,transcrib]'s ,notes ,text pr9t$ 9 italics has be5 transcrib$ betwe5 und]scores2 und]l9$ text betwe5 tildes4 x & x repres5t a sup]script & subscript x respectively4 ,upp]case lett]s betwe5 squ>e brackets 7su* z ,a7 ref] to footnotes 7to be f\nd directly und]nea? ! p>agraph or table71 numb]s betwe5 squ>e brackets 7su* z #a or #a;a ref] to ref]5ces at ! end ( ! *apt]7s7 by ! same au?or4 ,m ,transcrib]'s ,notes may be f\nd at ! end ( ?is text4 ,,! ,,ro?am/$ ,,monographs ,,on ,,agricultural ,,sci5ce ,,edit$ ,,by ,,sir ,e4 ,j4 ,,russell1 ,d4,sc4 7,,lond471 ,f4,r4,s4 ,,! ,,micro-,,organisms ,,( ,,! ,,soil ,,! ,,ro?am/$ ,,monographs ,,on ,,agricultural ,,sci5ce4 ,,edit$ ,,by ,,sir ,e4 ,,john ,,russell1 ,d4,sc41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,dur+ ! pa/ t5 ye>s !re h be5 m>k$ developm5ts 9 k ( ! relations betwe5 ! soil & ! gr[+ plant4 ,! subject involves physical1 biological1 & *emical consid]ations1 & its ramifications are n[ s wide t !y _c be satisfactorily dealt ) 9 detail 9 any "o book4 ,^! monographs collectively cov] ! :ole gr\nd4 ,9 8,soil ,conditions & ,plant ,gr[?0 ! g5]al outl9es are pres5t$3 9 ! monographs ! v>i\s divisions are fully & critically dealt ) by ! ,heads ( ! ,dep>tm5ts conc]n$ at ,ro?am/$4 ,a homog5e\s treatm5t is ?us secur$ t w1 x is hop$1 mu* facilitate ! use ( ! s]ies4 ,,soil ,,conditions ,,& ,,plant ,,gr[?1 ,f\r? ,edition4 ,by ,,sir ,e4 ,,john ,,russell1 ,f4,r4,s4 #afs4 net4 ,! foll[+ volumes are 9 prep>ation3-- ,,manur+ ,,( ,,grass-,,l&s ,,= ,,hay ,by ,,w9ifr$ ,e4 ,,br5*ley1 ,d4,sc41 ,f4,z4,s4 ,,! ,,micro-,,organisms ,,( ,,! ,,soil ,by ,sir ,e4 ,,john ,,russell1 ,f4,r4,s41 & ,memb]s ( ! ,biological ,/aff ( ! ,ro?am/$ ,exp]im5tal ,/ation4 ,,soil ,,physics ,by ,b4 ,a4 ,,ke51 ,b4,sc4 ,,soil ,,protozoa ,by ,d4 ,w4 ,,cutl]1 ,m4,a41 & ,l4 ,m4 ,,crump1 ,m4,sc4 ,,soil ,,bact]ia ,by ,h4 ,g4 ,,?ornton1 ,m4,a4 ,,soil ,,fungi ,,& ,,alg ,by ,w4 ,b4 ,,bri]ley1 ,s4 ,t4 ,,jewson1 ,b4,sc41 & ,b4 ,m4 ,,roa* 7,bri/ol71 ,d4,sc4 ,,*emical ,,*anges ,,9 ,,! ,,soil ,by ,h4 ,j4 ,,page1 ,b4,sc4 ,,longmans1 ,,gre5 ,,& ,,co41 ,,london1 ,,new ,,york1 ,,toronto1 ,,bombay1 ,,calcutta1 ,,& ,,madras4 ,,! ,,micro-,,organisms ,,( ,,! ,,soil ,,by ,,sir ,e4 ,,john ,,russell1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,,& ,,memb]s ,,( ,,! ,,biological ,,/aff ,,( ,,! ,,ro?am/$ ,,exp]im5tal ,,/ation ,,) ,,diagrams ,,longmans1 ,,gre5 ,,& ,,co4 #ci ,,pat]no/] ,,r[1 ,,london1 ,e4,c4 #d ,,new ,,york1 ,,toronto ,,bombay1 ,,calcutta & ,,madras #aibc ,made 9 ,great ,brita9 ,,introduction4 ,! purpose ( ?is volume is to give ! broad outl9es ( our pres5t k ( ! relation%ips ( ! population ( liv+ organisms 9 ! soil to "o ano!r & to ! surface vegetation4 ,x is %[n t !re is a close relation%ip ) vegetation1 ! soil population be+ dep5d5t almo/ entirely on ! gr[+ plant = en]gy mat]ial1 :ile ! plant is equally dep5d5t on ! activities ( ! soil population = remov+ ! residues ( previ\s g5]ations ( plants & = ! cont9u$ production 9 ! soil ( simple mat]ials1 su* z nitrates1 :i* are necess>y to its gr[?4 ,x is also %[n1 h[ev]1 t ! soil population takes toll ( ! plant nutri5ts & t "s ( its memb]s may directly injure ! gr[+ plant4 ,! soil population is s complex t x manife/ly _c be dealt ) z a :ole 9 any detail by any "o p]son1 & at ! same "t x plays s important a "p 9 ! soil economy t x mu/ be s]i\sly /udi$4 ,team "w !re=e becomes indisp5sable1 & =tunately ?is has be5 r5d]$ possible at ,ro?am/$4 ,ea* gr\p ( organisms is "h dealt ) by ! p]son prim>ily responsible = t p>ticul> section ( ! "w4 ,! plan ( ! book has be5 c>efully discuss$ by all ! au?ors1 & ! subject matt] has already be5 pres5t$ 9 a c\rse ( lectures giv5 at ,univ]sity ,college1 ,london1 "u ! auspices ( ! ,botanical ,bo>d ( ,/udies ( ! ,london ,univ]sity4 ,! int]e/ %[n 9 ^! lectures leads u to hope t ! subject may appeal to a wid] public1 & above all to "s ( ! y\ng] inve/igators 9 biological sci5ce4 ,!y w f9d x bri/l+ ) big sci5tific problems1 & ^? :o pursue x h ! satisfaction1 :i* increases z ! ye>s pass by1 ( kn[+ t _! "w is n only ( int]e/ to !mselves1 b ( great importance 9 m9i/]+ to ! intellectual & mat]ial ne$s ( ! :ole community4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,*ap4 ,,page ,i4 ,,developm5t ,,( ,,! ,,idea ,,( ,a ,,soil ,,population #a ,sir ,e4 ,,john ,,russell1 ,f4,r4,s41 ,director4 ,,ii4 ,,occurr5ce ,,( ,,bact]ia ,,9 ,,soil--,,activities ,,connect$ ,,) ,,! ,,acquirem5t ,,( ,,en]gy #bj ,h4 ,g4 ,,?ornton1 ,b4,a41 ,head ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,bact]iology4 ,,iii4 ,,conditions ,,affect+ ,,bact]ial ,,activities ,,9 ,,! ,,soil--,,activities ,,connect$ ,,) ,,! ,,intake ,,( ,,prote9 ,,build+ ,,mat]ials #ci ,h4 ,g4 ,,?ornton1 ,b4,a41 ,head ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,bact]iology4 ,,iv4 ,,protozoa ,,( ,,! ,,soil1 ,i4 #ff ,d4 ,w4 ,,cutl]1 ,m4,a41 ,head ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,protozoology4 ,v4 ,,protozoa ,,( ,,! ,,soil1 ,,ii4 #gg ,d4 ,w4 ,,cutl]1 ,m4,a41 ,head ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,protozoology4 ,,vi4 ,,soil ,,alg #ii ,b4 ,,muriel ,,bri/ol1 ,d4,sc41 ,algologi/4 ,,vii4 ,,soil ,,fungi--,,! ,,occurr5ce ,,( ,,fungi ,,9 ,,! ,,soil #aah ,w4 ,b4 ,,bri]ley1 ,d4,sc41 ,head ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,mycology4 ,,viii4 ,,soil ,,fungi--,,! ,,life ,,( ,,fungi ,,9 ,,! ,,soil #aca ,w4 ,b4 ,,bri]ley1 ,d4,sc41 ,head ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,mycology4 ,,ix4 ,,! ,,inv]tebrate ,,fauna ,,( ,,! ,,soil 7,,o!r ,,?an ,,protozoa7 #adg ,a4 ,d4 ,,imms1 ,d4,sc41 ,head ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,entomology4 ,x4 ,,! ,,*emical ,,activities ,,( ,,! ,,soil ,,population ,,& ,,_! ,,relation ,,to ,,! ,,gr[+ ,,plant #afd ,sir ,e4 ,,john ,,russell1 ,f4,r4,s41 ,director4 ,,index #aha ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,developm5t ,,( ,,! ,,idea ,,( ,a ,,soil ,,population4 ,f ! e>lie/ times agriculturi/s h be5 famili> ) ! idea t decomposition ( vegetable & animal matt] takes place 9 ! soil1 & t ! process is intimately connect$ ) soil f]tility4 ,by ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ?ree diff]5t ways 7 kn[n 9 :i* ! decomposition occurr$4 ,"o _h be5 s9ce e>ly times specially associat$ ) soil f]tility1 9 t x gave rise to humus1 ! black /icky sub/ance 9 f>my>d manure or 9 soil--:i* 0 suppos$ up to #ahdj to be ! special food ( plants4 ,no good acc\nt ( ! process or ( ! conditions 9 :i* x occurr$ is1 h[ev]1 giv5 by ! old] writ]s4 ,a second result$ 9 ! =mation ( nitrates4 ,?is process became kn[n z nitrification3 x 0 describ$ by ,georgius ,agricola 7#adid-aeee7 9 8 book 8,de ,re ,metallica10 & x 0 ( great importance 9 ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies1 because x 0 us$ = ! manufacture ( gunp[d] 9 ! great w>s ( t p]iod4 ,! conditions = ! mak+ ( successful nitre b$s 7 s ?or\ghly inve/igat$ t little fre% k 0 add$ to t ( #aggj;,a until q rec5tly4 ,?is process1 h[ev]1 0 n usually associat$ ) soil f]tility1 al?\gh bo? ,glaub] 7#afef7 & ,may[ 7#afgd7 _h insi/$ on ! connection4 ,a ,see ! rem>kable collection ( pap]s entitl$ 8,in/ructions sur l'tablissem5t des nitrires10 publi p> les ,rgisseurs-gnraux des ,p\dres et ,salptre4 ,p>is1 #aggg4 ,a ?ird type ( decomposition 0 br\ght into prom95ce by ,liebig 9 #ahdj4g;,b ,review+ ! decomposition ( organic matt] 9 ! light ( ! new] *emi/ry1 he conclud$ t ! process 0 a sl[ *emical oxidation1 to :i* he gave ! "n 8,eremacausis40 ,he recognis$ t humus 0 =m$1 b he reg>d$ x only z an int]m$iate product1 & emphatically d5i$ its importance 9 soil f]tility4 ,! true f]tility ag5ts1 9 8 view1 7 ! f9al products--,,co1 potassium & o!r alkal9e salts1 phosphates1 silicates1 etc4 ,he w5t on to argue brilliantly t in/ead ( apply+ f>my>d or simil> manures to ! soil x 0 altoge!r quick] & bett] to apply ^! m9]al comp\nds obta9$ f o!r s\rces ?an to wait = ! sl[ process ( lib]ation z ! result ( decomposition4 ,= "s reason1 difficult to und]/&1 he ov]look$ nitrification & ! "p t nitrates might play 9 soil f]tility4 ,lawes & ,gilb]t#f 7 mu* attract$ by ?is new idea2 !y %[$ t x 0 incomplete because x took no acc\nt ( ! necessity = supply+ nitrog5 comp\nds to ! crop4 ,:5 ammonium salts 7 add$ to ,liebig's a% con/itu5ts ! result+ mixture _h almo/ z good a f]tilis+ effect z f>my>d manure4 ,lawes at once saw ! enorm\s practical importance ( ?is discov]y1 & set up a factory = ! manufacture ( artificial f]tilis]s4 ,he did n1 h[ev]1 foll[ x up m closely on ! sci5tific side4 ,b ,! numb]s ref] to ! %ort bibliography on p4 #ah4 ,bo? ,lawes & ,gilb]t 7 9 con/ant t\* ) ! idea ( decomposition 9 ! soil1 & !y atta*$ s mu* importance to nitrog5 comp\nds 9 plant nutrition t x is n easy to und]/& h[ !y miss$ ! connection ) nitrification4 ,b !y did s1 & l o!r ,engli% & ,g]man work]s ( ! day1 consid]$ t plant roots assimilat$ _! nitrog5 z ammonia4 ,= ! fir/ t5 ye>s ( ! hi/ory ( ,ro?am/$ only few exp]im5ts ) nitrates 7 made1 & n till ?irty-five ye>s _h elaps$ 7 !y sy/ematically /udi$4 ,x 0 by ,b\ss+ault#b & 9 ,france t ! connection betwe5 nitrification & soil f]tility 0 fir/ recognis$4 ,! news came to ,engl&1 b x 0 n accept$1 al?\gh ,way1 "o ( ! mo/ brilliant agricultural *emi/s ( 8 "t1 %[$ t nitrates 7 =m$ 9 soils to :i* nitrog5\s f]tilis]s 7 add$1 & t !y 7 comp>able 9 _! f]tilis] effects ) ammonium salts4#ab 8,! ,fr5* *emi/s10 he wrote 9 #ahef1 8are go+ fur!r1 sev]al ( !m n[ advocat+ ! view t x is 9 ! =m ( nitric acid t plants make use ( comp\nds ( nitrog54 ,) ?is view ,i d n at pres5t co9cide1 & x is suffici5t "h to admit t nitric acid 9 ! =m ( nitrates has at lea/ a v high value z manure40 ,inde$1 ,kuhlmann w5t s f> z to argue t ! nitrates f\nd 9 ! soil 7 !re r$uc$ to ammonia be=e assimilation by plants c\ld take place4 ,! wat]-culture "w ( ! plant physiologi/s ( ! 'sixties f9ally %[$ ! correctness ( ! ,fr5* view4 ,ev5 :5 ! importance ( nitrification 0 realis$ its me*anism 0 n und]/ood3 "s ?\ght x 0 *emical1 "s physical4 ,aga9 ! explanation came f ,france4 ,pa/eur 9 #ahfb _h express$ ! view t nitrification w\ld probably be a biological action1 s9ce purely *emical oxidation ( organic matt] 0 ( v limit$ occurr5ce4 8,pntrs de ces ides10 z ,s*loes+ tells u1 he & ,mntz 9 a memorable inve/igation cle>$ up ! :ole problem1 & 9 #ahgg op5$ ! way to a mo/ fruitful field ( rese>*4#aj ,! =mal description is giv5 9 8 pap]s 9 ! 8,comptes ,r5dus10 b a m lively acc\nt is giv5 9 8 lectures be=e ! cole d'application des ,manufacteurs de l'tat1 :i*1 ?\gh n pr9t$1 7 collect$ & issu$ 9 script by 8 di/+ui%$ son1 & a copy ( ?is "w is among ! treasures ( ! ,ro?am/$ ,libr>y4 ,he _h be5 ask$ to /udy ! purification ( sewage1 & he & ,mntz %[$ t x 0 b\nd up ) nitrification4 ,! process 0 sl[ 9 />t+1 !n x proce$$ rapidly4 ,:y1 !y ask$1 0 ! delay8 ,!re %\ld be none if ! process 7 physical or *emical1 & ! fact t x occurr$ /rongly sugge/$ biological action4 ,! process 0 /opp$ by *lor(orm vap\r1 b c\ld be re/>t$ aft] ! removal ( ! vap\r by ! addition ( a little fre% soil4 ,! importance ( ?is "w 9 connection ) soil f]tility 0 imm$iately realis$ by ,w>+ton1 :o _h rec5tly come to ,ro?am/$4#aa ,he quickly confirm$ ! result1 & made ! valuable discov]y t two /ages 7 involv$--! conv]sion ( ammonia to a nitrite by "o organism1 & ( ! nitrite to nitrate by ano!r4 ,he made long & p]si/5t attempts to isolate ! organisms f ! soil1 us+ ! be/ te*nique ( 8 "t1 b ?\gh he f\nd _m bact]ia none ( !m c\ld nitrify ammonium salts2 yet ! soil did x easily4 ,= ye>s he cont9u$ 8 ef=ts to f9d ! nitrify+ organism1 b always fail$4 ,8 heal? 0 n good1 8 life at ,ro?am/$ 0 n happy ow+ to disagreem5ts ) ,gilb]t1 & al?\gh 8 o!r rese>* "w 0 succe$+1 ?is inve/igation on :i* he _h set 8 he>t 0 n com+ out2 bact]ial te*nique 0 n yet suffici5tly f> advanc$4 ,t5 bitt]1 disappo9t+ ye>s pass$1 & ! cr[n ( disappo9tm5t came :5 ,w9ogradsky1 a "y bact]iologi/ 9 ,p>is1 *ang$ ! te*nique & succe$$ at once 9 isolat+ bo? ! nitrite & ! nitrate-=m+ organisms4#ac ,! num]\s bact]ia f\nd by ,w>+ton 9 ! soil sugge/$ ! pres5ce ( a soil population1 & ?is idea 0 greatly /r5g!n$ by ano!r l9e ( inve/igation :i* 0 be+ foll[$ up 9 ,france4 ,b\ss+ault _h %[n t soils absorb oxyg5 & give out c>bon dioxide2 ,s*loes+ ext5d$ ?is discov]y1 z also did ,wollny4 ,x 0 conclud$ t oxidation 0 ! result ( ! activities ( ! soil organisms 9 decompos+ ! organic matt] ( ! soil1 & ?us prep>+ ! way = ! nitrify+ organisms4 ,a ?ird important function ( soil bact]ia 0 reveal$ by ,b]!lot4#a ,x 0 kn[n t consid]able loss ( nitrog5 f ! soil took place z ! result ( ! conv]sion ( nitrog5 comp\nds into nitrates1 :i* 7 subsequ5tly wa%$ out 9 ! dra9age wat]4 ,x foll[$ inevitably t ! /ock ( nitrog5 comp\nds 9 ! soil mu/ long ago h become exhau/$ _h !re be5 no addition ( nitrog5 comp\nds to ! soil4 ,b]!lot argu$ t !re mu/ be fixation ( atmosph]ic nitrog51 &1 foll[+ ! prevail+ tr5d ( ?\ght 9 ,france1 he attribut$ x to bact]ia4 ,he confirm$ ! anticipation by expos+ soil to air 9 su* conditions t du/1 ra91 etc41 7 exclud$1 & he f\nd an increase 9 ! p]c5tage ( nitrog54 ,look+ back ov] ! "w1 x is difficult to und]/& ! result4 ,! fixation ( nitrog5 is a process t absorbs en]gy1 & %\ld h necessitat$ "s s\rce ( en]gy1 :i* app>5tly 0 n suppli$4 ,b 9 spite ( ?is drawback ! inve/igation 0 imm$iately fruitful 9 t x gave ! key to ano!r problem :i* _h long puzzl$ agriculturi/s4 ,x _h long be5 kn[n t ! gr[? ( legum9\s crops1 unlike t ( o!rs1 enri*$ ! gr\nd1,c & ,lawes & ,gilb]t _h %[n t ?is 0 due to an increase ( soil nitrog54 ,b no explanation c\ld be f\nd till ,hellriegel & ,wilf>? solv$ ! problem4#d ,9 /udy+ ! nitrog5 nutrition ( gram9e\s & legum9\s crops1 !y discov]$ t ! gram9e\s plants di$ 9 abs5ce ( nitrate1 & 9 its pres5ce made gr[? :i* increas$ regul>ly ) nitrate supply2 :ile legum9\s plants sometimes di$ & sometimes fl\ri%$ 9 abs5ce ( nitrate1 & behav$ equally erratically ) increas+ nitrate supply4 ,:5 ! plants fl\ri%$ nodules 7 inv>iably pres5t on ! roots1 b n o!rwise4 ,!y conclud$1 !re=e1 t ! nitrog5 nutrition ( legum9\s plants diff]$ f t ( ! gram9e1 & dep5d$ on "s factor :i* sometimes came into _! exp]im5ts & sometimes did n1 &1 9 any case1 0 associat$ ) ! nodule4 ,kn[+ t ! nodules on ! roots ( legum9\s plants conta9$ bact]ia-l bodies1 & rememb]+ ,b]!lot's results1 !y explor$ ! possibility ( bact]ial fixation4 ,!y /]ilis$ ! s& & f\nd t peas inv>iably fail$ to develop nodules & di$1 b aft] add+ a little g>d5 soil nodules 7 f\nd & vigor\s gr[? 0 obta9$4 ,c 8,( ! legum9\s plants ! bean be/ re9vigorates ! gr\nd 444 because ! plant is ( loose gr[? & rots easily1 :]e=e ! p ( ,mac$onia & ,!ssaly turn ov] ! gr\nd :5 x is 9 fl[]0 7i4e4 dig x into ! gr\nd if ! soil is poor74 ,!ophra/us1 8,enquiry into ,plants10 bk4 viii4 #b1 & bk4 ix4 ,i4 ,?is book is ( pr(\nd int]e/ to agriculturi/s & botani/s4 ,an excell5t translation by ,sir ,ar?ur ,hort is n[ available4 7,loeb's ,classical ,libr>y47 ,*emical analysis %[$ consid]able fixation ( gase\s nitrog51 :i* ,hellriegel associat$ ) ! nodule organism4 ,?is has prov$ to be correct1 & ! fixation ( nitrog5 by bact]ia is n[ a well-recognis$ process1 ! conditions ( :i* are be+ ?or\ghly work$ out4 ,two types ( organisms are kn[n--^? associat$ ) legum9\s plants1 & ^? liv+ 9 a free & indep5d5t /ate 9 ! soil4 ,( ! latt] ! ,clo/ridium1 isolat$ by ,w9ogradsky1 is ana]obic1 & ! ,azotobact] ( ,beij]9ck is a]obic4 ,! ess5tial conditions are t a s\rce ( en]gy mu/ be suppli$--usually giv5 z sug>--t ! m$ium mu/ n be acid1 & t suffici5t phosphate mu/ be pres5t4 ,all ?is brilliant "w _h be5 accompli%$ 9 ! %ort space ( ! t5 ye>s #ahhj to #ahij4 ,! inspiration _h 9 ea* in/ance come f ,france1 & is traceable direct to ,pa/eur1 al?\gh com+ long aft] 8 own "w on bact]iology4 ,x is impossible = u n[ to realise ! ?rill ( wond] & a/oni%m5t ) :i* /ud5ts1 tea*]s1 & writ]s ( ^? days le>n$ t ! nutrition ( plants1 & !re=e ! gr[? ( crops & ! fe$+ ( !mselves1 0 l>gely ! result ( ! activity ( bact]ia 9 ! d>k recesses ( ! soil4 ,x is n surpris+ t ! ideas 7 pu%$ some:at too f>1 t ! soil population 0 reg>d$ z solely bact]ial1 & t important *emical & physical *anges 7 sometimes ov]look$4 ,gradually !re came ! inevitable reaction & a some:at *ang$ outlook4 ,cont9u$ exam9ation %[$ ! pres5ce 9 soil ( almo/ e k9d ( bact]ia = :i* se>* 0 made4 ,"s ( !m 7 almo/ c]ta9ly 9 ! re/+ condition z spores1 & ! new g5]ation ( work]s _h an uneasy feel+ t ! case = ! ov]:elm+ importance ( bact]ia 9 ! economy ( ! soil 0 n too well f\nd$4 ,x 0 %[n t ! decomposition ( nitrog5 comp\nds to =m ammonia w\ld take place )\t micro-organisms if1 z presumably w\ld happ51 ! plant enzymes cont9u$ to act aft] !y got into ! soil4 ,ev5 ! oxidation ( ammonia to nitrate--! great /ronghold ( ! biological s*ool--0 accompli%$ by *emical ag5ts4 ,! fixation ( nitrog5 9 soil conditions 0 beyond ! p[] ( *emi/s to a*ieve1 & "h x 0 univ]sally agre$ t bact]ia 7 ! active ag5ts4 ,& f9ally1 *emi/s 7 !mselves br++ into prom95ce a set ( bodies--! colloids--^: rem>kable prop]ties seem$ indef9itely expansible1 & 7 9 addition suffici5tly incompreh5sible to ! ord9>y /ud5t to atta9 mu* ( ! magnific5ce ( ! unkn[n4 ,all ! "t1 h[ev]1 a fai?ful body ( work]s 0 busy explor+ ! gr\nd already won1 improv+ ! te*nique1 mak+ c\nts ( ! numb]s ( bact]ia 9 ! soil1 & try+ to measure ! am\nt ( bact]ial activity4 ,mu* ( ! value ( ?is "w 0 limit$ by ! circum/ance t ! bact]ia 7 reg>d$ z m or less con/ant 9 numb]s & activities1 s t a s+le det]m9ation 0 suppos$ to *>act]ise ! position 9 a giv5 soil4 ,?is 0 ! condition ( ! subject :5 x 0 s]i\sly tak5 up at ,ro?am/$4 ,be=e turn+ to agriculture1 ! writ] _h be5 /udy+ ! me*anism ( c]ta9 sl[ *emical oxidations1 & "o ( 8 fir/ exp]im5ts 9 agriculture 0 to exam9e ! ph5om5a ( oxidation 9 soil4 ,! results accord$ ) ! biological explanation ( ,s*loes+3 :5 ! soil 0 completely /]ilis$ oxidation almo/ ceas$4 ,b ! /rik+ discov]y 0 made1 z ! result ( an accid5t to an autoclave1 t p>tial /]ilisation increas$ ! rate ( oxidation1 & !re=e presumably ! bact]ial activity4 ,?is rem>kable ph5om5on _h1 h[ev]1 already be5 obs]v$1 & x _h be5 %[n t bo? bact]ial numb]s & soil f]tility 7 increas$ !reby4 ,a full inve/igation 0 />t$ 9 #aijg by ,dr4 ,hut*9son & ! writ]4#i ,f ! outset ! ph5om5a 7 recognis$ z dynamic & n /atic1 & ! rates ( *ange 7 always det]m9$3 ?us ! bact]ial numb]s1 ! nitrate & ammonia pres5t 7 e/imat$ aft] ! sev]al p]iods4 ,close /udy ( ! curves %[$ t ! *emical & bact]ial *anges 7 suffici5tly alike to ju/ify ! view t bact]ia 7 9 ! ma9 ! causes ( ! production ( ammonia & ( nitrate2 al?\gh non-biological *emical action 0 n exclud$1 !re 0 no evid5ce t x play$ any great "p4 ,?us ! importance ( micro-organisms 9 ! soil 0 demon/rat$4 ,! factor caus+ ! increas$ bact]ial numb]s aft] p>tial /]ilisation 0 /udi$ by f9d+ out :at ag5ts w\ld1 & :at w\ld n1 all[ ! numb]s to increase1 e4g4 x 0 f\nd t ! bact]ial increases became possible :5 soil _h be5 heat$ at #ef ,c41 b n at #dj ,c4 ,aga91 x 0 %[n t ! high numb]s 9 p>tially /]ilis$ soils rose = a "t ev5 high] if a little fre% untreat$ soil 7 incorporat$ into ! p>tially /]ilis$ soil1 b aft]w>ds !y fell consid]ably4 ,putt+ all ! results toge!r1 x appe>$ t "s biological cause 0 at "w depress+ ! numb]s ( bact]ia 9 normal soils1 b n--or n s mu*--9 ! p>tially /]ilis$ soils4 ,/udi$ 9 detail1 ! data sugge/$ protozoa z ! ag5t keep+ d[n bact]ial numb]s1 & !y 7 f\nd 9 ! untreat$1 b n 9 ! treat$1 soils4 ,! hypo!sis 0 !re=e put =w>d t bact]ia are n ! only memb]s ( ! soil population1 b t protozoa are also pres5t keep+ !m 9 *eck1 & !re=e adv]sely affect+ ! production ( plant food4 ,?is conclusion ar\s$ consid]able controv]sy4 ,x 0 ma9ta9$ t protozoa 7 n normal inhabitants ( ! soil1 b only occasional visitants1 &1 9 any case1 !y 7 only !re z cy/s2 ! soil conditions1 x 0 urg$1 7 n suitable to l>ge organisms l protozoa4 ,! objection 0 n to be treat$ lightly1 b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! exp]im5ts seem$ q s\nd4 ,z nei!r ,dr4 ,hut*9son nor ! writ] 7 protozoologi/s1 ,dr4 ,t4 ,goodey & 7aft] he left7 ,mr4 ,k5ne? ,r4 ,lew9 7 invit$ to try & f9d out1 q indep5d5tly ( ! p>tial /]ilisation inve/igation1 :e!r protozoa are normal inhabitants ( ! soil1 & if s1 :e!r !y are 9 a trophic condition1 & :at is _! mode ( life & _! relation to soil bact]ia4 ,_h x turn$ out t protozoa _h no?+ to d ) ! matt]1 se>* w\ld h be5 made = "s o!r organism4 ,goodey %[$ t ! ciliates 7 n p>ticul>ly important2 ,lew9 soon demon/rat$ ! exi/5ce ( trophic amb & flagellates4 ,un=tunately he 0 kill$ 9 ! w> be=e he _h got f> ) ! "w4 ,aft] ! ,armi/ice1 ,mr4 ,cutl] accept$ *>ge ( ! "w3 he w himself relate 9 ,*apt]s ,,iv4 & ,v4 :at he has done4 ,at fir/ sight x might be ?\ght comp>atively easy to settle a "q ( ?is k9d by exam9+ soil "u a microscope or by /]ilis+ x & introduc+ successively bact]ia & kn[n types ( protozoa4 ,un=tunately nei!r me?od is simple 9 practice4 ,x is impossible to look into ! soil ) a microscope1 & me?ods ( teas+-out small pieces ( soil on a slide "u ! high1 or ev5 ! l[ p[]1 give no in=mation1 because ! p>ticles ( soil h ! rem>kable p[] ( attract+ & firmly reta9+ protozoa1 & no d\bt bact]ia z well2 inde$1 = protozoa 7:i* h be5 ! m fully inve/igat$7 !re seems to be some?+ n unlike a saturation capacity 7see ,fig4 #i1 p4 #gh74 ,fur!r1 complete /]ilisation ( soil _c be effect$ )\t at ! same "t alt]+ its *emical & physical prop]ties1 & *ang+ x z a habitat = micro-organisms4 ,cutl] has1 h[ev]1 ov]come ! difficulties & %[n t ! introduction ( protozoa into soils /]ilis$ & !n re9fect$ ) bact]ia consid]ably r$uces ! numb]s ( ^! organisms4 ,! me?od adopt$1 !re=e1 is to take a c5sus ( population & ( production4 ,c\nt+ me?ods are elaborat$1 & e/imates z accurate z possible are made ( ! numb]s ( ! v>i\s organisms 9 a natural field soil at /at$ int]vals4 ,simultane\sly1 :]ev] possible "s measure is tak5 ( ! "w done4 ,! details ( ! c5sus are f9ally arrang$ 9 consultation ) ! ,/ati/ical ,dep>tm5t1 to ensure t ! data %all possess adequate /ati/ical value4 ,f ! results x is possible to adduce in=mation ( great value z to ! life ( ! population1 ! influ5ce ( ext]nal conditions1 etc4 ,! mo/ important inve/igation ( ?is k9d c>ri$ out at ,ro?am/$ 0 organis$ by ,mr4 ,cutl]4#c ,a team ( six work]s 0 assembl$1 & = #cfe days )\t a break !y c\nt$ e day ! ciliates1 ! amb1 ! flagellates1 & ! bact]ia 9 a plot ( arable gr\nd1 di/+ui%+ no less ?an sev5te5 diff]5t k9ds ( protozoa4 ,! conclusions arriv$ at 7 c>efully te/$ by ! ,/ati/ical ,dep>tm5t4 ,( ! protozoa ! flagellates 7 f\nd to be ! mo/ num]\s1 ! amb came next1 & ! ciliates 7 by f> ! fewe/4 ,! numb]s ( ea* organism v>i$ f day to day 9 a way t %[$ conclusively ! ess5tially trophic nature ( ! protozoan population4 ,! numb]s ( amb--especially ,dima/igamba & ( a species call$ --7 %>ply relat$ to ! numb]s ( bact]ia3 :5 ! ambae 7 num]\s ! bact]ia 7 few1 & vice v]sa4 ,detail$ exam9ation %[$ t ! amb 7 probably ! cause ( ! fluctuations 9 ! bact]ial numb]s1 b ,mr4 ,cutl] has n yet be5 able to f9d :y ! amb fluctuat$2 x does n appe> t temp]ature1 moi/ure cont5t1 air supply or food supply 7 det]m9+ causes4 ,! flagellates & ciliates also %[$ l>ge fluctuations1 am\nt+ 9 "o case--,oicomonas--to a def9ite p]iodicity1 app>5tly1 h[ev]1 n relat$ to bact]ial numb]s1 or1 s f> z c be se51 to ext]nal conditions ( moi/ure1 temp]ature & food supply1 & %[+ no agreem5t ) ! fluctuations ( ! amb4 ,h[ev]1 "o _c be c]ta9 t lack ( agreem5t betwe5 curves express+ protozoan numb]s & physical factors implies abs5ce ( causal relation%ips3 ! obs]vations 7?\gh ! be/ t c yet be made7 are admitt$ly n complete4 ,if we saw only ! end ( ! b\gh ( a tree1 & c\ld see no connection ) a trunk1 we might h mu* difficulty 9 f9d+ relation%ips betwe5 its motion & ! w9d2 :atev] ! direction ( ! w9d x w\ld move backw>ds & =w>ds 9 mu* ! same way1 & ev5 :5 ! w9d 0 bl[+ along ! plane ( its motion x w\ld j z (t5 move aga9/ ! w9d z ) x4 ,mean:ile evid5ce 0 obta9$ t ! tw5ty-f\r h\r int]val adopt$ by ! protozoological /aff 0 too long = bact]ia1 & accord+ly ! ,bact]iological ,dep>tm5t1 "u ,mr4 ,?ornton1 ref9$ ! me?od /ill fur!r4 ,bact]ial c\nts 7 made e two h\rs1 day & night1 = sev]al p]iods ( sixty or eighty h\rs )\t a break4 ,! %ape ( ! curve sugge/s t two h\rs is probably close en\gh1 & = ! pres5t c\nts at %ort] int]vals are n contemplat$4 ,b !re is at lea/ "o maximum & "o m9imum 9 ! day1 al?\gh ! bact]ial day does n app>5tly correspond ) ours1 nor c any relation%ip be trac$ ) ! diurnal temp]ature curve4 ,! nitrate cont5t ( ! soil 0 simultane\sly det]m9$ by ,mr4 ,page & f\nd to v>y f h\r to h\r1 b ! v>iations did n %>ply correspond ) ! bact]ial numb]s2 ?is1 h[ev]1 w\ld n necess>ily be expect$4 ,! production ( nitrate involves v>i\s /ages1 & any lag w\ld ?r[ ! nitrate & bact]ial curves out ( agreem5t4 ,!re is a sugge/ion ( a lag1 b m c\nts are necess>y be=e x c be reg>d$ z e/abli%$4 ,exam9ation ( ^! & o!r nitrate curves obta9$ at ,ro?am/$ has br\ght out ano!r rem>kable ph5om5on4 ,no crop is gr[+ on ^! plots1 & no ra9 fell dur+ ! eighty h\rs1 yet nitrate is disappe>+ = a consid]able "p ( ! "t4 ,:]e is x go+ to8 ,at pres5t ! simple/ explanation seems to be t x is tak5 up by micro-organisms4 ,a simil> conclusion _h to be drawn f a /udy ( ! nitrog5 exhau/ion ( ! soil4 ,! :ole ( ! nitrate !oretically obta9able f ! organic matt] ( ! soil is n obta9$ 9 ! c\rse ( h\rs or ev5 days2 9 "o ( our exp]im5ts at ,ro?am/$ nitrification is /ill go+ on1 & is f> f complete1 ev5 aft] a lapse ( fifty-?ree ye>s4 ,! explanation at pres5t (f]$ is t "p ( ! nitrate is con/antly be+ absorb$ by micro-organisms & reg5]at$ lat] on4 ,n[ :at organisms c\ld be suppos$ to absorb nitrates f ! soil8 ,c]ta9 bact]ia & fungi are kn[n to utilise nitrates1 & "o naturally ?9ks ( alg z possible ag5ts also4 ,dr4 ,muriel ,bri/ol 0 !re=e invit$ to /udy ! alg ( ! soil4 ,h] acc\nt is giv5 9 ,*apt] ,,vi4 ,%e has f\nd !m n only on ! surface1 b scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ! body ( ! soil1 ev5 9 ! d>kness ( #d in*es1 #e in*es1 or #f in*es dep?1 :]e no light c ev] p5etrate1 & :]e photosyn!sis z we und]/& x c\ld n possibly take place4 ,"s modification 9 _! mode ( life is cle>ly necess>y1 & x may well happ5 t !y are liv+ saprophytically4 ,dr4 ,bri/ol has n yet1 h[ev]1 be5 able to c\nt ! alg 9 ! soil ) any c]ta9ty1 al?\gh %e has made "s e/imates ( ! numb]s4 ,! quantitative "w on ! soil population indicates o!r possibilities :i* are be+ inve/igat$4 ,!re is n only a daily fluctuation 9 ! numb]s1 b s f> z measurem5ts h gone1 a seasonal "o also4 ,!re seems to be "s consid]able uplift 9 numb]s ( bact]ia1 protozoa1 & possibly alg & fungi 9 ! spr+-"t1 foll[$ by a fall 9 summ]1 a rise 9 autumn1 & a fall aga9 9 w9t]4 ,at pres5t we are unable to acc\nt = ! ph5om5on1 nor c we be sure t x is g5]al until _m m data are accumulat$4 ,9 ! cases ( ! protozoa & ! alg1 !re 0 a def9ite reason = seek+ !m 9 ! soil4 ,ano!r section ( ! population1 ! fungi1 0 simply f\nd1 & at pres5t we h only limit$ views z to _! function4 ,! old] work]s consid]$ t !y pr$om9at$ 9 acid soils1 :ile bact]ia pr$om9at$ 9 neutral soils4 ,pres5t-day work]s h %[n t fungi1 includ+ act9omycetes1 are normal inhabitants ( all soils4 ,! attempts at quantitative e/imations are s]i\sly complicat$ by ! fact t dur+ ! manipulations a s+le piece ( mycelium may break into fragm5ts1 ea* ( :i* w\ld c\nt z "o1 :ile a s+le clu/] ( spores might be c\nt$ z ?\s&s4 ,little progress has !re=e be5 made on ! quantitative l9es :i* h be5 s fruitful ) protozoa4 ,dr4 ,bri]ley gives1 9 ,*apt]s ,,vii4 & ,,viii41 a critical acc\nt ( ! "w done on fungi4 ,9 addition to ! organisms already consid]$ !re are o!rs ( l>g] size4 ,! nematodes are almo/ visible to ! unaid$ eye1 mo/ ( !m are free liv+ & probably help 9 ! dis9tegration ( plant residues1 ?\gh a few are p>asitic on liv+ plants & d mu* injury to clov]1 oats1 & less frequ5tly to onions1 bulbs1 & potatoes4 ,fur!r1 !re are insects1 myriapods & o!rs1 ! effects ( :i* 9 ! soil are n fully kn[n4 ,special importance atta*es to ! e>?worms1 n only because !y are ! l>ge/ 9 size & 9 aggregate weight ( ! soil population1 b because ( ! great "p !y play 9 a]at+ ! soil1 gradually turn+ x ov] & br++ ab\t an intimate admixture ) dead plant residues1 z fir/ demon/rat$ by ,d>w94 ,e>?worms are ! great di/ributors ( en]gy mat]ial to ! microscopic population4 ,sy/ematic quantitative "w on ^! l>g] =ms is only ( rec5t date1 & ,dr4 ,imms1 9 ,*apt] ,,ix41 discusses our pres5t k4 ,,table ,i4 ,,soil ,,population1 ,,ro?am/$1 #aibb4 7,! figures = alg & fungi are fir/ approximations only1 & h consid]ably less value ?an ^? = bact]ia & protozoa47 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,approximate ,weight p] ,acre (-- ------------------------------ ,numb]s ,liv+ ,dry ,matt] ,nitrog5 p] ,gram ,organ- 9 ,organ- 9 ,organ- ( ,soil4 isms4 isms4 isms4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,bact]ia-- lb4 lb4 lb4 ,high level #de1jjj1jjj #ej #b #jb ,l[ level #bb1ejj1jjj #be ,protozoa-- ,ciliates-- ,high level #a1jjj -- -- -- ,l[ level #ajj -- -- -- ,amb-- ,high level #bhj1jjj #cbj #ab #ab ,l[ level #aej1jjj #agj ,flagellates-- ,high level #ggj1jjj #aij #g #jg ,l[ level #cej1jjj #he ,alg 7n blue-gre57 #ajj1jjj #abe #f #jf ,blue-gre5 ,n kn[n4 ,say #f ,say #jf ,fungi-- ,high level #a1ejj1jjj #agjj #fj #fj ,l[ level #gjj1jjj #hjj --------------------- #ic #ic #d p>ts nitrog5 p] #a1jjj1jjj ( soil4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ -------------------------------------- ,,l>g] ,,organisms4 ------------------------------------ ,numb]s p] ,acre4,d ------------------ ,unma- ,manur$4 nur$4 ----------------------------------- ,oligo*aeta 7,limicolae7-- ,nematoda1 etc4 #c1fji1jjj #gid1jjj ,myriapoda #a1gha1jjj #hgi1jjj ,insects #g1gbg1jjjb1dge1jjj ,e>?worms #a1jaj1jjj #deh1jjj ----------------------------------- -------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,,l>g] ,,organisms4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,approximate ,weight p] ,acre (-- --------------------------------------- ,liv+ ,dry ,matt] ,nitrog5 9 ,organisms4 9 ,organisms4 ,organisms4 ------------------------------------ ,ma- ,unma- ,ma- ,unma- ,ma- ,unma- nur$4nur$4nur$4nur$4nur$4nur$4 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,oligo*aeta 7,limicolae7-- lb4 lb4 lb4 lb4 lb4 lb4 ,nematoda1 etc4 #i #b #c #a -- -- ,myriapoda #bjc #ii #he #db #d #b ,insects #cd #af #ad #f #a #a ,e>?worms #dgb #bag #ajh #ej #aj #e ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,total #baj #ii #ae #i ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,total organic matt] 7dry weight7 9 ?is soil #abf1jjj lb4 p] acre4 ,total nitrog5 #egjj lb4 p] acre4 7#a lb4 nitrog5 p] acre #jd p>ts p] #a1jjj1jjj ( soil47 ,d ,to a dep? ( #i in*es4 ,! weight ( soil is approximately #a1jjj1jjj kilos4 ,are !re any o!r memb]s ( ! soil population t are ( importance8 ,z already %[n1 ! me?od ( inve/igat+ ! soil population 9 use at ,ro?am/$ is to f9d by *emical me?ods ! *anges go+ on 9 ! soil2 to f9d by biological me?ods :at organisms are capable ( br++ ab\t ^! *anges2 & !n to complete ! *a9 ( evid5ce by trac+ ! relation%ips betwe5 ! numb]s or activities ( ^! organisms & ! am\nt ( *ange produc$4 ,! li/ z we "k x to-day is giv5 9 ,table ,i4 ,! me?od1 h[ev]1 does n indicate :e!r ! acc\nt is fairly complete1 or :e!r !re are o!r organisms to be f\nd4 ,we might1 ( c\rse1 tru/ to empirical hunt+ = organisms1 or to *ance discov]ies su* z l$ ,goodey to f9d ! my/]i\s ,proteomyxan ,rhizopods1 :i* _c yet be cultur$ ) c]ta9ty1 s t !y are r>ely f\nd by soil work]s4 ,x is possible t !re are _m su* organisms1 & x is ev5 conceivable t ^! unkn[n =ms f> outnumb] ! kn[n4 ,! defect ( ! pres5t me?od is t x always leaves u 9 d\bt z to ! complet5ess ( ! li/1 & s we may h to devise ano!r4 ,rev]t+ to ,table ,i41 x obvi\sly s]ves no purpose to add ! numb]s ( all ! organisms toge!r4 ,we c add up ! weights ( liv+ organisms1 ( _! dry matt] or nitrog51 s z to =m "s idea ( ! proportion ( liv+ to non-liv+ organic matt]1 & ?is helps u to visualise ! diff]5t gr\ps & place !m accord+ to _! respective masses4 ,b a mu* bett] basis = comp>+ ! activities ( ! diff]5t gr\ps w\ld be af=d$ by ! respective am\nts ( en]gy !y trans=m1 if ^! c\ld be det]m9$4 ,x is propos$ to attempt su* measurem5ts at ,ro?am/$4 ,! results :5 add$ w\ld give ! sum ( ! en]gy *anges effect$ by ! soil population z we "k x3 ! figure c\ld be comp>$ ) ! total en]gy *ange 9 ! soil itself z det]m9$ 9 a calorimet]4 ,if ! two figures are ( ! same ord] ( magnitude1 we %all "k t our li/ is fairly well complete2 if !y are widely diff]5t1 se>* mu/ be made = ! miss+ en]gy trans=m]s4 ,!re are1 ( c\rse1 s]i\s exp]im5tal difficulties to be ov]come1 b we believe ! en]gy relation%ips w af=d ! be/ basis = fur!r "w on ! soil population4 ,f9ally1 x is necess>y to ref] to ! physical conditions obta9+ 9 ! soil4 ,^! make x a mu* bett] habitat = organisms ?an "o might expect4 ,at fir/ sight "o ?9ks ( ! soil z a purely m9]al mass4 ,?is view is entirely incorrect4 ,soil conta9s a consid]able am\nt ( plant residues1 ri* 9 en]gy1 & ( air & wat]4 ,! usual me?od ( /at+ ! composition ( ! soil is by weight1 b ?is is mislead+ to ! biologi/ because ! m9]al matt] has a d5sity "s two & a half times t ( wat] & ?ree times t ( ! organic matt]4 ,= biological purposes composition by volume is mu* m useful1 & :5 /at$ 9 ?is way ! figures are v diff]5t f ^? ord9>ily giv54 ,table ,,ii4 gives ! results = two ,broadbalk arable plots1 "o unmanur$ & ! o!r dung$2 x includes also a pa/ure soil4 ,! fir/ requirem5t ( ! soil population is a supply ( en]gy1 )\t :i* x _c live at all4 ,all our evid5ce %[s t ! magnitude ( ! population is limit$ by ! quantity ( en]gy available4 ,! p]c5tage by weight ( ! organic matt] is ab\t two to f\r or five1 & ! p]c5tage by volume runs ab\t f\r to twelve4 ,n all ( ?is1 h[ev]1 is ( equal value z s\rce ( en]gy4 ,ab\t "o-half is fairly easily soluble 9 alkalis1 & may or may n be ( special value1 b ab\t "o-qu>t] is probably too /able to be ( use to soil organisms4 ,a second requirem5t is wat] ) :i* 9 ?is c\ntry ! soil is usually tol]ably well provid$4 ,ev5 9 prolong$ dry wea!r ! soil is moi/ at a dep? ( #c in*es bel[ ! surface4 ,x is n uncommon to f9d #aj p] c5t4 or #bj p] c5t4 by volume ( wat] pres5t1 spread 9 a ?9 film ov] all ! p>ticles1 & completely saturat+ ! soil atmosph]e4 ,,table ,,ii4 ,,volume ,,( ,,air1 ,,wat] ,,& ,,organic ,,matt] ,,9 #ajj ,,volumes ,,( ,,ro?am/$ ,,soil4 ---------------------------------------- ----- ,9 ,pore ,space4 ,values ,common- ,solid ,matt]4 ly ,obta9$4 ---------------- ------------- ,m9]al4,organic4,pore ,space4 ,wat]4 ,air4 ---------------------------------------- --- 7#a7 #fb #d #cd #bc #aa 7#b7 #ea #aa #ch #cj #h 7#c7 #da #ab #dg #dj #g ---------------------------------------- --- 7#a7 ,arable1 no manure appli$ to soil4 7#b7 ,arable1 dung appli$ to soil4 7#c7 ,pa/ure4 ,! air supply is usually adequate ow+ to ! rapidity ) :i* diffusion takes place4 ,except :5 ! soil is wat]-logg$1 ! atmosph]e diff]s b little f t ( ! "o we brea!4 ,!re is m ,,co1 b only a little less oxyg54#h ,! mean temp]ature is high] ?an "o w\ld expect1 be+ di/9ctly above t ( ! air1 :ile ! fluctuations 9 temp]ature are less4#e ,! reaction 9 normal soils is neutral to fa9tly alkal9e2 p,h values ( ne>ly #h are n uncommon4 ,results f c]ta9 ,engli% soils are %[n on p4 #ah4 ,! soil reaction is n easily alt]$4 ,a consid]able am\nt ( acid mu/ accumulate be=e any m>k$ increase 9 int5sity ( p,h value occurs2 9 o!r words1 ! soil is well buff]$4 ,! same c be said ( temp]ature1 ( wat]1 & ( en]gy supply4 ,l ! reaction1 !y alt] b sl[ly1 s t organisms h consid]able "t 9 :i* to adapt !mselves to ! *ange4 ,,hydrog5 ,,ion ,,conc5tration ,,& ,,soil ,,f]tility4 p,h ,alkal9e #aj ---- ,/]ile3 ,alkali soil4 #i ---- #h ---- ,f]tile3 ,arable4 ,neutral #g ---- #f ---- #e ---- ,potato ,scab fails4 ,nitrification h9d]$4 #d ---- ,b>ley fails4 ,acid #c ---- ,/]ile3 ,peat4 ,a ,,select$ ,,bibliography4 #a ,b]!lot1 ,m>cell91 8,fixation directe de l'azote atmosphrique libre p> c]ta9s t]ra9s argileux10 ,compt4 ,r5d41 #ahhe1 ci41 #gge-hd4 #b ,b\ss+ault1 ,j4 ,b41 & ,lwy1 8,sur la composition de l'air conf9 dans la t]re vgtale10 ,ann4 ,*im4 ,phys41 #ahec1 xxxvii41 #e-ej4 #c ,cutl]1 ,d4 ,w41 ,crump1 ,l4 ,m41 & ,s&on1 ,h41 8,a ,quantitative ,inve/igation ( ! ,bact]ial & ,protozoan ,population ( ! ,soil1 ) an ,acc\nt ( ! ,protozoan ,fauna10 ,phil4 ,trans4 ,roy4 ,soc41 ,s]ies ,b1 #aibb1 ccxi41 #cag-ej4 #d ,hellriegel1 ,h41 & ,wilf>?1 ,h41 8,unt]su*ung5 b] die ,/ick/(fnahrung d] ,gram9e5 und ,legum9os510 ,zeits*4 des ,v]e9s f4 d4 ,rb5zuck]-,indu/rie1 #ahhh4 #e ,ke51 ,b4 ,a41 & ,russell1 ,e4 ,j41 8,! ,factors det]m9+ ,soil ,temp]ature10 ,j\rn4 ,agric4 ,sci41 #aiba1 xi41 #baa-cg4 #f ,lawes1 ,j4 ,b41 & ,gilb]t1 ,j4 ,h41 8,on ,agricultural ,*emi/ry1 ,especially 9 ,relation to ! ,m9]al ,!ory ( ,b>on ,liebig10 ,j\rn4 ,roy4 ,agric4 ,soc41 #ahea1 xii41 #a-dj4 #g ,liebig1 ,ju/us1 8,*emi/ry 9 its ,application to ,agriculture & ,physiology10 #a/ & #bnd editions 7#ahdj & #ahda71 #crd & #d? editions 7#ahdc & #ahdg72 8,natural ,laws ( ,husb&ry10 #ahfc4 #h ,russell1 ,e4 ,j41 & ,appley>d1 ,a41 8,! ,composition ( ! ,soil ,atmosph]e10 ,j\rn4 ,agric4 ,sci41 #aiae1 vii41 #a-dh2 #aiag1 viii41 #che-dag4 #i ,russell1 ,e4 ,j41 & ,hut*9son1 ,h4 ,b41 8,! ,effect ( ,p>tial ,/]ilisation ( ,soil on ! ,production ( ,plant ,food10 ,j\rn4 ,agric4 ,sci41 #aiji1 iii41 #aaa-ad2 ,"p ,,ii41 ,j\rn4 ,agric4 ,sci41 #aiac1 v41 #aeb-bba4 #aj ,s*loes+1 ,?41 & ,mntz1 ,a41 8,sur la ,nitrification p> les f]m5ts organiss10 ,compt4 ,r5d41 #ahgg1 lxxxiv41 #cja-c2 #ahgg1 lxxxv41 #ajah-bj2 & #ahgh1 lxxxvi41 #hib-e4 8,leons de *imie agricole10 #ahhc4 #aa ,w>+ton1 ,r41 8,on ,nitrification10 ,"p ,i41 ,j\rn4 ,*em4 ,soc41 #ahgh1 xxxiii41 #dd-ea2 ,"p ,,ii1 ,j\rn4 ,*em4 ,soc41 #ahgi1 xxxv41 #dbi-ef2 ,"p ,,iii41 ,j\rn4 ,*em4 ,soc41 #ahhd1 xlv41 #fcg-gb2 ,"p ,,iv41 ,j\rn4 ,*em4 ,soc41 #ahia1 lix41 #dhd-ebi4 #ab ,way1 ,j4 ,t41 8,on ! ,composition ( ! ,wat]s ( ,l& ,dra9age & ( ,ra910 ,j\rn4 ,roy4 ,agric4 ,soc41 #ahef1 xvii41 #abc-fb4 #ac ,w9ogradsky1 ,s41 8,re*]*es sur les organismes de la nitrification10 ,ann4 de l',in/4 ,pa/eur1 #ahij1 iv41 #a;e ,mmoire1 #bac-ca2 #b;e ,mmoire1 #beg-ge2 #c;e ,mmoire1 #gfj-ga4 8,re*]*es sur l'assimilation de l'azote libre de l'atmosphre p> les microbes40 ,ar*4 des ,sci4 ,biolog4 ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 #ahie1 iii1 #big-ceb4 ,= fur!r details & full] bibliography1 see ,e4 ,j4 ,russell1 8,soil ,conditions & ,plant ,gr[?10 ,longmans1 ,gre5 ,co4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,soil ,,bact]ia4 ,a4 ,,occurr5ce ,,& ,,me?ods ,,( ,,/udy4 ,to und]/& ! developm5t ( our k ( soil bact]ia1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t bact]iology is "u ! disadvantage t x />t$ z an appli$ sci5ce4 ,al?