,transcriber's ,note3 ,illustrations have been moved to the end of each chapter4 ,modern ,,house-,,plans ,for ,everybody ,,for ,,village ,,and ,,country ,,residences ,,costing ,,from ,,two ,,hundred ,,and ,,fifty ,,dollars ,,to ,,eight ,,thousand ,,dollars ,including ,full ,descriptions and ,estimates in ,detail of ,materials1 ,labor1 ,cost and ,many ,practical ,suggestions ,by ,s4 ,b4 ,,reed ,architect ,,illustrated ,new ,york ,,orange ,,judd ,,company #aijj ,copyright1 ,,orange ,,judd ,,company1 #aijj4 ,,preface4 ,in the modernized and revised edition of 8,house-,plans for ,everybody10 but little attempt has been made to change the text or floor plans1 as these are standard features requiring no revision4 ,in the matter of outward dress1 however1 nearly all the elevations have been redrawn1 with special regard to modern ideas and tastes1 and in this respect it is specially new and commendable4 ,the author has been guided in this work by many years' experience1 in planning and superintending the erection of country buildings1 and has selected1 from an extensive aggregation of original designs in his possession1 such examples as seemed best to serve for purposes of simplicity1 comfort1 and economy4 ,all the matters here presented are purely practical--well calculated to assist such as are contemplating the erection of either a village or country house4 ,the plans embrace almost every variety of arrangement and style--each one is accompanied with a detailed description of its conveniences and construction--and its cost is shown by careful estimates1 made to correspond with a uniform standard of prices1 at present rates4 ,to builders1 this work will be valuable as a handbook of reference1 to aid them when applied to for suggestions1 either in the projection of new dwellings1 or in the alteration of old ones1 saving much time1 study and calculations4 ,the estimates of cost have been found correct as to totals1 in the neighborhood of ,new ,york1 and in many other localities builders have offered to duplicate the structures for the figures given4 ,s4 ,b4 ,,reed4 ,,contents4 ,page4 ,,design ,,no4 ,i4 ,a ,,cottage1 ,,costing #bej4 ,accommodations for ,beginners in ,house-,keeping1 with ,limited ,means4--,arranged as the ,wing of a future ,main ,house4--,first ,steps4 #i ,,design ,,no4 ,,ii4 ,,country ,,cottage1 ,,costing #dej4 ,approximating the ,cheapest ,construction4--,roofs must not be slighted4--,their ,relative ,cost4--,suggestions as to ,inside ,linings4 #ab ,,design ,,no4 ,,iii4 ,,country ,,cottage1 ,,costing #eej4 ,effect of ,angles and ,vertical ,lines4--,new form of ,radiator1 with ,designs and ,description4--,a ,durable ,wash for rough work4 #ag ,,design ,,no4 ,,iv4 ,,country ,,cottage1 ,,costing #eej4 ,adapted to an ,eastern ,frontage4--,good accommodations for a small family4--,may have a ,vestibule in ,piazza4--,exterior ,plastering4 #bb ,,design ,,no4 ,v4 ,,convenient ,,house1 ,,costing #fej4 ,little required to build a comfortable home4--,saving by use of regular sizes of ,sash1 ,doors1 etc4--,novelty ,siding4--,gutters4--,desirability1 and ,cost of ,hanging ,sash4 #bf ,,design ,,no4 ,,vi4 ,a ,,house1 ,,costing #gjj4 ,providing for future ,enlargement4--,framework below the ,first ,floor4--,section of ,frame1 with ,description4--,cornice4 #cc ,,design ,,no4 ,,vii4 ,,country ,,house1 ,,costing #gej4 ,fair ,expression of ,purpose4--,best ,results from ,location4--,outside ,plastering4--,stearate of ,lime4--,formula for ,making4 #ci ,,design ,,no4 ,,viii4 ,a ,,cottage1 ,,costing #hjj4 ,enlargement of ,design ,no4 #a4--;,best use of the ,space4--,short ,spans1 and ,bridging of ,beams4--,suggestions as to ,location4 #dd ,,design ,,no4 ,,ix4 ,,country ,,or ,,village ,,cottage1 ,,costing #a1jjj4 ,cosy and ,homelike4--,style ,determined by the ,form of ,roof4--,modes of ,plastering4--,advantages of the ,one-coat work4 #di ,,design ,,no4 ,x4 ,a ,,house1 ,,costing #a1ajj4 ,adapted to a ,twenty-five ,foot ,lot4--,trim ,outline4--,no ,waste in ,materials4--,pitch of ,roofs4--,ventilator and ,scuttle combined4 #ed ,,design ,,no4 ,,xi4 ,a ,,house1 ,,costing #a1fjj4 ,practical ,experience ,valuable in ,planning4--,conventional ,requirements4--,a ,fifth ,house4--,section of ,outside ,wall1 and ,description4 #fb ,,design ,,no4 ,,xii4 ,a ,,house1 ,,costing #a1gjj4 ,important ,features in ,exterior4--,care in ,foundations4--,regular versus ,balloon ,framing4--,painting4 #fi ,,design ,,no4 ,,xiii4 ,,french ,,roofed ,,cottage1 ,,costing #b1jjj4 ,for thickly settled localities4--,enlivened ,dressing4--,purpose of ,ornament4--,bracing of ,frame4--,taste in ,painting4 #gf ,,design ,,no4 ,,xiv4 ,,french ,,roofed ,,cottage1 ,,costing #b1jjj4 ,conforming to a ,declivity4--,outlines of ,grounds4--,tower-like ,corner1 ,supported by a ,column4--,weight of ,slate1 and ,tin4 #hb ,,design ,,no4 ,,xv4 ,,southern ,,house1 ,,costing #b1jjj4 ,extended ,area of ,ground ,floor4--,requirements for ,shade4--,preparations for ,severe ,weather4--,food ,department4 #hf ,,design ,,no4 ,,xvi4 ,a ,,house1 ,,costing #b1ajj4 ,pointed ,style--in harmony with rural surroundings4--,earth ,finish around ,foundation4--,exhausting poisonous vapors from cellars4 #ib ,,design ,,no4 ,,xvii4 ,a ,,house1 ,,costing #b1bjj4 ,the most ,economical ,form4--,high ,foundations4--,surrounding ,grades4--,bridging ,beams4--,stairs4--,why ,contractors differ4--,who qualified to estimate4 #ih ,,design ,,no4 ,,xviii4 ,,southern ,,house1 ,,costing #b1bjj4 ,style adapted to ,middle and ,southern ,states4--,tower4--,verandas4--,windows extending to the ,floor4--,ventilation4 #aje ,,design ,,no4 ,,xix4 ,,stone ,,house1 ,,costing #b1ejj4 ,balance in ,outlines4--,site4--,cellar1 how sweetened4--,plant ,window1 with ,contents ,reflected4--,drudgery of ,housework4 #aaa ,,design ,,no4 ,,xx4 ,,country ,,house1 ,,costing #b1fjj4 ,suited to a ,southern ,climate4--,double ,front4--,may face any point of ,compass4--,detailed ,estimate of ,windows and ,doors4 #aae ,,design ,,no4 ,,xxi4 ,,farm ,,house1 ,,costing #b1fjj4 ,economical and ,practical4--,size and ,shape4--,direction to ,face4--,hight above ,ground4--,cause of ,decay in ,principal ,timbers4--,paving instead of flooring ,shed4 #abj ,,design ,,no4 ,,xxii4 ,a ,,house1 ,,costing #b1hjj4 ,advantages of ,square ,form4--,rounded ,roof ,outlines4--,new ,modification of ,mansard ,roof4--,front ,hall ,dispensed with4--,chimneys to ,save ,heat4 #abh ,,design ,,no4 ,,xxiii4 ,,country ,,or ,,village ,,house1 ,,costing #b1hjj4 ,suited to the ,wants of ,professional ,men4--,outlines and ,dress4--,good ,taste4--,rule for ,projections4--,slate4--,estimate in ,detail for ,plastering4 #acd ,,design ,,no4 ,,xxiv4 ,,farm ,,house1 ,,costing #b1hjj4 ,questions ,involved in ,locations4--,distance from the ,street to ,build4--,seeming ,growth of the ,earth4--,superintending ,construction4--,points4 #adj ,,design ,,no4 ,,xxv4 ,a ,,half-,,stone ,,house1 ,,costing #b1hjj4 ,rustic and ,substantial4--,front and ,rear ,finish4--,construction4--,confined ,sewage4--,prices of ,building ,materials4 #adg ,,design ,,no4 ,,xxvi4 ,a ,,frame ,,house1 ,,costing #b1ijj4 ,external ,features4--,spreading out4--,direction to ,face4--,an ,auxiliary ,apartment4--,building a ,section at a ,time4--,reducing the ,cost4 #aeb ,,design ,,no4 ,,xxvii4 ,a ,,stone ,,house1 ,,costing #b1ijj4 ,solid1 ,independent1 and ,homelike4--,vines and ,creepers for ,decoration4--,manner of ,building ,corners1 with ,designs and ,description4 #aeh ,,design ,,no4 ,,xxviii4 ,a ,,house1 ,,costing #c1jjj4 ,suburban ,cottage1 with ,modern ,improvements4--,high ,foundations4--,large ,rooms4--,platform ,stairs4--,low-down ,grates4--,coal-lift4 #afd ,,design ,,no4 ,,xxix4 ,a ,,house1 ,,costing #c1ajj4 ,summer ,residence1 with ,principal ,rooms in the ,rear4--,parlor and ,piazza for ,use together4--,well1 ,how ,constructed4 #aga ,,design ,,no4 ,,xxx4 ,,frame ,,and ,,brick ,,house1 ,,costing #c1cjj4 ,indestructible ,covering4--,design ,showing ,method of ,construction1 with ,description4--,economical ,plumbing4 #age ,,design ,,no4 ,,xxxi4 ,a ,,house1 ,,costing #c1gjj4 ,residence or ,parsonage4--,three ,elevations4--,nearly ,square ,ground-,plan4--,arranged ,similar to ,double ,house4 #ahj ,,design ,,no4 ,,xxxii4 ,a ,,house1 ,,costing #d1jjj4 ,double ,front4--,bay ,windows4--,circular ,window ,heads4--,preventing drafts4--,fire-place ,heaters4--,plumber's ,work in ,detail4 #ahg ,,design ,,no4 ,,xxxiii4 ,a ,,brick ,,house1 ,,costing #d1jjj4 ,compact ,outline4--,vestibule ,doors4--,vertical ,side ,walls in ,mansard ,roof4--,design of ,frame1 with ,description4 #aif ,,design ,,no4 ,,xxxiv4 ,,country ,,residence1 ,,costing #d1gej4 ,perspective ,view4--,physicians' ,office4--,laboratory4--,water ,reservoir4--,fountain4--,heaters and ,grates4 #bjc ,,design ,,no4 ,,xxxv4 ,,suburban ,,residences1 ,,costing #d1jjj4 ,mansard ,roofs4--,variety4--,conservatory4--,roo fing ,materials foreign to each other4--,furnace4 #bje ,,design ,,no4 ,,xxxvi4 ,a ,,farm ,,house1 ,,costing #e1jjj4 ,hooded ,style4--,main ,entrance from two directions4--,position of ,kitchen ,wing4--,conservatory4--,beam ,filling4 #bji ,,design ,,no4 ,,xxxvii4 ,a ,,suburban ,,residence1 ,,costing #g1jjj4 ,outlines determined by location4--,irregularities4--,pleasantes t ,apartments4--,arches4--,concrete ,floors4--,parquet ,floors4 #bad ,,design ,,no4 ,,xxxviii4 ,a ,,suburban ,,residence1 ,,costing #h1jjj4 ,perspective ,view4--,modern ,improvements4--,five ,story ,tower4--,dormer ,windows4--,school ,room4--,remarks on ,style4 #bbj ,,design ,,no4 ,,xxxix4 ,,six ,,contiguous ,,houses1 ,,costing #f1jjj4 ,building in ,blocks4--,what is ,saved4--,overcoming many objections4--,preserving their identity as ,cottages4--,deafening ,partitions4 #bbg ,,design ,,no4 ,,xl4 ,,five ,,contiguous ,,houses1 ,,costing #aj1jjj4 ,residence4--,corner-,stone4--,observato ry4--,desirability4--,imposing and animated4--,full ,specifications of ,plumber's ,work4 #bcb ,,design ,i4 ,a ,,cottage1 ,,costing #bej4 ,this plan was designed for a simple cottage1 with sufficient accommodations for beginners in housekeeping with limited means4 ,it is arranged as the ,wing of a larger house to be erected in the future1 as indicated in the dotted sketch adjoining the ground-plan4 7,the building1 with the proposed enlargements complete1 are given in ,design ,,viii47 ,to a certain extent1 one's dwelling is an index of his character4 ,any effort at building expresses the owner's ability1 taste1 and purpose4 ,every industrious man1 starting in life1 has a right1 and should be encouraged1 to anticipate prosperity1 as the sure reward of honest worth2 and he may1 with propriety1 give emphasis to such anticipations in every step1 and with every blow struck4 ,his dwelling may well express the progressive character1 rather than a conclusive result4 ,beginning a home by starting with a room or two1 as present means will allow1 and increasing its dimensions as can be afforded1 without the precarious aid of the money-lender1 is honest1 independent1 and best provides against the ever-changing vicissitudes of life4 ,the first step towards building is the preparation of plans4 ,these should be sufficiently comprehensive to embrace all probable requirements4 ,if only a small beginning is intended1 it should be made to exhibit some degree of completeness1 and be arranged to conform with the proposed future enlargements without serious alterations4444 ,,exterior1 7fig4 #a74--;,in view of the relation this structure is to bear to a proposed main house1 and to allow for the grading likely to be required in the ultimate completion of the whole1 the foundation is made to show four feet above the ground4 ,such elevation adds to the prominence and good appearance of the building1 and relieves the interior from the dampness likely to result from a closer contact with the soil4 ,the style is simple1 neat1 and favorable for the using of ordinary materials and methods of construction4444 ,,interior1 7fig4 #b74--;,hight of ceiling1 #i feet4 ,the entire floor space is utilized in the three convenient divisions--a ,living-room1 ,bedroom1 and a ,large ,pantry--with no chimney-breast1 or stairway to interfere4 ,each room is pleasantly lighted1 and the larger one has outside entrances front and rear4 ,with a favorable location1 the living-room may be made a very cheerful apartment4444 ,,construction4--,for economy1 and in prospect of a future enlargement1 that shall include ample cellars1 such excavations are omitted for this building4 ,the ,foundations are brick piers1 extending in the earth below the reach of frost1 and #d feet above1 and the intermediate spaces are close-boarded1 making an inclosure useful for many purposes4 ,if desired1 a sort of temporary cellar may be made1 by deepening the central portion of this inclosure a foot or two1 and banking the loose earth against the inside of the boarding4 ,the ,framework and other parts are substantially constructed1 of materials as indicated in the appended estimate4 ,the ,chimney rests on the central partition 7which is strengthened by the central pier of the foundation71 and has two flues1 with metal thimbles in the bottom of each--one to receive the stove-pipe from the living-room1 and the other to serve as a ventilator for the bedroom4 ,all of the materials are intended to be of merchantable quality4 ,the siding1 flooring1 and casings are mill-dressed4 ,the sizes of the sash are #b ft4 #h in4 #e ft4 #b in41 and of the doors1 #b ft4 #h in4 #f ft4 #h in41 all #a in4 thick1 and may be found ready-made1 and seasoned1 in the stock of any regular dealer4444 ,in the following estimate1 the item of #bj1 for carpenter's labor1 may seem very little4 ,this amount is allowed for preparing the building ready for the plasterer1 and is entered in this manner for convenience in making the calculations4 ,adding to the above amount the cost of such labor in the 8completed0 parts1 will make a total of #ej4 ,,estimate1 cost of materials and labor3 #a1jjj bricks1 laid1 at #ab per ,m4 #ab4jj #abd yards plastering1 at #bj;c4 per yard4 #bd4hj #fcf ft4 of timber1 at #ae per ,m4 #i4ed #b sills1 #d #f in4 #ah ft4 long4 #a girder1 #d #f in4 #ah ft4 long4 #b sills1 #d #f in4 #af ft4 long4 #i beams1 #c #f in4 #af ft4 long4 #d posts1 #d #f in4 #aj ft4 long4 #ad ceiling boards1 #b #d in4 #af ft4 long4 #ge wall-strips1 #b #d #ac1 at #aa;c4 each4 #h4be #ih siding1 #i inches1 at #be;c1 each4 #bd4ej ,cornice materials4 #f4jj #ej shingling lath1 at #e;c4 each4 #b4ej #f shingling planks1 at #bj;c4 each4 #a4bj #ab bunches shingles1 at #a4be per bunch4 #ae4jj #cf flooring1 #i in41 at #be;c4 #i4jj #g windows1 complete1 at #f4 #db4jj #d doors1 complete1 at #e4 #bj4jj #b stoops and closets1 complete4 #bj4jj ,nails1 #d2 painting1 #ad2 carting1 #e4 #bc4jj ,carpenter's labor1 not included above4 #bj4jj ,incidentals4 #ab4ba ------- ,total cost4 #bej4jj ,illustration3 ,fig4 #a4--;,,exterior ,,of ,,cottage4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #b4--;,,interior ,,of ,,cottage4 ,,design ,,ii4 ,,country ,,cottage1 ,,costing #dej ,,to #eej4 ,this plan of an inexpensive country dwelling is adapted to the wants of many people whose circumstances will not admit of a larger outlay4 ,it was originally prepared and published in response to many calls for very low-priced country houses1 8some as cheap as lumber and nails can make them40 ,the present one approximates that point1 and will aid in devising others4444 ,,two ,,elevations are given for the same ground-plan2 the first 7fig4 #c7 is for a one-story house of the simplest design1 with an entrance door1 a neat porch1 and two windows in front4 ,the rear is arranged similarly4 ,the roof is conspicuous1 in keeping with its importance4 ,no matter how cheaply one proposes to build a house1 it is essential not to slight the roof4 ,a roof fit for a one-story cottage would answer equally well on a three-story house1 so that relatively the cost of this part becomes greater1 as the other parts become reduced and cheapened4444 ,,ground-,,plan1 7fig4 #d74--,the accommodations are quite sufficient for a small family1 consisting of three rooms1 two lobbies1 a kitchen-pantry1 and a clothes-press4 ,the ,lobbies protect the rooms from direct contact with the outside doors4 ,the ,living-room is large1 and accessible alike from each entrance2 it has windows front and rear1 and is convenient to the pantry2 one entire side is unbroken1 giving additional space for furniture1 etc4 ,the ,pantry is shelved on two sides1 and has a sash opening from the rear lobby1 receiving light through the head-light over the rear entrance door4 ,the front ,bedroom is of good size--large enough to be used as a sitting-room2 it adjoins the rear bedroom1 and a clothes-press1 and has a window facing the road4 ,the rear ,bedroom is the most retired1 and has a window looking to the rear4 ,the ,press or closet is shelved and hooked in the usual manner4 ,the door between the bedrooms might be dispensed with1 but its convenience more than repays its cost4444 ,,construction4--,the ,foundations are of common stone and mortar1 laid in trenches1 so as not to be affected by frost1 and show #a feet above ground4 ,the supports for the central partitions are stone piers1 #d feet apart4 ,the ,chimneys are of hard brick and mortar1 passing through the first story in two flues1 but joined together beneath the roof1 and finished above as a single chimney4 ,all the timber of the exterior frame is of #d #f-;inch spruce4 ,the sills are laid flatways on the foundation1 and the upright frame-work stands upon them4 ,the beams are of #a #h-;inch spruce planks2 they are notched #d inches1 to fit on the sill1 and bear on the foundation1 and are nailed to the studding and sills1 binding the whole together4 ,the ceiling-strips are of #a #e-;inch spruce1 resting on the ties1 and nailed to the studding4 ,the rafters are #b #d-;inch wall-strips4 ,all beams1 studding1 and rafters1 are placed #af inches apart from centers4 ,the siding is of #aj-;inch dressed pine4 ,the roof is covered with #ah-;inch pine shingles1 laid on #a #b-;inch shingling-lath4 ,the porch-frame is of dressed and cornered timber1 and is roofed with shingles on flooring laid face down4 ,the flooring is #a #i-;inch spruce 8milled40 ,the interior is plainly cased3 for doors and windows1 #c inches wide2 base1 #f inches2 chair-back in the living-room1 #c inches2 all beveled4 ,all sashes and doors are #a inch thick4 ,the interior side-walls and ceilings are white-sand finished1 on brown mortar and seasoned lath4 ,many efforts have been made to devise something cheaper than plastering for the inside lining of walls1 but no substitute has yet been found to equal it in cheapness or durability4 ,plastering1 as usually prepared and applied1 conduces to the healthfulness of any apartment1 emits no odor of mouldiness1 has no attraction or harbor for vermin1 is impervious to air1 and a non-conductor of sound4 ,where linings of thin wood or paper are used1 it is necessary to deafen the partitions and ceilings1 otherwise they will be noisy4 ,sound made in any one part will reverberate through the house with drum-like suggestiveness4 ,most of such materials absorb moisture rapidly from the atmosphere1 and when at any distance from the house-fires1 so as not to be warmed and dried1 the moisture is retained in them4 ,this is especially the case in chambers and closets4 ,rather than seek a substitute for plastering1 it is better to extend its use1 and1 where practicable1 apply it as an outside covering1 as well as for inside linings1 as described for ,design ,,vi4 ,the ,,second ,,elevation1 7fig4 #e17 shows an enlargement of the first1 by increasing the outlines of the roof1 giving space for a ,,second ,,floor1 7fig4 #f74 ,such space1 though not immediately required for bedrooms1 would be valuable for many purposes4 ,the appearance of the building is improved by the enlargement1 and the extra cost will not exceed one hundred dollars4 ,cost of ,cottage--,no4 #a3 #dfh ft4 stone foundation1 at #e;c4 per foot4 #bc4dj #a1jjj bricks in chimneys1 laid1 at #ab per ,m4 #ab4jj #bgj yards plastering1 at #be;c4 per yard4 #fg4ej #egf ft4 of timber1 at #ae per ,m4 #h4fd #b sills1 #d #f in4 #hj ft4 long4 #b plates1 #d #f in4 #cb ft4 long4 #b sills1 #d #f in4 #cb ft4 long4 #d posts1 #d #f in4 #aj ft4 long4 #b plates #d #f in4 #bj ft4 long4 #b girts1 #d #f in4 #bj ft4 long4 #afj wall-strips1 at #ac;c4 each4 #bj4hj #ef rough plank1 at #af;c4 each4 #h4if #gj flooring1 at #bj;c4 each1 #ad2 #aae siding1 at #be;c41 #bh4ge4 #db4ge #aef shingling-lath1 at #f;c4 each4 #i4cf #bg bunches shingles1 at #a4ej each4 #dj4ej ,cornice and porch materials4 #ba4jj #d windows1 at #e each1 #bj2 #i doors1 at #c each1 #bg4 #dg4jj ,closet finish and nails1 #bf4ji2 cartage1 #ab4 #ch4ji ,carpenter's labor1 not included above4 #fj4jj ,painting4 #ej4jj ------- ,total4 #dej4jj ,extra cost of cottage--,no4 #b3 #c windows1 at #e each1 #ae2 #gj flooring1 at #bj;c1 #ad4 #bi4jj #be siding1 #f4be2 #ai rough plank1 #c4jd4 #i4bi #bc shingling-lath1 #a4ch2 #d bunches shingles1 #f4 #g4ch #be wall-strips1 #c4be2 #djj brick1 #d4hj4 #h4je ,timber1 #e2 stairs1 #bj2 porch1 #e4 #cj4jj ,carpenter's labor4 #af4bh ------- ,total4 #ajj4jj ,illustration3 ,fig4 #c4--;,,elevation ,,of ,,one-,,story ,,house4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #d4--;,,ground-,,plan ,,of ,,house4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #e4--;,,elevation ,,of ,,story-,,and-,a-,,half ,,house4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #f4--,,second ,,floor4 ,,design ,,iii4 ,a ,,country ,,cottage1 ,,costing #eej4 ,these plans are for a low-priced house1 similar in character to those in ,design ,,ii41 but differing entirely in outlines and arrangement1 and embracing a much larger area of floor space1 with increased accommodations4444 ,,elevation1 7fig4 #g47--,the ,front is broken with angles1 furnishing a greater number of vertical lines1 thus giving relief from the depressing appearance that would otherwise be manifest4 ,the roof projections are proportionate1 with simple finish4 ,the cornices of the central or main part are the most prominent1 and have plain trusses4 ,the gable openings supplying ventilation between the ceilings and roof4444 ,,ground-,,plan1 7fig4 #h74--,the interior contains five quite ample rooms1 conveniently arranged1 besides a lobby1 pantry1 and two closets4 ,hight of ceilings in two principal rooms1 #i feet1 in the side extensions1 #f feet at the plate1 following the rafters to the center of the rooms1 and from thence are leveled across at the hight of #i feet4 ,the front entrance is through a lobby4 7,if desired to economize further1 the front stoop and one door may be saved1 by putting an arch in place of the front door1 making a recessed porch of the lobby47 ,the ,parlor has two front windows1 and a closet1 and adjoins the kitchen and two bedrooms4 ,the ,kitchen is large1 has two windows1 an open fire-place1 and adjoins a commodious pantry1 and a bedroom4 ,the ,pantry has a large window1 and is shelved on one side and end4 ,a convenient ,clothes-press opens from the right-hand bedroom4 ,the ,chimney is near the center of the house1 insuring much saving of heat4 ,the interior of this house may be comfortably warmed from a single fire1 by placing a ,radiator in the parlor1 and leading the fire-draught from the kitchen stove through it4 ,as the peculiar form and construction of this radiator is comparatively new1 having originated with me1 a description is here given1 which will enable any skillful sheet-iron worker to make one 7see figs4 #i and #aj73 ,a1 is the parlor side of the chimney-breast2 ,b1 the kitchen side2 ,c1 chimney-flue2 ,d1 kitchen fire-place1 containing kitchen-stove2 ,e1 smoke-pipe leading from the stove through the throat-piece1 into the chimney-flue2 ,f1 ,f1 stove-pipe branches passing through the back of the fire-place1 and connecting the smoke-pipe1 ,e1 with the radiator2 ,g1 interior section of radiator2 ,h1 face of radiator2 ,i1 partition within radiator4 ,the draught is regulated by a damper1 ,j1 in the smoke-pipe ,e1 between the branches1 ,f1 ,f1 and is forced through the radiator as required4 ,the radiator may be made of any size desired to fit the mantle-opening1 and if neatly constructed of ,russian iron1 will be quite ornamental4 ,the partition1 ,i1 is #e inches wide1 and extends to within #f inches of the bottom at either side1 has turned edges1 and is riveted to the front and back4 ,in use1 to start the fire1 a direct draught is made by opening the damper1 ,j1 after which it may be closed to turn the draught through the lower branch-pipe into the central part of the radiator1 where it descends1 passing the lower ends of the partition1 ,i1 into the side passages1 where it ascends and enters the upper branch-pipe1 leading to the smoke-pipe1 ,e4 ,the bottom should have a collar to slide within the upright part1 to facilitate cleaning when necessary4 ,if there is no hearth-stone to set the radiator upon1 the bottom may be filled with an inch deep of coarse plaster1 which will make it safe even on a carpet4 ,in setting the radiator1 an inch or two of open space should be left between it and the chimney-back 7just the thickness of the interior wall-plates of the mantle1 against which the radiator should join47 ,into the bottom of this space1 air may be introduced from the outside of the house1 through a two-inch pipe4 ,the air thus let in becomes heated1 and escapes around the margin1 furnishing a pure healthful supply to the room4444 ,,construction4--,the estimate annexed1 includes materials1 and methods of construction similar to those described for ,design ,,ii4 ,the form and arrangement of this building admits of its being erected in sections2 the central or main part may be first put up1 and the side extensions added as means or necessity requires or allow4 ,in localities where it is difficult to get dressed lumber1 rough boards may be used for the siding1 put on vertically1 and battened1 but in this case it would be practical to paint the cornices and other dressings only with lead and oil--using a lime-wash for the rough work4 ,a durable wash may be made by slaking freshly-burned lump-lime in hot brine4 ,this can be colored by adding dry-stainers as desired1 and may be applied with an ordinary whitewash brush4 ,such work would greatly reduce the cost1 and1 if properly done1 add a feature of rustic beauty1 quite becoming in this class of building4 ,,estimate cost of materials and labor3 #cdj ft4 stone foundation1 at #e;c4 per ft4 #ag4jj #a1jjj bricks in chimneys1 laid1 at #ab per ,m4 #ab4jj #bij yards plastering1 at #be;c4 per yard4 #gb4ej #hjj ft4 of timber1 at #ae per ,m4 #ab4jj #b sills1 #d #f in4 #cj ft4 long4 #h posts1 #d #f in4 #ac ft4 long4 #b sills1 #d #f in4 #ac ft4 long4 #b plates1 #d #f in4 #cj ft4 long4 #b sills1 #d #f in4 #bb ft4 long4 #b plates1 #d #f in4 #ac ft4 long4 #d sills1 #d #f in4 #i ft4 long4 #b plates1 #d #f in4 #bb ft4 long4 #cjj wall strips1 at #ac;c4 each4 #ci4jj #gj plank rough spruce1 #a #aj1 at #af;c4 each4 #aa4bj #acj siding1 dressed pine1 #aj1 at #be;c4 each4 #cb4ej #agf shingling-lath1 at #f;c4 each4 #aj4ef #cj bunches shingles1 at #a4ej per bunch4 #de4jj #hb flooring1 dressed spruce1 at #bj;c4 each4 #af4dj #h windows1 at #e each1 #dj2 #aj doors1 at #c each1 #cj4 #gj4jj ,closet and base finish1 #af2 cornice materials1 #ae4 #ca4jj ,nails1 #aj2 painting1 #fj2 cartage1 #ad4 #hd4jj ,carpenter's labor1 #ge2 incidentals1 #ba4hd4 #if4hd ------- ,total cost1 complete4 #eej4jj ,illustration3 ,fig4 #g4--;,,elevation ,,of ,,front ,,of ,,house4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #h4--;,,ground-,,plan4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #i4--,,radiator4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aj4-,,radiator4 ,,design ,,iv4 ,a ,,country ,,house1 ,,costing #eej ,,to #gjj4 ,this plan of a low-priced dwelling is adapted to the wants of many living in the country4 ,it will accommodate a small family well1 and has a pleasing appearance4444 ,,exterior1 7fig4 #aa47--,the ,front has a sufficient variety of parts to insure a fair degree of picturesqueness4 ,an allowable amount of neat tracery is admitted in the composition of the gables1 and between the piazza columns1 to give an expression of taste and cheerfulness4 ,more than this would not accord with the utility and economy especially aimed at in these low-priced plans4 ,if intended for a ,summer ,cottage1 or ,gate-lodge1 for persons of larger means1 the matter of exterior dress would assume quite a different aspect1 and admit of more liberal treatment4444 ,,ground-,,plan1 7fig4 #ab47--,the arrangement shown is adapted to an eastward frontage1 placing the ,entrances and the ,living-room on the pleasant side1 where least exposed to northerly winds and cold4 ,should an opposite frontage be selected1 the plan may be suited to it by reversing the sides1 as this would be reflected if held before a mirror4 ,the hight of the ceilings are #aj feet4 ,the front entrances open directly from the piazza to the parlor and living-room4 ,these entrances may be protected in winter by a sash inclosure1 forming a pleasant vestibule of a part of the piazza4 ,the principal rooms are a ,parlor1 ,kitchen1 and two ,bedrooms4 ,the ,parlor is in front of the main building1 and of sufficient size for the ordinary uses of such an apartment4 ,the ,kitchen is intended as the ,living-room1 where the family1 maintaining the simplicity of cottage life1 spend much of their in-door time1 sharing together the domestic cares and comforts4 ,it is sufficiently spacious to admit of the requisite furniture1 and allow of the ordinary family gathering without crowding4 ,it has three windows2 if desired1 the upper part of the front door may have sashes1 giving views in three directions4 ,the pantry and lobby1 at the rear1 are of equal size1 both opening from the kitchen4 ,the two ,bedrooms adjoin each other 7but have no communication between them in the plan4 ,this may be arranged as desired47 ,one opens from the parlor1 the other from the kitchen1 and each has a closet4 ,the ,chimney is placed between the kitchen and parlor1 with an open fire-place on the kitchen side4 ,the method of heating1 described for ,design ,,iii41 would insure the comfortable warming of both of the principal rooms from one kitchen fire4444 ,,cellar1 7fig4 #ac47--;,hight1 #f feet4 ,the dimensions embrace the space below the kitchen and the bedrooms2 it has three windows and an outside entrance4 ,the part under the parlor is unexcavated4444 ,,construction4--,the ,foundation-walls are of broken stone and mortar1 and show #b feet above ground4 ,those under the parlor are laid in trenches1 extending below the reach of frost4 ,the chimney is of hard brick and mortar4 ,the frame-work1 roofing1 and exterior plastering1 are similar to those described for ,design ,,vi4 ,the gables are inclosed with vertical boarding1 having their lower ends cut to pattern1 and are battened over the joints4 ,the ornamental verges in the gable-cornices are of pine boards1 and1 being of simple design1 are readily made1 and put in position while building4 ,a pleasing effect is produced by 8lining off0 the surface of the exterior plastering into courses or squares4 ,this is easily done with a 8straight-edge10 and an ,s shaped iron while finishing4 ,the final 8,stearate0 covering 7see ,design ,,vi47 may be divided and shaded in two parts1 and so applied as to give the alternate squares slight changes of shade4 ,the best results may be obtained from exterior plastering where properly done4 ,it is impervious to either air or water1 and therefore equals the more expensive methods of inclosures for houses of this character4 ,it should not be attempted over horizontal lines of framework1 as the shrinking and consequent contraction will cause a bulging and cracking of the plaster at those points4 ,whenever obliged to cross such timbers1 the upright framework must be halved on to them1 and continued in whole lengths1 to prevent such contractions4 ,all joinings with the exterior wood-finish must be carefully made1 especially at the top1 to prevent water from entering1 and running down behind the walls4 ,wide projectives of cornices afford a valuable protection for such walls against driving storms4 ,exterior plastering may be done in any season that is free from frost4 ,an ordinary rain will do no injury to either of the two coats of plaster after they have become 8set40 ,the 8,stearate0 should be applied as soon as the plastering is thoroughly dried4 ,,estimate for cost of materials and labor3 #ed yards excavation1 at #bj;c4 per yard4 #aj4hj #a1cjj ft4 foundation1 at #aj;c4 per ft4 #acf4ej #a1bej brick1 laid1 at #ab per ,m4 #ae4jj #bh ft4 stone steps and sills1 at #bh;c4 per ft4 #g4hd #abj yards exterior plastering1 at #cj;c4 per yard4 #cf4jj #bbd 0 interior 0 0 #be;c4 0 0 #ef4jj #a1gjj ft4 of timber1 at #ae per ,m4 #be4ej #b sills1 #c #h in4 #cj ft4 long4 #c plates1 #d #f in4 #af ft4 long4 #g beams1 #c #h in4 #ac ft4 long4 #c sills4 #c #h in4 #af ft4 long4 #b plates1 #d #f in4 #ac ft4 long4 #aj beams1 #b #h in4 #af ft4 long4 #b sills1 #c #h in4 #ai ft4 long4 #i posts1 #d #f in4 #aj ft4 long4 #g beams1 #b #h in4 #ac ft4 long4 #b plates1 #d #f in4 #cj;ft4 long4 #ad beams1 #c #h in4 #af ft4 long4 #a piazza1 #b #h in4 #ah ft4 long4 #bjj wall-strips1 at #aj;c4 each1 #bj2 cornice materials and gable finish1 #ah4be4 #ch4be #ahj shingling lath1 at #e;c4 each1 #i4jj2 #af spruce-planks1 at #bj;c4 each1 #c4bj4 #ab4bj #cd bunches shingles1 at #a4be per bunch4 #db4ej #hj flooring-planks1 at #bj;c41 #af2 piazza1 #dj4 #ef4jj #c cellar-windows1 #i2 #h plain windows1 #ef4 #fe4jj #aa doors1 #dd3 closet-finish1 #ab3 nails1 #aj3 carting1 #ab4 #gh4jj ,painting1 #cj2 carpenter's labor1 #ge2 incidentals1 #ae4da4 #abj4da ------- ,total cost4 #gjj4jj ,if cellar is omitted1 deduct1 #afg4ad4 ,cost without cellar4 #ecb4hf ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aa4--;,,front ,,elevation ,,of ,,house4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ab4--,,plan ,,of ,,first ,,floor4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ac4--,,plan ,,of ,,cellar4 ,,design ,v4 ,a ,,convenient ,,house1 ,,costing #fej4 ,the accompanying plans were designed for a simple1 compact1 and economical house1 and will be appreciated by any one who may desire to know just how little is required to build a comfortable home4 ,they provide ample room for a small family4444 ,the ,,cellar extends under the whole house1 the walls are built as shown in the details of foundation and frame1 given in ,design ,,vi41 with #c feet of masonry and #c feet of frame-work4444 ,the ,,first ,,story contains a good-sized ,hall1 ,parlor1 and ,kitchen1 or ,living-room1 with two closets1 pump1 and sink4 ,the stairs to the cellar lead directly from the kitchen1 passing down under the stairs in the main hall4 ,a 8fire-place heater0 can be put in the parlor fire-place1 which will also warm the chamber above4 ,this method of heating is economical1 and occupies but little room4444 ,the ,,second ,,story has three good-sized rooms1 two closets1 and small hall1 in the main house1 and an attic over the kitchen4 ,the floor of the attic is one foot lower than that of the main house2 this gives valuable room for storage1 etc4444 ,the hight of the first story of the main house is #h feet #f inches2 of the second story1 #g feet4 ,the hight of the kitchen ceiling is #g feet4 ,the attic is arranged to have just standing room in the center4444 ,a great saving of time and trouble is made1 when openings are provided for regular sizes of sash1 blinds1 and doors1 as they may be obtained of seasoned and well-made stock1 at any time1 from any dealer in such materials4 ,these plans are drawn with reference to such regular sizes1 viz43 the first-story windows are #b ft4 #g in4 #e ft4 #f in42 second story1 #b ft4 #g in4 #d ft4 #f in42 cellar1 #b ft4 #b ft4 #h in41 all #a inch thick4 ,all principal windows should have their frames made with pockets and pulleys1 and the sash hung with iron weights and good cord4 ,the cost for the addition of these necessary parts1 beyond what is required for the plain frame1 is about as follows1 for each window of ordinary size3 #d pulleys1 7at #dj;c4 per doz47 #ad;c42 #bj lbs4 iron weights1 #b;c4 per lb41 #ej;c42 lb4 sash-cord1 #af;c4 per lb41 #h;c2 #a doz4 screws1 in41 #ce;c4 per gross1 #c;c42 labor putting in pockets1 pulleys1 etc41 #bj c4--,total1 #ie cents1 and when once done1 will need no further attention or expense1 while the house lasts4 ,the satisfaction of having neat-fitting1 easy-working sash1 where the upper1 or lower one1 may be opened at will1 is great4 ,the saving of little fingers1 and older nerves1 to say nothing of shattered sash and glass1 more than repays the extra cost of hanging sash4444 ,the front1 rear1 and parlor ,,doors are #b ft4 #h in4 #f ft4 #h in4 #a in42 other first-story doors1 #b ft4 #f in4 #f ft4 #h in4 #a in42 second-story doors1 #c ft4 #f in4 #f ft4 #f in4 #a in42 all #d-paneled1 and neatly moulded4 ,the #a-;inch doors have mortise-locks2 other doors rim-locks1 all with porcelain knobs and escutcheons4444 ,,blinds are included for the first and second stories1 in the estimate appended1 at an average cost of #b4dj per pair1 and may be omitted1 but are recommended as useful2 they protect the sash from storms1 and can be operated to give almost any desired light or shade in the rooms4444 ,many people may be in circumstances that would justify the building of one part of a house first1 to be occupied as a temporary residence until means and opportunity warrant the building of the whole4 ,a newly-married couple could arrange to have the kitchen part built as a residence for a season1 rather than forego the opportunity of setting out trees1 vines1 and shrubbery1 planting1 and otherwise developing their grounds4 ,they would then be near the work when building the main part1 to superintend it1 and care for materials1 saving much that is often wasted1 or lost4 ,the wing1 or kitchen part1 could be built at a cost of about #ahe1 so arranged as that the main house could be joined to it at any time--or1 what would be better1 the main house may be built first1 at a cost of about #fej1 and the kitchen added at convenience4444 ,the exterior dressing of cornice1 window-caps1 and stoop1 are decided in their character for simplicity and boldness1 giving a generous and finished appearance to the whole4444 ,,novelty ,,siding1 fig4 #ah1 is mentioned in many of the estimates for these houses4 ,this form of siding ,i first introduced some sixteen years ago1 since which time it has grown into general favor and use in this neighborhood4 ,it has the following merits to recommend it3 #ast1 ,it is easily put on by ordinary mechanics4 #b;d1 ,when properly nailed to the frame1 it strengthens it1 so as to make bracing of the frame almost unnecessary4 #c;d1 ,the spaces between the studding1 when the interior is plastered1 are each air-tight compartments1 containing only stationary air1 which is a non-conductor of cold 7or heat71 thus protecting the inside wall from the extreme changes of outward temperature4 #dth1 ,a cheaper quality of lumber can be used1 the more cross-grained the materials1 the less likely they are to check1 or shrink1 and any small1 sound knots are easily covered with shellac before painting1 which closes them effectually4 #eth1 ,the general surface is even1 so that any brackets or other ornamentation can be put on without the trouble and difficulty of 8scribing0 them up to the clap-boarding4444 ,the ,,shingling referred to in the estimate is of #ah-;inch pine shingles1 and may be laid #e inch to the weather1 and secured with large-headed 8shingle-nails40 ,it is best in laying shingles to lap at one-third the breadth1 never in the center1 for should one shingle check in the center1 as they are liable to do1 an opening is made through the three courses1 and a leaky roof will be the result4 8,shingling-lath0 #a #b in41 with the lower edge placed just where the buts of the shingles would cover1 will allow air to freely circulate on both sides of the shingles1 and preserve them one-third longer than when laid on close planking1 which holds the moisture1 and assists decay of every part of the roof4444 ,,gutters4--,the old wooden gutter has nearly gone into disuse1 and always seemed a barrier to any satisfactory finish of cornice4 ,it was difficult to get timber of sufficient width for projections1 and in such cases1 the cornices were proportioned by boxing off1 and building up around this 8gutter-stick10 which was bad construction--the outer-edge of the gutter1 being higher than the edge next the house1 would cause the water1 during heavy storms1 or when the leader was choked up1 to flow over against the frame-work of the building1 which was one of the most frequent causes of decay and settling in the older houses in this country4--,the tin-lined 8box0 and 8trough0 gutters are often troublesome2 the tin can not be laid in them except in long lengths1 which have been soldered together while flat and smooth4 ,to lay these long lengths into the ready-formed gutter1 requires much bending and hammering1 which breaks the best tin at the soldered joints1 on the under-side1 where it is impossible to repair it1 so that1 while it may not appear at once to leak1 it is sure to do so soon1 to be discovered after the cornice has been swelled out of shape or destroyed4 ,the gutter that ,i have adopted in all cases where practicable 7see section1 fig4 #ai71 either for shingles or slate1 is made of charcoal-tin1 #ad inches wide1 in lengths as long as can be well handled4 ,one edge is turned or rolled up around a iron rod1 which makes a strong edge4 ,then a bend is made at #c inches from the turned edge1 forming a right angle the whole length4 ,this is laid on the second course of shingles1 with one end lower than the other1 so as to give a good run for the water4 ,the ends are turned up1 where required1 to stop the water1 and a tube put through the cornice in the usual manner4444 ,for ,,tin ,,roofs1 having a pitch of at least one inch to the foot1 the gutters are formed in a similar manner1 with the flat1 or bottom part1 about inch wide1 making a flange1 which is soldered to the roof near the eaves1 to a line drawn at an angle to make one end lower than the other1 as for shingle roofs4 ,this is the simplest and best kind of gutter1 will outlast any other1 and in the event of a possible damage1 or leakage1 no harm will be done beyond the loss or waste of the water that runs off over the eaves4 ,it can be easily repaired1 or replaced at any time1 without interfering with the principal roof1 and it saves the trouble and expense of building and boxing for gutters1 or of making cornices with special reference to them1 and it is cheaply constructed4--,,estimate ,,of ,,cost of building by this plan in the vicinity of ,new ,york ,city3 #ch yards excavation1 at #bj;c4 per yard4 #g4fj #e1jjj brick1 furnished and laid1 at #ab per ,m4 #fj4jj #bcj yards lath and plastering1 #c coats1 at #bh;c4 per yard4 #fd4dj #a1dab ft4 timber1 at #ae per ,m4 #ba4ah #a sill1 #c #h in4 #ib ft4 long4 #a girt1 #d #h in4 #ab ft4 long4 #d posts1 #d #f in4 #ba ft4 long4 #b ties1 #d #f in4 #af ft4 long4 #b plates1 #d #f in4 #ai ft4 long4 #b ties1 #d #f in4 #ai ft4 long4 #b plates1 #d #f in4 #ab ft4 long4 #ah beams1 #c #h in4 #af ft4 long4 #aj beams1 #c #g in4 #ab ft4 long4 #a locust-post1 #d inch4 #ce #bbj wall-strips1 #b #d in4 #ac ft4 long1 at #aj;c4 #bb4jj #afj novelty siding-boards1 #i in41 at #bh;c4 #dd4hj #cj rabbeted siding1 #i in41 at #bh;c1 #h4dj2 #ib ft4 cornice materials1 #ae4 #bc4dj #ajj shingling-lath1 at #f;c1 #f2 #af bunches shingles1 at #a4ej1 #bd4 #cj4jj ,tin gutters and leaders4 #g4jj #ij tongued and grooved flooring4 #i in41 at #cj;c4 #bg4jj #h windows with blinds1 at #h1 #fd2 #c cellar windows1 plain1 at #c1 #i4 #gh4jj #b stoop materials1 #bj2 stairs1 #ast story and cellar1 #dj4 #fj4jj #ab doors and materials4 #dh4jj ,carpenter's labor 7not included above74 #ge4jj ,painting1 two coats1 #dj2 cartage1 average one mile1 #ab4 #eb4jj ,extras1 for base1 sink1 pump1 and nails1 etc4 #cd4bg ------- ,total cost of materials and construction4 #fej4jj ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ad4--;,,front ,,elevation4--,scale1 #h feet to #a inch4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ae4--;,,cellar4--,scale1 #h feet to #a inch4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #af4--;,,first ,,story4--,scale1 #h feet to #a inch4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ag4--,,second ,,story4--,scale1 #h feet to #a inch4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ah4--8,,novelty ,,siding40 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ai4--,,portion ,,of ,,roof ,,and ,,gutter4 ,,design ,,vi4 ,a ,,house ,,costing #gjj4 ,the plans here given are of simple design1 intended to meet the large and increasing demand for low-priced country or village houses1 having at the same time some architectural beauty4 ,without this latter feature1 a comfortable house of this size can1 in many places1 be erected for much less than #gjj even4444 ,the house here described provides for as much room as a small family would require1 while at the same time it admits of future enlargement1 as one's necessity or means may indicate1 by additions1 ells1 or wings1 at either side1 or rear4 ,in all cases1 when planning small houses1 it is best to provide for such enlargements4 ,the triplet window in front is so arranged that it can be readily changed to a bay-window1 when that improvement can be afforded1 without marring the rest of the wood-work1 or the harmony of the front elevation4444 ,the ,cornice of the main building is bracketed1 and projects sufficient to relieve it of the stunted look so common to country houses4 ,the brackets are made of #b #d-;inch timber1 in three pieces each1 mitred to the angles required1 and nailed together 7see fig4 #be71 making an effective support and pleasant appearance4444 ,a large saving in expense of foundations is secured by the following method of construction 7see section of foundation and frame1 fig4 #bd74 ,the excavation is made for the cellar #b feet deep4 ,a foundation of #h-;inch brick-work1 #c feet high1 or #f inches above the level of the ground only1 is required4 ,a sill of #c #h-;inch timber is laid on1 and 8flush0 with the inside of the wall1 to provide nailing for the wainscoting of the basement1 if it is afterwards finished off4444 ,the beams or joists for the first floor are supported by a plank-strip five inches wide1 let into the inside of the frame at a proper hight1 and securely fastened with heavy nails4 ,the other parts of the framing are executed1 and the whole raised1 in the usual manner4444 ,the inclosing1 or siding1 below the first story1 is of #aj-;inch boards rabbeted and cross-grooved in imitation of large stone-work1 and painted in contrast with the principal body of the house1 and the water-table is put just above them4444 ,many small houses in the country are built without any permanent foundation1 but are temporarily supported on posts set in the ground1 and 8boarded down40 ,they are always shaky1 and doubtful while they stand1 and are frequently blown over altogether4 ,as will be readily seen1 the above method provides for the saving of one-half of the mason-work in the foundation4 ,in many places stone is abundant1 and will answer the same purpose as brick in this case1 except for the #f inches above ground4 ,the laying up of a single-face wall1 #b feet high1 of rough stone and mortar1 would cost but