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,transcrib]'s ,note3    ,?is v]sion ( ! 
text _c repres5t c]ta9 typographical    
effects4  ,italics are delimit$ ) ! #8' 
"* z italic4 ,sup]script$  *>act]s are  
prefix$ ) #8' & delimit$ by #8 '4       
,footnotes h be5 mov$ to foll[ !        
p>agraphs 9 :i* !y are  ref]5c$4        
,m9or errors1 attributable to ! pr9t]1 h
 be5 correct$4 ,please  see !           
transcrib]'s note at ! end ( ?is text = 
details reg>d+  ! h&l+ ( any textual    
issues enc\nt]$ dur+ its prep>ation4    
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,,sci5ce ,,& ,,! ,,mod]n ,,_w           
,,l[ell ,,lectures1 #aibe               
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,,univ]sity ,,( ,,cambridge             
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,,to                               ,,my 
,,colleagues1                           
,,pa/ ,,& ,,pres5t1                     
,,^: ,,fri5d%ip ,,is ,,inspiration4     
,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts          ,,*apt]  
,,page             ,i4 ,,! ,,orig9s ,,( 
,,mod]n ,,sci5ce                        
#a            ,,ii4 ,,ma!matics ,,z ,,an
 ,,elem5t ,,9 ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,(          
#bh              ,,?\ght                
,,iii4 ,,! ,,c5tury ,,( ,,g5ius         
#ee            ,,iv4 ,,! ,,eighte5?     
,,c5tury                                

#hj             ,v4 ,,! ,,romantic      
,,reaction                              
#aje            ,,vi4 ,,! ,,n9ete5?     
,,c5tury                                
#acd           ,,vii4 ,,relativity      
#afj          ,,viii4 ,,! ,,quantum     
,,!ory                                  
#aha            ,,ix4 ,,sci5ce ,,&      
,,philosophy                            
#aic             ,x4 ,,ab/raction       
#bai            ,,xi4 ,,god             
#bdb           ,,xii4 ,,religion ,,&    
,,sci5ce                                
#beb          ,,xiii4 ,,requisites ,,=  
,,social ,,progress                     
#bgj                                    
,,preface      ,! pres5t book embodies a
 /udy ( "s aspects ( ,we/]n culture     
dur+ ! pa/ ?ree c5turies1 9 s f> z x has
 be5 influ5c$ by  ! developm5t ( sci5ce4
 ,?is /udy has be5 guid$ by ! conviction
  t ! m5tality ( an epo* spr+s f ! view 
( ! _w :i*  is1 9 fact1 dom9ant 9 !     
educat$ sections ( ! communities 9  "q4 
,!re may be m ?an "o su* s*eme1         

correspond+ to  cultural divisions4 ,!  
v>i\s human int]e/s :i* sugge/          
cosmologies1 & also are influ5c$ by !m1 
are sci5ce1 ae/hetics1  e?ics1 religion4
 ,9 e age ea* ( ^! topics sugge/s a view
 (  ! _w4 ,9 s f> z ! same set ( p are  
sway$ by all1 or  m ?an "o1 ( ^!        
int]e/s1 _! effective outlook w be !    
jo9t production f ^! s\rces4 ,b ea* age 
has x dom9ant  preoccupation2 &1 dur+ ! 
?ree c5turies 9 "q1 !  cosmology d]iv$ f
 sci5ce has be5 ass]t+ itself at !      
exp5se  ( old] po9ts ( view ) _! orig9s 
else:]e4 ,m5 c be  prov9cial 9 "t1 z    
well z 9 place4 ,we may ask ourselves   
:e!r  ! sci5tific m5tality ( ! mod]n _w 
9 ! imm$iate pa/ is  n a successful     
example ( su* prov9cial limitation4     
,philosophy1 9 "o ( its functions1 is ! 
critic ( cosmologies4 ,x is  its        
function to h>monise1 refa%ion1 & ju/ify
 div]g5t intuitions  z to ! nature (    
?+s4 ,x has to insi/ on ! scrut9y ( !   
ultimate ideas1 & on ! ret5tion ( ! :ole
 ( ! evid5ce 9  %ap+ our cosmological   

s*eme4 ,its bus9ess is to r5d] explicit1
  &--s f> z may be--effici5t1 a process 
:i* o!rwise is  unconsci\sly p]=m$ )\t  
rational te/s4    ,be>+ ?is 9 m9d1 ,i h 
avoid$ ! introduction ( a v>iety (      
ab/ruse detail respect+ sci5tific       
advance4 ,:at is want$1 & :at  ,i h     
/riv5 aft]1 is a sympa!tic /udy ( ma9   
ideas z se5 f  ! inside4 ,if my view ( !
 function ( philosophy is correct1 x is 
! mo/ effective ( all ! intellectual    
pursuits4 ,x builds  ca!drals be=e !    
workm5 h mov$ a /one1 & x de/roys !m    
be=e ! elem5ts h worn d[n _! ar*es4 ,x  
is ! ar*itect (  ! build+s ( ! _s1 & x  
is also _! solv5t3--& !  spiritual      
prec$es ! mat]ial4 ,philosophy works    
sl[ly4 ,?\ghts lie  dormant = ages2 &   
!n1 almo/ sudd5ly z x 71 mank9d f9ds  t 
!y h embodi$ !mselves 9 in/itutions4    
,?is book 9 ! ma9 consi/s ( a set (     
eight ,l[ell ,lectures  deliv]$ 9 !     
,febru>y ( #aibe4 ,^! lectures ) "s     
slight  expansion1 & ! subdivision ( "o 
lecture into ,*apt]s ,,vii &  ,,viii1   

are "h pr9t$ z deliv]$4 ,b "s additional
 matt] has  be5 add$1 s z to complete ! 
?\ght ( ! book on a scale :i*  c\ld n be
 includ$ )9 t lecture c\rse4 ,( ?is new 
matt]1  ! second *apt]--#8,ma!matics z  
an ,elem5t 9 ! ,hi/ory (  ,?\ght'--0    
deliv]$ z a lecture be=e ! ,ma!matical  
,society (  ,br[n ,univ]sity1           
,provid5ce1 ,r4 ,i42 & ! twelf?         
*apt]--#8,religion  & ,sci5ce'--=m$ an  
address deliv]$ 9 ! ,phillips ,brooks   
,h\se  at ,h>v>d1 & is to be publi%$ 9 !
 ,augu/ numb] ( !  ,atlantic ,mon?ly (  
?is ye> 7#aibe74 ,! t5? & elev5?        
*apt]s--#8,ab/raction' & #8,god'--are   
additions :i* n[ appe> =  ! fir/ "t4 ,b 
! book repres5ts "o tra9 ( ?\ght1 & !   
antec$5t utilisation ( "s ( its cont5ts 
is a subsidi>y po9t4    ,!re has be5 no 
occasion 9 ! text to make detail$       
ref]5ce to  ,lloyd ,morgan's ,em]g5t    
,evolution or to ,alex&]'s ,space1 ,"t &
  ,deity4 ,x w be obvi\s to read]s t ,i 
h f\nd !m v  sugge/ive4 ,i am especially
 indebt$ to ,alex&]'s great "w4 ,! wide 

scope ( ! pres5t book makes x impossible
 to ackn[l$ge 9 detail  ! v>i\s s\rces (
 in=mation or ( ideas4 ,! book is !     
product  ( ?\ght & read+ 9 pa/ ye>s1 :i*
 7 n und]tak5 ) any  anticipation (     
utilisation = ! pres5t purpose4         
,accord+ly x  w\ld n[ be impossible = me
 to give ref]5ce to my s\rces =         
details1 ev5 if x 7 desirable s to d4 ,b
 !re is no ne$3 !  facts :i* are reli$  
^u are simple & well kn[n4 ,on !        
philosophical side1 any consid]ation (  
epi/emology has be5 entirely  exclud$4  
,x w\ld h be5 impossible to discuss t   
topic )\t  upsett+ ! :ole balance ( !   
"w4 ,! key to ! book is !  s5se ( !     
ov]:elm+ importance ( a preval5t        
philosophy4    ,my mo/ grateful ?anks   
are due to my colleague ,mr4 ,raphael   
,demos =  read+ ! pro(s & = ! sugge/ion 
( _m improvem5ts 9  expression4         
,h>v>d ,univ]sity1      ,june #bi1      
#aibe4                                  
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--------------------------------        

,,sci5ce ,,& ,,! ,,mod]n                
,,_w                                    
,,*apt] ,i                         ,,!  
,,orig9s ,,( ,,mod]n ,,sci5ce      ,!   
progress ( civilisation is n :olly a    
uni=m drift t[>ds  bett] ?+s4 ,x may    
p]haps we> ?is aspect if we map x on a  
scale  :i* is l>ge en\gh4 ,b su* broad  
views obscure ! details on :i*  re/ our 
:ole und]/&+ ( ! process4 ,new epo*s    
em]ge )  comp>ative sudd5ness1 if we h  
reg>d to ! scores ( ?\s&s (  ye>s       
?r\gh\t :i* ! complete hi/ory ext5ds4   
,seclud$ races  sudd5ly take _! places 9
 ! ma9 /ream ( ev5ts3 te*nological      
discov]ies trans=m ! me*anism ( human   
life3 a primitive art  quickly fl[]s    
into full satisfaction ( "s ae/hetic    
crav+3 great  religions 9 _! crusad+ y\?
 spread ?r\gh ! nations ! peace  (      
,heav5 & ! sword ( ! ,"l4    ,! sixte5? 
c5tury ( our era saw ! disruption (     
,we/]n  ,*ri/ianity & ! rise ( mod]n    
sci5ce4 ,x 0 an age ( f]m5t4  ,no?+ 0   
settl$1 ?\gh mu* 0 op5$--new worlds &   

new ideas4 ,9  sci5ce1 ,cop]nicus &     
,vesalius may be *os5 z repres5tative   
figures3 !y typify ! new cosmology & !  
sci5tific emphasis on  direct           
obs]vation4 ,giordano ,bruno 0 ! m>tyr2 
b ! cause =  :i* he suff]$ 0 n t (      
sci5ce1 b t ( free imag9ative           
speculation4 ,8 dea? 9 ! ye> #afjj u%]$ 
9 ! fir/ c5tury (  mod]n sci5ce 9 !     
/rict s5se ( ! t]m4 ,9 8 execution !re  
0 an unconsci\s symbolism3 = ! subsequ5t
 tone ( sci5tific  ?\ght has conta9$    
di/ru/ ( 8 type ( g5]al speculativ5ess4 
,! ,re=mation1 = all its importance1 may
 be consid]$ z a dome/ic  affair ( !    
,european races4 ,ev5 ! ,*ri/ianity ( ! 
,ea/ view$  x ) pr(\nd dis5gagem5t4     
,fur!rmore1 su* disruptions are no new  
ph5om5a 9 ! hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity or (   
o!r religions4 ,:5 we  project ?is great
 revolution ^u ! :ole hi/ory ( !        
,*ri/ian  ,*ur*1 we _c look ^u x z      
introduc+ a new pr9ciple into human     
life4 ,= good or = evil1 x 0 a great    
trans=mation ( religion2  b x 0 n ! com+

 ( religion4 ,x did n itself claim to be
 s4  ,re=m]s ma9ta9$ t !y 7 only re/or+ 
:at _h be5  =gott54    ,x is q o!rwise )
 ! rise ( mod]n sci5ce4 ,9 e way x      
contra/s ) ! contempor>y religi\s       
movem5t4 ,! ,re=mation 0  a popul>      
upris+1 & = a c5tury & a half dr5*$     
,europe 9  blood4 ,! beg9n+s ( !        
sci5tific movem5t 7 conf9$ to a  m9ority
 among ! intellectual lite4 ,9 a        
g5]ation :i* saw !  ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w> & 
rememb]$ ,alva 9 ! ,ne!rl&s1 ! wor/ t   
happ5$ to m5 ( sci5ce 0 t ,galileo      
suff]$ an hon\rable  det5tion & a mild  
repro(1 be=e dy+ peacefully 9 8 b$4 ,!  
way 9 :i* ! p]secution ( ,galileo has   
be5 rememb]$ is a tribute  to ! quiet   
comm5cem5t ( ! mo/ intimate *ange 9     
outlook :i*  ! human race _h yet        
enc\nt]$4 ,s9ce a babe 0 born 9 a mang]1
  x may be d\bt$ :e!r s great a ?+ has  
happ5$ ) s little  /ir4    ,! !sis :i*  
^! lectures w illu/rate is t ?is quiet  
gr[? ( sci5ce has practically recol\r$  
our m5tality s t modes  ( ?\ght :i* 9   

=m] times 7 exceptional1 are n[ broadly 
spread ?r\gh ! educat$ _w4 ,?is new     
col\r+ ( ways ( ?\ght  _h be5 proce$+   
sl[ly = _m ages 9 ! ,european peoples4  
,at  la/ x issu$ 9 ! rapid developm5t ( 
sci5ce2 & has !reby  /r5g!n$ itself by  
its mo/ obvi\s application4 ,! new      
m5tality  is m important ev5 ?an ! new  
sci5ce & ! new te*nology4 ,x  has alt]$ 
! metaphysical presuppositions & !      
imag9ative  cont5ts ( our m9ds2 s t n[ !
 old /imuli provoke a new  response4    
,p]haps my metaphor ( a new col\r is too
 /rong4 ,:at ,i mean  is j t slighte/   
*ange ( tone :i* yet makes all !        
diff]5ce4 ,?is is exactly illu/rat$ by a
 s5t5ce f a publi%$  lett] ( t adorable 
g5ius1 ,william ,james4 ,:5 he 0 f9i%+ 8
  great treatise on ! ,pr9ciples (      
,psy*ology1 he wrote to 8  bro!r ,h5ry  
,james1 #8,i h to =ge e s5t5ce 9 ! tee? 
(  irr$ucible & /ubborn facts4'    ,?is 
new t+e to mod]n m9ds is a vehem5t &    
passionate int]e/ 9  ! relation ( g5]al 
pr9ciples to irr$ucible & /ubborn facts4

  ,all ! _w ov] & at all times !re h be5
 practical m51  absorb$ 9 #8irr$ucible &
 /ubborn facts'3 all ! _w ov] & at  all 
times !re h be5 m5 ( philosophic        
temp]am5t :o h be5  absorb$ 9 ! weav+ ( 
g5]al pr9ciples4 ,x is ?is union (      
passionate int]e/ 9 ! detail$ facts )   
equal devotion to  ab/ract g5]alisation 
:i* =ms ! novelty 9 our pres5t society4 
,previ\sly x _h appe>$ sporadically & z 
if by *ance4 ,?is  balance ( m9d has n[ 
become "p ( ! tradition :i* infects     
cultivat$ ?\ght4 ,x is ! salt :i* keeps 
life sweet4 ,! ma9  bus9ess (           
univ]sities is to transmit ?is tradition
 z a widespread  inh]itance f g5]ation  
to g5]ation4    ,ano!r contra/ :i* s+les
 out sci5ce f among ! ,european         
movem5ts ( ! sixte5? & sev5te5?         
c5turies1 is its  univ]sality4 ,mod]n   
sci5ce 0 born 9 ,europe1 b its home is !
  :ole _w4 ,9 ! la/ two c5turies !re has
 be5 a long &  confus$ impact ( ,we/]n  
modes ^u ! civilisation ( ,asia4 ,! wise
  m5 ( ! ,ea/ h be5 puzzl+1 & are       

puzzl+1 z to :at may be  ! regulative   
secret ( life :i* c be pass$ f ,we/ to  
,ea/  )\t ! wanton de/ruction ( _! own  
inh]itance :i* !y s  rightly prize4 ,m &
 m x is becom+ evid5t t :at ! ,we/  c   
mo/ readily give to ! ,ea/ is its sci5ce
 & its sci5tific  outlook4 ,?is is      
transf]able f c\ntry to c\ntry1 & f race
 to  race1 :]ev] !re is a rational      
society4    ,9 ?is c\rse ( lectures ,i  
%all n discuss ! details ( sci5tific    
discov]y4 ,my !me is ! en]gis+ ( a /ate 
( m9d 9 ! mod]n  _w1 its broad          
g5]alisations1 & its impact ^u o!r      
spiritual  =ces4 ,!re are two ways (    
read+ hi/ory1 =w>ds & backw>ds4  ,9 !   
hi/ory ( ?\ght1 we require bo? me?ods4  
,a climate (  op9ion--to use ! happy    
phrase ( a sev5te5? c5tury              
writ]--requires  = its und]/&+ !        
consid]ation ( its antec$5ts & its      
issues4 ,accord+ly 9 ?is lecture ,i %all
 consid] "s ( !  antec$5ts ( our mod]n  
approa* to ! inve/igation ( nature4     
,9 ! fir/ place1 !re c be no liv+ sci5ce

 unless !re is a  widespread in/9ctive  
conviction 9 ! exi/5ce ( an ,ord] (     
,?+s1 &1 9 p>ticul>1 ( an ,ord] (       
,nature4 ,i h us$ !  ^w in/9ctive       
advis$ly4 ,x does n matt] :at m5 say 9  
words1  s long z _! activities are      
controll$ by settl$ in/9cts4 ,!  words  
may ultimately de/roy ! in/9cts4 ,b     
until ?is has occurr$1  words d n c\nt4 
,?is rem>k is important 9 respect to !  
hi/ory  ( sci5tific ?\ght4 ,= we %all   
f9d t s9ce ! "t ( ,hume1  ! fa%ionable  
sci5tific philosophy has be5 su* z to   
d5y !  rationality ( sci5ce4 ,?is       
conclusion lies ^u ! surface ( ,hume's  
philosophy4 ,take1 = example1 ! foll[+  
passage f ,section ,,iv (  8 ,inquiry   
,conc]n+ ,human ,und]/&+3      8,9 a ^w1
 !n1 e effect is a di/9ct ev5t f its    
cause4 ,x    c\ld n1 !re=e1 be discov]$ 
9 ! cause2 & ! fir/    inv5tion or      
conception ( x1  priori1 mu/ be entirely
    arbitr>y40    ,if ! cause 9 itself  
discloses no in=mation z to ! effect1 s 
t ! fir/ inv5tion ( x mu/ be entirely   

arbitr>y1 x foll[s  at once t sci5ce is 
impossible1 except 9 ! s5se ( e/abli%+  
entirely arbitr>y connections :i* are n 
w>rant$ by any?+  intr9sic to ! natures 
ei!r ( causes or effects4 ,"s v>iant (  
,hume's philosophy has g5]ally prevail$ 
among m5 ( sci5ce4 ,b  sci5tific fai?   
has ris5 to ! occasion1 & has tacitly   
remov$ !  philosophic m\nta94    ,9 view
 ( ?is /range contradiction 9 sci5tific 
?\ght1 x is (  ! fir/ importance to     
consid] ! antec$5ts ( a fai? :i* is     
imp]vi\s to ! dem& = a consi/5t         
rationality4 ,we h !re=e  to trace !    
rise ( ! in/9ctive fai? t !re is an     
,ord] (  ,nature :i* c be trac$ 9 e     
detail$ occurr5ce4    ,( c\rse we all   
%>e 9 ?is fai?1 & we !re=e believe t !  
reason = ! fai? is our appreh5sion ( its
 tru?4 ,b ! =mation  ( a g5]al idea--su*
 z ! idea ( ! ,ord] ( ,nature--1 & !    
grasp ( its importance1 & ! obs]vation (
 its exemplification 9 a  v>iety (      
occasions are by no means ! necess>y    
consequ5ces ( !  tru? ( ! idea 9 "q4    

,famili> ?+s happ51 & mank9d does  n    
bo!r ab\t !m4 ,x requires a v unusual   
m9d to und]take !  analysis ( ! obvi\s4 
,accord+ly ,i wi% to consid] ! /ages 9  
:i* ?is analysis became explicit1 &     
f9ally became unalt]ably  impress$ ^u ! 
educat$ m9ds ( ,we/]n ,europe4          
,obvi\sly1 ! ma9 recurr5ces ( life are  
too insi/5t to escape !  notice ( ! lea/
 rational ( humans2 & ev5 be=e ! dawn ( 
rationality1 !y h impress$ !mselves ^u !
 in/9cts (  animals4 ,x is unnecess>y to
 lab\r ! po9t1 t 9 broad outl9e  c]ta9  
g5]al /ates ( nature recur1 & t our v   
natures h  adapt$ !mselves to su*       
repetitions4    ,b !re is a complem5t>y 
fact :i* is equally true & equally      
obvi\s3--no?+ ev] really recurs 9 exact 
detail4 ,no two days are  id5tical1 no  
two w9t]s4 ,:at has gone1 has gone =ev]4
 ,accord+ly  ! practical philosophy (   
mank9d has be5 to expect ! broad        
recurr5ces1 & to accept ! details z     
emanat+ f ! inscrutable  womb ( ?+s1    
beyond ! k5 ( rationality4 ,m5 expect$ !

 sun to  rise1 b ! w9d bl[e? :]e x      
li/e?4    ,c]ta9ly f ! classical ,greek 
civilisation onw>ds !re h be5  m51 &    
inde$ gr\ps ( m51 :o h plac$ !mselves   
beyond ?is  acceptance ( an ultimate    
irrationality4 ,su* m5 h endeav\r$ to   
expla9 all ph5om5a z ! outcome ( an ord]
 ( ?+s :i* ext5ds  to e detail4 ,g5iuses
 su* z ,ari/otle1 or ,ar*im$es1 or ,rog]
  ,bacon1 mu/ h be5 end[$ ) ! full      
sci5tific m5tality1 :i*  in/9ctively    
holds t all ?+s great & small are       
conceivable z  exemplifications ( g5]al 
pr9ciples :i* reign ?r\gh\t !  natural  
ord]4    ,b until ! close ( ! ,middle   
,ages ! g5]al educat$ public did  n feel
 t intimate conviction1 & t detail$     
int]e/1 9 su*  an idea1 s z to lead to  
an unceas+ supply ( m51 ) ability &     
opportunity adequate to ma9ta9 a        
coord9at$ se>* = ! discov]y  ( ^!       
hypo!tical pr9ciples4 ,ei!r p 7 d\btful 
ab\t !  exi/5ce ( su* pr9ciples1 or 7   
d\btful ab\t any success 9  f9d+ !m1 or 
took no int]e/ 9 ?9k+ ab\t !m1 or 7     

oblivi\s to _! practical importance :5  
f\nd4 ,= :atev] reason1  se>* 0 languid1
 if we h reg>d to ! opportunities ( a   
high  civilisation & ! l5g? ( "t        
conc]n$4 ,:y did ! pace sudd5ly  quick5 
9 ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies8 ,at !  
close ( !  ,middle ,ages a new m5tality 
discloses itself4 ,inv5tion /imulat$    
?\ght1 ?\ght quick5$ physical           
speculation1 ,greek manuscripts         
disclos$ :at ! anci5ts _h discov]$4     
,f9ally al?\gh 9 ! ye>  #aejj ,europe   
knew less ?an ,ar*im$es :o di$ 9 ! ye>  
#bab ,b4 ,c41  yet 9 ! ye> #agjj1       
,newton's ,pr9cipia _h be5 writt5 & !   
_w 0 well />t$ on ! mod]n epo*4    ,!re 
h be5 great civilisations 9 :i* !       
peculi> balance (  m9d requir$ = sci5ce 
has only fitfully appe>$ & has produc$  
! feeble/ result4 ,= example1 ! m we "k 
( ,*9ese art1 (  ,*9ese lit]ature1 & ( !
 ,*9ese philosophy ( life1 ! m we       
admire ! heights to :i* t civilization  
atta9$4 ,= ?\s&s (  ye>s1 !re h be5 9   
,*9a acute & le>n$ m5 pati5tly devot+   

_! lives to /udy4 ,hav+ reg>d to ! span 
( "t1 & to !  population conc]n$1 ,*9a  
=ms ! l>ge/ volume ( civilisation  :i* !
 _w has se54 ,!re is no reason to d\bt !
 intr9sic  capacity ( individual ,*9am5 
= ! pursuit ( sci5ce4 ,& yet  ,*9ese    
sci5ce is practically negligible4 ,!re  
is no reason to believe  t ,*9a if left 
to itself w\ld h ev] produc$ any        
progress 9  sci5ce4 ,! same may be said 
( ,india4 ,fur!rmore1 if ! ,p]sians _h  
enslav$ ! ,greeks1 !re is no def9ite    
gr\nd = belief t sci5ce  w\ld h fl\ri%$ 
9 ,europe4 ,! ,romans %[$ no p>ticul>   
orig9ality 9 t l9e4 ,ev5 z x 01 !       
,greeks1 ?\gh !y  f\nd$ ! movem5t1 did n
 su/a9 x ) ! conc5trat$ int]e/  :i*     
mod]n ,europe has %[n4 ,i am n allud+ to
 ! la/ few  g5]ations ( ! ,european     
peoples on bo? sides ( ! ocean2 ,i mean 
! small] ,europe ( ! ,re=mation p]iod1  
di/ract$ z x 0 )  w>s & religi\s        
disputes4 ,consid] ! _w ( ! ea/]n       
,m$it]ranean1 f ,sicily to we/]n ,asia1 
dur+ ! p]iod ( ab\t  #adjj ye>s f ! dea?

 ( ,ar*im$es 9 #bab ,b4 ,c4 to !        
irruption  ( ! ,t>t>s4 ,!re 7 w>s &     
revolutions & l>ge *anges (  religion3 b
 no?+ mu* worse ?an ! w>s ( ! sixte5? & 
sev5te5? c5turies ?r\gh\t ,europe4 ,!re 
0 a great & weal?y  civilisation1       
,pagan1 ,*ri/ian1 ,mahometan4 ,9 t p]iod
 a great deal  0 add$ to sci5ce4 ,b on !
 :ole ! progress 0 sl[ &  wav]+2 &1     
except 9 ma!matics1 ! m5 ( ! ,r5aissance
  practically />t$ f ! position :i*     
,ar*im$es _h rea*$4  ,!re _h be5 "s     
progress 9 m$ic9e & "s progress 9       
a/ronomy4  ,b ! total advance 0 v little
 comp>$ to ! m>vell\s success  ( !      
sev5te5? c5tury4 ,= example1 comp>e !   
progress (  sci5tific k f ! ye> #aefj1 j
 be=e ! bir?s (  ,galileo & ( ,kepl]1 up
 to ! ye> #agjj1 :5 ,newton 0 9 !       
height ( 8 fame1 ) ! progress 9 ! anci5t
 p]iod1 already  m5tion$1 exactly t5    
times z long4    ,nev]!less1 ,greece 0 !
 "m ( ,europe2 & x is to ,greece t  we  
mu/ look 9 ord] to f9d ! orig9 ( our    
mod]n ideas4 ,we all  "k t on ! ea/]n   

%ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean !re 0 a v        
fl\ri%+ s*ool ( ,ionian philosoph]s1    
deeply int]e/$ 9 !ories  conc]n+ nature4
 ,_! ideas h be5 transmitt$ to u1 enri*$
 by  ! g5ius ( ,plato & ,ari/otle4 ,b1 )
 ! exception ( ,ari/otle1  & x is a l>ge
 exception1 ?is s*ool ( ?\ght _h n      
atta9$ to  ! complete sci5tific         
m5tality4 ,9 "s ways1 x 0 bett]4 ,!     
,greek g5ius 0 philosophical1 lucid &   
logical4 ,! m5 ( ?is gr\p  7 prim>ily   
ask+ philosophical que/ions4 ,:at is !  
sub/ratum (  nature8 ,is x fire1 or e>?1
 or wat]1 or "s comb9ation ( any two1   
or ( all ?ree8 ,or is x a m]e flux1 n   
r$ucible to "s /atic  mat]ial8          
,ma!matics int]e/$ !m mightily4 ,!y     
inv5t$ its  g5]ality1 analys$ its       
premises1 & made notable discov]ies (   
!orems by a rigid adh]5ce to d$uctive   
reason+4 ,_! m9ds 7  infect$ ) an eag]  
g5]ality4 ,!y dem&$ cle>1 bold ideas1 & 
/rict reason+ f !m4 ,all ?is 0 excell5t2
 x 0 g5ius2 x  0 ideal prep>atory "w4 ,b
 x 0 n sci5ce z we und]/& x4  ,! pati5ce

 ( m9ute obs]vation 0 n ne>ly s prom95t4
 ,_!  g5ius 0 n s apt = ! /ate (        
imag9ative muddl$ susp5se  :i* prec$es  
successful inductive g5]alisation4 ,!y 7
 lucid  ?9k]s & bold reason]s4    ,(    
c\rse !re 7 exceptions1 & at ! v top3 = 
example1  ,ari/otle & ,ar*im$es4 ,also =
 pati5t obs]vation1 !re 7 !  a/ronom]s4 
,!re 0 a ma!matical lucidity ab\t ! />s1
 & a  fasc9ation ab\t ! small num]able  
b& ( run-a-way planets4    ,e philosophy
 is t+$ ) ! col\r+ ( "s secret          
imag9ative  backgr\nd1 :i* nev] em]ges  
explicitly into its tra9s ( reason+4  ,!
 ,greek view ( nature1 at lea/ t        
cosmology transmitt$ f !m  to lat] ages1
 0 ess5tially dramatic4 ,x is n         
necess>ily wrong =  ?is reason3 b x 0   
ov]:elm+ly dramatic4 ,x ?us conceiv$    
nature z articulat$ 9 ! way ( a "w (    
dramatic art1 = !  exemplification (    
g5]al ideas conv]g+ to an end4 ,nature 0
  diff]5tiat$ s z to provide its prop]  
end = ea* ?+4 ,!re 0  ! c5tre ( !       
univ]se z ! end ( motion = ^? ?+s :i*   

are heavy1 & ! cele/ial sph]es z ! end (
 motion = ^?  ?+s ^: natures lead !m    
upw>ds4 ,! cele/ial sph]es 7 =  ?+s :i* 
are impassible & +5]able1 ! l[] regions 
=  ?+s impassible & g5]able4 ,nature 0 a
 drama 9 :i* ea* ?+  play$ its "p4    ,i
 d n say t ?is is a view to :i*         
,ari/otle w\ld h  subscrib$ )\t sev]e   
res]vations1 9 fact )\t ! sort (        
res]vations :i* we ourselves w\ld make4 
,b x 0 ! view :i*  subsequ5t ,greek     
?\ght extract$ f ,ari/otle & pass$ on to
 !  ,middle ,ages4 ,! effect ( su* an   
imag9ative sett+ = nature 0 to  damp d[n
 ! hi/orical _s4 ,= x 0 ! end :i* seem$ 
illum9at+1 s :y bo!r ab\t ! beg9n+8 ,!  
,re=mation & !  sci5tific movem5t 7 two 
aspects ( ! hi/orical revolt :i* 0  !   
dom9ant intellectual movem5t ( ! lat]   
,r5aissance4 ,! appeal  to ! orig9s (   
,*ri/ianity1 & ,francis ,bacon's appeal 
to effici5t  causes z aga9/ f9al causes1
 7 two sides ( "o movem5t (  ?\ght4     
,also = ?is reason ,galileo & 8         
adv]s>ies 7 at  hopeless cross purposes1

 z c be se5 f 8 ,dialogues on ! ,two    
,sy/ems ( ! ,_w4    ,galileo keeps h>p+ 
on h[ ?+s happ51 :]eas 8 adv]s>ies _h  a
 complete !ory z to :y ?+s happ54       
,un=tunately ! two  !ories did n br+ out
 ! same results4 ,galileo insi/s ^u     
#8irr$ucible & /ubborn facts1' &        
,simplicius1 8 oppon5t1 br+s  =w>d      
reasons1 completely satisfactory1 at    
lea/ to himself4 ,x is a  great mi/ake  
to conceive ?is hi/orical revolt z an   
appeal to reason4  ,on ! contr>y1 x 0   
?r\gh & ?r\gh an anti-intellectuali/    
movem5t4 ,x 0 ! return to !             
contemplation ( brute fact2 & x  0 bas$ 
on a recoil f ! inflexible rationality (
 m$ieval  ?\ght4 ,9 mak+ ?is /atem5t ,i 
am m]ely summ>is+ :at at !  "t ! adh]5ts
 ( ! old rgime !mselves ass]t$4 ,=      
example1  9 ! f\r? book ( ,fa!r ,paul   
,s>pi's ,hi/ory ( ! ,c\ncil (  ,tr5t1 y 
w f9d t 9 ! ye> #aeea ! ,papal ,legates 
:o  presid$ ov] ! ,c\ncil ord]$3 #8,t ! 
,div9es ought to confirm  _! op9ions ) !
 holy ,scripture1 ,traditions ( !       

,apo/les1  sacr$ & approv$ ,c\ncils1 &  
by ! ,con/itutions & ,au?orities  ( !   
holy ,fa!rs2 t !y ought to use brevity1 
& avoid  sup]flu\s & unpr(itable        
que/ions1 & p]v]se cont5tions4444  ,?is 
ord] did n please ! ,italian ,div9es2 :o
 said x 0 a novity1  & a condemn+ (     
,s*ool-,div9ity1 :i*1 9 all             
difficulties1 use?  reason1 & because x 
0 n lawful i4e41 by ?is decree to treat 
z ,/4 ,?omas ,aqu9as1 ,/4 ,bonav5ture1 &
 o!r fam\s m5 did4'    ,x is impossible 
n to feel sympa?y ) ^! ,italian div9es1 
ma9ta9+ ! lo/ cause ( unbridl$          
rationalism4 ,!y 7 des]t$  on all h&s4  
,! ,prote/ants 7 9 full revolt aga9/ !m4
 ,!  ,papacy fail$ to support !m1 & !   
,bi%ops ( ! ,c\ncil c\ld n  ev5 und]/&  
!m4 ,= a few s5t5ces bel[ ! =ego+       
quotation1  we read3 #8,?\gh _m compla9$
 "h-( i4e41 ( ! ,decree1 yet x  prevail$
 b little1 because g5]ally ! ,fa!rs     
i4e41 !  ,bi%ops desir$ to he> m5 speak 
) intelligible t]ms1 n  ab/rusely1 z 9 !
 matt] ( ,ju/ification1 & o!rs already  

h&l$4'    ,poor belat$ m$ievali/s6 ,:5  
!y us$ reason !y 7 n ev5  intelligible  
to ! rul+ p[]s ( _! epo*4 ,x w take     
c5turies  be=e /ubborn facts are        
r$ucible by reason1 & mean:ile !        
p5dulum sw+s sl[ly & heavily to !       
extreme ( ! hi/orical  me?od4           
,=ty-?ree ye>s aft] ! ,italian div9es _h
 writt5 ?is memorial1  ,ri*>d ,hook] 9 8
 fam\s ,laws ( ,ecclesia/ical ,polity   
makes  exactly ! same compla9t ( 8      
,puritan adv]s>ies4#a ,hook]'s  balanc$ 
?\ght--f :i* ! appellation #8,!         
,judici\s ,hook]' is  d]iv$--1 & 8      
diffuse /yle1 :i* is ! vehicle ( su*    
?\ght1  make 8 writ+s s+ul>ly unfit = ! 
process ( summ>is+ by a  %ort1 po9t$    
quotation4 ,b1 9 ! section ref]r$ to1 he
 reproa*es  8 oppon5ts ) ,_!            
,disp>agem5t ( ,reason2 & 9 support (  8
 own position def9itely ref]s to #8,!   
greate/ among/ !  s*ool-div9es1' by :i* 
designation ,i presume t he ref]s to ,/4
  ,?omas ,aqu9as4    ,footnote #a3      
,cf4 ,book ,,iii1 ,section ,,viii4      

,hook]'s ,ecclesia/ical ,polity 0       
publi%$ j be=e ,s>pi's  ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t4
 ,accord+ly !re 0 complete indep5d5ce   
betwe5  ! two works4 ,b bo? ! ,italian  
div9es ( #aeea1 & ,hook] at !  end ( t  
c5tury te/ify to ! anti-rationali/ tr5d 
( ?\ght at  t epo*1 & 9 ?is respect     
contra/ _! own age ) ! epo* (           
s*ola/icism4    ,?is reaction 0         
und\bt$ly a v necess>y corrective to !  
ungu>d$ rationalism ( ! ,middle ,ages4  
,b reactions run to extremes4           
,accord+ly1 al?\gh "o outcome ( ?is     
reaction 0 ! bir? (  mod]n sci5ce1 yet  
we mu/ rememb] t sci5ce !reby inh]it$ ! 
bias ( ?\ght to :i* x owes its orig94   
,! effect ( ,greek dramatic lit]ature 0 
_m-sid$ s f> z  conc]ns ! v>i\s ways 9  
:i* x indirectly affect$ m$ieval  ?\ght4
 ,! pilgrim fa!rs ( ! sci5tific         
imag9ation z x exi/s  today1 are ! great
 trag$ians ( anci5t ,a!ns1 ,aes*ylus1   
,sophocles1  ,euripides4 ,_! vision (   
fate1 remorseless & indiff]5t1 urg+ a   
tragic incid5t to its inevitable issue1 

is ! vision possess$ by  sci5ce4 ,fate 9
 ,greek ,trag$y becomes ! ord] ( nature 
9 mod]n  ?\ght4 ,! absorb+ int]e/ 9 !   
p>ticul> h]oic incid5ts1 z  an example &
 a v]ification ( ! work+s ( fate1       
reappe>s 9 our  epo* z conc5tration (   
int]e/ on ! crucial exp]im5ts4 ,x 0 my  
good =tune to be pres5t at ! meet+ ( !  
,royal ,society 9 ,london  :5 !         
,a/ronom] ,royal = ,engl& ann\nc$ t !   
photographic  plates ( ! fam\s eclipse1 
z measur$ by 8 colleagues 9 ,gre5wi*    
,obs]vatory1 _h v]ifi$ ! pr$iction (    
,e9/e9 t rays ( light  are b5t z !y pass
 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! sun4 ,! :ole      
atmosph]e ( t5se int]e/ 0 exactly t ( ! 
,greek drama3 we  7 ! *orus comm5t+ on !
 decree ( de/9y z disclos$ 9 !          
developm5t ( a supreme incid5t4 ,!re 0  
dramatic quality 9 !  v /ag+3--!        
traditional c]emonial1 & 9 ! backgr\nd !
  picture ( ,newton to rem9d u t !      
greate/ ( sci5tific  g5]alisations 0 n[1
 aft] m ?an two c5turies1 to receive its
  fir/ modification4 ,nor 0 ! p]sonal   

int]e/ want+3 a great  adv5ture 9 ?\ght 
_h at l5g? come safe to %ore4    ,let me
 "h rem9d y t ! ess5ce ( dramatic trag$y
 is n  unhapp9ess4 ,x resides 9 !       
solemnity ( ! remorseless work+ (  ?+s4 
,?is inevitabl5ess ( de/9y c only be    
illu/rat$ 9 t]ms  ( human life by       
incid5ts :i* 9 fact involve unhapp9ess4 
,= x is  only by !m t ! futility (      
escape c be made evid5t 9 !  drama4 ,?is
 remorseless inevitabl5ess is :at       
p]vades sci5tific  ?\ght4 ,! laws (     
physics are ! decrees ( fate4    ,!     
conception ( ! moral ord] 9 ! ,greek    
plays 0 c]ta9ly n a  discov]y ( !       
dramati/s4 ,x mu/ h pass$ into ! lit]>y 
tradition f ! g5]al s]i\s op9ion ( !    
times4 ,b 9 f9d+  ?is magnific5t        
expression1 x !reby deep5$ ! /ream (    
?\ght  f :i* x arose4 ,! spectacle ( a  
moral ord] 0 impress$ ^u  ! imag9ation (
 classical civilisation4    ,! "t came  
:5 t great society decay$1 & ,europe    
pass$ into  ! ,middle ,ages4 ,! direct  
influ5ce ( ,greek lit]ature vani%$4 ,b  

! concept ( ! moral ord] & ( ! ord] (   
nature _h en%r9$  itself 9 ! ,/oic      
philosophy4 ,= example1 ,lecky 9 8      
,hi/ory (  ,european ,morals tells u    
#8,s5eca ma9ta9s t ! ,div9ity has       
det]m9$ all ?+s by an inexorable law (  
de/9y1 :i* ,he has  decre$1 b :i* ,he   
,himself obeys4' ,b ! mo/ effective way 
9  :i* ! ,/oics influ5c$ ! m5tality ( ! 
,middle ,ages 0 by !  diffus$ s5se (    
ord] :i* arose f ,roman law4 ,aga9 to   
quote  ,lecky1 #8,! ,roman legislation 0
 9 a two-fold mann] ! *ild (            
philosophy4 ,x 0 9 ! fir/ place =m$ ^u !
 philosophical  model1 =1 in/ead ( be+ a
 m]e empirical sy/em adju/$ to !  exi/+ 
requirem5ts ( society1 x laid d[n       
ab/ract pr9ciples (  "r to :i* x        
endeav\r$ to con=m2 &1 9 ! next place1  
^!  pr9ciples 7 borr[$ directly f       
,/oicism4' ,9 spite ( ! actual  an>*y   
?r\gh\t l>ge regions 9 ,europe aft] !   
collapse ( !  ,empire1 ! s5se ( legal   
ord] always haunt$ ! racial memories (  
! ,imp]ial populations4 ,also ! ,we/]n  

,*ur* 0 always !re z a  liv+ embodim5t (
 ! traditions ( ,imp]ial rule4    ,x is 
important to notice t ?is legal impress 
^u m$ieval  civilisation 0 n 9 ! =m ( a 
few wise precepts :i* %\ld  p]meate     
conduct4 ,x 0 ! conception ( a def9ite  
articulat$ sy/em  :i* def9es ! legality 
( ! detail$ /ructure ( social organism1 
& ( ! detail$ way 9 :i* x %\ld function4
 ,!re 0 no?+  vague4 ,x 0 n a "q (      
admirable maxims1 b ( def9ite  proc$ure 
to put ?+s "r & to keep !m !re4 ,!      
,middle ,ages  =m$ "o long tra9+ ( !    
intellect ( ,we/]n ,europe 9 ! s5se  (  
ord]4 ,!re may h be5 "s defici5cy 9     
respect to practice4  ,b ! idea nev] = a
 mom5t lo/ its grip4 ,x 0 prem95tly an  
epo* ( ord]ly ?\ght1 rationali/ ?r\gh & 
?r\gh4 ,! v  an>*y quick5$ ! s5se =     
coh]5t sy/em2 j z ! mod]n  an>*y (      
,europe has /imulat$ ! intellectual     
vision ( a ,league (  ,nations4    ,b = 
sci5ce some?+ m is want$ ?an a g5]al    
s5se ( !  ord] 9 ?+s4 ,x ne$s b a s5t5ce
 to po9t out h[ ! habit (  def9ite exact

 ?\ght 0 implant$ 9 ! ,european m9d by !
 long  dom9ance ( s*ola/ic logic &      
s*ola/ic div9ity4 ,! habit  rema9$ aft] 
! philosophy _h be5 repudiat$1 !        
priceless habit  ( look+ = an exact po9t
 & ( /ick+ to x :5 f\nd4 ,galileo  owes 
m to ,ari/otle ?an appe>s on ! surface (
 8 ,dialogues3  he owes to him 8 cle>   
head & 8 analytic m9d4    ,i d n ?9k1   
h[ev]1 t ,i h ev5 yet br\ght out !      
greate/  contribution ( m$ievalism to ! 
=mation ( ! sci5tific movem5t4  ,i mean 
! inexpugnable belief t e detail$       
occurr5ce c be  correlat$ ) its         
antec$5ts 9 a p]fectly def9ite mann]1   
exemplify+ g5]al pr9ciples4 ,)\t ?is    
belief ! incr$ible  lab\rs ( sci5ti/s   
w\ld be )\t hope4 ,x is ?is in/9ctive   
conviction1 vividly pois$ be=e !        
imag9ation1 :i* is ! motive  p[] (      
rese>*3--t !re is a secret1 a secret :i*
 c be  unveil$4 ,h[ has ?is conviction  
be5 s vividly implant$ on !  ,european  
m9d8    ,:5 we comp>e ?is tone ( ?\ght 9
 ,europe ) ! attitude (  o!r            

civilisations :5 left to !mselves1 !re  
seems b "o s\rce  = its orig94 ,x mu/   
come f ! m$ieval insi/5ce on !          
rationality ( ,god1 conceiv$ z ) !      
p]sonal en]gy ( ,jehovah &  ) !         
rationality ( a ,greek philosoph]4 ,e   
detail 0 sup]vis$  & ord]$3 ! se>* into 
nature c\ld only result 9 ! v9dication  
( ! fai? 9 rationality4 ,rememb] t ,i am
 n talk+ ( !  explicit beliefs ( a few  
individuals4 ,:at ,i mean is ! impress  
on !  ,european m9d aris+ f ! unque/ion$
 fai? ( c5turies4 ,by ?is  ,i mean !    
in/9ctive tone ( ?\ght & n a m]e cre$ ( 
words4    ,9 ,asia1 ! conceptions ( ,god
 7 ( a be+ :o 0 ei!r too  arbitr>y or   
too imp]sonal = su* ideas to h mu*      
effect on  in/9ctive habits ( m9d4 ,any 
def9ite occurr5ce might be due to !     
fiat ( an irrational despot1 or might   
issue f "s imp]sonal1  inscrutable orig9
 ( ?+s4 ,!re 0 n ! same confid5ce z 9  !
 intelligible rationality ( a p]sonal   
be+4 ,i am n argu+ t  ! ,european tru/ 9
 ! scrutability ( nature 0 logically    

ju/ifi$  ev5 by its own !ology4 ,my only
 po9t is to und]/& h[ x arose4  ,my     
explanation is t ! fai? 9 ! possibility 
( sci5ce1  g5]at$ antec$5tly to !       
developm5t ( mod]n sci5tific !ory1  is  
an unconsci\s d]ivative f m$ieval       
!ology4    ,b sci5ce is n m]ely !       
outcome ( in/9ctive fai?4 ,x also       
requires an active int]e/ 9 ! simple    
occurr5ces ( life = _!  own sake4       
,?is qualification #8= _! own sake' is  
important4 ,! fir/ phase (  ! ,middle   
,ages 0 an age ( symbolism4 ,x 0 an age 
( va/ ideas1  & ( primitive te*nique4   
,!re 0 little to be done ) nature1      
except to co9 a h>d liv+ f x4 ,b !re 7  
realms ( ?\ght  to be explor$1 realms ( 
philosophy & realms ( !ology4 ,primitive
  art c\ld symbolise ^? ideas :i* fill$ 
all ?\ghtful m9ds4 ,!  fir/ phase (     
m$ieval art has a haunt+ *>m beyond     
comp>e3 its own  intr9sic quality is    
enhanc$ by ! fact t its message1 :i*    
/ret*$ beyond art's own                 
self-ju/ification ( ae/hetic a*ievem5t1 

0 ! symbolism ( ?+s ly+ beh9d nature    
itself4 ,9 ?is symbolic  phase1 m$ieval 
art en]gis$ 9 nature z its m$ium1 b     
po9t$ to  ano!r _w4    ,9 ord] to und]/&
 ! contra/ betwe5 ^! e>ly ,middle ,ages 
&  ! atmosph]e requir$ by ! sci5tific   
m5tality1 we %\ld comp>e  ! six? c5tury 
9 ,italy ) ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,9 bo?     
c5turies  ! ,italian g5ius 0 lay+ !     
f\ndations ( a new epo*4 ,!  hi/ory ( ! 
?ree c5turies prec$+ ! e>li] p]iod1     
despite !  promise = ! future introduc$ 
by ! rise ( ,*ri/ianity1 is  ov]:elm+ly 
infect$ by ! s5se ( ! decl9e (          
civilisation4 ,9  ea* g5]ation some?+   
has be5 lo/4 ,z we read ! records1 we   
are  haunt$ by ! %ad[ ( ! com+ b>b>ism4 
,!re are great m51 )  f9e a*ievem5ts 9  
action or 9 ?\ght4 ,b _! total effect is
  m]ely = "s %ort "t to arre/ ! g5]al   
decl9e4 ,9 ! six?  c5tury we are1 s f> z
 ,italy is conc]n$1 at ! l[e/ po9t ( !  
curve4 ,b 9 t c5tury e action is lay+ ! 
f\ndation = !  trem5d\s rise ( ! new    
,european civilisation4 ,9 ! backgr\nd !