\gh bact]ia 7 fir/ se5 by ,leeuw5hoeck ab\t ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & "s ( _! =ms describ$ by microscopi/s ( ! eighte5? & e>ly n9ete5? c5turies1 x 0 only ) ! "w ( ,pa/eur on f]m5tation1 & ( ,duva9e1 ,pa/eur1 & _! contempor>ies on disease bact]ia1 t bact]iology may be said to h />t$4 ,f ! outset1 !re=e1 att5tion has be5 direct$ ma9ly to ! bact]ia 9 _! specialis$ relation%ip to disease or to f]m5tation & simil> processes4 ,z a result1 little rese>* 0 done on ! pure biology ( ! bact]ia1 s t ev5 n[ _m ( ! mo/ fundam5tal & elem5t>y problems conc]n+ !m are q unsolv$4 ,9 _! "w on f]m5tations & disease bact]ia1 ! e>li] work]s 7 assi/$ by ! fact t "u bo? sets ( conditions ! causative bact]ia exi/1 z a rule1 ei!r 9 practically pure culture1 or else 9 prepond]at+ numb]s4 ,! /udy & elucidation ( su* a mix$ micro-population z exi/s 9 ! soil1 became possible only :5 me?ods _h be5 devis$ = isolat+ ! diff]5t k9ds ( bact]ia1 & ?us /udy+ !m ap>t f ea* o!r4 ,x 0 ! developm5t ( ! gelat9e plate me?od ( isolat+ pure cultures by ,ko*#cf 9 #ahha t made ! /udy ( ! soil bact]ia practicable4 ,! plat+ me?od op5$ up two l9es ( rese>*4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x provid$ a simple means ( isolat+ organisms f ! mix$ population ( ! soil1 & ?us enabl$ a qualitative /udy to be made ( ea* organism 9 pure culture1 &1 9 ! second place1 f x 0 develop$ a c\nt+ te*nique = e/imat+ diff]5ces 9 bact]ial numb]s betwe5 samples ( soil1 f :i* has sprung mu* ( our k ( ! quantitative side4 ,! e>lie/ /udies ( ! soil bact]ia consi/$ ( su* e/imations ( numb]s1 & %[$ t ! soil conta9$ a v num]\s population ( bact]ia4 ,ab\t #bj1jjj1jjj bact]ia p] gram ( soil is n[ consid]$ a fair av]age numb]4 ,! numb] & v>iety ( bact]ia exi/+ 9 ! soil is s enorm\s t ! me?od ( sep>at+ out all ! diff]5t =ms1 & ( discov]+ _! *>act]s & functions1 has prov$ impracticable4 ,9 practice1 !re=e1 ! problem has be5 approa*$ f ! bio*emical /&po9t4 ,t is to say1 ! special *emical *anges t ! bact]ia produce 9 ! soil h fir/ be5 inve/igat$1 & ?is has be5 foll[$ by ! isolation & /udy ( ! v>i\s gr\ps ( bact]ia t br+ ab\t ! *anges "u inve/igation4 ,! me?od commonly employ$ 9 isolat+ ! organisms t produce a giv5 *emical *ange 9 ! soil is call$ ! 8elective0 me?od4 ,! soil is inoculat$ into a culture m$ium t w especially fav\r ! gr\p ( bact]ia to be isolat$1 to ! exclusion ( o!rs4 ,= example1 if x is desir$ to isolate ! organisms t attack cellulose1 a m$ium is made up conta9+ no o!r organic c>bon comp\nds except cellulose4 ,su* a selective m$ium enc\rages ! gr[? ( ! gr\p ( organisms to be inve/igat$1 s t aft] sev]al transf]s to fre% m$ium a culture is obta9$ conta9+ only two or ?ree diff]5t types ( organisms4 ,^! are sep>at$ by plat+ & pure cultures obta9$4 ,ano!r difficulty :i* has n yet be5 completely ov]come is t ( adequately describ+ an organism :5 x is isolat$4 ,! morphology ( bact]ia is n ! con/ant ?+ t is se5 9 ! m /able high] organisms4 ,9 _m cases ! appe>ance ( a s+le /ra9 is entirely diff]5t on diff]5t m$ia1 & may be q alt]$ by su* conditions z *anges 9 acidity ( ! m$ium or temp]ature ( incubation4 ,ev5 on a s+le m$ium rem>kable *anges 9 morphology occur1 at any rate1 9 "s bact]ia4 ,?is is well se5 9 a cresol-decompos+ organism "u inve/igation at ,ro?am/$4 ,9 cultures a few days old ?is organism develops z b5t & bran*+ rods2 ^! rods !n break up into *a9s ( cocci & %ort rods1 :i* sep>ate1 & 9 old cultures all ! organisms may be 9 ! coccoid =m 7,fig4 #a74 ,x is claim$ by ,lhnis#dg;b t ! possession ( a complex life-cycle ( *ang+ =ms is a univ]sal "* 9 ! bact]ia4 ,! in/ability ( %ape 9 _m bact]ia makes x necess>y to /&>dise v c>efully ! cultural conditions "u :i* !y are kept :5 _! appe>ance is describ$4 ,illu/ration3 ,culture #ae h\rs old4 ,culture #c days old4 ,,fig4 #a4--;,*ange 9 appe>ance1 9 culture1 ( a cresol decompos+ bact]ium4 ,! inadequacy ( m]e morphology z a basis = describ+ bact]ia l$ to ! se>* = diagno/ic *>act]s1 bas$ on ! bio*emical *anges t !y produc$ 9 _! culture m$ia1 & ! appe>ance ( _! gr[? 9 ! mass on v>i\s m$ia4 ,^! *>act]s un=tunately h also prov$ to be v mu* influ5c$ by ! exact composition ( ! m$ium & o!r conditions ( culture4 ,rec5tly an attempt has be5 made by ! ,am]ican ,society ( ,bact]iologi/s to /&>dise ! diagno/ic *>act]s us$ 9 describ+ bact]ia1 & also ! m$ia & cultural conditions "u :i* !y are gr[n = ! purpose ( description4 ,! ne$ = su* precautions1 h[ev]1 0 n suffici5tly realis$ by ! e>ly work]s1 _m ( ^: descriptions _c n[ be ref]r$ to any def9ite organism4 ,! l>ge numb] ( organisms f\nd 9 ! soil1 & ! difficulty & lab\r ( adequately describ+ !m1 is su* t ev5 n[ we h no compreh5sive description ( ! common soil bact]ia t appe> on gelat9e plat+s4 ,a c>eful /udy bas$ on mod]n me?ods ( *>act]isation has be5 made ( c]ta9 select$ gr\ps ( bact]ia1 & x is hop$ t ! labori\s sy/ematic "w ( describ+ ! common =ms w gradually be complet$4 ,sev]al attempts h be5 made to classify ! bact]ia t appe> commonly on gelat9e plat+s4 ,?is "w 0 comm5c$ by ,hiltn] & ,/orm] 9 ,g]many1 & cont9u$ by ,*e/]1 ,h>d+1 & ,conn 9 ,am]ica4 ,conn#aj1ad f\nd t ! common organisms fell into ! foll[+ ma9 gr\ps3-- 7#a7 ,l>ge spore-=m+ bact]ia1 relat$ to ,bacillus subtilis1 :i* =m ab\t #e-aj p] c5t4 ( ! numb]s4 ,he adduc$ evid5ce#ab1ac t ^! organisms exi/ 9 ! soil ma9ly z spores1 s t !y may n =m an important "p ( ! active soil population4 7#b7 ,%ort non-spor+ organisms1 relat$ to ,pseudomonas fluoresc5s1 t are rapid gelat9e liquefi]s4 ,^! =m ano!r #aj p] c5t4 ( ! numb]s4 7#c7 ,%ort rod =ms t liquefy gelat9e sl[ly or n at all1 & develop colonies v sl[ly4 ,^! =m #dj-ge p] c5t4 ( ! numb]s1 & may !re=e be ( consid]able importance 9 ! soil4 7#d7 ,a few micrococci also occur4 ,^! gr\ps comprise ! l>g] portion ( ! bact]ial flora ( ! soil1 b1 9 addition to ^! organisms1 t develop on ! m$ia commonly us$ = plat+1 !re are special & important gr\ps t appe> only on special m$ia1 ei!r ow+ to _! be+ unable to gr[ on ord9>y m$ia or because !y get swamp$ by o!r =ms4 ,examples ( su* gr\ps are ! ammonia & nitrite oxidis+ bact]ia1 ! nitrog5 fix+ gr\ps1 ! cellulose decompos+ organisms1 & ! sulphur bact]ia4 ,9 ord] t we may apply ! results ( ! /udy ( a def9ite organism to o!r localities1 a k ( ! geographical di/ribution ( ! soil bact]ia is cle>ly ne$$4 ,we h1 un=tunately1 v little k ( ! di/ribution ( soil organisms4 ,! common spore-=m+ gr\ps appe> to be univ]sally di/ribut$4 ,?us ,b>!l1 9 a /udy ( ! bact]ial flora ( soils f ,gre5l& & ! isl& ( ,disko1 obta9$ soil organisms belong+ to ! gr\ps ( ,bacillus subtilis1 ,b4 amylobact]1 ,b4 fluoresc5s1 ,b4 caudatus1 & ,b4 ,zopfii1 :i* are common gr\ps 9 ,european soil1 indicat+ t ! g5]al con/itution ( ! bact]ial flora ( ! soil 9 arctic regions is n widely diff]5t f t ( ,we/]n ,europe4 ,br$emann1 :o made an ext5sive /udy ( ! ,bacillus amylobact] gr\p1 obta9$ soil samples f widely scatt]$ localities1 & f\nd ^! organisms 9 soil f ,g]many1 ,hol/e91 ,norway1 ,italy1 ,morocco1 ,t5]iffe1 ,russia1 ,japan1 ,*9a1 ! ,ea/ ,indies1 ,samoa1 ,ill9ois1 ,arizona1 ,g]man ,ea/ ,africa1 & ! ,cam]oons4 ,"s soil organisms1 on ! o!r h&1 are app>5tly abs5t f c]ta9 di/ricts4 ,?is may be due to ! conditions1 su* z climatic environm5t1 be+ unfav\rable to !m4 ,a /udy has rec5tly be5 made at ,ro?am/$ ( ! di/ribution ov] ,great ,brita9 ( a gr\p ( bact]ia t are capable ( decompos+ ph5ol & cresol4 ,"o ( ^! organisms1 app>5tly relat$ to ! acid-fa/ ,b4 phli1 has an int]e/+ di/ribution4 ,x has be5 f\nd 9 #ej p] c5t4 ( ! soils samples exam9$ f ! dri] region1 :]e ! annual ra9fall is less ?an #cj in*es1 b 9 only #bj p] c5t4 ( ! samples 9 ! wett] p>ts ( ,brita94 ,ano!r example ( limit$ di/ribution is f\nd 9 ! case ( ,bacillus radicicola1 ! organism t produces tub]cles on ! roots ( legum9\s plants4 ,! di/ribution ( ! v>ieties ( ?is organism foll[s t ( ! ho/ plants ) :i* !y are associat$1 s t :5 a new legum9\s crop is introduc$ into a c\ntry1 nodules may n appe> on ! roots unless ! soil be specially inoculat$ ) ! "r v>iety ( organism4 ,9 cases :]e a gr\p ( soil organisms is widely di/ribut$ ov] ! globe1 x may yet be abs5t f _m soils ow+ to ! soil conditions n suit+ x4 ,?us1 ph5ol decompos+ bact]ia1 ?\gh abundant 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,ro?am/$1 are yet abs5t f field plots t h be5 unmanur$ = a consid]able p]iod4 ,! occurr5ce ( ! nitrify+ organisms & ! nitrog5 fix+ ,azotobact] is also v dep5d5t on ! soil conditions4 ,ow+ to ! me?od by :i* our k ( soil bact]ia has be5 acquir$1 by /udy+ fir/ ! *emical *anges 9 ! soil & !n ! bact]ia t produce !m1 x is natural = u to divide !m into physiological gr\ps accord+ to ! *emical *anges t !y br+ ab\t4 ,?is gr\p+ is ! m reasonable s9ce s little is kn[n z to ! true relation%ips ( ! diff]5t gr\ps ( bact]ia t a classification bas$ on morphology is well-nigh impossible4 ,9 consid]+ ! activities ( bact]ia 9 ! soil1 x is conv5i5t to gr\p ! *anges :i* !y br+ ab\t into ! two divisions into :i* !y naturally fall 9 ! economy ( ! organisms4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !re are ! *anges t result 9 a release ( en]gy1 :i* ! bact]ia utilise = _! vital processes4 ,9 ! second place1 !re are ! processes by :i* ! bact]ia build up ! mat]ial ( _! bodies4 ,^! build+ up processes involve an intake ( en]gy = _! accompli%m5t4 ,x w be conv5i5t to deal fir/ ) ! release ( en]gy = _! own use by bact]ia1 & its consequ5ces4 ,b4 ,,activities ,,connect$ ,,) ,,! ,,acquirem5t ,,( ,,en]gy4 ,unlike ! gre5 plants1 mo/ bact]ia are unable to obta9 ! en]gy t is requir$ = _! metabolism f sunlight4 ,!y mu/1 !re=e1 make use ( su* *emical *anges z w involve ! release ( en]gy4 ,z an example ( ! acquirem5t ( en]gy 9 ?is way may be tak5 ! oxidation ( me?ane by ,b4 me?anicus4 ,?is organism1 describ$ by ,shng51 obta9s its en]gy supply by ! conv]sion ( me?ane into ,,co & ,h,o4 ,,* #b,o ,,co #b;,h,o #bbj ,cal4 ,a fur!r example is ! acetic organism t obta9s its en]gy ?r\gh ! oxidation ( alcohol to acetic acid4 ,c,h,o ,o ,c,h,o ,h,o #aae ,cal4 ,! decomposition processes br\ght ab\t by micro-organisms 9 obta9+ en]gy are usually oxidations1 b ?is is n necess>ily s1 z c be se5 9 case ( ! f]m5tation ( sug> into alcohol4,e ,c,h,o #b;,c,h,o #b;,,co #ej ,cal4 ,e ,^! examples are f ,orla-,j5s5 7,c5tralblatt f4 ,bakt41 ,,ii41 ,bd4 #bb1 p4 #cje74 ,by f> ! great] "p ( ! decomposition ( organic matt] is br\ght ab\t by bact]ia 9 ! process ( acquir+ en]gy4 ,9 ! soil1 ne>ly ! :ole ( ! mat]ial utilis$ by bact]ia z a s\rce ( en]gy is d]iv$ ultimately f gre5 plants4 ,! en]gy mat]ials left 9 ! soil by ! plant fall into two gr\ps1 ! non-nitrog5\s comp\nds1 :i* are ma9ly c>bohydrates & _! d]ivatives1 & ! nitrog5\s comp\nds1 pr9cipally d]iv$ f prote9s4 7#a7 ,decomposition ( ,non-nitrog5\s ,comp\nds4 ,! simpl] c>bohydrates & />*es are attack$ & decompos$ by a l>ge v>iety ( bact]ia4 ,! addition ( su* sub/ances to soil causes a rapid increase 9 bact]ial numb]s4 ,9 nature ! sug>s are 9 all probability among ! fir/ plant con/itu5ts to be de/roy$ dur+ ! decay processes4 ,a l>ge proportion ( plant tissues consi/ ( cellulose & its d]ivatives4 ,^! comp\nds are consequ5tly ( great importance 9 ! soil4 ,un=tunately our k ( ! processes by :i* cellulose is brok5 d[n 9 ! soil is v inadequate4 ,! e>ly exp]im5tal /udy ( cellulose decomposition1 su* z t ( ,tappe9]#fj & ,hoppe-,seyl]1#cc 0 mo/ly c>ri$ out "u conditions ( inadequate a]ation1 & ! products ( decomposition 7 f\nd to include me?ane & ,,co1 & sometimes fatty acids & hydrog54 ,! bact]iology ( ?is ana]obic decomposition 0 /udi$ by ,omelianski1#ed :o describ$ two spore-be>+ organisms1 "o ( :i* attack$ cellulose ) ! production ( hydrog51 & ! o!r ) ! production ( me?ane4 ,bo? species also produce fatty acids & ,,co4 ,x is probable t ^! organisms op]ate 9 ! soil "u conditions ( inadequate a]ation4 ,9 swamp soils1 9 :i* rice is gr[n1 x has be5 %[n t me?ane1 hydrog51 & ,,co are evolv$ 9 ! l[] lay]s4 ,9 ^! soils1 h[ev]1 ! me?ane & hydrog5 are oxidis$ :5 !y rea* ! surface lay]s4 ,?is oxidation is also effect$ by micro-organisms4 ,bact]ia capable ( d]iv+ en]gy by ! oxidation ( hydrog5 gas h be5 isolat$ & /udi$ by ,kas]]1#cg & by ,naboki* & ,leb$eff1#eb :ile ,shng5#eg has isolat$ an organism :i* he nam$ ,bacillus me?anicus1 t 0 capable ( oxidis+ me?ane4 ,"u normal conditions 9 cultivat$ soils1 h[ev]1 ! decomposition ( cellulose takes place 9 ! pres5ce ( an adequate air supply1 & s foll[s a diff]5t c\rse f t /udi$ by ,omelianski4 ,our k ( ?is a]obic decomposition is v scanty4 ,a numb] ( bact]ia1 capable ( decompos+ cellulose a]obically1 are kn[n4 ,a rem>kable organism 0 inve/igat$ by ,hut*9son & ,clayton1#cj :o nam$ x ,spiro*ta cytophaga4 ,?is organism1 :i* !y isolat$ f ,ro?am/$ soil1 ?\gh plac$ among ! ,spiro*toidea1 is ( d\btful aff9ities4 ,dur+ ! active condition x exi/s = ! mo/ "p z ?9 flexible rods tap]$ at ! extremities4 ,?is =m passes into a sph]ical cy/-l /age1 at fir/ ?\ght to be a di/9ct organism 7,fig4 #b74 ,spiro*ta cytophaga is v a]obic1 work+ actively1 only at ! surface ( ! culture m$ium4 ,x is v selective 9 its action4 ,x appe>s unable to d]ive en]gy f any c>bohydrate o!r ?an cellulose4 ,inde$1 _m ( ! simple c>bohydrates1 especially ! r$uc+ sug>s1 are toxic to ! organism 9 pure culture4 ,an ext5sive /udy ( a]obic cellulose decomposition by bact]ia 0 made by ,mc,beth & ,scales1#ej :o isolat$ fifte5 bact]ia hav+ ?is p[]4 ,five ( ^! 7 spore-=m+ organisms4 ,unlike ,spiro*ta cytophaga1 !y are all able to develop on ord9>y m$ia su* z beef ag> or gelat9e1 & are ?us n ne>ly s selective 9 _! food requirem5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--,spiro*ta cytophaga4 ,*anges occurr+ 9 culture4 7,aft] ,,hut*9son & ,,clayton47 ,we are at pres5t ignorant z to :i* organisms are mo/ effective 9 decompos+ cellulose 9 ! soil "u field conditions1 or :at are ! conditions be/ suit$ to _! activity4 ,x is possible t fungi also help 9 ! decomposition ( cellulose to a great ext5t4 ,?is subject ( ! decomposition ( cellulose (f]s "o ( ! mo/ promis+ fields ( rese>* 9 soil bact]iology4 ,! difficulty ( ! subject is fur!r increas$ by our pres5t ignorance ( ! *emical aspect ( cellulose decomposition4 ,x has be5 suppos$ t ! e>ly decomposition products are simpl] sug>s1 b ^! are n f\nd "u conditions 9 :i* cellulose is be+ decompos$ by pure cultures ( ! bact]ia m5tion$ above4 ,hut*9son & ,clayton f\nd t _! organism produc$ volatile acids1 mucilage1 & a c>ot9-l pigm5t4 ,! organisms isolat$ by ,mc,beth & ,scales also produce acids1 & 9 "s cases yell[ pigm5ts4 ,x is kn[n1 h[ev]1 t ! decomposition products ( cellulose c be utilis$ z en]gy supply = o!r organisms1 su* z nitrog5 fix+ bact]ia4 ,:5 plant rema9s decompose 9 ! soil !re are ultimately produc$ br[n colloidal bodies collectively kn[n z humus4 ,! processes by :i* ?is humus is produc$ are n yet prop]ly und]/ood4 ,humus is ( great importance 9 ! soil1 9 r5d]+ ! soil suitable = ! gr[? ( crops4 ,x affects ! physical prop]ties ( ! soil to a great ext5t4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x improves ! texture ( ! soil1 mak+ heavy clay soils m friable1 & loose s&y soils m coh]5t4 ,secondly1 x has great wat]-reta9+ p[]s1 s t soils ri* 9 organic matt] suff] comp>atively little dur+ p]iods ( dr\ght4 ,& la/ly1 x ex]ts a /rong buff]+ effect aga9/ soil acids4 ,n[1 x is "o ( ! problems ( pres5t-day f>m+ t soil is becom+ deplet$ ( its humus4 ,?is is due to ! increas+ sc>city ( f>my>d manure 9 _m di/ricts1 & ! consequ5t use ( m9]al f]tilis]s to supply nitrog51 pota%1 & phosphate to ! crop4 ,a ne$ has !re=e aris5 = a sub/itute = f>my>d manure1 by means ( :i* ! humus cont5t ( soils may be kept up 9 di/ricts :]e natural manure is sc>ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--;,cellulose decompos$ by ,s4 cytophaga 9 m$ia ) increas+ am\nts ( nitrog54 7,aft] ,,hut*9son & ,,clayton47 ,x-axis3 ,milligrams ( nitrog5 suppli$ z sodium-ammonium phosphate4 ,y-axis3 ,milligrams ( cellulose decompos$ 9 #ba days4 ,x is well kn[n t if fre% unrott$ manure or /raw be add$ to ! soil1 x (t5 produces h>mful effects on ! succe$+ crop4 ,! problem1 !re=e1 0 to develop a me?od by :i* fre% /raw1 be=e application to ! soil1 c\ld be made to rot d[n to a mixture ( humus comp\nds su* z occur 9 well-rott$ f>my>d manure4 ,! solution ( ?is problem came z a result ( an inve/igation by ,hut*9son & ,ri*>ds1#cj;b at ,ro?am/$1 into food requirem5ts ( ! cellulose decompos+ bact]ia4 ,!y realis$ t s9ce m ?an #aj p] c5t4 ( ! dry weight ( bact]ia consi/s ( nitrog51 x w\ld be necess>y to supply ! cellulose decompos+ bact]ia ) a supply ( nitrog51 9 ord] t !y %\ld atta9 _! greate/ activity4 ,exp]im5ts ) cultures ( ,spiro*ta cytophaga %[$ t ! am\nt ( cellulose decompos$ dep5d$ ^u an adequate supply ( nitrog5 = ! organism 7,fig4 #c74 ,simil>ly1 mat]ials su* z /raw w sc>cely decompose at all if wett$ ) pure wat]4 ,an adequate supply ( nitrog5 comp\nds is ne$$ to enable decomposition to take place4 ,hut*9son & ,ri*>ds te/$ ! effect ( ammonium sulphate1 & discov]$ exp]im5tally ! proportion ( ammonia to /raw t produc$ ! mo/ rapid decomposition4 ,!y f\nd t if a /raw heap 0 treat$ ) ! correct proportion ( ammonia1 x decompos$ into a br[n sub/ance hav+ ! appe>ance ( well-rott$ manure4 ,?is has result$ 9 ! developm5t ( a comm]cial process = mak+ syn!tic f>my>d manure f /raw4 ,! me?od ( manufacture is z foll[s3 ,a /raw /ack is made & ?or\ghly wett$ ) wat]4 ,! correct am\nt ( ammonium sulphate is !n spr9kl$ on ! top & wett$1 s t ! solution p]colates ?r\gh ! /raw4 ,! cellulose bact]ia attack ! /raw1 break+ x d[n & assimilat+ ! ammonia4 ,?is ammonia is n wa/$1 z x is conv]t$ into bact]ial protoplasm t ev5tually decays 9 ! soil4 ,field trials ( ?is syn!tic manure %[ t x produces an effect closely simil> to t ( natural f>my>d manure4 ,:ile cellulose & relat$ c>bohydrates are by f> ! mo/ important non-nitrog5\s comp\nds left 9 ! soil by plants1 !re are o!r comp\nds ^: de/ruction by bact]ia is ( special int]e/4 ,su*1 = example1 is ! case ( ph5ol4 ,?is comp\nd is produc$ by bact]ial action z a decomposition product ( c]ta9 am9o-acids4 ,x occurs 9 appreciable am\nts 9 c[ ur9e4 ,x is probable t x =ms a common decomposition product 9 soil & also 9 f>my>d manure4 ,if ?is ph5ol 7 to p]si/ 9 ! soil1 x w\ld ev5tually rea* a conc5tration h>mful to plant gr[?4 ,x does n1 h[ev]1 accumulate 9 ! soil2 inde$1 if pure ph5ol or cresol be add$ to ord9>y arable soil1 a rapid disappe>ance occurs4 ,?is disappe>ance is ( "s practical importance1 s9ce x limits ! comm]cial use ( ^! comp\nds z soil /]ilis+ ag5ts4 ,! cause ( ! disappe>ance has be5 to "s ext5t elucidat$ at ,ro?am/$1#eh :]e x 0 f\nd to be 9 "p a purely *emical reaction ) c]ta9 soil con/itu5ts1 & p>tly due to ! activity ( bact]ia capable ( decompos+ x4 ,a l>ge numb] ( soil bact]ia h n[ be5 isolat$ t c decompose ph5ol1 meta-1 p>a-1 & or?o-cresol1 & are able to use ^! sub/ances z ! sole s\rces ( en]gy = _! life processes4 ,^! organisms h a wide di/ribution1 hav+ be5 f\nd 9 soil samples tak5 f all ov] ,great ,brita91 f ,norway1 ! ,tyrol1 ,g\gh ,isl&1 ,tri/an da ,cunha & ,s\? ,georgia4 ,soil bact]ia h also be5 isolat$ t are able to decompose & d]ive _! en]gy f naph?al5e & f tolu5e4 ,! ability ( ! bact]ia to break up ! naph?al5e is v rem>kable1 & all ! m s s9ce !y c h>dly h come across ?is comp\nd 9 ! /ate ( nature4 ,! naph?al5e organisms h a di/ribution z _w-wide z ! ph5ol gr\p4 7#b7 ,ammonia ,production4 ,! second ma9 gr\p ( products left 9 ! soil by high] plants are ! nitrog5-conta9+ comp\nds1 su* z ! prote9s & am9o-acids4 ,plant rema9s are n ! only s\rce ( organic nitrog5 comp\nds available to soil bact]ia4 ,!re are1 9 addition1 ! dead bodies ( o!r soil organisms1 su* z protozoa & alg4 ,! relative importance ( ^! s\rces ( nitrog5 is n kn[n1 b almo/ c]ta9ly v>ies greatly ) ! /ate ( activity ( ! v>i\s gr\ps ( ! soil population4 ,bact]ia are able to utilise organic nitrog5 comp\nds z en]gy s\rces1 z c be exemplifi$ 9 ! oxidation ( a simple am9o-acid3-- ,h ,o _/_/ ,h--,c--,c #c,o #b;,,co ,h,o ,,nh #aeb ,cal4 ,,nh ,,oh ,x w be se5 t1 9 ! acquirem5t ( en]gy f su* a comp\nd1 ammonia is releas$ z a by-product4 ,x is n c]ta9ly kn[n :at is ! exact c\rse ( ! reactions br\ght ab\t by bact]ia 9 soil dur+ ! break+-d[n ( organic nitrog5 comp\nds1 b !y result 9 ! splitt+ (f ( mo/ ( ! nitrog5 z ammonia4 ,h]e9 lies ! great importance ( ! process1 = ! production ( ammonia is an ess5tial /age 9 ! =mation ( nitrate 9 ! soil1 & on ! supply ( nitrate ! gr[? ( mo/ crops l>gely dep5ds4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4--,quantities ( ammonia produc$ by pure cultures f #e grams ( case9 9 ! pres5ce ( v>y+ quantities ( dextrose4 7,aft] ,,doryl&47 ,x-axis3 ,p]c5tage ( dextrose add$4 ,y-axis3 ,milligrams ( ,,nh produc$4 ,x is v important to note t ! production ( ?is ammonia is only a by-product 9 ! economy ( ! bact]ia1 ! b5efit t !y d]ive f ! reactions be+ due to ! release ( en]gy involv$ 9 ! decomposition4 ,! common ammonia-produc+ bact]ia 9 ! soil h be5 f\nd equally capable ( d]iv+ _! en]gy by ! oxidation ( sug>s & simil> non-nitrog5\s comp\nds4 ,fig4 #d %[s an exp]im5t by ,doryl&1#ag 9 :i* cultures ( common soil bact]ia 7 gr[n 9 peptone solution1 to :i* increas+ quantities ( sug> 7 add$4 ,"o c see t1 z ! am\nt ( sug> is increas$1 ! production ( ammonia is l[]$1 s9ce ! bact]ia are obta9+ en]gy f ! sug> in/ead ( f ! nitrog5 comp\nd1 peptone4 ,consequ5tly1 if soil conta9s a quantity ( easily decomposible c>bohydrate mat]ial1 bact]ia w d]ive _! en]gy f ?is s\rce1 & ! production ( ammonia & nitrate w be l[]$4 ,?us ! addition ( sug> or unrott$ /raw to ! soil (t5 l[]s ! nitrate production1 & consequ5tly r$uces ! crop yield4 ,if ! soil is suffici5tly ri* 9 c>bohydrate mat]ial1 ! bact]ia may multiply until ! supply ( organic nitrog5 is us$ up1 & !n w actually assimilate "s ( ! ammonia & nitrate already exi/+4 ,!re is ?us a balance ( conditions 9 ! soil due to v>y+ proportions ( nitrog5\s & non-nitrog5\s en]gy mat]ial4 ,:5 nitrog5 comp\nds are ! pr$om9ant en]gy s\rce1 ! bact]ia utilise !m1 & ammonia is releas$4 ,:5 a non-nitrog5\s en]gy s\rce pr$om9ates1 ?is is utilis$ & little or no ammonia is releas$1 & 9 extreme cases ammonia may be assimilat$4 ,al?\gh a l>ge numb] ( ! common organisms 9 ! soil produce ammonia 9 culture m$ia conta9+ peptone1 ! relative importance ( ^! 9 ! soil has yet to be decid$4 ,x 0 suppos$ t ! spore-=m+ organisms relat$ to ,bacillus mycoides 7 ( *ief importance4 ,?is supposition dates f ! "w ( ,m>*al1#di :o /udi$ ! production ( ammonia by an organism ( ?is gr\p 9 culture solution1 & f\nd x to be a v active ammonifi]4 ,z already m5tion$1 h[ev]1 !re is "s d\bt z to :e!r ! l>ge spore-=m+ organisms are v active "u soil conditions4#ab1ac ,! exi/5ce ( rapid fluctuations 9 nitrate cont5t1 f\nd to exi/ 9 soil1 may 9 ! future indicate :i* are ! mo/ active ( ! common bact]ia 9 ! soil itself by enabl+ u to obs]ve :i* types increase dur+ p]iods ( rapid ammonia & nitrate =mation4 7#c7 ,nitrate ,production4 ,! ammonia produc$ 9 ! soil "u normal field conditions is rapidly oxidis$ successively to nitrite & to nitrate1 a process kn[n z nitrification4 ,! process ( nitrification is m rapid ?an t ( ammonia production1 ) ! consequ5ce t no m ?an traces ( ammonia are able to accumulate4 ,! rate at :i* nitrate is =m$ 9 ! soil is consequ5tly set by ! sl[] process ( ammonia production4 ,! "w ( ,s*loes+ & ( ,w>+ton %[$ t ! oxidation ( ammonia 0 ! "w ( liv+ organisms4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 to ,w9ogradsky's isolation & /udy ( ! causative organisms t we owe our pres5t k ( ! biology ( ! process4 ,by a new & +5i\s te*nique1 he isolat$ f soil two rem>kable gr\ps ( bact]ia t br+ ab\t nitrification4 ,! fir/ gr\p oxidises ammonium c>bonate to nitrite1 & 0 divid$ by ,w9ogradsky into ! two g5]a1 ,nitrosomonas1 a v %ort rod-l organism be>+ a s+le flagellum1 & ,nitrosococcus1 a non-motile =m f\nd 9 ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,! second gr\p oxidises nitrites to nitrates4 ,!y are m9ute pe>-%ap$ rods to :i* he gave ! "n ,nitrobact]4 ,w9ogradsky f\nd t ! fir/1 or nitrite-produc+ gr\p1 w\ld live 9 a culture solution conta9+3-- #bbe grams ammonium sulphate1 #bj sodium *loride1 #aj magnesium c>bonate1 to ! litre ( well wat]4 ,nitrobact] w\ld gr[ 9 a simil> m$ium conta9+ sodium nitrite in/ead ( ammonium sulphate4 ,!re be+ no organic c>bon 9 ^! m$ia1 ! organisms _h no s\rce ( c>bon = _! nutrition1 except ! ,,co ( ! air1 or possibly t ( bic>bonate 9 solution4 ,x !re=e foll[$ t ! organisms mu/ obta9 _! c>bon supply f "o ( ^! s\rces4 ,unlike gre5 plants1 ! nitr\s & nitric organisms are able to c>ry on ?is c>bon assimilation 9 ! d>k1 & mu/ !re=e obta9 ! en]gy ne$$ = ! process f "s *emical reaction4 ,! only s\rces ( en]gy 9 ,w9ogradsky's solutions 7 ! nitrog5 comp\nds1 & x consequ5tly foll[$ t ! organisms mu/ d]ive _! en]gy supply by ! oxidation ( ammonia & nitrite respectively4 ,! release ( en]gy obta9$ by ^! two reactions has be5 calculat$ by ,orla-,j5s5 to be z foll[s3-- 7,,nh7,,co #c,o #b;,,hno ,,co #c;,h,o #adh ,cals4 ,,kno ,o ,,kno #bb ,cals4 ,! exact process by :i* ammonium c>bonate is conv]t$ into nitrite is n at pres5t kn[n4 ,! two gr\ps ( organisms are extremely selective 9 _! s\rce ( en]gy4 ,! nitr\s organisms c d]ive _! en]gy only by ! oxidation ( ammonia to nitrite1 & ! nitric organisms only by ! oxidation ( nitrite to nitrate4 ,9 culture m$ia !y are1 inde$1 inhibit$ by soluble organic comp\nds su* z sug>s4 ,"u natural conditions1 h[ev]1 !y appe> to be less s5sitive1 s9ce ammonium c>bonate is readily nitrifi$ 9 sub/rata ri* 9 organic matt]4 ,! rapid nitrification t takes place dur+ ! purification ( sewage is an example ( ?is4 ,! conditions 9 culture1 ) reg>d to a]ation & ! removal ( metabolic products f ! neighb\rhood ( ! organisms1 are v diff]5t f ^? 9 ! soil1 & p]haps acc\nt = ! discrepancies f\nd4 ,! oxidation ( ammonium c>bonate by nitrosomonas results 9 ! =mation ( nitr\s acid4 ,! organisms are v s5sitive to acidity1 & c only op]ate if ! nitr\s acid produc$ is neutralis$ by an available base4 ,9 normal soils calcium c>bonate supplies ?is base1 & 9 acid soils ! =mation ( nitrite is1 z a rule1 increas$ by ! addition ( lime1 or ( calcium or magnesium c>bonate4 ,!re is evid5ce t 9 ! abs5ce ( calcium c>bonate1 o!r comp\nds c be us$ z a base4 ,x 0 f\nd by ,hopk9s & ,:it+#cb t 9 culture solution ! nitrify+ organisms c\ld use insoluble rock phosphate z a base1 produc+ !refrom ! soluble acid phosphate4 ,!re is evid5ce1 h[ev]1 t 9 ord9>y soil conta9+ calcium c>bonate v little solution ( phosphate takes place 9 ?is way4 ,! fur!r oxidation ( nitrite to nitrate by ,nitrobact] does n produce acid1 & requires no fur!r neutralis+ base4 ,! nitrate produc$ 9 ?is way is ! ma9 s\rce ( nitrog5 supply to plants "u normal conditions4 ,exp]im5ts h %[n t a numb] ( plants are capable ( utilis+ ammonia z a s\rce ( nitrog51 & ,hesselmann#cd has f\nd =e/ soils 9 ,sw$5 :]e no nitrification 0 proce$+1 & :]e1 !re=e1 plants w\ld presumably obta9 _! nitrog5 9 ?is way1 b su* cases mu/ be reg>d$ z exceptional4 ,ano!r gr\p ( bact]ia capable ( d]iv+ _! en]gy f an inorganic s\rce exi/s 9 ! soil4 ,?is comprises ! sulphur bact]ia1 :i* are able to d]ive en]gy by ! oxidation ( sulphur1 sulphides1 or ?iosulphates to sulphuric acid3-- ,s #c,o ,h,o ,h,,s #ada ,cals4 ,"o organism /udi$ by ,waksman & ,j(fe#fc is able to live 9 inorganic solution1 d]iv+ its c>bon f c>bon dioxide4 ,! sulphur bact]ia h rec5tly come into prom95ce 9 ,am]ica ow+ to _! faculty = produc+ acid4 ,?us ,?iospirillum w increase ! acidity ( its m$ium to a reaction ( ,p,h #aj be=e gr[? ceases4 ,! potato scab disease 9 ,am]ica is n[ treat$ by compo/+ ) sulphur4 ,?is treatm5t dep5ds on ! production ( sulphuric acid by ! sulphur oxidis+ bact]ia1 :i* r5d]s ! soil too acid = ! p>asite4 ,!re is "s evid5ce also t acid ?us produc$ c be us$ to r5d] insoluble phosphatic manures m available 9 ! soil4 ,analog\s to ! sulphur organisms are c]ta9 bact]ia isolat$ f %eep dig tanks 9 ,s\? ,africa by ,gre51#bh;b :i* c d]ive en]gy by ! oxidation ( sodium ars5ite to ars5ate4 7#d7 ,ana]obic ,respiration4 ,z is se5 9 ! examples m5tion$1 en]gy is commonly obta9$ by bact]ia ?r\gh an oxidation process 9 :i* free oxyg5 is utilis$4 ,9 wat]-logg$ soil1 h[ev]1 or 9 soil ov]load$ ) organic matt]1 ana]obic bact]ia may develop1 :i* obta9 _! oxyg5 f oxidis$ comp\nds4 ,?us !re are soil organisms describ$ by ,beij]9ck#b & o!rs :i* c obta9 oxyg5 by r$uc+ sulphates to sulphides4 ,a m important s\rce ( oxyg5 "u ^! conditions is nitrate1 :i* c supply oxyg5 to a l>g] numb] ( bact]ia4 ,! /age to :i* ! r$uction c be c>ri$ v>ies accord+ to ! organism4 ,a v l>ge numb] ( bact]ia are capable ( r$uc+ nitrates to nitrites4 ,_m c r$uce nitrate to ammonia1 & "s c produce an evolution ( nitrog5 gas f nitrate4 ,! effects ( nitrate r$uction1 !re=e1 appe> "u wat]-logg$ conditions 9 soils4 ,= example1 9 swamp soils 9 :i* rice is gr[n1 x has be5 f\nd by ,nagaoka1#ec 9 ,japan1 t treatm5t ) nitrate ( soda depresses ! yield1 probably ow+ to ! =mation ( poison\s nitrites by r$uction4 ,"u normal conditions ( well a]at$ soil1 h[ev]1 x is unlikely t ! r$uction ( nitrate is ( great importance4 ,9 su* soils ! activities ?r\gh :i* bact]ia acquire _! en]gy are1 z we h se51 ( vital importance to ! plant1 result+ 9 ! dis9tegration ( plant tissues1 ) ! ultimate =mation ( humus1 & 9 ! production ( nitrate4 ,9 _! activities connect$ ) ! build+ up ( _! protoplasm1 bact]ia may1 on ! o!r h&1 compete ) ! plant4 ,^! activities & _! consequ5ces w be review$ 9 ! foll[+ *apt]4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,soil ,,bact]ia4 ,c4 ,,activities ,,connect$ ,,) ,,! ,,build+-,,up ,,( ,,bact]ial ,,protoplasm4 7#a7 ,composition ( ,bact]ia4 ,! activities ( ! soil bact]ia t we h yet to consid] are ^? connect$ ) ! build+-up f simpl] mat]ials ( ! protoplasm ( ! bact]ial cell4 ,x is important to be> 9 m9d t ?is process is "o requir+ an exp5diture ( en]gy on ! "p ( ! organism4 ,! s\rces ( en]gy we h already consid]$4 ,! bodies ( bact]ia conta9 ! same elem5ts common to o!r liv+ matt]4 ,analyses ( v>i\s bact]ia h be5 made by a numb] ( work]s4 ,ab\t #he p] c5t4 ( _! weight is made up ( wat]4 ,?is analysis ( ,pfeiff]'s ,bacillus by ,cram]#ae %[s ! typical p]c5tages ( c>bon1 nitrog51 hydrog51 & a% 9 ! dry matt]3-- ,composition ( ,pfeiff]'s ,bacillus 7,cram]74 ,c #ej p] c5t4 ,n #abc ,h #ff ,a% #ia ,ab\t #fe-gj p] c5t4 ( ! dry matt] ( bact]ia consi/s ( prote94 7#b7 ,s\rces ( ,c>bon4 ,! bigge/ con/itu5t ( ! dry matt] ( bact]ia is !re=e c>bon4 ,9 ! soil1 bact]ia f9d an abundance ( organic matt] f :i* !y may d]ive _! c>bon supply4 ,a special case1 h[ev]1 is furni%$ by ! nitrify+ organisms1 c]ta9 sulphur oxidis+ bact]ia1 & o!rs t d]ive _! c>bon f ! ,,co ( ! soil atmosph]e4 ,! s\rces f :i* ^! special gr\ps obta9 ! necess>y en]gy to accompli% ?is1 we h already consid]$4 7#c7 ,assimilation ( ,nitrog5 ,comp\nds4 ,( *ief importance 9 its consequ5ces are ! means adopt$ by bact]ia to obta9 _! nitrog5 supply4 ,!re is "s reason to believe t soil bact]ia d n take up prote9 & peptones z su*1 b mu/ fir/ break d[n ^! bodies into simpl] comp\nds4 ,:5 a suffici5t am\nt ( easily decomposable organic nitrog5 is pres5t 9 ! soil1 ! ammonify+ bact]ia use su* comp\nds z s\rces ( en]gy1 & 9 ?is case h a nitrog5 supply exce$+ _! requirem5ts4 ,b :]e !re is an excess ( c>bohydrate or o!r non-nitrog5\s s\rce ( en]gy available 9 ! soil1 ! case is diff]5t4 ,"h ! organisms h a supply ( en]gy :i* enables !m to multiply rapidly until ! organic nitrog5 is insuffici5t = _! ne$s4 ,h5ce !y turn to ! ammonia & nitrate pres5t 9 ! soil1 & build up _! prote9s f ?is s\rce4 ,doryl&#ag has %[n t _m common soil ammonifi]s assimilate ammonia & nitrate :5 suppli$ ) c>bohydrate4 ,!re may ?us be a tempor>y loss ( nitrate f soil :5 sug>1 />*1 /raw1 or su* mat]ials are add$ to x4 7#d7 ,fixation ( ,free ,nitrog54 ,! bact]ia t we h s f> consid]$ take up _! nitrog5 directly f comp\nds conta9+ ?is elem5t4 ,!re rema91 h[ev]1 a comp>atively small b v important gr\p ( bact]ia possess+ ! p[] ( caus+ elem5tal nitrog5 to comb9e1 & ( build+ x up into _! prote9s4 ,?is fixation ( nitrog5 by micro-organisms is a vital /ep 9 ! economy ( nature4 ,losses ( nitrog5 f ! l& are cont9ually occurr+ ?r\gh ! wa%+-out ( nitrates by ra91 & ?r\gh ! evolution ( gase\s nitrog5 dur+ ! processes ( decay4 ,to ma9ta9 ! supply ( comb9$ nitrog5 :i* is ess5tial to liv+ organisms1 !re mu/ !re=e be a comp5sat+ process by :i* ! supply ( nitrog5 comp\nds 9 ! soil is kept up4 ,x 0 discov]$ 9 ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury t if soil 7 kept moi/ & expos$ to ! air1 !re 0 an increase 9 ! am\nt ( nitrog5 comp\nds pres5t4 ,b]!lot1 9 #ahic1 /udi$ ! nitrog5 relation%ips ( soil1 & recognis$ t ?is fixation ( nitrog5 9 soil 0 ! "w ( micro-organisms4 ,w9ogradsky foll[$ up 8 "w & isolat$ f soil a l>ge ana]obic spore-=m+ organism1 capable ( fix+ nitrog51 to :i* he gave ! "n ,clo/ridium pa/eurianum4 ,9 #aija ! inve/igations ( ,bey]9ck1 9 ,holl&1 l$ to ! important discov]y ( a gr\p ( l>ge a]obic organisms1 :i* he nam$ ,azotobact]4 ,^! 7 f\nd to be v active 9 fix+ free nitrog54 ,m rec5tly1 a numb] ( o!r nitrog5-fix+ bact]ia h be5 describ$1 & ! prop]ty has be5 f\nd to exi/ to a small ext5t 9 sev]al previ\sly well-kn[n organisms4 ,x becomes important to det]m9e :i* are ! gr\ps ( bact]ia ^: nitrog5-fix+ p[]s are ( *ief importance 9 ! soil4 ,on acc\nt ( its en]getic fixation ( nitrog5 9 culture m$ia1 ,azotobact] has attract$ ! greate/ att5tion ( work]s4 ,! evid5ce seems to be consi/5t ) ! view t ,azotobact] is ( importance 9 ! soil4 ,?us ! di/ribution ( ,azotobact] w\ld appe> to be _w-wide4 ,x is f\nd all ov] ,we/]n ,europe & ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,lipman & ,burgess#de f\nd x 9 soils collect$ f ,italy & ,spa91 ,smyrna1 ,cairo1 ! ,fayum1 ! ,deccan 9 ,india1 ,tahiti1 ,hawaii1 ,mexico1 ,guatemala1 & ,canada4 ,c4 ,m4 ,hut*9son#bi f\nd x to be di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ,india4 ,x 0 f\nd by ,omelianski#ee to be widely di/ribut$ 9 ,european & ,asiatic ,russia1 & by ,gro5ewege#bh 9 ,java4 ,a%by#a at ,ro?am/$1 isolat$ x f soils f ! ,transvaal1 ,ea/ ,africa1 & ,egypt4 ,also1 an association has sometimes be5 f\nd betwe5 ! ability ( a soil to fix nitrog5 & ! occurr5ce & vig\r ( its ,azotobact] flora4 ,?us ,lipman & ,waynick#df f\nd t if soil f ,kansas 7 remov$ to ,cali=nia1 its p[] to produce a gr[? ( ,azotobact]1 :5 inoculat$ into a suitable m$ium1 0 lo/1 &1 at ! same "t1 its nitrog5-fix+ p[] 0 greatly r$uc$4 ,moreov]1 x is kn[n t conditions fav\rable to ! fixation ( nitrog5 by ,azotobact] 9 cultures on ! :ole fav\r nitrog5 fixation 9 soils4 ,! conditions t fav\r o!r a]obic nitrog5-fix+ bact]ia are1 h[ev]1 n suffici5tly di/9ct to make su* evid5ce ( great value4 ,x is usually f\nd t nitrog5 fixation is mo/ active 9 well-a]at$ soil4 ,?us ,a%by1#a at ,ro?am/$1 f\nd ! nitrog5-fix+ p[] ( a soil to decrease rapidly ) dep?4 ,simil> results 7 obta9$ 9 ,utah by ,greaves4 ,?is sugge/s1 at fir/ sight1 t ana]obic nitrog5 fix]s are unimportant "u normal soil conditions4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 q possible t !y may assume an importance :5 act+ 9 conjunction ) a]obic organisms4 ,?us ,omelianski & ,salunskov#ee f\nd t b5eficial association1 or symbiosis1 c\ld occur betwe5 ,azotobact] & ,clo/ridium pa/eurianum1 ! =m] absorb+ oxyg5 f ! surr\nd+s1 & ?us creat+ a suitable ana]obic environm5t = ! ,clo/ridium4 ,! "q ( symbiosis ( nitrog5-fix+ bact]ia ) ea* o!r & ) o!r organisms (f]s an invit+ field = rese>*4 ,!re is evid5ce t ?is factor may h consid]able importance4 ,beij]9ck & ,van ,deld5#c e>ly recognis$ t ,azotobact] 9 mix$ cultures fix$ m nitrog5 ?an 9 pure cultures4 ,granulobact]1 an organism :i* !y f\nd to be commonly associat$ ) ,azotobact] 9 crude cultures1 appe>s to increase its nitrog5-fix+ p[]s 7,krzem9iewski74#da ,x 0 also f\nd by ,hanzawa#ca t a great] fixation ( nitrog5 0 obta9$ :5 two /ra9s ( ,azotobact] 7 gr[n toge!r4 ,a symbiosis betwe5 ,azotobact] & gre5 alg has be5 describ$1 & w be fur!r discuss$ by ,dr4 ,bri/ol4 ,x is likely t ?is association may be ( importance "u suitable conditions on ! soil surface :]e ! alg are expos$ to light4 ,! comb9ation ( elem5tal nitrog5 is an endo!rmic process :i* requires a v consid]able am\nt ( en]gy = its accompli%m5t4 ,?is fact is well illu/rat$ by ! v>i\s comm]cial processes 9 use = fixation ( atmosph]ic nitrog54 ,! nitrog5-fix+ bact]ia obta9 ?is en]gy f ! c>bon comp\nds 9 ! soil4 ,a numb] ( comp\nds 7 comp>$ z s\rces ( en]gy by ,lhnis & ,pillai1#dg :o te/$ _! effect on ! am\nts ( nitrog5 fix$ by ,azotobact] 9 culture4 ,x 0 f\nd t mannitol & ! simpl] sug>s give ! be/ results z s\rces ( en]gy1 b t o!r organic comp\nds c also be us$4 ,mock]idge#ea has adduc$ evid5ce t e?yl5e glycol1 me?yl-1 e?yl-1 & propyl-alcohol1 lactic1 malic1 succ9ic1 & glycocollic acids c\ld also be utilis$4 ,s9ce s l>ge a "p ( ! organic matt] add$ to soil is 9 ! =m ( celluloses1 x is ( great importance to asc]ta9 h[ f> ^! comp\nds & _! decomposition products c be utilis$ 9 nitrog5 fixation4 ,/ubble1 corn-/alks & roots1 oak leaves1 lup9e & luc]ne tops1 maple leaves1 & p9e ne$les may all s]ve z useful s\rces ( en]gy to nitrog5-fix+ organisms 9 ! soil4 ,pure cellulose _c app>5tly be us$ z a s\rce ( en]gy1 b :5 act$ ^u by cellulose decompos+ organisms1 x becomes available z a s\rce ( en]gy4 ,hut*9son & ,clayton1 at ,ro?am/$1 f\nd t a fixation ( nitrog5 c\ld be br\ght ab\t by mix$ cultures ( ,azotobact]1 & ( ! cellulose attack+ ,spiro*ta cytophaga1 :5 gr[n 9 cultures conta9+ pure cellulose4 ,x is n kn[n h[ f> cellulose decomposition mu/ proce$ to produce an effective s\rce ( en]gy1 nor :at are ! sub/ances ?us produc$ t are utilis$4 ,?is po9t w n be decid$ until some?+ m is kn[n ( ! c\rse ( *anges 9 ! break+-d[n ( cellulose 9 ! soil4 ,! am\nt ( nitrog5 fix$ p] unit ( en]gy mat]ial decompos$ v>ies greatly1 accord+ to ! organism & ! conditions4 ,w9ogradsky f\nd t 8 ,clo/ridium assimilat$ #b-c mgs4 ( nitrog5 p] gram ( sug> consum$4 ,lipman f\nd t ,azotobact] fix$ #ae-bj mgs4 ( nitrog5 p] gram ( mannite consum$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4 ,caption3 ,azotobact]4 ,decrease 9 effici5cy 9 ,n fixation ) age ( culture4 7,ko* ,seydel47 ,x-axis3 ,days4 ,y-axis3 ,milligrams ( ,nitrog5 fix$ p] gram ( dextrose consum$4 ,x is f\nd1 h[ev]1 t 9 liquid culture1 ! ratio ( nitrog5 fix$ to c>bohydrates oxidis$ v>ies accord+ to ! age ( ! culture1 fall+ (f rapidly z ! age increases#db 7,fig4 #e74 ,?is decreas+ effici5cy 9 cultures may be due to ! accumulation ( metabolic products su* z w\ld n occur "u soil conditions4 ,inde$1 ! effici5cy ( ,azotobact] 9 a s& culture has be5 f\nd by ,kra9skii#ci to be consid]ably great] ?an 9 solution4 ,x is ?us probable t 9 soil ! nitrog5-fix+ organisms are less wa/eful ( en]gy mat]ial ?an "u ! usual laboratory conditions4 ,x is to be hop$ t future rese>* w indicate :at are ! conditions t produce ! greate/ economy ( en]gy mat]ial 9 nitrog5 fixation4 ,! fixation ( nitrog5 9 soil is depress$ by ! pres5ce ( consid]able am\nts ( nitrates4 ,?is is1 9 all probability1 due to ! fact t nitrog5-fix+ organisms are able to utilise comp\nds ( nitrog5 :]e ^! are available4 ,! en]gy ne$$ to build up am9o-acids & prote9s f nitrate or ammonia is1 ( c\rse1 f> less ?an t requir$ to build up ^! sub/ances f elem5tal nitrog54 ,x is1 !re=e1 n surpris+ t :]e nitrate is available1 ,azotobact] w use x 9 pref]5ce to fix+ atmosph]ic nitrog54#e ,,table ,,iii4--,,assimilation ,,( ,,nitrates4 ,,by ,,azotobact] ,,9 ,,pure ,,culture--7,bonazzi74 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,nitrate ,organic ,total & ,nitrog5 ,fix$ ,nitrite& ,ammonia or ,pres5t4 ,pres5t4 ,lo/4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ mgs4 mgs4 mgs4 ,culture ) nitrate-- ,at beg9n+ #hee #jgf -- ,aft] gr[? #jb #hga -#jd ,culture )\t nitrate-- ,at beg9n+ -- #jgf -- ,aft] gr[? -- #dej #c4gd ---------------------------------------- ------------ 7,gr[? p]iod--#bd days at #be ,c47 ,! *emical process by :i* nitrog5 is fix$ is q unkn[n1 al?