,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,! ,,int]ior ,,bureau ,,( ,,education ,,bullet91 #aiai1 ,no4 #ei ,,"s ,,phases ,,( ,,educational ,,progress ,,9 ,,lat9 ,,am]ica ,by ,,walt] ,a4 ,,montgom]y ,,speciali/ ,,9 ,,=eign ,,educational ,,sy/ems ,,bureau ,,( ,,education ,advance ,%eets f ! ,bi5nial ,survey ( ,education1 #aiaf-aiah ,illu/ration3 ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,! ,,int]ior ,,wa%+ton ,,gov]nm5t ,,pr9t+ ,,(fice #aibj ,,additional ,,copies ,,( ,,?is ,,publication ,,may ,,be ,,procur$ ,,f ,,! ,,sup]9t5d5t ,,( ,,docum5ts ,,gov]nm5t ,,pr9t+ ,,(fice ,,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,,at #aj ,,c5ts ,,p] ,,copy ,,"s ,,phases ,,( ,,educational ,,progress ,,9 ,,lat9 ,,am]ica4 ,,by ,,walt] ,a4 ,,montgom]y1 ,speciali/ 9 ,=eign ,educational ,sy/ems1 ,bureau ( ,education4 ,,cont5ts4--,c5tral ,am]ica3 ,practical education2 ,guatemala2 ,salvador2 ,honduras2 ,co/a ,rica2 ,nic>agua2 ,panama--,briti% ,guiana3 ,new s*ool regulation--,arg5t9a3 ,prelim9>y2 illit]acy2 report ( ,national ,c\ncil ( ,education2 progress ( education 9 ! ,prov9ces2 *anges "u ! project$ law ( #aiah2 second>y education2 te*nical education2 normal-s*ool tra9+2 high] education--,brazil3 ,vocational education--,*ile3 ,prelim9>y2 illit]acy2 prim>y education2 second>y education2 tra9+ ( tea*]s2 te*nical education--,uruguay3 ,g5]al introduction2 prim>y education1 public & private2 rural s*ools2 m$ical inspection ( s*ools2 second>y education2 comm]cial education2 tra9+ ( tea*]s2 high] education--,v5ezuela4 ,,practical ,,education ,,9 ,,c5tral ,,am]ica4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ aspects ( ! s*ool situation 9 ,c5tral ,am]ica & ,panama is ! important position occupi$ by comm]cial & indu/rial education 9 ! c\rses ( /udy ( _m in/itutions4 ,public m5 & tea*]s 9 ,guatemala1 ,salvador1 ,honduras1 ,nic>agua1 ,co/a ,rica1 & ,panama h tak5 into acc\nt ! ne$ ( (f]+ to ! new g5]ation an education :i* %all be completely practical1 ) ! purpose ( turn+ ! ?\ghts & en]gies ( all ! y\? to fruitful s]vice ( _! c\ntry4 ,! tea*+ ( arts & crafts1 z well z t ( comm]ce & agriculture1 0 =m]ly n begun1 z 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ^u ! /ud5t's ent]+ ! second>y s*ool1 ?\gh !re has = "s "t be5 a movem5t to make su* in/ruction a "p ( ! "w ( ! advanc$ classes 9 ! prim>y s*ools1 to be cont9u$ 9 ! liceo & ! normal s*ools4 ,?is univ]sal int]e/ 9 practical l9es ( education is a /rik+ indication ( ! influ5ces & t5d5cies n[ at "w 9 ,c5tral ,am]ica4 ,9 ! diff]5t c\ntries includ$ "u ?is designation !re are s*ools & academies1 work%ops & laboratories1 int5d$ = ! practical education ( ! /ud5t body4 ,:5 x is rememb]$ t ! introduction ( practical & indu/rial education 9 ! s*ool rgime ( ,c5tral ,am]ica is a matt] ( ! pa/ few ye>s1 ! progress realiz$ is reg>d$ z highly satisfactory4 ,! rapid increase ( ! comm]ce ( ,c5tral ,am]ica1 ! improvem5t 9 ! means ( int]communication1 ! travels ( its p abroad1 ! influ5ce ( =eign elem5ts 9 its t]ritory1 & ! v>i\s int]e/s ?us awak5$ h ar\s$ 9 ! int]ior ( ! ,republics compos+ x ! belief t national greatness 9 mod]n times mu/ re/ ^u economic & indu/rial f\ndations4 ,! influx ( =eign capital & ! consequ5t e/abli%m5t ( p[]ful indu/rial ent]prises h likewise emphasiz$ ! necessity ( tra9+ m5 = "w 9 su* ent]prises4 ,! introduction ( mod]n ma*9]y1 ! increase ( ! diff]5t =ms ( ! application ( /eam1 ! adoption ( ! inv5tions int5d$ to ga!r up ! results ( labor1 & num]\s simil> influ5ces h giv5 rise to a trem5d\s dem& 9 ?is "p ( ! cont95t = skill$ & reliable me*anics4 ,c5tral ,am]ica has ?us address$ itself ) en?usiasm to ! task ( tra9+ ! *ildr5 ( its s*ools = ! activities ( ! pres5t day4 ,! capitals1 o!r important cities1 & ev5 _m small t[ns h s*ools devot$ to practical education1 g5]ally provid$ ) build+s & equipm5t well adapt$ to ?is end4 ,honduras1 = example1 has f\nd$ a s*ool = sci5tific in/ruction 9 ! cultivation & prep>ation ( tobacco & = ! manufacture ( cig>s & cig>ettes 9 ! tobacco di/rict ar\nd ,danli4 ,9 sev]al ,prov9ces ( ! same ,republic1 & 9 ,panama1 :]e agriculture is subord9ate1 ! ,gov]nm5ts h f\nd$ s*ools = tra9+ pupils to weave hats & o!r objects4 ,! m g5]aliz$ indu/rial s*ools are ^? ( arts & crafts & ! s-call$ practical s*ools = boys4 ,_! organization pres5ts m>k$ diff]5ces4 ,9 "s ( ! c\ntries nam$ !re exi/ s*ools t receive pupils ei!r z full or half "t bo>d]s1 & (f] night c\rses z ! situation dem&s4 ,9 all ^! in/ruction is free4 ,! ,gov]nm5t g5]ally (f]s a c]ta9 numb] ( s*ol>%ips 9 ! bo>d+ s*ools = pupils approv$ by ! diff]5t ,dep>tm5ts or ,prov9ces ( ! c\ntry4 ,tools1 in/rum5ts1 & supplies us$ 9 ! s*ools are provid$ by ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,9 return ! s*ool exacts ( su* /ud5ts c]ta9 s]vices & !reby c>ries out c]ta9 "w t repres5ts a p>tial reimbursem5t = ! am\nt sp5t ^u _! ma9t5ance4 ,?is is ! case ) ! s*ools ( arts & crafts 9 ,honduras & ,panama4 ,"s small s*ools ( ?is class are ma9ta9$ by means ( ! labor !y c>ry on = private individuals & by ! sale ( ! products !y turn out4 ,^! indu/rial s*ools are g5]ally ( two k9ds3 7#a7 ,^? 9 :i* ! tra9+ 9 comm]cial subjects & 9 arts & crafts con/itutes "p ( ! regul> c\rse ( /udy & 7#b7 ^? devot$ exclusively to ! tea*+ ( arts & crafts4 7#a7 ,9 ^? ( ! fir/ class ! pupils /udy ! ord9>y subjects prescrib$ by ! dep>tm5t ( public in/ruction & devote only sev]al h\rs weekly to arts & crafts4 ,?is class 9 its turn includes two gr\ps ( in/itutions4 ,to be admitt$ to ^? ( ! fir/ gr\p ! pupils mu/ "k h[ to read & write & apply ! elem5t>y rules ( ari?metic4 ,dur+ ! entire s*ool ye> in/ruction is giv5 9 ,spani%1 geography1 hi/ory1 & ari?metic4 ,! practical s*ools = girls & boys are g5]ally ( ?is k9d1 be+ especially num]\s 9 ,guatemala & ,honduras4 ,! s*ools conduct$ by ! ,*ri/ian ,bro!rs 9 ,nic>agua are also ( ?is type4 ,! duration ( /udies is f ?ree to five ye>s1 a half day be+ devot$ to ! classes 9 ! ord9>y subjects ( prim>y education & ! o!r half to practical "w4 ,9 ! second gr\p are compris$ v>i\s in/itutions :i* require c]tificates f ! high] elem5t>y s*ools1 su* z ! liceo & ! high] colegio = wom5 9 ,co/a ,rica1 ! ,national ,in/itute 9 ,salvador1 ! ,c5tral ,national ,in/itute = ,boys 9 ,guatemala1 & ! normal s*ools 9 ^! c\ntries & 9 ,honduras4 7#b7 ,( ! special in/itutions :i* con/itute ! second category1 !re are to be not$ two prom95t in/ances 9 ! s*ools ( arts & crafts 9 ,panama & 9 ,honduras4 ,9 organization & purposes !y are s*ools ( me*anical arts1 & n s*ools ( manual tra9+4 ,_! work%ops h n be5 e/abli%$ to imp>t g5]al notions ( manual arts or a g5]al appr5tice%ip1 b to tra9 ! pupils f entrance ^u ! l9e ( education *os5 by !mselves4 ,9 ^! s*ools are taught c>p5try1 tann+1 %oemak+1 blacksmi?+1 cab9etmak+1 electricity1 in/allation & managem5t ( ma*9]y1 me*anics1 pr9t+ & bookb9d+1 telegraphy1 etc4 ,all work%ops 9 su* s*ools are well equipp$ ) ma*9]y & tools4 ,all t has be5 said 9 reg>d to mod]n educational t5d5cies & influ5ces to :i* boys are subject 9 ! c\ntries m5tion$ c be ext5d$1 ?\gh 9 less degree1 to ! girls & "y wom54 ,)9 ! pa/ few ye>s wom5's sph]e ( action has /eadily be5 enl>g$1 & has come to include n only tea*+ b v>i\s employm5ts 9 %ops & m]cantile e/abli%m5ts4 ,)9 ! next few ye>s _! in/ruction mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt 9 s*ools ( dome/ic tra9+1 vocational s*ools1 practical s*ools1 & ! te*nical colegios4 ,! organization & range ( ^! in/itutions does n diff] mat]ially f ^? = boys4 ,! vocational s*ool = girls is ess5tially a s*ool ( arts & crafts 9 :i* ! pupils devote !mselves f entrance to ! /udy ( a special l9e1 su* z dressmak+1 embroid]y1 mill9]y1 &1 9 c]ta9 s*ools1 cook+1 wa%+ & iron+1 etc4 ,a c]tificate ( pr(ici5cy is grant$ !m ^u ! completion ( c]ta9 assign$ c\rses4 ,! o!r s*ools = girls be=e m5tion$ comb9e g5]al subjects ) ! special appr5tice%ip 9 crafts ^u :i* !y ent] z soon z !y rea* ! high] classes ( ! prim>y s*ool & :i* !y cont9ue into ! high s*ool & ! normal s*ool4 ,,guatemala4 ,! type ( indu/rial education t prevails 9 ,guatemala is ! comb9ation ( g5]al /udies ) special in/ruction 9 ! arts & trades giv5 9 ! practical s*ools = girls & = boys4 ,!re also exi/s 9 ! capital a s*ool ( arts & crafts = wom5 :]e in/ruction is giv5 at ! same "t 9 ! subjects ( ord9>y in/ruction4 ,9 ! dep>tm5ts ( manual arts :i* are l>gely1 b n exclusively1 att5d$ by boys1 are taught !oretical & practical blacksmi?+1 c>p5try1 pr9t+1 bookb9d+ & weav+1 besides geography1 hi/ory1 botany1 *emi/ry1 zoology1 geology1 draw+1 & ,spani% language & lit]ature4 ,9 ! s*ools ( ,guatemala mu* att5tion is giv5 subjects ( a practical nature1 ) ! purpose ( tra9+ compet5t workm5 & artisans4 ,!re also exi/ 9 ?is c\ntry a ,national ,s*ool ( ,comm]ce1 situat$ 9 ! capital1 & a ,practical ,s*ool ( ,comm]ce1 at ,quetzalt5ango4 ,9 bo? cities !re are s*ools ( agriculture :i* admit to _! fir/-ye> c\rses ! pupils ( ! fir/ ye> ( ! c5tral normal s*ools4 ,! capital possesses also a s*ool ( telegraphy1 rec5tly f\nd$ ) ! view to in/all+ 9 x a special wireless /ation4 ,,salvador4 ,arts & crafts = wom51 comm]cial subjects & me*anical arts1 are g5]ally taught 9 ,salvador 9 ! public s*ools1 ?\gh _! incorporation 9 ! c\rses ( in/ruction is comp>atively rec5t4 ,_m prom95t tea*]s ( ! c\ntry h tak5 ! pa9s to spread abroad ! appreciation ( ! necessity ( 8enl>g+ ! educational sph]e ( ! ,/ate1 & op5+ to ! y\? & to workm5 s*ools :]e !y may acquire practical k ( ! sci5ces & ! arts & by ^! means may contribute to ! advancem5t ( g5]al intellig5ce 9 ! c\ntry40 ,9 compliance ) ^! ideas ! ,gov]nm5t has f\nd$ 9 ,salvador a ,national ,s*ool ( ,graphic ,arts aim+ 8to aid ! y\? ( ,salvador to ! acquisition ( k ( a practical nature1 & to put x 9 a position to be successful 9 ! economic /ruggles :i* are ! mo/ important signs ( ! mod]n age40 ,9 ?is s*ool ! pref]5ce is giv5 to ! tea*+ ( physics1 me*anics1 draw+1 pr9t+1 li?ograph+1 c>v+1 bookb9d+1 & te*nical telegraphy & telephon+4 ,night c\rses are also giv5 9 ?is s*ool4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! public s5tim5t above m5tion$1 !re has be5 op5$ 9 ! ,national ,in/itute ( ,salvador a c\rse 9 comm]cial & economic subjects la/+ ?ree ye>s4 ,?is c\rse comprises ! /udy ( v>i\s mod]n languages1 comm]cial law1 political economy1 indu/rial *emi/ry1 comm]cial geography1 bookkeep+1 /5ography & typewrit+4 ,! pupils 9 ?is s*ool are requir$ to "w sev]al h\rs daily = a p]iod 9 ! diff]5t m9i/]ial dep>tm5ts be=e graduation4 ,salvador also e/abli%$ 9 #aiac a s*ool ( agriculture1 ) a dep>tm5t ( animal husb&ry4 ,two ye>s lat] !re 0 e/abli%$ ! ,te*nical-,practical ,colegio = ,girls1 9 :i* in/ruction 9 crafts = wom5 is comb9$ ) t 9 g5]al subjects4 ,,honduras4 ,indu/rial in/ruction has atta9$ great importance 9 ,honduras4 ,! ,s*ool ( ,arts & ,crafts ( ,tegucigalpa conc]ns itself *iefly ) products 9 wood & ! metals & is /eadily tra9+ artisans & me*anics4 ,!re likewise exi/s 9 ?is city ! national automobile s*ool manag$ by ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,= "s ye>s !re has be5 9 op]ation 9 ,siguatepeque a s*ool ( ,engli% & ( arts & crafts1 9 :i* are taught fib] weav+1 c>p5try1 dressmak+1 & embroid]y4 ,9 ! normal s*ools & 9 ! two colegios /ud5ts may *oose betwe5 ! comm]cial c\rses & ^? relat+ to arts & crafts4 ,9 #aiae 0 e/abli%$ a te*nical practical s*ool = girls1 :]e c\rses 9 sci5ce & 9 crafts = wom5 are (f]$ p>allel ) ! subjects belong+ to ! prim>y s*ools4 ,,co/a ,,rica4 ,co/a ,rica is ano!r ( ! ,c5tral ,am]ican c\ntries :]e practical in/ruction is comb9$ ) g5]al4 ,five in/itutions ( high] grade & ! vocational s*ools = wom5 h well-equipp$ work%ops1 laboratories1 kit*5s1 & laundries4 ,( all ,c5tral ,am]ican ,/ates1 ,co/a ,rica gives p]haps mo/ att5tion to ?is special bran* ( in/ruction4 ,x is notewor?y t manual arts & dome/ic sci5ce are uni=mly taught 9 ! second>y s*ools conjo9tly ) ! lit]>y & purely sci5tific subjects4 ,,nic>agua4 ,9 ,nic>agua manual arts =m "p ( ! g5]al in/ruction1 z has be5 se5 9 ! case ( ! normal s*ools conduct$ by ! ,*ri/ian ,bro!rs4 ,girls receive practical in/ruction 9 ! normal s*ools4 ,"s ye>s ago !re 0 e/abli%$ a special s*ool = ! tra9+ ( telegraph & telephone op]ators4 ,,panama4 ,l ,guatemala & ,honduras1 ,panama has devot$ special att5tion to indu/rial tra9+4 ,! ,s*ool ( ,arts & ,crafts ( ! ,city ( ,panama is "o ( ! l>ge/ & be/ equipp$ ( its k9d4 ,x is ess5tially a s*ool = artisans & possesses sections ( electricity1 c>p5try1 cab9etmak+1 pr9t+ & bookb9d+1 c>v+1 f\ndry "w1 etc41 its pr9cipal object be+ to tra9 m5 = ! sep>ate indu/rial bran*es4 ,panama also has a vocational s*ool = girls 9 :i* a ye>'s in/ruction is giv5 9 telegraphy1 "o 9 laundry "w1 two 9 dressmak+ & embroid]y1 two 9 %or?&1 two 9 cook+1 two 9 mill9]y & fl[] "w4 ,x has likewise a s*ool ( agriculture1 9 :i* is giv5 a ?ree ye>s' c\rse1 = :i* ! ,gov]nm5t (f]s #cj s*ol>%ips to y\?s approv$ by local au?orities4 ,! ,gov]nm5t has also f\nd$ f "t to "t specializ$ s*ools 9 ! int]ior1 ) ! object ( enc\rag+ agriculture or "s o!r indu/ry1 su* z t ( ! manufacture ( ,panama hats4 ,l ,honduras1 ,panama devotes ! greate/ att5tion to special indu/rial s*ools4 ,= ! fur!rance ( comm]cial education 9 ,c5tral & ,s\? ,am]ica a ,pan ,am]ican ,college ( ,comm]ce1 to be locat$ at ! ,city ( ,panama1 is project$1 "u ! jo9t auspices ( ! ,s\!rn ,comm]cial ,congress ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ! ,gov]nm5t ( ! ,republic ( ,panama4 ,! active support ( ! c\ntries ( ! two ,am]icas is to be s\ght1 & x is hop$ t x may be op5$ on ,janu>y #a1 #aiba1 ! quadric5t5nial ye> ( ! ,city ( ,panama1 ! fir/ city to be f\nd$ by ,europeans 9 ! ,we/]n ,hemisph]e4 ,! college is design$ to tra9 ! y\? ( ! two cont95ts 9 practical c\rses ( comm]ce1 %ipp+1 bank+1 & int]national trade relations g5]ally4 ,,new ,,s*ool ,,regulations ,,9 ,,briti% ,,guiana4 ,! la/ report ( ! director ( prim>y in/ruction 9 ,briti% ,guiana outl9es a new regulation = ! common s*ools4 ,9 _m ( its p>ts x includes novel measures ( s*ool organization :i* are ( int]e/ z sugge/ions to o!r ,s\? ,am]ican ,/ates = simil> action4 ,! regulations relate to ! classification ( s*ools1 ! m9imum p]iod ( att5dance1 ! age limit ( pupils1 ! occupations ( pupils aft] leav+ s*ool1 s*ool g>d5s1 etc4 ,z an in/ance ( its /r+5t "*1 ! regulation decrees t :5 any s*ool ceases to con=m to c]ta9 conditions ) reg>d to build+1 in/allation1 equipm5t1 & heal? conditions1 x %all be classifi$ 9 ,b category2 & if )9 #f mon?s x has n satisfi$ ! requirem5ts ( ! regulation1 ! au?orities %all susp5d ! ,gov]nm5t aid hi!rto grant$4 ,x is to be not$ t ! prim>y s*ools ( ,briti% ,guiana are n directly adm9i/]$ by ! au?orities4 ,! s*ool also loses its gov]nm5tal aid if )9 two consecutive ye>s x does n ma9ta9 a fix$ m9imum att5dance1 :i* v>ies accord+ to ! population ( ! locality 9 :i* x is situat$4 ,9 return special aids are (f]$ = s*ools t tea* g>d5+ = boys & ! c>e ( small] *ildr5 = girls f #ab to #ad ye>s4 ,! greate/ educational ne$ ( ! colony is ! e/abli%m5t ( te*nical prim>y s*ools = ! in/ruction ( boys & girls f #aa to #ae ye>s4 ,x is project$ to e/abli% two su* s*ools 9 ,georget[n 9 :i* !re %all be taught1 9 addition to manual arts & o!r craft1 draw+ 9 all its bran*es1 ari?metic & geography z relat$ to comm]ce1 ! rudim5ts ( exp]im5tal sci5ce1 %or?&1 & bus9ess correspond5ce4 ,criticism has be5 direct$ aga9/ ! omission ( in/ruction 9 agriculture1 :i* is admitt$ to be ! mo/ necess>y bran* 9 ! colony4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 int5d$ to imp>t agricultural in/ruction 9 special s*ools to be e/abli%$4 ,because ( ! fact t ! majority ( ! pupils leave s*ool be=e rea*+ #ab ye>s1 x is n possible to put into practice sugge/$ plans ( giv+ !m preoccupational in/ruction 9 :i* !y might be mak+ a />t be=e ! end ( _! prim>y-s*ool /udies4 ,on ! o!r h& ! traditional prim>y s*ool is n adequate to give direction t[>d a vocational subject4 ,h5ce1 to ! regret ( ! au?orities1 attempts to l9k ! prim>y s*ool ) ! occupation ( ! pupil h be5 ab&on$4 ,mu* int]e/ has be5 develop$ 9 s*ool g>d5+2 & ab\t #ajj g>d5s are annex$ to prim>y s*ools1 af=d+ practical in/ruction to pupils 9 agriculture & horticulture4 ,! ,gov]nm5t has also e/abli%$ #h model g>d5s1 :]e in/ruction is giv5 ! pupils ( neighbor+ s*ools4 ,,arg5t9a4 ,,prelim9>y4 ,two well-def9$ /ages h m>k$ ! progress ( national education 9 ,arg5t9a s9ce #aiaf4 ,! fir/ began ) ! reorganization ( prim>y in/ruction by act ( ! ,f$]al ,congress e>ly 9 t ye>1 :i* came ab\t l>gely ?r\gh ! initiative & ef=ts ( ! m9i/] ( public in/ruction4 ,x _h long be5 felt t ! legal sy/em 9 =ce s9ce #ahhb 0 unsatisfactory1 especially on ! po9t ( articulation ( second>y education ) ! high] elem5t>y on ! "o h& & ) ! univ]sities on ! o!r4 ,arg5t9e educational ?9k]s ass]t$ t second>y education prep>$ nei!r = practical life nor = entrance to ! te*nical s*ools & ! univ]sities1 inasmu* z x _h rema9$ un*ang$ = m ?an a g5]ation1 9 ! face ( ! social1 economic1 sci5tific1 & e?nical *anges ?r\gh :i* ! c\ntry _h pass$4 ,toge!r ) ?is dissatisfaction ) a special division w5t ! conviction t gov]nm5tal re=m %\ld /rike deep]1 & in/ead ( busy+ itself ) plans ( re=m ( c\rses & s*$ules1 %\ld settle ! fundam5tal "q ( :at %\ld be ! nature & aims ( ! national second>y s*ool4 ,?is c\ld be done only by s modify+ ! prevail+ sy/em z to make x fit ! ne$s ( ! s*ool population accord+ to _! age1 social conditions1 & probable future4 ,pro( t x _h n s adapt$ itself 0 ?