* ?is is ,no4 #ffi ,illu/ration3 ,cov]$ ,j> or ,poti*e1 pa9t$ ) col\r$ enamels on ! biscuit4 ,eight petal-%ap$ panels ) fl[]+ plants1 birds & insects on ! sides2 ) a b& ( small] petals bel[ enclos+ lotus fl[]s1 & bord]s ( r$ wave patt]n & floral sprays4 ,base unglaz$4 ,e>ly "p ( ! ,k'ang ,hsi p]iod 7#affb-agbb7 ,height #be in*es4 ,briti% ,museum4 ,,*9ese ,,pott]y ,,& ,,porcela9 ,,an ,,acc\nt ,,( ,,! ,,pott]',s ,,art ,,9 ,,*9a ,,f ,,primitive ,,times ,,to ,,! ,,pres5t ,,day ,,by ,r4 ,l4 ,,hobson1 ,b4,a4 ,assi/ant 9 ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,briti% & ,m$ival ,antiquities & ,e?nography1 ,briti% ,museum4 ,au?or ( ! 8,catalogne ( ! ,collection ( ,engli% ,pott]y 9 ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,briti% & ,m$ival ,antiquities ( ! ,briti% ,museum02 8,porcela93 ,ori5tal1 ,cont95tal1 & ,briti%02 8,worce/] ,porcela902 etc2 & ,jo9t ,au?or ( 8,m>ks on ,pott]y40 ,=ty ,plates1 9 ,col\r & ,n9ety-six 9 ,black & ,:ite ,,vol4 ,,ii ,m+ & ,*'+ ,porcela9 ,,cassell ,,& ,,company1 ,,ltd ,london1 ,new ,york1 ,toronto & ,melb\rne #aiae ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,,page #a4 ,,! ,,m+ ** ,,dyna/y1 #acfh-afdd ,a4,d4 #a #b4 ,,hs,,an ,t ** #b 7#adbf-adce7 #g #c4 ,,*',,ng ,,hua ** #b 7#adfe-adhg7 ,,& ,,o!r ,,reigns #bb #d4 ,,*ia ,,*+ ** #b 7#aebb-aeff7 ,,& ,,lung ,,*',,+ ** #b 7#aefg-aegb7 #cd #e4 ,,wan ,,li ** #b 7#aegc-afai7 ,,& ,,o!r ,,reigns #eh #f4 ,,! ,,te*nique ,,( ,,! ,,m+ ,,porcela9 #ia #g4 ,,miscellane\s ,,porcela9 ,,factories #ajg #h4 ,,! ,,*',,+ ** ,,dyna/y1 #afdd-aiaj #aag #i4 ,k',,ang ,,hsi ,,blue ,,& ,,:ite #abh #aj4 ,k',,ang ,,hsi ,,poly*rome ,,porcela9s #ade #aa4 ,k',,ang ,,hsi ,,mono*romes #agf #ab4 ,,yung ,,*,,ng ** #b ,,p]iod 7#agbc-agce7 #bjj #ac4 ,,*',,i5 ,,lung ** #b 7#agcf-agie7 #bbg #ad4 ,,european ,,influ5ces ,,9 ,,! ,,*',,+ ,,dyna/y #bej #ae4 ,,n9ete5? ,,c5tury ,,porcela9s #bfb #af4 ,,porcela9 ,,%apes ,,9 ,,! ,,*',,+ ,,dyna/y #bgb #ag4 ,,motives ,,( ,,! ,,decoration #bhj #ah4 ,,=g]ies ,,& ,,imitations #cjd ,,li/ ,,( ,,plates ,,cov]$ ,,j> ,,or ,,poti*e 7,col\r7 ,frontispiece ,pa9t$ ) col\r$ enamels on ! biscuit4 ,eight petal-%ap$ panels ) fl[]+ plants1 birds & insects on ! sides2 ) a b& ( small] petals bel[ enclos+ lotus fl[]s1 & bord]s ( r$ wave patt]n & floral sprays4 ,base unglaz$4 ,e>ly "p ( ! ,k'ang ,hsi p]iod 7#affb-agbb74 ,briti% ,museum4 ,,plate ,,fac+ ,,page #ei4 ,,:ite ,,egg%ell ,,porcela9 ,,b[l ,,) ,,imp]ial ,,dragons ,,fa9tly ,,trac$ ,,9 ,,:ite ,,slip ,,"u ,,! ,,glaze #d ,m>k ( ! ,yung ,lo p]iod 7#adjc-adbd71 incis$ 9 ! c5tre 9 ar*aic *>act]s4 ,fig4 #a4--;,ext]ior4 ,fig4 #b4--;,int]ior view4 ,briti% ,museum4 #fj4 ,,reput$ ,,hs,,an ,t ,,porcela9 #h ,fig4 #a4--;,flask ) blue decoration1 reput$ to be ,hsan ,t p]iod4 ,briti% ,museum4 ,fig4 #b4--;,bru% re/4 787 ,*ang ,*'i5 on a log raft2 p>tly biscuit4 ,inscrib$ ) a /anza ( v]se & ! ,hsan ,t m>k4 ,gr&idi] ,collection4 #fa4 ,,porcela9 ,,) san ts'ai ,,glazes ,,on ,,! ,,biscuit #h ,fig4 #a4--,w9e j> ) pi]c$ cas+1 ! ,taoi/ ,immortals pay+ c\rt to ! ,god ( ,longevity1 turquoise blue gr\nd4 ,fifte5? c5tury4,eumorfop\los ,collection4 ,fig4 #b4--,scre5 ) design 9 relief1 horsem5 on a m\nta9 pa?1 d>k blue gr\nd4 ,ab\t #aejj4 ,b5son ,collection4 #fb4 ,,b>rel-,,%ap$ ,,g>d5 ,,seat 7,col\r7 #af ,porcela9 ) col\r$ glazes on ! biscuit1 ! designs outl9$ 9 sl5d] fillets ( clay4 ,a lotus scroll betwe5 an upp] b& ( cl\ds & a l[] b& ( horses 9 fly+ gallop & sea waves4 ,lion-mask h&les4 ,ab\t #aejj ,a4,d4 ,briti% ,museum4 #fc4 ,,balu/] ,,vase #bd ,) designs 9 rais$ outl9e1 fill$ 9 ) col\r$ glazes on ! biscuit2 d>k violet blue backgr\nd4 ,ab\t #aejj4 ,gr&idi] ,collection 7,l\vre74 #fd4 ,,fifte5? ,,c5tury ,,poly*rome ,,porcela9 #bd ,fig4 #a4--,vase ) grey crackle & peony scrolls 9 blue & enamels4 ,*'ng ,hua m>k4 ,briti% ,museum4 ,fig4 #b4--,vase ) turquoise gr\nd & b&s ( floral patt]n & w+$ dragons incis$ 9 outl9e & col\r$ gre51 yell[ & aub]g9e4 ,s4 ,e4 ,k5n$y ,collection4 ,fig4 #c4--;,box ) b&s ( ju-i cl\ds & pi]c$ floral scrolls2 turquoise & yell[ glazes 9 d>k blue gr\nd4 ,gr&idi] ,collection4 #fe4 ,,m+ san ts'ai ,,porcela9 #bd ,fig4 #a4--,vase ) w+$ dragons1 san ts'ai glazes on ! biscuit1 d>k blue gr\nd4 ,d$icatory inscription on ! neck1 includ+ ! words 8,m+ ,dyna/y40 ,cloisonn h&les4 ,s4 ,e4 ,k5n$y ,collection4 ,fig4 #b4--;,figure ( ,kuan-y91 turquoise1 gre5 & aub]g9e glazes1 d>k blue rockwork4 ,fifte5? c5tury4 ,gr&idi] ,collection4 ,fig4 #c4--,vase ) lotus scrolls1 transp>5t glazes 9 ?ree col\rs4 ,late ,m+4 ,gr&idi] ,collection4 #ff4 ,,porcela9 ,,) ,,*,,ng ,t ,,m>k #cb ,fig4 #a4--,slop b[l ) full-face dragons hold+ %\ *>act]s1 9 und]glaze blue 9 a yell[ enamel gr\nd4 ,briti% ,museum4 ,fig4 #b4--,vase ) engrav$ cl\d designs 9 transp>5t col\r$ glazes on ! biscuit1 gre5 gr\nd4 ,*>t]is ,collection4 #fg4 ,,blue ,,& ,,:ite ,,porcela94 ,sixte5? ,c5tury #cb ,fig4 #a4--;,b[l ) ,hsan ,t m>k4 ,dresd5 ,collection4 ,fig4 #b4--;,cov]$ b[l ) fi% design4 ,dresd5 ,collection4 ,fig4 #c4--;,bottle1 peasant on ox4 ,eumorfop\los ,collection4 ,fig4 #d4--;,bottle ) lotus scrolls 9 mottl$ blue4 ,alex&] ,collection4 #fh4 ,,blue ,,& ,,:ite ,,porcela94 ,sixte5? ,c5tury #dj ,fig4 #a4--,p]fume vase1 lions & balls ( brocade4 ,v4 & ,a4 ,museum4 ,fig4 #b4--;,d\ble g\rd vase1 squ>e 9 ! l[] "p4 ,eight ,immortals pay+ c\rt to ! ,god ( ,longevity1 panels ( *ildr5 7wa wa74 ,eumorfop\los ,collection4 ,fig4 #c4--;,bottle ) m$allions ( *'i-l9 & incis$ fret patt]n betwe54 ,late ,m+4 ,halsey ,collection4 #fi4 ,,sixte5? ,,c5tury ,,porcela9 #dj ,fig4 #a4--;,b[l ( blue & :ite porcela9 ) silv] gilt m\nt ( ,elizabe?an p]iod4 ,briti% ,museum4 ,fig4 #b4--;,cov]$ j>1 pa9t$ 9 d>k und]glaze blue ) r$1 gre5 & yell[ enamels2 fi%es & wat] plants4 ,*ia ,*+ m>k4 ,s4 ,e4 ,k5n$y ,collection4 #gj4 ,,porcela9 ,,) ,,*ia ,,*+ ,,m>k #dj ,fig4 #a4--;,box ) incis$ ,imp]ial dragons & lotus scrolls2 turquoise & d>k violet glazes on ! biscuit4 ,v4 & ,a4 ,museum4 ,fig4 #b4--,vase ) ,imp]ial dragons 9 cl\ds1 pa9t$ 9 yell[ 9 an iron r$ gr\nd4 ,cologne ,museum4 #ga4 ,,sixte5? ,,c5tury ,,porcela9 #dj ,figs4 #a & #b4--,two ew]s 9 ! ,dresd5 ,collection1 ) transp>5t gre51 aub]g9e & turquoise glazes on ! biscuit1 traces ( gild+4 ,9 =m ( a phnix1 & ( a crayfi%4 ,fig4 #c4--;,b[l ) flight ( /orks 9 a lotus scroll1 enamels on ! biscuit1 gre51 aub]g9e & :ite 9 a yell[ gr\nd4 ,*ia ,*+ m>k4 ,alex&] ,collection4 #gb4 ,,vase ,,) ,,imp]ial ,,five-,,claw$ ,,dragons ,,9 ,,cl\d ,,scrolls ,,ov] ,,sea ,,waves 7,col\r7 #df ,b& ( lotus scrolls on ! %\ld]4 ,pa9t$ 9 d>k ,mohamm$an blue4 ,m>k on ! neck1 ( ! ,*ia ,*+ p]iod 7#aebb-aeff7 9 six *>act]s4 ,v4 ,a4 ,museum4 #gc4 ,,two ,,b[ls ,,) ,,! ,,*ia ,,*+ ,,m>k 7#aebb-aeff71 ,,) ,,designs ,,outl9$ ,,9 ,,br[n ,,& ,,wa%$ ,,9 ,,) ,,col\rs ,,9 ,,mono*rome ,,gr\nds 7,col\r7 #ej ,fig4 #a4--,) pea* sprays 9 a yell[ gr\nd4 ,alex&] ,collection4 ,fig4 #b4--,) phnixes 7f5g-huang7 fly+ among scrolls ( mu-tan peony4 ,cumb]bat* ,collection4 #gd4 ,,two ,,b[ls ,,) ,,gilt ,,designs ,,on ,a ,,mono*rome ,,gr\nd4 ,,probably ,,*ia ,,*+ ,,p]iod 7#aebb-aeff7 7,col\r7 #ed ,fig4 #a4--,) lotus scroll ) et*$ details on a gr\nd ( iron r$ 7fan hung7 outside4 ,inside is figure ( a man hold+ a bran* ( cassia1 a symbol ( lit]>y success1 pa9t$ 9 und]glaze blue4 ,m>k 9 blue1 tan kuei 7r$ cassia74 ,fig4 #b4--,) simil> design on gr\nd ( em]ald gre5 enamel4 ,m>k 9 blue 9 ! =m ( a co9 or ca% ) ! *>act]s *'ang m+ fu kuei 78long life1 ri*es & hon\rs074 #ge4 ,,m+ ,,porcela9 #fd ,fig4 #a4--,tripod ,b[l ) rais$ peony scrolls 9 enamel col\rs4 ,wan ,li m>k4 ,eumorfop\los ,collection4 ,fig4 #b4--;,blue & :ite ,b[l1 ,*ia ,*+ p]iod4 ,m>k1 ,wan ku *'ang *'un 78a myriad antiquities & endur+ spr+074 ,kun/gew]be ,museum1 ,b]l94 ,fig4 #c4--;,ew] ) :ite slip *'i-l9 on a blue gr\nd4 ,wan ,li p]iod4 ,eumorfop\los ,collection4 ,fig4 #d4--;,g\rd-%ap$ ,vase ) w+$ dragons & fairy fl[]s1 rais$ outl9es & col\r$ glazes on ! biscuit4 ,sixte5? c5tury4 ,salt+ ,collection4 #gf4 ,,blue ,,& ,,:ite ,,porcela94 ,sixte5? ,c5tury #fd ,fig4 #a4--,vase ) mon/] h&les1 ar*aic dragons4 ,halsey ,collection4 ,fig4 #b4--;,hexagonal ,bottle1 :ite 9 blue designs4 ,m>k1 a h>e4 ,alex&] ,collection4 ,fig4 #c4--;,bottle ) 8g>lic m\?10 /ork & lotus scrolls1 :ite 9 blue4 ,salt+ ,collection4 ,fig4 #d4--,vase 7mei p'+71 ,imp]ial dragon & scrolls4 ,wan ,li m>k on ! %\ld]4 ,colt>t ,collection4 #gg4 ,,two ,,examples ,,( ,,m+ ,,blue ,,& ,,:ite ,,porcela9 ,,9 ,,! ,,briti% ,,museum 7,col\r7 #gb ,fig4 #a4--;,ew] ( ?91 crisp porcela9 ) foliate m\? & ru/ic sp\t ) leaf atta*m5ts4 ,panels ( figure subjects & l&scapes on ! body3 8rat & v9e0 patt]n on ! neck & a b& ( hexagon diap] enclos+ a ca% symbol4 ,latt] half ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,fig4 #b4--,octagonal ,/&1 p]haps = arti/'s col\rs4 ,on ! sides are sc5es f ! life ( a sage4 ,bord]s ( ju-i patt]n & gadroons4 ,on ! top are lions sport+ ) brocade balls4 ,pa9t$ 9 deep ,mohamm$an blue4 ,m>k ( ! ,*ia ,*+ p]iod 7#aebb-aeff74 #gh4 ,,porcela9 ,,) ,,pi]c$ 7,,l+ ,,lung7 ,,designs ,,& ,,biscuit ,,reliefs4 ,late ,m+ #gd ,fig4 #a4--;,b[l ) ,eight ,immortals & pi]c$ swa/ika fret4 ,s4 ,e4 ,k5n$y ,collection4 ,fig4 #b4--;,b[l ) blue phnix m$allions1 pi]c$ trellis "w & *>act]s4 ,wan ,li m>k4 ,hippisley ,collection4 ,fig4 #c4--;,cov]$ ,b[l ) blue & :ite l&scapes & biscuit reliefs ( ,eight ,immortals4 ,gr&idi] ,collection4 #gi4 ,,wan ,,li ,,poly*rome ,,porcela9 #hj ,fig4 #a4--,vase 7mei p'+7 ) engrav$ design1 gre5 9 a yell[ gr\nd1 ,imp]ial dragons 9 cl\ds1 rocks & wave bord]4 ,wan ,li m>k4 ,briti% ,museum4 ,fig4 #b4--;,bottle ) pi]c$ cas+1 phnix design1 etc41 pa9t$ 9 und]glaze blue & enamels2 cloisonn enamel neck4 ,eumorfop\los ,collection4 ,fig4 #c4--;,cov]$ ,j>1 plum blossoms & symbols 9 a wave patt]n gr\nd1 col\r$ enamels 9 an aub]g9e backgr\nd4 ,briti% ,museum4 #hj4 ,,cov]$ ,,j> ,,or ,,poti*e 7,col\r7 #hd ,pa9t$ 9 iron r$ & gre5 enamels1 ) a family sc5e 9 a g>d51 & brocade bord]s ( ju-i patt]n1 peony scrolls1 etc4 ,sixte5? c5tury4 ,salt+ ,collection1 ,v4 ,a4 ,museum4 #ha4 ,,beak]-,,%ap$ ,,vase ,,( ,,bronze ,,=m 7,col\r7 #hh ,) dragon & phnix designs pa9t$ 9 und]glaze blue1 & r$1 gre5 & yell[ enamels3 backgr\nd ( fairy fl[]s 7pao hsiang hua7 & bord]s ( 8rock & wave0 patt]n4 ,m>k ( ! ,wan ,li p]iod 7#aegc-afai7 9 six *>act]s on ! neck4 ,an ,imp]ial piece4 ,briti% ,museum4 #hb4 ,,late ,,m+ ,,porcela9 #ij ,fig4 #a4--;,j> ( ,wan ,li p]iod1 enamell$4 ,m>k1 a h>e4 ,briti% ,museum4 ,fig4 #b4--;,b[l ) ,eight ,immortals 9 relief1 col\r$ glazes on ! biscuit4 ,eumorfop\los ,collection4 ,figs4 #c1 #d & #e4--;,blue & :ite porcela91 e>ly sev5te5? c5tury4 ,briti% ,museum4 #hc4 ,,vase #ij ,) blue & :ite decoration ( rock]y1 phnixes1 & fl[]+ %rubs4 ,f\nd 9 ,india4 ,late ,m+ p]iod4 ,halsey ,collection4 #hd4 ,,vase ,,( ,,balu/] ,,=m ,,) ,,small ,,m\? 7mei p'+74 7,col\r7 #if ,porcela9 ) col\r$ glazes on ! biscuit1 ! designs outl9$ 9 sl5d] fillets ( clay4 ,a meet+ ( sages 9 a l&scape b5ea? an anci5t p9e tree1 ! design above _! heads repres5t+ ! m\nta9 mi/4 ,on ! %\ld]s are l>ge ju-i %ap$ lappets enclos+ lotus sprays1 ) p5d5t jewels betwe52 fungus 7l+ *ih7 designs on ! neck4 ,yell[ glaze "u ! base4 ,a late example ( ?is /yle ( w>e1 probably sev5te5? c5tury4 ,salt+ ,collection1 ,v4 ,a4 ,museum4 #he4 ,,vase 7,col\r7 #ajd ,) crackl$ gre5i% grey glaze coat$ on ! ext]ior ) transp>5t apple gre5 enamel3 ! base unglaz$4 ,probably sixte5? c5tury4 ,briti% ,museum4 #hf4 ,,fuki5 ,,porcela94 ,m+ ,dyna/y #aab ,fig4 #a4--;,figure ( ,kuan-y9 ) boy att5dant4 ,ivory :ite4 ,eumorfop\los ,collection4 ,fig4 #b4--;,bottle ) prunus sprigs 9 relief1 ! glaze crackl$ all ov] & /a9$ a br[ni% t9t4 ,eumorfop\los ,collection4 ,fig4 #c4--;,figure ( ,bodhidh>ma cross+ ! ,yangtze on a re$4 ,ivory :ite4 ,salt+ ,collection1 ,v4 ,a4 ,museum4 #hg4 ,,ivory ,,:ite ,,fuki5 ,,porcela9 #aab ,fig4 #a4--,libation ,cup4 ,ab\t #agjj4 ,briti% ,museum4 ,fig4 #b4--;,cup ) sixte5? c5tury m\nt4 ,dresd5 ,collection4 ,fig4 #c4--;,inc5se ,vase & ,/&4 ,ab\t #agjj4 ,briti% ,museum4 #hh4 ,,two ,,examples ,,( ,,! ,,und]glaze ,,r$ 7*i hung7,,( ,,! ,k',,ang ,,hsi ,,p]iod 7#affb-agbb71 ,,sometimes ,,call$ lang yao4 7,col\r7 #abj ,fig4 #a4--;,bottle-%ap$ ,vase ( dagoba =m ) m9utely crackl$ sang-de-buf glaze ) passages ( *]ry r$4 ,! glaze ends 9 an ev5 roll %ort ( ! base rim1 & t "u ! base is /one-col\r$ & crackl$4 ,briti% ,museum4 ,fig4 #b4--;,bottle-%ap$ ,vase ) crackl$ und]glaze r$ ( deep cru%$ /rawb]ry t9t4 ,! glaze "u ! base is pale gre5 crackl$4 ,alex&] ,collection4 #hi4 ,,?ree ,,examples ,,( ,k',,ang ,,hsi ,,blue ,,& ,,:ite ,,porcela9 ,,9 ,,! ,,briti% ,,museum 7,col\r7 #acb ,fig4 #a4--;,ew] ) leaf-%ap$ panels ( floral arabesques1 :ite 9 blue1 enclos$ by a mosaic patt]n 9 blue & :ite3 /iff planta9 leaves on ! neck & cov]4 ,silv] m\nt ) ?umb-piece4 ,fig4 #b4--;,deep ,b[l ) cov]1 pa9t$ ) 8tig]-lily0 scrolls4 ,m>k1 a leaf4 ,fig4 #c4--,spr9kl] ) panels ( lotus arabesques1 :ite 9 blue1 & ju-i %ap$ bord] patt]ns4 ,a diap] ( small blossoms on ! neck4 ,m>k1 a leaf4 #ij4 ,,cov]$ ,,j> ,,= ,,new ,,ye> ,,gifts 7,col\r7 #ach ,) design ( blossom+ prunus 7mei hua7 sprays 9 a gr\nd ( deep sapphire blue :i* is reticulat$ ) l9es sugge/+ ice cracks2 d5tate bord] on ! %\ld]s4 ,v4 ,a4 ,museum4 #ia4 ,,blue ,,& ,,:ite ,k',,ang ,,hsi ,,porcela9 #adb ,fig4 #a4--,triple ,g\rd ,vase1 :ite 9 blue designs ( ar*aic dragons & scrolls ( season fl[]s4 ,dresd5 ,collection4 ,fig4 #b4--;,beak]1 :ite magnolia design slightly rais$1 ) blue backgr\nd4 ,briti% ,museum4 ,fig4 #c4--8;,gr5adi] ,vase10 panels ) ! ,p>agons ( ,filial ,piety4 ,dresd5 ,collection4 #ib4 ,,blue ,,& ,,:ite ,k',,ang ,,hsi ,,porcela9 #adb ,fig4 #a4--,spr9kl] ) lotus design4 ,briti% ,museum4 ,fig4 #b4--;,bottle ) biscuit h&les1 design ( graceful ladies 7mei jn74 ,fitzwilliam ,museum 7=m]ly ,d4 ,g4 ,rossetti ,collection74 ,fig4 #c4--;,bottle ) h&les copi$ f ,v5etian glass4 ,briti% ,museum4 #ic4 ,,blue ,,& ,,:ite ,,porcela9 #adb ,fig4 #a4--,tazza ) ,sanskrit *>act]s4 ,*'i5 ,lung m>k4 ,briti% ,museum4 ,fig4 #b4--,wat] ,pot1 butt]fly & fl[]s1 /eatitic porcela94 ,wan ,li m>k4 ,eumorfop\los ,collection4 ,fig4 #c4--;,b[l1 /eatitic porcela94 ,immortals on a log raft4 ,k'ang ,hsi p]iod4 ,briti% ,museum4 #id4 ,,porcela9 ,,decorat$ ,,9 ,,enamels ,,on ,,! ,,biscuit #adb ,fig4 #a4--;,ew] 9 =m ( ! "* ,%\ 7,longevity72 blue & :ite panel ) figure designs4 ,e>ly ,k'ang ,hsi p]iod4 ,salt+ ,collection4 ,fig4 #b4--;,ink ,palette1 dat$ #ca/ ye> ( ,k'ang ,hsi 7#afib ,a4,d474 ,briti% ,museum4 #ie4 ,,two ,,examples ,,( ,,porcela91 ,,pa9t$ ,,) ,,col\r$ ,,enamels ,,on ,,! ,,biscuit1 ,,! ,,details ,,( ,,! ,,designs ,,be+ ,,fir/ ,,trac$ ,,9 ,,br[n4 ,k',,ang ,,hsi ,,p]iod 7#affb-agbb7 7,col\r7 #aej ,fig4 #a4--,"o ( a pair ( ,buddhi/ic ,lions1 sometimes call$ ,dogs ( ,fo4 ,?is is app>5tly ! lioness1 ) h] cub3 ! lion has a ball ( brocade "u 8 paw4 ,on ! head is ! "* wang 7pr9ce71 :i* is m usual on ! tig] ( ,*9ese art4 ,s4 ,e4 ,k5n$y ,collection4 ,fig4 #b4--;,bottle-%ap$ ,vase & ,/& m\ld$ 9 bamboo patt]n & decorat$ ) floral brocade designs & diap]s4 ,cope ,beque/1 ,v4 ,a4 ,museum4 #if4 ,,vase ,,( ,,balu/] ,,=m ,,pa9t$ ,,9 ,,col\r$ ,,enamels ,,on ,,! ,,biscuit 7,col\r7 #aed ,! design1 :i* is outl9$ 9 br[n1 consi/s ( a beautifully drawn prunus 7mei hua7 tree 9 blossom & hov]+ birds1 besides a rock]y & small] plants ( bamboo1 etc41 set 9 a gr\nd ( mottl$ gre54 ,*'ng ,hua m>k1 b ,k'ang ,hsi p]iod 7#affb-agbb74 ,briti% ,museum4 #ig4 ,,squ>e ,,vase 7,col\r7 #aef ,) p5dul\s body & high neck slightly exp&+ t[>ds ! top3 two h&les 9 ! =m ( ar*aic liz>d-l dragons 7*ih lung71 & a pyramidal base4 ,porcela9 pa9t$ ) col\r$ enamels on ! biscuit1 ) sc5es repres5t+ ,immortals on a log raft approa*+ ,m\nt ,p'eng-lai 9 ! ,taoi/ ,p>adise4 ,k'ang ,hsi p]iod 7#affb-agbb74 ,briti% ,museum4 #ih4 ,k',,ang ,,hsi ,,porcela9 ,,) ,,on-,,biscuit ,,decoration4 ,dresd5 ,collection #afj ,fig4 #a4--,teapot 9 =m ( a lotus se$-pod1 enamels on ! biscuit4 ,fig4 #b4--;,hang+ ,p]fume ,vase1 reticulat$1 enamels on ! biscuit4 ,fig4 #c4--,ornam5t 9 =m ( a ,junk1 transp>5t san ts'ai glazes4 #ii4 ,k',,ang ,,hsi ,,porcela9 ,,) ,,on-,,biscuit ,,decoration #afj ,fig4 #a4--;,ew] ) black enamel gr\nd1 lion h&le4 ,cope ,beque/1 ,v4 ,a4 ,museum4 ,fig4 #b4--;,figure ( ! ,taoi/ ,immortal1 ,ho ,hsi5 ,ku1 transp>5t san ts'ai glazes4 ,s4 ,e4 ,k5n$y ,collection4 ,fig4 #c4--,vase & ,/&1 enamell$ on ! biscuit4 ,cope ,beque/4 #ajj4 ,,scre5 ,,) ,,porcela9 ,,plaque1 ,,pa9t$ ,,9 ,,enamels ,,on ,,! ,,biscuit #afj ,light gre5 backgr\nd4 ,k'ang ,hsi p]iod 7#affb-agbb74 ,9 ! ,collection ( ! ,hon4 ,e4 ,evan ,*>t]is4 #aja4 ,,vase ,,) ,,panels ,,( ,,l&scapes ,,& po ku symbols 9 famille v]te ,,enamels #afj ,9 a gr\nd ( und]glaze blue trellis patt]n4 ,k'ang ,hsi p]iod 7#affb-agbb74 ,dresd5 ,collection4 #ajb4 ,,two ,,di%es ,,( ,,famille ,,v]te ,,porcela9 ,,9 ,,! ,,dresd5 ,,collection4 ,k'ang ,hsi p]iod 7#affb-agbb7 #afj ,fig4 #a4--,) birds on a fl[]+ bran*1 brocade bord]s4 ,arti/'s signature 9 ! field4 ,fig4 #b4--,) ladies on a g>d5 t]race4 #ajc4 ,,club-,,%ap$ 7r\leau7 ,,vase 7,col\r7 #aff ,f9ely pa9t$ 9 famille v]te enamels ) panel designs 9 a gr\nd ( *rysan!mum scrolls 9 iron r$2 brocade bord]s4 ,la/ "p ( ! ,k'ang ,hsi p]iod 7#affb-agbb74 ,salt+ ,collection1 ,v4 ,a4 ,museum4 #ajd4 ,,?ree ,,examples ,,( ,k',,ang ,,hsi famille v]te ,,porcela9 #afh ,fig4 #a4--,squ>e ,vase ) sc5e ( float+ cups on ! riv]2 inscription ) cyclical date #agjc ,a4,d42 %\ *>act]s on ! neck4 ,hippisley ,collection4 ,fig4 #b4--,lant]n1 ) riv] sc5es4 ,dresd5 ,collection4 ,fig4 #c4--;,cov]$ ,j> ( r\leau %ape1 peony scrolls 9 iron r$ gr\nd1 brocade bord]s4 ,dresd5 ,collection4 #aje4 ,,cov]$ ,,j> ,,pa9t$ ,,9 famille v]te ,,enamels #afh ,) brocade gr\nd & panel ) an elephant 7! symbol ( ,great ,peace74 ,lion on cov]4 ,k'ang ,hsi p]iod 7#affb-agbb74 ,dresd5 ,collection4 #ajf4 ,k',,ang ,,hsi famille v]te ,,porcela94 ,alex&] ,collection #afh ,fig4 #a4--;,di% ) rock]y1 peonies1 etc41 birds & insects4 ,fig4 #b4--8,/em ,cup0 ) v9e patt]n4 #ajg4 ,famille v]te ,,porcela9 ,,made ,,= ,,export ,,to ,,europe4 ,k'ang ,hsi p]iod 7#affb-agbb74 ,briti% ,museum #afh ,fig4 #a4--,vase ) 8sea mon/]0 7hai %\74 ,fig4 #b4--;,di% ) basket ( fl[]s4 ,m>k1 a leaf4 ,fig4 #c4--;,cov]$ ,j> ) *'i-l9 & fng-huang 7phnix74 #ajh4 ,,di% ,,pa9t$ ,,9 ,,und]glaze ,,blue ,,& famille v]te ,,enamels4 7,col\r7 #agb ,9 ! c5tre1 a five-claw$ dragon ris+ f waves 9 pursuit ( a pe>l4 ,deep bord] 9 8,im>i0 /yle ) cl\d-%ap$ comp>tm5ts ) *rysan!mum & prunus designs 9 a blue gr\nd1 sep>at$ by close lotus scrolls res]v$ 9 an iron r$ gr\nd 9 :i* are ?ree book symbols4 ,k'ang ,hsi p]iod 7#affb-agbb74 ,alex&] ,collection4 #aji4 ,,figure ,,( ,,%\ ,,lao1 ,,taoi/ ,,god ,,( ,,longevity #agf ,porcela9 pa9t$ ) famille v]te enamels4 ,k'ang ,hsi p]iod 7#affb-agbb74 ,salt+ ,collection1 ,v4 ,a4 ,museum4 #aaj4 ,,two ,,examples ,,( ,,! 8,,p[d] ,,blue0 7*'ui *'+7 ,,porcela9 ,,( ,,! ,k',,ang ,,hsi ,,p]iod 7#affb-agbb7 ,,9 ,,! ,,victoria ,,& ,,alb]t ,,museum 7,col\r7 #ahb ,fig #a4--;,bottle ( g\rd %ape ) sl5d] neck3 p[d] blue gr\nd ) gilt designs f ! ,hundr$ ,antiques 7po ku7 & bord]s ( ju-i patt]n1 =mal fl[]s & planta9 leaves4 ,fig4 #b4--;,bottle-%ap$ ,vase ) famille v]te panels ( rockwork & fl[]s res]v$ 9 a p[d] blue gr\nd4 ,salt+ ,collection4 #aaa4 ,,two ,,examples ,,( ,,s+le-,,col\r ,,porcela9 ,,9 ,,! ,,salt+ ,,collection 7,,victoria ,,& ,,alb]t ,,museum74 7,col\r7 #ahf ,fig4 #a4--;,bottle-%ap$ ,vase ( porcela9 ) l&scape design lightly engrav$ 9 relief "u a turquoise blue glaze4 ,e>ly eighte5? c5tury4 ,fig4 #b4--,wat] vessel = ! writ+ table ( ! =m kn[n z ,t'ai-po tsun aft] ! poet ,li ,t'ai-po4 ,porcela9 ) fa9tly engrav$ dragon m$allions "u a pea* bloom glaze2 ! neck cut d[n & fitt$ ) a metal coll>4 ,m>k 9 blue ( ! ,k'ang ,hsi p]iod 7#affb-agbb7 9 six *>act]s4 #aab4 ,,?ree ,,figures ,,( ,,birds1 ,,late ,k',,ang ,,hsi ,,porcela91 ,,) ,,col\r$ ,,enamels ,,on ,,! ,,biscuit #aib ,fig4 #a4--,/ork4 ,briti% ,museum4 ,fig4 #b4--;,hawk4 ,s4 ,e4 ,k5n$y ,collection4 ,fig4 #c4--;,cock4 ,briti% ,museum4 #aac4 ,,porcela9 ,,delicately ,,pa9t$ ,,9 ,,?9 famille v]te ,,enamels4 ,ab\t #agbj #aib ,fig4 #a4--;,di% ) figures ( ,hsi ,wang ,mu & att5dant4 ,*'ng ,hua m>k4 ,hippisley ,collection4 ,fig4 #b4--;,b[l ) ! ,eight ,immortals4 ,s4 ,e4 ,k5n$y ,collection4 #aad4 ,,hang+ ,,vase ,,) ,,op5work ,,sides1 ,,= ,,p]fum$ ,,fl[]s #aib ,porcela9 pa9t$ 9 late famille v]te enamels4 ,ab\t #agbj4 ,blackwood frame4 ,cumb]bat* ,collection4 #aae4 ,,vase ,,( ,,balu/] ,,=m 7,col\r7 #bjf ,) ornam5t 9 :ite slip & und]glaze r$ & blue 9 a celadon gre5 gr\nd3 rock]y1 & birds on a fl[]+ prunus tree4 ,yung ,*ng p]iod 7#agbc-agce74 ,alex&] ,collection4 #aaf4 ,,yung ,,*,,ng ,,porcela9 #bjh ,fig4 #a4--;,imp]ial ,rice ,b[l ) design ( play+ *ildr5 7wa wa71 engrav$ outl9es fill$ 9 ) gre5 9 a yell[ gr\nd1 transp>5t glazes on ! biscuit4 ,yung ,*ng m>k4 ,briti% ,museum4 ,fig4 #b4--;,blue & ,:ite ,vase ) fungus 7l+ *ih7 designs 9 ,hsan ,t /yle4 ,cologne ,museum4 #aag4 ,,yung ,,*,,ng ,,porcela9 #bjh ,fig4 #a4--,vase ) prunus design 9 und]glaze r$ & blue4 ,c4 ,h4 ,read ,collection4 ,fig4 #b4--;,imp]ial ,vase ) phnix & peony design 9 pale famille v]te enamels ov] und]glaze blue outl9es4 ,v4 ,a4 ,museum4 #aah4 ,,e>ly ,,eighte5? ,,c5tury ,,enamels #bjh ,fig4 #a4--,plate pa9t$ at ,canton 9 famille rose enamels 7yang ts'ai 8=eign col\r+074 ,yung ,*ng p]iod4 ,s4 ,e4 ,k5n$y ,collection4 ,fig4 #b4--;,arr[ ,/&1 pa9t$ 9 late famille v]te enamels4 ,ab\t #agbj4 ,v4 ,a4 ,museum4 #aai4 ,,yung ,,*,,ng ,,porcela91 ,,pa9t$ ,,at ,,canton ,,) ,,famille ,,rose ,,enamels4 ,briti% ,museum4 #bjh ,fig4 #a4--8,sev5 bord]0 ,plate4 ,fig4 #b4--;,egg%ell ,cup & ,sauc] ) pa9t]'s m>ks4 ,fig4 #c4--;,egg%ell ,plate ) v9e bord]4 ,fig4 #d4--;,armorial ,plate ) arms ( ,leake ,okeov]4 ,transition enamels1 ab\t #agbc4 #abj4 ,,cov]$ ,,j> ,,or ,,poti*e1 ,,pa9t$ ,,9 famille rose ,,or 8,,=eign ,,col\rs0 7yang ts'ai7 ,,) ,,baskets ,,( ,,fl[]s 7,col\r7 #bbb ,deep bord]s ( ruby r$ enamel brok5 by small panels & floral designs4 ,on ! cov] is a lion col\r$ ) enamels on ! biscuit4 ,f a set ( five vases & beak]s 9 ! ,collection ( ,lady ,wantage4 ,late ,yung ,*ng p]iod 7#agbc-agce74 #aba4 ,,two ,,beak]s ,,& ,a ,,j> ,,f ,,sets ,,( ,,five1 famille rose ,,enamels4 ,late ,yung ,*ng porcela9 #bbd ,fig4 #a4--;,beak] ) 8h>lequ90 gr\nd4 ,s4 ,e4 ,k5n$y ,collection4 ,fig4 #b4--;,j> ) d>k blue glaze gilt & leaf-%ap$ res]ves4 ,burdett-,c\tts ,collection4 ,fig4 #c4--;,beak] ) fan & picture-scroll panels1 etc41 9 a deep ruby p9k gr\nd4 ,wantage ,collection4 #abb4 ,,:ite ,,porcela9 ,,) ,,designs ,,9 ,,l[ ,,relief #bcb ,fig4 #a4--,vase1 peony scroll1 ju-i bord]1 etc4 ,*'i5 ,lung p]iod4 ,o4 ,raphael ,collection4 ,fig4 #b4--;,bottle ) 8g>lic m\?10 ,imp]ial dragons 9 cl\ds4 ,creamy crackl$ glaze imitat+ ,t+ w>e4 ,e>ly eighte5? c5tury4 ,salt+ ,collection4 ,fig4 #c4--,vase ) design ( ?ree rams1 symbolis+ ,spr+4 ,*'i5 ,lung p]iod4 ,w4 ,burton ,collection4 #abc4 ,,eighte5? ,,c5tury ,,glazes 7,col\r7 #bcf ,fig4 #a4--,squ>e ,vase ) tubul> h&les1 & apricot-%ap$ m$allions on front & back4 ,flamb r$ glaze4 ,*'i5 ,lung p]iod 7#agcf-agie74 ,briti% ,museum4 ,fig4 #b4--;,bottle-%ap$ ,vase ) deep blue 7ta *'+7 glaze3 unglaz$ base4 ,e>ly eighte5? c5tury4 ,briti% ,museum4 ,fig4 #c4--,vase ) f9e iron r$ enamel 7mo hung7 on ! ext]ior4 ,*'i5 ,lung p]iod 7#agcf-agie74 ,salt+ ,collection1 ,v4 ,a4 ,museum4 #abd4 ,,miscellane\s ,,porcela9s #bdj ,fig4 #a4--,magnolia ,vase ) flamb glaze ( crackl$ lav5d] ) r$ & blue /reaks4 ,*'i5 ,lung p]iod4 ,alex&] ,collection4 ,fig4 #b4--;,bottle ) elephant h&les1 yell[1 purple1 gre51 & :ite glazes on ! biscuit4 ,*'i5 ,lung p]iod4 ,briti% ,museum4 ,fig4 #c4--;,di% ) fruit design 9 lu/r\s transp>5t glazes on ! biscuit1 cov]+ a fa9tly et*$ dragon patt]n4 ,k'ang ,hsi m>k4 ,briti% ,museum4 #abe4 ,,*',,i5 ,,lung ,,w>es4 ,hippisley ,collection #bdj ,fig4 #a4--;,bru% ,pot ( enamell$ ,ku-yeh-hsan glass4 ,*'i5 ,lung m>k4 ,fig4 #b4--;,bottle1 porcela9 pa9t$ 9 ,ku-yeh /yle1 aft] a picture by ! ,*'+ arti/ ,wang ,%ih-mei4 ,fig4 #c4--;,imp]ial ,pres5tation ,cup m>k$ hs hua t'ang *ih tsng4 ,fig4 #d4--,m$allion ,vase1 brocade gr\nd ) bats 9 cl\ds1 etc4 ,*'i5 ,lung m>k4 #abf4 ,,vase ,,) 8,,hundr$ ,,fl[]0 ,,design ,,9 famille rose ,,enamels4 #bdj ,*'i5 ,lung p]iod 7#agcf-agie74 ,gr&idi] ,collection1 ,l\vre4 #abg4 ,,vase ,,pa9t$ ,,9 ,,mix$ ,,enamels4 ,,! ,,hundr$ ,,de]4 #bdj ,late ,*'i5 ,lung p]iod4 ,gr&idi] ,collection1 ,l\vre #abh4 ,,*',,i5 ,,lung ,,porcela94 ,briti% ,museum #bdh ,fig4 #a4--,vase ) 8rice gra90 gr\nd & blue & :ite design4 ,fig4 #b4--,vase ) 8lacework0 designs4 ,*'i5 ,lung m>k4 ,fig4 #c4--,vase ) ! ,sev5 ,wor?ies ( ! ,bamboo ,grove 9 lac burgaut4 ,fig4 #d4--,vase ) 8rob9's egg0 glaze4 #abi4 ,,octagonal ,,vase ,,& ,,cov]1 ,,pa9t$ ,,9 famille rose ,,enamels #bdh ,*'i5 ,lung p]iod 7#agcf-agie74 ,"o ( a pair 9 ! ,collection ( ,dr4 ,a4 ,e4 ,cumb]bat*4 #acj4 ,,vase ,,) ,,pe>-,,%ap$ ,,body ,,& ,,wide ,,m\?2 ,,tubul> ,,h&les 7,col\r7 #bed ,porcela9 ) delicate clair de lune glaze recall+ ! pale blue t9t ( "s ( ! f9] ,sung celadons4 ,ab\t #ahjj4 ,briti% ,museum4 #aca4 ,,eighte5? ,,c5tury ,,pa9t$ ,,porcela9 #bfd ,fig4 #a4--,plate pa9t$ 9 black & gold1 ,european figures 9 a ,*9ese int]ior4 ,yung ,*ng p]iod4 ,briti% ,museum4 ,fig4 #b4--;,di% ) floral scrolls 9 famille rose enamels 9 a gr\nd ( black enamel diap]$ ) gre5 foliage scrolls4 ,*'i5 ,lung p]iod4 ,wantage ,collection4 #acb4 ,vase pa9t$ 9 mix$ enamels1 an ,imp]ial p>k & a bevy ( ladies #bfd ,deep ruby p9k bord]s ) col\r$ floral scrolls & symbols4 ,*'i5 ,lung m>k4 ,ab\t #agij4 ,wantage ,collection4 #acc4 ,,late famille rose ,,enamels #bhj ,fig4 #a4--;,b[l pa9t$ 9 s(t enamels1 att5dants ( ,hsi ,wang ,mu 9 boats4 ,m>k1 ,%n t t'ang *ih4 ,tao ,kuang p]iod4 ,briti% ,museum4 ,fig4 #b4--;,imp]ial ,fi% ,b[l ) five dragons asc5d+ & desc5d+1 bord]s ( wave patt]n1 ju-i patt]n1 etc41 famille rose enamels4 ,late eighte5? c5tury4 ,burdett-,c\tts ,collection4 #acd4 ,,porcela9 ,,snuff ,,bottles4 ,eighte5? ,c5tury4 ,briti% ,museum #bhj ,fig4 #a4--,subject f ! drama1 black gr\nd4 ,yung ,*ng m>k4 ,fig4 #b4--;,battle ( demons1 und]glaze blue & r$4 ,m>k1 ,yung-lo t'ang4 ,fig4 #c4--;,blue & :ite 8/eatitic0 w>e4 ,fig4 #d4--;,crackl$ cream :ite t+ glaze1 pi]c$ cas+ ) p9e1 bamboo & prunus4 ,fig4 #e4--8,/eatitic0 w>e ) ,hundr$ ,antiques design 9 col\r$ relief4 ,*ia ,*'+ m>k4 ,,*9ese ,,pott]y ,,& ,,porcela9 ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,m+ ** ,,dyna/y1 #acfh-afdd ,a4,d4 ,z we h already discuss$1 s f> z our imp]fect k p]mits1 ! v>i\s pott]ies :i* are scatt]$ ov] ! l5g? & bread? ( ,*9a1 we c n[ conc5trate our att5tion on ! ris+ importance ( ,*+-t ,*n4 ,f ! beg9n+ ( ! ,m+ dyna/y1 ,*+-t ,*n may be said to h become ! c]amic metropolis ( ! empire1 all ! o!r pott]ies s9k+ to prov9cial /atus4 ,s f> z ,we/]n collections1 at any rate1 are conc]n$1 x is n too mu* to say t #ij p] c5t4 ( ! po/-,yan porcela9s 7 made 9 ?is great pott]y t[n4 ,:at happ5$ !re 9 ! /ormy ye>s :i* saw ! ov]?r[ ( ! ,mongol dyna/y & ! rise ( ! native ,m+ is unkn[n to u1 &1 inde$1 x is sc>cely likely to h be5 ( mu* int]e/4 ,! ,imp]ial factories 7 clos$1 & did n op5 till #acfi1 or1 accord+ to "s acc\nts1 #acih4a ,if we foll[ ! ,*+-t ,*n ,t'ao lu1 :i*1 z its "n implies1 %\ld be well in=m$ on ! hi/ory ( ! place1 a factory 0 built 9 #acfi at ! foot ( ! ,jewel ,hill to supply ,imp]ial porcela9 7kuan tz'71 & 9 ! reign ( ,hung ,wu 7#acfh-acih7 !re 7 at lea/ tw5ty kilns 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! t[n work+ 9 ! ,imp]ial s]vice4 ,!y includ$ kilns = ! l>ge dragon b[ls1 kilns = blue 7or gre57 w>e 7*'+ yao71 8w9d & fire0#b kilns1 segg> kilns = mak+ ! cases = ! f9e porcela91 & lan kuang kilns1 :i* ,juli5 r5d]s f\rs flammes t5dues4 ,! la/ expression implies t ! heat 0 rais$ 9 ^! kilns by means ( a k9d ( bell[s 7kuang7 :i* admitt$ air to ! furnace1 & ,bu%ell's r5d]+1 8blue & yell[ enamel furnaces10 ignores an ess5tial "p ( bo? ! *>act]s#c us$ 9 ! orig9al4 ,f ?is "t onw>d !re is no lack ( in=mation on ! nature ( ! ,imp]ial w>es made dur+ ! v>i\s reigns1 b x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! ,*9ese descriptions are 9 almo/ e case conf9$ to ! ,imp]ial porcela9s1 & we are left to assume t ! productions ( ! num]\s private kilns foll[$ ! same l9es1 ?\gh 9 ! e>li] p]iods1 at any rate1 we are told t !y 7 inf]ior 9 quality & f9i%4 ,! ,hung ,wu ** #b palace porcela91 z describ$ 9 ! ,t'ao lu1 0 ( f9e1 unctu\s clay & pott$ ?94 ,! w>e 0 left = a :ole ye> to dry1 !n put ^u ! la! & turn$ ?91 & !n glaz$ & fir$4 ,if !re 0 any fault 9 ! glaze1 ! piece 0 gr\nd d[n on ! la!1 reglaz$ & refir$4 8,consequ5tly ! glaze 0 lu/r\s 7jung7 l mass$ l>d40 ,^! phrases are n[ s trite t "o is tempt$ to reg>d !m z m]e ,*9ese conv5tionalities1 b !re is no d\bt t ! mat]ial us$ 9 ! ,m+ p]iod 7:i*1 z we %all see pres5tly1 gave out 9 ! lat] reigns7 0 ( peculi> excell5ce4 ,! raw edge ( ! base rim ( e>ly specim5s does1 9 fact1 reveal a beautiful :ite body ( exce$+ly f9e gra9 & smoo? texture1 s fat & unctu\s t "o might almo/ expect to squeeze moi/ure out ( x4 ,! be/ w>e1 we are told1 0 :ite1 b o!r k9ds are m5tion$4 ,a %ort contempor>y notice 9 ! ,ko ku yao lun1#d writt5 9 #achg1 says1 8,( mod]n w>es 7made at ,*+-t ,*n7 ! good examples ) :ite col\r & lu/r\s are v highly valu$4 ,!re are1 besides1 *'+#e 7blue or gre57 & black 7hei7 w>es ) gild+1 includ+ w9e pots & w9e cups ( great *>m40 ,su* pieces may exi/ 9 ,we/]n collections1 b !y rema9 unid5tifi$1 & ?\gh !re are sev]al specim5s ) ! ,hung ,wu m>k to be se5 9 museums1 few h ! appe>ance ( ,m+ porcela9 at all4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a di% 9 ! ,briti% ,museum :i* c]ta9ly belongs to ! ,m+ dyna/y1 ev5 if x is a c5tury lat] ?an ! m>k implies4 ,! body is ref9$ & :ite1 ?\gh ! f9i% is r r\gh1 ) pits & rais$ spots "h & !re 9 ! glaze & grit adh]+ to ! foot rim2 b x is pa9t$ ) a free t\* 9 a bright blue1 recall+ ! ,mohamm$an blue 9 col\r1 ! c5tral subject a l&scape1 & ! sides & rim divid$ into panels ( floral & =mal ornam5t4 ,x mu/ be all[$ t ! /yle ( ! pa9t+ is advanc$ = ?is e>ly p]iod1 includ+ z x does :ite designs res]v$ 9 blue gr\nd z well z ! ord9>y blue pa9t+ on a :ite gr\nd4 ,yung ,lo ** #b 7#adjc-adbd7 ,! usual =mul are employ$ by ! ,t'ao lu 9 describ+ ! ,imp]ial w>e ( ?is reign4 ,x 0 made ( pla/ic clay & ref9$ mat]ial1 & ?\gh1 z a rule1 ! porcela9 0 ?ick1 !re 7 "s exce$+ly ?9 v>ieties kn[n z t'o t'ai#f or 8bodiless0 porcela9s4 ,besides ! pla9 :ite specim5s1 !re 7 o!rs engrav$ ) a po9t#g or coat$ ) vivid r$ 7hsi5 hung74 ,! ,po wu yao lan1#h reput$ a high au?ority on ,m+ porcela9s & writt5 9 ! ?ird decade ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 adds 8blue & :ite0 to ! li/ & gives fur!r details ( ! w>es4 ,! passage is wor? quot+ 9 full1 & runs z foll[s3 8,9 ! reign ( ,yung ,lo 7 made ! cups :i* fit 9 ! palm ( ! h&1#i ) broad m\?1 contract$ wai/1 s&y 7%a7 foot1 & poli%$ base4 ,inside 7 drawn two lions roll+ balls4 ,inside1 too1 9 seal *>act]s1 0 writt5 ,ta ,m+ ,yung ,lo ni5 *ih#aj 9 six *>act]s1 or sometimes 9 f\r#aa only1 z f9e z gra9s ( rice4 ,^! are ! highe/ class4 ,^? ) m&>9 ducks1 or floral decoration inside1 are all second quality4 ,! cups are decorat$ outside ) blue ornam5ts ( a v deep col\r1 & _! %ape & make are v ref9$ & beautiful & 9 a traditional /yle4 ,_! price1 too1 is v high4 ,z = ! mod]n imitations1 !y are co>se 9 /yle & make1 ) foot & base burnt 7br[n71 & ?\gh _! =m has "s resemblance 7to ! old71 !y are n wor?y ( admiration40 ,z may be imag9$1 ,yung ,lo porcela9 is n common to-day1 & ! few specim5s :i* exi/ 9 our collections are n en\gh to make u realise ! full import ( ^! descriptions4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 sev]al types :i* be> closely on ! subject1 "s be+ actually ( ! p]iod & o!rs 9 ! ,yung ,lo /yle4 ,a fair sample ( ! ord9>y body & glaze ( ! "t is se5 9 ! :ite porcela9 bricks ( :i* ! l[] /ory ( ! fam\s ,nank+ pagoda 0 built4 ,sev]al ( ^! are 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 & !y %[ a :ite compact body ( close b granul> fracture2 ! glaz$ face is a pure1 solid-look+ :ite1 & ! unglaz$ sides %[ a smoo?1 f9e-gra9$ w>e :i* has assum$ a p9ki% r$ t+e 9 ! fir+4 ,! co>s] porcela9s ( ! p]iod w\ld1 no d\bt1 h simil> *>act]i/ics 9 body & glaze4 ,! f9] w>es are exemplifi$ by ! :ite b[ls1 ( wond]ful ?9ness & transp>5cy1 ) decoration engrav$ 9 ! body or trac$ 9 delicate :ite slip "u ! glaze & sc>cely visible except z a transp>5cy4 ,consid]+ ! fragility ( ^! delicate w>es & ! di/ant date ( ! ,yung ,lo p]iod1 x is surpris+ h[ _m are to be se5 9 ,we/]n collections4 ,inde$1 x is h>d to believe t m ?an a v few ( ^! c be g5u9e ,yung ,lo productions1 & z we "k t ! f9e :ite 8egg %ell0 porcela9 0 made ?r\gh\t ! ,m+ p]iod & copi$ ) great skill 9 ! e>li] reigns ( ! la/ dyna/y1 x is n necess>y to assume t e b[l ( ! ,yung ,lo type dates back to ! fir/ decades ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #ei4--,:ite ,egg%ell ,porcela9 ,b[l ) ,imp]ial dragons fa9tly trac$ 9 :ite slip "u ! glaze4 ,m>k ( ! ,yung ,lo p]iod 7#adjc-adbd7 incis$ 9 ! c5tre 9 ar*aic *>act]s4 #a4 ,ext]ior4 #b4 ,int]ior view4 ,diamet] #h in*es4 ,briti% ,museum4 ,x is wellnigh impossible to reproduce adequately ^! :ite porcela9s1 b ,plate #ei illu/rates ! well-kn[n example 9 ! ,franks ,collection1 :i* has long be5 accept$ z a g5u9e ,yung ,lo specim54 ,x repres5ts ! ya %\ pei 9 =m1 ) wide m\? & small foot--! contract$ wai/ ( ! ,po wu yao lan2 ! foot rim is b>e at ! edge1 b n o!rwise s&y1 & ! base is glaz$ ov]1 :i* may be ! s5se 9 :i* ! ^w 8poli%$0#ab is us$ 9 ! ,po wu yao lan4 ,! w>e is s ?9 & transp>5t t x seems to consi/ ( glaze alone1 z ?\gh ! body _h be5 p>$ away to vani%+ po9t be=e ! glaze 0 appli$--9 %ort1 x is t'o t'ai or 8bodiless40 ,:5 held to ! light x has a gre5i% transp>5cy & ! col\r ( melt+ sn[1 & !re is reveal$ on ! sides a delicate b exquisitely drawn design ( five-claw$ ,imp]ial dragons 9 :ite slip 7n et*$1 z has too (t5 be5 /at$71 %[+ up l ! wat]-m>k 9 pap]4 ,on ! bottom inside is ! date-m>k ( ! p]iod et*$ ) a po9t 9 f\r ar*aic *>act]s 7see vol4 i1 p4 #bac74 ,a m ref9$ & delicate c]amic "w c\ld h>dly be imag9$4 ,close to ?is b[l 9 ! ,franks ,collection !re are two small] b[ls or1 r1 cups :i* 9 _m ways answ] m ne>ly ! description ( ! ya %\ pei1#ac ?\gh !y are ?ick 9 sub/ance & ( co>s] make4 ,!y h /raight spread+ sides1 wide at ! m\?1 ) foliate rim1 & contract$ at ! foot4 ,! foot rim is b>e ( glaze1 b ! base is cov]$4 ,!y are ( an impure :ite w>e ) surface r pitt$1 & inside is a lotus design trac$ 9 :ite slip "u ! glaze & repeat$ 9 radiat+ comp>tm5ts4 ,^! are p]haps a product ( ! private factories4 ,! same =m is obs]v$ among ! blue & :ite porcela9 9 two small cups1 :i* are pa9t$ 9 blue ) a l&scape on ! ext]ior & ) b&s ( curl$ scrolls inside & ! ,yung ,lo m>k 9 f\r *>act]s4 ,! base is unglaz$1 & ?\gh !y are und\bt$ly int5d$ to repres5t a ,yung ,lo type1 ^! n uncommon b[ls c h>dly be old] ?an ! la/ dyna/y4 ,ano!r blue & :ite b[l 9 ! ,franks ,collection has ! ,yung ,lo m>k & ! scroll decoration inside1 & on ! ext]ior a long poem by ,su ,%ih1 cov]+ mo/ ( ! surface4 ,x is pa9t$ 9 a grey blue1 & ! w>e1 ?\gh co>se1 has ! appe>ance ( ,m+ manufacture1 p]haps "o ( ! late ,m+ copies :i* are m5tion$ )\t hon\r 9 ! ,po wu yao lan4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 ( ! ord9>y r\nd$ =m4#ad ,hsiang ,yan-p'i5 illu/rates 9 8 ,album "o ,yung ,lo specim51 a l[ cyl9drical b[l ( ! 8bodiless0 k9d1 8?9 z pap]10 ) a v delicate dragon & phnix design1 :i* is se5 :5 ! b[l is held to ! light & c>efully inspect$4 ,?is /yle ( ornam5t is describ$ z an hua 7secret decoration71 b x is n /at$ :e!r1 9 ?is case1 x 0 engrav$ 9 ! pa/e or trac$ 9 :ite slip4 ,! m5tion ( 8fre% r$0 7hsi5 hung71 :i* seems to h be5 us$ on ! ,yung ,lo porcela9 z well z 9 ! succe$+ ,hsan ,t p]iod1 br+s to m9d a famili> type ( small b[l ) slight designs 9 blue inside1 (t5 a figure ( a boy at play1 ! ext]ior be+ coat$ ) a f9e coral r$1 ov] :i* are lotus scrolls 9 gold4 ,!re are sev]al 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 & "o1 ) a sixte5?-c5tury silv] m\nt1 0 exhibit$ at ! ,burl+ton ,f9e ,arts ,club 9 #aiaj4ae ,! t]m hsi5 hung is c]ta9ly us$ = an und]glaze copp] r$ on ! ,hsan ,t porcela91 & x is d\btful :e!r x c h be5 loosely appli$ to an ov]glaze iron r$ on ! e>li] w>e4 ,= ! b[ls to :i* ,i ref] h an iron r$ decoration1 ?\gh x is sometimes wond]fully transluc5t &1 be+ heavily flux$1 looks l a r$ glaze in/ead ( m]ely an ov]glaze enamel 7see ,plate #gd74 ,sev]al ( ^! r$ b[ls h ! ,yung ,lo m>k1 o!rs h m]ely m>ks ( comm5dation or good wi%4 ,_! =m is *>act]i/ic ( ! ,m+ p]iod1 & ! base is sometimes convex at ! bottom1 sometimes concave4 ,!y v>y consid]ably 9 quality1 ! r$ 9 "s cases be+ a transluc5t & r pale coral t9t1 & 9 o!rs a ?ick1 opaque brick r$4 ,probably !y v>y 9 date z well1 ! =m] type be+ ! e>li] & bett]4 ,x is exemplifi$ by an int]e/+ specim5 9 ! ,franks ,collection m>k$ tan kuei 7r$ cassia71 :i* indicates its de/9ation z a pres5t to a lit]>y aspirant1 ! r$ cassia be+ a symbol ( lit]>y success4 ,?is piece has1 moreov]1 a /amp$ lea!r box ( ,european--probably ,v5etian--make1 :i* is n lat] ?an ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,?is1 if any ( ^! b[ls1 belongs to ! ,yung ,lo p]iod1 b x w be se5 pres5tly t ! iron r$ 0 us$ z an inf]ior b m workable sub/itute = ! und]glaze r$ 9 ! lat] ,m+ reigns1 &1 x mu/ be add$1 ^! b[ls are /rangely num]\s = a fifte5?-c5tury porcela94 ,t !y are a ,yung ,lo type1 h[ev]1 !re is little d\bt1 = ?is r$ & gold decoration 7k9r&e ( ! ,japanese7 is ! adopt$ /yle :i* won = ! clev] ,kioto pott]1 ,z5goro ,hoz51 ! art "n ,ei raku1 i4e4 ,yung ,lo 9 ,japanese4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,hs,,an ,t ** #b 7#adbf-adce7 ,9 ?is %ort reign1 :i* ,*9ese writ]s reg>d z ! mo/ brilliant p]iod ( _! porcela9 indu/ry1 ! numb] ( kilns occupi$ ) ! ,imp]ial ord]s _h increas$ to fifty-eight1 ! majority ( !m be+ outside ! ,imp]ial factory & di/ribut$ among ! private factories4 ,accord+ to ! ,t'ao lu1#af ! clay us$ at ?is "t 0 r$ & ! w>e l c9nab>1 a /atem5t :i* is difficult to reconcile ) ! gl[+ description ( ! jade-l :ite alt> cups & o!r exquisite objects = :i* ! reign 0 celebrat$4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 possible t a d>k col\r$ body 0 employ$ 9 "s ( ! w>es1 z 0 done at o!r p]iods1 or x may be t ! words are hyp]bolically us$ to describe a porcela9 ( :i* ! expos$ p>ts ( ! body assum$ a r$ col\r 9 ! fir+4 ,?is latt] peculi>ity is noticeable on specim5s ( lat] ,m+ porcela91 p>ticul>ly ! blue & :ite ( ! ,*ia ,*+ p]iod4 ,b 9 any case a r$ biscuit _c h be5 inv>iable or ev5 *>act]i/ic ( ! p]iod1 = no m5tion is made ( su* a feature 9 ! ,po wu yao lan1 :i* gives by f> ! fulle/ acc\nt ( ! ,hsan ,t porcela94 ,! description 9 ! ,po wu yao lan1#ag :i* seems to h be5 g5]ally accept$1 & c]ta9ly 0 l>gely borr[$ by subsequ5t ,*9ese works1 may be freely r5d]$ z foll[s3 8,among ! w>es ( ! ,hsan ,t p]iod !re are /em-cups#ah decorat$ ) r$ fi%4 ,= ^! !y us$ a p[d] made ( r$ preci\s /ones f ! ,we/ to pa9t ! fi% =ms1 & f ! body !re rose up 9 relief 9 ! fir+ ! preci\s brilliance ( ! fre% r$ ravi%+ ! eye4 ,! br[n & blacki% col\rs :i* result$ f imp]fect fir+ ( ! r$ are inf]ior4 ,!re 7 also blue decorat$ w>es1 su* z /em-cups ) dragon p9e & plum designs1 w9e /em-cups ) figure subjects#ai & lotus designs1 small c9nab> pots & l>ge b[ls 9 col\r r$ l ! sun1 b ) :ite m\? rim1 pickle pots & small pots ) basket cov]s & h&les 9 ! =m ( bamboo jo9ts1 all ( :i* ?+s 7 unkn[n 9 anci5t times4 ,aga91 !re 7 beautiful objects ( a useful k9d1 all small & clev]ly made ) f9ely & accurately drawn designs4 ,! inc5se vases1 trays & di%es#bj 7 made 9 l>ge numb]s1 & belong to a common class4 ,! flat-sid$ j>s ) basket cov]s1 & ! ornam5t$ r\nd pots ) flang$#ba m\? = pres]v+ honey1 are v beautiful & mo/ly decorat$ 9 col\rs 7wu ts'ai74 ,! :ite cups1 :i* h ! "* t'an 7alt>7 engrav$ inside ! b[l1 are :at are kn[n z 'alt> cups4' ,! mat]ial ( ^! ?+s is ref9$ & ! w>e ?ick1 & ! =m beautiful en\gh to be us$ z elegant vases 9 ! true s*ol>'s room4 ,!re are besides :ite cups = tea ) r\nd$ body1#bb convex#bc base1 ?read-l foot1 bright & lu/r\s l jade1 & ) v f9ely engrav$#bd dragon & phnix designs :i* are sc>cely inf]ior to ! alt> cups4 ,at ! bottom ! *>act]s ta m+ hsan t ni5 *ih#be are secretly engrav$ 9 ! pa/e1 & ! texture ( ! glaze is unev51 l orange peel4#bf ,h[ c ev5 ,t+ porcela9 comp>e ) ^!8 ,truly !y are ! mo/ excell5t porcela9s ( ?is reign1 & un=tunately !re h n be5 _m to be se5 s9ce !n4 ,aga91 !re are ! beautiful b>rel-%ap$ seats1 "s ) op5work gr\nd1 ! designs fill$ 9 ) col\rs 7wu ts'ai71 gorge\s z cl\d brocades1 o!rs ) solid gr\nd fill$ 9 ) col\rs 9 engrav$ floral designs1 s beautiful & brilliant z to dazzle ! eye2 bo? sorts h a deep gre5 7*'+7 backgr\nd4 ,o!rs h blue 7lan7 gr\nd1 fill$ 9 ) designs 9 col\rs 7wu ts'ai71 l ornam5t c>v$ 9 cobalt blue 7%ih *'+1 lit4 /one blue74 ,!re is also blue decoration on a :ite gr\nd & crackl$ gr\nds l ice4 ,! =m & ornam5t ( ^! v>i\s types d n seem to h be5 kn[n be=e ?is p]iod40 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #fj4--,reput$ ,hsan ,t ,porcela94 ,fig4 #a4--;,flask ) blue decoration1 reput$ to be ,hsan ,t p]iod4 ,height #c in*es4 ,briti% ,museum4 ,fig4 #b4--;,bru% ,re/4 787 ,*ang ,*'i5 on a log raft2 p>tly biscuit4 ,inscrib$ ) a /anza ( v]se & ! ,hsan ,t m>k4 ,l5g? #f in*es4 ,gr&idi] ,collection4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #fa4--,porcela9 ) san ts'ai glazes on ! biscuit4 ,fig4 #a4--,w9e ,j> ) pi]c$ cas+1 ! ,taoi/ ,immortals pay+ c\rt to ! ,god ( ,longevity1 turquoise blue gr\nd4 ,fifte5? c5tury4 ,height #aa in*es4 ,eumorfop\los ,collection4 ,fig4 #b4--,scre5 ) design 9 relief1 horsem5 on a m\nta9 pa?1 d>k blue gr\nd4 ,ab\t #aejj4 ,height #ad in*es4 ,b5son ,collection4 ,x w be se5 f ! above t ! ,hsan ,t porcela9s includ$ a f9e :ite1 blue & :ite & poly*rome pa9t$ w>es1 und]glaze r$ pa9t$ w>es1 & crackle4 ,! la/ m5tion$ is fur!r specifi$ 9 ! ,*'+ pi tsang z hav+ 8eel's blood l9es10#bg & almo/ rivall+ ! ,kuan & ,ju w>es4 ,! w>e 0 ?ick & /rong1 & ! glaze _h ! peculi> undulat+ appe>ance 7v>i\sly comp>$ to *ick5 sk91 orange peel1 millet gra9s1 or a w9d ruffl$ surface7 :i* 0 delib]ately produc$ on ! eighte5? c5tury porcela9s4 ,ano!r surface peculi>ity %>$ by ! ,hsan ,t & ,yung ,lo w>es 0 8palm eye0 7tsung y57 m>k+s1 :i* ,bu%ell expla9s z holes 9 ! glaze due to air bubbles4 ,x is h>d to see h[ ^! c h be5 o!r ?an a defect4 ,probably bo? ^! & ! orange peel effects 7 purely =tuit\s at ?is "t4 ,( ! v>i\s types :i* we h enum]at$1 ! :ite w>es ne$ little comm5t4 ,! glaze 0 no d\bt ?ick & lu/r\s l mutton fat jade1 & ?\gh ,hsiang 9 8 ,album usually describes ! :ite ( 8 examples z 8:ite l driv5 sn[10 x is wor?y ( note t 9 good imitations ( ! w>e p>ticul> c>e seems to h be5 giv5 to imp>t a di/9ct gre5i% t9t to ! glaze4 ,! hon\rs ( ! p]iod appe> to h be5 %>$ by ! 8blue & :ite0 & r$ pa9t$ w>es4 ,out ( tw5ty examples illu/rat$ 9 ,hsiang's ,album1 no few] ?an twelve are decorat$ *iefly 9 r$1 ei!r cov]+ ! :ole or a l>ge "p ( ! surface or pa9t$ 9 designs1 among :i* ?ree fi%es occur ) monoton\s frequ5cy4 ,! r$ 9 e case is call$ *i hung1 & x is usually qualifi$ by ! illum9at+ comp>ison ) 8ape's blood10 & 9 "o case x is ev5 r$d] ?an t6 ,! expression *i hung has evid5tly be5 h&$ d[n by oral traditions1 = !re is no sort ( agreem5t among ,*9ese writ]s on ! =m ( ! fir/ "*4 ,! ,t'ao lu uses ! "* **1 :i* means 8sacrificial10 & ,bu%ell#bh expla9s ?is 8z ! col\r ( ! sacrificial cups :i* 7 employ$ by ! ,emp]or 9 ! wor%ip ( ! ,sun40 ,hsiang uses ! "* ** :i* means 8mass$1 accumulat$40 ,& o!rs use ! "* ** :i* means 8sky cle>+10 & is also appli$ to blue 9 ! s5se ( ! 8blue ( ! sky aft] ra940 ,9 ! (t quot$ li/ ( ! ,yung ,*ng porcela9s we f9d ! item1 8,imitations ( ,hsan *i hung w>es1 includ+ two k9ds1 hsi5 hung 7fre% r$7 & pao %ih hung 7ruby r$740 ,!re c be little d\bt t bo? ^! 7 %ades ( und]glaze r$ d]iv$ f copp] oxide1 a col\r ) :i* we are q famili> f ! eighte5? c5tury & lat] examples4 ,= 9 ano!r context we f9d ! hsi5 hung contra/$ ) fan hung1 :i* is ! usual t]m = ov]glaze iron r$1 & ! description already giv5 ( ! application ( pao %ih hung leaves no d\bt :atev] t x 0 an und]glaze col\r4 ,! two t]ms are probably fanciful names = two v>iations ( ! same col\r1 or p]haps = two diff]5t applications ( x1 = we "k t x 0 us$ z a pigm5t = bru%work z well z 9 ! =m ( a gr\nd col\r incorporat$ 9 ! glaze4 ,! secret ( ! col\r seems to h be5 well kept1 & ! g5]al impression prevail+ outside ! factories 0 t its t9t & brilliancy 7 due to p[d]$ rubies1 ! r$ preci\s /one f ! ,we/ :i* gave ! "n to ! pao %ih hung4#bi ,x is kn[n t 9 "s cases su* /ones z cornelian 7ma nao7 h be5 incorporat$ 9 ! porcela9 glazes 9 ,*9a to increase ! limpidity ( ! glaze4 ,?is is reput$ to h happ5$ 9 ! case ( ! ,ju yao1 b nei!r cornelian nor ruby c\ld s]ve 9 any way z a col\r+ ag5t1 z _! col\r w\ld be dissipat$ 9 ! heat ( ! furnace4 ,! real col\r+ ag5t ( ! *i hung is protoxide ( copp]4 ,if !re 7 no?+ else to prove ?is1 x w\ld be cle> f ! fact h9t$ 9 ! ,po wu yao lan t ! failures came out a br[ni% or blacki% t9t4 ,?is col\r has always prov$ a difficult "o to manage1 & 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! la/ dyna/y1 :5 x 0 freely us$ aft] ! mann] ( ! ,hsan ,t pott]s1 ! results 7 mo/ unequal1 v>y+ f a f9e blood r$ to m>oon & br[n1 & ev5 to a blacki% t9t4 ,! peculi> m]its ( ! ,hsan ,t r$ 7 probably due 9 "s measure to ! clay ( :i* ! w>e 0 compos$1 & :i* conta9$ "s natural +r$i5t fav\rable to ! developm5t ( ! r$4 ,at any rate1 we are told#cj t 9 ! ,*ia ,*+ p]iod 7#aebb-aeff7 8! e>? us$ = ! hsi5 hung ran %ort40 ,among ! fav\rite designs#ca express$ 9 ! ,hsan ,t r$ 7 ?ree fi%es1 ?ree fruits1#cb ?ree funguses1 & ! "* fu 7happ9ess7 repeat$ five times4#cc ,all ^! are m5tion$ among ! ,yung ,*ng imitations4 ,a good idea ( ! fi% design is giv5 by a cyl9drical vase 9 ! ,franks ,collection1 :i* is pla9 except = two fi%es 9 und]glaze r$ ( good col\r1 & ris+ 9 slight relief 9 ! glaze4 ,! glaze itself is ( t fa9t celadon gre5 :i* 0 app>5tly reg>d$ z a necess>y feature ( ! ,hsan ,t copies1 & :i* incid5tally seems to be fav\rable to ! developm5t ( ! copp] r$4 ,! sang de buf r$ ( ! la/ dyna/y is av[$ly a revival ( ! ,hsan ,t r$ 9 its use z a glaze col\r4 ,inde$1 c]ta9 v>ieties ( ! sang de buf class are /ill di/+ui%$ z *i hung4 ,! l>ge b[ls1 8r$ z ! sun & :ite at ! m\? rim10 z m5tion$ 9 ! ,po wu yao lan1 h a c\nt]p>t 9 ! l>ge b[l ( ! la/ dyna/y ) sang de buf glaze1 :i*1 fl[+ d[nw>ds1 usually left a col\rless :ite b& at ! m\?4 ,! ,hsan ,t p]iod ext5d$ only to t5 ye>s1 & specim5s ( ,hsan r$ are excessively r>e to-day1 ev5 9 ,*9a4 ,x is d\btful if a g5u9e specim5 exi/s outside ! ,middle ,k+dom1 b ) ! help ( ! old ,*9ese descriptions & ! clev] imitations ( a lat] date1#cd !re is no difficulty 9 imag9+ ! vivid spl5d\rs ( ! 8preci\s /one r$0 ( ?is brilliant p]iod4 ,among ! 8blue & :ite0 w>es ( all p]iods1 ! ,hsan ,t porcela9 is unanim\sly vot$ ! fir/ place by ,*9ese writ]s1 & its excell5ce is ascrib$ pr9cipally to ! sup]ior quality ( an import$ m9]al v>i\sly describ$ z su-ni-p'o1 su-p'o-ni & su-ma-ni4 ,^! outl&i% names are1 no d\bt1 attempts to r5d] 9 ,*9ese ! =eign "n ( ! mat]ial1 :i* 0 itself probably ! "n ( ! place or p :5ce x 0 export$4 ,!re is little d\bt t ?is my/]i\s sub/ance 0 ! same species z ! ,mohamm$an blue 7hui hui *'+7 ( ! foll[+ c5tury4 ,inde$1 ?is latt] "n is appli$ to x 9 ,hsiang's ,album4 ,! ,mohamm$an blue 0 obta9$ f ,arab trad]s1 & its use = pa9t+ on pott]y _h be5 famili> 9 ! ,ne> ,ea/1 9 ,p]sia & ,syria = in/ance1 at lea/ z e>ly z ! twelf? c5tury4#ce ,! su-ni-p'o blue 0 no d\bt import$ 9 ! =m ( m9]al cobalt1 & ?\gh !re 0 no lack ( ?is m9]al 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,*+-t ,*n1 ! =eign mat]ial 0 ( sup]ior quality4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 n only exp5sive b unsuit$ = use 9 a pure /ate4 ,if appli$ by itself1 x _h a t5d5cy to run 9 ! fir+1 & x 0 necess>y to bl5d x ) proportions ( ! native m9]al v>y+ f "o 9 t5 = ! f9e/ quality to f\r 9 six = ! m$ium quality4 ,! native m9]al us$ by itself t5d$ to be heavy & dull 9 tone1 ow+ to its inability to /& ! int5se heat ( ! kiln1 & 0 only employ$ alone on ! co>s] w>es4 ,! supply ( ,mohamm$an blue 0 unc]ta9 & spasmodic4 ,x ceas$ to arrive at ! end ( ! ,hsan ,t p]iod1 & x 0 n r5ew$ till ! next c5tury 7see p4 #bi74 ,its nature1 too1 seems to h v>i$1 = we are expressly told t ! ,hsan ,t blue 0 pale 9 tone :ile ! ,mohamm$an blue ( ! sixte5? c5tury 0 d>k4 ,possibly1 h[ev]1 ?is 0 n s mu* due to ! nature ( ! mat]ial z to ! me?od ( its application1 = ,*9ese writ]s are by no means unanim\s ab\t ! pal5ess ( ! ,hsan ,t blue4 ,! ,*'+ pi ts'ang1 = in/ance1 /ates t 8!y us$ su-p'o-ni blue & pa9t$ designs ( dragons1 phnixes1 fl[]s1 birds1 insects1 fi% & simil> =ms1 deep & ?ickly heap$ & pil$ & v lovely40 ,au!ntic specim5s ( ,hsan ,t blue & :ite are virtually unkn[n1 b ! m>k ( ! p]iod is "o ( ! commone/ on ,*9ese porcela9 ( relatively mod]n date4 ,9 mo/ cases ?is spuri\s dat+ means no?+ m ?an t ! p]iod nam$ 0 "o ( high repute2 b !re is a type ( blue & :ite1 usually be>+ ! p]iod m>k ( ,hsan ,t1 :i* is s mann]$ & *>act]i/ic t "o feels ! c]ta9ty t ?is really repres5ts "o k9d at lea/ ( ! ,hsan porcela94 ,x is usually decorat$ 9 close floral scrolls1 & ! blue is light dappl$ ) d>k] %ades1 :i* are (t5 lit]ally 8heap$ & pil$0 7tui t'o7 ov] ! pal] sub/ratum4 ,i h se5 examples ( ?is /yle belong+ to v>i\s p]iods1 mo/ly eighte5? c5tury1 b "s c]ta9ly late ,m+#cf 7see ,plate #fg1 ,fig4 #d74 ,sev5 examples ( ,hsan blue & :ite porcela9 are figur$ 9 ,hsiang's ,album1#cg compris+ an ink pallet1 a vase %ap$ l a section ( bamboo1 a goose-%ap$ w9e j>1 a vase ) an elephant on ! cov]1 a tea cup1 a sacrificial vessel1 & a lamp ) f\r nozzles4 ,9 five ( ^! ! blue is conf9$ to slight p5cill$ bord]s1 m]ely s]v+ to set (f ! :ite gr\nd1 :i* is comp>$ to driv5 sn[4 ,! glaze is ri* & ?ick1 & ( unev5 surface1 ris+ 9 slight tub]cles lik5$ to 8gra9s ( millet40 ,?is is ! 8orange sk90 glaze4 ,! blue 9 ea* case is hui hu#ch ta *'+ 7deep ,mohamm$an blue74 ,( ! two rema9+ in/ances1 "o is pa9t$ ) a dragon 9 cl\ds1 & ! o!r ) 8dragon p9es10 & 9 ! latt] case ! glaze is describ$ z 8lu/r\s l mutton fat jade10 & ! blue z 8( int5sity & brilliance to dazzle ! eye40 ,! impression convey$ by all ^! examples is t !y repres5t a type q diff]5t f t describ$ z 8heap$ & pil$10 a type 9 :i* delicate p5cill+ 0 ! desid]atum1 ! designs be+ slight & giv+ full play to ! :ite porcela9 gr\nd4 ,x is1 9 fact1 f> clos] 9 /yle to ! delicately pa9t$ ,japanese ,hirado porcela9 ?an to ! famili> ,*9ese blue & :ite ( ! ,k'ang ,hsi p]iod4 ,plate #fj illu/rates a little flask-%ap$ vase 9 ! ,franks ,collection1 :i* purports to be a specim5 ( ,hsan ,t blue & :ite porcela94 ,x has a ?ick1 8mutton fat0 glaze ( fa9t gre5i% t+e1 & is decorat$ ) a freely drawn pea* b\gh 9 und]glaze blue :i* has n develop$ uni=mly 9 ! fir+4 ,! col\r 9 places is deep1 s(t & brilliant1 b else:]e x has assum$ too d>k a hue4#ci ,its c]tificate is engrav$ 9 ,*9ese fa%ion on ! box into :i* x has be5 c>efully fitt$--hsan tz' pao yeh p'+1 8preci\s moon vase ( ,hsan porcela90--atte/$ by ! signature ,tz-*+1 ! /udio "n ( none o!r ?an ,hsiang ,yan-p'i51 ^: ,album has be5 s (t5 quot$4 ,)\t atta*+ too mu* weight to ?is inscription1 :i* is a matt] easily arrang$ by ! ,*9ese1 !re is no?+ 9 ! appe>ance ( ?is q unpret5ti\s little vase :i* is inconsi/5t ) an e>ly ,m+ orig94 ,on ! same plate is a bru% re/ 9 =m ( a log raft1 on :i* is a seat$ figure1 probably ! celebrat$ ,*ang-,*'i51 float+ d[n ! ,yell[ ,riv]4 ,! design recalls a r>e silv] cup ( ! ,yan dyna/y1 :i* 0 illu/rat$ 9 ! ,burl+ton ,magaz9e 7,decemb]1 #aiab74 ,"h ! mat]ial is porcela9 biscuit ) details glaz$ & t\*$ ) blue1 & ! ni5 hao ( ,hsan ,t is visible on ! upp] "p ( ! log beside two l9es ( poetry4 ,:e!r ?is bru% re/ really belongs to ! p]iod indicat$ or n1 x is a r>e & int]e/+ specim54 ,two o!r possible examples ( ,hsan ,t blue & :ite are describ$ on p4 #cb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #fb ,b>rel %ap$ ,g>d5 ,seat3 porcela9 ) col\r$ glazes on ! biscuit1 ! designs outl9$ 9 sl5d] fillets ( clay4 ,a lotus scroll betwe5 an upp] b& ( cl\ds & a l[] b& ( horses 9 fly+ gallop & sea waves4 ,lion mask h&les4 ,ab\t #aejj ,a4,d4 ,height #ad in*es4 ,briti% ,museum4 ,z to ! o!r types ( ,hsan w>e nam$ 9 ! ,po wu yao lan1 ) "o exception ,i c f9d no exact c\nt]p>t ( !m 9 exi/+ specim5s1 ?\gh p>ts ( ! descriptions are illu/rat$ by examples ( app>5tly lat] date4 ,?us ! =m ( ! :ite tea cups1 8) r\nd$ body1 convex base1 & ?read-l foot10 is se5 9 su* b[ls z ,fig4 #a ( ,plate #gd1 :i* is prov$ by its m\nt to be n lat] ?an ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,o!r examples ( ^! b[ls w be discuss$ lat]4 ,!y are *>act]is$ by a convexity 9 ! c5tre :i* _c be %[n 9 reproductions4 ,! secret decoration 7an hua7 consi/s ( designs fa9tly trac$ usually ) a %>p-po9t$ in/rum5t 9 ! body & "u ! glaze4 ,!re is an excell5t example ( ?is 9 a high-foot$ cup 9 ! ,franks ,collection :i* has ! ,hsan ,t m>k1 ! usual fa9tly gre5i% glaze1 b5ea? :i* is a delicately et*$ lotus scroll s f9e t x might easily be ov]look$ & is q impossible to reproduce by photographic me?ods4 ,x is1 no d\bt1 an e>ly eighte5?-c5tury copy ( ,hsan w>e4 ,! "o exception m5tion$ above is ! type repres5t$ by ! 8b>rel-%ap$ seats40 ,! description ( ^! leaves no room = d\bt t !y belong$ to a fairly famili> class ( ,m+ w>e1 ^: /r5g? & solidity has pres]v$ x 9 consid]able quantity :]e ! m delicate porcela9s h disappe>$4 ,plate #fb gives a good idea ( ! ,m+ b>rel-%ap$ g>d5 seat1 8) solid gr\nd fill$ 9 ) col\rs 9 engrav$ floral designs40 ,! o!r k9d1 8) op5work gr\nd1 ! designs fill$ 9 ) col\rs 7wu ts'ai71 gorge\s z cl\d brocades10 mu/ h be5 9 ! /yle ( ,plate #fa4 ,^! /yles ( decoration are m famili> to u on poti*e-%ap$ w9e j>s & high-%\ld]$ vases ?an on g>d5 seats1 b ! type is "o & ! same4 ,q a s]ies ( ^! vessels 0 exhibit$ at ! ,burl+ton ,f9e ,arts ,club 9 #aiaj1 & !y are fully describ$ 9 ! catalogue4 ,"s _h an out] cas+ 9 op5work2 o!rs _h ! designs outl9$ 9 rais$ ?reads ( clay1 :i* conta9$ ! col\rs l ! ribbons ( cloisonn enamel#dj2 9 o!rs1 aga91 ! patt]ns 7 incis$ ) a po9t4 ,! common feature ( all ( !m 0 t ! details ( ! patt]n 7 def9$ by "s emphatic me?od ( outl9+ :i* s]v$ at ! same "t to limit ! fl[ ( ! col\rs4 ,! col\rs !mselves consi/ ( glazes conta9+ a consid]able proportion ( lead1 & t9t$ 9 ! usual fa%ion ) metallic oxides4 ,!y include a deep violet blue 7sometimes v>y+ to black or br[n71 leaf gre51 turquoise1 yell[1#da & a col\rless glaze or a :ite slip :i* s]v$ z :ite col\r1 ?\gh at times ! :ite 0 repres5t$ m]ely by leav+ ! unglaz$ body or biscuit to appe>4 ,^! col\r$ glazes diff] f ! on-glaze pa9t$ enamels 9 t !y are appli$ direct to ! body ( ! w>e1 & are fir$ at a relatively high temp]ature 9 ! cool] p>ts ( ! great kiln1 a circum/ance express$ by ! ,fr5* 9 ! concise phrase1 c\leurs de demi-gr& feu4#db ,! c5tral ornam5t consi/$ *iefly ( figures ( sages or deities 9 rocky l&scape1 or seat$ "u p9e trees amid cl\ds1 dragons 9 cl\ds1 or beautiful lotus designs2 & ^! 7 conta9$ by v>i\s bord]s1 su* z floral scrolls1 gadroons1 ju-i head patt]ns1 fungus scrolls1 & symbols hang+ 9 jewell$ p5dants4 ,z a rule1 ! l>g] areas ( ^! vases are inve/$ ) a gr\nd col\r & ! design fill$ 9 ) contra/+ t9ts4 ,sometimes ! s*eme ( decoration includes sev]al b&s ( ornam5t1 & 9 ?is case--z on ,plate #fb--m ?an "o gr\nd col\r is us$4 ,! ,po wu yao lan speaks ( gre5 7*'+7 & d>k blue 7lan7 gr\nds1 & exi/+ specim5s indicate t ! d>k violet blue 0 ! commone/ gr\nd col\r4 ,next to ?is1 turquoise blue is ! mo/ frequ5tly se52 b besides ^! !re is a d>k v>iety ( ! violet :i* is almo/ black1 & ano!r :i* is d>k br[n1 bo? ( :i* col\rs are bas$ on cobaltif]\s oxide ( manganese4 ,x has already be5 obs]v$ t ?is type ( decoration 0 frequ5tly us$ on a pott]y body z well z on porcela94 ,! "q ( ! antiquity ( ! above me?od ( poly*rome decoration is complicat$ by ! contradictory acc\nts :i* ,dr4 ,bu%ell has giv5 ( a v celebrat$ example1 ! /atuette ( ! goddess ,kuan-y9 9 ! temple nam$ ,pao kuo ss at ,pek+4 ,! foll[+ ref]5ce to ?is image occurs 9 ! ,t'ung ya1 publi%$ 9 ! reign ( ,*'ung ,*ng 7#afbe-afdc73 8,! ,*n ,*\ transmutation w>es 7yao pi57 are n uncommon to-day4 ,! ,kuan-y9 9 ! ,pao kuo ss is a yao pi540 ,dr4 ,bu%ell1 :o visit$ ! temple sev]al times1 gives a m9ute description ( ! image1 :i* conta9s ! foll[+ passage#dc3 8,! figure is loosely wrapp$ 9 fl[+ drap]y ( pure/ & blue/ turquoise t9t1 ) ! wide sleeves ( ! robe bord]$ ) black & turn$ back 9 front to %[ ! yell[ l9+2 ! upp] "p ( ! cloak is ext5d$ up beh9d ov] ! head 9 ! =m ( a plait$ hood1 :i* is also l9$ ) can>y yell[40 ,to ! ord9>y read]1 su* a description w\ld be conclusive4 ,a f9e example ( ,m+ porcela91 he w\ld say1 decorat$ ) ! typical col\r$ glazes on ! biscuit4 ,bu%ell's comm5t1 h[ev]1 is t ! 8col\rs are ( ! same type z ^? ( ! f9e/ fl[] pots & sauc]s ( ! ,*n ,*\ porcela9 ( ! ,sung dyna/y40 ,x %\ld be said t ! temple bonzes insi/ t !y c trace ! orig9 ( ! image back to ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,if ^! are inde$ ! typical ,*n ,*\ glazes1 !n all our previ\s in=mation on t factory1 includ+ ,bu%ell's own contributions1 is wor?less4 ,9 ano!r "w1#dd h[ev]1 ! same writ] /ates t x 7! image 9 "q7 is 8really enamell$ 9 'five col\rs'--turquoise1 yell[1 crimson1 r$ br[n & black40 ,?is is precisely :at we %\ld h expect$1 & x c only be imag9$ t ,bu%ell 9 ! o!r passage 0 influ5c$ by ! /atem5t 9 ! ,t'ung ya t x 0 a furnace transmutation piece1 a /atem5t probably bas$ on ! sup]/ition t x 0 a miracul\s lik5ess ( ! goddess1 :o h]self desc5d$ into ! kiln & m\ld$ its features4 ,z to ! o!r temple tradition1 t x 0 made 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 x is n necess>y to take t any m s]i\sly ?an ! my? conc]n+ its miracul\s orig91 :i* d]ives f ! same s\rce4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to /ate t all ! exi/+ specim5s ( ?is class 7& !y are fairly num]\s7 d n belong to ! ,hsan ,t p]iod4 ,inde$1 x is unlikely t m ?an a v small p]c5tage ( !m 7 made 9 ?is %ort reign4 ,:e!r ! /yle surviv$ ! ,m+ dyna/y is an op5 "q2 b x is safe to assume t x 0 l>gely us$ 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,! discussion ( ?is gr\p ( poly*rome porcela9 leads naturally to ! vex$ "q ( ! introduction ( enamel pa9t+ ov] ! glaze4 ,by ! latt] ,i mean ! pa9t+ ( designs on ! f9i%$ :ite glaze 9 vitrifiable enamels1 :i* 7 subsequ5tly fix$ 9 ! g5tle heat ( ! muffle kiln 7lu7--c\leurs de petit feu1 z ! ,fr5* h nam$ !m4 ,no help c be got f ! phraseology ( ! ,*9ese1 = !y use wu ts'ai or wu s 7lit4 five col\rs7 indiff]5tly = all k9ds ( poly*rome decoration1 reg>dless ( ! numb] ( col\rs involv$ or ! mode ( application4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no room = d\bt t ! delicate enamel pa9t+1 = :i* ! reign ( ,*'ng ,hua 7#adfe-adhg7 0 celebrat$1 0 execut$ ) ! bru% ov] ! fir$ glaze4 ,x is inconceivable t ! small1 egg%ell w9e cups ) peony fl[]s & a h5 & *ick5 8in/9ct ) life & movem5t0 c\ld h be5 limn$ by any o!r me?od4 ,if ?is is ! case1 !n :at c\ld ! ,*9ese writ]s mean :5 !y contra/$ ! wu ts'ai ornam5t ( ! ,hsan ,t & ,*'ng ,hua p]iods1 b t ! same process ( pa9t+ 0 9 use 9 bo? reigns8 ,! ,*'ng ,hua col\rs 7 m arti/ic because !y 7 ?9 & delicately grad$1 :ile ! ,hsan ,t wu ts'ai 7 too ?ickly appli$4#de ,= ?is reason1 if = no o!r1 we may rightly inf] t pa9t+ 9 on-glaze enamels 0 practis$ 9 ! ,hsan ,t p]iod1 if1 inde$1 x _h n be5 long 9 use4#df ,!re is ano!r & an int]m$iate me?od ( poly*rome decoration 9 :i* ! l[-fir$ enamels 7de petit feu7 are appli$ direct to ! biscuit1 z 9 ! case ( ! demi-gr& feu col\rs1 b ) ! diff]5ce t !y are fix$ 9 ! muffle kiln4 ,?is me?od 0 mu* employ$ on ! late ,m+ & e>ly ,*'+ porcela9s1 & x w be discuss$ lat]2 b x is m5tion$ "h because !re are sev]al app>5t examples ( x 9 ,hsiang's ,album1 "o#dg ( :i* is dat$ ,hsan ,t4 ,! example 9 "q is a model ( ! celebrat$ ,nank+ pagoda1 & x is describ$ z wu ts'ai1 ! /ructure be+ :ite1 ! ro(s gre51 ! rails r$1 & ! doors yell[1 :ile ! date is pa9t$ 9 blue4 ,i h hesitat$ to assume t ?is is int5d$ to repres5t an on-glaze pa9t$ piece1 ?\gh !re is mu* 9 ! description to indicate su* a conclusion2 b x is c]ta9ly ei!r ?is or a memb] ( ! class "u discussion1 viz4 decorat$ 9 enamels ( ! muffle kiln appli$ to ! biscuit4#dh ,9 ei!r case x proves ! k ( vitrifiable enamels at ?is p]iod to all :o accept ! evid5ce ( ,hsiang's ,album4 ,examples ( ,hsan ,t poly*rome porcela9 enum]at$ 9 ! ,t'ao %uo includ$ w9e pots 9 ! =m ( pea*es1 pomegranates1 d\ble g\rds1 a pair ( m&>9 ducks & geese2 wa%+ di%es 7= bru%es7 ( 8gong-%ap$ outl9e10 ) m\ld$ fi% & wat]-we$s1 ) sunfl[]s & ) liz>ds2 & lamp brackets1 8ra9-lamps10 vessels = hold+ bird's food1 & cricket#di pots 7see vol4 i1 p4 #ahh74 ,specim5s ( on-glaze pa9t$ porcela9 ) ! ,hsan ,t m>k are common en\gh1 b ,i h n yet se5 "o :i* c\ld be accept$ )\t res]ve4 ,p]haps ! ne>e/ to ! p]iod is a specim5 9 ! ,franks ,collection1 a box made ( ! l[] "p ( a squ>e vase :i* _h be5 brok5 & cut d[n4 ,x 0 fitt$ ) a f9ely design$ bronze cov] 9 ,japan1 & x is /rongly pa9t$ 9 und]glaze blue & ! usual gre51 yell[1 r$ & purple on-glaze enamels4 ,! m>k is 9 a f9e d>k blue1 & ! porcela9 has all ! "* ( a ,m+ specim54 ,!re is1 9 ! same collection1 a di% ( a diff]5t type1 b ) ! ,hsan ,t m>k 9 ,mohamm$an blue & o!r evid5ces ( ,m+ orig94 ,! glaze is ( a fa9tly gre5i% :ite & ( consid]able ?ickness & lu/re1 & ! design consi/s ( lotus scrolls 9 gold4 ,pa9t+ 9 gold 9 ! ,hsan ,t p]iod is m5tion$ 9 ! ,t'ao %uo#ej 9 connection ) ! pots = hold+ ! fight+ crickets allud$ to above4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,*',,ng ,,hua ** #b 7#adfe-adhg7 ,,& ,,o!r ,,reigns ,! ,*'ng ,hua porcela9 %>es ) t ( ! ,hsan ,t p]iod ! hon\rs ( ! ,m+ dyna/y1 & ,*9ese writ]s are divid$ on ! relative m]its ( ! two4 ,un=tunately1 no mat]ial rema9s on :i* we might base a v]dict ( our own1 b we may safely accept ! summ+ up :i* ! ,po wu yao lan1 ! premi] au?ority on e>ly ,m+ w>es1 gives z foll[s#ea3 8,9 my op9ion1 ! blue & :ite porcela9 ( ! ,*'ng ,hua p]iod does n equal t ( ! ,hsan ,t1 :ile ! poly*rome ( ! ,hsan p]iod does n equal t ( ! 'model#eb emp]or's' reign4 ,! reason is t ! blue ( ! ,hsan w>e 0 su-ni-p'o#ec blue1 :]eas aft]w>d x 0 all exhau/$1 & 9 ! ,*'ng ,hua p]iod only ! ord9>y blue 0 us$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! poly*rome 7wu ts'ai7 decoration on ! ,hsan w>e 0 deep & ?ick1 heap$ & pil$1 & consequ5tly n v beautiful2 :ile on ! poly*rome w>es ( ! ,*'ng ,hua p]iod ! col\rs us$ 7 ?9 & subdu$1#ed & gave ! impression ( a picture40#ee ,else:]e we read t ! ,hsan ,t porcela9 0 ?ick1 ! ,*'ng ,hua ?91 & t ! blue ( ! ,hsan blue & :ite 0 pale1 t ( ! ,*'ng ,hua d>k2 b on ?is latt] po9t !re are _m diff]5ces ( op9ion1 & among ! w>es made at ! ,imp]ial factory 9 ! ,yung ,*ng p]iod we are told t !re 7 8copies ( ,*'ng ,hua porcela9 ) designs p5cill$ 9 pale blue 7tan *'+740#ef ,! only types ( ,*'ng ,hua porcela9 consid]$ wor?y ( m5tion by ,*9ese writ]s are ! poly*rome1 ! blue & :ite1 & ! r$ mono*rome1 ?\gh d\btless ! o!r me?ods ( previ\s reigns 7 /ill us$4 ,/ress is laid on ! excell5ce ( ! designs :i* 7 suppli$ by arti/s 9 ! palace1#eg & on ! f9e quality ( ! col\rs us$1 & an int]e/+ li/ ( patt]ns is giv5 9 ! ,t'ao %uo1#eh :i* includes ! foll[+3 #a4 ,/em-cups 7pa pei71 ) high foot1 flatt5$ b[l1 & spread+ m\?2 decorat$ 9 col\rs ) a grape-v9e patt]n4 8,among ! highe/ class ( ,*'ng ,hua porcela9 ^! are unsurpass$1 & 9 workman%ip !y f> excel ! ,hsan ,t cups40 ,su* is ! v]dict ( ! ,po wu yao lan1 b !y are only kn[n to u by lat] imitations4 ,a poor illu/ration ( "o ( ^! is giv5 9 ,hsiang's ,album1#ei & we are told 9 ! accompany+ text t ! glaze is fn pai1 8:ite l rice p[d]10 :ile ! decoration1 a b& ( oblique v9e clu/]s & t5drils1 is m]ely describ$ z wu ts'ai 7poly*rome71 b x is obvi\sly too slight to be execut$ by any o!r me?od ?an pa9t+ ) enamels on ! glaze4 ,! price paid = ?is cup is /at$ z "o hundr$ taels 7or ounces7 ( silv]4 #b4 ,*ick5 cups 7*i kang71 %ap$ l ! flat-bottom$1 /eep-sid$1 & wide-m\!d fi% b[ls 7kang71 & pa9t$ 9 col\rs ) a h5 & *ick5s b5ea? a fl[]+ plant4 ,a valuable comm5t>y on ,*'ng ,hua porcela9s is giv5 by a late sev5te5?-c5tury writ] 9 notes app5d$ to v>i\s odes 7e4g4 on a 8*ick5 cup0 & on a ,*n ,*\ vase74 ,! writ] is ,kao ,tan-jn1 :o also call$ himself ,kao ,*iang-ts'un1 ! "n app5d$ to a long diss]tation on a ,yan dyna/y silv] w9e cup1 :i* n[ belongs to ,sir ,rob]t ,biddulph & 0 figur$ 9 ! ,burl+ton ,magaz9e4#fj 8,*'ng ,hua w9e cups10 he tells u1 8include a great v>iety ( sorts4 ,all are ( clev] workman%ip & decoration1 & are delicately col\r$ 9 d>k & light %ades4 ,! porcela9 is lu/r\s & cle>1 b /rong4 ,! *ick5 cups are pa9t$ ) a mu tan peony1 & bel[ x a h5 & *ick51 :i* seem to live & move40 ,ano!r writ]#fa ( ! same p]iod /ates t he frequ5t$ ! fair at ! ,tz'-in temple 9 ! capital1 :]e porcela9 b[ls 7 exhibit$1 & ri* m5 came to buy4 ,= ,wan ,li porcela9 ! usual price 0 a few taels ( silv]2 = ,hsan ,t & ,*'ng ,hua m>k$ specim5s two to five times t am\nt2 b 8*ick5 cups0 c\ld n be b\ght = less ?an a hundr$ taels1 & yet ^? :o _h ! means did n hesitate to buy1 & porcela9 realis$ high] prices ?an jade4 ,an illu/ration 9 ,hsiang's ,album#fb gives a poor idea ( "o ( ^! porcela9 gems1 :i* is describ$ z hav+ ! sides ?9 z a cicada's w+1 & s transluc5t t ! f+]nail c\ld be se5 ?r\gh !m4 ,! design1 a h5 & *ick5 beside a cock's-comb plant gr[+ ne> a rock1 is said to h be5 9 ! /yle ( a celebrat$ ,sung arti/4 ,! pa9t+ is 9 8appli$ col\rs 7fu s71 ?ick & ?910 & app>5tly yell[1 gre51 aub]g9e & br[n4 ,l t ( ! grape-v9e cup1 x is evid5tly 9 enamels on ! glaze4 #c4 ,ruby r$ b[ls 7pao %ao wan7#fc & c9nab> r$ di%es 7*u %a p'an74 ,^! 71 no d\bt1 ! same z ! 8preci\s /one r$ 7pao %ih hung7 & c9nab> b[ls r$ z ! sun10 describ$ 9 ! *apt] on ,hsan ,t porcela94 ,kao ,*iang-ts'un rem>ks on ^! t 8among ! ,*'ng w>es are *ick5 cups1 ruby r$ b[ls1 & c9nab> di%es1 v clev]ly made1 & f9e1 & m co/ly ?an ,sung porcela940 #d4 ,w9e cups ) figure subjects & lotuses4 #e4 8,blue & :ite0 7*'+ hua7 w9e cups1 ?9 z pap]4 #f4 ,small cups ) plants & insects 7ts'ao *'ung74#fd #g4 ,%all[ cups ) ! five sacrificial alt> vessels 7wu kung yang74 #h4 ,small plates = *op/icks1 pa9t$ 9 col\rs4 #i4 ,inc5se boxes4 #aj4 ,all mann] ( small j>s4 ,all ^! v>ieties are m5tion$ 9 ! ,po wu yao lan1 :i* gives ! place ( hon\r to ! grape-v9e /em-cups4 ,! only k9d specifically describ$ z blue & :ite is ,no4 #e1 & ! inf]5ce is t ! o!r types 7 usually poly*rome4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #fc4--;,balu/] ,vase ,) designs 9 rais$ outl9e1 fill$ 9 ) col\r$ glazes on ! biscuit2 d>k violet blue backgr\nd4 ,ab\t #aejj4 ,height #ad in*es4 ,gr&idi] ,collection 7,l\vre74 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #fd4--;,fifte5?-c5tury ,poly*rome ,porcela94 ,fig4 #a4--,vase ) grey crackle & peony scrolls 9 blue & enamels4 ,*'ng ,hua m>k4 ,height #af in*es4 ,briti% ,museum4 ,fig4 #b4--,vase ) turquoise gr\nd & b&s ( floral patt]n & w+$ dragons incis$ 9 outl9e & col\r$ gre51 yell[ & aub]g9e4 ,height #bb in*es4 ,s4 ,e4 ,k5n$y ,collection4 ,fig4 #c4--;,box ) b&s ( ju-i cl\ds & pi]c$ floral scrolls2 turquoise & yell[ glazes 9 d>k blue gr\nd4 ,diamet] #aj in*es4 ,gr&idi] ,collection4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #fe4--,m+ san ts'ai ,porcela94 ,fig4 #a4--,vase ) w+$ dragons1 san ts'ai glazes on ! biscuit1 d>k blue gr\nd4 ,d$icatory inscription on ! neck1 includ+ ! words 8,m+ dyna/y40 ,cloisonn h&les4 ,height #bb in*es4 ,s4 ,e4 ,k5n$y ,collection4 ,fig4 #b4--;,figure ( ,kuan-y91 turquoise1 gre5 & aub]g9e glazes1 d>k blue rockwork4 ,fifte5? c5tury4 ,height #bh in*es4 ,gr&idi] ,collection4 ,fig4 #c4--,vase ) lotus scrolls1 transp>5t glazes 9 ?ree col\rs4 ,late ,m+4 ,height #bj in*es4 ,gr&idi] ,collection4 ,! foll[+ designs are enum]at$ & expla9$ by ,kao ,*iang-ts'un 9 ! valuable comm5t>y :i* has already be5 m5tion$3-- #aa4 ,w9e cups ) ! design kn[n z 8! high-flam+ c&le light+ up r$ beauty10 expla9$ z a beautiful damsel hold+ a c&le to light up hai-t'ang 7*]ry apple7 blossoms4 #ab4 ,brocade heap patt]n#fe2 expla9$ z 8sprays ( fl[]s & fruit mass$ 7tui7 on all sides40#ff #ac4 ,cups ) sw+s1 ) dragon boats1 ) fam\s s*ol>s & ) *ildr54 ,! sw+s1 we are told1 repres5t m5 & wom5#fg play+ ) sw+s 7*'iu *'i573 ! dragon boats repres5t ! dragon boat races#fh2 ! fam\s s*ol> 7kao %ih7 cups h on "o side ,*\ ,mao-%u1 lov] ( ! lotus1 & on ! o!r ,t'ao ,yan-m+ sitt+ be=e a *rysan!mum plant2 ! *ildr5 7wa wa7 consi/ ( five small *ildr5 play+ toge!r4#fi #ad4 ,cups ) grape-v9es on a trellis1 fragrant plants1 fi% & we$s1 g\rds1 aub]g9e fruit1 ! ,eight ,buddhi/ ,emblems 7pa *i hsiang71 yu po lo fl[]s1 & ,indian lotus 7hsi fan li57 designs4 ,none ( ^! ne$ explanation except ! ,buddhi/ ,emblems1 :i* are describ$ on p4 #bih1 & ! yu po lo1 :i* is g5]ally expla9$ z a transcription ( ! ,sanskrit utpala1 8! d>k blue lotus40 ,?\gh ! read] w probably n h ! opportunity ( id5tify+ ^! designs on ,*'ng ,hua porcela91 !y w help him 9 ! description ( lat] w>es on :i* ^! same motives n infrequ5tly occur4 ,! n9e illu/rations#gj ( ,*'ng ,hua porcela9 9 ,hsiang's ,album1 = ! mo/ "p feebly drawn & badly col\r$1 =m an absurd comm5t>y on ! gl[+ descriptions 9 ! text4 ,_! *ief int]e/ lies 9 _! be>+ on ! "q ( poly*rome pa9t+4 ,9 "s cases ! designs h all ! appe>ance ( on-glaze enamels2 9 o!rs !y sugge/ transp>5t glazes or enamels on ! biscuit4 ,! col\rs us$ are gre51 yell[ & aub]g9e br[n1 ! san ts'ai or 8?ree col\rs10 not)/&+ :i* ! decoration is class$ "u ! g5]al t]m wu ts'ai 7lit4 five col\rs71 or poly*rome4 ,! phrases us$ to describe ! col\r+ include wu ts'ai1 fu s1 t'i5 yu1 ( :i* fu s#ga means 8appli$ col\rs10 :i* might equally sugge/ on-glaze enamels or on-biscuit col\rs1 & t'i5 yu#gb decid$ly sugge/s on-biscuit col\r+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 "o case#gc we are expressly told t ! 8col\r ( ! glaze is lu/r\s :ite & ! pa9t+ ^u x#gd consi/s ( geese1 etc410 an unequivocal description ( on-glaze pa9t+4 ,?\gh ! ,*'ng ,hua m>k is "o ( ! commone/ on ,*9ese porcela91 g5u9e examples ( ,*'ng ,hua porcela9 are virtually unkn[n 9 ,we/]n collections4 ,! ,imp]ial w>es ( ! p]iod 7 r>e & highly valu$ 9 ,*9a 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 & we c h>dly hope to obta9 !m 9 ,europe to-day2 b !re mu/ be _m survivors f ! w>es produc$ by ! private kilns at ! "t1 & possibly "s few examples are await+ id5tification 9 our collections4 ,un=tunately1 ! promiscu\s use ( ! m>k on lat] w>es1 ! confus$ acc\nts ( ! blue 9 ! 8blue & :ite10 & ! conflict+ !ories on ! poly*rome decoration1 h all help$ to r5d] id5tifications difficult to make & easy to dispute4 ,! cov]$ cake box 9 ! ,bu%ell collection1 figur$ by ,cosmo ,monkh\se#ge z a ,*'ng ,hua specim51 is closely p>allel$ 9 make & /yle ( decoration by a beak]-%ap$ bru% pot 9 ! ,franks ,collection4#gf ,bo? are delicately p5cill$ 9 pale blue2 bo? h a peculi> br[n /a9+ 9 p>ts ( ! glaze & a slight w>p 9 ! foot rim4 ,9 ! ,briti% ,museum piece1 h[ev]1 ! foot rim is groov$ at ! sides to fit a wood5 /&1 a feature :i* 0 n usual be=e ! ,k'ang ,hsi p]iod1 & some?+ 9 ! /yle ( ! draw+ is r sugge/ive ( ,japanese "w4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ano!r specim5 9 ! ,franks ,collection#gg :i* is c]ta9ly ,*9ese ( ! ,m+ dyna/y1 & possibly ( ! ,*'ng ,hua p]iod1 ( :i* x be>s ! m>k4 ,x is a vase ( balu/] =m1 ?ick & /rongly built1 ) great weight ( clay at ! foot1 & un=tunately1 l s _m ( ! e>ly poly*rome vases :i* h come f ,*9a 9 rec5t ye>s1 x is cut d[n at ! neck4 ,x has a greyi% crackl$ glaze1 pa9t$ ) a floral scroll design1 outl9$ 9 br[n black pigm5t & wa%$ 9 ) leaf gre51 yell[1 manganese purple & blui% gre5 enamels1 :i* are supplem5t$ by a little und]glaze blue1 & ! m>k is 9 f\r *>act]s 9 blue 9 a sunk panel "u ! base4 ,?\gh too clumsy to belong to any ( ! gr\ps ( ,imp]ial w>es describ$ 9 ! ,po wu yao lan1 ?is vase is c]ta9ly an old piece1 & possibly ! production ( "o ( ! private factories ( ! ,*'ng ,hua p]iod4 ,9 ! ,eumorfop\los & ,b5son ,collections#gh !re are a few examples ( ^! massive-foot$ vases1 mo/ ( !m un=tunately incomplete above1 decorat$ 9 poly*rome glazes ) engrav$ or relief-edg$ designs1 b n1 z a rule1 9 on-glaze enamels4 ,^! are cle>ly among our e>lie/ examples ( poly*rome porcela91 & we %\ld expect to f9d "h1 if any:]e1 specim5s ( ! col\r$ porcela9 ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,see ,plate #fd4 ,?\gh ! fifte5? c5tury 0 di/+ui%$ by two brilliant p]iods1 !re are consid]able gaps 9 ! c]amic annals ( ! "t4 ,! reign ( ! ,emp]or ,*ng ,t'ung1#gi :o succe$$ to ! ?rone 9 #adcf1 0 tr\bl$ by w>s1 & 9 8 fir/ ye> ! directorate ( ! ,imp]ial factory 0 aboli%$2 &1 z soldi]s _h to be levi$1 relief 0 giv5 by /opp+ ! manufacture ( porcela9 = ! palace4 ,9 #addi ?is emp]or 0 actually tak5 captive by ! ,mongols1 & 8 bro!r1 :o took 8 place f #adej to #adef "u ! title ( ,*+ ,t'ai1#hj r$uc$ ! cu/om>y supplies ( palace w>es 9 #aded by "o ?ird4 ,! reign ( ,*+ ,t'ai is celebrat$ = cloisonn enamel on metal4 ,9 #adeg1 :5 ,*ng ,t'ung 0 releas$ & return$ to ! ?rone "u ! title ( ,t'i5 ,%un#ha 7#adeg-adfd71 ! ,imp]ial factory 0 re-e/abli%$1 & ! c>e ( x aga9 entru/$ to a palace eunu*4 ,!re are no records1 h[ev]1 ( ! w>es made 9 ^! p]iods1 ?\gh we may assume t ! private factories cont9u$ 9 op]ation ev5 :5 "w at ! ,imp]ial pott]y 0 susp5d$4 ,! director%ip 0 aga9 aboli%$ 9 #adhf1 & porcela9 is n m5tion$ 9 ! (ficial records until ! end ( ! reign ( ,hung ,*ih#hb 7#adhh-aeje74 ,9 ,hsiang's ,album#hc we are told t ! pale yell[ ( ! ,hung ,*ih p]iod 0 highly priz$1 & t ! poly*rome w>es vi$ ) ^? ( ! reign ( ,*'ng ,hua4 ,f\r examples are giv53 an inc5se burn]1 a cup m\ld$ 9 sunfl[] design1 & a _s j> 7all yell[71 besides a g\rd-%ap$ w9e pot ) yell[ gr\nd & accessories 9 gre5 & br[n1 app>5tly col\r$ glazes or enamels appli$ to ! biscuit4 ,! yell[ glazes are describ$ z pale yell[ 7*iao#hd huang71 & lik5$ to ! col\r ( /eam$ *e/nuts 7*ng li#he7 or ! sunfl[] 7k'uei hua#hf74 ,! yell[ col\r is ( old /&+ 9 ,*9ese c]amics4 ,we h f\nd x on ,t'ang pott]y1 9 ! mi s ( ! ,sung p]iod1 9 ! blacki% yell[ ( ! ,yan w>e made at ,hu-t'i51 & 9 ! e>ly ,m+ porcela9s4 ,p]oxide ( iron or antimony are ! usual metallic bases ( ! col\r1 & x 0 us$ ei!r 9 high-fir$ glazes or 9 enamels ( ! muffle /ove4 ,! yell[ = :i* ! ,hung ,*ih p]iod 0 not$ 0 a yell[ glaze1 appli$ direct to ! biscuit1 or add$ z an ov]glaze to ! ord9>y :ite porcela94 ,:5 appli$ to ! biscuit x assumes a full] & br[n] t9t ?an :5 back$ by a :ite glaze4 ,^! yell[ glazes (t5 h a slightly mottl$ or /ippl$ look1 ! col\r appe>+ z m9ute p>ticles ( yell[ held 9 susp5sion 9 ! glaze4 ,m>k$ examples1 purport+ to be ,hung ,*ih yell[1 are occasionally se51 b ! mo/ conv9c+ specim5 is a sauc] di% 9 ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum1 ( good quality porcela91 ) a s(t ri* yell[ glaze & ! ,hung ,*ih m>k "u ! base 9 blue4 ,"p ( its exi/5ce 0 sp5t 9 ,p]sia1 :]e x 0 inscrib$ 9 ,arabic ) ! date #ajba ,a4,h41 :i* corresponds to #afaa ,a4,d4 ,a beautiful seat$ figure ( ! goddess ,kuan-y9 9 ! ,pi]pont ,morgan ,collection1 n unlike ,plate #fe1 ,fig4 #b1 b small]1 is decorat$ ) yell[1 gre5 & aub]g9e glazes on ! biscuit1 & be>s a date 9 ! ,hung ,*ih p]iod :i* corresponds to #aejb4 ,a di% ( f9e :ite porcela9 ) ! ,hung ,*ih m>k is 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 & examples ( ! blue & :ite ( ! p]iod may be se5 9 ! celebrat$ ,tr5*>d b[ls4 ,^! la/ are ! e>lie/ kn[n arrivals 9 ! way ( ,*9ese porcela9 9 ?is c\ntry1 & !y 7 giv5 by ,philip ( ,au/ria1 ,k+ ( ,ca/ile1 to ,sir ,?omas ,tr5*>d 9 #aejf4 ,"o ( !m is illu/rat$ 9 ,gull&'s ,*9ese ,porcela91#hg ) a description writt5 by ,mr4 ,w9?rop aft] a p]sonal inspection4 ,! decoration consi/s ( floral scrolls outside & a fi% m$allion surr\nd$ by f\r fi%es inside4 ,! acc\nt ( ! col\r1 h[ev]1 is n v flatt]+3 8,"o ( ! b[ls bore ?is decoration v di/9ctly trac$ 9 blacki% cobalt1 :ile ! o!r b[l _h a v wa%$-out & fad$ appe>ance40 ,! w>e itself is describ$ z 8r greyi%40 ,probably ^! b[ls 7 made = ! export trade1 & ne$ n necess>ily be reg>d$ z typical ( ! ,hung ,*ih blue & :ite4 ,*ng ,t ** #b 7#aejf-aeba7 ,! reign ( ,*ng ,t1 ?\gh n m5tion$ 9 ! ,po wu yao lan & b briefly notic$ 9 ! ,t'ao %uo1 mu/ h be5 an important p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( ,*9ese porcela94 ,! y *'i *'ang 7,imp]ial w>e factory7 0 rebuilt#hh & ! direct sup]vision ( a palace eunu* r5ew$4 ,! porcela91 we are told 9 ! ,t'ao lu1 0 *iefly blue pa9t$ & poly*rome1 ! f9e/ be+ 9 ! und]glaze r$ kn[n z *i hung4 ,an important factor 9 ! blue decoration 0 ! arrival ( fre% supplies ( ! ,mohamm$an blue4#hi ,! /ory is t ! gov]nor ( ,yunnan obta9$ a supply ( ?is hui *'+ f a =eign c\ntry1 & t x 0 us$ at fir/ melt$ d[n ) /one = mak+ imitation jewels4 ,x 0 wor? twice its weight 9 gold4 ,:51 h[ev]1 x 0 f\nd t x w\ld endure ! heat ( ! kiln1 ord]s 7 giv5 = its use 9 porcela9 decoration1 & its col\r 0 f\nd to be 8antique & spl5did40 ,h5ce ! great e/eem 9 :i* ! blue & :ite ( ! p]iod 0 held4#ij ,! m]it ( ?is new ,mohamm$an blue 0 its deep col\r1 & ! *oice/ k9d 0 kn[n z 8,buddha's head blue0 7,fo t'ou *'+74 ,its use at ?is p]iod 0 n conf9$ to ! ,imp]ial factory1 = we read t ! workm5 /ole x & sold x to ! private manufactur]s4 ,9 ! foll[+ reign a me?od ( weigh+ ! mat]ial 0 in/itut$1 :i* put an end to ?is pilf]+4 ,"s acc\nt has already be5 giv5#ia ( ?is mat]ial & its use 9 comb9ation ) ! common] native m9]al blue4 ,x 01 no d\bt1 ! blue us$ on ,p]sian1 ,syrian & ,egyptian pott]y ( ! p]iod export$ by ! ,arab trad]s4 ,"o ( ! olde/ r\tes#ib foll[$ by ,we/]n trad]s ) ,*9a 0 by riv] 7probably ! ,irrawady7 f ! coa/ ( ,pegu1 rea*+ ,yung-*'ang1 9 ,yunnan1 & s into ,*9a prop]4 ,?is w expla9 ! opportunities enjoy$ by ! vic]oy ( ,yunnan4 ,!re 71 ( c\rse1 o!r l9es ( communication betwe5 ,*9a & ,we/]n ,asia by sea & l&1 & a consid]able int]*ange ( ideas _h pass$ betwe5 ,*9a & ,p]sia = sev]al c5turies1 s t reflex influ5ces are traceable 9 ! pott]y ( bo? c\ntries4 ,pa9t+ 9 /ill black "u a turquoise blue glaze is "o ( ! olde/ ,p]sian me?ods ( c]amic decoration1 & we h se5 t x 0 closely p>allel$ on ! ,tz' ,*\ w>es 7vol4 i1 p4 #ajc74 ,x is relat$ t a ?\s& ,*9ese artific]s 7 transplant$ to ,p]sia by ,hulagu ,khan 7#abec-abfd71 & x is probable t !y includ$ pott]s4 ,at any rate1 ! ,*9ese dragon & phnix appe> on ! ,p]sian lu/r$ tiles ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,at a lat] date ,%ah ,abbas 7#aehe-afbg7 settl$ "s ,*9ese pott]s 9 ,ispahan4 ,mean:ile1 quantities ( ,*9ese porcela9 _h be5 trad$ 9 ! ,ne> ,ea/1 :]e x 0 closely copi$ by ! ,p]sian1 ,syrian & ,egyptian pott]s 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,! ,p]sian pott]y & s(t porcela9 ( ?is "t s closely imitates ! ,*9ese blue & :ite t 9 "s cases a v m9ute inspection is requir$ to detect ! diff]5ce1 & no?+ is common] ?an to f9d ,p]sian w>e ( ?is type /ray+ into collections ( ,*9ese porcela94#ic ,conv]sely1 ! ,p]sian ta/e is /rongly reflect$ 9 "s ( ! ,*9ese decorations1 n only :]e x is directly /udi$ on ! w>es de/9$ = export to ,p]sia1 b 9 ! floral scrolls on ! ,imp]ial w>es ( ! ,m+ p]iod4 ,! expressions hui hui hua 7,mohamm$an ornam5t or fl[]s7 & hui hui wn 7,mohamm$an designs7 occur 9 ! descriptions ( ! porcela9 =w>d$ to ! palace1 & !re c be little d\bt t !y ref] to floral arabesque designs 9 a broad s5se1 ?\gh x w\ld1 ( c\rse1 be possible to n>r[ ! mean+ to ! m$allions ( ,arabic writ+ n infrequ5tly se5 on ,*9ese porcela91 :i* 0 app>5tly made = ! use ( "s ( ! num]\s ,mohamm$ans 9 ,*9a4 ,an int]e/+ s]ies ( ?is la/-m5tion$ type is exhibit$ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum along ) a numb] ( bronzes simil>ly ornam5t$4 ,_m ( ^! are ( e>ly date1 & five ( ! porcela9s be> ! ,*ng ,t m>k & unque/ionably belong to t p]iod4 ,^! comprise a pair ( vases ) sph]ical tops :i* are holl[ & pi]c$ ) five holes1 9 =m resembl+ ! peculi> ,*9ese hat /&s2 ! l[] "p ( a cut-d[n vase1 squ>e 9 =m2 an ink slab ) cov]1 & a bru% re/ 9 ! =m ( a conv5tional range ( hills4 ,! body 9 ea* case is a beautiful :ite mat]ial1 ?