a trifle4 ,if the cellar should be finished at any time for basement purposes1 these walls would be much drier and more healthful than when the walls are entirely of masonry4 ,in this case it would be preferable to have the foundation walls #f inches higher1 so as to have the basement rooms #g feet in the clear4444 ,several houses have been built on this plan in villages1 and in most cases it has been decided not to have any rear outside door for the first story 7fig4 #bb71 but to wait until a kitchen could be finished in the front part of the cellar1 when the common entrance would be by the area to the kitchen4 ,in the plan 7fig4 #bb71 we have indicated two rear windows1 but a door may take the place of either of them4 ,we have also indicated by dotted lines where pantry1 sink1 etc41 may be placed in the corner1 according to the wishes of the proprietor4444 ,there is but one chimney4 ,the parlor is heated by running a stove-pipe through earthen thimbles placed in the partitions under the stairs1 to the chimney1 which is perfectly safe1 and no heat is lost4 ,when desired1 a fire-place1 or stove-pipe flue1 may be carried up through the parlor1 as well as through the living-room1 and the two be brought together above the stairs into one chimney4444 ,the ,,second ,,story1 7fig4 #bc71 may be divided into three rooms1 the front one being #ab #ae feet2 or1 if preferred1 this front room may be divided into two smaller rooms1 as indicated by the dotted lines4 ,one may be #h #ab1 and the other #f #ab4 ,the latter would be large enough for an ordinary bed 7#d #f feet71 with stand or chair by the window2 and in this case a small closet could be cut off from the corner1 opening into the large room1 as shown by the dotted lines4 ,,cost4--,the following estimate in detail1 at present prices1 near this city1 will enable any one to determine the cost of building by this plan4 ,allowance can be made for any difference in cost of materials or labor as required in other localities3 #dc yards excavation1 at #bj;c4 per yard4 #h4fj #f1jjj brick1 laid complete1 at #ab per ,m4 #gb4jj #a1fcf ft4 timber1 at #ae per ,m4 #bd4ej #b sills1 #c #h in4 #bi ft4 long4 #b sills1 #c #c in4 #af ft4 long4 #d posts1 #d #g in4 #ba ft4 long4 #bh beams1 #c #h in4 #af ft4 long4 #b ties1 #d #f in4 #bi ft4 long4 #b plates1 #d #f in4 #bi ft4 long4 #b ties1 #d #f in4 #af ft4 long4 #b plates1 #d #f in4 #af ft4 long4 #cb rafters1 #c #d in4 #ab ft4 long1 at #bj;c4 #f4dj #bjj wall-strips1 #b #d in4 #ac ft4 long1 at #aa;c4 #bb4jj #afb novelty siding-boards1 #i in41 at #bh;c4 #de4cf #bh rabbeted siding1 #aj in41 at #bh;c4 #g4hd #ig flooring spruce1 #i in41 at #bh;c4 #bg4af #abc shingling-lath1 #a #b in41 at #f;c4 #g4ch #bb bunches shingles1 #ah in41 at #a4be4 #bg4ej #ad windows1 with blinds1 two stories1 #i at #h2 #e at #c4 #hg4jj #b stairs1 #be2 #aa doors and trimmings1 #dd2 #a stoop materials1 #aj4 #gi4jj #ad rough spruce-plank1 #a #aj in41 at #cj;c4 #d4bj #ajj feet cornice materials4 #bj4jj ,carpenter's labor 7not included above74 #ij4jj #cej yards plastering1 three coats1 at #be;c4 #hg4ej ,cartage1 average one mile4 #ab4jj ,painting1 two coats1 #dj2 extras1 for tin1 nails1 etc4 #ca4ef4 #ga4ef ------- ,total cost in above style4 #gjj4jj ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bj4--;,,elevation ,,of ,,house4--,scale1 #h feet to #a inch4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ba4--;,,cellar4--,scale1 #h feet to #a inch4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bb4--;,,first ,,story4--,scale1 #h feet to #a inch4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bc4--,,second ,,story4--,scale1 #h feet to #a inch4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bd4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #be4 ,,design ,,vii4 ,,country ,,house1 ,,costing #gej ,,to #a1jej4 ,these plans represent a commodious dwelling house1 constructed with especial regard for economy and utility1 and they will be appreciated by those desiring to provide a comfortable1 permanent shelter for home by the use of limited means4444 ,,elevation1 7fig #bf74--;,in preparing plans for 8low-priced0 houses1 the simplest outlines are indicated4 ,having to combine usefulness and small outlay1 there can be no latitude for architectural display1 beyond mere matters of accommodation and completeness4 ,the exterior of this example fairly expresses its domestic purpose4 ,the breadth of the front1 the preponderance of horizontal lines1 and the hooded roof1 are each indicative of strength1 and suggest its adaptation to rural situations4 ,the satisfactory appearance of this house will greatly depend on its location4 ,the best results would be obtained by placing it on a slight knoll1 giving it additional altitude4 ,this would prevent its being obscured by shrubbery and trees1 which are indispensable accompaniments of a properly developed homestead4444 ,,cellar1 7fig4 #bg74--;,hight1 #f feet4 ,it has three windows1 an outside entrance1 and stairway leading to the kitchen above4444 ,,first ,,story1 7fig4 #bh47--;,hight of ceiling1 #aj feet4 ,the accommodations1 consisting of five rooms1 a pantry1 and two closets1 are adapted to a good-sized family4 ,the ,parlor and ,kitchen are the principal rooms1 and occupy the middle portion1 their sides being protected by other rooms1 and1 having the fire-place between them1 they are easily warmed4 ,the device for heating described for ,design ,,iii4 would serve admirably in this house4 ,two ,bedrooms adjoin the parlor4 ,many might choose to have double doors entering these bedrooms1 to allow all three rooms to be used together occasionally4 ,this would not preclude the use of the smaller ones as bedrooms1 or1 if preferred1 as a sewing-room and a library4 ,the ,kitchen is the largest apartment1 and has doors leading to the pantry1 bedroom1 parlor1 stairway1 and the rear entrance4 ,the outside or entrance doors may be protected in severe seasons by storm-doors hung to open outward1 with loose joint-buts to allow of their ready removal4 ,the rear veranda is similar to the front one shown on the elevation4444 ,,second ,,story1 7fig4 #bi74--,the front portion only is finished1 with ceilings #h feet high1 and is divided into two chambers and four closets4 ,the rear portion is left unfinished1 to be used as an open garret4 ,the space above the ceiling of the finished portion may be floored over with boards1 to serve for storage of quilting-frames1 trunks1 etc4444 ,,construction4--,the excavations for the cellar are #d feet deep4 ,the foundation-walls are of broken stone1 laid in mortar1 and show #b feet above the earth-grade4 ,a strong girder1 resting on large posts1 or columns of stone or brick1 supports the center of the building4 ,in setting the girder1 it should be elevated from to of an inch in the center1 rising gradually from each end1 to allow for settling1 which invariably occurs from shrinkage of the interior frame-work4 ,the timber for the frame-work is indicated in the estimates below1 and is substantially framed together4 ,all the outside studding is halved over the principal timbers1 to prevent vertical shrinkage from affecting the exterior covering of the side-walls4 ,the exterior covering is of lath and plaster1 as follows3 all cornices and other dressings1 and the roof1 should first be completed--and all window and door frames set and cased4 ,the outside frame should then be thoroughly lathed outside and inside4 ,all this is to prevent jarring or pounding on these parts during the application or setting of the plaster4 ,the plaster is made in the usual manner of fresh lime and sharp sand1 with half a bushel of hair to each barrel of lime used1 and allowed to lay two weeks to insure a thorough slaking and permeation of the lime4 ,it is then applied in two coats--the first a 8scratch10 the second a 8browning40 ,the surface is floated with a darby1 7not trowelled74 ,after having stood a sufficient time to become dry1 the whole is covered with a preparation called 8,stearate of ,lime10 using an ordinary white-wash brush4 ,the formula for making this stearate of lime 7known only to a few1 who have treated it as a secret17 is here published for the first time1 and it will be understood by those familiar with the nature and operation of slaking lime4 ,the ingredients are simply fresh-burned finishing-lime1 using the lumps only1 unrendered beef-suet1 and hot water4 ,it is necessary that these parts be kept in lively motion while dissolving1 or they will be entirely destroyed by 8burning40 ,the usual process is to sink a large barrel1 having an open end1 #b feet in the ground1 pounding the earth around to make it firm4 ,an upright piece1 #d inches in diameter1 and #f feet long1 is set upright in the center of the barrel1 and held in position by cleats at the bottom and top1 leaving the upright free to turn4 ,arms are put through the upright within the barrel1 and a cross-bar or lever is attached to the upper end--the whole making an apparatus similar to a 8clay-mill40 ,one bushel of lime1 #bj lbs4 of suet 7chopped fine71 and a barrel of boiling water are provided2 and while one works the 8mill10 another feeds alternately lime1 suet1 and hot water4 ,this quantity of material1 costing about #b1 will make a full barrel of the preparation4 ,any desired shade may be afterwards given by adding stainers4 ,this mixture is applied while hot--two coats being necessary to insure a thorough covering4 ,this will also be found a valuable preparation for covering exterior brick or concrete work4 ,it is impervious to water1 and will outlast any of the paints prepared for such purpose4 ,all other information concerning the finish of this house may be inferred upon a careful study of the following estimates4--,,estimate cost of materials and labor3 #ie yards excavation1 at #bj;c4 per yard4 #ai4jj #a1jfb ft4 stone-foundation1 at #ae;c4 per ft4 #aei4cj #bd ft4 stone steps and coping1 at #bh;c4 per ft4 #f4gb #b1jjj bricks in chimneys1 laid1 at #ab per ,m4 #bd4jj #eag yards plastering1 inside at #be;c4 per yard4 #abi4be #acj 0 0 outside1 at #cj;c4 per yard4 #ci4jj #a1hej ft4 of timber1 at #ae per ,m4 #bg4ge #b sills1 #c #h in4 #cd ft4 long4 #b sills1 #c #h in4 #be ft4 long4 #a girder1 #d #h in4 #cb ft4 long4 #d posts1 #d #h in4 #aa ft4 long4 #c ties1 #c #f in4 #cd ft4 long4 #b plates1 #d #f in4 #ae ft4 long4 #b perlines1 #c #h in4 #be ft4 long4 #b perlines1 #d #f in4 #ah ft4 long4 #ajj beams1 #a #h in4 #ac ft4 long4 #cjj wall-strips1 at #aa;c4 each4 #cc4jj #d locust-posts1 at #cj;c4 each1 #a4bj2 #aij flooring1 at #bj;c4 each1 #ch4 #ci4bj #baf shingling-lath1 at #f;c4 each4 #ab4if #ci bunches shingles1 at #a4be per bunch4 #dh4ge #c cellar windows1 at #c1 #i2 #ab plain windows1 at #g1 #hd4 #ic4jj #ag doors1 at #d each1 #fh2 #b verandas1 #ej each1 #ajj4 #afh4jj ,stairs1 #bj2 cornice materials1 #ah4 #ch4jj ,closet finish and base1 #ae2 nails1 #ab2 cartage1 #bj4 #dg4jj ,painting1 #dj2 carpenter's labor1 #ajj2 incidentals1 #be4jg4 #afe4jg -------- ,total cost1 complete4 #a1jej4jj ,omitting cellar and verandas would save #cjj4jj ------- ,total1 after deductions4 #gej4jj ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bf4--;,,elevation ,,of ,,front ,,of ,,house4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bg4--,,plan ,,of ,,cellar4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bh4--,,plan ,,of ,,first ,,floor4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bi4--,,plan ,,of ,,second ,,floor4 ,,design ,,viii4 ,a ,,cottage1 ,,costing #hjj ,,to #a1jej4 ,this design is an enlargement of the small cottage described in ,design ,i4 ,the arrangements are very complete in convenience1 appearance1 and economy4444 ,,exterior1 7fig4 #cj74--,the outlines and style are simple4 ,the front is enlivened by the ,porch1 ,bay-,window1 and other projections4 ,the details of finish are of neat design1 and in harmony1 giving an agreeable expression of taste and refinement--features especially pleasing in cottage architecture4444 ,,cellar1 7fig4 #ca74--;,hight in clear1 #f feet4 ,it is under the main building only2 has two windows1 and stairs leading to the first story4 ,it contains #cgh feet area1 giving abundant room for all ordinary requirements4444 ,,first ,,story1 7fig4 #cb74--;,hight of ceiling1 #i feet4 ,the best use is made of the space by having but few divisions1 leaving good-sized rooms4 ,the ,hall is small1 but is conveniently arranged to answer all necessary purposes4 ,it is entered from the front porch1 and communicates directly with the parlor and dining-room1 and by the main stairs with the second story4 ,there is sufficient room for a hat-rack at the right of the front door4 ,the ,parlor is of fair size1 the large bay-window adding materially to its area and cheerfulness4 ,with very little expense in furniture1 this apartment may be made pleasant and cosey4 ,the ,dining-room extends the whole width of the house1 and has a window at each end4 ,it is conveniently arranged1 with doors opening from the hall1 parlor1 kitchen1 pantry1 and to the stairs4 ,the ,kitchen is commodious and pleasant2 has three windows1 an outside rear entrance1 and adjoins the dining-room1 pantry1 and bedroom4 ,the ,pantry is sufficiently large and convenient to answer the requirements of both dining-room and kitchen4 ,it has a small window1 and is thoroughly shelved4 ,the ,bedroom opens directly from the kitchen4 ,its purpose in the partial erection 7as shown in ,design ,i47 may be changed in the completed building here described by making it an auxiliary of the kitchen for the coarser work2 or1 if needed1 it may still be used as a bedroom for help4444 ,,second ,,story1 7fig4 #cc74--;,hight of ceiling1 #h feet4 ,there is a hall1 two chambers1 two bedrooms1 and two closets1 in this story1 and no waste room4 ,the ,hall is just large enough for convenience4 ,the ,chambers are of ample dimensions1 with a chimney between them1 admitting the use of stoves when required4444 ,,construction4--,the ,foundations for the main house are of broken stone and mortar1 showing three feet above ground1 neatly pointed where exposed to sight4 ,the ,wing is supported on piers1 as described in ,design ,i4 ,girders 7shown on the cellar-plan by dotted lines71 supported on strong posts1 carry the central portions of the building4 ,the shortness of the spans between bearings allow very light floor-beams4 ,it is1 however1 important that the beams should be bridged to secure uniformity of strength1 and prevent vibrations4 ,the ,frame is constructed in the usual manner--all the ties1 girts1 and headers being 8framed in40 ,the inclosing is sufficiently indicated in the estimate4 ,the front windows have semi-circular heads outside4 ,in their construction the frames and sash are square1 to admit ordinary curtain fixtures on the inside4 ,the circular head is outside of1 and 8planted0 on the flat casing1 or 8blind-strip10 and is made perfectly tight by a flange of tin4 ,the additional expense of such circular finish is but trifling1 compared with its good appearance4 ,the side and rear windows have square heads1 with rabbeted drips4 ,blinds are intended for all windows above the cellar4 ,ventilators are placed in each gable4 ,the ,porch has boxed pedestals and columns1 scroll-sawed balusters1 and circular spandrels4 ,the inside walls and ceilings are 8sand-finished0 on two coats of brown mortar4 ,the main stairs are constructed with a quarter circle1 and winders at the top4 ,these winders extend beyond the hall into the ceilings of the dining-room 7as sketched71 but do not interfere with its use1 or seriously injure its appearance4 ,the ,bay-,window is neatly arched on the inside4 ,marble mantels are put in the parlor and dining-room1 and shelves in the chambers4 ,the second story-hall is lighted through the door 7sash7 of the front bedroom4444 ,,suggestions4--,this plan was arranged to suit a village lot #be feet in width1 leaving a passage-way at the side4 ,this necessitated placing the wing at the rear of the main house4 ,if there is more ground1 the wing may be placed at the right of the main part1 facing the road4 ,the communications between the dining-room and wing would be still similar to those shown4 ,the window at the right of the dining-room would be placed in the rear4 ,these changes entail no extra expense1 if determined on before commencing to build4--,,estimate cost of materials and labor for main house3 #ef yards excavation1 at #bj;c4 per yard4 #aa4bj #hge ft4 stone-foundation1 at #e;c4 per ft4 #dc4ge #b1jjj brick1 furnished and laid1 at #ab per ,m4 #bd4jj #cdj yards plastering1 complete1 at #be;c4 per yard4 #he4jj #a1abf ft4 of timber1 at #ae per ,m4 #af4hi #b sills1 #d #f in4 #bd ft4 long4 #b sills1 #d #f in4 #ba ft4 long4 #i ties1 #d #f in4 #bd ft4 long4 #d ties1 #d #f in4 #ba ft4 long4 #d posts1 #d #f in4 #ai ft4 long4 #b plates1 #d #f in4 #bd ft4 long4 #a girder1 #d #f in4 #ba ft4 long4 #bb beams1 #c #f in4 #bd ft4 long4 #bej wall-strips1 at #aa;c4 each4 #bg4ej #afb siding1 #i in41 at #bj;c4 each4 #cb4dj ,cornice materials4 #ah4jj #ace shingling-lath1 at #e;c4 each4 #f4ge #h rough planks1 at #bj;c4 each4 #a4fj #bd bunches shingles1 at #a4be per bunch4 #cj4jj #aab flooring1 #i in41 at #be;c4 #bh4jj #b cellar windows1 complete1 at #d4 #h4jj #a bay-window1 complete4 #dj4jj #e plain windows1 complete1 at #ab4 #fj4jj ,stairs1 complete1 #dj2 #ab doors1 complete1 #if4 #acf4jj ,mantels1 #ci4ia2 porch1 #cj2 closets1 #aj4 #gi4ia ,nails1 #i2 painting1 #ej2 carting1 #ab4 #ga4jj ,carpenter's labor 7not included above74 #hj4jj ------- ,total cost of main house4 #hjj4jj ,add ,design ,i4's estimate for wing4 #bej4jj -------- ,total for whole complete4 #a1jej4jj ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cj4--;,,front ,,elevation4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ca4--,,plan ,,of ,,cellar4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cb4--,,plan ,,of ,,first ,,floor4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cc4--,,plan ,,of ,,second ,,floor4 ,,design ,,ix4 ,,country ,,or ,,village ,,cottage1 ,,costing #a1jjj4 ,this plan is designed to answer many requests for a 8cosey and homelike ,cottage1 suited to the wants of ,mechanics and ,laboring ,people1 costing from #gjj to #a1jjj40 ,it is best adapted to a westward frontage--with the hall1 entrances1 and porches protected from the north1 but may be easily adapted to an opposite frontage by reversing the plan--placing the hall1 etc41 on the opposite side of the main house4 ,the width1 #ba feet1 adapts it to a #be-;foot village lot1 leaving a side passage to the rear4444 ,,exterior1 7figs4 #cd and #ce47--,the style of any building is determined by the form of its roof2 the steep and hooded style in this design accords fully with domestic feelings and artistic sentiments1 and is growing in public favor for suburban structures4 ,compared with the usual ,mansard style is more practical1 less expensive1 and serves equally well4 ,the side-angles1 porches1 bay-window1 cornices1 and chimneys1 each of simple construction1 make up a pleasing variety of parts4 ,all superfluous ornamentation is avoided4 ,a too common fault prevails in villages1 and even in the country1 of building close up to the street lines4 ,a clear depth of at least #bj feet in front should be devoted to a flower-garden1 shrubbery1 and vines1 for flowers are proper accessories of cottage adornment1 and architectural ornamentation can never compensate for their absence4444 ,,cellar1 7fig4 #cf47--;,hight of ceiling1 #f feet4 ,it extends under the front half of the building1 giving an average area of #aa #ae feet--quite sufficient for ordinary requirements4 ,it has two small front windows4 ,a good ventilation may be had through the chimney2 openings in the rear foundation allow a circulation of air over the unexcavated portion4444 ,,first ,,story1 7fig4 #cg47--;,hight of ceiling1 #i feet2 is divided into a hall1 parlor1 living-room1 rear entry1 and a closet4 ,the ,hall1 entered from the front porch1 connects through doors with the parlor1 living-room1 and rear entry1 and contains the main stairs4 ,the ,parlor has a large bay-window in the front1 opposite to which is a marble shelf resting on stucco trusses4 ,it communicates with the living-room and hall4 ,the remaining wall spaces are unbroken1 for furniture and wall ornaments4 ,the ,living-room is a little larger than the parlor1 has two windows1 an open fireplace1 a closet1 and doors leading to the front hall1 parlor1 and rear entry4 ,the rear entry is under the platform of the main stairs2 is divided from the front hall1 and is to be used as the common entrance4 ,it has doors leading from the front hall1 living-room1 rear porch1 and the cellar stairs4 ,the parlor may be warmed by placing a radiator under the marble shelf1 and passing the smoke-pipe from the living-room through it1 as for ,design ,,iii4 ,the cost of such a radiator is #f4444 ,,second ,,story1 7fig4 #ch47--;,hight of center ceilings1 seven feet2 hight of side-breast walls1 #c feet4 ,the stairs leading to this story are made with a platform1 placed three risers below the upper landing1 which allows for the required head-room4 ,the divisions provide for four rooms1 a hall1 and two closets2 the large chamber has a double window in front1 a marble shelf on the chimney-breast1 and a closet2 the hall bedroom is designed to be used in connection with the large chamber as a child's room4444 ,,construction4--,the excavation for the cellar is made four feet deep1 and for the rear foundation walls one foot4 ,the loose earth is graded around the foundation at completion1 leaving #a feet of the foundation exposed to sight on the outside4 ,the foundation walls are of broken stone1 laid in common mortar1 #af inches thick1 and neatly pointed where exposed to sight1 and are generally even with the framework on the outside4 ,provision is made for the cellar stairway by extending the adjoining walls beyond the inside of the frame to the hight of the ground1 and finishing above with brick-work4 ,the chimney is started with the cellar walls1 and arranged with two continuous flues to the top4 ,side-openings are made under the cap by inserting #f-;inch earthen thimbles on each side of the flues4 ,the top courses of brick-work are laid across the entire chimney1 making a solid and more lasting cap4 ,sheet-iron thimbles are put in the chimneys adjoining the parlor and front chamber4 ,the framing1 inclosing1 flooring1 etc41 are done in a substantial manner1 of materials indicated in the estimate below4 ,beams placed two feet apart from centers2 rafters and studding #af inches apart4 ,the cornice-trusses are made of #b #d-;inch timber1 as shown in ,design ,,vi41 and the shingling and gutters in ,design ,v4 ,sash1 #a inch thick1 glazed with second quality of ,french sheet-glass1 counter-checked1 and hung to iron balance-weights1 with good cord4 ,doors #d-paneled each1 for the outside and rooms in first story1 and #a inches thick2 all others #a inches thick1 moulded1 with double faces4 ,the main stairs has a #g-;inch octagon newel1 a #b #d-;inch moulded rail1 and #b-;inch turned balusters1 all of black walnut4 ,the side-walls and ceilings of the two full stories are white-sand finished1 on one coat of 8laid-off0 brown mortar4 ,this is the favorite mode of plastering through the ,eastern ,states1 while in the neighborhood of ,new ,york two coats of brown mortar are usually applied4 ,where one-coat work is properly done1 more hair is mixed in the mortar1 increasing its strength4 ,the same quantity of mortar is used as for two coats4 ,the advantages claimed for the 8one-coat work0 are1 a saving of one-third in labor1 and obviating the delay for the additional coat to dry4 ,all the wood-work usually painted1 and the chimney-top1 have two coats of best ,american lead and raw linseed-oil4 ,for more extended remarks on painting1 see article with ,design ,,xii4 ,,estimate of materials required1 and total cost4 #eh yards excavation1 at #bj;c4 per yard4 #aa4fj #bf perches stone-work1 complete1 at #b4ej4 #fe4jj #b1jjj bricks1 furnished and laid1 complete1 at #ab per ,m4 #bd4jj #cfj yards plastering1 complete1 at #be;c4 #ij4jj #a1fid ft4 timber1 at #ae per ,m4 #be4da #a sill1 #d #g in4 #bf ft4 long4 #c sills1 #d #g in4 #ae ft4 long4 #a sill1 #d #g in4 #bc ft4 long4 #h posts1 #d #g in4 #ac ft4 long4 #a girt1 #d #f in4 #ae ft4 long4 #c ties1 #d #f in4 #ae ft4 long4 #a plate1 #d #f in4 #bf ft4 long4 #a plate1 #d #f in4 #bc ft4 long4 #ad beams1 #c #g in4 #ba ft4 long4 #ac beams1 #c #g in4 #ae ft4 long4 #bj ceiling-strips1 #a #e in4 #ac ft4 long4 #ej joists1 #c #d in4 #ac ft4 long1 at #af;c4 each4 #h4jj #bjj wall-strips1 #b #d in4 #ac ft4 long1 at #ac;c4 each4 #bf4jj #acj siding-boards1 at #bc;c4 each4 #bi4ij #afj shingling-lath1 at #f;c4 each4 #i4fj #dj bunches shingles at #a4be4 #ej4jj #ab spruce plank1 at #bj;c4 #b4dj ,materials in cornices1 #ad2 stoops1 complete1 #bj4 #cd4jj #ie flooring1 at #ah;c4 each4 #ag4aj #b cellar windows1 complete1 at #c each4 #f4jj #b single windows1 complete1 at #ab each4 #bd4jj #c double windows1 complete1 at #ae each4 #de4jj #ae doors1 complete1 at #i each4 #ace4jj ,closet1 shelving1 and nails4 #bj4jj ,stairs1 #ej2 bay-window1 complete1 #ej4 #ajj4jj ,tin 7gutters1 valleys1 and leaders74 #aa4jj #b marble shelves1 #aj2 painting1 #hj2 carting1 #ae4 #aje4jj ,carpenter's labor1 not included above4 #ajj4jj ,incidentals1 sink1 pump1 etc4 #fj4ii --------- ,total cost4 #a1jjj4jj ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cd4--;,,front ,,view ,,of ,,cottage4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ce4--,,side ,,view ,,of ,,cottage4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cf4--,,plan ,,of ,,cellar4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cg4--,,plan ,,of ,,first ,,floor4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ch4--,,plan ,,of ,,second ,,floor4 ,,design ,x4 ,a ,,house ,,costing #a1ajj4 ,this economical cottage has ample1 convenient apartments for a medium-sized family1 and is adapted to either a village or a more rural location4 ,a #be #ajj-;feet lot will contain such a house1 besides the needed side alleyway to the rear4 ,those contemplating the erection of low-priced1 tasteful cottages in duplication1 either for selling1 or by coperation as in ,building ,associations1 will find this plan suited to their wants4444 ,,exterior1 7fig4 #ci74--,the front presents a graceful1 trim1 outline1 with a neat and pleasant arrangement of openings4 ,the ,porch fits in an angle1 with its steps projecting beyond the principal building1 providing an appropriate entrance to the house4 ,the large ,bay-window is the most imposing feature of the front1 is expressive of comfort and cheerfulness1 and gives a good appearance and character to the whole building4 ,the principal cornices are neatly trussed1 and have such 8spread0 as gives a finished and bold appearance to the roofs4 ,it has such proportions and genteel style1 that if near a more formidable or costly residence1 it would not disgrace it4444 ,,cellar1 7fig4 #dj47--;,hight #g ft4 ,its outlines correspond with the ground-plans of the principal building2 it is three feet below the general surface of the ground1 and four feet above1 and has an outside entrance door1 three good sized cellar windows1 two of which are in the front1 and one at the side1 contiguous to the coal-bin4 ,it is accessible from the first story by a plain stairway4 ,if desirable at any time1 a pleasant basement room may be finished in the front part1 at a small cost4444 ,,first ,,story1 7fig4 #da74--;,hight of ceilings1 #i feet4 ,it is divided into three rooms of nearly equal size1 with a ,hall and two ,closets4 ,the ,bay-window adds considerable to its area1 making it the largest and pleasantest room4 ,the ,dining-room adjoins the parlor1 and may be used with it as occasion requires by opening the folding doors4 ,each of these rooms has neat marble mantles1 and opens into the front hall4 ,the ,kitchen connects with the dining-room1 and is provided with a pantry1 pump1 sink1 two windows1 and an outside door leading to the rear yard4 ,when houses are built on single village lots1 it is usual to arrange for one 8blank0 side1 as in this plan1 but where more ground is allowed1 it is desirable that openings should be made for at least one window in each story of this side1 as they would add to the cheerfulness of the interior1 and give a better appearance to the outside4 ,two windows are thus indicated by dotted lines1 one for the dining-room1 and one for the interior chamber1 though the latter is lighted from the roof1 as noted4 ,it may be advisable even to put two other windows on this side of the house1 for the outside general good appearance1 or blind-windows may be put in at small expense1 for the same purpose4444 ,,second ,,story1 7fig4 #db74--;,ceilings #h feet high4 ,the divisions are very simple1 making four rooms1 three closets1 a stairway1 and passage leading to each room4444 ,,construction4--,reference is had in this plan to what is known in the trade as 8piece-lumber0--the joists1 wall-strips1 boards1 etc41 being generally in lengths of #ac feet each4 ,there is great economy in being able to use such standard lumber1 without cutting to waste4 ,figure #dc shows how a neat1 cosey cottage-frame may be cheaply constructed almost wholly of such #ac-;feet materials4 ,but there is a decided preference for full chamber ceilings1 and as the difference in cost would not exceed #fj1 it is best to make the house two full stories high4 ,the principal frame is of #c-;inch timber1 with studding of #b #c inch4 ,this thickness of the frame-work secures some #bbj feet more interior space to the rooms1 than in the use of #d-;inch timber1 besides saving one-fourth of its quantity and cost4 ,ordinary #a #aj-;inch spruce plank are used for the frame-work1 for the floors and ceilings4 ,for the beams they are reduced to the depth of eight inches1 and the #b-;inch strips sawed off are used for shingling-lath4 ,for the ceiling-frame of the second story1 they are simply sawed through the middle1 leaving each half five inches deep1 and are all placed #af inches apart from centers4 ,one row of cross-bridging is put through the center of each tier of beams1 and the center of the ceiling-strips are secured by hangers from the rafters4 ,the ,rafters are #b #d inches1 framed to rest on the principal plates1 where they are connected with the ceiling-strips by spikes1 preventing any settling or spreading of the roof4 ,the ,roof of the main wing is constructed with double pitch1 corresponding with that of the main roof4 ,the principal roofs are finished with shingles1 and has improved gutters1 described in ,design ,v4 ,the porch and bay-window roofs are covered with tin laid on smooth boarding4--,the rake or pitch of roofs has much to do in giving character and finish to buildings4 ,for ordinary roofs1 when shingles or slate are used1 the rise should be one-third the width of the building1 as in this case1 the rise is #d feet1 for the width of #ac feet4 ,this pitch is very pleasant to the eye1 and easy of construction4 ,in larger buildings1 it is often desirable to secure more space or head-room in the attic1 when the rise should be one-half the width of the building4 ,we would never go between these two angles in search of a roof-line that would gratify good taste1 or comport with any style1 but deviations above one-half or below one-third may be made1 as circumstances indicate4--,circular openings covered with blinds1 in each gable1 give free air circulation between the ceilings and roof4 ,every dwelling should have some way of readily reaching the roof from the inside to clean the gutters1 repair the roof or chimneys1 and in case of fire in the house or in the neighborhood4 ,an opening is made in the ceiling of the middle chamber 7fig4 #db7 over and just inside the door1 and thence through the roof4 ,this is neatly boarded around its sides1 forming a 8well10 and is covered at the top with a sash1 sloping with the roof1 hung so as to be easily opened and closed by a cord from the inside4 ,this provides for light1 ventilation1 and a scuttle in combination4 ,a sash1 hung on center pins to revolve1 over the door of this room1 transmits light from the skylight to the second-story passage and stairway1 and supplies ventilation4444 ,the mason's work is complete and substantial in every part4 ,the foundation walls1 piers1 and chimneys1 are of hard brick and mortar2 the plastering is two coats of brown mortar and a hard finish4444 ,,heating4--,only two fires are required at any time to make the principal rooms of this house comfortable4 ,the parlor1 and chamber immediately above it1 are warmed through a heater placed in a parlor fire-place4 ,the dining-room has a radiator fitted in the opening of the mantel1 and connected by #e-;inch pipes through the fire-place back with the kitchen stove4 ,,estimate of materials and cost3 #dj yards excavation1 at #bj;c4 per yard4 #h4jj #ab1jjj brick1 furnished and laid1 at #ab per ,m4 #add4jj #cb ft4 stone steps and coping1 at #bj;c4 per ft4 #f4dj #dej yards plastering1 at #cj;c4 per yard4 #ace4jj #a1ifi ft4 of timber1 at #ae per ,m4 #bi4ec #a sill1 #d #h in4 #ci ft4 long4 #a girt1 #d #h in4 #ac ft4 long4 #a plate1 #c #d in4 #ajd ft4 long4 #aaf studding1 #b #c in4 #aj ft4 long4 #f posts1 #c #h in4 #bj ft4 long4 #a tie1 #c #f in #ajd ft4 long4 #a sill1 #b #d in4 #ia ft4 long4 #aec studding1 #b #c in4 #i ft4 long4 #gj planks for beams and ceilings1 at #be;c4 each4 #ag4ej #ee rafters1 #b #d #ac1 at #ac;c4 each4 #g4ae #bjh siding1 #aj inch1 at #bf;c4 each4 #ed4jh #ajj lbs4 tarred felting1 at #c;c4 per lb4 #c4jj ,materials in cornices1 water-table1 and corner-boards4 #bj4jj #afe shingling-lath1 at #f;c4 each4 #i4ij #bh bunches shingles1 at #a4ej per bunch4 #db4jj #bjj ft4 gutters1 leaders and roofs1 at #h;c4 per ft4 #af4jj #if flooring1 at #bf;c4 each4 #bd4if ,stairs1 complete1 #dj2 porch and stoops1 complete1 #dj4 #hj4jj ,bay-window1 complete4 #fj4jj #h windows1 complete1 at #aj each4 #hj4jj #c cellar windows1 complete1 at #f each4 #ah4jj #ae doors1 complete1 at #h each4 #abj4jj ,closets and shelving1 #h2 mantels1 #cj4 #ch4jj ,pump and sink1 #ah2 nails1 #ae4 #cc4jj ,painting1 #fj2 cartage1 #ac4dh4 #gc4dh ,carpenter's labor1 not included above4 #hj4jj --------- ,total cost1 complete4 #a1ajj4jj ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ci4--;,,elevation ,,of ,,front ,,of ,,house4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dj4--,,plan ,,of ,,cellar4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #da4--,,plan ,,of ,,first ,,floor4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #db4--,,plan ,,of ,,second ,,floor4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dc4--,,manner ,,of ,,framing4 ,,design ,,xi4 ,a ,,house ,,costing #a1fjj4 ,this plan is for a comfortable and genteel dwelling1 suited to almost any location1 and for the accommodation of an averaged-sized family4 ,upwards of twenty years' experience in planning and building has taught me that it is not difficult to design either as to ,style1 ,room1 or ,cost1 when the owners have means sufficient to gratify their individual tastes1 and no special care is required to save expense4 ,but it is quite another matter to provide plans for the great mass of people who1 through habit or necessity1 put everything to the test of economy1 and to whom every inch of room1 or foot of material1 is an important consideration4 ,in designing and projecting such work1 theories avail little2 practical experience must then be the chief guide4444 ,conventional modes of living have established a system of household arrangement and economy requiring for every home of even moderate refinement1 a house with a front hall1 a parlor1 a dining-room1 and a kitchen on the first floor1 and a liberal suite of chambers in a second story4 ,our plan herewith1 though only #bj by #cj feet1 provides for all the above4 ,if built on an ordinary #be-;feet village lot1 it will allow a needed passage-way on one side4 ,in rapidly filling up1 crowded localities1 four persons owning single lots1 making a frontage of #ajj feet1 can arrange together and build five houses on this plan for about the cost of erecting four detached houses4 ,the fifth house may be rented or sold for the benefit of the four owners4 ,in such cases1 a hall should be finished in the basement1 with an entrance in front similar to the one shown in the rear in fig4 #de4444 ,the ,,front ,,elevation is made up of simple parts1 in a neat arrangement4 ,the ,bay-window indicates refinement1 and adds largely to the area or room of the parlor4444 ,the ,,cellar walls are of hard brick1 are #h inches thick1 #g feet high1 and show at least #c feet above ground4 ,for health's sake alone1 as well as for a better appearance1 and for convenience1 if the basement should ever be desired finished off in rooms1 which can be done at any time with little expense1 it is best to always place the first floor well up from the ground4 ,in very cold localities1 frost can be kept out of the basement by banking up in winter1 or better by laying the brick walls with an opening up through the center1 extending bricks across the opening at frequent intervals to secure firmness4 ,this central air-chamber promotes health1 warmth1 and dryness in the basement or cellar4 ,one foot of the soil taken from the excavation for the cellar should be used in grading around the house1 to secure the flow of water away from it1 and still leave the walls three feet or more above the ground4444 ,,first ,,story1 7fig4 #df74--;,hight of ceiling1 #i feet4 ,the divisions embrace three rooms1 a hall1 and two closets4 ,double doors are provided for the front entrance1 and between the parlor and dining-room1 and marble mantles and shelves in the principal rooms4 ,a movable 8,dresser0 having drawers and shelving with small doors1 is indicated for the dining-room4 ,this room may be heated by leading a pipe from the kitchen stove to a drum and back into the chimney1 or up through the chamber above to warm that somewhat4 ,a 8,fireplace heater0 in the parlor will warm the chamber above4444 ,,second ,,story1 7fig4 #dg47--,the hight of the ceilings are #h feet4 ,there are four chambers1 with closets to each1 and a small hall4 ,the head-room over the main stairs extends beneath the closet to the inner edge of the shelf shown--the floor in these parts being angled to suit the pitch of the stairs4444 ,,remarks on construction4--,an end section of the 8,novelty siding0 is shown in fig4 #dh4 ,this is of #aj-;inch boards1 #a inch thick1 cut as shown in the engraving4 ,the groove in the center gives it the appearance of narrow clapboards2 the lap of about an inch closes tightly1 and the thick boards not only add to the warmth1 but also to the strength4 ,a house covered with this will vibrate very little in the most windy situations1 and be firmer than one covered with thin siding having much heavier timber4 ,where planing mills are accessible1 it is little more expensive than the dressed half-inch boarding1 and the appearance is quite as pretty4 ,in this vicinity it is customary to purchase a lot of pretty good quality merchantable pine boards1 select the best and clearest of knots for siding1 and use the rest for flooring where knots are not objectionable when to be covered with carpeting4 ,the smaller and firm knots in the siding used1 are readily covered with paint1 if first primed with a little solution of shellac in alcohol4 ,a section of the wall is shown in fig4 #di4 ,the studding1 #b #d1 makes a space of four inches between the siding and plastering4 ,tarred paper1 or what is termed roofing-felt1 is procured in rolls #cb inches wide4 ,a saw run through the roll cuts it into #af-;inch strips4 ,the studs being set #af inches apart from center to center1 leaves the clear space of #ad inches4 ,the strips of felt are turned up an inch on each edge1 and these turned edges are held against the studs by lath firmly up and down1 so as to hold the sheets midway between the plastering and siding4 ,this leaves two air-chambers1 both good non-conductors of heat4 ,mice or insects will not eat or go through this material4 ,it is impervious to currents of air1 and the whole is as warm as if filled in with brick4 ,the cost is very small1 and1 as will be readily seen1 it is much warmer than when the felt is put on directly under the boards1 leaving only one air-chamber1 and that a wide one4444 ,in all house-plans1 we advise putting in all the closets possible2 they are always convenient1 even a foot square 8cubby-hole0 in the side of a chimney is a handy place4 ,in planning a house1 after making the size as large as one's means will allow1 the 8better half0 should be consulted as to the advisability of making this or that room a little smaller by cutting off a few inches here and there to enlarge a pantry or closet4444 ,we always advise to put in an extra bell or two1 and one or more speaking-tubes1 to connect the upper and lower rooms4 ,the cost is but trifling1 if they are put in when building4 ,a hundred feet of speaking-tube will cost but #b or #c2 the carpenter can insert it behind the lath1 running it from one room to another in a few minutes1 and it will save many steps1 and much calling through the halls1 especially when the mother happens to be an invalid1 and restrained to a chamber4444 ,in arranging sink1 table1 dish-pantry1 etc41 with reference to dining-room and kitchen1 always plan to save steps4 ,a distance of #aj feet extra1 traveled over each way1 say #bj times a day1 in handling food and dishes1 amounts to #bh miles extra walking every year1 all of which may be saved by a slight change in arrangement4 ,these are small matters1 but these have much to do in making a 8convenient house40 ,,cost4--,the following ,,estimates of cost in detail will give an idea of the general character of the work4 ,the prices given are for materials in the vicinity of ,new ,york4 ,carpenters wages are reckoned at #b per day2 mason's work1 #b4ej per day2 and painters1 #c per day3 ,excavation1 #b ft4 deep1 at #bj;c4 per yard4 #aa4jj #ab1jjj hard brick1 furnished and laid1 at #ab per ,m4 #add4jj #bh ft4 stone steps1 at #dj;c4 per ft4 #aa4bj #af ft4 stone sills1 at #cj;c4 per ft4 #d4hj #dhh yards lath and plastering1 at #cj;c4 #add4ij #b1jjj ft4 timber1 at #ae per ,m4 #cj4jj #b sills1 #d #g in4 #bj ft4 long4 #b sills1 #d #g in4 #cj ft4 long4 #d posts1 #d #g in4 #bj ft4 long4 #b plates1 #d #f in4 #bj ft4 long4 #b plates1 #d #f in4 #cj ft4 long4 #b ties1 #d #f in4 #bf ft4 long4 #b ties1 #d #f in4 #cj ft4 long4 #b girders1 #d #h in4 #ae ft4 long4 #b stringers1 #c #h in4 #bj ft4 long4 #cj beams1 #c #h in4 #bj ft4 long4 #cb rafters1 #c #d in4 #ab feet long1 at #ah;c4 #e4gf #cjj wall-strips1 #b #d in4 #ac ft4 long1 at #aa;c4 #cc4jj #bjj novelty siding-boards1 #i in41 at #cj;c4 #fj4jj #afj lbs4 tarred paper1 at #e;c4 #h4jj #ajj hemlock boards1 #aj in41 at #ah;c4 #ah4jj #ajj ft4 main cornice1 at #dj;c4 #dj4jj #a bay-window1 complete1 with blinds1 labor included4 #fj4jj #a stoops1 complete1 labor included4 #gj4jj #h windows1 with blinds1 at #af4 #abh4jj #d windows1 with blinds1 at #h4 #cb4jj #h squares of tin roofing1 at #g4 #ei4ej #ajj ft4 gutters and leaders1 at #aj;c4 #aj4jj #aej flooring-plank1 tongued and grooved1 at #bh;c4 #db4jj ,stairs1 main and cellar1 #fj2 base-boards1 shelving1 etc4 #cj4 #ij4jj #d mantels 7#a full marble1 and #c marble shelves on trusses of plaster74 #ej4jj #ba doors1 complete1 labor included1 #aeh2 #cej lbs4 nails1 at #e;c41 #ag4ej4 #age4ej ,painting1 two coats4 #hj4jj ,carpenter's labor1 not included in windows1 doors1 and porches1 about #bjj4jj2 cartage1 average one mile1 #cj4jj4 #bcj4jj ,allow for extras1 cistern1 pump1 sink1 etc41 etc4 #fb4cd --------- ,total4 #a1fjj4jj ,prices vary in different localities1 somewhat1 but when higher in some particulars1 they will generally be lower in others1 so that the whole cost will not be greatly different over a considerable extent of country4 ,there are many items that can be cut down in the above estimate1 where great economy is needful4 ,for example1 substitute wood for stone steps and sills2 omit the blinds and bay-windows1 use cheaper doors1 pine-stair railing and newel1 instead of walnut1 etc4 ,our estimate is for a pretty1 complete1 tasteful house4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dd4--;,,front ,,elevation ,,of ,,house4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #de4--,,plan ,,of ,,cellar4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #df4--,,plan ,,of ,,first ,,story4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dg4--,,plan ,,of ,,second ,,story4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dh4--8,,novelty ,,siding40 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #di4--,,section ,,of ,,outside ,,wall4 ,,design ,,xii4 ,a ,,house ,,costing #a1gjj4 ,the plans here given are similar in many respects to ,design ,,xi41 and are somewhat larger1 but can be built for very nearly the same cost4444 ,,elevation1 7fig4 #ej74--,the front is irregular1 having an angle1 which narrows the parts1 supplies more vertical lines1 and adds to their length comparatively4 ,these are important features1 imparting a graceful appearance1 and influencing the entire character of the house4444 ,the angle affords ample room for the piazza1 which can be built for much less cost than when its three sides are exposed4 ,the next attractive features of the front are the bay-windows below1 and double windows above1 with the balustrade and hood so proportioned and arranged that they conform with each other with pleasing effect4444 ,,cellar1 7fig4 #ea74--,the ,foundation ,walls are of hard brick laid in mortar1 #h inches thick1 and #g feet high4 ,in localities where the foundation rests on loose sand1 care should be taken to provide a bedding1 laid #d inches below the cellar bottom1 #af inches wide1 of brick1 or better1 of large flat stones4 ,still greater care should be bestowed on the bedding for the chimneys and girder supports1 for they sustain the greatest proportionate weight1 and any settlement of these parts will cause a depression of the floors1 disarranging the whole house1 and become an immediate and continuous source of anxiety and expense4 ,the ,area in the rear is built of hard brick and mortar1 with blue-stone steps and coping4 ,blue-stone sills are provided for each of the cellar windows4444 ,,first ,,story1 7fig4 #eb47--,the interior arrangement of the plan will be appreciated as making the best possible use of the room4 ,the ,front ,hall is wider than is usual in houses of this character4 ,the ,stairs are arranged with the 8quarter circle0 about midway of their hight1 which brings the niche down where it becomes an important feature of the hall4 ,the three principal rooms1 the parlor1 dining-room1 and kitchen1 can be entered from the hall4 ,the latter two rooms have doors leading to the lobby4 ,the ,lobby is built of #d-;inch tongued and grooved ceiling-boards1 with sashes made to swing4 ,a ,shelf1 #a feet high1 and another just above the sash1 give sufficient frame-work to fasten the center of the boarding2 the ends are nailed to the sill and plate2 these shelves will be found useful for many purposes4 ,attached to the lobby1 and built with it1 is a good-sized ,pantry 7,p71 for the dining-room4 ,the ,kitchen is provided with a closet at the side of the chimney1 a sink1 with small closet underneath1 and a direct communication to the cellar stairs under the hall stairs4 ,the window in the side of the dining-room may be omitted1 if the house is in a village and joins another1 but this is desirable to give