\ght to be f\nd 9 ! fact t ( ! pupils annually complet+ ! #d;a elem5t>y grade only #de p] c5t cont9u$ into ! colegios nacionales1 z contra/$ ) #ee p] c5t :o w5t into ! #e;a grade & comm]cial s*ools1 :ile on a mod]ate e/imate #fj p] c5t left ) insuffici5t equipm5t = _! ne$s z useful memb]s ( society4 ,fur!rmore1 ! second>y s*ool1 z organiz$1 (f]$ no opportunity to boys & girls ( #ac & #ad ye>s to *oose ! advanc$ c\rses & vocational tra9+ = :i* !y felt an aptitude1 & s to secure adequate prep>ation = ! univ]sity /udies or = advanc$ te*nical1 indu/rial1 & comm]cial s*ools4 ,= ?is lack ( correlation betwe5 educational divisions x 0 propos$ to sub/itute a logical & unbrok5 sequ5ce4 ,:at came to be commonly accept$ among education au?orities z be/ s]v+ ?is purpose 0 a common int]m$iate s*ool ( ?ree ye>s ( an ess5tially practical "*1 c>ry+ on g5]al elem5t>y in/ruction by means ( book lessons & develop+ by special exp]im5ts & practical me?ods individual aptitudes by :i* to det]m9e future tra9+4 ,z ! basis = su* a s*ool prim>y education _h1 ( c\rse1 to be modifi$1 & aft] mon?s ( discussion a s*eme = g5]al modification ( ! entire educational fabric 0 outl9$ 7#aiaf74 ,accord+ to ?is1 ! prim>y s*ool prop] 0 to cov] f\r ye>s2 ! uni=m middle s*ool ( ! fir/ grade "o ye>2 & ! diff]5tiat$ middle s*ool ( ! second grade two ye>s4 ,^u ^! 7 to be bas$ ! colegios nacionales1 ! normal s*ools1 ! indu/rial s*ools1 ! v>i\s high] special s*ools1 & ! national univ]sities4 ,?\gh m>k+ a m]itori\s attempt to articulate ! sev]al divisions1 ! project did n "w out satisfactorily 9 actual op]ation1 & z a con/itu5t "p ( ! national sy/em x 0 repeal$ aft] ab\t a ye> ( op]ation4 ,,illit]acy4 ,on a basis ( population e/imat$ 7#aiag7 at slightly m ?an eight millions1 #gbe1jjj 7 e/imat$ to be illit]ate1 ab\t #db p] c5t ( ! s*ool population4 ,illit]acy is mo/ rife 9 remote ,prov9ces ( ! ,&es & 9 ! ,t]ritories1 sp>sely settl$ & inhabit$ by p ( rov+ habits & poorly develop$ indu/rially4 ,"u ! lead ( ! director g5]al ( ! s*ools ( ! ,prov9ce ( ,m5doza1 a sy/ematic campaign to elim9ate illit]acy 0 begun 9 #aiaf4 ,x 0 recogniz$ t f9ancial consid]ations made x impossible to e/abli% ! numb] ( prim>y s*ools :i* w\ld be dem&$1 c]ta9ly n = ! _m remote po9ts :]e only ! legal m9imum ( #ae or #bj illit]ates 7 to be f\nd4 ,home s*ools 7escuelas del hog>7 7 !re=e e/abli%$1 (ficially rank+ z auxili>y to ! already exi/5t s*ools1 = illit]ates ( #h to #bj ye>s1 & (f]+ z a m9imum curriculum read+1 writ+1 ! f\r fundam5tal op]ations ( ari?metic1 ! duties ( ! ,arg5t9e citiz51 elem5ts ( e?ics1 & p]sonal hygi5e4 ,su* s*ools may beg9 any day ( ! ye>1 & ) a m9imum ( five pupils4 ,any p]son desir+ to op5 su* a s*ool mu/ fulfill ! foll[+ conditions3 7a7 ,he mu/ be at lea/ #bj ye>s ( age1 ( good moral reputation1 c]tifi$ by ! *ief civil (ficial ( 8 resid5ce4 7b7 ,he mu/ speak ! national language correctly & be able to give in/ruction 9 x4 ,su* s*ools %all n be e/abli%$ at less di/ance ?an #e kilomet]s f an e/abli%$ prim>y s*ool support$ by national1 prov9cial1 or local funds1 b if ! s*ool be int5d$ exclusively = boys f #ae to #bj ye>s old x may be locat$ at any po9t4 ,su* s*ools are to be visit$ freely by s*ool & civil au?orities1 & by p]sons designat$ by ! prov9cial g5]al inspectors4 ,relat$ 9 "* to ! escuelas del hog> ( ! ,prov9ce are ! escuelas tutoriales1 e/abli%$ by national decree ( #aiaf1 apply+ to all ! ,prov9ces & especially to ! ,t]ritories4 ,9 ^! s*ools1 e/abli%$ at po9ts designat$ by ! ,national ,c\ncil ( ,education1 any numb] ( *ildr5 n regul>ly enroll$ 9 ! prim>y s*ools may be taught by private individuals :o con=m to ! requirem5ts ( prim>y tea*]s1 & by tea*]s regul>ly engag$ 9 prim>y "w4 ,! latt]1 by special exception1 receive additional comp5sation = su* in/ruction4 ,! same law also provides remun]ation1 to be fix$ by ! g5]al c\ncil ( education ( ! ,prov9ce or ,t]ritory = all p]sons1 n tea*]s1 :o are c]tificat$ to h taught illit]ates1 :e!r *ildr5 or adults1 to read & write4 ,mo/ novel ( all und]tak+s = ! wip+ out ( illit]acy are ! travel+ s*ools 7escuelas ambulantes74 ,provid$ = by ! orig9al organic s*ool law ( #ahhd1 ^! s*ools 7 n1 because ( lack ( funds1 put into op]ation until #aiad4 ,up to t "t !re 0 a conviction t _! ne$ 0 insignificant by contra/ ) ! great] problem ( illit]acy 9 ! cities1 & t to scatt] funds available = combat+ illit]acy 0 n prud5t4 ,h[ s]i\s ?is mi/ake 0 appe>$ 9 #aiad :5 x 0 asc]ta9$ by sy/ematic c\nt t ( ne>ly #ce1jjj *ildr5 ( ! ,t]ritories n 9 s*ool only #f1jjj liv$ 9 t[ns4 ,locat$ fir/ 9 ,prov9ce ( ,catam>ca1 & 9 ! m\nta9 regions ( ,rio ,negro & ! ,*ubut1 ^! s*ools are built ( mat]ials easily transportable1 & accommodate an av]age ( #be pupils4 ,sites are select$ = !m :i* are mo/ accessible to ! l>ge/ numb] ( *ildr5 9 ! di/rict4 ,tea*]s trav]se su* regions on foot or muleback1 c>ry+ necess>y equipm5t = in/ruction1 & rema9 f\r & "o-half mon?s at ea* place1 giv+ in/ruction 9 read+1 writ+1 elem5ts ( ari?metic1 & hygi5e4 ,a decid$ advantage is f\nd 9 ?is succ9ct curriculum1 ! av]age ( successful /udy by ! pupils ( ^! s*ools be+1 x is claim$1 fully on a p> ) t ( ! pupils ( ! n9e mon?s' prim>y s*ools1 :o are requir$ to take ! /&>d numb] ( subjects4 ,)9 _! fir/ two ye>s ( exi/5ce1 #bj ( ^! s*ools 7 e/abli%$1 z report$ by ! ,national ,c\ncil ( ,education 9 ,decemb]1 #aiaf2 & #ab 7 add$ 9 #aiag4 ,! report ( ! inspector g5]al ( ! ,prov9ce ( ,m5doza conclud$ z foll[s3 ,?is new type ( s*ool mu/ exi/ = _m ye>s 9 ,arg5t9a to answ] ! ne$s ( ! actual di/ribution ( ! population1 ! lack ( adequate means ( communication1 & ! impossibility ( ma9ta9+ fix$ s*ools 9 ! great] "p ( ! zones engag$ 9 agriculture & cattle rais+4 ,x behooves ! au?orities1 !re=e1 to cont9ue ! improvem5t ( ! sy/em 9 su* mann] t its effici5cy %all be /eadily great]1 & t results %all amply comp5sate = _! ma9t5ance4 ,an int]e/+ phase ( social consci5ce is %[n 9 ! g5]\s (f] ( ! wom5 pupils ( ! ?ird & f\r? ye>s ( ! normal s*ool at ,santa ,fe to in/ruct illit]ates aft]noons & nights 9 read+1 writ+1 ! elem5ts ( ari?metic1 national language & hi/ory1 & practical p]sonal & s*ool hygi5e4 ,?is (f] has be5 highly comm5d$ bo? by ,arg5t9e & =eign educators z a /ep t[>d solv+ ! problem ( illit]acy1 wor?y ( imitation nationally & locally4 ,! /ruggle aga9/ illit]acy has be5 ! subject ( s]i\s consid]ation by ! executive1 ! *ief s*ool au?orities1 & ! ,congress4 ,! executive has con/antly urg$ ! ,national ,c\ncil ( ,education to int5sify its campaigns & has coop]at$ by all means 9 8 p[] 9 ! /eady diffusion ( education4 ,! ,h\ses ( ,congress h also busi$ !mselves especially ) ?is grave problem4 ,^! ef=ts h borne fruit :i*1 if n visible at ! pres5t "t1 is c]ta9ly de/9$ to raise ! level ( popul> education )9 ! next few ye>s4 ,! au?orities h judg$ t :at is ne$$ is ! pati5t labor :i* does n require an imm$iate & /rik+ solution ( a mo/ difficult problem1 b is will+ to cont9ue to ex]cise an ev]-increas+ influ5ce ^u ! ris+ g5]ation1 confid5t ( ! spread ( education & enlight5m5t ) ! increase ( population & ! improvem5t 9 means ( communication2 & t x is n wise to s[ s*ools broadca/ ?r\gh\t ! ,republic m]ely = ! pleasure ( do+ some?+ & ( do+ x rapidly4 ,! success ( ! /ruggle aga9/ illit]acy1 c]ta9 z x is1 has its roots n 9 m]ely sp5d+ mu* money1 b 9 sp5d+ money well4 ,,report ,,( ,,national ,,c\ncil ,,( ,,education4 ,! progress ( education 9 ,arg5t9a is be/ epitomiz$ 9 ! report ( ! ,national ,c\ncil ( ,education = ! f\r ye>s end+ ,decemb] #ca1 #aiaf4 ,! "* ( ?is c\ncil is unique 9 educational polity1 wield+1 z x does1 great] p[]s ?an any simil> body 9 c\ntries educationally advanc$1 & c\nt+ 9 its memb]%ip "s ( ! able/ m5 9 ! ,nation4 ,its reports foll[ traditionally ! l9e ( national 7! capital city71 prov9cial1 & t]ritorial adm9i/ration4 ,:5 ! v het]og5e\s "* ( ! population ( ,arg5t9a1 due to ! /eady /ream ( immigration1 is tak5 into acc\nt1 ! necessity ( su* a c5tral body1 ve/$ ) p[]s ( initiation & execution 9 prim>y education1 is app>5t4 ,by a wise division ( p[]s 9 ! orig9al organic law1 ! control ( second>y education 0 left 9 ! h&s ( ! ,prov9ces1 ) subsidies grant$ by ! ,national ,gov]nm5t1 z 0 ! "r to prescribe subjects ess5tial to nationali/ic & patriotic tra9+4 ,conc5tration ( ef=t & p[] is ?us secur$1 ) national acquiesc5ce 9 ! (ficial actions ( ! c\ncil4 ,its activities c5t] naturally ar\nd ! e/abli%m5t ( new s*ools & ! con/ruction ( s*ool build+s1 & ! tra9+ ( tea*]s to meet ! dem&s ( mod]n conditions4 ,z a sub/itute = ! abortive int]m$iate s*ools e/abli%$ 9 #aiaf1 :i* soon prov$ unsatisfactory1 ! c\ncil decid$ lat] 9 t ye> to e/abli%1 p>allel & auxili>y to ! high] prim>y s*ools1 "o ( practical arts & crafts = ea* sex 9 e di/rict ( ,bu5os ,aires4 ,su* s*ools approximat$ #ajj 9 numb]4 ,?is type ( s*ool 0 design$ = boys & girls n int5d+ to proce$ to high] /udies1 & 0 lat] to be ext5d$ to ! nation at l>ge4 ,its purpose & program ( /udies 0 two-fold--to complete ! !oretical & high] c\rses ( ! high] prim>y s*ools ) vocational1 te*nical1 & manual tra9+1 bas$ ^u & mak+ use ( ! mat]ials :i* 7 peculi>ly ,arg5t9e & local 9 indu/ries1 comm]ce1 art1 & economics2 & to lay /ress ?r\gh\t on nationali/ic & patriotic aims4 ,an int]e/+ feature1 common to ^! new s*ools & ! cont9uation s*ools n[ aris+ 9 ,engl& & ,france1 is ! provision by :i* !y op]ate #b h\rs 9 ! morn+ & #b h\rs 9 ! aft]noon or night1 & are to admit pupils f ! f\r? to ! six? grade ( ! prim>y s*ools1 :o h rea*$ ! age ( #ab ye>s4 ,/ati/ics z to ! success ( ^! s*ools are n z yet available4 ,9 ! matt] ( build+ prim>y s*ools prop]1 ! report ( ! c\ncil %[s progress ?r\gh\t ! f\r ye>s cov]$4 ,a total ( #fb s*ools1 ) #dbf tea*]s & #ai1efc pupils1 0 add$ to ! sy/em4 ,because ( national economic & f9ancial conditions prevail+ half a c5tury ago1 ! great majority ( ! prim>y s*ools began op]ation 9 private build+s1 :i* did n con=m to p$agogical or ev5 sanit>y requirem5ts4 ,= _m ye>s excessive r5ts 7 (t5 paid by ! ,/ate1 b ^u ! revaluation ( prop]ty 9 _m ,prov9ces 9 #aiae1 an economy 9 r5ts 0 effect$1 & ! funds ?us sav$ 7 devot$ to new s*ools4 ,despite high prices ( mat]ial & difficulties ( labor1 9 ,decemb]1 #aiaf1 elev5 s*ool build+s 7 9 process ( erection1 at an e/imat$ co/ ( #gej1jjj1 ) a capacity ( #bb1jjj pupils4 ,accord+ to ! report ( ! c\ncil3 8,! con/ruction ( prop]ly equipp$ ,gov]nm5t prim>y s*ool build+s has con/itut$ "o ( ! mo/ s]i\s problems &1 !re=e1 "o ( ! *ief occupations ( ! c\ncil40 ,x 0 frankly admitt$1 h[ev]1 t1 ) all ! ef=ts ( ! c\ncil1 accommodations = *ildr5 9 ! prim>y s*ools 7 /ill f> f adequate1 x be+ e/imat$ on t date t #d1jjj additional s*ools ( ?is grade 7 ne$$ = ! m ?an #fjj1jjj *ildr5 9 ! capital & ! ,t]ritories :o1 = "o reason or ano!r1 7 n 9 s*ool4 ,! activity ( ! c\ncil cont9u$ to be m>k$ 9 #aiag4 ,9 ,april ( t ye>1 #adc new s*ools 7 decre$1 #ci = ! ,f$]al ,capital1 #ah = ! ,prov9ces "u ! legal national subv5tion1 & #hf = ! ,t]ritories 7#cj be+ escuelas ambulantes71 ! ,congress vot+ two millions 9 ! national budget = ! execution ( ?is decree4 ,! c5traliz+ t5d5cies ( ,s\? ,am]ican c\ntries 9 g5]al1 & ! ov]:elm+ dom9ance ( ! capital1 secur$ = x s g5]\s a %>e ( ?is t x is e/imat$ t 9 ! ,f$]al capital !re w be = ! fir/ "t room = all *ildr5 ( s*ool age4 ,= ! poor] ,prov9ces1 & ! ,t]ritories1 :i* by ! ,ta9ez law ( #ahhf are absolutely dep5d5t ^u ! c5tral au?ority ( ! ,national ,c\ncil1 #bej s*ools ( "o & two rooms 7 assign$1 b on an e/imate ab\t "o-?ird ( ! *ildr5 7 /ill left unprovid$ ) s*ool facilities4 ,att5tion 0 repeat$ly call$ to ! ne$ ( a uni=m & rigor\sly appli$ national law = compulsory s*ool att5dance4 ,dur+ ! ye> #aiah approximately #djj s*ools 7 e/abli%$1 & ! c\ncil proposes to e/abli% z _m m dur+ #aiai 9 ! ,prov9ces & ! national ,t]ritories4 ,! nation has tak5 *>ge ( _m prov9cial s*ools :i* ! respective gov]nm5ts c\ld n ma9ta9 by reason ( lack ( res\rces4 ,! ,prov9ce ( ,m5doza alone transf]r$ #acj s*ools to ! c\ncil ( education dur+ ! mon? ( ,augu/1 #aiah4 ,relative to ! e/abli%m5t ( s*ools1 reg>d has be5 _h *iefly to ! population ( ! di/ricts :i* petition$ = !m1 z well z ! numb] ( *ildr5 ( s*ool age1 9 ord] t ! build+s may be in/all$ 9 popul\s c5t]s1 :]e a con/ant att5dance ( pupils is reasonably assur$4 ,! g5]al plan ( ! c\ncil = ! diffusion ( prim>y education has n be5 put into practice 9 full1 because ( ! lack ( res\rces 9 "s in/ances & 9 o!rs because ( ! sc>city ( build+ mat]ials 9 ! c\ntry4 ,s*ool equipm5t has be5 secur$ 9 v>i\s c\ntries1 supplies necess>y hav+ be5 pur*as$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates to ! value ( #cej1jjj4 ,! dem& has be5 /ill unsatisfi$1 ! capital city alone call+ = ! e/abli%m5t ( new s*ools e ye>1 because ( ! increase ( *ildr5 ( s*ool age1 & ! ,prov9ces h always be5 beh9d ! necess>y numb] ( s*ool build+s & facilities & h nev] rea*$ ! goal set by ! au?orities4 ,an enc\rag+ feature ( ! situation is t ^u ! completion ( all ! s*ool build+s n[ "u con/ruction accommodations = #ef1jjj pupils 9 addition w be provid$4 ,peculi> att5tion has be5 giv5 to ! developm5t ( night s*ools by ! c\ncil1 #hf hav+ be5 e/abli%$ & ma9ta9$ by ! c\ncil 9 ! f\r ye>s cov]$ by ! report4 ,an admirably broad5$ scope 0 giv5 !m 9 ! appeal issu$ by ! c\ncil to ! nation t ! full purpose ( su* s*ools %\ld be realiz$ n only by ! att5dance ( illit]ates1 b also ( y\?s & adults 8:o1 possess+ "s degree ( education1 are also desir\s ( improv+ t z relat$ to ! ne$s ( _! lives40 ,all re=ms & modifications ( night s*ools h conc]n$ !mselves ) ?is l>g] cli5tele4 ,a fur!r socializ+ ( ! night s*ool is se5 9 ! appeal ( ! c\ncil to proprietors1 manag]s ( factories1 & employ]s ( labor g5]ally to enc\rage 9 e way 9 _! p[] _! employees to att5d night s*ools & to (f] prizes ( v>i\s k9ds = dilig5ce & progress4 ,lit]ature be>+ on ^! s*ools 0 di/ribut$ free by ! c\ncil4 ,9 #aiae ! c\ncil 0 emp[]$1 by ! t]ms ( ! w ( a philan?ropic resid5t ( ,bu5os ,aires1 ,don ,felix ,b]asconi1 :o bequea!d = educational purposes a sum ( ?ree & a half million doll>s1 to proce$ to ! erection & e/abli%m5t ( an in/itution "u ,/ate control :i* %\ld give in/ruction 9 g5]al prim>y1 sci5tific1 sci5tific-indu/rial1 physical1 & social education4 ,a build+ 0 to be begun 9 #aiaf1 plann$ 9 sev5 sections1 con=m+ to ! mo/ mod]n p$agogical & sanit>y dem&s1 & ) a capacity ( m ?an #c1jjj pupils4 ,design$ to b5efit ! work+ p preem95tly1 x 0 to be situat$ 9 ! section ( ! city %[+ ! greate/ proportion ( !m4 ,respond+ to ! g5]al feel+ ( dissatisfaction ) ! results ( prim>y education 9 ! city ( ,bu5os ,aires1 :i* has be5 unaffect$ by criticism = sev5 ye>s1 ! c\ncil 9 ,june1 #aiag1 s5t out que/ionnaires to all inspectors & to ! body ( tea*]s call+ = an expression ( op9ion z to 7#a7 ! m]its & defects ( ! plans ( /udies1 s*$ules1 etc41 !n 9 =ce2 7#b7 ^? ( project$ or possible programs1 ) additional features wor?y to be incorporat$2 & 7#c7 educational consid]ations be>+ ^u ! problems ( ! s*ools ( ! capital4 ,! answ]s %[$ enc\rag+ grasp ( ! educational ne$s ( ! city1 ) significant unanimity z to ! practical me?ods ( work+ out necess>y re=ms4 ,sali5t po9ts 73 #a4 ,t all programs %\ld leave room = & be closely articulat$ ) manual arts & dome/ic economy4 #b4 ,t ! c\rses ( ari?metic 9 ! fir/1 second1 ?ird1 f\r?1 & fif? grades 7 ov]load$1 z 7 ^? ( gramm> 9 ! f\r?1 geometry 9 ! ?ird & fif?1 nature /udy 9 ! second1 geography 9 ! second & fif?1 s++ 9 ! second1 & music4 #c4 ,t ! prim>y s*ool cycle %\ld comm5ce at #g ye>s & end at #ab4 #d4 ,t prim>y c\rses & s*$ules = urban s*ools %\ld be /rictly diff]5tiat$ f ^? = rural & c\ntry t[n s*ools4 #e4 ,t f ,octob] #ae to ,april #ae ! s*ool day %\ld be f #g4cj to #aa4cj2 f ,april #ae to ,septemb] #cj f #ab to #d4 #f4 ,t ! advancem5t ( ! tea*] ) ! class m]it$ a fair trial1 ! tea*] rema9+ ) ! same class a m9imum ( two ye>s & a maximum ( ?ree4 #g4 ,t ! e/abli%m5t ( normal s*ools ess5tially = rural tea*]s 0 imp]ative4 ,x is recogniz$ t ! cle>ness & sanity ( ^! answ]s _h a m>k$ effect ^u ! sub/ance ( ! law pres5t$ to ! ,f$]al ,congress 9 ,augu/1 #aiah4 ,ano!r int]e/+ in/ance ( ! submission ( a p$agogic matt] to ! tea*]s ( ! city ( ,bu5os ,aires is %[n 9 ! que/ionnaire ask+ _! op9ion z to ! be/ me?od ( tea*+ spell+1 s5t out by ! inspector ( ! t5? di/rict1 to ! tea*]s4 ,9 accordance ) ! answ]s to ?is1 ! vocabul>y us$ 9 prim>y s*ools 0 r$uc$ to categories correspond+ to ! sev]al grades1 to its difficulties1 & to ! actual ne$s ( ! life & dom9ant occupations ( ! qu>t] ( ! city f :i* ! *ildr5 7 drawn4 ,?is /ep 0 highly comm5d$ 9 ,fr5* educational circles z m>k+ effici5t grappl+ ) p$agogical difficulties felt 9 all cities ( :atsoev] c\ntry4 ,! regulation ( ! m$ical & d5tal inspection ( national s*ools1 "u decree ( ,m>*1 #aiah1 0 notewor?y4 ,accord+ to ?is1 pr(essional inspectors1 *os5 by ! ,gov]nm5t1 mu/ )9 ! fir/ ?ree mon?s ( ea* s*ool ye> exam9e individually all *ildr5 ent]+ s*ool = ! fir/ "t1 p]iodically inspect ! s*ool build+s & gr\nd & ! heal? conditions ( ! tea*+ & adm9i/rative /affs1 & take all prophylactic measures deem$ necess>y aga9/ epidemics & contagi\s diseases4 ,su* reports %all be transmitt$ to ! m$ical inspector g5]al4 ,d5tal inspection ( s*ools is to h a prom95t "p4 ,e mon? ! *ief inspector %all assemble = report & mutual discussion all m$ical & d5tal inspectors 9 su* t]ritorial divisions z he %all see fit4 ,( ! regulations 9 detail promulgat$ by ! c\ncil 9 #aiah1 ! mo/ important is t *ang+ ! s*ool ye> to two divisions1 ! fir/ beg9n+ ,m>* #a & cont9u+ until ,june #cj1 foll[$ by ?ree weeks ( vacation1 & ! second beg9n+ ,july #ba & cont9u+ until ,novemb] #bj1 foll[$ by ! long vacation ( ! ye>4 ,?is *ange is reg>d$ z con=m+ ) climatic effects ^u ! heal? ( s*ool *ildr5 & z be+ a /ep long ne$$4 ,,progress ,,( ,,education ,,9 ,,! ,,prov9ces4 ,outside ! scope ( ! ,national ,c\ncil are ! p[]s ( ! prov9cial c\ncils4 ,^! are local1 auxili>y1 & re9=c+ 9 "*4 ,"s ( ! ,prov9ces