  ,byzant9e ,empire1 "u ,ju/9ian1 9 ?ree
 ways det]m9$ !  "* ( ! e>ly ,middle    
,ages 9 ,we/]n ,europe4 ,9 ! fir/       
place1 its armies1 "u ,belis>ius &      
,n>ses1 cle>$ ,italy f !  ,go?ic        
dom9ation4 ,9 ?is way1 ! /age 0 fre$ = !
 ex]cise (  ! old ,italian g5ius =      
creat+ organisations :i* %all be        
protective ( ideals ( cultural activity4
 ,x is impossible n to  sympa?ise ) !   
,go?s3 yet !re c be no d\bt b t a ?\s&  
ye>s ( ! ,papacy 7 inf9itely m valuable 
= ,europe ?an any  effects d]ivable f a 
well-e/abli%$ ,go?ic k+dom ( ,italy4    
,9 ! second place1 ! codification ( !   
,roman law e/abli%$ !  ideal ( legality 
:i* dom9at$ ! sociological ?\ght (      
,europe 9  ! succe$+ c5turies4 ,law is  
bo? an eng9e = gov]nm5t1 & a  condition 
re/ra9+ gov]nm5t4 ,! canon law ( !      
,*ur*1 & !  civil law ( ! ,/ate1 owe to 
,ju/9ian's lawy]s _! influ5ce on  !     
developm5t ( ,europe4 ,!y e/abli%$ 9 !  
,we/]n m9d !  ideal t an au?ority %\ld  
be at once lawful1 & law-en=c+1 &  %\ld 

9 itself exhibit a rationally adju/$    
sy/em ( organisation4  ,! six? c5tury 9 
,italy gave ! initial exhibition ( ! way
 9  :i* ! impress ( ^! ideas 0 fo/]$ by 
contact ) !  ,byzant9e ,empire4         
,?irdly1 9 ! non-political sph]es ( art 
& le>n+ ,con/ant9ople  exhibit$ a /&>d (
 realis$ a*ievem5t :i*1 p>tly by !      
impulse to direct imitation1 & p>tly by 
! indirect inspiration  aris+ f ! m]e k 
t su* ?+s exi/$1 act$ z a  p]petual spur
 to ,we/]n culture4 ,! wisdom ( !       
,byzant9es1 z x  /ood 9 ! imag9ation ( !
 fir/ phase ( m$ieval m5tality1 &  !    
wisdom ( ! ,egyptians z x /ood 9 !      
imag9ation ( ! e>ly  ,greeks1 play$     
analog\s rles4 ,probably ! actual k ( ^!
  respective wisdoms 01 9 ei!r case1    
ab\t z mu* z 0 good =  ! recipi5ts4 ,!y 
knew en\gh to "k ! sort ( /&>ds :i* are 
atta9able1 & n en\gh to be fett]$ by    
/atic & traditional ways  ( ?\ght4      
,accord+ly1 9 bo? cases m5 w5t ahead on 
_! own &  did bett]4 ,no acc\nt ( ! rise
 ( ! ,european sci5tific m5tality  c    

omit "s notice ( ?is influ5ce ( !       
,byzant9e civilisation 9  ! backgr\nd4  
,9 ! six? c5tury !re is a crisis 9 !    
hi/ory (  ! relations betwe5 !          
,byzant9es & ! ,we/2 & ?is crisis is to 
be contra/$ ) ! influ5ce ( ,greek       
lit]ature on ,european ?\ght  9 !       
fifte5? & sixte5? c5turies4 ,! two      
out/&+ m51 :o  9 ! ,italy ( ! six?      
c5tury laid ! f\ndations ( ! future1  7 
,/4 ,b5$ict & ,gregory ! ,great4 ,by    
ref]5ce to !m1 we c at  once see h[     
absolutely 9 ru9s 0 ! approa* to !      
sci5tific  m5tality :i* _h be5 atta9$ by
 ! ,greeks4 ,we are at ! z]o  po9t (    
sci5tific temp]ature4 ,b ! life-"w (    
,gregory & (  ,b5$ict contribut$ elem5ts
 to ! recon/ruction ( ,europe :i*       
secur$ t ?is recon/ruction1 :5 x arriv$1
 %\ld include a m  effective sci5tific  
m5tality ?an t ( ! anci5t _w4 ,!        
,greeks 7 ov]-!oretical4 ,= !m sci5ce 0 
an (f%oot (  philosophy4 ,gregory &     
,b5$ict 7 practical m51 ) an eye = !    
importance ( ord9>y ?+s2 & !y comb9$ ?is

 practical  temp]am5t ) _! religi\s &   
cultural activities4 ,9 p>ticul>1  we   
owe x to ,/4 ,b5$ict t ! mona/]ies 7 !  
homes (  practical agriculturali/s1 z   
well z ( sa9ts & ( arti/s & (  m5 (     
le>n+4 ,! alliance ( sci5ce ) te*nology1
 by :i*  le>n+ is kept 9 contact )      
irr$ucible & /ubborn facts1 owes  mu* to
 ! practical b5t ( ! e>ly ,b5$ict9es4   
,mod]n sci5ce  d]ives f ,rome z well z f
 ,greece1 & ?is ,roman /ra9 expla9s  its
 ga9 9 an en]gy ( ?\ght kept closely 9  
contact ) ! _w  ( facts4    ,b !        
influ5ce ( ?is contact betwe5 !         
mona/]ies & ! facts  ( nature %[$ itself
 fir/ 9 art4 ,! rise ( ,naturalism 9 !  
lat] ,middle ,ages 0 ! entry into !     
,european m9d ( ! f9al  +r$i5t necess>y 
= ! rise ( sci5ce4 ,x 0 ! rise (  int]e/
 9 natural objects1 & 9 natural         
occurr5ces1 = _! own  sakes4 ,! natural 
foliage ( a di/rict 0 sculptur$ 9       
out-(-!-way spots ( ! lat] build+s1     
m]ely z exhibit+  delight 9 ^? famili>  
objects4 ,! :ole atmosph]e ( e art      

exhibit$ a direct joy 9 ! appreh5sion ( 
! ?+s :i* lie  ar\nd u4 ,! craftsm5 :o  
execut$ ! late m$ieval decorative       
sculpture1 ,giotto1 ,*auc]1 ,wordswor?1 
,walt ,:itman1 &1 at !  pres5t day1 !   
,new ,engl& poet ,rob]t ,fro/1 are all  
ak9 to ea*  o!r 9 ?is respect4 ,! simple
 imm$iate facts are ! topics (  int]e/1 
& ^! reappe> 9 ! ?\ght ( sci5ce z !     
#8irr$ucible /ubborn facts4'    ,! m9d (
 ,europe 0 n[ prep>$ = its new v5ture ( 
?\ght4 ,x  is unnecess>y to tell 9      
detail ! v>i\s incid5ts :i* m>k$ !  rise
 ( sci5ce3 ! gr[? ( weal? & leisure2 !  
expansion (  univ]sities2 ! inv5tion (  
pr9t+2 ! tak+ ( ,con/ant9ople2          
,cop]nicus2 ,vasco da ,gama2 ,columbus2 
! telescope4 ,! soil1 !  climate1 !     
se$s1 7 !re1 & ! =e/ grew4 ,sci5ce has  
nev]  %ak5 (f ! impress ( its orig9 9 ! 
hi/orical revolt ( !  lat] ,r5aissance4 
,x has rema9$ pr$om9antly an            
anti-rationali/ic  movem5t1 bas$ ^u a   
nave fai?4 ,:at reason+ x has want$1 has
  be5 borr[$ f ma!matics :i* is a       

surviv+ relic ( ,greek  rationalism1    
foll[+ ! d$uctive me?od4 ,sci5ce        
repudiates  philosophy4 ,9 o!r words1 x 
has nev] c>$ to ju/ify its fai? or  to  
expla9 its mean+s2 & has rema9$ bl&ly   
indiff]5t to its  refutation by ,hume4  
,( c\rse ! hi/orical revolt 0 fully     
ju/ifi$4 ,x 0 want$4 ,x  0 m ?an want$3 
x 0 an absolute necessity = heal?y      
progress4  ,! _w requir$ c5turies (     
contemplation ( irr$ucible &  /ubborn   
facts4 ,x is difficult = m5 to d m ?an  
"o ?+ at a  "t1 & t 0 ! sort ( ?+ !y _h 
to d aft] !  rationali/ic orgy ( !      
,middle ,ages4 ,x 0 a v s5sible         
reaction2  b x 0 n a prote/ on behalf ( 
reason4    ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a ,nemesis   
:i* waits ^u ^? :o delib]ately  avoid   
av5ues ( k4 ,oliv] ,cromwell's cry e*oes
 d[n ! ages1  #8,my bre?r51 by ! b[els (
 ,*ri/ ,i besee* y1 be?9k y t  y may be 
mi/ak54'    ,! progress ( sci5ce has n[ 
rea*$ a turn+ po9t4 ,! /able  f\ndations
 ( physics h brok5 up3 also = ! fir/ "t 
physiology is ass]t+ itself z an        

effective body ( k1 z  di/9ct f a       
scrap-heap4 ,! old f\ndations (         
sci5tific ?\ght  are becom+             
un9telligible4 ,"t1 space1 matt]1       
mat]ial1 e!r1  electricity1 me*anism1   
organism1 configuration1 /ructure1      
patt]n1  function1 all require          
re9t]pretation4 ,:at is ! s5se ( talk+  
ab\t a me*anical explanation :5 y d n "k
 :at y mean by  me*anics8    ,! tru? is 
t sci5ce />t$ its mod]n c>e] by tak+ ov]
 ideas  d]iv$ f ! weake/ side ( !       
philosophies ( ,ari/otle's  successors4 
,9 "s respects x 0 a happy *oice4 ,x    
enabl$ !  k ( ! sev5te5? c5tury to be   
=mul>is$ s f> z  physics & *emi/ry 7    
conc]n$1 ) a complet5ess :i* has  la/$  
to ! pres5t "t4 ,b ! progress ( biology 
& psy*ology  has probably be5 *eck$ by !
 uncritical assumption ( half-tru?s4    
,if sci5ce is n to deg5]ate into a m$ley
 ( ad hoc hypo!ses1 x  mu/ become       
philosophical & mu/ ent] ^u a ?or\gh    
criticism (  its own f\ndations4    ,9 !
 succe$+ lectures ( ?is c\rse1 ,i %all  

trace ! successes  & ! failures ( !     
p>ticul> conceptions ( cosmology ) :i*  
! ,european intellect has clo!d itself 9
 ! la/ ?ree c5turies4  ,g5]al climates (
 op9ion p]si/ = p]iods ( ab\t two to    
?ree  g5]ations1 t is to say1 = p]iods (
 sixty to a hundr$ ye>s4  ,!re are also 
%ort] waves ( ?\ght1 :i* play on !      
surface (  ! tidal movem5t4 ,we %all    
f9d1 !re=e1 trans=mations 9 !  ,european
 outlook1 sl[ly modify+ ! successive    
c5turies4 ,!re  p]si/s1 h[ev]1 ?r\gh\t !
 :ole p]iod ! fix$ sci5tific  cosmology 
:i* presupposes ! ultimate fact ( an    
irr$ucible brute  matt]1 or mat]ial1    
spread ?r\gh\t space 9 a flux (         
configurations4 ,9 itself su* a mat]ial 
is s5seless1 valueless1  purposeless4 ,x
 j does :at x does d1 foll[+ a fix$     
r\t9e  impos$ by ext]nal relations :i* d
 n spr+ f ! nature ( its  be+4 ,x is ?is
 assumption t ,i call #8sci5tific       
mat]ialism4' ,also  x is an assumption  
:i* ,i %all *all5ge z be+ entirely      
unsuit$  to ! sci5tific situation at :i*

 we h n[ arriv$4 ,x is n  wrong1 if     
prop]ly con/ru$4 ,if we conf9e ourselves
 to c]ta9 types  ( facts1 ab/ract$ f !  
complete circum/ances 9 :i* !y  occur1 !
 mat]iali/ic assumption expresses ^!    
facts to p]fection4  ,b :5 we pass      
beyond ! ab/raction1 ei!r by m subtle   
employm5t ( our s5ses1 or by ! reque/ = 
mean+s & =  coh]5ce ( ?\ghts1 ! s*eme   
breaks d[n at once4 ,! n>r[  effici5cy (
 ! s*eme 0 ! v cause ( its supreme      
me?odological success4 ,= x direct$     
att5tion to j ^? gr\ps  ( facts :i*1 9 !
 /ate ( k !n exi/+1 requir$             
inve/igation4    ,! success ( ! s*eme   
has adv]sely affect$ ! v>i\s curr5ts (  
,european ?\ght4 ,! hi/orical revolt 0  
anti-rationali/ic1 because  !           
rationalism ( ! s*ola/ics requir$ a %>p 
correction by  contact ) brute fact4 ,b 
! revival ( philosophy 9 ! h&s (        
,desc>tes & 8 successors 0 entirely     
col\r$ 9 its developm5t by  ! acceptance
 ( ! sci5tific cosmology at its face    
value4 ,!  success ( _! ultimate ideas  

confirm$ sci5ti/s 9 _! refusal to       
modify !m z ! result ( an enquiry into  
_! rationality4 ,e  philosophy 0 b\nd 9 
"s way or o!r to swall[ !m :ole4 ,also  
! example ( sci5ce affect$ o!r regions (
 ?\ght4 ,! hi/orical  revolt has ?us be5
 exagg]at$ into ! exclusion ( philosophy
 f  its prop] rle ( h>monis+ ! v>i\s    
ab/ractions (  me?odological ?\ght4     
,?\ght is ab/ract2 & ! intol]ant use (  
ab/ractions is ! major vice ( !         
intellect4 ,?is vice is n :olly         
correct$ by ! recurr5ce to concrete     
exp]i5ce4 ,= aft] all1 y  ne$ only att5d
 to ^? aspects ( y\r concrete exp]i5ce  
:i* lie  )9 "s limit$ s*eme4 ,!re are   
two me?ods = ! purification  ( ideas4   
,"o ( !m is dispassionate obs]vation by 
means ( !  bodily s5ses4 ,b obs]vation  
is selection4 ,accord+ly1 x is          
difficult to transc5d a s*eme (         
ab/raction ^: success is  suffici5tly   
wide4 ,! o!r me?od is by comp>+ ! v>i\s 
s*emes  ( ab/raction :i* are well f\nd$ 
9 our v>i\s types (  exp]i5ce4 ,?is     

comp>ison takes ! =m ( satisfy+ ! dem&s 
(  ! ,italian s*ola/ic div9es :om ,paul 
,s>pi m5tion$4 ,!y ask$  t reason %\ld  
be us$4 ,fai? 9 reason is ! tru/ t !    
ultimate natures ( ?+s lie toge!r 9 a   
h>mony :i* excludes m]e  arbitr>9ess4 ,x
 is ! fai? t at ! base ( ?+s we %all n  
f9d m]e arbitr>y my/]y4 ,! fai? 9 ! ord]
 ( nature :i* has  made possible ! gr[? 
( sci5ce is a p>ticul> example ( a deep]
  fai?4 ,?is fai? _c be ju/ifi$ by any  
inductive g5]alisation4  ,x spr+s f     
direct inspection ( ! nature ( ?+s z    
disclos$  9 our own imm$iate pres5t     
exp]i5ce4 ,!re is no p>t+ f y\r  own    
%ad[4 ,to exp]i5ce ?is fai? is to "k t 9
 be+ ourselves  we are m ?an ourselves3 
to "k t our exp]i5ce1 dim &  fragm5t>y z
 x is1 yet s\nds ! utmo/ dep?s (        
reality3 to "k  t deta*$ details m]ely 9
 ord] to be !mselves dem& t !y  %\ld f9d
 !mselves 9 a sy/em ( ?+s3 to "k t ?is  
sy/em  includes ! h>mony ( logical      
rationality1 & ! h>mony (  ae/hetic     
a*ievem5t3 to "k t1 :ile ! h>mony (     

logic lies  ^u ! univ]se z an iron      
necessity1 ! ae/hetic h>mony /&s  be=e x
 z a liv+ ideal m\ld+ ! g5]al flux 9 its
 brok5  progress t[>ds f9]1 subtl]      
issues4                                 
,,*apt] ,,ii                            
,,ma!matics ,,z ,,an ,,elem5t ,,9       
,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,?\ght      ,! sci5ce 
( ,pure ,ma!matics1 9 its mod]n         
developm5ts1 may claim  to be ! mo/     
orig9al creation ( ! human _s4 ,ano!r   
claimant  = ?is position is music4 ,b we
 w put aside all rivals1 &  consid] !   
gr\nd on :i* su* a claim c be made =    
ma!matics4  ,! orig9ality ( ma!matics   
consi/s 9 ! fact t 9 ma!matical  sci5ce 
connections betwe5 ?+s are exhibit$ :i*1
 ap>t f !  ag5cy ( human reason1 are    
extremely unobvi\s4 ,?us ! ideas1 n[ 9  
! m9ds ( contempor>y ma!maticians1 lie v
 remote f any  notions :i* c be         
imm$iately d]iv$ by p]ception ?r\gh !   
s5ses2 unless inde$ x be p]ception      
/imulat$ & guid$ by  antec$5t ma!matical
 k4 ,?is is ! !sis :i* ,i proce$ to     

exemplify4    ,suppose we project our   
imag9ations backw>ds ?r\gh _m ?\s&s (   
ye>s1 & endeav\r to realise !           
simple-m9d$ness ( ev5 !  greate/        
intellects 9 ^? e>ly societies4 ,ab/ract
 ideas :i* to u  are imm$iately obvi\s  
mu/ h be51 = !m1 matt]s only ( !  mo/   
dim appreh5sion4 ,= example take ! "q ( 
numb]4 ,we ?9k  ( ! numb] #8five' z     
apply+ to appropriate gr\ps ( any       
entities  :atsoev]--to five fi%es1 five 
*ildr51 five apples1 five days4 ,?us  9 
consid]+ ! relations ( ! numb] #8five'  
to ! numb] #8?ree1'  we are ?9k+ ( two  
gr\ps ( ?+s1 "o ) five memb]s & !  o!r )
 ?ree memb]s4 ,b we are entirely        
ab/ract+ f any  consid]ation ( any      
p>ticul> entities1 or ev5 ( any p>ticul>
  sorts ( entities1 :i* g to make up !  
memb]%ip ( ei!r ( !  two gr\ps4 ,we are 
m]ely ?9k+ ( ^? relation%ips betwe5 ^?  
two gr\ps :i* are entirely indep5d5t ( !
 individual ess5ces (  any ( ! memb]s ( 
ei!r gr\p4 ,?is is a v rem>kable feat ( 
ab/raction2 & x mu/ h tak5 ages = !     

human race to rise to  x4 ,dur+ a long  
p]iod1 gr\ps ( fi%es w h be5 comp>$ to  
ea* o!r 9 respect to _! multiplicity1 & 
gr\ps ( days to ea*  o!r4 ,b ! fir/ man 
:o notic$ ! analogy betwe5 a gr\p (     
sev5 fi%es & a gr\p ( sev5 days made a  
notable advance 9 !  hi/ory ( ?\ght4 ,he
 0 ! fir/ man :o ent]ta9$ a concept     
belong+ to ! sci5ce ( pure ma!matics4   
,at t mom5t x mu/  h be5 impossible =   
him to div9e ! complexity & subtlety (  
^! ab/ract ma!matical ideas :i* 7 wait+ 
= discov]y4 ,nor  c\ld he h guess$ t ^! 
notions w\ld ex]t a widespread          
fasc9ation 9 ea* succe$+ g5]ation4 ,!re 
is an errone\s  lit]>y tradition :i*    
repres5ts ! love ( ma!matics z a        
monomania conf9$ to a few ecc5trics 9   
ea* g5]ation4 ,b be ?is  z x may1 x w\ld
 h be5 impossible to anticipate !       
pleasure  d]ivable f a type ( ab/ract   
?9k+ :i* _h no c\nt]p>t 9  ! !n-exi/+   
society4 ,?irdly1 ! trem5d\s future     
effect (  ma!matical k on ! lives ( m51 
on _! daily avocations1  on _! habitual 

?\ghts1 on ! organization ( society1 mu/
 h  be5 ev5 m completely %r\d$ f !      
=esight ( ^? e>ly  ?9k]s4 ,ev5 n[ !re is
 a v wav]+ grasp ( ! true position  (   
ma!matics z an elem5t 9 ! hi/ory (      
?\ght4 ,i w n g s  f> z to say t to     
con/ruct a hi/ory ( ?\ght )\t pr(\nd    
/udy ( ! ma!matical ideas ( successive  
epo*s is l omitt+  ,hamlet f ! play :i* 
is nam$ aft] him4 ,t w\ld be claim+  too
 mu*4 ,b x is c]ta9ly analog\s to cutt+ 
out ! "p (  ,ophelia4 ,?is simile is    
s+ul>ly exact4 ,= ,ophelia is q ess5tial
  to ! play1 %e is v *>m+1--& a little  
mad4 ,let u grant t  ! pursuit (        
ma!matics is a div9e madness ( ! human  
_s1 a  refuge f ! goad+ urg5cy ( cont+5t
 happ5+s4    ,:5 we ?9k ( ma!matics1 we 
h 9 our m9d a sci5ce devot$ to  !       
exploration ( numb]1 quantity1 geometry1
 & 9 mod]n times also  includ+          
inve/igation into yet m ab/ract concepts
 ( ord]1 &  into analog\s types ( purely
 logical relations4 ,! po9t (  ma!matics
 is t 9 x we h always got rid ( !       

p>ticul>  in/ance1 & ev5 ( any p>ticul> 
sorts ( entities4 ,s t =  example1 no   
ma!matical tru?s apply m]ely to fi%1 or 
m]ely to  /ones1 or m]ely to col\rs4 ,s 
long z y are deal+ ) pure  ma!matics1 y 
are 9 ! realm ( complete & absolute     
ab/raction4  ,all y ass]t is1 t reason  
insi/s on ! admission t1 if any         
entities :atev] h any relations :i*     
satisfy su*-&-su* purely  ab/ract       
conditions1 !n !y mu/ h o!r relations   
:i* satisfy  o!r purely ab/ract         
conditions4    ,ma!matics is ?\ght mov+ 
9 ! sph]e ( complete ab/raction f  any  
p>ticul> in/ance ( :at x is talk+ ab\t4 
,s f> is ?is view  ( ma!matics f be+    
obvi\s1 t we c easily assure ourselves  
t x is n1 ev5 n[1 g5]ally und]/ood4 ,=  
example1 x is  habitually ?\ght t !     
c]ta9ty ( ma!matics is a reason = !     
c]ta9ty ( our geometrical k ( ! space ( 
! physical  univ]se4 ,?is is a delusion 
:i* has vitiat$ mu* philosophy 9 !  pa/1
 & "s philosophy 9 ! pres5t4 ,?is "q (  
geometry is a  te/ case ( "s urg5cy4    

,!re are c]ta9 alt]native sets ( purely 
ab/ract conditions possible = !         
relation%ips ( gr\ps (  unspecifi$      
entities1 :i* ,i w call geometrical     
conditions4 ,i give  !m ?is "n because (
 _! g5]al analogy to ^? conditions1  :i*
 we believe to hold respect+ ! p>ticul> 
geometrical relations  ( ?+s obs]v$ by u
 9 our direct p]ception ( nature4 ,s f> 
z  our obs]vations are conc]n$1 we are n
 q accurate en\gh to be  c]ta9 ( ! exact
 conditions regulat+ ! ?+s we come      
across 9  nature4 ,b we c by a slight   
/ret* ( hypo!sis id5tify ^!  obs]v$     
conditions ) "s "o set ( ! purely       
ab/ract geometrical  conditions4 ,9 do+ 
s1 we make a p>ticul> det]m9ation ( !   
gr\p  ( unspecifi$ entities :i* are !   
relata 9 ! ab/ract sci5ce4  ,9 ! pure   
ma!matics ( geometrical relation%ips1 we
 say t1 if  any gr\p ( entities enjoy   
any relation%ips among its memb]s       
satisfy+ ?is set ( ab/ract geometrical  
conditions1 !n  su*-&-su* additional    
ab/ract conditions mu/ also hold = su*  

relation%ips4 ,b :5 we come to physical 
space1 we say t "s  def9itely obs]v$    
gr\p ( physical entities enjoys "s      
def9itely  obs]v$ relation%ips among its
 memb]s :i* d satisfy ?is  above-m5tion$
 set ( ab/ract geometrical conditions4  
,we !nce  conclude t ! additional       
relation%ips :i* we conclud$ to hold 9  
any su* case1 mu/ !re=e hold 9 ?is      
p>ticul> case4    ,! c]ta9ty ( ma!matics
 dep5ds ^u its complete ab/ract         
g5]ality4 ,b we c h no  priori c]ta9ty t
 we are "r 9  believ+ t ! obs]v$        
entities 9 ! concrete univ]se =m a      
p>ticul> in/ance ( :at falls "u our     
g5]al reason+4 ,to take  ano!r example f
 ari?metic4 ,x is a g5]al ab/ract tru? (
 pure  ma!matics t any gr\p ( =ty       
entities c be subdivid$ into two  gr\ps 
( tw5ty entities4 ,we are !re=e ju/ifi$ 
9 conclud+ t  a p>ticul> gr\p ( apples  
:i* we believe to conta9 =ty memb]s  c  
be subdivid$ into two gr\ps ( apples (  
:i* ea* conta9s  tw5ty memb]s4 ,b !re   
always rema9s ! possibility t we h      

misc\nt$ ! big gr\p2 s t1 :5 we come 9  
practice to subdivide  x1 we %all f9d t 
"o ( ! two heaps has an apple too few or
 an  apple too _m4    ,accord+ly1 9     
criticis+ an argum5t bas$ ^u !          
application (  ma!matics to p>ticul>    
matt]s ( fact1 !re are always ?ree      
processes to be kept p]fectly di/9ct 9  
our m9ds4 ,we mu/ fir/ scan  ! purely   
ma!matical reason+ to make sure t !re   
are no m]e  slips 9 x--no casual        
illogicalities due to m5tal failure4    
,any  ma!matician kn[s f bitt] exp]i5ce 
t1 9 fir/ elaborat+ a  tra9 ( reason+1 x
 is v easy to commit a slight error :i* 
yet  makes all ! diff]5ce4 ,b :5 a piece
 ( ma!matics has be5  revis$1 & has be5 
be=e ! exp]t _w = "s "t1 ! *ance  ( a   
casual error is almo/ negligible4 ,!    
next process is to make  q c]ta9 ( all !
 ab/ract conditions :i* h be5 presuppos$
  to hold4 ,?is is ! det]m9ation ( !    
ab/ract premises f :i*  ! ma!matical    
reason+ proce$s4 ,?is is a matt] (      
consid]able  difficulty4 ,9 ! pa/ q     

rem>kable ov]sights h be5 made1 &  h be5
 accept$ by g5]ations ( ! greate/       
ma!maticians4 ,!  *ief dang] is t (     
ov]sight1 namely1 tacitly to introduce  
"s  condition1 :i* x is natural = u to  
presuppose1 b :i* 9 fact  ne$ n always  
be hold+4 ,!re is ano!r opposite        
ov]sight 9 ?is  connection :i* does n   
lead to error1 b only to lack (         
simplification4 ,x is v easy to ?9k t m 
po/ulat$ conditions  are requir$ ?an is 
9 fact ! case4 ,9 o!r words1 we may ?9k 
t  "s ab/ract po/ulate is necess>y :i*  
is 9 fact capable ( be+  prov$ f ! o!r  
po/ulates t we h already on h&4 ,! only 
effects ( ?is excess ( ab/ract po/ulates
 are to dim9i% our  ae/hetic pleasure 9 
! ma!matical reason+1 & to give u m     
tr\ble :5 we come to ! ?ird process (   
criticism4    ,?is ?ird process (       
criticism is t ( v]ify+ t our ab/ract   
po/ulates hold = ! p>ticul> case 9 "q4  
,x is 9 respect to  ?is process (       
v]ification = ! p>ticul> case t all !   
tr\ble arises4 ,9 "s simple in/ances1   

su* z ! c\nt+ ( =ty  apples1 we c ) a   
little c>e arrive at practical c]ta9ty4 
,b 9  g5]al1 ) m complex in/ances1      
complete c]ta9ty is  unatta9able4       
,volumes1 libr>ies ( volumes1 h be5     
writt5 on !  subject4 ,x is ! battle    
gr\nd ( rival philosoph]s4 ,!re are two 
di/9ct que/ions involv$4 ,!re are       
p>ticul> def9ite ?+s  obs]v$1 & we h to 
make sure t ! relations betwe5 ^!  ?+s  
really d obey c]ta9 def9ite exact       
ab/ract conditions4 ,!re  is great room 
= error "h4 ,! exact obs]vational me?ods
 ( sci5ce  are all contrivances = limit+
 ^! errone\s conclusions z to  direct   
matt]s ( fact4 ,b ano!r "q arises4 ,!   
?+s directly  obs]v$ are1 almo/ always1 
only samples4 ,we want to conclude t !  
ab/ract conditions1 :i* hold = !        
samples1 also hold = all o!r  entities  
:i*1 = "s reason or o!r1 appe> to u to  
be ( ! same  sort4 ,?is process (       
reason+ f ! sample to ! :ole species is 
,induction4 ,! !ory ( ,induction is !   
despair ( philosophy--& yet  all our    

activities are bas$ ^u x4 ,anyh[1 9     
criticis+ a  ma!matical conclusion z to 
a p>ticul> matt] ( fact1 ! real         
difficulties consi/ 9 f9d+ out ! ab/ract
 assumptions involv$1  & 9 e/imat+ !    
evid5ce = _! applicability to ! p>ticul>
  case 9 h&4    ,x (t5 happ5s1 !re=e1 t 
9 criticis+ a le>n$ book (  appli$      
ma!matics1 or a memoir1 "o's :ole tr\ble
 is ) ! fir/  *apt]1 or ev5 ) ! fir/    
page4 ,= x is !re1 at ! v  outset1 :]e !
 au?or w probably be f\nd to slip 9 8   
assumptions4 ,f>!r1 ! tr\ble is n ) :at 
! au?or does say1  b ) :at he does n    
say4 ,also x is n ) :at he kn[s he has  
assum$1 b ) :at he has unconsci\sly     
assum$4 ,we d n d\bt !  au?or's hone/y4 
,x is 8 p]spicacity :i* we are          
criticis+4 ,ea*  g5]ation criticises !  
unconsci\s assumptions made by its      
p>5ts4  ,x may ass5t to !m1 b x br+s !m 
out 9 ! op54    ,! hi/ory ( ! developm5t
 ( language illu/rates ?is po9t4 ,x is  
a hi/ory ( ! progressive analysis (     
ideas4 ,lat9 & ,greek 7  inflect$       

languages4 ,?is means t !y express an   
unanalyz$ complex  ( ideas by ! m]e     
modification ( a ^w2 :]eas 9 ,engli%1 = 
example1 we use prepositions & auxili>y 
v]bs to drag into ! op5  ! :ole bundle (
 ideas involv$4 ,= c]ta9 =ms ( lit]>y   
art1--?\gh n always--! compact          
absorption ( auxili>y ideas into  ! ma9 
^w may be an advantage4 ,b 9 a language 
su* z ,engli%  !re is ! ov]:elm+ ga9 9  
explicitness4 ,?is increas$             
explicitness is a m complete exhibition 
( ! v>i\s ab/ractions  involv$ 9 !      
complex idea :i* is ! mean+ ( ! s5t5ce4 
,by comp>ison ) language1 we c n[ see   
:at is ! function 9  ?\ght :i* is p]=m$ 
by pure ma!matics4 ,x is a resolute     
attempt  to g ! :ole way 9 ! direction (
 complete analysis1 s z to  sep>ate !   
elem5ts ( m]e matt] ( fact f ! purely   
ab/ract  conditions :i* !y exemplify4   
,! habit ( su* analysis enlight5s e act 
( ! function+ (  ! human m9d4 ,x fir/   
7by isolat+ x7 emphasizes ! direct      
ae/hetic appreciation ( ! cont5t (      

exp]i5ce4 ,?is direct  appreciation     
means an appreh5sion ( :at ?is exp]i5ce 
is 9 itself  9 its own p>ticul> ess5ce1 
includ+ its imm$iate concrete values4   
,?is is a "q ( direct exp]i5ce1 dep5d5t 
^u s5sitive  subtlety4 ,!re is !n !     
ab/raction ( ! p>ticul> entities        
involv$1 view$ 9 !mselves1 & z ap>t f t 
p>ticul>  occasion ( exp]i5ce 9 :i* we  
are !n appreh5d+ !m4 ,la/ly  !re is !   
fur!r appreh5sion ( ! absolutely g5]al  
conditions  satisfi$ by ! p>ticul>      
relations ( ^? entities z 9 t  exp]i5ce4
 ,^! conditions ga9 _! g5]ality f ! fact
 t  !y are expressible )\t ref]5ce to ^?
 p>ticul> relations or  to ^? p>ticul>  
relata :i* occur 9 t p>ticul> occasion (
  exp]i5ce4 ,!y are conditions :i* might
 hold = an indef9ite  v>iety ( o!r      
occasions1 involv+ o!r entities & o!r   
relations  betwe5 !m4 ,?us ^! conditions
 are p]fectly g5]al because !y  ref] to 
no p>ticul> occasion1 & to no p>ticul>  
entities 7su* z  gre51 or blue1 or      
trees7 :i* ent] into a v>iety (         

occasions1 &  to no p>ticul>            
relation%ips betwe5 su* entities4       
,!re is1 h[ev]1 a limitation to be made 
to ! g5]ality (  ma!matics2 x is a      
qualification :i* applies equally to all
 g5]al  /atem5ts4 ,no /atem5t1 except   
"o1 c be made respect+ any remote       
occasion :i* ent]s into no relation%ip )
 ! imm$iate occasion  s z to =m a       
con/itutive elem5t ( ! ess5ce ( t       
imm$iate  occasion4 ,by ! #8imm$iate    
occasion' ,i mean t occasion :i*        
involves z an +r$i5t ! individual act ( 
judgm5t 9 "q4  ,! "o except$ /atem5t    
is1--,if any?+ out ( relation%ip1 !n    
complete ignorance z to x4 ,"h by       
#8ignorance1' ,i mean ignorance2        
accord+ly no advice c be giv5 z to h[ to
 expect x1 or to treat  x1 9 #8practice'
 or 9 any o!r way4 ,ei!r we "k some?+ ( 
!  remote occasion by ! cognition :i* is
 itself an elem5t ( !  imm$iate         
occasion1 or we "k no?+4 ,accord+ly !   
full univ]se1  disclos$ = e v>iety (    
exp]i5ce1 is a univ]se 9 :i* e  detail  

ent]s into its prop] relation%ip ) !    
imm$iate occasion4  ,! g5]ality (       
ma!matics is ! mo/ complete g5]ality    
consi/5t  ) ! community ( occasions :i* 
con/itutes our metaphysical  situation4 
,x is fur!r to be notic$ t ! p>ticul>   
entities require ^!  g5]al conditions = 
_! +ression into any occasions2 b ! same
  g5]al conditions may be requir$ by _m 
types ( p>ticul> entities4  ,?is fact1 t
 ! g5]al conditions transc5d any "o set 
(  p>ticul> entities1 is ! gr\nd = !    
entry into ma!matics1 &  into ma!matical
 logic1 ( ! notion ( ! #8v>iable4' ,x is
 by !  employm5t ( ?is notion t g5]al   
conditions are inve/igat$  )\t any      
specification ( p>ticul> entities4 ,?is 
irrelevance (  ! p>ticul> entities has n
 be5 g5]ally und]/ood3 = example1  !    
%ape-iness ( %apes1 e4g41 circul>ity &  
sph]icity &  cubicality z 9 actual      
exp]i5ce1 d n ent] into ! geometrical   
reason+4    ,! ex]cise ( logical reason 
is always conc]n$ ) ^! absolutely  g5]al
 conditions4 ,9 its broade/ s5se1 !     

discov]y ( ma!matics  is ! discov]y t ! 
totality ( ^! g5]al ab/ract conditions1 
:i* are concurr5tly applicable to !     
relation%ips among !  entities ( any "o 
concrete occasion1 are !mselves         
int]-connect$ 9  ! mann] ( a patt]n ) a 
key to x4 ,?is patt]n ( relation%ips    
among g5]al ab/ract conditions is impos$
 alike on ext]nal reality1  & on our    
ab/ract repres5tations ( x1 by ! g5]al  
necessity t  e ?+ mu/ be j its own      
individual self1 ) its own  individual  
way ( diff]+ f ev]y?+ else4 ,?is is no?+
 else  ?an ! necessity ( ab/ract logic1 
:i* is ! presupposition  involv$ 9 ! v  
fact ( int]relat$ exi/5ce z disclos$ 9  
ea*  imm$iate occasion ( exp]i5ce4    ,!
 key to ! patt]n means ?is fact3--t f a 
select set ( ^?  g5]al conditions1      
exemplifi$ 9 any "o & ! same occasion1 a
  patt]n involv+ an inf9ite v>iety ( o!r
 su* conditions1 also  exemplifi$ 9 !   
same occasion1 c be develop$ by ! pure  
ex]cise  ( ab/ract logic4 ,any su*      
select set is call$ ! set ( po/ulates1  

or premises1 f :i* ! reason+ proce$s4 ,!
 reason+ is no?+  else ?an ! exhibition 
( ! :ole patt]n ( g5]al conditions      
involv$ 9 ! patt]n d]iv$ f ! select$    
po/ulates4    ,! h>mony ( ! logical     
reason1 :i* div9es ! complete patt]n z  
involv$ 9 ! po/ulates1 is ! mo/ g5]al   
ae/hetic prop]ty  aris+ f ! m]e fact (  
concurr5t exi/5ce 9 ! unity ( "o        
occasion4 ,:]ev] !re is a unity (       
occasion !re is !reby  e/abli%$ an      
ae/hetic relation%ip betwe5 ! g5]al     
conditions  involv$ 9 t occasion4 ,?is  
ae/hetic relation%ip is t :i* is  div9$ 
9 ! ex]cise ( rationality4 ,:atev] falls
 )9 t  relation%ip is !reby exemplifi$ 9
 t occasion2 :atev] falls  )\t t        
relation%ip is !reby exclud$ f          
exemplification 9  t occasion4 ,!       
complete patt]n ( g5]al conditions1 ?us 
exemplifi$1 is det]m9$ by any "o ( _m   
select sets ( ^!  conditions4 ,^! key   
sets are sets ( equival5t po/ulates4    
,?is  reasonable h>mony ( be+1 :i* is   
requir$ = ! unity ( a  complex occasion1

 toge!r ) ! complet5ess ( ! realisation 
79  t occasion7 ( all t is involv$ 9 its
 logical h>mony1 is !  prim>y article ( 
metaphysical doctr9e4 ,x means t = ?+s  
to be  toge!r involves t !y are         
reasonably toge!r4 ,?is means t  ?\ght c
 p5etrate into e occasion ( fact1 s t by
  compreh5d+ its key conditions1 ! :ole 
complex ( its patt]n (  conditions lies 
op5 be=e x4 ,x comes to ?is3--provid$ we
 "k  some?+ :i* is p]fectly g5]al ab\t !
 elem5ts 9 any occasion1  we c !n "k an 
indef9ite numb] ( o!r equally g5]al     
concepts  :i* mu/ also be exemplifi$ 9 t
 same occasion4 ,! logical  h>mony      
involv$ 9 ! unity ( an occasion is bo?  
exclusive &  inclusive4 ,! occasion mu/ 
exclude ! inh>moni\s1 & x mu/  include !
 h>moni\s4    ,py?agoras 0 ! fir/ man :o
 _h any grasp ( ! full sweep ( ?is      
g5]al pr9ciple4 ,he liv$ 9 ! six? c5tury
 be=e ,*ri/4 ,our  k ( him is fragm5t>y4
 ,b we "k "s po9ts :i* e/abli%  8       
greatness 9 ! hi/ory ( ?\ght4 ,he insi/$
 on ! importance  ( ! utmo/ g5]ality 9  

reason+1 & he div9$ ! importance (      
numb] z an aid to ! con/ruction ( any   
repres5tation ( !  conditions involv$ 9 
! ord] ( nature4 ,we "k also t he /udi$ 
geometry1 & discov]$ ! g5]al pro( ( !   
rem>kable !orem  ab\t "r-angl$          
triangles4 ,! =mation ( ! ,py?agorean   
,bro!rhood1 & ! my/]i\s rum\rs z to its 
rites & its  influ5ce1 af=d "s evid5ce t
 ,py?agoras div9$1 h[ev] dimly1  !      
possible importance ( ma!matics 9 !     
=mation ( sci5ce4 ,on  ! side (         
philosophy he />t$ a discussion :i* has 
agitat$  ?9k]s ev] s9ce4 ,he ask$1      
#8,:at is ! /atus ( ma!matical          
entities1 su* z numb]s = example1 9 !   
realm ( ?+s8' ,!  numb] #8two1' =       
example1 is 9 "s s5se exempt f ! flux ( 
"t  & ! necessity ( position 9 space4   
,yet x is involv$ 9 ! real  _w4 ,! same 
consid]ations apply to geometrical      
notions--to circul>  %ape1 = example4   
,py?agoras is said to h taught t !      
ma!matical entities1 su* z numb]s &     
%apes1 7 ! ultimate  /uff out ( :i* !   

real entities ( our p]ceptual exp]i5ce  
are  con/ruct$4 ,z ?us boldly /at$1 !   
idea seems crude1 & inde$  silly4 ,b    
und\bt$ly1 he _h hit ^u a philosophical 
notion (  consid]able importance2 a     
notion :i* has a long hi/ory1 & :i*  has
 mov$ ! m9ds ( m51 & has ev5 ent]$ into 
,*ri/ian  !ology4 ,ab\t a ?\s& ye>s     
sep>ate ! ,a?anasian ,cre$ f            
,py?agoras1 & ab\t two ?\s& f\r hundr$  
ye>s sep>ate  ,py?agoras f ,hegel4 ,yet 
= all ^! di/ances 9 "t1 !  importance ( 
def9ite numb] 9 ! con/itution ( ! ,div9e
 ,nature1  & ! concept ( ! real _w z    
exhibit+ ! evolution ( an  idea1 c bo?  
be trac$ back to ! tra9 ( ?\ght set go+ 
by  ,py?agoras4    ,! importance ( an   
individual ?9k] owes some?+ to *ance4 ,=
 x  dep5ds ^u ! fate ( 8 ideas 9 ! m9ds 
( 8 successors4 ,9  ?is respect         
,py?agoras 0 =tunate4 ,8 philosophical  
speculations  rea* u ?r\gh ! m9d (      
,plato4 ,! ,platonic _w ( ideas is !    
ref9$1 revis$ =m ( ! ,py?agorean doctr9e
 t numb] lies at  ! base ( ! real _w4   

,ow+ to ! ,greek mode ( repres5t+       
numb]s by patt]ns ( dots1 ! notions (   
numb] & ( geometrical  configuration are
 less sep>at$ ?an ) u4 ,also ,py?agoras1
 )\t  d\bt1 includ$ ! %ape-iness ( %ape1
 :i* is an impure  ma!matical entity4 ,s
 to-day1 :5 ,e9/e9 & 8 foll[]s proclaim 
t physical facts1 su* z gravitation1 are
 to be con/ru$ z  exhibitions ( local   
peculi>ities ( spatio-temporal          
prop]ties1 !y  are foll[+ ! pure        
,py?agorean tradition4 ,9 a s5se1 ,plato
 &  ,py?agoras /& ne>] to mod]n physical
 sci5ce ?an does ,ari/otle4  ,! two =m] 
7 ma!maticians1 :]eas ,ari/otle 0 ! son 
( a  doctor1 ?\gh ( c\rse he 0 n !reby  
ignorant ( ma!matics4 ,!  practical     
c\nsel to be d]iv$ f ,py?agoras1 is to  
measure1 & ?us  to express quality 9    
t]ms ( num]ically det]m9$ quantity4 ,b !
  biological sci5ces1 !n & till our own 
"t1 h be5  ov]:elm+ly classificatory4   
,accord+ly1 ,ari/otle by 8 ,logic  ?r[s 
! emphasis on classification4 ,!        
popul>ity ( ,ari/otelian  ,logic ret>d$ 

! advance ( physical sci5ce ?r\gh\t !   
,middle  ,ages4 ,if only ! s*oolm5 _h   
measur$ in/ead ( classify+1 h[  mu* !y  
might h le>nt6    ,classification is a  
halfway h\se betwe5 ! imm$iate          
concret5ess (  ! individual ?+ & !      
complete ab/raction ( ma!matical        
notions4 ,! species take acc\nt ( !     
specific "*1 & !  g5]a ( ! g5]ic "*4 ,b 
9 ! proc$ure ( relat+  ma!matical       
notions to ! facts ( nature1 by c\nt+1  
by  measurem5t1 & by geometrical        
relations1 & by types ( ord]1 !         
rational contemplation is lift$ f !     
incomplete ab/ractions  involv$ 9       
def9ite species & g5]a1 to ! complete1  
ab/ractions  ( ma!matics4               
,classification is necess>y4 ,b unless y
 c progress  f classification to        
ma!matics1 y\r reason+ w n take y  v f>4
    ,betwe5 ! epo* :i* /ret*es f        
,py?agoras to ,plato & ! epo*  compris$ 
9 ! sev5te5? c5tury ( ! mod]n _w ne>ly  
two  ?\s& ye>s elaps$4 ,9 ?is long      
int]val ma!matics _h made  imm5se       

/rides4 ,geometry _h ga9$ ! /udy ( conic
 sections &  trigonometry2 ! me?od (    
exhau/ion _h almo/ anticipat$ !         
integral calculus2 & above all ! ,arabic
 ari?metical notation &  algebra _h be5 
contribut$ by ,asiatic ?\ght4 ,b !      
progress 0 on  te*nical l9es4           
,ma!matics1 z a =mative elem5t 9 !      
developm5t  ( philosophy1 nev]1 dur+ ?is
 long p]iod1 recov]$ f its  deposition  
at ! h&s ( ,ari/otle4 ,"s ( ! old ideas 
d]iv$ f  ! ,py?agorean-,platonic epo*   
l+]$ on1 & c be trac$ among !  ,platonic
 influ5ces :i* %ap$ ! fir/ p]iod (      
evolution (  ,*ri/ian !ology4 ,b        
philosophy receiv$ no fre% inspiration f
  ! /eady advance ( ma!matical sci5ce4  
,9 ! sev5te5? c5tury  ! influ5ce (      
,ari/otle 0 at its l[e/1 & ma!matics    
recov]$  ! importance ( its e>li] p]iod4
 ,x 0 an age ( great physici/s  & great 
philosoph]s2 & ! physici/s & philosoph]s
 7 alike  ma!maticians4 ,! exception (  
,john ,locke %\ld be made2 al?\gh he  0 
greatly influ5c$ by ! ,newtonian circle 

( ! ,royal ,society4 ,9  ! age (        
,galileo1 ,desc>tes1 ,sp9oza1 ,newton1 &
 ,leibniz1 ma!matics  0 an influ5ce ( ! 
fir/ magnitude 9 ! =mation ( philosophic
  ideas4 ,b ! ma!matics1 :i* n[ em]g$   
into prom95ce1 0 a  v diff]5t sci5ce f !
 ma!matics ( ! e>li] epo*4 ,x _h  ga9$ 9
 g5]ality1 & _h />t$ ^u its almo/       
incr$ible mod]n  c>e] ( pil+ subtlety ( 
g5]alization ^u subtlety (              
g5]alization2 & ( f9d+1 ) ea* gr[? (    
complexity1 "s new  application1 ei!r to
 physical sci5ce1 or to philosophic     
?\ght4 ,!  ,arabic notation _h equipp$ !
 sci5ce ) almo/ p]fect te*nical         
effici5cy 9 ! manipulation ( numb]s4    
,?is relief f a /ruggle  ) ari?metical  
details 7z in/anc$1 = example1 9 !      
,egyptian  ari?metic ( ,b4 ,c4 #afjj7   
gave room = a developm5t :i* _h already 
be5 fa9tly anticipat$ 9 lat] ,greek     
ma!matics4 ,algebra n[ came  ^u ! sc5e1 
& algebra is a g5]alisation ( ari?metic4
 ,9 !  same way z ! notion ( numb]      
ab/ract$ f ref]5ce to any "o  p>ticul>  

set ( entities1 s 9 algebra ab/raction  
is made f !  notion ( any p>ticul>      
numb]s4 ,j z ! numb] #8#e' ref]s        
imp>tially to any gr\p ( five entities1 
s 9 algebra ! lett]s are  us$ to ref]   
imp>tially to any numb]1 ) ! proviso t  
ea*  lett] is to ref] to ! same numb]   
?r\gh\t ! same context ( its  employm5t4
    ,?is usage 0 fir/ employ$ 9         
equations1 :i* are me?ods ( ask+        
complicat$ ari?metical que/ions4 ,9 ?is 
connection1 ! lett]s  repres5t+ numb]s 7
 t]m$ #8unkn[ns4' ,b equations soon     
sugge/$ a new idea1 t1 namely1 ( a      
function ( "o or m g5]al  symbols1 ^!   
symbols be+ lett]s repres5t+ any numb]s4
 ,9 ?is  employm5t ! algebraic lett]s   
are call$ ! #8argum5ts' ( !  function1  
or sometimes !y are call$ ! #8v>iables4'
 ,!n1 =  in/ance1 if an angle is        
repres5t$ by an algebraical lett]1 z    
/&+ = its num]ical measure 9 t]ms ( a   
giv5 unit1  ,trigonometry is absorb$    
into ?is new algebra4 ,algebra ?us      
develops  into ! g5]al sci5ce ( analysis

 9 :i* we consid] ! prop]ties  ( v>i\s  
functions ( undet]m9$ argum5ts4 ,f9ally 
! p>ticul>  functions1 su* z !          
trigonometrical functions1 & ! log>i?mic
  functions1 & ! algebraic functions1   
are g5]alis$ into ! idea (  #8any       
function4' ,too l>ge a g5]alisation     
leads to m]e b>r5ness4 ,x  is ! l>ge    
g5]alisation1 limit$ by a happy         
p>ticul>ity1 :i* is  ! fruitful         
conception4 ,= in/ance ! idea ( any     
cont9u\s  function1 :]eby ! limitation (
 cont9uity is introduc$1 is !  fruitful 
idea :i* has l$ to mo/ ( ! important    
applications4 ,?is  rise ( algebraic    
analysis 0 concurr5t ) ,desc>tes'       
discov]y (  analytical geometry1 & !n ) 
! inv5tion ( ! inf9itesimal  calculus by
 ,newton & ,leibniz4 ,truly1 ,py?agoras1
 if he c\ld h  =ese5 ! issue ( ! tra9 ( 
?\ght :i* he _h set go+ w\ld  h felt    
himself fully ju/ifi$ 9 8 bro!rhood )   
its excitem5t  ( my/]i\s rites4    ,!   
po9t :i* ,i n[ want to make is t ?is    
dom9ance ( ! idea (  functionality 9 !  

ab/ract sph]e ( ma!matics f\nd itself   
reflect$ 9 ! ord] ( nature "u ! guise ( 
ma!matically  express$ laws ( nature4   
,ap>t f ?is progress ( ma!matics1 !     
sev5te5? c5tury developm5ts ( sci5ce    
w\ld h be5 impossible4  ,ma!matics      
suppli$ ! backgr\nd ( imag9ative ?\ght )
 :i*  ! m5 ( sci5ce approa*$ !          
obs]vation ( nature4 ,galileo  produc$  
=mulae1 ,desc>tes produc$ =mulae1       
,huygh5s produc$  =mulae1 ,newton       
produc$ =mulae4    ,z a p>ticul> example
 ( ! effect ( ! ab/ract developm5t (    
ma!matics ^u ! sci5ce ( ^? times1       
consid] ! notion (  p]iodicity4 ,! g5]al
 recurr5ces ( ?+s are v obvi\s 9 our    
ord9>y exp]i5ce4 ,days recur1 lun>      
phases recur1 ! seasons ( !  ye> recur1 
rotat+ bodies recur to _! old positions1
 beats ( !  he>t recur1 brea?+ recurs4  
,on e side1 we are met by recurr5ce4    
,ap>t f recurr5ce1 k w\ld be impossible2
 = no?+ c\ld  be ref]r$ to our pa/      
exp]i5ce4 ,also1 ap>t f "s regul>ity (  
recurr5ce1 measurem5t w\ld be           

impossible4 ,9 our exp]i5ce1 z we  ga9 !
 idea ( exactness1 recurr5ce is         
fundam5tal4    ,9 ! sixte5? & sev5te5?  
c5turies1 ! !ory ( p]iodicity  took a   
fundam5tal place 9 sci5ce4 ,kepl] div9$ 
a law connect+ !  major axes ( !        
planet>y orbits ) ! p]iods 9 :i* !      
planets  respectively describ$ _!       
orbits3 ,galileo obs]v$ ! p]iodic       
vibrations ( p5dulums3 ,newton expla9$  
s\nd z be+ due to !  di/urbance ( air by
 ! passage ?r\gh x ( p]iodic waves (    
cond5sation & r>efaction3 ,huygh5s      
expla9$ light z be+ due to  ! transv]se 
waves ( vibration ( a subtle e!r3       
,m]s5ne connect$  ! p]iod ( ! vibration 
( a viol9 /r+ ) its d5sity1  t5sion1 &  
l5g?4 ,! bir? ( mod]n physics dep5d$ ^u 
!  application ( ! ab/ract idea (       
p]iodicity to a v>iety ( concrete       
in/ances4 ,b ?is w\ld h be5 impossible1 
unless ma!maticians  _h already work$   
out 9 ! ab/ract ! v>i\s ab/ract ideas   
:i*  clu/] r\nd ! notions ( p]iodicity4 
,! sci5ce ( trigonometry  arose f t ( ! 

relations ( ! angles ( a "r-angl$       
triangle1 to ! ratios betwe5 ! sides &  
hypot5use ( !  triangle4 ,!n1 "u !      
influ5ce ( ! newly discov]$ ma!matical  
sci5ce ( ! analysis ( functions1 x      
broad5$ out into ! /udy (  ! simple     
ab/ract p]iodic functions :i* ^! ratios 
exemplify4  ,?us trigonometry became    
completely ab/ract2 & 9 ?us becom+      
ab/ract1 x became useful4 ,x illum9at$ !
 und]ly+ analogy  betwe5 sets ( utt]ly  
div]se physical ph5om5a2 & at ! same "t 
x suppli$ ! weapons by :i* any "o su*   
set c\ld h its v>i\s  features analys$ &
 relat$ to ea* o!r4#b    ,no?+ is m     
impressive ?an ! fact t1 z ma!matics    
)drew  increas+ly into ! upp] regions ( 
ev] great] extremes ( ab/ract  ?\ght1 x 
return$ back to e>? ) a correspond+ gr[?
 (  importance = ! analysis ( concrete  
fact4 ,! hi/ory ( !  sev5te5? c5tury    
sci5ce reads z ?\gh x 7 "s vivid dream (
  ,plato or ,py?agoras4 ,9 ?is          
*>act]i/ic ! sev5te5? c5tury 0  only !  
=]unn] ( its successors4    ,footnote   

#b3      ,= a m detail$ consid]ation ( !
 nature & function ( pure    ma!matics  
cf4 my ,introduction to ,ma!matics1     
,home ,univ]sity    ,libr>y1 ,williams &
 ,norgate1 ,london4    ,! p>adox is n[  
fully e/abli%$ t ! utmo/ ab/ractions are
  ! true weapons ) :i* to control our   
?\ght ( concrete fact4 ,z  ! result ( ! 
prom95ce ( ma!maticians 9 ! sev5te5?    
c5tury1 ! eighte5? c5tury 0 ma!matically
 m9d$1 m  especially :]e ,fr5* influ5ce 
pr$om9at$4 ,an exception mu/ be  made ( 
! ,engli% empiricism d]iv$ f ,locke4    
,outside ,france1  ,newton's direct     
influ5ce on philosophy is be/ se5 9     
,kant1 & n 9  ,hume4    ,9 ! n9ete5?    
c5tury1 ! g5]al influ5ce ( ma!matics    
wan$4  ,! romantic movem5t 9 lit]ature1 
& ! ideali/ic movem5t 9  philosophy 7 n 
! products ( ma!matical m9ds4 ,also1 ev5
 9  sci5ce1 ! gr[? ( geology1 ( zoology1
 & ( ! biological  sci5ces g5]ally1 0 9 
ea* case entirely disconnect$ f any     
ref]5ce to ma!matics4 ,! *ief sci5tific 
excitem5t ( ! c5tury  0 ! ,d>w9ian !ory 

( evolution4 ,accord+ly1 ma!maticians 7 
9 ! backgr\nd1 s f> z ! g5]al ?\ght ( t 
age 0  conc]n$4 ,b ?is does n mean t    
ma!matics 0 be+ neglect$1  or ev5 t x 0 
un9flu5tial4 ,dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury pure
  ma!matics made almo/ z mu* progress z 
dur+ all ! prec$+  c5turies f ,py?agoras
 onw>ds4 ,( c\rse progress 0 easi]1     
because ! te*nique _h be5 p]fect$4 ,b   
all[+ = t1 !  *ange 9 ma!matics betwe5 !
 ye>s #ahjj & #aijj is v  rem>kable4 ,if
 we add 9 ! previ\s hundr$ ye>s1 & take 
! two  c5turies prec$+ ! pres5t "t1 "o  
is almo/ tempt$ to date !  f\ndation (  
ma!matics some:]e 9 ! la/ qu>t] ( !     
sev5te5? c5tury4 ,! p]iod ( ! discov]y (
 ! elem5ts  /ret*es f ,py?agoras to     
,desc>tes1 ,newton1 & ,leibniz1 & !     
develop$ sci5ce has be5 creat$ dur+ !   
la/ two hundr$ & fifty  ye>s4 ,?is is n 
a boa/ z to ! sup]ior g5ius ( ! mod]n   
_w2 = x is h>d] to discov] ! elem5ts ?an
 to develop !  sci5ce4    ,?r\gh\t !    
n9ete5? c5tury1 ! influ5ce ( ! sci5ce 0 
its  influ5ce on dynamics & physics1 &  

!nce d]ivatively on  eng9e]+ & *emi/ry4 
,x is difficult to ov]rate its indirect 
influ5ce on human life ?r\gh ! m$ium (  
^! sci5ces4 ,b !re  0 no direct influ5ce
 ( ma!matics ^u ! g5]al ?\ght ( !  age4 
,9 review+ ?is rapid sket* ( ! influ5ce 
( ma!matics  ?r\gh\t ,european hi/ory1  
we see t x _h two great p]iods (  direct
 influ5ce ^u g5]al ?\ght1 bo? p]iods    
la/+ = ab\t  two hundr$ ye>s4 ,! fir/   
p]iod 0 t /ret*+ f ,py?agoras  to       
,plato1 :5 ! possibility ( ! sci5ce1 &  
its g5]al  "*1 fir/ dawn$ ^u ! ,grecian 
?9k]s4 ,! second p]iod  compris$ !      
sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies ( our mod]n
 epo*4  ,bo? p]iods _h c]ta9 common     
*>act]i/ics4 ,9 ! e>li]1 z 9  ! lat]    
p]iod1 ! g5]al categories ( ?\ght 9 _m  
sph]es (  human int]e/1 7 9 a /ate (    
dis9tegration4 ,9 ! age (  ,py?agoras1 !
 unconsci\s ,paganism1 ) its traditional
 clo?+ (  beautiful ritual & ( magical  
rites1 0 pass+ into a new phase  "u two 
influ5ces4 ,!re 7 waves ( religi\s      
en?usiasm1 seek+  direct enlight5m5t    

into ! secret dep?s ( be+2 & at !       
opposite pole1 !re 0 ! awak5+ ( critical
 analytical ?\ght1  prob+ ) cool        
dispassionat5ess into ultimate mean+s4  
,9 bo?  influ5ces1 s div]se 9 _!        
outcome1 !re 0 "o common elem5t--an     
awak5$ curiosity1 & a movem5t t[>ds !   
recon/ruction (  traditional ways4 ,!   
pagan my/]ies may be comp>$ to !        
,puritan  reaction & to ! ,ca?olic      
reaction2 critical sci5tific int]e/ 0   
alike 9 bo? epo*s1 ?\gh ) m9or diff]5ces
 ( sub/antial  importance4    ,9 ea*    
age1 ! e>li] /ages 7 plac$ 9 p]iods (   
ris+  prosp]ity1 & ( new opportunities4 
,9 ?is respect1 !y diff]$  f ! p]iod (  
gradual decl5sion 9 ! second & ?ird     
c5turies  :5 ,*ri/ianity 0 advanc+ to ! 
conque/ ( ! ,roman _w4 ,x  is only 9 a  
p]iod1 =tunate bo? 9 its opportunities =
  dis5gagem5t f ! imm$iate pressure (   
circum/ances1 & 9 its  eag] curiosity1 t
 ! ,age-,_s c und]take any direct       
revision  ( ^? f9al ab/ractions :i* lie 
hidd5 9 ! m concrete  concepts f :i* !  

s]i\s ?\ght ( an age takes its />t4 ,9  
! r>e p]iods :5 ?is task c be und]tak51 
ma!matics becomes  relevant to          
philosophy4 ,= ma!matics is ! sci5ce ( !
 mo/  complete ab/ractions to :i* !     
human m9d c atta94    ,! p>allel betwe5 
! two epo*s mu/ n be press$ too f>4 ,!  
mod]n _w is l>g] & m complex ?an !      
anci5t civilization  r\nd ! %ores ( !   
,m$it]ranean1 or ev5 ?an t ( ! ,europe  
:i* s5t ,columbus & ! ,pilgrim ,fa!rs   
across ! ocean4 ,we _c  n[ expla9 our   
age by "s simple =mula :i* becomes      
dom9ant &  w !n be laid to re/ = a ?\s& 
ye>s4 ,?us ! tempor>y  subm]g5ce ( !    
ma!matical m5tality f ! "t ( ,r\sseau   
onw>ds appe>s already to be at an end4  
,we are ent]+ ^u an age (               
recon/ruction1 9 religion1 9 sci5ce1 & 9
 political ?\ght4 ,su*  ages1 if !y are 
to avoid m]e ignorant oscillation betwe5
 extremes1  mu/ seek tru? 9 its ultimate
 dep?s4 ,!re c be no vision ( ?is  dep? 
( tru? ap>t f a philosophy :i* takes    
full acc\nt ( ^?  ultimate ab/ractions1 