abundant light in this1 which is really the living-room of the family4--,the method of heating indicated in ,design ,,xi4 is applicable to this plan4444 ,,second ,,story1 7fig4 #ec47--,the peculiar manner of constructing the ,stairs brings their landing nearly in the center1 so that hall space sufficient only for four doors is necessary1 leaving almost the entire floor to be laid off into rooms4 ,the heavy lines show the most simple method of dividing this story into four rooms4 ,should another room be desirable1 it can be taken off from two rooms1 as shown by the dotted lines4 ,in this case1 another window may be inserted as indicated4 ,every one's experience will suggest that there can not be too many closets1 and we have added one to every room in the house1 except the parlor4444 ,,construction4--,the bill of timber appended indicates a 8regular0 ,frame4 ,it is a great satisfaction and saving to have the timber properly 8laid out10 and framed by1 and under the immediate direction of a master mechanic1 so as to be quickly and substantially raised4 ,four good carpenters would easily frame all the timber in this house in two days1 and raise it the next day4 ,at least one man of well-known ability and experience as a mechanic should be with and take charge of those employed to build a house4 ,it is not economical for one about to build a home to trust such work to the caprice of an inexperienced man1 who has 8helped0 around some job1 until he has learned the name of tools1 but who has no positive knowledge of the trade1 and could not for his life 8lay out0 the corner-post for a two-story house1 yet is shrewd enough to screen his deficiencies by suggesting 8balloon10 or something indefinite1 that requires little or no skill4 ,it sometimes happens1 in localities remote from large cities or large towns1 that persons are obliged to do with make-shifts1 to get a home at all4 ,it was such a condition of things that led the well-disposed pioneer of the ,west to adopt the method called 8,balloon framing10 which is really no framing at all1 and required no skill to get up a kind of home acceptable under such circumstances4 ,but wherever skilled labor may be had1 it is ridiculous to see a gang of intelligent787 mechanics standing up pieces of diverse lengths1 and propping them in a vertical position with rods running every way as braces1 not one of which can be removed until the upper ends are secured by ties of some sort4 ,a good frame in a house is equivalent to a good constitution in a man1 and is of vital importance2 it need not be clumsy or overloaded1 but should at least have the merit of being able to stand alone4444 ,,painting4--,the principal object in ,painting should be to protect and preserve the materials used in construction1 as also to give a good appearance4 ,all exterior wood-work1 though executed with the greatest care and in the most substantial manner1 if left exposed to climatic influences1 is very soon destroyed4 ,it is economy to use only the best lead and linseed-oil in painting exterior wood-work4 ,they will outlast all other compounds1 present a better appearance1 and in the end furnish a much better foundation for future painting4 ,the difference in cost between the best materials and the imitations1 for painting the exterior of a house built on these plans1 would not exceed #ab1 and the cost of labor would be just the same in either case4 ,the first coat or 8priming10 should be put on with the greatest care1 so as to thoroughly cover and close all the pores in the exposed surface4 ,all window and outside door frames1 corner-boards1 window-caps1 water-table1 and stoop-flooring1 should be primed before setting1 especially their edges1 where joinings require to be made1 as it will be the last opportunity to do justice to these parts1 where moisture is liable to collect and remain4 ,when priming is well done1 it is best to let the building stand until thoroughly dried1 both inside and out1 before adding the second coat4 ,it must be evident to any one that much of the water used in the plastering must percolate through1 and thoroughly saturate every part of a house4 ,sufficient time should be allowed for this moisture to pass off1 and the whole house to become dried out4444 ,the nails should then be 8set10 which will tighten up permanently all the laps in the siding1 after which the work should be properly puttied1 and the second coat applied4 ,autumn is the best season to paint1 after the extreme heat has passed1 and insects have disappeared2 the process of drying will be slower and more perfect1 with less waste by evaporation1 leaving a smooth1 solid surface4 ,i am often asked 8what color to paint80 ,notwithstanding much has been said against white for outside painting1 and realizing that there are many cases where white would not be suitable1 or thought of1 yet ,i believe that for suitability and good taste1 in nine cases out of ten1 very light colors1 or pure white1 are indicated4 ,i have known instances where much time has been spent to discover a suitable color for a house1 where nearly all the different pigments were drawn from1 and after much mixing and testing1 the result has generally been an unknown and unnamed shade1 as if everything depended on some sentimental 8blending with the background10 or in other words1 painting the house out of sight4 ,as a rule1 paint so as to best reveal the true character of the building1 and this is best done when the colors afford the foundation for the natural shadows that result from the true and actual projections4 ,for the body and trimmings are suggested a light 8,dorchester0 gray2 roofs1 graphite-black2 sash1 coach-black2 blinds1 8chocolate40 ,,cost4--,the following items1 prepared with care1 embrace the full bill of materials and labor required in the construction of this house1 together with their present cost in the vicinity of ,new ,york3 #eg yards excavation1 at #bj;c4 per yard4 #aa4dj #ac1jjj brick1 furnished and laid1 at #ab per ,m4 #aef4jj #ejj yards lath and plastering1 at #cj;c4 per yard4 #aej4jj #bh ft4 stone steps and coping1 at #dj;c4 per ft4 #aa4bj #af ft4 stone sills1 at #cj;c4 per ft4 #d4hj #b1cgj ft4 of timber1 at #ae per ,m4 #ce4ee #b sills1 #d #g in4 #cj ft4 long4 #b sills1 #d #g in4 #bb ft4 long4 #a girt1 #d #h in4 #af ft4 long4 #a girt1 #d #h in4 #h ft4 long4 #bf beams1 #c #g in4 #bb ft4 long4 #f beams1 #c #g in4 #ae ft4 long4 #f posts1 #d #g in4 #bj ft4 long4 #b ties1 #d #f in4 #cj ft4 long4 #b ties1 #d #f in4 #bb ft4 long4 #b plates1 #d #f in4 #cj ft4 long4 #b plates1 #d #f in4 #bb ft4 long4 #h pieces1 #c #g in4 #af ft4 long4 #djj wall strips1 #b #d in4 #ac ft4 long1 at #aa;c4 each4 #dd4jj #bjj novelty siding boards1 #i in41 at #cj;c4 each4 #fj4jj #afj lbs4 tarred paper1 at #e;c4 per lb4 #h4jj #abh tongued and grooved flooring1 #i in41 at #ce;c4 each4 #dd4hj #aaj hemlock boards1 at #ah;c4 each4 #ai4hj #i squares of tin roofing1 at #g per square4 #ff4ej #abj ft4 cornice1 at #cj;c4 per ft4 #cf4jj #aaa ft4 gutter and leader1 at #aj;c4 per ft4 #aa4aj #a bay-window1 with blinds1 complete4 #fj4jj ,materials in stoop1 lobby1 balcony1 hood1 and corner-boards4 #gh4jj #h windows1 with blinds1 complete1 at #af each4 #abh4jj #d cellar windows1 complete1 at #d each4 #af4jj #bd doors1 complete1 at #h each4 #aib4jj #b stairs1 complete4 #fj4jj #b marble mantels and #d pine mantels4 #ge4jj ,base-boards and shelving4 #be4jj ,nails1 sink1 and pump4 #cd4jj ,cartage1 average one mile4 #cj4jj ,carpenter's labor 7not included above74 #bjj4jj ,painting1 two coats4 #hj4jj ,extra for girder supports1 grading1 etc4 #fb4he --------- ,total cost of materials and construction4 #a1gjj4jj ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ej4--;,,elevation ,,of ,,front4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ea4--,,plan ,,of ,,cellar4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #eb4--,,plan ,,of ,,first ,,floor4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ec4--,,plan ,,of ,,second ,,floor4 ,,design ,,xiii4 ,,french-,,roofed ,,cottage1 ,,costing #b1jjj4 ,these plans were designed for a genteel cottage adapted to thickly-settled localities1 where the increased value of lands make it necessary to reduce the area1 and build upwards4 ,several houses constructed from these plans in this vicinity are admired for their convenient accommodation and cheerfulness4444 ,,exterior1 7fig4 #ed47--,the ,foundation extends four feet above ground1 giving a desirable altitude to the whole building4 ,the front is enlivened by the numerous window and door openings1 the several projections of piazza1 dormers1 and cornices1 and the variety of the materials used4 ,the dressing of the several parts are of simple designs4 ,the projections of cornices1 etc41 should always be self-sustaining1 yet while this is true1 there is sure to be a fancied necessity for some apparent support obvious from the outside4 ,such supports require special treatment1 with a view to their proper form and proportion1 and should be sparingly applied1 giving to each one its distinct place and purpose4 ,brackets of neat pattern are often crowded so closely together as to cheapen and destroy their beauty1 and overload the cornice1 thus reversing their legitimate purpose as supports4444 ,,cellar1 7fig4 #ee47--;,hight of ceiling #g feet2 it extends under the main house only4 ,its hight above the ground gives an opportunity for good-sized window openings4 ,if desired at any time1 an airy and light work-room or laundry can be made by dividing and flooring a part of this story at little cost4444 ,,first ,,story1 7fig4 #ef74--;,hight of ceiling #aj feet4 ,it has a hall running through the whole length of the main house1 with entrances from both front and rear4 ,the parlor1 dining-room1 and kitchen1 are all good-sized apartments1 and pleasantly arranged4 ,double folding doors are provided for the front entrances and from the hall to the parlor1 and sliding doors between the parlor and dining-room4 ,a bay-window adds materially to the size and pleasantness of the dining or living-room4 ,each room has an open fire-place2 the kitchen has a pump and sink1 with the usual supply and waste pipe connections4 ,the rear stoop is roofed1 and has a portable enclosure of light ceiling boards1 to be used in severe weather4444 ,,second ,,story1 7fig4 #eg47--;,hight of ceiling #h feet4 ,the divisions of this story are simple--giving a hall1 two large chambers1 with passage between1 two hall rooms1 and two closets4444 ,,construction4--,the estimate given provides for foundation of broken stone1 laid and neatly pointed with good mortar2 the stone exposed to sight on the outside to be 8semi-dressed40 ,blue-stone1 or other suitable stone obtained most readily1 are used for the sills of cellar windows1 for the steps1 and wall coping of the cellar entrance4 ,the principal timber is of seasoned spruce or pine1 thoroughly framed1 raised1 and secured4 ,the 8framing-in0 of braces is too frequently omitted--cutting them 8barefoot10 and spiking1 being substituted4 ,the latter does very well where the frame is strongly sheathed over1 and the outer siding applied afterwards4 ,the sheathing aids largely in stiffening the frame1 but should not be relied on to the exclusion of the necessary braces to square up the frame1 and prevent the swaying which often happens unobserved1 to be discovered when too late to remedy it4 ,laxity in the matter of bracing has led to frequent errors as to their proper place in the frame4 ,when framed in they are invariably placed in the upper angles under the ties and plates1 adjoining the posts1 and when barefoot they should be put in the same angles2 never1 as is frequently done for convenience1 in the lower angles1 nor on the sills4 ,a moment's reflection will convince any one that if the right angles along the principal frame are rigidly maintained1 displacements will never occur1 except1 as rarely happens1 the whole is bodily raised from the foundation by a hurricane4 ,the most reliable angles are those formed by the tie and post connections1 because at these points the posts are tenoned and mortised together1 and secured with hard wood pins4 ,those least reliable are at the foot of the posts1 adjoining the sills1 where their connections are secured only by the weight of the upper frame4 ,braces placed in the latter angles serve only as fulcrums to endanger the frames when tested by ordinary winds2 but if the former or upper angles are made positive1 by having substantial braces in them1 the severest gales may be defied4 ,the siding is of narrow1 clear pine clapboards1 laid on 8thicknessed0 sheathing4 ,the ,mansard part of the main roof is covered by #h #af-;inch slate--the piazza1 bay-window1 kitchen1 stoop1 cornices1 window1 and deck roof with ,,ic4 charcoal tin--all laid on hemlock boards4 ,tarred felting is spread under all siding and slate4 ,the first and second stories are fully completed inside2 the attic is floored1 but otherwise unfinished1 but may be divided at any time into rooms as shown for the second story 7fig4 #eg74 ,the interior plastering is three-coat work1 on seasoned lath4 ,all sash are four lights1 and hung to balance-weights4 ,blinds are properly hung 7outside7 to each window4 ,all wood1 tin1 and brick-work1 usually painted1 has two coats of best lead and oil-paint1 with stainers to suit the owner's taste4 ,the choice of colors for the exterior is frequently canvassed during the construction of these buildings2 often some person of taste 787 decides by 8warming0--adding red and yellow1 until1 by the preponderance of these stainers1 the most sombre and dismal colors are produced4 ,the most appropriate and pleasing shade for the body of this class of house is a light gray2 for the trimmings1 dark gray2 for the sash1 burnt sienna2 for the blinds1 chocolate4 ,the tin roofing should match the slate in color4 ,red colors should be sparingly used1 or omitted altogether4 ,,estimate of materials required1 and total cost3 #ej yards excavation1 at #be;c4 per yard4 #ab4ej #ige ft4 of stone foundation1 at #h;c4 per ft4 #gh4jj #de ft4 blue-stone sills1 steps1 and coping1 at #cj;c4 per ft4 #ac4ej #d1jjj bricks1 furnished and laid1 at #ab per ,m4 #dh4jj #dhj yards plastering1 at #cj;c4 per yard4 #add4jj ,cornices and centers1 stucco4 #cj4jj #d1jjj ft4 of timber1 at #ae per ,m4 #fj4jj #b sills1 #d #h in4 #bi ft4 long4 #b sills1 #d #h in4 #ba ft4 long4 #a sill1 #d #h in4 #af ft4 long4 #b sills1 #d #h in4 #ac ft4 long4 #a girt1 #d #h in4 #bi ft4 long4 #f posts1 #d #g in4 #bb ft4 long4 #f ties1 #d #f in4 #bi ft4 long4 #f ties1 #d #f in4 #ba ft4 long4 #b plates1 #d #f in4 #ac ft4 long4 #a plate1 #d #f in4 #af ft4 long4 #b posts1 #d #f in4 #ac ft4 long4 #cj beams1 #c #h in4 #ba ft4 long4 #ae beams1 #c #g in4 #ba ft4 long4 #g beams1 #c #h in4 #af ft4 long4 #b decks1 #c #h in4 #ah ft4 long4 #b decks1 #c #h in4 #bf ft4 long4 #a cross-tie1 #c #h in4 #ah ft4 long4 #d hips1 #c #g in4 #ad ft4 long4 #b piazzas1 #c #g in4 #ai ft4 long4 #b piazzas1 #c #g in4 #ah ft4 long4 #cbe wall-strips1 at #ab;c4 each1 #ci2 #ge joists1 at #af;c4 each1 #ab4 #ea4jj #baj hemlock boards1 at #ab;c4 each1 #be4bj2 cornice materials1 #fj4 #he4bj #bae sheathing1 at #af;c4 each1 #cd4dj2 #efj pine siding1 at #ab;c4 each1 #fg4bj4 #aja4fj #h squares slate1 at #h4ej per square4 #fh4jj #ac squares tin1 at #g4ej per square4 #ig4ej #fe ft4 leaders1 at #aj;c4 per ft41 #f4ej2 #bfj flooring1 at #ah;c4 each1 #df4hj4 #ec4cj ,piazza and stoop1 complete1 #hj and #bh4 #ajh4jj #d cellar windows1 complete1 at #d each4 #af4jj #e plain windows1 complete1 at #ab each4 #fj4jj #f plain windows1 complete1 at #aj each1 #fj2 #a bay window1 #fj4 #abj4jj #e dormer windows1 complete1 at #af each4 #hj4jj #ac doors1 complete1 at #aj each4 #acj4jj #a area door1 #e2 stairs1 #ij2 closets1 pump1 and sink1 #ej4 #ade4jj ,mantle1 #eb2 tarred felting1 #aj4 #fb4jj ,carpenter's labor1 not included above4 #ace4jj ,carting1 average #a mile1 #cj2 painting1 #acj2 incidentals1 #ada4dj4 #cja4dj --------- ,total cost1 complete4 #b1jjj4jj ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ed4--;,,elevation ,,of ,,front ,,of ,,house4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ee4--,,plan ,,of ,,cellar4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ef4--,,plan ,,of ,,first ,,floor4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #eg4--,,plan ,,of ,,second ,,floor4 ,,design ,,xiv4 ,a ,,french-,,roofed ,,cottage ,,costing #b1jjj4 ,these plans were designed for a cottage recently built by ,mr4 ,w4 ,w4 ,billings1 in ,new ,london1 ,conn4 ,these sketches embrace also the outlines of the grounds immediately surrounding4 ,the site faces a street having steep grades1 conforming to the general declivity upon which a large part of the city is built4 ,the grounds are raised above the sidewalk1 and leveled in front1 and are faced with stone-work from #b feet high at left1 to #f feet high at the right4 ,the rear grounds are #f feet higher than those in front4 ,the step ,a1 at the entrance 7see fig4 #ei71 is #h inches above the sidewalk4 ,b is the bottom of the cellar1 #b feet #b inches higher than ,a1 and is solid rock4 ,the walk leading from ,a to the rear ascends #a inch to the foot2 the banks at either side are terraced1 and have stone steps inserted in them leading to the flagging at the foot of the porch steps1 and also to the area1 or cellar entrance4444 ,,elevation1 7fig4 #eh47--,the ,french roof style is well adapted to this situation on account of its rounded and solid appearance4 ,the irregularities of outline secure agreeable features of variety and picturesqueness4 ,the ,foundation shows #d feet above ground in front1 and #a foot in the rear4 ,the ,porch is in an angle1 and the second story extending over it is carried up vertically past the slated part of the main roof1 forming a tower-like corner4 ,this corner is largely supported by a single column1 and to make it as light as possible1 slating of this portion is omitted4--7,as usually laid1 slate weighs #ejj lbs42 tin1 #ej lbs4 per square474444 ,,cellar1 7fig4 #ei47--;,hight is #f feet4 ,four windows are placed where they give light to every part4 ,an outside door opens to the area1 the latter being covered by the front porch4 ,the front portion of this cellar can easily be finished off for a work-room or summer kitchen4444 ,,first ,,story1 7fig4 #fj47--;,hight of ceiling #aj feet4 ,the arrangements are convenient1 comprising a hall1 parlor1 dining-room1 and kitchen4 ,the main entrance leads from the right of the porch1 and the hall runs parallel with the front4 ,many persons prefer the entrance arranged in this way1 as the contents of the hall are not exposed to the street whenever the doors are opened or left ajar4 ,a partition crosses the hall under the platform1 adjoining the cylinder1 forming a rear passage leading from the kitchen to the cellar stairs4 ,the ,parlor has a large bay-window in front1 with a marble mantle directly opposite4 ,the ,dining-,room and ,kitchen each have windows giving views in three directions4 ,the small wing at the rear contains a good-sized pantry1 closet1 and the rear entrance or lobby4444 ,,second ,,story1 7fig4 #fa47--;,hight of ceiling #i feet4 ,the divisions include a hall1 three large chambers1 a bedroom1 and three closets4 ,all parts are well lighted4 ,ventilating ,registers are placed in the center of each chamber ceiling4 ,the space above this ceiling under the tin roof is ventilated through #h-;inch pipes inserted in opposite sides of the roof4 ,these pipes have funnel-shaped covers1 elevated two inches above the upper end of the pipes4444 ,,construction4--,the ,foundation ,walls are of semi-dressed stone4 ,the ,chimneys are of hard brick1 the cellar portions are constructed with a hollow space or ash-pit1 arranged to receive the ashes from the fires of the first story4 ,the siding is beveled clap-boards1 laid on sheathing felt4 ,the mansard parts of the main roof are covered with #h #af-;inch ,keystone slate laid on felt4 ,all other roofs are of ,,ic4 charcoal tin1 all laid on seasoned boards4 ,the two full stories are hard finished upon two coats of brown mortar4 ,all parts usually painted have two coats of paint1 of material and shades to suit the owner4 ,for suggestions on selecting colors or shades see ,design ,,xiii4--,,estimate cost of materials and labor3 #df yards excavation1 at #bj;c4 per yard4 #i4bj #a1cjj ft4 stone foundation1 at #ae;c4 per ft4 #aie4jj #dj ft4 blue-stone1 at #be;c4 per ft4 #aj4jj #e1jjj bricks in chimney1 at #ab per ,m4 #fj4jj #gjj yards plastering1 at #cj;c4 per yard4 #baj4jj #c1fej ft4 timber1 at #ae per ,m4 #ed4ge #ajj joists1 at #ad;c41 #ad2 #djj wall-strips1 at #aa;c41 #dd4 #eh4jj #a1ffj ft4 siding1 at #b;c4 per ft4 #de4fe ,cornice materials1 #gj2 felt1 #aj4 #hj4jj #bbj rough boards1 at #ae;c4 each4 #cc4jj #i squares slate1 at #i per square4 #ha4jj #ac squares tin1 at #g4ej4 #ig4ej #aid spruce flooring1 at #bj;c4 each4 #ch4hj #ad pine flooring1 at #be;c4 each4 #c4ej #d cellar windows1 complete1 at #c each4 #ab4jj #h plain windows1 complete1 at #ab each4 #if4jj #a bay window1 complete4 #ej4jj #g dormer windows1 at #ad4 #ih4jj ,porch1 finished1 #bb2 mantles1 #ej4 #gb4jj ,stairs1 #fe2 nails1 sink1 and ventilator1 #cb4 #ig4jj ,closet1 finished1 #ac2 painting1 #aej4 #afc4jj #ah doors1 complete1 at #i each4 #afb4jj ,carting1 #be2 labor1 not included above1 #bbe4 #bej4jj ,incidentals4 #bc4fj --------- ,total cost1 complete4 #b1jjj4jj ,illustration3 ,fig4 #eh4--;,,elevation ,,of ,,front ,,of ,,house4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ei4--,,plan ,,of ,,cellar ,,and ,,grounds4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fj4--,,plan ,,of ,,first ,,floor4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fa4--,,plan ,,of ,,second ,,floor4 ,,design ,,xv4 ,a ,,southern ,,house ,,costing #b1jjj4 ,these plans1 designed for a ,georgia residence1 will be adapted to the requirements of others desiring to build an inexpensive rural home in any of the ,southern ,states4444 ,,exterior1 7fig4 #fb47--,the plan indicates that the proprietor is not circumscribed by want of land1 and prefers to extend the area of the ground floor1 rather than to build upward4 ,the breadth of the front 7#dh feet71 the large entrance and window openings1 the spacious verandas1 and broad steps1 are each prominent and desirable features1 indicative of comforts and hospitality4 ,the elevated1 or second story part of the ,main ,house1 forms a substantial and fitting center1 around which the roofs of the wings and verandas incline1 and adds largely in giving poise and character to the whole building4 ,the hight from the earth grades to the frame-work of the building is #b feet4 ,its location should have a good surface drainage assured during rainy seasons1 and afford pleasant outlooks from the verandas4444 ,,interior4--,in most parts of the ,south1 very much of the year could be a latitude comfortably spent out of doors altogether1 but for the requirements of shade and retirement4 ,there are times1 however1 when severe weather makes it necessary that one's family should be well housed1 and when a good fire is both a luxury and necessity4 ,a house for such should have large rooms1 with high ceilings1 an abundance of door and window openings1 and a plentiful spread of shady verandas4 ,where practicable1 the windows should have folding sashes opening to the floor1 if protected by outside coverings4 ,there should be at least one chimney in the main or highest part of the house1 having a large open fire-place adapted to the use of wood for fuel1 and having openings near the room ceilings into the flues1 for ventilation4 ,the ,dining-room1 ,kitchen1 and the more domestic offices1 require a separate and distinct building1 situated a short distance in the rear of the house1 and connected with it by a covered passage-way4444 ,,first ,,story1 7fig4 #fc47--;,hight of ceiling #aj feet4 ,the simple arrangement shown provides for each of the above requirements4 ,the front ,entrance is through large double doors4 ,the ,hall extends through the house4 ,the ,living-room1 a large apartment adapted to a good-sized family1 is centrally situated1 and protected on every side from the direct rays of the sun2 it adjoins the pleasant and shady verandas front and rear1 both being accessible through the folding windows1 that open like doors down to the floor4 ,it communicates with the hall through wide double doors1 has a large closet and an open fire4 ,the ,bedroom is of good dimensions1 has three windows opening to the verandas1 and one side window4 ,the two closets are so arranged as to form an alcove to the rear window4 ,the ceiling of this alcove is arched over1 producing a very pleasant effect4 ,an opening is made near the ceiling into one of the flues of the adjoining chimney for ceiling ventilation4 ,the ,parlor 7or ,library7 is situated in the most quiet part of the building1 where company may be entertained1 or persons may engage in reading or study1 without disturbance from those engaged in housework4 ,large windows open to the front veranda1 and other windows are provided at the side and rear4 ,a covered ,passage-way leads from the rear hall door to the food departments4 ,these consist of a ,dining-room1 ,kitchen1 ,store-room1 and two ,closets1 and to the rear of these is added a servant's ,bedroom4 ,the dining-room and kitchen are each of ample size1 with windows arranged on opposite sides to admit a plentiful supply of fresh air4 ,a pump1 sink1 and two wash-tubs are provided in the kitchen4 ,the store-room and closets are thoroughly shelved4 ,if desirable1 a china closet may be easily constructed at one side of the fire-place1 into which one of the doors already provided would open4444 ,,second ,,story1 7fig4 #fd47--;,hight of ceiling #i feet4 ,this may be divided into two or more rooms1 as required1 for bedrooms4 ,the cross-partitions may be #h feet high1 admitting a free passage of air above them4444 ,,construction4--,brick piers1 placed #f feet apart under all sills1 are intended for the foundation4 ,the remaining space is left unobstructed for the circulation of air4 ,a cellar may be excavated1 and walled up under the main house1 with stairs leading to it from the rear veranda1 under the main flight4 ,in the estimate1 provision is made for a regular frame of sawed timber1 which should be framed and raised in a substantial manner4 ,the siding for the main house and wings is of #f-;inch pine clap-boards1 laid #e inches to the weather4 ,the roofs of the main house and wings are laid with hemlock boards2 all other roofs and cornice projections are laid with inverted #a #d-;inch tongued and grooved pine flooring1 and lastly covered with ,,ic4 charcoal tin1 locked and soldered in the best manner4 ,the cornices are constructed with wide projections1 and have neat truss supports4 ,the verandas are made with simple parts4 ,the columns for the front are #g-;inch boxed1 with bases1 and scrolled spandrels2 for the rear of #c #d joist with bases1 and plain spandrels4 ,the veranda plates and rafters are dressed for painting1 and are left exposed to sight4 ,the pediments shown on the front are of open work1 to allow the warmed air from near the roofs to escape4 ,the upper frame-work 7plates and rafters7 of the rear building are also planed1 and left exposed to sight from the inside4 ,the inclosing and partitions for this part are of #a #d-;inch pine tongued and grooved flooring1 dressed on both sides1 put on in a vertical manner1 and nailed to the sills and plates2 #a-;inch pine battens are put around the inside of the rooms at the proper hight for a chair-rail 7#b feet to the upper edge71 and joined to the casings of the doors and windows of like materials1 and all thoroughly nailed with 8clinch0 nails to the upright boarding4 ,the roof is built as described for the verandas1 is double pitch1 and has sufficient spread to include the shed1 making it a part of the same building4 ,the kitchen chimney is built nearly in the center of this building1 has a large open fire-place1 and has a good hight above the roof4 ,all floors are of #a #d-;inch tongued and grooved pine flooring1 close laid and blind nailed4 ,all rooms in the main building and wings are hard-finished upon two coats of brown mortar4 ,all work usually painted has two coats of good paint4 ,the roof-gutters are made as shown in ,design ,v4444 ,,estimate3 #h1jjj bricks in piers and chimneys1 furnished and laid1 at #ab per ,m4 #if4jj #eej yards plastering1 at #bh;c4 per yard4 #aed4jj #e1jed ft4 timber1 at #ae per ,m4 #ge4ha ,sills1 #d #h in4 #bfa ft4 long4 ,ties1 #d #f in4 #bfa ft4 long4 ,plates1 #d #f in4 #ib ft4 long4 #d hips1 #c #h in4 #ag ft4 long4 #ef beams1 #b #h in4 #ad ft4 long4 #cb beams1 #b #h in4 #ba ft4 long4 #d posts1 #d #g in4 #bb ft4 long4 #a piazza sill1 #c #h in4 #bcj ft4 long4 #a piazza plate1 #c #h in4 #bjf ft4 long4 ,piazza beams1 #b #f in4 #chd ft4 long4 #ej joist1 #c #d in4 #ac;ft4 long1 at #af;c4 each4 #h4jj #cjj wall-strips1 #b #d in4 #ac ft4 long1 at #aa;c4 #cc4jj #cgj siding 7#f-;inch clap-boards71 at #ah;c4 each4 #ff4fj #agj hemlock boards1 at #af;c4 each4 #bg4bj #bdj ft4 cornice1 bracketed1 at #bj;c4 per ft4 #dh4jj #bjh ft4 simple rear cornice1 at #h;c4 per ft4 #af4fd #ch squares of tin1 at #g per square4 #bff4jj #f1jjj ft4 of #a #d tongued and grooved flooring pine1 at #c;c4 per ft4 #ahj4jj #bd piazza columns1 complete1 average at #a each4 #bd4jj #a stairs1 complete1 #ej2 #ca windows1 at #aj1 #caj4 #cfj4jj #bj doors1 at #h1 #afj2 #a mantle1 #ej4 #baj4jj ,sinks1 pumps1 and wash-tubs4 #bb4jj ,closet finish1 #ab2 nails1 #be4 #cg4jj ,painting1 #ajj2 carting1 #bj4 #abj4jj ,boards for outside casings and incidentals4 #aje4ge ,carpenter's labor4 #aej4jj --------- ,total cost1 complete4 #b1jjj4jj ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fb4--;,,front ,,view ,,of ,,house4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fc4--;,,first ,,story4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fd4--,,second ,,story ,,of ,,main ,,building4 ,,design ,,xvi4 ,a ,,house ,,costing #b1ajj4 ,this plan1 embodying the principal characteristics of a design ,i made several years ago1 for the residence of ,mr4 ,arthur ,waller1 ,newtown1 ,l4 ,i41 has a homelike1 tasteful1 and picturesque appearance--particularly now1 with its neatly laid-out grounds and grown up shrubbery1 which especially befit its pointed style1 and demonstrate the harmony that exists between these simple cottage outlines1 and rural surroundings4 ,it is thus adapted to either a suburban or more retired country situation4444 ,,elevation1 7fig4 #fe47--;,a noticeable peculiarity is the earth finish around the foundation1 which is simply utilizing the earth from the cellar4 ,this is banked against the foundation1 up to within six inches of the wood1 evenly graded at #de degrees angle1 and neatly covered with closely laid turf4 ,this conceals a roughly constructed foundation2 it insures more dryness of the cellar1 and consequently of the whole house2 it guards the cellar against extreme heat in summer1 and frost in winter2 and it gives such a visible breadth of bottom as to add to its apparent strength4 ,this earth finish around the foundation is especially adapted to wet or clayey soils1 where it is desirable to have the cellar mostly above ground2 at the same time it secures greater elevation to the whole building4444 ,there are marked features of dissimilarity in the several openings1 and in the details of the exterior dressing1 each part being adapted to its special purpose1 and so arranged as to be in keeping with the general design2 it therefore unites harmony and beauty4444 ,,cellar1 7fig4 #ff47--,the ,cellar extends under the whole house2 clear hight #f feet4 ,the outside entrance to the cellar is by an area-way1 having stone steps and walls1 with hatchway and inside doors2 the hatchway doors1 when closed1 being even with the sloping earth finish4444 ,,first ,,story1 7fig4 #fg47--;,hight of ceiling #i feet4 ,the irregular outlines of this plan contribute to the cheerfulness of the different apartments1 by giving opportunity for the insertion of windows where they will command the most pleasing prospects4 ,the principal entrance is from the porch through double doors to the spacious hall1 which adjoins the parlor and dining-room4 ,the ,parlor has one bay and two plain windows1 with large wall space for furniture and wall decoration4 ,the ,dining-room is conveniently arranged to connect with the principal hall1 parlor1 rear lobby1 large pantry1 or closet1 and the cellar stairway1 and has a large bay and one plain window4 ,the ,kitchen is planned to have a range1 sink1 pump1 wash-tubs1 and the usual pipes for cold and hot water1 and is provided with two windows1 situated in opposite sides of the room to give abundant light1 and afford thorough ventilation2 a closet adjoins the chimney-breast1 and a cupboard is put beneath the sink4 ,the ,pantry is of good dimensions1 contiguous to both dining-room and kitchen1 has a suitable window1 and is furnished with shelving4 ,the rear entrance is from the covered stoop to the rear lobby1 and from thence to either dining-room or kitchen4444 ,,second ,,story1 7fig4 #fh47--,this story is reached by a winding stairway from the principal hall1 and contains four good-sized chambers1 a bath-room1 five large closets1 and the needed passage-ways4 ,the breast-walls are vertical to the hight of #c feet1 and are continued upward along the underside of the steep roof frame-work to the ceiling1 which is #h feet high4 ,the ,bath-room is provided with a bath-tub and seat-closet4 ,the ,tank is #a foot #h in4 wide1 #b feet long1 and #c feet deep1 and is placed in the closet adjoining the bath-room1 at a hight of #b feet above the floor1 and provided with a neat-fitting lid4 ,the spaces above and below the tank may be used as a closet for toweling1 etc4 ,the interior location of this tank should insure it against frost1 so long as the house is occupied by the family4444 ,,construction4--,the excavations for the cellar are #b feet deep1 and the earth is used as above described4 ,the materials for the principal foundations may be of the roughest stone1 such as are commonly used in farm-fencing1 and coarse mortar4 ,very little skill is required in the construction of these walls1 as only the last1 or top course1 is seen from the outside1 which should be laid to a line1 and levelled to receive the frame-work4 ,the exposed portions of the bay-window foundations are constructed of brick laid in mortar1 resting on stone-work1 and leaving an interior recess or shelf1 as shown on the cellar plan4 ,the cellar windows are of good dimensions1 and situated where they will insure sufficient light1 and provide for the complete airing of the cellar4 ,an opening should be left in one1 or both of the chimneys1 near the cellar ceiling1 having a continuous flue to the top1 which will be heated by contact with the fire-places above when in use1 and produce a draft that will exhaust the poisonous vapors always generated in cellars1 and prevent them from rising through the house to contaminate the air of the living-rooms4 ,this cellar may be easily and cheaply divided into separate apartments by rough planking or otherwise1 if ever desirable4 ,the rear portion might be readily converted into a laundry1 where the wash-tubs1 with their accompanying pipes1 might be placed1 leaving more kitchen room1 and relieving it of the steam and general disturbance of the ever-recurring washing days4 ,large durable posts are placed in the cellar1 resting on large flat stones that have been embedded in the cellar bottom1 as supports for the #d #h-;inch girders1 shown on the cellar plan by the dotted lines4 ,by the estimate1 it will be seen that very little timber is used in the frame-work1 of which the sills and beams comprise the heavier parts4 ,i would enforce the importance of having the frame fitted and secured together in a substantial manner4 ,the beams should be bridged as described for ,design ,,xvii4444 ,the exterior sides of the frame-work are designed to be inclosed with double boarding1 with an intermediate lining of tarred felting4 ,the first covering should be milled to even thicknesses1 and put on horizontally and double nailed to each stud4 ,the felting is next applied in whole width strips1 running from the sill to the plate4 ,the water-table and window-frames are next put in their places1 after which the final covering of tongued and grooved sheathing is put on vertically1 with the lower ends neatly fitted to the water-table1 and the upper ends covered with a #aj-;inch board forming a frieze to the cornice4 ,the siding should then be painted one coat in a thorough manner1 when battens of #a inch 8half round0 7previously painted both sides7 are firmly nailed over the joints of the sheathing4 ,the windows are all arranged for #a-;inch sash1 hung to iron weights with good cord1 and neatly cased and moulded on the inside2 outside blinds are intended for each window above the cellar4 ,the cornices are constructed in the simplest manner1 and the perforated barges and finials are made as indicated by the elevation1 and placed near the extremity of the gable cornices1 from which ever-varying shadows are made against the building1 producing the most delicate and pleasing effects4 ,it is purposely intended that the roofs of the principal building1 porch1 stoop1 bay1 and dormer windows1 shall have sufficient pitch for shingling4444 ,the character of the balance of the work may be inferred from the estimate which is given in detail4--,,estimate3 #fa yards excavation1 at #bj;c4 per yard4 #ab4bj #a1bgh ft4 stone foundation1 complete1 at #ab;c4 per ft4 #aec4cf #e1jjj brick for bays and chimneys1 furnished and laid1 at #ab per ,m4 #fj4jj #cj ft4 stone steps and coping1 at #cj;c4 per ft4 #i4jj #ffj yards #c-;coat plastering1 complete1 at #bh;c4 per yard4 #ahd4hj #c1ebf ft4 timber1 at #ae per ,m4 #eb4hi #a sill1 #d #h in4 #aea ft4 long4 #aj posts1 #d #f in4 #ac ft4 long4 #a plate1 #d #f in4 #acf ft4 long4 #d valleys1 #c #g in4 #ag ft4 long4 #a girder1 #d #h in4 #af ft4 long4 #ac beams1 #c #h in4 #bb ft4 long4 #ai beams1 #c #h in4 #af ft4 long4 #ae beams1 #c #h in4 #ae ft4 long4 #a beam1 #c #g in4 #hj ft4 long4 #ej rafters1 #c #d in4 #ac ft4 long4 #cjj wall-strips1 #b #d #ac1 at #aa;c4 each4 #cc4jj #bjj sheathing1 #i in41 at #ah;c4 each4 #cf4jj #ajj lbs4 tarred felting1 at #e;c4 per lb4 #e4jj #bjj tongued and grooved sheathing1 at #bh;c4 each4 #ef4jj #bjj battens1 at #f;c4 each4 #ab4jj ,materials in cornices and water-table4 #ch4jj #cbe shingling-lath1 #a #b #ac1 at #f;c4 each4 #ai4ej #fj bunches shingles1 at #a4ej per bunch4 #ij4jj #agg flooring1 #a #i in41 at #be;c4 each4 #dd4be #b stoops 7front and rear71 complete4 #hj4jj #b bay-windows 7with blinds71 complete4 #ajj4jj #aj plain windows 7with blinds71 complete1 at #ab each4 #abj4jj #d dormer windows 7with blinds71 complete1 at #bj each4 #hj4jj #c cellar windows1 complete1 at #f each4 #ah4jj ,stairs1 complete1 #ge2 #bd doors1 complete1 at #h each1 #aib4 #bfg4jj #c mantles1 complete1 #bj1 #aj1 and #f4 #cf4jj ,shelving1 etc41 #ab2 nails1 #ah2 painting1 #aaj4 #adj4jj ,plumbing and range1 complete1 #bbb4gj2 cartage1 average #a mile1 #be4 #bdg4gj ,carpenter's labor1 not included above4 #aej4jj ,for contingencies4 #ee4cj --------- ,total cost1 complete4 #b1ajj4jj ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fe4--;,,elevation ,,of ,,house4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ff4--,,plan ,,of ,,cellar4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fg4--,,plan ,,of ,,first ,,floor4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fh4--,,plan ,,of ,,second ,,floor4 ,,design ,,xvii4 ,a ,,house ,,costing #b1bjj4 ,these plans are for a full two-story house1 that will embrace the merits of the most economical form of construction 7having a floor measurement of #bd #bh1 nearly square71 with symmetry of style1 and containing a very commodious and convenient interior arrangement4 ,the ,,elevation 7fig4 #fi71 has marked features of simplicity and refinement1 with sufficient diversity of parts to give variety and grace1 without pretentious display4 ,we invariably recommend high foundations for houses of this character2 of course a foot in hight at the bottom will add a foot to the hight of the whole1 imparting a better appearance externally1 and on account of the better ventilation thereby afforded to the cellar1 adds greatly to the healthfulness of the interior of the whole house4 ,additional steps will be required to the stoops1 but the cost of these are compensated by deductions in the excavation for the cellar1 and stone steps to the area4 ,the large porch and double doors1 the bay and other windows1 each distinctive in themselves1 and adapted to their places1 similar only in conformity of character1 are so proportioned as to harmonize with each other with pleasing effect4 ,the pediments of the roof are so arranged that each 8face0 of the building will have very nearly the same appearance of outline4 ,the main cornice projects two feet beyond the frame-work of the house1 and is supported by large trusses2 all other cornices and window-caps have proportionate projections1 insuring heavy shadows1 giving relief and finish to the whole4444 ,,cellar1 7fig4 #gj47--;,excavations for this cellar are made #b feet #f inches below the general surface of the ground4 ,the ,foundation-walls1 ,chimneys1 ,girder-supports1 and rear ,area-walls are built as described for ,design ,,xii41 after which the earth is graded around1 and up against the foundation1 so as to give such slope as will turn the water away from the house and walks1 leaving the foundation #d feet above the final grade4444 ,,first ,,story1 7fig4 #ga47--,this story contains the principal hall1 parlor1 dining or living-room1 kitchen1 rear lobby1 three closets1 and private stairs4 ,the principal ,hall is entered from the front porch1 through large double doors1 is square 7#aj #aj feet71 and contains the principal stairs1 which are built with a quarter circle and niche nearly in the center of their hight1 as described in ,design ,,xii4 ,this hall connects with the parlor through double doors2 this will be found to give an impression of amplitude that would scarcely be expected in a house of this size4 ,the ,parlor has a large bay-window1 finished with elliptical arch and ornamental corbels1 and a marble mantle4 ,the ,dining-room is intended as the living-room of the family1 and communicates with each room and hall of the first story2 has a closet under the front stairs1 and has a marble mantle4 ,the ,kitchen is provided with a large range1 two closets1 sink1 with cold and hot water1 and closet underneath1 and communicates with the dining-room1 lobby1 and cellar stairway4 ,the rear entrance to this story is through the lobby1 which has two small windows4 ,the private stairs are arranged to start from the rear lobby4444 ,,second ,,story1 7fig4 #gb47--,the manner in which this story is divided into rooms very much resemble a 8double0 house1 the hall being nearly in the center of the house1 and the rooms at either side3 contains hall1 two stairways1 six rooms1 and five closets4 ,the hall is #e ft4 #f in4 #aj ft41 and has seven doors leading from it to the different rooms and private stairway4 ,many persons require a 8study02 the room directly above the principal hall is best adapted for such purpose1 has a large closet1 and is most convenient to the stairs4 ,the door to this room should have ground glass upper panels1 to admit light to the hall4 ,the ,bath-room is provided with ,french bath-tub1 seat-closet1 and wash-basin4 ,the soil-pipe from this story will be concealed by passing down inside one of the kitchen closets4 ,marble shelves1 resting on stucco trusses1 are intended for each of the four principal rooms of this story4444 ,,general ,,details4--,it is intended that all the work should be done in a workmanlike and substantial manner1 of good materials1 as indicated in the estimate4 ,all the principal timber is framed together1 and raised in the usual manner1 and secured with hard-wood pins4 ,the enclosing should be dressed1 of thoroughly seasoned materials1 and nailed with #aj;d4 nails4 ,the cornices are ornamented with bold panelled brackets and dentil courses4 ,each gable is provided with a circular ventilator4 ,all roofs are covered with charcoal tin1 laid on rough boards1 and have gutters as described for ,design ,v41 at a cost of #aj cts4 per running foot4 ,the columns of the front porch are turned1 and have ornamental caps and square pedestals4 ,the stoop-rail is #e inches wide1 and the balusters are scroll-sawed1 of #a-;inch pine plank4 ,the trusses under the bay-window are large1 scroll-sawed1 and ornamental4 ,the flooring should be thoroughly dried1 close-laid1 and double-nailed to each beam with #aj;d4 nails4 ,while laying the floor 7having reached the center of the span of the beams71 a row of cross-bridging should be put in1 in a strong manner4 ,in this way1 the inequalities of the upper surfaces of the beams1 which are always more or less sprung1 will be brought into line by the flooring1 and each piece of bridging will receive its relative proportion of the weight4 ,the tarred paper is next inserted between the outside studding1 in the manner described for ,design ,,xi41 which is much cheaper than 8brick-filling10 and for many reasons more desirable4 ,the central partitions1 that carry the principal weight1 should be studded strongly of #d-;inch materials1 or wall-strips set edgeways4 ,all closet1 stair1 and cross partitions may be set of #b-;inch materials1 or wall-strips set flatways4 ,this latter method saves nearly one-half of the space taken by the partitions1 which may be added to the size of the rooms1 where it frequently happens that a few inches becomes a matter of importance4 ,the second-story ceiling timbers are of wall-strips1 put #ab inches from centers1 and a flooring of rough boards is laid over a part1 to make room for storage1 etc4 ,all sash are #a inches thick1 and have second quality ,french glass in them1 and are hung with iron weights4 ,we think there is a good opportunity for improvement in the manufacture of window sashes1 making them air-tight1 and suggest inserting the necessary rubber strips near their edges1 and especially in the lips of the check-rail--this would effectually shut out all drafts of air1 and make the unsightly and impracticable 8weather-strip0 unnecessary4 ,all stairs should have #a strings and treads1 and risers1 and should be so housed1 glued1 and keyed1 as to make them solid2 squeaky stairs are abominable1 and even when assured of their safety1 one feels an instinctive suspicion of danger1 and will look for treachery in every part of the house4 ,black walnut panelled newel1 moulded rail1 and fluted balusters1 are intended for the principal flight of stairs4 ,setting the niche is a part of the stair-builder's work1 and should always be included in his estimate for stairs of this character4 ,the trimming of the hall1 dining-room1 and parlor1 are of clear pine1 the architraves are #h inches wide1 and 8double-moulded10 with panelled back to each window4 ,base #g-;inch and moulded4 ,all other rooms have #e-;inch 8single trim10 with back moulding1 and base to match4 ,all doors panelled and moulded2 all room-doors have mortise locks1 and closet-doors have rim-locks1 all with brass bolts and keys2 knobs and escutcheons of porcelain1 and all saddles are of hard-wood4 ,all parts of this house that are usually painted should have two coats of paint of the best materials1 and of such colors as shall suit the owner4 ,all