are practically inactive on ! side ( prim>y education1 cont5t+ !mselves ) ! provisions made 9 t field by ! ,national ,gov]nm5t4 ,o!rs1 h[ev]1 among !m ,santa ,fe1 ,san ,luis1 ,cordoba1 ,entre ,rios1 &1 ( c\rse1 ,bu5os ,aires1 are wor?y ( note & comm5dation = /eady int]e/ 9 matt]s educational1 & 9 f9ancial support ( s*ools c>ri$ on indep5d5tly ( ! c5tral au?ority4 ,progress 9 ! ,prov9ce ( ,santa ,fe1 z evid5c$ by ! annual message ( ! gov]nor ( t ,prov9ce = #aiag1 0 /eady1 despite ! ne$ ( economy 9 prov9cial f9ances due to conditions result+ f ! ,_w ,w>4 ,an increase ( #ad prov9cial s*ools ov] ! ye> previ\s & ( ! grades 9 #cf s*ools 0 not$4 ,two problems 7 kept /eadily 9 view3 ,! improvem5t 9 ! tea*+ p]sonnel1 acc5tuat$ by ! disclosure ( ! fact t m ?an "o-?ird ( ! tea*]s 9 ! prov9cial s*ools lack$ tea*] tra9+1 & ! con/ruction ( bett] s*ool build+s4 ,x 0 e/imat$ t ) ^! f #be to #cj p] c5t ( additional pupils c\ld be taught by ! same tea*+ =ce4 ,9 ! ,prov9ce ( ,san ,luis ! g5]al inspector ( prov9ces report$ = #aiaf ! e/abli%m5t ( #afj local associations ( ! national ,amigos de la ,educacion4 ,?is society1 compos$ ( p>5ts & o!rs int]e/$ 9 prim>y education1 has = its objects ! close l9k+ ( home & s*ool1 ! fight aga9/ illit]acy1 ! promotion ( good feel+ & companion%ip betwe5 natives & immigrants1 ! celebration ( national fe/ivals1 ! secur+ ( bett] prim>y enrollm5t & att5dance especially by ! poor] *ildr51 ) ! inculcation ( _! self-respect1 & coop]ation ) ! regional & national au?orities 9 ! safegu>d+ ( public heal?4 ,9 ?is ,prov9ce1 by volunte] organizations ( tea*]s & o!rs int]e/$1 local patriotic conf]5ces 7 inaugurat$ on topics ( national hi/ory1 hygi5e1 political economy1 e?ics1 & !mes g5]ally relat$ to home & s*ool matt]s4 ,9 ! ,prov9ce ( ,bu5os ,aires s*ool excursions h be5 develop$ & made an organic "p ( in/ruction 9 civic & national _s4 ,!y h be5 s arrang$ t *ildr5 9 ! sev]al zones may come by p]sonal t\* to "k & correspond by lett] ) ea* o!r4 ,9 "s places p>ticipation 9 ^! excursions has be5 made a rew>d ( good lessons & conduct4 ,!y are to be tak5 9 ! la/ #ae days ( ,octob]1 & *ildr5 are n to rema9 m ?an #c days 9 "o locality4 ,gr\ps ( n m ?an #ab pupils are recomm5d$4 ,9 ,july1 #aiaf1 ! c\ncil g5]al ( ! ,prov9ce ( ,bu5os ,aires initiat$ c\rses 9 ! normal s*ool = ! tra9+ ( tea*]s & graduates ( ! normal s*ools 9 ! recognition & /udy ( ret>dation & its causes1 & 9 e>ly correction ( abnormalities mo/ frequ5tly met4 ,! program ( c\rses includes a s]ies ( #af lessons on relat$ m$ical & p$agogical topics4 ,( direct be>+ ^u educational problems among ! rural population is ! project ( ! law rec5tly s5t by ! executive ( ! ,prov9ce ( ,bu5os ,aires to ! legislature1 provid+ = ! issuance ( bonds to ! am\nt ( #de1jjj1jjj = ! expropriation ( p>ts ( ! great l&$ e/ates & ! division ( ! l& ?us expropriat$ into small tracts = ! use ( small f>m]s4 ,subsequ5t pur*ase "u advantage\s t]ms is to be enc\rag$4 ,accord+ to reports1 ! prevail+ sy/em ( 8arr5datorios10 or small t5ants = %ort t]ms1 has l$ to s acute an agr>ian unre/1 ) ! consequ5t %ift+ & aimless w&]+ ( an increas+ elem5t ( ! population1 z to con/itute a social & economic m5ace no long] to be ignor$4 ,! educational effects 9 ! increase ( illit]acy & ! g5]al ret>dation ( prim>y education h be5 manife/4 ,9 #aiah ! ,legislature ( ! ,prov9ce ( ,entre ,rios enact$ into law a s]ies ( provisions gu>antee+ ! /ability ( ! scale ( sal>ies = tea*]s 9 prov9cial s*ools4 ,promotion & increase ( sal>y 7 bas$ rigor\sly ^u m]it2 tea*]s 7 decl>$ unremovable dur+ good conduct & fitness2 initial sal>ies 7 fix$ z foll[s3 7a7 ,= normal tea*]1 #afj p] mon?2 7b7 = rural normal tea*]1 #abj p] mon?2 7c7 = rural tea*]1 #ajj p] mon?2 7d7 = special tea*]1 #hj p] mon?4 ,e five ye>s ! tea*] :o has work$ 9 ! same place = t p]iod %all receive a bonus ( #bj p] c5t on 8 initial sal>y4 ,! gov]nm5t ( ! ,prov9ce ( ,cordoba has approv$ a plan = ! introduction ( agricultural c\rses 9 ! prim>y s*ools1 pres5t$ & prep>$ by exp]ts 9 agronomy & p$agogy1 )\t dislocation ( exi/+ c\rses & s*$ules4 ,! inspectors ( ?is ,prov9ce pres5t$ = ! consid]ation ( ! prov9cial *amb] ( deputies ! project ( a law to e/abli% a normal s*ool = ! prep>ation ( rural tea*]s exclusively1 ! c\rses (f]$ be+3 7a7 ,! developm5t ( subjects relat$ to fundam5tal /udies 9 ! prim>y s*ools2 7b7 ,practice tea*+ adapt$ to ! ne$s ( ! prim>y s*ools ( ! locality2 & 7c7 ,elem5t>y tea*+1 bo? !oretical & practical1 9 manual arts1 agriculture & cattle bre$+1 & m9or rural indu/ries4 ,private s*ools con=m+ to gov]nm5tal requirem5ts 7 legally recogniz$ & incorporat$ by decree ( #aiag & _! consequ5t validation effect$4 ,pupils ( ! fif? & six? grades ( su* private s*ools apply+ = leav+ c]tificates are requir$ to und]go an exam9ation ^u all subjects = ^? grades ( ! (ficial national programs be=e a bo>d ( ?ree memb]s appo9t$ by ! inspector4 ,(ficially ap>t f ! ,m9i/ry ( ,public ,education b call+ = special m5tion 0 ! e/abli%m5t 9 #aiag "u ! enc\ragem5t ( ! ,national ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture ( #af s*ools 9 rural dome/ic sci5ce 9 n9e ,prov9ces1 includ+ ,bu5os ,aires4 ,c\rses are (f]$ 9 m9or indu/ries1 su* z dairy+1 beekeep+1 c>e ( f[ls1 hog rais+1 agriculture1 horticulture1 & cann+ ( fruits & vegetables4 ,five hundr$ wom5 h be5 enroll$4 ,a numb] ( ^! s*ools1 ! l>ge/ at ,tucuman1 h be5 put on a p]man5t basis1 & private associations are work+ to effect ?is 9 _m places4 ,s*ool celebrations ( national fe/ivals1 long popul> 9 ,arg5t9a1 h be5 especially m>k$ dur+ ! ye> #aiah1 ! c5t5nial ye> = ! nation4 ,!y 7 held 9 all s*ools on ,july #h1 ! *ief feature be+ ! oa? to ! flag & ! s++ ( ! national hymn 9 ! pres5ce ( ! s*ool & civic au?orities4 ,,*anges ,,"u ,,! ,,project$ ,,law ,,( #aiah4 ,foll[+ ! =m] ord] ( education 9 ,arg5t9a1 ! second /age ( prim>y education began ) ! educational bill submitt$ ) ! approval ( ! ,presid5t to ! ,f$]al ,congress 9 ,augu/1 #aiah4 ,9 ?is 7 incorporat$ *anges ( f> wid] scope ?an any ev] be=e project$4 ,n only prim>y education1 b ! entire fabric ( ,arg5t9e education 0 to be nationaliz$ 9 cont5t ( c\rses1 9 me?ods ( in/ruction1 & 9 special prep>ation ( tea*]s = tasks devolv+ on !m "u ! new rgime4 ,! bill provid$ = l>ge developm5t ( indu/rial & vocational c\rses & call$ = ! use ( mat]ials peculi>ly national & local4 ,x laid /ress ^u civic & patriotic tra9+1 9 view ( ! het]og5e\s con/itution ( ! ,arg5t9e population ?r\gh /eady /reams ( immigration & ! necessity ( mold+ ^! div]se elem5ts into a body ( patriotic & intellig5t citiz5s4 ,x provid$ = ! e/abli%m5t ( prim>y s*ools ?r\gh\t ! nation "u m flexible f9ancial & adm9i/rative regulations ?an ! old1 = ! segregation ( specific rev5ues = ! exclusive use ( ! ,m9i/ry ( ,public ,in/ruction1 & ! consequ5t abolition ( ! old sy/em ( national subsidies to individual localities4 ,especially 9 ! fight aga9/ illit]acy did ! project$ law embody progressive features4 ,! ,national ,c\ncil ( ,education 0 emp[]$ to e/abli% /&>d prim>y s*ools :]ev] !re 7 z _m z #bj illit]ate *ildr5 ( s*ool age4 ,9 ! message :i* accompani$ ! recomm5dation ( ! law ! ,presid5t po9t$ out t ! project$ law t5d$ to give unity & /ability to ! sev]al divisions ( education "u ! direction ( ! dep>tm5t ( national in/ruction & adapt$ !m to ! mat]ial progress ( ! nation & to latt]-day civilization4 ,8 id5tification ( popul> education ) national progress ju/ifies a quotation at l5g?3 ,z prim>y education 0 e/abli%$ by law 9 #ahfd1 x conta9s regulations :i* 9 reality h lo/ _! orig9al ju/ification2 = ,arg5t9e civilization n[ dem&s urg5t re=ms 9 ! matt] ( g5]al in/ruction 9 ord] to give great] consi/5cy & reason to ! latt]1 & 9 ord] to make x m practical1 m adaptable to ! v>i\s regional ne$s ( ! ,republic4 ,x is especially urg5t to c>ry its action to all ! sections ( ! c\ntry n yet rea*$ by ! sy/em 9 ord] to arrive at ! real aims ( a truly national education4 ,*ief among ^! is to eradicate illit]acy1 ! mo/ patriotic task 9 :i* we c engage & ! "o ^u ^: successful execution alone c any real national progress & enlight5m5t re/4 ,! in/itutions ( high] education h cont9u$ to develop 9 ! direction ( autonomy & )9 ! limit det]m9$ by ! law ( #ahhe2 b ) ! prim>y1 !y dem& modifications 9 ! c\rse & arrangem5t ( /udies 9 ord] to aboli% antiquat$ practices & me?ods & to rea* ! level ( ! great mod]n univ]sities ( ! _w4 ,second>y in/ruction1 9 its turn1 has lack$ & /ill lacks a law to fix x 9 def9ite =m & to def9e its real "* 9 accordance ) con/itutional precepts & ! nature ( our political in/itutions4 ,x has exi/$ subject to ! cont9ual *ange ( plans & regulations1 h>ass$ by ! application ( widely v>y+ educational conceptions1 9 a /ate ( cont9u\s in/ability1 & !re=e r$uc$ to a m]e adm9i/rative me*anism )\t p[] ( initiative relative to its imm$iate ne$s & )\t suffici5t social influ5ce to realize its true aims4 ,to rem$y ^! evils & to fill ^! gaps is "o ( ! purposes ( ?is law1 9 :i* ! attempt has be5 made to include only t :i* ought to be g5]al & p]man5t4 ,! prim>y aim ( second>y education %\ld be to spread education among ! t[ns & cities 9 su* a way t 9 all ! c\ntry !re %all be tra9$1 educat$ citiz5s fitt$ to play _! "p 9 ! future civilization ( ! c\ntry4 ,prep>atory in/ruction has !re=e be5 kept "u ! control ( ! univ]sities1 :i* w fix _! c\rses ( /udy1 _! duration1 & _! ext5sion bo? g5]al & special4 ,bo? ! plans ( ! prep>atory c\rses1 z well z ^? ( ! pr(essions taught 9 ! faculties ( ! univ]sity1 h be5 project$ along ! l9es already m5tion$4 ,! programs ( ! normal s*ools h be5 =mulat$ 9 accordance ) ! te*nical ideas :i* %\ld di/+ui% !m1 sep>at+ ! g5]al /udies f ^? prop]ly call$ p$agogical or pr(essional1 arrang+ !m s t ! =m] %all prec$e & ! latt] be int5sifi$ t[>d ! end ( ! c\rse4 ,z reg>ds practical subjects ( in/ruction1 ! project outl9es only ! g5]al features accord+ to :i* !y mu/ be taught4 ,in/ruction w be imp>t$ 9 accordance ) ! necessities ( ! imm$iate field ( ea* s*ool1 ) special reg>d to natural production1 comm]ce1 indu/ries1 & aptitudes ( ! population1 all ) ! purpose ( adju/+ anew ! activities ( ! ,arg5t9e y\?1 :i* has hi!rto be5 by pref]5ce incl9$ t[>d ! m speculative /udies r ?an ^? ( practical & ( imm$iate application4 ,x is left to ! au?orities ( te*nical education to prep>e plans & c\rses ( /udy adapt$ to ea* class ( in/itutions4 ,enrollm5t 9 all s*ools has be5 made absolutely free1 a logical consequ5ce ( compulsory education1 :i* has z yet nev] be5 effective1 b :i* is an indisp5sible condition to plac+ all ^u ! same plane ( equality1 a ?+ inh]5t 9 ! pr9ciples ( republican in/itutions4 ,! ,gov]nm5t consid]s t ! p[] wield$ by ! nation to spread prim>y education 9 ! ,prov9ces is s ample1 9 ! =m e/abli%$ by ?is project$ law1 t ! regulations 9 =ce conc]n+ f9ancial subv5tions are )\t reason or ju/ification4 ,once ! ,prov9ces h compli$ ) ! duty impos$ ^u !m by ! con/itution 9 ?is reg>d up to ! limit ( _! capacity ! accompany+ responsibility ( ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t w disappe>4 ,! executive1 kn[+ ! great value ( ! tea*+ pr(ession 9 ! g5]al conc]t ( human activities1 seeks e means to e/abli% & dignify ! c>e] ( tea*]1 mak+ x a real pr(ession surr\nd$ by all ! honors & all ! public consid]ations :i* x c legitimately claim4 ,x is !re=e s\ght 9 ! re=m to fix prop] conditions = diff]5t categories ( tea*]s1 z well z a scale ( sal>ies1 & proportional & p]iodic increase1 ?us gu>antee+ ! /ability ( ! pr(ession & assur+ x an honorable & tranquil retirem5t4 ,) su* aims 9 view = ! retirem5t ( second>y tea*]s1 ! executive has believ$ x equitable to e/abli% simil> l9es ( f9ancial aid = p5sions & = increase ( sal>ies z ^? (f]$ to ! tea*]s ( prim>y education4 ,,second>y ,,education4 ,ref]5ce has be5 made to ! e/abli%m5t ( int]m$iate s*ools1 at fir/ uni=m1 lat] diff]5tiat$1 sub/itut$ = ! =m] fif? & six? ye>s ( ! prim>y s*ool & int5d$ to bridge ! *asm betwe5 ! prim>y & ! second>y s*ools4 ,?is m>k$ a fur!r innovation1 9 t second>y education _h always be5 left 9 ,arg5t9a to ! ,prov9ces1 ! ,/ate nationally ex]cis+ only a nom9al ov]sight ( ?is division4 ,= f9ancial reasons1 z well z because ( ! necessity ( giv+ uni=mity to a type s widely scatt]$1 ! int]m$iate s*ool 0 f ! v fir/ reg>d$ z national 9 scope4 ,x may be lik5$ 9 _m respects to ! junior high s*ool ( ,am]ican cities4 ,x 0 design$ to give in/ruction ( a g5]al & cultural nature 9 languages1 hi/ory1 geography1 & ma!matics1 comb9$ ) exp]im5tal /udies 9 ! elem5ts ( physical & natural sci5ce4 ,mu* e>li] entrance1 its advocates claim$1 w\ld ?us be possible ^u subjects ( vocational & te*nical "*1 :i* %\ld te/ ! nasc5t abilities & aptitudes ( ! pupil4 ,especial att5tion 0 to be giv5 woodwork+1 typewrit+1 /5ography1 l9otyp+1 decorative design1 photography1 & special arts & crafts favor$ by local conditions4 ,?is exp]im5t1 ?\gh m>k+ an advance 9 educational me?ods1 0 unsuccessful1 & aft] a ye> ( exi/5ce su* s*ools 7 discont9u$4 ,!y did1 h[ev]1 affect in/ruction 9 second>y education1 leav+ _! impress 9 ! radical requirem5t ( e>ly specialization aft] ! fif? & six? high] prim>y grades4 ,! educational policy ( ,arg5t9a ?us return$ to its traditional /atus2 & second>y education /ill c5t]s ar\nd ! #cg colegios nacionales1 in/itutions = boys ( #aj to #ad ye>s ( age1 :i* admit ^? ) leav+ c]tificates f ! fif? & six? grades ( ! high] prim>y s*ools1 & by revisal ( #aiaa (f] c\rses arrang$ by f\rfold division ( subjects into ! physical-ma!matical1 ! *emical-biological1 ! hi/orical-geographical1 & ! lit]>y-philosophical gr\ps4 ,a decree ( ! ,national ,c\ncil dat$ ,febru>y1 #aiaf1 made ! c]tificate ( six? grade ( ! public s*ool obligatory = admission to ! colegio4 ,?is 0 reg>d$ z go+ f> t[>d settl+ two fundam5tal difficulties--! fir/1 ! long desir$ abolition ( ! entrance exam9ation1 z discr$it$ by exp]i5ce & prejudicial to second>y tra9+1 & ! second1 ! (ficial recognition ( ! compulsory att5dance law = *ildr5 ( #f to #ad ye>s4 ,among ! new subjects assign$ = ! colegios is ! /udy ( ,italian1 n[ re/or$ aft] be+ aboli%$ by previ\s decree4 ,9 accordance ) ?is requirem5t1 a c\rse 9 ?is language has be5 in/itut$ 9 ! normal s*ools = ! prep>ation ( tea*]s4 ,! close connection ( ! int]e/s ( ! colegio nacionale ) ! univ]sity is br\ght out 9 ! report ( ! rector ( ! ,national ,univ]sity ( ,bu5os ,aires = #aiaf4 ,x is ( significance z /rik+ out new l9es 9 :at _h always be5 a cons]vative division1 & c>ri$ weight 9 ! fluid /ate ( public op9ion on education :i* prevail$ j at t "t4 ,tak+ up ! in/ructional aspect ( second>y education1 & ! claims put =w>d by zeal\s p>tisans ( ! oppos+ views t ! colegios %\ld prep>e ei!r = high] /udies or = practical life1 b n = bo?1 he urg$ legal provisions = bo? =ms ( tra9+ to supply ! dem& felt 9 all mod]n /ates = m5 ( ?\ght z well z effici5cy 9 action4 ,9 ! light ( ?is dem& all wrangl+ z to programs ( /udy c\ld only be to ! damage ( ! ,/ate4 ,s9ce ! ,arg5t9e colegios half a c5tury ago 7 model$ aft] ! ,fr5* lyces1 ) _! emphasis ^u ! cultural /udies1 ! _w _h mov$ f>1 economically & socially1 & sane modifications 9 second>y education n[ clamor$ = recognition4 ,on ! side ( adm9i/ration ! peculi> "q = ,arg5t9a1 ! l& ( great di/ances & _m climates & productions1 0 :e!r ! be/ organization = second>y in/ruction 0 ! conc5tration ( p[] 9 ! h&s ( a c\ncil or ( ! m9i/] ( public in/ruction1 or m or less complete autonomy to be grant$ to ! individual in/itution4 ,9 ei!r case ! fix$ pr9ciple 0 to be accept$ t ! univ]sities 7 directly conc]n$ 9 ! discipl9e & /udies ( ! /ud5ts !y 7 to receive1 & t !y %\ld !re=e h ! "r ( int]v5+ 9 matt]s ( organization & /udies ( ! colegios4 ,a j dec5tralization ( ! colegios c\ld be easily realiz$ & w\ld br+ su* b5eficial results z3 7#a7 ,m direct & imm$iate action ( ! au?orities2 7#b7 clos] articulation ( ! colegios ) ! univ]sities 9 ! matt] ( /udies = prep>ation = ! latt]2 7#c7 =mation ( intellectual gr\ps t w\ld be enc\rag$ to take root p]man5tly 9 ! ,prov9ces1 ?us avoid+ ! :olesale migration ( ! direct+ classes to ! capital2 7#d7 ease ( re=m1 z contra/$ ) ! pres5t sy/em1 :]e9 e *ange 9 ! program ( /udies 0 a di/urbance ^: utility 0 n always c]ta92 7#e7 ! be/ selection1 s f> z possible1 ( ! p]sonal directive /aff ( ! colegios1 z ! m5 9 high] education w\ld be famili> ) ! problems ( second>y in/ruction2 7#f7 economy ( adm9i/rative exp5se2 7#g7 ! possibility ( trans=m+ c]ta9 ( ! colegios into s*ools ( arts1 trades1 & indu/ries 9 :i* g5]al in/ruction1 cont9u+ ! prim>y1 might be comb9$ ) ! special & te*nical prep>ation s mu* ne$$ = ! mat]ial well-be+ ( ! sev]al regions ( ! ,republic4 ,9 ! project$ law ( public in/ruction1 introduc$ 9 ,augu/1 #aiah1 x is provid$ t all matt]s relat+ to second>y education %all be "u ! au?ority ( ! national univ]sities1 ) full p[] to regulate cont5t ( c\rses1 curricula1 etc4 ,?is is manife/ly a /ep sugge/$ by ! traditional sy/em ( ,spa91 9 :i* ! /&>d second>y s*ools 7in/itutos7 are arrang$ accord+ to univ]sity di/ricts & are gov]n$ by univ]sity rector & c\ncil4 ,its wisdom & advisability = a c\ntry ( ! ,we/]n ,hemisph]e h be5 v>i\sly consid]$4 ,,te*nical ,,education4 ,by ! project$ law ( ,augu/1 #aiah1 a ,national ,bo>d ( ,te*nical ,education is to be e/abli%$ to asc]ta9 ! progress ( ?is bran* ( education 9 o!r c\ntries1 to adapt :atev] may be possible to ! conditions & ne$s ( ,arg5t9a1 to fo/] te*nical in/ruction 9 ! national s*ools1 & to keep 9 t\* ) its progress ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,,normal-,,s*ool ,,tra9+4 ,! sequ5ce ( /udies prescrib$ = pupils ( ! normal s*ool accord+ to ! decree ( ,m>*1 #aiaf1 is also wor?y ( notice4 ,imm$iately foll[+1 & bas$ ^u ! int]m$iate s*ools :i*1 z describ$ above1 7 disc>d$ aft] trial1 ! normal s*ool requir$ f\r ye>s = ! tea*]s' diploma1 aft] :i* ! /ud5t might proce$ to high] /udies = ! degree ( tea*] ( mod]n languages 9 two ye>s or t ( tea*] ( languages 9 normal s*ool 9 ?ree ye>s1 or t ( tea*] ( philosophy 9 any in/itution 9 six ye>s4 ,a comm5dable ga9 ( "o ye> 9 ea* ( ^! 