\gh a numb] ( speculative sugge/ions h be5 made4 ,! appe>ance ( consid]able am\nts ( am9o acids 9 "y cultures ( ,azotobact] sugge/s t ^! may be a /ep 9 ! process1 b at pres5t ! data are too inconclusive to =m a basis = !oris+4 ,azotobact] is v ri* 9 phosphorus1 an analysis ( ! surface gr[? 9 ,azotobact] cultures1 made by ,/oklasa1 giv+ ab\t #fj p] c5t4 ( phosphoric acid 9 ! a%4 ,9 cultures x has be5 f\nd t a consid]able am\nt ( phosphate is ne$$ to produce full developm5t4 ,z w\ld be expect$1 !re=e1 nitrog5 fixation 9 soil is (t5 greatly /imulat$ by ! addition ( phosphates4 ,*ri/5s5 has1 inde$1 f\nd soils :]e lack ( phosphate 0 ! limit+ factor = ,azotobact] gr[?4 ,azotobact] is v intol]ant ( an acid m$ium1 & is v dep5d5t on ! pres5ce ( an available base4 ,9 cultures ?is is usually provid$ 9 ! =m ( calcium or magnesium c>bonate4 ,ga9ey#ba f\nd t ,azotobact] occurr$ 9 soils hav+ an acidity n great] ?an ,p,h #fj1 & ,*ri/5s51#g1i 9 ,d5m>k1 has f\nd a close association betwe5 ! occurr5ce ( ,azotobact] 9 soils & ! pres5ce ( an adequate supply ( calcium c>bonate4 ,s close 0 ?is association t he devis$ a te*nique bas$ on ?is fact = detect+ a defici5cy ( lime 9 a soil sample4 ,9 addition to ! gr\ps already discuss$1 !re is a rem>kable & important gr\p ( nitrog5-fix+ bact]ia t inhabit & c c>ry on _! functions )9 ! root tissues ( high] plants4 ,x has be5 kn[n at lea/ f classical times t c]ta9 legum9\s plants w\ld1 "u suitable conditions1 r5d] ! soil m productive4 ,on ! roots ( legum9os small tub]cles are commonly f\nd4 ,^! 7 not$ & figur$ by ,malpighi 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & = a long "t 7 reg>d$ z root-galls4 ,z 0 describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,i41 ! true nature ( ^! tub]cles 0 f9ally elucidat$ by ,hellriegel & ,wilf>? 9 #ahhf4 ,z ! result ( a s]ies ( pot exp]im5ts1 !y made ! v brilliant d$uction t ! ability to fix nitrog51 possess$ by ! legumes1 0 due to bact]ia associat$ ) !m 9 ! tub]cles4 ,^! bact]ia 7 f9ally isolat$ & /udi$ 9 pure culture by ,beij]9ck4 ,s9ce !n a v great deal ( lit]ature has accumulat$ on ! subject ( ! nodule-produc+ bact]ia1 :i* x is impossible to deal ) 9 a small space4 ,! nodule organism1 ,bacillus radicicola1 :5 gr[n on suitable m$ia1 passes ?r\gh a numb] ( diff]5t *anges 9 morphology4 ,! mo/ connect$ acc\nt ( ^! *anges is giv5 9 a pap] by ,bewley & ,hut*9son4#d ,9 a vigor\s culture ! commone/ type is a rod-%ap$ bacillus :i* may or may n be motile4 ,z ^! get old] !y (t5 become bran*$1 or irregul> 9 %ape1 ! =mation ( ^! bran*$ =ms be+ p]haps due to conditions 9 ! m$ium4 ,^! irregul> =ms1 kn[n z 8bact]oids10 are a *>act]i/ic type 9 ! nodules4 ,_! production 9 culture m$ia has be5 f\nd to be /imulat$ by sug>s & organic acids su* z w\ld occur 9 _! environm5t )9 ! ho/ plant4 ,9 ! old] rods & bact]oids ! /a9+ mat]ial becomes cond5s$ into granules1 & f9ally ! rods dis9tegrate or break up into coccoid =ms4 ,by suitable culture conditions1 ,bewley & ,hut*9son obta9$ cultures consi/+ almo/ entirely ( ?is /age4 ,if su* a culture be inoculat$ into a fre% m$ium ri* 9 sug>1 ! sw>m] /age appe>s 9 great numb]s4 ,^! sw>m]s are v m9ute coccoid rods1 #i #ah 9 size1 t are actively motile4 ,!y app>5tly develop lat] into ! rod /age4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4--;,bacillus radicicola4 ,/ages 9 ! life cycle4 7,aft] ,,hut*9son & ,,bewley47 ,motile ,rods ,vacuolat$ ,/age 8,sw>m]s0 8,bact]oids0 8,pre-sw>m]s0 ,v little is kn[n z to ! life ( ! organism 9 ! soil4 ,x is able1 h[ev]1 to fix nitrog5 9 cultures1 & x has be5 claim$#ce1dh t x c d s 9 ! soil outside ! plant1 s t x is possible t we mu/ take x into consid]ation 9 ?is connection4 ,m k is ne$$ z to ! optimum conditions = ! gr[? ( ! organism 9 ! soil4 ,x seems to be m tol]ant ( acid soil conditions ?an ,azotobact]4 ,! limit+ degree ( acidity has be5 f\nd to v>y among diff]5t v>ieties ( ! organism f ,p,h #cae to ,p,h #di4 ,a long controv]sy has be5 held z to :e!r ! nodule organisms f\nd 9 diff]5t ho/-plants all belong to "o species1 or :e!r !re are a numb] ( sep>ate species1 ea* capable ( infect+ a small gr\p ( ho/-plants4 ,z ! t]m 8species0 has at pres5t no exact mean+ :5 appli$ to bact]ia1 ! discussion 9 ?is =m is unlikely to rea* a conclusion4 ,! evid5ce seems to %[ t ! nodule organisms =m a gr\p t is 9 a /ate ( div]g5t specialisation to life 9 diff]5t ho/-plants1 & t ?is specialisation has rea*$ diff]5t degrees ) diff]5t ho/s4 ,?us ! organisms f ! nodule ( ! pea 7,pisum sativum7 w also produce nodules on vicia1 ,la?yrus1 & ,l5s1 b seem to h lo/ ! ability normally to infect o!r legumes4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! bact]ia f ! nodules ( ! ,soy ,bean 7,glyc9e hispida7 h become s specialis$ t !y d n infect any o!r g5us ( ho/-plant1 & soy beans are resi/ant to infection by o!r v>ieties ( ! nodule organism4 ,burrill & ,hans51#f aft] an ext5sive /udy1 divid$ ! nodule bact]ia into elev5 gr\ps1 )9 ea* ( :i* ! ho/-plants are int]*angeable4 ,! exi/5ce ( diff]5t gr\ps ( nodule organisms has be5 confirm$ by ! sep>ate evid5ce ( s]ological te/s 7,zipfel1 ,klimm]1 & ,krug]74#dj ,! results ( cross-inoculation te/s h sometimes be5 conflict+4 ,x seems1 inde$1 t ! ho/-plant has a v>iable p[] ( resi/+ infection1 s t :5 its resi/ance is l[]$ x may be capable ( infection by a /range v>iety ( ! nodule organism4 ,! "q t has ?us aris5 ( ! ability ( ! legume to resi/ infection is ( fundam5tal importance1 & its elucidation %\ld ?r[ light on ! relation ( plants to bact]ial infection z a :ole4 ,! /age ( ! organism t infects ! plant is n at pres5t kn[n4 ,x may be suppos$ t x is ! motile 8sw>m]40 ,! entry is normally effect$ ?r\gh ! root-hairs4 ,! hair is attack$ close to ! tip1 & an enzyme is app>5tly produc$ :i* causes ! tip to b5d ov] 9 a *>act]i/ic mann]4 ,! organisms multiply )9 ! root hair & pass d[n x1 produc+ a *>act]i/ic gelat9\s ?read fill$ ) bact]ia1 9 ! rod =m4 ,?is 8infection ?read0 passes d[n into ! cells ( ! root tissue1 :]e x bran*es pr(usely4 ,9 "y /ages ( nodule =mation ! bran*es c be se5 p5etrat+ cells 9 ! p]icycle lay]4 ,rapid cell division ( ^! root cells is induc$4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ?is cell division abnormal mitotic figures are sometimes f\nd1 su* z occur 9 pa?ological gr[?s4 ,! cells pu% outw>d ! root cortical lay]1 & s =m a nodule4 ,c]ta9 ( ! cells 9 ! c5tre ( ! nodule become greatly enl>g$1 & 9 ! fully gr[n nodule are se5 to be fill$ ) bact]ia4 ,diff]5ces h be5 describ$ 9 ! morphology ( ! organisms 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! nodule4#fb ,:e!r ! diff]5t /ages ( ! organism are equally capable ( fix+ nitrog51 or :at is ! significance ( ^! /ages )9 ! nodule1 is n c]ta9ly kn[n4 ,x has be5 held t x is ! irregul> bact]oid =ms t are *iefly conc]n$ ) nitrog5 fixation4 ,9 old] nodules ! organisms become irregul> & /a9 fa9tly1 & ! bact]oidal tissue breaks d[n1 ! nodule f9ally decay+4 ,9 ! fixation ( nitrog5 t occurs 9 ! nodules1 ! bact]ia )\t d\bt d]ive ! necess>y en]gy f ! c>bohydrates ( ! ho/-plant4 ,!re is evid5ce t ! plant assi/s ! process ( fixation by remov+ soluble metabolic products f ! neighb\rhood ( ! bact]ia4 ,gold+#bb 0 able to obta9 a greatly increas$ fixation ( nitrog5 9 artificial cultures by arrang+ a filt]+ device s z to remove ! products ( metabolism4 ,! great practical importance ( legum9\s crops 9 agriculture has l$ to num]\s attempts be+ made to increase _! gr[?1 & ! fixation ( nitrog5 9 !m1 by inoculat+ ! se$ or ! soil ) suitable nodule-bact]ia4 ,?is inoculation c be effect$ ei!r ) soil 9 :i* ! ho/-plant has be5 successfully gr[n1 & :i* %\ld consequ5tly conta9 ! organism 9 fair numb]s1 or else pure cultures ( ! organisms isolat$ f nodules may be us$4 ,v v>y+ results h be5 obta9$ ) inoculation trials4 ,9 f>m practice a legum9\s crop has (t5 be5 introduc$ into a new area :]e x has nev] previ\sly gr[n4 ,9 su* soil x is v probable t v>ieties ( ! nodule organism capable ( infect+ ! roots may n exi/4 ,9 su* cases inoculation ) ! "r organism or ) infect$ soil (t5 produces good results4 ,! m difficult case1 h[ev]1 is t 9 :i* ! legume crop has be5 gr[n = a long "t 9 ! locality1 & :]e ! soil is already infect$ ) "r organisms4 ,?is1 ! m fundam5tal problem1 applies especially to ?is c\ntry4 ,"h x w\ld seem t inoculation ) a culture ( ! organism w b5efit ! plant only 7#a7 if ! naturally occurr+ organisms are pres5t 9 v small numb]s2 or 7#b7 if ! organisms 9 ! culture add$ are m virul5t ?an ^? already 9 ! soil4 ,! problem ( successful inoculation w\ld !re=e seem to be b\nd up ) t ( grad+ up ! infective virul5ce ( ! organism to a high] level4 ,successful nodule developm5t 9 a legume crop is also dep5d5t to a l>ge degree on ! soil conditions4 ,! effects ( soil conditions on nodule developm5t h be5 /udi$ by num]\s work]s4 ,moi/ure has be5 f\nd v greatly to affect ! nodule developm5t4 ,c]ta9 salts h a v def9ite effect on nodule =mation4#fd ,_! effect on ! numb] ( nodules develop+ has be5 /udi$1 b ! reason = ?is effect is unusually difficult to decide4 ,! action is usually a complex "o4 ,?us phosphates are kn[n to /imulate nodule =mation4 ,!y probably act 9 sev]al ways4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !y may cause ! nodule organisms to multiply 9 ! soil2 9 ! second place1 !y produce a great] root developm5t 9 ! plant1 ?us increas+ ! *ances ( infection2 & 9 ! ?ird place1 ,bewley & ,hut*9son#d h f\nd t phosphates cause ! appe>ance ( ! motile /age ( ! organism 9 cultures4 ,a real und]/&+ ( ! influ5ce ( environm5t on nodule production w produce great improvem5ts 9 our me?ods ( legume cropp+4 ,d4 ,,! ,,relation ,,( ,,bact]ial ,,activities ,,to ,,soil ,,f]tility4 ,! v>i\s activities ( ! soil bact]ia h a vital importance to ! gr[? ( high] plants1 :i* are dep5d5t = _! exi/5ce on c]ta9 ( ^! processes4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 z we h se51 bact]ia decompose ! tissues ( high] plants & produce humus mat]ials1 :i* are ess5tial to ! ma9t5ance ( good physical prop]ties 9 ! soil4 ,!n ! nitrate supply on :i* mo/ high] plants dep5d is produc$ by ! decomposition ( organic nitrog5 comp\nds by bact]ia 9 _! se>* = en]gy4 ,! depletion ( ! total nitrog5 cont5t ( ! soil ?r\gh ra9 & ?r\gh ! removal ( nitrog5 9 ! crops1 is to "s ext5t comp5sat$ by ! fixation ( atmosph]ic nitrog5 by c]ta9 bact]ia4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ! assimilation ( nitrog5 comp\nds to build up prote91 ! bact]ia are compet+ ) high] plants = "o ( _! ess5tial food con/itu5ts1 & _! action may1 "u c]ta9 conditions1 cause a tempor>y nitrog5 />vation4 ,"o mu/ rememb]1 h[ev]1 t l>ge quantities ( nitrate are lo/ f field soils by wa%+-out ?r\gh ra9 action1 especially 9 w9t]4 ,! assimilation ( nitrate & ammonia by micro-organisms keeps "s ( ?is nitrog5 9 ! soil1 & at c]ta9 p]iods may ?us be b5eficial4 ,!re is ano!r important respect 9 :i* soil bact]ia influ5ce plant gr[?4 ,_! activities result 9 ! release ( inorganic salts1 su* z pota% & phosphates1 9 a =m available = ! use ( plants4 ,! release ( phosphorus & potassium comp\nds takes place 9 two ways4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 organic matt] conta9+ phosphorus & potassium1 9 an insoluble =m1 is attack$ by bact]ia1 result+ 9 ^! elem5ts be+ set free z inorganic salts available to ! high] plant4 ,secondly1 mu* ( ! phosphorus suppli$ to ! soil f rock m9]als is pres5t z insoluble phosphates1 su* z apatite & iron phosphate4 ,mu* ( ! potassium1 too1 is d]iv$ f insoluble silicate m9]als4 ,9 bo? cases ! conv]sion ( ! insoluble m9]als into soluble phosphates & potassium comp\nds is br\ght ab\t to a l>ge ext5t by solution 9 wat] conta9+ c>bonic & o!r acids4 ,^! acids are l>gely produc$ by micro-organisms1 :i*1 9 addition to c>bonic acid1 produce organic acids1 & 9 specialis$ cases1 sulphuric & nitr\s acids4 ,x has be5 f\nd1 = example1 t 9 a compo/ ( soil ) sulphur & insoluble phosphate1 suffici5t sulphuric acid may be produc$ by ! oxidation ( ! sulphur by bact]ia to conv]t an appreciable am\nt ( phosphate into a soluble =m4 ,:5 we consid] ! functions p]=m$ by soil bact]ia1 !re=e1 x is n surpris+ to f9d t high bact]ial activity 9 ! soil is associat$1 z a rule1 ) f]tility4 ,e4 ,,*anges ,,9 ,,bact]ial ,,numb]s ,,& ,,activities1 ,,& ,,_! ,,relation ,,to ,,ext]nal ,,factors4 ,! object ( soil bact]iologi/s is to discov] means ( fav\r+ ! activity ( soil bact]ia1 especially ^? activities t are useful to ! high] plant4 ,k is !re=e ne$$ ( ! *anges 9 numb]s & activities ( ! soil bact]ia1 & ( ! influ5ce ( soil conditions on !m4 ,! necessity ( /udy+ ^! *anges has requir$ ! developm5t ( a quantitative te*nique by :i* ! numb]s ( bact]ia 9 ! soil & _! activities c be e/imat$4 ,! me?od commonly us$ 9 c\nt+ bact]ia 9 soil is a modification ( ! plat+ me?od ( ,ko*4 ,9 c\nt+ bact]ia two difficulties h to be ov]come--_! imm5se numb]s & _! small size4 ,! numb]s ( bact]ia 9 soil are s l>ge t ! bact]ial population ( a gram ( soil c\ld n1 ( c\rse1 be c\nt$ directly4 ,! me?od adopt$1 !re=e1 is to make a susp5sion ( soil 9 /]ile salt solution1 & to dilute ?is susp5sion to a conv5i5t & kn[n ext5t1 :i* w dep5d on ! numb]s ( bact]ia expect$4 ,9 ord9>y field soils x is f\nd conv5i5t1 = example1 to dilute ! soil susp5sion s t "o cubic c5timet] ( ! dilut$ susp5sion w conta9 #a_/bej1jjj? ( a gram ( soil4 ,su* a volume w commonly conta9 a numb] ( bact]ia suffici5tly small to c\nt4 ,! second difficulty is t ! organisms are microscopic1 & yet _c be readily c\nt$ "u ! microscope ow+ to ! pres5ce ( soil p>ticles 9 ! susp5sion4 ,h5ce rec\rse is _h to plat+4 ,"o cubic c5timet] ( dilut$ susp5sion is plac$ 9 a petri di% & mix$ ) a suitable nutri5t ag> m$ium1 melt$1 & cool$ to ab\t #dj ,c4 ,! m$ium sets1 & aft] a few days' incubation ! organisms multiply & produce colonies visible to ! nak$ eye4 ,by c\nt+ ^! colonies we obta9 an e/imate ( ! numb] ( bact]ia 9 ! "o cubic c5timet] ( susp5sion1 x be+ assum$ t e organism has develop$ into "o colony1 & by multiply+ ?is numb] by ! degree ( dilution we obta9 ! numb]s p] gram ( soil4 ,9 practice a numb] ( p>allel plat+s are made f "o cubic c5timet] portions ( ! dilut$ susp5sion & ! mean numb] ( colonies p] plate is tak54 ,by ?is means ! error due to ! r&om di/ribution ( bact]ia 9 ! susp5sion is r$uc$1 because ( ! great] numb] ( organisms c\nt$4 ,9 draw+ conclusions f bact]ial c\nt data1 x is necess>y to di/+ui% betwe5 ! indication :i* ! me?od gives ( ! absolute numb]s ( bact]ia 9 ! soil & ! accuracy ) :i* x enables ! numb]s ( two soil samples to be comp>$4 ,! me?od _c be us$ = ! =m] purpose at pres5t4 ,we d n "k h[ f> ! figures obta9$ by ?is c\nt+ me?od fall %ort ( ! actual numb] ( bact]ia 9 ! soil4 ,"o reason = ?is is ! difficulty ( effect+ a complete sep>ation ( ! clumps ( bact]ia into discrete individuals 9 ! susp5sion4 ,!n aga91 !re is no kn[n m$ium ^u :i* all ! physiological gr\ps ( bact]ia w develop & produce colonies4 ,& ev5 on a suitable m$ium "s ( ! individuals may fail to multiply4 ,9 comp>+ ! bact]ial numb]s 9 two soil samples1 h[ev]1 ! case is diff]5t4 ,)9 ea* bact]ial gr\p inve/igat$ ! plate me?od %\ld give c\nts proportional to ! bact]ial numb]s 9 ! soil4 ,?us1 by ! me?od "o %\ld be able to tell :e!r ! bact]ial numb]s are increas+ or decreas+ ov] a p]iod ( "t1 or :e!r a c]ta9 soil treatm5t produces an increase or a decrease4 ,) ?is end 9 view ! te*nique ( ! me?od has be5 improv$ by rec5t work]s4 ,x 0 f\nd t1 :5 c>efully /&>dis$1 ! process ( dilution ( ! soil c\ld be c>ri$ out )\t significant v>iation 9 result 7,table ,,iv471 & t ! accuracy ( ! me?od is limit$ ma9ly by ! v>iation 9 colony numb]s on p>allel plat+s1 due 9 "p to r&om di/ribution ( bact]ia ?r\gh\t ! f9al susp5sion1 & p>tly to ! unev5 developm5t ( colonies on ! m$ium4 ,! "q ( ! m$ium 0 !re=e tak5 up ) a view to improv+ ! uni=mity ( results obta9$ ) x4 ,lipman1 ,conn1 & o!rs effect$ an improvem5t by us+ *emical comp\nds z nutri5t +r$i5ts1 ?us mak+ _! m$ia m closely reproducible4 ,on mo/ ag> m$ia1 an important di/urb+ factor is ! gr[? ( spread+ colonies1 :i* prev5t ! developm5t ( "s ( ! o!r colonies4 ,a m$ium has be5 devis$ at ,ro?am/$ on :i* ^! spread+ organisms are l>gely re/rict$4#fa ,a /ati/ical exam9ation#ai has %[n t on ?is m$ium errors due to ! unev5 developm5t ( colonies1 except 9 special cases1 are prev5t$1 s t 9 fact ! v>iation 9 colony numb]s betwe5 p>allel plates is f\nd to be t produc$ m]ely by r&om di/ribution ( bact]ia 9 ! dilut$ susp5sion 7see ,table ,,iv474 ,9 ?is case ! accuracy ( ! c\nts ( ! bact]ia 9 ! dilut$ susp5sion dep5d directly on ! numb] ( colonies c\nt$1 & c be kn[n ) precision4 ,,table ,,iv4--,,bact]ial ,,c\nts ,,( ,a ,,soil ,,sample4 ,,p>allel ,,plate ,,c\nts ,,f ,,f\r ,,sets ,,( ,,dilutions ,,made ,,by ,,diff]5t ,,work]s4 ---------------------------------------- -- ,c\nts ( ,colonies on ea* ,plate4 -------------------------------------- ,plate4 ,set ,i4 ,set ,,ii4,set ,,iii4 ,set ,,iv4 -------------------------------------- #a #gb #gd #gh #fi #b #fi #gb #gd #fg #c #fc #gj #gj #ff #d #ei #fi #eh #fd #e #ei #ff #eh #fb #f #ec #eh #ef #eh #g #ea #eb #ef #ed -------------------------------------- ,mean #fjhf #fehf #fdbh #fbhf -------------------------------------- ,/&>d deviation betwe5 ! f\r sets #efb4 ,/&>d deviation betwe5 plates )9 ! sets #ggf4 ,! k obta9$ f c\nts ( soil bact]ia is subject to ano!r s]i\s limitation4 ,we d n "k :i* ( ! bact]ia c\nt$ are ! mo/ effective 9 br++ ab\t ! v>i\s *anges t take place 9 ! soil4 ,x is n ev5 kn[n :i* ( !m are active 9 ! soil & :i* are 9 a re/+ condition4 ,x is ?us possible to h two soils conta9+ equal numb]s ( bact]ia b %[+ widely diff]5t bio*emical activity1 if "o soil conta9s organisms ( a high] effici5cy4 ,moreov]1 z has be5 po9t$ out1 _m important gr\ps ( soil bact]ia d n develop on ! plat+ m$ia1 & s are n c\nt$4 ,^! consid]ations l$ to ! developm5t ( supplem5t>y me?ods by :i* x 0 hop$ to e/imate ! actual bio*emical activity ( ! soil micr(lora4 ,! fir/ ( ^! me?ods 0 develop$ by ,remy1 :o attempt$ to /udy ! bio*emical activity ( a soil by plac+ weigh$ am\nts into /]ile solutions ( suitable & kn[n composition1 keep+ !m "u /&>d conditions = a def9ite "t & !n e/imat+ ! am\nt ( ! *emical *ange t 0 be+ /udi$4 ,?us1 to te/ ! activity ( ! organisms t produce ammonia f organic nitrog5 comp\nds1 he inoculat$ soil into #a p] c5t4 peptone solution & measur$ ! am\nt ( ammonia produc$ 9 a giv5 "t4 ,by simil> me?ods ! p[] ( a soil to oxidise ammonia to nitrate1 to r$uce nitrate1 or to fix atmosph]ic nitrog51 is te/$4 ,?is me?od has be5 ext5sively us$ & develop$ by m rec5t work]s4 ,x suff]s1 h[ev]1 f ! same s]i\s disadvantage t x 0 design$ to avoid1 = we _c be c]ta9 t ^? bact]ia t develop 9 ! nutri5t solution are ! types t are active 9 ! soil1 &1 moreov]1 ev5 :]e ! same types d function 9 ! two conditions1 we d n "k t ! degree ( _! activity is ! same 9 soil & 9 solution cultures4 ,= in/ance1 ,nitrosomonas appe>s to %[ v diff]5t degrees ( activity 9 soil & 9 culture4 ,ano!r me?od1 !re=e1 ( /udy+ ! activity ( soil micro-organisms is ! obvi\s "o ( e/imat+ ! *emical *anges t !y produce 9 ! soil itself4 ,?is me?od has obvi\s advantages ov] ! unnatural me?ods develop$ f ,remy's1 b x has a numb] ( limitations t make its actual application difficult4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 we _c always tell :e!r *anges f\nd to occur 9 soil are due to ! activity ( micro-organisms1 or are purely *emical reactions unassi/$ by biological ag5cies4 ,!n1 if we succe$ 9 %[+ t ! *anges are due to micro-organisms1 x is v difficult to det]m9e :i* organisms are effect+ !m4 ,?is _c be def9itely te/$ by isolat+ suspect$ organisms & te/+ _! activity 9 /]ile soil1 because 9 /]ilis+ soil its nature & composition is alt]$4 ,9 spite ( ^! difficulties1 h[ev]1 ! /udy ( ! *emical *anges t take place 9 ! soil has produc$ valuable k1 :5 x has be5 comb9$ ) a /udy ( ! *anges 9 ! numb] & v>iety ( ! micro-organisms t accompany ^! reactions4 ,?is me?od ( inve/igation is well illu/rat$ by ! "w ( ,russell & ,hut*9son on ! effects ( heat & volatile antiseptics on soil1 :]e a /udy ( ! *emical *anges su* z ammonia production1 t occurr$ 9 ^! treat$ soils1 comb9$ ) a /udy ( ! *anges 9 bact]ial numb]s1 l$ to ! realisation t ! soil micro-population 0 a complex "o1 conta9+ active protozoa4 ,a great difficulty 9 apply+ quantitative me?ods to bact]ia 9 ! field is ! great v>iation 9 ! d5sity ( ! bact]ial population ov] a plot ( field soil1 :i* may be s great t a bact]ial c\nt f a s+le sample is q valueless4 ,= example1 ! di/ribution ( bact]ial numb]s ov] a plot ( arable soil ne> ,nor?ampton 0 /udi$ by tak+ sixte5 samples di/ribut$ ov] an area ab\t #ab feet squ>e4 ,! result %[$ t 9 "s cases ! bact]ial numb]s 9 samples tak5 #f in*es ap>t diff]$ by ne>ly #ajj p] c5t4 ,=tunately1 "u fav\rable conditions1 a rem>kably uni=m di/ribution ( bact]ial numb]s ov] a plot ( soil c be f\nd4 ,on su* a plot x is possible to inve/igate ! rapidity ) :i* ! numb]s ( ! soil micro-organisms alt] 9 po9t ( "t4 ,= example1 on ! dung$ plot ( ,b>nfield1 ,ro?am/$1 :i* has be5 cropp$ ) mangolds = =ty-sev5 successive ye>s1 ! area di/ribution ( bact]ia has be5 f\nd to be s uni=m t if a numb] ( samples ( soil are tak5 f ! plot at ! same "t1 ! diff]5ce 9 bact]ial numb]s betwe5 ! samples _c be detect$ by means ( ! c\nt+ te*nique 7see ,table ,v474 ,! "w ( ,cutl]1 ,crump1 & ,s&on#af on ?is plot %[$ t ! bact]ial numb]s v>y v greatly f "o day to ! next1 & t ^! fluctuations took place ov] ! :ole plot1 s9ce two s]ies ( samples1 tak5 9 two r[s #f feet ap>t1 %[$ simil> fluctuations 7see ,fig4 #g74 ,! discov]y ( ^! big daily fluctuations 9 numb]s l$ to an inquiry z to h[ quickly bact]ial numb]s *ange1 & samples f ,b>nfield1 tak5 at two-h\rly int]vals1 %[$ t significant *anges 9 numb]s took place ev5 at su* %ort int]vals4 ,,table ,v4--,,bact]ial ,,c\nts ,,( ,,f\r ,,soil ,,samples4 ,,f ,,b>nfield1 ,,tak5 ,,simultane\sly4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,c\nts ( ,colonies on ea* ,plate4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,plate4 ,sample ,i4 ,sample ,,ii4,sample ,,iii4 ,sample ,,iv4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- #a #ch #de #dc #bg #b #cb #dj #cd #da #c #eb #de #eb #ce #d #cb #ca #ee #cf #e #dj #dc #ch #de ,mean #chh #djh #ddd #cfh ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,/&>d deviation betwe5 ! f\r samples #gbe4 ,/&>d deviation betwe5 p>allel plates )9 ! sets #gee4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4 ,x-axis 7top73 ,days4 ,y-axis 7left73 7,s]ies ,a7 ,bact]ia--millions p] gramme ( soil4 ,y-axis 7"r73 7,s]ies ,b7 ,bact]ia--millions p] gramme4 ,caption3 ,daily *anges 9 bact]ial numb]s 9 field soil4 ,c\nts f two s]ies ( soil samples tak5 #f feet ap>t4 7,aft] ,cutl]47 ,s9ce ! bact]ia involv$ 9 ?is fluctuation are ( great importance to ! crops1 be+ = ! mo/ "p ammonia produc+ types1 fur!r k z to ! cause ( ?is fluctuation & ( its effect on ! ammonia & nitrate 9 ! soil is ( fundam5tal importance4 ,!re is evid5ce1 :i* w be discuss$ lat]1 t ! cause is connect$ ) ! *ang+ activities ( c]ta9 soil protozoa1 s9ce ! daily *anges 9 ! numb]s ( active amb 9 ! soil h be5 f\nd to be 9 ! rev]se direction to ^? ( ! bact]ial numb]s4 ,x appe>s1 !re=e1 t we are deal+ ) an equilibrium betwe5 ! v>i\s memb]s ( ! soil population1 ! po9t ( equilibrium *ang+ at frequ5t int]vals4 ,9 addition to daily *anges1 x is possible to detect *anges 9 ! numb]s & activity ( ! soil population relat$ to ! season4 ,!re is a well-m>k$ increase 9 ! spr+ & autumn 7see ,figs4 #ae1 #af1 pp4 #hi1 #ij74 ,?is is well se5 :5 ! =tnightly av]ages ( ! daily bact]ial & protozoal c\nts f ,b>nfield soil are plott$4 ,^! spr+ & autumn increases comprise bo? ! bact]ial & ! protozoal population1 & !re=e diff] f ! %ort "t fluctuations 9 be+ due1 n to a di/urbance ( ! bact]ia-protozoa equilibrium1 b to a g5]al rise 9 activity ( bo? gr\ps ( organisms4 ,:5 we consid] ! action ( ext]nal conditions on ! soil bact]ia1 ! exi/5ce ( a complex soil population & ! int]dep5d5ce ( its memb]s mu/ be borne 9 m9d4 ,*anges 9 ext]nal conditions may affect ! diff]5t compon5ts ( ! population 9 diff]5t ways or to diff]5t degrees1 ?us upsett+ ! equilibrium betwe5 ! v>i\s gr\ps4 ,= example1 ! addition ( a mild aromatic antiseptic to ! soil app>5tly affects ! protozoa 9 su* a way z to di/urb ! bact]ia-protozoa equilibrium 9 fav\r ( ! bact]ia1 :ile 9 "s cases ! aromatic comp\nd af=ds a food supply to special bact]ia1 caus+ ^! to increase1 upsett+ ! equilibrium betwe5 ! diff]5t bact]ial gr\ps4 ,:5 our k ( ! effect ( ext]nal factors on ! soil population becomes suffici5t1 x w probably be f\nd t 9 ne>ly all cases a *ange 9 ! soil conditions produces "s di/urbance 9 ! equilibrium betwe5 ! compon5ts ( ! soil population1 ?\gh at pres5t !re are only c]ta9 examples :]e ?is di/urbance is a probable explanation ( ! facts4 ,s9ce bact]ia are dep5d5t on adequate supplies ( en]gy & food1 x is to be expect$ t additions ( organic matt] or ( inorganic food mat]ials w greatly b5efit _! activities4 ,! effect ( add$ f>my>d manure 9 increas+ bact]ial activities has be5 mu* /udi$4#bg ,"s ( ! increas$ bact]ial numb]s & activities 9 ?is case may be due to ! addition ( bact]ia ) ! manure1 b x is ?\ght t ?is factor is ( less importance ?an ! add$ en]gy & food supply :i* ! g5]al soil flora obta9 f x4 ,nutritive salts su* z phosphates & salts ( potassium usually increase ! bact]ial activities4 ,! effect ( alkali salts on soil bact]ia has be5 especially /udi$ 9 ! ,we/]n ,unit$ ,/ates1 :]e ! exi/5ce ( alkali 9 ! soil is a s]i\s problem4#bc ,soil bact]ia are usually /imulat$ by small doses ( alkali salts t are toxic 9 high] conc5tration4 ,z a rule1 *lorides are ! mo/ toxic salts1 ! electronegative ion play+ an important "p 9 ! effect ( ! salt4 ,salts affect bact]ia bo? ow+ to ! *anges 9 osmotic pressure :i* !y produce1 & ?r\gh _! specific action on ! bact]ial protoplasm4#bf ,:5 equal weights ( v>i\s salts are add$ to soil1 _! toxic action on bact]ia %[s s little association ) _! respective osmotic pressures t we mu/ conclude t ?is factor is ! less important4 ,!re is reason to suppose t ! toxic action ( salts on bact]ia is (t5 connect$ ) an effect ( ! specific ions on ! p]meability ( ! bact]ial cell-wall4 ,?is conclusion is bas$ on ! *anges 9 electrical conductivity ( bact]ial susp5sions 9 ! pres5ce ( v>i\s salts4#ei ,a def9ite antagonism betwe5 v>i\s salts has be5 f\nd to exi/4 ,x is possible t future "w 9 ?is l9e may indicate :at are ! proportions ( common electrolytes :i* w produce a prop]ly 8balanc$0 soil solution s t ! h>mful excess ( "o salt may be antagonis$4 ,c]ta9 salts1 su* z ^? ( ars5ic#bd & manganese1 seem to ex]cise a /imulat+ action on bact]ial activities2 ! causes ( ?is action are n at pres5t und]/ood4 ,! acidity ( ! soil has an important effect on ! bact]ial processes4 ,! acidity ( soils may increase to su* a po9t t ! decomposition ( plant tissues by bact]ia is h9d]$1 a peat lay] be+ ?us produc$4 ,! degree ( acidity t is toxic v>ies v greatly ) diff]5t soil bact]ia1 "s ( !m1 l ,azotobact] & ,nitrosomonas be+ v intol]ant ( acidity4 ,! conditions ( a]ation1 wat] cont5t1 & temp]ature are int]-relat$ 9 field soil4 ,ammonify+ organisms are n greatly dep5d5t on a]ation1 b ?is factor is sometimes a limit+ "o 9 ! case ( ! v a]obic nitrify+ bact]ia4 ,h5ce effici5t soil cultivation is b5eficial to nitrification4 ,_m attempts h be5 made to correlate ! temp]ature & moi/ure ( field soils ) ! bact]ial numb]s & activities4 ,^! attempts h giv5 v discordant results4 ,x is g5]ally agre$ t a pl5tiful moi/ure supply is b5eficial4 ,?us ,greaves1 9 ,utah1 f\nd ! optimum wat] cont5t = ammonia & nitrate production to be ab\t #fj p] c5t4 ( ! wat]-hold+ capacity4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,prescott#ef f\nd t ! summ] desiccation ( soil 9 ,egypt 0 foll[$ by increas$ bact]ial activities4 ,fabricius & ,feilitz51#ah us+ moor soil1 f\nd a direct relation%ip betwe5 soil temp]ature & bact]ial numb]s1 %[+ t temp]ature c be a limit+ factor "u c]ta9 conditions4 ,) normal arable soils1 h[ev]1 no su* direct effect ( temp]ature or moi/ure c be f\nd#af 7see ,fig4 #h74 ,x has ev5 be5 f\nd by ,conn#aa t freez+ ( ! soil may cause a m>k$ increase 9 bact]ial numb]s4 ,! erratic effects ( temp]ature & moi/ure on ! soil bact]ia probably af=d in/ances ( a di/urbance ( ! equilibrium betwe5 ! bact]ia & o!r compon5ts ( ! soil micro-population4 ,?us desiccation & freez+1 ?\gh !y h>mfully affect ! bact]ia1 may inhibit o!r micro-organisms to a great] degree1 ?us free+ ! bact]ia f competition4 ,x is 9 ! inve/igation ( ?is equilibrium1 & ( ! factors t c control x to our b5efit1 t ! great advances 9 soil biology 9 ! future are to be expect$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4--;,effect ( fro/ on ! bact]ial numb]s 9 ! soil4 7,aft] ,,conn47 ,x-axis3 ,nov4-,may ,y-axis 7bottom73 ,temp]ature--,degrees ,c4 ,y-axis 7top73 ,bact]ia--,millions p] ,gramme ( ,soil4 ,,ref]5ces ,,to ,,*apt]s ,,ii4 ,,& ,,iii4 #a ,a%by1 ,s4 ,f41 ,j\rn4 ,agric4 ,sci41 #aijg1 vol4 ii41 p4 #ce4 #b ,beij]9ck1 ,m4 ,w41 ,c5tr4 f4 ,bakt41 #aijj1 ,abt4 ,,ii41 ,bd4 #f1 p4 #a4 #c ,beij]9ck1 ,m4 ,w41 & ,van ,deld51 ,a41 ,c5tr4 f4 ,bakt41 #aijb1 ,abt4 ,,ii41 ,bd4 #i1 p4 #c4 #d ,bewley1 ,w4 ,f41 & ,hut*9son1 ,h4 ,b41 ,j\rn4 ,agric4 ,sci41 #aibj1 vol4 x41 p4 #add4 #e ,bonazzi1 ,e41 ,j\rn4 ,bact41 #aiba1 vol4 vi41 p4 #cca4 #f ,burrill1 ,t4 ,j41 & ,hans51 ,r41 ,ill94 ,exp4 ,/a41 #aiag1 ,bullet9 #bjb4 #g ,*ri/5s51 ,h4 ,r41 ,c5tralblatt4 f4 ,bakt41 #aiae1 ,abt4 ,,ii41 ,bd4 #dc1 p4 #a4 #h ,*ri/5s51 ,h4 ,r41 ,c5tralblatt4 f4 ,bakt41 #aijg1 ,abt4 ,,ii41 ,bd4 #ag1 pp4 #aji1 #afa4 #i ,*ri/5s51 ,h4 ,r41 & ,l>s51 ,o4 ,h41 ,c5tralblatt4 f4 ,bakt41 #aiaa1 ,abt4 ,,ii41 ,bd4 #bi1 p4 #cdg4 #aj ,conn1 ,h4 ,j41 ,c5tralblatt4 f4 ,bakt41 #aiaj1 ,abt4 ,,ii41 ,bd4 #bh1 p4 #dbb4 #aa ,conn1 ,h4 ,j41 ,c5tralblatt4 f4 ,bakt41 #aiad1 ,abt4 ,,ii41 ,bd4 #db1 p4 #eaj4 #ab ,conn1 ,h4 ,j41 ,j\rn4 ,bact41 #aiaf1 vol4 i41 p4 #ahg4 #ac ,conn1 ,h4 ,j41 ,j\rn4 ,bact41 #aiag1 vol4 ii41 p4 #acg4 #ad ,conn1 ,h4 ,j41 ,j\rn4 ,bact41 #aiag1 vol4 ii41 p4 #ce4 #ae ,cram]1 ,e41 ,ar*4 f4 ,hyg41 #ahic1 ,bd4 #af1 p4 #aea4 #af ,cutl]1 ,w41 ,crump1 ,l4 ,m41 & ,s&on1 ,h41 ,phil4 ,trans4 ,roy4 ,soc41 #aibc1 ,s]ies ,b1 vol4 ccxi41 p4 #cag4 #ag ,doryl&1 ,c4 ,j4 ,t41 ,n4 ,dakota ,agr4 ,exp4 ,/a41 #aiaf1 ,bullet9 #aaf4 #ah ,fabricius1 ,o41 & ,feilitz51 ,h41 ,c5tr4 f4 ,bakt41 #aije1 ,abt4 ,,ii41 ,bd4 #ad1 p4 #afa4 #ai ,fi%]1 ,r4 ,a41 ,?ornton1 ,h4 ,g41 & ,mack5zie1 ,w4 ,a41 ,ann4 ,appl4 ,biol41 #aibb1 vol4 ix41 p4 #cbe4 #bj ,fr$1 ,e4 ,b41 & ,h>t1 ,e4 ,b41 ,wiscons9 ,agr4 ,exp4 ,/a4 ,rese>*1 #aiae1 ,bullet9 #ce4 #ba ,ga9ey1 ,p4 ,l41 ,j\rn4 ,agric4 ,rese>*1 #aiah1 vol4 xiv41 p4 #bfe4 #bb ,gold+1 ,j41 ,j\rn4 ,agric4 ,sci41 #aije1 vol4 i41 p4 #ei4 #bc ,greaves1 ,j4 ,e41 ,soil ,sci41 #aiaf1 vol4 ii41 p4 #ddc4 #bd ,greaves1 ,j4 ,e41 ,j\rn4 ,agric4 ,res41 #aiaf1 vol4 vi1 p4 #chi4 #be ,greaves1 ,j4 ,e41 ,soil ,sci41 #aibj1 vol4 x41 p4 #gg4 #bf ,greaves1 ,j4 ,e41 & ,lund1 ,y41 ,soil ,sci41 #aiba1 vol4 xii41 p4 #afc4 #bg ,greaves1 ,j4 ,e41 & ,c>t]1 ,e4 ,g41 ,j\rn4 ,agric4 ,rese>*1 #aiaf1 vol4 vi41 p4 #hhi4 #bh ,gro5ewege1 ,j41 ,ar*4 ,suik]9du/41 #aiac1 ,bd4 #ba1 p4 #gij4 #bh;b ,gre51 ,h4 ,h41 ,union ( ,s4 ,africa ,dept4 ,agr41 ,rept4 ( ,director ,vet4 ,res41 #aiah1 p4 #eib4 #bi ,hut*9son1 ,c4 ,m41 ,rept4 ,agr4 ,res4 ,in/4 & ,col4 ( ,pusa1 #aiab1 p4 #he4 #cj ,hut*9son1 ,h4 ,b41 & ,clayton1 ,j41 ,j\rn4 ,agric4 ,sci41 #aiai1 vol4 ix41 p4 #adc4 #cj;b ,hut*9son1 ,h4 ,b41 & ,ri*>ds1 ,h4 ,h41 ,j\rn4 ,m94 ,agric41 #aiba1 vol4 xxviii41 p4 #cih4 #ca ,hanzawa1 ,j41 ,c5tr4 f4 ,bakt41 #aiad1 ,abt4 ,,ii41 ,bd4 #da1 p4 #egc4 #cb ,hopk9s1 ,c4 ,g41 & ,:it+1 ,a4 ,l41 ,ill4 ,agr4 ,exp4 ,/a41 #aiaf1 ,bullet9 #aij1 p4 #cie4 #cc ,hoppe-,seyl]1 ,g41 ,zts*r4 ,phys4 ,*em41 #ahhf1 vol4 x1 pp4 #bja1 #dja2 #ahhg1 vol4 xi41 p4 #efa4 #cd ,hesselmann1 ,h41 ,skogsvrdsfr4 ,tidskr41 #aiag1 ,no4 #d1 p4 #cba4 #ce ,jo%i1 ,n4 ,v41 ,mem4 ,dept4 ,agr4 9 ,india1 ,bact4 ,s]41 #aibj1 vol4 i41 ,no4 #i4 #cf ,ko*1 ,r41 ,mitt4 ,kais4 ,gesundh41 #ahha1 vol4 i41 p4 #a4 #cg ,kas]]1 ,h41 ,c5tr4 f4 ,bakt41 #aijf1 ,abt4 ,,ii41 ,bd4 #af1 p4 #fha4 #ch ,kas]]1 ,h41 ,c5tr4 f4 ,bakt41 #aije1 ,abt4 ,,ii41 ,bd4 #ae1 p4 #egc4 #ci ,kra9skii1 ,a4 ,v41 ,c5tr4 f4 ,bakt41 #aiaj1 ,abt4 ,,ii41 ,bd4 #bf1 p4 #bca4 #dj ,klimm]1 ,m41 & ,krug]1 ,r41 ,c5tr4 f4 ,bakt41 #aiad1 ,abt4 ,,ii41 ,bd4 #dj1 p4 #beg4 #da ,krzem9iewski1 ,s41 ,c5tr4 f4 ,bakt41 #aiji1 ,abt4 ,,ii41 ,bd4 #bc1 p4 #afa4 #db ,ko*1 ,a41 & ,seydel1 ,s41 ,c5tr4 f4 ,bakt41 #aiab1 ,abt4 ,,ii41 ,bd4 #ca1 ,p4 #egj4 #dc ,lipman1 ,c4 ,b41 ,bot4 ,gaz41 #aiji1 vol4 xlviii41 p4 #ajf4 #dd ,lipman1 ,c4 ,b41 & ,burgess1 ,p4 ,s41 ,c5tr4 f4 ,bakt41 #aiad1 ,abt4 ,,ii41 ,bd4 #da1 p4 #dcj4 #de ,lipman1 ,c4 ,b41 & ,burgess1 ,p4 ,s41 ,c5tr4 f4 ,bakt41 #aiae1 ,abt4 ,,ii41 ,bd4 #dd1 p4 #dha4 #df ,lipman1 ,c4 ,b41 & ,waynick1 ,d4 ,o41 ,soil ,sci41 #aiaf1 vol4 i41 p4 #e4 #dg ,lhnis1 ,f41 & ,pillai1 ,n4 ,k41 ,c5tr4 f4 ,bakt41 #aijh1 ,abt4 ,,ii41 ,bd4 #bj1 p4 #gha4 #dg;b ,lhnis1 ,f41 & ,smi?1 ,t41 ,j\rn4 ,agric4 ,res41 #aiad1 vol4 vi41 p4 #fge4 #dh ,mack5na1 ,j41 ,rept4 ,prog4 ,agric41 ,india1 #aiag1 p4 #aja4 #di ,m>*al1 ,e41 ,bull4 ,acad4 ,roy4 ,belgique1 #ahic1 vol4 xxv41 p4 #gbg4 #ej ,mc,beth1 ,i4 ,g41 & ,scales1 ,f4 ,m41 ,u4,s4 ,dept4 ,ag41 ,bureau ,plant ,indus41 #aiac1 ,bullet9 #bff4 #ea ,mock]idge1 ,j41 ,bio*em4 ,j\rn41 #aiae1 vol4 ix41 p4 #bgb4 #eb ,naboki*1 ,a4 ,j41 & ,leb$eff1 ,a4 ,f41 ,c5tr4 f4 ,bakt41 #aijf1 ,abt4 ,,ii41 ,bd4 #ag1 p4 #cej4 #ec ,nagaoka1 ,m41 ,bull4 ,coll4 ,agr41 ,tokyo1 #aijj1 vol4 vi41 ,no4 #c4 #ed ,omelianski1 ,w4 ,l41 ,comptes ,r5dus ,acad4 ,sci41 #ahie1 vol4 cxxi41 p4 #fec2 #ahig1 vol4 cxxv41 pp4 #ijg1 #aaca2 ,ar*4 ,sci4 ,bio41 7,/4 ,pet]sburg71 #ahii1 vol4 vii41 p4 #daa4 #ee ,omelianski1 ,w4 ,l41 & ,sohmskov1 ,m41 ,ar*4 ,sci4 ,biol41 ,publ4 ,in/4 ,imp4 ,m$4 ,exp4 7,petrograd71 #aiaf1 vol4 xviii41 pp4 #cbg1 #cch1 #dei2 vol4 xix41 p4 #afb4 #ef ,prescott1 ,j4 ,a41 ,j\rn4 ,agr4 ,sci41 #aibj1 vol4 x41 p4 #agg4 #eg ,shng51 ,n4 ,l41 ,c5tr4 f4 ,bakt41 #aije1 ,abt4 ,,ii41 ,bd4 #ae1 p4 #eac4 #eh ,s5 ,gupta1 ,n41 ,j\rn4 ,agr4 ,sci41 #aiba1 vol4 xi41 p4 #acf4 #ei ,%e>]1 ,c41 ,j\rn4 ,hyg41 #aiai1 vol4 xviii41 p4 #ccg4 #fj ,tappe9]1 ,b]4 ,deut4 ,*em4 ,gesell41 #ahhc1 vol4 xvi41 p4 #agcd2 ,zeits*4 ,biol41 #ahhd1 vol4 xx41 p4 #eb4 #fa ,?ornton1 ,h4 ,g41 ,ann4 ,appl4 ,biol41 #aibb1 vol4 ix41 p4 #bda4 #fb ,wall91 ,i4 ,e41 ,j\rn4 ,bact41 #aibb1 vol4 vii41 p4 #dga4 #fc ,waksman1 ,s4 ,a41 & ,j(fe1 ,j4 ,s41 ,j\rn4 ,bact41 #aibb1 vol4 vii41 p4 #bci4 #fd ,wilson1 ,j4 ,k41 ,cornell ,agric4 ,exp4 ,/a41 #aiag1 ,bullet9 #chf4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,protozoa ,,( ,,! ,,soil1 ,i4 ,t protozoa c\ld be isolat$ f ! soil 0 a matt] ( common k to ! biologi/s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 b n until ! e>ly "p ( ! pres5t c5tury 0 x sugge/$ t ^! organisms might be play+ "s "p 9 ! g5]al economy ( ! soil micro-population4 ,( rec5t ye>s a great deal ( our k ( ! cytology ( ! diff]5t gr\ps ( protozoa1 especially ! ,amb1 has be5 obta9$ f ! /udy ( repres5tatives normally liv+ 9 ! soil2 b un=tunately little or no k has be5 ga9$ ( ! biology ( ^! animals 9 _! natural habitat4 ,! view t ! pres5ce ( ^! organisms 9 excessive numb]s may lead to 8soil sickness0 0 fir/ put =w>d by ,russell & ,hut*9son 9 #aiji1 & elaborat$ 9 _! fur!r pap]s deal+ ) 8,p>tial ,/]ilisation ( ! ,soil40 ,x is unnecess>y to discuss 9 detail ?is important bran* ( agriculture1 b to obta9 a cle> idea ( ! developm5t ( ! /udy ( soil protozoa x is necess>y to give z briefly z possible ! conclusions d$uc$ by ,russell & ,hut*9son f _! ext5sive exp]im5ts on soils treat$ ) /eam & v>i\s volatile antiseptics#ba1bb3-- 87#a7 ,p>tial /]ilisation ( ! soil causes fir/ a fall1 !n a rise1 9 bact]ial numb]s1 :i* goes on till ! numb]s consid]ably exce$ ^? pres5t 9 ! orig9al soil4 87#b7 ,simultane\sly !re is a m>k$ increase 9 ! rate ( accumulation ( ammonia :i* is =m$ f organic nitrog5 comp\nds4 87#c7 ,! increase 9 bact]ial numb]s is ! result ( improvem5t 9 ! soil z a m$ium = bact]ial gr[?1 & n an improvem5t 9 ! bact]ial flora4 87#d7 ,! improvem5t 9 ! soil br\ght ab\t by p>tial /]ilisation is p]man5t1 ! high bact]ial numb]s be+ kept up ev5 = #bjj days or m4 ,x is evid5t f 7#c7 & 7#d7 t ! factor limit+ bact]ial numb]s 9 ord9>y soil is n bact]ial1 nor is x any product ( bact]ial activity1 nor does x arise spontane\sly 9 soils4 87#e7 ,b if "s ( ! untreat$ soil is introduc$ into p>tially /]ilis$ soil1 ! bact]ial numb]s1 aft] ! initial rise1 beg9 to fall4 ,?us ! limit+ factor c be re9troduc$ f untreat$ soils4 87#f7 ,evid5ce ( ! limit+ factor 9 untreat$ soils is obta9$ by /udy+ ! effect ( temp]ature on bact]ial numb]s4 ,untreat$ soils 7 ma9ta9$ at #aj1 #bj1 #cj ,c4 9 a well-moi/5$ a]at$ condition1 & p]iodical c\nts 7 made ( ! numb]s ( bact]ia p] gram4 ,rise 9 temp]ature r>ely caus$ any increase 9 bact]ial numb]s4 ,b aft] ! soil 0 p>tially /]ilis$ ! bact]ial numb]s %[$ ! normal increase ) increas+ temp]atures4 ,,table ,,vi4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,soil ,treat$ ,untreat$ ,soil4 ) ,tolu5e4 ,temp]a--------------------------------- ---------- ture ( ,aft],aft],aft] ,aft],aft],aft] ,/orage4 ,at #ac #be #gj ,at #ac #be #gj ,c4 ,/>t4,days4,days4,days4,/>t4,days4,days4 ,days4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- #e-ab #fe #fc #da #cb #he #gc #aja #acg #bj #fe #da #bb #bc #he #ahg #abh #ahb #cj #fe #bg #ej #af #he #aig #ade #ea #dj #fe #ad #i #cc #he #adh #eb #ajj ---------------------------------------- ---------- 87#g7 ,x is evid5t1 !re=e1 t ! limit+ factor 9 ! untreat$ soils is n ! lack ( any?+1 b ! pres5ce ( some?+ active4 ,! prop]ties ( ! limit+ factor are3-- 87a7 ,x is active & n a lack ( some?+4 87b7 ,x is n bact]ial4 87c7 ,x is ext+ui%$ by heat or poisons4 87d7 ,x c be re-introduc$ into soils f :i* x has be5 ext+ui%$ by ! addition ( a little untreat$ soil4 87e7 ,x develops m sl[ly ?an bact]ia4 87f7 ,x is fav\r$ by conditions fav\rable to trophic life 9 ! soil1 & f9ally becomes s active t ! bact]ia become unduly depress$4 8,x is difficult to see :at ag5t o!r ?an a liv+ organism c fulfil ^! conditions4 ,se>* 0 !re=e made = a l>g] organism capable ( de/roy+ bact]ia1 & consid]able numb]s ( protozoa 7 f\nd4 ,! ciliates & amb are kill$ by p>tial /]ilisation4 ,:5ev] !y are kill$ ! detrim5tal factor is f\nd to be put out ( action2 ! bact]ial numb]s rise & ma9ta9 a high level4 ,:5ev] ! detrim5tal factor is n put out ( action1 ! protozoa are n kill$4 ,to ^! rules we h f\nd no exception40 ,f su* premises z ! above ,russell & ,hut*9son f\nd$ ! 