,,! ,,vailan ,,or ,,annul> ,,!ory4      
,illu/ration  ,a ,synopsis ( ,pr(4 ,i4  
,n4 ,vail's ,argum5t 9 ,support ( !     
,claim t        ?is ,e>? once ,possess$ 
a ,saturn-l ,sy/em ( ,r+s4              
,,/eph5 ,,b[]s1 ,a4 ,m41 ,ph4 ,d4       
,editor ( ! ,v5tura ,obs]v]4    ,,fell[ 
,,( ,,! ,,geological ,,society ,,(      
,,am]ica1 ,,correspond+ ,,memb] ,,(     
,,! ,,am]ican ,,geographic ,,society1   
,,philadelphia ,,academy                
,,( ,,sci5ces1 ,,etc41 ,,etc41 ,,etc4   
,illu/ration                            
,,v5tura1 ,,cali=nia3                   
,,! ,,obs]v] ,,press ,,pr9t4            
#ahib4     ,,preface4   ,! !ory advanc$ 
by ,pr(4 ,i4 ,n4 ,vail acc\nts = !      
=mation ( ! e>?'s cru/1 ) its associat$ 
m9]als1 9 ! fact t x 0 once surr\nd$ by 
r+s ( aque\s vapor1 conta9+ mu* ( its   
pres5t solid matt]1 :i* fell z mighty   
deluges4 ,! la/ ( ^! r+s desc5d$ at ! "t
 ( ! ,noa*ian deluge & caus$ t          
cata/rophe1 :i* is s graphically        
describ$ by ,moses1 & :i* tradition has 

sung 9 ! e>s ( e tribe ( ,adam's race4  
,! =mation ( ^! r+s 0 caus$ by ! int5se 
heat1 :i* drove to an imm5se di/ance e  
sub/ance :i* c\ld be r$uc$ to vapor1 &  
:]e !y =m$ z annul> b&s or r+s simil> to
 ^? surr\nd+ ! planet ,saturn at !      
pres5t "t4 ,aft] long ages ! portion    
ne>e/ ! e>? sl[ly ov]canopi$ ! heav5s1 &
 ow+ to ! lack ( c5trifugal =ce began   
its desc5t at ! poles4  ,?is !ory       
expla9s c]ta9 ph5om5a bett] ?an any o!r 
yet advanc$ by sci5ti/s4 ,x acc\nts = ! 
uplift ( m\nta9s2 ! deposit ( coal & o!r
 m9]als2 ! glacial age2 ! ret>dation ( !
 moon1 & x alone expla9s mu* conta9$ 9 !
 fir/ eight *apt]s ( ,g5esis4  ,pr(4    
,vail has publi%$ a volume ( ab\t #djj  
pages on ?is subject1 :i* = cle>ness (  
/atem5t & logical conclusions has seldom
 be5 equal$ by previ\s writ]s on        
sci5tific subjects4 ,he deals 9 conv9c+ 
facts :i* are de/9$ to ov]turn _m       
pre-conceiv$ !ories 9 ! sci5ce (        
geology4  ,my object 9 s5d+ =? ?is      
pamphlet is to call ! att5tion (        

intellig5t read]s to a !ory :i* mu/     
engage ! att5tion ( sci5ti/s 9 ! future1
 & :i* w enable ! geologi/ to make cle> 
_m ?+s :i* are n[ obscure4 ,i           
respectfully ask = ! foll[+ pages a c&id
 read+1 & = fur!r in=mation on ! subject
 ref] ! read] to ,pr(4 ,vail's 8,/ory ( 
! ,rocks01 & to o!r works ( ! gift$     
au?or1 :i* are n[ pass+ ?r\gh ! press4  
,,v5tura1 ,,cali=nia1                   
,s4 ,b4   ,septemb] #a1 #ahib4     ,,!  
,,vailan ,,or ,,annul> ,,sy/em4         
,illu/ration     ,,importance ,,( ,,!   
,,"q4   ,jupit]'s belts are d\btless    
aque\s vapor driv5 f t planet by heat2  
simil> 9 e respect1 probably1 to !      
primitive condition ( our globe4 ,?is   
vapor w\ld n all fall at once on ! cool+
 ( ! e>?1 b ! upp] portion w\ld cont9ue 
to revolve = a long p]iod4  ,all        
geologi/s agree t ! e>? 0 once 9 an     
igne\s fluid /ate1 & dur+ t condition   
all ( its wat]s & :atev] else c\ld be   
vaporiz$ & sublim$ by heat1 z ! less    
refractory metals & m9]als1 7 driv5 away

 f its surface4 ,! f\ndation ( ! ,annul>
 ,sy/em 0 ! molt5 or igne\s _w4 ,!      
vaporiz$ wat]1 m9]al & metallic elem5ts 
repell$ f x exi/$ z a great vaporiz$    
atmosph]e t rotat$ ) ! e>?4  ,if ! e>?  
!n rotat$ once 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 s did !
 atmosph]e4 ,proctor & "s o!rs claim t !
 e>? !n rotat$ 9 ?ree h\rs2 if s1 !     
atmosph]e did ! same4 ,no matt] h[ long 
or h[ %ort ! p]iod ( ! e>?'s rotation1 !
 upp] vapors rotat$ ) x4 ,!n1 :5 & h[   
did ^! vapors & o!r mat]ials compos+ !  
atmosph]e return to ! e>?8 ,geologi/s   
g5]ally h claim$ t !y fell at ! close ( 
! igne\s p]iod2 b ! ,annul> ,!ory claims
 t !y did n1 & x und]takes to expla9 !  
ph5om5a ( ! geologic ages & epo*s ^u ?is
 claim4  ,! mo/ em95t sci5ti/s agree t !
 vapors 7 driv5 (f at lea/ #bjj1jjj     
miles f ! e>?1 & _m claim a di/ance (   
#bdj1jjj miles4 ,all ( ! c>bon 9 ! gr&  
casem5t ( aque\s rocks1 ! va/ oceans (  
oxyg5 n[ conta9$ 9 ! silicates1         
sulphates1 c>bonates & oxides ( ! cru/1 
z well z ! nitrog5 & hydrog5 9 num]\s   

comp\nds enorm\sly swell$ its volume4 ,b
 ! ,annul> ,!ory w claim b #ajj1jjj     
miles z ! atmosph]e & t ! e>? rotat$ z  
n[1 once 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,at ! equator
 x revolves at ! rate ( #a1jjj miles an 
h\r1 at :i* rate ! p]iph]y ( ! e>?'s    
primitive atmosph]e w\ld revolve m ?an  
#be1jjj miles an h\r4  ,n[ x is         
ma!matically c]ta9 t a body 9 our       
atmosph]e revolv+ at ! rate ( #ag1ejj   
miles an h\r c\ld n fall to ! e>?'s     
surface4 ,by ,kepl]'s 8,?ird ,law0 we c 
readily demon/rate n only t ^! vapors 7 
?r[n out into a r+ sy/em1 b h[ f> beyond
 ! e>? !y rea*$1 namely3 8,! squ>es ( ! 
p]iodic times ( revolv+ satellites are  
proportion$ to ! cubes ( _! mean        
di/ances f ! prim>y ar\nd :i* !y move40 
,! vapors ne>e/ ! e>? did n possess !   
en]gy ( satellites1 consequ5tly !y fell 
to ! e>?1 z ! latt]'s surface cool$1    
leav+ ! m di/ant matt] mov+ indep5d5tly 
above x4   ,,evid5ces ,,( ,,! ,,geologic
 ,,record4  ,:5 ! e>? 0 9 a /ate ( fi]y 
fluidity1 all ( ! wat] x n[ conta9s 0   

susp5d$ at a great di/ance above x4     
,beside ! oceans :i* n[ cov] ?ree-f\r?s 
( ! surface ( ! globe1 rocks & coals    
conta9 f t5 p] c5t to "o half wat]1 all 
( :i* 0 prim>ily held 9 susp5sion4 ,!   
bosom ( ! e>? is cont9ually absorb+ wat]
 z is demon/rat$ by deep m9es & o!r     
excavations4 ,dana e/imates t ev5 if !  
cru/ ( ! e>? is b five miles ?ick t !   
oceans w\ld be #djj feet deep] if all ( 
! e>?'s imbib$ wat]s c\ld be return$ to 
!m4 ,b ! e>?'s cru/ is m likely to be   
#ajj miles ?ick1 & x has be5 imbib+ ^!  
wat]s = millions ( ye>s if n millions ( 
ages4 ,?is w\ld increase ! oceans to    
ab\t #hjjj feet deep] ?an n[4 ,yet      
oceans are mu* deep] today ?an !y 7 9   
geologic times4  ,?is great mass ( vapor
 w\ld rotate by c5trifugal =ce at !     
equator1 b !re be+ no su* =ce at ! poles
 x 0 !re kept f fall+ by heat alone4 ,if
 ! e>? _h n rotat$ ! vapors w\ld h      
occupi$ great heights2 b c5trifugal =ce 
be+ aid$ by actual rotation !y 7 driv5  
mu* f>!r4 ,^! =ces necess>ily drove !   

vapors ov] ! equator4 ,if1 h[ev]1 any   
vapors 7 left at ! poles !y mu/ h fall5 
:5 ! e>? cool$ d[n4  ,at t age roll$ !  
fir/ born ocean ar\nd ! globe4 ,cl\ds   
=m$1 ra9 desc5d$1 & w9ds swept ! e>?4   
,!re 0 summ] & w9t]1 & day & night4  ,! 
c5tripetal =ce ( ! r+s 0 gradually      
ret>d$ by ! influ5ce ( ! moon1 & !      
gravital =ce 0 increas$ until ! r+s     
spread ov] ! e>? or approa*$ x4 ,:5 !   
inn]mo/ r+ gradually desc5d$ t[>d ! e>? 
& came 9 contact ) ! air x 0 *eck$1 &   
necess>ily spread out t[>d ! poles4     
,gravital =ce is /ronge/ 9 ! pol>       
regions4 ,if ! r+s ( ,saturn & ,jupit]  
c\ld increase _! motion !y w\ld rise to 
great] heights4 ,if !y c\ld become sl[] 
!y w\ld s9k t[>d ! poles4   ,,evid5ce   
,,f ,,o!r ,,planets4  ,we h nev] se5 !  
actual face ( ,saturn1 & ! sun is nev]  
visible to its inhabitants4 ,x is a     
planet ^u :i* !re is probably p]petual  
day4 ,! belts are compos$ ( ! same k9d (
 mat]ial z ! sup]-cru/ ( !              
e>?--silici\s1 calc>e\s & c>bonace\s    

matt]4 ,!y w 9 "t become a "p ( !       
planet's s$im5t>y =mation4  ,:5 !       
invet]ate fires ( ! sun %all h di$ out1 
=ms ( c>bon & associat$ =ms ( aque\s &  
m9]al matt] w =m an annul> sy/em ar\nd  
x4  ,a burn+ _w mu/ be a smok+ _w1 & f  
its furnaces mu/ arise va/ volumes (    
unconsum$ c>bon to m+le ) susp5d$       
vapors4  ,:5 ,saturn's r+s fall to !    
body ( ! planet its moons w necess>ily  
retire a little f>!r f x4 ,a/ronom]s say
 t our moon is gradually retir+ f ! e>?4
 ,!n x mu/ h _h an annul> sy/em :i* fell
 & caus$ ! moon to rec$e4   ,,fur!r     
,,exam9ation ,,( ,,! ,,record4  ,!      
vapors conta9$ silex1 qu>tz & :atev]    
else 0 vaporiz$ & susp5d$ !re94 ,aft] ! 
atmosph]e _h cool$ x deposit$ on ! e>?  
:at x conta9$ :5 heat$4 ,mu* ( !        
s$im5t>y b$s built ^u ! ,laur5tian &    
old] rocks 7 simply precipitat$ f !     
annul> sy/em4  ,iron & sulphur exi/$ 9 !
 upp] ocean z metallic & m9]al salts4 ,9
 ! cool+ process ! heavi] m9]als &      
metals w\ld necess>ily locate ne>e/ !   