\gh ?ickly con/ruct$1 & ! glaze1 :i* is ?ick & ( a fa9t gre5i% t+e1 has 9 ?ree ( ^! five pieces be5 affect$ by "s accid5t ( ! fir+1 :i* has left its surface dull & %rivell$ 9 places l wr9kl$ sk94#id ,! designs are simil> ?r\gh\t--m$allions ) ,arabic writ+ surr\nd$ by =mal lotus scrolls or cl\d-scroll designs1 /rongly outl9$ & fill$ 9 ) ?9 unev5 wa%es ( a beautiful s(t ,mohamm$an blue4 ,! glaze be+ ?ick & bubbly gives ! bru% /rokes a hazy outl9e1 & ! blue %[s t t5d5cy to run 9 ! fir+ :i* we are told 0 a peculi>ity ( ! ,mohamm$an blue if n suffici5tly dilut$ ) ! native m9]al cobalt4 ,! inscriptions are ma9ly pi\s ,moslem texts1 b on ! cov] ( ! ink slab is ! appropriate leg5d1 8,/rive = excell5ce 9 p5man%ip1 = x is "o ( ! keys ( livelihood10 & on ! bru% re/ is ! ,p]sian ^w ,khma-dn 7p5 re/74 ,9 ! same case are ?ree cyl9drical vases1 app>5tly bru% pots1 decorat$ 9 ! same /yle b unm>k$4 ,"o has d>k ,mohamm$an blue & probably belongs to ! next reign4 ,! o!r two1 ,i v5ture to ?9k1 are e>li]4 ,!y are bo? ( ! same type ( w>e1 a f9e :ite mat]ial1 :i* takes a br[ni% r$ t+e 9 ! expos$ p>ts1 & ! glaze1 :i* is ?ick & ( a s(t gre5i% t9t1 has a t5d5cy to scale (f at ! edges4 ,! bases are unglaz$ & %[ ! m>ks ( a circul> support4 ,! l>g] piece is rem>kably ?ick 9 ! wall1 & has a light b vivid blue ( ! ,mohamm$an sort2 ! small] piece is n q s /\tly proportion$1 b ! blue is peculi>ly s(t1 deep1 & beautiful1 ?\gh x has run badly into ! glaze1 & :]e x has run x has *ang$ to a d>k indigo4#ie ,"o w\ld say t ?is is ! ,mohamm$an blue1 almo/ pure2 & if1 z ,i h sugge/$1 ^! two specim5s are e>li] types1 !y c only belong to ! ,hsan ,t p]iod4 ,ano!r blue & :ite example ) ,*ng ,t m>k 9 ! ,briti% ,museum is ( ?9n] make & f9] gra92 b1 z x is a sauc]-di%1 ?is ref9em5t 0 only to be expect$4 ,x is pa9t$ 9 a f9e bold /yle1 wor?y ( ! be/ ,m+ traditions1 ) dragons 9 lotus scrolls1 b ! blue is dull] & grey] 9 tone ?an on ! pieces j describ$4 ,two specim5s ( ,*ng ,t w>e are figur$ 9 ,hsiang's ,album1#if "o a tripod libation cup ( bronze =m & ! o!r a lamp support$ by a tortoise1 & ! glaze ( bo? is 8deep yell[1 l /eam$ *e/nuts40 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #ff4--,porcela9 ) ,*ng ,t m>k4 ,fig4 #a4--,slop ,b[l ) full-face dragons hold+ %\ *>act]s1 9 und]glaze blue 9 a yell[ enamel gr\nd4 ,height #c in*es4 ,briti% ,museum4 ,fig4 #b4--,vase ) engrav$ cl\d designs 9 transp>5t col\r$ glazes on ! biscuit1 gre5 gr\nd4 ,height #h in*es4 ,*>t]is ,collection4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #fg4--;,blue & ,:ite ,porcela94 ,sixte5? ,c5tury4 ,fig4 #a4--;,b[l ) ,hsan ,t m>k4 ,diamet] #d in*es4 ,dresd5 ,collection4 ,fig4 #b4--;,cov]$ ,b[l ) fi% design4 ,dresd5 ,collection4 ,fig4 #c4--;,bottle1 peasant on an ox4 ,height #h in*es4 ,eumorfop\los ,collection4 ,fig4 #d4--;,bottle ) lotus scrolls 9 mottl$ blue4 ,height #i in*es4 ,alex&] ,collection4 ,! ,*ng ,t m>k is f> f common1 b x occurs p]si/5tly on c]ta9 types ( poly*rome porcela94 ,"o is a sauc]-di% ) c>v$ dragon designs "u a :ite glaze1 ! depressions ( ! c>v+ & a few surr\nd+ details be+ wa%$ ov] ) light gre5 enamel4 ,! design consi/s ( a circul> m$allion 9 ! c5tre enclos+ a dragon among cl\ds1 & two dragons on ! outside1 ! space betwe5 !m fa9tly et*$ ) sea waves4 ,! w>e is usually ?9 & ref9$4 ,^! di%es are n uncommon1 & x is difficult to imag9e t !y c all belong to su* an e>ly p]iod4 ,on ! o!r h&1 "o also meets ) copies ( ! same design ) ! ,*'i5 ,lung m>k 7#agcf-agie71 :i* display unmi/akable diff]5ce 9 quality4 ,ano!r type has ! same gre5 dragon design ) engrav$ outl9es set 9 a yell[ gr\nd1 & 9 mo/ cases its antiquity is op5 to ! same d\bts4 ,x is c]ta91 h[ev]1 t ^! pieces repres5t a /yle :i* 0 9 vogue 9 ! ,*ng ,t p]iod4 ,a small vase ( ?is k9d 0 ! only piece ) ! ,*ng ,t m>k 9 ! exhibition at ! ,burl+ton ,f9e ,arts ,club 9 #aiaj1ig & x _h ! appe>ance ( a ,m+ specim54 ,a good example ( ?is ,*ng ,t poly*rome belong+ to ! ,hon4 ,evan ,*>t]is is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #b ( ,plate #ff4 ,x has ! designs et*$ 9 outl9e1 fill$ 9 ) transp>5t gre51 yell[ & aub]g9e glazes1 ! ?ree col\rs or san ts'ai ( ! ,*9ese2 & ! ,*ng ,t m>k is se5 on ! neck4#ih ,& a squ>e b[l 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 simil> 9 body & glaze to ! blue & :ite specim5s ) ,arabic inscriptions1 is pa9t$ 9 f9e blue on ! ext]ior ) dragons hold+ ,%\ 7longevity7 *>act]s 9 _! claws1 ! backgr\nd fill$ 9 ) a ri* transp>5t yell[ enamel4 ,?is piece 7,plate #ff1 ,fig4 #a7 has ! m>k ( ,*ng ,t 9 f\r *>act]s pa9t$ 9 ,mohamm$an blue1 & is cle>ly a g5u9e specim54 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,*ia ,,*+ ** #b 7#aebb-aeff7 ,,& ,,lung ,,*',,+ ** #b 7#aefg-aegb7 ,! ,imp]ial pott]ies at ,*+-t ,*n 7 busy 9 ! long reign ( ,*ia ,*+1 gr&son ( ,*'ng ,hua1 "u ! sup]vision ( "o ( ! prefects ( ! circuit :o took *>ge 9 place ( ! palace eunu* ( previ\s reigns4 ,*9ese acc\nts ( ! porcela9 ( ?is important p]iod1 summ>is$ 9 ! ,t'ao %uo1 include passages f ! late ,m+ & !re=e almo/ contempor>y works1 ! ,%ih wu kan *u & ! ,po wu yao lan4 ,9 ! =m] we are told t ! ,mohamm$an blue 0 l>gely us$1 b t ! mat]ial = ! 8fre% r$0 7hsi5 hung7#ii 0 exhau/$1 & t ! me?od ( produc+ ! r$ col\r 0 no long] ! same z ( old1 ! pott]s be+ capable only ( mak+ ! ov]glaze iron r$ call$ fan hung4 ,! ,po wu yao lan gives a m intimate description ( ! w>e1 & ! passage#ajj--! la/ 9 t "w on ! subject ( porcela9--may be r5d]$ z foll[s3-- 8,*ia ,*+ porcela9 includes blue-decorat$ & poly*rome w>es ( e description2 b un=tunately ! clay br\ght to ! place f ! neighb\r+ s\rces 9 ,jao ,*\ gradually det]iorat$1 & :5 we comp>e ^! two classes ( porcela9 ) ! simil> productions ( ! e>li] p]iods ( ! dyna/y ! 7,*ia ,*+7 w>es d n equal ! latt]4 ,!re are small :ite b[ls 7ou7 inscrib$ inside ) ! "* *'a ** #a 7tea71 ! "* *iu ** #a 7w9e71 or ! *>act]s tsao t'ang ** #b 7decoction ( dates71 or *iang t'ang#aja ** #b 7decoction ( g+]72 ^! are ! sacrificial alt> vessels regul>ly us$ by ! ,emp]or ,%ih ,tsung 7i4e4 ,*ia ,*+71 & !y are call$ :ite alt> cups1 ?\gh 9 =m & mat]ial !y are f> f equall+ ! ,hsan ,t vessels4 ,! ,*ia ,*+ %all[ w9e cups ) rimm$ m\?1#ajb convex c5tre1#ajc & foot ) base rim1#ajd decorat$ outside 9 ?ree col\rs ) fi% design1 & ! small v]milion boxes1 no bigg] ?an a 8ca%10 are ! gems ( ! p]iod4 ,z = ! small boxes beautifully pa9t$ ) blue ornam5t1 ,i fe> t ! ,imp]ial factories ( aft] times w n be able to produce ! l4 ,^? :o h !m prize !m z gems40 ,a few supplem5t>y comm5ts 9 ! ,t'ao %uo fur!r in=m u t ! ,mohamm$an blue ( ! ,*ia ,*+ p]iod 0 pref]r$ v d>k 79 contra/ ) ! pale blue ( ! ,hsan ,t porcela971 t x 0 v lovely1 & t supplies ( ?is blue arriv$ provid5tially at ! "t :5 ! 8fre% r$0 fail$#aje2 & also t ! supplies ( e>? f ,ma-ts'ang 7 daily dim9i%+ till !y 7 ne>ly exhau/$1 & consequ5tly ! mat]ial ( ! w>e 0 f> f equall+ t ( ! ,hsan ,t p]iod4 ,! ,t'ao lu adds practically no?+ to ! above /atem5ts4 ,=tunately1 !re are /ill to be f\nd a fair numb] ( au!ntic specim5s ( ,*ia ,*+ porcela91 b be=e consid]+ ^! 9 ! light ( ! ,*9ese descriptions1 x w be helpful z well z extremely int]e/+ to glance at ! li/s ( actual porcela9 vessels suppli$ to ! palace at ?is "t4 ,f ! eigh? ye> ( ?is reign1 ! annual acc\nts ( ! palace porcela9s h be5 pres]v$ 9 ! ,annals ( ,f\-liang1 f :i* !y 7 copi$ 9 ! prov9cial topographies4 ,two ( ^! li/s 7= ! ye>s #aedf & #aeed7 are quot$ by ,bu%ell1#ajf & a g5]al summ>y ( !m is giv5 9 ! ,t'ao %uo4#ajg ,to quote !m 9 full "h w\ld take too mu* space1 b ! foll[+ notes may be useful to ! read]1 :o1 ) 8 k ( ! lat] porcela9s1 %\ld h no difficulty 9 recon/ruct+ = himself ! g5]al appe>ance ( ! c\rt w>es ( ! "t4 ,! actual objects#ajh suppli$ consi/$ *iefly ( fi% b[ls 7kang71 cov]$ & uncov]$ j>s 7kuan71 ( :i* "s 7 octagonal1 b[ls 7wan71 d9n] b[ls 7%an wan7 ( l>g] size1 sauc] di%es 7tieh7 & r\nd di%es 7p'an71 tea cups 7*'a *ung71 tea cups 7ou71 w9e cups 7*iu *an71 & libation cups 7*eh7 ) hill-%ap$ sauc]s 7%an p'an7 to support _! ?ree feet1 v>i\s vases 7p'+71 sl5d] ovoid j>s = w9e 7t'an71 ew]s or w9e pots 7hu p'+71 & w9e seas 7*iu hai7 or l>ge b[ls4 ,a l>ge numb] ( complete d9n]-table sets 7*o *'i7 occur 9 "o ( ! li/s1 & we le>n f ! ,t'ao %uo t uni=m sets ) ! same patt]n & col\rs ?r\gh\t 7 an innovation ( ! ,m+ dyna/y4 ,a set#aji compris$ #bg pieces1 includ+ #e fruit di%es 7kuo tieh71 #e food di%es 7ts'ai tieh71 #e b[ls 7wan71 #e vegetable di%es 7yn tieh71 #c tea cups 7*'a *ung71 #a w9e cup 7*iu *an71 #a w9e sauc] 7*iu tieh71 #a slop receptacle 7*a t\71 & #a v9eg> cruse 7ts'u *iu74 ,! slop receptacle appe>s to h be5 a squ>e b[l us$ = ! remnants ( food 7see ,plate #ff1 ,fig4 #a74 ,! sacrificial vessels ( ! p]iod includ$ tazza-%ap$ b[ls & di%es 7pi5 t\ p'an71 l>ge w9e j>s 7t'ai tsun71 ) swell+ body & mon/] masks = h&les1 8rh9oc]os0 j>s 7hsi tsun7 9 ! =m ( a rh9oc]os c>ry+ a vase on its back1 besides v>i\s di%es1 plates1 cups1 & b[ls ( undef9$ =m4 ,! decorations are gr\p$ 9 six head+s3-- 7#a7 ,blue & :ite 7*'+ hua pai ti1 blue ornam5t on a :ite gr\nd71 :i* is by f> ! l>ge/4 7#b7 ,blue w>e1 :i* includ$ blue b[ls 7*'+ wan71 sky-blue b[ls 7t'i5 *'+ wan71 & turquoise b[ls 7ts'ui *'+ wan74 ,9 "s cases ! w>e is describ$ z pla9 blue mono*rome1 & 9 "o item x is 8be/ blue mono*rome0 7t'ou *'+ su71 :ile 9 o!rs !re are designs engrav$ "u ! glaze 7an hua74 ,9 o!rs1 aga91 ornam5t su* z dragons & sea waves is m5tion$ )\t specify+ h[ x 0 execut$4 ,su* ornam5t may h be5 et*$ ) a po9t 9 ! blue surface1#aaj or p5cill$ 9 d>k] blue on a blue backgr\nd or res]v$ 9 :ite 9 a blue gr\nd4 ,ano!r k9d is m fully describ$ z 8r\nd di%es ( pure blue 7%un *'+7 ) dragons & sea waves inside1 & on ! ext]ior a backgr\nd ( d5se cl\d scrolls#aaa ) a gilt#aab decoration ( ?ree lions & dragons40 ,bu%ell#aac speaks ( ! 8beautiful mottl$ blue gr\nd = :i* ?is reign is also rem>kable10 & :i*1 he says1 0 produc$ by ! usual bl5d ( ,mohamm$an & native blue susp5d$ 9 wat]4 7#c7 ,w>es :i* 7 :ite inside & blue outside4 7#d7 ,:ite w>e1 pla9#aad or ) engrav$ designs "u ! glaze 7an hua1 lit4 secret ornam5t74 7#e7 ,w>e ) br[n glaze 9 two v>ieties1 tz *9 7gold5 br[n71 & *9 huang 7gold5 yell[71 ) dragon designs engrav$ "u ! glaze4 ,^! are ! well-kn[n lu/r\s br[n glazes1 ! =m] ( d>k c(fee br[n %ade1 & ! latt] a light gold5 br[n4 7#f7 ,w>e ) mix$ col\rs 7tsa s71 :i* includ$ b[ls & di%es decorat$ 9 iron r$#aae 7fan hung7 in/ead ( ! 8fre% r$0 7hsi5 hung72 o!rs ) em]ald gre5 col\r 7ts'ui l s72 b[ls ) phnixes & fl[]s ( ,p>adise 9 yell[ 9 a blue gr\nd2 cups ) blue cl\d & dragon designs 9 a yell[ gr\nd2 boxes ) dragon & phnix designs engrav$ "u a yell[ glaze2 di%es ) design ( a pair ( dragons & cl\ds 9 yell[ )9 a gold5 br[n 7tz *97 gr\nd2 & globul> b[ls ) emboss$#aaf ornam5t 9 a s+le-col\r$ gr\nd4 ,to ^! types ,bu%ell adds f o!r simil> li/s crackl$ w>e 7sui *'i71 tea cups ( 8gre5i% :ite porcela90 7*'+ pai tz'71 :i* seems to be a pale celadon1 & l>ge fi% b[ls ) pea gre5 7t\ *'+7 glaze4 ,! s\rce ( ! designs ( ! porcela9 is cle>ly indicat$ 9 ! foll[+ passage 9 ! ,t'ao %uo#aag3 8,porcela9 enamell$ 9 col\rs 0 pa9t$ 9 imitation ( ! fa%ion ( brocad$ silks1 & we h consequ5tly ! names ( blue gr\nd1 yell[ gr\nd1 & br[n gold 7tz *97 gr\nd4 ,! designs us$ to decorate x 7 also simil>1 & includ$ dragons 9 motion 7ts\ lung71 cl\ds & phnixes1 *'i-l91 lions1 m&>9 ducks1 myriads ( gold pieces1 dragon m$allions 7p'an lung1 lit4 coil$ dragons71 pairs ( phnixes1 peacocks1 sacr$ /orks1 ! fungus ( longevity1 ! l>ge lion 9 8 lair1 wild geese 9 cl\ds ) _! d\ble ne/s1 l>ge cre/$ waves1 phnixes 9 ! cl\ds1 ! son-produc+ lily1 ! hundr$ fl[]s1 phnixes fly+ ?r\gh fl[]s1 ! b& ( ,eight ,taoi/ ,immortals1 dragons pursu+ pe>ls1 lions play+ ) embroid]$ balls1 wat] we$s1 & sport+ fi%es4 ,^! are ! names ( anci5t brocades1 all ( :i* ! pott]s h reproduc$ m or less accurately 9 ! designs & col\r+ ( _! porcela940 ,! foll[+ analysis ( ! designs nam$ 9 ! ,*ia ,*+ li/s w %[ t ! blue & :ite pa9t]s ( ! p]iod took _! inspiration f ! same s\rce3-- ,floral ,motives4 ,cele/ial fl[]s 7t'i5 hua71 support+ ! *>act]s %\ %an fu hai ** #d1 8longevity ( ! hills & happ9ess 7inexhau/ible z7 ! sea40 ,fl[]s ( ! f\r seasons 7! tree peony = spr+1 lotus = summ]1 *rysan!mum = autumn1 & prunus = w9t]74 ,fl[]+ & o!r plants 7hua ts'ao74 ,! myriad-fl[]+ wi/>ia 7wan hua t'ng74 ,! wat] *e/nut 7l+74 ,! p9e1 bamboo1 & plum4 ,floral m$allions 7t'uan hua74 ,indian lotus 7hsi fan li574 ,knots ( lotus 7*ieh tz li5#aah74 ,int]lac+ sprays ( lotus support+ ! ,eight ,preci\s ,symbols or ! ,eight ,buddhi/ ,emblems4#aai ,bran*es ( l+ *ih#abj fungus support+ ! ,eight ,preci\s ,symbols4 ,l+ *ih fungus & season fl[]s4 ,lotus fl[]s1 fi%es1 & wat] we$s4 ,floral arabesques 7hui hui hua74 ,fl[]s ( ,p>adise 7pao hsiang hua7 ** #c4 ,! cele/ial fl[]s & ! fl[]s ( ,p>adise are no d\bt simil> designs ( idealis$ fl[]s 9 scrolls or gr\ps4#aba ,! pao hsiang hua1 :i* is giv5 9 ,giles's ,diction>y z 8! rose10 is r5d]$ by ,bu%ell 8fl[]s ( ,p>adise0 or 8fairy fl[]s40 ,judg+ by ! designs ) ?is "n 9 ,*9ese works1 & also f ! fact t ! rose is a v r>e motive on ,*9ese w>es be=e ! ,*'+ dyna/y1 :]eas ! pao hsiang hua is "o ( ! commone/ 9 ! ,m+ li/s1 ,bu%ell's r5d]+ is probably correct 9 ! pres5t context4 ,animal ,motives1 my?ical or o!rwise4 ,dragons1 repres5t$ z pursu+ jewels 7kan *u72 grasp+ jewels 7k'ung *u72 9 cl\ds2 em]g+ f wat]2 9 bamboo foliage & fungus plants2 among wat] *e/nut fl[]s2 among scrolls ( ,indian lotus2 em]g+ f sea waves & hold+ up ! ,eight ,trigrams 7pa kua72 hold+ up ! *>act]s fu ** 7happ9ess7 or %\ ** 7longevity71 z on ,fig4 #a ( ,plate #ff4 ,dragons ( antique =m4 ,^! are ! liz>d-l creatures 7*'ih7 ) bifid tail :i* occur s (t5 9 old bronzes & jades4 ,dragon m$allions 7t'uan lung74 ,n9e dragons & fl[]s4 ,dragons & phnixes mov+ ?r\gh fl[]s4 ,dragon1 & phnixes ) o!r birds4 ,phnixes fly+ ?r\gh fl[]s4 ,a pair ( phnixes4 ,lions#abb roll+ balls ( brocade4 ,fly+ lions4 ,ho>y#abc lions & dragons4 ,/orks 9 cl\ds4 ,peacocks 7k'ung *'iao7 & mu-tan peonies4 ,birds fly+ 9 cl\ds4 ,fi% & wat] we$s4 ,f\r fi%es4#abd ,human ,motives4 ,*ildr5 7wa wa7 play+4 ,?ree div9e be+s 7hsi57 comp\nd+ ! elixir ( ,immortality4 ,two or f\r ,immortals4 ,! ,eight ,immortals 7pa hsi57 cross+ ! sea2 or pay+ c\rt to ! god ( ,longevity 7p'ng %\71 or congratulat+ him 7*'+ %\74 ,a gr\p ( div9e be+s 7hsi57 pay+ c\rt to ! god ( ,longevity4 ,two designs ( d\btful mean+ may be add$ "h3 7#a7 8,j>s decorat$ ) *iang hsia pa *n10#abe a phrase :i* means 8! eight elegant 7s*ol>s7 ( ,*iang-hsia 7i4e4 bel[ ! riv]710 b has be5 translat$ by ,bu%ell1 us+ a v>iant read+1#abf z 8! eight horses ( ,mu ,wang40 ,! latt] r5d]+ ignores ! pres5ce ( *iang hsia1 & ! =m]1 ?\gh a correct read+ ( ! orig9al1 is n expla9$ 9 any "w ( ref]5ce to :i* ,i h _h access4 7#b7 8,b[ls ) man ti *'iao10 lit4 8graceful 7designs7 fill+ ! gr\nd40 ,! mean+ ( *'iao is ! difficulty1 & ,bu%ell 9 "o translation#abg has r5d]$ x 8graceful sprays ( fl[]s10 :i* sorts well ) re/ ( ! phrase1 b 9 ano!r#abh he has assum$ t x means 8graceful beauties0 9 ref]5ce to ! well-kn[n design ( tall1 sl5d] girls1 :i* ! ,dut* collectors nam$ lange lijs5 7see ,plate #ib1 ,fig4 #b74 ,! latt] r5d]+1 h[ev]1 goes badly ) man ti1 8fill+ ! gr\nd10 :i* is c]ta9ly m applicable to "s close design1 su* z floral scroll "w4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 a good example ( ! difficulty ( translat+ ! ,*9ese texts1 :]e s mu* is left to ! imag9ation1 & consequ5tly !re is s mu* room = diff]5ces ( op9ion4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #fh4--;,blue & ,:ite ,porcela94 ,sixte5? ,c5tury4 ,fig4 #a4--,p]fume ,vase1 lions & balls ( brocade4 ,height #h in*es4 ,v4 ,a4 ,museum4 ,fig4 #b4 ,d\ble ,g\rd ,vase1 squ>e 9 ! l[] "p4 ,eight ,immortals pay+ c\rt to ! ,god ( ,longevity1 panels ( *ildr5 7wa wa74 ,height #ba in*es4 ,eumorfop\los ,collection4 ,fig4 #c4--;,bottle ) m$allions ( *'i-l9 & incis$ fret patt]n betwe54 ,late ,m+4 ,height #i in*es4 ,halsey ,collection4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #fi4--,sixte5? ,c5tury ,porcela94 ,fig4 #a4--;,b[l ( blue & :ite porcela9 ) silv] gilt m\nt ( ,elizabe?an p]iod4 ,height #c in*es4 ,briti% ,museum4 ,fig4 #b4--;,cov]$ ,j>1 pa9t$ 9 d>k und]glaze blue ) r$1 gre5 & yell[ enamels2 fi%es & wat] plants4 ,*ia ,*+ m>k4 ,height #ag in*es4 ,s4 ,e4 ,k5n$y ,collection4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #gj4--,porcela9 ) ,*ia ,*+ m>k4 ,fig4 #a4--;,box ) incis$ ,imp]ial dragons & lotus scrolls2 turquoise & d>k violet glazes on ! biscuit4 ,diamet] #i in*es4 ,v4 ,a4 ,museum4 ,fig4 #b4--,vase ) ,imp]ial dragons 9 cl\ds1 pa9t$ 9 yell[ 9 an iron r$ gr\nd4 ,height #h in*es4 ,cologne ,museum4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #ga4--,sixte5? ,c5tury ,porcela94 ,figs4 #a & #b4--,two ,ew]s 9 ! ,dresd5 ,collection1 ) transp>5t gre51 aub]g9e & turquoise glazes on ! biscuit1 traces ( gild+4 ,9 =m ( a phnix 7height #aa in*es71 & ( a crayfi% 7height #h in*es74 ,fig4 #c4--;,b[l ) flight ( /orks 9 a lotus scroll1 enamels on ! biscuit1 gre51 aub]g9e & :ite 9 a yell[ gr\nd4 ,*ia ,*+ m>k4 ,diamet] #g in*es4 ,alex&] ,collection4 ,emblematic ,motives4 ,heav5 & ,e>?1 & ! six c>d9al po9ts 7*'i5 k'un liu ho#abi71 or 8emblems ( ! six c>d9al po9ts ( ! ,univ]se40 ,*'i5 & k'un are ! male & female pr9ciples :i* are repres5t$ by ,heav5 & ,e>?1 & toge!r make up ! ,univ]se4 ,! id5tification ( ^! emblems is obscure4 ,!y might simply be ! ,eight ,trigrams 7pa kua71 :i* are expla9$ next1 = two ( ^! are kn[n z *'i5 & k'un1 & toge!r ) ! rema9+ six !y are arrang$ s z to make up eight po9ts ( ! compass4 ,b 9 t case1 :y n simply say pa kua z else:]e8 ,on ! o!r h&1 we "k t c]ta9 emblems 7 us$ 9 ! ,*\ dyna/y#acj 9 ! wor%ip ( ! six po9ts ( ! ,univ]se1 viz4 a r\nd tablet ) pi]c$ c5tre 7pi7 ( blui% jade = ,heav52 a yell[ jade tube ) squ>e ext]ior 7ts'ung7 = ,e>?2 a gre5 tablet 7kuei71 oblong ) po9t$ top1 = ! ,ea/2 a r$ tablet 7*ang71 oblong & knife-%ap$1 = ! ,s\?2 a :ite tablet1 9 ! %ape ( a tig] 7hu71 = ! ,we/2 & a black jade piece ( flat semicircul> =m 7huang7 = ! ,nor?4 ,all ^! objects are illu/rat$ 9 ,lauf]'s ,jade1 b z !y h n1 to my k1 appe>$ toge!r 9 porcela9 decoration1 ! "q mu/ = ! pres5t be left op54 99 99 99 99 99 ,! pa-kua ** #b or ,eight ,trigrams1 support$ by dragons or by waves & flames4 ,^! are eight comb9ations ( triple l9es4 ,9 ! fir/ ! l9es are unbrok51 & 9 ! la/ !y are all divid$ at ! c5tre1 ! int]m$iate figures consi/+ ( diff]5t p]mutations ( brok5 & unbrok5 l9es 7see p4 #bij74 ,^! eight diagrams1 by :i* c]ta9 ,*9ese philosoph]s expla9$ all ! ph5om5a ( ,nature1 are suppos$ to h be5 con/ruct$ by ! leg5d>y ,emp]or ,fu ,hsi 7,b4,c4 #bheb7 f a plan reveal$ to him on ! back ( ! 8dragon horse0 7lung ma7 :i* rose f ! ,yell[ ,riv]4#aca ,among o!r ?+s1 !y are us$ to designate ! po9ts ( ! compass1 "o arrangem5t mak+ ! fir/ figure repres5t ! ,s\? 7also designat$ *'i5** or ,heav571 & ! la/ figure ! ,nor? 7also designat$ k'un** or ,e>?71 ! rema9+ figures repres5t+ ,s\?-,we/1 ,we/1 ,nor?-,we/1 ,nor?-,ea/1 ,ea/1 & ,s\?-,ea/4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! pa pao ** #b1 or ,eight ,preci\s ,symbols1 support$ by fungus sprays4 ,^! are usually repres5t$ by 7#a7 a sph]e or jewel1 :i* seems to h orig9ally be5 ! sun disc2 7#b7 a circle enclos+ a squ>e1 :i* sugge/s ! copp] co9 call$ a 8ca%02 7#c7 an op5 loz5ge1 symbol ( victory or success2 7#d7 a musical /one 7*'+72 7#e7 a pair ( books2 7#f7 a pair ( rh9oc]os horns 7cups72 7#g7 a loz5ge-%ap$ picture 7hua72 7#h7 a leaf ( ! artemisia1 a plant ( good om51 :i* dispels sickness4 7,see p4 #bii47 99 99 99 99 99 ,! pa *i hsiang ** #c1 or ,eight ,buddhi/ ,symbols1 support$ on lotus scrolls4 ,^! symbols1 :i* appe>$ among ! auspici\s signs on ! foot ( ,buddha1 comprise 7#a7 ! :eel 7*akra71 :i* is sometimes replac$ by ! hang+ bell2 7#b7 ! %ell trumpet ( ,victory2 7#c7 ! umbrella ( /ate2 7#d7 ! canopy2 7#e7 ! lotus fl[]2 7#f7 ! vase2 7#g7 ! pair ( fi%1 emblems ( f]tility2 7#h7 ! angul> knot 7repres5t+ ! entrails71 symbol ( longevity4 7,see p4 #bih47 ,! hundr$ =ms ( ! "* %\ 7longevity7--pai %\ tz'4 99 99 99 99 99 ,ju-i sceptres & phnix m$allions4 ,! ju-i ** #b 78z y wi%07 sceptre br+s fulfilm5t ( wi%es1 & is a symbol ( longevity 7see vol4 i41 p4 #bbg74 ,! head ( ! ju-i1 :i* has a /rong resemblance to ! conv5tional =m ( ! l+ *ih fungus1 is (t5 us$ 9 bord]s & =mal patt]ns v>i\sly describ$ z 8ju-i head patt]ns10 8cl\d-scroll patt]ns10 or 8ju-i cl\d patt]ns40 ,close gr\nd patt]ns ( propiti\s cl\ds 7yung hsiang yn ti74 ,cl\d designs are propiti\s because !y symbolise ! f]tilis+ ra91 & !y are commonly repres5t$ by conv5tional scrolls z well z by ! m obvi\s cl\d patt]ns4 99 99 99 99 99 ,cre/$ sea waves 7*iang ya hai %ui74 ,*iang ya ** #b 7lit4 g+] %oots7 is r5d]$ by ,bu%ell 8cre/$ waves10 ! metaphor be+ app>5tly sugge/$ by ! curl+ tops ( ! "y plant4 ,cups decorat$#acb ) ! *>act]s fu %\ k'ang n+ ** #d 7happ9ess1 long life1 peace1 & tranquillity74 ,a blue & :ite vase ) ^! *>act]s 9 m$allions fram$ by cl\d scrolls on ! %\ld]s is %[n on ,plate #fh4 ,miscellane\s ,motives4 ,! wat]falls ( ,pa ,%an ** #b 9 ! prov9ce ( ,sze*uan4 ,gold weigh+-scales 7*'ng *9 ** #b74 ,a design nam$ san yang k'ai t'ai ** #d1 a phrase allud+ to ! 8revivify+ p[] ( spr+10 & said by ,bu%ell to be symbolis$ by ?ree rams4 ,cf4 ,fig4 #b ( ,plate #abb4 ,! m>k ( ! ,*ia ,*+ p]iod1 ?\gh n s freely us$ z ^? ( ,hsan ,t & ,*'ng ,hua1 has be5 a fav\rite ) ,japanese copyi/s1 ^: imitations h (t5 prov$ dang]\sly clev]4 ,/ill1 !re are en\gh g5u9e specim5s 9 public & private collections 9 ,engl& to provide a fair repres5tation ( ! w>e4 ,9 /udy+ ^! ! blue & :ite w be f\nd to v>y widely1 bo? 9 body mat]ial & 9 ! col\r ( ! blue1 accord+ to ! quality ( ! objects4 ,plate #gg illu/rates a rem>kably good example ( ! d>k b vivid ,mohamm$an blue on a pure :ite w>e ( f9e close gra9 ) cle> glaze4 ,! design1 :i* consi/s ( sc5es f ! life ( a sage1 p]haps ,confucius himself1 is pa9t$ 9 typical ,m+ /yle1 & bord]$ by ju-i cl\d scrolls & =mal brocade patt]ns4 ,! ,*ia ,*+ blue is (t5 d>k]#acc & heavi] ?an "h1 resembl+ ?ick pat*es ( violet ink1 to use ,mr4 ,p]zynski's phrase4 ,?is p[]ful blue is well %[n 9 ! l>ge vase giv5 by ,mr4 ,a4 ,burman to ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum 7,plate #gb71 & by a f9e ew] 9 ,case #bb 9 ! same gall]y4 ,! latt] has an accid5tally crackl$ glaze on ! body ) br[ni% t9t1 due1 no d\bt1 to /a9+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a l>ge d\ble-g\rd vase 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 heavily made 7probably = export71 is pa9t$ ) ! eighte5 ,arhats1 or ,buddhi/ apo/les1 9 a dull greyi% blue1 :i* w\ld c]ta9ly h be5 assign$ to ! ,wan ,li p]iod 7 x n = ! ,*ia ,*+ m>k4 ,?is is1 no d\bt1 ! native cobalt )\t any admixture ( ,mohamm$an blue4 ,! body mat]ial 9 ^! specim5s v>ies sc>cely less ?an ! blue4 ,9 ! col\r /& on ,plate #gg ! w>e is a pure clean :ite1 bo? 9 body & glaze4 ,on o!r specim5s--p>ticul>ly ! l>ge1 heavily built j>s & vases made = export to ,india & ,p]sia--! w>e is ( co>s] gra91 & ! glaze ( grey or gre5i% tone4 ,! t5d5cy ( ! ,m+ biscuit to assume a r$di% t+e :]e expos$ to ! fire is exagg]at$ on "s ( ^! l>ge j>s1 s t ! expos$ p>ts at ! base & foot rim are sometimes a d>k r$di% br[n4 ,d\btless ! clay f diff]5t m9es v>i$ consid]ably1 & ! less pure mat]ials w\ld be us$ on ^! relatively co>se productions4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! bett] class ( di% & b[l made = s]vice at ! table is usually ( clean :ite w>e1 pott$ ?9 & neatly f9i%$1 & diff]+ b little 9 ref9em5t f ! *oice porcela9s ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,su* are ! dragon di% describ$ on p4 #cb & ! poly*rome sauc]s :i* w be m5tion$ pres5tly4 ,! export trade ) ,we/]n ,asia & ,egypt1 bo? by sea & l&1 mu/ h be5 ( consid]able dim5sions 9 ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,brok5 pieces ( ,*9ese blue & :ite are f\nd on all ! excavat$ sites 9 ! ,ne> ,ea/1 & ! influ5ce ( ! ,*9ese porcela9 is cle>ly se5 9 ! blue1 or blue & br[n1 pa9t$ fai5ce made 9 ,p]sia1 ,syria1 & ,egypt 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,! reflex influ5ce ( ,p]sia on ! ,*9ese w>es has already be5 not$1 & x is cle> t ,p]sian ta/e 0 /udi$ by ! mak]s ( ! di%es1 bottles1 pipes1 & o!r objects ) birds & animals 9 foliage & floral scrolls ( decid$ly ,p]sian flav\r1 :i* are /ill frequ5tly f\nd 9 ! ,ne> ,ea/4 ,x 0 ?is type ( ,*9ese porcela9 :i* inspir$ ,italian maiolica pott]s 9 _! decoration alla porcellana1 z well z ! decorators ( ! ,m$ici or ,flor5t9e porcela91 ! fir/ ,european porcela9 ( any note4 ,franesco ,m>ia1 ! patron ( ! ,m$ici porcela91 di$ 9 #aehg1 & z little1 if any1 ( ! w>e 0 made aft] 8 dea?1 ! r>e surviv+ examples may be safely tak5 z reflect+1 :]e any ,*9ese influ5ce is app>5t1 ! influ5ce ( ! mid-sixte5? c5tury porcela9s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #gb ,vase ) ,imp]ial five-claw$ dragons 9 cl\d scrolls ov] sea waves3 b& ( lotus scrolls on ! %\ld]4 ,pa9t$ 9 d>k ,mohamm$an blue4 ,m>k on ! neck1 ( ! ,*ia ,*+ p]iod 7#aebb-aeff7 9 six *>act]s4 ,height #ba in*es4 ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum4 ,an int]e/+ s]ies ( ,m+ blue & :ite export w>es collect$ 9 ,india 0 l5t to ! ,burl+ton ,f9e ,arts ,club 9 #aiaj by ,mrs4 ,halsey4 ,x includ$ a few ,*ia ,*+ specim5s1 & among !m a melon-%ap$ j> ) lotus scrolls 9 ! d>k blue ( ! p]iod4 ,?is melon =m has be5 popul> ) ! ,*9ese pott]s f ,t'ang times1 & x occurs fairly (t5 9 ! ,m+ export porcela9s4 ,a companion piece1 = in/ance1 at ! same exhibition 0 decorat$ ) h&some p9e1 bamboo1 & plum designs4 ,o!rs1 aga91 are appropriately ornam5t$ ) a melon v9e patt]n1 a g\rd v9e1 or a grape v9e ) a squirrel-l animal on ! bran*es4 ,! draw+ ( ^! pieces is usually r\gh b vigor\s1 ! =m is good1 & ! blue z a rule s(t & pleas+2 & ?\gh entirely want+ 9 ! sup]f9e f9i% ( ! *oice ,k'ang ,hsi blue & :ite1 !y h a decorative value :i* has be5 sadly und]rat$4 ,! poly*rome porcela9s ( ! ,*ia ,*+ p]iod are r>] ?an ! blue & :ite1 b /ill a fair numb] ( types are repres5t$ 9 ,engli% collections4 ,( ! col\rs appli$ direct to ! biscuit ! e>ly glazes ( ! demi-gr& feu--turquoise1 aub]g9e violet1 gre5 & yell[--7 d\btless appli$ z 9 ! previ\s c5tury to ! l>ge w9e j>s1 vases & figures 9 ! r\nd4 ,an unusual specim5 ( ?is class is ! m>k$ ,*ia ,*+ cake box 9 ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum1 illu/rat$ on ,plate #gj4 ,! design--,imp]ial dragons among floral scrolls--is trac$ ) a po9t 9 ! pa/e & cov]$ ) a delicate turquoise glaze1 ! backgr\nd be+ fill$ ) violet aub]g9e4 ,simil>ly engrav$ designs col\r$ by wa%es ( transp>5t glazes 9 ! ?ree col\rs--gre51 yell[ & aub]g9e br[n--are f\nd ) ! ,*ia ,*+ m>k z ) t ( ,*ng ,t1 & ,plate #gc illu/rates two s+ul>ly beautiful b[ls ) designs outl9$ 9 br[n & wa%$ 9 ) transp>5t glazes4 ,! "o has fl[]+ bran*es ( prunus1 pea* & pomegranate 9 :ite1 gre5 & aub]g9e 9 a yell[ gr\nd1 & ! o!r phnixes & floral scrolls 9 yell[1 gre5 & :ite 9 a gr\nd ( pale aub]g9e4 ,bo? h ! ,*ia ,*+ m>k4 ,fig4 #b ( ,plate #ga is ano!r memb] ( ! same gr\p1 ) a beautiful design ( cranes & lotus scrolls 9 a yell[ gr\nd4 ,!re are1 besides1 examples ( ^! yell[ & aub]g9e glazes 9 mono*rome4 ,a good specim5 ( ! latt] ) ,*ia ,*+ m>k 9 ! ,briti% ,museum has f9e transp>5t aub]g9e glaze ) iridesc5t surface1 ! col\r pleasantly grad$1 :i* contra/s ) ! uni=m smoo? glaze & trim f9i% ( a ,*'i5 ,lung example ne> to x4 ,two int]e/+ ew]s 9 ! ,dresd5 collection 7,figs4 #a & #b ( ,plate #ga7 probably belong to ?is p]iod1 or at any rate to ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,!y are fanta/ically %ap$ to repres5t a phnix & a lob/]1 & are decorat$ ) gre51 yell[1 aub]g9e & a little turquoise appli$ direct to ! biscuit4 ,p>ts ( ! surface h be5 lightly coat$ ) gild+1 :i* has almo/ entirely disappe>$4 ,^! pieces are m5tion$ 9 an inv5tory ( #afdj1 & a lob/] ew] precisely simil> 0 includ$ 9 ! collection made by ,philipp ,ha9h(] 9 ! e>ly ye>s ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4#acd ,among ! examples ( on-glaze enamels ( ?is p]iod are ^? 9 :i* ! coral r$ d]iv$ f iron oxide 7fan hung7 is ! mo/ conspicu\s col\r4 ,?is r$ is (t5 highly iridesc5t1 display+ s(t ruby reflections l ,p]sian lu/re2 at o!r times x is ri*ly flux$1 & has a peculi>ly vitre\s & almo/ /icky appe>ance4 ,! =m] effect is well se5 9 a small sauc] 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 :i* has a wide bord] ( deep lu/r\s r$ surr\nd+ a m$allion ) lions & a brocade ball 9 gre54 ,! latt] is se5 on a squ>e1 cov]$ vase 9 ! same case1 decorat$ on ea* side ) full-fac$ dragons 9 r$ & ! usual cl\d accessories 9 inconspicu\s t\*es ( gre5 & yell[4 ,! yell[ enamel ( ! p]iod is (t5 ( an impure1 br[ni% t9t & r ?ickly appli$1 b ^! peculi>ities ( bo? yell[ & r$ cont9u$ 9 ! ,wan ,li p]iod4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #gc ,two ,b[ls ) ! ,*ia ,*+ m>k 7#aebb-aeff71 ) designs outl9$ 9 br[n & wa%$ 9 ) col\rs 9 mono*rome gr\nds4 ,fig4 #a ) pea* sprays 9 a yell[ gr\nd4 ,diamet] #h in*es4 ,alex&] ,collection4 ,fig4 #b ) phnixes 7fng-huang7 fly+ among scrolls ( mu-tan peony4 ,diamet] #g in*es4 ,cumb]bat* ,collection4 ,! comb9ation ( enamel col\rs ) und]glaze blue1 :i* 0 s l>gely us$ 9 ! ,wan ,li p]iod z to be g5]ally kn[n by ! "n ,wan li wu ts'ai 7,wan ,li poly*rome71 is n unkn[n on ,*ia ,*+ w>es4 ,! wide-m\!d j>1 = in/ance1 f ! collection ( ,mr4 ,s4 ,e4 ,k5n$y#ace 7,plate #fi1 ,fig4 #b7 is decorat$ ) a design ( fi% among wat] plants 9 deep ,*ia ,*+ blue comb9$ ) gre51 yell[ & iron r$ enamels2 & a small bottle-%ap$ vase 9 ! ,briti% ,museum has ! same blue comb9$ ) on-glaze r$1 gre51 yell[ & aub]g9e1 ! design be+ fi%1 waves1 & wat] plants4 ,! gre5s ( ?is & ! ,wan ,li p]iod include v>i\s %ades--bright leaf gre51 pale em]ald1 & a blui% gre5#acf :i* seems to be peculi> to ! late ,m+ p]iod4 ,a box 9 ! collection ( ,dr4 ,c4 ,seligmann has a dragon design res]v$ 9 a blue gr\nd & wa%$ ov] ) yell[ enamel1 on :i* 9 turn are details trac$ 9 iron r$2 & ano!r peculi> type ( ,*ia ,*+ poly*rome 9 ! ,pi]pont ,morgan ,collection 7,cat4 ,no4 #hhb7 is a tea cup ) blue ,imp]ial dragons inside1 8on ! outside deep yell[ glaze ) decoration 9 br[ni% r$ ( int5sely lum9\s tone1 d]iv$ f iron1 lightly bru%$ on ! yell[ gr\nd3 ! decoration consi/s ( a procession ( boys c>ry+ vases ( fl[]s r\nd ! sides ( ! cup ) addition ( a scroll ( foliage encircl+ ! rim40 ,bo? ^! specim5s h ! ,*ia ,*+ m>k4 ,allusion has already be5 made 7p4 #f7 to a type ( b[l :i* belongs to ! ,m+ p]iod1 ?\gh op9ions diff] z to ! exact "p ( t dyna/y to :i* x %\ld be assign$4 ,! b[ls v>y slightly 9 =m1 b ! mo/ usual k9d is t %[n on ,plate #gd ) well r\nd$ sides4 ,a common feature1 :i* does n appe> 9 ! photograph1 is a convex c5tre4 ,o!rs1 aga91 are %all[ ) concave base1 b no foot rim4 ,! decoration ( ^? 9 ! ,briti% ,museum includes 7#a7 a coral r$ ext]ior ) gilt designs z describ$ on p4 #f1 comb9$ ) slight und]glaze blue int]ior ornam5t1 7#b7 a beautiful pale em]ald gre5 ext]ior simil>ly gilt1 ) or )\t blue ornam5t inside1 & 7#c7 a s+le specim5 ) :ite slip trac]ies 9 fa9t relief "u ! glaze inside1 ! outside enamell$ ) turquoise blue m$allions & set ) cabo*on jewels 9 ,p]sia or ,india4 ,!re are simil> b[ls 9 ! ,dresd5 collection1 ) pale sky blue glaze on ! ext]ior4 ,z already not$1 "o or two ( ! r$ b[ls h ! ,yung ,lo m>k1 b1 z a rule1 !y are m>k$ ) phrases ( comm5dation or good wi%1#acg su* z tan kuei 7r$ cassia1 emblem ( lit]>y success71 wan fu yu t'ung 7may inf9ite happ9ess embrace all y\r affairs67 ,two ( !m are kn[n to h sixte5?-c5tury ,european m\nts1 viz4 ! r$ b[l m5tion$ on p4 #f1 & a gre5 specim5 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4#ach ,)\t d5y+ ! possibility ( "s ( ! r$ examples dat+ back to ! ,yung ,lo p]iod1 ! conclusion is almo/ irresi/ible t we h "h 9 "o case ! fan hung decoration :i* replac$ ! hsi5 hung 9 ! ,*ia ,*+ p]iod1 & 9 ano!r ! ts'ui l 7em]ald gre571 nam$ among ! col\rs ( ! ,imp]ial ,*ia ,*+ porcela9s4 ,! ,*ia ,*+ mono*romes already m5tion$ include :ite1 blue1 sky blue1 lu/r\s br[n1 turquoise1 gre51 yell[1 & aub]g9e1 ) or )\t designs engrav$ 9 ! pa/e 7an hua74 ,none ( ^! call = any fur!r comm5t1 unless x be ! di/9ction betwe5 blue & sky blue ( ! ,imp]ial w>es4 ,! =m]1 no d\bt1 result$ f ! ,mohamm$an blue 7bl5d$ ) native cobalt7 mix$ ) ! glaze1 & mu/ h be5 a f9e blue ( slightly violet tone3 ! latt] 0 app>5tly ! lav5d]-t9t$ blue :i* goes by ! "n ( sky blue on ! m mod]n porcela9s4 ,we read 9 m ?an "o passage 9 ! ,*9ese works t ! imitation ( ! classical porcela9s ( ,hsan ,t & ,*'ng ,hua 0 practis$ 9 ! ,*ia ,*+ p]iod1 & ! "n ( a private pott] :o excell$ 9 ?is k9d ( "w has be5 pres]v$4 ,a note on ?is arti/1 giv5 9 ! ,t'ao lu#aci "u ! head+ ,ts'ui kung#adj yao1 or ,w>es ( ,mr4 ,ts'ui1 may be r5d]$ z foll[s3-- 8,9 ! ,*ia ,*+ & ,lung ,*'+ p]iods !re liv$ a man :o 0 clev] at mak+ porcela9 7t'ao74 ,he 0 fam$ = imitations ( ! w>es 9 ! traditional /yle & make ( ! ,hsan ,t & ,*'ng ,hua p]iods1 & 9 8 "t he enjoy$ ! highe/ reputation4 ,! "n giv5 to 8 w>es 0 ,mr4 ,ts'ui's porcela9 7ts'ui kung yao tz'71 & !y 7 eag]ly s\ght 9 all p>ts ( ! empire4 ,z = ! %ape ( 8 cups 7*'i571 :5 comp>$ ) ! ,hsan & ,*'ng specim5s#ada !y diff]$ 9 size b display$ ! same skill & p]fection ( design4 ,9 ! blue & poly*rome w>es 8 col\rs 7 all l ! orig9als4 ,8 71 9 fact1 ! cream ( ! porcela9s made 9 ! private factories 7m9 t'ao740 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #gd ,two ,b[ls 9 ! ,briti% ,museum ) gilt designs on a mono*rome gr\nd4 ,probably ,*ia ,*+ p]iod 7#aebb-aeff7 ,fig4 #a ) lotus scroll ) et*$ details on a gr\nd ( iron r$ 7fan hung7 outside4 ,inside is figure ( a man hold+ a bran* ( cassia1 a symbol ( lit]>y success1 pa9t$ 9 und]glaze blue4 ,m>k 9 blue1 tan kuei 7r$ cassia47 ,diamet] #d in*es4 ,fig4 #b ) simil> design on gr\nd ( em]ald gre5 enamel4 ,m>k 9 blue 9 ! =m ( a co9 or ca% ) ! *>act]s *'ang m+ fu kuei 7long life1 ri*es & hon\rs674 ,diamet] #d in*es4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t ! imitation ( ! e>ly ,m+ porcela9s began z soon z ?is1 & we may inf] f ! usual ,*9ese proc$ure t ! m>ks ( ! ,hsan ,t & ,*'ng ,hua p]iods 7 duly affix$ to ^! clev] copies4 ,lung ,*'+ ** #b 7#aefg-aegb7 ,we read 9 ! ,t'ao %uo#adb t ! ,imp]ial factory 0 re-e/abli%$ 9 ! six? ye> ( ?is reign 7#aegb71 & plac$ "u ! c>e ( ! assi/ant prefects ( ! di/rict4 ,?is w\ld seem to imply t = ! great] "p ( ?is brief p]iod ! ,imp]ial works _h be5 9 abeyance4 ,be ?is z x may1 !re 0 no fall+ (f 9 ! quantity ( porcela9 comm&$ = ! ,c\rt1 & ! extravagant & burd5some dem&s evok$ a prote/ f ,hs ,*'ih1 ! presid5t ( ! ,c5sorate1#adc 9 #aega4 ,x 0 urg$ among o!r ?+s t ! secret ( ! copp] r$ col\r 7hsi5 hung7 _h be5 lo/1 & t ! pott]s %\ld be all[$ to use ! iron r$ 7fan hung7 9 its place3 t ! size & =m ( ! l>ge fi% b[ls :i* 7 ord]$ made _! manufacture almo/ impossible3 t ! designs = ! poly*rome 7wu ts'ai7 pa9t+ 7 too elaborate1 & t squ>e boxes made 9 ?ree ti]s 7 a novelty difficult to con/ruct4 ,fire & flood _h deva/at$ ,*+-t ,*n1 & _m ( ! workm5 _h fl$1 & he 7! presid5t7 begg$ t a l>ge r$uction %\ld be made 9 ! palace ord]s4 ,we are n told :e!r ?is memorial to ! emp]or _h ! desir$ effect4 ,9 ! case ( ! next emp]or a simil> prote/ result$ 9 a l>ge r$uction ( ! dem&s4 ,b ! docum5t discloses sev]al int]e/+ facts1 & among o!r ?+s we le>n t ! designs = "s ( ! w>e & = ! col\r$ decoration 7 /ill s5t f ! palace z 9 ! days ( ,*'ng ,hua4 ,! (ficial li/s ( porcela9 actually suppli$ to ! ,c\rt ( ,lung ,*'+ h be5 briefly summ>is$ 9 ! ,t'ao %uo#add2 b !y d n include any new =ms1 & ! motives ( decoration 7 9 ! ma9 simil> to ^? record$ 9 ! ,*ia ,*+ li/s4 ,! foll[+1 h[ev]1 may be add$ to ! summ>y 9 ! previ\s *apt]3-- ,! y tsan hua1 r5d]$ 9 ,giles's ,diction>y z ! 8tub]ose10 by ,bu%ell z ! 8iris40 ,clumps ( *rysan!mum fl[]s4 ,int]lac+ scrolls ( mu-tan peony4 ,*'ang *'un 7long spr+7 fl[]s1 id5tifi$ by ,bu%ell ) ! 8jasm9e40 ,a 8joy\s meet+10 symbolis$ accord+ to ,bu%ell by a pair ( magpies4 ,! ,t>t> pheasant 7*ai *ih74 ,! season fl[]s support+ ! *>act]s ** #d *'i5 k'un *'+ t'ai1 8,heav5 & e>? fair & fruitful60 ,mon/]s 7%\7 9 sea waves4 ,fly+ fi%4 ,hi/orical sc5es 7ku %ih71 z well z g5re subjects 7jn wu74 ,*ildr5 play+ ) bran*es ( fl[]s4 ,?is la/ design occurs bo? 9 ! =m ( belts ( foliage scrolls1 among :i* are semi-nude boys1 & ( m$allions ) a boy hold+ a bran*1 on blue & :ite & poly*rome w>es ( ! late ,m+ p]iod4 ,b x is a design ( consid]able antiquity1 & x is f\nd engrav$ on ! e>ly ,corean b[ls :i*1 no d\bt1 borr[$ f ,sung orig9als4 ,?\gh all ^! designs are giv5 "u ! g5]al head+ ( blue & :ite1 we may inf] t ! poly*rome :i* is occasionally m5tion$ 0 us$ 9 comb9ation ) ! blue4 ,?us ! m5tion ( 8phnixes 9 r$ cl\ds fly+ ?r\gh fl[]s10 ( 8n9e r$ dragons 9 blue waves10 & ( 8a pair ( dragons 9 r$ cl\ds10 recalls actual specim5s :i* ,i h se5 ( ,lung ,*'+ & ,wan ,li boxes ) designs ( blue dragons mov+ ?r\gh cl\ds t\*$ 9 ) iron r$4 ,aga91 :]e ! blue designs are supplem5t$ ) 8curl+ waves & plum blossoms 9 poly*rome 7wu ts'ai710 "o ?9ks ( ! well-kn[n patt]n ( conv5tional waves on :i* blossom & symbols are float+1 z on ,plate #gi4 ,o!r types ( decoration m5tion$ are yell[ gr\nds & :ite glaze1 bo? ) dragon designs engrav$ "u ! glaze 7an hua71 peacocks & mu-tan peonies 9 gild+1 & m\ld$ ornam5t4 ,a specific example ( ! la/ are ! lions :i* s]v$ z knobs on ! cov]s ( ! ovoid w9e j>s 7t'an74 ,! au?or ( ! ,t'ao %uo pays a h&some tribute to ! skill ( ! late ,m+ pott]s4 8,we f9d10 he says1 8t ! porcela9 ( ! ,m+ dyna/y daily increas$ 9 excell5ce till we come to ! reigns ( ,lung ,*'+ & ,wan ,li1 :5 !re 0 no?+ t c\ld n be made40 ,at ! same "t he f9ds fault ) a p>ticul> k9d ( decoration :i* 0 enc\rag$ by ! degrad$ & lic5ti\s ta/es ( ! ,emp]or ,lung ,*'+1 & seems to h only too frequ5tly m>r$ ! porcela9 ( ! p]iod4#ade ,! r>e examples ( m>k$ ,lung ,*'+ porcela9 9 our collections d n call = special comm5t1 & ! unm>k$ specim5s w h>dly be di/+ui%$ f ! productions ( ! succe$+ ,wan ,li p]iod4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 two boxes 9 ! ,briti% ,museum :i* may be reg>d$ z *>act]i/ic specim5s ( ! ,imp]ial blue & :ite porcela9s4 ,bo? are /rongly made ) ?ick b f9e-gra9$ body mat]ial & a glaze ( slightly gre5i% tone2 & ! designs are boldly sket*$ 9 /rong outl9e & wa%$ 9 ) a d>k indigo blue4 ,"o is a squ>e box ) f\r comp>tm5ts decorat$ ) five-claw$ dragons 9 cl\d scrolls1 ext5d$ or coil$ 9 m$allions accord+ z space dem&$2 & ! o!r is oblong & rectangul>1 & pa9t$ on ! sides 7! cov] is miss+7 ) sc5es ( family life 7jn wu74 ,9 bo? cases ! base is unglaz$ except = a sunk m$allion 9 :i* ! six *>act]s ( ! ,lung ,*'+ m>k are f9ely pa9t$ 9 blue4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,wan ,,li ** #b 7#aegc-afai7 ,,& ,,o!r ,,reigns ,! long reign ( ,wan ,li1 ! la/ important p]iod ( ! ,m+ dyna/y1 is c]ta9ly ! be/ repres5t$ 9 ,european collections1 a circum/ance due to ! c]amic activity ( ! "t n less ?an to its ne>ness to our own age4 ,9 ! fir/ ye> ( ! reign ord]s 7 giv5 t "o ( ! sub-prefects ( ,jao-*\ ,fu %\ld be p]man5tly /ation$ at ,*+-t ,*n to sup]vise ! ,imp]ial factory4 ,x appe>s t he prov$ a /]n taskma/]1 & at ! same "t t ! pott]s 7 sev]ely burd5$ by excessive dem&s f ! palace4 ,! picture drawn by ! c5sor 9 ! previ\s reign ( ! afflict$ condition ( ! pott]s1 & ! /ory told else:]e#adf h[ !y _h made int]cession daily 9 ! temple ( ! god t ! ,imp]ial ord]s might be m]ciful1 are fitt+ preface to ! tale ( ! dragon b[ls told z foll[s by ,t'ang ,y+1#adg ! director ( ! factory 9 ! fir/ half ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 8,by ! we/ wall ( ! ,ance/ral-tablet ,hall ( ! _s :o protects ! pott]s is a dragon fi% b[l 7lung kang74 ,x is ?ree feet 9 diamet] & two feet high1 ) a fi]ce frieze ( dragons 9 blue & a wave patt]n bel[4 ,! sides & ! m\? are p]fect1 b ! bottom is want+4 ,x 0 made 9 ! ,wan ,li p]iod ( ! ,m+4 ,previ\sly ^! fi% b[ls _h pres5t$ great difficulty 9 ! mak+1 & _h n succe$$1 & ! sup]9t5d5t _h increas$ 8 sev]ity4 ,!reupon ! div9e ,t'ung took pity on 8 fell[ pott]s1 & s]v$ !m by alone lay+ d[n 8 life4 ,he plung$ into ! fire1 & ! b[ls came out p]fect4 ,?is fi% b[l 0 damag$ aft] x _h be5 f9i%$ & select$ 7= palace use71 & = a long "t x rema9$ ab&on$ 9 a corn] ( ! (fice4 ,b :5 ,i saw x ,i s5t a d\ble-yok$ c>t & m5 to lift x1 & x 0 br\ght to ! side ( ! ,ance/ral-tablet ,hall ( ! god1 :]e x adorns a high plat=m1 & sacrifice is (f]$4 ,! vessel's p]fect glaze is ! god's fat & blood2 ! body mat]ial is ! god's body & fle%2 & ! blue ( ! decoration1 ) ! brilliant lu/re ( gems1 is ! ess5ce ( ! god's pure _s40 ,! deification ( ,t'ung 0 a simple matt] to ! ,*9ese1 :o habitually wor%ip be=e ! tablets ( _! ance/ors2 b he seems to h become ! g5ius ( ! place1 & 9 ?is capacity to h sup]s$$ ano!r canonis$ pott] nam$ ,*ao1#adh :o _h be5 wor%ipp$ at ,*+-t ,*n s9ce #adbe4 ,to add to ! difficulties exp]i5c$ by ! pott]s 9 satisfactorily fulfill+ ! ,imp]ial dem&s1 x _h be5 report$ 9 #aehc t ! supplies ( e>? f ,ma-ts'ang 7 practically work$ out1 & ?\gh good mat]ial 0 f\nd at ,wu-mn-t'o1 :i* is also 9 ! di/rict ( ,fu-liang1 ! di/ance = transport 0 great]1 & z ! price 0 n correspond+ly rais$ ! supply f ?is s\rce 0 difficult to ma9ta94 ,consequ5tly we are n surpris$ to le>n t 9 ?is same ye> ano!r memorial 0 =w>d$ to ! emp]or by "o ( ! sup]vis+ c5sors1 ,wang ,*+-m91 ask+ = alleviation ( ! palace ord]s1 & prote/+ specifically aga9/ ! dem&s = c&le/icks1 scre5s1 bru% h&les1 & *ess app>atus z unnecess>ily extravagant4 ,x 0 urg$ at ! same "t t blue decoration %\ld be sub/itut$ = poly*rome1 & t pi]c$ "w 7l+ lung7 %\ld n be requir$1 ! objection to bo? ^! processes be+ t !y 7 difficult to execute & m]etrici\s 9 effect4 ,x is /at$ 9 ! ,t'ao lu#adi t ! supply ( ,mohamm$an blue _h ceas$ completely 9 ! reign ( ,wan ,li1 & t on ! o!r h& ! *i hung or und]glaze copp] r$ 0 made1 ?\gh x 0 n equal 9 quality to ! hsi5 hung or pao %ih hung#aej ( ! e>li] p]iods4 ,bo? ^! ass]tions are bas$ on ! some:at unc]ta9 au?ority ( ! ,t'ang %ih ss k'ao1 & ?\gh ! tru? ( ! second is %[n by exi/+ specim5s1 ! fir/ is only p>tially true1 = !re are m>k$ examples ( ,mohamm$an blue 9 ! ,briti% ,museum & probably else:]e4 ,ei!r !re 7 supplies ( ! ,mohamm$an mat]ial 9 h& at ! beg9n+ ( ! reign1 or !y cont9u$ to arrive = "p at lea/ ( ! p]iod4 ,! li/s ( porcela9 suppli$ to ! ,c\rt ( ,wan ,li may be consult$ ) advantage1 & ! extracts f ^? ( ! previ\s reigns may be supplem5t$ by ! foll[+1 :i*1 ?\gh n necess>ily new =ms & designs1 d n appe> 9 ! ,*ia ,*+ & ,lung ,*'+ records3-- ,=ms4 ,trays = w9e cups 7pei p'an74#aea ,beak]-%ap$#aeb vases 7hu p'+ ** #b74 ,flat-back$ wall vases 9 ! =m ( a d\ble g\rd split v]tically4 ,*ess bo>ds 7*'i p'an74 ,hang+ oil lamps#b 7*'+ t'ai ** #b74 ,pricket c&le/icks 7*u t'ai74 ,see ,cat4 ,b4 ,f4 ,a41 #aiaj1 ,e #f3 a pricket c&le/ick ) cl\d & dragon designs 9 blue & ! ,wan ,li m>k4 ,j>s = c&le snuff 7*i5 *u kuan74 ,scre5s 7p'+74 ,bru% h&les 7pi kuan74 ,bru% re/s 7pi *ia74 ,bru% pots 7pi *'ung74 ,app>5tly ! cyl9drical j>s usually kn[n z pi t'ung4 ,fan cases 7%an hsia74 ,wat] dropp]s = ! ink pallet 7y5 %ui ti74 ,betel-nut boxes 7p9 lang lu74 ,h&k]*ief boxes 7*9 lu74 ,hat boxes 7kuan lu74 ,cool seats 7liang tun71 = g>d5 use 9 summ]4 ,motives = ,pa9t$ ,decoration4 ,floral1 etc43 ,lily fl[]s 7hsan hua74 ,hibiscus 7kuei7 fl[]s on a brocade gr\nd4 ,r\nd m$allions ( season fl[]s4 ,fl[] designs brok5 by m$allions ( l&scape4 ,m>% plants4 ,sections ( wat] melons 7hsi kua pan74 ,=eign pomegranates2 sometimes ti$ ) fillets4 ,! sacr$ pea*4 ,m$allions ( pea* b\ghs ) ! seal "* %\ 7longevity74 ,apricot 7hs+7 foliage4 ,p9e patt]n brocade4 ,g9s5g 7hsi574 ,hemp-leav$ 7ma yeh7 ,indian lotus4 ,bord]s ( bamboo foliage & bran*+ prunus4 ,grape-v9e bord]s4 ,animals1 etc43 ,mon/]s3 v>i\sly describ$ z hai %\ 7sea mon/]s7 & i %\ 7/range mon/]s74 ,n9e blue mon/]s 9 r$ waves4 ,/range mon/]s att5d+ ! cele/ial dragon4 ,sea horses4 ,full-fac$ dragons 7*ng mi5 lung74 ,see ,plate #ff4 ,m$allions ( ar*aic dragons 7*'ih7 & tig]s4 ,asc5d+ & desc5d+ dragons4 ,c\*ant1 or squatt+ 7tun7 dragons4 ,fly+ dragons4 ,! hundr$ dragons4 ,! hundr$ /orks4 ,! hundr$ de]4 7,z 9 ! 8,hundr$ ,%\ ,*>act]s0 & o!r simil> phrases1 ! 8hundr$0 is m]ely an indef9ite num]ative signify+ a l>ge numb]47 ,elephants ) vases ( jewels 7( ,buddhi/ic significance74 ,wat] birds 9 lotus plants4 ,six cranes1 8symbolis+ ! c>d9al po9ts ( ! univ]se0 7liu ho *'i5 k'un74 ,phnixes among ! season fl[]s4 ,bees hov]+ r\nd plum blossom4 ,human3 ,m5 & wom5 7%ih n74 ,m$allions ) boys pull+ d[n 7bran*es (7 cassia 7p'an kuei74 ,! picture ( ! ,hundr$ ,boys4 ,fu1 ,lu1 ,%\ 7,happ9ess1 ,rank1 & ,longevity74 ,x is n /at$ :e!r ! *>act]s only are int5d$1 or1 z is m probable1 ! ?ree ,taoi/ deities :o di/ribute ^! bless+s4 ,emblematic ,motives & ,inscriptions4 ,! eight ,buddhi/ emblems1 b\nd ) fillets 7kuan t'ao74 ,ju-i sceptres b\nd ) fillets4 ,ju-i cl\d bord]s 7ju i yn pi574 ,midsumm] holiday symbols 7tuan yang *ieh74 ,expla9$ by ,bu%ell z sprigs ( acorns & artemisia hung up on ! fif? day ( ! fif? moon4 ,emblems ( ,longevity 7%\ tai71 e4g4 g\rd1 pea*1 fungus1 p9e1 bamboo1 crane1 de]4 ,! 8monad symbol0 7hun yan71 :i* is app>5tly ano!r "n = ! y9 yang1 & ! ,eight ,trigrams4 ,see p4 #bij4 ,loz5ge symbols ( victory 7fang %ng74 8,! f\r lights wor%ipp+ ! /> ( ,longevity0 7ss yang p'ng %\74 ,spiral 7hui ** #a7 patt]ns4 ,sanskrit invocations 7*n y5 tz'74 ,see ,plate #ic4 ,anci5t writ+s f\nd at ,lo-yang 7lo %u74 ,lo-yang 7! mod]n ,honan ,fu7 0 ! capital ( ! ,ea/]n ,han 7#be-bbj ,a4,d474 ,inscriptions 9 antique seal *>act]s 7*uan74 ,dragons hold+ up ! *>act]s ** #d yung pao wan %\ 7ev] insur+ endless longevity72 & ** #f yung pao hung fu *'i t'i5 7ev] insur+ great happ9ess equall+ ,heav574 ,bord]s inscrib$ ** #d fu ju tung hai 7happ9ess l ! ea/]n sea72 & ** #h fng t'iao y %un t'i5 hsia t'ai p'+ 7fav\r+ w9ds & seasonable ra93 great peace ?r\gh\t ! empire74 8,a symbolical head ) hair dress$ 9 f\r puffs0#aec be>+ ! *>act]s ** #d yung pao *'ang *'un 7ev] insur+ long spr+74 ,taoi/ deities hold+ ! *>act]s ** #h wan ku *'ang *'un ss hai lai *'ao 7?r\gh myriads ( ages long spr+2 tribute com+ f ! f\r seas72 or ! same s5tim5t ) yung pao 7ev] insur+7 9 place ( wan ku4 ,dragons 9 cl\ds hold+ ! *>act]s ** #b %ng %\1 ! emp]or's bir?day4 ,miscellane\s4 ,repres5tations ( anci5t co9s 7ku lao *'i574 ,l&scapes 7%an %ui74 ,necklaces 7y+ lo ** #b74 ,jewel m\nta9s 9 ! sea waves 7pao %an hai %ui74 ,?is is1 no d\bt1 ! famili> bord] patt]n ( conv5tional waves ) conical rocks /&+ up at regul> int]vals4 ,r\nd m$allions 7ho tz1 lit4 boxes7 9 brocade gr\nds4 ,mo/ ( ^! designs are giv5 "u ! head+ ( 8blue & :ite10 ?\gh1 z 9 ! ,lung ,*'+ li/1 ! blue is 9 _m cases supplem5t$ by col\r or by o!r =ms ( decoration su* z patt]ns engrav$ 9 ! body 7an hua71 & 8designs on a blue gr\nd10 ! nature ( !m n expla9$1 b no d\bt simil> to ^? describ$ on p4 #fa4 ,! me?od ( res]v+ ! decoration 9 :ite 9 a blue gr\nd 7*'+ ti pai hua7 is specifically m5tion$ "u ! head+ ( 8mix$ decorations40 ,! supplem5t>y decoration consi/s ( on-glaze enamels mix$ ) ! und]glaze blue2 b[ls ) col\r$ ext]ior & blue & :ite inside or vice v]sa2 yell[ gr\nds ) designs engrav$ "u ! glaze2 gild$ fi%es among poly*rome wat] we$s1 & o!r gild$ patt]ns2 curl+ waves 9 poly*rome & plum blossoms2 r$ dragons 9 blue waves1 ! r$ ei!r "u or ov] ! glaze2 relief designs 7t+ *uang#aed7 & pi]c$ "w 7l+ lung#aee74 ,! 8mix$ col\rs0 includ$ g>d5 seats ) lotus designs1 etc41 9 poly*rome 7wu ts'ai7 & ) aub]g9e br[n 7tz7 lotus decoration 9 a mono*rome yell[ gr\nd2 tea cups ) dragons 9 fairy fl[]s engrav$ "u a yell[ glaze2 yell[ gr\nd ) poly*rome 7wu ts'ai7 decoration2 banquet di%es1 :ite inside1 ! outside decorat$ ) dragons & cl\ds 9 r$1 gre51 yell[1 & aub]g9e4 ,! cu/om ( m9utely subdivid+ ! "w 9 ! porcela9 factories s t ev5 ! decoration ( a s+le piece 0 p>cell$ out among sev]al pa9t]s exi/$ 9 ! ,m+ dyna/y1 ?\gh p]haps n c>ri$ s f> z 9 ! aft] p]iods4 ,x is cle> t "u su* a sy/em ! individuality ( ! arti/s 0 completely lo/1 & we nev] he> ! "n ( any pott] or pa9t] :o work$ at ! ,imp]ial factory4 ,9 ! private factories probably ! division ( lab\r 0 less rigor\s1 & x is c]ta9 t _m ( ! specim5s 7 decorat$ by a s+le bru%4 ,b ev5 s1 signatures ( pott]s or pa9t]s are almo/ unkn[n2 & only "o or two private pott]s ( conspicu\s m]it at ! end ( ! ,m+ p]iod are m5tion$ by "n 9 ! ,*9ese books4 ,mr4 ,ts'ui1 = in/ance1 has already be5 m5tion$ 9 ! *apt] on ! ,*ia ,*+ p]iod1 & ?ree o!rs occur 9 ! annals ( ! ,wan ,li p]iod4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #ge4--,m+ ,porcela94 ,fig4 #a4--,tripod ,b[l ) rais$ peony scrolls 9 enamel col\rs4 ,wan ,li m>k4 ,height #e in*es4 ,eumorfop\los ,collection4 ,fig4 #b4--;,blue & :ite ,b[l1 ,*ia ,*+ p]iod4 ,m>k1 ,wan ku *'ang *'un 78,a myriad antiquities & endur+ spr+6074 ,height #c in*es4 ,kun/gew]be ,museum1 ,b]l94 ,fig4 #c4--;,ew] ) :ite slip *'i-l9 on a blue gr\nd4 ,wan ,li p]iod4 ,height #i in*es4 ,eumorfop\los ,collection4 ,fig4 #d4--;,g\rd-%ap$ ,vase ) w+$ dragons & fairy fl[]s1 rais$ outl9es & col\r$ glazes on ! biscuit4 ,sixte5? c5tury4 ,height #h in*es4 ,salt+ ,collection4 ,( ^!1 ! mo/ int]e/+ p]sonality 0 ,hao ,%ih-*iu1#aef s*ol>1 pa9t]1 poet1 & pott]1 :o sign$ 8 w>es ) ! fanciful "n ,hu y9 tao jn#aeg 7,taoi/ hidd5 9 a tea pot71 to %[ t he 8put 8 s\l0 into ! mak+ ( 8 pots4 ,he liv$1 we are told1#aeh 9 exagg]at$ simplicity1 9 hut1 ) a mat = a door & a brok5 j> = a w9d[2 b he 0 s celebrat$ z a man ( tal5t & culture t 8 hut 0 frequ5t$ by ! lit]ati1 :o capp$ 8 v]ses & admir$ 8 w>es4 ,! latt] 7 ( great ref9em5t & exquisitely beautiful1 & 8 :ite 8egg %ell0#aei w9e cups 7 s delicate z to weigh less ?an a gramme4#afj ,no less fam\s 7 8 r$ w9e cups1 bright z v]milion1 ! col\r float+ 9 ! glaze l r$ cl\ds4 ,!y 7 nam$ liu hsia *an#afa 7lit4 float+ r$ cl\d cups71 :i* has be5 poetically r5d]$ by ,bu%ell z 8dawn-r$ w9e cups0 & 8liquid dawn cups10 & 7 evid5tly "o ( ! r$s ( ! *i hung class produc$ by copp] oxide 9 ! glaze1 l ! beautiful w9e cups ) cl\d$ m>oon r$ glaze ( ! e>ly eighte5? c5tury4 ,all ^! w>es 7 eag]ly s\ght by connoisseurs ?r\gh\t ! ,*9ese empire4 8,!re 7 also elegantly =m$ pots 7hu71 9 col\r pale gre51 l ,kuan & ,ko w>es1 b )\t ! ice crackle1 & gold5 br[n#afb tea pots ) r$di% t+e1 imitat+ ! contempor>y w>es ( ! ,*'n family at ,yi-hs+1 engrav$ und]nea? ) ! f\r *>act]s1 ,hu y9 tao jn40 ,! 8r$ cl\d0 cups are eulogis$ by ! poet ,li ,jih-hua 9 a v]se address$ to _! mak] z fit to be 8/>t$ f ! or*id pavilion to float d[n ! n9e-b5d riv]40#afc ,illu/ration3 ,plate #gf4--;,blue & ,:ite ,porcela94 ,sixte5? ,c5tury4 ,fig4 #a4--,vase ) mon/] h&les1 ar*aic dragons4 ,height #aj in*es4 ,halsey ,collection4 ,fig4 #b4--;,hexagonal ,bottle1 :ite 9 blue designs4 ,m>k1 a h>e4 ,height #aa in*es4 ,alex&] ,collection4 ,fig4 #c4--;,bottle ) 8g>lic m\?10 /ork & lotus scrolls1 :ite 9 blue4 ,height #aa in*es4 ,salt+ ,collection4 ,fig4 #d4--,vase 7mei p'+71 ,imp]ial dragon & scrolls4 ,wan ,li m>k on ! %\ld]4 ,height #ae in*es4 ,colt>t ,collection4 ,! two o!r pott]s ( ?is p]iod ^: names h surviv$ are ,ou ( ,yi-hs+ fame 7vol4 i41 p4 #aha7 & ,*\ ,tan-*'an1 ^: wond]ful imitations ( ,sung ,t+ w>e h be5 describ$ 9 vol4 i41 p4 #id4 ,_m clev] imitations ( ?is latt] porcela9 7 made at ,*+-t ,*n 9 ! ,wan ,li p]iod1 & a special mat]ial1 *'+-t'i5#afd /one1 0 employ$ = ! purpose2 b ! foll[]s ( ,*'ou ,tan-*'an 7 n s successful z _! ma/]1 & _! w>es are describ$ z ov]-elaborate 9 decoration & q inf]ior to ,*'ou's productions4 ,!re 0 "o type1 h[ev]1 :i* is specially m5tion$1 ! oblong rectangul> boxes made to hold seal-v]milion4 ,^! are describ$ 9 a sixte5?-c5tury "w#afe z ei!r pure :ite or pa9t$ 9 blue1 & usually six or sev5 in*es long4 ,!y are accord$ a p>agraph 9 ! ,t'ao %uo#aff "u ! head+ ( fang t+ or 8imitation ,t+ w>e10 & !y 7 probably ( t s(t-look+1 creamy :ite crackl$ w>e to :i* ,we/]n collectors h giv5 ! mislead+ "n ( 8s(t pa/e40#afg ,ano!r private manufacture specially m5tion$ 9 ! ,t'ao lu#afh 0 locat$ 9 a /reet call$ ,hsiao nan ** #b :]e1 we are told1 8!y made w>es ( small size only1 l a squatt+ frog1 & call$ = t reason frog w>es 7ha ma#afi yao74 ,?\gh co>se1 !y 7 ( correct =m2 ! mat]ial 0 yell[i%1 b ! body ( ! w>e 0 ?92 & ?\gh small1 ! vessels 7 /rong4 ,"o k9d ( b[l 0 :ite 9 col\r ) a t+e ( blue 7tai *'+71 & decorat$ 9 blue ) a s+le or*id spray or bamboo leaves2 & ev5 ^? :i* _h no pa9t$ design _h "o or two r+s ( blue at ! m\?4 ,^! 7 call$ 8:ite rice vessels0 7pai fan *'i74 ,!re 71 besides1 b[ls ) wide m\?s & flatt5$ rims 7p'ieh t'an7#agj b %all[1 & pure :ite1 imitat+ ! ,sung b[ls4 ,all ^! w>es _h a great vogue1 bo? at ! "t & at ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t 7i4e4 ! ,*'+7 dyna/y40 ,out ( ! comp>atively l>ge numb] ( ,wan ,li porcela9s 9 ,european collections ! majority are blue & :ite4 ,?is is only to be expect$1 hav+ reg>d to ! prepond]ance ( ?is /yle ( decoration 9 ! ,imp]ial li/s1 & also to ! fact t x 0 f\nd easie/ ( all processes to execute4 ,9 fact1 ! c5sor plead+ on behalf ( ! pott]s 9 #aehc asks t ?is /yle may be sub/itut$ = ! m exact+ poly*rome & pi]c$ "w4 ,x has already be5 m5tion$ t ! supplies ( ,mohamm$an blue app>5tly came to an end e>ly 9 ! reign1 b !re are en\gh examples ( ?is col\r associat$ ) ! ,wan ,li m>k to %[ t x 0 us$ = "p at lea/ ( ! p]iod4 ,"o ( ^! is a well-pott$ b[l ( f9e :ite porcela91 entirely cov]$ ) ,sanskrit *>act]s 7*n y5 tz'71 9 ! ,briti% ,museum2 & ano!r piece99 is a di% m\ld$ 9 ! =m ( an op5 lotus fl[] ) petals 9 relief1 & 9 ! c5tre a s+le ,sanskrit "*4 ,bo? are pa9t$ 9 a cle> & vivid ,mohamm$an blue1 & h ! ,wan ,li m>k "u ! base4 ,a d>k violet blue1 closely ak9 to ! typical ,*ia ,*+ col\r b ) a t\* ( indigo1 occurs on two di%es199 decorat$ ) a pair ( fi%es among aquatic plants & be>+ ! f\r *>act]s ( ! ,wan ,li m>k surr\nd+ a c>t\*e1 :i* conta9s ! felicit\s leg5d1 8,virtue1 culture1 & endur+ spr+0 7see vol4 i41 p4 #bbe74 ,an int5se b m vivid violet blue1 :i* betrays some?+ ( ! ,mohamm$an bl5d1 is se5 on a ew]99 ( ,p]sian =m1 decorat$ ) a *'i-l9 recl9+ be=e a /rangely ,italian-look+ f\nta94 ,! w>e ( ?is piece1 ?\gh ?ick1 is ( f9e gra91 & ! glaze has a fa9t gre5i% t+e1 & its m>k1 a h>e1#aga 7see vol4 i41 p4 #bbg7 occurs on sev]al o!r examples ( v>y+ quality1 b all ( late ,m+ "*4 ,ano!r gr\p ( m>k$ ,wan ,li w>e1 compris+ b[ls & di%es ) trim neat f9i% & obvi\sly de/9$ = table use1 has a s(t-look+ glaze1 (t5 mu* worn1 b1 ev5 9 ! less us$ p>ts1 ) a peculi> smoo?ness ( surface :i* is1 no d\bt1 l>gely due to age4 ,!re are ?ree examples ( ?is gr\p 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 all pa9t$ 9 ! same s(t1 d>k indigo-t+$ blue4 ,"o is a b[l ) baskets ( season fl[]s r\nd ! ext]ior1 insects1 & a bord] ( dragon & phnix patt]n2 :ile inside is a blue m$allion ) a full-face dragon res]v$ 9 :ite4 ,! o!r two are di%es ) figure subjects & g\rd v9e bord]s1 :i* are int]e/+ because ! pa9t+ %[s signs ( a transition /ate1 "p be+ 9 flat ,m+ wa%es1 & "p %[+ ! m>bl$ effect :i* 0 aft]w>ds *>act]i/ic ( ! ,k'ang ,hsi blue & :ite4 ,9 /rik+ contra/ ) ?is smoo?1 s(t-surfac$ w>e is a vase99 ( squ>e1 beak] %ape1 & details :i* indicate a =m d]iv$ f bronze4 ,?\gh evid5tly an ,imp]ial piece1 x is ( /rong1 heavy build1 ) a h>d ?ick glaze ( gre5i% t+e1 s full ( m9ute bubbles z to spread 9 places a v]itable fog ov] ! blue decoration b5ea?4 ,! design1 consi/+ ( a dragon & phnix among sprays ( 787 lily1 ) rock & wave bord]s1 is repeat$ 9 all ! spaces1 & bel[ ! lip 9 front is ! ,wan ,li m>k ext5d$ 9 a s+le l9e4 ,a simil> vase199 b ) poly*rome decoration1 illu/rat$ on ,plate #ha1 w s]ve to %[ ! =m & design4 ,bo? are f9e1 decorative objects1 9 a /rong1 rugg$ /yle1 :i* takes no acc\nt ( small fire-flaws & slight imp]fections 9 ! glaze4 ,! same /rong1 h>d body & glaze is se5 aga9 on ?ree flat1 n>r[-rimm$ di%es199 :i* are conspicu\s = unusual bord]s1 two hav+ a l>ge *eck] & ! ?ird a *evron patt]n1 9 addition to a ?9 blue l9e on ei!r side ( ! edge4 ,s& adh]+ to ! foot rim & fa9t radiat+ l9es scor$ 9 ! base are indications ( r\gh f9i%1 & !y are cle>ly all ! "w ( a private factory p]haps cat]+ = ! export trade4 ,a v>iety ( boxes figur$ 9 ! ,imp]ial li/s1 de/9$ = hold+ inc5se1 v]milion1 *ess pieces1 h&k]*iefs1 caps1 sweetmeats1 cakes1 etc4 ,a fair numb] ( ^! h surviv$ & f\nd _! way into ,we/]n collections4 ,r\nd1 squ>e1 oblong ) r\nd$ ends1 & sometimes furni%$ ) int]ior comp>tm5ts1 !y are usually decorat$ ) dragon designs 9 d>k blue1 occasionally trick$ out ) t\*es ( iron r$2 b miscellane\s subjects also occur 9 _! decoration1 z 9 a f9e example exhibit$ at ! ,burl+ton ,f9e ,arts ,club 9 #aiaj1agb :i* has figure subjects on ! cov] & a l&scape ) wat]fall1 probably f a picture ( ! celebrat$ m\nta9 sc5]y 9 ,sze*uan4 ,sometimes ! cov]s ( ^! boxes are p]=at$ z ?\gh to all[ "s p]fume to escape4 ,o!r int]e/+ late ,m+ porcela9s 9 ! same exhibition 7 a pricket c&le/ick ) cl\d & dragon ornam5t & ! ,wan ,li m>k2 a curi\s p]fume vase 7,plate #fh1 ,fig4 #a71 :i* illu/rates ! design ( lions sport+ ) balls ( brocade1 an unm>k$ piece :i* might ev5 be z e>ly z ,*ia ,*+2 & a wide-m\!d vase l5t by ! ,a%molean ,museum1 ,ox=d1 ) ! famili> design ( fanta/ic lions mov+ among peonies & =mal scrolls on ! body & panels ( fl[]s sep>at$ by trellis diap] on ! %\ld]4 ,! la/ is a type :i* is n uncommon1 b ?is p>ticul> example is int]e/+ because x belong$ to "o ( ! olde/ collections 9 ,engl&1 pres5t$ to ! ,ox=d ,museum by ,john ,tradescant1 & mo/ly collect$ be=e #afbg4 ,! export trade ) ,we/]n ,asia 0 9 full sw+ 9 ! reign ( ,wan ,li1 & ! ,portuguese trad]s _h already made _! way to ! ,f> ,ea/ & br\ght back ,*9ese porcela9 = ,european use4 ,t x 01 h[ev]1 /ill a r>e mat]ial 9 ,engl& seems to be indicat$ by ! sumptu\s silv]-gilt m\nts 9 :i* /ray specim5s 7 en%r9$4 ,sev]al ( ^! m\nt$ specim5s /ill exi/1 & sev5 ( !m 7 se5 at ! ,burl+ton ,f9e ,arts ,exhibition1 #aiaj1agc ! date ( ! m\nts be+ ab\t #aehj-aeij4 ,tak51 z !y may fairly be1 z typical specim5s1 !y %[ on ! :ole a porcela9 ( indiff]5t quality1 ) all ! defects & virtues ( export w>e--! summ>y f9i% ( skilful pott]s :o work$ ) good mat]ial b = an uncritical public1 & rapid1 bold draughtsman%ip 9 an ord9>y quality ( blue usually ( greyi% or indigo t9t4 ,! mo/ f9i%$ specim5 0 a b[l f ! ,pi]pont ,morgan ,collection1 ) a design ( phnixes & lotus scrolls f9ely drawn 9 blue ( good quality4 ,unlike ! o!rs1 x _h a reign m>k 7t ( ,wan ,li71 & probably x 0 made at ! ,imp]ial factory4 ,a bottle m\nt$ z a ew] f ! same collection _h a scale patt]n on ! neck1 fl[]+ plants & birds on ! body1 & a sauc] di% 0 pa9t$ 9 ! c5tre ) a typical late ,m+ l&scape1 ) m\nta9s1 p9e trees1 pagoda1 a pleasure boat1 & sundry figures4 ,! blue ( ?is la/ piece 0 ( fair quality b r dull1 & x _h a d\ble r+ "u ! base void ( m>k4 ,ano!r b[l _h on ! ext]ior panel designs ) de] 9 :ite res]v$ 9 a blue gr\nd1 9 a /yle some:at simil> to t ( ! bottle illu/rat$ on ,plate #gf1 ,fig4 #c4 ,!re is a b[l 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 m\nt$ ) silv]-gilt foot & w+$ c>yatid h&les ( ab\t #aehj 7,plate #fi1 ,fig4 #a74 ,! porcela9 is ( f9e :ite mat]ial ) ?ick lu/r\s glaze ( slightly blui% t9t & 8p9hol$0 "h & !re2 & ! design pa9t$ 9 blue ) a fa9t t+e ( indigo consi/s ( a vase ) a lotus fl[] & a lotus leaf & ?ree egrets1 9 a m$allion inside & f\r times repeat$ on ! ext]ior4 ,?is is cle>ly an e>ly ,wan ,li specim51 if1 inde$1 x is n actually z old z ,*ia ,*+4 ,! mo/ rem>kable collection ( ,*9ese export porcela9 is illu/rat$ by ,pr(essor ,s>re#agd f a photograph :i* he 0 able to make ( ! ,*9i-hane or porcela9 h\se atta*$ to ! mosque ( ,ardebil1 9 ,p]sia4 ,rang$ on ! floor are "s five hundr$ specim5s--j>s1 vases1 ew]s1 & /acks ( plates1 b[ls & di%es1 _m ( :i* _h =m]ly occupi$ ni*es 9 ! walls ( ! build+ erect$ by ,%ah ,abbas ! ,great#age 7#aehg-afbh74 ,un=tunately1 ! conditions 7 n fav\rable to photography1 & ! picture1 valuable z x is1 only p]mits a cle> view ( ! ne>] objects1 ! re/ be+ out ( focus & repres5t$ by m]e %ad[s ( !mselves4 ,!y are1 we are told1 ma9ly blue & :ite1 b ) a spr9kl+ ( col\r$ pieces1 & x is cle> f ! picture t !y belong to v>i\s p]iods ( ! ,m+ dyna/y1 mo/ly to ! lat] "p4 ,!y include1 no d\bt1 pres5ts f ! ,*9ese ,c\rt1#agf besides ! porcela9s :i* came 9 ! ord9>y way ( trade1 & we recognise a l>ge vase almo/ id5tical ) ! f9e ,*ia ,*+ specim5 on ,plate #gb3 a small-m\!d1 balu/]-%ap$ vase1 simil> 9 =m & decoration to a m>k$ ,wan ,li specim5 9 ! ,pi]pont ,morgan ,collection#agg2 a b[l ) lotus scrolls 9 blot*y blue1 recall+ ! /yle ( ,plate #fg1 ,fig4 #d2 a ew] ) ! curi\s f\nta9 design describ$ on p4 #fg2 besides a numb] ( ! ord9>y late ,m+ export types & "s celadon j>s & bulb b[ls ( a slightly e>li] p]iod4 ,"s ( ! pots1 we are told1 are almo/ a metre 9 height4 ,among ! tantalis+ =ms 9 ! indi/9ct backgr\nd are "s l>ge cov]$ j>s ) a s]ies ( loop-h&les on ! %\ld]s1 su* z are f\nd 9 ,borneo & ! ,ea/ ,indies 7see vol4 i41 p4 #ahi74 ,"o ( ! mo/ attractive types ( late ,m+ export porcela91 & at ! same "t ! mo/ easily recognis$1 consi/s ( ew]s1 b[ls1 & di%es ( ?91 crisp porcela9 ) *>act]i/ic designs 9 pale1 pure blue ( silv]y tone2 see ,plate #gg1 ,fig4 #a4 ,! w>e is ( f9e1 :ite1 unctu\s mat]ial ) a t5d5cy 7n v m>k$7 to turn br[n at ! foot rim & 9 p>ts :]e ! glaze is want+4 ,! glaze p>takes ( ! fa9tly gre5i% t+e common to ,m+ w>es1 b x is cle> & ( high lu/re4 ,"h1 aga91 a little s& or grit occasionally adh]+ to ! foot rim & radiat+ l9es lightly scor$ 9 ! base indicate a summ>y f9i% :i* detracts f ! arti/ic effect no m ?an ! obvi\sly rapid ?\gh skilful bru%work ( ! decoration4 ,%>ply m\ld$ =ms & cr9kl$ bord]s1 admirably suit$ to ?is ?9 crisp mat]ial1 give additional play to ! lu/r\s glaze1 & ! g5]al feel+ ( ! w>e is well express$ by ,mr4 ,f4 ,p]zynski#agh 9 8 excell5t /udy ( ! late ,m+ blue & :ite porcela9s1 9 :i* he rem>ks t 8! arti/s ( ?is gr\p h us$ ?91 brittle mat]ial m l flexible metal ?an porcela940 ,! designs z %[n 9 ! illu/ration are typical ( ! w>e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #gg ,two examples ( ,m+ ,blue & ,:ite ,porcela9 9 ! ,briti% ,museum ,fig4 #a4--;,ew] ( ?91 crisp porcela9 ) foliate m\? & ru/ic sp\t ) leaf atta*m5ts4 ,panels ( figure subjects & l&scapes on ! body3 8rat & v9e0 patt]n on ! neck & a b& ( hexagon diap] enclos+ a ca% symbol4 ,latt] half ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,height #g in*es4 ,fig4 #b4--,octagonal /& p]haps = arti/'s col\rs4 ,on ! sides are sc5es f ! life ( a sage2 bord]s ( ju-i patt]n & gadroons4 ,on ! top are lions sport+ ) brocade balls4 ,pa9t$ 9 deep ,mohamm$an blue4 ,m>k ( ! ,*ia ,*+ p]iod 7#aebb-aeff74 ,diamet] #d in*es4 ,a freely drawn figure ( a man or woman usually 9 g>d5 surr\nd+s1 /&+ be=e a fanta/ic rock or seat$ by a table & a picture-scre5 (t5 =m ! lead+ motive1 ?\gh ?is is v>i$ by l&scape1 floral compositions1 spirit$ draw+s ( birds 7an eagle on a rock1 geese 9 a m>%1 a s++ bird on a b\gh71 or a l>ge cicada on a /one among plants & grasses4 ,! bord]s ( di%es & ! ext]iors ( b[ls are divid$ into radiat+ comp>tm5ts 7(t5 ) ! divisions lightly m\ld$7 fill$ ) figures1 plant designs1 symbols1 & ! l1 & sep>at$ by n>r[ b&s ) p5d5t jewels & tassell$ cords1 :i* =m p]haps ! mo/ con/ant *>act]i/ics ( ! gr\p4 ,small passages ( brocade diap]s ) swa/ika fret1 hexagon & matt+ patt]ns1 are us$ to fill up ! spaces4 ,! f9] examples ( ?is gr\p are ( admirable delicacy bo? 9 col\r & design2 b ! type la/$ well into ! sev5te5? c5tury & became co>se & vulg>is$4 ,x appe>s 9 a debas$ =m 9 ! l>ge di%es :i* 7 made 9 quantity = ! ,p]sian & ,indian m>kets1 ov]load$ ) crudely drawn brocade diap]s & pa9t$ 9 dull indigo blue1 :i* is (t5 badly fir$ & v]ges on black4 ,! c5tral designs on ^! di%es1 de] 9 a =e/1 birds 9 m>%1 etc41 usually betray /rong ,p]sian influ5ce4 ,i am n aw>e ( any specim5s ( ?is gr\p1 ei!r ( ! e>li] or ! m debas$ k9ds :i* be> date-m>ks1 b /ill a cle> indication ( ! p]iod is giv5 by v>i\s circum/ances4 ,a b[l 9 ! ,national ,museum at ,muni* is cr$ibly /at$ to h belong$ to ,william ,v41 ,duke ( ,bav>ia 7#aegi-aeig71agi & a beautiful specim51 also a b[l1 ) silv]-gilt m\nt ( ab\t #aehe1 is illu/rat$ by ,mr4 ,p]zynski4#ahj ,! *>act]i/ic designs ( ?is w>e are commonplace on ! ,p]sian pott]y ( ! e>ly sev5te5? c5tury1 & a ,p]sian blue & :ite ew] 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 :i* is dat$ #afaf1 cle>ly reflects ! same /yle4 ,! %all[ di%es ) m\ld$ sides are frequ5tly reproduc$ 9 ! /ill-life pictures by ! ,dut* ma/]s ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 f ^: "w _m preci\s h9ts may be tak5 by ! /ud5t ( c]amics4 ,to give "o in/ance only1 !re are two su* pictures#aha 9 ! ,dresd5 ,gall]y f ! bru% ( ,frans ,snyd]s 7#aegi-afeg74 ,we %all h occasion lat] on to discuss m fully ano!r k9d ( blue & :ite porcela9 = :i* ! ,*9ese & ,am]ican collectors %[ a m>k$ p>tiality1 & :i* has receiv$ ! un=tunate title1 8s(t pa/e10 f ! latt]4 ,x has an opaque body1 (t5 ( e>?y appe>ance1 & a glaze :i* looks s(t & is usually crackl$1 & ! w>e is usually ( small dim5sions1 su* z ! ,*9ese lit]atus delight$ to see 9 8 /udy1 & beautifully pa9t$ ) m9iature-l t\*es1 e /roke ( ! bru% cle> & di/9ct4 ,m+ m>ks--,hsan ,t1 ,*'ng ,hua1 etc4--are n uncommon on ?is w>e1 & !re is no d\bt t x 0 9 use f ! e>ly reigns ( ! dyna/y1 b ! /yle has be5 s fai?fully pres]v$ by ! pott]s ( ! eighte5? c5tury t x is wellnigh impossible to di/+ui% ! diff]5t p]iods4 ,a da9ty specim5 ) ! ,wan ,li m>k illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #b ( ,plate #ic w s]ve to %[ ! delicacy & ref9em5t ( ?is exquisite porcela94 ,at ! same "t x %\ld be m5tion$ t ! imitation ,t+ w>es describ$ on p4 #if1 vol4 i41 :5 pa9t$ 9 blue1 are includ$ 9 ?is gr\p4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #gh4--,porcela9 ) pi]c$ 7l+ lung7 designs & biscuit reliefs4 ,late ,m+4 ,fig4 #a4--;,b[l ) ,eight ,immortals & pi]c$ swa/ika fret4 ,diamet] #c in*es4 ,s4 ,e4 ,k5n$y ,collection4 ,fig4 #b4--;,b[l ) blue phnix m$allions1 pi]c$ trellis "w & *>act]s4 ,wan ,li m>k4 ,height #b in*es4 ,hippisley ,collection4 ,fig #c4--;,cov]$ ,b[l ) blue & :ite l&scapes & biscuit reliefs ( ,eight ,immortals4 ,height #f in*es4 ,gr&idi] ,collection4 ,two int]e/+ k9ds ( decoration m5tion$ 9 ! ,wan ,li li/#ahb are frequ5tly f\nd 9 comb9ation ) blue & :ite2 ^! are relief 7t+ *uang or tui hua7 & pi]c$ "w 7l+ lung74 ,?\gh bo? h be5 se5 9 v>i\s =ms on ! e>li] w>es1 !y occur at ?is p]iod 9 a fa%ion :i* *all5ges special att5tion4 ,i allude p>ticul>ly to ! small b[ls ) or )\t cov]s1 decorat$ on ! sides ) unglaz$ 7or 8biscuit07 figures 9 deta*$ relief1 or ) delicately p]=at$ fretwork1 or ) a comb9ation ( bo?4 ,! catalogue#ahc ( ! ,pi]pont ,morgan ,collection illu/rates two cov]$ b[ls ( ! fir/ type ) ! ,eight ,immortals 9 f\r pairs symmetrically arrang$ on ! sides1 & a 8biscuit0 lion on ! cov] do+ duty = a h&le4 ,a simil> b[l1 =m]ly 9 ! ,night+ale ,collection1 _h ! same relief decoration & pa9t$ designs 9 ! typical grey blue ( ! ,wan ,li p]iod2 & ,fig4 #c ( ,plate #gh repres5ts an excell5t example f ! ,gr&idi] collection4 ,! ,*9ese 7 9 ! habit ( daub+ ^! biscuit reliefs 7j z !y did ! unglaz$ details ( /atuettes7 ) a r$ pigm5t :i* s]v$ z a m$ium = oil gild+1 b z nei!r ( ^! coat+s 0 fir$ !y h worn away or be5 clean$ (f 9 ! majority ( cases4 ,9 ! ,rijks ,museum1 ,am/]dam1 is a picture#ahd by ,van ,/reeck 7#afcb-afgh71 :i* %[s "o ( ^! cov]$ b[ls ) ! biscuit reliefs col\r$ r$1 & ,mr4 ,p]zynski#ahe alludes to ano!r 9 a /ill-life by ,willem ,kalf 7#afcj-afic7 9 ! ,kais] ,fr$]ick ,museum1 ,b]l91 ) ! figures bo? col\r$#ahf & gilt4 ,an excell5t example ( ! second k9d ( decoration is illu/rat$ by ,fig4 #b ( ,plate #gh1 "o ( a set ( f\r b[ls 9 ! ,hippisley ,collection1 ) phnix m$allions & o!r decoration 9 a f9e grey blue1 ! spaces fill$ ) p]=at$ designs ( ! utmo/ delicacy1 v]itable 8devil's "w10 to borr[ a ,*9ese t]m = workman%ip :i* %[s almo/ sup]human skill4 ,! small pi]c$ m$allions conta9 ! *>act]s fu1 %\1 k'ang1 n+#ahg 7happ9ess1 longevity1 peace1 & tranquillity71 & "u ! base are ! six *>act]s ( ! ,wan ,li m>k4 ,a l9e cut 9 ! glaze 7be=e fir+7 at ! lip & on ! base-rim seems to h be5 design$ to give a firm hold to a metal m\nt1 a use to :i* x has be5 actually put 9 "o case2 & 9 ano!r ! glaz+ ( ! m>k "u ! base has be5 omitt$ ) ! result t x has come f ! kiln black in/ead ( blue4 ,! ?ird k9d :i* comb9es ! reliefs & ! pi]c$ ornam5t is illu/rat$ by ,fig4 #a ( ,plate #gh4 ,! reliefs ( ^! m$allions are small & v delicately modell$1 & ! subjects are v>i\s1 includ+ human & animal figures1 birds & floral compositions2 ! bord]s are (t5 trac$ 9 liquid clay1 :i* is left 9 unglaz$ relief4 ,an example 9 ! ,briti% ,museum has an int]ior l9+ wa%$ ) blue to s]ve z a back+ = ! pi]c$ "w1 & x is pa9t$ inside ) dragon designs 9 ,wan ,li grey blue4 ,x be>s a m>k :i* occurs on o!r late ,m+ porcela9s1 y tang *ia *'i 7beautiful vessel = ! ,jade ,hall74#ahh ,examples ( ?is same pi]c$ & relief "w 9 :ite1 )\t ! supplem5t>y blue designs1 ?\gh r>e1 are yet to be se5 9 sev]al collections4 ,if m>k$ at all !y usually be> ! apocryphal date ( ,*'ng ,hua1 b an example 9 ! ,m>sd5 ,p]ry collection1 ,provid5ce1 ,u4,s4,a41 has ! ,t'i5 ,*'i 7#afba-afbg7 date "u ! base1 :i* no d\bt repres5ts ! true p]iod ( its manufacture4 ,?is intricate l+ lung "w1 :i* ! ,wan ,li c5sor deprecat$ z too difficult & elaborate1 has be5 p]petuat$1 ?\gh x 0 probably nev] m beautifully execut$ ?an 9 ! late ,m+ p]iod4 ,! lat] examples are mo/ly *>act]is$ by l>g] p]=ations1 :i* 7 easi] to manage4 ,!re are sev]al ref]5ces to ! pi]c$ & relief decorations 9 ! li/s ( porcela9 suppli$ to ! ,c\rt ( ,wan ,li1 e4g4 8bru% re/s ) sea waves & ?ree dragons 9 relief ov] pi]c$ designs1 & l&scapes10 8l&scape m$allions among pi]c$ "w10 & 8sacr$ fungus c>v$ 9 op5work1 & figures ( anci5t ca%40 ,9 ! f9] examples ( pi]c$ "w ! mo/ frequ5t design is ! fret or key patt]n (t5 int]wov5 ) ! f\r-legg$ symbol kn[n z ! swa/ika1 :i* commonly s]ves 9 ,*9ese = ! "* wan 7t5 ?\s&71 c>ry+ a sugge/$ wi% = 8long life10 z express$ 9 ! phrase wan sui 7,jap4 banzai71 t5 ?\s& ye>s4 ,! pi]c$ patt]ns are c>v$ out ( ! porcela9 body :5 ! w>e has be5 dri$ to a 8lea!r-t\gh0 consi/5cy1 & ! manipulative skill ex]cis$ 9 ! cutt+ & h&l+ ( ! /ill pla/ic mat]ial is almo/ sup]human4 ,simil> t\rs de =ce di/+ui% ! ,japanese ,hirado porcela91 & ,ow5's "w 9 our own ,worce/] w>e exhibits extraord9>y skill1 b ,i d\bt if any?+ f9] 9 ?is /yle has ev] be5 made ?an ! l+ lung b[ls ( ! late ,m+ pott]s4 ,ano!r =m ( decoration :i*1 if n actually includ$ 9 ! l+ lung category1 is at any rate closely alli$ to x1 is ! fretwork cut deeply into ! body ( ! w>e )\t actually p]=at+ x1 ! holl[s ( ! patt]n be+ g5]ally left )\t glaze4 ,?is ornam5t is us$ 9 bord]s or to fill ! spaces betwe5 blue & :ite m$allions aft] ! mann] ( ! pi]c$ fretwork1 & x 0 evid5tly contemporane\s ) ! latt]1 viz4 dat+ f ! late ,m+ p]iod onw>ds 7,plate #fh1 ,fig4 #c74 ,x w be conv5i5t "h to consid] ano!r type ( decoration :i* 0 probably 9 use 9 ! e>ly p]iods ( ! ,m+ dyna/y1 c]ta9ly 9 ! reign ( ,wan ,li1 & :i* has cont9u$ to mod]n times4 ,?is is ! decoration 9 :ite clay v>y+ 9 ?ickness f sub/antial reliefs to transluc5t bru% "w 9 ?9 slip or liquid clay1 :i* all[s ! col\r ( ! backgr\nd to appe> ?r\gh x4 ,! designs are pa9t$ or modell$ 9 :ite aga9/ d>k or light-col\r$ gr\nds ( v>i\s %ades--lu/r\s c(fee br[n 7tz *971 deep blue1 slaty blue1 lav5d]1 celadon1 pla9 :ite1 & crackl$ creamy :ite--& !y are usually slight & arti/ically execut$4 ,! process1 :i* is ! same 9 pr9ciple z 9 ! mod]n pte sur pte1 consi/$ ( fir/ cov]+ ! gr\nd ) col\r+ matt]1 !n trac+ ! design 9 :ite slip 7i4e4 liquid clay7 or build+ x up ) /rips ( clay modell$ ) a wet bru%1 & f9ally cov]+ x ) a col\rless glaze4 ,9 ?is case ! :ite design has a cov]+ ( glaze4 ,:5 a celadon gre5 gr\nd is us$ ! design is appli$ direct to ! biscuit & ! celadon glaze cov]s ! :ole1 b be+ q transp>5t x does n obscure ! :ite slip b5ea?4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 z 9 ,fig4 #c ( ,plate #ge1 ! design is unglaz$ & /&s out 9 a dry :ite 8biscuit40 ,elaborate & beautiful examples ( slip decoration 7 made 9 ! ,k'ang ,hsi & lat] p]iods1 & ,pre d',entrecolles1 writ+ 9 #agbb1 describes _! manufacture1 /at+ t /eatite & gypsum 7 us$ to =m ! :ite slip4#ahi ,! ,m+ specim5s are usually ( heavi] make & less graceful =m1 & di/+ui%$ by simplicity & /r5g? ( design1 ! backgr\nds be+ usually lu/r\s br[n or diff]5t %ades ( blue4 ,!y consi/ commonly ( bottles1 j>s1 fl[] pots1 bulb b[ls1 di%es1 & n>ghili b[ls1 & _m ( !m 7 cle>ly made = export to ,p]sia & ,india1 :]e !y are /ill to be f\nd4 ,on r>e examples ! slip decoration is comb9$ ) passages ( blue & :ite4 ,!re is little to guide u to ! dat+ ( ^! w>es1 & m>ks are exceptional4#aij ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a fl[] pot 9 ! ,briti% ,museum ) :ite design ( *'i-l9 on a br[n gr\nd :i* has ! late ,m+ m>k y t'ang *ia *'i#aia2 & a specim5 ) an ,elizabe?an metal m\nt 0 exhibit$ at ! ,burl+ton ,f9e ,arts ,club 9 #aiaj4aib ,^! are1 no d\bt1 ( ,*+-t ,*n make2 b !re is a curi\s specim5 9 ! ,briti% ,museum :i* seems to be ( prov9cial manufacture4 ,x is a di% ) slaty blue gr\nd & plant designs ) curi\s fea!ry foliage trac$ ) consid]able delicacy4 ,! bord] ( runn+ floral scroll has ! fl[]s outl9$ 9 dots1 & ! :ole execution ( ! piece is z di/9ctive z ! /range co>se base :i* %[s a br[n-r$ biscuit & heavy accretions ( s& & grit at ! foot rim4 ,! same base & ! same peculi>ities ( design appe>$ on a simil> di% ) celadon glaze exhibit$ by ,mrs4 ,halsey at ! ,burl+ton ,f9e ,arts ,club 9 #aiaj1aic & 9 ! ,briti% ,museum !re are o!r di%es cle>ly ( ! same make1 b ) 7#a7 crackl$ grey :ite glaze & co>sely pa9t$ blue decoration1 & 7#b7 ) gre5i% :ite glaze & enamell$ designs 9 iron r$ & ! ,m+ blue gre54 ,x is cle> t we h to deal "h ) ! productions ( "o factory1 & ?\gh we h no direct clue to its id5tity1 x c]ta9ly cat]$ = ! export trade to ,india & ! isl&s2 = ! enamell$ di%es ( ?is type h be5 f\nd 9 ,sumatra4 ,mrs4 ,halsey's di% came f ,india1 & fragm5ts ( ! blue & enamell$ types 7 f\nd 9 ! ru9s ( ! palace at ,bijapur1#aid :i* 0 de/roy$ by ,aurungzebe 9 #afhf4 ,probably ! factory 0 situat$ 9 ,fuki5 or ,kuangtung1 :]e x w\ld be 9 direct t\* ) ! s\!rn export trade1 & ! /yle ( ! exi/+ specim5s po9ts to ! late ,m+ z ! p]iod ( its activity4 ,! process ( m>bl+ or 8gra9+0 has be5 tri$ by pott]s all ! _w ov]1 & ! ,*9ese 7 no exceptions4 ,! effect is produc$ ei!r by slips ( two or m col\r$ clays work$ ab\t on ! surface1 or by bl5d+ lay]s ( clays 9 two or m col\rs 7usually br[n & :ite7 9 ! actual body4 ,e>ly examples ( ?is m>bl+ occur among ! ,t'ang w>es1 & ,mr4 ,eumorfop\los has examples ( ! ,m+ & lat] p]iods4 ,"o ( ^!1 a figure ) f9ely crackl$ buff glaze & passages ( br[n & :ite m>bl+ 9 front & on ! back1 has an incis$ inscription1 /at+ t x 0 modell$ by ,*'n ,wn-*+ 9 ! ye> #aeig4aie ,! use ( und]glaze r$ 9 ! ,wan ,li p]iod has already be5 m5tion$ 7p4 #ei71 & ?\gh ,*9ese writ]s class$ x z *i hung !y w\ld n admit x to an equality ) ! brilliant r$s ( ! fifte5? c5tury4#aif ,:]e r$ is nam$ 9 ! li/s ( ,imp]ial porcela9s we are left 9 d\bt z to its nature1 :e!r "u or ov] ! glaze2 b !re are two little %all[ b[ls 9 ! ,briti% ,museum ) a curi\s spong$ blue associat$ ) indiff]5t und]glaze r$ pa9t+1 :i* be> ! late ,m+ m>k y t'ang *ia *'i4#aig ,a b[l ( lotus fl[] patt]n1 simil> 9 =m to t describ$ on p4 #ff1 b deep]1 & pa9t$ ) simil> designs 9 pale und]glaze r$1 ?\gh be>+ ! ,*'ng ,hua m>k1 seems to belong to ! late ,m+ p]iod4 ,! ,wan ,li poly*romes w naturally include cont9uations ( ! e>ly ,m+ types1 su* z ! l>ge j>s ) decoration 9 rais$ outl9e1 pi]c$ or c>v$ & fill$ 9 ) glazes ( ! demi-gr& feu--turquoise1 violet purple1 gre5 & yell[--w>es ) flat wa%es ( ! same turquoise & purple1 incis$ designs fill$ 9 ) transp>5t glazes ( ! ?ree col\rs 7san ts'ai71 gre51 yell[ & aub]g9e1 &1 :at is probably m truly *>act]i/ic ( ?is p]iod1 comb9ations ( ! fir/ & la/ /yles4 ,a good example ( ! transp>5t col\rs ov] incis$ designs is ,fig4 #a ( ,plate #gi1 a vase ( ! =m kn[n z mei p'+ ) gre5 ,imp]ial dragons 9 a yell[ gr\nd & ! ,wan ,li m>k4 ,all ?ree ( ! san ts'ai col\rs 7 also us$ sep>ately z mono*romes ) or )\t engrav$ designs "u ! glaze1 a /rik+ example 9 ! ,pi]pont ,morgan ,collection be+ a vase ) dragon h&les & engrav$ designs "u a brilliant iridesc5t gre5 glaze1 8:i* appe>s l gold 9 ! sunlight40#aih ,b ?\gh ^! types p]si/$1 !y w\ld no d\bt be gradually sup]s$$ by simpl] & m effective me?ods ( pictorial decoration 9 pa9t$ outl9e on ! biscuit1 fill$ 9 ) wa%es ( transp>5t enamels 9 ! same ?ree col\rs4 ,^! s(t] enamels1 :i* conta9$ a high proportion ( lead & c\ld be fir$ at ! relatively l[ temp]ature ( ! muffle kiln1 mu/ h be5 us$ to a consid]able ext5t 9 ! late ,m+ p]iod1 ?\gh _! full developm5t belongs to ! reign ( ,k'ang ,hsi1 & !re w always be a difficulty 9 sep>at+ ! examples ( ^! two p]iods1 :e!r ! col\rs be laid on 9 broad undef9$ wa%es1 z on c]ta9 figures & on ! 8tig] sk90 b[ls & di%es1 or bru%$ ov] a design c>efully outl9$ 9 br[n or black pigm5t4 ,!re is "o species ( ! latt] family ) a gr\nd ( =mal wave patt]n usually wa%$ ) gre5 & /udd$ ) float+ plum blossoms1 9 :i* are gallop+ sea horses or symbols1 or bo?1 res]v$ & wa%$ ) ! rema9+ two col\rs1 or ) a fa9tly gre5i% flux1 almo/ col\rless1 :i* does duty = :ite4 ,?is species is almo/ always describ$ z ,m+2 & ) "s reason1 = ! sea wave & plum blossom patt]n is m5tion$ 9 ! ,wan ,li li/s z 9 poly*rome comb9$ ) blue decoration4 ,b ! dang] ( assum+ a specim5 to be ,m+ because x exhibits a design :i* occurr$ on ,m+ porcela9 is %[n by an ink pallet 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 :i* is dat$ 9 ! ?irty-fir/ ye> ( ,k'ang ,hsi1 i4e4 #afib4 ,?is important piece 7,plate #id1 ,fig4 #b7 is decorat$ 9 enamels on ! biscuit ov] black outl9es ) ! wave & plum blossom patt]n1 ! same yell[ trellis diap] :i* appe>s on ! base ( ! vase 9 ,plate #ig1 & o!r diap] patt]ns :i* occur on s _m ( ! s-call$ ,m+ figures4 ,?is piece is1 9 fact1 a /&+ rebuke to ^? c>eless classifi]s :o ascribe all on-biscuit enamel indiscrim9ately to ! ,m+ p]iod1 & ,i am /rongly ( op9ion t mo/ ( ! di%es1#aii b[ls1 ew]s1 cups & sauc]s1 & vases ) ! wave & plum blossom patt]n & horses1 etc41 9 :i* a /rong gre5 enamel gives ! dom9at+ t9t1 belong r to ! ,k'ang ,hsi p]iod4 ,! same k9d ( decoration is sometimes f\nd appli$ to glaz$ porcela91 z on ,fig4 #c ( ,plate #gi1 a cov]$ poti*e-%ap$ vase 9 ! ,briti% ,museum ) ! design ( 8jewel m\nta9s & sea waves10 ) float+ blossoms1 & pa pao#bjj symbols 9 gre51 yell[ & :ite 9 an aub]g9e gr\nd1 supplem5t$ by a few pla9 r+s 9 und]glaze blue4 ,! /yle ( ?is vase & ! quality ( ! pa/e sugge/ t x really does belong to ! late ,m+ p]iod4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #gi4--,wan ,li ,poly*rome ,porcela94 ,fig4 #a4--,vase 7mei p'+7 ) engrav$ design1 gre5 9 a yell[ gr\nd1 ,imp]ial dragons 9 cl\ds1 rock & wave bord]4 ,wan ,li m>k4 ,height #ae in*es4 ,briti% ,museum4 ,fig4 #b4--;,bottle ) pi]c$ cas+1 phnix design1 etc41 pa9t$ 9 und]glaze blue & enamels2 cloisonn enamel neck4 ,height #bc in*es4 ,eumorfop\los ,collection4 ,fig4 #c4--;,cov]$ ,j>1 plum blossoms & symbols 9 a wave patt]n gr\nd1 col\r$ enamels 9 an aub]g9e backgr\nd4 ,height #ae in*es4 ,briti% ,museum4 ,! use ( enamels ov] ! glaze 0 greatly ext5d$ 9 ! ,wan ,li p]iod1 ?\gh practically all ! types 9 vogue at ?is "t c be p>allel$ 9 ! ,*ia ,*+ porcela91 &1 inde$1 h be5 discuss$ "u t head+4 ,!re is ! r$ family 9 :i* ! dom9ant col\r is an iron r$1 ei!r ( curi\sly /icky appe>ance & d>k coral t9t or ) ! surface dissolv$ 9 a lu/r\s iridesc5ce4 ,yell[1 usually a d>k impure col\r1 ?