8protozoa !ory ( p>tial /]ilisation10 & at ,ro?am/$ !re 0 comm5c$ ! s]i\s /udy ( ^! soil organisms4 ,goodey 0 "o ( ! e>ly work]s on ?is new subject1 & add$ consid]ably to our k ( ! species liv+ 9 normal soils1 & ( ! *emical con/itution ( ! cy/ wall ( ciliates4 ,he also made inve/igations on ! effects ( v>i\s *emicals on ! micro-population ( soils1 b 0 unable to draw v def9ite conclusions4#aa ,"o ( ! fir/ criticisms rais$ aga9/ ! protozoa !ory ( p>tial /]ilisation 0 t ! protozoa 7 n normal inhabitants ( ! soil1 & 7 pres5t only 9 small numb]s1 all ( !m 9 ! cy/ic1 quiesc5t condition4 ,x 0 fur!r held t ^! cy/s 7 c>ri$ by ! w9d f dri$-up ponds & /reams4 ,x is difficult to trace ! orig9 ( ?is view1 s9ce e>ly obs]v]s1 viz41 ,ehr5b]g & ,duj>d91 9 #ahda1 7 ( ! op9ion t ! protozoa 7 liv+ 9 ! trophic active condition 9 ! soil1 & x 0 n until #ahgh t ,/e9 %[$ t free liv+ protozoa c ency/4 ,to ,m>t9 & ,lew91 h[ev]1 mu/ be ascrib$ ! di/9ction ( fir/ prov+ t ! soil possesses an active protozoan population1 = by a s]ies ( +5i\s exp]im5ts ^! obs]v]s isolat$ sev]al flagellates & amb 9 a trophic condition f c]ta9 ( ! ,ro?am/$ soils4#ah ,! m rec5t "w 9 ?is c\ntry has be5 9 ! direction ( devis+ new quantitative me?ods ( rese>*1 s9ce by ?is means alone is x possible to elucidate _m fundam5tal que/ions4 ,9 ,am]ica & else:]e exp]im5ts h be5 devis$ = te/+ ! conclusions ( ,russell & ,hut*9son4 ,cunn+ham & ,lhnis1#b 9 ,am]ica1 ,truffaut & ,bezsson(f1#bd 9 ,france1 supply evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ! !ory1 b mo/ ( ! ,am]ican "w is 9 opposition to x4 ,%]man#bc is p]haps ! mo/ prom95t 9 oppos+ ! phagocytic action ( protozoa on soil bact]ia 9 spite ( ! fact t c]ta9 ( 8 exp]im5tal results app>5tly %[ enorm\s decreases 9 bact]ial numb]s 9 ! pres5ce ( protozoa4 ,9 _m ( 8 soil inoculation exp]im5ts1 h[ev]1 x 0 n demon/rat$ t 8 active cultures rema9$ alive aft] ent]+ ! soil4 ,! exp]im5tal difficulties ( deal+ ) soil protozoa are consid]able1 & )\t a ?or\ghly s\nd te*nique inve/igators may easily g a/ray4 ,,classification4 ,! animal k+dom is divid$ into two ma9 gr\ps or sub-k+doms--! ,protozoa & ! ,metozoa4 ,9 ! latt] ! *>act]i/ic feature is t ! body is compos$ ( sev]al units1 call$ cells1 & consequ5tly su* animals are (t5 spok5 ( z multicellul>4 ,! ,protozoa1 on ! o!r h&1 are usually designat$ z uni-cellul>1 s9ce _! bodies are reg>d$ z be+ homolog\s to a s+le unit or cell ( ! metozoan body4 ,= v>i\s reasons exception has be5 tak5 by ,dobell#i & o!rs to ! use ( ! t]m uni-cellul>1 =1 z ,dobell says1 8,if we reg>d ! :ole organism z an individual unit1 !n ! :ole protozoan is /rictly comp>able ) a :ole metozoon1 & n ) a "p ( x4 ,b ! body ( a protozoan1 ?\gh x %[s great complexity ( /ructure1 is n diff]5tiat$ int]nally into cells1 l ! body ( a metozoon4 ,consequ5tly x diff]s f ! latt] n 9 ! numb] ( its cellul> con/itu5ts1 b 9 lack+ ^! altoge!r4 ,we !re=e def9e ! sub-k+dom ( ! protozoa z ! gr\p :i* conta9s all non-cellul> animals40 ,x %\ld be po9t$ out t ?is view does n f9d fav\r ) _m zoologi/s1 b x is useful 9 br++ into prom95ce ! fact t ea* protozoan is comp>able z reg>ds its functions ) ! multi-cellul> animals4 ,! protozoa are aga9 fur!r divid$ into f\r ma9 classes3-- ,i4 ,rhizopoda4 ,,ii4 ,ma/igophora4 ,,iii4 ,ciliophora4 ,,iv4 ,sporozoa4 ,( ! above classes1 repres5tatives ( ea* ( ! fir/ ?ree are f\nd liv+ 9 ! soil1 b up to ! pres5t !re is no evid5ce t any sporozoon is capable ( liv+ an active life 9 ! soil1 ?\gh ! cy/s ( su* organisms may be pres5t4 ,! class ,,rhizopoda consi/s ( ^? protozoa ^: organs ( locomotion & food capture are pseudopodia1 t is1 tempor>y ext5sions ( ! liv+ protoplasm4 ,! body is typically nak$1 t is to say1 )\t any cuticul> membrane1 ?\gh 9 "s =ms1 ex4 ,amb t]ricola1 ! ext]nal lay] ( protoplasm is ?ick5$ to =m a pellicle4 ,a skeleton or %ell may be pres5t4 ,! class is fur!r sub-divid$ into v>i\s sub-classes1 only two ( :i* conc]n ! soil protozoologi/1 viz41 ! ,amb & ! ,mycetozoa1 ( :i* ! mo/ important repres5tative is ,plasmodiophora brassic1 :i* attacks ! roots ( _m crucif]\s plants1 caus+ ! disease famili>ly kn[n z 8,f+]s & ,toes40 ,! ,amb are aga9 divid$ into two ord]s3-- 7a7 ,nuda1 )\t %ell or skeleton2 7b7 ,te/acea1 ) %ells (t5 t]m$ ,!camb4 ,repres5tatives ( ! 8nak$0 amb commonly f\nd 9 soils are ,ngl]ia 7,dima/igamba7 grub]i1 ,amba diploidea 7possess+ two nuclei7 & ,a4 t]ricola1 ! la/ two =ms possess+ a comp>atively ?ick sk9 or pellicles4 ,tr9ema en*elys1 ,difflugia con/ricta & ,*lamydophrys /]corea are examples ( soil ,!camb4 ,! class ,,ma/igophora consi/s ( ^? protozoa ^: typical modes ( progression are by means ( flagella1 :ip-l filam5ts :i*1 by _! cont9ual la%+ motion1 cause movem5t ( ! animal4 ,! body may be nak$ or corticate4 ,! only organisms :i* conc]n ! soil biologi/ belong to ! ,flagellata ord]4 ,! ,flagellates diff] consid]ably among !mselves1 bo? z reg>ds _! mode ( fe$+1 & ! numb] ( flagella1 ?us mak+ _! classification difficult & outside ! scope ( ?is book4 ,suffice x to say t 9 ! soil su* organisms occur possess+ "o1 two1 ?ree or f\r flagella1 ex4 ,oicomonas t]mo1 ,het]omita globosus1 ,dall5g]ia & ,tetramitus spiralis4 ,fur!r1 _! mode ( fe$+ may be saprophytic 9 :i* n\ri%m5t is absorb$ by diffusion ?r\gh ! body surface 9 ! =m ( soluble organic sub/ances1 holozoic :]e solid food p>ticles are tak5 91 or holophytic 9 :i* food is syn!sis$ by ! en]gy ( sunlight4 ,?is la/ gr\p is commonly spok5 ( z ! ,phyto flagellates1 :i* are to all int5ts & purposes unicellul> alg1 & z su* w be dealt ) 9 ,*apt] ,,vi4 ,! class ,,ciliophora consi/s ( ^? protozoa ^: typical organs ( locomotion are ?reads or cilia4 ,^! organisms c 9 "o s5se be reg>d$ z ! highe/ ( ! protozoa1 s9ce 9 no o!r division does ! body atta9 s great a complexity ( /ructure4 ,moreov]1 !y are typically *>act]is$ by a complicat$ nucle> app>atus ) ! vegetative & g5]ative portions sep>at$ into di/9ct bodies1 ! macro-nucleus & ! micro-nucleus4 ,_! mode ( nutrition is holozoic1 ?\gh rec5tly ,pet]s has br\ght =w>d evid5ce t c]ta9 species c obta9 _! n\ri%m5t saprophytically4 ,! sub-class ,ciliata comprises f\r ord]s1 all ( :i* are repres5t$ 9 ! soil4 ,i4 ,holotri*a4 ,! cilia are equal 9 l5g? & uni=mly di/ribut$ ov] ! :ole body 9 ! primitive =ms1 ?\gh re/rict$ to special regions 9 ! specialis$ =ms4 ,typical soil =ms are ,colpoda cucullus1 ,colpidium colpoda4 ,,ii4 ,het]otri*a4 ,!re is a uni=m cov]+ ( cilia1 & a conspicu\s spiral zone ( l>g] cilia =m+ a vibratile membrane & lead+ to ! m\?4 ,,iii4 ,hypotri*a4 ,! body is flatt5$ dorso-v5trally & ! cilia are (t5 fus$ to =m l>g] app5dages or cirri conf9$ to ! v5tral surface4 ,movem5t is typically a creep+ "o4 ,typical soil =ms are ,pleurotri*a1 ,ga/ro/ylis1 ,oxytri*a4 ,,iv4 ,p]itri*a4 ,typically ( a s$5t>y habit & ! cilia are r$uc$ to a zone r\nd ! adoral region ( ! body4 ,a typical soil =m is ,vorticella micro/omum4 ,! above classification is f> f complete1 b %\ld be suffici5t to give an idea ( ! g5]al gr\p+ ( ! organisms4 ,= a m detail$ acc\nt ref]5ce mu/ be made to ! num]\s text books on protozoa4 ,,life ,,hi/ories4 ,! life hi/ory ( ea* species has its own *>act]i/ic features z reg>ds nucle> division1 etc41 & 9 _m =ms1 notably ! amb1 x is impossible to id5tify !m ) c]ta9ty unless ! *ief /ages ( ! life hi/ory are kn[n4 ,9 g5]al1 h[ev]1 ! soil protozoa pass ?r\gh v simil> phases & develop 9 a p]fectly /raight=w>d way4 ,broadly speak+1 !re are two ma9 phases ( ! life hi/ory--a p]iod ( activity (t5 mi/]m$ vegetative1 & a p]iod ( re/4 ,9 ! =m] ! animal moves1 fe$s & reproduces1 :ile 9 ! latt] !re is secret$ r\nd ! body a ?ick wall1 capable ( resi/+ adv]se ext]nal influ5ces4 ,?is condition is t]m$ ! cy/ic /age1 & by means ( x ! animals are di/ribut$ f place to place by air1 wat]1 etc4 ,inde$1 s resi/ant are ! cy/s t _m ( !m are capable ( )/&+ ! action ( ! dige/ive juices ( ! inte/9es ( animals1 ?r\gh :i* !y pass to be deposit$ by ! fces on fre% gr\nd4 ,?is cy/ic /age ( ! life hi/ory is f\nd 9 practically all free-liv+ protozoa1 ?\gh x is n =m$ 9 exactly ! same mann] 9 e case4 ,9 ! majority ( in/ances ! cy/ is ! product ( a s+le organism1 r\nd :i* is =m$ a delicate gelat9\s sub/ance :i* soon h>d5s & gradually acquires ! peculi> *>act]s ( ! wall4 ,conc]n+ ! *emical nature ( ?is wall !re is little kn[n1 b ,goodey1#aa work+ on ! cy/s ( ,colpoda cucullus1 f\nd x to be =m$ ( a c>bohydrate1 diff]5t f all c>bohydrates previ\sly describ$1 to :i* ! "n 8,cytose0 0 giv54 ,:5 9 ?is /ate ! animals are able to rema9 dormant = consid]able p]iods until fav\rable conditions once m obta9 :5 ! wall is ruptur$ & ! animal aga9 resumes ! active phase ( its life hi/ory4 ,?is simple process is *>act]i/ic ( su* species z ,het]omita globosus1 ,c]comonas spp41 & _m o!rs4 ,x w be not$ t no increase ( numb]s1 i4e4 reproduction1 occurs4 ,a m complex condition is1 h[ev]1 sometimes f\nd1 z1 = example1 9 ! ciliate ,colpoda /e9ii1 :]e actual reproduction into small animals takes place )9 ! cy/4 ,f9ally !re is ! less common type ( cy/ =mation1 su* z is f\nd 9 ! flagellate ,oicomonas t]mo describ$ by ,m>t94#ai ,?is flagellate1 9 common ) all o!r =ms1 reproduces by divid+ into two2 ! division ( ! nucleus initiat+ ! process4 ,at c]ta9 undet]m9$ p]iods ( ! life hi/ory1 h[ev]1 conjugation occurs betwe5 two simil> animals =m+ a l>ge biflagellate body kn[n z ! zygote4 ,aft] swimm+ ab\t = v>y+ p]iods ( "t1 dur+ :i* ! size increases & a l>ge vacuole appe>s1 ! zygote secretes a ?ick wall1 loses its flagella1 & becomes a cy/4 ,:ile 9 ?is condition ! two gamete nuclei fuse to =m "o1 & ev5tually a s+le ,oicomonas em]ges f its cy/4 ,simil>ly 9 ,a4 diploidea ! cy/s are =m$ aft] two individuals h come toge!r4 ,9 ! "y cy/s two amb are f\nd 9 close association1 & accord+ to ,h>tmann & ,ngl]#ab a sexual process occurs inside ! cy/ involv+ a 8r$uctive0 division ( ! nuclei4 ,?is requires confirmation1 b x is c]ta9 t only "o individual comes out ( ! cy/s1 :i* orig9ally conta9$ two amb4 ,su* cy/s h be5 t]m$ by "s writ]s 8reproductive10 evid5tly a mislead+ t]m1 s9ce no increase 9 numb]s1 b r a decrease1 results f ! process4 ,a bett] t]m is1 p]haps1 conjugation cy/4 ,9 soil protozoa1 !n1 ?ree diff]5t modes ( cy/ =mation obta91 & failure to make ! di/9ction inevitably leads to confusion4 ,be=e leav+ ! "q ( life hi/ories1 ref]5ce mu/ be made to a peculi> & *>act]i/ic feature ( ,ngl]ia grub]i4 ,?is amba "u c]ta9 circum/ances assumes a free-swimm+ biflagellate /age4 ,aft] v>iable p]iods ( "t ! flagella are lo/ & ! ord9>y amboid condition resum$4 ,:at are ! factors conc]n$ 9 ! production ( flagellates is unkn[n1 b flood+ ! cov]slips ) di/ill$ wat] is an effective me?od = caus+ _! appe>ance4 ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,soil ,,protozoa4 ,= bo? ! bact]ia & alg obs]vations h be5 made reg>d+ _! di/ribution ?r\gh successive dep?s ( ! soil2 little c be said1 h[ev]1 ab\t ! protozoa 9 ?is connection4 ,x is c]ta9 t !y occur ?r\gh\t ! fir/ six in*es ( ! ,ro?am/$ soils1 ?\gh _! relative frequ5cies 9 ! successive in*es has n be5 det]m9$1 b probably !y are mo/ abundant 9 ! #bnd to ! #d? in*4 ,9 ?is c\ntry exp]im5ts h n be5 made to det]m9e :e!r sub-soil normally conta9s protozoa2 b f "s ,s\? ,african soil1 tak5 "u /]ile conditions #d ft4 d[n & exam9$ 9 ?is laboratory1 l>ge numb]s ( protozoa 7 cultivat$4 ,?is soil1 h[ev]1 c\ld n1 = v>i\s reasons1 be reg>d$ z a typical sub-soil4 ,k(oid records ! pres5ce ( ,ngl]ia grub]i 9 clay & rock talus tak5 f ! sides ( excavations ( ov] #bj ft4 dep?1 b ! possibility ( ext]nal infection does n appe> to h be5 exclud$4 ,! pres5ce ( protozoa is n peculi> to ,briti% soil s9ce !y h be5 f\nd by v>i\s work]s 9 ,g]many1 ,france1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & else:]e4 ,9 view ( _! probable importance 9 ! soil economy !re has be5 in/itut$ a survey ( ! protozoan species ( soil f all p>ts ( ! _w4 ,?is "w is 9 *>ge ( ,mr4 ,s&on1 to :om ,i am indebt$ = ! foll[+ summ>y ( 8 z yet unpubli%$ rese>*4 8,! majority ( soil protozoa 7l ! fre%-wat] =ms7 appe> to be q cosmopolitan1 = ! species f\nd 9 su* widely sep>at$ localities z ,engl&1 ,spitsb]g51 ,africa1 ,we/ ,indies1 ,g\gh ,isl& 79 ! ,s\? ,atlantic7 & ,nauru 79 ! ,pacific7 are1 ) few exceptions1 id5tical4 ,?is di/ribution indicates an ability to )/& an extremely wide range ( conditions1 = ! same species occurr+ 9 ,arctic soils1 :i* are froz5 = ! great] "p ( ! ye>1 are f\nd also 9 soils expos$ to ! direct rays ( ! tropical sun4 ,ev5 s& f ! ,egyptian des]t conta9s protozoa1 ?\gh x seems probable t 9 su* cases !y mu/ be pres5t only 9 ! ency/$ condition = ! great] "p ( ! "t4 8,n e sample ( soil1 h[ev]1 conta9s all ! species capable ( liv+ 9 soil1 b ! local conditions det]m9+ ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( any species are at pres5t unkn[n4 ,9 g5]al ! numb]s1 bo? ( species & ( individuals pres5t1 foll[ ! numb] ( bact]ia4 ,!y are consequ5tly mo/ num]\s 9 ri* moi/ soils4 ,! /atem5t sometimes made t protozoa are mo/ num]\s 9 peaty soils is bas$ solely on ! numb] ( ,rhizopod %ells f\nd 9 su* localities2 b z mo/ ( ^! %ells are empty1 _! abundance is probably due simply to ! sl[ness ) :i* !y dis9tegrate 9 ^! soils :]e bact]ial activity is l[1 !y d n indicate a great protozoal activity4 ,active protozoa d occur ev5 9 extremely acid soils1 b _! numb]s 9 su* cases are l[4 ,! common soil protozoa1 9 fact1 appe> to be z tol]ant ( diff]5ces 9 soil acidity z !y are ( diff]5ces 9 climate1 = _m ( ! same =ms :i* occur 9 acid soils are f\nd also 9 soils conta9+ high p]c5tages ( *alk4 ,x is possible t "s ( ! less common species may be conf9$ )9 clos] limits ( ext]nal conditions b ! in=mation available on ?is po9t is inadequate4 ,all ! species1 h[ev]1 :i* 9 ,ro?am/$ soils occur 9 ! highe/ numb]s 7e4g4 ,oicomonas t]mo1 ,het]omita spp41 ,c]comonas crassicauda1 ,ngl]ia grub]i1 ,colpoda cucullus1 ,c4 /e9ii7 occur 9 practically e soil :i* is capable ( support+ vegetation1 ?\gh1 ( c\rse1 9 v v>y+ numb]s40 ,x is evid5t1 !re=e1 t ! protozoa mu/ be reg>d$ z con/itut+ "p ( ! normal micro-organic population ( soils1 & z su* are probably play+ an important rle4 ,un=tunately our k ( ! physiology ( ^! organisms is extremely scant1 & mu* ( future rese>* mu/ be direct$ t[>ds elucidat+ _! functions & _! responses to v>y+ environm5tal conditions4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,protozoa ,,( ,,! ,,soil1 ,,ii4 ,9 ! prec$+ *apt] an outl9e has be5 giv5 ( ! developm5t ( ! /udy ( soil protozoa1 ) especial ref]5ce to its qualitative aspects4 ,"h x is propos$ to deal ) ! quantitative me?ods :i* h be5 devis$ = /udy+ ^! organisms & ! results obta9$4 ,f ! beg9n+ great difficulty has be5 enc\nt]$ 9 f9d+ means = c\nt+ protozoa2 & mo/ ( ! e>ly results h be5 obta9$ by ! use ( "o ( ! foll[+ me?ods3 7#a7 direct c\nts 9 a kn[n volume ( soil susp5sion by means ( a microscope2 7#b7 dilution me?od z us$ = c\nt+ bact]ia1 & sugge/$ by ,rahn1 :o made dilutions ( ! soil & det]m9$1 by exam9ation at p]iodic int]vals1 ! "o above :i* protozoa did n gr[2 7#c7 ,ag> plat+ z us$ by ,kill]2 7#d7 c\nt+ p] /&>d loop ( susp5sion z devis$ by ,mll]4 ,( ^! ! two la/ h be5 little us$1 & = v>i\s reasons are n[ disc>d$ by mo/ work]s4 ,direct me?ods h be5 us$ ext5sively 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates by ,ko*#ac & o!rs1#af :o claim to h got satisfactory results2 !y are1 h[ev]1 highly inaccurate & %\ld be discont9u$4 ,! pres5t writ]#c has %[n t !re exi/s a surface en]gy relation%ip betwe5 ! soil p>ticles & ! protozoa1 s t ! two are always 9 intimate contact2 ?us r5d]+ x impossible to c\nt "u ! microscope ! numb] ( organisms 9 a giv5 weight ( soil susp5sion 7,fig4 #i74 ,fur!r1 9 a clay soil1 su* z is f\nd at ,ro?am/$1 ! clay p>ticles alone make x v difficult to use su* me?ods4 ,! demon/ration ( ?is surface en]gy relation%ip af=ds an effective rejo9d] to ! criticism made aga9/ ,russell & ,hut*9son's hypo!sis1 viz41 t soil protozoa mu/ be v few 9 numb]s1 s9ce x 0 impossible to see !m on exam9+ soil "u ! microscope4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4--,%[+ ! numb] ( amb & flagellates )drawn f susp5sions ( v>y+ /r5g?s by diff]5t types ( solid matt]4 ,a clay3 ,b p>tially /]iliz$ soil3 ,c ignit$ soil3 ,d f9e s&3 ,e wa/e s&4 ,s9ce complete )drawal occurs :5 ! numb]s ( organisms add$ are less ?an ! capacity ( ! solid matt]1 ! fir/ "p ( ea* ( ! above curves is co9cid5t ) ! ord9ate4 ,! numb]s ( organisms are giv5 9 ?\s&s4 7,f ,j\rn4 ,agric4 ,soc41 vol4 ix47 ,x-axis3 ,numb] ( ,organisms p] c4c4 left 9 ,solution4 ,y-axis3 ,numb] ( ,organisms p] c4c4 tak5 up by ,solid ,matt]4 ,! second or dilution me?od is ! "o1 !re=e1 t has be5 mo/ ext5sively develop$4 ,cunn+ham obta9$ concordant results 9 ?is way1 & 8 me?od1 modifi$ by ,l4 ,m4 ,crump1 0 z foll[s3 #aj grams ( soil 7 add$ to #abe c4c4 ( /]ile tap-wat] & %ak5 = ?ree m9utes4 ,?is gives a #a 9 #abe dilution4 ,f x fur!r dilutions 7 made until a suffici5tly high "o 0 obta9$4 ,petri di%es1 conta9+ nutri5t ag>1 7 inoculat$ ) #a c4c4 ( ea* ( ! dilutions & incubat$4 ,at int]vals cov]+ #bh days ! plates 7 exam9$ & ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( protozoa on ea* record$4 ,9 ?is way ! approximate numb] ( organisms p] gram ( soil c\ld be f\nd4 ,by me?ods ess5tially simil> to ?is num]\s c\nts h be5 made ( ! bact]ia & protozoa 9 field soil & 9 p>tially /]iliz$ soils4 ,!y 71 h[ev]1 inconclusive2 ?us1 on ! "o h&1 ,goodey & sev]al ,am]ican obs]v]s1 f\nd no correlation betwe5 ! numb]s ( protozoa & bact]ia1 :ile ,miss ,crump & ,cunn+ham obta9$ evid5ce po9t+ to ! rev]se conclusion4 ,su* div]g5ce ( op9ion 0 probably ma9ly due to two causes3 fir/ly1 t ! "t elaps+ betwe5 ! successive c\nts 0 too long1 = x has be5 %[n rec5tly t ! numb] ( bact]ia & protozoa fluctuate v rapidly2 & secondly1 ! me?od 0 n completely satisfactory s9ce only ! total numb]s ( protozoa 7 consid]$1 no means hav+ be5 f\nd ( diff]5tiat+ betwe5 ! cy/ic & active =ms4 ,?is 0 a p>ticul>ly s]i\s s\rce ( error = x is possible = soil to conta9 l>ge numb]s ( bact]ia & protozoa1 ( :i* a high p]c5tage ( ! latt] are 9 ! =m ( cy/s4 ,a c\nt made on su* a soil w\ld give results app>5tly oppos$ to ! !ory t protozoa act z depressors ( bact]ia4 ,?is difficulty has1 h[ev]1 be5 ov]come by a fur!r modification ( ! dilution me?od1 & x is n[ possible 9 any soil sample to c\nt bo? ! numb]s ( cy/s & active =ms4 ,also a fur!r advance 9 te*nique has made x possible to recognise & enum]ate ! common species ( protozoa1 in/ead ( simply gr\p+ !m z ,ciliates1 ,flagellates1 & ,amb1 z 0 done 9 ! pa/4#g ,briefly ! me?od consi/s 9 divid+ ! soil sample into equal portions 7usually #aj grams ea*7 "o ( :i* is c\nt$1 ?us giv+ ! total numb]s ( protozoa 7active cy/ic7 pres5t4 ,! second portion is treat$ ov]-night ) #b p] c5t4 hydro*loric acid1 ! ,h,cl us$ be+ ,b4,p4 pure #cah p] c5t4 ,previ\s exp]im5ts h %[n t su* acid kills all ! active protozoa1 leav+ viable ! cy/s4 ,! numb] ( cy/s is !re=e f\nd by c\nt+ ?is treat$ sample1 & ! numb] obta9$ subtract$ f ! total gives ! active numb]4,f ,f ,! pro( ( ! accuracy ( ?is me?od w be f\nd 9 ! foll[+ pap]s3-- 7#a7 ,cutl]1 ,d4 ,w4 7#aibj71 ,j\rn4 ,agric4 ,sci41 vol4 x41 #acf-adc4 7#b7 ,cutl]1 ,d4 ,w41 & ,crump1 ,l4 ,m4 7#aibj71 ,ann4 ,app4 ,biol41 vol4 vii41 #aa-bd4 ,! discov]y ( ?is me?od at once puts into ! h&s ( ! inve/igator a mu* m effici5t in/rum5t = /udy+ ! activities ( ! soil micro-population1 especially s9ce at a slightly lat] date ,?ornton's me?od = c\nt+ bact]ia 0 devis$4 ,e>ly 9 #aibj ,cutl] & ,crump#f decid$ to make a prelim9>y survey ( ! protozoon & bact]ial populations ( "o ( ! ,ro?am/$ field soils 7,broadbalk dung$ plot74 ,! inve/igation 0 cont9u$ = #bh days1 daily soil samples be+ tak54 ,! results s obta9$ %[$ t an ext5d$ inve/igation ( ! micro-population ( field soil w\ld yield int]e/+ & important results1 especially z x 0 evid5t t c]ta9 views held by soil biologi/s requir$ modification4 ,9 ,july ( ! same ye>1 !re=e1 x 0 decid$ to />t an ext5d$ inve/igation ( ! soil protozoa & bact]ia4 ,! me?od adopt$ 0 to make c\nts ( ! numb]s ( bact]ia & ( six,g species ( protozoa 9 soil samples tak5 daily direct f ! field 7,b>nfield dung$ plot7 & by /ati/ical me?ods to correlate ^! c\nts "o ) ano!r & ) ! data = ext]nal conditions4 ,obs]vations at %ort] p]iods ?an #bd h\rs c\ld n be made1 b x 0 f\nd possible to cont9ue ! rese>* = #cfe days4#g ,g ,actual c\nts 7 made ( six species1 ?\gh1 z /at$ on p4 #aj1 obs]vations 7 made on sev5te54 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4--;,daily numb]s ( active amb 7,dima/igamba & ,species 7 & bact]ia 9 #a gram ( field soil1 f ,augu/ #bi to ,octob] #h1 #aibj4 7,f ,phil4 ,trans4 ,roy4 ,soc41 vol4 ccxi47 ,x-axis3 ,augu/ ,septemb] ,octob] ,y-axis 7left73 ,amoebae ,active numb]s p] gramme ( soil ,y-axis 7"r73 ,bact]ia 9 millions p] gramme ( soil ,leg5d3 ,dima/igamoeba ,species ,bact]ia ,! numb] ( all ! organisms %[$ l>ge fluctuations ( two k9ds1 daily & seasonal4 ,! size ( ! *anges t took place )9 s %ort a p]iod z #bd h\rs 01 p]haps1 ! mo/ surpris+ fact t ! exp]im5t reveal$4 ,?us ?ree consecutive samples gave #ehj1 #adbe & #bfbe millions ( bact]ia p] gram respectively2 & ! *anges exhibit$ by any ( ! species ( protozoa 7 at times ev5 l>g]4 ,?is fact is ( extreme importance1 s9ce 9 ! pa/ x has always be5 assum$ t ! numb] ( bact]ia rema9$ fairly con/ant f day to day1 & inve/igators h n hesitat$ to sep>ate ! tak+ ( soil samples by long p]iods4 ,x is n[ obvi\s t su* a proc$ure is ( little use = comp>ative purposes 7,fig4 #aj74 ,x has usually be5 assum$ t ! *anges 9 ! ext]nal conditions m>k$ly affect ! d5sity ( ! soil population4 ,to te/ ?is ! environm5tal conditions--temp]ature1 moi/ure cont5t & ra9fall 7 exam9$2 b contr>y to all expectation no connection c\ld be trac$ betwe5 any ( ^! & ! daily *anges 9 numb]s ( any ( ! organisms inve/igat$1 & moreov] ! species ( protozoa appe>$ 9 ! ma9 to be liv+ indep5d5tly ( "o ano!r4 ,x is difficult to believe t ext]nal conditions are z inop]ative z appe>s f ! above2 & 9 view ( ! kn[n complexity ( ! soil x is possible t fur!r rese>* w %[ t c]ta9 comb9ations ( ext]nal conditions are important ag5ts 9 effect+ ! *anges4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4--,numb]s ( active amb 7,dima/igamba & ,species 7 & bact]ia to #a gram ( field soil = typical p]iods 9 ,febru>y & ,april1 #aiba4 7,f ,phil4 ,trans4 ,roy4 ,soc41 vol4 ccxi47 ,x-axis3 ,feby4 ,feby4 ,april ,y-axis 7left73 ,amoebae ,active numb]s p] gramme ( soil ,y-axis 7"r73 ,bact]ia millions ,leg5d3 ,dima/igamoeba ,species ,bact]ia ,9 ! case ( ! bact]ia1 h[ev]1 ! ag5t caus+ ! fluctuations is ma9ly ! active amb4 ,?is 0 well %[n dur+ ! ye>'s c\nt1 = ) only #ad p] c5t4 ( exceptions1 #aj p] c5t4 ( :i* c be expla9$ z due to rapid excy/ation or ency/ation1 a def9ite inv]se relation%ip 0 e/abli%$ betwe5 ! active numb]s ( amb & ! numb] ( bact]ia 7,figs4 #aa & #ab74 ,?us a rise f "o day to ! next 9 ! ambic population 0 correlat$ ) a fall 9 ! numb]s ( bact]ia & vice v]sa4 ,x mu/ n be suppos$ t ! flagellates are ( no acc\nt 9 ?is process2 "s species1 kn[n to eat bact]ia1 und\bt$ly induce slight depressions1 b1 ow+ to _! small size1 any effect is mask$ by ! great] "o ( ! amb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4--,numb]s ( active amb 7,dima/igamba & ,species 7 & bact]ia 9 #a gram ( field soil = typical p]iods 9 ,septemb]1 ,octob]1 & ,novemb]1 #aibj4 ,x-axis3 ,augu/ ,septemb] ,octob] ,y-axis 7left73 ,amoebae1 ?\s&s ,y-axis 7"r73 ,millions1 ,bact]ia ,leg5d3 ,dima/igamoeba ,species ,bact]ia ,^! exp]im5ts seem to admit ( no d\bt t 9 field soil ! active protozoa are in/rum5tal 9 keep+ d[n1 bel[ ! level !y might o!rwise h atta9$1 ! numb]s ( bact]ia2 b a fur!r pro( ( ?is cont5tion ought to be obta9$ by inoculation exp]im5ts4 ,x %\ld be possible1 by inoculat+ /]ile soil ) bact]ia alone & ) bact]ia plus protozoa1 to demon/rate fluctuations 9 bact]ial numb]s 9 ! latt]1 :ile ^? ( ! =m] rema9$ con/ant4 ,?is admitt$ly crucial te/ has (t5 be5 tri$1 b ow+ to difficulties 9 te*nique1 etc41 has always fail$4 ,rec5tly1 h[ev]1 by us+ new me?ods confirmatory results h be5 obta9$4#e ,ord9>y field soil 0 /]ilis$ by heat at #ajj ,c4 = #a h\r on f\r successive days2 x 0 !n divid$ into equal portions1 "o ( :i* 0 inoculat$ ) ?ree kn[n species ( bact]ia1 & ! o!r inoculat$ ) ! same numb] ( bact]ia plus ! cy/s ( ! common soil amba ,ngl]ia grub]i4 ,! numb]s ( bact]ia 9 ea* soil 7 c\nt$ daily = ! fir/ eight days & !n daily f ! #ae? to ! #ba/ day aft] ! exp]im5t />t$4 ,! results are giv5 9 ,table ,,vii4 & ,fig4 #ac4 ,,table ,,vii4 ----------------------------- ,numb]s ( ,control ,control ,days aft] 7,bact]ia,bact]ia ,inoculation4 alone74 ,amb4 ----------------------------- #j #acj #abb #a #dhf #ced #b #igf #aagb #c #abgj #aghd #d #aedh #aedd #e #aifh #aggj #f #badd #aeah #g #aicd #gef #h #afeb #feh #ae #afib #gbh #af #agdh #cjb #ag #agef #ecb #ah #afhd #hbh #ai #afjd #dch #bj #agab #gjh #ba #agfb #bhb ----------------------------- ,! numb]s ( bact]ia are giv5 9 millions p] gram ( soil4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4--,numb]s ( bact]ia c\nt$ daily 9 soils conta9+ ,a4 ,bact]ia alone4 ,b4 ,same ,bact]ia z 9 ,a ,amb4 ,c4 ,same ,bact]ia z 9 ,a ,flagellates4 7,f ,ann4 ,appl4 ,biol41 vol4 x47 ,x w be not$ t ! numb]s ( bact]ia 9 ea* soil rose /eadily until a maximum 0 rea*$ #f-h days aft] inoculation4 ,?is is 9 accordance ) expectation1 s9ce ! reproductive rate ( bact]ia is mu* great] ?an t ( ! amb1 :i*1 until _! active =ms are num]\s1 w n ex]t any appreciable influ5ce on ! bact]ial population4 ,fur!r1 s9ce ! protozoa 7 inoculat$ z cy/s an appreciable "t w\ld elapse be=e excy/ation took place4 ,! la/ sev5 days ( ! exp]im5t are ( p>ticul> int]e/4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod ! amb 7 kn[n to be active 9 ! soil1 & 7 depress+ ! bact]ial numb]s1 = 9 ! control 7protozoa-free7 soil ! v>iation 9 numb]s 0 )9 exp]im5tal error1 :ile 9 ! o!r soil ! v>iations 7 consid]able & well outside exp]im5tal error4 ,9 fact ! v>iations 7 comp>able ) ^? f\nd f day to day 9 untreat$ field soils4 ,f9ally1 ! exp]im5t %[s t ! bact]ia 9 protozoa-free soil are able to ma9ta9 high numb]s = a long] p]iod ?an ^? liv+ 9 association ) protozoa4 ,,seasonal ,,*anges4 ,sup]impos$ on ! daily v>iations 9 numb]s !re are seasonal *anges1 z is cle>ly %[n :5 f\rte5 day av]ages are made ( ! numb]s = ea* species4 ,bact]ia h long be5 kn[n to %[ autumn & spr+ rises1 b rec5t rese>* has demon/rat$ t ! protozoan population also rises to a maximum at ! end ( ,novemb]1 ) a less m>k$ spr+ rise at ! end ( ,m>* & beg9n+ ( ,april 7,figs4 #ad & #ae74 ,x has sometimes be5 claim$ t ! numb]s ( soil organisms are closely l9k$ ) ! soil moi/ure1 b no support = ?is view 0 f\nd dur+ ! c\rse ( ! exp]im5t4 ,simil>ly1 z 9 ! case ( ! daily v>iations1 no connection c\ld be trac$ betwe5 ! seasonal *anges & any ( ! ext]nal conditions consid]$4 ,x is int]e/+ to note1 h[ev]1 t ! seasonal v>iations 9 ! numb]s ( soil organisms is v simil> to ^? record$ = _m aquatic organisms4 ,miss ,delf1#h = in/ance1 f\nd t 9 ponds at ,hamp/ead ! alg are mo/ num]\s 9 spr+ & aga9 9 ! autumn1 & l *anges are record$ 9 ,briti% lakes by ,we/ & ,we/#be & 9 ! ,ill9ois riv] by ,k(oid4#ad ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4--;,=tnightly av]ages ( total numb]s ( ,oicomonas1 ,species 1 & ,species 1 & ( bact]ia1 moi/ure1 & temp]ature4 7,f ,phil4 ,trans4 ,roy4 ,soc41 vol4 ccxi47 ,x-axis3 ,=tnight beg9n+ #aibj4 ,july4 ,aug4 ,sept4 ,oct4 ,nov4 ,dec4 ,jan #aiba4 ,feby4 ,m*4 ,april4 ,may4 ,june4 ,y-axis 7bottom left73 ,p]c5tage ( moi/ure ,y-axis 7top left73 ,log>i?ms ( numb]s ( active protozoa p] gramme ( soil ,y-axis 7bottom "r73 ,temp]ature ,f ,y-axis 7top "r73 ,bact]ia 9 millions p] gramme ,leg5d3 ,oicomonas ,species ,species ,bact]ia ,temp]ature ,moi/ure ,x is difficult to resi/ ! conclusion t ^! annual v>iations are produc$ by simil> causes1 f :i* x foll[s t ! increase 9 ! numb]s ( protozoa 9 ! soil is n :olly condition$ by an increas$ food supply--! bact]ia--= ! alg are n dep5d5t on su* a =m ( n\ri%m5t4 ,?is is sub/antiat$ by ! fact t ! numb]s ( protozoa1 except ^? ( ,oicomonas1 rose dur+ ,m>*1 :]eas ! correspond+ increase 9 ! bact]ia 0 delay$ till ! e>ly "p ( ,april4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4--;,=tnightly av]ages ( total numb]s ( ,het]omita1 ,c]comonas1 & ,dima/igamba & ( bact]ia1 moi/ure1 & temp]ature4 7,f ,phil4 ,trans4 ,roy4 ,soc41 vol4 ccxi47 ,x-axis3 ,=tnight beg9n+ ,july #aibj4 ,aug4 ,sept4 ,oct4 ,nov4 ,dec4 ,jan4 #aiba4 ,feb4 ,m>4 ,april ,may ,june ,y-axis 7bottom left73 ,p]c5tage ( moi/ure4 ,y-axis 7top left73 ,log>i?ms ( numb]s ( active protozoa p] gramme ( soil4 ,y-axis 7bottom "r73 ,temp]ature ,f ,y-axis 7top "r73 ,bact]ia 9 millions p] gramme ,leg5d3 ,het]omita ,c]comonas ,dima/igamoeba ,bact]ia ,temp]ature ,moi/ure ,ow+ to ! v>iations 9 ! numb]s ( bo? protozoa & bact]ia1 little reliance c be plac$ on figures obta9$ f an isolat$ c\nt1 s9ce on "o day ! total numb]s ( flagellates may be ne>ly #b1jjj1jjj p] gram & drop by m ?an half ?is figure 9 #bd days4 ,x is c]ta91 h[ev]1 t ! numb]s record$ 9 ! pa/ are mu* too l[1 s9ce ! total flagellate & amb species 7 lump$ toge!r 9 two gr\ps4 ,"s idea ( ! size ( ! soil population c be obta9$1 nev]!less1 by us+ ! f\rte5-day av]ages m5tion$ above4 ,9 ,table ,,viii4 are tabulat$ ! av]age total numb]s ( flagellates1 & amb = ! two p]iods ( ! ye> :5 ! population 0 at its maximum & m9imum respectively4 ,an endeav\r has also be5 made to /rike a r\gh balance %eet z to ! am\nt ( protoplasm repres5t$ by protozoa & bact]ia 9 a ton ( soil4 ,= ?is purpose x has be5 assum$ t ! organisms h a specific gravity ( #aj & are sph]es ( diamet]s1 #f = ! flagellates1 #aj = ! amb1 & #a = ! bact]ia2 & t !y are uni=mly di/ribut$ ?r\gh ! top n9e in*es ( soil4 ,! top n9e in*es ( soil is tak5 z weigh+ #ajjj tons4 ,,table ,,viii4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,maximum ,p]iod4 ,m9imum ,p]iod4 _/ _/ 7 77 7 ,no4 ,weight ,weight ,no4 p] ,weight ,weight p] 9 ,gram 9 ,tons ,gram4 9 ,gram 9 ,tons ,gram4 p] p] p] p] ,gram4 ,acre4 ,gram4 ,acre4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,flagellates #ggj1jjjjjjjjhg #jjhg #cej1jjjjjjjjci #jjci ,amb #bhj1jjjjjjjadg #jadg #aej1jjjjjjjjgh #jjgh ,bact]ia #dj1jjj1jjjjjjjjbj #jjb #bb1ejj1jjjjjjjjab #jjab ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! above figures are m9imum ones1 z _m species ( bact]ia & protozoa1 kn[n to occur 9 ! soil1 are n includ$ 9 ! /atem5t ow+ to _! n appe>+ on ! m$ia us$ = c\nt+ purposes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4--;,daily v>iations 9 ! numb]s ( active individuals ( a species ( flagellate1 ,oicomonas t]mo 7,ehr5b47 dur+ ,m>*1 #aiba4 7,f ,phil4 ,trans4 ,roy4 ,soc41 vol4 ccxi47 ,x-axis3 ,m>* ,y-axis3 ,active numb]s p] gramme ( soil ,be=e leav+ ! discussion ( daily v>iations 9 numb]s ( protozoa1 ref]5ce mu/ be made to ! flagellate species4 ,z already m5tion$1 _! active numb]s fluctuate rapidly1 & = ! mo/ "p entirely irregul>ly4 ,"o species1 h[ev]1 ,oicomonas t]mo1 is *>act]is$ by possess+ a p]iodic *ange2 high active numb]s on "o day be+ succe$$ by l[1 :i* are aga9 foll[$ by high on ! ?ird day4 ,?is rhy?m 0 ma9ta9$1 ) few exceptions1 = #cfe days 7,fig4 #af71 & has be5 %[n to take place 9 artificial culture kept "u controll$ laboratory conditions 7,fig4 #ag74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4--;,daily v>iations 9 ! numb]s ( active individuals ( ,oicomonas t]mo 7,ehr5b47 9 artificial culture m$ia kept at a con/ant temp]ature ( #bj ,c4 ,a1 9 hay infusion2 ,b1 9 egg album54 ,x-axis3 ,days ,y-axis3 ,?\s&s ,x 0 ?\ght t an explanation ( ?is ph5om5on might be f\nd 9 alt]nate excy/ation & ency/ation1 s9ce ! latt] is a con/itu5t "p ( ! animals' life hi/ory 7see p4 #gc74 ,?is1 h[ev]1 does n hold1 = ! cy/ curve is n ! inv]se ( t ( ! active2 &1 moreov]1 /ati/ical treatm5t demon/rat$ t cy/ =mation is :olly unp]iodic 9 "*4 ,an explanation mu/ !re=e be s\ght 9 ! *anges 9 ! organisms dur+ ! active p]iod ( _! life1 & ! d$uction c be drawn t1 increas$ active numb]s t5d to be foll[$ by dea?1 conjugation1 or bo?1 :ile decreases 9 ! active numb]s are foll[$ by rises 9 total numb]s1 i4e41 reproduction1 & ?is rhy?mically4 ,?is some:at surpris+ conclusion appe>s to hold1 9 a less] degree1 = o!r soil protozoa1 & is ( suffici5t importance to w>rant fur!r rese>*4 ,! direction 9 :i* ?is is be+ pursu$ is by a /udy ( ! reproductive rates ( pure cultures ( c]ta9 ciliates & flagellates "u v>y+ ext]nal conditions4 ,space does n admit ( adequate discussion ( ?is problem1 b ! results already obta9$ ju/ify ! view t su* l9es ( "w w elucidate "s ( ! baffl+ problems ( soil micro-biology4 ,,soil ,,reaction4 ,! developm5t ( ! artificial f]tilis] indu/ry has 9 _m ways revolutionis$ f>m practice1 ) ! inevitable result t new problems h aris51 n ! lea/ ( :i* are biological 9 "*4 ,if1 z seems to be indubitable1 ! micro-organisms ( ! soil are ( importance to soil f]tility1 x is necess>y = u to "k 9 :at way ?is population is affect$ by ! application ( f]tilis]s1 & a />t has be5 made by inve/igat+ ! effects ( hydrog5 ion conc5tration on soil protozoa4 ,mu* has already be5 writt5 conc]n+ ?is "q1 b almo/ entirely on results obta9$ 9 artificial cultures4 ,x is always dang]\s to argue f ! artificial to ! natural environm5t ( organisms & p>ticul>ly s 9 respect to ! soil4 ,also1 z ,collett has %[n1 ! toxic effects ( acids are probably n entirely a function ( ! hydrog5 ion conc5tration1 b t ! molecules ( c]ta9 acids are 9 !mselves toxic1 an action :i* c1 h[ev]1 be dim9i%$ by ! antagoni/ic p[]s ( _m sub/ances su* z ,na,cl4 ,9 ?is laboratory ,s4 ,m4 ,nasir1 by unpubli%$ "w1 has %[n t ! limit+ value on ! acid side = ,colpoda cucullus 0 ,p,h #cc2 = a flagellate 7,het]omita globosus71 #ce2 & = an amba 7,ngl]ia grub]i71 #ci4 ,also ,mlle4 ,p]ey1 inve/igat+ ! numb]s ( protozoa 9 "o ( ! ,ro?am/$ grass plots ( ,p,h #cfe1 f\nd a total ( #ac1fjj protozoa1 ( :i* #ij p] c5t4 7 active4 ,! tol]ance1 !re=e1 ( ^! organisms to v>y+ ext]nal conditions is great] ?an has =m]ly be5 suppos$1 a conclusion :i* is becom+ m evid5t f ! rese>*es m5tion$ 9 ,*apt] ,,iv4 on soils f diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w4 ,,protozoa ,,& ,,! ,,nitrog5 ,,cycle4 ,9 p>tially-/]ilis$ soil f :i* protozoa 7 abs5t ,russell & ,hut*9son obta9$ an increas$ ammonia production1 a result also obta9$ by ,cunn+ham4 ,hill1 on ! o!r h&1 conclud$ t protozoa h no effect on ammonification1 b 8 te*nique is op5 to criticism4 ,lipman1 ,blair1 ,ow5 & ,mc,lean's "w#ag conta9s _m figures obta9$ by add+ dri$ blood1 tankage1 soluble blood fl\r1 cottonse$ meal1 soy-bean meal1 :eat fl\r1 corn meal1 etc41 to soil4 ,x is difficult to und]/& h[ accurate results c\ld be expect$ :51 to an already little und]/ood complex sub/ance1 su* z soil1 is add$ a s]ies ( sub/ances ^: effects are practically unkn[n4 ,free nitrog5-fixation 9 soils is an important process1 m especially 9 soils ( a light s&y nature1 f :i* crops are tak5 ye> aft] ye> )\t any application ( manure4 ,! effect ( protozoa on ! organisms caus+ ?is process has 9 ! pa/ receiv$ little att5tion4 ,rec5tly1 h[ev]1 ,nasir#bj has /udi$ ! influ5ce ( protozoa on ,azotobact]1 bo? 9 artificial culture & 9 s&4 ,f a total ( #cf exp]im5ts done 9 duplicate or triplicate1 #ca %[$ a decid$ ga9 9 nitrog5 fixation ov] ! control1 :ile only #e gave negative results4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4--,%[+ ! highe/ fixations ( nitrog5 above ! control record$ = ,azotobact] 9 ! pres5ce ( diff]5t species ( ,protozoa4 7,f ,ann4 ,appl4 ,biol41 vol4 ii47 ,x-axis 7left73 ,artificial ,m$ia ,c ,a ,f ,,af ,,ac ,,acf ,x-axis 7"r73 ,s& ,cultures ,c ,a ,,af ,,ac ,leg5d3 ,c repres5ts ,,ciliates4 ,a -d4- ,,amoebae4 ,f -d4- ,,flagellates4 ,z might be expect$1 ! fixation figures v>i$ f culture to culture1 ! highe/ record$ be+ #cfjd p] c5t4 above ! control & ?is 9 a s& culture 7,fig4 #ah74 ,ref]5ce to ! details ( ! exp]im5ts %[s t ! criticisms made aga9/ simil> "w done 9 ! pa/ d n hold "h1 & "o mu/ conclude t ,azotobact] is capable ( fix+ m atmosph]ic nitrog5 9 ! pres5ce ( protozoa ?an 9 _! abs5ce4 ,at pres5t x is impossible to say h[ ?is occurs1 b x is highly improbable t ! protozoa are !mselves capable ( fix+ nitrog54 ,a m likely explanation is t ! protozoa1 by consum+ ! ,azotobact]1 kept d[n ! numb]s1 & transf] ! nitrog5 to _! own bodies4 ,?is w t5d to prev5t ! bact]ia f rea*+ a maximum d5sity1 & reproduction1 involv+ high metabolism1 w be ma9ta9$ = a long] p]iod ?an w\ld h o!rwise occurr$4 ,?is & o!r possible explanations1 are be+ te/$4 ,little has be5 said reg>d+ ! application ( protozoology to ! "q ( soil p>tial /]ilisation4 ,z already po9t$ out1 9 ! pa/ mu* "w has be5 done1 b ! results 7 conflict+4 ,9 view1 h[ev]1 ( our rec5tly acquir$ k ( ! life ( protozoa 9 ord9>y field soil1 mo/ ( ! e>ly exp]im5ts require repeat+4 ,a beg9n+ has already be5 made1 b ! "w is n suffici5tly advanc$ to w>rant discussion4 ,:at is urg5tly ne$$1 h[ev]1 is to increase our k ( ! g5]al physiology ( ^! unicellul> animals4 ,until we "k :at are ! int]-relation%ips betwe5 ! memb]s ( ! micro-organic population ( normal soil x is almo/ impossible to hope t means w be devis$ by :i* !y c be controll$4 ,at pres5t we are almo/ entirely ignorant ( ! simple/ ( physiological reactions1 su* z ! exact effect ( v>i\s inorganic salts f\nd 9 ! soil4 ,also "s exp]im5ts 9 ,g]many & ! ,/ates indicate t amb are selective z reg>ds ! bact]ia !y +e/4 ,if ?is is sub/antiat$ x may prove ( importance to economic biology4 ,x has be5 %[n t ! flagellates occur 9 ! soil 9 l>ge numb]s1 & _m ( !m fe$ on bact]ia4 ,x is probable1 h[ev]1 t c]ta9 ( !m fe$ saprophytically & mu/ !re=e ex]t "s influ5ce on ! soil solution1 ?\gh :at ?is may be is entirely unkn[n4 ,f9ally1 z ,nasir has %[n1 ! protozoa play a "p 9 ! complicat$ nitrog5 cycle1 & "w ( ?is type ne$s ext5d+4 ,su*1 !n1 are a few ( ! out/&+ problems t confront ! soil protozoologi/2 b he mu/ always rememb] t ! organisms he /udies are b a small fraction ( ! total1 & t any influ5ce affect+ "o "p ( ! complex w be reflect$ 9 ano!r4 ,z ,pr(4 ,ar?ur ,?omson said 9 8 ,gif=d ,lectures1 8,no creature lives or dies to itself1 !re is no insulation4 ,long nutritive *a9s (t5 b9d a s]ies ( organisms toge!r 9 ! v fundam5tal relation t "o k9d eats ! o!rs40 ,su* nutritive *a9s obta9 9 ! soil z m>k$ly z 9 o!r haunts ( liv+ creatures4 ,,select$ ,,bibliography4 99 ,pap]s giv+ ext5sive bibliographies4 #a ,cunn+ham1 ,a41 ,j\rn4 ,agric4 ,sci41 #aiae1 vol4 xvii41 p4 #di4 #b ,cunn+ham1 ,a41 & ,lhnis1 ,f41 ,c5trlb4 f4 ,bakt4 ,abt4 ,,ii41 #aiad1 vol4 xxxix41 p4 #eif4 #c ,cutl]1 ,d4 ,w41 ,j\rn4 ,agric4 ,sci41 #aiai1 vol4 ix41 p4 #dcj4 #d ,cutl]1 ,d4 ,w41 ,j\rn4 ,agric4 ,sci41 #aibj1 vol4 x41 p4 #acf4 #e ,cutl]1 ,d4 ,w41 ,ann4 ,app4 ,biol41 #aibc1 vol4 x41 p4 #acg4 #f ,cutl]1 ,d4 ,w41 & ,crump1 ,ann4 ,app4 ,biol41 #aibj1 vol4 vii41 p4 #aa4 #g 99 ,cutl]1 ,d4 ,w41 ,crump & ,s&on1 ,phil4 ,trans4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,b41 #aibb1 vol4 ccxi41 p4 #cag4 #h ,delf1 ,e4 ,m41 ,new ,phytologi/1 #aiae1 vol4 xiv41 p4 #fc4 #i ,dobell1 ,c4 ,c41 ,ar*4 f4 ,protis5k41 #aiaa1 vol4 xxiii41 p4 #bfi4 #aj 99 ,goodey1 ,t41 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,proc4 ,b41 #aiaf1 vol4 lxxxix41 p4 #bgi4 #aa ,goodey1 ,t41 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,proc4 ,b41 #aiac1 vol4 lxxxvi1 p4 #dbg4 #ab ,h>tmann1 ,m41 & ,ngl]1 ,k41 ,sitz-,b]4 ,gesells*4 ,naturf4 ,freunde1 #aijh1 ,b]l91 ,no4 #d4 #ac ,ko*1 ,g4 ,p41 ,j\rn4 ,agric4 ,res41 #aiaf1 vol4 li41 p4 #dgg4 #ad ,k(oid1 ,c4 ,a41 ,bull4 ,ill9ois ,/ate ,lab4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 #aijc & #aijh4 #ae 99 ,kopel(f1 ,n41 ,l9t1 ,h4 ,c41 & ,coleman1 ,d4 ,a41 ,c5trlb4 f4 ,bakt4 ,abt4 ,,ii41 #aiaf1 vol4 xlvi41 p4 #bh4 #af ,kopel(f1 ,n41 ,l9t1 ,h4 ,c41 & ,coleman1 ,d4 ,a41 ,c5trlb4 f4 ,bakt4 ,abt4 ,,ii41 #aiaf1 vol4 xlv41 p4 #bcj4 #ag ,lipman1 ,j4 ,g41 ,blair1 ,a4 ,w41 ,ow51 ,l4 ,l41 & ,mc,lean1 ,h4 ,c41 ,n4,j4 ,agric4 ,exp4 ,/a4 #aiab1 ,bull41 ,no4 #bdh4 #ah ,m>t91 ,c4 ,h4 & ,lew91 ,k4 ,r41 ,j\rn4 ,agric4 ,soc41 #aiae1 vol4 vii41 p4 #ajf4 #ai ,m>t91 ,c4 ,h41 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,proc4 ,b41 #aiab1 vol4 lxxxv41 p4 #cic4 #bj 99 ,nasir1 ,s4 ,m41 ,ann4 ,app4 ,biol41 #aibc1 vol4 x41 p4 #abb4 #ba ,russell1 ,e4 ,j41 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,proc4 ,b41 #aiae1 vol4 lxxxix41 p4 #gf4 #bb 99 ,russell1 ,e4 ,j41 8,soil ,conditions & ,plant ,gr[?10 #aiba1 #d? ed4 #bc 99 ,%]man1 ,j4 ,m41 ,j\rn4 ,bact41 #aiaf1 vol4 i41 p4 #ce1 & vol4 ii41 p4 #afe4 #bd ,truffaut1 ,g41 & ,bezsson(f1 ,h41 ,compt4 ,r5d4 ,acad4 ,sci41 #aibj1 vol4 clxx41 p4 #abgh4 #be ,we/1 ,w41 & ,we/1 ,g4 ,s41 ,j\rn4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ,bot41 #aiab1 vol4 xl41 p4 #cie4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,alg4 ,i4 ,,g5]al ,,& ,,hi/orical ,,introduction4 ,speak+ broadly1 ! organisms ( ! soil may be classifi$ into sev]al di/9ct gr\ps diff]+ conspicu\sly 9 _! g5]al *>act]s & physiological functions & !re=e 9 _! economic significance2 among su* gr\ps may be m5tion$ ! bact]ia1 protozoa1 alg & fungi4 ,x is f\nd1 h[ev]1 t ?