hard-wood1 such as the stair-rail1 bath-room finish1 and saddles1 should have two coats of linseed-oil4444 ,,cost4--,contractors everywhere differ in their estimates for work of any kind4 ,these differences are sometimes the result of some peculiar circumstance1 but most generally they arise through some misapprehension of fact2 either the plans are incomprehensible1 or the description of them ambiguous1 leading to a variety of interpretations1 and consequently a variety of prices1 some of which are too low1 and some too high4 ,the low man who usually proposes to do the best work1 and the most of it1 gets the job1 and executes the work in accordance with his preconceived ideas1 gets his money1 and leaves the owner in possession of something he did not expect4 ,no one can know the extent and character of the work better than the projector of them1 who should be equally qualified to give exact estimates of quantities and cost of everything connected with their thorough development and execution1 and thus truly fulfill his mission as the architect of the works4 ,cost is one of the most interesting features in any project1 and no plan is hardly worth considering that does not comprehend in some way the expense of its execution4 ,builders and others interested in such plans1 will appreciate the detailed estimates1 as furnishing the key to the whole plan1 supplying the needed information as to the real quality and character of the work4--,,estimate3 #fb yards excavation1 at #bj;c4 per yard4 #ab4dj #ac1jjj hard brick1 furnished and laid1 at #ab per ,m4 #aef4jj #gjj yards lath and plastering1 at #bh;c4 per yard4 #aif4jj #cb ft4 stone steps1 at #dj;c4 per ft4 #ab4hj #bd ft4 stone sills1 at #cj;c4 per ft4 #g4bj #b1cjj ft4 of timber1 at #ae per ,m4 #cd4ej #b sills1 #d #g in4 #bd ft4 long4 #b sills1 #d #g in4 #bh ft4 long4 #d posts1 #d #g in4 #bj ft4 long4 #b ties1 #d #f in4 #bd ft4 long4 #b ties1 #d #f in4 #bh ft4 long4 #b plates1 #d #f in4 #bd ft4 long4 #b plates1 #d #f in4 #bh ft4 long4 #a girt1 #d #h in4 #bh ft4 long4 #cj beams1 #c #g in4 #bd ft4 long4 #d valleys1 #c #g in4 #ab ft4 long4 #djj wall-strips1 #b #d in4 #ac ft4 long1 at #aa;c4 each4 #dd4jj #bcj novelty clear siding-boards1 at #bh;c4 each4 #fd4dj #age lbs4 tarred paper1 at #e;c4 per lb4 #h4ge #aej tongued and grooved flooring1 at #bh;c4 each4 #db4jj #acj hemlock roof-boards1 #af;c4 each4 #bj4hj #ab squares of tin roofing1 at #g per square4 #hd4jj #aef ft4 gutters and leaders1 at #aj;c4 per ft4 #ae4fj #ajd ft4 cornice1 at #dj;c4 per ft4 #da4fj #a bay-window 7with blinds71 complete4 #ge4jj #ab plain windows 7with blinds71 complete1 at #af each4 #aib4jj #h cellar windows1 complete1 at #d each4 #cb4jj #a stoop 7except tin as above71 complete4 #gj4jj #bg doors1 complete1 at #i each1 #bdc2 #c stairs1 complete1 #gj4 #cac4jj #b marble mantles1 and #d shelves on trusses4 #ej4jj ,range1 plumbing1 sink1 bath1 water-closet1 and pump4 #cad4ee ,corner-boards1 base1 and shelving1 #cb4ej2 nails1 #bj4 #eb4ej ,cartage1 average one mile4 #bj4jj ,carpenter's labor1 not included above1 #bjj2 painting1 #ajj4 #cjj4jj ,incidentals4 #dj4ij --------- ,total cost1 complete4 #b1bjj4jj ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fi4--;,,elevation ,,of ,,front ,,of ,,house4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gj4--,,plan ,,of ,,cellar4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ga4--,,plan ,,of ,,first ,,floor4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gb4--,,plan ,,of ,,second ,,floor4 ,,design ,,xviii4 ,a ,,southern ,,house ,,costing #b1bjj4 ,this plan of a simple1 yet genteel ,southern house1 embraces ample interior accommodation for the wants of a good-sized family4 ,it has an abundance of outside verandas and artificial shade1 and may be constructed at a very moderate cost4444 ,,exterior1 7fig4 #gc47--,the style is adapted to the ,middle and ,southern ,states1 because of its elevation and airiness1 the overhanging projections of its roof1 and the facility with which wings or verandas may be added4 ,the ,tower is a conspicuous feature1 and though without any special ornamentation1 it gives an expression of unity and completeness to the whole structure4 ,the ,verandas on every side afford protection from the sun4 ,many persons prefer disconnected verandas 7as shown in figs4 #gc and #ge71 with open ends to the roofs for the escape of the heated air that would otherwise be retained in them4 ,moreover1 disconnected verandas prevent the annoyance arising from the noise made by children who are fond of running and playing upon them4444 ,,cellar1 7fig4 #gd47--,this is under the kitchen wing only2 is #f feet deep1 has two windows1 an outside entrance with stone steps1 and a stairway leading to the rear entry of the first floor4444 ,,first ,,story1 7fig4 #ge47--;,hight of ceiling in the main house1 #aa feet1 and in the wing #i feet4 ,the entrance ,hall1 nearly square1 and entered from the front piazza through double doors1 contains the main stairs1 and communicates with the parlor and dining-room4 ,each of these apartments communicates with the library through large sliding-doors4 ,the windows to these rooms open to the floor1 and are protected on the outside by the verandas4 ,the front parlor window is #f feet wide1 with the sashes arranged to slide in pockets at either side1 by which means the parlor is apparently prolonged to1 and may be used with the veranda4 ,each of the large rooms has fire-places and marble mantles4 ,the closet for the dining-room is under the main stairs4 ,the ,kitchen is in the rear wing1 and separated from the main house by the rear lobby and the pantry2 it has a good-sized double window at each side1 a large pantry1 and a fire-place4 ,in the rear entry are stairways leading to the second story and to the cellar4444 ,,second ,,story1 7fig4 #gf47--;,hight of ceilings in main house1 #i feet1 and in the wing #g feet4 ,it is divided into six chambers1 besides halls and closets4 ,the three larger ,chambers have fire-places with marble shelves1 and two windows in each4 ,the window in the small chamber is placed near the ceiling1 above the kitchen roof4 ,the two ,chambers in the wing are intended as servants' rooms1 and have no communication with the main house4444 ,,tower ,,and ,,attic4--,the ,tower has an inclosed stairway1 with a door at the foot4 ,the main roof finish at the rear of the tower is leveled even with the main ridge1 inclosing the intervening space2 this affords room for a door leading from the tower to the attic4 ,this story is thoroughly floored1 and has small windows in each gable1 and is useful as a place for storage4 ,in cases of necessity1 a portion of this attic may be used for bedrooms4444 ,,construction4--,the ,cellar excavations are made in the ground #d feet deep1 and for the underpinning of the main house one foot4 ,the loose earth is used in grading1 raising the surface immediately surrounding the foundation #h inches4 ,the foundation walls are #h inches thick1 of hard brick and good mortar4 ,the cellar walls are #f feet high1 and the underpinning #c feet #b inches high1 leaving an exposed surface #ah inches high at completion4 ,only the portions of the foundation plan1 shown darker in the plan1 fig4 #gd1 are walled1 the intervening spaces being left open for the free circulation of air4 ,the general character of the materials to be used in the construction of this house 7a large portion of which is milled1 and manufactured ready for use17 may be inferred from the appended estimate4 ,the manner of putting these materials together is of great importance1 and should be entrusted only to skillful and thorough workmen4 ,the details of the exterior finish are so plain1 that the work of 8getting out0 the several parts may be done by the mechanics employed in building1 without recourse to the scroll-saw or carver4 ,the truss-work of the cornices1 and the open frame-work1 and columns of the verandas1 are of dressed timber1 and stop-chamfered4 ,all the roofs have sufficient pitch to allow the use of shingles1 which are much lighter and cooler than slate or metal4 ,veranda roofs so constructed do not reflect so much heat into the chamber windows as others1 which is important in a warm climate4444 ,,ventilation4--,large window openings1 with easy working sashes1 are provided1 and afford the best means of changing the air of any apartment4 ,the chimneys are large1 and have open fire-places1 and ventilating side-flues with registers near the ceilings4 ,these openings1 which should never be closed1 will be found to afford satisfactory ventilation4 ,during seasons of extreme heat1 the tower may be made to serve as a general ventilator1 by lowering the upper sashes1 and opening all the doors leading to it4 ,the following estimate includes everything necessary to complete this building in a thorough manner1 at prices now ruling in the vicinity of ,new ,york4--,,estimate3 #fa yards excavation1 at #bj;c4 per yard4 #ab4bj #ae1jjj bricks1 furnished and laid1 at #ab per ,m4 #ahj4jj #bf ft4 stone steps and sills1 at #cj;c4 per ft4 #g4hj #gjj yards plastering1 at #bh;c4 per yard4 #aif4jj #f1aab ft4 of timber1 at #ae per ,m4 #ia4fh ,sills1 #d #h in4 #bdg ft4 long4 #a tie1 #d #f in4 #bdg ft4 long4 #a plate1 #d #f in4 #bdg ft4 long4 #g posts1 #d #g in4 #bb ft4 long4 #d posts1 #d #g in4 #cd ft4 long4 #a ridge1 #b #g in4 #dj ft4 long4 #a ridge1 #b #g in4 #cj ft4 long4 #gh beams1 #b #h in4 #af ft4 long4 #cd beams1 #b #h in4 #ae ft4 long4 #ci beams1 #b #g in4 #af ft4 long4 #ae beams1 #b #g in4 #aa ft4 long4 #a piazza1 #b #g in4 #cge ft4 long4 #b valleys1 #c #h in4 #af ft4 long4 #ajj joist1 #c #d in4 #ac ft4 long1 at #af;c4 each4 #af4jj #djj wall-strips1 #b #d in4 #ac ft4 long1 at #aa;c4 each4 #dd4jj #dbj siding1 #f in4 wide #ac ft4 long1 at #bf;c4 each4 #aji4bj ,materials in cornices and verandas4 #dj4jj #abj hemlock boards 7for main house71 at #ae;c4 each4 #ah4jj #bcf pine boards for roofing1 #d #ac1 at #ah;c4 each4 #db4dh #fg bunches shingles1 at #a4ej per bunch4 #ajj4ej ,finial on tower4 #h4jj #afh ,flooring for verandas1 #d in4 wide1 at #bj;c4 each4 #cc4fj #cfj flooring for inside1 #i in4 wide1 at #bf;c4 each4 #ic4fj ,stairs1 #gj2 closet finish1 #bj4 #ij4jj #b cellar windows1 complete1 at #f each4 #ab4jj #bh windows1 at #aj1 #bhj2 #cb doors1 at #i1 #bhh4 #efh4jj #c mantles1 #be each1 #ge2 #c shelves1 #f each1 #ah4 #ic4jj #bbd ft4 gutters and leaders1 at #h;c4 per ft4 #ag4ib ,nails1 #bb2 painting1 #abe2 carting1 #be4 #agb4jj ,carpenter's labor1 not included above4 #bjj4jj ,incidentals4 #ed4jb --------- ,total cost1 complete4 #b1bjj4jj ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gc4--,,view ,,of ,,exterior ,,of ,a ,,southern ,,house4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gd4--;,,cellar ,,and ,,ground ,,plan4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ge4--,,plan ,,of ,,first ,,floor4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gf4--,,plan ,,of ,,second ,,floor4 ,,design ,,xix4 ,a ,,stone ,,house1 ,,costing #b1ejj4 ,this plan has many features to commend it as an economical country house4 ,it is similar in many respects to ,design ,,xxvii41 having an equal breadth of front1 and is constructed of like substantial materials4 ,the arrangement of the several parts1 however1 are more regular and compact1 and embrace accommodations for a good-sized family4444 ,,exterior1 7fig4 #gg47--;,at first sight1 the reader will perceive the perfect balance apparent in the outlines and details of the front4 ,variety is also an especial feature1 resulting from the pleasing diversity and systematic distribution of the prominent parts4 ,the site has much effect upon the appearance of any building4 ,this house should have a commanding position to afford such views as would seem to be expected from its broad and generous windows4 ,health and happiness being largely dependent on the situation1 it is important to select a position having a natural drainage1 and therefore more likely to be surrounded with pure wholesome air4444 ,,cellar1 7fig4 #gh47--;,hight #f feet4 ,the plain engraving saves the need of further explanation4 ,the ceiling is smoothly 8laid off0 with one coat of plaster1 and the walls are flush-pointed1 so that the whole interior may be whitewashed whenever it shall be desirable to lighten or sweeten the cellar4444 ,,first ,,story1 7fig4 #gi47--;,as is suggested by the exterior1 system and order are prominent features in the interior arrangement4 ,the main entrance is through double doors4 ,the principal hall is central and roomy1 and contains the open and balustered stairway to the second story4 ,the two principal rooms are of equal size1 with outlooks front and rear4 ,the ,parlor has a pleasant bay or plant window1 arranged to be shut off1 when desirable1 by large sash doors4 ,this window has no floor1 but is cemented around its sides below the floor-line1 to secure dryness to the walls1 and is filled with earth wherein plants may be grown4 ,the thick masonry surrounding this plant-bed will secure it from frost4 ,the temperature required to make the parlor comfortable will be sufficient for the plants1 while the strong sunlight will insure their vigorous growth4 ,a mirror may be placed on the mantle opposite this window1 arranged to reflect its contents1 and make a most cheerful picture4--,the ,living-room is a convenient apartment1 in easy communication with the front and rear entrances1 the wood-house1 and cellar-stairs1 passing down under the front hall stairs4 ,it has a large pantry1 and is provided with a range1 sink1 stationary wash-tubs1 water1 and waste-pipes4 ,the importance of having cold and hot water always ready should not be overlooked4 ,very much of the drudgery of housework in the country consists in drawing and carrying water1 and besides1 it generally happens that when water is most wanted1 the vessels are empty1 necessitating great inconvenience and frequent distress4--,the ,bedroom is situated between the parlor and living-room1 and communicates with both1 and has a good-sized closet4 ,this apartment may be used as a sewing-room1 where such work need not be put away every time it is laid down for a moment4 ,the ,wood-house at the rear is constructed of light materials1 and serves as a fuel and utensil room4444 ,,second ,,story1 7fig4 #hj47--,this story is divided into five chambers1 a hall1 and seven closets4 ,each room is entered directly from the hall1 obviating the too frequent necessity of passing through one room to reach another4 ,closets are a necessity to any well ordered household2 their uses are so numerous that it is hardly possible to provide too many4444 ,,remarks ,,on ,,construction4--,the element of durability is an important quality of this structure1 avoiding the necessity and expense of frequent repairs4 ,the exterior walls are constructed of stone and brick1 as described in ,design ,,xxvii4 ,care should be taken to make these walls perfectly solid and thorough4 ,the mortar used should be of the best lime1 and coarse1 sharp sand4 ,such mortar improves with age1 always increasing in hardness and strength4 ,the brick corner-work may be laid in dark or blue mortar with good effect in subduing the strong contrasts in color4 ,interior plastering should never be applied directly to the stone-work4 ,such walls do not readily conform to the sudden changes of the surrounding temperature1 and are rendered damp and unwholesome from the moisture of the air being condensed upon them4 ,they should be furred off1 leaving an air-space between the stone-work and plastering1 through the whole hight of the wall1 and opening into the spaces between the rafters of the roof4 ,side-walls constructed in this manner afford a most comfortable interior1 having a more equal temperature than is possible in the usual frame building1 and neither the severe cold of winter1 nor the extreme heat of summer1 is immediately felt within4 ,the chimneys are of hard brick2 their interior location insures a great saving of fuel1 as the heat that is radiated from them greatly assists in warming the house4 ,the principal roofs are covered with dark slate4 8,keystone0 and 8,chapman0 are good qualities1 and are mostly used in this vicinity2 they have good color1 and do not fade4 ,a good effect is produced by clipping the exposed corners of about one-third of the slate1 in a uniform manner1 and laying them in belts of five or six courses each across the roof4 ,,estimate ,,of ,,the ,,cost3 #aaa yards excavation1 at #bj;c4 per yard4 #bb4bj #aga perches stone-work1 at #b4ge per perch4 #dgj4be #ajc ft4 stone sills and steps1 at #cj;c4 per ft4 #cj4ij #b1jjj bricks in angles1 etc41 at #ab per ,m41 laid4 #bd4jj #d1jjj bricks in chimneys1 at #ab per ,m41 laid4 #dh4jj #ffj yards plastering1 at #bh;c4 per yard4 #ahd4hj #hj yards plastering in ceiling of cellar1 at #bj;c4 per yard4 #af4jj #c1cfg ft4 of timber1 at #ae per ,m4 #ej4ej #b girders1 #d #h in4 #cb ft4 long4 #d plates1 #d #h in4 #aa ft4 long4 #b purlins1 #d #h in4 #ch ft4 long4 #a ridge1 #b #f in4 #bi ft4 long4 #a ridge1 #b #f in4 #bb ft4 long4 #dd beams1 #c #h in4 #ac ft4 long4 #bb beams1 #c #h in4 #aa ft4 long4 #dj rafters1 #b #e in4 #ai ft4 long4 #d valleys1 #c #g in4 #ba ft4 long4 #ah collars1 #e in4 #ad ft4 long4 #bcj wall-strips1 at #aa;c4 each4 #be4cj #acj furring strips1 at #f;c4 each4 #g4hj ,anchors1 of tire iron1 #c2 cornice materials1 #cj4 #cc4jj #cjj shingling-lath1 at #f;c4 each4 #ah4jj ,rear wing1 exclusive of tin1 complete4 #ajj4jj #bj squares of slate1 at #i per square4 #ahj4jj #cb hemlock boards1 at #af;c4 each4 #e4ab #c squares of tin1 at #g per square4 #bd4ej #fj ft4 of leaders and gutters1 at #aj;c4 per ft4 #f4jj #bac flooring1 #h inch1 at #be;c4 each4 #ec4be ,stairs1 complete4 #gj4jj ,piazza and stoop1 exclusive of tin1 complete4 #hj4jj #f cellar windows1 complete1 at #e each4 #cj4jj #ag plain windows1 complete1 at #aj each4 #agj4jj #d dormer windows1 complete1 at #ah each4 #gb4jj #bg doors1 complete1 at #i each4 #bdc4jj #d mantles1 #b marble and #b wooden1 complete4 #fb4jj ,closet finish1 complete4 #ah4jj ,range and plumbing1 complete4 #aej4jj ,nails1 #ad2 painting1 #fj2 cartage1 #ae4 #hi4jj ,carpenter's labor1 not included above4 #abe4jj ,incidentals4 #ia4ch --------- ,total cost1 complete4 #b1ejj4jj ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gg4--;,,front ,,view ,,of ,,house4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gh4--,,plan ,,of ,,cellar4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gi4--,,plan ,,of ,,first ,,floor4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #hj4--,,plan ,,of ,,second ,,floor4 ,,design ,,xx4 ,a ,,country ,,house1 ,,costing #b1fjj4 ,this plan is somewhat similar in style and materials to ,design ,,xxiv4 ,the changes here indicated adapt it to a more southern climate1 such as larger window openings1 more piazzas1 and placing the domestic rooms at the rear of the main building4444 ,,exterior1 7fig4 #ha47--8;,double front0 houses 7as those having their front entrance in the center are usually called71 may face any point of compass1 and are adapted to almost any situation4 ,they appear best when located at sufficient distance from the road to allow extended1 neatly laid-out approaches1 and thus give an air of retirement4444 ,,cellar1 7fig4 #hb47--;,hight1 #g feet4 ,full size of the main building1 with window openings on every side4444 ,,first ,,story1 7fig4 #hc47--;,hight of ceilings in main house1 #aa feet2 in the wing1 #i feet4 ,the apartments embraced in the main house are unusually large1 airy1 and pleasant4 ,all the windows open down to the floor1 and are protected from sun and rain by the piazza4 ,the ,hall has a wide entrance leading from the piazza1 and contains the principal flight of stairs4 ,the ,parlor and ,living-room are of equal size 7#ad #bd feet71 have windows looking in three directions1 and have open fire-places in each4 ,the rear entry occupies part of the main house and wing1 its hight of ceiling is determined by the platform of the main stairs4 ,it communicates conveniently with the rear piazza1 main hall1 living-room1 kitchen1 cellar-stairs1 and a closet4 ,in the ,wing are a kitchen1 work-room or summer-kitchen1 butler's pantry1 and two closets4 ,the ,kitchen communicates with the living-room through the butler's pantry1 which is 8dresser-finished0 with drawers and shelving4 ,the work-room is furnished with a pump1 sink1 and two stationary wash-tubs4 ,if desired1 a bath-room may be placed in this wing1 and fitted up with the necessary plumbing1 as shown in ,design ,,xxxiii4444 ,,second ,,story1 7fig4 #hd47--;,hight of ceiling1 #i feet4 ,a hall1 three chambers1 a bedroom1 and four closets are the divisions of this story4 ,the stairs leading to the attic are placed above those of the first story1 with a door at the foot4444 ,,attic4--,the estimate provides for a floor in this1 and for casing the four pair of windows1 but it is otherwise left unfinished4 ,four or more bedrooms may be made in this story if desired4444 ,,construction4--,the materials are indicated in the estimate4 ,the foundation-walls show #b feet above the ground4 ,the timber is framed and raised in the most thorough manner4 ,the beams are placed #b feet apart from centers1 and bridged with one row of 8cross-bridging0 in each span4 ,observe that the main posts are #be feet long2 this includes the whole hight from bottom of sills to top plates1 and allows for four feet of inside breastwork from the attic floor to foot of main rafters4 ,the main roof is set at an angle of #de4 ,the 8open-worked0 barges in the pediment 7fig4 #ha71 are of #a-;inch-plank1 #af inches wide1 pierced in simple figure1 and require only one set of patterns for the four gables4 ,the piazza-rafters show in their ceilings4 ,perforated pediments in each side allow the escape of heated air from under the roofs4 ,the columns are 8boxed0 #g inches square1 and chamfered4 ,the spandrels are scroll-sawed from #c-;inch timber4 ,the two full stories are hard finished on two coats of brown mortar and seasoned lath4 ,all doors are panelled1 and all architraves in the main house are double moulded2 in the wing single moulded4 ,all sashes are #a inch thick1 and glazed with second quality ,french glass4 ,the parlor and living-room have marble mantles2 the chambers have marble shelves resting on stucco trusses4 ,the main stairs have an #h-;inch octagon newel1 a #b #d moulded hand-rail1 and #b-;inch fluted balusters1 all of black walnut1 as also are the saddles to each room4 ,all knobs1 roses1 and escutcheons are of white porcelain4 ,all wood usually painted has two coats of best paint1 in shades to suit the owner's taste4 ,,estimate ,,of ,,cost3 #acg yards excavation1 complete1 at #bj;c4 per yard4 #bg4dj #eb perches stone-work1 at #b4ge per perch4 #adc4jj #f1jjj brick1 furnished and laid1 at #ab per ,m4 #gb4jj #dd ft4 blue-stone1 at #cj;c4 per ft4 #ac4bj #fbc yards plastering1 complete1 at #bh;c4 per yard4 #agd4dd #g1abf ft4 timber1 at #ae per ,m4 #ajf4hi #a sill1 #d #h in4 #bje ft4 long4 #aj posts1 #d #h in4 #be ft4 long4 #b girders1 #d #h in4 #be ft4 long4 #a tie1 #d #f in4 #abd ft4 long4 #a plate1 #d #f in4 #bje ft4 long4 #a piazza1 #c #e in4 #ccb ft4 long4 #ij beams1 #c #h in4 #ae ft4 long4 #ae beams1 #c #h in4 #ag ft4 long4 #d valleys1 #c #h in4 #bc ft4 long4 #dj rafters1 #c #e in4 #bj ft4 long4 #a piazza1 #c #h in4 #cgj ft4 long4 #ejj wall-strips1 at #aa;c4 each4 #ee4jj #cfj siding1 at #bh;c4 each4 #ajj4hj ,materials in cornices1 corner-boards1 etc4 #dj4jj #cfj shingling-lath1 at #f;c4 each4 #ba4fj #fe bunches shingles1 at #a4ej each4 #ig4ej #acd hemlock boards1 at #af;c4 each4 #ba4dd #ae squares tin roofing1 gutters1 and leaders1 at #g;c4 per ft4 #aje4jj #cfj flooring1 at #bh;c4 each1 #ajj4hj2 stairs1 complete1 #ij4 #aij4hj ,piazzas1 except roofing1 complete4 #aej4jj #h cellar windows1 #dh2 #cj windows1 #cjj4 #cdh4jj #bh doors1 complete1 at #aj1 #bhj2 closet finish1 #bj4 #cjj4jj ,mantles and shelves1 #ge2 nails1 #bj4 #ie4jj ,painting1 complete1 #aej2 cartage1 #ce4 #ahe4jj ,pump1 sink1 and range1 #fj2 incidentals1 #db4ic4 #ajb4ic ,carpenter's labor1 not included above4 #bej4jj --------- ,total cost1 complete4 #b1fjj4jj ,the following detailed estimate of the cost of windows and doors1 8complete10 are given in explanation as to what is included in the foregoing and other lists1 viz43 ,first-class ,windows1 complete4--,for a #b-g #f-b window1 with panelled back1 and full double trim1 viz43 #bb ft4 running lumber in frame1 at #d;c4 #j4hh #d pulleys4 4#ad #bh lbs4 iron weights1 at #b;c4 4#gj ,sash cord1 #h;c42 screws1 #c;c4 4#aa #bb ft4 of #h-;inch trim1 at #h;c4 #a4gf ,panelled back materials4 4#dh ,sash1 glazed1 counter-checked1 and hung4 #b4hj ,blinds1 with fastenings4 #a4hj ,materials in outside cap4 4#fd ,nails1 #h;c42 labor1 #d4 #d4jh ------ ,total4 #ac4ci ,second-class ,windows1 complete4--,for a #b-g #e-b window1 with plain single moulded trim1 viz43 #bj running ft4 of lumber in frame1 at #d;c4 #j4hj #d pulleys1 at #dj;c4 per dozen4 4#ad #bf lbs4 sash-weights1 at #b;c4 4#fe ,sash-cord4 4#jh ,screws4 4#jc #af ft4 of #e-;inch trim1 at #e;c4 4#hj ,sash1 glazed1 counter-checked1 and hung4 #b4af ,blinds1 with fastenings4 #a4ef ,nosing1 apron1 and drip4 4#cj ,nails1 #f;c42 labor1 #b4ej4 #b4ef ----- ,total4 #i4jh ,where there are an equal number of each class1 ,i should put their cost at #aa4bc each1 and where the second class preponderates1 as is usually the case1 the average price is reduced accordingly3 ,first-class ,doors1 complete4--,double-faced1 #b-h #g ft41 full trimmed3 ,door1 #d-panelled1 at factory4 #b4ej #bj ft4 running trim1 #h in41 at #ba;c4 #d4bj ,saddle4 4#ae ,buts and screws4 4#af ,locks and knobs4 4#ej #bb running ft4 base1 at #i;c4 #a4ih ,nails1 #f;c42 labor1 #c4 #c4jf ------ ,total4 #ab4ee ,second-class ,doors1 complete4--,single-faced1 #b-f #f-h1 single trim3 ,door1 #d-panelled1 at factory4 #a4ij #ah ft4 running trim1 at #ae;c4 #b4gj ,saddle4 4#ae ,buts and screws4 4#ae ,locks and knobs4 4#ce #bb running ft4 base1 at #g;c4 #a4ed ,nails1 #e;c42 labor1 #b4 #b4je ----- ,total4 #h4hd ,it will be noticed that the item for ,base is included in above estimate for doors4 ,the figures 7#bb feet7 are an average per door1 deduced from careful calculations1 and are introduced here for the purpose of aiding any one in readily making up an estimate for a whole building4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ha4--;,,elevation ,,of ,,front ,,of ,,house4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #hb4--,,plan ,,of ,,cellar4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #hc4--,,plan ,,of ,,first ,,floor4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #hd4--,,plan ,,of ,,second ,,floor4 ,,design ,,xxi4 ,a ,,farm-,,house ,,costing #b1fjj4 ,these plans were designed for a convenient and comfortable ,farm-house in the ,american style1 comprehending the most economical and practical methods of construction4 ,the size and shape of such houses should be made to conform to the requirements of those who are to occupy them4 ,unlike the villager1 the farmer has ample road front1 and his house should be so arranged as to secure the most pleasant outlook from the living rooms4 ,for many important reasons a farmer's house should be set back from the highway at least #ge feet1 #bjj feet is much better4 ,everyone appreciates a nice lawn in front of a country home1 through which inviting approaches lead from the road entrances bordered with flowers1 and where space is allowed for shade trees and shrubbery4 ,the width of country roads when first projected is usually limited to #ej feet4 ,there is no certainty1 however1 that an increased width or the straightening of a roadway will not be demanded at any time and such contingencies should be provided for4 ,other considerations require but a moment's thought to convince anyone of the desirableness of an ample front lawn4444 ,,exterior1 7fig4 #he47--;,farm houses usually stand disconnected and apart from other buildings1 and should have outlines that will best adapt them to the conditions that are otherwise manifest in the location4 ,this plan is intended for an eastern frontage1 where it would face the morning sun1 when the principal and broader portions of the building1 at the right1 would be doubly valuable as a shield to ward off the northern winds from the parts of the house most used by the occupants4 7,by reversing the plan it would be equally adapted to the opposite1 or easterly side of a road47 ,it is intended that the body of the house shall be set at least two feet above the ground2 this gives opportunity for good-sized cellar-windows1 that will admit light1 and afford good openings for cellar ventilation1 and also secure the frame-work of the building against moisture from the ground4 ,such moisture1 if allowed1 will cause decay of the sills and other principal timbers1 and is sure to percolate upward into the house1 filling it with unwholesome vapors4 ,the variety of the general outlines as shown in the elevation are calculated to impart a cheerful and lively appearance always desirable in a country home1 and very pleasant to the passer-by4 ,the ridged roofs1 with their spreading gables and ample projections1 are features of frankness in which there is no attempt at concealment or imitation4 ,the bay-windows1 wide entrance1 and spacious piazza1 are each expressive of liberality and refinement4 ,the extreme simplicity of the details1 and methods of construction1 devoid of all ostentatious display1 clearly express the purpose of the building1 and commend it to the consideration of all who are interested in rural house building4444 ,,foundation1 7fig4 #hf47--;,in most locations stone are abundant2 our estimate comprehends the building of the foundation-walls of rough1 broken stone1 laid in coarse mortar1 and neatly pointed where exposed to sight4 ,any man who is at all familiar with the most ordinary stone-work1 such as building 8wall0 fences1 could build these foundations acceptably2 they should be laid up #ah inches thick1 and flush with the outside of the frame-work of the building4 ,our plan shows a cellar under the central part of the building only1 which should be #g feet deep2 this cellar will be found sufficiently spacious for the uses of most families1 but may be enlarged if desirable4 ,one of the 8wise sayings0 we heard in youth was1 8always build your cellar under the whole house40 ,unless there are ample cellars under the barns1 the house-cellar is never too large4 ,in this case1 it will be but little extra cost and labor to take out the earth1 and carry the foundations down4 ,the walls provided would do most of this1 and then we have ample cellars for all wants1 and have room to partition off fruit and vegetable rooms1 the former of which need to be much cooler than the latter1 if one would keep fruit well4 ,the side-walls of the area are built of the same materials as the cellar-walls1 with the stone steps inserted while building4 ,the foundations shown on the plan where no cellar is required1 are built of the same materials1 laid in trenches1 which have been excavated #ah inches wide1 and #b feet deep4 ,the chimney foundations should be started and laid up with the other walls4 ,a very effectual ventilation may be provided from the cellar by arranging an opening that shall lead to the left-hand flue of the kitchen chimney2 this flue will be warmed by contact with the range when in use1 and a strong draft will be made1 which will exhaust the damp1 foul odors so common in deep cellars4 ,it will be observed that the cellar is protected from the extreme changes of outward temperature by the walls and spaces at each side1 and by the partial coverings in front and rear4444 ,,first ,,story1 7fig4 #hg47--,this story is divided into three large and three small rooms1 and hall4 ,by this plan1 the kitchen is intended as the living-room of the family1 and is so arranged as to be the most convenient and pleasant room in the house2 has large windows front and rear1 which will admit an abundance of light1 and afford an outlook each way4 ,a large range is placed in the fire-place1 with a water-back connecting with the boiler in the laundry4 ,the clock and lamp-shelf is placed on the opposite side of the room from the fire-place3 should never be over it4 ,adjoining the kitchen1 and connected with it1 is a pantry1 containing shelving1 drawers1 and a wash-tray1 with cold and hot water4 ,the ,laundry1 or work-room1 is arranged to connect directly with the kitchen and pantry1 and leads to the rear outside door4 ,this room is fitted up so that the principal kitchen-work may be done in it1 with great facility1 and with few steps1 and contains a closet1 sink1 pump1 wash-tubs1 tank1 and boiler4 ,the hight of the ceiling in this room is #aj feet in the clear4 ,the ,tank 7not shown in the drawings71 is situated close up to the ceiling1 above the pantry door1 is #h feet long1 #c feet wide1 and #b feet deep4 ,the boiler is of copper1 #dj-;gallon capacity1 and is placed directly in the rear of the kitchen chimney4 ,the sink and wash-tubs are shown on the plan1 and are to be provided with cold and hot water4 ,the force-pump is placed next to the sink1 under the tank--by this method but little plumbing is required1 and a very perfect and satisfactory arrangement is secured4 ,the boiler keeps the temperature of this room sufficiently warm to prevent damage to the pipes from frost4 ,the ,bedroom also adjoins the kitchen1 and has a closet for clothing1 and two windows4 ,the principal ,hall1 included in the central building1 is entered through large double doors from the front piazza1 and connects through doors with the parlor1 kitchen1 and back passage1 and contains the principal stairs1 which are of easy 8platform0 construction4 ,the ,parlor has a large bay-window1 marble mantle1 and adjoins the library through large sliding-doors4 ,the ,library has a marble mantle1 and closet1 and connects with the back passage at the rear of the principal stairs4 ,the ,front ,piazza has its ends sheltered by the projections at each side1 and is arranged to require but two columns4 ,if desirable at any time1 a part of this piazza can be enclosed with sash at very little expense1 which would provide a very convenient conservatory for plants and flowers4 ,the rear 8shed0 is provided with a roof and columns1 but has no wooden floor4 ,it is intended that the grounds around the rear of the central building shall be graded well up1 say within a foot of the rear door-sills1 so as to require but a single step1 or large flat stone1 to each door4 ,the outside cellar doors would be made to lay even with the final grade1 and hung to the coping-stones of the area-walls1 and the remaining space paved or flagged with stone4 ,when once properly done1 the finish of this character will last a lifetime without trouble1 while wood-work could never be satisfactory1 and would often require renewal4 ,whenever the cellar doors are opened1 they are hooked up against the columns1 where they form a railing1 or guard1 to prevent the usual danger of an open hatchway4444 ,the ,,second ,,story 7fig4 #hh71 has a hall1 four large and three small chambers1 with four closets1 and stairway leading to the attic4 ,each of the large ,chambers has two windows1 and a ventilating register in the flue of the chimney adjoining4 ,all these rooms have full hight ceilings1 and are not so close to the roof as to be affected by their absorbed heat of summer1 but have complete square ceilings1 with large air-spaces between them and the roofs4 ,the ,attic of the principal building is completely floored1 and has windows in each gable or pediment1 and may be used for storage1 drying clothes in stormy weather1 and for many other purposes4444 ,,construction4--,the estimate appended indicates the kind and quantity of materials used1 which will be found to be such as are now most generally adopted for buildings of this character4 ,the work is very simple1 and may be executed by the simplest methods4 ,information concerning the application and uses of the 8felting0 may be found in ,design ,,xi4 ,we have before suggested that 8there are circumstances that would justify the building of one part of a house first40 ,should it be desirable1 the central portion of this house could be built first1 and would be found quite sufficient as the dwelling house of a small family1 and the remainder added afterwards as required4444 ,,estimate4--,the following estimate has been carefully compiled1 and may be relied on for quantities1 etc4 ,prices vary in different localities1 but the figures here given form a good basis of calculation3 #fe yards excavation1 at #bj;c4 per yard4 #ac4jj #hhb ft4 foundation1 at #ae;c4 per ft4 #acb4cj #gbe ft4 foundation1 at #aj;c4 per ft4 #gb4ej #f1jjj bricks in chimneys1 at #ab per ,m4 #gb4jj #dj ft4 stone steps and coping1 at #cj;c4 per ft4 #ab4jj #ijj yards lath and plastering1 at #bh;c4 per yard4 #beb4jj #d1gii ft4 of timber1 at #ae per ,m4 #gb4jj ,sills1 #d #h in4 #bah ft4 long4 #a girt1 #d #h in4 #bj ft4 long4 #g posts1 #d #g in4 #bb ft4 long4 #b posts1 #d #g in4 #ah ft4 long4 #de beams1 #c #h in4 #af ft4 long4 #bb beams1 #c #h in4 #bb ft4 long4 #ae beams1 #c #g in4 #i ft4 long4 #d valleys1 #c #h in4 #bj ft4 long4 ,ties and plates1 #d #f in4 #chd ft4 long4 #ejj wall strips1 #b #d in4 #ac ft4 long1 at #aa;c4 each4 #ee4jj #cdj novelty siding boards1 #i in41 at #bh;c4 each4 #ie4bj #aej lbs4 tarred felting1 at #e;c4 per lb4 #g4ej #cjj matched flooring boards1 #i in4 wide1 at #bh;c4 each4 #hd4jj #bj rough spruce plank1 at #be;c4 each4 #e4jj #bgj shingling-lath1 at #f;c4 each4 #af4bj #dh bunches shingles1 at #a4ej each4 #gb4jj #ge hemlock boards1 #aj-;inch1 at #ah;c4 each4 #ac4ej #g squares of tin roofing1 at #i per square4 #fc4jj ,materials in cornices and outside casings4 #fj4jj #cc narrow pine flooring for front piazza1 at #be;c4 each4 #h4be #fg narrow pine ceiling1 at #be;c4 each4 #af4ge #a bay-window1 complete4 #ge4jj #bf plain windows1 complete1 at #ab each4 #cab4jj #d cellar windows1 complete1 at #f each4 #bd4jj #cj doors1 complete1 at #aj each4 #cjj4jj ,stairs1 complete1 #gj2 #h closets1 fitted complete1 #dj4 #aaa4jj #b marble and #b pine mantles4 #ej4jj ,nails1 #bj2 range1 with elevated oven1 #hj4 #ajj4jj ,plumbing1 #hd2 cartage1 average #a mile1 #bg4jh4 #aaa4jh ,carpenter's labor1 not included above4 #bej4jj ,painting4 #abj4jj ,incidentals4 #be4gb --------- ,total cost1 complete4 #b1fjj4jj ,illustration3 ,fig4 #he4--;,,front ,,elevation ,,of ,,farm ,,house4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #hf4--,,plan ,,of ,,cellar4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #hg4--,,plan ,,of ,,first ,,story4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #hh4--,,plan ,,of ,,second ,,story4 ,,design ,,xxii4 ,a ,,house ,,costing #b1hjj4 ,this plan of a suburban1 or a country house1 has all the advantages of the square form--providing convenient1 commodious interior apartments1 and has a simple1 expressive outside dress1 that compares favorably with more pretentious1 expensive dwellings4444 ,,exterior1 7fig4 #hi47--,the outlines of the main building are rounded and compact1 indicating completeness and solidity4 ,the front tower-like projection is a central and distinctive feature1 around which the other parts are symmetrically balanced4 ,the ,porch and roofed balconies are simple and neat4 ,the main roof1 a new modification of the 8,mansard roof10 is a conspicuous part1 giving an expression of strength and unity to the design4 ,the main cornice has full projections1 with neat solid trusses1 and is separated into sections by the chamber windows1 giving relief from the monotony and depressing effects usual in all continuous horizontal lines4 ,all the second story windows of the main building have projecting hoods appropriately interlaced with the principal roof work1 securing pleasant shadows to those parts1 and imparting a marked finish and variety4 ,the dormer windows are triangular1 and are placed immediately above those of the lower stories1 prolonging the vertical lines of openings1 to which they form a fitting termination4444 ,,first ,,story1 7fig4 #ij47--;,hight of ceiling1 #aj feet4 ,the usual front hall is dispensed with1 and the stairway is placed where it is more convenient and accessible1 and is not a conductor of cold drafts through the house4 ,many think it necessary to have stairways share with the parlors the most valuable and conspicuous position2 they should more frequently be placed in some subordinate relation1 without seeming to control the general arrangement4 ,the entrance from the front porch is through double doors to the vestibule1 and thence to either the parlor or family-room4 ,side doors lead to the pleasant and shady front balconies4 ,the ,parlor and ,family-room are of equal size1 and may be used as one spacious apartment by opening the sliding doors4 ,the ,dining-room is pleasantly situated1 and opens into the family-room1 rear entrance1 and hallway4 ,it has one large bay-window1 and two plain ones1 an open fire-place1 and a dish or china closet1 c4 ,the ,kitchen is isolated1 relieving other rooms of its noise and odors1 is convenient to the dining-room1 cellar-stairway1 and rear entrance1 through the rear lobby1 and has an open fire-place1 closet1 and large pantry1 range1 boiler1 sink1 wash-tubs1 and the necessary pipes for water4 ,the hall is central1 accessible from the parlor1 dining-room1 and rear entrance1 and is thoroughly lighted and ventilated by the window at the head of the stairs4444 ,,second ,,story1 7fig4 #ia47--;,hight of ceiling1 #h feet4 ,this story contains a hall1 four good-sized chambers1 with closets1 and two windows to each4 ,the ,bath-room has bath-tub and seat4 ,a ,conservatory connects through sash doors with the two front chambers4444 ,,attic1 7fig4 #ib47--;,hight of ceiling1 #h feet4 ,the stairs to this are placed immediately above those to the second story1 are ceiled in1 with a door at the bottom4 ,the rear portion is finished on a line with the two chimneys1 into two bedrooms and a hall4 ,the front portion is floored1 but otherwise left unfinished as an open garret1 valuable as a play-room for the children1 a clothes drying-room1 and many other purposes4444 ,,construction4--,the ,foundation1 of hard brick and good mortar1 is shown by the ,cellar plan1 7fig4 #ic47--;,it shows four feet above the grade in front1 and1 if desirable1 may show one-half that hight in the rear4 ,there is usually sufficient earth taken from the cellar excavations to give such desirable grade as shall turn off all water from the immediate grounds and walks4 ,the chimneys are also of hard brick1 are independent of the foundations1 and are carried up perfectly plumb to the roof1 where they are finished with neat bases and caps4 ,the central position of these chimneys is proof against cold-air openings at their sides1 and insures saving the heat radiated from them4 ,it is impossible to prevent cracks from appearing along the sides of chimneys in frame buildings1 and when these cracks communicate directly with the outside covering1 they often admit much cold air4--,the principal frame is #bj ft4 high1 substantially constructed1 as indicated by the upright section 7fig4 #id74 ,the main plates are in line with the beams of the attic story1 and the roof-purlins are #h feet above them4 ,the side-rafters are #ab feet long1 fitted and spiked to the purlins and plates1 with their lower ends extending #b feet down from the latter in a continuous line4 ,rough brackets connecting the rafters with the upright frame-work1 forming the foundations or frame of the principal cornice4 ,by this method of extending the rafters downward instead of upward1 the desirable hight and proportion of roof are obtained4 ,the exposed surfaces that require siding are reduced from the usual hight of #bb feet to #af feet1 and the cornices are more substantial and less complex4 ,the siding1 roof-boarding1 slating1 and trimming are done in the usual manner4 ,the gutters are laid in with the slate1 as described in ,design ,v4 ,the hoods and dormer windows have slate coverings1 interlaced with the principal roof1 with joinings and flashings of sheet-lead4 ,the following estimate provides for the thorough completion of the building in an appropriate and substantial manner4--,,estimate3 #hb yards excavation1 at #bj;c4 per yard4 #af4dj #af1jjj brick1 furnished and laid1 at #ab per ,m4 #aib4jj #dd ft4 stone steps1 coping1 etc41 at #cj;c4 per ft4 #ac4bj #gej yards plastering1 at #bh;c4 per yard4 #baj4jj #c1dig ft4 timber1 at #ae per ,m4 #eb4de #a sill1 #d #h in4 #aaf ft4 long4 #a girt1 #d #h in4 #cj ft4 long4 #aa posts1 #d #g in4 #ai ft4 long4 #a tie1 #d #f in4 #adf ft4 long4 #a plate1 #d #f in4 #ach ft4 long4 #a perline1 #c #g in4 #if ft4 long4 #dh beams1 #b #h in4 #ad ft4 long4 #bd beams1 #b #h in4 #ah ft4 long4 #bg beams1 #b #h in4 #ae ft4 long4 #a stoop1 #c #g in4 #gj ft4 long4 #cj rafters1 #c #d in4 #ac ft41 at #af;c4 each4 #d4hj #chj wall-strips1 at #aa;c4 each4 #da4hj #bjj siding1 #aj-;inch1 at #bf;c4 each4 #eb4jj ,materials in cornices and corner-boards4 #ej4jj #bfa hemlock roof-boards1 at #af;c4 each4 #da4gf #ai squares of slating1 at #i per square4 #aga4jj #h squares of tinning 7,,ic4 charcoal7 at #g per square4 #ef4jj #bej ft4 gutters and leaders1 at #h;c4 per ft4 #bj4jj #cjj flooring1 #i #a in41 at #bf;c4 each4 #gh4jj #bjj lbs4 felting1 at #c;c4 per lb4 #f4jj #c stairs1 complete4 #ge4jj ,porch1 balconies1 and stoops1 complete4 #afj4jj #f cellar windows1 #cf2 #a bay window1 complete1 #fj4 #if4jj #ab plain windows1 #add2 #i hooded windows1 complete1 #ace4 #bgi4jj #h dormer windows1 complete1 at #h each4 #fd4jj #cb doors1 at #i4ej each1 #cjd2 #g closets1 complete1 #ad4 #cah4jj #c marble mantles1 #fj2 #c marble shelves1 complete1 #ah4 #gh4jj ,range and plumbing1 complete4 #ahh4ji ,well1 from bath-room to roof1 complete4 #ae4jj ,gas-pipes for #ah lights1 complete4 #dj4jj ,bells and speaking-tubes1 complete4 #bj4jj ,finish of part of attic1 complete4 #fj4jj ,nails1 #bd2 cartage1 average #a mile1 #be4 #di4jj ,carpenter's labor1 not included above4 #aej4jj ,painting1 #b coats1 complete4 #aej4jj ,incidentals4 #eb4ej --------- ,total cost1 complete4 #b1hjj4jj ,illustration3 ,fig4 #hi4--;,,front ,,elevation4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ij4--,,plan ,,of ,,first ,,floor4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ia4--,,plan ,,of ,,second ,,floor4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ib4--;,,attic4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ic4--,,plan ,,of ,,cellar4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #id4--,,section4 ,,design ,,xxiii4 ,a ,,country ,,or ,,village ,,house1 ,,costing #b1hjj4--;,,for ,,physicians1 ,,lawyers1 ,,clergymen1 ,,justices1 ,,notaries1 ,,editors1 ,,etc4 ,this plan is designed to meet the wants of a large class residing in the country1 or smaller villages1 who are not only directly interested in agricultural pursuits1 but who have also some professional or official vocation1 such as3 ,physicians1 ,lawyers1 ,justices1 ,notaries1 ,clergymen1 etc4 ,they require in connection with their residences an apartment adapted to their special callings1 that shall in no way interfere with their domestic arrangements1 where all persons making business calls may enter without feeling that they are intruding on the privacy of the household4444 ,,elevation1 7fig4 #ie47--,the exterior outlines and dress of this plan are a fair representation of the prevailing styles of ,american rural house architecture1 in its most genteel and practical forms4 ,there is a manifest propriety in the strong and decided