\gh sometimes wa%$ on extremely ?9 & consequ5tly light & transp>5t1 & transp>5t gre5s1 :i* v>y f leaf t9t to em]ald & blui% gre5s1 occur 9 insignificant quantity4 ,?is r$ family is well illu/rat$ by a spl5did cov]$ j> 9 ! ,salt+ ,collection 7,plate #hj71 & by ?ree m>k$ specim5s 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 an ink scre51 a b[l1 & a circul> /&4 ,x also occurs on ano!r significant piece 9 ! latt] collection1 a di% admirably copy+ ! ,m+ /yle b m>k$ ,%n t t'ang po ku *ih#bja 7antique made = ! ,%n-t ,hall71 a palace m>k ( ! ,tao ,kuang p]iod 7#ahba-ahej74 ,x %\ld be add$ t ?is col\r s*eme#bjb is frequ5tly se5 on ! co>sely made & r\ghly decorat$ j>s & di%es ) designs ( lions 9 peony scrolls1 etc41 no d\bt made 9 l>ge quantities = export to ,india & ,p]sia4 ,!y are n uncommon to-day1 & 9 spite ( _! obvi\s lack ( f9i% !y possess c]ta9 decorative qualities1 due *iefly to ! mell[ r$1 :i* are n to be despis$4 ,b ! *>act]i/ic poly*rome ( ! p]iod1 ! ,wan ,li wu ts'ai1 comb9es enamell$ decoration ) und]glaze blue1 & ?is aga9 c be divid$ into two di/9ctive gr\ps4 ,"o ( ^! is exemplifi$ by ,plate #ha1 an ,imp]ial vase %ap$ aft] a bronze model & ( ! same massive build z its fell[ 9 blue & :ite1 :i* 0 describ$ on p4 #fg4 ,"h ! und]glaze blue is supplem5t$ by ! gre51 ! impure yell[ & ! /icky coral r$ ( ! p]iod1 & ! subject z on ! blue & :ite example consi/s ( dragons & phnixes among floral scrolls ) bord]s ( rock & wave patt]n4 ,! object ( ! decorator seems to h be5 to di/ract ! eye f ! und]ly+ w>e1 z if he 7 consci\s ( its relative inf]iority1 & ! effect ( ?is close design1 ev5ly divid$ betwe5 ! blue & ! enamels1 is r *eck]$ :5 view$ f a di/ance4 ,b bo? =m & decoration are *>act]i/ic ( ! ,wan ,li ,imp]ial vases1 z is %[n by k9dr$ specim5s1 notably by a tall vase 9 ! ,pi]pont ,morgan ,collection1 ( :i* ! design is simil> & ! =m ev5 m metal-l1 hav+ on ! l[] "p ! project+ d5tate ribs se5 on squ>e bronze & cloisonn beak]s ( ! ,m+ dyna/y4 ,two o!r m>k$ examples ( ?is col\r s*eme1 f :i* ! abs5ce ( aub]g9e is notewor?y1 are 7#a7 a ew] 9 ! ,briti% ,museum ) full-face dragons on ! neck support+ ! *>act]s wan %\ 7endless longevity7 & ) floral sprays on a lob$ body1 & 7#b7 a /raight-sid$ box ) m\ld$ six-foil elevation1 pa9t$ on ea* face ) a scre5 be=e :i* is a fanta/ic animal on a /&1 & a monkey1 dog & cat 9 g>d5 surr\nd+s4 ,! second--& p]haps ! m famili>--gr\p ( ,wan ,li wu ts'ai is illu/rat$ by ,fig4 #a ( ,plate #hb1 on :i* all ! col\rs1 includ+ aub]g9e1 are repres5t$ 9 company ) ! und]glaze blue4 ,!re is no long] ! same pat*y effect1 because ! blue is m ev5ly balanc$ by broad] wa%es ( ! enamel col\rs1 p>ticul>ly ! gre5s4 ,! design ( ?is p>ticul> example is a figure subject tak5 f ,*9ese hi/ory 7%ih wu71 supplem5t$ by a brocade b& ( floral scroll "w on ! %\ld] & =mal patt]ns on ! neck & above ! base4 ,! =m] & ! latt] positions are commonly occupi$ 9 ^! vases by a b& ( /iff leaves & a bord] ( false gadroons1 bo? alt]nately blue & col\r$4 ,! /iff leaves 9 ?is in/ance are replac$ by floral sprays1 & ! col\r$ designs are outl9$ 9 a r$ br[n pigm5t4 ,! m>k "u ! base is ! 8h>e10 :i* has already be5 notic$ on examples ( late ,m+ blue & :ite4#bjc ,ano!r late ,m+ m>k1 y t'ang *ia *'i1#bjd occurs on a di% 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 ) design ( ! ,eight ,immortals pay+ c\rt to ! god ( ,longevity 7pa hsi5 p'ng %\71 pa9t$ 9 ! same /yle b ) a pr$om9ance ( und]glaze blue4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #hj ,cov]$ ,j> or poti*e4 ,pa9t$ 9 iron r$ & gre5 enamels1 ) a family sc5e 9 a g>d51 & brocade bord]s ( ju-i patt]n1 peony scrolls1 etc4 ,sixte5? c5tury4 ,height #ag in*es4 ,salt+ ,collection 7,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum74 ,b x is n necess>y to multiply in/ances1 = ! type is well kn[n1 & mu/ h surviv$ = a long p]iod4 ,inde$1 _m compet5t au?orities assign ! bulk ( ?is k9d ( porcela9 to ! ,yung ,*ng p]iod 7#agbc-agce72 & x is und\bt$ly true t imitations ( ,wan ,li poly*rome 7 made at ?is "t1 = !y are specifically m5tion$ 9 ! ,yung ,*ng li/ ( ,imp]ial w>es4#bje ,b ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t ! numb] ( ^! late attributions has be5 exagg]at$1 & t !y d n take suffici5tly into acc\nt ! int]val ( =ty-two ye>s betwe5 ! reigns ( ,wan ,li & ,k'ang ,hsi4 ,x 0 a di/ract$ "t :5 ! pott]s mu/ h dep5d$ l>gely ^u _! =eign trade 9 default ( ,imp]ial ord]s1 & x is probable t mu* ( ?is w>e1 *>act]is$ by /rong1 r co>se make1 greyi% glaze & boldly execut$ decoration 9 ! ,wan ,li col\r s*eme1 belongs to ?is int]m$iate p]iod4 ,! vases usually h ! flat unglaz$ base :i* *>act]ises ! blue & :ite ( ?is "t4#bjf ,two h&some beak]s1 ) figure subjects & bord]s ( ! pea*1 pomegranate & citron1 & a beautiful j> ) phnix beside a rock & fl[]+ %rubs1 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 seem to belong to ?is p]iod1 b !re are num]\s o!r examples1 _m ( :i* are co>se & crude1 & obvi\sly made :olesale = ! export trade4 ,among ! v>i\s examples ( ,wan ,li poly*rome exhibit$ at ! ,burl+ton ,f9e ,arts ,club 9 #aiaj1 !re 0 "o :i* calls = special m5tion1 a box#bjg ) panels ( floral designs surr\nd$ by fruit & diap] patt]ns 9 ! usual col\rs ( ! wu ts'ai1 ) ! addition ( an ov]glaze blue enamel4 ,x is true t ?is blue enamel 0 cle>ly ( an exp]im5tal nature & f> f successful1 b its pres5ce on ?is m>k$ & indubitable ,wan ,li specim5 is notewor?y4 ,= x has long be5 an article ( fai? ) collectors t ?is blue enamel does n ant$ate ! ,*'+ dyna/y1 be+1 9 fact1 a *>act]i/ic feature ( ! ,k'ang ,hsi famille v]te porcela94 ,! rule /ill rema9s an excell5t "o1 & ?is solit>y exception only s]ves to emphasise its g5]al tru?1 %[+ z x does t s f> ! attempts at a blue enamel 7 a failure4 ,b at ! same "t ! discov]y is a w>n+ aga9/ a too rigid application ( ^? useful rules ( ?umb1 bas$ on ! g5]alisation f :at mu/1 aft] all1 be a limit$ numb] ( in/ances4 ,m>k$ examples ( ,wan ,li mono*romes are r>ely se51 b we may assume t ! glazes 9 use 9 ! previ\s reigns cont9u$ to be made--blue1 lav5d]1 turquoise1 violet & aub]g9e br[n1 yell[ 9 v>i\s %ades1 leaf gre51 em]ald gre51 apple gre51 celadon1 c(fee br[n1 & gold5 br[n--besides ! m or less accid5tal effects 9 ! mottl$ & flamb glazes4 ,! pla9 :ite b[ls ( ! p]iod _h a high reputation1#bjh & a good specim5 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 ?\gh f> f equall+ ! ,yung ,lo b[l 7,plate #ei71 is nev]!less a ?+ ( beauty4 ,! :ite w>es ( ! ,t+ type made at ?is "t h be5 already discuss$4#bji ,! mono*rome surfaces 7 n infrequ5tly reliev$ by c>v$ or et*$ designs "u ! glaze1 b x mu/ be confess$ t mono*romes are exce$+ly difficult to date4 ,p>ticul> col\rs & p>ticul> processes cont9u$ 9 use = long p]iods1 & ! di/9ctions betwe5 ! productions ( "o reign & ! next1 or ev5 betwe5 ^? ( ! late ,m+ & ! e>ly ,*'+ dyna/ies1 are (t5 almo/ unseizable4 ,at be/ ^! diff]5ces consi/ 9 m9ute peculi>ities ( =m & pott+1 9 ! texture ( ! body & glaze1 & ! f9i% ( ! base1 :i* are only le>nt by close /udy ( actual specim5s & by tra9+ ! eye to ! g5]al "* ( ! w>es until ! p]ception ( ! ,m+ /yle becomes in/9ctive4 ,b some?+ fur!r w be said on ?is subject 9 ! *apt] on ,m+ te*nique4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ha ,beak]-%ap$ ,vase ( bronze =m1 ) dragon & phnix designs pa9t$ 9 und]glaze blue1 & r$1 gre5 & yell[ enamels3 backgr\nd ( fairy fl[]s 7pao hsiang hua7 & bord]s ( 8rock & wave0 patt]n4 ,m>k ( ! ,wan ,li p]iod 7#aegc-afai7 9 six *>act]s on ! neck4 ,an ,imp]ial piece4 ,c>v$ wood /& ) cl\d patt]n4 ,height #ah in*es4 ,briti% ,museum4 ,,! ,,la/ ,,( ,,! ,,m+s ,t'ai ,*'ang ** #b 7#afbj7 ,t'i5 ,*'i ** #b 7#afba-afbg7 ,*'ung ,*ng ** #b 7#afbh-afdc7 ,*9ese c]amic hi/ory1 bas$ on ! (ficial records1 is sil5t on ! subject ( ! ?ree la/ ,m+ reigns1 & we are left to inf] t dur+ ! dea? /ruggles ( ! old dyna/y & ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,man*u ,t>t>s on ! ?rone "w at ! ,imp]ial factory 0 virtually susp5d$4 ,! few exi/+ specim5s :i* be> ! m>ks ( ,t'i5 ,*'i & ,*'ung ,*ng 7! ,t'ai ,*'ang m>k is app>5tly unrepres5t$7 are ( little m]it4 ,a b>rel-%ap$ inc5se vase ) floral scrolls & a l>ge b[l ) f\r-claw$ dragons ( ! =m] date 9 ! ,briti% ,museum are pa9t$ ! "o 9 dull greyi% blue1 & ! o!r 9 a bright b r g>i% t9t ( ! same col\r2 bo? h a co>se body mat]ial ) bli/]s & pitt+ 9 ! glaze1 & ! pa9t+ ( ! designs is devoid ( any di/9ction4 ,simil>ly1 a poly*rome sauc] di% ) ! same m>k & 9 ! same collection1 decorat$ ) an engrav$ dragon design fill$ 9 ) purple glaze 9 a gre5 gr\nd1 c>ries on ! e>ly tradition ( t type ( ,m+ poly*rome1 b ! w>e is co>se1 ! design crudely drawn1 & ! col\rs impure4#baj ,f ! same unflatt]+ *>act]i/ics ano!r di% 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 ) l>ge pat*es ( ! ?ree on-biscuit col\rs--gre51 yell[ & aub]g9e--may be recognis$ z ( ! ,t'i5 ,*'i make4 ,?is is a specim5 ( ! s-call$ tig] sk9 w>e1 ( :i* ,k'ang ,hsi & lat] examples are kn[n--a w>e :i*1 ev5 9 ! be/-f9i%$ specim5s ) und]glaze engrav$ designs1 is m curi\s ?an beautiful4 ,on ! o!r h&1 "o ( ! delicate b[ls ) biscuit figures 9 high relief1 already describ$ 7p4 #ge71 proves t ! pott]s ( ! ,t'i5 ,*'i p]iod 7 /ill capable ( skilful "w :5 occasion dem&$4 ,a pair ( w9e cups 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 ) freely drawn designs ( geese & rice plants 9 pale greyi% blue "u a greyi% glaze1 are ! solit>y repres5tatives ( ! ,*'ung ,*ng m>k4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( ,imp]ial patronage1 & ) ! inevitable trade depression :i* foll[$ 9 ! wake ( ! fi]ce dyna/ic /ruggle1 x 0 =tunate = ! ,*+-t ,*n pott]s t a l>ge trade ) ,european c\ntries 0 develop+4 ,! ,portuguese & ,spani% _h already e/abli%$ trad+ connections ) ! ,*9ese1 & ! o!r ,cont95tal nations--notably ! ,dut*--7 n[ s]i\s competitors4 ,! ,dut* ,ea/ ,india ,company 0 an ext5sive import] ( blue & :ite porcela91 & we h already discuss$ "o type ( blue & :ite :i* figures frequ5tly 9 ! ,dut* pictures ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,!re is ano!r gr\p ( blue & :ite :i* c be def9itely assign$ to ?is p]iod ( dyna/ic transition1 betwe5 #afbj-affb4 ,a comp>ative /udy ( ! v>i\s blue & :ite types _h already l$ to ! plac+ ( ?is w>e 9 ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & ,mr4 ,p]zynski1 9 ^? excell5t articles#baa to :i* we h already allud$1 has set out ! *>act]i/ics ( ?is w>e at "s l5g?1 ) a s]ies ( illu/rations :i* culm9ate 9 a dat$ example4 ,!re w be no difficulty 9 f9d+ a few specim5s ( ?is type 9 any l>ge collection ( blue & :ite4 ,x is recognis$ by a bright blue ( slightly violet t9t "u a glaze (t5 hazy ) m9ute bubbles1 :i* sugge/$ to ,mr4 ,p]zynski ! picturesque simile ( 8violets 9 milk40 ,o!r m tangible *>act]i/ics appe> 9 ! designs1 :i* commonly consi/ ( a figure subject--a w>rior or sage & att5dant--9 a m\nta9 sc5e bord]$ by a wall ( rocks ) p9e trees & swirl+ mi/1 drawn 9 a v mann]$ /yle & probably f "s /ock patt]n4 ,o!r common features are pat*es ( h]bage r5d]$ by pot-hook-l /rokes1 =mal floral designs ( a peculi> k9d1 su* z ! tulip-l fl[] on ! neck ( ,fig4 #d ( ,plate #hb2 ! b& ( floral scroll "w on ! %\ld] ( ! same piece is also *>act]i/ic4 ,9 _m ( ! =ms1 su* z cyl9drical vases & beak]s1 ! base is flat & unglaz$1 & reveals a good :ite body1 & ,european influ5ce is app>5t 9 "s ( ! %apes1 su* z ! jugs & tank>ds4 ,z = ! dat+ ( ?is gr\p1 an e>ly example ( ! /yle ( pa9t+ 9 ! ,salt+ ,collection#bab has a silv] m\nt ( ! e>ly sev5te5? c5tury1 & a tank>d ( typical ,g]man =m 9 ! ,hamburg ,museum has a silv] cov] dat$ #afdb4bac ,!re is1 besides1 a curi\s piece 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 ! decoration ( :i* has /rong aff9ities to ?is gr\p4 ,x is a bottle ) flatt5$ circul> body & tall1 tap]+ neck1 ) l&scape & figures on "o side & on ! o!r a ,european design copi$ f ! rev]se ( a ,spani% doll>1 & surr\nd$ by a /rap-"w bord]4 ,! doll>1 f a numismatic po9t ( view1 might h be5 made equally well = ,philip ,,ii4 7#aeef-aeih71 ,philip ,,iv4 7#afba-affe71 or ,*>les ,,ii4 7#affe-agjj71 b !re c be little d\bt f ! /yle ( ! w>e t x belong$ to "o ( ! two e>li] reigns4 ,a comp>ison ( ! w>e & ! blue ( ?is gr\p leads to ! plac+ ( ! fairly famili> type illu/rat$ by ,figs4 #c & #e ( ,plate #hb 9 ! same int]m$iate p]iod1 & simil>ly c]ta9 specim5s ( poly*rome1 ) und]glaze blue & ! usual enamels1 display ! *>act]i/ic body & blue pa9t+1 & ev5 "s ( ! decorative mann]isms4 ,^! specim5s1 p>ticul>ly :5 ( beak] =m1 are (t5 f9i%$ (f ) a b& ( ornam5t engrav$ "u ! glaze4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #hb4--,late ,m+ ,porcela94 ,fig4 #a--;,j> ( ,wan ,li p]iod1 enamell$4 ,m>k1 a h>e4 ,height #i in*es4 ,briti% ,museum4 ,fig4 #b4 ,b[l ) ,eight ,immortals 9 relief1 col\r$ glazes on ! biscuit4 ,height #c in*es4 ,eumorfop\los ,collection4 ,figs4 #c1 #d & #e4--;,blue & :ite porcela91 e>ly sev5te5? c5tury4 ,height ( ,fig4 #e1 #ag in*es4 ,briti% ,museum4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #hc4--,vase ,) blue & :ite decoration ( rock]y1 phnixes1 & fl[]+ %rubs4 ,f\nd 9 ,india4 ,late ,m+ p]iod4 ,height #bb in*es4 ,halsey ,collection4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,te*nique ,,( ,,! ,,m+ ,,porcela9 ,al?\gh ! processes involv$ 9 ! v>i\s k9ds ( decoration & 9 ! diff]5t w>es h be5 discuss$ 9 _! sev]al places1 a %ort summ>y ( ^? employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( ! ,*+-t ,*n porcela9 dur+ ! ,m+ p]iod w be f\nd conv5i5t4 ,! bulk ( ! mat]ials requir$ 7 f\nd 9 ! surr\nd+ di/ricts1 if n actually 9 ! ,f\-liang ,hsi54 ,! be/ kaol9 7or porcela9 e>?7 0 m9$ 9 ! ,ma-ts'ang m\nta9s until ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 :5 ! supply 0 exhau/$ & rec\rse 0 _h to ano!r deposit at ,wu-mn-t'o4 ,! quality ( ! ,wu-mn-t'o kaol9 0 fir/-rate1 b z ! co/ ( transport 0 great] & ! manag] ( ! ,imp]ial factory refus$ to pay a proportionately high] price1 v little 0 obta9$4 ,! mat]ial = ! l>ge dragon b[ls1 & presumably = ! o!r vessels ( abnormal size1 0 obta9$ f ,y-kan & ,wu-yan & mix$ ) p[d]$ /one 7%ih mo7 f ! ,hu-t'i5 di/rict4 ,o!r kaol9s1 br\ght f ,po-yang ,hsi5 & ! surr\nd+ p>ts1 7 us$ by ! private pott]s1 n be+ suffici5tly f9e = ! ,imp]ial w>es4 ,! porcela9 /one1 :i* comb9$ ) ! kaol9 to =m ! two pr9cipal +r$i5ts ( true porcela91 came f ! neighb\rhoods ( ,y-kan & ,wu-yan1 :]e x 0 p\nd$ & purifi$ 9 mills work$ by ! wat] p[] ( ! m\nta9s1 arriv+ at ,*+-t ,*n 9 ! =m ( briquettes4 ,h5ce ! "n petuntse1#bad :i*1 l kaol91 has pass$ into our own language1 & ! t]m %ih mo 7p[d]$ /one7 us$ above4 ,! glaze e>? 7yu t'u7 9 v>i\s qualities 0 suppli$ f diff]5t places4 ,?us ! ,*'ang-l+ mat]ial 0 us$ = ! blue or gre5 7*'+7 & ! yell[ glazes1 ! ,yi-k'ng = ! pure :ite porcela91 & ! ,t'ao-%u-mu = :ite porcela9 & = 8blue & :ite40 ,?is glaz+ mat]ial 0 s(t5$ ) v>y+ quantities ( a%es ( lime burnt ) f]ns or o!r frondage4 ,nei!r "t nor toil 0 sp>$ 9 ! prep>ation ( ! ,imp]ial porcela9s1 & accord+ to ! ,t'ung-ya#bae ! vessels 71 at "o "t at any rate1 dri$ = a :ole ye> aft] !y _h be5 %ap$ & be=e f9i%+ !m (f on ! la!4 ,:5 f9i%$ (f on ! la! !y 7 glaz$ & dri$1 & if !re 7 any inequalities 9 ! cov]+ !y 7 glaz$ aga94 ,fur!rmore1 if any fault appe>$ aft] fir+ !y 7 put on ! la!1 gr\nd smoo?1 & reglaz$ & refir$4 ,x 0 n ! usual cu/om ) ,*9ese pott]s to h>d5 ! w>e ) a slight prelim9>y fir+ be=e proce$+ to decorate & apply ! glaze1 & consequ5tly su* processes z und]glaze pa9t+ 9 blue1 emboss+1 etc41 7 und]gone :ile ! body 0 /ill relatively s(t & requir$ exce$+ly c>eful h&l+4 ,! glaze 0 appli$ 9 sev]al ways--by dipp+ 9 a tub ( glaz+ liquid 7i4e4 glaze mat]ial f9ely levigat$ & mix$ ) wat]71 by pa9t+ ! glaze on ) a bru%1 or by bl[+ x on f a bamboo tube1 ! end ( :i* 0 cov]$ ) a piece ( tightly /ret*$ gauze4 ,"o ( ! la/ op]ations 0 ! f9i%+ (f ( ! foot1 :i* 0 holl[$ out & trimm$ & ! m>k add$ 7if x 0 to be 9 blue1 z 0 usually ! case7 & cov]$ ) a spray ( glaze4 ,to ! connoisseur ! f9i% ( ! foot is full ( mean+4 ,x is "h he gets a glimpse ( ! body :i* em]ges at ! raw edge ( ! rim1 & by feel+ x he c tell :e!r ! mat]ial is f9ely levigat$ or co>se-gra9$4 ,! foot rim ( ! ,m+ porcela9s is pla9ly f9i%$ )\t ! bead+ or grooves ( ! ,k'ang ,hsi w>es1 :i* 7 evid5tly design$ to fit a /&#baf2 & ! raw edge discloses a w>e :i* is almo/ always ( f9e :ite texture & close gra9 7(t5 almo/ unctu\s to ! t\*71 ?\gh ! actual surface g5]ally assumes a br[ni% t+e 9 ! heat ( ! kiln4 ,! base is (t5 unglaz$ 9 ! case ( l>ge j>s & vases1 r>ely 9 ! cups1 b[ls1 di%es1 or w9e pots1 except among ! co>s] types ( export porcela94 ,a little s& or grit adh]+ to ! foot rim & radiat+ l9es "u ! base caus$ by a j]ky movem5t ( ! la! are signs ( ha/y f9i%1 :i* occur n infrequ5tly on ! export w>es4 ,! importance ( ! foot 9 ! eyes ( ! ,*9ese collector may be judg$ f ! foll[+ extract f ! ,%ih *'+ jih *a#bag3-- 8,di/+ui% porcela9 by ! vessel's foot4 ,! ,yung ,lo 'press-h&' b[ls h a glaz$ bottom b a s&y foot2 ,hsan w>e alt> cups h 'cauldron'#bah bottom 7i4e4 convex b5ea?7 & wire-l foot2 ,*ia ,*+ w>e flat cups decorat$ ) fi% h a 'loaf' c5tre#bai 7i4e4 convex inside7 & r\nd$ foot4 ,all porcela9 vessels issue f ! kiln ) bottoms & feet :i* c te/ify to ! fa%ion ( ! fir+40 ,x is n always easy unaid$ by illu/ration to int]pret ! ,*9ese metaphors1 b x is a matt] ( obs]vation t _m ( ! ,sung b[ls1 = in/ance1 h a conical f9i% "u ! base1 & t ! same po9t$ f9i% appe>s on "s ( ! e>ly ,m+ types1 su* z ! r$ b[ls ) ,yung ,lo m>k4 ,! 8loaf c5tre0 ( ! ,*ia ,*+ b[ls seems to ref] to ! convexity describ$ on p4 #ce4 ,! blue & :ite conical b[ls ) ,yung ,lo m>k 7see p4 #f7 h1 z a rule1 a small glaz$ base & a relatively wide unglaz$ foot rim4 ,b ?is digression on ! ne!r peculi>ities ( ! diff]5t w>es has l$ u away f ! subject ( glaze4 ,! prov]bial ?ickness & solidity ( ! e>ly ,m+ glazes1 :i* are lik5$ to 8mass$ l>d10 are due to ! pil+ up ( successive coat+s ( glaze to ensure a p]fect cov]+ = ! body1 & ! same process 0 responsible = ! undulat+ appe>ance ( ! surface1 :i* rose up 9 small r\nd$ elevations 8l gra9s ( millet0 & display$ correspond+ depressions4#bbj ,?is unev5 effect1 due to an excess ( glaze1 0 mu* priz$ by ! ,*9ese connoisseurs1 :o gave x descriptive names l 8millet m>k+s10 8*ick5 sk910 or 8orange peel10 & ! pott]s ( lat] p]iods imitat$ x freely & (t5 to excess4 ,porcela9 glazes are r>ely dead :ite1 &1 speak+ g5]ally1 x may be said t ! qualify+ t9t 9 ! ,m+ p]iod 0 gre5i%4 ,inde$1 ?is is ! prevail+ tone ( ,*9ese glazes1 b x is p]haps acc5tuat$ by ! ?ickness ( ! ,m+ glaze4 ,?is gre5i% t+e is mo/ noticeable :5 ! w>e is ornam5t$ ) delicate trac]ies 9 pure :ite clay or slip "u ! glaze4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #hd ,vase ( balu/] =m ) small m\? 7mei p'+74 ,porcela9 ) col\r$ glazes on ! biscuit1 ! designs outl9$ 9 sl5d] fillets ( clay4 ,a meet+ ( sages 9 a l&scape b5ea? an anci5t p9e tree1 ! design above _! heads repres5t+ ! m\nta9 mi/4 ,on ! %\ld]s are l>ge ju-i %ap$ lappets enclos+ lotus sprays1 ) p5d5t jewels betwe53 fungus 7l+ *ih7 designs on ! neck4 ,yell[ glaze "u ! base4 ,a late example ( ?is /yle ( w>e1 probably sev5te5? c5tury4 ,height #aa in*es4 ,salt+ ,collection 7,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum74 ,z = ! %ape ( ! v>i\s ,m+ w>es1 mu* has already be5 said 9 ref]5ce to ! v>i\s li/s ( ,imp]ial porcela9s1 m p>ticul>ly ) reg>d to ! h\sehold w>es su* z di%es1 b[ls1 w9e pots1 boxes1 etc4 ,no precise description1 h[ev]1 is giv5 9 ^! li/s ( ! actual =ms ( ! vases1 & we h to look else:]e = ^!4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 extracts f books on vases#bba & on ! implem5ts ( ! s*ol>'s table 9 ! ,t'ao %uo & ! ,t'ao lu1 9 :i* a l>ge numb] ( %apes are enum]at$4 ,obs]vation ( actual specim5s %[s t bronze & metal "w suppli$ ! models = ! m elaborate =ms :i* w\ld be made1 p>tly or :olly1 9 m\lds4 ,^! metallic =ms1 s mu* affect$ by ! ,*9ese lit]atus1 ?\gh display+ great clev]ness 9 workman%ip & elaboration ( detail1 are n s pleas+ to ! unprejudic$ ,we/]n eye z ! simple :eel-made =ms ( :i* ! ,*9ese pott] 0 a p]fect ma/]4 ,( ! latt]1 ! mo/ common 9 ,m+ porcela9s are ! poti*e-%ap$ cov]$ j> 7,plate #hj7 & ! high-%\ld]$ balu/] vase ) small neck & n>r[ m\? 7,plate #hd71 :i* 0 kn[n z mei p'+ or prunus j> f its suitability = hold+ a fl[]+ bran* ( t decorative fl[]4 ,next to ^!1 ! mo/ famili> ,m+ =ms are ! massive & (t5 clumsy vases ( d\ble g\rd %ape1 or ) a squ>e body & g\rd-%ap$ neck1 bottles ) tap]+ neck & globul> body1 ovoid j>s1 melon-%ap$ pots ) lob$ sides1 j>s ) r\nd$ body & %ort n>r[ neck1 all ( :i* occur 9 ! export w>es4 ,^! are1 z a rule1 /rongly built & ( good :ite mat]ial1 & if ! %\ld]s are contract$ 7z is ne>ly always ! case7 !y are made 9 two sections1 or m 9 ! case ( ! d\ble =ms1 ) no pa9s tak5 to conceal ! seam4 ,inde$1 elaborate f9i% _h no "p 9 ! con/ruction ( ^! /rong1 rugg$ =ms1 :i* are mat*$ by ! bold design & free draw+ ( ! decoration4 ,i may add t sets ( vases h>dly come )9 ! ,m+ p]iod4 ,!y are an un-,*9ese idea1 & evolv$ 9 response to ,european dem&s4 ,! mantelpiece sets ( five 7?ree cov]$ j>s & two beak]s7 are a developm5t ( ! mid-sev5te5? c5tury :5 ! ,dut* trad]s comm&$ ! m>ket4 ,! ,*9ese alt>-set ( five ritual ut5sils is ! ne>e/ approa* to a uni=m set1 consi/+ z x did ( an inc5se burn]1 two fl[] vases1 & two pricket c&le/icks1 (t5 ) ! same decoration ?r\gh\t4 ,! ,m+ b[ls v>y consid]ably 9 =m1 f ! wide-m\!d1 small-foot$ b[l 7p'ieh7 ( ! e>ly p]iod to ! r\nd$ =ms1 su* z ,fig4 #a ( ,plate #gd4 ,9 "s cases ! sides are m\ld$ 9 comp>tm5ts1 & ! rims %>ply ev]t$4 ,o!rs aga9 are v %all[1 ) holl[ base & no foot rim2 o!rs foll[ ! %ape ( ! ,buddhi/ alms b[l ) r\nd$ sides & contract$ m\?2 & !re are l>ge b[ls = gold-fi% 7y kang71 usually ) /raight sides slightly exp&+ t[>ds ! upp] "p & broad flat rims1 ci/]ns1 hot-wat] b[ls ) d\ble bottom & plug hole b5ea?1 squ>e b[ls 7,plate #ff1 ,fig4 #a7 = scraps & slops1 & l>ge vessels1 probably ( pun*-b[l =m1 kn[n z 8w9e seas40 ,! commone/ type ( ,*9ese di% is sauc]-%ap$1 b !y _h also flat plates b\nd$ by /raight sides & a n>r[ rim1 :i* has no relation to ! broad1 cant$ rim ( ! ,european plate con/ruct$ to c>ry salt & condim5ts4 ,! ,*9ese use porcela9 plaques = inlay+ 9 furniture & scre5s1 or m\nt+ z pictures1 & !re are1 besides1 _m objects ( purely native design1 su* z b>rel-%ap$ g>d5 seats = summ] use1 cool pill[s1 & hat /&s ) sph]ical top & tall1 sl5d] /ems4 ,b x 0 only natural t :5 !y began to cat] = ! =eign m>ket _m =eign =ms %\ld h crept 91 su* z ! ,p]sian ew] ) pe>-%ap$ body1 long elegant h&le & sp\t1 ! latt] usually jo9$ to ! neck by an ornam5tal /ay3 ! hookah b[l3 weights ) wide base & ball-%ap$ tops = keep+ d[n ,indian mats1 etc41 :53 spread on ! gr\nd2 & at ! end ( ! ,m+ p]iod a few ,european %apes1 su* z jugs & tank>ds4 ,9 ! ,*'+ dyna/y ,european =ms 7 made :olesale4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 consid]+ ! col\rs us$ 9 ! decoration1 we naturally take fir/ ! limit$ numb] :i* 7 develop$ 9 ! full heat ( ! porcela9 furnace1 ! c\leurs de gr& feu ( ! ,fr5* classification4 ,^! 7 ei!r incorporat$ 9 ! glaz+ mat]ial or pa9t$ on ! porcela9 body & protect$ by ! glaze4 ,*ief among !m 0 blue1 :i* we h already discuss$ 9 its v>i\s qualities4 ,! ,mohamm$an blue--! su-ni-p'o ( ! ,hsan ,t p]iod & ! hui hui *'+ ( ! reigns ( ,*ng ,t & ,*ia ,*+--0 an import$ mat]ial ( pre-em95t quality b ( unc]ta9 supply4 ,x 0 supplem5t$--&1 inde$1 usually bl5d$--) ! native m9]al#bbb :i* 0 f\nd 9 sev]al places4 ,?us ! po-t'ang blue 7s call$ f a place "n7 0 f\nd 9 ! di/rict ( ,lo-p'+ ,hsi5 9 ! ,jao-*\ ,fu2 b ! m9es 7 clos$ aft] a riot 9 ! ,*ia ,*+ p]iod1 & its place 0 tak5 by a blue kn[n z %ih-tz *'+ 7/one1 or m9]al1 blue7 f ! prefecture ( ,jui-*\ 9 ,kiangsi4 ,accord+ to ,bu%ell#bbc ! po-t'ang blue 0 v d>k 9 col\r1 & x 0 sometimes kn[n z ,fo t'ou *'+ 7,buddha's head blue7 f ! traditional col\r ( ! hair ( ,buddha4 ,ano!r mat]ial us$ = pa9t+ porcela9 0 ! hei * %ih 7black r$ m9]al7 f ,hs9-*i5 9 ,lu-l+1 :i* 0 also call$ wu m+ tz4 ,x 0 evid5tly a cobaltif]\s ore ( manganese & a blue-produc+ m9]al1 d\btless ! same z ! wu m+ i 7nameless wond]71 :i* we h already f\nd 9 use z a "n = cobalt4 ,mu* confusion exi/s1 9 ,*9ese works1 on ! subject ( ^! blues1 & x is /at$ 9 "o place t ! 8,buddha head blue0 0 a v>iety ( ! wu m+ i1 :i* w\ld make ! po t'ang blue & ! wu m+ i & ! wu m+ tz "o & ! same ?+4 ,9 effect !y 7 ! same species ( m9]al1 & ! local di/9ctions are ( no acc\nt at ! pres5t day except 9 s f> z !y expla9 ! v>iety ( t9ts 9 ! ,m+ blue & :ite4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 int]e/+ to le>n f a note on ,mohamm$an blue 9 ! ,k'ang ,hsi ,encyclopdia t ! native m9]al1 :5 c>efully prep>$1 0 v l ! ,mohamm$an blue 9 t9t4 ,all ^! blues 7 us$ ei!r = pa9t+ "u ! glaze or = mix+ ) ! glaze to =m gr\nd col\rs or mono*romes1 :i* v>i$ widely 9 t9t1 accord+ to ! quantity & quality ( ! cobalt1 f d>k violet blue 7*i *'+7 ?r\gh pale & d>k %ades ( ! ord9>y blue col\r to slaty blue & lav5d]4 ,"s ( !m--notably ! lav5d] & ! d>k violet blue--are (t5 associat$ ) crackle1 be+ us$ z an ov]glaze cov]+ a greyi% :ite crackl$ porcela94 ,?is treatm5t ( ! surface is well illu/rat$ by a small cov]$ j> 9 ! ,briti% ,museum ) a d>k violet blue app>5tly uncrackl$ b cov]+ a crackl$ glaze4 ,two lav5d] blue b[ls 9 ! ,hippisley ,collection ) ! ,*ng ,t m>k are simil>ly crackl$4 ,o!r ,m+ blue mono*romes are a small pot f\nd 9 ,borneo & n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum ) a d>k blue ( ! ord9>y t9t us$ 9 pa9t$ w>es1 & a w9e pot 9 ! same collection ) dragon sp\t & h&le ( a peculi> slaty lav5d] t9t /rewn ) black specks1 ! col\r evid5tly due to a /ra9 ( manganese 9 ! cobalt4 ,next 9 importance to ! blue is ! und]glaze r$ d]iv$ f copp]1 :i* 0 discuss$ at l5g? 9 connection ) ! ,hsan ,t porcela9s4#bbd ,its v>i\s t9ts1 describ$ z hsi5 hung 7fre% r$71 pao %ih hung 7ruby r$71 & c9nab> b[ls 8r$ z ! sun10 are1 we may be sure1 m or less accid5tal v>ieties ( ! caprici\s copp] r$4 ,! same m9]al produc$ ! sang de buf1 m>oon & liv] r$s1 & probably ! pea* bloom#bbe ( ! ,k'ang ,hsi & lat] porcela9s4 ,o!r col\rs incorporat$ 9 ! high-fir$ glaze 9 ! ,m+ p]iod are ! pea gre5 7t\ *'+7 or celadon1 & ! lu/r\s br[n 7tz *97 :i* v>i$ f c(fee col\r to t ( old gold4 ,bo? ( ^! gr\ps d]iv$ _! t9t f iron oxide1 c>ri$ 9 ! m$ium ( f]rug9\s e>?4 ,! use ( two or m ( ^! col\r$ glazes on "o piece is a type ( poly*rome :i* 0 d\btless us$ on ! ,m+ z on ! lat] porcela9s4 ,! glazes fir$ at a l[] temp]ature1 9 ! cool] p>ts ( ! great kiln1 & kn[n = t reason z c\leurs de demi-gr& feu1 include turquoise 7ts'ui s71 made f a prep>ation ( old copp] 7ku t'ung7 & nitre2 bright yell[ 7*9 huang71 compos$ ( #a oz4 ( antimony mix$ ) #af oz4 ( pulv]is$ lead2 bright gre5 7*9 l71 compos$ ( #a oz4 ( pulv]is$ copp]1 #f oz4 ( p[d]$ qu>tz & #af oz4 ( pulv]is$ lead2 purple 7tz s71 compos$ ( #a oz4 ( cobaltif]\s ore ( manganese1 #f oz4 ( p[d]$ qu>tz & #af oz4 ( pulv]is$ lead4 ,^! col\rs1 melt+ z !y did at a l[] temp]ature ?an t requir$ to vitrify ! porcela9 body1 _h to be appli$ to an already fir$ porcela9 8biscuit40#bbf ,! irregul> con/ruction ( ! ,*9ese kilns result$ 9 a great v>iety ( fir+ conditions1 ( :i* ! ,*9ese pott] made good use2 s t1 by a judici\s arrangem5t ( ! w>es1 glazes :i* requir$ a comp>atively l[ temp]ature 7 fir$ 9 ! same kiln z ^? :i* ne$$ ! same heat z ! porcela9 body itself4 ,! glazes j enum]at$ are famili> f ! l>ge cov]$ j>s1 vases1 g>d5 seats1 etc41 ) designs rais$1 c>v$1 or pi]c$ 9 outl9e1 _m ( :i* date f ! fifte5? c5tury4#bbg ,_! manufacture cont9u$ ?r\gh\t ! ,m+ p]iod1 bo? 9 porcela9 & pott]y1 & 9 ! latt]1 at any rate1 cont9u$ into ! ,*'+ dyna/y4 ,ano!r gr\p ( glazes appli$ likewise to ! biscuit & fir$ 9 ! temp]ate p>ts ( ! kiln diff]s f ! la/ m5tion$ 9 its great] transluc5cy4#bbh ,^! are ! san ts'ai or ?ree col\rs1 viz4 gre51 yell[ & aub]g9e1 all ( :i* conta9 a consid]able proportion ( lead1 & diff] little 9 appe>ance f ! on-glaze enamels ( ! muffle kiln4 ,!y 7 us$ ei!r z mono*romes1 pla9 or cov]+ incis$ designs1 or 9 comb9ation to wa% ov] ! spaces betwe5 ! outl9es ( a patt]n :i* _h be5 incis$ or pa9t$ on ! biscuit4 ,f9ally1 ! enamels ( ! ,wan li wu ts'ai1#bbi ov]glaze col\rs us$ 9 addition to und]glaze blue1 7 compos$ ( a vitre\s flux col\r$ ) a m9ute quantity ( metallic oxide4 ,! flux1 be+ a glass conta9+ a high p]c5tage ( lead1 0 fusible at su* a l[ temp]ature t x 0 n possible to fire !m 9 ! l>ge kiln4 ,consequ5tly ^! enamels 7 pa9t$ on to ! f9i%$ glaze1 a process :i* greatly increas$ ! fre$om ( design1 & fir$ 9 a small 8muffle0 or enamell]'s kiln1 :]e ! requisite heat to melt ! flux & fix ! col\rs c\ld be easily obta9$4 ,?\gh ! ,t'ao %uo1 9 ! section deal+ ) ,m+ te*nique1 makes a g5]al allusion to pa9t+ 9 col\rs on ! glaze1 ! only specific ref]5ce to any col\r ( ! muffle kiln1 except+ gold1 is to ! r$ obta9$ f sulphate ( iron 7fan hung s74 ,?is1 we are told1 0 made ) #a oz4 ( calc9$ sulphate ( iron 7*'+ fan7 & #e oz4 ( c>bonate ( lead1 mix$ ) ,canton ox-glue to make x adh]e to ! porcela9 be=e x 0 fir$4 ,?is is ! iron r$1 ! r\ge de f] ( ! ,fr5*1 :i* v>ies 9 t9t f orange or coral to deep brick r$1 & 9 texture f an impalpable film almo/ to ! consi/5cy ( a glaze1 accord+ to ! quantity ( lead flux us$ ) x4 ,on ! old] w>es x is (t5 deeply iridesc5t & lu/r\s1 ow+ to ! decomposition ( ! lead flux4 ,?is fan hung is ! col\r :i* ! ,*ia ,*+ pott]s 7 fa9 to sub/itute = ! und]glaze copp] r$ 7*i hung7 :5 ! usual mat]ial = t highly priz$ col\r _h come to an end1 & difficulty 0 exp]i5c$ 9 f9d+ an effective sub/itute4 ,! rema9+ col\rs ( ! on-glaze palette are m obvi\sly enamels2 t is to say1 glassy comp\nds2 & z !y 71 9 accordance ) ,*9ese cu/om1 v lightly *>g$ ) col\r+ matt]1 x 0 necess>y to pile !m on ?ickly :]e dep? ( col\r 0 requir$4 ,h5ce ! ?ickly encru/$ appe>ance ( mu* ( ! ,*9ese enamell$ porcela94 ,! ,wan ,li enamels consi/$ ( transp>5t gre5s ( sev]al %ades 7all d]iv$ f copp]71 includ+ a v blue gre5 :i* seems to h be5 peculi> to ! ,m+ palette1 yell[ 7f antimony7 pale & cle> or br[ni% & r opaque1 & transp>5t aub]g9e1 a col\r d]iv$ f manganese & v>y+ 9 t9t f purple to br[n4 ,two ?9 dry pigm5ts--"o an iron r$ & ! o!r a br[n black col\r d]iv$ f manganese--7 us$ = draw+ outl9es2 & ! br[n black 0 also us$ 9 masses ) a coat+ ( transp>5t gre5 to =m a gre5 black col\r1 ! same :i* is s highly priz$ on ! famille noire porcela9s ( ! ,k'ang ,hsi p]iod4 ,z = ! blue enamel ( ! ,k'ang ,hsi p]iod1 x c h>dly be said to h exi/$ be=e ! end ( ! ,m+ dyna/y4#bcj ,gild+1 :i* 0 app>5tly 9 use ?r\gh\t#bca ! ,m+ p]iod1 0 appli$ to ! f9i%$ porcela9 & fir$ 9 ! muffle kiln4 ,! gold leaf1 comb9$ ) "o-t5? by weight ( c>bonate ( lead1 0 mix$ ) gum & pa9t$ on ) a bru%4 ,! effect1 z se5 on ! r$ & gre5 b[ls 7,plate #gd71 0 light & filmy1 & ?\gh ! gold (t5 has ! unsub/antial appe>ance ( size-gild+1 9 reality x adh]es firmly#bcb & is n easily scrat*$4 ,( ! o!r processes describ$ 9 ! ,t'ao %uo1#bcc emboss$ 7tui **7 decoration 0 effect$ by apply+ /rips or %av+s ( ! body mat]ial & work+ !m into =m ) a wet bru%4 ,"s ( ! m delicate trac]ies1 9 sc>cely p]ceptible relief1 are pa9t$ 9 :ite slip4 ,engrav$ 7*ui **7 decoration 0 effect$ by c>v+ ) an iron grav+-tool on ! body :ile x 0 /ill s(t4 ,& s1 too1 ) ! op5work 7l+ lung71 :i* has already be5 describ$4#bcd ,all ^! processes 7 9 use 9 "o =m or ano!r f ! e>lie/ reigns ( ! ,m+ dyna/y1 & "s ( !m1 at any rate1 h be5 enc\nt]$ on ! ,sung w>es4 ,high reliefs1 su* z ! figures on ! b[ls describ$ on p4 #gd1 w\ld be sep>ately modell$ & 8lut$0 on by means ( liquid clay2 &1 z already not$1 ^! reliefs 7 (t5 left 9 ! biscuit /ate1 ?\gh at times we f9d !m cov]$ ) col\r$ glazes4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to add t ! same processes 7 appli$ to pott]y1 & t ! reliefs took _m o!r =ms besides figures1 e4g4 dragon designs1 foliage1 scrollwork1 symbols1 etc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #he ,vase ) crackl$ gre5i% grey glaze coat$ on ! ext]ior ) transp>5t apple gre5 enamel3 ! base unglaz$4 ,probably sixte5? c5tury4 ,height #ad in*es4 ,briti% ,museum4 ,! crackl$ glazes ( ! ,sung p]iod 7 /ill made1 ?\gh ! ,m+ t5d5cy 0 to sub/itute pa9t$ decoration = mono*rome2 & we h already not$ ! crackl$ blue & lav5d] 9 :i* a second glaze is add$ to a grey :ite crackle4 ,?is process is p>ticul>ly noticeable 9 ! 8apple gre50 mono*romes 7,plate #he71 bo? ( ! ,m+ & ,*'+ dyna/ies1 9 :i* a gre5 ov]glaze itself uncrackl$ is wa%$ on to a crackl$ /one grey porcela94 ,! gre5 is (t5 c>ri$ d[n ov] ! slightly br[n$ biscuit ( ! foot rim1 =m+ a b& ( br[n4 ,b ?is1 s f> f be+ a peculi>ity ( ! ,m+ te*nique1 is mu* m conspicu\s on ! porcela9s ( ! e>ly eighte5? c5tury1 :5 x 0 ! con/ant practice to dress ! foot rim ( ! crackl$ w>es ) a br[n f]rug9\s e>? 9 imitation ( ! 8iron foot0 ( _! ,sung prototypes4 ,! "w at ! ,imp]ial factory#bce 0 divid$ betwe5 tw5ty-?ree dep>tm5ts1 n9e ( :i* 7 occupi$ ) accessories1 su* z ! mak+ ( ropes & b>rels1 g5]al c>p5try1 & ev5 boat build+4 ,five sep>ate dep>tm5ts 7 employ$ 9 mak+ ! l>ge b[ls1 ! w9e cups1 ! plates1 ! l>ge r\nd di%es1 & ! tea cups2 ano!r 9 prep>+ ! 8pa/e0 or body mat]ial1 & ano!r 9 mak+ ! 8segg>s0 or fireclay cases 9 :i* ! w>e 0 pack$ 9 ! kiln4 ,five m 7 occupi$ 9 ! details ( decoration1 viz4 ! m>k & seal dep>tm5t1 ! dep>tm5t = engrav+ designs1 ! dep>tm5t = sket*+ designs1 ! dep>tm5t = writ+1 & ! dep>tm5t = col\r+4 ,x does n appe> t ! "w ( decoration 0 s m9utely subdivid$ 9 ! ,m+ p]iod z 9 lat] times1 :5 we are told t a piece ( porcela9 might pass ?r\gh m ?an sev5ty h&s2 b x is cle>1 at lea/1 t ! outl9+ & fill+ 9 ( ! designs 7 conduct$ 9 sep>ate %$s4 ,?is is1 inde$1 self-app>5t f ! ,m+ blue & :ite porcela9s1 ! designs ( :i* are *>act]is$ by /rong & cle> outl9es fill$ 9 ) flat wa%es ( col\r4 ,) reg>d to ! actual designs1 we are told t 9 ! ,*'ng ,hua p]iod !y 7 drawn by ! be/ arti/s at ! ,c\rt1 & f ano!r passage#bcf x is cle> t ! practice ( s5d+ ! patt]ns f ! palace cont9u$ 9 lat] reigns z well4 ,su* designs w\ld no d\bt accumulate1 & probably !y 7 collect$ toge!r f "t to "t & issu$ 9 ! =m ( patt]n books4#bcg ,ano!r me?od 9 :i* ! pa9t]s ( ,m+ blue & :ite 7 s]v$ ) patt]ns is relat$ 9 ! ,t'ao %uo#bch3--8;,= pa9t+ 9 blue1 ! arti/s 7 collect$ ea* day at dawn & at noon1 & ! col\r = pa9t+ 0 di/ribut$ among !m4 ,two m5 ( good "* 7 fir/ select$1 ! l>g] pieces ( porcela9 be+ giv5 to "o1 ! small] pieces to ! o!r2 & :5 !y _h f9i%$ _! pa9t+1 ! am\nt ( ! mat]ial us$ 0 calculat$ be=e ! ?+s 7 tak5 to ! furnace to be bak$4 ,if ! results 7 satisfactory1 !n ! pieces 7 giv5 z models to ! o!r pa9t]s1 & 9 ! re/ ( ! pieces pa9t$1 ! quantity ( ! col\r us$ & ! dep? ( ! t9t 0 requir$ to be 9 exact accordance ) ^! models40 ,!re 0 little scope = orig9ality or individual ef=t "u ?is sy/em1 :]e ev]y?+1 ev5 to ! am\nt ( mat]ial us$1 0 /rictly prescrib$4 ,to translate _! model ) feel+ & accuracy 0 ! be/ t c\ld be expect$ f ! rank & file4 ,b ) ! manual skill & pati5t indu/ry = :i* ! ,*9ese are prov]bial1 & ! good ta/e :i* prevail$ 9 ! direction ( ! "w1 x 0 a sy/em admirably suit$ to ! task1 & x unque/ionably l$ to excell5t results4 ,z to ! sy/ems 9 use 9 ! private factories we h no in=mation1 b we may fairly assume t _! processes 7 mu* ! same2 & t1 n hav+ ! b5efit ( ! designs s5t f ,c\rt1 !y 7 m dep5d5t ^u ! patt]n books & /ock designs m or less remotely connect$ ) ! "w ( fam\s pa9t]s4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,miscellane\s ,,porcela9 ,,factories ,al?\gh f ! ,m+ p]iod onw>ds our int]e/ is almo/ entirely c5tr$ 9 ,*+-t ,*n1 !re 7 o!r factories :i* _c be altoge!r ignor$4 ,a c]ta9 numb] h already be5 m5tion$ at ! end ( ! fir/ volume1 our scanty in=mation be+ drawn *iefly f ! pott]y section ( ! ,k'ang ,hsi ,encyclopdia4 ,! same monum5tal "w includes 9 ano!r "p#bci a disc\rse on porcela9 7tz' *'i71 9 :i* sev]al additional factories are nam$4 ,! passage 9 "q is prefac$ by a quotation f ! ,ti5 hung k'ai wu1 a late-sev5te5? c5tury manual1 9 :i* we are told t ! :ite e>? 7o t'u#bdj7 necess>y = ! manufacture ( f9e & elegant w>e 0 f\nd 9 ,*9a 9 five or six places only#bda3 viz4 at ,t+ ,*\1 9 ! ,*n-t+ ,fu 9 ,*ih-li1 at ,hua-t+ ,*\ 9 ! ,p+-liang ,fu 9 ,%5si1 at ,p'+-t+ ,*\ 9 ! ,t'ai-yan ,fu 9 ,%ansi1 & at ,y ,*\ 9 ! ,k'ai-fng ,fu 9 ,honan1 9 ! nor?2 & at ,t-hua ,hsi5 9 ! ,*'an-*\ ,fu 9 ,fuki51 at ,wu-yan ,hsi5 & ,*'i-mn ,hsi5 9 ! ,hui-*\ ,fu1 9 ,anhui1 9 ! s\?4 ,z to ! w>es made 9 ^! localities1 we are told t ! porcela9s ( ! ,*n-t+ & ,k'ai-fng di/ricts 7 g5]ally yell[ & dull & )\t ! jewel-l brilliancy1 & t all put toge!r 7 n equal to ! ,jao ,*\ w>e4 ,x w\ld appe>1 !n1 t ! ,t+ ,*\ factories s not$ 9 ,sung times 7 /ill extant1 ?\gh !y _h lo/ _! importance4 ,= ! re/1 ! ,*'i-mn di/rict suppli$ ,*+-t ,*n ) ! raw mat]ial1 ! ,t-hua w>es w be discuss$ pres5tly1 & we h no in=mation ab\t ! productions 7if any7 ( ! o!r localities4 ,! prov9ce ( ,fuki5 app>5tly conta9$ sev]al factories besides ! important c5tre at ,t-hua4 ,! ,annals ( ,*'an-*\ ,fu 7celebrat$ z a trad+ port 9 ! ,middle ,ages71 = in/ance1 are quot$ ) ref]5ce to a porcela9 7tz' *'i7 manufacture at ,tz'-tsao 9 ! ,*9-*iang ,hsi51 & ?ree o!r places 9 ! di/rict ( ,an-*'i are nam$ z produc]s ( :ite porcela9 :i* 0 inf]ior to t ( ,jao ,*\4 ,simil>ly1 ! ,annals ( ,%ao-wu ,fu1 on ! nor?-ea/ bord] ( ! prov9ce1 allude to :ite porcela9 made at ?ree places1#bdb ! factory at ,t'ai-m+ 9 ,an-j5 be+ ! be/1 b all 7 f> f equall+ ! ,jao ,*\ w>e4 ,! di/rict ( ,wn-*\ ,fu 7=m]ly 9 ! s\? ( ,fuki5 b n[ transf]r$ to nor!rn ,*ekiang7 0 not$ = pott]y 9 ! di/ant days ( ! ,*9 dyna/y 7#bfe-dai ,a4,d471 & = ! 8b[ls ( ,ea/]n ,ou40#bdc ,( its subsequ5t c]amic hi/ory we h no in=mation1 b !re is an int]e/+ specim5 9 ! ,briti% ,museum :i* seems to be> on ! "q4 ,x is an inc5se burn] 9 ! =m ( a seat$ figure ( ! god ( ,longevity on a de]1 skilfully modell$ 9 /rong :ite porcela9 & pa9t$ 9 a good blue 9 ! ,m+ /yle2 & on ! box 9 :i* x came 0 a note to ! effect t x is ,wn-*\ w>e4 ,if !re is any tru? 9 ?is leg5d 7& x w\ld be q po9tless if untrue71 !n a blue & :ite porcela9 9 ! /yle ( ! bett] class ( ,m+ export w>e 0 made at ,wn-*\4 ,ano!r int]e/+ specim5 9 ! same museum1 :i* %\ld also be m5tion$ "h1 is a bottle ) wide /raight neck1 ( f9e :ite w>e ?ickly pott$1 ) s(t1 smoo?-worn glaze pa9t$ 9 a greyi% blue ) a m$ley ( fl[]s1 fruit1 insects1 & symbols1 complet$ by bord]s ( ju-i heads & /iff leaves4 ,x is m>k$ "u ! base 9 a f9e violet blue1 fu fan *ih ts'ao1 :i*1 r5d]$ 8made on ! bord]s ( ,fuki510 might ref] to ! factories at ,%ao-wu ,fu or ev5 ,wn-*\ ,fu4 ,?is is ano!r piece :i* has _m aff9ities ) ! late ,m+ export blue & :ite4 ,b ! ,fuki5 porcela9 p> excell5ce is a :ite w>e ( di/9ctive "* & great beauty :i* 0 & /ill is made at ,t-hua ,hsi51 9 ! c5tral "p ( ! prov9ce4#bdd ,?is is ! blanc de ,*9e ( ! ,fr5* writ]s & ! mod]n ,*i5 yao ( ! ,*9ese1 b to be c>efully di/+ui%$ f ! anci5t ,*i5 yao ) mottl$ black glaze :i* 0 made 9 ! ,sung dyna/y at ,*i5-yang 9 ! nor? ( ! prov9ce4#bde ,! ,t'ao lu#bdf in=ms u t ! porcela9 indu/ry at ,t-hua began 9 ! ,m+ dyna/y1 t ! cups & b[ls usually _h a spread+ rim1 t ! w>e 0 kn[n z pai tz' 7:ite porcela971 t x 0 ri* & lu/r\s b1 z a rule1 ?ick1 & t ! images ( ,buddha 7 v beautiful4 ,?is cond5s$ acc\nt is supplem5t$ by a few rem>ks 9 ! ,k'ang ,hsi ,encyclopdia1#bdg f :i* we ga!r t ! mat]ial = ! w>e 0 m9$ 9 ! hills beh9d ! ,*'ng mona/]y & t x 0 v c>efully prep>$1 b if ! porcela9 0 work$ ?9 x 0 liable to lose %ape 9 ! kiln1 & if x 0 too ?ick x 0 liable to crack4 ,at fir/ x 0 v exp5sive1 b by ! "t ( writ+ 7ab\t #agjj7 x 0 widely di/ribut$ & no long] de>4 ,t-hua porcela9 is1 9 fact1 a f9e :ite1 highly vitrifi$ mat]ial1 z a rule v transluc5t & cov]$ ) a s(t-look+1 mell[ glaze :i* bl5ds s intimately ) ! body t !y seem to be "p & p>cel ( "o ano!r4 ,! glaze v>ies 9 tone f ivory or cream :ite to ! col\r ( skim milk1 & its texture may be aptly describ$ by ! homely comp>ison ) blancmange4 ,:5 ! ivory col\r is suffus$ by a fa9t rosy t+e1 x is specially priz$2 b ,i c f9d no reason = suppos+ t ! cream :ite & milk :ite t9ts repres5t diff]5t p]iods ( ! w>e4 ,on ! contr>y1 !re is good evid5ce to %[ t !y 7 made concurr5tly4 ,z ! w>e is ) few exceptions pla9 :ite or :ite decorat$ ) incis$1 impress$1 m\ld$1 or appli$ ornam5ts ( a r =mal & (t5 ar*aic "*1 !re w always be a difficulty 9 det]m9+ ! date ( ! f9] specim5s1 viz4 :e!r !y are ,m+ or e>ly ,*'+4 ,! nature ( ! w>e itself is a mo/ unc]ta9 guide1 = "o ( ! mo/ beautiful examples ( ! mat]ial :i* ,i h se5 is a figure ( a ,european soldi] :i* _c be old] ?an #afej4 ,i ne$ h>dly say t own]s ( ,fuki5 porcela91 p>ticul>ly ( ! figures1 habitually give !mselves ! b5efit ( ?is ev] pres5t d\bt1 & t ^! pieces are usually li/$ 9 sale catalogues z ,m+ or e>ly ,m+ accord+ to ta/e4 ,?is attitude is fundam5tally illogical1 = ! w>e is /ill made at ! pres5t day1 & ! ,m+ specim5s 9 mod]n collections are likely to be ! exception1 & n1 z optimi/ic own]s w\ld lead "o to suppose1 ! rule4 ,b 9 any case x w be m conv5i5t to deal ) ! w>e z a :ole 9 ! pres5t *apt] ?an to attempt ! difficult task ( treat+ its diff]5t p]iods sep>ately1 ev5 ?\gh ! bulk ( our examples belong to ! ,*'+ dyna/y4 ,t-hua porcela9 c be conv5i5tly /udi$ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 :]e !re is a fairly repres5tative collection compris+ m ?an a hundr$ specim5s4 ,x includes a numb] ( ! figures = :i* ! factories 7 specially not$1 ( deities & sages su* z ,kuan-y91 goddess ( ,m]cy2 ,kuan-y1 god ( ,w>2 ,bodhidh>ma1 ! ,buddhi/ apo/le2 ,manjusri1 ( ! ,buddhi/ ,tr9ity2 ,hsi-wang-mu1 ! ,taoi/ que5 ( ! we/2 ! ,taoi/ ,immortals2 besides small gr\ps repres5t+ romantic or my?ological subjects su* z ,wang ,*ih wat*+ ! two spirits ( ! pole />s play+ *ess4 ,b ! fav\rite subject ( ! ,t-hua modell] 0 ! beautiful & graci\s figure ( ,kuan-y91 repres5t$ 9 v>i\s poses z /&+ on a cl\d base ) fl[+ robes1 seat$ 9 contemplation on a rocky p$e/al1 or en?ron$ betwe5 h] two attributes1 ! dove--:i* (t5 c>ries a necklace ( pe>ls--& ! vase ( nect>1 :ile at h] feet on ei!r side /& two dim9utive figures repres5t+#bdh h] foll[] ,lung ,n 7! dragon maid71 hold+ a pe>l1 & ! devot$ comrade ( h] e>?ly adv5tures ,*n ,tsai4 ,! ,kuan-y9 ( ?is gr\p is reput$ to h be5 ! daught] ( a leg5d>y ea/]n ,k+ nam$ ,miao-*uang1 b o!r acc\nts make ! deity a ,*9ese v]sion ( ! ,buddhi/ ,avalokitesv>a1 & x is c]ta9 t h] repres5tations z ! ,kuan-y9 ) elev5 heads & aga9 ) a 8?\s&0 h&s reflect ,indian traditions4 ,9 ! latt] manife/ations ! sex ( ! deity is left 9 d\bt1 b !re c be no "q on t head :5 %e is repres5t$ ) a babe 9 h] arms z 8,kuan-y9 ! ,mat]nal10 to :om *ildless wom5 pray1 a figure /rangely resembl+ our images ( ! ,virg9 & ,*ild4 ,inde$1 we are told#bdi t ! ,japanese conv]ts to ,*ri/ianity 9 ! sixte5? c5tury adopt$ ! ,kuan-y9 figure z a ,madonna1 & t !re is 9 ! ,imp]ial ,museum 9 ! ,u5o ,p>k1 ,tokio1 a rem>kable collection ( ^! images among ! ,*ri/ian relics4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ano!r deity ) :om ?is ,kuan-y9 may easily be conf\nd$1 viz4 ! ,japanese ,ki*imoj91 also 8! ,mat]nal10 ! ,sanskrit ,hriti1 :o 0 once ! dev\r] ( infants b 0 conv]t$ by ,sakyamuni & 0 aft]w>ds wor%ipp$ z ! protector ( *ildr54 ,?is deity figures 9 ,japanese pictorial art z a 8female hold+ a pea* & nurs+ 9 h] bosom an infant1 ^: h&s are fold$ 9 pray]4 ,9 front /& two nude *ildr51 "o ( :om grasps a pea*1 ! o!r a bran* ( bamboo40#bej ,among ! ,t-hua porcela9s 9 ! ,briti% ,museum are no few] ?an n9e specim5s--gr\ps1 figures1 or ornam5tal /ructures--) figures 9 ,european co/umes :i* date f ! middle to ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,"o1 a soldi] app>5tly ,dut*1 ab\t #afej1 is well modell$ 9 delici\sly mell[ & transluc5t cream :ite porcela94 ,mo/ ( ! o!rs are m r\ghly design$1 & v>y 9 t9t f cream to milk :ite4 ,x is said t ! natives ( ! ,fuki5 prov9ce are among ! mo/ sup]/iti\s ( ! ,*9ese1 & ,bu%ell#bea sees a reflection ( ?is religi\s temp]am5t 9 ! nature ( ! ,t-hua w>es4 ,if ?is is s1 !y mu/ h _h exalt$ op9ions ( _! ,european visitors1 :om !y (t5 furni% ) ! attributes ( ,*9ese div9ities1 repres5t+ !m 9 positions & poses :i* seem to c>icature native deities & sages4 ,!re is1 = in/ance1 an ornam5t 9 =m ( a m\nta9 retreat ) a %r9e 9 :i* is seat$ a figure 9 a ?ree-corn]$ ,european hat & a ,buddha-l attitude4 ,ano!r gr\p consi/s ( a ,european m\nt$ on a *'i-l91 pos+ z an ,arhat1 & ano!r ( a ,european /&+ on a dragon's head :i* w\ld symbolise to ! ,*9ese ! atta9m5t ( ! highe/ lit]>y hon\rs4 ,!re are1 besides1 9 ! ,briti% ,museum collection figures ( animals & birds1 ! ,buddhi/ lion1 ! cock1 ! hawk1 or ! p>rot1 mo/ly fitt$ ) tubes to hold inc5se /icks2 & !re are a pair ( well modell$ figures ( ,*\ dogs4 ,z = ! vessels ( ,t-hua porcela91 !y consi/ *iefly ( inc5se vases & inc5se burn]s1 libation cups %ap$ aft] bronze or rh9oc]os horn models1 bru% pots1 w9e cups1 wat] vessels = ! /udy table & ! l 7(t5 beautifully modell$ 9 ! =m ( lotus leaves or fl[]s71 boxes1 tea & w9e pots1 cups & b[ls1 & m r>ely vases4 ,an ext5sive trade 0 done ) ! ,european m]*ants1 ^: influ5ce is app>5t 9 _m ( ! w>es1 su* z c(fee cups ) h&les1 mugs ( cyl9drical =m or globul> ) /raight ribb$ necks 9 ,g]man /yle1 & 8b>b]-surgeons' b[ls0 ) flat pi]c$ h&les copi$ f silv] models4 ,inde$1 ! sup]ficially ,european appe>ance ( "s ( ^! pieces has l$ s]i\s /ud5ts to mi/ake !m = e>ly ,meiss5 porcela9 & ev5 = t nebul\s porcela9 suppos$ to h be5 made by ,john ,dwight1 ( ,fulham1 at ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,pre d',entrecolles#beb incid5tally m5tions ! fact t "s ,*+-t ,*n pott]s _h 9 ! pa/ remov$ to ,fuki5 9 ! hope ( mak+ pr(its out ( ! ,european trad]s at ,amoy1 & t !y _h tak5 _! plant & ev5 _! mat]ials ) !m1 b t ! ent]prise 0 a failure4 ,conv]sely1 ! influ5ce ( ! ,t-hua w>es is obvi\s 9 _m ( ! e>ly ,european porcela9s1 su* z ^? made at ,meiss51 ,/4 ,cl\d1 ,b[1 & ,*elsea1 :i* 7 (t5 closely modell$ on ! ,fuki5 :ite4 ,!re is1 inde$1 a /rik+ simil>ity betwe5 ! creamy s(t-pa/e porcela9 ( ,/4 ,cl\d & ! creamy v>iety ( ! blanc de *9e1 bo? hav+ ! same mell[1 melt+ appe>ance 9 ! glaze4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #hf4--;,fuki5 ,porcela91 ,m+ ,dyna/y4 ,fig #a4--;,figure ( ,kuan-y9 ) boy att5dant4 ,ivory :ite4 ,height #aj in*es4 ,eumorfop\los ,collection4 ,fig4 #b4--;,bottle ) prunus sprigs 9 relief1 ! glaze crackl$ all ov] & /a9$ a br[ni% t9t4 ,height #i in*es4 ,eumorfop\los ,collection4 ,fig4 #c4--;,figure ( ,bodhidh>ma cross+ ! ,yangtze on a re$4 ,ivory :ite4 ,height #g in*es4 ,salt+ ,collection 7,v4 ,a4 ,museum74 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #hg4--;,ivory ,:ite ,fuki5 ,porcela94 ,fig4 #a4--,libation ,cup4 ,ab\t #agjj4 ,l5g? #c in*es4 ,briti% ,museum4 ,fig4 #b4--;,cup ) sixte5?-c5tury m\nt4 ,height #b in*es4 ,dresd5 ,collection4 ,fig4 #c4--;,inc5se ,vase & ,/&4 ,ab\t #agjj4 ,diamet] #f in*es4 ,briti% ,museum4 ,x w\ld be possible to guess f ^! ,european copies1 if we _h no o!r means1 ! "* ( ! ,t-hua porcela9 ( ! ,k'ang ,hsi p]iod ) its qua9tly m\ld$ =ms1 its relief decoration ( prunus sprigs1 figures ( ,immortals1 de]1 etc41 ! only conspicu\sly abs5t type be+ ! incis$#bec ornam5t :i* 0 unsuit$ to ! ,european w>e4 ,b !re is no lack ( actual specim5s ( ! p]iod ( active export :i* ext5d$ f ab\t #afej-agej4 ,naturally !y v>y greatly 9 quality1 :i* dep5ds on ! purity & transluc5ce ( ! w>e :e!r x be cream or milk :ite1 & on ! s(t aspect & ri* lu/re ( ! glaze4 ,a l>ge s]ies1 :i* may be tak5 z repres5tative ( ! ,k'ang ,hsi p]iod1 0 collect$ by ,augu/us ! ,/rong1 & is /ill to be se5 at ! ,johanneum at ,dresd52 or1 r1 "p ( x is /ill !re1 = mu* ( t hi/oric collection 0 giv5 away or pilf]$ f "t to "t1 & _m specim5s ) ! ,dresd5 catalogue numb]s engrav$ are n[ to be f\nd 9 our own museums4 ,_m ( ! figures at ,dresd5 h evid5tly be5 coat$ ) a k9d ( black pa9t1 :i* probably s]v$ z a m$ium = oil gild+1 b ?is unfir$ col\r+ has worn away1 & only traces n[ rema94 ,occasionally "o f9ds among ! ,t-hua w>es a specim5 ) dry appe>ance & craz$ or discol\r$ glaze1 defects due to faulty fir+ or to burial 9 damp soil4 ,su* pieces are surpris+ 9 a w>e ) su* app>5t homog5eity ( body & glaze1 & ! craz$ examples might be easily mi/ak5 = "o ( ! t'u t+ 7or e>?y ,t+ w>e7 types4 ,z to ! hi/ory ( ! factories1 x is expressly /at$ 9 ! ,t'ao lu t !y 7 />t$ 9 ! ,m+ dyna/y4 ,no acc\nt ne$ be tak5 ( ! few leg5d>y specim5s to :i* tradition assigns an e>li] orig9 ?an ?is1 su* z ! s-call$ flute ( ,yo%itsune1 a twelf?-c5tury h]o ( ,japan1 & ! inc5se burn] 9 ,/4 ,m>k's1 ,v5ice1 :i* is reput$ to h be5 br\ght f ,*9a by ,m>co ,polo4 ,! latt] is ( ! same model z ,fig4 #c ( ,plate #hg1 p]haps f ! same m\ld1 & ,i h se5 at lea/ half a doz5 o!rs 9 ,london4 ,a ?ird piece :i* 0 long reg>d$ z a docum5t is ! jewell$ :ite plate 9 ! ,dresd5 collection1 suppos$ to h be5 br\ght back f ,syria by a ,crusad] 9 ! twelf? c5tury4 ,! /ory is no d\bt apocryphal1 b 9 any case x has no real be>+ on ! "q1 = ! plate is n ,fuki5 w>e b a specim5 ( :ite ,*+-t ,*n porcela9 ) a 8%op m>k0 9 und]glaze blue4 ,x has be5 set ) jewels 9 ,india or ,p]sia1 l a sixte5?-c5tury b[l 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 b ! 8,crusad] plate0 is probably a c5tury lat]4 ,br9kley#bed ass]ts1 )\t giv+ any au?ority1 t ! ,t-hua indu/ry 0 virtually discont9u$ at ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 & reviv$ 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,! latt] "p ( ! /atem5t is unque/ionably true1 = we h ! eye-witness ( a mission>y#bee :o visit$ ! place ab\t #ahhj & describes ! manufactory z ! mo/ ext5sive ( its k9d 9 ,fuki5--8pott]y1 pott]y ev]y:]e1 9 ! fields1 9 ! /reets1 9 ! %ops4 ,9 ! op5 air *ildr5 are pa9t+ ! cups4 ,ea* arti/ pa9ts ) 8 own col\r & 8 own few /rokes1 :e!r a leaf1 a tree1 a man's dress or be>d1 & passes x ov] to 8 neighb\r1 :o 9 turn applies 8 bru% to pa9t :at is 8 %>e 9 ! decoration40 ,un=tunately !re is no reason to suppose t ! writ] made 8 obs]vations ) an exp]t eye :i* w\ld make a di/9ction betwe5 pott]y & porcela91 b 9 any case x is c]ta9 t he f\nd a va/ c]amic indu/ry 9 full bla/ at ,t-hua4 ,) ref]5ce to ! mod]n w>e ,br9kley says#bef3 8,a consid]able numb] ( specim5s are n[ produc$ & palm$ (f ^u unw>y collectors4 ,b ! amateur c easily avoid su* deceptions if he rememb]s t 9 g5u9e pieces ( ivory :ite ! w>e is always translucid :5 held up to ! light1 a prop]ty :i*1 if n entirely abs5t1 is only possess$ 9 a comp>atively slight degree by ! mod]n product4 ,! g5]al quality ( ! glaze & ! te*nique ( a piece %\ld be suffici5t guides1 b if any d\bt rema9s an exam9ation ( ! base ( ! specim5s w probably dispel x4 ,9 ! old w>e ! bottom ( a vase or b[l1 ?\gh c>efully f9i%$1 is left uncov]$1 :]eas ! mod]n pott] is fond ( hid+ 8 inf]ior pte by r\ghly ov]spread+ x ) a coat ( glaze40 ,probably ^! obs]vations are 9 ! ma9 correct1 b exp]i5ce %[s t relative opacity & glaz$ bases are by no means conf9$ to mod]n w>es4 ,/ill1 if ! collector aims at acquir+ pieces ( good col\r1 :e!r cream or milk :ite1 ) transluc5t body1 pure glaze & %>p modell+1 he is n likely to g f> a/ray4 ,! description quot$ above ( ! pa9t+ ( mod]n ,fuki5 w>e is int]e/+ 9 view ( ! common ass]tion t ! ,t-hua :ite porcela9 0 nev] pa9t$4 ,?is ass]tion is probably bas$ on a passage 9 ! fir/ lett] ( ,pre d',entrecolles3 8,celle 7i4e4 la porcela9e7 de ,f\-ki5 e/ d'un blanc de neige qui n'a nul clat et qui n'e/ po9t mlang de c\leurs40 ,on ! o!r h&1 a di/9ct ref]5ce is made to ! pa9t+ 9 col\rs 9 a mod]n ,*9ese "w4#beg ,un=tunately1 ! "q has be5 complicat$ by ! exi/5ce ( _m pieces ( ,fuki5 :ite :i* h be5 enamell$ 9 ,europe4 ,9 ! fir/ half ( ! eighte5? c5tury 9 ,holl&1 ,g]many1 & else:]e1 !re 7 decorators busy enamell+ :ite porcela9 ( :atev] k9d !y c\ld get1 & ! blanc de *9e (f]$ a ready subject = ?is treatm5t4 ,! decoration ?us add$ 0 usually 9 ,ori5tal ta/e1 & might be confus$ ) indiff]5t ,*9ese "w4 ,_m ( ^! pieces are 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re are 9 ! same collection two cups ) r\ghly pa9t$ floral designs 9 gre5 & r$ :i* are obvi\sly ,*9ese1 ?\gh !y might well h be5 pa9t$ 9 ! me*anical me?od describ$ by ,mr4 ,dukes1 :i* 0 probably traditional4 ,mr4 ,eumorfop\los possesses sev]al good examples ( ?is pa9t$ ,fuki5 w>e1 "o ( :i* may be describ$ to %[ ! /yle ( pa9t+ affect$4 ,x is execut$ 9 leaf gre51 lu/r\s r$1 & ! turquoise gre5 :i* we associate ) ! ,wan ,li p]iod1 & ! =m--a d\ble-bottom$ b[l--is likewise rem9isc5t ( ! ,m+ dyna/y4 ,! ,japanese1 ^: traditions h (t5 prov$ mo/ mislead+1 h frequ5tly class$ ! ,fuki5 :ite z ,corean porcela9 7haku-gorai or :ite ,corean71 probably because specim5s rea*$ !m f ! ,corean ports4 ,9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 = in/ance1 !re is a beautiful :ite inc5se vase1 =m]ly 9 ! collection ( ,mr4 ,n9agawa ( ,tokio1 & labell$ by him z 8,corean porcela91 #ejj ye>s old40 ,x has all ! *>act]i/ics ( ! f9e/ cream :ite ,fuki5 w>e ( late ,m+ or ,k'ang ,hsi p]iod1 & if ?is piece is ,corean1 !n ,i d n believe t ev5 ! subtle p]ception ( ! ,japanese c\ld f9d any diff]5ce betwe5 ,corean & ,fuki5 :ite4 ,x is only "r to add t o!r ,japanese exp]ts h pron\nc$ x ,*9ese4 ,incid5tally1 ,i may m5tion t ! base ( ?is vase is glaz$4 ,m>ks 7 occasionally us$ by ! ,t-hua pott]s1 ei!r incis$ or /amp$ 9 seal =m1#beh on ! bottoms ( cups & o!r vessels1 & on ! backs ( figures4 ,reign m>ks are r>e1 b apocryphal dates ( ! ,hsan ,t p]iod occasionally occur1 z on a figure ( ,li ,t'ieh-kua 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,o!rs consi/ ( pott]s' m>ks too (t5 illegible because ! ?ick glaze has fill$ up ! holl[s ( ! /amps1 fanciful seal m>ks1 frets1 :orls1 & occasionally ! swa/ika symbol4 ,a few examples are giv5 9 vol4 i41 p4 #bbb4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,! ,,*',,+ ** ,,dyna/y1 #afdd-aiaj ,! reigns ( ! ,man*u *iefta9s ,t'i5 ,m+1 ,t'i5 ,tsung1 & ,ts'ung ,t 7#afaf-afdc7 are includ$ 9 ! *ronology ( ! ,*'+ or ,pure ,dyna/y1 b x is m usual to reckon t p]iod f #afdd1 :5 ! ,emp]or ,%un ,*ih ** #b 0 firmly e/abli%$ on ! ?rone aft] ! suicide ( ! la/ ( ! ,m+s4 ,little is kn[n ( ! c]amic hi/ory ( ! sev5te5 ye>s dur+ :i* ,%un ,*ih occupi$ ! ?rone4 ,! (ficial records :i* deal only ) ! ,imp]ial factory are almo/ sil5t1 & :5 !y d speak x is m]ely to *ronicle failures4 ,x is cle>1 h[ev]1 t ! ,imp]ial factory at ,*+-t ,*n _h aga9 be5 op5$2 = ord]s 7 s5t 9 #afed = a supply ( l>ge 8dragon b[ls0 = ! palace g>d5s4 ,!y 7 to be #b feet high1 #c feet 9 diamet]1 #c in*es ?ick at ! sides1 & #e in*es at ! bottom4 ,= f\r ye>s ! pott]s wre/l$ ) ?is difficult ord] )\t success4 ,?is "t !re 0 no 8div9e ,t'ung0 to pur*ase success by a holocau/ ( himself2 & ev5tually ! ,emp]or 0 p]suad$ to )draw ! comm&4 ,no bett] =tune att5d$ an ord] giv5 9 #afei = oblong plaques 7#c feet by #b feet1 & #c in*es ?ick7 :i* 7 int5d$ = v]&a p>titions4 ,beyond ^! two negative items !re is no in=mation ( ! reign ( ,%un ,*ih 9 ! ,*9ese books1 & ! porcela9 itself is sc>cely m illum9at+1 = au!ntic m>k$ examples ( ?is p]iod are virtually unkn[n4 ,a figure already m5tion$ z be>+ ! date #afej belongs r to ! pott]y section1 b x %[s t ! traditions ( ! ,m+ glazes ( ! demi-gr& feu 7 /ill kept alive4 ,! blue & :ite & ! poly*rome made 9 ! private factories at ?is "t h be5 discuss$ ) ! transition w>es 7pp4 #hi & #ij71 & = ! re/ we c only assume t ! ,%un ,*ih porcela9s are n to be di/+ui%$ f ^? ( ! la/ ,m+ reigns on ! "o h&1 & ^? ( ! e>ly ye>s ( ,k'ang ,hsi on ! o!r4 ,reflect+ on ! insignificance ( ! ,%un ,*ih porcela9s1 "o is tempt$ to ask h[ x is t ! celebrat$ ,lang ,t'+-tso1 ^: "n is usually associat$ ) ! beautiful ,lang yao ( ! ,k'ang ,hsi p]iod1 did n succe$ 9 rais+ ! w>es ( ?is p]iod to a m conspicu\s level4 ,lang ,t'+-tso 0 gov]nor ( ,kiangsi f #afed & vic]oy ( ,kiangsi & ,kiangnan f #afef-affa & aga9 f #affe-affh4 ,8 "n is m5tion$ 7accord+ to ,bu%ell1#bei at any rate1 = ,i h n be5 able to v]ify ! /atem5t7 9 connection ) ! ef=ts to make ! dragon b[ls = ! palace 9 #afed2 b we %all return to ?is po9t 9 discuss+ ! ,lang yao4 ,mean:ile1 we pass to ! reign ( ,k'ang ,hsi ** #b 7#affb-agbb71 ! beg9n+ ( :at is to mo/ ,european collectors ! greate/ p]iod ( ,*9ese porcela91 a p]iod :i* may be r\ghly dat$ f #affb-ahjj4 ,*9ese lit]>y op9ion gives ! pref]5ce to ! ,sung & ,m+ dyna/ies1 b if monet>y value is any indication ! mod]n ,*9ese collector appreciates ! f9] ,*'+ porcela9s z highly z ! ,european connoisseur4 ,^! latt] w>es h1 at any rate1 ! advantage ( be+ easily accessible to ! ,we/]n /ud5t1 & !y are n difficult to obta9 provid$ "o is ready to pay ! high price :i* _! excell5ce comm&s4 ,x w be no exagg]ation to say t ?ree qu>t]s ( ! be/ specim5s ( ,*9ese porcela9 9 our collections belong to ?is prolific p]iod1 & !y may be se5 9 endless v>iety 9 ! museums & private gall]ies ( ,europe & ,am]ica1 n[h]e p]haps bett] ?an 9 ,london itself4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #hh ,two examples ( ! und]glaze r$ 7*i hung7 ( ! ,k'ang ,hsi p]iod 7#affb-agbb71 sometimes call$ lang yao ,fig4 #a4--;,bottle-%ap$ ,vase ( dagoba =m ) m9utely crackl$ sang-de-buf glaze ) passages ( *]ry r$4 ,! glaze ends 9 an ev5 roll %ort ( ! base rim1 & t "u ! base is /one-col\r$ & crackl$4 ,height #h in*es4 ,briti% ,museum4 ,fig4 #b4--;,bottle-%ap$ ,vase ) crackl$ und]glaze r$ ( deep cru%$ /rawb]ry t9t4 ,! glaze "u ! base is pale gre51 crackl$4 ,height #aj in*es4 ,alex&] ,collection4 ,) reg>d to ! porcela9s made 9 ! e>ly ye>s ( ,k'ang ,hsi !re is v little in=mation1 & _! special excell5ce has be5 assum$ ma9ly on ! supposition t ! ,vic]oy ,lang ,t'+-tso ex]cis$ a b5efic5t influ5ce on ! w>es ( ?is p]iod4 ,he is reput$ to h be5 sponsor ( ! ,lang yao1 :i* 9 ! ord9>y acceptation ( ! t]m#bfj includes ! beautiful sang de buf r$1 an apple gre5 crackle1 & p]haps a cognate crackl$ gre5 glaze on :i* are pa9t$ designs 9 famille v]te enamels4 ,! explanation ( ! t]m lang yao is f> f cle>1 &1 z already h9t$1 ! connection ( ! vic]oy ,lang ,t'+-tso ) ?is or any o!r ( ! ,k'ang ,hsi porcela9s is by no means e/abli%$4 ,bu%ell#bfa accept$ ! d]ivation ( ,lang yao f ! fir/ "p ( ! vic]oy's "n z repres5t+ ! be/ ( sev]al ,*9ese !ories1 & on ! supposition t 8! c]amic production ( ?is "t has reta9$ ! "n ( ! vic]oy1 9 ! same way z ! names ( ,ts'ang ,y+-hsan1 ,ni5 ,hsi-yao1 & ,t'ang ,y+1 :o 7 9 turn sup]9t5d5ts ( ! ,imp]ial pott]ies1 7 aft]w>ds giv5 to ! ,ts'ang yao1 ,ni5 yao1 & ,t'ang yao40 ,!re are _m objections to ?is reason+4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,lang ,t'+-tso 0 vic]oy ( ! two prov9ces ( ,kiangsi & ,kiangnan = ?ree or f\r ye>s only 7#affe-affh7 dur+ ! reign ( ,k'ang ,hsi1 & x 0 only 9 8 capacity z vic]oy ( ,kiangsi t he w\ld h be5 conc]n$ ) ,*+-t ,*n1 ev5 suppos+ t ! man :o _h *>ge ( two l>ge prov9ces c\ld f9d "t to devote himself to ! details ( c]amic manufactures4 ,secondly1 x is n[h]e record$ t ,lang ,t'+-tso 0 conc]n$ 9 any way ) ! direction ( ! pott]ies1 s t !re is 9 ?is respect no p>allel betwe5 him & ! directors ,ts'ang1 ,ni51 & ,t'ang4 ,?irdly1 ! hi/ory ( ,*'+-t ,*n z giv5 9 ! ,t'ao lu1 & ! hi/ory ( ,*9ese porcela9 z giv5 9 ! ,t'ao %uo1 make no m5tion :atev] ( lang yao or ( ,lang ,t'+-tso1 :ile ! =m] takes special notice ( ! w>es ( ,ts'ang1 ,ni51 & ,t'ang1 & ! latt] discusses ,t'ang's "w at "s l5g?4 ,_h s important a p]son z ! vic]oy ( two prov9ces be5 connect$ ) ! inv5tion or p]fection ( su* celebrat$ w>es z ! lang yao1 ! occurr5ce w\ld h>dly h escap$ ! notice ( ! ,*9ese *ronicl]4 ,!re are o!r attempts to expla9 ! "n lang yao4 ,9 ! catalogue ( ,mr4 ,a4 ,b4 ,mit=d's collection#bfb x is /at$ t 8! ,lang family 7 a family ( fam\s pott]s :o possess$ ! secret ( ?is peculi> glaze & pa/e4 ,!y became ext9ct ab\t ! ye> #afaj40 ,bu%ell#bfc dismisses ?is ) ! comm5t t 8! family is apocryphal & ! porcela9 ant$at$10 & 9 ! same passage gives an alt]native !ory1 viz4 8?is "n has be5 d]iv$ by "s ,*9ese ( less weight f t ( ,lang ,%ih-n+1 an arti/ protg ( ! ,jesuits1#bfd :o also liv$ 9 ! reign ( ,k'ang ,hsi1 & ^: pictures are /ill appreciat$40 ,! evid5ce = all ^! v]sions seems to be equally defective4 ,!y are1 9 fact1 m]e ass]tions1 & ! read] c take 8 *oice ( any ( !m1 provid$ he does n insi/ on ,mr4 ,mit=d's date 7ant]ior to #afaj71 = all au?orities are n[ agre$ t ! lang yao is a ,k'ang ,hsi production4 ,! fact is t ! "n has be5 h&$ d[n )\t any explanation1 & ! curr5t !ories are ( comp>atively mod]n con/ruction4 ,! secret ( ! lang yao consi/$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance 9 ! k ( means to produce a brilliant r$ glaze f copp] oxide4 ,x 0 n a new discov]y1 b m]ely a revival ( ! wond]ful 8preci\s /one0 r$ ( ! e>ly ,m+ p]iod4#bfe ,! supplies ( "s ess5tial +r$i5t = ?is col\r _h fail$ 9 ! ,*ia ,*+ p]iod1#bff & ! secret ( ! true col\r _h be5 tempor>ily lo/4 ,?is secret 0 n[ recov]$ probably by a pott] ( ! "n ( ,lang1 & t "n has be5 associat$ ) x ev] s9ce4 ,s f> f ! lang yao be+ limit$ to ! e>ly "p ( ! reign ( ,k'ang ,hsi or to ! few ye>s :5 ,lang ,t'+-tso might h be5 conc]n$ ) x1 !re c be little d\bt t ! sang de buf r$ or r$ lang yao is ! special col\r describ$ 9 detail by ,pre d',entrecolles 9 #agab1 & aga9 9 #agbb "u ! significant "n ( yu li hung1 or 8r$ 9 ! glaze40 ,! read] c judge = himself f ! description giv5 9 ! second lett]#bfg3 8,?is r$ inside ! glaze is made ) granulat$ r$ copp] & ! p[d] ( a c]ta9 /one or pebble ( a r$di% col\r4 ,a ,*ri/ian doctor told me t ?is /one 0 a k9d ( alum1 us$ 9 m$ic9e4 ,! :ole is p\nd$ 9 a mort> & mix$ ) a boy's ur9e & ! ord9>y porcela9 glaze2 b ,i h n be5 able to asc]ta9 ! quantities ( ! +r$i5ts1 = ^? 9 possession ( ! secret take good c>e n to divulge x4 ,?is mixture is appli$ to ! porcela9 be=e x is fir$ & no o!r glaze is us$2 b c>e has to be tak5 t ! r$ col\r does n run to ! bottom ( ! vase dur+ ! fir+4 ,!y tell me t :5 !y int5d to apply ?is r$ to porcela9 !y d n use porcela9 /one 7petuntse7 9 ! body1 b !y use 9 its place1 mix$ ) ! porcela9 e>? 7kaol971 a yell[ clay prep>$ 9 ! same mann] z ! petuntse4 ,probably x is a k9d ( clay specially suit$ to receive ?is col\r40 ,w\ld t ! wor?y fa!r _h nam$ ! possessors ( ! secret6 ,_h x be5 a ,jesuit family1 is x likely t he w\ld n h said s8 ,b "h1 at any rate1 is n only su* an accurate description ( ! manufacture ( ! sang de buf r$ t little ne$ be add$ to x1 b also a valuable comm5t>y on ! obscure passages 9 :i* ! allusion is made to ! brilliant r$ ( ! ,hsan ,t & o!r e>ly ,m+ p]iods4 ,= :at is ! r$di% /one or pebble b ! 8r$ preci\s /one f ! ,we/10 :i* play$ a my/]i\s "p 9 ! pao %ih hung ( ! ,hsan ,t p]iod8 ,*9ese tradition has imag9$ ?is /one to h be5 ! ruby1 on ! impossible assumption t ! r$ col\r ( ! glaze 0 d]iv$ f ! r$ ( ! ruby4 ,b x 01 9 all probability1 cornal9e 7! ma nao us$ 9 ! ,sung porcela9 ( ,ju ,*\7 or ame?y/9e qu>tz1 & its only function w\ld h be5 to increase ! brilliancy & transp>5ce ( ! glaze1 ! r$ col\r be+ entirely due to copp] oxide4 ,x is int]e/+1 too1 to note t ! composition ( ! porcela9 body 0 v>i$ to suit ?is r$ col\r1 & t a yell[ clay 0 sub/itut$ = ! porcela9 /one1 9 view ( ! alleg$ difficulties 9 obta9+ ! prop] 8e>? = ! fre% r$ 7hsi5 hung70 9 ! ,*ia ,*+ p]iod4 ,9 a simil> mann] a m e>?y composition 0 f\nd to be m sympa!tic ?an ! pure :ite porcela9 to "s ( ! o!r mono*romes1 z may be obs]v$ 9 exi/+ specim5s ( turquoise blue4 ,! lang yao1 !n1 is ! *i hung ( ! ,k'ang ,hsi p]iod1 ! brilliant blood r$ commonly kn[n by ! ,fr5* "n sang de buf1 & to-day x is "o ( ! mo/ preci\s mono*romes4 ,a *oice example illu/rat$ on ,plate #hh %[s ! *ang+ t9ts f a brilliant *]ry r$ bel[ ! %\ld] to ! mass$ blood r$ :]e ! fluesc5t glaze has =m$ ?ickly above ! base4 ,! col\r fl[+ d[n has left an ev5 :ite b& r\nd ! m\?1 & has settl$ 9 ?ick coagulations on ! flat p>ts ( ! %\ld]s & aga9 above ! base2 b 9 spite ( its app>5t fluidity ! glaze has /opp$ 9 an ev5 l9e )\t ov]runn+ ! base4 ,! glaze "u ! base is ( pale buff tone & crackl$1 & a c>eful exam9ation ( ! surface g5]ally %[s t a fa9t crackle ext5ds ov] ! :ole piece4 ,! glaze1 moreov]1 is full ( m9ute bubbles & consequ5tly mu* p9hol$1 & ! r$ col\r has ! appe>ance ( ly+ on ! body 9 a du/ ( m9ute p>ticles :i* ! glaze has dragg$ d[nw>d 9 its fl[ & spread out 9 a cont9u\s mass1 b :]e ! col\r & ! glaze h run ?ick ! p>ticles reappe> 9 ! =m ( a di/9ct mottl+ or dappl+4 ,to obta9 ! be/ col\r f ! copp] oxide 9 ?is glaze x 0 necess>y to regulate ! fir+ to a nicety1 ! m>g9 betwe5 success & failure be+ exce$+ly small4 ,naturally1 too1 ! results v>i$ widely 9 quality & tone2 b ! p]man5t *>act]i/ics ( ! ,k'ang ,hsi sang de buf are 7#a7 a brilliant r$ v>y+ 9 dep? & sometimes entirely lo/ 9 places1#bfh b always r$ & )\t any ( ! grey or grey blue /reaks :i* em]ge on ! flamb r$ & ! mod]n imitations ( ! sang de buf2 7#b7 ! fa9t crackle ( ! glaze2 7#c7 ! /opp+ ( ! glaze at ! foot rim4 ,! col\r ( ! glaze "u ! base & 9 ! int]ior ( vases v>i$ f gre5 or buff crackle to pla9 :ite4 ,! secret ( ?is glaze1 :i* ,pre d',entrecolles tells u 0 c>efully gu>d$1 seems to h be5 lo/ altoge!r ab\t ! end ( ! ,k'ang ,hsi p]iod4 ,lat] attempts to obta9 ! same effects1 ?\gh (t5 successful 9 produc+ l>ge areas ( brilliant r$1 are usually m or less /reak$ ) ali5 t9ts su* z grey or blui% grey1 & are almo/ inv>iably m>r$ by ! inability ( ! lat] pott]s to control ! fl[ ( ! glaze :i* ov]runs ! foot rim & consequ5tly has to be gr\nd (f4 ,b x is highly probable t ! mod]n pott] w yet surm\nt ^! difficulties1 & ,i h actually se5 a l>ge b[l ( mod]n make 9 :i* ! ox-blood r$ 0 successfully a*iev$ on ! ext]ior 7! int]ior 0 relatively poor71 & ! fl[ ( ! glaze _h be5 /opp$ along ! foot rim except 9 "o or two small places :]e ! gr9d+ 0 clev]ly mask$4 ,s t x behoves ! collector to be on 8 gu>d4 ,fig4 #b ( ,plate #hh %[s ano!r type ( r$1 also class$ z lang yao1 :i* has ! same peculi>ities ( texture z ! sang de buf1 b ! col\r is m ( a cru%$-/rawb]ry t9t1 & has 9 a m m>k$ degree t ?ickly /ippl$ appe>ance :i* sugge/s t ! col\r mixture has be5 bl[n on to ! w>e ?r\gh gauze4 ,?is is probably ! *'ui hung or s\ffl r$ m5tion$ by ,pre d',entrecolles 9 connection ) ! yu li hung4 ,! same glaze is (t5 f\nd on b[ls1 ! col\r v>y+ mu* 9 dep? & ! base be+ usually cov]$ ) a crackl$ gre5 glaze b5ea?4 ,?is crackl$ gre5 is a v di/9ctive glaze1 highly transluc5t & full ( bubbles1 l ! r$ lang yao1 & x is sometimes f\nd cov]+ ! entire surface ( a vase or b[l & s]v+ z a backgr\nd = pa9t+s 9 famille v]te enamels4 ,x seems1 9 fact1 to be ! true gre5 lang yao1 & "o is tempt$ to ask if x 0 n 9 reality int5d$ to be a sang de buf r$ glaze f :i* a lack ( oxyg5 or "s o!r accid5t ( ! kiln has dispell$ all ! r$1 leav+ a gre5 :i* is "o ( ! _m hues produc$ by copp] oxide "u suitable conditions4 ,^! conditions might well be pres5t 9 su* an enclos$ space z ! foot ( a b[l2 & if !y happ5$ to affect ! :ole ( ! piece1 :at m natural ?an to trick out ! failure ) a gay adornm5t ( enamel col\rs8 ,on ! o!r h&1 :at is commonly kn[n z gre5 lang yao is ! brilliant em]ald or apple gre5 crackle :i* has already be5 discuss$ on p4 #ajb4 ,b :y ?is col\r %\ld be connect$ 9 any way ) ! ,lang or any p>ticul> family is a my/]y4 ,! me?od ( produc+ x is transp>5tly obvi\s--a gre5 enamel laid ov] a /one-col\r$ crackle2 & !re are examples ( all p]iods f ! ,m+ d[n to mod]n times4 ,inde$1 ! mod]n specim5s are only di/+ui%$ ) ! greate/ difficulty f ! old4 99 99 99 99 99 ,to return to ! hi/ory ( ! p]iod f :i* we digress$ to discuss ! lang yao1 ! progress ( ! reviv+ indu/ry suff]$ a rude set-back betwe5 #afgd-afgh :5 ! ,imp]ial factory 0 de/roy$ dur+ ! rebellion ( ,wu ,san-kuei1 vic]oy ( ,yunnan4 ,x is improbable t up to ?is "t any notable developm5t _h tak5 place 9 ! manufacture ( porcela91 & ^? :o ?9k to flatt] a specim5 by sugge/+ t x is 8v e>ly ,k'ang ,hsi0 are likely to be pay+ a d\btful complim5t4 ,:51 h[ev]1 peace 0 re/or$ & ! factory rebuilt1 a v]itable r5aissance ( ! porcela9 indu/ry began4 ,9 #afhjbfi an (ficial ( ! ,imp]ial h\sehold 0 s5t to reside at ! factory & to sup]9t5d ! "w2 & we are told 9 ! ,t'ao %uo#bgj t 8previ\sly to ?is ! fir/-class workm5 _h be5 levi$ f ! diff]5t di/ricts ( ,jao ,*\2 b n[ all ?is =c$ lab\r 0 /opp$1 & z ea* manufactory 0 />t$ ! artisans 7 collect$ & mat]ials provid$1 ! exp5ses be+ defray$ f ! ,imp]ial ex*equ] & ! money paid :5 due1 9 accordance ) ! m>ket prices4 ,ev5 ! exp5ses = c>riage 7 n requir$ f ! diff]5t di/ricts4 ,none ( ! prop] duties ( ! local (fic]s 7 int]f]$ )2 bo? ! (ficials & ! common p enjoy$ ! b5efit1 & ! processes ( manufacture 7 all mu* improv$40 ,! success ( ?is new movem5t 0 assur$ by ! appo9tm5t 9 #afhb ( ,ts'ang ,y+-hsan ** #c to ! control ( ! ,imp]ial works4 ,we are n told h[ long ?is di/+ui%$ p]son reta9$ ! director%ip1 b 8 m]its are cle>ly indicat$ 9 ! encomiums ( a subsequ5t director1 ! celebrat$ ,t'ang ,y+4 ,9 8 8,hi/ory ( ! ,god ( ! ,furnace ,bla/10 ! latt] /ates t :5 ,ts'ang 0 9 *>ge ( ! factory ! god laid 8 f+] on ! designs & protect$ ! porcela9 9 ! kiln1 s t x naturally came out p]fect4 ,un=tunately1 ! notice ( ,ts'ang's "w 9 ! ,t'ao lu#bga is 9 ! conv5tional /yle1 & extremely meagre4 ,! e>? us$1 we are told1 0 unctu\s1 ! mat]ial lu/r\s & ?94 ,e k9d ( col\r 0 made1 b ! snake-sk9 gre5 7% p'i l71 ! eel yell[ 7%an y huang71 ! 787 turquoise 7** #b *i ts'ui71 & ! 8spott$ yell[0 7** #c huang pan ti57 7 ! mo/ beautiful4 ,! mono*rome 7*iao7#bgb yell[1 ! mono*rome br[n or purple 7tz71 ! mono*rome gre51 ! s\ffl 7*'ui7 r$ & ! s\ffl blue1 7 also beautiful4 ,! ,imp]ial factory "u ! adm9i/ration ( ,t'ang-y+ imitat$ ^! glaze col\rs4 ,mo/ ( ^! col\rs expla9 !mselves4 ,! s\ffl r$ is no d\bt ! same z ! *'ui hung describ$ by ,pre d',entrecolles & discuss$ above ) ! s-call$ lang yao4 ,! s\ffl blue w be no o!r ?an ! famili> 8p[d] blue40 ,b ! 8spott$ yell[0 is an ambigu\s t]m1 = ! ,*9ese huang pan ti5#bgc might mean a yell[ glaze spott$ ) "s o!r col\r1 a mottl$ yell[1 or ev5 a glaze ) yell[ spots l t ( a r>e vase 9 ! ,eumorfop\los ,collection1 :i* has a br[n black glaze fleck$ ) gre5i% yell[ spots4 ,bu%ell id5tifi$ ! spott$ yell[ glaze ) ! 8tig] sk910 ) its pat*es ( gre51 yell[ & aub]g9e glazes appli$ to ! biscuit1 :i* 9 ! f9] specim5s is et*$ ) dragon designs4#bgd ,?is is practically all ! direct in=mation :i* ! ,*9ese annals supply on ! ,k'ang ,hsi p]iod1 b 9 contra/ ) ?is /range retic5ce we h a delightful acc\nt ( ! indu/ry at ,*+-t ,*n dur+ ?is important "t 9 ! two (t-quot$ lett]s#bge writt5 by ! ,jesuit fa!r1 d',entrecolles1 9 #agab & #agbb4 ,! wor?y fa!r's "w lay among ! pott]s !mselves1 & 8 in=mation 0 d]iv$ f fir/-h& obs]vation & f ! notes suppli$ by 8 pott] conv]ts1 ) :atev] help he 0 able to extract f ! ,annals ( ,f\-liang & simil> native books4 ,no subsequ5t writ] has enjoy$ su* a fav\r$ position1 & z 8 obs]vations h be5 laid "u heavy contribution ev] s9ce1 no apology is necess>y = frequ5t ref]5ce to !m 9 ^! pages4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,k',,ang ,,hsi ,,blue ,,& ,,:ite ,we/]n collectors h agre$ to give ! place ( hon\r to ! ,k'ang ,hsi blue & :ite4 ,! ,m+ w>es ( ! same k9d1 ma9ly f lack ( adequate repres5tation1 h n yet be5 fully appreciat$2 & 9 ! po/-,k'ang ,hsi p]iods ! blue & :ite took an inf]ior /atus1 ow+ to ! gr[+ popul>ity ( enamell$ w>es4 ,! peculi> virtues ( ! ,k'ang ,hsi blue & :ite are due to simple causes4 ,blue 0 /ill reg>d$ z ! be/ m$ium = pa9t$ designs1 & ! dem& = x1 bo? 9 ,*9a & abroad1 0 enorm\s4 ,! body mat]ial 0 =m$ ( c>efully select$ clay & /one1 ?or\ghly levigat$ & fre$ f all impurities4 ,no pa9s 7 sp>$ 9 ! prep>ation ( ! blue1 :i* 0 ref9$ ov] & ov] aga9 until ! v qu9tess5ce _h be5 extract$ f ! cobaltif]\s ore4 ,naturally ?is process 0 co/ly1 & ! f9e/ cobalt 0 nev] us$ q pure2 ev5 on ! mo/ exp5sive w>es x 0 bl5d$ ) a proportion ( ! l[] grades ( ! m9]al1 & ?is proportion 0 increas$ accord+ to ! int5d$ quality ( ! porcela94 ,b ! *oice/ blue & :ite ( ?is p]iod 0 unsurpass$ 9 ! purity & p]fection ( ! porcela91 9 ! dep? & lu/re ( ! blue1 & 9 ! subtle h>mony betwe5 ! col\r & ! :ite porcela9 backgr\nd2 & ! high /&>d ?us e/abli%$ s]v$ to raise ! quality ( ! manufacture 9 g5]al4 ,va/ quantities ( ?is blue & :ite 7 %ipp$ to ,europe by ! ,dut* & ! o!r ,ea/ ,india companies1 :o s5t ext5sive ord]s to ,*+-t ,*n4 ,x ne$ h>dly be said t ?is export porcela9 v>i$ widely 9 quality1 b x includ$ at ?is "t w>es ( ! highe/ class4 ,inde$1 9 look+ ?r\gh our l>ge collections !re are surpris+ly few examples ( ! *oice ,k'ang ,hsi blue & :ite :i* _c be includ$ 9 ! export class1 z indicat$ by ! half-,europeanis$ =ms ( plates1 jugs1 tank>ds1 & o!r vessels1 & by ! fact t ! vases are made 9 sets ( five4 ,b consid]+ t x 0 made to suit pur*as]s ( su* v>i$ ta/es & means1 x is surpris+ h[ little ( ?is ,k'ang ,hsi porcela9 is bad4 ,ev5 ! r\ghe/ specim5s h a /yle & a quality n f\nd on lat] w>es1 & all h an unque/ionable value z decoration4 ,x w\ld be futile to attempt to describe exhau/ively ! diff]5t k9ds ( ,k'ang ,hsi blue & :ite & ! innum]able patt]ns ) :i* !y are decorat$4 ,we mu/ conf9e our descriptions to a few type specim5s1 b fir/ x w be useful to give ! po9ts ( a *oice example4 ,su* a vessel1 :atev] its nature1 w be pott$ ) p]fect skill1 its =m well proportion$ & true4 ,! surface w be smoo?1 because ! mat]ial is ?or\ghly ref9$ & ! piece has be5 c>efully trimm$ or f9i%$ on ! la!1 & f9ally all rema9+ inequalities h be5 smoo!d away ) a moi/ fea!r bru% be=e ! glaz+4 ,! w>e w be clean & :ite1 & ! glaze#bgf pure1 limpid1 & lu/r\s1 b ) t fa9t suspicion ( gre5 :i* is r>ely abs5t f ,*9ese porcela94 ,! g5]al effect ( ! body & glaze comb9$ is a solid :ite l well set curds4 ,! base1 to :i* ! connoisseur looks = guidance1 is deeply cut & wa%$ 9 ! c5tre ) glaze :i* rea*es ab\t half-way d[n ! sides ( ! foot rim4 ,?is pat* ( glaze is usually p9hol$1 z ?\gh ! nemesis ( absolute p]fection _h to be placat$ by a few flaws 9 ?is inconspicu\s "p4 ,! rim itself is c>efully trimm$1 & 9 _m cases groov$ or bead$1 z ?\gh to fit a wood5 /&1#bgg & ! unglaz$ edge reveals a smoo?1 close-gra9$ biscuit ^: f9e :ite mat]ial is (t5 sup]ficially t+$ ) br[n 9 ! heat ( ! furnace4 ,! decoration is c>efully pa9t$ 9 a pure sapphire blue ( great dep? & fire1 & s+ul>ly free f any /ra9 ( r$ or purple--a quality ( blue only obta9$ by ! mo/ elaborate process ( ref9+4 ,! designs1 z on ! ,m+ porcela9s1 are fir/ drawn 9 outl9e2 b1 unlike ! /rong ,m+ outl9es1 ^! are s fa9t z to be practically unobs]v$2 & ! col\r is fill$ 91 n 9 flat wa%es1 z on ! ,m+ blue & :ite1 b 9 grad$ dep?s ( pulsat+ blue4 ,?is proc$ure is cle>ly %[n by two int]e/+ b[ls 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,!y are id5tical 9 =m & 7 int5d$ to mat* 9 patt]n2 b 9 "o ! design 7! ,eight ,immortals ( ! ,w9e ,cup7 is complet$1 :ile on ! o!r x rema9s 9 outl9e only1 giv+ u a wond]ful illu/ration ( ! beautiful firm t\* ) :i* ! arti/s trac$ ^! fa9t outl9es4 ,! "w ( decoration 0 sy/ematically subdivid$ 9 ! ,*9ese factory1 & ,pre d',entrecolles tells u t 8"o workman is solely occupi$ ) ! r+ :i* "o sees on ! bord] ( ! w>e2 ano!r outl9es ! fl[]s1 :i* a ?ird pa9ts2 "o does ! wat] & ! m\nta9s1 ano!r ! birds & animals40#bgh ,:atev] ! advantages & disadvantages ( ?is divid$ lab\r1 ! designs on ! blue & :ite 7 admirably *os5 to %[ (f ! f9e qualities ( ! col\r2 & x is to ! blue t ! collector looks fir/4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ! v>i\s qualities ( blue h>dly admit ( v]bal def9ition4 ,x c only be le>nt by comp>+ ! actual specim5s1 & by tra9+ ! eye to di/+ui% ! be/ f ! second be/4 ,! patt]ns are n always blue on a :ite gr\nd4 ,_m ( ! mo/ beautiful results 7 obta9$ by res]v+ ! design 9 :ite 9 a blue gr\nd1 & bo? /yles are (t5 comb9$ on ! same piece4 ,! second is fairly common on ! ,k'ang ,hsi porcela9s1 be+ specially suit$ to ! lambrequ9s1 arabesques1 & =mal patt]ns :i* 7 a fav\rite decoration at ?is "t4 ,see ,plates #hi & #ia4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #hi ,?ree examples ( ,k'ang ,hsi ,blue & ,:ite ,porcela9 9 ! ,briti% ,museum ,fig4 #a4--;,ew] ) leaf-%ap$ panels ( floral arabesques1 :ite 9 blue1 enclos$ by a mosaic patt]n 9 blue & :ite3 /iff planta9 leaves on ! neck & cov]4 ,silv] m\nt ) ?umb-piece4 ,height #g in*es4 ,fig4 #b4--;,deep b[l ) cov]1 pa9t$ ) 8tig]-lily0 scrolls4 ,m>k1 a leaf4 ,height #g in*es4 ,fig4 #c4--,spr9kl] ) panels ( lotus arabesques1 :ite 9 blue1 & ju-i %ap$ bord] patt]ns4 ,a diap] ( small blossoms on ! neck4 ,m>k1 a leaf4 ,height #g in*es4 ,! *oice/ mat]ials 7 lavi%$ on ! porcela9s ) ^! =mal designs1 :i* consi/$ n[ ( b&s ( ju-i %ap$ lappets#bgi fill$ ) arabesque foliage1 =m+ an upp] & l[] bord]1 betwe5 :i* are floral sprays1 n[ ( a belt ( ?ree or f\r palmette-l designs1 simil>ly ornam5t$1 & l9k$ toge!r r\nd ! c5tre ( a vase or bottle2 ( l>ge1 /iff1 leaf-%ap$ m$allions borr[$1 l ! patt]ns :i* fill !m1 f anci5t bronzes1 & ( ogre-head designs f a simil> s\rce2 ( successive belts ( arabesque scrolls & dragon designs cov]+ cyl9drical j>s2 ( a mosaic ( small blossoms1 or ( network diap]s recall+ ! patt]n ( a crackl$ porcela94 ,! :ite on blue process is con/ant 9 a well kn[n decoration 9 :i* ar*aic dragons1 floral arabesques1 roses or peonies are arrang$ 9 8admir$ disord]0 ov] ! :ole surface ( a cyl9d] vase or a triple g\rd1 z on ,plate #ia4 ,sometimes ! roses occupy ! great] "p ( ! design1 & among !m are small oval or r\nd blank m$allions1 :i* h e>n$ = ! patt]n ! "n ( 8rose & ticket40 ,?is type ( w>e is repres5t$ 9 almo/ e v>iety 9 ! ,dresd5 collection1 & !re are examples ( ! 8rose & ticket0 j>s 9 ! ,porzellan-zimm] ( ! ,*>lott5burg ,palace4 ,bo? ^! collections are ma9ly compos$ ( ! export porcela9 s5t f ,*9a 9 ! la/ decades ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & ! latt] is practically limit$ to ! pres5ts made by ! ,engli% ,ea/ ,india ,company to ,que5 ,sophia ,*>lotte ( ,prussia 7#afhh-agje74 ,! :ite on blue patt]ns are also freely us$ 9 comb9ation ) blue & :ite to =m bord]s & to fill 9 ! gr\nd betwe5 panels4 ,z = ! blue on :ite designs1 !y are legion4 ,!re are ! old ,m+ fav\rites su* z ! ,c\rt sc5es1 hi/orical & my?ological subjects1 pictorial designs1 su* z ladies look+ at ! g>d5 fl[]s by c&lelight4#bhj ,!re are l&scapes aft] ,sung & ,m+ pa9t+s1 ! usual dragon & phnix patt]ns1 animal1 bird1 & fi% designs1 lions & my?ical creatures1 ! famili> gr\p ( a bird 7ei!r a phnix or a gold5 pheasant7 on a rock beside :i* are peony1 magnolia1 & o!r fl[]+ plants4 ,panel decoration1 too1 is frequ5t1 ! panels sometimes petal-%ap$ & emphasis$ by lightly m\ld$ outl9es1 or aga9 mirror-%ap$1 circul>1 fan-%ap$1 leaf-%ap$1 oval1 squ>e1 etc41 & surr\nd$ by diap]s & 8:ite 9 blue0 designs4 ,! res]ves are suitably fill$ ) figure subjects f romance1 hi/ory1 or family life1 my?ical subjects su* z ! adv5tures ( ,taoi/ sages1 ! /ory ( ,wang ,*i wat*+ ! game ( *ess1 ,tung-fang ,s & 8 pea*es1 or1 if num]ical sequ5ces are ne$$1 ) ! ,f\r ,accompli%m5ts 7pa9t+1 calligraphy1 music & *ess71 ! fl[]s ( ! ,f\r ,seasons1 ! ,eight ,taoi/ ,immortals1 ! ,eight ,immortals ( ! ,w9e ,cup1 etc4 ,ano!r fav\rite panel design is a gr\p ( vases1 furniture1 & symbolical objects f ! compreh5sive s]ies kn[n z ! ,hundr$ ,antiques4#bha ,sometimes ! :ole surface ( a vase is divid$ into r[s ( petal-%ap$ comp>tm5ts fill$ ) floral designs1 figure subjects1 birds & fl[]s or l&scapes4 ,plate #ia1 ,fig4 #c1 f a set ( five1 is "o ( ! l>ge vases 9 ! ,dresd5 collection :i*1 tradition says1 7 obta9$ by ,augu/us ! ,/rong f ! ,k+ ( ,prussia 9 ex*ange = a regim5t ( dragoons4 ,x is decorat$ ) panels illu/rat+ ! /ories ( ! ,tw5ty-f\r ,p>agons ( ,filial ,piety4 ,"s ( ! purely floral patt]ns /rike p]haps a m di/9ctive note4 ,! 8a/] patt]n10 = in/ance1 is a design ( /iff1 radiat+1 a/]-l fl[]s usually 9 a d>k tone ( blue & display$ on sauc] di%es or deep cov]$ b[ls4 ,"s ( ! specim5s ( ?is class appe> to be a little e>li] ?an ,k'ang ,hsi4 ,! s-call$ 8tig]-lily0 patt]n illu/rat$ by ,fig4 #b ( ,plate #hi is usually associat$ ) deep cyl9drical cov]$ b[ls ( f9e mat]ial & pa9t$ 9 ! *oice/ blue4 ,a beak] 7,plate #ia1 ,fig4 #b7 %[s a *>act]i/ic treatm5t ( ! magnolia1 p>ts ( ! blossoms be+ lightly sculptur$ 9 relief & ! :ite petals set (f by a foil ( blue cl\d+4 ,x evid5tly belongs to a set ( five 7?ree cov]$ j>s & two beak]s7 made z a g>niture de *em9e = ! ,european m>ket4 ,! squat-bodi$ bottle 7,plate #ib1 ,fig4 #a7 illu/rates a famili> treatm5t ( ! lotus design1 ) a l>ge blossom fill+ ! front ( ! body4 ,b p]haps ! noble/ ( all ,*9ese blue & :ite patt]ns is ! prunus design 7(t5 miscall$ haw?orn7 illu/rat$ by ,plate #ij1 a cov]$ vase once 9 ! ,orrock ,collection & n[ 9 ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum4 ,! =m is t ( ! well-kn[n g+] j>1 b ^! lovely specim5s 7 int5d$ = no banal uses4 ,!y 7 fill$ ) fragrant tea or "s o!r suitable gift1 & s5t1 l ! r\nd cake boxes1 by ! ,*9ese to _! fri5ds at ! ,new ,ye>1 b x 0 n int5d$ t ! j>s or boxes %\ld be kept by ! recipi5ts ( ! complim5t4 ,! ,new ,ye> falls 9 ,*9a f ?ree to sev5 weeks lat] ?an 9 our cal5d>1 & x 0 seasonable to decorate ^! j>s ) sprays & petals ( ! fl[]+ prunus fall5 on ! ice1 :i* 0 already crack$ & ab\t to dissolve4 ,! design is symbolic ( ! pass+ ( w9t] & ! com+ ( spr+2 & ! vibrat+ dep?s ( ! pure sapphire blue brok5 by a network ( l9es simulat+ ice cracks =m a lovely sett+ = ! graceful prunus sprays res]v$ 9 ! pure curd-l :ite ( ! w>e4 ,! prunus patt]n has be5 appli$ to e conceivable =m1 :e!r to cov] ! :ole surface or to s]ve z second>y ornam5t 9 ! bord] ( a design or on ! rim ( a plate1 & ! prunus j> appe>s 9 all qualities ( blue & on porcela9 good & bad1 old & new4 ,! graceful sprays h become /]eotyp$ & ! :ole design vulg>is$ 9 _m in/ances2 & 9 "s cases ! blossoms are di/ribut$ symmetrically on a m>bl$ blue gr\nd z a m]e patt]n4 ,b no?