e>? & be ! fir/ to fall4 ,true !y 7     
dissem9at$ to a c]ta9 ext5t ?r\gh\t !   
sy/em4  ,iron & o!r heavy metals =m$ b$s
 9 ! sea bottom4 ,iron f ,iron ,m\nta91 
,mo41 & ,pilot ,knob1 also lead & copp] 
ores are 9 ! ,laur5tian rocks4 ,^! rocks
 are aque\s or s$im5t>y4 ,! annul> matt]
 fell b 9 small "p 9 equatorial regions1
 b l>gely 9 temp]ate & frigid zones4  ,x
 is folly to suppose t all ! matt] (    
aque\s b$s 7 deposit$ f previ\s aque\s  
b$s by d5udation4 ,h[ 7 subsequ5t lime  
deposits made f silici\s ,ar*aean b$s8  
,d5udation has tak5 place 9 all ages1 & 
a fall & precipitation ( exotic         
matt]--tellurio-cosmic matt]--aid$ 9 !  
"w4   ,,conclusions ,,rea*$4  #a4 ,all  
t]re/ial wat]s 7 held 9 susp5sion4  #b4 
,?is rotat$ z a "p & p>cel ( ! e>?--a   
primeval atmosph]e ( great complexity ( 
mat]ial4  #c4 ,?is susp5d$ matt] ga!r$ 9
 ! e>?'s equatorial heav5s1 & on cond5s+
 contract$ & segregat$ into r+s :i*     
revolv$ indep5d5tly4  #d4 ,! wat]s on   
high fell 9 a succession ( /up5d\s      

cataclysms4  #e4 ,! fir/ ocean 0        
impregnat$ ) m9]al & metallic salts4    
#f4 ,x requir$ a va/ lapse ( "t = r+s to
 fall4 ,ea* r+ cont9u$ to revolve z a   
belt ab\t ! e>? ) a decreas+ velocity z 
x spread t[>d ! poles & ov]canopi$ !    
e>?4  #g4 ,! smoke or unconsum$ c>bon t 
arose f ! e>?1 d>k5$ ! upp] vapors & =m$
 b&s or belts4  #h4 ,! moon ret>d$ !    
r+s1 caus+ !m to fall ^u ! e>?1 & x !n  
rec$$ f our planet4  #i4 ,! ,ar*aean    
metallif]\s deposits are s locat$ z to  
be inexplicable by ! old !ory ( aque\s  
d5udation4  #aj4 ,! ,silurian b$s1 &    
p>ticul>ly ! ord] ( _! occurr5ce utt]ly 
refutes ! idea t !y 7 d]iv$ f pre-exi/+ 
b$s4   ,,demon/rat$ ,,by ,,hi/oric      
,,te/imony4  ,9 ,g54 #a3g ,god made !   
firmam5t & divid$ ! wat]s :i* 7 "u !    
firmam5t f ! wat]s :i* 7 above !        
firmam5t4 ,accord+ to ! ,hebrew !       
atmosph]e became an expanse betwe5 two  
bodies ( wat]s1 & ( c\rse ! upp] /ratum 
_h to move r\nd ! e>?4 ,9 ,g54 #a3c1d   
light came 9 & g>ni%$ ! heav5s be=e !   

sun 0 se54  ,9 ! #aj?4 v]se ! wat]s on !
 e>? 7 call$ seas1 ! wat] above ! e>? 0 
call$ ! deep1 & ! ,_s ( ,god mov$ ^u !m4
 8,& ,god said1 ,let !re be light10 &   
light came ^u ! deep4  ,9 ,g5 #a3ad-ai !
 sun :i* exi/$ = ages did n appe> 9 !   
heav5s until aft] ! sun br\ght =? grass1
 etc4 ,!n x is pla9 t "s int]cept+      
canopy cut (f ! direct rays ( ! sun4  ,!
 writ] ( ,g5esis did n say ! sun & moon 
%one ^u ! e>?1 b he does say ! />s did  
?is4 ,accord+ to ! ,vailan !ory ?is is  
true1 b !y %one 9 f pol> regions4  ,!   
e>?'s surface 0 n heat$ by ! sun's      
direct rays1 b "u ! ov]canopy+ vapors x 
mu/ h be5 w>m$1 & its temp]ature        
equaliz$ by transmitt$ & diffus$ sol>   
heat4   ,,conclusions4  ,!re 0 a        
gre5-h\se temp]ature all ov] ! e>? at   
?is "t4 ,/orms & tempe/s 7 unkn[n1 z su*
 ph5om5a are caus$ by sun-p[]1 sun-heat 
fall+ directly ^u ! e>?4 ,ra9s 7        
infrequ5t1 if at all4  ,man1 9 ! day :5 
sol> act9ism 0 %orn ( its /r5g?1 mu/ h  
exp]i5c$ rem>kable longevity1 = ^u sol> 

en]gy dep5ds e =m & phaze ( life on e>?4
  ,! day ( re/ ref]r$ to 9 ,g54 #b3c 9  
:i* ,god ceas$ f 8 labors 0 a w9dless1  
/ormless1 ra9less1 w9t]less age2 =      
imm$iately we are told t 8,god _h n     
caus$ x to ra9 ^u ! e>?40 ,! climate 0  
w>m = man dwelt nak$ ^u ! e>?4 ,he 0    
nurtur$ 9 a gre5-h\se _w4  ,! ra9b[     
comes into view aft] ! deluge = ! fir/  
"t4 ,!re c\ld h be5 nei!r ra9 nor sun%9e
 previ\sly1 j :at ! ,vailan !ory claims4
 ,! w9d came ^u ! e>? aft] ! wat]s ( !  
deluge _h fall51 & n be=e4  ,x 0 aft] ! 
deluge t ,god said1 8,:ile ! e>? rema9e?
 se$-"t & h>ve/1 & cold & heat1 & summ] 
& w9t]1 & day & night %all n cease40 ,! 
p]iod be=e ! flood 0 nightless1 & ev5+ &
 morn+ 7 day2 t is1 !y coalesc$ into "o 
p]iod call$ day4  ,aft] ! deluge ! b[ is
 giv52 man's longevity decl9es2 ! w9ds  
come1 & alt]nat+ seasons take place--all
 po9t+ to ! fact t ! ant$eluvian _w 0   
ov]canopi$ by annul> wat]s4  ,e leaf ( !
 geologic record decl>es t ! _w has be5 
delug$ "t & aga91 :i* ?is !ory also     

claims to be true1 & to h tak5 place at 
! decl5sion ( ea* r+ or /ratum4   ,,!   
,,noa*ian ,,deluge4  ,!re is en\gh wat] 
n[ on ! e>? & 9 its rocky frame to make 
an hundr$ t]rific deluges1 e "o ( :i*   
c\ld dr[n ! _w ( liv+ be+s4  ,9 e>ly    
days man believ$ !re 0 a great deep on  
high4 ,! s\rces ( ! deluge 7 8brok5 up10
 & nev] aga9 c ! _w be de/roy$ f t      
s\rce4 ,if ! f\nta9s ( ! deep 7 on ! e>?
 or 9 ! seas !n !y are n 8brok5 up40 ,if
 !y 7 9 ! cl\ds1 !y 7 n1 = t s\rce /ill 
exi/s4 ,!n we mu/ believe t !y came f   
beyond ! cl\ds4  ,) ! f\nta9 ( ! great  
deep plac$ on high--! v]itable wat]s    
above ! firmam5t--we c readily und]/& :y
 ! 8w9d[s ( heav5 7 op5$10 & :y 8all !  
f\nta9s ( ! great deep 7 brok5 up40 ,!  
ra9b[ proclaims ^! facts ar\nd ! circuit
 ( ! e>?4  ,h[ does x happ5 t ! au?or ( 
,g5esis relates ^! facts ) su* h>moni\s 
accord1 ) all ! conditions :i* an       
,annul> arrangem5t ( wat] necessitat$1  
if ! idea 0 n famili> to 8 m9d8  ,!     
pres5ce ( upp] vapors ent]+ ! atmosph]e 

on _! way to ! e>? by ! way ( ! pol>    
regions necessitat$ an atmosph]e (      
great] buoyancy & p[]1 & ?is necessitat$
 great] bodily frame4 ,h5ce x is said3  
8,!re 7 giants 9 ^? days40 ,!re 7 giants
 among animals z well z m54   ,,leg5ds  
,,( ,,! ,,deluge4  ,su* wide-spread     
desolation z is accr$it$ to ! deluge (  
,noah mu/ h made an indelible impression
 ^u ! human m9d4 ,we w\ld naturally look
 = ref]5ces to x 9 ,aryan1 ,pho5ecian1  
,greek & ,hebrew hi/ory4 ,!y 7 !        
gu>dians ( civilization4 ,x is n        
difficult to co-l9k ev5 ! rude/ =m ( !  
flood traditions ) ! t]rible visitation 
s graphically relat$ by ,moses4 ,its    
%ad[ w nev] pass f ! hi/oric page4  ,m5 
may criticise & ridicule ! n>rative giv5
 by ,moses1 yet ! fact rema9s t a       
self-su/a9+ hi/ory is !re2 & ! comb9$   
sophi/ry ( all "t _c %ake x4  ,an acc\nt
 ( t great cata/rophe is f\nd 9 !       
my?ological n>ratives & traditional     
hi/ory ( ne>ly or q e p & tribe (       
,adam's race4  ,x is f\nd among !       