features of the exterior finish of this example1 wherein each part has its distinctive characteristics of utility1 harmony1 and truthfulness--a combination that never fails to please even the most tasteful1 and it may therefore be regarded as the real basis of beauty4 ,we frequently meet with oddly-proportioned country houses1 evidently constructed with a sole regard to utility1 that present a stunted and cadaverous appearance1 having been shorn of their beauty through a mistaken idea that economy precludes the least indulgence in taste4 ,good taste only demands that every separate part of any building shall be in harmony with the whole1 and this feature of harmony is not so much a subject of expense as of expression1 being a result of mode rather than the matter of construction4 ,the materials necessarily required for any building assume shape and expression according to the methods of their application1 and they may be applied in disproportion1 so as to be of permanent disgrace2 whereas the same materials properly and intelligently used1 with a like expense of handling1 develop into proportionate and expressive forms of elegance and grace4 ,a building constructed as indicated by these plans presents a pleasing appearance from any direction1 each face being broken by wings or other projections1 which give relief from the formalities of a large1 flat surface4 ,from the front there is an expression of completeness indicating full provision for comfort1 and an air of contentment4 ,from the sides are presented to the best advantage the more extended surfaces1 including the large corniced gables of the principal building1 the rear wing1 and other projections4 ,the rear has an equally finished and satisfactory appearance4444 ,,the ,,cellar 7fig4 #if71 is the full size of the ground-plans1 with a clear hight of #g feet4 ,the five cellar windows are placed where they will admit light to every part4 ,an outside entrance is under the rear lobby1 and a stairway leads directly to the kitchen4444 ,,first ,,story1 7fig4 #ig47--,the arrangement is very simple and convenient1 comprising good-sized hall1 parlor1 living-room1 kitchen1 office1 study1 five closets1 and two stairways1 with ceilings #aj feet high4 ,the ,parlor is pleasantly situated1 has two front windows opening directly to the piazza1 from which they derive shade and protection4 ,the ,dining or living-room opens into the hall1 parlor1 and kitchen1 and has two closets4 ,one end of this room is octagonal1 and extends #f feet beyond the face of the principal1 with three windows1 affording a pleasant outlook4 ,the ,kitchen adjoins the dining-room1 has two closets1 is fitted up with a range1 sink1 and wash-tubs1 and is conveniently connected with the cellar and with second story by private stairways4 ,the ,office is entered from the front porch1 and is in direct communication with the principal hall1 has a good-sized closet from the space under the principal stairs1 and has a private room or ,study4444 ,,second ,,story1 7fig4 #ih47--,this is divided into four commodious apartments1 beside a hall1 bath-room1 and the necessary closets1 and has ceilings #h feet high in the main building1 and #g feet in the rear wing4 ,the ,bath-room is provided with a seat-closet and bath-tub4 ,an inclosed stairway leads to the ,attic1 where two or more bedrooms may be finished1 besides leaving space for garret purposes4 ,the tank placed over the ceiling of the bath-room is arranged to receive water from the principal roof1 and is provided with an overflow pipe leading to the cistern4444 ,,general ,,requirements4--,full brick foundations are estimated for4 ,where coarse stone can be had1 they answer as well1 and at less cost1 for the portions below ground2 they should be laid even with the brick-work on the inside when finished4 ,the wood-work is to be substantially constructed of good and sufficient materials throughout4 ,the roofs of the piazza1 stoop1 bay1 lobby1 and window caps1 are covered with charcoal tin1 and in each case an allowance is made for a 8flashing0 of #f inches in width to turn up behind the siding1 to prevent leakage4 ,the principal and the two wing roofs are each covered with dark slate with ridge plates of zinc4 ,the gutters are to be those described for ,design ,v4 ,the joinings of the wing-roofs against the main building are made perfectly tight by laying in1 against the building1 right angle strips of zinc or tin 8flashing10 with each course of slate before the siding is put on4 ,slate is unquestionably the best material for such roofing when the form of roof will admit of its use2 its cost is the same as for good tinning1 and about #b cents per square foot in excess of pine shingles2 when once properly done1 will last for centuries2 it is fire-proof1 and the water from it is much purer1 an important consideration when rain and cistern water is used for cooking or drinking4 ,its color and appearance are agreeable--in fact roofs of other materials are often painted in imitation of slate from choice4444 ,the most expressive portions of any buildings are their projecting cornices4 ,as a rule1 for houses of this style1 such projections should be one inch for every foot of their hight from the foundation4 ,and the same rule will apply to every detail of the exterior finish2 for example1 as in this case1 the principal building being #bb feet high at the plate1 the principal cornices should project #bb inches2 the piazza being #aa feet high1 its cornice projects #aa inches2 the windows1 #f feet high1 have caps projecting #f inches1 etc4 ,by this simple rule1 all such projections may be readily determined1 and thus secure perfect proportion and harmony of parts4444 ,the inside plastering is 8three-coat work40 ,all side-walls should be continued down close to the floor1 to prevent the passage of air or sound4 ,care should be taken to make the walls straight and true1 with the second coat of 8browning10 for the last or white coat1 though applied in the best manner1 can never overcome malformations in the body of the plastering2 on the contrary1 the finer the finish of last coat1 the more visibly will such defects appear4 ,in the concluding estimate1 #bh cents per yard is allowed for the cost of plastering1 which is ample1 as shown by these calculations for #ajj yards1 viz43 #b1jjj lath1 at #b per ,m4 #d4jj #aj lbs4 lath-nails1 at #f;c4 per lb4 #fj #d barrels lime1 at #a per barrel4 #d4jj #e loads sand1 at #cj;c4 per load4 #a4ej #a barrel finishing lime1 at #a4dj per barrel4 #a4dj #a bushel plaster1 #cg;c42 #a bushel hair1 #ej;c4 #hg ,cartage4 #c4jj ,labor putting on lath1 at #aj;c4 per bunch4 #b4jj day laborer 7mixing mortar71 at #a4ej per day4 #ge #a days mason 7work71 at #b4ej per day4 #c4ge #a days laborer 78tending0 mason71 at #a4ej per day4 #b4be ,use of screen1 water barrel1 and scaffolding4 #a4jj ------ ,total cost for #ajj square yards1 complete4 #be4ab ,incidentals4 #b4hh ------ ,estimated at #bh;c4 per yard4 #bh4jj ,in some localities1 a practice prevails among masons of including in their measurements of plastering one-half of the openings of doors and windows1 which is obviously unjust1 and a frequent cause of dispute4 ,such openings will average at least #b yards each--in this house would aggregate #ej yards--and in every case should be deducted1 unless otherwise agreed previously4--,,estimate3 #aac yards1 excavation1 at #bj;c4 per yard4 #bb4fj #ab1jjj brick1 laid complete1 at #ab per ,m4 #add4jj #dg ft4 stone steps and coping1 at #cj;c4 per ft4 #ad4aj #hda yards plastering1 at #bh;c4 per yard4 #bce4dh #e1ace ft4 timber1 at #ae per ,m4 #gg4jb #a sill1 #d #h in4 #bjj ft4 long4 #a girder1 #d #h in4 #cj ft4 long4 #g posts1 #d #g in4 #ba ft4 long4 #b posts1 #d #g in4 #ah ft4 long4 #b posts1 #d #f in4 #ab ft4 long4 ,piazza1 #c #h in4 #hb ft4 long4 ,piazza1 #c #e in4 #dj ft4 long4 ,plates1 #d #f in4 #ajj ft4 long4 ,ties1 #d #f in4 #ccj ft4 long4 #a ridge1 #c #g in4 #bf ft4 long4 #bj rafters1 #c #e in4 #bj ft4 long4 #ce beams1 #c #h in4 #bb ft4 long4 #i beams1 #c #h in4 #ai ft4 long4 #ba beams1 #c #h in4 #ac ft4 long4 #d locust posts in cellar1 at #cj;c4 each4 #a4bj #cge wall-strips1 #b #d in4 at #aa;c4 each4 #da4be #agj lbs4 tarred paper or felting1 at #c;c4 per lb4 #e4aj #ccj siding1 #aj-;inch1 at #bh;c4 each4 #ib4dj ,materials in cornices1 water-table1 etc4 #ej4jj #bac hemlock boards 7for roofing71 at #bj;c4 each4 #db4fj #ah squares slate roofing1 at #i per square4 #aff4ej #c squares tin1 at #h per square4 #bd4jj #cjj flooring1 #i in41 at #bh;c4 each4 #hd4jj ,stairs1 complete4 #ajj4jj #e cellar windows1 complete1 at #f each4 #cj4jj #ah plain windows1 complete1 at #ab each4 #baf4jj #ce doors1 complete1 at #aj each4 #cej4jj ,piazza1 porch1 and lobby1 complete4 #aej4jj #d mantles1 complete1 at #bj each4 #hj4jj ,closet finish1 complete4 #be4jj ,range and elevated oven1 etc41 complete4 #hj4jj ,plumbing1 complete4 #age4jj ,bells and speaking-tubes1 complete4 #ae4jj ,nails1 #be2 painting1 #bjj2 carting1 #ce4 #bfj4jj ,carpenter's labor1 not included above4 #bbc4hc ,incidentals4 #id4ib --------- ,total cost1 complete4 #b1hjj4jj ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ie4--;,,elevation ,,of ,,house1 ,,with ,,office ,,attached4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #if4--,,plan ,,of ,,cellar4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ig4--,,plan ,,of ,,first ,,floor4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ih4--,,plan ,,of ,,second ,,floor4 ,,design ,,xxiv4 ,a ,,farm-,,house ,,costing #b1hjj4 ,this plan will be recognized as comprehending the general characteristics of those given in ,designs ,,xxi4 and ,,xxvi4 ,it is designed to be constructed of similar materials1 with a like variety of pleasing and decided outlines1 and to give an equal amount of accommodation and convenience4 ,the division and arrangement of the several parts1 however1 are entirely changed1 being especially intended to meet the requirements of a location having a western frontage4 ,location is an important consideration1 involving many questions of adaptation1 that should always guide to the selection of such a plan as will express a natural fitness for the situation1 and truthfully indicate its purpose4444 ,,exterior1 7fig4 #ii47--,only two feet of the foundation-walls are exposed to sight1 which brings the frame-work of the building quite near enough to the ground4 ,the surface of the earth surrounding such buildings should have a grade of at least one-half inch to the foot1 for the distance of #ej feet in every direction1 to insure the turning away of all surface water from the walks and grounds4 ,another good result derived from such grade is the additional altitude given to the building1 imparting a much better appearance4 ,the general outlines of the elevation are very simple1 devoid of all pretentious ornamentation4 ,the wide frontage1 the large and numerous openings1 and ample roofs1 are each expressive of frankness and hospitality1 eminently befitting the home of the farmer4 ,the front ,porch is unusually wide1 and arranged to have large columns1 and stationary seats at either side4 ,the ,bay-window has square projections1 instead of octagonal1 which are equally appropriate in this case1 and less costly4 ,the cornices of the principal building project #bj inches1 and those of the wing #af inches1 and both are provided with scroll-sawed trusses4 ,the chimney-tops are large1 and heavily capped4 ,the same general finish1 as is shown on the front1 is put on the sides and rear1 so that the building presents an equally complete and satisfactory appearance from every direction4 ,buildings of this character should be set back from the street line at least #ej feet--#aej feet would be much better--to give room for trees1 shrubbery1 and walks4444 ,,cellar1 7fig4 #ajj47--,the plans provide for a cellar under the principal building only1 which gives a clear space of #bb #be feet4 ,if desired1 the space beneath the wing may be included at an additional cost of #fe4 ,the excavations for the cellar in the earth is #c feet #h inches deep2 this allows the foundation-walls to be #g feet high4 ,the earth thrown out is to be graded around the building to the hight of #a foot1 thus leaving two feet of the foundation exposed on the outside4 ,country houses are frequently set so low down as to be a matter of regret ever afterwards4 ,there are constant accumulations of dust1 and other matter1 caught and held by the shrubbery and grasses1 so that there is soon discovered a seeming growth of the earth upward around the house and immediate grounds1 making it impossible to adapt the grades that are desirable4 ,it is far better that foundations are a little too high than too low1 for when too high1 the approaches can easily be raised at any time with a few loads of earth2 but when too low1 there seems to be no cure1 except to raise the entire building4 ,the foundation-walls are designed to be constructed of broken stone1 laid in coarse mortar1 as more particularly described for ,design ,,xxi4444 ,,first ,,story1 7fig4 #aja47--;,hight of ceilings1 #aj ft4 ,entire floor measurement1 #a1bjf square feet1 affording ample space for good-sized apartments4 ,the several divisions have especial regard to comfort and convenience4 ,the front hall1 or reception room1 is nearly square1 of good dimensions1 is entered from the front porch through double or folding doors1 and adjoins the parlor and living-room1 and contains the principal stairs4 ,the ,parlor is unusually large1 is provided with windows in its sides1 and has stucco cornices and centers in its ceilings1 with an arched finish in the bay-window4 ,the ,living1 or ,dining-room1 is commodious1 pleasantly situated1 with outlooks front and rear1 and is easily accessible all around4 ,the ,family-room is large1 connects with the dining-room and parlor1 and is intended as a sitting or sewing-room4 ,if occasion require1 this room might be used as the bed-room of an invalid4 ,the ,work-room1 or ,kitchen1 is conveniently arranged to have a range1 boiler1 pump1 sink1 wash-tubs1 and pipes for cold and hot water1 and adjoins the dining-room1 a large pantry1 and a rear entrance door1 and has a private stairway leading to the second story1 with a closet underneath4 ,the ,pantry is of ample dimensions1 is conveniently arranged with shelving1 and has a zinc wash-tray1 with cold and hot water-pipes1 and adjoins the kitchen1 dining-room1 and a china closet4 ,the latter is useful for storing wares not required daily4 ,the rear shed is paved1 and the cellar doors are constructed as described for ,design ,,xxi4444 ,,second ,,story1 7fig4 #ajb47--;,hight of ceiling1 #i feet in main building1 and #h feet in wing4 ,floor measurement1 #a1bgf feet1 divided into #h good-sized rooms1 besides halls1 closets1 and stairways4 ,the principal hall connects with each chamber in main building1 and one room and passage in wing4 ,the door between the principal hall and wing-passage may be closed at any time1 cutting off communication at pleasure4 ,the side1 or 8breast0 walls1 in the wing1 are vertical #c feet1 and are continued upward at an angle of #de to the ceiling1 thus securing sufficient head-room4 ,the bath-room is exactly above the kitchen1 and contains a tank1 bath-tub1 and seat-closet1 with pipes for cold and hot water4444 ,,attic4--,the stairs to this are over the first flight1 and are designed to be neatly ceiled in with #d-;inch beaded ceiling-boards1 with a door at the foot4 ,double windows in each gable admit sufficient light1 and afford ventilation4444 ,,remarks ,,on ,,construction4--,an insight into the character of this plan1 is best had by carefully considering the materials and cost in the estimate added4 ,we would urge the importance of good methods and workmanship in construction1 without which all materials1 however good or sufficient1 can never produce good results4 ,the old maxim1 8whatever is worth doing at all1 is worth doing well10 especially applies to building a home in which one is to spend a lifetime4 ,this does not imply extravagance in any sense1 only demanding such careful and intelligent application of the ordinary rules of construction1 as shall insure substantial work1 that will not be a continuous source of anxiety and expense4 ,any one of ordinary intelligence should be able to generally superintend the operations of the mechanics employed in constructing a farm-house4 ,the following points are of the greatest importance4 ,carefully watch that the foundation-walls are substantially laid1 and accurately leveled on their upper surfaces1 so that the doors shall not strike the floor or carpets in opening1 nor the tables1 chairs1 or other furniture be obliged to stand on three legs4 ,the frame-work1 when raised1 should be plumb1 so that all work on or in the building can be cut square1 and applied without tedious fitting4 ,the siding should be thoroughly 8seasoned0 in the open air before using1 and carefully applied with close joints1 and well nailed4 ,the edges of all water-tables1 corner-boards1 and window-frames should be painted before setting4 ,the shingles should be carefully laid1 breaking their joints at one-third of their width1 and double nailed4 ,the flooring should be dry1 close laid1 and nailed with two nails to each beam4 ,the partitions should be set with studding of selected widths2 and their angles or corners should be anchored firmly together1 to prevent the walls from cracking in those parts when finished4 ,the chimneys should be carefully constructed2 all joints between the brick-work should be surely filled with mortar1 to prevent sparks from passing through to the frame-work4 ,all mortar for plastering should be properly mixed1 and allowed sufficient time 7at least one week71 for the thorough slaking of the lime1 and a complete permeation of its caustic properties4 ,thin coats of plastering are better than heavy ones4 ,a mortar that does not crack in setting or drying is sure to be good4 ,the interior wood finish should not be commenced until the plastering is completely dried out1 and all loose mortar is removed from the building4 ,all wood-work usually painted should be primed as soon as in position4 ,for more explicit remarks and sundry suggestions on painting1 see ,design ,,xiii4 ,,estimate ,,of ,,materials ,,and ,,cost3 #aaj yards excavation1 at #bj;c4 per yard4 #bb4jj #a1cga ft4 stone foundation1 at #ae;c4 per ft4 #bje4fe #c1jjj brick1 furnished and laid1 at #ab per ,m4 #cf4jj #df ft4 stone steps1 sills1 and coping1 at #cj;c4 per ft4 #ac4hj #a1jcj yards plastering1 complete1 at #bh;c4 per yard4 #bhh4dj #e1gac ft4 timber1 at #ae per ,m4 #he4fi #a sill1 #d #h in4 #ahf ft4 long4 #f posts1 #d #g in4 #ba ft4 long4 #c posts1 #d #g in4 #ad ft4 long4 #a tie1 #d #f in4 #bef ft4 long4 #a plate1 #d #f in4 #ahf ft4 long4 #b girts1 #d #h in4 #be ft4 long4 #eg beams1 #c #h in4 #be ft4 long4 #cf beams1 #c #h in4 #ac ft4 long4 #bd beams1 #c #h in4 #aa ft4 long4 #c valleys1 #c #h in4 #bj ft4 long4 #bd rafters1 #c #e in4 #af ft4 long4 #ajj joist1 #c #d in4 #ac ft4 long1 at #af;c4 each4 #af4jj #cjj wall-strips1 #b #d in4 #ac ft41 at #aa;c4 each4 #cc4jj ,materials in water-table and cornices4 #ej4jj #cjj novelty siding-boards1 #i in41 at #bh;c4 each4 #hd4jj #djj shingling-lath1 at #f;c4 each4 #bd4jj #fi bunches shingles1 at #a4ej per bunch4 #ajc4ej #hd ft4 gutters1 #acb ft4 leaders1 and #acd ft4 porch roofs1 #aj;c4 per ft4 #ce4jj #cee flooring1 #i #ac1 at #bh;c4 each4 #ii4dj ,porch and hood1 complete4 #ge4jj ,stairs1 complete4 #ij4jj ,bay-window1 complete4 #fj4jj #bj windows1 complete1 at #aj each4 #bjj4jj #f cellar windows1 complete1 at #f each4 #cf4jj #d dormer windows1 complete1 at #bj each4 #hj4jj #cb doors1 complete1 at #aj each4 #cbj4jj #a cellar door and hatchway doors4 #bj4jj ,shelving and hooks in closets4 #bj4jj #b marble mantles and #d shelves with trusses4 #ge4jj ,range and plumbing1 complete4 #bae4jj ,nails4 #be4jj ,bells and speaking-tubes4 #bj4jj ,painting4 #aej4jj ,cartage1 #a mile4 #ce4jj ,carpenter's labor1 not included above4 #bej4jj ,incidentals4 #cb4ef --------- ,total cost1 complete4 #b1hjj4jj ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ii4--;,,elevation ,,of ,,farm-,,house4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ajj4--,,plan ,,of ,,cellar4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aja4--,,plan ,,of ,,first ,,floor4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ajb4--,,plan ,,of ,,second ,,floor4 ,,design ,,xxv4 ,a 8,,half ,,stone0 ,,house ,,for #b1hjj4 ,this plan is designed for a substantial1 convenient1 and inexpensive country house4 ,it has two full finished stories1 with well-lighted apartments of good size1 and a large cellar and attic4 ,it has also the merit of architectural beauty1 well adapted to a commanding location4444 ,,exterior1 7fig4 #ajc47--,the 8half-stone0 composition of the side walls1 and the strong outlines and slating of the main roof1 give to this structure a rustic1 yet substantial appearance1 affording both diversity and picturesqueness1 as shown in the variety of the openings and irregularity of the several parts4 ,the front and rear elevations are similar2 by changing the entrance doors and stairs1 either side may front the road4 ,the details of exterior finish are so simple1 and easy of execution1 that any 8modification for the rear0 is undesirable4 ,inharmonious and unsightly curtailments in the rear finish have a depressing influence on those obliged to face them daily1 which can never be overcome by knowing there is a good front4444 ,,cellar1 7fig4 #ajd47--;,hight1 #f feet1 of which #d feet is below the ground surface1 and therefore 7with its thick walls71 frost proof4 ,it is always important to provide for carrying off the poisonous vapors apt to be generated in cellars4 ,for this purpose side openings are made near the ceiling into one of the flues of each chimney4 ,these flues1 extending to the top1 and warmed by contact with the fires of the upper stories1 have sufficient draft to constantly change the cellar air1 and prevent its ascent through the living-rooms4444 ,,first ,,story1 7fig4 #aje47--;,hight of ceilings1 #aj feet4 ,here are conveniently placed three large rooms1 a hall1 china closet1 and large pantry4 ,each large room has commodious windows with views in two directions4 ,the pleasant piazzas at both the front and rear of the parlor1 extend over and protect the entrance doors4444 ,,second ,,story1 7fig4 #ajf47--;,hight of ceilings1 #h feet4 ,the divisions are very simple1 a hall1 four chambers1 four closets1 and a bath-room4 ,light railings may be put on the roofs of the wings and piazzas to form pleasant balconies to the windows of this story4 ,one such balcony is shown over the wing-roof 7fig4 #ajc72 the others may be similar4 ,the small cost of these devices is fully repaid in their usefulness for airing purposes1 besides imparting a cheerful appearance4444 ,,garret ,,or ,,attic4--,this story is thoroughly floored1 but otherwise unfinished4 ,should additional chambers be required1 partitions may be set over those or the second story1 duplicating that plan1 with rooms having the same hight of ceilings4 ,the stairs are placed immediately above those of the lower stories1 are ceiled in1 and have a door at the foot4444 ,,construction4--,the durability1 general abundance1 and substantial appearance of stone1 make it the most desirable and appropriate material known for the exterior walls of any building4 ,the cost of cutting and dressing such material ready for use is the principle barrier to its general adoption4 ,by using bricks for corners and for the finish around the openings1 the most expensive item of stone-work is saved4 ,they need only to be 8random dressed10 and laid nearly in the shape in which they are quarried1 as more particularly described for ,design ,,xxvii4 ,when such walls are carried beyond the hight that is convenient for the handling of the materials1 the expense of their construction is largely increased4 ,it is for this reason that the 8half-stone0 method is particularly valuable4 ,in this plan1 the stone-work extends only to the hight of the ceiling of the first story2 to this hight the materials may be readily wheeled on trestled scaffolding1 while to double this hight would require the use of the tedious derrick1 and additional help4 ,the upper stories are framed of the usual sized timber1 and raised on the stone walls1 which in this case become their foundation4 ,the main roof is constructed as shown in ,design ,,xxii4 ,the hight requiring siding is #d feet1 or including water-table and cornice1 #f feet from the stone-work of the first story to the slating of the roof4 ,the main roof covering is of dark slate laid on tarred felt4 ,at or near the floor-line dividing the upper stories1 it is appropriate to indicate the division by the use of tinted slate1 which may be laid in close courses or in simple figures1 as shown on the elevation4 ,the roofs of the hooded and dormer windows are also slated4 ,the deck of the main roof1 and the roofs of the piazza1 are covered with ,,ic4 charcoal tin4 ,the wood-finish is made of simple design1 devoid of all efforts at pretentious display1 each part being chosen with especial regard for its utility and appropriateness4 ,the trusses1 piazza-columns1 and soffits are worked of timber neatly stop-chamfered1 imparting a rustic appearance to them1 in keeping with the stone-work4 ,the water-tank is placed in the attic1 directly above and in line with the bath-tub and kitchen-range1 favoring the most practical plumbing4 ,the soil-pipe leading from the bath-room floor passes down through the closet adjoining the kitchen chimney to the sewer-pipe1 which is laid below the cellar bottom4 ,the bad smells and gases arising from confined sewage may be easily disposed of by the insertion of a #b-;inch pipe into the closet-trap 7at its highest point71 and connecting it with a flue of the adjoining chimney4 ,all inside plastering is of three-coat work4 ,the casing of the bath-room and around all plumbing is in hard-wood2 all other trimming of clear pine4 ,the ,newel rail and baluster on the first-story flight of stairs are of black-walnut4 ,all work usually painted has two coats of best lead and linseed-oil1 with stainers to give the body 7outside71 a light gray1 and trimmings in imitation of 8,nova ,scotia stone40 ,inside1 parlor and hall1 in grays1 dining-room in grays and drabs1 kitchen in drabs1 chambers white4444 ,,cost4--,prices of building materials are quite as low as they were before the war2 many kinds are really selling for the cost of their production or manufacture4 ,labor is also very cheap1 nearly at old figures4 ,those contemplating building1 and having the means at hand to do so1 need not wait for a more favorable time4 ,as soon as general business improves1 there must be a 8rise0 in materials1 especially such as require to be manufactured4 ,the estimate appended includes the cost of all materials and labor for good work at the prices now ruling near ,new ,york city4--,,estimate ,,of ,,the ,,cost3 #abf yards excavation1 at #bj;c4 per yard4 #be4bj #aeh perches stone-work1 at #b4ge per perch4 #dcd4ej #ia ft4 stone sills and steps1 at #cj;c4 per ft4 #bg4ij #g1jjj bricks in angles and chimneys1 at #ab per ,m1 laid4 #hd4jj #gej yards plastering1 at #bh;c4 per yard4 #baj4jj #d1bfb ft4 of timber1 at #ae per ,m4 #fc4ic #b girders1 #d #h in4 #ah ft4 long4 #c girders1 #d #h in4 #aj ft4 long4 #af beams1 #c #h in4 #af ft4 long4 #cb beams1 #c #h in4 #ah ft4 long4 #ab beams1 #c #h in4 #bb ft4 long4 #a sill1 #c #h in4 #age ft4 long4 #a plate1 #d #f in4 #age ft4 long4 #a deck1 #c #g in4 #aej ft4 long4 #e beams1 #c #h in4 #i ft4 long4 #d beams1 #c #e in4 #bj ft4 long4 #af beams1 #c #h in4 #bd ft4 long4 #cdj wall strips1 at #aa;c4 each4 #cg4dj #ajj furring strips1 at #f;c4 each4 #f4jj ,cornice materials4 #dj4jj #ge siding-boards1 at #bf;c4 each4 #ai4ej #ceg hemlock boards1 at #af;c4 each4 #eg4ab #ah squares of slate1 complete1 at #i per square4 #afb4jj #ad squares of tin1 complete1 at #g per square4 #aja4ej #cej flooring plank1 #h inch1 at #be;c4 each4 #hg4ej #b piazzas1 complete1 at #gj each4 #adj4jj #g cellar windows1 complete1 at #e each4 #ce4jj #ad plain windows1 complete1 at #h each4 #aab4jj #aa hooded windows1 complete1 at #ae each4 #afe4jj #h dormer windows1 complete1 at #h each4 #fd4jj ,stairs1 complete4 #hj4jj #bc doors1 complete1 at #i each4 #bjg4jj #c mantles1 complete1 at #be each4 #ge4jj ,closet finish1 complete4 #bj4jj ,range and plumbing4 #age4jj ,nails1 #be2 painting1 #gj2 cartage1 #bj4 #aae4jj ,carpenter's labor1 not included above4 #aej4jj ,incidentals1 attic and elsewhere4 #ajf4je -------- ,total cost1 complete4 #b1hjj4jj ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ajc4--;,,front ,,view ,,of ,,house4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ajd4--,,plan ,,of ,,cellar4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aje4--,,plan ,,of ,,first ,,floor4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ajf4--,,plan ,,of ,,second ,,floor4 ,,design ,,xxvi4 ,a ,,farm-,,house ,,costing #b1ijj4 ,this plan of a farm-house embraces a commodious and convenient interior1 with such external features as to clearly express its purpose4 ,it will be recognized as at once adapted to rural situations and domestic life1 providing much valuable space1 and affording a variety of pleasing and symmetrical outlines1 with due economy in expense of construction4 ,perhaps the most striking feature is the breadth of the front1 which is #ea feet4 7,the average depth is #bb feet #g inches47 ,as far as practicable1 all prolonged vertical lines are avoided1 leaving horizontal ones to prevail1 as of more practical utility and value4 ,where opportunities abound for 8spreading out10 as in the country1 it would be obviously incompatible to build tall1 or stilted houses1 that would not comport with their surroundings1 nor provide the conveniences desirable in all rural habitations4444 ,,elevation1 7fig4 #ajg47--,the general details of the elevation are made up of simple parts so appropriated and balanced1 that they harmonize with each other1 and secure a graceful outline4 ,the principal1 or main portions of this building will be observed to be the central one1 while the wings at either side are collaterals1 that give equipoise and rest to the whole structure4 ,the steep roofs1 with their subdued pediments1 and spreading cornices and dormers1 the bay and other windows1 the wide entrance1 and open piazza1 are all arranged so as to correspond with each other1 producing an effective and picturesque appearance4 ,there are no efforts at scientific or elaborate display of outside ornamentation1 but has sufficient architectural completeness to denote social cultivation and refinement4 ,the farm-house in ,,xxi4 was designed more especially for an eastern frontage4 ,these plans are particularly adapted for a southern frontage4444 ,the ,,cellar1 7fig4 #ajh71 extends under the whole house1 and is #f feet deep4 ,an outside entrance and area are to be built and inclosed under the stoop at the rear4 ,eleven small windows are provided for both light and ventilation4444 ,the ,,first ,,story1 7fig4 #aji71 has ample apartments adapted to the uses of a large family1 embracing a good-sized hall1 parlor1 living-room1 kitchen1 pantries1 closets1 and corridor4 ,the principal entrance is from the piazza1 through large double doors to the hall4 ,similar double doors on each side of the hall lead to the parlor and dining-room4 ,these inside double doors enable one to throw the whole together for large family and other gatherings1 and are manifestly appropriate in dwellings of this character4 ,the principal stairs are semi-circular1 so arranged as to occupy but little room in the principal hall4 ,the ,parlor is situated by itself1 remote from the machinery of daily housework4 ,the ,living-room is the most central1 and most convenient and comfortable room in the house4 ,it is so surrounded by other apartments that summer's heat1 nor winter's cold1 can have direct access to its sides4 ,the large ,bay-window affords an ample supply of light1 and adds to the area of the room4 ,it adjoins and opens into the principal hall1 corridor1 kitchen1 and large pantry4 ,the ,kitchen is conveniently situated1 and adjoins the dining-room1 corridor1 pantry1 store-room1 cellar1 and private stairway4 ,it is provided with a range1 sink1 wash-tubs1 and pipes for cold and hot water4 ,by this arrangement1 the principal work of the family can be done with such thoroughness and facility as to make such employment interesting and pleasant1 devoid of any sense of drudgery4 ,the corridor is adapted to all the uses of a rear hall1 and communicates with each of the other principal rooms of the first story4 ,it is also an auxiliary apartment1 and may be used in connection with either of the other apartments1 and affords valuable room for many in-door occupations for both old and young4444 ,,second ,,story1 7fig4 #aaj47--,the engraving is sufficiently plain to require but little explanation4 ,it will be seen that there are seven rooms1 besides halls and closets4 ,the ,bath-room is situated in this story over the kitchen1 and contains the bath-tub1 seat-closet1 and water-tank1 and is accessible from the principal building through the passage leading from the principal hall4 ,an opening through the ceiling of the kitchen1 with a register1 would probably let warm air enough up into the bath-room to keep frost out in winter1 especially if some fire remained in the range or stove most of the night4 ,in all arrangements of water-tanks and pipes1 care must be taken to keep them from being frozen in the coldest nights4444 ,the ,,attic is completely floored over1 but is otherwise unfinished4 ,several bed-rooms might be finished in this story if desirable4 ,an open attic is always valuable for storage1 drying clothes in stormy weather1 etc41 and as a play-room for children in rainy weather4444 ,,construction4--,any one at all familiar with building would see at a glance that the form and arrangements of this plan admit of its execution in section4 ,there are conditions that would justify the building of the central part of this house1 to be used as the residence of a small family1 and add the wings at any future time1 as circumstances might indicate4444 ,the excavations for the cellar are made #c feet deep4 ,the foundations are #ah inches thick1 and #f feet high1 of broken stone1 laid in mortar1 with the joints neatly pointed on all surfaces exposed to sight4 ,the earth thrown out of the cellar should be left on the ground1 and graded around the foundation1 leaving but two feet to show above the final grade4 ,the chimneys should be started with the principal foundation1 and the materials interlaced to insure solidity4 ,three fire-places are constructed in the first story2 those in the kitchen and dining-room are in one stack built 8square up0 to the ceiling of the first story4 ,two separate flues are then continued through the second story1 on either side of the passage-way1 and are afterwards joined over an arch1 and pass through the roof in one solid shaft4 ,the estimate indicates the general character of the work4 ,in these rural dwellings1 the siding may be worked without the central groove shown in ,design ,,xi4 ,this1 though less pleasing to many1 would give an expression of less artifice1 and more strength4444 ,,estimate4--,the following estimate will be found correct as to quantity1 and ample as to cost4 ,most farmers have materials and facilities that would enable them to greatly reduce the cost of building by this plan4 ,the items of excavation1 foundation1 carting1 and painting1 amount to nearly #ejj4 ,some1 or each of these parts1 might be satisfactorily done by those engaged on the place3 #baj yards excavation1 at #bj;c4 per yard4 #db4jj #a1gej ft4 stone foundation1 at #ae;c4 per ft4 #bfb4ej #d1jjj brick1 furnished and laid1 at #ab per ,m4 #dh4jj #ej ft4 stone steps and coping1 at #cj;c4 per ft4 #ae4jj #hej yards lath and plastering1 at #bh;c4 per yard4 #bch4jj #d1gbb ft4 timber1 at #ae per ,m4 #gj4hc #b sills1 #d #h in4 #bf ft4 long4 #b sills1 #d #h in4 #bb ft4 long4 #d sills1 #d #h in4 #ae ft4 long4 #b sills1 #d #h in4 #bj ft4 long4 #e ties1 #d #f in4 #bf ft4 long4 #e ties1 #d #f in4 #bb ft4 long4 #d ties1 #d #f in4 #ae ft4 long4 #b ties1 #d #f in4 #bj ft4 long4 #d posts1 #d #g in4 #bb ft4 long4 #h posts1 #d #f in4 #ac ft4 long4 #b plates1 #d #f in4 #bf ft4 long4 #d plates1 #d #f in4 #ae ft4 long4 #a girt1 #d #aj in4 #bf ft4 long4 #d valleys1 #c #h in4 #ad ft4 long4 #db beams1 #c #h in4 #bb ft4 long4 #cf beams1 #c #h in4 #ae ft4 long4 #ajj joist1 #c #d in4 #ac ft4 long1 at #bb;c4 each4 #bb4jj #cbj wall-strips1 at #aa;c4 each4 #ce4bj #aej lbs4 tarred paper1 at #e;c4 per lb4 #g4ej #cbe novelty siding-boards1 at #bh;c4 each4 #ia4jj ,materials in cornices and outside casings4 #ej4jj #cge spruce shingling lath1 at #f;c4 each4 #bb4ej #fe bunches shingles1 at #a4ej per bunch4 #ig4ej #bjj ft4 gutters and leaders1 at #aj;c4 per ft4 #bj4jj ,piazza and stoops1 complete4 #abj4jj #cbd mill-worked flooring boards1 at #ce;c4 each4 #aac4dj #d flights of stairs1 complete4 #ij4jj #a bay-window1 complete4 #ej4jj #bb plain windows1 complete1 at #ab each4 #bfd4jj #d dormer windows1 complete1 at #bj each4 #hj4jj #aa cellar windows1 complete1 at #f each4 #ff4jj #ce doors1 complete1 at #aj each4 #cej4jj #b mantles1 complete1 at #bj each4 #dj4jj ,closets1 shelving1 etc41 complete4 #bj4jj ,range and plumbing1 complete4 #bdh4ej ,painting1 #aej2 nails1 #bj2 cartage1 #cj4 #bjj4jj ,carpenter's labor1 not included above4 #bah4jj ,incidentals4 #ah4jg --------- ,total cost1 complete4 #b1ijj4jj ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ajg4--;,,elevation ,,of ,,farm-,,house4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ajh4--,,plan ,,of ,,cellar4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aji4--,,plan ,,of ,,first ,,floor4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aaj4--,,plan ,,of ,,second ,,floor4 ,,design ,,xxvii4 ,a ,,stone-,,house ,,costing #b1ijj4 ,these plans were designed for the substantial dwelling of a farmer in easy circumstances4 ,the outside appearance truthfully expresses its rural and its domestic purpose4 ,the interior accommodations are carefully arranged for comfort and convenience4 ,the materials and method of construction insure permanency2 with little care1 this building would last for many generations4444 ,,exterior1 7fig4 #aaa47--,the elevation shows that this house was intended for the country--it looks like a farm-house--in fact it would be out of place anywhere else4 ,its peculiar solid1 independent1 and home-like character is due to the massive stone walls1 large door and window openings1 broad and steep slated roof1 truncated gables1 substantial chimneys1 and heavy sheltering eaves1 all arranged in simple1 expressive1 and harmonious combination4 ,all superfluous ornamentation is avoided1 as inconsistent with rural simplicity and truthfulness4 ,vines and creepers will be suggested by the rough stone walls and piazza posts2 and to their delicate tracery may be left the work of 8filling in0 their more appropriate and agreeable decorations4444 ,the ,,cellar 7fig4 #aab71 is #f feet high1 extending under the whole building1 giving ample space for the storing of articles requiring a cool1 moist air for their preservation4 ,seven windows are arranged to provide light and ventilation to every part4 ,the outside entrance is from the rear under the back stoop2 stairs lead directly up to the kitchen4 ,the 8safe0 is a 8locker10 or private cellar for keeping choicer stores4444 ,,first ,,story1 7fig4 #aac47--;,hight of ceilings1 #aj feet4 ,the arrangements are somewhat peculiar1 and are very convenient and pleasant4 ,each of the four principal rooms have windows giving views in two different directions4 ,the two halls 7front and rear7 have stairs in each1 and are otherwise arranged for easy communication with all parts of the house4 ,the ,parlor is pleasantly situated1 adjoins the front hall and dining-room1 has a large open fire-place1 and is shaded on the front by the piazza4 ,the ,dining or living-room is the largest apartment1 and communicates directly with every other room and hall on this floor1 bringing this entire story under the immediate supervision of the mistress of the household4 ,it has an open fire-place and two closets4 ,the ,bedroom is placed in a quiet corner1 where the little ones may take their 8day naps0 without being run over or disturbed by sudden callers1 or those engaged in housework4 ,the ,kitchen is a good-sized apartment1 adjoins the dining-room1 rear hall1 milk-room1 large pantry1 two closets1 and cellar stairway1 and is provided with a large range1 sink1 wash-tubs1 and the necessary pipes for supplies of cold and hot water4444 ,,second ,,story1 7fig4 #aad47--;,hight of ceiling1 #h feet4 ,this contains five good-sized chambers1 a large hall1 and nine closets4 ,the three larger chambers have full-sized side-walls and ceilings2 the space beyond the side-walls or partitions are devoted to closets1 of which there cannot be too many in any house4444 ,,construction4--,unless situated on very high ground1 having a thorough natural drainage1 the earth taken from the cellar excavations should be left on the grounds and graded around the foundation1 to insure the turning away of all surface water4 ,in such cases1 care must be taken to allow in the depth of the excavation for the hight it is intended to raise the earth grades4 ,the appended estimate of cost is for excavating #c feet deep4 ,this will furnish #bjb cubic yards of earth to raise the grades #a foot immediately around the house 7leaving #b feet of the foundation exposed to sight71 and give a gentle slope outwards in every direction to the distance of #dj feet4 ,all the outside walls are solid masonry4 ,the foundations are of the roughest stone1 laid in good mortar1 #b feet thick4 ,a 8top floating0 of hydraulic cement mortar is used in levelling the upper surfaces1 to prevent the ground moisture from rising above that line to be absorbed by the main walls4 ,the main walls are of rough stone and hard burned bricks laid in strong mortar1 #af inches thick4 ,the outside corners1 and the jambs and heads of the doors and windows1 are of brick1 as shown in fig4 #aae4 ,their use greatly facilitates the work of construction1 and obviates the necessity of stone-dressing4 ,the intervening walls are of broken stone 8random dressed10 laid in courses to conform to the quoin lines of the brick-work1 and may be done by common masons4 ,the window and door sills are of ordinary hammered blue-stone4 ,all outside interstices and joints are filled and pointed with cement mortar4 ,thin strips of wood 7mason's lath will do7 are laid in between the courses on the inside1 to which the inside furring is fastened4 ,the chimneys are built of hard brick1 and are finished above the roof with large tops1 having cross openings at the sides for each flue1 and close covers4--,the ,frame-work is very simple2 the central girders are supported by large posts on solid stone footing4 ,the beams are notched over the girders1 with their ends resting and anchored in the walls1 and are thoroughly bridged4 ,the plates are anchored by bolts that are inlaid while building the walls4 ,the rafters are notched over the plates with their lower ends extending #b feet beyond the walls2 their centers are supported by purlins and collars4 ,the roof is covered with dark slate4 ,the flooring is of mill-worked #a-;inch plank4 ,the interior of the stone walls is furred off1 with unobstructed spaces between the furring to the roof1 for the passing off of all dampness4 ,the interior finish is complete throughout4 ,the principal rooms have neatly-moulded architraves1 other rooms plain4 ,the kitchen and rear hall are wainscoted4 ,all doors are panelled and moulded1 and all windows have inside blinds4--,the plastering is three-coat work1 with the principal rooms hard-finished1 balance white-slipped4 ,the painting1 outside1 is two coats with the best materials2 inside is oil-stained and flat-varnished4--,,estimate3 #bjb yards excavation1 #c ft4 deep1 at #bj;c4 per yard4 #dj4dj #bbd perches stone-work1 complete1 at #b4ge per perch4 #faf4jj #aej running ft4 blue-stone sills at #cj;c4 per ft4 #de4jj #f1ejj bricks in quoins and chimneys1 complete1 at #ab per ,m4 #gh4jj #a1jjj yards plastering1 complete1 at #bh;c4 per yard4 #bhj4jj #e1bjh ft4 of timber1 at #ae per ,m4 #gh4ab #a girder1 #d #h in4 #fb ft4 long4 #a girder1 #d #f in4 #ch ft4 long4 #b purlins1 #d #h in4 #ch ft4 long4 #b purlins1 #d #h in4 #ah ft4 long4 #de rafters1 #c #d in4 #ba ft4 long4 #h rafters1 #c #d in4 #ag ft4 long4 #ch beams1 #c #h in4 #ae ft4 long4 #ce beams1 #c #h in4 #ba ft4 long4 #ab beams1 #c #h in4 #aj ft4 long4 #dj collars1 #a #e in4 #ac ft4 long4 #a valley1 #c #h in4 #hj ft4 long4 #a plate1 #c #h in4 #bjj ft4 long4 #bej wall-strips1 at #aa;c4 each4 #bg4ej #cjj furring strips1 at #d;c4 each4 #ab4jj ,anchors to beams and plates4 #e4jj ,cornice materials4 #cj4jj #dbj shingling-lath1 at #f;c4 each4 #be4bj #bf squares of slating1 complete1 at #i per square4 #bch4ej #be hemlock boards1 piazza roof1 at #af;c4 each4 #d4jj #b squares tin1 roofing and leaders1 at #h per square4 #bj4jj #bif flooring1 #h in41 at #be;c4 each4 #gd4jj ,stairs1 complete1 #ij2 piazza and stoop1 #hj4 #agj4jj #g cellar windows1 complete1 at #e4 #ce4jj #bb plain windows1 complete1 at #aj each4 #bbj4jj #d dormer windows1 complete1 at #ah each4 #gb4jj #cd doors1 complete1 at #i each4 #cjf4jj #b mantles1 #c shelves1 complete4 #fh4jj ,closet finish1 complete4 #ci4bh ,range and plumbing1 complete4 #age4jj ,nails1 #af2 painting1 #fj3 cartage1 #ae4 #ia4jj ,carpenter's labor1 not included above4 #aej4jj --------- ,total cost1 complete4 #b1ijj4jj ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aaa4--;,,front ,,elevation4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aab4--,,plan ,,of ,,cellar4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aac4--,,plan ,,of ,,first ,,floor4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aad4--,,plan ,,of ,,second ,,floor4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aae4--,,manner ,,of ,,building ,,corners4 ,,design ,,xxviii4 ,a ,,house ,,costing #c1jjj4 ,these plans were designed for a suburban cottage1 having a cheerful outside appearance1 and containing ample interior apartments conveniently arranged1 with such modern improvements as are desirable for the use of an ordinary sized family4444 ,,exterior1 7fig4 #aaf47--,the general outlines are made up of simple parts1 embracing features of pleasing variety and elegance4 ,the foundation walls1 showing four feet above ground1 insure against moisture from the earth1 and add to the superficial dimensions of the structure4 ,such high foundations for houses of this character afford a proper background for the grasses and shrubbery usually surrounding them4 ,the irregularities of the principal building1 the steep1 dark-slated roofs1 with their heavy projecting cornices1 truncated or hooded gables1 and enriched barge-boards1 together with the stoops and bay-windows1 are proportioned and arranged to assimilate with each other1 and contribute to gracefulness and harmony4444 ,,cellar1 7fig4 #aag47--;,hight1 #g feet4 ,seven good-sized windows admit an abundance of light1 and afford thorough ventilation4444 ,,first ,,story1 7fig4 #aah47--;,hight of ceiling1 #aj feet4 ,the rooms are unusually large1 and arranged to be pleasant1 comfortable1 and convenient4 ,the front entrance has large double doors4 ,this hall