+ c /ale ! beauty ( ! *oice ,k'ang ,hsi orig9als1 on :i* ! f9e/ mat]ials & ! pure/1 deepe/ blue 7 lavi%$4 ,! amateur %\ld f9d no difficulty 9 di/+ui%+ ^! f _! decad5t desc5dants4 ,! fre%ness ( ! draw+1 ! pure quality ( ! blue1 & ! excell5ce ( body1 glaze1 & pott+ are unmi/akable4 ,! old examples h ! l[ rim r\nd ! m\? unglaz$ :]e ! r\nd$ cap-%ap$ cov] fitt$1 & ! design on ! %\ld]s is f9i%$ (f ) a n>r[ bord] ( d5tate patt]n4 ,! orig9al cov]s are extremely r>e1 & 9 mo/ cases h be5 replac$ ) lat] sub/itutes 9 porcela9 or c>v$ wood4 ,!re are1 besides1 a numb] ( types specially preval5t among ! export porcela9s1 "s purely ,*9ese 9 orig91 o!rs %[+ ,european influ5ce4 ,take1 = example1 ! well-kn[n sauc] di% ) m\nt$ figures ( a man & a woman hunt+ a h>e--a subject usually kn[n z ! 8love *ase0--a free & spirit$ design1 r sket*ily pa9t$ 9 pale silv]y blue4 ,! porcela9 itself is sc>cely less *>act]i/ic1 a ?91 crisp w>e1 (t5 m\ld$ on ! sides ) petal-%ap$ comp>tm5ts1 & 9 _m ways recall+ ! e>li] type describ$ on p4 #gj4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 di/+ui%$ f ! latt] class by slight diff]5ces 9 tone & f9i% :i* c only be le>nt by comp>ison ( actual specim5s4 ,x is1 moreov]1 almo/ always m>k$ ) a ni5 hao 9 six *>act]s1 :]eas m>ks on ! o!r type are virtually unkn[n4 ,! ni5 hao is usually t ( ,*'ng ,hua1 b an occasional example ) ! ,k'ang ,hsi m>k gives ! true date ( ! w>e4 ,a quantity ( ?is porcela9 0 br\ght up by div]s f wrecks ( old ,ea/ ,indiam5 9 ,table ,bay1 among :i* 0 ! ,ha>lem1 lo/ 9 #afdh1bhb ?\gh mo/ ( ! %ips 7 wreck$ at lat] dates4 ,x is a ?9 & %>ply m\ld$ w>e1 (t5 pure egg%ell1 & ! blue v>ies f ! pale silv]y t9t to vivid sapphire4 ,! usual =ms are ( a utilit>ian k9d--plates1 sauc] di%es1 cups & sauc]s1 small vases & bottles1 jugs1 tank>ds1 & ! l--& ! designs are n conf9$ to ! 8love *ase10 b include o!r figure subjects 7e4g4 a w>rior on horseback c>ry+ (f a lady1#bhc & v>i\s sc5es f romance & family life71 floral designs1 de]1 phnixes1 fi%1 birds1 etc41 & p]haps mo/ (t5 ! tall female figures1 /&+ beside fl[]+ %rubs or pots ( fl[]s1 :i* are vulg>ly kn[n z 8long ,elizas10 aft] ! ,dut* lange lijs5 7see ,plate #ib1 ,fig4 #b74 ,graceful ladies 7mei jn7 are famili> motives 9 ,*9ese decoration1 b ?is p>ticul> type1 usually consi/+ ( isolat$ figures 9 small panels or sep>at$ f ea* o!r by a %rub or fl[]pot1 & /&+ 9 a /]eotyp$ pose1 are1 ,i ?9k1#bhd peculi> to ! export w>es ( ! la/ half ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,?is same type ( ?91 crisply m\ld$ porcela9 0 also pa9t$ ) simil> designs 9 famille v]te enamels ov] ! glaze4 ,x has a great v>iety ( m>ks1 ! commone/ be+ ! apocryphal ,*'ng ,hua date-m>k1 :ile o!rs are m>ks ( comm5dation1#bhe su* z *'i *n ju y 7a r>e gem l jade71 y 7jade71 ya 7elegant71 & v>i\s hall-m>ks4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ij ,cov]$ ,j> = ,new ,ye> gifts1 ) design ( blossom+ prunus 7mei hua7 sprays 9 a gr\nd ( deep sapphire blue1 :i* is reticulat$ ) l9es sugge/+ ice cracks3 d5tate bord] on ! %\ld]s ,height #aj in*es4 ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum4 ,yet ano!r gr\p ( sup]ior quality is obvi\sly connect$ ) ! ,european trade by a peculi> m>k 7see vol4 i41 p4 #bbh7 resembl+ ! lett] ,c or ,g4 ,x is mo/ commonly repres5t$ by pairs ( bottles ) globul> body & tall1 tap]+ neck1 decorat$ ) fl[+ scrolls ( curi\s rosette-l fl[]s1 a design /at$ ) mu* probability to h be5 copi$ f ,dut* delft4 ,z ! ,dut* design 9 "q _h evid5tly be5 bas$ on a ,*9ese orig9al1 ! peculi> nature ( ! fl[]s expla9s itself4 ,!re are o!r in/ances ( patt]ns b&i$ 9 ?is way betwe5 ! ,f> ,ea/ & ! ,we/4 ,! same peculi> floral scroll appe>s 9 famille v]te associat$ ) ! same m>k2 & ! same ,g m>k occurs on two r>e bottles 9 ! collection ( ,mr4 ,j4 ,c4 ,j4 ,druck]1 :i* h blue & :ite pa9t+ on ! neck & famille v]te designs 9 ! f9e/ enamels on ! body4 ,a deep b[l 9 ! ,eumorfop\los collection ) famille v]te panels ( symbols f ! ,hundr$ ,antiques1 & a gr\nd ( gre5 8prunus0 patt]n1 be>s ! same m>k4 ,nei!r ( ^! la/ examples c be ev5 remotely connect$ ) ,dut* influ5ce1 s t we may dismiss ! sugge/ion t ! lett] 9 ! m>k is int5d$ to be a ,d1 /&+ = ,d7elft71 = ?is reason q ap>t f ! fact t su* a m>k on ,delft w>e is non-exi/5t4 ,i imag9e t ! true explanation is t ?is peculi> m>k is a m]*ant's sign plac$ by ord] on ! goods made = "s p>ticul> trad]4 ,a close copy ( ! 8w+ h&les0 ( ,v5etian glass on c]ta9 blue & :ite bottles 7,plate #ib1 ,fig4 #c71 ! appe>ance ( ,pr9ce ( ,wales's fea!rs 9 ! bord] ( a plate & ( an h]aldic eagle 9 ! well ( a salt cell>1 no less ?an _m =ms obvi\sly ,we/]n 9 orig91 fur!r emphasise ! close relations betwe5 ! ,*+-t ,*n pott]s & ,european trad]s4#bhf ,an imm5se quantity ( indiff]5t blue & :ite 0 made = ! ,european table s]vices1 & summ>ily decorat$ ) baskets ( fl[]s1 ! usual fl[]+ plant designs1 close patt]ns ( small blossoms1 floral scrolls ) l>ge1 mean+less fl[]s1 ivy scrolls1 passion fl[]s1 & num]\s /]eotyp$ designs1 su* z dragons 9 sea waves1 prunus patt]n bord]s1 p9e tree & /ork1 a g>d5 f5ce ) rock]y & fl[]+ %rubs1 gr\ps f ! ,hundr$ ,antiques1 a p>rot on a tree /ump1 etc4 ,! blue ( ^! pieces is usually r dull & heavy1 b ! w>e has ! *>act]i/ic appe>ance ( ,k'ang ,hsi porcela91 & 0 evid5tly made = ! mo/ "p ab\t ! ye> #agjj4 ,if m>k$ at all1 ! m>ks are usually symbols1 su* z ! d\ble fi%1 ! loz5ge1 ! leaf1 a tripod vase1 & a /range =m ( ! "* %\ kn[n z ! 8spid] m>k0 7see vol4 i41 p4 #bbe74 ,! plates are (t5 edg$ ) lu/r\s br[n glaze to prev5t t *ipp+ & scal+ to :i* ! ,*9ese glaze 0 specially liable on project+ p>ts ( ! w>e4#bhg ,some?+ has already be5 said#bhh ( ano!r v di/9ctive class ( blue & :ite = :i* ! mislead+ "n ( 8s(t pa/e0 has be5 widely adopt$4 ,! t]m is ( ,am]ican orig9 & has be5 too readily accept$1 = x is n only inaccurate z a description1 b is already curr5t 9 ,europe = a totally diff]5t w>e1 :i* x describes ) great] exactitude1 viz4 ! artificial1 glassy porcela9s made at ,svres & ,*elsea & o!r factories1 *iefly 9 ,france & ,engl&1 9 ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,9 actual fact ! ,*9ese w>e to :i* ! t]m 8s(t pa/e0 is appli$ has an int5sely h>d body4 ,! glaze1 h[ev]1 :i* is s(t] ?an t ( ! ord9>y porcela91 conta9s a proportion ( lead1 & if n actually crackl$ f ! fir/ becomes s 9 use1 ! crackle l9es be+ usually irregul> & undecid$4 ,a detail$ description ( ! manufacture ( ?is w>e is giv5 by ,pre d',entrecolles1#bhi ?\gh he is probably at fault 9 suppos+ t its *ief +r$i5t 0 a rec5t discov]y 9 #agbb4 ,x 0 made1 he says1 ) a m9]al call$ hua %ih 79 place ( kaol971 a /one ( glut9\s & soapy nature1 & almo/ c]ta9ly correspond+ to ! /eatite or 8soapy rock0 :i* 0 us$ by ! old ,engli% porcela9 mak]s at ,bri/ol1 ,worce/] & ,liv]pool4 8,! porcela9 made ) hua %ih10 to quote ,pre d',entrecolles1 8is r>e & f> m exp5sive ?an ! o!r porcela94 ,x has an extremely f9e gra92 & = purposes ( pa9t+1 :5 comp>$ ) ord9>y porcela91 x is almo/ z vellum to pap]4 ,moreov]1 ?is w>e is surpris+ly light to anyone accu/om$ to h&le ! o!r k9ds2 x is also f> m fragile ?an ! ord9>y1 & !re is difficulty 9 f9d+ ! exact temp]ature = its fir+4 ,"s ( ! pott]s d n use hua %ih = ! body ( ! w>e1 b cont5t !mselves ) mak+ a dilut$ slip into :i* !y dip _! porcela9 :5 dry1 s z to give x a coat+ ( soap/one be=e x is pa9t$ & glaz$4 ,by ?is means x acquires a c]ta9 degree ( beauty40 ,! prep>ation ( ! hua %ih is also describ$1 b x is mu* ! same z t ( ! kaol91 & ! composition ( ! /eatitic body is giv5 z eight p>ts ( hua %ih to two ( porcela9 /one 7petuntse74 ,!re are1 !n1 two k9ds ( /eatitic porcela91 "o ) ! body actually compos$ ( hua %ih & ! o!r ) a m]e surface dress+ ( ?is mat]ial4 ,! =m] is light to h&le1 & opaque2 & ! body has a dry1 e>?y appe>ance1 ?\gh x is ( f9e gra9 & unctu\s to t\*4 ,x is v>i\sly nam$ by ! ,*9ese#bij %a-t'ai 7s& bodi$7 & *iang-t'ai 7pa/e bodi$71 & :5 ! glaze is crackl$ x is fur!r describ$ z k'ai pi5 7crackl$74 ,! pa9t+ on ! /eatitic porcela9 diff]s 9 /yle f t ( ! ord9>y blue & :ite ( ?is p]iod4 ,x is execut$ ) delicate t\*es l m9iature pa9t+1 & e /roke ( ! bru% tells1 ! effects be+ produc$ by f9e l9es r ?an by grad$ wa%es4 ,! w>e1 be+ co/ly to make1 is usually pa9t$ by skilful arti/s & 9 ! f9e/ blue4 ,fig4 #c1 ( ,plate #ic1 is an excell5t example ( ! pure /eatitic w>e1 an inc5se b[l 9 ! ,franks collection1 ( :i* ! base & a l>ge "p ( ! int]ior is unglaz$ & af=ds a good opportunity = ! /udy ( ! body mat]ial4 ,! glaze is ?9 & fa9tly crackl$1 & ! design--,hsi ,wang ,mu & ! ,taoi/ ,immortals--is delicately drawn 9 light1 cle> blue4 ,! second type1 :i* has only a dress+ ( /eatite ov] ! ord9>y body1 has nei!r ! same lightness nor ! opacity ( ! true /eatitic w>e1 b x has ! same s(t :ite surface1 & is pa9t$ 9 ! same /yle ( l9e draw+4 ,!re are1 besides1 o!r opaque & crackl$ w>es pa9t$ 9 und]glaze blue1 :i* are also describ$ z 8s(t pa/e10 &1 inde$1 des]ve ! "n f> m ?an ! /eatitic porcela94 ,! creamy1 crackl$ copies ( old ,t+ w>es1 = in/ance1 made ) *'+ ti5 /one1#bia are occasionally enri*$ ) blue designs2 & ! ord9>y /one-col\r$ crackle ) buff /a9+ is also pa9t$ at times ) und]glaze blue1#bib or ) blue designs on pads ( :ite clay 9 a crackl$ gr\nd4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re are num]\s w>es ( ! ,yung ,*ng & ,*'i5 ,lung p]iods :i* are probably compos$ 9 "p1 at lea/1 ( /eatite4 ,!y are usually opaque1 & ! surface is sometimes dead :ite1 sometimes creamy & (t5 undulat+ l orange peel1 & 9 addition to blue decoration1 enamel pa9t+ is n infrequ5t on ^! lat] types4 ,! purely /eatitic porcela9s are g5]ally ( small size1 :i* 0 appropriate to ! /yle ( pa9t+ z well z to ! exp5sive nature ( ! mat]ial4 ,! furniture ( ! s*ol>'s table1 ) its t9y fl[] vases = a s+le blossom1 its bru% wa%]s & wat] vessels ( fanciful =ms1 its pigm5t boxes1 etc41 7 suitable objects = ! mat]ial1 & _m ( ^! little crackl$ porcela9s are v]itable gems4 ,snuff bottles are ano!r appropriate article1 & a repres5tative collection ( snuff bottles w %[ bett] ?an any?+ ! great v>iety ( ^! mix$ w>es & s-call$ 8s(t pa/es40 ,x has be5 already obs]v$ t crackl$ blue & :ite porcela9 ( ! /eatitic k9d is f\nd ) ! date m>ks ( ,m+ ,emp]ors1 & !re c be little d\bt t x 0 made f e>ly ,m+ times1 b z ! /yle ( pa9t+ seems to h kn[n no *ange x w be always difficult to di/+ui% ! e>ly specim5s4 ,x is safe to assume t almo/ all ! specim5s 9 ,we/]n collections belong to ! ,*'+ dyna/y1 a few to ! ,k'ang ,hsi p]iod1 b ! bulk ( ! bett] examples to ! reigns ( ,yung ,*ng & ,*'i5 ,lung4 ,mod]n copies ( ! old] w>es also ab\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #ia4--;,blue & ,:ite ,k'ang ,hsi ,porcela94 ,fig4 #a4--,triple ,g\rd ,vase1 :ite 9 blue designs ( ar*aic dragons & scrolls ( season fl[]s4 ,height #cf in*es4 ,dresd5 ,collection4 ,fig4 #b4--;,beak]1 :ite magnolia design slightly rais$1 ) blue backgr\nd4 ,height #ah in*es4 ,briti% ,museum4 ,fig4 #c4--8;,gr5adi] ,vase10 panels ) ! ,p>agons ( ,filial ,piety4 ,height #dd in*es4 ,dresd5 ,collection4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #ib4--;,blue & ,:ite ,k'ang ,hsi ,porcela94 ,fig4 #a4--,spr9kl] ) lotus design4 ,height #f in*es4 ,briti% ,museum4 ,fig4 #b4--;,bottle ) biscuit h&les1 design ( graceful ladies 7mei j574 ,height #aa in*es4 ,fitzwilliam ,museum 7=m]ly ,d4 ,g4 ,rosetti ,collection74 ,fig4 #c4--;,bottle ) h&les copi$ f ,v5etian glass4 ,height #f in*es4 ,briti% ,museum4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #ic4--;,blue & ,:ite ,porcela94 ,fig4 #a4--,tazza ) ,sanskrit *>act]s4 ,*'i5 ,lung m>k4 ,height #d in*es4 ,briti% ,museum4 ,fig4 #b4--,wat] ,pot1 butt]fly & fl[]s1 /eatitic porcela94 ,wan ,li m>k4 ,height #a in*es4 ,eumorfop\los ,collection4 ,fig4 #c4--;,b[l1 /eatitic porcela94 ,immortals on a log raft4 ,k'ang ,hsi p]iod4 ,diamet] #e in*es4 ,briti% ,museum4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #id4--,porcela9 decorat$ 9 enamels on ! biscuit4 ,fig4 #a4--;,ew] 9 =m ( ! "* ,%\ 7,longevity72 blue & :ite panel ) figure designs4 ,e>ly ,k'ang ,hsi p]iod4 ,height #h in*es4 ,salt+ ,collection4 ,fig4 #b4--;,ink ,palette1 dat$ #ca/ ye> ( ,k'ang ,hsi 7#afib ,a4,d474 ,l5g? #e in*es4 ,briti% ,museum4 ,an int]e/+ passage 9 ! fir/ lett]#bic ( ,pre d',entrecolles describes a curi\s k9d ( porcela91 ( :i* ! secret _h already be5 lo/4 ,x 0 kn[n z *ia *'+ or 8blue put 9 press10 & x 0 said t ! blue designs on ! cups s treat$ 7 only visible :5 ! vessel 0 fill$ ) wat]4 ,! me?od ( ! manufacture is describ$ z foll[s3 8,! porcela9 to be s decorat$ _h to be v ?92 :5 x 0 dry1 a r /rong blue 0 appli$1 n to ! ext]ior 9 ! usual mann]1 b on ! int]ior to ! sides4 ,! design usually consi/$ ( fi%1 z be+ specially appropriate to appe> :5 ! cup 0 fill$ ) wat]4 ,:5 ! col\r 0 dry a light coat+ ( slip1 made ) ! body mat]ial1 0 appli$1 & ?is coat+ enclos$ ! blue betwe5 two lay]s ( clay4 ,:5 ?is coat+ 0 dry1 glaze 0 spr9kl$ inside ! cup1 & %ortly aft]w>ds ! porcela9 0 plac$ on ! :eel4 ,z ! body _h be5 /r5g!n$ on ! int]ior1 ! pott] proce$$ to p>e x d[n outside z f9e z possible )\t actually p5etrat+ to ! col\r4 ,! ext]ior 0 !n glaz$ by imm]sion4 ,:5 completely dry x 0 fir$ 9 ! ord9>y furnace4 ,! "w is extremely delicate1 & requires a dext]ity :i* ! ,*9ese seem no long] to possess4 ,/ill1 !y try f "t to "t to recov] ! secret ( ?is magical pa9t+1 b )\t success4 ,"o ( !m told me rec5tly t he _h made a fre% attempt1 & _h almo/ succe$$40 ,no example ( ?is my/]i\s porcela9 is kn[n to exi/1 & x is probable t ! :ole /ory is bas$ on "s ill-gr\nd$ tradition4 ,x is true t wat] w br+ out ! fad$ design on c]ta9 old pott]ies1 b ?is is due to ! action ( ! wat] 9 re/or+ transp>5cy to a s(t decay$ glaze4 ,b h[ ! wat] or any o!r liquid c\ld affect ! transp>5cy ( a h>d1 imp5etrable porcela9 glaze1 /ill less influ5ce ! col\r conceal$ b5ea? a lay] ( clay & glaze1 is f> f cle>4 ,inde$1 ! :ole /ory sav\rs ( ! 8tall tales0 quot$ 9 *ap4 x4 ( vol4 i4 ,b p]haps x w n be inappropriate to m5tion "h ano!r peculi> type ( blue & :ite1 :i*1 if we may judge by ! e>ly date m>k usually plac$ ^u x1 ?r[s back to "s old] model4 ,! design1 usually a dragon1 is delicately trac$ ) a ne$le po9t on ! body ( ! w>e1 & a little cobalt blue is du/$ into ! incisions4#bid ,! glaze is !n appli$1 & :5 ! piece is fir$ & f9i%$ ! dragon design appe>s fa9tly 8tattoo$0 9 pale blue4 ,! effect is light & delicate1 b ( small decorative value1 & ! few examples :i* ,i h se5 are r$eem$ f insignificance by a peculi>ly beautiful body ( pure glassy porcela94 ,!y be> an apocryphal ,*'ng ,hua m>k1 b evid5tly belong to ! fir/ half ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 to ! ,yung ,*ng1 or p]haps ! late ,k'ang ,hsi p]iod4 ,,*apt] ,x ,k',,ang ,,hsi ,,poly*rome ,,porcela9s ,broadly speak+1 ! poly*rome porcela9s ( ! ,m+ & ,k'ang ,hsi p]iods are ! same 9 pr9ciple1 ?\gh !y diff] widely 9 /yle & execution4 ,! g5]al types cont9u$1 & ! fir/ to be consid]$ is t 9 :i* all ! col\rs are fir$ 9 ! high temp]ature ( ! l>ge kiln1 compris+ und]glaze blue & und]glaze r$1 & c]ta9 slips & col\r$ glazes4 ,conspicu\s among ! la/ is a pale gold5 br[n commonly kn[n z ,nank+ yell[1 :i* is f\nd 9 n>r[ b&s or 9 broad wa%es1 divid+ or surr\nd+ blue designs1 & is specially common on ! bottles1 spr9kl]s1 g\rd-%ap$ vases1 & small j>s export$ to ,europe 9 ! la/ half ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,! gold5 br[n also d>k5s into c(fee br[n1 & 9 "s cases x alt]nates 9 b&s ) buff crackle & pale celadon gre54 ,a deep olive br[n glaze is sometimes f\nd z a backgr\nd = ornam5t 9 m\ld$ reliefs :i* are t\*$ ) und]glaze blue & r$4 ,a f9e vase ( ?is type is 9 ! ,salt+ ,collection1 & a good example 0 giv5 by ,mr4 ,&rew ,burman to ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,bo? seem to be design$ aft] bronze models4 ,b ! c5tral col\r ( ?is gr\p is und\bt$ly ! und]glaze r$4 ,d]iv$ f copp] x is closely ak9 to ! r$ ( ! *i hung glaze1 & bo? 7 conspicu\s on ! ,hsan ,t porcela91 bo? fell into disuse 9 ! lat] ,m+ p]iods1 & bo? 7 reviv$ 9 ! reign ( ,k'ang ,hsi4 ,i h se5 two examples ( ?is col\r 9 comb9ation ) und]glaze blue be>+ ! hall m>k *ung-ho-t'ang1 & cyclical dates correspond+ to #afga & #afgb respectively4 ,9 nei!r ( ^! pieces1 h[ev]1 0 ! r$ v successful1 & probably ! bett] ,k'ang ,hsi specim5s belong to a lat] p]iod ( ! reign4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 always a difficult col\r to fire1 & examples 9 :i* ! r$ is p]fectly develop$ are r>e4 ,z a rule1 x t5ds to assume a m>oon or d>k r$di% br[n t9t4 ,nor is ! me?od ( its application always ! same4 ,sometimes x is pa9t$ on 9 clean1 crisp bru% /rokes2 at o!rs x is pil$ up 9 ?ick wa%es :i* fl[ 9 ! fir+ & assume "s ( ! qualities & ! col\r ( sang de buf r$1 ev5 display+ occasional crackle2 on o!r pieces aga9 a 8pea* bloom0 t9t is develop$4#bie ,on two ( ! be/ examples 9 ! ,franks ,collection1 :]e a deep blood r$ is comb9$ ) a f9e quality ( blue1 x is notewor?y t ! surface ( ! :ite glaze has a peculi> dull lu/re4 ,?is1 ,i und]/&1 is due to 8sulphur+0 9 ! kiln1 a condition :i*1 :e!r accid5tal or int5tional1 is c]ta9ly fav\rable to ! r$ col\r4 ,x is also noticeable t ! r$ is p>ticul>ly successful "u a glaze :i* is fa9tly t+$ ) celadon gre5 su* z is (t5 us$ on imitations ( ,m+ porcela9s1 & x 0 no d\bt ?is consid]ation :i* l$ to ! frequ5t use ( celadon gre5 9 ?is gr\p4 ,! celadon is us$ ei!r z a gr\nd col\r = ! :ole piece or 9 p>ts only ( ! design1 & ! addition ( :ite slip fur!r /r5g!n$ ! palette4 ,) ^! col\rs "s exquisite effects h be5 compass$ 9 su* designs z birds on prunus b\ghs & /orks among lotus plants1 ! ma9 design be+ 9 blue1 ! blossoms 9 :ite slip slightly rais$ & t\*$ ) r$1 & ! backgr\nd pla9 :ite1 celadon gre5 7,plate #aae71 & sometimes pale lav5d] blue4 ,! celadon & pale lav5d] vases ) ?is decoration 7 fav\rites ) ! ,fr5* 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 & _m sets ( vases & beak]s 9 ?is /yle h be5 furni%$ ) sumptu\s ormolu m\nts by ! ,fr5* goldsmi?s4 ,! pa9t+ 9 und]glaze r$1 :i* 0 reviv$ 9 ! ,k'ang ,hsi p]iod1 cont9u$ ) success 9 ! succe$+ reigns ( ,yung ,*ng & ,*'i5 ,lung 7inde$ x has n ceas$ to ?is day71 b ! bulk ( ! f9] examples 9 our collections seem to belong to ! late ,k'ang ,hsi & ! ,yung ,*ng p]iods4 ,! und]glaze r$ is us$ alone z well z 9 comb9ation1 & "s ( its mo/ successful effects are f\nd on small objects l col\r boxes & snuff bottles4 ,! black or br[n pigm5t us$ = outl9+ designs "u ! s(t] enamel col\rs su* z gre5 & yell[1 ?\gh 9 "o s5se an und]glaze col\r1 does n belong to ?is gr\p4 ,f ?is gr\p ( poly*rome porcela9 we pass to ano!r 9 :i* ! col\r is giv5 by wa%es ( v>i\s glazes4 ,a few ( ! high-fir$ glazes are employ$ = ?is purpose1 especially blue 9 comb9ation ) celadon gre5 & :ite1 & a few clay slips1 ( :i* ! commone/ is a dress+ ( br[n clay appli$ )\t any glaze & produc+ an iron-col\r$ surface4 ,! mo/ famili> memb]s ( ?is gr\p are small ,taoi/ figures ( r\gh b vivaci\s modell+ ) drap]ies glaz$ blue1 celadon & :ite1#bif & ! base unglaz$ & slightly br[n$ 9 ! fir+4 ,collectors are tempt$ to reg>d ^! figures z late or mod]n productions1 b examples 9 ! ,dresd5 collection prove t ?is te*nique 0 employ$ 9 ! ,k'ang ,hsi p]iod4 ,9 ! same collection !re are numb]s ( small toy figures1 su* z monkeys1 ox51 grotesque human =ms1 etc41 sometimes s]v+ z :i/les or z wat]-dropp]s4 ,!y are made ( co>se porcela9 or /onew>e ) a ?9 dress+ ( br[n f]rug9\s clay1 & t\*es ( high-fir$ glazes4 ,! appe>ance ( ^!1 too1 is s mod]n t we realise ) feel+s ( surprise t !y =m$ "p ( ! collection ( ,augu/us ! ,/rong4 ,! poly*rome porcela9 col\r$ ) glazes ( ! demi-gr& feu 7i4e4 glazes fir$ 9 ! m temp]ate p>ts ( ! l>ge kiln7 has be5 discuss$ 9 ! *apt]s on ! ,m+ p]iod4#big ,! gr\p *>act]is$ by gre51 turquoise & aub]g9e violet1 semi-opaque1 & m9utely crackl$ is n conspicu\s among ,k'ang ,hsi porcela9s2 inde$ x seems to h virtually ceas$ ) ! ,m+ dyna/y4 ,! individual col\rs1 h[ev]1 7 /ill us$ z mono*romes2 9 comb9ation !y are *iefly repres5t$ by aub]g9e violet & turquoise 9 broad wa%es on su* objects z pea*-%ap$ w9e pots1 ,buddhi/ lions ) joss-/ick hold]s atta*$1 p>rots1 & simil> ornam5ts4 ,! o!r ?ree-col\r gr\p1 compos$ ( transp>5t gre51 yell[ & aub]g9e purple glazes1 usually associat$ ) designs f9ely et*$ ) a metal po9t on ! body1 7 freely us$ 9 ! ,k'ang ,hsi & ,yung ,*ng p]iods 9 imitation ( ,m+ prototypes4 ,su* specim5s are (t5 *>act]is$ by extreme neatness ( workman%ip & te*nical p]fection ( ! w>e4 ,! be/-kn[n examples are ?91 beautifully pott$ rice b[ls1 ) slightly ev]t$ rim1 & a design ( five-claw$ ,imp]ial dragons trac$ ) a po9t & fill$ 9 ) a col\r contra/+ ) t ( ! gr\nd1 e4g4 gre5 on yell[1 or gre5 on aub]g9e1 all ! possible *anges be+ rung on ! ?ree col\rs4 ,be+ ,imp]ial w>es ^! b[ls are usually m>k$ ) ! ni5 hao ( _! p]iod1 b su* is ! trimness ( _! make t collectors are tempt$ to reg>d !m z specim5s ( a lat] reign4 ,b "h aga9 ! ,dresd5 collection gives important evid5ce1 = x conta9s a b[l ( ?is class ) dragons 9 a rem>kable purpli% black col\r 7probably an accid5tal v>iety ( ! aub]g9e7 9 a yell[ gr\nd4 ,x be>s ! m>k ( ! ,k'ang ,hsi p]iod4 ,! application ( simil> plumbo-alcal9e glazes to a common] type ( porcela9 is describ$ by ,pre d',entrecolles#bih3--8,!re is a k9d ( col\r$ porcela9 :i* is sold at a l[] rate ?an ! enamell$ w>e j describ$4444 ,! mat]ial requir$ = ?is "w ne$ n be s f9e4 ,vessels :i* h already be5 bak$ 9 ! great furnace )\t glaze1 & consequ5tly :ite & lu/reless1 are col\r$ by imm]sion 9 a b[l fill$ ) ! col\r+ prep>ation if !y are int5d$ to be mono*rome4 ,b if !y are requir$ to be poly*rome l ! objects call$ hoam l\ h\an1#bii :i* are divid$ into k9ds ( panels1 "o gre51 "o yell[1 etc41 ! col\rs are laid on ) a l>ge bru%4 ,?is is all t ne$ be done to ?is type ( porcela91 except t aft] ! fir+ a little v]milion is appli$ to c]ta9 p>ts su* z ! beaks ( birds1 etc4 ,?is v]milion1 h[ev]1 is n fir$1 z x w\ld evaporate 9 ! kiln1 & consequ5tly x does n la/4 ,:5 ! v>i\s col\rs h be5 appli$1 ! porcela9 is refir$ 9 ! great furnace ) ! o!r w>es :i* h n yet be5 bak$2 b c>e is tak5 to place x at ! bottom ( ! furnace & bel[ ! v5t-hole :]e ! fire is less fi]ce2 o!rwise ! great heat w\ld de/roy ! col\rs40 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ie ,two examples ( ,porcela9 pa9t$ ) col\r$ enamels on ! biscuit1 ! details ( ! designs be+ fir/ trac$ 9 br[n4 ,k'ang ,hsi p]iod 7#affb-agbb7 ,fig4 #a4--,"o ( a pair ( ,buddhi/ic ,lions1 sometimes call$ ,dogs ( ,fo4 ,?is is app>5tly ! lioness1 ) h] cub3 ! lion has a ball ( brocade "u 8 paw4 ,on ! head is ! "* wang 7pr9ce7 :i* is m usual on ! tig] ( ,*9ese art4 ,height #ah in*es4 ,s4 ,e4 ,k5n$y ,collection4 ,fig4 #b4--;,bottle-%ap$ ,vase & ,/& m\ld$ 9 bamboo patt]n & decorat$ ) floral brocade designs & diap]s4 ,height #h in*es4 ,cope ,beque/ 7,victoria ,alb]t ,museum74 ,9 ?is int]e/+ passage1 writt5 9 #agbb1 we h a precise acc\nt ( ! manufacture ( "o ( ! types ( porcela9 :i* h be5 indiscrim9ately assign$ to ! ,m+ p]iod4 ,?is on-biscuit poly*rome 0 und\bt$ly made 9 ! ,m+ dyna/y1 b 9 view ( d',entrecolles' description x w be safe to assume t1 unless !re is "s v good evid5ce to ! contr>y1 ! examples 9 our collections are n old] ?an ,k'ang ,hsi4 ,! type is easily id5tifi$ f ! above quotation1 & !re is a little gr\p ( ! w>es 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 mo/ly small figures & ornam5ts ) wa%es ( gre51 br[ni% yell[ & aub]g9e purple appli$ direct to ! biscuit1 & on "s ( ! unglaz$ details ! unfir$ v]milion /ill adh]es4 ,^! col\r$ glazes are comp\nd$ ) p[d]$ fl9t1 lead1 saltpetre1 & col\r+ oxides1 & ! porcela9 belongs to ! compreh5sive gr\p ( san ts'ai or ?ree-col\r w>e1 al?\gh ! ?ree col\rs--gre51 yell[ & aub]g9e--are supplem5t$ by a black =m$ ( br[n black pigm5t "u "o ( ! transluc5t glazes & a :ite :i* d',entrecolles describes#cjj z compos$ ( ounce ( p[d]$ fl9t to e ounce ( :ite lead4 ,?is la/ =ms ! ?91 iridesc5t film (t5 ( a fa9tly gre5i% t+e1 :i* s]ves z :ite on ^! ?ree-col\r porcela9s4 ,9 r>e cases also a violet blue enamel is add$ to ! col\r s*eme4 ,a *>act]i/ic ( ?is p>ticul> type is ! abs5ce ( any pa9t$ outl9es4 ,! col\rs are m]ely broad wa%es b\nd$ by ! fl[ ( ! glaze1 & ?is /yle ( poly*rome is be/ suit$ to figures & m\ld$ ornam5tal pieces1 9 :i* ! details ( ! design =m natural l9es ( dem>cation = ! glazes4 ,on a flat surface ?is me?od ( coloration is only suit$ to su* pat*y patt]ns z ! s-call$ tig] sk9 & ! tortoise%ell w>es4 ,! ,dresd5 collection is peculi>ly ri* 9 ?is k9d ( san ts'ai1 b ?\gh two or ?ree ( ! specim5s 7,plate #ga1 ,figs4 #a & #b7 diff]+ consid]ably f ! re/1 are cle>ly ( ! ,m+ p]iod1 ! great majority are und\bt$ly contemporane\s ) ! =m+ ( ! collection1 viz4 ( ! ,k'ang ,hsi p]iod4 ,! latt] include num]\s figures1 human & animal1 & ornam5ts su* z ! junk on ,plate #ih1 besides "s complicat$ /ructures ( rocks & %r9es & grottos1 peopl$ ) t9y images & human figures4 ,to ?is gr\p belong su* specim5s z ! 8br9jal b[ls10 ) ev]t$ rim & slight floral designs engrav$ 9 outl9e & fill$ 9 ) col\r$ glaze 9 a gr\nd ( aub]g9e 7br9jal7 purple4 ,!re are simil> specim5s ) gre5 gr\nd1 & bo? types are frequ5tly class$ ) ,m+ w>es4 ,"s ( !m may inde$ belong to ! late ,m+ p]iod1#cja b ^? ) f9] f9i% are c]ta9ly ,k'ang ,hsi4 ,!y are usually m>k$ ) r\gh1 undeciph]able seal m>ks 9 blue1 :i* are commonly kn[n z %op m>ks4 ,"s ( ! figures ( deities1 birds & animals1 besides ! small ornam5tal objects su* z bru%-wa%]s 9 ! =m ( lotus leaves & little wat] vessels = ! writ+ table are ( v high quality1 skilfully modell$ & ( mat]ial f> f9] ?an t describ$ by d',entrecolles4 ,fig4 #b1 ,plate #ii1 a /atuette ( ,ho ,hsi5-ku1 "o ( ! ,eight ,immortals1 is an example4 ,! fle% is 9 :ite biscuit1 %[+ ! f9e gra9 ( ! porcela91 :ite to-day1 ?\gh possibly x 0 orig9ally col\r$ ) unfir$ pigm5t & gilt z 0 (t5 ! case4 ,! glazes on ?is f9] quality ( w>e1 especially ! gre5 & ! aub]g9e1 are peculi>ly smoo? & sleek1 & ! yell[ is full] & br[n] ?an on ! k9dr$ w>e1 enamell$ on ! biscuit1 :i* we n[ proce$ to inve/igate4 ,! ,fr5* t]m1 maill sur biscuit1 is us$ some:at broadly to cov] ! col\r$ glazes j describ$1 z well z ! enamels prop] ( ! muffle kiln4 ,we %all try to conf9e ! expression1 8on-biscuit enamels10 to ! s(t]1 v]ifiable enamels :i* are fir$ at a l[] temp]ature & 9 a small] kiln or muffle4 ,^! are1 9 fact1 ! same enamels z are us$ 9 ! ord9>y famille v]te porcela9 pa9t$ ov] ! f9i%$ glaze1 b :5 appli$ direct to ! biscuit !y h a slightly d>k] & mell[] tone1 ! backgr\nd ( biscuit reflect+ less light ?an ! glitt]+ :ite glaze4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #if ,vase ( balu/] =m pa9t$ 9 col\r$ enamels on ! biscuit4 ,! design1 :i* is outl9$ 9 br[n1 consi/s ( a beautifully drawn prunus 7mei hua7 tree 9 blossom & hov]+ birds1 beside a rock]y & small] plants ( bamboo1 etc41 set 9 a gr\nd ( mottl$ gre54 ,*'ng ,hua m>k b ,k'ang ,hsi p]iod 7#affb-agbb7 ,height #af in*es4 ,briti% ,museum4 ,?\gh ! col\r s*eme ( ?is gr\p is sub/antially ! same z t ( ! san ts'ai glazes1 & ?\gh ! enamels :5 us$ 9 wide areas are n always easily di/+ui%$ f ! glazes1 ! =m] d1 9 fact1 diff] 9 conta9+ m lead1 be+ actually s(t] & m liable to acquire crackle & iridesc5ce1 & 9 "s cases !re are appreciable diff]5ces 9 t9t4 ,! yell[ enamel1 = in/ance1 is z a rule pal]1 & ev5 :5 ( a d>k t9t x has a muddy tone want+ 9 ! fullness & /r5g? ( ! yell[ glaze2 ! gre5 enamel v>ies widely 9 tone f ! glaze1 & includes1 besides1 sev]al fre% %ades1 among :i* is a s(t apple gre5 ( great beauty2 & ! aub]g9e is less cl>et col\r$ & (t5 ( a decid$ly p9ki% tone4 ,b p]haps ! mo/ di/9ctive feature ( ?is san ts'ai ( ! muffle kiln is ! c>eful trac+ ( ! design 9 a br[n black pigm5t on ! biscuit4 ,! transp>5t enamels are wa%$ on ov] ^! black outl9es1 & give appropriate col\rs )\t obscur+ ! design :i* is already complete 9 itself4#cjb ,! same br[n black pigm5t#cjc is also us$ ov] wide areas1 laid on ?ickly & wa%$ ) transp>5t gre5 to =m ! f9e gre5 black :i* is s highly priz$4 ,l s mu* ( ! porcela9 ) col\r$ ornam5t appli$ to ! biscuit ?is l>ge gr\p has be5 indiscrim9ately assign$ to ! ,m+ dyna/y4 ,! lack ( docum5t>y evid5ce has made x difficult to combat ?is obvi\s fallacy1 obvi\s because ! =m & /yle ( decoration ( ! f9e/ specim5s are purely ,k'ang ,hsi 9 ta/e & feel+2 b1 :ile fully recognis+ t ! s*eme ( decoration 0 n a new "o1 b _h be5 9 use 9 ! ,m+ porcela9s1 ,i w\ld po9t a w>n+ f+] aga9#cjd to ! ink slab 9 ! ,briti% ,museum ) its design ( aub]g9e plum blossoms on conv5tional gre5 waves1 its bord]s ( loz5ge & hexagon diap]1 all enamell$ on ! biscuit1 & 9 ! *>act]i/ic /yle habitually describ$ z ,m+ 9 sale catalogues1 b actually dat$ #afib4 ,ano!r consid]ation is ! quantity ( ^! pieces 9 ! ,dresd5 collection :i* consi/s ma9ly ( ,k'ang ,hsi w>es1 & ! pres5ce ( sev]al examples 7e4g4 bamboo vases su* z ,fig4 #b ( ,plate #ie7 9 ! rooms ( ! ,*>lott5burg ,palace1 :i* 7 furni%$ ma9ly ) pres5ts made by ! ,briti% ,ea/ ,india ,company to ,que5 ,sophia ,*>lotte 7#affh-agje74 ,m>ks are r>e on ?is gr\p1 z a :ole1 ?\gh !y occur fairly frequ5tly on ! l>ge vases1 ! commone/ be+ ! date m>k ( ! ,*'ng ,hua p]iod4 ,no "o w\ld1 h[ev]1 s]i\sly argue a fifte5? c5tury date f ?is m>k :i* is f> m common ?an any o!r on ,k'ang ,hsi porcela92 & ,i h actually se5 ! ,k'ang ,hsi m>k on "o or two specim5s :i* appe>$ to be p]fectly g5u9e4 ,curi\sly en\gh ! ,k'ang ,hsi m>k is m (t5 a sign ( a mod]n imitation1 b ?is 9 view ( ! p]v]se me?ods ( m>k+ ,*9ese porcela9 is 9 itself evid5ce t ! mod]n copyi/ reg>ds ! reign ( ,k'ang ,hsi z ! be/ p]iod ( manufacture = ?is /yle ( w>e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ig ,squ>e ,vase ) p5dul\s body & high neck slightly exp&+ t[>ds ! top3 two h&les 9 ! =m ( ar*aic liz>d-l dragons 7*ih lung71 & a pyramidal base4 ,porcela9 pa9t$ ) col\r$ enamels on ! biscuit1 ) sc5es repres5t+ ,immortals on a log raft approa*+ ,m\nt ,p'ng-lai 9 ! ,taoi/ ,p>adise4 ,k'ang ,hsi p]iod 7#affb-agbb7 ,height #bj in*es4 ,briti% ,museum4 ,! noble/ examples ( ?is gr\p1 & p]haps ! f9e/ ( all ,*9ese poly*romes1 are ! spl5did vases ) designs res]v$ 9 gr\nds ( gre5 black1 yell[ or leaf gre54 ,plates #if1 #ig & ,frontispiece w s]ve to illu/rate ! col\rs & at ! same "t "s ( ! fav\rite =ms#cje ( ^! sumptu\s pieces1 ! balu/] vase1 & ! squ>e vase ) p5dul\s body1 pyramidal base1 & two h&les usually ( ar*aic dragon =m4 ,! fav\rite design = ! decoration ( ^! =ms is ! fl[]+ prunus tree1 beside a rock]y ) a few bright plumag$ birds 9 ! bran*es1 "o ( ! mo/ famili> & at ! same "t mo/ beautiful ( ,*9ese patt]ns 7see ,plate #if74 ,! fl[]s ( ! f\r seasons--peony1 lotus1 *rysan!mum & prunus--=m a beautiful decoration = ! f\r sides ( ano!r fav\rite =m1 a tall vase ( squ>e elevation ) sides lightly tap]+ d[nw>ds1 r\nd$ %\ld]s1 arid circul> neck1 slightly fl>+ at ! m\?4 ,! specim5s illu/rat$ are 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 b !re is a wond]ful s]ies ( ^! lordly vases 9 ! ,salt+ ,collection1 & 9 ! ,pi]pont ,morgan & ,altmann ,collections 9 ,new ,york4 ,to-day !y are r>e1 & *ange h&s at enorm\s prices4 ,consequ5tly all mann] ( imitations ab\nd1 ,european & ,ori5tal1 ! mod]n ,*9ese "w 9 ?is /yle be+ (t5 highly successful4 ,b ! mo/ insidi\s copies are ! delib]ate frauds 9 :i* old ,k'ang ,hsi vases are /ripp$ ( a relatively *eap =m ( decoration1 ! glaze & col\r be+ remov$ by gr9d+1 & furni%$ ) a clev]ly enamell$ design 9 col\rs on ! biscuit4 ,! actual col\rs are (t5 excell5t1 & z ! w>e se5 at ! base is ! g5u9e ,k'ang ,hsi porcela9 ev5 ! exp]i5c$ connoisseur may be deceiv$ at fir/1 ?\gh probably 8 misgiv+s w be ar\s$ by some?+ 9 ! draw+ :i* betrays ! copyi/1 & a se>*+ exam9ation ( ! surface w reveal "s traces ( ! s9i/] treatm5t to :i* x has be5 subject$ or ! tell-tale m>ks1 su* z black specks or burns1 left on ! foot rim by ! process ( refir+4 ,!re is mu* tru? besides 9 ! say+ t ?+s 8look _! age10 & artificial signs ( we> imp>t$ by friction & rubb+ ) s& or grit are n difficult = ! exp]i5c$ eye to detect4 ,z already not$1 ! black ( ! preci\s black-gr\nd vases1 ! famille noire z !y are sometimes call$1 is =m$ by ov]lay+ a dull black pigm5t ) wa%es ( transp>5t gre5 enamel4 ,! result is a ri* gre5i% black1 ! enamel imp>t+ life & fire to ! dull pigm5t2 & z ! gre5 is flux$ ) lead x t5ds to become iridesc5t1 giv+ an additional gre5 reflet to ! black surface4 ,! mod]n pott]s h le>nt to imp>t an iridesc5ce to _! enamels1 & "o (t5 sees a /rong lu/re on specim5s :i* are cle>ly 8hot f ! kiln02 b ^! enamels h a /icky appe>ance diff]+ widely f ! mell[ lu/re :i* p>tial decay has spread ov] ! ,k'ang ,hsi col\rs4 ,x w be f\nd1 besides1 t ! %apes ( ! mod]n copies are want+ 9 ! grace & feel+ ( ! orig9als4 ,?is type ( porcela9 enamell$ on ! biscuit is p>ticul>ly well suit$ to /atuettes & ornam5tal objects ( complex =m4 ,! details ( ! biscuit rema9 %>p & cle>1 & !re is no ?ick :ite glaze to s(t5 ! projections & fill up ! cavities1 = ! wa%es ( transp>5t enamel are too slight to obscure ! modell+4 ,consequ5tly we f9d 9 ?is /yle ( w>e all ! famili> ,*9ese figures1 ! ,buddhi/ & ,taoi/ deities1 demigods1 & sages1 :i*1 l our own madonnas & sa9ts1 mo/ly con=m to well e/abli%$ conv5tions1 diff]+ ma9ly 9 _! size1 ! quality ( _! f9i%1 ! =m ( _! bases or p$e/als1 & ! details ( ! surface col\r+4 ,( ^! ! figures ( ,kuan-y9#cjf are ! mo/ frequ5t & ! mo/ attractive1 ! compassionate goddess ) sweet p5sive face1 m\nt$ on a lotus p$e/al or a rocky ?rone & sometimes canopi$ ) a cloak :i* s]ves z a hood & a cov]+ = h] back & %\ld]s4 ,%e has moreov] a long fl[+ robe op5 at ! neck1 & display+ a jewell$ necklace on h] b>e bosom4 ,!re are1 besides1 ! god ( ,longevity3 ! ,eight ,immortals3 ,tung-fang ,s ) 8 /ol5 pea*es3 ! />-gods ( ,longevity1 ,rank1 & ,happ9ess3 ! tw9 g5ii ( ,mir? & ,h>mony3 ,kuan-ti1 ! god ( ,w>1 on a ?rone or on horseback3 ,lao-tz on 8 ox3 ! demon-l ,kuei ,hs+1 & ! dignifi$ ,wn ,*'ang1 gods ( ,lit]ature2 & all ! ?rong4 ,!re are a few animal =ms su* z ! horse1 ! ox1 ! elephant1 ! my?ical *'i-l91 & mo/ common ( all ! ,buddhi/ lions 7sometimes call$ ! dogs ( ,fo71 usually 9 pairs1 "o ) a cub1 & ! o!r play+ ) a ball ( brocade1 m\nt$ on an oblong base1 to :i* is atta*$1 9 ! small] sizes at any rate1 a tube = hold+ inc5se /icks4 ,o!r famili> objects are f\r-foot$ or tripod /&s = manuscript rolls1 boxes = bru%es col\rs1 etc41 ink scre5s1 wat] pots ( fanciful %ape = ! writ+ table1 picture plaques 7,plate #ajj71 supp] sets made up ( a numb] ( small trays :i* fit toge!r 9 ! =m ( a lotus fl[]#cjg or a rosette1 p]=at$ boxes & hang+ vases = fragrant fl[]s 7,fig4 #b ( ,plate #ih71 8butt]fly cages10 & 8cricket boxes40 ,ano!r well-kn[n specim5 repres5ts ! fam\s ,t'ang poet1 ,li ,t'ai-po1 ! ,horace ( ,*9a1 recl9+ 9 drunk5 /upor aga9/ a half ov]turn$ w9e j>1 ! :ole s]v+ z a wat] vessel = ! writ+ table4 ,in/ances ( ! comb9ation ( on-glaze & on-biscuit enamels 9 ! same piece also occur4 ,?us on ! spl5did black-gr\nd poti*e 9 ! ,franks ,collection 7,frontispiece7 passages ( :ite glaze h be5 ins]t$ to receive ! coral r$ col\r :i* app>5tly c\ld n be appli$ to ! biscuit4 ,& conv]sely 9 ! ord9>y famille v]te decoration on ! glaze !re are sometimes ins]t$ small areas ( on-biscuit enamels on bord]s1 h&les1 base ornam5ts1 etc4 ,su* comb9ations give an excell5t opportunity = obs]v+ ! contra/ betwe5 ! s(t]1 full] t9ts on ! biscuit & ! bright]1 m jewel-l enamels on ! :ite glaze4 ,9 r>e in/ances we f9d passages ( blue & :ite decoration associat$ ) ! on-biscuit enamels z on ! curi\s ew] illu/rat$ by ,fig4 #a ( ,plate #id4 ,blue & :ite is simil>ly comb9$ ) decoration 9 col\r$ glazes on ! biscuit 9 a late ,m+ j> 9 ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum 7,case #i1 ,no4 #dcif-eg74 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #ih4--,k'ang ,hsi ,porcela9 ) on-biscuit decoration4 ,dresd5 ,collection4 ,fig4 #a4--,teapot 9 =m ( a lotus se$-pod1 enamels on ! biscuit4 ,height #b in*es4 ,fig4 #b4--;,hang+ ,p]fume ,vase1 reticulat$1 enamels on ! biscuit4 ,height #c in*es4 ,fig4 #c4--,ornam5t 9 =m ( a junk1 transp>5t san ts'ai glazes4 ,height #aa in*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #ii4--,k'ang ,hsi ,porcela9 ) on-biscuit decoration4 ,fig4 #a4--;,ew] ) black enamel gr\nd1 lion h&le4 ,height #h in*es4 ,cope ,beque/ 7,v4 ,a4 ,museum74 ,fig4 #b4--;,figure ( ! ,taoi/ ,immortal1 ,ho ,hsi5 ,ku1 transp>5t san ts'ai glazes4 ,height #aj in*es4 ,s4 ,e4 ,k5n$y ,collection4 ,fig4 #c4--,vase & ,/&1 enamell$ on ! biscuit4 ,height #h in*es4 ,cope ,beque/4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #ajj4--,scre5 ) ,porcela9 ,plaque1 pa9t$ 9 enamels on ! biscuit4 ,light gre5 backgr\nd4 ,k'ang ,hsi p]iod 7#affb-agbb74 ,total height #bb in*es4 ,9 ! ,collection ( ! ,hon4 ,e4 ,evan ,*>t]is4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #aja4--,vase ) panels ( l&scapes & po ku symbols 9 famille v]te enamels ,9 a gr\nd ( und]glaze blue trellis patt]n4 ,k'ang ,hsi p]iod 7#affb-agbb74 ,height #cb in*es4 ,dresd5 ,collection4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #ajb4--,two ,di%es ( famille v]te ,porcela9 9 ! ,dresd5 ,collection4 ,k'ang ,hsi p]iod 7#affb-agbb74 ,fig4 #a4--,) birds on a fl[]+ bran*1 brocade bord]s4 ,arti/'s signature 9 ! field4 ,diamet] #af in*es4 ,fig4 #b4--,) ladies on a g>d5 t]race4 ,diamet] #ba in*es4 ,! famili> phrase1 famille v]te1 0 fir/ us$ by ,jacquem>t z a class "n = ! enamell$ porcela9s on :i* gre5 plays a lead+ "p4 ,accord+ to ?is def9ition x %\ld include ! ,wan li wu ts'ai1 ! ,m+ enamell$ porcela91 z well z mu* ( ! on-biscuit enamell$ w>es1 9 addition to ! typical ,k'ang ,hsi enamell$ porcela9 to :i* usage has specially consecrat$ ! t]m4 ,a direct desc5dant ( ! ,wan li wu ts'ai1 ! famille v]te includes ! comb9ations ( und]glaze blue ) ! transluc5t on-glaze enamels gre51 yell[1 & aub]g9e1 & ! coral r$ 7d]iv$ f iron71 ! ,fr5* r\ge de f]1 :i* is s ?9 t x resembles a pigm5t r ?an a vitre\s enamel4 ,add to ^! ! br[n black pigm5t1 :i* is us$ to trace ! outl9es ( ! design & ) a cov]+ ( gre5 to =m ! gre5 black1 & we h "o type ( famille v]te :i* diff]s 9 no ess5tial f ! ,wan ,li prototype4 ,x is1 9 fact1 no easy matt] to f9d ! l9e :i* divides ! two gr\ps4 ,! nature ( ! w>e & ! /yle ( ! pa9t+ are ! be/ guides2 & ! /udy ( ! ,k'ang ,hsi blue & :ite w be a great help 9 ?is delicate task4 ,b ! real ,k'ang ,hsi famille v]te1 :i* we might call ! ,k'ang hsi wu ts'ai1 is di/+ui%$ by ! addition ( an ov]glaze blue enamel :i* enhanc$ ! brilliancy ( ! col\r s*eme1 & at ! same "t remov$ ! necessity ( us+ und]glaze & ov]glaze col\rs toge!r4#cjh ,x is n to be suppos$1 h[ev]1 t ! und]glaze blue disappe>$ entirely f ! gr\p4 ,! old types 7 always de> to ! ,*9ese m9d1 & !re 7 frequ5t revivals ( ^! 9 addition to ! special w>es1#cji su* z ! 8,*9ese ,im>i10 9 :i* ?is k9d ( blue 0 ess5tial4 ,!re are inde$ examples ( bo? blues on ! same pieces4 ,! hi/ory ( ?is ov]glaze blue enamel has already#caj be5 p>tially discuss$1 & evid5ce has be5 giv5 ( its t5tative use 9 ! ,wan ,li porcela94 ,a passage 9 ! second lett] ( ,pre d',entrecolles#caa actually places its inv5tion ab\t ! ye> #agjj1 b ! wor?y fa!r's *ronology 7bas$ no d\bt *iefly on he>say7 is (t5 at fault4 ,x is fairly c]ta91 h[ev]1 t ! blue enamel 0 n us$ to any ext5t be=e ! ,*'+ dyna/y1 ow+ no d\bt to ! fact t x _h n be5 satisfactorily made until t date4 ,a beautiful enamel ( violet blue tone1 x is an important factor ( ! famille v]te decoration1 & ! m]its ( a vase or di% are (t5 decid$ on ! purity & brilliance ( ?is col\r alone4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 some?+ 9 ! nature ( ! enamel :i* seems to affect ! surr\nd+ glaze2 at any rate1 x is (t5 r+$ ab\t by a k9d ( halo ( dull lu/re1 reflect+ fa9t ra9b[ t9ts to a di/ance ( p]haps an in* f ! edge ( ! blue4 ,x is z ?\gh an exhalation f ! blue enamel deposit$ a ?9 film ( lu/re on ! glaze1 & x is a v frequ5t occurr5ce1 ?\gh n always 9 ! same conspicu\s degree4 ,collectors :o are ev] look+ = a sign h be5 tempt$ to hail its pres5ce z a sure pro( ( antiquity4 ,b x is by no means con/ant on ! old famille v]te1 & x has yet to be prov$ t ! same enamel w n produce a simil> effect on ! mod]n glaze4 ,9 view ( ! appreciation ( famille v]te porcela9 at ! pres5t day a contempor>y criticism w be ( int]e/4 ,d',entrecolles 9 8 fir/ lett]1#cab ref]r+ to 8porcela9 pa9t$ ) l&scapes 9 a m$ley ( almo/ all ! col\rs height5$ ) gild+10 says3 8,!y are v beautiful1 if "o pays a high price1 b ! ord9>y w>es ( ?is k9d are n to be comp>$ ) blue & :ite40 ,& aga91#cac foll[+ an exact description ( pa9t+ ) enamel col\rs on ! f9i%$ glaze & ( ! subsequ5t refir+ ( ! w>e1 we read3 8,sometimes ! pa9t+ is int5tionally res]v$ = ! second fir+2 at o!r times !y only use ! second fir+ to conceal defects 9 ! porcela91 apply+ ! col\rs to ! faulty places4 ,?is porcela91 :i* is load$ ) col\r1 is n to ! ta/e ( a good _m p4 ,z a rule "o c feel inequalities on ! surface ( ?is k9d ( porcela91 :e!r due to ! clums9ess ( ! workm51 to ! exig5cies ( light & %ade 9 ! pa9t+1 or to ! desire to conceal defects 9 ! body ( ! w>e40 ,! t5or ( ^! criticisms w n be endors$ by ! mod]n collector ( ,k'ang ,hsi porcela94 ,famille v]te porcela9 is en?usia/ically s\ght1 & ev5 indiff]5t specim5s comm& a high price1 :ile ! really *oice examples c only be pur*as$ by ! weal?y4 ,z to ! inequalities on ! surface1 ! second ( ! ?ree reasons haz>d$ by d',entrecolles is ne>e/ ! tru?4 ,! enamels us$ by ! ,*9ese porcela9 pa9t] conta9 a rem>kably small p]c5tage ( col\r+ oxide1 & "o ( ! *>act]i/ics ( famille v]te col\rs is _! transp>5cy4 ,to obta9 full tones & ! contra/ betwe5 light & %ade 7ev5 to ! limit$ ext5t to :i* ! ,*9ese use ?is conv5tion7 x 0 necess>y to pile up ! lay]s ( col\r at ! risk ( unduly ?ick5+ ! enamel4 ,b ! connoisseur ( to-day f9ds no?+ amiss 9 ^! jewel-l incru/ations ( col\r1 s long z ! enamels are pure & bright1 & h n scal$ (f or suff]$ too sev]ely f ! we> to :i* _! prom95t surface is expos$4 ,x seems#cad t :5 ! porcela9 0 de/9$ to receive on-glaze enamels 7)\t any und]glaze blue7 a special glaz+ mixture 0 us$ 9 :i* only "o "p ( ! s(t5+ elem5t#cae 0 comb9$ ) ?irte5 ( ! ord9>y glaz+ fluid4 ,?is glaze 0 v :ite & /rong1 & too opaque to d ju/ice to an und]glaze blue4 ,!re is a ref]5ce 9 ! fir/ lett] ( ,pre d',entrecolles to a :ite col\r :i* 0 us$ on ! 8porcela9 pa9t$ 9 v>i\s col\rs40 ,x 0 flux$ ) lead l ! o!r enamel col\rs1 & x 0 also us$ mix$ ) ! latt] to modify _! t9t4 ,9 fact !re c be little d\bt t x 0 ars5ical :ite1 an opaque :ite famili> on ! ,yung ,*ng & ,*'i5 ,lung porcela9s1 & prom95t 9 ! famille rose palette1 b n usually suspect$ ( su* an e>ly appe>ance z #agab1 ! date ( ! lett] 9 "q4 ,! designs ( ! famille v]te porcela91 l ^? on ! blue & :ite1 are fir/ trac$ 9 outl9e & !n fill$ 9 ) wa%es ( col\r4 ,! outl9es are 9 a dry dull pigm5t ( r$ or br[n black t9t1 inconspicu\s 9 itself1 b acquir+ prom95ce :5 cov]$ ) transp>5t enamel4 ,m4 ,gr&idi] tri$ to =mulate c]ta9 rules = ^! outl9es :i*1 if reliable1 w\ld simplify greatly ! task ( dat+ ! porcela9s4 ,on ,m+ w>e1 he said1 ! outl9es 7 blue2 on ,k'ang ,hsi w>es ! face & body outl9es 7 r$1 ^? ( ! ve/m5ts & o!r objects black4 ,un=tunately ! fir/ ( ^! g5]alisations is :olly wrong1 & ! second po9tless1 because only p>tly "r4 ,omitt+ ! und]glaze blue z =eign to ?is p>ticul> gr\p ( famille v]te "u discussion1 ! col\rs consi/ ( d>k leaf gre5 (t5 ( a mottl$ appe>ance1 a beautiful light apple gre51 :i* is *>act]i/ic ( ! ,k'ang ,hsi w>es j z ! blue gre5 is ( ! sixte5? c5tury poly*rome1 an aub]g9e col\r 7d]iv$ f manganese7 :i* v>ies f purple br[n to rosy purple1 a yell[ ( v>y+ purity & usually ( br[ni% tone1 a gre5 black =m$ ( ! br[n black pigm5t "u wa%es ( transp>5t gre51 a blue enamel ( violet tone1 & ! ?9 iron r$4 ,! blue enamel & ! r$ are sometimes omitt$1 leav+ a s(t h>mony ( gre51 aub]g9e & yell[ 9 :i* gre5 plays ! *ief "p4 ,a little gild+ is (t5 us$ to height5 p>ts ( ! design4 ,z = ! %apes ( ! famille v]te porcela91 !y are sub/antially ! same z ^? ( ! blue & :ite & call = no fur!r comm5t4 ,! designs1 too1 ( ! pa9t$ decoration are cle>ly d]iv$ f ! same s\rces z ^? 9 ! blue & :ite1 viz4 books ( /ock patt]ns1 pictures1 illu/rations ( hi/ory & romance1 & ( su* o!r subjects z happ5$ to be specially appropriate or ( g5]al int]e/4 ,to take a s+le in/ance ( a pictorial design1 ! famili> rock]y & fl[]+ plants 7peony1 magnolia1 etc47 & a gay-plumag$ pheasant l5ds itself to effective treatm5t 9 enamel col\rs4 ,x is tak5 f a picture1 probably ,sung 9 orig91 b !re are _m repetitions ( x 9 pictorial art1 "o ( :i* by ! ,m+ pa9t] ,wang-yu is 9 ! ,briti% ,museum collection4#caf ,! orig9al is said to h be5 pa9t$ by ! ,emp]or ,hui ,tsung 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! twelf? c5tury4 ,ano!r famili> design--quails & millet--is reput$ to h be5 pa9t$ by ! same ,imp]ial arti/4 ,a good in/ance ( ! k9d ( illu/rat$ book :i* suppli$ ! porcela9 decorator ) designs is ! ,y *ih kng *ih t'u 7,album ( ,pl\gh+ & ,weav+1 compil$ by ,imp]ial ord]71 :i* deals ) ! cultivation ( rice & silk 9 "s =ty illu/rations4 ,x 0 fir/ issu$ 9 ! reign ( ,k'ang ,hsi1 & !re are copies ( ! orig9al & ( sev]al lat] editions 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,a specim5 ( famille rose porcela9 9 ! ,franks ,collection is decorat$ ) a sc5e f ?is "w1 & 9 ! ,&rew ,burman ,collection !re are two famille v]te di%es ) designs f ! same s\rce4 ,9 ! ,burdett ,c\tts ,collection1 aga91 !re is a polygonal b[l ) subjects on ea* side repres5t+ ! v>i\s /ages ( cotton cultivation1 evid5tly borr[$ f an analog\s "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ajc ,club-%ap$ 7r\leau7 ,vase f9ely pa9t$ 9 famille v]te enamels ) panel designs 9 a gr\nd ( *rysan!mum scrolls 9 iron r$2 brocade bord]s4 ,la/ "p ( ! ,k'ang ,hsi p]iod 7#affb-agbb7 ,height #ag in*es4 ,salt+ ,collection 7,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum74 ,signatures & seals ( ! arti/ usually atta*$ to a /anza ( v]se1 or a few phrases :i* allude to ! subject1 are (t5 f\nd 9 ! field ( ! pictorial designs4 ,fig4 #a ( ,plate #ajb1 = in/ance1 belongs to a s]ies ( beautiful di%es 9 ! ,dresd5 collection1 :i* display ! same seal--app>5tly#cag wan %ih * 7myriad rocks retreat71 ! /udio "n n1 ,i ?9k1 ( ! porcela9 pa9t] b ( ! arti/ ^: picture 0 copi$ on ! porcela94 ,!re are num]\s examples ( simil> seals 9 ! field ( ! design1 & we %all return to ! subject lat] 9 a place :]e important issues turn on ! solution ( ! problem :i* x raises4#cah ,! types ( famille v]te porcela9 are extremely num]\s1 almo/ z v>i$ z ^? ( ! blue & :ite 7p4 #acf74 ,l ! latt] !y include mu* t 0 obvi\sly made = ,european consumption1 & mo/ ( ! gr\ps :i* 7 s+l$ out f ! mass ( blue & :ite = special description c be p>allel$ 9 ! famille v]te4 ,! ?91 crisp1 m\ld$ w>e ) petal-%ap$ panels & lob$ bord]s1 ! gr\p ) ! 8,g0 m>k1 & _m o!r types are f\nd ) ! same peculi>ities ( pa/e & glaze1 & ev5 ! same design pa9t$ 9 on-glaze enamels4 ,z 9 ! case ( ! blue & :ite1 ! quality ( ?is export w>e v>ies widely1 & ! individual specim5s w be judg$ by ! draw+ ( ! designs & ! purity & fire ( ! enamels4 ,a few ( ! m /rik+ types are illu/rat$ on ,plates #ajc & #ajd4 ,p]haps ! mo/ sumptu\s effects ( ?is col\r s*eme are display$ 9 ! vases decorat$ ) panel designs surr\nd$ by ri* diap]s borr[$ f silk brocades4 ,a fav\rite brocade patt]n consi/s ( s+le blossoms or floral sprays wov5 into a gr\nd ( transp>5t gre5 cov]+ a p[d] ( small br[n dots4 ,?is dott$ gre5 gr\nd is commonly kn[n z 8frog's spawn10 & ano!r diap] ( small circles "u a simil> gre5 enamel is easily recognis$ "u ! "n ( 8fi% roe40 ,b ! v>iety ( ^! gr\nd patt]ns is great1 & 9 spite ( _! prosaic nom5clature !y r5d] 9 a s+ul>ly effective mann] ! s(t spl5d\r ( ! ,*9ese brocades4 ,9 dat+ ! famille v]te porcela9s ! collector w f9d 8 /udy ( ! blue & :ite ( great assi/ance4 ,!re is1 = in/ance1 ! well-kn[n type ( export w>e--sets ( vases ) complex m\ld+1 & di%es & plates1 etc41 ) petal-%ap$ lobes on ! sides or bord]s4 ,! c5tral design ( ! decoration commonly consi/s ( *'i l91 & phnix1 sea mon/]s 7hai %\71 /orks or ducks beside a fl[]+ tree or "s su* famili> patt]n2 & ! surr\nd+ petal-%ap$ panels are fill$ ea* ) a gr[+ fl[]1 or a vignette ( bird & plant1 plant & insect1 or ev5 a small l&scape4 ,^! bright b (t5 p]functorily pa9t$ w>es are p>allel$ 9 ! e>ly ,k'ang ,hsi blue & :ite4 ,!y are among ! fir/ ,*9ese poly*rome porcela9s to be copi$ by ! ,european pott]s4 ,see ,plate #ajg4 ,9 ! purely native w>es ! e>ly ,*'+ famille v]te is di/+ui%$ by /rong & r emphatic col\r+1 ! en]gy ( ! draw+ & ! bread? ( design :i* recall ! late ,m+ poly*romes4 ,! z5i? ( ?is /yle ( decoration 0 rea*$ ab\t #agjj1 say betwe5 #afhb & #agaj4 ,?is is ! p]iod ( ! magnific5t vases ) panel designs 9 brocad$ gr\nds1 or ) cr[d$ figure subjects1 ,c\rt sc5es1 & ! l1 fill+ l>ge areas ( ! surface1 su* vases z may be se5 9 ! spl5did s]ies ( ! ,salt+ ,collection or 9 ! ,gr&idi] ,collection 9 ! ,l\vre4 ,!y are probably *ildr5 ( ! great r5aissance :i* began "u ! auspices ( ,ts'ang ,y+-hsan4 ,dat$ examples are extremely r>e1 & consequ5tly ! squ>e vase on ,plate #ajd assumes unusual importance on acc\nt ( ! cyclical date :i* occurs 9 ! long inscription1 8! #bi? day ( ! #i? moon ( ! kuei mo ye>10 :i* we c h>dly d\bt is #agjc4 ,incid5tally ano!r side ( ?is vase illu/rates ! celebrat$ sc5e ( ! w9e cups />t$ f ! 8or*id arb\r to float d[n ! n9e-b5d riv]40#cai ,ano!r example ) a cyclical date 7! ye> hs9 mao1 & no d\bt #agaa7 is a globul> wat] bottle 8( ! highe/ quality & te*nique1 decorat$ ) transp>5t lum9\s enamels ( great beauty & delicacy10 9 ! ,pi]pont ,morgan ,collection4#cbj ,b 9 ?is case ! date is atta*$ to a v]se 9 ! field ( ! decoration1 & x may belong to ! design r ?an to ! porcela94 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #ajd4--,?ree ,examples ( ,k'ang ,hsi famille v]te ,porcela94 ,fig4 #a4--,squ>e ,vase ) sc5e ( float+ cups on ! riv]2 inscription ) cyclical date #agjc ,a4,d42 %\ *>act]s on ! neck4 ,height #ah in*es4 ,hippisley ,collection4 ,fig4 #b4--,lant]n ) riv] sc5es4 ,height #ac in*es4 ,dresd5 ,collection4 ,fig4 #c4--;,cov]$ ,j> ( r\leau %ape1 peony scrolls 9 iron r$ gr\nd1 brocade bord]s4 ,height #bb in*es4 ,dresd5 ,collection4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #aje4--;,cov]$ ,j> pa9t$ 9 famille v]te enamels ,) brocade gr\nd & panel ) an elephant 7! symbol ( ,great ,peace74 ,lion on cov]4 ,k'ang ,hsi p]iod 7#affb-agbb74 ,height #ba in*es4 ,dresd5 ,collection4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #ajf4--,k'ang ,hsi famille v]te ,porcela94 ,alex&] ,collection4 ,fig4 #a4--;,di% ) rock]y1 peonies1 etc41 birds & insects4 ,diamet] #af in*es4 ,fig4 #b4--8,/em ,cup0 ) v9e patt]n4 ,height #e in*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #ajg4--;,famille v]te ,porcela9 made = export to ,europe4 ,k'ang ,hsi p]iod 7#affb-agbb74 ,briti% ,museum4 ,fig4 #a4--,vase ) 8sea mon/]0 7hai %\74 ,fig4 #b4--;,di% ) basket ( fl[]s4 ,m>k1 a leaf4 ,diamet] #aa in*es4 ,fig4 #c4--;,cov]$ ,j> ) *'i-l9 & fng-huang 7phnix74 ,! lat5ess ( ?is latt] date & ! use ( ! ^w 8delicacy0 9 ! description ( ! piece lead u naturally to t peculi>ly ref9$ type ( late famille v]te 9 :i* ! w>e is ( egg%ell ?9ness1 ! pa9t+ extremely da9ty & delicate1 & ! col\rs r pale b ( p]fect purity4 ,su* are ! well-kn[n 8bir?day plates0 ) ! reign m>k ( ,k'ang ,hsi on ! back & ! bir?day salutation 9 seal *>act]s on ! bord]3 wan %\ wu *iang--8a myriad longevities )\t end+60 ,!y are reput$ to h be5 made = ! ,emp]or's sixtie? bir?day :i* fell 9 ! ye> #agac1 b ! /ory is support$ by no evid5ce ( any k9d1 & !y w\ld h be5 equally appropriate = any ,imp]ial bir?day4 ,! "* ( ^! w>es is m sugge/ive ( ! ,yung ,*ng p]iod1 & x is probable t !y belong to ! extreme limit ( ! long reign ( ,k'ang ,hsi4 ,to ?is p]iod !n we %all assign ^! & ! :ole gr\p ( k9dr$ porcela9s1 ! plates ) designs simil> to ^? ( ! 8bir?day plates10 b )\t ! inscrib$ bord]1 ! small egg%ell plates ) "o or two figures pa9t$ 9 ! same delicate /yle1 o!rs ) a s+le spray ( "s fl[]+ %rub almo/ ,japanese 9 its da9t9ess1 & occasional b[ls & vases ) decoration ( ! same "*4 ,see ,plate #aac4 ,= extreme delicacy ( treatm5t is by no means a feature ( ! ,k'ang ,hsi famille v]te 9 g5]al1 9 :i* ! ,m+ _s ) its boldness & vig\r /ill brea!d4 ,x is r a late developm5t 9 ! decad5ce ( ! w>e1 h]ald+ ! m effem9ate beauty ( ! famille rose1 & 7 x n = ! evid5ce ( ! bir?day plates ,i believe _m connoisseurs w\ld be tempt$ to ascribe ^! delicate porcela9s to a mu* lat] reign4 ,su*1 h[ev]1 is ! evolution ( ! famille v]te dur+ ! sixty ye>s ( ! ,k'ang ,hsi p]iod1 f ! /rong col\rs & =ceful ,m+-l designs ( ! e>li] specim5s to ! mature p]fection ( ! spl5did w>es made ab\t #agjj1 & !nce by a process ( ultra-ref9em5t to ! lat] types 9 :i* bread? ( treatm5t gives place to prett9ess & ! /rong ?ick enamels to ?9n] wa%es ( cle>1 delicate t9ts4 ,^! ?9 transp>5t col\rs cont9u$ 9 use2 inde$1 !y are a feature ( a special type ( enamell+ :i* w be discuss$ ) ! ,yung ,*ng w>es2 b ! pure famille v]te may be said to h come to an end ) ! la/ ye>s ( ! reign ( ,k'ang ,hsi4 ,lat] reproductions ( c\rse exi/1 = no /yle ( decoration is ev] :olly ext9ct 9 ,*9ese art1 b !y are m]ely revivals ( an old /yle1 :i* ev5 be=e ! end ( ! ,k'ang ,hsi p]iod _h rea*$ ! /age ( transition to ano!r family4 ,! opaque enamels ( ! famille rose palette _h already begun to ass]t !mselves4 ,timid intrud]s at fir/--a t\* ( opaque p9k1 a little opaque yell[ & ars5ical :ite break+ 9 ^u ! old h>mony ( transp>5t t9ts--!y gradually ?ru/ ! famille v]te enamels into a subsidi>y position1 & 9 ! succe$+ reigns rose p9ks entirely dom9ate ! field4 ,a ^w mu/ be said ( ! use ( ! famille v]te pa9t+ 9 comb9ation ) o!r types ( decoration1 9 ! subord9ate position ( bord] patt]ns or m prom95tly 9 panel designs4 ,exquisite effects are obta9$ by ! latt] 9 a gr\nd ( coral r$1 or :]e a brilliant p[d] blue field is brok5 by %apely panels ) fl[]+ plants & birds & o!r famili> vehicles = famille v]te col\r+4 ,occasionally we f9d ! enamels actually pa9t$ ov] a p[d] blue or an ord9>y blue glaze1 b ! comb9ation is m peculi> ?an attractive2 = ! und]ly+ col\r kills ! transp>5t enamels1 & ! enamels de/roy ! lu/re ( ! blue gr\nd4 ,inde$1 x is probable t 9 _m cases ^! freak decorations 7 int5d$ to hide a faulty backgr\nd4 ,a simil> pa9t+ ov] ! crackl$ gre5 lang yao glaze has already be5 describ$1 & x occurs ov] ! grey :ite crackles1 & r>ely b ) mu* di/9ction1 ov] a pale celadon glaze4 ,b p]haps ! mo/ effective comb9ation ( ?is k9d is t 9 :i* a pale lu/r\s br[n or ,nank+ yell[ is ! gr\nd col\r4 ,! quiet & ref9$ effects ( ?is union are well exhibit$ by a small gr\p ( vases1 b[ls1 & di%es 9 ! ,salt+ ,collection4 ,some?+ has already be5 said ( ! use ( und]glaze blue 9 comb9ation ) famille v]te enamels4 ,! blue is ei!r an integral "p ( ! g5]al design z 9 ! ,wan ,li 8five col\r0 s*eme1 or x =ms a di/9ct decoration by itself1 ap>t f ! enamels1 ?\gh %>+ ! same surface4 ,! latt] use is exemplifi$ by a pair ( bottles 9 ! ,salt+ ,collection :i* h blue patt]ns on ! neck & famille v]te decoration on ! body1 consi/+ ( l&scape panels surr\nd$ by brocade patt]ns4#cba ,b ! great drawback to ?is union ( und]glaze & ov]glaze col\rs is usually app>5t4 ,! blue 0 liable to suff] 9 ! subsequ5t fir+s necessitat$ by ! enamels1 ev5 ?\gh ^? fir+s took place at a relatively l[ temp]ature4 ,probably ! pott] w\ld n expose 8 f9e/ blue to su* risks1 b at any rate ! blue ( ?is mix$ decoration is r>ely ( fir/-rate quality4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ajh ,di% pa9t$ 9 und]glaze blue & famille v]te enamels4 ,9 ! c5tre1 a five-claw$ dragon ris+ f waves 9 pursuit ( a pe>l4 ,deep bord] 9 8,im>i0 /yle ) cl\d-%ap$ comp>tm5ts ) *rysan!mum & prunus designs 9 a blue gr\nd1 sep>at$ by close lotus scrolls res]v$ 9 an iron r$ gr\nd 9 :i* are ?ree book symbols4 ,k'ang ,hsi p]iod 7#affb-agbb7 ,diamet] #ai in*es4 ,alex&] ,collection4 ,!re is "o gr\p ( porcela9 :i* comb9es ! und]glaze blue ) on-glaze enamels1 & :i* des]ves special notice if only because x has be5 rec5tly fav\r$ ) p>ticul> att5tion by collectors4 ,?is is :at we are pleas$ to call 8,*9ese ,im>i40 ,our c]amic nom5clature has nev] be5 not$ = its accuracy1 & l good cons]vatives we hold firmly to ! old names :i* h be5 h&$ d[n f days :5 geography 0 n /udi$1 & f ance/ors :o 7 satisfi$ ) old ,indian *9a1 or ,gombroon w>e1 z names = ,*9ese porcela94 ,s ,meiss5 porcela9 is /ill ,dresd51 ! blue & :ite ( ,*+-t ,*n is ,old ,nank+1 ,*9ese export porcela9 pa9t$ at ,canton ) p9k roses is ,l[e/(t1 & ! w>e made at ,arita1 prov9ce ( ,hiz51 9 ,japan1 is ,im>i1 because t is ! "n ( ! seaport f :i* x 0 %ipp$4 ,9 fact1 !re are _m %ops :]e y _c make y\rself und]/ood 9 ^! matt]s unless y call ! w>es by ! wrong "n4 ,! ,arita porcela9 9 "q1 ?is s-call$ ,im>i1 0 made f ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury onw>ds1 & x mu/ h compet$ s]i\sly ) ! export w>es ( ,*+-t ,*n4 ,at any rate1 x 0 br\ght to ,europe 9 l>ge consignm5ts by ! ,dut* trad]s1 :o enjoy$ ! privilege ( a trad+ /ation on ! isl& ( ,de%ima1 aft] ! less politic ,portuguese _h be5 driv5 out ( ,nagasaki 9 #afcb4 ,= ! mom5t we are specially conc]n$ ) two types ( ,arita w>e4 ,! fir/ is di/+ui%$ by slight b arti/ic decoration 9 vivid enamels ( ! famille v]te1 supplem5t$ by gild+ & occasionally by und]glaze blue4 ,fav\rite designs are a b&$ h$ge1 prunus tree1 a ,*9ese boy & a tig] or phnix2 two quails 9 millet beside a fl[]+ prunus2 simple fl[]+ sprays or bran*es coil$ 9 circul> m$allions2 or only a few scatt]$ blossoms4 ,:atev] ! nature ( ! design1 x 0 arti/ically display$1 & 9 su* a mann] z to enhance )\t conceal+ ! f9e :ite porcela94 ,?is is :at ! old catalogues call ! premire qualit colorie de ,japon1 & a v popul> w>e x 0 9 eighte5? c5tury ,europe1 :5 x 0 closely copi$ on ! e>ly productions ( ! ,/4 ,cl\d1 ,*antilly1 ,meiss51 ,*elsea1 & o!r porcela9 factories4 ,to-day x is commonly kn[n z ,kakiemon w>e1 because its v di/9ctive /yle ( decoration is traditionally suppos$ to h be5 />t$ by a pott] nam$ ,kakiemon1 :o1 ) ano!r man ( ,arita1 le>n$ ! secret ( enamell+ on porcela9 f a ,*9ese m]*ant ab\t ! ye> #afdf4 ,! second type 0 made entirely = ! ,european trade1 & x is di/+ui%$ by l>ge masses ( d>k1 cl\dy blue set (f by a s(t ,indian r$ 7d]iv$ f oxide ( iron7 & gild+4 ,^! col\rs are supplem5t$ by t\*es ( gre51 yell[1 & aub]g9e enamels1 & occasionally by a br[ni% black4 ,! w>e itself is heavy1 co>se & greyi%1 b its r\gh aspect is well conceal$ by irregul> & confus$ designs ( asymmetrical panels surr\nd$ by mix$ brocade patt]ns4 ,! panels (t5 conta9 ,*9ese figures1 phnixes1 lions1 floral designs ( *rysan!mums1 peony & prunus1 a basket ( fl[]s1 r\gh l&scapes or g>d5 views4 ,!y are m$leys ( half-,*9ese1 half-,japanese motives1 a riot ( incoh]5t patt]ns1 b n )\t broad decorative effect ?anks to ! bold masses ( r$1 blue & gold4 ,su* is ! typical 8,old ,im>i40 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a f9] & m ,japanese v>iety ( ! same gr\p :i* is di/+ui%$ by free use ( ! *rysan!mum rosette1 & ! ,imp]ial kiri 7paulonia imp]ialis71 & by panels ( diap] patt]n & floral designs alt]nat+ & c\nt]-*ang$ 9 col\r1 ! gr\nds n[ r$1 n[ blue1 & n[ gold4 ,! same col\r s*eme prevail$ 9 ?is sub-gr\p1 & ! d>k blue 0 usually nett$ ov] ) gold designs4 ,x 0 no d\bt ! success :i* ^! w>es met 9 ,european comm]ce t induc$ ! ,*9ese to take a lesson f _! pupils1 & to adopt ! 8,im>i0 /yle4 ,at any rate1 !y did copy all ^! types1 sometimes v closely1 sometimes only 9 "p4 ,?us 9 "s cases ! actual ,japanese patt]ns z well z ! col\r s*eme are c>efully reproduc$1 9 o!rs ! ,japanese col\r s*eme is employ$ on ,*9ese patt]ns or vice v]sa1 &1 aga91 !re are cases 9 :i* passages ( ,japanese ornam5t are ins]t$ 9 purely ,*9ese surr\nd+s4 ,b :e!r pure or dilut$ ! ,japanese /yle is unmi/akable to ^? :o h once le>nt to "k its peculi>ities1 ( :i* masses ( blue cov]$ ) gilt patt]ns & ! prom95ce ( r$ & gold are ! mo/ conspicu\s4 ,!re w1 ( c\rse1 always be a few specim5s ! nationality ( :i* w be difficult to decide1 b to anyone famili> ) ,*9ese & ,japanese porcela9 ! di/9ction betwe5 ! ,*9ese 8,im>i0 & its isl& prototype is1 z a rule1 a simple matt]4 ,! ,*9ese porcela9 is ?9n] & crisp]1 its glaze has ! smoo? oily %e5 & fa9tly gre5i% t9t :i* are peculi> to ,*9ese w>es1 & ! raw edge ( ! base rim is slightly br[n$4 ,! ,japanese porcela91 on ! o!r h&1 is :it] 9 ! ,kakiemon w>e1 grey] & co>s] 9 ! 8,old ,im>i10 & ! glaze 9 bo? cases has ! peculi> bubbl$ & 8musl9-l0 texture :i* is a ,japanese *>act]i/ic4 ,! ,japanese und]glaze blue is d>k & muddy 9 tone1 ! ,*9ese bright1 & pur]1 & ! o!r col\rs diff]1 ?\gh n p]haps s emphatically4 ,! iron r$ ( ! ,*9ese1 = in/ance1 is ?9n] & usually light] 9 tone ?an ! s(t ,indian r$ or ?ick seal+-wax col\r ( ! ,japanese2 & to ^? :o are deeply v]s$ 9 ,ori5tal art !re is always ! m subtle & less def9able di/9ction1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,*9ese & ,japanese t\* & feel+4 ,plate #ajh is a f9e specim5 :i* %[s ! bl5d ( ,*9ese motives & ! ,japanese col\r+4 ,! g5]al "* ( ! ,*9ese 8,im>i0 is t ( ! ,k'ang ,hsi p]iod1 to :i* mo/ ( ! exi/+ specim5s w be assign$2 b x is cle> t ! ,*9ese cont9u$ to use ,japanese models 9 ! succe$+ reign1 = ! la/ ?ree items 9 ! ,imp]ial li/ ( porcela9 made 9 ! ,yung ,*ng p]iod comprise w>es 8decorat$ 9 gold & 9 silv] 9 ! /yle ( ! ,japanese40#cbb ,,*apt] ,,xi ,k',,ang ,,hsi ,,mono*romes ,9 pass+ to ! ,k'ang ,hsi mono*romes we ent] a l>ge field ) b\nd>ies ill def9$4 ,_m ( ! col\rs are legacies f ! ,m+ pott]s1 & mo/ ( !m 7 h&$ on to aft] g5]ations2 "s inde$ h enjoy$ an unbrok5 desc5t to ! pres5t day4 ,consequ5tly !re are few ?+s m difficult 9 ! /udy ( ,*9ese porcela9 ?an ! dat+ ( s+le-col\r w>es4 ,9 "s cases ! orig9 ( a p>ticul> glaze has be5 record$1 & )9 c]ta9 limits ! /yle ( ! piece w guide u 9 assess+ its age2 b h[ (t5 mu/ we be cont5t ) "s su* non-committal phrase z 8e>ly eighte5? c5tury10 :i* embraces ! late ,k'ang ,hsi1 ! ,yung ,*ng & ! e>ly ,*'i5 ,lung p]iods8 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! c>eful /ud5t obs]ves c]ta9 po9ts ( /yle & f9i%1 c]ta9 slight peculi>ities ( =m :i* are di/9ctive ( ! diff]5t p]iods1 & on ^! indef9ite signs he is able to classify ! d\btful specim5s4 ,to ! inexp]t 8 me?ods may seem arbitr>y & my/]i\s1 b 8 pr9ciples1 ?\gh n easy to enunciate1 are s\nd nev]!less4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #aji4--;,figure ( ,%\ ,lao1 ,taoi/ ,god ( ,longevity4 ,porcela9 pa9t$ ) famille v]te enamels4 ,k'ang ,hsi p]iod 7#affb-agbb74 ,height #ag in*es4 ,salt+ ,collection 7,v4 ,a4 ,museum74 ,we h already _h occasion to discuss a few ( ! ,k'ang ,hsi mono*romes 9 deal+ ) ! "q ( lang yao4 ,b besides ! sang de buf !re is ano!r r>e & co/ly r$ to :i* ! ,am]icans h giv5 ! expressive "n ( 8pea* bloom40 ,s9ce _! fir/ acqua9tance ) ?is col\r 9 ! la/ half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1#cbc ,am]ican collectors h be5 enam\r$ ( x1 & z !y h nev] hesitat$ to pay va/ sums = good specim5s1 mo/ ( ! f9e 8pea* blooms0 h f\nd _! way to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & *oice examples are r>e 9 ,engl&4 8,! prevail+ %ade10 to quote f ,bu%ell's description1 8is a pale r$1 becom+ p9k 9 "s p>ts1 9 o!rs mottl$ ) russet spots1 display$ ^u a backgr\nd ( light gre5 celadon t9t4 ,! la/ col\r occasionally comes out m prom95tly1 & deep5s into cl\ds ( bright apple gre5 t9t40 ,! ,*9ese1 9 comp>+ ! col\r1 h ?\ght ( ! apple r ?an ! pea*2 x is p'9-kuo hung 7apple r$71 & ! m>k+s on x are p'9-kuo *'+ 7apple gre571 & mei kuei tz 7rose crimson74 ,ano!r ,*9ese "n = ! col\r is *iang-t\ hung 7bean r$71 9 allusion to ! small ,*9ese kidney-bean ) its v>iegat$ p9k col\r & br[n spots4 ,x is g5]ally suppos$ t1 l ! sang de buf1 ! 8pea* bloom0 owes its hue to copp] oxide1 & t all ! accessory t9ts1 ! russet br[n & apple gre51 are due to happy accid5ts befall+ ! same col\r+ m$ium 9 ! *angeful atmosph]e ( ! kiln4#cbd ,?is preci\s glaze is usually f\nd on small objects su* z wat] pots & bru% wa%]s = ! writ+ table 7see ,plate #aaacbe71 & snuff bottles1 & a few small elegantly =m$ fl[] vases ( bottle %ape1 ) high %\ld]s & sl5d] neck1 ! body sometimes m\ld$ 9 *rysan!mum petal design1 or1 aga91 on vases ( sl5d]1 graceful1 ovoid =m1 ) bodies tap]+ d[nw>ds1 & ! m\? rim slightly fl>+4 ,9 e case ! bottom ( ! vessel %[s a f9e :ite-glaz$ porcela9 ) unctu\s pa/e1 & ! ,k'ang ,hsi m>k 9 six blue *>act]s writt5 9 a delicate b v mann]$ calligraphy1 :i* seems to be peculi> to ?is type ( w>e1 & to a few *oice clair de lune & celadon vases ( simil> =m & make4 ,! col\r 9 ! pea* bloom glaze1 z 9 ! sang de buf1 is sometimes fir$ out & fades into :ite or leaves a pale olive gre5 surface ) only a few spots ( br[n or p9k to be> witness to ! orig9al int5tion ( ! pott]4 ,! glaze is sometimes crackl$ & occasionally x runs d[n 9 a ?ick cry/all9e mass at ! base ( ! vessel4 ,ne$less to say ?is co/ly porcela9 has claim$ ! e>ne/ att5tion ( ! mod]n imitator4 ,! fir/ real success 0 a*iev$ by a ,japanese pott] at ! end ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,he 0 able to make admirable copies ( ! col\r1 b fail$ to reproduce adequately ! pa/e & glaze ( ! orig9als4 ,i am told t he 0 p]suad$ to transf] 8 secret to ,*9a1 & ) ! ,*9ese body 8 imitations 7 completely successful4 ,! latt] "p ( ! /ory is bas$ on he>say1 & is giv5 z su*2 b x is c]ta9 t !re are exce$+ly clev] mod]n copies ( ! old pea* blooms 9 ! m>ket2 o!rwise h[ c\ld an inexp]t collector 9 ,*9a br+ home half a doz5 pea* blooms b\ght at b>ga9 prices8 ,! copp] r$ us$ 9 pa9t+ und]glaze designs#cbf w sometimes develop a pea* bloom col\r1 & !re is a vase 9 ! ,briti% ,museum ) p>ti-col\r$ glaze 9 l>ge pat*es ( blue1 celadon1 & a copp] r$ :i* has brok5 into ! *>act]i/ic t9ts ( ! pea* bloom vases4 ,ano!r r$ ( copp] orig9 alli$ to ! sang de buf & ! pea* bloom1 & at times v]g+ on bo?1 is ! m>oon r$1 :i* ranges f crimson to a deep liv] col\r4 ,!re are w9e cups ( ?is col\r ^: glaze cl\d$ ) deep crimson recalls ! 8dawn r$0 ( ! w9e cups made by ,hao ,%ih-*iu4#cbg ,sometimes ! r$ cov]s "p only ( ! surface1 %ad+ (f into ! :ite glaze4 ,! f9] specim5s h ei!r a crimson or a p9ki% t+e1 b f> m (t5 ! glaze has issu$ f ! kiln ) a dull liv] t9t4 ,naturally ! value ( ! specim5s v>ies widely ) ! beauty ( ! col\r4 ,! p9k] %ades approa* )9 measurable di/ance ( ! p9k ( ! pea* bloom1 & !y are (t5 class$ ) ! latt] by _! pr\d own]s2 b ! col\r is usually uni=m1 & lacks ! bur/s ( russet br[n & gre5 :i* v>iegate ! true pea* bloom1 & ! basis ( ! m>oon is a pure :ite glaze )\t ! celadon t9ts :i* seem to und]lie ! pea* bloom4 ,x may be add$ t ! m>oon r$ glaze is usually uncrackl$4 ,z to ! ov]glaze r$1 :i* is kn[n by ! names ( mo hung 7pa9t$ r$7 & ts'ai hung 7enamel r$71 x is ! col\r d]iv$ f iron1 & x 0 us$ bo? z "o ( ! enamels ( ! famille v]te palette & z a mono*rome4 ,9 bo? capacities x figur$ on ,m+ porcela91 & 0 fully discuss$ 9 t connection4 ,on ,k'ang ,hsi w>es x v>i$ 9 tone f d>k brick r$ to a light orange1 accord+ to ! d5sity ( ! pigm5t1 & 9 texture f a ?9 dry film to a lu/r\s enamel1 accord+ to ! quantity ( flux+ mat]ial#cbh comb9$ ) x4 ,among ! ri*ly flux$ v>ieties is a f9e tomato col\r ( light1 transluc5t tone4 ,sometimes ! iron r$ is f\nd z sole m$ium = pa9t$ designs1 z on a r\leau vase 9 ! ,salt+ collection1 b m commonly x s]ves z a gr\nd col\r betwe5 panels ( enamell$ ornam5t 7,plate #ajc71 or 9 bord] passages4 ,9 ^! la/ two positions x is usually ( a light orange %ade1 & brok5 by floral scrolls res]v$ 9 :ite4 ,a d>k %ade ( ! same pigm5t is also us$ 9 diap]s ( curl$ scrolls1 =m+ a gr\ndwork = enamell$ decoration4 ,!re are besides beautiful examples ( a pure r$ mono*rome =m$ ( ?is col\r1 b ,i h only met ) ^! among ! lat] w>es4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! blue mono*romes include a l>ge numb] ( glazes v>y+ 9 dep? & %ade ) ! quality & quantity ( ! cobalt :i* is m+l$ ) ! glaz+ mat]ial4 ,^! are *iao *'+ 7blue mono*rome glazes71 & !y are all high-fir$ col\rs4 ,!y include ! *i *'+#cbi or deep sky blue1 ^: d>k] %ades are also nam$ ta *'+ 7gros bleu71 ! slaty blue1 ! pale cle> blue1#ccj ! d>k & light lav5d] %ades1 & ! fa9tly t9t$ clair de lune or 8moon :ite0 7yeh pai71 9 :i* ! am\nt ( cobalt us$ mu/ h be5 inf9itesimal4 ,b x w\ld be useless to attempt to catalogue ! innum]able %ades ( blue1 :i* mu/ h v>i$ ) e fre% mixture ( col\r & glaze & e fre% fir+4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ano!r gr\p mat]ially diff]5t f ! ord9>y blue glazes4 ,9 ?is ! col\r 0 appli$ direct to ! body1 z 9 blue & :ite pa9t+1 & a col\rless glaze subsequ5tly add$1 ) ! natural result t ! blue seems to be incorporat$ ) ! body ( ! w>e r ?an ) ! glaze4 ,!re 7 sev]al ways ( apply+ ! col\r1 ea* produc+ a slightly diff]5t effect4 ,! cobalt p[d] c\ld be mix$ ) wat]1 & wa%$ on smoo?ly ) a bru%1 or dabb$ on ) a sponge to give a m>bl$ appe>ance1 or x c\ld be project$ on to ! moi/5$ surface 9 a dry p[d]1 ?r\gh gauze /ret*$ across ! end ( a bamboo tube4 ,! result ( ! la/ process 0 an inf9ity ( m9ute specks ( blue1 a mass+ ( innum]able po9ts ( col\r4 ,?is is ! well-kn[n 8p[d] blue10 ! bleu s\ffl1 or bl[n blue describ$ by ,pre d',entrecolles 9 8 second lett]#cca3 8,z = ! s\ffl blue call$ ts\i tsim 7*'ui *'+71 ! f9e/ blue1 prep>$ 9 ! mann] :i* ,i h describ$1 is us$4 ,?is is bl[n on to ! vase1 & :5 x is dry ! ord9>y glaze is appli$ ei!r alone or mix$ ) ts\i ye\ 7sui yu71 if crackle#ccb is requir$40 ,we are fur!r told t z on ! blue & :ite a glaze s(t5$ ) a consid]able proportion ( lime 0 necess>y = ! p]fection ( ! col\r4 ,! 8p[d] blue0 seems to h be5 a new inv5tion 9 ! ,k'ang ,hsi p]iod4 ,"u ! "n ( *'ui *'+ 7bl[n blue7 x figures 9 ! ,t'ao lu#ccc among ! triumphs ( ,ts'ang ,y+-hsan's directorate4 ,x is c]ta9ly a s+ul>ly beautiful col\r effect1 & wor?y ( ! homage x has receiv$ f collectors & c]amic hi/orians4 ,?\gh ! blue us$ 0 z a rule ( ! f9e/ quality1 x v>i$ mu* 9 int5sity & tone ) ! nature ( ! cobalt & am\nt appli$4 ,probably ! majority ( collectors w\ld give ! palm to ! d>k] %ades1 b ta/es diff]1 & ! light] tones :5 ! blue is pure sapphire h f\nd :ole-he>t$ admir]s4 ,a notable feature ( ! p[d] blue is its surpris+ brilliancy 9 artificial light1 :5 mo/ o!r porcela9 col\rs suff] eclipse4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #aaj ,two examples ( 8,p[d] ,blue0 7*'ui *'+7 ,porcela9 ( ! ,k'ang ,hsi p]iod 7#affb-agbb71 9 ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum ,fig4 #a4--;,bottle ( g\rd %ape ) sl5d] neck3 p[d] blue gr\nd ) gilt designs f ! ,hundr$ ,antiques 7po ku7 & bord]s ( ju-i patt]n1 =mal fl[]s & planta9 leaves4 ,height #g in*es4 ,fig4 #b4--;,bottle-%ap$ ,vase ) famille v]te panels ( rockwork & fl[]s res]v$ 9 a p[d] blue gr\nd4 ,height #g in*es4 ,salt+ ,collection4 ,x 0 us$ indiff]5tly z a simple mono*rome or z a gr\nd 9 :i* panel decoration 0 res]v$1 ! panels pa9t$ 9 famille v]te enamels or 9 blue & :ite2 & 9 bo? cases ! blue surface 0 usually embelli%$ ) light trac]ies 9 gold4 ,plate #aaj illu/rates bo? types4 ,bo? are highly priz$ by collectors1 & *ange h&s at high prices :5 ( ! good quality :i* is usual on ! ,k'ang ,hsi specim5s4 ,we h already not$#ccd ! occasional decoration ( ! p[d] blue gr\nd ) designs 9 famille v]te enamels1 & ,pre d',entrecolles#cce records ano!r process ( ornam5tation :i* 0 appli$ to all ! blue gr\nds ( ?is gr\p1 viz4 ! wa%$1 ! spong$1 & ! p[d] blues3 8,!re are workm5 :o trace designs ) ! po9t ( a long ne$le on ?is blue :e!r s\ffl or o!rwise2 ! ne$le removes z _m little specks ( dry blue z are necess>y to =m ! design2 !n ! glaze is put on40 ,f ?is precise description x is easy to recognise ?is simple b effective decoration4 ,!re are two examples 9 ! ,briti% ,museum ) dragon designs et*$ 9 ?is fa%ion1 ! "o 9 a wa%$ blue1 & ! o!r 9 a spong$ blue gr\nd4 ,! patt]n appe>s 9 :ite outl9e :]e ! blue has be5 remov$ by ! ne$le & ! porcela9 body expos$4 ,long usage has giv5 sanction to ! t]m 8maz>9e blue40 ,x 0 appli$ to ! d>k blue gr\nd col\r ( eighte5? c5tury ,engli% porcela91 & 9 ! contempor>y catalogues ! "n 8maz>e50 0 giv5 to any k9d ( deep blue f ! mottl$ violet ( ,*elsea to ! p[d]y gros bleu ( ,worce/]4 ,9 ref]5ce to ,*9ese porcela9 x is us$ to-day ) simil> fre$om = ! ta *'+ or d>k sky blue & = ! p[d] blue4 ,assum+ t ! phrase d]ives f ! fam\s ,c>d9al ,maz>91 x _c 9 its orig9al s5se h _h any ref]5ce to p[d] blue1 = ! ,c>d9al di$ 9 #affa1 &1 if he _h a weakness = blue mono*rome1 x mu/ h be5 = "s v>iety ( ! *iao *'+ or blue glazes prop] :i* 7 curr5t at ! end ( ! ,m+ & ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*'+ dyna/ies4 ,at ! pres5t day x is impossible to guess ! true %ade ( maz>9e blue1 & we mu/ be cont5t to reg>d x z a phrase connot+ a deep blue mono*rome ! exact def9ition ( :i* has gone beyond recall4#ccf ,! ,k'ang ,hsi m>k is sometimes f\nd on porcela9 coat$ ) a v d>k purpli% blue glaze ) s(t look+ surface & m9ute crackle4 ,x is app>5tly "o ( ^? glazes :i* are fir$ 9 ! temp]ate p>ts ( ! kiln1 & its use is m frequ5t on porcela9s ( a slightly lat] p]iod4 ,f9ally1 ! turquoise blue1 v>i\sly nam$ fei ts'ui 7k+fi%] blue7 & k'ung *'iao l 7peacock gre571 0 freely us$ z a mono*rome on figures & ornam5tal w>es4 ,x is a col\r :i* desc5ds f ,m+ times1 & ^: use has cont9u$ un*eck$ to ! pres5t day1 s t x is (t5 extremely difficult to give a precise date to any p>ticul> specim51 especially if ! object happ5s to be ( ar*aic =m1 a copy ( an old bronze or ! l4 ,its nature has already be5 discuss$#ccg among ! ,m+ glazes1 & "o c only say t ! ,k'ang ,hsi pieces h all ! virtues ( ! ,k'ang ,hsi manufacture--f9e mat]ial1 good pott+1 %apely =m1 & beautiful quality ( col\r4 ,! t9t v>ies widely f ! s(t turquoise blue ( k+fi%] fea!rs to a deep turquoise gre51 & "s ( ! mo/ attractive specim5s are mottl$ or spott$ ) pat*es ( gre5i% black4 ,! glaze is always m9utely crackl$1 & has suffici5t transp>5cy to all[ engrav$ or c>v$ designs on ! body to be visible4 ,x is a col\r :i* develops well on an e>!n body1 & ! pott]s (t5 mix$ co>se clay ) ! w>e :i* 0 int5d$ to receive ! turquoise glaze2 b ?is1 ,i ?9k1 0 ma9ly practis$ aft] ! ,k'ang ,hsi p]iod1 & ! ,k'ang ,hsi specim5s w1 z a rule1 be f\nd to h a pure :ite porcela9 basis4 ,z 9 ! ,m+ w>es1 ! turquoise sometimes %>es ! field ) an aub]g9e purple ( violet tone1 bo? col\rs be+ ( ! demi-gr& feu4 ,! purple is also us$ z a mono*rome4 ,!re are1 9 fact1 two aub]g9e purple mono*romes1 ! "o a ?ick & relatively opaque col\r sometimes full ( m9ute po9ts z ?\gh x _h be5 bl[n on l ! p[d] blue1 ! o!r a ?9 transp>5t 7& (t5 iridesc5t7 glaze ( br[n] tone4 ,bo? are d]iv$ f cobaltif]\s ore ( manganese1 bo? h desc5d$ f ! ,m+ p]iod1 & h already be5 discuss$ z mono*romes & z col\rs appli$ to ! biscuit4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #aaa ,two examples ( ,s+le-col\r ,porcela9 9 ! ,salt+ ,collection 7,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum7 ,fig4 #a4--;,bottle-%ap$ ,vase ( ,porcela9 ) l&scape design lightly engrav$ 9 relief "u a turquoise blue glaze4 ,e>ly eighte5? c5tury4 ,height #h in*es4 ,fig4 #b4--,wat] ,vessel = ! ,writ+ ,table ( ! =m kn[n z ,t'ai-po tsun aft] ! poet ,li ,t'ai-po4 ,porcela9 ) fa9tly engrav$ dragon m$allions "u a pea* bloom glaze2 ! neck cut d[n & fitt$ ) a metal coll>4 ,m>k 9 blue ( ! ,k'ang ,hsi p]iod 7#affb-agbb7 9 six *>act]s4 ,height #b in*es4 ,! cobaltif]\s ore ( manganese is ! same mat]ial :i* is us$ to give a blue col\r1 b 9 ?is case ! manganese is remov$1 & ! cobalt r5d]$ z pure z possible4 ,= ! manganese if 9 excess produces a purpli% br[n1 & its pres5ce 9 h[ev] small a quantity gives ! blue a purple or violet /ra94 ,by ! simple me?od ( graduat+ ! am\nt ( manganese :i* 0 all[$ to rema9 ) ! cobalt ! pott]s 7 able to obta9 _m int]m$iate %ades betwe5 d>k blue & purple = _! mono*rome glazes4 ,! gre5 mono*romes are sc>cely less num]\s ?an ! blue4 ,!re are ! transp>5t gre5s ( apple or leaf gre5 %ades :e!r ev5 or mottl$1 :i* h be5 describ$ among ! glazes appli$ to ! biscuit & among ! enamels ( ! famille v]te4 ,^! 7 us$ z mono*romes & gr\nd col\rs2 & closely ak9 to !m are 7#a7 ! cucumb] gre5 7kua p'i l71 9 :i* a yell[i% leaf gre5 is heavily mottl$ ) d>k] t9ts1 & 7#b7 ! snake sk9 gre5 7% p'i l71 a deep transp>5t gre5 ) iridesc5t surface1 "o ( ! col\rs = :i* ! directorate ( ,ts'ang ,y+-hsan 0 celebrat$4 ,!re are good examples ( bo? 9 ! ,salt+ ,collection1 b x w\ld be useless to reproduce !m except 9 col\r4 ,!re are ! apple & em]ald gre5 crackles 79 bo? cases a gre5 glaze ov]ly+ a grey or /one-col\r$ crackle71 b ^! h already be5 discuss$4#cch ,a some:at simil> te*nique *>act]ises ! s]ies ( semi-opaque & crackl$ gre5 glazes ( camelia leaf1 myrtle1 sp9a*1 light & d>k sage1 dull em]ald & sev]al int]m$iate t9ts4 ,^! are s(t-look+ glazes ) small b v regul> crackle1#cci & _! surface (t5 has a 8sat9y0 %e5 :i* recalls ! ,yi-hs+ glazes4 ,!y are evid5tly glazes ( ! demi-gr& feu1 & ! col\r+ ag5t is d\btless copp]1 ?\gh app>5tly modifi$ ) o!r +r$i5ts4 ,h[ f> ?is p>ticul> gr\p 0 us$ 9 ! ,k'ang ,hsi p]iod is h>d to say4 ,mo/ ( ! specim5s :i* ,i h se5 give me ! impression ( a lat] make1 b z !re are a few :i* might come )9 ! ,k'ang ,hsi limits ,i h tak5 ?is opportunity to discuss !m4 ,!re is "o specim5 ( a r>e gre5 9 ! ,briti% ,museum to :i* ,i _c recall a p>allel4 ,x is a b[l ) ! ord9>y :ite glaze1 b cov]$ on ! ext]ior ) a v bright yell[i% gre51 l ! "y grass ) ! sun %9+ on x4 ,x is1 p]haps1 r 9 ! nature ( an enamel ?an a glaze1 b ! w>e has ! appe>ance ( age & %\ld belong to ! e>ly "p ( ! ,k'ang ,hsi p]iod4 ,mo/ ( ! gre5 glazes are l[ fir$1 melt+ 9 ! temp]ature ( ! demi-gr& feu & ! muffle kiln4 ,! high-fir$ gre5s are ^? ( celadon class4 ,!re is ! lang yao#cdj gre51 :i* has be5 discuss$ "u t head+1 a crackl$ glaze1 9 col\r int]m$iate betwe5 apple gre5 & ! sea gre5 celadon1 & ) a surface texture hazy ) bubbles l ! sang de buf1 to :i* x is a ne> relation4 ,?is s(t & beautiful col\r has be5 describ$ z a 8copp] celadon10 & ?\gh ,dr4 ,bu%ell refuses 8 bless+ on ! "n x seems to me a p>ticul>ly happy expression4 ,= ! col\r app>5tly results f ! same copp] m$ium :i* "u slightly diff]5t fir+ conditions produces ! sang de buf r$ & at ! same "t its t9t approa*es v ne>ly to ! typical celadon gre54 ,! true celadon glaze 0 freely employ$ on ! e>ly ,*'+ porcela9s1 especially on ^? ( ,k'ang ,hsi & ,yung ,*ng p]iods4 ,x is a beautiful pale olive or sea gre5 col\r1 made light by ! pure :ite porcela9 b5ea? :i* its transp>5t nature p]mits to %9e ?r\gh4 ,comp>$ ) ! ,sung celadons z we "k !m1#cda ! ,*'+ dyna/y w>e is ?9n] 9 mat]ial & glaze1 want+ 9 ! peculi> solidity ( appe>ance ( ! anci5t w>es2 ! body is :it] & f9]1 & ! base is usually :ite ) ! ord9>y porcela9 glaze4 ,!re is1 moreov]1 no 8br[n m\? & iron foot10 unless inde$ ?is feature has be5 delib]ately add$ by means ( a dress+ ( f]rug9\s clay1 a make-up :i* is too obvi\s to deceive ! initiat$4 ,!re 71 h[ev]1 "s c>eful imitations ( ! anci5t celadons made at ?is "t & got up ) ! appe>ance ( antiquity1 b ^! 7 exceptional productions4#cdb ,pre d',entrecolles1 writ+ 9 #agbb1 alludes to ! ,k'ang ,hsi celadon 9 ! foll[+ t]ms#cdc3--8;,i 0 %[n ?is ye> = ! fir/ "t a k9d ( porcela9 :i* is n[ 9 fa%ion2 its col\r v]ges on olive & !y call x long tsiv54 ,i saw "s :i* 0 call$ tsim ko 7*'+ kuo71 ! "n ( a fruit :i* closely resembles ! olive40 ,! long tsiv5 is cle>ly a translit]ation ( ! *>act]s :i* we write ,lung-*'an1 ! g5]ic "n ( ! old celadons2 b x is odd t ,pre d',entrecolles %\ld n h se5 copies ( ?is glaze be=e #agbb1 = its use mu/ h be5 cont9u\s at ,*+-t ,*n f v e>ly times1 & we h f\nd ref]5ce to x 9 v>i\s p]iods ( ! ,m+ dyna/y4 ,x is evid5t1 h[ev]1 t ! col\r 0 enjoy+ a fre% bur/ ( popul>ity j at ?is "t4 ,d',entrecolles gives a few fur!r notes :i* conc]n its composition4 ,8 recipe is sub/antially ! same z t giv5 9 ,*9ese works1 viz4 a mixture ( f]rug9\s e>?1 :i* w\ld contribute a p]c5tage ( iron oxide1 ) ! ord9>y glaze4#cdd ,he also /ates t sui yu 7crackle glaze7 0 add$ if a crackl$ surface 0 requir$1 & !re are num]\s examples ( ?is k9d ( w>e to be se54 ,! mo/ famili> are ! vases ) crackl$ celadon or grey gre5 glaze int]rupt$ by b&s ( biscuit c>v$ ) =mal patt]ns & /a9$ to an iron col\r ) a dress+ ( f]rug9\s e>?4 ,mon/] heads ) r+s 7loose or o!rwise7 s]ve z tw9 h&les on ^! vases1 :i* are design$ aft] bronze models4 ,^! crackl$ celadons are evid5tly fa%ion$ aft] an old model1 b !y h be5 l>gely imitat$ 9 mod]n times1 & almo/ e pawnbrok]'s w9d[ displays a set ( execrable copies 7(t5 fur!r decorat$ 9 und]glaze blue7 :i* are inv>iably furni%$ ) ! ,*'ng ,hua m>k incis$ on a squ>e br[n panel "u ! base4 ,! yell[ mono*romes ( ! ,k'ang ,hsi p]iod are mo/ly desc5dants ( ! ,m+ yell[s4 ,!re is ! pale yell[ appli$ ov] a :ite glaze reproduc+ ! yell[ ( 8husk$ *e/nuts10 = :i* ! ,hung ,*ih 7q4v47 porcela9s 7 celebrat$2 & !re is a full] yell[1 usually ( br[n] %ade1 appli$ direct to ! biscuit4 ,yell[ is "o ( ! ,imp]ial col\rs1 ! usual t9t be+ a full deep col\r l ! yolk ( a h5's egg1 & ! ,imp]ial w>es are commonly di/+ui%$ by five-claw$ dragons engrav$ "u ! glaze4 ,o!r glazes#cde us$ on ! s]vices made = ! ,emp]or are ! purpli% br[n 7aub]g9e7 & ! bright gre5 ( camelia leaf t9t1 :i* ) ! yell[ make up ! san ts'ai or ?ree col\rs4 ,9 fact ! precise %ades ( ^! col\rs are ^? us$ on f9] types ( ?ree-col\r porcela9#cdf ) transp>5t glazes fir$ 9 ! temp]ate "p ( ! great kiln4 ,all ^! glazes t5d to become iridesc5t ) age4 ,! col\r+ m$ium ( ! pale yell[ is antimony comb9$ ) a proportion ( lead1 & iron oxide is add$ to give ! glaze an orange or br[n t+e4#cdg ,x is noticeable t ! yell[ appli$ to ! biscuit is usually br[n] 9 tone4 ,?is is ! nature1 if we may judge f ! excell5t col\r$ illu/rations 9 ! ,walt]s catalogue1#cdh ( ! eel yell[ 7%an y huang71 a br[ni% col\r ( cl\d$ smoky appe>ance1 & "o ( ! few glazes nam$ 9 ! ,t'ao lu z a speciality ( ! directorate ( ,ts'ang ,y+-hsan4 ,! o!r yell[ associat$ ) ! "n ( ,ts'ang is ! 