^: int]connections x is ! bus9ess (     
ma!matics to explore4    ,9 ord] to     
expla9 exactly h[ ma!matics is ga9+ 9   
g5]al  importance at ! pres5t "t1 let u 
/>t f a p>ticul>  sci5tific p]plexity & 
consid] ! notions to :i* we are         
naturally  l$ by "s attempt to unravel  
its difficulties4 ,at pres5t physics is 
tr\bl$ by ! quantum !ory4 ,i ne$ n n[   
expla9#c :at ?is  !ory is1 to ^? :o are 
n already famili> ) x4 ,b ! po9t  is t  
"o ( ! mo/ hopeful l9es ( explanation is
 to assume t  an electron does n        
cont9u\sly trav]se its pa? 9 space4 ,!  
alt]native notion z to its mode (       
exi/5ce is t x appe>s at a  s]ies (     
discrete positions 9 space :i* x        
occupies = successive  durations ( "t4  
,x is z ?\gh an automobile mov+ at !    
av]age  rate ( ?irty miles an h\r along 
a road1 did n trav]se ! road            
cont9u\sly2 b appe>$ successively at !  
successive mile/ones1  rema9+ = two     
m9utes at ea* mile/one4    ,footnote #c3
      ,cf4 ,*apt] ,,viii4    ,9 ! fir/  

place !re is requir$ ! purely te*nical  
use (  ma!matics to det]m9e :e!r ?is    
conception does 9 fact expla9  ! _m     
p]plex+ *>act]i/ics ( ! quantum !ory4   
,if ! notion  survives ?is te/1         
und\bt$ly physics w adopt x4 ,s f> !  "q
 is purely "o = ma!matics & physical    
sci5ce to settle  betwe5 !m1 on ! basis 
( ma!matical calculations & physical    
obs]vations4    ,b n[ a problem is h&$  
ov] to ! philosoph]s4 ,?is discont9u\s  
exi/5ce 9 space1 ?us assign$ to         
electrons1 is v unlike !  cont9u\s      
exi/5ce ( mat]ial entities :i* we       
habitually assume z  obvi\s4 ,! electron
 seems to be borr[+ ! "* :i* "s  p h    
assign$ to ! ,mahatmas ( ,tibet4 ,^!    
electrons1 ) !  correlative protons1 are
 n[ conceiv$ z be+ ! fundam5tal entities
  out ( :i* ! mat]ial bodies ( ord9>y   
exp]i5ce are compos$4  ,accord+ly1 if   
?is explanation is all[$1 we h to revise
 all our  notions ( ! ultimate "* (     
mat]ial exi/5ce4 ,= :5 we  p5etrate to  
^! f9al entities1 ?is />tl+ discont9uity

 (  spatial exi/5ce discloses itself4   
,!re is no difficulty 9 expla9+ !       
p>adox1 if we cons5t to apply  to !     
app>5tly /eady undiff]5tiat$ endurance (
 matt] ! same  pr9ciples z ^? n[ accept$
 = s\nd & light4 ,a /eadily  s\nd+ note 
is expla9$ z ! outcome ( vibrations 9 ! 
air3 a  /eady col\r is expla9$ z !      
outcome ( vibrations 9 e!r4 ,if we      
expla9 ! /eady endurance ( matt] on !   
same pr9ciple1 we %all  conceive ea*    
primordial elem5t z a vibratory ebb &   
fl[ ( an  und]ly+ en]gy1 or activity4   
,suppose we keep to ! physical idea (   
en]gy3 !n ea* primordial elem5t w be an 
organiz$ sy/em (  vibratory /ream+ (    
en]gy4 ,accord+ly !re w be a def9ite    
p]iod associat$ ) ea* elem5t2 & )9 t    
p]iod !  /ream-sy/em w sway f "o        
/ation>y maximum to ano!r  /ation>y     
maximum1--or1 tak+ a metaphor f ! ocean 
tides1 !  sy/em w sway f "o high tide to
 ano!r high tide4 ,?is sy/em1  =m+ !    
primordial elem5t1 is no?+ at any       
in/ant4 ,x requires  its :ole p]iod 9   

:i* to manife/ itself4 ,9 an analog\s   
way1 a  note ( music is no?+ at an      
in/ant1 b x also requires its :ole      
p]iod 9 :i* to manife/ itself4          
,accord+ly1 9 ask+ :]e ! primordial     
elem5t is1 we mu/ settle  on its av]age 
position at ! c5tre ( ea* p]iod4 ,if we 
divide "t  into small] elem5ts1 !       
vibratory sy/em z "o electronic entity  
has  no exi/5ce4 ,! pa? 9 space ( su* a 
vibratory entity--:]e !  entity is      
con/itut$ by ! vibrations--mu/ be       
repres5t$ by a  s]ies ( deta*$ positions
 9 space1 analog\sly to ! automobile    
:i* is f\nd at successive mile/ones & at
 n[h]e betwe54    ,we fir/ mu/ ask :e!r 
!re is any evid5ce to associate !       
quantum  !ory ) vibration4 ,?is "q is   
imm$iately answ]$ 9 !  affirmative4 ,!  
:ole !ory c5tres r\nd ! radiant en]gy f 
an  atom1 & is intimately associat$ ) ! 
p]iods ( ! radiant  wave-sy/ems4 ,x     
seems1 !re=e1 t ! hypo!sis ( ess5tially 
vibratory exi/5ce is ! mo/ hopeful way (
 expla9+ ! p>adox (  ! discont9u\s      

orbit4    ,9 ! second place1 a new      
problem is n[ plac$ be=e philosoph]s &  
physici/s1 if we ent]ta9 ! hypo!sis t ! 
ultimate elem5ts (  matt] are 9 _!      
ess5ce vibratory4 ,by ?is ,i mean t ap>t
 f  be+ a p]iodic sy/em1 su* an elem5t  
w\ld h no exi/5ce4 ,)  ?is hypo!sis we h
 to ask1 :at are ! +r$i5ts :i* =m !     
vibratory organism4 ,we h already got   
rid ( ! matt] ) its  appe>ance (        
undiff]5tiat$ endurance4 ,ap>t f "s     
metaphysical  compulsion1 !re is no     
reason to provide ano!r m subtle /uff to
  take ! place ( ! matt] :i* has j be5  
expla9$ away4 ,!  field is n[ op5 = !   
introduction ( "s new doctr9e ( organism
  :i* may take ! place ( ! mat]ialism ) 
:i*1 s9ce !  sev5te5? c5tury1 sci5ce has
 saddl$ philosophy4 ,x mu/ be  rememb]$ 
t ! physici/s' en]gy is obvi\sly an     
ab/raction4 ,!  concrete fact1 :i* is ! 
organism1 mu/ be a complete expression (
  ! "* ( a real occurr5ce4 ,su* a       
displacem5t ( sci5tific  mat]ialism1 if 
x ev] takes place1 _c fail to h         

important  consequ5ces 9 e field (      
?\ght4    ,f9ally1 our la/ reflection   
mu/ be1 t we h 9 ! end come back  to a  
v]sion ( ! doctr9e ( old ,py?agoras1 f  
:om ma!matics1  & ma!matical physics1   
took _! rise4 ,he discov]$ ! importance 
( deal+ ) ab/ractions2 & 9 p>ticul>     
direct$ att5tion to  numb] z *>act]iz+ !
 p]iodicities ( notes ( music4 ,!       
importance ( ! ab/ract idea ( p]iodicity
 0 ?us pres5t at !  v beg9n+ bo? (      
ma!matics & ( ,european philosophy4     
,9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ! bir? ( mod]n    
sci5ce requir$ a new  ma!matics1 m fully
 equipp$ = ! purpose ( analys+ !        
*>act]i/ics ( vibratory exi/5ce4 ,& n[ 9
 ! tw5tie? c5tury  we f9d physici/s     
l>gely engag$ 9 analys+ ! p]iodicities (
  atoms4 ,truly1 ,py?agoras 9 f\nd+     
,european philosophy & ,european        
ma!matics1 end[$ !m ) ! luckie/ ( lucky 
guesses--or1 0 x  a fla% ( div9e g5ius1 
p5etrat+ to ! inmo/ nature ( ?+s8       
,,*apt] ,,iii                           
,,! ,,c5tury ,,( ,,g5ius      ,! previ\s

 *apt]s 7 devot$ to ! antec$5t          
conditions :i*  prep>$ ! soil = !       
sci5tific outbur/ ( ! sev5te5?  c5tury4 
,!y trac$ ! v>i\s elem5ts ( ?\ght &     
in/9ctive  belief1 f _! fir/            
effloresc5ce 9 ! classical civilisation 
(  ! anci5t _w1 ?r\gh ! trans=mations   
:i* !y und]w5t 9  ! ,middle ,ages1 up to
 ! hi/orical revolt ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 
,?ree ma9 factors arre/$ att5tion1--!   
rise ( ma!matics1 !  in/9ctive belief 9 
a detail$ ord] ( nature1 & ! unbridl$   
rationalism ( ! ?\ght ( ! lat] ,middle  
,ages4 ,by ?is rationalism  ,i mean !   
belief t ! av5ue to tru? 0 pr$om9antly  
?r\gh a  metaphysical analysis ( !      
nature ( ?+s1 :i* w\ld !reby  det]m9e h[
 ?+s act$ & function$4 ,! hi/orical     
revolt 0 !  def9ite ab&onm5t ( ?is me?od
 9 fav\r ( ! /udy ( !  empirical facts (
 antec$5ts & consequ5ces4 ,9 religion1 x
 meant  ! appeal to ! orig9s (          
,*ri/ianity2 & 9 sci5ce x meant !       
appeal to exp]im5t & ! inductive me?od (
 reason+4    ,a brief1 & suffici5tly    

accurate1 description ( ! intellectual  
life  ( ! ,european races dur+ ! succe$+
 two c5turies & a qu>t]  up to our own  
times is t !y h be5 liv+ ^u ! accumulat$
  capital ( ideas provid$ = !m by !     
g5ius ( ! sev5te5?  c5tury4 ,! m5 ( ?is 
epo* inh]it$ a f]m5t ( ideas att5dant   
^u ! hi/orical revolt ( ! sixte5?       
c5tury1 & !y bequea!d  =m$ sy/ems (     
?\ght t\*+ e aspect ( human life4 ,x is 
!  "o c5tury :i* consi/5tly1 & ?r\gh\t !
 :ole range ( human  activities1 provid$
 intellectual g5ius adequate = !        
greatness (  its occasions4 ,! cr[d$    
/age ( ?is hundr$ ye>s is indicat$ by  !
 co9cid5ces :i* m>k its lit]>y annals4  
,at its dawn ,bacon's  ,advancem5t (    
,le>n+ & ,c]vantes' ,don ,quixote 7     
publi%$ 9  ! same ye> 7#afje71 z ?\gh ! 
epo* w\ld introduce itself ) a  =w>d & a
 backw>d glance4 ,! fir/ qu>to edition (
 ,hamlet  appe>$ 9 ! prec$+ ye>1 & a    
slightly v>iant edition 9 !  same ye>4  
,f9ally ,%akespe>e & ,c]vantes di$ on ! 
same day1 ,april  #bc1 #afaf4 ,9 ! spr+ 

( ?is same ye> ,h>vey is believ$ to h   
fir/ exp\nd$ 8 !ory ( ! circulation ( ! 
blood 9 a c\rse  ( lectures be=e !      
,college ( ,physicians 9 ,london4       
,newton 0 born  9 ! ye> t ,galileo di$  
7#afdb71 exactly "o hundr$ ye>s aft]  ! 
publication ( ,cop]nicus' ,de           
,revolutionibus4 ,"o ye> e>li]          
,desc>tes publi%$ 8 ,m$itationes & two  
ye>s lat] 8  ,pr9cipia ,philosophiae4   
,!re simply 0 n "t = ! c5tury to  space 
out nicely its notable ev5ts conc]n+ m5 
( g5ius4    ,i _c n[ ent] ^u a *ronicle 
( ! v>i\s /ages (  intellectual advance 
includ$ )9 ?is epo*4 ,x is too l>ge a   
topic  = "o lecture1 & w\ld obscure !   
ideas :i* x is my purpose to  develop4  
,a m]e r\gh catalogue ( "s names w be   
suffici5t1 names  ( m5 :o publi%$ to !  
_w important "w )9 ^! limits (  "t3     
,francis ,bacon1 ,h>vey1 ,kepl]1        
,galileo1 ,desc>tes1 ,pascal1  ,huygh5s1
 ,boyle1 ,newton1 ,locke1 ,sp9oza1      
,leibniz4 ,i h limit$ !  li/ to ! sacr$ 
numb] ( twelve1 a numb] mu* too small to

 be  prop]ly repres5tative4 ,= example1 
!re is only "o ,italian !re1  :]eas     
,italy c\ld h fill$ ! li/ f its own     
ranks4 ,aga9  ,h>vey is ! only biologi/1
 & also !re are too _m ,engli%m54  ,?is 
latt] defect is p>tly due to ! fact t ! 
lectur] is  ,engli%1 & t he is lectur+  
to an audi5ce :i*1 equally )  him1 owns 
?is ,engli% c5tury4 ,if he _h be5 ,dut*1
 !re w\ld h  be5 too _m ,dut*m52 if     
,italian1 too _m ,italians2 & if ,fr5*1 
too _m ,fr5*m54 ,! unhappy ,?irty ,ye>s'
 ,w> 0 deva/at+  ,g]many2 b e o!r c\ntry
 looks back to ?is c5tury z an epo*  :i*
 witness$ "s culm9ation ( its g5ius4    
,c]ta9ly ?is 0 a  great p]iod ( ,engli% 
?\ght2 z at a lat] "t ,voltaire impress$
  ^u ,france4    ,! omission (          
physiologi/s1 o!r ?an ,h>vey1 also      
requires  explanation4 ,!re 71 ( c\rse1 
great advances 9 biology )9 !  c5tury1  
*iefly associat$ ) ,italy & ! ,univ]sity
 ( ,padua4 ,b  my purpose is to trace ! 
philosophic outlook1 d]iv$ f sci5ce &   
presuppos$ by sci5ce1 & to e/imate "s ( 

its effects on !  g5]al climate ( ea*   
age4 ,n[ ! sci5tific philosophy ( ?is   
age  0 dom9at$ by physics2 s z to be !  
mo/ obvi\s r5d]+1 9  t]ms ( g5]al ideas1
 ( ! /ate ( physical k ( t age  & ( !   
two succe$+ c5turies4 ,z a matt] ( fact1
 ^! concepts  are v unsuit$ to biology2 
& set = x an insoluble problem (  matt] 
& life & organism1 ) :i* biologi/s are  
n[ wre/l+4  ,b ! sci5ce ( liv+ organisms
 is only n[ com+ to a gr[?  adequate to 
impress its conceptions ^u philosophy4  
,! la/ half  c5tury be=e ! pres5t "t has
 witness$ unsuccessful attempts to      
impress biological notions ^u !         
mat]ialism ( ! sev5te5?  c5tury4 ,h[ev] 
?is success be e/imat$1 x is c]ta9 t !  
root  ideas ( ! sev5te5? c5tury 7 d]iv$ 
f ! s*ool ( ?\ght  :i* produc$ ,galileo1
 ,huygh5s & ,newton1 & n f !            
physiologi/s ( ,padua4 ,"o unsolv$      
problem ( ?\ght1 s f> z x  d]ives f ?is 
p]iod1 is to be =mulat$ ?us3 ,giv5      
configurations  ( matt] ) locomotion 9  
space z assign$ by physical laws1 to    

acc\nt = liv+ organisms4    ,my         
discussion ( ! epo* w be be/ introduc$  
by a quotation f  ,francis ,bacon1 :i*  
=ms ! op5+ ( ,section 7or #8,c5tury'7   
,,ix (  8 ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,i mean 8   
,silva ,silv>um4 ,we are told 9 !       
contempor>y memoir by 8 *apla91 ,dr4    
,rawley1 t ?is "w 0  compos$ 9 ! la/    
five ye>s ( 8 life1 s x mu/ be dat$     
betwe5  #afbj & #afbf4 ,! quotation runs
 ?us3    8,x is c]ta9 t all bodies      
:atsoev]1 ?\gh !y h no s5se1  yet !y h  
p]ception2 = :5 "o body is appli$ to    
ano!r1 !re  is a k9d ( election to      
embrace t :i* is agreeable1 & to exclude
  or expel t :i* is +rate2 & :e!r ! body
 be alt]ant or  alt]$1 ev]more a        
p]ception prec$e? op]ation2 = else all  
bodies  w\ld be l "o to ano!r4 ,&       
sometimes ?is p]ception1 9 "s  k9d (    
bodies1 is f> m subtile ?an s5se2 s t   
s5se is b a  dull ?+ 9 comp>ison ( x3 we
 see a wea!rglass w f9d !  lea/ diff]5ce
 ( ! wea!r 9 heat or cold1 :5 we f9d x  
n4  ,& ?is p]ception is sometimes at a  

di/ance1 z well z ^u !  t\*2 z :5 !     
load/one drawe? iron2 or flame naph?a ( 
,babylon1  a great di/ance (f4 ,x is    
!re=e a subject ( a v noble enquiry1  to
 enquire ( ! m subtile p]ceptions2 = x  
is ano!r key to  op5 nature1 z well z ! 
s5se2 & sometimes bett]4 ,& besides1 x  
is a pr9cipal means ( natural div9ation2
 = t :i* 9 ^!  p]ceptions appe>e? e>ly1 
9 ! great effects come? long aft]40     
,!re are a great _m po9ts ( int]e/ ab\t 
?is quotation1 "s (  :i* w em]ge into   
importance 9 succe$+ lectures4 ,9 ! fir/
  place1 note ! c>eful way 9 :i* ,bacon 
discrim9ates betwe5  p]ception1 or tak+ 
acc\nt (1 on ! "o h&1 & s5se1 or        
cognitive exp]i5ce1 on ! o!r h&4 ,9 ?is 
respect ,bacon is  outside ! physical   
l9e ( ?\ght :i* f9ally dom9at$ !        
c5tury4 ,lat] on1 p ?\ght ( passive     
matt] :i* 0 op]at$  on ext]nally by     
=ces4 ,i believe ,bacon's l9e ( ?\ght to
 h  express$ a m fundam5tal tru? ?an d !
 mat]iali/ic concepts  :i* 7 !n be+ %ap$
 z adequate = physics4 ,we are n[ s us$ 

to ! mat]iali/ic way ( look+ at ?+s1 :i*
 has be5 root$ 9  our lit]ature by !    
g5ius ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 t x is )  "s 
difficulty t we und]/& ! possibility (  
ano!r mode (  approa* to ! problems (   
nature4    ,9 ! p>ticul> in/ance ( !    
quotation :i* ,i h j made1 !  :ole      
passage & ! context 9 :i* x is emb$d$1  
are p]meat$  ?r\gh & ?r\gh by !         
exp]im5tal me?od1 t is to say1 by       
att5tion to #8irr$ucible & /ubborn      
facts'1 & by ! inductive  me?od (       
elicit+ g5]al laws4 ,ano!r unsolv$      
problem :i* has  be5 bequea!d to u by ! 
sev5te5? c5tury is ! rational           
ju/ification ( ?is me?od ( ,induction4  
,! explicit realisation (  ! anti!sis   
betwe5 ! d$uctive rationalism ( !       
s*ola/ics &  ! inductive obs]vational   
me?ods ( ! mod]ns mu/ *iefly be  ascrib$
 to ,bacon2 ?\gh1 ( c\rse1 x 0 implicit 
9 ! m9d (  ,galileo & ( all ! m5 (      
sci5ce ( ^? times4 ,b ,bacon 0 "o  ( !  
e>lie/ ( ! :ole gr\p1 & also _h ! mo/   
direct  appreh5sion ( ! full ext5t ( !  

intellectual revolution :i* 0  9        
progress4 ,p]haps ! man :o mo/          
completely anticipat$ bo? ,bacon  & !   
:ole mod]n po9t ( view 0 ! arti/        
,leon>do ,da ,v9ci1 :o  liv$ almo/      
exactly a c5tury be=e ,bacon4 ,leon>do  
also illu/rates  ! !ory :i* ,i 0 advanc+
 9 my la/ lecture1 t ! rise (           
naturali/ic art 0 an important +r$i5t 9 
! =mation ( our  sci5tific m5tality4    
,inde$1 ,leon>do 0 m completely a man ( 
sci5ce ?an 0 ,bacon4 ,! practice (      
naturali/ic art is m ak9 to  ! practice 
( physics1 *emi/ry & biology ?an is !   
practice (  law4 ,we all rememb] ! say+ 
( ,bacon's contempor>y1 ,h>vey1 !       
discov]] ( ! circulation ( ! blood1 t   
,bacon #8wrote ( sci5ce  l a ,"l        
,*ancellor4' ,b at ! beg9n+ ( ! mod]n   
p]iod ,da  ,v9ci & ,bacon /& toge!r z   
illu/rat+ ! v>i\s /ra9s :i*  h comb9$ to
 =m ! mod]n _w1 namely1 legal m5tality &
 !  pati5t obs]vational habits ( !      
naturali/ic arti/s4    ,9 ! passage :i* 
,i h quot$ f ,bacon's writ+s !re is no  

explicit m5tion ( ! me?od ( inductive   
reason+4 ,x is unnecess>y  = me to prove
 to y by any quotations t ! en=cem5t ( !
  importance ( ?is me?od1 & ( !         
importance1 to ! welf>e (  mank9d1 ( !  
secrets ( nature to be ?us discov]$1 0  
"o ( !  ma9 !mes to :i* ,bacon devot$   
himself 9 8 writ+s4 ,induction  has     
prov$ to be a some:at m complex process 
?an ,bacon anticipat$4  ,he _h 9 8 m9d !
 belief t ) a suffici5t c>e 9 !         
collection ( in/ances ! g5]al law w\ld  
/& out ( itself4 ,we  "k n[1 & probably 
,h>vey knew !n1 t ?is is a v inadequate 
acc\nt ( ! processes :i* issue 9        
sci5tific g5]alisations4 ,b  :5 y h made
 all ! requisite d$uctions1 ,bacon      
rema9s z "o (  ! great build]s :o       
con/ruct$ ! m9d ( ! mod]n _w4    ,!     
special difficulties rais$ by induction 
em]g$ 9 ! eighte5?  c5tury1 z ! result (
 ,hume's criticism4 ,b ,bacon 0 "o ( !  
prophets ( ! hi/orical revolt1 :i*      
des]t$ ! me?od (  unreliev$ rationalism1
 & ru%$ into ! o!r extreme ( bas+ all   

fruitful k ^u inf]5ce f p>ticul>        
occasions 9 ! pa/  to p>ticul> occasions
 9 ! future4 ,i d n wi% to ?r[ any d\bt 
^u ! validity ( induction1 :5 x has be5 
prop]ly gu>d$4 ,my  po9t is1 t ! v      
baffl+ task ( apply+ reason to elicit ! 
g5]al *>act]i/ics ( ! imm$iate occasion1
 z set be=e u 9  direct cognition1 is a 
necess>y prelim9>y1 if we are to ju/ify 
induction2 unless inde$ we are cont5t to
 base x ^u our vague  in/9ct t ( c\rse x
 is all "r4 ,ei!r !re is some?+ ab\t  ! 
imm$iate occasion :i* af=ds k ( ! pa/ & 
!  future1 or we are r$uc$ to utt]      
scepticism z to memory &  induction4 ,x 
is impossible to ov]-emphasise ! po9t t 
! key to  ! process ( induction1 z us$  
ei!r 9 sci5ce or 9 our ord9>y  life1 is 
to be f\nd 9 ! "r und]/&+ ( ! imm$iate  
occasion ( k 9 its full concret5ess4 ,x 
is 9 respect to our  grasp ( ! "* ( ^!  
occasions 9 _! concret5ess t !  mod]n   
developm5ts ( physiology & ( psy*ology  
are ( critical  importance4 ,i %all     
illu/rate ?is po9t 9 my subsequ5t       

lectures4 ,we  f9d ourselves amid       
insoluble difficulties :5 we sub/itute =
 ?is  concrete occasion a m]e ab/ract 9 
:i* we only consid] mat]ial  objects 9 a
 flux ( configurations 9 "t & space4 ,x 
is q  obvi\s t su* objects c tell u only
 t !y are :]e !y are4    ,accord+ly1 we 
mu/ recur to ! me?od ( ! s*ool-div9ity z
  expla9$ by ! ,italian m$ievali/s :om  
,i quot$ 9 ! fir/  lecture4 ,we mu/     
obs]ve ! imm$iate occasion1 & use reason
 to  elicit a g5]al description ( its   
nature4 ,induction presupposes          
metaphysics4 ,9 o!r words1 x re/s ^u an 
antec$5t rationalism4  ,y _c h a        
rational ju/ification = y\r appeal to   
hi/ory till  y\r metaphysics has assur$ 
y t !re is a hi/ory to appeal to2  &    
likewise y\r conjectures z to ! future  
presuppose "s basis (  k t !re is a     
future already subject$ to "s           
det]m9ations4 ,! difficulty is to make  
s5se ( ei!r ( ^!  ideas4 ,b unless y h  
done s1 y h made nons5se ( induction4   
,y w obs]ve t ,i d n hold ,induction to 

be 9 its ess5ce !  d]ivation ( g5]al    
laws4 ,x is ! div9ation ( "s *>act]i/ics
  ( a p>ticul> future f ! kn[n          
*>act]i/ics ( a p>ticul>  pa/4 ,! wid]  
assumption ( g5]al laws hold+ = all     
cognisable  occasions appe>s a v unsafe 
add5dum to atta* to ?is limit$  k4 ,all 
we c ask ( ! pres5t occasion is t x %all
  det]m9e a p>ticul> community (        
occasions1 :i* are 9 "s  respects       
mutually qualifi$ by reason ( _!        
inclusion )9 t  same community4 ,t      
community ( occasions consid]$ 9        
physical  sci5ce is ! set ( happ5+s :i* 
fit on to ea* o!r--z we say--9  a common
 space-"t1 s t we c trace ! transitions 
f "o to  ! o!r4 ,accord+ly1 we ref] to !
 common space-"t indicat$ 9  our        
imm$iate occasion ( k4 ,inductive       
reason+ proce$s f  ! p>ticul> occasion  
to ! p>ticul> community ( occasions1 &  
f ! p>ticul> community to relations     
betwe5 p>ticul> occasions  )9 t         
community4 ,until we h tak5 into acc\nt 
o!r sci5tific  concepts1 x is impossible

 to c>ry ! discussion ( induction fur!r 
?an ?is prelim9>y conclusion4    ,! ?ird
 po9t to notice ab\t ?is quotation f    
,bacon is ! purely  qualitative "* ( !  
/atem5ts made 9 x4 ,9 ?is respect       
,bacon completely miss$ ! tonality :i*  
lay beh9d ! success (  sev5te5? c5tury  
sci5ce4 ,sci5ce 0 becom+1 & has rema9$1 
prim>ily quantitative4 ,se>* =          
measurable elem5ts among y\r  ph5om5a1 &
 !n se>* = relations betwe5 ^! measures 
(  physical quantities4 ,bacon ignores  
?is rule ( sci5ce4 ,= example1 9  !     
quotation giv5 he speaks ( action at a  
di/ance2 b he is  ?9k+ qualitatively & n
 quantitatively4 ,we _c ask t he  %\ld  
anticipate 8 y\ng] contempor>y ,galileo1
 or 8 di/ant  successor ,newton4 ,b he  
gives no h9t t !re %\ld be a se>* =     
quantities4 ,p]haps he 0 misl$ by !     
curr5t logical doctr9es :i*  _h come d[n
 f ,ari/otle4 ,=1 9 effect1 ^! doctr9es 
said to  ! physici/ #8classify' :5 !y   
%\ld h said #8measure4'    ,by ! end ( !
 c5tury physics _h be5 f\nd$ on a       

satisfactory  basis ( measurem5t4 ,!    
f9al & adequate exposition 0 giv5 by    
,newton4 ,! common measurable elem5t (  
mass 0 disc]n$ z  *>act]is+ all bodies 9
 diff]5t am\nts4 ,bodies :i* are        
app>5tly id5tical 9 sub/ance1 %ape1 &   
size h v  approximately ! same mass3 !  
clos] ! id5tity1 ! ne>] !  equality4 ,! 
=ce act+ on a body1 :e!r by t\* or by   
action at a  di/ance1 0 9 effect def9$ z
 be+ equal to ! mass ( ! body  multipli$
 by ! rate ( *ange ( ! body's velocity1 
s f> z ?is  rate ( *ange is produc$ by t
 =ce4 ,9 ?is way ! =ce is  disc]n$ by   
its effect on ! motion ( ! body4 ,! "q  
n[  arises :e!r ?is conception ( !      
magnitude ( a =ce leads to !  discov]y (
 simple quantitative laws involv+ !     
alt]native  det]m9ation ( =ces by       
circum/ances ( ! configuration (        
sub/ances & ( _! physical *>act]s4 ,!   
,newtonian conception  has be5          
brilliantly successful 9 surviv+ ?is te/
 ?r\gh\t !  :ole mod]n p]iod4 ,its fir/ 
triumph 0 ! law ( gravitation4 ,its     

cumulative triumph has be5 ! :ole       
developm5t ( dynamical  a/ronomy1 (     
eng9e]+1 & ( physics4    ,?is subject ( 
! =mation ( ! ?ree laws ( motion & ( !  
law  ( gravitation des]ves critical     
att5tion4 ,! :ole developm5t (  ?\ght   
occupi$ exactly two g5]ations4 ,x       
comm5c$ ) ,galileo &  end$ ) ,newton's  
,pr9cipia2 & ,newton 0 born 9 ! ye> t   
,galileo di$4 ,also ! lives ( ,desc>tes 
& ,huygh5s fall )9 !  p]iod occupi$ by  
^! great t]m9al figures4 ,! issue ( !   
comb9$ lab\rs ( ^! f\r m5 has "s "r to  
be consid]$ z  ! greate/ s+le           
intellectual success :i* mank9d has     
a*iev$4 ,9  e/imat+ its size1 we mu/    
consid] ! complet5ess ( its range4 ,x   
con/ructs = u a vision ( ! mat]ial      
univ]se1 & x enables u  to calculate !  
m9ute/ detail ( a p>ticul> occurr5ce4   
,galileo  took ! fir/ /ep 9 hitt+ on !  
"r l9e ( ?\ght4 ,he not$  t ! critical  
po9t to att5d to 0 n ! motion ( bodies b
  ! *anges ( _! motions4 ,galileo's     
discov]y is =mul>is$ by  ,newton 9 8    

fir/ law ( motion3--8,e body cont9ues 9 
its /ate (  re/1 or ( uni=m motion 9 a  
/raight l9e1 except s f> z x may  be    
compell$ by =ce to *ange t /ate40       
,?is =mula conta9s ! repudiation ( a    
belief :i* _h block$ !  progress (      
physics = two ?\s& ye>s4 ,x also deals )
 a  fundam5tal concept :i* is ess5tial  
to sci5tific !ory2 ,i mean1 !  concept (
 an ideally isolat$ sy/em4 ,?is         
conception embodies a  fundam5tal "* (  
?+s1 )\t :i* sci5ce1 or inde$ any  k on 
! "p ( f9ite intellects1 w\ld be        
impossible4 ,!  #8isolat$' sy/em is n a 
solipsi/ sy/em1 ap>t f :i* !re  w\ld be 
non5tity4 ,x is isolat$ z )9 ! univ]se4 
,?is means  t !re are tru?s respect+ ?is
 sy/em :i* require ref]5ce  only to !   
rema9d] ( ?+s by way ( a uni=m sy/ematic
 s*eme (  relation%ips4 ,?us !          
conception ( an isolat$ sy/em is n !    
conception ( sub/antial indep5d5ce f !  
rema9d] ( ?+s1 b  ( fre$om f casual     
cont+5t dep5d5ce ^u detail$ items )9  ! 
re/ ( ! univ]se4 ,fur!r1 ?is fre$om f   

casual dep5d5ce  is requir$ only 9      
respect to c]ta9 ab/ract *>act]i/ics :i*
  atta* to ! isolat$ sy/em1 & n 9       
respect to ! sy/em 9 its  full          
concret5ess4    ,! fir/ law ( motion    
asks :at is to be said ( a dynamically  
isolat$ sy/em s f> z conc]ns its motion 
z a :ole1 ab/ract+  f its ori5tation &  
its int]nal arrangem5t ( p>ts4 ,ari/otle
  said t y mu/ conceive su* a sy/em to  
be at re/4 ,galileo add$  t ! /ate ( re/
 is only a p>ticul> case1 & t ! g5]al   
/atem5t is #8ei!r 9 a /ate ( re/1 or (  
uni=m motion 9 a  /raight l9e4'         
,accord+ly1 an ,ari/otelean w\ld        
conceive ! =ces  aris+ f ! reaction (   
ali5 bodies z be+ quantitatively        
measurable 9 t]ms ( ! velocity !y su/a91
 & z directively  det]m9$ by ! direction
 ( t velocity2 :ile ! ,galilean w\ld    
direct att5tion to ! magnitude ( !      
accel]ation & to its  direction4 ,?is   
diff]5ce is illu/rat$ by contra/+ ,kepl]
 &  ,newton4 ,!y bo? speculat$ z to !   
=ces su/a9+ ! planets 9  _! orbits4     

,kepl] look$ = tang5tial =ces pu%+ !    
planets  along1 :]eas ,newton look$ =   
radial =ces div]t+ ! directions  ( !    
planets' motions4    ,in/ead ( dwell+ ^u
 ! mi/ake :i* ,ari/otle made1 x is m    
pr(itable to emphasise ! ju/ification   
:i* he _h = x1 if we  consid] ! obvi\s  
facts ( our exp]i5ce4 ,all ! motions :i*
  ent] into our normal ev]yday exp]i5ce 
cease unless !y are  evid5tly su/a9$ f !
 outside4 ,app>5tly1 !re=e1 ! s\nd      
empirici/ mu/ devote 8 att5tion to ?is  
"q ( ! su/5ance  ( motion4 ,we "h hit ^u
 "o ( ! dang]s ( unimag9ative           
empiricism4 ,! sev5te5? c5tury exhibits 
ano!r example ( ?is  same dang]2 &1 (   
all p 9 ! _w1 ,newton fell into x4      
,huygh5s _h produc$ ! wave !ory ( light4
 ,b ?is !ory fail$  to acc\nt = ! mo/   
obvi\s facts ab\t light z 9 our ord9>y  
exp]i5ce1 namely1 t %ad[s ca/ by        
ob/ruct+ objects are def9$  by rectil9e>
 rays4 ,accord+ly1 ,newton reject$ ?is  
!ory &  adopt$ ! corpuscul> !ory :i*    
completely expla9$ %ad[s4 ,s9ce  !n bo? 

!ories h _h _! p]iods ( triumph4 ,at !  
pres5t  mom5t ! sci5tific _w is seek+ = 
a comb9ation ( ! two4  ,^! examples     
illu/rate ! dang] ( refus+ to ent]ta9 an
 idea  because ( its failure to expla9  
"o ( ! mo/ obvi\s facts 9 !  subject    
matt] 9 "q4 ,if y h _h y\r att5tion     
direct$ to  ! novelties 9 ?\ght 9 y\r   
own lifetime1 y w h obs]v$  t almo/ all 
really new ideas h a c]ta9 aspect (     
fooli%ness  :5 !y are fir/ produc$4     
,return+ to ! laws ( motion1 x is       
noticeable t no reason 0  produc$ 9 !   
sev5te5? c5tury = ! ,galilean z di/9ct f
  ! ,ari/otelian position4 ,x 0 an      
ultimate fact4 ,:5 9 ! c\rse  ( ^!      
lectures we come to ! mod]n p]iod1 we   
%all see t !  !ory ( relativity ?r[s    
complete light on ?is "q2 b only by     
re>rang+ our :ole ideas z to space & "t4
    ,x rema9$ = ,newton to direct       
att5tion to mass z a physical  quantity 
inh]5t 9 ! nature ( a mat]ial body4     
,mass rema9$  p]man5t dur+ all *anges ( 
motion4 ,b ! pro( ( ! p]man5ce  ( mass  

amid *emical trans=mations _h to wait = 
,lavoisi]1 a  c5tury lat]4 ,newton's    
next task 0 to f9d "s e/imate ( !       
magnitude ( ! ali5 =ce 9 t]ms ( ! mass (
 ! body & ( its  accel]ation4 ,he "h _h 
a /roke ( luck4 ,=1 f ! po9t ( view  ( a
 ma!matician1 ! simple/ possible law1   
namely ! product ( !  two1 prov$ to be !
 successful "o4 ,aga9 ! mod]n relativity
 !ory  modifies ?is extreme simplicity4 
,b luckily = sci5ce ! delicate          
exp]im5ts ( ! physici/s ( to-day 7 n !n 
kn[n1 or ev5  possible4 ,accord+ly1 ! _w
 0 giv5 ! two c5turies :i* x  requir$ 9 
ord] to dige/ ,newton's laws ( motion4  
,hav+ reg>d to ?is triumph1 c we wond] t
 sci5ti/s plac$  _! ultimate pr9ciples  
^u a mat]iali/ic basis1 & !reaft]  ceas$
 to worry ab\t philosophy8 ,we %all     
grasp ! c\rse ( ?\ght1  if we und]/&    
exactly :at ?is basis is1 & :at         
difficulties x  f9ally involves4 ,:5 y  
are criticis+ ! philosophy ( an epo*1  d
 n *iefly direct y\r att5tion to ^?     
intellectual positions  :i* its expon5ts

 feel x necess>y explicitly to def5d4   
,!re w  be "s fundam5tal assumptions :i*
 adh]5ts ( all ! v>iant  sy/ems )9 !    
epo* unconsci\sly presuppose4 ,su*      
assumptions  appe> s obvi\s t p d n "k  
:at !y are assum+ because  no o!r way ( 
putt+ ?+s has ev] occurr$ to !m4 ,) ^!  
assumptions a c]ta9 limit$ numb] ( types
 ( philosophic sy/ems are  possible1 &  
?is gr\p ( sy/ems con/itutes !          
philosophy ( !  epo*4    ,"o su*        
assumption und]lies ! :ole philosophy ( 
nature dur+ !  mod]n p]iod4 ,x is       
embodi$ 9 ! conception :i* is suppos$ to
  express ! mo/ concrete aspect (       
nature4 ,! ,ionian philosoph]s  ask$1   
,:at is nature made (8 ,! answ] is c\*$ 
9 t]ms ( /uff1  or matt]1 or mat]ial1--!
 p>ticul> "n *os5 is indiff]5t--:i*  has
 ! prop]ty ( simple location 9 space &  
"t1 or1 if y adopt  ! m mod]n ideas1 9  
space-"t4 ,:at ,i mean by matt]1 or     
mat]ial1 is any?+ :i* has ?is prop]ty ( 
simple location4 ,by  simple location ,i
 mean "o major *>act]i/ic :i* ref]s     

equally  bo? to space & to "t1 & o!r    
m9or *>act]i/ics :i* are  div]se z      
betwe5 space & "t4    ,! *>act]i/ic     
common bo? to space & "t is t mat]ial c 
be  said to be "h 9 space & "h 9 "t1 or 
"h 9 space-"t1  9 a p]fectly def9ite    
s5se :i* does n require = its           
explanation  any ref]5ce to o!r regions 
( space-"t4 ,curi\sly en\gh ?is  "* (   
simple location holds :e!r we look on a 
region (  space-"t z det]m9$ absolutely 
or relatively4 ,= if a region is  m]ely 
a way ( indicat+ a c]ta9 set ( relations
 to o!r entities1  !n ?is *>act]i/ic1   
:i* ,i call simple location1 is t       
mat]ial  c be said to h j ^! relations (
 position to ! o!r  entities )\t requir+
 = its explanation any ref]5ce to o!r   
regions con/itut$ by analog\s relations 
( position to ! same  entities4 ,9 fact1
 z soon z y h settl$1 h[ev] y d settle1 
:at y mean by a def9ite place 9         
space-"t1 y c adequately  /ate !        
relation ( a p>ticul> mat]ial body to   
space-"t by say+  t x is j !re1 9 t     

place2 &1 s f> z simple location is     
conc]n$1 !re is no?+ m to be said on !  
subject4    ,!re are1 h[ev]1 "s         
subord9ate explanations to be made :i*  
br+  9 ! m9or *>act]i/ics :i* ,i h      
already m5tion$4 ,fir/1 z  reg>ds "t1 if
 mat]ial has exi/$ dur+ any p]iod1 x has
 equally  be5 9 exi/5ce dur+ any portion
 ( t p]iod4 ,9 o!r words1  divid+ ! "t  
does n divide ! mat]ial4 ,secondly1 9   
respect to  space1 divid+ ! volume does 
divide ! mat]ial4 ,accord+ly1 if        
mat]ial exi/s ?r\gh\t a volume1 !re w be
 less ( t mat]ial  di/ribut$ ?r\gh any  
def9ite half ( t volume4 ,x is f ?is    
prop]ty t !re arises our notion ( d5sity
 at a po9t ( space4  ,anyone :o talks   
ab\t d5sity is n assimilat+ "t & space  
to !  ext5t t "s extremi/s ( ! mod]n    
s*ool ( relativi/s v  ra%ly desire4 ,= !
 division ( "t functions1 9 respect to  
mat]ial1 q diff]5tly f ! division (     
space4    ,fur!rmore1 ?is fact t !      
mat]ial is indiff]5t to ! division  ( "t
 leads to ! conclusion t ! lapse ( "t is

 an accid5t1  r ?an ( ! ess5ce1 ( !     
mat]ial4 ,! mat]ial is fully  itself 9  
any sub-p]iod h[ev] %ort4 ,?us !        
transition ( "t has  no?+ to d ) ! "* ( 
! mat]ial4 ,! mat]ial is  equally itself
 at an in/ant ( "t4 ,"h an in/ant ( "t  
is  conceiv$ z 9 itself )\t transition1 
s9ce ! temporal transition  is !        
succession ( in/ants4    ,! answ]1      
!re=e1 :i* ! sev5te5? c5tury gave to !  
anci5t  "q ( ! ,ionian ?9k]s1 #8,:at is 
! _w made (8' 0 t  ! _w is a succession 
( in/antane\s configurations (          
matt]1--or  ( mat]ial1 if y wi% to      
include /uff m subtle ?an ord9>y  matt]1
 ! e!r = example4    ,we _c wond] t     
sci5ce re/$ cont5t ) ?is assumption z to
  ! fundam5tal elem5ts ( nature4 ,!     
great =ces ( nature1 su* z  gravitation1
 7 entirely det]m9$ by ! configurations 
( masses4  ,?us ! configurations det]m9$
 _! own *anges1 s t ! circle  (         
sci5tific ?\ght 0 completely clos$4 ,?is
 is ! fam\s  me*ani/ic !ory ( nature1   
:i* has reign$ supreme ev] s9ce !       

sev5te5? c5tury4 ,x is ! or?odox cre$ ( 
physical sci5ce4  ,fur!rmore1 ! cre$    
ju/ifi$ itself by ! pragmatic te/4 ,x   
work$4 ,physici/s took no m int]e/ 9    
philosophy4 ,!y emphasiz$  !            
anti-rationalism ( ! ,hi/orical ,revolt4
 ,b ! difficulties (  ?is !ory (        
mat]iali/ic me*anism v soon became      
app>5t4 ,!  hi/ory ( ?\ght 9 ! eighte5? 
& n9ete5? c5turies is  gov]n$ by ! fact 
t ! _w _h got hold ( a g5]al idea :i*  x
 c\ld nei!r live ) nor live )\t4    ,?is
 simple location ( in/antane\s mat]ial  
configurations is :at  ,b]gson has      
prote/$ aga9/1 s f> z x conc]ns "t & s  
f> z  x is tak5 to be ! fundam5tal fact 
( concrete nature4 ,he calls x a        
di/ortion ( nature due to ! intellectual
 #8spatialisation' ( ?+s4  ,i agree )   
,b]gson 9 8 prote/3 b ,i d n agree t su*
  di/ortion is a vice necess>y to !     
intellectual appreh5sion (  nature4 ,i  
%all 9 subsequ5t lectures endeav\r to %[
 t ?is  spatialisation is ! expression (
 m concrete facts "u ! guise  ( v       

ab/ract logical con/ructions4 ,!re is an
 error2 b x is  m]ely ! accid5tal error 
( mi/ak+ ! ab/ract = ! concrete4  ,x is 
an example ( :at ,i w call ! #8,fallacy 
( ,misplac$  ,concret5ess4' ,?is fallacy
 is ! occasion ( great confusion 9      
philosophy4 ,x is n necess>y = !        
intellect to fall into ! trap1  ?\gh 9  
?is example !re has be5 a v g5]al t5d5cy
 to d s4    ,x is at once evid5t t !    
concept ( simple location is go+ to     
make great difficulties = induction4 ,=1
 if 9 ! location (  configurations (    
matt] ?r\gh\t a /ret* ( "t !re is no    
inh]5t ref]5ce to any o!r times1 pa/ or 
future1 x imm$iately  foll[s t nature )9
 any p]iod does n ref] to nature at any 
o!r p]iod4 ,accord+ly1 induction is n   
bas$ on any?+ :i* c  be obs]v$ z inh]5t 
9 nature4 ,?us we _c look to nature = ! 
ju/ification ( our belief 9 any law su* 
z ! law ( gravitation4  ,9 o!r words1 ! 
ord] ( nature _c be ju/ifi$ by ! m]e    
obs]vation ( nature4 ,= !re is no?+ 9 ! 
pres5t fact :i*  inh]5tly ref]s ei!r to 

! pa/ or to ! future4 ,x looks1  !re=e1 
z ?\gh memory1 z well z induction1 w\ld 
fail to f9d  any ju/ification )9 nature 
itself4    ,i h be5 anticipat+ ! c\rse (
 future ?\ght1 & h be5  repeat+ ,hume's 
argum5t4 ,?is tra9 ( ?\ght foll[s s     
imm$iately  f ! consid]ation ( simple   
location1 t we _c wait = !  eighte5?    
c5tury be=e consid]+ x4 ,! only wond] is
 t !  _w did 9 fact wait = ,hume be=e   
not+ ! difficulty4 ,also x  illu/rates !
 anti-rationalism ( ! sci5tific public  
t1 :5  ,hume did appe>1 x 0 only !      
religi\s implications ( 8  philosophy   
:i* attract$ att5tion4 ,?is 0 because ! 
cl]gy 7  9 pr9ciple rationali/s1 :]eas !
 m5 ( sci5ce 7 cont5t )  a simple fai? 9
 ! ord] ( nature4 ,hume himself rem>ks1 
no d\bt  sc(f+ly1 #8,our holy religion  
is f\nd$ on fai?4' ,?is attitude        
satisfi$ ! ,royal ,society b n ! ,*ur*4 
,x also satisfi$ ,hume  & has satisfi$  
subsequ5t empirici/s4    ,!re is ano!r  
presupposition ( ?\ght :i* mu/ be put   
beside !  !ory ( simple location4 ,i    

mean ! two correlative categories (     
,sub/ance & quality4 ,!re is1 h[ev] ?is 
diff]5ce4 ,!re 7  diff]5t !ories z to ! 
adequate description ( ! /atus (  space4
 ,b :atev] its /atus1 no "o _h any d\bt 
b t !  connection ) space enjoy$ by     
entities1 :i* are said to be 9  space1  
is t ( simple location4 ,we may put ?is 
%ortly by say+  t x 0 tacitly assum$ t  
space is ! locus ( simple locations4    
,:atev] is 9 space is simplicit] 9 "s   
def9ite portion ( space4  ,b 9 respect  
to sub/ance & quality ! lead+ m9ds ( !  
sev5te5? c5tury 7 def9itely p]plex$2    
?\gh1 ) _! usual  g5ius1 !y at once     
con/ruct$ a !ory :i* 0 adequate = _!    
imm$iate purposes4    ,( c\rse1 sub/ance
 & quality1 z well z simple location1   
are !  mo/ natural ideas = ! human m9d4 
,x is ! way 9 :i* we ?9k  ( ?+s1 & )\t  
^! ways ( ?9k+ we c\ld n get our ideas  
/raight = daily use4 ,!re is no d\bt    
ab\t ?is4 ,! only "q  is1 ,h[ concretely
 are we ?9k+ :5 we consid] nature "u ^! 
conceptions8 ,my po9t w be1 t we are    

pres5t+ ourselves )  simplifi$ editions 
( imm$iate matt]s ( fact4 ,:5 we exam9e 
!  prim>y elem5ts ( ^! simplifi$        
editions1 we %all f9d t !y  are 9 tru?  
only to be ju/ifi$ z be+ elaborate      
logical  con/ructions ( a high degree ( 
ab/raction4 ,( c\rse1 z a po9t (        
individual psy*ology1 we get at ! ideas 
by ! r\gh & ready me?od  ( suppress+ :at
 appe> to be irrelevant details4 ,b :5  
we attempt  to ju/ify ?is suppression ( 
irrelevance1 we f9d t1 ?\gh !re  are    
entities left correspond+ to ! entities 
we talk ab\t1 yet ^!  entities are ( a  
high degree ( ab/raction4    ,?us ,i    
hold t sub/ance & quality af=d ano!r    
in/ance ( !  fallacy ( misplac$         
concret5ess4 ,let u consid] h[ ! notions
 (  sub/ance & quality arise4 ,we obs]ve
 an object z an entity )  c]ta9         
*>act]i/ics4 ,fur!rmore1 ea* individual 
entity is  appreh5d$ ?r\gh its          
*>act]i/ics4 ,= example1 we obs]ve a    
body2  !re is some?+ ab\t x :i* we note4
 ,p]haps1 x is h>d1 &  blue1 & r\nd1 &  

noisy4 ,we obs]ve some?+ :i* possesses  
^!  qualities3 ap>t f ^! qualities we d 
n obs]ve any?+ at all4  ,accord+ly1 !   
entity is ! sub/ratum1 or sub/ance1 (   
:i* we  pr$icate qualities4 ,"s ( !     
qualities are ess5tial1 s t ap>t  f !m !
 entity w\ld n be itself2 :ile o!r      
qualities are  accid5tal & *angeable4 ,9
 respect to mat]ial bodies1 ! qualities 
( hav+ a quantitative mass1 & ( simple  
location some:]e1 7  held by ,john      
,locke at ! close ( ! sev5te5? c5tury to
 be  ess5tial qualities4 ,( c\rse1 !    
location 0 *angeable1 & !               
un*angeability ( mass 0 m]ely an        
exp]im5tal fact except = "s  extremi/s4 
,s f>1 s good4 ,b :5 we pass to blu5ess 
& nois9ess a new  situation has to be   
fac$4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! body may n be  
always blue1 or noisy4 ,we h already    
all[$ = ?is by our !ory (  accid5tal    
qualities1 :i* = ! mom5t we may accept z
 adequate4  ,b 9 ! second place1 !      
sev5te5? c5tury expos$ a real           
difficulty4 ,! great physici/s elaborat$

 transmission !ories (  light & s\nd1   
bas$ ^u _! mat]iali/ic views ( nature4  
,!re  7 two hypo!ses z to light3 ei!r x 
0 transmitt$ by !  vibratory waves ( a  
mat]iali/ic e!r1 or--accord+ to         
,newton--x 0  transmitt$ by ! motion (  
incr$ibly small corpuscles ( "s subtle  
matt]4 ,we all "k t ! wave !ory (       
,huygh5s held ! field  dur+ ! n9ete5?   
c5tury1 & t at pres5t physici/s are     
endeav\r+ to expla9 "s obscure          
circum/ances att5d+ radiation  by a     
comb9ation ( bo? !ories4 ,b :atev] !ory 
y *oose1 !re  is no light or col\r z a  
fact 9 ext]nal nature4 ,!re is m]ely    
motion ( mat]ial4 ,aga91 :5 ! light     
ent]s y\r eyes & falls on  ! ret9a1 !re 
is m]ely motion ( mat]ial4 ,!n y\r n]ves
 are  affect$ & y\r bra9 is affect$1 &  
aga9 ?is is m]ely motion (  mat]ial4 ,! 
same l9e ( argum5t holds = s\nd1        
sub/itut+ waves  9 ! air = waves 9 !    
e!r1 & e>s = eyes4    ,we !n ask 9 :at  
s5se are blu5ess & nois9ess qualities ( 
!  body4 ,by analog\s reason+1 we also  

ask 9 :at s5se is its sc5t a  quality ( 
! rose4    ,galileo consid]$ ?is "q1 &  
at once po9t$ out t1 ap>t  f eyes1 e>s1 
or noses1 !re w\ld be no col\rs1 s\nds1 
or smells4  ,desc>tes & ,locke elaborat$
 a !ory ( prim>y & second>y  qualities4 
,= example1 ,desc>tes 9 8 #8,six?       
,m$itation' says3#d  8,& inde$1 z ,i    
p]ceive diff]5t sorts ( col\rs1 s\nds1  
od\rs1  ta/es1 heat1 h>dness1 etc41 ,i  
safely conclude t !re are 9 !  bodies f 
:i* ! div]se p]ceptions ( ! s5ses       
proce$1 c]ta9  v>ieties correspond+ to  
!m1 al?\gh1 p]haps1 n 9 reality l       
!m244440    ,footnote #d3               
,translation by ,pr(essor ,john ,veit*4 
,also 9 8 ,pr9ciples ( ,philosophy1 he  
says3 8,t by our s5ses we  "k no?+ (    
ext]nal objects beyond _! figure or     
situation1  magnitude1 & motion40       
,locke1 writ+ ) a k ( ,newtonian        
dynamics1 places mass among  ! prim>y   
qualities ( bodies4 ,9 %ort1 he         
elaborates a !ory (  prim>y & second>y  
qualities 9 accordance ) ! /ate (       

physical  sci5ce at ! close ( ! sev5te5?
 c5tury4 ,! prim>y qualities  are !     
ess5tial qualities ( sub/ances ^:       
spatio-temporal  relation%ips con/itute 
nature4 ,! ord]l9ess ( ^! relation%ips  
con/itutes nature4 ,! ord]l9ess ( ^!    
relation%ips con/itutes  ! ord] (       
nature4 ,! occurr5ces ( nature are 9 "s 
way  appreh5d$ by m9ds1 :i* are         
associat$ ) liv+ bodies4  ,prim>ily1 !  
m5tal appreh5sion is ar\s$ by !         
occurr5ces 9  c]ta9 p>ts ( ! correlat$  
body1 ! occurr5ces 9 ! bra91 =  in/ance4
 ,b ! m9d 9 appreh5d+ also exp]i5ces    
s5sations  :i*1 prop]ly speak+1 are     
qualities ( ! m9d alone4 ,^!  s5sations 
are project$ by ! m9d s z to clo!       
appropriate bodies  9 ext]nal nature4   
,?us ! bodies are p]ceiv$ z ) qualities 
:i* 9 reality d n belong to !m1         
qualities :i* 9 fact are  purely !      
(fspr+ ( ! m9d4 ,?us nature gets cr$it  
:i* %\ld  9 tru? be res]v$ = ourselves3 
! rose = its sc5t3 !  night+ale = 8     
song3 & ! sun = 8 radiance4 ,! poets are

  entirely mi/ak54 ,!y %\ld address _!  
lyrics to !mselves1 &  %\ld turn !m into
 odes ( self-congratulation on !        
excell5cy (  ! human m9d4 ,nature is a  
dull affair1 s\ndless1 sc5tless1        
col\rless2 m]ely ! hurry+ ( mat]ial1    
endlessly1 mean+lessly4    ,h[ev] y     
disguise x1 ?is is ! practical outcome (
 !  *>act]i/ic sci5tific philosophy :i* 
clos$ ! sev5te5?  c5tury4    ,9 ! fir/  
place1 we mu/ note its a/\nd+ effici5cy 
z a sy/em  ( concepts = ! organisation (
 sci5tific rese>*4 ,9 ?is  respect1 x is
 fully wor?y ( ! g5ius ( ! c5tury :i*   
produc$  x4 ,x has held its own z !     
guid+ pr9ciple ( sci5tific /udies  ev]  
s9ce4 ,x is /ill reign+4 ,e univ]sity 9 
! _w  organises itself 9 accordance ) x4
 ,no alt]native sy/em (  organis+ !     
pursuit ( sci5tific tru? has be5        
sugge/$4 ,x is n  only reign+1 b x is   
)\t a rival4    ,& yet--x is q          
unbelievable4 ,?is conception ( !       
univ]se is  surely fram$ 9 t]ms ( high  
ab/ractions1 & ! p>adox only arises     

because we h mi/ak5 our ab/ractions =   
concrete realities4    ,no picture1     
h[ev] g5]alis$1 ( ! a*ievem5ts (        
sci5tific  ?\ght 9 ?is c5tury c omit !  
advance 9 ma!matics4 ,"h z  else:]e !   
g5ius ( ! epo* made itself evid5t4 ,?ree
 great  ,fr5*m51 ,desc>tes1 ,des>gues1  
,pascal1 initiat$ ! mod]n p]iod 9       
geometry4 ,ano!r ,fr5*man1 ,f]mat1 laid 
! f\ndations ( mod]n  analysis1 & all b 
p]fect$ ! me?ods ( ! diff]5tial         
calculus4 ,newton & ,leibniz1 betwe5 !m1
 actually did create !  diff]5tial      
calculus z a practical me?od (          
ma!matical reason+4  ,:5 ! c5tury end$1 
ma!matics z an in/rum5t = application to
  physical problems 0 well e/abli%$ 9   
some?+ ( its mod]n  pr(ici5cy4 ,mod]n   
pure ma!matics1 if we except geometry1 0
 9 its  infancy1 & _h giv5 no signs ( ! 
a/oni%+ gr[? x 0 to make  9 ! n9ete5?   
c5tury4 ,b ! ma!matical physici/ _h     
appe>$1  br++ ) him ! type ( m9d :i* 0  
to rule ! sci5tific  _w 9 ! next c5tury4
 ,x 0 to be ! age ( #8,victori\s        