contains the principal stairs1 which are of 8platform0 construction4 ,we prefer this form whenever the general plan allows it1 as such stairs are much easier1 less dangerous1 and appear better than the usual long1 straight flights4 ,the hall connects with each principal room1 obviating the too frequent necessity of passing through one room to reach another4 ,the ,parlor has a fire-place1 adapted to either a grate or fire-place heater 7we should prefer the latter in this case1 supplied with heating-pipes for warming the chamber above17 and is provided with a marble mantle4 ,a large bay-window admits sufficient light1 and affords a pleasant outlook4 ,the remaining sides of this room are unbroken1 leaving ample space for furniture1 pictures1 etc4 ,the ,dining1 or living-room1 is intended as the most agreeable and pleasant room in the house2 it has a fire-place with hearth openings1 adapted to a 8low-down0 grate1 which is a good substitute for the old home-like fire-place1 and affords an opportunity for a generous and cheerful fire1 and insures the most perfect ventilation4 ,the ashes from these hearth fires fall into the ash-pit below them1 thus obviating the necessity and dust of their daily removal4 ,a marble mantle with a large hearth1 one bay and three plain windows1 and a closet1 are provided for this room4 ,the windows afford plentiful light1 and views from front1 side1 and rear1 thus assuring a home-like1 cheerful apartment4 ,the ,kitchen is pleasantly situated1 has four windows for light and ventilation1 and is planned with especial regard for convenience4 ,it is in proximity with the principal hall1 rear entry1 and cellar stairway1 has a large pantry1 and two closets1 and contains a large fire-place1 with a range1 boiler1 sink1 and wash-tubs having pipe attachments for hot and cold water4 ,the dimensions of the fire-place are #b feet #aj inches wide1 #e feet #f inches high1 and #a foot #i inches deep1 with a hearth-stone #b feet wide1 and #d feet long4 ,the range is fitted into the fire-place1 and has a water-back1 elevated oven1 and warm-closet1 and is connected by pipes with the boiler4 ,the dumb-waiter1 shown on the plan at the right of the fire-place1 is intended as a 8coal-lift10 which will save many steps and much hard labor running for coal4 ,this is simply a box1 holding three bushels 7twelve scuttles71 constructed of #a-;inch floor planks1 with wood runners #c feet long1 on two opposite sides1 conforming to grooves made in stationary planking in the cellar1 and is suspended by weights1 with strong ropes1 passing over pulleys fastened to the underside of the floor-beams4 ,the upper portions of this closet may be fitted with shelving and hooks1 as desired4 ,the large ,kitchen ,pantry1 thoroughly shelved1 is in the 8addition0 that adjoins the kitchen1 and is built in combination with the rear stoop4 ,the entry1 conveniently situated1 communicates between the kitchen and dining-room1 and with the back stoop through the rear door4444 ,,second ,,story1 7fig4 #aai47--;,hight of ceiling1 #i feet4 ,this story is divided in the simplest manner1 has a hall1 three large chambers1 with closets for each1 and a bath-room1 all with sufficient windows for light and ventilation4 ,each principal chamber has an open fire-place1 adapted to grates4 ,chimneys1 centrally situated1 radiate most of their heat into the rooms1 thus saving fuel4 ,the ,bath-room has a ,french bath-tub1 with cold and hot water1 and a seat-closet4 ,the stairway to the attic story is ceiled in over the principal stairs1 with a door at the foot4 ,the ,attic has three apartments1 two intended to be plastered and finished as chambers2 the third1 or larger one1 is unfinished for an open garret4444 ,,general ,,construction4--,the excavations are #b feet deep1 and the loose earth is graded around the building at completion1 leaving #d feet of the foundation exposed to sight4 ,the foundation-walls are built as described for ,design ,,xxxii4 ,the sub-sills of the windows1 and the steps and coping of the area1 are of blue-stone4 ,the chimneys being near the center1 are not connected with the foundation walls4 ,the rear one is constructed in box form1 below the first floor1 as a receptacle for ashes1 and has a small iron door near the bottom for removing the ashes4 ,the principal frame-work is of sound pine or spruce timber1 of the sizes mentioned in the estimate below4 ,when practicable1 we would use pine timber for all sills and posts1 as the least liable to decay1 and spruce for the girts and beams1 on account of its quality for stiffness4 ,the siding is of two thicknesses of boarding1 as described for ,design ,,xxxii4 ,the principal roof is constructed at the angles of #de1 securing valuable space for attic rooms1 and is covered with dark slate laid on hemlock1 with tarred paper between4 ,the roofs of the stoops and bay-windows1 and all gutters and valleys1 are of ,,ic4 charcoal tin1 laid on hemlock boards4 ,the method of constructing the cornice1 gutters1 and barge boards of the principal roof1 is shown in detail in fig4 #abj4 ,a1 rafter of #c #d2 ,b1 plate of #d #f1 placed #ad inches above the attic floor2 ,c1 post of #d #g timber2 ,d1 gutter1 having no abrupt angles to bother the tinsmith1 or impair his work1 but is of circular form1 and stayed with #b-;inch furring lath1 on which the tin is smoothly and easily laid4 ,e1 bracket constructed of #b #d1 with simple scroll1 sawed from #d #f timber4 ,f1 crown moulding of #a #c1 worked solid2 ,g1 barge-board with the crown-moulding attached2 this closes the ends of the gutters to the hight of the dotted line at ,d4 ,the stairs1 interior trimmings1 and the general painting1 are intended to be similar to those described for ,design ,,xvii4 ,in the estimate appended will be found a full schedule of the materials required to construct1 and fully develope a house by these plans4 ,the quantities given may be relied on as correct1 and their cost is compiled from the prices now ruling in this vicinity4--,,estimate3 #fi yards excavation1 at #bj;c4 per yard4 #ac4hj #ah1ejj brick1 furnished and laid1 at #ab per ,m4 #bbb4jj #ec ft4 stone steps1 and coping1 at #cj;c4 per ft4 #ae4ij #hda yards plastering1 complete1 at #bh;c4 per yard4 #bce4dh #bej yards stucco cornices1 at #be;c4 per yard4 #fb4ej #d1ijc ft4 timber1 at #ae per ,m4 #gc4ed #b sills1 #d #h in4 #cj ft4 long4 #b sills1 #d #h in4 #bb ft4 long4 #c sills1 #d #h in4 #ah ft4 long4 #h posts1 #d #g in4 #bb ft4 long4 ,ties1 #d #f in4 #cjb ft4 long4 ,plate1 #d #f in4 #aea ft4 long4 #ge beams1 #c #h in4 #ah ft4 long4 #ed rafters1 #c #d in4 #ac ft4 long4 #ejj wall-strips1 #b #d in4 #ac ft4 at #aa;c4 each4 #ee4jj #cbj sheathing1 #i in41 at #be;c4 each4 #hj4jj #agj lbs4 tarred paper1 at #c;c4 per lb4 #e4aj #cbj siding-boards1 #i-;inch1 at #bh;c4 each4 #hi4fj ,materials in outside dressing and cornices4 #hj4jj #afa hemlock boards1 principal roof1 #aj in41 at #af;c4 each4 #be4gf #ad squares of slate1 at #i per square4 #acj4ej #cjf flooring1 #i in41 at #bh;c4 each4 #he4fh #b stoops1 complete1 at #ej each4 #ajj4jj #b bay-windows1 complete4 #abj4jj ,stairs1 complete4 #ge4jj #ba plain windows1 complete1 at #ab each4 #beb4jj #g cellar windows1 complete1 at #f each4 #db4jj #bb doors1 with base and trimming1 complete1 at #aj each4 #bbj4jj #b marble mantles and #c shelves1 complete4 #fh4jj #a range1 with elevated oven and warm closet1 complete4 #hj4jj ,plumbing and gas pipes1 complete4 #age4jj ,coal-lift and shelving1 complete4 #be4jj #b rooms in attic1 finished1 complete4 #fj4jj ,nails1 #bj2 bells and speaking-tubes1 complete1 #ae4 #ce4jj ,painting1 #bdj2 cartage1 #dj4 #bhj4jj ,carpenter's labor1 not included above4 #bej4jj ,extra for incidentals4 #dc4ad --------- ,total cost1 complete4 #c1jjj4jj ,should it be desirable to reduce the cost of building by this plan1 it may be done without changing the principal outlines or arrangements1 by the following deductions and omissions1 viz43 ,saving4 ,foundations reduced in hight from #g ft4 to #f ft4 #bj4jj #e cellar windows1 instead of #g4 #ab4jj ,inclosing with single thickness siding4 #hj4jj ,roof of shingles1 instead of slate4 #fj4jj #d plain windows1 instead of the #b bays4 #gb4jj ,deduct #a window in each3 dining-room1 kitchen1 bath-room4 #cf4jj ,reduce the cost of windows and doors1 each #a4ej4 #fd4ej ,an ordinary range1 instead of one with an elevated oven4 #dj4jj ,omit the finish in attic4 #fj4jj ,omit plumbing and gas-pipes4 #age4jj ,omit coal-lift1 bells1 and tubes4 #cj4jj --------- ,total reductions4 #fdi4ej ,making the cost #b1cej4ej ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aaf4--;,,elevation ,,of ,,house4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aag4--,,plan ,,of ,,cellar4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aah4--,,plan ,,of ,,first ,,floor4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aai4--,,plan ,,of ,,second ,,floor4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #abj4--;,,cornice1 ,,gutter1 ,,and ,,barge-,,boards4 ,,design ,,xxix4 ,a ,,house ,,costing #c1ajj4 ,these plans were designed for a summer residence near ,toms ,river1 ,n4 ,j4 ,they are especially adapted to situations where the more pleasant views are to the rear1 making it desirable to have the principal rooms on that side of the house4444 ,,exterior1 7fig4 #aba47--,the ,swiss-like style is due to its bold roofs1 wide projections1 and rustic details of finish1 there being no attempt at architectural display4444 ,,first ,,story1 7fig4 #abb47--,the ,hall1 which is unusually large1 is entered from the front porch through double doors1 contains the main stairs1 and communicates with the library1 parlor1 dining-room1 and a passage leading to the kitchen4 ,a ,closet is finished under the stairs opening from the passage4 ,the ,library is nearly square1 with openings in the center of each of its four sides1 and is divided from the parlor by large folding-doors4 ,the ,parlor is of good dimensions1 has large windows opening to the floor1 and leading to the piazza4 ,the ,piazza is #ab feet wide1 affording shade and ample protection from storms1 and may be used in pleasant weather to enlarge the capacity of the parlor4 ,the ,dining-room is entered from the main hall1 and communicates through the pantry with the kitchen4 ,the ,kitchen has windows front and rear1 giving a good circulation of air1 and is furnished with a range1 boiler1 sink1 and pump1 connected with the necessary piping1 with supply from the cistern4 ,private stairways lead to the second story1 and to the cellar2 the necessary pantries are provided4 ,the one-story ,addition is divided into three parts1 making a work-room or shed1 inclosing the well1 a servant's bed-room1 and a store-pantry4444 ,,second ,,story1 7fig4 #abc47--,this story contains a hall1 five good-sized chambers1 seven closets1 and a bath-room4 ,the hall has nine doors leading to the several apartments1 two stair landings1 and a window1 while it occupies but little space4 ,the ,bath-room has a bath-tub1 seat-closet1 and pipes for cold and hot water4444 ,,attic1 7fig4 #abd47--;,a hall and two chambers are finished in this story4 ,the stairs leading to it are inclosed1 and have a door at the foot4 ,the hall is lighted by a dormer window in one end4 ,at the opposite end a door leads to the space under the wing-roof1 where the tank is placed1 immediately above the bath-room4444 ,,construction4--,the hight of the cellar is #f feet1 of the first story #aj feet1 of the second story #h feet1 of the attic #g feet4 ,the foundations are of brick-work1 and show two feet above the final grades4 ,the chimneys are of brick-work1 and have six open fire-places1 with hearths to each1 adapted to the use of either wood or coal fuel4 ,the plastering is 8hard-finish0 on two coats of brown mortar4 ,stucco cornices and centers1 of simple design1 are put in the first story of the main house4 ,marble shelves with stucco truss-supports are put above each fire-place4 ,a well and cistern are included in the estimate4 ,the depth of the former is put at #cj feet1 as the average4 ,to avoid the danger of the caving in of the sides while digging1 it is best to make the excavation #d ft4 square 7not circular1 as is usually really done47 ,rough planks1 #d feet long1 with their ends notched half way across1 are slid in to lock with each other closely against the banks1 as the excavation proceeds1 making this part of the work perfectly safe in any kind of earth4 ,the depth of the well should be sufficient to secure at least four feet of spring water4 ,of course it would be impracticable to lay the brick-work under water that depth1 and therefore a circular curb #c feet #c inches in diameter1 and #f feet long 7inside measure7 must be made of ordinary boards1 with an interior #d-;inch timber rim at the bottom1 and let down into the well as soon as water is reached4 ,the rim forms the foundation of the brick-work4 ,after laying a few courses around1 say to the hight of one or two feet1 their added weight will force them 7curb and all7 downwards under the water as fast as the depth is increased4 ,the clear inside diameter1 when finished1 is #b feet #aj inches2 the top courses of brick1 to the depth of #c feet1 should be laid in cement mortar2 all others laid 8dry40 ,the ,cistern is constructed entirely of brick and cement mortar1 in the earth2 #g feet across1 and #h feet deep in the clear4 ,the frame of the house is of spruce timber1 siding of clear pine1 beveled clapboards1 laid on sheathing-felt4 ,roofing of cedar shingles1 laid 8three thick0 on spruce lath4 ,the cornices have projections of two inches for each foot of their hight from the ground1 which is appropriate for buildings of this character1 and is double that of the usual styles4 ,these projections are ceiled underneath with tongued and grooved boards1 and bracketed with chamfered timber trusses4 ,openings are made through the gable cornices to allow for the escape of heated air from under the roof4 ,the flooring is of #i-;inch tongued and grooved spruce plank4 ,all windows above the cellar have #a-;inch sash1 and outside blinds4 ,doors are panelled and moulded4 ,the inside trimmings are quite plain1 single moulded1 with bold members4 ,the upper frame-work of the piazza is left exposed on the underside1 and is neatly dressed and chamfered4 ,the first-story stairs are strongly constructed of pine1 with newel1 rail1 and balusters of black walnut4 ,,estimate of materials and labor3 #ic yards excavation1 at #bj;c4 per yard4 #ah4fj #cj ft4 digging well1 at #a per ft4 #cj4jj #ai1jjj bricks 7cellar foundation1 chimneys1 cistern1 and well17 furnished and laid1 at #ab per ,m4 #bbh4jj #d barrels cement1 at #b4ej per barrel4 #aj4jj #a1bjj yards plastering1 at #bh;c4 per yard4 #ccf4jj #e1igd ft4 of timber1 at #ae per ,m4 #hi4fa #a girt1 #d #h in4 #cb ft4 long4 #h posts1 #d #g in4 #bj ft4 long4 #de beams1 #b #h in4 #ab ft4 long4 #cj beams1 #b #h in4 #ag ft4 long4 #ce beams1 #b #h in4 #aa ft4 long4 #a sill1 #d #h in4 #cac ft4 long4 #a plate1 #d #f in4 #cac ft4 long4 #fa beams1 #b #h in4 #bj ft4 long4 #bj beams1 #b #h in4 #ac ft4 long4 #b girts1 #d #f in4 #cj ft4 long4 #gjj wall-strips1 at #aa;c4 each4 #gg4jj #ejj clapboards1 at #ad;c4 each4 #gj4jj #cej shingling-lath1 at #f;c41 #ba2 #i1fej shingles1 at #b;c41 #aic4 #bad4jj #aej ft4 gutters1 valleys1 and leaders1 at #aj;c4 per ft4 #ae4jj #a1ejj ft4 dressed lumber in cornices1 at #d;c4 #fj4jj #eac flooring1 at #bg;c41 #ach4ea2 #cj windows1 at #ab1 #cfj4 #dih4ea #bej lbs4 felt1 at #e;c41 #ab4ej2 #ce doors1 at #aj1 #cej4 #cfb4ej #e marble shelves1 at #f1 #cj2 stairs1 #ajj4 #acj4jj ,closet finished1 #ej2 well-curb1 #ab4 #fb4jj ,range and plumbing1 #bhj2 nails1 #bj4 #cjj4jj ,carting1 average #a mile1 #dj2 painting1 #bcj4 #bgj4jj ,carpenter's labor1 #bej2 incidentals1 #gh4gh4 #cbh4gh --------- ,total cost1 complete4 #c1ajj4jj ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aba4--;,,elevation ,,of ,,front ,,of ,,house4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #abb4--,,plan ,,of ,,first ,,floor4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #abc4--,,plan ,,of ,,second ,,floor4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #abd4--,,plan ,,of ,,attic4 ,,design ,,xxx4 ,a ,,frame ,,and ,,brick ,,farm-,,house ,,costing #c1cjj4 ,these designs represent a farm-house having an air of substantial comfort and refinement1 and affording ample space and convenience for a large family4444 ,,exterior1 7fig4 #abe47--,this style admits of the simplest and most economical finish1 is susceptible of almost any degree of irregularity1 and is therefore suitable for the greater number of rural buildings4 ,the indestructible covering of the side-walls and roofs has the merit and appearance of permanency4444 ,,cellar1 7fig4 #abf47--,the central division is #g feet high1 has five windows1 and outside door1 and a stairway leading up to the kitchen4 ,the girders under the first floor beams are supported on large posts1 standing on firmly-imbedded flat stones4444 ,,first ,,story1 7fig4 #abg47--;,hight of the ceilings1 #aa feet in main house1 and #i feet in the one-story wings at the side and rear4 ,the parlor1 sitting-rooms1 kitchen1 and front hall1 are in the main house4 ,the rear wing contains a summer kitchen1 bath-room1 and a large kitchen pantry4 ,the side wing is divided into a bed-room1 clothes-press1 and pantry4 ,the ,parlor1 ,sitting-room1 and ,bed-room face the front4 ,the ,kitchen is the largest apartment1 and is arranged to be used as the ,living-room4 ,it has windows in each end1 an outside door leading to a pleasant veranda1 is in direct communication with the front hall1 sitting-room1 summer kitchen1 two pantries1 and the cellar stairs4 ,the ,summer ,kitchen1 intended to relieve the larger room of the heavier work1 is furnished with a range1 boiler1 sink1 pump1 and wash-tubs1 and has an outside door4 ,the ,bath-room is situated at the side of the summer kitchen1 and contains a bath-tub and a seat-closet4 ,a tank #c #c #f feet1 is placed between the ceiling and roof of this wing1 and arranged to receive rain-water from the main roof4 ,a force-pump is set near the iron sink1 and arranged to supply water from the cistern to the tank1 when the rain supply is exhausted4 ,it will be observed that all the plumbing apparatus is placed in close proximity1 thus insuring economy in the cost of their introduction1 and also that their location prevents any serious injury that might arise from a chance bursting1 or through carelessness4 ,no windows are shown at the rear of the summer kitchen1 or bath-room1 this space being reserved for any additions that may be desired for fuel1 etc4444 ,,second ,,story1 7fig4 #abh47--;,hight of ceilings1 #i feet4 ,there are five chambers1 a hall1 and two closets in this story4 ,each chamber is of good dimensions1 well lighted 7twelve windows in this story17 and may be warmed if required1 either by stoves placed in them or through pipes inserted in the flues for the introduction of hot air from heaters in the first story1 as described for ,design ,,xxxii4444 ,,attic4--,a flight of stairs1 located above those of the first story1 and inclosed with narrow ceiling1 with a door at the foot1 leads to the garret or attic4 ,this story is thoroughly timbered and floored1 but otherwise unfinished4444 ,,construction4--,the foundation walls are of broken stone1 laid in good mortar1 #ah inches thick1 and show #b feet above the final grade of the surrounding earth4 ,the materials of the frame are indicated in the estimate below1 and are framed together1 and raised in the usual manner1 except that the sills are placed #d inches back from the face of the foundation1 to provide a footing for the water-table and brick inclosing4 ,the inside of the exterior frame is roughly ceiled around with hemlock boards1 which are thoroughly nailed to the studding1 bringing them 8into line10 and making them firm4 ,the method of inclosing the sides of the building is shown in fig4 #abi4 ,a is the foundation2 ,b the water-table2 ,c the brick wall2 ,d1 inside boarding2 ,e1 ,e1 ,e1 timber of the frame4 ,the water-table1 of dressed stone1 is laid on the foundation in cement mortar4 ,the brick are laid in 8stretchers10 in good lime and sand-mortar1 with close joints4 ,anchor nails 7fig4 #acj7 are driven in each stud in contact with the upper surfaces of every fifth course of brick1 as shown in the sketch4 ,the window sills are of smoothly dressed stone1 set in the regular manner4 ,the window and door frames are made as for #h-;inch brick-work4 ,the heads are arched over with brick projecting half an inch beyond the face of the walls1 forming a coping to the windows4 ,the anchor nails are made of ordinary galvanized -inch fence-wire2 #f inches long is required for each nail1 #a inch of both ends being bent at a right angle1 and one end is flattened to be easily driven into the studding1 and the opposite end is imbedded in the joints of the brick-work4 ,these nails are best applied by a carpenter employed to accompany the masons in their work4 ,this mode of building exterior walls may be new to many persons1 but it has been demonstrated and proved to be thoroughly practical1 and for many reasons preferable to the usual 8solid brick0 wall2 it is less expensive1 does not retain moisture1 requires no 8furring off10 or 8filling in10 and attachments of cornices1 stoops1 or balconies1 are easily made to connect with the inside frame work4444 ,the main and wing roofs are covered with dark #h #af-;inch slate1 laid #g inches to the weather4 ,mason's lath are put on the inside boarding in a vertical manner1 #af inches apart1 and the interior of the two full stories is lathed1 plastered1 and otherwise fully completed4 ,,estimate ,,of ,,cost3 #aeg yards excavation1 #d feet deep1 at #bj;c4 per yard4 #ca4dj #fj perches stone foundation1 at #b4ge per yard4 #afe4jj #dd ft4 stone steps and cellar window-sills1 at #cj;c4 per ft4 #ac4bj #bgh feet dressed stone-sills and water-table1 at #ge;c4 per ft4 #bjh4ej #ca1jjj brick furnished and laid1 at #ab per ,m4 #cgb4jj #ibe yards plastering1 at #bh;c4 per yard4 #bei4jj ,stucco cornices4 #cj4jj #f1gjg ft4 timber1 at #ae per ,m4 #ajj4fj ,sills #d #h in4 #beb ft4 long4 ,plates1 #d #f in4 #beb ft4 long4 ,ties1 #d #f in4 #cbd ft4 long4 ,girders1 #d #h in4 #df ft4 long4 #aj posts1 #d #g in4 #bc ft4 long4 #gj beams1 #c #h in4 #bb ft4 long4 #ba beams1 #c #h in4 #ae ft4 long4 #h beams1 #c #h in4 #ac ft4 long4 #a piazza1 #c #g in4 #abb ft4 long4 #a piazza1 #c #e in4 #gj ft4 long4 #ajj joist1 #c #d in4 #ac ft4 long1 at #af;c4 each4 #af4jj #djj wall-strips1 at #aa;c4 each4 #dd4jj #fjj hemlock boards1 for sheathing and roofing1 at #af;c4 each4 #if4jj ,cornice materials1 #gj2 #ba squares slate1 at #i1 #ahi4 #bei4jj #dcf ft4 tinning1 gutters1 and leaders1 at #h;c4 per ft4 #cd4hh #ejj flooring1 #i-;inch spruce1 at #bf;c4 each4 #acj4jj ,stairs1 complete1 #ij2 piazzas1 #acj4 #bbj4jj #e cellar windows1 complete1 at #f each4 #cj4jj #cc windows1 above cellar1 complete1 at #aj4 #ccj4jj #be doors1 at #aj1 #bej2 range and plumbing1 #bej4 #ejj4jj #c mantles1 #ge2 closet finish1 #be4 #ajj4jj ,painting1 #aac4ff2 cartage1 #cj4 #adc4ff ,carpenter's labor1 not included above4 #bjj4jj ,incidentals4 #af4gf --------- ,total cost1 complete4 #c1cjj4jj ,illustration3 ,fig4 #abe4--;,,elevation ,,of ,,house4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #abf4--,,plan ,,of ,,cellar4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #abg4--,,plan ,,of ,,first ,,floor4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #abh4--,,plan ,,of ,,second ,,floor4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #abi4--,,manner ,,of ,,building4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #acj4--;,,anchor ,,nail4 ,,design ,,xxxi4 ,a ,,house ,,costing #c1gjj4 ,the plans here given are somewhat peculiar in arrangement1 intended for a compact and economical residence or parsonage1 containing thirteen rooms1 ample halls1 eleven closets1 large cellar1 heater1 range1 cold and hot water1 and1 in fact1 all the necessary modern improvements suitable for the uses of a good-sized family4444 ,,exterior4--,the general outline is nearly square1 #bf #cj feet1 affording the most simple and economical form of construction1 and embraces a much better opportunity for the most desirable distribution of rooms4 ,the porch1 bay-window1 and lobby1 provide projections that serve to break up and relieve the monotony usually observed in square buildings4 ,three elevations 7figs4 #aca1 #acb1 #acc17 are given1 from which choice can be made1 according to the situation of the building4444 ,,interior4--,it will be observed that the arrangements of the interior partake very much of the character of a 8double house10 particularly in the upper stories4444 ,,cellar1 7fig4 #acd47--,the ,cellar extends under the whole house1 and contains the heater and bins for coal1 etc4 ,the ,heater 78portable07 is arranged to provide warm air to each room in the two principal stories1 except the kitchen4444 ,,first ,,story1 7fig4 #ace47--,the ,entrance1 or ,reception ,hall1 is large1 and contains the principal stairway of the house1 so arranged that the quarter-circle is about midway of their hight1 placing the niche down1 where it adds greatly to the good appearance of the hall4 ,the principal rooms1 ,parlor and ,dining-room1 where it is usual for the family to congregate1 are large and accessible4 ,each has a large bay-window1 adding to its area1 and supplying a pleasant outlook4 ,the ,kitchen adjoins the dining-room and the rear entrance1 or lobby1 and has direct communication with the cellar-stairway through a door4 ,it is provided with a range1 boiler1 sink1 pump1 and wash-tubs1 complete4 ,the ,lobby1 or rear entrance1 is arranged to connect by doors with the dining-room1 kitchen1 and private stairway leading to the second floor4444 ,,second ,,story1 7fig4 #acf47--,the method of erecting the stairs make them 8land0 nearly in the center of the second story4 ,very little space is required for the second-story hall1 leaving almost this entire floor to be 8laid off0 in rooms4 ,these rooms may all be used as chambers1 or either of them may be used as a study4 ,doubtless the room directly above the front entrance would be best adapted for that purpose4 ,the door leading to this room should have ground-glass upper panels to supply light to the hall of this story4444 ,,attic1 7fig4 #acg47--,the ,attic story is reached by the stairway shown at the front end of the second-story hall1 which has a door at the foot of them to shut off all communication at pleasure4 ,this story is divided into four rooms1 four closets1 and hall4 ,the ,hall is lighted through an opening1 or skylight1 in the roof1 which also serves as a ventilator4 ,the ,school1 or ,play-room1 is put in this part of the house1 where noise is less likely to disturb the older members of the household4 ,a ,work-shop1 having ample space for a work-bench1 wood-lathe1 and other tools1 is provided for in our plan on the third floor4444 ,the estimate appended indicates the general character of the work to be good and substantial4 ,provision is made for brick foundations1 a regular timber frame1 double siding1 slate and tin roofs1 outside blinds1 panelled doors1 simple and appropriate trimmings throughout1 with marble mantles and stucco cornices in the principal rooms of the first story4 ,the figures set down for the cost of windows1 bays1 porch1 lobby1 and doors1 include materials and labor4 ,the figures for carpenters' labor are for the balance of such work4 ,,estimate for house with ,mansard roof3 #ge yards excavation1 at #bj;c4 per yard4 #ae4jj #ac1jjj brick1 furnished and laid1 at #ab per ,m4 #aef4jj #dh ft4 stone sills1 steps1 and coping1 at #dj;c4 per ft4 #ai4bj #a1jjj yards three-coat plastering1 at #bh;c4 per yard4 #bhj4jj #bej ft4 stucco cornices1 with centers4 #ge4jj #d1aha ft4 of timber1 at #ae per ,m4 #fb4ga #b sills1 #d #h in4 #bf ft4 long4 #b sills1 #d #h in4 #cj ft4 long4 #f posts1 #d #g in4 #bc ft4 long4 #a girt1 #d #h in4 #ch ft4 long4 #d ties1 #d #f in4 #bf ft4 long4 #d ties1 #d #f in4 #cj ft4 long4 #d hips1 #c #g in4 #af ft4 long4 #b plates1 #d #f in4 #bf ft4 long4 #b plates1 #d #f in4 #cj ft4 long4 #d deck plates1 #c #h in4 #bb ft4 long4 #b deck plates1 #c #h in4 #cj ft4 long4 #h beams1 #c #h in4 #ae ft4 long4 #ff beams1 #b #h in4 #ae ft4 long4 #ff beams1 #b #h in4 #ab ft4 long4 #ajj joists1 #c #d in4 #ac ft41 at #bb;c4 each4 #bb4jj #ejj wall-strips1 #b #d in4 #ac ft41 at #aa;c4 each4 #ee4jj #dhc sheathing for sides and roofs1 at #be;c4 each4 #abj4ge #cjj lbs4 tarred felt1 at #e;c4 per lb4 #ae4jj #cha novelty siding1 #f-;inch1 at #cj;c4 each4 #aad4cj #aab ft4 main cornice1 at #fj;c4 per ft4 #fg4bj #aj squares of slate1 at #aj;c4 per ft4 #ajj4jj #ab squares of tin1 at #aj;c4 per ft4 #abe4jj #h cellar windows1 complete1 at #h each4 #fd4jj #ab plain windows1 complete1 at #ab each4 #add4jj #h dormer windows1 complete1 at #bj each4 #afj4jj #b bay-windows1 complete1 at #fj each4 #abj4jj #a porch1 complete4 #ge4jj #a lobby1 complete4 #ej4jj #cij tongued and grooved flooring1 complete1 at #bh;c4 each4 #aji4bj #df doors1 complete1 at #aj each4 #dfj4jj #aa closets1 complete1 at #f each4 #ff4jj #b marble mantles1 complete1 at #be each4 #ej4jj #a heater1 complete4 #bjj4jj ,gas-pipes4 #ce4ga ,plumbing1 including range1 etc4 #cjj4jj ,painting4 #ahh4ic ,carting4 #ge4jj ,extras for hardware1 etc4 #ge4jj ,carpenters' labor4 #cjj4jj --------- ,total amount4 #c1gjj4jj ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aca4--,,mansard ,,roof4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #acb4--,,pointed ,,roof4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #acc4--;,,cottage ,,roof4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #acd4--,,plan ,,of ,,cellar4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ace4--,,plan ,,of ,,first ,,floor4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #acf4--,,plan ,,of ,,second ,,floor4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #acg4--,,plan ,,of ,,attic4 ,,design ,,xxxii4 ,a ,,house ,,costing #d1jjj4 ,this plan of a large house provides ample and conveniently-arranged apartments1 containing the most requisite of modern improvements1 suitable to the requirements of a good-sized family4 ,the general outline of the ground plan is nearly square--#cj #cf feet--securing the greatest economy in expense of construction1 and embracing a liberal provision for comfort1 and a suitable regard for appearances1 without sacrificing one for the other4 ,there is always a certain boldness in the exterior1 or elevation1 of a square double front1 which no other style affords1 expressive of substantial dignity4 ,the two ,bay-windows and ,porch are united in construction1 the porch having its ends partly sheltered by the projecting bay-windows1 is a pleasant feature4 ,the second story1 attic1 and cupola windows1 have circular heads1 with heavy dressing4 ,the main ,cornice is heavily trussed2 the ,cupola is large and roomy1 and all are proportioned to make this house worthy of almost any situation4444 ,the ,,cellar extends under the whole house1 with walls of hard brick and mortar #h inches thick1 and #g feet high1 and should extend #a inches outside of the frame-work of the house1 so as to be 8flush0 with the sheathing4 ,the cross-walls1 as shown on the plan1 are of the same materials2 all such walls should have 8heading-courses0 every #bj inches1 and if in sandy bottom1 a suitable bedding should be provided1 as described for ,design ,,xii41 which will insure a perfectly safe and satisfactory foundation4 ,the ,,area walls should be made of hard brick1 with stone coping and steps1 laid in cement mortar4 ,all chimneys should be started and laid up with the foundation1 and the materials interlaced to bind them together2 this will insure additional strength to both foundation and chimney4 ,we recommend plastering1 or 8laying off0 the ceiling of the cellar1 with one coat of brown mortar1 at a cost of #be1 which would be a permanent benefit to the whole house1 in preventing the damp cellar air from rising up through the floors and frame-work of the house4 ,such air is almost sure to be vitiated by decaying vegetable matter1 and is the undoubted source of much disease4 ,another advantage derived from such plastering is the shutting out of rats and mice from the frame-work of the house1 and lastly1 it affords an opportunity of purifying and sweetening the cellar easily by 7the simplest of all means7 a coat of white-wash4444 ,the materials used in the ,frame are indicated in the estimate appended below4 ,sills should be framed for each cross and outside wall1 so as to secure equal bearings1 and allow for even shrinkages2 and when put in position1 they should be bedded in mortar1 to prevent any inequalities in the bearings of the frame-work1 to strengthen the foundation1 and also to effectually shut out cold air from getting between the cellar ceiling and the first floor4 ,all beams and studding are placed #af inches from centers4 ,the first tier of beams should be framed into the sills1 and their tenons wedged from the outside1 to 8draw them home40 ,they should also bear upon the wall equally with the sill4 ,all beams having a span of #ab feet and over1 should have at least one row of cross-bridging of #a #c-;inch 8fencing40 ,the second and third story beams are notched over the ties1 and spiked fast4 ,the cupola posts rest directly on the center girts1 and the principal roof-timbers are framed and secured to these posts4 ,in this frame there need be no tendency to self-destruction1 so common in large buildings1 such as oblique or outward thrusts1 or irregularity of bearings1 but a perfect 8repose0 is secured to every piece of timber in the house4444 ,the ,,bay-,,window frame-work 7see fig4 #adj7 is #a inch less in depth than the principal sills of the house1 to allow for the thickness of the boarding beneath them1 so that the water-table1 when put around the house may be in line4 ,the distances given on the diagram of the bay frame may be relied upon as correct4 8,bay-windows are apt to be cold10 is often said1 but a sure preventive of such 8cold0 is easily secured by filling in between the beams and panels with dry sand1 which will make them as tight as any other part of a house4--,the character and quality of a house depends greatly upon the material and manner of ,,siding4 ,in our estimate we have provided for mill-worked sheathing1 which should be put on diagonally1 and thoroughly nailed to the frame1 which will serve the double purpose of securing more warmth and strength than any 8filling in0 of brick1 and is less expensive4 ,a strip of the same thickness as the sheathing1 and #b inches wide1 should be first nailed to the sill1 close down to the masonry1 to prevent the air from entering the joints of the sheathing1 and following them upwards into the house4 ,tarred paper is next stretched over the sheathing1 when the window-frames1 water-table1 and corner-boards should be set1 and lastly1 the novelty-siding put on1 and double-nailed to each stud4 ,the ,windows are arranged for each sash to be hung1 and all to have blinds4 ,all windows above the first story have 8circular heads10 with caps turned of #d-;inch timber4 ,the ,keys shown on the elevation are sawed out at the back1 so as to fit over the caps 7not cut through them74 ,this is much simpler1 more ornamental1 and does not impair or affect the solid head4--,the roof projects #bg inches beyond the frame of the building1 and is covered with ,,ic4 charcoal tin1 laid and soldered in the best manner1 on sound hemlock boards4 ,the gutters of the main house are made as described for ,design ,v4444 ,the ,,first ,,story plan 7fig4 #ada7 shows the general division of four rooms and three halls4 ,the ,entrance ,hall1 or ,reception ,room1 is #g #ab feet4 ,the ,stairway ,hall is also #g #ab feet4 ,the ,rear ,hall is #g #g feet4 ,these halls are divided from each other by sash doors4 ,the entrance hall is divided from the parlor and dining-room by large double doors4 ,the advantages of dividing the halls in the manner shown will be obvious to any one when they consider how cold1 windy1 and cheerless most halls are4 ,by this arrangement all drafts are prevented1 either when opening the entrance door1 or when passing from one room to another4 ,the inside double doors may be swung open altogether1 throwing the principal rooms of the lower floor into one spacious apartment1 if occasion should require1 for a large company1 without altering to any material degree the temperature of these rooms4 ,the stairway hall contains the principal stairs1 which are of the easiest 8platform0 construction1 so arranged that a more private stairway is entirely unnecessary4 ,the rear hall is the common hall of the house1 and is easily reached from every part4 ,the ,parlor is the largest room1 has a bay-window1 marble mantle1 and fire-place heater1 and is separated from the library by sliding doors4 ,the ,dining-room has also a bay-window1 marble mantle1 and fire-place heater1 and is intended as the ,living-room4 ,it is conveniently connected with the kitchen1 stairway hall1 entrance hall1 and has a good pantry 7c74 ,the ,kitchen is separated from the dining-room by a single door1 and in close proximity to the rear entrance and cellar stairway doors4 ,it contains one large closet1 range with elevated oven1 warm-closet1 and water-back1 boiler1 sink1 and wash-tubs4 ,the ,kitchen should be wainscoted #c feet high1 with #c-;inch ceiling-boards4 ,the clock and lamp-shelf should be put between the closet and hall doors1 and not over the range4 ,the advantage of having the kitchen on the same floor with the dining-room must be apparent to every one4444 ,the ,,second ,,story plan 7fig4 #adb7 is divided into four large chambers1 a child's bedroom1 a bath-room1 five closets1 with a good-sized hall4 ,the two ,front ,chambers are heated by hot air from the 8fire-place0 heaters of the first story1 so that they are always comfortable in the coldest weather4 ,for many reasons we prefer the fire-place heaters over any other4 ,they take little room1 are cheerful in appearance1 easy of management1 and economical1 requiring attention but twice in twenty-four hours1 if hard coal is used4 ,each heater will keep two ordinary sized rooms comfortable in winter1 and are not unsightly in summer4 ,like any other device for heating1 the perfect and satisfactory results depend altogether on the manner of setting them4 ,in no case should a heater be expected to develop its full power when placed in a fire-place in so close proximity with the brick as to allow the hot air to strike against and be absorbed by them4 ,the heater should be enclosed in a jacket of sheet-iron1 having an #h-;inch opening1 and a collar at the top4 ,attached to the collar1 and 8built in0 the chimney1 should be an #h-;inch tin pipe1 connecting with the register-box in the second story4 ,above this box this flue should be entirely closed4 ,the smoke-pipe should be #d-;inch1 and pass up through the #h-;inch tin pipe to the register-box1 where an elbow should be put on1 turning the smoke into the side flue adjoining4 ,the side flue should have no other side openings4 ,the ,bath-room has bath-tub1 seat-closet1 wash-basin1 with cold and hot water faucets4 ,each chamber to the right of the hall to have wash-basins4 ,these ,chambers have marble mantle shelves1 resting on plaster trusses1 at an expense of #f each1 which answer the purpose that a #bj mantle would1 and are really more cheerful and appropriate for such rooms4444 ,the ,attic is reached by the enclosed stairway1 and is arranged so that two or four bedrooms may be 8finished off0 as required4 ,the ,tank is placed on the floor over the bath-rooms1 and is supplied partly from the roof1 and partly by the force-pump in the kitchen4 ,all the remaining space in the attic may be used for storage1 etc4444 ,the ,cupola-room is #g #g feet1 reached by a light stairway4 ,the head-room is made to subserve the purpose of a stand or table1 so that really very little room is taken away by the stairs4444 ,very few people have any definite idea of the expense of the separate items that are comprehended under the head of ,plumbers' ,work4 ,the following estimate in detail of plumbing1 required in this house1 gives facts and figures enough to enable any one to decide just how much plumbing can be done for any given sum1 viz43 ,sheet-lead1 #c lbs4 to square ft41 for tank1 #b #d #f ft41 with stop-cock4 #ba4jj ,bath-tub1 #aj oz41 #ae2 plated flange and thimble-cock1 #f2 plated plug and chain4 #bb4ej ,pan-closet1 #ab4be2 plated cup and pull1 #a4ej2 ,french bowl1 #b4bj2 trap1 #d in41 #c4ge4 #ai4gj #c wash-basins1 #a4gj each2 marble slabs1 #e each2 plug1 stud1 and chain1 #a4ej each2 #b cocks1 trap1 screw1 plug1 #c each4 #cf4fj #a iron sink1 #ah #bd inches1 #b2 #b cocks1 #c4ej2 trap and screw1 #a4 #f4ej #ce-;gallon copper boiler1 #bg2 with stand1 #b4 #bi4jj ,force-pump1 with brass cylinder4 #ag4jj #bj ft4 #d-;in4 iron soil-pipe1 at #ej;c4 per ft4 #aj4jj #cgb lbs4 supply and circulation pipe1 at #h;c4 per lb4 #ca4fb #abe lbs4 waste-pipe1 at #h;c4 per lb4 #aj4fc ,solder1 tacks1 and charcoal for this job4 #c4jj #e days' time1 plumber and helper1 #f per day4 #cj4jj ------- ,total amount of cost4 #bcg4ee #aj per cent added by plumbers in estimating4 #bc4ge ------- ,total ,plumber's charges for the job4 #bfa4cj ,to the bill for plumbing we add the cost of3 ,range1 with elevated oven1 warm-closet1 water-back1 set complete4 #hj4jj ,heaters1 #b 8fire-place10 with registers and heating pipes1 #de each4 #ij4jj ,,cost4--,estimate of cost of building by this plan4 ,it will be noticed that the prices given for bay-windows1 porch1 lobby1 stairs1 windows1 cupola1 and doors1 include materials and labor complete1 and that the amount of carpenters' work is for the balance of such labor required on the job3 #ajj yards excavation1 at #bj;c4 per yard4 #bj4jj #bd1jjj brick1 furnished and laid1 at #ab per ,m4 #bhh4jj #iej yards plastering1 #c-;coat1 at #bh;c4 per yard4 #bff4jj #f1egh ft4 timber1 at #ae per ,m4 #ih4fg #d sills1 #d #h in4 #cj ft4 long4 #b sills1 #d #h in4 #cf ft4 long4 #aj posts1 #d #g in4 #bd ft4 long4 ,ties1 #d #f in4 #cij ft4 long4 #d cupola posts1 #d #f in4 #ae ft4 long4 ,plates1 #d #f in4 #acb ft4 long4 #gj beams1 #b #h in4 #ae ft4 long4 #fj beams1 #b #h in4 #bb ft4 long4 #ae beams1 #c #h in4 #bb ft4 long4 #d hips1 #c #h in4 #ah ft4 long4 #d valleys1 #c #h in4 #ah ft4 long4 #ad rafters1 #c #e in4 #ag ft4 long4 #ajj joist1 #c #d in4 #ac ft4 long1 at #bb;c4 each4 #bb4jj #djj wall-strips1 #b #d in4 #ac ft4 at #aa;c4 each4 #dd4jj #cbj sheathing1 #aj in4 #ac ft4 long1 at #be;c4 #hj4jj #bjj lbs4 tarred paper1 at #e;c4 per lb4 #aj4jj #cbj novelty siding-boards1 #i inch1 at #ch;c4 each4 #aba4fj #aie hemlock roof boards1 at #bb;c4 each4 #db4ij #bdj tongued and grooved flooring1 at #ce;c4 each4 #hd4jj #afh ft4 cornice1 at #gj;c4 per ft4 #aag4fj #ag squares of tin roofing1 at #aj per square4 #age4jj #aij ft4 gutters and leaders1 at #aj;c4 per foot4 #ai4jj ,cupola1 complete1 except tin 7included above74 #ajj4jj #b bay-windows1 complete1 at #ge each4 #aej4jj #a porch1 complete1 #ge2 lobby1 complete1 #ej4 #abe4jj #d stairs1 complete1 #ajj2 #ag windows1 complete1 #ae4 #cee4jj #e cellar windows1 at #f each4 #cj4jj #cd doors1 at #ab each4 #djh4jj #b marble mantles1 at #cj each4 #fj4jj #d marble shelves1 at #f each4 #bd4jj #e kegs nails1 at #e each4 #be4jj ,painting4 #bej4jj ,cartage1 average #a mile4 #ef4dj ,shelving1 base1 bell-hanging1 etc4 #gc4gj ,carpenter's labor4 #cfj4jj ,plumbing1 as detailed above4 #bfa4hj ,range1 #hj2 ,incidentals1 #afb4hc2 #b heaters1 at #de1 #ij4 #bif4cc --------- ,total cost of house4 #d1jjj4jj ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ach4--;,,elevation ,,of ,,front ,,of ,,house4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aci4--,,plan ,,of ,,cellar4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #adj4--;,,framing ,,of ,,bay-,,window4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ada4--,,plan ,,of ,,first ,,floor4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #adb4--,,plan ,,of ,,second ,,floor4 ,,design ,,xxxiii4 ,a ,,brick ,,house ,,costing #d1jjj4 ,this plan was designed for the residence of ,dr4 ,samuel ,mc,clure1 of ,olney1 ,ill4 ,the style and general characteristics are significant of elegance and comfort1 and suggest its adaptation to suburban1 rather than the more rural situations4444 ,,elevation1 7fig4 #adc47--,there is a peculiar compactness in the outlines of the principal building1 while the piazza and tower contribute largely to the symmetry and gracefulness of the entire structure4 ,the general details of the exterior are quite simple in themselves1 and are so proportioned and arranged as to adapt them to each other with artistic effect1 and to produce marked features of unity and completeness4444 ,,first ,,story1 7fig4 #add47--;,hight of ceiling1 #aa feet4 ,the general divisions and arrangements are simple and practical4 ,the principal entrance from the piazza is through outside and vestibule doors4 ,the outside doors are made in pairs1 with solid panels heavily moulded on the face4 ,the vestibule doors are of similar construction1 except that their upper panels are of glass4 ,there is a seeming extravagance in such 8vestibules10 or duplication of doors1 at the entrance of any dwelling1 and they may be regarded as a luxury rather than a necessity1 and would be superfluous and inappropriate in the ordinary cottage or farm-house2 but in residences of this character1 where there is abundant space1 such vestibules are manifestly proper1 adding a feature of elaborateness1 and providing for many contingencies of times and seasons4 ,the outside1 or storm-doors1 afford protection against extreme cold and severe storms1 and furnish additional security4 ,the vestibule1 or 8glass0 doors1 admit an abundance of cheerful light to the hall4 ,the ,main ,hall is roomy1 and contains the principal stairs1 which are of platform construction1 are wide1 and have hard-wood rail1 balusters1 and newel4 ,the ,parlor and ,dining-room adjoin the hall through large double doors4 ,the parlor and bed-room are separated by sliding doors4 ,the ,bed-room has doors leading to the principal hall and to the bath-room1 which has a wash-basin and water-closet4 ,the ,kitchen is supplied with a range1 with elevated oven and a water-back2 a #cj-;gallon copper boiler1 a sink with closet underneath1 a pump1 and stationary wash-tubs in three divisions1 and it connects through doors with the dining-room1 rear lobby1 cellar-stairway1 a large pantry1 and a dish-closet4 ,the ,rear ,lobby is arranged to connect with the rear entrance1 kitchen1 bath-room1 and principal hall4 ,the ,bath-room contains a tank1 with a capacity for four hogsheads of water 7placed near the ceiling71 bath-tub1 washstand1 and seat-closet4 ,lead pipes necessary for the supply and distribution of cold and hot water1 are provided in the kitchen and bath-room4 ,marble mantles are provided for the principal rooms of this story1 at an average cost of #be each4 ,double architraves are intended for the trimmings of the windows and doors in the principal apartments1 and neat chair-backs are provided for the dining-room and kitchen4444 ,,second ,,story 7fig4 #ade47--;,by the peculiar method of constructing the roof and frame-work1 it will be found that the inside walls of this story are vertical or plumb1 instead of angling as in the usual ,mansard roof4 ,the ceiling is #i feet high4 ,this story has a hall1 four large and one small rooms1 five closets1 and a stairway to the tower4 ,each