8spott$ yell[0 7huang pan t'i571 discuss$ on p4 #abg4 ,its id5tification is unc]ta91 & ,br9kley describes x z 8/onew>e ) a d>k olive gre5 glaze ) yell[ speckles10 :ile ,bu%ell 7,o4 ,c4 ,a41 p4 #cag7 reg>ds x z a 8tig] sk90 glaze ) l>ge pat*es ( yell[ & gre5 enamel1 ! same z ! huang l ti5 7yell[ & gre5 spott$71 :i* he quotes f ano!r context4 ,all ^! v>ieties belong to ! c\leurs de demi-gr& feu2 b !re are besides sev]al v>ieties ( yell[ enamels fir$ 9 ! muffle kiln4 ,( ^! ! transp>5t yell[ 0 us$ z a gr\nd col\r 9 ! ,k'ang ,hsi p]iod1 b ! opaque v>ieties1 su* z ! lemon yell[1 etc41 belong r to a lat] p]iod4 ,among ! latt] ,i %\ld include ! crackl$ mu/>d yell[1 ?\gh examples ( x h (t5 be5 assign$ to ! ,k'ang ,hsi & ev5 e>li] reigns4 ,!re is1 = in/ance1 a bottle-%ap$ vase ) two elephant h&les 9 ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum1 :i* ,bu%ell#cdi reg>d$ z a specim5 ( ! old mi-s 78millet col\r07 glaze ( ! ,sung dyna/y4 ,a c>eful exam9ation %[s t ?is crackl$ br[ni% yell[ is made 9 mu* ! same fa%ion z ! apple gre5 & ! sage gre5 crackles1 viz4 a yell[ glaze or enamel ov]ly+ a /one-col\r$ crackle4 ,?is is n a ,sung te*nique1 b r an imitative me?od belong+ p]haps to ! ,yung ,*ng p]iod1 :5 old glazes & ar*aic %apes 7 reproduc$ ) wond]ful skill & tru?4 ,!re is a solit>y specim5 ( a high-fir$ glaze ( pale buff yell[ col\r 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 :i* p]haps %\ld be rank$ ) ! yell[ mono*romes1 ?\gh its appe>ance sugge/s an exceptional effect ( ! pale tz *9 or 8,nank+ yell[0 glaze4 ,& a r>e vase 9 ! ,pet]s ,collection has a m9utely crackl$ br[ni% yell[ glaze cl\d$ ) d>k olive 9 bold m>k+s l ^? ( tortoise%ell4 ,ano!r ,m+ mono*rome freely us$ 9 ! ,k'ang ,hsi p]iod is ! lu/r\s br[n 7tz *971 =m$ l ! celadon by mix+ f]rug9\s e>? call$ tz *9 %ih ) ! ord9>y glaze4 ,presumably ! quantity ( ?is mat]ial 0 great] 9 ! br[n glaze ?an 9 ! celadon4 ,pre d',entrecolles describes ?is glaze 9 its div]se %ades ( bronze1 c(fee & dead-leaf br[n1 b he makes ! curi\s error ( proclaim+ x a new inv5tion 9 #agbb4cej ,he also ref]s to its use on ! ext]ior ( :ite cups & z a gr\nd col\r 9 :i* :ite panels 7 res]v$4 8,on a cup or vase10 he tells u1 8:i* "o wi%$ to glaze ) br[n1 a r\nd or squ>e ( damp$ pap] 0 appli$ 9 "o or two places2 aft] ! glaze _h be5 laid on1 ! pap] 0 peel$ (f1 & ! unglaz$ space 0 pa9t$ 9 r$ or blue4 ,?is dry1 ! usual glaze 0 appli$ to ! res]ve by bl[+ or by "s o!r me?od4 ,"s ( ! pott]s fill ! blank spaces ) a gr\nd ( blue or black1 ) a view to add+ gilt designs aft] ! fir/ fir+40 ,!re 7 o!r me?ods ( decorat+ ^! panels1 & p]haps ! mo/ famili> is t 9 :i* ! e>ly famille rose enamels 7 employ$4 ,?is comb9ation ( br[n gr\nd ) panels ( floral designs 9 ?ick opaque rose r$1 yell[1 :ite & gre5 0 a fav\rite ) ! ,dut* export]s4 ,9 fact ?is w>e is /ill call$ ,batavian1 ! old catalogue "n d]iv$ f ! ,dut* ,ea/ ,indian settlem5t ( ,batavia1 :i* 0 an entrepot = f>-,ea/]n m]*&ise4 ,! date ( ! ,batavian porcela9 is cle>ly indicat$ by ! transition enamels z late ,k'ang ,hsi4 ,! tz *9 br[n 0 us$ z a mono*rome 9 all its v>i\s %ades f d>k c(fee col\r to pale gold5 br[n1 & ! light] & m transp>5t %ades 7 sometimes laid ov] engrav$ decoration4 ,9 ! ,briti% ,museum !re are two c&le/icks1 ! /ems ( :i* ) dragon designs 9 full relief are 9 an int5sely d>k tz *9 glaze1 s d>k1 inde$1 t ! tops h be5 exactly mat*$ 9 ! deep br[n w>e made by ,bttg] ( ,dresd5 ab\t #agaj1 ! latt] poli%$ on ! la! to simulate ! lu/r\s surface ( ! ,*9ese glaze4 ,9 ! same collection are two sauc] di%es ( d>k tz *9 glaze ( f9e quality pa9t$ ) slight floral designs 9 silv]4#cea ,?is k9d ( decoration mu/ h be5 s+ul>ly effective 9 its orig9al /ate1 b ! silv] does n /& ! te/ ( "t1 & ?\gh x /ill firmly adh]es its surface has turn$ black4 ,an unusual effect is se5 on a vase 9 ! ,pet]s collection :i* has a lu/r\s c(fee br[n glaze pass+ into olive & cl\d$ ) black2 & a v r>e specim5 9 ! same collection has a 8leop>d sk90 glaze ( transluc5t olive br[n ) l>ge mottl+ ( opaque c(fee br[n4 ,! latt] piece be>s ! ,wan ,li m>k4 ,! lighte/ %ade ( ?is col\r is :at has be5 describ$ z ,nank+ yell[4#ceb ,x is us$ z a mono*rome or z a gr\nd col\r ) panels usually ( famille v]te enamels1 & sometimes ) enamell$ decoration appli$ ov] ! br[n glaze itself4 ,x is cle> t ! sui yu or crackle glaze 0 sometimes mix$ ) ! tz *91 = we f9d _m examples ( beautiful lu/r\s br[n crackle4 ,!y h1 h[ev]1 9 _m cases an adv5titi\s t+e ( grey or gre51 = :i* ! crackle glaze is p]haps responsible4 ,a ne> relation to ! tz *9 7br[n gold7 glaze is ! wu *9 7black gold71 a lu/r\s black glaze obta9$ by mix+ a little impure cobaltif]\s ore ( manganese 7or co>se blue mat]ial#cec7 ) ! tz *9 glaze4 ,l ! latt] ! black is an int5sely h>d glaze fir$ 9 ! full heat ( ! great kiln1 & x has a lu/r\s metallic surface :i* e>n$ = x ! "n ( 8mirror black40#ced ,?is glaze seems to h really be5 a ,k'ang ,hsi innovation1#cee & possibly x 0 a confusion ) ?is fact :i* l$ d',entrecolles into 8 errone\s /atem5t ab\t ! date ( ! lu/r\s br[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #aab4--,?ree figures ( ,birds1 late ,k'ang ,hsi ,porcela91 ) col\r$ enamels on ! biscuit4 ,fig4 #a4--,/ork4 ,height #ag in*es4 ,briti% ,museum4 ,fig4 #b4--;,hawk4 ,height #aj in*es4 ,s4 ,e4 ,k5n$y ,collection4 ,fig4 #c4--;,cock4 ,height #ac in*es4 ,briti% ,museum4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #aac4--,porcela9 delicately pa9t$ 9 ?9 famille v]te enamels4 ,ab\t #agbj4 ,fig4 #a4--;,di% ) figures ( ,hsi ,wang ,mu & att5dant4 ,*'ng ,hua m>k4 ,diamet] #f in*es4 ,hippisley ,collection4 ,fig4 #b4--;,b[l ) ! ,eight ,immortals4 ,diamet] #h in*es4 ,s4 ,e4 ,k5n$y ,collection4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #aad4--;,hang+ ,vase ) op5work sides1 = p]fum$ fl[]s4 ,cumb]bat* ,collection4 ,porcela9 pa9t$ 9 late famille v]te enamels4 ,ab\t #agbj4 ,blackwood frame4 ,total height #ag in*es4 ,! mirror black is usually a mono*rome trick$ out ) gilt trac]ies1 b z 9 ! case ( ! p[d] blue ! light ,*9ese gild+ is usually worn away1 & (t5 its quondam pres5ce c n[ only be detect$ by a fa9t oily film :i* appe>s :5 ! porcela9 is held obliquely to ! light4 ,x is a common practice to h ?is lo/ gild+ replac$ by mod]n "w4 ,!re are sev]al l>ge vases ( triple-g\rd =m 9 ! ,*>lott5burg ,palace ) ! upp] & l[] lobes coat$ ) gilt mirror black1 & ! c5tral bulb enamell$ ) famille v]te col\rs2 & ano!r use ( ! glaze z panel decoration 9 a lu/r\s br[n gr\nd has already be5 not$ 9 an extract f ,pre d',entrecolles2 x is also f\nd on r>e specim5s z a backgr\nd = panels ( famille v]te enamell+4 ,b its mo/ effective use is z a pure mono*rome only reliev$ by fa9t gild+1 & "s ( ! *oice/ ,k'ang ,hsi specim5s h s(t br[n reflexions 9 ! lu/re ( ! surface4 ,ano!r & probably a lat] type ( mirror black is a ?ick lacqu]-l glaze ) signs ( m9ute crackle4 ,!re is a type ( glaze :i*1 ?\gh v>iegat$ ) _m t9ts1 /ill belongs to ! category ( mono*romes4 ,?is is ! flamb1 to use ! sugge/ive ,fr5* t]m :i* implies a surface %ot ) flame-l /reaks ( v>y+ col\r4 ,?is caprici\s col\r+1 ! result ( "s *ance action ( ! fire ^u copp] oxide 9 ! glaze1 _h long be5 kn[n to ! ,*9ese pott]s4 ,x appe>$ on ! ,*n ,*\ w>es ( ! ,sung & ,yan dyna/ies1 & x mu/ h occurr$ _m times on ! ,m+ copp] mono*romes2 b up to ! end ( ! ,k'ang ,hsi p]iod x seems to h be5 /ill m or less accid5tal on ! ,*+-t ,*n porcela91 if we c believe ! circum/antial acc\nt writt5 by ,pre d',entrecolles 9 ! ye> #agbbcef3--8;,i h be5 %[n "o ( ! porcela9s :i* are call$ yao pi51 or transmutation4 ,?is transmutation takes place 9 ! kiln1 & results f defective or excessive fir+1 or p]haps f o!r circum/ances :i* are n easy to guess4 ,?is specim5 :i*1 accord+ to ! workman's idea1 is a failure & ! *ild ( pure *ance1 is none ! less beautiful1 & none ! less valu$4 ,! pott] _h set out to make vases ( s\ffl r$4 ,a hundr$ pieces 7 entirely spoilt1 & ! specim5 9 "q came f ! kiln ) ! appe>ance ( a sort ( agate4 ,7 !y b will+ to take ! risk & ! exp5se ( successive exp]im5ts1 ! pott]s w\ld ev5tually discov] ! secret ( mak+ ) c]ta9ty t :i* *ance has produc$ 9 ?is solit>y case4 ,?is is ! way !y le>nt to make porcela9 ) ! brilliant black glaze call$ ou kim 7wu *972 ! caprice ( ! kiln det]m9$ ?is rese>*1 & ! result 0 successful40 ,x is int]e/+ to read h[ ?is specim5 ( flamb result$ f ! misfir+ ( a copp] r$ glaze1 no d\bt a sang de buf2 = 9 ! mo/ common type ( flamb r$ 7see ,plate #abc1 ,fig4 #a7 passages ( ri* sang de buf em]ge f ! welt] ( m+l$ grey1 blue & purple t9ts4 ,! la/ "p ( d',entrecolles' note 0 prophetic1 = 9 ! succe$+ reigns ! pott]s 7 able to produce ! flamb glaze at w4 ,!re are1 besides1 _m o!r /rangely col\r$ glazes :i* c only be expla9$ z misfir$ mono*romes ( ! gr& feu1 ^? ( mulb]ry col\r1 slaty purple1 & ! l1 mo/ ( :i* 7 probably int5d$ = m>oon or liv] r$1 b 7 alt]$ by "s caprice ( ! fire4 ,b x w\ld be useless to enum]ate ^! erratic t9ts1 :i* are easily recognis$ by _! div]g5ce f ! normal c]amic col\rs4 ,! ,fr5* h always be5 p>tial to mono*rome porcela9s4 ,9 ! eighte5? c5tury !y b\ght !m eag]ly to decorate _! hotels & *teaux1 & en%r9$ !m 9 co/ly metal m\nts4 ,b z ! /yle ( ! m\nt+1 rococo 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! c5tury1 neo-classical 9 ! latt] "p1 0 design$ to mat* ! furniture ( ! p]iod1 ! ori5tal %apes 7 (t5 sacrific$ to ! ,european fa%ion4 ,d>k blue & celadon gre5 7 fav\rite col\rs1 if we may judge by surviv+ examples1 & to-day enorm\s prices are paid = ,*9ese mono*romes fitt$ ) ,fr5* ormolu m\nts by ! ,c\rt goldsmi?s1 su* z ,g\?ire1 ,caffi]i1 & ! re/4#ceg ,b ^! ri*ly m\nt$ pieces h m int]e/ z furniture & metal "w1 & ! c]amophile reg>ds !m askance = _! =eign & incongru\s trapp+s1 :i* di/urb ! pure enjoym5t ( ! porcela94#ceh ,x rema9s to consid] ! :ite porcela91 t is to say ! porcela9 :i* 0 int5d$ to rema9 :ite & undecorat$ ) any =m ( col\r+4 ,:ite 0 ! col\r us$ by ! ,c\rt 9 times ( m\rn+1 & l>ge s]vices ( :ite porcela9 7 made = ! ,emp]or on ^! occasions4 ,b x is n to be suppos$ t all ! beautiful :ite w>es 7 made solely = ?is purpose4#cei ,!y h always be5 highly e/eem$ by ! ,*9ese f ! e>ly ,m+ times1 :5 ! ,yung ,lo b[ls & ! :ite alt> cups ( ,hsan ,t 7 celebrat$ among porcela9s1 d[n to ! pres5t day4 ,_m exquisite :ites 7 made 9 ! e>ly reigns ( ! ,*'+ dyna/y1 & z ) s _m ( ! p]5nial mono*romes _! exact dat+ is full ( difficulty4 ,we are n conc]n$ "h ) ! blanc de *9e or :ite porcela9 ( ,t-hua 9 ,fuki51 :i* has already be5 discuss$1 b ) ! :ite ( ,*+-t ,*n1 ! glaze ( :i* is di/+ui%$ f ! =m] by its h>d] appe>ance1 & its blui% or gre5i% t+e4 ,! latt] 0 made to p]fection 9 ! ,k'ang ,hsi p]iod4 ,hav+ no col\rs to di/ract ! eye f surface blemi%es1 no?+ %ort ( absolute purity c\ld satisfy ! critic4 ,9 *oice specim5s ! pa/e 0 f9e1 :ite & unctu\s1 ! glaze cle>1 flawless1 & ( oily lu/re1#cfj ! =m 0 elegant & ! pott+ true4 ,su* pieces )\t blemi% or flaw are ! v fl[] ( porcela91 :e!r !y be ( egg%ell ?9ness 7t'o t'ai71 half egg%ell 7pan t'o t'ai71 or ( ! sub/ance ( ord9>y w>es4 ,b ?\gh innoc5t ( col\r ! :ite porcela9 0 r>ely )\t decoration4 ,! f9e/ ,imp]ial s]vices 7 usually delicately et*$ "u ! glaze ) sc>cely visible dragon designs4 ,o!r k9ds h ! ornam5t /rongly cut1 su* z ! egg%ell cups & sauc]s ) patt]ns ( hibiscus1 lotus1 or *rysan!mum petals firmly outl9$1 or ! vases ) full-bodi$ designs 9 l[ relief obta9$ by c>v+ away ! gr\nd surr\nd+ ! patt]n4#cfa ,o!rs h fa9t trac]ies or ?ickly pa9t$ patt]ns 9 :ite slip1 9 /eatite1#cfb or 9 fibr\s gypsum "u ! glaze4 ,a full] relief 0 obta9$ by press+ 9 deeply cut m\lds or by apply+ /rips & %av+s ( ! body clay1 & work+ !m into designs ) a wet bru% aft] ! mann] ( ! mod]n pte sur pte4 ,!re are /ill high] reliefs 9 ,k'ang ,hsi porcela91 figures1 & symbolical ornam5ts1 =m$ sep>ately 9 m\lds & 8lut$0 on to ! w>e ) liquid clay1 b ^! g5]ally appe>$ on ! enamell$ w>es1 & are !mselves col\r$4 ,! appli$ reliefs on ! :ite w>es are usually 9 unglaz$ biscuit1 & !re are1 besides1 pi]c$ & *annell$ patt]ns1 b ^! processes h be5 fully describ$ among ! late ,m+ w>es1#cfc & no?+ fur!r ne$ be said ( !m1 except t !y 7 employ$ ) supreme skill & ref9em5t by ! ,k'ang ,hsi pott]s4 ,pre d',entrecolles#cfd alludes to ^! p]=at$ w>es 9 ! foll[+ passage3--8,!y make "h 7i4e4 at ,*+-t ,*n7 ano!r k9d ( porcela9 :i* ,i h nev] yet se54 ,x is all pi]c$ j\r l fretwork1 & inside is a cup to hold ! liquid4 ,! cup & ! fretwork are all 9 "o piece40 ,w>es ( v>i\s k9ds ) solid inn] l9+ & pi]c$ out] cas+ are n uncommon 9 ,*9ese porcela9 & pott]y4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 ! cups are complet$ )\t ! inn] %ell1 l ,fig4 #b1 ( ,plate #gh1 :i* c\ld be fitt$ ) a silv] l9+ if requir$ to hold liquid4 ,objects entirely biscuit are exceptional4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 two small ,buddhi/ic figures1 & two lions ( ?is class 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 & curi\sly en\gh bo? are /amp$ ) pott]'s m>ks1 :i* is itself a r>e occurr5ce on porcela94 ,! =m] be> ! "n ( ,*ang ,m+-kao & ! latt] ( ,*'n ,mu-*ih 7see vol4 i41 page #bbc74 ,bu%ell#cfe tells u t ! ,*9ese call biscuit porcela9 fan tz' 7turn$ porcela971 a qua9t conception :i* implies t ! w>e is turn$ inside out1 z ?\gh ! glaze 7 inside1 & ! body out2 & ?is illusion is occasionally kept up by apply+ a t\* ( glaze inside ! m\? ( ! unglaz$ vessel4 ,biscuit porcela9 is specially suitable = figure modell+1 because ! %>pness ( ! details rema9s unobscur$ by glaze4 ,x has be5 l>gely employ$ 9 ,european porcela9 factories = ?is purpose1 b ! ,*9ese seem to h be5 prejudic$ aga9/ ?is exclusive use ( ! mat]ial4 ,z a rule !y res]ve x = ! fle%y p>ts ( _! figures1 giv+ ! drap]ies a coat+ ( glaze or ( enamel or bo?4 ,a r>e example ( ! use ( biscuit is illu/rat$ 9 ! catalogue ( ! ,walt]s ,collection 7,o4 ,c4 ,a41 ,plate ,,xxix471 a :ite bottle ) a dragon c>v$ out ( ! glaze & left 9 biscuit4 ,! :ite w>es s f> describ$ 7 made ( ! ord9>y porcela9 body & glaze1 b !re is ano!r gr\p ( :ites :i* is rank$ ) ! s-call$ 8s(t pa/es40 ,?is is a creamy1 opaque & (t5 e>?y-look+ w>e1 ! glaze ( :i* is almo/ always crackl$4 ,x is 9 fact an imitation ( ! old ,t+ yao 7q4v471 & its s(t-look+ surface & w>m creamy tone are se5 to p]fection 9 small vases1 snuff bottles1 & ornam5tal w>es4 ,inde$1 ! elegantly %ap$ & f9ely pott$ vessels ( ?is s(t1 ivory crackle are among ! gems ( ! p]iod4 ,crackle is a feature :i* is common to _m ( ! mono*romes1 & incid5tal m5tion has frequ5tly be5 made ( x 9 ! prec$+ pages4 ,x is ess5tially a ,*9ese ph5om5on1 dat+ back to ! ,sung dyna/y1 & !re are v>i\s acc\nts ( ! me?ods employ$ to produce x4 ,we are speak+ ( ! int5tional crackle :i* is cle>ly def9$ & usually acc5tuat$ by "s col\r+ matt] rubb$ into ! cracks1 z oppos$ to ! accid5tal craz+ :i* appe>s soon] or lat] on mo/ ( ! glazes ( ! demi gr& feu1 & on _m l[-fir$ enamels4 ,"o crackl+ process us$ by ! ,sung pott]s has be5 describ$ on p4 #ii1 vol4 i4 ,ano!r me?od is m5tion$ 9 ! ,k'ang ,hsi ,encyclopdia1#cff viz4 to heat ! unglaz$ w>e z mu* z possible 9 ! sun1 !n plunge x into pure wat]4 ,by ?is means a crackle 0 produc$ on ! w>e aft] ! fir+4 ,b ! normal process 9 ! ,*'+ dyna/y seems to h be5 to mix a c]ta9 +r$i5t ) ! glaze :i* produc$ a crackle :5 fir$4 ,!re are con/ant ref]5ces to ?is +r$i5t "u ! "n ( sui yu 7crackle glaze7 9 ! lett]s ( ,pre d',entrecolles 9 connection ) v>i\s mono*romes1 & 9 ! fir/ lett]1#cfg ! foll[+ def9ite acc\nt appe>s3--8,x is to be obs]v$ t :5 no o!r glaze b t compos$ ( :ite pebbles#cfh is add$ to ! porcela91 ! w>e turns out to be ( a special k9d kn[n z ts\i ki 7sui *'i crackl$ w>e74 ,x is m>bl$ all ov] & split up 9 e direction into a inf9ite numb] ( ve9s4 ,at a di/ance x might be tak5 = brok5 porcela91 all ! fragm5ts ( :i* h rema9$ 9 place4 ,x is l mosaic "w4 ,! col\r produc$ by ?is glaze is a slightly a%5 :ite40 ,! effect ( ?is +r$i5t ( ! glaze :atev] its composition may h be5 is easily und]/ood4 ,all porcela9 & pott]y und]goes a consid]able am\nt ( contraction--f loss ( moi/ure1 etc4--9 ! kiln1 & to obta9 a p]fectly ev5 glaze x is necess>y t ! contraction ( ! glaze %\ld be ! same z t ( ! body4 ,cle>ly ?is +r$i5t caus$ ! glaze to contract to a great] ext5t ?an ! body1 & s to split up into m9ute fissures4 ,! ,*9ese 7 able to control to a great ext5t ! size & nature ( ! crackle1 z is %[n by ! appe>ance ( alt]nate b&s ( l>ge & small crackle on ! same piece4 ,! me?ods ( col\r+ ! crackle include rubb+ r$ o*re1 ink1 & decoction ( tea leaves into ! cracks be=e ! w>e 0 q cool4 ,ano!r me?od is describ$ by ,bu%ell 7,o4 ,c4 ,a41 p4 #eaa7 by :i* a :ite crackl$ w>e 0 /a9$ p9k or crimson4 ,! vessel 0 held 9 ! fire 9 an iron cage until ?or\ghly heat$1 & !n wat] mix$ ) gold-p9k col\r+ matt] 0 bl[n on to x4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is a lat] process4 ,mo/ ( ! mono*rome glazes are occasionally crackl$1 b ! mo/ *>act]i/ic col\rs ( ! crackle glazes are ! greyi% :ite 7! blanc un peu c5dr ( ,pre d',entrecolles71 & light buff1 :i* 7 probably int5d$ to recall ! a% col\r 7hui s7 & ! millet col\r 7mi s7 ( ! ,sung ,ko yao4 ,"s ( ! light buff or 8oatmeal0 crackles ( ! e>ly ,*'+ p]iod are peculi>ly ref9$ & beautiful4 ,?\gh ?is has seem$ a fav\rable opportunity = discuss+ crackle glazes x is n to be suppos$ t !y 7 a speciality ( ! ,k'ang ,hsi p]iod4 ,!y are common to e age s9ce ! ,sung dyna/y1 & probably !y 7 nev] made 9 su* abundance & ) su* c>e z 9 ! ,yung ,*ng & e>ly ,*'i5 ,lung p]iods4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,yung ,,*,,ng ** #b ,,p]iod 7#agbc-agce7 ,! ,emp]or1 ,k'ang ,hsi1 0 succe$$ by 8 son1 :o reign$ f #agbc-agce "u ! title ,yung ,*ng4 ,! int]e/ :i* ! new rul] _h tak5 z a pr9ce 9 c]amic manufactures is prov$ by a passage 9 ! fir/ lett] 7writt5 9 #agab7 ( ,pre d',entrecolles 9 :i* he in/ances among rem>kable examples ( ! pott]'s skill a 8great porcela9 lamp made 9 "o piece1 ?r\gh :i* a tor* gave light to a :ole room4 ,?is "w 0 ord]$ sev5 or eight ye>s ago by ! ,cr[n ,pr9ce40 ,we are fur!r told t ! same pr9ce _h ord]$ ! manufacture ( v>i\s musical in/rum5ts 9 porcela94 ,^! c\ld n all be made1 b ! mo/ successful 7 flutes & flageolets1 & a set ( *imes made ( n9e small1 r\nd & slightly concave plaques1 :i* hung 9 a frame1 & 7 play$ ) drum-/icks4 ,app>5tly ! ,emp]or cont9u$ to take an intimate int]e/ 9 ! indu/ry aft] he _h asc5d$ ! ?rone1 = he comm&$ 8 bro!r ! pr9ce ( ,yi to ann\nce p]sonally to ,t'ang ,y+ 8 appo9tm5t at ,*+-t ,*n 9 #agbh4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! reign ! direction ( ! ,imp]ial factory 0 9 ! h&s ( ,ni5 ,hsi-yao1#cfi :o1 9 8 capacity ( inspector ( cu/oms at ,huai-an ,fu1#cgj disp5s$ ! funds = ! ,imp]ial porcela94 ,a brief note 9 ! ,t'ao lu1#cga "u ! head+ 8,ni5 w>e ( ! ,yung ,*ng p]iod10 sums up 9 ! usual compress$ /yle ( ,*9ese c]amic writ]s ! "* ( ! porcela9 made at ?is "t4 ,! duty ( ,ni51 inspector ( cu/oms at ,huai-an ,fu1 we read1 0 to select ! mat]ials1 & to see t ! porcela9 0 furni%$ to ! ,imp]ial ord]s4 ,! w>e 0 extremely ref9$ & elegant4 ,! col\r$ porcela9s 7 s5t twice mon?ly to ,ni5 at ! ,cu/oms1 & =w>d$ by him to ! ,emp]or4 ,among ! vases 7*o *'i7 _m 7 ( egg col\r1 & ( r\nd$ =m1 lu/r\s & pure :ite l silv]4 ,!y comb9$ blue & col\r$ decoration1 & "s _h pa9t$1 engrav$1 et*$1 or pi]c$ ornam5t all +5i\sly fa%ion$4 ,imitation ( ! antique & inv5tion ( novelties1 ^! 7 truly ! e/abli%$ pr9ciples ( ,ni54 ,! int]e/+ li/ ( w>es made at ! ,imp]ial factory :i* is giv5 9 detail on pp4 #bbc-bbf supplies a full comm5t>y on ?is meagre notice1 illu/rat+ ! types :i* are m]ely h9t$ 9 ! ,t'ao lu & specify+ ! p>ticul> k9ds ( antiques :i* 7 reproduc$ & _m ( ! new processes inv5t$ 9 ?is reign4 ,) reg>d to ! la/1 h[ev]1 x appe>s t ! *ief cr$it 0 due to ,ni5's gift$ assi/ant1 ,t'ang ,y+4 ,mo/ ( ! actual processes1 su* z c>v+1 engrav+1 pi]c+ j\r1 emboss+ 9 high & l[ relief1 bl[+ on ( ! glazes1 pa9t+ 9 enamels1 9 gold & 9 silv]1#cgb h already be5 describ$ 9 previ\s *apt]s4 ,inde$ we may assume t all ! sci5ce ( ! ,k'ang ,hsi pott]s 0 inh]it$ by _! successors 9 ! ,yung ,*ng p]iod1 & we ne$ only conc]n ourselves ) ! novelties & ! specialities ( ! p]iod4 ,a few words %\ld be said fir/ ab\t ! w>e itself4 ,necess>y v>iations 9 ! appe>ance ( ! ,*+-t ,*n porcela91 :i* 7 due to purely natural causes su* z ! use ( clays ( v>y+ qualities or ^? f diff]5t localities1 h be5 not$ f "t to "t4 ,^! diff]5ces are g5]ally q obvi\s & !y expla9 !mselves4 ,b ap>t f ^! !re are num]\s in/ances 9 :i* ! pott]s h delib]ately dep>t$ f ! normal recipes 9 ord] to obta9 "s special effect4 ,?us we saw t ! *'+-ti5 /one 0 introduc$ into ! body 9 imitations ( ! opaque & r e>?y-look+ :ite ,t+ ,*\ w>e2 hua %ih 7/eatite7 0 us$ = ano!r type ( opaque porcela9 :i* (f]$ a vellum-l surface to ! blue pa9t]2 & co>se1 impure clays 7 f\nd ( great s]vice 9 ! imitation ( ! d>k-col\r$ body ( ! antique w>es4 ,_m o!r modifications appe> 9 ! porcela9 ( ! fir/ half ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,!re is1 = in/ance1 a v dead :ite w>e1 s(t look+1 b transluc5t1 :i* occurs on "s ( ! *oic] examples ( armorial porcela94#cgc ,!re are sev]al specim5s ( ?is 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 "o ( :i* be>s ! e>ly date1 #agjb1 :ile o!rs belong to ! ,yung ,*ng p]iod4 ,aga9 !re is ! highly vitre\s w>e evolv$ by ,t'ang ,y+ to imitate ! opaque glass ( ,ku-yeh-hsan2 b t w be discuss$ lat]4#cgd ,^! special bodies 7 ma9ly employ$ = articles ( small size & ornam5tal design1 & !y c be /udi$ 9 all _! v>ieties 9 a repres5tative collection ( snuff bottles4 ,! ,*9ese pott]s lavi%$ all _! skill on ^! da9ty little objects4 ,n only d !y include e k9d ( w>e1 crackl$ or pla91 transluc5t or opaque1 b !y illu/rate 9 m9iature e v>iety ( decoration--mono*rome1 pa9t$1 c>v$1 m\ld$1 incis$1 pi]c$ & emboss$4 ,probably ! *oice/ snuff bottles 7 made 9 ! ,yung ,*ng & ,*'i5 ,lung p]iods2 b ! ,*9ese h nev] ceas$ to delight 9 !m1 & _m beautiful examples 7 manufactur$ 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! ,tao ,kuang p]iod4 ,! ord9>y ,yung ,*ng porcela9 diff]s b little f t ( ! previ\s reign1 ?\gh x t5ds to assume a :it] appe>ance1 & ! gre5 t+e ( ! glaze is less m>k$4 ,moreov]1 a *ange is noticeable 9 ! f9i% ( ! base rim ( vases & b[ls4 ,bevell+ ( ! edge is less common1 & gives place to a r\nd$ or angul> f9i%1 ! foot rim be+ (t5 almo/ symbol3 ,v-%ap$2 :ile ! slight t+e ( br[n ar\nd ! raw edge1 :i* is usual on ,k'ang ,hsi w>es1 is (t5 entirely abs5t4 ,! actual pott+ ( ! porcela9 displays a wond]ful degree ( manipulative skill1 & ! =ms1 ?\gh highly f9i%$1 are n lack+ 9 vig\r4 ,!y are1 9 fact1 a happy mean betwe5 ! /rong1 free l9es ( ! ,k'ang ,hsi & ! meticul\s f9i% ( ! lat] ,*'i5 ,lung porcela9s4 ,! v]dict ( ! ,t'ao lu1 8extremely ref9$ & elegant10 is fully ju/ifi$ by ! porcela9 itself no less ?an by its decoration4 ,n ! lea/ des]v+ ( ?is praise1 ?\gh ma9ly made = export1 is ! important gr\p discuss$ on page #bji1 viz4 ! sauc] di%es1 plates1 tea & c(fee w>es1 etc41 ( delicate :ite porcela91 pa9t$1 app>5tly at ,canton1 9 ! famille rose enamels4 ,x is an 8egg%ell0 porcela91 :ite1 ?91 & beautifully f9i%$1 & ! da9ty little conical or bell-%ap$ tea cups1 ?\gh )\t h&les1 are ! p]fection ( table w>e4 ,?is k9d ( 8egg%ell0 is easily di/+ui%$ f ! ,m+ type1 :i* is gre5] 9 tone & has ! appe>ance ( melt+ sn[ by transmitt$ light4 ,! ,yung ,*ng p]iod is n conspicu\s = blue & :ite porcela94 ,! p]fection ( ! famille rose col\rs & ! gr[+ dem& = enamell$ w>es seem to h )drawn ! att5tion ( ! pott]s f _! old speciality4 ,m>k$ examples ( ,yung ,*ng blue & :ite are s uncommon t x is difficult to e/imate ! m]its ( ! w>e f !m4 ,a sauc] di% 9 ! ,briti% ,museum %[s ! famili> patt]n ( a prunus spray res]v$ 9 :ite 9 a m>bl$ blue gr\nd2 b ?\gh ! w>e itself pres]ves mu* ( ! ,k'ang ,hsi "*1 ! blue is dull & grey1 & want+ 9 ! vivacity & dep? ( ! old models4 ,"o w\ld say t little c>e _h be5 sp5t on ! ref9+ ( ! blue1 & )\t ! old p]fection ( mat]ial ! ,k'ang ,hsi /yle1 ) its broad wa%es ( col\r1 0 doom$ to failure4 ,consid]ations ( ?is sort may h l$ ! pa9t]s to ab&on ! wa%es 9 fav\r ( p5cill+ 9 f9e l9es1 a me?od app>5t on ! armorial porcela9 :i* c be dat$ to ?is p]iod4 ,su* a treatm5t ( ! blue 0 admirably suit$ to small objects4 ,inde$ x 0 ! usual /yle ( decoration on ! /eatitic porcela91 ( :i* _m excell5t examples belong+ to ?is "t are to be f\nd among ! snuff bottles1 v]milion boxes1 & ! small1 arti/ic furniture ( ! writ+ table4 ,on l>ge specim5s ! effect is ?9 & weak4 ,on ! o!r h& ! ,yung ,*ng pott]s1 :o excell$ 9 reproduc+ ! antique1 7 mo/ successful 9 _! imitation ( ! old ,m+ blue & :ites4 ,! ,imp]ial li/#cge includes su* items z 8reproductions ( ! pale blue pa9t$ designs ( ,*'ng ,hua10 & ( ! d>k blue ( ,*ia ,*+4 ,an int]e/+ example ( a ,m+ reproduction is a b[l 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 :i* is pa9t$ on ! ext]ior ) ! old design ( ladies walk+ 9 a g>d5 by c&le light4#cgf ,9 spite ( its ,yung ,*ng m>k ?is piece is obvi\sly a copy ( a ,m+ model4 ,! porcela9 is :ite & ?ick1 & ! glaze1 :i* is ( gre5i% t9t1 has a peculi> s(t-look+ surface1 :ile ! blue design inside is ( *>act]i/ic ,m+ col\r1 ?\gh t ( ! ext]ior is sc>cely s successful4 ,ano!r type mu* copi$ at ?is p]iod z well z 9 ! succe$+ reign is t 9 :i* ! blue is mottl$ & blot*$ ) d>k] spots1 a type discuss$ among ! e>ly ,m+ w>es4#cgg ,& simil>ly su* specim5s z ,fig4 #b ( ,plate #aaf1 :i* be>s a ,hsan ,t m>k1 d\btless belong to ?is p]iod ( imitative manufacture4 ,x is ( ?ick1 solid build ) smoo?1 s(t-look+ glaze1 ^: bubbl$ texture gives ! blue a hazy appe>ance4 ,pa9t+ 9 und]glaze r$ alone1 or 9 comb9ation ) und]glaze blue1 0 freely practis$ 9 ! reign ( ,yung ,*ng1 & probably mo/ ( ! f9e examples ( ?is type 9 our collections belong to ?is & ! succe$+ reign 7,fig4 #a1 ,plate #aag74 ,!re is a good example ) ! ,yung ,*ng m>k 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 a vase ( 8pilgrim-bottle0 =m ) c5tral design ( ! ?ree emblematic fruits--pea*1 pomegranate1 & f+] citron1 symbols ( ! ,?ree ,abundances ( ,ye>s1 ,sons & ,happ9ess4 ,! fruits are 9 a s(t und]glaze r$1 v]g+ on ! pea*-bloom t9t1 & ! foliage1 toge!r ) ! bord]s & accessory designs1 are p5cill$ 9 d>k blue4 ,! ,imp]ial li/ alludes to ?is decoration "u ! head+ ( 8r$ 9 ! glaze0 7yu li hung71 includ+ 7#a7 r$ us$ alone = pa9t$ designs1 & 7#b7 r$ foliage comb9$ ) blue fl[]s4#cgh ,examples ( bo? ^! /yles are frequ5t 9 l>ge & small objects1 & especially 9 ! decoration ( snuff bottles1 :i* (t5 be> ! ,yung ,*ng m>k4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 by no means conf9$ to ! ,yung ,*ng p]iod1 b h cont9u$ 9 un9t]rupt$ use to ! pres5t day4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #aae ,vase ( balu/] =m ) ornam5t 9 :ite slip & und]glaze r$ & blue 9 a celadon gre5 gr\nd3 rock]y & birds on a fl[]+ prunus tree4 ,yung ,*ng p]iod 7#agbc-agce7 ,height #ae in*es4 ,alex&] ,collection4 ,o!r ref]5ces 9 ! li/#cgi to und]glaze r$ pa9t+ include designs ( ?ree fi%es1#chj ?ree fruits1 ?ree funguses1 & five bats 7= ! five bless+s7 9 ! ,hsan ,t /yle1 r$ 9 a :ite gr\nd2 & ! same r$ designs 9 a celadon gre5 gr\nd1 ! latt] comb9ation be+ a novelty ( ! previ\s reign4 ,plate #aae is a *oice example ( ! und]glaze col\rs 9 a celadon gr\nd2 & simil> designs 9 a pale lav5d] blue gr\nd1 besides o!r comb9ations ( ! same col\rs1 col\r$ slips1 & high-fir$ glazes :i* =m ! poly*rome decoration ( ! gr& feu h be5 already discuss$ on p4 #adf4 ,!y belong to ! ,yung ,*ng & ,*'i5 ,lung p]iods no less ?an to ! ,k'ang ,hsi4 ,( ! o!r k9ds ( poly*rome1 ! porcela9 ) glazes ( ! demi-gr& feu1 & enamels ( ! muffle kiln 9 ! ?ree col\rs1 gre51 yell[1 & aub]g9e1 0 /ill made4 ,x is h>dly likely t ! manufacture#cha :i* ,pre d',entrecolles describes 9 #agbb ceas$ imm$iately1 & we "k t ! f9] types ) engrav$ designs & transp>5t glazes 9 ! ?ree col\rs 7 made to p]fection at ! ,imp]ial factory4 ,fig4 #a ( ,plate #aaf illu/rates a b[l ( ?is k9d ) ! ,yung ,*ng m>k &1 to judge f its exquisite quality1 an ,imp]ial piece4 ,! ornam5t is 9 gre51 9 a full yell[ gr\nd4 ,?is type ( decoration is a legacy f ! ,m+ dyna/y1 & d\btless _m ( ! sauc] di%es1 b[ls1 etc41 ) ,*ng ,t m>ks1 b ) all ! trimness & neatness ( ! ,yung ,*ng w>es1 belong to ! latt] p]iod4 ,"o v>iety is actually specifi$ 9 ! ,imp]ial li/#chb viz4 8reproductions ( porcela9 ) incis$ gre5 decoration 9 a mono*rome yell[ gr\nd40 ,z = ! on-glaze enamels ( ! muffle kiln ! old famille v]te col\r s*eme 0 to a great & increas+ ext5t supplant$ by ! famille rose4 ,x surviv$1 h[ev]1 9 c]ta9 modifi$ =ms--9 ! delicately pa9t$ w>es1 = example1 usually ( egg%ell ?9ness & decorat$ 9 ?91 cle>1 transp>5t enamels1 su* z 7 describ$ 9 connection ) ! late ,k'ang ,hsi 8bir?day plates 0 7see ,plate #aac74 ,& aga9 ! same col\rs 7 employ$ 9 a special type ( decoration :i* seems to h orig9at$ 9 ! ,yung ,*ng p]iod1 ?\gh x 0 freely us$ 9 lat] reigns4 ,9 ?is ! design 0 c>efully trac$ 9 pale blue outl9es "u ! glaze1 & fill$ 9 ) light uni=m wa%es ( transp>5t enamels on ! glaze4 ,! effect is delicate & ref9$1 ?\gh some:at weak 9 comp>ison ) ! full1 iridesc5t col\rs & broad wa%es ( ! old] famille v]te4 ,possibly ?is /yle ( decoration 0 int5d$ to reproduce ! traditional ref9em5t ( ! ,*'ng ,hua cups4 ,! ,imp]ial li/#chc includes 8reproductions ( ,*'ng ,hua poly*rome 7wu ts'ai710 & f\r exquisite egg%ell w9e cups 9 ! ,hippisley ,collection :i* be> ! ,*'ng ,hua m>k1 are pa9t$ 9 ?is fa%ion4#chd ,simil>ly 9 ! ,bu%ell collection !re are "s beautiful reproductions ( ! ,*'ng ,hua 8/em-cups10 ) grape v9e patt]ns1 etc41 :i* are no d\bt ( ! same orig94 ,l>g] "w 9 ! same /yle is illu/rat$ by a f9e vase 9 ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum ) a phnix design :i* sugge/s an ,imp]ial de/9ation 7,plate #aag74 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #aaf4--,yung ,*ng ,porcela94 ,fig4 #a4--;,imp]ial ,rice ,b[l ) design ( play+ *ildr5 7wa wa71 engrav$ outl9es fill$ 9 ) gre5 9 a yell[ gr\nd1 transp>5t glazes on ! biscuit4 ,yung ,*ng m>k4 ,diamet] #f in*es4 ,briti% ,museum4 ,fig4 #b4--;,blue & :ite ,vase ) fungus 7l+ *ih7 designs 9 ,hsan ,t /yle4 ,height #g in*es4 ,cologne ,museum4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #aag4--,yung ,*ng ,porcela94 ,fig4 #a4--,vase ) prunus design 9 und]glaze r$ & blue4 ,height #ae in*es4 ,c4 ,h4 ,read ,collection4 ,fig4 #b4--;,imp]ial ,vase ) phnix & peony design 9 pale famille v]te enamels ov] und]glaze blue outl9es4 ,height #be in*es4 ,v4 ,a4 ,museum4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #aah4--;,e>ly ,eighte5? ,c5tury ,enamels4 ,fig4#a--,plate pa9t$ at ,canton 9 famille rose enamels 7yang ts'ai1 8=eign col\r+074 ,yung ,*ng p]iod4 ,diamet] #ba in*es4 ,s4 ,e4 ,k5n$y ,collection4 ,fig4 #b4--;,arr[ ,/&1 pa9t$ 9 late famille v]te enamels4 ,ab\t #agbj4 ,height #ai in*es4 ,v4 ,a4 ,museum4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #aai4--,yung ,*ng ,porcela91 pa9t$ at ,canton ) famille rose enamels4 ,briti% ,museum4 ,fig4 #a4--8,sev5 bord]0 ,plate4 ,diamet] #h in*es4 ,fig4 #b4--;,egg%ell ,cup & ,sauc] ) pa9t]'s m>ks 7see p4 #bab74 ,diamet] ( sauc]1 #d in*es4 ,fig4 #c4--;,egg%ell ,plate ) v9e bord]4 ,diamet] #h in*es4 ,fig4 #d4--;,armorial ,plate ) arms ( ,leake ,okeov]4 ,transition enamels1 ab\t #agbc4 ,diamet] #h in*es4 ,?irdly1 !re are ! reproductions ( ! enamell$ porcela9 ( ! ,*ng ,t & ,wan ,li p]iods#che 7q4v471 *>act]is$1 no d\bt1 by ! comb9ation ( und]glaze blue & ov]glaze enamels4 ,we h already se5#chf f ! note on ,ni5 yao 9 ! ,t'ao lu t ?is comb9ation 0 conspicu\s at ?is p]iod1 & x is probable t mu* ( ! 8five col\r0 porcela9 9 late ,m+ /yle %\ld be dat$ no fur!r back ?an ! ,yung ,*ng revival4 ,o!r types ( ,m+ col\r$ w>es reproduc$ at ?is "t 7 8porcela9 ) ornam5t 9 ,hsan ,t /yle 9 a yell[ gr\nd10#chg :i* seems to mean und]glaze blue designs ) ! gr\nd fill$ 9 ) yell[ enamel--a n unfamili> type--& porcela9 ) designs pa9t$ 9 iron r$ 7ts'ai hung7 8reproduc$ f old pieces40#chh ,b ! mo/ prom95t feature ( ! enamell$ porcela9s ( ?is "t is ! rapid developm5t ( ! famille rose col\rs4 ,we h already not$ ! fir/ signs ( _! com+ 9 ! ?ick rose p9k & opaque :ite1 :i* made _! appe>ance 9 ! latt] ye>s ( ,k'ang ,hsi4 ,! gr\p d]ives its "n f its mo/ conspicu\s memb]s1 a s]ies ( rose p9ks graduat+ f pale rose to deep crimson1 all d]iv$ f gold1 ! use ( :i* z a col\r+ ag5t = vitre\s enamel 0 only at ?is p]iod ma/]$ by ! ,*9ese pott]s4 ,x includes besides a numb] ( o!r col\rs di/+ui%$ f ^? ( ! famille v]te palette by _! relative opacity4 ,!y display1 moreov]1 a f> wid] range ( t9ts1 ow+ to sci5tific bl5d+ ( ! v>i\s enamels & to ! judici\s use ( ! opaque :ite to modify ! positive col\rs4 ,mo/ ( ! opaque col\rs h consid]able body1 & /& out on ! porcela9 l a ri* incru/ation1 & !y are laid on n 9 broad wa%es1 b ) c>eful bru% /rokes & m9iature-l t\*es4 ,! famille rose col\rs are kn[n to ! ,*9ese z juan ts'ai 78s(t col\rs10 z oppos$ to ! y+ ts'ai1 or h>d col\rs ( ! famille v]te71 fn ts'ai 7pale col\rs71 or yang ts'ai 7=eign col\rs74 ,_! =eign orig9 is g5]ally admitt$1 & ,t'ang ,y+ 9 ! sev5te5? ( 8 descriptions ( ! processes ( manufacture alludes to !m "u ! head+1 8,decorat+ ! r\nd w>e & vases ) =eign col\r+40#chi ,pa9t+ ! :ite porcela9 9 poly*rome 7wu ts'ai7 aft] ! mann] ( ! ,europeans 7hsi yang71 he tells u1 is call$ =eign col\r+1 & he adds t ! col\rs employ$ are ! same z ^? us$ = enamels on metal 7fo lang74 ,tak+ ?is /atem5t ) ! note on 8=eign col\r$ w>es0 9 ! ,imp]ial li/1#cij :]e ref]5ce is made to pa9t+ on enamels 7fa lang7 8l&scapes & figure sc5es1 fl[]+ plants & birds10 x is evid5t t fa lang is us$ "h n 9 ! usual s5se ( cloisonn enamel1 b = ! pa9t$ enamels on copp] :i* we di/+ui% z ,canton enamels4 ,^!1 we are told else:]e1#cia 7 fir/ made 9 ! k+dom ( ,ku-li1 :i* is wa%$ by ! ,we/]n sea4 ,ku-li is id5tifi$ z ,calicut1 b x does n necess>ily foll[ t ! ,*9ese associat$ ! orig9 ( ! pa9t$ enamels ) ,india4 ,! expression 0 probably us$ q vaguely 9 ref]5ce to ,european goods :i* came by way ( ,india1 & does n really conflict ) ! o!r phrase1 hsi yang 7,we/]n =eign]s71 :i* is always r5d]$ 8,europeans40 ,!re is q a numb] ( ref]5ces to ! =eign or ,european col\rs 9 ! ,imp]ial li/1#cib e4g4 8porcela9 9 yell[ aft] ! ,european /yle10 :i* ,bu%ell consid]s to be ! lemon yell[ :i* orig9at$ 9 ?is reign2 8porcela9 9 purple br[n 7tz7 aft] ! ,european /yle02 8,european r$-col\r$ w>es10 i4e4 rose p9k2 8,european gre5-col\r$ w>es10 :i* ,bu%ell expla9s z pale blui% gre5 or eau de nil enamel2 & 8,european black 7wu *97 w>es40 ,9 fact ! words1 8=eign or ,european10 seem to be practically synonym\s ) 8opaque enamel40#cic ,! mo/ complete display ( ! =eign col\r+ is giv5 by a special gr\p ( porcela9 :i* is pa9t$ 9 a *>act]i/ic & mann]$ /yle4 ,x is be/ kn[n z 8egg%ell0 or 8ruby-back0 porcela91 f ! fact t x is usually v ?9 & transluc5t & beautifully pott$1 & t ! ext]ior ( ! di%es & plates is (t5 coat$ ) a gold p9k enamel v>y+ f pale ruby p9k to deep crimson4 ,x usually consi/s ( sauc]-%ap$ di%es1 plates1 & tea & c(fee w>es1 obvi\sly int5d$ = ,european use4 ,occasionally !re are vases & lant]ns ( exquisite lightness & transluc5cy1 b ! vase =ms usually requir$ a m sub/antial con/ruction1 & su* specim5s z ,plate #abj1 are /rongly built1 ?\gh decorat$ 9 ! same /yle z ! egg%ell w>es4 ,! decoration ( ^! porcela9s is sc>cely less di/9ctive ?an _! col\r+4 ,! c5tral design usually consi/s ( "o ( ! foll[+3 a ,*9ese int]ior ) figures ( ladies & *ildr51 gr\ps ( vases & furniture1 baskets ( fl[]s & di%es ( fruit1 a pheasant on a rock1 two quails & gr[+ fl[]s1 a cock & peonies1 etc42 & ^! designs are enclos$ by ri* bord]s1 sometimes totall+ z _m z sev5 9 numb]1 compos$ ( hexagon & squ>e1 loz5ge1 trellis or matt+ diap]s1 9 v>y+ col\rs1 & brok5 by small irregul> panels ( fl[]s or ar*aic dragons4 ,!re are1 ( c\rse1 _m o!r k9ds ( decoration on ^! w>es4 ,sometimes ! :ole design is execut$ 9 opaque blue enamel1 sometimes x is black & gold4 ,on "s ! bord]s are simpl]1 m]ely delicately gilt patt]ns2 on o!rs !y are ruby p9k1 pla9 or brok5 by enamell$ sprays4 ,on ! vase =ms ! ruby ei!r cov]s ! entire gr\nd or is brok51 z 9 ,plate #aba1 ,fig4 #c1 by fan-%ap$ or picture-%ap$ panels ) poly*rome designs4 ,! pa9t+ is1 z a rule1 v f9ely & c>efully execut$1 b almo/ always 9 a di/9ctive /yle :i* is closely p>allel$ by ! ,canton enamels4 ,inde$1 x is impossible to resi/ ! conclusion t mu* ( ?is w>e 0 actually decorat$ 9 ! enamell+ e/abli%m5ts at ,canton1 ! porcela9 itself be+ s5t 9 ! :ite f ,*+-t ,*n4 ,! same designs are f\nd on bo? ! porcela9 & ! enamels1 & !re is "o in/ance at lea/ ( an arti/ ^: pa9t+s 7 us$ on bo? mat]ials1 z is te/ifi$ by 8 signature4 ,?is is ! pa9t] ^: art-"n is ,pai %ih %an jn 7h]mit ( ! :ite rock71 or 9 a %ort5$ =m1 ,pai-%ih 7see vol4 i41 p4 #bbc74 ,he 0 evid5tly a ,cantonese1 = "o ( 8 designs on a sauc] 9 ! ,briti% ,museum is inscrib$ ,l+ nan hui * 7a ,canton picture71 ! subject be+ a vase ( fl[]s & a basket ( fruit4 ,8 signature is also atta*$ to a di% ) cock & peonies 9 ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum1#cid & to a simil> design figur$ by ,jacquem>t1#cie :i* also be>s ! date correspond+ to #agbd4 ,x occurs1 besides1 fairly frequ5tly on ,canton enamels1 ?\gh 9 ?is case usually atta*$ to l&scape designs4 ,9 all ^! in/ances1 h[ev]1 x is plac$ 9 ! field ( ! design app5d$1 z a rule1 to a /anza ( v]se or a descriptive s5t5ce4 ,?is is a usual position = ! signature ( a pa9t] on silk or pap]1 & we c h>dly be wrong 9 inf]r+ t ,pai-%ih 0 ! arti/ ^: designs 7 copi$ on ! w>es1 p]haps "o :o 0 specially employ$ to design = ! enamell]s1 r ?an an actual pot-pa9t] or enamell]4 ,! prop] place = ! signature ( ! latt] is und]nea? ! w>e1 on ! base2 & "h we f9d on a cup & sauc] 9 ! ,briti% ,museum ! "n app>5tly ( ! real decorator ^: pa9t+ is n to be di/+ui%$ f t on ! piece ) ! ,pai-%ih signature1 j m5tion$ z 9 ! same collection4 ,"u ! sauc] 7,plate #aai1 ,fig4 #b7 is ! seal ,y fng yang l91 i4e4 ,yang ,l9 ( ,y-fng1 an old "n = ! t[n ( ,k'un-%an2 & "u ! cup is ! seal ,yu *ai 7quiet pavilion71 :i* is no d\bt ! /udio "n ( ,yang-l94#cif ,k'un-%an ,hsi5 is situat$ betwe5 ,su-*\ & ,%anghai1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,kiangsu1 & we are to und]/& t ,yang-l9 0 ei!r a native ( ,k'un-%an or t he resid$ !re--m probably ! =m]1 = 8 "w is typical ( ! ,canton enamell]s4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 probable en\gh t !re 7 decorat+ e/abli%m5ts work+ = ! ,european m>kets 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,%anghai z well z at ,canton1 j z !re are /ill decorat+ kilns n only at ,*+-t ,*n b 8at ! o!r t[ns on ! riv]40#cig ,x is highly probable t ! bru%work ( ! ,canton enamell]s1 l ! enamels !mselves1 0 copi$ at ,*+-t ,*n1 & ev5 t "s ( ! enamell]s migrat$ ?i!r4 ,a tank>d among ! armorial porcela9 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 be>+ ! arms ( ,yorke & ,cocks1 comb9es a few t\*es ( und]glaze blue ) passages ( famille rose decoration 9 ! ,canton /yle4 ,! blue c only h be5 appli$ at ! place ( manufacture1 & z no porcela9 ( ?is k9d 0 actually made at ,canton1 x is evid5t t ! piece 0 made & decorat$ else:]e 7:i* c only mean at ,*+-t ,*n71 unless we assume ! improbable alt]native t ! tank>d travell$ f ! factory1 b>e save = a fa9tly outl9$ %ield ) a saltire 9 blue1 to be f9i%$ (f at ,canton4 ,ne$less to say !re is mu* famille rose porcela9 9 :i* ! ,cantonese /yle is n app>5t1 & ?is we assume )\t hesitation to h be5 decorat$ at ,*+-t ,*n4 ,x only rema9s to say a few words on ! dat+ ( ! famille rose w>es & = ?is we mu/ return to ! ruby-back porcela9s4 ,dat$ pieces are r>e1 b ! ,briti% ,museum is =tunate 9 possess+ a few docum5t>y specim5s4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ ( ^! is a b[l ) pale ruby enamel cov]+ ! ext]ior1 & a da9ty spray ( fl[]s 9 famille rose enamels inside4 ,x is m>k$ 9 blue "u ! glaze ) ! cyclical date 8made 9 ! hs9 *\ ye> recurr+0 7see p4 #bac74 ,! only ye> to :i* ?is c be ref]r$ is #agba1 :5 ! hs9 *\ ye> came r\nd = ! second "t 9 ! long reign ( ,k'ang ,hsi4#cih ,x is ( c\rse possible t ?is b[l 0 n enamell$ 9 ! ye> ( its manufacture1 b !re are two o!r pieces 9 ! same case1 an octagonal plate ) ruby bord] & a di%1 bo? ) ! m>k ( ! ,dresd5 collection1 & !re=e n lat] ?an ! e>ly ye>s ( ,yung ,*ng4 ,a f\r? docum5t is a ruby-back sauc] di% delicately pa9t$ ) a lady & boys1 vases & furniture 9 typical /yle1 :i* has ! m>k ( ! ,yung ,*ng p]iod4 ,un=tunately x is no long] possible to reg>d ! ye> #agbd1 to :i* ! signature ,pai-%ih is atta*$ on ! plate m5tion$ above1 z conclusive evid5ce ( ! date ( decoration4#cii ,x is c]ta9ly ! date ( ! design1 & x is probable en\gh t ! porcela9 0 pa9t$ )9 a few ye>s ( ! orig9al picture1 b beyond t no fur!r inf]5ces c be drawn4#djj ,! ,yorke-,cocks tank>d1 h[ev]1 to :i* we h also allud$1 mu/ = h]aldic reasons h be5 pa9t$ betwe5 ! ye>s #agbj & #agcc2 & !re is an egg%ell cup & sauc] 9 ! ,briti% ,museum pa9t$ 9 rose p9k & o!r enamels ( ?is type1 ) ! arms ( ! ,dut* ,ea/ ,india ,company & ! date #agbh4 ,f ?is cumulative evid5ce x is cle> t ! manufacture ( egg%ell di%es & s]vices ) famille rose enamels 9 ! ,canton /yle & ) 8ruby backs0 0 9 full sw+ 9 ! ,yung ,*ng p]iod1 & ! g5]al t5d5cy to label !m all ,*'i5 ,lung errs on ! side ( excessive caution4 ,pass+ f ?is p>ticul> gr\p1 :i* 0 affect$ by special influ5ces1 ! g5]al "* ( ! ,yung ,*ng enamell$ decoration is "o ( great ref9em5t 9 design & execution4 ,! ov]-elaboration & ! ov]cr[d+ :i* are obs]vable on ! lat] ,*'i5 ,lung famille rose are abs5t at ?is p]iod4 ,! t5d5cy 0 on ! contr>y t[>ds elegant & re/ra9$ effects1 su* z a fl[]+ spray ?r[n arti/ically across ! field1 birds on a b\gh & o!r graceful designs :i* left pl5ty ( scope = ! f9e quality ( ! :ite backgr\nd4 ,x is ?is nicely balanc$ decoration c\pl$ ) ! delicacy ( ! pa9t+ & ! beautiful f9i% ( ! porcela9 itself1 :i* gives ! ,yung ,*ng enamell$ w>es _! s+ul> di/9ction & *>m4 ,!re are /ill a few special types ( pa9t$ w>es to be notic$ be=e pass+ to ! mono*romes4 ,"o ( ^! is nam$ 9 ! ,imp]ial li/1#dja "u ! head+ 8,porcela9 pa9t$ 9 ink 7ts'ai %ui mo710 a figurative expression1 = ,indian ink c\ld n /& ! heat ev5 ( ! enamell+ kiln1 & c\ld nev] h s]v$ z a true c]amic pigm5t4 ,! mat]ial us$ 0 a dry black or br[n black pigm5t d]iv$ f manganese1 & closely alli$ to ! pigm5t :i* _h long s]v$ 9 a subord9ate position = trac+ outl9es4 ,evid5tly ?is mat]ial 0 n[ greatly improv$1 & c\ld be us$ = complete designs :i* resembl$ draw+s 9 ,indian ink or 9 sepia4 ,x is c]ta91 h[ev]1 t ! ,*9ese1 ^: me?ods 7 necess>ily empirical1 _h fir/ exp]im5t$ ) actual ink1 = ,pre d',entrecolles wrote 9 #agbbdjb--8;an attempt made to pa9t 9 black "s vases ) ! f9e/ ,*9ese ink met ) no success4 ,:5 ! porcela9 _h be5 fir$1 x turn$ out :ite4 ,! p>ticles ( ?is black _h n suffici5t body1 & 7 dissipat$ by ! action ( ! fire2 or r !y _h n ! /r5g? to p5etrate ! lay] ( glaze or to produce a col\r diff]+ f ! pla9 glaze40 ,betwe5 t date & ab\t #agcj :5 ! ,imp]ial li/ 0 drawn up1 ! secret ( ! prop] pigm5t seems to h be5 ma/]$1 & we f9d ! black designs effectively us$ on ,yung ,*ng egg%ell & o!r w>es1 alone or bright5$ by a little gild+4 ,among o!r uses x 0 f\nd to be admirably suit$ = copy+ ! effect ( ,european pr9ts & l9e engrav+s1 a t\r de =ce 9 :i* ! prov]bial pati5ce & imitative skill ( ! ,*9ese are well exemplifi$4 ,ano!r effect sometimes mi/ak5 = black pa9t+ is produc$ by silv]$ designs :i* become rapidly discol\r$2 b x is g5]ally possible to see a slight metallic %e5 ev5 on ! black5$ silv] if ! porcela9 is held obliquely to ! light4 ,ano!r ref9$ & unobtrusive decoration 0 effect$ by p5cill+ 9 pale iron r$ supplem5t$ ) gild+4 ,!re is a l>ge s]ies ( ?is r$ & gold porcela9 9 ! ,dresd5 collection1 & x seems to belong to ! late ,k'ang ,hsi or ! ,yung ,*ng p]iod4 ,ano!r tell+ comb9ation1 includ+ black1 r$ & gold1 dates f ?is "t4 ,! black & gold v>iety is well illu/rat$ by an int]e/+ plate 9 ! ,briti% ,museum :i* repres5ts ,european figures 9 e>ly eighte5?-c5tury co/ume 9 a ,*9ese int]ior 7,plate #aca1 ,fig4 #a74 ,! ,imp]ial li/#djc alludes to ! use ( silv] & gold bo? to cov] ! entire surface l a mono*rome 7mo y9 & mo *971 & 9 pa9t$ designs 7miao y9 & miao *974#djd ,?ree ( ^! decorations are said to h be5 9 ,japanese /yle1 b ! precise significance ( ?is is n cle>4 ,gild+ 0 freely us$ 9 comb9ation ) r$ & blue1 & especially ov] ! blue1 on ,arita porcela91 b ! application ( x does n seem to diff] f ! ord9>y ,*9ese gild+4 ,! "o feature common to ! ,*9ese & ,japanese gild+ is its lightness & re/ra9t z comp>$ ) ! heavy gild+ ( ,european porcela9s4 ,plate #abe illu/rates a peculi> w>e :i* belongs 9 "p to ! reign ( ,yung ,*ng & 9 "p to t ( ,*'i5 ,lung4 ,x attempts to reproduce ! s(t col\r+ on ! enamell$ glass made by ,hu1#dje ^: /udio-"n 0 ,ku-yeh-hsan 78anci5t moon pavilion074 ,a small bru% hold]#djf ( ?is glass is %[n on ,fig4 #abe1 an opaque :ite mat]ial1 n unlike our old ,bri/ol glass1 delicately pa9t$ 9 famille rose col\rs ) gr\ps ( ! ,sev5 ,wor?ies ( ! ,bamboo ,grove4 ,x is said t#djg ! ,emp]or admir$ ! s(t col\r+ on ?is w>e1 & express$ a wi% to see ! same effect produc$ 9 porcela94 ,t'ang ,y+ !reupon set out to solve ! problem by mak+ a highly vitre\s body ) glassy glaze on :i* ! enamels assum$ ! s(t t9ts ( ! orig9al model4 ,?is type ( porcela91 kn[n z fang ku yeh hsan 78imitation ( ,ku-yeh-hsan071 is greatly priz$4 ,mr4 ,a4 ,e4 ,hippisley has describ$ a small gr\p 9 ! catalogue ( 8 collection f :i* ,i h be5 p]mitt$ to illu/rate an example 7,plate #abe74 ,mr4 ,hippisley /ates t ! e>li] specim5s ( ! glass are m>k$ ) ! f\r *>act]s ta *'+ ni5 *ih 7made 9 ! great ,*'+ p]iod71 ! reign "n ,yung ,*ng be+ omitt$2 ! lat] pieces1 ( :i* ! bru% pot 9 our illu/ration is "o1 h ! ,*'i5 ,lung m>k 9 f\r *>act]s4 ,bu%ell#djh has figur$ a yell[ glaz$ snuff bottle ) ! actual m>k ,ku yeh hsan *ih 7see vol4 i4 p4 #bai74 ,! reigns ( ,yung ,*ng & ,*'i5 ,lung 7 prolific 9 mono*romes4 ,nev] s9ce ! ,sung dyna/y _h ^! w>es be5 produc$ 9 su* quantity1 & ! tale ( ! glazes 0 swoll5 to an unprec$5t$ ext5t by ! accumulat$ traditions ( ! pa/ c5turies1 & by ! inv5tive g5ius ( ,t'ang ,y+4 ,x is sc>cely practicable to attempt to di/+ui% v closely betwe5 ! ,yung ,*ng mono*romes & ^? ( ! e>ly ye>s ( ,*'i5 ,lung4 ,! activities ( ,t'ang-y+ ext5d$ f #agbh-agdi1 & we are expressly told t _m ( ! types enum]at$ 9 ! ,imp]ial li/ 7 8 inv5tions1 besides :i* !re 0 no?+ made by ! pott]s ( ! pa/ :i* he c\ld n reproduce4 ,to enum]ate all ! col\rs n[ us$ w\ld be m]ely to repeat :at has be5 said "u ! head+ ( mono*rome porcela9 9 ! previ\s *apt]s4 ,moreov]1 ! ,imp]ial li/ giv5 on page #bbc s]ves to draw att5tion to ! pr9cipal types1 & x is only necess>y "h to supplem5t x ) a few comm5ts4 ,a special feature ( ! "t 0 ! reproduction ( ! glazes made 9 ! classical p]iods ( ! ,sung & ,m+ dyna/ies1 & 9 _m cases ^! copies 7 bas$ on orig9als l5t to ! factory f ! ,imp]ial collections4 ,?us ! ,ju1 ,kuan1 ,ko1 ,lung-*an1 ,tung-*'+1 ,*n & ,t+ w>es1 all ! specialities ( ! ,sung dyna/y1 are includ$ 9 ! li/1 & ?\gh "o type ( ,kuan glaze is specifically /at$ to h be5 laid on a :ite porcela9 body1 _m ( ! o!rs1 we read1 7 provid$ ) special bodies imitat+ ! copp]-& iron-col\r$ w>es ( antiquity4 ,b exp]i5ce %[s t 9 ! majority ( cases ! pott]s 7 cont5t to simulate ! 8br[n m\? & iron foot0 ( ! d>k-bodi$ ,sung w>es by dress+ ! m\? & ! expos$ "p ( ! base ) f]rug9\s clay4 ,?is is obs]vable on ! lav5d] crackles :i* imitate ! ,kuan1 & ! /one grey crackles ( ! ,ko type1 by :i* ! ,sung orig9als 7 until rec5t ye>s repres5t$ 9 mo/ ,we/]n collections4 ,9 o!r cases co>se clays ( impure col\r1 & ev5 e>!nw>e bodies 7 us$ 9 ! reproductions4 ,! admirable imitations ( ! mottl$ & flamb ,*n glazes :i* 7 app>5tly a special triumph ( ,t'ang-y+ appe> bo? on a :ite porcela9 :i* _h to be c>efully conceal$ by ! col\r$ glazes1 & on a s(t e>!nw>e body4 ,bo? ^! k9ds are f\nd ) ! ,yung ,*ng m>k /amp$ 9 ! pa/e1 & s correct are ! glaze effects t ev5 collectors ( consid]able exp]i5ce h be5 deceiv$ by specim5s f :i* ! m>k 9 "q has be5 gr\nd away4 ,9 addition to ! copies ( ! high-fir$ ,*n glazes1 !re 0 ! 8,*n glaze ( ! muffle kiln0 7lu *n yu7 :i* is describ$ z some?+ betwe5 ! glaze appli$ to ! ,yi-hs+ /onew>e & ! ,kuangtung glazes4 ,! items imm$iately foll[+ ?is in=mation 9 ! ,imp]ial li/#dji make x cle> t ! writ] ref]s to ! glazes ( ,ou on ! ,yi-hs+ pott]y1 & to ! blue mottl$ glazes ( ! ,canton /onew>e4 ,! enamel :i* mo/ closely answ]s to ! description ( ?is ,*n glaze ( ! muffle kiln#daj is t illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #d ( ,plate #abh1 a vase ) d>k-col\r$ foot rim1 & an opaque gre5i% blue enamel fleck$ ) d>k ruby p9k4 ,?is enamel v>ies consid]ably 9 appe>ance accord+ to ! prepond]ance ( ! r$ or ! blue 9 ! comb9ation2 b x is an enamel ( ! muffle kiln & its m>k+s recall ! dappl$ ,*n glazes4 ,i h1 moreov]1 se5 ?is glaze actually appli$ to a teapot ( ,yi-hs+ r$ /onew>e4 ,?is glaze seems to belong to a type1 :i* 0 l>gely develop$ 9 ! ,*'i5 ,lung p]iod1 ( glazes resembl+ if n actually imitat+ ! mottl$ surface ( c]ta9 birds' eggs1 e4g4 ! rob91 ! l>k1 ! sp>r[1 etc4 ,9 ^! in/ances "o col\r seems to h be5 p[d]$ or bl[n on to ano!r1 ! commone/ k9d hav+ a p[d]+ ( ruby p9k on pale blue or gre54 ,?is glaze diff]s f ! ,*n glaze1 describ$ above1 only 9 ! size ( ! p9k specks4 ,x 0 probably 9 exp]im5t+ = ! effect ( ! flamb ,*n glazes t ,t'ang ,y+ acquir$ ! ma/]y ( ! furnace transmutations 7yao pi57 :i* made x possible = him & 8 successors to produce at w ! v>iegat$ glazes4 ,^! _h be5 describ$ by ,pre d',entrecolles a few ye>s e>li] z accid5tal effects 9 8 "t1 b ! ,fr5* fa!r already =esaw ! day :5 !y w\ld be br\ght "u control4 ,( ! celebrat$ ,t+ ,*\ w>es only ! f9e ivory :ite ,t+ 7fn t+7 0 copi$ at ! ,imp]ial factory2 b ?is does n preclude ! reproduction ( ! o!r k9d1 ! creamy crackl$ t'u-t+1 9 ! o!r pott]ies4 ,!re are1 at any rate1 _m lovely porcela9s 9 bo? /yles :i* appe> to belong to ! ,yung ,*ng & e>ly ,*'i5 ,lung p]iods4 ,col\r$ glazes ) crackle & crackl$ grey-:ite ( ! ,ko type 7 made 9 great quantity1 & mo/ ( ! *oic] crackles 9 our collections1 especially ^? ( antique appe>ance b on a :ite & neatly f9i%$ porcela9 body1 date f ?is "t4 ,! reproductions ( ,m+ mono*romes include ! und]glaze r$ & ! purpli% blue z 9 ! previ\s reign1 & ! egg%ell & pure :ite ( ! ,yung ,lo & ,hsan ,t p]iods4 ,! purpli% blue or *i *'+ ( ?is "t is illu/rat$ by a l>ge di% 9 ! ,briti% ,museum :i* is fur!r enri*$ ) gild+4 ,x is cov]$ ) a spl5did deep blue ( slightly r$di% t+e1 v>y+ dep? & r /ippl$ appe>ance1 & x 0 f\nd 9 ,turkey1 :]e ?is col\r has be5 mu* priz$4 ,turquoise gre51 aub]g9e purple & yell[ ( ! demi-gr& feu1 & ! lu/r\s br[n 7tz *97 9 two %ades1 br[n & yell[1 are all m5tion$ 9 ! ,imp]ial li/ z us$ ) or )\t engrav$ & c>v$ designs "u ! glaze4 ,z = ! ,k'ang ,hsi porcela9s x may be assum$ t practically all _! glaze col\rs 7 n[ reproduc$4 ,a few only are specifi$ 9 ! li/1 eel yell[1 snake-sk9 gre51 spott$ yell[1 s\ffl r$1 s\ffl blue 7p[d] blue7 & mirror black 7wu *974 ,! t]m s\ffl r$ may ref] to ! und]glaze r$ f copp] or ! ov]glaze iron r$4 ,! latt] is fur!r subdivid$ into mo hung or ta hung1 ! deep r$ ( ,m+ orig91 & ! tsao'rh hung or jujube r$1 a s(t] & m vitre\s#daa v>iety ( ! same col\r :i* ,dr4 ,bu%ell consid]$ to h orig9at$ 9 ! ,yung ,*ng p]iod4 ,on ! s\ffl r$ "u ! glaze we may quote ,bu%ell's rem>ks#dab3 8,two ( ! col\rs especially *>act]i/ic ( ! ,ni5 yao or ',ni5 porcela9' ( ?is epo* are ! clair de lune or yeh pai1 & ! bright s\ffl copp] r$40 ,! latt] is fur!r describ$ on a vase 9 ! ,walt]s collection 8exhibit+ ! *>act]i/ic mono*rome glaze ( bright ruby r$ t9t1 & /ippl$ surface4 ,! s\ffl glaze is appli$ ov] ! :ole surface ) ! exception ( a panel ( irregul> outl9e res]v$ on "o side1 :]e x is %ad$ (f s t ! r$ fades gradually into a ne>ly :ite gr\nd40 ,?is panel 0 aft]w>ds fill$ 9 ) a design 9 ov]glaze enamels4 ,a tazza 9 ! ,briti% ,museum has ?is same r$ cov]+ ?ree-qu>t]s ( ! ext]ior1 & fad+ into ! :ite gr\nd4 ,?is r$ also occurs 9 its beautiful transluc5t ruby t9ts on a pair ( small w9e cups 9 ! same collection1 & on a set ( l>g] cups belong+ to ,mr4 ,eumorfop\los4 ,"o w\ld say x 0 ! 8liquid dawn0 t9t ( ! celebrat$ w9e cups ( ! late ,m+ pott]1 ,hao ,%ih-*iu4 ,! clair de lune or moon :ite 7yeh pai71 an exquisite glaze ( pale/ blue1 is illu/rat$ on ,plate #acj4 ,x is (t5 fa9tly t+$ ) lav5d] :i* be>s out its description 9 ! ,imp]ial li/#dac3 8,?is col\r some:at resembles ! ,ta ,kuan glaze1 b ! body ( ! w>e is :ite4 ,! glaze is )\t crackle1 & !re are two %ades--pale & d>k40 ,! ,kuan glaze1 x %\ld be expla9$1 0 *>act]is$ by a r$di% t+e4 ,9 addition to ! =eign col\rs :i* 7 capable ( be+ us$ z mono*romes z well z 9 pa9t$ designs1 !re are a few o!r new glazes nam$ 9 ! ,imp]ial li/4 ,! fa *'+ 7cloisonn blue7 :i* 8result$ f rec5t exp]im5ts to mat*0 ! deep blue ( ! enamell]s on copp]1 is id5tifi$ by ,bu%ell ) ! d>k sapphire blue kn[n z pao %ih lan 7preci\s /one blue74 ,x 01 we are told1 d>k] & blu] ?an ! purpli% *i *'+1 & x _h n ! orange peel & palm eye m>k+s ( ! latt]4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 a fa9t crackle1 & is app>5tly a glaze ( ! demi-gr& feu4 ,we le>n else:]e t ?is cloisonn blue 0 "o ( ,t'ang-y+'s inv5tions4 ,among ! yell[s are 8porcela9 ) yell[ aft] ! ,european /yle0 :i* is id5tifi$ by ,bu%ell ) ! opaque lemon yell[ enamel introduc$ at ?is "t1 & !re are two k9ds ( mi s 7millet col\r7 glazes1#dad pale & d>k1 :i* we are told 8diff]$ f ! ,sung mi s40 ,bu%ell's explanation ( ! t]m mi s giv5 9 ,monkh\se's ,*9ese ,porcela91#dae trav]ses 8 r5d]+ ( ! t]ms z rice col\r 9 o!r books3 8,! ,*9ese t]m us$ "h is mi s1 :i* ,juli5 fir/ translat$ c\leur du riz1 & !reby misl$ u all4 ,x really ref]s to ! col\r 7s7 ( ! yell[ millet 7huang mi71 n ( rice 7pai mi74 ,mi s 9 ,*9ese silks is a full primrose yell[2 9 ,*9ese c]amic glazes x (t5 deep5s f t t9t to a dull mu/>d col\r :5 ! mat]ials are less pure4 ,x has (t5 be5 wond]$ :y ! old 8mu/>d crackle0 ( collectors is app>5tly nev] allud$ to 9 8,l',hi/oire des ,porcela9es de ,k+-t-*940 ,x is necess>y to sub/itute yell[ = 8rice col\r$0 9 ! text g5]ally1 rememb]+ always t a pal] tone is indicat$ ?an t ( ! ,imp]ial yell[1 :i* ,mr4 ,monkh\se ju/ly lik5s to ! yolk ( an egg40 ,9 ,giles's ,diction>y mi s is r5d]$ 8/raw col\r1 ! col\r ( yell[ millet10 & all my inquiries among ,*9ese collectors z to ! t9t ( ! mi s glaze h l$ to ! same conclusion4 ,"o ( ! ,*9ese exp]ts indicat$ a b[l ) pale /raw yell[ glaze ( ! ,k'ang ,hsi p]iod z an example ( mi s1 & ?is ,i take to be ! mi s :i* 8diff]$ f ! ,sung col\r10 be+1 9 fact1 an ord9>y yell[ glaze1 foll[+ ! type made 9 ! ,m+ dyna/y1 & entirely diff]5t 9 te*nique f ! ,sung glazes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #abj ,cov]$ ,j> or poti*e pa9t$ 9 famille rose or 8=eign col\rs0 7yang ts'ai7 ) baskets ( fl[]s3 deep bord]s ( ruby r$ enamel brok5 by small panels & floral designs4 ,on ! cov] is a lion col\r$ ) enamels on ! biscuit4 ,f a set ( five vases & beak]s 9 ! collection ( ,lady ,wantage4 ,late ,yung ,*ng p]iod 7#agbc-agce7 ,height #cd in*es4 ,! precise nature ( ! ,sung mi s :i* is includ$ among ! ,ko yao1 ,*n yao & ,hsiang-hu w>es reproduc$ by ! ,yung ,*ng pott]s accord+ to ! ,imp]ial li/ is a little d\btful4 ,possibly "o type 0 illu/rat$ by ! 8%all[ b[l ) sp\t3 grey /onew>e ) opaque glaze ( pale sulphur yell[10 :i* ,mr4 ,alex&] exhibit$ at ! ,burl+ton ,f9e ,arts ,club 9 #aiaj4daf ,ano!r is indicat$ 9 ! ,pi]pont ,morgan collection#dag 9 a 8%all[ b[l ) gre5i% yell[ crackl$ glaze10 app>5tly ( ! type f\nd occasionally 9 ,borneo1 :]e su* w>es are /ill treasur$ by ! ,dyaks4 ,! vase 9 ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum :i* is figur$ by ,monkh\se 7op4 cit41 ,fig4 #bb7 z a specim5 ( old mi s1 appe>s = reasons already giv5#dah to be a ,yung ,*ng reproduction ( ?is type4 ,! 8mu/>d yell[0 :i* ,bu%ell includ$ "u ! description mi s is an opaque crackl$ enamel :i* c h>dly h orig9at$ be=e ! ,yung ,*ng p]iod1 & x is possible t x result$ f an attempt to reproduce ! old ,sung mi s crackle4 ,! foll[+ li/ ( ! decorations us$ at ! ,imp]ial factory 0 compil$ by ,hsieh ,m91 ! gov]nor ( ! prov9ce ( ,kiangsi f #agbi to #agcd4dai ,x 0 translat$ by ,bu%ell 9 8 ,ori5tal ,c]amic ,art2 b ref]5ce has be5 made to x s (t5 9 ^! pages1 & its importance is s obvi\s1 t no apology is necess>y = giv+ x 9 full4 ,! foll[+ v]sion is tak5 f ! ,*iang hsi t'ung *ih1 bk4 #ic1 fols4 #aa to #ac1 & 9 mo/ cases ,bu%ell's r5d]+ has be5 foll[$3-- #a4 ,glazes ( ! ,ta ,kuan p]iod 7i4e4 ,sung ,kuan yao7 on an 8iron0 body1 includ+ moon :ite 7yeh pai71 pale blue or gre5 7fn *'+7 & deep gre5 7ta l749999 #b4 ,ko glaze on an 8iron0 body1 includ+ millet col\r 7mi s7 & fn *'+49999 #c4 ,ju glaze )\t crackle on a 8copp]0 body3 ! glaze col\rs copi$ f a cat's food bas9 ( ! ,sung dyna/y1 & a di% = wa%+ bru%es m\ld$ ) a human face4 #d4 ,ju glaze ) fi%-roe crackle on a 8copp]0 body49999 #e4 ,:ite ,t+ glaze4 ,only ! fn ,t+ 0 copi$1 & n ! t'u ,t+4 #f4 ,*n glazes4 ,n9e v>ieties are giv51 ( :i* five 7 copi$ f old palace pieces & f\r f newly acquir$ specim5s2 see p4 #jjj4 #g4 ,reproductions ( ! *i hung r$ ( ! ,hsan ,t p]iod3 includ+ fre% r$ 7hsi5 hung7 & ruby r$ 7pao %ih hung74 #h4 ,reproductions ( ! deep violet blue 7*i *'+7 ( ! ,hsan ,t p]iod4 ,?is glaze is deep & r$di% 7nng hung71 & has orange peel m>k+s & palm eyes4 #i4 ,reproductions ( ! glazes ( ! ,imp]ial factory3 includ+ eel yell[ 7%an y huang71 snake-sk9 gre5 7% p'i l71 & spott$ yell[ 7huang pan ti574 #aj4 ,lung-*'an glazes3 includ+ pale & d>k %ades4 #aa4 ,tung-*'+ glazes3 includ+ pale & d>k1 %ades4 #ab4 ,reproductions ( ! ,sung millet-col\r$ 7mi s7 glaze3 copi$ 9 =m & col\r f ! fragm5t>y w>es dug up at ,hsiang ,hu 7q4v474 #ac4 ,sung pale gre5 7fn *'+7 glaze3 copi$ f w>es f\nd at ! same "t z ! la/4 #ad4 ,reproduction ( 8oil gre50 7yu l7 glaze3 8copi$ f an old transmutation 7yao pi57 w>e l gre5 jade 7pi y71 ) brilliant col\r brok5 by v>iegat$ passages & ( antique elegance40 #ae4 ,! ,*n glaze ( ! muffle /ove 7lu *n74 8,! col\r is betwe5 t ( ! ,kuangtung w>es & ! ,yi-hs+ appli$ glaze#dbj2 & 9 ! ornam5tal m>k+s 7hua wn7 & ! transmutation t9ts ( ! fl[+ glaze x surpasses !m40 #af4 ,ou's glazes1 ) r$ & blue m>k+s4 #ag4 ,blue mottl$ 7*'+ ti57 glazes3 copi$ f old ,kuang yao4 #ah4 ,moon :ite 7yeh pai7 glazes4 8,! col\r some:at resembles ! ,ta ,kuan glaze1 b ! body ( ! w>e is :ite4 ,! glaze is )\t crackle1 & !re are two %ades--pale & d>k40 #ai4 ,reproductions ( ! ruby r$ 7pao %ao7 ( ,hsan ,t3 9 decoration consi/+ ( 7#a7 ?ree fi%es1 7#b7 ?ree fruits1 7#c7 ?ree funguses1 or 7#d7 ! five ,happ9esses 7symbolis$ by five bats74 #bj4 ,reproductions ( ! ,lung-*'an glaze ) ruby r$ decoration ( ! types j enum]at$4 8,?is is a new /yle ( ! reign+ dyna/y40 #ba4 ,turquoise 7fei ts'ui7 glazes4 ,copy+ ?ree sorts1 7#a7 pure turquoise1 7#b7 blue fleck$1 & 7#c7 gold fleck$ 7*9 ti574#dba #bb4 ,s\ffl r$ 7*'ui hung7 glaze4 #bc4 ,s\ffl blue 7*'ui *'+7 glaze4 #bd4 ,reproductions ( ,yung ,lo porcela93 egg%ell 7t'o t'ai71 pure :ite ) engrav$ 7*ui7 or emboss$ 7kung7 designs4 #be4 ,copies ( ,wan ,li & ,*ng ,t enamell$ 7wu ts'ai7 porcela94 #bf4 ,copies ( ,*'ng ,hua enamell$ 7wu ts'ai7 porcela94 #bg4 ,porcela9 ) ornam5t 9 ,hsan ,t /yle 9 a yell[ gr\nd4 #bh4 ,cloisonn blue 7fa *'+7 glaze4#dbb 8,?is glaze is ! result ( rec5t attempts to mat* ?is col\r 7i4e4 ! deep blue ( ! cloisonn enamels74 ,z comp>$ ) ! deep & r$di% *i *'+1 x is d>k] & m vividly blue 7ts'ui71 & x has no orange peel or palm eye m>k+s40 #bi4 ,reproductions ( ,european w>es ) lifelike designs c>v$ & engrav$4 8,sets ( ! five sacrificial ut5sils1 di%es1 plates1 vases1 & boxes & ! l are also decorat$ ) col\r$ pictures 9 ,european /yle40 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #aba4--,two ,beak]s & a ,j> f sets ( five1 famille rose enamels4 ,late ,yung ,*ng ,porcela94 ,fig4 #a4--;,beak] ) 8h>lequ90 gr\nd4 ,height #ae in*es4 ,s4 ,e4 ,k5n$y ,collection4 ,fig4 #b4--;,j> ) d>k blue glaze gilt & leaf-%ap$ res]ves4 ,height #ba in*es4 ,burdett-,c\tts ,collection4 ,fig4 #c4--;,beak] ) fan & picture-scroll panels1 etc41 9 a deep ruby p9k gr\nd4 ,height #ad in*es4 ,wantage ,collection4 #cj4 ,reproductions ( w>es ) incis$ gre5 decoration 9 a yell[ glaze 7*iao huang74 #ca4 ,reproductions ( yell[-glaz$ w>es3 includ+ pla9 & ) incis$ ornam5t4 #cb4 ,reproductions ( purple br[n 7tz7 glaz$ w>es3 includ+ pla9 & ) incis$ ornam5t4 #cc4 ,porcela9 ) engrav$ ornam5t3 includ+ all k9ds ( glazes4 #cd4 ,porcela9 ) emboss$ 7tui7 ornam5t3 includ+ all k9ds ( glazes4 #ce4 ,pa9t$ r$ 7mo#dbc hung73 copy+ old specim5s4 #cf4 ,r$ decoration 7ts'ai hung73 copy+ old specim5s4 #cg4 ,porcela9 9 yell[ aft] ! ,european /yle4#dbd #ch4 ,porcela9 9 purple br[n 7tz7 aft] ! ,european /yle4 #ci4 ,silv]$ 7mo y97 porcela94 #dj4 ,porcela9 pa9t$ 9 ink 7%ui mo73 see p4 #bad4 #da4 ,reproductions ( ! pure :ite 7t'i5 pai7#dbe porcela9 ( ! ,hsan ,t p]iod3 includ+ a v>iety ( w>es ?ick & ?91 l>ge & small4 #db4 ,reproductions ( ,*ia ,*+ w>es ) blue designs4 #dc4 ,reproductions ( ,*'ng ,hua pale pa9t$ 7tan miao7 blue designs4 #dd4 ,millet col\r 7mi s7 glazes4 8,diff]+ f ! ,sung millet col\r40 ,9 two %ades1 d>k & light4 #de4 ,porcela9 ) r$ 9 ! glaze 7yu li hung73 includ+ 7#a7 pa9t$ designs exclusively 9 r$1 7#b7 ! comb9ation ( blue foliage & r$ fl[]s4#dbf #df4 ,reproductions ( lu/r\s br[n 7tz *97 glaze3 includ+ two v>ieties1 br[n & yell[4 #dg4 ,porcela9s ) yell[ glaze 7*iao huang7 decorat$ 9 enamels 7wu ts'ai74 8,?is is ! result ( rec5t exp]im5ts40 #dh4 ,reproductions ( gre5-glaz$ porcela93 includ+ t ) pla9 gr\nd & ) engrav$ ornam5t4 #di4 ,w>es ) =eign col\rs 7yang ts'ai74 8,9 ! new copies ( ! ,we/]n /yle ( pa9t+ 9 enamels 7fa-lang7 ! l&scapes & figure sc5es1 ! fl[]+ plants & birds are )\t exception ( sup]natural beauty & f9i%40#dbg #ej4 ,porcela9 ) emboss$ ornam5t 7kung hua73 includ+ all k9ds ( glazes4 #ea4 ,porcela9 ) ,european 7hsi yang7 r$ col\r4 #eb4 ,reproductions ( wu *9 7mirror black7 glazes3 includ+ ^? ) black gr\nd & :ite designs & ^? ) black gr\nd & gild+4 #ec4 ,porcela9 ) ,european gre5 col\r4 #ed4 ,european wu *9 7mirror black7 w>es4 #ee4 ,gilt 7mo *97 porcela93 copy+ ! ,japanese4 #ef4 ,gilt 7miao *97#dbh porcela93 copy+ ! ,japanese4 #eg4 ,silv]$ 7miao y97 porcela93 copy+ ! ,japanese4 #eh4 ,l>ge j>s 7ta kang7 ) ,imp]ial factory 7*'ang kuan7 glazes4 8,dim5sions3 diamet]1 at ! m\?1 #c ft4 #d or #e 94 to #d ft42 height1 #a ft4 #g or #h 94 to #b ft4 ,glaze col\rs1 7#a7 eel yell[1 7#b7 cucumb] 7kua p'i7 gre51 & 7#c7 yell[ & gre5 mottl$ 7huang l ti5740 ,?is la/ item1 :i* is n includ$ 9 ,bu%ell's li/1 appe>s to be almo/ a repetition ( ,no4 #i1 ) slightly diff]5t phras+4 ,huang l ti51 :i* is us$ in/ead ( ! difficult phrase huang pan ti51 may p]haps be tak5 z a gloss on ! latt]1 indicat+ t ! spots 9 ! mottl$ yell[ 7 gre54 ,9 ?is case x w\ld appe> t ! 8spott$ yell[0 0 a sort ( tig] sk9 glaze1 consi/+ ( dabs ( gre5 & yell[ 7& p]haps aub]g9e z well74 ,bu%ell int]pret$ x 9 ?is s5se4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,*',,i5 ,,lung ** #b 7#agcf-agie7 ,! brief reign ( ,yung ,*ng 0 foll[$ by t ( 8 son1 :o rul$ "u ! title ( ,*'i5 ,lung = a full cycle ( sixty ye>s1 at ! end ( :i* he abdicat$ 9 accordance ) 8 v[ t he w\ld n outreign 8 gr&fa!r1 ,k'ang ,hsi4 ,*'i5 ,lung 0 a devotee ( ! arts1 & !y fl\ri%$ greatly "u 8 long & peaceful sway4 ,he 0 himself a collector1 & ! catalogue ( ! ,imp]ial bronzes compil$ "u 8 ord]s is a classic "w2 b m ?an t1 he 0 p]sonally skilful 9 ! art ( calligraphy1 :i* ranks 9 ,*9a z high z pa9t+2 & he 0 a volum9\s poet4 ,x is no uncommon ?+ to f9d 8 compositions engrav$ or pa9t$ on porcela9 & o!r arti/ic mat]ials4 ,bu%ell#dbi quotes an example f a snuff bottle 9 ! ,walt]s ,collection2 !re is a b[l = wa%+ w9e cups 9 ! ,eumorfop\los ,collection ) a descriptive v]se engrav$ und]nea?1 & entitl$1 8,imp]ial ,poem ( ,*'i5 ,lung02 & a beautiful coral r$ b[l 9 ! ,briti% ,museum has a simil> effusion p5cill$ 9 gold 9 ! int]ior4 ,8 int]e/ 9 ! c]amic art is fur!r prov$ by ! comm& giv5 9 #agdc to ,t'ang ,y+ to compose a description ( ! v>i\s processes ( manufacture z a comm5t>y on tw5ty pictures ( ! indu/ry :i* belong$ to ! palace collections2 & "o ( ! e>lie/ acts ( 8 reign 0 to appo9t ! same celebrat$ c]ami/ 9 #agcf to succe$ ,ni5 ,hsi-yao 9 ! control ( ! cu/oms at ,huai-an ,fu1 a po/ :i* involv$ ! supreme control ( ! ,imp]ial porcela9 manufacture4 ,!re is little d\bt t ,t'ang ,y+#dcj 0 ! mo/ di/+ui%$ ( all ! m5 :o held ?is po/4 ,he is1 at any rate1 ! "o ^: a*ievem5ts h be5 mo/ fully record$4 ,he 0 himself a prolific writ]1 & a volume ( 8 collect$ works has be5 publi%$ ) a preface by ,li ,*-lai4 ,8 autobiography is incorporat$ 9 ! ,*iang hsi t'ung *ih2 8 tw5ty descriptions ( ! processes ( porcela9 manufacture are quot$ 9 ! ,t'ao %uo & ! ,t'ao lu1 & 9 !mselves =m a valuable treatise on ,*9ese porcela92 & be=e tak+ up 8 po/ at ,huai-an ,fu 9 #agcf he collect$ toge!r1 = ! b5efit ( 8 successors at ,*+-t ,*n1 ! accumulat$ notes & memor&a ( eight ye>s4 ,?is la/ "w is kn[n z ! ,t'ao *'ng %ih yu kao 78,draughts ( ,in/ructions on ! ,manufacture ( ,porcela9071 & ! preface#dca quot$ 9 ! ,annals ( ,f\-liang furni%es "s int]e/+ details conc]n+ ,tang's lab\rs4 ,we le>n1 = in/ance1 t :5 he 0 appo9t$ to ! factory at ,*+-t ,*n 9 #agbh1 he 0 8unacqua9t$ ) ! f9] details ( ! porcela9 manufacture 9 ! prov9ce ( ,kiangsi10 hav+ nev] be5 !re be=e4 ,he work$ ) he>t & /r5g?1 h[ev]1 sleep+ & eat+ ) ! workm5 dur+ a volunt>y appr5tice%ip ( ?ree ye>s1 until 9 #agca 8he _h conqu]$ 8 ignorance ( ! mat]ials & processes ( fir+1 & al?\gh he c\ld n claim famili>ity ) all ! laws ( trans=mation1 8 k 0 mu* increas$40 ,! commission]%ip ( ! cu/oms 0 transf]r$ 9 #agci f ,huai-an ,fu to ,kiu-kiang1 :i* is close to ! po9t ( junction betwe5 ! ,po-yang ,lake & ! ,yangtze1 & consid]ably ne>] to ! ,imp]ial factory at ,*+-t ,*n1 ! control ( :i* rema9$ 9 ,t'ang's h&s until #agdi4 ,! ,*+-t ,*n ,t'ao lu#dcb is almo/ v]bose on ! subject ( ,t'ang's a*ievem5ts4 ,he _h a pr(\nd k1 x tells u1 ( ! prop]ties ( ! diff]5t k9ds ( clay & ( ! action ( ! fire ^u !m1 & he took e c>e 9 ! selection ( prop] mat]ials1 s t 8 w>es 7 all exquisite1 lu/r\s1 & ( p]fect purity4 ,9 imitat+ ! celebrat$ w>es ( antiquity he nev] fail$ to make an exact copy1 & 9 ! imitation ( all sorts ( fam\s glazes !re 7 none :i* he c\ld n clev]ly reproduce4 ,!re 01 9 fact1 no?+ t he c\ld n successfully accompli%4 ,fur!rmore1 8 novelties#dcc includ$ porcela9s ) ! foll[+ glazes & col\rs3 =eign purple 7yang tz71 cloisonn blue 7fa *'+71 silv]+ 7mo y971 pa9t+ 9 ink black 7ts'ai %ui mo71 =eign black 7yang wu *971 pa9t+ 9 ! /yle ( ! enamels on copp] 7fa lang71 =eign col\r+ 9 a black gr\nd 7yang ts'ai wu *971 :ite designs 9 a black gr\nd 7hei ti pai hua71 gild+ on a black gr\nd 7hei ti miao *971 sky blue 7t'i5 lan71 & transmutation glazes 7yao pi574 ,! clay us$ 0 :ite1 ri* 7jang7 & ref9$1 & ! body ( ! porcela91 :e!r ?ick or ?91 0 always unctu\s 7ni74 ,! ,imp]ial w>es atta9$ _! greate/ p]fection at ?is "t4 ,! preface to ,t'ang's collect$ works1 :i* is quot$ 9 ! same passage1 s+les out z special triumphs ( 8 g5ius ! revival ( ! manufacture ( ! old dragon fi% b[ls 7lung kang7 & ( ! ,*n yao1 & ! production ( ! turquoise & rose 7mei kuei7 col\rs 9 8new t9ts & r>e beauty40 ,x is obvi\s f ^! passages t ,t'ang 0 responsible = _m ( ! types enum]at$ 9 ,hsieh ,m9's li/ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 n only among ! reproductions ( antiques b among ! new inv5tions ( ! p]iod1 su* z ! cloisonn blue1 =eign purple1 silv]+1 pa9t+ 9 ink black1 & =eign black4 ,x foll[s1 !n1 t ^! novelties c\ld n h be5 made mu* be=e #agcj1 = ,t'ang 0 /ill at t "t occupi$ *iefly ) le>n+ ! pott]'s art4 ,x is equally c]ta9 t he cont9u$ to make a specialty ( imitat+ ! old] w>es dur+ ! reign ( ,*'i5 ,lung1 s t we may reg>d ! be/ p]iod ( ^! reproductions z ext5d+ f #agcj-agej4 ,9 read+ ! li/ ( ,t'ang's innovations ! read] w p]haps be puzzl$ by ! v>ieties ( black decoration :i* are includ$4 ,be=e attempt+ to expla9 !m x w be be/ to review ! diff]5t k9ds ( black f\nd on ,*9ese porcela9 ( ! ,*'+ dyna/y4 ,!re is ! high-fir$ black glaze1 ) h>d %9+ surface lik5$ to t ( a mirror & usually enri*$ ) gilt trac]ies4 ,?is is ! orig9al wu *9 describ$ by ,pre d',entrecolles4#dcd ,! o!r blacks are all l[-fir$ col\rs ( ! muffle kiln appli$ ov] ! glaze & rank+ ) ! enamel col\rs4 ,!y include at lea/ five v>ieties3 7#a7 ,! dry black pigm5t1 d]iv$ f cobaltif]\s ore ( manganese1 appli$ l ! iron r$ )\t any glassy flux4 7#b7 ,! same pigm5t wa%$ ov] ) a transp>5t gre5 enamel4 ,?is is ! iridesc5t gre5i% black ( ! famille v]te1 & x cont9u$ 9 use along ) ! famille rose col\rs 9 ! ,yung ,*ng & ,*'i5 ,lung p]iods & onw>ds to mod]n times4 7#c7 ,a black enamel 9 :i* ! same elem5ts--manganese black & copp] gre5--are comp\nd$ toge!r4 ,?is is ! mod]n wu *91 ( :i* a sample 9 ! ,svres ,museum 7f ! collection ( ,m4 ,iti]7 0 describ$ by ,juli5#dce z 8noir mat2 m9]ai de manganese cobaltifre et oxyde de cuivre avec cruse40 ,x appe>s on mod]n ,*9ese porcela9 z a /icky gre5i% black enamel1 inf]ior 9 dep? & s(tness to ! old composite black ( ! famille v]te2 b = all t1 ?is is ! yang wu *9 7=eign black7 ( ! ,yung ,*ng & ,*'i5 ,lung p]iods4 ,9 ! days ( ,t'ang ,y+ x 0 a f> sup]ior col\r4 7#d7 ,a mottl$ gre5i% black occurs z a mono*rome & z a gr\nd col\r ) res]v$ discs enamell$ ) famille rose col\rs on ! ext]ior ( two b[ls 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 bo? ( :i* h ! cyclical date1 wu *'n1 "u ! base1 indicat+ ! ye> #agdh or #ahjh1 probably ! latt]4 7#e7 ,an enamel ( simil> texture b ( a purpli% black col\r is us$ on a snuff bottle 9 ! same collection to surr\nd a figure design 9 und]glaze blue4 ,?is piece has ! ,yung ,*ng m>k 9 r$1 b f its g5]al "* appe>s to be ( lat] date4 ,9 ! li/ ( ,t'ang's innovations !re is yang wu *9 7=eign black71 :i* is d\btless ! same z ! hsi yang wu *9 7,european black7 ( ,hsieh ,m9's li/4 ,x is cle> t ?is is some?+ diff]5t f ! old gre5 black ( ! famille v]te porcela91 & we c h>dly be wrong 9 id5tify+ x ) ! wu *9 enamel describ$ above 9 ,no4 #c4 ,comp>$ ) ! orig9al mirror black wu *9 glaze ?is enamel has a dull surface1 & we c only inf] t ! t]m wu *9 _h already lo/ its special s5se ( metallic black1 & 0 n[ us$ m]ely z a g5]al t]m = black4 ,assum+ ?is inf]5ce to be correct1 ! t]m yang ts'ai wu *9 7=eign pa9t+ 9 a black gr\nd7 %\ld mean simply famille rose col\rs surr\nd$ by a black enamel gr\nd ( ! type ( ei!r ,no4 #b or ,no4 #c4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 possible t ! wu *9 "h is ! old mirror black glaze on :i* enamell+ 9 famille rose col\rs w\ld be p]fectly feasible2 b ,i d n "k ( any example1 :]eas !re is no lack ( *oice porcela9s answ]+ to ! alt]native description4 ,! two rema9+ types1 hei ti pai hua 7:ite decoration 9 a black gr\nd7 & hei ti miao *9 7black gr\nd gilt71 app>5tly leave ! nature ( ! black undef9$1 b z ! expressions appe> v]batim 9 ! note atta*$ to ,no4 #eb ( ,hsieh ,m9's li/1 :i* is 8reproductions ( wu *9 glaze10 we mu/ reg>d ! black 9 ?is case1 too1 z ( ! wu *9 type4 ,! black gr\nd ) gild+ c h>dly ref] to any?+ b ! well-kn[n mirror black glaze ) gilt designs2 & ! :ite designs 9 black gr\nd is equally cle>ly id5tifi$ ) a some:at r>] type ( porcela9 9 :i* ! patt]n is res]v$ 9 :ite 9 a gr\nd ( black enamel ( ! type ( ,no4 #c4 ,!re are two snuff bottles 9 ! ,briti% ,museum respectively decorat$ ) 8rat & v9e10 & figure subjects :ite ) slight black %ad+ & res]v$ 9 a /icky black enamel gr\nd4 ,bo? ^! are ( ! ,tao ,kuang p]iod1 b !re are e>li] & l>g] examples else:]e ) a black gr\nd ( f9] quality4 ,su* a decoration is sc>cely possible ) any?+ b an enamel black1 & ?\gh !re is "s inconsi/5cy 9 ! gr\p+ ( an enamel & a glaze toge!r 9 ,hsieh ,m9's li/1 !y 7 app>5tly bo? reg>d$ z 8reproductions0 ( ! old mirror black wu *94 ,out ( ! rema9+ innovations ascrib$ to ,t'ang's directorate1 ! fa *'+ 7cloisonn or enamel blue7 & ! fa long hua fa 7pa9t+ 9 ! /yle ( ! enamels on copp]7 h already be5 describ$ 9 connection ) ,hsieh ,m9's li/4 ,! latt] expression occurs v]batim 9 ! note atta*$ 9 ! ,annals ( ,f\-liang#dcf to ,no4 #di ( ! li/1 :i* is 8porcela9 ) =eign col\r+10 & x cle>ly ref]s to ! free pa9t+ on ! ,canton enamels = reasons already giv54#dcg ,x is true t fa lang 7l fo lang1 fu lang1 & fa lan1 all phrases sugge/ive ( =eign & ,we/]n orig97 is commonly us$ 9 ref]5ce to cloisonn enamel1 b ! idea ( copy+ on porcela9 8l&scapes1 figure subjects1 fl[]+ plants1 & birds0 f cloisonn enamels is prepo/]\s to anyone :o is famili> ) ! cramp$ & re/rict$ nature ( "w b\nd$ by cloisons4 ,x is a pity t ,bu%ell has confus$ ! issue by r5d]+ ?is p>ticul> passage 8pa9t+ 9 ! /yle ( cloisonn enamel0 9 8 ,ori5tal ,c]amic ,art4#dch ,b1 x w be object$1 ! pa9t+ 9 =eign col\rs has be5 already %[n to h be5 9 full sw+ "s ye>s be=e ,t'ang's appo9tm5t at ,*+-t ,*n4 ,! inconsi/5cy is only app>5t1 h[ev]1 = x is only claim$ t ,t'ang introduc$ ?is /yle ( pa9t+ on ! ,imp]ial porcela91 & x may--& inde$ mu/--h be5 practis$ 9 ! enamell+ e/abli%m5ts at ,canton & else:]e = "s "t be=e4 ,inde$1 :5 "o comes to consid] ! li/ ( ,t'ang innovations :i* we h discuss$ s f>1 !y are ma9ly conc]n$ ) ! adaptation ( v>i\s =eign col\rs & ( processes already 9 use 9 ! previ\s reign4 ,( ^? :i* rema91 ! t'i5 lan or sky blue may p]haps be id5tifi$ ) a light blue v]g+ on ! t9t ( turquoise1 a high-fir$ glaze f\nd occasionally 9 ! ,*'i5 ,lung mono*romes4 ,b probably ! greate/ ( ,t'ang's a*ievem5ts 0 ! ma/]y ( ! yao pi5 or furnace transmutation glazes1 :i* 7 a matt] ( *ance z late z ! end ( ! ,k'ang ,hsi p]iod4 ,^! are ! v>iegat$ or flamb glazes 9 :i* a deep r$ ( sang de buf t9t is trans=m$ into a mass ( /reaks & mottl+s 9 :i* blue1 grey1 crimson1 br[n & gre5 seem to be /ruggl+ toge!r = pre-em95ce4 ,all ^! t9ts spr+ f "o col\r+ ag5t--copp] oxide--& !y are call$ into be+ by a sudd5 *ange ( ! atmosph]e ( ! kiln1 caus$ by ! admission ( wood smoke at ! critical mom5t & ! consequ5t consumption ( ! oxyg54 ,)\t ! trans=mation ! glaze w\ld be a sang de buf r$1 & 9 _m cases ! *ange is only p>tial1 & l>ge areas ( ! deep r$ rema94 ,fig4 #a ( ,plate #abc illu/rates a small b *>act]i/ic specim5 ( ! ,*'i5 ,lung flamb4 ,x w be f\nd t 9 contra/ ) ! ,k'ang ,hsi sang de buf ^! lat] glazes are m fluesc5t1 & ! excess ( glaze ov]runn+ ! base has be5 remov$ by gr9d+4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #abb4--,:ite ,porcela9 ) designs 9 l[ relief4 ,fig4 #a4--,vase1 peony scroll1 ju-i bord]1 etc4 ,*'i5 ,lung p]iod4 ,height #g in*es4 ,o4 ,raphael ,collection4 ,fig4 #b4--;,bottle ) 8g>lic m\?10 ,imp]ial dragons 9 cl\ds4 ,creamy crackl$ glaze imitat+ ,t+ w>e4 ,e>ly eighte5? c5tury4 ,height #i in*es4 ,salt+ ,collection4 ,fig4 #c4--,vase ) design ( ?ree rams1 symbolis+ ,spr+4 ,*'i5 ,lung p]iod4 ,height #c in*es4 ,w4 ,burton ,collection4 ,ano!r developm5t ( ! yao pi5 at ?is "t is ! use ( a sep>ate 8transmutation0 glaze :i* c\ld be add$ 9 l>ge or small pat*es ov] ano!r glaze1 & :i* assum$1 :5 fir$1 ! usual flamb appe>ance4 ,:5 judici\sly appli$ ! effect ( ?is sup]add$ flamb 0 v effective1 b x is (t5 us$ 9 a caprici\s fa%ion1 ) results r curi\s ?an beautiful4 ,!re are1 = in/ance1 examples ( blue & :ite vases be+ :olly or p>tially coat$ ) flamb1 :i* h little int]e/ except z evid5ce t ! pott]s c\ld n[ produce ! v>iegat$ effect at w & 9 m ways ?an "o4 ,! use ( d\ble glazes to produce new & curi\s effects is *>act]i/ic ( ! p]iod4 ,! second glaze 0 appli$ 9 v>i\s ways by bl[+1 fleck+1 or pa9t+ x ov] ! fir/4 ,! ,*n glaze ( ! muffle kiln belongs to ?is type if x has1 z ,i ?9k1 be5 correctly id5tifi$ ) ! blue gre5 dappl$ ) crimson on ,fig4 #d ( ,plate #abh2 & ! bird's egg glazes m5tion$ on p4 #bag belong to ! same class4#dci ,o!rs ( a simil> appe>ance1 ?\gh n necess>ily ( ! same te*nique1 are ! tea du/ 7*'a yeh mo7 & iron ru/ 7t'ieh hsiu74 ,! tea du/ glaze has a scum ( dull tea gre5 specks ov] an o*re\s br[n or bronze gre5 glaze1 appli$ ei!r to ! biscuit or ov] an ord9>y :ite glaz$ porcela92 & x seems to h be5 a speciality ( ! ,*'i5 ,lung p]iod1 ?\gh !re are kn[n specim5s ) ! ,yung ,*ng m>k & _m f9e examples 7 made 9 lat] reigns4 ,b nei!r ?is glaze nor d\ble glazes 9 g5]al are inv5tions ( ?is "t4 ,x w\ld be m correct to speak ( !m z revivals1 = ! e>ly ,japanese tea j>s1 :i* are bas$ on ,*9ese orig9als1 illu/rate ! pr9ciple ( ! d\ble glaze1 & !re are specim5s ( /onew>e z old z ! ,sung if n ! ,t'ang dyna/y1 ) d>k olive glaze fleck$ ) tea gre51 & sc>cely di/+ui%able f ! ,*'i5 ,lung tea du/4 ,x is /at$ on ! au?ority ( ,m4 ,billequ9 7see ,bu%ell1 ,o4 ,c4 ,a41 p4 #eah7 t a 8sumptu>y law 0 made re/rict+ ! use ( ! tea du/ glaze to ! ,emp]or1 to evade :i* collectors us$ to pa9t _! specim5s ) imag9>y cracks1#ddj & ev5 to put 9 actual rivets to make !m appe> brok540 ,! iron ru/ is a d>k lu/r\s br[n glaze /rewn ) metallic specks 7due to excess ( iron71 & 9 ! be/ examples cl\d$ ) passages ( deep r$4 ,b ^! are only two examples ( skill display$ by ! ,*'i5 ,lung pott]s 9 imitat+ arti/ic effects 9 o!r mat]ials4 ,special success 0 atta9$ 9 reproduc+ ! _m t9ts ( old bronze & its metallic surface4 ,bright-col\r$ pat9a 0 sugge/$ by t\*es ( flamb1 & ! effects ( gild+ or gold & silv] inlay 7 r5d]$ by ! gild]'s bru%4 ,! appe>ance ( inlaid enamels 0 skilfully copi$4 8,9 fact10 to quote f ! ,t'ao %uo1#dda 8among all ! works ( art 9 c>v$ gold1 emboss$ silv]1 *isell$ /one1 lacqu]1 "m-(-pe>l1 bamboo & wood1 g\rd & %ell1 !re is n "o t is n n[#ddb produc$ 9 porcela91 a p]fect copy ( ! orig9al piece40 ,nor is ?is /atem5t mu* exagg]at$1 = ,i h se5 num]\s examples 9 :i* gra9$ wood1 r$ lacqu]1 gre5 jade1 bronze1 & ev5 mille fiori glass h be5 s closely copi$ t _! real nature 0 n detect$ )\t close inspection4 ,rev]t+ to ,t'ang's a*ievem5ts1 we f9d special m5tion made ( ! reproductions ( ,*n yao :i* h be5 already discuss$ 9 detail1#ddc & ( ! reviv$ manufacture ( ! l>ge dragon fi% b[ls4 ,! latt] are ! great b[ls :i* caus$ su* di/ress among ! pott]s 9 ! ,wan ,li p]iod4 ,!y are describ$ 9 ! ,t'ao lu#ddd z be+ fir$ 9 specially con/ruct$ kilns1 & requir+ no less ?an n9ete5 days to complete _! bak+4 ,! l>ge/ size is said to h measur$ #f ft4#dde 9 height1 ) a ?ickness ( #e 94 9 ! wall1 "o ( !m occupy+ an entire kiln4 ,! old ,m+ dragon b[l f\nd by ,t'ang ,y+#ddf at ! factory 0 "o ( ! small] sizes1 & measur$ #c ft4 9 diamet] & #b ft4 9 height4 ,!y 7 int5d$ = ! palace g>d5s = keep+ gold-fi% or gr[+ wat]-lilies1 & ! usual decoration consi/$ ( ,imp]ial dragons4 ,!y are v>i\sly describ$ z lung kang 7dragon b[ls71 y kang 7fi% b[ls71 & ta kang 7great b[ls74 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #abc ,eighte5? ,c5tury ,glazes ,fig4 #a4--,squ>e ,vase ) tubul> h&les1 & apricot-%ap$ m$allions on front & back4 ,flamb r$ glaze4 ,*'i5 ,lung p]iod 7#agcf-agie74 ,height #f in*es4 ,briti% ,museum4 ,fig4 #b4--;,bottle-%ap$ ,vase ) deep blue 7ta *'+7 glaze3 unglaz$ base4 ,e>ly eighte5? c5tury4 ,height #ae in*es4 ,briti% ,museum4 ,fig4 #c4--,vase ) f9e iron r$ enamel 7mo hung7 on ! ext]ior4 ,*'i5 ,lung p]iod 7#agcf-agie74 ,height #e in*es4 ,salt+ ,collection 7,v4 ,a4 ,museum74 ,ow+ to ! trem5d\s difficulty ( fir+ ^! huge vessels ! ord] = _! supply 9 ! reign ( ,%un ,*ih 0 ev5tually cancell$1 & no attempt 0 made to resume _! manufacture until ,t'ang's directorate4 ,! usual fi% b[l ( ! ,k'ang ,hsi p]iod is a mu* small] object1 measur+ ab\t #bj 94 7,engli%7 9 diamet] by #a ft4 9 height2 b f ! note app5d$ to ,hsieh ,m9's li/ 9 ! ,*iang hsi t'ung *ih on ! ,imp]ial ta kang1 x appe>s t already 7ab\t #agcj7 ! manufacture _h be5 resum$ on ! old scale1#ddg = ! dim5sions ( ^? describ$ are giv5 z f #c ft4 #d or #e 94 to #d ft4 9 diamet] at ! m\?1 & f #a ft4 #g or #h 94 to #b ft4 9 height4 ,an example ( int]m$iate size is giv5 on ,plate #acc1 "o ( a pair 9 ! ,burdett-,c\tts ,collection measur+ #bf 94 9 diamet] by #bj 94 9 height4 ,x rema9s to notice two glaze col\rs to :i* ,t'ang ,y+ appe>s to h paid special att5tion3 ! fei ts'ui 7turquoise7 & ! mei kuei 7rose col\r74 ,! =m] has already be5 dealt ) 9 connection ) ,m+1 ,k'ang ,hsi1 & ,yung ,*ng porcela91 & x is only necess>y to add t x occurs 9 s+ul>ly beautiful quality on ! ,*'i5 ,lung porcela9s1 (t5 on vases ( antique bronze =m1 b fa%ion$ ) ! unmi/akable 8slickness0 ( ! ,*'i5 ,lung imitations4 ,occasionally ?is glaze cov]s a body ( r$di% col\r due to admixture ( "s co>s] clay1 :i* seems to h assi/$ ! developm5t ( ! col\r1 & x is wor?y ( note t !re are mod]n imitations on an e>!n body made at ! tile works ne> ,pek+ :i*1 ?anks to ! f9e quality ( _! col\r1 are liable to be pass$ (f z old4 ,i h notic$ t ,*'i5 ,lung mono*rome vases--especially ^? :i* h col\rs ( ! demi-gr& feu l ! turquoise--are (t5 unglaz$ "u ! base4 ,! foot is v deeply cut1 & ! biscuit is b>e or sk9n$ ov] ) a m]e film ( vitre\s matt]1 :i* seems to be an accid5tal deposit4 ,! mei kuei is ! col\r ( ! r$ rose 7mei kuei hua71 & x is obvi\sly to be id5tifi$ ) ! rose c>m9es d]iv$ f gold :i* 7 discuss$ 9 ! la/ *apt]4 ,^! t9ts are f\nd 9 consid]able v>iety 9 ! e>ly ,*'i5 ,lung porcela9s1 f deep crimson & sc>let or r\ge r$ to pale p9k1 & !y are us$ z mono*romes1 gr\nd col\rs1 & 9 pa9t$ decoration4 ,a sup]b example ( _! use z gr\nd col\r 0 illu/rat$ on ! bord] ( ,plate #abj1 :i* is probably a ,yung ,*ng piece4 ,among ! gold r$ mono*romes ( ! ! ,*'i5 ,lung p]iod "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ is a d>k ruby p9k ) unev5 surface ( ! 