0 effect$1 & ?is feature is to be embodi$ 9 ! new provisions n[ "u consid]ation4 ,9 addition1 ! new project ( educational law outl9es a tea*]'s c\rse ( f\r ye>s1 cle>ly diff]5tiat+ betwe5 ! g5]al or cultural & ! p$agogical or pr(essional c\rses4 ,! =m] are assign$ to ! fir/ ?ree ye>s z requir$2 ! latt] are res]v$ = ! la/ ye>1 con/itut+ an int5sive curriculum ( p$agogical hi/ory & me?ods & practice tea*+ 9 ! requir$ annex$ practice s*ool4 ,! completion 7#aiah7 ( ! ,normal ,s*ool ,s>mi5to 9 ,bu5os ,aires1 nam$ 9 honor ( ! f\nd] ( popul> education 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 is to be not$4 ,?is s*ool1 capable ( accommodat+ #a1jjj pupils & equipp$ ) ! mo/ mod]n app>atus1 is wor?y ( comp>ison ) ! f9e/ s*ools 9 ! o!r c\ntries educationally mo/ advanc$4 ,,high] ,,education4 ,) ! provision incorporat$ 9 ! project$ law1 by :i* control ( national second>y education is ve/$ 9 ! univ]sities1 ! latt] w t\* national education mu* m intimately ?an ev] be=e4 ,! univ]sities ( ,arg5t9a are ^? ( ,bu5os ,aires1 ,cordoba1 & ,la ,plata1 :i* are national1 & ^? ( ,santa ,fe & ,tucuman1 :i* are prov9cial b w soon be nationaliz$4 ,9 #aiag !re 0 a gr[+ feel+ 9 univ]sity circles 9 favor ( dec5tralization1 ) great] degree ( autonomy = ea* univ]sity4 ,! report ( ! rector ( ! univ]sity ( ,bu5os ,aires = #aiag 0 ( int]e/ z %[+ ! effect ( ?is ^u ! colegios z well z ! univ]sities4 ,h[ f> ?is has be5 *eck$ by ! project$ provision to intru/ second>y education to univ]sities c n be le>n$4 ,! unre/ among ! /ud5t bodies 9 ! in/itutions ( high] education has con/itut$ p]haps ! mo/ rem>kable feature ( ! educational hi/ory ( ! pa/ ye>4 ,9 ,bu5os ,aires re=m 0 dem&$ 9 ! /atutes "u :i* ! univ]sity 0 gov]n$1 & ! adoption ( me?ods 9 con=mity ) new t5d5cies 9 univ]sity in/ruction4 ,! /ud5ts dem&$ especially ! "r to vote = ! election ( ! au?orities4 ,satisfactory agreem5t 0 rea*$1 & ! univ]sity1 aft] sev]al days ( susp5sion ( classes & demon/rations on ! "p ( ! /ud5t body1 resum$ in/ruction1 :i* 0 un9t]rupt$ = ! re/ ( ! ye>4 ,at ! ,univ]sity ( ,cordoba ! conflict betwe5 ! /ud5ts & ! au?orities assum$ m s]i\s proportions4 ,regul> "w 0 susp5d$1 ! ef=ts ( ! m$iator appo9t$ by ! ,national ,gov]nm5t to he> ! claims ( ! /ud5t body & to decide ^u ! j & practical c\rse = ! univ]sity au?orities to adopt 7 unsatisfactory to ! compla9ants1 & ! au?ority ( ! m9i/] ( public in/ruction 0 invok$4 ,^u inve/igation ! latt] (ficial advocat$ 9 8 report to ! executive a complete reorganization ( ! univ]sity 9 its /atutes1 regulations1 acts ( discipl9e1 & /aff ( pr(essors4 ,^! *anges 7 ratifi$ by ! executive & 7 practically embodi$ 9 ! project ( ! law submitt$ to ! ,congress 9 ^? sections p]ta9+ to univ]sity education4 ,9 ! o!r ?ree univ]sities1 ^? ( ,la ,plata1 ,tucuman1 & ,santa ,fe1 ! di/urbances :i* imp$$ ! prosecution ( ! regul> r\t9e ( /udies 7 comp>atively insignificant1 ?\gh ! _s ( unre/ 0 m>k$ & _m ( ! re=ms & *anges secur$ 9 ! two lead+ univ]sities 7 readily accept$4 ,! gr[? ( ! s-call$ /ud5t c5t]s 7c5tros e/udiantiles7 has be5 a feature ( high] education dur+ ! pa/ two ye>s4 ,^! organizations h come to be repres5tative ( /ud5t life & ( ! /ud5t po9t ( view1 & h !re=e ga9$ mu* importance 9 ! eyes ( ! au?orities4 ,!y are organiz$ accord+ to dep>tm5ts ( /udies1 su* z ! c5t]s ( m$ical & d5tal /ud5ts1 ( eng9e]+ /ud5ts1 ( political sci5ce /ud5ts1 ( /ud5ts ( ar*itecture1 & ( law4 ,ea* numb]s f #ajj to #ejj memb]s4 ,!y are gr\p$ z a :ole into ! ,univ]sity ,f$]ation ( ,bu5os ,aires1 9 :i* ea* is repres5t$ by delegates1 & :i* is reg>d$ z ! m\?piece ( all univ]sity /ud5ts 9 ! metropolis4 ,plans are already "u way by ! executive c\ncil ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,bu5os ,aires = ! celebration ( ! fir/ c5t5>y ( its f\ndation1 :i* w occur 9 ,octob]1 #aiba4 ,invitations h be5 ext5d$ to ! in/itutions ( high] education 9 all c\ntries ( ! _w to designate & s5d repres5tatives4 ,?\gh ! actual build+ ( ! anci5t colegio nacional1 9 :i* ! univ]sity began its op]ation1 has be5 mat]ially *ang$1 yet ! pres5t build+ occupies ! same site1 & x has be5 decid$ to hold ! c5t5nial celebration 9 x4 ,( int]e/ is ! project$ f\ndation ( a popul> univ]sity at ,bu5os ,aires1 con/itut$ along indu/rial l9es & frankly design$ to c\nt]act ! te*nical & indu/rial influ5ce ( ,nor? ,am]ican univ]sities 9 ,s\? ,am]ican c\ntries4 ,a survey ( educational progress 9 ,arg5t9a may fitt+ly conclude ) m5tion ( ! annual ,am]ican ,congress ( ,education & ,comm]cial ,ext5sion1 held 9 ,montevideo 9 ,janu>y1 #aiai1 9 :i* repres5tatives ( all ! ,lat9-,am]ican c\ntries p>ticipat$1 & ^? ( ,arg5t9a1 f h] economic & educational lead]%ip1 7 mo/ prom95t4 ,! proce$+s ( ! congress w be discuss$ 9 ! *apt] on ,uruguay4 ,,vocational ,,education ,,9 ,,brazil4 ,educational activity 9 ,brazil has be5 mo/ m>k$ 9 ! field ( vocational education4 ,a special commission1 appo9t$ by ! ,director ,g5]al ( ,public ,in/ruction1 consi/+ ( five exp]i5c$ tea*]s 9 subjects ( ?is nature1 0 in/ruct$ to =mulate c\rses = ! ,/ate s*ools :i* 7 to be e/abli%$ by law 9 ! ,f$]al ,di/rict4 ,!y 7 to s]ve z models = subsequ5t s*ools ( ! same "* 9 ! sev]al ,/ates & ,t]ritories4 ,! commission1 ( :i* ,s5hor ,coryn?o da ,fonseca 0 ! spokesman1 aft] sev]al mon?s ( conf]5ce & p]sonal visits ( inspection to ! vocational s*ools already exi/5t 9 ! sev]al c5t]s1 especially 9 ,sao ,paulo1 & aft] he>+ reports f active tea*]s 9 ! subjects1 pres5t$ its report 9 ,m>*1 #aiai4 ,x 0 approv$ by ! ,vice ,presid5t1 s]v+ ad int]im = ! ,presid5t1 & 0 recomm5d$ by him to be put into actual op]ation p5d+ its =mal enactm5t into law by ! ,congress4 ,! report z f9ally pres5t$ re/$ ^u f\r ma9 consid]ations3 #a4 ,! ,/ate1 9 ! field ( in/ruction1 has prim>ily an educational function & only second>ily a vocational "o4 ,c\rses 9 %op tra9+1 design$ to awake & develop an aptitude 9 ! pupil = a p>ticul> indu/ry1 mu/ ( c\rse ent] into any well-r\nd$ s*eme ( education4 ,?is 9 turn mu/ be design$ to promote a g5]al & n a specializ$ te*nical education :i* w introduce bo? sexes to indu/rial & comm]cial life4 ,= practical reasons ( exp5se1 if = no o!r1 ! ,/ate %\ld n be expect$ to prep>e pupils = specializ$ vocations4 #b4 ,! task ( ! commission be+ to deal ) ! bran*es ( vocational tra9+ be/ adapt$ to give ! pupil a broad outlook ^u g5]al indu/rial activities1 ! commission judg$ x be/ to conf9e its recomm5dations to manual "w ( con/ruction 9 wood1 metal1 & pla/ic mat]ial4 ,9 me?ods z well z cont5t ( in/ruction x is emphasiz$ t su* "w mu/ proce$ along ! l9es ( tea*+ by example4 ,9 su* tea*+ mu* t is old & fundam5tal mu/ be /ress$ by way ( ?r[+ light ^u ! elem5ts ( ! tra9+ t are common to all bran*es ( manual arts4 #c4 ,9 its decision to urge a g5]al attitude t[>d indu/rial tra9+ r ?an specializ$ me?ods peculi> to "o bran*1 ! commission 0 confirm$ by ! te/imony ( all except "o ( ! directors ( ! vocational in/itutions 9 ,brazil4 ,only "o advocat$ specializ$ in/ruction4 ,writt5 repres5tations ( ! faculties ( ! vocational s*ools ,alv>o ,bapti/a1 & ,s\za ,agui>1 9 ,rio1 fur!r confirm$ ?is view4 #d4 ,! results ( vocational in/ruction 9 ,brazil z actually obs]v$ )9 ! la/ few ye>s conv9c$ ! commission-- 7a7 ,t unspecializ$ tra9+ be/ provid$ ! f\ndations = good citiz5%ip z well z indu/rial tra9+4 7b7 ,t by ?is tra9+ ! lat5t te*nical aptitudes ( ! /ud5t 7 m effectively reveal$ & develop$1 z %[n by /eady increase 9 sal>ies ( ! graduates1 ?an 0 ! case ) ! appr5tices :o _h be5 tra9$ exclusively 9 "o l9e4 7c7 ,t ! sup]ior adaptation ( ! graduates ( ! g5]al vocational s*ool _h be5 %[n by tables giv+ in=mation z to _! progress 9 skill & value to _! employ]s4 ,^! tables 7 naturally incomplete1 b _! g5]al drift 0 und5iable4 7d7 ,t ! *ief cause ( ! poor att5dance ^u ! vocational in/ruction = boys is ! preval5t idea t ! vocational s*ool is an index ( l[] social /&+1 enroll+ only ^? boys t c n obta9 any o!r means ( education4 ,?us ! vocational s*ool is %>ply diff]5tiat$ socially f o!r types ( s*ools4 ,x suff]s f be+ reg>d$ z preem95tly ! s*ool to tra9 workm54 ,! commission _h 9 m9d ! purpose ( prep>+ public s5tim5t = ! pass+ ( ?is traditional prejudice :5 x attempt$ to inspire a j e/imate ( manual "w 9 ! public m9d & to organize su* c\rses z w\ld adequately c>ry out ?is idea4 7e7 ,t ! vocational s*ool mu/ be e/abli%$ z a direct cont9uation ( ! prim>y s*ool1 m9i/]+ to ! innate t5d5cy 9 ! *ild to realize ?+s ) 8 own h&s2 t ?us ! traditional & depress+ prejudice m5tion$ w\ld be c\nt]act$1 z "t w\ld n be giv5 = x to int]v5e 9 ! *ild's m9d4 ,! work%op1 ?us articulat$ ) g5]al tra9+1 w\ld come to be ! fulfillm5t ( an aspiration1 inculcat+ z well ! love ( "w & respect = x4 7f7 ,t ! success ( ! project$ s*ools dep5ds l>gely ^u ! coop]ation ( ! indu/rial firms ( ,brazil1 :i* %\ld be appeal$ to = _! sympa?y & = ! enc\ragem5t ( _! adolesc5t employees to att5d ^! s*ools2 t ! grant+ ( daylight h\rs to employees to att5d su* s*ools1 z has be5 done 9 ,engl& & ,france1 ) ! consequ5t improvem5t 9 ! physical & m5tal condition ( ! pupils1 is a /ep to be comm5d$ to all employ]s z patriotic citiz5s4 ,! sali5t provisions ( ! report ( ! commission are z foll[s3 ,,article #a4 ,! te*nical & vocational in/ruction ma9ta9$ by ! prefecture ( ! ,f$]al ,di/rict has = its aim to complete ! prim>y elem5t>y in/ruction by means ( a g5]al te*nical education lead+ ! y\? ( bo? sexes pref]ably to indu/rial & comm]cial activities4 ,,art4 #b4 ,te*nical & vocational in/ruction %all be giv5 9 ! foll[+ types ( s*ools3 7a7 ,prim>y vocational s*ools4 7b7 ,second>y vocational in/itutes4 7c7 ,second>y agricultural s*ools4 7d7 ,vocational f9i%+ c\rses4 7e7 ,normal s*ool ( arts & crafts4 ,types 7a71 7d71 & 7e7 %all be day s*ools exclusively2 types 7b7 & 7c7 %all (f] bo>d+ accommodations = pupils f di/ance4 ,,art4 #c4 ,9 s*ools ( types 7a7 & 7d7 in/ruction %all be imp>t$ pr$om9antly 9 ! recitation rooms4 ,,art4 #d4 ,! c\rses ( ! prim>y vocational s*ool = boys %all include ! foll[+ subjects3 7a7 ,! usual subjects ( ! complem5t>y c\rse ( ! prim>y s*ools1 ) full] developm5t ( ! /udies ( physics1 *emi/ry1 natural hi/ory1 hygi5e1 & ma!matics4 7b7 ,model+ & free-h& & me*anical draw+4 ,,art4 #e4 ,! c\rses ( ! prim>y vocational s*ool = girls %all include3 7a7 ,! usual subjects ( ! complem5t>y c\rse ( ! prim>y s*ools1 ) full] developm5t ( ! /udies ( hygi5e & dome/ic economy4 7b7 ,model+ & free-h& draw+4 ,,art4 #f4 ,! subjects ( ! vocational f9i%+ c\rses %all include3 7a7 ,9 ! comm]cial c\rse1 ,portuguese & civic in/ruction1 comm]cial geography1 ,fr5* & "o o!r mod]n language1 ,engli% or ,g]man1 to be *os5 by ! pupil1 comm]cial correspond5ce & acc\nt+1 typewrit+1 /5ography1 & ari?metic4 7b7 ,9 ! indu/rial c\rse1 ,portuguese & civic in/ruction1 ari?metic1 & geography1 elem5ts ( appli$ physics1 *emi/ry1 & natural hi/ory1 acc\nt+ z relat$ to ! p>ticul> vocation select$ by ! pupil1 free-h& & me*anical draw+4 ,,art4 #g4 ,! vocational f9i%+ c\rses are design$ prim>ily = "y m5 already employ$ 9 indu/ry & comm]ce1 :o seek to improve _! vocational k4 ,,art4 #h4 ,! two types ( vocational f9i%+ s*ools may be taught conjo9tly 9 ! same build+4 ,,art4 #i4 ,tea*]s & assi/ants imp>t+ in/ruction %all be appo9t$ z foll[s3 7a7 ,!re %all be a tea*] & s _m assi/ants = ea* bran* z %all be made necess>y by ! att5dance4 7b7 ,= ! in/ruction 9 te*nical acc\nt+ relat$ to ea* vocation !re %all be employ$ special tea*]s only :]e #ae or m /ud5ts are enroll$ = ea* c\rse1 & !y %all receive sal>ies only :5 actually tea*+4 ,! same tea*]s %all be 9 *>ge ( ! v>i\s relat$ bran*es ( te*nical in/ruction 9 ! %ops4 ,,art4 #aj4 ,! c\rses 9 ! second>y vocational in/itutes = boys %all include-- 7a7 ,! elem5t>y & middle in/ruction = pupils :o h n _h !m4 7b7 ,physical ex]cises & milit>y drill4 7c7 ,vocal & in/rum5tal music4 ,,art4 #aa4 ,! c\rses 9 ! vocational in/itutes = girls %all include-- 7a7 ,prim>y in/ruction = su* pupils z h n _h x4 7b7 ,vocational draw+ & model+4 ,9 ! vocational in/itutes ! elem5t>y prim>y in/ruction %all be foll[$ by an int5sive c\rse 9 manual arts1 su* z sloyd1 wood c>v+1 & weav+ 9 /raw1 v9e1 & bamboo4 ,,art4 #ab4 ,! prim>y vocational s*ools %all also (f] a comm]cial c\rse consi/+ ( ! foll[+ subjects3 7a7 ,comm]cial correspond5ce & acc\nt+4 7b7 ,typewrit+ & /5ography4 7c7 ,fr5* & "o o!r mod]n language1 ,engli% or ,g]man4 ,,art4 #ac4 ,in/ruction 9 ! work%ops ( vocational s*ools = boys %all be giv5 fir/ 9 a g5]al compulsory c\rse ( ?ree ye>s1 dur+ :i* ! pupil %all 9 turn be tra9$ 9 ! work%ops 9 cold & molt5 metals1 includ+ f\ndry "w & wr\ght-iron "w4 ,! pupil %all !n be all[$ to specialize 9 any work%op or section at 8 *oice4 ,! pupils ( ! vocational in/itutes = boys %all likewise take a compulsory c\rse 9 horticulture & k9dr$ subjects4 ,,art4 #ad4 ,! agricultural s*ools & ! vocational in/itutes %all require att5dance on ! c\rses ( civil tra9+ & agronomy1 ) optional specialization 9 any l9e select$ :5 ! g5]al c\rse is complet$4 ,,art4 #ae4 ,9 ! vocational s*ools & in/itutes = girls !re %all be a compulsory g5]al c\rse ^u ! foll[+ practical subjects3 ,cook+1 laund]+1 iron+ & />*+1 h\sekeep+1 sew+ & dressmak+4 ,along ) ?is g5]al c\rse ! pupils %all att5d c]ta9 vocational c\rses *os5 by !mselves f sew+1 lace mak+1 & embroid]y1 artificial-fl[] "w1 etc4 ,,art4 #af4 ,= admission to ! s*ools ( vocational in/ruction ! foll[+ %all be ! legal requirem5ts z to age3 7a7 ,= vocational & agricultural s*ools1 m9imum age #ac1 maximum #ba4 7b7 ,= ! vocational in/itutes = boys1 m9imum age #aj1 maximum #ac4 7c7 ,= ! vocational in/itutes = girls1 m9imum age #g1 maximum #ac4 7d7 ,= ! normal s*ool ( arts & trades1 m9imum age #ad1 maximum #be4 7e7 ,= ! vocational f9i%+ c\rses1 m9imum age #ac4 ,,art4 #ag4 ,= matriculation 9 ! vocational & agricultural s*ools & ! f9i%+ c\rses ! c&idates %all submit to an exam9ation ^u ! subjects taught 9 ! middle c\rse ( ! prim>y s*ool4 ,9 ! comm]cial c\rses ( ! f9i%+ s*ools1 9 ! girls' s*ools1 & 9 ! normal s*ool ( arts & trades1 ! entrance exam9ation %all be ^u ! subjects ( ! f9al exam9ation ( ! prim>y s*ools4 ,,art4 #ah4 ,! s*ool ye> 9 ! entire sy/em ( vocational in/ruction1 ) ! exception ( agricultural s*ools1 %all beg9 ,m>* #a & close ,novemb] #cj4 ,! p]iod f ,decemb] #a to ,decemb] #bd %all be devot$ to exam9ations & to s*ool exhibitions4 ,9 ! agricultural s*ools1 because ( _! nature1 ! pupils %all h #fj days ( annual vacation grant$ to !m 9 gr\ps by ! director 9 accordance ) ! dem&s ( ! agricultural seasons & labors4 ,,art4 #ai4 ,! c\rses ( ! prim>y vocational s*ools1 ( ! in/itutes1 & ( ! f9i%+ c\rses %all be divid$ into p]iods ( #d to #e ye>s2 ! f9i%+ c\rses into p]iods ( ?ree ye>s2 & ! comm]cial c\rse ( ! s*ools = girls into a p]iod ( two ye>s4 ,,art4 #bd4 ,! (ficials ( inspection ( te*nical & vocational in/ruction %all draw up annual /ati/ics ( att5dance & ( ! results ( ! vocational in/ruction ^u ! bases ( data furni%$ by ! directors ( ! sev]al s*ools &1 s f> z possible1 by employ]s & by ! =m] pupils :o h !mselves left ! s*ools4 ,^! /ati/ics %all relate to ! foll[+ topics3 7a7 ,numb] ( pupils plac$1 ) indication ( ! e/abli%m5ts :]e !y are employ$4 7b7 ,initial sal>y obta9$ by !m z relat$ to ! p]iod ( s*ool+4 7c7 ,te*nical aptitude reveal$ by =m] pupils & _! capacity ( adaptation to ! v>i\s indu/rial works4 7d7 ,progress ( increase 9 sal>y ( =m] pupils4 7e7 ,all available in=mation z to individual =m] pupils ) reg>d to ! advantages or disadvantages ( _! s*ool+ 9 ! decision ( economic life1 & _! success 9 x4 ,,art4 #be4 ,all po/s ( assi/ants & sub/itutes 9 ! vocational sy/em %all be fill$ by competitive exam9ations4 7a7 ,= ! assi/ant 9 draw+ 9 ! vocational s*ools 9 in/itutes = boys1 ! exam9ation %all be te/s 9 draw+1 9 arti/ic tra9+1 & 9 p$agogical fitness4 7b7 ,= ! fill+ ( ! same po/ 9 ! vocational s*ools & in/itutes = girls ! exam9ation %all be te/s 9 writ+ at dictation1 9 decorative composition1 9 embroid]y & lacework1 & 9 p$agogical fitness4 7c7 ,! competitive te/ = fill+ ! po/ ( sub/itutes 9 %opwork %all be ^u vocational design ( an assign$ !me = %opwork & ! execution ( ! same4 ,,art4 #bf4 ,! tea*]s 9 vocational in/ruction %all be nam$ by means ( promotion ( ! assi/ants & sub/itutes4 ,,art4 #bg4 ,!re %all be a sub/itute = e gr\p ( #bj pupils 9 %opwork1 & an assi/ant = e class ( #cj pupils4 ,,art4 #bh4 ,:5 any prim>y s*ool is trans=m$ into a vocational s*ool !re %all be annex$ ! elem5t>y prim>y c\rse 9 :i* %all be taught int5sively ! manual arts prescrib$ = ! elem5t>y in/ruction ( ! in/itutes1 b ! pupils %all att5d ! %opwork ( ! vocational c\rses only :5 !y h complet$ ! "w ( ! middle c\rse & atta9$ ! age ( #ac ye>s4 ,,education ,,9 ,,*ile4 ,,prelim9>y4 ,! la/ two ye>s h se5 9 ,*ile a di/9ct ga!r+ up ( ! ?reads ( educational purpose4 ,! feel+ ( dissatisfaction ) ! prim>y s*ool sy/em1 = _m ye>s in>ticulate1 has f\nd a voice1 & all signs po9t to ,*ile's f9ally secur+ a mod]niz$ sy/em ( public in/ruction4 ,! head & front ( ! indictm5t drawn by national /ud5ts ( education has be5 ! complete ,g]manization ( ! sy/em ?r\gh ! employm5t ( a consid]able numb] ( ,g]man educational exp]ts dur+ ! decade f #aijd to #aiad4 ,! climax came 9 ! revelations ( ! propag&i/ activities ( ! ,g]man educators br\ght out at ! meet+ ( ! ,national ,educational ,association 9 #aiag4 ,f9ancial support ( public in/ruction 9 ,*ile has nev] be5 /9t$1 s f> z its exi/5t /ate 0 conc]n$4 ,z m]ely "o