,egyptians1 ,*aldeans1 ,greeks1         
,scy?ians & ,celtic tribes4 ,x has be5  
discov]$ among ! ,p]uvians & ,mexicans2 
! aborig9es ( ,cuba1 ( ,nor? ,am]ica & !
 ,s\? ,sea ,isl&s4 ,ev5 ! inhabitants ( 
,alaska pres]ve a tradition ( ! deluge2 
& all po9t unmi/akably to ! deluge (    
,noah4  ,rec5t inve/igations 9 ! ru9s ( 
,n9eveh1 ,babylon & 9 anci5t cities (   
,egypt confirm x by tablets pres]v$ z   
v]itable books4  ,tradition z %e sits   
amid/ ! crumbl+ ages ( ! pa/ s+s x 9 our
 e>s1 :ile ! s\nd ( a univ]sal deluge   
has gone out ?r\gh all ! e>?4 ,x w\ld   
require volumes to pres5t ^! traditions 
alone4   ,,augm5tation ,,( ,,oceanic    
,,wat]s4  ,"s portions ( ! e>? are s9k+ 
:ile o!rs are ris+4 ,! millions ( cubic 
feet ( matt] deposit$ daily 9 ! oceans  
by riv]s w\ld be suffici5t to accompli% 
?is4 ,e p\nd ( matt] ?us transf]r$1 is  
an en]gy transf]r$4 ,9 ! c\rse ( #a1jjj 
ye>s1 #a1jjj squ>e miles ( oceanic      
bottom w\ld be cov]$ to ! dep? ( #bdj   
feet4  ,?is enorm\s pressure on !       

und]ly+ rocks is s mu* transf]r$ en]gy  
conv]t$ into me*anical heat4 ,?is mu/   
exp& ! rocks ?us "u increas$ pressure4  
,if ?is s$im5t 7 n borne into ! ocean   
along ! ,atlantic coa/ & spread out ov] 
va/ areas x w\ld be l9$ ) m\nta9s &     
volcanoes1 z t ( ! ,m$it]ranean sea2 b  
be+ spread out ov] an ext5sive floor x  
prev5ts _! =mation by lat]al pressure4  
,volcanoes are locat$ :]e s$im5ts c     
accumulate1 & are d\btless ! result (   
?is accumulation4 ,sixty-five ?\s& feet 
( /eel blocks pil$ "o ^u ano!r w\ld     
cause suffici5t heat to melt ! l[] ones 
or r$uce !m to a pla/ic /ate4 ,! lava t 
issues f a volcano is ! deep b$-rock    
fus$ by pressure produc$ by lat]al      
expansion4 ,accumulat+ s$im5ts cause    
rock expansion 9 "s regions1 & be+      
remov$ f o!rs1 causes contraction4      
,expansion elevates ! e>?'s cru/2       
contraction l[]s x4  ,a d[nfall ( wat] t
 w\ld raise ! ocean fifty feet above its
 pres5t level w\ld cause an expansion t 
no rocks c\ld resi/1 & its lat]al       

pressure mu/ result 9 m\nta9 mak+4 ,!   
,new ,engl& coa/ has be5 elevat$ 9      
comp>atively rec5t times4 ,! ,/4        
,lawr5ce is s new t x has n yet swept   
its *annel clean4  ,f ,nova ,scotia to  
,florida & ar\nd ! :ole b\nd>y ( ! ,gulf
 ( ,mexico are ! subm]g$ %ore-l9es ( a  
=m] cont95t4 ,_m miles out ! lead-l9e   
sudd5ly plunges f ab\t #ajj fa?oms to f 
#bjj to #a1ejj fa?oms4 ,s ar\nd !       
,briti% ,isles1 ! coa/ ( ,norway1 & t ( 
,nor!rn ,europe & ,asia4 ,s\? ,am]ica1  
,africa & ! ,pacific pres5t ! same      
*>act]i/ics4 ,! c\rse ( a subm]g$       
cont95t has be5 trac$ 9 mid-ocean4      
,,summ>y4  ,! ,vailan ,!ory is prov$1   
#a4 ,by ma!matical reason+ & philosophic
 necessity4  #b4 ,by ! m9]al "* &       
philosophical deposition ( /rata4  #c4  
,by analag\s facts relat+ to o!r worlds1
 belt$ & r+$ "u ! reign ( law4  #d4 ,by 
! action ( ! moon4  #e4 ,by ! records ( 
man ^: anci5t writ+s decl>e1 &          
re-decl>e1 aga9 & aga91 ! tru? ( ?is    
claim4 ,! fir/ eight *apt]s ( ,g5esis   

alone af=d pro( suffici5t if all else   
fail$4  #f4 ,! wat]s on ! e>? !mselves  
decl>e ! fact4   ,,geographical         
,,features4  ,! fir/ & mo/ important    
elem5t ( ! e>?'s cru/ is c>bon4 ,( ! m  
?an #fj1jjj feet ( aque\s b$s !re are   
probably none t x does n ent] into z an 
important factor4 ,x 0 fir/ driv5 f !   
e>? by int5se heat4 ,! burn+ _w 0 a     
smok+ _w4 ,! unconsum$ c>bon comm+l$ ) !
 ,annul> vapors 9 ! =m ( black1 sooty1  
pit*y matt]4 ,?is 0 deposit$ at ! "t ( !
 deluge1 & ! wat]s t /ood 9 seas1 lakes 
& ponds deposit$ x z a lay] ( black1    
c>bonace\s mud ^u _! bottoms4 ,x may be 
f\nd 9 t5 ?\s& lakes plant$ 9 ! ,drift  
deposits 9 ,nor? ,am]ica & ,nor!rn      
,europe4  ,a black c>bonace\s soil cov]s
 _m ,we/]n ,/ates :i* 7 once cov]$ by a 
va/ inl& sea4 ,?is sea 0 b\nd$ on ! we/ 
by ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s2 s\? by ! ,oz>k    
,m\nta9s & ! m\nta9s ( ,t5nessee &      
,k5tucky1 & empti$ its wat]s into ,lake 
,mi*igan4  ,?is great inl& sea f9ally   
became a fre%-wat] body4 ,! rema9s ( !  

ma/odon1 mammo? & o!r pa*yd]ms (        
int]diluvian times1 z well z fre%-wat]  
%ells are f\nd4 ,x made = itself two    
great outlets1 ! ,mississippi & ! ,/4   
,lawr5ce riv]s4 ,?is inl& sea mu/ h be5 
elevat$ #gjj or #hjj feet above ! ocean1
 & 0 surr\nd$ on all sides by walls1 &  
cov]$ an area ( at lea/ #ejj1jjj squ>e  
miles4 ,we mu/ conclude t "s great      
d[n-ru% ( wat]s caus$ x to break its    
b\nds 9 two directions at ! same "t4  ,!
 fall ( wat]s suppli$ ! black1 sooty    
c>bon t settl$ to ! bottom ( ! sea1     
rema9+ b a few in*es ?ick on ! hills1   
p]haps1 b sev]al feet 9 ! valleys1 & is 
! s\rce ( ! peat bogs4   ,,glacial      
,,epo*s4  ,previ\s to ! glacial record  
!re _h clos$ a long p]iod ( p]petual    
spr+4 ,! primitive elephant1 & _m ( 8   
cong5]s & contempor>ies1 f$ 9 luxuri\s  
=e/s & grassy pla9s t[>d ! nor? pole1   
:i* are n[ cov]$ ) glaci]s gr9d+ _!     
bones to du/4 ,nor!rn regions :i* =     
untold ages _h be5 cov]$ ) tropical     
vegetation1 & animals ( innum]able =ms1 

began to be invad$ by glaci]s :i* sl[ly 
made _! way t[>d ! equator4  ,! only way
 glaci]s are n[ =m$ is by vapors waft$  
ov] !m f adjac5t l&s w>m$ by sol> heat2 
b !y 7 n =m$ t way dur+ ! glacial epo*s1
 b by ! decl5sion ( annul> vapors4      
,glacial ice _c accumulate ext5sively   
n[4 ,x fl[s1 & _c be heap$ up l>gely1   
its rate ( motion be+ proportionate to !
 slope ( its b$4 ,! s\rce ( ^? sn[s :i* 
built a great cont95tal ice cap ov] !   
nor!rn hemisph]e mu/ be attribut$ to !  
,annul> ,sy/em4 ,!y accumulat$ 9 ! ,/4  
,lawr5ce valley sev]al ?\s& feet ?ick & 
t[]$ ov] ! ,new ,engl& m\nta9s4  ,sn[   
seldom falls 9 arctic regions n[4 ,dr4  
,kane saw sl$ge tracks t 7 made sev]al  
ye>s previ\sly4 ,h[ !n did ^? b\ndless  
rea*es ( sn[ & ice accumulate b by !    
desc5t ( ,annul> vapors8  ,animals are  
f\nd entomb$ 9 ! froz5 soil & sn[s "u ! 
arctic circle4 ,= _m ye>s a l>ge trade  
has be5 c>ri$ on 9 ivory1 by ,sib]ian   
trad]s1 dug f ! froz5 soil4 ,_m ( !     
animals1 z ! mammo?1 rh9oc]os1 etc41    

rema9 undecay$1 & 9 _! /oma*s & betwe5  
_! tee? are f\nd ! vegetation ^u :i* !y 
f$4 ,& ev5 ! capill>y blood vessels /ill
 reta9+ _! cont5ts1 %[+ t !re 0 n !     
slighte/ decomposition1 b t ! cata/rophe
 :i* ov]:elm$ !m 0 sudd54 ,! climate 0  
*ang$ z by a /roke1 :i* congeal$ & seal$
 ! l& 9 ice1 lock+ ! mammo? & o!r       
animals !re94  ,_h ^? animals n be5     
froz5 soon z kill$1 putrification &     
decomposition mu/ h tak5 place4 ,no?+ b 
! d[n-ru% ( sn[s f ! e>?'s ,annul>      
,sy/em c\ld h done ?is4 ,^! rema9s are  
dr$g$ f ! nor!rn oceans1 & !y are also  
f\nd fossiliz$ ov] l>ge portions (      
,sib]ia2 9 bo? cases be+ d\btless dropp$
 f iceb]gs4 ,! mammo? is f\nd froz5 9 a 
glaci]2 ! glaci] 0 orig9ally sn[2 !     
de/ruction mu/ necess>ily h be5 sudd54  
,if n m ?an "o t5? ( ! wat]s n[ ^u ! e>?
 _h fall5 9 ! =m ( sn[ x w\ld h cov]$ ! 
entire l& surface ( ! globe m ?an       
#cj1jjj feet deep2 & z "o t5? mu/ h     
fall5 9 pol> regions x br+s out !       
,annul> ,!ory z a compet5t s\rce4 ,!    