,analysis4'    ,! sev5te5? c5tury _h    
f9ally produc$ a s*eme ( sci5tific      
?\ght fram$ by ma!maticians1 = ! use (  
ma!maticians4 ,!  great *>act]i/ic ( !  
ma!matical m9d is its capacity =  deal+ 
) ab/ractions2 & = elicit+ f !m cle>-cut
  demon/rative tra9s ( reason+1 entirely
 satisfactory s long z x  is ^?         
ab/ractions :i* y want to ?9k ab\t4 ,!  
enorm\s  success ( ! sci5tific          
ab/ractions1 yield+ on ! "o h&  matt] ) 
its simple location 9 space & "t1 & on !
 o!r  h& m9d1 p]ceiv+1 suff]+1 reason+1 
b n int]f]+1 has  foi/$ onto philosophy 
! task ( accept+ !m z ! mo/ concrete    
r5d]+ ( fact4    ,!reby1 mod]n          
philosophy has be5 ru9$4 ,x has         
oscillat$ 9 a  complex mann] betwe5 ?ree
 extremes4 ,!re are ! duali/s1 :o       
accept matt] & m9d z on equal basis1 & !
 two v>ieties (  moni/s1 ^? :o put m9d  
inside matt]1 & ^? :o put matt]  inside 
m9d4 ,b ?is juggl+ ) ab/ractions c nev] 
ov]come !  inh]5t confusion introduc$ by
 ! ascription ( misplac$  concret5ess to

 ! sci5tific s*eme ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 
,,*apt] ,,iv                            
,,! ,,eighte5? ,,c5tury      ,9 s f> z !
 intellectual climates ( diff]5t epo*s c
 be  contra/$1 ! eighte5? c5tury 9      
,europe 0 ! complete anti!sis  to !     
,middle ,ages4 ,! contra/ is symbolis$  
by ! diff]5ce betwe5  ! ca!dral (       
,*>tres & ! ,p>isian salons1 :]e        
,d',alemb]t  conv]s$ ) ,voltaire4 ,!    
,middle ,ages 7 haunt$ ) ! desire to    
rationalise ! inf9ite3 ! m5 ( ! eighte5?
 c5tury rationalis$  ! social life (    
mod]n communities1 & bas$ _!            
sociological  !ories on an appeal to !  
facts ( nature4 ,! e>li] p]iod 0 !  age 
( fai?1 bas$ ^u reason4 ,9 ! lat] p]iod1
 !y let sleep+  dogs lie3 x 0 ! age (   
reason1 bas$ ^u fai?4 ,to illu/rate my  
mean+3--,/4 ,anselm w\ld h be5 di/ress$ 
if he _h fail$ to f9d  a conv9c+ argum5t
 = ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 & on ?is argum5t he
  bas$ 8 edifice ( fai?1 :]eas ,hume    
bas$ 8 ,diss]tation on !  ,natural      
,hi/ory ( ,religion ^u 8 fai? 9 ! ord] (

 nature4 ,9  comp>+ ^! epo*s x is well  
to rememb] t reason c err1 &  t fai? may
 be misplac$4    ,9 my previ\s lecture  
,i trac$ ! evolution1 dur+ ! sev5te5?   
c5tury1 ( ! s*eme ( sci5tific ideas :i* 
has dom9at$ ?\ght  ev] s9ce4 ,x involves
 a fundam5tal duality1 ) mat]ial on !   
"o h&1 & on ! o!r h& m9d4 ,9 betwe5 !re 
lie !  concepts ( life1 organism1       
function1 in/antane\s reality1          
int]action1 ord] ( nature1 :i*          
collectively =m ! ,a*illes heel  ( !    
:ole sy/em4    ,i also express$ my      
conviction t if we desir$ to obta9 a m  
fundam5tal expression ( ! concrete "* ( 
natural fact1 !  elem5t 9 ?is s*eme :i* 
we %\ld fir/ criticise is ! concept (   
simple location4 ,9 view !re=e ( !      
importance :i* ?is idea  w assume 9 ^!  
lectures1 ,i w repeat ! mean+ :i* ,i h  
atta*$ to ?is phrase4 ,to say t a bit ( 
matt] has simple  location means t1 9   
express+ its spatio-temporal relations1 
x is  adequate to /ate t x is :]e x is1 
9 a def9ite f9ite region (  space1 &    

?r\gh\t a def9ite f9ite duration ( "t1  
ap>t f any  ess5tial ref]5ce ( !        
relations ( t bit ( matt] to o!r        
regions ( space & to o!r durations ( "t4
 ,aga91 ?is concept (  simple location  
is indep5d5t ( ! controv]sy betwe5 !    
absoluti/  & ! relativi/ views ( space  
or ( "t4 ,s long z any !ory (  space1 or
 ( "t1 c give a mean+1 ei!r absolute or 
relative1 to  ! idea ( a def9ite region 
( space1 & ( a def9ite duration (  "t1 !
 idea ( simple location has a p]fectly  
def9ite mean+4 ,?is  idea is ! v        
f\ndation ( ! sev5te5? c5tury s*eme (   
nature4  ,ap>t f x1 ! s*eme is incapable
 ( expression4 ,i %all argue t  among ! 
prim>y elem5ts ( nature z appreh5d$ 9   
our imm$iate  exp]i5ce1 !re is no elem5t
 :atev] :i* possesses ?is "*  ( simple  
location4 ,x does n foll[1 h[ev]1 t !   
sci5ce ( !  sev5te5? c5tury 0 simply    
wrong4 ,i hold t by a process (         
con/ructive ab/raction we c arrive at   
ab/ractions :i* are !  simply-locat$    
bits ( mat]ial1 & at o!r ab/ractions :i*

 are !  m9ds includ$ 9 ! sci5tific      
s*eme4 ,accord+ly1 ! real error is  an  
example ( :at ,i h t]m$3 ,! ,fallacy (  
,misplac$ ,concret5ess4    ,! advantage 
( conf9+ att5tion to a def9ite gr\p (   
ab/ractions1 is t y conf9e y\r ?\ghts to
 cle>-cut def9ite  ?+s1 ) cle>-cut      
def9ite relations4 ,accord+ly1 if y h a 
logical head1 y c d$uce a v>iety (      
conclusions respect+ !  relation%ips    
betwe5 ^! ab/ract entities4 ,fur!rmore1 
if !  ab/ractions are well-f\nd$1 t is  
to say1 if !y d n ab/ract  f ev]y?+ t is
 important 9 exp]i5ce1 ! sci5tific ?\ght
  :i* conf9es itself to ^! ab/ractions w
 arrive at a v>iety (  important tru?s  
relat+ to our exp]i5ce ( nature4 ,we all
 "k ^?  cle>-cut tr5*ant intellects1    
immovably encas$ 9 a h>d %ell (         
ab/ractions4 ,!y hold y to _!           
ab/ractions by ! %e] grip (  p]sonality4
    ,! disadvantage ( exclusive att5tion
 to a gr\p ( ab/ractions1  h[ev]        
well-f\nd$1 is t1 by ! nature ( ! case1 
y h  ab/ract$ f ! rema9d] ( ?+s4 ,9 s f>

 z ! exclud$  ?+s are important 9 y\r   
exp]i5ce1 y\r modes ( ?\ght are n  fitt$
 to deal ) !m4 ,y _c ?9k )\t            
ab/ractions2  accord+ly1 x is ( ! utmo/ 
importance to be vigilant 9 critically  
revis+ y\r modes ( ab/raction4 ,x is "h 
t philosophy f9ds  its ni*e z ess5tial  
to ! heal?y progress ( society4 ,x is ! 
critic ( ab/ractions4 ,a civilisation   
:i* _c bur/ ?r\gh its  curr5t           
ab/ractions is doom$ to /]ility aft] a v
 limit$ p]iod  ( progress4 ,an active   
s*ool ( philosophy is q z important =  !
 locomotion ( ideas1 z is an active     
s*ool ( railway eng9e]s =  ! locomotion 
( fuel4    ,sometimes x happ5s t !      
s]vice r5d]$ by philosophy is entirely  
obscur$ by ! a/oni%+ success ( a s*eme (
 ab/ractions 9  express+ ! dom9ant      
int]e/s ( an epo*4 ,?is is exactly :at  
happ5$ dur+ ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,les     
philosophes 7 n  philosoph]s4 ,!y 7 m5 (
 g5ius1 cle>-head$ & acute1 :o  appli$ !
 sev5te5? c5tury gr\p ( sci5tific       
ab/ractions to !  analysis ( ! unb\nd$  

univ]se4 ,_! triumph1 9 respect to !    
circle ( ideas ma9ly int]e/+ to _!      
contempor>ies1 0  ov]:elm+4 ,:atev] did 
n fit into _! s*eme 0 ignor$1  d]id$1   
disbeliev$4 ,_! hatr$ ( ,go?ic          
ar*itecture symbolises  _! lack (       
sympa?y ) dim p]spectives4 ,x 0 ! age ( 
reason1  heal?y1 manly1 up/&+ reason2 b1
 ( "o-ey$ reason1 defici5t 9  its vision
 ( dep?4 ,we _c ov]rate ! debt (        
gratitude :i* we  owe to ^! m54 ,= a    
?\s& ye>s ,europe _h be5 a prey to      
intol]ant1 intol]able vision>ies4 ,!    
common s5se ( ! eighte5?  c5tury1 its   
grasp ( ! obvi\s facts ( human suff]+1 &
 ( !  obvi\s dem&s ( human nature1 act$ 
on ! _w l a ba? ( moral  cleans+4       
,voltaire mu/ h ! cr$it1 t he hat$      
inju/ice1 he  hat$ cruelty1 he hat$     
s5seless repression1 & he hat$          
hocus-pocus4  ,fur!rmore1 :5 he saw !m1 
he knew !m4 ,9 ^! supreme virtues1  he 0
 typical ( 8 c5tury1 on its bett] side4 
,b if m5 _c  live on bread alone1 /ill  
less c !y d s on dis9fectants4 ,! age   

_h its limitations2 yet we _c und]/& !  
passion ) :i*  "s ( its ma9 positions   
are /ill def5d$1 especially 9 ! s*ools  
( sci5ce1 unless we d full ju/ice to its
 positive a*ievem5ts4 ,!  sev5te5?      
c5tury s*eme ( concepts 0 prov+ a p]fect
 in/rum5t  = rese>*4    ,?is triumph (  
mat]ialism 0 *iefly 9 ! sci5ces (       
rational  dynamics1 physics1 & *emi/ry4 
,s f> z dynamics & physics 7  conc]n$1  
progress 0 9 ! =m ( direct developm5ts (
 ! ma9  ideas ( ! previ\s epo*4 ,no?+   
fundam5tally new 0 introduc$1  b !re 0  
an imm5se detail$ developm5t4 ,special  
case aft]  special case 0 unravell$4 ,x 
0 z ?\gh ! v ,heav5s 7  be+ op5$1 on a  
set plan4 ,9 ! second half ( ! c5tury1  
,lavoisi] practically f\nd$ *emi/ry on  
its pres5t basis4 ,he  introduc$ into x 
! pr9ciple t no mat]ial is lo/ or ga9$ 9
  any *emical trans=mations4 ,?is 0 !   
la/ success ( mat]iali/ic  ?\ght1 :i*   
has n ultimately prov$ to be d\ble-edg$4
 ,*emical  sci5ce n[ only wait$ = !     
atomic !ory1 9 ! next c5tury4    ,9 ?is 

c5tury ! notion ( ! me*anical           
explanation ( all !  processes ( nature 
f9ally h>d5$ into a dogma ( sci5ce4 ,!  
notion  won ?r\gh on its m]its by reason
 ( an almo/ miracul\s s]ies (  triumphs 
a*iev$ by ! ma!matical physici/s1       
culm9at+ 9 !  ,m*anique ,analytique (   
,lagrange1 :i* 0 publi%$ 9 #aghg4       
,newton's ,pr9cipia 0 publi%$ 9 #afhg1 s
 t exactly "o hundr$  ye>s sep>ates !   
two great books4 ,?is c5tury conta9s !  
fir/  p]iod ( ma!matical physics ( !    
mod]n type4 ,! publication (  ,cl]k     
,maxwell's ,electricity & ,magnetism 9  
#ahgc m>ks ! close (  ! second p]iod4   
,ea* ( ^! ?ree books introduces new     
horizons (  ?\ght affect+ ev]y?+ :i*    
comes aft] !m4    ,9 consid]+ ! v>i\s   
topics to :i* mank9d has b5t its        
sy/ematic ?\ght1 x is impossible n to be
 /ruck ) ! unequal  di/ribution (       
ability among ! diff]5t fields4 ,9 almo/
 all  subjects !re are a few out/&+     
names4 ,= x requires g5ius to  create a 
subject z a di/9ct topic = ?\ght4 ,b 9 !

 case (  _m topics1 aft] a good beg9n+ v
 relevant to its imm$iate  occasion1 !  
subsequ5t developm5t appe>s z a weak    
s]ies (  fl\nd]+s1 s t ! :ole subject   
gradually loses its grip on !  evolution
 ( ?\ght4 ,x 0 f> o!rwise ) ma!matical  
physics4  ,! m y /udy ?is subject1 ! m y
 w f9d y\rself  a/oni%$ by ! almo/      
incr$ible triumphs ( intellect :i* x    
exhibits4 ,! great ma!matical physici/s 
( ! eighte5? & fir/  few ye>s ( !       
n9ete5? c5tury1 mo/ ( !m ,fr5*1 are a   
case 9  po9t3 ,maup]tuis1 ,clairaut1    
,d',alemb]t1 ,lagrange1 ,laplace1       
,f\ri]1  =m a s]ies ( names1 su* t ea*  
recalls to m9d "s a*ievem5t  ( ! fir/   
rank4 ,:5 ,c>lyle1 z ! m\?piece ( !     
subsequ5t  ,romantic ,age1 sc(f+ly t]ms 
! p]iod ! ,age ( ,victori\s  ,analysis1 
& mocks at ,maup]tuis z a #8sublimi%    
g5tleman 9 a :ite  p]iwig1' he only     
exhibits ! n>r[ side ( ! ,romantici/s   
:om he  is !n voic+4    ,x is impossible
 to expla9 intellig5tly1 9 a %ort "t &  
)\t  te*nicalities1 ! details ( !       

progress made by ?is s*ool4 ,i w1       
h[ev]1 endeav\r to expla9 ! ma9 po9t ( a
 jo9t a*ievem5t (  ,maup]tuis &         
,lagrange4 ,_! results1 9 conjunction ) 
"s  subsequ5t ma!matical me?ods due to  
two great ,g]man ma!maticians  ( ! fir/ 
half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ,gauss &       
,riemann1 h  rec5tly prov$ !mselves to  
be ! prep>atory "w necess>y = !  new    
ideas :i* ,h]z & ,e9/e9 h introduc$ into
 ma!matical  physics4 ,also !y inspir$  
"s ( ! be/ ideas 9 ,cl]k ,maxwell's     
treatise1 already m5tion$ 9 ?is lecture4
    ,!y aim$ at discov]+ some?+ m       
fundam5tal & m g5]al  ?an ,newton's laws
 ( motion :i* 7 discuss$ 9 ! previ\s    
lecture4 ,!y want$ to f9d "s wid] ideas1
 & 9 ! case (  ,lagrange "s m g5]al     
means ( ma!matical exposition4 ,x 0 an  
ambiti\s ent]prise1 & !y 7 completely   
successful4 ,maup]tuis  liv$ 9 ! fir/   
half ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 & ,lagrange's 
active  life lay 9 its second half4 ,we 
f9d 9 ,maup]tuis a t+e ( !  !ologic age 
:i* prec$$ 8 bir?4 ,he />t$ ) ! idea t  

! :ole pa? ( a mat]ial p>ticle betwe5   
any limits ( "t mu/  a*ieve "s p]fection
 wor?y ( ! provid5ce ( ,god4 ,!re are   
two  po9ts ( int]e/ 9 ?is motive        
pr9ciple4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x  illu/rates
 ! !sis :i* ,i 0 urg+ 9 my fir/ lecture 
t !  way 9 :i* ! m$ieval *ur* _h        
impress$ on ,europe ! notion (  !       
detail$ provid5ce ( a rational p]sonal  
,god 0 "o ( !  factors by :i* ! tru/ 9 !
 ord] ( nature _h be5 g5]at$4 ,9  !     
second place1 ?\gh we are n[ all conv9c$
 t su* modes (  ?\ght are ( no direct   
use 9 detail$ sci5tific enquiry1        
,maup]tuis'  success 9 ?is p>ticul> case
 %[s t almo/ any idea :i* jogs  y out ( 
y\r curr5t ab/ractions may be bett] ?an 
no?+4 ,9 !  pres5t case :at ! idea 9 "q 
did = ,maup]tuis 0 to lead  him to      
enquire :at g5]al prop]ty ( ! pa? z a   
:ole c\ld be  d$uc$ f ,newton's laws (  
motion4 ,und\bt$ly ?is 0 a v  s5sible   
proc$ure :atev] "o's !ological notions4 
,also 8 g5]al  idea l$ him to conceive t
 ! prop]ty f\nd w\ld be a quantitative  

sum1 su* t any slight deviation f ! pa? 
w\ld increase x4 ,9  ?is supposition he 
0 g5]alis+ ,newton's fir/ law ( motion4 
,=  an isolat$ p>ticle takes ! %orte/   
r\te ) uni=m velocity4 ,s  ,maup]tuis   
conjectur$ t a p>ticle travell+ ?r\gh a 
field (  =ce w\ld realise ! lea/        
possible am\nt ( "s quantity4 ,he       
discov]$ su* a quantity & call$ x !     
integral action betwe5 !  "t limits     
consid]$4 ,9 mod]n phraseology x is !   
sum ?r\gh  successive small lapses ( "t 
( ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! k9etic  & pot5tial
 en]gies ( ! p>ticle at ea* successive  
in/ant4 ,?is  action1 !re=e1 has to d ) 
! int]*ange betwe5 ! en]gy  aris+ f     
motion & ! en]gy aris+ f position4      
,maup]tuis _h  discov]$ ! fam\s !orem ( 
lea/ action4 ,maup]tuis 0 n q  ( ! fir/ 
rank 9 comp>ison ) su* a man z          
,lagrange4 ,9 8  h&s & 9 ^? ( 8 imm$iate
 successors1 8 pr9ciple did n  assume   
any dom9at+ importance4 ,lagrange put ! 
same "q on a  wid] basis s z to make its
 answ] relevant to actual proc$ure 9 !  

developm5t ( dynamics4 ,8 ,pr9ciple (   
,virtual ,"w z appli$ to  sy/ems 9      
motion is 9 effect ,maup]tuis' pr9ciple 
conceiv$ z  apply+ at ea* in/ant ( ! pa?
 ( ! sy/em4 ,b ,lagrange saw  fur!r ?an 
,maup]tuis4 ,he grasp$ t he _h ga9$ a   
me?od (  /at+ dynamical tru?s 9 a way   
:i* is p]fectly indiff]5t to !  p>ticul>
 me?ods ( measurem5t employ$ 9 fix+ !   
positions (  ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! sy/em4    
,accord+ly1 he w5t on to d$uce          
equations ( motion :i* are equally      
applicable :atev] quantitative          
measurem5ts h be5 made1 provid$ t !y are
 adequate to fix  positions4 ,! beauty &
 almo/ div9e simplicity ( ^! equations  
is  su* t ^! =mulae are wor?y to rank ) 
^? my/]i\s  symbols :i* 9 anci5t times 7
 held directly to indicate !  ,supreme  
,reason at ! base ( all ?+s4 ,lat]      
,h]z--inv5tor (  electromagnetic        
waves--bas$ me*anics on ! idea ( e      
p>ticle  trav]s+ ! %orte/ pa? op5 to x  
"u ! circum/ances  con/ra9+ its motion2 
& f9ally ,e9/e91 by ! use ( !           

geometrical !ories ( ,gauss & ,riemann1 
%[$ t ^!  circum/ances c\ld be con/ru$ z
 be+ inh]5t 9 ! "* (  space-"t itself4  
,su*1 9 b>e/ outl9e1 is ! /ory (        
dynamics  f ,galileo to ,e9/e94         
,mean:ile ,galvani & ,volta liv$ & made 
_! electric discov]ies2  & ! biological 
sci5ces sl[ly ga!r$ _! mat]ial1 b /ill  
wait$ = dom9at+ ideas4 ,psy*ology1 also1
 0 beg9n+ to  dis5gage itself f its     
dep5d5ce on g5]al philosophy4 ,?is      
indep5d5t gr[? ( psy*ology 0 ! ultimate 
result ( its  invocation by ,john ,locke
 z a critic ( metaphysical lic5ce4 ,all 
!  sci5ces deal+ ) life 7 /ill 9 an     
elem5t>y obs]vational  /age1 9 :i*      
classification & direct description 7   
dom9ant4 ,s  f> ! s*eme ( ab/ractions 0 
adequate to ! occasion4    ,9 ! realm ( 
practice1 ! age :i* produc$ enlight5$   
rul]s1  su* z ! ,emp]or ,joseph ( !     
,h\se ( ,hapsburg1 ,fr$]ick !  ,great1  
,walpole1 ! great ,"l ,*a?am1 ,george   
,wa%+ton1 _c be  said to h fail$4       
,especially :5 to ^! rul]s1 x adds !    

inv5tion ( p>liam5t>y cab9et gov]nm5t 9 
,engl&1 ( f$]al  presid5tial gov]nm5t 9 
! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ( ! humanit>ian      
pr9ciples ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution4 ,also 9
 te*nology x produc$ !  /eam-eng9e1 &   
!reby u%]$ 9 a new era ( civilisation4  
,und\bt$ly1 z a practical age ! eighte5?
 c5tury 0 a success4 ,if  y _h ask$ "o (
 ! wise/ & mo/ typical ( its ance/ors1  
:o  j saw its comm5cem5t1 ,i mean ,john 
,locke1 :at he expect$ f x1  he w\ld    
h>dly h pit*$ 8 hopes high] ?an its     
actual  a*ievem5ts4    ,9 develop+ a    
criticism ( ! sci5tific s*eme ( !       
eighte5?  c5tury1 ,i mu/ fir/ give my   
ma9 reason = ignor+ n9ete5?  c5tury     
idealism--,i am speak+ ( ! philosophic  
idealism :i* f9ds  ! ultimate mean+ (   
reality 9 m5tality t is fully cognitive4
  ,?is ideali/ic s*ool1 z hi!rto        
develop$1 has be5 too mu*  divorc$ f !  
sci5tific outlook4 ,x has swall[$ !     
sci5tific  s*eme 9 its entirety z be+ ! 
only r5d]+ ( ! facts (  nature1 & has !n
 expla9$ x z be+ an idea 9 ! ultimate   

m5tality4 ,9 ! case ( absolute idealism1
 ! _w ( nature is j  "o ( ! ideas1      
someh[ diff]5tiat+ ! unity ( !          
,absolute3 9  ! case ( plurali/ic       
idealism involv+ monadic m5talities1 ?is
  _w is ! greate/ common measure ( !    
v>i\s ideas :i*  diff]5tiate ! v>i\s    
m5tal unities ( ! v>i\s monads4 ,b1     
h[ev] y take x1 ^! ideali/ic s*ools h   
conspicu\sly fail$  to connect1 9 any   
organic fa%ion1 ! fact ( nature ) _!    
ideali/ic philosophies4 ,s f> z conc]ns 
:at w be said 9 ^!  lectures1 y\r       
ultimate outlook may be reali/ic or     
ideali/ic4 ,my po9t  is t a fur!r /age (
 provisional realism is requir$ 9 :i* ! 
sci5tific s*eme is reca/1 & f\nd$ ^u !  
ultimate concept (  organism4    ,9     
outl9e1 my proc$ure is to />t f !       
analysis ( ! /atus (  space & ( "t1 or 9
 mod]n phraseology1 ! /atus ( space-"t4 
,!re are two *>act]s ( ei!r4 ,?+s are   
sep>at$ by space1 &  are sep>at$ by "t3 
b !y are also toge!r 9 space1 & toge!r  
9 "t1 ev5 if !y be n contemporane\s4 ,i 

w call ^!  *>act]s ! #8sep>ative' & !   
#8preh5sive' *>act]s (  space-"t4 ,!re  
is yet a ?ird "* ( space-"t4 ,ev]y?+    
:i* is 9 space receives a def9ite       
limitation ( "s sort1 s t  9 a s5se x   
has j t %ape :i* x does h & no o!r1 also
  9 "s s5se x is j 9 ?is place & 9 no   
o!r4 ,analog\sly =  "t1 a ?+ endures    
dur+ a c]ta9 p]iod1 & ?r\gh no o!r      
p]iod4 ,i w call ?is ! #8modal' "* (    
space-"t4 ,x is  evid5t t ! modal "*    
tak5 by itself gives rise to ! idea  (  
simple location4 ,b x mu/ be conjo9$ ) !
 sep>ative &  preh5sive *>act]s4    ,=  
simplicity ( ?\ght1 ,i w fir/ speak (   
space only1 & w  aft]w>ds ext5d ! same  
treatm5t to "t4    ,! volume is ! mo/   
concrete elem5t ( space4 ,b ! sep>ative 
"* ( space1 analyses a volume into      
sub-volumes1 & s on  indef9itely4       
,accord+ly1 tak+ ! sep>ative "* 9       
isolation1  we %\ld inf] t a volume is a
 m]e multiplicity ( non-volum9\s        
elem5ts1 ( po9ts 9 fact4 ,b x is ! unity
 ( volume :i* is !  ultimate fact (     

exp]i5ce1 = example1 ! volum9\s space ( 
?is  hall4 ,?is hall z a m]e            
multiplicity ( po9ts is a con/ruction ( 
! logical imag9ation4    ,accord+ly1 !  
prime fact is ! preh5sive unity (       
volume1 & ?is  unity is mitigat$ or     
limit$ by ! sep>at$ unities ( !         
innum]able conta9$ p>ts4 ,we h a        
preh5sive unity1 :i* is yet  held ap>t z
 an aggregate ( conta9$ p>ts4 ,b !      
preh5sive unity  ( ! volume is n ! unity
 ( a m]e logical aggregate ( p>ts4 ,!   
p>ts =m an ord]$ aggregate1 9 ! s5se t  
ea* "p is  some?+ f ! /&po9t ( e o!r "p1
 & also f !  same /&po9t e o!r "p is    
some?+ 9 relation to x4 ,?us if  ,a & ,b
 & ,c are volumes ( space1 ,b has an    
aspect f ! /&po9t  ( ,a1 & s has ,c1 & s
 has ! relation%ip ( ,b & ,c4 ,?is      
aspect  ( ,b f ,a is ( ! ess5ce ( ,a4 ,!
 volumes ( space h no  indep5d5t        
exi/5ce4 ,!y are only entities z )9 !   
totality2  y _c extract !m f _!         
environm5t )\t de/ruction (  _! v       
ess5ce4 ,accord+ly1 ,i w say t ! aspect 

( ,b f ,a  is ! mode 9 :i* ,b ent]s into
 ! composition ( ,a4 ,?is is !  modal "*
 ( space1 t ! preh5sive unity ( ,a is ! 
preh5sion into unity ( ! aspects ( all  
o!r volumes f !  /&po9t ( ,a4 ,! %ape ( 
a volume is ! =mula f :i* !  totality ( 
its aspects c be d]iv$4 ,?us ! %ape ( a 
volume is  m ab/ract ?an its aspects4 ,x
 is evid5t t ,i c use ,leibniz's        
language1 & say t e volume mirrors 9    
itself e o!r volume  9 space4           
,exactly analog\s consid]ations hold )  
respect to durations 9 "t4  ,an in/ant (
 "t1 )\t duration1 is an imag9ative     
logical  con/ruction4 ,also ea* duration
 ( "t mirrors 9 itself all temporal     
durations4    ,b 9 two ways ,i h        
introduc$ a false simplicity4 ,9 ! fir/ 
place1 ,i %\ld h conjo9$ space & "t1 &  
conduct$ my  explanation 9 respect to   
f\r-dim5sional regions ( space-"t4 ,i h 
no?+ to add 9 ! way ( explanation4 ,9   
y\r m9ds1 sub/itute su*  f\r-dim5sional 
regions = ! spatial volumes ( ! previ\s 
explanations4    ,secondly1 my          

explanation has involv$ itself 9 a      
vici\s circle4 ,= ,i  h made ! preh5sive
 unity ( ! region ,a to consi/ ( !      
preh5sive unification ( ! modal pres5ces
 9 ,a ( o!r regions4  ,?is difficulty   
arises because space-"t _c 9 reality be 
consid]$ z a self-subsi/5t entity4 ,x is
 an ab/raction1 & its  explanation      
requires ref]5ce to t f :i* x has be5   
extract$4  ,space-"t is ! specification 
( c]ta9 g5]al *>act]s ( ev5ts  & ( _!   
mutual ord]+4 ,?is recurr5ce to concrete
 fact br+s me  back to ! eighte5?       
c5tury1 & inde$ to ,francis ,bacon 9 !  
sev5te5? c5tury4 ,we h to consid] !     
developm5t 9 ^?  epo*s1 ( ! criticism ( 
! reign+ sci5tific s*eme4    ,no epo* is
 homog5e\s2 :atev] y may h assign$ z !  
dom9ant  note ( a consid]able p]iod1 x w
 always be possible to produce  m51 &   
great m51 belong+ to ! same "t1 :o      
exhibit !mselves  z antagoni/ic to !    
tone ( _! age4 ,?is is c]ta9ly ! case  )
 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,= example1 ! names 
( ,john ,wesley &  ( ,r\sseau mu/ h     

occurr$ to y :ile ,i 0 draw+ ! "*  ( t  
"t4 ,b ,i d n want to speak ( !m1 or (  
o!rs4 ,! man1  ^: ideas ,i mu/ consid]  
at "s l5g?1 is ,bi%op ,b]keley4 ,q at  !
 comm5cem5t ( ! epo*1 he made all ! "r  
criticisms1 at  lea/ 9 pr9ciple4 ,x w\ld
 be untrue to say t he produc$ no       
effect4 ,he 0 a fam\s man4 ,! wife (    
,george ,,ii 0 "o ( ! few  que5s :o1 9  
any c\ntry1 h be5 clev] en\gh1 & wise   
en\gh1 to  patronise le>n+ judici\sly2  
accord+ly1 ,b]keley 0 made a bi%op1  9  
days :5 bi%ops 9 ,great ,brita9 7       
relatively f> great] m5  ?an !y are n[4 
,also1 :at 0 m important ?an 8 bi%opric1
  ,hume /udi$ him1 & develop$ "o side ( 
8 philosophy 9 a way  :i* might h       
di/urb$ ! gho/ ( ! great ecclesia/ic4   
,!n  ,kant /udi$ ,hume4 ,s1 to say t    
,b]keley 0 un9flu5tial dur+ !  c5tury1  
w\ld c]ta9ly be absurd4 ,b all ! same1  
he fail$ to  affect ! ma9 /ream (       
sci5tific ?\ght4 ,x fl[$ on z if he _h  
nev] writt54 ,its g5]al success made x  
imp]vi\s to criticism1 !n  & s9ce4 ,! _w

 ( sci5ce has always rema9$ p]fectly    
satisfi$  ) its peculi> ab/ractions4 ,!y
 "w1 & t is suffici5t =  x4    ,! po9t  
be=e u is t ?is sci5tific field ( ?\ght 
is n[1 9  ! tw5tie? c5tury1 too n>r[ = !
 concrete facts :i* are  be=e x =       
analysis4 ,?is is true ev5 9 physics1 & 
is m  especially urg5t 9 ! biological   
sci5ces4 ,?us1 9 ord] to  und]/& !      
difficulties ( mod]n sci5tific ?\ght &  
also its  reactions on ! mod]n _w1 we   
%\ld h 9 our m9ds "s  conception ( a    
wid] field ( ab/raction1 a m concrete   
analysis1  :i* %all /& ne>] to !        
complete concret5ess ( our intuitive    
exp]i5ce4 ,su* an analysis %\ld f9d 9   
itself a ni*e = !  concepts ( matt] &   
_s1 z ab/ractions 9 t]ms ( :i* mu* (    
our physical exp]i5ce c be int]pret$4 ,x
 is 9 ! se>* = ?is  wid] basis =        
sci5tific ?\ght t ,b]keley is s         
important4 ,he  laun*$ 8 criticism      
%ortly aft] ! s*ools ( ,newton & ,locke 
_h  complet$ _! "w1 & laid 8 f+] exactly
 on ! weak spots  :i* !y _h left4 ,i d n

 propose to consid] ei!r ! subjective   
idealism :i* has be5 d]iv$ f him1 or !  
s*ools ( developm5t  :i* trace _! desc5t
 f ,hume & ,kant respectively4 ,my po9t 
w  be t--:atev] ! f9al metaphysics y may
 adopt--!re is ano!r  l9e ( developm5t  
emb$d$ 9 ,b]keley1 po9t+ to ! analysis  
:i*  we are 9 se>* (4 ,b]keley ov]look$ 
x1 p>tly by reason ( !                  
ov]-intellectualism ( philosoph]s1 &    
p>tly by 8 ha/e to h  rec\rse to an     
idealism ) its objectivity gr\nd$ 9 !   
m9d (  ,god4 ,y w rememb] t ,i h already
 /at$ t ! key ( !  problem lies 9 !     
notion ( simple location4 ,b]keley1 9   
effect1  criticises ?is notion4 ,he also
 raises ! "q1 ,:at d we mean by  ?+s be+
 realis$ 9 ! _w ( nature8    ,9         
,sections #bc & #bd ( 8 ,pr9ciples (    
,human ,k1 ,b]keley  gives 8 answ] to   
?is latt] "q4 ,i w quote "s deta*$      
s5t5ces f ^? ,sections3    8#bc4 ,b1 say
 y1 surely !re is no?+ easi] ?an = me to
 imag9e  trees1 = in/ance1 9 a p>k1 or  
books exi/+ 9 a closet1 &  nobody by to 

p]ceive !m4 ,i answ]1 y may s1 !re is no
 difficulty  9 x2 b :at is all ?is1 ,i  
besee* y1 m ?an fram+ 9 y\r  m9d c]ta9  
ideas :i* y call books & trees1 & at !  
same "t  omitt+ to frame ! idea ( any "o
 t may p]ceive !m84440    8,:5 we d our 
utmo/ to conceive ! exi/5ce ( ext]nal   
bodies1 we  are all ! :ile only         
contemplat+ our own ideas4 ,b ! m9d tak+
  no notice ( itself1 is delud$ to ?9k x
 c & does conceive  bodies exi/+ un?\ght
 ( or )\t ! m9d1 ?\gh at ! same  "t !y  
are appreh5d$ by or exi/ 9 itself44440  
8#bd4 ,x is v obvi\s1 ^u ! lea/ inquiry 
into our ?\ghts1 to  "k :e!r x be       
possible = u to und]/& :at is meant by !
  absolute exi/5ce ( s5sible objects 9  
!mselves1 or )\t !  m9d4 ,to me x is    
evid5t ^? words m>k out ei!r a direct   
contradiction1 or else no?+ at all44440 
,aga9 !re is a v rem>kable passage 9    
,section #aj1 ( ! f\r?  ,dialogue (     
,b]keley's ,alciphron4 ,i h already     
quot$ x1 at great]  l5g?1 9 my          
,pr9ciples ( ,natural ,k3               

8,euphranor4 ,tell me1 ,alciphron1 c y  
disc]n ! doors1 w9d[ &  battlem5ts ( t  
same ca/le8    ,alciphron4 ,i _c4 ,at   
?is di/ance x seems only a small r\nd   
t[]4    ,euph4 ,b ,i1 :o h be5 at x1 "k 
t x is no small r\nd  t[]1 b a l>ge     
squ>e build+ ) battlem5ts & turrets1 :i*
  x seems y d n see4    ,alc4 ,:at w y  
inf] f !nce8    ,euph4 ,i w\ld inf] t ! 
v object :i* y /rictly &  prop]ly       
p]ceive by sight is n t ?+ :i* is sev]al
 miles  di/ant4    ,alc4 ,:y s8         
,euph4 ,because a little r\nd object is 
"o ?+1 & a great squ>e  object is ano!r4
 ,is x n s84440    ,"s analog\s examples
 conc]n+ a planet & a cl\d are !n cit$  
9 ! dialogue1 & ?is passage f9ally      
concludes )3    8,euphranor4 ,is x n    
pla91 !re=e1 t nei!r ! ca/le1 !  planet1
 nor ! cl\d1 :i* y see "h1 are ^? real  
ones :i*  y suppose exi/ at a di/ance80 
,x is made explicit 9 ! fir/ passage1   
already quot$1 t ,b]keley  himself      
adopts an extreme ideali/ic             
int]pretation4 ,= him m9d is !  only    

absolute reality1 & ! unity ( nature is 
! unity ( ideas 9  ! m9d ( ,god4        
,p]sonally1 ,i ?9k t ,b]keley's solution
 ( !  metaphysical problem raises       
difficulties n less ?an ^? :i* he  po9ts
 out z aris+ f a reali/ic int]pretation 
( ! sci5tific  s*eme4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1   
ano!r possible l9e ( ?\ght1 :i*  enables
 u to adopt anyh[ an attitude (         
provisional realism1 & to  wid5 !       
sci5tific s*eme 9 a way :i* is useful = 
sci5ce itself4    ,i recur to ! passage 
f ,francis ,bacon's ,natural ,hi/ory1   
already  quot$ 9 ! previ\s lecture3     
8,x is c]ta9 t all bodies :atsoev]1 ?\gh
 !y h no s5se1  yet !y h p]ception3 444 
& :e!r ! body be alt]ant or  alt]$1     
ev]more a p]ception prec$e? op]ation2 = 
else all bodies  w\ld be alike "o to    
ano!r44440    ,also 9 ! previ\s lecture 
,i con/ru$ p]ception 7z us$ by ,bacon7  
z mean+ tak+ acc\nt ( ! ess5tial "* ( ! 
?+  p]ceiv$1 & ,i con/ru$ s5se z mean+  
cognition4 ,we c]ta9ly  d take acc\nt ( 
?+s ( :i* at ! "t we h no explicit      

cognition4 ,we c ev5 h a cognitive      
memory ( ! tak+ acc\nt1  )\t hav+ _h a  
contemporane\s cognition4 ,also1 z      
,bacon po9ts  out by 8 /atem5t1 8444 =  
else all bodies w\ld be alike "o to     
ano!r10 x is evid5tly "s elem5t ( !     
ess5tial "* :i*  we take acc\nt (1      
namely some?+ on :i* div]sity is f\nd$ &
  n m]e b>e logical div]sity4    ,! ^w  
#8p]ceive' is1 9 our common usage1 %ot  
?r\gh & ?r\gh  ) ! notion ( cognitive   
appreh5sion4 ,s is ! ^w  #8appreh5sion'1
 ev5 ) ! adjective cognitive omitt$4 ,i 
w  use ! ^w #8preh5sion' = uncognitive  
appreh5sion3 by ?is ,i  mean appreh5sion
 :i* may or or may n be cognitive4 ,n[  
take  ,euphranor's la/ rem>k3    8,is x 
n pla91 !re=e1 t nei!r ! ca/le1 !       
planet1 nor  ! cl\d1 :i* y see "h1 are  
^? real ones :i* y suppose  exi/ at     
di/ance80 ,accord+ly1 !re is a          
preh5sion1 "h 9 ?is  place1 ( ?+s :i* h 
a ref]5ce to o!r places4    ,n[ g back  
to ,b]keley's s5t5ces1 quot$ f 8        
,pr9ciples (  ,human ,k4 ,he cont5ds t  

:at con/itutes ! realisation (  natural 
entities is ! be+ p]ceiv$ )9 ! unity (  
m9d4    ,we c sub/itute ! concept1 t !  
realisation is a ga!r+ (  ?+s into !    
unity ( a preh5sion2 & t :at is !reby   
realis$  is ! preh5sion1 & n ! ?+s4 ,?is
 unity ( a preh5sion  def9es itself z a 
"h & a n[1 & ! ?+s s ga!r$ into  !      
grasp$ unity h ess5tial ref]5ce to o!r  
places & o!r  times4 ,= ,b]keley's m9d1 
,i sub/itute a process ( preh5sive      
unification4 ,9 ord] to make            
intelligible ?is concept ( !            
progressive realisation ( natural       
occurr5ces1 consid]able expansion  is   
requir$1 & confrontation ) its actual   
implications 9 t]ms (  concrete         
exp]i5ce4 ,?is w be ! task ( ! subsequ5t
 lectures4  ,9 ! fir/ place1 note t !   
idea ( simple location has gone4 ,!  ?+s
 :i* are grasp$ into a realis$ unity1 "h
 & n[1 are n  ! ca/le1 ! cl\d1 & !      
planet simply 9 !mselves2 b !y are  !   
ca/le1 ! cl\d1 & ! planet f ! /&po9t1 9 
space &  "t1 ( ! preh5sive unification4 

,9 o!r words1 x is !  p]spective ( !    
ca/le ov] !re f ! /&po9t ( !            
unification "h4 ,x is1 !re=e1 aspects ( 
! ca/le1 ! cl\d1  & ! planet :i* are    
grasp$ into unity "h4 ,y w rememb] t  ! 
idea ( p]spectives is q famili> 9       
philosophy4 ,x 0  introduc$ by ,leibniz1
 9 ! notion ( 8 monads mirror+          
p]spectives ( ! univ]se4 ,i am us+ !    
same notion1 only ,i am  ton+ d[n 8     
monads into ! unifi$ ev5ts 9 space & "t4
 ,9  "s ways1 !re is a great] analogy ) 
,sp9oza's modes2 t is :y  ,i use ! t]ms 
#8mode' & #8modal4' ,9 ! analogy )      
,sp9oza1 8  "o sub/ance is = me ! "o    
und]ly+ activity ( realisation          
individualis+ itself 9 an int]lock$     
plurality ( modes4 ,?us1  concrete fact 
is process4 ,its prim>y analysis is into
 und]ly+  activity ( preh5sion1 & into  
realis$ preh5sive ev5ts4 ,ea* ev5t  is  
an individual matt] ( fact issu+ f an   
individualisation ( !  sub/rate         
activity4 ,b individualisation does n   
mean sub/antial  indep5d5ce4    ,an     

entity ( :i* we become aw>e 9 s5se      
p]ception is ! t]m9us  ( our act (      
p]ception4 ,i w call su* an entity1 a   
#8s5se-object'4 ,= example1 gre5 ( a    
def9ite %ade is a  s5se-object2 s is a  
s\nd ( def9ite quality & pit*2 & s is a 
def9ite sc5t2 & a def9ite quality ( t\*4
 ,! way 9 :i* su*  an entity is relat$  
to space dur+ a def9ite lapse ( "t is   
complex4 ,i w say t a s5se-object has   
#8+ression' into  space-"t4 ,! cognitive
 p]ception ( a s5se-object is ! aw>5ess 
( ! preh5sive unification 7into a /&po9t
 ,a7 ( v>i\s modes (  v>i\s             
s5se-objects1 includ+ ! s5se-object 9   
"q4 ,!  /&po9t ,a is1 ( c\rse1 a region 
( space-"t2 t is to say1 x  is a volume 
( space ?r\gh a duration ( "t4 ,b z "o  
entity1 ?is  /&po9t is a unit ( realis$ 
exp]i5ce4 ,a mode ( a s5se-object at  ,a
 7z ab/ract$ f ! s5se-object ^:         
relation%ip to ,a ! mode  is condition+7
 is ! aspect f ,a ( "s o!r region ,b4   
,?us !  s5se-object is pres5t 9 ,a ) !  
mode ( location 9 ,b4 ,?us if  gre5 be !

 s5se-object 9 "q1 gre5 is n simply at  
,a :]e x  is be+ p]ceiv$1 nor is x      
simply at ,b :]e x is p]ceiv$ z  locat$2
 b x is pres5t at ,a ) ! mode ( location
 9 ,b4 ,!re is  no p>ticul> my/]y ab\t  
?is4 ,y h only got to look into a       
mirror & to see ! image 9 x ( "s gre5   
leaves beh9d y\r back4  ,= y at ,a !re w
 be gre52 b n gre5 simply at ,a :]e y   
are4 ,! gre5 at ,a w be gre5 ) ! mode ( 
hav+ location at  ! image ( ! leaf beh9d
 ! mirror4 ,!n turn r\nd & look at !    
leaf4 ,y are n[ p]ceiv+ ! gre5 9 ! same 
way z y did  be=e1 except t n[ ! gre5   
has ! mode ( be+ locat$ 9 !  actual     
leaf4 ,i am m]ely describ+ :at we d     
p]ceive3 we are aw>e (  gre5 z be+ "o   
elem5t 9 a preh5sive unification (      
s5se-objects2  ea* s5se-object1 & among 
!m gre51 hav+ its p>ticul> mode1  :i* is
 expressible z location else:]e4 ,!re   
are v>i\s types (  modal location4 ,=   
example1 s\nd is volum9\s3 x fills a    
hall1 &  s sometimes does diffus$ col\r4
 ,b ! modal location ( a col\r  may be t

 ( be+ ! remote b\nd>y ( a volume1 z =  
example !  col\rs on ! walls ( a room4  
,?us prim>ily space-"t is ! locus  ( !  
modal +ression ( s5se-objects4 ,?is is !
 reason :y space  & "t 7if = simplicity 
we disjo9 !m7 are giv5 9 _!  entireties4
 ,= ea* volume ( space1 or ea* lapse (  
"t1 includes 9  its ess5ce aspects ( all
 volumes ( space1 or ( all lapses ( "t4 
,! difficulties ( philosophy 9 respect  
to space & "t are f\nd$  on ! error (   
consid]+ !m z prim>ily ! loci ( simple  
locations4 ,p]ception is simply !       
cognition ( preh5sive unification2  or m
 %ortly1 p]ception is cognition (       
preh5sion4 ,! actual _w  is a manifold (
 preh5sions2 & a #8preh5sion' is a      
#8preh5sive  occasion'2 & a preh5sive   
occasion is ! mo/ concrete f9ite entity1
  conceiv$ z :at x is 9 itself & =      
itself1 & n z f its  aspect 9 ! ess5ce (
 ano!r su* occasion4 ,preh5sive         
unification  might be said to h simple  
location 9 its volume ,a4 ,b ?is w\ld be
  a m]e tautology4 ,= space & "t are    

simply ab/ractions f !  totality (      
preh5sive unifications z mutually       
patt]n$ 9 ea* o!r4  ,?us a preh5sion has
 simple location at ! volume ,a 9 ! same
 way z  t 9 :i* a man's face fits on to 
! smile :i* spreads ov] x4  ,!re is1 s  
f> z we h gone1 m s5se 9 say+ t an act (
  p]ception has simple location2 = x may
 be conceiv$ z be+ simply  at ! cognis$ 
preh5sion4    ,!re are m entities       
involv$ 9 nature ?an ! m]e s5se-objects1
  s f> consid]$4 ,b1 all[+ = ! necessity
 ( revision  consequ5t on a m complete  
po9t ( view1 we c frame our answ] to    
,b]keley's "q z to ! "* ( ! reality to  
be assign$ to  nature4 ,he /ates x to be
 ! reality ( ideas 9 m9d4 ,a complete   
metaphysic :i* has atta9$ to "s notion (
 m9d1 & to "s notion  ( ideas1 may      
p]haps ultimately adopt t view4 ,x is   
unnecess>y =  ! purpose ( ^! lectures to
 ask su* a fundam5tal "q4 ,we c  be     
cont5t ) a provisional realism 9 :i*    
nature is conceiv$ z a  complex (       
preh5sive unifications4 ,space & "t     

exhibit ! g5]al  s*eme ( int]lock$      
relations ( ^! preh5sions4 ,y _c te>    
any "o ( !m out ( its context4 ,yet ea* 
"o ( !m )9 its  context has all !       
reality t atta*es to ! :ole complex4    
,conv]sely1 ! totality has ! same       
reality z ea* preh5sion2 =  ea*         
preh5sion unifies ! modalities to be    
ascrib$1 f its  /&po9t1 to e "p ( !     
:ole4 ,a preh5sion is a process (       
unify+4 ,accord+ly1 nature is a process 
( expansive developm5t1  necess>ily     
transitional f preh5sion to preh5sion4  
,:at is a*iev$  is !reby pass$ beyond1 b
 x is also reta9$ z hav+ aspects (      
itself pres5t to preh5sions :i* lie     
beyond x4    ,?us nature is a /ructure (
 evolv+ processes4 ,! reality is !      
process4 ,x is nons5se to ask if ! col\r
 r$ is real4 ,! col\r r$  is +r$i5t 9 ! 
process ( realisation4 ,! realities (   
nature are  ! preh5sions 9 nature1 t is 
to say1 ! ev5ts 9 nature4    ,n[ t we h 
cle>$ space & "t f ! ta9t ( simple      
location1 we may p>tially ab&on ! awkw>d

 t]m preh5sion4 ,?is  t]m 0 introduc$ to
 signify ! ess5tial unity ( an ev5t1    
namely1  ! ev5t z "o entity1 & n z a m]e
 assemblage ( p>ts or (  +r$i5ts4 ,x is 
necess>y to und]/& t space-"t is no?+   
else ?an a sy/em ( pull+ toge!r (       
assemblages into unities4 ,b  ! ^w ev5t 
j means "o ( ^! spatio-temporal unities4
  ,accord+ly1 x may be us$ in/ead ( !   
t]m #8preh5sion' z mean+  ! ?+ preh5d$4 
,an ev5t has contempor>ies4 ,?is means t
 an ev5t mirrors )9  itself ! modes (   
its contempor>ies z a display ( imm$iate
  a*ievem5t4 ,an ev5t has a pa/4 ,?is   
means t an ev5t mirrors  )9 itself !    
modes ( its pr$ecessors1 z memories :i* 
are fus$  into its own cont5t4 ,an ev5t 
has a future4 ,?is means t an ev5t      
mirrors )9 itself su* aspects z ! future
 ?r[s back onto !  pres5t1 or1 9 o!r    
words1 z ! pres5t has det]m9$ conc]n+  !
 future4 ,?us an ev5t has anticipation3 
8,! prophetic s\l           ,( ! wide _w
 dream+ on ?+s to come40 cvii    ,^!    
conclusions are ess5tial = any =m (     

realism4 ,= !re is 9  ! _w = our        
cognisance1 memory ( ! pa/1 imm$iacy (  
realisation1 & indication ( ?+s to come4
    ,9 ?is sket* ( an analysis m        
concrete ?an t ( ! sci5tific  s*eme (   
?\ght1 ,i h />t$ f our own psy*ological 
field1 z  x /&s = our cognition4 ,i take
 x = :at x claims to be3 !  self-k ( our
 bodily ev5t4 ,i mean ! total ev5t1 & n 
!  inspection ( ! details ( ! body4 ,?is
 self-k discloses a  preh5sive          
unification ( modal pres5ces ( entities 
beyond itself4 ,i  g5]alise by ! use ( !
 pr9ciple t ?is total bodily ev5t is  on
 ! same level z all o!r ev5ts1 except = 
an unusual complexity  & /ability (     
inh]5t patt]n4 ,! /r5g? ( ! !ory (      
mat]iali/ic me*anism has be5 ! dem&1 t  
no arbitr>y breaks be  introduc$ into   
nature1 to eke out ! collapse ( an      
explanation4 ,i  accept ?is pr9ciple4 ,b
 if y />t f ! imm$iate facts ( our      
psy*ological exp]i5ce1 z surely an      
empirici/ %\ld beg91 y are  at once l$  
to ! organic conception ( nature ( :i* !

 description  has be5 comm5c$ 9 ?is     
lecture4    ,x is ! defect ( ! eighte5? 
c5tury sci5tific s*eme t x  provides    
none ( ! elem5ts :i* compose ! imm$iate 
psy*ological  exp]i5ces ( mank9d4 ,nor  
does x provide any elem5t>y trace ( !   
organic unity ( a :ole1 f :i* ! organic 
unities ( electrons1  protons1          
molecules1 & liv+ bodies c em]ge4       
,accord+ to t  s*eme1 !re is no reason 9
 ! nature ( ?+s :y portions (  mat]ial  
%\ld h any physical relations to ea*    
o!r4 ,let u grant  t we _c hope to be   
able to disc]n ! laws ( nature to be    
necess>y4 ,b we c hope to see t x is    
necess>y t !re %\ld  be an ord] (       
nature4 ,! concept ( ! ord] ( nature is 
b\nd up  ) ! concept ( nature z ! locus 
( organisms 9 process (  developm5t4    
,,note4 ,9 connection ) ! latt] portion 
( ?is *apt] a s5t5ce    f ,desc>tes'    
#8,reply to ,objections 444 aga9/ !     
,m$itations' is    int]e/+3--8,h5ce !   
idea ( ! sun w be ! sun itself    exi/+ 
9 ! m9d1 n inde$ =mally1 z x exi/s 9 !  

sky1    b objectively1 i4e41 9 ! way 9  
:i* objects are wont to exi/    9 ! m9d2
 & ?is mode ( be+ is truly mu* less     
p]fect ?an    t 9 :i* ?+s exi/ outside !
 m9d1 b x is n on t    acc\nt m]e no?+1 
z ,i h already said40 ,reply to         
,objections ,i1    ,translation by      
,haldane & ,ross1 vol4 ii1 p4 #aj4 ,i   
f9d difficulty 9    reconcil+ ?is !ory (
 ideas 7) :i* ,i agree7 ) o!r p>ts    ( 
! ,c>tesian philosophy4                 
,,*apt] ,v                              
,,! ,,romantic ,,reaction      ,my la/  
lecture describ$ ! influ5ce ^u !        
eighte5? c5tury (  ! n>r[ & effici5t    
s*eme ( sci5tific concepts :i* x _h     
inh]it$ f its pr$ecessor4 ,t s*eme 0 !  
product ( a  m5tality :i* f\nd !        
,augu/9ian !ology extremely cong5ial4 ,!
  ,prote/ant ,calv9ism & ! ,ca?olic     
,jans5ism exhibit$ man z  helpless to   
co-op]ate ) ,irresi/ible ,grace3 !      
contempor>y s*eme  ( sci5ce exhibit$ man
 z helpless to co-op]ate ) ! irresi/able
  me*anism ( nature4 ,! me*anism ( ,god 