item may be adduc$ ! fact t 9 ,m>*1 #aiaf1 ! ,congress au?oriz$ ! ,presid5t to devote to public in/ruction = specific aims su* z ! build+ & remodel+ ( s*oolh\ses1 #d1jjj1jjj annually = #aj ye>s1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! ,c5tral ,c\ncil ( ,education1 9 :i* 0 ve/$ ! discretion z to me?ods & objects ( ! exp5diture4 ,9 #aiah ! budget 0 vot$ by ! ,congress ( #ce1dej1jjj = public in/ruction1 z aga9/ t ( #cb1cgc1djd = #aiag4 ,s t ! au?orities ( ! ,gov]nm5t mu/ ju/ly be cr$it$ ) a practical int]e/ 9 education :i* enc\rages tea*]s & o!r active work]s 9 _! ef=ts t[>d great] effici5cy4 ,9 #aiag !re _h be5 increas$ discussion ( matt]s educational2 & 9 ,june ( t ye> ,presid5t ,sanfu5tes 9 8 message %[$ t ! "t _h come to impress on ! national sy/em ( public in/ruction a m practical /amp1 mak+ x adequate to ! ne$s ( ev]yday life & ! special conditions ( ! c\ntry4 ,along ) ?is he urg$ ! specialization ( second>y education z1 j !n1 ! urg5t & opportune po9t ( attack = ! developm5t ( ,*ile's sci5tific & indu/rial possibilities4 ,?is message 0 foll[$ by action ( ! ,congress :i* cle>ly %[$ ! traditional l9e ( cleavage long prevail+ 9 ,*ile's social & political sy/em4 ,! dem& = "s =m ( mod]niz$ public in/ruction c\ld no long] be repress$2 & a cons]vative deputy introduc$ ! project ( a law to ins]t 9 ! con/itution a provision = compulsory prim>y s*ool+ & compulsory religi\s in/ruction1 ! only modification ( ! latt] be+ ! concession to ! p>5t to *oose ! =ms & means ( su* in/ruction4 ,! radical p>ty 0 n sl[ 9 c\nt]+ ) a project adopt+ ! feature ( compulsory att5dance b dec5traliz+ & completely secul>iz+ ! exi/+ sy/em4 ,! latt] proposal1 n[ made = ! fir/ "t 9 ! hi/ory ( ,*ilean legislation1 0 especially bold1 z ,*ile has nev] done away ) ! ess5tially religi\s tone ( h] education4 ,%e reta9s repres5tatives ( ! ,/ate *ur* on h] ,national ,c\ncil ( ,education1 freely recognizes p>o*ial prim>y s*ools1 & has h] second>y s*ools l>gely manag$ by religi\s in/ructors & "u di/9ctively religi\s auspices4 ,! compromise bill =mulat$ by a specially appo9t$ commission ( ! ,congress s\ght to satisfy bo? extremes4 ,x ve/$ supreme adm9i/rative au?ority 9 educational matt]s 9 a c\ncil ( #ah1 sitt+ 9 ,santiago1 presid$ ov] by ! ,m9i/] ( ,ju/ice & ,in/ruction2 b x all[$ #aa ( ! memb]s to be nam$ by ! ,s5ate1 ! ,*amb] ( ,deputies1 & ! ,presid5t ( ! ,republic4 ,?is feature 0 sev]ely criticiz$ by ! lib]als & by ! ,national ,educational ,association z /ill keep+ educational au?ority 9 ! h&s ( politicians1 n intru/+ x to m5 really int]e/$ 9 education1 & mak+ x possible to block all educational progress :5ev] desir$4 ,! bill made f\r ye>s' att5dance 9 prim>y s*ools1 private or public1 compulsory = all *ildr5 betwe5 #g & #ac1 & requir$ all rea*+ ! latt] age )\t complet+ ! prescrib$ c\rse to cont9ue until #ae4 ,pov]ty c\ld n be plead$ 9 excuse1 z grants by ! ,/ate 7 specifi$ & graduat$ 9 am\nts accord+ to ne$4 ,exemption f religi\s in/ruction 0 all[$ ^u writt5 application ( ! p>5t or ^u c]tification ( ! local junta1 ano!r feature oppos$ by ! ,national ,educational ,association on ! gr\nd t ! junta's p[]s c\ld nev] be s amplifi$ legally4 ,programs ( /udy & s*$ules %\ld be "u ! au?ority ( ! inspector g5]al ( prim>y in/ruction4 ,prim>y in/ruction 0 to be imp>t$ to complete illit]ates 9 s*ools call$ supplem5t>y1 manag$ indep5d5tly ( exi/+ prim>y s*ools1 & to p>tial illit]ates 9 s*ools call$ complem5t>y1 conduct$ 9 conjunction ) exi/5t prim>y s*ools4 ,! bill1 z outl9$ above1 enc\nt]$ opposition f _m s\rces1 & /ill rema9s un5act$4 ,p5d+ its passage1 ! ,m9i/] ( ,public ,in/ruction1 by virtue ( ! p[] ve/$ 9 him1 issu$ 9 #aiah a decree organiz+ prim>y education 9 ?ree grades ( two ye>s ea*1 cont9u$ by "o grade ( vocational education ( f "o to ?ree ye>s4 ,att5dance is n specifically compulsory1 ?\gh ! local junta has p[] s to decl>e x 9 ! s*ools ( its jurisdiction4 ,! requirem5ts z to qualifications ( a prim>y tea*] are made m rigor\s2 he mu/ be a citiz5 ( ,*ile1 ( good "*1 n less ?an #ah nor m ?an #dj ye>s ( age at ! "t ( appo9tm5t1 & a graduate ( a ,gov]nm5t normal s*ool1 or hold+ a degree ( a ,*ilean or recogniz$ =eign in/itution4 ,,illit]acy4 ,! problem ( illit]acy 9 ,*ile is a s]i\s "o1 ! e/imat$ figures = #aiag %[+ #iei1jfa illit]ates out ( a total population ( #c1bdi1bgi4 ,s9ce ! ye> #aijj ! /ruggle aga9/ x has gr[n 9 vigor4 ,! ,national ,educational ,association has %[n especial effici5cy1 & has work$ ?r\gh committees hav+ ! foll[+ phases 9 *>ge3 ,compulsory s*ool att5dance1 ! legal requirem5ts1 condition ( ! s*ools & ! tea*+ =ce1 s*ool rev5ues1 s*ool build+s & sanitation1 & special education4 ,?is /eady pressure prep>$ public s5tim5t = ! lead]%ip ( ! mo/ influ5tial ag5cy ev] invok$ 9 ! fight aga9/ illit]acy1 viz4 ! conf]5ces organiz$ by ! p[]ful newspap] ,el ,m]curio4 ,"u its auspices ^! conf]5ces 7 held 9 a #c-;days' s]ies 9 ,july1 #aiag1 & 7 att5d$ & p>ticipat$ 9 by m5 & wom5 id5tifi$ ) e phase ( national education4 ,! foll[+ topics 7 ! sali5t ones ( ^? discuss$3 #a4 ,comp>ative /udy ( illit]acy /ati/ics 9 v>i\s c\ntries4 #b4 ,means ( combat+ illit]acy 9 lead+ nations4 #c4 ,practicable means ( action 9 ,*ile4 #d4 ,means ( contribution1 & proportion 9 :i* ! ,/ate1 ! municipal au?orities1 & ! ,prov9ces may contribute to ! budget necess>y4 #e4 ,coop]ation ( private initiative4 #f4 ,means ( mak+ s*ool att5dance compulsory4 #g4 ,regulation ( *ild labor4 #h4 ,re=ms necess>y 9 actual plans ( /udy & 9 classification ( s*ools4 #i4 ,necessity & practical means ( giv+ ! s*ools a m ,nationali/ic "*4 #aj4 ,m9imum ( k to be requir$ by compulsory att5dance law4 #aa4 ,place ( night s*ools1 ,sunday s*ools1 & travel+ s*ools1 9 ! /ruggle aga9/ illit]acy4 ,:ile no action ( a legal "* result$ f ^! conf]5ces1 yet ! impetus giv5 to ! cause 0 p[]ful1 & _h weight 9 br++ ab\t ! decree & ! project$ law already outl9$4 ,su* a move1 comb9+ at once social & economic z well z educational *>act]i/ics1 seek+ to br+ public op9ion to be> on ! solution ( a problem und]ly+ ! life ( a nation1 & laun*$ by a newspap]1 is unique 9 ! hi/ory ( education4 ,! ,t]ritory ( ,magellanes has %[n itself rem>kably effici5t 9 h&l+ ! problem ( illit]acy4 ,x is ! s\!rnmo/ area ( ! c\ntry1 & little favor$ by nature1 be+ a long /rip ( b>r5 & rocky coa/1 ) a climate s+ul>ly bleak & un9vit+4 ,its indu/ries are bas$ exclusively ^u its m9]al res\rces2 & its population1 ?\gh intellig5t1 is v sp>se4 ,by ! c5sus ( #aiag1 its p]c5tage ( illit]acy 0 #bj2 accord+ to ! e/imate ( ! au?or ( a /udy ( ! ,t]ritory1 publi%$ 9 ! ,anales de la ,univ]sidad1 ,april1 #aiah1 ?is has be5 r$uc$ to #g p] c5t4 ,cr$it is l>gely due ! ,society ( ,popul> ,in/ruction1 a private organization1 e/abli%$ 9 #aiaa1 :i* (f]s free in/ruction to pupils ( all ages4 ,9 spite ( ! prevail+ inclem5cy ( ! climate1 ! sessions ( its day & night s*ools are excell5tly att5d$4 ,! sy/em is c5traliz$ 9 ,punta ,ar5as4 ,,prim>y ,,education4 ,unlike ,arg5t9a & ,brazil1 prim>y public education has always be5 left 9 ! h&s ( ! c5tral national gov]nm5t1 ! individual ,prov9ce hav+ control ( f9ancial outlay & ! con/ruction ( s*ool build+s1 & ?is only :5 requirem5ts ( ! national law are fulfill$4 ,uni=m programs ( /udy & s*$ules ( h\rs are en=c$ ?r\gh\t ! nation4 ,b conditions ( sc>city ( mat]ials & labor r5d] x impossible to keep _m ( ! old build+s 9 repair4 ,! t5d5cy long criticiz$ by ! ,association ( ,tea*]s1 to cram s*ool build+s into ! half doz5 l>g] c5t]s1 seems 9 a fair way to be *eck$4#a #a ,criticism has be5 freely express$ 9 ! public press ( ! use ( a disproportionately l>ge "p ( ! prim>y s*ool fund vot$ by ! ,congress = ! use ( ! executive4 ,?is new ord] ( ?+s is mo/ pla9ly se5 9 ! att5tion paid to rural s*ools1 :i* h pr$om9at$ 9 ! numb] built s9ce #aiaf4 ,! ,gov]nm5t has in/ruct$ ! committee on public works & ! dep>tm5t ( prim>y in/ruction to develop a plan ( build+ uni=m types ( rural s*ool4 ,! exp5ses are to be borne out ( ! fund j m5tion$4 ,?ree types are contemplat$1 ) a capacity ( #hj1 #afj1 & #djj pupils respectively1 solidly con/ruct$1 con=m+ /rictly to all mod]n dem&s ( sanitation1 light+1 & heat+4 ,9 _m places ! ,nor? ,am]ican pr9ciple ( consolidation ( s*ools has be5 appli$1 to ! di/9ct improvem5t ( att5dance & in/ruction1 #bjj small & /ruggl+ s*ools hav+ be5 aboli%$ & #ajj annex$ to o!rs m c5trally situat$4 ,) ^! ga9s1 h[ev]1 ! cry+ ne$ 9 ,*ile is ackn[l$g$ to be m s*ools4 ,x is e/imat$ t #aj1jjj elem5t>y s*ools are yet ne$$ = h] approximately #gej1jjj *ildr51 ( :om slightly less ?an #djj1jjj are 9 ! s*ools ( ?is grade1 & #ej1jjj 9 private p>o*ial s*ools4 ,all educational ?9k]s are agre$ t ! situation calls = legal compulsory att5dance on prim>y in/ruction1 rigidly en=c$4 ,,second>y ,,education4 ,second>y education 9 ,*ile is organiz$ 9 ?ree grades3 7#a7 ,national high s*ools2 7#b7 liceos ( ! second class1 & 7#c7 complete liceos ( ! fir/ class4 7#a7 ,! high s*ools are a developm5t ( ! la/ few ye>s1 & are situat$ only 9 ! l>g] c5t]s4 ,!y numb] #cj = boys & #ab = girls1 enroll+ less ?an #ab1jjj pupils1 & are g5]ally little m ?an high] elem5t>y s*ools4 ,!y are almo/ exclusively te*nical1 & d n prep>e ! pupil = advanc$ /udy4 7#b7 ,! liceos ( ! second class 7sometimes call$ colegios71 ( :i* ab\t #ajj exi/ 9 ! ,prov9ces & ,t]ritories1 (f] c\rses cov]+ ?ree ye>s 9 ! elem5t>y subjects ( in/ruction common to sci5tific & lit]>y gr\ps4 7#c7 ,! liceos ( ! fir/ class1 numb]+ #dj = boys & #ca = girls1 & (f]+ ! full c\rse ( six ye>s1 are repres5tative ( ! be/ 9 second>y education 9 ,lat9-,am]ica4 ,^? = boys1 foll[+ ! tradition ( ! ,spani% sy/em = correspond+ s*ools1 are adm9i/]$ by ! ,univ]sity ( ,*ile2 ^? = girls1 by ! ,m9i/] ( ,public ,in/ruction & ! ,national ,c\ncil4 ,! practical & sci5tific wave :i* swept ov] ?is division ( education 9 #aiae caus$ ! re9=cem5t ( physical & *emical tea*+4 ,spani%1 hi/ory & geography1 religion 7optional71 ,fr5*1 ma!matics1 natural sci5ces1 gymna/ics & s++1 & manual tra9+ run ?r\gh all six ye>s ( ! c\rse2 ,engli% 7or ,g]man or ,italian71 philosophy1 civics1 p5man%ip & draw+1 me*anical draw+ 7optional71 ext5d ?r\gh v>y+ numb]s ( ye>s4 ,/ud5ts ( second>y education are /ruck ) ! excessive numb] ( h\rs requir$ weekly1 ! m9imum be+ #bi = ! fir/ ye> & ! maximum #cc = ea* ( ! la/ ?ree ye>s4 ,! ess5tial purpose ( ! liceo ( ! fir/ class is to prep>e = ! univ]sity1 or = ! pr(essions2 & national s*ol>%ips are grant$1 includ+ ma9t5ance at ! ho/els1 or annex$ bo>d+ halls :i* 7 e/abli%$ five ye>s ago4 ,! sy/em ( second>y education has long be5 criticiz$ by ,*ilean educational ?9k]s z be+ too l>gely m5tal & lit]>y1 & z pay+ little1 if any1 att5tion to ! physical & moral4 ,! attempt to organize sports & physical ex]cises 9 second>y education has met f> less enc\ragem5t ?an 9 o!r ,s\? ,am]ican c\ntries4 ,by decree ( ,may1 #aiag1 classes = illit]ate girls ov] #g ye>s old 7 annex$ to liceos = girls1 ! m9i/ry bas+ ! numb] to be admitt$ ^u ! att5dance ( ! ye> previ\s4 ,?is 0 /\tly oppos$ by ! ,national ,educational ,association z be+ a confusion ( classification1 a violation ( ! cont9uity ( ! educational sy/em1 & an evasion ( ! palpable duty ( ! s*ool au?orities1 :i* %\ld press ! ,gov]nm5t to e/abli% fitt+ & prop] s*ools = su* illit]ate girls4 ,! ,gov]nm5t has appo9t$ a commission ( prom95t m5 = ! /udy ( re=ms necess>y & advisable = programs ( second>y education = girls4 ,z matt]s /&1 ! same programs ( /udy are set = bo? boys & girls1 a traditional arrangem5t ! disadvantages ( :i* are com+ fully to be recogniz$4 ,despite unfavorable & antiquat$ programs ( /udies1 ! ,prov9ce ( ,nuble has made notewor?y progress 9 female second>y education4 ,9 ,*illan1 its capital1 are conduct$ f\r liceos1 ?ree ( :i* are = girls4 ,ambiti\s c\rses 9 ! classics1 social sci5ces1 & rudim5t>y sci5ce are (f]$4 ,"o ( !m1 ! ,in/ituto ,p$agogico1 f\nd$ 9 #aiab1 ex]cises f>-rea*+ influ5ce ov] ! social1 moral1 & arti/ic conditions ( ! ,prov9ce4 ,! ,am]ican ,liceo1 a private in/itution1 conduct$ by tea*]s f ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 devotes especial att5tion to ! tea*+ ( ,engli%1 colloquial & lit]>y1 & also gives in/ruction g5]ally along ?or\ghly mod]n high-s*ool l9es4 ,,tra9+ ,,( ,,tea*]s4 ,*ile's sy/em ( tra9+ tea*]s is di/9ctively eclectic1 borr[+1 z x has done1 f ,france1 ,sw$51 ,g]many1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,be=e #ahgj ,fr5* influ5ce pr$om9at$1 ! great ,arg5t9e educator1 ,s>mi5to1 himself a pupil ( ! s*ool ( ,sa9t-,simon1 hav+ f\nd$ ! fir/ normal s*ool 9 #ahdb :ile 9 exile f ! tyranny ( ! dictator ,rosas4 ,g]man influ5ce became pron\nc$ ab\t #ahhj1 :5 t nation began to supply m5 & wom5 tea*]s 9 ! normals & z in/ructors 9 all grades ( education4 ,s9ce #be ye>s ago ! tide began to turn t[>d ,nor? ,am]ican influ5ce1 especially ( ! type ( education develop$ 9 ! ,nor?we/]n ,/ates4 ,! ,*ilean ideal is a judici\s comb9ation ( 7#a7 an in/itution = ! tra9+ ( tea*]s = public s*ools :o %all h adequate culture1 specializ$ tra9+1 manual skill1 & !oretical & practical k ( mod]n subjects1 & 7#b7 an in/itution = tra9+ 9 social relations & habits1 ex]cis+ /eady influ5ce on ! social environm5t ( ! s*ool by means ( popul> c\rses & conf]5ces1 & p>ticipation 9 popul> movem5ts4 ,! full c\rse 9 ! #af tra9+ colleges = tea*]s cov]s five ye>s1 ( :i* ! fir/ ?ree are devot$ to g5]al education & ! la/ two to pr(essional tra9+4 ,! c\rse = ! fif? ye> is ess5tially pr(essional1 consi/+ ( p$agogy 7hi/ory1 me?odology1 & practice tea*+71 #ag h\rs weekly2 ,spani%1 #a h\r2 ,engli% or ,fr5* or ,g]man1 #d h\rs2 civics & economics1 #b h\rs2 hygi5e1 #b h\rs2 horticulture or metallography1 #b h\rs2 draw+1 #a h\r2 manual arts1 #b h\rs2 music1 #a h\r2 physical education1 #c h\rs4 ,all exp5ses are defray$1 9 return = :i* ! pupil is pl$g$ to tea* = sev5 ye>s 9 ! national s*ools4 ,! actual me?od ( in/ruction is along ,g]man l9es4 ,object lessons1 ^? 9 natural hi/ory & hi/ory & geography h all impress$ rec5t =eign visitors z ess5tially ,h]b>tian4 ,p]haps 9 no o!r c\ntry ( ! _w1 s9ce ! well-drill$ ,g]man s*ools fell into *aos1 is ! influ5ce ( ! normal s*ools ^u ! sy/em & me?od ( public in/ruction m p[]ful ?an 9 ,*ile4 ,inde$1 ?is pot5t influ5ce has ov]leap$ ! b\nd>ies ( ,*ile prop] & affect$ e c\ntry ( ,lat9 ,am]ica4 ,a supreme example is ! influ5ce ( ! ,in/ituto ,p$agogico1 ! be/ kn[n ( ,*ilean normal s*ools1 f\nd$ 9 #aiji1 ) pr$om9at+ly ,g]man faculty1 :i* has develop$ into a type ( high] normal s*ool ) a colegio annex$1 emphasiz+ practice tea*+ ) subsequ5t criticism & c\rses ( g5]al p$agogy & me?odology 9 e subject4 ,its c]tificates rank highe/ 9 ! second>y & normal education ( ! capital city2 /ud5ts are attract$ to x f ! o!r ,lat9-,am]ican ,/ates1 & return home to reorganize education !re along its l9es4 ,its boa/ is t x inspir$ ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,in/ituto ,nacional at ,bu5os ,aires4 ,sc&9avian & ,belgian influ5ces are at "w 9 ! ,in/ituto de ,pr(esores ,especiales4 ,e/abli%$ 9 #aijf1 x 0 def9itely reorganiz$ 9 #aiaj & in/all$ 9 ! build+ especially con/ruct$ = x4 ,( its #cjj pupils #bjj are wom51 & ! majority ( bo? m5 & wom5 are active tea*]s 9 ! s*ools ( ! capital4 ,x (f]s c\rses common to all ! specializ$ sections1 su* z psy*ology1 ,fr5*1 p$agogy1 civics1 & s*ool legislation1 & includes five sections1 fundam5tal to its organization3 ,physical education1 manual arts1 draw+ & p5man%ip1 dome/ic economy1 & vocal music4 ,= ! conv5i5ce ( tea*]s1 in/ruction is giv5 f #g to #i a4m4 & f #d to #h p4m4 ,! la/ few ye>s h se5 wide ext5sion ( ! dem& = rural normal s*ools1 & _m critics ( ! exi/5t s*ools h urg$ t !y foll[ ^? ( ! ,/ate ( ,wiscons9 z a model4 ,! ess5tial solid>ity ( educational aims ( ! ,s\? ,am]ican republics is %[n by ! fact t ,*ile1 ,arg5t9a1 & ,bolivia dur+ ! same p]iod drew _! inspiration f ! same ,nor? ,am]ican s\rce4 ,! decree already m5tion$ "u ! head ( prim>y education emphasizes ! duty ( ! normal s*ools to prep>e free ( all exp5se prim>y tea*]s = any ( ! ?ree grades ( in/ruction4 ,ea* normal s*ool is also requir$ to h annex$ su* specially organiz$ practice s*ools z %all be necess>y4 ,at ! discretion ( ! ,presid5t ( ! ,republic1 ! normal s*ools %all (f] special c\rses = ^? /ud5ts :o h pass$ ! exam9ations ( ! fif? ye> ( ! colegios1 ) ! aim ( attract+ su* /ud5ts into ! field ( tea*+4 ,t ! ne$ ( wid] tra9+ ( ! tea*]s is a press+ "o 9 ,*ile is %[n by ! fact t1 9 #aiae1 ( #c1jjj rural tea*]s1 only #cej1 & ( #f1bdj prim>y tea*]s ( ! nation at l>ge1 only #b1dce1 _h normal s*ool tra9+4 ,! s]vice _h to be recruit$ by #b1jjj graduates ( prim>y s*ools :o pass$ exam9ations1 & by #a1hej applicants :o held no c]tificate & 7 all[$ to s]ve z tempor>y sub/itutes4 ,( special int]e/ is ! annual reciprocity ( tea*]s betwe5 ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,*ile & ! ,univ]sities ( ! ,/ates ( ,cali=nia & ,wa%+ton1 arrang$ 9 #aiah4 ,ea* p>ty is to s5d f\r4 ,= ! pres5t ! ,*ilean commission has express$ pr$om9ant int]e/ 9 second>y education1 & has call$ = "o univ]sity pr(essor1 "o normal-s*ool tea*]1 "o tea*] ( te*nical subjects1 & "o tea*] 7pref]ably a woman7 9 second>y education4 ,! univ]sities m5tion$ w act z ! ag5ts 9 ! selection ( ! in/ructors4 ,int]*ange ( univ]sity pr(essors has also be5 arrang$ ) ,uruguay1 :i* is = ! pres5t conf9$ to m$ical in/ruction4 ,! ,national ,educational ,association has at _m meet+s press$ = ! sci5tific & practical tra9+ ( ! tea*]s ( ,*ile 9 vocational /udies2 & = ! appropriation by ! ,congress ( a def9ite sum = s5d+ normal tea*]s abroad = /udy 9 ! mod]n practical & sociological subjects4 ,,te*nical ,,education4 ,= ?is bran* ( education ! ,national ,educational ,association 9 #aiag recomm5d$ t !re be e/abli%$ by law a ,c\ncil ( ,indu/rial ,education compos$ ( a director & #ab memb]s1 f\r ( :om %all be pr(essors ( ! fundam5tal te*nical bran*es1 "o a woman inspector ( vocational s*ools = wom51 "o an inspector g5]al ( prim>y education1 "o ! director g5]al ( railroads1 & "o a director & inspector ( army munitions4 ,_! duties %\ld be to ex]cise sup]9t5d5cy ov] ! entire sy/em ( te*nical & indu/rial education to be organiz$ 9 ! ,republic1 ov] ! national s*ool ( arts & trades1 & ov] su* indu/rial s*ools = girls & wom5 z might be e/abli%$4 ,on ?is bo>d %\ld be likewise all inspectors & (ficials ( su* bran*es z might be lat] e/abli%$4 ,a bill embody+ ^! provisions 0 introduc$ 9 ! ,congress b has n z yet be5 act$ ^u4 ,/eady progress 9 all bran*es ( te*nical education has be5 %[n4 ,! s*ools ( high] prim>y grade (f]+ te*nical c\rses numb] #bhh1 ) physical tra9+ & gymna/ics compulsory 9 all grades4 ,!re 7 also 9 op]ation #bi te*nical colegios = wom52 #f agricultural colegios2 #aj comm]cial s*ools1 controll$ by ! commission ^u comm]cial education2 & #c s*ools ( m9es4 ,! dep>tm5t ( indu/rial promotion has urg$ ^u ! ,congress ! e/abli%m5t ( a *a9 ( indu/rial & agricultural s*ools4 ,) ! e/abli%m5t by law ( ! ,indu/rial ,univ]sity ( ,valp>aiso !re w be complet$ ! full cycle ( indu/rial education 9 ,*ile1 consi/+ (3 7#a7 ,elem5t>y indu/rial tra9+ 9 two s*ools already e/abli%$ & 9 six m to be e/abli%$2 7#b7 second>y indu/rial tra9+ 9 ! ,s*ool ( ,arts & ,crafts2 & 7#c7 high] indu/rial tra9+ 9 ! ,te*nical ,s*ool ( ,valp>aiso4 ,9 ,novemb]1 #aiah1 met ! fir/ ,national ,congress ( ,dairy+1 organiz$ "u ! auspices ( ! ,agronomic ,society ( ,*ile4 ,x urg$ ! legal organization ( in/ruction 9 ?is bran* 9 7#a7 special s*ools ( dairy+ 9 nor!rn & c5tral ,*ile2 7#b7 c\rses annex$ to already e/abli%$ s*ools ( agriculture2 7#c7 9 e/abli%m5ts ( second>y education = y\?s ( bo? sexes 9 popul> meet+s & public travel+ c\rses2 7#d7 9 rural prim>y s*ools = illit]ate adults4 ,x is appropriate to m5tion j "h ! compreh5sive project ( ! bo>d ( missions ( ! ,me?odi/ ,episcopal ,*ur* ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates = ! e/abli%m5t ( an agricultural & indu/rial sy/em ( education 9 s\!rn ,*ile4 ,x has be5 approv$ by ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,*ile z a pot5t aid 9 ! uplift ( ! peon class4 ,a ran* ( ne>ly #d1jjj acres has be5 pur*as$ along ! ,malleco ,riv]1 on :i* x is purpos$ to tra9 ! native population 9 ! rudim5t>y subjects ( in/ruction1 & especially 9 mod]n agricultural me?ods4 ,! managem5t w employ ! be/ available exp]ts 9 horticulture1 agriculture1 & dome/ic arts to be f\nd 9 ! ,s\? ,am]ican c\ntries :o may be acqua9t$ ) ! ne$s ( ,*ilean rural life4 ,,! ,,national ,,educational ,,association ,,( ,,*ile4 ,?is body plays a l>g] "p 9 educational ?\ght & lead]%ip ?an ! correspond+ body 9 any o!r ,lat9 ,am]ican ,/ate4 ,its activities are plann$ = close articulation ( ! social & educational ne$s ( ! nation4 ,"o ( ! fur!/ rea*+ is ! public-ext5sion "w 9 subjects ( univ]sity & second>y in/ruction4 ,9 #aiag1 its elev5? ye> ( op]ation1 x held #ad conf]5ces at ! ,univ]sity ( ,*ile1 ) an att5dance ( #ae1jjj1 an increase ( #ej p] c5t ov] ! previ\s ye>4 ,! subjects treat$ 7 patriotic1 hi/orical1 lit]>y1 arti/ic1 sociological1 comm]cial1 & m$ico-!rapeutic4 ,9 second>y ext5sion dur+ #aiag !re 7 held 9 prov9cial capitals #ai conf]5ces on subjects m popul> & m exclusively educational & sociological4 ,! dep>tm5t ( univ]sity ext5sion has also = ?ree ye>s devot$ itself to collect+ int]national data ^u immigration & naturalization laws1 & has coop]at$ ) all ! labor organizations ( ! ,republic to h9d] ! passage ( premature & unsci5tific laws 9 ?is field4 ,! activities ( ! association cov] a wide range4 ,9 8 report = ! ye> #aiag ! presid5t review$ ! activities ( ! body & exam9$ ! mo/ important problems to :i* x _h address$ itself dur+ ! p]iod4 ,!y 73 #a4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( a rural normal s*ool1 a project n yet realiz$4 #b4 ,democratic education by ! progressive elim9ation ( prim>y c\rses ( education 9 second>y in/itutions4 #c4 ,obligatory prim>y in/ruction1 s\ght by a law pass$ by ! ,*amb] ( ,deputies 9 #aiag1 b z yet n act$ ^u by ! ,s5ate4 #d4 ,nationalization ( ! ,*ilean sy/em ( education1 a "q :i* ne$s to be pres5t$ /ill m 9 detail to ! nation & ! ,congress4 ,l ,arg5t9a1 ,*ile has a grave problem 9 ! assimilation ( ali5 elem5ts1 & h] nationalism is al>m$ at ! activity ( ! s*ool organizations ( div]se races exi/5t on h] soil4 ,fr5* /ud5ts ( education are int5sely int]e/$ 9 ?is developm5t z a v9dication ( _! prophecies1 = !y h long be5 po9t+ out ! ,g]manization ( ,*ilean education4 ,! association has vigor\sly urg$ legislation requir+ ! close & sy/ematic inspection ( all nongov]nm5tal s*ools1 especially ^? ( second>y grade 9 nor? ,*ile1 :]e ,g]man propag&a has = ye>s be5 an op5 secret1 c>ri$ on1 z 0 well kn[n1 by a ,g]man-,*ilean ,union ( ,tea*]s1 & :]e ,g]man liceos exi/ 9 full op]ation4 ,! association urg$ ! requirem5t 9 second>y s*ools ( ess5tially national subjects1 su* z ,spani% & ! hi/ory1 geography1 & civics ( ,*ile1 taught by ,*ileans & desc5dants ( ,*ileans4 ,9 ! field ( physical education1 ! activities ( ! association h be5 specially direct$ to secur+ prop] playgr\nds = s*ools & to ar\s+ practical int]e/ 9 ?is field among philan?ropi/s & ! public at l>ge4 ,! association has tak5 /rong gr\nd = antialcoholic in/ruction 9 prim>y & second>y s*ools1 urg+ t su* be incorporat$ 9 ! textbooks 9 ! /udy ( physiology1 hygi5e1 & temp]ance1 & 9 indep5d5t c\rses 9 public s*ools & ,/ate colegios4 ,! project enc\nt]$ opposition 9 ! ,national ,congress4 ,! association has also grappl$ ) ! problem ( immorality1 issu+ 9 ,may1 #aiag1 appeals to families on sexual e?ics & ! sy/ematic inculcation ( e?ical ideas ( sex by educational & !rapeutic measures4 ,dur+ #aiag1 frat]nal relations 7 e/abli%$ ) ,brazil & ,bolivia1 on ! occasion ( ! inauguration ( ! ,high] ,normal ,in/itute4 ,,education ,,9 ,,uruguay4 ,,g5]al ,,introduction4 ,! m>k$ educational awak5+ ( ,uruguay dur+ ! la/ bi5nium has be5 only "o phase ( ! univ]sal dem& ( ! nation = a new social & economic adju/m5t4 ,p]haps ! *ief manife/ation ( ?is has be5 ! adoption ( ! new con/itution 9 place ( ! old1 :i* _h be5 9 =ce exactly #ij ye>s4 ,at a plebiscite ( ,novemb]1 #aiag1 ! con/itution z =mulat$ 0 submitt$ to ! p & adopt$ by a vote ( #he1jjj to #d1jjj2 & x became ! fundam5tal law ( ! l& on ,m>* #a1 #aiai4 ,z reg>ds its be>+s ^u educational adm9i/ration1 ! mo/ notewor?y *ange--& p]haps t ar\nd :i* c5t]$ mo/ opposition dur+ its consid]ation--0 ! provision :i* divides ! executive p[] betwe5 a ,presid5t & a ,national ,c\ncil ( ,adm9i/ration4 ,! latt] body1 compos$ ( n9e memb]s elect$ = six ye>s directly by ! p1 & absolutely indep5d5t ( ! ,presid5t1 has *>ge ( all matt]s relat+ to public in/ruction1 public works1 labor1 indu/ries1 public *>ities1 heal?1 & ! prep>ation ( ! annual national budget4 ,! adm9i/rative (fic]s ( public in/ruction ( all grades1 includ+ ! m9i/]1 are appo9t$ by ! ,national ,c\ncil & are subject to its au?ority accord+ to su* p>ticul> laws & regulations z ! ,congress may enact4 ,?is sub/itution ( a composite bo>d = an individual z ! f\nta9head ( educational au?ority is an exp]im5t ^: op]ations w be obs]v$ ) mu* int]e/ 9 a c\ntry ( ,s\? ,am]ica habituat$ by tradition to au?ority conc5trat$ 9 an individual4 ,,illit]acy4 ,in/ruction ( adults & ! night s*ools4--,! problem ( combat+ illit]acy1 z 9 all ! m progressive ,s\? ,am]ican c\ntries dur+ ! la/ bi5nium1 has receiv$ m sy/ematic consid]ation ?an dur+ any previ\s p]iod4#b ,z w be se5 lat] 9 ! consid]ation ( ! rural s*ools1 measures h be5 tak5 :i* are ( unusual importance = ! in/ruction ( y\?ful illit]ates4 ,9 ! relat$ field ( in/ruction ( adults :o are illit]ates or ne>ly s1 "w ( a creative nature has be5 done 9 ,uruguay4 ,! m]e /ati/ics %[ progress1 ! c\rses (f]$ = adults 9 ! ye> #aiaf-ag be+ #ee 9 excess ( ! =m] ye> & ! enrollm5t #e1bhd1 an increase ( #a1fga ov] t ye>2 b ! new _s animat+ ?is bran* is ! notable feature4 ,! au?orities h kept x /eadily 9 m9d to c>ry adult education out f ! capital city to ! rural di/ricts2 & ! national au?orities ( prim>y education h coop]at$ effici5tly 9 l5d+ s*oolh\ses z places = adult in/ruction & enc\rag+ prim>y tea*]s to assi/ 9 ?is "w4 ,! ,gov]nm5t has fur!r$ ! /udy ( ! problem 9 ! rese>*es ( ,seor ,hipolito ,coirolo1 director ( ! l>ge/ night s*ool = adults 9 ,montevideo4 ,seor ,coirolo sp5t ne>ly two ye>s 9 collect+ sy/ematic data f ,arg5t9a1 ,brazil1 ,colombia1 & ,p>aguay1 :i* 7 naturally confront$ by ! same problems 9 adult illit]acy4 ,9 ,m>*1 #aiag1 he pres5t$ to ! au?orities ! results ( 8 f9d+s 9 a project = ! organic re=m ( in/ruction = adults 9 ! night s*ools4 ,seor ,coirolo ma9ta9$ t ! "t 0 ripe = progress 9 ?is field to keep pace ) ! o!r educational dem&s1 m especially z x 0 admitt$ t ! prevail+ sy/em 0 a m or less poorly made comb9ation ( regulations & practices cov]+ _m localities & p]iods1 & _h be5 only t5tatively adopt$ by presid5tial decree 9 #aijc1 & giv5 legal exi/5ce 9 #aijg1 :5 #ce night s*ools 7 organiz$4 ,all famili> ) conditions knew t !y 7 n[ completely out ( t\* ) mod]n social & educational dem&s4 #b ,see executive message ( ,may1 #aiag1 accompany+ project ( law = appropriation ( #ej1jjj = appo9tm5t ( #ajj assi/ant prim>y tea*]s = ! ,dep>tm5ts ( ! ,republic4 ,seor ,coirolo f\nd ! curriculum ( night s*ools too l>gely !oretical & booki% & 9 only a few in/ances (f]+ practical in/ruction4 ,aft] c>eful /udy ( ! subjects (f]$ 9 ! night s*ools ( progressive c\ntries1 he urg$ t ! night s*ools ( ! future be organiz$ ^u ! foll[+ ma9 l9es3 #a4 ,! completion ( #ag ye>s ( age requisite = admission4 #b4 ,! division into ?ree classes1 ea* occupy+ a ye> accord+ to ! degree ( illit]acy1 & ! division ( ea* class into ?ree cycles ( ?ree mon?s ea*1 ! cycle to be ! unit ( "t1 )\t limitation ^u ! transf] ( pupils f "o cycle to ano!r4 #c4 ,! subjects to be introduc$ 9 logical sequ5ce & to be taught 9 accordance ) ! developm5t ( ! pupil & to consi/ ( read+1 language "w1 writ+1 ari?metic1 elem5ts ( appli$ geometry1 s++1 draw+1 moral in/ruction1 elem5ts ( anatomy1 physiology1 hygi5e1 civic in/ruction1 geography1 & hi/ory 7national & univ]sal72 talks & lessons on objects ( daily life1 manual arts1 dome/ic economy1 & h\sehold arts2 elem5ts ( political economy1 sociology1 psy*ology1 duties ( p>5ts1 acc\nt+1 & indu/rial tra9+4 ,individual conf]5ces ) tea*]s1 read+1 writ+1 & ari?metic are to be cont9u$ ?r\gh all ?ree ye>s2 & ea* ye> is to close ) a review & f9i%+ c\rse1 devot+ att5tion to individual ne$s4 #d4 ,"u ! head ( g5]al adm9i/ration ! propon5t urg$ ! elim9ation ( religi\s in/ruction 9 night s*ools1 less att5tion to exam9ations = promotion1 ! prohibition ( hold+ night s*ools 9 build+s occupi$ by *ildr5 dur+ ! day1 & c>eful inspection ( night s*ools by appo9t$ au?orities4 ,c]ta9 ( ^! provisions 7 embodi$ 9 a m9i/]ial decree ( ,octob]1 #aiag1 :i* /ress$ ! importance ( ?is bran* ( education 9 ! national life1 & appropriat$ #aj1jjj = ! increase ( ! /aff ( tea*]s 9 comm]cial subjects & dome/ic arts4 ,,prim>y ,,education1 ,,public ,,& ,,private4 ,9 #aiag slightly less ?an #ajj1jjj pupils 7 enroll$ 9 ! #a1jad public prim>y s*ools ( ,uruguay1 an increase ( #b1ejj ov] ! prec$+ ye>4 ,( ^!1 ne>ly #fe1jjj 7 enroll$ 9 ! city ( ,montevideo alone4 ,9 adm9i/ration & inspection ! au?orities 9 ?is field 7 active & progressive4 ,t5tative re=ms 9 ! programs ( /udy = ! s*ools ( t[ns & villages1 a /ep long urg$ by !m1 7 outl9$ by ! m9i/] ( education2 & wid] latitude 0 all[$ su* individual s*ools 9 ! matt] ( adapt+ nature /udy & practical c\rses to regul> s*ool "w 9 accordance ) local conditions & occupations4 ,?is /ep 0 9 keep+ ) ! att5tion paid to rural s*ools1 :i* w be discuss$ lat]4 ,by executive resolution ( ,july1 #aiag1 ! long-discuss$ *ange 9 ! s*ool ye> 0 made by :i* x %all h]eaft] op5 ,m>* #a & close ,decemb] #ae4 ,z ) ! simil> *ange 9 ,arg5t9a1 b5eficial results1 especially 9 ! rural s*ools1 are expect$1 z ?is arrangem5t is 9 con=mity ) climatic conditions4 ,! *ange 0 made aft] inve/igation among ! tea*+ =ce1 & ! c\ntry tea*]s won a victory ov] _! city fell[s1 :o favor$ vacations 9 ! summ]4 ,?is is b ano!r & a significant effect ( ! /eady c5tripetal attraction ( ! ov]%ad[+ capital city1 m m>k$ ev5 9 ! new c\ntries ( ,s\? ,am]ica ?an 9 ! old ones ( ,europe4 ,! c\ntry tea*]s h op5ly express$ _! wi% to sp5d ! longe/ possible "t 9 ! capital1 9 spite ( ! inconv5i5ces ( su* a soj\rn 9 ! summ]4 ,a fur!r light ^u ! c\ntry tea*]'s po9t ( view is %[n by ! in=mation t ! long vacations 9 w9t] p]mit ! small l&[n] to employ 8 *ildr5 9 labors ( battage1 :i* beg9 9 ,decemb] & la/ mo/ ( ! w9t]4 ,! s*ools are !re=e practically empty 9 w9t]4 ,x is manife/ly wis] to put ! =m] long vacation ( ,july at ?is "t4 ,compla9ts hav+ become m frequ5t 9 reg>d to ! block+ ( educational adm9i/ration 9 c]ta9 dep>tm5ts because ( disagreem5ts among inspectors1 m dra/ic requirem5ts 7 laid d[n by resolutions ( ! ,national ,inspection ( ,prim>y ,in/ruction1 dat$ ,febru>y1 #aiag4 ,! au?ority ( ! dep>tm5tal inspector ov] ! sub9spectors 0 confirm$2 9 ! ev5t ( disagreem5t or insubord9ation ! dep>tm5tal inspector 0 requir$ to pres5t ! case to ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,national ,inspection2 ! visitation ( s*ools 0 di/ribut$ z ne>ly equally z possible2 & ! responsibility = inaction 0 put squ>ely ^u ! inspectors4 ,^! provisions1 rigor\s z !y 71 did n prove adequate1 & mu* ( ! bus9ess ( ! s*ools ( ! outly+ dep>tm5ts /ill rema9$ block$4 ,! executive1 !re=e1 9 ,novemb]1 #aiag1 transmitt$ to ! ,congress1 along ) a message emphasiz+ ! necessity ( ! law1 a project = ! e/abli%m5t ( ?ree divisions ( regional inspectors ( prim>y education to ex]cise g5]al sup]vision ov] ! dep>tm5tal inspectors & ! s*ools ( ! ,republic4 ,^! regional inspectors act+ z a unit 7 to con/itute ! te*nical inspection ( ! s*ool au?orities4 ,_! functions 7 to be regulat$ by ! executive 9 accordance ) ! reports ( ! national inspection & ! g5]al direction ( prim>y in/ruction4 ,! hi!rto exi/+ *ief inspectors1 te*nical1 adjunct1 & *ief ( /ati/ics 7 to be trans=m$ into regional inspectors1 & "u _! imm$iate sup]vision 7 to be put all ! dep>tm5tal inspectors4 ,! project$ law enc\nt]$ unexpect$ opposition1 & its passage has n z yet be5 secur$4 ,sci5tific int]e/ 9 ! "* ( ! textbooks adopt$ = use 9 ! prim>y s*ools ( ,uruguay has be5 ar\s$ by ! ,gov]nm5t's (f] ( prizes = satisfactory textbooks & by ! publication 9 ! ,anales de ,in/ruccion ,prim>ia ( illu/rative l9es & !mes ( treatm5t4 ,! g5]al assembly has au?oriz$ ! (f] ( #f1jjj 9 prizes 9 ! conte/ = ! composition ( a book comb9+ 9 a s+le volume all ! textbook mat]ial ne$$ 9 ! f\r?1 fif?1 & six? classes 9 ! public s*ools ( ,montevideo4 ,?is (f] _h z its object to l[] ! co/ ( education & ?us to facilitate att5dance1 z ! book 9 "q 0 to be di/ribut$ gratuit\sly 9 cases ( ne$4 ,a circul> issu$ by ! dep>tm5t ( te*nical inspection 9 ,april1 #aiag1 call$ ! att5tion ( tea*]s to ! abuses ( assign+ writt5 home "w & limit$ su* tasks to #cj m9utes 9 classes ( ! fir/ grade & to "o h\r = ^? 9 high] grades4 ,by executive decree1 s*ool sav+s funds & a sy/em ( aid = necessit\s *ildr51 supply+ clo?+1 midday meal1 transportation1 & books1 7 e/abli%$ & plac$ 9 *>ge ( ! adm9i/rative c\ncil = ea* dep>tm5t1 compos$ ( ! dep>tm5tal au?orities ( prim>y education1 & ! civil au?orities ( ! sev]al localities1 presid$ ov] by ! dep>tm5tal inspectors4 ,! funds = ! in/itution ( ?is sy/em 7 to be drawn f ,/ate subv5tions to municipalities1 s*ool fees1 & legacies & gifts to su* objects4 ,al?\gh ! ,congress 9 ,octob]1 #aiag1 appropriat$ #cj1jjj to organize ! sy/em1 f9ancial consid]ations h z yet prev5t$ its practical organization4 ,private in/ruction4--,= ! fir/ "t 9 ! hi/ory ( ,uruguay sy/ematic /eps h be5 tak5 to asc]ta9 ! real nature & aims ( private in/ruction4 ,by executive decree ( ,may1 #aiag1 ! inspector ( private in/ruction & ! assi/ant director g5]al ( prim>y public in/ruction 7 direct$ to address to e private educational in/itution 9 ,uruguay a que/ionnaire 9 duplicate call+ = in=mation conc]n+ its tea*+ /aff1 ! m5tal & physical condition ( its pupils1 ! hygi5ic conditions ( ! build+ & site1 classrooms1 dormitories1 playgr\nds1 s\rce & nature ( dr9k+ wat]1 light+ conditions1 s*ool furniture & equipm5t1 programs ( /udy1 me?ods1 textbooks1 s*ool h\rs1 & ! g5]al organization & adm9i/ration ( ! s*ool4 ,no "t limit 0 set = ! reply1 b x 0 reque/$ )9 a reasonable "t4 ,! gi/ ( ! in=mation ga!r$ & ! action ( ! ,gov]nm5t h n z yet be5 publi%$4 ,su* a move has naturally ar\s$ opposition 9 cons]vative & ecclesia/ical circles1 & its results are await$ ) ke5 int]e/ by o!r ,s\? ,am]ican c\ntries :i* h to deal ) simil> problems4 ,! issues ar\s$ by ! consid]ation ( ! private s*ools cont9u$ to gr[ m acute & culm9at$ 9 ! introduction ( a bill 9 ! ,congress 9 ,m>*1 #aiah1 =bidd+ ! op5+ ( private s*ools ( any grade )\t ! writt5 p]mission ( ! inspectoral dep>tm5t ( private in/ruction or ! dep>tm5tal inspectors ( prim>y in/ruction2 & requir+ all tea*]s 9 private s*ools to hold a ,/ate tea*]'s diploma 9 accordance ) ! provisions ( ! law ( public in/ruction1 & deb>r+ ! cl]gy f tea*+ 9 any su* private s*ools4 ,! bill naturally became a /orm c5t] & is z yet un5act$ into law4 ,,rural ,,s*ools4 ,until ! break+ out ( ! ,_w ,w>1 & ! consequ5t upsett+ ( traditions 9 all ,s\? ,am]ican c\ntries ^: outlet is on ! ,atlantic ,ocean1 educational ?