sudd5 fall ( sn[ suffici5t to ov]:elm a 
semi-tropical _w c\ld n accumulate 9 !  
atmosph]e z x n[ does1 & fall !refrom4  
,x mu/ h come f a s\rce beyond !        
atmosph]e4  ,! ov]canopy+ fund ( vapors 
act$ z a mighty robe to ! e>?1 keep+ out
 ! cold ( space1 & equally di/ribut+    
sol> heat ov] ! globe & caus+ t]re/ial  
w>m?4 ,! animals 7 mu* l>g] ?an _!      
repres5tatives are n[1 %[+ t ! atmosph]e
 0 heavi] & possess$ m buoyant p[] by ! 
pressure ( a va/ ocean ( vapors 9 !     
high] regions4  ,! d[nfall ( wat] caus$ 
cont9ual upheavals1 & m\nta9 mak+1 :i*  
is prov$ by f9d+ m>9e fossils along !   
sea%ore1 & else:]e f> above ! ocean4    
,t]races ( ! ,*ampla9 epo* 9 ,new ,engl&
 t mu/ h be5 =m$ 9 ! sea1 are n[ f\nd   
elevat$ hundr$s ( feet4  ,all geologi/s 
agree t !re h be5 _m floods ^u ! e>?4 ,!
 great telluric glaci]s ( rec5t geologic
 times 7 melt$ "u ! tropic influ5ce ( ! 
,annul> vapors result+ 9 deluges4  ,"u !
 va/ pressure ( ! accumulat$ wat]s !    
pla/ic ocean b$ goes d[n & =ces its     

f\ndation "u ! cont95t by lat]al        
pressure1 & causes upturn$ & crumpl$    
/rata 9 _m places1 & also volcanic      
ph5om5a4   ,,review ,,( ,,! ,,geologic  
,,record4  ,! geologi/ has nev] yet f\nd
 ! base ( ! aque\s rocks1 nor c he "k h[
 deep _! f\ndations ext5d4 ,:5 !        
,laur5tian /ratifi$ b$s 7 =m$ !re 0 an  
ocean on ! e>?4 ,a portion ( !          
tellurio-cosmic wat]s _h fall54  ,9 !   
b[ld] & conglom]ate rocks f\nd 9 e age (
 geology !re is pro( t glaci]s invad$ ! 
e>? aft] ! decl5sion ( ea* ,annul>      
/ratum4 ,! ,annul> matt] ext5d$ 9       
comp>atively n>r[ belts ov] ! equator4  
,z ! l[] /ratum 0 attract$ t[>d ! e>? x 
gradually spread out t[>d ! pol>        
regions1 caus+ a w>m climate all ov] !  
e>?1 & melt+ ! sn[s & glaci]s at !      
poles4 ,?is la/$ untold ages until a    
tropic & semi-tropical vegetation spread
 ov] ! e>?4 ,aft] its fall arctic cold  
invad$ ! nor? & s\? poles1 pu%+ a va/   
ice cap t[>d ! equator1 :i* rema9$ until
 ano!r /ratum ( annul> vapors spread ov]

 ! globe4 ,^! ages ( w>m? & ages ( cold 
cont9u$ to alt]nate until ! fall ( ! la/
 r+ ( vapors1 :i* took place at ! "t ( !
 ,noa*ian deluge1 caus+ t cata/rophe4   
,! sudd5 de/ruction ( life1 at ! end (  
ea* age 9 geology1 mu/ h be5 caus$ by   
sudd5 cold4 ,! wat]s rea*+ ! e>? at !   
poles mu/ cause refrig]ation2 mu/ cause 
excessive floods2 mu/ cause ext]m9ation 
( specific =ms ( life2 mu/ cause new    
di/ribution & condition ( oceanic wat]s1
 & caus$ great fold+ & crumpl+ ( /rata4 
,9 ! dissolv+ ( glaci]s a va/ pressure 0
 lift$ f ! cont95ts & transf]r$ to !    
ocean b$s1 caus+ !m to g d[n & ! l& to  
be elevat$4   ,,se$ ,,b$ ,,(            
,,organisms4  ,f ! days ( ,hom] until ! 
pres5t "t we read ( du/-/orms ( liv+    
organisms fall+ ^u ! e>?1 & color$ sn[1 
! color+ matt] be+ microscopic =ms (    
life4 ,! du/ is d\btless ( cosmic orig94
 ,!re mu/ be micro-cosmic cl\ds mov+ 9  
int]planet>y space1 :i* meet+ ! e>? 9   
its pa?1 are precipitat$ ^u its surface4
  ,we c sc>cely conceive ( matt] any:]e 

)\t associat+ x ) liv+ =ms4 ,! out]mo/  
vapors ( ! annul> sy/em1 :i* fell 9 ! "t
 ( ,noah1 rema9$ on high = unkn[n       
millions ( ye>s1 receiv+ con/ant        
additions ( meteoric & cosmic du/ f )\t4
 ,z ! gase\s envelope t n[ surr\nds our 
e>? conta9s liv+ organisms1 we mu/      
believe ! annul> matt] did also1 & to a 
mu* great] degree4  ,if ,jupit]'s belt$ 
sy/em _h long ago desc5d$ to ! body ( t 
planet1 s t we c\ld gaze ^u ! cont95ts &
 seas z we d ^? ( ,m>s1 we w\ld conclude
 t !y sw>m$ ) life4 ,an incomplete _w   
mu/ conta9 incomplete or primordial     
life-=ms2 =ms t 9 "t mu/ develop4 ,9    
yell[ sn[1 du/ %[]s1 8blood ra9s10 etc4 
we h evid5ce t organic =ms are natural  
accompanim5ts ( ! nebul\s & elem5t>y =ms
 ( matt]4  ,spid] %[]s are well         
au!nticat$4 ,sometimes ! air is fill$ ) 
_! gossam] ?reads ^u :i* !y m\nt to     
unkn[n dep?s ( space1 :]e !y live4 ,if  
spid]s c live 9 ! air1 desc5d to ! e>? &
 live !re = a "t1 & toads c live =      
untold ages immur$ 9 solid rock1 !y c\ld

 live 9 belts ( aque\s & m9]al matt]4 ,!
 mann] 9 :i* organisms h succe$$ ea* o!r
 on ! e>? z reveal$ by ! geologic       
records dem&s t ! annul> sy/em 0 !      
cradle ( infant life1 ! propagat+ b$s 9 
:i* ! life-g]ms 7 plac$ by ! great      
,g>d5] ( ,nature4  ,x is z reasonable to
 suppose t g]ms took =m 9 wat] "u !     
creative h& be=e !y fell to ! e>? z     
aft]w>d1 & :5 we see t ea* d[nfall      
br\ght new life-=ms :i* exhibit no      
specific or g5]ic relation to previ\s   
=ms1 we are =c$ to admit t ei!r ! se$   
b$s ( ! ,annul> sy/em provid$ !         
undevelop$ organisms1 or !re 0 a special
 creation at ea* p]iod4  ,9 ! ,silurian 
age !re 0 an ocean conta9+ heavy        
calc>i\s matt]2 9 ! ,devonian silici\s &
 silicio-calc>i\s matt]2 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s
 c>bonace\s matt]1 & ea* ocean _h its   
*>act]i/ic life-=ms4 ,b if all ! wat]s  
fell at "o "t1 h[ is x possible = ea*   
age to h _h an ocean conta9+ *>act]i/ic 
m9]als8 ,^! *>act]i/ic m9]als fell ) ea*
 r+1 :i* m>k$ ! ages ( geology1 de/roy+ 

previ\s life-=ms & introduc+ new ones4  
,eozoic rocks 7 laid d[n #dj1jjj feet   
?ick4 ,^u ^! 7 pil$ ,silurian #fe1jjj   
feet ?ick2 on ^! ,devonian rocks #ae1jjj
 feet1 & !n comes #ag1jjj feet (        
,c>bonif]\s rocks1 ea* age hav+         
*>act]i/ic fossils & m9]al deposits4 ,z 
^! deposits 7 laid d[n by ! sea1 :y d !y
 s widely diff] 9 _! composition if !y  
all fell at ! same "t f above6 ,!       
,potsdam s&/one und]lies ! ,silurian    
rocks4 ,x spread f ! ,canadas to ,texas1
 f ! ,alleghanies to ! ,rocky m\nta9s1 &
 probably =ms a casem5t ar\nd ! globe4  
,x is #h1jjj feet ?ick1 & %[s a         
me*anical & rapid accumulation1 po9t+   
unmi/akably to ! d[nfall ( a silici\s   
r+4  ,! ,annul> !ory admits ( ! univ]sal
 erod+ p[] ( riv]s & waves2 ! transport+
 p[] ( curr5ts & /rata build+ f detrital
 matt]4 ,b waves c d no?+ unless suppli$
 ) matt]4 ,:]e did !y get ! cry/all9e1  
granulat$ & infusorial matt] to spread  
ov] ! floor ( ! ,silurian ocean8 ,great 
b$s ( metals h be5 laid d[n z regul>ity 

/ratifi$ deposits :i* c\ld n h be5 borne
 f ,ar*aean t]ranes4   ,,c>bon ,,/rata  
,,deposit$ ,,z ,,an ,,aque\s ,,s$im5t4  
,c>bon compos+ a peat b$ is simply      
unconsum$ c>bon4 ,! c>bon or smoke t    
arises f e *imney & furnace :5          
measurably %ut up f imm$iate union )    
oxyg51 rema9s an unburnt fuel precisely 
! same 9 k9d z ! unburnt c>bon fuel ( ! 
peat bogs4 ,7 we to collect ! unburnt   
c>bon f our *imneys 9 piles1 :]e moi/ure
 & air c\ld h free access1 x w\ld take  
fire spontane\sly & burn1 j z peat dug f
 ! bog sometimes takes fire & burns4  ,!
 millions ( fires f f\ndries1 volcanoes1
 etc41 are =m+ fuel :]ev] soot is =m$1 &
 7 x n = ! ev] active oxyg5 ( ! air1 x  
w\ld all desc5d ^u ! e>? z fuel & become
 incorporat$ 9 =m+ s$im5t>y b$s4 ,?is is
 our claim = ! coal1 :i* z unconsum$    
c>bon arose beyond ! rea* ( de/roy+     
oxyg51 f ! heat$1 gl[+ furnace ( our    
globe1 & 9 "t return$ to ! e>?4  ,:5 !  
plant dies & beg9s to decay "o ( its    
con/itu5t elem5ts1 c>bon1 oxydizes by   

sl[ combu/ion & returns to ! air z an   
invisible gas4 ,x is b accid5tal :5 a   
p>ticle fails to become oxydiz$ & rema9s
 z unconsum$ c>bon4 ,an exce$+ly small  
"p ( vegetation rema9s unburnt4  ,coal  
ve9s1 :i* are f "o foot to ?ree hundr$  
feet ?ick1 w\ld make a /ratum ar\nd !   
e>? t5 feet ?ick4 ,fifty p\nds ( coal w 
yield #aj1jjj gallons ( c>bonic acid4   
,!n call+ eight gallons equal to "o     
cubic foot ! a/oni%+ fact comes out t ! 
coal b$s actually draw f ! atmosph]e an 
ocean ( c>bonic acid :i* w\ld h cov]$ ! 
globe to ! dep? ( #ab1ejj feet1 :i* w\ld
 h de/roy$ all animal life4 ,ev5 ?ree or
 f\r p] c5t4 ( c>bonic acid 9 our pres5t
 atmosph]e w\ld be fatal to animal life4
 ,h5ce x is cle> t coal _c be attribut$ 
to vegetable orig94   ,,conclusions     
,,rea*$4  ,! foll[+ conclusions are     
cle>ly d$ucible3  #a4 ,! ,annul> sy/em 0
 a region ( microscopic life &          
infusorial =ms4 ,coal be+ deposit$ by   
sea-wat] c>ri$ d[n ) x m>9e =ms1 & o!rs 
settl$ ^u its surface4  #b4 ,! c>bon    