& ! me*anism ( matt]  7 ! mon/r\s issues
 ( limit$ metaphysics & cle> logical    
intellect4 ,also ! sev5te5? c5tury _h   
g5ius1 & cle>$ !  _w ( muddl$ ?\ght4 ,! 
eighte5? c5tury cont9u$ ! "w (          
cle>ance1 ) ru?less effici5cy4 ,!       
sci5tific s*eme has la/$  long] ?an !   
!ological s*eme4 ,mank9d soon lo/ int]e/
 9  ,irresi/ible ,grace2 b x quickly    
appreciat$ ! compet5t eng9e]+  :i* 0 due
 to sci5ce4 ,also 9 ! fir/ qu>t] ( !    
eighte5?  c5tury1 ,george ,b]keley      
laun*$ 8 philosophical criticism aga9/  
! :ole basis ( ! sy/em4 ,he fail$ to    
di/urb ! dom9ant curr5t  ( ?\ght4 ,9 my 
la/ lecture ,i develop$ a p>allel l9e ( 
argum5t1  :i* w\ld lead to a sy/em (    
?\ght bas+ nature ^u ! concept  (       
organism1 & n ^u ! concept ( matt]4 ,9 !
 pres5t lecture1  ,i propose 9 ! fir/   
place to consid] h[ ! concrete educat$  
?\ght ( m5 has view$ ?is opposition (   
me*anism & organism4 ,x  is 9 lit]ature 
t ! concrete outlook ( humanity receives
 its  expression4 ,accord+ly x is to    

lit]ature t we mu/ look1  p>ticul>ly 9  
its m concrete =ms1 namely 9 poetry & 9 
drama1  if we hope to discov] ! inw>d   
?\ghts ( a g5]ation4    ,we quickly f9d 
t ! ,we/]n peoples exhibit on a colossal
 scale a  peculi>ity :i* is popul>ly    
suppos$ to be m especially  *>act]i/ic (
 ! ,*9ese4 ,surprise is (t5 express$ t a
  ,*9aman c be ( two religions1 a       
,confucian = "s occasions & a  ,buddhi/ 
= o!r occasions4 ,:e!r ?is is true (    
,*9a ,i d n  "k2 nor d ,i "k :e!r1 if   
true1 ^! two attitudes are really       
inconsi/5t4 ,b !re c be no d\bt t an    
analog\s fact is true  ( ! ,we/1 & t !  
two attitudes involv$ are inconsi/5t4 ,a
  sci5tific realism1 bas$ on me*anism1  
is conjo9$ ) an unwav]+  belief 9 ! _w (
 m5 & ( ! high] animals z be+ compos$  (
 self-det]m9+ organisms4 ,?is radical   
inconsi/5cy at ! basis  ( mod]n ?\ght   
acc\nts = mu* t is half-he>t$ & wav]+ 9 
our civilisation4 ,x w\ld be go+ too f> 
to say t x di/racts  ?\ght4 ,x enfeebles
 x1 by reason ( ! inconsi/5cy lurk+ 9 ! 

backgr\nd4 ,aft] all1 ! m5 ( ! ,middle  
,ages 7 9 pursuit ( an  excell5cy ( :i* 
we h ne>ly =gott5 ! exi/5ce4 ,!y set    
be=e !mselves ! ideal ( ! atta9m5t ( a  
h>mony ( !  und]/&+4 ,we are cont5t )   
sup]ficial ord]+s f div]se  arbitr>y    
/>t+ po9ts4 ,= in/ance1 ! ent]prises    
produc$ by !  individuali/ic en]gy ( !  
,european peoples presupposes physical  
actions direct$ to f9al causes4 ,b !    
sci5ce :i* is employ$ 9  _! developm5t  
is bas$ on a philosophy :i* ass]ts t    
physical  causation is supreme1 & :i*   
disjo9s ! physical cause f !  f9al end4 
,x is n popul> to dwell on ! absolute   
contradiction "h  involv$4 ,x is ! fact1
 h[ev] y gloze x ov] ) phrases4 ,(      
c\rse1 we f9d 9 ! eighte5? c5tury       
,paley's fam\s argum5t1 t  me*anism     
presupposes a ,god :o is ! au?or (      
nature4 ,b ev5 be=e  ,paley put !       
argum5t into its f9al =m1 ,hume _h      
writt5 ! retort1  t ! ,god :om y w f9d w
 be ! sort ( ,god :o makes t  me*anism4 
,9 o!r words1 t me*anism c1 at mo/1     

presuppose a  me*anic1 & n m]ely a      
me*anic b its me*anic4 ,! only way  (   
mitigat+ me*anism is by ! discov]y t x  
is n me*anism4    ,:5 we leave          
apologetic !ology1 & come to ord9>y     
lit]ature1 we  f9d1 z we might expect1 t
 ! sci5tific outlook is 9 g5]al  simply 
ignor$4 ,s f> z ! mass ( lit]ature is   
conc]n$1 sci5ce  might nev] h be5 he>d  
(4 ,until rec5tly ne>ly all writ]s h    
be5 soak$ 9 classical & r5aissance      
lit]ature4 ,= ! mo/ "p1  nei!r          
philosophy nor sci5ce int]e/$ !m1 & _!  
m9ds 7  tra9$ to ignore x4    ,!re are  
exceptions to ?is sweep+ /atem5t2 &1 ev5
 if we conf9e  ourselves to ,engli%     
lit]ature1 !y conc]n "s ( ! greate/     
names2 also ! indirect influ5ce ( sci5ce
 has be5 consid]able4    ,a side light  
on ?is di/ract+ inconsi/5cy 9 mod]n     
?\ght is  obta9$ by exam9+ "s ( ^? great
 s]i\s poems 9 ,engli%  lit]ature1 ^:   
g5]al scale gives !m a didactic "*4 ,!  
relevant poems are ,milton's ,p>adise   
,lo/1 ,pope's ,essay on ,man1           

,wordswor?'s ,excursion1 ,t5nyson's ,9  
,memoriam4 ,milton1 ?\gh he is  writ+   
aft] ! ,re/oration1 voices ! !ological  
aspect ( !  e>li] portion ( 8 c5tury1   
unt\*$ by ! influ5ce ( !  sci5tific     
mat]ialism4 ,pope's poem repres5ts !    
effect on popul>  ?\ght ( ! int]v5+     
sixty ye>s :i* includes ! fir/ p]iod  ( 
assur$ triumph = ! sci5tific movem5t4   
,wordswor? 9 8 :ole  be+ expresses a    
consci\s reaction aga9/ ! m5tality ( !  
eighte5? c5tury4 ,?is m5tality means    
no?+ else ?an !  acceptance ( !         
sci5tific ideas at _! full face value4  
,wordswor?  0 n bo!r$ by any            
intellectual antagonism4 ,:at mov$ him 0
 a  moral repulsion4 ,he felt t some?+  
_h be5 left out1 & t :at  _h be5 left   
out compris$ ev]y?+ t 0 mo/ important4  
,t5nyson  is ! m\?piece ( ! attempts ( !
 wan+ romantic movem5t 9 !  second qu>t]
 ( ! n9ete5? c5tury to come to t]ms )   
sci5ce4  ,by ?is "t ! two elem5ts 9     
mod]n ?\ght _h disclos$ _!  fundam5tal  
div]g5ce by _! j>r+ int]pretations ( !  

c\rse (  nature & ! life ( man4 ,t5nyson
 /&s 9 ?is poem z ! p]fect  example ( ! 
di/raction :i* ,i h already m5tion$4    
,!re are  oppos+ visions ( ! _w1 & bo? (
 !m comm& 8 ass5t by  appeals to        
ultimate intuitions f :i* !re seems no  
escape4  ,t5nyson goes to ! he>t ( !    
difficulty4 ,x is ! problem (  me*anism 
:i* appalls him1                  8#8,! 
/>s1' %e :isp]s1 #8bl9dly run4'0    ,?is
 l9e /ates />kly ! :ole philosophic     
problem implicit 9 !  poem4 ,ea*        
molecule bl9dly runs4 ,! human body is a
 collection (  molecules4 ,!re=e1 !     
human body bl9dly runs1 & !re=e !re  c  
be no individual responsibility = !     
actions ( ! body4 ,if y  once accept t !
 molecule is def9itely det]m9$ to be :at
 x is1  indep5d5tly ( any det]m9ation by
 reason ( ! total organism (  ! body1 & 
if y fur!r admit t ! bl9d run is settl$ 
by !  g5]al me*anical laws1 !re c be no 
escape f ?is conclusion4  ,b m5tal      
exp]i5ces are d]ivative f ! actions ( ! 
body1  includ+ ( c\rse its int]nal      

behavi\r4 ,accord+ly1 ! sole  function (
 ! m9d is to h at lea/ "s ( its         
exp]i5ces settl$  = x1 & to add su* o!rs
 z may be op5 to x indep5d5tly ( !      
body's motions1 int]nal & ext]nal4      
,!re are !n two possible !ories z to !  
m9d4 ,y c ei!r d5y  t x c supply =      
itself any exp]i5ces o!r ?an ^? provid$ 
= x by ! body1 or y c admit !m4    ,if y
 refuse to admit ! additional exp]i5ces1
 !n all individual  moral responsibility
 is swept away4 ,if y d admit !m1 !n a  
human  be+ may be responsible = ! /ate (
 8 m9d ?\gh he has no  responsibility = 
! actions ( 8 body4 ,! enfeeblem5t (    
?\ght  9 ! mod]n _w is illu/rat$ by !   
way 9 :i* ?is pla9 issue  is avoid$ 9   
,t5nyson's poem4 ,!re is some?+ kept 9 !
  backgr\nd1 a skeleton 9 ! cupbo>d4 ,he
 t\*es on almo/ e  religi\s & sci5tific 
problem1 b c>efully avoids m ?an a      
pass+ allusion to ?is "o4    ,?is v     
problem 0 9 full debate at ! date ( !   
poem4 ,john  ,/u>t ,mill 0 ma9ta9+ 8    
doctr9e ( det]m9ism4 ,9 ?is  doctr9e    

volitions are det]m9$ by motives1 &     
motives are  expressible 9 t]ms (       
antec$5t conditions includ+ /ates ( m9d 
z well z /ates ( ! body4    ,x is obvi\s
 t ?is doctr9e af=ds no escape f !      
dilemma  pres5t$ by a ?or\ghgo+         
me*anism4 ,= if ! volition affects !    
/ate ( ! body1 !n ! molecules 9 ! body d
 n bl9dly run4 ,if  ! volition does n   
affect ! /ate ( ! body1 ! m9d is /ill   
left 9 its uncom=table position4        
,mill's doctr9e is g5]ally accept$1     
especially among sci5ti/s1 z  ?\gh 9 "s 
way x all[$ y to accept ! extreme       
doctr9e (  mat]iali/ic me*anism1 & yet  
mitigat$ its unbelievable  consequ5ces4 
,x does no?+ ( ! sort4 ,ei!r ! bodily   
molecules  bl9dly run1 or !y d n4 ,if !y
 d bl9dly run1 ! m5tal /ates  are       
irrelevant 9 discuss+ ! bodily actions4 
,i h /at$ ! argum5ts concisely1 because 
9 tru? ! issue is a  v simple "o4       
,prolong$ discussion is m]ely a s\rce ( 
confusion4  ,! "q z to ! metaphysical   
/atus ( molecules does n come  94 ,!    

/atem5t t !y are m]e =mulae has no be>+ 
on !  argum5t4 ,= presumably ! =mulae   
mean some?+4 ,if !y mean  no?+1 ! :ole  
me*anical doctr9e is likewise )\t mean+1
 &  ! "q drops4 ,b if ! =mulae mean     
any?+1 ! argum5t  applies to exactly :at
 !y d mean4 ,! traditional way ( evad+ !
  difficulty--o!r ?an ! simple way (    
ignor+ x--is to h rec\rse  to "s =m (   
:at is n[ t]m$ #8vitalism4' ,?is doctr9e
 is really a  compromise4 ,x all[s a    
free run to me*anism ?r\gh\t ! :ole (   
inanimate nature1 & holds t ! me*anism  
is p>tially mitigat$  )9 liv+ bodies4 ,i
 feel t ?is !ory is an unsatisfactory   
compromise4 ,! gap betwe5 liv+ & dead   
matt] is too vague &  problematical to  
be> ! weight ( su* an arbitr>y          
assumption1 :i*  involves an ess5tial   
dualism some:]e4    ,! doctr9e :i* ,i am
 ma9ta9+ is t ! :ole concept (          
mat]ialism only applies to v ab/ract    
entities1 ! products (  logical         
disc]nm5t4 ,! concrete endur+ entities  
are organisms1 s  t ! plan ( ! :ole     

influ5ces ! v *>act]s ( !  v>i\s        
subord9ate organisms :i* ent] into x4 ,9
 ! case ( an  animal1 ! m5tal /ates ent]
 into ! plan ( ! total organism &  ?us  
modify ! plans ( ! successive subord9ate
 organisms until !  ultimate smalle/    
organisms1 su* z electrons1 are rea*$4  
,?us an  electron )9 a liv+ body is     
diff]5t f an electron outside x1  by    
reason ( ! plan ( ! body4 ,! electron   
bl9dly runs ei!r  )9 or )\t ! body2 b x 
runs )9 ! body 9 accordance  ) its "* )9
 ! body2 t is to say1 9 accordance )  ! 
g5]al plan ( ! body1 & ?is plan includes
 ! m5tal /ate4  ,b ?is pr9ciple (       
modification is p]fectly g5]al ?r\gh\t  
nature1 & repres5ts no prop]ty peculi>  
to liv+ bodies4 ,9  subsequ5t lectures x
 w be expla9$ t ?is doctr9e involves !  
ab&onm5t ( ! traditional sci5tific      
mat]ialism1 & !  sub/itution ( an       
alt]native doctr9e ( organism4    ,i    
%all n discuss ,mill's det]m9ism1 z x   
lies outside ! s*eme (  ^! lectures4 ,! 
=ego+ discussion has be5 direct$ to     

secure  t ei!r det]m9ism or free w %all 
h "s relevance1  unhamp]$ by !          
difficulties introduc$ by mat]iali/ic   
me*anism1 or  by ! compromise (         
vitalism4 ,i w\ld t]m ! doctr9e ( ^!    
lectures1 ! !ory ( organic me*anism4 ,9 
?is !ory1 !  molecules may bl9dly run 9 
accordance ) ! g5]al laws1 b !          
molecules diff] 9 _! intr9sic *>act]s   
accord+ to ! g5]al  organic plans ( !   
situations 9 :i* !y f9d !mselves4    ,! 
discrepancy betwe5 ! mat]iali/ic        
me*anism ( sci5ce & !  moral intuitions1
 :i* are presuppos$ 9 ! concrete affairs
 ( life1  only gradually assum$ its true
 importance z ! c5turies advanc$4  ,!   
diff]5t tones ( ! successive epo*s to   
:i* ! poems1 already  m5tion$1 belong   
are curi\sly reflect$ 9 _! op5+         
passages4  ,milton ends 8 introduction )
 ! pray]1                   8,t to !    
height ( ?is great argum5t              
,i may ass]t et]nal ,provid5ce1         
,& ju/ify ! ways ( ,god to m540    ,to  
judge f _m mod]n writ]s on ,milton1 we  

might imag9e t !  ,p>adise ,lo/ & !     
,p>adise ,rega9$ 7 writt5 z a s]ies (   
exp]im5ts 9 blank v]se4 ,?is 0 c]ta9ly n
 ,milton's view ( 8  "w4 ,to #8ju/ify ! 
ways ( ,god to m5' 0 v mu* 8 ma9 object4
  ,he recurs to ! same idea 9 ! ,samson 
,agoni/es1                           8,j
 are ! ways ( ,god                      
,& ju/ifiable to m520    ,we note !     
assur$ volume ( confid5ce1 untr\bl$ by !
 com+  sci5tific avalan*e4 ,! actual    
date ( ! publication ( !  ,p>adise ,lo/ 
lies j beyond ! epo* to :i* x belongs4  
,x is  ! swansong ( a pass+ _w (        
untr\bl$ c]titude4    ,a comp>ison      
betwe5 ,pope's ,essay on ,man & !       
,p>adise ,lo/  exhibits ! *ange ( tone 9
 ,engli% ?\ght 9 ! fifty or sixty  ye>s 
:i* sep>ate ! age ( ,milton f ! age (   
,pope4 ,milton  addresses 8 poem to     
,god1 ,pope's poem is address$ to ,"l   
,bol+broke1                  8,awake1 my
 ,/4 ,john6 leave all mean] ?+s         
,to l[ ambition & ! pride ( k+s4        
,let u 7s9ce life c little m supply     

,?an j to look ab\t u & to die7         
,expatiate free o'er all ?is sc5e ( man2
                ,a mighty maze6 b n )\t 
a plan20    ,comp>e ! jaunty assurance (
 ,pope1                    8,a mighty   
maze6 b n )\t a plan40    ) ,milton's   
8,j are ! ways ( ,god                   
,& ju/ifiable to m520    ,b ! real po9t 
to notice is t ,pope z well z ,milton 0 
untr\bl$ by ! great p]plexity :i* haunts
 ! mod]n _w4 ,!  clue :i* ,milton foll[$
 0 to dwell on ! ways ( ,god 9 deal+s  )
 man4 ,two g5]ations lat] we f9d ,pope  
equally confid5t t !  enlight5$ me?ods (
 mod]n sci5ce provid$ a plan adequate z 
a map  ( ! #8mighty maze4'              
,wordswor?'s ,excursion is ! next       
,engli% poem on ! same subject4 ,a      
prose preface tells u t x is a fragm5t (
 a l>g] project$ "w1  describ$ z #8,a   
philosophical poem conta9+ views ( ,man1
 ,nature1 &  ,society4'    ,v           
*>act]i/ically ! poem beg9s ) ! l9e1    
8',twas summ]1 & ! sun _h m\nt$ high30  
,?us ! romantic reaction />t$ nei!r )   

,god nor ) ,"l  ,bol+broke1 b ) nature4 
,we are "h witness+ a consci\s  reaction
 aga9/ ! :ole tone ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 
,t c5tury  approa*$ nature ) ! ab/ract  
analysis ( sci5ce1 :]eas  ,wordswor?    
opposes to ! sci5tific ab/ractions 8    
full concrete  exp]i5ce4    ,a g5]ation 
( religi\s revival & ( sci5tific advance
 lies betwe5  ! ,excursion & ,t5nyson's 
,9 ,memoriam4 ,! e>li] poets _h  solv$ !
 p]plexity by ignor+ x4 ,t c\rse 0 n op5
 to  ,t5nyson4 ,accord+ly 8 poem beg9s  
?us3                     8,/rong ,son ( 
,god1 immortal ,love1                   
,:om we1 t h n se5 ,?y face1            
,by fai?1 & fai? alone1 embrace1        
,believ+ :]e we _c prove20    ,! note ( 
p]plexity is /ruck at once4 ,! n9ete5?  
c5tury has  be5 a p]plex$ c5tury1 9 a   
s5se :i* is n true ( any ( its          
pr$ecessors ( ! mod]n p]iod4 ,9 ! e>li] 
times !re 7  oppos+ camps1 bitt]ly at   
v>iance on que/ions :i* !y deem$        
fundam5tal4 ,b1 except = a few /raggl]s1
 ei!r camp 0  :ole-he>t$4 ,! importance 

( ,t5nyson's poem lies 9 ! fact t  x    
exactly express$ ! "* ( its p]iod4 ,ea* 
individual 0  divid$ aga9/ himself4 ,9 !
 e>li] times1 ! deep ?9k]s 7  ! cle>    
?9k]s1--,desc>tes1 ,sp9oza1 ,locke1     
,leibniz4 ,!y knew  exactly :at !y meant
 & said x4 ,9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 "s (  ! 
deep] ?9k]s among !ologians &           
philosoph]s 7 muddl$  ?9k]s4 ,_! ass5t 0
 claim$ by incompatible doctr9es2 & _!  
ef=ts at reconciliation produc$         
inevitable confusion4    ,mat!w ,arnold1
 ev5 m ?an ,t5nyson1 0 ! poet :o        
express$ ?is  mood ( individual         
di/raction :i* 0 s *>act]i/ic ( ?is     
c5tury4 ,comp>e ) ,9 ,memoriam ! clos+  
l9es ( ,arnold's ,dov]  ,bea*3          
8,& we are "h z on a d>kl+ pla9         
,swept ) confus$ al>ms ( /ruggle &      
flight1             ,:]e ignorant armies
 cla% by night40    ,c>d9al ,newman 9 8 
,apologia pro ,vit ,su m5tions x z a    
peculi>ity ( ,pusey1 ! great ,anglican  
ecclesia/ic1 8,he 0 haunt$  by no       
intellectual p]plexities40 ,9 ?is       

respect ,pusey recalls ,milton1  ,pope1 
,wordswor?1 z 9 contra/ ) ,t5nyson1     
,cl\gh1 ,mat!w ,arnold1  & ,newman      
himself4    ,s f> z conc]ns ,engli%     
lit]ature we f9d1 z might be anticipat$1
  ! mo/ int]e/+ criticism ( ! ?\ghts (  
sci5ce among !  lead]s ( ! romantic     
reaction :i* accompani$ & succe$$ !     
epo* ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution4 ,9 ,engli%  
lit]ature1 ! deepe/  ?9k]s ( ?is s*ool 7
 ,col]idge1 ,wordswor?1 & ,%elley4      
,keats  is an example ( lit]ature unt\*$
 by sci5ce4 ,we may neglect  ,col]idge's
 attempt at an explicit philosophical   
=mulation4 ,x 0  influ5tial 9 8 own     
g5]ation2 b 9 ^! lectures x is my object
  only to m5tion ^? elem5ts ( ! ?\ght ( 
! pa/ :i* /&  = all "t4 ,ev5 ) ?is      
limitation1 only a selection is         
possible4  ,= our purposes ,col]idge is 
only important by 8 influ5ce on         
,wordswor?4 ,?us ,wordswor? & ,%elley   
rema94    ,wordswor? 0 passionately     
absorb$ 9 nature4 ,x has be5 said (     
,sp9oza1 t he 0 drunk ) ,god4 ,x is     

equally true t ,wordswor?  0 drunk )    
nature4 ,b he 0 a ?\ghtful1 well-read   
man1 )  philosophical int]e/s1 & sane   
ev5 to ! po9t ( pros9ess4 ,9  addition1 
he 0 a g5ius4 ,he weak5s 8 evid5ce by 8 
dislike (  sci5ce4 ,we all rememb] 8    
scorn ( ! poor man :om he some:at       
ha/ily accuses ( peep+ & botanis+ on 8  
"m's grave4 ,passage  aft] passage c\ld 
be quot$ f him1 express+ ?is repulsion4 
,9  ?is respect1 8 *>act]i/ic ?\ght c be
 summ$ up 9 8 phrase1  #8,we murd] to   
dissect4'    ,9 ?is latt] passage1 he   
discloses ! intellectual basis ( 8      
criticism ( sci5ce4 ,he alleges aga9/   
sci5ce its absorption 9  ab/ractions4 ,8
 consi/5t !me is t ! important facts (  
nature  elude ! sci5tific me?od4 ,x is  
important !re=e to ask1 :at  ,wordswor? 
f\nd 9 nature t fail$ to receive        
expression 9 sci5ce4  ,i ask ?is "q 9 ! 
int]e/ ( sci5ce itself2 = "o ma9        
position 9 ^! lectures is a prote/ aga9/
 ! idea t !  ab/ractions ( sci5ce are   
irre=mable & unalt]able4 ,n[ x is       

emphatically n ! case t ,wordswor? h&s  
ov] inorganic matt] to  ! m]cy ( sci5ce1
 & conc5trates on ! fai? t 9 ! liv+     
organism !re is "s elem5t t sci5ce _c   
analyse4 ,( c\rse he  recognises1 :at no
 "o d\bts1 t 9 "s s5se liv+ ?+s are     
diff]5t f lifeless ?+s4 ,b t is n 8 ma9 
po9t4 ,x is  ! brood+ pres5ce ( ! hills 
:i* haunts him4 ,8 !me is nature  9     
solido1 t is to say1 he dwells on t     
my/]i\s pres5ce (  surr\nd+ ?+s1 :i*    
imposes itself on any sep>ate elem5t t  
we  set up z an individual = its own    
sake4 ,he always grasps ! :ole (  nature
 z involv$ 9 ! tonality ( ! p>ticul>    
in/ance4 ,t is  :y he laughs ) !        
daffodils1 & f9ds 9 ! primrose 8?\ghts  
too deep = t]ms40    ,wordswor?'s       
greate/ poem is1 by f>1 ! fir/ book ( ,!
 ,prelude4  ,x is p]vad$ by ?is s5se ( !
 haunt+ pres5ces ( nature4 ,a  s]ies (  
magnific5t passages1 too long =         
quotation1 express ?is  idea4 ,( c\rse1 
,wordswor? is a poet writ+ a poem1 & is 
n  conc]n$ ) dry philosophical /atem5ts4

 ,b x w\ld h>dly be  possible to express
 m cle>ly a feel+ = nature1 z exhibit+  
entw9$ preh5sive unities1 ea* suffus$ ) 
modal pres5ces (  o!rs3                 
8,ye ,pres5ces ( ,nature 9 ! sky        
,& on ! e>?6 ,ye ,visions ( ! hills6    
,& ,s\ls ( lonely places6 c ,i ?9k      
,a vulg> hope 0 y\rs :5 ye employ$      
,su* m9i/ry1 :5 ye ?r\gh _m a ye>       
,haunt+ me ?us among my boyi% sports1   
,on caves & trees1 ^u ! woods & hills1  
,impress$ ^u all =ms ! *>act]s          
,( dang] or desire2 & ?us did make      
,! surface ( ! univ]sal e>?             
,) triumph & delight1 ) hope & fe>1     
,"w l a sea84440    ,9 ?us cit+         
,wordswor?1 ! po9t :i* ,i wi% to make is
 t we  =get h[ /ra9$ & p>adoxical is !  
view ( nature :i* mod]n  sci5ce imposes 
on our ?\ghts4 ,wordswor?1 to ! height (
 g5ius1  expresses ! concrete facts (   
our appreh5sion1 facts :i* are  di/ort$ 
9 ! sci5tific analysis4 ,is x n possible
 t !  /&>dis$ concepts ( sci5ce are only
 valid )9 n>r[  limitations1 p]haps too 

n>r[ = sci5ce itself8    ,%elley's      
attitude to sci5ce 0 at ! opposite pole 
to t (  ,wordswor?4 ,he lov$ x1 & is    
nev] tir$ ( express+ 9 poetry !  ?\ghts 
:i* x sugge/s4 ,x symbolises to him joy1
 & peace1 &  illum9ation4 ,:at ! hills 7
 to ! y\? ( ,wordswor?1 a *emical       
laboratory 0 to ,%elley4 ,x is un=tunate
 t ,%elley's lit]>y  critics h1 9 ?is   
respect1 s little ( ,%elley 9 _! own    
m5tality4 ,!y t5d to treat z a casual   
oddity ( ,%elley's nature  :at 01 9     
fact1 "p ( ! ma9 /ructure ( 8 m9d1      
p]meat+  8 poetry ?r\gh & ?r\gh4 ,if    
,%elley _h be5 born a hundr$ ye>s  lat]1
 ! tw5tie? c5tury w\ld h se5 a ,newton  
among *emi/s4    ,= ! sake ( e/imat+ !  
value ( ,%elley's evid5ce x is          
important to realise ?is absorption ( 8 
m9d 9 sci5tific ideas4 ,x  c be         
illu/rat$ by lyric aft] lyric4 ,i w     
*oose "o poem only1  ! f\r? act ( 8     
,prome!us ,unb\nd4 ,! ,e>? & ! ,moon    
conv]se toge!r 9 ! language ( accurate  
sci5ce4 ,physical  exp]im5ts guide 8    

imag]y4 ,= example1 ! ,e>?'s            
exclamation1                 8,! vapor\s
 exultation n to be conf9$60    is !    
poetic transcript ( #8! expansive =ce ( 
gases1' z x is  t]m$ 9 books on sci5ce4 
,aga91 take ! ,e>?'s /anza1          8,i
 sp9 b5ea? my pyramid ( night1          
,:i* po9ts into ! heav5s1--dream+       
delight1        ,murmur+ victori\s joy 9
 my en*ant$ sleep2        ,z a y\? lull$
 9 love-dreams fa9tly sigh+1        ,"u 
! %ad[ ( 8 beauty ly+1        ,:i* r\nd 
8 re/ a wat* ( light & w>m? do? keep40  
,?is /anza c\ld only h be5 writt5 by    
someone ) a def9ite  geometrical diagram
 be=e 8 inw>d eye--a diagram :i* x has  
(t5  be5 my bus9ess to demon/rate to    
ma!matical classes4 ,z evid5ce1  note   
especially ! la/ l9e :i* gives poetical 
imag]y to ! light  surr\nd+ night's     
pyramid4 ,?is idea c\ld n occur to      
anyone )\t  ! diagram4 ,b ! :ole poem & 
o!r poems are p]meat$ )  t\*es ( ?is    
k9d4    ,n[ ! poet1 s sympa!tic )       
sci5ce1 s absorb$ 9 its ideas1 c  simply

 make no?+ ( ! doctr9e ( second>y       
qualities :i* is  fundam5tal to its     
concepts4 ,= ,%elley nature reta9s its  
beauty &  its col\r4 ,%elley's nature is
 9 its ess5ce a nature ( organisms1     
function+ ) ! full cont5t ( our         
p]ceptual exp]i5ce4 ,we are  s us$ to   
ignor+ ! implications ( or?odox         
sci5tific doctr9e1  t x is difficult to 
make evid5t ! criticism ^u x :i* is     
!reby impli$4 ,if anybody c\ld h treat$ 
x s]i\sly1 ,%elley  w\ld h done s4      
,fur!rmore ,%elley is entirely at "o )  
,wordswor? z to !  int]fus+ ( ! ,pres5ce
 9 nature4 ,"h is ! op5+ /anza ( 8  poem
 entitl$ ,mont ,blanc3               8,!
 ev]la/+ univ]se ( ,?+s                 
,fl[s ?r\gh ! ,m9d1 & rolls its rapid   
waves1             ,n[ d>k--n[          
glitt]+--n[ reflect+ gloom--            
,n[ l5d+ spl5d\r1 :]e f secret spr+s    
,! s\rce ( human ?\ght its tribute br+s 
,( wat]s1--) a s\nd b half its own1     
,su* z a feeble brook w (t assume       
,9 ! wild woods1 among ! ,m\nta9s lone1 

,:]e wat]falls ar\nd x leap = ev]1      
,:]e woods & w9ds cont5d1 & a va/ riv]  
,ov] its rocks ceaselessly bur/s &      
raves40    ,%elley has writt5 ^! l9es ) 
explicit ref]5ce to "s =m (  idealism1  
,kantian or ,b]keleyan or ,platonic4 ,b 
h[ev] y con/rue  him1 he is "h an       
emphatic witness to a preh5sive         
unification z  con/itut+ ! v be+ (      
nature4    ,b]keley1 ,wordswor?1 ,%elley
 are repres5tative ( ! intuitive        
refusal s]i\sly to accept ! ab/ract     
mat]ialism ( sci5ce4    ,!re is an      
int]e/+ diff]5ce 9 ! treatm5t ( nature  
by  ,wordswor? & by ,%elley1 :i* br+s   
=w>d ! exact que/ions we  h got to ?9k  
ab\t4 ,%elley ?9ks ( nature z *ang+1    
dissolv+1 trans=m+ z x 7 at a fairy's   
t\*4 ,! leaves fly  be=e ! ,we/ ,w9d    
8,l gho/s f an en*ant] flee+40    ,9 8  
poem ,! ,cl\d x is ! trans=mations (    
wat] :i* excite  8 imag9ation4 ,!       
subject ( ! poem is ! endless1 et]nal1  
elusive *ange ( ?+s3                    
8,i *ange b ,i _c die40    ,?is is "o   

aspect ( nature1 its elusive *ange3 a   
*ange n m]ely to  be express$ by        
locomotion1 b a *ange ( inw>d "*4 ,?is  
is  :]e ,%elley places 8 emphasis1 on ! 
*ange ( :at _c die4    ,wordswor? 0 born
 among hills2 hills mo/ly b>r5 ( trees1 
& ?us  %[+ ! m9imum ( *ange ) ! seasons4
 ,he 0 haunt$ by !  enorm\s p]man5ces ( 
nature4 ,= him *ange is an incid5t :i*  
%oots across a backgr\nd ( endurance1   
8,break+ ! sil5ce ( ! seas              
,among ! f>!/ ,hebrides40    ,e s*eme = 
! analysis ( nature has to face ^! two  
facts1  *ange & endurance4 ,!re is yet a
 ?ird fact to be plac$ by x1  et]nality1
 ,i w call x4 ,! m\nta9 endures4 ,b :5  
aft] ages  x has be5 worn away1 x has   
gone4 ,if a replica arises1 x is yet a  
new  m\nta94 ,a col\r is et]nal4 ,x     
haunts "t l a _s4 ,x comes  & x goes4 ,b
 :]e x comes1 x is ! same col\r4 ,x     
nei!r  survives nor does x live4 ,x     
appe>s :5 x is want$4 ,! m\nta9  has to 
"t & space a diff]5t relation f t :i*   
col\r has4  ,9 ! previ\s lecture1 ,i 0  

*iefly consid]+ ! relation to  space-"t 
( ?+s :i*1 9 my s5se ( ! t]m1 are       
et]nal4 ,x 0  necess>y to d s be=e we c 
pass to ! consid]ation ( ! ?+s  :i*     
endure4    ,also we mu/ recollect !     
basis ( our proc$ure4 ,i hold t         
philosophy is ! critic ( ab/ractions4   
,its function is ! d\ble  "o1 fir/ (    
h>monis+ !m by assign+ to !m _! "r      
relative  /atus z ab/ractions1 &        
secondly ( complet+ !m by direct        
comp>ison ) m concrete intuitions ( !   
univ]se1 & !reby  promot+ ! =mation ( m 
complete s*emes ( ?\ght4 ,x is 9        
respect to ?is comp>ison t ! te/imony ( 
great poets is ( su*  importance4 ,_!   
survival is evid5ce t !y express deep   
intuitions  ( mank9d p5etrat+ into :at  
is univ]sal 9 concrete fact4            
,philosophy is n "o among ! sci5ces )   
its own little s*eme (  ab/ractions :i* 
x works away at p]fect+ & improv+4 ,x is
 !  survey ( sci5ces1 ) ! special       
objects ( _! h>mony1 & (  _! completion4
 ,x br+s to ?is task1 n only ! evid5ce (

 !  sep>ate sci5ces1 b also its own     
appeal to concrete exp]i5ce4 ,x         
confronts ! sci5ces ) concrete fact4    
,! lit]ature ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1        
especially its ,engli% poetic           
lit]ature1 is a witness to ! discord    
betwe5 ! ae/hetic intuitions  ( mank9d &
 ! me*anism ( sci5ce4 ,%elley br+s      
vividly be=e  u ! elusiv5ess ( ! et]nal 
objects ( s5se z !y haunt !  *ange :i*  
infects und]ly+ organisms4 ,wordswor? is
 ! poet (  nature z be+ ! field ( endur+
 p]man5ces c>ry+ )9  !mselves a message 
( trem5d\s significance4 ,! et]nal      
objects are  also !re = him1            
8,! light t nev] 01 on sea or l&40      
,bo? ,%elley & ,wordswor? emphatically  
be> witness t nature _c  be divorc$ f   
its ae/hetic values2 & t ^! values arise
 f  ! cumulation1 9 "s s5se1 ( ! brood+ 
pres5ce ( ! :ole  onto its v>i\s p>ts4  
,?us we ga9 f ! poets ! doctr9e t a     
philosophy ( nature mu/ conc]n itself at
 lea/ ) ^! five  notions3 *ange1 value1 
et]nal objects1 endurance1 organism1    

int]fusion4    ,we see t ! lit]>y       
romantic movem5t at ! beg9n+ ( !        
n9ete5? c5tury1 j z mu* z ,b]keley's    
philosophical ideali/ic  movem5t a      
hundr$ ye>s e>li]1 refus$ to be conf9$  
)9 !  mat]iali/ic concepts ( ! or?odox  
sci5tific !ory4 ,we "k also  t :5 9 ^!  
lectures we come to ! tw5tie? c5tury1 we
 %all  f9d a movem5t 9 sci5ce itself to 
reorganise its concepts1 driv5  !reto by
 its own intr9sic developm5t4    ,x is1 
h[ev]1 impossible to proce$ until we h  
settl$ :e!r  ?is refa%ion+ ( ideas is to
 be c>ri$ out on an objectivi/  basis or
 on a subjectivi/ basis4 ,by a          
subjectivi/ basis ,i mean !  belief t ! 
nature ( our imm$iate exp]i5ce is !     
outcome (  ! p]ceptive peculi>ities ( ! 
subject enjoy+ ! exp]i5ce4  ,9 o!r      
words1 ,i mean t = ?is !ory :at is      
p]ceiv$ is n a  p>tial vision ( a       
complex ( ?+s g5]ally indep5d5t ( t  act
 ( cognition2 b t x m]ely is !          
expression ( !  individual peculi>ities 
( ! cognitive act4 ,accord+ly :at is    

common to ! multiplicity ( cognitive    
acts is ! ratioc9ation  connect$ ) !m4  
,?us1 ?\gh !re is a common _w ( ?\ght   
associat$ ) our s5se-p]ceptions1 !re is 
no common _w to  ?9k ab\t4 ,:at we d ?9k
 ab\t is a common conceptual _w  apply+ 
indiff]5tly to our individual exp]i5ces 
:i* are  /rictly p]sonal to ourselves4  
,su* a conceptual _w w  ultimately f9d  
its complete expression 9 ! equations ( 
appli$  ma!matics4 ,?is is ! extreme    
subjectivi/ position4 ,!re is (  c\rse !
 half-way h\se ( ^? :o believe t our    
p]ceptual  exp]i5ce does tell u ( a     
common objective _w2 b t !  ?+s p]ceiv$ 
are m]ely ! outcome = u ( ?is _w1 & are 
n 9 !mselves elem5ts 9 ! common _w      
itself4    ,also !re is ! objectivi/    
position4 ,?is cre$ is t ! actual       
elem5ts p]ceiv$ by our s5ses are 9      
!mselves ! elem5ts ( a  common _w2 & t  
?is _w is a complex ( ?+s1 includ+      
inde$ our acts ( cognition1 b transc5d+ 
!m4 ,accord+ to ?is  po9t ( view ! ?+s  
exp]i5c$ are to be di/+ui%$ f our  k (  

!m4 ,s f> z !re is dep5d5ce1 ! ?+s pave 
!  way = ! cognition1 r ?an vice v]sa4  
,b ! po9t is t  ! actual ?+s exp]i5c$   
ent] into a common _w :i* transc5ds  k1 
?\gh x includes k4 ,! int]m$iate        
subjectivi/s  w\ld hold t ! ?+s exp]i5c$
 only indirectly ent] into !  common _w 
by reason ( _! dep5d5ce on ! subject :o 
is  cognis+4 ,! objectivi/ holds t ! ?+s
 exp]i5c$ & !  cognisant subject ent]   
into ! common _w on equal t]ms4 ,9 ^!   
lectures ,i am giv+ ! outl9e ( :at ,i   
consid] to be ! ess5tials  ( an         
objectivi/ philosophy adapt$ to !       
requirem5t ( sci5ce &  to ! concrete    
exp]i5ce ( mank9d4 ,ap>t f ! detail$    
criticism  ( ! difficulties rais$ by    
subjectivism 9 any =m1 my broad reasons 
= di/ru/+ x are ?ree 9 numb]4 ,"o reason
 arises f !  direct int]rogation ( our  
p]ceptive exp]i5ce4 ,x appe>s f ?is     
int]rogation t we are )9 a _w ( col\rs1 
s\nds1 & o!r  s5se-objects1 relat$ 9    
space & "t to endur+ objects su* z      
/ones1 trees1 & human bodies4 ,we seem  

to be ourselves elem5ts (  ?is _w 9 !   
same s5se z are ! o!r ?+s :i* we        
p]ceive4  ,b ! subjectivi/1 ev5 !       
mod]ate int]m$iate subjectivi/1 makes   
?is _w1 z ?us describ$1 dep5d on u1 9 a 
way :i* directly  trav]ses our nave     
exp]i5ce4 ,i hold t ! ultimate appeal is
 to  nave exp]i5ce & t is :y ,i lay su* 
/ress on ! evid5ce (  poetry4 ,my po9t  
is1 t 9 our s5se-exp]i5ce we "k away f &
  beyond our own p]sonality2 :]eas !    
subjectivi/ holds t 9 su*  exp]i5ce we  
m]ely "k ab\t our own p]sonality4 ,ev5 !
  int]m$iate subjectivi/ places our     
p]sonality betwe5 ! _w we  "k ( & !     
common _w :i* he admits4 ,! _w we "k (  
is  = him ! int]nal /ra9 ( our          
p]sonality "u ! /ress ( !  common _w :i*
 lies beh9d4    ,my second reason =     
di/ru/+ subjectivism is bas$ on !       
p>ticul>  cont5t ( exp]i5ce4 ,our       
hi/orical k tells u ( ages 9 !  pa/ :51 
s f> z we c see1 no liv+ be+ exi/$ on   
e>?4 ,aga9  x also tells u ( c\ntless   
/>-sy/ems1 ^: detail$ hi/ory  rema9s    

beyond our k54 ,consid] ev5 ! moon & !  
e>?4 ,:at is  go+ on )9 ! int]ior ( !   
e>?1 & on ! f> side ( !  moon6 ,our     
p]ceptions lead u to inf] t !re is      
some?+ happ5+  9 ! />s1 some?+ happ5+ )9
 ! e>?1 & some?+  happ5+ on ! f> side ( 
! moon4 ,also !y tell u t 9 remote  ages
 !re 7 ?+s happ5+4 ,b all ^! ?+s :i* x  
appe>s  c]ta9ly happ5$1 are ei!r unkn[n 
9 detail1 or else are  recon/ruct$ by   
inf]5tial evid5ce4 ,9 ! face ( ?is      
cont5t (  our p]sonal exp]i5ce1 x is    
difficult to believe t ! exp]i5c$  _w is
 an attribute ( our own p]sonality4 ,my 
?ird reason is bas$  ^u ! in/9ct =      
action4 ,j z s5se-p]ception seems to    
give  k ( :at lies beyond individuality1
 s action seems to issue 9  an in/9ct = 
self-transc5d5ce4 ,! activity passes    
beyond self into  ! kn[n transc5d5t _w4 
,x is "h t f9al ends are (  importance4 
,= x is n activity urg$ f beh9d1 :i*    
passes out  into ! veil$ _w ( !         
int]m$iate subjectivi/4 ,x is activity  
direct$ to det]m9ate ends 9 ! kn[n _w2 &

 yet x is activity  transc5d+ self & x  
is activity )9 ! kn[n _w4 ,x foll[s     
!re=e t ! _w1 z kn[n1 transc5ds !       
subject :i* is  cognisant ( x4    ,!    
subjectivi/ position has be5 popul>     
among ^? :o h be5  engag$ 9 giv+ a      
philosophical int]pretation to ! rec5t  
!ories  ( relativity 9 physical sci5ce4 
,! dep5d5ce ( ! _w ( s5se  on !         
individual p]cipi5t seems an easy mode (
 express+ !  mean+s involv$4 ,( c\rse1 )
 ! exception ( ^? :o are  cont5t )      
!mselves z =m+ ! entire univ]se1 solit>y
 amid  no?+1 ev]yone wants to /ruggle   
back to "s sort ( objectivi/  position4 
,i d n und]/& h[ a common _w ( ?\ght c  
be  e/abli%$ 9 ! abs5ce ( a common _w ( 
s5se4 ,i w n argue  ?is po9t 9 detail2 b
 9 ! abs5ce ( a transc5d5ce ( ?\ght1  or
 a transc5d5ce ( ! _w ( s5se1 x is      
difficult to see h[ !  subjectivi/ is to
 dive/ himself ( 8 solit>9ess4 ,nor does
 !  int]m$iate subjectivi/ appe> to get 
any help f 8 unkn[n _w  9 ! backgr\nd4  
,! di/9ction betwe5 realism & idealism  

does n co9cide ) t  betwe5 objectivism &
 subjectivism4 ,bo? reali/s & ideali/s c
  />t f an objective /&po9t4 ,!y may bo?
 agree t ! _w  disclos$ 9 s5se-p]ception
 is a common _w1 transc5d+ !  individual
 p]cipi5t4 ,b ! objective ideali/1 :5 he
 comes to  analyse :at ! reality ( ?is  
_w involves1 f9ds t cognitive  m5tality 
is 9 "s way inextricably conc]n$ 9 e    
detail4 ,?is  position ! reali/ d5ies4  
,accord+ly ^! two classes (  objectivi/s
 d n "p company till !y h arriv$ at !   
ultimate  problem ( metaphysics4 ,!re is
 a great deal :i* !y %>e 9  common4 ,?is
 is :y1 9 my la/ lecture1 ,i said t ,i  
adopt$ a  position ( provisional        
realism4    ,9 ! pa/1 ! objectivi/      
position has be5 di/ort$ by ! suppos$   
necessity ( accept+ ! classical         
sci5tific mat]ialism1 ) its  doctr9e (  
simple location4 ,?is has necessitat$ ! 
doctr9e (  second>y & prim>y qualities4 
,?us ! second>y qualities1 su* z  !     
s5se-objects1 are dealt ) on subjectivi/
 pr9ciples4 ,?is is a  half-he>t$       

position :i* falls an easy prey to      
subjectivi/  criticism4    ,if we are to
 include ! second>y qualities 9 ! common
 _w1 a v  dra/ic reorganisation ( our   
fundam5tal concepts is necess>y4 ,x is  
an evid5t fact ( exp]i5ce t our         
appreh5sions ( ! ext]nal  _w dep5d      
absolutely on ! occurr5ces )9 ! human   
body4 ,by  play+ appropriate tricks on !
 body a man c be got to p]ceive1 or  n  
to p]ceive1 almo/ any?+4 ,"s p express  
!mselves z  ?\gh bodies1 bra9s1 & n]ves 
7 ! only real ?+s 9 an  entirely imag9>y
 _w4 ,9 o!r words1 !y treat bodies on   
objectivi/ pr9ciples1 & ! re/ ( ! _w on 
subjectivi/  pr9ciples4 ,?is w n d2     
especially1 :5 we rememb] t x is  !     
exp]im5t]'s p]ception ( ano!r p]son's   
body :i* is 9  "q z evid5ce4    ,b we h 
to admit t ! body is ! organism ^: /ates
 regulate  our cognisance ( ! _w4 ,!    
unity ( ! p]ceptual field !re=e  mu/ be 
a unity ( bodily exp]i5ce4 ,9 be+ aw>e (
 ! bodily  exp]i5ce1 we mu/ !reby be    
aw>e ( aspects ( ! :ole  spatio-temporal

 _w z mirror$ )9 ! bodily life4 ,?is is 
!  solution ( ! problem :i* ,i gave 9 my
 la/ lecture4 ,i w n  repeat myself n[1 
except to rem9d y t my !ory involves !  
entire ab&onm5t ( ! notion t simple     
location is ! prim>y way  9 :i* ?+s are 
involv$ 9 space-"t4 ,9 a c]ta9 s5se1    
ev]y?+ is ev]y:]e at all times4 ,= e    
location involves an  aspect ( itself 9 
e o!r location4 ,?us e spatio-temporal  
/&po9t mirrors ! _w4    ,if y try to    
imag9e ?is doctr9e 9 t]ms ( our         
conv5tional views  ( space & "t1 :i*    
presuppose simple location1 x is a great
  p>adox4 ,b if y ?9k ( x 9 t]ms ( our  
nave exp]i5ce1 x is  a m]e transcript ( 
! obvi\s facts4 ,y are 9 a c]ta9 place  
p]ceiv+ ?+s4 ,y\r p]ception takes place 
:]e y are1 & is  entirely dep5d5t on h[ 
y\r body is function+4 ,b ?is function+ 
( ! body 9 "o place1 exhibits = y\r     
cognisance an aspect ( !  di/ant        
environm5t1 fad+ away into ! g5]al k t  
!re  are ?+s beyond4 ,if ?is cognisance 
conveys k ( a  transc5d5t _w1 x mu/ be  

because ! ev5t :i* is ! bodily  life    
unifies 9 itself aspects ( ! univ]se4   
,?is is a doctr9e extremely consonant ) 
! vivid expression (  p]sonal exp]i5ce  
:i* we f9d 9 ! nature-poetry (          
imag9ative  writ]s su* z ,wordswor? or  
,%elley4 ,! brood+1 imm$iate pres5ces  (
 ?+s are an obsession to ,wordswor?4    
,:at ! !ory does d is to  edge cognitive
 m5tality away f be+ ! necess>y         
sub/ratum ( !  unity ( exp]i5ce4 ,t     
unity is n[ plac$ 9 ! unity ( an ev5t4  
,accompany+ ?is unity1 !re may or !re   
may n be cognition4    ,at ?is po9t we  
come back to ! great "q :i* 0 pos$ be=e 
u by our exam9ation ( ! evid5ce af=d$ by
 ! poetic insight (  ,wordswor? &       
,%elley4 ,?is s+le "q has exp&$ into a  
gr\p  ( que/ions4 ,:at are endur+ ?+s1 z
 di/+ui%$ f !  et]nal objects1 su* z    
col\r & %ape8 ,h[ are !y possible8 ,:at 
is _! /atus & mean+ 9 ! univ]se8 ,x     
comes to ?is3 ,:at is  ! /atus ( !      
endur+ /ability ( ! ord] ( nature8 ,!re 
is  ! summ>y answ]1 :i* ref]s nature to 

"s great] reality /&+  beh9d x4 ,?is    
reality occurs 9 ! hi/ory ( ?\ght "u _m 
names1 ,! ,absolute1 ,brahma1 ,! ,ord] (
 ,heav51 ,god4 ,! del9eation  ( f9al    
metaphysical tru? is no "p ( ?is        
lecture4 ,my po9t is t  any summ>y      
conclusion jump+ f our conviction ( !   
exi/5ce (  su* an ord] ( nature to !    
easy assumption t !re is an ultimate    
reality :i*1 9 "s unexpla9$ way1 is to  
be appeal$ to = !  removal ( p]plexity1 
con/itutes ! great refusal ( rationality
 to  ass]t its rights4 ,we h to se>*    
:e!r nature does n 9 its v  be+ %[      
itself z self-explanatory4 ,by ?is ,i   
mean1 t ! %e]  /atem5t1 ( :at ?+s are1  
may conta9 elem5ts explanatory ( :y  ?+s
 are4 ,su* elem5ts may be expect$ to    
ref] to dep?s beyond  any?+ :i* we c    
grasp ) a cle> appreh5sion4 ,9 a s5se1  
all  explanation mu/ end 9 an ultimate  
arbitr>9ess4 ,my dem& is1 t  ! ultimate 
arbitr>9ess ( matt] ( fact f :i* our    
=mulation  />ts %\ld disclose ! same    
g5]al pr9ciples ( reality1 :i* we  dimly

 disc]n z /ret*+ away into regions      
beyond our explicit p[]s  ( disc]nm5t4  
,nature exhibits itself z exemplify+ a  
philosophy (  ! evolution ( organisms   
subject to det]m9ate conditions4        
,examples  ( su* conditions are !       
dim5sions ( space1 ! laws ( nature1 !   
det]m9ate endur+ entities1 su* z atoms &
 electrons1 :i*  exemplify ^! laws4 ,b !
 v nature ( ^! entities1 ! v  nature (  
_! spatiality & temporality1 %\ld       
exhibit !  arbitr>9ess ( ^! conditions z
 ! outcome ( a wid] evolution  beyond   
nature itself1 & )9 :i* nature is b a   
limit$ mode4    ,"o all-p]vasive fact1  
inh]5t 9 ! v "* ( :at is real  is !     
transition ( ?+s1 ! passage "o to ano!r4
 ,?is passage is  n a m]e l9e>          
procession ( discrete entities4 ,h[ev]  
we fix a  det]m9ate entity1 !re is      
always a n>r[] det]m9ation (  some?+ :i*
 is presuppos$ 9 our fir/ *oice4 ,also  
!re is always  a wid] det]m9ation into  
:i* our fir/ *oice fades by transition  
beyond itself4 ,! g5]al aspect ( nature 

is t ( evolution>y  expansiv5ess4 ,^!   
unities1 :i* ,i call ev5ts1 are !       
em]g5ce  into actuality ( some?+4 ,h[   
are we to *>act]ise ! some?+  :i* ?us   
em]ges8 ,! "n #8ev5t' giv5 to su* a     
unity1 draws  att5tion to ! inh]5t      
transitor9ess1 comb9$ ) ! actual  unity4
 ,b ?is ab/ract ^w _c be suffici5t to   
*>act]ise :at  ! fact ( ! reality ( an  
ev5t is 9 itself4 ,a mom5t's ?\ght  %[s 
u t no "o idea c 9 itself be suffici5t4 
,= e idea  :i* f9ds its significance 9  
ea* ev5t mu/ repres5t some?+  :i*       
contributes to :at realisation is 9     
itself4 ,?us no "o ^w c  be adequate4 ,b
 conv]sely1 no?+ mu/ be left out4       
,rememb]+ !  poetic r5d]+ ( our concrete
 exp]i5ce1 we see at once t !  elem5t ( 
value1 ( be+ valuable1 ( hav+ value1 (  
be+ an end 9  itself1 ( be+ some?+ :i*  
is = its own sake1 mu/ n be  omitt$ 9   
any acc\nt ( an ev5t z ! mo/ concrete   
actual  some?+4 #8,value' is ! ^w ,i use
 = ! intr9sic reality ( an  ev5t4 ,value
 is an elem5t :i* p]meates ?r\gh & ?r\gh