of the four large chambers have marble shelves resting on plaster trusses1 as described in ,design ,,xxxii4 ,single architraves are intended for the trimming of this story4444 ,,construction of the ,walls and ,roof4--,the excavations are made #a foot deep1 and the earth thrown out is used in grading around the house at completion1 raising the surrounding surface #a foot4 ,the foundation and cross-walls 7fig4 #adf7 are #f feet high4 ,the principal walls resting on the foundation are #ad feet #c inches high1 and the walls of the tower extend #aa feet #f inches above the principal walls4 ,the walls inclosing the wing in the rear are #aj feet high2 all of hard burned brick and good mortar4 ,the exterior walls of the foundation are #ab inches thick1 and all other walls are #h inches thick1 and have heading courses every #b feet4 ,the bottom courses of the exterior foundation1 to the hight of #b feet1 are laid in mortar composed of hydraulic cement and sharp sand1 to prevent the absorption of dampness from the earth2 all other mortar is composed of lime and sand4 ,all exterior surfaces of brick-work that are exposed to view have 8flush-joints10 and those intended for painting should be rubbed smooth4 ,all windows for the cellar and first story have sills of dressed stone1 and have heads neatly arched of brick-work4 ,the window-caps for the first story windows are laid of brick1 as shown in sketch1 7fig4 #adg74 ,these caps are easily executed while constructing the walls1 and are quite ornamental2 the figures on the sketch denote the distances or projections of the several parts beyond the face of the wall4444 ,plates of #c #h timber are laid flatwise on top of the brick walls1 and the upper or roof framework is added as shown in section1 7fig4 #adh73 ,a1 foundation1 #ab inches thick2 ,b1 principal wall1 #h inches thick2 ,c1 ,c1 tower walls2 ,d1 ,d1 tower posts1 #d #f inches1 adjoining the upper portion of tower walls1 and forming a part of the tower2 ,e1 ,e1 principal plates1 #c #h laid on brick work2 ,f1 tie1 #c #h1 resting on #b #d studding1 placed inside the wall1 and nailed to the principal plates2 ,g1 ,g1 rafters sawed to pattern1 the lower end projects one inch beyond the face of the wall4 ,h1 ceiling timbers resting on the ties4 ,the remaining framework will be readily understood4 ,the roofs are inclosed with rough hemlock boards of even thickness1 and thoroughly nailed to the rafters--and lastly covered with ,,ic4 charcoal tin4 ,the method of laying the tin on the upright or ,mansard part of the roof1 is known in the trade as the 8raised groove0 plan1 in which all the vertical joints of the tin are raised and folded1 leaving an elevated seam or ridge1 which stiffens the general surface1 and adds to the picturesqueness of this form of roof1 without increasing its cost4 ,the balance of the tinning is laid with the ordinary lock-joint and soldered4 ,gas pipes are inserted in the framework so as to be concealed1 except where they appear for attachments for #d ceiling lights1 and #d side lights in the first story2 for #h side lights in the second story2 for #a ceiling light in the tower1 and for #a side light in the cellar4 ,ample opportunities for a thorough ,ventilation are provided for in this plan4 ,it will be seen that the four large rooms have windows in two of their sides1 affording the most certain and satisfactory means of ventilation known4--,flues are also provided adjoining each room in which registers are put1 for use in the more severe weather4 ,provision is made for the escape of the air from between the ceiling of the second story and the roof4--,five strong tin #d-;inch tubes1 with funnel covers1 are inserted in the deck of the principal roof2 four of them are placed #c feet behind the chimneys1 and one near the rear1 connecting with a flattened tube leading directly from the bath-room4444 ,the following ,,estimate of the quantities of materials and labor1 of their several kinds1 and their cost1 embraces everything necessary to the completion of the house1 excepting the appliances for heating1 which may consist of a furnace1 fire-place heaters1 or open grates1 as shall be best adapted to the location4 ,in this vicinity1 where hard coal is the chief fuel1 we would suggest a furnace1 placed in the cellar1 with large pipes arranged to convey warm air to the different parts of the house4 ,in localities where bituminous coal is used1 the open grate gives good results1 and is exceedingly cheerful in appearance4 ,there are ranges and parlor stoves constructed to burn soft coal successfully1 and it is undoubtedly possible that heating furnaces may be adapted to the use of the same fuel4 ,,estimate ,,of ,,cost3 #hj yards excavation1 at #bj;c4 per yard4 #af4jj #fj1jjj brick1 complete1 at #aj per ,m4 #fjj4jj #abj ft4 stone sills and coping1 at #cj;c4 per ft4 #cf4jj #a1jjj yards plastering principal1 complete1 at #bh;c4 per yard4 #bhj4jj #abj yards plastering ceiling of cellar1 complete1 at #ae;c4 #ah4jj #d1gfc ft4 of timber1 at #ae per ,m4 #ga4dd #b sills1 #d #h in4 #bh ft4 long4 #fh beams1 #c #h in4 #ae ft4 long4 #cd beams1 #c #h in4 #h ft4 long4 #d beams1 #c #g in4 #af ft4 long4 #i beams1 #c #g in4 #ai ft4 long4 #d girts1 #d #f in4 #bh ft4 long4 #a brace1 #c #e in4 #cj ft4 long4 #d hips1 #c #f in4 #ad ft4 long4 #a deck tie1 #c #h in4 #ach ft4 long4 #a deck plate1 #c #f in4 #ahh ft4 long4 #a main plate1 #c #h in4 #aci ft4 long4 #a tower plate1 #c #h in4 #cd ft4 long4 #d tower posts1 #d #f in4 #ad ft4 long4 #a piazza1 #c #g in4 #bbj ft4 long4 #ajj rough plank rafters1 at #be;c4 each4 #be4jj #cfj wall strips1 #b #d in41 #ab ft41 at #aa;c4 each4 #ci4fj #cjh hemlock boards1 #aj in4 #ac ft41 at #ah;c4 each4 #ee4dd #bej mill-worked flooring boards1 #i-;in41 at #cj;c4 each4 #ge4jj #acj furring strips1 #a #b in41 #ac ft41 at #e;c4 each4 #f4ej #ca squares of tin1 at #h4ej per square4 #bfc4ej #af windows1 #ast story and tower1 complete1 at #af each4 #bef4jj #ab cellar windows1 complete1 at #h each4 #if4jj #ac dormer windows1 complete1 at #bj each4 #bfj4jj ,cornices1 principal and deck4 #acj4jj ,piazza stoop and wing finish 7except tin71 complete4 #cjj4jj ,finial on tower4 #h4jj ,stairs1 complete1 #ajj4jj2 #ch doors1 at #aj each1 complete1 #chj4 #dhj4jj ,finish in closets4 #be4jj ,mantels and shelves 7of marble74 #ajj4jj ,range 7with elevated oven and water back74 #hj4jj ,plumbing and gas-pipes4 #bbj4jj ,nails and anchors4 #bg4aj ,painting1 #bjj2 ,cartage1 #cj4 #bcj4jj ,carpenter's labor not included in the completed works4 #bej4jj ,incidentals4 #ea4db --------- ,total cost1 complete4 #d1jjj4jj ,illustration3 ,fig4 #adc4--;,,elevation ,,of ,,house4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #add4--,,plan ,,of ,,first ,,floor4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ade4--,,plan ,,of ,,second ,,floor4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #adf4--,,plan ,,of ,,cellar4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #adg4--,,window-,,caps4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #adh4--,,section ,,of ,,frame4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #adi4--;,,elevation ,,of ,,country ,,residence4 ,,design ,,xxxiv4 ,,country ,,residence ,,costing #d1gej4 ,on the next page is a perspective view of a residence built for ,dr4 ,b4 ,clark1 of ,washington1 ,pa41 from special designs made by me in #ahgf4 ,the style and general arrangements are similar to the one built for ,dr4 ,mc,clure1 last described1 with the addition of a side extension or office1 and the completion of rooms in the basement for laundry purposes1 and a laboratory4 ,this ,building is substantially constructed1 and tastefully finished throughout4 ,the hight of the ceilings in the first story are #ab feet1 in the second #aj feet1 and for the basement #h feet4 ,it has two heaters1 four open grates1 a range1 complete apparatus in bath rooms1 and distributing pipes for cold and hot water4 ,the principal rooms are frescoed1 all others are kalsomined4 ,a ,reservoir constructed in the rear part of the cellar1 and provided with running spring water1 is arranged as a receptacle for milk cans1 and supplies the ,fountain shown in the front lawn 7this fountain1 owing to the sloping surface of the grounds1 is several feet below the foundations of the house74444 ,dr4 ,clark moved into his new house during the first week in ,february last1 and writes with reference to it1 that 8all in all it is the most tasteful in outside appearance1 convenient1 and economically constructed building in this section1 and attracts a great deal of attention40 ,the cost of this building1 everything complete1 was #d1gej4 ,,design ,,xxxv4 ,a ,,house ,,costing #d1jjj4 ,these plans were designed for a suburban residence1 to take the place of one recently destroyed by fire4 ,the original structure was cubiform in outline1 resembling a huge box2 with unbroken facades1 and flat roof1 destitute of beauty1 and in strange contrast with the tasteful surroundings4 ,the owner desired to use the old foundations1 still in fair condition1 without disturbing the grounds1 underlying pipes1 etc41 and thus retain the nearly square ground plan1 but a building with an exterior agreeing with the surroundings4 ,while the main object in presenting this design is to show that the ground plans do not necessarily determine the style of exterior dress1 its general arrangement and character will be found to deserve favorable consideration4444 ,,elevation1 7fig4 #aej47--,there is a constant demand for 8,mansard ,roofs10 arising from an aspiration for structures signifying originality and progressiveness4 ,the animated features of this style accord with activity1 rather than of retirement1 and adapt it to prominent situations1 skirting the more public thoroughfares4 ,the objections to such roofs result from their frequent misapplication4 ,they are manifestly inappropriate for retired or secluded situations1 or for persons of purely domestic tastes4 ,they also lose their identity and expressiveness when duplicated in close and continuous proximity1 as is often done in towns4 ,but this is true of any other style4 ,variety is the spice of architecture4444 ,,cellar1 7fig4 #aea47--;,hight of #h feet in clear4 ,it has an outside rear entrance1 is well lighted1 and contains ample space for the furnace1 and divisions for coal1 vegetables1 etc4444 ,,first ,,story1 7fig4 #aeb47--;,hight of ceilings1 #aj feet4 ,the accommodations are conveniently arranged1 and sufficient for a large family4 ,the main entrance from the piazza is through large double doors and a vestibule4 ,the ,hall is central and spacious1 communicating with the principal rooms1 and rear entry1 and contains the main stairs1 which are unusually wide and easy4 ,the ,parlor and ,library1 divided by large sliding doors1 can be used separately1 or together as one spacious room when desired4 ,the ,dining-room and ,kitchen adjoin1 and have the necessary pantries1 range1 pump1 sink1 and stationary wash-tubs1 with cold and hot water4 ,a ,conservatory is entered from the dining-room through double sash doors1 adding a cheerful feature to this apartment1 where the family spend much of their time4 ,the rear may be reached from the dining-room in three ways--by the main hall and rear entry1 or through the kitchen1 or most pleasantly through the conservatory4444 ,,second ,,story1 7fig4 #aec47--;,hight of ceilings #i feet4 ,the divisions include a hall1 four large chambers with closets to each1 a front hall bed-room1 and a bath-room4 ,each of the chambers has windows in two sides1 giving opportunity for plentiful light and fresh air4 ,the clear width of the room sections1 7#e yards each71 favors the economical cutting of carpets4 ,the main stairs are made continuous to the attic story4 ,the ,bath-room is furnished with a bath-tub1 wash-bowl1 and seat-closet1 and with cold and hot water4444 ,,construction4--,the foundations1 stone-sills1 area stoops1 framing1 inclosing1 flooring1 plastering1 and painting1 are similar to those described for ,design ,,xiii4 ,care should be taken in covering the roofs1 as the materials used 7wood1 tin1 and slate71 are entirely foreign to each other1 and can only be placed in contact1 and indirectly united4 ,the wood should be thoroughly seasoned1 to prevent a future disturbance of the exterior covering4 ,all flashings along the sides of the dormers and other uprights should be #aj inches wide1 and double painted before being used4 ,the conservatory is not floored1 but is filled in with earth level with the foundation walls4 ,a walk is laid through the center1 of #a #d-;inch slats1 and the remaining space is devoted to plants4 ,a furnace is placed in the cellar1 with pipes to convey warm air to the principal rooms and halls of both stories1 and to the conservatory4 ,the pipes and register boxes for conveying warm air to the second story1 are placed in the chimneys while building them4 ,there are open fire-places in the principal rooms1 with marble mantles in the first story1 and marble shelves in the chambers4 ,stucco cornices and centers1 of appropriate patterns1 are put in the principal rooms and hall of the first story4 ,a hall and stairway leading to the tower1 is completed in the ,,attic1 the other portions of the third story are unfinished1 but may be converted into pleasant rooms for school purposes1 or chambers1 as desired4 ,,estimate1 ,cost of materials and labor3 #aad yards excavation1 at #bj;c4 per yard4 #bb4hj #hd perches stone-foundation1 at #b4ge per perch4 #bca4jj #fj ft4 blue-stone sills1 steps1 and coping1 at #bh;c4 per ft4 #af4hj #h1jjj brick1 furnished and laid1 at #ab per ,m4 #if4jj #a1jjj yards plastering1 at #bh;c4 per yard4 #bhj4jj #bcj feet stucco cornices and centers1 at #be;c4 per ft4 #eg4ej #h1cje ft4 of timber1 at #ae per ,m4 #abd4eg #b girders1 #d #h in4 #cj ft4 long4 #b sills1 #d #h in4 #cj ft4 long4 #b sills1 #d #h in4 #dj ft4 long4 #b sills1 #d #h in4 #bc ft4 long4 #b sills1 #d #h in4 #aa ft4 long4 #i posts1 #d #g in4 #bc ft4 long4 #b posts1 #d #g in4 #cb ft4 long4 #b posts1 #d #g in4 #ab ft4 long4 #b posts1 #d #f in4 #aa ft4 long4 ,ties1 #d #f in4 #cej ft4 long4 ,plates1 #d #f in4 #bdg ft4 long4 ,perlines1 #c #h in4 #bae ft4 long4 #ea beams1 #c #h in4 #be ft4 long4 #ae beams1 #c #h in4 #ba ft4 long4 #ej beams1 #c #h in4 #af ft4 long4 #d hips1 #c #g in4 #ad ft4 long4 ,piazza1 #c #g in4 #agf ft4 long4 ,piazza1 #c #e in4 #hf ft4 long4 #f locust posts at #cj;c1 #a4hj2 #aej joists1 at #af;c41 #bd4 #be4hj #aej wall-strips1 at #aa;c4 each4 #af4ej #bbj sheathing1 at #ah;c41 #ci4fj2 #ejj lbs4 tarred felting1 #bj4 #ei4fj #djj clapboards1 at #ab;c4 each4 #dh4jj #hgj hemlock boards for roof1 at #af;c4 each4 #ei4bj #ad squares slate1 at #h per square4 #aai4jj #bj squares tin1 at #g per square4 #aej4jj ,cornice materials4 #hi4fb #cce pieces flooring 7#i-;inch71 at #ah;c4 each4 #fj4cj ,piazzas and porches1 complete4 #afj4jj #i cellar windows1 complete1 at #e each4 #de4jj #bd plain windows1 complete1 at #ab each4 #bhh4jj #ah dormer windows1 complete1 at #af each4 #bhh4jj ,stairs1 complete1 #ajj2 #de doors1 complete1 at #aj1 #dej4 #eej4jj ,closets1 #cj2 nails1 #bj4 #ej4jj #c marble mantles1 #ge2 #d marble shelves1 #be4 #ajj4jj ,range and plumbing4 #bfj4jj ,sky-light in conservatory4 #ab4jj ,furnace and pipes4 #aej4jj ,carting1 average #a mile4 #dj4jj ,carpenter's labor1 not included above4 #cjj4jj ,painting1 #bbj2 incidentals1 #hj4ca4 #cjj4ca --------- ,total cost1 complete4 #d1jjj4jj ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aej4--;,,elevation ,,of ,,front ,,of ,,house4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aea4--,,plan ,,of ,,cellar4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aeb4--,,plan ,,of ,,first ,,floor4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aec4--,,plan ,,of ,,second ,,floor4 ,,design ,,xxxvi4 ,a ,,farm ,,house ,,costing #e1jjj4 ,the plans here given were originally designed for the residence of ,mr4 ,f4 ,h4 ,johnston1 ,easton1 ,md4 ,they will interest those desiring a good-sized1 comfortable farm-house4444 ,,exterior1 7fig4 #aed74--,the site in this case being midway between the highway and a water front1 7facing a tributary of the ,chesapeake17 made it desirable to have two main entrances1 adapted to either approach1 and indicated the position of the kitchen wing at the side4 ,the ,conservatory is in an angle facing the southeast4 ,the ,piazza and ,roof ,projections are of ample breadth to give abundant shade1 and proper effect4 ,as a whole1 the outlines are rounded and compact1 indicating completeness and strength--always desirable features in buildings of this class4444 ,,cellar1 7fig4 #aee74--;,hight of ceiling #h feet4 ,it has #ac windows1 and outside and hatchway doors4 ,openings in the chimneys provide ventilation4 ,the ceilings are plastered1 to prevent the ascent of damp and unwholesome vapors through the frame-work of the house4444 ,,first ,,story1 7fig4 #aef74--;,hight of the ceilings in the main house1 #aa ft4 #d in41 and in the wing #i ft4 ,the main entrances lead from the piazzas1 through large double doors1 to the principal ,hall1 which is wide1 and extends1 unobstructed1 through the house4 ,the main stairs occupy the space at the right1 which is separated by an arch that preserves the continuity of the hall ceiling4 ,the ordinary or family entrance is by way of the passage1 and is convenient to all the parts of the house in daily use4 ,a private stairway leads from the passage to the second story4 ,the ,parlor and ,library are separated by sliding doors1 and each has a bay and other windows4 ,the ,dining-room at the right is pleasantly arranged2 it may be entered from the main hall1 or through the conservatory1 or by the passage1 or through the butler's pantry4 ,wide double sash-doors lead to the conservatory1 and single sash-doors open to the piazza through the passage4 ,the ,kitchen has doors leading to the passage1 butler's pantry1 cellar1 and yard1 and has three windows4 ,it is provided with a range1 pump1 boiler1 wash-tubs1 and sink4 ,the ,butler's ,pantry is spacious2 one end is dresser finished1 with counter-shelf and doors above and below4 ,a counter-shelf is also placed at the opposite end1 with wash-tray and closet4 ,the sides are shelved around1 and have cleats and hooks4444 ,,second ,,story1 7fig4 #aeg74--;,hight of ceilings in the main house #aj feet2 in the wing #i feet4 ,the divisions embrace six rooms1 six closets1 and the required halls4 ,the platform of the main stairs is level with the second floor of the wing1 and from it a door leads to the wing passage4 ,the ,bath-room has a bath-tub1 wash-stand1 and seat-closet1 and a good-sized closet for towelling1 etc4 ,all closets have the usual shelving and hooks4 ,each chamber has marble shelves and stucco trusses4444 ,,attic4--,the stairs leading to this story are above the main flight1 inclosed with narrow ceiling1 and have a door at the foot4 ,there are two circular windows in each end gable1 and one in each front4 ,the whole is floored1 but otherwise unfinished1 to be used as an open garret4444 ,,construction4--,the excavations are #d feet deep1 and the loose earth thrown out is neatly graded around1 leaving three feet of the foundations exposed to sight4 ,the foundations are of hard burned brick1 #ab inches thick for the main house1 and #h inches for the wing and conservatory4 ,brick piers1 #ab inches square1 are built for the piazza supports4 ,the first story frame-work is beam-filled with bricks1 where they rest on the foundation4 ,this prevents draughts of air from entering the house between the foundation and the frame1 and also keeps mice out of the frame at this point--the latter is especially necessary along the lines of the main partitions4 ,the chimneys are of hard brick1 arranged with continuous flues from each fire-place to the top4 ,tin #h-;inch pipes1 with the necessary elbows and register boxes1 are inserted while building1 to convey warm air from the cellar to the large chambers in the second story4 ,the frame-work is constructed in the most thorough manner1 of sound pine or spruce timber4 ,the siding is of clear pine clapboard1 laid on sheathing felt4 ,cornices of dressed pine4 ,principal roofing of cedar shingles4 ,piazza and bay window roofs of tin4 ,flooring of narrow yellow pine4 ,the first and second stories are completed in every respect1 ready for occupation4 ,each of the principal rooms and the main hall have stucco cornices and centers4 ,arches with neat ornamental corbels are built across each bay window1 over the ,l adjoining the main hall1 and at the entrance of the passage leading to the bed-room in the second story4 ,all sashes are #a-;inch thick1 and glazed with four lights in each pair4 ,blinds 7outside7 are properly hung and fastened to each window above the cellar4 ,the conservatory is substantially constructed of light frame-work1 with no superfluous dressing to obstruct the light1 and glazed with plain1 single-thick glass at the sides1 and ribbed glass for the roof1 has a narrow walk of slat-work leading from the dining-room door1 and is arranged to be heated in winter from a furnace in the cellar4 ,all parts usually painted1 have two coats of best paint1 of color and materials selected by the owner4 ,,estimate1 cost of materials and labor3 #bfh yards excavation1 at #bj;c4 per yard4 #ec4fj #ej1jjj bricks1 7furnished and laid17 at #ab per ,m4 #fjj4jj #hh ft4 blue-stone sills1 at #cj;c4 per ft4 #bf4dj #a1cjj yards plastering1 at #bh;c4 per yard4 #cfd4jj #age 0 0 cellar ceiling1 at #af;c4 per yard4 #bh4jj #ccj ft4 cornices1 complete1 at #bj;c4 per foot4 #ff4jj #d centers1 complete1 at #d each4 #af4jj #ad1cjj ft4 of timber1 at #ad per ,m4 #bjj4bj ,sills1 #d #aj in4 #bgf ft4 long4 ,ties1 #d #f in4 #dij ft4 long4 ,plates1 #d #h in4 #ach ft4 long4 ,perlines1 #d #i in4 #bad ft4 long4 ,ridges1 #c #i in4 #fg ft4 long4 ,ridges1 #c #g in4 #bj ft4 long4 ,gables1 #d #f in4 #bjj ft4 long4 #d posts1 #d #h in4 #bf ft4 long4 #h posts1 #d #h in4 #bc ft4 long4 #d posts1 #d #g in4 #ac ft4 long4 #b posts1 #d #g in4 #ab ft4 long4 #ej beams1 #c #aj in4 #ai ft4 long4 #h beams1 #d #aj in4 #ai ft4 long4 #aj beams1 #c #aj in4 #ah ft4 long4 #a beam1 #d #aj in4 #ah ft4 long4 #aa beams1 #c #i in4 #ah ft4 long4 #bh beams1 #c #i in4 #ai ft4 long4 #bh beams1 #c #aj in4 #aj ft4 long4 #ad beams1 #c #i in4 #aj ft4 long4 #gh rafters1 #c #f in4 #be ft4 long4 #cd rafters1 #c #e in4 #ae ft4 long4 ,braces1 #c #e in4 #bdj ft4 long4 #age joists1 at #ac;c41 #bb4ge2 #djj wall strips1 at #aj;c41 #dj4 #fb4ge #hjj lbs4 felt1 at #d;c41 #cb2 #hjj siding1 clapboards1 #aj;c41 #hj4 #aab4jj ,cornice materials4 #abj4jj #ejj rough roofing1 at #ad;c4 each4 #gj4jj #ab1jjj singles1 at #aj per ,m4 #abj4jj #aa squares tin1 at #i per square4 #ii4jj #dej ft4 valleys1 gutters1 and leaders1 at #aj;c4 #de4jj #e1cff ft4 flooring1 at #c;c4 per foot4 #afj4ih #ac cellar windows1 complete1 at #f each4 #gh4jj #cj plain windows1 complete1 at #ab each4 #cfj4jj #b bay windows1 complete1 at #fj each4 #abj4jj #b dormer windows1 complete1 at #bj each4 #dj4jj #d stairs1 complete4 #aej4jj #ch doors1 complete1 at #ab4 #def4jj ,piazza and stoops1 exclusive of floors and roofing4 #bej4jj ,conservatory1 complete4 #aej4jj ,mantles1 complete4 #ajb4jj ,pantry and closets1 complete4 #ge4jj ,nails1 #bd2 ,carting1 average #a mile1 #ej4 #gd4jj ,range and plumbing1 complete4 #bej4jj ,carpenter's labor1 not included above4 #dej4jj ,painting4 #bgb4jj ,incidentals4 #bi4jg --------- ,total cost1 complete4 #e1jjj4jj ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aed4--;,,elevation ,,of ,,front ,,of ,,house4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aee4--,,plan ,,of ,,cellar4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aef4--,,plan ,,of ,,first ,,floor4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aeg4--,,plan ,,of ,,second ,,floor4 ,,design ,,xxxvii4 ,a ,,house ,,costing #g1jjj4 ,the accompanying plans were designed for a suburban residence erected during the past year by ,mr4 ,bernhard ,greeff1 at ,college ,point1 ,long ,island1 ,n4 ,y4 ,the general outlines were determined with especial reference to the location--which is elevated1 overlooking the ,east ,river to the north and west1 ,flushing bay1 and the village to the south1 and with an eastward frontage to the street1 giving pleasant views in all directions4 ,with these points fixed1 it is easy to see the propriety of placing a broad side to the bleak or northern exposure1 and putting such breaks or angles as are required in the more sheltered directions4444 ,,exterior1 7fig4 #aeh47--,the style of this example is homelike1 and shows to the best advantage when placed in comparison with those of more fanciful design4 ,sufficient irregularities are made in angles and projections to give variety4 ,the details shown in the front finish are continued around the sides and rear4 ,the hight of the rear wing is one story less than the main house4 ,while the appearance of this house is agreeable on every side1 the most pleasing is from the southerly direction4444 ,,cellar1 7fig4 #aei47--;,hight of ceiling #g feet1 of which #d feet are above ground4 ,all parts are well lighted with windows1 except the hall1 which has a sash-door with iron guard4 ,the ,laundry has an open stairway to the kitchen1 and is provided with wash-tubs4 ,a water-closet is placed under the stair4 ,a furnace is placed in the northern division of the cellar1 with pipes for conducting warm air to each room and hall in the two stories of the main house1 and to the bath-room4444 ,,first ,,story1 7fig4 #afj47--;,hight of ceilings in main house #aa feet2 in rear wing #h feet #e inches4 ,the ,front ,entrance is through a vestibule leading to the main hall4 ,the ,hall is large1 contains the principal stairs1 with a closet under them1 and communicates with the parlor1 sitting-room1 and rear entry4 ,the ,sitting or ,family-room is arranged to be the pleasantest apartment1 has double windows front and rear1 7the rear ones opening to the floor71 and a large bay-window giving an outlook in three directions4 ,each of the principal rooms has grates for open fires1 side registers leading from the furnace1 and marble mantles4 ,the ,rear ,entry communicates with the several apartments1 and the rear piazza4 ,the ,kitchen has an elevated range1 boiler1 sink1 drain-board1 two closets1 and enclosed stairways leading down to the laundry1 and up to the second story2 it communicates with the dining-room through the butler's pantry1 the latter is 8dresser-finished0 with sash-doors1 copper wash-trays1 etc4444 ,,second ,,story1 7fig4 #afa47--;,hight of ceiling in main house #aj feet1 in wing #i feet1 with side breasts #e feet4 ,the floor of the wing is level with the platform of the main stairs4 ,the full ceiling above this platform is arched over1 and conceals the roof angle of the wing4 ,an inside and smaller arch leads to the passage beyond4 ,both of these arches may be seen from the lower hall1 and are pleasing features4 ,an arch between the closets at the opposite end of the hall makes an alcove to the hall window4 ,the room divisions are similar to those of the first story4 ,closets are provided for each chamber4 ,the ,bath-room is conveniently arranged and furnished4444 ,,attic4--,hight of ceiling #i feet1 with breast-walls #c feet4 ,there are #c good-sized chambers1 a hall1 and #g closets in this story4 ,four dormer and three gable windows are provided4444 ,,construction4--,the time allowed for the erection of most buildings is too limited4 ,although this house was built by contract1 no haste was enjoined1 six months being allowed for its completion1 giving the builder an opportunity of selecting the materials and workmen1 and of applying the parts in their proper time and order4 ,the exterior foundation walls1 to the level of the ground1 are of broken stone1 #ah inches thick2 the balance of hard brick1 #ab inches thick4 ,the frame is of full-sized timber2 all beams and studding are placed #af inches from centers4 ,the siding-boards are #f inches wide1 rabbeted1 and laid #e inches to the weather1 on stiff tarred 8sheathing-board10 weighing #a pound to the square yard4 ,the exterior frame is 8filled in0 with pale brick4 ,the main and wing roofs are covered with ,keystone slate on tarred felt over hemlock boards4 ,the main gutters are of double cross tin1 laid in with the slate as shown in ,design ,v4 ,the roofs of the piazzas1 and bay-window1 are of single cross tin4 ,the cellar bottom is concreted with hydraulic cement and gravel1 #c in4 thick4 ,the laundry and cellar hall have the usual wide flooring1 and are thoroughly plastered and finished4 ,the partitions in the cellar1 and the coal-bins are of dressed plank4 ,all the floors in the two principal stories are double1 the first being of ordinary dressed flooring--the second is 8parquet0 flooring laid of #b-;inch yellow pine1 and black walnut4 ,the black walnut is used only in the borders and centers4 ,these borders are made by laying from five to eight courses of alternate woods all around the rooms1 ending at the hearths4 ,the widths and arrangements are changed slightly in the different apartments1 to give variety4 ,these floors are intended to dispense with the use of carpets2 rugs1 covering the central portions of the floor1 being adopted in their place4 ,unlike the stationary carpet1 these may be easily removed for airing1 and the floors cleaned daily if desirable4 ,the three upper stories are hard-finished1 on two coats of brown mortar4 ,each room and hall in the first and second stories of the main house have suitable stucco cornices and centers4 ,the interior wood-finish is complete1 all of clear and seasoned materials4 ,bronzed hardware is used in the first story1 and porcelain in the balance of the building4 ,gas-pipes are inserted for thirty lights1 properly distributed through the house4 ,five bells are included in the fittings4 ,all wood1 tin1 and exterior brick work has two coats of best paint4 ,the outside doors1 and the halls1 are grained in imitation of hard woods4 ,the stair rails1 door saddles1 and the hard-wood flooring1 are rubbed with linseed oil4 ,the following are the estimates of the cost1 as per contracts3 ,mason work1 completed4 #a1fej4jj ,roofer's work1 0 #ccg4jj ,carpenter's work1 0 #c1egc4jj ,plumber's work1 0 #eij4jj ,furnaces1 0 #bjj4jj ,mantles1 0 #cjj4jj ,painter's work1 0 #cej4jj --------- ,total4 #g1jjj4jj ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aeh4--;,,elevation ,,of ,,front ,,of ,,house4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aei4--,,plan ,,of ,,cellar4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #afj4--,,plan ,,of ,,first ,,floor4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #afa4--,,plan ,,of ,,second ,,floor4 ,,design ,,xxxviii4 ,a ,,house ,,costing #h1jjj4 ,these plans were designed for a large and convenient house1 arranged to embrace nearly all of the modern improvements4 ,figure #afb is the perspective view of a house recently built from these plans1 for ,mr4 ,j4 ,m4 ,peck1 at ,flushing1 ,l4 ,i4 ,the general characteristics of the exterior are expressive of refinement and cheerfulness4 ,there is considerable novelty in some of the outlines and details of construction4 ,it will be seen that the ,tower is five stories high1 or two stories above the attic of the main house1 affording a lofty outlook4 ,all the long horizontal lines of cornice are broken up by truss-heads1 which are ornamental in themselves1 and give relief from the depressing appearance of such long lines4 ,the ,dormer ,windows of the main house have projecting pediments1 with turned columns resting on the outer edge of the main cornice4 ,the ,inclosing of this house is the same as that described for ,design ,,xxxii4 ,the ,mansard part of the main roof and tower is covered with dark slate1 laid on sound boards1 covered with felt4 ,all other roofs are tinned in the best manner4444 ,the ,,cellar extends under the whole house1 and has outside and cross-walls of hard brick1 which1 with the chimneys and area1 are built as described in ,,xxxii4 ,a ,furnace is put in at ,f1 and enclosed with brick1 and #aj-;inch tin pipes are provided to convey hot air to the parlors1 library1 dining-room1 and hall of the first story1 to five rooms in the second story1 and to the tank-room in the attic story4444 ,the ,,first ,,story contains a large ,hall1 ,parlor1 ,library1 ,dining-room to be used as a ,living-room1 ,kitchen1 ,butler's and other ,pantries1 ,wash-room1 two flights of ,stairs1 the principal one in the main hall1 and a private one adjoining the wash-room4 ,the ,main ,hall is #g feet wide1 and is entered from the piazza through heavy front and vestibule double doors4 ,the front doors are full hight1 and have quarter-circle plate glass 8skylights0 in them4 ,the vestibule doors have plate glass upper panels1 with transom1 and half-circle head-light4 ,double doors open from the hall to the parlor and to the dining-room1 and large sliding doors separate the parlor from the library4 ,the ,dining-room has a large bay-window1 marble mantel1 china closet1 and adjoins the butler's pantry4 ,the ,kitchen is arranged with such conveniences as would delight the most enthusiastic housekeeper2 has large closets1 range1 sink1 cold and hot water1 adjoins the wash-room1 cellar stairway1 and private passage1 and communicates with the dining-room through the butler's pantry4 ,the ,range has an elevated oven1 warm closet1 and water-back4 ,to secure a perfect ventilation1 a large register is placed in the flue of the chimney1 which creates so strong a draft that the air in this room can all be changed in a few minutes4 ,the left-hand flue of the kitchen chimney contains the pipes that convey warm air from the furnace to the bath and tank rooms4 ,the wash-room contains the copper boiler and wash-tubs1 and has a closet under the private stairs4 ,the sink is large1 and is provided with large drain-boards at each side1 and a row of closets underneath4 ,the ,butler's ,pantry has complete fittings of drawers1 shelving1 oval copper wash-tray1 and washstand with marble top1 and is provided with cold and hot water4 ,a ,passage or private hall is arranged to connect with the principal hall1 kitchen1 private stairway1 and rear entrance2 by this plan the principal housework can be done without intruding in any way on the main hall or principal rooms of the house4444 ,,second ,,story4 ,this story contains a good-sized hall1 #d large chambers1 a private study1 bath-room1 store-room1 six large closets1 and private stairway4 ,the principal flight of stairs is made continuous from the first floor to the attic2 an arch is placed across the narrow part of the hall in this story1 near the first landing of the principal stairs1 and is in full sight from the hall below1 imparting a cheerful and finished appearance4444 ,,attic1 or ,third ,story--,this story is finished throughout1 and is divided into a hall1 two large chambers1 with closets to each1 tank-room1 and large attic4 ,the stairs to the tower are closed in1 and have a door at the foot4 ,the hall is lighted through a sash-door from the tank-room4 ,the large attic-room at the right has two doors opening from the hall1 and may be divided into two rooms if required4 ,a large upper room1 where noise will not disturb the occupants of the lower parts of the house1 will always be found valuable for school and play-room purposes1 especially in cold or stormy weather1 and when supplied with a table1 benches1 maps1 books1 and apparatus for instruction and entertainment1 will afford the younger members of the family opportunity for development and exercise4444 ,,general ,,remarks4--,many people1 who would adopt this general plan1 might conclude that the style of the exterior is too elaborate and costly4 ,it must be obvious to any one that the internal arrangements1 and ground plan of houses1 should be made to conform to the necessities and requirements of those who are to occupy them2 and these parts being of the first importance1 should receive the first consideration4 ,such ground plans1 however1 do not decide1 or even indicate1 the style1 character1 or expense1 of the outside dress that may be put upon them4 ,different people have entirely different characters1 tastes1 and resources1 and the external appearance of their homes should signify those general qualities and characteristics1 and also accord with1 and conform to1 all the circumstances of location1 and relation4444 ,the ,,estimate in detail provides for all work to be done in a substantial manner1 of the usual materials4 ,the exterior and interior wood finish is of clear pine lumber4 ,the ,plastering is hard-finished1 on two coats of brown mortar4 ,appropriate ,cornices1 ,centers1 and ,panels1 in stucco1 are intended for the hall1 parlor1 library1 dining-room1 and the two front chambers in the second story4 ,gas-pipes are inserted in the frame-work of the house1 with connections arranged for #cg attachments4 ,these are easily put in during construction1 and even when the house is located far from any city or village having gas1 there is strong probability that ere long we shall have convenient apparatus for making and supplying gas to isolated dwellings4444 ,,plumbing is provided as described in ,design ,,xxxii41 except that the plumbing required for the butler's pantry1 is here added4 ,bells are put in1 with their wires running through zinc tubes concealed in the walls4 ,the front-door pull leads to a gong in the kitchen4 ,the dining-room has a bell leading to the school-room in the attic4 ,each chamber in the second story1 and the bath-room1 has a bell leading to the kitchen1 and the largest chamber has a bell leading to the attic4 ,speaking-tubes are provided for communication between the second story1 hall1 and bath-room1 with the kitchen4444 ,,painting4--,the body of the outside is in warm-gray2 the principal outside trimming in pure white1 with thin separating lines in light drab1 and blinds in dark-bronze color4 ,all wood1 tin1 and brick work1 usually painted1 both inside and outside1 has two coats of the best lead and oil4 ,all doors are grained--and all hard-wood1 such as stair-rail1 balusters1 and door-saddles1 are rubbed in oil4 ,,estimate3 #baf yards excavation1 at #bj;c4 per yard4 #dc4bj #cb1jjj hard brick1 at #i per #ajjj4 #bhh4jj #f1jjj pale brick1 at #e per #a1jjj4 #cc4jj ,materials for plastering1 and lath4 #cjj4jj #gj ft4 stone steps and coping1 at #cj;c4 #ba4jj ,labor for all the mason work4 #fjj4jj #ac1beh ft4 timber1 at #ae per ,m4 #aih4hg #a sill1 #d #h in4 #bdb ft4 long4 #a tie1 #d #f in4 #dhd ft4 long4 #b posts1 #d #h in4 #db ft4 long4 #b posts1 #d #h in4 #ai ft4 long4 #a deck plate1 #c #h in4 #aef ft4 long4 #f hips1 #c #aj in4 #bb ft4 long4 #a sill 7piazza7 #d #g in4 #aad ft4 long4 #a plate 0 #c #h in4 #ij ft4 long4 #a beam 0 #c #f in4 #fj ft4 long4 #ab posts1 #d #h in4 #cf ft4 long4 #a plate1 #d #f in4 #cfj ft4 long4 #aab beams1 #c #h in4 #af ft4 long4 #ef 0 #c #h in4 #bb ft4 long4 #cb 0 #c #h in4 #ab ft4 long4 #bh 0 #c #h in4 #h ft4 long4 #h 0 #c #h in4 #ah ft4 long4 #eb 0 #b #f in4 #ac ft4 long4 #a 0 #b #g in4 #bh ft4 long4 #cjj joist1 #c #d in4 #ac ft4 long1 at #bb;c4 each4 #ff4jj #cej wall strips1 #b #d in4 #ac ft4 long1 at #aa;c4 each4 #ch4ej #ibh tongued and grooved sheathing boards for sides and roofs1 at #be;c4 each4 #bcb4jj #cjj lbs4 tarred paper1 at #e;c4 per lb4 #ae4jj #ffc novelty clear siding-boards1 at #cj;c4 each4 #aih4ij #daf ft4 main cornices1 water table1 corner boards4 #daf4jj #bi squares of tin roofing1 at #h per square4 #bcf4jj #ag squares of slate1 7no openings allowed7 at #aj per square4 #agj4jj #ac cellar windows1 complete1 at #ab each4 #aef4jj #a bay-window1 complete4 #ajj4jj #cj windows1 first and second story1 and tower1 complete1 at #ag each4 #eaj4jj #ac dormer windows1 complete1 at #bc each4 #bii4jj #c piazzas1 7except tinning71 complete4 #djj4jj #a balcony1 7except tinning71 complete4 #ce4jj #a hood1 7except tinning71 complete4 #ej4jj #dhj flooring-boards1 #f-;inch1 at #be;c4 each4 #abj4jj #afj flooring boards1 #i-;inch4 #df4jj ,stairs1 complete4 #bjj4jj #ad closets and pantries1 complete4 #acj4jj #ej doors1 complete1 at #ae4bj each4 #gfj4jj #d marble mantles1 complete4 #abe4jj ,furnace and range1 7set and piped71 complete4 #djj4jj ,plumbing1 complete4 #cjj4jj ,painting4 #djj4jj ,carpenter's labor1 not included above4 #hjj4jj ,cartage1 average #a mile4 #aae4jj ,incidentals4 #aig4ec --------- ,total cost of materials and construction4 #h1jjj4jj ,illustration3 ,fig4 #afb4--,,perspective ,,view ,,of ,,house4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #afc4--,,plan ,,of ,,cellar4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #afd4--,,plan ,,of ,,main ,,floor4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #afe4--,,plan ,,of ,,second ,,story4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aff4--,,plan ,,of ,,attic4 ,,design ,,xxxix4 ,,contiguous ,,houses1 ,,costing #a1jjj ,,each4 ,these plans were originally prepared for six connected cottages1 just completed1 for ,mr4 ,fred4 ,storms1 7manufacturer71 at ,bayside1 ,l4 ,i4 ,they were designed to give the largest amount of accommodation1 convenience1 and finish1 possible1 for one thousand dollars each1 and are especially adapted to rapidly filling localities1 or manufacturing districts4 ,by this system of building in blocks1 a very large saving is made in materials and labor1 at first1 and little expense is required to keep them in order afterwards4 ,where desired1 the introduction of gas1 or water-pipes1 may be made1 from one to the other direct1 at small cost4 ,such connected houses are really more comfortable than separate ones1 as they protect each other at their sides from the extreme changes of the outward temperature2 and are therefore warmer in winter1 and cooler in summer4 ,the site chosen in this case is elevated1 and has a westward frontage1 securing the important advantages of good drainage1 and the admission of direct sunlight to every room4444 ,,exterior1 7fig4 #afg74--;,building in blocks is a favorite mode with many large owners of village property4 ,the chief objection to a majority of such erections is their formal and stiff appearance1 arising from a monotonous uniformity1 a repetition of parts1 and the overpowering predominance of horizontal lines--partaking too much of the city-street style4 ,to overcome such objections in this design1 simple but effective irregularities were introduced1 so that really no two dwellings are alike4 ,the sky-lines are broken and varied2 the main roofs have pedimented projections--with ,mansard sections intervening2 all horizontal lines are either shortened or omitted1 leaving vertical ones to prevail1 and the window openings are varied in their form and distribution4 ,while these several features are essential to the good appearance of such buildings1 giving them the pleasing elements of variety and picturesqueness1 they do not add very materially to the cost4 ,cottages designed for simple dwellings1 whether built apart or connected1 should1 as far as possible1 preserve their identity as cottages1 and if destined for undulating and picturesque situations1 should be outlined to accord with their surroundings4444 ,,interior4--,the following description of rooms has reference to the house at the extreme left2 its relation with the adjoining one is shown by the dotted sketch at the side4 ,all have equal accommodations2 this and two others are similarly arranged1 the remaining three have their sides reversed4444 ,,cellar1 7fig4 #afh47--;,hight of ceilings #f feet4 ,it is thoroughly floored1 has outside entrances front and rear1 and being well out of ground1 is light and airy1 and is adapted to general use for the coarser work4 ,bins for coal are placed where they may be readily filled from the front window4 ,one corner is partitioned off for a bath-room and water-closet4 ,the window to the latter is shielded by a latticed inclosure beneath the rear lobby1 adding to its privacy4 ,the rear area not being protected by the rear stoop1 has hatchway doors to be used in stormy weather4 ,the ,stairs lead from near the front door1 to the main hall of the first story4444 ,,first ,,story1 7fig4 #afi47--;,hight of ceilings #aj feet4 ,a hall1 parlor1 and living-room are embraced in the divisions4 ,the ,hall is entered from a neat porch1 contains the main stairs1 and leads to the parlor1 living-room1 and the cellar stairs4 ,the ,parlor is pleasantly arranged1 with double windows in front1 has neat stucco cornices and centers1 and a marble mantle4 ,the chimney-breast is placed to allow sufficient space between it and the central partition1 for a piano1 or other large piece of furniture4 ,the ,living-room is of good dimensions and shape1 has two windows1 a closet1 a large fire-place1 and a sink4 ,the door leading to the rear lobby has glass upper panels1 admitting additional light in the room in pleasant weather1 when the lobby door will be likely to stand open1 and through it the lobby will be lighted at night from within4 ,the ,main ,stairs1 leading to the second story1 are of the 8quarter-circle0 pattern1 and are neatly finished with hard-wood railing1 with a niche above4444 ,,second ,,story1 7fig4 #agj47--;,hight of ceiling #i feet4 ,this story is divided into a small hall1 two chambers1 two bed-rooms1 and three closets4 ,each of the rooms is well lighted1 and chimney-breasts1 with marble shelves1 and stucco trusses are finished in each chamber4444 ,,construction4--,the average depth of the excavations below the surface is three feet4 ,the ,foundation walls are of brick work1 #h inches thick1 those for the exterior are #g ft4 #d in4 high1 showing an average of #d ft4 above the final grades4 7,in this particular case1 the site being elevated1 only #d inches of additional filling was required in the grades1 the balance of the loose earth being used to fill more depressed grounds74 ,all interior cross-walls of brick are omitted1 their places being supplied with brick 8footings0 and frame-work4 ,these brick footings are laid in trenches #d inches below the cellar bottom1 and are #h inches high and wide4 ,sills of #d #f timber are laid on the center of these footings 7edgewise71 leaving a margin of #b inches on each side for the support of the ends of the cellar-floor beams4 ,girts are put above the sills 7also of #d #f timber71 anchored to1 and level with the outer foundation walls1 and are supported by studding and braces1 thus forming an inexpensive and substantial division and bearing between the cellars4 ,the principal frame is of regular-sized sawed timber1 thoroughly framed and braced4 ,the sidings are of clear pine clapboards1 laid on hard-rolled sheathing-felt4 ,the upper roofs are covered with ,,ic4 charcoal tin1 8tern-plate10 and the ,mansard sections are slated on hemlock boards4 ,the interior flooring is of #g-;inch milled spruce2 outside flooring of #d-;inch milled pine4 ,to prevent the transmission of sound1 all the main divisions of frame-work between the houses are deafened by a filling of pale brick and mortar4 ,the cellar ceilings and side walls are white-finished on one coat of brown mortar4 ,all other plastering is hard-finished on two coats of brown mortar4 ,circular ventilators are placed in each gable1 and two ventilators made to resemble the chimney tops are placed on the higher or central ridge of the roof1 to allow for the escape of heated air from beneath the roofing4 ,all windows have #a-;inch sash1 of four lights each2 those in the cellar are hung with butts2 all above are balanced with iron weights1 and have outside blinds4 ,the doors are first quality1 four-panelled4 ,the interior