deposits mu/ h borne d[n a va/ am\nt (  
m>9e vegetation & buri$ x ^u ! sea      
bottom4 ,9 swamp m>%es ! vegetation w\ld
 h be5 entirely diff]5t4  #c4 ,:5 a     
c>bon fall 0 borne to ! seas & settl$   
:]e lime/one /rata prevail$ x w\ld      
indicate great di/ance f ! %ore1 & "h ! 
ro( %ales ( ! coal mu/ be necess>ily    
free f l& fossils4 ,coal b$s among/     
s&/one /rata indicate depositions ne>   
%ore1 & may conta9 l& fossils4  #d4 ,!  
coal b$s mu/ be m heavily develop$ t[>d 
pol> regions1 & mo/ free f impurities4  
#e4 ,all c>bon d[nfalls mu/ h be5 att5d$
 by great cataclysms ( sn[1 or wat]1 or 
bo?4  #f4 ,a coal ve9 deposit$ ne> a    
volcano1 or me*anical heat aris+ !refrom
 w\ld be metamorphos$ into heavi] & h>d]
 =ms ( c>bon4 ,b z all grades mu/ h     
exi/$ 9 ! ,annul> sy/em z primitive     
di/illates1 all ( ^! =ms may be f\nd 9  
l&s :]e no /rata di/urbance has tak5    
place4  #g4 ,! heavy c>bon1 z !         
an?racite & semi-bitum9\s p>ticles w\ld 
be borne to ! deep seas1 :ile ! light]  

w\ld float into %all[ wat]4 ,h5ce a     
subm>9e valley might h a deposit (      
an?racite :ile a neighbor+ b$ on an     
elevation might be bitum9\s4  #h4 ,9 bo?
 nor!rn & s\!rn hemisph]es ! coal mu/ be
 m valuable z we proce$ f ! equator4    
#i4 ,!re mu/ h be5 c>bon falls 9 all    
ages1 & ! fir/ 7 ! pure/ & ! be/1 :ile !
 la/ to desc5d mu/ h be5 ! lighte/ &    
poore/1 & mu/ be f\nd ne> ! surface1 or 
are ! f\ndations ( rec5t peat bogs4     
,peat vegetation1 or moss kn[n by !     
g5]ic "n ( ,sphagn\s1 has l$ _m to      
believe x to be ! orig9 ( t product4 ,b 
^! sphagn\s mosses c\ld nev] h plant$   
!mselves ov] ! m$ial & cold] latitudes  
if ! c>bon b$s necess>y to su/a9 !m _h n
 previ\sly be5 plant$ !re4 ,if coal &   
peat are vegetable products !y %\ld exi/
 9 great] abundance 9 tropical regions2 
b !y are f\nd 9 limit$ quantity !re4    
,,is ,,coal ,a ,,vegetable ,,product8   
,! usually accept$ !ory conc]n+ ! orig9 
( coal is t x 0 =m$ f an anci5t         
vegetation t grew l>gely 9 peat & swamp 

m>%es4 ,?is !ory ! ,vailan sy/em        
ov]?r[s4  ,e atom ( ! great mass ( c>bon
 n[ =m+ ! coal deposits mu/ h be5 a     
di/ill$ product ( a primitive igne\s    
process be=e ! plant c\ld possibly      
appropriate x4 ,e intellig5t *emi/ kn[s 
t ! great telluric gas furnace (        
primitive times 0 compet5t to produce   
all ! c>bon n[ f\nd 9 ! cru/ ( ! e>?4   
,soot1 t sometimes takes fire 9 our     
*imneys1 is deposit$ 9 inf9itesimal     
smoke p>ticles4 ,h5ce1 smoke f burn+    
c>bon is simply a fuel :i* makes x      
evid5t t ! smoke :i* arose f ! igne\s   
e>? 0 a fuel hydro-c>bon4 ,! d>k belts (
 ,saturn & ,jupit] are d\btless /rata ( 
c>bon revolv+ ab\t ^? planets4  ,if !   
,vailan !ory is true ! graphites &      
heavi] =ms ( c>bon 7 ! fir/ to fall ^u !
 e>? aft] ! igne\s p]iod 0 pass$1 & w be
 f\nd 9 its fir/ aque\s b$s1 & g5]ally  
unassociat$ ) fossil vegetation4 ,?is is
 precisely :at we d f9d4 ,bo? ,dana &   
,dawson be> te/imony to ! fact t        
graphite is a v common m9]al 9 ! old]   

b$s1 & t ! primitive c>bon b$s are equal
 9 gravity to t ( simil> areas 9 !      
c>bonif]\s sy/em4  ,:y no fossil plants 
9 ! e>li] coal deposits8 ,because no    
plants grew at t "t4 ,!n we mu/ look =  
its orig9 else:]e ?an 9 plants4 ,if coal
 be a vegetable product1 s is graphite4 
,to say t animal organism aid$ 9 !      
process simply adds to ! difficulty1    
s9ce x is c>bon t makes ! organism & n !
 organism ! c>bon4 ,b suppose fossil    
plants 7 f\nd 9 graphite1 w\ld x be any 
m evid5ce t !y =m$ x ?an t !y =m$ clay  
or s&rock 9 :i* !y are f\nd8 ,! simple  
fact t organic fossils are f\nd 9 c>bon 
b$s *ang$ to c>bon af=ds no evid5ce t ^!
 organisms made ! b$s4  ,we f9d         
vegetable rema9s 9 coal seams j z we f9d
 !m 9 any o!r rock4 ,a coal plant z a   
lepidod5dron1 may beg9 9 ! l[] clay1 &  
pi]ce ?r\gh a coal seam into ! ov]hang+ 
%ale & s&/one4 ,9 ! fir/ x is a clay    
fossil1 9 ! second a c>bonace\s fossil1 
& 9 ! ?ird a silici\s fossil4 ,! fact is
 ! trunk ( a tree 9 an upright position 

9 a coal b$1 :i* is q common1 proves t !
 coal =m$ ar\nd x rapidly4 ,x w\ld      
require =ty feet ( vegetable debris to  
make five feet ( c>bon4 ,"s coal seams  
are #cjj feet ?ick1 :i* w\ld require at 
lea/ #b1djj feet ( vegetable gr[? 9 its 
=mation1 :i* is an impossibility4 ,z a  
vegetable product coal w\ld =m v sl[ly1 
b f ! ,vailan sy/em w\ld require b a few
 h\rs1 or days at mo/1 to lay x d[n4    
,plants f\nd 9 coal burn ) difficulty1  
:i* ought n to be true if !y conta9$ a  
res9\s sap1 or bitum9\s matt]4 ,9 _m    
in/ances y c f9d a doz5 fossil plants 9 
! ov]ly+ clay to :]e y c f9d "o 9 coal4 
,!y are clay fossils because !y are     
imb$d$ 9 clay1 same z fossils 9 coal are
 c>bon because imb$d$ 9 c>bon4  ,if coal
 is compress$ peat1 z "s w\ld h u       
believe1 :y d we n f9d fibres runn+     
v]tically ?r\gh x8 ,y may exam9e peat   
aft] a pressure ( tw5ty tons to ! squ>e 
in* has be5 ex]t$1 & yet ! v]tical      
/ructure ( ! mass w be app>5t4 ,s9ce we 
f9d abundance ( rootlets runn+ 9 all    

directions1 v]tically z well z          
horizontally 9 ! "u clays ( coal b$s x  
is evid5t t coal is n a metamorphos$    
peat4  ,imag9e an expanse ( m>%es       
#ajj1jjj squ>e miles 9 ext5t1 cov]$ )   
calamites1 f]ns1 sigill>ia1 lepidod5dra 
rema9+ motionless = c\ntless c5turies1 &
 !n sudd5ly s9k+ b5ea? ! waves ( ! sea 9
 ord] to receive a sea-=m$ b$ = a cov]+2
 & 9 ! univ]sal burial to pres]ve b a   
few fossils1 & !y 9 a horizontal        
position1 :ile 9 ! clays imm$iately     
above & bel[ ! coal b$s !y are f\nd 9   
pr(usion2 t 9 due "t ! va/ area arose f 
its baptism1 & on ! ?9 lay] ( clay      
millions ( ! same plants grew until !y  
=m$ ano!r b$ ( coal1 :5 x s9ks aga9     
b5ea? ! waves1 & ?is oscillation cont9u$
 until x _h be5 buri$ tw5ty1 =ty or "o  
hundr$ times1 & y h ! old !ory ( h[ coal
 0 =m$4  ,b if ! old !ory conc]n+ !     
=mation ( coal is correct1 h[ did x     
occur t ! e>? 9 ris+ out ( ! ocean /opp$
 ea* "t 9 ! "r place = swamp vegetation 
to accumulate8 ,accord+ to ! highe/     

au?ority coal is n =m$ f sea-plants1 =  
!y _c emit any consid]able am\nt (      
caloric1 b x is ! product ( l& plants4  
,!n :y d we f9d coal scatt]$ ov] a va/  
area ( sea bottom8  ,! /ructure (       
cont95ts %[ t !y h rema9$ su* f _! fir/ 
=mation4 ,"s ( ! geologic =mations1 z ! 
,c>bonif]\s-conglom]ates1 took place all
 ov] ! e>? at ! same "t4 ,h[ c\ld ?is be
 except x came f ! ,annul> sy/em8  ,7 we
 to h a %[] ( c>bon du/ x w\ld settle to
 ! bottom ( ! sea all ov] !             
irregul>ities ( ! same4 ,!n s& b$s      
accumulat+ = ages w\ld settle ov] x4 ,^!
 w\ld =m a great] ?ickness 9 "s places  
?an 9 o!rs2 h5ce a succe$+ fall ( c>bon 
settl+ ^u ! ocean floor w\ld n =m a b$  
exactly p>allel ) ! fir/4 ,?is is       
precisely :at we f9d to be true 9 !     
c>bon deposits4 ,! di/ance 9 coal seams 
may v>y f tw5ty feet 9 "o place to =ty  
feet 9 ano!r place 9 ! same             
neighborhood1 :i* is ! result (         
irregul>ity 9 ! ocean floor4  ,b[ld]s   
are f\nd 9 coal seams :i* means t coal  

b$s h be5 =m$ "u wat]2 & if a =eign     
b[ld] t ! coal seam 0 =m$ at ! bottom ( 
! ocean4 ,b[ld]s h be5 f\nd 9 ! middle (
 coal seams ) glacial m>ks ^u !m1 %[+ t 
!y h be5 dropp$ f iceb]gs into ! =m+    
coal b$s at ! bottom ( ! sea4 ,=eign    
wat]-worn b[ld]s are frequ5tly f\nd 9   
coal b$s4  ,/ratas ( coal may be sep>at$
 by lay]s ( clay n m ?an half an in* 9  
?ickness2 h[ c\ld vegetation take root 9
 s ?9 a lay] ( clay suffici5t to =m !   
ov]ly+ coal seam ( probably sev]al feet8
 ,suppose a great c>bon fund %\ld float 
f ! ,arctic ocean into ,hudson ,bay4 ,x 
w\ld settle ^u an undulat+ bottom1 & if 
a flood ( muddy wat] f ! surr\nd+ riv]s 
%\ld empty into ! bay :ile ! c>bon b$ 0 
=m+1 a ?9 clay b$ w\ld be ! result4 ,?is
 might cont9ue z long z ! c>bon 0 br\ght
 f ! ,arctic regions4  ,! float+ mass ( 
primitive c>bon cl\ds aft] !y ent]$ !   
atmosph]e & float$ away = c5turies1     
p]haps1 t[>d ! pol> regions 9 _! ef=ts  
to rea* ! e>?1 became a tissue ( evolv+ 
vegetable organisms & vegetable =ms4    