 !  poetic view ( nature4 ,we h only to 
transf] to ! v texture (  realisation 9 
itself t value :i* we recognise s       
readily 9 t]ms  ( human life4 ,?is is ! 
secret ( ,wordswor?'s wor%ip ( nature4  
,realization !re=e is 9 itself !        
atta9m5t ( value4 ,b !re is  no su* ?+ z
 m]e value4 ,value is ! outcome (       
limitation4 ,!  def9ite f9ite entity is 
! select$ mode :i* is ! %ap+ (          
atta9m5t2 ap>t f su* %ap+ into          
individual matt] ( fact !re  is no      
atta9m5t4 ,! m]e fusion ( all t !re is  
w\ld be !  non5tity ( indef9it5ess4 ,!  
salvation ( reality is its ob/9ate1     
irr$ucible1 matt]-(-fact entities1 :i*  
are limit$ to be no o!r  ?an !mselves4  
,nei!r sci5ce1 nor art1 nor creative    
action c te>  itself away f ob/9ate1    
irr$ucible1 limit$ facts4 ,! endurance (
  ?+s has its significance 9 !          
self-ret5tion ( t :i* imposes  itself z 
a def9ite atta9m5t = its own sake4 ,t   
:i* endures is  limit$1 ob/ructive1     
intol]ant1 infect+ its environm5t ) its 

own  aspects4 ,b x is n self-suffici5t4 
,! aspects ( all ?+s ent]  into its v   
nature4 ,x is only itself z draw+ toge!r
 into its own  limitation ! l>g] :ole 9 
:i* x f9ds itself4 ,conv]sely x is  only
 itself by l5d+ its aspects to ?is same 
environm5t 9 :i* x  f9ds itself4 ,!     
problem ( evolution is ! developm5t (   
endur+  h>monies ( endur+ %apes ( value1
 :i* m]ge into high]  atta9m5ts ( ?+s   
beyond !mselves4 ,ae/hetic atta9m5t is  
int]wov5 9 ! texture ( realisation4 ,!  
endurance ( an entity  repres5ts !      
atta9m5t ( a limit$ ae/hetic success1   
?\gh if we  look beyond x to its ext]nal
 effects1 x may repres5t an ae/hetic    
failure4 ,ev5 )9 itself1 x may repres5t 
! conflict betwe5 a  l[] success & a    
high] failure4 ,! conflict is ! presage 
(  disruption4    ,! fur!r discussion ( 
! nature ( endur+ objects & ( !         
conditions !y require w be relevant to !
 consid]ation ( !  doctr9e ( evolution  
:i* dom9at$ ! latt] half ( ! n9ete5?    
c5tury4 ,! po9t :i* 9 ?is lecture ,i h  

endeav\r$ to make  cle> is t !          
nature-poetry ( ! romantic revival 0 a  
prote/ on  behalf ( ! organic view (    
nature1 & also a prote/ aga9/ !         
exclusion ( value f ! ess5ce ( matt] (  
fact4 ,9 ?is aspect (  x1 ! romantic    
movem5t may be conceiv$ z a revival (   
,b]keley's  prote/ :i* _h be5 laun*$ a  
hundr$ ye>s e>li]4 ,! romantic  reaction
 0 a prote/ on behalf ( value4          
,,*apt] ,,vi                            
,,! ,,n9ete5? ,,c5tury      ,my previ\s 
lecture 0 occupi$ ) ! comp>ison ( !     
nature-poetry ( ! romantic movem5t 9    
,engl& ) ! mat]iali/ic  sci5tific       
philosophy inh]it$ f ! eighte5? c5tury4 
,x not$  ! entire disagreem5t ( ! two   
movem5ts ( ?\ght4 ,! lecture  also      
cont9u$ ! endeav\r to outl9e an         
objectivi/ philosophy1  capable ( bridg+
 ! gap betwe5 sci5ce & t fundam5tal     
intuition ( mank9d :i* f9ds its         
expression 9 poetry & its  practical    
exemplification 9 ! presuppositions (   
daily life4 ,z !  n9ete5? c5tury pass$  

on1 ! romantic movem5t di$ d[n4 ,x did  
n die away1 b x lo/ its cle> unity (    
tidal /ream1 & disp]s$  itself into _m  
e/u>ies z x coalesc$ ) o!r human        
int]e/s4  ,! fai? ( ! c5tury 0 d]iv$ f  
?ree s\rces3 "o s\rce 0  ! romantic     
movem5t1 %[+ itself 9 religi\s revival1 
9 art1 &  9 political aspiration3 ano!r 
s\rce 0 ! ga!r+ advance (  sci5ce :i*   
op5$ av5ues ( ?\ght3 ! ?ird s\rce 0 !   
advance 9 te*nology :i* completely *ang$
 ! conditions ( human  life4    ,ea* (  
^! spr+s ( fai? _h its orig9 9 ! previ\s
 p]iod4  ,! ,fr5* ,revolution itself 0 !
 fir/ *ild ( romanticism 9 !  =m 9 :i* x
 t+$ ,r\sseau4 ,james ,watt obta9$ 8    
pat5t = 8  /eam-eng9e 9 #agfi4 ,!       
sci5tific advance 0 ! glory ( ,france & 
( ,fr5* influ5ce1 ?r\gh\t ! same c5tury4
    ,also ev5 dur+ ?is e>li] p]iod1 !   
/reams int]act$1 coalesc$1  & antagonis$
 ea* o!r4 ,b x 0 n until ! n9ete5?      
c5tury  t ! ?reefold movem5t came to t  
full developm5t & peculi>  balance      
*>act]i/ic ( ! sixty ye>s foll[+ !      

battle (  ,wat]loo4    ,:at is peculi> &
 new to ! c5tury1 diff]5tiat+ x f all   
its  pr$ecessors1 is its te*nology4 ,x 0
 n m]ely ! introduction (  "s great     
isolat$ inv5tions4 ,x is impossible n to
 feel t  some?+ m ?an t 0 involv$4 ,=   
example1 writ+ 0 a  great] inv5tion ?an 
! /eam-eng9e4 ,b 9 trac+ ! cont9u\s     
hi/ory ( ! gr[? ( writ+ we f9d an imm5se
 diff]5ce f t  ( ! /eam-eng9e4 ,we mu/1 
( c\rse1 put aside m9or & sporadic      
anticipations ( bo?2 & conf9e att5tion  
to ! p]iods ( _!  effective elaboration4
 ,! scale ( "t is s absolutely disp>ate4
 ,=  ! /eam-eng9e1 we may give ab\t a   
hundr$ ye>s2 = writ+1 !  "t p]iod is ( !
 ord] ( a ?\s& ye>s4 ,fur!r1 :5 writ+  0
 f9ally popul>is$1 ! _w 0 n !n expect+ !
 next /ep  9 te*nology4 ,! process (    
*ange 0 sl[1 unconsci\s1 &  unexpect$4  
,9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ! process became   
quick1 consci\s1 &  expect$4 ,! e>li]   
half ( ! c5tury 0 ! p]iod 9 :i* ?is  new
 attitude to *ange 0 fir/ e/abli%$ &    
enjoy$4 ,x 0 a  peculi> p]iod ( hope1 9 

! s5se 9 :i*1 sixty or sev5ty ye>s      
lat]1 we c n[ detect a note (           
disillusionm5t1 or at lea/ (  anxiety4  
,! greate/ inv5tion ( ! n9ete5? c5tury 0
 ! inv5tion (  ! me?od ( inv5tion4 ,a   
new me?od ent]$ into life4 ,9 ord] to   
und]/& our epo*1 we c neglect all !     
details ( *ange1 su* z  railways1       
telegraphs1 radios1 sp9n+ ma*9es1       
syn!tic dyes4 ,we mu/  conc5trate on !  
me?od 9 itself2 t is ! real novelty1 :i*
 has  brok5 up ! f\ndations ( ! old     
civilisation4 ,! prophecy (  ,francis   
,bacon has n[ be5 fulfill$2 & man1 :o at
 times dreamt (  himself z a little l[] 
?an ! angels1 has submitt$ to become !  
s]vant & ! m9i/] ( nature4 ,x /ill      
rema9s to be se5 :e!r  ! same actor c   
play bo? p>ts4    ,! :ole *ange has     
aris5 f ! new sci5tific in=mation4      
,sci5ce1 conceiv$ n s mu* 9 its         
pr9ciples z 9 its results1 is  an obvi\s
 /oreh\se ( ideas = utilisation4 ,b1 if 
we are to  und]/& :at happ5$ dur+ !     
c5tury1 ! analogy ( a m9e is  bett] ?an 

t ( a /oreh\se4 ,also1 x is a great     
mi/ake to ?9k  t ! b>e sci5tific idea is
 ! requir$ inv5tion1 s t x has  only to 
be pick$ up & us$4 ,an int5se p]iod (   
imag9ative design  lies betwe54 ,"o     
elem5t 9 ! new me?od is j ! discov]y (  
h[  to set ab\t bridg+ ! gap betwe5 !   
sci5tific ideas1 & !  ultimate product4 
,x is a process ( discipl9$ attack ^u "o
  difficulty aft] ano!r4    ,!          
possibilities ( mod]n te*nology 7 fir/ 9
 practice realis$  9 ,engl&1 by ! en]gy 
( a prosp]\s middle class4 ,accord+ly1 !
  indu/rial revolution />t$ !re4 ,b !   
,g]mans explicitly realis$  ! me?ods by 
:i* ! deep] ve9s 9 ! m9e ( sci5ce c\ld  
be  rea*$4 ,!y aboli%$ haphaz>d me?ods (
 s*ol>%ip4 ,9 _!  te*nological s*ools & 
univ]sities progress did n h to wait =  
! occasional g5ius1 or ! occasional     
lucky ?\ght4 ,_! feats (  s*ol>%ip dur+ 
! n9ete5? c5tury 7 ! admiration ( !  _w4
 ,?is discipl9e ( k applies beyond      
te*nology to pure  sci5ce1 & beyond     
sci5ce to g5]al s*ol>%ip4 ,x repres5ts !

  *ange f amateurs to pr(essionals4     
,!re h always be5 p :o devot$ _! lives  
to def9ite  regions ( ?\ght4 ,9         
p>ticul>1 lawy]s & ! cl]gy ( !  ,*ri/ian
 *ur*es =m obvi\s examples ( su*        
specialism4 ,b !  full self-consci\s    
realisation ( ! p[] ( pr(essionalism 9  
k 9 all its dep>tm5ts1 & ( ! way to     
produce !  pr(essionals1 & ( !          
importance ( k to ! advance (           
te*nology1 & ( ! me?ods by :i* ab/ract k
 c be  connect$ ) te*nology1 & ( !      
b\ndless possibilities (  te*nological  
advance1--! realisation ( all ^! ?+s 0  
fir/  completely atta9$ 9 ! n9ete5?     
c5tury2 & among ! v>i\s  c\ntries1      
*iefly 9 ,g]many4    ,9 ! pa/ human life
 0 liv$ 9 a bullock c>t2 9 ! future x  w
 be liv$ 9 an a]oplane2 & ! *ange ( spe$
 am\nts to a  diff]5ce 9 quality4    ,! 
trans=mation ( ! field ( k1 :i* has be5 
?us  effect$1 has n be5 :olly a ga94 ,at
 lea/1 !re are dang]s  implicit 9 x1    
al?\gh ! increase ( effici5cy is        
und5iable4 ,!  discussion ( v>i\s       

effects on social life aris+ f ! new    
situation is res]v$ = my la/ lecture4 ,=
 ! pres5t x is  suffici5t to note t ?is 
novel situation ( discipl9$ progress is 
! sett+ )9 :i* ! ?\ght ( ! c5tury       
develop$4    ,9 ! p]iod consid]$ f\r    
great novel ideas 7 introduc$ into      
!oretical sci5ce4 ,( c\rse1 x is        
possible to %[ good cause =  increas+ my
 li/ f> beyond ! numb] f\r4 ,b ,i am    
keep+ to  ideas :i*1 if tak5 9 _!       
broade/ signification1 are vital to     
mod]n attempts at recon/ruct+ !         
f\ndations ( physical sci5ce4    ,two ( 
^! ideas are anti!tical1 & ,i w consid] 
!m toge!r4  ,we are n conc]n$ ) details1
 b ) ultimate influ5ces on  ?\ght4 ,"o (
 ! ideas is t ( a field ( physical      
activity  p]vad+ all space1 ev5 :]e !re 
is an app>5t vacuum4 ,?is notion  _h    
occurr$ to _m p1 "u _m =ms4 ,we rememb] 
! m$ieval  axiom1 nature abhors a       
vacuum4 ,also1 ,desc>tes' vortices at "o
 "t1 9  ! sev5te5? c5tury1 seem$ z if   
e/abli%$ among sci5tific  assumptions4  

,newton believ$ t gravitation 0 caus$ by
 some?+  happ5+ 9 a m$ium4 ,b1 on !     
:ole1 9 ! eighte5? c5tury  no?+ 0 made (
 any ( ^! ideas4 ,! passage ( light 0   
expla9$ 9 ,newton's fa%ion by ! flight (
 m9ute corpuscles1 :i*  ( c\rse left    
room = a vacuum4 ,ma!matical physici/s 7
 f> too  busy d$uc+ ! consequ5ces ( !   
!ory ( gravitation to bo!r  mu* ab\t !  
causes2 nor did !y "k :]e to look1 if !y
 _h  tr\bl$ !mselves ov] ! "q4 ,!re 7   
speculations1 b  _! importance 0 n      
great4 ,accord+ly1 :5 ! n9ete5? c5tury  
op5$1 ! notion ( physical occurr5ces    
p]vad+ all space held no  effective     
place 9 sci5ce4 ,x 0 reviv$ f two       
s\rces4 ,!  undulatory !ory ( light     
triumph$1 ?anks to ,?omas ,"y &         
,fresnel4 ,?is dem&s t !re %all be      
some?+ ?r\gh\t space  :i* c undulate4   
,accord+ly1 ! e!r 0 produc$1 z a sort ( 
all p]vad+ subtle mat]ial4 ,aga9 ! !ory 
( electromagnetism  f9ally1 9 ,cl]k     
,maxwell's h&s1 assum$ a %ape 9 :i* x   
dem&$  t !re %\ld be electromagnetic    

occurr5ces ?r\gh\t all space4           
,maxwell's complete !ory 0 n %ap$ until 
! eighte5-sev5ties4  ,b x _h be5 prep>$ 
= by _m great m51 ,ampre1 ,o]/$1        
,f>aday4 ,9 accordance ) ! curr5t       
mat]iali/ic outlook1 ^!  electromagnetic
 occurr5ces also requir$ a mat]ial 9 :i*
 to happ54  ,s aga9 ! e!r 0             
requisition$4 ,!n ,maxwell1 z ! imm$iate
  fir/-fruits ( 8 !ory1 demon/rat$ t !  
waves ( light 7  m]ely waves ( 8        
electromagnetic occurr5ces4 ,accord+ly1 
! !ory  ( electromagnetism swall[$ up ! 
!ory ( light4 ,x 0 a great              
simplification1 & no "o d\bts its tru?4 
,b x _h "o un=tunate  effect s f> z     
mat]ialism 0 conc]n$4 ,=1 :]eas q a     
simple  sort ( ela/ic e!r suffic$ =     
light :5 tak5 by itself1 !              
electromagnetic e!r has to be end[$ ) j 
^? prop]ties  necess>y = ! production ( 
! electromagnetic occurr5ces4 ,9  fact1 
x becomes a m]e "n = ! mat]ial :i* is   
po/ulat$ to  und]lie ^! occurr5ces4 ,if 
y d n happ5 to hold !  metaphysical !ory

 :i* makes y po/ulate su* an e!r1 y c   
disc>d x4 ,= x has no indep5d5t         
vitality4    ,?us 9 ! sev5ties ( ! la/  
c5tury1 "s ma9 physical sci5ces  7      
e/abli%$ on a basis :i* presuppos$ !    
idea ( cont9uity4  ,on ! o!r h&1 ! idea 
( atomicity _h be5 introduc$ by ,john   
,dalton1 to complete ,lavoisi]'s "w on !
 f\ndation ( *emi/ry4  ,?is is ! second 
great notion4 ,ord9>y matt] 0 conceiv$ z
  atomic3 electromagnetic effects 7     
conceiv$ z aris+ f a  cont9u\s field4   
,!re 0 no contradiction4 ,9 ! fir/      
place1 ! notions are  anti!tical2 b1    
ap>t f special embodim5ts1 are n        
logically  contradictory4 ,secondly1 !y 
7 appli$ to diff]5t regions (  sci5ce1  
"o to *emi/ry1 & ! o!r to               
electromagnetism4 ,&1 z  yet1 !re 7 b   
fa9t signs ( coalesc5ce betwe5 ! two4   
,! notion ( matt] z atomic has a long   
hi/ory4 ,democritus &  ,lucretius w at  
once occur to y\r m9ds4 ,9 speak+ ( ^!  
ideas  z novel1 ,i m]ely mean relatively
 novel1 hav+ reg>d to !  settlem5t (    

ideas :i* =m$ ! effici5t basis ( sci5ce 
?r\gh\t ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,9 consid]+ !
 hi/ory (  ?\ght1 x is necess>y to      
di/+ui% ! real /ream1 det]m9+ a  p]iod1 
f ineffectual ?\ghts casually ent]ta9$4 
,9 !  eighte5? c5tury e well-educat$ man
 read ,lucretius1 &  ent]ta9$ ideas ab\t
 atoms4 ,b ,john ,dalton made !m        
effici5t 9  ! /ream ( sci5ce2 & 9 ?is   
function ( effici5cy atomicity 0  a new 
idea4    ,! influ5ce ( atomicity 0 n    
limit$ to *emi/ry4 ,! liv+ cell  is to  
biology :at ! electron & ! proton are to
 physics4 ,ap>t  f cells & f aggregates 
( cells !re are no biological  ph5om5a4 
,! cell !ory 0 introduc$ into biology   
contemporane\sly  )1 & indep5d5tly (1   
,dalton's atomic !ory4 ,! two !ories are
  indep5d5t exemplifications ( ! same   
idea ( #8atomism4' ,!  biological cell  
!ory 0 a gradual gr[?1 & a m]e li/ (    
dates  & names illu/rates ! fact t !    
biological sci5ces1 z  effective s*emes 
( ?\ght1 are b>ely "o hundr$ ye>s old4  
,bi*t  9 #ahja elaborat$ a tissue !ory3 

,johannes ,mll] 9 #ahce describ$        
#8cells' & demon/rat$ facts conc]n+ _!  
nature & relations3  ,s*leid5 9 #ahch & 
,s*wann 9 #ahci f9ally e/abli%$ _!      
fundam5tal "*4 ,?us by #ahdj bo? biology
 & *emi/ry 7  e/abli%$ on an atomic     
basis4 ,! f9al triumph ( atomism _h to  
wait  = ! arrival ( electrons at ! end (
 ! c5tury4 ,! importance  ( ! imag9ative
 backgr\nd is illu/rat$ by ! fact t     
ne>ly  half a c5tury aft] ,dalton _h    
done 8 "w1 ano!r *emi/1 ,l\is  ,pa/eur1 
c>ri$ ov] ^! same ideas ( atomicity /ill
 fur!r into  ! region ( biology4 ,! cell
 !ory & ,pa/eur's "w 7 9 "s  respects m 
revolution>y ?an t ( ,dalton4 ,= !y     
introduc$ !  notion ( organism into ! _w
 ( m9ute be+s4 ,!re _h be5 a  t5d5cy to 
treat ! atom z an ultimate entity1      
capable only (  ext]nal relations4 ,?is 
attitude ( m9d 0 break+ d[n "u !        
influ5ce ( ,m5deleef's p]iodic law4 ,b  
,pa/eur %[$ ! decisive  importance ( !  
idea ( organism at ! /age ( inf9itesimal
  magnitude4 ,! a/ronom]s _h %[n u h[   

big is ! univ]se4 ,!  *emi/s & biologi/s
 tea* u h[ small x is4 ,!re is 9 mod]n  
sci5tific practice a fam\s /&>d ( l5g?4 
,x is r small3 to  obta9 x1 y mu/ divide
 a c5timetre into "o hundr$ million     
p>ts1  & take "o ( !m4 ,pa/eur's        
organisms are a good deal bigg] ?an  ?is
 l5g?4 ,9 connection ) atoms1 we n[ "k t
 !re are  organisms = :i* su* di/ances  
are uncom=tably great4    ,! rema9+ pair
 ( new ideas to be ascrib$ to ?is epo*  
are bo? (  !m connect$ ) ! notion (     
transition or *ange4 ,!y are !  doctr9e 
( ! cons]vation ( en]gy1 & ! doctr9e (  
evolution4    ,! doctr9e ( en]gy has to 
d ) ! notion ( quantitative  p]man5ce   
und]ly+ *ange4 ,! doctr9e ( evolution   
has to d )  ! em]g5ce ( novel organisms 
z ! outcome ( *ange4 ,! !ory (  en]gy   
lies 9 ! prov9ce ( physics4 ,! !ory (   
evolution lies  ma9ly 9 ! prov9ce (     
biology1 al?\gh x _h previ\sly be5  t\*$
 ^u by ,kant & ,laplace 9 connection ) !
 =mation (  suns & planets4    ,!       
conv]g5t effect ( ! new p[] = sci5tific 

advance1 :i*  result$ f ^! f\r ideas1   
trans=m$ ! middle p]iod ( !  c5tury into
 an orgy ( sci5tific triumph4           
,cle>-sight$ m51 ( !  sort :o are s     
cle>ly wrong1 n[ proclaim$ t ! secrets (
 !  physical univ]se 7 f9ally disclos$4 
,if only y ignor$ ev]y?+  :i* refus$ to 
come into l9e1 y\r p[]s ( explanation 7 
unlimit$4 ,on ! o!r side1 muddle-head$  
m5 muddl$ !mselves into  ! mo/          
indef5sible positions4 ,le>n$ dogmatism1
 conjo9$ )  ignorance ( ! crucial facts1
 suff]$ a heavy defeat f !  sci5tific   
advocates ( new ways4 ,?us to !         
excitem5t d]iv$ f  te*nological         
revolution1 !re 0 n[ add$ ! excitem5t   
aris+  f ! vi/as disclos$ by sci5tific  
!ory4 ,bo? ! mat]ial &  ! spiritual     
bases ( social life 7 9 process (       
trans=mation4  ,:5 ! c5tury ent]$ ^u its
 la/ qu>t]1 its ?ree s\rces (           
inspiration1 ! romantic1 ! te*nological1
 & ! sci5tific _h  done _! "w4    ,!n1  
almo/ sudd5ly1 a pause occurr$2 & 9 its 
la/ tw5ty ye>s  ! c5tury clos$ ) "o ( ! 

dulle/ /ages ( ?\ght s9ce !  "t ( !     
,fir/ ,crusade4 ,x 0 an e*o ( ! eighte5?
 c5tury1  lack+ ,voltaire & ! reckless  
grace ( ! ,fr5* ari/ocrats4 ,!  p]iod 0 
effici5t1 dull1 & half-he>t$4 ,x        
celebrat$ ! triumph  ( ! pr(essional    
man4    ,b look+ backw>ds ^u ?is "t (   
pause1 we c n[ disc]n signs  ( *ange4 ,9
 ! fir/ place1 ! mod]n conditions (     
sy/ematic  rese>* prev5t absolute       
/agnation4 ,9 e bran* ( sci5ce1 !re  0  
effective progress1 inde$ rapid         
progress1 al?\gh x 0 conf9$  some:at    
/rictly )9 ! accept$ ideas ( ea* bran*4 
,x 0 an  age ( successful sci5tific     
or?odoxy1 undi/urb$ by mu* ?\ght  beyond
 ! conv5tions4    ,9 ! second place1 we 
c n[ see t ! adequacy ( sci5tific       
mat]ialism z a s*eme ( ?\ght = ! use (  
sci5ce 0  endang]$4 ,! cons]vation (    
en]gy provid$ a new type (  quantitative
 p]man5ce4 ,x is true t en]gy c\ld be   
con/ru$ z  some?+ subsidi>y to matt]4   
,b1 anyh[1 ! notion ( mass 0  los+ its  
unique preem95ce z be+ ! "o f9al p]man5t

 quantity4  ,lat] on1 we f9d ! relations
 ( mass & en]gy inv]t$2 s t  mass n[    
becomes ! "n = a quantity ( en]gy       
consid]$ 9  relation to "s ( its        
dynamical effects4 ,?is tra9 ( ?\ght    
leads  to ! notion ( en]gy be+          
fundam5tal1 ?us displac+ matt] f  t     
position4 ,b en]gy is m]ely ! "n = !    
quantitative aspect  ( a /ructure (     
happ5+s2 9 %ort1 x dep5ds on ! notion ( 
!  function+ ( an organism4 ,! "q is1 c 
we def9e an organism  )\t recurr5ce to !
 concept ( matt] 9 simple location8 ,we 
mu/1  lat] on1 consid] ?is po9t 9 m     
detail4    ,! same relegation ( matt] to
 ! backgr\nd occurs 9 connection  ) !   
electromagnetic fields4 ,! mod]n !ory   
presupposes  happ5+s 9 t field :i* are  
divorc$ f imm$iate dep5d5ce  ^u matt]4  
,x is usual to provide an e!r z a       
sub/ratum4 ,b !  e!r does n really ent] 
into ! !ory4 ,?us aga9 ! notion (       
mat]ial loses its fundam5tal position4  
,also1 ! atom is trans=m+  itself into  
an organism2 & f9ally ! evolution !ory  

is no?+  else ?an ! analysis ( !        
conditions = ! =mation & survival  (    
v>i\s types ( organisms4 ,9 tru?1 "o mo/
 significant fact (  ?is lat] p]iod is !
 advance 9 biological sci5ces4 ,^!      
sci5ces  are ess5tially sci5ces conc]n+ 
organisms4 ,dur+ ! epo* 9  "q1 & inde$  
also at ! pres5t mom5t1 ! pre/ige ( !  m
 p]fect sci5tific =m belongs to !       
physical sci5ces4  ,accord+ly1 biology  
apes ! mann]s ( physics4 ,x is or?odox  
to  hold1 t !re is no?+ 9 biology b :at 
is physical me*anism  "u some:at complex
 circum/ances4    ,"o difficulty 9 ?is  
position is ! pres5t confusion z to !   
f\ndational concepts ( physical sci5ce4 
,?is same difficulty also  atta*es to ! 
oppos$ doctr9e ( vitalism4 ,=1 9 ?is    
lat] !ory1  ! fact ( me*anism is        
accept$--,i mean1 me*anism bas$ ^u      
mat]ialism--& an additional vital       
control is introduc$ to expla9 !        
actions ( liv+ bodies4 ,x _c be too     
cle>ly und]/ood t !  v>i\s physical laws
 :i* appe> to apply to ! behavi\r (     

atoms  are n mutually consi/5t z at     
pres5t =mulat$4 ,! appeal to  me*anism  
on behalf ( biology 0 9 its orig9 an    
appeal to !  well-atte/$ self-consi/5t  
physical concepts z express+ ! basis  ( 
all natural ph5om5a4 ,b at pres5t !re is
 no su* sy/em (  concepts4    ,sci5ce is
 tak+ on a new aspect :i* is nei!r      
purely physical1 nor  purely biological4
 ,x is becom+ ! /udy ( organisms4       
,biology is !  /udy ( ! l>g] organisms2 
:]eas physics is ! /udy ( !  small]     
organisms4 ,!re is ano!r diff]5ce betwe5
 ! two divisions  ( sci5ce4 ,! organisms
 ( biology include z +r$i5ts ! small]   
organisms ( physics2 b !re is at pres5t 
no evid5ce t !  small] ( ! physical     
organisms c be analys$ into compon5t    
organisms4 ,x may be s4 ,b anyh[ we are 
fac$ ) ! "q z to  :e!r !re are n prim>y 
organisms :i* are incapable ( fur!r     
analysis4 ,x seems v unlikely t !re %\ld
 be any inf9ite  regress 9 nature4      
,accord+ly1 a !ory ( sci5ce :i* disc>ds 
mat]ialism mu/ answ] ! "q z to ! "* ( ^!

  prim>y entities4 ,!re c be only "o    
answ] on ?is basis4 ,we mu/  />t ) !    
ev5t z ! ultimate unit ( natural        
occurr5ce4 ,an  ev5t has to d ) all t   
!re is1 & 9 p>ticul> ) all o!r  ev5ts4  
,?is int]fusion ( ev5ts is effect$ by ! 
aspects ( ^?  et]nal objects1 su* z     
col\rs1 s\nds1 sc5ts1 geometrical       
*>act]s1 :i* are requir$ = nature & are 
n em]g5t f x4  ,su* an et]nal object w  
be an +r$i5t ( "o ev5t "u !  guise1 or  
aspect1 ( qualify+ ano!r ev5t4 ,!re is a
 reciprocity (  aspects1 & !re are      
patt]ns ( aspects4 ,ea* ev5t corresponds
 to  two su* patt]ns2 namely1 ! patt]n (
 aspects ( o!r ev5ts :i*  x grasps into 
its own unity1 & ! patt]n ( its aspects 
:i* o!r  ev5ts sev]ally grasp into _!   
unities4 ,accord+ly1 a  non-mat]iali/ic 
philosophy ( nature w id5tify a prim>y  
organism  z be+ ! em]g5ce ( "s p>ticul> 
patt]n z grasp$ 9 !  unity ( a real     
ev5t4 ,su* a patt]n w also include !    
aspects (  ! ev5t 9 "q z grasp$ 9 o!r   
ev5ts1 :]eby ^? o!r  ev5ts receive a    

modification1 or p>tial det]m9ation4    
,!re is ?us  an intr9sic & an extr9sic  
reality ( an ev5t1 namely1 ! ev5t z  9  
its own preh5sion1 & ! ev5t z 9 !       
preh5sion ( o!r  ev5ts4 ,! concept ( an 
organism includes1 !re=e1 ! concept (  !
 int]action ( organisms4 ,! ord9>y      
sci5tific ideas (  transmission &       
cont9uity are1 relatively speak+1       
details conc]n+  ! empirically obs]v$   
*>act]s ( ^! patt]ns ?r\gh\t space  &   
"t4 ,! position "h ma9ta9$ is t !       
relation%ips ( an  ev5t are int]nal1 s  
f> z conc]ns ! ev5t itself2 t is to say1
  t !y are con/itutive ( :at ! ev5t is 9
 itself4    ,also 9 ! previ\s lecture1  
we arriv$ at ! notion t an actual  ev5t 
is an a*ievem5t = its own sake1 a grasp+
 ( div]se  entities into a value by     
reason ( _! real toge!rness 9 t  patt]n1
 to ! exclusion ( o!r entities4 ,x is n 
! m]e  logical toge!rness ( m]ely div]se
 ?+s4 ,= 9 t case1 to  modify ,bacon's  
words1 8all et]nal objects w\ld be alike
 "o to  ano!r40 ,?is reality means t ea*

 intr9sic ess5ce1 t is to  say1 :at ea* 
et]nal object is 9 itself1 becomes      
relevant to !  "o limit$ value em]g5t 9 
! guise ( ! ev5t4 ,b values  diff] 9    
importance4 ,?us ?\gh ea* ev5t is       
necess>y = !  community ( ev5ts1 !      
weight ( its contribution is det]m9$ by 
some?+ intr9sic 9 itself4 ,we h n[ to   
discuss :at t  prop]ty is4 ,empirical   
obs]vation %[s t x is ! prop]ty :i*  we 
may call indiff]5tly ret5tion1 endurance
 or reit]ation4  ,?is prop]ty am\nts to 
! recov]y1 on behalf ( value amid !     
transitor9ess ( reality1 ( !            
self-id5tity :i* is also enjoy$  by !   
prim>y et]nal objects4 ,! reit]ation ( a
 p>ticul> %ape  7or =mation7 ( value )9 
an ev5t occurs :5 ! ev5t z a  :ole      
repeats "s %ape :i* is also exhibit$ by 
ea* "o ( a  succession ( its p>ts4 ,?us 
h[ev] y analyse ! ev5t accord+  to !    
flux ( its p>ts ?r\gh "t1 !re is ! same 
?+-=-its-own-sake /&+ be=e y4 ,?us !    
ev5t1 9 its own  intr9sic reality1      
mirrors 9 itself1 z d]iv$ f its own     

p>ts1  aspects ( ! same patt]n$ value z 
x realises 9 its complete  self4 ,x ?us 
realises itself "u ! guise ( an endur+  
individual entity1 ) a life hi/ory      
conta9$ )9 itself4  ,fur!rmore1 !       
extr9sic reality ( su* an ev5t1 z       
mirror$ 9  o!r ev5ts1 takes ?is same =m 
( an endur+ individuality2 only  9 ?is  
case1 ! individuality is implant$ z a   
reit]ation (  aspects ( itself 9 ! ali5 
ev5ts compos+ ! environm5t4    ,! total 
temporal duration ( su* an ev5t be>+ an 
endur+  patt]n1 con/itutes its speci\s  
pres5t4 ,)9 ?is speci\s pres5t  ! ev5t  
realises itself z a totality1 & also 9 s
 do+ realises  itself z gr\p+ toge!r a  
numb] ( aspects ( its own temporal      
p>ts4 ,"o & ! same patt]n is realis$ 9 !
 total ev5t1 & is  exhibit$ by ea* ( ^! 
v>i\s p>ts ?r\gh an aspect ( ea* "p     
grasp$ into ! toge!rness ( ! total ev5t4
 ,also1 ! e>li]  life-hi/ory ( ! same   
patt]n is exhibit$ by its aspects 9 ?is 
total ev5t4 ,!re is1 ?us1 9 ?is ev5t a  
memory ( ! antec$5t  life-hi/ory ( its  

own dom9ant patt]n1 z hav+ =m$ an elem5t
 (  value 9 its own antec$5t environm5t4
 ,?is concrete preh5sion1 f  )91 ( !    
life-hi/ory ( an endur+ fact is         
analysable into two  ab/ractions1 ( :i* 
"o is ! endur+ entity :i* has em]g$ z a 
real matt] ( fact to be tak5 acc\nt ( by
 o!r ?+s1 & !  o!r is ! individualis$   
embodim5t ( ! und]ly+ en]gy (           
realisation4    ,! consid]ation ( !     
g5]al flux ( ev5ts leads to ?is analysis
  into an und]ly+ et]nal en]gy 9 ^:     
nature !re /&s an  envisagem5t ( ! realm
 ( all et]nal objects4 ,su* an          
envisagem5t  is ! gr\nd ( !             
individualis$ ?\ghts :i* em]ge z        
?\ght-aspects grasp$ )9 ! life-hi/ory ( 
! subtl] & m  complex endur+ patt]ns4   
,also 9 ! nature ( ! et]nal activity    
!re mu/ /& an envisagem5t ( all values  
to be obta9$ by a real  toge!rness (    
et]nal objects1 z envisag$ 9 ideal      
situations4 ,su*  ideal situations1 ap>t
 f any reality1 are devoid ( intr9sic   
value1  b are valuable z elem5ts 9      

purpose4 ,! individualis$ preh5sion     
into individual ev5ts ( aspects ( ^!    
ideal situations takes !  =m (          
individualis$ ?\ghts1 & z su* has       
intr9sic value4 ,?us  value arises      
because !re is n[ a real toge!rness ( ! 
ideal  aspects1 z 9 ?\ght1 ) ! actual   
aspects1 z 9 process (  occurr5ce4      
,accord+ly no value is to be ascrib$ to 
! und]ly+  activity z divorc$ f !       
matt]-(-fact ev5ts ( ! real _w4         
,f9ally1 to sum up ?is tra9 ( ?\ght1 !  
und]ly+ activity1 z  conceiv$ ap>t f !  
fact ( realisation1 has ?ree types (    
envisagem5t4 ,^! are3 fir/1 !           
envisagem5t ( et]nal objects2  secondly1
 ! envisagem5t ( possibilities ( value 9
 respect to !  syn!sis ( et]nal objects2
 & la/ly1 ! envisagem5t ( ! actual      
matt] ( fact :i* mu/ ent] into ! total  
situation :i* is  a*ievable by !        
addition ( ! future4 ,b 9 ab/raction f  
actuality1 ! et]nal activity is divorc$ 
f value4 ,= !  actuality is ! value4 ,! 
individual p]ception aris+ f endur+     

objects w v>y 9 its individual dep? &   
wid? accord+ to ! way  9 :i* ! patt]n   
dom9ates its own r\te4 ,x may repres5t !
  fa9te/ ripple diff]5tiat+ ! g5]al     
sub/rate en]gy2 or1 9 !  o!r extreme1 x 
may rise to consci\s ?\ght1 :i* includes
 pois+  be=e self-consci\s judgm5t !    
ab/ract possibilities ( value  inh]5t 9 
v>i\s situations ( ideal toge!rness4 ,! 
int]m$iate  cases w gr\p r\nd !         
individual p]ception z envisag+ 7)\t    
self-consci\sness7 t "o imm$iate        
possibility ( atta9m5t :i*  repres5ts ! 
close/ analogy to its own imm$iate pa/1 
hav+ reg>d  to ! actual aspects :i* are 
!re = preh5sion4 ,! laws (  physics     
repres5t ! h>monis$ adju/m5t (          
developm5t :i* results  f ?is unique    
pr9ciple ( det]m9ation4 ,?us dynamics is
 dom9at$  by a pr9ciple ( lea/ action1  
^: detail$ "* has to be  le>nt f        
obs]vation4    ,! atomic mat]ial        
entities :i* are consid]$ 9 physical    
sci5ce  are m]ely ^! individual endur+  
entities1 conceiv$ 9 ab/raction  f      

ev]y?+ except :at conc]ns _! mutual     
int]play 9  det]m9+ ea* o!r's hi/orical 
r\tes ( life-hi/ory4 ,su*  entities are 
p>tially =m$ by ! inh]itance ( aspects f
 _!  own pa/4 ,b !y are also p>tially   
=m$ by ! aspects ( o!r  ev5ts =m+ _!    
environm5ts4 ,! laws ( physics are !    
laws  decl>+ h[ ! entities mutually     
react among !mselves4 ,= physics  ^!    
laws are arbitr>y1 because t sci5ce has 
ab/ract$ f :at  ! entities are 9        
!mselves4 ,we h se5 t ?is fact ( :at !  
entities are 9 !mselves is liable to    
modification by _!  environm5ts4        
,accord+ly1 ! assumption t no           
modification ( ^!  laws is to be look$ =
 9 environm5ts1 :i* h any /rik+         
diff]5ce f ! environm5ts = :i* ! laws h 
be5 obs]v$  to hold1 is v unsafe4 ,!    
physical entities may be modifi$ 9 v    
ess5tial ways1 s f> z ^! laws are       
conc]n$4 ,x is ev5 possible  t !y may be
 develop$ into individualities ( m      
fundam5tal  types1 ) wid] embodim5t (   
envisagem5t4 ,su* envisagem5t might     

rea* to ! atta9m5t ( ! pois+ (          
alt]native values )  ex]cise ( *oice ly+
 outside ! physical laws1 & expressible 
only  9 t]ms ( purpose4 ,ap>t f su*     
remote possibilities1 x rema9s an       
imm$iate d$uction t an individual       
entity1 ^: own life-hi/ory is  a "p )9 !
 life-hi/ory ( "s l>g]1 deep]1 m        
complete  patt]n1 is liable to h aspects
 ( t l>g] patt]n dom9at+ its  own be+1 &
 to exp]i5ce modifications ( t l>g]     
patt]n  reflect$ 9 itself z             
modifications ( its own be+4 ,?is is !  
!ory ( organic me*anism4    ,accord+ to 
?is !ory ! evolution ( laws ( nature is 
concurr5t  ) ! evolution ( endur+       
patt]n4 ,= ! g5]al /ate ( !  univ]se1 z 
x n[ is1 p>tly det]m9es ! v ess5ces ( ! 
entities ^: modes ( function+ ^! laws   
express4 ,! g5]al  pr9ciple is t 9 a new
 environm5t !re is an evolution ( ! old 
entities into new =ms4    ,?is rapid    
outl9e ( a ?or\ghgo+ organic !ory (     
nature enables  u to und]/& ! *ief      
requisites ( ! doctr9e ( evolution4 ,!  

ma9 "w1 proce$+ dur+ ?is pause at ! end 
( ! n9ete5?  c5tury1 0 ! absorption (   
?is doctr9e z guid+ ! me?odology  ( all 
bran*es ( sci5ce4 ,by a bl9dness :i* is 
almo/ judicial z  be+ a p5alty affix$ to
 ha/y1 sup]ficial ?9k+1 _m religi\s     
?9k]s oppos$ ! new doctr9e2 al?\gh1 9   
tru?1 a ?or\ghgo+  evolution>y          
philosophy is inconsi/5t ) mat]ialism4  
,! aborig9al  /uff1 or mat]ial1 f :i* a 
mat]iali/ic philosophy />ts is          
incapable ( evolution4 ,?is mat]ial is 9
 itself ! ultimate  sub/ance4           
,evolution1 on ! mat]iali/ic !ory1 is   
r$uc$ to !  rle ( be+ ano!r ^w = !      
description ( ! *anges ( !  ext]nal     
relations betwe5 portions ( matt]4 ,!re 
is no?+ to  evolve1 because "o set (    
ext]nal relations is z good z any o!r   
set ( ext]nal relations4 ,!re c m]ely be
 *ange1 purposeless &  unprogressive4 ,b
 ! :ole po9t ( ! mod]n doctr9e is !     
evolution ( ! complex organisms f       
antec$5t /ates ( less  complex          
organisms4 ,! doctr9e ?us cries al\d = a

 conception (  organism z fundam5tal =  
nature4 ,x also requires an und]ly+     
activity--a sub/antial                  
activity--express+ itself 9 individual  
embodim5ts1 & evolv+ 9 a*ievem5ts (     
organism4 ,! organism is a  unit (      
em]g5t value1 a real fusion ( ! *>act]s 
( et]nal  objects1 em]g+ = its own sake4
    ,?us 9 ! process ( analys+ ! "* (   
nature 9 itself1 we  f9d t ! em]g5ce (  
organisms dep5ds on a selective activity
  :i* is ak9 to purpose4 ,! po9t is t ! 
endur+ organisms are  n[ ! outcome (    
evolution2 & t1 beyond ^! organisms1 !re
 is  no?+ else t endures4 ,on !         
mat]iali/ic !ory1 !re is  mat]ial--su* z
 matt] or electricity--:i* endures4 ,on 
! organic  !ory1 ! only endurances are  
/ructures ( activity1 & !  /ructures are
 evolv$4    ,endur+ ?+s are ?us !       
outcome ( a temporal process2 :]eas     
et]nal ?+s are ! elem5ts requir$ = ! v  
be+ ( !  process4 ,we c give a precise  
def9ition ( endurance 9 ?is way3 ,let   
an ev5t ,a be p]vad$ by an endur+       

/ructural patt]n4 ,!n ,a c be           
exhau/ively subdivid$ into a temporal   
succession ( ev5ts4 ,let ,b be  any "p (
 ,a1 :i* is obta9$ by pick+ out any "o (
 ! ev5ts  belong+ to a s]ies :i* ?us    
subdivides ,a4 ,!n ! endur+ patt]n  is a
 patt]n ( aspects )9 ! complete patt]n  
preh5d$ into !  unity ( ,a1 & x is also 
a patt]n )9 ! complete patt]n  preh5d$  
into ! unity ( any temporal slice ( ,a1 
su* z ,b4 ,=  example1 a molecule is a  
patt]n exhibit$ 9 an ev5t ( "o m9ute1  &
 ( any second ( t m9ute4 ,x is obvi\s t 
su* an endur+  patt]n may be ( m1 or (  
less1 importance4 ,x may express "s     
slight fact connect+ ! und]ly+          
activities ?us individualis$2 or  x may 
express "s v close connection4 ,if !    
patt]n :i* endures  is m]ely d]iv$ f !  
direct aspects ( ! ext]nal environm5t1  
mirror$ 9 ! /&po9ts ( ! v>i\s p>ts1 !n !
 endurance is  an extr9sic fact ( slight
 importance4 ,b if ! endur+ patt]n is   
:olly d]iv$ f ! direct aspects ( ! v>i\s
 temporal sections  ( ! ev5t 9 "q1 !n ! 

endurance is an important intr9sic      
fact4 ,x expresses a c]ta9 unity ( "*   
unit+ ! und]ly+  individualis$          
activities4 ,!re is !n an endur+ object 
) a  c]ta9 unity = itself & = ! re/ (   
nature4 ,let u use ! t]m  physical      
endurance to express endurance ( ?is    
type4 ,!n physical  endurance is !      
process ( cont9u\sly inh]it+ a c]ta9    
id5tity  ( "* transmitt$ ?r\gh\t a      
hi/orical r\te ( ev5ts4 ,?is  "* belongs
 to ! :ole r\te1 & to e ev5t ( ! r\te4  
,?is is ! exact prop]ty ( mat]ial4 ,if x
 has exi/$ = t5  m9utes1 x has exi/$    
dur+ e m9ute ( ! t5 m9utes1 &  dur+ e   
second ( e m9ute4 ,only if y take       
mat]ial to be  fundam5tal1 ?is prop]ty (
 endurance is an arbitr>y fact at ! base
  ( ! ord] ( nature2 b if y take        
organism to be fundam5tal1  ?is prop]ty 
is ! result ( evolution4    ,x looks at 
fir/ sight1 z if a physical object1 )   
its process (  inh]itance f itself1 7   
indep5d5t ( ! environm5t4 ,b su* a      
conclusion is n ju/ifi$4 ,= let ,b & ,c 

be two successive slices 9  ! life ( su*
 an object1 su* t ,c succe$s ,b4 ,!n !  
endur+  patt]n 9 ,c is inh]it$ f ,b1 & f
 o!r analog\s antec$5t  p>ts ( its life4
 ,x is transmitt$ ?r\gh ,b to ,c4 ,b :at
 is  transmitt$ to ,c is ! complete     
patt]n ( aspects d]iv$ f su*  ev5ts z   
,b4 ,^! complete patt]ns include !      
influ5ce ( !  environm5t on ,b1 & on !  
o!r antec$5t p>ts ( ! life ( !  object4 
,?us ! complete aspects ( ! antec$5t    
life are inh]it$  z ! p>tial patt]n :i* 
endures ?r\gh\t all ! v>i\s p]iods  ( ! 
life4 ,?us a fav\rable environm5t is    
ess5tial to !  ma9t5ance ( a physical   
object4    ,nature1 z we "k x1 comprises
 enorm\s p]man5ces4 ,!re are !          
p]man5ces ( ord9>y matt]4 ,! molecules  
)9 ! olde/ rocks  kn[n to geologi/s may 
h exi/$ un*ang$ = ov] a ?\s&  million   
ye>s1 n only un*ang$ 9 !mselves1 b      
un*ang$ 9 _!  relative dispositions to  
ea* o!r4 ,9 t l5g? ( "t ! numb]  (      
pulsations ( a molecule vibrat+ ) !     
frequ5cy ( yell[  sodium light w\ld be  

ab\t #af4c  #ajbb  #afc1jjj  7#ajf74    
,until  rec5tly1 an atom 0 app>5tly     
inde/ructible4 ,we "k bett] n[4 ,b  !   
inde/ructible atom has be5 succe$$ by ! 
app>5tly  inde/ructible electron & !    
inde/ructible proton4    ,ano!r fact to 
be expla9$ is ! great simil>ity ( ^!    
practically inde/ructible objects4 ,all 
electrons are v simil> to  ea* o!r4 ,we 
ne$ n outrun ! evid5ce1 & say t !y are  
id5tical2 b our p[]s ( obs]vation _c    
detect any diff]5ces4  ,analog\sly1 all 
hydrog5 nuclei are alike4 ,also we note 
! great  numb]s ( ^! analog\s objects4  
,!re are ?rongs ( !m4 ,x seems  z ?\gh a
 c]ta9 simil>ity 7 a fav\rable condition
 =  endurance4 ,common s5se also sugge/s
 ?is conclusion4 ,if organisms are  to  
survive1 !y mu/ "w toge!r4              
,accord+ly1 ! key to ! me*anism (       
evolution is ! necessity =  ! evolution 
( a fav\rable environm5t1 conjo9tly ) ! 
evolution  ( any specific type ( endur+ 
organisms ( great p]man5ce4 ,any        
physical object :i* by its influ5ce     

det]iorates its environm5t1  commits    
suicide4    ,"o ( ! simple/ ways (      
evolv+ a fav\rable environm5t           
concurr5tly ) ! developm5t ( !          
individual organism1 is t  ! influ5ce ( 
ea* organism on ! environm5t %\ld be    
fav\rable  to ! endurance ( o!r         
organisms ( ! same type4 ,fur!r1 if !   
organism also fav\rs ! developm5t ( o!r 
organisms ( ! same  type1 y h !n obta9$ 
a me*anism ( evolution adapt$ to produce
  ! obs]v$ /ate ( l>ge multitudes (     
analog\s entities1 ) high  p[]s (       
endurance4 ,= ! environm5t automatically
 develops ) !  species1 & ! species ) ! 
environm5t4    ,! fir/ "q to ask is1    
:e!r !re is any direct evid5ce =  su* a 
me*anism = ! evolution ( endur+         
organisms4 ,9 survey+  nature1 we mu/   
rememb] t !re are n only basic organisms
 ^:  +r$i5ts are m]ely aspects ( et]nal 
objects4 ,!re are also  organisms (     
organisms4 ,suppose = ! mom5t & = ! sake
 (  simplicity1 we assume1 )\t any      
evid5ce1 t electrons & hydrog5  nuclei  

are su* basic organisms4 ,!n ! atoms1 & 
! molecules1 are  organisms ( a high]   
type1 :i* also repres5t a compact       
def9ite  organic unity4 ,b :5 we come to
 ! l>g] aggregations ( matt]1  ! organic
 unity fades into ! backgr\nd4 ,x appe>s
 to be b fa9t  & elem5t>y4 ,x is !re2 b 
! patt]n is vague & indecisive4 ,x  is a
 m]e aggregation ( effects4 ,:5 we come 
to liv+ be+s1 !  def9it5ess ( patt]n is 
recov]$1 & ! organic "* aga9  rises into
 prom95ce4 ,accord+ly1 ! *>act]i/ic laws
 ( inorganic  matt] are ma9ly !         
/ati/ical av]ages result+ f confus$     
aggregates4 ,s f> are !y f ?r[+ light on
 ! ultimate nature  ( ?+s1 t !y blur &  
oblit]ate ! individual *>act]s (  !     
individual organisms4 ,if we wi% to ?r[ 
light ^u ! facts  relat+ to organisms1  
we mu/ /udy ei!r ! individual molecules 
&  electrons1 or ! individual liv+ be+s4
 ,9 betwe5 we f9d  comp>ative confusion4
 ,n[ ! difficulty ( /udy+ ! individual  
molecule is t we "k s little ab\t its   
life hi/ory4 ,we _c  keep an individual 

"u cont9u\s obs]vation4 ,9 g5]al1 we    
deal  ) !m 9 l>ge aggregates4 ,s f> z   
individuals are conc]n$1  sometimes )   
difficulty a great exp]im5t] ?r[s1 s to 
speak1 a  fla% light on "o ( !m1 & j    
obs]ves "o type ( in/antane\s  effect4  
,accord+ly1 ! hi/ory ( ! function+ (    
individual  molecules1 or electrons1 is 
l>gely hidd5 f u4    ,b 9 ! case ( liv+ 
be+s1 we c trace ! hi/ory (             
individuals4 ,we n[ f9d exactly !       
me*anism :i* is "h dem&$4  ,9 ! fir/    
place1 !re is ! propagation ( ! species 
f memb]s  ( ! same species4 ,!re is also
 ! c>eful provision ( !  fav\rable      
environm5t = ! endurance ( ! family1 !  
race1 or !  se$ 9 ! fruit4    ,x is     
evid5t1 h[ev]1 t ,i h expla9$ !         
evolution>y me*anism  9 t]ms :i* are f> 
too simple4 ,we f9d associat$ species ( 
liv+  ?+s1 provid+ = ea* o!r a fav\rable
 environm5t4 ,?us j z  ! memb]s ( ! same
 species mutually fav\r ea* o!r1 s d    
memb]s ( associat$ species4 ,we f9d !   
rudim5t>y fact (  association 9 !       

exi/5ce ( ! two species1 electrons &    
hydrog5  nuclei4 ,! simplicity ( ! dual 
association1 & ! app>5t abs5ce  (       
competition f o!r antagoni/ic species   
acc\nts = ! massive  endurance :i* we   
f9d among !m4    ,!re are ?us two sides 
to ! ma*9]y involv$ 9 ! developm5t (    
nature4 ,on "o side1 !re is a giv5      
environm5t ) organisms  adapt+ !mselves 
to x4 ,! sci5tific mat]ialism ( ! epo* 9
  "q emphasis$ ?is aspect4 ,f ?is po9t (
 view1 !re is a  giv5 am\nt ( mat]ial1 &
 only a limit$ numb] ( organisms c  take
 advantage ( x4 ,! giv5ness ( !         
environm5t dom9ates  ev]y?+4 ,accord+ly1
 ! la/ words ( sci5ce appe>$ to be !    
,/ruggle = ,exi/5ce1 & ,natural         
,selection4 ,d>w9's own writ+s are  =   
all "t a model ( refusal to g beyond !  
direct evid5ce1 & (  c>eful ret5tion ( e
 possible hypo!sis4 ,b ^? virtues 7  n s
 conspicu\s 9 8 foll[]s1 & /ill less 9 8
  camp-foll[]s4 ,! imag9ation (         
,european sociologi/s & publici/s  0    
/a9$ by exclusive att5tion to ?is aspect

 ( conflict+  int]e/s4 ,! idea prevail$ 
t !re 0 a peculi> /rong-m9d$  realism 9 
disc>d+ e?ical consid]ations 9 !        
det]m9ation ( !  conduct ( comm]cial &  
national int]e/s4    ,! o!r side ( !    
evolution>y ma*9]y1 ! neglect$ side1 is 
express$ by ! ^w creativ5ess4 ,!        
organisms c create _! own  environm5t4  
,= ?is purpose1 ! s+le organism is almo/
 helpless4  ,! adequate =ces require    
societies ( cop]at+ organisms4 ,b )  su*
 cop]ation & 9 proportion to ! ef=t put 
=w>d1 !  environm5t has a pla/icity :i* 
alt]s ! :ole e?ical aspect (  evolution4
    ,9 ! imm$iate pa/1 & at pres5t1 a   
muddl$ /ate ( m9d is  preval5t4 ,!      
increas$ pla/icity ( ! environm5t =     
mank9d1  result+ f ! advances 9         
sci5tific te*nology1 is be+ con/ru$  9  
t]ms ( habits ( ?\ght :i* f9d _!        
ju/ification 9 !  !ory ( a fix$         
environm5t4    ,! riddle ( ! univ]se is 
n s simple4 ,!re is ! aspect (  p]man5ce
 9 :i* a giv5 type ( atta9m5t is        
endlessly repeat$ =  its own sake2 & !re

 is ! aspect ( transition to o!r ?+s1--x
  may be ( high] wor?1 & x may be ( l[] 
wor?4 ,also !re are its  aspects (      
/ruggle & ( fri5dly help4 ,b romantic   
ru?lessness is  no ne>] to real         
politics1 ?an is romantic               
self-abnegation4                        
,,*apt] ,,vii                           
,,relativity      ,9 ! previ\s lectures 
( ?is c\rse we h consid]$ !  antec$5t   
conditions :i* l$ up to ! sci5tific     
movem5t1 & h  trac$ ! progress ( ?\ght f
 ! sev5te5? to ! n9ete5?  c5tury4 ,9 !  
n9ete5? c5tury ?is hi/ory falls into    
?ree p>ts1  s f> z x is to be gr\p$     
ar\nd sci5ce4 ,^! divisions are1 !      
contact betwe5 ! romantic movem5t &     
sci5ce1 ! developm5t (  te*nology &     
physics 9 ! e>li] "p ( ! c5tury1 & la/ly
  ! !ory ( evolution comb9$ ) ! g5]al   
advance ( !  biological sci5ces4    ,!  
dom9at+ note ( ! :ole p]iod ( ?ree      
c5turies is t !  doctr9e ( mat]ialism   
af=d$ an adequate basis = ! concepts (  
sci5ce4 ,x 0 practically unque/ion$4 ,:5

 undulations 7 want$1  an e!r 0 suppli$1
 9 ord] to p]=m ! duties ( an undulatory
  mat]ial4 ,to %[ ! full assumption ?us 
involv$1 ,i h sket*$ 9  outl9e an       
alt]native doctr9e ( an organic !ory (  
nature4 ,9 !  la/ lecture x 0 po9t$ out 
t ! biological developm5ts1 !  doctr9e (
 evolution1 ! doctr9e ( en]gy1 & !      
molecul>  !ories 7 rapidly und]m9+ !    
adequacy ( ! or?odox  mat]ialism4 ,b    
until ! close ( ! c5tury no "o drew t   
conclusion4 ,mat]ialism reign$ supreme4 
,! note ( ! pres5t epo* is t s _m       
complexities h  develop$ reg>d+ mat]ial1
 space1 "t1 & en]gy1 t ! simple         
security ( ! old or?odox assumptions has
 vani%$4 ,x is obvi\s  t !y w n d z     
,newton left !m1 or ev5 z ,cl]k ,maxwell
 left  !m4 ,!re mu/ be a reorganization4
 ,! new situation 9 ! ?\ght  ( to-day   
arises f ! fact t sci5tific !ory is     
outrunn+  common s5se4 ,! settlem5t z   
inh]it$ by ! eighte5? c5tury 0  a       
triumph ( organis$ common s5se4 ,x _h   
got rid ( m$ieval  phantasies1 & (      

