,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,und]scores 80 be=e & aft] a ^w or phrase indicate italics 9 ! orig9al text4 ,small capitals h be5 conv]t$ to ,,solid capitals4 ,illu/rations h be5 mov$ s !y d n break up p>agraphs4 ,typographical & punctuation errors h be5 sil5tly correct$4 ,,e>? ,,dams ,a ,,/udy ,,by ,,burr ,,bassell1 ,m4 ,am4 ,soc4 ,c4 ,e4 ,consult+ ,eng9e] ,,new ,,york ,,! ,,eng9e]+ ,,news ,,publi%+ ,,company #aijd ,,copyright1 #aijd ,,by ,,! ,,eng9e]+ ,,news ,,publi%+ ,,co4 ,,ackn[l$gm5ts4 ,! writ] wi%es to ackn[l$ge 8 appreciation ( ! assi/ance giv5 him by ,mr4 ,jas4 ,d4 ,s*uyl]1 ,m4 ,am4 ,soc4 ,c4 ,e41 ,consult+ ,hydraulic ,eng9e]1 9 review+ ?is pap]1 & 9 mak+ sugge/ions ( value4 ,app5dix ,,ii conta9s a li/ ( au?ors ^: writ+s h be5 freely consult$1 & to :om ! writ] is indebt$2 ! num]\s citations 9 ! body ( ! pap] fur!r indicate ! obligations ( ! writ]4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,page ,,*apt] ,i4 ,introductory #a ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,prelim9>y ,/udies & ,inve/igations #c ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,outl9e ,/udy ( ,soils4 ,puddle #ab ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,! ,tabeaud ,dam1 ,cali=nia #ag ,,*apt] ,v4 ,diff]5t ,types ( ,e>? ,dams #cc ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,conclusions #fc ,,app5dix ,i4 ,/ati/ical ,descriptions ( ,high ,e>? ,dams #fg ,,app5dix ,,ii4 ,works ( ,ref]5ce #fh ,,illu/rations4 ,,page ,fig4 #a4 ,longitud9al ,section ( ,y>r[ ,dam ,site #aj #b4 ,cross-,section ( ! ,y>r[ ,dam #aj #c4 ,plan ( ! ,tabeaud ,res]voir #ag #d4 ,tabeaud ,dam3 ,plan ,%[+ ,b$ ,rock ,dra9s #ah #e4 ,details ( ,dra9s #ah #f4 ,view ( ,dra9s #ai #g4 ,nor? ,tr5* #bj #h4 ,s\? ,tr5* #ba #i4 ,ma9 ,c5tral ,dra9 #ba #aj4 ,embankm5t ,"w #bc #aa4 ,dim5sion ,section #bf #ab4 ,cross & ,longitud9al ,sections #bg #ac4 ,view ( ,dam ,imm$iately ,aft] ,completion #bi #ad4 ,cross-,section ( ,pil>citos ,dam #cd #ae4 ,san ,&res ,dam #cd #af4 ,a%ti ,tank ,embankm5t #ce #ag4 ,typical ,new ,engl& ,dam #dj #ah4 ,two ,croton ,valley ,dams ,%[+ ,saturation #da #ai4 ,/udies ( ,bo>d ( ,exp]ts on ! ,orig9al ,e>? ,portion ( ! ,new ,croton ,dam #dc #bj4 ,/udies ( ,j]ome ,p>k ,res]voir ,embankm5t #df #ba to #bd4 ,exp]im5tal ,dikes & ,cyl9d] ,employ$ 9 ,/udies = ! ,nor? ,dike ( ! ,wa*usett ,res]voir #di #be4 ,cross-,section ( ,dike ( ,wa*usett ,res]voir #di #bf4 ,work+ ,cross-,section ( ,druid ,lake ,dam #ec #bg to #bi4 ,designs = ! ,bohio ,dam1 ,panama ,canal #ee #cj4 ,cross-,section ( ! ,upp] ,pecos ,riv] ,rock-,fill ,dam #ei #ca4 ,develop$ ,section ( ! ,san ,le&ro ,dam #ei ,,e>? ,,dams ,,*apt] ,i4 ,introductory4 ,! e>? dam is probably ! olde/ type ( dam 9 exi/5ce1 ant$at+ ! ,*ri/ian ,era _m hundr$s ( ye>s4 ,! lit]ature ^u ?is subject is volum9\s1 b mu* ( x is inaccessible & f> f satisfactory4 ,no attempt w "h be made to collate ?is lit]ature or to give a hi/ory ( ! con/ruction ( e>? dams1 h[ev] int]e/+ su* an acc\nt might be4 ,! object w r be to pres5t su* a /udy z w make cle> ! application ( ! pr9ciples und]ly+ ! prop] design & erection ( ?is class ( /ructures4 ,9 no way1 !re=e1 w x assume ! "* or dignity ( a te*nical treatise4 ,dams =m+ /orage res]voirs1 :i* are int5d$ to imp\nd l>ge volumes ( wat]1 mu/ necess>ily be built ( consid]able height1 except 9 a v few in/ances :]e favorable sites may exi/4 ,rec5t discussions w\ld indicate t a new int]e/ has be5 awak5$ 9 ! con/ruction ( high e>? dams4 ,z relat$ to ! g5]al subject ( /orage1 x is ) ! high /ructure r ?an ! l[ t ?is /udy has to d4 ,to ! ext5t t 8! great] includes ! less10 ! pr9ciples "h pres5t$ are applicable to works ( m9or importance4 ,_m p]sons :o %\ld "k bett] place little importance ^u ! skill requir$ = ! con/ruction ( e>?work embankm5ts1 consid]+ ! "w to involve no sci5tific problems4 ,x is f> too common belief t any ord9>y labor]1 :o may be able to use skillfully a scrap] on a c\ntry road1 is fitt$ to sup]9t5d ! con/ruction ( an e>? dam4 ,x has be5 said t ! art ( con/ruct+ e>? dams is purely empirical1 t exact sci5ce furni%es no approv$ me?od ( det]m9+ _! int]nal /resses1 & t 9 reg>d to _! design exp]i5ce is mu* m valuable ?an !ory4 ,:5 ! "q ( /ability is fully tak5 into consid]ation1 x c]ta9ly requires a l>ge am\nt ( skill successfully to c>ry out works ( ?is "*4 ,extreme c>e 9 ! selection ( ! site1 s\nd judgm5t 9 ! *oice ( mat]ials & assiduity 9 sup]9t5d+ ! "w :ile 9 progress1 are all vitally ess5tial4 ,classification ( ,dams4 ,dams may be classifi$ accord+ to _! purpose z div]t+ dams or weirs & z /orage dams4 ,! =m] may be locat$ ^u any portion ( a /ream :]e ! conditions are favorable1 & ! wat] us$ = manifold purposes1 be+ convey$ by means ( canals1 flumes1 tunnels & pipe-l9es to places ( int5d$ use4 ,^! dams are g5]ally l[ & may be ei!r ( a tempor>y or p]man5t "*1 dep5d+ ^u ! uses to :i* ! wat] is put4 ,tempor>y dams are made ( bru%1 logs1 s& bags1 gravel & loose rock4 ,! m p]man5t /ructures are built ( /one & concrete masonry4 ,/orage dams may be classifi$ accord+ to ! k9d ( mat]ial ent]+ into _! /ructure1 z foll[s3 7#a7 ,e>?2 7#b7 ,e>? & ,timb]2 7#c7 ,e>? & ,rock-fill2 7#d7 ,rock-fill2 7#e7 ,masonry2 7#f7 ,composite ,/ructures4 ,l[ dams =m+ s]vice res]voirs = dome/ic wat] supplies & = irrigation comprise by f> ! mo/ num]\s class4 ,!y are n design$ to imp\nd a l>ge volume ( wat] & !re=e may be built across a small rav9e or depression1 or ev5 ^u ! summit ( a hill1 by excavat+ ! res]voir bas9 & us+ ! mat]ial excavat$ to =m ! embankm5t4 ,^! res]voirs may be us$ 9 connection ) surface or gravity sy/ems1 artesian wells1 or und]gr\nd supplies obta9$ by pump+4 ,! dams =m+ ^! res]voirs be+ ( mod]ate size & height may v>y greatly 9 %ape & dim5sions4 ,! =m may be made to suit ! configuration ( ! dam site4 ,:5 ! e>?work requires x1 !y may be l9$ ) v>i\s mat]ials to secure wat]-tightness4 ,(t5 su* dams are made composite 9 "*1 p>tly ( e>? & p>tly ( masonry or "s o!r mat]ial4 ,!y are also frequ5tly accompani$ by num]\s accessories1 su* z settl+-bas9s1 a]at+ devices & cov]s1 :i* pres5t a div]sity 9 =m & appe>ance4 ,a pres5tation ( ! diff]5t types ( dams ?us employ$1 ) a discussion ( ! que/ions p]ta9+ to utility 9 design & economy 9 con/ruction1 w\ld be exce$+ly valuable & ( g5]al int]e/4 ,s]vice res]voirs w receive only a pass+ notice1 ) ! hope express$ t "s compet5t au?ority w discuss !m 9 ! future4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,prelim9>y ,/udies & ,inve/igations4 ,! prelim9>y /udies & inve/igations :i* %\ld be made prior to ! con/ruction ( any dam = ! /orage ( wat] h to d ) 7#a7 ! ,cat*m5t ,area1 7#b7 ! ,res]voir bas91 & 7#c7 ! ,dam site4 ,cat*m5t ,area4 ,x is ?\ght desirable to def9e a numb] ( t]ms z we proce$1 = ! purpose ( correct+ errone\s usage & = a cle>] und]/&+ ( ! subject4 ,! cat*m5t area ( a res]voir is t portion ( ! c\ntry naturally dra9+ into x4 ,! wat]%$ is ! b\nd>y ( ! cat*m5t area & may be correctly def9$ z ! divide betwe5 adjac5t dra9age sy/ems4 ,9 reg>d to ! cat*m5t area x is necess>y to det]m9e3 #a4 ,its ext5t & area 9 squ>e miles4 #b4 ,its topography or ! "* ( its surface4 #c4 ,its hydrography or precipitation & run-(f4 #d4 ,its geology1 or ! "* ( its soils & subsoils1 & ! nature & dip ( its rock /rata4 #e4 ,its flora1 or ! ext5t to :i* x is clo!d ) =e/ trees or o!r vegetation4 ,all ( ^! elem5ts affect ! volumes ( maximum run-(f1 :i* is ! "o important factor 9 ! con/ruction ( e>? dams t mu/ n be und]e/imat$4 ,if ! propos$ dam or res]voir is to be locat$ ^u a ma9 dra9age l9e2 t is1 ^u a riv] or /ream1 x is necess>y to "k bo? ! flood & l[-wat] dis*>ge ( ! /ream4 ,frequ5tly no reliable data on ?is subject are available1 & ! eng9e] mu/ !n make su* a /udy ( ! :ole situation z w enable him to e/imate ! m9imum & maximum fl[ ) consid]able accuracy4 ,!re are num]\s factors ent]+ into ! solution ( ?is fir/ problem1 su* z ! %ape & l5g? ( ! cat*m5t area1 its g5]al elevation1 ! "* ( its surface1 :e!r m\nta9\s1 hilly or flat1 b>r5 or timb]$4 ,good topographic maps1 if available1 furni% valuable data on ^! subjects & x is to be regrett$ t only a comp>atively small portion ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates has be5 ?us mapp$ 9 detail4 ,! results ( /ream measurem5ts1 if any h be5 made 9 ! cat*m5t bas91 are especially important3 ,^! are usually few 9 ! high areas1 on acc\nt ( _! inaccessibility4 ,! ye> #aijb m>k$ a notable beg9n+ ( su* measurem5ts 9 ,cali=nia4 ,9 _m p>ts ( ! arid region ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! be/ /orage-sites are situat$ 9 ! upp] or high] portions ( ! dra9age sy/ems4 ,?is is especially true ( ! /reams on ! ,pacific ,slope hav+ _! s\rce 9 ! ,high ,si]ras4 ,z regulators ( /ream-fl[ & = p[] purposes su* /orage is peculi>ly valuable1 :ile /orage = irrigation & dome/ic uses may be locat$ ne>] ! valleys & ! c5t]s ( population4 ,frequ5tly ! eng9e] is requir$ to build 8 dam :]e no su* data are available4 ,9 su* in/ances he %\ld endeavor to secure ! e/abli%m5t ( ra9 gauges & make measurem5ts ( ! fl[ ( ! ma9 /ream & its pr9cipal tribut>ies at v>i\s places to obta9 ! desir$ in=mation4 ,ev5 ?is may n suffice1 ow+ to ! limit$ "t at 8 disposal1 & he mu/ resort to ! use ( c]ta9 empirical rules or =mulas1 & make su* comp>isons & d$uctions f kn[n conditions & results z w be/ answ] 8 purpose4 ,! eng9e] %\ld "k1 approximately at lea/1 ! normal yield ( ! cat*m5t area1 ! duration ( ! m9imum & maximum seasonal fl[1 & ! floods he may h to provide aga9/ dur+ ! con/ruction ( 8 dam4 ,^! data are absolutely necess>y to enable him to provide ample wa/eways = 8 res]voirs4 ,_m ( ! failures ( e>? dams h be5 ! result ( ov]-topp+ ! embankm5t1 :i* w\ld h be5 av]t$ by an ample wa/eway4 ,! mo/ notable example ( ?is k9d 9 rec5t ye>s 0 t ( ! ,s\? ,=k ,dam1 at ,conemaugh1 ,p5nsylvania1 9 #ahhi1 result+ 9 :at is g5]ally kn[n z ! 8,john/[n ,disa/]40 ,!re are sev]al empirical rules & =mulas = calculat+ ! run (f f cat*m5t areas & = det]m9+ ! size ( spillways necess>y to dis*>ge ?is fl[ ) safety to ! dam4 ,! prop] =mula to apply 9 any giv5 case1 ) ! v>y+ coeffici5ts ( ea*1 involves a ?or\gh k on ! "p ( ! design+ eng9e] ( ! pr9ciples ^u :i* ! diff]5t factors are bas$4 ,x is unwise & (t5 haz>d\s to make use ( any important hydraulic =mula )\t kn[+ ! hi/ory ( its d]ivation4 ,exp]im5ts are n always prop]ly conduct$1 & (t5 ! d$uctions !refrom are unreliable4 ,a pres5tation & discussion ( ^! =mulas w\ld require m space ?an c be giv5 9 ?is /udy1 & ! te*nical read] mu/ !re=e consult = himself1 z occasion may require1 ! v>i\s au?orities cit$4 ,=mulas = ! dis*>ge or run-(f f cat*m5t areas1 z det]m9$ by ,messrs4 ,craig1 ,dick5s1 ,ryves & o!rs1 are giv5 by mo/ writ]s on ! subject ( hydraulics4 ,res]voir ,bas94 ,! next subject ( inquiry relates to ! res]voir bas94 ,x is necess>y t its area & capacity at diff]5t dep?s %\ld be def9itely kn[n1 & ?is in=mation c only be obta9$ by hav+ ! bas9 survey$ & cont\r$4 ,a map %\ld be made %[+ cont\rs at int]vals ( #b to #aj ft41 dep5d+ ^u ! size ( ! bas9 & ! use to :i* ! res]voir is to be put4 ,res]voir bas9s h be5 classifi$ accord+ to _! location z foll[s3 #a4 ,natural lakes4 #b4 ,natural depressions on ma9 dra9age l9es4 #c4 ,natural depressions on lat]al dra9age l9es4 #d4 ,arbitr>y & artificially con/ruct$ bas9s4 ,natural lakes may ne$ to be inve/igat$ m or less ?or\ghly to det]m9e ! "* ( _! wat]s1 :e!r sal9e1 alkal9e or fre%4 ,x may also be necess>y to "k _! normal dep? & capacity1 & to make a /udy ( _! outlet if !y h "o4 ,9 "s in/ances ! /orage capacity ( a lake may be enorm\sly increas$ by means ( a comp>atively l[ & inexp5sive embankm5t4 ,! area ( res]voir bas91 mean dep?1 temp]ature ( ! wat]1 exposure ( w9d & sun%9e1 losses by seepage & evaporation1 all h a be>+ ^u ! available wat] supply & influ5ce ! design ( ! dam & accessories to ! res]voir4 ,9 det]m9+ ! "* & suitability ( mat]ials = con/ruct+ a dam x is necess>y to make a c>eful /udy ( ! soil & geological =mation4 ,?is is be/ accompli%$ by digg+ num]\s te/ pits ov] ! bas91 especially 9 ! vic9ity ( ! propos$ dam site2 bor+s alone %\ld nev] be reli$ ^u = ?is in=mation4 ,= su* an inve/igation ! advisability ( borr[+ mat]ial = dam con/ruction f ! res]voir bas9 is det]m9$4 ,! por\s "* ( ! subsoil /rata1 or ! dip & nature ( ! b$ rock1 may =bid ! removal ( mat]ial f ! floor ( ! bas91 ev5 at a remote di/ance f ! dam site4 ,! area to be flood$ %\ld be cle>$ & grubb$ m or less ?or\ghly1 dep5d+ aga9 ^u ! use = :i* ! wat] is imp\nd$4 ,9 no in/ance %\ld timb] be left /&+ bel[ ! high-wat] level ( ! res]voir2 & all rubbi% liable to float & ob/ruct ! outlet tunnel & spillway dur+ a "t ( flood %\ld be remov$4 ,! accessories to a res]voir1 to :i* ref]5ce has be5 made1 may be enum]at$ z foll[s3 #a4 ,outlet pipes or tunnel4 #b4 ,gate t[]1 scre5s & controll+ devices4 #c4 ,sluiceways = silt or s&4 #d4 ,wa/eway *annel or weir4 #e4 ,cov]1 settl+ bas91 a]at+ devices1 etc4 ,"s ( ^! are necess>y & common to all classes ( res]voirs1 :ile o!rs are employ$ only 9 special cases1 z = dome/ic wat] supplies4 ,all res]voirs =m$ by e>? embankm5ts mu/ h at lea/ two ( ^!1 namely a wa/eway1 :i* is its safety valve1 & outlet pipes or outlet tunnel4 ,x may be /at$ t ! prop] location & con/ruction ( ! outlet = a res]voir are ( vital importance1 s9ce ei!r to improp] location or faulty con/ruction may be trac$ mo/ ( ! failures ( ! pa/4 ,x is almo/ impossible to prev5t wat] "u high pressure f foll[+ along pipes & culv]ts :5 plac$ 9 an e>? dam4 ,! pipes & culv]ts frequ5tly leak1 & failure ensues4 ,failure may result f "o or m ( ! foll[+ causes3 #a4 ,by improp] design & placem5t ( ! puddle ar\nd ! pipes4 #b4 ,by re/+ ! pipes ^u pi]s ( masonry )\t cont9u\s longitud9al support4 #c4 ,by reason ( subsid5ce 9 ! cuts ( ! embankm5ts & at ! core walls1 due to ! great weight at ^! po9ts4 #d4 ,leakage due to inh]5t defects1 fro/1 det]ioration1 etc4 ,mr4 ,be>dsmore1 ! em95t ,engli% eng9e] :o built ! ,dale ,dyke embankm5t at ,%effield :i* fail$ 9 #ahfd1 & :o 0 aft]w>ds reque/$ to /udy & report ^u ! great res]voirs 9 ,york%ire & ,lanca%ire1 said1 aft] exam9ation & c>eful /udy ( res]voir embankm5t con/ruction1 t 89 8 op9ion !re 7 no conditions requir+ t a culv]t or pipes %\ld be c>ri$ ?r\gh any portion ( ! made bank40 ,! writ] w\ld g ev5 fur!r & say t ! only admissible outlet = a /orage res]voir =m$ by a high e>? dam is "s =m ( tunnel ?r\gh ! natural =mation at a safe di/ance f ! embankm5t4 ,dam ,site4 ,! ?ird prelim9>y /udy 7t relat+ to ! dam site itself7 w be consid]$ "u ?ree heads3 #a4 ,location4 #b4 ,physical features1 mat]ials1 etc4 #c4 ,f\ndation4 ,,location4-,! location = a dam is g5]ally det]m9$ by ! use :i* is to be made ( x1 or by ! natural advantages = /orage :i* x may possess4 ,if x be = wat] p[] x is v frequ5tly locat$ ^u ! ma9 /ream at ! po9t ( greate/ declivity4 ,if = /orage x may be1 z we h se51 at ! head ( a riv] sy/em1 on "o ( its tribut>ies1 or 9 a valley l[] d[n4 ,! type ( dam :i* %\ld be built at any p>ticul> locality involves a ?or\gh k1 n alone ( ! cat*m5t area & res]voir bas91 b also accurate in=mation reg>d+ ! geology ( ! dam site itself4 ,x w\ld be v unwise to decide def9itely ^u any p>ticul> type ( dam )\t fir/ obta9+ su* in=mation4 ,too frequ5tly has ?is be5 done1 caus+ great tr\ble & exp5se1 if n result+ 9 a total failure ( ! dam4 ,! conditions favorable = an e>? dam are usually unfavorable = a masonry /ructure1 & vice v]sa4 ,aga91 !re may be local conditions requir+ "s entirely diff]5t type4 ,dams situat$ ^u ! ma9 dra9age l9es ( l>ge cat*m5t areas are usually built ( /one or concrete masonry1 & design$ ) l>ge sluiceways & spillways = ! dis*>ge bo? ( silt & flood wat]s4 ,x ne$ sc>cely be rem>k$ t1 z a rule1 su* sites are :olly unsuit$ to e>?work con/ruction4 ,x is said1 h[ev]1 t 8e rule has at lea/ "o exception10 & ?is may be true ( ^? relat+ to dam sites1 z w appe> lat] "u ! head ( new types4 ,9 a g5]al way1 ! location ( high e>? dams is gov]n$ by ! configuration ( ! gr\nd =m+ ! /orage bas94 ,x may n be possible1 h[ev]1 to decide ^u ! be/ available site )\t c>eful prelim9>y surveys & exam9ations ( ! geological =mation4 ,all e>? dams mu/ be provid$ ) a wa/eway1 ample to dis*>ge ! maximum flood tribut>y to ! res]voir4 ,:atev] type ( wa/eway be adopt$1 no reliance %\ld ev] be put ^u ! outlet pipes = ?is purpose4 ,! outlet %\ld only figure z a factor ( safety = ! wa/eway1 insur+1 z x 71 ! accuracy ( ! e/imat$ flood dis*>ge4 ,! safety ( ! dam dem&s t ample provision be made = a volume ( wat] 9 excess ( normal flood dis*>ge4 ,?is mo/ necess>y adjunct ( e>? dams may be an op5 *annel1 cut ?r\gh ! rim ( ! res]voir bas91 dis*>g+ into a side rav9e :i* ent]s ! ma9 dra9age way "s di/ance bel[ ! dam4 ,x may be necess>y & possible to pi]ce ! rim by means ( a tunnel :]e its l5g? w\ld n prohibit su* a design4 ,la/ly1 !re may be no o!r alt]native ?an ! con/ruction ( an ov]fall spillway1 at "o or bo? ends ( ! embankm5t4 ,?is la/ me?od is ! lea/ desirable ( any & %\ld be resort$ to only :5 ! o!rs are impracticable2 ev5 !n1 ! volume ( wat]1 local topography1 geology1 & con/ructive mat]ials at h& mu/ be favorable to su* a design4 ,if !y are n favorable x may be ask$1 8:at !n80 ,simply d n attempt to build an e>? dam at ?is site4 ,,physical ,,features1 ,,mat]ials1 ,,etc4-,an inve/igation ( ! location & ! physical features ( ! dam site %\ld include a c>eful & sci5tific exam9ation ( ! mat]ials 9 ! vic9ity1 to det]m9e _! suitability = use 9 con/ruction4 ,an e>? embankm5t _c be built )\t e>?1 & an e>? dam _c be built ) safety )\t ! "r k9d ( e>? mat]ial4 ,te/ pits judici\sly di/ribut$ & situat$ at diff]5t elevations w indicate :e!r !re is a suffici5t am\nt ( suitable mat]ial )9 a reasonable di/ance ( ! dam4 ,! type ( e>? dam be/ suit$ = any p>ticul> locality1 & its e/imat$ co/1 are ?us se5 to dep5d ^u ! data & in=mation obta9$ by ^! prelim9>y /udies4 ,economical con/ruction requires ! use ( improv$ ma*9]y & mod]n me?ods ( h&l+ mat]ials1 b f> m important ev5 ?an ^! are ! details ( con/ruction4 ,,f\ndation4-,we may n[ assume t our prelim9>y /udies relat+ to ! location & physical features ( ! dam site are satisfactory4 ,we mu/ next inve/igate ! f\ndation ^u :i* ! dam is to be built4 ,?is inve/igation is sometimes :olly neglect$ or else done 9 su* a way z to be practically useless4 ,to m]ely drive d[n iron rods feel+ = s-call$ b$ rock1 or to make only a few bore-holes ) an e>? aug] %\ld 9 no in/ance be consid]$ suffici5t4 ,bor+s may be f\nd necess>y at consid]able dep?s bel[ ! surface & 9 c]ta9 classes ( mat]ial1 b dug pits or %afts %\ld always be resort$ to = mod]ate dep?s & :5ev] practicable4 ,only by su* means may ! true "* ( ! /rata und]ly+ ! surface1 & ! nature & condition ( ! b$ rock1 if x be rea*$1 become kn[n4 ,if a satisfactory /ratum ( imp]meable mat]ial be f\nd x is necess>y also to le>n bo? its ?ickness & ext5t4 ,x may prove to be only a 8pocket0 ( limit$ volume1 or if f\nd to ext5d entirely across ! depression l5g?wise ( ! dam site x may 8p9* out0 on l9es transv]sely above or bel[4 ,%afts & bor+s made 9 ! res]voir bas9 & bel[ ! dam site w det]m9e its ext5t 9 ?is direction1 k ( :i* is v important4 ,fig4 #a1 %[+ a longitud9al section ( ! site ( ! ,y>r[ ,dam ( ! ,liv]pool ,wat]-,works1 ,engl&1 illu/rates ! necessity ( su* inve/igation4 ,a bore hole at /ation #b #jj met a l>ge b\ld] :i* at fir/ 0 errone\sly ?\ght to be b$ rock4 ,! hole at /ation #c #ej met a /ratum ( clay :i* prov$ to be only a pocket4 ,! relative elevation ( ! diff]5t /rata & ( ! b$ rock =mation1 ref]r$ to "o common datum1 %\ld always be det]m9$4 ,^! elevations w indicate bo? ! dip & /rike ( ! rock =mation & are necess>y = e/imat+ ! quantities ( mat]ial to be excavat$ & remov$1 includ+ e/imates ( co/4 ,!y furni% in=mation ( value 9 det]m9+ ! rate ( p]colation or filtration ?r\gh ! diff]5t classes ( mat]ial & ! am\nt ( probable seepage1 z w appe> lat]4 ,! co/ ( excavat+1 dra9+ & prep>+ ! floor or f\ndation = a dam is (t5 v great1 am\nt+ to #bj or #cj ( ! total co/4 ,fig4 #b is a transv]se section ( ! ,y>r[ ,dam4 ,?is p>ticul> dam has be5 select$ z fairly repres5tative ( ,engli% practice & ( typical design4 ,x is "o ( ! mo/ widely kn[n e>? dams 9 exi/5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4-,,longitud9al ,,section ,,( ,,y>r[ ,,dam ,,site4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4-;,,cross-,,section ,,( ,,y>r[ ,,dam4 ,at ! ,y>r[ dam site x 0 necess>y to g #ig ft4 bel[ ! orig9al surface to obta9 a satisfactory =mation or "o t 0 imp]meable4 ,a c5tral tr5* 0 excavat$ to b$ rock1 p>allel to ! axis ( ! dam1 & fill$ ) clay puddle to =m a wat]-tight connection ) ! rock1 & prev5t ! wat] 9 ! res]voir f pass+ ?r\gh ! por\s mat]ials "u ! body ( ! embankm5t4 ,?is int]e/+ dam w be m fully describ$ lat]1 :5 ! diff]5t types ( e>? dams are discuss$4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,outl9e ,/udy ( ,soils4 ,puddle4 ,! foll[+ /udy ( soils is m]ely sugge/ive & is "h giv5 to emphasize ! importance ( ! subject1 at ! risk ( be+ consid]$ a digression4 ,soil =mations are made 9 "o ( ?ree ways3 #a4 ,by decomposition ( expos$ rocks4 #b4 ,by transportation or s$im5tation ( f9e & co>se mat]ials worn f rocks4 #c4 ,by trans=mation into humus ( decay$ organic matt]4 ,! trans=m+ ag5cies by :i* soils succe$ rocks 9 geological progression h be5 classifi$ z foll[s3 #a4 ,*anges ( temp]ature4 #b4 ,wat]4 #c4 ,air4 #d4 ,organic life4 ,heat & its c\nt] ag5t fro/ are ! mo/ p[]ful =ces 9 nature1 _! s5sible physical effects be+ ! expansion & contraction ( matt]4 ,wat] has two modes ( action1 physical & *emical4 ,?is ag5t is ! great de/roy] ( ! important =ces1 cohesion & friction4 ,cohesion is a =ce unit+ p>ticles ( matt] & resi/s _! sep>ation :5 ! motion attempt$ is p]p5dicul> to ! plane ( contact4 ,friction is a =ce resi/+ ! sep>ation ( surfaces :5 motion is attempt$ :i* produces slid+4 ,! hydro/atic pressure & resultant effect ^u subm]g$ surfaces ne$ to be kept con/antly 9 m9d4 ,:5 ! surface is imp]meable ! l9e ( pressure is normal to its plane1 b :5 once saturat$ !re are also horizontal & v]tical l9es ( pressure4 ,s9ce ! /r5g? ( an e>? dam dep5ds ^u two factors1 namely1 its weight & frictional resi/ance to slid+1 ! effect ( wat] ^u diff]5t mat]ials ent]+ into an e>? /ructure %\ld be mo/ c>efully consid]$4 ,?is w !re=e occupy a l>ge place 9 ^! pages4 ,an e>? embankm5t f\nd$ ^u rock may become saturat$ by wat] =c$ up into x f bel[ ?r\gh cracks & fissures1 r$uc+ its l[] /ratum to a /ate ( muddy sludge1 on :i* ! upp] "p1 h[ev] s\nd 9 itself1 w\ld slide4 ,! be/ prelim9>y /ep to take 9 su* a case is to int]sect ! :ole site ) wide1 dry1 /one dra9s1 _! dep?s v>y+ accord+ to ! nature ( ! gr\nd or rock4 ,air conta9s two +r$i5ts ev] active 9 ! process ( decomposition1 c>bonic acid & oxyg54 ,organic ,life accompli%es its decompos+ effect bo? by physical & *emical means4 ,! effect ( organic matt] ^u ! m9]al +r$i5ts ( ! soil may be /at$ z foll[s3 #a4 ,by _! hydroscopic prop]ties !y keep ! soil moi/4 #b4 ,_! decomposition yields c>bonic acid gas4 #c4 ,! acids produc$ dis9tegrate ! m9]al con/itu5ts1 r$uc+ insoluble matt] to soluble plant food4 #d4 ,nitric acid results 9 nitrates1 :i* are ! mo/ valuable =m ( nutritive nitrog51 :ile ammonia & ! o!r salts t are =m$ are !mselves direct food = plants4 ,vegetable ,humus is n ! end ( decomposition ( organic matt]1 b an int]m$iate /ate ( trans=mation4 ,decay is a process almo/ id5tical ) combu/ion1 :]e ! products are ! same1 & ! end is ! =mation ( wat] & c>bonic acid1 ) a residue ( m9]al a%4 ,! conditions ess5tial to organic decomposition are also ^? mo/ favorable to combu/ion or oxidation1 be+ 7#a7 access ( air1 7#b7 pres5ce ( moi/ure1 & 7#c7 application ( heat4 ,n[ ! cop]ation ( ^! *emical & physical =ces1 :i* are ev] active1 is call$ 8wea!r+40 ,slate rock1 = in/ance1 wea!rs to clay1 be+ impregnat$ ) p>ticles ( mica1 qu>tz1 *lorite & hornbl5d4 ,%ales also wea!r to clay1 result+ (t5 9 a type ( e>? :i* is little m ?an silicate ( alum9um ) iron oxide & s&4 ,9 ! vic9ity ( ! ,tabeaud ,dam1 rec5tly built "u ! p]sonal sup]vision ( ! au?or1 ! con/ruction ( :i* w be describ$ lat]1 !re is to be f\nd a species ( pota% mica1 :i* 9 decompos+ yields a yell[ clay 7be+ o*re-color$ f ! pres5ce ( iron71 mix$ ) p>ticles ( undecompos$ mica4 ,?is mat]ial is subject to expansion1 & by reason ( its lack ( grit & its unctu\s "* x 0 reject$ or us$ v sp>+ly4 ,analysis ( ?is mat]ial gave1 ,silica1 #ed4a to #ei4e2 pota%1 #a4e to #b4c2 soda1 #b4g to #c4g4 ,soil analysis may be ei!r me*anical or *emical4 ,= purposes ( e>?work1 we are mo/ int]e/$ 9 ! =m]1 hav+ to deal ) ! physical prop]ties ( matt]4 ,*emical analysis1 h[ev]1 w (t5 af=d in=mation ( great value reg>d+ c]ta9 mat]ials ent]+ into ! con/ruction ( e>? dams4 ,! mo/ important physical prop]ties are3 7#a7 ,weight & specific gravity4 7#b7 ,coeffici5t ( friction & angle ( repose4 7#c7 ,/ructure & color+ +r$i5ts4 7#d7 ,behavior t[>d wat]4 ,!re are two di/9ct me?ods ( me*anical analysis3 7#a7 ,granulat+ ) sieves1 hav+ r\nd holes4 7#b7 ,elutriat+ ) wat]1 ! process be+ kn[n z silt analysis4 ,x w\ld require a l>ge volume to pres5t ! subject ( soil analysis 9 any way comm5surate ) its importance4 ,exp]im5ts be>+ ^u ! subjects ( imbibition1 p]meability1 capill>ity1 absorption & evaporation1 ( diff]5t e>? mat]ials1 are equally int]e/+ & important4#a ,! p]meability ( soils w be discuss$ incid5tally 9 connection ) c]ta9 infiltration exp]im5ts to be giv5 lat]4 ,puddle4 ,puddle )\t qualification may be def9$ z clayey & gravelly e>? ?or\ghly wett$ & mix$1 hav+ a consi/5cy ( /iff mud or mort>4 ,puddle 9 :i* ! pr$om9at+ +r$i5t ( ! mixture is pure clay1 is call$ clay puddle4 ,gravel puddle conta9s a mu* high] p]c5tage ( grit & gravel ?an ! la/-nam$ & yet is suppos$ to h en\gh clayey mat]ial to b9d ! matrix toge!r & to fill all ! voids 9 ! gravel4 ,! t]m e>!n concrete may also be appli$ to ?is class ( mat]ial1 especially :5 only a small quantity ( wat] is us$ 9 ! mixture4 ,^! diff]5t k9ds ( puddl+ mat]ials may be f\nd 9 natural deposits ready = use1 only requir+ ! addition ( ! prop] am\nt ( wat]4 ,x is usually necess>y1 h[ev]1 to mix1 artificially1 or comb9e ! diff]5t +r$i5ts 9 ord] to obta9 ! "r proportions4 ,"s eng9e]s ?9k gr9d+ 9 a pug-mill absolutely ess5tial to obta9 satisfactory results4 ,puddle is h&l$ v mu* z cem5t concrete1 :i* is s well und]/ood t detail$ description is h>dly necess>y4 ,in/ead ( tamp]s1 %>p cutt+ implem5ts are usually employ$ 9 putt+ puddle into place4 ,trampl+ ) ho($ animals is frequ5tly resort$ to1 bo? = ! purpose ( mix+ & compact+4 ,z has be5 /at$1 clays come f ! decomposition ( cry/al9e rocks4 ,! pure/ clay kn[n 7kaol97 is compos$ ( alum9a1 silica & wat]4 ,! small] ! proportion ( silica ! m wat] x w absorb & reta94 ,dry clay w absorb ne>ly "o-?ird ( its weight ( wat]1 & clay 9 a naturally moi/ condition #a-f to #a-h its weight ( wat]4 ,! em95t ,engli% eng9e]s1 ,bak] & ,la?am1 put ! p]c5tage ( absorption by clayey soils z high z #dj to #fj4 ,pure clays %r9k ab\t #e 9 dry+1 :ile a mixture by weight ( #a clay to #b s& w %r9k ab\t #c4 ,x foll[s1 !n1 t ! l>g] ! p]c5tage ( clay !re may be 9 a mixture ! great] w be bo? ! expansion & ! contraction4 ,clay mat]ials may be v deceptive 9 "s ( _! physical prop]ties1 be+ h>d to pick "u c]ta9 conditions1 & yet :5 expos$ to air & wat] w rapidly dis9tegrate4 ,b$s ( clay1 m>l & v f9e s& are liable to slip :5 saturat$1 becom+ semi-fluid 9 _! nature1 & w run l cream4 ,! cohesive & frictional resi/ances ( clays becom+ ?us v mu* r$uc$ :5 *>g$ ) wat]1 a too lib]al use ( ?is mat]ial is to be deprecat$4 ,! ultimate p>ticles =m+ clays1 view$ "u ! microscope1 are se5 to be flat & scale-l1 :ile ^? ( s&s are m cubical & sph]ical4 ,?is is a me*anical diff]5ce :i* ought to be app>5t to ev5 a sup]ficial obs]v] & yet has escap$ recognition by _m :o h va9ly attempt$ a def9ition ( quicks&4 ,mr4 ,/range recomm5ds fill+ ! puddle tr5* ) mat]ial hav+ ?ree p>ts soil & two p>ts s&4 ,aft] ! fir/ lay] next to b$ rock f\ndation1 :i* he kneads & compacts1 he w\ld put ! lay]s 9 dry1 !n wat] & "w x by tread+1 f9ally cov]+ to avoid its dry+ out & crack+4 ,pr(4 ,philipp ,=*heim]1 ( ,gratz1 ,au/ria1 "o ( ! highe/ au?orities & exp]im5tali/s1 affirms t if a s&y soil conta9s clay to su* an ext5t t ! clay fills up ! int]/ices betwe5 ! gra9s ( s& entirely ! comp\nd is practically imp]vi\s4 ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,m4 ,wilson1 ,c4 ,e41 9 8 8,manual ( ,irrigation ,eng9e]+10 recomm5ds ! foll[+ z an ideal mixture ( mat]ials3 ,cu4 yds4 ,co>se gravel #a4jj ,f9e gravel #j4ce ,s& #j4ae ,clay #j4bj -- ,total #a4gj ,?is mixture1 :5 roll$ & compact$1 %\ld give #a4be cu4 yds4 9 bulk1 ?us result+ 9 #bf compression4 ,mr4 ,clem5s ,h]s*el sugge/s ! foll[+ te/ ( 8good b9d+ gravel30 8,mix ) wat] 9 a pail to ! consi/5cy ( moi/ e>?2 if on turn+ ! pail upside d[n ! gravel rema9s 9 ! pail x is fit = use1 o!rwise x is to be reject$40 ,= puddl+ mat]ial he w\ld use su* a proportion z w r5d] ! wat] invisible4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,! ,tabeaud ,dam1 ,cali=nia4 ,! ,tabeaud ,dam1 9 ,amador ,c\nty1 ,cal41 built "u ! sup]vision ( ! au?or = ! ,/&>d ,electric ,co41 is an example ( ! homog5e\s e>? dam4 ,a some:at full] description & discussion w be giv5 ( ?is dam ?an ( any o!r1 n on acc\nt ( its great] importance or int]e/1 b because x exemplifies c]ta9 pr9ciples ( con/ruction ^u :i* x is desir$ to put special emphasis4 ,?is dam 0 describ$ 9 ,eng9e]+ ,news ( ,july #aj1 #aijb1 to :i* ! read] is ref]r$ = m complete in=mation ?an is giv5 "h4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4-,,plan ,,( ,,tabeaud ,,res]voir1 ,,) ,,cont\rs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4-,,plan ,,( ,,tabeaud ,,dam1 ,,%[+ ,,b$ ,,rock ,,dra9age ,,sy/em4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4-;,,details ,,( ,,b$ ,,rock ,,dra9s ,,at ,,! ,,tabeaud ,,dam4 ,fig4 #c is a cont\r map ( ! ,tabeaud ,res]voir1 %[+ ! relative locations ( ! dam1 wa/eway & outlet tunnel4 ,fig4 #d %[s ! b$ rock dra9age sy/em & ! lett]s ^u ! draw+ w assi/ 9 foll[+ ! explanation giv5 9 ! text4 ,! :ole up-/ream half ( ! dam site 0 /ripp$ to b$ rock4 ,z ! "w ( excavation advanc$ pockets ( loose alluvial soil 7 enc\nt]$1 :i* 7 sugge/ive ( a refill1 possibly ! result ( plac] m9+ op]ations dur+ ! e>ly m9+ days ( ,cali=nia4 ,9 addition to ?is 7 f\nd ?9 /rata ( s& & gravel deposit$ 9 an uncon=mable mann]4 ,! slate b$ rock ne> ! up-/ream toe ( ! dam 0 badly fissur$ & yield$ consid]able wat]4 ,a qu>tz ve9 f #a to #b ft4 9 ?ickness cross$ ! dam site ab\t #aej ft4 above ! axis ( ! dam4 ,! slate rock above ?is ve9 or fault l9e 0 q v>iable 9 h>dness & dipp$ at an angle ( #dj degrees t[>d ! res]voir4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4-,,view ,,( ,,b$ ,,rock ,,tr5*es1 ,,tabeaud ,,dam4 ,! re> dra9 t]m9ates at a weir box 7,z7 outside ( ! d[n-/ream slope at a di/ance ( #ejj ft4 f ! axis ( ! dam4 ,?is dra9 bran*es at ! d[n-/ream side ( ! c5tral tr5*1 7,y71 "o bran* be+ c>ri$ up ! hillside to high-wat] level 7,w7 at ! ,nor? end ( ! dam1 & ! o!r to ! same elevation at ! ,s\? end 7,x74 ,fig4 #e %[s h[ ^! dra9s 7 con/ruct$4 ,aft] ! removal ( all surface soil & loose rock1 a tr5* #e to #aj ft4 wide 0 cut into ! solid rock1 ! dep? ( cutt+ v>y+ ) ! "* ( ! b$ rock4 ,^u ! floor ( ?is tr5* a small op5 dra9 0 made by not*+ ! b$ rock & by means ( select$ /ones ( suitable size & h>dness4 ,! /r+]s & cap-/ones 7 c>efully select$ & laid1 s t no undue settlem5t or displacem5t might occur by reason ( ! sup]9cumb5t weight ( ! dam4 ,all crevices 7 c>efully fill$ ) spawls & ! :ole ov]laid #ah ins4 9 dep? ) brok5 /one #a to #c ins4 9 diamet]4 ,^u ?is lay] ( brok5 /one & f9e gravel 0 deposit$ *oice clay puddle1 ?or\ghly wett$ & compact$1 refill+ ! tr5*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4-,,view ,,( ,,nor? ,,tr5*1 ,,tabeaud ,,dam4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4-,,view ,,( ,,s\? ,,tr5*1 ,,tabeaud ,,dam4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4-,,view ,,( ,,ma9 ,,c5tral ,,dra91 ,,tabeaud ,,dam4 ,^! dra9s s]v$ a useful purpose dur+ con/ruction1 9 dry+ (f ! surface ( ! dam aft] ra9s4 ,! saturation ( ! out] slope ( ! dam by wat] creep+ along ! l9e ( contact %\ld ?us be prev5t$1 & ! integrity or fre$om f saturation ( ! d[n-/ream half %\ld be pres]v$4 ,x is believ$ t ! puddle ov]ly+ ^! rock dra9s w effectually prev5t any wat] f ent]+ ! body ( ! embankm5t by upw>d pressure & t ! dra9s w ?us =ev] act z effici5t safegu>ds4 ,! ma9 dra9 0 ext5d$1 tempor>ily dur+ con/ruction1 f ! c5tral tr5* 7,fig4 #d71 to ! up-/ream toe ( ! dam4 ,?is 0 cut #e or #f ft4 deep into solid rock1 bel[ ! g5]al level ( ! /ripp$ surface4 ,fig4 #f is reproduc$ f a photograph ( ?is tr5*4 ,an iron pipe #b ins4 9 diamet] 0 imb$d$ 9 ,portl& cem5t mort> & concrete1 & laid ne> ! bottom ( ! tr5*4 ,at ! po9t 7,b7 :]e ! qu>tz ve9 7already describ$7 int]sect$ ?is dra91 two bran* dra9s 7 made1 foll[+ ! fault well into ! hill on bo? sides4 ,figs4 #g & #h are views ( ! ,nor? & ,s\? tr5*es1 respectively4 ,^! tr5*es 7 necess>y to take c>e ( ! spr+s issu+ along ! qu>tz ve94 ,?is wat] l$ to a po9t 7,n1 ,fig4 #d7 ne> ! up-/ream toe1 by means ( ! dra9 %[n 9 ,fig4 #i4 ,! lat]al dra9s & t portion ( ! ma9 c5tral dra9 ext5d+ f _! junction 7,b7 to a po9t 7,n7 ab\t #bcj ft4 f ! axis ( ! dam h pieces ( angle iron or wood5 ,y-flum+ laid on ! bottom ( ! tr5*es imm$iately ov] ! #b-;94 pipe1 z %[n 9 ,figs4 #g1 #h & #i4 ,^! are cov]$ 9 turn ) ,portl& cem5t mort>1 concrete1 clay puddle & e>? fill4 ,! wat] w naturally fl[ along ! l9e ( lea/ resi/ance1 & consequ5tly w foll[ along ! op5 space betwe5 ! angle irons & ! outside ( ! pipe until x rea*es ! *amb] & op5+ 9 ! pipe1 p]mitt+ ! wat] to ent] & be convey$ ?r\gh ! imb$d$ pipe-l9e to ! re> dra94 ,?is po9t ( entry is a small *amb] 9 a solid cross-wall ( ri* cem5t mort>1 & is ! only po9t :]e wat] c ent] ?is pipe-l9e1 ! two bran*es ent]+ ! wells & ! /&-pipe at _! junction 7soon to be describ$7 hav+ be5 clos$4 ,t portion ( ! f\ndation betwe5 ! axis ( ! dam & ! qu>tz ve91 a di/ance ( ab\t #afj ft41 0 v satisfactory1 )\t fissures or spr+s ( wat]4 ,9 ?is portion ! #b-;94 pipe 0 imb$d$ 9 mort> & concrete )\t angle irons1 & ! cont9uity ( ! tr5* brok5 by num]\s cross-tr5*es cut into ! rock & fill$ ) concrete & puddle4 ,x is believ$ t no seepage wat] w ev] pass ?r\gh ?is portion ( ! dam4 ,if any %\ld ev] f9d its way "u ! puddle & ?r\gh ! b$ rock =mation1 ! re> dra91 ) its hillside bran*es1 w c>ry x away & prev5t ! saturation ( ! l[] or d[n-/ream half ( ! dam4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4-,,view ,,( ,,tabeaud ,,dam ,,:5 ,,ab\t ,,half ,,complet$4 ,at ! up-/ream toe ( ! embankm5t1 two wells or sumps 7%[n at 8,s0 & 8,k10 ,fig4 #d7 7 cut #aj or #ab ft4 deep] ?an ! ma9 tr5*1 :i* receiv$ ! wat] ent]+ ! inn] toe puddle tr5* dur+ con/ruction4 ,?is wat] 0 dispos$ ( p>tly by pump+ & p>tly by means ( ! #b-;94 bran* pipes lead+ into & f ^! wells4 ,at _! junction 7,j7 a #b-;94 /&-pipe 0 erect$1 :i* 0 c>ri$ v]tically up ?r\gh ! embankm5t1 & f9ally fill$ ) cem5t4 ,! bran* pipes f ! wells 7 f9ally capp$ & ! wells fill$ ) brok5 /one1 z previ\sly m5tion$4 ,,embankm5t4-,z has be5 said1 ! upp] surface ( ! slate b$ rock 0 f\nd to be badly fissur$1 especially ne> ! up-/ream toe ( ! dam1 & z ! av]age dep? bel[ ! surface ( ! gr\nd 0 n v great1 x 0 ?\ght be/ to lay b>e ! b$ rock ov] ! entire upp] half ( ! dam site4 ,_h ! dep? be5 mu* great]1 x w\ld h be5 m economical & possibly suffici5t to h put reliance 9 a puddle tr5*1 alone1 = secur+ a wat]-tight connection betwe5 ! f\ndation & ! body ( ! dam4 ,at ! axis ( ! dam & ne> ! inn] toe1 :]e ! puddle walls abutt$ aga9/ ! hillsides1 ! excavation always ext5d$ to b$ rock4 ,v]tical /eps & (fsets 7 avoid$ & ! cuts 7 made l>ge en\gh = horses to turn 9 :ile tramp+1 ^! animals be+ us$1 s+ly & 9 gr\ps1 to mix & compact ! puddle & ?us less5 ! labor ( tamp+ by h&4 ,9 plan1 ! hillside contact ( natural & artificial surfaces pres5ts a s]ies ( corrugat$ l9es1 7z is cle>ly %[n 9 ,fig4 #d47 ,aft] all loose & por\s mat]ials _h be5 remov$1 ! /ripp$ surface & ! slopes ( all excavations 7 ?or\ghly wett$ f "t to "t by means ( hose & nozzle1 ! wat] be+ deliv]$ "u pressure4 ,fig4 #aj is a view ( ! dam tak5 :5 x 0 ab\t half f9i%$ & %[s ! "w 9 progress4 ,! face puddle %[n 9 ,fig4 #aa 0 us$ m]ely to 8make assurance d\bly sure0 & 0 n c>ri$ entirely up to ! top ( ! dam4 ,! e>? ( :i* ! dam 0 con/ruct$ may be describ$ z a r$ gravelly clay1 & 9 ! judgm5t ( ! au?or is almo/ ideal mat]ial = ! purpose4 ,physical te/s & exp]im5ts made ) ! mat]ials at diff]5t times dur+ con/ruction gave ! foll[+ av]age results3 ,p\nds4 ,weight ( #a cu4 ft4 e>?1 du/ dry #hd4j 8 8 #a 8 saturat$ e>? #aja4h 8 8 #a 8 moi/ loose e>? #gf4f 8 8 #a 8 loose mat]ial tak5 f te/ pits on ! dam #hj4j 8 8 #a 8 e>? 9 place tak5 f ! borr[ pits #aaf4e 8 8 #a 8 e>? mat]ial tak5 f te/ pits on ! dam #acc4j ,p] c5t4 ,p]c5tage ( moi/ure 9 natural e>? #ai 8 8 voids 9 natural e>? #eb 8 8 grit & gravel 9 natural e>? #ch 8 8 compression on dam ov] e>? at borr[ pit #af 8 8 compression on dam ov] e>? 9 wagons #dc ,degrees4 ,angle ( repose ( natural moi/ e>? #dd ,angle ( repose ( e>?1 du/ dry #cf ,angle ( repose ( saturat$ e>? #bc ,,con/ruction ,,details4-,! mat]ials =m+ ! bulk ( ! dam 7 haul$ by f\r-horse teams1 9 dump wagons1 hold+ #c cu4 yds4 ea*4 ,! wagons load$ weigh$ ab\t six tons & 7 provid$ ) two sw++ bottom-doors1 :i* ! driv] c\ld op]ate ) a lev]1 enabl+ ! load to be quickly dropp$ :ile ! team 0 9 motion4 ,if ! mat]ial 0 q dry1 ! load c\ld be dump$ 9 a long r[ :5 s desir$4 ,aft] pl[+ ! surface ( ! gr\nd & wa/+ any objectionable surface soil1 ! mat]ial 0 br\ght to common e>?-traps = load+ into wagons1 by buck or dragscrap]s ( ! ,fresno patt]n4 ,9 good mat]ial "o trap ) eight ,fresno-scrap] teams c\ld fill #be wagons p] h\r4 ,! av]age l5g? ( haul = ! entire "w 0 ab\t #a1cbj ft4 ,! orig9al plans & specifications 7 adh]$ to ?r\gh\t1 ) ! s+le exception t ! c5tral puddle wall 0 n c>ri$ above elevation #a1afj1 z %[n on ,figs4 #aa & #ab1 m att5tion be+ giv5 to ! inn] face puddle4 ,?is modification 9 ! orig9al plans 0 made because ( ! "* ( ! mat]ials available & ! excell5t results obta9$ 9 secur+ an homog5e\s e>!n concrete1 practically imp]vi\s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4-;,,dim5sion ,,section ,,( ,,tabeaud ,,dam4 ,! top ( ! embankm5t 0 ma9ta9$ bas9-%ap$ dur+ con/ruction1 be+ l[] at ! axis ?an at ! out] slopes by #a-aj1 to ! height bel[ ! f9i%$ cr[n4 ,?is gave a grade ( ab\t #a 9 #be f ! edges t[>d ! c5t]1 result+ 9 ! foll[+ advantages3 7#a7 ,insur+ a m ?or\gh wett+ ( ! c5tral portion ( ! dam2 any excess ( wat] 9 ?is "p w\ld be readily tak5 c>e ( by ! c5tral cross dra9s4 7#b7 ,9 wett+ ! f9i%$ surface prior to deposit+ a new lay] ( mat]ial1 wat] f ! spr9kl+ wagons w\ld naturally dra9 t[>ds ! c5t] & insure keep+ ! surface wet2 ! lay]s be+ c>ri$1 z a rule1 progressively outw>d f ! c5t]4 7#c7 ,x c5traliz$ ! maximum e>? pressure & enabl$ ! deposit+ ( mat]ial 9 lay]s p]p5dicul> to ! slopes4 7#d7 ,x facilitat$ roll+ & haul+ on l9es p>allel to ! axis ( ! dam1 & disc\rag$ transv]se & miscellane\s op]ations4 7#e7 ,x f9ally insur$ bett] compact+ by ! tramp+ ( teams 9 _! ex]tions to ov]come ! grade4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4-;,,cross ,,& ,,longitud9al ,,sections ,,( ,,tabeaud ,,dam4 ,! specifications /ipulat$ t ! body ( ! dam %\ld be built up 9 lay]s n exce$+ #f ins4 9 ?ickness = ! fir/ #fj ft41 & n exce$+ #h ins4 above t elevation4 ,! f9i%$ lay]s aft] roll+ v>i$ slightly 9 ?ickness1 ! daily av]age p] mon? be+ z foll[s3 ,april #d ins4 ,may #c 8 ,june #d 8 ,july #d 8 ,augu/ #e 8 ,septemb] #f 8 ,octob] #g 8 ,novemb] & ,decemb] #h 8 ,dur+ ! la/ few mon?s m ?an "o :ole lay] con/itut$ ! day's "w1 s t a s+le lay] 0 seldom z ?ick z ! daily av]age indicates4 ,x 0 /ipulat$ 9 ! specifications t ! up-/ream half ( ! dam 0 to be made ( 8select$ mat]ial0 & ! l[] half ( less *oice mat]ial1 n designat$ 8wa/e40 8,wa/e mat]ial0 0 describ$ z mean+ all vegetable humus1 light soil1 roots1 & rock exce$+ #e lbs4 9 weight1 too l>ge to pass ?r\gh a #d-;94 r+4 ,x may be well to def9e ! expression 8select$ mat]ial10 s commonly us$ 9 specifications = e>? dams4 ,9 ,engl&1 = in/ance1 x is said to ref] to mat]ials :i* insure wat]-tightness1 :ile 9 ,india x ref]s to ^? employ$ to obta9 /ability4 ,x ought to mean ! be/ mat]ial available1 select$ by ! eng9e] to suit ! requirem5ts ( ! situation4 ,! me?od employ$ 9 build+ ! body ( ! embankm5t may be describ$ z foll[s3 7#a7 ,! top surface ( e f9i%$ lay] ( mat]ial 0 spr9kl$ & h>r[$ prior to putt+ on a new lay]4 ,! spr9kl+ wagons pass$ ov] ! old] f9i%$ surface imm$iately be=e ea* wagon-r[ 0 begun4 ,?is insur$ a wett$ surface & assi/$ ! :eels ( ! load$ wagons1 z well z ! h>r[s1 to r\gh51 ! old surface prior to deposit+ a new lay]4 7#b7 ,! mat]ial 0 g5]ally deposit$ 9 r[s p>allel to ! axis ( ! dam4 ,h[ev]1 along ! l9e ( contact1 at ! m>g9s ( ! embankm5t1 ! e>? 