\ght 9 ,uruguay conc]n$ itself l>gely ) ! capital city4 ,9 ?is respect1 z 9 t ( population 7"o out ( ?ree p 9 ,uruguay lives 9 ,montevideo71 ! c5traliz+ t5d5cy ( ,s\? ,am]ican c\ntries is well illu/rat$4 ,b a vital *ange began to %[ itself f #aiad to #aiaf1 & 9 ! latt] ye> x acquir$ extraord9>y impetus f ! support ( national lead]s & ( ! press4 ,! nation has gr[n /eadily to recognize ! prop] balance to be obs]v$ betwe5 ! claims ( ! s*ools ( ! capital & ^? ( ! rural di/ricts4 ,x has come to see t a heal?y national life 0 possible only ) organic *anges 9 ! s*ools ( ! outly+ dep>tm5ts1 & t ^! ( ,montevideo c\ld )\t dang] be left at _! pres5t /atus until ! education ( ! p f :om ! great city 0 /eadily recruit$ %\ld be att5d$ to4 ,x is 9 ! light ( ?is radical *ange 9 ! national attitude t ! educational hi/ory ( ,uruguay = ! la/ bi5nium %\ld be read4 ,?is epo* 9 educational progress has be5 fur!r m>k$ by ! recognition ( ! ne$ ( f9ancial support = rural education1 & ! fur!r ne$ ( diff]5tiat+ ! subjects ( in/ruction prop] = rural *ildr5 f ^? adapt$ to ! city4 ,9 gett+ ?is pr9ciple cle>ly be=e ! public m9d1 ! educational au?orities ( ,uruguay h play$ a "p excell$ 9 few c\ntries = skill & devotion to ! national int]e/s4 ,m5tion %\ld be made ( ! able contributions ( ,seor ,a4 ,j4 ,prez1 ,national ,inspector ( ,prim>y ,education1 especially ( 8 /udy entitl$ 8,de la cultura necess>ia en la democracia0 7,anales1 #aiah71 :i* applies to mod]n conditions ,de ,tocqueville's ma9 l9es ( ?\ght4 ,a commission ( n9e exp]i5c$ tea*]s1 six m5 & ?ree wom51 ) ,seor ,prez z *airman1 0 appo9t$ by executive decree to =mulate ! program ( /udy = ! project$ rural s*ools4 ,x began its sessions 9 ,febru>y1 #aiag1 & met frequ5tly = two mon?s4 ,its report 0 pres5t$ 9 ,may1 #aiag4 ,approv$ by ! executive 9 ,june1 by decree x w5t into effect on ,m>* #a1 #aiah4 ,! ma9 cont5tions ( ! commission 9 support ( its plan are well wor?y ( notice3 #a4 ,f>-rea*+ *anges )9 a g5]ation 9 ! comm]cial & indu/rial life ( ! nation h affect$ ! rural di/ricts & h call$ = diff]5t subjects & me?ods ( in/ruction = ! *ildr5 ( ^! di/ricts4 ,! rural s*ool ( ! future mu/ be recogniz$ z fundam5tally an elem5t>y indu/rial s*ool adju/$ to local conditions4 #b4 ,! successful rural s*ool mu/ h ! foll[+ aims3 ,to inculcate consci5ti\s & effici5t labor2 to m9i/] to a well-regulat$ & happy home life2 to diffuse ! k ( private & public hygi5e1 & to fur!r ! increase ( population & public weal? &1 9 g5]al1 ! possession ( a well-f\nd$ & endur+ popul> lib]ty4 #c4 ,! intimate relation ( ! rural s*ools ) ! problems ( home life requires ! new rural s*ool to be taught by wom51 & !re=e ! tra9+ ( "y wom5 z tea*]s 9 su* s*ools %\ld be at once initiat$ & cont9u$ z ! basis ( _! success4 ,concrete illu/ration is f\nd 9 ! successful int5sive tra9+ ( #bd "y wom5 9 a c\rse ( six weeks at ! normal in/itute at ,montevideo 9 ! summ] ( #aiag4 #d4 ,9 ! adm9i/rative organization ! committee 0 guid$ by ! foll[+ g5]al pr9ciples3 7a7 ,n to in/all rural s*ools by f\ndation or transf] except 9 localities :]e donations ( gr\nd ( n less ?an #d hect>es 7#aj acres7 %\ld be imm$iately available2 7b7 to urge simil> donations1 public or private1 to exi/+ rural s*ools :i* lack$ gr\nds ( ! m9imum area above indicat$2 7c7 to propose & enc\rage ! transf] ( rural s*ools t _h no gr\nds annex$ nor c\ld obta9 su* by donation to ano!r p>i% :]e su* advantages c\ld be obta9$ )\t prejudice to ! int]e/s ( ! rural s*ools 9 ! di/rict4 #e4 ,no *ild bel[ #g ye>s ( age %\ld be admitt$ to ! rural s*ools4 #f4 ,! programs ( /udy = ! rural s*ools occupi$ ! great] "p ( ! commission's "t4 ,! subjects ( in/ruction z report$ cov]$ ?ree ye>s1 & 7 read+1 language "w1 writ+1 ari?metic1 draw+1 agriculture1 dome/ic economy1 elem5ts ( appli$ geometry1 geography & hi/ory 7local1 national1 & univ]sal71 s++1 & gymna/ics4 ,9 ! view ( ! commission itself1 ! feature :i* peculi>ly diff]5tiates ^! new programs is ! complete application ( practical me?ods & aims to ea* ( ^! subjects1 ! elim9ation ( ab/ract & memory tea*+1 &1 above all1 ! developm5t ( ! subjects ( draw+1 agriculture1 & dome/ic economy4 ,! fundam5tal aim ?r\gh\t 0 to correlate in/ruction ) ! conditions & occupations ( life 9 ! sev]al communities & to lead ! pupil to see ea* subject z relat$ to practical utility4 ,foll[+ ! promulgation ( ! report ( ! commission1 lively int]e/ 0 manife/$ by ! nation at l>ge 9 ! initiation ( su* rural s*ools4 ,practical difficulties1 h[ev]1 7 =ese5 9 secur+ funds = _! laun*+ ^u ! nation-wide scale hop$ =1 & re/lessness 9 c]ta9 qu>t]s 0 manife/$1 ?\gh ! ,*amb] ( ,deputies promptly vot$ ! funds necess>y4 ,! ,national ,rural ,congress ( ,uruguay1 9 session 9 ,augu/1 #aiag1 address$ to ! m9i/] ( public in/ruction an urg5t plea = c>ry+ out ! t]ms ( ! report 9 "t = ! op5+ ( at lea/ a "p ( su* s*ools ) ! new s*ool ye>4 ,,m$ical ,,inspection ,,( ,,s*ools4 ,! m$ical inspection ( s*ools has be5 favorably reg>d$ 9 ,uruguay = a numb] ( ye>s4 ,x 0 initiat$ by law 9 #aiac ) ! exam9ation ( ! pupils ( ! normal s*ools 9 ,montevideo & ! division ( urban & rural s*ools into five gr\ps4 ,s9ce !n popul> approval ( its application to ! s*ools ( ! nation has /eadily gr[n4 ,"u ! pres5t law individual inspection ( ! physical condition ( pupils conc]ns itself only ) ^? :o ent] = ! fir/ "t4 ,naturally ! law is appli$ ) v>y+ degrees ( rigor1 ! s*ools ( ! capital be+ visit$ regul>ly by ! m$ical inspectors1 :ile ^? ( ! outly+ dep>tm5ts are dep5d5t ^u ! en]gy & fai?fulness ( ! individual inspector4 ,! law assigns to ea* a c]ta9 numb] ( s*ools to visit4 ,capable m$ical inspectors h s]v$ _! nation well 9 po9t+ out ! grave disadvantages f ! use ( prim>y s*ools = night s*ools = adults1 especially ! dang] ( tub]culosis4 ,m$ical inspectors are also requir$ by law to include 9 _! tri-mon?ly reports recomm5dations = repairs1 alt]ations1 etc41 ( s*ool build+s & gr\nds call$ = by sanit>y or hygi5ic consid]ations4 ,d5tal inspection has also be5 sy/ematically c>ri$ on 9 mo/ ( ! s*ools ( ! capital1 ! reports ( oral & d5tal affections obs]v$ 9 ! *ildr5 rea*+ #gf p] c5t ( ! total ailm5ts not$4 ,ocul> inspection 9 ! s*ools ( ,montevideo has also be5 made a sep>ate field )9 ! la/ bi5nium4 ,by an am5dm5t ( #aiaf to ! exi/+ law an annual physical exam9ation ( tea*]s 9 ! s*ools ( ,montevideo w be requir$4 ,?is 0 naturally1 & 9 c]ta9 in/ances bitt]ly1 oppos$2 b ! opposition has l>gely di$ d[n1 & ! tea*]s !mselves h come to realize ! b5efits involv$4 ,,physical ,,tra9+4 ,9 accordance ) ! wi% ( educational (ficials to diffuse among ! s*ools ( ,uruguay ! b5efits ( int]national progress 9 ! physical bett]m5t ( s*ool *ildr51 a commission 0 nam$ by ! executive 9 ,april1 #aiaf1 to draw up a plan ( physical education 9 s*ools4 ,?is commission1 act+ 9 coop]ation ) ! g5]al direction ( prim>y in/ruction1 recomm5d$ to ! executive ! appo9tm5t ( a p]man5t te*nical commission ( physical tra9+ = s*ools1 & ?is recomm5dation 0 approv$ by executive decree ( ,m>* #h1 #aiah4 ,! commission s appo9t$ 0 to consi/ ( a memb] ( ! g5]al direction ( prim>y in/ruction1 "o ( ! national commission ( physical education1 a physician ( ! m$ical s*ool /aff1 a physician to be nam$ by ! ,national ,c\ncil ( ,hygi5e1 ! te*nical inspector ( prim>y education1 ! te*nical director ( ! ,national ,commission ( ,physical ,education1 ! tea*]s ( gymna/ics ( ! normal in/itutes & ( ! prim>y s*ools ( ! capital1 & two physicians :o 7 speciali/s 9 diseases ( *ildr54 ,! prov9ce ( ! commission 0 to draw up = ! g5]al direction ( prim>y in/ruction programs ( physical ex]cises = s*ools2 to outl9e me?ods ( in/ruction2 to see t ^! programs & me?ods 7 practically c>ri$ out 9 ! public s*ools1 to in=m ! s*ool au?orities ^u po9ts ( defici5cy 9 in/ruction & to indicate measures ( correct+ ^!2 to organize gymna/ic meet+s & exhibitions = s*ools1 & 9 g5]al to promote ! diffusion ( physical education 9 ! s*ools4 ,9 fur!rance ( ! awak5$ national int]e/ 9 physical education1 ! executive has appo9t$ dep>tm5tal commissions 9 v>i\s dep>tm5ts = ! imm$iate provision ( adequate playgr\nds & ! acquisition ( app>atus = games to be in/all$ 9 t[n & village plazas4 ,^! h coop]at$ ) ! ,national ,commission = ,physical ,education1 ! latt] hav+ decre$ ! e/abli%m5t1 ^u application ( resid5ts1 ( neighborhood & community play+ c5t]s4 ,all games1 especially ^? ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 :i* are adapt$ to ! climate & environm5t h be5 sy/ematically enc\rag$4 ,9 localities :]e x 0 requir$ by law ! executive has au?oriz$ ! municipal au?orities1 ) ! cons5t ( ! national commission1 to negotiate su* loans z 7 necess>y = ! f9ancial c>ry+ out ( ?is nation-wide s*eme4 ,^! are /eps ( v great significance 9 a c\ntry ( ,s\? ,am]ica n by tradition or racial inh]itance addict$ to outdoor sports4 ,,second>y ,,education4 ,by executive message ( ,febru>y #ad1 #aiah1 ! "w ( c]ta9 ( ! dep>tm5tal liceos 9 discov]+ boys ( tal5t 9 ! high] elem5t>y s*ools :o 7 )\t means ( cont9u+ _! education1 & giv+ !m opportunities to pursue _! /udies by means ( a sy/em ( s*ol>%ips1 0 highly comm5d$1 especially z a beg9n+ ( bridg+ ! *asm betwe5 elem5t>y & second>y education4 ,9 response to popul> dem&1 c\rses 9 ,italian & ,portuguese 7 incorporat$ by decree ( ! second>y education division ( public in/ruction 9 #aiag4 ,) ! object ( mak+ kn[n to tea*]s 9 second>y education ! int]national progress 9 ?is field1 a j\rnal entitl$ 8,revi/a de ,enseanza ,secund>ia0 0 e/abli%$ by executive decree "u ! direction ( ! secret>y ( ?is division4 ,all reports & public bus9ess conc]n+ ?is division are to be publi%$ 9 ?is j\rnal4 ,by executive decree ( ,novemb]1 #aiag1 all c\rses = ! tra9+ ( prim>y-s*ool tea*]s ma9ta9$ s9ce ,april1 #aiaf1 9 ! liceos ( ! outly+ dep>tm5ts 7 discont9u$4 ,!y _h be5 orig9ally in/itut$ by way ( exp]im5t = supply+ tea*]s = ! rural s*ools1 & 7 n reg>d$ z s]v+ ?is purpose4 ,fur!rmore1 9 view ( ! agitation = improv$ rural s*ools1 x 0 reg>d$ z useless to cont9ue a sy/em ( tra9+ :i* _h prov$1 because ( its environm5t1 impracticable to h>monize ) mod]n s*ools4 ,,comm]cial ,,education4 ,! pa/ bi5nium has se5 a consid]able developm5t ( int]e/ 9 comm]cial education4 ,by executive recomm5dation & by law ( ,janu>y1 #aiaf1 !re 7 introduc$ 9 ! liceos & national s*ools ( comm]ce 9 ! capital & ?ree ( ! l>g] cities c\rses ( v>y+ l5g? = ! tra9+ ( boys = ! consul>1 diplomatic1 & =eign ag5cy s]vices4 ,by m9i/]ial decree ( ,april1 #aiag1 !re 7 incorporat$ 9 ! national s*ools ( comm]ce c\rses 9 civil & comm]cial law1 ,am]ican hi/ory1 & advanc$ c\rses 9 acc\nt+ & bookkeep+2 & legal p]mission 0 giv5 ! individual s*ool to ext5d ! latt] c\rses into ! fif? ye> :]ev] deem$ suitable4 ,9 common ) /ud5ts f9i%+ ! c\rses 9 ! liceos1 ^? f national s*ool ( comm]ce 7 grant$ opportunity to compete = s*ol>%ips abroad (f]$ by decree ( ,janu>y1 #aiah4 ,^! s*ol>%ips are good = "o or m ye>s accord+ to ! success ( ! hold]1 & are apportion$ among ! dep>tm5ts accord+ to ! discretion ( ! c\ncil ( second>y & prep>atory education4 ,among ! usual s*ola/ic requirem5ts call$ = are p]iodical reports f ! hold] ( su* a s*ol>%ip conc]n+ ! social & economic conditions ( ! p among :om he has be5 s5t to /udy4 ,foll[+ ! plan drawn up at ,montevideo 9 ! summ] ( #aiah by gov]nm5tal & educational repres5tatives f mo/ ( ! ,s\? ,am]ican c\ntries1 invitations 7 s5t to all int]e/$ 9 comm]cial education to att5d ! ,s\? ,am]ican ,congress ( ,comm]cial ,education to be held 9 t city 9 ,janu>y-,febru>y1 #aiai4 ,! be/ tal5t 9 ?is division ( education 0 assign$ ! discussion ( topics :i* 7 consid]$ z mo/ urg5t at ! pres5t "t4 ,!y 7 treat$ "u two ma9 heads1 ^? ( 7a7 economic comm]cial expansion & 7b7 comm]cial in/ruction4 ,! =m] head1 n be+ ess5tially educational1 calls = no notice "h4 ,! latt] includ$ ! foll[+ topics3 #a4 ,f :at po9ts1 h[1 & by :at means comm]cial education %\ld be develop$ on ! ,am]ican cont95t2 ext5t & sub-division ( su* in/ruction4 #b4 ,means ( /imulat+ acqua9tance among ! peoples ( ! ,am]icas4 #c4 ,! c5t]s ( comm]cial education z pr(essional s*ools1 & z in/itutions ( mod]n culture4 #d4 ,%\ld c\rses 9 bus9ess e?ics be includ$ 9 ! curriculum ( ! advanc$ classes8 ,morale1 "*1 & culture ( /ud5ts ( comm]ce & ( consul> s]vice4 #e4 ,univ]sal hi/ory ( comm]ce z an indisp5sable elem5t 9 ! tra9+ ( compet5t consuls4 #f4 ,are scre5 films necess>y 9 giv+ in/ruction 9 comm]ce & geography8 #g4 ,c\nt+h\se practice4 #h4 ,h[ %\ld comm]ce be taught8 #i4 ,tea*+ ( languages 9 ! c5t]s ( comm]cial education4 #aj4 ,prep>ation ( wom5 = a comm]cial c>e]4 ,among ! resolutions (ficially adopt$ by ! congress :i* _h educational be>+ 7 ^? recomm5d+ t-- 7a7 ,in/itutes or sections ( economic expansion 9 faculties ( economic sci5ce1 s*ools1 & high] c5t]s ( economic & comm]cial /udy be e/abli%$ :i* %\ld devote !mselves especially to ! /udy & practical solution ( ! v>i\s economic que/ions affect+ int]-,am]ican relations & solid>ity4 7b7 ,= social & economic ends ,am]ican c\ntries create & aid indu/rial s*ools = fi%]ies & d]iv$ indu/ries4 7c7 ,propag&a prim]s be prep>$ = ex*ange among ! public s*ools ( ! 7,s\?7 ,am]ican ,cont95t4 7d7 ,!re be includ$ 9 programs ( high] comm]cial /udy c\rses ( comp>ative ,am]ican economy & comp>ative cu/oms legislation 7! latt] = consul> c\rses71 & t exi/+ sem9>ies ( economic inve/igation or high] comm]ce s*ools write ! economic & f9ancial hi/ory ( _! respective c\ntries4 7e7 ,! int]*ange ( pr(essors & /ud5ts betwe5 ! high] in/itutions ( comm]cial le>n+ be initiat$4 7f7 ,int]national agreem5ts be conclud$ = ! reciprocal recognition ( degrees issu$ by in/itutions ( comm]cial le>n+ & t s*ol>%ips be grant$ = ! int]*ange ( /ud5ts4 7g7 ,! compilation ( legislation ( ,am]ican c\ntries conc]n+ comm]cial education be intru/$ to ! p]man5t commission creat$ by ! congress4 ,! commission w be assi/$ 9 ?is "w by a committee ( pr(essors & exp]ts 9 comm]cial education & w be *>g$ ) propos+ plans & curricula 9 accordance ) ! foll[+3 ,comm]cial in/ruction1 :i* presupposes prim>y education1 to be divid$ into ?ree categories--7a7 ,elem5t>y in/ruction1 :i* may be dep5d5t or indep5d5t2 7b7 second>y in/ruction2 7c7 high] in/ruction4 ,! purpose ( ^! bran*es is3 7a7 ,to tra9 auxili>ies ( comm]ce2 7b7 to prep>e = comm]ce 9 g5]al2 7c7 to furni% economic1 f9ancial1 & comm]cial k prep>+ = directive functions 9 comm]ce & indu/ry1 insurance & consul> "w1 etc4 7h7 ,prelim9>y cultural /udies ( two grades be e/abli%$1 "o conf9$ to ! fir/ & second categories ( comm]cial in/ruction1 & ! second = broad] in/ruction 9 ! ?ird category4 7i7 ,! /udy ( ! proposal ( ! ,national ,in/itute ( ,comm]ce ( ,la ,paz1 ,bolivia1 conc]n+ education ( wom5 be ref]r$ to ! p]man5t commission4 7k7 ,high] in/itutions ( comm]cial education e/abli%1 if n already exi/+1 9 _! curricula ! sep>ation ( comm]cial f economic geography1 ! /udy ( comm]cial geography to beg9 9 prim>y s*ools1 ) p]iodical competitions = ! prep>ation ( ! be/ comm]cial & economic geographies ( ea* c\ntry & ! ex*ange ( prize works be arrang$ =4 7l7 ,in/itutions ( bibliography & in=mation be e/abli%$1 indep5d5t ( or annex$ to sem9>ies or in/itutes1 = inve/igation exi/+ or to be f\nd$ 9 ,am]ica1 & provid+ = ! wide/ ex*ange ( economic1 f9ancial1 & comm]cial in=mation collect$4 7m7 ,! practice ( ! pr(essions receiv+ diplomas f high] in/itutions ( comm]cial le>n+ 9 comm]cial1 civil1 & adm9i/rative matt]s be legally recogniz$4 7n7 ,an extraord9>y prize to be kn[n z ! ,pablo ,fonta9a ,prize = ,comm]cial ,/udies be (f]$ = /ud5ts ( high] in/itutions ( comm]cial le>n+4 7,sr4 ,pablo ,fonta9a is director ( ! ,sup]ior ,s*ool ( ,comm]ce ( ,montevideo & play$ a prom95t "p 9 ! organization & "w ( ! congress47 7o7 ,entrance into consul> & diplomatic s]vices be grant$ by competitive exam9ation or to c&idates pres5t+ degrees issu$ by (ficial in/itutions ( high] comm]cial le>n+4 7p7 ,c\rses ( e?ics 9 prep>atory /udies & lectures on comm]cial e?ics 9 high] in/itutions ( comm]cial le>n+ deliv]$ by di/+ui%$ pr(essional m5 be e/abli%$4 ,,tra9+ ,,( ,,tea*]s4 ,uruguay has always be5 progressive 9 ?is field4 ,9 #aiad ,seorita ,leonor ,h\rtic\1 ! directress ( ! ,normal ,in/itute = ,girls1 submitt$ to ! national inspector ( prim>y in/ruction a f>-rea*+ & sy/ematic plan ( re=m 9 ! aims & me?ods ( practice tea*+4 ,%e urg$ ! e/abli%m5t ( a g5]al directorate ( tea*]s' practice tra9+1 compos$ ( directors ( normal in/itutes & ! national te*nical inspector ( s*ools1 :i* body 0 to op]ate ?r\gh a sal>i$ secret>y4 ,practice tea*+ = ! fir/ grade 0 to be requir$ = "o ye> ) a m9imum ( #afj sessions & = ! second ye> = at lea/ ?ree mon?s ) a m9imum numb] ( #fj sessions4 ,twelve s*ools = practice tea*+ 7 to be e/abli%$ at ,montevideo4 ,local inspectors 7 to be appo9t$ by ! g5]al directorate4 ,:ile ?is s*eme 0 n enact$ into law1 yet x _h v great value 9 focus+ ! att5tion ( ! educational au?orities ^u ! practical problem ( reorganiz+ practice tea*+4 ,^! recomm5dations 7 all[$ to lapse2 b along ) ! dem& = improv$ s*ools w5t a simil> "o = ! improvem5t ( ! s*ools 9 t[ns & villages4 ,9 #aiaf a committee ( :i* ! directress ( ! ,normal ,in/itute = ,girls 0 *airman 0 appo9t$ to =mulate a tra9+ c\rse = nonrural tea*]s :i* %\ld be 9 keep+ ) ! recogniz$ ne$s ( mod]n s*ools4 ,9 ,octob]1 #aiaf1 x pres5t$ z its report an outl9e ( /udies recomm5d$ to be incorporat$ 9 ! ?ree ye>s' tra9+ c\rse = prim>y tea*]s4 ,tak+ up = ! pres5t only ! tea*]s ( ! fir/ & second grades1 ! committee recomm5d$ ! foll[+ c\rses3 ,ari?metic1 acc\nt+1 algebra1 appli$ geometry1 p5man%ip & draw+1 elem5ts ( biology1 zoology1 botany1 m9]alogy & geology1 anatomy1 physiology & hygi5e1 physics & *emi/ry1 /udies 9 indu/ries1 geography & cosmography1 hi/ory 7national1 ,s\? ,am]ican1 & univ]sal71 con/itutional law1 sociology & political economy1 lit]ature & composition1 ,fr5*1 philosophy1 & p$agogy ) practice tea*+4 ,by ! approval ( ! executive ^! c\rses 7 to g into effect 9 ,septemb]1 #aiag4 ,tra9+ ( rural tea*]s4--,! movem5t to improve ! conditions ( rural life :i* has be5 m5tion$ be=e began 9 e>ne/ 9 #aiad4 ,9 t ye> a report bas$ ^u an int5sive /udy ( ! social & economic ne$s ( ! rural di/ricts 0 pres5t$ to ! g5]al direction ( prim>y in/ruction by a committee ( tea*]s especially appo9t$ = t purpose4 ,?