8orange peel0 type4 ,mr4 ,s4 ,e4 ,k5n$y has a rem>kable s]ies ( ^! mono*romes 9 8 collection4 ,speak+ g5]ally1 ! ,*'i5 ,lung mono*romes repeat ! types 9 vogue 9 ! previ\s reigns ( ! dyna/y ) great] or less success4 ,among ! gre5s1 ! opaque1 crackl$ glazes ( pea1 apple1 sage1 em]ald1 & camellia leaf t9ts describ$ on p4 #ahg 7 a speciality ( ! "t1 & ! snake-sk9 & cucumb] t9ts 7 also made ) success4 ,!re 71 besides1 beautiful celadon glazes ( ! gr& feu1 & an opaque enamel ( pale blui% gre5 eau de nil t9t4 ,und]glaze copp] r$ 0 us$ bo? = mono*romes & pa9t$ w>es1 b ) ! exception ( ! liv] or m>oon col\r ! =m] _h n ! di/9ction ( ! ,k'ang ,hsi sang de buf or ! ,yung ,*ng s\ffl r$4 ,!re is a jug-%ap$ ew] ) po9t$ sp\t 9 ! ,briti% ,museum :i* has a fluesc5t glaze ( light liv] r$ deep5+ into crimson1 & kn[n 9 ,japan z toko4 ,x has ! ,hsan ,t m>k1 b ,i h se5 exactly simil> specim5s ) ! m>k ( ,*'i5 ,lung1 to :i* p]iod ?is col\r evid5tly belongs4 ,on ! o!r h&1 great improvem5t is obs]vable 9 ! ov]glaze coral r$ mono*rome d]iv$ f iron1 :e!r x be ! ?9 lu/r\s film ( ! mo hung or ! ri*ly flux$ 8jujube0 r$ :i* atta9s ! dep? & fullness ( glaze4 ,fig4 #c1 ,plate #abc1 is a wor?y example ( ! iron r$ mono*rome ( ! p]iod4 ,z a ?ick1 ev5 & opaque col\r ?is enamel 0 us$ 9 small pieces :i* wond]fully simulate ! appe>ance ( r$ c9nab> lacqu]4 ,an endless v>iety ( blue glazes 7 us$1 ! pure blue 9 d>k & light %ades1 s\ffl or pla91 ! purpli% blues & violets1 ! lav5d]s & clair de lunes4 ,^! are ma9ly high-fir$ glazes1 b a fav\rite blue ( ?is p]iod is a deep purpli% blue ( s(t1 fluesc5t appe>ance & m9utely crackl$ texture :i* is evid5tly a glaze ( ! demi-gr& feu4 ,! 8temple ( heav50 blue is ( ?is nature1 ?\gh ( a pur] & m sapphire t9t4 ,x is ! col\r ( ! ritual vessels us$ 9 ! wor%ip ( heav5 & ( ! tiles ) :i* ! temple 0 ro($4 ,ano!r v>iety ( ?is glaze has ! same t9t1 b is h>d] & ( a bubbly1 p9hol$ texture1 app>5tly a high-fir$ col\r4 ,! t'i5 *'+ 7sky blue7 has already be5 m5tion$--a light] col\r betwe5 lav5d] & turquoise4 ,& among ! blue enamels :i* 7 sometimes us$ z mono*romes at ?is "t is an opaque deep blue ( int5se lapis lazuli tone4 ,among ! yell[s1 9 addition to ! transp>5t glazes ( ! old] type1 !re are opaque enamels1 includ+ ! lemon yell[ ) r\gh granul> texture1 ! wax5#ddh sulphur yell[ :i* (t5 displays lu/r\s pat*es1 & ! crackl$ mu/>d yell[4 ,among ! purples & br[ns !re are few *anges to note1 ?\gh mu* ( ! gre5i% br[n crackle probably belongs to ?is "t2 & !re is little to be said ab\t ! :ite w>es except t bo? ! true porcela91 :e!r egg%ell or o!rwise1 & ! opaque crackl$ w>es ( ! ,t+ yao type 7 /ill made ) exquisite ref9em5t & f9i%4 ,! unev5 glaze surface1 happily comp>$ to 8orange peel10 0 mu* affect$ on ! ,*'i5 ,lung :ites 9 common ) _m o!r w>es ( ! "t4 ,b !re 7 _m new enamel mono*romes =m$ by bl5d+ ! famille rose col\rs1 %ades ( opaque p9k1 lav5d]1 ,fr5* grey1 & gre51 :i* are sometimes delicately engrav$ ) close scroll patt]ns all ov] ! surface1 a type :i* is kn[n by ! clumsy "n ( graviata4 ,^! enamel gr\nds are (t5 int]rupt$ by m$allions ) und]glaze blue or enamell$ designs1 z on ! vase illu/rat$ 9 ,plate #abe1 ,fig4 #d1 & on ! s-call$ ,pek+ b[ls2 or1 aga91 !y are brok5 by res]v$ floral designs :i* are da9tily col\r$ 9 famille rose enamels4 ,b we are already drift+ f ! mono*romes into ! pa9t$ porcela9s ( ! p]iod1 & we %all return to ! ,pek+ b[ls pres5tly4 ,) reg>d to ! ,*'i5 ,lung blue & :ite1 little ne$ be add$ to :at 0 said ( ?is k9d ( w>e 9 ! la/ *apt]4 ,x 0 /ill made 9 consid]able quantity1 & ,t'ang ,y+1 9 8 tw5ty descriptions ( ! manufacture ( porcela91 supplies a comm5t>y to ?ree pictures#ddi deal+ ) ! 8collection ( ! blue mat]ial10 8! selection ( ! m9]al10 & 8! pa9t+ ( ! r\nd w>e 9 blue40 ,f ^! we le>n t l>ge s]vices 7 made 9 blue & :ite1 & ! decoration 0 /ill rigidly subdivid$1 "o set ( pa9t]s be+ res]v$ = ! outl9+ ( ! designs & ano!r = fill+ !m 91 :ile ! pla9 blue r+s 7 put on by ! workman :o f9i%$ ! w>e on ! poli%+ :eel1 & ! inscriptions1 m>ks & seals 7 add$ by skilful calligraph]s4 ,! blue mat]ial 0 n[ obta9$ 9 ! prov9ce ( ,*kiang1 & close att5tion 0 paid to ! selection ( ! be/ m9]al4 ,!re 0 "o k9d ( blue 8call$ onion spr\ts1 :i* makes v cle>ly def9$ /rokes1 & does n run 9 ! fire1 & ?is mu/ be us$ = ! mo/ delicate pieces40 ,?is latt] col\r is to be look$ = on ! small /eatitic porcela9s & ! f9e egg%ell cups4 ,9 common ) ! o!r ,*'i5 ,lung types1 ! blue & :ite vases are (t5 ( ar*aic bronze =m1 & decorat$ ) bronze patt]ns su* z bord]s ( /iff leaves1 dragon feet & ogre heads4 ,ano!r fav\rite ornam5t is a close patt]n ( floral scrolls /udd$ ) lotus or peony fl[]s1 (t5 f9ely drawn b incl9$ to be small & fussy4 ,^! scrolls are commonly execut$ 9 ! blot*y blue describ$ on p4 #ac1 & ! d>k] %ades are (t5 ?ickly heap$ up 9 palpable relief ) a m>k$ t5d5cy to run into drops4 ,on ! o!r h&1 "o sometimes f9ds ! individual bru% /rokes1 z x 71 bitt5 into ! porcela9 body1 & almo/ sugge/+ scrat*$ l9es4 ,bo? peculi>ities1 ! ?ick fluesc5t blue & ! deep bru% /rokes1 are obs]vable on a small vase ( unusually glassy porcela9 9 ! ,franks ,collection4 ,two o!r pieces 9 ! same collection may be quot$4 ,"o is a tazza or high-foot$ b[l ) a b& ( ,sanskrit *>act]s & deep bord]s ( close lotus scrolls1 v delicately drawn 9 a s(t pure blue1 to :i* a heavily bubbl$ glaze has giv5 a hazy appe>ance4 ,?is piece 7,plate #ic1 ,fig4 #a7 has ! six *>act]s ( ! ,*'i5 ,lung seal-m>k 9 a s+le l9e inside ! foot4 ,! o!r is a j> :i* be>s ! cyclical date correspond+ to #aghd4 ,l ! la/1 x has a decoration ( ,buddhi/ic import1 viz4 ! f\r *>act]s ** #d t'i5 *u n po 7propiti\s waves f ,india71 ea* enclos$ by =mal cl\d devices4 ,x is pa9t$ 9 a s(t b r opaque blue1 & ! glaze is aga9 ( bubbly texture4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #abd4--,miscellane\s ,porcela94 ,fig4 #a4--,magnolia ,vase ) flamb glaze ( crackl$ lav5d] ) r$ & blue /reaks4 ,*'i5 ,lung p]iod4 ,height #g in*es4 ,alex&] ,collection4 ,fig4 #b4--;,bottle ) elephant h&les1 yell[1 purple1 gre5 & :ite glazes on ! biscuit4 ,*'i5 ,lung p]iod4 ,height #h in*es4 ,briti% ,museum4 ,fig4 #c4--;,di% ) fruit design 9 lu/r\s transp>5t glazes on ! biscuit1 cov]+ a fa9tly et*$ dragon patt]n4 ,k'ang ,hsi m>k4 ,diamet] #i in*es4 ,briti% ,museum4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #abe4--;,*'i5 ,lung ,w>es4 ,hippisley ,collection4 ,fig4 #a4--;,bru% ,pot ( enamell$ ,ku-yeh-hsan glass4 ,*'i5 ,lung m>k4 ,height #b in*es4 ,fig4 #b4--;,bottle1 porcela9 pa9t$ 9 ,ku-yeh /yle1 aft] a picture by ! ,*'+ arti/ ,wang ,%ih-mei4 ,height #g in*es4 ,fig4 #c4--;,imp]ial ,pres5tation ,cup m>k$ hs hua t'ang *ih tsng4 ,height #b in*es4 ,fig4 #d4--,m$allion ,vase1 brocade gr\nd ) bats 9 cl\ds1 etc4 ,*'i5 ,lung m>k4 ,height #g in*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #abf4--,vase ) 8,hundr$ ,fl[]0 design 9 famille rose enamels4 ,*'i5 ,lung p]iod 7#agcf-agie74 ,height #ai in*es4 ,gr&idi] ,collection 7,! ,l\vre74 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #abg4--,vase pa9t$ 9 mix$ enamels4 ,! ,hundr$ ,de]4 ,gr&idi] ,collection 7,l\vre74 ,late ,*'i5 ,lung p]iod4 ,height #ah in*es4 ,9 ! common] types ( ,*'i5 ,lung blue & :ite1 ! blue is usually ( a dulli% indigo t9t1 want+ 9 life & fire4 ,!re is1 9 fact1 none ( ! "* ( ! ,k'ang ,hsi w>e2 ! broad wa%es1 ! cle> trembl+ sapphire1 & ! subtle h>mony exi/+ betwe5 ! glaze & blue1 are all miss+4 ,moreov]1 ! decoration1 ) its c>eful bru%work & neat f9i%1 has none ( ! fre$om & bread? ( ! old] types4 ,on ! :ole1 x is small wond] t ! collector f9ds little to ar\se en?usiasm 9 ! blue & :ite ( ?is p]iod1 if we except ! /eatitic#dej or 8s(t pa/es10 :i* are eag]ly acquir$4 ,und]glaze r$ pa9t+1 & ! same 9 comb9ation ) blue or ) high-fir$ glazes & col\r$ slips1 celadon1 :ite1 gold5 br[n1 olive br[n & c(fee br[n1 7 p]petuat$ f ! previ\s reigns2 & und]glaze blue designs are f\nd accompani$ by yell[ or coral r$ enamel gr\nds 9 old ,m+ /yle1 & ev5 by famille rose pa9t+4 ,decoration 9 transp>5t glazes ( ?ree col\rs--gre51 yell[ & aub]g9e--appli$ direct to ! biscuit is n common on ,*'i5 ,lung porcela91 b :5 us$ x displays ! *>act]i/ic neatness & f9i% ( ! p]iod4 ,i suspect t _m ( ! trim rice b[ls ) neatly ev]t$ m\? rim & dragon designs et*$ 9 outl9e & fill$ 9 ) aub]g9e 9 a gre5 gr\nd1 yell[ 9 an aub]g9e1 or ! o!r comb9ations ( ! ?ree col\rs1 belong to ?is reign1 9 spite ( ! ,k'ang ,hsi m>k "u ! base4 ,at any rate1 ! body1 glaze & =m c be exactly p>allel$ 9 o!r b[ls :i* h a ,*'i5 ,lung m>k4 ,?is criticism applies equally to a /rik+ gr\p ( porcela9 ( :i* ,fig4 #c ( ,plate #abd is an example4 ,x consi/s ( b[ls & di%es1 s mu* alike 9 decoration t "o might suppose all exi/+ examples to be p>ts ( "s l>ge s]vice4 ,! body is delicately engrav$ ) five-claw$ dragons pursu+ pe>ls1 & some:at inconsequ5tly ov] ^! are pa9t$ l>ge & boldly design$ fl[]+ sprays 7rose1 peony1 etc47 or fruit+ pomegranate bran*es ) black outl9es fill$ 9 ) f9e1 transp>5t aub]g9e1 full yell[ & gre5 9 light & d>k %ades4 ,! rema9+ gr\nd space is coat$ ) ! ?9 gre5i% wa% :i* does duty = :ite 9 ?is col\r s*eme1 b 9 ^! p>ticul> pieces x is unusually lu/r\s & iridesc5t4 ,9 fact1 on ! back ( a di% 9 ! ,briti% ,museum x has develop$ pat*es ( gold5 lu/re ( q a metallic appe>ance & simil> to ^? not$ on ! sulphur yell[ mono*rome describ$ on p4 #bci4 ,?is lu/r\s appe>ance1 h[ev]1 is probably no m ?an an exagg]at$ iridesc5ce1 = !re is no reason to suppose t ! ,*9ese ev] us$ metallic lu/re ( ! ,p]sian or ,european k9d4#dea ,?is gr\p ( porcela9 always be>s ! ,k'ang ,hsi m>k1 b a comp>ison ) ! b[ls ( lat] date1 bo? 9 mat]ial & 9 ! g5]al f9i% ( ! w>e & ! /yle ( ! col\r+1 irresi/ibly argues a lat] p]iod ( manufacture1 unless1 inde$1 we admit t ! ,imp]ial b[ls ( ! late ,k'ang ,hsi & ! ,*'i5 ,lung p]iods are n to be diff]5tiat$4 ,! f9i% ( ^! w>es1 9 fact1 comp>es m closely ) t ( ! f9] ,tao ,kuang b[ls ?an ) ! recognis$ types ( ,k'ang ,hsi porcela94 ,ano!r k9d ( on-biscuit decoration ( ! ,*'i5 ,lung--& p]haps ! ,yung ,*ng--p]iod is be/ describ$ f a concrete example1 viz41 ,fig4 #b ( ,plate #abd1 a pe>-%ap$ bottle 9 ! ,briti% ,museum ) sides m\ld$ 9 %all[ lobes1 an ov]lapp+ frill or coll> ) scallop$ outl9e on ! neck1 & above ?is two h&les 9 %ape ( elephants' heads4 ,! gr\nd col\r is a deep br[ni% yell[ reliev$ by bord]s ( /iff leaves ) incis$ outl9e fill$ 9 ) smoo? em]ald gre52 & ! coll> & h&les are :ite ) cl\d scroll bord]s ( pale aub]g9e edg$ ) blue4 ,! g5]al col\r+1 z well z ! =m ( ?is vase1 is closely p>allel$ 9 f9e pott]y ( ! same p]iod4 ,x may be add$ t famille rose enamels are sometimes us$ 9 on-biscuit poly*rome decoration1 b ! effect is n specially pleas+4 ,"s ( ! opaque col\rs s]v+ z mono*romes are also appli$ 9 ?is way1 b "h ! abs5ce ( a :ite glaze b5ea? is sc>cely noticeable1 ow+ to ! ?ickness & opacity ( ! enamels4 99 99 99 99 99 ,b all ! o!r =ms ( poly*rome decoration at ?is p]iod mu/ yield 7num]ically1 at any rate7 to ! on-glaze pa9t+ 9 famille rose enamels1 or1 z ! ,*9ese h nam$ !m1 8=eign col\rs40 ,! nature ( ^! has be5 fully discuss$1 b !re is no d\bt t _! application 0 widely ext5d$ 9 ! ,*'i5 ,lung p]iod1 & "o po9t ( diff]5ce1 at lea/1 is obs]vable 9 _! te*nique1 viz4 ! mix+ ( ! t9ts 9 ! actual design s z to produce ! ,european effect ( %ad+4 ,by ?is means ! grad$ t9ts 9 ! petals ( a fl[]1 & ! /ratifi$ surface ( rocks & m\nta9s1 are sugge/ively r5d]$4 ,x w\ld be impossible to enum]ate ! endless v>ieties ( design employ$ 9 ?is l>ge gr\p4 ,contra/+ ! decoration ( 8 own "t ) t ( ! ,m+ porcela91 ! au?or ( ! ,t'ao %uo1#deb :i* 0 publi%$ 9 #aggd1 says3 8,porcela9 pa9t$ 9 col\rs excell$ 9 ! ,m+ dyna/y1 ! majority ( ! patt]ns be+ d]iv$ f embroid]y & brocad$ sat9s1 ?ree or f\r only out ( ea* t5 be+ f nature & copies ( antiques4 ,9 mod]n porcela91 out ( t5 designs y w get f\r ( =eign col\r+1 ?ree tak5 f nature1 two copies ( antiques1 "o f embroid]y or sat9 brocade40 ,9 _! ord9>y acceptation ! t]ms are n mutually exclusive1 & ! la/ ?ree types might be1 & inde$ are1 all express$ 9 =eign col\r+2 b presumably ! writ] ref]s especially to t k9d ( 8=eign col\r+0 :i* 0 directly bas$ on ! ,canton enamels & is illu/rat$ 9 ! ruby-back egg%ell di%es4 ,! designs tak5 f nature w\ld include figure subjects repres5t+ p]sonages & int]iors1 l&scapes1 gr[+ fl[]s & fruit1 & ! l1 good examples ( :i* are %[n on ,plates #abf & #abg4 ,! "o repres5ts ! 8,hundr$ ,fl[]s10 ! vase be+1 z x 71 "o great b\quet & ! fl[]s be+ drawn naturali/ically en\gh to be individually recognis$4 ,! o!r recalls ! celebrat$ picture ( ! 8,hundr$ ,de]0 by ! late ,m+ arti/1 ,wn ,*ng-m+4#dec ,! copies ( antiques w\ld comprise bronze patt]ns & designs borr[$ f old porcela91 examples ( :i* are n uncommon4 ,& ! brocade patt]ns1 9 spite ( ! l[ proportion assign$ to !m 9 ! ,t'ao %uo1 occur 9 relatively l>ge numb]s 9 ,we/]n collections4 ,!y mo/ly consi/ ( fl[]s or close floral scrolls 9 col\r1 & res]v$ 9 a mono*rome gr\nd ( yell[1 blue1 p9k1 etc4 ,?is is ! *>act]i/ic ,*'i5 ,lung scroll "w :i* is us$ bo? 9 bord]s & ov] l>ge areas su* z ! ext]ior ( a b[l or ! body ( a vase4 ,! res]v$ patt]n1 highly col\r$ & w9d+ ?r\gh a gr\nd ( solid opaque enamel1 sugge/s analogy ) ! scroll gr\nds ( ! contempor>y cloisonn enamel2 b ?is incid5tal lik5ess has no?+ to d ) ! "q ( 8pa9t+ 9 fa lang /yle10 :i* 0 discuss$ among ,t'ang's innovations4 ,! f9] ,*'i5 ,lung porcela9s1 & especially ^? enamell$ ) brocade designs1 are frequ5tly f9i%$ (f ) a coat+ ( opaque blui% gre5 enamel inside ! m\? & "u ! base1 a squ>e panel be+ res]v$ = ! m>k4 ,ne$less to say1 ) all ?is weight ( enamell+ little or no?+ is se5 ( ! porcela9 itself1 ! f9e quality ( :i* is only indicat$ by ! neatness ( ! =m & ! elegance ( ! f9i%4 ,! gre5 black :i* 0 discuss$ e>li] 9 ! *apt] is us$ ) /rik+ effect1 bo? 9 company ) famille rose col\rs 7z on ,fig4 #b ( ,plate #aca7 & )\t !m4 ,an effective decoration ( ! latt] k9d is %[n on a beautiful bottle-%ap$ vase ) wide1 spread+ m\? 9 ! ,salt+ ,collection1 :i* is cov]$ ) close floral scrolls res]v$ 9 a gr\nd ( black pigm5t1 ! :ole surface be+ wa%$ ov] ) transp>5t gre54 ,! result is a peculi>ly s(t & ri* decoration ( gre5 scrolls 9 a gre5 black gr\nd4 ,nor 0 ! iron r$--a col\r mu* employ$ 9 mono*romes at ?is "t--neglect$ 9 ! pa9t$ w>es4 ,inde$1 x occurs z ! sole pigm5t on _m pieces1 & on o!rs x =ms a solid brick r$ or /ippl$ s\ffl gr\nd = floral res]ves1 m$allions & panels ( famille rose enamell+4 ,among ! opaque enamels a few %ades ( blue are simil>ly us$1 :ile ! o!rs1 z already m5tion$1 =m pla9 or engrav$ backgr\nds = floral res]ves & panel decoration z on ,fig4 #b ( ,plate #abe1 & on ! ,pek+ b[ls4 ,! latt] are s nam$ n because !y 7 made at ,pek+1 b because ! specim5s acquir$ by ,we/]n collectors h be5 *iefly obta9$ f t s\rce4 ,_m ( !m h ! ,*'i5 ,lung m>k1 & _! gr\nd col\rs comprise a v>iety ( p9ks1 yell[1 gre51 ,fr5* grey1 d>k blue1 slaty blue1 am>an?1 lav5d]1 blui% gre51#ded delicate gre5i% :ite & coral r$4 ,! m$allions on ! b[ls--usually f\r 9 numb]--are commonly decorat$ ) gr[+ fl[]s1 su* z ! fl[]s ( ! f\r seasons 9 poly*rome enamels1 :ile o!rs h figure subjects1 frequ5tly ,european figures 9 l&scape sett+ & ) ,*9ese attributes1 su* z a ju-i or l+-*ih fungus4 ,! f9i% ( ^! b[ls is extremely f9e1 & !y are well wor?y ( ! ,imp]ial use to :i* !y 7 mo/ly de/9$4 ,! m5tion ( a delicate gre5i% :ite enamel on ^! m$allion b[ls rem9ds u t ?is col\r is us$ ) exquisite effect = bord]s ( floral design1 or ev5 = ! ma9 decoration ( tea & c(fee w>es2 & !re is a little plate 9 ! ,briti% ,museum ) ,*'i5 ,lung m>k on :i* x appe>s ) a peculi> *ill$ or %rivell$ surface z a backgr\nd = pa9t$ designs 9 iron r$4 ,!re is a l>ge class ( enamell$ porcela91 d\btless made *iefly = export1 :i* f\nd its way into our c\ntry h\ses 9 ! la/ half ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,x is pa9t$ ) panels ( figure subjects 9 :i* rose p9k & iron r$ are uncompromis+ly bl5d$1 & ! space surr\nd+ ! panels is fill$ ) composite designs ( blue & :ite ) passages ( p9k scale diap] or fea!ry gilt scrolls brok5 by small vignettes 9 :i* a bird on a b\gh1 insects1 gr[+ plants or fragm5ts ( l&scape are pa9t$ 9 camaieu p9k1 r$ or sepia4 ,9 "s cases ! panels are fram$ ) l[1 m\ld$ reliefs1 :i* ext5d into ! bord] spaces1 & ! gr\ndwork 9 ^! p>ts is p[d]$ ) t9y rais$ dots4 ,! w>es include l>ge pun* b[ls1 bottle-%ap$ ew]s ) _! bas9s1 & sets ( five vases1 two ( :i* are beak]s & ?ree cov]$ j>s ) lion knobs1 ovoid or squ>e1 & sometimes ( egg%ell ?9ness4 ,o!rs aga9 h _! panels enclos$ by wrea?s ( fl[]s & foliage or 8rat & v9e patt]n0 9 full relief1 & _m ( !m h a glaze ( lumpy1 8orange peel0 texture4 ,! "n 8,m&>90 has be5 giv5 to ^! w>es because ! c5tral figure subjects usually conta9 p]sonages 9 (ficial dress2 & ! l>ge pun* b[ls br\ght back by ! tea-m]*ants are includ$ 9 ?is gr\p1 ?\gh ! m&>9 figures 9 ! panels are 9 ?is case (t5 replac$ by ,european subjects4 ,elaborately m\ld$ & pi]c$ ornam5t col\r$ 9 famille rose enamels (t5 appe>s on ! table w>e ( ?is p]iod1 a famili> example be+ ! lotus s]vices 9 :i* ! motive ( ! p9k lotus fl[] is express$ p>tly by m\ld+ & p>tly by pa9t+1 ! t5drils & buds be+ utilis$ = feet & h&les2 & !re are elegant famille rose teapots :i* h out] cas+s ) panels ( prunus1 bamboo & p9e c>v$ 9 op5work 9 ! /yle ( ! ,yi-hs+ pott]y4 ,gild+ 01 ( c\rse1 freely employ$1 &1 to a less] ext5t1 silv]+4 ,elaborate gilt patt]ns are f\nd cov]+ d>k blue1 p[d] blue1 lu/r\s black1 bronze gre51 pale celadon1 & iron r$ mono*rome gr\nds2 & ! f9] enamell$ vases & b[ls are (t5 f9i%$ (f ) gilt edg+1 :i* does n seem to h be5 mu* us$ be=e ?is p]iod1 ?\gh traces ( gild+ are sometimes se5 on ! lu/r\s br[n edges ( ! old] plates & b[ls4 ,! manual dext]ity ( ! ,*'i5 ,lung pott]s is %[n 9 op5work c>v+ & pi]c$ designs on lant]ns1 p]fume boxes1 insect cages1 spill vases1 etc41 b m especially on ! amaz+ vases ) free-work+ belts1 revolv+ necks1 or decorat$ inn] l9+s :i* c be turn$ r\nd beh9d a pi]c$ out] cas+1 *a9s ) movable l9ks1 & simil> t\rs de =ce4 ,!re are1 beside1 two types ( ornam5t dat+ f ?is p]iod :i* dem& no little manual skill4 ,^! are ! lacework & rice gra94 ,9 ! =m] ! design is deeply incis$ 9 ! body & ! :ole cov]$ ) a pale celadon gre5 glaze1 & x is usually appli$ to small vases & tazza-%ap$ cups1 ! patt]n consi/+ ( close & intricate ,*'i5 ,lung scrollwork4 ,! resultant effect is ( a v delicate gre5 lace patt]n1 :i* appe>s z a p>tial transp>5cy :5 held to ! light 7,plate #abh1 ,fig4 #b74 ,! rice-gra9 ornam5t c>ries ! same idea a /ep f>!r1 = ! incis$ patt]n is cut "r ?r\gh ! body1 leav+ small p]=ations to be fill$ up by ! transp>5t glaze4 ,only small incisions c\ld be made1 & ^! g5]ally took ! l5ticul> =m :i* ! ,fr5* h lik5$ to gra9s ( rice 7,plate #abh1 ,fig4 #a74 ,! patt]ns made 9 ?is fa%ion are naturally limit$4 ,/>-%ap$ designs or fl[]s ) radiat+ petals are ! commone/1 ?\gh occasionally ! transp>5cies are made to con=m to ! l9es ( pa9t$ decoration & ev5 ( dragon patt]ns4 ,bo? ord9>y & /eatitic porcela9 are us$ = ?is treatm5t2 & ! w>e is ei!r pla9 :ite or embelli%$ ) und]glaze blue bord]s & designs1 & occasionally ) enamels4 ,! effect is light & graceful1 especially :5 transmitt$ light gives prop] play to ! transp>5cies4 ,z to ! antiquity ( ?is decoration 9 ,*9a1 ,i c f9d no evid5ce ( its exi/5ce be=e ! eighte5? c5tury1 & ,i am incl9$ to ?9k x 0 ev5 !n a late developm5t4 ,!re are two cups 9 ! ,hippisley ,collection ) apocryphal ,hsan ,t dates1 b ! majority ( m>k$ examples are ,*'i5 ,lung or lat]4 ,out ( f\rte5 pieces 9 ! ,franks ,collection five h ! ,*'i5 ,lung m>k1 two h palace m>ks ( ! ,tao ,kuang p]iod1#dee & "o has a long inscription /at+ t x 0 made by ,wang ,%ng-,kao 9 ! f\r? mon? ( #agih4def ,! re/ are unm>k$4 ,! manufacture cont9ues to ! pres5t day1 & ! same process has be5 freely us$ 9 ,japan1 :]e x is call$ hot>u-de1 or firefly decoration4 ,9 ?is type ( ornam5t ! ,*9ese 7 long =e/all$ by ! pott]s ( ,we/]n ,asia1 = ! rice-gra9 transp>5cies 7 us$ ) exquisite effect 9 ,p]sia & ,syria 9 ! twelf? c5tury if n consid]ably e>li]4 ,x rema9s to m5tion a species ( decoration :i* is n /rictly c]amic4 ,x consi/s ( coat+ ! porcela9 biscuit ) black lacqu] 9 :i* are inlaid designs 9 "m-(-pe>l1 ! lac burgaut ( ! ,fr5* 7,plate #abh1 ,fig4 #c74 ,?is porcela9 is kn[n by ! ,fr5* "n ( porcela9e laque burgaute1 & x seems to h be5 orig9ally a product ( ! ,*'i5 ,lung p]iod2 at any rate1 ,i c f9d no evid5ce ( its exi/5ce be=e ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,9 ! ,*'i5 ,lung p]iod ,*9ese porcela9 rea*es ! high-wat] m>k ( te*nical p]fection4 ,! ma/]y ( ! mat]ial is complete4 ,b = all t ! art is already 9 its decl9e4 ,by ! middle ( ! reign x is already ov]ripe1 & t[>ds ! end x %[s sure signs ( decay4 ,at its be/ ! decoration is m +5i\s ?an orig9al1 & m pretty ?an arti/ic4 ,at its wor/ x is cloy+ & tiresome4 ,! w>e itself is p]fectly ref9$ & pure1 b cold] ?an ! ,k'ang ,hsi porcela94 ,! famille rose pa9t+ is unequall$ at its be/ = da9t9ess & f9i%1 b ! brok5 t9ts & m9iature t\*es _c comp>e 9 decorative value ) ! /rong] & broad] effects ( ! ,m+ & ,k'ang ,hsi bru%work4 ,! pott+ is almo/ p]fect1 b ! =ms are want+ 9 spontaneity2 & ! endless imitation ( bronze %apes becomes we>isome1 p>tly because ! intricate =ms ( ca/ metal are n naturally suit$ to ! c]amic mat]ial1 & p>tly because ! elaborate f9i% ( ! ,*'i5 ,lung w>es makes ! imitation ( ! antique unconv9c+4 ,9 detail ! w>es are m>vels ( neatness & f9i%1 b ! g5]al impression is ( an artificial elegance f :i* ! eye gladly turns to ! vigor\s beauty ( ! e>li] & less sophi/icat$ types4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #abh4--;,*'i5 ,lung ,porcela94 ,briti% ,museum4 ,fig4 #a4--,vase ) 8rice gra90 gr\nd & blue & :ite design4 ,height #g in*es4 ,fig4 #b4--,vase ) 8lacework0 designs4 ,*'i5 ,lung m>k4 ,height #g in*es4 ,fig4 #c4--,vase ) ! ,sev5 ,wor?ies ( ! ,bamboo ,grove 9 lac burgaut4 ,height #ad in*es4 ,fig4 #d4--,vase ) 8rob9's egg0 glaze4 ,height #d in*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #abi4--,octagonal ,vase & ,cov]1 pa9t$ 9 famille rose enamels4 ,*'i5 ,lung p]iod 7#agcf-agie74 ,height #ce in*es4 ,"o ( a pair 9 ! ,collection ( ,dr4 ,a4 ,e4 ,cumb]bat*4 ,z already m5tion$1 ,t'ang ,y+ 0 comm&$ by ! ,emp]or 9 #agdc to arrange & expla9 tw5ty pictures ( ! manufacture ( porcela9 :i* 7 s5t to him f ! palace4 ,9 twelve days he complet$ ! descriptions :i* h s9ce be5 incorporat$ 9 v>i\s books on porcela91 includ+ ! ,t'ao %uo & ! ,t'ao lu4 ,!y h be5 translat$ by ,juli5#deg & by ,bu%ell1#deh & z mo/ ( _! facts h be5 embodi$ 9 ! previ\s pages1 x w\ld be sup]flu\s to give a v]batim translation ( !m4 ,! foll[+ summ>y1 h[ev]1 w give ! drift ( !m1 & ,bu%ell's translation ( ! ,t'ao %uo c be consult$ = a full r5d]+4 ,illu/ration ,i4--,,collection ,,( ,,! ,,/ones ,,& ,,fabrication ,,( ,,! ,,pa/e4 ,! porcela9 /one 7petuntse7 0 obta9$ at ?is "t f ,*'i-mn1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,kiangnan4 8,t ( pure col\r & f9e texture is us$ 9 ! manufacture ( b[ls & vases ( egg%ell 7t'o-t'ai71 pure :ite 7t'i5 pai71 & blue & :ite porcela940 ,o!r e>?s1 includ+ kaol91 7 m9$ )9 ! limits ( ,jao-*\ ,fu4 ,,ii4--,,wa%+ ,,& ,,purification ,,( ,,! ,,pa/e4 ,,iii4--,,burn+ ,,! ,,a%es ,,& ,,prep>+ ,,! ,,glaze4 ,! a%es ( burnt lime & f]ns 7 mix$ ) petuntse 9 v>y+ proportions to =m ! glaz+ mat]ial4 ,,iv4--,,manufacture ,,( ,,segg>s4 ,! segg>s1 or fireclay cases1 by :i* ! porcela9 0 protect$ 9 ! kiln 7 made ( a co>se clay f ,li-*'un1 ne> ,*+-t ,*n1 & we are told t ! segg>-mak]s also manufactur$ r\gh b[ls = ! use ( ! workm5 f ! same mat]ial4 ,v4--,,prep>+ ,,! ,,m\lds ,,= ,,! ,,r\nd ,,w>e4 ,,vi4--,,fa%ion+ ,,! ,,r\nd ,,w>e ,,on ,,! ,,:eel4 ,,vii4--,,fabrication ,,( ,,! ,,vases 7*o *'i74 ,,viii4--,,collection ,,( ,,! ,,blue ,,col\r4 ,! m9]al 0 obta9$ at ?is "t f ,%ao-hs+ & ,*9-hua 9 ,*kiang4 ,,ix4--,,selection ,,( ,,! ,,blue ,,mat]ial4 ,x4--,,m\ld+ ,,! ,,pa/e ,,& ,,gr9d+ ,,! ,,col\rs4 ,,xi4--,,pa9t+ ,,! ,,r\nd ,,w>e ,,9 ,,blue4 ,,xii4--,,fabrication ,,& ,,decoration ,,( ,,vases4 ,,xiii4--,,dipp+ ,,! ,,w>e ,,into ,,! ,,glaze ,,or ,,bl[+ ,,! ,,glaze ,,on ,,to ,,x4 ,?ree me?ods ( glaz+ are describ$3 ! old me?od ( pa9t+ ! glaze on ) goat's-hair bru%2 dipp+ ! w>e into a l>ge j> ( glaze2 & bl[+ on ! glaze ) a bamboo tube cov]$ at ! end ) gauze4 ,,xiv4--,,turn+ ,,! ,,unbak$ ,,w>e ,,& ,,holl[+ ,,out ,,! ,,foot4 ,?is turn+ or poli%+ 0 done on a :eel4 ,= conv5i5ce ( h&l+ ! foot ( ! vessel 0 left ) a lump ( clay adh]+ until all ! processes1 except fir+1 7 complete2 ! foot 0 !n trimm$ & holl[$ out1 & ! m>k pa9t$ und]nea?4 ,,xv4--,,putt+ ,,! ,,f9i%$ ,,w>e ,,into ,,! ,,kiln4 ,,xvi4--,,op5+ ,,! ,,kiln ,,:5 ,,! ,,w>e ,,is ,,bak$4 ,,xvii4--,,decorat+ ,,! ,,r\nd ,,w>e ,,& ,,vases ,,9 ,,=eign ,,col\r+4 ,see p4 #bdb4 ,,xviii4--,,! ,,op5 ,,/ove ,,& ,,! ,,clos$ ,,/ove4 ,two types ( small kiln us$ to fire ! on-glaze enamels4 ,,xix4--,,wrapp+ ,,9 ,,/raw ,,& ,,pack+ ,,9 ,,casks4 ,,xx4--,,wor%ipp+ ,,! ,,god ,,& ,,(f]+ ,,sacrifice4 ,!re are a few illu/rations app5d$ to ! ,t'ao lu :i* cov] mu* ! same field1 b !y are r\ghly drawn4 ,a mu* bett] set ( col\r$ pictures is exhibit$ 9 frames 9 ! ,franks ,collection 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 %[+ mo/ ( ! processes describ$ by ,t'ang4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,european ,,influ5ces ,,9 ,,! ,,*',,+ ,,dyna/y ,hi!rto ! ref]5ces to ,european influ5ce on ,*9ese porcela9 h be5 ( an incid5tal nature4 ,b ! use ( ,we/]n designs on ! porcela9s ( ! ,*'+ dyna/y1 & especially 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 atta9$ su* l>ge proportions t x is necess>y to treat ! w>es s decorat$ z a class ap>t4 ,a highly in/ructive collection ( ?is type ( porcela9 is exhibit$ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 :]e x has be5 subdivid$ 9 gr\ps illu/rat+ porcela9 pa9t$ 9 ,*9a ) ,european armorial designs1 porcela9 pa9t$ 9 ,*9a aft] pictures1 engrav+s & o!r patt]ns ( ,european orig91 ,european =ms 9 ,*9ese porcela91 &1 la/ly1 ,*9ese porcela9 decorat$ 9 ,europe4 ,! un-,*9ese nature ( ^! decorations1 :i* is app>5t at ! fir/ glance1 ju/ifies _! segregation4 ,inde$1 ! =eign features are 9 _m cases s conspicu\s t x is small wond] if 9 days :5 little 0 kn[n ( ,*9ese c]amic hi/ory ^! w>es 7 (t5 attribut$ to ,european manufacture4 ,we n[ "k s mu* ( ! int]c\rse betwe5 ,*9a & ,europe 9 ! pa/1 & ( ! enorm\s trade c>ri$ on by ! v>i\s ,ea/ ,india companies1 t no surprise is felt at ! idea ( ord]s = table s]vices s5t out to ,*9a ) armorial & o!r designs = _! decoration4 ,n t anyone ^: eye 0 really tra9$ to appreciate ! peculi>ities ( ,*9ese porcela9 c\ld ev] mi/ake ! nature ( ^! w>es4 ,! pa/e & glaze are1 ) few exceptions1 uncompromis+ly ,*9ese1 no matt] h[ closely ! decorator ) 8 prov]bial g5ius = imitation may h r5d]$ ! ,european design4 ,& ev5 "h1 if ! ,ori5tal t\* is n betray$ 9 "s detail1 ! ,*9ese col\rs & gild+ w disclose !mselves to ! initiate4 ,x is h>dly necess>y "h to allude to ! absurd notion t any ( ?is gr\p 0 made at ! little ,engli% factory ( ,l[e/(t4 ,if an error :i* has once _h curr5cy is ev] completely dissipat$1 ,*aff]s's great blund] on ! subject ( ,*9ese armorial porcela9 %\ld be =gott5 by n[4 ,b x is high "t t ^? :o are fully aw>e ( ! facts ( ! case %\ld ab&on ! equally /upid & :olly illogical expression1 8,ori5tal ,l[e/(t10 n = ,l[e/(t porcela9 decorat$ 9 ,*9ese /yle1 :i* w\ld be reasonable en\gh1 b 7save ! m>k67 = ,*9ese porcela9 decorat$ ) ,european designs4 ,z if1 inde$1 an insignificant ,suffolk pott]y1 :i* made no enamell$ porcela9#dei until ab\t #aggj1 _h any influ5ce on ! decoration ( a ,*9ese w>e :i* 0 di/ribut$ all ov] ,europe dur+ ! :ole ( ! c5tury4 ,! ,european /yle ( fl[] pa9t+ & ! ,european bord] patt]ns 7 us$ by ! ,*9ese decorators on ?is class ( w>e 9 ! la/ half ( ! c5tury1 b !y 7 ! patt]ns :i* orig9at$ at ,meiss5 & ,svres1 & :i* 7 adopt$ & develop$ at ,*elsea1 ,d]by & ,worce/]4 ,any ( ^! w>es might h f\nd _! way to ,*9a & s]v$ z models to ! ,canton decorators1 b ! likelihood ( ,l[e/(t porcela9 ex]t+ any appreciable influ5ce 9 ! ,f> ,ea/ is simply laughable4 ,b to return to ! subject ( ?is *apt]1 ! actual ,european %apes f\nd 9 ,*9ese porcela9 c be dismiss$ 9 a few words4 ,!re are a few figures1 su* z ! well kn[n pair reput$ to repres5t ,l\is ,,xiv4 & 8 que54 ,^! are ( ,k'ang ,hsi type1 & decorat$ ) enamels on ! biscuit4 ,& !re are num]\s gr\ps or s+le figures ( ! same p]iod 9 ! :ite ,fuki5 porcela91 discuss$ on p4 #aaa4 ,a few vase =ms1 copi$ app>5tly f ,italian w>es & belong+ to a slightly lat] date1 & a curi\s p$e/al 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 modell$ 9 ! =m ( a tree trunk ) two ,cupids 9 full relief ne> ! top1 are purely ,we/]n4#dfj ,ne$less to say1 ! bulk ( ! useful w>e1 be+ int5d$ = ,european consumption1 0 made aft] ,european models1 :i* speak = !mselves4 ,mu* might be writt5 on ! pa9t$ designs ( ?is class if space p]mitt$1 b we mu/ be cont5t ) cit+ a few typical in/ances1 mo/ ( :i* may be se5 9 ! ,franks ,collection4 ,to ! ,k'ang ,hsi p]iod belong "s curi\s imitations ( ,dut* ,delft1 9 :i* ev5 ! pott]'s m>ks are copi$1 ! designs hav+ be51 oddly en\gh1 borr[$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance f ,ori5tal w>es by ! ,dut* pott]s4 ,!re are ! s-call$ 8,keys] cups10 tall1 cov]$ cups ) sauc]s1 pa9t$ 9 blue ) kneel+ figures surr\nd+ a k+ & que51 :o probably repres5t ,/4 ,l\is ( ,france & 8 consort2 & 9 ! bord] is ! inscription1 ,l',,empire ,,de ,,la ,,v]tu ,,e/ ,,e/abi ,,jusq',,au ,,b\t ,,de ,l',,un]s4 ,ano!r cup has a design ( a %ip & a syr51 ) leg5d1 ,,g>des ,,v\s ,,de ,,la ,,syr5e2 & !re are small plates ) ! siege ( ,rott]dam#dfa copi$ 9 blue f a ,dut* engrav+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #acj ,vase ) pe>-%ap$ body & wide m\?2 tubul> h&les4 ,porcela9 ) delicate clair de lune glaze recall+ ! pale blue t9t ( "s ( ! f9] ,sung celadons4 ,ab\t #ahjj ,height #g in*es4 ,briti% ,museum4 ,b ! gr\p :i* probably comm&s ! greate/ int]e/ is t kn[n z 8,jesuit *9a10 decorat$ ) subjects be>+ on ! ,*ri/ian religion4 ,! e>lie/ examples are pa9t$ 9 und]glaze blue1 ! ,*ri/ian designs be+ accompani$ by ord9>y ,*9ese ornam5ts4 ,an e>ly 7to judge f ! g5]al /yle ( ! piece1 late ,m+7 example is a pe>-%ap$ ew]1 ) elongat$ sp\t & h&le1 9 ! ,kun/gew]be ,museum1 ,b]l94 ,on ! side is ! sacr$ monogram ,,ihs1 surr\nd$ by =mal ornam5t1 & x has be5 plausibly sugge/$ t ! little vessel _h be5 us$ = ,communion purposes4 ,a b[l ) fungus m>k 9 ! ,franks ,collection has a ,crucifixion on ! ext]ior1 fram$ 9 a patt]n ( cl\d-scrolls1 & inside ) truly ,*9ese tol]ance is pa9t$ a ,buddhi/ pe>l symbol 9 flames & cl\ds4 ,a cup 9 ! same s]ies ) ! 8jade0 m>k#dfb has a ,crucifixion half lo/ among ! surr\nd+ arabesque scrolls4 ,^! two are ( ! ,k'ang ,hsi p]iod1 & 7 probably made ) ! pieces to :i* ,pre d',entrecolles#dfc alludes1 9 8 lett] dat$ #agab1 z foll[s3 8,f ! debris at a l>ge emporium !y br\ght me a little plate :i* ,i treasure m ?an ! f9e/ porcela9 made dur+ ! la/ ?\s& ye>s4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ! plate is pa9t$ a crucifix betwe5 ! ,virg9 & ,/4 ,john1 & ,i am told t ?is k9d ( porcela9 0 %ipp$ sometimes to ,japan1 b t ?is comm]ce came to an end sixte5 or sev5te5 ye>s ago4 ,app>5tly ! ,japanese ,*ri/ians took advantage ( ?is manufacture at ! "t ( ! p]secution to obta9 pictures ( our my/]ies1 & ^! w>es1 m+l$ ) o!rs 9 ! crates1 elud$ ! vigilance ( ! enemies ( our religion4 ,?is pi\s artifice 0 no d\bt ev5tually discov]$ & r5d]$ useless by m /r+5t inve/igation1 & t is :y ! manufacture ( ?is k9d ( w>e has ceas$ at ,*+-t ,*n40 ,^! e>ly types1 :i* are r>e to-day1 h a special int]e/ because !y 7 decorat$ at ,*+-t ,*n1 & _! g5]al /yle indicates t !y 7 made = ,ori5tal use4 ,aft] an int]val ( "s ye>s ! ,jesuit *9a reappe>$ 9 a m sophi/icat$ =m1 probably ! "w ( ,canton decorators4 ,! designs1 v>i\s ,biblical sc5es1 are copi$ 9 black & gold f ,european engrav+s1 & !y occur on plates ) rims1 tea & c(fee s]vices1 & o!r articles ( ,european use4 ,! e>lie/ may date f ! ,yung ,*ng p]iod1 b !y are mo/ly ,*'i5 ,lung1 & ! same designs are occasionally execut$ 9 enamel col\rs4 ,9 addition to ! ,*ri/ian *9a !re are plates & di%es decorat$ ) r+s ( ,koranic inscriptions 9 ,arabic1 surr\nd+ magic squ>es1 & de/9$ = ! ,mussulman m>kets4 ,! ,franks ,collection includes1 besides1 num]\s examples ( pr(ane subjects#dfd copi$ 9 black or 9 col\rs f ,european engrav+s & designs4 ,a /rik+ in/ance ( ! pati5t skill ( ! ,*9ese copyi/ is giv5 by two l>ge plates completely cov]$ ) ! designs--! ,triumph ( ,mordecai & ,a*illes dipp$ 9 ! ,/yx--copi$ l9e = l9e1 app>5tly1 f ,le ,sueur's engrav+s4 ,! effect ( ! f9e l9es & cross-hat*+ is p]fectly r5d]$1 & "o w\ld say at fir/ t !y _h be5 transf]-pr9t$ if ?is process _h ev] be5 us$ by ! ,*9ese4 ,x is amus+1 too1 to f9d ,engli% topical & political subjects r5d]$ on ,*9ese porcela91 mugs & pun* b[ls1 ) bu/s ( ! ,duke ( ,cumb]l&1 ,pr9ce ,*>les ,edw>d1 & ,john ,wilkes ) appropriate inscriptions4 ,!re are1 too1 satirical pictures 9 ! /yle ( ,hog>?1 & a few popul> b n ov]ref9$ subjects :i* ga9 an additional droll]y f ! obvi\sly ,*9ese r5d]+ ( ! figures4 ,_m l>ge pun* b[ls /ill survive decorat$ to suit _! own]'s ta/es1 ) a full-rigg$ %ip = ! sea capta91 a hunt+ sc5e = ! ma/] ( h\nds1 & agricultural designs = ! f>m]1 (t5 pr\dly inscrib$ ) ! "n ( ! de/9$ possessor & ! date ( ! ord]4 ,! ,*9ese t\* is usually betray$ 9 ^! inscriptions1 :i* are obvi\sly reproduc$ me*anically1 & ) no compunction felt = a lett] "h & !re inv]t$ or misplac$4 ,^! porcela9s ) ,european pictorial designs are1 z a rule1 m curi\s ?an beautiful1 b x _c be d5i$ t ! next gr\p ) ,european coats ( arms emblazon$ 9 ! c5tre is (t5 highly decorative4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly true ( ! e>li] examples 9 :i* ! %ields ( arms are n disproportionately l>ge1 & are surr\nd$ ) ta/eful ,*9ese designs4 ,! h]aldry is c>efully copi$ &1 z a rule1 ! t9ctures are correct4 ,9 ! old] specim5s ! blue is usually "u ! glaze1 & f ?is1 & f ! nature ( ! surr\nd+ decoration 9 famille v]te or transition col\rs1 "o may assume t ! pieces 9 "q 7 decorat$ at ,*+-t ,*n4 ,f ! middle ( ! ,yung ,*ng p]iod onw>ds a l>ge & con/antly increas+ proportion ( ! w>e 0 decorat$ at ,canton1 9 ! enamell+ e/abli%m5ts :i* 7 9 close t\* ) ! ,european m]*ants1 & f ?is "t ,european designs beg9 to encroa* on ! field ( ! decoration4 ,f9ally1 9 ! la/ decades ( ! c5tury ! ,*9ese armorial porcela9 is decorat$ 9 purely ,european /yle4 ,an important ?\gh belat$ witness to ! ,canton orig9 ( ?is decoration is a plate 9 ! ,franks ,collection ) ! arms ( ,*adwick 9 ! c5tre1 a b& ( ,d]by blue1 & a trefoil bord] on ! rim1 & on ! rev]se 9 black ! leg5d1 ,canton 9 ,*9a1 #bd? ,jany1 #agia4 ,side by side ) ?is armorial porcela91 & app>5tly also decorat$ at ,canton1 !re 0 pa9t$ a l>ge quantity ( table w>e = ,we/]n use ) half-,european designs 9 :i* small p9k rose-sprays are conspicu\s4 ,^! are ! *eap] k9ds ( useful w>e :i* are f\nd ev]y:]e 9 ,europe1 & mu/ h =m$ a l>ge p]c5tage ( ! export trade 9 ! la/ half ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,! decoration1 ?\gh usually slight & p]functory1 is q in(f5sive & suitable to ! purpose ( ! w>e4 ,b to return to ! armorial porcela93 ap>t f its h]aldic & decorative value1 x is (t5 important to ! /ud5t ( ,*9ese c]amics1 because !re are specim5s :i* c be dat$ v precisely f ! armorial be>+s & o!r int]nal evid5ce4 ,9 ! ,briti% ,museum s]ies !re are "s tw5ty pieces belong+ to ! ,k'ang ,hsi p]iod1 includ+ an e>ly und]glaze blue pa9t$ di% ) arms ( ,talbot1 & "o or two specim5s ( pure famille v]te1 includ+ ! plate dat$ #agjb1 :i* has already be5 m5tion$ z be+ ( a peculi> :ite & glassy-look+ w>e4 ,!re are examples ) und]glaze blue & enamel decoration 9 ! ,*9ese ,im>i /yle1 & !re is a v di/9ctive gr\p :i* c be dat$ armorially#dfe to ! late ,k'ang ,hsi & e>ly ,yung ,*ng p]iod4 ,^! latt] pieces are usually decorat$ ) a %ield ( arms 9 ! c5tre 9 enamel col\rs1 ) or )\t und]glaze blue2 ! sides are fill$ ) a b& ( close floral scrolls or brocade diap] 9 r$ & gold1 brok5 by small res]ves conta9+ fl[]s & symbols2 on ! rim are simil> gr\ps ( fl[]s & symbols & a n>r[ bord] ( r$ & gold scrolls2 & on ! rev]se are a few floral sprays 9 r$4 ,! enamels are ( ! transition k9d1 famille v]te ) occasional t\*es ( rose p9k & opaque yell[4 ,! porcela9 is ! crisp1 sonor\s1 well pott$ w>e ) %9+ oily glaze ( ,k'ang ,hsi type1 & ! accessory ornam5t is ( purely ,*9ese "*4 ,a bord] ( trefoil cusps1 n unlike ! /rawb]ry leaves ( ! h]aldic cr[n1 b traceable to a ,*9ese orig91 makes its fir/ appe>ance on ?is gr\p4 ,x is a common feature ( subsequ5t armorial w>es1 l ! n>r[ bord] ( *a9 patt]n :i* seems to h come into use ab\t #agcj4 ,dat$ specim5s ( ,yung ,*ng armorial1 ) pa9t+ 9 ! 8=eign col\rs10 h be5 already describ$4#dff ,o!r examples ( ?is p]iod h ! decoration 9 und]glaze blue outl9es wa%$ ) ?9 transp>5t col\rs1 9 black p5cill+ & 9 black & gold4 ,! bord] patt]ns ( lacework1 v9e scrolls1 bamboos wrea!d ) foliage & fl[]s1 & f9e floral scrolls1 are (t5 beautifully execut$ 9 delicate gild+ or 9 br[n & gold4 ,9 ! ,*'i5 ,lung p]iod !re 0 an ev]-increas+ t5d5cy to displace ! ,*9ese patt]ns 9 fav\r ( ,european ornam5t4 ,ab\t ! middle ( ! c5tury small b\quets & scatt]$ floral sprays 9 ! well-kn[n ,meiss5 /yle ( pa9t+ made _! appe>ance1 & ! gradual invasion ( ! bord] patt]ns by ,european motives is app>5t4 ,x may be ( int]e/ to note a few ( ! latt] z !y occur on dat$ specim5s3 #a4 ,light fea!ry scrolls1 gilt or 9 col\rs3 fir/ half ( ,*'i5 ,lung p]iod4 #b4 ,rococo ornam5ts comb9$ ) floral patt]ns3 fir/ half ( ,*'i5 ,lung p]iod4 #c4 ,l>ge %ell-l ornam5ts & scroll edg$ frames ( lattice "w1 loosely /rung toge!r3 e>ly ,*'i5 ,lung p]iod4 #d4 ,simil> motives ) m elaborate framework1 enclos+ diap]s1 & int]rupt$ by f\r peacocks at regul> int]vals & g5]ally black & gold3 ab\t #agdj to #agfj4 #e4 ,black & br[n hexagon diap]1 edg$ ) dragon arabesques 9 gold3 an e>ly type ( bord]1 b la/+ z late z #aghj4 #f4 ,composite bord]s ) diap]s1 symbols1 fl[]s1 etc41 & sometimes includ+ butt]flies1 half ,*9ese & half ,european3 on specim5s rang+ f #agfe to #ahbj4 ,?is la/ bord] patt]n 0 adopt$ at ,coalport & 9 o!r ,engli% factories to surr\nd ! will[ patt]n4#dfg ,9 ! la/ decades ( ! c5tury1 su* purely ,european bord]s z ! swags ( fl[]s us$ at ,b[ & ,bri/ol1 floral & laurel wrea?s & husk fe/oons2 ! p9k scale patt]ns ( ,meiss52 ribbons & dott$ l9es w9d+ ?r\gh a floral b&1 fea!r scrolls1 etc41 ( ,svres orig91 & aft]w>ds adopt$ at ,worce/]1 ,bri/ol1 ,l[e/(t & else:]e 9 ,engl&2 blue ) gilt edges & gilt />s1 z on ! ,d]by bord]s1 :i* also d]ive f ,svres2 & ! corn-fl[] sprigs ( ! ,fr5* h>d-pa/e porcela9s4 ,a conspicu\s feature ( ! ,*'i5 ,lung export porcela9 9 g5]al is ! use ( a ?91 wa%y p9k 9 place ( ! ?ick c>m9e ( ! e>ly famille rose4 ,?is is a col\r common to ,european porcela9 ( ! p]iod1 & x may h be5 sugge/$ to ! ,*9ese by specim5s ( ,we/]n w>es4 ,we may1 p]haps1 note "h a design ( ,ori5tal figures 7z on ! ,m&>9 porcela97 9 p9k & r$ surr\nd$ by bord]s ( p9k scale diap]1 brok5 by small panels ( ornam5t4 ,x has no connection ) ! armorial gr\p1 b x has app>5tly be5 b&i$ back & =w>d f ,ea/ to ,we/4 ,bas$ on a ,*9ese orig9al1 x 0 l>gely copi$ on ,engli% porcela91 su* z ,worce/]1 ,l[e/(t1 etc41 & app>5tly s]vices ( ! ,engli% make f\nd _! way ea/ & 7 copi$ aga9 at "s coa/ factory1 or ev5 9 ,japan1 = ! export trade4 ,mu* ( ?is hybrid w>e is f\nd 9 ,au/ralia & on ! ea/ coa/ ( ,africa1 & ?\gh ! mat]ial & ! col\rs are obvi\sly ,ori5tal1 ! draw+ ( ! faces reflects a ,european t\*4 ,! porcela9 is co>se & greyi%1 & ! decoration r\ghly execut$1 probably 9 ! fir/ decades ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,! trade 9 ,*9ese armorial porcela9 seems to h gradually di$ out 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 = reasons :i* are n f> to seek4 ,z f> z ,engl& 0 conc]n$1 ! improvem5ts 9 ! manufacture bo? ( porcela9 & f9e e>!nw>e *ang$ h] position f t ( a consum] to t ( a produc]4 ,9 addition to :i*1 a high protective duty mu/ h adv]sely affect$ ! import trade1 = we read#dfh 9 ! notes ( ,eno* ,wood1 ! ,/af=d%ire pott]1 t al>m 0 felt 9 #ahjc 9 ! pott]ies at ! 8propos$ r$uction ( #ei #hs4 #f;d4 p] c5t4 f ! duty on ! importation ( ,ori5tal porcela91 leav+ x at #ej p] c5t40 ,n ! lea/ int]e/+ "p ( ! ,franks ,collection is ! section devot$ to ,*9ese porcela9 decorat$ 9 ,europe4 ,9 ! e>ly ye>s ( ! eighte5? c5tury a numb] ( enamell+ e/abli%m5ts appe>$ 9 ,holl& & 9 o!r c\ntries :]e glass & pott]y 7 decorat$ 9 ! enamel col\rs :i* 7 !n com+ into play4 ,z ! supply ( home-made porcela9 0 z yet practically non-exi/5t1 ! enamell]s _h to look = ?is mat]ial 9 ! ,ori5tal m>ket4 ,*9ese porcela9s ) slight decoration1 pla9 :ite w>es1 or ^? ma9ly decorat$ ) incis$ & c>v$ design "u ! glaze1 & :ite ,fuki5 porcela9 (f]$ ! mo/ suitable surface2 & ^! we f9d treat$ by ,dut* enamell]s ) ! decoration !n 9 vogue among ! ,delft pott]s4 ,9 ! ,briti% ,museum !re are plates ) portraits ( ,dut* celebrities1 ) designs satiris+ ,john ,law's bubble1 & ev5 ) ,japanese & ,*9ese patt]ns1 especially ^? :i* ! ,delft pott]s 7 9 ! habit ( copy+ f ! 8old ,im>i40 ,?us we f9d ! curi\s ph5om5on ( ,*9ese porcela9 decorat$ 9 ,europe ) ,ori5tal patt]ns1 &1 z may be imag9$1 ^! pieces h caus$ mu* p]plexity to collectors4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 to be recognis$ by ! inf]ior quality ( ! enamels & ! /iff draw+ ( ! copyi/s4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,fuki5 porcela9 ) relief ornam5t1 ! decorators (t5 conf9$ !mselves to t\*+ ! rais$ patt]n ) col\r4 ,z a rule1 ^! add$ decorations are crude & unsightly1 b !re 7 arti/s ( great skill among ! ,g]man *ambrelans 7z ^! unatta*$ enamell]s 7 call$71 su* m5 z ,ignatius ,bott5grub] & ,preussl] ( ,breslau1#dfi :o fl\ri%$ ab\t #agbj to #agcj4 ,_! designs ( figures1 my?ical subjects1 etc41 enclos$ by b>oque scrollwork1 7 skilfully execut$ 9 camaieu r$ or black1 height5$ ) gild+1 & _! "w1 :i* is v mann]$ & di/9ctive1 is highly priz$ at ! pres5t day4 ,occasionally we f9d ! h&iwork ( ! ,dut* lapid>y on ,*9ese porcela9s1 a design ( birds & floral scrolls be+ cut ?r\gh a d>k blue or br[n glaze into ! :ite biscuit4 ,ab\t ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury a m legitimate mat]ial 0 f\nd = ! ,european decorator 9 small quantities ( ,*9ese porcela9 s5t ov] 89 ! :ite40 ,regul> supplies 9 ?is /ate mu/ h be5 =w>d$ f ,*+-t ,*n to ,canton = ! enamell]s !re1 &1 no d\bt1 ! ,european m]*ants 7 able to secure a small am\nt ( ?is4 ,?us x 0 t ,*9ese porcela9 is occasionally f\nd ) decoration by arti/s ^: t\* is recognis$ on ,*elsea & o!r w>es4 ,x is n necess>y to assume t su* pieces 7 pa9t$ 9 ! ,*elsea factory4 ,t may h be5 ! case1 b we "k ( important enamell+ e/abli%m5ts1 su* z ,duesbury's 9 ,london1 :]e ,*elsea1 ,b[ & ,worce/] porcela9s obta9$ 9 ! :ite 7 decorat$ to ord]4 ,x is probable t ! pa9t]s tra9$ 9 ?is "w aft]w>ds pass$ into ! porcela9 factories4 ,!re are r>e examples ( ,*9ese porcela9 ) transf] pr9ts execut$ at ,batt]sea or ev5 at ,worce/]1 & app>5tly "o or two pieces h _h inscriptions add$ at ,l[e/(t2 b1 aft] all1 ?is gr\p ( decorat$ ,ori5tal is a v small "o1 & ! specim5s pa9t$ 9 ! /yle ( any p>ticul> ,engli% factory except ,*elsea c\ld be c\nt$ on "o's f+]s4 ,no d\bt ! same proce$+s 7 repeat$ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,cont95t1 & !re are c]ta9ly specim5s decorat$ 9 ! ,meiss5 /yle1 & 9 "o piece 9 ! ,franks ,collection ! ,meiss5 m>k has be5 add$4 ,b besides ?is m or less legitimate treatm5t ( ,*9ese porcela91 !re is a l>ge gr\p ( hide\sly disfigur$ w>es kn[n by ! expressive "n ( 8clobb]$ *9a40 ,on ^! pieces ,*9ese und]glaze decoration has be5 8improv$0 by ! addition ( gre51 yell[1 r$1 & o!r enamels & gild+1 :i* fill up ! :ite spaces betwe5 ! ,*9ese pa9t+ & ev5 encroa* on ! blue designs !mselves4 ,?is malpractice dates f ! e>ly ye>s ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 & we f9d ev5 *oice specim5s ( ,k'ang ,hsi blue & :ite among ! victims4 ,possibly !re 0 a reaction at ?is "t aga9/ ! ,*9ese blue & :ite ) :i* ! ,dut* trad]s _h flood$ ! c\ntry1 b x is pitiful to f9d n[adays a f9e vase or bottle ( ?is w>e pla/]$ ) mean+less daubs ( inf]ior col\r4 ,/range to say1 ! clobb]] became an e/abli%$ in/itution1 & he 0 at "w 9 ,london 9 ! la/ c5tury1 & maybe he is n yet ext9ct2 &1 /rang] /ill1 8 wret*$ h&iwork has be5 actually tak5 z a model = decoration 9 ,engli% pott]ies1 ev5 to ! ridicul\s trave/ies ( ,ori5tal m>ks :i* he (t5 add$ z ! la/ insult to ! porcela9 he _h defac$4 ,z a rule1 ! clobb]$ decoration occurs on blue & :ite & foll[s m or less ! l9es ( ! orig9al1 ?\gh x is at once betray$ by its clums9ess & ! wret*$ quality ( ! enamels us$4 ,occasionally ! clobb]] 0 m ambiti\s1 z on a bottle 9 ! ,briti% ,museum decorat$ ) ?ree spirit$ mon/]s 9 und]glaze r$4 ,into ?is admirably spac$ design ! clobb]] has ins]t$ graceless trees & ?ree ridicul\s figures 9 classical dress /&+ 9 ,jack-!-giant-kill] attitudes ) br&i%$ swords ov] ! ,*9ese creatures4 ,! effect is laughable1 b x 0 v&al's "w to deal 9 ?is way ) *oice ,k'ang ,hsi porcela94 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,n9ete5? ,,c5tury ,,porcela9s ,*ia ,*'+ ** #b 7#agif-ahbj7 ,!re is little to di/+ui% ! porcela9 ( ?is reign f t ( ,*'i5 ,lung4 ,! old traditions 7 foll[$ & ! high /&>d ( te*nical skill 0 ma9ta9$ to a great ext5t1 ?\gh 9 ! abs5ce ( orig9al ideas ! natural t5d5cy 0 t[>ds a gradual decl9e4 ,! blue & :ite is a m]e e*o ( ! ,*'i5 ,lung blue & :ite1 z is %[n by a squ>e j> 9 ! ,franks ,collection1 :i* be>s ! date correspond+ to #ahai4 ,ano!r dat$ specim5 9 ! same collection is a little b[l ) design ( ! 8,eight ,ambassadors ( ! ,tribes ( ,man0 m\nt$ on /range bea/s1 pa9t$ 9 ?9 g>i% blue "u a bubbly glaze4 ,!re are well-f9i%$ mono*romes ( ! ,*'i5 ,lung type1 conspicu\s among :i* is an int5se brick r$ 7d]iv$ f iron71 :i* has all ! dep? & solidity ( a glaze4 ,! enamell$ w>es are 9 no way inf]ior to _! late ,*'i5 ,lung models1 & ! m$allion b[ls ) engrav$ enamel gr\nds are p>ticul>ly *oice4 ,plate #acb1 a ri*ly decorat$ vase belong+ to ! ,lady ,wantage1 illu/rates a type common to bo? p]iods4 ,! design ( ladies ( ! h>em 9 an ,imp]ial pleasure gr\nd is c>efully pa9t$ 9 mix$ col\rs & enclos$ by ri* bord]s ( d>k ruby p9k enamel1 brocad$ ) poly*rome floral scrolls4 ,ano!r vase 9 ! same collection 7m>k$ ,*ia ,*'+7 has a movable inn] l9+ & pi]c$ out] %ell ri*ly enamell$ 9 ! same /yle4 ,! blue gre5 enamel ( ! ,*'i5 ,lung porcela9 0 freely us$ to f9i% (f ! base & m\? ( ! vases ( ?is "t4 ,bu%ell#dgj describes z a speciality ( ! ,*ia ,*'+ p]iod1 vases ) elaborate scrollwork ( v>i\s k9ds 9 und]glaze blue enhanc$ by a ri*ly gild$ backgr\nd2 & ! m>k ( ?is reign w be f\nd on _m ( ! *oic] snuff bottles1 includ+ ^? sumptu\s little vessels ) ri*ly c>v$ & pi]c$ out] cas+ z f9ely tool$ z ,su ,*\ or ,pek+ lacqu]4 ,we h already se5 t rice-gra9 decoration 0 effectively us$ at ?is "t1 & no d\bt _m specim5s ( ! k9dr$ 8lacework0 7 also made4 ,9 fact 9 a g5]al classification ( ,*9ese porcela9 x w\ld be almo/ sup]flu\s to sep>ate ! ,*ia ,*'+ f ! ,*'i5 ,lung gr\ps4 ,tao ,kuang ** #b 7#ahba-ahej7 ,! reign ( ,tao ,kuang is ! la/ p]iod ( :i* collectors ( ,*9ese c]amics take any acc\nt4 ,x is true t ! g5]al det]ioration :i* 0 already rem>k$ 9 ! previ\s reign became m & m conspicu\s t[>ds ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,x seem$ z ?\gh ! wells ( inspiration 9 ,*9a _h dri$ up & ! bankrupt arts cont9u$ to exi/ only by virtue ( _! pa/4 ,curi\sly en\gh ! same wave ( decad5ce 0 felt all ! _w ov] at ?is p]iod1 & if we comp>e ! porcela9 ( ,tao ,kuang ) ! contempor>y ,engli% & ,cont95tal productions we mu/ confess t ! decad5ce ( ,*9a 0 ,augu/an beside ! e>ly ,victorian art4 ,! ,tao ,kuang porcela9 9 ! ma9 is sav$ f utt] banality by ! high traditions on :i* x 0 gr\nd$ & by ! innate skill ( ! ,*9ese pott]s4 ,inde$ !re are n a few out ( ! num]\s specim5s ( ?is p]iod 9 our collections :i* h a c]ta9 individuality & di/9ction entitl+ !m to a place beside ! eighte5?-c5tury w>es4 ,b1 speak+ g5]ally1 ! porcela9 is a weak edition ( ! ,yung ,*ng types4 ,! =ms are correct b me*anical1 ! mono*romes are m]e und]/udies ( ! f9e old col\rs1 & ! enamels are ( exagg]at$ s(tness & weak 9 g5]al effect4 ,!re are num]\s m>k$ specim5s ( all v>ieties 9 ! ,franks ,collection4 ,^! include a blue & :ite vase ) bronze designs ( ogre heads1 etc41 9 ! ,k'ang ,hsi /yle1 b pa9t$ 9 pale1 lifeless grey blue1 & a b[l ) lotus designs & symbols surr\nd+ f\r m$allions ) ! *>act]s %an kao %ui *'ang#dga neatly pa9t$ 9 ! same weak blue & sign$ by ,w5 ,lang-%an 9 ! ye> #ahdg4 ,among ! mono*romes is a dignifi$ vase ( bronze =m ) deep turquoise glaze dat$ #ahdd1 besides c(fee br[n b[ls1 full yell[ b[ls1 vases ) curi\sly bubbl$ glaze ( d>k liv] r$1 & a coral r$ j> & cov]4 ,!re is also a l>ge b[l ) 8tig] sk90 glaze pat*$ ) yell[1 gre51 aub]g9e & :ite4 ,all ( ^! pieces are lack+ 9 quality & di/9ction1 ?\gh ,i h se5 f> sup]ior specim5s ( lemon yell[ mono*rome & tea du/ glaze4 ,! enamell$ w>es are mu* m attractive1 & _m ( ! rice b[ls are prettily decorat$ 9 s(t col\rs4 ,! ,pek+ or m$allion b[ls1 = in/ance1 are little if any?+ bel[ ! /&>d ( previ\s reigns1 & 9 addition to ! m$allions 9 engrav$ enamel gr\nds ( p9k1 gre51 grey1 etc41 outside1 ! int]ior is (t5 pa9t$ 9 und]glaze blue4 ,!re are ta/eful b[ls ) :ite bamboo designs res]v$ 9 a gr\nd ( coral r$1 & !re are di%es ) black?orn b\ghs ) p9k blossom 9 a :ite gr\nd4 ,! ,yung ,*ng /yle ( und]glaze blue outl9es ) wa%es ( ?9-transp>5t enamels 0 also affect$1 b ! mo/ *>act]i/ic enamell+ ( ! p]iod is execut$ 9 a mixture ( transp>5t & opaque enamels1 a bl5d ( famille v]te & famille rose4 ,?is col\r+1 s(t & subdu$1 b (t5 r sickly 9 tone1 is frequ5tly se5 on b[ls & tea w>es ) ,taoi/ subjects1 su* z ! ,eight ,immortals1 ! fairy att5dants ( ,hsi ,wang ,mu 9 boats1 or ! goddess h]self on a phnix pass+ ov] ! sea to ! t'i5 t'ang or cl\d-wrapt pavilions ( ,p>adise1 prec$$ by a /ork ) a pea* ( longevity 9 its beak4 ,! sea is usually r5d]$ by a conv5tional wave patt]n delicately engrav$ 9 gre5i% :ite1 & sometimes ! gr\nd ( ! design is wa%$ ) ! same ?91 lu/r\s1 gre5i% :ite1 :i* 0 rem>k$ on a gr\p ( porcela9s describ$ on page #aea4 ,! porcela9 ( ^! b[ls has a :ite1 if r *alky1 body & a gre5i% :ite glaze ( exagg]at$ oily %e51 & ( ! m9utely bubbl$1 8musl9-l0 texture :i* is common to ,japanese porcela9s4 ,b ! ord9>y ,tao ,kuang w>es are ( poor mat]ial1 greyi% 9 tone & co>s] 9 gra91 ) ! same peculi>ities 9 ! texture ( ! glaze 9 an exagg]at$ degree4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #aca4--;,eighte5? ,c5tury ,pa9t$ ,porcela94 ,fig4 #a4--,plate pa9t$ 9 black & gold1 ,european figures 9 a ,*9ese int]ior4 ,yung ,*ng p]iod4 ,diamet] #i in*es4 ,briti% ,museum4 ,fig4 #b4--;,di% ) floral scrolls 9 famille rose enamels 9 a gr\nd ( black enamel diap]$ ) gre5 foliage scrolls4 ,*'i5 ,lung p]iod4 ,diamet] #bc in*es4 ,wantage ,collection4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #acb4--,vase pa9t$ 9 mix$ enamels1 an ,imp]ial p>k & a bevy ( ladies4 ,wantage ,collection4 ,deep ruby p9k bord]s ) col\r$ floral scrolls & symbols4 ,*'i5 ,lung m>k4 ,ab\t #agij4 ,height #cj in*es4 ,a typical example ( ! f9e ,tao ,kuang rice b[l ) ,taoi/ design 9 ! ,franks ,collection1 delicately pa9t$ 9 mix$ col\rs1 :i* recall ! ,ku-yeh-hsan w>e ( ! e>ly ,*'i5 ,lung p]iod1 has ! palace m>k1 ,%n t t'ang1#dgb 9 r$ "u ! base4 ,a specim5 ) ?is m>k 9 ! ,hippisley ,collection#dgc is inscrib$ ) a poem by ! ,emp]or ,tao ,kuang1 def9itely fix+ ! date ( ?is hall m>k1 :i* is f\nd on *oice porcela9s made = ,imp]ial use4 ,x occurs on a vase ( f9e workman%ip 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 decorat$ ) poly*rome five-claw$ dragons 9 a lav5d] enamel gr\nd1 ( :i* ! base & int]ior are coat$ ) blue gre5 enamel2 & we h already#dgd comm5t$ on an int]e/+ di% ) ar*aic designs 9 ,m+ r$ & gre51 :i* is expla9$ 9 ! m>k z an 8imitation ( ! antique made = ! ,%n-t ,hall40 ,x is wor?y ( note t mo/ ( ! porcela9 ) hall & /udio m>ks 9 r$ belong to ! n9ete5? c5tury1 *iefly to ! ,tao ,kuang p]iod4 ,sev]al ( ^! m>ks are figur$ & expla9$ on p4 #bbj 7vol4 i471 b x may be useful if we describe "h a few ( ! specim5s on :i* !y occur4 ,! hall m>k1 ,*'ng t t'ang1 appe>s on a %all[ b[l 9 ! ,franks ,collection pa9t$ inside ) a coil$ dragon 9 gre5 & a bord] ( bats 9 r$1 :ile outside is a l&scape c>efully pa9t$ 9 mix$ col\rs 9 a /yle simil> to ,plate #abe1 ,fig4 #c4 ,! latt] has ! ,imp]ial hall m>k1 ,hs hua t'ang1 ) addition ( ! ^w tsng 7= pres5tation71 & x has besides an inscription proclaim+ t x is ! 8cup ( him :o dep>t$ z ,g5]al & return$ z ,gr& ,secret>y0 7*'u *iang ju hsiang *ih pei74 ,x is pa9t$ ) a sc5e 9 ! palace gr\nds ) ! ,emp]or receiv+ a milit>y (fic]4#dge ,a pretty b[l 9 ! ,franks ,collection ) rock]y1 fl[]+ plants1 fungus1 etc41 9 col\rs has ! palace m>k1 ss pu t'ang2 & !re are two sauc] di%es ) ,buddhi/ decoration ( palmettes 9 cruci=m arrangem5t1 & a bord] ( ,sanskrit *>act]s pa9t$ 9 und]glaze blue ) wa%es ( transp>5t enamels m>k$ respectively ,ts'ai jun t'ang1 & ,ts'ai hua t'ang 7hall ( brilliant col\rs & hall ( brilliant decoration71 :i* are probably synonym\s4 ,a di/9ctive gr\p ( porcela91 :i* seems to belong to ! ,tao ,kuang p]iod1 consi/s ( small boxes & ( vases ) l&scapes & simil> elaborate ornam5t deeply c>v$ 9 ! mann] ( r$ lacqu]4 ,! surface is usually cov]$ ) an opaque gre5 or yell[ mono*rome enamel1 b occasionally x is left 9 :ite biscuit4 ,^! pieces h almo/ always a mak]'s m>k1 su* z ,wang ,p+-jung1 ,wang ,tso-t'+ 7see vol4 i41 p4 #bbc71 & probably come f "o factory4 ,bu%ell#dgf also alludes to :ite unglaz$ porcela9 made at ?is "t1 & recall+ ! ,engli% ,p>ian w>e4 ,x is *iefly se5 on small objects = ! writ+ table4 ,! collector w always be glad to secure specim5s ( ! palace porcela9s ( ! ,tao ,kuang p]iod1 & ( ! small] objects on :i* ! weakness ( ! col\r+ is n noticeable4 ,!re are1 = in/ance1 _m exquisite snuff bottles ) ! m>k ( ?is reign1 ) c>v$1 mono*rome & enamell$ ornam5t4 ,on ! o!r h& quantities ( ^! little objects co>sely manufactur$ & sket*ily decorat$ 7 made at ?is "t1 & among !m ! crude specim5s ) a floral spray on "o side1 a l9e ( v]se 9 grass *>act]s on ! o!r1 & a granulat$ bord] coat$ ) opaque yell[i% or blui% gre5 enamel1 ^: suppos$ discov]y 9 anci5t ,egyptian tombs made a s5sation "s sixty ye>s ago4 ,x is n difficult to guess h[ ^! objects trad$ among ! ,arabs f\nd _! way into ! tombs :i* 7 9 c\rse ( excavation1 b = a "t !y 7 believ$ to prove ! exi/5ce ( ,*9ese porcela9 9 ! second mill5nium be=e ,*ri/4#dgg ,?ree o!r types ( indiff]5t w>e may be m5tion$ "h 9 pass+4 ,!y belong to ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 & 9 "p at lea/ to ! ,tao ,kuang p]iod4 ,"o is pa9t$ ) a l>ge p9k peony & foliage 9 a bright gre5 enamel gr\nd2 ! second has cut fl[]s1 butt]flies & insects 9 /rong rose col\rs on a celadon gre5 glaze2 & ! ?ird has rectangul> panels ) cr[d$ figure subjects 9 r$ & p9k enclos$ by a brocade patt]n ( fl[]s1 fruit & insects z 9 ! second type4 ,?is ?ird class is (t5 repres5t$ by l>ge & r clumsily %ap$ vases ) two h&les ( conv5tionalis$ dragon =m1 & ! bord] patt]ns are sometimes back$ ) gild+2 b x also occurs 9 q rec5t manufacture 9 tea & toilet s]vices made = ! export trade4 ,! porcela9 9 all ^! cases is ( a r\gh1 co>se-gra9$ make1 & ! read] might h be5 sp>$ a description ( !m 7 x n t 9 spite ( _! inf]ior quality !y are ! subject ( frequ5t inquiries4 ,hsi5 ,fng ** #b 7#ahea-ahfa7 ,9 ! ?ird ye> ( ,hsi5 ,fng ! ,t'ai p'+ rebels captur$ ,*+-t ,*n & burnt d[n ! ,imp]ial factory1 :i* 0 n rebuilt till #ahfd4 ,! pott]s !mselves 7 kill$ or scatt]$2 &1 naturally1 m>k$ examples ( ?is reign are sc>ce4 ,su*1 h[ev]1 z d exi/ are ( little acc\nt1 & may be reg>d$ z cont9uations ( ! ,tao ,kuang manufacture4 ,bu%ell#dgh m5tions vases ( good =m pa9t$ 9 s(t col\rs ) n9e five-claw$ dragons on a :ite backgr\nd1 :i* is et*$ 9 ! pa/e ) scroll$ waves1 & a d9n] s]vice ( b[ls1 cups & sauc] di%es pa9t$ 9 col\rs ) processional figures ( ! eighte5 ,lohan4 ,& 9 ! ,briti% ,museum !re is a l>ge globul> b[l on a high foot pa9t$ ) gre5 dragon designs & a b[l ) m$allions ( lant]ns & vases sep>at$ by lotus ornam5t1 nei!r ( :i* are 9 any way diff]5t f ! ,tao ,kuang w>es4 ,no d\bt a good deal ( porcela9 0 made at ! private factories ev5 dur+ ?is tr\bl$ p]iod1 b ! specim5s :i* ,i h se5 are n wor?y ( description4 ,t'ung ,*ih ** #b 7#ahfb-ahgc7 ,:5 ! ,t'ai p'+ rebels _h be5 expell$ f ! prov9ce ( ,kiangsi by ! celebrat$ vic]oy1 ,li ,hung-*ang1 9 #ahfd1 ! ,imp]ial factory 0 rebuilt on ! old l9es by ! new director1 ,ts'ai ,*9-*'+4 ,9 ! same ye> a li/ ( ! porcela9 =w>d$ to ! ,emp]or 0 drawn up1 & x is publi%$ 9 ! ,*iang hsi t'ung *ih#dgi imm$iately aft] ,hsieh ,m9's li/4 ,x consi/s ma9ly ( b[ls1 w9e & tea cups1 sauc] di%es & plates classifi$ z yan *'i 7r\nd w>e71 & a few vases "u ! g5]al head+1 *o *'i2 & ?\gh !re is little orig9ality 9 ! designs1 li/s ( ?is k9d are s r>e & s in/ructive t ,i h no hesitation 9 giv+ x 9 full bel[1 foll[+ ,bu%ell's#dhj r5d]+s 9 mo/ cases4 ,actual examples ( ,t'ung ,*ih porcela9 are n inspir+4 ,^? 9 ! ,briti% ,museum include a cov]$ b[l ) col\r$ sprays 9 a gr\nd ( r$ diap]2 a b[l ) enamell$ sprays on a pale br[n 7tz *97 glaze2 a sauc] ) dragons et*$ "u a transp>5t gre5 glaze1 ! ext]ior 9 unglaz$ biscuit pa9t$ 9 black2 a cup ) r$ dragons 9 a gr\nd ( black enamel & ! cyclical date #ahfh2 a l[1 octagonal b[l ) ! ,eight ,trigrams 9 relief outside1 ! int]ior ( ?is & ( ! prec$+ specim5 z well be+ coat$ ) blue gre5 enamel2 & a bas9 enamell$ ) ! ,eight ,ambassadors ( ! ,tribes ( ,man4 ,! mo/ fav\rable specim5 ( ! w>e 9 ! same collection is a c>efully pa9t$ w$d+ b[l ) can>y yell[ gr\nd & m$allions ( appropriate symbols1 ! pea*-& dragon-head$ /aff ( longevity1 ! d\ble fi% symbol ( conjugal felicity1 & ! gr\p ( p5cil bru%1 cake ( ink & ju-i sceptre =m+ ! rebus pi t+ ju i1 8may ?+s be z y wi%40 ,,li/ ,,( ,,imp]ial ,,porcela9s ,,suppli$ ,,9 ,,! ,,?ird ,,ye> ,,( ,t',,ung ,,*ih 7#ahfd7 ,,vases 7*o *'i7 #a4 ,quadrangul> vases ) apricot m$allions & two tubul> h&les ) ,*n glaze4 ,= ! %ape see ,plate #abc1 & = ! glaze see p4 #a4 #b4 ,vases ( ! same =m ) ,ko glaze4 #c4 ,quadrangul> vases ) ! ,eight ,trigrams 7pa kua71 & ,ko glaze4 ,! =m is quadrangul> body ) r\nd neck & foot1 m\ld$ 9 relief ) ! trigrams2 = ! ,ko glaze see vol4 i41 p4 #ga4 #d4 ,vases 9 =m ( jade ew]s 7y hu *'un7 ) *i hung 7or copp] r$7 glaze4 #e4 ,vases ( ! same =m1 ) blue & :ite decoration & rais$ ?reads4 ,bu%ell expla9s t ! surface is divid$ into patt]ns or sections by rais$ r+s4 #f4 ,vases ( ! same =m1 ) blue & :ite decoration ) balcony 7lan kan74 ,bu%ell expla9s1 8g>d5 sc5es enclos$ by rail+s40 #g4 ,pap]-beat] 7*ih *'ui7 vases ) ! t'ai *i symbol & ! glaze ( ! ,imp]ial factory decorat$ 9 col\rs4 ,! =m is ! club-%ape or r\leau2 & ! symbol is app>5tly ! y9-yang1 ! ,confucian symbol = ! ,absolute4 #h4 ,quadrangul> vase ) elephant symbol ( great peace 7t'ai p+ yu hsiang1 a rebus mean+ 8augury ( great peace074 ,^! are app>5tly squ>e vases ) two h&les 9 =m ( elephant 7hsiang7 heads4 ,,r\nd ,,w>es 7yan *'i7 #i4 ,m$ium-siz$ b[ls ) dragons 9 purple br[n 7tz74 #aj4 ,m$ium-siz$ b[ls ) *i hung glaze4 #aa4 ,l>ge b[ls 7wan7 ) ,indian lotus 7hsi li57 9 blue4 #ab4 ,five-in* di%es 7p'an71 simil>ly decorat$4 #ac4 ,m$ium-siz$ b[ls ) /orks & ,eight ,trigrams 7pa kua74 #ad4 ,w9e cups ) n>cissus fl[]s 7%ui hsi5 hua7 9 enamels4 #ae4 ,w9e cups ) spread+ rim pa9t$ ) dragons 9 r$4 #af4 ,di%es 7p'an7 a foot 9 diamet] decorat$ 9 blue ) a pair ( dragons fill+ ! surface4 #ag4 ,s\p b[ls 7t'ang wan7 ) incis$ dragons "u a d>k yell[ mono*rome glaze4 ,^!1 accord+ to ,bu%ell1 are small] & %all[] ?an rice b[ls4 #ah4 ,m$ium-siz$ b[ls1 b>rel %ap$1 ) dragons engrav$ "u a yell[ mono*rome glaze4 #ai4 ,yell[ mono*rome tea cups4 #bj4 ,m$ium-siz$ b[ls ) dragons engrav$ "u a yell[ mono*rome glaze4 #ba4 ,m$ium-siz$ b[ls ) ! ?ree fruits 9 gr\ps 7pan tz#dha7 pa9t$ 9 blue4 ,! fruits are pea*1 pomegranate & f+] citron4 #bb4 ,s\p b[ls ) exp&+ rim & dragons incis$ "u yell[ mono*rome glaze4 #bc4 ,six-in* b[ls ) a pair ( dragons 9 blue4 #bd4 ,"o-foot di%es pa9t$ 9 blue ) silkworm scrolls 7ts'an wn7 & longevity *>act]s4 #be4 ,tea cups decorat$ 9 blue ) mu hsi fl[]s 7a small v>iety ( ! olea fragrans74 #bf4 ,m$ium-siz$ b[ls ) preci\s lotus 9 enamel col\rs4 #bg4 ,tea cups ) :ite bamboo on a pa9t$ r$ gr\nd4 #bh4 ,six-in* di%es pa9t$ 9 blue ) ! 8?ree fri5ds0 7san yu7 & figure subjects4 ,! ?ree fri5ds 9 floral language are ! p9e1 bamboo & prunus4 ,x is also a "n giv5 to ! gr\p ( ,confucius1 ,buddha1 & ,lao-tz1 :o are (t5 repres5t$ exam9+ a picture scroll or /&+ 9 conv]sation4 #bi4 ,tea di%es 7*'a p'an7 ) a pair ( dragons 9 blue4 ,bu%ell describes ^! z 8little trays ) upright bord]s1 ( oblong1 f\r-lob$1 & flut$ outl9e40 ,!y mu/ 9 fact h closely resembl$ ! old teapot /&s ( ,european s]vices4 #cj4 ,six-in* di%es ) gre5 dragons on a gr\nd ( engrav$ wat]-patt]n pa9t$ 9 col\r4 #ca4 ,"o-foot di%es pa9t$ 9 blue ) ar*aic phnixes 7k'uei fng74 ,^! designs are ornam5ts ( bird =m1 t]m9at+ 9 scrolls su* z appe> on anci5t bronzes4 #cb4 ,n9e-in* di%es ) blue gr\nd & dragons 9 cl\ds pa9t$ 9 yell[4 #cc4 ,m$ium-siz$ b[ls ) pure :ite glaze & ruby r$ 7pao %ao7 phnix m$allions4 #cd4 ,tea cups ) dragons & cl\ds pa9t$ 9 yell[ 9 a blue gr\nd4 #ce4 ,six-in* di%es ) *i hung 7copp] r$7 glaze4 #cf4 ,m$ium-siz$ b[ls ) *i *'+ 7deep violet blue7 glaze4 #cg4 ,n9e-in* di%es ) *i hung glaze4 #ch4 ,s\p b[ls1 b>rel %ap$1 ) lu/r\s br[n glaze4 #ci4 ,m$ium-siz$ b[ls ) r$ phnix m$allions 9 a celadon 7tung *'+7 glaze4 #dj4 ,n9e-in* di%es ) silkworm scrolls & ju-i#dhb ornam5t 9 enamel col\rs4 #da4 ,tea cups enamell$ 9 col\rs ) m&>9 ducks & lotus fl[]s4 #db4 ,tea b[ls 7*'a wan7 ) *i *'+ glaze4 #dc4 ,tea b[ls decorat$ 9 col\rs ) ! pa pao 7eight attributes ( ! ,taoi/ ,immortals2 see p4 #bhg74 #dd4 ,l>ge b[ls ) ! ,eight ,immortals 9 blue on r$ enamell$ waves4 #de4 ,m$ium-siz$ b[ls1 blue & :ite inside1 & ) col\r$ lotus fl[]s outside4 #df4 ,b[ls ) ! ,eight ,buddhi/ symbols ( happy augury 7pa *i hsiang74 #dg4 ,porcela9 b[ls ) gre5 designs & pea* yell[ gr\nd4 #dh4 ,five-in* di%es ) purple & gre5 dragons 9 a yell[ mono*rome gr\nd4 #di4 ,?ree-in* platt]s ) simil> ornam5t4 #ej4 ,s\p b[ls ( ! f\r? size 7ss hao7 ) gre5 mono*rome glaze4 #ea4 ,five-in* di%es ) phnixes 9 cl\ds4 #eb4 ,m$ium-siz$ b[ls ) dragons & phnixes among fl[]s 9 col\r$ enamels4 #ec4 ,f\r-in* platt]s 7tieh7 ) purple & gre5 dragons 9 yell[ mono*rome gr\nd4 #ed4 ,n9e-in* di%es pa9t$ 9 col\rs ) ! eight ,buddhi/ symbols among fl[]s4 #ee4 ,l>ge b[ls pa9t$ 9 col\rs ) ar*aic phnixes 7k'uei fng7 among fl[]s4 ,kuang ,hs ** #b 7#ahge-aiji7 ,m>k$ examples ( ?is mod]n w>e 9 ! ,franks ,collection include a sauc] ) col\r$ sprays 9 a cl\dy p9k enamel gr\nd2 a cov]$ cup ) sp\t decorat$ 9 r$ ) c>t\*es ( seal *>act]s accompani$ by translations 9 ! ord9>y script1 & a di% ) black?orn b\gh & p9k blossoms 9 ,tao ,kuang /yle4 ,9 e case ! w>e is co>se-gra9$ & r\gh to ! t\*1 :ile ! glaze is ( ! lu/r\s surface & 8musl9y0 texture1 :i* is *>act]i/ic ( ! n9ete5? c5tury porcela9s2 & ! pa9t+ is me*anical & devoid ( any di/9ction4 ,!re are two little sauc]s ( bett] quality bo? 9 mat]ial & pa9t+1 ) /ork & lotus designs 9 mix$ enamels & m>ks#dhc :i* %[ t !y are palace pieces made = ! ,empress ,d[ag]4 ,b ! collector's int]e/ 9 ,kuang ,hs porcela9 is ( a negative k9d4 ,:5 x is frankly m>k$ he sees & avoids x4 ,b ! ,*9ese pott]s t[>ds ! close ( ! c5tury evid5tly recov]$ "s "p ( ! skill :i* ! ravages ( ! ,t'ai p'+ rebels seem$ to h effectually dissipat$2 = !y succe$$ 9 mak+ _m excell5t sang de buf r$s & crackl$ em]ald gre5 mono*romes :i* h deceiv$ collectors ( exp]i5ce4 ,ev5 ! be/1 h[ev]1 ( ^! w>es %\ld be recognis$ by inf]iority ( =m & mat]ial1 & 9 ! case ( r$ ! fluesc5t glaze w be f\nd 9 ! mod]n pieces to h ov]run ! foot rim1 necessitat+ gr9d+ ( ! base rim4 ,!re are also fair imitations ( ! ,k'ang ,hsi blue & :ite & ! enamell$ vases ( famille v]te or on-biscuit col\rs1 & ev5 ( ! f9e black & gre5 gr\nds4 ,b "h aga9 ! inf]ior biscuit1 ! lack ( grace 9 ! =m & ! /iffness ( ! designs w be at once obs]v$ by ! tra9$ eye4 ,:5 m>k$ mo/ ( ^! imitations h ! ni5 hao ( ,k'ang ,hsi1 & ?is is almo/ inv>iable on ! mod]n blue & :ite4 ,!re is1 ( c\rse1 a great quantity ( mod]n porcela91 *iefly enamell$ & blue & :ite1 made = ! export trade & sold at prices :i* compete successfully ) ^? ( ! ,european w>es4 ,x is *iefly 9 ! /yle ( ! ,k'ang ,hsi & ,*'i5 ,lung w>es1 & is m>k$ accord+ly2 b ! w>e is co>se-gra9$1 & ! decorations summ>y1 & !re is no excuse = mi/ak+ ^! obvi\s reproductions = any?+ b :at !y are &1 9 fact1 :at !y pret5d to be4 ,! brief reign ( ,hsan ,t'ung ** #b 7#aiji-aiaa7 is a blank s f> z c]amic hi/ory is conc]n$2 & ) ! fall ( ! ,*'+ dyna/y 9 #aiab ! ,imp]ial works ceas$ its activity1 & x rema9s to be se5 :e!r ,*+-t ,*n w aga9 h ! advantage ( a /ate factory to set a /&>d = ! indu/ry 9 g5]al4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,porcela9 ,,%apes ,,9 ,,! ,,*',,+ ,,dyna/y ,a consid]able numb] ( ! =ms :i* ,*9ese porcela9 assumes h be5 describ$ 9 ! *apt]s deal+ ) ! ,m+ w>es2 b ^! may be usefully supplem5t$ by a rapid survey ( ^? employ$ by ! pott]s ( ! ,*'+ dyna/y4 ,! latt] w1 ( c\rse1 include _m ( ! =m] because ! ,*9ese delight 9 reproduc+ ! old] types4 ,! brief summ>y ( ! eighte5?-c5tury porcela9 =ms giv5 9 ! op5+ pages ( ! ,t'ao %uo#dhd beg9s 9 ! correct /yle ) ! reproductions ( ! anci5t ritual vessels tsun1 lei1 yi1 t+1 yu & *o4 ,^! are all bronze =ms1 tsun be+ appli$ to w9e vessels1 lei to vases ornam5t$ ) ! me&] patt]n kn[n z 8cl\d & ?und]0 scrolls1#dhe yi to b[l-%ap$ vessels )\t feet1 t+ to cauldrons ) ?ree or f\r legs & two h&les1 yu to w9e j>s ) cov]s1 & l>ge loop h&les = susp5sion1 & *o to libation cups ( helmet & o!r %apes4 ,! bronze =ms are commonly decorat$ ) bronze patt]ns su* z ! key-fret1 ar*aic dragon & phnix scrolls1 cicada patt]n1 ogre heads & b&s ( /iff 7banana7 leaves1 ei!r pa9t$1 m\ld$1 engrav$1 or c>v$ 9 relief2 & ! complicat$ bronze %apes are usually fa%ion$ 9 m\lds1 & 9 _m cases furni%$ ) r+ h&les atta*$ to mon/] heads4 ,ano!r ritual type manufactur$ 9 porcela9 z well z bronze is ! alt> set ( five pieces 7wu kung71 :i* consi/s ( a t+ or tripod inc5se vase1 two fl[] vases1 & two pricket c&le/icks4 ,a humbl] alt> set 0 compos$ ( a s+le c5s] or a tazza-%ap$ cup 7,plate #ic1 ,fig4 #a7 = fl[]s1 & a pair ( lions on /&s fitt$ ) tubes = hold+ /icks ( inc5se4 ,! bronze =ms h always be5 us$ by ! ,*9ese pott]s1 b !y 7 specially affect$ 9 ! ar*ais+ p]iod ( ,*'i5 ,lung4 ,9 ! ,we/]n judgm5t1 h[ev]1 :i* is unbias$ by ! associations ( ^! antique =ms1 ! true pott]y %apes1 made on ! :eel1 w appe> f> m attractive2 = no?+ c surpass ! simple r\nd$ =ms :i* sprang to life b5ea? ! deft f+]s ( ! ,*9ese ?r[]4 ,_! simplicity1 grace1 & p]fect suitability = _! int5d$ uses h comm5d$ !m z models to ! ,we/]n pott] f> m cong5ial ?an ! cold p]fection ( ! ,greek vases4 ,naturally !y v>y 9 quality ) ! skill & ta/e ( ! individual1 b a high level ( manual skill rul$ among ! ,*9ese pott]s1 & _! :eel-"w r>ely fails to please4 ,x w\ld be useless to attempt to exhau/ all ! v>ieties ( :eel-made =ms4 ,_m ( !m are due to slight alt]ations ( l9e accord+ to ! caprice ( ! ?r[]4 ,x w be en\gh to enum]ate ! pr9cipal types & to note a few ( ! m significant *anges :i* came 9 at asc]ta9$ p]iods4 ,by comp>+ ! illu/rations 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ?is book1 & bett] /ill1 by comp>+ ! specim5s 9 "s well classifi$ collection1 ! read] w soon le>n to notice ! p]iodical *anges ( %ape4 ,to take ! famili> bottle-%ap$ vases z an in/ance1 !re is probably no %ape on :i* m num]\s *anges h be5 rung1 nor "o :i* is m susceptible to ! individual t\*2 & yet ! tra9$ eye w g5]ally di/+ui% ! ,k'ang ,hsi bottle f ! lat] =ms1 ?\gh ! di/9ction is (t5 m subtle ?an t :i* sep>ates ! typical ,k'ang ,hsi =m 7,plate #abc1 ,fig4 #b7 f t ) depress$ body & /raight wide neck 7,plate #abh1 ,fig4 #c71 :i* is *>act]i/ic ( ! ,*'i5 ,lung p]iod4 ,! ,k'ang ,hsi bottles v>y 9 !mselves 9 l5g? & sl5d]ness ( neck1 & 9 ! =m ( ! body1 :i* may be globul>1 ovoid1 b>rel %ap$ or pe> %ap$4 ,aga9 !y are (t5 ( d\ble or ev5 triple g\rd %ape1 or pla9 ) a bulb\s swell+ on ! upp] "p ( ! neck or actually at ! m\?4 ,! la/ v>iety are call$ 8g>lic-%ap$0 bottles by ! ,*9ese4 ,! normal types are us$ to hold a s+le spray or a fl[]+ bran*1 b !re are o!rs ) sl5d] necks tap]+ to a po9t :i* are design$ = spr9kl+ p]fumes & are g5]ally kn[n z spr9kl]s4 ,( fl[] vases !re are num]\s v>ieties3 egg-%ap$ vases2 balu/]-%ap$ vases ) spread+ m\?2 high-%\ld]$ vases ) small m\?1 ! mei p'+ ( ! ,m+ p]iod2 beak]s 7ku7 ) sl5d] body1 swell+ belt 9 ! middle & fl>+ m\?2 ! s-call$ y5 y5 vase ) ovoid body & high neck ) trumpet m\?1#dhf :i* is us$ = "s ( ! *oice/ ,k'ang ,hsi decorations 7,plate #aja72 ! ,kuan y9#dhg vase ( ovoid =m ) %ort neck & spread+ m\?2 ! cyl9drical vase ) %ort /raight neck & spread+ m\? 7,plate #ajc71 call$ by ! ,fr5* r\leau & by ! ,*9ese 8pap]-beat]0 7*ih *'ui p'+71 :5ce our "n 8club-%ap$40 ,a small] =m ( ! same is kn[n to ! ,*9ese z yu *'ui p'+ 7oil-beat] vase74 ,!re is besides ! wide oval j> or poti*e ) dome-%ap$ cov] 7tsun71 & ! m sl5d] =m kn[n z t'an1 :i* (t5 has a lion or *'i-l9 on ! cov] s]v+ z a knob2 ! tall cyl9d] to hold arr[s & ! l[ cyl9d] = bru%es1 & num]\s pots & j>s = v>i\s uses4 ,mo/ ( ^! r\nd$ =ms h c\nt]p>ts among ! squ>e & polygonal vases :i* are made 9 m\lds or built up by ! difficult process ( jo9+ toge!r flat bats ( clay4 ,! squ>e vases made by ! latt] me?od 7 a s\rce ( mu* tr\ble to ! pott]s ow+ to ! dang] ( imp]fect jo9t+ or ( w>p+ 9 ! kiln4 ,fig4 #a ( ,plate #ajd illu/rates an effective type ( ! squ>e vase ) gracefully tap]+ body1 ! f\r sides ( :i* are s (t5 appropriately decorat$ ) ! fl[]s ( ! f\r seasons4 ,occasionally ! angles are flatt5$1 giv+ an irregul> octagonal =m4 ,ano!r =m select$ = sumptu\s decoration is ! squ>e vase ) p5dul\s body & two dragon h&les figur$ on ,plate #ig2 & ano!r is ! arr[ /& & squ>e tube ) deeply socket$ /& & rail$ bord] 7,plate #aah74 ,! pilgrim bottle supplies an effective model ) a flatt5$ circul> body1 small neck & foot1 & loops on ! p]iph]y to c>ry a cord4 ,^! loops t5d$ to disappe> :5 ! =m _h lo/ its fir/ significance & 0 only reg>d$ z a vase4 ,! li/ ( ,imp]ial w>es made 9 ! reign ( ,t'ung ,*ih includes vases = div9+ rods ( squ>e =m ) l[ r\nd neck & base1 ornam5t$ ) pa kua designs 9 relief2 vases ) apricot m$allions & tubul> h&les l ,fig4 #a ( ,plate #abc4 ,o!r famili> types are ! bag-%ap$ vases ) ! m\? ti$ ) silk1 melon & g\rd =ms1 & ! vase %ap$ l a d\ble fi% erect on its tail or a s+le fi% ris+ f waves4 ,to quote a few ( ! types nam$ 9 ! ,t'ao %uo#dhh3--8;,= hold+ fl[]s !re are vases f two or ?ree in*es to five or six feet high1 r\nd l a hu1 r\nd & swell+ bel[ l a gallbladd] 7tan71 r\nd & ) spread+ m\? & contract$ bel[ l a tsun1 ) flat sides & full angles l a ku1 upright l bamboo jo9ts1 squ>e l a corn measure 7t\71 ) contract$ m\? & flatt5$ sides1 ) squ>e & r\nd flut+s1 & cut 9 halves ) flat backs = hang+ on walls40 ,= pot-p\rri & = fragrant fl[]s to p]fume ! rooms v>i\s cov]$ j>s 7 provid$1 hang+ vases ) reticulat$ sides 7,plate #aad71 & boxes ) p]=at$ cov]s4 ,= gr[+ plants !re 7 deep fl[] pots & %all[ bulb b[ls1 & ! l>ge & small fi% b[ls 7 us$ = gr[+ wat]-lilies z well z = keep+ gold-fi%2 & %all[ b[ls 7 app>5tly us$ z ar5as = fight+ crickets4#dhi ,z = ! vessels 9 :i* ! crickets 7 kept1 v>i\s sugge/ions h be5 made 9 ref]5ce to ! 8cricket pots0 m5tion$ 9 ,*9ese books1 & ! "n is sometimes giv5 to reticulat$ vases & boxes2 b we are told t ! cricket pref]s a damp dwell+1 & t _! pots 7 consequ5tly made z a rule ( absorb5t e>!nw>e4 ,!re is a snuff bottle decorat$ ) crickets 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 & "o is repres5t$ p]*$ on an ov]turn$ pot f :i* he has app>5tly escap$1 ! lid hav+ fall5 (f4 ,?is pot is ( ord9>y ovoid j> =m app>5tly ornam5t$ ) incis$ fret patt]n4 ,! app>atus ( ! libr>y table is peculi>ly ,*9ese2 & z calligraphy & pa9t+ 7 reg>d$ z among ! highe/ accompli%m5ts1 s ! pott] lavi%$ on ! implem5ts ( ! writ] 8 mo/ +5i\s fancies & 8 mo/ beautiful workman%ip4 ,!re 7 porcela9 h&les = ! p5cil bru% call$ pi kuan2 a bru% re/ 7pi ko7 ( _m fanciful =ms 7see ,fig4 #c ( ,plate #fj7 ( :i* a m9iature range ( hills 0 ! commone/2 a b$ 7pi *'uang7 = x to lie d[n on1 & a cyl9drical j> 7pi t'ung7 = x to /& up 92 vessels call$ hsi to wa% x 91 usually ( %all[ b[l =m or %ap$ l cr9kl$ lotus leaves or 9 "s su* da9ty design4 ,!re 7 re/s = ! writ]'s wri/ & pap] weights ( fanta/ic =m4 ,= ! ink 7mo71 !re is ! pallet 7mo y57 = rubb+ 7,plate #id1 ,fig4 #b71 & a b$ = ! ink-cake 7mo *'uang71 a scre5 7y5 p'+7 beh9d :i* x 0 rubb$1 small wat] pots 7%ui *'ng7 9 innum]able %apes & s]v$ by a t9y ladle1 & wat] dropp]s 7%ui ti7 ( qua9t & +5i\s designs4#dij ,!re 7 roll]s = picture scrolls 7hua *\7 ) porcela9 ends1 & /&s = books 9 ! =m ( small elegantly %ap$ tables ) ?ree or f\r legs (t5 beautifully pa9t$ 9 enamels on ! biscuit4 ,) ^! is ! inc5se-burn+ app>atus :i* consi/s ( inc5se box 7hsiang ho71 ! vase to hold ! t9y tongs & %ovel us$ = ! *>coal & inc5se1 & ! urn or burn] 7%ao hsiang lu74 ,! la/ appe>s 9 v v>i$ %apes1 ( :i* ! mo/ usual is ! tripod cauldron 7t+7 ) upright e>-h&les4 ,o!rs take ! purely fanta/ic =m ( figures ( animals1 birds & ev5 human be+s ) op5 m\? or no/rils to emit ! smoke4 ,t9y vases = a s+le fl[] are usually plac$ ^u ! writ+ table1 ! furniture ( :i* is complet$ by seals 7y971 :i* are commonly modell$ aft] ,han dyna/y jades ) h&les 9 =m ( camels1 tortoises1 dragons1 tig]s1 etc41 & small boxes to conta9 ! seal v]milion 7y9 s *'ih74 ,o!r porcela9 objects :i* comb9$ use & ornam5t 7 plaques 7pan7 = scre5s & slabs = inlay+ 9 pill[s1 b$s1 c\*es & v]&ah p>titions2 actual pill[s ( oblong or semicircul> %ape ) concave surface1 ! inside holl[ & capable ( be+ fill$ ) fragrant h]bs2 b[ls1 %ap$ l ! ,buddhi/ alms b[l1 = hold+ black & :ite *ess pieces1 & ! o!r requisites = *ess 7wei-*'i7 or g4 ,) reg>d to ! plaques1 we le>n t ! ,emp]or ,%un ,*ih gave an ord] 9 #afei = oblong plaques #c feet by #b feet & #c in*es 9 ?ickness1 b ^! l ! l>ge fi% b[ls 7 beyond ! p[]s ( ! pott]s at t "t4 ,inde$ ,pre d',entrecolles tells u t 9 #agab1 ! date ( 8 fir/ lett]1#dia ! pott]s _h mu* difficulty 9 execut+ ! ord]s giv5 by ! ,european m]*ants = plaques = table tops1 etc41 & t ! l>ge/ practicable size 0 only ab\t a foot squ>e4 ,no advantage 0 obta9$ by giv+ !m additional ?ickness to prev5t ! fatal w>p+ 9 ! kiln1 & x 0 f\nd bett] to make ! two faces 9 sep>ate slabs unit$ by cross pieces4 ,bu%ell po9ts out t ^! d\ble plaques 7 frequ5tly sawn ap>t & m\nt$ 9 scre5s1 etc41 z sep>ate panels4 ,! complete plaque is usually decorat$ on "o side ) a figure subject & on ! o!r ) fl[]s4 ,we %\ld m5tion also among miscellane\s objects ! beautiful hang+ lant]ns ( egg%ell ?9ness or p]=at$ 9 op5work patt]ns2 ! b>rel-%ap$ g>d5 seats2 ! curi\s hat /&s1 a sph]e on top ( a tall /em or a little box m\nt$ on long curv$ legs1 ! top 9 ei!r case be+ holl[ & p]=at$ to hold p]fumes or ice or *>coal accord+ to ! season2 boxes ( all k9ds2 small p]sonal ornam5ts su* z hair-p9s1 e>-r+s1 girdle-clasps1 ros>y beads1 ?umb r+s1 f+]nail cov]s1 tubes = m&>9 fea!rs1 buttons & p5dants2 ! little bottles or flasks orig9ally int5d$ = drugs b aft]w>ds consecrat$ to snuff :5 ! ,spani>ds or ,portuguese _h introduc$ ! tobacco plant into ,*9a at ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury2 & f9ally ! ornam5tal heads ( opium pipes made *iefly 9 pott]y4 ,= h\sehold use ! ,t'ao %uo enum]ates rice spoons1 tea spoons 7*'a %ih71 sets ( *op /icks1 vessels = hold+ c&le snuffs1 wax pots1 v9eg> dropp]s1 wa%+ bas9s 7tsao p'n71 pricket c&le /icks 7tng t+71 pill[s 7*n71 squ>e & r\nd1 tubs 7p'n ang71 j>s 7wng7 ) small m\?1 alms b[ls 7po7 ) globul> body & contract$ m\?1 plates 7tieh71 & b[ls 7wan72 & = tea & w9e p>ties & d9n] s]vices1 tea pots1 w9e vessels1 b[ls1 & di%es ( e sort4 ,b[ls 7wan7 are f\nd 9 _m sizes & %apes1 ! commone/ be+ ! small rice b[l2 ! %all[] type 0 us$ = s\p 7t'ang wan74 ,!re are deep b[ls ) cov]s :i* might almo/ be describ$ z j>s1 & !re are tea b[ls ) cov]s us$ = infus+ tea 9 ! abs5ce ( a tea pot4 ,9 dr9k+ f ^! x 0 usual to tilt ! cov] v slightly s z to leave only a n>r[ egress = ! tea & to prev5t ! leaves accompany+ x4 ,:5 a tea pot 0 us$1 ! liquid 0 s]v$ 9 a tea cup 7*'a *ung7 ( tall upright =m )\t h&le#dib or cov]4 ,! ,*9ese cup is n furni%$ ) a sauc] 9 ,european /yle1 b !re are /raight-edg$ trays :i* s]ve a simil> purpose1 hold+ "o or m cups1 & ! old tea b[ls & w9e cups us$ to be provid$ ) a circul> /& ) holl[ r+ 9 :i* ! base ( ! cup c\ld be ins]t$4 ,! tea pot itself does n seem to be old] ?an ! ,m+ dyna/y1 & be=e t "t tea b[ls only _h be5 us$1 ! vessels ) sp\ts & h&les be+ res]v$ = w9e & o!r liquids4 ,a t9y b[l is ! usual =m ( w9e cup1 b beside ^! !re are goblets ) deep b[l1 & ! %all[-b[l$ tazze ) high /ems1 l ! e>ly ,m+ 8/em cups40 ,= c]emonial purposes1 ! w$d+ cups & libation cups 7 %ap$ aft] bronze ritual vessels or rh9oc]os horn cups2 & w9e cups = ord9>y use sometimes take ! ornam5tal =m ( a lotus leaf or a fl[]4 ,! commone/ =m ( w9e ew] is ! ,p]sian type ) pe>-%ap$ body1 long graceful h&le & sp\t4 ,o!rs take fanciful =ms l t ( a pea* or aub]g9e fruit1 a g\rd or melon4 ,! pea*-%ap$ ew] ) op5+ "u ! base is ! orig9al ( our ,cadogan tea pot1 & we ne$ be surpris$ at no?+ 9 ,*9ese art :5 we f9d ?is same pr9ciple & practically ! same =m 9 a ew] ( ,t'ang date 9 ! ,eumorfop\los collection4 ,! tall cyl9drical ew]s ) body jo9t$ l a bamboo1 & ! front %ap$ at ! top l a ti>a1 are us$ = sweet syrups4 ,! ,*9ese di% is = ! mo/ "p sauc]-%ap$4 ,:5 ov] half a foot 9 diamet] x is call$ p'an1 ! small] di%es or platt]s be+ nam$ tieh4 ,!re are l>ge di%es = fragrant fruits to p]fume ! room1 & lotus-leaf %ap$ di%es = sweetmeats & v>i\s small trays ( fanciful =m = ! d9n] table2 & !re are ! 