0 (t5 deposit$ 9 r[s crosswise ( ! dam1 p]mitt+ a selection ( ! *oice/ mat]ials & greatly facilitat+ ! "w ( grad]s & roll]s4 7#c7 ,rock pick]s ) _! c>ts 7 cont9ually pass+ along ! r[s ga!r+ up all roots1 rocks & o!r wa/e mat]ials4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4-,,view ,,( ,,tabeaud ,,dam ,,imm$iately ,,aft] ,,completion4 7#d7 ,! road-grad]s drawn by six horses level$ d[n ! tops ( ! wagon-loads1 & if ! mat]ial 0 dry ! spr9kl+ wagons imm$iately pass$ ov] ! r[s prior to fur!r grad+4 ,:5 ! mat]ial 0 naturally moi/ ! grad] cont9u$ ! level+ process until ! e>? 0 ev5ly spread4 ,! dep? or ?ickness ( ! lay] c\ld be regulat$ to a nicety by prop]ly spac+ ! r[s & ! individual loads4 ,! grad] br\ght ! lay] to a smoo? surface & ( uni=m ?ickness1 & no?+ m c\ld be desir$ = ?is op]ation4 7#e7 ,aft] ! grad]s _h f9i%$1 ! h>r[s pass$ ov] ! new lay] to insure ! pick+ out ( all roots & rocks1 foll[$ imm$iately by ! spr9kl+ wagons4 7#f7 ,f9ally ! roll]s ?or\ghly compact$ ! lay] ( e>?1 g5]ally pass+ to & fro ov] x l5g?wise ( ! dam4 ,along ! l9e ( contact at ! ends1 h[ev]1 !y pass$ crosswise4 ,!n aga9 !y frequ5tly w5t ar\nd a portion ( ! surface until ! :ole 0 h>d & solid4 ,two roll]s 7 9 use con/antly1 ea* drawn by six horses4 ,"o weigh$ five tons & ! o!r eight tons1 giv+ respectively #aff & #bjj lbs4 pressure p] l94 94 ,!y 7 n groov$1 b ! smoo? surface left by ! roll]s 0 always h>r[$ & cut up m or less by ! load$ wagons pass+ ov] ! surface previ\sly wett$4 ,! wagons :5 load$ gave #gej lbs4 pressure p] l94 941 & ! heavy teams travel+ :]ev] !y c\ld d ! mo/ effective "w compact$ ! mat]ials bett] ev5 ?an ! roll]s4 ,sev]al te/ pits :i* 7 dug into ! dam dur+ con/ruction %[$ t !re 7 no di/9ct l9es traceable betwe5 ! lay]s & no loose or dry spots1 b t ! :ole mass 0 solid & homog5e\s4 ,a c>eful record is be+ kept ( ! am\nt ( settlem5t ( ! ,tabeaud ,dam4 ,x w be ( int]e/ to record "h ! fact t j "o ye> aft] date ( completion ! settlem5t am\nt$ to #j4b ft41 ) #ij ft4 dep? ( wat] 9 ! res]voir4 ,wat] 0 fir/ turn$ into ! res]voir five mon?s aft] ! dam 0 f9i%$4 ,! v small am\nt ( settlem5t "h %[n emphasizes m eloqu5tly ?an words ! au?or's conclud+ rem>ks relat+ to ! importance ( ?or\gh consolidation1 by artificial means1 ( ! embankm5t4 7,see p4 #fd1 ,secs4 #f to #h47 ,,outlet ,,tunnel4-,! outlet = ! res]voir is a tunnel #b1ijc ft4 9 l5g?1 ?r\gh a ridge ( solid slate rock =mation1 :i* 0 v h>d & refractory4 ,at ! nor? or res]voir end ( ! tunnel1 !re is an op5 cut #cej ft4 long1 ) a maximum dep? ( #bf ft4 ,ne> ! s\? portal ( ! tunnel & 9 ! l9e ( pressure pipes connect+ ! 8petty res]voir0 above ) ! p[]-h\se bel[1 is plac$ a receiv]1 connect$ ) ! tunnel by means ( a %ort pipe-l9e1 #fj ins4 9 diamet]4 ,a wat]-tight bulkhead ( brick & concrete masonry is plac$ 9 ! tunnel1 at a po9t ab\t #age ft4 di/ant f ! receiv]4 ,9 ! l9e ( #fj-;94 rivet$ /eel pipe1 :i* connects ! res]voir & tunnel ) ! receiv]1 !re is plac$ a ca/ iron *amb] = entrapp+ silt or s&1 ) a bran* pipe #af ins4 9 diamet] lead+ into a side rav9e ?r\gh :i* s& or silt ?us collect$ c be wa/$ or wa%$ out4 ,by ! design ( con/ruction ?us describ$1 x w be se5 t all controll+ devices1 scre5s1 gates1 etc41 are at ! s\? end ( ! tunnel & easily accessible4 ,,wa/eway4-,! wa/eway = ! res]voir is an op5 cut ?r\gh its rim1 #dh ft4 9 wid? & #cjj ft4 long4 ,! sill ( ! spillway is #aj ft4 bel[ ! cr[n ( ! dam4 ,! res]voir hav+ less ?an two squ>e miles ( cat*m5t area1 & ! fe$+ canals be+ "u complete control1 ! dam c nev] be ov]-topp$ by a flood4 ,fig4 #c %[s ! relative location ( ! dam1 outlet tunnel & wa/eway *annel4 ,almo/ ! :ole ( ! embankm5t =m+ ! ,tabeaud ,dam1 n includ$ 9 ! f\ndation "w1 0 built 9 less ?an eight mon?s4 ,! contractor's outfit 0 ! be/ = ! purpose ! writ] has ev] se54 ,aft] increas+ 8 =ce f "t to "t he f9ally _h ! foll[+ equipm5t3 #a /eam %ovel 7#a yds4 capacity71 #cg pat5t dump wagons1 #aa /ick-wagons & rock-c>ts1 #ci buck-scrap]s 7,fresno patt]n71 #ba :eel scrap]s1 #c road-grad]s1 #c spr9kl+ wagons1 #b h>r[s1 #b roll]s 7#e & #h-ton71 #bcc m51 #daf horses & mules1 #h road & hillside pl[s4 ,,/ati/ics4-,! foll[+ data relat+ to ! ,tabeaud ,dam ,res]voir w conclude ?is description3 ,,dam4 ,l5g? at cr[n #fcf ft4 ,l5g? at base cross+ rav9e #ej to #ajj 8 ,height to top ( cr[n 7,el4 #a1beh47 #abj 8 8 at ends above b$rock #aag 8 8 at up-/ream toe #ajj 8 8 at d[n-/ream toe #abc 8 ,effective head #aae 8 ,wid? at cr[n #bj 8 ,wid? at base #fbj 8 ,slopes1 #b on #a ) rock-fill #c to #a4 ,excavation = f\ndations #dj1jjj cu4 yds4 ,refill by company #dj1jjj 8 ,embankm5t built by contractor #ccj1cej 8 ,total volume ( dam #cgj1cej 8 ,total weight #ffd1ggh tons4 ,l5g? ( wa/eway 7wid?7 #dh ft4 ,dep? ( spillway sill bel[ cr[n #aj 8 ,dep? ( spillway sill bel[ ends #g 8 ,height ( /op-planks 9 wa/eway #b 8 ,maximum dep? ( wat] 9 res]voir #ib 8 ,area to be fac$ ) /one #a1icc sq4 yds4 ,,res]voir4 ,cat*m5t area 7approximate7 #b sq4 miles4 ,area ( wat] surface #cf4ge acres4 ,silt /orage capacity bel[ outlet tunnel #a1jia1dgj cu4 ft4 ,available wat] /orage capacity #df1fab1dje 8 ,elevation ( outlet tunnel #a1ahj ft4 8 8 high-wat] surface #a1bej 8 8 8 cr[n ( dam #a1beh 8 ,fig4 #ac is a view ( ! f9i%$ dam1 tak5 imm$iately aft] completion4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,diff]5t ,types ( ,e>? ,dams4 ,!re are sev]al types ( e>? dams1 :i* may be describ$ z foll[s3 #a4 ,homog5e\s e>? dams1 ei!r ) or )\t a puddle tr5*4 #b4 ,e>? dams ) a puddle core or puddle face4 #c4 ,e>? dams ) a core wall ( brick1 rubble or concrete masonry4 #d4 ,new types1 composite /ructures4 #e4 ,rock-fill dams ) e>? inn] slope4 #f4 ,hydraulic-fill dams ( e>? & gravel4 ,! writ] proposes to give an example ( ea* type1 ) su* rem>ks ^u _! di/9ctive features & relative m]its z he ?9ks may be in/ructive4 ,e>? ,dams ) ,puddle ,core ,wall or ,face4 ,,y>r[ ,,dam4-,! ,y>r[ dam ( ! ,liv]pool ,wat]-,works is a notable example ( ! second type1 7a section ( :i* is %[n 9 ,fig4 #b47 ,an excavation #ig ft4 9 dep? 0 made to b$ rock ?r\gh diff]5t /rata ( v>y+ ?ickness1 & a tr5* #bd ft4 wide 0 cut ) side slopes #a on #a = ! fir/ #aj ft4 9 dep? bel[ ! surface4 ,! tr5* 0 !n c>ri$ d[n ?r\gh s&1 gravel & b\ld]s ) sides slop+ #a 9 #ab4 ,! upp] surface ( ! %ale b$ rock 0 f\nd to be s(t1 seamy & wat]-be>+4 ,pumps 7 in/all$ to keep ! wat] out ( ! tr5* :ile x 0 be+ cut #d or #e ft4 deep] into ! %ale4 ,! l[] portion 0 !n wall$ up on ei!r side ) brickwork #ad ins4 9 ?ickness1 & ! tr5* betwe5 ! walls 0 fill$ ) concrete1 made 9 ! proportion ( #a ( cem5t1 #a ( s& & #b ( gravel or brok5 /one4 ,by s do+ a dry b$ 0 secur$ = ! f\ndation ( ! puddle wall4 ,two l9es ( #f-;94 pipes 7 laid on ! b$ rock1 outside ( ! walls1 & pipes #i ins4 9 diamet] ext5d$ v]tically above ! top ( ! brickwork "s #bg ft4 ,^! pipes 7 fill$ ) concrete1 aft] disconnect+ ! pumps4 ,aft] refill+ ! tr5* ) puddle to ! orig9al surface1 a puddle wall 0 c>ri$ up simultane\s ) ! embankm5t1 hav+ a decreas+ batt] ( #a 9 #ab1 :i* gave a wid? ( #f ft4 at ! top4 ,?is =m ( con/ruction is v common 9 ,engl& & ,figs4 #ad & #ae %[ two ,cali=nia dams1 ! ,pil>citos & ,san ,&res1 ( ! same g5]al type4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4-;,,cross-,,section ,,( ,,pil>citos ,,dam4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4-;,,cross-,,section ,,( ,,san ,,&res ,,dam4 ,,a%ti ,,embankm5t4-,?is is n a v high embankm5t1 b be+ typical ( mod]n dams 9 ,briti% ,india1 :]e ! puddle is g5]ally c>ri$ only to ! top ( ! orig9al surface ( ! gr\nd1 & n up ?r\gh ! body ( ! dam1 x is ?\ght wor?y ( m5tion4 ,fig4 #af %[s a section ( ?is embankm5t1 :i* is locat$ 9 ! ,%olapur ,di/rict1 ,india4 ,! c5tral portion ( ?is dam above ! puddle tr5* is made ( 8select$ black soil20 !n on ei!r side is plac$ 8,br[n ,soil10 f9i%+ on ! out] slopes ) 8,murum40 ,trap rock decomposes fir/ into a friable /ony mat]ial1 kn[n 9 ,india z 8,murum0 or 8,murham40 ,?is mat]ial fur!r decomposes into v>i\s argillace\s e>?s1 ! mo/ common be+ ! 8black cotton soil0 m5tion$ above4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4-;,,cross-,,section ,,( ,,a%ti ,,tank ,,embankm5t4 ,?is p>ticul> dam has be5 adv]sely criticis$ on acc\nt ( ! lack ( uni=mity 9 ! "* ( ! mat]ials compos+ ! bank4 ,x is claim$ t ! mat]ials be+ ( diff]5t d5sity & weight1 unequal settlem5t w result1 & l9es ( sep>ation w =m betwe5 ! diff]5t k9ds ( mat]ials4 ,e>? mat]ials d n unite or comb9e ) timb] or masonry1 b !re are no su* di/9ct l9es ( transition & sep>ation betwe5 diff]5t e>? mat]ials !mselves z ,fig4 #af w\ld seem to indicate4 ,puddle ,tr5*4 ,9 ! la/ ?ree dams m5tion$ 7,figs4 #ad1 #ae1 #af7 ! puddle tr5*es are made ) v]tical sides or v]tical /eps & (fsets4 ,a w$ge-%ap$ tr5* c]ta9ly has _m advantages ov] ?is =m4 ,puddle be+ pla/ic1 consolidates z ! dam settles1 fill+ ! l[e/ p>ts by slid+ on its b$4 ,x ?us has a t5d5cy to break away f ! portion support$ by ! /ep1 & a fur!r t5d5cy to leave ! v]tical side1 ?us =m+ cracks & fissures = wat] to ent]4 ,! argum5t advanc$ by ^? hold+ a diff]5t view1 namely1 t x is difficult to dress ! sides ( a tr5* to a /eep batt] & to timb] x sub/antially1 has 9 reality little weight :5 put to practical te/4 ,mr4 ,f4 ,p4 ,/e>ns1 9 describ+ ! rec5t "w ( excavat+ ! cut-(f tr5* ( ! ,nor? ,dike ( ! ,wa*usett res]voir1 ,bo/on1 said x 0 f\nd to be bo? bett] & *eap] to excavate a tr5* ) slopes ?an ) v]tical sides protect$ by %eet+4 ,he favor$ ?is %ape 9 case ( pile-"w & = ! purpose also ( w$g+ mat]ials toge!r4 ,mr4 ,wm4 ,j4 ,mc,alpine's 8,specifications = ,e>? ,dams10 repres5t+ ! be/ practice ( #be ye>s ago1 :i* are frequ5tly cit$1 conta9 ! foll[+ description ( h[ to prep>e ! up-/ream floor ( ! dam3 ,remove ! p]vi\s & decay+ matt] by break+ up ! natural soil & by /epp+ up ! sides ( ! rav9e2 also by sev]al too!d tr5*es across ! bottom & up ! sides4 ,"o ( ,mr4 ,mc,alpine's well kn[n axioms 01 8wat] abhors an angle40 ,! 8/epp+0 & 8too!d0 tr5*es above specifi$ ne$ n necess>ily be made ) v]tical planes1 b %\ld be made by means ( incl9$ & horizontal planes4 ,! writ]'s exp]i5ce & obs]vation leads him to ?9k t all excavations 9 connection ) e>? dams requir+ a refill %\ld be made w$ge-%ap$ s t ! pressure ( ! sup]9cumb5t mat]ials 9 settl+ w w$ge ! mat]ial tight] & tight] toge!r & fill e cavity4 ,a pap] by ,mr4 ,wm4 ,l4 ,/range1 ,c4 ,e41 on 8,res]voirs ) high ,e>!n ,dams 9 ,we/]n ,india10 publi%$ 9 ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,in/itution ( ,civil ,eng9e]s1 ,vol4 #acb1 7#ahih71 is "o ( ! be/ contributions to ! lit]ature on ?is subject1 kn[n to ! writ]4 ,mr4 ,/range /ates t ! rate ( filtration ( a soil dep5ds ^u its porosity1 :i* gov]ns ! frictional resi/ance to fl[1 & ! slope & l5g? ( ! filam5t>y *annels along :i* ! wat] may be consid]$ to pass4 ,x is evid5t1 !re=e1 t ! direct rate ( infiltration 9 a homog5e\s soil mu/ decrease f ! top to ! bottom ( ! puddle tr5*4 ,! be/ section = a puddle tr5* is ?us a w$ge1 su* z an op5 excavation w\ld give4 ,x is true t ! upp]mo/ infiltrat+ filam5ts :5 /opp$ by ! puddle1 w endeavor to get "u x1 b a dep? w ev5tually be rea*$ :5 ! frictional resi/ance along ! natural passages w be great] ?an t due to ! transv]se passage ( ! puddle tr5*1 & x is :5 ?is occurs t ! latt] may be /opp$ )\t dang]1 z ! filtration to x w be less ?an t ?r\gh x4 ,?is dep? requires to be det]m9$ 9 ea* case1 b 9 fairly compact ,indian soils #cj feet w be a fair limit4 ,puddle ,wall vs4 ,puddle ,tr5*4 ,!re is a div]sity ( op9ion among eng9e]s 9 reg>d to ! prop] place = ! puddle 9 dam con/ruction4 ,!oretically1 ! inn] face w\ld be pref]able to ! c5t]1 = ! purpose ( prev5t+ any wat] f p5etrat+ ! embankm5t4 ,x is well kn[n t all mat]ials imm]s$ 9 wat] lose weight 9 proportion to ! volume ( wat] !y displace4 ,if ! upp] half ( ! dam becomes saturat$ x mu/ necces>ily lose bo? weight & /ability4 ,its full cohesive /r5g? c only be ma9ta9$ by mak+ x imp]vi\s 9 "s way4 ,! /r5g? ( an e>? dam dep5ds ^u ?ree factors3 #a4 ,weight4 #b4 ,frictional resi/ance aga9/ slid+4 #c4 ,cohesiv5ess ( its mat]ials4 ,^! c be kn[n only s long z no wat] p5etrates ! body ( ! dam4 ,:5 once saturat$ ! resultant l9e ( pressure is no long] normal to ! inn] slope1 = ! reason t !re is n[ a =ce t5d+ to slide ! dam horizontally & ano!r due to ! hydro/atic head t5d+ to lift x v]tically4 ,:5 ! wat] slope is imp]vi\s ! horizontal ?ru/ is su/a9$ by ! :ole dam & n by ! l[] half alone4 ,:5 once a passage is made into ! body ( ! dam1 ! infiltration wat] w escape along ! l9e ( lea/ resi/ance1 & if !re be a fissure x may become a cavity & ! cavity a brea*4 ,= practical reasons1 ma9ly on acc\nt ( ! difficulty ( ma9ta9+ a puddle face on ! inn] slope ( a dam1 :i* w\ld require a v flat slope1 puddle is g5]ally plac$ at ! c5t] z a core wall4 ,x 0 ?\ght possible at ! ,tabeaud dam to c\nt]act ! t5d5cy ( ! face puddle to sl\gh (f into ! res]voir by use ( a brok5 /one fac+ ( riprap4 ,?is cov]+ w protect ! puddle f ! det]iorat+ effects ( air & sun :5ev] ! wat] is drawn l[ & also resi/s ! pressure at ! inn] toe ( ! dam4 ,p]colation & ,infiltration4 ,! e>li] au?orities on ! subject ( p]colation & infiltration ( wat] are some:at conflict+ 9 _! /atem5ts1 if n confus$ 9 _! ideas4 ,we are aga9 impress$ ) ! importance ( a cle>ly def9$ & def9ite use ( t]ms4 ,! temptation & t5d5cy to use language synonym\sly is v great1 b x is unsci5tific & mu/ result 9 confusion ( ?