,c>tesian vortices4 ,z a result x gave  
full reign to  its anti-rationali/ic    
t5d5cies d]iv$ f ! hi/orical revolt (  !
 ,re=mation p]iod4 ,x gr\nd$ itself ^u  
:at e pla9 man  c\ld see ) 8 own eyes1  
or ) a microscope ( mod]ate p[]4 ,x     
measur$ ! obvi\s ?+s to be measur$1 & x 
g5]alis$ !  obvi\s ?+s to be g5]alis$4  
,= example1 x g5]alis$ !  ord9>y notions
 ( weight & massiv5ess4 ,! eighte5?     
c5tury  op5$ ) ! quiet confid5ce t at   
la/ nons5se _h be5 got rid  (4 ,to-day  
we are at ! opposite pole ( ?\ght4      
,heav5 kn[s :at  seem+ nons5se may n    
to-morr[ be demon/rat$ tru?4 ,we h      
recaptur$ "s ( ! tone ( ! e>ly n9ete5?  
c5tury1 only on a  high] imag9ative     
level4    ,! reason :y we are on a high]
 imag9ative level is n because we  h f9]
 imag9ation1 b because we h bett]       
in/rum5ts4 ,9  sci5ce1 ! mo/ important  
?+ t has happ5$ dur+ ! la/  =ty ye>s is 
! advance 9 in/rum5tal design4 ,?is     
advance is  p>tly due to a few m5 (     
g5ius su* z ,mi*elson & ! ,g]man        

opticians4 ,x is also due to ! progress 
( te*nological processes (  manufacture1
 p>ticul>ly 9 ! region ( metallurgy4 ,! 
design] has  n[ at 8 disposal a v>iety (
 mat]ial ( diff]+ physical  prop]ties4  
,he c ?us dep5d ^u obta9+ ! mat]ial he  
desires2  & x c be gr\nd to ! %apes he  
desires1 )9 v n>r[ limits  ( tol]ance4  
,^! in/rum5ts h put ?\ght onto a new    
level4 ,a  fre% in/rum5t s]ves ! same   
purpose z =eign travel2 x %[s  ?+s 9    
unusual comb9ations4 ,! ga9 is m ?an a  
m]e addition2  x is a trans=mation4 ,!  
advance 9 exp]im5tal +5uity is1  p]haps1
 also due to ! l>g] proportion (        
national ability :i* n[  fl[s into      
sci5tific pursuits4 ,anyh[1 :atev] be ! 
cause1 subtle  & +5i\s exp]im5ts h      
ab\nd$ )9 ! la/ g5]ation4 ,!  result is1
 t a great deal ( in=mation has be5     
accumulat$ 9  regions ( nature v f>     
remov$ f ! ord9>y exp]i5ce (  mank9d4   
,two fam\s exp]im5ts1 "o devis$ by      
,galileo at ! outset ( !  sci5tific     
movem5t1 & ! o!r by ,mi*elson ) ! aid ( 

8  fam\s int]f]omet]1 fir/ c>ri$ out 9  
#ahha1 & repeat$ 9 #ahhg  & #aije1      
illu/rate ! ass]tions ,i h made4        
,galileo dropp$ heavy  bodies f ! top ( 
! lean+ t[] ( ,pisa1 & demon/rat$ t     
bodies ( diff]5t weights1 if releas$    
simultane\sly1 w\ld rea* !  e>? toge!r4 
,s f> z exp]im5tal skill1 & delicacy (  
app>atus  7 conc]n$1 ?is exp]im5t c\ld h
 be5 made at any "t )9  ! prec$+ five   
?\s& ye>s4 ,! ideas involv$ m]ely       
conc]n$  weight & spe$ ( travel1 ideas  
:i* are famili> 9 ord9>y life4  ,! :ole 
set ( ideas might h be5 famili> to !    
family ( ,k+  ,m9os ( ,crete1 z !y      
dropp$ pebbles into ! sea f high        
battlem5ts ris+ f ! %ore4 ,we _c too    
c>efully realise t  sci5ce />t$ ) !     
organisation ( ord9>y exp]i5ces4 ,x 0 9 
?is way t x coalesc$ s readily ) !      
anti-rationali/ic bias  ( ! hi/orical   
revolt4 ,x 0 n ask+ = ultimate mean+s4  
,x  conf9$ itself to inve/igat+ !       
connections regulat+ !  succession (    
obvi\s occurr5ces4    ,mi*elson's       

exp]im5t c\ld n h be5 made e>li] ?an x  
04 ,x  requir$ ! g5]al advance 9        
te*nology1 & ,mi*elson's exp]im5tal     
g5ius4 ,x conc]ns ! det]m9ation ( !     
e>?'s motion ?r\gh !  e!r1 & x assumes t
 light consi/s ( waves ( vibration      
advanc+ at a fix$ rate ?r\gh ! e!r 9 any
 direction4 ,also1 (  c\rse1 ! e>? is   
mov+ ?r\gh ! e!r1 & ,mi*elson's app>atus
  is mov+ ) ! e>?4 ,9 ! c5tre ( !       
app>atus a ray ( light  is divid$ s t "o
 half-ray goes 9 "o direction along !   
app>atus ?r\gh a giv5 di/ance1 & is     
reflect$ back to ! c5tre  by a mirror 9 
! app>atus4 ,! o!r half-ray goes ! same 
di/ance  across ! app>atus 9 a direction
 at "r angles to ! =m] ray1  & x also is
 reflect$ back to ! c5tre4 ,^! reunit$  
rays are  !n reflect$ onto a scre5 9 !  
app>atus4 ,if precautions are tak51  y w
 see int]f]5ce b&s2 namely b&s (        
blackness :]e !  cre/s ( ! waves ( "o   
ray h fill$ up ! tr\ghs ( ! o!r  rays1  
ow+ to a m9ute diff]5ce 9 ! l5g?s ( pa?s
 ( ! two  half-rays1 up to c]ta9 p>ts ( 

! scre5s4 ,^! diff]5ces 9  l5g? w be    
affect$ by ! motion ( ! e>?4 ,= x is !  
l5g?s ( ! pa?s 9 ! e!r :i* c\nt4 ,?us1  
s9ce ! app>atus  is mov+ ) ! e>?1 ! pa? 
( "o half-ray w be di/urb$ by  ! motion 
9 a diff]5t mann] f ! pa? ( ! o!r       
half-ray4  ,?9k ( y\rself z mov+ 9 a    
railway c>riage1 fir/ along ! tra9  & !n
 across ! tra92 & m>k out y\r pa?s on ! 
railway track  :i* 9 ?is analogy        
corresponds to ! e!r4 ,n[ ! motion ( !  
e>? is v sl[ comp>$ to t ( light4 ,?us 9
 ! analogy y  mu/ ?9k ( ! tra9 almo/ at 
a /&/ill1 & ( y\rself z  mov+ v quickly4
    ,9 ! exp]im5t ?is effect ( ! e>?'s  
motion w\ld affect !  positions on !    
scre5 ( ! int]f]5ce b&s4 ,also if y turn
 !  app>atus r\nd1 ?r\gh a "r-angle1 !  
effect ( ! e>?'s motion  on ! two       
half-rays w be int]*ang$1 & ! positions 
( !  int]f]5ce b&s w\ld be %ift$4 ,we c 
calculate ! small %ift  :i* %\ld result 
ow+ to ! e>?'s motion r\nd ! sun4 ,also 
to  ?is effect1 we h to add t due to !  
sun's motion ?r\gh !  e!r4 ,! delicacy (

 ! in/rum5t c be te/$1 & x c be  prov$ t
 ^! effects ( %ift+ are l>ge en\gh to be
 obs]v$ by  x4 ,n[ ! po9t is1 t no?+ 0  
obs]v$4 ,!re 0 no %ift+  z y turn$ !    
in/rum5t r\nd4    ,! conclusion is ei!r 
t ! e>? is always /ation>y 9 !  e!r1 or 
t !re is some?+ wrong ) ! fundam5tal    
pr9ciples  on :i* ! int]pretation ( !   
exp]im5t relies4 ,x is obvi\s  t1 9 ?is 
exp]im5t1 we are v f> away f ! ?\ghts & 
!  games ( ! *ildr5 ( ,k+ ,m9os4 ,!     
ideas ( an e!r1 ( waves 9  x1 (         
int]f]5ce1 ( ! motion ( ! e>? ?r\gh !   
e!r1 &  ( ,mi*elson's int]f]omet]1 are  
remote f ord9>y exp]i5ce4 ,b  remote z  
!y are1 !y are simple & obvi\s comp>$ to
 ! accept$  explanation ( ! nugatory    
result ( ! exp]im5t4    ,! gr\nd ( !    
explanation is t ! ideas ( space & ( "t 
employ$ 9 sci5ce are too simple-m9d$1 & 
mu/ be modifi$4 ,?is  conclusion is a   
direct *all5ge to common s5se1 because !
 e>li]  sci5ce _h only ref9$ ^u ! ord9>y
 notions ( ord9>y p4  ,su* a radical    
reorganization ( ideas w\ld n h be5     

adopt$1  unless x _h also be5 support$  
by _m o!r obs]vations :i* we  ne$ n ent]
 ^u4 ,"s =m ( ! relativity !ory seems to
 be !  simple/ way ( expla9+ a l>ge     
numb] ( facts :i* o!rwise w\ld  ea*     
require "s ad hoc explanation4 ,! !ory1 
!re=e1 does n  m]ely dep5d ^u !         
exp]im5ts :i* l$ to its orig9ation4     
,! c5tral po9t ( ! explanation is t e   
in/rum5t1 su* z  ,mi*elson's app>atus z 
us$ 9 ! exp]im5t1 necess>ily records !  
velocity ( light z hav+ "o & ! same     
def9ite spe$ relatively  to x4 ,i mean t
 an int]f]omet] 9 a comet & an          
int]f]omet] on  ! e>? w\ld necess>ily   
br+ out ! velocity ( light1 relatively  
to !mselves1 z at ! same value4 ,?is is 
an obvi\s p>adox1 s9ce  ! light moves ) 
a def9ite velocity ?r\gh ! e!r4         
,accord+ly  two bodies1 ! e>? & ! comet1
 mov+ ) unequal velocities  ?r\gh ! e!r1
 might be expect$ to h diff]5t          
velocities  relatively to rays ( light4 
,= example1 consid] two c>s on a road1  
mov+ at t5 & tw5ty miles an h\r         

respectively1 & be+ pass$ by  ano!r c>  
at fifty miles an h\r4 ,! rapid c> w    
pass "o ( !  two c>s at ! relative      
velocity ( =ty miles p] h\r1 & ! o!r  at
 ! rate ( ?irty miles p] h\r4 ,!        
allegation z to light is  t1 if we      
sub/itut$ a ray ( light = ! rapid c>1 ! 
velocity  ( ! light along ! roadway w\ld
 be exactly ! same z its velocity       
relatively to ei!r ( ! two c>s :i* x    
ov]takes4 ,! velocity (  light is       
imm5sely l>ge1 be+ ab\t ?ree hundr$ ?\s&
 kilometres  p] second4 ,we mu/ h       
notions z to space & "t su* t j  ?is    
velocity has ?is peculi> "*4 ,x foll[s t
 all our  notions ( relative velocity   
mu/ be reca/4 ,b ^! notions are !       
imm$iate outcome ( our habitual notions 
z to space & "t4 ,s we  come back to !  
position1 t !re has be5 some?+ ov]look$ 
9  ! curr5t expositions ( :at we mean by
 space & ( :at we mean by  "t4    ,n[   
our habitual fundam5tal assumption is t 
!re is a unique  mean+ to be giv5 to    
space & a unique mean+ to be giv5 to "t1

  s t :atev] mean+ is giv5 to spatial   
relations 9 respect to !  in/rum5t on ! 
e>?1 ! same mean+ mu/ be giv5 to !m 9   
respect to ! in/rum5t on ! comet1 & !   
same mean+ = an  in/rum5t at re/ 9 !    
e!r4 ,9 ! !ory ( relativity1 ?is is     
d5i$4 ,z f> z conc]ns space1 !re is no  
difficulty 9 agree+1 if  y ?9k ( !      
obvi\s facts ( relative motion4 ,b ev5  
"h !  *ange 9 mean+ has to g fur!r ?an  
w\ld be sanction$ by common  s5se4 ,also
 ! same dem& is made = "t2 s t !        
relative  dat+ ( ev5ts & ! lapses ( "t  
betwe5 !m are to be reckon$  z diff]5t =
 ! in/rum5t on ! e>?1 = ! in/rum5t 9 !  
comet1 & = ! in/rum5t at re/ 9 ! e!r4   
,?is is a great]  /ra9 on our cr$ulity4 
,we ne$ n probe ! "q fur!r ?an !        
conclusion t = ! e>? & = ! comet        
spatiality &  temporality are ea* to h  
diff]5t mean+s amid diff]5t  conditions1
 su* z ^? pres5t$ by ! e>? & ! comet4   
,accord+ly velocity has diff]5t mean+s =
 ! two bodies4 ,?us !  mod]n sci5tific  
assumption is t if any?+ has ! spe$ (   

light  by ref]5ce to any "o mean+ (     
space & "t1 !n x has ! same  spe$       
accord+ to any o!r mean+ ( space & "t4  
,?is is a heavy bl[ at ! classical      
sci5tific mat]ialism1 :i*  presupposes a
 def9ite pres5t in/ant at :i* all matt] 
is  simultane\sly real4 ,9 ! mod]n !ory 
!re is no su* unique  pres5t in/ant4 ,y 
c f9d a mean+ = ! notion ( !            
simultane\s in/ant ?r\gh\t all nature1 b
 x w be a diff]5t  mean+ = diff]5t      
notions ( temporality4    ,!re has be5 a
 t5d5cy to give an extreme subjectivi/  
int]pretation  to ?is new doctr9e4 ,i   
mean t ! relativity ( space & "t has    
be5 con/ru$ z ?\gh x 7 dep5d5t on !     
*oice ( !  obs]v]4 ,x is p]fectly       
legitimate to br+ 9 ! obs]v]1 if he     
facilitates explanations4 ,b x is !     
obs]v]'s body t we want1  & n 8 m9d4    
,ev5 ?is body is only useful z an       
example ( a v  famili> =m ( app>atus4   
,on ! :ole1 x is bett] to conc5trate    
att5tion on ,mi*elson's int]f]omet]1 &  
to leave ,mi*elson's body  & ,mi*elson's

 m9d out ( ! picture4 ,! "q is1 :y did !
  int]f]omet] h black b&s on its scre51 
& :y did n ^!  b&s slightly %ift z !    
in/rum5t turn$4 ,! new relativity       
associates space & "t ) an intimacy n   
hi!rto contemplat$2  & presupposes t _! 
sep>ation 9 concrete fact c be a*iev$   
by alt]native modes ( ab/raction1 yield+
 alt]native mean+s4 ,b  ea* mode (      
ab/raction is direct+ att5tion to some?+
 :i* is 9  nature2 & !reby is isolat+ x 
= ! purpose ( contemplation4  ,! fact   
relevant to exp]im5t1 is ! relevance ( !
 int]f]omet]  to j "o among ! _m        
alt]native sy/ems ( ^! spatio-temporal  
relations :i* hold betwe5 natural       
entities4    ,:at we mu/ n[ ask (       
philosophy is to give u an int]pretation
 (  ! /atus 9 nature ( space & "t1 s t !
 possibility (  alt]native mean+s is    
pres]v$4 ,^! lectures are n suit$ = !   
elaboration ( details2 b !re is no      
difficulty 9 po9t+ out :]e  to look = ! 
orig9 ( ! discrim9ation betwe5 space &  
"t4 ,i  am presuppos+ ! organic !ory (  

nature1 :i* ,i h outl9$ z a  basis = a  
?or\ghgo+ objectivism4    ,an ev5t is ! 
grasp+ into unity ( a patt]n ( aspects4 
,!  effectiv5ess ( an ev5t beyond itself
 arises f ! aspects (  itself :i* g to  
=m ! preh5d$ unities ( o!r ev5ts4       
,except  = ! sy/ematic aspects (        
geometrical %ape1 ?is effectiv5ess is   
trivial1 if ! mirror$ patt]n atta*es    
m]ely to ! ev5t z "o  :ole4 ,if ! patt]n
 endures ?r\gh\t ! successive p>ts ( !  
ev5t1 & also exhibits itself 9 ! :ole1 s
 t ! ev5t is !  life hi/ory ( ! patt]n1 
!n 9 virtue ( t endur+ patt]n !  ev5t   
ga9s 9 ext]nal effectiv5ess4 ,= its own 
effectiv5ess is  ren=c$ by ! analog\s   
aspects ( all its successive p>ts4 ,!   
ev5t con/itutes a patt]n$ value ) a     
p]man5ce inh]5t  ?r\gh\t its own p>ts2 &
 by reason ( ?is inh]5t endurance !     
ev5t is important = ! modification ( its
 environm5t4    ,x is 9 ?is endurance ( 
patt]n t "t diff]5tiates itself f       
space4 ,! patt]n is spatially n[2 & ?is 
temporal det]m9ation  con/itutes its    

relation to ea* p>tial ev5t4 ,= x is    
reproduc$ 9  ?is temporal succession (  
^! spatial p>ts ( its own life4 ,i mean 
t ?is p>ticul> rule ( temporal ord]     
all[s ! patt]n to be  reproduc$ 9 ea*   
temporal slice ( its hi/ory4 ,s to      
speak1 ea*  endur+ object discov]s 9    
nature & requires f nature a pr9ciple   
discrim9at+ space f "t4 ,ap>t f ! fact (
 an endur+  patt]n ?is pr9ciple might be
 !re1 b x w\ld be lat5t &  trivial4 ,?us
 ! importance ( space z aga9/ "t1 & ( "t
 z  aga9/ space1 has develop$ ) !       
developm5t ( endur+ organisms4  ,endur+ 
objects are significant ( a             
diff]5tiation ( space f "t  9 respect to
 ! patt]ns +r$i5t )9 ev5ts2 & conv]sely 
!  diff]5tiation ( space f "t 9 !       
patt]ns +r$i5t )9  ev5ts expresses !    
pati5ce ( ! community ( ev5ts = endur+  
objects4 ,!re might be ! community )\t  
objects1 b !re c\ld  n be ! endur+      
objects )\t ! community ) its peculi>   
pati5ce = !m4    ,x is v necess>y t ?is 
po9t %\ld n be misund]/ood4  ,endurance 

means t a patt]n :i* is exhibit$ 9 !    
preh5sion (  "o ev5t is also exhibit$ 9 
! preh5sion ( ^? ( its p>ts  :i* are    
discrim9at$ by a c]ta9 rule4 ,x is n    
true t any "p  ( ! :ole ev5t w yield !  
same patt]n z does ! :ole4 ,=  example1 
consid] ! total bodily patt]n exhibit$ 9
 ! life ( a  human body dur+ "o m9ute4  
,"o ( ! ?umbs dur+ ! same m9ute  is "p (
 ! :ole bodily ev5t4 ,b ! patt]n ( ?is  
"p is !  patt]n ( ! ?umb1 & is n !      
patt]n ( ! :ole body4 ,?us  endurance   
requires a def9ite rule = obta9+ ! p>ts4
 ,9 ! above  example1 we "k at once :at 
! rule is3 ,y mu/ take ! life ( !  :ole 
body dur+ any portion ( t same m9ute2 = 
example1 dur+ a  second or a t5? ( a    
second4 ,9 o!r words1 ! mean+ (         
endurance  presupposes a mean+ = ! lapse
 ( "t )9 ! spatio-temporal  cont9uum4   
,! "q n[ arises :e!r all endur+ objects 
discov] ! same  pr9ciple ( diff]5tiation
 ( space f "t2 or ev5 :e!r at  diff]5t  
/ages ( its own life-hi/ory "o object   
may n v>y 9 its  spatio-temporal        

discrim9ation4 ,up till a few ye>s ago1 
ev]yone  unhesitat+ly assum$ t !re 0    
only "o su* pr9ciple to be  discov]$4   
,accord+ly1 9 deal+ ) "o object1 "t w\ld
 h  exactly ! same mean+ 9 ref]5ce to   
endurance z 9 deal+ )  ! endurance (    
ano!r object4 ,x w\ld also foll[ !n t   
spatial  relations w\ld h "o unique     
mean+4 ,b n[ x seems t !  obs]v$        
effectiv5ess ( objects c only be expla9$
 by assum+ t  objects 9 a /ate ( motion 
relatively to ea* o!r are utilis+1 =  _!
 endurance1 mean+s ( space & ( "t :i*   
are n id5tical  f "o object to ano!r4 ,e
 endur+ object is to be conceiv$ z  at  
re/ 9 its own prop] space1 & 9 motion   
?r\gh\t any space  def9$ 9 a way :i* is 
n t inh]5t 9 its peculi> endurance4  ,if
 two objects are mutually at re/1 !y are
 utilis+ ! same  mean+s ( space & ( "t =
 ! purposes ( express+ _!  endurance2 if
 9 relative motion1 ! spaces & times    
diff]4 ,x  foll[s t1 if we c conceive a 
body at "o /age ( its life hi/ory  z 9  
motion relatively to itself at ano!r    

/age1 !n ! body at  ^! two /ages is     
utilis+ div]se mean+s ( space1 &        
correlatively div]se mean+s ( "t4    ,9 
an organic philosophy ( nature !re is   
no?+ to decide betwe5  ! old hypo!sis ( 
! uniqu5ess ( ! "t discrim9ation & !    
new hypo!sis ( its multiplicity4 ,x is  
purely a matt] = evid5ce  drawn f       
obs]vations4#e    ,footnote #e3         
,cf4 my ,pr9ciples ( ,natural ,k1 ,sec4 
#eb3c4    ,9 an e>li] lecture1 ,i said t
 an ev5t _h contempor>ies4 ,x is an     
int]e/+ "q :e!r1 on ! new hypo!sis1 su* 
a /atem5t  c be made )\t ! qualification
 ( a ref]5ce to a def9ite  space-"t     
sy/em4 ,x is possible to d s1 9 ! s5se t
 9 "s  "t-sy/em or o!r ! two ev5ts are  
simultane\s4 ,9 o!r  "t-sy/ems ! two    
contempor>y ev5ts w n be simultane\s1   
?\gh !y may ov]lap4 ,analog\sly "o ev5t 
w prec$e ano!r  )\t qualification1 if 9 
e "t-sy/em ?is prec$5ce occurs4  ,x is  
evid5t t if we />t f a giv5 ev5t ,a1 o!r
 ev5ts 9  g5]al are divid$ into two     
sets1 namely1 ^? :i* )\t  qualification 

are contemporane\s ) ,a & ^? :i* ei!r   
prec$e  or succe$ ,a4 ,b !re w be a set 
left ov]1 namely1 ^? ev5ts  :i* b\nd !  
two sets4 ,!re we h a critical case4 ,y 
w  rememb] t we h a critical velocity to
 acc\nt =1 namely !  !oretical velocity 
( light 9 vacuo4#f ,also y w rememb] t  
! utilisation ( diff]5t spatio-temporal 
sy/ems means ! relative  motion (       
objects4 ,:5 we analyse ?is critical    
relation ( a special  set ( ev5ts to any
 giv5 ev5t ,a1 we f9d ! explanation ( ! 
critical velocity :i* we require4 ,i am 
suppress+ all details4 ,x is  evid5t t  
exactness ( /atem5t mu/ be introduc$ by 
!  introduction ( po9ts1 & l9es1 &      
in/ants4 ,also t ! orig9 (  geometry    
requires discussion2 = example1 !       
measurem5t ( l5g?s1  ! /raightness (    
l9es1 & ! flatness ( planes1 &          
p]p5dicul>ity4 ,i h endeav\r$ to c>ry   
out ^! inve/igations  9 "s e>li] books1 
"u ! head+ ( ! !ory ( ext5sive          
ab/raction2 b !y are too te*nical = !   
pres5t occasion4    ,footnote #f3       

,?is is n ! velocity ( light 9 a        
gravitational field or 9 a    m$ium (   
molecules & electrons4    ,if !re be no 
"o def9ite mean+ to ! geometrical       
relations (  di/ance1 x is evid5t t !   
law ( gravitation ne$s re/atem5t4  ,= ! 
=mula express+ t law is t two p>ticles  
attract ea*  o!r 9 proportion to !      
product ( _! masses & ! inv]se  squ>e ( 
_! di/ances4 ,?is enunciation tacitly   
assumes t !re  is "o def9ite mean+ to be
 ascrib$ to ! in/ant at :i* !           
attraction is consid]$1 & also "o       
def9ite mean+ to be ascrib$  to di/ance4
 ,b di/ance is a purely spatial notion1 
s t 9 !  new doctr9e1 !re are an        
indef9ite numb] ( su* mean+s accord+  to
 ! space-"t sy/em :i* y adopt4 ,if ! two
 p>ticles are  relatively at re/1 !n we 
might be cont5t ) ! space-"t sy/ems  :i*
 !y are bo? utilis+4 ,un=tunately ?is   
sugge/ion gives no  h9t z to proc$ure :5
 !y are n mutually at re/4 ,x is1       
!re=e1 necess>y to re=mulate ! law 9 a  
way :i* does n  presuppose any p>ticul> 

space-"t sy/em4 ,e9/e9 has done ?is4    
,naturally ! result is m complicat$4 ,he
 introduc$ into  ma!matical physics     
c]ta9 me?ods ( pure ma!matics :i* r5d]  
! =mulae indep5d5t ( ! p>ticul> sy/ems (
 measurem5t  adopt$4 ,! new =mula       
introduces v>i\s small effects :i* are  
abs5t 9 ,newton's law4 ,b = ! major     
effects ,newton's law &  ,e9/e9's law   
agree4 ,n[ ^! extra effects ( ,e9/e9's  
law s]ve to  expla9 irregul>ities ( !   
planet ,m]cury's orbit :i* by ,newton's 
law 7 inexplicable4 ,?is is a /rong     
confirmation ( ! new !ory4  ,curi\sly   
en\gh1 !re is m ?an "o alt]native =mula1
 bas$ on  ! new !ory ( multiple space-"t
 sy/ems1 hav+ ! prop]ty (  embody+      
,newton's law & 9 addition ( expla9+ !  
peculi>ities  ( ,m]cury's motion4 ,!    
only me?od ( selection betwe5 !m is to  
wait = exp]im5tal evid5ce respect+ ^?   
effects on :i* !  =mulae diff]4 ,nature 
is probably q indiff]5t to ! ae/hetic   
pref]5ces ( ma!maticians4    ,x only    
rema9s to add t ,e9/e9 w\ld probably    

reject ! !ory (  multiple space-"t      
sy/ems :i* ,i h be5 exp\nd+ to y4 ,he   
w\ld int]pret 8 =mula 9 t]ms (          
contortions 9 space-"t :i*  alt] !      
inv>iance !ory = measure prop]ties1 & ( 
! prop]  times ( ea* hi/orical r\te4 ,8 
mode ( /atem5t has ! great]  ma!matical 
simplicity1 & only all[s ( "o law (     
gravitation1  exclud+ ! alt]natives4 ,b1
 = myself1 ,i _c reconcile x )  ! giv5  
facts ( our exp]i5ce z to simultaneity1 
& spatial  arrangem5t4 ,!re are also o!r
 difficulties ( a m ab/ract  "*4    ,!  
!ory ( ! relation%ip betwe5 ev5ts at :i*
 we h n[  arriv$ is bas$ fir/ ^u !      
doctr9e t ! relat$nesses ( an  ev5t are 
all int]nal relations1 s f> z conc]ns t 
ev5t1 ?\gh  n necess>ily s f> z conc]ns 
! o!r relata4 ,= example1 !  et]nal     
objects1 ?us involv$1 are ext]nally     
relat$ to ev5ts4 ,?is  int]nal          
relat$ness is ! reason :y an ev5t c be  
f\nd only j  :]e x is & h[ x is1--t is  
to say1 9 j "o def9ite set (            
relation%ips4 ,= ea* relation%ip ent]s  

into ! ess5ce ( !  ev5t2 s t1 ap>t f t  
relation%ip1 ! ev5t w\ld n be  itself4  
,?is is :at is meant by ! v notion (    
int]nal relations4  ,x has be5 usual1   
inde$ univ]sal1 to hold t               
spatio-temporal  relation%ips are       
ext]nal4 ,?is doctr9e is :at is "h d5i$4
    ,! conception ( int]nal relat$ness  
involves ! analysis ( !  ev5t into two  
factors1 "o ! und]ly+ sub/antial        
activity (  individualisation1 & ! o!r !
 complex ( aspects--t is to say1  !     
complex ( relat$nesses z ent]+ into !   
ess5ce ( ! giv5  ev5t--:i* are unifi$ by
 ?is individualis$ activity4 ,9 o!r     
words1  ! concept ( int]nal relations   
requires ! concept ( sub/ance z  !      
activity syn!sis+ ! relation%ips into   
its em]g5t "*4  ,! ev5t is :at x is1 by 
reason ( ! unification 9 itself ( a     
multiplicity ( relation%ips4 ,! g5]al   
s*eme ( ^! mutual  relation%ips is an   
ab/raction :i* presupposes ea* ev5t z an
  indep5d5t entity1 :i* x is n1 & asks  
:at remnant ( ^!  =mative relation%ips  

is !n left 9 ! guise ( ext]nal          
relation%ips4 ,! s*eme ( relation%ips z 
?us imp>tially express$  becomes ! s*eme
 ( a complex ( ev5ts v>i\sly relat$ z   
:oles to  p>ts & z jo9t p>ts )9 "s "o   
:ole4 ,ev5 "h1 ! int]nal  relation%ip   
=ces itself on our att5tion2 = ! "p     
evid5tly is  con/itutive ( ! :ole4 ,also
 an isolat$ ev5t :i* has lo/ its  /atus 
9 any complex ( ev5ts is equally exclud$
 by ! v nature  ( an ev5t4 ,s ! :ole is 
evid5tly con/itutive ( ! "p4 ,?us  !    
int]nal "* ( ! relation%ip really %[s   
?r\gh ?is  imp>tial s*eme ( ab/ract     
ext]nal relations4    ,b ?is exhibition 
( ! actual univ]se z ext5sive &         
divisible  has left out ! di/9ction     
betwe5 space & "t4 ,x has 9 fact left   
out ! process ( realisation1 :i* is !   
adju/m5t ( ! syn!tic  activities by     
virtue ( :i* ! v>i\s ev5ts become _!    
realis$  selves4 ,?is adju/m5t is ?us ! 
adju/m5t ( ! und]ly+ active  sub/ances  
:]eby ^! sub/ances exhibit !mselves z ! 
individualisations or modes ( ,sp9oza's 

"o sub/ance4 ,?is adju/m5t  is :at      
introduces temporal process4    ,?us1 9 
"s s5se1 "t1 9 its "* ( ! adju/m5t ( !  
process ( syn!tic realisation1 ext5ds   
beyond ! spatio-temporal  cont9uum (    
nature4#g ,!re is no necessity t        
temporal process1 9  ?is s5se1 %\ld be  
con/itut$ by "o s+le s]ies ( l9e>       
succession4 ,accord+ly1 9 ord] to       
satisfy ! pres5t dem&s (  sci5tific     
hypo!sis1 we introduce ! metaphysical   
hypo!sis t  ?is is n ! case4 ,we d      
assume 7bas+ ourselves ^u direct        
obs]vation71 h[ev]1 t temporal process (
 realisation c be  analys$ into a gr\p (
 l9e> s]ial processes4 ,ea* ( ^! l9e>   
s]ies is a space-"t sy/em4 ,9 support ( 
?is assumption ( def9ite  s]ial         
processes1 we appeal3 7#a7 to ! imm$iate
 pres5tation ?r\gh  ! s5ses ( an ext5d$ 
univ]se beyond ourselves & simultane\s  
) ourselves1 7#b7 to ! intellectual     
appreh5sion ( a mean+ to !  "q :i* asks 
:at is n[ imm$iately happ5+ 9 regions   
beyond ! cognisance ( our s5ses1 7#c7 to

 ! analysis ( :at is  involv$ 9 !       
endurance ( em]g5t objects4 ,?is        
endurance (  objects involves ! display 
( a patt]n z n[ realis$4 ,?is display   
is ! display ( a patt]n z inh]5t 9 an   
ev5t1 b also z  exhibit+ a temporal     
slice ( nature z l5d+ aspects to et]nal 
objects 7or1 equally1 ( et]nal objects z
 l5d+ aspects to ev5ts74  ,! patt]n is  
spatialis$ 9 a :ole duration = ! b5efit 
( !  ev5t into ^: ess5ce ! patt]n ent]s4
 ,! ev5t is "p ( !  duration1 i4e41 is  
"p ( :at is exhibit$ 9 ! aspects inh]5t 
9 itself2 & conv]sely ! duration is !   
:ole ( nature  simultane\s ) ! ev5t1 9 t
 s5se ( simultaneity4 ,?us an  ev5t 9   
realis+ itself displays a patt]n1 & ?is 
patt]n requires  a def9ite duration     
det]m9$ by a def9ite mean+ (            
simultaneity4  ,ea* su* mean+ (         
simultaneity relates ! patt]n z ?us     
display$  to "o def9ite space-"t sy/em4 
,! actuality ( ! space-"t  sy/ems is    
con/itut$ by ! realisation ( patt]n2 b x
 is inh]5t  9 ! g5]al s*eme ( ev5ts z   

con/itut+ its pati5ce = !  temporal     
process ( realisation4    ,footnote #g3 
,cf4 my ,concept ( ,nature1 ,*4 ,,iii4  
,notice t ! patt]n requires a duration  
involv+ a def9ite lapse  ( "t1 & n m]ely
 an in/antane\s mom5t4 ,su* a mom5t is m
  ab/ract1 9 t x m]ely d5otes a c]ta9   
relation ( contiguity  betwe5 ! concrete
 ev5ts4 ,?us a duration is spatialis$2 &
 by  #8spatialis$' is meant t ! duration
 is ! field = ! realis$  patt]n         
con/itut+ ! "* ( ! ev5t4 ,a duration1 z 
!  field ( ! patt]n realis$ 9 !         
actualisation ( "o ( its  conta9$ ev5ts1
 is an epo*1 i4e41 an arre/4 ,endurance 
is !  repetition ( ! patt]n 9 successive
 ev5ts4 ,?us endurance requires  a      
succession ( durations1 ea* exhibit+ !  
patt]n4 ,9 ?is acc\nt  #8"t' has be5    
sep>at$ f #8ext5sion' & f !             
#8divisibility'  :i* arises f ! "* (    
spatio-temporal ext5sion'4  ,accord+ly  
we mu/ n proce$ to conceive "t z ano!r  
=m (  ext5siv5ess4 ,"t is %e] succession
 ( epo*al durations4 ,b !  entities :i* 

succe$ ea* o!r 9 ?is acc\nt are         
durations4 ,!  duration is t :i* is     
requir$ = ! realisation ( a patt]n 9  ! 
giv5 ev5t4 ,?us ! divisibility &        
ext5siv5ess is )9 !  giv5 duration4 ,!  
epo*al duration is n realis$ via its    
successive divisible p>ts1 b is giv5 )  
its p>ts4 ,9 ?is  way1 ! objection :i*  
,z5o might make to ! jo9t validity ( two
  passages f ,kant's ,critique ( ,pure  
,reason is met by ab&on+ !  e>li] ( !   
two passages4 ,i ref] to passages f !   
section #8,(  ! ,axioms ( ,intuition'2 !
 e>li] f ! subsection on ,ext5sive      
,quantity1 & ! latt] f ! subsection on  
,int5sive ,quantity  :]e consid]ations  
respect+ quantity 9 g5]al1 ext5sive &   
int5sive1 are summ$ up4 ,! e>li] passage
 runs ?us3#h    ,footnote #h3      ,max 
,mll]'s translation4    8,i call an     
ext5sive quantity t 9 :i* !             
repres5tation ( !  :ole is r5d]$        
possible by ! repres5tation ( its p>ts1 
&  !re=e necess>ily prec$$ by x4#i ,i _c
 repres5t to myself  any l9e1 h[ev]     

small x may be1 )\t draw+ x 9 ?\ght1 t  
is1 )\t produc+ all its p>ts "o aft] !  
o!r1 />t+ f a  giv5 po9t1 & ?us1 fir/ ( 
all1 draw+ its intuition4 ,! same       
applies to e1 ev5 ! smalle/ portion (   
"t4 ,i c only ?9k 9  x ! successive     
progress f "o mom5t to ano!r1 ?us       
produc+ 9  ! end1 by all ! portions (   
"t1 & _! addition1 a def9ite  quantity (
 "t40    ,footnote #i3      ,italics    
m9e1 & also 9 ! second passage4    ,!   
second passage runs ?us3    8,?is       
peculi> prop]ty ( quantities t no "p (  
!m is !  smalle/ possible "p 7no "p     
indivisible7 is call$ cont9uity4 ,"t  & 
space are quanta cont9ua1 because !re is
 no "p ( !m t is  n enclos$ betwe5      
limits 7po9ts & mom5ts71 no "p t is n   
itself aga9 a space or a "t4 ,space     
consi/s ( spaces only1 "t (  times4     
,po9ts & mom5ts are only limits1 m]e    
places ( limitation1  & z places        
presuppos+ always ^? intuitions :i* !y  
are  meant to limit or to det]m9e4 ,m]e 
places or p>ts t might be giv5  be=e    

space or "t1 c\ld nev] be comp\nd$ into 
space or "t40    ,i am 9 complete       
agreem5t ) ! second extract if #8"t &   
space'  is ! ext5sive cont9uum2 b x is  
inconsi/5t ) its pr$ecessor4  ,= ,z5o   
w\ld object t a vici\s inf9ite regress  
is involv$4 ,e  "p ( "t involves "s     
small] "p ( itself1 & s on4 ,also ?is   
s]ies regresses backw>ds ultimately to  
no?+2 s9ce ! initial  mom5t is )\t      
duration & m]ely m>ks ! relation (      
contiguity  to an e>li] "t4 ,?us "t is  
impossible1 if ! two extracts are  bo?  
adh]$ to4 ,i accept ! lat]1 & reject !  
e>li]1 passage4  ,realisation is !      
becom+ ( "t 9 ! field ( ext5sion4       
,ext5sion  is ! complex ( ev5ts1 qu _!  
pot5tialities4 ,9 realisation !         
pot5tiality becomes actuality4 ,b !     
pot5tial patt]n requires a  duration2 & 
! duration mu/ be exhibit$ z an epo*al  
:ole1 by !  realisation ( ! patt]n4 ,?us
 "t is ! succession ( elem5ts 9         
!mselves divisible & contigu\s4 ,a      
duration1 9 becom+ temporal1  !reby     

incurs realisation 9 respect to "s      
endur+ object4  ,temporalisation is     
realisation4 ,temporalisation is n ano!r
  cont9u\s process4 ,x is an atomic     
succession4 ,?us "t is atomic  7i4e41   
epo*al71 ?\gh :at is temporalis$ is     
divisible4 ,?is  doctr9e foll[s f !     
doctr9e ( ev5ts1 & ( ! nature (  endur+ 
objects4 ,9 ! next *apt] we mu/ consid] 
its relevance to  ! quantum !ory ( rec5t
 sci5ce4    ,x is to be not$ t ?is      
doctr9e ( ! epo*al "* ( "t  does n dep5d
 on ! mod]n doctr9e ( relativity1 &     
holds  equally--& inde$1 m simply--if   
?is doctr9e be ab&on$4 ,x does  dep5d on
 ! analysis ( ! intr9sic "* ( an ev5t1  
consid]$ z ! mo/ concrete f9ite entity4 
,9 review+ ?is argum5t1 note fir/ t !   
second quotation f  ,kant1 on :i* x is  
bas$1 does n dep5d on any peculi>       
,kantian  doctr9e4 ,! latt] ( ! two is 9
 agreem5t ) ,plato z aga9/              
,ari/otle4#aj ,9 ! second place1 !      
argum5t assumes t ,z5o  und]/at$ 8      
argum5t4 ,he %\ld h urg$ x aga9/ !      

curr5t  notion ( "t 9 itself1 & n aga9/ 
motion1 :i* involves  relations betwe5  
"t & space4 ,=1 :at becomes has         
duration4 ,b no  duration c become until
 a small] duration 7"p ( ! =m]7 has     
antec$5tly come into be+ ,kant's e>li]  
/atem5t4 ,! same  argum5t applies to ?is
 small] duration1 & s on4 ,also !       
inf9ite  regress ( ^! durations conv]ges
 to no?+--& ev5 on !  ,ari/otelian view 
!re is no fir/ mom5t4 ,accord+ly "t w\ld
 be an  irrational notion4 ,?irdly1 9 ! 
epo*al !ory ,z5o's difficulty is  met by
 conceiv+ temporalisation z !           
realisation ( a complete  organism4 ,?is
 organism is an ev5t hold+ 9 its ess5ce 
its  spatio-temporal relation%ips 7bo?  
)9 itself1 & beyond itself7  ?r\gh\t !  
spatio-temporal cont9uum4    ,footnote  
#aj3      ,cf4 #8,euclid 9 ,greek1' by  
,sir ,t4 ,l4 ,hea?1 ,camb4 ,univ4       
,press1 9 a    note on ,po9ts4          
,,*apt] ,,viii                          
,,! ,,quantum ,,!ory      ,! !ory (     
relativity has ju/ly excit$ a great     

am\nt ( public  att5tion4 ,b1 = all its 
importance1 x has n be5 ! topic :i*  has
 *iefly absorb$ ! rec5t int]e/ (        
physici/s4 ,)\t "q  t position is held  
by ! quantum !ory4 ,! po9t ( int]e/ 9   
?is !ory is t1 accord+ to x1 "s effects 
:i* appe>  ess5tially capable ( gradual 
increase or gradual dim9ution are 9     
reality to be increas$ or decreas$ only 
by c]ta9 def9ite jumps4 ,x  is z ?\gh y 
c\ld walk at ?ree miles p] h\r or at f\r
 miles p]  h\r1 b n at ?ree & a half    
miles p] h\r4    ,! effects 9 "q are    
conc]n$ ) ! radiation ( light f a       
molecule :i* has be5 excit$ by "s       
collision4 ,light consi/s (  waves (    
vibration 9 ! electromagnetic field4    
,aft] a complete wave  has pass$ a giv5 
po9t ev]y?+ at t po9t is re/or$ to its  
orig9al /ate & is ready = ! next wave   
:i* foll[s on4 ,picture  to y\rselves ! 
waves on ! ocean1 & reckon f cre/ to    
cre/ (  successive waves4 ,! numb] (    
waves :i* pass a giv5 po9t 9 "o  second 
is call$ ! frequ5cy ( t sy/em ( waves4  

,a sy/em (  light-waves ( def9ite       
frequ5cy corresponds to a def9ite col\r 
9  ! spectrum4 ,n[ a molecule1 :5       
excit$1 vibrates ) a c]ta9  numb] (     
def9ite frequ5cies4 ,9 o!r words1 !re   
are a def9ite set  ( modes ( vibration (
 ! molecule1 & ea* mode ( vibration has 
"o def9ite frequ5cy4 ,ea* mode (        
vibration c /ir up 9 !  electromagnetic 
field waves ( its own frequ5cy4 ,^!     
waves c>ry away  ! en]gy ( ! vibration2 
s t f9ally 7:5 su* waves are 9  be+7 !  
molecule loses ! en]gy ( its excitem5t &
 ! waves  cease4 ,?us a molecule c      
radiate light ( c]ta9 def9ite col\rs1  t
 is to say1 ( c]ta9 def9ite frequ5cies4 
,y w\ld ?9k t ea* mode ( vibration c\ld 
be excit$ to any  int5sity1 s t ! en]gy 
c>ri$ away by light ( t frequ5cy  c\ld  
be ( any am\nt4 ,b ?is is n ! case4 ,!re
 appe> to be  c]ta9 m9imum am\nts (     
en]gy :i* _c be subdivid$4 ,! case  is  
analog\s to t ( a citiz5 ( ! ,unit$     
,/ates :o1 9 pay+  8 debts 9 ! curr5cy (
 8 c\ntry1 _c subdivide a c5t s z  to   

correspond to "s m9ute subdivision ( !  
goods obta9$4 ,! c5t  corresponds to !  
m9imum quantity ( ! light en]gy1 & !    
goods  obta9$ correspond to ! en]gy ( ! 
excit+ cause4 ,?is excit+  cause is ei!r
 /rong en\gh to procure ! emission ( "o 
c5t (  en]gy1 or fails to procure !     
emission ( any en]gy :atsoev]4 ,9  any  
case ! molecule w only emit an integral 
numb] ( c5ts (  en]gy4 ,!re is a fur!r  
peculi>ity :i* we c illu/rate by  br++  
an ,engli%man onto ! sc5e4 ,he pays 8   
debts 9 ,engli%  curr5cy1 & 8 smalle/   
unit is a f>?+ :i* diff]s 9 value  f !  
c5t4 ,! f>?+ is 9 fact ab\t half a c5t1 
to a v  r\gh approximation4 ,9 !        
molecule1 diff]5t modes ( vibration h   
diff]5t frequ5cies4 ,comp>e ea* mode to 
a nation4 ,"o mode  corresponds to !    
,unit$ ,/ates1 & ano!r mode corresponds 
to  ,engl&4 ,"o mode c only radiate its 
en]gy 9 an integral numb] (  c5ts1 s t a
 c5t ( en]gy is ! lea/ x c pay out2     
:]eas !  o!r mode c only radiate its    
en]gy 9 an integral numb] (  f>?+s1 s t 

a f>?+ ( en]gy is ! lea/ t x c pay  out4
 ,also a rule c be f\nd to tell u !     
relative value ( ! c5t  ( en]gy ( "o    
mode to ! f>?+ ( en]gy ( ano!r mode4 ,! 
rule is *ildi%ly simple3 ,ea* smalle/   
co9 ( en]gy has a value 9  /rict        
proportion to ! frequ5cy belong+ to t   
mode4 ,by ?is rule1  & comp>+ f>?+s )   
c5ts1 ! frequ5cy ( an ,am]ican w\ld  be 
ab\t twice t ( an ,engli%man4 ,9 o!r    
words1 ! ,am]ican w\ld  d ab\t twice z  
_m ?+s 9 a second z an ,engli%man4 ,i   
mu/ leave  y to judge :e!r ?is          
corresponds to ! reput$ *>act]s ( !  two
 nations4 ,also ,i sugge/ t !re are     
m]its atta*+ to bo? ends  ( ! sol>      
spectrum4 ,sometimes y want r$ light &  
sometimes violet  light4    ,!re has    
be51 ,i hope1 no great difficulty 9     
compreh5d+ :at !  quantum !ory ass]ts   
ab\t molecules4 ,! p]plexity arises f ! 
ef=t to fit ! !ory into ! curr5t        
sci5tific picture ( :at is  go+ on 9 !  
molecule or atom4    ,x has be5 ! basis 
( ! mat]iali/ic !ory1 t ! happ5+s  (    

nature are to be expla9$ 9 t]ms ( !     
locomotion ( mat]ial4 ,9  accordance )  
?is pr9ciple1 ! waves ( light 7 expla9$ 
9  t]ms ( ! locomotion ( a mat]ial e!r1 
& ! int]nal happ5+s  ( a molecule are n[
 expla9$ 9 t]ms ( ! locomotion ( sep>ate
  mat]ial p>ts4 ,9 respect to waves (   
light1 ! mat]ial e!r has  retreat$ to an
 indet]m9ate position 9 ! backgr\nd1 &  
is r>ely  talk$ ab\t4 ,b ! pr9ciple is  
unque/ion$ z reg>ds its  application to 
! atom4 ,= example a neutral hydrog5    
atom is assum$  to consi/ ( at lea/ two 
lumps ( mat]ial2 "o lump is ! nucleus   
consi/+ ( a mat]ial call$ positive      
electricity1 & ! o!r is a  s+le electron
 :i* is negative electricity4 ,! nucleus
 %[s signs  ( be+ complex1 & ( be+      
subdivisible into small] lumps1 "s (    
positive electricity & o!rs electronic4 
,! assumption is1 t  :atev] vibration   
takes place 9 ! atom is to be attribut$ 
to !  vibratory locomotion ( "s bit (   
mat]ial1 deta*able f !  rema9d]4 ,!     
difficulty ) ! quantum !ory is t1 on ?is

  hypo!sis1 we h to picture ! atom z    
provid+ a limit$ numb] (  def9ite       
grooves1 :i* are ! sole tracks along :i*
 vibration c  take place1 :]eas !       
classical sci5tific picture provides    
none (  ^! grooves4 ,! quantum !ory     
wants trolley-c>s ) a limit$  numb] (   
r\tes1 & ! sci5tific picture provides   
horses gallop+  ov] prairies4 ,! result 
is t ! physical doctr9e ( ! atom has    
got into a /ate :i* is /rongly sugge/ive
 ( ! epicycles (  a/ronomy be=e         
,cop]nicus4    ,on ! organic !ory (     
nature !re are two sorts ( vibrations   
:i*  radically diff] f ea* o!r4 ,!re is 
vibratory locomotion1 &  !re is         
vibratory organic de=mation2 & !        
conditions = ! two  types ( *ange are ( 
a diff]5t "*4 ,9 o!r words1 !re is      
vibratory locomotion ( a giv5 patt]n z  
"o :ole1 & !re is  vibratory *ange (    
patt]n4    ,a complete organism 9 !     
organic !ory is :at corresponds to a bit
  ( mat]ial on ! mat]iali/ic !ory4 ,!re 
w be a prim>y g5us1  compris+ a numb] ( 

species ( organisms1 su* t ea* prim>y   
organism1 belong+ to a species ( !      
prim>y g5us1 is n  decomposable into    
subord9ate organisms4 ,i w call any     
organism ( !  prim>y g5us a primate4    
,!re may be diff]5t species ( primates4 
,x mu/ be kept 9 m9d t we are deal+ ) ! 
ab/ractions (  physics4 ,accord+ly1 we  
are n ?9k+ ( :at a primate is 9  itself1
 z a patt]n aris+ f ! preh5sion ( !     
concrete  aspects2 nor are we ?9k+ ( :at
 a primate is = its environm5t1  9      
respect to its concrete aspects preh5d$ 
!re94 ,we are ?9k+ (  ^! v>i\s aspects  
m]ely 9 s f> z _! effects on patt]ns &  
on locomotion are expressible 9         
spatio-temporal t]ms4 ,accord+ly1 9  !  
language ( physics1 ! aspects ( a       
primate are m]ely its  contributions to 
! electromagnetic field4 ,?is is 9 fact 
exactly :at  we "k ( electrons &        
protons4 ,an electron = u is m]ely !    
patt]n ( its aspects 9 its environm5t1 s
 f> z ^? aspects are  relevant to !     
electromagnetic field4    ,n[ 9 discuss+

 ! !ory ( relativity1 we saw t !        
relative  motion ( two primates means   
simply t _! organic patt]ns are  utilis+
 div]se space-"t sy/ems4 ,if two        
primates d n cont9ue  ei!r mutually at  
re/1 or mutually 9 uni=m relative       
motion1 at  lea/ "o ( !m is *ang+ its   
intr9sic space-"t sy/em4 ,! laws  (     
motion express ! conditions "u :i* ^!   
*anges ( space-"t  sy/ems are effect$4  
,! conditions = vibratory locomotion are
  f\nd$ ^u ^! g5]al laws ( motion4    ,b
 x is possible t c]ta9 species (        
primates are apt to g to  pieces "u     
conditions :i* lead !m to effect *anges 
( space-"t  sy/ems4 ,su* species w\ld   
only exp]i5ce a long range ( endurance1 
if !y _h succe$$ 9 =m+ a fav\rable      
association among primates  ( diff]5t   
species1 su* t 9 ?is association !      
t5d5cy to  collapse is neutralis$ by !  
environm5t ( ! association4 ,we c       
imag9e ! atomic nucleus z compos$ ( a   
l>ge numb] ( primates (  diff]+ species1
 & p]haps ) _m primates ( ! same        

species1  ! :ole association be+ su* z  
to fav\r /ability4 ,an example (  su* an
 association is af=d$ by ! association (
 a positive nucleus  ) negative         
electrons to obta9 a neutral atom4 ,!   
neutral atom is  !reby %ield$ f any     
electric field :i* w\ld o!rwise produce 
*anges 9 ! space-"t sy/em ( ! atom4     
,! requirem5ts ( physics n[ sugge/ an   
idea :i* is v consonant  ) ! organic    
philosophical !ory4 ,i put x 9 ! =m ( a 
"q3 ,has our organic !ory ( endurance   
be5 ta9t$ by !  mat]iali/ic !ory 9 s f> 
z x assumes )\t "q t  endurance mu/ mean
 undiff]5tiat$ sam5ess ?r\gh\t !        
life-hi/ory conc]n$8 ,p]haps y notic$ t 
79 a previ\s *apt]7  ,i us$ ! ^w        
#8reit]ation' z a synonym (             
#8endurance4' ,x obvi\sly  is n q       
synonym\s 9 its mean+2 & n[ ,i want to  
sugge/ t  reit]ation :]e x diff]s f     
endurance is m ne>ly :at !  organic !ory
 requires4 ,! diff]5ce is v analog\s to 
t  betwe5 ! ,galileans & !              
,ari/otelians3 ,ari/otle said #8re/' :]e