,take fre% soot f a furnace soon z x is 
=m$1 subject x to hot vapors f boil+    
wat]s & /ore x away 9 an op5 vessel (   
wat]1 & y w soon see vegetable & animal 
organisms />t into be+4 ,!n :y n f9d    
organisms 9 revolv+ soot cl\ds 9 !      
,annul> sy/em8  ,m>9e vegetation exi/s  
on ! sea bottom1 & a c>bon s$im5t       
rapidly accumulat+ w\ld c]ta9ly involve 
x4  ,"u almo/ all ! c>bon ve9s lies a   
deposit ( fire clay4 ,/range t adjo9+ a 
highly combu/ible b$1 a sub/ance %\ld be
 inv>iably plant$ t is s refractory z to
 be us$ = crucibles 9 fus+ almo/ e kn[n 
metal6 ,9 ?is b$ lies involv$ a pr(use  
m>9e vegetation1 & ! pres]vation ( its  
delicate l9eam5ts proves t x 0 sudd5ly  
involv$4 ,x is m g5]ally pres5t "u coal 
ve9s t are m di/ant f ! tropics1 &      
inv>iably 9 ! mo/ di/ant ones4 ,! fire  
clay-du/ sublim$ 9 ! great telluric     
crucible arose to comm+le ) primitive   
vapors & return$ ) !m4 ,:5 a c>bon fall 
occurr$ ! clay matt] be+ ( great]       
specific gravity 0 ! fir/ to f9d its way

 to ! ocean floor4  ,?is fire clay is   
f\nd "u b$s ( primitive graphite :]e no 
vegetation is involv$1 & !re=e _c be a  
vegetable di/illation4 ,x is f\nd :]e   
glacial action is unkn[n1 & _c be mud   
pulv]iz$ by mov+ ice4 ,e "o ( ! m ?an   
sev5ty coal seams ( ! ,nova ,scotia     
regions has its *>act]i/ic clay-b$4 ,:5 
we see trees /&+ 9 & surr\nd$ by ?is    
clay we are =c$ to admit a rapid        
accumulation4  ,lime/one is a deep sea  
=mation & ! ,vailan sy/em dem&s t /&+   
trees %\ld n be f\nd 9 x4 ,only su*     
lime/one =mation or /rata z 7 deposit$ z
 me*anical precipitation c\ld be =m$ 9  
%all[ wat]s1 especially 9 regions beyond
 ! tropics4 ,a lime/one /ratum deposit$ 
among %ore deposits or cont95tal        
detritus po9ts directly to ,annul> orig9
 & vegetable fossils w occur 9 ! upp]   
clays4 ,"h geologi/s h an opportunity to
 prove or disprove ! ,annul> problem4   
,coal & peat are n f\nd 9 ! tropics :]e 
!y ought to be f\nd if vegetation       
produc$ !m4 ,& if !y c\ld be f\nd !re x 

w\ld sweep ! ,vailan sy/em f its        
f\ndations4 ,!y are f\nd1 h[ev]1 j :]e  
?is sy/em says !y mu/ be f\nd4 ,:y is   
peat f\nd 9 ! ocean1 & 9 ! ?\s&s ( lakes
 & ponds :]e no peat vegetation is n[   
gr[+8 ,suppose we f9d a peat b$ =ty feet
 ?ick1 x mu/ h be5 at "o "t a lake ) =ty
 feet ( wat]1 & h[ did ! peat beg9 to   
gr[8 ,peat =ms sl[ly & ! ra9s & /orms   
w\ld h work$ mud1 etc41 m rapidly into x
 ?an ! peat w\ld h fill$ x4 ,x w\ld     
nei!r h gr[n f ! top nor f ! bottom4 ,! 
f\ndation c>bon fell f ! ,annul> fund4  
,,metamorphism ,,( ,,c>bon ,,b$s4  ,:5  
bitum9\s or lignitic coal1 or ev5 peat  
is subject$ to a suffici5t degree ( heat
 x is conv]t$ into h>d coal & sometimes 
into graphite4 ,f ?is s\rce "s conclude 
t an?racite & all h>d coals are         
metamorphos$ b$s ( s(t c>bon4 ,b h[ ab\t
 ! va/ b$s 9 aque\s cru/s hundr$s (     
miles f any igne\s ag5cies8 ,all        
an?racite coal *ang$ f bitum9\s coal w  
conta9 a great] p] c5t4 ( a% ?an ! coal 
f :i* x is d]iv$4 ,if x does n x is     

evid5ce t x nev] 0 bitum9\s coal4  ,let 
u suppose a heavy fall ( ,annul> c>bon 9
 ! nor? ,atlantic ocean1 & t !          
,appala*ian m\nta9s 7 aga9 "u ! sea4 ,! 
c>bon c>ri$ by ! ocean curr5ts s\?w>d   
w\ld fall to ! sea bottom 9 ! m quiet   
wat]s4 ,! heavy or an?racite du/ w\ld   
rea* ! bottom 9 deep wat]s :]e ! light] 
=ms w\ld n4 ,be=e ! ,appala*ian         
upheaval1 ! ea/]n base ( ! sy/em 0 f>!r 
out 9 ! sea1 & 0 9 deep] wat]s ?an !    
we/]n4 ,! con/itution ( ! coal itself1 !
 condition ( ! sea bottom 7slop+ f !    
coa/ to ! deep sea7 po9t h>moni\sly to !
 annul> orig9 ( ! c>bon b$s4 ,! bitum9\s
 du/ n be+ able to directly settle ) !  
an?racite rema9$ long] 9 susp5sion :i*  
acc\nts = its great] am\nt ( a%4 ,! f>!r
 s\? x float$1 ! m impure x became4 ,!  
heavie/ b$s ( an?racite w be f\nd 9 !   
nor!rn "p ( ! great plateau1 &          
pr9cipally 9 ,briti% ,am]ica if !       
,vailan !ory is true4  ,fossil plants 9 
coal are g5]ally m9]aliz$ *>coal1 & are 
difficult ( comb9ation4 ,if ! b$ 0      

compos$ ( vegetable production ! same   
difficulty w\ld c]ta9ly *>act]ize !     
mass4 ,h5ce ! plant is simply a =eign   
body 9 a b$ ( m9]al c>bon4 ,coal seams h
 become s h>d z to be plan$ (f by erod+ 
=ces directly aft] be+ laid d[n1 or be=e
 heavy b$s _h accumulat$ ov] !m4 ,?us !y
 c\ld n h be5 =m$ by vegetable peat4    
,,t]ti>y ,,coals4  ,ext5sive coal b$s 9 
,asia are probably ,t]ti>y1 :ile ! va/  
c>bon b$s among ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 &    
und]ly+ ! va/ pla9 to ! we/ ( ^!        
m\nta9s1 7 =m$ 9 ! ,t]ti>y p]iod4 ,!    
,rocky ,m\nta9 plateau on :i* ! coal b$s
 are plant$ exi/$ z a sea bottom ov] :i*
 ! wat]s f ! ,arctic _w roll$ dur+ !    
,t]ti>y p]iod4 ,! ,rocky ,m\nta9 region 
0 !n sleep+ 9 ! sea4  ,! ,t]ti>y b$s    
rea* f ,mexico to ! ,arctic ocean1 prov+
 t curr5ts ran t[>d ! equator along !   
valley ( ! ,mc,kenzie1 be>+ into s\!rn  
wat]s :atev] fell f ! upp] _w4 ,x is ?us
 easy to see h[ ! va/ expanse ( ?is     
we/]n _w became ! receptacle ( ,t]ti>y  
c>bon4 ,f9d+ no ,t]ti>y coals on !      

,ea/]n bord] ( our cont95t we are l$ to 
believe t a n>r[ cont95t /ret*$ f       
,am]ica to ,europe across ! pres5t b$ ( 
! ,atlantic & h9d]$ ! fl[ ( c>bon along 
! ,atlantic seabo>d4 ,x is n[ conc$$ by 
geologi/s t su* an i/hmus ( l& rea*$ f  
,newf\ndl& to ! %ores ( ,europe dur+ !  
,t]ti>y p]iod4 ,?is be+ true a va/ fund 
( c>bon mu/ lie at ! bottom ( ! ,nor?   
,atlantic4  ,if ^! lat] coals _h be5 =m$
 out ( vegetation gr[+ 9 great cont95tal
 swamps1 ! same opportunity 0 af=d$ by !
 s\!rn sea bord]s = ?is swamp           
vegetation4 ,& s f ,long ,isl& to ! ,rio
 ,gr&e4 ,:y !n d we n f9d x if coal is (
 vegetable orig98 ,if ! va/ fund ( !    
lignitic coals is a vegetable production
 x 0 pres5t 9 ! ,t]ti>y atmosph]e z a   
deadly poison4 ,b at t "t bo? l& & sea 7
 full ( air-brea?+ mammals & mon/]s %[+ 
conclusively t x 0 n !re 9 su* a        
condition4   ,,d$uctions4  #a4 ,! plant 
:5 subject$ to a prop] mode (           
di/illation is made to yield c>bon 9    
v>i\s allotropic =ms4 ,s ( any m9]al t  

has c>bon 9 its con/itution4 ,^! =ms (  
c>bon 7 plac$ 9 ! cru/ ( ! e>? aft] !   
primitive fires _h di$ out4  #b4 ,all   
su* primitive di/illations exi/$ 9 !    
atmosph]e ( ! inc&esc5t e>?4  #c4 ,?is  
matt] z x decl9$ & m+l$ ) ! atmosph]e 9 
aft] ages1 *ang$ f ! r+ to ! belt =m1 & 
ov]canopi$ ! e>? & fell l>gely 9 regions
 outside ! tropics4  #d4 ,! heavi] =ms (
 c>bon fell l>gely 9 ! e>li] ages2 ?\gh 
all sections ( ! sy/em mu/ h _h "s ( ea*
 =m4  #e4 ,all ages 7 m or less         
*>act]iz$ by c>bon falls1 & no age c\ld 
be exclusively c>bonif]\s4  #f4 ,c>bon  
fall+ directly into ! ocean w\ld sep>ate
 into heavi] & light] =ms & settle      
accord+ly 9 high] or l[] elevations (   
sea bottom1 ?us expla9+ :y diff]5t =ms (
 coal are f\nd 9 ! same proximate       
horizon4  #g4 ,! e>lie/ or heavi] =ms   
are free f organic rema9s1 & mu/ !re=e  
be a primitive di/illation4 ,! o!r c>bon
 b$s by _! associat$ /rata2 by _!       
involv$ vegetation & o!r organisms2 by  
accompany+ clay-p>t+s2 by involv$       