\ght4 ,let x be obs]v$ t filtration is ! process ( me*anically sep>at+ & remov+ ! undissolv$ p>ticles float+ 9 a liquid4 ,t infiltration is ! process by :i* wat] 7or o!r liquid7 ent]s ! int]/ices ( por\s mat]ial4 ,t p]colation is ! action ( a liquid pass+ ?r\gh small int]/ices2 &1 f9ally1 t seepage is ! am\nt ( fluid :i* has p]colat$ ?r\gh por\s mat]ials4 ,_m rec5t au?orities are guilty ( confusion 9 ?\ght or expression1 z w appe> f ! foll[+3 ,"o says1 = in/ance1 t a rock is wat]-tight :5 non-absorb5t ( wat]1 b t a soil is n wat]-tight unless x w absorb an enorm\s quantity ( wat]4 ,?is w\ld seem to indicate t sup]-saturation & n pressure is necess>y to increase ! wat]-tightness ( e>? mat]ials4 ,aga91 9 a rec5t discussion reg>d+ ! saturation & p]colation ( wat] ?r\gh ! l[] half ( a res]voir embankm5t1 x 0 rem>k$1 t ! m compact ! mat]ial ( :i* ! bank is built1 ! /eep] w be ! slope ( saturation4 ,exception 0 tak5 to ?is1 & ! /atem5t made1 t ) compact mat]ial1 ! sectional area ( fl[ is l>g] bel[ a giv5 level ) por\s mat]ial1 & z ! bank slope is "o det]m9+ factor ( ! l9e ( saturation1 ?is l9e t5ds to approa* ! slope l9e2 :ile ) por\s mat]ial 9 a d[n-/ream bank1 ! slope ( saturation is /eep] & ! area ( ! fl[ less4 ,9 reply to ?is1 x 0 said1 t x is obvi\s t if ! embankm5t bel[ ! core wall is built ( mat]ial s compact z to be imp]vi\s to wat]1 no wat] pass+ ?r\gh ! wall w ent] x1 & ! slope ( saturation w be v]tical4 ,if x be less compact1 wat] w ent] m or less accord+ to ! head or pressure1 & accord+ to its compactness or porosity1 produc+ a slope ( saturation ^: incl9ation is dep5d5t on ! frictional resi/ance enc\nt]$ by ! wat]4 ,& ! bank w be tight :5ev] ! slope ( saturation rema9s )9 ! figure ( ! embankm5t4 ,fur!r1 t x 0 necess>y to di/+ui% betwe5 ! slope assum$ by wat] reta9$ 9 an embankm5t & t tak5 by wat] pass+ ?r\gh an embankm5t made ( mat]ial too por\s to reta9 x2 :]e ! rule is cle>ly rev]s$ & :]e ! m por\s ! mat]ial ! /eep] ! slope at :i* wat] w run ?r\gh x at a giv5 rate4 ,^! citations are suffici5t to emphasize ! importance ( exact def9ition ( t]ms & cle> /atem5t ( pr9ciples4 ,! late/ exp]im5ts relat+ to ! p]colation ( wat] ?r\gh e>? mat]ials & te/s det]m9+ ! /ability ( soils are ^? made dur+ ! inve/igations at ! ,new ,croton ,dam & ,j]ome ,p>k ,res]voir1 ,new ,york1 & ^? relat+ to ! ,nor? ,dike ( ! ,wa*usett ,res]voir1 ,bo/on4 ,^! are v int]e/+ & in/ructive1 & x is "h propos$ to discuss ! results & conclusions rea*$ 9 ^! cases1 aft] "s introductory rem>ks recit+ ! ord] ( ev5ts4 ,,new ,,croton ,,dam4-,9 ,june1 #aija1 ! ,bo>d ( ,croton ,aqu$uct ,commission]s ( ,new ,york reque/$ a bo>d ( exp]t eng9e]s1 consi/+ ( ,messrs4 ,j4 ,j4 ,r4 ,croes1 ,e4 ,f4 ,smi? & ,e4 ,sweet1 to exam9e ! plans = ! con/ruction ( ! e>? portion ( ! ,new ,croton ,dam1 & also ! core wall & embankm5t ( ! ,j]ome ,p>k res]voir4 ,?is report 0 publi%$ 9 full 9 ,eng9e]+ ,news = ,nov4 #bh1 #aija4 ,x 0 foll[$ 9 subsequ5t issues ( ! said j\rnal by supplem5tal & individual reports f ea* memb] ( ! bo>d ( exp]ts1 & by articles f ,messrs4 ,a4 ,fteley1 :o orig9ally design$ ! works1 ,a4 ,crav51 =m]ly division eng9e] on ?is "w1 & ,w4 ,r4 ,hill1 at t "t *ief eng9e] ( ! ,croton ,aqu$uct ,commission4 ,aft] describ+ ! ,new ,croton ,dam1 ! bo>d ( exp]ts preface _! rem>ks on ! e>? embankm5t by say+ t x has be5 abundantly prov5 t up to a height ( #fj or #gj ft4 an embankm5t f\nd$ on solid mat]ial & con/ruct$ ( well-select$ e>?1 prop]ly put 9 place1 is fully z durable & safe z a masonry wall & f> less co/ly4 ,!re are1 9 fact1 no less ?an #bb e>? dams 9 use to-day exce$+ #ij ft4 9 height1 & twice t numb] ov] #gj ft4 9 height4 ,five ( ! =m] are 9 ,cali=nia1 & sev]al ( ^! h be5 9 use ov] #be ye>s4 ,! writ] fails to appreciate ! reason = limit+ ! safe height ( e>? dams to #fj or #gj ft4 ,! ,new ,croton ,dam 0 design$ z a composite /ructure ( masonry & e>?1 cross+ ! ,croton ,valley at a po9t ?ree miles f ! ,hudson ,riv]4 ,! e>? portion 0 to jo9 ! masonry portion at a po9t :]e ! latt] 0 #aie ft4 high f ! b$ rock4 ,! ,bo>d ?\ght !re 0 no prec$5t = su* a design & no necessity = ?is =m ( con/ruction4 ,! po9t to be consid]$ "h 0 :e!r a dam l ?is c be made suffici5tly imp]meable to wat] to prev5t ! out] slope f becom+ saturat$ & ?us liable to slide & be wa%$ out4 ,! design ( ! embankm5t portion 0 simil> to all ! e>? dams ( ! ,croton ,valley4 ,9 ! c5t] is built a wall ( rubble masonry1 g5]ally f\nd$ ^u solid rock1 & 8int5d$ to prev5t ! free seepage ( wat]1 b n heavy en\gh to act alone z a reta9+ wall = ei!r wat] or e>?40 ,fig4 #ag %[s a section :i* is typical ( mo/ ,new ,engl& e>? dams2 & ,fig4 #ah1 ! sections ( two ( ! ,croton ,valley dams1 ,new ,york wat] supply4 ,^! dams all h masonry core walls1 illu/rat+ ! ?ird type ( dams giv5 on page #cc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4-;,,cross-,,section ,,( ,a ,,typical ,,new ,,engl& ,,dam4 ,! bo>d ( exp]ts made num]\s te/s by means ( bor+s into ! ,croton ,valley dams to det]m9e ! slope ( saturation4 ,! hydraulic laboratory ( ,cornell ,univ]sity also made te/s ( ! p]meability ( sev]al samples ( mat]ials tak5 f pits4 ,all ! mat]ials exam9$ 7 f\nd to be p]meable & :5 expos$ to wat] to dis9tegrate & assume a flat slope1 ! surface ( :i* 0 describ$ z 8slimy40 ,pipe wells 7 driv5 at diff]5t places into ! dams & ! l9e ( saturation 0 det]m9$ by not+ ! elevations at :i* ! wat] /ood 9 !m4 ,9 all ! dams ! entire bank on ! wat] side ( ! core wall appe>$ to be completely saturat$4 ,wat] 0 also f\nd to be /&+ 9 ! embankm5t on ! d[n-/ream side ( ! core wall4 ,! ext5t ( saturation ( ! out] bank v>i$ greatly1 due to ! diff]5ce 9 mat]ials1 ! c>e tak5 9 build+ !m1 & _! ages4 ,fig4 #ai gives ! av]age slopes ( saturation z det]m9$ by ^! bor+s4 ,! exp]ts /at$ t ! slope ( ! surface ( ! saturation 9 ! bank is det]m9$ by ! solidity ( ! embankm5t3 ,! m compact ! mat]ial ( :i* ! bank is built1 ! /eep] w be ! slope ( saturation4 ,z a result ( _! inve/igations1 ! exp]ts 7 ( ! op9ion t ! slope ( saturation 9 ! be/ embankm5ts made ( ! mat]ial f\nd 9 ! ,croton ,valley is ab\t #ce ft4 p] #ajj ft41 & t ) mat]ials less c>efully select$ & plac$ ! slope may be #bj ft4 p] #ajj ft4 ,fur!r1 t tak+ ! loss ( head 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! core wall1 & ! slope assum$ by ! plane ( saturation1 ! maximum safe height ( an e>? dam ) its top #bj ft4 above wat] level 9 ! res]voir & its outside slope #b on #a1 is #fc to #ajb4e ft4 ,?is is a rem>kable f9d+ 9 view ( ! fact t ! ,titicus ,dam1 "o ( ! ,croton ,valley dams exam9$1 has a maximum height above b$ rock ( #aaj ft4 & has be5 9 use sev5 ye>s4 ,?is dam is n a fair example to cite 9 pro( ( _! conclusion1 because its effective head is only ab\t #df ft4#b ,illu/ration3 ,,bog ,,brook ,,dam4 ,illu/ration3 ,,middle ,,bran* ,,dam4 ,,fig4 #ah4-;,,cross-,,section ,,( ,,two ,,croton ,,valley ,,dams1 ,,%[+ ,,saturation4 ,mr4 ,fteley gave z a reason = ! elevation ( ! wat] slope f\nd 9 ! out] bank ( ! ,croton dams ! fact ( _! be+ con/ruct$ ( f9e mat]ials & /at$ t ) comp>atively por\s mat]ials !y w\ld h %[n /eep] slopes ( saturation4 ,mr4 ,crav5 argu$ t all dams w absorb m or less wat]1 & t porosity is m]ely a degree ( compactness2 t slope implies motion 9 wat]1 & t !re is no absolute ret5tion ( wat] 9 ! out] bank ( a dam hav+ its base bel[ ! plane indicat$ by ! loss ( head 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! inn] bank & !n ?r\gh a fur!r ob/ruction ( ei!r masonry or puddle2 t !re is simply a p>tial ret5tion1 ) motion ?r\gh ! bank gov]n$ by ! degree ( porosity ( ! mat]ial4 ,fig4 #ai is a graphical int]pretation ( ! conclusion rea*$ by ! bo>d ( exp]ts1 z already giv5 on page #da4 8,a0 is an ideal pr(ile ( a homog5e\s dam ) ! inn] slope #c on #a & ! out] slope #b on #a4 ,! top wid? is made #be ft4 = a dam hav+ #ij ft4 effective head1 ! high-wat] surface 9 ! res]voir be+ #aj ft4 bel[ ! cre/ ( ! dam4 ,?is ideal pr(ile is a fair av]age ( all ! e>? dams ( ! _w4 ,n hav+ a core wall to augm5t ! loss ( head1 x fairly repres5ts :at might be expect$ ( su* a dam built ( ,croton ,valley mat]ial1 compact$ 9 ! usual way4 ,x %\ld be not$ t ! int]section ( ! plane ( saturation ) ! re> slope ( ! dam at su* high elevation z %[n indicates an excessive seepage & a dang]\sly un/able condition4 ,prelim9>y ,/udy ( ,pr(ile = ,dam4 ,! prelim9>y calculations = design+ a pr(ile = an e>? dam are simple & w "h be illu/rat$ by an example4 ,let u assume ! foll[+ values3 a4 ,c5tral height ( dam1 #ajj ft4 b4 ,maximum dep? ( wat]1 #ij ft41 ) surface #aj ft4 bel[ cre/ ( dam4 c4 ,effective head1 #ij ft4 d4 ,weight ( wat]1 #fb4e lbs4 p] cu4 ft4 e4 ,weight ( mat]ial1 #abe lbs4 p] cu4 ft4 f4 ,coeffici5t ( friction1 #a4jj1 or equal to ! weight4 g4 ,factor ( safety aga9/ slid+1 #aj4 ,! wid? correspond+ to ! v]tical pressure ( #a ft4 is1 7#fb4e #aj7_/abe #e ft4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai4-;,,graphical ,,int]pretation ,,( ,,/udies ,,( ,,bo>d ,,( ,,exp]ts ,,on ,,! ,,orig9al ,,e>? ,,portion ,,( ,,! ,,new ,,croton ,,dam4 ,! hydro/atic pressure p] squ>e foot at #ij ft4 dep? is1 #fb4e #ij #e1fbe lbs4 ,! dam1 hav+ a factor ( safety ( #aj1 mu/ pres5t a resi/ance (1 #e1fbe #aj #ef1bej lbs41 or #bh tons p] squ>e foot4 ,! !oretical wid? ( bank correspond+ to #ij ft4 head & a factor ( #aj is %[n by ! dott$ triangle 7,a-,b-,b7 to be #dej ft41 7,b1 ,fig4 #ai7 ) slopes #b on #a4 ,to ?is mu/ be add$ ! wid? due to ! height ( cre/ above ! wat] surface 9 ! res]voir & ! wid? ( cre/4 ,! =m] w\ld be1 #b 7#b #aj7 #ej ft41 & ! latt] by ,trautw9e's rule1 #b #bajj #bb ft41 giv+ a total base wid? ( #ebb ft4 ,let u n[ assume t ! slope ( saturation may be #ce ft4 p] #ajj ft4 ,we obs]ve t ?is int]sects ! base #dj ft4 )9 ! out] toe ( ! bank slope4 ,if ! plane ( saturation 0 #cc ft4 p] #ajj1 x w\ld j rea* ! out] toe4 ,x w\ld be advisable to enl>ge ?is section by add+ a #aj-;ft4 b]m at ! #ej-;ft4 level1 hav+ a slope n less ?an #c on #a = ! up-/ream face1 & two #ae-;ft4 b]ms on ! d[n-/ream face1 hav+ slopes #b on #a4 ,! additional wid? ( base due to ^! modifications 9 our pr(ile am\nts to #fe ft41 giv+ a total base wid? ( #ehg ft41 & increas+ ! factor ( safety f #aj to #ac4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t if ! bank becomes saturat$ ?is factor ( safety may be r$uc$ #ej1 ! coeffici5t ( moi/ clay be+ #j4ej4 ,! loss ( head due to a core wall ( masonry1 z design$ = ! ,new ,croton ,dam1 0 assum$ by ! bo>d ( exp]ts to be #ba ft41 or #ag ( ! dep? ( wat] 9 full res]voir4 ,x has be5 /at$ by sev]al au?orities t ! prim>y object ( a masonry core wall is to af=d a wat]-tight cut-(f to any wat] ( p]colation :i* may rea* x ?r\gh ! upp] half ( ! embankm5t4 ,x appe>s t absolute wat]-tightness 9 ! core wall is n obta9$1 al?\gh ! core walls ( ! ,croton dams are said to be 8! v be/ quality ( rubble masonry t c be made40 ,mr4 ,w4 ,w4 ,follett1 :o is report$ to h _h consid]able exp]i5ce 9 build+ e>? dams1 & :o has made "s valuable sugge/ions !reupon1 is emphatic 9 say+1 t ! junction ( e>? & masonry =ms a weak po9t1 t ei!r a puddle or masonry core 9 an e>!n dam is an elem5t ( weakness r ?an /r5g?4 ,he also ?9ks ! usual mann] ( segregat+ & deposit+ mat]ials diff]5t 9 d5sity & weight1 & ?us subject to diff]5t am\nts ( settlem5t1 z bad a =m ( con/ruction z c\ld be devis$4 ,core walls may prev5t 8free passage ( wat]0 & 8excessive seepage10 b are nev]!less ( d\btful exp$i5cy4 ,e>?work ,slips & ,dra9age4 ,mr4 ,john ,newman1 9 8 admirable treatise on 8,e>?work ,slips & ,subsid5ces ^u ,public ,works10 classifies & enum]ates slips z foll[s3 ,natural causes1 #g4 ,artificial causes1 #ca4 ,additional causes due to imp\nd$ wat]1 #g4 ,aft] describ+ ea* cause he pres5ts #ci diff]5t means us$ to prev5t su* slips & describes me?ods ( mak+ repairs4 ,mr4 ,wm4 ,l4 ,/range has _h su* a l>ge & valuable exp]i5ce & has set =? s c>efully & lucidly bo? ! pr9ciples & practice ( e>? dam con/ruction1 t ! writ] takes pleasure 9 aga9 quot+ him on ! subject ( dra9age1 ( :i* he is an ard5t advocate4 ,he says t1 ?or\gh dra9age ( ! base ( a dam is a matt] ( vital necessity1 = not)/&+ all precautions1 "s wat] w c]ta9ly pass ?r\gh ! puddle4 ,x is at ! junction ( ! dam ) ! gr\nd t ! maximum am\nt ( leakage may be expect$4 ,! p]colat+ wat] %\ld be gott5 out z quickly z possible4 ,! :ole me?od ( deal+ ) slips may be summ$ up 9 "o ^w-dra9age4 ,! prop] pres5tation ( ^! two phases ( our subject w\ld 9 itself require a volume4 ,! int]e/$ read] is !re=e ref]r$ to ! diff]5t au?orities & writ]s cit$ 9 ,app5dix ,,ii4 ,j]ome ,p>k ,res]voir ,embankm5ts4 ,! ,j]ome ,p>k res]voir is an artificial bas9 involv+ ! excavation & removal ( l>ge quantities ( soil1 & ! erection ( long embankm5ts ) masonry core walls1 p>tly f\nd$ on rock & p>tly on s&4 ,! plan & specifications call = an embankm5t #bj ft4 wide on top1 ) bo? slopes #b on #a1 & provide = l9+ ! inn] slope ) brick or /one laid 9 concrete1 & = cov]+ ! bottom ) concrete laid on good e>? compact$ by roll+4 ,illu/ration3 ,section at ,/a4 #ii4 ,illu/ration3 ,section at ,/a4 #gfbj4 ,,fig4 #bj4-;,,graphical ,,exhibit ,,( ,,/udies ,,( ,,j]ome ,,p>k ,,res]voir ,,embankm5t4 ,:]ev] b$ rock 0 n consid]$ too deep bel[ ! surface ! core walls 7 built ^u x4 ,9 o!r places ! f\ndation 0 plac$ #h to #aj ft4 bel[ ! bottom ( ! res]voir & re/$ ^u ! s&4 ,x appe>s t ! plans ( ! ,j]ome ,p>k embankm5t 7 *ang$ f _! orig9al design1 prior to ! report ( ! bo>d ( exp]ts1 on acc\nt ( two alleg$ defects1 namely1 8cracks 9 ! core wall0 & 8f\ndation ( quicks&10 & incid5tally on acc\nt ( ! suppos$ in/ability ( ! inn] bank4 ,9 describ+ ! mat]ials on :i* ^! embankm5ts re/ ! exp]ts rem>k$ t all ^! f9e s&s are un/able :5 me*anically agitat$ 9 an excess ( wat]1 & t !y all settle 9 a firm & compact mass "u ! wat] :5 ! agitation ceases4 ,t !y are q unlike ! true quicks&s ^: p>ticles are ( impalpable f95ess & :i* are 8quick0 or un/able "u wat]4 ,fig4 #bj is a graphic exhibit ( ! results ( te/s made at 8,/ation #gf #bj10 & at 8,/ation #ii10 to det]m9e ! fl[ l9e ( wat] 9 ! s& /rata und]ly+ ! embankm5t & bottom ( ! ,j]ome ,p>k res]voir4 ,! exp]ts report$ t !re 0 no possible dang] ( slid+ or sl\gh+ ( ! bank2 t ! utmo/ t c\ld be expect$ w\ld be ! p]colation ( a small am\nt ( wat] ?r\gh ! embankm5t & ! e>?2 & t ?is w\ld be c>ri$ (f by ! sew]s 9 ! adjac5t av5ues2 t a l>ge exp5diture to prev5t su* seepage w\ld n be w>rant$ nor advisable4 ,9 conclud+ _! report1 h[ev]1 !y recomm5d$ *ang+ ! inn] slope ( #b on #a to #b on #a1 & d\bl+ ! ?ickness ( ! concrete l9+ at ! foot ( ! slope to preclude all possibility ( ! slid+ or ! slipp+ ( ! inn] bank 9 case ( ! wat] be+ l[]$ rapidly 9 ! res]voir4 ,mr4 ,w4 ,r4 ,hill1 !n *ief eng9e] ( ! ,croton ,aqu$uct ,commission1 favor$ ext5d+ ! core walls to solid rock4 ,he took exception to ! mann] ( obta9+ samples ( s& by means ( pipe & =ce-jet ( wat]1 claim+ t only ! co>se/ s& 0 obta9$ = exam9ation4 ,he did n consid] f9e s& ?r\gh :i* ?ree m5 c\ld run a -94 rod #ai & #bj ft4 to rock )\t use ( a hamm]1 v /able mat]ial ^u :i* to build a wall4 ,nor? ,dike ( ! ,wa*usett ,res]voir1 ,bo/on4 ,! ,nor? ,dike ( ! ,wa*usett ,res]voir is ano!r l>ge public "w 9 progress at ! pres5t "t4 ,x is ( some:at unusual design & ! prelim9>y inve/igations & exp]im5ts :i* l$ to its adoption are int]e/+ 9 ! extreme4#c ,! area to be explor$ 9 det]m9+ ! be/ location = ! dike 0 great1 & ! prelim9>y inve/igations conduct$ by means ( wa% drill bor+s1 v ext5sive4 ,a total ( #a1aca bor+s 7 made to an av]age dep? ( #hc ft41 ! maximum dep? be+ #bhf ft4 ,! mat]ials 7 classifi$ l>gely by ! appe>ance ( ! samples1 ?\gh *emical & filtration te/s 7 also made4 ,! plane ( ! gr\nd wat] 0 f #ce to #ej ft4 bel[ ! surface1 & ! action ( ! wat]-jet indicat$ 9 a measure ! degree ( p]meability ( ! /rata4 ,9 addition to ^! te/s exp]im5tal dikes ( diff]5t mat]ials1 & deposit$ 9 diff]5t ways1 7 made 9 a wood5 tank #f ft4 wide1 #h ft4 high & #fj ft4 long4 ,! /ability ( soils :5 9 contact ) wat] 0 exp]im5t$ )1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ba1 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,an embankm5t 7,fig4 #ba7 0 con/ruct$ 9 ! tank ( ! mat]ial to be exp]im5t$ )1 #b ft4 wide on top1 #f ft4 high1 ) slopes #b on #a1 & wat] admitt$ on bo? sides to a dep? ( #e ft4 ,! top 0 cov]$ ) #d-;94 planks #b ft4 long & pressure appli$ by means ( two jack screws re/+ ^u a cross beam on top ( ! planks4 ,) a pressure ( ?ree tons p] squ>e foot1 ! #d-;94 planks 7 =c$ d[n into ! embankm5t a little m ?an #f ins41 result+ 9 a v slight bulg+ ( ! slopes a little bel[ ! wat] level4 ,imm$iately "u ! planks ! soil became h>d & compact4 ,a man's weight pu%$ a %>p /eel rod1 -94 9 diamet]1 only #f to #h ins4 into ! embankm5t :]e ! pressure 0 appli$1 :ile outside ( ?is area ! rod 0 easily pu%$ to ! bottom ( ! tank4 ,^! results corroborate 9 a g5]al way ! practical exp]i5ce ( ! au?or1 bo? 9 compress$ embankm5ts1 :]e he f\nd x necess>y to use a pick vigor\sly to loos5 ! mat]ial ( :i* !y 7 compos$1 & 9 embankm5ts made by m]ely dump+ ! mat]ial f a track1 9 :i* case ! e>? is s slightly compress$ t an excavation is easily made ) a %ovel4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4-;,,c ,,= ,,det]m9+ ,,frictional ,,resi/ance ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4 ,,figs4 #ba ,,to #bd4-;,,exp]im5tal ,,dikes ,,& ,,cyl9d] ,,employ$ ,,9 ,,/udies ,,= ,,! ,,nor? ,,dike ,,( ,,! ,,wa*usett ,,res]voir2 ,,& 7,,fig4 #be7 ,,cross-,,section ,,( ,,! ,,dike4 ,! diff]5ce 9 ! coeffici5t ( friction ( ! same mat]ial :5 dry & :5 wet greatly modifies ! =m ( slope4 ,! h>d] & loos] ! p>ticles1 ! /raight] w be ! slope l9e 9 excavation & slips4 ,! great] ! cohesion ( ! e>?1 ! m curv$ w be ! slope1 assum+ a p>abolic curve ne> ! top-! true =m ( equilibrium4 ,,rate ,,( ,,filtration4-,! rate ( filtration ?r\gh diff]5t soils 0 exp]im5t$ ) by =m+ a dike 9 ! tank previ\sly m5tion$1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bb4 ,! dike 0 made full #h ft4 high1 #g ft4 wide on top1 ) a slope on ! up-/ream side ( #b on #a1 & on ! d[n-/ream side #d on #a4 ,?is gave a base wid? ( #ee ft4 ,imm$iately ov] ! top ( ! dike !re 0 plac$ #c ft4 ( soil to slightly consolidate ! top ( ! bank & p]mit ! fill+ ( ! tank to ! top )\t ov]fl[+ ! dike4 ,! wat] pressure 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! dike 0 det]m9$ by plac+ horizontal pipes ?r\gh ! soil crosswise ( ! tank4 ,^! pipes 7 p]=at$ & cov]$ ) wire gauze1 be+ connect$ to v]tical glass tubes at _! ends4 ,! end ( ! slope on ! d[n-/ream side t]m9at$ 9 a box hav+ p]=at$ sides & fill$ ) gravel1 ?us enabl+ ! wat] to p]colate & filt] out ( ! bank )\t c>ry+ ! soil ) x4 ,:5 ! soil 0 %ovel$ loosely into ! tank1 )\t consolidation ( any k9d1 x settl$ on becom+ saturat$ & became q compact4 ,x took five days = ! wat] to appe> 9 ! six? gauge pipe ne> ! l[] end ( ! tank4 ,aft] ! pressure1 :i* 0 ma9ta9$ con/ant1 _h be5 on = sev]al weeks1 ! seepage am\nt$ to "o gallon 9 #bb m9utes4 ,:5 ! soil 0 deposit$ by %ovel+ into ! wat]1 ! seepage am\nt$ to "o gallon 9 #cd m9utes4 ,! relative filt]+ capacities ( soils & s&s 7 ?\ght to be bett] det]m9$ by ! use ( galvaniz$ iron cyl9d]s ( kn[n areas4 ,fig4 #bc %[s "o ( ! cyl9d]s4 ,^! latt] exp]im5ts confirm$ ^? previ\sly made at ,lawr5ce1 by ,mr4 ,all5 ,haz51 = ! ,massa*usetts ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal?4 ,!y %[$ t ! loss ( head 0 directly proportion$ to ! quantity ( wat] filt]$ & t ! quantity filt]$ w v>y z ! squ>e ( ! diamet] ( ! effective size ( ! gra9s ( ! filt]+ mat]ial4#d ,! mat]ial class$ z 8p]meable0 at ! ,nor? ,dike ( ! ,wa*usett ,res]voir has an effective diamet] ( ab\t #j4bj mm4 ,a few results are giv5 9 ! foll[+ table3 ,am\nt ( ,filtration 9 ,gallons p] ,day1 ,?r\gh an ,area ( #aj1jjj ,sq4 ,ft41 ,) a ,loss ( ,head or ,slope ( #a ft4 9 #aj ft4 ,mat]ial4 ,unit ratios4 ,u4 ,s4 gallons4 7#a7 ,soil #a #eaj 7#b7 ,v f9e s& #ad #g1bjj 7#c7 ,f9e s& #agf #ij1jjj 7#d7 ,m$ium s& #ghd #djj1jjj 7#e7 ,co>se s& #d1cec #b1bjj1jjj ,to be sure t ! accumulation ( air 9 ! small int]/ices ( ! soil 0 n ! cause ( ! greatly r$uc$ filtration ?r\gh x1 ano!r s]ies ( exp]im5ts 0 conduct$ 9 ! wood5 tank1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bd4 ,a pair ( scre5s 0 plac$ ne> ea* end ( ! tank1 fill$ ) por\s mat]ial1 s& & gravel1 & ! #ej-;ft4 space betwe5 fill$ ) soil4 ,! soil 0 ramm$ 9 #c-;94 lay]s1 & special c>e tak5 to prev5t wat] f foll[+ along ! sides & bottom ( ! tank4 ,"o end 0 fill$ ) wat] to ne> ! top1 :ile ! o!r end gave a free outlet4 ,aft] ?is exp]im5t _h be5 cont9u$ = m ?an a mon?1 ! am\nt ( seepage av]ag$ #a4g gallons p] #bd h\rs1 or ab\t #cb drops p] m9ute4 ,filtration te/s 7 also made ?r\gh soil "u #aej ft4 head1 or #e lbs4 p] sq4 941 ) results n mat]ially diff]5t1 x is /at$1 f ^? already giv54 ,! soil us$ 9 all ^! te/s conta9$ f #d to #h by weight ( organic matt]4 ,?is 0 burn$ & simil> te/s made ) ! inc9]at$ soil1 result+ 9 an increase ( ab\t #bj m seepage wat]4 ,,p]man5ce ,,( ,,soils4-,?is la/ mat]ial exp]im5t$ ) sugge/s ! subject ( p]man5ce ( soils4 ,?is 0 report$ ^u sep>ately & indep5d5tly by ,mr4 ,all5 ,haz5 & ,pr(4 ,w4 ,o4 ,crosby4 ,^! exp]ts agre$ 9 _! conclusion1 /at+ t ! process ( oxidation bel[ ! l9e ( saturation w\ld be extremely sl[1 requir+ _m ?\s&s ( ye>s = ! complete removal ( all ! organic matt]1 & t ! tightness ( ! bank w\ld n be mat]ially affect$ by any *anges :i* are likely to occur4 ,x has be5 rem>k$1 t ( all ! mat]ials us$ 9 ! con/ruction ( dams1 e>? is physically ! lea/ de/ructible ( any4 ,! o!r mat]ials are all subject to m or less dis9tegration1 or *ange 9 "o =m or ano!r1 & 9 e>? !y rea* _! ultimate & mo/ la/+ =m4 ,9 speak+ ( ! ,nor? ,dike ( ! ,wa*usett ,res]voir1 ,mr4 ,/e>ns rem>k$ t1 x 0 evid5t by ! application ( ,mr4 ,haz5's =mula = ! fl[ ( wat] ?r\gh s&s & gravels1 t ! v f9e s&s f\nd at a consid]able dep? bel[ ! surface w\ld n p]mit en\gh wat] to pass ?r\gh !m if a dike ( great wid? 7 con/ruct$1 to cause a s]i\s loss ( wat]1 & x 0 also f\nd t ! soil1 :i* conta9$ n only ! f9e p>ticles or organic matt]1 b also a v consid]able am\nt ( f9e comm9ut$ p>ticles1 :i* ! geologi/ has t]m$ 8rock fl\r10 w\ld be suffici5tly imp]meable to be us$ z a sub/itute = clay puddle4 ,fig4 #be %[s ! maximum section ( ! ,nor? ,dike ) its cut-(f tr5*4 ,! quantities & e/imat$ co/ ( ! complet$ /ructure are giv5 9 ! table h]e)3 --- ,co/ --- ,p] c5t4 ,"w4 ,quantities4 ,unit ,actual4 total4 7cu4 yds47 ,price4 ,soil #e1bej1jjj #j4je #bfb1ejj #cd4g ,cut-(f tr5* #edb1jjj 4#bj #ajh1djj #ai4c ,borr[$ e>? & gravel #bjj1jjj 4#bj #dj1jjj ,slope pav+ #ej1jjj #b4bj #aaj1jjj #ad4f ,%eet-pil+1 pump+1 etc4 #aag1jjj #ae4e ,eng9e]+ & prelim9>y inve/igations #abj1jjj #ae4i ------- ----- ,total co/ #geg1ijj #ajj4j ,druid ,lake ,dam1 ,baltimore1 ,md4 ,ano!r v int]e/+ & in/ructive example ( high e>? dam con/ruction is t ( ! ,druid ,lake ,res]voir embankm5t1 ,baltimore1 ,md4 ,?is dam 0 built "u ! sup]vision ( ,mr4 ,robt4 ,k4 ,m>t94 ,con/ruction 0 begun 9 #ahfd1 & ! dam 0 f9i%$ 9 #ahgj4 ,mr4 ,alfr$ ,m4 ,quick1 pres5t *ief eng9e] ( ! wat]-works ( ! ,city ( ,baltimore has giv5 a v lucid description ( ?is "w 9 ,eng9e]+ ,news ( ,feb4 #bj1 #aijb4 ,fig4 #bf is a cross-section ( ?is dam1 %[+ ! me?od ( con/ruction s cle>ly z to sc>cely ne$ fur!r description4 ,! banks ,d-,d on ei!r side ( ! c5tral puddle wall 7 c>ri$ up 9 #f-;94 lay]s ) horses & c>ts1 & kept ab\t #b ft4 high] ?an ! puddle tr5*1 :i* always conta9$ wat]4 ,! banks ,e-,e 7 made ( dump$ mat]ial1 aft] :i* ! bas9s ,f-,f 7 fir/ fill$ ) wat] & f9ally fill$ by dump+ mat]ial into ! wat] f tracks be+ mov$ 9 t[>d ! c5t]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf-,,work+ ,,cross-,,section ,,( ,,druid ,,lake ,,dam4 ,aft] rea*+ ! top ( ?is fill1 banks ,b-,b-,b 7 built up 9 lay]s simil> to ,d-,d4 ,! second set ( bas9s ,c-,c 7 !n fill$ 9 a mann] simil> to ,f-,f4 ,! rema9+ portion ,a-,a 0 con/ruct$ 9 lay]s l ,d-,d & ,b-,b1 ) ! addition ( compact+ ea* lay] ) a heavy roll]4 ,f9ally ! inn] face slope 0 c>ri$ up 9 #c-;94 lay]s & ?or\ghly roll$1 aft] :i* #b ft4 ( 8good puddle0 0 put ^u ! inn] slope ! latt] 0 rip-rapp$1 ! cr[n cov]$ ) gravel & ! re> slope sodd$4 ,"s ye>s aft] completion1 a driveway 0 built along ! out] slope1 z %[n1 :i* _h a t5d5cy to /r5g!n ! dam1 ?\gh n design$ expressly = t purpose4 ,x is ( int]e/ to "k t ! influ5t1 efflu5t & dra9 pipes 7 orig9ally con/ruct$ ?r\gh or "u ! embankm5t4 ,^! pipes 7 laid ^u solid e>?1 & :]e !y pass$ ?r\gh ! puddle wall 7 support$ ^u /one pi]s #f ft4 ap>t4 ,z might be expect$1 !y soon crack$ badly & 7 f9ally ab&on$1 new ones be+ plac$ 9 ! orig9al gr\nd at ! s\? side ( ! lake4 ,mr4 ,quick /ates t s f> z is kn[n !re has nev] be5 any evid5ce ( a leak ?r\gh ! embankm5t dur+ ^! #cb ye>s ( s]vice4 ,new ,types ( ,dams2 ,bohio1 ,panama ,canal4 ,a brief description w n[ be giv5 ( ?ree diff]5t dams design$ = ,bohio1 on ! propos$ ,panama ,canal4 ,mr4 ,george ,s4 ,morison's pap] be=e ! ,am]ican ,society ( ,civil ,eng9e]s1 on 8,! ,bohio ,dam10 & ! discussion !reon1 especially t by ,mr4 ,f4 ,p4 ,/e>ns1 7 q fully report$ 9 ,eng9e]+ ,news = ,m>* #ac & ,may #h1 #aijb4 ,9 con/ruct+ ! ,panama ,canal x w be necess>y to imp\nd ! wat]s ( ! ,*agres ,riv]1 ne> ,bohio1 to ma9ta9 ! summit level ( ?is canal & supply wat] = lockage4 ,,! ,,fr5* ,,design4-,fig4 #bg is an enl>g$ section ( ! orig9al design ( ! new ,fr5* ,co4 ,?is design has no core wall1 b at ! up-/ream toe a concrete wall 0 to be built across ! riv] betwe5 ! two l9es ( %eet-pil+4 ,at ! d[n-/ream toe a l>ge am\nt ( riprap 0 to be plac$ to prev5t de/ruction ( ! dam dur+ con/ruction4 ,9 ?is case x w\ld be necess>y to con/ruct a tempor>y dam above & also to use ! excavation = ! locks z a flood spillway4 ,?is me?od w\ld involve consid]able risk to ! "w1 on acc\nt ( ! l>ge volume ( flood wat]s x might be necess>y to take c>e ( dur+ con/ruction4 ,,i/hmian ,,canal ,,commission4-,! dam propos$ by ! ,i/hmian ,canal ,commission is %[n by ,fig4 #bh4 ,?is 0 design$ to be an absolutely wat]-tight closure ( ! geological valley1 by us+ a masonry core wall c>ri$ d[n to b$ rock4 ,! maximum dep? be+ #abi ft41 x 0 plann$ to re/ ! concrete wall on a s]ies ( pneumatic caissons rea*+ to rock4 ,! spaces betwe5 ! caissons w\ld be clos$ & made wat]-tight4 ,bo? slopes ( ! e>? embankm5t 7 to h horizontal b5*es & be revett$ ) loose rock4 ,,mr4 ,,morison',s ,,design4-,to appreciate fully ! object & aim ( ! ?ird design1 ,fig4 #bi1 :i* may be call$ a new type1 al?