\gh typical memb]s ( ^! gr\ps are conspicu\sly diff]5t f "o ano!r1 yet !re exi/ a numb] ( unicellul> =ms :i* h *>act]s 9 common ) m ?an "o ( ^! big gr\ps1 & ! l9es ( dem>cation betwe5 !m become difficult to def9e4 ,x becomes advisable1 !re=e1 to dep>t a little f ! sy/emati/'s rigid def9itions & to adopt a some:at m logical gr\p+ ( ! soil organisms bas$ on _! mode ( life4 ,to give b a s+le example3 ,eugl5a viridis occurs q commonly 9 soil4 ,?r\gh its s+le flagellum1 its lack ( a def9ite cellulose wall1 its *angeable %ape & its ability to multiply by simple fission 9 ! motile /ate x def9itely belongs sy/ematically to ! gr\p ( protozoa4 ,b its possession ( *lorophyll1 9 enabl+ x to syn!sise complex organic sub/ances f ,,co & wat] 9 a mann] entirely typical ( plants1 connects x physiologically s closely ) ! l[] gre5 alg t 9 /udy+ ! biology ( ! soil x seems be/ to include x & o!r ne>ly relat$ =ms ) ! alg4 ,on ?is physiological basis 8soil-alg0 may be def9$ z ^? micro-organisms ( ! soil :i* h ! p[]1 "u suitable conditions1 to produce *lorophyll4 ,su* a def9ition has ! advantage t x is wide en\gh to include ! filam5t\s protonema ( mosses1 :i*1 ?\gh alga-l 9 =m & 9 physiological action1 is nev]!less sep>at$ f ! true alg by a wide gulf4 ,a m accurate "n = su* a gr\p ( organisms w\ld be ! 8*lorophyll-be>+ protophyta0 ( ! soil2 !y may be classifi$ briefly z foll[s 7,table ,,ix473-- ,,table ,,ix4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,gr\p4 ,col\r4 ,pigm5ts4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,i4,flagellat4 ,eugl5ace4 ,gre54 ,*lorophyll4 ,cryptomonad9e4 ,,ii4,alg-- #a4 ,myxophyce4 ,mo/ly filam5- ,blue-gre5 ,phycocyan94 t\s1 *iefly to violet ,*lorophyll4 ,oscillatoriace or br[n4 ,c>ot94 & ,no/ocace4 #b4 ,bacill>iace4,mo/ly p5nate1 ,gold5- ,c>ot94 *iefly ,navi- br[n4 ,xan?ophyll4 culoide4 ,*lorophyll4 #c4 ,*lorophyce4 7i7 ,protococ- ,gre54 ,*lorophyll4 cales1 ,ulo- tri*ales1 ,conjugat1 etc4 7ii7 ,het]okont4,yell[- ,*lorophyll4 gre54 ,xan?ophyll4 ,,iii4,bryophyta4 ,filam5t\s moss ,gre54 ,*lorophyll4 protonema4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,! importance ( ! l[] alg f a biological /&po9t has long be5 recognis$1 s9ce _! extremely primitive organisation1 c\pl$ ) _! ability to syn!sise organic comp\nds f simple inorganic sub/ances1 s+les !m out z be+ n v di/antly remov$ f ! gr\p ( organisms 9 :i* life orig9at$ ^u ! e>?4 ,b ! possibility ( _! hav+ a v mu* wid] economic significance 0 completely ov]look$ until ab\t a qu>t] ( a c5tury ago1 :5 ,h5s5 demon/rat$ _! importance 9 m>9e plankton z ! produc]s ( ! organic sub/ance ^u :i* ! :ole ( ! animal life ( ! ocean is ultimately dep5d5t4 ,9 consequ5ce1 x has be5 g5]ally assum$ t ! gr[? ( alg1 s9ce !y conta9 *lorophyll1 is entirely dep5d5t on ! action ( light4 ,h5ce ! rec5t idea ( ! exi/5ce ( alg :i* actually inhabit ! soil has be5 receiv$ ) a c]ta9 am\nt ( scepticism1 ?\gh ! results ( mod]n physiological rese>* on a numb] ( ! l[] alg %[ t !re is v good reason to believe t su* a soil flora is entirely possible4 ,9 consid]+ ! alga-flora ( a soil x is necess>y to di/+ui% betwe5 two v diff]5t sets ( conditions "u :i* ! organisms may be gr[+4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !y may gr[ on ! surface ( ! soil1 be+ subject$ directly to insolation1 ra91 ! deposition ( dew1 ! dry+ action ( w9d1 relatively quick *anges ( temp]ature & o!r effects ( climate4 ,c]ta9 comb9ations ( ^! conditions pres5t s fav\rable an environm5t = ! gr[? ( alg t at times !re appe>s on ! surface ( ! soil a conspicu\s gre5 /ratum1 sometimes s d>k 9 col\r z to appe> almo/ black4 ,/rata ( ?is nature are well kn[n1 & 9 sy/ematic works !re are con/ant ref]5ces to species gr[+ 8on damp soil02 = in/ance1 ( ! #ea well-def9$ species ( ,no/oc recognis$ by ,=te1 no less ?an #ca are *>act]is$ z t]re/rial4 ,su* appe>ances1 h[ev]1 seem to h be5 reg>d$ z sporadic & m or less accid5tal1 r ?an z ! unusually luxuriant developm5t ( an endemic population1 & h be5 frequ5tly attribut$ to an excessively moi/ condition ( ! soil due to defective dra9age4 ,9 ! second place1 ! alg may be liv+ )9 ! soil itself1 away f ! action ( sunlight & "u some:at m uni=m conditions ( moi/ure & temp]ature4 ,up to ! pres5t "t ! great] numb] ( ! inve/igations c>ri$ out 9 ?is subject h be5 ( a sy/ematic nature1 & extremely little direct evid5ce has be5 obta9$ :i* c ?r[ any light on ! subject ( ! economic significance ( ! soil alg4 ,! e>lie/ sy/ematic "w 0 c>ri$ out by ,esm>*1 9 #aiaj-aa1 :o inve/igat$ by means ( cultures ! blue-gre5 alg ( a numb] ( soils f ! ,g]man ,african ,colonies1 ! samples be+ tak5 f ! surface & also f ! l[] lay]s ( ! soil4 ,he obta9$ a consid]able numb] ( species & obs]v$ t 9 cultivat$ soils !y 7 n conf9$ to ! surface b occurr$ regul>ly to a dep? ( #aj-be cms4 & occasionally z l[ z #dj-ej cms4 ,he attribut$ _! exi/5ce 9 ! l[] lay]s to ! pres5ce ( re/+ spores c>ri$ d[n 9 ! processes ( cultivation1 s9ce 8 samples f uncultivat$ soils 7 unproductive4 ,lat]1 ,esm>* ext5d$ 8 inve/igations to a f> l>g] numb] ( samples1 #cie 9 all1 ( soils ( diff]5t types f ,s*leswig-,hol/e94 ,he f\nd t blue-gre5 alg 7 v widely di/ribut$ 9 soils ( c]ta9 types1 ?\gh !y occurr$ r>ely 9 uncultivat$ soils ( l[ wat]-cont5t1 & he describ$ no less ?an #de species ( :i* #cd belong$ to ! ,oscillatoriace & ,no/ocace4 ,c]ta9 ( ! common] species 7 obta9$ f soils ( widely diff]5t types1 z %[n 9 ,table ,x41 :ile o!r =ms occurr$ only r>ely & ) a mu* m limit$ di/ribution4 ,,table ,x4--,,frequ5cy ,,( ,,occurr5ce ,,( ,,c]ta9 ,,common ,,species ,,9 ,,esm>*',s ,,soil ,,samples4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,p]c5tage ( ,samples conta9+ giv5 ,alga4 --------------------------------------- ,uncultivat$ ,cultivat$ ,damp ,s&y ,soil4 ,soils4 ----------------------------------- ,%ores,%ores ( ( ,sea- ,m>%- ,species4 ,elbe4,lakes4%ore4,s&y4,clay4 l&4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,anabna v>iabilis #df #dc #i #ajc #fj #df ,anabna torulosa #ca #adc #fcf #bgf #cdc #efd ,cyl9drosp]mum muscicola #bc #bhf #j #bd #dhf #ei ,cyl9drosp]mum majus #j #adc #j #ch #dj #ccc ,no/oc ,sp4 ,,iii4 #gg #j #j #ch #cg #dhg ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,tak+ ! numb] ( samples conta9+ blue-gre5 alg z a r\gh measure ( _! relative abundance1 ,esm>* obta9$ ! foll[+ int]e/+ figures 7,table ,,xi473-- ,,table ,,xi4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,p]c5tage ( ,samples ,numb] ( ,conta9+ ,samples ,k9d ( ,soil4 ,blue-gre5 ,alg4,exam9$4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,cultivat$ m>%l& #ie #dj ,cultivat$ clay soil #idf #cg ,uncultivat$ moi/ s&y soils #hhf #ce ,cultivat$ s&y soil #fdd #de ,woodl& #abe #dj ,uncultivat$,s&y hea?l& #i #cd ,moorl& #j #ce ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,9 not+ t ! soils fell into two gr\ps1 ^? relatively ri* & ^? poor 9 blue-gre5 alg1 ,esm>* conclud$ t ! two *ief factors gov]n+ ! di/ribution ( ! ,cyanophyce on ! surface ( soils are1 7#a7 ! moi/ure cont5t ( ! soil1 7#b7 ! availability ( m9]al salts1 cultivat$ soils be+ especially fav\r$ 9 bo? ( ^! respects4 ,he fur!r di/+ui%$ betwe5 cultivat$ l& ( two k9ds1 viz4 arable l& & grass l&1 & f\nd t on all types ( soil grassl& 0 ri*] 9 species ?an 0 arable l&4 ,esm>* exam9$1 9 addition1 #abi samples tak5 f ! l[] lay]s ( ! soil imm$iately b5ea? c]ta9 ( 8 surface samples1 #ajg at #aj-be cms4 & ! re/ at #cj-ej cms4 dep?4 ,9 cultivat$ soils1 :e!r grassl& or arable l&1 he f\nd t blue-gre5 alg occurr$ almo/ inv>iably 9 ! l[] lay]s 9 ^? places be>+ alg on ! surface & t1 ) r>e exceptions1 ! alg f\nd 9 ! l[] lay]s correspond$ exactly to ^? on ! surface1 except t ) increas+ dep? !re 0 a progressive r$uction 9 ! numb] ( species4 ,9 uncultivat$1 moi/1 s&y soils ! agreem5t 0 f> less complete1 = ?\gh alg 7 r>ely abs5t f ! l[] lay]s _! v]tical di/ribution 0 frequ5tly di/urb$ by ! action ( w9d & ra94 ,o!r uncultivat$ soils n subject to p]iodic di/urbance 7 f\nd to be uni=mly lack+ 9 alg 9 ! l[] lay]s1 b z ! limit$ numb] ( samples exam9$ came completely f places :]e !re 7 no alg on ! surface ?is means v little4 ,by direct microscopic exam9ation ( soil ,esm>* claims to h f\nd liv+ filam5ts ( blue-gre5 alg at v>i\s dep?s bel[ ! surface4 ,he realis$1 h[ev]1 t !re 0 no indication ( ! l5g? ( "t t su* filam5ts _h be5 buri$1 & !re=e conduct$ a s]ies ( exp]im5ts f :i* he conclud$ t ! p]iod dur+ :i* ! alg inve/igat$ c\ld cont9ue vegetatively 9 ! soil aft] burial v>i$ ) diff]5t species f #e-ab weeks1 b t dur+ ! lat] "p ( ! p]iod ! alg gradually assum$ a yell[i%-gre5 col\r4 ,x is un=tunate t ,esm>*'s inve/igations 7 direct$ only t[>ds ! blue-gre5 alg s9ce obs]vations made 9 ?is c\ntry indicate t su* a s]ies ( records gives b a v incomplete picture ( ! soil flora z a :ole4 ,pet]s51 9 8 8,danske ,ar(ile ,alg]0 7#aiae7 add$ consid]ably to our k ( soil alg1 especially ( diatoms4 ,un=tunately he conf9$ 8 inve/igations ( ! gre5 alg to =ms gr[+ visibly on ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,he obs]v$1 h[ev]1 t acid soils possess$ a diff]5t flora f t commonly f\nd on alkal9e or neutral soils1 ! =m] be+ dom9at$ by ,mesotnium violasc5s1 ,zygnema ericetorum1 & #b spp4 ( ,coccomyxa1 :ile ! latt] 7 *>act]is$ by ,mesotnium macrococcum v>41 ,hormidium1 #b spp41 & ,vau*]ia1 #c spp4 ,( diatoms he obta9$ no less ?an #bd species & v>ieties f arable & g>d5 soils1 & five *>act]i/ic ( m>%y soils1 :ile f =e/ soils & dry hea?l& !y appe>$ to be (t5 abs5t4 ,he omitt$ all ref]5ce to blue-gre5 alg4 ,mean:ile ,robb9s1 exam9+ a numb] ( ,colorado soils t conta9$ unprec$5t$ quantities ( nitrate1 obta9$ f !m #ah species ( blue-gre5 alg1 #b species ( gre5 alg1 & "o diatom4 ,moore & ,k>r] h demon/rat$ ! exi/5ce ( a subt]ranean alga-flora ( :i* ,protod]ma viride1 ! mo/ con/antly occurr+ species1 0 %[n to multiply :5 buri$ to a dep? ( "o metre4 ,9 ?is c\ntry att5tion 0 fir/ call$ to ! subject by ,goodey & ,hut*9son ( ,ro?am/$ :o1 9 exam9+ c]ta9 old /or$ soils = protozoa1 obta9$ also a numb] ( blue-gre5 =ms :i* 7 submitt$ to ,pr(essor ,we/ = id5tification4 ,?is ability ( c]ta9 algal spores to reta9 _! vitality = a long re/+ p]iod 0 s v /rik+ t an inve/igation 0 begun at ,birm+ham 9 #aiae to asc]ta9 :e!r o!r =ms 7 equally resi/ant4 ,! inve/igation 0 c>ri$ out on a l>ge numb] ( fre%ly collect$ samples ( arable & g>d5 soils :i* 7 fir/ aseptically air-dri$ = at lea/ a mon? & !n gr[n 9 culture4 ,no less ?an #bj species or v>ieties ( diatoms1 #bd species ( blue-gre5 & #bj species ( gre5 alg 7 obta9$ f ^! cultures 7,table ,,xii474 ,9 ! majority ( ! samples !re 0 f\nd a c5tral gr\p ( alg1 includ+ ,hantzs*ia amphioxys1 ,tro*iscia asp]a1 ,*lorococcum humicola1 ,bumill]ia exilis & r less frequ5tly ,ulo?rix subtilis v>4 v>iabilis1 :ile moss protonema 0 univ]sally pres5t4 ,^! species 7 ?\ght to =m ! basis ( an ext5sive ecological plant =mation 9 :i*1 by ! inclusion ( o!r typically t]re/rial b less widely di/ribut$ species small] plant-associations 7 recognis$4 ,9 c]ta9 ( ! soils1 associations consi/+ v l>gely ( diatoms 7 pres5t1 & x is to be not$ t ! majority ( ! =ms t h be5 describ$ are ( exce$+ly small size4 ,x is d\btless ?is *>act]i/ic :i* enables !m to )/& ! conditions ( dr\ght to :i* ! organisms ( ! soil are liable to be subject$1 small organisms hav+ be5 %[n to be bett] able to resi/ desiccation ?an are l>g] ones4 ,s9ce ! soil diatoms belong to ! p5nate type1 !y are fur!r adapt$ to _! mode ( life by _! p[] ( locomotion1 :i* enables !m 9 times ( dr\ght to retire to ! moi/] lay]s ( ! soil4 ,9 ! soils exam9$ 9 ?is "w blue-gre5 alg 7 less univ]sally pres5t ?an 7 diatoms or gre5 alg1 & ! species f\nd appe>$ to be m local 9 occurr5ce4 ,!re seem$ to be1 h[ev]1 an association betwe5 ! ?ree species1 ,phormidium t5ue1 ,ph4 autumnale1 & ,plectonema ,batt]sii1 at lea/ two ( ! ?ree species hav+ be5 f\nd toge!r 9 no less ?an #af ( ! samples1 :ile all ?ree occurr$ 9 #g ( !m4 ,,table ,,xii4--,,alg ,,9 ,,desiccat$ ,,engli% ,,soils4 7,,bri/ol47 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,numb] ( ,species4 ,numb] ( ---------------------------- ,samples ,maximum ,av]age ,gr\p4 ,productive4p] ,sample4p] ,sample4,total4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- p] c5t4 ,diatoms #iee #i #cg #bj ,blue-gre5 alg #ggc #g #be #bd ,gre5 alg #ajj #g #dc #bj ,moss protonema #ajj -- -- -- ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,total -- #bj #aje -- ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,x 0 g5]ally noticeable t ^? soils f\nd to be ri* 9 blue-gre5 alg conta9$ only a few species ( diatoms1 & vice v]sa4 ,diatoms appe>$ mo/ frequ5tly 9 soils f old g>d5s1 :]eas blue-gre5 alg 7 m *>act]i/ic ( arable soils4 ,! gre5 alg & moss protonema1 on ! o!r h&1 7 di/ribut$ univ]sally4 ,! majority ( gre5 alg typically f\nd 9 soils are unicellul>1 b a few filam5t\s =ms occur4 ,) ! exception ( ,vau*]ia spp4 ^! are *>act]is$1 h[ev]1 by an ability to break d[n 9 c]ta9 circum/ances into unicellul> or few-cell$ fragm5ts1 9 :i* condition id5tification is (t5 v difficult4 ,x 0 also f\nd by cultural exam9ation ( a numb] ( old /or$ soils f ,ro?am/$ t g]m9ation ( ! re/+ =ms ( a numb] ( alg c\ld take place aft] an exce$+ly long p]iod ( quiesc5ce4 ,no less ?an n9e species ( blue-gre5 alg1 f\r species ( gre5 alg1 & "o species ( diatom 7 obta9$ f soils t _h be5 /or$ = p]iods ( ab\t =ty ye>s1 ! species ) ! greate/ p[] to reta9 _! vitality be+ ,no/oc muscorum & ,nodul>ia ,h>veyana4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,soil ,,z ,a ,,suitable ,,m$ium ,,= ,,algal ,,gr[?4 ,7 x n = ! rec5t advances t h be5 made 9 our k ( ! mode ( nutrition ( _m ( ! l[] alg1 x w\ld be v difficult to acc\nt = ! widespread occurr5ce ( alg 9 ! soil1 = x is und\bt$ly true ( "s ( ! m highly evolv$ alg t _! mode ( nutrition is entirely typical ( t ( gre5 plants 9 g5]al4 ,! application ( bact]iological te*nique to ! alg1 h[ev]1 by ,beij]9ck1 by ,art>i1 & by ,*odat & 8 pupils1 & ! introduction ( pure-culture me?ods h l$ to a /udy ( ! physiology ( "s ( ! l[] alg1 9 ! hope ( gett+ to und]/& "s ( ! fundam5tal problems und]ly+ ! nutrition ( organisms conta9+ *lorophyll4 ,x is impossible "h to d m ?an m5tion ! names ( a few ( ! m important ( ^? :o h work$ along ^! l9es1 su* z ,*odat1 ,art>i1 ,gr9tzesco1 ,pr+%eim1 ,kuff]a?1 ,nakano1 ,bores*1 ,magnus & ,s*9dl]1 & to cond5se into a few s5t5ces "s ( _! m important conclusions4 ,x is n[ e/abli%$ t al?\gh 9 ! light ! alg are able to build up _! sub/ance f ,,co & wat] conta9+ dilute m9]al salts1 yet 9 su* conditions gr[? is sometimes v sl[1 & ) "s species at any rate x is greatly accel]at$ by ! addition ( a small quantity ( c]ta9 organic comp\nds4 ,! ability ( ! l[] alg to use organic food mat]ials v>ies specifically1 q closely relat$ =ms (t5 react+ v diff]5tly to ! same sub/ance1 b !re h be5 %[n to be a consid]able numb] ( =ms :i* c make use ( organic comp\nds to su* an ext5t t !y c gr[ entirely indep5d5tly ( light4 ,9 su* cases ! nutrition ( ! organism becomes :olly saprophytic1 & ! *lorophyll may be completely lo/2 x has frequ5tly be5 obs]v$1 h[ev]1 t on suitable nutri5t m$ia1 ev5 9 complete d>kness1 c]ta9 alg cont9ue to gr[ & reta9 _! gre5 col\r1 provid$ t a suffici5t supply ( a suitable nitrog5\s comp\nd is pres5t4 ,*lorella vulg>is1 an alga frequ5tly f\nd 9 soil1 has be5 %[n to be extremely pla/ic 9 its relations to food sub/ances4 ,giv5 only a dilute m9]al-salts solution z food s\rce1 x absorbs ,,co f ! air1 & gr[s 9 sunlight ) mod]ate rapidity4 ,! addition ( glucose to ! m$ium 9 ! light greatly increases ! rate & am\nt ( gr[? & ! size ( ! cells1 :ile 9 ! d>k ! colonies n only rema9 gre5 b h be5 %[n to develop m vigor\sly ?an 9 full daylight4 ,! organism is also able to use peptone z a s\rce ( nitrog5 9 place ( nitrates4 ,/i*ococcus bacill>is & ,sc5$esmus spp41 also occurr+ 9 soils1 h be5 %[n to be almo/ equally adaptable1 ?\gh 9 ^! cases ! organisms gr[ m sl[ly 9 ! d>k ?an on ! correspond+ m$ium 9 ! light4 ,liquefaction ( gelat9e by ! secretion ( proteolytic enzymes has be5 %[n to be a fur!r prop]ty ( c]ta9 species1 result+ 9 ! =mation ( am9o acids su* z glycocoll1 ph5ylalan9e1 dipeptides1 etc4 ,?is prop]ty is1 h[ev]1 possess$ by only a limit$ numb] ( species & 9 v>y+ degree4 ,up to ! pres5t v little "w ( ?is k9d has be5 done ^u alg actually tak5 f ! soil1 & our k is !re=e v scanty4 ,( ! species s f> exam9$ all %[ consid]able increase 9 gr[? on ! addition to ! m$ium ( glucose & o!r sug>s1 & t5d to be p>tially saprophytic2 a few h be5 %[n to liquefy gelat9e to "s ext5t4 ,s]vettaz1 ,von ,ubis*1 & ,robb9s h also demon/rat$ t ! protonema ( "s mosses c make use ( c]ta9 organic sub/ances1 especially ! sug>s1 & gr[ vigor\sly 9 ! d>k4 ,x has be5 %[n1 h[ev]1 t light is ess5tial = ! developm5t ( ! moss plant4 ,x 0 ?\ght at ,ro?am/$ t "s light might be ?r[n ^u ! activities ( ! soil-alg by mak+ c\nts ( ! numb]s pres5t 9 samples ( soil tak5 p]iodically )9 a circumscrib$ area4 ,a dilution me?od simil> to t 9 use 9 ! protozoological laboratory 0 adopt$ & appli$ to samples ( arable soil tak5 f ! surface1 & at dep?s ( #b1 #d1 #f & #ab in*es v]tically b5ea?4 ,a consid]able numb] ( samples 7 exam9$ 9 ?is way f two plots on ,broadbalk :eat-field1 viz43 ! unmanur$ plot & t receiv+ a heavy annual dress+ ( f>my>d manure4 ,! numb]s 9 ! unmanur$ soil 7 obs]v$ to fall f> %ort ( ^? 9 t conta9+ a l>ge am\nt ( organic matt]1 :ile 9 bo? plots ! numb]s v>i$ consid]ably at diff]5t times ( ! ye>4 ,! *ief species 9 bo? plots 7 id5tical1 & _! v]tical di/ribution 0 fairly uni=m1 b x 0 obs]v$ t ! numb]s ( individuals v>i$ accord+ to ! dep? ( ! sample4 ,! #f? & #ab? in* samples conta9$ v few individuals ( comp>atively few species1 b ! #d? in* samples yield$ numb]s t 7 n significantly less ?an ^? 9 ! top in*4 ,! #bnd in* sample 0 usually mu* poor] 9 individuals ?an ei!r ! top or ! #d? in*4 ,x is un=tunate t ?is me?od ( c\nt+ is n really satisfactory = ! alg1 *iefly because x takes no acc\nt ( ! blue-gre5 =ms4 ,! gelat9\s envelope :i* encloses ! filam5ts ( ^! alg prev5ts _! break+ up into measurable units4 ,assum+1 z appe>s to be ! case = ! two plots inve/igat$1 t ! blue-gre5 alg are at lea/ z num]\s z ! gre5 =ms1 ! total numb]s %\ld probably be at lea/ twice z great z ^? calculat$4 ,tak+ #ajj1jjj z a r\gh e/imate ( ! numb] ( alg p] gram ( manur$ soil 9 a giv5 sample1 & assum+ ! cells to be sph]ical & ( av]age diamet] #aj1 x has be5 calculat$ t ! volume ( algal protoplasm pres5t 0 at lea/ #c times t ( ! bact]ia ?\gh only "o-?ird ( t ( ! protozoa4 ,?is is probably only a m9imum figure = ?is sample4 ,a soil population ( ?is magnitude c n be )\t effect on ! f]tility ( ! soil4 ,:5 gr[+ on ! surface ( ! gr\nd expos$ to sunlight ! alg mu/1 by photosyn!sis1 add consid]ably to ! organic matt] ( ! soil1 b :5 !y live )9 ! soil itself _! nutrition mu/ be :olly saprophytic1 & !y c be add+ no?+ ei!r to ! en]gy or to ! food-cont5t ( ! soil4 ,h[ ^! organisms fit into ! g5]al s*eme ( life 9 ! soil is at pres5t undet]m9$1 & !re is a wide field = rese>* 9 ?is direction4 ,,iii4 ,,relation ,,( ,,alg ,,to ,,! ,,nitrog5 ,,cycle ,probably ! mo/ important limit+ factor 9 ,briti% agriculture is ! supply ( nitrog5 available = ! gr[+ crop1 & x seems likely t ! soil-alg are intimately connect$ ) ?is "q 9 sev]al ways4 ,p]iodic ef=ts h be5 made dur+ ! la/ half c5tury to e/abli% ! fact t a numb] ( ! l[] organisms1 includ+ ! gre5 alg1 h ! p[] ( fix+ atmosph]ic nitrog5 & conv]t+ x into comp\nds :i* are !n available = high] plants4 ,?is prop]ty has be5 def9itely e/abli%$ = c]ta9 bact]ia1 & r d\btfully = "s ( ! fungi1 b until rec5tly no au!ntic pro( _h be5 produc$ t alg by !mselves c\ld fix nitrog54 ,! subject is too wide to be discuss$ 9 mu* detail "h4 ,s*ramm 9 ,am]ica1 work+ ) pure cultures ( alg1 tri$ = t5 ye>s to e/abli% ! fact ( nitrog5 fixation1 & fail$ completely2 m rec5tly ,wann has ext5d$ ,s*ramm's "w1 & claims to h prov$ indisputably t1 giv5 m$ia conta9+ nitrates z a s\rce ( nitrog5 & a small am\nt ( glucose1 ! sev5 species ( alg te/$ by him fix$ atmosph]ic nitrog5 to ! ext5t ( #d-ed p] c5t4 ( ! orig9al nitrog5 cont5t ( ! m$ium4 ,s important a result ne$$ corroboration1 & ,wann's exp]im5t1 ) "s slight improvem5ts1 0 !re=e repeat$ at ,ro?am/$ la/ summ]4 ,?is "w has n yet be5 publi%$1 b 9 ! :ole s]ies ( n9ety-six cultures1 ) f\r diff]5t species1 ea* gr[+ on six diff]5t m$ia1 !re is no evid5ce t nitrog5 fixation has tak5 place2 b !re has be5 a total recov]y at ! end ( ! exp]im5t ( #ihic p] c5t4 ( ! orig9al nitrog5 suppli$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a flaw has be5 detect$ 9 ,wann's me?od ( analys+ ^? m$ia conta9+ nitrates1 suffici5tly great to acc\nt = ! diff]5ces he obta9$ betwe5 ! initial & f9al nitrog5 cont5t ( 8 cultures4 ,h5ce1 ?\gh "o hesitates to say t ! alg are unable1 giv5 suitable conditions1 to fix atmosph]ic nitrog51 "o mu/ admit t no "o has yet prov$ t !y c d s4 ,x is f> m likely1 h[ev]1 t ! exp]im5ts ( ,koss[its* & o!rs ?r[ m light on ! relation ( soil alg to nitrog5 fixation4 ,!y affirm t great] fixation ( nitrog5 is effect$ by mixtures ( bact]ia & c]ta9 gelat9\s alg ?an by nitrog5-fix+ bact]ia alone1 & t ! addition ( alg to cultures ( bact]ia produces a /imulat+ effect only slightly less ?an t ( sug>4 ,x is probable1 !re=e1 t ! alg1 9 _! gelat9\s %ea?s1 provide easily available c>bohydrates f :i* ! bact]ia d]ive ! en]gy ess5tial to _! "w1 & t nitrog5 fixation 9 nature is due to ! comb9$ work+ ( a numb] ( diff]5t organisms r ?an to ! individual action ( s+le species4 ,russell & ,ri*>ds h %[n t ! rate ( loss ( nitrog5 by lea*+ f uncropp$ soils is f> less ?an w\ld be expect$ f a purely *emical /&po9t1 & sugge/ t c]ta9 organisms are pres5t 9 ! soil :i*1 by absorb+ nitrates & ammonium salts z !y are =m$1 remove !m f ! soil solution & s help to cons]ve ! nitrog5 ( ! soil4 ,x is probable t ! soil alg act 9 ?is mann]1 ?\gh to :at ext5t has n yet be5 det]m9$4 ,,iv4 ,,relation ,,( ,,alg ,,to ,,soil ,,moi/ure ,,& ,,to ,,! ,,=mation ,,( ,,humus ,,sub/ances4 ,9 w>m] c\ntries ?an our own1 especially ^? ) an adequate ra9fall1 ! significance ( soil alg is p]haps m obvi\s to a casual obs]v]4 ,treub /ates t aft] ! complete de/ruction ( ! isl& ( ,krakatoa by volcanic eruption 9 #ahhc1 ! fir/ coloni/s to take possession ( ! isl& 7 six species ( blue-gre5 alg1 viz41 ,tolypo?rix sp41 ,anabna sp41 ,symploca sp41 ,lyngbya #c spp4 ,?ree ye>s aft] ! eruption ^! organisms 7 obs]v$ to =m an almo/ cont9u\s gelat9\s & hygroscopic lay] ov] ! surface ( ! c9d]s & /ones con/itut+ ! soil1 & by _! dea? & decay !y rapidly prep>$ x = ! gr[? ( se$s br\ght to ! isl& by visit+ birds4 ,h5ce ! new flora :i* soon e/abli%$ itself ^u ! isl& c be said to h _h its orig9 9 ! alga-flora :i* prec$$ x4 ,frits* has also emphasis$ ! importance ( alg 9 ! colonisation ( new gr\nd 9 ,ceylon4 ,welwits* ascribes ! *>act]i/ic col\r f :i* ! 8p$ras negras0 9 ,angola d]ive _! "n to ! gr[? ( a ?ick /ratum ( ,scytonema myo*r\s1 a blue-gre5 alga1 :i* gradually becomes black & completely cov]s ! soil4 ,at ! close ( ! ra9y season ?is gelat9\s /ratum dries up v sl[ly1 enabl+ ! und]ly+ soil to reta9 its moi/ure = a long] p]iod ?an w\ld o!rwise be ! case4 ,! gelat9\s soil alg are probably v important 9 ?is respect1 = _! sl[ rate ( loss ( wat] is c\pl$ ) a capacity = rapid absorption1 & !y are !re=e able to take full advantage ( ! dew t may be deposit$ ^u !m & increase ! p[] ( ! soil to reta9 moi/ure4 ,v4 ,,relation ,,( ,,alg ,,to ,,gase\s ,,int]*anges ,,9 ,,! ,,soil4 ,9 ! cultivation ( rice ! alg ( ! paddy field h be5 f\nd to be ( extreme importance4 ,brizi 9 ,italy has %[n t al?\gh rice is gr[n "u swamp conditions yet ! roots ( ! rice plant are typical ( ^? ( ord9>y t]re/rial plants & h none ( ! /ructural adaptations to aquatic life s *>act]i/ic ( ord9>y m>% plants4 ,h5ce ! plants are entirely dep5d5t = heal?y gr[? ^u an adequate supply ( oxyg5 to _! roots f ! m$ium 9 :i* !y are gr[+4 ,a s]i\s disease ( ! rice plant1 *>act]is$ by ! br[n+ & dy+ (f ( ! leaves1 :i* 0 ?\ght at fir/ to be due to ! attacks ( fungi1 0 f\nd to be ! effect ( ! inadequate a]ation ( ! roots1 :ile ! entry ( ! fungi 0 %[n to be subsequ5t to ! appe>ance ( ! physiological disease4 ,! pres5ce ( alg 9 ! swamp wat] 0 f\nd to prev5t ! appe>ance ( ?is disease1 9 t !y unite ) o!r organisms to =m a m or less cont9u\s /ratum ov] ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 & add to ! gases :i* accumulate !re l>ge quantities ( oxyg5 evolv$ dur+ photosyn!sis4 ,! conc5tration ( dissolv$ oxyg5 9 ! wat] p]colat+ ?r\gh ! soil is !reby rais$ to a maximum1 & ! heal?y gr[? ( ! crop ensur$4 ,?is "w has be5 corroborat$ by ,h>rison & ,aiy] 9 ,india1 & a suffici5t supply ( alg 9 ! swamp wat] is n[ reg>d$ z "o ( ! ess5tials = ! production ( a good rice crop4 ,f :at has be5 said1 x appe>s t1 al?\gh our k ( ! soil alg is extremely limit$1 & our conception ( ! "p !y play is l>gely bas$ on speculation1 yet ! subject is "o ( enorm\s int]e/ & wor?y ( inve/igation 9 _m directions4 ,9 its pres5t undevelop$ /ate1 x is a little difficult to =esee :i* l9es ( /udy are likely to prove mo/ pr(itable1 b !re is little d\bt t ev5tually ! soil alg w be %[n to play a significant "p 9 ! economy ( ! soil4 ,,select$ ,,bibliography4 99 ,pap]s giv+ ext5sive bibliographies4 ,i4 ,,g5]al4 #a ,bri/ol1 ,b4 ,m41 8,on ! ,ret5tion ( ,vitality by ,alg f ,old ,/or$ ,soils10 ,new ,phyt41 #aiai1 xviii41 ,nos4 #c & #d4 #b ,bri/ol1 ,b4 ,m41 8,on ! ,alga-,flora ( "s ,desiccat$ ,engli% ,soils3 an ,important ,factor 9 ,soil ,biology10 ,annals ( ,botany1 #aibj1 vol4 xxxiv41 ,no4 #acc4 #c ,brizi1 ,u41 8,ric]*e sulla ,malattia del ,riso detta #8,brusone1' ,sect4 ,,iv4 ,influ5za *e le alghe v]di es]citano 9 risaia10 ,annu>io dell ,in/ituzione ,agr>ia ,dott4 ,a4 ,ponti1 ,milan1 #aije1 vol4 vi41 pp4 #hd-hi4 #d ,esm>*1 ,f41 8,beitrag zur ,cyanophyce5-,flora uns]] ,koloni510 ,jahrb4 d] ,hamburgis*5 wiss5s*4 ,an/alt51 #aiaj1 xxviii41 #c4 ,beiheft1 ,s4 #fb-hb4 #e ,esm>*1 ,f41 8,unt]su*ung5 b] die ,v]breitung d] ,cyanophyce5 auf und 9 v]s*i$55 ,bod510 ,h$wigia1 #aiad1 ,b& lv41 ,heft #d-e4 #f ,frits*1 ,f4 ,e41 8,! ,rle ( ,algal ,gr[? 9 ! ,colonisation ( ,new ,gr\nd & 9 ! ,det]m9ation ( ,sc5]y10 ,geog4 ,j\rnal1 #aijg4 #g ,h>rison1 ,w4 ,h41 & ,aiy]1 ,p4 ,a4 ,subramania1 8,! ,gases ( ,swamp ,rice ,soils10 ,mem4 ,dept4 ,agr4 9 ,india1 ,*em4 ,s]4 7,i47 8,_! ,composition & ,relation%ip to ! ,crop10 #aiac1 vol4 iii41 ,no4 #c2 7,,ii47 8,_! ,utilisation = ! ,a]ation ( ! ,roots ( ! ,crop10 #aiad1 vol4 iv41 ,no4 #a2 7,,iv47 8,! ,s\rce ( ! ,gase\s ,soil ,nitrog510 #aiaf1 vol4 v41 ,no4 #a4 #h;a ,h5s51 ,v41 8,ueb] die ,be/immung des ,planktons od] des im ,me]e treib5d5 ,mat]ials am ,pflanz5 und ,?i]540 ,fnft] ,b]4 ,komm4 wiss4 ,unt]s4 deuts*5 ,me]e1 #ahhg4 #h ,moore1 ,g4 ,t41 & ,k>r]1 ,j4 ,l41 8,a ,subt]ranean ,alga ,flora10 ,ann4 ,miss4 ,bot4 ,g>d41 #aiai1 vi41 pp4 #bha-cjg4 #i ,nadson1 ,g41 8,die p]=i]5d5 7kalkbohr5de7 ,alg5 und ihre ,b$eutung 9 d] ,natur10 ,scripta bot4 hort4 ,univ4 ,imp4 ,petrop41 #aija1 ,bd4 #ag4 #aj ,pet]s51 ,j4 ,b41 8,danske ,ar(ile ,alg]10 ,d4 ,kgl4 ,danske ,vid5sk4 ,selsk4 ,skrift]1 #g ,raekke1 ,naturv4 og ma!m41 #aiae1 ,bd4 xii41 #g1 ,cop5hag54 #aa ,robb9s1 ,w4 ,w41 8,alg 9 "s ,colorado ,soils10 ,agric4 ,exp4 ,/a41 ,colorado1 #aiab1 ,bullet9 #ahd4 #ab ,treub1 8,notice sur la n\velle ,flora de ,krakatau10 ,ann4 ,j>d4 ,bot4 ,buit5zorg1 #ahhh1 vol4 vii41 pp4 #bba-bbc4 ,,ii4 ,,relation ,,( ,,alg ,,to ,,light ,,& ,,c>bon4 #ac ,art>i1 ,a41 8,zur ,ernhrungsphysiologie d] grn5 ,alg510 ,b]4 d] ,d4 bot4 ,ges41 #aija1 ,bd4 xix41 ,s4 #g4 #ad ,art>i1 ,a41 8,zur ,physiologie d] ,*lamydomonad5 7,*lam4 ,ehr5b]gii720 7,i47 ,jahrb4 f4 ,wiss4 ,bot41 #aiac1 ,bd4 lii41 ,s4 #daj2 7,,ii47 ,ibid41 #aiad1 ,bd4 liii41 ,s4 #ebg4 #ae ,adj>(1 ,m41 8,re*]*es exprim5tales sur la ,physiologie de quelques ,algues v]tes10 ,univ]sit de ,g5ve--,in/itut ,botanique1 ,pr(4 ,r4 ,*odat--#aije1 #f s]ie1 vii4 fascicule1 ,g5ve4 #af ,beij]9ck1 ,m4 ,w41 8,b]i*te b] me9e ,kultur5 ni$]] ,alg5 auf ,nhrgelat9e10 ,c5tr4 f4 ,bakt4 u4 ,p>as41 #ahic1 ,abt4 ,i41 ,bd4 xiii41 ,s4 #cfh1 ,j5a4 #ag ,bores*1 ,k41 8,die ,frbung von ,cyanophyce5 und ,*lorophyce5 9 ihr] ,abhngigkeit vom ,/ick/(fgehalt des ,sub/rates10 ,jahrb*] fr ,wiss4 ,botanik41 #aiac1 lii41 pp4 #ade-he4 #ah ,*odat1 ,r41 8tude critique et exprim5tale sur le polymorphisme des ,algues10 ,g5ve1 #aiji4 #ai ,*odat1 ,r41 8,la crsol-tyros9ase1 ractif des peptides et des polypeptides1 des protides et de la protolyse10 ,ar*iv4 des ,sci5ces physiques et naturelles1 #aiab4 #bj ,*odat1 ,r41 8,monographie d',algues en ,culture pure3 ,matriaux p\r la ,flore ,cryptogamique ,suisse10 #aiac1 vol4 iv41 fasc4 #b1 ,b]ne4 #ba ,dange>d1 ,p4 ,a41 8,obs]vations sur une ,algue cultive l'obscurit depuis huit ans10 ,compt4 ,r5d4 ,acad4 ,sci4 7,p>is71 #aiba1 vol4 clxxii41 ,no4 #e1 pp4 #bed-fj4 #bb t>d et ,b\ilhac1 8,sur la prs5ce de la *lorophyll dans un ,no/oc cultiv l'abri de la lumire10 ,compt4 ,r5d41 t4 cxxvii1 #ahih4 #bc ,gr9tzesco1 ,j41 8,re*]*es exprim5tales sur la morphologie et la physiologie exprim5tale de ,sc5$esmus acutus10 ,mey54 ,bull4 h]b4 ,boiss41 #aijb1 ,bd4 ii41 pp4 #bai-fd & #djf-bi4 #bd ,gr9tzesco1 ,j41 8,contribution l'tude des ,protococcoides3 ,*lorella vulg>is ,bey]9ck10 ,revue gnrale de ,botanique1 #aijc1 xv41 pp4 #e-ai1 #fg-hb4 #be 99 ,kuff]a?1 ,h41 8,contribution la physiologie d'une protococcace n\velle1 ,*lorella luteo-viridis ,*od4 n4 sp4 v>41 lutesc5s ,*od4 n4 v>410 ,recueil de l'in/itut bot4 ,lo ,err]a1 #aiac1 t4 ix1 p4 #aac4 #bf ,kuff]a?1 ,h41 8,re*]*es physiologiques sur les algues v]tes cultives en culture pure10 ,bull4 ,soc4 ,roy4 ,bot4 ,belgique1 #aiba1 liv41 pp4 #di-gg4 #bg ,magnus1 ,w41 & ,s*9dl]1 ,b41 8,ueb] d5 ,e9flusz d] ,nhrsalze auf die ,frbung d] ,oscill>i510 ,b]4 d] ,d4 ,bot4 ,gesells*aft1 #aiab-ac1 xxx41 p4 #cad4 #bh 99 ,nakano1 ,h41 8,unt]su*ung5 b] die ,entwicklungs- und ,ernhrungsphysiologie e9ig] ,*lorophyce510 ,j\rn4 ,college ( ,sci4 ,imp4 ,univ4 ,tokyo1 #aiag1 vol4 xl41 ,art4 #b4 #bi ,pr+%eim1 ,e41 8,kulturv]su*e mit *lorophyll-fhr5d5 ,mikroorganism510 ,cohns ,beitrge ,z4 ,biol4 d4 ,pflanz54 7,i47 ,die ,kultur von ,alg5 9 ,ag>1 #aiab1 ,bd4 xi41 ,s4 #bdi2 7,,ii47 ,zur ,physiologie d] ,eugl5a gracilis1 #aiac1 ,bd4 xii41 ,s4 #a42 7,,iii47 ,zur ,physiologie d] ,s*izophyce51 #aiac1 ,bd4 xii41 ,s4 #ii4 #cj ,radais1 8,sur la culture pure d'une algue v]te2 =mation de *lorophylle l'obscurit10 ,comptes ,r5dus1 #aijj1 cxxx41 p4 #gic4 #ca ,ri*t]1 ,o41 8,zur ,physiologie d] ,diatome540 7,i47 ,sitzb]4 d4 kais4 ,akad4 d4 ,w4 9 ,wi51 ma?1 naturw4 ,kl41 #aijf1 ,bd4 cxv41 ,abt4 ,i41 ,s4 #bg2 7,,ii47 ,d5ks*rift d4 ma?4 naturw4 ,kl4 d4 kais4 ,akad4 d4 ,w4 9 ,wi51 #aiji1 ,bd4 lxxxiv41 ,s4 #fff2 7,,iii47 ,sitzb]4 d4 ,kais4 ,akad41 etc41 #aiji1 ,bd4 cxviii41 ,abt4 ,i41 ,s4 #accg4 #cb ,ri*t]1 ,o41 8,ernhrung d] ,alg510 #aiaa4 #cc ,robb9s1 ,w4 ,j41 8,direct ,assimilation ( ,organic ,c>bon by ,c]atodon purpureus10 ,bot4 ,gaz41 #aiah1 lxv41 pp4 #edc-ea4 #cd ,s*9dl]1 ,b41 8,ueb] d5 ,f>b5we*sel d] ,oscill>i510 ,zeits*4 f4 ,bot41 #aiac1 v41 pp4 #dig-ege4 #ce ,t]netz1 ,*>lotte1 8,beitrge zur ,morphologie und ,physiologie d] ,eugl5a gracilis10 ,jahrb4 f4 ,wiss4 ,bot41 #aiab1 ,bd4 #ea1 ,s4 #dce4 ,,iii4 ,,relation ,,( ,,alg ,,to ,,nitrog54 #cf ,b]!lot1 8,re*]*es n\velles sur les microorganismes fixateurs de l'azote10 ,comptes ,r5d41 #ahic1 cxvi41 pp4 #hdb-di4 #cg ,b\ilhac1 ,r41 8,sur la fixation de l'azote atmosphrique p> l'association des algues et des bactries10 ,comptes ,r5d41 #ahif1 cxxiii41 pp4 #hbh-cj4 #ch ,b\ilhac & ,giu/9iani1 8,sur une culture de s>ras9 en prs5ce d'un mlange d'algues et de bactries10 ,comptes ,r5dus1 #aijc1 cxxxvii41 pp4 #abgd-gf4 #ci ,*>p5ti]1 ,p4 ,g41 8,alim5tation azote d'une algue3 ,le ,cy/ococcus humicola10 ,ann4 ,in/4 ,pa/eur1 #aijc1 #ag1 pp4 #cba-cd4 #dj ,fis*]1 ,hugo1 8b] ,symbiose von ,azotobact] mit ,oscill>i510 ,c5tr4 f4 ,bakt41 #aijd1 xii4 #da ,frank1 ,b41 8,ub] d5 exp]im5tell5 ,na*weis d] ,assimilation frei5 ,/ick/(fs dur* ,erdbewohn5de ,alg510 ,b]4 d] ,d4 ,bot4 ,gesells*41 #ahhi1 vol4 vii41 pp4 #cd-db4 #db ,frank1 ,b41 8,ueb] d5 geg5wrtig5 ,/& uns]] ,k5ntnisse d] ,assimilation elem5t>5 ,/ick/(fs dur* die ,pflanze10 ,b]4 d]4 ,d4 ,bot4 ,ges41 #ahhi1 vii41 #bcd-dg4 #dc ,frank1 ,b41 & ,otto1 ,r41 8,unt]su*ung5 b] ,/ick/(f ,assimilation 9 d] ,pflanze10 ,b]4 d] ,d4 ,bot4 ,ges41 #ahij1 viii41 #cca-cdb4 #dd ,gauti] & ,dr\91 8,re*]*es sur la fixation de l'azote p> le sol et les vgtaux10 ,compt4 ,r5d41 #ahhh1 cvi41 pp4 #aagd-gf2 ,g5]al ,conclusions1 p4 #abcb4 #de ,koss[its*1 ,p41 8,unt]su*ung5 b] die ,frage1 ob die ,alg5 frei5 ,/ick/(f fixir510 ,bot4 ,zeit41 #ahid1 ,heft #e1 ,s4 #ih-aaf4 #df ,krg]1 ,w41 und ,s*neidew9d1 8,s9d ni$]e *lorophyllgrne ,alg5 im/&e1 d5 frei5 ,/ick/(f d] ,atmosphre zu assimili]5 und ,bod5 an ,/ick/(f zu b]ei*]n80 ,l&wirts*aftli*e ,jahrb41 #aijj1 ,bd4 #bi1 ,s4 #gga-hjd4 #dg ,moore1 ,b5jam91 & ,t4 ,ar?ur ,web/]1 8,/udies ( ! photosyn!sis 9 f4w4a40 7,i47 8,! fixation ( bo? ,c & ,n f atmosph]e to =m organic tissue by gre5 plant cell02 7,,ii47 8,nutrition & gr[? produc$ by high gase\s dilutions ( simple organic comp\nds1 su* z =maldehyde & me?ylic alcohol02 7,,iii47 8,nutrition & gr[? by means ( high dilution ( ,,co & oxides ( ,n )\t access to atmosph]e10 ,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc41 ,london1 #aibj1 ,b4 xci41 pp4 #bja-ae4 #dg;a ,moore1 ,b41 ,:iteley1 ,web/]1 ,t4 ,a41 ,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc41 ,london1 ,b41 #aiba2 xcii41 pp4 #ea-fj4 #dh ,re9ke1 ,j41 8,symbiose von ,volvox und ,azotobact]10 ,b]4 d] d4 ,bot4 ,ges41 #aijc1 ,bd4 xxi41 ,s4 #dha4 #di ,russell1 ,e4 ,j41 & ,ri*>ds1 ,e4 ,h41 8,! wa%+ out ( ,nitrates by ,dra9age ,wat] f ,uncropp$ & ,unmanur$ ,l&10 ,j\rn4 ,agric4 ,sci41 #aibj1 vol4 x41 ,"p ,i4 #ej ,s*loes+1 fils1 & ,laur5t1 ,e41 8,re*]*es sur la fixation de l'azote libre p> les plantes10 ,ann4 de l',in/itut ,pa/eur1 #ahib1 vi41 pp4 #fe-aae4 #ea ,s*ramm1 ,j4 ,r41 8,! ,relation ( ,c]ta9 ,grass ,gre5 ,alg to ,elem5t>y ,nitrog510 ,ann4 ,mo4 ,bot4 ,g>d41 #aiad1 i41 ,no4 #b4 #eb ,wann1 ,f4 ,b41 8,! ,fixation ( ,nitrog5 by ,gre5 ,plants10 ,am]4 ,j\rn4 ,bot41 #aiba1 viii41 pp4 #a-bi4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,! ,,occurr5ce ,,( ,,fungi ,,9 ,,! ,,soil4 ,,note4--,i am indebt$ to my late colleague ,miss ,sibyl ,s4 ,jewson1 ,m4,sc41 = p]mission to include unpubli%$ data f our inve/igations on ! soil fungi4 ,9 #ahhf ,adametz1#a inve/igat+ ! bio*emical *anges occurr+ 9 soils1 isolat$ sev]al species ( fungi4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 only ) ! "w ( ,oudemans & ,kon+1#ag 9 #aijb :5 =ty-five species 7 isolat$ & describ$1 ! majority z new to sci5ce1 t ! real /udy ( ! fungus flora ( ! soil comm5c$4 ,!re is n[ no d\bt t fungi =m a l>ge & v important section ( ! p]man5t soil population1 & c]ta9 =ms are f\nd only 9 ! soil4 ,inde$1 ,takaha%i#bb has rev]s$ ! e>li] ideas by sugge/+ t fungus spores 9 ! air are d]iv$ f soil =ms4 ,! majority ( inve/igations on ?is subject fall1 p]haps1 into "o or m ( ?ree classes3 7a7 purely sy/ematic /udies su* z ^? ( ,oudemans & ,kon+1#ag ,dale1#e ,j5s51#i ,waksman1#be;a ,hagem1#h;c ,l5dn]1#ab & o!rs1 :i* consi/ 9 ! isolation & id5tification ( species f v>i\s soils3 7b7 physiological rese>*es1 su* z ^? ( ,hagem#h;c on ! ,mucor9e ( ,norway1 or ! _m inve/igations on ! bio*emical *anges 9 soils produc$ by fungi1 su* z ^? ( ,muntz & ,c\don1#ae ,mc,lean & ,wilson1#ae ,kopel(f1#aa ,godd>d1#g ,mc,beth & ,scales1#ad & o!rs3 7c7 quantitative /udies1 su* z ^? ( ,remy1#bj ,fis*]1#f ,ramann1#ah ,waksman1#be;c & ,takaha%i1#bb :i* involve num]ical e/imates ( ! fungus flora 9 soils4 ,,qualitative ,,/udy4 ,) v r>e exceptions soil fungi _c be exam9$ 9 situ1 & ! necess>y basis ( any qualitative rese>* is ! isolation ( ! organisms 9 pure culture4 ,mo/ soil =ms belong to ! ,fungi imp]fecti1 & (t5 %[ consid]able pla/icity on artificial m$ia4 ,?is makes x v difficult to det]m9e !m by comp>ison ) type h]b>ium specim5s or publi%$ morphological diagnoses4 ,9 consequ5ce _m soil fungi h n infrequ5tly be5 giv5 new specific names1 z humicola1 t]ricola1 & s =?1 :i* is v unsatisfactory1 & means t ! det]m9ations h little significance4 ,fur!rmore1 mo/ artificial m$ia are slight v>iations on a few common & simple !mes1 & are v selective1 p]mitt+ ! gr[? ( a moiety only ( ! fungi pres5t4 ,9 addition1 _m fungi gr[ s sl[ly t !y are ov]:elm$ by ! m rapidly g]m9at+ or spread+ =ms1 or on ! o!r h&1 !y may be elim9at$ by ! metabolic products ( diff]5t adjac5t colonies4 ,! extremely selective nature ( ! te*nique commonly us$ is %[n if "o tabulates sy/ematically all ! fungi :i* h be5 record$ or describ$ 9 soil inve/igations4 ,( ,phycomycetes !re are fifty-six species ( elev5 g5]a2 ( ,ascomycetes twelve species ( eight g5]a2 & ( ,fungi imp]fecti1 includ+ ,act9omycetes b n /]ile ,mycelia1 #aig species ( sixty-two g5]a4 ,ru/s & ,smuts "o might n expect1 b t ( ! multitudes ( ,basidiomycetes gr[+ 9 wood & mead[ n "o %\ld h be5 record$ is inde$ />tl+4 ,x 0 at fir/ ?\ght t _m imp]fect fungi might be conidial /ages ( ,basidiomycetes1 b mu* se>* among =ms isolat$ at ,ro?am/$ has1 up to ! pres5t1 fail$ to reveal clamp connections 9 ! hyph4 ,s9ce v>i\s species ( soil fungi h diff]5t optimum temp]ature1 humidity & o!r conditions#c "o w\ld n expect to f9d an ev5 geographic di/ribution4 ,v little is yet kn[n ( ?is aspect1 b ,rhizopus nigricans1 ,mucor racemosus1 ,zygorrhyn*us vuillem9ii1 ,asp]gillus nig]1 ,tri*od]ma kon+i1 ,cladosporium h]b>um1 & _m species ( ,asp]gillus1 ,p5icillium1 ,fus>ium1 ,alt]n>ia1 & ,cephalosporium h be5 commonly f\nd ?r\gh\t ,nor? ,am]ica & ,europe :]ev] soils h be5 exam9$4 ,species ( ,asp]gillus1 h[ev]1 w\ld appe> to be m common 9 ! soils ( s\? temp]ate regions & species ( ,p5icillium1 ,mucor1 ,tri*od]ma1 & ,fus>ium m abundant 9 nor!rn soils4 ,x is well kn[n t 9 _m plant & animal communities !re occurs a def9ite rhy?m1 v>i\s species foll[+ ea* o!r 9 a regul> sequ5ce z dom9ants 9 ! population4 ,al?