glacial drift2 by latitud9al gradation 9
 quantity ( a% & specific gravity2 by   
*>act]i/ic abs5ce f ! tropics & ! heavy 
deposits 9 high] latitudes2 by syn*ron\s
 =mation 9 all cont95ts2 by _! evid5t   
=mation 9 ! v lap & bosom ( ! glaci] & 9
 ice & flood2 by ! fact t !y are        
bitum9\s1 oily hydro-c>bons1 & by a     
multitude ( inconsi/5cies &             
impossibilities involv$ 9 ! vegetation  
!ory1 h be5 %[n to be actual s$im5t>y   
deposits1 & !re=e a primitive product4  
,s9ce !n !re is n a feature connect$ ) !
 =mation ( coal t is n readily expla9$  
by ! primitive c>bon !ory2 n "o t       
philosophic law does n resolve into     
h>mony ) ,annul> decl5sion )\t ev5 ! %[ 
( conflict2 & s9ce veget>ians are =ev]  
/umbl+ ^u inexplicable                  
difficulties--b[ld]s1 pebbles1          
undulations1 slopes1 ripple-m>ks1       
clay-p>t+s1 cannel-coal insep>ably jo9$ 
) bitum9\s coal1 an?racites ) less am\nt
 ( a%1 m>9e impurities1 c>bon plant$ 9  
,ar*aean b$s1 air-brea?+ animals among  

,t]ti>y coals1 c>bon dr$g$ f ! ocean1   
dug f ! froz5 _w1 & innum]able o!r      
objections ov] :i* !y c n climb1 !      
vegetation !ory c n be true4   ,,annul> 
,,d[nfall ,,9 ,,! ,,t]ti>y ,,ocean ,,(  
,,! ,,nor!rn ,,hemisph]e4  ,if !        
,vailian !ory claims are valid ! b$s 9 !
 ,rocky ,m\nta9 ,t]ti>y mu/ pres5t !    
foll[+ features3 ,! ,cretace\s p]iod    
hav+ be5 br\ght to a close by a d[n-ru% 
( wat]s & sn[s 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 a  
/ream ( wat] p\r+ s\?w>d mu/ to a great 
ext5t h be5 a fre%-wat] curr5t1 & ^?    
deposits 9 ! extreme nor!rn b$s ( !     
,rocky ,m\nta9 region mu/ be l>gely     
fre%-wat] accumulations4 ,^? 9 ! middle 
( ?is region mu/ be to a less ext5t     
fre%-wat]2 p]haps sometimes fre% & aga9 
m>9e1 ow+ to *anges 9 curr5ts1 etc41 & !
 two be comm+l$1 :ile 9 ! s\!rn "p ! b$s
 mu/ be almo/ exclusively m>9e4         
,=tunately = ! ,vailian !ory ^! dem&s   
are fully met4 ,! wat]s ( ?is va/ region
 communicat$ ) ! ,arctic ocean1 probably
 by way ( ! pres5t depression 9 ,briti% 

,am]ica1 along ! valley ( ! ,mc,kenzie  
riv]1 :ile s\? x communicat$ ) ! ,gulf (
 ,mexico4  ,"h 0 a sea =ty times l>g]   
?an ,lake ,erie4 ,:]e did ! wat] come f 
t made ! nor!rn "p fre%1 ! middle "p    
bracki% & ! s\!rn portion m>9e8 ,!      
,t]ti>y ( ! ,pacific ,coa/ is m>9e2 s is
 a l>g] portion ( ! ,atlantic bord]4    
,d\btless ,davis ,/rait p\r$ a volume ( 
fre%-wat] f ! pol> _w into ! ,atlantic1 
= !re is ! same comm+l+ ( m>9e &        
fre%-wat] %ells on ! nor!a/ coa/1 :ile 9
 ! nor!rn "p !y are exclusively         
fre%-wat] species4 ,riv]s c\ld n h done 
?is1 = all ! riv]s f ,delaw>e ,bay ar\nd
 ! coa/ ( ! ,gulf ( ,mexico 7 n         
suffici5t to lay d[n fre%-wat] ,t]ti>y4 
,admit t ! va/ pol> ocean ( ! ,t]ti>y   
p]iod 0 a body ( fre%-wat]1 & all       
difficulties disappe>4  ,geologi/s admit
 t 9 ! ,t]ti>y p]iod m\nta9s 7 made on e
 cont95t1 t !re 0 a _w-wide di/urbance (
 /rata1 & ! mo/ complete ext]m9ation (  
species on record4 ,! ,cretace\s _w 0   
swept by a mighty cataclysmic wave1 &   

its animals 7 buri$ 9 ! detrital mass   
swept f ! l& into ! seas & =m$ ! l[]    
,eoc5e b$s4 ,no?+ ( :i* we c conceive   
c\ld d ?is b a d[np\r ( ,annul> wat]s4  
,"o-?ird ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 a great "p (  
,nor!rn ,europe1 ne>ly all ( ,sib]ia1   
mu* ( ,*9a1 & o!r p>ts ( ,asia 7        
app>5tly syn*ron\sly subm]g$ b5ea?      
fre%-wat]4  ,! ocean ( fre%-wat] proves 
! augm5tation ( sn[s f ! great          
sup]-a]ial fund4 ,! ,cretace\s age clos$
 by excessive & unusual refrig]ation4 ,!
 transport$ blocks ( /one f\nd 9 ! ,upp]
 ,cretace\s & ,l[] ,t]ti>y po9t to a    
nor!rn orig94 ,! evid5ce is ov]:elm+ly 9
 favor ( an ,annul> fall ( wat]s 9 !    
nor? pol> _w at t "t4  ,exi/+ cont95ts 7
 subm]g$ "u ,cretace\s wat]s4 ,! ,rocky 
,m\nta9s1 ,&es1 ,alps & ,himalayas 7    
ei!r unborn or 9 _! infant /age4 ,b "s  
mighty b>ri] 0 rais$ t roll$ !          
,cretace\s wat]s s\?w>d1 & made an      
isolat$ fre%-wat] ocean on ! nor?4 ,x 0 
! great ,atlantic plateau rea*+ f       
,newf\ndl& to ,irel&1 :i* is kn[n by    

actual s\nd+s & o!r evid5ce to be a     
subm]g$ table l&4 ,x 0 rais$ f ! deep at
 ?is v "t & /ood = unc\nt$ mill5iums z  
dry l&4  ,suppose an ice cap #ejjj feet 
?ick %\ld sudd5ly cov] ! ,arctic _w4 ,x 
w\ld press t "p ( ! globe inw>d & d[nw>d
 ^u itself ev5 if ! planet 7 solid to ! 
c5tre4 ,x w\ld r5d] ! rocks pla/ic & !y 
w\ld be pu%$ "u ! cont95ts caus+ ! cru/ 
( ! e>? to rise into m\nta9s 9 _m       
places4 ,j :at occurr$ 9 ,cretace\s &   
,t]ti>y times4  ,we c trace ! %ore-l9e (
 an almo/ limitless fre%-wat] sea ar\nd 
! :ole hemisph]e 9 ,t]ti>y times1 %[+ t 
! ,arctic ocean 0 a wide expanse (      
fre%-wat]s4 ,?is leads to ! positive &  
p]man5t e/abli%m5t ( ! ,vailian or      
,annul> !ory4     ,,app5dix4   ,,! ,,la/
 ,,advance ,,( ,,glaci]s4  ,! la/       
d[nfall ( ext]ior vapors 0 at ! "t (    
,noah1 & produc$ ! deluge4 ,^! vapors   
naturally gravitat$ t[>d ! pol> regions 
& fall+ !re z sn[s w\ld accumulate z    
glaci]s1 _! magnitude & ext5t           
correspond+ ) ! am\nt ( fall+ sn[s4 ,x  

is evid5t if !re ev] 0 an ,ed5 climate  
^u ! e>? its de/ruction 0 br\ght ab\t by
 a *ange ( climate4 ,if ! ,deluge 0 a   
collapse ( ! la/ remnant ( upp] wat]s ! 
latt] mu/ h begun to fall 9 pol> regions
 _m c5turies previ\s4  ,! ,ed5 _w suff]$
 a *ange ( climate dur+ ! ,adamic age1 =
 ! race t dwelt nak$ 9 ,ed5 became clo!d
 9 ! sk9s ( animals4 ,if ?is infant race
 dwelt nak$ ! climate 0 w>m4 ,if aft]w>d
 x became necess>y to be clo!d ) ! sk9s 
( animals x c]ta9ly _h become cold4 ,if 
! cold increas$ x 0 probably caus$ by ! 
fall ( sn[ 9 pol> regions4 ,! physical  
condition ( ! ant$eluvians & _!         
environm5t dep5d$ on ! conditions ( !   
upp] vapors4 ,h5ce1 pol> glaci]s began  
to advance 9 ,ed5ic times4  ,glaci]s    
advanc$ sl[ly1 & are /ill advanc+4      
,eight hundr$ ye>s ago ,gre5l& 0 n !    
frigid l& x n[ is4 ,! ,icel&]s & !      
,nor?m5 sail$ ?r\gh nor!rn seas 9 !     
int]e/ ( comm]ce :]e n[ our h>die/ seam5
 ) iron-clad vessels sc>cely d>e to     
v5ture4 ,!y pu%$ =w>d comm]cial         

ent]prises into l&s t are n[            
inhospitable & un9habit$4  ,! pres5t    
glaciation ( pol> worlds is b ! result (
 ! la/ decl5sion ( outw>d vapors4 ,!    
great ice caps ( pol> regions are mov+  
t[>d ! equator & are con/antly dim9i%+4 
,x is possible t we are approa*+ a day  
:5 ! la/ ice b]g w be borne t[>d !      
tropics1 & ! la/ glaci] w melt1 & a m   
g5ial climate p]vade ! great] portion ( 
! e>?4   ,,longevity ,,( ,,! ,,anci5ts4 
,accord+ to ! biblical acc\nt p liv$ to 
be #hjj & #ijj ye>s old4 ,?is 0         
pr9cipally because ( ! modification (   
sol> en]gy4 ,man's physical environm5ts 
impell$ long life2 & 8 longevity dim9i%$
 imm$iately aft] ! upp] deep fell & !   
sun began to p\r 8 beams ^u ! race2 8   
environm5t evid5tly *ang$ ) t ev5t4 ,9 a
 few g5]ations aft] ! flood man di$ at !
 age ( #abj or #ajj ye>s1 & f9ally at   
?ree score & t54     ,,lett] ,,f ,,pr(4 
,i4 ,n4 ,,vail4   ,,my ,,de> ,,dr4      
,,b[]s3 ,i h read ) mu* int]e/ ?y       
comp5dium ( 8,! ,e>?'s ,annul> ,sy/em10 