\gh simil> 9 _m respects to ! ,nor? ,dike ( ! ,wa*usett res]voir already illu/rat$ & describ$1 x %\ld be /at$ t ! equaliz$ fl[ ( ! ,*agres ,riv] is put at #a1jjj cu4 ft4 p] sec4 ,( ?is quantity x is e/imat$ t #ejj cu4 ft4 w\ld be ne$$ = lockage & #bjj cu4 ft4 = evaporation4 ,?is leaves #cjj cu4 ft4 p] sec4 available = seepage & o!r losses or to be wa/$4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #bg ,,to #bi4-;,,designs ,,= ,,! ,,bohio ,,dam1 ,,panama ,,canal4 ,x w ?us be se5 t a sc>city ( wat] is n 9 ?is in/ance a condition dem&+ an absolutely wat]-tight dam4 ,! am\nt ( seepage p]missible )\t endang]+ ! /ability ( ! /ructure is ! real po9t n[ to be discuss$4 ,! ?ird design1 :i* 0 propos$ by ,mr4 ,morison1 is %[n by ,fig4 #bi4 ,! topography & configuration ( ?is dam site is n unlike t ( ! ,san ,le&ro ,dam1 ,cali=nia1 soon to be describ$1 :ile ! g5]al design is simil>1 z has be5 rem>k$1 to ! ,nor? ,dike ( ! ,wa*usett ,res]voir4 ,?is ?ird design contemplates a comp\nd /ructure1 =m$ by two rock-fill dams situat$ ab\t #b1abj ft4 ap>t1 ) ! int]v5+ space fill$ ) loose rock1 e>? & o!r available mat]ial4 ,imm$iately bel[ ! upp] & high] rock-fill dam1 x is propos$ to place across ! canyon a puddle wall #ej ft4 9 wid?1 re/+ ov] two l9es ( %eet-pil+ #cj ft4 ap>t4 ,?is pil+ w\ld probably n rea* f>!r ?an #ej ft4 bel[ tidewat]1 ! solid rock floor be+ ab\t #ajj ft4 deep]4 ,mr4 ,morison made use ( ,mr4 ,haz5's filtration =mula = e/imat+ ! rate & quantity ( seepage ?r\gh ! p]meable /rata bel[ ! dam4 ,?is =mula is3 h t #aj ,v cd -- ------ l #fj :]e ,v rate ( fl[ 9 met]s p] day ?r\gh ! :ole section4 c con/ant v>y+ f #dej to #a1bjj1 accord+ to cleanness ( ! s&4 d 8effective size0 ( s& 9 mm4 h head 9 feet4 l l5g? or di/ance wat] mu/ pass4 t temp]ature ( ! wat] 7,fahr47 ,?is =mula %\ld be us$ only :5 ! effective sizes ( s&s are f #j4aj to #c4j mm4 & ) uni=mity coeffici5ts bel[ #e4je4 ,mr4 ,morison us$ ! foll[+ values3 c #a1jjj2 d #a4j mm42 h #ij ft42 l #b1ejj ft42 t #ij2 = ! solution ( ?is problem1 & obta9$ a velocity ( #j4jjb ft4 p] sec4 ,! b$ ( s& & gravel 0 assum$ to h a sectional area ( #bj1jjj sq4 ft4 = #b1ejj ft4 9 l5g?4 ,?is gives a seepage ( #dj cu4 ft4 p] sec4 ,x is believ$ t ! above rate ( #j4jjb ft4 p] sec41 equival5t to #a ins4 p] m9ute1 or #g ft4 p] h\r1 is n suffici5t to move any ( ! mat]ial4 ,! velocity ( wat] p]colat+ ?r\gh s& is f\nd to v>y directly z ! head & inv]sely z ! di/ance4 ,! value ( 8c0 9 ! =mula is l>g] = s&s ( filt]s favorable = fl[1 & small] = compact$ mat]ials & dams4 ,mr4 ,morison ?\ght x might be ne>] ! actual conditions to assume d #j4ej mm42 c #ejj2 & l #e1jjj ft42 9 :i* case ! seepage w\ld only am\nt to #b4e ft4 p] sec4 ,9 ?is la/ assumption ! 8effective size0 ( s& gra9s is #b times t class$ z 8p]meable mat]ial0 at ! ,nor? ,dike ( ! ,wa*usett ,res]voir4 ,pr(4 ,philipp ,=*heim]1 ( ,gratz1 ,au/ria1 recomm5ds ! use ( ! =mula1 h --- a b l = ! p]colation ?r\gh soils betwe5 loam & loamy s&4 ,sellheim1 ,masoni1 ,smrek]1 ,krb] & o!r au?orities on filtration use /ill o!r =mulas1 to :i* ! read] & /ud5t is ref]r$ = fur!r rese>*4 ,! writ]1 hav+ _h occasion 9 8 pr(essional practice to /udy q c>efully ! subject ( gr\nd wat]s1 & _! p]colation or fl[ ?r\gh diff]5t classes ( mat]ials & "u v>y+ conditions1 is ( ! op9ion t r>ely does ! cross-section ( a /ream-*annel1 fill$ ) s&1 gravel & debris1 pres5t1 ev5 approximately1 a homog5e\s or uni=m mass2 & t !re are1 almo/ )\t exception1 /rata ( mat]ial mu* co>s] & m por\s ?an ! g5]al av]age4 ,9 o!r words1 t x is extremely difficult to arrive at a uni=mity coeffici5t4 ,x is unwise to place mu* reliance ^u an e/imat$ fl[ :]e ?is is ! case4 ,! =mula may be us$ ) confid5ce :]e ! lay]s are artificially made1 & :]e !re is no unc]ta9ty reg>d+ ! uni=m "* ( ! mat]ial4 ,9 mo/ natural *annels !re are di/9ct l9es ( fl[1 & "u consid]able hydro/atic head or pressure ^! l9es ( fl[ w\ld surely enl>ge4 ,!re is a wide diff]5ce betwe5 p]missible & dang]\sly excessive p]colation ?r\gh an e>? embankm5t4 ,! local features1 economical consid]ations & magnitude ( ! risks1 all be> ^u ?is "q & mu/ be consid]$ = ea* p>ticul> case4 ,x is ( int]e/ to comp>e ! e/imat$ co/ ( ! ?ree designs propos$ = ! ,bohio ,dam1 bas$ ^u ! same unit prices1 z foll[s3 ,fr5* ,eng9e]s' design #c1ejj1jjj ,i/hmian ,canal ,commission]s' design #h1jjj1jjj ,mr4 ,morison's design #b1ejj1jjj ,no comm5ts w be made ^u ^! figures1 fur!r ?an to rem>k t ! successful build+ ( a /able dam1 accompli%$ by ! use ( an excessive quantity ( mat]ials & at a co/ beyond reasonable requirem5ts1 is ma9ly in/ructive z illu/rat+ 8h[ n to d x40 ,x is cr$itable to execute sub/antial works at a reasonable co/1 b x reflects no cr$it ^u any "o to con/ruct !m reg>dless ( exp5se4 ,comb9$ ,rock-fill & ,e>? ,dam4 ,fig4 #cj %[s a section ( ! ,upp] ,pecos ,riv] ,dam ne> ,eddy1 ,n4 ,m4 ,?is dam is q fully describ$ by ,mr4 ,jas4 ,d4 ,s*uyl]1 9 8 rec5t book on 8,res]voirs = ,irrigation1 ,wat]-,p[] & ,dome/ic ,wat]-,supply10 & ne$ n be m5tion$ 9 ?is pap]1 fur!r ?an to call att5tion to ! comb9ation ( rock-fill & e>? :i* con/itutes its p>ticul> type ( con/ruction4 ,?is type ( dam is believ$ to be = _m localities a v good "o1 b up to ! pres5t "t has only be5 adopt$ = dams ( mod]ate height1 "u #fj ft4 ,! ,san ,le&ro ,dam1 ,cali=nia4 ,a section ( ! ,san ,le&ro ,dam1 ne> ,oakl&1 ,cal41 is %[n by ,fig4 #ca4 ,?is section 0 suppli$ by ,mr4 ,w4 ,f4 ,bo>dman1 hydraulic eng9e]1 :o sup]9t5d$ ! con/ruction ( ! dam1 f 8 own private notes & data4 ,x diff]s mat]ially f sections h]et(ore publi%$1 & is #e ft4 high]1 ?us mak+ x rank z ! highe/ e>? dam 9 ! _w ( :i* we h an au!ntic record4 ,! dam 0 comm5c$ 9 #ahgd1 & br\ght up to a height ( #aae ft4 above ! b$ ( ! creek 9 #ahih4 ,at ! pres5t "t x is #ejj ft4 9 l5g? on ! cre/ & #bh ft4 wide4 ,! orig9al wid? ( ! rav9e at ! base ( ! dam 0 #ff ft4 ,! pres5t wid? ( base f toe to toe ( slopes is #a1gjj ft4 ,! height ( embankm5t above ! orig9al surface is #abe ft41 ) a puddle tr5* ext5d+ #cj ft4 bel[4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cj4-;,,cross-,,section ,,( ,,upp] ,,pecos ,,riv] ,,dam2 ,,comb9$ ,,rock ,,fill ,,& ,,e>?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ca4-;,,develop$ ,,section ,,( ,,san ,,le&ro ,,dam4 ,all t portion ( ! dam )9 a slope ( #b on #a at ! re> & #c on #a at ! face is built ( *oice mat]ial1 c>efully select$ & put 9 ) great c>e4 ,! portion outside ( ! #b on #a slope l9e at ! d[n-/ream side ( ! dam1 0 sluice 9 f ! adjac5t hills reg>dless ( its "*1 & is compos$ ( ord9>y soil conta9+ m or less rock4 ,?is process ( sluic+ 0 c>ri$ on dur+ ! ra9y season1 :5 !re 0 an abundance ( wat]1 & x 0 int5d$ to be cont9u$ until ! canyon bel[ ! dam _h be5 fill$ to an av]age slope ( #f4g on #a at ! re> ( ! dam4 ,x 0 ?\ght t ! location 0 p>ticul>ly favorable = ?is k9d ( con/ruction1 ! orig9al int5tion be+ to raise ! dam f "t to "t1 n only to increase ! /orage z ! dem& = wat] increas$1 b to meet ! annual loss 9 capacity caus$ by ! silt+ up ( ! res]voir bas94 ,! latt] has am\nt$ to ab\t #a ft4 9 dep? p] annum4 ,,me?od ,,( ,,con/ruction4-,"u ! ma9 body ( ! dam1 ! surface 0 /ripp$ ( all s$im5t1 s&1 gravel & vegetable matt]4 ,*oice mat]ial1 c>efully select$1 0 !n br\ght by c>ts & wagons & ev5ly di/ribut$ ov] ! surface 9 lay]s ab\t #a ft4 or less 9 ?ickness4 ,?is 0 spr9kl$ ) j en\gh wat] to make x pack well1 n en\gh to make x l mud4 ,dur+ con/ruction a b& ( horses 0 l$ by a boy on horseback ov] ! entire "w1 to compact ! mat]ials & assi/ 9 mak+ ! dam "o homog5e\s mass4 ,no roll]s 7 us$ on ?is dam4 ,! c5tral tr5* 0 cut #cj ft4 bel[ ! orig9al b$ ( ! creek4 ,9 ! bottom ( ?is tr5* ?ree second>y tr5*es1 #c ft4 wide by #c ft4 deep1 7 made & fill$ ) concrete4 ,^! concrete walls 7 c>ri$ up #b ft4 above ! g5]al floor ( ! tr5*1 to break ! cont9uity ( its surface4 ,! orig9al wa/eway1 con/ruct$ at ! nor? end ( ! dam1 has be5 practically ab&on$1 hav+ be5 sub/itut$ by a tunnel ( l>g] capacity4 ,! orig9al wa/eway 0 excavat$ 9 ! b$ rock ( ! natural hillside1 & al?\gh l9$ ) masonry1 is n 9 ! be/ condition4 ,! au?or consid]s its location an objectionable feature1 z m5ac+ ! safety ( ! dam1 & ?9ks x %\ld be p]man5tly clos$4 ,a wa/eway tunnel1 #a1dhg ft4 9 l5g?1 0 con/ruct$ 9 #ahhh1 ?r\gh a ridge ext5d+ nor? ( ! dam4 ,?is has a sectional area ( ab\t #ajaj ft41 l9$ ) brick masonry ?r\gh\t1 hav+ a grade ( #b4 ,! criticism might be made ( ! tunnel t x is faulty 9 design at ! entry or res]voir end1 :]e ! wat] mu/ fir/ fall ov] a high spillway wall1 a]at+ ! wat] be=e ent]+ ! tunnel prop]4 ,! wat] ev5 !n has n easy access to ! tunnel1 & no adequate arrangem5ts h be5 made = v5tilation1 s z to insure ! utilization ( its maximum capacity4 ,! maximum dep? ( wat] 9 ! res]voir is ab\t #he ft41 & ! full capacity #fhi1jjj1jjj cu4 ft4 ( wat]4 ,! cat*m5t area is #dc squ>e miles1 & ! surface ( ! res]voir :5 full #dcf acres4 ,! outlet pipes are plac$ 9 two tunnels at diff]5t elevations ?r\gh ! ridge nor? ( ! dam4 ,!re are no culv]ts or pipes ext5d+ ?r\gh ! body ( ! dam itself4 ,hydraulic-fill ,dams4 ,no discussion ( e>? dams w\ld be complete )\t "s ref]5ce be+ made to ! novel type ( con/ruction develop$ 9 we/]n ,am]ica 9 rec5t ye>s1 by :i* railroad embankm5ts & wat]-tight dams are built up by ! sole ag5cy ( wat]4 ,! wat] = ?is purpose is usually deliv]$ "u high pressure1 z x is g5]ally conv5i5t to make x fir/ p]=m ! "w ( loos5+ ! e>? & rock 9 ! borr[ pit1 z well z subsequ5tly to transport !m to ! embankm5t1 & !re to sort & deposit !m & f9ally "p company ) !m aft] compact+ !m solidly 9 place1 ev5 m firmly ?an if compress$ by heavy roll]s4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 wat] is deliv]$ to ! borr[ pit )\t pressure1 9 :i* ev5t ! mat]ials mu/ be loos5$ by ! pl[ or by pick & %ovel by ! process call$ gr\nd sluic+ 9 plac] m9+ p>lance4 ,an abundance ( wat] deliv]$ by gravity "u high pressure is usually reg>d$ z "o ( ! ess5tial factors 9 hydraulic-fill dam build+1 b x is n ess5tial t !re be a l>ge cont9u\s fl[4 ,! ,lake ,frances ,dam1 rec5tly con/ruct$ = ! ,bay ,c\nties ,co41 ( ,cali=nia1 by ,j4 ,d4 ,s*uyl]1 is #ge ft4 high1 #a1cdj ft4 long on top1 & conta9s #bhj1jjj cu4 yds4 ,! dam 0 built up by mat]ials sluic$ by wat] t 0 =c$ by a c5trifugal pump ?r\gh a #ab-;94 pipe & #c-;94 nozzle1 aga9/ a high bank1 :5ce ! mat]ials 7 torn & convey$ by ! wat] ?r\gh flumes & pipes to ! dam4 ,ab\t #f cu4 ft4 p] sec4 ( wat] 0 ?us us$1 & at "o /age ( ! "w ! supply /ream 0 r$uc$ to less ?an #j4a ft4 p] sec41 ! wat] be+ ga!r$ 9 a pond & pump$ ov] & ov] aga94 ,! *apt] on hydraulic-fill dams 9 ,mr4 ,s*uyl]'s book on 8,res]voirs = ,irrigation0 w be f\nd to conta9 matt] on ! subject int]e/+ to ^? :o desire to pursue x fur!r1 & ! read] is aga9 ref]r$ to t "w4 ,an ,imp]vi\s ,diaphragm 9 ,e>? ,dams4 ,z a result ( ! rec5t ext5d$ discussion conc]n+ ! design ( ! ,new ,croton ,dam & ! ,j]ome ,p>k ,res]voir embankm5ts1 ! ,eng9e]+ ,news ( ,feb4 #bj1 #aijb1 conta9$ a v sugge/ive editorial entitl$1 8,conc]n+ ! ,design ( ,e>? ,dams & ,res]voir ,embankm5ts40 ,! op9ion is giv5 t no type ( /ructure t man builds to conf9e wat] c comp>e 9 p]man5ce ) e>? dams1 aft] :i* ! foll[+ p]t95t que/ions are ask$3 #a4 ,h[ %all an e>? dam be made wat]-tight8 #b4 ,:at is ! (fice & purpose ( ! masonry core wall8 #c4 ,w\ld n a wat]-pro( diaphragm ( "s k9d be bett] ?an a core wall ( ei!r masonry or puddle8 ,! article !n sugge/s a numb] ( designs ( diaphragm con/ruction1 ) a special view ( obta9+ absolute wat]-tightness1 by use ( asphaltum1 cem5t mort>1 /eel plates1 etc4 ,special emphasis 0 put ^u ! pr9ciple ( con/ruct+ a wat]-pro( diaphragm4 ,! matt] ( relative co/ is advanc$ z an argum5t 9 favor ( ! diaphragm pr9ciple z aga9/ ! usual or?odox me?od4 ,! sav+ 9 co/ is to be accompli%$ by ! use ( inf]ior mat]ials & less c>e 9 ! h&l+ ( !m1 or by bo?4 ,x is sugge/$ t almo/ any k9d ( mat]ial available1 rock1 s& or gravel1 w answ] e purpose :]e good e>? is n to be f\nd4 ,fur!r1 t ?is mat]ial may be dump$ f ! c>ts1 c>s or cableways1 or be plac$ by ! hydraulic-fill me?od4 ,! writ] believes ! diaphragm me?od ( con/ruction may h "s m]its1 b t x is att5d$ by ! v great risk ( neglect+ pr9ciples mo/ vitally important to ! successful con/ruction ( high e>? dams1 :i* w n[ be =mulat$ & advanc$1 z foll[s3 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,conclusions4 ,! writ] 9 conclud+ ?is /udy wi%es to emphasize c]ta9 pr9ciples & app>5tly m9or details ( con/ruction1 :i* f obs]vation & p]sonal exp]i5ce1 seem to him ( vital importance4 ,he believes firmly 9 ! tru? conta9$ 9 ! foll[+ rem>ks by ,mr4 ,desmond ,fitz,gerald1 ( ,bo/on1 g]mane to ?is subject3 ,an eng9e] mu/ be guid$ by local conditions & ! res\rces at 8 comm& 9 build+ res]voir embankm5ts4 ,8 design mu/ be l>gely affect$ by ! nature ( ! mat]ials4 ,!re are c]ta9 g5]al pr9ciples1 h[ev]1 :i* mu/ be obs]v$ & :i* w be appli$ by an eng9e] ( skill1 judgm5t & exp]i5ce to :atev] design he may adopt4 ,x is 9 ! application ( ^! pr9ciples t ! s]vices ( ! pr(essional man becomes valuable1 & x is f a lack ( !m1 t !re h be5 s _m failures4 ,! details & pr9ciples ( con/ruction1 relat+ to high e>? dams1 may be summ>iz$ or /at$ 9 ord] ( _! application1 z foll[s3 7#a7 ,select a firm1 dry1 imp]meable f\ndation1 or make x s by excavation & dra9age4 ,all alluvial soil conta9+ organic matt] & all por\s mat]ials %\ld be excavat$ & remov$ f ! dam site :5 practicable2 t is1 :]e ! dep? to a suitable imp]meable f\ndation is n prohibitive by reason ( excessive co/4 ,:]ev] spr+s ( wat] appe>1 !y mu/ be c>ri$ outside ! l9es ( ! embankm5t by means ( b$ rock dra9s1 or a sy/em ( pipes s laid & emb$d$ z to be p]man5t & effective4 ,! dra9age sy/em mu/ be s design$ z to prev5t ! infiltration ( wat] upw>d & into ! l[] half ( ! embankm5t1 & at ! same "t insure free & spe$y outlet = any seepage wat] pass+ ! upp] half4 ,all dra9s %\ld be plac$ ^u b$ rock or 9 ! natural =mation select$ = ! f\ndation ( ! sup]/ructure4 ,!y %\ld be con/ruct$ 9 