\gh x is n yet possible to make any def9ite /atem5t !re w\ld seem indications t ?is may also be true ( ! soil fungi4 ,mu* "w has be5 done on ! di/ribution ( species at diff]5t dep?s 9 ! soil1 b ! results are /ill confus+4 ,?us1 exam9+ eighte5 species1 ,godd>d#g f\nd no diff]5ce 9 relative di/ribution d[n to #e in*es4 ,w]k5?9#bf f\nd id5tical species f #a-d in*es1 & !n an abs5ce ( fungi f #e-g in*es1 :i* latt] 0 ! greate/ dep? he exam9$4 ,waksman#be f\nd little diff]5ce 9 ! fir/ six in*es1 b v few species bel[ #h in*es except ,zygorrhyn*us vuillem9ii1 :i* ext5d$ d[n to #cj in*es & 0 (t5 ! only species occurr+ bel[ #ab in*es4 ,taylor#bc has report$ species ( ,fus>ium at practically e dep? to #bd in*es4 ,ra?bun#ai f\nd ,asp]gillus nig]1 ,rhizopus nigricans1 & species ( ,fus>ium & ,mucor d[n to #cd in*es1 & ,oospora lactis1 ,tri*od]ma kon+i1 ,zygorrhyn*us vuillem9ii & species ( ,p5icillium1 ,spic>ia & ,sac*>omyces z deep z #dd in*es4 ,elev5 species 7 isolat$ f ! alim5t>y canal ( grubs & worms1 & ,ra?bun conclud$ t soil fungi may be spread by ^! organisms4 ,on an unmanur$ grass plot at ,ro?am/$ tw5ty species 7 isolat$ f a dep? ( #a in*1 n9ete5 f #f in*es1 & elev5 f #ab in*es1 :]eas on ! unmanur$ plot ( ,broadbalk :eat field tw5ty-six species 7 obta9$ f #a in*1 sev5 f #f in*es1 & five f #ab in*es4 ,!re appe>$ to be no conspicu\s diff]5ces betwe5 ! floras ( ! two plots save t 9 ! ,broadbalk plot !re 7 few] ,mucorales1 & ,zygorrhyn*us mll]i & ,absidia cyl9drospora 7 abs5t4 ,9 ! grass plot samples ab\t "o-half ! =ms occurr+ at ! l[] levels 7 isolat$ also f ! upp] levels1 b 9 ! ,broadbalk sample ! five =ms isolat$ f #ab in*es1 & five out ( sev5 ( ^? at #f in*es occurr$ only at ^? levels1 i4e4 ea* ( ! ?ree levels appe>$ to h a specific flora4 ,! diff]5ce 9 dep? di/ribution 9 ^! two cases may be due to ! fact t 9 ! ,broadbalk plot ! /iff clay subsoil occurs at #e-g in*es1 :]eas 9 ! grass plot ! dep? ( soil is great] ?an #ab in*es4 ,mu* fur!r "w ne$s to be done on ?is aspect be=e any def9ite conclusion c be rea*$4 ,mu* scatt]$ in=mation is available conc]n+ ! effect ( soil type1 manur+1 treatm5t1 cropp+1 & s =? ^u ! fungus cont5t1 b no cle> issue z yet em]ges f ! results4 ,hagem#h f\nd t cultivat$ soils v>y greatly f =e/ soils 9 ! species ( ,mucor pres5t1 & t c]ta9 species seem to be associat$ 9 simil> environm5ts4 ,?us 9 p9ewoods ,mucor ramannianus is usually f\nd1 toge!r ) ,m4 /rictus1 ,m4 flavus1 & ,m4 sylvaticus1 & ) ?is 8,m4 ,ramannianus ,society10 ,m4 racemosus1 ,m4 hiemalis1 & ,absidia or*idis1 are frequ5tly associat$4 ,! diff]5ces f\nd by ,hagem betwe5 ! species ( ,mucor f =e/ & cultivat$ l& c\ld n1 h[ev]1 be confirm$ by ,w]k5?94#bf ,dale1#e exam9+ s&y1 *alky1 peaty & black e>? soils1 f\nd specific diff]5ces1 al?\gh _m ( ! species 7 common to all4 ,a soil :i* _h be5 manur$ cont9u\sly = ?irty-eight ye>s ) ammonium sulphate alone1 conta9$ tw5ty-two species1 :]eas ! same soil ) ! addition ( lime only _h ?irte5 species4 ,bo? ,godd>d#g & ,w]k5?91#bf 9 _! inve/igations1 f\nd a con/ant & *>act]i/ic fungus flora reg>dless ( soil type1 tillage1 or manur+4 ,waksman's#be /udies ( =e/ soils %[$ few species ( ,mucor b _m ( ,p5icillium & ,tri*od]ma#b2 or*>d soil conta9$ no species ( ,tri*od]ma1 v few ( ,p5icillium1 b a l>ge numb] ( species ( ,mucor2 species ( ,tri*od]ma 7 common 9 acid soils1 :il/ cultivat$ g>d5 soil conta9$ all =ms4 ,! exam9ation ( v diff]5tly manur$ plots on ! ,broadbalk :eat field at ,ro?am/$ has n %[n any /rik+ diff]5ces 9 ! fungus flora1 all ! m important gr\ps ( species be+ repres5t$ 9 e plot1 b significant m9or diff]5ces are pres5t4 ,?us1 plot #ac1 manur$ ) d\ble ammonium salts1 sup]phosphate & sulphate ( pota%1 is especially ri* 9 8species0 ( ,tri*od]ma1 :]eas ! unmanur$ plot conta9s l>ge numb]s ( species ( gre5 ,p5icillium1 ,tri*od]ma1 & a species ( ,botrytis 7pyramidalis874 ,! effect ( ! crop ^u ! fungus flora is se5 9 cases :]e ! same crop is gr[n ye> aft] ye> z 9 c]ta9 flax areas1 :]e species ( ,fus>ium accumulate 9 ! soil & t5d to produce 8flax sickness40#ac ,,quantitative ,,/udy4 ,z x is n possible to c\nt ! soil fungi 9 situ1 any e/imation ( ! numb]s pres5t 9 a soil mu/ be arriv$ at by indirect means4 ,! me?od adopt$ is to make z f9e a susp5sion z possible ( a kn[n quantity ( soil sample 9 a kn[n am\nt ( wat]1 dilute ?is to #a_/ejjj1 #a_/ajjjj1 & s =? by regul> gradations1 incubate cubic c5timetres ( ! f9al dilution on artificial m$ia 9 petri di%es1 & c\nt ! colonies ( fungi develop+ 9 ea* plate4 ,us+ ! av]age figures f a s]ies ( duplicate plates1 ! numb] ( 8individual0 fungi 9 a gram ( ! orig9al soil sample may !n be calculat$4 ,! v few /ud5ts :o h made quantitative e/imations h obta9$ v unsatisfactory results4 ,9 bact]ial or protozoal e/imations1 ! %ak+ ( ! soil susp5sion sep>ates ! unicellul> individuals1 s t 9 ! f9al plat+s ea* individual f ! soil !oretically gives rise to "o colony on ! m$ium4 ,9 ! case ( fungi1 ! organisms may be 9 ! =m ( unicellul> or multicellul> spores or l>g] or small] masses ( unicellul> or multicellul> mycelium diff]+ = ea* p>ticul> species or phase ( developm5t )9 ! s+le species4 ,! organisms may be /]ile 9 ! soil or =m fruit+ bodies1 consi/+ ( few or myriads ( locally or widely di/ribut$ spores4 ,9 ! process ( %ak+ ! soil-susp5sion fungi ( diff]5t organisation or ( diff]+ developm5tal /ages may be brok5 up & moieties fragm5t$ 9 totally diff]5t ways or to v diff]5t degrees4 ,) protozoa & bact]ia ! relation ( soil individual to plate colony is direct2 ) fungi we d n "k :at is ! soil 8individual0 nor :e!r x is ! same = diff]5t fungi2 nor c we yet pr(itably discuss any significant num]ical relation%ip ( plate colonies to soil organisms4 ,?us ,conn#d has po9t$ out t ! plate c\nt ( a fungus indicates only ! ability to produce reproductive bodies & f\nd t ! spores ( "o colony ( ,asp]gillus1 if di/ribut$ ev5ly ?r\gh a kilogram ( soil1 c\ld produce ! av]age plate c\nts obta9$ by ,waksman4 ,abundant vegetative gr[? may1 9 "s species1 r$uce or inhibit spore =mation1 s t ( two species ! "o giv+ a l[] c\nt might really be mu* ! m important & pl5tiful 9 ! soil4 ,fur!r1 ! colonies develop+ 9 ! f9al plates repres5t only a select$ few ( ! fungi pres5t 9 ! soil sample1 ! ,basidiomycetes1 & no d\bt _m o!r =ms1 be+ abs5t4 ,9 addition1 diff]5t m$ia diff] among !mselves 9 ! av]age numb] ( colonies develop+ on ! plates1 ea* m$ium giv+1 z x 71 its own po9t ( view4 ,?us1 9 "o exp]im5t c>ri$ out at ,ro?am/$ by ,miss ,jewson1 us+ ! same soil susp5sion1 tw5ty plates ( ,coon's ,ag> gave #ceg colonies1 ( ,cook's ,ag> #bdf1 ( ,czapek's ,ag> #bae1 & ( ,prune ,ag> #cff4 ,?us if "o only us$ ,coon's ,ag> & ,prune ,ag> "o w\ld obta9 a total ( #gbc colonies1 :]eas ! same susp5sion on ,cook's ,ag> & ,czapek's ,ag> w\ld give only #dfa1 & ! calculat$ numb]s ( fungi p] gram ( soil w\ld be totally diff]5t4 ,fur!r1 if a s+le m$ium be tak51 x is f\nd t slight alt]ations 9 ! degree ( acidity may make v consid]able diff]5ces 9 ! f9al numb]s4 ,?us ,coon's ,ag> acidifi$ to a hydrog5 ion conc5tration ( #ej gave z ! results ( f\r s]ies ! foll[+ av]age numb]s ( colonies p] plate1 #ag1 #bcge1 #ah1 #bc4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! m$ium 0 acidifi$ to a ,,ph ( #dj to #dc1 correspond+ av]ages f ?ree s]ies 7 #ch1 #dfc1 & #ddh2 i4e4 ! f9al e/imations ( numb]s ( fungi 9 ! soil 0 ab\t twice z great4 ,aga91 ! degree ( dilution ( soil susp5sion us$ 9 plat+ may also be a v s]i\s factor4 ,?us1 if a s]ies ( dilutions be made ( #a_/hj1jjj1 #a_/dj1jjj1 #a_/bj1jjj1 #a_/aj1jjj1 #a_/e1jjj & #a_/b1ejj1 ! av]age plate numb]s %\ld be 9 ! proportions ( #a1 #b1 #d1 #h1 #af1 & #cb respectively4 ,9 an actual exp]im5t1 ! foll[+ av]age plate numb]s 7 obta9$1 #aed1 #cbh1 #eia1 #ajdj1 #aej1 #bbde1 :i* %[ a v decid$ r$uction 9 ! high] numb]s4 ,if1 h[ev]1 dilutions ( a susp5sion ( spores ( a s+le species be made1 ?is r$uction does n occur4 ,^! are b ?ree ( ! v num]\s factors involv$ 9 ! te*nique ( quantitative e/imation1 & e s+le factor may be ! s\rce ( errors ( simil> magnitude1 m9ute fluctuations 9 ! op]ations lead+ to ! f9al plat+s hav+ v consid]able effect ^u ! numb]s ( colonies t develop4 ,by critically evaluat+ ea* p>ticul> factor 9 ! me?od1 & mak+ /ati/ical correction1 x has1 h[ev]1 be5 f\nd possible to obta9 s]ies ( duplicate plates comp>+ v fav\rably & ?us to extract c]ta9 figures :i*1 :il/ n possess+ any f9al value1 h yet a c]ta9 g5]al & comp>ative wor?4 ,?us1 #bjj1 #ahb1 & #afh 7 obta9$ z ! av]ages ( six plates ea*1 ( a soil susp5sion divid$ into ?ree p>ts1 & ! individual plate numb]s 9 all ?ree s]ies 7 )9 ! range ( normal di/ribution4 ,! mean+ ( ^! num]ical e/imates 9 relation to fungi p] gram ( soil sample is1 h[ev]1 entirely hypo!tical1 & to h value quantitative comp>ison %\ld only be made betwe5 s+le species or gr\ps ( species closely relat$ physiologically1 & :]e ! te*nique is /&>dis$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai4--,mon?ly ,c\nts ( ,numb]s ( ,fungi p] gramme ( ,dry ,soil4 ,broadbalk ,plot #b 7,f>my>d ,manure71 ,ro?am/$4 ,x-axis3 ,apr4 #aiba ,may ,jun4 ,jul4 ,aug4 ,sep4 ,oct4 ,nov4 ,dec4 ,jan4 #aibb ,feb4 ,m>4 ,apr4 ,may ,jun4 ,jul4 ,aug4 ,sep4 ,oct4 ,y-axis3 #aj4jjj p] ,gramme ( ,soil ,no comp>ative e/imations h be5 made ( ! numb] ( fungi 9 ! soils ( diff]5t regions4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 c]ta9 figures :i* %[ t decid$ seasonal diff]5ces exi/4 ,?us1 correct+ & av]ag+ c]ta9 ( ,waksman's results#be ! foll[+ numb]s ( fungi p] gram ( soil at #d in*es deep are obta9$2 ,septemb]1 #gfh1jjj2 ,octob]1 #ebb1jjj2 ,novemb]1 #caj1jjj2 ,janu>y1 #ahb1jjj4 ,at ,ro?am/$ results h be5 obta9$ :i* w\ld appe> to m>k a cle> seasonal rhy?m1 correspond+ 9 ! "t ( its maxima 9 ,autumn & ,spr+ ) ! p]iodicities kn[n = _m o!r ecological communities 7,fig4 #ai74 ,! numb]s ( fungi at v>i\s dep?s 9 ! soil %[ v cle>ly m>k$ diff]5ces4 ,! di/ribution 9 ! top #d-f in*es dep5d+ probably ^u ! dep? ( soil1 is m or less equal1 b !re is a v rapid fall+ (f 9 numb]s1 especially betwe5 #e-i in*es1 until at #bj-cj in*es fungi are ei!r v few 9 numb] or abs5t4 ,?us ,takaha%i#bb f\nd #eij1jjj fungi p] gram at a dep? ( #b cms4 & only #afj1jjj at #h cms4 ,,table ,,xiii4--,,influ5ce ,,( ,,soil ,,treatm5t ,,^u ,,! ,,numb]s ,,( ,,fungi ,,z ,,det]m9$ ,,by ,,! ,,plate ,,me?od--7,,aft] ,,waksman74 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,numb]s ( ,fungi ,soil ,f]tilisation4 ,reaction4p] ,gram ( ,soil4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,p4,h4 ,m9]als only #ef #cg1cjj ,heavily manur$ #eh #gc1jjj ,sodium nitrate #eh #df1jjj ,ammonium sulphate #dj #aaj1jjj ,m9]als & lime #ff #bf1bjj ,ammonium sulphate & lime #fb #ci1ajj ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,! type ( soil & its treatm5t ex]cise a great influ5ce ov] ! numb] ( fungi pres5t4 ,fis*]#f f\nd t f>my>d manure increas$ ! numb] ( fungi 9 uncultivat$ 8,ho*moor10 cultivat$ 8,grunl&moor10 & a clay soil by two1 ?ree1 & five times respectively4 ,waksman's results#be indicate t ! m f]tile soils conta9 m fungi1 bo? 9 numb] & species1 ?an ! less f]tile ones1 & if "o av]ages 8 results1 ! foll[+ figures are obta9$3 g>d5 soil1 #ebe1jjj p] gram2 or*>d soil1 #bej1jjj2 mead[ soil1 #gej1jjj2 & =e/ soil1 #aea1jjj4 ,rec5tly ,waksman#be;e has f\nd t manure & acid f]tilis]s increase ! numb]s ( fungi 9 ! soil1 :]eas ! addition ( lime decreases !m 7,table ,,xiii474 ,jones & ,murdock#aj exam9$ surface & sub-surface samples ( =ty-six soils repres5t+ sev5te5 soil types 9 ea/]n ,ont>io4 ,molds 7 fairly uni=m 9 numb]s 9 all soils except a s&y clay loam & s&y clay %ale1 9 :i* !y 7 abs5t4 ,x has also frequ5tly be5 po9t$ out t acid & wat]-logg$ soils are ri*] 9 fungus cont5t ?an normal agricultural soils4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,br[n & ,halv]s5#b f\nd1 exam9+ six plots receiv+ diff]5t treatm5t & /udi$ ?r\gh a complete ye>1 t ! numb]s ( fungi 7 unaffect$ by moi/ure1 temp]ature1 or soil treatm5t4 ,aga9/ ?is1 h[ev]1 mu/ be set ! "w ( ,coleman#c :o /udi$ ! activities ( fungi 9 /]ile soils & f\nd su* factors z temp]ature1 a]ation & food supply to ex]cise a decid+ control4 ,inve/igations at ,ro?am/$ %[ t ,broadbalk plot #ac1 receiv+ d\ble ammonium salts1 sup]phosphate & sulphate ( pota% & yield+ #ca bu%els p] acre1 & plot #b1 receiv+ f>my>d manure & yield+ #ceb bu%els1 conta9 approximately equal numb]s ( fungi4 ,?is figure is ab\t half z high aga9 z t = plot #c1 :i* is unmanur$ & yields #abf bu%els1 plot #aj1 ) d\ble ammonium salts alone & yield+ #bj bu%els1 & plot #aa1 ) d\ble ammonium salts & sup]phosphate & yield+ #bbi bu%els p] acre4 ,a prim>y factor1 h[ev]1 9 all consid]ations su* z ^! is ! equality ( di/ribution ( fungi lat]ally 9 any p>ticul> soil4 ,!re are probably few soils s homog5e\s z ! ,broadbalk plots at ,ro?am/$1 & on plot #b 7f>my>d manure s9ce #aheb7 samples tak5 f ! l[] & upp] ends & ! middle region gave av]age numb]s ( colonies p] plate ( #bd1 #bc1 & #be respectively4 ,on ! o!r h&1 soil samples tak5 only a few y>ds ap>t 9 ! middle region ( ! plot gave av]age plate c\nts ( #ccg & #efh4 ,,conclusion4 ,survey+ g5]ally ! field cov]$ 9 ?is *apt]1 "o c only be impress$ ) ! fragm5t>y "* ( our k & ) ! fact t1 ow+ to ! selective nature ( ! te*nique1 ! data we possess1 if assum$ to be repres5tative1 give an entirely p>tial & errone\s picture ( ! soil fungi4 ,f ! qualitative aspect1 ! *ief imp$im5t is ! impossibility ( obta9+ reliable specific det]m9ations ( v _m ( ! soil fungi4 ,li/s ( d\btfully-nam$ =ms f p>ticul> soils or geographic regions are useless or a positive evil1 & !re is imp]ative ne$ = ! sy/ematis+ ( select$ g5]a by physiological crit]ia1 su* z has be5 p>tially done = ,p5icillium1 ,fus>ium1 & ,asp]gillus4 ,fur!rmore1 until a /&>dis$ & non-selective te*nique has be5 devis$1 or a numb] ( /&>dis$ selective me?ods = p>ticul> gr\ps1 comp>ative inve/igations into specific di/ribution c give little ( value4 ,?is latt] criticism is also v applicable if reg>d be paid to ! quantitative aspect ( soil "w1 = progress "h l>gely dep5ds ^u ! elaboration ( a /&>dis$ fractionation te*nique4 ,e s+le factor 9 ^! me?ods ne$s exact analysis1 = ea* gives opportunity = great error1 & ea* error is magnifi$ _m ?\s& times 9 ! f9al results4 ,mu* has be5 done 9 ?is direction at ,ro?am/$1 b m rema9s to d4 ,f9ally1 work+ ) s+le species 9 /]ilis$ soil "u /&>dis$ conditions1 !re is fundam5tal "w to be done on ! relation ( plate colony to soil 8individual40 #a ,adametz1 ,i41 8,unt]su*ung5 b] die ni$]5 ,pilze d] ,ack]krume10 ,inaug4 ,diss41 ,leipzig1 #ahhf4 #b ,br[n1 ,p4 ,e41 & ,halv]s51 ,w4 ,v41 8,effect ( ,seasonal ,conditions & ,soil ,treatm5t on ,bact]ia & ,molds 9 ,soil10 ,i[a ,agric4 ,expt4 ,/a4 #aiba1 ,res4 ,bull41 #ef4 #c ,coleman1 ,d4 ,a41 8,environm5tal ,factors ,influ5c+ ! ,activity ( ,soil ,fungi10 ,soil ,sci41 #aiaf1 v41 #b4 #d ,conn1 ,h4 ,j41 8,! ,microscopic ,/udy ( ,bact]ia & ,fungi 9 ,soil10 ,n4,y4 ,agric4 ,expt4 ,/a41 #aiah1 ,bull4 #fd4 #e ,dale1 ,e41 7a7 8,on ! ,fungi ( ! ,soil10 ,ann4 ,mycol41 #aiab1 #aj2 7b7 8,on ! ,fungi ( ! ,soil10 ,ann4 ,mycol41 #aiad1 #ab4 #f ,fis*]1 ,h41 8,bakt]iologis*-*emis*e ,unt]su*ung52 ,bakt]iologis*5 ,teil10 ,l&w4 ,jahrb41 #aiji1 #ch4 #g ,godd>d1 ,h4 ,m41 8,c ,fungi liv+ 9 ,agricultural ,soil ,assimilate ,free ,nitrog580 ,bot4 ,gaz41 #aiac1 #ef4 #h ,hagem1 ,o41 7a7 8,unt]su*ung5 b] ,norwegis*e ,mucor9e5 ,i41 ,vid5sk4 ,selsk1 ,i410 ,ma?4 ,naturw4 ,klasse1 #aijg1 #g2 7b7 8,unt]su*ung5 b] ,norwegis*e ,mucor9e5 ,,ii41 ,vid5sk4 ,selsk4 ,i410 ,ma?4 ,naturw4 ,klasse1 #aiaj1 #aj4 #i ,j5s51 ,c4 ,n41 8,fungus ,flora ( ! ,soil10 ,n4,y4 7,cornell7 ,agric4 ,expt4 ,/a41 #aiab1 ,bull4 #cae4 #aj ,jones1 ,d4 ,h41 & ,murdock1 ,f4 ,g41 8,quantitative & ,qualitative ,bact]ial ,analysis ( ,soil ,samples tak5 9 ,fall ( #aiah10 ,soil ,sci41 #aiai1 #h4 #aa ,kopel(f1 ,n41 8,! ,effect ( ,soil ,reaction on ,ammonification by ,c]ta9 ,soil ,fungi10 ,soil ,sci41 #aiaf1 #a4 #ab ,l5dn]1 ,a41 8,les ,mucor9es de la ,suisse10 #aijh4 #ac ,manns1 ,s4 ,f41 8,fungi ( ,flax-sick ,soil & ,flax ,se$10 ,!sis1 ,n4 ,dak4 ,agric4 ,expt4 ,/a41 #aijc4 #ad ,mc,beth1 ,i4 ,g41 & ,scales1 ,f4 ,m41 8,! ,de/ruction ( ,cellulose by ,bact]ia & ,filam5t\s ,fungi10 ,u4,s4 ,dept4 ,agric4 ,bur4 ,plant ,indu/41 #aiac1 ,bull4 #bff4 #ae ,mc,lean1 ,h4 ,c41 & ,wilson1 ,g4 ,w41 8,ammonification ,/udies ) ,soil ,fungi10 ,n4,j4 ,agric4 ,expt4 ,/a41 #aiad1 ,bull4 #bgj4 #af ,muntz1 ,a41 & ,c\don1 ,h41 8,la f]m5tation ammoniaque de la t]re10 ,compt4 ,r5d4 ,acad4 ,sci4 7,p>is71 #ahic1 #aaf4 #ag ,oudemans1 ,a4 ,c41 & ,kon+1 ,c4,j41 8,prodrome d'une flore mycologique1 obt5ue p> la culture sur gelat9 prp>e de la t]re humeuse du ,sp&]sw\d1 prs de ,bussum10 ,ar*4 ,nerl&4 ,sci4 ,exact et ,nat41 #aijb1 s4 ii41 #g4 #ah ,ramann1 ,e41 8,bod5kunde10 ,b]l91 #aije4 #ai ,ra?bun1 ,a4 ,e41 8,! ,fungus ,flora ( ,p9e ,se$ ,b$s10 ,phytopa?41 #aiah1 #h4 #bj ,remy1 ,t41 8,bod5bakt]iologis*5 ,/udi510 ,c5tr4 f4 ,bakt41 #aijb1 ii41 #h4 #ba ,%]bak(f1 ,c4 ,d41 8,fus>ia ( ,potatoes10 ,n4,y4 7,cornell7 ,agric4 ,expt4 ,/a41 #aiae1 ,mem4 #f4 #bb ,takaha%i1 ,t41 8,on ! ,fungus ,flora ( ! ,soil10 ,anns4 ,phytopa?4 ,soc41 ,japan1 #aiai1 #a4 #bc ,taylor1 ,m4 ,w41 8,! ,v]tical ,di/ribution ( ,fus>ium10 ,phytopa?41 #aiag1 #g4 #bd ,?om1 ,*41 8,cultural ,/udies ( ,species ( ,p5icillium10 ,u4,s4 ,dept4 ,agric4 ,bur4 ,animal ,indus41 #aiaj1 ,bull4 #aah4 #be ,waksman1 ,s4 ,a41 7a7 8,soil ,fungi & _! ,activities10 ,soil ,sci41 #aiaf1 #b2 7b7 8,d ,fungi ,actually ,live 9 ! ,soil & ,produce ,mycelium80 ,sci5ce1 #aiaf1 #dd2 7c7 8,is !re any ,fungus ,flora ( ! ,soil80 ,soil ,sci41 #aiag1 #c2 7d7 8,! ,importance ( ,mold ,action 9 ! ,soil10 ,soil ,sci41 #aiah1 #f2 7e7 8,! ,gr[? ( ,fungi 9 ! ,soil10 ,soil ,sci41 #aibb1 xiv4 #bf ,w]k5?91 ,f4 ,c41 8,fungus ,flora ( ,texas ,soils10 ,phytopa?41 #aiaf1 #f4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,! ,,life ,,( ,,fungi ,,9 ,,! ,,soil4 ,9 ! la/ *apt] fungi 7 consid]$ z s _m specific b functionless units 9 ! soil4 ,unless1 h[ev]1 !y are reg>d$ m]ely z in]t spore contam9ations f ! air1 a view :i* is n[ no long] t5able1 _! v pres5ce implies ! exi/5ce ( innum]able vital relation%ips betwe5 ! organisms & _! environm5t4 ,f ?is po9t ( view ! /udies treat$ 9 ! previ\s *apt] are b ! necess>y fir/ /eps to an und]/&+ ( ! relation ( soil fungi to liv+ plants & ( ! "p play$ by !m 9 ! soil economy4 ,,relation ,,( ,,soil ,,fungi ,,to ,,liv+ ,,plants4 ,old] classifications ( fungi frequ5tly divid$ ^! organisms into f\r categories--p>asites1 saprophytes1 facultative p>asites1 & facultative saprophytes1 b ! fur!r mycological /udies are c>ri$ ! m cle>ly x is se5 t ^! gr\ps are entirely artificial4 ,!re are probably few fungi t _c1 "u p>ticul> conditions1 invade liv+ tissues1 & x only seems a "q ( "t be=e at all ev5ts ! va/ majority ( fungi w be gr[n on syn!tic m$ia 9 ! laboratory4 ,f our pres5t po9t ( view ! importance ( ?is lies 9 ! fact t fungi liv+ saprophytically 9 ! soil may1 giv5 ! "r conditions or ! pres5ce ( "s p>ticul> ho/ plant1 become p>asites or symbionts1 & conv]sely well-kn[n pa?og5s may live a saprophytic exi/5ce4 ,?us ,cucumb] ,leaf ,spot is caus$ by ,colletotri*um oligo*tum1 & ,bewley#c has repeat$ly isolat$ ?is fungus f glas%\se manure & refuse ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,9 8 e>ly /udies1 ,butl]#ac isolat$ _m p>asitic species ( ,py?ium f ,indian soils1 & ! pres5ce ( ,p4 de ,b>yanum z a soil saprophyte has be5 confirm$ by ,bussey1 ,pet]s1 & ,ulri*4#aa ,de ,bruyn#ag has rec5tly f\nd t mo/ species ( ,phytoph?ora1 includ+ ,p4 ery?roseptica & ,p4 infe/ans may live z saprophytes 9 ! soil1 :il/ ,pratt#ec has isolat$ f virg9 l&s & des]t soils v>i\s fungi1 :i* cause disease 9 potatoes4 ,9 #aiab ,j5s5#bi gave a li/ ( tw5ty-?ree 8facultative p>asites0 isolat$ f soil1 & ^! are b a moiety ( ^? :i* c\ld be li/$ to-day4 ,fur!rmore1 x 0 %[n by ,frank#bd _m decades ago t =e/ humus is n m]ely a mass ( ! rema9s ( animals & plants1 b t a consid]able "p ( its organic sub/ance is made up ( fungus hyph1 :i* ramify & p5etrate 9 all directions4 ,evid5ce is rapidly accumulat+ t ?is is also true ( mo/ o!r soils conta9+ organic matt]4 ,x is well kn[n t _m ( ! high] plants live 9 symbiotic or comm5sal relation%ip ) ^! humus fungi1 :i* are pres5t 9 ! ho/ tissues z mycorrhiza1 & fur!r /udies only s]ve to %[ ! widespread & fundam5tal nature ( ?is relation%ip4 ,?us _m ,basidiomycetes#ej 7species ( ,tri*oloma1 ,russula1 ,cort9>ius1 ,boletus1 ,elaphomyces1 etc47 possess a mycorrhizal relation%ip ) v>i\s broad leav$ trees1 su* z bee*1 hazel1 & bir*#eg & ) v>i\s conif]s & c]ta9 ,ericales4 ,o!r ,ericales %[ ?is relation%ip ) species ( ! g5us ,phoma1#fb _m or*ids1 ) species ( ,rhizoctonia#b 7or ,or*eomyces#aj71 :il/ ,ga/rodia elata conta9s ,armill>ia mellea4#cf ,c]ta9 species ( ,pt]idophyta & ,bryophyta are also kn[n to c]ta9 mycorrhizal fungi4 ,( ! num]\s fungi tak+ "p 9 ^! mycorrhizal relation%ips1 only a small numb] h yet be5 id5tifi$1 b !re is little d\bt t p]haps ! majority ( ^! organisms mu/ be reg>d$ z true soil =ms4#ad1de ,! mycological flora ( ! soil ?us plays an important "p 9 ! life ( _m high] =ms ( vegetation1 & ?is relation%ip is a v fruitful field = /udy4 ,,relation ,,( ,,fungi ,,to ,,soil ,,processes4 ,! great cycle ( *anges occurr+ 9 ! soil :]eby organic matt] is gradually trans=m$ & aga9 made available z plant food is entirely dep5d5t ^u micro-organisms4 ,until a decade ago x 0 ?\ght t bact]ia 7 by f> ! mo/ important gr\p conc]n$ 9 ! br++ ab\t ( ^! *anges1 b rec5t /udies h %[n t1 9 at all ev5ts c]ta9 arcs ( ?is great organic cycle1 ! fungi h1 p]haps1 an equal "p to play4 ,! life ( fungi 9 ! soil may1 = our purposes1 be consid]$ f ?ree po9ts ( view--_! "p 9 ! decomposition ( c>bon comp\nds1 _! nitrog5 relation%ips1 & _! "w 9 ! m9]al trans=mations ( ! soil4 ,,c>bon ,,relation%ips4 ,( prim>y importance 9 ! c>bon relation%ips ( soil fungi is ! "p play$ 9 ! decomposition ( ! celluloses1 :i* compose almo/ all ! /ructural rema9s ( plant tissues4 ,our fir/ real k ( ?is subject 0 giv5 by ,van ,it]son#bh 9 #aijd :5 he %[$ ! wide ext5t ( cellulose de/ruction by fungi1 & devis$ me?ods :]eby fifte5 cellulose-decompos+ =ms1 _m ( :i* h s9ce prov$ to be common soil fungi1 7 isolat$4 ,?ree ye>s lat] ,appel#a publi%$ 8 acc\nt ( ! g5us ,fus>ium1 & %[$ t _m ( ! species c\ld de/roy filt] pap]4 ,a difficulty 0 introduc$ 9 #aijh by ,s*ell5b]g1#fj :o1 work+ ) common soil =ms1 f\nd t only hemicelluloses & n pure cellulose 7 de/roy$4 ,?is has rec5tly be5 support$ by ,otto1#dh b f ! practical po9t ( view ! discussion is academic = ! am\nt ( pure cellulose 9 plants is insignificant4 ,9 #aiac ,mc,beth & ,scales#dc %[$ t a consid]able numb] ( common soil fungi 7 mo/ active cellulose de/roy]s1 pure precipitat$ cellulose & cotton be+ readily attack$4 ,?is 0 support$ by ,mc,beth 9 #aiaf1db :il/ ,scales#ei has f\nd t mo/ species ( ,p5icillium & ,asp]gillus decompose cellulose1 especially :]e ammonium sulphate is ! s\rce ( nitrog54 ,waksman#fe te/$ tw5ty-two soil fungi & f\nd t elev5 decompos$ cellulose rapidly & f\r sl[ly1 :il/ ,dascewska1#af ,waksman1#ff1fg & o!rs h conclud$ t soil fungi play a m important "p 9 ! decomposition ( cellulose & 9 8humification0 ?an soil bact]ia4 ,s*mitz#fa has rec5tly %[n t cellulose-de/roy+ bact]ia play no important "p 9 ! decay ( wood "u natural conditions4 ,9 addition to ! celluloses1 practically all simple & complex organic c>bon comp\nds are attack$ by soil fungi1 & 9 _m cases ! decomposition is v rapid4#bf ,_m ,act9omycetes1 ,asp]gilli & ,p5icillia are active />* splitt]s1 & x is ( int]e/ to note t "s ( ! /ronge/ cellulose decompos]s 7,melanconium sp41 ,tri*od]ma sp41 & ,fus>ia7 secrete little dia/ase4#ff ,! ,mucorales app>5tly d n attack cellulose1 b c only utilise pect9 bodies1 monosac*>ides1 & p>tly disac*>ides4#bf ,dox & ,neidig#ai h %[n t v>i\s species ( ,asp]gillus & ,p5icillium are able to attack ! soil p5tosans4 ,r\ssy1#eh ,koh%i1#bd ,v]kade & ,shng51#fd & _m o!r work]s h f\nd t fats & fatty acids are readily us$ z food by soil fungi1 & ,ko* & ,oelsn]#cc h rec5tly %[n t tann9s are readily assimilat$4 ,klck]1#cb ,ritt]1#ef & o!rs h %[n t ! utilisation ( _m c>bon comp\nds is to a l>ge ext5t det]m9$ by ! s\rce ( nitrog5 & its conc5tration 9 ! pabulum4 ,!re w\ld seem1 !re=e1 no d\bt t ! decomposition ( celluloses & o!r c>bon comp\nds is ( prim>y importance 9 ! life-activities ( soil fungi4 ,,nitrog5 ,,relation%ips4 ,9 ?is section we %all consid] ! problems ( nitrog5 fixation & nitrification1 ( ammonification1 & ( ! utilisation ( nitrog5\s comp\nds by soil fungi4 ,z soil fungi =m s l>ge a "p ( ! soil population1 ! "q ( :e!r !y c make use ( ! free nitrog5 ( ! air is ( prim>y importance4 ,dur+ ! la/ two decades _m inve/igators h attempt$ to solve ! problem1 (t5 /udy+ alli$ or id5tical species2 b if "o consults "s ?irty rese>*es publi%$ dur+ ?is p]iod1 op9ion is f\nd to be ab\t equally divid$4 ,ev51 h[ev]1 9 ^? /udies :]e nitrog5 fixation has be5 record$ ! am\nts are v slight1 usually be+ bel[ #e mgrms4 p] #ej c4c4 ( solution1 & (t5 be+ obvi\sly )9 ! limits ( exp]im5tal error4 ,la?am1#cg h[ev]1 work+ on ,asp]gillus nig]1 record$ v>iations rang+ f a nitrog5 loss ( #dbe mgrms4 to a nitrog5 fixation ( #bjea mgrms4 p] #ej c4c4 ( m$ium4 ,t]netz#fc f\nd t diff]5t /ra9s ( ,phoma radicis may fix f #be mgrms4 ( nitrog5 9 ! l[e/ case1 to #aeg mgrms4 9 ! highe/ p] #ej c4c4 ( nutri5t solution4 ,dugg> & ,davis#bj report t ,phoma bet may fix nitrog5 9 quantities ( #gge mgrms4 p] #ej c4c4 ( m$ium4 ,! latt] au?ors1 9 a v able critique ( ! problem1 indicate c]ta9 possible s\rces ( error 9 previ\s "w1 & if "o exam9es ! /udies 9 :i* nitrog5 fixation has be5 record$ 9 ! light ( ^! criticisms1 x is difficult n to ?9k t1 ) ! exception ( ! g5us ,phoma1 good evid5ce = nitrog5 fixation by fungi is lack+4 ,phoma bet is a common pa?og5 attack+ beets1 :il/ ,p4 radicis is a mycorrhizal =m inhabit+ v>i\s ,ericales4 ,ap>t f ^! exact quantitative /udies1 :i* h giv5 a negative v]dict1 !re is a consid]able am\nt ( positive b indirect evid5ce = nitrog5 fixation by mycorrhizal fungi1#ee & x is v un=tunate t m ( ^! =ms h n be5 inve/igat$ quantitatively4 ,z ! evid5ce /&s to-day1 "o mu/ conclude t ! fungus flora does n play any "p 9 ! direct nitrog5 enri*m5t ( ! soil4 ,equally obscure is ! "q ( nitrification & d5itrification by soil fungi1 b ?is is ! result ( a lack ( /udy r ?an ( a ple?ora ( indet]m9ate rese>*es4 ,direct nitrification or d5itrification has n be5 e/abli%$1 b ! "w ( ,laur5t#ch & a few o!r work]s appe>s to %[ t soil fungi c r$uce nitrates to nitrites4 ,! second prim>y nitrog5 relation%ip t we h to consid] is ! process ( ammonification4 ,! ammonify+ p[] ( soil fungi 0 fir/ demon/rat$ by ,muntz & ,c\don1#df & by ,m>*al#dj 9 #ahic1 ! =m] %[+ t ,mucor racemosus & ,fus>ium ,muntzii gave a l>g] accumulation ( ammonia 9 soil ?an any ( ! bact]ia te/$2 & ! latt] t ,asp]gillus t]ricola1 ,cephalo!cium roseum & o!r soil fungi 7 active ammonifi]s1 especially 9 acid soils4 ,%ibata1#fb ,p]otti1#di ,hagem1#bf ,kapp51#ca ,lhnis1#ci & o!rs1 h obs]v$ t urea1 dicyanamide & cyanamide are decompos$ ) ! lib]ation ( ammonia2 & ,hagem#bf has record$ ! same process = peptones1 am9o acids1 & o!r organic nitrog5 comp\nds 9 plant & animal rema9s 9 ! soil4 ,! latt] au?or consid]s soil fungi m important ammonify+ ag5ts 9 ! soil ?an bact]ia1 a conclusion 9 :i* ,mc,lean & ,wilson1#dd & p]haps mo/ lat] work]s concur4 ,mc,lean & ,wilson#dd f\nd l>ge diff]5ces 9 ! ammonify+ p[]s ( v>i\s soil fungi1 ! ,moniliace be+ ! /ronge/ ammonifi]s1 ! ,asp]gillace ! weake/4 ,g5]ic & specific diff]5ces h be5 confirm$ by ,coleman1#ae ,waksman1#fg & o!r au?ors4 ,waksman & ,cook#gj sugge/$ t su* v>iations may be due1 n to innate diff]5ces 9 ! metabolic activities ( ! sev]al organisms1 b to diff]5ces 9 reproductive times1 & t !re might be "s relation%ip betwe5 sporog5y & ! ability to accumulate nitrog54 ,kopel(f#ce has c>ri$ out exp]im5ts on ! inoculation ( /]ilis$ soil ) kn[n quantities ( spores & f\nd t1 al?\gh ! am\nt ( ammonia accumulat$ increas$ ) ! numb] ( spores ! proportion 0 n direct b modifi$ by ! food supply4 ,aft] ! fir/ five days' gr[?1 ! rate ( ammonia production v>i$ m>k$ly 9 a two-day rhy?m :i* seem$ to be due to ! metabolism ( ! fungus r ?an to recurr5t /ages ( spore =mation & g]m9ation 9 ! life hi/ory4 ,! am\nt ( ammonia lib]at$ has be5 %[n by rec5t "w#ff to dep5d ^u ! available s\rces ( c>bon & nitrog54 ,9 ! abs5ce ( a c>bohydrate supply ! prote9 is attack$ bo? = c>bon & nitrog51 & s9ce m ( ! =m] is requir$ mu* ammonia is lib]at$4 ,9 addition1 h[ev]1 to ! c>bon & nitrog5 control1 ! process ( ammonification by soil fungi is intimately relat$ to physical conditions4 ,work+ ) pure cultures1 ,mc,lean & ,wilson1#dd ,coleman1#ae ,kopel(f1#ce ,waksman & ,cook1#gj & o!r /ud5ts1 h %[n t ! am\nt ( ammonia accumulat$ dep5ds ^u su* factors z ! pres5ce ( phosphates1 ! p]iod ( incubation ( ! fungi1 a]ation1 ! moi/ure 9 ! soil1 ! temp]ature1 ! degree ( soil acidity1 ! type ( soil1 & s =?4 ,t fungi take a v important place z ammonify+ ag5ts 9 ! soil c no long] be d\bt$1 b ! "q yet rema9s to be consid]$ ( ! balance ( pr(it or loss result+ f _! activities4 ,x has usually be5 consid]$ t a "p ( ! ammonia fre$ is us$ by ! fungi !mselves1 b t ! great] "p is lib]at$1 & s r5d]$ available to nitrify+ organisms4 ,bo? ,nell]#dg & ,pott] & ,snyd]#ea f\nd t typical soil fungi inoculat$ into /]ile soil grew ) a vig\r approximately equal to ! gr[? induc$ by an inoculation ( ! entire soil flora4 ,?is is l>gely to be acc\nt$ = by ! fact t :5 soils are /]ilis$ by heat or by c]ta9 *emicals1 break+-d[n *anges occur1 & sub/ances are lib]at$ :i* are peculi>ly fav\rable to fungus gr[?4 ,?is fact mu/ be borne 9 m9d :5 int]pret+ ammonification & o!r /udies :]e ! me?od is t ( inoculation ( fungi into /]ilis$ soil4 ,9 _m cases x t5ds to nullify any application ( ! results to normal soils1 :il/ 9 o!rs ! conclusions mu/ be accept$ ) "s res]ve4 ,9 all cases ,pott] & ,snyd]#ea f\nd t fungi caus$ a dim9ution 9 ! am\nt ( nitrates1 t ! ammonia 0 n mu* *ang$ 9 am\nt1 & t !re 0 a decrease 9 ! quantities ( soluble non-prote9 nitrog54 ,! range ( organic & inorganic nitrog5\s comp\nds utilisable by soil fungi is v great4 ,ritt]#ef has %[n t c]ta9 =ms c use ! nitrog5 ( 8free0 nitric acid 9 ! m$ium2 ,ritt]1#ef ,hagem1#bf & o!rs1 t soil fungi c use ammonia nitrog5 equally ) nitrate nitrog51 & ,ehr5b]g#ba conclud$ t soil fungi play a m important "p 9 ! build+ ( album9oids f ammonia ?an bact]ia d4 ,ehrli*#bb has %[n t v>i\s het]ocyclic nitrog5 comp\nds & alkaloids c s]ve z s\rces ( nitrog5 to soil fungi1 :il/ ,ehrli* & ,jacobs5#bc h f\nd t soil fungi c =m oxy-acids f am9o-acids4 ,hagem1#bf ,povah1#eb ,bokorny1#f1h & o!rs1 /ate t = _m soil =ms organic nitrog5 s\rces are bett] ?an inorganic s\rces1 & t peptones1 am9o-acids1 urea1 & uric acids1 etc41 are v quickly utilis$ by species ( ,mucor1 yea/s1 & s =?4 ,butkevit*1#ab & ,dox#ah h rec5tly f\nd t x dep5ds on circum/ances :i* comp\nds ( prote9 molecule c be utilis$ by p>ticul> fungi1 & t soil fungi c utilise bo? am9o & amido complexes = ! =mation ( ammonia4 ,9 #aiai ,boas#d %[$ = ,asp]gillus nig] t if a numb] ( nitrog5\s comp\nds are available ! fungus absorbs ! mo/ highly dissociat$4 ,9 ! welt] ( scatt]$ obs]vations on ! utilisation ( nitrog5\s comp\nds1 x is difficult to trace any cle> issue4 ,t prote9s1 am9o-acids1 & o!r complex organic comp\nds are readily brok5 d[n to ammonia by soil fungi is cle>1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 x is also cle> t soil fungi utilise ext5sively ammonia & nitrates z s\rces ( nitrog54 ,on :i* side ! balance lies x is yet impossible to say4 ,,m9]al ,,relation%ips4 ,he9ze#bg & ,hagem#bf h /at$ t soil fungi make ! insoluble calcium1 phosphorus1 & magnesium comp\nds 9 soil soluble & available = plant food2 & ,butkevit*#ab has us$ ,asp]gillus nig] 9 det]m9+ ! availability ( ! m9]al con/itu5ts1 b practically no "w has yet be5 c>ri$ out on ^! problems4 ,a fur!r matt] on :i* s\nd evid5ce is greatly to be desir$ is ! "p play$ by soil fungi 9 ! oxidation processes ( iron & sulphur4 ,a po9t :i* may be m5tion$ "h1 z x is ( "s consid]able practical importance1 is ! l>ge quantity ( oxalic1 citric1 & o!r acids =m$ by c]ta9 common soil fungi4 ,acid =mation is p>tly dep5d5t ^u ! species ( fungus--ev5 m ! physiological race )9 ! species--& p>tly ^u ! sub/ratum1 p>ticul>ly ! s\rce ( c>bon4#e1ed ,x is int]e/+ t z a gr\p ,act9omycetes d n =m acids f ! c>bon s\rce b alkal9e sub/ances f ! nitrog5 s\rces4#fi ,,control ,,( ,,soil ,,fungi4 ,9 ! prec$+ sections an attempt has be5 made to sket* rapidly ! *ief outl9es ( ! widespread relation%ips ( soil fungi & ( ! fundam5tal "p t !y play 9 ! bio*emical *anges occurr+ 9 ! soil4 ,x w be evid5t1 ev5 f ?is survey1 t _! occurr5ce is ( ! utmo/ agricultural importance1 bo? :5 helpful z 9 mycorrhizal relation%ips or z ag5ts 9 mak+ complex organic mat]ials available z plant food1 or :5 h>mful z :5 causal ag5ts ( disease 9 plants4 ,x is cle> t c\ld ! soil fungi be controll$ to human ends by ! enc\ragem5t ( ! useful =ms & ! elim9ation ( ! h>mful1 a valuable p[] w\ld be plac$ 9 ! h&s ( ! gr[] ( plants4 ,c]ta9 aspects ( ?is control1 ! crud] & m de/ructive p]haps1 are already practicable1 :il/ ! f9] & m con/ructive aspects rema9 possibilities ( to-morr[4 ,!oretically1 ! te*nique ( control is selective 9 t x aims to det]m9e "o or m p>ticul> fungi1 leav+ ! rema9+ flora unt\*$4 ,its highe/ expression is se51 p]haps1 9 ! utilisation ( pure cultures ( mycorrhizal fungi = horticultural purposes1 su* z or*id cultivation1 b !re is no reason :y ?is %\ld n be done = o!r purposes on a field scale simil> to ! way 9 :i* cultures ( special /ra9s ( ! root nodule organisms ( legumes are employ$4 ,a second aspect is ! direct enc\ragem5t ( special compon5ts ( ! fungus flora = p>ticul> purposes by selective fe$+4 ,?us1 9 a laboratory exp]im5t1 ,mc,beth & ,scales#dc record an increase ( #bjjj times 9 cellulose-de/roy+ & o!r soil fungi by ?is me?od4 ,x has be5 po9t$ out t soil fungus activities su* z ammonification1 proteolysis & c>bohydrate decomposition are controll$ by factorial equilibria1 & = special purposes x w\ld seem feasible to weight ! balance s t p>ticul> activities may be fav\r$4 ,a fur!r /ep 9 ?is direction is ! controll+ ( p>ticul> physical conditions s t ! activities ( c]ta9 fungi may be re/rict$4 ,pr(essor ,l4 ,r4 ,jones#cj & 8 colleagues at ,madison h %[n ! prim>y importance ( ! control ( ! soil temp]ature 9 c]ta9 p>asitic relation%ips2 ! "w ( ,gillespie & ,hur/#be & lat] work]s has demon/rat$ t ! p>asitism ( c]ta9 species & /ra9s ( ,act9omyces ^u ! potato is condition$ by def9ite ranges ( soil acidity2 & _m o!r relation%ips ( simil> nature are kn[n4 ,data along su* l9es are rapidly accumulat+1 & 9 c]ta9 cases are already susceptible ( practical application4 ,9 o!r cases1 p>ticul> soil fungi are less op5 to p]suasive influ5ces1 & m dra/ic treatm5t ne$s to be adopt$4 ,c]ta9 *emicals mix$ intimately ) ! soil increase or dim9i% ! numb]s ( p>ticul> fungi or gr\ps ( fungi2 :il/ ^! organisms may be totally elim9at$ f ! soil by wet or dry heat = def9ite p]iods or by treatm5t ) pot5t fungicides su* z =maldehyde4 ,al?\gh soil /]ilisation & crude treatm5t 9 o!r ways has be5 practis$ = decades1 ! possibility ( a m delicate control ( soil fungi is only n[ be+ realis$4 ,its concrete expression w dep5d ^u ! progress t is made 9 exact k ( ! activities ( soil fungi "u natural & controll$ conditions1 ( ! balance ( factors 9 ! environm5t :i* controls any p>ticul> function & ( ! g5etic nature ( ! soil fungi :i* occur4 ,ea* ( ^! aspects is a fruitful field ( /udy4 ,,relation ,,to ,,soil ,,f]tility4 ,f a g5]al survey ( ! rese>*es t h be5 c>ri$ out on soil fungi dur+ ! pa/ two decades c]ta9 issues em]ge4 ,x w\ld seem cle> t fungi occupy1 p]haps1 a prim>y place z factors 9 ! decomposition ( celluloses1 & ?us may be ! *ief ag5ts 9 ! trans=mation ( plant rema9s to humus & to soluble comp\nds :i* c be us$ z food by ! nitrog5-fix+ bact]ia4 ,fur!rmore1 soil fungi are v important ammonifi]s1 b :e!r ! balance ( ammonia fre$ is utilis$ by ! fungi !mselves1 or :e!r x is made available to nitrify+ bact]ia is n yet cle>4 ,if ! latt] is ! case1 soil fungi play a valuable indirect rle 9 ! accumulation ( available plant food 9 ! soil4 ,on ! o!r h&1 by utilis+ nitrates z s\rces ( nitrog51 fungi may play an important "p 9 ! depletion ( ! nitrog5\s food 9 ! soil available to crop plants4 ,?irdly1 soil fungi app>5tly take no "p 9 ! direct nitrog5 enri*m5t ( ! soil4 ,?us1 soil fungi w\ld seem to be ! mo/ important factor 9 ! fir/ half ( t great cycle :]eby organic rema9s become aga9 available z organic food4 ,! impression left on "o's m9d by ! /udy ( ! life ( fungi 9 ! soil is ( an inf9itely complex s]ies ( mov+ equilibria1 ! liv+ activities be+ det]m9$ by bo? biological & physico-*emical conditions4 ,all ^! factors play an integral "p 9 ! life ( ! soil fungi & mu/ be consid]$ if a true picture is to be drawn4 ,! pr9cipal factors may be classifi$ into ! foll[+ gr\ps3 ,mo/ evid5t1 p]haps1 are ! natures & specificities ( ! fungi & ! relative composition ( ! fungus flora4 ,equally important1 h[ev]1 are ! quantity & quality ( ! foods available & ! non-biological environm5t :i* results f ! complex s]ies ( physical & *emical *anges occurr+ 9 ! soil causally indep5d5t ( ! organisms pres5t1 :i* int]acts ) ! equally va/ s]ies ( *anges result+ f fungus activities4 ,f9ally1 "o mu/ consid] ! int]act+ biological environm5t ( surface animals & plants & ! microscopic fauna & flora4 ,! complexities are su* t only ! application ( ,baconian pr9ciples c unravel !m4 ,a beg9n+ has be5 made 9 ! /udy ( pure cultures ( soil fungi on syn!tic m$ia1 & mu* valuable data h accru$1 b x is obvi\sly n possible to apply directly to soil ! results obta9$ 9 su* "w4 ,!y rema9 possibilities2 9 c]ta9 cases probabilities1 b no?