casings are of clear pine1 and are neatly moulded1 and the parlor windows have panelled backs4 ,the ,painting is done as described in ,design ,,xiii41 except that the blinds are of a chocolate color4 ,,estimated cost of materials and labor3 ,mason's materials and labor4 #a1cej4jj ,lumber of all kinds4 #a1aej4jj ,tinning and slating1 7complete74 #cjj4jj ,rolled lining1 #cj2 porches and lobbies1 #bge4 #cje4jj ,cornice materials1 7prepared at mill74 #abj4jj ,sash1 doors1 and blinds4 #djj4jj ,stairs1 with outside steps1 with railings4 #ejj4jj ,shelving and sundries4 #cbe4jj ,nails1 #fe2 hardware1 #cjj4 #cfe4jj ,painting1 #cjj2 cartage1 #he4 #che4jj ,carpenter's labor1 not included above4 #hjj4jj --------- ,total cost of six ,dwellings4 #f1jjj4jj ,mr4 ,storms added about #a1jjj to the total cost of six buildings in plumbing1 sewers1 gas-pipes1 and in fencing separate front and rear yards1 to each house4 ,as these improvements are not generally required1 they are omitted in the estimate4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #afg4--;,,front ,,elevation ,,of ,,row ,,of ,,six ,,houses4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #afh4--,,plan ,,of ,,cellar4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #afi4--,,plan ,,of ,,first ,,floor4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #agj4--,,plan ,,of ,,second ,,floor4 ,,design ,,xl4 ,,contiguous ,,houses1 ,,costing #b1jjj ,,each4 ,these designs were prepared for a block of five houses erected last year for ,mr4 ,geo4 ,storms1 facing one of the principal avenues at ,bayside1 ,l4 ,i4 ,the entire structure is #ij feet long1 running north and south1 and occupies half the avenue end of a village ground plot4 ,one end section being a 8corner10 has a portion devoted to business purposes1 the balance of the building is used exclusively as residences4 ,they are thoroughly furnished with ranges1 heaters1 pipes for cold and hot water1 and gas1 and complete sewerage4 ,the desirability of these buildings is proved by the fact that all of them were engaged1 and several occupied1 before they were fully completed4444 ,,cellars1 7fig4 #agb47--;,hight of ceilings1 #g feet4 ,each is well lighted1 and has outside entrances from the street and from rear yards4 ,a hall1 laundry1 and water-closet are floored and otherwise finished off2 the balance is unfinished1 to be used as a cellar for fuel and vegetables4 ,the ,laundry has a set of stationary wash-tubs1 with cold and hot water4 ,the ,water-closet has an outside door leading from the rear yard1 7this is designed to obviate the necessity and unsightliness of the usual out-buildings74 ,the ,fire-places shown are left open1 and have continuous flues the whole hight of the chimneys4 ,these flues being heated through contact with the upper fires1 insures a thorough ventilation of this story4444 ,,elevation 7fig4 #aga47--,this building appears well from all directions1 is imposing in outline1 animated in details1 and nicely proportioned--the hight agreeing with its breadth2 the openings and dressings are changed in each story1 to give diversity1 the whole being well suited to its very public and prominent situation4 ,the 8corner0 building has an observatory extending above the main roofs1 indicating its terminal position1 and adding an agreeable feature of irregularity in the sky-lines4 ,the street end at the rear of the tower has a ,mansard roof with two dormers2 the opposite end shows a full pediment4444 ,,first ,,story1 7fig4 #agc47--;,hight of ceilings in four houses1 #aj feet4 ,the floor in the corner building is lowered #b feet1 making that part #ab feet in the clear4 ,a hall1 parlor1 dining-room1 and kitchen1 are finished in each of the four houses1 and a store1 kitchen1 and entry1 in the corner building4 ,each of the parlors has a large bay-window1 and is divided from the dining-room by sliding-doors4 ,the ,dining-rooms have two closets each4 ,the ,kitchens are conveniently arranged with closets1 ranges1 boilers1 and sinks4 ,the ,store is fair-sized1 has a double door entrance from the avenue1 and has a wide stairway leading directly from it to the cellar4 ,the ,kitchen at the rear is for the use of the parties doing business in the store4 ,the ,family ,entrance to the corner building is from the street at the side4444 ,,second ,,story1 7fig4 #agd47--;,hight of ceilings1 #i feet4 ,the divisions in this story are similar in each of the five buildings1 and consist of a hall1 two large and two small rooms1 and the necessary closets4 ,the room over the store is used as a parlor4 ,one of the small rooms in each house is fitted as a bath-room4 ,the ,stairs leading to the attics are placed above the main flights1 with a door at the foot of each4444 ,,attic1 7fig4 #age47--,the ,attic of the corner building is partitioned off1 and finished as shown1 with ceilings #i feet high1 and has an inclosed stairway leading to the observatory4 ,the latter is #g feet square in the clear1 and is also finished4 ,each of the four adjoining attics are plastered on their sides1 but have no partitions4444 ,,construction4--,the ,excavations are made in the earth for the corner building1 to the depth of #e feet--and for the others1 #c feet4 ,the foundations are of #h-;inch brick work4 ,the frame is of sawed1 seasoned timber4 ,the main division walls between the houses are deafened1 by filling with pale brick and mortar1 8laid flat40 ,the sidings are of clear pine clap-boards1 laid on rolled sheathing4 ,the ,mansard ,roofs for front1 one end1 rear1 and the tower1 are slated2 all other roofs are tinned4 ,the interior walls and ceilings of the two full stories are hard-finished on two coats of brown mortar2 the balance is white-finished on one coat of 8laid off0 brown mortar4 ,the halls1 parlors1 dining-rooms1 and store1 have stucco cornices and centers in each1 and the openings to the bay windows are arched and moulded4 ,marble mantles are put in the principal rooms1 and marble shelves and stucco trusses are put in the large bed-rooms4 ,fire-place heaters are put in the parlors1 with pipes connecting them with registers in the second story4 ,the bath-tubs and water-closets are cased with black walnut4444 ,to give an exact idea of the plumber's work1 the specification used as a guide in its introduction is herewith given4--,,plumbing3 ,there must be a hopper water-closet and a wash-tub with three apartments put in each basement4 ,a ,no4 #b range1 with elevated oven1 and water-back2 a #cj-;gallon oval-topped copper boiler of ,croton pressure strength1 resting on an iron ,lockwood ,stand1 and an #ah #cj-;inch iron sink in each kitchen2 a bath-tub1 #e feet long1 lined with planished copper2 a wash-stand1 with #ad-;inch bowl1 marble-top and wall plates2 a pan water-closet1 with bowl1 pull1 and crank attachments2 and a tank1 #a #a #c feet1 lined with sheet lead1 in each bath-room4 ,all supply pipes to be of galvanized iron1 of the following sizes3 ,the main of #a-;inch1 #ic feet long1 laid in the cellar bottom below the foundation walls1 near the rear chimneys1 one end to extend outside the building for street connections4 ,branches of -inch leading from the main supply to the tank1 with secondary branches leading to the hopper-closet1 wash-tubs1 and sink4 ,all other water-pipes to be of lead1 as follows3 ,for cold water leading from the tank1 to the bath-tub1 water-closet1 and boiler2 and for hot water leading from the boiler1 to the sink1 wash-tubs1 and bath-tubs1 of ,a -inch2 for connections between the water-back and boiler of ,,aa -inch2 and for wash-stands of ,a -inch4 ,the water and hopper closets are to have traps of #d-;inch1 lead1 connecting them with the soil pipe4 ,ventilating pipes of #b-;inch tin1 to lead from the #d-;inch traps to above the roof1 and have cone-shaped covers set #b inches above their openings4 ,the soil pipes to be of #d-;inch iron1 and lead from the second floor to the tile drains at the rear and below the cellar bottom4 ,waste pipes to be of #a-;inch1 with traps1 all of lead1 leading from the bath-tub1 wash-bowl1 sink1 and wash-tubs1 to the soil pipe4 ,brass lever 8stop and waste0 cocks must be put in the branch supply pipes near the basement floors1 and in the pipes leading from the tank to the boiler4 ,a 8,fuller's0 ,tank ,regulator to be connected with the supply pipe leading to the tank4 ,a 8,sediment0 cock must be attached to empty the boilers1 with pipes leading to the waste pipes of the sinks4 ,finished brass 8compression0 cocks1 with flanges1 and thimbles1 must be provided for the sinks and wash-tubs1 and similar cocks1 silver-plated1 for the bath-tubs2 plated swing cocks for the wash-stands4 ,self-acting compression cocks must be put in the connections with the hopper closets4 ,plugs1 with chains1 must be put in each wash-tub and bowl1 and trap-screws put in all traps4 ,finally1 all to be properly connected1 in a substantial and workman-like manner1 and warranted one year1 with ordinary use4 ,,estimate for cost of materials and labor3 ,mason's materials4 #b1bjj4jj ,lumber of all kinds4 #a1iej4jj ,slate and tin4 #dej4jj ,rolled sheathing4 #ej4jj ,cornices1 etc41 from mill4 #bej4jj ,porches and stairs1 with railings4 #hjj4jj ,hardware and nails4 #djj4jj ,mantles4 #cfj4jj ,plumbing1 gas-pipes1 and sewers4 #idj4jj ,doors1 sash1 and blinds4 #gbe4jj ,cartage4 #ajj4jj ,carpenter's labor1 not included above4 #a1cjj4jj ,painting4 #dge4jj ---------- ,total cost1 of ,,five ,houses4 #aj1jjj4jj ,average cost1 #b1jjj each4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aga4--;,,elevation ,,of ,,contiguous ,,houses ,,at ,,bayside1 ,l4 ,i4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #agb4--,,plan ,,of ,,cellars ,,of ,,contiguous ,,houses4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #agc4--,,plan ,,of ,,first ,,floors4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #agd4--,,plan ,,of ,,second ,,floors4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #age4--,,plan ,,of ,,attics4 ,,index4 ,a4 ,accommodations for ,beginners in ,housekeeping1 #i ,air-chambers in ,outer ,walls1 #fg ,alcove to ,window1 #hi ,arch at ,head of ,stairs1 ,good ,effect1 #bbd ,arched ,ceilings1 #bag ,arches with ,corbels1 #bac ,architect ,fulfilling ,his ,mission1 #ajd ,area-walls1 #ahi ,a ,regular versus ,balloon-frame1 #gc ,ash-pit1 #aff ,b4 ,balconies with ,roofs1 #acj ,balcony-railing on ,roofs1 #adi ,balloon-frames and ,makeshifts1 #gd ,bay-window1 ,adding ,room1 #gh ,bay-window1 ,cold ,prevented1 #aia ,bay-window ,frame1 #aid ,bay-window1 ,square ,form1 #adb ,bells1 #bbe ,better ,half ,consulted1 the1 #fg ,blank ,side of ,house in ,villages1 #eh ,blinds ,recommended1 #bi ,boldness in ,exterior1 #ahh ,brick1 ,beam-filling1 #bab ,brick ,caps1 #bja ,brick-heading ,courses1 #ahi ,brick-inclosing1 for ,frame ,buildings1 #agh ,brick ,walls for ,painting1 #bjj ,bridging ,beams1 #ajb ,bronzed ,hardware1 #bai ,building a ,part ,first1 #aj ,building in ,blocks1 ,advantages1 #bbg ,building on a ,declivity1 #hb ,building ,upwards1 #gf ,butler's ,pantry1 ,dresser-finished1 #bag ,c4 ,carpenter's ,labor in ,estimating1 #ahe ,cellars ,never too ,large1 #abd ,chimneys1 ,separate1 ,joined at ,top1 #aeg ,circular ,heads for ,windows1 #dh ,closets1 #aac ,coal-lift1 #aff ,common ,fault1 too ,near the ,street1 #ej ,communication ,cut ,off1 #add ,compact ,outlines1 #aig ,concrete for ,cellar ,bottom1 #bah ,construction of ,rear ,lobby1 #ga ,contents1 #d ,contiguous ,houses1 #bcc ,conventional ,requirements in ,dwellings1 #fc ,corner ,store1 #bcc ,corridor for ,general ,use1 #aef ,cost in ,detail of ,windows and ,doors1 #aai ,cupola1 #aid ,d4 ,deafening ,division ,walls1 #bca ,decay ,caused by ,moisture1 #abb ,depressing ,effect of ,horizontal ,lines1 #abh ,designing1 ,difficulties in1 #fc ,developed ,homestead1 #dj ,disconnected ,verandas1 #aje ,dispensing with ,carpets1 #bai ,distance from ,street to ,build1 #adb ,dormer-windows1 ,hooded1 #abi ,dormer-windows1 ,triangular1 #abi ,dormer-windows with ,pediments and ,columns1 #bba ,double ,doors1 #bbb ,double ,front ,house1 #aae ,drudgery of ,housework1 #aac ,durable ,wash for ,rough ,work1 #ba ,dwelling may express ,progressive ,character1 #aj ,e4 ,earth-finish ,against ,foundations1 #ib ,economical ,form of ,house1 #ih ,effect of ,angles in ,exterior1 #ag ,entire ,story ,under ,supervision of ,mistress1 #afj ,errors in ,bracing1 ,reliable ,angles1 #gi ,exterior ,plastering1 #be ,f4 ,facing ,two ,approaches1 #bji ,family ,entrance with ,private ,stairs1 #baj ,fancied ,necessity for ,cornice ,supports1 #gg ,farmers ,may ,reduce ,cost of ,building1 #aeh ,faults of ,wood and ,paper ,linings1 #af ,finishing the ,rear1 #adh ,fireplace-heaters1 #bg ,five ,houses on ,four ,lots1 #fd ,formula for ,making ,stearate of ,lime1 #db ,foundations in ,sandy ,ground1 #fi ,fountain1 #bjd ,frame and ,brick ,sections1 #bja ,frame ,cross-walls and ,foundation1 #bca ,framing-in of ,braces1 #gi ,french-roof ,style1 #hc ,frontage ,eastward1 #abb ,frontage ,southward1 #aed ,frontage ,westward1 #ada ,front and ,vestibule ,doors1 #bbb ,front ,hall ,dispensed with1 #abi ,furnace1 #bba ,furring-off ,walls for ,plastering1 #aad ,g4 ,gas in ,isolated ,dwellings1 #bbe ,gas-pipes1 #bjb ,good ,taste in ,building1 #ace ,grading1 #acb ,graining1 #bbf ,grates and ,registers1 #baf ,ground-plans ,affecting ,outside ,dress1 #bbe ,gutters1 ,old and ,new ,methods1 #ca ,h4 ,half ,stone ,walls1 #adg ,hall1 ,contents not ,exposed to ,st41 #hd ,halls1 ,windy and ,cheerless1 #aib ,hard-wood ,oiled1 #bai ,head-room ,over ,stairs ,utilized1 #ff ,heater1 ,portable1 #ahe ,heaters1 ,fireplace1 ,how to ,set1 #aid ,high ,foundations1 #ii ,hooded ,compared with ,mansard ,style1 #ej ,houses ,cheap as ,lumber and ,nails ,can ,make ,them1 #ab ,house for ,dwelling1 with ,office1 #acd ,houses ,set too ,low1 ,no ,cure1 #adb ,house-work ,without ,intrusion1 #bbc ,i4 ,imitations1 ,objections to1 #gd ,importance of ,good ,roof1 #ac ,imposing ,outlines1 #bcc ,indestructible ,covering1 #age ,j4 ,jarring ,prevented1 #db ,job1 ,who ,gets1 #ajd ,joined1 ,separate ,chimneys ,over ,arch1 #aeg ,justice1 in ,painting1 ,last ,opportunity1 #gd ,k4 ,keys to ,circular ,heads1 #aib ,kitchen1 ,isolated1 #acj ,kitchen1 ,pleasant1 #id ,knot1 ,shellacked1 #fg ,l4 ,lamp-shelf1 and ,location of1 #abe ,lighting ,lobby1 #bcj ,lining-off ,exterior ,plastering1 #be ,little ,required to ,build1 #bf ,location1 ,questions ,involved1 #ada ,locker or ,private ,cellar1 #afj ,looking ,like a ,farm-house1 #aei ,low-down ,grates1 #afe ,low-priced ,plans1 #bb ,m4 ,mansard ,roof1 ,significance1 #bjf ,marble ,mantels1 #ahj ,marble ,shelves1 #aid ,modern ,buildings on ,old ,foundations1 #bje ,mortar for ,plastering1 #ade ,mortar for ,stone-work1 #aad ,n4 ,new ,modification of ,mansard ,roof1 #abh ,nine ,doors in ,small ,hall1 #agb ,novelty ,siding1 #cj ,o4 ,observatory1 #bcc ,omissions1 ,reducing ,cost1 #agj ,one's ,dwelling an ,indication of ,his ,character1 #aj ,outside ,plastering1 #db ,overloaded ,cornices1 #gg ,p4 ,painting2 ,object1 ,when and ,how1 #gd ,parquet-flooring1 #bah ,parsonage1 #ahj ,partitions in ,cellar1 #bah ,paving ,shed-floors1 #abf ,piazza1 ,change to ,conservatory1 #abf ,piece-lumber ,used ,without ,waste1 #ei ,plan ,resembling a ,double ,house1 #aja ,plant-windows1 #aab ,plastering1 a ,non-conductor of ,sound1 #af ,plastering ,cellar ,ceilings1 #ahi ,plastering1 ,different ,modes1 #ec ,plastering1 ,estimate in ,detail1 #aci ,plumbing1 ,economical1 #agg ,plumbing1 ,estimate in ,detail1 #aie ,plumbing1 ,specifications for1 #bcg ,pointed ,style for ,rural ,surroundings1 #ib ,porch ,instead of ,lobby1 #ah ,preface1 #c ,providing ,against ,changing ,vicissitudes1 #aj ,providing for ,future ,enlargements1 #cd ,q4 ,qualified to ,estimate1 ,who ,should ,be1 #ajd ,quarried ,stone1 ,used as ,found1 #adi ,quarter-circle ,stairs1 #dh ,quiet ,corner1 #afj ,r4 ,radiator ,utilizing ,heat from ,kitchen ,fire1 #ai ,rafters ,extending ,downward1 #acc ,rake of ,roof1 #fj ,rats and ,mice ,shut ,out1 #aij ,reversing ,plans1 #bc ,ribbed ,glass1 #bac ,rolled ,sheathing1 #bcg ,roofing ,materials foreign from ,each ,other1 #bjg ,roof ,ventilation1 #he ,room for an ,invalid ,mother1 #adc ,rough ,boards for ,siding1 #bj ,rule for ,projections1 #aci ,s4 ,satisfaction of ,hanging ,sash1 and ,cost1 #bh ,saving in ,foundation1 ,new ,method1 #ce ,saving ,time and ,trouble1 #bg ,school and ,play-room1 #bbd ,seeming ,growth of the ,earth1 #adc ,semi-dressed ,stone1 #gh ,setting a ,girder1 #da ,shaky and ,doubtful ,foundations1 #cg ,sheathing and ,felting1 #aib ,shingling1 ,how ,done1 #cj ,side ,alley-way1 #ed ,side ,openings in ,chimney-tops1 ,solid ,caps1 #ec ,siding on ,sheathing-,boards1 #bah ,siding ,upright with ,battens1 #if ,siding with ,bevelled ,clap-boards1 #he ,sills ,bedded in ,mortar1 #aij ,simplicity of ,cottage ,life1 #bc ,size and ,shape of ,houses1 #abj ,sky-light1 ,scuttle1 and ,ventilator1 combined1 #fj ,slate1 best material for ,roofing1 #ach ,slate1 clipping corners of1 #aad ,sliding ,doors1 #aih ,small ,beginnings1 #aj ,southern ,house ,requirements1 #hh ,space for ,furniture and ,wall ,ornaments1 #ea ,space for ,piano1 #bcj ,speaking-tubes ,saving ,steps1 #fh ,spreading1 in place of ,stilted1 ,houses1 #aeb ,squeaky ,stairs1 ,effect1 #ajc ,stairs ,continuous to ,attic1 #bbd ,stair-,landing1 near ,center of ,house1 #ahc ,stairs1 ,platform1 #afe ,stairs1 ,quarter ,circle at ,top1 #dh ,stairs1 ,quarter ,circle1 ,midway their ,hight1 #ahb ,stairs to ,tower1 #bbd ,stearate of ,lime1 #be ,stone1 ,convenient ,hight to ,build1 #aej ,stone for ,building1 ,random ,dressed1 #adi ,stone ,walls with ,brick ,angles1 #afb ,storm ,doors1 #da ,stucco ,cornices and ,centers1 #bai ,style determined by ,roof1 #di ,suggestions as to ,balloon ,framing1 #gc ,superintend'g ,construction1 ,points1 #ade ,sweetening ,cellars1 #aij ,t4 ,tanks secured from ,frost1 #ie ,taste in ,painting1 #ha ,temporary ,cellar1 #aa ,tendency to ,self-,destruction in ,buildings1 #aia ,time allowed for ,building1 #bag ,tinning1 ,raised ,groove and ,lock-,joint1 #bja ,tin1 ,single and ,double ,cross1 #bah ,tower and ,attic1 #ajh ,tower1 ,five ,stories ,high1 #bba ,truss ,heads for ,cornices1 #bba ,u4 ,underpinning1 #ajh ,unity in ,design1 #abh ,unobstructed ,hall1 ,stair ,space1 #baj ,unsightly ,out-buildings ,obviated1 #bcc ,unwholesome ,vapors1 #abb ,v4 ,valleys and ,gutters1 #afi ,ventilating ,cellars1 #abe ,ventilation1 #aji ,ventilation ,sewage1 #aea ,vertical ,side ,walls in ,mansard ,roof1 #bjj ,vestibules1 #aih ,views and ,principal ,rooms--,rear1 #aga ,vines and ,creepers for ,decoration1 #aei ,w4 ,walks in ,conservatories1 #bjh ,walls and ,chimneys interlaced1 #aci ,weight of ,slate and ,tin1 #hc ,well1 ,how ,constructed1 #agc ,what ,color to ,paint1 #ge ,why ,contractors ,differ in ,estimating1 #ajd ,y4 ,yards1 ,front and ,rear1 ,fenced1 #bcb ,yards of ,carpet1 #bjg ,year1 ,plumbing ,warranted for a1 #bci ,z4 ,zinc ,ridge ,plates1 and ,flashings1 #ach 99 99 99 99 99 ,commended by the ,greatest ,educators of ,germany1 ,england and the ,united ,states4 ,endorsed by ,officials1 and adopted in many ,schools ,new ,methods in ,education ,art1 ,real ,manual ,training1 ,nature ,study4 ,explaining3 ,processes whereby ,hand1 ,eye and ,mind are ,educated by ,means that ,conserve ,vitality and ,develop a ,union of ,thought and ,action ,by ,j4 ,liberty ,tadd ,director of the ,public ,school of ,industrial ,art1 of ,manual ,training and ,art in the ,r4 ,c4 ,high ,school1 and in several ,night ,schools1 ,member of the ,art ,club1 ,sketch ,club1 and ,educational ,club1 and of the ,academy of ,natural ,sciences1 ,philadelphia ,based on twenty-two years' experience with thousands of children and hundreds of teachers4 8,a method reasonable1 feasible and without great cost1 adapted to all grades1 from child to adult2 a plan that can be applied without friction to every kind of educational institution or to the family1 and limited only by the capacity of the individual2 a method covered by natural law1 working with the absolute precision of nature itself2 a process that unfolds the capacities of children as unfold the leaves and flowers2 a system that teaches the pupils that they are in the plan and part of life1 and enables them to work out their own salvation on the true lines of design and work as illustrated in every natural thing40 ,a ,wealth of ,illustration--#dgh ,pictures and #dd ,full-,page ,plates showing children and teachers practicing these new methods or their work4 ,a revelation to all interested in developing the wonderful capabilities of young or old4 ,the pictures instantly fascinate every child1 imbuing it with a desire to do likewise4 ,teachers and parents at once become enthusiastic and delighted over the ,tadd methods which this book enables them to put into practice4 ,not a hackneyed thought nor a stale picture4 ,fresh1 new1 practical1 scientific1 inspiring ,,among ,,those ,,who ,,endorse ,,the ,,work ,,are ,,herbert ,,spencer1 ,,dr4 ,w4 ,w4 ,,keene1 ,,president ,,huey--,of the ,philadelphia board of education4 ,,secretary ,,gotze--,of the leading pedagogical society of ,germany 7by which the book is being translated into ,german for publication at ,berlin74 ,,charles ,h4 ,,thurber--,professor of ,pedagogy1 ,university of ,chicago4 ,,talcott ,,williams--,editor ,philadelphia ,press1 ,book ,news1 etc4 ,r4 ,h4 ,,webster--,superintendent of ,schools1 ,san ,francisco4 ,,dr4 ,a4 ,e4 ,,winship--,editor ,journal of ,education4 ,w4 ,f4 ,,slocum--,president ,colorado ,college4 ,,frederick ,,winsor--,head master ,the ,country ,school for ,boys of ,baltimore ,city1 under the auspices of ,johns ,hopkins ,university4 ,g4 ,b4 ,,morrison--,principal ,manual ,training ,high ,school1 ,kansas ,city4 ,,dr4 ,,edward ,,kirk--,dean ,university of ,penn4 ,g4 ,e4 ,,dawson--7,clark ,university71 ,professor of ,psychology1 ,bible ,normal ,college4 ,,roman ,,steiner--,baltimore4 ,,specifications3 ,size1 #g #aj inches1 almost a quarto2 #def pages1 fine plate paper1 beautifully bound in cloth and boards1 cover illuminated in gold2 weight1 #d lbs4 ,boxed1 price #c4jj net1 postpaid to any part of the world4 ,orange ,judd ,company ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y41 #eb-ed ,lafayette ,place4 ,springfield1 ,mass41 ,homestead ,bdg4 ,chicago1 ,ill41 ,marquette ,building4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration ,,sent ,,free ,,on ,,application ,descriptive ,catalog of-- ,,rural ,,books ,containing #ajj #hvo4 pages1 profusely illustrated1 and giving full descriptions of the best works on the following subjects3 ,farm and ,garden ,fruits1 ,flowers1 ,etc4 ,cattle1 ,sheep and ,swine ,dogs1 ,horses1 ,riding1 ,etc4 ,poultry1 ,pigeons and ,bees ,angling and ,fishing ,boating1 ,canoeing and ,sailing ,field ,sports and ,natural ,history ,hunting1 ,shooting1 ,etc4 ,architecture and ,building ,landscape ,gardening ,household and ,miscellaneous ,publishers and ,importers ,orange ,judd ,company #eb and #ed ,lafayette ,place ,,new ,,york ,,books ,,will ,,be ,,forwarded1 ,,postpaid1 ,,on ,,receipt ,,of ,,price ,greenhouse ,construction4 ,by ,prof4 ,l4 ,r4 ,taft4 ,a complete treatise on greenhouse structures and arrangements of the various forms and styles of plant houses for professional florists as well as amateurs4 ,all the best and most approved structures are so fully and clearly described that anyone who desires to build a greenhouse will have no difficulty in determining the kind best suited to his purpose4 ,the modern and most successful methods of heating and ventilating are fully treated upon4 ,special chapters are devoted to houses used for the growing of one kind of plants exclusively4 ,the construction of hotbeds and frames receives appropriate attention4 ,over one hundred excellent illustrations1 specially engraved for this work1 make every point clear to the reader and add considerably to the artistic appearance of the book4 ,cloth1 #abmo4 #a4ej ,greenhouse ,management4 ,by ,l4 ,r4 ,taft4 ,this book forms an almost indispensable companion volume to ,greenhouse ,construction4 ,in it the author gives the results of his many years' experience1 together with that of the most successful florists and gardeners1 in the management of growing plants under glass4 ,so minute and practical are the various systems and methods of growing and forcing roses1 violets1 carnations1 and all the most important florists' plants1 as well as fruits and vegetables described1 that by a careful study of this work and the following of its teachings1 failure is almost impossible4 ,illustrated4 ,cloth1 #abmo4 #a4ej ,bulbs and ,tuberous-,rooted ,plants4 ,by ,c4 ,l4 ,allen4 ,a complete treatise on the history1 description1 methods of propagation and full directions for the successful culture of bulbs in the garden1 dwelling and greenhouse4 ,as generally treated1 bulbs are an expensive luxury1 while when properly managed1 they afford the greatest amount of pleasure at the least cost4 ,the author of this book has for many years made bulb growing a specialty1 and is a recognized authority on their cultivation and management4 ,the illustrations which embellish this work have been drawn from nature1 and have been engraved especially for this book4 ,the cultural directions are plainly stated1 practical and to the point4 ,cloth1 #abmo4 #a4ej ,irrigation ,farming4 ,by ,lute ,wilcox4 ,a handbook for the practical application of water in the production of crops4 ,a complete treatise on water supply1 canal construction1 reservoirs and ponds1 pipes for irrigation purposes1 flumes and their structure1 methods of applying water1 irrigation of field crops1 the garden1 the orchard and vineyard2 windmills and pumps1 appliances and contrivances4 ,profusely1 handsomely illustrated4 ,cloth1 #abmo4 #a4ej ,landscape ,gardening4 ,by ,f4 ,a4 ,waugh1 professor of horticulture1 ,university of ,vermont4 ,a treatise on the general principles governing outdoor art2 with sundry suggestions for their application in the commoner problems of gardening4 ,every paragraph is short1 terse and to the point1 giving perfect clearness to the discussions at all points4 ,in spite of the natural difficulty of presenting abstract principles the whole matter is made entirely plain even to the inexperienced reader4 ,illustrated1 #abmo4 ,cloth4 4#ej ,fungi and ,fungicides4 ,by ,prof4 ,clarence ,m4 ,weed4 ,a practical manual concerning the fungous diseases of cultivated plants and the means of preventing their ravages4 ,the author has endeavored to give such a concise account of the most important facts relating to these as will enable the cultivator to combat them intelligently4 #bbb pp41 #ij ill41 #abmo4 ,paper1 #ej cents2 cloth4 #a4jj ,talks on ,manure4 ,by ,joseph ,harris1 ,m4 ,s4 ,a series of familiar and practical talks between the author and the deacon1 the doctor1 and other neighbors1 on the whole subject of manures and fertilizers2 including a chapter especially written for it by ,sir ,john ,bennet ,lawes of ,rothamsted1 ,england4 ,cloth1 #abmo4 #a4ej ,insects and ,insecticides4 ,by ,clarence ,m4 ,weed1 ,d4 ,sc41 ,prof4 of entomology and zoology1 ,new ,hampshire college of agriculture4 ,a practical manual concerning noxious insects1 and methods of preventing their injuries4 #ccd pages1 with many illustrations4 ,cloth1 #abmo4 #a4ej ,mushrooms4 ,how to ,grow ,them4 ,by ,wm4 ,falconer4 ,this is the most practical work on the subject ever written1 and the only book on growing mushrooms published in ,america4 ,the author describes how he grows mushrooms1 and how they are grown for profit by the leading market gardeners1 and for home use by the most successful private growers4 ,engravings drawn from nature expressly for this work4 ,cloth4 #a4jj ,handbook of ,plants and ,general ,horticulture4 ,by ,peter ,henderson4 ,this new edition comprises about #ej per cent4 more genera than the former one1 and embraces the botanical name1 derivation1 natural order1 etc41 together with a short history of the different genera1 concise instructions for their propagation and culture1 and all the leading local or common ,english names1 together with a comprehensive glossary of botanical and technical terms4 ,plain instructions are also given for the cultivation of the principal vegetables1 fruits and flowers4 ,cloth1 large #hvo4 #c4jj ,ginseng1 ,its ,cultivation1 ,harvesting1 ,marketing and ,market ,value4 ,by ,maurice ,g4 ,kains1 with a short account of its history and botany4 ,it discusses in a practical way how to begin with either seed or roots1 soil1 climate and location1 preparation1 planting and maintenance of the beds1 artificial propagation1 manures1 enemies1 selection for market and for improvement1 preparation for sale1 and the profits that may be expected4 ,this booklet is concisely written1 well and profusely illustrated1 and should be in the hands of all who expect to grow this drug to supply the export trade1 and to add a new and profitable industry to their farms and gardens1 without interfering with the regular work4 #abmo4 4#ce ,land ,draining4 ,a handbook for farmers on the principles and practice of draining1 by ,manly ,miles1 giving the results of his extended experience in laying tile drains4 ,the directions for the laying out and the construction of tile drains will enable the farmer to avoid the errors of imperfect construction1 and the disappointment that must necessarily follow4 ,this manual for practical farmers will also be found convenient for references in regard to many questions that may arise in crop growing1 aside from the special subjects of drainage of which it treats4 ,cloth1 #abmo4 #a4jj ,henderson's ,practical ,floriculture4 ,by ,peter ,henderson4 ,a guide to the successful propagation and cultivation of florists' plants4 ,the work is not one for florists and gardeners only1 but the amateur's wants are constantly kept in mind1 and we have a very complete treatise on the cultivation of flowers under glass1 or in the open air1 suited to those who grow flowers for pleasure as well as those who make them a matter of trade4 ,beautifully illustrated4 ,new and enlarged edition4 ,cloth1 #abmo4 #a4ej ,tobacco ,leaf4 ,by ,j4 ,b4 ,killebrew and ,herbert ,myrick4 ,its ,culture and ,cure1 ,marketing and ,manufacture4 ,a practical handbook on the most approved methods in growing1 harvesting1 curing1 packing1 and selling tobacco1 with an account of the operations in every department of tobacco manufacture4 ,the contents of this book are based on actual experiments in field1 curing barn1 packing house1 factory and laboratory4 ,it is the only work of the kind in existence1 and is destined to be the standard practical and scientific authority on the whole subject of tobacco for many years4 ,upwards of #ejj pages and #aej original engravings4 #b4jj ,play and ,profit in ,my ,garden4 ,by ,e4 ,p4 ,roe4 ,the author takes us to his garden on the rocky hillsides in the vicinity of ,west ,point1 and shows us how out of it1 after four years' experience1 he evoked a profit of #a1jjj1 and this while carrying on pastoral and literary labor4 ,it is very rarely that so much literary taste and skill are mated to so much agricultural experience and good sense4 ,cloth1 #abmo4 #a4jj ,forest ,planting4 ,by ,h4 ,nicholas ,jarchow1 ,,ll4 ,d4 ,a treatise on the care of woodlands and the restoration of the denuded timber-lands on plains and mountains4 ,the author has fully described those ,european methods which have proved to be most useful in maintaining the superb forests of the old world4 ,this experience has been adapted to the different climates and trees of ,america1 full instructions being given for forest planting of our various kinds of soil and subsoil1 whether on mountain or valley4 ,illustrated1 #abmo4 #a4ej ,soils and ,crops of the ,farm4 ,by ,george ,e4 ,morrow1 ,m4 ,a41 and ,thomas ,f4 ,hunt4 ,the methods of making available the plant food in the soil are described in popular language4 ,a short history of each of the farm crops is accompanied by a discussion of its culture4 ,the useful discoveries of science are explained as applied in the most approved methods of culture4 ,illustrated4 ,cloth1 #abmo4 #a4jj ,american ,fruit ,culturist4 ,by ,john ,j4 ,thomas4 ,containing practical directions for the propagation and culture of all the fruits adapted to the ,united ,states4 ,twentieth thoroughly revised and greatly enlarged edition by ,wm4 ,h4 ,s4 ,wood4 ,this new edition makes the work practically almost a new book1 containing everything pertaining to large and small fruits as well as sub-tropical and tropical fruits4 ,richly ,illustrated by nearly #hjj engravings4 #geh pp41 #abmo4 #b4ej ,fertilizers4 ,by ,edward ,b4 ,voorhees1 director of the ,new ,jersey ,agricultural ,experiment ,station4 ,it has been the aim of the author to point out the underlying principles and to discuss the important subjects connected with the use of fertilizer materials4 ,the natural fertility of the soil1 the functions of manures and fertilizers1 and the need of artificial fertilizers are exhaustively discussed4 ,separate chapters are devoted to the various fertilizing elements1 to the purchase1 chemical analyses1 methods of using fertilizers1 and the best fertilizers for each of the most important field1 garden and orchard crops4 #cce pp4 #a4jj ,gardening for ,profit4 ,by ,peter ,henderson4 ,the standard work on market and family gardening4 ,the successful experience of the author for more than thirty years1 and his willingness to tell1 as he does in this work1 the secret of his success for the benefit of others1 enables him to give most valuable information4 ,the book is profusely illustrated4 ,cloth1 #abmo4 #a4ej ,herbert's ,hints to ,horse ,keepers4 ,by the late ,henry ,william ,herbert 7,frank ,forester74 ,this is one of the best and most popular works on the horse prepared in this country4 ,a complete manual for horsemen1 embracing3 ,how to breed a horse2 how to buy a horse2 how to break a horse2 how to use a horse2 how to feed a horse2 how to physic a horse 7allopathy or homoeopathy72 how to groom a horse2 how to drive a horse2 how to ride a horse1 etc4 ,beautifully illustrated4 ,cloth1 #abmo4 #a4ej ,barn ,plans and ,outbuildings4 ,two hundred and fifty-seven illustrations4 ,a most valuable work1 full of ideas1 hints1 suggestions1 plans1 etc41 for the construction of barns and outbuildings1 by practical writers4 ,chapters are devoted to the economic erection and use of barns1 grain barns1 house barns1 cattle barns1 sheep barns1 corn houses1 smoke houses1 ice houses1 pig pens1 granaries1 etc4 ,there are likewise chapters on bird houses1 dog houses1 tool sheds1 ventilators1 roofs and roofing1 doors and fastenings1 workshops1 poultry houses1 manure sheds1 barnyards1 root pits1 etc4 ,cloth1 #abmo4 #a4jj ,cranberry ,culture4 ,by ,joseph ,j4 ,white4 ,contents3 ,natural history1 history of cultivation1 choice of location1 preparing the ground1 planting the vines1 management of meadows1 flooding1 enemies and difficulties overcome1 picking1 keeping1 profit and loss4 ,cloth1 #abmo4 #a4jj ,ornamental ,gardening for ,americans4 ,by ,elias ,a4 ,long1 landscape architect4 ,a treatise on beautifying homes1 rural districts and cemeteries4 ,a plain and practical work with numerous illustrations and instructions so plain that they may be readily followed4 ,illustrated4 ,cloth1 #abmo4 #a4ej ,grape ,culturist4 ,by ,a4 ,s4 ,fuller4 ,this is one of the very best of works on the culture of the hardy grapes1 with full directions for all departments of propagation1 culture1 etc41 with #aej excellent engravings1 illustrating planting1 training1 grafting1 etc4 ,cloth1 #abmo4 #a4ej ,turkeys and ,how to ,grow ,them4 ,edited by ,herbert ,myrick4 ,a treatise on the natural history and origin of the name of turkeys2 the various breeds1 the best methods to insure success in the business of turkey growing4 ,with essays from practical turkey growers in different parts of the ,united ,states and ,canada4 ,copiously illustrated4 ,cloth1 #abmo4 #a4jj ,profits in ,poultry4 ,useful and ornamental breeds and their profitable management4 ,this excellent work contains the combined experience of a number of practical men in all departments of poultry raising4 ,it is profusely illustrated and forms a unique and important addition to our poultry literature4 ,cloth1 #abmo4 #a4jj ,how ,crops ,grow4 ,by ,prof4 ,samuel ,w4 ,johnson of ,yale ,college4 ,new and revised edition4 ,a treatise on the chemical composition1 structure and life of the plant4 ,this book is a guide to the knowledge of agricultural plants1 their composition1 their structure and modes of development and growth2 of the complex organization of plants1 and the use of the parts2 the germination of seeds1 and the food of plants obtained both from the air and the soil4 ,the book is indispensable to all real students of agriculture4 ,with numerous illustrations and tables of analysis4 ,cloth1 #abmo4 #a4ej ,coburn's ,swine ,husbandry4 ,by ,f4 ,d4 ,coburn4 ,new1 revised and enlarged edition4 ,the breeding1 rearing1 and management of swine1 and the prevention and treatment of their diseases4 ,it is the fullest and freshest compendium relating to swine breeding yet offered4 ,cloth1 #abmo4 #a4ej ,stewart's ,shepherd's ,manual4 ,by ,henry ,stewart4 ,a valuable practical treatise on the sheep for ,american farmers and sheep growers4 ,it is so plain that a farmer or a farmer's son who has never kept a sheep1 may learn from its pages how to manage a flock successfully1 and yet so complete that even the experienced shepherd may gather many suggestions from it4 ,the results of personal experience of some years with the characters of the various modern breeds of sheep1 and the sheep raising capabilities of many portions of our extensive territory and that of ,canada--and the careful study of the diseases to which our sheep are chiefly subject1 with those by which they may eventually be afflicted through unforeseen accidents--as well as the methods of management called for under our circumstances1 are carefully described4 ,illustrated4 ,cloth1 #abmo4 #a4jj ,feeds and ,feeding4 ,by ,w4 ,a4 ,henry4 ,this handbook for students and stock men constitutes a compendium of practical and useful knowledge on plant growth and animal nutrition1 feeding stuffs1 feeding animals and every detail pertaining to this important subject4 ,it is thorough1 accurate and reliable1 and is the most valuable contribution to live stock literature in many years4 ,all the latest and best information is clearly and systematically presented1 making the work indispensable to every owner of live stock4 #feh pages1 #hvo4 ,cloth4 #b4jj ,hunter and ,trapper4 ,by ,halsey ,thrasher1 an old and experienced sportsman4 ,the best modes of hunting and trapping are fully explained1 and foxes1 deer1 bears1 etc41 fall into his traps readily by following his directions4 ,cloth1 #abmo4 4#ej ,the ,ice ,crop4 ,by ,theron ,l4 ,hiles4 ,how to harvest1 ship and use ice4 ,a complete1 practical treatise for farmers1 dairymen1 ice dealers1 produce shippers1 meat packers1 cold storers1 and all interested in ice houses1 cold storage1 and the handling or use of ice in any way4 ,including many recipes for iced dishes and beverages4 ,the book is illustrated by cuts of the tools and machinery used in cutting and storing ice1 and the different forms of ice houses and cold storage buildings4 #abb pp41 ill41 #afmo4 ,cloth4 #a4jj ,practical ,forestry4 ,by ,andrew ,s4 ,fuller4 ,a treatise on the propagation1 planting and cultivation1 with descriptions and the botanical and popular names of all the indigenous trees of the ,united ,states1 and notes on a large number of the most valuable exotic species4 #a4ej ,irrigation for the ,farm1 ,garden and ,orchard4 ,by ,henry ,stewart4 ,this work is offered to those ,american farmers and other cultivators of the soil who1 from painful experience1 can readily appreciate the losses which result from the scarcity of water at critical periods4 ,fully illustrated4 ,cloth1 #abmo4 #a4jj ,market ,gardening and ,farm ,notes4 ,by ,burnett ,landreth4 ,experiences and observation for both ,north and ,south1 of interest to the amateur gardener1 trucker and farmer4 ,a novel feature of the book is the calendar of farm and garden operations for each month of the year2 the chapters on fertilizers1 transplanting1 succession and rotation of crops1 the packing1 shipping and marketing of vegetables will be especially useful to market gardeners4 ,cloth1 #abmo4 #a4jj ,the ,fruit ,garden4 ,by ,p4 ,barry4 ,a standard work on fruit and fruit trees1 the author having had over thirty years' practical experience at the head of one of the largest nurseries in this country4 ,invaluable to all fruit growers4 ,illustrated4 ,cloth1 #abmo4 #a4ej ,the ,nut ,culturist4 ,by ,andrew ,s4 ,fuller4 ,a treatise on the propagation1 planting and cultivation of nut-bearing trees and shrubs adapted to the climate of the ,united ,states1 with the scientific and common names of the fruits known in commerce as edible or otherwise useful nuts4 ,intended to aid the farmer to increase his income without adding to his expenses or labor4 #abmo4 ,cloth4 #a4ej ,american ,grape ,growing and ,wine ,making4 ,by ,george ,husmann of ,california4 ,new and enlarged edition4 ,with contributions from well-known grape growers1 giving wide range of experience4 ,the author of this book is a recognized authority on the subject4 ,cloth1 #abmo4 #a4ej ,treat's ,injurious ,insects of the ,farm and ,garden4 ,by ,mrs4 ,mary ,treat4 ,an original investigator who has added much to our knowledge of both plants and insects1 and those who are familiar with ,darwin's works are aware that he gives her credit for important observation and discoveries4 ,new and enlarged edition4 ,with an illustrated chapter on beneficial insects4 ,fully illustrated4 ,cloth1 #abmo4 #a4ej ,the ,dogs of ,great ,britain1 ,america and ,other ,countries4 ,new1 enlarged and revised edition4 ,their breeding1 training and management1 in health and disease2 comprising all the essential parts of the two standard works on dogs by 8,stonehenge40 ,it describes the best game and hunting grounds in ,america4 ,contains over one hundred beautiful engravings1 embracing most noted dogs in both continents1 making1 together with chapters by ,american writers1 the most complete dog book ever published4 ,cloth1 #abmo4 #a4ej ,harris on the ,pig4 ,by ,joseph ,harris4 ,new edition4 ,revised and enlarged by the author4 ,the points of the various ,english and ,american breeds are thoroughly discussed1 and the great advantage of using thoroughbred males clearly shown4 ,the work is equally valuable to the farmer who keeps but few pigs1 and to the breeder on an extensive scale4 ,illustrated4 ,cloth1 #abmo4 #a4jj ,pear ,culture for ,profit4 ,by ,p4 ,t4 ,quinn1 practical horticulturist4 ,teaching how to raise pears intelligently1 and with the best results1 how to find out the character of the soil1 the best methods of preparing it1 the best varieties to select under existing conditions1 the best modes of planting1 pruning1 fertilizing1 grafting1 and utilizing the ground before the trees come into bearing1 and1 finally1 of gathering and packing for market4 ,illustrated4 ,cloth1 #abmo4 #a4jj ,the ,secrets of ,health1 or ,how ,not to ,be ,sick1 and ,how to ,get ,well from ,sickness4 ,by ,s4 ,h4 ,platt1 ,a4 ,m41 ,m4 ,d41 late member of the ,connecticut ,eclectic ,medical ,society1 the ,national ,eclectic ,medical ,association1 and honorary member of the ,national ,bacteriological ,society of ,america2 our medical editor and author of 8,talks ,with ,our ,doctor0 and 8,our ,health ,adviser40 ,nearly #fjj pages4 ,profusely illustrated4 ,an index of #bj pages1 so that any topic may be instantly consulted4 ,a new departure in medical knowledge for the people--the latest progress1 secrets and practices of all schools of healing made available for the common people--health without medicine1 nature without humbug1 common sense without folly1 science without fraud4 #abmo4 #egf pp41 #ha illustrations4 ,cloth4 #a4ej ,gardening for ,young and ,old4 ,by ,joseph ,harris4 ,a work intended to interest farmers' boys in farm gardening1 which means a better and more profitable form of agriculture4 ,the teachings are given in the familiar manner so well known in the author's 8,walks and ,talks on the ,farm40 ,illustrated4 ,cloth1 #abmo4 #a4jj ,money in the ,garden4 ,by ,p4 ,t4 ,quinn4 ,the author gives in a plain1 practical style1 instructions on three distinct although closely connected branches of gardening--the kitchen garden1 market garden and field culture1 from successful practical experience for a term of years4 ,illustrated4 ,cloth1 #abmo4 #a4jj ,the ,pruning ,book4 ,by ,l4 ,h4 ,bailey4 ,this is the first ,american work exclusively devoted to pruning4 ,it differs from most other treatises on this subject in that the author takes particular pains to explain the principles of each operation in every detail4 ,specific advice is given on the pruning of the various kinds of fruits and ornamental trees1 shrubs and hedges4 ,considerable space is devoted to the pruning and training of grapevines1 both ,american and foreign4 ,every part of the subject is made so clear and plain that it can be readily understood by even the merest beginner4 ,cloth1 #hvo1 #ecj pages4 ,illustrated4 #a4ej ,the ,dairyman's ,manual4 ,by ,henry ,stewart1 author of 8,the ,shepherd's ,manual10 8,irrigation10 etc4 ,a useful and practical work1 by a writer who is well known as thoroughly familiar with the subject of which he writes4 ,cloth1 #abmo4 #a4ej ,truck ,farming at the ,south4 ,by ,a4 ,oemler4 ,a work giving the experience of a successful grower of vegetables or 8garden truck0 for northern markets4 ,essential to anyone who contemplates entering this profitable field of agriculture4 ,illustrated4 ,cloth1 #abmo4 #a4jj ,the ,propagation of ,plants4 ,by ,andrew ,s4 ,fuller4 ,illustrated with numerous engravings4 ,an eminently practical and useful work4 ,describing the process of hybridizing and crossing species and varieties1 and also the many different modes by which cultivated plants may be propagated and multiplied4 ,cloth1 #abmo4 #a4ej ,gardening for ,pleasure4 ,by ,peter ,henderson4 ,a guide to the amateur in the fruit1 vegetable and flower garden1 with full descriptions for the greenhouse1 conservatory and window garden4 ,it meets the wants of all classes in country1 city and village1 who keep a garden for their own enjoyment rather than for the sale of products4 ,finely illustrated4 ,cloth1 #abmo4 #a4ej ,the ,window ,flower ,garden4 ,by ,julius ,j4 ,heinrich4 ,the author is a practical florist1 and this enterprising volume embodies his personal experience in window gardening during a long period4 ,new and enlarged edition4 ,illustrated4 ,cloth1 #abmo4 4#ej ,diseases of ,horses and ,cattle4 ,by ,dr4 ,d4 ,mc,intosh1 ,v4 ,s41 professor of veterinary science in the university of ,illinois4 ,written expressly for the farmer1 stockman and veterinary student4 ,a new work on the treatment of animal diseases1 according to the modern status of veterinary science1 has become a necessity4 ,such an one is this volume of nearly #djj pages1 written by one of the most eminent veterinarians of our country4 ,illustrated4 ,cloth1 #abmo4 #a4ge ,batty's ,practical ,taxidermy and ,home ,decoration4 ,by ,joseph ,h4 ,batty1 taxidermist for the government surveys and many colleges and museums in the ,united ,states4 ,an entirely new and complete as well as authentic work on taxidermy--giving in detail full directions for collecting and mounting animals1 birds1 reptiles1 fish1 insects1 and general objects of natural history4 #abe illustrations4 ,cloth1 #abmo4 #a4jj