su* a mann] z to prev5t ! fl[ ( wat] outside ! *annel provid$ = x1 & also prev5t any enl>gem5t ( ! *annel itself4 ,to ?is end1 cem5t1 mort>1 brok5 /one1 & good gravel puddle are ! mat]ials be/ suit$ = ?is purpose4 7#b7 ,unite ! body ( ! embankm5t to ! natural f\ndation by means ( an imp]vi\s mat]ial1 durable & yet suffici5tly ela/ic to bond ! two toge!r4 ,:5 ! dep? to a suitable f\ndation is great1 a c5tral tr5* excavat$ ) slop+ sides1 ext5d+ to b$ rock or o!r imp]vi\s =mation1 refill$ ) good puddl+ mat]ial1 prop]ly compact$1 w suffice4 ,:5 clayey e>? is sc>ce & exp5sive to obta91 a small am\nt ( clay puddle conf9$ betwe5 walls ( brick1 /one or concrete masonry1 & ext5d+ well into ! body ( ! embankm5t & s built z to avoid settlem5t1 w prev5t excessive seepage4 ,?is =m ( con/ruction is n to be c>ri$ mu* above ! orig9al surface ( ! gr\nd4 7#c7 ,! cont9uity ( surfaces %\ld always be brok51 at ! same "t avoid+ ! =mation ( cavities & l9es ( cleavage4 ,no excavation to be refill$ %\ld h v]tical sides1 & long cont9u\s horizontal planes %\ld be int]cept$ by w$ge-%ap$ (fsets1 enabl+ ! dovetail+ ( mat]ials toge!r4 ,all loose & seamy rock or o!r por\s mat]ial %\ld be remov$1 & :]e ! refill is n ! be/ = ! purpose1 mix ! good & bad +r$i5ts ?or\ghly1 aft] :i* deposit 9 v ?9 lay]s4 7#d7 ,make ! dim5sions & pr(ile ( dam ) a factor ( safety aga9/ slid+ ( n less ?an t54 ,! prelim9>y calculations = design+ su* a pr(ile h be5 giv5 on p4 #db4 7#e7 ,aim at z ne>ly a homog5e\s mass 9 ! body ( ! embankm5t z possible1 ?us avoid+ unequal settlem5t & de=mation4 ,?is mann] ( manipulat+ mat]ials w elim9ate _m unc]ta9 or unkn[n factors1 b x means rigid inspection ( ! "w & intellig5t segregation ( mat]ials1 no matt] :at me?od ( transport+ !m may be adopt$4 ,! small] ! unit loads may be1 ! m easily a homog5e\s di/ribution ( mat]ials w be obta9$4 7#f7 ,select e>?y mat]ials 9 pref]5ce to organic soils1 ) a view ( su* comb9ation or proportion ( diff]5t mat]ials z w readily consolidate4 ,consolidation is ! mo/ important process connect$ ) ! build+ ( an e>? dam4 ,! judici\s use ( soil conta9+ a small p]c5tage ( organic matt] may be p]mitt$1 h[ev]1 :5 !re is a lack ( clayey mat]ial = mix+ ) s&y & por\s e>? mat]ials4 ,su* a mixture1 prop]ly di/ribut$ & wett$1 w consolidate well "u heavy pressure & prove q satisfactory4 7#g7 ,consolidation be+ ! mo/ important process & ! only safegu>d aga9/ p]meability & in/ability ( =m1 use only ! am\nt ( wat] necess>y to atta9 ?is4 ,too mu* or too little are equally bad & to be avoid$4 ,x is believ$ t only by exp]im5t & exp]i5ce is x possible to det]m9e j ! prop] quantity ( wat] to use ) ! diff]5t classes ( mat]ials & _! v>y+ conditions4 ,9 roll+ & consolidat+ ! bank1 all portions t h a t5d5cy to quake mu/ be remov$ at once & replac$ ) mat]ial t w consolidate2 x mu/ n be cov]$ up1 no matt] h[ small ! area4 7#h7 ,9 an artificial embankm5t = imp\nd+ wat] x is impracticable to place reliance ^u "t = consolidation2 x mu/ be effect$ by me*anical means4 ,aga9 we repeat1 t consolidation is ! mo/ vitally important op]ation connect$ ) ! build+ ( an e>? dam4 ,:5 ?is is satisfactorily atta9$ x is pro( t ! mat]ials are suitable & t ! o!r necess>y details h be5 9 a l>ge measure compli$ )4 ,light roll]s are worse ?an useless1 be+ a positive h>m1 result+ 9 a smoo?+ or 8iron+ process10 deceptive 9 appe>ance & detrim5tal 9 _m ways4 ,! matt] ( supreme importance 9 ! con/ruction ( e>? dams is t ! greate/ consolidation possible be specifi$ & effect$4 ,to ?is end x is necess>y t heavy roll]s be employ$1 & t su* mat]ials be select$ z respond be/ to ! treatm5t4 ,!re are c]ta9 k9ds ( e>? mat]ials :i* no am\nt ( wett+ & roll+ w compact4 ,^! mu/ be reject$ z unfit = use 9 any portion ( an e>? dam4 ,let ! design ( ! /ructure be ev] s true to correct eng9e]+ pr9ciples1 x is /ill necess>y to give untir+ att5tion to ! "w ( consolidation4 ,x is !re=e accord+ to ! design ( a ?or\ghly compact$ homog5e\s mass1 r ?an to ! sugge/$ diaphragm type1 to :i* mod]n practice %\ld con=m4 ,?is is 9 h>mony ) ,nature's own me?ods1 & 9 con=mity to correct pr9ciples4 7#i7 ,avoid plac+ pipes or culv]ts ?r\gh any portion ( ! embankm5t4 ,! writ] consid]s x bad practice ev] to place ! outlet pipes ?r\gh a high e>? dam1 & fails to see any necessity = s do+4 7#aj7 ,! surface ( ! dam1 bo? front & re>1 mu/ be suitably protect$ aga9/ ! det]iorat+ effects ( ! elem5ts4 ,?is may include pit*+ ! up-/ream face1 ! riprap "w at ! toe ( ! inn] slope1 ! roadway & cov]+ ( ! cr[n1 ! sodd+ or o!r protection ( ! re> slope1 & ! con/ruction ( surface dra9s = ! b]ms4 7#aa7 ,ample provision = automatic wa/eways %\ld be made = e dam1 s t ! embankm5t c nev] "u any circum/ances be ov]-topp$ by ! imp\nd$ wat]4 ,e>?quakes & seismic di/urbances w produce no disa/r\s effects ^u an e>? dam4 ,its ela/icity w resi/ ! %ock ( wat] la%+ backw>ds & =w>ds 9 ! res]voir4 7#ab7 ,f9ally1 provide = intellig5t & hone/ sup]vision dur+ con/ruction1 & insi/ ^u prop] c>e & ma9t5ance ev] aft]w>ds4 ,,app5dix ,i4 ,high ,e>? ,dams4 -,embankm5t- --- ,slopes --- ,available ,"n ( ,dam ,max4 ,top dep?s1 or ,res]voir4 ,location4 height1 wid?1 ,wat]4 ,be>4 ft4 ft4 ft4 ,san ,le&ro ,cali=nia #abe #bh ,tabeaud ,cali=nia #abc #bj #c on #a #b on #a #gj ,druid ,hill ,m>yl& #aai #fj #d on #a #b on #a #hb ,dodd] ,irel& #aae #bb #c on #a #c on #a ,titicus ,dam ,new ,york #aaj #cj #b on #a #b on #a ,mudduk ,tank ,india #ajh #c on #a #b on #a ,cummum ,tank ,india #ajb #c on #a #a on #a #ij ,dale ,dike ,engl& #ajb #ab #b on #a #b on #a ,m>5go ,alg]ia #aja ,torside ,engl& #ajj #hd ,y>r[ ,engl& #ajj #bd #c on #a #b on #a ,honey ,lake ,cali=nia #if #bj #c on #a #b on #a ,pil>citos ,cali=nia #ie #be #b on #a #b on #a ,san ,&res ,cali=nia #ie #be #c on #a #c on #a ,temescal ,cali=nia #ie #ab #c on #a #b on #a ,waghad ,india #ie #f #c on #a #b on #a #ha ,bradfield ,engl& #ie #ab #b on #a #b on #a ,ou$ ,m5rad ,alg]ia #ie ,/4 ,&rews ,irel& #ic #be ,edgelaw ,scotl& #ic #c on #a #b on #a ,woodhead ,engl& #ij #gb ,tord(f ,scotl& #he #aj #c on #a #b on #a ,nagg> ,india #hd ,vah> ,india #hd #bd #c on #a #b on #a ,roseb]y ,scotl& #hd ,atlanta ,georgia #hb #dj ,roddleswor? ,engl& #hj #af #c on #a #b on #a #fh ,gladh\se ,scotl& #gi #ab #c on #a #b on #a #fh ,rake ,engl& #gh #c on #a #b on #a ,silsd5 ,engl& #gh #c on #a #b on #a ,gl5c\rse ,scotl& #gg #c on #a #eh ,lee%aw ,engl& #gg ,wayoh ,engl& #gf #bb #c on #a #b on #a ,ekruk ,tank ,india #gf #bj #c on #a #b on #a #fe ,nehr ,india #gd #h ,middle ,bran* ,new ,york #gc ,leem+ ,irel& #gc #aj #c on #a #b on #a #ej ,s\? ,=k ,p5na4 #gb #bj #b on #a #a on #a #ej ,anasagur ,india #gj #bj #d on #a ,pangran ,india #fh #h #db ,h>law ,scotl& #fg #fd ,l\gh ,v>try ,irel& #ff #bh #c on #a #b on #a #fj ,la ,mesa ,cali=nia #ff #bj #a on #a #a on #a #fj ,am/]dam ,new ,york #fe ,mukti ,india #fe #aj #c on #a #b on #a #da ,snake ,riv] ,cali=nia #fd #ab #b on #a #a on #a ,/ubk5 ,irel& #fc #bd #c on #a #b on #a ,d5 ( ,ogil ,scotl& #fj #ej ,loganlea ,scotl& #ei #aj #c on #a #b on #a #ee ,a%ti ,india #eh #f #c on #a #b on #a #db ,c$> ,grove ,new ,j]sey #ee #ah #c on #a #b on #a #ej ,,app5dix--,,ii4 ,works ( ,ref]5ce4 ,au?or4 ,title4 ,date4 ,bak]1 ,b5j4 ,! ,actual ,lat]al ,pressure ( ,e>?work #ahha ,bak]1 ,ira ,o4 ,treatise on ,masonry ,con/ruction #ahii ,bell1 ,?os4 ,j4 ,hi/ory ( ! ,wat] ,supply ( ! ,_w #ahhb ,beloe1 ,*as4 ,h4 ,beloe on ,res]voirs #ahgb ,b[ie1 ,aug4 ,j41 ,jr4 ,a ,practical ,treatise on ,hydraulic ,m9+ #ahih ,brant1 ,wm4 ,j4 ,sci5tific ,exam9ation ( ,soils #ahib ,brightmore1 ,a4 ,m4 ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,wat]-,works ,eng9e]+ #ahic ,buckley1 ,robt4 ,b4 ,irrigation ,works 9 ,india & ,egypt #ahic ,ca91 ,wm4 ,reta9+ ,walls #ahhh ,*itt5d51 ,h4 ,m4 ,report & ,exam9ation ( ,res]voir ,sites 9 ,wyom+ & ,colorado #ahih ,c\rtney1 ,c4 ,f4 ,masonry ,dams #ahig ,fann+1 ,j4 ,t4 ,wat]-,supply ,eng9e]+ #ahhi ,flynn1 ,p4 ,j4 ,irrigation ,canals & ,o!r ,irrigation ,works #ahib ,frizell1 ,jos4 ,p4 ,wat] ,p[] #ahia ,gordon1 ,h4 ,a4 ,m9+ & ,m9+ ,eng9e]+ #ahid ,g\ld1 ,e4 ,s4 ,! ,elem5ts ( ,wat]-,supply ,eng9e]+ #ahii ,hall1 ,wm4 ,ham4 ,irrigation 9 ,cali=nia #ahhh ,haz51 ,all5 ,! ,filtration ( ,public ,wat] ,supplies #ahie ,h[e1 ,m4 ,a4 ,reta9+ ,walls = ,e>? #ahia ,hughes1 ,saml4 ,treatise on ,wat]-,works #ahef ,jackson1 ,l4 ,d4 ,a4 ,/ati/ics ( ,hydraulic ,works #ahhe ,kirkwood1 ,j4 ,p4 ,filtration ( ,riv] ,wat]s #ahfi ,m]riman1 ,m4 ,treatise on ,hydraulics1 ,masonry ,dams & ,reta9+ ,walls #ahib ,newell1 ,f4 ,h4 ,irrigation 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates #aijb ,newman1 ,john ,e>?work ,slips & ,subsid5ces ,^u ,public ,works #ahij ,pott]1 ,?omas ,concrete #ahid ,s*uyl]1 ,j4 ,d4 ,res]voirs = ,irrigation1 ,wat] ,p[] & ,dome/ic ,wat] ,supply #aija ,slagg1 ,*as4 ,wat] ,eng9e]+ #ahhh ,/e>ns1 ,f4 ,p4 ,metropolitan ,wat]-,works ,reports #ahig ,/ockbridge1 ,h4 ,e4 ,rocks & ,soils #ahhh ,trautw9e1 ,j4 ,c4 ,e>?work2 & ,eng9e]'s ,pocket-,book #ahij ,turn]1 ,j4 ,h4 ,t4 ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,wat]-,works ,eng9e]+ #ahic ,wilson1 ,j4 ,m4 ,manual ( ,irrigation ,eng9e]+ #ahic ,annual ,reports4 ,massa*usetts ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal?4 ,geological ,survey ( ,new ,j]sey4 ,metropolitan ,wat]-,works1 ,bo/on & vic9ity4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey4 ,transactions ,am]ican ,society ( ,civil ,eng9e]s4 ,vols4 #c1 #ae1 #bd1 #cb1 #cd & #ce4 ,proce$+s ( ! ,in/itution ( ,civil ,eng9e]s4 ,vols4 #ei1 #fb1 #fe1 #ff1 #ga1 #gc1 #gd1 #gf1 #hj1 #aae & #acb4 ,eng9e]+ ,news4 ,vols4 #ai to #df4 ,eng9e]+ ,record4 ,vols4 #bc to #df4 ,j\rnal ( ! ,association ,eng9e]+ ,societies4 ,vol4 #ac4 ,,index4 ,analyses1 soil1 ,tabeaud ,dam1 #be ,analyses ( soils1 #ad ,tabeaud ,dam1 #be ,bor+s1 wa% drill1 ,wa*usett ,dam1 #dh ,cat*m5t area1 #c ,clay = puddle1 #ae ,contractors' outfit1 ,tabeaud ,dam1 #ca ,core wall1 imp]vi\s diaphragm z sub/itute =1 #fb necessity =1 #dd 7,see puddle47 ,dam1 ,a%ti1 ,india1 #ce ,bog ,brook1 #da ,bohio1 ,panama ,canal1 #ed ,croton ,valley1 slope ( saturation 91 #dj diff]5t types ( e>?1 #cc ,druid ,lake1 ,baltimore1 #eb high e>?1 /ati/ical table (1 #fg hydraulic-fill1 #fa hydraulic-fill1 ,san ,le&ro1 #fj ideal pr(ile (1 #db ,i/hmian ,canal ,commission1 #ed ,lake ,frances hydraulic-fill1 #fa ,new ,croton1 #ci graphical /udy ( orig9al e>? portion (1 #dc ,new ,engl&1 typical section (1 #dj new types (1 #ed ,nor? ,dike1 ,wa*usett ,res]voir1 #dh rock-fill & e>? comb9$1 upp] ,pecos ,riv]1 #eh safe height (1 #ci ,san ,le&ro1 #eh site location1 #g ,tabeaud1 #ac1 #ag ,titicus1 #da ,upp] ,pecos ,riv] rock-fill & e>?1 #eh ) puddle core wall or face1 #cc ,y>r[1 ,liv]pool wat]-works1 #i1 #cc ,diaphragms imp]vi\s = e>? dams1 #fb1 #fe ,dike1 nor? ( ,wa*usett ,res]voir 7see ,dam2 also res]voir7 ,dra9age & slips ( e>?work1 #de ( dam sites1 #fc ,dra9s1 b$ rock1 ,tabeaud ,dam1 #ai ,e>?work slips & dra9age1 #de ,embankm5t1 ,a%ti1 ,india1 #ce ,embankm5ts1 ,j]ome ,p>k ,res]voir1 #de1 #df ,factor ( safety = dams1 #fd ,filtration1 exp]im5ts on nitration ?r\gh soils at ,wa*usett ,res]voir1 #ej =mula1 ,haz5's1 #ef ,f\ndations1 #i1 #fc ,gravel = puddle1 #ae ,infiltration & p]colation1 #ch ,i/hmian ,canal ,commission1 designs ( dams =1 #ed ,outlet pipes & tunnels1 #f ,p]colation1 #ch1 #eg ,pr(ile1 ideal = dams1 #db ,puddle1 #ad core wall1 ,a%ti ,dam1 #ce or face1 #cc tr5*1 #cg wall1 ,druid ,lake ,dam1 #ec = ,y>r[ ,dam1 #cd vs4 puddle face1 #cg ,res]voir bas91 #cg outlets1 #f ,wa*usett1 #dh ,roll]s = dams1 #cj1 #fe ,s&s & gravels1 fl[ ( wat] ?r\gh1 #eb 7,also see p]colation47 ,slips & dra9age ( e>?work1 #de ,soil analyses1 ,tabeaud ,dam1 #be analysis1 #ad ,soils1 exp]im5ts on filtration ?r\gh at ,wa*usett ,res]voir1 #ej outl9e /udy (1 #ab p]man5ce (1 #ea selection (1 = dams1 #fd /udies1 ,wa*usett ,res]voir1 #ej ,spillway or wa/eway1 #h ,tabeaud ,dam1 #ca ,subsid5ces1 e>?work1 #de ,te/ pits1 #e1 #h1 #i ,tunnel1 outlet1 ,tabeaud ,dam1 #cj ,tunnels z outlets to res]voirs1 #f ,wa/eway or spillway1 #h1 #ff ,tabeaud ,dam1 #ca ,,footnotes3 #a ,! writ] _h int5d$ to pres5t a table ( physical prop]ties ( diff]5t mat]ials1 giv+ _! specific gravity1 weight1 coeffici5t ( friction1 angle ( repose1 p]c5tage ( imbibition1 p]c5tage ( voids1 etc41 b f\nd x impossible to h>monize ! v>i\s classifications ( mat]ials giv5 by diff]5t au?orities4 #b ,! effective head at any po9t ( an e>? dam has be5 def9$ z ! diff]5ce 9 ! elevation ( ! high-wat] surface 9 ! res]voir & t ( ! int]section ( ! d[n-/ream slope ) ! natural or re/or$ surface ( ! gr\nd bel[ ! dam4 #c ,?is "w is v fully describ$ 9 ! ,annual ,reports ( ! ,metropolitan ,wat] ,bo>d ( ,bo/on2 & by ,mr4 ,f4 ,p4 ,/e>ns1 ,*ief ,eng9e] ( ! ,metropolitan ,wat] & ,sew]age ,bo>d1 9 ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,am]ican ,society ( ,civil ,eng9e]s = ,april1 #aijb4 ,! latt] description 0 repr9t$1 ) ! omission ( "s ( ! illu/rations1 9 ,eng9e]+ ,news = ,may #h1 #aijb4 #d ,by effective size ( s& gra9s is meant su* size ( gra9 t #aj by weight ( ! p>ticles are small]1 & #ij l>g] ?an itself2 or1 to express x a little diff]5tly1 ! effective size is equal to a sph]e ! volume ( :i* is great] ?an _/ t =m+ ! weight & is less ?an _/ t =m+ ! weight4 #e ,! t]m 8uni=mity coeffici5t0 is us$ to designate ! ratio ( ! size ( ! gra9 :i* has #fj ( ! sample f9] ?an itself to ! size :i* has #aj f9] ?an itself4 ,! me?od ( det]m9+ ! size ( s& gra9s & _! uni=mity coeffici5ts1 is fully expla9$ 9 ,app5dix #c ( ,mr4 ,haz5's book on 8,! ,filtration ( ,public ,wat] ,supplies40