+ m4 ,a fur!r /ep1 "o already tak5 & ( great promise1 is ! inve/igation ( ! *anges occurr+ 9 /]ilis$ soils inoculat$ ) kn[n quantities ( "o or m pure cultures ( p>ticul> soil fungi4 ,su* int5sive /udy ( s+le factors 9 a /&>dis$ natural or artificial soil1 to :i* has be5 add$ a p$igre$ fungus1 is1 p]haps1 ! mo/ fruitful av5ue ( progress4 ,9 all su* "w1 h[ev]1 "o mu/ be> acutely 9 m9d ! fact t a /]ilis$ soil &1 /ill m1 an artificial soil1 is a v diff]5t complex f a normal soil1 & t results obta9$ f ! inoculation ( su* soils are n applicable directly 9 ! elucidation ( ord9>y soil processes4 ,at pres5t !re is no me?od kn[n ( completely /]ilis+ a soil :i* does n de/roy ! orig9al physico-*emical balance4 ,x is evid5t t ! complexities are su* t *emi/1 physici/1 & biologi/ mu/ all co-op]ate if ! significance ( ! processes is to be und]/ood1 & a solid f\ndation laid = future progress & = practical application4 #a ,appel1 ,o41 8,unt]su*ung5 b] die ,gattung ,fus>ium10 ,mitt4 ,biol4 ,rei*an/4 ,l&- u4 ,=/w41 #aijg1 #d4 #b ,b]n>d1 ,n41 8,l'volution dans la symbiose4 ,les ,or*ides et leurs ,*ampignons comm5saux10 ,ann4 ,sci4 ,nat4 7,bot471 ,s]4 #i1 #aiji1 #i4 #c ,bewley1 ,w4 ,f41 8,an?racnose ( ! cucumb] "u glass10 ,j\rn4 ,m94 ,agric41 #aibb1 xxix4 #d ,boas1 ,f41 8,die ,bildung lsli*] ,/rke im elektiv5 ,/ick/(f-,/(fwe*sel10 ,b]4 deut4 bot4 ,ges41 #aiai1 #cg4 #e ,boas1 ,f41 und ,leb]le1 ,h41 8,unt]su*ung5 b] ,sur5bildung bei ,pilz5 und ,hef5 ,,ii410 ,bio*em4 ,zts*r41 #aiah1 #ib4 #f ,bokorny1 ,t41 8,b5z5e d]ivatives z s\rces ( n\ri%m5t10 ,z5tr4 ,physiol41 #aiag1 #cb4 #g ,bokorny1 ,t41 8,sug> f]m5tation & assimilation10 ,allg4 ,brau4 ,hopf5 ,zeit41 #aiag1 #eg4 #h ,bokorny1 ,t41 8,v]haltung e9ig] organis*] ,v]b9dung5 9 d] leb5d5 ,zelle10 ,pflg]s ,ar*iv41 #aiag1 #afh4 #i ,br[n1 ,p4 ,e41 8,m\ld action 9 soils10 ,sci5ce1 #aiag1 #df4 #aj ,burgeff1 ,h41 8,die ,wurzelpilze d] ,or*ide510 ,j5a4 #aiji4 #aa ,bussey1 ,w41 ,pet]s1 ,l41 & ,ulri*1 ,p41 8,ueb] das ,vorkomm5 von ,wurzelbr&]reg]n im ,bod510 ,arb4 ,kais4 ,biol4 ,an/4 ,l&- u4 ,=/w41 #aiaa1 #h4 #ab ,butkevit*1 ,v4 ,s41 8,ammonia z a product ( prote9 trans=mations caus$ by m\ld fungi1 & ! conditions ( its =mation10 ,recueil d'articles d$i au ,pr(4 ,c4 ,timiriazeff1 #aiaf4 #ac ,butl]1 ,e4 ,j41 8,an acc\nt ( ! g5us ,py?ium & "s ,*ytridiace10 ,mem4 ,dept4 ,agr4 ,india1 #aijg1 ,bot4 ,s]4 #e1 #a4 #ad ,*ri/oph1 ,h41 8,unt]su*ung5 b] die mykotroph5 ,v]hltnisse d] ,ericales und die ,keimung von ,pirolace510 ,beihefte ,bot4 ,c5tr41 #aiba1 #bh4 #ae ,coleman1 ,d4 ,a41 8,environm5tal factors influ5c+ ! activity ( soil fungi10 ,soil ,sci41 #aiaf1 #b4 #af ,dascewska1 ,w41 8tude sur la dsagrgation de la cellulose dans la t]re de bruyre et la t\rbe10 ,univ4 ,g5ve1 ,in/4 ,bot41 #aiac1 ,s4 #h4 #ag ,de ,bruyn1 ,h4 ,l4 ,g41 8,! saprophytic life ( ,phytoph?ora 9 ! soil10 ,m$$4 v4 d4 ,l&b\:ooges*ool ,wag5+51 #aibb1 xxiv4 #ah ,dox1 ,a4 ,w41 8,am9o acids & micro-organisms10 ,proc4 ,i[a ,acad4 ,sci41 #aiag1 #bd4 #ai ,dox1 ,a4 ,w41 & ,neidig1 ,r4 ,e41 8,p5tosans 9 l[] fungi10 ,j\rn4 ,biol4 ,*em41 #aiaa1 #i4 #bj ,dugg>1 ,b4 ,m41 & ,davis1 ,a4 ,r41 8,/udies 9 ! physiology ( ! fungi4 7,i47 ,nitrog5 fixation10 ,ann4 ,mo4 ,bot4 ,g>d41 #aiaf1 #c4 #ba ,ehr5b]g1 ,p41 8,die ,bewegung des ,ammoniak/ick/(fs 9 d] ,natur10 ,mitt4 ,l&w4 ,in/41 ,breslau1 #aijg1 #d4 #bb ,ehrli*1 ,f41 8,yea/s1 m\lds1 & het]ocyclic nitrog5 comp\nds & alkaloids10 ,bio*em4 ,zts*r41 #aiag1 #gi4 #bc ,ehrli*1 ,f41 & ,jacobs51 ,k4 ,a41 8b] die ,umw&lung von ,am9osur5 9 ,oxysur5 dur* ,s*immelpilze10 ,b]4 ,deut4 ,*em4 ,gesell41 #aiaa1 #dd4 #bd ,frank1 ,b41 8,ueb] die auf ,wurzelsymbiose b]uh5de ,ernhrung gewiss] ,bume dur* unt]irdis*e ,pilze10 ,b]4 d4 ,deut4 ,bot4 ,gesell41 #ahhe1 #c4 #be ,gillespie1 ,l4 ,j41 & ,hur/1 ,l4 ,a41 8,hydrog5-ion conc5tration--soil type--common potato scab10 ,soil ,sci41 #aiah1 #f4 #bf ,hagem1 ,o41 8,unt]su*ung5 b] ,norwegis*e ,mucor9e510 ,vid5sk4 ,selsk4 ,i41 ,ma?4 ,naturw4 ,klasse1 #aiaj1 #g4 #bg ,he9ze1 ,b4 ,h41 8,s9d ,pilze im/&e d5 elem5t>5 ,/ick/(f d] ,luft zu v]>beit5 und d5 ,bod5 an ,gesamt/ick/(f anzurei*510 ,ann4 ,mycol41 #aijf1 #d4 #bh ,van ,it]son1 ,c41 8,die ,z]setzung von ,cellulose dur* ,arobe ,mikroorganism510 ,c5tr4 f4 ,bakt41 #aijd1 ii1 #aa4 #bi ,j5s51 ,c4 ,n41 8,fung\s flora ( ! soil10 ,agric4 ,expt4 ,/a4 ,cornell1 ,bull4 #aiab1 #cae4 #cj ,jones1 ,l4 ,r41 8,exp]im5tal "w on ! relation ( soil temp]ature to disease 9 plants10 ,trans4 ,wisc4 ,acad4 ,sci41 #aibb1 #bj4 #ca ,kapp51 ,h41 8,ueb] die ,z]setzung des ,cyanamids dur* ,pilze10 ,c5tr4 f4 ,bakt41 #aiaj1 ii1 #bf4 #cb ,klck]1 ,a41 8,contribution la connaissance de la facult assimilatrice de d\ze espces de levure vis--vis de quatre ,sucres10 ,compt4 ,r5d4 ,trav4 ,lab41 ,c>lsb]g1 #aiai1 #ad4 #cc ,ko*1 ,a41 und ,oelsn]1 ,a41 8,e9fluss von ,fi*t5h>z und ,tann9 auf d5 ,/ick/(fhau%alt des ,bod5s und se9] physikalis*5 ,eig5s*aft510 ,c5tr4 f4 ,bakt41 #aiaf1 ii1 #de4 #cd ,koh%i1 ,o41 8,ueb] die fettzehr5d5 ,wirkung5 d] ,s*immelpilze neb/ dem ,v]halt5 des ,organfettes geg5 ,fulnis10 ,bio*em4 ,zts*r41 #aiaa1 #ca4 #ce ,kopel(f1 ,n41 8,! inoculation & incubation ( soil fungi10 ,soil ,sci41 #aiaf1 #a4 #cf ,kusano1 ,s41 8,ga/rodia elata & its symbiotic association ) ,armill>ia mellea10 ,j\rn4 ,coll4 ,agric41 ,imp4 ,univ41 ,tokyo1 #aiaa1 iv4 #cg ,la?am1 ,m4 ,e41 8,nitrog5 assimilation ( ,/]igmatocy/is nig] & ! effect ( *emical /imulation10 ,torrey ,bot4 ,club1 ,bull4 #aiji1 #cf4 #ch ,laur5t1 8,les r$uction des nitrates en nitrites p> les gra9es et les tub]cles10 ,bull4 ,acad4 ,roy4 ,sci4 ,belg41 #ahij1 #bj4 #ci ,lhnis1 ,f41 8,ammonification ( cyanamid10 ,zts*r4 f4 ,grungsphysiol41 #aiad1 v4 #dj ,m>*al1 ,e41 8,sur la production de l'ammoniaque dans le sol p> les microbes10 ,bull4 ,acad4 ,roy4 ,sci4 ,belg41 #ahic1 #be4 #da ,maz1 ,p41 ,vila et ,lemoigne1 8,trans=mation de la cyanamide en ure p> les microbes du sol10 ,compt4 ,r5d4 ,acad4 ,sci41 ,p>is1 #aiai1 #afi4 #db ,mc,beth1 ,i4 ,g41 8,/udies on ! decomposition ( cellulose 9 soils10 ,soil ,sci41 #aiaf1 ,i4 #dc ,mc,beth1 ,i4 ,g41 & ,scales1 ,f4 ,m41 8,! de/ruction ( cellulose by bact]ia & filam5t\s fungi10 ,u4,s4 ,dept4 ,agric1 ,bur4 ,pl4 ,ind41 #aiac1 ,bull4 #bff4 #dd ,mc,lean1 ,h4 ,c1 & ,wilson1 ,g4 ,w41 8,ammonification /udies ) soil fungi10 ,new ,j]sey ,agric4 ,expt4 ,/a41 #aiad1 ,bull4 #bgj4 #de ,mel91 ,e41 8,ueb] die mykorrhiz5pilze von ,p9us silve/ris 7,l47 und ,picea abies 7,l471 ,k>/40 ,sv5sk4 ,botan4 ,tidskr41 #aiba1 xv4 #df ,muntz1 ,a41 & ,c\don1 ,h41 8,la f]m5tation ammoniaque de la t]re10 ,compt4 ,r5d4 ,acad4 ,sci41 ,p>is1 #ahic1 #aaf4 #dg ,nell]1 ,j4 ,r41 8,/udies on ! ,correlation betwe5 ! production ( c>bon dioxide & ! accumulation ( ammonia by soil organisms10 ,soil ,sci41 #aiah1 #e4 #dh ,otto1 ,h1 8,unt]su*ung5 b] die ,auflsung von ,zellulos5 und ,zellwnd5 dur* ,pilze10 ,diss]t41 ,b]l91 #aiaf4 #di ,p]otti1 ,b41 8,ub] das physiologis*e ,v]halt5 des ,dicyanamides mit ,rcksi*t auf se95 ,w]t als ,dngemittel10 ,c5tr4 f4 ,bakt41 #aijg1 ii1 #ah4 #ej ,peyronel1 ,b41 8,nuovi casa di rapporti micorizici tra ,basidiomiceti e ,fan]ogame arboree10 ,bull4 ,soc4 ,bot4 ,ital41 #aibb4 #ea ,pott]1 ,r4 ,s41 & ,snyd]1 ,r4 ,s41 8,! production ( c>bon dioxide by m\lds inoculat$ into /]ile soil10 ,soil ,sci41 #aiah1 #e4 #eb ,povah1 ,a4 ,h4 ,w41 8,a critical /udy ( c]ta9 species ( ,mucor10 ,bull4 ,torrey ,bot4 ,club1 #aiag1 #dd4 #ec ,pratt1 ,o4 ,a41 8,soil fungi 9 relation to diseases ( ! ,iri% potato 9 ,s\!rn ,idaho10 ,j\rn4 ,agric4 ,res41 #aiah1 #ac4 #ed ,rai/rick1 ,h41 & ,cl>k1 ,a4 ,b41 8,on ! me*anism ( oxalic acid =mation by ,asp]gillus nig]10 ,bio*em4 ,j\rn41 #aiai1 #ac4 #ee ,rayn]1 ,m4 ,c41 8,nitrog5 fixation 9 ,ericaceae10 ,bot4 ,gaz41 #aibb1 #gc4 #ef ,ritt]1 ,g4 ,e41 8,contributions to ! physiology ( m\ld fungi10 ,voronege1 #aiaf4 #eg ,rosseels1 ,e41 8,l'influ5ce des microorganismes sur la croissance des vgtaux suprieurs10 ,bull4 ,soc4 ,c5trale ,=e/4 ,belg41 #aiaf1 #bc4 #eh ,r\ssy1 ,a41 8,sur la vie des *ampignons en milieux ,gras10 ,compt4 ,r5d4 ,acad4 ,sci41 ,p>is1 #aiji1 #adi4 #ei ,scales1 ,f4 ,m41 8,! ,enzymes ( ,asp]gillus t]ricola10 ,j\rn4 ,biol4 ,*em41 #aiad1 #ai4 #fj ,s*ell5b]g1 ,h4 ,c41 8,unt]su*ung5 b] das ,v]halt5 e9ig] ,pilze geg5 ,hemizellulos510 ,flora1 #aijh1 #ih4 #fa ,s*mitz1 ,h41 8,! relation ( bact]ia to cellulose f]m5tation induc$ by fungi ) special ref]5ce to ! decay ( wood10 ,ann4 ,mo4 ,bot4 ,g>d41 #aiai1 vi4 #fb ,%ibata1 ,k41 8,ub] das ,vorkomm5 vom ,amide spalt5d5 ,enzym5 bei ,pilz510 ,beitr4 ,*em4 ,physiol4 u4 ,pa?41 #aijd1 #e4 #fc ,t]netz1 ,c41 8b] die ,assimilation des atmosphris*5 ,/ick/(fs dur* ,pilze10 ,jahrb4 f4 wiss4 ,bot41 #aijg1 #dd4 #fd ,v]kade1 ,p4 ,e41 & ,shng51 ,n4 ,l41 8,attackability ( cis- & trans-isom]ic unsaturat$ acids by m\lds10 ,c5tr4 f4 ,bakt41 #aibj1 ii1 #ej4 #fe ,waksman1 ,s4 ,a41 8,soil fungi & _! activities10 ,soil ,sci41 #aiaf1 #b4 #ff ,waksman1 ,s4 ,a41 8,! influ5ce ( available c>bohydrate ^u ammonia accumulation by micro-organisms10 ,j\rn4 ,am]4 ,*em4 ,soc41 #aiag1 #ci4 #fg ,waksman1 ,s4 ,a41 8,proteolytic enzymes ( soil fungi & ,act9omycetes10 ,j\rn4 ,bact41 #aiah1 #c4 #fh ,waksman1 ,s4 ,a41 8,on ! metabolism ( ,act9omycetes10 ,proc4 ,soc4 ,am]4 ,bact4 ,ab/ract ,bact41 #aiai1 #c4 #fi ,waksman1 ,s4 ,a41 8,! influ5ce ( soil reaction ^u ! gr[? ( ,act9omycetes caus+ potato scab10 ,soil ,sci41 #aibb1 xiv4 #gj ,waksman1 ,s4 ,a41 & ,cook1 ,r4 ,c41 8,incubation /udies ) soil fungi10 ,soil ,sci41 #aiaf1 #a4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,! ,,inv]tebrate ,,fauna ,,( ,,! ,,soil 7,,o!r ,,?an ,,protozoa74 ,! micro-organisms ( ! soil h be5 fully discuss$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]s ( ?is volume4 ,!re n[ rema9s to be consid]$ ! fauna ( inv]tebrate animals1 o!r ?an protozoa1 :i* inhabit t same m$ium4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is necess>y to def9e :at gr\ps ( inv]tebrate animals are to be reg>d$ z com+ "u ! category ( soil organisms4 ,! latt] expression has r a wide application &1 = ! pres5t purpose1 is held to mean any organism ( its k9d :i*1 9 "s /age or /ages ( its life-cycle1 lives on or bel[ ! surface ( ! soil4 ,x w be obvi\s t1 ) s compreh5sive a def9ition1 ! intimacy ( ! association ( ^! animals ) ! soil w v>y )9 v wide limits4 ,"s animals pass _! :ole life-cycle 9 ! soil2 o!rs are only pres5t dur+ a limit$ phase1 & n necess>ily 9 a trophic condition1 b s9ce _! occurr5ce is con/ant1 !y _c be entirely omitt$ f consid]ation4 ,unlike ! gr\ps ( organisms :i* h be5 dealt ) 9 ! =ego+ pages1 ! inv]tebrates ( ! soil d n admit1 z a rule1 ( inve/igation 9 culture m$ia4 ,x is1 9 consequ5ce1 mu* m difficult to a*ieve 9 ! laboratory ! same control ov] _! environm5tal conditions4 ,?is fact 9 itself l>gely expla9s :y ! int]pretations ( field obs]vations 9 animal ecology h n usually be5 subject$ to ! te/ ( laboratory exp]im5tation4 ,! /udy ( animal ecology1 9 s f> z ! d5iz5s ( ! soil are conc]n$1 is ( v rec5t bir?4 ,x has n1 z yet1 pass$ ! prelim9>y /age ( catalogu+ empirical data1 & mu* spade "w w be necess>y be=e ! v>i\s factors controll+ ! ph5om5a actually obs]v$ are und]/ood4 ,ow+ to ! paucity ( in=mation available1 ?is *apt] is ess5tially bas$ ^u obs]vations conduct$ at ,ro?am/$4 ,its object is n s mu* to attempt to evaluate ! inv]tebrate fauna ( ! soil1 z to sugge/ a l9e ( ecological "w dem&+ inve/igation on l& ( _m diff]5t types4 ,,me?od ,,( ,,inve/igat+ ,,! ,,soil ,,fauna4 ,! me?od adopt$ at ,ro?am/$ consi/s 9 tak+ weekly soil samples f a giv5 area = a p]iod ( twelve mon?s4 ,ea* sample is a cube ( soil1 ) a side dim5sion ( n9e in*es1 & a total cont5t ( #gbi cubic in*es4 ,! samples are tak5 by means ( an app>atus consi/+ ( f\r iron plates1 :i* are driv5 into ! gr\nd d[n to ! requir$ dep? s z to =m a k9d ( box1 :i* encloses a cube ( soil 7vide ,morris1 #aibb ,a74 ,! latt] is !n remov$ 9 lay]s1 ea* lay] be+ transf]r$ to a sep>ate bag = ! purpose4 ,:5 ! complete sample has be5 extract$1 !re are five bags conta9+ lay]s ( soil tak5 f ! surface to a dep? ( #a1 f #a to #c1 f #c to #e1 f #e to #g1 & #g to #i respectively4 ,bel[ a dep? ( #i no samples h be5 tak54 ,! sample obta9$ 9 ?is mann] may be gradually work$ into small fragm5ts by h&1 & exam9$ :5ev] necess>y "u a b9ocul> microscope = ! small] organisms pres5t4 ,?is proc$ure1 h[ev]1 is v t$i\s & has be5 replac$ by ! use ( an app>atus consi/+ ( a s]ies ( ?ree sieves1 ) me%es ( decreas+ size 7vide ,morris1 #aibb74 ,! soil is wa%$ ?r\gh ^! sieves by means ( a /ream ( wat]1 & ! me%es ( ! f9al /ra9] are small en\gh to reta9 all except ! mo/ m9ute organisms pres5t1 :ile at ! same "t !y all[ ! f9e/ soil p>ticles to be c>ri$ away4 ,:5 desirable1 ! efflu5t c be pass$ ?r\gh a bag or sieve ( bolt+ silk1 9 ord] to collect su* organisms t may h pass$ ?r\gh ! ?ird sieve4 ,9 addition to ! actual tak+ & exam9ation ( ! samples1 a botanical survey ( ! area "u inve/igation is made2 *emical & me*anical analyses ( ! soil are also requir$4 ,x is fur!r necess>y to take soil temp]ature read+s1 to det]m9e ! moi/ure cont5t ( ! samples tak51 & ! am\nt ( organic matt] :i* !y conta94 ,,gr\ps ,,( ,,inv]tebrata ,,repres5t$ ,,9 ,,! ,,soil4 ,! v>i\s gr\ps ( inv]tebrates repres5t$ 9 ! soil may be briefly ref]r$ to 9 zoological ord]4 ,nematoda4--,! ,nematoda or ?read-worms are *iefly animal p>asites1 nev]!less !y usually lead an indep5d5t exi/5ce 9 ! soil 9 c]ta9 /ages ( _! developm5t4 ,! num]\s small species belong+ to ! family ,anguillidid1 or eel-worms1 =m a def9ite con/itu5t ( ! soil fauna2 !y are g5]ally free-liv+ & non-p>asitic4 ,c]ta9 memb]s ( ?is family1 h[ev]1 are enemies ( cultivat$ plants4 ,annelida4--,t]re/rial ,annelida are almo/ entirely conf9$ to ! ord] ,oligo*ta1 ! majority ( :i* are e>?worms 7,t]ricol71 ^: :ole life-cycle is pass$ )9 ! conf9es ( ! soil4 ,! small :ite worms ( ! family ,en*ytrid belong to ! aquatic section 7,limicol7 ( ! ord]1 b !y h v>i\s repres5tatives :i* are abundant 9 damp soil conta9+ organic matt]4 ,mollusca4--,! t]re/rial ,mollusca are includ$ 9 ! sub-ord] ,pulmonata ( ! ,ga/ropoda4 ,^! organisms1 :i* include ! snails 7,helicid7 & slugs 7,limacid71 regul>ly deposit _! eggs 9 moi/ e>?4 ,slugs adopt ! soil z a frequ5t habitat1 only leav+ x = fe$+ purposes 9 ! pres5ce ( suffici5t moi/ure4 ,!y are frequ5t consum]s ( vegetation1 ) ! exception ( ,te/acella1 :i* is c>nivor\s4 ,cru/acea4--,! few species ( ,cru/acea inhabit+ ! soil belong to ! ord] ,isopoda1 family ,oniscid1 :i* are popul>ly ref]r$ to z 8woodlice10 8slat]s10 etc4 ,myriapoda4--,! ,diplopoda or millip$es include enemies ( v>i\s crops & are common d5iz5s ( ! soil4 ,! ,*ilopoda or c5tip$es are usually less abundant & are c>nivor\s4 ,! m9ute ,symphyla are (t5 evid5t b are ( m9or importance4 ,insecta4--,insects =m ! dom9ant elem5t 9 ! inv]tebrate fauna4 ,phytophag\s species dev\r ! subt]ranean p>ts ( plants1 & notable examples are af=d$ by ! l>v ( ,melolon?a1 ,agriotes & ,tipula4 ,saprophag\s =ms are abundantly repres5t$ by ! ,collembola1 & by num]\s l>val ,dipt]a & ,coleopt]a4 ,pr$ace\s species prey+ ^u o!r memb]s ( ! soil fauna are exemplifi$ by ! ,c>abid & _m l>val ,dipt]a4 ,p>asitic species pass _! l>val /ages on or )9 ! bodies ( o!r organisms4 ,! gr\ps ( ,hym5opt]a1 & ! dipt]\s family ,ta*9id1 :i* exhibit ?is habit1 con/itute1 along ) pr$ace\s =ms1 "o ( ! mo/ important natural ag5cies controll+ ! multiplication ( insect life4 ,!re are also insects 7ants1 & o!r ( ! aculeate ,hym5opt]a7 :i* utilize ! soil z a suitable m$ium :]e9 to con/ruct _! habitations or brood *amb]s1 )\t necess>ily d]iv+ _! food f ! soil4 ,la/ly1 !re are _m insects1 notably ,lepidopt]a1 :i* only resort to ! soil = ! purpose ( und]go+ pupation4 ,! insect fauna is1 !re=e1 a closely int]-connect$ biological complex2 = a discussion & an enum]ation ( its repres5tatives ref]5ce may be made to pap]s by ,cam]on 7#aiac1 #aiag71 & ,morris 7#aiba1 #aibb a74 ,ara*nida4--,! two pr9cipal classes repres5t$ 9 ! soil are ! ,are9ida1 or spid]s1 & ! ,ac>9a1 or mites1 & ticks4 ,! ,are9ida1 :i* are well-kn[n to be c>nivor\s1 are an unimportant con/itu5t ( ! fauna4 ,ac>9a1 on ! o!r h&1 are abundant1 & exhibit a wide range ( fe$+ habits2 mo/ ( ! soil =ms are probably c>nivor\s1 & ei!r free-liv+ or p>asitic4 ,,numb] ,,( ,,organisms ,,pres5t ,,& ,,_! ,,di/ribution ,,9 ,,dep?4 ,9 comput+ ! numb] ( inv]tebrates normally pres5t 9 a giv5 type ( soil1 ! me?od adopt$ consi/s ( mak+ individual c\nts ( all su* organisms z occur 9 ea* sample ( a s]ies tak5 ov] a p]iod ( twelve mon?s4 ,?is me?od consid]ably r$uces errors due to season & to ! possible deviation ( "o or m samples f ! av]age4 ,if ! total numb] ( ^! organisms is kn[n = ! samples tak51 x becomes a simple proc$ure to arrive at _! approximate numb]s p] acre4 ,,table ,,xiv4 7,bas$ on ,morris1 #aibb ,a47 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,unmanur$ ,plot4,manur$ ,plot4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,insects #b1dgd1gjj #g1gbg1cjj ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,l>g] ,nematoda & ,oligo*ta ,limicol #gid1fjj #c1fjj1djj ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,myriapoda-- ,diplopoda #eif1jjj #a1cfg1jjj ,*ilopoda #bae1djj #bjh1gjj ,symphyla #fd1jjj #bae1ejj ---------------------------- ,total #hge1djj #a1gia1bjj ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,oligo*ta 7,t]ricol7 #deg1ijj #a1jaj1ajj ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,ara*nida-- ,ac>9a #bae1djj #eca1ijj ,are9ida #bj1bjj #bj1bjj ---------------------------- ,total #bce1fjj #eeb1ajj ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,cru/acea 7,isopoda7 #cc1gjj #hj1hjj ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,mollusca 7,pulmonata7 #ac1ejj #cc1gjj ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,total ,inv]tebrata #d1hhe1djj #ad1gie1fjj ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj4--;,di/ribution 9 dep? ( ! m important gr\ps ( soil inv]tebrates 9 ! manur$ & unmanur$ 7or control7 plots at ,ro?am/$4 7,f ,morris1 8,annals ( ,appli$ ,biology10 vol4 ix41 nos4 #c & #d1 ,cambridge ,univ]sity ,press47 ,table ,,xiv4 repres5ts a num]ical e/imate ( ! inv]tebrate fauna ( two plots ( arable l& at ,ro?am/$4 ,! soil is clay ) fl9ts ov]ly+ *alk1 & ! l& 9 "q has be5 devot$ = eighty ye>s to cont9u\s cropp+ ) :eat2 "o plot 7,no4 #c7 receives an annual dress+ ( f>my>d manure at ! rate ( #ad tons p] acre1 & ! o!r plot 7,no4 #b7 receives no natural or artificial f]tiliz]4 ,! significant feature 9 a comp>ison ( ! fauna ( ! two plots is ! great num]ical increase 9 organisms due to ! addition ( manure4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( di/ribution 9 dep?1 ,fig4 #bj cle>ly demon/rates t ! bulk ( ! fauna is conc5trat$ 9 ! fir/ ?ree in*es ( ! soil4 ,) ! exception ( ! ,ac>9a x is evid5t t ! limits ( v]tical di/ribution ext5d bel[ ! dep? ( n9e in*es inve/igat$1 al?\gh ! numb]s ( organisms likely to be pres5t are inconsid]able4 ,! ,oligo*ta1 or true e>?worms1 occur 9 ,ro?am/$ soil 9 numb]s v mu* 9 excess ( ! figures giv5 by ,d>w91 :o quot$ obs]vations by ,h5s54 ,! latt] au?ority calculat$ t !re 7 #ec1gfg e>?worms 9 an acre ( g>d5 soil1 & e/imat$ t ab\t half t numb] w\ld be pres5t 9 an acre ( corn field4 ,9 ! ,ro?am/$ inve/igations _! numb]s exce$$ ,h5s5's e/imate ov] #af times 9 unmanur$ l&1 & ov] #cf times 9 manur$ l&4 ,9 an area ( pa/ure-l& 9 ,*e%ire few insects occurr$ bel[ a dep? ( #b in*es1 & !y rea*$ ! limit ( _! v]tical di/ribution at or ne> #f in*es4 ,_! numb] 7#c1ehf1jjj p] acre7 is consid]ably 9 excess ( t pres5t 9 unmanur$ arable l& at ,ro?am/$4 ,illu/ration3 #a1 ,collembola2 #b1 ,?ysanura2 #c1 ,or?opt]a2 #d1 ,?ysanopt]a2 #e1 ,hemipt]a2 #f1 ,lepidopt]a2 #g1 ,coleopt]a2 #h1 ,dipt]a2 #i1 ,hym5opt]a4 ,,fig4 #ba4--,numb] ( individuals 9 ! diff]5t ord]s ( insects 9 manur$ & unmanur$ arable l& at ,ro?am/$4 7,f ,morris1 8,annals ( ,appli$ ,biology10 vol4 ix41 nos4 #c & #d1 ,cambridge ,univ]sity ,press47 ,,dom9ance ,,( ,,c]ta9 ,,species ,,& ,,gr\ps4 ,9 ,fig4 #ba a num]ical analysis is giv5 ( ! diff]5t ord]s ( insects repres5t$ 9 ,ro?am/$ soil4 ,! asc5d5cy ( ! ,hym5opt]a & ,collembola is almo/ entirely due to ! occurr5ce ( ?ree species 9 l>ge numb]s1 viz41 ! ant ,myrmica lv9odis & ! ,collembola1 ,ony*iurus ambulans & ,o4 fimet>ius4 ,9 ! unmanur$ plot ^! two ,collembola con/itut$ #ac p] c5t4 ( ! insects & ! species ( ant acc\nt$ = ne>ly #bh p] c5t4 ,9 ! manur$ plot !y am\nt$ respectively to #bg p] c5t4 & #cf p] c5t4 ( ! insects pres5t4 ,next 9 ord] ( num]ical asc5d5cy are l>val ,dipt]a1 ma9ly belong+ to ! families ,cecidomyid1 ,*ironomid1 & ,mycetophilid4 ,! ,dipt]a are foll[$ by ! ,coleopt]a1 ^: mo/ abundant repres5tatives are l>val ,elat]id 7wireworms74 ,illu/ration3 #a1 ,collembola2 #b1 ,?ysanura2 #c1 ,or?opt]a2 #d1 ,?ysanopt]a2 #e1 ,hemipt]a2 #f1 ,lepidopt]a2 #g1 ,coleopt]a2 #h1 ,dipt]a2 #i1 ,hym5opt]a2 #aj1 ,diplopoda2 #aa1 ,*ilopoda2 #ab1 ,are9ida2 #ac1 ,ac>9a4 ,,fig4 #bb4--,numb] ( species ( diff]5t ord]s ( inv]tebrates pres5t 9 ! manur$ & unmanur$ 7or control7 plots at ,ro?am/$4 7,f ,morris1 8,annals ( ,appli$ ,biology10 vol4 ix41 nos4 #c & #d1 ,cambridge ,univ]sity ,press47 ,9 po9t ( view ( numb] ( species pres5t 7,fig4 #bb71 ,coleopt]a take ! front rank2 9 ! unmanur$ plot !y are v closely approa*$ by ,collembola & ,dipt]a4 ,pass+ f ! insects1 ! next assemblage ( organisms 9 po9t ( numb] ( individuals are ! small] worms4 ,! difficulties att5d+ ! specific id5tification ( ^! organisms are great1 &1 9 ! pres5t survey1 ! ,nematodes & all ! small] ,oligo*tes h n be5 sep>at$4 ,! abundance ( ! ,myriapoda is ma9ly due to ! preval5ce ( ,diplopoda1 :i* are repres5t$ by f\r species4 ,! ,*ilopoda almo/ entirely consi/ ( a s+le species ,geophilus longicornis4 ,! dom9ant gr\p ( ! ,ara*nida is ! ,ac>9e family ,gamascid1 :i* are repres5t$ by ab\t a doz5 species4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,phytophag\s4,saprophag\s4,c>nivor\s4,he t]ophag\s4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,unmanur$ plot #ad #dh #ac #bj ,manur$ plot #ac #eh #i #bj ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,,classification ,,( ,,soil ,,inv]tebrates ,,accord+ ,,to ,,fe$+ ,,habits4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( ! fauna z a :ole1 ! zoological classification ( ! soil inv]tebrates is only significant :5 ! v>i\s gr\ps are analys$ accord+ to ! fe$+ habits ( _! memb]s4 ,all animals are directly or indirectly dep5d5t ^u plant life = _! nutrition4 ,= ! pres5t purpose !y are divid$ into f\r categories1 & ! position ( ea* class ( animals 9 ! s*eme is bas$ ^u ! habits ( its *ief repres5tatives 9 ! soil4 ,def9ite in=mation on ?is subject1 h[ev]1 is n always =?com+1 & x is only possible to a*ieve approximate e/imates4 ,9 ! table above ! p]c5tages 9 numb] ( individuals pres5t 9 ! two plots inve/igat$ at ,ro?am/$ are giv5 "u ea* type ( fe$+ habit4 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ^! e/imates only apply to av]age conditions2 ! outbreak ( a plant pe/ 9 any "o ye> mu/ naturally mat]ially alt] ! proportions giv54 ,! phytophag\s organisms are repres5t$ by a c]ta9 numb] ( ! ,insecta toge!r ) ! pulmonate ,mollusca4 ,c>nivor\s =ms :i* are ma9ly b5eficial f ! agricultural /&po9t1 include ,insecta1 toge!r ) ! ,*ilopoda1 _m ,ac>9a & ! ,are9ida4 ,saprophag\s =ms con/itute ! dom9ant elem5t ( ! soil fauna4 ,m ?an #cj p] c5t4 ( ! ,insecta exhibit ?is habit1 :i* is also ! dom9ant "o 9 ! ,oligo*ta1 ,symphyla1 & 9 _m ( ! soil ,nematodes4 ,het]ophag\s species include all ^? ( some:at pla/ic habits2 = ! mo/ "p !y are saprophag\s1 b1 on ! o!r h&1 a consid]able proportion ( ! species attack gr[+ plants or exhibit bo? habits4 ,"u ?is category are includ$ a c]ta9 numb] ( ! ,insecta1 ! ,diplopoda1 ,isopoda1 & "s ,ac>9a4 ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,environm5tal ,,factors ,,^u ,,! ,,inv]tebrates ,,( ,,! ,,soil4 ,s9ce animals are end[$ ) p[]s ( indep5d5t locomotion3 !y are n necess>ily ti$ to _! environm5t to ! same ext5t t plants are4 ,! inve/igation ( ! influ5ce ( environm5tal factors soon] or lat] involves a /udy ( ! tropisms ( ! animals conc]n$4 ,until ^! are adequately und]/ood x is sc>cely possible to arrive at any exact conclusions relative to _! behavi\r 9 ! soil4 ,insects1 = example1 respond to ! /imuli ( v>i\s1 & (t5 app>5tly insignificant =ces1 act+ ^u _! s5sory organs4 ,su* responses are kn[n z *emotropism1 phototropism1 hydrotropism1 !rmotropism1 & s =? accord+ to ! nature ( ! /imuli4 ,tropisms are automatic &1 s f> z !y di/+ui% s5sations1 are indep5d5t ( any *oice1 & consequ5tly ( psy*ic ph5om5a4 ,animal automatism1 h[ev]1 does n pres5t ! rigidity ( me*anical automatism4 ,diff]5tial s5sibility1 vital rhy?ms1 or p]iodicity1 etc41 are o!r important aspects ( animal behavi\r4 ,! environm5tal factors1 affect+ m especially ! insect population ( ! soil1 h be5 discuss$ by ,cam]on 7#aiag7 & ,hamilton 7#aiag71 & c]ta9 broad] aspects ( animal ecology by ,adams 7#aiae7 & ,%el=d 7#aiab74 ,^! factors are s num]\s & s int]-connect$1 t x is only possible to ref] to !m briefly 9 ! space available4 ,z might be expect$1 soils t are ( a light & op5 texture are ! ones mo/ frequ5t$ by soil insects1 nutritional & o!r factors be+ equal4 ,fur!rmore1 x has already be5 %[n t 9 arable l& insects & o!r animals p5etrate to a great] dep? ?an 9 pa/ures4 ,?is fact is prim>ily due to ! great] loos5ess ( ! soil occasion$ by agricultural op]ations1 :i* ensure at ! same "t bett] dra9age a]ation1 & great] facilities = p5etration4 ,hamilton f\nd t soil insect l>v are v s5sitive to evaporation1 & especially s if ! temp]ature is #bj ,c4 or ov]4 ,9 _! natural habitat ! relative humidity ( ! air1 9 moi/ or wet soil1 is n f> bel[ saturation1 & ! temp]ature ( ! soil r>ely goes above #bj-bc;,c41 & !n only 9 expos$1 dry1 h>d soil 9 :i* ^! l>v d n occur4 ,! significance ( ! rate ( evaporation z an environm5tal factor 0 fir/ emphasis$ by ,%el=d4 ,accord+ to him ! be/ & m accurate index ( ! v>y+ physical conditions affect+ l& animals1 :olly or 9 "p expos$ to ! atmosph]e1 is ! evaporat+ p[] ( air4 ,by means ( a por\s cup-atmomet]1 z devis$ by ,liv+/on1 ,%el=d has c>ri$ out an important s]ies ( exp]im5ts on ! reactions ( v>i\s animals to atmosph]es ( diff]5t evaporation capacities1 & ref]5ce %\ld be made to 8 text-book4 ,! importance ( ! organic matt] pres5t 9 ! soil is well illu/rat$ 9 ! table on p4 #aeb4 ,! great increase 9 ! numb] ( insects & o!r animals is p>tly due to _! direct introduction along ) ! manure1 & p>tly to _! entry into ! soil 9 response to *emotropic /imuli ex]t$ by f]m5tation4 ,organic matt] influ5ces ! fauna 9 o!r ways also2 x increases ! moi/ure cont5t ( ! soil1 & x provides _m species ) an abundance ( food mat]ial4 ,also1 ! am\nt ( c>bon dioxide pres5t 9 ! soil is p>tly dep5d5t ^u decay+ organic matt]4 ,hamilton conduct$ exp]im5ts on ! behavi\r ( c]ta9 soil insects 9 relation to v>y+ am\nts ( c>bon dioxide4 ,al?\gh 8 "w is ( too limit$ a nature to be accept$ )\t res]ve1 x l5ds support to ! conclusions ( ,adams :o says3 8,! animals :i* ?rive 9 ! soil are likely to be ^? :i* tol]ate a l>ge am\nt ( c>bon dioxide1 & are able to use a relatively small am\nt ( oxyg51 at lea/ = consid]able int]vals1 z :5 ! soil is wet dur+ prolong$ ra9s4 ,! optimum soil habitat is !re=e det]m9$1 to a v important degree1 by ! prop] ratio or balance betwe5 ! am\nt ( available oxyg5 & ! am\nt ( c>bon dioxide :i* c be endur$ )\t injury40 ,little is kn[n conc]n+ ! occurr5ce ( ammonia 9 ! soil atmosph]e1 b its pres5ce 9 m9ute quantities is probably an important *emotropic factor 9 relation to saprophag\s organisms :i* are ! l>ge/ con/itu5t ( ! fauna4 ,a great increase 9 ,dipt]\s l>v occurs on ! addition ( f>my>d manure1 & ?is is notewor?y 9 ! light ( ,ri*>dson's exp]im5ts 7#aiaf71 :i* indicate t ammonia ex]cises a m>k$ attraction = ,dipt]a1 :i* sp5d "s "p ( _! exi/5ce 9 animal excrem5t 9 "s =m or ano!r4 ,! nature ( ! vegetation support$ by ! soil is ( p>am\nt importance 9 relation to phytophag\s organisms1 & examples ne$ sc>cely be in/anc$ ( c]ta9 species ( soil insects be+ dep5d5t ^u ! pres5ce ( _! specific food plants4 ,,! ,,relation ,,( ,,soil ,,inv]tebrates ,,to ,,agriculture4 ,! relation ( ^! organisms to agriculture may be consid]$ f ?ree po9ts ( view3 7a7 _! influ5ce ^u ! soil itself2 7b7 _! relation to ! nitrog5 cycle2 & 7c71 _! direct influ5ce ^u economic plants4 7a7 ,! behavi\r ( e>?worms z a factor induc+ soil f]tility is discuss$ by ,d>w9 9 8 well-kn[n "w on ! subject1 & _! action may be briefly summ>is$ z foll[s4 ,9 fe$+ habits !y are v l>gely saprophag\s1 & consume decay+ vegetable matt] includ+ humus1 :i* !y swall[1 toge!r ) l>ge quantities ( soil4 ,e>?worms come to ! surface to dis*>ge _! fces 78worm ca/s071 & 9 ?is process !y are cont9ually br++ up "s ( ! deep] soil to ! air4 ,d>w9 e/imat$ t e>?worms annually br\ght to ! surface ( ! soil 9 _! 8ca/s0 suffici5t e>? to =m a lay] #b in* 9 dep?1 or #aj tons p] acre4 ,_! action1 along ) ! atmosph]e1 are ! *ief ag5cies :i* produce ! uni=mity & loos5ess ( texture ( ! surface soil4 ,by means ( _! burr[s e>?worms facilitate ! p5etration ( air & wat] into ! soil1 :ile _! habit ( dragg+ leaves & o!r vegetable mat]ial into ^! burr[s increases ! organic matt] pres5t bel[ ! surface4 ,^! facts are g5]ally agre$ ^u1 b x is a disput$ po9t :e!r e>?worms1 by dev\r+ organic matt]1 aid ! conv]sion ( ! latt] into plant food m rapidly ?an takes place solely ?r\gh ! activities ( micro-organisms4 ,soil insects & o!r ar?ropods1 by _! burr[+ activities1 are also in/rum5tal 9 loos5+ ! soil texture & !reby facilitat+ soil a]ation & ! p]colation ( wat]4 ,! action ( t]mites 9 w>m] c\ntries is discuss$ by ,drummond 9 8 8,tropical ,africa10 :o comp>es ! rle ( subt]ranean t]mites to t ( e>?worms4 ,! great abundance ( ants r5d]s !m also significant 9 ?is same respect1 & v few species are direct enemies ( ! agriculturi/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc4--;,diagram %[+ ! ,relation ( ! ,soil ,inv]tebrata 7o!r ?an ,protozoa7 to ! ,nitrog5 ,cycle4 7b7 ,9 _! relation to ! nitrog5 cycle 7vide p4 #agd71 ! activities ( ! soil inv]tebrates may be express$ diagrammatically1 z a side-*a9 9 ! process 7,fig4 #bc74 ,! prote9s1 elaborat$ by plants1 are utilis$ z nitrog5\s food by ! phytophag\s animals pres5t4 ,! wa/e products ( ! latt]1 :i* conta9 ! nitrog5 n us$ = gr[? or ! replacem5t ( loss by we> & te>1 are return$ to ! soil4 ,"h !y dis9tegrate1 & are ultimately conv]t$ into ammonium salts1 ma9ly by bact]ial action4 ,! dead bodies ( ^! animals are also brok5 d[n by v>i\s means1 becom+ ev5tually *emically dissociat$ & available z plant food4 ,animal 7& plant7 residues s]ve1 h[ev]1 z food = ! l>ge numb] ( saprophag\s inv]tebrates pres5t 9 ! soil4 ,9 ?is ev5t ! nitrog5 conta9$ 9 su* residues becomes 8lock$ up10 z x 71 = ! "t be+ 9 _! bodies4 ,bo? saprophag\s & phytophag\s animals are prey$ ^u by c>nivor\s species1 b ultimately ! nitrog5 is return$ to ! soil ^u ! dea? ( ^? organisms4 ,! am\nt pres5t 9 ! bodies ( ! :ole inv]tebrate fauna has be5 calculat$ by ,morris 7#aibb7 ^u analyses furni%$ by *emi/s at ,ro?am/$4 ,x is e/imat$ t ! fauna ( manur$ l& conta9s ab\t #gcdi grm41 or #afb lb4 ( nitrog5 p] acre1 & t ( untreat$ l&1 #cdij grm41 or #ge lb4 p] acre4 ,^! am\nts are equal respectively to ! nitrog5 cont5t ( #ajcf lb4 & #dh lb4 ( nitrate ( soda4 ,! prim>y "q affect+ agriculture is1 :e!r any notable loss ( nitrog5 is occasion$ by ! pres5ce ( ^! organisms 9 ! soil4 ,x has be5 m5tion$ t _! nitrog5\s wa/e mat]ial1 & _! dead bodies1 ultimately und]go dis9tegration2 any loss1 if any1 takes place dur+ ! latt] process4 ,) ! m complex comp\nds x probably consi/s 9 ! production ( am9o-acids & _! subsequ5t hydrolysis or oxidation4 ,dur+ ?is process an appreciable loss ( nitrog5 9 ! gase\s =m occurs4 ,?is loss1 :i* is discuss$ on p4 #agc w\ld repres5t ! net deficit occasion$ by ! incid5ce ( inv]tebrates 9 ! soil4 ,aga9/ ?is loss mu/ be plac$ ! b5eficial action ( su* organisms z e>?worms1 :i*1 9 all probability1 m ?an c\nt]balances x4 7c7 ,_m soil insects1 on acc\nt ( _! phytophag\s habits1 are well-kn[n to be "s ( ! mo/ s]i\s enemies ( agriculture4 ,c]ta9 ( ^!1 & also o!r classes ( inv]tebrates1 :i* are likewise directly injuri\s1 h be5 in/anc$ 9 ! e>li] pages ( ?is *apt]4 ,detail$ in=mation on ?is subject w be f\nd 9 textbooks ( economic zoology1 notably ! volume by ,reh 7#aiac74 ,,lit]ature ,,ref]r$ ,,to4 ,,adams1 ,c4 ,c41 8,an ,ecological ,/udy ( ,prairie & ,=e/ ,inv]tebrates10 ,bull4 ,ill94 ,/4 ,lab4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 #aiae1 xi4 ,,cam]on1 ,a4 ,e41 8,g5]al ,survey ( ! ,insect ,fauna ( ! ,soil10 ,j\rn4 ,econ4 ,biol41 #aiac1 viii4 8,insect ,association ( a ,local ,environm5tal ,complex 9 ! ,di/rict ( ,holmes ,*apel1 ,*e%ire10 ,trans4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,ed941 #aiag1 lii4 ,,d>w91 ,c41 8,vegetable ,m\ld & ,e>?worms10 ,london1 #ahha4 ,,hamilton1 ,c4 ,c41 8,! ,behavi\r ( "s ,soil ,insects 9 ,gradi5ts ( ,evaporat+ ,p[] ( ,air1 etc410 ,biol4 ,bull41 #aiag1 xxxii4 ,,morris1 ,h4 ,m41 8,obs]vations on ! ,insect ,fauna ( ,p]man5t ,pa/ure 9 ,*e%ire10 ,ann4 ,app4 ,biol41 #aiba1 vii4 8,on a ,me?od ( ,sep>at+ ,insects & o!r ,ar?ropods f ,soil10 ,bull4 ,entom4 ,res41 #aibb1 xiii4 8,! ,insect & ,o!r ,inv]tebrate ,fauna ( ,arable ,l& at ,ro?am/$10 ,ann4 ,app4 ,biol41 #aibb ,a1 ix4 ,,reh1 ,l41 ,9 ,sorau]'s 8,pflanz5krankheit510 #aiac1 iii4 ,,ri*>dson1 ,c4 ,h41 8,! ,attraction ( ,dipt]a to ,ammonia10 ,ann4 ,ent4 ,soc4 ,am]41 #aiaf1 ix4 ,,russell1 ,e4 ,j41 8,! ,effect ( ,e>?worms on ,soil ,productiv5ess10 ,j\rn4 ,agric4 ,sci41 #aiaj1 iii4 ,,%el=d1 ,v4 ,e41 8,animal ,communities 9 ,temp]ate ,am]ica10 ,*icago4 #aiad1 8,! ,importance ( ! ,measure ( ,evaporation 9 ,economic ,/udies ( ,insects10 ,j\rn4 ,econ4 ,entom41 #aiab1 vii4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,! ,,*emical ,,activities ,,( ,,! ,,soil ,,population ,,& ,,_! ,,relation ,,to ,,! ,,gr[+ ,,plant4 ,9 ! prec$+ *apt]s x is %[n t ! soil is normally inhabit$ by a v mix$ population ( organisms1 v>y+ 9 size f ! smalle/ bact]ia up to nematodes & o!rs j visible to ! unaid$ eye1 on to l>g] animals1 & f9ally e>?worms1 :i* c be readily se5 & h&l$4 ,^! organisms all live 9 ! soil1 & !re=e mu/ f9d 9 x ! conditions necess>y = _! gr[?4 ,we h dealt 9 ! fir/ *apt] ) ! supplies ( wat]1 air1 & heat1 )\t :i* life is cle>ly impossible4 ,equally necess>y is ! s\rce ( en]gy1 = ! organism requires en]gy mat]ial z surely z ! motor eng9e requires petrol1 & x ceases to function unless an adequate supply is =?com+4 ,all ! en]gy comes 9 ! fir/ in/ance f ! sun1 if we exclude ! unkn[n b probably small fraction com+ f radio-active elem5ts4 ,b ?is radiant en]gy is n utilisable by ! soil population1 except+ surface alg2 x has to be trans=m$ into ano!r k9d4 ,s f>1 *lorophyll is ! only kn[n trans=m]2 x fixes ! en]gy ( sunlight & /ores x up 9 bodies l hemicellulose1 sug>1 />*1 prote91 etc4 ,! trans=mation is imp]fect2 ev5 ! heavie/ yield+ crops gr[n "u glass1 9 conditions made z fav\rable z our k p]mits1 utilise only ab\t #d p] c5t4 ( ! total en]gy available dur+ _! p]iod ( gr[?2 9 natural conditions n m ?an #jd p] c5t4 is utilis$4 ,su* z x is1 h[ev]1 ! en]gy fix$ 9 ! plant repres5ts all1 inde$ m ?an all1 t ! soil organisms c obta94 ,9 ! /ate ( ,nature1 vegetation dies & is left on ! soil4 ,two ?+s may !n happ54 ,x may become drawn into ! soil by e>?worms & o!r ag5ts2 ! en]gy supply is ?us di/ribut$ 9 ! soil to s]ve ! ne$s ( ! v>i$ soil population4 ,?is is ! normal case1 associat$ ) ! normal soil population & ! normal flora4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! m+l+ ag5ts are abs5t1 ! dead vegetation lies l a mat on ! surface ( ! soil1 only p>tially decompos+1 unsuitable = ! gr[? ( mo/ se$l+s1 & effectually prev5t+ mo/ ( ! vegetation bel[ f pu%+ a way ?r\gh3 ?us !re comes to be no vegetation at all1 or only a v re/rict$ & special flora4 ,! soil population becomes also specialis$4 ,peats & acid grassl& af=d examples4 ,on ! neutral grass plots at ,ro?am/$1 ! dead vegetation does n accumulate on ! surface b is rapidly decompos$ or drawn into ! soil1 leav+ ! surface ( ! e>? b>e & free = ! gr[? ( se$l+s4 ,on ! acid plots dead vegetation rema9s long on ! surface1 blott+ out all new gr[? except+ two or ?ree grasses :i* =m und]gr\nd runn]s capable ( p5etrat+ ! mat1 & sorrel1 ! se$l+ roots ( :i* seem to h ! p[] ( bor+ ?r\gh a fibr\s lay] ( ?is sort4 ,x is possible to remove ! mat entirely by bact]ial action alone1 if suffici5t lime be add$ p]iodically to make ! reaction neutral1 b fail+ ^! repeat$ additions ! mat p]si/s4 ,we %all conf9e ourselves to ! normal case :]e e>?worms br+ ! s\rce ( en]gy into ! soil4 ,directly ! en]gy is available1 x beg9s to be utilis$4 ,two laws gov]n ! *ange4 ,! fir/ is well-kn[n to biologi/s3 x /ates t ! total en]gy ( ! sy/em rema9s con/ant & c nei!r be increas$ nor dim9i%$ except f outside2 9 o!r words1 t en]gy c be nei!r creat$ nor de/roy$4 ,! second law is less famili>3 x is t en]gy once trans=m$ to heat by "o organism _c be us$ aga9 by ano!r4 ,x is n de/roy$2 x rema9s intact1 b is useless to ! organism4 ,"o _c h an indef9ite *a9 ( organisms liv+ on ea* o!r's excretory products2 !re 0 a c]ta9 quantity ( en]gy 9 ! food eat5 by ! fir/1 & no m ?an ?is quantity c be got out :e!r "o organism obta9s ! :ole or :e!r o!rs %>e x4 ,! outside value = ! am\nt ( en]gy fix$ 9 ! soil is obta9able by combu/ion ( ! soil 9 a calorimet]1 b mu* ( ?is is n available to ! soil organisms4 ,! normal s$im5t>y soils ( ,engl& /ill conta9 decomposition products ( ! dbris ( plants & animals orig9ally deposit$ ) !m1 b 9 ! long c\rse ( ages mu* ( ! extractable en]gy has be5 utilis$4 ,! soil population is ?us dep5d5t on rec5tly gr[n vegetation1 & x is !re=e l>gely conf9$ to ! lay]1 usually 9 ?is c\ntry ab\t #f in*es ?ick1 ?r\gh :i* ! rec5tly dead vegetation is di/ribut$4 ,bel[ ?is level !re may be suffici5t air1 wat]1 temp]ature1 etc41 b !re is insuffici5t s\rce ( en]gy = any l>ge population4 ,un=tunately !re is no ready means = di/+ui%+ betwe5 ! total & ! actually available quantity ( en]gy 9 ! soil4 ,b x is n difficult1 by adopt+ ! ,ro?am/$ analytical me?od1 to asc]ta9 ! approximate am\nt ( en]gy t has be5 trans=m$ 9 a giv5 p]iod4 ,! ,ro?am/$ plots are p]iodically analys$ & a balance %eet is drawn up %[+ h[ mu* ( ea* con/itu5t has be5 add$ to & remov$ f ! soil 9 ! int]v5+ p]iod4 ,= two ( ! ,broadbalk plots ! results are %[n 9 ,tables ,,xv41 ,,xvi4 ,! dung$ plot receives #ad tons f>my>d manure p] annum1 a quantity 9 excess ( :at w\ld usually be giv52 ! unmanur$ plot1 on ! o!r h&1 has receiv$ no manure = _m ye>s & is abnormally poor4 ,normal soils lie some:]e betwe5 ^! limits1 b t5d+ r to ! value = ! dung$ ?an = ! unmanur$ plot4 ,x w be se5 t ea* acre ( ! dung$ l& loses on an av]age #da1jjj calories p] day1 :ile ea* acre ( ! unmanur$ l& loses on an av]age #bgjj calories p] day4 ,,table ,,xv4--,,mat]ial ,,balance ,,%eet3 ,,broadbalk ,,soil1 ,,ro?am/$4 7,,lb4 ,,p] ,,acre ,,p] ,,annum47 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,f>my>d ,no ,manure ,manure ,add$4 ,add$4 -------------------------- ,c4 ,n4 ,c4 ,n4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,add$ 9 f>my>d manure #cfjj #bjj nil nil ,add$ 9 /ubble #cjj #c #ajj #a ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,total add$ #cijj #bjc #ajj #a ,tak5 f soil nil nil #bjj nil ,/or$ 9 soil #bjj #cj nil nil ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,lo/ f soil #cgjj #agj #cjj nil,h ,p] c5t4 #ie #hd #ajj nil ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,initial ,c 3 ,n ratio 9 f>my>d manure1 #ah 3 #a ,f9al ,c 3 ,n ratio 9 soil1 #aj 3 #a4 ,h ,ga9 ( #f lb4 ,see p4 #agc4 ,,table ,,xvi4--,,annual ,,en]gy ,,*anges ,,9 ,,soil3 ,,broadbalk4 ,,approximate ,,values ,,only4 ,,millions ,,( ,,kilo ,,calories ,,p] ,,acre ,,p] ,,annum4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,f>my>d ,no ,manure ,manure ,add$4 ,add$4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,add$ 9 manure #ad nil ,add$ 9 /ubble #b #jc ---------------------- ,total add$ #af #jc ,tak5 f soil nil #je-a ,/or$ 9 soil #je-a nil ---------------------- ,dissipat$ p] annum #ae #a ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,p] day3 calories #da1jjj #bgjj ,equival5t to #ab m54 man4 ,! human food gr[n provides = #b m54 man4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,^! numb]s are int]e/+ :5 we reflect t ! human food produc$ on ! dung$ l& yields only #gjjj calories p] day1 f :i* x is cle> t our agricultural ef=ts s f> provide m en]gy = ! soil population1 = :i* x 0 n int5d$1 ?an = ourselves4 ,! acc\nt is n complete2 we h omitt$ all ref]5ce to ! oxidation ( ammonia & ( elem5ts o!r ?an c>bon4 ,nature seems to be 9 an unexpect$ly economical mood 9 ! soil1 & all comp\nds :i* c be oxidis$ ) lib]ation ( en]gy seem to h correspond+ organisms capable ( utilis+ !m4 ,ev5 ph5ol1 b5z5e1 hydrog51 & m>% gas c all be oxidis$ & utilis$ z en]gy s\rces by "s ( ! soil population4 ,ev5 ) ?is rem>kable p[] ! soil population has insuffici5t en]gy to satisfy all its possibilities2 our pres5t k indicates t en]gy supply is1 9 ?is c\ntry at any rate1 ! factor limit+ ! numb]s ( ! population4 ,increases 9 ! wat] supply or ! temp]ature ( ! soil produce no consi/5t effect on ! population1 b directly ! en]gy supply is increas$ ! numb]s at once rise4 ,,mat]ial ,,*anges4 ,^! trans=mations ( en]gy involve trans=mations ( matt]4 ,! orig9al plant residues may be divid$ r\ghly into sub/ances =m+ ! /ructure ( ! plant1 su* z ! hemicelluloses1 ! p5tosans1 gums1 & ! cont5ts ( ! cell--! protoplasm & ! /orage products1 prote92 9 addition1 !re are small] quantities ( fats & waxes & o!r con/itu5ts4 ,"s ( ! easily-decomposable c>bohydrates nev] rea* ! soil at all1 be+ brok5 d[n by intracellul> respiration or attack ( micro-organisms4 ,b mu* ( ! /ructure mat]ial--hemicelluloses1 p5tosans1 etc4--rema9s4 ,once ! plant residues pass ?r\gh ! e>?worm bodies !y become completely dis9tegrat$ & lose all signs ( /ructure4 ,! only visible product s f> kn[n is humus1 ! black /icky sub/ance *>act]i/ic ( soil & ( manure4 ,two modes ( =mation h be5 sugge/$4 ,c>bohydrates1 sug>s1 p5tosans1 etc41 are kn[n to yield furfuraldehyde or hydroxyme?ylfurfuraldehyde on decomposition1 & x has be5 %[n at ,ro?am/$ t ?is readily cond5ses to =m a humus-l body1 if n humus itself4 ,9 ! laboratory ! reaction is effect$ 9 pres5ce ( acid1 b ev5 am9o-acids suffice4 ,all ! necess>y conditions occur 9 ! soil1 & humus =mation may proce$ 9 ?is way4 ,"s ( ! /ructure mat]ial--! lign9--conta9s aromatic r+ gr\p+s4 ,fis*] & ,s*rad] h %[n t 9 alkal9e conditions ^! r+ sub/ances absorb oxyg5 & =m some?