8supp] sets0 consi/+ ( a v>y+ numb] ( ornam5tal trays :i* c be us$ sep>ately1 or jo9$ toge!r to =m a patt]n sugge/+ a lotus or "s o!r _m-petall$ fl[]4 ,9 addition to ! native ,*9ese =ms !re is a ho/ ( specialis$ objects made = export & design$ 9 =eign ta/e2 su* z ! deep b[ls ) pagoda cov]s = ,siam2 weights to hold d[n ! corn]s ( a mat = ,india1 9 =m l a door knob m\nt$ on a circul> base2 n>ghili b[ls & ew]s = ,p]sia1 besides ! bottle-%ap$ pipes ) mammi=m m\?pieces1 :i* sometimes take animal or bird =ms su* z ^? ( ! elephant or phnix2 r\nd cov]$ di%es = ,turkey2 & all ! famili> objects to meet ,european requirem5ts4 ,! sets ( five vases 7?ree cov]$ j>s & two beak]s7 are a purely ,european g>niture int5d$ = ! mantelpiece or ! sidebo>d4 ,!re are1 besides1 all mann] ( figures--human1 animal1 or my?ical--b !y belong r to ! *apt] on ornam5tal motives4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,motives ,,( ,,! ,,decoration ,*9ese decoration1 its motives & its mean+1 might =m ! subject = a sub/antial & v int]e/+ volume4 ,b x c only be treat$ "h 9 a summ>y fa%ion by enum]at+ a few ( ! motives :i* occur mo/ frequ5tly 9 porcela94 ,! designs on ! e>li] w>es h already be5 discuss$ 9 ! *apt]s deal+ ) ! ,m+ & ! prec$+ p]iods1 b 9 view ( ! cons]vatism ( ! ,*9ese arti/s a c]ta9 am\nt ( repetition w be inevitable 9 discuss+ ! ornam5t ( ! ,*'+ dyna/y porcela94 ,if we except "s ( ! hybrid designs on ! export w>es :i* 7 made = p unfamili> ) ,*9ese ?\ght1 we may assume t !re is a mean+ 9 all ,*9ese decoration ap>t f its ornam5tal int5tion2 & ?is applies n only to ! c5tral motives b also z a rule to ! subsidi>y ornam5t su* z bord]s & =mal patt]ns4 ,consequ5tly x is cle> t a /udy ( ?is inn] mean+ is a necess>y condition = ! full appreciation ( ! decorat$ porcela94 ,figure subjects & symbolical ornam5ts probably require ! mo/ explanation = ! ,we/]n /ud5t2 b un=tunately ! =m] are (t5 s difficult to id5tify t we h to be cont5t ) g5]al head+s su* z c\rt sc5es1 milit>y sc5es1 dramatic subjects1 illu/rations ( romance1 etc4 ,possibly to ! unusually well-read native mo/ ( ^! sc5es w\ld recall "s kn[n /ory1 b ! ,european c only hope to id5tify "o "h & !re by a lucky *ance4 ,he c1 ( c\rse1 take a book ( ,*9ese leg5ds & by ! ex]cise ( a little imag9ation f9d a /ory = e sc5e2 b su* me?ods are n to be recomm5d$1 & x is inf9itely pref]able to give ! design no label at all unless ! id5tification is fully e/abli%$4 ,t at lea/ leaves ! "q op54 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #acc4--,late famille rose ,enamels4 ,fig4 #a4--;,b[l pa9t$ 9 s(t enamels1 att5dants ( ,hsi ,wang ,mu 9 boats4 ,m>k1 ,%n t t'ang *ih4 ,tao ,kuang p]iod4 ,diamet] #f in*es4 ,briti% ,museum4 ,fig4 #b4--;,imp]ial ,fi% ,b[l ) five dragons asc5d+ & desc5d+1 bord]s ( wave patt]n1 ju-i patt]n1 etc41 famille rose enamels4 ,late eighte5? c5tury4 ,height #bj in*es4 ,burdett-,c\tts ,collection4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #acd4--,porcela9 ,snuff ,bottles4 ,eighte5? ,c5tury4 ,briti% ,museum4 ,fig4 #a4--,subject f ! drama1 black gr\nd4 ,yung ,*ng m>k4 ,height #b in*es4 ,fig4 #b4--;,battle ( demons1 und]glaze blue & r$4 ,m>k1 ,yung-lo t'ang4 ,height #c in*es4 ,fig4 #c4--;,blue & :ite 8/eatitic0 w>e4 ,height #b in*es4 ,fig4 #d4--;,crackl$ cream :ite t+ glaze1 pi]c$ cas+ ) p9e1 bamboo & prunus4 ,height #c in*es4 ,fig4 #e4--8,/eatitic0 w>e ) ,hundr$ ,antiques design 9 col\r$ relief4 ,*ia ,*'+ m>k4 ,height #b in*es4 ,^! sc5es f hi/ory & romance 7 fav\rite subjects ) ! ,k'ang ,hsi decorators ( blue & :ite & famille v]te porcela9s4 ,to in/ance a few types3 ! sc5e ( ! half-leg5d>y ,yao ) 8 cavalcade com+ to greet ! ,emp]or ,%un :o is engag$1 l ! ,roman ,c9c9natus1 9 pl\gh+2 ! episodes ( ! ?ree h]oes ( ! ,han dyna/y1 ,*ang ,liang1 ,*'n ,p'+ & ,han ,hs9#dic2 ! h]oes ( ! romantic p]iod ( ! ,?ree ,k+doms 7#bba-bfe ,a4,d47 ^: /ories may be comp>$ ) ^? ( our knights ( ! ,r\nd ,table2 ! /ories ( brig&s 9 ! reign ( ,hui ,tsung ( ! ,sung dyna/y4#did ,! /ory ( ,su ,wu1 ! fai?ful m9i/] ( ,han ,wu ,ti1 t5d+ cattle 9 captivity among ! ,hiung-nu1 is depict$ on a b[l 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 & a di% 9 ! same collection %[s an emp]or 7p]haps ,kao ,tsu1 ! fir/ ( ! ,t'ang dyna/y7 surr\nd$ by 8 capta9s4 ,processional sc5es & subjects illu/rat+ ! life & cu/oms ( ! times1 peaceful dome/ic sc5es ) int]iors ( h\se or g>d5 peopl$ by wom5 & *ildr51 are m common 9 ! famille rose p]iod :5 ! w>like ta/es ( ! ,man*us _h already be5 s(t5$ by a long p]iod ( peace4 ,a civil procession & a milit>y procession sometimes balance ea* o!r on two vases1 ! "o be+ ! wn p'+ 7civil vase71 & ! o!r ! wu p'+ 7milit>y vase74 ,a mock dragon-procession =m$ by *ildr5 at play is a n uncommon motive4 ,inde$ play+ *ildr5 7wa wa7 h be5 f ! e>lie/ times a subject frequ5tly & mo/ sympa!tically depict$ on ,*9ese porcela94 ,a hi/orical *ild-sc5e is t 9 :i* ! boy ,ss-ma ,kuang broke ! huge fi% b[l ) a /one to let out ! wat] & save 8 dr[n+ companion4 ,!re are _m motives int5d$ to appeal to ! ,*9ese lit]atus1 & specially suit$ to ornam5t ! furniture ( ! writ+ table4 ,symposia ( lit]>y p]sonages1 = in/ance1 make an appropriate design = a bru% pot1 or aga91 ! meet+ ( ! celebrat$ cot]ies1 ! ,sev5 ,wor?ies ( ! ,bamboo ,grove :o liv$ 9 ! ?ird c5tury1 & ! wor?ies ( ! ,or*id ,pavilion1 includ+ ! fam\s calligraph]1 ,wang ,hsi-*ih1 :o met 9 ! f\r? c5tury to dr9k w9e1 cap v]ses1 & set _! cups float+ d[n ! 8n9e-b5d riv]0 7see ,plate #ajd1 ,fig4 #a74 ,! ,horace ( ,*9a1 ,li ,t'ai-po1 ! great ,t'ang poet1 is repres5t$ 9 drunk5 slumb] lean+ aga9/ an ov]turn$ w9e j> or receiv+ ! m9i/rations ( ! ,emp]or & 8 c\rt4 ,he also figures among ! ,eight ,immortals ( ! ,w9e ,cup1 a suitable subject = an octagonal b[l4 ,poets1 pa9t]s1 & sages are (t5 se5 9 m\nta9 l&scapes contemplat+ ! beauties ( ,nature2 two sages meet+ on a m\nta9 side is a frequ5t subject & is kn[n z ! 8happy meet+10 or aga91 x is a s+le sage1 ) att5dant c>ry+ a b[l1 book1 & fan1 or sometimes br++ an (f]+ ( a goose4 ,9 r>e in/ances ^! figures c be id5tifi$ ) ,*9ese wor?ies su* z ,*iang ,tz-ya1 :o sits fi%+ on a riv] bank1 or ,*u ,mai-*'n1 ! wood-cutt]1 read+ z he walks ) 8 faggots on 8 back4 ,! /ories ( ! ,tw5ty-f\r ,p>agons ( ,filial ,piety provide a complete s]ies ( popul> subjects1 :i* may be se5 9 ! panels ( ,plate #ia1 ,fig4 #c4 ,wom5 are repres5t$ by ! ,virtu\s ,h]o9es2 by celebrat$ beauties su* z ,yang ,kuei-fei1 consort ( ! ,t'ang rul] ,m+ ,huang1#die & ,hsi ,%ih1 ! ,*9ese ,delilah :o 0 ! undo+ ( ,fu ,*'ai1 pr9ce ( ,wu1 9 ! fif? c5tury ,b4,c42 by ! poetess ,tan ,hui-pan1 & by a hundr$ nameless figures :i* occur 9 g5re designs1 & by ! idealis$ beauties1 mei jn 7graceful ladies71 :i* ! ,dut* ungallantly dubb$ ) ! "n ( lange lijs5 or long ,elizas4 ,! dome/ic occupations ( a lady =m ano!r s]ies ( subjects = polygonal vessels2 & wom5 are sometimes se5 engag$ 9 ! ,f\r ,subjects ( ,/udy--,poetry1 ,rites1 ,hi/ory1 & ,music--or 9 ! ,f\r ,lib]al ,accompli%m5ts--,writ+1 ,pa9t+1 ,music1 & ,*eck]s--b ! gr\ps :o make up ^! sc5es are m (t5 compos$ ( m54 ,! game ( *eck]s or g1 :i* is s (t5 loosely r5d]$ *ess1#dif is wei *'i ! 8surr\nd+ game10 a fav\rite ,*9ese amusem5t1 :i* figures 9 two well-kn[n subjects ( porcela9 decoration4 ,"o ( ^! is ! leg5d ( ,wang ,*ih1 ! ,taoi/ patri>*1 wat*+ ! game play$ by two old m51 ! spirits ( ! ,pole ,/>s1 9 a m\nta9 retreat2 ! o!r is ! /ory ( ! g5]al ,hsieh ,an1 :o refus$ to all[ ! news ( an important victory to di/urb 8 game4 ,ladies ( ! c\rt pick+ lotus fl[]s f boats on an ornam5tal lake 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ,emp]or & ,empress repres5t ! annual ,lotus ,fte at ,pek+1 & !re are num]\s sc5es 9 ! ,imp]ial pleasure gr\nds 9 :i* bevies ( ladies f ! h>em are depict$4 ,! ,eight ,ambassadors ( ! ,tribes ( ,man1 ! b>b>ian nations f ! eight po9ts ( ! compass1 =m a processional subject suitable = ! ext]ior ( b[ls & cups4 ,! ambassadors are grotesquely drawn figures1 sometimes m\nt$ on /range bea/s1 & c>ry+ gifts z tribute to ! ,emp]or4 ,dreams & visions are depict$ 9 ! usual ,ori5tal mann] by a cl\d issu+ f ! dream]'s head & exp&+ into a sc5e :i* repres5ts ! subject ( ! dream4 ,?us ! y\?ful s*ol> is se5 asleep ) a vision ( 8 future dignity float+ above 8 head4 ,div9e app>itions are diff]5tiat$ by ! pres5ce ( cl\ds ar\nd or bel[ ! ma9 figures4 ,deities & deifi$ mortals are fav\rite subjects = porcela9 decoration z well z = figures & gr\ps modell$ 9 ! r\nd4 ,! ?ree pr9cipal ,*9ese religions--,confucianism1 ,buddhism1 & ,taoism--exi/ side by side ) p]fect mutual tol]ation4 ,inde$ ! pr9ciples ( ! "o are 9 _m cases incorporat$ 9 ! o!rs4 ,buddhi/ & ,taoi/ emblems are freely m+l$ 9 decorative art1 & ! ?ree f\nd]s--,confucius1 ,buddha1 & ,lao-tz--are gr\p$ toge!r 9 fri5dly conv]sation or exam9+ a scroll on :i* is drawn ! ,y9-yang symbol ( ! duality ( ,nature4#dig ,confucianism is ! religi\s or r philosophical sy/em (ficially recognis$ 9 ,*9a1 b its adh]5ts are *iefly among ! lit]ati4 ,?\gh x inculcates ance/or-wor%ip1 x is n 9 itself conc]n$ ) an aft] life1 & x conta9s few romantic sup]/itions calculat$ to fire ! popul> imag9ation or to sugge/ motives = decorative art4 ,confucius himself is frequ5tly repres5t$ bo? 9 pa9t+ & sculpture1 & 8 meet+ ) ,lao-tz is famili> 9 pictorial art4 ,confucianism recognises c]ta9 canonis$ mortals1 ! logical outcome ( ance/or-wor%ip1 & among ^! ! be/ kn[n 9 art is ,kuan ,y1 a w>rior fam\s at ! end ( ! ,han dyna/y1 :o 0 n1 h[ev]1 canonis$ until ! ,sung p]iod1 & only 9 #aeid rais$ to ! rank ( a god 7( ,w>7 "u ! title ( ,kuan ,ti4 ,x is reasonable to suppose t mo/ ( ! num]\s /atuettes ( ?is popul> deity 7 made aft] ! latt] date4 ,he is usually repres5t$ z a dignifi$ p]sonage ) fl[+ be>d seat$ 9 full arm\r ) "r h& rais$ 9 a speak+ attitude2 b he figures also on horseback or beside 8 *>g]1 & ) 8 fai?ful squires--,*\ ,ts'ang1 :o c>ries a halb]d1 & ,kuan ,p'+1 8 own son4 ,occasionally he is se5 seat$ ) a book 9 8 h&1 9 :i* case he is reg>d$ z a lit]>y r ?an a milit>y p[]4 ,! gods ( ,lit]ature h a v l>ge foll[+ 9 ,*9a1 :]e s*ol>%ip has be5 ! key to (fice = upw>ds ( two ?\s& ye>s1 ! *ief deity ( ! cult be+ ,wn ,*'ang1 or 9 full1 ,wn ,*'ang ti *n4 ,he is ! /> god :o resides 9 "o ( ! gr\ps ( ! ,great ,be>1 a dignifi$ be>d$ figure 9 m&>9 dress seat$ ) fold$ h&s or m\nt$ on a mule4 ,a less] b m popul> div9ity is ! demon-fac$ ,k'uei ,hs+1 :o 0 canonis$ 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,orig9ally a s*ol>1 :o ?\gh successful 9 ! exam9ations 0 refus$ (fice on ! gr\nd ( 8 pret]natural ugl9ess1 he ?rew himself 9 despair into ! ,yangtze & 0 c>ri$ up to heav5 on a fi%-dragon4 ,he is easily recognis$ z a demon-l p]son1 pois$ ) "o foot on ! head ( a fi%-dragon 7y lung7 :i* is em]g+ f waves4 ,he br&i%es triumphantly 9 8 h&s a p5cil bru% & a cake ( ink4#dih ,! fi%-dragon is itself a symbol ( lit]>y aspiration1 f ! leg5d t :5 ! salmon come e ye> up ! riv] to ! fam\s falls ( ,lung-mn 7! dragon gate71 ^? :i* succe$ 9 leap+ up ! falls are trans=m$ into fi%-dragons4 ,?is metamorphosis ( ! fi% z x em]ges f ! wat] into ! dragon is a fav\rite motive = porcela9 decoration4 ,buddhism1 :i* 0 (ficially recognis$ 9 ,*9a by ! ,emp]or ,m+ ,ti 9 #fg ,a4,d41 _h a f>-rea*+ influ5ce ov] ! arts ( sculpture & pa9t+1 & ! revolution :i* x work$ 9 ! great] arts 0 naturally reflect$ 9 ! less] h&icrafts4 ,buddhi/ic motives appe> e>ly 9 ! ,*9ese pott]y1 & 9 ! p]iod ) :i* we are at pres5t conc]n$1 ! ,buddhi/ religion suppli$ a great numb] ( motives = ! porcela9 pa9t] & ! figure modell]4 ,sakyamuni himself is depict$ or sculptur$ 9 v>i\s poses3 7#a7 ,z an infant /&+ on ! lotus & proclaim+ 8 bir?2 7#b7 z an ascetic return+ f 8 fa/ 9 ! m\nta9s2 7#c7 seat$ cross-legg$ on a lotus ?rone ) "r h& rais$ 9 tea*+ attitude1 ! mo/ frequ5t repres5tation2 7#d7 recumb5t on a lotus pill[1 9 ,nirvana2 7#e7 9 ! ,buddhi/ ,tr9ity hold+ ! alms b[l or patra betwe5 ! ,bodhisattvas ,manjusri & ,samantabhadra4 ,^! two la/ :5 repres5t$ s+ly are usually m\nt$1 ,manjusri on a lion1 & ,samantabhadra on an elephant4 ,b by f> ! mo/ popul> figure ( ! ,buddhi/ !ogony 9 ,*9a is ,kuan-y91 ! ,compassionate1 & ,kuan-y91 ! ,mat]nal2 9 ! latt] capacity %e holds a *ild 9 h] arms & displays a wond]ful lik5ess to our images ( ! ,virg94 ,b a full acc\nt ( h] has be5 giv5 on p4 #aaj1 & ne$ n be repeat$4 ,next 9 popul>ity p]haps is ! jolly monk ) ! hemp5 bag1 ,pu-tai ,ho-%ang1 a semi-nude1 corpul5t p]son1 ) smil+ face1 & a l>ge bag full ( ! 8preci\s ?+s40 ,he is also a great fav\rite 9 ,japan1 :]e he is kn[n z ,hotei1 & wor%ipp$ z ! god ( ,cont5tm5t4 ,by ! ,*9ese he is also reg>d$ z ,mi-lo ,fo1 ! ,maitreya or com+ ,buddha1 & he has be5 add$ by !m to ! li/ ( ,arhats or apo/les ( ,buddha4 ,he is (t5 repres5t$ surr\nd$ by playful *ildr5 to :om he is devot$4 ,! ,arhats1 or ,lohan1 are all kn[n by _! sev]al attributes1 b 9 porcela9 decoration !y usually appe> 9 gr\ps consi/+ ( ! :ole or a l>ge "p ( _! numb]1 :i*1 orig9ally sixte51 0 increas$ 9 ,*9a to eighte5 by ! inclusion ( ,ho-%ang & ,dh>matrata4 ,! latt] is a long-hair$ individual :o c>ries a vase & a fly :isk 9 8 h&s & a bundle ( books on 8 back :ile he sits gaz+ at a small image ( ,buddha4 ,he is n to be confus$ ) ,tamo1 ! ,indian ,bodhidh>ma1 ! fir/ ,*9ese patri>*1 :o came to ,lo-yang & rema9$ !re 9 contemplation = n9e ye>s4 ,! leg5d is t aft] 8 dea? 7ab\t #ecj ,a4,d47 he 0 se5 return+ to ,india wrapp$ 9 8 %r\d & c>ry+ "o %oe 9 8 h&1 ! o!r hav+ be5 left beh9d 9 8 tomb4 ,?is is ! guise 9 :i* he frequ5tly appe>s 9 art 7,plate #hf71 & he is (t5 depict$ cross+ ! ,yangtze on a re$4 ,_m ( ! symbolical ornam5ts on porcela9 h a ,buddhi/ic significance1 su* z ! eight emblems 7see p4 #bih71 ! cross$ dorjes or ?und]bolts ( ,vajrapani1#dii ! ,buddhi/ jewel 9 a leaf-%ap$ halo ( flames2 & ,sanskrit *>act]s ( sacr$ import are us$ z decoration = b[ls & di%es1 made no d\bt = ! use ( ! fai?ful4 ,! pr9cipal animals associat$ ) ,buddhi/ designs are ! elephant1 :o c>ries ! jewel vase on 8 back1 ! :ite horse 7pai ma71 :o br\ght ! ,buddhi/ scriptures across ! des]t f ,india1 ! h>e1 :o (f]$ himself z food to ,buddha1 & ! ,*9ese lion :o1 "u ! "n ( ! 8dog ( ,fo0 7,buddha71 acts z gu>dian ( ,buddhi/ temples & images4 ,b ! religion :i* has tak5 ! greate/ hold on ,*9ese imag9ation & :i* consequ5tly has suppli$ ! l>ge/ numb] ( motives = _! decorative art is und\bt$ly ,taoism4 ,z orig9ally taught by ,lao-tz1 a contempor>y ( ,confucius1 9 ! six? c5tury ,b4,c41 ! doctr9e ( ,tao 7! ,way7 po9t$ to ab/raction f worldly c>es & fre$om f m5tal p]turbation z ! highe/ good4 ,b j z ! lat] b closely analog\s doctr9e ( ,epicurus deg5]at$ into ! cult ( pleasure1 s ! true tea*+ ( ,lao-tz 0 aft]w>ds lo/ among ! adv5titi\s beliefs & sup]/itions :i* 7 graft$ on to x by 8 foll[]s4 ,! secret ( transmut+ metals into gold & ( comp\nd+ ! elixir ( life became ! *ief preoccupations ( ! ,taoi/ sages1 ! latt] que/ appeal+ p>ticul>ly to ! ,*9ese ) _! prov]bial wor%ip ( longevity2 & a ho/ ( leg5ds grew up conc]n+ mortals :o won immortality by discov]+ ! elixir1 ab\t fairies & ! d5iz5s ( ! ,%\ ,%an or ,hills ( ,longevity1 ab\t ! ,isles ( ! ,bless$ & ! palace ( ,hsi ,wang ,mu 9 ! ,k'un-lun m\nta9s4 ,x is ?is lat] & m popul> phase ( ,taoism :i* figures s l>gely 9 porcela9 decoration4 ,lao-tz is repres5t$ z a v5]able old man ) bald1 protub]ant =ehead1 :o rides ^u an ox1 ! same 9 features z ! god ( ,longevity1 ,%\ ,lao1 :o is 9 fact reg>d$ z 8 disembodi$ _s4 ,%\ ,lao1 h[ev]1 is m commonly %[n en?ron$ ^u a rocky plat=m 9 ! ,hills ( ,longevity1 hold+ 9 "o h& a curi\s knott$ /aff1 to :i* are atta*$ rolls ( writ+1 & 9 ! o!r a pea*1 & surr\nd$ by 8 special attributes1 ! spott$ de]1 ! /ork1 & ! l+ *ih fungus4 ,?us seat$ he receives homage f ! ,eight ,immortals & ! o!r ,taoi/ g5ii or hsi51 :o are z num]\s z ! fairies ( our c\ntryside4 ,o!r designs repres5t ,%\ ,lao rid+ on a de] or fly+ on ! back ( a /ork1 or simply /&+ ) 8 /aff & pea*1 8 robes embroid]$ ) seal =ms ( ! "* %\ 7longevity74 ,9 ?is la/ po/ure he is (t5 gr\p$ ) two o!r popul> deities1 "o 9 m&>9 robes & (ficial hat hold+ a ju-i sceptre1 :i* fulfils e wi%1 & ! o!r also 9 (ficial robes b hold+ a babe :o rea*es out = a pea* 9 8 o!r h&4 ,toge!r !y =m ! ,taoi/ triad1 ,%\-hs+1 ,lu-hs+1 & ,fu-hs+1 />-gods 7hs+7 ( ,longevity1 ,pref]m5t1 & ,happ9ess4 ,fu-hs+ 9 addition has sometimes two boy att5dants c>ry+ respectively a lotus & a h&-organ4 ,! ,eight ,taoi/ ,immortals 7pa hsi57 are3-- #a4 ,*ung-li ,*'an1 also kn[n z ,han ,*ung-li1 repres5t$ z a fat man1 half-drap$1 :o holds a l+ *ih fungus 9 "o h& & a fly-:isk or fan 9 ! o!r4 #b4 ,l ,tung-p91 a figure ( m>tial aspect arm$ ) a sword to slay dragons & evil spirits4 ,he is ! patron ( b>b]s4 #c4 ,li ,t'ieh-kuai1 ,li ) ! iron crut*1 a lame begg> ) a crut* & pilgrim's g\rd f :i* issue cl\ds & app>itions4 ,he is patron ( a/rolog]s & magicians4 #d4 ,ts'ao ,kuo-*'iu1 9 (ficial robes1 we>+ a w+$ hat1 & c>ry+ a pair ( ca/anets4 ,he is patron ( mumm]s & actors4 #e4 ,lan ,ts'ai-ho1 ( unc]ta9 sex1 c>ry+ a hoe & a basket ( fl[]s4 ,patron ( g>d5]s & flori/s4 #f4 ,*ang ,kuo ,lao1 ! necromanc] ) ! magic mule1 ( :i* he kept a picture fold$ up 9 8 wallet4 ,he w\ld make ! bea/ mat]ialise f ! picture by spurt+ wat] on to x2 & at o!r times he w\ld conjure x out ( a g\rd4 ,8 attribute is a musical in/rum5t consi/+ ( a drum & a pair ( rods4 ,he is patron ( arti/s & calligraph]s1 & ranks z "o ( ! gods ( ,lit]ature4 #g4 ,han ,hsiang ,tz1 :o ga9$ admission to ! ,taoi/ p>adise & climb$ ! pea*-tree ( ,immortality4 ,he is %[n z a "y man play+ on a flute1 & is specially wor%ipp$ by musicians4 #h4 ,ho ,hsi5 ,ku1 a maid5 :o we>s a cloak ( mug-wort leaves & c>ries a lotus4 ,%e is patroness ( h\sewives4 ,! ,immortals are commonly repres5t$ 9 a gr\p pay+ c\rt to ,%\ ,lao1 or cross+ ! sea on ! backs ( v>i\s /range creatures or o!r sup]natural conveyances on _! way to ! ,isl&s ( ,p>adise4 ,gr\p$ 9 pairs !y l5d !mselves to ! decoration ( quadrangul> objects4 ,o!r frequ5t]s ( ! ,%\ ,%an are ! tw9 g5ii#ejj ( ,union & ,h>mony 7ho ho rh hsi571 an insep>able pair1 depict$ z ragg$ m5dicants ) /aff & broom1 or z smil+ boyi% figures1 ! "o ) a lotus & ! o!r hold+ a ,p&ora box ( bless+s1 f :i* a cl\d is se5 to rise2 ,tung-fang ,s1 :o /ole ! pea*es ( ,hsi ,wang ,mu & acquir$ !reby a longevity ( n9e ?\s& ye>s1 is repres5t$ z a smil+ be>d$ old man1 n unlike ,%\ ,lao himself1 c>ry+ an enorm\s pea*1 or z a boy ) a pea* to recall 8 y\?ful exploit4 ,liu ,han1 ) 8 famili> ?ree-legg$ toad1 a wild-look+ p]son1 :o waves a /r+ ( ca% 9 ! air1 & v closely resembles ! ,japanese ,gama ,s5n9 7! ,h\ ,hsi5 ,%ng ( ,*9a72 ,wang ,tz-*'iao1 :o rides on a crane play+ a flute1 & ,huang ,an1 ! h]mit1 ^: /e$ is a tortoise4 ,! god ( ,al*emy is figur$1 accord+ to ! id5tification ( a /atuette 9 ! ,muse ,guimet1 z a tall1 drap$ p]son ) be>d & m\/a*es fl[+ d[n 9 five long wisps1 a leaf-%ap$ fan 9 8 left h&1 & beside him a small figure ( a devotee :o holds up a book ) que/ion+ ge/ure4 ,! ,que5 ( ! ,g5ii is ,hsi ,wang ,mu 7,que5 ,"m ( ! ,we/74 ,h] home is 9 ! ,k'un-lun m\nta9s1 & ! pea* tree ( ,longevity gr[s 9 h] g>d5s4 ,9 ! t5? c5tury ,b4,c41 ! ,emp]or ,mu ,wang is reput$ to h visit$ h] palace1 & ! reception =ms a pleas+ subject = ! arti/1 z does also h] return visit paid to ! ,emp]or ,wu ,ti ( ! ,han dyna/y4 ,%e also figures frequ5tly on porcela9 ) h] fair att5dants cross+ ! sea on a raft1 fly+ on ! back ( a phnix or /&+ ) a female att5dant :o c>ries a di% ( pea*es4 ,h] mess5g]s are blue-w+$ birds l ! doves ( ,v5us1 :o c>ry ! fruit ( longevity to fav\r$ be+s4 ,) h] att5dant phnix %e pres5ts a /rong analogy ) ,juno & h] peacock2 & h] ,we/]n habitat has fav\r$ ! !ories :i* w\ld connect h] ) ,grco-,roman my?ology1 ?\gh h] consort ,hsi ,wang ,fu 7,k+ ,fa!r ( ! ,we/ & a p]sonage obvi\sly inv5t$ ad hoc7 is q insignificant & has no?+ 9 common ) ! cl\d-compell+ ,jove4 ,!re is a female figure :i* is sc>cely di/+ui%able f "o ( ! att5dants ( ,hsi ,wang ,mu on ! "o h& & f ,lan ,ts'ai-ho on ! o!r4 ,?is is ! ,fl[] ,fairy 7,hua hsi57 :o c>ries a basket ( fl[]s susp5d$ f a hoe4 ,& !re are besides num]\s magicians ( m or less repute1 su* z ,*ang ,*iu-ko1 :o is se5 trans=m+ pieces cut f 8 scanty g>m5ts into butt]flies2 & a ho/ ( nameless hsi5 ( local fame :o figure 9 m\nta9 retreats1 su* z ! ,ss hao or f\r ho>y h]mits4#eja ,! animals connect$ ) ,taoi/ lore include ! eight fabul\s horses ( ,mu ,wang :i* br\ght him to ! palace ( ,hsi ,wang ,mu4 ,!y are usually se5 at pa/ure frisk+ ab\t 9 wild gambols4 ,! de]1 ! famili> ( ,%\ ,lao1 is depict$ usually ) a l+ *ih fungus 9 8 m\?2 ! toad & h>e live 9 ! moon :]e !y p\nd ! elixir ( immortality2 & ! tortoise develops a long bu%y tail aft] a ?\s& ye>s ( exi/5ce4 ,all ^! are sugge/ive ( longevity1 z is also ! crane & a numb] ( fl[]s1 fruits & trees su* z ! p9e1 bamboo & prunus 7! ?ree fri5ds71 ! *rysan!mum1 ! will[1 ! pea*1 ! g\rd1 & m especially ! l+ *ih fungus1 ! polyporus lucidus1 :i* 0 orig9ally an emblem ( good luck1 b aft]w>ds ( longevity4 ,! head ( ! l+ *ih closely resembles#ejb t ( ! famili> ju-i sceptre :i* grants e wi%1 an auspici\s object commonly se5 9 ! h&s ( ,taoi/ g5ii2 & ! same =m occurs 9 a decorative bord] 7see ,plate #gg1 ,fig4 #b7 :i* is v>i\sly kn[n z ! ju-i head bord]1 ! ju-i cl\d bord]1 or ! cl\d-scroll bord]1 ! conv5tional cl\d be+ commonly roll$ up 9 ?is =m4 ,x w also be f\nd t =mal ornam5ts1 p5dants & lambrequ9s (t5 take ! =m ( ! ju-i head 9 ,*9ese decoration4 ,! attributes ( ! ,eight ,immortals occur among ! _m symbols us$ 9 porcela9 ornam5t2 & among ! l&scapes w be f\nd ! g>d5s ( ,hsi ,wang ,mu & ,m\nt ,p'ng-lai1#ejc "o ( ! ?ree isl&s ( ! bless$1 situat$ 9 ! ocean ea/ ( ,*9a4 ,"h ! f\nta9 ( life fl[s 9 a p]petual /ream3 8! p9e1 ! bamboo1 ! plum1 ! pea*1 & ! fungus ( longevity gr[ = ev] on its %ores2 & ! long-hair$ tortoise disports 9 its rocky inlets1 & ! :ite crane builds h] ne/ on ! limbs ( its ev]la/+ p9es40#ejd ,presumably1 too1 ! ,%\ ,%an is situat$ on ?is delectable isl&2 & p]haps also ! heav5ly pavilion 7t'i5 t'ang71 :i* appe>s among cl\ds z ! goal to :i* a crane is (t5 se5 guid+ "s ( ! ,taoi/ g5ii4 ,possibly1 too1 ! conv5tional bord] ( swirl+ waves punctuat$ by conical rocks c>ries a sugge/ion ( ! rocky isl&s ( p>adise ris+ f ! sea4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4--,! ,y9-yang & ,pa-kua ,!re are besides _m primitive beliefs traceable = ! mo/ "p to ,nature-wor%ip1 :i* prevail$ 9 ,*9a long be=e ! days ( ,confucius1 ,lao-tz or ,buddha4 ,"s ( ^! h be5 incorporat$ 9 ! lat] religi\s sy/ems1 especially 9 t ( ,taoism1 :i* 0 ready to adopt any =m ( demonology4 ,! olde/ sy/em is t exp\nd$ by ! leg5d>y ,fu ,hsi1 9 :i* ! ph5om5a ( ,nature 7 expla9$ by ref]5ce to ! my/ic diagrams reveal$ to him on ! back ( a dragon horse 7lung ma7 :i* rose f ! ,yell[ ,riv]4 ,^! are ! pa-kua or eight trigrams =m$ by ! p]mutations ( ?ree l9es1 brok5 & unbrok51 z 9 ,fig4 #a4 ,a m common arrangem5t ( !m is accord+ to ! po9ts ( ! compass1 & enclos+ ano!r anci5t device1 ! ,y9-yang1 a circle bisect$ by a wavy l9e1 :i* symbolises ! duality ( ,nature1 y9 be+ ! female & yang ! male elem5t4 ,demons ab\nd 9 ,*9ese sup]/itions1 & ! demon face appe>s e>ly 9 art on ! anci5t bronzes1 f :i* x 0 sometimes borr[$ by ! porcela9 decorator4 ,?is is ! face ( ! t'ao t'ieh 7! glutton\s ogre7 suppos$ orig9ally to h repres5t$ ! demon ( ! /orm1 & z su* appropriately appe>+ aga9/ a backgr\nd ( 8cl\d & ?und]0 patt]n1 z ! key-fret is call$ by ! ,*9ese4 ,aft]w>ds ! t'ao t'ieh seems to h be5 reg>d$1 on homopa?ic pr9ciples1 z a w>n+ aga9/ gre$4 ,demons also appe> 9 complete =m 9 c]ta9 battle sc5es & conflicts1 su* z ! combat ( ! demons ( ! wat] & ( air :i* proce$s 9 front ( a gr\p ( ,*9ese dignit>ies seat$ 9 ! ,k9-%an temple on ! ,yangtze riv] 7see ,plate #acd1 ,fig4 #b74 ,! sky & ! />s ( c\rse contribute _! quota ( div9ities4 ,beside ! ,taoi/ />-gods ( ,longevity1 ,hon\rs & ,happ9ess1 !re is ! ,jade ,emp]or or supreme "l ( ! univ]se1 ,y wang %ang ti1 :o is repres5t$ 9 m&>9 dress hold+ a ju-i sceptre & closely resembl+ ,lu ,hs+1 ! />-god ( ,hon\rs4 ,!re is1 too1 ! goddess ( ! ,moon ) a butt]fly ornam5t+ ! front ( h] robes1 & a mirror 9 h] "r h&1 besides ! o!r d5iz5s ( ! moon--,liu ,han1 ! moon-h>e & ! moon-toad4 ,a cassia tree also gr[s 9 ! moon1 & ! 8cassia ( ! moon0 is a symbol ( lit]>y success4 ,! ,sun is repres5t$ z a disc on :i* is a ?ree-legg$ bird2 & x is probable t ! sun-disc is repres5t$ also 9 ! s-call$ 8pe>l0#eje :i* is pursu$ or grasp$ by dragons2 b ?is idea ( ! p[] ( ! /orm ?reat5+ ! sun 0 lo/ sight ( 9 lat] art1 & 8a dragon pursu+ a pe>l0 0 consid]$ a suffici5t description ( ! motive4 ,a curi\s sc5e depict+ a m&>9 %oot+ arr[s at a dog 9 ! sky alludes to ! dog :o dev\rs ! sun & s causes ! eclipse4 ,! zodiacal animals are nam$ on p4 #baa 7vol4 i71 & ! f\r po9ts ( ! compass are symbolis$ by ! azure dragon = ! ,ea/1 ! :ite tig] = ! ,we/1 ! black tortoise = ! ,nor?1 & ! r$ bird = ! ,s\?4 ,! romance ( two />s is embodi$ 9 ! /ory ( ! ,sp9n+ ,maid5 7,*ih ,n7 & h] lov]1 ! ,c[h]d 7,*'i5 ,niu71 :o are sep>at$ = all ! ye> save on "o night :5 ! 8magpies fill up ! ,milky ,way & enable ! ,sp9n+ ,damsel to cross ov]40 ,*ang ,*'i51 ! celebrat$ m9i/] ( ,han ,wu-ti1 0 "o ( ! fir/ great travell]s ( ,*9a1 & among ! leg5ds :i* grew ar\nd 8 exploits is "o :i* makes him asc5d ! ,milky ,way & meet ! ,sp9n+ ,damsel h]self4 ,?is /ory arose because he 0 reput$ to h discov]$ ! s\rce ( ! ,yell[ ,riv]1 :i* _h hi!rto be5 suppos$ to rise 9 heav51 be+ 9 fact a cont9uation ( ! ,milky ,way4 ,*ang ,*'i5 is sometimes repres5t$ 9 ,*9ese art z float+ on a log-raft on ! ,yell[ ,riv]1 & c>ry+ 9 8 h& a %uttle giv5 to him by ! ,sp9n+ ,maid54#ejf ,! poet ,li ,t'ai-po is also figur$ 9 ! same k9d ( craft1 b he is di/+ui%$ by a book 9 place ( ! %uttle4 ,motives borr[$ f ! animal _w are frequ5t on porcela91 ?\gh !y repres5t to a l>ge ext5t my?ical creatures1 fir/ & =emo/ ( :i* is ! dragon4 ,we ne$ n ent] into ! conflict+ !ories z to ! orig9 ( ! ,*9ese dragon4 ,:e!r he sprang f "s prehi/oric mon/] ^: rema9s _h come to light1 or 0 evolv$ f ! crocodile1 he appe>s 9 any case to h belong$ to ,nature-wor%ip z ! p[] ( ! /orm & ! br+] ( f]tilis+ ra94 ,!re1 are1 h[ev]1 v>i\s k9ds ( dragons--^? ( ! air1 ! sea1 ! e>?--& ! mon/] takes _m diff]5t =ms 9 ,*9ese art4 ,! ar*aic types borr[$ by ! porcela9 decorators f anci5t bronzes & jades are ! k'uei lung ** #b or "o-legg$ dragon1 & ! *'ih lung ** #b1 ! =m] a tapir-l creature :i* is said to h be51 l ! t'ao t'ieh1 a w>n+ aga9/ gre$1#ejg ! latt] a smoo?1 hornless reptile ( liz>d-l =m ) divid$ tail1 :o is also describ$ z a mang4 ,b ! dragon 7lung7 p> excell5ce is a =midable mon/] ) 8be>d$1 sc[l+ head1 /raight horns1 a scaly1 s]p5t9e body1 ) f\r feet arm$ ) claws1 a l9e ( bri/l+ dorsal sp9es1 & flames proce$+ f ! hips & %\ld]s40 ,su* is ! creature pa9t$ by ! great ma/] ( dragon pa9t+1 ,*ang ,sng-yu1 ( ! six? c5tury1 & z su* he is ! emblem ( ,imp]ial p[] & ! device ( ! ,emp]or4 ,! ,imp]ial dragon 9 ! art ( ! la/ two dyna/ies has be5 di/+ui%$ by five claws on ea* ( 8 f\r feet#ejh2 ! f\r-claw$ dragon 0 pa9t$ on w>es de/9$ = p]sonages ( less] rank4 ,! dragons are usually depict$ fly+ 9 cl\ds1 & pursu+ ! disc or pe>l1 :i* 0 discuss$ above1 or ris+ f waves4 ,n9e dragons =m a decoration specially res]v$ = ! ,emp]or2 & on ! palace porcela9 ! dragon & ! phnix 7fng7 frequ5tly appe> toge!r z emblems ( ! ,emp]or & ,empress4 ,! fng-huang1#eji a phnix-l bird1 is usually %[n ) ! 8head ( a pheasant & ! beak ( a swall[1 a long flexible neck1 plumage ( _m gorge\s col\rs1 a fl[+ tail betwe5 t ( an argus pheasant & a peacock1 & long claws po9t$ backw>d z x flies40 ,x is ! special emblem ( ! ,empress4 ,9 ar*aic designs !re is a k'uei fng or "o-legg$ phnix1 a bird-l creature t]m9at+ 9 scrolls1 :i*1 l ! correspond+ k'uei lung1 occasionally appe>s 9 porcela9 designs4 ,ano!r bird-l creature sc>cely di/+ui%able f ! fng is ! luan2 ! =m] be+ bas$1 z x is said1 on ! peacock ( ,india1 & ! latt] on ! argus pheasant4 ,ano!r creature ( dual nature is ! *'i l91 commonly call$ ! kyl91 :i* consi/s ( ! male 7*'i7 & ! female 7l974 ,x is 9 itself a composite animal ) ! 8body ( a de]1 ) ! sl5d] legs & divid$ ho(s2 ! head resembles t ( a dragon1 ! tail is curl$ & bu%y1 l t ( ! conv5tional lion1 & ! %\ld]s are adorn$ ) ! flame-l attributes ( its div9e nature4 ,x is said to atta9 ! age ( a ?\s& ye>s1 to be ! noble/ =m ( animal creation1 & ! emblem ( p]fect good2 & to tread s lightly z to leave no footpr9ts1 & s c>efully z to cru% no liv+ creature40 ,its appe>ance 0 ! sign ( ! com+ ( a virtu\s rul]4 ,x is important to note t ! *'i l9 is q di/9ct f ! ,*9ese lion1 & is also to be c>efully sep>at$ f ! o!r *im]a-l creatures kn[n 9 ,*9ese art "u ! g5]al title hai %\ or sea mon/]s4 ,! lion 9 ,*9ese art 7%ih or %ih tz1 ! ,japanese %i%i71 ?\gh ( qualifi$ f]ocity 9 appe>ance1 is 9 reality a peaceful1 docile creature :o exp5ds 8 en]gy on a ball ( silk brocade1 ! /ream]s f :i* he holds 9 8 massive jaws4 ,9 g5]al aspect 7,plate #ie71 9 8 tufts ( hair & 8 bu%y tail1 he closely resembles ! ,pek+ spaniel1 :o is 9 fact call$ aft] him ! lion dog 7%ih tz k\74 ,he is usually repres5t$ 9 pairs1 ! "o ) "o foot on a ball ( brocade1 & ! o!r1 presumably ! lioness1 ) a cub4 ,! l>g] lion figures are plac$ z gu>dians by ! gates ( ,buddhi/ temples1 f :i* function ! lion has e>n$ ! "n ( 8dog ( ,fo0 7i4e4 ,buddha72 ! small] sizes1 usually m\nt$ on an oblong base ) a tube atta*$ to hold an inc5se-/ick1 h a place on ! dome/ic alt>4 ,ano!r my?ical creature n unlike ! lion is ! pi hsieh ( ar*aic art :i* is suppos$ to w>d (f evil spirits4#eaj ,! k+ ( bea/s 9 ,*9a is ! tig] 7hu71 ^: =ehead is m>k$ by ,nature ) ! "* wang ** 7pr9ce74 ,he is ! sol> animal1 ! "l ( ! m\nta9s1 & ! *ief ( all quadrup$s4 ,! :ite tig] repres5ts ! we/]n quadrant & ! autumn2 & images ( tig]s 9 anci5t times s]v$ _m purposes1 su* z gu>d+ ! graves ( ! dead & summon+ ! liv+ to battle4 ,9 addition to ! sea mon/]s !re are sea horses1 :o spe$ at a fly+ gallop ov] waves2 & !re are ! pai ma & lung ma & ! eight horses ( ,mu ,wang1 already describ$1 to repres5t ! horse 9 art4 ,! de] is a ,taoi/ emblem ( longevity1 & also 9 its "n lu sugge/s ! auspici\s ^w lu 7pref]m5t72 & !re is a fabul\s "o-horn$ creature di/9ct f ! *'i l91 & kn[n z ! t'i5 lu or de] ( heav54 ,rams are sometimes repres5t$ z p]sonify+ ! revivify+ p[]s ( spr+2 & ! monkey occasionally figures 9 decoration1 8 "n h\ sugge/+ ano!r ^w h\1 :i* means to expect 7(fice71 & provid+ an appropriate design = pres5tation to a c&idate 9 ! ,/ate exam9ations4 ,ano!r motive suitable = ! same purpose is ! fi% leap+ f waves1 :i* has be5 already expla9$2 & fi% 9 g5]al are clev]ly depict$ by ! porcela9 decorators swimm+ among wat] plants4 ,! fi% has always be5 a fav\rite motive 9 ,*9a1 & 9 anci5t art x appe>s to h symbolis$ p[] & rank4 ,! d\ble fi% is "o ( ! ,buddhi/ emblems1 & also symbolises conjugal felicity4 ,! tortoise has already be5 m5tion$ among ! emblems ( longevity4 ,birds are drawn ) wond]ful skill & _s by ,*9ese arti/s1 & !y provide a frequ5t motive bo? = ! pa9t] & figure modell]4 ,! crane is ! companion ( ,%\ ,lao & a symbol ( long life2 a pair ( m&>9 ducks sugge/ conjugal affection2 egrets among lotus plants1 geese1 & wild duck 9 m>%y l&scapes also pleas$ ! ,*9ese fancy4 ,! magpie is an emblem ( happ9ess1 & two magpies =etell a happy meet+2 ! cock is ! bird ( fame1 & he is (t5 associat$ ) ! peony1 :i* is ! fu kuei fl[]1 to sugge/ ! phrase kung m+ 7fame71 fu kuei 7ri*es & hon\rs674 ,!re are o!r birds :i* are associat$ ) special trees & fl[]s2 ! pheasant is (t5 se5 p]*$ on a rock beside ! peony & magnolia2 p>tridges & quails g ) millet2 swall[s ) ! will[2 sp>r[s on ! prunus1 & s on4 ,a compreh5sive gr\p repres5ts ! 8hundr$ birds0 pay+ c\rt to ! phnix4 ,! bat is a symbol ( happ9ess f its "n fu hav+ ! same s\nd z fu 7happ9ess74 ,among insects1 ! cicada 7at "o "t reg>d$ z a symbol ( life r5ew$ aft] dea?7 is a v anci5t motive2 & ! pray+ mantis :o cat*es ! cicada is an emblem ( c\rage & p]sev]ance4#eaa ,fight+ crickets are ! fight+ cocks ( ,*9a1 & supply a sport+ motive = ! decorator2 & butt]flies frequ5tly occur ) floral designs or 9 ! decoration kn[n z ! ,hundr$ ,butt]flies1 :i* cov]s ! entire surface ( ! vessel ) butt]flies & insects4 ,fl[] pa9t+ is ano!r =te ( ! ,*9ese decorator1 & "s ( ! mo/ beautiful porcela9 designs are floral4 ,conv5tional fl[]s appe> 9 scrolls1 & runn+ designs1 especially ! lotus & peony scrolls & ! scrolls ( 8fairy fl[]s10 ! pao hsiang hua ( ! ,m+ blue & :ite4 ,b ! mo/ attractive designs are ! m naturali/ic pictures ( fl[]+ plants & %rubs1 or ( floral b\quets 9 baskets or vases4 ,! fl[]s on ,*9ese porcela9 are supple1 free1 & graceful2 &1 ?\gh true en\gh to nature to be easily id5tifi$1 are nev] ( ! /iff copy-book ord] :i* ! ,european porcela9 pa9t] affect$ at "o unhappy p]iod4 ,a long li/ ( ! ,*9ese porcela9 fl[]s giv5 by ,bu%ell includes ! or*id 7lan71 rose1 jasm9e1 olea fragrans1 pyrus japonica1 g>d5ia1 syr+a1 sev]al k9ds ( peony1 magnolia 7y lan71 iris1 hydrangea1 hibiscus1 begonia1 p9k & wat] fairy fl[] 7n>cissus tazetta74 ,_m m no d\bt c be id5tifi$1 = ! ,*9ese are great cultivators z !y are great lov]s ( fl[]s4 ,9 fact1 ! ^w hua ** fl[]y is synonym\s ) ,*9ese1 & *ung hua ** #b is ,*9a4 ,plate #abf is an example ( ! ,hundr$ ,fl[] design1 kn[n by ! ,fr5* "n mille fleurs1 9 :i* ! gr\nd ( ! vase is a mass ( naturali/ic fl[]s s t ! porcela9 looks l a b\quet4 ,!re are special fl[]s = ! mon?s#eab3--7a7 ,pea* 7t'ao7 = ,febru>y1 7#b7 ,tree ,peony 7mu tan7 = ,m>*1 7#c7 ,d\ble ,*]ry 7y+ t'ao7 = ,april1 7#d7 ,magnolia 7y lan7 = ,may1 7#e7 ,pomegranate 7%ih liu7 = ,june1 7#f7 ,lotus 7li5 hua7 = ,july1 7#g7 ,pe> 7hai t'ang7 = ,augu/1 7#h7 ,mall[ 7*'iu k'uei7 = ,septemb]1 7#i7 ,*rysan!mum 7*7 = ,octob]1 7#aj7 ,g>d5ia 7*ih hua7 = ,novemb]1 7#aa7 ,poppy 7y+ su7 = ,decemb]1 7#ab7 ,prunus 7mei hua7 = ,janu>y4 ,f ^! are select$ f\r to repres5t ! seasons--mu-tan peony = spr+1 lotus = summ]1 *rysan!mum = autumn1 & prunus = w9t]--:i* supply *>m+ motives = panel decoration or = ! sides ( quadrangul> vases4 ,! *rysan!mum besides is associat$ ) its admir] ,t'ao ,yan-m+1 & ! lotus ) ,*\ ,mao-%u & ! poet ,li ,t'ai-po4 ,b z a rule ! floral designs c>ry "s hidd5 mean+1 ! fl[]s be+ gr\p$ s z to sugge/ "s felicit\s phrase by a play on _! names4#eac ,! peony we h se5 to be ! fu kuei 7ri*es & hon\rs7 fl[]2 ! *rysan!mum1 z ,dr4 ,lauf] has sugge/$1 be+ ! fl[] ( ! n9? 7*iu7 mon?1 may connote longevity ?r\gh ! ^w *iu 7long-endur+72 ! prunus 7mei hua7 c>ries ! obvi\s sugge/ion ( mei 7beautiful71 & in/ances might easily be multipli$4 ,among ! trees1 ! cassia sugge/s lit]>y hon\rs1 ! will[ longevity1 z also ! p9e1 bamboo & plum1 :o are call$ ! 8?ree fri5ds10#ead fai?ful ev5 9 ! 8w9t] ( our discont5t40 ,among ! fruits ! g\rd is an emblem bo? ( long life & ( f]tility1 & ! ?ree fruits 7san kuo7--pea*1 pomegranate & f+] citron--symbolise ! ,?ree ,abundances ( ,ye>s1 ,sons & ,happ9ess4 ,! orange is a symbol ( good luck1 & no d\bt ! o!rs :i* occur less frequ5tly conta9 simil> sugge/ions4 ,l&scape 7%an %ui7 is "o ( ! f\r ma9 divisions ( ,*9ese pictorial art1 & x is well repres5t$ 9 porcela9 decoration4 ,! ,sung & ,m+ ma/]s provid$ designs :i* 7 freely copi$1 & views ( ! beauty spots ( ,*9a & ( ! celebrat$ p>ks & pleasure gr\nds 7 frequ5tly us$4 ,x is "o ( ^! l&scapes :i* ! ,engli% pott]s borr[$ = ! famili> 8will[ patt]n0 design1 & ! s5tim5tal tale :i* "s fanciful writ] has atta*$ to ! patt]n is a m]e aft]?\ght4 ,figure subjects & l&scapes are comb9$ 9 _m designs1 su* z ! meet+ ( sages1 romantic incid5ts1 besides ! m homely motives ( field "w1 fi%+1 ru/ics return+ f ! pl\gh m\nt$ on _! ox51 & ! l4 ,! f\r seasons1 too1 are repres5t$ 9 l&scape ) appropriate accessories1 su* z blossom+ pea* trees 9 a m\nta9 sc5e = spr+1 a lake sc5e ) lotus ga!r]s = summ]1 a swoll5 riv] & autumn t9ts = autumn1 & a sn[/orm = w9t]4 ,a great v>iety ( symbols & emblematical devices appe> 9 ! porcela9 decoration ( all p]iods1 :e!r int]wov5 ) ! designs1 gr\p$ 9 panels1 or plac$ "u ! base 9 lieu ( a m>k4 ,bu%ell#eae classifies ! mo/ famili> ( !m "u ! foll[+ head+s3-- #a4 ,symbols ( ,anci5t ,*9ese ,lore3 ,pa-kua & ,y9-yang 7see p4 #bij72 ,pa y9 7eight musical in/rum5ts72 ,%ih rh *ang 7twelve ornam5ts embroid]$ ^u sacrificial robes74 #b4 ,buddhi/ symbols3 ,pa *i hsiang 7eight emblems ( happy augury74 ,*'i pao 7sev5 p>aph]nalia ( ! *akrav>t9 or univ]sal sov]eign74 #c4 ,taoi/ symbols3 ,pa an hsi5 7attributes ( ! ,eight ,immortals74 #d4 ,! ,hundr$ ,antiques 7,po ku74 ,pa pao 7! ,eight ,preci\s ,objects74 ,! pa-kua 7eight trigrams7 & ! ,y9-yang symbol ( ! duality ( ,nature h be5 describ$4 ,! eight musical in/rum5ts are3 7#a7 ,*'+1 ! s\nd+ /one1 a sort ( gong usually 9 =m ( a mason's squ>e4 ,x =ms a rebus = *'+ 7good luck74 7#b7 ,*ung1 ! bell4 7#c7 ,*'91 ! lute4 7#d7 ,ti1 ! flute4 7#e7 ,*u1 ! box1 ) a metal hamm] inside4 7#f7 ,ku1 ! drum4 7#g7 ,%ng1 ! re$ organ4 7#h7 ,hsan1 ! oc>9a1 a cone ) six holes4 ,! twelve *ang or anci5t embroid]y ornam5ts are3 7#a7 ,jih1 ! ,sun1 a disc 9 :i* is a ?ree-legg$ bird1 & sometimes1 ! "* jih **4 7#b7 ,yeh1 ! moon2 a disc ) h>e1 toad & cassia tree1 & sometimes ! "* yeh **4 7#c7 ,hs+ *'n1 ! />s3 repres5t$ by ?ree />s connect$ by /raight l9es4 7#d7 ,%an1 m\nta9s4 7#e7 ,lung1 dragons4 7#f7 ,hua *'ung1 ! 8fl[]y creature10 ! pheasant4 7#g7 ,tsung yi1 ! temple vessels3 "o ) a tig] design & ! o!r ) a monkey4 7#h7 ,tsao1 aquatic grass4 7#i7 ,huo1 fire4 7#aj7 ,fn mi1 gra9s ( rice4 7#aa7 ,fu1 an axe4 7#ab7 ,fu1 a symbol ( di/9ction#eaf 7see vol4 i41 p4 #bbg74 ,! ,eight ,happy ,om5s 7pa *i hsiang7 7 among ! signs on ! sole ( ,buddha's foot4 ,!y are usually drawn ) fl[+ fillets atta*$ 7,fig4 #b71 & !y are z foll[s3 7#a7 ,lun1 ! :eel or *akra1 sometimes replac$ by ! bell 7*ung74 7#b7 ,lo1 ! %ell4 7#c7 ,san1 ! ,/ate umbrella4 7#d7 ,kai1 ! canopy4 7#e7 ,hua1 ! 7lotus7 fl[]4 7#f7 ,p'+1 ! vase4 7#g7 ,y1 ! fi%2 a pair ( !m4#eag 7#h7 ,*'ang1 ! angul> knot repres5t+ ! entrails2 an emblem ( longevity4#eah ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4--,! ,pa *i hsiang ,! ,sev5 ,gems 7*'i pao7 are3 7#a7 ,*9 lun1 ! gold5 :eel4 7#b7 ,y n1 ! jade-l girl4 7#c7 ,ma1 ! horse4 7#d7 ,hsiang1 ! elephant4 7#e7 ,*u ts'ang %n1 div9e gu>dian ( ! treasury4 7#f7 ,*u p+ *'n1 g5]al 9 comm& ( ! army4 7#g7 ,ju i *u ! jewels :i* fulfil e wi%2 a bundle ( jewell$ w&s b\nd r\nd ) a cord4 ,! ,pa an hsi51 ,attributes ( ! ,eight ,immortals1 z detail$ above 7p4 #bhg71 are3 7#a7 ,%an1 ! fan ( ,*ung-li ,*'an4 7#b7 ,*i51 ! sword ( ,l ,tung-p94 7#c7 ,hu lu1 ! g\rd ( ,li ,t'ieh-kuai4 7#d7 ,pan1 ! ca/anets ( ,ts'ao ,kuo-*iu4 7#e7 ,hua lan1 ! basket ( fl[]s ( ,lan ,ts'ai-ho4 7#f7 ,yu ku1 ! bamboo tube & rods ( ,*ang ,kuo ,lao4 7#g7 ,ti1 ! flute ( ,han ,hsiang ,tz4 7#h7 ,li5 hua1 ! lotus fl[] ( ,ho ,hsi5 ,ku4 ,! ,po ku1 or ,hundr$ ,antiques1 is1 z its "n implies1 a compreh5sive gr\p includ+ all mann] ( symbols & symbolical ornam5ts1 :i* 7 frequ5tly gr\p$ toge!r 9 panel decoration4 ,bu%ell#eai describes two typical panels on specim5s 9 ! ,walt]s collection4 ,"o conta9$ ! app>atus ( ! s*ol> & pa9t]1 viz4 books on tables1 bru%es 9 vases1 wat] pots & scroll pictures1 all envelop$ ) wav+ fillets m+l$ ) tassell$ w&s & d\ble diamonds1 :i* are symbols ( lit]>y success4 ,! o!r conta9$ a tall vase ) peonies2 a l[ vase ) peacock fea!r1 an emblem ( high rank2 a lion-%ap$ c5s] on a f\r-legg$ /&1 ! inc5se smoke f :i* rises 9 =m ( a pair ( /orks2 a set ( inc5se-burn+ implem5ts1 a bundle ( scroll pictures1 a ju-i sceptre1 a musical /one1 a sword1 & a pap] weight4 ,a fav\rite set ( ,po-ku emblems is ! ,pa pao 7,fig4 #c7 or ,eight ,preci\s ,objects3 7#a7 ,*u1 ! pe>l1 :i* grants e wi%4 7#b7 ,*'i51 ! 8ca%10 a copp] co9 us$ to symbolise weal?4 7#c7 ,loz5ge1 or picture 7hua74 7#d7 ,fang %ng1 ! op5 loz5ge1 symbol ( victory4#ebj 7#e7 ,*'+1 ! musical /one4 7#f7 ,%u1 a pair ( books4 7#g7 ,*eh1 a pair ( horn-l objects4 7#h7 ,ai yeh1 ! leaf ( ! artemisia1 fragrant plant ( good om5 & a prev5tative ( disease4 ,a bran* ( coral1 a silv] +ot1 a p5cil bru% & cake ( ink are common emblems2 & ! swa/ika occurs bo? by itself 7vol4 i41 p4 #bbg7 or int]wov5 ) ! "* %\ 7vol4 i41 p4 #bbg71 or ev5 z a fret or diap] patt]n4 ,! swa/ika is a _w-wide symbol2 9 ,*9a x is call$ wan1 & us$ z a synonym = wan 7t5 ?\s&71 & z su* x is reg>d$ z a symbol ( wan %\ 7endless longevity74 ,a lyre wrapp$ 9 an embroid]$ case1 a *ess-or g-bo>d ) r\nd boxes = ! :ite & black pieces1 a pair ( books1 & a pair ( scroll pictures symbolise ! 8f\r elegant accompli%m5ts10 *'91 *'i1 %u1 hua 7music1 *ess1 writ+ & pa9t+74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4--,! ,pa pao ,! figurative aspect ( ,*9ese decoration has be5 repeat$ly notic$1 & occasional examples ( direct play ^u words or rebus devices h be5 giv5 incid5tally4 ,! ,*9ese language is peculi>ly suit$ = punn+ allusions1 "o s\nd hav+ to d duty = _m *>act]s2 b x is obvi\s t a fair k ( ! *>act]s is requir$ = read+ ^! rebus designs4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a c]ta9 numb] ( /ock allusions ) :i* ! collector c easily make himself famili>4 ,! commone/ ( ^! is p]haps ! bat 7fu7 :i* symbolises happ9ess 7also pron\nc$ fu 9 ,*9ese74 ,! ,five ,bless+s 7wu fu71 :i* consi/ ( longevity1 ri*es1 peacefulness & s]5ity1 love ( virtue & an end cr[n+ ! life1 are sugge/$ by five bats2 & a fur!r rebus is =m$ ( r$ bats among cl\d scrolls1 read+ hung fu *'i t'i51 8great happ9ess equally heav50 7t'i572 hung be+ ! s\nd ( ! "* = 8great1 va/10 z well z = r$1 & r$ be+1 s to speak1 ! col\r ( happ9ess 9 ,*9ese eyes4 ,o!r common rebus designs are sugge/$ by su* words z lu 7de]71 lu 7pref]m5t72 y 7fi%71 y 7abundance72 *'+ 7s\nd+ /one71 *'+ 7good luck72 *'ang 7! inte/9al knot71 *'ang 7long72 & ! composition ( ! rebus phrase (t5 includes su* ideas z li5 7lotus71 li5 7connect1 comb9e72 tieh 7butt]fly71 tieh 7to d\ble74 ,b almo/ e s\nd 9 ! ,*9ese spok5 language repres5ts a consid]able numb] ( *>act]s1 & x w\ld be possible ) a little +5uity to extract sev]al rebus s5t5ces out ( any complicat$ decoration4 ,x is well to rememb]1 h[ev]1 t mo/ ( ! ord9>y allusions h ref]5ce to "s good wi% or felicit\s phrase be>+ on ! five bless+s1 on ! ?ree abundances or on lit]>y success4 ,to quote a few fur!r in/ances3 ! design ( n9e 7*iu7 lions 7%ih7 sport+ ) balls 7*7 ( brocade has be5 read#eba *iu %ih t'ung *1 8a family ( n9e sons liv+ toge!r40 ,an elephant 7hsiang7 c>ry+ a vase 7p'+7 on its back 7pei7 is read#ebb hsiang pei tai p'+1 8,peace 7p'+7 rules 9 ! nor? 7pei740 ,a tub full ( gre5 :eat is read#ebc i t'ung ta *'+1 8! :ole empire 7owns7 ! great ,*'+ dyna/y40 ,?ree crabs hold+ re$s is read#ebd san p'ang hsieh *'uan lu1 8?ree g5]ations ga9+ ! fir/ class at ! metropolitan exam9ations40 ,two pigeons p]*$ on a will[ tree is read#ebe rh pa 7k'o7 t'eng t'1 8at eighte5 to be successful 9 exam9ations40 ,a gr\p ( ?ree objects consi/+ ( a p5cil bru% 7pi71 a cake ( ink 7t+7 & a ju-i sceptre cross$ "o ov] ! o!r 7,fig4 #d71 occurs bo? 9 ! field ( ! decoration & z a m>k "u ! base4 ,x is a pure rebus1 read+ pi t+ ju i1 may ?+s be fix$ 7t+7 z y wi% 7ju i1 lit4 accord+ to y\r idea74 ,ano!r obvi\s rebus :i* occurs z a m>k 7,fig4 #e7 consi/s ( two pea*es & a bat 7d\ble longevity & happ9ess71 & floral designs are v commonly arrang$ s z to sugge/ rebus phrases4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e ,b ! ,*9ese decorator did n always express himself 9 riddles4 ,inscriptions are frequ5t on all =ms ( decorative "w1 z is only natural 9 a c\ntry :]e calligraphy ranks among ! highe/ bran*es ( art4 ,to ! =eign eye ,*9ese writ+ w n p]haps appe> s ornam5tal z ! beautiful ,ne%ky *>act]s :i* 7 freely us$ = decorative purposes on ,p]sian w>es2 b = all t1 its decorative qualities are und5iable1 & to ! ,*9ese :o wor%ip ! writt5 "* x is a mo/ attractive k9d ( ornam5t4 ,sometimes ! surface ( a vessel is almo/ entirely occupi$ by a long inscription treat+ ( ! w>e or ( ! decoration :i* occupies ! rema9+ "p2 b m (t5 ! writ+ is limit$ to an epigram or a few l9es ( v]se4 ,! *>act]s z a rule are rang$ 9 columns & read f top to bottom1 ! columns be+ tak5 f left to "r2 & rhym+ v]se is writt5 9 l9es ( ?ree1 five or sev5 *>act]s ea*4 ,! inscriptions are (t5 atte/$ by ! "n or ! seal ( ! au?or4 ,! ,emp]or ,*'i5 ,lung1 a prolific writ] ( v]ses1 indit$ _m %ort poems on ! motives ( porcela9 decoration1 & ^! h be5 copi$ on subsequ5t pieces4 ,z = ! /yle ( writ+1 ! ord9>y script is ! k'ai %u1 :i* dates f ! ,*9 dyna/y 7#bfe-dai ,a4,d471 b !re are besides _m inscriptions 9 :i* ! ar*aic seal *>act]s *uan tz are employ$1 or at lea/ hybrid mod]n =ms ( !m2 & !re is ! cursive script1 kn[n z ts'ao %u or grass *>act]s1 :i* is said to h be5 inv5t$ 9 ! fir/ c5tury ,b4,c4 ,! seal & ! grass *>act]s are (t5 extremely difficult to translate1 & require a special /udy1 :i* ev5 highly educat$ ,*9ese d n pr(ess to h ma/]$4 ,s+le *>act]s & phrases ( auspici\s mean+ 9 bo? seal =m & 9 ! ord9>y script occur 9 ! decoration & also 9 ! place ( ! m>k4 ,_m in/ances h already be5 not$ 9 ! *apt]s deal+ ) ,m+ porcela9s1 su* z fu kuei k'ang n+ 7ri*es1 hon\rs1 peace & s]5ity71 *'ang m+ fu kuei 7long life1 ri*es & hon\rs71 etc41 see vol4 i41 p4 #bbe4 ,! mo/ frequ5t ( ^! *>act]s is %\ 7longevity71 :i* is writt5 9 a great v>iety ( fanciful =ms1 mo/ly ( ! seal type4 ,! 8hundr$ =ms ( %\0 sometimes con/itute ! sole decoration ( a vase2 & z already obs]v$#ebf ! swa/ika 7wan7 is sometimes comb9$ ) ! circul> =m ( ! seal "* %\ to make ! wan %\ symbol ( t5 ?\s& longevities4 ,fu 7happ9ess7 & lu 7pref]m5t7 also occur1 ?\gh less frequ5tly4 ,buddhi/ic inscriptions are usually 9 ,sanskrit *>act]s1 b we f9d occasional phrases su* z ,ti5 *u en po ** #d 7propiti\s waves f ,india7 & ,fo m+ *'ang jih ** #d 7! ev] bright ,buddha7 9 ord9>y script or seal1 "o "* 9 ea* ( f\r m$allions2 & ! sacr$ "n ( ,o mi t'o fo ** #d1 ,amida ,buddha1 simil>ly appli$1 w\ld s]ve z a *>m aga9/ evil4 ,9 addition to ! c5tral designs1 !re is a numb] ( second>y ornam5ts :i* r\nd (f ! decoration ( a piece ( porcela94 ,*ief ( ^! are ! bord] patt]ns1 ( :i* a few fav\rites may be exemplifi$4 ,at ! head ( ! li/ comes ! ,greek key-fret or me&] 7see ,plate #ab1 ,fig4 #a71 :i*1 l ! swa/ika1 is ( _w-wide use4 ,on ! anci5t bronze ?is patt]n 0 freely us$ bo? 9 bord]s & z a diap] backgr\nd1 & x is describ$ by ,*9ese ar*ologi/s z ! 8cl\d & ?und] patt]n40 ,x is sometimes v>i$ by ! inclusion ( ! swa/ika1 9 :i* case x is kn[n z ! swa/ika fret4 ,ano!r bronze patt]n freely borr[$ by ! porcela9 decoration is ! bord] ( /iff planta9 leaves :i* appe>s appropriately on ! neck or /em ( an upright vase 7see ,plate #hi1 ,fig4 #a74 ,! bord] ( small 8,s0 %ap$ scrolls is app>5tly d]iv$ f silkworm cocoons2 b ! curl$ scrolls & ano!r scroll patt]n ) m elaborate curves are int5d$ to sugge/ cl\ds4 ,a fur!r developm5t ( ! cl\d patt]n is sc>cely di/+ui%able f ! ju-i head bord] 7see ,plate #gg1 ,fig4 #b74 ,inde$ ! t]ms1 8connect$ cl\d0 patt]n1 ju-i cl\d patt]n1 & ju-i head patt]n1 are us$ almo/ int]*angeably by ,*9ese ar*ologi/s4 ,conv5tional waves are repres5t$ by a k9d ( %ad$ scale patt]n or a diap] ( spiral coils1 & ! m naturali/ic 8cre/$ wave0 bord]1 punctuat$ by conical rocks1 has already be5 m5tion$4 ,!re are besides n>r[ bord]s ( zig-zag patt]n ) diagonal hat*+1 & ! ord9>y diap] designs1 9 addition to ! famili> gadroons & arcad$ bord]s4 ,! wid] bord]s are usually borr[$ f brocade patt]ns ) geometrical or floral ornam5t1 brok5 by ?ree or f\r oblong panels conta9+ symbols or sprays ( fl[]s2 & :5 a simil> s*eme is foll[$ 9 "s ( ! n>r[ edg+s1 ! fl[]s are unhesitat+ly cut 9 half1 z ?\gh ! patt]n 7 j a ?9 /rip tak5 f a piece ( brocade4 ,a few special bord]s h be5 describ$ on ! pages deal+ ) armorial porcela91#ebg among :i* 7 ! well-kn[n 8rat & v9e0 or 8v9e & squirrel0 patt]n 7see ,plate #aai1 ,fig4 #c71 reput$ to h fir/ appe>$ on a picture by ! ,sung arti/1 ,m+ ,yan-*ang4#ebh ,a r>e bord] =m$ ( r$ bats side by side occurs on a few plates ( f9e porcela9 :i* are usually assign$ to ! ,k'ang ,hsi p]iod1 b are probably mu* lat]4 ,on ! :ole1 ! ,*9ese bord] patt]ns are comp>atively few 9 numb]1 be+ 9 fact a small selection ( well-tri$ designs admirably suit$ to fill ! spaces requir$ & to occupy ! positions assign$ to !m on ! diff]5t porcela9 =ms4 ,z to ! s\rces f :i* ^! & ! o!r designs describ$ 9 ?is *apt] 7 borr[$ by ! porcela9 decorator1 we c only speak 9 g5]al t]ms4 ,anci5t bronze vessels1 metal mirrors1 c>v$ jades1 /amp$ cakes ( ink1 embroid]ies1 brocades1 h&k]*iefs1 & illu/rat$ books no d\bt provid$ ! great] "p ( !m4 ,! purely pictorial subjects w\ld be bas$ on ! pa9t+s 9 silk & pap] :i* ! ,*9ese arrange 9 f\r *ief categories3 7#a7 figures 7jn wu717#b7 l&scape 7%an %ui717#c7 nature subjects 7hua niao1 lit4 fl[]s & birds71 & 7#d7 miscellane\s designs 7tsa hua74 ,selections ( desirable designs f v>i\s s\rces 7 no d\bt arrang$ 9 patt]n books1 & issu$ to ! porcela9 pa9t]s4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,,=g]ies ,,& ,,imitations ,) _! int5se v5]ation = ! antique1 x is only natural t ! ,*9ese %\ld excel 9 imitative "w1 & a great deal ( +5uity has be5 q legitimately ex]cis$ by !m 9 ?is direction4 ,! amateur w sometimes h difficulty 9 di/+ui%+ ! clev] copies f ! orig9als1 b 9 mo/ cases ! mat]ial & ! f9i% ( ! "w frankly belong to a lat] p]iod1 & sometimes all d\bt is remov$ at once by a m>k indicat+ ! true p]iod ( manufacture4 ,b ! collector has to be on 8 gu>d aga9/ a v diff]5t k9d ( article1 ! spuri\s antique & ! old piece :i* has be5 8improv$0 by ! addition ( m elaborate decoration or by an inscription :i*1 if g5u9e1 w\ld give x hi/oric importance4 ,! latt] k9d ( embelli%m5t is specially common on ! e>ly pott]ies ( ! ,han & ,t'ang p]iods4 ,g5u9e specim5s tak5 f excavat$ tombs h (t5 be5 furni%$ ) dates & d$icatory leg5ds cut into ! body ( ! w>e & !n doctor$1 to give ! appe>ance ( contempor>y incisions4 ,b a c>eful exam9ation ( ! edges ( ! *annell$ l9es w %[ t !y h be5 cut subsequ5tly to ! fir+ ( ! w>e1 :5 ! clay 0 already h>d4 ,_h ! inscription be5 cut :5 ! pot 0 made1 x w\ld h be5 incis$ 9 a s(t unfir$ sub/ance1 l ! writ+ ( a /ylus 9 wax1 & ! edges ( ! l9es w\ld be =c$ up & slightly bulg+2 & if ! w>e is glaz$1 "s ( ! glaze w be f\nd 9 ! holl[s ( ! inscription4 ,!re are1 besides1 m9or frauds 9 ! nature ( repairs4 ,pieces ( old pott]y1 = in/ance1 are fitt$ into a brok5 ,han j>2 ! lo/ heads & limbs ( ,t'ang figures are replac$ f o!r brok5 specim5s1 & defective p>ts are made up 9 pla/]4 ,su* additions are (t5 c>efully conceal$ by daubs ( clay simil> to t ) :i* ! buri$ specim5 _h become encru/$4 ,fur!r ?an ?is1 ,han & ,t'ang figures h be5 rec5tly manufactur$ 9 _! entirety1 & m5tion has already be5 made 7,vol4 ,i41 p4 #bg7 ( a factory at ,honan ,fu1 :]e figures & vases ) /reak$ & mottl$ glazes1 fanta/ic ew]s ) phnix-sp\ts & w+-l excresc5ces1 & ! l1 are made ) indiff]5t skill4 ,! collector ( ,sung & ,yan w>es1 too1 has _m difficulties to surm\nt4 ,! f9e imitations made f ! ,yung ,*ng p]iod onw>ds1 bo? 9 pott]y & porcela91 =tunately are (t5 m>k$2 b sometimes ! m>k has be5 c>efully remov$ by gr9d+1 & ! sc> made up to look l ! natural surface4 ,! imitative w>es made 9 ,kuangtung1 at ,yi-hs+1 & 9 v>i\s ,japanese factories h be5 already discuss$ 9 ! sections conc]n$2 & !re is pott]y ) lav5d] blue1 8old turquoise0 & spla%$ glazes resembl+ ! ,*n types1 b made at ! pres5t day 9 ,honan & else:]e1 :i* is likely to deceive ! beg9n]4 ,! commone/ k9d has a buff e>!n body :i* is usually wa%$ ) a dull br[n clay on ! expos$ p>ts4 ,b su* ob/acles z ^! add ze/ to ! collector's sport1 & !y are n really h>d to surm\nt if a c>eful /udy be made ( ! "* ( au!ntic specim5s4 ,! eye c be easily tra9$ to ! peculi>ities bo? ( ! orig9als & ( ! v>i\s imitative types1 & no "o :o is prep>$ to take a little tr\ble ne$ be afraid ( attack+ ?is fasc9at+ "p ( ,*9ese c]amics4 ,! ,t'ao lu#ebi quotes an int]e/+ note on ! repair+ ( antique w>es3 8,9 ! ,*u m+ yao x is /at$ ) reg>d to old porcela9 7tz'71 su* z 7inc5se-7 vessels :i* are want+ 9 h&les or feet1 & vases damag$ at ! m\? & edge1 t m5 take old porcela9 to pat* ! old1 add+ a glaz+ prep>ation1 & giv+ ! piece "o fir+4 ,:5 f9i%$ x is l an old piece1 & all uni=m1 except t ! pat*$ "p is dull 9 col\r4 ,b /ill p pref] ^! specim5s to mod]n w>es4 ,if ! process ( bl[+ ! glaze on to 7! jo9t ( ! repair7 is us$ 9 pat*+ old w>es1 ! pat* is /ill m difficult to trace4 ,z = specim5s ) flaws 7mao71 ,i am told t on ! ,tig] ,hill 9 ,su-*\ !re are m5d]s :o h e>n$ ! "n ( *9 7close-fitt]s740 ,! collector kn[s only too well t !re are 8close-fitt]s0 9 ,europe z well z 9 ,*9a4 ,ap>t f ! num]\s in/ances 9 :i* e>ly ,m+ m>ks#ecj h be5 indiscrim9ately add$ to lat] w>es1 ! c>eful copies & imitations ( true ,m+ types are comp>atively few4 ,among ! imitative triumphs ( ! ,yung ,*ng pott]s a few specialties are nam$1 su* z blue & :ite ( ! ,hsan ,t & ! ,*ia ,*+ p]iods1 & ! enamell$ decoration ( ! ,*'ng ,hua & ,wan ,li1 b ref]5ce has already be5 made to ^! 9 _! respective *apt]s4 ,! mod]n ,*9ese pott]s make indiff]5t reproductions ( ,m+ types2 & ! mo/ dang]\s are ^? ( ! ,japanese1 :o f ! eighte5? c5tury onw>d seem to h tak5 ! sixte5? c5tury ,*9ese porcela9s z _! model4 ,! ,*ia ,*+ & ,wan ,li m>ks are common on ^! reproductions1 :i* (t5 cat* ! tone & _s ( ! ,m+ w>e ) disquiet+ exactitude4 ,a well-tra9$ eye & a k ( ! peculi>ities ( ,japanese workman%ip are ! only protection aga9/ ?is type ( imitation4 ,! high e/eem 9 :i* ! ,k'ang ,hsi porcela9s are n[ held has naturally invit$ imitation & fraud4 ,! ord9>y mod]n specim5 ) a spuri\s ,k'ang ,hsi m>k is1 z a rule1 feeble & h>mless1 & ev5 ! bett] class ( ,*9ese & ,japanese imitations ( ! blue & :ite & enamell$ porcela9s ( ?is p]iod are1 z a rule1 s wide ( ! m>k z to deceive only ! inexp]i5c$4 ,_m frauds1 h[ev]1 h be5 p]petrat$ ) ,fr5* copies ( famille v]te1 ( famille rose 8ruby-back0 di%es1 & ( vases ) armorial decoration4 ,^! are clev]ly made1 b ! exp]t w see at once t ! col\rs & ! draw+ lack ! true ,ori5tal quality1 & t ! w>e itself is too :ite & cold4 ,clev] copies ( ,ori5tal porcela91 especially ( ! famille rose1 h also be5 made at ,h]5d1 9 ,hung>y4 ,b p]haps ! mo/ dang]\s ,cont95tal copies are "s ( ! ,fr5*-made mono*romes ( d>k blue & lav5d] col\rs1 ) or )\t crackle1 fitt$ ) ormolu m\nts 9 eighte5? c5tury /yle1 :i* conceal ! tell-tale base4 ,mono*romes are1 z a rule1 ! mo/ difficult porcela9s to date1 & ! well-made mod]n ,*9ese & ,japanese sang de buf1 apple gre51 & pea* bloom are liable to cause tr\ble1 especially :5 ! surface has be5 c>efully rubb$ & giv5 ! appe>ance ( we> & usage4 ,! exp]t looks to ! tru? ( ! =m1 ! f9i% ( ! base1 & ! "* ( ! clay expos$ at ! foot rim1 & judges if 9 ^! po9ts ! piece comes up to ! prop] /&>d4 ,b )\t d\bt ! mo/ insidi\s ( all ! fraudul5t w>es are ^? :i* h be5 r$ecorat$4 ,i d n ref] to ! clobb]$#eca & ret\*$ poly*romes or to ! p[d] blue & mirror black on :i* ! gild+ has be5 r5ew$1 b to ! devili% +5uity :i* takes a piece ( lightly decorat$ ,k'ang ,hsi porcela91 removes ! enamell+1 & ev5 ! :ole glaze if ! orig9al ornam5t has be5 9 und]glaze blue1 & !n proce$s to clo! ! d5ud$ surface 9 a new & respl5d5t g>b ( ri* enamel4 ,naturally1 x is ! mo/ sumptu\s /yle ( decoration :i* is affect$ 9 ^! frauds1 su* z ! prunus tree & birds 9 a gr\nd ( black1 gre51 or yell[ enamel on ! biscuit2 & ! draw+1 execution & col\rs are (t5 surpris+ly good4 ,! enorm\s value ( ?is type ( vase1 if successful1 repays ! exp5se & tr\ble involv$ 9 ! truquage2 & ! connoisseur :o looks at ! base = guidance is dis>m$ because t critical "p has be5 undi/urb$1 & has all ! po9ts ( a ?or\ghbr$ ,k'ang ,hsi piece4 ,if1 h[ev]1 8 suspicion has be5 ar\s$ by some?+ unconv9c+ 9 ! design or draughtsman%ip1 he w probably f9d ^u m9ute exam9ation "s indication ( ! fraud1 "s trace ( ! gr9d+ (f ( ! glaze :i* ! enamels h fail$ to cov]1 suspici\s passages at ! edge ( ! lip :]e ! old & new surfaces jo91 or traces ( black5+ "h & !re :i* are r>ely abs5t f a refir$ piece4 ,b if ! "w is really successful1 & no +5uity or skill is sp>$ to make x s1 8 suspicions may n be ar\s$ until too late4 ,frauds ( ?is k9d belong to ! mo/ co/ly types1 & conc]n ! weal?y buy]s4 ,! poor] collectors h to deal ) small deceits1 ! add+ ( a famille v]te bord] to a b[l or di%1 ! ret\*+ ( defective ornam5t1 ! rubb+ ( mod]n surfaces to give !m fictiti\s signs ( we>1 ! /a9+ ( new w>es ) tobacco juice1 & o!r devices easily detect$ by ^? :o are =ew>n$4 ,aga9/ all ^! dang]s1 :e!r !y be f wilful frauds or f innoc5t imitations1 ,i c only repeat t ! collector's sole def5ce is exp]i5ce & a well-tra9$ eye4 ,,index ,accompli%m5ts1 ,f\r1 ii4 #acc1 #bhb1 #bii ,adams1 ,h41 ii4 #acf ,akahada1 i4 #abc ,alamgir1 ii4 #ac ,al*emy1 god (1 ii4 #bhh ,alex&] ,collection1 i4 #ea1 #ef1 #eg1 #fh1 #aae1 #aba1 #abe2 ii4 #di1 #aai1 #aga1 #bje1 #bbj ,alms b[l1 ii4 #bhe ,alt> cups1 ii4 #g1 #h1 #ce1 #ic ,alt> sets1 i4 #bjf2 ii4 #bgb ,ambassadors ( ! ,tribes ( ,man1 eight1 ii4 #bfb1 #bfh1 #bhc ,amida ,buddha1 ii4 #cjb ,amoy1 i4 #ahd1 #bjb2 ii4 #aab ,ance/or wor%ip1 ii4 #bhc ,&]son1 ,w41 ii4 #aaa1 #bha1 #cjc ,an hua 7secret decoration71 ii4 #f1 #h1 #ag1 #cg1 #eb1 #ef1 #fc ,animal =ms1 ii4 #aei ,animal motives1 ii4 #bib ,annals ( ,f\-liang1 i4 #ada1 #aec1 #aee2 ii4 #ce1 #bbh1 #bca ,annals ( ,han ,dyna/y1 i4 #add ,annals ( ! ,sui ,dyna/y1 i4 #adc ,an?ropological ,museum at ,petrograd1 i4 #aja ,antiques1 ! ,hundr$1 ii4 #acd1 #aha1 #big1 #bih 8,ant tracks10 i4 #aag ,arabesques1 ii4 #acj1 #aca1 #acc ,arabic writ+1 ii4 #ca ,ar*itectural pott]y1 i4 #bja1 #bje1 #bjf ,ardebil1 ii4 #fi ,arhats1 i4 #ce2 ii4 #dc1 #bhe ,arita1 ii4 #agc ,armorial porcela91 ii4 #bjb1 #bjc1 #bea1 #bef1 #beg1 #beh ,arr[ cyl9d]1 ii4 #bgd ,ary de ,milde1 i4 #agh ,a% col\r1 see ,hui s4 8,a%es ( roses10 ii4 #abd ,a%molean ,museum1 ,ox=d1 i1 #aic2 ii4 #fh ,a/bury w>e1 i4 #agh ,a/] patt]n1 ii4 #acd ,attiret1 i4 #bje ,augu/us ! ,/rong1 i4 xxiii1 #agh2 ii4 #aac1 #acd 8,awns10 i4 #ib 8,baba gh\ri10 i4 #hg ,bahr1 ,a4 ,w41 i4 #cb1 #abd1 #aga ,bamboo grove1 ii4 #bjh1 #bae1 #bha ,bamboo patt]n1 ii4 #adi1 #bfd1 #bfi ,bamboo ?read bru% m>ks1 i4 #ib ,b>rel-%ap$ seats1 ii4 #h1 #ae1 #ag1 #ig1 #bgg ,basket ( fl[]s1 ii4 #fg ,batavian porcela91 ii4 #aia ,bats1 five1 ii4 #aa1 #bjd1 #bbd1 #bie1 #cjj1 #cja ,batt]sea1 ii4 #bfj ,be>1 !1 i4 #ab ,bell1 ,hamilton1 i4 #aad ,b5son ,collection1 i4 #ef1 #ajd1 #afi2 ii4 #bg ,biddulph1 ,sir ,r41 ii4 #bc ,bijapur1 i4 #hg2 ii4 #gh ,billequ91 ,m41 ii4 #bcc ,b9yon1 ,l41 i4 #dd2 ii4 #bdb ,bird1 ! r$1 i4 #bj1 #ef ,birds1 ii4 #bid ,birds1 ! ,hundr$1 ii4 #bie 8,bir?day plates10 ii4 #afi1 #bjg ,bir?day1 ! ,emp]or's1 ii4 #fc ,biscuit1 ii4 #ah1 #ge1 #gg1 #ajj1 #aif1 #aig ,biscuit figures 9 high relief1 ii4 #hi ,black & gold decoration1 ii4 #bae ,black1 br[n1 ii4 #aee ,black1 famille rose1 ii4 #baj ,black glaze1 v>ieties (1 ii4 #aef1 #aei1 #aib1 #bbi ,black gr\nd gilt1 ii4 #bca ,black gr\nd1 :ite decoration 91 ii4 #bca ,black1 mirror1 ii4 #aib1 #aic1 #bah1 #bbf1 #bcj ,black ,rock ,hill1 i4 #af ,black?orn1 ii4 #bfd ,black ,w>rior1 !1 i4 #bj ,blanc de ,*9e1 ii4 #aji1 #aab ,bless+s1 five1 ii4 #cjj 8,blue & :ite10 i4 #afd2 ii4 #c1 #h1 #i1 #aa1 #ac1 #bd1 #bf1 #bi1 #cf1 #ch1 #dg1 #ef1 #hi1 #ib1 #bjc1 #bci1 #bdj1 #bfc1 #bfh1 #bga ,blue & :ite1 ,k'ang ,hsi1 ii4 #fg1 #abh-add ,blue & :ite porcela91 ,m+1 ii4 #aje ,blue1 cloisonn1 ii4 #bai1 #bbj1 #bbd1 #bbi1 #bca ,blue1 lapis lazuli1 ii4 #bci ,blue1 maz>9e1 ii4 #ahc ,blue1 mottl$1 ii4 #bjd 8,blue ( ! sky aft] ra910 i4 #da1 #db1 #eb1 #ed1 #fb2 ii4 #aj1 #agi ,blue pa9t+ on ,sung w>es1 i4 #ii1 #ajd1 #aeh ,blue1 p[d]1 ii4 #abg1 #agj1 #ahj1 #aha1 #ahc1 #bah ,blue 8put 9 press10 ii4 #adc ,blue1 ritual significance (1 ii4 #aie ,blue1 scrat*$1 ii4 #add ,blue1 sky1 ii4 #bcb1 #bch ,blue1 s\ffl1 ii4 #abg1 #ahj1 #bah1 #bbd ,blue1 spong$1 ii4 #ahj1 #ahc ,blue1 ,temple ( ,heav51 ii4 #bch ,blue1 turquoise1 ii4 #ii1 #ahd1 #ahe1 #bbi1 #bcg ,bock1 ,c>l1 i4 #hg ,bodhidh>ma1 ii4 #aaj1 #bhe ,book /&s1 ii4 #bgf ,bord] patt]ns1 ii4 #fg1 #beg1 #beh1 #cjb ,borneo1 i4 #fh1 #hg1 #ii1 #ahi1 #aij1 #aic2 ii4 #gj1 #ii1 #bbc ,brs*mann1 ,h]r ,ern/1 i4 #h ,bott5grub]1 ii4 #bfj ,bttg] w>e1 i4 #agh2 ii4 #aib ,b[1 ii4 #aab1 #beh1 #bfj ,b[ls1 ii4 #bgg ,b[ls1 alms1 ii4 #bhe ,b[ls1 br9jal1 ii4 #aea ,b[ls1 bulb1 i4 #aji1 #aaj1 #aad ,b[ls1 d\ble-bottom$1 ii4 #aae ,b[ls1 fi%1 ii4 #cf1 #ei1 #aag1 #bbi1 #bcd1 #bge1 #bha ,b[ls1 hookah1 ii4 #ig ,b[ls1 m$allion1 ii4 #bfd ,b[ls1 ,m+1 ii4 #ig ,b[ls1 n>ghili1 ii4 #gg1 #bgh ,b[ls1 ,pek+1 ii4 #bci1 #bdd1 #bfd ,b[ls1 ,polynesian khava1 i4 #abi ,b[ls1 8press-h&10 ii4 #ic ,b[ls1 rice1 ii4 #adh ,b[ls1 s\p1 ii4 #bfi ,b[ls1 swordgrass1 i4 #aaj ,b[ls1 tea1 ii4 #e1 #bgh ,b[ls1 w$d+1 ii4 #bfh ,boxes1 ii4 #ef1 #eg1 #fj1 #fh1 #he1 #afj1 #bdf1 #bfe1 #bge1 #bgf1 #bhh ,boy hold+ a bran*1 ii4 #eg ,boys1 ,hundr$1 ii4 #fb ,boys 9 bran*es1 design (1 i4 #he1 #aej ,bran*es1 ! ,twelve1 i4 #baj ,brets*neid]1 i4 #fb ,bricks1 i4 #bja1 #bjb1 #bje ,brighton ,museum1 i4 #aic ,br9jal b[ls1 ii4 #aea ,br9kley1 ,f41 i4 #ig1 #ajb1 #ajd1 #aca1 #afc1 #afh1 #aga1 #agd1 #age1 #agf1 #aij2 ii4 #aaa1 #aac1 #aad1 #aij ,bri/ol1 ii4 #ada1 #beh ,briti% ,museum1 passim ,brocade designs1 ii4 #ch1 #afe1 #afg1 #agj1 #bdc1 #bdd1 #cjc ,bronze =ms1 ii4 #bgb ,bronze patt]ns1 ii4 #bdj1 #bdc1 #bdg ,brooke1 ,lieut5ant1 i4 #aj ,br[n1 c(fee1 i4 #ajc 8,br[n m\? & iron foot10 i4 #fj1 #fa1 #ff1 #fh1 #gb1 #gh1 #hc2 ii4 #ahh1 #bag ,bru% pot1 ii4 #cb1 #fj ,bru% re/1 ii4 #ad1 #fj1 #gf1 #bge ,bru% wa%]s1 i4 #afe 8,bucc>o10 i4 #abj1 #agh1 #aha ,buddha1 ii4 #dj ,buddhism1 i4 #f1 #cf2 ii4 #bhd ,buddhi/ emblems1 eight1 ii4 #be1 #ch1 #db1 #bih ,bulb b[ls1 i4 #aji1 #aaj1 #aad ,burdett-,c\tts ,collection1 ii4 #afd ,burial cu/oms1 i4 #ad ,burl+ton ,f9e ,arts ,club ,exhibition1 catalogue (1 i4 #ajd1 #aad1 #acj1 #adi1 #aej1 #afg1 #aic1 #bji2 ii4 #f1 #bg1 #cc1 #fj1 #fh1 #gg1 #gh1 #he ,burl+ton ,magaz9e1 i4 #ab1 #cd1 #ej1 #fh1 #gb1 #gi1 #hh1 #ajb1 #ajf1 #abc1 #afc1 #afh1 #aga2 ii4 #ad1 #ag1 #bc1 #gj1 #gc1 #ge1 #hi1 #ij1 #aje1 #bji1 #bab1 #bac1 #bib ,burman1 ,a41 ii4 #dc1 #ade1 #afd ,burton1 ,w41 i4 #dg1 #di1 #ej1 #aed2 ii4 #abg ,burton & ,hobson1 ii4 #bdg ,bu%ell1 ,s4 ,w41 i4 xviii1 #a1 #ci1 #ej1 #ed1 #ee1 #fh1 #ajb1 #ajd1 #adj1 #adc1 #ade1 #aed1 #aei1 #afj1 #afb1 #afe1 #afh1 #bjf1 #bah2 ii4 #a1 #b1 #h1 #ah1 #ai1 #bb1 #bf1 #ce1 #ci1 #dj1 #db1 #dc1 #aba1 #agf1 #ahh1 #aij1 #aif1 #bab1 #bbc1 #bdb1 #bdh1 #bfg ,butt]flies1 ii4 #bff1 #bhi1 #bie ,butt]fly cages1 ii4 #afj ,cadogan ,teapot1 ii4 #bgh ,caffi]i1 ii4 #aid ,cairo1 i4 #hg ,calicut1 ii4 #bji ,c&le design1 ii4 #be1 #acc1 #bjc ,c&le/icks1 ii4 #bgb ,canton1 i4 #aff1 #ahd1 #ahh2 ii4 #bjb1 #bab1 #bea1 #bfj ,canton ,*n1 i4 #abg1 #agb ,canton enamels1 i4 #aff1 #afg2 ii4 #bji1 #baa1 #bdc ,canton m]*ants1 ii4 #adj ,canton1 porcela9 decorat$ at1 ii4 #baa1 #bef ,canton w>e1 i4 #afg1 #aga1 #agb1 #agi1 #aij1 #aic1 #aid1 #aih ,ca%1 ii4 #gf1 #bhh ,cassia tree1 ii4 #bia1 #bif ,ca/iglione1 i4 #bje ,catalogue ( ,bo/on ,exhibition1 i4 #ajd ,catalogue ( ,burl+ton ,f9e ,arts ,club ,exhibition1 ,see ,burl+ton ,f9e ,arts ,club4 ,catalogue ( ,loan ,exhibition1 ,new ,york1 i4 #aaj1 #abd ,catalogue ( ,morgan ,collection1 i4 #adj ,celadon1 i4 #cb1 #ci1 #df1 #ed1 #gf1 #gg1 #hj1 #ha1 #hd1 #he1 #hg1 #hh1 #aad2 ii4 #gg1 #adf1 #ahh1 #bff1 #bgj ,celadon1 br[ni%1 i4 #he ,celadon1 ,corean1 i4 #ea ,celadon1 inlaid1 i4 #hd ,celadon1 ,japanese1 i4 #he ,celadon1 ,m+1 i4 #ha ,celadon1 ,siamese1 i4 #hh ,celadon1 spott$1 i4 #hj ,celadon1 ,sung1 i4 #ha ,celadon w>es1 traffic 91 i4 #hh ,celadonfrage1 i4 #hf ,*'a ,*+1 i4 #cg1 #dj ,*a no yu1 i4 #aca ,*'a ,su1 i4 #ic ,*'a yeh mo1 ii4 #bcc ,*adwick1 arms (1 ii4 #bef ,*'ai w>e1 i4 #dj1 #da1 #db1 #dh1 #di1 #ej1 #eb1 #ed1 #abd ,*a9 patt]n bord]1 ii4 #beg ,*alfant1 ,f4 ,h41 i4 #d ,*ambrelans1 ii4 #bfj ,*ang1 pott]1 i4 #aje ,*ang bro!rs1 i4 #fg1 #gf ,*ang ,*'i51 i4 #f2 ii4 #ad1 #bia1 #bib ,*ang ,*iu-ko1 ii4 #bhi ,*'ang m+ fu kuei1 ii4 #ec ,*'ang nan *ih1 i4 #aef ,*ang-kuo ,lao1 ii4 #bhd ,*ang ,sng-yu1 ii4 #bib ,*ang wu *ih1 ii4 #id ,*ang yao1 i4 #gg ,*ang ,y+-wn1 i4 #da1 #fj ,*'ang-*\ ,*n1 i4 #bjb ,*'ang-nan1 i4 #de ,*ang-t ,fu1 i4 #aja1 #aje ,*antilly1 ii4 #agc ,*ao1 ii4 #ei ,*ao family1 i4 #ajg ,*ao ,ju-kua1 i4 #hf1 #ahh1 #ahi ,*ao-*'+ ,fu1 i4 #agb ,*'ao-*\ ,fu1 i4 #ahd ,*>act]s1 grass1 ii4 #cja ,*>act]s1 ,sanskrit1 ii4 #ff1 #bdj1 #bhf1 #cjb ,*>act]s1 seal1 i4 #bjh1 #bji2 ii4 #cja ,*>act]s1 ! ,hundr$ ,%\1 ii4 #fa ,*>les ,edw>d1 ,pr9ce1 ii4 #bee ,*>lotte1 ,que5 ( ,prussia1 ii4 #acc1 #aee ,*>lott5b]g ,palace1 ii4 #ij1 #acc1 #aee1 #aic ,*>t]is1 ,hon4 ,e41 ii4 #cc ,*avannes1 ,pr(4 ,e41 i4 #g1 #ag ,*elsea1 ii4 #aab1 #adj1 #agc1 #ahc1 #bea1 #bfj ,*'n ,*n1 i4 #age ,*'n ,*ung-mei1 i4 #age1 #agf ,*'n-l91 i4 #hb ,*n ,tsai1 ii4 #aaj ,*'n ,wn-*+1 ii4 #gh ,*ng ,*\1 i4 #dj ,*ng ,ho1 ii4 #ab ,*'ng ,hua m>k1 ii4 #aee1 #ahi1 #beb ,*'ng ,hua w>es1 ii4 #bb-bi1 #bjc1 #bjg1 #bbd1 #bbe ,*'ng ni1 i4 #fa ,*'ng t t'ang1 ii4 #bfe ,*'ng ,t w>es1 ii4 #bi-cc1 #bjg1 #bjh1 #bbd ,*ng ,t'ung1 ii4 #bg1 #bh ,*ng tz t'ung1 !1 i4 #ae ,*'ng-tu1 i4 #ac1 #aii ,*n-t+ ,fu1 i4 #ec1 #hi1 #id1 #aef1 #aii2 ii4 #ajg ,*ess1 ii4 #bgf1 #bhb ,*i ,*'+ 7d>k violet blue71 ii4 #ii1 #bah1 #bai1 #bbc1 #bgj ,*i ,*\ w>e1 i4 #ga1 #ih1 #aeg ,*i hung 7r$71 ii4 #i1 #aj1 #aa1 #bi1 #ei1 #gi1 #aja1 #aah1 #abc1 #ade1 #bbc1 #bfh ,*'i sung t'ang %ih hsiao lu1 i4 #cg ,*ia ,*+ w>es1 ii4 #aa1 #cd-ee1 #bjc1 #bbe ,*ia ,*'+ w>es1 ii4 #bfb1 #bfc ,*iang hsia pa *n1 ii4 #dj ,*'iang hsi t'ung *ih1 i4 #ec1 #fj1 #aah1 #ada1 #aec1 #aed1 #aei1 #aha2 ii4 #bbc1 #bbh1 #bcg1 #bfg ,*iang1 ,memoirs (1 i4 #ib1 #aee1 #aef1 #aeh1 #aei1 #afj1 #afa1 #afb1 #afc1 #afd2 ii4 #bj ,*iang-t'ai1 ii4 #ada ,*iang t'ang1 ii4 #cd ,*icago1 i4 #adf ,*ick5 cups1 ii4 xvii1 #bc1 #bd1 #bf ,*'i5 family1 i4 #ch ,*'i5 k'un *'+ t'ai1 ii4 #ef ,*'i5 ,lung1 i4 #ca2 ii4 #cc1 #bbg-bdi ,*'i5 ,lung1 ,imp]ial poems (1 ii4 #bbg1 #cja ,*'i5 ,lung mono*romes1 ii4 #baf ,*'i5 ,niu1 ii4 #bia ,*i5 yao1 i4 #h1 #ca1 #ic1 #id1 #ajc1 #acj-ace2 ii4 #aji ,*i5-an1 i4 #acj1 #aca ,*i5-n+ ,fu1 i4 #acj1 #acb1 #acc2 ii4 #bia ,*i5-yang1 i4 #acj1 #afd2 ii4 #aji ,*ih lung1 ii4 #aeg1 #bib ,*'i-hsia-lei-k'ao1 i4 #fg ,*ih-t'i51 i4 #acf ,*ildr5 play+ ) bran*es ( fl[]s design1 ii4 #ef ,*ildr5 7wa wa71 ii4 #dj1 #bha ,*'i-l91 ii4 #fg1 #bic ,*'i-l9 recl9+ be=e f\nta91 ii4 #fg ,*9 dyna/y1 i4 #af ,*9 huang 7gold5 yell[71 ii4 #cg ,*9 l1 ii4 #cd ,*'9 t+ ku *9 t'u %u *i *'ng1 i4 #abg1 #ahg ,*'9 y+ wn1 i4 #aac ,*9ese & ,japanese porcela91 ! di/9ction betwe51 ii4 #agd ,*9ese ,comm]cial ,guide1 i4 #ahd1 #ahg ,*9ese porcela9 decorat$ 9 ,europe1 ii4 #bei ,*'+1 i4 #af1 #da1 #df1 #eb1 #fj ,*'+ pi tsa *ih1 i4 #ch ,*'+ pi ts'ang1 i4 #da1 #ec1 #ed1 #fj1 #gg1 #gi1 #ib1 #ic1 #aji2 ii4 #i1 #aa1 #ac ,*'+ po tsa *ih1 i4 #eb1 #if1 #ig1 #aeg ,*+ ,t'ai1 ii4 #bg ,*'+ ti51 ii4 #adb1 #bja ,*'+ ts'ung1 i4 #fb ,*'+ tz'1 i4 #df ,*'+ w>e1 i4 #gf ,*'+ wei t'ang1 ii4 #bdg ,*'+ yi lu1 i4 #aca ,*+-t ,*n1 i4 xv1 #dj1 #de1 #ga1 #hc1 #hd1 #hi1 #ib1 #id1 #ie1 #if1 #ii1 #aji1 #aai1 #abj1 #adg1 #aeb1 #afb2 ii4 #a1 #ab1 #bab1 #bbh ,*+-t ,*n t'ao lu1 passim ,*'+-yn1 ii4 #ajh ,*9i-hane1 ii4 #fi ,*9-%ih1 i4 #afg ,*9-ts'un1 i4 #gf1 #hj ,*ipp$ edges ( plates1 ii4 #adj ,*iu1 w9e1 ii4 #cd ,*o kng lu1 i4 #ee1 #fj1 #fa1 #ff1 #aji1 #acd ,*\ dyna/y1 i4 #c1 #dd2 ii4 #da ,*\1 ,hui1 i4 #aeg ,*\ kao-*'i1 i4 #agd ,*\ ,mao-%u1 ii4 #be1 #bif ,*\ ,tan-*'an1 i4 #id1 #ie1 #if2 ii4 #fe ,*\ ,ts'ang1 ii4 #bhd ,*rome t91 ii4 #agg ,*rysan!mum plant1 ii4 #be1 #bif ,*'an-*\ ,fu1 i4 #hf1 #ahh2 ii4 #ajh ,* *ai tsa *i1 i4 #ih ,*' ,*ih-kao1 i4 #bja ,*u fan *ih1 i4 #hf ,*u ,hsi1 i4 #bj ,*u ,mai-*n1 ii4 #bhb ,*u m+ yao1 ii4 #cje ,* pao %an1 i4 #bjb ,*u %ih *1 ii4 #afg ,*' yao1 i4 #gf1 #hj ,*'-,*\ ,fu1 i4 #gf1 #gg1 #hj1 #hc1 #bja ,*'ui *'+1 ii4 #ahj1 #aha ,*'ui hung1 ii4 #abe ,*n *\1 i4 #agi1 #aih ,*'un fng t'ang sui pi1 i4 #gg ,*n glaze ( ! muffle kiln1 i1 #abj1 #agg2 ii4 #bag ,*n-t'ai1 i4 #aji ,*n w>es1 i4 #da1 #db1 #dh1 #fb1 #aji-acj1 #aeg1 #afg1 #agi1 #aha2 ii4 #ah1 #ai1 #id1 #bbj1 #bbi ,*'ung ,*n1 ii4 #hf ,*ung-ho-t'ang1 ii4 #ade ,*ur*1 ,sir ,a41 i4 #afg ,*'-yang ,hsi51 i4 #aii ,cicada1 ii4 #gc1 #bie ,cic]one1 i4 #hg ,citron di%es1 ii4 #h ,civil & milit>y vases1 ii4 #bha ,clair de lune1 i4 #fj2 ii4 #agi1 #bai1 #beb ,clays1 f]rug9\s1 i4 #hj 8,clobb]$ *9a10 ii4 #bfa ,cl5nell1 ,w4 ,j41 i4 #aee1 #aef ,cloisonn blue1 ii4 #bai1 #bbj ,cloisonn enamels1 i4 #afg2 ii4 #ag1 #hb1 #bji1 #bcb1 #bdc ,cl\d & ?und] patt]n1 ii4 #bgb1 #bij1 #cjb ,cl\d patt]n1 ii4 #cjb 8,cl\d scroll10 i4 #aac2 ii4 #db ,club %ap$1 ii4 #bgd ,cobalt1 ii4 #ab1 #ih ,co*9 ,*9a1 i4 #add ,cock1 ii4 #bid ,cole1 ,fay-,coop]1 i4 #hg1 #ahi ,col\r+ ag5ts1 i4 #di ,col\rs1 famille v]te1 ii4 #afc ,col\rs1 =eign1 ii4 #bba1 #bbe1 #bbi1 #bcb1 #bdb1 #bdc ,col\rs iridesc5t1 ii4 #bda1 #bfd ,col\rs1 mix$1 ii4 #bfd1 #bga ,comb$ patt]ns1 i4 #he1 #aej ,confucius1 i4 #g1 #ah1 #gi2 ii4 #dj1 #dc1 #bhc ,con/ant9ople1 i4 #hg ,convex c5tre1 b[ls )1 ii4 #ea ,cope ,beque/1 ii4 #adi ,copp] oxide1 i4 #aah1 #acg2 ii4 #aj1 #agg1 #bcb ,copp] r$1 ii4 #f1 #aa1 #ee ,coral r$1 ii1 #f1 #dh1 #ea ,corea1 i4 #ci1 #acd1 #adh1 #aej1 #aea ,corean design1 i4 #cd1 #ajg2 ii4 #ef ,corean w>es1 i4 #ci1 #db1 #ed1 #ei1 #hd1 #he1 #ajb1 #ajg1 #adi1 #aej1 #aea2 ii4 #aae ,cornal9e1 i4 #ec2 ii4 #abc ,cornelian1 ii4 #aj ,cornfl[] sprigs1 ii4 #beh ,corpse pill[s1 i4 #aje ,cotton cultivation1 ii4 #afd ,c\leurs de demi gr& feu1 ii4 #ah1 #bj ,c\leurs de gr& feu1 ii4 #ih ,c\leurs de petit feu1 ii4 #bj 8,crab's claw0 crackle i4 #ec1 #fj1 #fg1 #if ,crab-%ell gre51 i4 #aag ,crack$ specim5s1 ii4 #bcc ,crackle1 i4 #fg1 #fh1 #ii1 #aga2 ii4 #i1 #cg1 #ii1 #aba1 #adb1 #ahj1 #ahi1 #aig1 #aih1 #aii1 #bah ,crackle1 apple gre51 ii4 #aba1 #abe1 #ahg ,crackle1 buff1 ii4 #ade ,crackle1 fi% roe1 i4 #ec1 #fg ,crackle1 gre51 ii4 #agj ,crackle1 millet1 ii4 #aig ,crackle1 oatmeal1 ii4 #aii ,crackle1 plum blossom1 i4 #fa2 ii4 #bdd ,crane1 ii4 #bhh 8,crane cups10 i4 #ag ,cranes1 six1 ii4 #fa ,cricket pots1 fight+1 i1 #ahh2 ii4 #ba1 #afj1 #bge ,crickets1 fight+1 ii4 #bie ,crucifixion1 ii4 #beb ,crusad] plate1 ii4 #aac ,crut*1 ii4 #bhg ,cumb]bat* ,collection1 ii4 #di ,cups float+ on riv]1 ii4 #afh1 #bha ,cups1 ,keys]1 ii4 #beb ,cups1 libation1 ii4 #bgh ,cycles1 table (1 i4 #baa ,cyclical dates1 i4 #baj1 #bac2 ii4 #bac1 #bcj1 #bdj1 #bfh ,cyclical dates1 table (1 i4 #bab ,dana ,collection1 i4 #aa ,date m>ks1 i4 #baj ,date m>ks prohibit$1 i4 #bjh ,dat$ porcela91 ii4 #bac1 #beg1 #bfc ,de]1 ii4 #bhf1 #bid ,de]1 ! ,hundr$1 ii4 #fa1 #bdc de ,groot1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,j4 ,m41 i4 #ag1 #ah1 #ai1 #bj1 #ba1 #aje2 ii4 #be1 #aaj ,delft1 i4 #agh2 ii4 #aci1 #bea1 #beb ,demons1 ii4 #bij ,d5kml] ,p]sis*] ,baukun/1 ii4 #fi ,d]by1 i4 #aad2 ii4 #bea1 #beh ,de%ima1 ii4 #agc ,dh>matrata1 ii4 #bhe ,dillon1 ,e41 ii4 #bf1 #ea ,d9n] table sets1 ii4 #cf1 #bfg ,di%es1 ii4 #bgh ,div9+ rod vases1 ii4 #bgd ,dodd]1 i4 #aac ,dog1 ii4 #bia 8,dog ( ,fo10 ii4 #ci1 #adi1 #afj1 #bic ,d\ble g\rd %ape1 ii4 #id ,d\ble r+ "u base1 ii4 #fi ,d\r-er-,raibi1 i4 #hg ,dragon1 ii4 #e1 #cb1 #cc1 #ci1 #add1 #bib ,dragon & phnix design1 ii4 #h1 #cj1 #cg1 #ci1 #fg1 #ha ,dragon & sea waves1 ii4 #cg ,dragon1 azure1 i4 #bj2 ii4 #bia ,dragon boat design1 ii4 #be ,dragon horse1 ii4 #da1 #bij ,dragon m$allions1 ii4 #ch1 #ci ,dragon ( ! ,ea/1 i4 #ef ,dragon procession1 ii4 #bha ,dragon ris+ f waves1 ii4 #agj ,dreams1 ii4 #bhc ,dresd5 collection1 i4 #agh2 ii4 #dh1 #ea1 #hj1 #aab1 #acc1 #acd1 #adg1 #adh1 #aea1 #aee1 #afd1 #afg1 #agi1 #bae1 #bdc2 m>k (1 ii4 #bac ,druck]1 ,j4 ,c4 ,j41 ii4 #aci1 #agj ,drums1 pott]y1 i4 #acg ,ducks on wat] design1 i4 #ij ,duesbury1 ii4 #bfj ,dukes1 ,e4 ,j41 ii4 #aad1 #aae ,dut*1 ii4 #hi1 #aaa1 #aia ,dut* ,ea/ ,india ,company1 ii4 #hi1 #abh1 #bac ,dut* enamell]s1 ii4 #bei ,dut* pictures1 ii4 #gc1 #hi ,dwight1 i4 #cg1 #agh2 ii4 #aab ,dyaks1 i4 #ahi1 #aic2 ii4 #bbc ,eagle1 h]aldic1 ii4 #aci ,eagle on a rock1 ii4 #gc ,e>?1 symbol (1 ii4 #da 8,e>?worm m>ks10 i4 #aac1 #aag ,ea/ ,india ,company1 ,briti%1 ii4 #acc1 #aee ,ea/ ,indies1 ii4 #gj ,ea/1 symbol (1 ii4 #da ,edw>ds1 ,mr41 i4 #adh 8,eel's blood10 i4 #fa 8,egg & tongue0 patt]n1 i4 #ce ,egg gre51 i4 #fa 8,egg %ell0 porcela91 ii4 #d1 #bj1 #fd1 #afh1 #afi1 #aie1 #bjb1 #bjg1 #baj1 #bbd1 #bdc1 #bdh 8,egg :ite10 i4 #ec1 #ed1 #fa1 #ga ,egypt1 i4 #b1 #hf1 #hh2 ii4 #cj1 #dd ,egyptian tombs1 i4 #adj 8,eight ,ambassadors ( ! ,tribes ( ,man10 ii4 #bfb1 #bhc ,eight ,emblems ( ,happy ,augury1 ii4 #big ,eight ,immortals1 attributes (1 ii4 #big ,eight ,immortals ( ! ,w9e ,cup1 ii4 #bhb ,eight ,musical ,in/rum5ts1 ii4 #big ,eight ,preci\s ,objects1 ii4 #big1 #bih ,ei raku1 ii4 #f ,elephants1 ii4 #fa1 #bdb1 #bfi1 #bhf ,elephant *eck]s1 ii4 #bhb ,el]s1 i4 #agh ,elixir ( life1 ii4 #bhf1 #bhi ,emaill sur biscuit1 ii4 #aeb ,emblematic motives1 ii4 #da1 #fb ,emboss$ ornam5t1 ii4 #cg1 #ajb1 #bbd ,embroid]y ornam5ts1 twelve1 ii4 #big ,empress ,d[ag]1 ii4 #bga ,enamel1 apple gre51 ii4 #ajc ,enamel1 famille rose1 ii4 #baj ,enamel glaze1 ii4 #ba ,enamel on biscuit1 ii4 #ba1 #gi1 #hj1 #aeb1 #aec1 #afj ,enamel1 :ite1 ii4 #afc1 #bde ,enamell$ ornam5t1 i4 #afa1 #afb1 #afc ,enamell+ e/abli%m5ts1 ii4 #bfj ,enamels1 ,canton1 i4 #aff ,enamels1 mix$1 ii4 #bdb ,enamels on glaze1 ii4 #ah1 #dh1 #afj1 #afa1 #agj ,enamels1 transition1 ii4 #afi1 #beg ,engrav$ backgr\nd1 ii4 #bdd ,engrav$ designs1 i4 #ajf2 ii4 #ajb1 #bbd d',entrecolles' lett]s1 ,pre1 i4 #hc1 #hd1 #adg1 #aed2 ii4 #gg1 #aab1 #aad1 #abb1 #abd1 #abf1 #abg1 #abi1 #acj1 #adj1 #ada1 #adc1 #adh1 #aea1 #afa1 #afb1 #afc1 #ahb1 #ahc1 #ahh1 #ahi1 #aib1 #aic1 #aie1 #aif1 #aih1 #bah1 #beb1 #bgf ,ephesus1 i4 #hg ,epicurus1 ii4 #bhf ,erh %ih lu1 i4 #ach ,et*$ design1 ii4 #ahc1 #aie ,eumorfop\los ,collection1 i4 #bi1 #ca1 #cd1 #ce1 #db1 #eg1 #ei1 #fc1 #fi1 #gc1 #ajg1 #aaa1 #aad1 #aae1 #aca1 #adi1 #aga1 #agi1 #aia1 #aig1 #bjc1 #bah2 ii4 #bg1 #ca1 #eb1 #gh1 #gi1 #he1 #aae1 #aci1 #bjd1 #bai1 #bbg1 #bgh ,european influ5ce1 i4 #bje2 ii4 #ij1 #ace1 #bji1 #bej-bfa ,european m]*ants1 ii4 #aci ,european %apes1 ii4 #ih1 #abh1 #bea ,european subjects1 ii4 #bdd1 #bde1 #bee1 #beg ,ew]s1 i4 #afe ,excavations 9 ,honan1 i4 #acb ,exports =bidd51 i4 #hh1 #ahi ,export w>es1 ii4 #dd1 #fh1 #gj1 #gc1 #gh1 #ha1 #he1 #ajh1 #abh1 #afg1 #bjb1 #bde1 #beh1 #bff1 #bga1 #bhj ,fa *'+1 ii4 #bai1 #bbd1 #bca ,fa lan1 ii4 #bca ,fa lang1 ii4 #bji1 #bbi1 #bca ,factories at ,pek+1 ii4 #abf ,fairies1 ii4 #bhf ,falkn]1 ,frank1 ii4 #bei ,famille noire1 ii4 #aja1 #aei ,famille rose1 i4 #agg2 ii4 #afc1 #afi1 #aia1 #bjb1 #bjc1 #bjg1 #bjh1 #bji1 #baj1 #bac1 #bad1 #bba1 #bdb1 #bdg ,famille v]te1 ii4 #he1 #aba1 #abe1 #acf1 #acg1 #afj1 #afa1 #afb1 #afc1 #afg1 #afh1 #agc1 #ahc1 #aic1 #bjg1 #bef ,famille v]te1 dat$ examples (1 ii4 #afh ,famille v]te enamels1 ov] blue outl9es1 ii4 #bjg ,fan1 ii4 #bhh ,fan ,*+-ta1 i4 #acf ,fan hung1 ii4 #aj1 #cd1 #ce1 #cg1 #dh1 #eb1 #ee1 #aja ,fan tz'1 ii4 #aif ,fat-%an ,*n1 i4 #abc1 #aga1 #agb1 #agi ,feet1 cramp+ (1 i4 #bd ,fei ts'ui1 i4 #ch2 ii4 #bcg ,fei-kuan1 i4 #ajg ,fn *'+1 i4 #ec1 #ed1 #ei1 #fj1 #fg1 #ga1 #ii ,fn hung1 i4 #fj1 #fe ,fn t+1 i4 #ij2 ii4 #bah ,fng-kan1 i4 #ef ,fng-huang1 ii4 #bic ,field ,museum1 ,*icago1 i4 #abh1 #ahb1 #ahi1 #aid1 #aih1 #aii1 #bjj ,figures1 i4 #ajg1 #ajh1 #aig1 #bja2 ii4 #aaj1 #aea1 #aeb1 #aig1 #bea1 #bgi1 #bhc ,figures 9 ,european co/umes1 ii4 #aaa1 #bea ,figures 9 high relief1 ii4 #ajb ,firefly decoration1 ii4 #bdg ,fi% b[ls1 ii4 #cf1 #ei1 #aag1 #bbi1 #bcd1 #bge1 #bha ,fi%1 d\ble1 ii4 #bid ,fi% roe crackle1 i4 #ec1 #fg ,fi% roe design1 ii4 #afg ,fi%-dragon1 ii4 #bhd ,fi%es1 i4 #gh2 ii4 #g1 #i1 #aa1 #dj1 #bjd1 #bbd ,fitz,william ,museum1 i4 #abe1 #abg ,five bless+s1 ii4 #cjj ,five col\rs1 ii4 #ai1 #bj ,flor5t9e porcela91 ii4 #dd ,fl[] ,fairy1 ii4 #bhi ,fl[] pots1 i4 #aji1 #aaj1 #aac1 #aad1 #aig2 ii4 #ai1 #bge ,fl[] vases1 ii4 #bgc1 #bge ,fl[]s1 ii4 #bie ,fl[]s1 basket (1 ii4 #fg ,fl[]s1 cele/ial1 ii4 #ch ,fl[]s1 fairy1 ii4 #bie ,fl[]s = ! mon?s1 ii4 #bie ,fl[]s1 ! ,hundr$1 ii4 #bdc ,flute1 ii4 #bhg1 #bhh 8,fly+ gallop10 i4 #ab ,fly-:isk1 ii4 #bhg ,fo lang1 ii4 #bji1 #bca ,fo t'ou *'+1 ii4 #cj1 #ih ,foot1 f9i%+ (f !1 ii4 #ib1 #bjb1 #bdi ,foot rim1 groov$1 ii4 #bf1 #ib1 #abi ,=g]ies1 ii4 #cjd-cjg ,=ms1 ii4 #fj1 #bgb-bgi ,f\-liang1 i4 #adj1 #aeb ,f\-liang1 ,annals (1 i4 #ada1 #aec1 #aee2 ii4 #ce1 #bbh1 #bca ,franks ,collection1 i4 xxiii2 ii4 #d1 #e1 #ad1 #ag1 #ba1 #bf1 #bg1 #aba ,franks1 ,sir ,wolla/on1 ii4 #bab ,fre] ,collection1 i4 #cc1 #ga1 #aad1 #abi ,fr5*1 ,a4 ,b41 ii4 #bab 8,fre% r$10 ii4 #ce1 #cf1 #abc ,fretwork1 incis$1 ii4 #gf ,fri5ds1 ?ree1 ii4 #bfi1 #bhi1 #bif ,frog w>es1 ii4 #ff ,frog's spawn1 ii4 #afg ,fruits1 ?ree1 ii4 #aa1 #bjd1 #bbd1 #bif ,fu 7happ9ess71 ii4 #aa ,fu ,*\1 i4 #af ,fu fan *ih ts'ao1 ii4 #ajh ,fu ,hsi1 ii4 #da1 #bij ,fu ju tung hai1 ii4 #fb ,fu kuei fl[]1 ii4 #bid ,fu lang1 ii4 #bca ,fu1 ,lu1 ,%\1 ii4 #fb ,fu s1 ii4 #bd1 #bf ,fu %\ k'ang n+1 ii4 #dc1 #ge ,fu-hs+1 ii4 #bhg ,fuki5 porcela91 i4 #h2 ii4 #gh1 #ajh1 #aaj1 #bea1 #bei ,fulham1 i4 #agh 8,fun]al vases10 i4 #ef1 #adg ,fungus design1 ii4 #aa1 #ie1 #bjd1 #bbd ,furnace transmutations1 i4 #acg1 #aef1 #age2 ii4 #ah1 #aib1 #bah1 #bcb ,g 7m>k71 ii4 #acf1 #acg1 #afg ,gama ,s5n91 ii4 #bhh ,g&h>a1 i4 #ag ,g>lic-%ap$ vases1 ii4 #bgc ,gems1 sev51 ii4 #bih ,g5]al1 ! *ess-play+1 i4 #gi ,g5ghis ,khan1 i4 #aei ,g5ii ( ,mir? & ,h>mony1 ,tw91 ii4 #aei1 #bhh ,gild+1 i4 #afc1 #agg2 ii4 #cg1 #ajb1 #afb1 #afd1 #agc1 #ahc1 #bae1 #bbf1 #bca1 #bdf ,giles1 ,h4 ,a41 i4 #bd ,g+] j>1 i4 #ahb2 ii4 #acd ,glass1 i4 #bjj2 ii4 #bae ,glass1 ,bri/ol1 ii4 #bae ,glass1 mille fiori1 ii4 #bcd ,glaze1 bird's egg1 i4 #agg2 ii4 #bag1 #bcc ,glaze1 black1 i4 #aa1 #ca1 #db1 #ic1 #ajc1 #ajf1 #aca2 ii4 #aib ,glaze1 *ocolate br[n1 i4 #ca ,glaze1 cry/all9e1 i4 #aga1 #agh ,glaze1 donkey's liv] & horse's lung1 i4 #aai ,glaze1 dragon sk91 i4 #aaj1 #aac ,glaze1 fir/ use (1 i4 #h ,glaze1 flamb1 i4 #ej1 #aah1 #aai1 #afh1 #bje2 ii4 #he1 #abd1 #aic1 #bah1 #bcb1 #bcc1 #bce ,glaze1 ,han1 i4 #aj ,glaze1 h>e's fur1 i4 #ic ,glaze1 iron ru/1 ii4 #bcc ,glaze1 lav5d]1 i4 #dh1 #fc1 #aji1 #afh ,glaze1 lav5d] grey1 i4 #di ,glaze1 lemon yell[1 ii4 #bfd ,glaze1 leop>d sk91 ii4 #aib ,glaze1 liv]1 ii4 #bch ,glaze1 m>oon r$1 ii4 #agh1 #agi1 #bch ,glaze1 ,m+1 ii4 #ic ,glaze1 moon :ite1 ii4 #bbd ,glaze1 oil gre51 ii4 #bbd ,glaze1 old turquoise1 i4 #dh ,glaze1 opalesc5t1 i4 #ej1 #ea1 #fb1 #aaj1 #aah ,glaze1 pea* bloom1 ii4 #ii1 #adf1 #agf1 #agg1 #agh1 #agi ,glaze1 pea gre51 ii4 #cg1 #ii ,glaze1 prep>+ !1 ii4 #bdh ,glaze1 r$1 i4 #aag2 ii4 #aj1 #aa1 #fd1 #gi ,glaze1 r$ ,*n1 i4 #aag ,glaze1 rob9's egg1 i4 #abj2 ii4 #bag ,glaze1 %rivell$1 i4 #aaj2 ii4 #ca1 #bde ,glaze1 sun-/one1 i4 #bjj ,glaze1 ,t'ang1 i4 #bd1 #ca ,glaze1 turquoise1 i4 #dh1 #ajc2 ii4 #ah1 #ii1 #abg1 #ahd1 #ahe1 #bbd ,glaze1 v>ieties ( black1 ii4 #bbi ,glaze1 yell[1 ii4 #bh1 #abf ,glaze4 ,see also ,black1 ,blue1 ,r$1 ,yell[1 ,gre51 etc4 ,also ,clair de lune1 ,sang de buf1 ,crackle1 ,h>e's fur1 ,k+fi%]'s fea!rs1 ,tea du/1 ,iron ru/4 ,glazes1 ,*n1 i4 #aad1 #aah1 #abj ,glaz+1 me?ods (1 ii4 #ib1 #bdi ,glaz+ mixture1 ii4 #afc ,gods ( longevity1 rank1 & happ9ess1 ii4 #aei ,g(f ,collection1 i4 #aic ,gold5 br[n1 ii4 #fe ,gombroon w>e1 i4 #adh2 ii4 #agc ,go?a ,museum1 i4 #ga1 #gi ,g\rd %ape1 ii4 #id1 #bgc1 #bhg ,g\?ire1 ii4 #aid ,graceful ladies1 ii4 #dj1 #acf ,grco-,buddhi/ influ5ce1 i4 #cd ,grco-,roman influ5ce1 i4 #ce ,graffiato1 i4 #ajf1 #ajg1 #ace 8,gra9s ( millet10 ii4 #ac ,gra9 patt]n1 i4 #dd ,gr&idi] ,collection1 ,l\vre1 i4 xxiii1 #ahe1 #aie2 ii4 #ge1 #afc1 #afh ,grape v9e cup1 ii4 #bd ,grass *>act]s1 ii4 #cja ,gras%opp]s1 ii4 #bd ,graviata1 ii4 #bci ,great ,be>1 ii4 #bhd ,great ,wall ( ,*9a1 i4 #bjb ,gre51 ii4 #bch ,gre51 apple1 ii4 #agg1 #ahh ,gre51 cucumb] t9t1 ii4 #aeg1 #bch ,gre51 eau de nil t9t1 ii4 #bch ,gre51 em]ald1 ii4 #cg1 #ea1 #eb1 #bga 8,gre5 ( a ?