\gh no (ficial action 0 tak5 at ! "t1 ! v5tilation ( ! subject 0 v opportune & ar\s$ public int]e/ 9 a field s vital to ! welf>e ( ! nation4 ,9 e phase ( rural education1 & especially 9 ! tra9+ ( ! tea*]s requir$1 practical re=ms 7 recogniz$ z urg5tly necess>y4 ,f ! /rictly p$agogical po9t ( view1 ! projects = tea*] tra9+ z laid d[n 9 t report 7 ( supreme int]e/1 z con/itut+ ! basis ^u :i* all subsequ5t sugge/ions h re/$4 ,!y call$ = ! e/abli%m5t ( a normal s*ool exclusively = wom5 rural tea*]s1 :i* 0 pref]ably to be locat$ ei!r )9 ! capital city or )9 easy access ( x4 ,?is s*ool 0 to "w along ! ?ree ma9 l9es ( agriculture1 horticulture1 & dome/ic sci5ce4 ,= admission !re 0 to be requir$1 9 addition to ! usual c]tificates ( m5tal1 moral1 & physical fitness1 ! c]tificate ( completion ( at lea/ ! ?ird ye> ( ! program ( ! rural s*ools4 ,! c\rses 7 to cov] at lea/ two ye>s1 pref]ably ?ree1 ) provision = f\r-ye> c\rses = pupils aspir+ to ! po/ ( rural inspectors1 an aspiration :i* 0 enc\rag$ 9 ! report4 ,only two or ?ree s*ol>%ips 7 to be (f]$ 9 ea* dep>tm5t1 & ! numb] ( pupils 0 to be re/rict$ to #ej = ! fir/ ye>4 ,no purely !oretical in/ruction :atsoev] 0 to be all[$4 ,increas+ly specializ$ "w 9 ! practice s*ool annex$ 0 to be requir$ ( e pupil ea* ye>4 ,= ! la/ two ye>s ! "w ( practice tea*+ 0 to be s arrang$ z to alt]nate by seme/]s ) ! classroom "w assign$4 ,! latt]1 t[>d ! end ( ea* seme/]1 0 to review all ! "w f ! beg9n+4 ,! project$ in/itute 0 to be provid$ ) all gr\nds1 build+s1 & equipm5t necess>y = ! tea*+ ( e phase ( rural life1 includ+ ! c>e ( f[ls & cattle1 ) libr>y & laboratories1 ) a mod]n gymnasium1 ) a hall = ! tea*+ ( ! f9e arts1 &1 mo/ important ( all1 ) a mix$ practice s*ool "u ! direction ( ! au?orities ( ! in/itute1 consi/+ ( at lea/ ?ree grades & pref]ably f\r4 ,summ] c\rses = tea*]s1 bo? m5 & wom51 7 to be (f]$1 emphasiz+ practical "w 9 all c\rses relat$ to rural life4 ,travel+ s*ools ( agriculture 7 outl9$ to appeal especially to y\?s ( ye>s beyond ! rural s*ool age & already engag$ 9 f>m+1 ea* class to h n less ?an #h pupils & n m ?an #ae1 & to cont9ue = p]iods rang+ f "o week to two mon?s accord+ to ! dem& 9 ea* locality4 ,^! travel+ s*ools 7 to be organiz$ = ! same unit ( t]ritory z ! rural s*ools already 9 exi/5ce4 ,ea* c\rse 0 to be arrang$ 9 cycles z foll[s3 7#a7 ,?ree ye>s' c\rse 9 dairy+2 7#b7 f\r ye>s' c\rse 9 dome/ic sci5ce2 7#c7 ?ree ye>s' c\rse = rural tea*]s1 m5 & wom54 ,suitable c]tificates 7 to be aw>d$ /ud5ts satisfactorily complet+ ^! c\rses4 ,z reg>ds ! c\rses 9 rural s*ools1 ! committee f\nd t ! advantages accru+ did n ju/ify in/ruct+ pupils bel[ #h ye>s ( age 9 =mal agriculture1 satisfactory progress be+ made if ! pupil 0 awak5$ to a love ( nature & an int]e/ 9 ! life ( ! f>m4 ,pupils above #h 7 to be in/ruct$ 9 agricultural c\rses progressively adapt$ to _! maturity & to ! peculi> conditions ( locality1 soil1 & climate4 ,z reg>ds c\rses 9 dome/ic sci5ce1 ?\gh ! subject does n p]mit ( a %>p age l9e ( cleavage1 yet ! y\nge/ girls might mo/ pr(itably be giv5 ! elem5ts1 :ile ! old] girls might1 9 ! discretion ( tra9$ tea*]s1 take up ! =mal & te*nical /udy ( food values 9 connection ) elem5t>y *emi/ry1 physiology1 & biology4 ,anticipat+ ! e/abli%m5t ( ! normal s*ools = ! exclusive tra9+ ( tea*]s = ! project$ rural s*ools1 ! executive 9 ,novemb]1 #aiag1 s5t to ! ,congress1 along ) ! accompany+ message1 ! project ( a law = e/abli%+ two normal s*ools ( agriculture 9 ! ,dep>tm5ts ( ,colonia & ,san ,jose4 ,^! s*ools 7 int5d$ to m9i/] to ! special ne$ ( ^! outly+ dep>tm5ts4 ,_! c\rses 7 to be int5sive 9 "*1 adapt$ especially to ! tra9+ ( tea*]s = ^! localities1 & to cov] a ye>4 ,inde$1 ! bill specifically m5tion$ _! purposes z intimately relat$ ) ! =?com+ rural s*ools4 ,! bill at once became a law1 & ! s*ools 7 to beg9 op]ation 9 ,m>*1 #aiah4 ,,high] ,,education4 ,9 ! field ( univ]sity education no *anges1 adm9i/rative or in/ructional1 are record$ = ! pa/ bi5nium2 b !re has be5 a c]ta9 am\nt ( dissatisfaction ) ! adm9i/rative gov]nm5t ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,montevideo4 ,9 ,septemb]1 #aiah1 ! executive s5t to ! ,congress1 along ) an accompany+ message1 ! project ( a law cle>ly def9+ ! con/itution ( ! directive c\ncils ( ! sev]al faculties ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,montevideo z e/abli%$ by ! laws ( #aijh & #aiae4 ,cont5tion _h aris5 z to ! "r ( elect+ repres5tatives to ea* ( ^! c\ncils4 ,by ! new law ea* su* c\ncil 0 to h #aj memb]s & a dean4 ,9 ! faculty ( law f\r ( ^! 7 to be elect$ by ! attorneys :o 7 also pr(essors2 f\r attorneys to be select$ by ^? nei!r pr(essors nor sub/itutes2 "o m9or attorney by ^? nei!r pr(essors nor sub/itutes2 "o /ud5t delegate by ! /ud5ts !mselves4 ,9 ! faculty ( m$ic9e f\r memb]s 7 to be elect$ by ! pr(essors1 sub/itutes1 & *iefs ( cl9ics & laboratories2 ?ree memb]s to be elect$ by ! physicians n embrac$ 9 ! above categories2 "o memb] to be elect$ by ! ph>maci/s2 & "o by ! d5ti/s n includ$ 9 ! categories above2 "o memb] to be elect$ by ! /ud5ts ( m$ic9e1 ph>macy1 & d5ti/ry4 ,9 ! faculty ( eng9e]+ f\r memb]s 7 to be elect$ by ! pr(essors & sub/itutes2 ?ree memb]s to be elect$ by ! eng9e]s2 & two by ! surveyors :o 7 nei!r pr(essors nor sub/itutes2 "o memb] to be elect$ by ! /ud5ts ( eng9e]+ & survey+4 ,9 ! faculty ( ar*itecture five memb]s 7 to be elect$ by ! pr(essors & sub/itutes2 f\r memb]s to be elect$ by ar*itects :o 7 nei!r pr(essors nor sub/itutes2 "o memb] to be elect$ by ! /ud5ts ( ar*itecture4 ,by decrees ( #aiag enact$ into law1 sev5 ye>s ( advanc$ c\rses 7 requir$ = ! degree ( doctor ( m$ic9e & five ye>s = ! degree ( ar*itect4 ,special c\rses ( "o & two ye>s 9 con/ruction & mat]ials1 lead+ to c]tificates b n to degrees1 7 =mulat$ & all[$ by ! m9i/ry ( public in/ruction4 ,9 pursuance ( ! policy ( ex*ang+ pr(essors betwe5 ! v>i\s c\ntries ( ,s\? ,am]ica =mulat$ at ! ,pan ,am]ican ,conf]5ce held at ,bu5os ,aires 9 #aiaj1 special ex*ange 0 arrang$ ) ,*ile 9 #aiaf4 ,,education ,,9 ,,v5ezuela4 ,prim>y education 9 ,v5ezuela1 dur+ ! bi5nium "u consid]ation1 has enli/$ ! practical int]e/ ( ! ,national ,gov]nm5t z nev] be=e4 ,?is has tak5 %ape prim>ily 9 ! two fundam5tal adm9i/rative decrees ( ! ,provisional ,presid5t1 ,dr4 ,bu/illos4 ,! fir/1 issu$ 9 ,febru>y1 #aiag1 outl9es ! g5]al requirem5ts laid d[n 9 ! organic law ( public in/ruction "u c]ta9 regulations = prim>y public s*ools4 ,^! are divid$ into ?ree ma9 heads3 7a7 ,! prim>y elem5t>y s*ools1 9 :i* only ^? subjects belong+ to compulsory prim>y in/ruction are taught2 7b7 high] prim>y s*ools1 9 :i* are taught ! subjects belong+ to high] prim>y in/ruction2 7c7 complete prim>y s*ools1 9 :i* in/ruction is giv5 9 bo? ! above divisions at once4 ,! decree requires t ea* s*ool be equipp$ ) all mod]n appliances = ! physical well-be+ ( ! pupils4 ,*ildr5 are n admitt$ bel[ #g ye>s ( age2 only ^? bel[ #g ye>s are admitt$ to ! mo!rs' s*ools or ! k9d]g>t5s2 only ^? above #ad are admitt$ to ! s*ools = adults4 ,! subjects requir$ 9 ! elem5t>y prim>y s*ools are3 ,read+1 writ+1 & elem5ts ( ,spani%2 elem5ts ( ari?metic & ! metric sy/em2 rudim5ts ( geography & hi/ory ( ,v5ezuela2 rudim5ts ( e?ics & civic in/ruction2 rudim5ts ( behavior & hygi5e2 ! national hymn & s*ool songs2 ! fir/ elem5ts ( manual arts1 &1 = girls1 ( sew+4 ,9 ! high] prim>y s*ools are taught ! foll[+3 ,elem5ts ( ,spani% gramm>1 elem5t>y ari?metic1 metric sy/em1 geography & hi/ory ( ,v5ezuela1 elem5ts ( univ]sal geography & hi/ory1 elem5t>y sci5ce1 e?ical & civic in/ruction1 behavior & elem5t>y hygi5e1 elem5ts ( draw+ & music1 manual arts & elem5ts ( agriculture & cattle rais+ = boys1 sew+ & dome/ic economy = girls1 gymna/ic ex]cises4 ,religi\s in/ruction is imp>t$ to pupils ^: p>5ts or gu>dians require x1 provid$ t ! numb] ( su* be at lea/ #aj4 ,! celebration ( s*ool fe/ivals z requir$ by law1 ! e/abli%m5t ( libr>ies 9 ea* s*ool accessible to bo? pupils & tea*]s1 & ! keep+ ( books & regi/]s by tea*]s & directors are among ! g5]al provisions emphasiz$ 9 ! regulations4 ,! second decree1 issu$ by ! ,provisional ,presid5t 9 ,july1 #aiag1 sets =? ! regulations = ! (ficial inspection ( public in/ruction4 ,x expressly conc]ns ! foll[+ s*ools3 #a4 ,^? ma9ta9$ or aid$ by ! ,f$]al ,union4 #b4 ,^? ( prim>y1 second>y1 & normal in/ruction1 ma9ta9$ or aid$ by ! ,/ates or by ! municipalities4 #c4 ,public & private s*ools satisfy+ legal requirem5ts ( good conduct & s*ool hygi5e4 ,! (ficial inspection ( s*ools has its ultimate au?ority ve/$ 9 ! foll[+ grades ( function>ies3 #a4 ,committees 7juntas7 con/itut$ by law 9 localities ma9ta9+ a s*ool4 #b4 ,te*nical inspectors ( prim>y1 second>y1 & normal in/ruction = ! ,f$]al ,di/rict & ! ,/ates ( ! ,union4 #c4 ,a sup]9t5d5t = ! ,f$]al ,di/rict4 #d4 ,inspectors necess>y = ! op]ation ( high] & special in/ruction4 #e4 ,commission]s appo9t$ = special educational cases4 ,! duties & responsibilities impos$ by law ^u ! juntas ( prim>y in/ruction are detail$ at greate/ l5g?1 z ^u !m re/s ! prop] execution ( ! law & ! success ( ! entire sy/em4 ,mo/ important ( all ^! duties are ^? p]ta9+ to ! en=cem5t ( compulsory prim>y in/ruction4 ,! juntas are requir$ to keep !mselves in=m$ ( ! prim>y in/ruction imp>t$ to all *ildr5 ( s*ool age 9 _! di/rict1 :e!r 9 s*ools public or private or at home2 to require all p>5ts & gu>dians ( *ildr5 ( s*ool age to h su* *ildr5 in/ruct$ z requir$ by law2 to keep !mselves in=m$ ( ! progress ( all su* *ildr52 to impose f9es z requir$ by law ^u all p>5ts or gu>dians :o neglect ! in/ruction ( *ildr52 to see t ! *ildr5 admitt$ to s*ools ( all grades con=m 9 age1 /ate ( heal?1 etc41 to ! requirem5ts ( ! law2 to visit ! s*ools 9 _! di/rict frequ5tly & regul>ly2 & to keep regi/]s ( all facts p]ta9+ to ! att5dance ^u su* s*ools4 ,! duties & responsibilities ( ! inspectoral juntas ( second>y in/ruction & ^? ( normal in/ruction are full & exact+ & along ! l9es already laid d[n4 ,! te*nical inspectors z a gr\p h *>ge ( all ?ree grades ( in/ruction1 ea* 9 ! di/rict assign$ to him4 ,z fix$ by m9i/]ial decree1 !re are #aj ( ^!1 exclud+ ! sup]9t5d5t = ! ,f$]al ,di/rict4 ,^! function>ies are ! direct ag5ts ( ! m9i/ry ( public in/ruction1 & =m ! connect+ l9k betwe5 t (fice & ! local juntas4 ,!y are ve/$ ) complete p[] to compel ! execution ( ! law by ! local juntas "u p5alties prescrib$ by law4 ,!y are in/ruct$ to "w 9 complete h>mony ) ! juntas1 to call meet+s1 & to outl9e to !m _! duties "u ! law4 ,!y are also requir$ to in/ruct tea*]s 9 _! duties4 ,9 %ort1 ! inspectors are ! elem5t ^u :i* ! successful work+ ( ! ma*9]y ( ! regulations dep5ds4 ,! sup]9t5d5t ( public in/ruction 9 ! ,f$]al ,di/rict is directly "u ! au?ority ( ! m9i/] ( education4 ,! inspectors ( high] & special in/ruction h duties & responsibilities analog\s to ^? ( ! inspectors already m5tion$1 ?\gh ^!1 = obvi\s reasons1 are n outl9$ at su* l5g?4 ,9 ! field ( prim>y in/ruction ! int]e/ ar\s$ 9 rural s*ools has be5 ! mo/ m>k$ feature 9 ! pa/ bi5nium4 ,! m9i/ry ( public in/ruction has paid special att5tion to ! project ( e/abli%+ rural s*ools1 fix$ or travel+1 9 ! vic9ity ( ! ma9 manufactur+1 indu/rial1 or comm]cial c5t]s ( ! c\ntry1 & ! ,presid5t by decree ( ,july1 #aiag1 9 comm5d+ ! project1 urg$ ^u ! juntas :]ev] possible to develop ?is type ( s*ools4 ,especially 9 ! agricultural or cattle-rais+ sections 0 ! project receiv$ ) en?usiasm1 apply+1 z x did1 directly to ! problems ( illit]acy & ! tra9+ ( ! c\ntry population 9 practical subjects relat$ to daily life4 ,by special decree ! ,presid5t urg$ ! introduction ( elem5t>y c\rses 9 agriculture 9 ! e/abli%$ s*$ule ( /udies4 ,among ! ,/ates :i* def9itely e/abli%$ su* s*ools ! ,/ate ( ,trujillo1 f\r? 9 population1 took ! lead by e/abli%+ #ad1 ) pr$om9ant emphasis ^u practical c\rses 9 agriculture & relat$ subjects4 ,su* s*ools began at once to s]ve z c5t]s = ! in/ruction n only ( ! *ildr5 ( s*ool age b ( ! population g5]ally 9 new me?ods1 ! use ( ma*9es1 coop]ative societies1 etc4 ,simil>ly 9 sections devot$ to cattle rais+ !y 7 c5t]s ( inspiration & in/ruction 9 relat$ subjects4 ,dur+ ! la/ bi5nium ! indu/rial plants locat$ 9 ! c5t]s ( ,v5ezuela h e/abli%$ prim>y s*ools = ! *ildr5 ( _! op]atives1 ) ! approval ( ! au?orities1 ,/ate & municipal4 ,! m9i/] ( public in/ruction1 9 8 memoria = #aiah1 urge ^u ! ,congress ! passage ( a law recogniz+ ! "w ( ^! s*ools1 arrang+ = _! inspection by ! gov]nm5tal te*nical inspectors & ! classification & c]tification ( pupils complet+ ! c\rses (f]$ 9 !m4 ,su* s*ools h also done mu* 9 combat+ ! illit]acy among adults by means ( night s*ools1 & !y h 9 _m places1 by employ+ excell5t tea*]s1 s]v$ ! v useful purpose ( rais+ ! /&>d ( requirem5t 9 v>i\s di/ricts = ! public s*ools1 ,/ate or municipal4 ,second>y education 9 ,v5ezuela1 accord+ to ! memoria ref]r$ to1 suff]s mu* f ! insuffici5cy & irregul>ity ( ! rev5ues devot$ to x1 ) ! consequ5t ineffici5t equipm5t = mod]n & sci5tific subjects & ! inadequate sal>ies ( ! tea*]s4 ,on ! p$agogical side ! memoria f\nd ! effects exp]i5c$ by second>y education f ! me*anical & memory in/ruction1 too l>gely preval5t 9 prim>y education1 a p]man5t ob/acle to any hope ( real re=m 9 second>y education4 ,! colegios1 a type ( second>y s*ool peculi> to ! ,spani%-,am]ican c\ntries1 ( grade prep>atory to ! liceos1 seem to be disappe>+ f ,v5ezuelan education4 ,!re are n[ left only #ac ,f$]al colegios1 all ! o!rs ma9ta9$ by ! ,/ates & municipalities hav+ laps$4 ,! explanation probably lies 9 ! exagg]at$ !oretical in/ruction !y (f]$ & its lack ( adaptation to ! actual ne$s ( ! nation4 ,a numb] ( !m occupi$ build+s ( "s size & pret5sion1 & ! m9i/] 9 8 la/ memoria sugge/$ t ! vocational & indu/rial s*ools ne$$ 9 ! educational sy/em might well be in/all$ 9 ^! build+s4 ,int]e/ 9 ! education ( girls has made progress 9 ,v5ezuela1 an especially promis+ liceo = girls hav+ be5 e/abli%$ at ,c>acas1 (f]+ advanc$ c\rses cov]+ two ye>s1 ) special att5tion to physical tra9+ & mod]n subjects4 ,education 9 arts & crafts = m5 has long be5 popul> 9 ,v5ezuela1 p]haps l>gely because ( ! national tal5t 9 ^? subjects4 ,! s*ool at ,c>acas1 e/abli%$ 9 #aiaf1 (f]s a f\r-ye> c\rse1 ) ,engli% z ! only =eign language4 ,)9 two ye>s x rea*$ an enrollm5t ( #bhh 9 ! regul> classes & #bac 9 ! night c\rses4 ,comm]cial education & tra9+ 9 political sci5ce c\rses h gr[n 9 popul>ity dur+ ! la/ bi5nium4 ,s*ools ( ! =m] h be5 e/abli%$ at ,c>acas1 ,m>acaibo1 ,ciudad ,bolv>1 & ,pu]to ,cabello2 & ( ! latt]1 at ,c>acas1 subsidiz$ by ! ,gov]nm5t & reg>d$ z an important adjunct 9 tra9+ = ! legal pr(ession4 ,9 ! field ( ! prim>y normal s*ools1 ! m9i/ry has se5 ! necessity ( _! s]v+ m l>gely ! educational ne$s ( ! nation by supply+ m & bett] tea*]s to ! s*ools4 ,x is1 !re=e1 propos$ to revise !m ?or\ghly1 especially 9 reg>d to ! *ief defect obs]v$ s9ce _! e/abli%m5t1 namely1 ! poor prep>ation ( /ud5ts :o ent]4 ,x is propos$ to (f]1 prep>atory to ! normal s*ool prop]1 a p]fect+ c\rse 9 ess5tials cov]+ two or ?ree ye>s1 to :i* w\ld be add$ ,fr5*1 draw+1 gymna/ics1 & music4 ,su* a c\rse w\ld pref]ably be (f]$ 9 ! high] prim>y s*ools4 ,! pupil %\ld !n proce$ to ! specializ$ subjects ( p$agogy1 me?odology1 psy*ology1 & ! hi/ory ( education1 ^! subjects to cov] "o ye>4 ,ano!r s]i\s problem is ! great difficulty exp]i5c$ 9 secur+ suitable c&idates = ! s*ol>%ips (f]$ 9 ! prim>y normal s*ools by ! sev]al ,/ates & ,t]ritories4 ,9 _m ( !m ! memoria reports t ! appo9tm5ts _h to lapse 9 view ( ! fact t no c&idates qualifi$ = !m4 ,! m9i/] !re=e sugge/$ t a sy/em ( bo>d+ dep>tm5ts1 annex$ to ! normal s*ools1 ea* accommodat+ ab\t #bj boys ( #aj to #ac ye>s1 %\ld be e/abli%$ z fe$]s to ! normal s*ool sy/em4 ,by presid5tial decree1 dat$ ,july1 #aiag1 special c\rses 9 practical agriculture1 horticulture1 floriculture1 & dome/ic sci5ces 7 e/abli%$ 9 ! prim>y normal s*ools1 ) ! view ( especially equipp+ tea*]s = ! rural s*ools1 ^: e/abli%m5t has come to be reg>d$ z s necess>y = ! nation4 ,by presid5tial decree ( ,m>*1 #aiag1 an exp]im5tal /ation ( agriculture & =e/ry1 ) an acclimatization g>d51 0 e/abli%$ ne> ,c>acas4 ,x is int5d$ to s]ve z a model = o!r su* /ations 9 o!r p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 8,! objects ( ! /ation are ! improvem5t ( ! me?ods ( cultivation ( ! *ief agricultural products ( ,v5ezuela2 ! introduction1 selection1 & di/ribution ( se$s2 exp]im5ts 9 re=e/ation2 ! suitability ( soils to crops & ( crops to v>i\s regions2 & practical "w = ! tra9+ ( agricultural =em5 & =e/ rang]s40 ,transcrib]'s ,notes ,page #f3 8,quezalt5ango0 *ang$ to 8,quetzalt5ango0 ,page #ac3 8!mselves especialy0 *ang$ to 8!mselves especially0 8educationaly advanc$0 *ang$ to 8educationally advanc$0 ,page #ba3 8orig9al ju/fication0 *ang$ to 8orig9al ju/ification0 ,a repeat$ 8!0 0 remov$4 ,page #bb2 8,! ,gov]m5t0 *ang$ to 8,! ,gov]nm5t0 ,page #bi3 8,artice #a40 *ang$ to 8,article #a40 ,page #ca3 ,! orig9al text skips f ,article #ai to ,article #bd4 ,articles #bj-bc appe> to h be5 omitt$4 ,page #de3 8longe/ posisble0 *ang$ to 8longe/ possible0 ,page #df3 8sev]al localties0 *ang$ to 8sev]al localities0 ,page #di3 8s*ools ( ,montevido0 *ang$ to 8s*ools ( ,montevideo0 8hyg5ic consid]ations0 *ang$ to 8hygi5ic consid]ations0