+ v l humus4 ,x is q possible t humus =mation also proce$s 9 ! soil 9 ?is way4 ,:e!r ! two products are *emically id5tical is n kn[n4 ,! s*eme c be repres5t$ ?us3-- ,cell /ructure mat]ial -------------------------------- ,aliphatic ,aromatic 7,hemicelluloses1 7,lign91 etc41 ,p5tosans1 etc47 9 pres5ce ( oxyg5 & "u ------------------- a]obic conditions7 ,fatty acids ,furfuraldehyde or ,hydroxyme?ylfurfuraldehyde 79 pres5ce ( acid7 ,calcium c>bonate4 ,humus4 ,! dis9tegration ( ! cell & ! fir/ /ages 9 ! decomposition ( ! /ructure mat]ial are almo/ c]ta9ly br\ght ab\t by micro-organisms4 ,:e!r !y complete ! process is n kn[n3 purely *emical ag5cies c\ld easily acc\nt = "p4 ,! decomposition ( prote9 9 ! soil has n be5 /udi$ 9 any detail4 ,f :at is kn[n ( ! acid hydrolysis & ! putrefactive decompositions1 h[ev]1 x is n difficult to draw up a s*eme :i*1 at any rate1 accords ) ! facts at pres5t kn[n4 ,x is probable t ! prote9 gives rise to am9o-acids1 :i* !n break d[n by "o ( ! kn[n g5]al reactions4 ,two types ( non-nitrog5\s products may be expect$3 ,! aliphatic am9o-acids give rise to ammonia & fatty acids2 ^! =m calcium salts :i* break d[n to calcium c>bonate4 ,! aromatic am9o-acids--tyros91 ph5ylalan9e1 etc4--:i* w\ld acc\nt = ab\t #f p] c5t4 ( ! nitrog5 ( vegetable prote9s1 w\ld be expect$ to give ammonia & ph5olic sub/ances4 ,n[ ph5ols are poison\s to plants & if no me?od exi/$ = _! removal ! accumulation w\ld ultimately r5d] ! soil /]ile4 ,matt]s w\ld be ev5 worse on cultivat$ soils1 s9ce c[s' ur9e1 :i* ent]s into ! composition ( f>my>d manure & is ! *ief con/itu5t ( liquid manure1 conta9s1 accord+ to ,moos]1 no less ?an #jbe to #jgg grams ( p-cresol p] litre1,i a quantity ?ree to t5 times t pres5t 9 human ur9e4 ,=tunately ?is cont+5cy nev] arises1 = ! soil conta9s a rem>kable set ( organisms capable ( decompos+ ! ph5ols & leav+ ! soil entirely suitable = plant gr[?4 ,?is af=ds an int]e/+ case ( an organism--9 ?is case ! plant--gr[+ well 9 a m$ium 9 spite ( "s adv]se condition1 n because x is specially adapt$ to meet ?is condition1 b because "s :olly diff]5t ag5t removes x4 ,i ,moos]1 ,zeits*rift physiol4 ,*em41 #aiji1 lxiii41 #agf4 ,no ph5ol 0 f\nd4 ,x is possible t ! p-cresol is n entirely d]iv$ f ! prote91 b t "s comes f ! glucosides 9 ! animals' food4 ,o!r r+ comp\nds1 e4g4 pyrrol1 arise 9 small] quantity 9 ! decomposition ( prote91 b _! fate 9 ! soil is n kn[n4 ,we may summ>ise ! probable *anges ( ! prote9 z foll[s3-- ,prote94 ------------------------------------- ,aliphatic ,aromatic ,o!r am9o-acids am9o-acids comp\nds 7,pyrrol1 etc47 ---------------- ---------------- ,fatty acids & ,ammonia ,ph5olic hydroxy acids comp\nds ,nitrite ,calcium ,nitrate ,,co c>bonate ,x mu/ be admitt$ t ! evid5ce is indirect4 ,! rate ( oxidation ( ammonia by bact]ia 9 ! soil is m rapid ?an ! rate ( =mation1 s t ammonia is practically nev] f\nd 9 ! soil 9 m ?an m9imal am\nts 7#a or #b p>ts p] #a1jjj1jjj72 inde$1 ! only evid5ce ( its =mation 0 = a long "t ! fact t no comp\nd o!r ?an ammonia c\ld be oxidis$ by ! nitrify+ organism4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 s9ce be5 %[n at ,ro?am/$ t ammonia accumulates 9 soils 9 :i* ! nitrify+ organism has be5 kill$4 ,no?+ is kn[n ( ! me*anism ( ! oxidation ( ammonia beyond ! fact t x is biological2 ! reaction is n easily effect$ *emically at ord9>y temp]atures4 ,possibly ! organism assimilates ammonia at "o end ( a *a9 ( metabolic processes & excretes nitrates at ! o!r4 ,or1 ! reaction may be simply a /raight oxidation = en]gy purposes1 ! ammonia *ang+ to hydroxylam9e & !n to nitr\s & nitric acids4 ,! nitrate does n rema9 long 9 ! soil4 ,"s is tak5 up by ! plant & "s is wa%$ out f ! soil4 ,"p1 h[ev]1 ei!r ( ! nitrate itself or ( "o ( its precursors is conv]t$ into an insoluble =m3 probably x is *ang$ into prote9 by ! action ( micro-organisms2 x !n goes ?r\gh ! :ole process once m4 ,^! are ! g5]al outl9es2 !y pres5t no p>ticul> *emical difficulties4 ,:5 we come to details1 h[ev]1 !re is mu* t _c be und]/ood4 ,fir/ ( all1 !re is ! sl[ rate at :i* complex nitrog5 comp\nds disappe> f ! soil 9 comp>ison ) ! rate ( oxidation ( ! c>bon4 ,?us1 9 ! orig9al plant residues1 !re is "s =ty times z mu* c>bon z nitrog53 be=e !y h be5 long 9 ! soil !re is only t5 times z mu* c>bon z nitrog52 ?is seems to be ! /able position4 ,:at is ! reason = ?is pref]5tial oxidation ( ! c>bon8 ,no explanation c yet be giv54 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd4 ,x-axis3 #ahhg-h #ahij-a #aijj-a #aiaj-aa ,y-axis3 p] acre ,an equally difficult problem arises 9 connection ) ! l5g? ( "t ! process w cont9ue4 ,decomposition ( ! nitrog5 comp\nds nev] seems to be complete 9 ! soil2 x dribbles on int]m9ably4 ,9 ! ye> #ahgj ,lawes & ,gilb]t cut (f a block ( soil f its surr\nd+s & und]m9$ x s t ! dra9age wat] c\ld be collect$ & analys$4 ,! soil has be5 kept free f vegetation or addition ( nitrog5 comp\nds f t "t till n[2 yet x has nev] fail$ to yield nitrates1 & ! annual yield falls (f only v sl[ly 7,fig4 #bd74 ,?is same peculi>ity is se5 9 ! yield ( crops on unmanur$ l&3 x decreases1 b v gradually2 ev5 aft] eighty ye>s ! process is f> f complete1 & !re is no sign t x w ev] come to an end4 ,,table ,,xvii4--,,approximate ,,loss ,,( ,,nitrog5 ,,f ,,cultivat$ ,,soils3 ,,broadbalk ,,:eat ,,field1 ,,ro?am/$1 ,,=ty-,,n9e ,,ye>s 7#ahfe-aiad47 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,ri* ,soil3 ,plot #b4 ,poor ,soil3 ,plot #c4 ,lb4 p] ,acre4 ,lb4 p] ,acre4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,nitrog5 9 soil 9 #ahfeage p] c5t4 #dcdjaje p] c5t4 #bgbj ,nitrog5 add$ 9 manure1 ra9 7#e lb4 p] annum71 & se$ 7#b lb4 p] annum7 #aj1adj #cdj ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,nitrog5 expect$ 9 #aiad #ad1dhj #cjfj ,nitrog5 f\nd 9 #aiad #bei p] c5t4 #eiejjie p] c5t4 #beij ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,loss f soil #hecj #dgj ,nitrog5 acc\nt$ = 9 crops #bejj #gej ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,balance1 be+ dead loss #fjcj -#bhj;,j ,annual dead loss #abc - #f;,j ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,j ,ga9s4 ,possibly ! result ( bact]ial action4 ,a fur!r rem>kable fact connect$ ) ! decomposition ( ! nitrog5 comp\nds is t x seems inv>iably to be accompani$ by an evolution ( gase\s nitrog54 ,app>5tly !re are two cases4 ,"u ana]obic conditions _m ( ! soil organisms h ! p[] ( obta9+ _! necess>y oxyg5 f nitrates1 !reby caus+ a *ange 9 ! molecule :i* leads 9 "s cases to lib]ation ( gase\s nitrog52 b ! same result seems to be atta9$ 9 a]obic conditions1 especially :5 c>bon is be+ rapidly oxidis$4 ,x is possible t ! reaction is ! same1 & t 9 spite ( ! g5]al a]obic conditions !re is locally an ana]obic atmosph]e4 ,b x is also possible t "s direct oxidation ( prote9 or am9o-acids may yield gase\s nitrog54 ,h[ev] x is br\ght ab\t x affects a consid]able proportion ( ! entire /ock ( nitrog51 & x becomes m s]i\s z cultivation is int5sifi$4 ,?us1 on ! ,broadbalk plot receiv+ f>my>d manure ! loss is p>ticul>ly heavy2 on ! unmanur$ plot x _c be detect$4 ,! nitrog5 balance-%eet is %[n 9 ,table ,,xvii4 ,! oxidation ( c>bonace\s matt]1 h[ev]1 is n inv>iably accompani$ by a net loss ( nitrog52 9 o!r circum/ances !re is a net ga94 ,9 natural conditions !re seems always to h be5 "s legum9\s vegetation gr[+2 ! ga9 may1 !re=e1 be ascrib$ to ! activity ( ! nodule organism4 ,9 pot exp]im5ts1 h[ev]1 x has be5 f\nd possible1 by add+ sug> to ! soil1 to obta9 ga9s ( nitrog5 :]e !re is no legum9\s vegetation1 & ?is is attribut$ to ! activity ( ,azotobact]4 ,! nitrog5 cycle z obs]v$ 9 ! soil is z foll[s3-- -------------- ,prote9 ---------------- ,by c]ta9 organisms ,by ,azotobact]1 & by ,clo/ridium1 gr[+ ,ammonia ,me*anism nodule organisms1 plants unc]ta9 etc4 ,nitrite ,gase\s ------- ,nitrate ------ ,nitrog5 -------- ,by d5itrify+ organisms ,!re has be5 b little /udy ( ! process ( decomposition ( ! o!r comp\nds 9 plants4 ,"p1 if n all1 ( ! sulphur is kn[n to appe> z sulphate1 & "s ( ! phosphorus z phosphate4 ,x is c]ta9 t ! plant con/itu5ts decompose1 = !re is no sign ( _! accumulation 9 ! soil4 ,!y may ex]t transitory effects1 b !re is no?+ to %[ p]man5t cont9uance4 ,! toxic conditions :i* cause tr\ble 9 work+ ) pure cultures ( organisms 9 specific cultures m$ia d n1 s f> z is kn[n1 arise 9 ! soil4 ,all attempts to f9d bact]io-tox9s or plant tox9s 9 normal soils h fail$4 ,! product toxic to "o organism seems to be a useful nutri5t to ano!r1 & s ! mix$ population keeps ! soil heal?y = all its memb]s4 ,!re is little precise k z to ! "p play$ by ! diff]5t memb]s ( ! soil population 9 br++ ab\t ^! *anges4 ,we "k 9 a g5]al way t e>?worms effect ! di/ribution ( ! plant residues 9 ! soil1 & s]ve to dis9tegrate !m2 !re is no evid5ce1 h[ev]1 t !y play any indisp5sable "p 9 ! decomposition4 ,_m root & o!r fragm5ts d n g ?r\gh ?is process2 obs]vation %[s t fungi c =ce a way 91 & !y may be foll[$ by nematodes :i* cont9ue ! dis9tegration4 ,possibly "s ( ! flagellates help1 & c]ta9ly ! bact]ia d4 ,aft] t no?+ is c]ta94 ,we _c1 ) c]ta9ty1 assign any p>ticul> reaction 9 ! decomposition to any specific organism1 ) ! exception ( ! oxidation ( ! ph5olic sub/ances1 ! conv]sion ( ammonia to nitrite & nitrate1 & ! fixation ( nitrog54 ,) ^! exceptions _m organisms seem capable ( br++ ab\t ! reactions1 & inde$ "s ( ! reactions may be purely *emical & indep5d5t ( biological ag5cies4 ,! relation%ips betwe5 ! soil population & soil f]tility are readily /at$ 9 g5]al outl9e1 b !y are by no means cle> cut :5 "o comes to details2 f]tility is a complex prop]ty1 & "s ( its factors are indep5d5t ( soil micro-organisms4 ,! g5]al relation%ip betwe5 plants & soil organisms is "o ( complete mutual int]dep5d5ce4 ,! gr[+ plant fixes ! sun's en]gy & conv]ts x into a =m utilisable by ! soil organisms2 )\t ! plant !y c\ld n exi/4 ,! plant is equally dep5d5t on ! soil organisms 9 at lea/ two directions3 _! scav5g+ action removes ! dead vegetation :i* w\ld1 if accumulat$ on ! surface ( ! soil1 effectively prev5t mo/ plants f gr[+4 ,fur!r1 ! plant is dep5d5t on ! soil population = supplies ( nitrates4 ,no?+ is kn[n ab\t ! relative effici5cies ( ! v>i\s soil organisms z scav5g]s4 ,num]\s fungi & bact]ia are effective produc]s ( ammonia1 ! precursor ( nitrates2 x is n kn[n1 h[ev]1 :e!r flagellates & su* high] =ms z nematodes act 9 ?is way4 ,?is widespread p[] ( produc+ ammonia makes x impossible 9 our pres5t k to reg>d any p>ticul> gr\p ( organisms z p> excell5ce promot]s ( f]tility4 ,inde$1 x is safe/ n to attempt to d s4 ,! prim>y purpose ( ! activities ( a soil organism is to obta9 en]gy & cell mat]ial = itself2 any b5efit to ! plant is purely incid5tal4 ,= cell mat]ial x mu/ h nitrog5 & phosphorus2 "h x competes ) ! plant4 ,if x produces m ammonia ?an x utilises--9 o!r words1 if x is driv5 to nitrog5 comp\nds = its en]gy1 !n ! plant b5efits4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 x absorbs m ammonia ?an x produces1 z happ5s :5 x d]ives its en]gy f non-nitrog5\s sub/ances1 ! plant suff]s4 ,?us1 addition ( peptone to ! soil or an increase 9 bact]ial numb]s effect$ )\t addition ( ext]nal en]gy 7e4g4 by p>tial /]ilisation7 leads to increas$ ammonia supply1 &1 !re=e1 to increas$ f]tility4 ,b addition ( sug> to ! soil causes s great an increase ( numb]s ( bact]ia & o!r organisms t consid]able absorption ( ammonia & nitrate occurs1 & f]tility is = a "t depress$4 ,bo? actions proce$ 9 soils p>tially /]ilis$ by organic sub/ances1 su* z ph5ol1 :i* are utilis$ by "s ( ! soil organisms2 !re is fir/ a great rise 9 numb]s ( ^! p>ticul> organisms ) a depression ( ammonia & nitrate1 !n a drop to ! new level1 high] ?an ! old "o1 & an increas$ production ( ammonia & nitrate result+ f ! p>tial /]ilisation effects4 ,we mu/ !n reg>d ! soil population z conc]n$ entirely to ma9ta9 itself1 & only incid5tly b5efit+ ! plant1 sometimes1 inde$1 injur+ x2 always ess5tial1 yet always tak+ its toll1 & sometimes a heavy toll1 ( ! plant nutri5ts x produces4 ,?is effect makes x difficult to d$uce simple quantitative relation%ips betwe5 bact]ial activity & soil f]tility1 & ! difficulty is increas$ by ! fact t bact]ia & plants may bo? be injur$ or b5efit$ by ! same causes1 s t high bact]ial numb]s 9 a f]tile soil w\ld n necess>ily be ! cause1 b might be simply ! result ( f]tility4 ,! circum/ance t c]ta9 soil organisms--bact]ia1 alg1 & fungi--!mselves assimilate ammonia & nitrate may acc\nt = ! rem>kable sl[ness ( nitrate accumulation1 to :i* ref]5ce has already be5 made4 ,! prote9 =m$ f ! assimilat$ nitrog5 rema9s 9 ! bodies ( ! organisms1 liv+ or dead1 till decomposition sets 94 ,x is n difficult to picture a cycle ( ev5ts 9 :i* mu* ( ! nitrate =m$ is at once reabsorb$ by o!r organisms1 & only little is actually ?r[n (f into ! soil4 ,su* a process might cont9ue almo/ int]m9ably s long z any c>bonace\s mat]ial rema9$4 ,f9ally1 we come to ! v int]e/+ problem--is x possible to control ! population ( ! soil8 ,! problem may seem sup]flu\s 9 view ( ! difficulties j m5tion$4 ,"s aspects ( x1 h[ev]1 are fairly cle>ly def9$4 ,9 ! fir/ in/ance1 "s organisms appe> to be :olly h>mful to ! plant2 among !m are p>asitic eelworms & fungi1 & bact]ia caus+ disease4 ,control ( ^! organisms c be br\ght ab\t by p>tial /]ilisation1 & ( all me?ods heat is ! mo/ effective1 b x is co/ly1 & attempts are n[ be+ made to replace x by *emical treatm5t4 ,! results are promis+1 b ! inve/igation is labori\s2 ! organisms %[ specific relation%ips1 & 9 f9d+ a suffici5tly pot5t & conv5i5t poison x is necess>y 9 ea* case to make an inve/igation into ! relation%ip betwe5 *emical con/itution & toxicity to ! p>ticul> organism conc]n$4 ,=maldehyde is usually pot5t aga9/ fungi1 & ! cresols1 & p>ticul>ly _! *lor- & *loronitro-d]ivatives1 are pot5t aga9/ animals 7eelworms1 etc474 ,"o gr\p ( organisms is :olly b5eficial1 ^? associat$ ) legum9\s plants4 ,attempts h be5 made to increase _! activities by inoculat+ ! soil ) m vigor\s /ra9s4 ,! practical difficulties /ill rema9 v consid]able1 b !re is hope t !y may be ov]come4 ,x is also possible to %ift ! balance ( ! soil population 9 c]ta9 directions4 ,special gr\ps ( soil organisms c be caus$ to multiply tempor>ily1 if n p]man5tly1 by satisfy+ _! p>ticul> requirem5ts4 ,?us1 :5 a soil has be5 heat$ above #ajj ,c4 x becomes specially suit$ to ! gr[? ( fungi1 & q unsuit$ to c]ta9 bact]ia su* z ! nitrify+ organisms & o!rs2 if ?is heat$ soil is infect$ ) a normal soil population ! fungi develop to a rem>kable ext5t4 ,! nodule organisms appe> to be /imulat$ by addition ( f>my>d manure & ( phosphates1 & ! ph5ol-de/roy+ organisms by successive small additions ( ph5ol4 ,f9ally1 q ap>t f ! control ( disease organisms1 x is possible to alt] ! soil population consid]ably by p>tial /]ilisation1 us+ a temp]ature ( only ab\t #fj ,c41 or a poison l tolu5e t fav\rs few ( ! soil organisms4 ,?is problem has already be5 discuss$ 9 ,*apt] ,i4 ,! control ( ! soil population is /ill only 9 its infancy1 b x already promises useful developm5ts4 ,x _c1 h[ev]1 be too /rongly insi/$ t ! only sure basis ( control is k1 & we _c hope to pu% control fur!r till we h le>n$ mu* m ab\t ! soil population ?an we "k at pres5t4 ,,au?or ,,index4 ,,adametz1 #aah4 ,adams1 #aeh4 ,aiy]1 #aac4 ,appel1 #acc4 ,art>i1 #ajg4 ,a%by1 #db4 ,,b>!l1 #bd4 ,beij]9ck1 #f1 #cg1 #da1 #db1 #df1 #ajg4 ,b]!lot1 #e1 #f1 #da4 ,bewley1 #dg1 #ea1 #acb4 ,bezsson(f1 #fi4 ,boas1 #ach4 ,bokorny1 #ach4 ,bonazzi1 #de4 ,bores*1 #ajg4 ,b\ss+ault1 #c4 ,br$emann1 #bd4 ,bri/ol1 #ajf4 ,brizi1 #aac4 ,br[n & ,halv]s51 #abg4 ,burgess1 #da4 ,burrill1 #dh4 ,bussey1 ,pet]s & ,ulri*1 #acb4 ,butkevit*1 #ach1 #aci4 ,butl]1 #acb4 ,,cam]on1 #aej1 #aeh4 ,*odat1 #ajg4 ,*ri/5s51 #df4 ,clayton1 #bh1 #dc4 ,coleman1 #abg1 #acf4 ,conn1 #bc1 #ed1 #fa1 #abc4 ,cram]1 #ci4 ,crump1 #eg1 #gi1 #hj4 ,cunn+ham1 #fi4 ,cutl]1 #eg1 #eh1 #gh1 #hj4 ,,dale1 #aah1 #aba4 ,d>w91 #aec4 ,dascewska1 #acd4 ,de ,bruyn1 #acb4 van ,deld51 #db4 ,delf1 #hg4 ,doryl&1 #cc1 #dj4 ,dox1 #ach4 ,dox & ,neidig1 #acd4 ,drummond1 #afj4 ,dugg> & ,davis1 #ace4 ,duva9e1 #bj4 ,,ehr5b]g1 #ach4 ,ehrli* & ,jacobs51 #ach4 ,esm>*1 #ajb1 #ajc4 ,,fabricius1 #fa4 ,feilitz51 #fa4 ,fis*]1 #aah1 #abf4 ,=te1 #aja4 ,frank1 #acb4 ,frits*1 #aab4 ,,ga9ey1 #df4 ,gillespie & ,hur/1 #adj4 ,godd>d1 #aah1 #abj1 #aba4 ,gold+1 #di4 ,goodey1 #fh1 #gc1 #gi1 #aje4 ,greaves1 #db1 #fa4 ,gre51 #cg4 ,gr9tzesco1 #ajg4 ,gro5ewege1 #db4 ,,hagem1 #aah1 #aba1 #acf1 #ach1 #aci4 ,hamilton1 #aeh1 #aei4 ,hans51 #dh4 ,hanzawa1 #dc4 ,h>rison1 #aac4 ,he9ze1 #aci4 ,hellriegel1 #e1 #f1 #df4 ,h5s51 #ajj4 ,hesselmann1 #cf4 ,hill1 #id4 ,hiltn]1 #bc4 ,hopk9s1 #cf4 ,hut*9son1 ,c4 ,m41 #db4 ,hut*9son1 ,h4 ,b41 #bg1 #dc1 #dg1 #ea1 #eg1 #aje4 ,,van ,,it]son1 #acc4 ,,j5s51 #aah1 #acb4 ,jewson1 #abc4 ,j(fe1 #cg4 ,jones1 ,d4 ,h4 & ,murdock1 #abg4 ,jones1 ,l4 ,r41 #adj4 ,,kapp51 #acf4 ,k>r]1 #aje4 ,kas]]1 #bg4 ,klck]1 #acd4 ,ko*1 ,a41 #dd1 #acd4 ,ko*1 ,r41 #bj1 #ec4 ,k(oid1 #hh4 ,koh%i1 #acd4 ,kopel(f1 #aah1 #acf4 ,koss[its*1 #aaa4 ,kra9skii1 #dd4 ,krzem9iewski1 #dc4 ,kuff]a?1 #ajg4 ,,la?am1 #ace4 ,laur5t1 #acf4 ,lawes & ,gilb]t1 #e4 ,leb$eff1 #bg4 ,leeuw5hoeck1 #bj4 ,l5dn]1 #aah4 ,lipman1 ,c4 ,b41 #da1 #db1 #dd1 #ed4 ,lipman1 ,j4 ,g41 ,blair1 ,ow51 & ,mc,lean1 #id4 ,lhnis1 #bb1 #dc1 #fi1 #acf4 ,,magnus1 #ajg4 ,malpighi1 #df4 ,m>*al1 #cd1 #acf4 ,m>t91 #gc4 ,m>t9 & ,lew91 #fi4 ,mc,beth1 #bh1 #acd4 ,mc,beth & ,scales1 #aah1 #adj4 ,mc,lean & ,wilson1 #aah1 #acf4 ,mock]idge1 #dc4 ,moore1 ,g4 ,t41 #aje4 ,morris1 #aej1 #aea1 #afb4 ,muntz & ,c\don1 #aah1 #acf4 ,,naboki*1 #bg4 ,nagaoka1 #ch4 ,nakano1 #ajg4 ,nasir1 #id1 #ie4 ,nell]1 #acg4 ,,omelianski1 #bg1 #db4 ,orla-,j5s51 #bf1 #ce4 ,otto1 #acc4 ,oudemans & ,kon+1 #aah4 ,,pa/eur1 #c1 #bj4 ,p]ey1 #id4 ,p]otti1 #acf4 ,pet]s51 #ajd4 ,pillai1 #dc4 ,pott] & ,snyd]1 #acg1 #ach4 ,povah1 #ach4 ,pratt1 #acb4 ,prescott1 #fa4 ,pr+%eim1 #ajg4 ,,ramann1 #aah4 ,ra?bun1 #abj4 ,reh1 #afb4 ,remy1 #aah4 ,ri*>ds1 #aab4 ,ri*>dson1 #aei4 ,ritt]1 #ach4 ,robb9s1 ,w4 ,j41 #aji4 ,robb9s1 ,w4 ,w41 #aje4 ,r\ssy1 #acd4 ,russell1 #aab4 ,russell & ,hut*9son1 #eg1 #ff1 #id4 ,,salunskov1 #db4 ,s&on1 #eg1 #ge4 ,scales1 #bh1 #acd4 ,s*ell5b]g1 #acc4 ,s*9dl]1 #ajg4 ,s*loes+1 #c1 #d1 #cd4 ,s*mitz1 #acd4 ,s*ramm1 #aaa4 ,s]vettaz1 #aji4 ,seydel1 #dd4 ,%]man1 #fi4 ,%ibata1 #acf4 ,shng51 #bf1 #bg1 #acd4 ,,takaha%i1 #aah4 ,taylor1 #abj4 ,t]netz1 #ace4 ,treub1 #aab4 ,truffaut1 #fi4 ,,v]kade & ,shng51 #acd4 ,von ,ubis*1 #aji4 ,,waksman1 #cg1 #aah1 #abj1 #aba1 #abc1 #abe1 #abf1 #acd1 #acf4 ,waksman & ,cook1 #acf4 ,wann1 #aaa4 ,w>+ton1 #d1 #cd4 ,waynick1 #db4 ,welwits*1 #aab4 ,w]k5?91 #abj1 #aba4 ,we/1 #hh1 #aje4 ,:it+1 #cf4 ,wilf>?1 #df4 ,w9ogradsky1 #d1 #f1 #cd1 #da1 #dd4 ,,subject ,,index4 ,absidia1 #aba4 ,ac>9a1 #aej1 #aea1 #aeg4 ,acid =mation by ,fungi1 #aci4 ,acidity ( soil1 #ag2 effect on ,act9omyces1 #adj2 relation to nitrification1 #cf4 ,act9omycetes1 #aai1 #acd1 #aci4 ,a]ation ( soil1 effect on bact]ia (1 #fa4 ,agriotes1 #aej4 ,air supply 9 soil1 #ag4 ,alg1 ag5ts caus+ disappe>ance ( nitrate f soil1 #ab2 associations (1 9 soil1 #aje1 #ajf2 blue gre51 #ajb sqq4 7see also ,cyanophyce & ,myxophyce72 colonisation ( new gr\nd by1 #aab2 conditions ( gr[? =1 #aja1 #ajd1 #ajg1 #ajh2 di/ribution (1 #ajb1 #ajd1 #ajf1 #aji2 economic significance (1 #ajj1 #ajb2 filam5t\s1 #ajf2 flora ( soil1 #aja1 #aab2 =mation ( humus sub/ances1 #aab2 fragm5tation ( filam5ts1 #ajg1 #aaj2 frequ5cy ( occurr5ce1 #ajb sqq42 glucose1 effect (1 on gr[?1 #ajh1 #aji2 gre51 #ajd sqq4 7see also ,*lorophyce72 importance 9 cultivation ( rice1 #aac2 numb]s 9 soil (1 #aji1 #aaj2 nutrition (1 #ajg1 #ajh1 #aaj2 produc]s1 ( organic sub/ance1 #ajj2 pure cultures (1 #ajg1 #aaa2 relation to gase\s int]*ange 9 soil1 #aac2 relation to soil moi/ure1 #aab2 seasonal *anges 9 numb]s (1 #hh2 subt]ranean1 #aje4 ,alkaloids1 z s\rce ( nitrog5 = fungi1 #ach4 ,alt]n>ia1 #aai4 ,am9o-acids1 =mation (1 by alg1 #ajh4 ,am9o-comp\nds1 decomposition (1 by fungi1 #acf1 #ach4 ,ammonia1 assimilation (1 by bact]ia1 #cc1 #dj1 #de2 effect ( p>tial /]ilisation on soil cont5t (1 #ff2 =mation 9 soil1 #agj2 =mation 9 soil by bact]ia1 #cb sqq42 =mation 9 soil by fungi1 #ace sqq41 #ada2 influ5ce ( physical conditions on =mation (1 #acg2 prop]ty ( attract+ ,dipt]a1 #aei2 utilisation by high] plants1 #cf4 ,ammonium sulphate1 effect on fungi1 #aba1 #abf1 #abg4 ,anabna1 #ajb1 #aab4 ,annelida1 #adi4 ,antagonism ( salts 9 soil1 #fj4 ,ants1 #aec4 ,ara*nida1 #aej1 #aea4 ,arctic soil1 bact]ial flora (1 #bd4 ,are9ida1 #aej1 #aea1 #aeg4 ,armill>ia1 #acb4 ,ascomycetes1 #aai4 ,asp]gillace1 #acf4 ,asp]gillus1 #aai1 #abj1 #ace1 #acf1 #ach1 #aci4 ,azotobact]1 #f1 #da1 #ie1 #if2 assimilation ( nitrates by1 #de2 decreas+ effici5cy 9 liquid culture1 #dd2 indicator ( soil acidity1 #dd4 ,,bacill>iace1 #ajj 7see also ,diatom74 ,bacillus amylobact]1 di/ribution (1 #bd4 ,bacillus radicicola1 #bd1 #df sqq42 inoculation ( soil )1 #ej2 life cycle (1 #dg4 ,bact]ia1 association ) alg 9 nitrog5 fixation1 #aaa2 anrobic respiration (1 #cg2 effect ( ars5ic on1 #fa2 cellulose de/roy+1 #acd2 *anges 9 morphology 9 culture1 #bb1 #dg2 classification ( ma9 gr\ps1 #bc1 #be2 composition ( cells (1 #ci2 inv]se relation%ip ) protozoa1 #aj1 #gi1 #hb sqq42 isolation f soil1 #ba2 me?ods ( describ+1 #ba2 me?od ( e/imat+ numb]s (1 #ec sqq41 #hj2 nitrog5 fixation by1 #aaj1 #aaa2 numb]s 9 relation to alg1 #aaj2 numb]s 9 soil1 #eb sqq42 oxidation ( hydrog5 by1 #bg1 #cg2 effect ( p>tial /]ilisation on1 #h1 #i1 #ff1 #fg2 "p play$ 9 soil f]tility by1 #g2 pure cultures1 isolation by plat+1 #bj2 seasonal *anges 9 numb]s (1 #ei1 #hg sqq42 effect ( salts on1 #fj2 %ort "t *anges 9 numb]s (1 #aa1 #eg1 #eh2 effect ( temp]ature on1 #fg2 unev5 di/ribution (1 #eg4 ,basidiomycetes1 #aai1 #abc1 #acb4 ,beets1 attack$ by ,phoma bet1 #ace4 ,boletus1 #acb4 ,botrytis1 #abb4 ,bryophyta1 #ajj1 #acb4 ,bumill]ia1 #aje4 ,,calcium comp\nds 9 soil & fungi1 #aci4 ,c>abid1 #aej4 ,c>bohydrates1 decomposition by bact]ia1 #bf sqq42 decomposition by fungi1 #adj2 decomposition 9 soil1 #afh2 effect on ammonia production 9 soil1 #cc2 pres5ce 9 algal %ea? & bact]ia1 #aaa4 ,c>bon1 *anges 9 am\nt 9 soil1 #afg2 relation%ips ( bact]ia1 #bg2 relation%ips ( fungi1 #acc2 s\rce (1 = soil bact]ia1 #ci2 s\rces (1 = soil fungi1 #aci4 ,c>bon dioxide1 assimilation by alg1 #ii1 #ajg1 #ajh2 assimilation by soil bact]ia1 #ce1 #cf1 #dj4 ,c>ot91 9 alg1 #ajj2 =m$ by ,spiro*ta cytophaga1 #bi4 ,cecidomyid1 #aee4 ,cellulose1 decomposition by bact]ia1 #bg1 sqq42 decomposition by fungi1 #acc1 #acd1 #ada2 relation ( nitrog5 supply to decomposition (1 #cj2 decomposition 9 soil1 #afh2 z s\rce ( en]gy = nitrog5 fixation1 #dc4 ,c5tip$es1 see ,*ilopoda4 ,cephalosporium1 #abj4 ,cephalo!cium1 #acf4 ,*ilopoda1 #aeg4 ,*ironomid1 #aee4 ,*lorella1 #ajh4 ,*lorococcum1 #aje4 ,*lorophyce1 #ajj4 ,*lorophyll1 loss (1 f alg1 #ajh4 ,ciliates1 classification (1 #gb2 cy/ wall (1 #gc4 ,citric acid1 =mation (1 by fungi1 #aci4 ,cladosporium1 #aai4 ,clamp connections 9 fungi1 #aai4 ,classification1 ( alg1 #ajj2 ( bact]ia1 #bc1 #be2 ( fungi1 #aca2 ( protozoa1 #fi sqq4 ,climate1 effect (1 on alg1 #aja4 ,clo/ridium1 #da1 #dd2 z fix] ( nitrog51 #f4 ,coccomyxa1 #ajd4 ,coleopt]a1 #aej1 #aed1 #aee4 ,collembola1 #aej1 #aec1 #aed4 ,colletotri*um1 #aca4 ,comm5sals1 #acb4 ,conjugat1 #ajj4 ,cort9>ius1 #acb4 ,cotton1 de/roy$ by fungi1 #acd4 ,c\nt+1 ( alg1 #aji2 ( bact]ia1 #ec sqq42 ( fungi1 #abb2 ( protozoa1 #gg1 #gi1 #hj4 ,cresol1 decomposition (1 by bact]ia1 #bb1 #bd1 #ca4 ,crit]ia1 physiological1 ( fungi1 #abh4 ,crop gr[?1 effect on fungi1 #abb4 ,cryptomonad9e1 #ajj4 ,cucumb] leaf spot1 #aca4 ,cyanamide1 decomposition (1 by fungi1 #acf4 ,cyanophyce1 #ajc 7see also ,myxophyce & blue-gre5 alg74 ,cyl9drosp]mum1 #ajb4 ,cy/s1 #fh1 #gc1 #gd4 ,,d5itrification1 by bact]ia1 #cg2 by fungi1 #acf4 ,desiccation1 resi/ance to1 by alg1 #ajf4 ,dew1 relation to alg1 #aja1 #aac4 ,diatoms1 #ajd sqq4 7see also ,bacill>iace74 ,dicyanamide1 decomposition (1 by fungi1 #acf4 ,dipeptides1 =mation (1 by alg1 #ajh4 ,diplopoda1 #aeg4 ,dipt]a1 #aej1 #aed1 #aee1 #aei4 ,disac*>ides & fungi1 #acd4 ,,e>?worms1 abundance (1 9 soil1 #aec2 effect (1 9 soil1 #ac1 #afj1 #age4 ,eel-worms1 #adi 7see also ,nematoda74 ,elaphomyces1 #acb4 ,en*ytrid1 #adi4 ,en]gy1 laws (1 #afe2 relation%ips ( soils1 #aff2 requirem5ts ( soil organisms1 #ae1 #af4 ,en]gy supply1 relation ( bact]ial activities to1 #be sqq41 #dj1 #dd2 s\rces (1 = soil bact]ia1 #bf sqq41 #dj1 #dc2 supplies (1 = soil organisms1 #aaa1 #afd1 #afg1 #afh4 ,environm5tal conditions 9 soil1 #af4 ,eremacausis1 #b4 ,ericales1 #acb1 #ace4 ,eugl5a1 #ii4 ,eugl5ace1 #ajj4 ,exp]im5tal error1 9 bact]ial c\nts1 #ed2 9 fungal c\nts1 #abd4 ,,f>my>d manure1 see ,manure4 ,fats1 us$ by fungi1 #acd4 ,fatty acids us$ by fungi1 #acd4 ,f]tility ( soil1 views on1 #b2 effect ( decomposition ( plant residues on1 #a1 #afe2 effect ( organisms on1 #age4 ,filt] pap]1 de/ruction (1 by fungi1 #acc2 de/ruction (1 by ,spiro*ta cytophaga1 #bh4 ,fixation ( nitrog51 discov]y (1 by ,b]!lot1 #e2 by bact]ia1 #dj sqq42 by alg1 #aaj1 #aaa2 by mixtures ( bact]ia & alg1 #aaa2 by fungi1 #ace sqq4 7see also ,nitrog5 ,fixation74 ,flagellat1 #ajj4 ,flax sickness & fungi1 #abb4 ,=maldehyde1 z ag5t = de/roy+ fungi1 #ada4 ,fungi1 control (1 9 soil1 #aci sqq42 c\nt+ (1 #abb2 di/ribution (1 9 soil1 #aai sqq41 #abg2 f]tilis]s1 effect (1 on numb]s ( 9 soil1 #abf2 z facultative p>asites1 #aca1 #acb2 fruit+ bodies (1 #abc2 de/ruction ( hemicelluloses by1 #acc2 individual1 #abb1 #abc2 action on monosac*>ides (1 #acd2 m9]al relation%ips (1 #aci2 mycorrhizal1 #acb1 #ace1 #aci1 #adj2 het]ocyclic nitrog5 comp\nds &1 #ach2 occurr5ce 9 soil1 #aah2 qualitative /udy (1 #aah2 selective fe$+ (1 #adj2 specific det]m9ation (1 #aai4 ,fungi imp]fecti1 #aai4 ,fus>ia1 #acd4 ,fus>ium1 #aai1 #abj1 #abb1 #abh1 #acc1 #acf4 ,gamascid1 #aef4 ,gases ( swamp wat] 7,paddy soils71 #aac4 ,ga/rodia1 #acb4 ,gelat9\s envelope ( alg1 #aji1 #aaa4 ,geographical di/ribution ( azotobact]1 #da2 ( soil bact]ia1 #bd2 ( protozoa1 #ge1 #gf2 ( soil fungi1 #aai1 #abe4 ,g]m9ation1 ( algal spores1 #ajg4 ,glucose1 use (1 by algae1 #ajh1 #aji1 #aaa2 use (1 by moss protonema1 #aji4 ,glycocoll1 =mation (1 by alg1 #ajh4 ,granulobact]1 #db4 ,gre5l&1 bact]ia 9 soil f1 #bd4 8,grunl&moor10 fungi 91 #abf4 ,hantzs*ia1 #aje4 ,hemipt]a1 #aed4 ,het]okont1 #ajj4 8,ho*moor10 fungi 91 #abf4 ,hormidium1 #ajd4 ,humus1 ! food ( plants1 #a2 =mation (1 by fungi1 #acd1 #ada2 =mation (1 9 soil1 #afh2 =e/1 #acb2 fungal hyph z con/itu5t ( =e/ humus1 #acb4 ,hydrog5 ion conc5tration1 9 soil1 #ag2 effect on fungi (1 #abd4 ,hym5opt]a1 #aej1 #aed4 ,insecta1 #aej1 #aeg4 ,insects1 numb]s pres5t 9 soil1 #aed4 ,inv]tebrata1 def9ition (1 #adg2 me?od ( inve/igat+1 #adh2 gr\ps repres5t$1 #adi2 di/ribution 9 ! soil1 #aea2 dom9ant species & gr\ps1 #aec2 environm5tal factors (1 #aeg2 fe$+ habits1 #aef2 relation to agriculture1 #afj2 relation to nitrog5 cycle1 #afa4 ,iron comp\nds1 oxidation by fungi1 #aci4 ,isopoda1 #aej1 #aea4 ,legum9os1 association ) bact]ia1 #df sqq42 enri*m5t ( gr\nd by1 #e4 ,lepidopt]a1 #aej1 #aed4 ,life cycles1 ( bact]ia1 #bb1 #dg2 ( protozoa1 #gb sqq4 ,lime1 effect on fungi 9 soil1 #aba1 #abf4 ,lyngbya1 #aab4 ,,magnesium comp\nds1 effect on fungi1 #aci4 ,manganese comp\nds1 effect on bact]ia1 #fa4 ,manure1 f>my>d1 effect on alg1 #aji1 #aaj2 effect on numb]s ( bact]ia1 #fj2 effect on numb]s ( fungi1 #abf2 effect on numb]s ( insects1 #aed1 #aee4 ,manure1 ,artificial1 effect on fungi1 #abg4 ,manure1 t[n /able1 occurr5ce ( disease organisms 91 #acb4 ,ma/igophora1 classification (1 #ga2 species (1 #ga4 ,m$ia1 conta9+ nitrates1 *emical analysis (1 #aaa2 = c\nt+ soil bact]ia1 #ed2 = c\nt+ protozoa1 #gi2 = c\nt+ fungi1 #aai1 #abc4 ,melanconium1 #acd4 ,melolon?a1 #aej4 ,me?ane1 oxidation (1 by bact]ia1 #bf1 #bg4 ,millip$es1 see ,diplopoda4 ,mites1 see ,ac>9a4 ,mollusca1 #adi1 #aeg4 ,moniliace1 #acf4 ,mucor1 #abj1 #aba1 #acf1 #ach4 ,mucorales1 #aba1 #acd4 ,mucor9e1 #aah4 ,mycetophilid1 #aee4 ,mycorrhiza1 #acb1 #ace1 #aci1 #adj4 ,myriapoda1 #aej1 #aef4 ,myxophyce1 #ajj 7see also ,cyanophyce & blue-gre5 alg74 ,,naph?al5e1 decomposition (1 by bact]ia1 #ca4 ,naviculoide1 #ajj4 ,nematoda1 #adi1 #aea1 #aeg4 ,nitrate1 assimilation by alg1 #aje1 #ajh1 #aaa2 assimilation by bact]ia1 #cc1 #dj1 #dd1 #ea2 assimilation by fungi1 #acf1 #ach2 removal f soil1 #ab1 #aab1 #aga2 v>iations 9 am\nt 9 soil1 #aa4 ,nitre-b$s1 #a4 ,nitrification1 & bact]ia1 #cd2 *emical *anges 91 #aga2 & fungi1 #acf2 en]gy supply 91 #ce2 me*anism (1 #a1 #c2 & soil f]tility1 #a1 #c4 ,nitrites & fungi1 #acf2 =mation by bact]ia1 #cd4 ,nitrobact]1 #ce4 ,nitrog51 *anges 9 am\nt 9 soil1 #afg2 cycle 9 soil1 #afa2 fixation by bact]ia1 #f1 #dj sqq42 fixation by fungi1 #ace1 #acf1 #ada2 fixation (1 9 clov] plant1 #e2 increase by protozoa ( fixation (1 #id1 #ie 7fig472 fixation s\rces ( en]gy =1 #dc1 #di2 ga9 (1 9 soil1 #agd2 9 inv]tebrates1 #afb2 loss (1 by lea*+1 #aab2 loss (1 f cultivat$ soils1 #agc2 relation%ips ( fungi1 #ace2 relation%ips ( alg1 #aaj-aab2 relation%ips ( bact]ia1 #cb sqq41 #dj sqq42 relation%ips ( insects1 #afb4 ,nitrosococcus1 #ce4 ,nitrosomonas1 #ce4 ,nodule ,organism ( ! ,legum9os1 #f1 #df sqq4 ,no/ocace1 #ajj1 #aja1 #ajb1 #ajg4 ,oligo*ta1 #adi1 #aea1 #aec1 #aeg4 ,oospora1 #abj4 ,or*eomyces1 #acb4 ,or*id cultivation & fungi1 #acb1 #adj4 ,or?opt]a1 #aed4 ,oscillatoriace1 #ajj1 #ajb4 ,osmotic pressure1 influ5c+ effect ( salts on bact]ia1 #ej4 ,oxalic acid1 =mation (1 by fungi1 #aci4 ,oxidations effect$ by soil organisms2 by bact]ia1 #bf et seq42 by fungi1 #aci4 ,oxyg51 absorption by soils1 #d4 ,,p>tial /]ilisation ( soil1 #h1 #ff sqq41 #if1 #agh2 influ5ce ( organic antiseptics1 #agg2 limit+ factor 91 #fg1 #fh4 ,pect91 effect (1 on fungi1 #acd4 ,p$ras negras1 #aab4 ,p5icillia1 #acd4 ,p5tosans1 effect (1 on fungi1 #acd4 ,peptones1 decomposition (1 by fungi1 #acf1 #ach2 s\rce ( nitrog5 = alg1 #ajh4 ,p]iodicity1 ( protozoa 9 soil1 #ij sqq4 7fig471 #ib 7fig471 #ic4 ,ph5ol1 decomposition (1 by bact]ia1 #bd1 #be1 #ca4 ,ph5ylalan9e1 =mation (1 by alg1 #ajh4 ,phoma1 #acb4 ,phormidium1 #ajf4 ,phosphates1 availability (1 influ5c$ by bact]ia1 #eb2 by fungi1 #aci2 effect on bact]ia1 #df1 #ea1 #fj4 ,photosyn!sis1 #ii1 #ajj1 #ajg1 #aaj1 #aac4 ,phycocyan91 #ajj4 ,physical conditions 9 soil1 #af4 ,physiological crit]ia1 ( bact]ia1 #bb2 ( fungi1 #abh4 ,phycomycetes1 #aai4 ,phytoph?ora1 #acb4 ,plant disease1 & fungi1 #aci4 ,plant residues1 decomposition (1 9 soil1 #afh2 influ5ce ( soil reaction on1 #afe2 relation to soil f]tility1 #a1 #afe4 ,pla/icity ( fungi1 #aai4 ,plectonema1 #ajf4 ,potassium salts1 effect on bact]ia1 #fj2 influ5ce ( bact]ia on ! availability (1 #eb4 ,prote91 decomposition (1 9 soil1 #afi2 decomposition by bact]ia1 #cb2 decomposition by fungi1 #ach1 #adj4 ,protococcales1 #ajj4 ,protod]ma viride1 #aje4 ,protonema ( mosses1 #ajj1 #aje1 #ajf1 #aji4 ,protophyta1 *lorophyll-be>+1 #ajj4 ,protozoa1 inoculation into soil (1 #he sqq42 isolation f soil1 #fi2 classification (1 #fi sqq42 life hi/ories (1 #gb sqq42 species (1 9 soil1 #gj sqq42 di/ribution (1 9 soil1 #gd sqq42 ret5tion (1 by soil1 #gh 7fig472 size (1 #ij2 reproductive rates1 #ic2 inv]se relation ) bact]ia1 #gi sqq42 pres5ce ( trophic =ms 9 soil1 #i2 numb]s (1 9 soil1 #ij1 #if1 #ig2 fluctuations 9 numb]s (1 #aj1 #ha 7fig471 #hb2 ext]nal conditions1 effect on1 #hb2 seasonal *anges1 effect on1 #hg sqq42 weight (1 #ij4 ,pt]idophyta1 #acb4 ,py?ium1 #acb4 ,,reaction ( soil1 #ag4 ,reaction ( soil1 effect on bact]ia1 #cf1 #cg1 #df1 #dh1 #fa2 effect on protozoa1 #ic1 #id 7see also hydrog5 ion conc5tration74 ,relation%ips ( ,fungi1 comm5sal1 #acb2 mycorrhizal1 #acb2 symbiotic1 #acb4 ,rhizopoda2 classification (1 #gj1 #ga2 species (1 #gj1 #ga4 ,rhy?m1 suppos$ 9 ammonification by fungi1 #acg4 ,rhizoctonia1 #acb4 ,rhizopus1 #aai1 #abj4 ,rice plant1 a]ation ( roots1 #aac2 physiological disease (1 #aac4 ,rock ,phosphate z base = nitrify+ organisms1 #cf4 ,ro?am/$1 ,broadbalk plot #b 7,f>my>d ,manure7 alg1 #aji2 fungi1 #abe1 #abg2 ,insects1 #aeb4 ,ro?am/$1 ,broadbalk plot #c 7,unmanur$7 alg1 #aji2 fungi1 #abj1 #abb1 #abg2 ,insects1 #aeb4 ,ro?am/$1 ,broadbalk ,plots #aj1 #aa1 & #ac2 #abb1 #abg4 ,ro?am/$1 ,b>nfield ,plot #a-j 7,f>my>d ,manure71 ,protozoa1 #hj4 ,ro?am/$1 unmanur$ grass plot1 #abj4 ,russula1 #acb4 ,ru/s1 #aai4 ,sac*>omyces1 #abj4 ,saprophytes1 facultative1 #aca4 ,saprophytism & alg1 #ajh1 #aaj4 ,sc5$esmus1 #ajh4 ,seasonal fluctuations 9 numb]s ( soil organisms1 #ab1 #hg et seq41 #abe4 ,selective m$ia1 use (1 9 isolation ( soil bact]ia1 #ba4 ,s]ological te/s1 sep>ation ( v>ieties ( ,b4 radicicola by1 #dh4 ,slugs1 see ,mollusca4 ,smuts1 #aai4 ,snails1 see ,mollusca4 ,soil2 comp>ison (1 by volume1 #ag2 effect ( dep? bel[ surface on alg1 #aja1 #ajd1 #aji1 #aaj1 #aac2 effect ( dep? bel[ surface on insects1 #aea2 effect ( dep? bel[ surface on fungi1 #aba1 #abf1 #abg2 effect ( v>i\s treatm5ts on fungi1 #abf1 #abg1 #acb2 environm5tal factors 91 #af2 inoculation (1 = legum9\s plants1 #ej2 moi/ure 7see ,wat] supply72 population1 control (1 #agg sqq42 population1 me?ods ( inve/igation1 #aj1 #ae2 /]ilisation & fungi1 #acg1 #ach1 #ada 7see ,p>tial ,/]ilisation72 /or$1 survival ( alg 91 #ajg2 type & fungi1 #aba1 #abf1 #abg4 ,soil conditions1 effect on bact]ia1 #cc1 #cf1 #cg1 #dj1 #df1 #dh1 #ej1 #ei sqq42 effect on protozoa1 #hb4 ,soil f]tility1 see ,f]tility ( soil4 ,spic>ia1 #abj4 ,spid]s1 see ,are9ida4 ,spiro*ta cytophaga1 #bh1 #dc4 ,spore =m+ bact]ia 9 soil1 #bc1 #cd4 ,spore1 fungus1 inhibition ( =mation1 #abc2 pres5ce 9 air (1 #aah4 ,/&>disation ( cultural me?ods = soil bact]ia1 #ed sqq4 ,/>*1 decomposition (1 by fungi1 #acd4 ,/i*ococcus1 #ajh4 ,/raw2 effect on nitrate production 9 soil1 #cc2 manure1 #bi2 rott+ (1 #cj4 ,sulphur oxidation1 by bact]ia1 #cg2 by fungi1 #aci4 ,symbiosis1 ( ,azotobact] ) o!r organisms1 #db1 #dc1 see also ,mycorrhiza & ,nodule organism4 ,symphyla1 #aej1 #aea1 #aeg4 ,symploca1 #aab4 ,ta*9id1 #aej4 ,tann9s1 us$ by fungi1 #acd4 ,temp]ature ( soil & fungi1 #abg1 #adj4 ,t]mites1 #afj4 ,te/acella1 #adi4 ,?iospirillum1 #cg4 ,?ysanura1 #aed4 ,?ysanopt]a1 #aed4 ,tipula1 #aej4 ,tolu5e1 decomposition by soil bact]ia1 #ca4 ,tolypo?rix1 #aab4 ,tri*od]ma1 #aai1 #abj1 #abb1 #acd4 ,tro*iscia1 #aje4 ,tropisms1 #aeg4 ,ulo?rix1 #aje4 ,ulotri*ales1 #ajj4 ,urea1 by fungi1 #acf1 #ach4 ,uric acid1 utilisation (1 by fungi1 #ach4 ,vau*]ia1 #ajd1 #ajf4 ,vitality1 ret5tion (1 by alg & moss protonema1 #aje1 #ajg4 ,,wat]2 supply 9 soil1 #ag2 & alg1 #aab2 bact]ia1 #ej1 #fa1 #hb2 fungi1 #abg2 protozoa1 #hb4 ,wireworms1 #aee4 ,wood1 decay (1 #acd4 ,woodlice1 #aej2 7see also ,isopoda74 ,,yea/s1 #ach4 ,zygnema1 #ajd4 ,zygorrhyn*us mll]i1 #aai1 #abj1 #aba4 ,,pr9t$ ,,9 ,,great ,,brita9 ,,by ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,press1 ,,ab]de5 ,transcrib]'s ,notes ,inconsi/5t & ar*aic or unusual spell+1 capitalisation1 italicisation1 hyph5ation1 etc4 h be5 reta9$1 unless m5tion$ bel[4 ,! names & classifications ( ! organisms z us$ 9 ! book d n always con=m to mod]n names & classifications2 ^! h n be5 *ang$4 ,dep5d+ on ! h>d- & s(tw>e us$ & _! sett+s1 n all elem5ts may display z int5d$4 ,page #ad1 table1 l[] "r h& cell3 ! data giv5 add up to #h1 n to #i4 ,page #dg1 #i #ah 9 size3 ! s\rce docum5t does n include ! units2 presumably ! sizes are 9 microns4 ,page #aah1 endnote #h;c 7#b73 ?is note does n exi/4 ,subject ,index1 entry ,zygorrhyn*us mll]i3 also ref]s to ,zygorrhyn*us vuillem9ii4 ,*anges made3 ,footnotes1 tables & illu/rations h be5 mov$ out ( text p>agraphs2 "s tables h be5 split or re-arrang$4 ,sev]al m9or obvi\s typographical1 punctuation & spell+ errors 7includ+ acc5ts7 h be5 correct$ sil5tly4 ,9 sev]al cases spell+ diff]5ces 7ma9ly ( prop] names7 betwe5 ! text & ! index & endnotes h be5 /&>dis$4 ,9 ! indexes & 9 tables "s ditto m>ks h be5 replac$ ) ! ditto$ text4 ,"s page ref]5ces h be5 correct$ to indicate ! correct page numb]4 ,ind5t$ text "u illu/rations is n pres5t z su* 9 ! s\rce docum5t1 b has be5 transcrib$ f ! illu/ration = legibility & ease ( ref]5ce4 ,"s tables h be5 re-arrang$ or split to fit ! available wid?4 ,page #bh1 #bi3 ,mac,beth *ang$ to ,mc,beth z else:]e 79 ! ,au?or ,index ! entries ,mac,beth & ,mc,beth h be5 m]g$74 ,page #cb1 =mula3 #cj *ang$ to #c,o4 ,page #eh3 ,f ,b>nfeild1 444 *ang$ to ,f ,b>nfield1 4444 ,page #he3 clos+ bracket delet$ aft] 444 ,table ,,vii4 & ,fig4 #ac4 ,page #ij1 ,table ,,viii1 column #e3 #cejjjj & #aejjjj *ang$ to #cej1jjj & #aej1jjj4 ,page #ig3 ,no creature lies or dies to itself1 444 *ang$ to ,no creature lives or dies to itself1 444 ,page #ajd3 ,danske ,a](ile ,alghe *ang$ to ,danske ,ar(ile ,alg]4 ,page #aad3 ,re*]*e sulla ,malattia del ,riso 444 *ang$ to ,ric]*e sulla ,malattia del ,riso 4444 ,page #aae3 444 sur de polymorphisme 444 *ang$ to 444 sur le polymorphisme 4444 ,page #aaf3 lit]ature notes #ch 7,robb9s7 & #dh 7,s*9dl]7 *ang$ to #cc & #cd respectively4 ,page #abj3 ,zygorrhyn*us vuillem9i *ang$ to ,zygorrhyn*us vuillem9ii z else:]e4 ,page #abf3 ref]5ces to ,waksman#bd & #bd;e *ang$ to #be & #be;e4 ,page #abi3 444 prep>e de la pres de ,russum 444 *ang$ to 444 prp>e de la t]re humeuse du ,sp&]sw\d1 prs de ,bussum 4444 ,page #acd3 ref]5ce to ,koh%i#bd *ang$ to #cd4 ,page #adc3 ,sm5bildung *ang$ to ,sur5bildung 7entry #e72 ,wurzelbr&]reg]n im ,bad5 *ang$ to ,wurzelbr&]reg]n im ,bod5 7entry #aa74 ,page #add3 444 ,umw&lung von ,am9osam5 9 ,oxysm5 444 *ang$ to 444 ,umw&lung von ,am9osur5 9 ,oxysur5 44442 444 ,wirkung5 d] ,s*immelze 444 *ang$ to 444 ,wirkung5 d] ,s*immelpilze 44442 ,hydrog5-iron conc5tration *ang$ to ,hydrog5-ion conc5tration4 ,page #ade3 ,zts*r4 f4 ,g>ungs4 ,physiol4 *ang$ to ,zts*r4 f4 ,grungsphysiol4 ,page #adf3 e9ige ,pilze geg5 ,hemizellulos5 *ang$ to e9ig] ,pilze geg5 ,hemicellulos54 ,page #aeg3 ,su* responses are kn[n *emotropism 444 *ang$ to ,su* responses are kn[n z *emotropism 4444 ,page #agj3 444 alphatic am9o-acids 444 *ang$ to 444 aliphatic am9o-acids 4444