\s& hills10 i4 #hb ,gre51 opaque blui%1 ii4 #bdd ,gre51 snake sk91 ii4 #abg1 #ahg1 #bbc1 #bch ,grneveldt1 ,w4 ,p41 ii4 #ab ,grotto pieces1 i4 #aig2 ii4 #aea ,grnw$el ,exp$ition1 i4 #af1 #bc ,gull&1 ,w41 ii4 #bi ,gypsum1 ii4 #gg1 #aif ,ha>lem1 ii4 #acf ,ha9h(]1 ,philipp1 ii4 #dh1 #gc ,hai %\1 ii4 #fa1 #bic ,hakugorai1 i4 #aea ,hall m>ks1 i4 #bag2 ii4 #bfe ,halsey1 ,mrs41 ii4 #ac1 #dg1 #gh ,hamburg ,museum1 ii4 #ij ,han dyna/y1 !1 i4 #e-bb ,han glaze1 i4 #aj ,han hs+1 i4 #ig ,h&les1 i4 #afe2 ii4 #bgg ,hang ,*\1 i4 #dc1 #de1 #fj1 #fg1 #gb ,hang ,*\ ,kuan w>e1 i4 #fa1 #acd ,han ,kan1 i4 #be ,han ,l9 ,college1 i4 #bah ,han-tan1 i4 #adg ,hao ,%ih-*iu1 ii4 #fd1 #agh1 #bai 8,happy meet+10 ii4 #bhb ,h>e m>k1 ii4 #fg1 #hb ,h>e1 !1 ii4 #bhf1 #bhi1 #bia 8,h>e's fur0 glaze1 i4 #ic1 #id1 #aac1 #aca1 #acc1 #afd2 ii4 #ajh ,hriti1 ii4 #aaa ,hat /&1 ii4 #ca1 #ig1 #bgg ,haw?orn design1 ii4 #acd ,heav51 symbol (1 ii4 #da ,heav51 ,temple (1 i4 #bje2 ii4 #aie1 #bch ,hei * %ih1 ii4 #ih ,hng fng1 i4 #bja ,h]5d1 ii4 #cjf ,h]oes ( ,han dyna/y1 ! ?ree1 ii4 #bha 8,hill c5s]10 i4 #ab 8,hill j>10 i4 #ab ,hippisley1 ,a4 ,e41 ii4 #fd1 #abb1 #baf1 #bij1 #bib1 #cjj ,hippisley ,collection1 ii4 #ii1 #bjg1 #bae1 #bdf1 #bfe ,hirado1 ii4 #ad1 #be1 #gf1 #adg ,hir? & ,rockhill1 i4 #hf1 #hh1 #ahh ,hir? ,collection1 i4 #ga ,hir?1 ,pr(41 i4 #e1 #fg1 #ha1 #hf1 #hi1 #adc1 #ade1 #adf1 #ahh2 ii4 #cj ,ho 7col\r71 i4 #dj ,ho ,*\1 i4 #cb1 #id1 #ig ,ho ,*'ou1 i4 #ag1 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,hsi5 hung1 ii4 #c1 #f1 #aj1 #aa1 #cd1 #cg1 #eb1 #ee1 #ei1 #ii1 #abc1 #bbc ,hs9 ,*\ ye>1 ii4 #bac ,hs9-p'+1 i4 #ada1 #aeb1 #aef ,hs9 t+1 i4 #id ,hs+ ,*\1 i4 #cg1 #adg ,hsiu hua1 i4 #ia1 #aja1 #afa ,hsiu nei ss1 i4 #ei1 #fj1 #fa ,hs ,*'ih1 ii4 #ce1 #ee ,hs ,*+1 i4 #ci1 #ed1 #aea ,hs ,*\1 i4 #ajg1 #ajh1 #aff ,hs hua t'ang1 ii4 #bfe ,hs ,%ui ,hu1 ii4 #bha ,hs ,tz'-%u1 i4 #ic ,hs w>es1 i4 #ff ,hs ,yu-*'an1 i4 #age ,hsan ,*\1 i4 #bja ,hsan ho po ku t'u lu1 i4 #dd ,hsan ,t1 ii4 #f1 #g-ba1 #bb1 #bd1 #cb1 #bjd1 #bdf ,hsan ,t'ung1 ii4 #bga ,hs-*n1 ii4 #ce ,hsn-w>es1 i4 #ff1 #acd ,hu kung1 ii4 #fd ,hu y9 tao jn1 ii4 #fd1 #fe ,hua 7ornam5t71 i4 #ia2 ii4 #dc1 #acj ,hua hua 7c>v$ ornam5t71 i4 #ia1 #ajf ,hua %ih 7/eatite71 i4 #ii2 ii4 #ada1 #aif1 #aih1 #bja ,huai-*'+ ,fu1 i4 #bja ,huang ,an1 ii4 #bhh ,huang ,ti1 i4 #a ,huang-*ih1 i4 #adc ,huang-ss1 i4 #bje ,hua-t+ ,*\1 ii4 #ajg ,hui hui *'+1 ii4 #ab1 #ih ,hui hui hua1 ii4 #ca ,hui hui wn1 ii4 #ca ,hui hu ta *'+1 ii4 #ac ,hui s 7a% col\r71 i4 #fa1 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ii4 #aaa ,kiln supports1 tubul>1 i4 #he ,kilns1 ,*9ese1 ii4 #ajj ,kilwa1 i4 #hg 8,k+fi%]'s fea!rs10 i4 #hb ,k9r&e1 ii4 #f ,k9sai1 i4 #bb ,k9-%an1 ,temple (1 i4 #bje2 ii4 #bia ,k9uta seiji1 i4 #eg ,kirk1 ,sir ,john1 i4 #hg1 #hh ,ki%iu1 i4 #aig ,ko ,m+-hsiang1 i4 #afh1 #aga ,ko w>e1 i4 #de1 #dh1 #di1 #fe1 #fg-gb1 #gc1 #gf1 #gg1 #ih1 #ii1 #acd1 #aha2 ii4 #fe1 #aii1 #bbj ,ko ,yan-hsiang1 i4 #afh ,ko*i yaki1 i4 #aij ,koranic inscriptions1 ii4 #bee ,ku *9 t'u %u *i *'ng1 ii4 #ajg ,ku *'u1 i4 #ib ,ku ,liu1 i4 #fh ,ku ,y+-t'ai1 i4 #dj ,ku y t'u p'u1 i4 #dd ,kua ,*\1 i4 #bjb ,kuan ,*ung1 i4 #af ,kuan ku1 i4 #ed ,kuan ,p'+1 ii4 #bhd ,kuan ,ti1 ii4 #aei1 #bhd ,kuan w>es1 i4 #de1 #dh1 #di1 #ea1 #ei-fg1 #gb1 #gg1 #hb1 #abd1 #acd1 #aha2 ii4 #i1 #fe1 #bbc ,kuan ,y1 i4 #bjc2 ii4 #aaj1 #bhc ,kuang ,hsi1 ii4 #bga ,kuang ,wu1 i4 #ah ,kuang yao1 i4 #aff1 #agb2 ii4 #bbd ,kuangtung1 i4 #abc2 ii4 #gh ,kuangtung w>es1 i4 #aff-agc2 ii4 #bag1 #bbd ,kuan-tz1 !1 i4 #c ,kuan-y91 i4 #agf2 ii4 #ah1 #bi1 #aaj1 #aaa1 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,m>ks ( comm5dation1 i4 #ahg1 #bbd1 #bbf2 ii4 #f1 #acf ,m>ks ( d$ication1 i4 #bbd ,m>ks ( felicitation1 i4 #bbd1 #bbe ,m>ks ( pa9t]s1 ii4 #bab ,m>ks1 palace1 ii4 #bfd ,m>ks1 palace hall1 i4 #bbj ,m>ks1 pott]s'1 i4 #bba-bbb ,m>ks1 prohibit$ date1 i4 #bjh ,m>ks1 %op1 i4 #bbj2 ii4 #hi1 #aac1 #aeb ,m>taban1 i4 #gg1 #hh ,m>tabani1 i4 #gg ,m>t91 ,dr41 i4 #cd ,massagetae1 i4 #add 8,mat m>k+10 i4 #c ,maz>91 ,c>d9al1 ii4 #ahc 8,maz>9e blue10 ii4 #ahc ,measures1 ,*9ese1 ii4 #bcd ,m$allion b[ls1 ii4 #bfd ,m$ici porcela91 ii4 #dd ,mei hua 7prunus71 ii4 #aec ,mei jn1 ii4 #acf1 #bhb ,mei p'+1 ii4 #gi1 #id1 #ie1 #bgd ,meiss51 i4 xvi2 ii4 #aab1 #agc1 #bea1 #beh1 #bfa ,melon-%ap$ vases1 i4 #cb1 #ig2 ii4 #dg1 #id ,metal b& on m\?1 i4 #ij ,metallic specks1 i4 #bjj ,metropolitan ,museum1 ,new ,york1 i4 xxiii2 ii4 #bea ,mey]1 ,a4 ,b41 i4 #hf1 #hg1 #aic ,mi s 7millet col\r71 i4 #fh1 #ga1 #ii2 ii4 #bh1 #aij1 #aii1 #bbj1 #bbc1 #bbd1 #bbe ,miao hao1 i4 #bac ,milky way1 ii4 #bia ,mille fiori glass1 ii4 #bcd 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#ahd1 #ahg1 #ahh1 #bjb ,p>?ian c(f9s1 i4 #i ,p>?ians1 i4 #e 8,p>tridge cups10 i4 #ic1 #ajc1 #aca1 #acb1 #afd ,p>tridges1 ii4 #bie ,pte sur pte1 ii4 #gg1 #aif ,patt]n books1 ii4 #aje1 #cjc ,pea*1 ii4 #bhf1 #bhh1 #cja 8,pea* bloom10 ii4 #ii1 #adf1 #agf1 #agg1 #agh1 #agi1 #ahe ,peacocks1 ii4 #ci1 #beh 8,pe> sk90 clay1 i4 #agd ,pe>l or jewel1 ii4 #bia ,pek+1 i4 #bjj1 #bje1 #bjf2 ii4 #abf ,pek+ b[ls1 ii4 #bci1 #bdd1 #bfd ,pek+ lacqu]1 ii4 #bfc ,pek+ese spaniel1 ii4 #ci1 #bic ,pek+1 tile works ne>1 ii4 #bcg ,p5 re/1 ii4 #cb ,p'ng ,*n-pao1 i4 #id1 #ig ,p'ng w>e1 i4 #afd ,png-lai m\nt1 i4 #g2 ii4 #aef1 #bij ,peony1 ii4 #bid ,p]fume vase1 ii4 #fh ,p]sia1 i4 #hf1 #aic2 ii4 #ab1 #bi1 #cj1 #ca1 #dd1 #fi1 #bdg1 #bgh ,p]sian =ms1 ii4 #fg ,p]sian glaz$ bricks1 i4 #i ,p]sian ,gulf1 i4 #adi ,p]sian m>ket1 w>es =1 ii4 #gc1 #gg1 #ha ,p]sian mon/]s1 i4 #bg ,p]sian w>e1 i4 #cd1 #ajc1 #ajd1 #adh2 ii4 #cj1 #dh ,p]zynski1 ,f41 i4 #bg1 #ce2 ii4 #dc1 #gj1 #gc1 #gd1 #ge1 #hi1 #ij1 #aje ,pet]s ,collection1 ,s4 ,t41 i4 #ab2 ii4 #ah1 #aij1 #aia1 #aib ,pet]s1 ,s4 ,t41 i4 #aad ,petuntse1 i4 #adh2 ii4 #ia1 #abc1 #bdh ,pheasant1 ii4 #bie1 #big ,philipp9es1 i4 #hg1 #ahi ,phillips1 ,rev4 ,h4 ,s41 i4 #acb ,phnix1 i4 #ij2 ii4 #ci1 #bfi1 #bhh1 #bic ,phnix ew]1 i4 #adi ,phnix ,hill1 i4 #ei1 #fa1 #gb1 #acd ,pi *uang s y1 i4 #gb ,p'i hsieh1 ii4 #bid ,p'i-l+1 i4 #ia1 #ie ,pi liu li1 i4 #add ,pi s 7secret col\r71 i4 #ch1 #ci1 #dj1 #ed ,pi t+ ju i1 ii4 #cja ,pi t'ung1 ii1 #bge ,p'iao tz'1 i4 #af1 #adc ,pictures ( manufacture ( porcela91 ii4 #bdh ,p'ieh1 i4 #afe2 ii4 #e ,pi]c$ design1 i4 #aid2 ii4 #ei1 #ge1 #gf1 #gi1 #aif1 #bdf ,pigm5ts1 unfir$1 i4 #c ,pilgrim bottles1 ii4 #bgd ,pilk+ton ,tile ,works1 i4 #bjj ,pill[s1 i4 #ajd1 #aje1 #ajg2 ii4 #ig1 #bgf ,p9e1 bamboo & plum design1 ii4 #dg ,p'+ hua p'u1 i4 xvi2 ii4 #id ,p'+ %ih1 ii4 #id ,p'+-t+ ,*\1 i4 #ig2 ii4 #ajg ,p'+-yang ,fu1 i4 #cb1 #ig ,p9k1 ruby1 ii4 #bch ,pipes1 ii4 #bgh ,plaques1 ii4 #ig1 #aag1 #bgg ,plates1 ii4 #ig ,plates1 sev5 bord]1 ii4 #baa ,plum blossom crackle1 ii4 #bdd ,plum blossom design1 i4 #acc ,p'o-hai1 i4 #adh ,po %an lu1 i4 #ab ,po t'ang blue1 ii4 #ih ,po9ts ( compass1 ii4 #da ,polynesian khava b[ls1 i4 #abi ,pomegranate-%ap$ pots1 i4 #aih ,pools ( glass1 i4 #aga ,porcela91 ar*aic specim5s ( transluc5t1 i4 #afc ,porcela91 beg9n+s (1 i4 #ae1 #ci1 #hi1 #ada-aea ,porcela91 decorat$1 at ,canton1 ii4 #baa ,porcela91 special k9ds (1 ii4 #bja ,porcela91 :ite1 ii4 #aie ,portuguese1 ii4 #fh1 #hi ,po-,%an ,hsi51 i4 #ajc1 #ajg1 #ahh1 #bjj ,po wu yao lan1 i4 #fa1 #bbd ,po-yang ,lake1 i4 #aeb ,pot-hook-l h]bage1 ii4 #ij ,pott] ,palm] ,collection1 i4 #cd1 #ce ,pott]s' m>ks1 i4 #bba ,pott]s' names1 i4 #bbj1 #bbc2 ii4 #fd ,pott]y1 orig9 (1 i4 #b ,preci\s ,objects1 ,eight1 ii4 #big1 #bih ,preci\s /one r$1 ii4 #aa1 #abb ,preci\s ,symbols1 ,eight1 ii4 #db 8,press-h&0 b[ls1 ii4 #ic ,preussl]1 ii4 #bfj ,pricket c&le/icks1 ii4 #fj ,pr9ts1 copy+ effect ( ,european1 ii4 #bad ,prunus design1 ii4 #acd1 #ace1 #aeb ,p'u %u t'+ *i1 ii4 #bc 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,m4 ,seym\r1 ii4 #aid ,rice gra9 patt]n1 ii4 #bdf1 #bdg1 #bfc ,ri*>d's ,geography1 i4 #ef1 #agb ,rijks ,museum1 ,am/]dam1 ii4 #ge ,r+ "u base1 d\ble1 ii4 #fi ,ritual vessels1 ii4 #bgb ,rock & wave design1 ii4 #ha1 #hg1 #bij ,rock]y & fl[]+ plants1 ii4 #afd ,rococo ornam5ts1 ii4 #beh ,rome1 i4 #e ,ro( tiles1 i4 #bja ,rookwood ,pott]ies1 i4 #bjj ,rose & ticket patt]n1 ii4 #acc ,rose p9ks1 ii4 #baj1 #bbi1 #bcg ,ro?1 ,l+1 i4 #hg1 #aic ,rott]dam1 siege (1 ii4 #beb ,r\ge de f]1 ii4 #aja1 #afj ,r\leau %ape1 ii4 #afe1 #bfi1 #bgd ,rubb+ ) s&1 ii4 #aei 8,ruby-back0 porcela91 ii4 #baj1 #bac1 #bdc ,ru% patt]n1 i4 #dd ,ryob51 i4 #cf ,sages meet+ 9 l&scape1 ii4 #ie ,/4 ,cl\d1 ii4 #aab1 #agc ,/4 ,l\is ( ,france1 ii4 #beb ,/4 ,m>k's1 ,v5ice1 ii4 #aac ,sakyamuni1 ii4 #bhd ,salad91 i4 #hg ,salt+ ,collection1 i4 xxiii1 #aig2 ii4 #ha1 #hc1 #ij1 #ie1 #ade1 #aef1 #afj1 #afe1 #afh1 #agj1 #agi1 #aha1 #ahe1 #ahg1 #bce1 #bdd ,salt glaze1 ii4 #add ,salvtat1 ,m41 ii4 #aj ,samantabhadra1 ii4 #bhe ,sam>ra1 i4 #aja1 #adh1 #adi ,samian w>e1 i4 #ca ,san kuo1 ii4 #aa ,san ts'ai 7?ree col\rs71 i4 #aig2 ii4 #bf1 #cc1 #gi1 #ajj1 #aea1 #aeb1 #aec ,san yang k'ai t'ai1 ii4 #dc ,sang de buf r$1 ii4 #aa1 #ii1 #aba1 #abc1 #abd1 #abe1 #adf1 #agf1 #aid1 #bcb1 #bga ,sanscrit *>act]s1 ii4 #fb1 #ff1 #bdj1 #bhf1 #cjb ,sanuki1 i4 #bjj ,s>re1 ,pr(essor1 i4 #aja1 #adh2 ii4 #fi ,sassanian1 i4 #cd ,sassanian mon/]s1 i4 #bg ,satsuma fai5ce1 i4 #ajc ,sauc]s1 ii4 #bgh ,sawankalok1 i4 #ha1 #he1 #hh ,scale patt]n1 ii4 #aeh1 #bei ,s*ol> design1 fam\s1 ii4 #be 8,scrat*$ blue10 ii4 #add ,scre5s1 ii4 #bgg ,seagulls1 little1 i4 #ig ,sea-horses design1 ii4 #hj ,sea waves1 ii4 #db ,seal *>act]s1 ii4 #cja ,seals1 ii4 #bgf ,seasons1 fl[]s ( f\r1 ii4 #ch1 #ef1 #acd1 #aef1 #bif ,seasons1 l&scape1 ii4 #big ,seats1 b>rel-%ap$1 ii4 #h1 #ae1 #ag1 #fj1 #ig1 #bgg 8,secret col\r0 w>e1 i4 #ch1 #ei ,segg>s1 i4 #aef2 ii4 #bdh ,self-w>m+ cups1 i4 #ach ,seligmann1 ,dr4 ,c41 ii4 #ea1 #fg ,sepul*ral furniture1 i4 #ai ,sepul*ral pott]y1 ,han1 i4 #ad 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#bc1 #be ,%\1 ii4 #cc1 #db1 #cjb ,%\ ,*>act]s1 ! ,hundr$1 ii4 #fa ,%\ ,*'ng1 i4 #be ,%\ ,*\1 i4 #dj ,%\-hs+1 ii4 #bhg ,%\ ,lao1 i4 #ahe2 ii4 #bhf1 #bhg1 #bhi ,%\ ,%an1 ii4 #bhf1 #bhh1 #bij ,%\ %an fu hai1 ii4 #ch ,%u1 i4 #ih1 #aih ,%u *iao1 i4 #ih ,%u fu 7m>k71 i4 #afa1 #afb1 #afc ,%u wng1 i4 #ih ,%uko-yaki1 i4 #he ,%un1 ! ,emp]or1 i4 #a2 ii4 #bha ,%un ,*ih1 ii4 #aag1 #bcg ,%un-t ,fu1 i4 #ci ,%uo ,wn1 i4 #ada ,siam1 i4 #ha2 ii4 #bgh ,silkworm scrolls1 ii4 #bgj ,silv]+1 i4 #afa1 #afc2 ii4 #bj1 #age1 #aib1 #bae1 #bbe1 #bbf1 #bbi ,slip decoration1 ii4 #gg ,smi?1 ,lieut4 ,c41 i4 #hg ,snuff bottles1 ii4 #bjb1 #bjc1 #baf1 #bbg1 #bfb1 #bff1 #bgg 8,s(t ,*n10 i4 #aba1 #abd1 #abg1 #abh 8,s(t-pa/e0 porcela91 i4 #aej2 ii4 #fe1 #ge1 #adj1 #adb1 #aig1 #bda ,soleyman1 i4 #adh 8,solid agate10 i4 #cc ,solon1 ,m4 ,l41 i4 #aha ,s\!rn ,sung1 i4 #dc1 #fg1 #ii ,s\?1 symbol (1 ii4 #da ,spani%1 ii4 #hi1 #beb ,spani% doll>1 ii4 #ij ,spid] m>k1 ii4 #adj ,sp9n+ ,maid51 ii4 #bia1 #bib ,spirits ( ! ,doorway1 i4 #bj 8,spott$ blue10 i4 #aff 8,spr+ pa9t+10 ii4 #eg ,spr9kl]s1 ii4 #bgc 8,spur-m>ks10 i4 #aa1 #ec1 #aah ,squ>e vases1 ii4 #bgd ,ss ,*\1 i4 #if ,ss-hao1 ii4 #bhi ,ss-ma ,*'i51 i4 #a ,ss-ma-kuang1 ii4 #bha ,ss pu t'ang1 ii4 #bfe ,ss-t'iao1 i4 #add ,ss-tu1 ii4 #ajh ,/aff1 knott$1 ii4 #bhf ,/af=d%ire1 i4 #cc1 #agh ,/>s1 ii4 #big ,/atuettes1 i4 #bd1 #aje2 ii4 #aei ,/eatite1 ii4 #gg1 #ada1 #aif1 #aih1 #bja ,/eatitic porcela91 ii4 #ada1 #adb1 #bjc1 #bdj1 #bdf ,/e91 ,sir ,aurel1 i4 #bc1 #be1 #bh1 #ca1 #cb1 #ajg1 #acd1 #adi1 #aic ,/em-cups1 ii4 #g1 #h1 #bjb1 #bjh ,/ems1 ! ,t51 i4 #baj ,/orks1 ii4 #ci1 #bhf ,/orks1 ! ,hundr$1 ii4 #fa ,/rawb]ry leaves bord]1 ii4 #beg ,/bel ,collection1 i4 xxiii1 #hd ,/udio names1 ii4 #afg1 #bae ,/udy1 ,f\r ,subjects (1 ii4 #bhb ,su ,*\1 i4 #if1 #ahg1 #ahh1 #bjb ,su ,*\ lacqu]1 ii4 #bfc ,su ,%ih1 ii4 #e ,su ,wu1 ii4 #bha ,sui *'i yao1 i4 #ii ,sui dyna/y1 i4 #af1 #ag ,sulphate ( iron1 ii4 #aja 8,sulphur+10 ii4 #adf ,sultan ( ,egypt1 i4 #hg ,sultan's treasure1 i4 #hg ,su-ma-ni1 ii4 #ab ,sumatra1 ii4 #ab ,summ] ,palace1 i4 #bje ,sumptu>y law1 ii4 #bcc ,sun1 ,mr41 i4 #ia ,sun1 !1 ii4 #bia ,su-p'o-ni1 ii4 #ab1 #ac ,sung hsiang1 i4 #ahg ,sung ,ph>macopia1 i4 #adf ,sung %ih1 ii4 #ab ,sung w>es1 i4 #dc-ea1 #ajd ,su-ni-p'o1 ii4 #ab1 #bb1 #ih ,supp] sets1 ii4 #afj1 #bgh ,swall[s1 ii4 #bie ,swa/ika1 ii4 #gf1 #bii1 #cjb ,swat[1 i4 #ahd ,sword-grass b[ls1 i4 #aaj ,symbol ( lit]>y success1 ii4 #f ,symbols1 ii4 #bfh1 #big ,syria1 ii4 #bdg ,syrian pott]y1 i4 #ajc2 ii4 #ab1 #cj1 #dd ,syrup pots1 ii4 #bgh ,table ,bay1 ii4 #acf ,ta *iao1 ii4 #cd ,ta-*'91 i4 #add ,ta *'+1 ii4 #agi ,ta-yi b[ls1 i4 xvi ,ta ,yeh-*ih1 i4 #add ,tael1 i4 #age ,ta-hs91 i4 #agg ,t'ai *'ang1 i4 #ia2 ii4 #hf ,t'ai *i1 ii4 #bfh ,t'ai-m+1 ii4 #ajh ,t'ai p'+ rebellion1 i4 #aed1 #aee2 ii4 #bfg1 #bga ,t'ai p'+ yu hsiang1 ii4 #bfh ,t'ai-po tsun1 ii4 #agg1 #ahe ,t'ai-yan ,fu1 i4 #ig1 #aid ,takatori1 i4 #ca ,taklamakan ,des]t1 i4 #be ,ta kuan1 i4 #ei1 #fj ,talbot1 arms (1 ii4 #beg ,ta l1 i4 #fe ,tamo1 ii4 #bhe ,tan1 i4 #bjb ,tan ,hui-pan1 ii4 #bhb ,tan kuei 7r$ cassia71 ii4 #f1 #ea1 #ec ,tan pai1 i4 #fa1 #fg1 #ga ,t'an yung1 ii4 #cd ,tanagra1 i4 #bd ,tan *'+1 i4 #ec1 #ed ,t'ang *i5 kung t'ao yeh t'u %uo1 i4 #aac ,t'ang1 di/rict1 i4 #ee ,t'ang dyna/y1 i4 #aff1 #bja2 ii4 #bcc ,t'ang kuo %ih pu1 i4 #ci ,t'ang m+1 i4 #bag ,t'ang pn ts'ao1 i4 #hi ,t'ang ,ph>macopia1 i4 #hi1 #adf ,t'ang poly*rome pott]y1 i4 #cc ,t'ang %ih ss k'ao1 i4 #ij1 #adb2 ii4 #ei ,t'ang ,%u1 i4 #bja ,t'ang1 ! ,presid5t ( ! ,sacrifices1 i4 xvii1 #ia1 #ie ,t'ang tomb1 i4 #aja ,t'ang w>es1 i4 xx1 #aa1 #af1 #bc-db1 #ef1 #acb2 ii4 #bh1 #gh ,t'ang w>es1 base (1 i4 #bf ,t'ang yao1 ii4 #aba ,t'ang ,y+1 i4 #ga1 #ada1 #aff1 #afg1 #aha2 ii4 #ei1 #aba1 #abf1 #bjj1 #bja1 #bjb1 #bji1 #bae1 #baf1 #bag1 #bbj1 #bbg1 #bbh1 #bbi1 #bcj1 #bcd1 #bcg1 #bci1 #bdh ,t'ang y+ lung kang *i1 ii4 #eh ,t'ang's manufactory1 i4 #aff ,t'ang's :ite inc5se vase1 i4 #ib ,tantalus cup1 ii4 #bgf ,t'ao1 i4 #ada1 #adb ,t'ao *ng *i %ih1 i4 #aff ,t'ao ,*'ng %ih y kao1 i4 #ga2 ii4 #bbh ,t'ao *i lo1 i4 #aei ,tao kuang1 ii4 #bfc ,t'ao lu1 !1 passim ,t'ao %uo1 !1 passim ,t'ao t'ieh1 ii4 #bij ,t'ao y9-*1 i4 #adf ,t'ao y1 i4 #adg1 #aec ,t'ao ,yan-m+1 ii4 #be1 #bif ,taoism1 i4 #g2 ii4 #bhf ,taoi/ ,immortals1 ,eight1 ii4 #ch ,tassie1 ii4 #bea ,tattoo$ design1 ii4 #add ,ta-yi1 i4 #cb1 #dj1 #adg ,tazza-%ap$ cup1 ii4 #bgb ,tea b[ls1 ii4 #e1 #bgh ,tea competitions1 i4 #id1 #aca ,tea cup h&les1 ii4 #bgg ,tea dr9k+1 i4 #agh 8,tea du/10 i4 #ca1 #ace2 ii4 #bcc1 #bfd ,tea gre51 i4 #ca1 #acc ,tea leaves1 /a9+ )1 ii4 #aig1 #aih ,tea pot1 i4 #agf1 #agh2 ii4 #bgh ,te> /a9s1 i4 #ij1 #aja1 #aac ,t-hua porcela91 i4 xv2 ii4 #ajg1 #ajh1 #aji1 #aaa1 #aab1 #aac1 #aad1 #aae ,temmoku w>e1 i4 #ca1 #aca1 #acb1 #acc ,tng1 di/rict (1 i4 #ee1 #ef ,tng-fng ,hsi51 i4 #bja 8,?ree col\rs10 i4 #ajd1 #aig2 ii4 #bf1 #ajj1 #adg1 #aea1 #aij1 #bjg1 #bda ,?ree h]oes ( ,han dyna/y1 ii4 #bha ,?ree k+doms1 ii4 #bha ,?ree-legg$ bird1 ii4 #bia ,ti 7sauc]s71 i4 #aaj ,t'ieh hs91 ii4 #bcc ,t'i5 ,*'i ii4 #hf ,t'i5 *'+1 i4 #fb1 #fe2 ii4 #bch ,t'i5 *u n po1 ii4 #bdj ,t'i5 kung k'ai wu1 ii4 #ajg ,t'i5 lan1 i4 #aag2 ii4 #bcb ,t'i5 lu1 ii4 #bid ,t'i5 ,m+1 ii4 #aag ,t'i5 pai1 ii4 #cg1 #bdh ,t'i5 ,%un1 ii4 #bh ,t'i5 t'ang1 ii4 #bfd1 #bij ,t'i5 ,tsung1 ii4 #aag ,tig]1 ii4 #bid ,tig] lily design1 ii4 #aca1 #acd ,tig] ( ! ,we/1 i4 #ef 8,tig] sk910 i4 #ca2 ii4 #hj1 #hi1 #abg1 #adh1 #aij1 #bbf1 #bfd ,tig]1 ! :ite1 i4 #bj2 ii4 #bia ,tiles1 i4 #ahg1 #aid1 #bja1 #bjb1 #bje ,tiles1 lu/r$1 ii4 #cj ,t91 9 ! glaze1 i4 #ahb ,t+ ,*\1 ii4 #ajg ,t+ ,*\ w>e1 r$1 i4 #aeh ,t+ ,*\ w>es1 i4 xvi1 #dj1 #de1 #eb1 #he1 #hi-if1 #aje1 #adf1 #adg ,t+ *uang1 ii4 #fc1 #gd ,t+ type ( w>e1 ii4 #hf ,t+ w>e1 i4 #de1 #gh1 #hi-if1 #aja1 #ajb1 #adf ,t+ w>e1 black1 i4 #ib1 #ic1 #acc ,t+ w>e1 new1 i4 #id ,t+ w>e1 ,nor!rn1 i4 #ij1 #afb ,t+ w>e1 purple1 i4 #ib1 #ic1 #ih ,t+ w>e1 r$1 i4 #ib ,t+ w>e1 ,s\!rn1 i4 #ij ,t+ w>e1 :ite1 i4 #adf1 #adi2 ii4 #bja1 #bah ,t+ yao1 imitation ( old1 ii4 #adb1 #aig1 #bja ,toad1 ii4 #bhi1 #bia ,tobi seiji1 i4 #hj ,toko1 ii4 #bch ,tomb w>es1 i4 #ag1 #bd ,tombs1 i4 #i1 #ac1 #aja ,tombs1 ,egyptian1 ii4 #bff ,torrance1 ,rev4 ,?omas1 i4 #aj1 #ac1 #ad ,tortoise1 i4 #ie2 ii4 #bhh1 #bhi ,tortoise ( ! ,nor?1 i4 #ef2 ii4 #bia ,t'o t'ai 78bodiless071 ii4 #c1 #e1 #aie1 #bdh ,t\ *'+1 ii4 #cg1 #ii ,toyei ,%uko1 i4 #be ,trade betwe5 ,*9a & ,we/1 m$ival1 i4 #hf ,tradescant ,collection1 i1 #aic2 ii4 #fh ,trad+ /ation1 i4 #hf ,transf] pr9ts1 ii4 #bfj ,transition enamels1 ii4 #beg ,transluc5t porcela91 i4 #adh ,transmutation w>e1 i4 #acg1 #aef1 #age2 ii4 #ah1 #aib1 #bah1 #bcb ,tr5*>d b[ls1 ii4 #bi ,trigrams1 ,eight1 ii4 #ci1 #da1 #fb1 #bfh1 #bij ,trumpet] s]vice1 ii4 #bee ,ts'ai1 i4 #aih ,ts'ai ,*9-*'+1 ii4 #bfg ,t'sai-hsiang1 i4 #aca ,ts'ai hua t'ang1 ii4 #bfe ,ts'ai hung1 ii4 #agi ,ts'ai jun t'ang1 ii4 #bfe ,ts'ang yao1 ii4 #aba ,ts'ang ,y+-hsan1 ii1 #aba1 #abf1 #afh1 #ahj1 #ahg1 #aij ,ts'ao-*ao1 i4 #dj ,ts'ao ,*iung1 i4 #ge ,tsao'rh hung1 ii4 #bah ,tsao t'ang1 ii4 #cd ,ts'ao ti5 yu *i1 ii4 #eh ,tso ,*'uan1 !1 i4 #b ,ts\1 i4 #ig1 #ahh ,ts\ ,hsi51 i4 #bja ,ts'ui1 i4 #gg2 ii4 #afa ,ts'ui kung yao1 ii4 #eb ,ts'ui1 ,mr41 ii4 #eb1 #fd ,ts'ui s1 i4 #cg ,ts'ung ,t1 ii4 #aaf ,ts'ung ts'ui1 i4 #aji ,tu1 i4 #dj1 #adg ,tu %u1 i4 #gf1 #aff1 #bja2 ii4 #aig ,t'u ss wn1 i4 #aac ,t'u t+1 i4 #ij1 #ia1 #ib1 #id1 #ig1 #ih1 #ace1 #afd1 #afh1 #aij2 ii4 #aac1 #bah ,tu ,y1 i4 #af ,tu-*iu1 i4 #ie ,t'u k'uai1 i4 #bg ,tu kung t'an tsan1 i4 #fb ,tulip-l fl[] patt]n1 ii4 #ij ,tun-huang1 i4 #bh ,t'ung1 ii4 #eh1 #ei1 #aag ,t'ung ,*ih1 ii4 #bfg ,tung *'+1 i4 #dh1 #ge2 ii4 #ahi ,t'ung-*\ ,fu1 i4 #aii ,tung-fang ,s1 ii4 #acc1 #aei1 #bhh ,tung-han1 i4 #agf ,tung hsiang t'ang1 i4 #aih ,tung-p'o1 i4 #acg ,tung ya1 ii4 #ah1 #ai1 #ib ,tung w>e1 i4 #ff1 #hb ,turfan1 i4 #af1 #bc1 #ca1 #cf1 #aja1 #ajg1 #acj1 #acd1 #adi ,turke/an1 i4 #hf1 #aic ,turkey1 ii4 #bah1 #bgi ,twelve embroid]y ornam5ts1 ii4 #big ,tz' 7porcela971 i4 #adj1 #ada1 #adb ,tz 7purple71 i4 #ic1 #aji ,tz *9 7gold5 br[n71 ii4 #cg1 #ch1 #fe1 #ii1 #aia1 #aib ,tz-*+1 ii4 #ad ,tz' ,*\ w>e1 i4 #df1 #ia1 #aja-ajh1 #abh1 #acc1 #ace1 #adi1 #aff1 #aic1 #aih1 #bah2 ii4 #cj ,tz'-jn ,temple1 ii4 #bc ,tz' /one1 i4 #aja1 #ajg1 #adg ,tz' t'ai 7,*n w>e71 i4 #aaj1 #aac1 #abc1 #abh ,tz'-tsao1 ii4 #ajh ,urfe1 d'1 ,honor1 i4 #gh ,u%aktal1 i4 #acd ,vaidurya1 i4 #add ,vajrapani1 ii4 #bhf ,van ,e5horn1 i4 #agh ,vase organ1 i4 #ach ,vases1 bottle %ap$1 ii4 #bgc ,vases1 civil & milit>y1 ii4 #bha ,vases1 div9+ rod1 ii4 #bgd ,vases1 fl[]1 ii4 #bgc1 #bge ,vases1 p]fume1 ii4 #fh ,vases1 squ>e1 ii4 #bgd ,va%-%ahri1 i4 #acj1 #acd ,v5etian glass1 ii4 #aci ,v]milion boxes1 ii4 #ce ,v]milion pigm5t1 ii4 #adh ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum1 passim ,violet blue1 d>k1 ii4 #ii ,virg9 & ,*ild1 images (1 ii4 #aaa1 #bhe ,virtu\s ,h]o9es1 ii4 #bhb ,voretzs*1 i4 #bjf ,wa wa7*ildr571 ii4 #be1 #bha ,wall ( ,*9a1 great1 i4 #e ,wall vases1 ii4 #bge ,walt]s ,collection1 ii4 #bbg ,wan1 ii4 #gf ,wan fu yu t'ung1 ii4 #ea ,wan ku *'ang *'un ss hai lai *ao1 ii4 #fb ,wan ,li w>es1 ii4 #bd1 #eg1 #eh-ha1 #afa1 #bjh1 #bbd ,wan ,li wu ts'ai1 ii4 #dh1 #ha1 #hb1 #ajj1 #afj ,wan %ih *1 ii4 #afg ,wan %\1 ii4 #hb ,wan %\ am *iang1 ii4 #afi ,wang ,*'iao1 ii4 #bhh ,wang ,*ih1 ii4 #aaj1 #acc1 #bhb ,wang ,*+-m91 ii4 #ei ,wang ,hsi ,*ih1 ii4 #bha ,wang ,p+-jung1 ii4 #bff ,wang ,%ng-kao1 ii4 #bdg ,wang ,%ih-*ng1 i4 #bja ,wang-tso1 i4 #dj ,wang ,tso-t'+1 ii4 #bff ,wang ,wei1 i4 #bc ,wang-yu1 ii4 #afd ,wantage ,collection1 ,lady1 ii4 #bba1 #bfb ,w>ham b[l1 i4 #hh ,w>n]1 ,langdon1 i4 #cf ,wat] dropp]s1 ii4 #bgf ,wat]fall1 ii4 #fh ,wat] pots1 ii4 #bgf ,wave & rock patt]n1 ii4 #fc ,wave patt]n1 i4 #acg2 ii4 #ef1 #cjb ,waves & plum blossoms design1 ii4 #ef1 #fc1 #hj1 #aee ,w$d+ b[l1 ii4 #bfh ,wei1 i4 #bg ,wei *'i1 ii4 #bhb ,wei dyna/y1 i4 #af ,wei ,hsi51 i4 #ajc1 #ajd ,weights1 ii4 #ig ,well-head1 i4 #ab ,wells ,williams1 ,s41 i4 #agb1 #ahd ,wn1 ,pr9ce1 i4 #be ,wn 7,sung m9i/]71 i4 #ii ,wn ,*'ang1 ii4 #aei1 #bhd ,wn ,*ng-m+1 ii4 #bdc ,wn-*\1 i4 #adc2 ii4 #ajh ,wn fang ss k'ao1 i4 #fj ,wn ,lang-%an1 ii4 #bfc ,wn p'+7civil vase7 & wu p'+ 7milit>y vase71 ii4 #bha ,wn-wang c5s]s1 i4 #id ,we/1 symbol (1 ii4 #da ,:eel1 pott]'s1 i4 #b ,:ieldon w>es1 i4 #be1 #cc ,:ite*apel ,art ,gall]y1 ii4 #bcc 8,:ite e>? village10 i4 #ig ,:ite e>?1 :]e f\nd1 ii4 #ajg ,:ite 9 blue gr\nd design1 ii4 #acj ,:ite porcela91 ii4 #aie ,:ite slip1 ii4 #e ,:ite w>e1 dead1 ii4 #bja ,wilkes1 ,john1 ii4 #bee ,williams1 ,mrs41 i4 #aaj1 #abc ,will[1 ii4 #bif ,will[ patt]n1 ii4 #beh1 #bif ,w9e cup1 ii4 #bgh ,w9e ,cup1 ,eight ,immortals ( !1 ii4 #bhb ,w9e pot1 i4 #afa1 #afb ,w9t] ,palace1 i1 #bje ,w9?rop1 ,mr41 ii4 #bi ,wolfsb\rg1 de1 ii4 #bfj ,wood1 ,eno*1 ii4 #bei ,worce/]1 i4 #ahg2 ii4 #gf1 #acf1 #ada1 #ahc1 #bea1 #beh1 #bei1 #bfj ,wu *n1 ii4 #bcj ,wu *91 ii4 #aib1 #aic1 #baj1 #bah1 #bbf1 #bbi1 #bcj1 #bca ,wu-*'+ ,hsi51 i4 #bjj1 #bjb ,wu *\1 i4 #dj ,wu fu1 ii4 #aa ,wu ,i-%an1 i4 #age ,wu kung yang1 ii4 #bd ,wu lao1 ii4 #bhc ,wu-mn-t'o1 ii4 #ei1 #ia ,wu m+ tz1 ii4 #ab1 #ih ,wu m+ yi1 i4 #ahg2 ii4 #ab1 #ih ,wu-ni w>es1 i4 #fa1 #ff1 #fg1 #acc1 #acd1 #afd ,wu ,san-kuei1 i4 #aed2 ii4 #abe ,wu s1 i4 #afb2 ii4 #bj ,wu ,tao-tz1 i4 #bc1 #acg ,wu ,ti1 i4 #g1 #aa1 #ae2 ii4 #bhh ,wu ts'ai 78decorat$ 9 five col\rs071 ii4 #h1 #i1 #ag1 #bj1 #bb1 #bc1 #bf1 #ee1 #fc ,yacut1 i4 #hg ,ya ku *'+ pao %ih1 i4 #fb ,ya %\ pei1 ii4 #c1 #d1 #e ,yang-,*iang1 i4 #hd1 #aff1 #agb ,yang-hsi5 m+ hu hsi1 i4 #aci1 #agd1 #agf ,yang ,kuei-fei1 ii4 #bhb ,yang ts'ai 7=eign col\rs71 ii4 #bji1 #bbe ,yangtze1 i4 #hi ,yang tz' w>e1 i4 #aff1 #afg ,yao1 i4 #adb ,yao1 ii4 #bha ,yao1 di/rict (1 i4 #ee1 #ef ,yao ,niang1 i4 #bd ,yao pi51 i4 #acg1 #aci1 #aeg1 #age2 ii4 #ah1 #aic1 #bah1 #bbd1 #bcb ,yeh-*ih1 i4 #ee ,yell[1 eel1 ii4 #abg1 #aij1 #bah1 #bbc ,yell[1 ,european /yle1 ii4 #bbj ,yell[1 mu/>d1 ii4 #aij1 #bbc ,yell[1 ,nank+1 ii4 #ade1 #agj1 #aia1 #aib ,yell[1 ritual significance (1 ii4 #aie ,yell[1 spott$1 ii4 #abf1 #abg1 #aij1 #bah1 #bbc1 #bbf ,yell[1 sulphur1 ii4 #bbj1 #bci ,yell[ w>e1 i4 #afj1 #afc1 #ahg2 ii4 #bh1 #aij1 #bci ,y5-%n ,*n1 i1 #bjj ,y5 ,%ih-ku1 i4 #add ,y5 y5 vase1 ii4 #aef ,yesdijird1 i4 #cd ,yetts1 ,dr41 ii4 #bib ,yi1 ,pr9ce (1 ii4 #bjj ,yi-*n1 i4 #bjj1 #bjb ,yi ,hsi51 i4 #bja ,yi-hs+1 ii4 #fe1 #ahg ,yi-hs+ ,*n1 i4 #abj1 #agi ,yi-hs+ w>es1 i4 xv1 #abj1 #abc1 #abg1 #aga1 #agb1 #agd-ahc1 #ahh1 #aij1 #aih2 ii4 #bag1 #bbd1 #bde ,y9 hua1 i4 #ia1 #afa ,y9 ,yang1 ii4 #fb1 #bfh1 #bhc1 #bij ,y9 yang tsa tsu1 !1 i4 #ai ,yo ,*\1 i4 #dj1 #aii ,yo fu tsa lu1 i4 #ci ,yorke & ,cocks1 arms (1 ii4 #bab1 #bac ,yo%itsune1 flute (1 ii4 #aac ,yu *ai1 ii4 #bab ,y *ih kng *ih t'u1 ii4 #afd ,y ,*\1 i4 #aji1 #abd1 #abh1 #adg2 ii4 #ajg ,y fng yang l91 ii4 #bab ,y-hang ,hsi51 i4 #fg ,y-hang w>es1 i4 #ff1 #acd ,y lan1 i4 #ec ,yu li hung1 ii4 #abb1 #abe1 #bjd1 #bbe ,yu l1 ii4 #bbd ,yu po lo1 ii4 #be ,y t'ang *ia *'i m>k1 i4 #bah2 ii4 #ge1 #gg1 #gi1 #hb ,yu t'u 7glaze e>?71 ii4 #ia ,yu-tz ,hsi51 i4 #ig ,y wang %ang ti1 ii4 #bia ,y-yao1 i4 #ch ,yan *ai pi hng1 i4 #ee ,yan ,m+ ,yan1 i4 #bje ,yan tz'1 i4 #aaj1 #abd1 #abh1 #abi1 #acj1 #afd ,yan w>es1 i4 #da1 #ej1 #aee1 #aei-afe ,yeh ,*\1 i4 xvi1 #ag1 #cg1 #ch1 #ci1 #dj1 #ed ,yeh pai1 ii4 #bbd ,yeh w>e1 i4 #ei ,yuima1 !1 i4 #cf ,yn hsi5 tsa *i1 i4 #ach ,yn-mn1 i4 xvi ,yn %ih *ai pi t'an1 i4 #ia1 #ie ,yn tsao1 i4 #hc ,yung-*'ang1 ii4 #cj ,yung ,*ng1 i4 #de ,yung ,*ng imitations1 i4 #aag1 #aai1 #abj2 ii4 #aa1 #dc1 #hb ,yung ,*ng li/1 i4 #abj ,yung ,*ng m>k1 ii4 #bag ,yung ,*ng mono*romes1 ii4 #baf ,yung ,*ng w>es1 ii4 #afi1 #bjj-bbf ,yung-,*\1 i4 #acf ,yung-ho ,*n1 i4 #ih1 #ii ,yung ,lo b[l1 ii4 #hf ,yung ,lo w>es1 ii4 #c-f1 #i1 #ab1 #bbd ,yunnan1 ii4 #bi ,zanzib>1 i4 #hf1 #hg ,zeits*rift fr ,e?nologie1 !1 i4 #h ,z5goro ,hoz51 ii4 #f ,zimm]mann1 ,e41 i4 #hg1 #ade2 ii4 #e ,z9c1 i4 #afh1 #ahb ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,cassell ,,company1 ,,limit$1 ,,la ,,belle ,,sauvage1 ,,london1 ,e4,c4 ,f #ae4aae ,,footnotes3 #a ,see vol4 i1 p4 #aec4 #b fng huo4 ,bu%ell r5d]s 8bla/ furnaces40 #c ** #b lan kuang1 lit4 8burn tube40 ,omitt+ ! radical ** 7huo1 fire7 9 bo? cases1 ,bu%ell takes ! *>act]s z lan 7blue7 & huang 7yell[74 ,possibly ,bu%ell's edition _h v>iant read+s4 #d ,bk4 vii41 fol4 #be recto4 #e ,or1 p]haps1 8gre5i% black10 tak+ ! two words toge!r4 #f ** #b lit4 8omit body40 ,a slightly ?ick] porcela9 is kn[n z pan t'o t'ai1 or 8half bodiless40 #g ** #b ts'ai *ui4 ,^! words seem to h be5 tak5 to mean 8decorat$ ) an awl02 b !y are bett] translat$ sep>ately to mean 8bright col\r$0 & 87engrav$ )7 an awl10 ! sugge/ion be+ t ts'ai ref]s to enamell$ porcela94 #h ,bk4 ii41 fol4 #h v]so4 #i ** #c ,ya %\ pei1 lit4 8press h& cups40 #aj 8,made 9 ! ,yung ,lo p]iod ( ! great ,m+ dyna/y40 #aa ,! read+ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum copy is ** pai 7:ite71 :i* seems to be an error = h* ss 7f\r73 tak5 z x /&s1 x w\ld mean writt5 9 :ite slip4 #ab ** hua1 lit4 8slipp]y40 ,! mean+s include 8poli%$1 smoo?1 gr\nd10 etc41 f :i* x w be se5 t ! ^w c\ld equally ref] to a glaz$ surface or an unglaz$ surface :i* _h be5 poli%$ on ! :eel4 #ac ,?is conical =m ( b[l 0 by no means new 9 ! ,m+ p]iod4 ,9 fact1 we are told 9 ! ,t'ao %uo t x is ! p'ieh ( ! ,sung dyna/y1 ! old =m ( tea b[l4 ,see vol4 i1 p4 #age4 #ad ,!re are sev]al o!rs ( ?is type 9 ,cont95tal museums2 cf4 ,zimm]mann1 op4 cit4 ,plate #bc4 #ae ,cat41 ,f #f4 #af ,bk4 v41 fol4 #e4 #ag ,bk4 ii41 fol4 #h4 #ah pa pei1 lit4 h&le cups4 ,?is type1 z illu/rat$ 9 ,hsiang's ,album 7op4 cit41 ,no4 #ed7 is a %all[ cup or tazza on a tall /em :i* 0 grasp$ by ! h&4 #ai ,an example ( ! figure subjects on ,hsan ,t blue & :ite is giv5 9 ! ,t'ao %uo1 8teacups decorat$ ) figures arm$ ) light silk fans /rik+ at fly+ fire-flies02 see ,bu%ell's translation1 op4 cit41 p4 #acf4 #bj 8,citron di%es0 are specially m5tion$ 9 ! ,wn *n hng *'ang wu *i 7,t'ao lu1 bk4 viii41 fol4 #d74 #ba ,*'ang k'ou1 lit4 8%$ m\?40 #bb ,lit4 8pot-belli$40 #bc ,lit4 8cauldron 7fu7 base40 #bd an hua1 secret decoration 7see p4 #f74 #be 8,made 9 ! ,hsan ,t p]iod ( ! great ,m+ dyna/y40 #bf ,lit4 8orange-peel m>k+s 7* p'i wn7 rise 9 ! glaze40 #bg i4e4 r$ l9es col\r$ by rubb+ o*re into ! cracks4 ,see vol4 i1 p4 #ii4 #bh ,o4 ,c4 ,a41 p4 #cga4 #bi ,un=tunately ! t]m pao %ih hung has be5 loosely appli$ 9 mod]n times to ! iron r$4 ,see ,juli51 op4 cit41 p4 #ia note3 8,among ! col\rs = porcela9 pa9t+ :i* ,m4 ,iti] br\ght f ,*9a & (f]$ to ! ,svres factory1 !re is "o call$ pao %ih hung1 :i*1 f ,m4 ,salvtat's analysis1 is no?+ else b oxide ( iron ) a flux40 ,9 o!r words1 x is a mat]ial :i* %\ld h be5 labell$ fan hung4 ,?is c>eless t]m9ology has l$ to mu* confusion4 #cj ,t'ao lu1 bk4 v41 fol4 #g recto4 #ca ,! ,*'+ pi tsang m5tions 8designs ( fl[]s1 birds1 fi% & insects1 & su* l =ms0 z typical ornam5ts on ! r$ pa9t$ ,hsan porcela94 #cb ,! ?ree fruits 7san kuo7 are ! pea*1 pomegranate1 & f+] citron1 :i* typify ! ,?ree ,abundances ( ye>s1 sons & happ9ess4 #cc ,wu fu4 ,?is may1 h[ev]1 be emblematically r5d]$ by five bats1 ! bat 7fu7 be+ a common rebus = fu 7happ9ess74 #cd ,see p4 #abb4 #ce ,accord+ to ,bu%ell1 ,o4 ,c4 ,a41 p4 #acj1 8cobalt blue1 z we le>n f ! (ficial annals ( ! ,sung dyna/y 7,sung %ih1 bk4 #dij1 fol4 #ab71 0 br\ght to ,*9a by ! ,arabs "u ! "n ( wu m+ yi40 ,?is takes x back to ! t5? c5tury4 ,wu m+ yi 7nameless r>ity7 0 aft]w>ds us$ z a g5]al "n = cobalt blue1 & 0 appli$ to ! native m9]al4 ,! "n 0 sometimes v>i$ to wu m+ tz4 ,?\gh we are n expressly told ! s\rce ( ! su-ni-p'o blue1 x is easily guess$4 ,= ! ,m+ ,annals 7bk4 #cbe7 /ate t among ! objects br\ght z tribute by envoys f ,sumatra 7 8preci\s /ones1 agate1 cry/al1 c>bonate ( copp]1 rh9oc]os horn1 & ** #c hui hui *'+ 7,mohamm$an blue740 ,see ,w4 ,p4 ,gro5eveldt1 ,v]h&el+5 van het ,bataviaas* ,g5oots*ap van ,kun/5 en ,wet5s*app51 vol4 xxxix41 p4 #ib4 ,^! envoys arriv$ 9 #adbf1 #adcj1 #adcc1 #adcd1 & = ! la/ "t 9 #adhf4 ,sumatra 0 a meet+-place ( ! trad]s f ,ea/ & ,we/1 & no d\bt ! ,mohamm$an blue 0 br\ght ?i!r by ,arab m]*ants4 ,possibly "s ( ! m9]al 0 br\ght back by ! celebrat$ eunu* ,*ng ,ho1 :o l$ an exp$ition to ,sumatra 9 ! ,yung ,lo p]iod4 ,see also p4 #cj4 #cf ,see ,cat4 ,b4 ,f4 ,a41 #aiaj1 ,l #bc2 a pilgrim bottle belong+ to ,mrs4 ,halsey1 inscrib$ aft] export to ,india ) ! ^w ,alamgir1 a "n ( ! fam\s ,aurungzib4 ,cf4 also ! f9e cyl9drical vase 9 ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum 7,case #b71 ) floral scrolls 9 ?is type ( blue comb9$ ) und]glaze r$1 & ! ,hsan ,t m>k4 #cg ,op4 cit41 ,nos4 #i1 #ca1 #cg1 #ci1 #dh1 #fi & #hc4 #ch ,hui hu is a v>iant = hui hui 7,mohamm$an74 #ci ,probably due to ov]-fir+4 #dj ,on ! p>allelism betwe5 ?is type ( porcela9 decoration & cloisonn enamel1 see ,burl+ton ,magaz9e1 ,septemb]1 #aiab1 p4 #cbj4 ,x is wor?y ( note t miss+ p>ts ( ^! vases1 su* z neck rim or h&les1 are (t5 replac$ by cloisonn enamel on metal1 :i* is s l ! surr\nd+ porcela9 t ! repairs are (t5 ov]look$4 #da ,! yell[ ( ?is gr\p is usually ( a dull1 impure t9t1 b !re is a small j> 9 ! ,pet]s ,collection 9 ,new ,york on :i* ! yell[ is exceptionally pure & brilliant1 & almo/ ( lemon col\r4 #db ,9 ^! cases ! porcela9 w\ld be fir/ fir$ )\t glaze & ! col\rs add$ :5 x 0 9 :at is call$ ! 8biscuit0 /ate4 ,9 ! blue & :ite w>e1 on ! o!r h&1 & ! bulk ( ,*9ese glaz$ porcela91 body & glaze 7 bak$ toge!r 9 "o fir+4 #dc ,bu%ell1 ,o4 ,c4 ,a41 p4 #aeb4 #dd ,translation ( ! ,t'ao %uo1 op4 cit41 p4 #ea4 #de ,?is is ! v]dict ( ! ,po wu yao lan1 & x is repeat$ 9 ! ,t'ao lu1 see ,bu%ell1 op4 cit41 p4 #fj4 #df ,pa9t$ decoration is m5tion$ 9 ,*iang's ,memoir ( ! ,yan dyna/y 7see vol4 i1 p4 #afj71 b )\t any p>ticul>s2 & ! ,ko ku yao lun speaks ( wu s decoration ( a co>se k9d at ! end ( ! ,yan p]iod 7see vol4 i1 p4 #afa74 ,! latt] may1 ( c\rse1 ref] to ! use ( col\r$ glazes4 #dg ,op4 cit41 fig4 #gg4 #dh ,! application ( ^! enamels 9 l>ge wa%es puts !m practically 9 ! category ( glazes1 b = ! sake ( cle>ness x is be/ to keep ! t]m9ology di/9ct4 ,aft] all1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 a high-fir$ glaze :i* is appli$ to ! biscuit & a l[-fir$ enamel appli$ 9 ! same way is only "o ( degree1 b if we use ! t]m enamel or enamel-glaze = ! col\rs fir$ 9 ! muffle kiln z di/9ct f ^? fir$ 9 ! porcela9 kiln1 x w save fur!r explanations4 #di ,a late ,m+ writ] quot$ 9 ! ,t'ao lu 7bk4 viii41 fol4 #ah7 says1 8,at ! pres5t day ,hsan w>e cricket pots are /ill v greatly treasur$4 ,_! price is n less ?an t ( ,hsan ,ho pots ( ! ,sung dyna/y40 #ej ,bu%ell1 op4 cit41 p4 #adj4 #ea ,po wu yao lan1 bk4 ii41 fol4 #i v]so4 #eb ** hsi54 ,! emp]or ,*'ng ,hua 0 canonis$ z ,hsi5 ,tsung4 #ec ,see p4 #ab4 #ed ** #b *'i5 tan4 ,! ,t'ao %uo1 quot+ ?is passage1 uses a v>iant read+1 *'i5 %n **1 :i* ,bu%ell r5d]s 8:e!r light or d>k40 #ee yu hua i1 lit4 8h ! picture idea40 #ef ,see ,bu%ell1 ,o4 ,c4 ,a41 p4 #che4 #eg ,see ,hsiang's ,album1 op4 cit41 fig4 #ch4 #eh ,bk4 vi41 fols4 #g-i1 & ,bu%ell's translation1 op4 cit41 pp4 #ada-c4 #ei ,op4 cit41 fig4 #ee4 #fj ,burl+ton ,magaz9e1 ,decemb]1 #aiab1 pp4 #aec-h4 #fa ,! au?or ( ! ,p'u %u t'+ *i 7,memoirs ( ! ,pavilion = ,sunn+ ,books71 quot$ 9 ! ,t'ao %uo1 loc4 cit4 #fb ,op4 cit41 fig4 #fd4 #fc ,bu%ell 7,t'ao %uo1 p4 #adb7 gives ! mislead+ v]sion1 8b[ls enamell$ ) jewels0 & 8jewel-enamell$ b[ls10 omitt+ 9 8 translation ! note 9 ! text :i* expla9s _! true mean+ z pao %ih hung or ruby r$4 #fd ** #b ts'ao *'ung c equally well mean 8plants & insects0 or 8grass insects10 i4e4 gras%opp]s4 ,9 fact1 ,juli5 translat$ ! phrase 9 ! latt] s5se4 #fe ,*9 hui tui1 lit4 brocade a%-heaps4 #ff ,n z ,bu%ell 7,t'ao %uo1 op4 cit41 p4 #adc71 8m$allions ( fl[] sprays & fruits pa9t$ on ! f\r sides02 ss mi5 7lit4 f\r sides7 be+ a common phrase = 8on all sides0 does n necess>ily imply a quadrangul> object4 #fg ,%ih n1 /rangely r5d]$ by ,bu%ell 8a p>ty ( "y girls40 #fh ,! dragon boats rac$ on ! riv]s & 7 c>ri$ 9 procession ?r\gh ! /reets on ! fe/ival ( ! fif? day ( ! fif? mon?4 ,see ,j4 ,j4 ,m4 de ,groot1 ,annales du ,muse ,guimet1 vol4 xi41 p4 #cdf4 ,a design ( *ildr5 play+ at dragon boat processions is occasionally se5 9 lat] porcela9 decoration4 #fi ,cf4 ! fav\rite design ( *ildr5 "u a p9e-tree on ,japanese ,hirado porcela94 #gj ,op4 cit41 figs4 #ch1 #di1 #ee1 #ef1 #fc1 #fd1 #fe1 #ff & #gf4 #ga ** #b ,bu%ell has translat$ x 8diffus$ col\rs10 b fu is also us$ = 8apply+ ext]nally0 9 ! m$ic9al s5se1 :i* seems specially appropriate "h4 #gb ** #b1 lit4 8fill up 7)7 glaze10 ! col\r ( ! glaze be+ specifi$ 9 ea* case4 ,cf4 lan ti t'i5 hua wu ts'ai 7blue gr\nd fill$ up ) poly*rome pa9t+71 a phrase us$ to describe ! decoration ( ! b>rel-%ap$ g>d5 seats ( ! ,hsan ,t p]iod4 ,see p4 #ag4 #gc ,fig4 #fc1 a cup 9 =m l ! *ick5 cups 7*i kang74 #gd ** #b *'i %ang4 #ge ,op4 cit41 ,plate ii4 #gf ,see ,e4 ,dillon1 ,porcela91 ,plate xviii4 #gg ,see ,e4 ,dillon1 ,porcela91 ,plate vii4 #gh ,see ,cat1 ,b4 ,f4 ,a41 #aiaj1 ,h #ba1 ,i #g4 #gi ** #b #hj ** #b #ha ** #b4 #hb ** #b4 #hc ,op4 cit41 ,no4 #db4 #hd **1 delicate1 beautiful4 #he ** #b4 #hf ** #b4 #hg ,vol4 ii41 p4 #bgg4 #hh ,see vol4 i1 p4 #aed4 #hi ,see p4 #ab4 #ij ,?is acc\nt is quot$ f ! ,%ih wu kan *u1 publi%$ 9 #aeia4 #ia ,see p4 #ab4 #ib ,see ,hir?1 ,*9a & ! ,roman ,ori5t1 p4 #agi4 #ic ,! conv]se is equally true1 & ,*9ese porcela9 ( ?is k9d is frequ5tly class$ among ,p]sian w>es4 ,inde$1 !re are n a few :o w\ld argue t ^! true porcela9s ( ! h>d-pa/e type 7 actually made 9 ,p]sia4 ,no evid5ce has be5 produc$ to support ?is :olly unnecess>y !ory beyond ! facts :i* ,i h m5tion$ 9 ?is passage1 & ! debat$ specim5s :i* ,i h _h ! opportunity to exam9e 7 all ( a k9d :i* no "o tra9$ 9 ,*9ese c]amics c\ld possibly mi/ake = any?+ b ,*9ese porcela94 #id ,?is peculi>ity occurs on a tripod inc5se vase 9 ! ,eumorfop\los ,collection1 :i* 9 o!r respects resembles ?is little gr\p1 b x is a peculi>ity n conf9$ to ! ,*ng ,t porcela91 = ,i h occasionally f\nd x on mu* lat] w>es4 #ie ,a some:at simil> effect is se5 on ! little flask ascrib$ to ! ,hsan ,t p]iod4 ,see p4 #ad4 #if ,op4 cit41 ,nos4 #eb & #hj4 ,^! are ! late/ specim5s :i* are giv5 by ,hsiang ,yan-p#8i54 #ig ,cat41 ,h #h4 #ih ,a simil> vase is 9 ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum4 #ii ** #c hsi5 hung t'u1 lit4 8! e>? = ! fre% r$10 an expression :i* w\ld naturally ref] to ! clay us$ 9 mak+ w>e ( ?is p>ticul> col\r1 ?\gh ,bu%ell has pref]r$ to take x 9 ref]5ce to ! m9]al us$ to produce ! col\r itself4 ,see p4 #abc4 #ajj ,bk4 ii41 fol4 #aj4 #aja ,a ,m+ writ] quot$ 9 ! ,t'ao lu1 bk4 viii41 fol4 #d1 adds t ^! cups 7 m>k$ "u ! base ** #b *9 lu 7gold5 seal71 ** #b ta *iao 7great sacrifice71 ** #b t'an yung 7alt> use74 #ajb ,*'+ k'ou1 lit4 m\? l a gong or s\nd+ /one4 #ajc ,man hs91 lit4 loaf-%ap$ c5tre4 #ajd ,yan tsu1 lit4 foot ) out] bord]4 #aje ,an extract f ! ,i ,*ih 7quot$ 9 ! ,t'ao lu1 bk4 viii41 fol4 #ad7 /ates t 89 ! #bf? ye> ( ,*ia ,*+1 ! emp]or dem&$ t vessels %\ld be made ) 'fre% r$' 7hsi5 hung7 decoration2 !y 7 difficult to make successfully1 & ,hs ,*n ( ! ,imp]ial ,c5sorate1 memorialis$ ! ?rone1 reque/+ t r$ f sulphate ( iron 7fan hung7 be us$ in/ead40 ,a memorial ( simil> t5or 0 s5t to ! emp]or by ,hs ,*'ih 9 ! succe$+ reign4 #ajf ,o4 ,c4 ,a41 pp4 #bbc-f4 #ajg ,bk4 vi41 fols4 #i-ae4 ,see also ,bu%ell's translation op4 cit41 pp4 #ade-ea1 & ,o4 ,c4 ,a41 loc4 cit4 #ajh ,"s idea ( ! quantity suppli$ may be ga!r$ f ! foll[+ items 9 ! li/ = ! ye> #aedf3 #cjj fi% b[ls1 #a1jjj cov]$ j>s1 #bb1jjj b[ls1 #ca1jjj r\nd di%es 7p'an71 #ah1djj w9e cups4 #aji ,see ,bu%ell1 ,o4 ,c4 ,a41 p4 #bbf4 #aaj ,!re are examples ( ?is "w 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 9 :i* ! blue seems to h be5 spong$ on or wa%$ on1 & ! decoration pick$ out ) a ne$lepo9t1 & !n ! :ole cov]$ ) a col\rless glaze4 #aaa hsiang yn1 lit4 felicit\s cl\ds4 #aab ** #b t'ieh *91 lit4 /uck-on gold4 #aac ,o4 ,c4 ,a41 p4 #bba4 #aad ** #b t'i5 pai1 a phrase frequ5tly us$ 9 ?is s5se1 ?\gh x is n q obvi\s h[ x d]ives ?is mean+ f its lit]al s5se ( 8sweet :ite40 #aae ,see p4 #cd4 ,! fan hung is an ov]glaze col\r ( coral t9t1 d]iv$ f oxide ( iron2 ! hsi5 hung is an und]glaze r$ d]iv$ f oxide ( copp]4 #aaf jang hua1 lit4 8abundant or luxuriant ornam5t40 ,emboss$ is ,bu%ell's r5d]+4 #aag ,see ,bu%ell's translation1 op4 cit41 p4 #aea4 #aah ** #c4 #aai ,see p4 #bih4 #abj ** #b l+ *ih1 a species ( ag>ic1 at fir/ reg>d$ z an emblem ( good luck1 & aft]w>ds z a ,taoi/ emblem ( immortality4 #aba ,see ,bu%ell1 ,o4 ,c4 ,a41 p4 #efc4 #abb ** #b %ih tz4 ,! my?ical lion is a fanta/ic animal ) ! playful qualities ( ! ,pek+ese spaniel1 :i* x resembles 9 features4 ,9 fact ! latt] is call$ ! lion dog 7%ih tz k'ou71 & ! =m] is (t5 loosely nam$ ! 8dog ( ,fo 7,buddha710 because he is ! usual gu>dian ( ,buddhi/ temples & images4 #abc ** ts'ang1 azure or ho>y4 #abd ,nam$ by ,bu%ell mack]el1 c>p41 m>bl$ p]*1 & ano!r4 #abe ** #d4 #abf ** *n1 a fleet horse4 #abg ,translation ( ! ,t'ao %uo 7p4 #ade74 #abh ,o4 ,c4 ,a41 p4 #bbg4 #abi ** #d4 #acj ,see ,lauf]1 ,jade1 p4 #abj4 #aca ,see ,may]s1 "p ii41 p4 #cce4 #acb hua **4 ,bu%ell 7,t'ao %uo1 p4 #adf7 has r5d]$ ?is ) 8fl[]s & inscriptions1 etc40 ,9 _m cases 9 ^! li/s x is almo/ impossible to say :e!r ! ^w hua has ! s5se ( fl[]s or m]ely decoration4 ,! pres5t passage fu %\ k'ang n+ hua *ung seems to dem& ! second int]pretation4 #acc ,?is d>k blue ,*ia ,*+ w>e 0 c>efully copi$ at ! ,imp]ial factory 9 ! ,yung ,*ng p]iod4 ,see p4 #bjc4 #acd ,see ,j4 ,bttg]1 ,philipp ,ha9h(] und d] ,kun/s*rank ,gu/av ,adolfs 9 ,upsala1 ,/ockholm1 #aiji1 ,plate #ga4 ,! same int]e/+ collection includes a m>k$ ,wan ,li di% ) cl\d & /ork patt]n 9 und]glaze blue1 two cups1 & a set ( ,indian lacqu] di%es ) c5tres made ( ! *>act]i/ic ,*9ese export porcela9 describ$ on p4 #gj4 #ace ,cat ,b4 ,f4 ,a41 ,d #ag4 #acf ,a good example ( ?is col\r+ is a l>ge b[l ) ,*ia ,*+ m>k 9 ! ,kun/gew]be ,museum1 ,b]l94 #acg ,see vol4 i1 p4 #bbe4 #ach ,figur$ 9 ,f4 ,dillon1 ,porcela91 ,plate v4 #aci ,bk4 v41 fol4 #i recto4 #adj ** #b4 ,ts'ui is a fairly common "n4 ,x occurs z a m>k on a small figure ( an infant 9 creamy :ite w>e ( ,t+ type 9 ! ,eumorfop\los ,collection2 b x is highly improbable t ?is piece has any?+ to d ) ! ,mr4 ,ts'ui "h 9 "q4 #ada ,! ,m+ *'n %ih pi *\ *ai y t'an1 quot$ 9 ! ,t'ao lu1 bk4 viii41 fol4 #d1 says1 8,:5 we come to ,*ia ,*+ w>e !n !re are also imitations ( bo? ,hsan ,t & ,*'ng ,hua types 7!y ev5 are said to excel !m74 ,b ,mr4 ,ts'ui's w>e is hon\r$ 9 addition1 ?\gh its price is negligible1 be+ only "o-t5? ( t ( ,hsan & ,*'ng w>es40 #adb ,bk4 iii41 fol4 #g4 #adc ,see ,bu%ell1 ,o4 ,c4 ,a41 p4 #bce4 #add ,bk4 vi41 fol4 #af1 & ,bu%ell's translation1 p4 #aeb4 #ade ,see ,m+ *'n %ih pi *\ *ai y t'an 7quot$ 9 ,t'ao lu1 bk4 viii41 cf4 #d v]so73 8,= ,mu ,tsung 7i4e4 ,lung ,*'+7 lov$ s5suality1 & !re=e ord]s 7 giv5 to make ?is k9d ( ?+2 b z a matt] ( fact ',spr+ pa9t+' began 9 ! picture h\se ( ,pr9ce ,kuang ,*an ( ! ,han dyna/y44440 #adf ,see ,t'ao lu1 bk4 viii41 fols4 #aj & #aa1 quot+ f ! ,ts'ao t'i5 yu *i4 #adg ,t'ang y+ lung kang *i1 quot$ 9 ! ,t'ao lu1 bk4 viii41 fols4 #aa & #ab4 #adh ,*ao 0 suppos$ to h display$ sup]human skill 9 ! manufacture ( pott]y 9 ! ,*9 dyna/y 7#bfe-dai ,a4,d474 #adi ,bk4 v41 fol4 #h4 #aej ,= explanation ( ^! t]ms1 see p4 #aj4 #aea ,bu%ell's r5d]+1 8cups & sauc]s10 is mislead+ if n v]bally incorrect4 #aeb ,^! are ,bu%ell's r5d]+s4 #aec ** #c ss hs t'ou1 a phrase :i* w\ld m usually ref] to ! be>d ?an ! hair ( ! head4 ,! above r5d]+ is ,bu%ell's4 #aed ** #b4 #aee ** #b4 #aef ** #c4 #aeg ** #d4 ,!re is an allusion 9 ?is "n to ! /ory ( ,hu ,kung1 a magician ( ! ?ird & f\r? c5turies1 :o 0 cr$it$ ) m>vell\s heal+ p[]s4 ,e night he disappe>$1 & x 0 f\nd at l5g? t he 0 9 ! habit ( retir+ into a holl[ g\rd :i* hung f ! door po/4 ,see ,a4 ,e4 ,hippisley1 ,catalogue ( a ,collection ( ,*9ese ,porcela9s1 ,smi?sonian ,in/itute1 ,wa%+ton1 #aijj4 ,hao's porcela9 is also kn[n z ,hu kung yao 7! w>e ( ,mr4 ,pots74 #aeh ,see ,t'ao lu1 bk4 v41 fol4 #aj1 & bk4 viii41 fol4 #g1 & ,t'ao %uo1 bk4 vi41 fol4 #bf4 #aei ** #b luan mu1 8! curta9 inside ! egg10 :i* conveys ! idea ( extreme t5uity bett] ?an ! mo/ usual expression1 8egg %ell0 porcela94 #afj ,half a *u4 #afa ** #c4 #afb ,tz *94 ,gold5 br[n ) r$di% t+e 7tz *9 tai *u71 accurately describes "o k9d ( /onew>e tea pots made at ,yi-hs+ 7p4 #agg72 b x is n /at$ :e!r ,hao's imitations 7 9 /onew>e or porcela94 #afc ,an allusion to ! celebrat$ or*id pavilion at ,kuei-*i1 9 ,*kiang1 ! meet+ place ( a cot]ie ( s*ol>s 9 ! f\r? c5tury4 ,! sc5e 9 :i* !y float$ _! w9e cups on ! riv] has be5 popul>is$ 9 pictorial art4 ,see ,plate #ajd ,fig4 #a4 #afd ** #b4 #afe ,! ,k'ao p'an y %ih4 #aff ,bk4 vi41 fol4 #af recto4 #afg ,see p4 #adj4 #afh ,bk4 v41 fol4 #aj v]so1 "u ! head+1 ,hsiao nan yao 7,little ,s\? ,/reet w>es74 #afi ** #b1 app>5tly ref]r+ to ! size ( ! vessels & n necess>ily imply+ t !y 7 %ap$ l a frog4 ,on ! o!r h&1 small wat] vessels 9 ! =m ( a frog h be5 made 9 ,*9a f ! ,sung p]iod onw>ds4 #agj ** #b4 #aga ,a simil> ew] 9 ,dr4 ,seligmann's collection is m>k$ ) "o ( ! trigrams ( ! pa kua4 #agb ,cat41 ,l #bd4 #agc ,cat41 ,e #ai-be4 #agd ,d5kml] ,p]sis*] ,baukun/1 ,plate lii41 ,text p4 #da & ,fig4 #dd4 #age ,! same emp]or %[$ 8 appreciation = ,*9ese c]amics by import+ a numb] ( ,*9ese pott]s into ,p]sia4 ,see p4 #cj4 #agf ,x is record$ t ! ,emp]or ,wan ,li s5t pres5ts ( l>ge porcela9 j>s to ! ,mogul ,emp]or1 & x is likely t simil> pres5ts _h arriv$ at ! ,p]sian ,c\rt4 #agg ,cat41 ,case ,x1 ,no4 #bde1 & ,plate xv4 #agh ,burl+ton ,magaz9e1 ,octob]1 #aiaj1 p4 #dj4 #agi ,see ,franks ,catalogue1 ,no4 #gfc4 #ahj ,burl+ton ,magaz9e1 ,m>*1 #aiac1 p4 #caj4 ,see also ,ha9h(] und d] ,kun/s*rank ,gu/av ,adolfs1 op4 cit41 ,plate #fi1 :]e a set ( di%es ( ,india lacqu] is illu/rat$1 ea* m\nt$ 9 ! c5tre ) a r\ndel ( ?is type ( porcela94 ,^! di%es are m5tion$ 9 a lett] dat$ #afbh4 #aha ,numb]$ #aaia & #aaib4 ,a numb] ( o!r pa9t]s :o h introduc$ ^! ,*9ese porcela9s into _! "w are nam$ by ,mr4 ,p]zynski 7,burl+ton ,magaz9e1 ,decemb]1 #aiaj1 p4 #afi74 #ahb ,see p4 #fc4 #ahc ,c #e-g4 #ahd ,cat41 ,no4 #aab;,d4 #ahe ,burl+ton ,magaz9e1 ,decemb]1 #aiaj1 p4 #afi4 #ahf ,! figures sometimes /& out aga9/ a backgr\nd col\r$ ) wa%es ( gre51 yell[ & aub]g9e glaze4 ,see ,plate #hb1 ,fig4 #b4 #ahg ,see p4 #dc4 #ahh ,see vol4 i41 p4 #bah4 #ahi ,see p4 #aif4 #aij ,i h se5 occasional specim5s ) ! ,wan ,li m>k4 #aia ,see vol4 i41 p4 #bah4 #aib ,cat41 ,j #ba4 #aic ,cat41 ,a #cc4 ,9 ! ,lymans ,collection 9 ,bo/on !re are sev]al examples ( ?is w>e1 includ+ specim5s ) d>k & light c(fee br[n gr\nds & a j> 9 blue & :ite4 #aid ,a collection ( ^! is 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 & !y include _m types ( late ,m+ export porcela9s4 #aie ,cat4 ,b4 ,f4 ,a41 ,k #cg4 #aif ,a j> ) v]tical b&s ( ornam5t 9 a mi/y und]glaze r$ ( pale t9t 9 ! ,eumorfop\los collection probably belongs to ?is p]iod4 ,?\gh te*nically unsuccessful1 ! g5]al effect ( ! bold r$-pa9t$ design is mo/ attractive4 #aig ,see vol4 i41 p4 #bah4 #aih ,cat41 ,j #af4 #aii ,!re is a :ole case full ( !m 9 ! celebrat$ ,dresd5 collection1 a fact :i* is /rongly 9 fav\r ( a ,k'ang ,hsi orig9 = ! gr\p4 #bjj ,eight ,preci\s ,?+s4 ,see p4 #bii4 #bja ,see vol4 i41 p4 #bai4 #bjb ,! fact t ! enamell]s' %ops at ,*+-t ,*n to ?is day are kn[n z hung ti5 7r$ %ops7 po9ts to ! pr$om9ance ( ?is r$ family 9 ! e>ly hi/ory ( enamell$ decorations4 #bjc ,see p4 #fg4 #bjd ,see vol4 i41 p4 #bah4 #bje ,see p4 #bbd4 #bjf ,see p4 #ij4 #bjg ,h #ag1 exhibit$ by ,mr4 ,g4 ,eumorfop\los4 #bjh ,see p4 #d4 #bji ,see p4 #id4 #baj ,o!r sauc]s ( ?is k9d h a decoration ( radiat+ floral sprays1 & !re are b[ls ( a famili> type ) small sprays engrav$ & fill$ 9 ) col\r$ glazes 9 a gr\nd ( gre5 or aub]g9e purple4 ,"s ( ^! h a r\gh biscuit sugge/+ ! late ,m+ p]iod2 o!rs ( f9] f9i% app>5tly belong to ! ,k'ang ,hsi p]iod4 ,!y (t5 h indi/9ct seal m>ks1 kn[n z 8%op m>ks10 9 blue4 #baa ,burl+ton ,magaz9e1 ,decemb]1 #aiaj1 p4 #afi1 & ,m>*1 #aiac1 p4 #caa4 #bab ,figur$ 9 ,monkh\se1 op4 cit41 ,fig4 #b4 ,! date ( ! m\nt is disput$1 "s au?orities plac+ x at ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 #bac ,figur$ by ,p]zynski1 ,burl+ton ,magaz9e1 ,m>*1 #aiac4 ,a vase ( ?is /yle ) tulip design 9 ! palace at ,*>lott5burg has a cyclical date 9 ! decoration1 :i* repres5ts #afci or #afii 7probably ! =m]7 9 our *ronology4 #bad ** #c pai tun tz :ite blocks4 #bae ,a sixte5?-c5tury "w4 ,see p4 #b4 #baf ,_m obs]v]s positively ass]t t ! groov$ foot rim does n occur on pre-,k'ang ,hsi porcela94 ,if ?is is true1 x provides a v useful rule = dat+2 b ! rigid application ( ^! rules ( ?umb is r>ely possible1 & we c only reg>d !m z useful b n infallible guides4 #bag ,quot$ 9 ,t'ao lu1 bk4 viii41 fol4 #f4 #bah fu ti4 #bai ,man hs94 #bbj ,see ,t'ao %uo1 bk4 iii41 fol4 #g v]so4 8,among o!r ?+s ! porcela9 ) glaze lu/r\s & ?ick l mass$ l>d1 & :i* has millet gra9s ris+ l *ick5 sk9 & displays palm eyes 7tsung y57 l orange sk91 is priz$40 ,! expression 8palm eyes0 occurr+ by itself 9 o!r contexts has giv5 rise to conflict+ op9ions1 b its use "h1 qualifi$ by ! comp>ison ) orange peel & 9 contra/ ) ! granul> elevations1 po9ts cle>ly to "s sort ( depressions or pitt+s :i*1 be+ *>act]i/ic ( ! classical porcela91 came to be reg>d$ z beauty spots4 #bba e4g4 ,! ,p'+ %ih1 ! ,p'+ hua p'u1 & ! ,*ang wu *ih1 all late ,m+ works4 ,an extract f ! second 7quot$ 9 ! ,t'ao lu1 bk4 ix41 p4 #d v]so7 tells u t 8,*ang ,t-*'i5 says all :o arrange fl[]s fir/ mu/ *oose vases4 ,= summ] & autumn y %\ld use porcela9 vases4 ,= ! hall & l>ge rooms l>ge vases are fitt+2 = ! /udy1 small ones4 ,avoid circul> arrangem5t & avoid pairs4 ,prize ! porcela9 & disda9 gold & silv]4 ,e/eem pure elegance4 ,! m\? ( ! vase %\ld be small & ! foot ?ick4 ,*oose ^!4 ,!y /& firm1 & d n emit vap\rs40 ,t9 l9+s1 we are also told1 %\ld be us$ 9 w9t] to prev5t ! fro/ crack+ ! porcela92 & ,*ang wu *ih 7quot$ ibidem1 fol4 #f v]so7 speaks ( v l>ge ,lung-*'an & ,*n w>e vases1 two or ?ree feet high1 z v suitable = putt+ old prunus b\ghs 94 #bbb ,cobalt1 ! s\rce ( ! c]amic blues1 is obta9$ f cobaltif]\s ore ( manganese1 & its quality v>ies accord+ to ! purity ( ! ore & ! c>e ) :i* x is ref9$4 #bbc #j4 ,c4 ,a41 p4 #bfc4 ,?is v d>k blue recalls "o ( ! ,*ia ,*+ types not$ on page #cf4 #bbd ,see p4 #aj4 #bbe ,b see p4 #agg4 #bbf ,biscuit is ! usual t]m = a fir$ porcela9 :i* has n be5 glaz$4 #bbg ,see p4 #ag4 #bbh ,x has be5 sugge/$ by ,mr4 ,joseph ,burton t ! opacity ( ! col\rs describ$ 9 ! prec$+ p>agraphs may h be5 due to ! addition ( porcela9 e>? to ! glaz+ mat]ial4 #bbi ,see p4 #hb4 #bcj ,see1 h[ev]1 p4 #he4 #bca ,see p4 #b4 #bcb ,! ,t'ao lu 7bk4 ix41 fol4 #ag v]so7 quotes an infallible me?od = fix+ ! gold on b[ls s t x w\ld nev] come (f2 x seems to h consi/$ ( mix+ g>lic juice ) ! gold be=e pa9t+ & fir+ x 9 ! ord9>y way4 #bcc ,loc4 cit41 & ,bu%ell1 ,o4 ,c4 ,a41 p4 #bfh4 #bcd ,see p4 #ge4 #bce ,see ,t'ao %uo1 bk4 iii41 fol4 #aj v]so4 #bcf ,see p4 #ee4 #bcg e4g4 ,! ,*ieh tz yan ma *uan ( ! ,k'ang ,hsi p]iod1 m5tion$ by ,p]zynski1 ,burl+ton ,magaz9e1 ,m>*1 #aiac1 p4 #caj4 #bch ,bu%ell's translation1 op4 cit41 p4 #ga4 #bci ,ku *9 t'u %u *i *'ng1 section xxxii41 bk4 #bdh1 section entitl$ tz' *'i pu hui k'ao1 fol4 #ac v]so4 #bdj ** #b #bda ,! supplies ( porcela9 e>? 9 ! imm$iate di/rict ( ,jao ,*\ ,fu 7 exhau/$ by ?is "t4 #bdb ,! o!rs 7 ! ,*'+-yn factory at ,ss-tu1 & ! ,lan-*'i factory 9 ! ,*i5-n+ di/rict4 ,! latt] di/rict 0 m5tion$ 9 vol4 i41 p4 #acj1 9 connection ) ! h>e's fur b[ls ( ! ,sung p]iod4 #bdc ,see vol4 i41 p4 #ag4 #bdd ,t-hua 0 =m]ly includ$ 9 ! ,*'an-*\ ,fu1 b is n[ 9 ! ,yung-*'un ,*\4 #bde ,see vol4 i41 p4 #aca4 #bdf ,bk4 vii41 fol4 #ac v]so4 #bdg ,loc4 cit4 #bdh ,accord+ to de ,groot1 ,annales du ,muse ,gu9et1 vol4 xi41 p4 #aie4 #bdi ,br9kley1 ,*9a & ,japan1 vol4 ix41 p4 #bgd4 #bej ,see ,w4 ,&]son1 ,catalogue ( ! ,japanese & ,*9ese ,pa9t+s 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 p4 #ge4 #bea ,o4 ,c4 ,a41 p4 #fbh4 #beb ,9 ! lett] dat$ f ,jao ,*\1 ,septemb]1 #agab1 loc4 cit4 #bec ,incis$ designs on ,fuki5 w>es consi/ ( ! ord9>y decoration et*$ 9 ! body ( ! w>e & ( inscriptions :i* h evid5tly be5 cut ?r\gh ! glaze be=e x 0 fir$4 ,! latt] (t5 occur on w9e cups1 & are usually poetical s5tim5ts or aphorisms1 e4g4 8,9 bus9ess be pure z ! w9d02 8,amid/ ! gre5 w9e cups we rejoice40 #bed ,japan & ,*9a1 vol4 ix41 p4 #bgc4 #bee ,ev]yday ,life 9 ,*9a1 or ,sc5es 9 ,fuki51 by ,e4 ,j4 ,dukes1 ,london1 #ahhe1 p4 #adj4 ,! ref]5ce is giv5 by ,bu%ell 9 8 ,ori5tal ,c]amic ,art4 #bef ,loc4 cit41 p4 #bgc4 #beg ,! ,li t'a k'an k'ao ku ou pi51 a copy ( :i*1 publi%$ 9 #ahgg1 is 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,?is book does n inspire confid5ce1 b ,i give ! passage = :at x is wor?3 8,:5 ! glaze 7( ! ,*i5 yao7 is :ite l jade1 glossy & lu/r\s1 ri* & ?ick1 ) a r$di% t+e1 & ! biscuit heavy1 ! w>e is fir/ quality 444 ,enamell$ specim5s 7wu ts'ai7 are second rate40 #beh ,9 ! ,pi]pont ,morgan collection 7vol4 i41 p4 #gh71 a specim5 ) a blue m>k is describ$ z ,fuki5 porcela92 b ,i %\ld accept ! description ) ! greate/ res]ve1 :ite ,*+-t ,*n w>e be+ v (t5 wrongly describ$ 9 ?is way4 #bei ,o4 ,c4 ,a41 p4 #bid4 #bfj ,9 ! second volume ( ! ,pi]pont ,morgan catalogue--:i*1 un=tunately1 _h n ! b5efit ( ,dr4 ,bu%ell's erudition--! late ,mr4 ,laffan ext5d$ ! t]m lang yao s z to embrace ! magnific5t ?ree-col\r vases ) black gr\nd & _! k9dr$ ma/]pieces ) gre5 & yell[ gr\nds4 ,x is impossible to ju/ify ?is ext5sion ( ! t]m unless we assume t ! pieces 9 "q 7 all made betwe5 ! ye>s #afed-affa & #affe-affh1 :ile ,lang ,t'+-tso 0 vic]oy ( ,kiangsi4 #bfa ,o4 ,c4 ,a41 p4 #cjb4 #bfb ,quot$ 9 ! ,franks ,catalogue1 p4 #h4 #bfc ,o4 ,c4 ,a41 p4 #cjb footnote4 #bfd ,see also ,hippisley1 ,catalogue1 p4 #cdf1 :]e ano!r v]sion is giv5 :i* makes ?is ,lang actually a ,jesuit mission>y1 a v]sion :i* ,mr4 ,hippisley aft]w>ds ab&on$ :5 rese>* 9 ! ,jesuit records fail$ to discov] any evid5ce = ! /atem5t4 #bfe ,see p4 #aa4 #bff ,see p4 #cd4 #bfg ,op4 cit41 ,section ix4 ,! p>agraph 9 ! fir/ lett] runs3 8,il y en a d'entirem5t r\ges1 et p>mi celles-l1 les unes sont d'un r\ge l'huile1 ye\ li hum2 les autres sont d'un r\ge s\ffl1 ts*\i hum 7*'ui hung71 et sont semes de petits po9ts peu prs comme nos mignatures4 ,qu& ces deux sortes d'ouvrages rssiss5t dans leur p]fection1 ce qui e/ assez difficile1 ils sont inf9im5t e/imez et extrmem5t *]s40 #bfh ,!re is a v beautiful glaze effect kn[n z 8a%es ( roses10 :i* seems to be a p>tially fir$-out sang de buf4 ,x is a crackl$ glaze1 transluc5t1 & lightly t+$ ) a copp] r$ :i* v]ges on m>oon4 #bfi ,! ,emp]or ,k'ang ,hsi 0 specially conc]n$ to enc\rage indu/ry & art1 & 9 #afhj he e/abli%$ a numb] ( factories at ,pek+ = ! manufacture ( enamels1 glass1 lacqu]1 etc4 ,pre d',entrecolles m5tions t he also attempt$ to set up ! manufacture ( porcela9 9 ! capital1 b ?\gh he ord]$ workm5 & mat]ials to be br\ght f ,*+-t ,*n = ! purpose1 ! ent]prise fail$1 possibly1 z d',entrecolles h9ts1 ow+ to intrigues ( ! ve/$ int]e/s else:]e4 #bgj ,bu%ell1 op4 cit41 p4 #c4 #bga ,bk4 v41 fol4 #aa4 #bgb ** lit4 wat]$4 ,?is ^w has be5 r5d]$ by "s translators z 8pale02 b probably x has m]ely ! s5se ( 8mix$ ) ! 7glaze7 wat]10 i4e4 a mono*rome glaze4 ,! recipe giv5 9 ! ,t'ao lu 7see ,juli57 is incomplete1 only m5tion+ 8cry/als ( saltpetre & f]rug9\s e>? 7f] ologi/e t]reux740 ,ano!r *iao :i* signifies 8beautiful1 delicate10 is appli$ to ! ,hung ,*ih yell[ 9 ,hsiang's ,album4 ,see vol4 ii41 p4 #bh4 #bgc ,lit4 8yell[ di/ribute spots40 ,see1 h[ev]1 p4 #aij4 #bgd ,see ,o4 ,c4 ,a41 p4 #cag4 #bge ,! two lett]s 7 publi%$ 9 ,lettres difiantes et curieuses4 ,!y are repr9t$ z an app5dix to ,dr4 ,bu%ell's translation ( ! ,t'ao %uo4 ,!y h be5 well translat$ by ,william ,burton1 9 8 ,porcela91 ,*ap4 ix42 ,bu%ell gave a prcis ( !m 9 8 ,o4 ,c4 ,a41 ,*ap1 xi41 & ,/anislas ,juli5 quot$ !m ext5sively 9 8 ,porcela9e ,*9oise4 #bgf ,pre d',entrecolles 7second lett]1 section xii47 po9ts out t ! glaze us$ = ! blue & :ite 0 consid]ably s(t] ?an t ( ! ord9>y w>e1 & 0 fir$ 9 ! m temp]ate p>ts ( ! kiln4 ,! s(t5+ +r$i5t 7:i* consi/$ *iefly ( ! a%es ( a c]ta9 wood & lime burnt toge!r7 0 add$ to ! glaze mat]ial 7pai yu7 9 a proportion ( #a to #g = ! blue & :ite z aga9/ #a to #ac = ! ord9>y w>e4 #bgg ,on "s ( ! l>ge sauc]-%ap$ di%es ( ?is p]iod ! foot rim is unusually broad & *annell$ ) a deep groove4 #bgh ,see ,bu%ell1 ,t'ao %uo1 op4 cit41 p4 #aib4 ,x is tol]ably cle> t d',entrecolles 9 ?is passage is giv+ a v]batim r5d]+ ( a ,*9ese description4 ,! 8fl[]s0 is1 no d\bt1 hua1 & might be r5d]$ 8decoration0 9 ! g5]al s5se1 & ! 8wat] & ! m\nta9s0 is1 no d\bt1 %an %ui1 ! curr5t phrase = 8l&scape40 #bgi ,= ! %ape ( ! ju-i head1 see vol4 i41 p4 #bbg4 #bhj 8,flam+ silv] c&le light+ up rosy beauty10 a ,*'ng ,hua design 7see p4 #be7 b (t5 f\nd 9 ,k'ang ,hsi porcela91 :i* usually has1 by ! way1 ! ,*'ng ,hua m>k to keep up ! associations4 #bha ,= fur!r notes on design1 see *ap4 xvii4 #bhb ,!re is a small collection ( ^! porcela9s salv$ f ! sea & pres5t$ to ! ,briti% ,museum by ,h4 ,adams 9 #ahec2 b !re is no evid5ce to %[ :i*1 if any1 7 on bo>d ! ,ha>lem4 #bhc ,?is design 0 copi$ on e>ly ,worce/] blue & :ite porcela94 #bhd ,9 spite ( ,bu%ell's translation ( a ,m+ passage :i* w\ld lead "o to ?9k o!rwise2 see p4 #dj4 #bhe ,see vol4 i41 p4 #bbf4 #bhf ,!re are frequ5t allusions to ! ,european trade 9 ! lett]s ( ,pre d',entrecolles4 ,9 ! fir/ lett] 7,bu%ell1 ,t'ao %uo1 p4 #aia7 a ref]5ce is made among m\ld$ porcela9s to 8celles qui sont d'une figure bis>re1 comme les animaux1 les grotesques1 les ,idoles1 les bu/es que les ,europeans ordonn5t40 ,on p4 #aic3 8,p\r ce qui e/ des c\leurs de la porcela9e1 il y en a de t\tes les sortes4 ,on n'en voit gu]es en ,europe que de celle qui e/ d'un bleu vif sur un fond blanc4 ,je crois p\rtant que nos ,m>*&s y en ont apport d'autres40 ,on p4 #bjb1 to expla9 ! high price ( ! ,*9ese porcela9 9 ,europe1 we are told t = ! porcela9 = ,europe new models1 (t5 v /range & difficult to manufacture1 are con/antly dem&$1 & z ! porcela9 0 reject$ = ! smalle/ defect1 ^! pieces 7 left on ! pott]'s h&s1 &1 be+ un-,*9ese 9 ta/e1 7 q unsaleable4 ,naturally ! pott] dem&$ a high price = ! successful pieces to cov] 8 loss on ! reject$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we are told 7p4 #bjd7 t ! m&>9s1 recognis+ ! inv5tive g5ius ( ! ,europeans1 sometimes ask$ him 7d',entrecolles7 to procure new & curi\s designs1 9 ord] t !y might h novelties to (f] to ! ,emp]or4 ,b 8 conv]ts entreat$ him n to get ^! designs1 :i* 7 (t5 v difficult to execute & l$ to all mann] ( ill-treatm5t ( ! un=tunate workm54 ,on ! same page we are told t ! ,european m]*ants ord]$ l>ge plaques = inlay+ 9 furniture1 b t ! pott]s f\nd x impossible to make any plaque l>g] ?an ab\t a foot squ>e4 ,9 ! second lett] 7section x471 h[ev]1 we le>n t 8?is ye> 7#agbb7 !y _h accept$ ord]s = designs :i* _h hi!rto be5 consid]$ impossible1 viz4 = urns 7urnes7 #c feet & m high1 ) a cov] :i* rose 9 pyramidal =m to an additional foot4 ,!y 7 made 9 ?ree pieces1 s skilfully jo9$ t ! seams 7 n visible1 & out ( tw5ty-five made only eight _h be5 successful4 ,^! objects 7 ord]$ by ! ,canton m]*ants1 :o deal ) ! ,europeans2 = 9 ,*9a p are n int]e/$ 9 porcela9 :i* entails su* great co/40 #bhg ,?is defect is notic$ by ,pre d',entrecolles1 :o m5tions ano!r rem$y us$ by ! ,*9ese pott]s4 ,!y appli$1 he tells u 9 section ii4 ( ! second lett]1 a prep>ation ( bamboo a%es mix$ ) glaz+ mat]ial to ! edges ( ! plate be=e ! glaz+ prop]4 ,?is 0 suppos$ to h ! desir$ effect )\t impair+ ! :it5ess ( ! porcela94 #bhh ,see p4 #gd4 #bhi ,second lett]1 section iv4 #bij ,see ,bu%ell1 ,o4 ,c4 ,a41 p4 #cbj4 #bia ,see p4 #bja4 #bib ,! use ( crackle glaze ov] blue 7porcela9e t\te azure7 is not$ by ,pre d',entrecolles 9 8 fir/ lett]4 ,see ,bu%ell1 op4 cit41 p4 #aie4 #bic ,see ,bu%ell1 ,t'ao %uo1 p4 #aig4 #bid ,a some:at simil> b clumsi] decoration 0 ! 8scrat*$ blue0 ( ! ,/af=d%ire salt glaze made ab\t #agej4 #bie ,on exceptional examples ! r$ seems to h turn$ almo/ black1 & 9 "s cases x seems to h p5etrat$ ! glaze & turn$ br[n4 #bif ,a simil> comb9ation ( col\r$ glazes 0 effectively us$ on ! m\ld$ porcela9s ( ! ,japanese ,hirado factory4 #big ,see pp4 #dh & #ajj4 #bih ,loc4 cit41 second lett]1 section xiv4 #bii ,app>5tly huang l huan1 yell[ & gre5 787 circles4 ,b )\t ! ,*9ese *>act]s x is impossible to say :i* huan is int5d$4 ,! description seems to apply to ! 8tig] sk90 w>e1 :]e yell[1 gre5 & aub]g9e glazes h be5 appli$ 9 l>ge pat*es4 ,bu%ell 7,o4 ,c4 ,a41 p4 #cca7 makes ?is expression ref] to ! specim5s ) engrav$ designs 9 col\r contra/+ ) ! surr\nd+ gr\nd1 su* z ,fig4 #a ( ,plate #gi2 b ?is does n seem to suit ! ^w huan4 #cjj ,loc4 cit41 section xiv4 #cja ,see footnote on p4 #hi4 #cjb ,! same te*nique is employ$ on "s ( ! ,japanese ,kaga w>es4 #cjc ,app>5tly d]iv$ f manganese4 #cjd ,see p4 #hj4 #cje ,ano!r fav\rite =m is ! ovoid beak] 7see ,plate #aja71 :i* is sometimes call$ ! y5 y5 vase1 app>5tly f y51 beautiful4 ,b ,i only h ?is "n on he>say1 & x is p]haps m]ely a trad]'s t]m4 #cjf ,see p4 #aaj4 #cjg ,a lotus-%ap$ set 9 ! ,salt+ collection numb]s ?irte5 sections4 #cjh ,! und]glaze blue almo/ inv>iably suff]$ 9 ! subsequ5t fir+s :i* 7 necess>y = ! enamels1 &1 z we %all see1 a diff]5t k9d ( glaze 0 us$ on ! pure enamell$ w>e & on ! blue & :ite4 #cji ,ap>t f ! cases 9 :i* ! enamel col\rs 7 add$ to faulty specim5s ( blue & :ite to conceal defects4 #caj ,see p4 #he4 #caa ,op4 cit41 section vi4 8,il n'y a1 dit on1 que v+t ans ou environ qu'on a tr\v le secret de pe9dre avec le ts\i ou en violet et de dor] la porcela9e40 ,z f> z ! gild+ is conc]n$1 ?is /atem5t is _m c5turies wrong4 ,! ts\i is no d\bt ! ts'ui1 :i* is v vaguely describ$ 9 section xii4 7"u ! "n tsiu7 ( ! same lett]4 ,"h x is /at$ to h be5 comp\nd$ ( a k9d ( /one1 b ! description ( its treatm5t cle>ly %[s t ! mat]ial 0 really a col\r$ glass1 :i* is1 9 fact1 ! basis ( ! violet blue enamel4 #cab ,bu%ell1 op4 cit41 p4 #aic4 #cac ,loc4 cit41 p4 #aie4 #cad ,see d',entrecolles1 second lett]1 section xii4 #cae ,burnt lime & wood a%es4 ,see p4 #ib4 #caf ,catalogue ( ! #aiaj exhibition1 ,no4 #hd4 #cag ,^! seals are usually difficult to deciph]1 & ! "o 9 "q might be read %ui %ih * 7wat] & rock dwell+74 ,?is w\ld be a matt] ( small importance did n ! signature read by ,bu%ell z wan %ih * occur 9 ! ,pi]pont ,morgan ,collection4 ,o!r in/ances 9 ! same collection are *u * 7bamboo retreat71 %ih * 7rock retreat71 & *u %ih * 7r$ rock retreat74 ,! signature *u * also occurs on a di% 9 ! ,dresd5 collection4 #cah ,see p4 #bab4 #cai ,see p4 #fd4 #cbj ,cat41 vol4 i41 p4 #aef4 #cba ,simil> bottles 9 ! ,druck] ,collection h ! 8,g0 m>k4 #cbb ,fang tung yang1 8imitat+ ! ,ea/]n ,sea0 7i4e4 ,japan74 #cbc ,! fir/ specim5s 7accord+ to ,bu%ell1 ,o4 ,c4 ,a41 p4 #cji7 to rea* ,am]ica came f ! collection ( ! ,pr9ce ( ,yi1 ^: l9e 0 f\nd$ by ! ?irte5? son ( ! ,emp]or ,k'ang ,hsi4 #cbd ,! g5]al read] w probably n be mu* conc]n$ z to :e!r ! pea* bloom 0 produc$ by oxide ( copp] or by "s o!r process4 ,hav+ le>nt ! outw>d signs ( ! glaze1 he w take ! inn] mean+ ( x = grant$4 ,o!rs1 h[ev]1 w be int]e/$ to "k t practically all ! features ( ! pea* bloom glaze1 ! p9k col\r1 ! gre5 gr\nd & ! russet br[n spots c be produc$ by *rome t9 fir$ at a high temp]ature4 ,i h se5 examples ( ^! *rome t9 p9ks made by ,mr4 ,mott at ,d\lton's1 :i* exhibit practically all ! peculi>ities ( ! ,*9ese pea* bloom4 ,x does n1 ( c\rse1 foll[ t ! ,*9ese us$ ! same me?ods or ev5 _h any k ( *rome t94 ,!y may h arriv$ at ! same results by entirely diff]5t me?ods1 & ! pea* bloom t9ts develop$ on "s ( ! pa9t$ und]glaze copp] r$s po9t to ! "o :i* is g5]ally believ$ to h be5 us$2 b ! diff]5ce betwe5 ^! & ! fully develop$ pea* bloom is consid]able1 & ?\gh we h no def9ite evid5ce "o way or ! o!r1 ! possibilities ( *rome t9 _c be ov]look$4 #cbe ,! =m ( ?is wat] pot is kn[n 7accord+ to ,bu%ell1 ,o4 ,c4 ,a41 p4 #cah7 z ! ,t'ai-po tsun1 because x 0 design$ aft] ! traditional %ape ( ! w9e j> ( ,li ,t'ai-po1 ! celebrat$ ,t'ang poet4 ,9 its complete /ate x has a %ort neck ) slightly spread+ m\?4 #cbf ,see p4 #adf4 #cbg ,see p4 #fd4 #cbh i4e4 lead glass4 #cbi ,*i1 lit4 sky-cle>+1 & *i *'+ might be r5d]$ 8blue ( ! sky aft] ra940 #ccj ,!re are "s b[ls & bottles 9 ! ,dresd5 collection ) glazes ( a pale lum9\s blue :i* are h>d to p>allel else:]e4 #cca ,loc4 cit41 section xvii4 ,9 ano!r place 7section iii47 we are told h[ ! ,*9ese surr\nd$ ! w>e ) pap] dur+ ! bl[+ op]ation1 s z to cat* & save all ! preci\s mat]ial :i* fell wide ( ! porcela94 #ccb ,i _c recall any example ( ! p[d] blue crackle :i* is "h describ$4 #ccc ,see ,juli51 p4 #ajg4 #ccd ,p4 #agj4 #cce ,second lett]1 section xvii4 #ccf ,! ^w 8maz>9e0 has become naturalis$ 9 ! ,engli% language4 ,goldsmi? spoke ( 8g[ns ( maz>9e blue edg$ ) fur02 & 8,+oldsby0 says ! sky 0 8bright maz>9e40 ,see ,r4 ,l4 ,hobson1 ,worce/] ,porcela91 p4 #aja4 #ccg ,see p4 #ii4 #cch ,see p4 #ajb4 #cci ,^! glazes g5]ally h ! appe>ance ( be+ 9 two coats1 & 9 "s cases !re actually seem to be two lay]s ( crackle4 #cdj ,see p4 #abe4 #cda i4e4 ! /rong heavy types4 ,*9ese lit]ature speaks ( ?9n] & m ref9$ celadons ( ! ,sung p]iod1 b few ( ^! h come d[n to our day4 #cdb ,pre d',entrecolles fully describes ^! spuri\s celadons4 ,see vol4 i41 p4 #hc4 #cdc ,second lett]1 section vii4 #cdd ,! ,t'ao lu 7see ,juli51 p4 #bac7 gives ?is recipe = ! k9d ( celadon kn[n z ,tung *'+1 & a simil> prescription ) a small p]c5tage ( blue add$ = ! v>iety kn[n z ,lung-*'an4 #cde ,see ,bu%ell1 ,o4 ,c4 ,a41 p4 #caf4 #cdf ,see p4 #adg4 #cdg ,!re are "s f9e examples ( orange yell[ mono*rome 9 ! ,pet]s ,collection 9 ,new ,york4 ,! col\r 0 also us$ ) success 9 ! ,*'i5 ,lung p]iod1 ! m>k ( :i* reign occurs on a good example 9 ! ,pet]s ,collection4 #cdh ,bu%ell1 ,o4 ,c4 ,a41 ,plates xxv4 & lxxxiii4 #cdi ,see ,monkh\se1 op4 cit41 fig4 #bb4 ,! crackle on ! mu/>d yell[ glaze is usually small1 b !re is a f9e specim5 9 ! ,pet]s ,collection ) l>ge ev5 crackle4 ,sometimes ?is yell[ has a gre5i% t+e1 & 9 a few in/ances x is comb9$ ) crackl$ gre5 glaze4 #cej ,second lett]1 section vi4 #cea ,see ,pre d',entrecolles1 second lett]1 section xiii43 8,l'arg5t sur le v]nis tse k9 7tz *97 a beauc\p d'clat40 #ceb ,see p4 #ade4 #cec ,! blue ( ! cobalt is sometimes cle>ly visible 9 ! fracture ( ! glaze2 & 9 o!r cases ! black has a decid$ t+e ( br[n4 #ced d',entrecolles1 loc4 cit41 section viii43 8,le noir clatant ou le noir de miroir appell ou kim0 7wu *974 #cee d',entrecolles decl>es t x 0 ! result ( _m exp]im5ts1 app>5tly 9 8 own "t4 ,see p4 #aid4 #cef ,second lett]1 section xi4 #ceg ,see ,m4 ,seym\r de ,ricci 9 ! introduction to ! ,catalogue ( a ,collection ( ,m\nt$ ,porcela9 belong+ to ,e4 ,m4 ,hodgk9s1 ,p>is1 #aiaa1 :]e mu* int]e/+ in=mation has be5 collect$ on ! subject ( ,fr5* m\nts & _! design]s4 ,he quotes also f ! ,livre-j\rnal de ,laz>e ,duvaux m>*&-bij\ti] ord9aire du ,roy 7#agdh-ageh71 :i* includes a li/ ( objects m\nt$ = ,madame de ,pompad\r & o!rs1 giv+ ! nature ( ! w>es & ! co/ ( ! "w4 #ceh ,p]sian1 ,indian1 & occasionally ev5 ,*9ese metal m\nts are f\nd on porcela92 & ,mr4 ,s4 ,e4 ,k5n$y has a f9e enamell$ vase ( ! ,k'ang ,hsi p]iod ) spirit$ dragon h&les ( old ,*9ese bronze4 #cei ,:ite 0 also us$ 9 ! wor%ip ( ! ,ye> ,/> 7,jupit]74 ,o!r col\rs :i* h a ritual significance are yell[1 us$ 9 ! ,ance/ral ,temple by ! ,emp]or1 & on ! alt>s ( ! god ( ,agriculture & ( ! goddess ( ,silk2 blue1 9 ! ,temple ( ,heav5 & 9 ! ,temple ( ,l& & ,gra92 & r$1 9 ! wor%ip ( ! ,sun4 #cfj ,br9kley has aptly describ$ x z 8sn[-:ite oil40 #cfa ,cf4 ,pre d',entrecolles1 second lett]1 section xviii43 87,! designs7 are fir/ outl9$ ) a grav+-tool on ! body ( ! vase1 & aft]w>ds lightly *annell$ ar\nd to give !m relief4 ,aft] ?is !y are glaz$40 #cfb ,see d',entrecolles1 loc4 cit41 sections iv4 & v4 ,aft] describ+ ! prep>ation ( ! /eatite 7hua %ih7 by mix+ x ) wat]1 he cont9ues3 8,!n !y dip a bru% 9 ! mixture & trace v>i\s designs on ! porcela91 & :5 !y are dry ! glaze is appli$4 ,:5 ! w>e is fir$1 ^! designs em]ge 9 a :ite :i* diff]s f t ( ! body4 ,x is z ?\gh a fa9t mi/ _h spread ov] ! surface4 ,! :ite f hoa *e 7hua %ih or /eatite7 is call$ ivory :ite1 siam ya pe 7hsiang ya pai740 ,9 ! next section he describes ano!r mat]ial us$ = :ite pa9t+ "u ! glaze4 ,?is is %ih kao1 :i* has be5 id5tifi$ ) fibr\s gypsum4 #cfc ,see p4 #gd4 #cfd ,fir/ lett]1 ,bu%ell1 op4 cit41 p4 #aie4 #cfe ,o4 ,c4 ,a41 p4 #ecc4 #cff ,ku *9 t'u %u1 section xxxii41 vol4 #bdh1 fol4 #ae4 ,9 ?is way1 we are told1 7 produc$ 7#a7 ! ?\s&fold millet crackle & 7#b7 ! drab-br[n 7ho7 cups4 ,! col\r ( ! latt] 0 obta9$ by rubb+ on a decoction ( old tea leaves4 ,! =m] is a "n giv5 to a glaze brok5 into 8num]\s small po9ts40 #cfg ,see ,bu%ell1 ,t'ao %uo1 loc4 cit41 p4 #aie4 #cfh ,! ,tao lu 7see ,juli51 p4 #bad7 in=ms u t ! sui *'i yu 7crackle w>e glaze7 0 made f briquettes =m$ ( ! natural rock ( ,san-pao-p'ng4 ,if highly ref9$ ?is mat]ial produc$ small crackle2 if less c>efully ref9$1 co>se crackle4 ,9 ref]5ce to sui *'i 9 an e>li] "p ( ! same "w1 we are told t ! ,sung pott]s mix$ hua %ih ) ! glaze to produce crackle4 ,hua %ih is a mat]ial ( ! nature ( /eatite1 & ,bu%ell 7,o4 ,c4 ,a41 p4 #ddg7 /ates t ! ,*9ese pott]s mix p[d]$ /eatite ) ! glaze to make x crackle4 ,x is1 !n1 highly probable t ! 8:ite pebbles0 ( ,pre d',entrecolles & ! rock ( ,san-pao-p'ng are ! same mat]ial & ( a /eatitic nature4 #cfi ** #c4 ,ano!r "n ( ?is (ficial1 ,y5 kung1 is m5tion$ 9 ! ,t'ao lu1 bk4 v41 fol4 #aa v]so4 #cgj ,situat$ at ! junction ( ! ,gr& ,canal & ! ,yangtze4 #cga ,loc4 cit4 #cgb ,silv]+ ! entire surface 7mo y971 z oppos$ to m]ely decorat+ ) pa9t$ designs 9 silv] 7miao y971 appe>s to h be5 a novelty introduc$ by ,t'ang ,y+4 #cgc i4e4 porcela9 s]vices pa9t$ ) ,european coats ( arms4 #cgd ,see p4 #bae4 #cge ,see p4 #bbe1 ,nos4 #da & #db4 #cgf ,cf4 p4 #be1 :]e 8high-flam+ silv] c&le light+ up rosy beauty0 is expla9$ 9 ?is s5se among ! ,*'ng ,hua designs4 #cgg ,see p4 #ac4 #cgh ,see p4 #bbe1 ,no4 #de4 #cgi ,see p4 #bbd1 ,nos4 #ai & #bj4 #chj ,a beautiful example ( a 8/em-cup0 9 ! ,eumorfop\los ,collection1 ) ?ree fi%es on ! ext]ior 9 und]glaze r$ ( brilliant quality & ! ,hsan ,t m>k inside ! b[l1 probably belongs to ?is class4 #cha ,see p4 #adh4 #chb ,see p4 #bbe1 ,no4 #cj4 #chc ,see p4 #bbd1 ,no4 #bf4 #chd ,see ,catalogue #cjj-cjc4 8,on ea* is a m9iature gr\p ( ! ,sev5 ,wor?ies ( ! ,bamboo ,grove ) an att5dant br++ a j> ( w9e & fl[]s4 ,! porcela9 is s ?9 t ! design1 ) all ! details ( col\r1 c be di/9ctly p]ceiv$ f ! inside40 ,x is only "r to say t _! le>n$ possessor has catalogu$ !m z g5u9e examples ( ! ,*'ng ,hua p]iod4 #che ,see p4 #bbd1 ,no4 #be4 #chf ,see p4 #bja4 #chg ,see p4 #bbd1 ,no4 #bg4 #chh ,see p4 #bbe1 ,no4 #cf4 #chi ,t'ao %uo1 bk4 i41 fol4 #ae v]so4 #cij ,see p4 #bbe1 ,no4 #di4 ,fo-lang1 fa-lang1 fu-lang1 & fa-lan are us$ indiscrim9ately by ! ,*9ese 9 ! s5se ( enamels on metal4 #cia ,9 ! ,t'ao lu1 "u ! head+ ,yang tz'4 ,x is a curi\s p>adox t ! ,*9ese call$ famille rose porcela9 yang ts'ai 7=eign col\rs7 & ! ,canton enamels yang tz' 7=eign porcela974 ,see ,burl+ton ,magaz9e1 ,decemb]1 #aiab1 8,note on ,canton ,enamels40 #cib ,see pp4 #bbd-bbf1 ,nos4 #bi1 #cg1 #ch1 #di1 #ea1 #ec1 & #ed4 #cic ,ap>t f ! rose p9ks :i* are d]iv$ f purple ( cassius1 i4e4 precipitate ( gold1 & ! opaque :ite d]iv$ f ars5ic1 ! col\r+ ag5ts ( ! famille rose enamels are ess5tially ! same z ^? ( ! famille v]te4 ,! col\rs !mselves 7 br\ght to ,*+-t ,*n 9 ! =m ( lumps ( col\r$ glass prep>$ at ! ,%antung glass works4 ,^! lumps 7 gr\nd to a f9e p[d] & mix$ ) a little :ite lead1 & 9 "s cases ) s& 7app>5tly pota% 0 also us$ 9 "s cases to modify ! tones71 & ! p[d] 0 work$ up = ! pa9t]'s use ) turp5t9e1 weak glue1 or ev5 ) wat]4 ,cobaltif]\s ore ( manganese1 oxide ( copp]1 iron p]oxide1 & antimony 7 /ill ! ma9 col\r+ ag5ts4 ,! fir/ produc$ ! v>i\s %ades ( blue1 violet1 purple1 & black2 ! second1 ! v>i\s gre5s2 ! ?ird1 coral or brick r$2 & ! f\r?1 yell[ ( v>i\s %ades4 ,a little iron 9 ! yell[ gave ! col\r an orange tone4 ,! modifications ( ! gre5 are m num]\s4 ,! pure b9oxide ( copp] produc$ ! %ade us$ = di/ant m\nta9s 7%an l71 :i* c\ld be conv]t$ into turquoise by ! admixture ( :ite4 ,! ord9>y leaf gre5 0 d>k5$ by /r5g!n+ ! lead elem5t 9 ! flux & made blu] by ! introduction ( pota% 9 ! mixture4 ,comb9$ ) yell[ x gave an opaque yell[i% gre5 col\r kn[n z ku l 7anci5t gre572 & a v pale gre5i% :ite1 ! 8moon :ite0 ( ! enamell]1 0 made by a t+e ( gre5 add$ to ! ars5i\s :ite4 ,! c>m9e & crimson rose t9ts d]iv$ f ! glass t9t$ ) precipitate ( gold1 :i* 0 kn[n z y5 *ih hung 7r\ge r$71 7 modifi$ ) :ite to produce ! fn hung or pale p9k2 & ! same c>m9e 0 comb9$ ) :ite & deep blue to make ! am>an? or blue lotus 7*'+ li57 col\r4 ,! ord9>y brick r$ 7! ta hung or mo hung7 0 d]iv$ f p]oxide ( iron mix$ ) a little glue to make x adh]e1 b dep5d+ on ! glaze = any vitrification x c\ld obta94 ,! addition ( a plumbo-alcal9e flux produc$ ! m brilliant & glossy r$ ( coral t9t kn[n z tsao'rh hung 7jujube r$74 ,! dry1 dull black d]iv$ f cobaltif]\s manganese 0 conv]t$ into a glossy enamel by mix+ ) gre54 ,?is is ! famille rose black z di/9ct f ! black ( ! famille v]te1 :i* 0 =m$ by a lay] ( gre5 wa%$ ov] a lay] ( dull black on ! porcela9 itself4 ,!re are1 besides1 num]\s o!r %ades1 su* z lav5d]1 ,fr5* grey1 etc41 obta9$ by cunn+ mixtures1 & all ^! enamels 7 capable ( use z mono*romes 9 place ( col\r$ glazes z well z = bru%work4 #cid ,bu%ell1 ,*9ese ,art1 vol4 ii41 fig4 #fa4 #cie ,hi/oire de la porcela9e1 pt4 viii41 fig4 #c4 #cif ,^! m>ks 7 discuss$ by ,bu%ell 9 ! ,burl+ton ,magaz9e1 ,augu/ & ,septemb]1 #aijf4 ,!y are figur$ on vol4 i41 pp4 #bai & #bbc4 #cig ,quot$ f a lett] writt5 to ,sir ,wolla/on ,franks by ,mr4 ,ar?ur ,b4 ,fr5*1 :o visit$ ,*+-t ,*n 9 #ahhb4 #cih ,(ficially ! reign ( ,k'ang ,hsi dates f #affb-agbb1 b he actually succe$$ to ! ?rone on ! dea? ( ,%un ,*ih 9 #affa1 s t 8 reign complet$ ! cycle ( sixty ye>s 9 #agba4 #cii ,z ,bu%ell has done 9 ,*9ese ,art1 vol4 ii41 p4 #db4 #djj ,see 8,note on ,canton ,enamels10 ,burl+ton ,magaz9e1 ,decemb]1 #aiab4 #dja ,see p4 #bbe1 ,no4 #dj4 #djb ,op4 cit41 second lett]1 section xx4 #djc ,nos4 #ci & #ee-eg4 #djd ,miao is us$ 9 ! s5se ( to 8draw0 a picture or design4 #dje ,bu%ell1 ,o4 ,c4 ,a41 p4 #djj1 expla9s h[ ! /udio "n 0 =m$ by ! common device ( splitt+ up ,hu ** into its compon5t p>ts ku ** & yeh **4 #djf ,f ! ,hippisley collection1 ,catalogue1 p4 #djh4 #djg ,catalogue ( ,hippisley ,collection1 p4 #cdg4 #djh ,*9ese ,art1 vol4 ii41 fig4 #gd4 #dji ,see p4 #bbd1 ,nos4 #ae-ag4 #daj ,a recipe giv5 9 ! ,t'ao lu 7bk4 iii41 fol4 #ab v]so7 = ! lu *n glaze speaks ( 8cry/als ( nitre1 rock cry/al1 & 787 cobaltif]\s manganese 7liao7 mix$ ) ord9>y glaze40 ,b ap>t f ! unc]ta9 r5d]+ ( liao 7:i* ,bu%ell takes z *'+ liao1 i4e4 ! mat]ial us$ = blue pa9t+71 x is difficult to see h[ ?is composition1 includ+ ! ord9>y porcela9 glaze1 c h be5 fir$ 9 ! muffle kiln4 #daa ,9 ! jujube r$ ! iron oxide is mix$ ) ! plumbo-alcal9e flux ( ! enamell]1 :]eas 9 ! mo hung x is simply made to adh]e to ! porcela9 by means ( glue1 & dep5ds = ! silicates1 :i* give x a vitre\s appe>ance1 on ! glaze b5ea? x4 #dab ,o4 ,c4 ,a41 p4 #cfj4 #dac ,see p4 #bbd1 ,no4 #ah4 #dad ,see p4 #bbe1 ,no4 #dd4 #dae ,op4 cit41 p4 #fg4 #daf ,catalogue1 ,k4 #ah4 #dag ,catalogue1 vol4 i41 p4 #ch4 ,! col\r has already be5 discuss$ 9 a note on p4 #fh ( vol4 i4 ( ?is book4 #dah ,see vol4 i41 p4 #fh4 #dai ,see ,bu%ell1 ,o4 ,c4 ,a41 p4 #cfh #dbj ,! ,*9ese is kua yu ** #b1 lit4 hang+1 susp5d$ or appli$ glaze4 ,! ,yi-hs+ /onew>e 0 n usually glaz$2 h5ce ! =ce ( ! epi!t kua appli$4 #dba ,! gold-fleck$ turquoise has yet to be id5tifi$4 #dbb ,bu%ell says ?is is ! sapphire blue 7pao %ih lan7 ( ! p]iod4 #dbc ** mo1 lit4 8rubb$40 ,bu%ell 7,o4 ,c4 ,a41 p4 #chc7 expla9s ! t]m mo hung z 8appli$ to ! process ( pa9t+ ! coral r$ mono*rome d]iv$ f iron ov] ! glaze ) an ord9>y bru%40 #dbd ,bu%ell takes ?is to be ! lemon yell[ enamel :i* 0 fir/ us$ at ?is "t4 #dbe ,see p4 #cg4 #dbf ** #ad yu t'ung yung hung yu hui hua *1 yu *'+ yeh hung hua *4 ,bu%ell 7,o4 ,c4 ,a41 p4 #chf7 gives a slightly diff]5t application ( ?is passage1 b ! mean+ seems to be obvi\sly t giv5 above4 #dbg ,?is note is giv5 by ,bu%ell1 app>5tly f ! ,*9ese edition :i* he us$2 b x does n appe> 9 ! ,briti% ,museum copy4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 atta*$ to ! li/ z quot$ 9 ! ,t'ao lu4 #dbh ,z already expla9$1 miao *9 ref]s to gilt designs pa9t$ ) a bru%1 & mo *9 to gild+ cov]+ ! entire surface4 #dbi ,o4 ,c4 ,a41 p4 #ej4 #dcj ** #b #dca ,translat$ by ,bu%ell1 ,o4 ,c4 ,a41 p4 #cih4 #dcb ,bk4 v41 fol4 #ab4 #dcc ** #c1 yu hs9 %ih1 lit4 8also he newly made40 ,?is is und\bt$ly ! s5se giv5 by ! ,*9ese orig9al1 & ,juli5 r5d]s x 8il avait n\vellem5t mis en uvre40 ,bu%ell1 on ! o!r h&1 translates3 8,he also made porcela9 decorat$ ) ! v>i\s col\r$ glazes newly inv5t$10 a read+ :i* makes ! ^w *ih d duty twice ov]1 & leaves x d\btful :e!r ,t'ang 0 ! inv5tor ( ^! types ( decoration or m]ely ! us] ( !m4 ,bo? ! gramm> & ! balance ( ! s5t5ces 9 ! orig9al are aga9/ ?is col\rless r5d]+4 #dcd ,see p4 #aib4 #dce ,la ,porcela9e ,*9oise1 p4 #baf4 #dcf ,see p4 #bbe4 8,9 ! new copies ( ! ,we/]n /yle ( pa9t+ 9 enamels 7hsi yang fa lang hua fa71 ! l&scapes & figure sc5es1 ! fl[]+ plants & birds are )\t exception ( sup]natural beauty40 #dcg ,see p4 #bji4 #dch ,p4 #cig4 #dci ,an int]e/+ s]ies ( ^! bird's egg glazes appe>+1 z !y (t5 d1 on t9y vases 0 exhibit$ by 8 ,excell5cy ! ,*9ese ,m9i/] at ! ,:ite*apel ,art ,gall]y 9 ,novemb]1 #aiac4 #ddj ,!re is a v old sup]/ition 9 ,*9a t crack$ or brok5 pott]y is ! abode ( evil spirits4 ,! mod]n collector abhors ! crack$ or damag$ specim5 = o!r reasons1 & x is c]ta9 t su* ?+s w\ld n be admitt$ to ! ,imp]ial collections4 ,_m r>e & int]e/+ pieces :i* h come to ,europe 9 ! pa/ w be f\nd on exam9ation to be m or less defective1 & x is probable t we owe _! pres5ce *iefly to ?is circum/ance4 #dda ,see ,bu%ell's translation1 op4 cit41 p4 #f4 #ddb ,! ,t'ao %uo 0 publi%$ 9 #aggd4 #ddc ,see vol4 i41 p4 #aai4 #ddd ,see ,juli51 op4 cit41 p4 #aja1 "u ! head+ lung kang yao 7kilns = ! dragon j>s74 #dde ,! ,*9ese foot z at pres5t /&>dis$ is ab\t two in*es long] ?an ! ,engli% foot1 & ! ,*9ese in* is "o-t5? ( x4 #ddf ,see p4 #eh4 #ddg ,!re are f\r examples ( ! l>ge size ( fi% b[l 9 ! ,pi]pont ,morgan ,collection1 b !y are ( late ,m+ date4 #ddh ,possibly ! t9t nam$ 9 ! ,t'ao %uo 7,bu%ell1 op4 cit41 p4 #e74 8,!y are col\r$ wax yell[1 tea gre51 gold br[n1 or ! t9t ( old ,lama books10 9 ref]5ce to inc5se burn]s ( ?is p]iod4 #ddi ,nos4 #h1 #i & #aa4 ,see ,bu%ell1 ,t'ao %uo1 op4 cit41 pp4 #af-ai4 #dej ,see p4 #adj4 #dea ,a plaque 9 ! ,bu%ell ,collection ) famille v]te pa9t+ has also a rem>kably lu/r\s appe>ance1 :i* ,i c only ascribe to excessive iridesc5ce4 #deb ,see ,bu%ell's translation1 op4 cit4 p4 #bj4 #dec ,figur$ by ,l4 ,b9yon1 ,pa9t+ 9 ! ,f> ,ea/1 fir/ edition1 ,plate ,,xix4 ,!re is a f9e vase ( late ,m+ blue & :ite porcela9 ) ?is design 9 ! ,dresd5 collection4 #ded ,?is gre5 enamel is sometimes nett$ ov] ) l9es sugge/+ crackle /udd$ ) prunus blossoms4 ,possibly ?is is int5d$ to recall bo? 9 col\r & patt]n ! 8plum blossom0 crackle ( ! ,sung ,kuan yao2 see vol4 i41 p4 #fa4 #dee ,%n t t'ang & *'+ wei t'ang4 ,see vol4 i41 p4 #bbj4 #def ,see ,burton & ,hobson1 ,m>ks on ,pott]y & ,porcela91 p4 #aea4 #deg ,op4 cit41 pp4 #aaf-age4 #deh ,t'ao %uo1 op4 cit41 pp4 #g-cj & ,o4 ,c4 ,a41 *4 xv4 #dei ,! ,l[e/(t factory />t$ ab\t #ageb1 b its e>li] productions 7 almo/ entirely blue & :ite1 (t5 copi$1 l mo/ ( ! contempor>y blue & :ite f ,*9ese export w>es4 #dfj ,a curi\s in/ance ( imitation ( ,european ornam5t is a small b[l :i* ,i rec5tly saw ) op5work sides & m$allions1 app>5tly m\ld$ f a glass cameo made by ,tassie at ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury2 & !re is a puzzle jug ) op5work neck1 copi$ f ! well kn[n ,delft-w>e model1 9 ! ,metropolitan ,museum1 ,new ,york4 #dfa ,rott]dam 0 captur$ by ! ,spani>ds 9 #aegb2 b ^? :o are int]e/$ 9 ! ana*ronism ( ,*9ese m>ks w obs]ve t ^! plates h ! date m>k ( ! ,*'ng ,hua p]iod 7#adfe-adhg74 #dfb ,see vol4 i41 p4 #bbf4 #dfc ,op4 cit41 p4 #bjg4 #dfd ,an int]e/+ example ( an e>ly eighte5? c5tury s]vice ) ,european designs is ! 8trumpet] s]vice10 ( :i* sev]al specim5s may be se5 9 ! ,salt+ ,collection4 ,x has a design ( trumpet]s1 or p]haps h]alds1 res]v$ 9 a black enamell$ gr\nd4 #dfe ,"o ( ^! pieces1 = in/ance1 is a plate ) arms ( ,sir ,john ,lamb]t1 :o 0 creat$ a b>onet 9 #agaa & di$ 9 #agbb4 ,x has enamels ( ! transition k9d4 #dff ,p4 #bji4 #dfg ,! will[ patt]n is m]ely an ,engli% adaptation ( ! conv5tional ,*9ese l&scape & riv] sc5e :i* occurs frequ5tly on ! export blue & :ite porcela9 ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,t x repres5ts any p>ticul> /ory is extremely improbable4 #dfh ,frank ,falkn]1 ,! ,wood ,family ( ,burslem1 p4 #fg4 #dfi ,ano!r *ambrelan :o fl\ri%$ ab\t ! same "t & :o work$ 9 ! same /yle 0 ,c4 ,f4 de ,wolfsb\rg4 #dgj ,o4 ,c4 ,a41 p4 #dfd4 #dga 8,! m\nta9s are high1 ! riv]s long40 #dgb ,see vol4 i41 p4 #bbj4 #dgc ,catalogue1 ,no4 #cfg4 #dgd ,vol4 i41 p4 #bbj4 #dge ,hippisley ,collection1 ,catalogue1 ,no4 #afi4 #dgf ,o4 ,c4 ,a41 p4 #dfi4 #dgg ,?is extravagant idea has be5 long ago explod$1 & ne$ n be r$iscuss$4 ,see1 h[ev]1 ,juli5 ,porcela9e ,*9oise1 p4 xix41 & ,m$hur/1 ,transactions ( ! ,*9a ,bran* ( ! ,royal ,asiatic ,society1 ,hong ,kong1 #ahec4 #dgh ,o4 ,c4 ,a41 p4 #dgj4 #dgi ,bk4 #ic1 fols4 #ac-ae4 #dhj ,o4 ,c4 ,a41 pp4 #dgd-hc4 #dha ,bu%ell applies ! phrase pan tz to ! b[ls & r5d]s x 8( r+-l outl9e40 #dhb ,bu%ell r5d]s ju-i 9 ! g5]al s5se1 8) words ( happy augury02 x is1 h[ev]1 appli$ to ornam5ts ( ju-i /affs & to bord]s ( ju-i heads4 #dhc ,see vol4 i41 p4 #bbe4 #dhd ,bk4 i41 fols4 #a & #b2 see ,bu%ell1 op4 cit41 pp4 #c-f4 #dhe ,?is is a v>iety ( ! key patt]n or ,greek fret1 :i* is ( _w-wide di/ribution4 #dhf ,a less usual v>iety has ! ovoid body actually surm\nt$ by a beak] #dhg ,see ,bu%ell1 ,o4 ,c4 ,a41 p4 #gig4 #dhh ,see ,bu%ell's translation1 op4 cit41 p4 #d4 #dhi ,see ,bu%ell1 ,o4 ,c4 ,a41 p4 #dhi4 #dij ,among o!rs is ! 8tantalus cup10 ) a small tube 9 ! bottom conceal$ by a figure ( a man or smil+ boy4 ,:5 ! wat] 9 ! cup rea*es ! top ( ! tube x runs away f ! base4 #dia ,loc4 cit41 p4 #bjd4 #dib ,! cup ) h&le 0 made 9 ! tea s]vices = ! ,european m>ket1 b ! h&le is n1 z has be5 sometimes ass]t$1 a ,european addition to ! cup4 ,cups ) h&les 7 made 9 ,*9a z e>ly z ! ,t'ang dyna/y 7see ,plate #aa1 ,fig4 #b72 b = bo? w9e & tea dr9k+ ! ,*9ese seem to h pref]r$ ! h&leless v>iety4 #dic ,:5 ! names are kn[n ! incid5ts c usually be f\nd 9 su* works ( ref]5ce z ,may]s' ,*9ese ,read]'s ,manual1 ,giles's ,*9ese ,biographical ,diction>y1 & ,&]son's ,catalogue ( ,*9ese & ,japanese ,pictures4 #did ,told 9 ! ,%ui ,hu ,*uan2 see ,o4 ,c4 ,a41 p4 #egj1 a note 9 ,bu%ell's excell5t *apt] on ,*9ese decorative motives1 ( :i* free use has be5 made "h4 #die ,a n uncommon subject is ! meet+ ( a "y horseman ) a beautiful lady 9 a *>iot1 & x has be5 sugge/$ t ?is may be ! meet+ ( ,m+ ,huang & ,yang ,kuei-fei2 b ! id5tification is q conjectural4 #dif ,ano!r game1 hsiang *'i 7elephant *eck]s71 is f> ne>] to our *ess4 #dig ,a gr\p ( five old m5 simil>ly employ$ repres5ts ! wu lao 7! five old ones71 ! spirits ( ! five planets4 #dih ,*ang ,kuo ,lao1 ! ,taoi/ ,immortal1 is also reg>d$ z "o ( ! gods ( ,lit]ature2 see p4 #bhg4 #dii ,vajrapani is "o ( ! gods ( ! ,f\r ,qu>t]s ( ! ,heav51 :o are gu>dians ( ,buddha4 ,!y are repres5t$ z f]oci\s look+ w>riors1 sometimes /amp+ on pro/rate demon-figures4 ,z su* !y occur among ! ,t'ang tomb /atuettes1 b !y are n (t5 repres5t$ on ! lat] porcela9s4 #ejj ,! ,kanzan & ,jitoku ( ,japanese lore4 #eja ,see ,catalogue ( ! ,pi]pont ,morgan ,collection1 vol4 i41 p4 #aef4 #ejb ,inde$ x is likely t ! mod]n ju-i head d]ives f ! fungus4 ,! ju-i ** #b means 8z y wi%0 or 8accord+ 7ju7 to y\r idea 7i710 & ! sceptre1 :i* is made 9 all mann] ( mat]ials su* z wood1 porcela91 lacqu]1 cloisonn enamel1 etc41 is a suitable gift = w$d+ or bir?day4 ,its =m is a slightly curv$ /aff ab\t #ab to #ae in*es long1 ) a fungus-%ap$ head b5t ov] l a hook4 ,on ! orig9 ( ! ju-i1 see ,lauf]1 ,jade1 p4 #cce4 #ejc ,! ,japanese ,mt4 ,horai4 #ejd ,see ,hippisley1 ,catalogue1 op4 cit41 p4 #cib4 #eje ,! ,buddhi/ pe>l or jewel1 :i* grants e wi%4 #ejf ,see a r>e silv] cup depict+ ?is leg5d1 figur$ 9 ! ,burl+ton ,magaz9e1 ,decemb]1 #aiab4 #ejg ,see ,w4 ,p]ceval ,yetts1 ,symbolism 9 ,*9ese ,art1 read be=e ! ,*9a ,society1 ,janu>y #h?1 #aiab1 p4 #c4 #ejh ,hippisley 7op4 cit41 p4 #cfh71 speak+ ( ! v>i\s dragons1 says t 8! di/9ction is n at pres5t rigidly ma9ta9$1 & ! five-claw$ dragon is met ) embroid]$ on (fic]s' uni=ms40 #eji ,a dual creature1 ! fng be+ ! male & ! huang ! female4 #eaj ,see ,lauf]1 ,jade1 pl4 #dc4 #eaa ,see ,lauf]1 ,jade1 p4 #bff4 #eab ,see ,bu%ell1 ,*9ese ,art1 vol4 i41 p4 #aaa4 #eac ,see p4 #cjj4 #ead ,!y also symbolise ! ?ree fri5ds1 ,confucius1 ,buddha1 & ,lao-tz4 #eae ,o4 ,c4 ,a41 p4 #ajf4 #eaf ,x is also us$ z a synonym = 8embroid]$10 & :5 x occurs z a m>k on porcela91 x sugge/s ! idea 8ri*ly decorat$40 #eag ,also a symbol ( conjugal felicity2 & a rebus = y1 f]tility or abundance4 #eah ,hav+ ! same s\nd z *'ang 7long74 #eai ,o4 ,c4 ,a41 p4 #aai4 #ebj ,a pair ( op5 loz5ges int]lac$ are read z a rebus t'ung hs9 fang %ng 7union gives success72 see ,bu%ell1 ,o4 ,c4 ,a41 p4 #abj4 #eba ,bu%ell1 ,o4 ,c4 ,a41 p4 #eba4 #ebb ,see ,hippisley1 ,catalogue ,no4 #cha4 #ebc ,ibid4 #ebd ,ibid41 ,no4 #chh4 #ebe ,ibid4 #ebf ,see p4 #bii4 #ebg ,see p4 #beh4 #ebh ,see ,&]son1 op4 cit41 ,no4 #gdg4 #ebi ,bk4 viii41 fol4 #d1 quot+ ! ,%ih *'+ jih*a4 #ecj ,see *ap4 xvii4 ( vol4 i41 :i* deals ) m>ks4 #eca ,see p4 #bfa4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 #a4 ,obvi\s pr9t]s'1 punctuation & spell+ errors h be5 correct$ sil5tly4 #b4 ,sup]scripts are repres5t$ us+ ! c>et "*1 e4g4 ,dr4 or ,xxx4 #c4 ,"s hyph5at$ & non-hyph5at$ v]sions ( ! same words h be5 reta9$ z 9 ! orig9al4