z publi%$ by me 9 #ahhf4 ,a synopsis ( t
 "w c give b a meag] idea ( ! gr&       
conception ( ! annul> evolution ( ! e>?4
 8,! ,annul> ,!ory0 /&s on ! immutable  
tru? t worlds evolve accord+ to         
inv>iable law4  ,?is compels u to admit 
t all worlds are made alike1 9 ! g5]al  
*anges !y und]go4 ,j z a bud evolves    
into a fl[] ( ! mo/ delicate con/ruction
 & ar*itectural ord]1 s a _w laun*$ f ! 
same design+ ,h& mu/ move 9 ! same l9e (
 et]nal ord]1 & "u ! law ( natural      
uni=mity develop & gr[ into a complet$  
_w4  ,?is also leads u to ! conclusion t
 if "o _w possess at any "t an annul>   
sy/em1 !n all worlds mu/ possess a      
simil> app5dage dur+ "s p]iod ( _!      
exi/5ce4 ,consequ5tly t simple fact t ! 
planet ,saturn possesses at ?is "t an   
annul> or r+ sy/em is pro( t ! e>? once 
_h a simil> app5dage4 ,= we mu/ ei!r    
admit ?is tru? or we mu/ admit t !      
planet ,saturn has n evolv$ ?us f> along
 a l9e ( nature's uni=mity1 b is today a
 victim ( accid5tal conditions4 ,?is law

 refuses to admit4  ,b 8,! ,annul>      
,!ory0 does n re/ on ^! gr\nds alone4 ,a
 univ]se ( inv>iable ord] pron\nces x an
 immutable tru?4 ,! judgm5t ( ! *emi/ & 
philosoph] is positive t a rotat+ _w _c 
pass f ! molt5 /ate to ! pres5t         
condition ( ! e>? )\t und]go+ annul>    
*anges4  ,s9ce ! publication ( 8,!      
,e>?'s ,annul> ,sy/em0 ,i h _h          
opportunities ( exam9+ m m9utely !      
subjects treat$ ( !re9 & h secur$ ! mo/ 
ov]:elm+ evid5ce t ! !ory !re propos$ is
 9 ! ma9 correct & w /& ! te/ ( all "t4 
,i h f\nd1 outside ! realm ( physical   
sci5ce1 ! mo/ positive evid5ce t        
primitive man actually saw at lea/ two  
r+s revolv+ ab\t ! e>?1 nam$ !m &       
wor%ip$ !m z gods4 ,^! relics ,i h      
rescu$ f ! wreck ( ages1 & ) ^! ,i w    
prove ! fact t ?is e>? once _h a complex
 sy/em ( ,saturn-l r+s4  ,?us 9 ! end ! 
geologi/ & a/ronom] w be compell$ to    
admit its tru?fulness :e!r !y desire to 
or n4 ,i h f\nd among ! ru9s ( anci5t   
,egypt1 ,babylonia1 ,india & ,*9a annul>

 fossils1 ! id5tification ( :i* settles 
at once & =ev] ?is great "q4  ,aga91 ,i 
ne$ n po9t ! geologi/ to ! my/]ies ( !  
glacial epo*s1 :i* gr[ d>k] & d>k] z he 
looks = a compet5t cause = _!           
production4 ,he mu/ "k t ! great ocean (
 vapors t hov]$ = unkn[n "t ov] ! e>? 9 
! l(tie/ heights ( ! atmosph]e1 su* z n[
 are se5 on two ( our neighbor planets1 
c\ld n h fall5 to ! e>? )\t cov]+ x 9 ! 
high] latitudes ) measureless masses (  
sn[1 result+ 9 excessive refrig]ation4  
,i ne$ b po9t him to ! fact1 prov5 by ! 
coa/ surveys ( ! _w1 t ! oceans h       
encroa*$ ^u ! l& to su* an ext5t s9ce ! 
la/ glacial epo* t !y /& n[ fully ?irty 
fa?oms deep] ?an !y did 9 pre-glacial   
times4 ,i ne$ only po9t him to t gr&    
clock-"w ( worlds %9+ f ! firmam5t--e   
sc9tillat+ po9t1 e roll+ sun1 is a      
witness ( nature's et]nal ord]1 &       
proclaims t uni=mit>ian pr9ciple ( _w   
evolution1 by :i* ! philosophic         
inve/igator mu/ /&4 ,! geologi/ mu/     
build on ?is rock ( uni=mity 9 !        

evolution ( worlds4 ,! e>? has evolv$   
along ?is l9e1 & ! wreck ( annul>       
conditions is se5 on e page ( its rocky 
volume4  ,9 ! ye> #ahge ,i publi%$ a    
little volume entitl$ 8,! ,e>?'s ,aque\s
 ,r+40 ,9 x ,i /at$ my convictions1 &   
gave reasons !re=1 t all ! glacial      
p]iods ! _w ev] saw 7 produc$ by        
supra-a]ial vapors desc5d+ f an annul>  
sy/em t revolv$ ab\t ! e>? f ! remote/  
geologic ages to ! flood ( ,noah1 :i* 0 
itself produc$ by ! fall ( ! la/        
remnants ( ^? upp] wat]s4 ,^! claims ,i 
am fully prep>$ to sub/antiate1 :atev]  
opposition may be br\ght aga9/ !m4      
,,isaac ,n4 ,,vail1   ,,els9ore1 ,cal41 
,july #f1 #ahib4     ,transcrib]'s ,note
   ,9 ?is file1 text 9 italics is       
indicat$ by und]scores4 ,text 9 ,,small 
,,caps is all upp]case4  ,! foll[+      
*anges 7 made to ! text z pr9t$3  ,page 
#c3 8r+s ( ague\s vapor0 *ang$ to 8r+s (
 aque\s vapor0  8dec5t at ! poles0 *ang$
 to 8desc5t at ! poles0  #e3 8! same ,no
 matt]0 *ang$ to 8! same4 ,no matt]0    

#f3 8,kelp]'s 8,?ird ,law00 *ang$ to    
8,kepl]'s 8,?ird ,law00  #g3 8,,fur!r   
,,exam9ation ,,( ,,! ,,record0 *ang$ to 
8,,fur!r ,,exam9ation ,,( ,,! ,,record40
  8silici\s ,ar*an b$s0 *ang$ to        
8silici\s ,ar*aean b$s0  8,ar*an        
metalif]\s deposits0 *ang$ to 8,ar*aean 
metallif]\s deposits0  #h3 8,god made ! 
firmman5t0 *ang$ to 8,god made !        
firmam5t0  8"u ! firmmam5t0 *ang$ to 8"u
 ! firmam5t0  8above ! firmmam5t0 *ang$ 
to 8above ! firmam5t0  8,! e>?s surface0
 *ang$ to 8,! e>?'s surface0  8! suns   
direct rays0 *ang$ to 8! sun's direct   
rays0  8ov]canopy$ by annul> wat]s0     
*ang$ to 8ov]canopi$ by annul> wat]s0   
#i3 8,,! ,,no*ian ,,deluge0 *ang$ to    
8,,! ,,noa*ian ,,deluge0  8,aryan1      
,phonecian1 ,greek0 *ang$ to 8,aryan1   
,pho5ecian1 ,greek0  8,greeks1 ,cy?ians 
& ,celtic tribes0 *ang$ to 8,greeks1    
,scy?ians & ,celtic tribes0  8among !   
,p]uvians' & ,mexicans0 *ang$ to 8among 
! ,p]uvians & ,mexicans0  8! ru9s (     
,n9evah0 *ang$ to 8! ru9s ( ,n9eveh0    

#aa3 8fre% wat] %ells are f\nd0 *ang$ to
 8fre%-wat] %ells are f\nd0  8dec5t (   
,annul> vapors0 *ang$ to 8desc5t (      
,annul> vapors0  #ab3 8soon z kill$     
purification0 *ang$ to 8soon z kill$1   
putrification0  8! d[nru% ( sn[s f !    
e>?s0 *ang$ to 8! d[n-ru% ( sn[s f !    
e>?'s0  8a semitropical _w0 *ang$ to 8a 
semi-tropical _w0  8ov]-canopy+ fund (  
vapors0 *ang$ to 8ov]canopy+ fund (     
vapors0  8posess$ m b\yant p[]0 *ang$ to
 8possess$ m buoyant p[]0  8d\btless1   
dropp$ f iceb]gs0 *ang$ to 8d\btless    
dropp$ f iceb]gs0  8^u ! e>? ,! great0  
*ang$ to 8^u ! e>?4 ,! great0  8b\ld] & 
conglom]ate rocks0 *ang$ to 8b[ld] &    
conglom]ate rocks0  #ac3 8! disolv+ (   
glaci]s0 *ang$ to 8! dissolv+ ( glaci]s0
  8dec5d$ to ! body0 *ang$ to 8desc5d$  
to ! body0  8primordal life-=ms0 *ang$  
to 8primordial life-=ms0  8unkn[ dep?s (
 space0 *ang$ to 8unkn[n dep?s ( space0 
#ad3 8,g>dn] ( ,nature0 *ang$ to 8,g>d5]
 ( ,nature0  8,c>bonif]\s c>bonaci\s    
matt]0 *ang$ to 8,c>bonif]\s c>bonace\s 

matt]0  8d[n fall ( a silici\s r+0 *ang$
 to 8d[nfall ( a silici\s r+40  #ag3    
8fibres runnn+ v]tically0 *ang$ to      
8fibres runn+ v]tically0  8f]ns1        
sigill>ia lepidod5dra0 *ang$ to 8f]ns1  
sigill>ia1 lepidod5dra0  #ah3 8sep]at$  
by lay]s ( clay0 *ang$ to 8sep>at$ by   
lay]s ( clay0  #ba3 8cannel-coal        
insep]ably jo9$0 *ang$ to 8cannel-coal  
insep>ably jo9$0  #bb3 8subm]g$ b5ea?   
fre% wat]0 *ang$ to 8subm]g$ b5ea?      
fre%-wat]0  8great sup]-ariel fund0     
*ang$ to 8great sup]-a]ial fund0  8wide 
expanse ( fre% wat]s0 *ang$ to 8wide    
expanse ( fre%-wat]s0  8,new ,f\ndl& to 
,irel&0 *ang$ to 8,newf\ndl& to ,irel&0 
8isolat$ fre% wat] ocean0 *ang$ to      
8isolat$ fre%-wat] ocean0  #bc3         
8antideluvians & _! environm5t0 *ang$ to
 8ant$eluvians & _! environm5t0         
8inhospital & un9habit$0 *ang$ to       
8inhospitable & un9habit$0  8glacitation
 ( pol> worlds0 *ang$ to 8glaciation (  
pol> worlds0  8con/antly dimi%+0 *ang$  
to 8con/antly dim9i%+0  8^u ! race 8    

environm5t0 *ang$ to 8^u ! race2 8      
environm5t0  #bd3 8natures et]nal ord]0 
*ang$ to 8nature's et]nal ord]0