  ,galileo add$ #8or uni=m motion 9 a   
/raight l9e4' ,?us 9 !  organic !ory1 a 
patt]n ne$ n endure 9 undiff]5tiat$     
sam5ess  ?r\gh "t4 ,! patt]n may be     
ess5tially "o ( ae/hetic contra/s       
requir+ a lapse ( "t = its unfold+4 ,a  
tune is an example (  su* a patt]n4 ,?us
 ! endurance ( ! patt]n n[ means !      
reit]ation ( its succession ( contra/s4 
,?is is obvi\sly ! mo/  g5]al notion (  
endurance on ! organic !ory1 &          
#8reit]ation' is  p]haps ! ^w :i*       
expresses x ) mo/ directness4 ,b :5 we  
translate ?is notion into ! ab/ractions 
( physics1 x at once  becomes ! te*nical
 notion ( #8vibration4' ,?is vibration  
is n !  vibratory locomotion3 x is !    
vibration ( organic de=mation4 ,!re  are
 c]ta9 indications 9 mod]n physics t = !
 rle (  corpuscul> organisms at ! base (
 ! physical field1 we require  vibratory
 entities4 ,su* corpuscles w\ld be !    
corpuscles detect$ z  expell$ f ! nuclei
 ( atoms1 :i* !n dissolve into waves (  
light4 ,we may conjecture t su* a       

corpuscul> body has no great  /ability (
 endurance1 :5 9 isolation4 ,accord+ly1 
an unfav\rable  environm5t lead+ to     
rapid *anges 9 its prop] space-"t sy/em1
  t is to say1 an environm5t jolt+ x    
into viol5t accel]ations1  causes !     
corpuscles to g to pieces & dissolve    
into light-waves (  ! same p]iod (      
vibration4    ,a proton1 & p]haps an    
electron1 w\ld be an association ( su*  
primates1 sup]pos$ on ea* o!r1 ) _!     
frequ5cies & spatial  dim5sions s       
arrang$ z to promote ! /ability ( !     
complex  organism1 :5 jolt$ into        
accel]ations ( locomotion4 ,! conditions
  = /ability w\ld give ! associations ( 
p]iods possible =  protons4 ,! expulsion
 ( a primate w\ld come f a jolt :i*     
leads  ! proton ei!r to settle d[n into 
an alt]native association1 or to  g5]ate
 a new primate by ! aid ( ! en]gy       
receiv$4    ,a primate mu/ be associat$ 
) a def9ite frequ5cy ( vibratory        
organic de=mation s t :5 x goes to      
pieces x dissolves into  light waves ( !

 same frequ5cy1 :i* !n c>ry (f all its  
av]age  en]gy4 ,x is q easy 7z a        
p>ticul> hypo!sis7 to imag9e  /ation>y  
vibrations ( ! electromagnetic field (  
def9ite  frequ5cy1 & direct$ radially to
 & f a c5tre1 :i*1 9  accordance ) !    
accept$ electromagnetic laws1 w\ld      
consi/ ( a  vibratory sph]ical nucleus  
satisfy+ "o set ( conditions & a        
vibratory ext]nal field satisfy+ ano!r  
set ( conditions4 ,?is is  an example ( 
vibratory organic de=mation4 ,fur!r on  
?is p>ticul>  hypo!sis1 !re are two ways
 ( det]m9+ ! subsidi>y conditions  s z  
to satisfy ! ord9>y requirem5ts (       
ma!matical physics4 ,!  total en]gy1    
accord+ to "o ( ^! ways1 w\ld satisfy ! 
quantum  condition2 s t x consi/s ( an  
integral numb] ( units or c5ts1  :i* are
 su* t ! c5t ( en]gy ( any primate is   
proportional to  its frequ5cy4 ,i h n   
work$ out ! conditions = /ability or =  
a /able association4 ,i h m5tion$ !     
p>ticul> hypo!sis by way  ( %[+ by      
example t ! organic !ory ( nature af=ds 

possibilities = ! reconsid]ation (      
ultimate physical laws1 :i*  are n op5  
to ! oppos$ mat]iali/ic !ory4    ,9 ?is 
p>ticul> hypo!sis ( vibratory primates1 
! ,maxwellian  equations are suppos$ to 
hold ?r\gh\t all space1 includ+ !       
int]ior ( a proton4 ,!y express ! laws  
gov]n+ ! vibratory  production &        
absorption ( en]gy4 ,! :ole process =   
ea* primate  issues 9 a c]ta9 av]age    
en]gy *>act]i/ic ( ! primate1 &         
proportional to its mass4 ,9 fact !     
en]gy is ! mass4 ,!re are  vibratory    
radial /reams ( en]gy1 bo? )\t & )9 a   
primate4  ,)9 ! primate1 !re are        
vibratory di/ributions ( electric       
d5sity4 ,on ! mat]iali/ic !ory su*      
d5sity m>ks ! pres5ce (  mat]ial3 on !  
organic !ory ( vibration1 x m>ks !      
vibratory  production ( en]gy4 ,su*     
production is re/rict$ to ! int]ior (  !
 primate4    ,all sci5ce mu/ />t ) "s   
assumptions z to ! ultimate analysis  ( 
! facts ) :i* x deals4 ,^! assumptions  
are ju/ifi$ p>tly  by _! adh]5ce to !   

types ( occurr5ce ( :i* we are directly 
consci\s1 & p>tly by _! success 9       
repres5t+ ! obs]v$  facts ) a c]ta9     
g5]ality1 devoid ( ad hoc suppositions4 
,!  g5]al !ory ( ! vibration ( primates1
 :i* ,i h outl9$1 is  m]ely giv5 z an   
example ( ! sort ( possibilities :i* !  
organic !ory leaves op5 = physical      
sci5ce4 ,! po9t is t x  adds !          
possibility ( organic de=mation to t (  
m]e locomotion4  ,light waves =m "o     
great example ( organic de=mation4      
,at any epo* ! assumptions ( a sci5ce   
are giv+ way1 :5 !y  exhibit symptoms ( 
! epicyclic /ate f :i* a/ronomy 0 rescu$
  9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,physical sci5ce  
is n[ exhibit+ su*  symptoms4 ,9 ord] to
 reconsid] its f\ndations1 x mu/ recur  
to a  m concrete view ( ! "* ( real ?+s1
 & mu/ conceive  its fundam5tal notions 
z ab/ractions d]iv$ f ?is direct        
intuition4 ,x is 9 ?is way t x surveys !
 g5]al possibilities  ( revision :i* are
 op5 to x4    ,! discont9uities         
introduc$ by ! quantum !ory require     

revision (  physical concepts 9 ord] to 
meet !m4 ,9 p>ticul>1 x has be5  po9t$  
out t "s !ory ( discont9u\s exi/5ce is  
requir$4  ,:at is ask$ f su* a !ory1 is 
t an orbit ( an electron c be  reg>d$ z 
a s]ies ( deta*$ positions1 & n z a     
cont9u\s  l9e4    ,! !ory ( a primate or
 a vibrat+ patt]n1 giv5 above1 toge!r  )
 ! di/9ction betwe5 temporality &       
ext5siv5ess 9 !  previ\s *apt]1 yields  
exactly ?is result4 ,x w be rememb]$ t  
! cont9uity ( ! complex ( ev5ts arises f
 ! relation%ips (  ext5siv5ess2 :]eas ! 
temporality arises f ! realisation 9 a  
subject-ev5t ( a patt]n :i* requires =  
its display t ! :ole  ( a duration be   
spatialis$ 7i4e41 arre/$71 z giv5 by its
 aspects  9 ! ev5t4 ,?us realization    
proce$s vi a succession ( epo*al        
durations2 & ! cont9u\s transition1     
i4e41 ! organic  de=mation1 is )9 !     
duration :i* is already giv54 ,!        
vibratory organic de=mation is 9 fact ! 
reit]ation ( ! patt]n4  ,"o complete    
p]iod def9es ! duration requir$ = !     

complete  patt]n4 ,?us ! primate is     
realis$ atomically 9 a succession (     
durations1 ea* duration to be measur$ f 
"o maximum to ano!r4  ,accord+ly1 s f> z
 ! primate z "o endur+ :ole entity is to
 be  tak5 acc\nt (1 x is to be assign$  
to ^! durations successively4  ,if x is 
consid]$ z "o ?+1 its orbit is to be    
diagrammatically  exhibit$ by a s]ies ( 
deta*$ dots4 ,?us ! locomotion ( !      
primate is discont9u\s 9 space & "t4 ,if
 we g bel[ ! quanta (  "t :i* are !     
successive vibratory p]iods ( ! primate1
 we f9d  a succession ( vibratory       
electromagnetic fields1 ea* /ation>y 9 !
  space-"t ( its own duration4 ,ea* ( ^!
 fields exhibits a s+le  complete p]iod 
( ! electromagnetic vibration :i*       
con/itutes !  primate4 ,?is vibration is
 n to be ?\ght ( z ! becom+ (  reality2 
x is :at ! primate is 9 "o ( its        
discont9u\s  realisations4 ,also !      
successive durations 9 :i* ! primate is 
realis$ are contigu\s2 x foll[s t ! life
 hi/ory ( ! primate  c be exhibit$ z be+

 ! cont9u\s developm5t ( occurr5ces 9  !
 electromagnetic field4 ,b ^! occurr5ces
 ent] into realisation  z :ole atomic   
blocks1 occupy+ def9ite p]iods ( "t4    
,!re is no ne$ to conceive t "t is      
atomic 9 ! s5se t all  patt]ns mu/ be   
realis$ 9 ! same successive durations4  
,9 ! fir/  place1 ev5 if ! p]iods 7 !   
same 9 ! case ( two primates1  !        
durations ( realisation may n be ! same4
 ,9 o!r words1 !  two primates may be   
out ( phase4 ,also if ! p]iods are      
diff]5t1 !  atomism ( any "o duration ( 
"o primate is necess>ily subdivid$ by  !
 b\nd>y mom5ts ( durations ( ! o!r      
primate4    ,! laws ( ! locomotion (    
primates express "u :at conditions any  
primate w *ange its space-"t sy/em4     
,x is unnecess>y to pursue ?is          
conception fur!r4 ,! ju/ification  ( !  
concept ( vibratory exi/5ce mu/ be      
purely exp]im5tal4 ,!  po9t illu/rat$ by
 ?is example is t ! cosmological        
outlook1  :i* is "h adopt$1 is p]fectly 
consi/5t ) ! dem&s =  discont9uity :i* h

 be5 urg$ f ! side ( physics4 ,also if  
?is concept ( temporalisation z a       
successive realisation ( epo*al         
durations be adopt$1 ! difficulty ( ,z5o
 is evad$4 ,! p>ticul>  =m1 :i* has be5 
giv5 "h to ?is concept1 is purely = t   
purpose ( illu/ration & mu/ necess>ily  
require reca/+ be=e x  c be adapt$ to ! 
results ( exp]im5tal physics4           
,,*apt] ,,ix                            
,,sci5ce ,,& ,,philosophy      ,9 !     
pres5t lecture1 x is my object to       
consid] "s reactions (  sci5ce ^u !     
/ream ( philosophic ?\ght dur+ ! mod]n  
c5turies ) :i* we are conc]n$4 ,i %all  
make no attempt to  compress a hi/ory ( 
mod]n philosophy )9 ! limits ( "o       
lecture4 ,we %all m]ely consid] "s      
contacts betwe5 sci5ce &  philosophy1 9 
s f> z !y lie )9 ! s*eme ( ?\ght :i* x  
is ! purpose ( ^! lectures to develop4  
,= ?is reason ! :ole  ( ! great ,g]man  
ideali/ic movem5t w be ignor$1 z be+ out
 (  effective t\* ) its contempor>y     
sci5ce s f> z reciprocal  modification (

 concepts is conc]n$4 ,kant1 f :om ?is  
movem5t  took its rise1 0 saturat$ )    
,newtonian physics1 & ) ! ideas  ( !    
great ,fr5* physici/s--su* z            
,clairaut1#aa = in/ance--:o  develop$ ! 
,newtonian ideas4 ,b ! philosoph]s :o   
develop$ !  ,kantian s*ool ( ?\ght1 or  
:o trans=m$ x into ,hegelianism1  ei!r  
lack$ ,kant's backgr\nd ( sci5tific k1  
or lack$ 8  pot5tiality ( becom+ a great
 physici/ if philosophy _h n  absorb$ 8 
ma9 en]gies4    ,footnote #aa3      ,cf4
 ! curi\s evid5ce ( ,kant's sci5tific   
read+ 9 !    ,critique ( ,pure ,reason1 
,transc5d5tal ,analytic1 ,second        
,analogy (    ,exp]i5ce1 :]e he ref]s to
 ! ph5om5on ( capill>y action4    ,?is  
is an unnecess>ily complex illu/ration2 
a book re/+ on a    table w\ld h equally
 well suffic$4 ,b ! subject _h j be5    
adequately treat$ = ! fir/ "t by        
,clairaut 9 an app5dix to    8 ,figure (
 ! ,e>?4 ,kant evid5tly _h read ?is     
app5dix1 &    8 m9d 0 full ( x4    ,!   
orig9 ( mod]n philosophy is analog\s to 

t ( sci5ce1 & is  contemporane\s4 ,!    
g5]al tr5d ( its developm5t 0 settl$ 9 !
  sev5te5? c5tury1 p>tly at ! h&s ( !   
same m5 :o e/abli%$  ! sci5tific        
pr9ciples4 ,?is settlem5t ( purpose     
foll[$ ^u a  transitional p]iod dat+ f !
 fifte5? c5tury4 ,!re 0 9 fact  a g5]al 
movem5t ( ,european m5tality1 :i* c>ri$ 
along ) its  /ream1 religion1 sci5ce &  
philosophy4 ,x may %ortly be  *>act]is$ 
z be+ ! direct recurr5ce to ! orig9al   
s\rces (  ,greek inspiration on ! "p (  
m5 ^: spiritual %ape _h be5  d]iv$ f    
inh]itance f ! ,middle ,ages4 ,!re 0    
!re=e no  revival ( ,greek m5tality4    
,epo*s d n rise f ! dead4 ,!  pr9ciples 
( ae/hetics & ( reason1 :i* animat$ !   
,greek  civilisation1 7 reclo!d 9 a     
mod]n m5tality4 ,betwe5 ! two  !re lay  
o!r religions1 o!r sy/ems ( law1 o!r    
an>*ies1 &  o!r racial inh]itances1     
divid+ ! liv+ f ! dead4    ,philosophy  
is peculi>ly s5sitive to su* diff]5ces4 
,=1 :]eas y  c make a replica ( an      
anci5t /atue1 !re is no possible replica

 (  an anci5t /ate ( m9d4 ,!re c be no  
ne>] approximation ?an t  :i* a         
masqu]ade be>s to real life4 ,!re may be
 und]/&+ ( !  pa/1 b !re is a diff]5ce  
betwe5 ! mod]n & ! anci5t  reactions to 
! same /imuli4    ,9 ! p>ticul> case (  
philosophy1 ! di/9ction 9 tonality lies 
on ! surface4 ,mod]n philosophy is t+$ )
 subjectivism1 z  aga9/ ! objective     
attitude ( ! anci5ts4 ,! same *ange is  
to be  se5 9 religion4 ,9 ! e>ly hi/ory 
( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 !  !ological int]e/ 
c5tr$ 9 discussions on ! nature ( ,god1 
!  mean+ ( ! ,inc>nation1 & apocalyptic 
=eca/s ( ! ultimate  fate ( ! _w4 ,at ! 
,re=mation1 ! ,*ur* 0 torn asund] by    
diss5sion z to ! individual exp]i5ces ( 
believ]s 9 respect to  ju/ification4 ,! 
individual subject ( exp]i5ce _h be5    
sub/itut$  = ! total drama ( all        
reality4 ,lu!r ask$1 #8,h[ am ,i        
ju/ifi$8'2  mod]n philosoph]s h ask$1   
#8,h[ d ,i h k8' ,! emphasis  lies ^u ! 
subject ( exp]i5ce4 ,?is *ange ( /&po9t 
is !  "w ( ,*ri/ianity 9 its pa/oral    

aspect ( %eph]d+ ! company  ( believ]s4 
,= c5tury aft] c5tury x insi/$ ^u !     
inf9ite  wor? ( ! individual human s\l4 
,accord+ly1 to ! in/9ctive  egotism (   
physical desires1 x has sup]add$ an     
in/9ctive feel+ (  ju/ification = an    
egotism ( intellectual outlook4 ,e human
 be+  is ! natural gu>dian ( 8 own      
importance4 ,)\t a d\bt1 ?is  mod]n     
direction ( att5tion emphasises tru?s ( 
! highe/ value4  ,= example1 9 ! field (
 practical life1 x has aboli%$ slav]y1  
& has impress$ ^u ! popul> imag9ation ! 
prim>y rights (  mank9d4    ,desc>tes1 9
 8 ,disc\rse on ,me?od1 & 9 8           
,m$itations1  discloses ) great cle>ness
 ! g5]al conceptions :i* h s9ce         
influ5c$ mod]n philosophy4 ,!re is a    
subject receiv+ exp]i5ce3  9 ! ,disc\rse
 ?is subject is always m5tion$ 9 ! fir/ 
p]son1  t is to say1 z be+ ,desc>tes    
himself4 ,desc>tes />ts )  himself z be+
 a m5tality1 :i* 9 virtue ( its         
consci\sness (  its own inh]5t          
pres5tations ( s5se & ( ?\ght1 is !reby 

consci\s ( its own exi/5ce z a unit     
entity4 ,! subsequ5t hi/ory  (          
philosophy revolves r\nd ! ,c>tesian    
=mulation ( ! prim>y  datum4 ,! anci5t  
_w takes its /& ^u ! drama ( ! ,univ]se1
  ! mod]n _w ^u ! inw>d drama ( ! ,s\l4 
,desc>tes1 9 8  ,m$itations1 expressly  
gr\nds ! exi/5ce ( ?is inw>d drama ^u  !
 possibility ( error4 ,!re may be no    
correspond5ce ) objective  fact1 & ?us  
!re mu/ be a s\l ) activities ^: reality
 is  purely d]ivative f itself4 ,=      
example1 "h is a quotation#ab f         
,m$itation ,,ii3 8,b x w be said t ^!   
pres5tations are  false1 & t ,i am      
dream+4 ,let x be s4 ,at all ev5ts x is 
c]ta9  t ,i seem to see light1 he> a    
noise1 & feel heat2 ?is _c be  false1 & 
?is is :at 9 me is prop]ly call$ p]ceiv+
 7s5tire71  :i* is no?+ else ?an ?9k+4  
,f ?is ,i beg9 to "k :at ,i am  )       
some:at great] cle>ness & di/9ctness ?an
 h]et(ore40 ,aga9  9 ,m$itation ,,iii3  
84442 =1 z ,i be=e rem>k$1 al?\gh !  ?+s
 :i* ,i p]ceive or imag9e are p]haps    

no?+ at all ap>t f  me1 ,i am nev]!less 
assur$ t ^? modes ( consci\sness :i* ,i 
call p]ceptions & imag9ations1 9 z f>   
only z !y are modes (  consci\sness1    
exi/ 9 me40    ,footnote #ab3           
,quot$ f ,veit*'s translation4    ,!    
objectivism ( ! m$ieval & ! anci5t      
worlds pass$ ov] into  sci5ce4 ,nature  
is !re conceiv$ z = itself1 ) its own   
mutual  reactions4 ,"u ! rec5t influ5ce 
( relativity1 !re has be5 a  t5d5cy     
t[>ds subjectivi/ =mulations4 ,b1 ap>t f
 ?is rec5t  exception1 nature1 9        
sci5tific ?\ght1 has _h its laws =mulat$
  )\t any ref]5ce to dep5d5ce on        
individual obs]v]s4 ,!re is1  h[ev]1 ?is
 diff]5ce betwe5 ! old] & ! lat]        
attitudes  t[>ds sci5ce4 ,!             
anti-rationalism ( ! mod]ns has *eck$   
any  attempt to h>monise ! ultimate     
concepts ( sci5ce ) ideas drawn  f a m  
concrete survey ( ! :ole ( reality4 ,!  
mat]ial1 !  space1 ! "t1 ! v>i\s laws   
conc]n+ ! transition ( mat]ial          
configurations1 are tak5 z ultimate     

/ubborn facts1 n to be tamp]$  )4    ,! 
effect ( ?is antagonism to philosophy   
has be5 equally un=tunate  bo? =        
philosophy & = sci5ce4 ,9 ?is lecture we
 are conc]n$  ) philosophy4 ,philosoph]s
 are rationali/s4 ,!y are seek+ to g    
beh9d /ubborn & irr$ucible facts3 !y wi%
 to expla9 9 ! light  ( univ]sal        
pr9ciples ! mutual ref]5ce betwe5 !     
v>i\s details  ent]+ into ! flux ( ?+s4 
,also1 !y seek su* pr9ciples z  w       
elim9ate m]e arbitr>9ess2 s t1 :atev]   
portion ( fact is  assum$ or giv51 !    
exi/5ce ( ! rema9d] ( ?+s %all satisfy  
"s dem& ( rationality4 ,!y dem& mean+4  
,9 ! words ( ,h5ry  ,sidgwick#ac--8;,x  
is ! prim>y aim ( philosophy to unify   
completely1  br+ into cle> coh]5ce1 all 
dep>tm5ts ( rational ?\ght1 &  ?is aim  
_c be realis$ by any philosophy t leaves
 out ( its  view ! important body (     
judgm5ts & reason+s :i* =m !  subject   
matt] ( e?ics40 ,accord+ly1 ! bias t[>ds
 hi/ory on !  "p ( ! physical & social  
sci5ces ) _! refusal to  rationalise    

bel[ "s ultimate me*anism1 has pu%$     
philosophy out (  ! effective curr5ts ( 
mod]n life4 ,x has lo/ its prop] rle z a
  con/ant critic ( p>tial =mulations4 ,x
 has retreat$ into !  subjectivi/ sph]e 
( m9d1 by reason ( its expulsion by     
sci5ce f  ! objectivi/ sph]e ( matt]4   
,?us ! evolution ( ?\ght 9 !  sev5te5?  
c5tury cop]at$ ) ! enhanc$ s5se (       
individual  p]sonality d]iv$ f ! ,middle
 ,ages4 ,we see ,desc>tes tak+ 8  /& ^u 
8 own ultimate m9d1 :i* 8 philosophy    
assures him (2  & ask+ ab\t its         
relations to ! ultimate                 
matt]--exemplifi$1 9  ! second          
,m$itation1 by ! human body & a lump (  
wax--:i* 8  sci5ce assumes4 ,!re is     
,a>on's rod1 & ! magicians' s]p5ts2 &  !
 only "q = philosophy is1 :i* swall[s   
:i*2 or :e!r1  z ,desc>tes ?\ght1 !y all
 liv$ happily toge!r4 ,9 ?is /ream (    
?\ght are to be f\nd ,locke1 ,b]keley1  
,hume1 ,kant4 ,two great names lie      
outside ?is li/1 ,sp9oza & ,leibniz4 ,b 
!re is a c]ta9 isolation  ( bo? ( !m 9  

respect to _! philosophical influ5ce s  
f> z  sci5ce is conc]n$2 z ?\gh !y _h   
/ray$ to extremes :i* lie  outside !    
b\nd>ies ( safe philosophy1 ,sp9oza by  
reta9+ old]  ways ( ?\ght1 & ,leibniz by
 ! novelty ( 8 monads4    ,footnote #ac3
      ,cf4 ,h5ry ,sidgwick3 ,a ,memoir1 
,app5dix ,i4    ,! hi/ory ( philosophy  
runs curi\sly p>allel to t ( sci5ce4 ,9 
! case ( bo?1 ! sev5te5? c5tury set !   
/age = its two  successors4 ,b ) !      
tw5tie? c5tury a new act comm5ces4 ,x is
 an  exagg]ation to attribute a g5]al   
*ange 9 a climate ( ?\ght to  any "o    
piece ( writ+1 or to any "o au?or4 ,no  
d\bt ,desc>tes only  express$ def9itely 
& 9 decisive =m :at 0 already 9 ! air ( 
8 p]iod4 ,analog\sly1 9 attribut+ to    
,william ,james !  inauguration ( a new 
/age 9 philosophy1 we %\ld be neglect+  
o!r  influ5ces ( 8 "t4 ,b1 admitt+ ?is1 
!re /ill rema9s a  c]ta9 fitness 9      
contra/+ 8 essay1 ,does ,consci\sness   
,exi/1  publi%$ 9 #aijd1 ) ,desc>tes'   
,disc\rse on ,me?od1 publi%$ 9  #afcg4  

,james cle>s ! /age ( ! old p>aph]nalia2
 or r he  entirely alt]s its light+4    
,take = example ^! two s5t5ces f  8     
essay3 8,to d5y plumply t               
#8consci\sness' exi/s seems s absurd  on
 ! face ( x--= und5iably #8?\ghts' d    
exi/--t ,i fe> "s  read]s w foll[ me no 
f>!r4 ,let me !n imm$iately expla9 t  ,i
 mean only to d5y t ! ^w /&s = an       
entity1 b to insi/  mo/ emphatically t x
 does /& = a function40    ,! sci5tific 
mat]ialism & ! ,c>tesian ,ego 7 bo?     
*all5g$ at  ! same mom5t1 "o by sci5ce &
 ! o!r by philosophy1 z  repres5t$ by   
,william ,james ) 8 psy*ological        
antec$5ts2 & !  d\ble *all5ge m>ks ! end
 ( a p]iod :i* la/$ = ab\t two  hundr$ &
 fifty ye>s4 ,( c\rse1 #8matt]' &       
#8consci\sness' bo?  express some?+ s   
evid5t 9 ord9>y exp]i5ce t any          
philosophy  mu/ provide "s ?+s :i* answ]
 to _! respective mean+s4 ,b  ! po9t is 
t1 9 respect to bo? ( !m1 ! sev5te5?    
c5tury  settlem5t 0 infect$ ) a         
presupposition :i* is n[ *all5g$4       

,james d5ies t consci\sness is an       
entity1 b admits t x is a  function4 ,! 
discrim9ation betwe5 an entity & a      
function is  !re=e vital to ! und]/&+ ( 
! *all5ge :i* ,james is  advanc+ aga9/ !
 old] modes ( ?\ght4 ,9 ! essay 9 "q1  !
 "* :i* ,james assigns to consci\sness  
is fully discuss$4  ,b he does n        
unambigu\sly expla9 :at he means by !   
notion ( an  entity1 :i* he refuses to  
apply to consci\sness4 ,9 ! s5t5ce  :i* 
imm$iately foll[s ! "o :i* ,i h already 
quot$1 he says3    8,!re is1 ,i mean1 no
 aborig9al /uff or quality ( be+1       
contra/$  ) t ( :i* mat]ial objects are 
made1 out ( :i* our ?\ghts  ( !m are    
made2 b !re is a function 9 exp]i5ce :i*
 ?\ghts  p]=m1 & = ! p]=mance ( :i* ?is 
quality ( be+ is  invok$4 ,t function is
 kn[+4 #8,consci\sness' is suppos$      
necess>y to expla9 ! fact t ?+s n only  
are1 b get  report$1 are kn[n40    ,?us 
,james is d5y+ t consci\sness is a      
#8/uff4'    ,! t]m #8entity1' or ev5 t (
 #8/uff1' does n fully tell its own     

tale4 ,! notion ( #8entity' is s g5]al t
 x may be tak5 to mean  any?+ t c be    
?\ght ab\t4 ,y _c ?9k ( m]e no?+2  & !  
some?+ :i* is an object ( ?\ght may be  
call$ an entity4  ,9 ?is s5se1 a        
function is an entity4 ,obvi\sly1 ?is is
 n :at  ,james _h 9 8 m9d4    ,9        
agreem5t ) ! organic !ory ( nature :i*  
,i h be5  t5tatively putt+ =w>d 9 ^!    
lectures1 ,i %all = my own  purposes    
con/rue ,james z d5y+ exactly :at       
,desc>tes ass]ts 9 8  ,disc\rse & 8     
,m$itations4 ,desc>tes discrim9ates two 
species  ( entities1 matt] & s\l4 ,!    
ess5ce ( matt] is spatial  ext5sion2 !  
ess5ce ( s\l is its cogitation1 9 ! full
 s5se  :i* ,desc>tes assigns to ! ^w    
#8cogit>e4' ,= example1 9  ,section     
,fifty-?ree ( ,"p ,i ( 8 ,pr9ciples (   
,philosophy1 he  enunciates3 8,t ( e    
sub/ance !re is "o pr9cipal attribute1  
z ?9k+ ( ! m9d1 ext5sion ( ! body40 ,9 !
 e>li]1  ,fifty-fir/ ,section1 ,desc>tes
 /ates3 8,by sub/ance we c conceive     
no?+ else ?an a ?+ :i* exi/s 9 su* a way

 z to /& 9 ne$  ( no?+ beyond itself 9  
ord] to its exi/5ce40 ,fur!rmore1 lat]  
on1 ,desc>tes says3 8,= example1 because
 any sub/ance :i* ceases to  endure     
ceases also to exi/1 duration is n      
di/9ct f sub/ance  except 9 ?\ght244440 
,?us we conclude t1 = ,desc>tes1 m9ds & 
bodies exi/ 9 su* a way z to /& 9 ne$ ( 
no?+ beyond  !mselves individually 7,god
 only except$1 z be+ ! f\ndation (  all 
?+s72 t bo? m9ds & bodies endure1       
because )\t  endurance !y w\ld cease to 
exi/2 t spatial ext5sion is !  ess5tial 
attribute ( bodies2 & t cogitation is ! 
ess5tial  attribute ( m9ds4    ,x is    
difficult to praise too highly ! g5ius  
exhibit$ by ,desc>tes  9 ! complete     
sections ( 8 ,pr9ciples :i* deal ) ^!   
que/ions4 ,x is wor?y ( ! c5tury 9 :i*  
he writes1 & ( !  cle>ness ( ! ,fr5*    
intellect4 ,desc>tes 9 8 di/9ction      
betwe5  "t & duration1 & 9 8 way (      
gr\nd+ "t ^u motion1 & 9  8 close       
relation betwe5 matt] & ext5sion1       
anticipates1 z f> z  x 0 possible at 8  

epo*1 mod]n notions sugge/$ by ! doctr9e
  ( relativity1 or by "s aspects (      
,b]gson's doctr9e ( !  g5]ation ( ?+s4  
,b ! fundam5tal pr9ciples are s set out 
z  to presuppose indep5d5tly exi/+      
sub/ances ) simple location 9  a        
community ( temporal durations1 &1 9 !  
case ( bodies1 )  simple location 9 !   
community ( spatial ext5sions4 ,^?      
pr9ciples  lead /raight to ! !ory ( a   
mat]iali/ic1 me*ani/ic nature1  survey$ 
by cogitat+ m9ds4 ,aft] ! close ( !     
sev5te5?  c5tury1 sci5ce took *>ge ( !  
mat]iali/ic nature1 & philosophy  took  
*>ge ( ! cogitat+ m9ds4 ,"s s*ools (    
philosophy admitt$  an ultimate dualism2
 & ! v>i\s ideali/ic s*ools claim$ t    
nature 0 m]ely ! *ief example ( !       
cogitations ( m9ds4 ,b all  s*ools      
admitt$ ! ,c>tesian analysis ( !        
ultimate elem5ts (  nature4 ,i am       
exclud+ ,sp9oza & ,leibniz f ^! /atem5ts
 z to  ! ma9 /ream ( mod]n philosophy1 z
 d]ivative f ,desc>tes2  ?\gh ( c\rse !y
 7 influ5c$ by him1 & 9 _! turn         

influ5c$ philosoph]s4 ,i am ?9k+ ma9ly (
 ! effective contacts  betwe5 sci5ce &  
philosophy4    ,?is division ( t]ritory 
betwe5 sci5ce & philosophy 0 n a  simple
 bus9ess2 & 9 fact x illu/rat$ !        
weakness ( ! :ole  cut-&-dri$           
presupposition ^u :i* x re/$4 ,we are   
aw>e (  nature z an int]play ( bodies1  
col\rs1 s\nds1 sc5ts1 ta/es1  t\*es &   
o!r v>i\s bodily feel+s1 display$ z 9   
space1 9  patt]ns ( mutual sep>ation by 
int]v5+ volumes1 & ( individual  %ape4  
,also ! :ole is a flux1 *ang+ ) ! lapse 
( "t4 ,?is  sy/ematic totality is       
disclos$ to u z "o complex ( ?+s4 ,b !  
sev5te5? c5tury dualism cuts /raight    
across x4 ,! objective _w  ( sci5ce 0   
conf9$ to m]e spatial mat]ial ) simple  
location 9  space & "t1 & subject$ to   
def9ite rules z to its locomotion4  ,!  
subjective _w ( philosophy annex$ !     
col\rs1 s\nds1 sc5ts1  ta/es1 t\*es1    
bodily feel+s1 z =m+ ! subjective cont5t
 (  ! cogitations ( ! individual m9ds4  
,bo? worlds %>$ 9 !  g5]al flux2 b "t1 z

 measur$1 is assign$ by ,desc>tes to !  
cogitations ( ! obs]v]'s m9d4 ,!re is   
obvi\sly "o fatal  weakness to ?is      
s*eme4 ,! cogitations ( m9d exhibit     
!mselves z  hold+ up entities1 su* z    
col\rs = in/ance1 be=e ! m9d z  ! t]m9i 
( contemplation4 ,b 9 ?is !ory ^! col\rs
 are1  aft] all1 m]ely ! furniture ( !  
m9d4 ,accord+ly1 ! m9d seems  to be     
conf9$ to its own private _w (          
cogitations4 ,!  subject-object         
con=mation ( exp]i5ce 9 its entirety    
lies )9  ! m9d z "o ( its private       
passions4 ,?is conclusion f !  ,c>tesian
 data is ! />t+ po9t f :i* ,b]keley1    
,hume1 & ,kant  develop$ _! respective  
sy/ems4 ,&1 antec$5tly to !m1 x 0  !    
po9t ^u :i* ,locke conc5trat$ z be+ !   
vital "q4  ,?us ! "q z to h[ any k is   
obta9$ ( ! truly  objective _w ( sci5ce 
becomes a problem ( ! fir/ magnitude4   
,desc>tes /ates t ! objective body is   
p]ceiv$ by ! intellect4  ,he says       
7,m$itation ,,ii73 8,i mu/1 !re=e1 admit
 t ,i _c ev5  compreh5d by imag9ation   

:at ! piece ( wax is1 & t x is !  m9d   
alone :i* p]ceives x4 ,i speak ( "o     
piece 9 p>ticul>2 =1  z to wax 9 g5]al1 
?is is /ill m evid5t4 ,b :at is ! piece 
( wax t c be p]ceiv$ only by ! m9d8444  
,! p]ception ( x  is nei!r an act (     
sight1 ( t\*1 nor ( imag9ation1 & nev] 0
  ei!r ( ^!1 ?\gh x might =m]ly seem s1 
b is simply an  intuition 7inspectio7 ( 
! m9d144440 ,x mu/ be not$ t !  ,lat9 ^w
 #8inspectio' is associat$ 9 its        
classical use ) !  notion ( !ory z      
oppos$ to practice4    ,! two great     
preoccupations ( mod]n philosophy n[ lie
 cle>ly be=e  u4 ,! /udy ( m9d divides  
into psy*ology1 or ! /udy ( m5tal       
function+s z consid]$ 9 !mselves & 9 _! 
mutual relations1  & into epi/emology1  
or ! !ory ( ! k ( a common  objective   
_w4 ,9 o!r words1 !re is ! /udy ( !     
cogitations1  qu passions ( ! m9d1 & _! 
/udy qu lead+ to an  inspection         
7intuition7 ( an objective _w4 ,?is is a
 v uneasy  division1 giv+ rise to a ho/ 
( p]plexities ^: consid]ation has       

occupi$ ! int]v5+ c5turies4    ,z long z
 m5 ?\ght 9 t]ms ( physical notions = ! 
objective  _w & ( m5tality = !          
subjective _w1 ! sett+ out ( !  problem1
 z a*iev$ by ,desc>tes1 suffic$ z a />t+
 po9t4 ,b !  balance has be5 upset by ! 
rise ( physiology4 ,9 ! sev5te5?  c5tury
 m5 pass$ f ! /udy ( physics to ! /udy (
 philosophy4  ,t[>ds ! end ( ! n9ete5?  
c5tury1 notably 9 ,g]many1 m5  pass$ f !
 /udy ( physiology to ! /udy (          
psy*ology4 ,!  *ange 9 tone has be5     
decisive4 ,( c\rse1 9 ! e>li] p]iod !   
int]v5tion ( ! human body 0 fully       
consid]$1 = example1 by  ,desc>tes 9 ,"p
 ,v ( ! #8,disc\rse on ,me?od4' ,b !    
physiological in/9ct _h n be5 develop$4 
,9 consid]+ ! human  body1 ,desc>tes    
?\ght ) ! outfit ( a physici/2 :]eas !  
mod]n psy*ologi/s are clo!d ) !         
m5talities ( m$ical  physiologi/s4 ,!   
c>e] ( ,william ,james is an example (  
?is *ange  9 /&po9t4 ,he also possess$ !
 cle>1 incisive g5ius :i* c\ld  /ate 9 a
 fla% ! exact po9t at issue4    ,!      

reason :y ,i h put ,desc>tes & ,james 9 
close juxtaposition is  n[ evid5t4      
,nei!r philosoph] f9i%$ an epo* by a    
f9al solution  ( a problem4 ,_! great   
m]it is ( ! opposite sort4 ,!y ea* (  !m
 op5 an epo* by _! cle> =mulation ( t]ms
 9 :i* ?\ght  c\ld pr(itably express    
itself at p>ticul> /ages ( k1 "o  = !   
sev5te5? c5tury1 ! o!r = ! tw5tie?      
c5tury4 ,9  ?is respect1 !y are bo? to  
be contra/$ ) ,/4 ,?omas ,aqu9as1  :o   
express$ ! culm9ation ( ,ari/otelian    
s*ola/icism4    ,9 _m ways nei!r        
,desc>tes nor ,james 7 ! mo/ *>act]i/ic 
philosoph]s ( _! respective epo*s4 ,i   
%\ld be dispos$ to ascribe  ^! positions
 to ,locke & to ,b]gson respectively1 at
 lea/ s f> z  conc]ns _! relations to ! 
sci5ce ( _! times4 ,locke develop$  !   
l9es ( ?\ght :i* kept philosophy on !   
move2 = example he  emphasiz$ ! appeal  
to psy*ology4 ,he initiat$ ! age (      
epo*-mak+ enquiries into urg5t problems 
( limit$ scope4  ,und\bt$ly1 9 s do+1 he
 infect$ philosophy ) some?+ ( !        

anti-rationalism ( sci5ce4 ,b ! v       
gr\ndwork ( a fruitful  me?odology is to
 />t f ^? cle> po/ulates :i* mu/ be held
  to be ultimate s f> z conc]ns !       
occasion 9 "q4 ,!  criticism ( su*      
me?odological po/ulates is ?us res]v$ = 
ano!r  opportunity4 ,locke discov]$ t ! 
philosophical situation  bequea!d by    
,desc>tes involv$ ! problems (          
epi/emology &  psy*ology4    ,b]gson    
introduc$ into philosophy ! organic     
conceptions (  physiological sci5ce4 ,he
 has mo/ completely mov$ away f ! /atic 
mat]ialism ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,8      
prote/ aga9/  spatialisation is a prote/
 aga9/ tak+ ! ,newtonian conception (   
nature z be+ any?+ except a high        
ab/raction4 ,8 s-call$                  
anti-intellectualism %\ld be con/ru$ 9  
?is s5se4 ,9 "s respects  he recurs to  
,desc>tes2 b ! recurr5ce is accompani$ )
 an  in/9ctive grasp ( mod]n biology4   
,!re is ano!r reason = associat+ ,locke 
& ,b]gson4 ,! g]m (  an organic !ory (  
nature is to be f\nd 9 ,locke4 ,8 mo/   

rec5t  expositor1 ,pr(essor ,gibson1#ad 
/ates t ,locke's way ( conceiv+  !      
id5tity ( self-consci\sness #8l t ( a   
liv+ organism1  involves a g5u9e        
transc5d+ ( ! me*anical view ( nature & 
(  m9d1 embodi$ 9 ! composition !ory4'  
,b x is to be notic$ t  9 ! fir/ place  
,locke wav]s 9 8 grasp ( ?is position2 &
 9  ! second place1 :at is m important  
/ill1 he only applies 8 idea  to        
self-consci\sness4 ,! physiological     
attitude has n yet  e/abli%$ itself4 ,! 
effect ( physiology 0 to put m9d back   
into  nature4 ,! neurologi/ traces fir/ 
! effect ( /imuli along !  bodily n]ves1
 !n integration at n]ve c5tres1 & f9ally
 ! rise  ( a projective ref]5ce beyond !
 body ) a result+ motor  efficacy 9     
r5ew$ n]v\s excitem5t4 ,9 bio*emi/ry1 ! 
delicate  adju/m5t ( ! *emical          
composition ( ! p>ts to ! pres]vation  (
 ! :ole organism is detect$4 ,?us !     
m5tal cognition is se5 z  ! reflective  
exp]i5ce ( a totality1 report+ = itself 
:at x is  9 itself z "o unit occurr5ce4 

,?is unit is ! integration ( !  sum (   
its p>tial happ5+s1 b x is n _! num]ical
 aggregate4  ,x has its own unity z an  
ev5t4 ,?is total unity1 consid]$ z an   
entity = its own sake1 is ! preh5sion   
into unity ( ! patt]n$  aspects ( !     
univ]se ( ev5ts4 ,its k ( itself arises 
f  its own relevance to ! ?+s ( :i* x   
preh5ds ! aspects4 ,x  kn[s ! _w z a    
sy/em ( mutual relevance1 & ?us sees    
itself z  mirror$ 9 o!r ?+s4 ,^! o!r ?+s
 include m especially !  v>i\s p>ts (   
its own body4    ,footnote #ad3         
,cf4 8 book1 ,locke's ,!ory ( ,k & its  
,hi/orical    ,relations1 ,camb4 ,univ4 
,press1 #aiag4    ,x is important to    
discrim9ate ! bodily patt]n1 :i*        
endures1 f  ! bodily ev5t1 :i* is p]vad$
 by ! endur+ patt]n1 & f  ! p>ts ( !    
bodily ev5t4 ,! p>ts ( ! bodily ev5t are
  !mselves p]vad$ by _! own endur+      
patt]ns1 :i* =m elem5ts  9 ! bodily     
patt]n4 ,! p>ts ( ! body are really     
portions ( !  environm5t ( ! total      
bodily ev5t1 b s relat$ t _! mutual     

aspects1 ea* 9 ! o!r1 are peculi>ly     
effective 9 modify+ !  patt]n ( ei!r4   
,?is arises f ! intimate "* ( !         
relation ( :ole to "p4 ,?us ! body is a 
portion ( ! environm5t  = ! "p1 & ! "p  
is a portion ( ! environm5t = ! body2   
only !y are peculi>ly s5sitive1 ea* to  
modifications ( ! o!r4  ,?is s5sitiv5ess
 is s arrang$ t ! "p adju/s itself to   
pres]ve ! /ability ( ! patt]n ( ! body4 
,x is a p>ticul>  example ( ! fav\rable 
environm5t %ield+ ! organism4 ,!        
relation ( "p to :ole has ! special     
reciprocity associat$ )  ! notion (     
organism1 9 :i* ! "p is = ! :ole2 b ?is 
relation reigns ?r\gh\t nature & does n 
/>t ) ! special  case ( ! high]         
organisms4    ,fur!r1 view+ ! "q z a    
matt] ( *emi/ry1 !re is no ne$  to      
con/rue ! actions ( ea* molecule 9 a    
liv+ body by its  exclusive p>ticul>    
ref]5ce to ! patt]n ( ! complete liv+   
organism4 ,x is true t ea* molecule is  
affect$ by ! aspect (  ?is patt]n z     
mirror$ 9 x1 s z to be o!rwise ?an :at x

 w\ld  h be5 if plac$ else:]e4 ,9 ! same
 way1 "u "s circum/ances  an electron   
may be a sph]e1 & "u o!r circum/ances an
 egg-%ap$  volume4 ,! mode ( approa* to 
! problem1 s f> z sci5ce is  conc]n$1 is
 m]ely to ask if molecules exhibit 9    
liv+ bodies  prop]ties :i* are n to be  
obs]v$ amid inorganic surr\nd+s4 ,9  !  
same way1 9 a magnetic field s(t iron   
exhibits magnetic prop]ties  :i* are 9  
abeyance else:]e4 ,! prompt             
self-pres]vative actions (  liv+ bodies1
 & our exp]i5ce ( ! physical actions (  
our bodies  foll[+ ! det]m9ations ( w1  
sugge/ ! modification (  molecules 9 !  
body z ! result ( ! total patt]n4 ,x    
seems  possible t !re may be physical   
laws express+ ! modification (  !       
ultimate basic organisms :5 !y =m "p (  
high] organisms  ) adequate compactness 
( patt]n4 ,x w\ld1 h[ev]1 be entirely 9 
consonance ) ! empirically obs]v$ action
 ( environm5ts1 if !  direct effects (  
aspects z betwe5 ! :ole body & its p>ts 
7  negligible4 ,we %\ld expect          

transmission4 ,9 ?is way ! modification 
( total patt]n w\ld transmit itself by  
means ( a s]ies (  modifications ( a    
desc5d+ s]ies ( p>ts1 s t f9ally !      
modification ( ! cell *anges its aspect 
9 ! molecule1 ?us  effect+ a correspond+
 alt]ation 9 ! molecule1--or 9 "s subtl]
  entity4 ,?us ! "q = physiology is ! "q
 ( ! physics  ( molecules 9 cells (     
diff]5t *>act]s4    ,we c n[ see !      
relation ( psy*ology to physiology & to 
physics4  ,! private psy*ological field 
is m]ely ! ev5t consid]$ f its  own     
/&po9t4 ,! unity ( ?is field is ! unity 
( ! ev5t4 ,b  x is ! ev5t z "o entity1 &
 n ! ev5t z a sum ( p>ts4 ,!  relations 
( ! p>ts1 to ea* o!r & to ! :ole1 are _!
  aspects1 ea* 9 ! o!r4 ,a body = an    
ext]nal obs]v] is !  aggregate ( !      
aspects = him ( ! body z a :ole1 & also 
( !  body z a sum ( p>ts4 ,= ! ext]nal  
obs]v] ! aspects ( %ape  & (            
s5se-objects are dom9ant1 at lea/ =     
cognition4 ,b we mu/  also all[ = !     
possibility t we c detect 9 ourselves   

direct  aspects ( ! m5talities ( high]  
organisms4 ,! claim t !  cognition (    
ali5 m5talities mu/ necess>ily be by    
means ( indirect  inf]5ces f aspects (  
%ape & ( s5se-objects is :olly          
unw>rant$ by ?is philosophy ( organism4 
,! fundam5tal pr9ciple is  t :atev]     
m]ges into actuality1 implants its      
aspects 9 e  individual ev5t4    ,fur!r1
 ev5 = self-cognition1 ! aspects ( !    
p>ts ( our own  bodies p>tly take ! =m (
 aspects ( %ape1 & ( s5se-objects4  ,b t
 "p ( ! bodily ev5t1 9 respect to :i* ! 
cognitive  m5tality is associat$1 is =  
itself ! unit psy*ological field4 ,its  
+r$i5ts are n ref]5t to ! ev5t itself2  
!y are aspects (  :at lies beyond t     
ev5t4 ,?us ! self-k inh]5t 9 !  bodily  
ev5t is ! k ( itself z a complex unity1 
^:  +r$i5ts involve all reality beyond  
itself1 re/rict$ "u !  limitation ( its 
patt]n ( aspects4 ,?us we "k ourselves z
 a  function ( unification ( a plurality
 ( ?+s :i* are o!r ?an  ourselves4      
,cognition discloses an ev5t z be+ an   

activity1 organis+  a real toge!rness ( 
ali5 ?+s4 ,b ?is psy*ological field does
  n dep5d on its cognition2 s t ?is     
field is /ill a unit ev5t z  ab/ract$ f 
its self-cognition4    ,accord+ly1      
consci\sness w be ! function ( kn[+4 ,b 
:at is  kn[n is already a preh5sion (   
aspects ( ! "o real univ]se4 ,^!        
aspects are aspects ( o!r ev5ts z       
mutually modify+1 ea* !  o!rs4 ,9 !     
patt]n ( aspects !y /& 9 _! patt]n (    
mutual  relat$ness4    ,! aborig9al data
 9 t]ms ( :i* ! patt]n weaves itself are
 !  aspects ( %apes1 ( s5se-objects1 & (
 o!r et]nal objects ^:  self-id5tity is 
n dep5d5t on ! flux ( ?+s4 ,:]ev] su*   
objects h +ression into ! g5]al flux1 !y
 int]pret ev5ts1  ea* to ! o!r4 ,!y are 
"h 9 ! p]ceiv]2 b1 z p]ceiv$ by  him1 !y
 convey = him some?+ ( ! total flux :i* 
is beyond  himself4 ,! subject-object   
relation takes its orig9 9 ! d\ble rle  
( ^! et]nal objects4 ,!y are            
modifications ( ! subject1 b  only 9 _! 
"* ( convey+ aspects ( o!r subjects 9 ! 

community ( ! univ]se4 ,?us no          
individual subject c h  indep5d5t       
reality1 s9ce x is a preh5sion ( limit$ 
aspects (  subjects o!r ?an itself4     
,! te*nical phrase #8subject-object' is 
a bad t]m = ! fundam5tal  situation     
disclos$ 9 exp]i5ce4 ,x is really       
rem9isc5t ( !  ,ari/otelian             
#8subject-pr$icate4' ,x already         
presupposes !  metaphysical doctr9e (   
div]se subjects qualifi$ by _! private  
pr$icates4 ,?is is ! doctr9e ( subjects 
) private worlds (  exp]i5ce4 ,if ?is be
 grant$1 !re is no escape f solipsism4  
,!  po9t is t ! phrase #8subject-object'
 indicates a fundam5tal entity  und]ly+ 
! objects4 ,?us ! #8objects1' z ?us     
conceiv$1 are  m]ely ! gho/s (          
,ari/otelian pr$icates4 ,! prim>y       
situation  disclos$ 9 cognitive exp]i5ce
 is #8ego-object amid objects4' ,by ?is 
,i mean t ! prim>y fact is an imp>tial  
_w transc5d+ !  #8"h-n[' :i* m>ks !     
ego-object1 & transc5d+ ! #8n[' :i*  is 
! spatial _w ( simultane\s realisation4 

,x is a _w also  includ+ ! actuality ( !
 pa/1 & ! limit$ pot5tiality ( !        
future1 toge!r ) ! complete _w ( ab/ract
 pot5tiality1 !  realm ( et]nal objects1
 :i* transc5ds1 & f9ds exemplification 9
  & comp>ison )1 ! actual c\rse (       
realisation4 ,! ego-object1  z          
consci\sness "h-n[1 is consci\s ( its   
exp]i5t ess5ce z  con/itut$ by its      
int]nal relat$ness to ! _w ( realities1 
&  to ! _w ( ideas4 ,b ! ego-object1 9  
be+ ?us con/itut$1 is  )9 ! _w (        
realities1 & exhibits itself z an       
organism  requir+ ! +ression ( ideas = !
 purpose ( ?is /atus among  realities4  
,?is "q ( consci\sness mu/ be res]v$ =  
treatm5t  on ano!r occasion4    ,! po9t 
to be made = ! purposes ( ! pres5t      
discussion is t  a philosophy ( nature z
 organic mu/ />t at ! opposite end to t 
requisite = a mat]iali/ic philosophy4 ,!
 mat]iali/ic />t+  po9t is f indep5d5tly
 exi/+ sub/ances1 matt] & m9d4 ,!  matt]
 suff]s modifications ( its ext]nal     
relations ( locomotion1  & ! m9d suff]s 

modifications ( its contemplat$ objects4
 ,!re  are1 9 ?is mat]iali/ic !ory1 two 
sorts ( indep5d5t sub/ances1  ea*       
qualifi$ by _! appropriate passions4 ,! 
organic />t+ po9t  is f ! analysis (    
process z ! realisation ( ev5ts dispos$ 
9  an int]lock$ community4 ,! ev5t is ! 
unit ( ?+s real4 ,!  em]g5t endur+      
patt]n is ! /abilisation ( ! em]g5t     
a*ievem5t s z to become a fact :i*      
reta9s its id5tity ?r\gh\t  ! process4  
,x w be not$ t endurance is n prim>ily !
  prop]ty ( endur+ beyond itself1 b (   
endur+ )9 itself4 ,i  mean t endurance  
is ! prop]ty ( f9d+ its patt]n reproduc$
 9  ! temporal p>ts ( ! total ev5t4 ,x  
is 9 ?is s5se t a total  ev5t c>ries an 
endur+ patt]n4 ,!re is an intr9sic value
 id5tical  = ! :ole & = its succession (
 p>ts4 ,cognition is !  em]g5ce1 into "s
 measure ( individualis$ reality1 ( !   
g5]al  sub/ratum ( activity1 pois+ be=e 
itself possibility1 actuality1  &       
purpose4    ,x is equally possible to   
arrive at ?is organic conception ( ! _w 

if we />t f ! fundam5tal notions ( mod]n
 physics1 in/ead (1  z above1 f         
psy*ology & physiology4 ,9 fact by      
reason ( my own  /udies 9 ma!matics &   
ma!matical physics1 ,i did 9 fact arrive
 at  my convictions 9 ?is way4          
,ma!matical physics presumes 9 ! fir/   
place an electromagnetic field (        
activity p]vad+ space & "t4 ,!  laws :i*
 condition ?is field are no?+ else ?an !
 conditions  obs]v$ by ! g5]al activity 
( ! flux ( ! _w1 z x  individualises    
itself 9 ! ev5ts4 ,9 physics1 !re is an 
ab/raction4 ,! sci5ce ignores :at any?+ 
is 9 itself4 ,its  entities are m]ely   
consid]$ 9 respect to _! extr9sic       
reality1  t is to say1 9 respect to _!  
aspects 9 o!r ?+s4 ,b !  ab/raction     
rea*es ev5 fur!r ?an t2 = x is only !   
aspects  9 o!r ?+s1 z modify+ !         
spatio-temporal specifications ( !  life
 hi/ories ( ^? o!r ?+s1 :i* c\nt4 ,!    
intr9sic reality  ( ! obs]v] comes 93 ,i
 mean :at ! obs]v] is = himself is      
appeal$ to4 ,= example1 ! fact t he w   

see r$ or blue ent]s  into sci5tific    
/atem5ts4 ,b ! r$ :i* ! obs]v] sees does
 n  9 tru? ent] into sci5ce4 ,:at is    
relevant is m]ely ! b>e  div]sity ( !   
obs]v]'s r$ exp]i5ces f all ( 8 o!r     
exp]i5ces4 ,accord+ly1 ! intr9sic "* ( !
 obs]v] is  m]ely relevant 9 ord] to fix
 ! self-id5tical individuality ( !      
physical entities4 ,^! entities are only
 consid]$ z ag5cies 9  fix+ ! r\tes 9   
space & 9 "t ( ! life hi/ories ( endur+ 
entities4    ,! phraseology ( physics is
 d]iv$ f ! mat]iali/ic ideas (  !       
sev5te5? c5tury4 ,b we f9d t1 ev5 9 its 
extreme  ab/raction1 :at x is really    
presuppos+ is ! organic !ory (  aspects 
z expla9$ above4 ,fir/1 consid] any ev5t
 9 empty space  :]e ! ^w #8empty' means 
devoid ( electrons1 or protons1 or ( any
  o!r =m ( electric *>ge4 ,su* an ev5t  
has ?ree rles 9 physics4  ,9 ! fir/     
place1 x is ! actual sc5e ( an adv5ture 
( en]gy1  ei!r z its habitat or z !     
locus ( a p>ticul> /ream (  en]gy3      
anyh[1 9 ?is rle ! en]gy is !re1 ei!r z 

locat$ 9  space dur+ ! "t consid]$1 or z
 /ream+ ?r\gh space4    ,9 its second   
rle1 ! ev5t is a necess>y l9k 9 ! patt]n
 (  transmission1 by :i* ! "* ( e ev5t  
receives "s  modification f ! "* ( e o!r
 ev5t4    ,9 its ?ird rle1 ! ev5t is !  
repository ( a possibility1 z to  :at   
w\ld happ5 to an electric *>ge1 ei!r by 
way ( de=mation or  ( locomotion1 if x  
%\ld h happ5$ to be !re4    ,if we      
modify our assumption by consid]+ an    
ev5t :i* includes 9  itself a portion ( 
! life-hi/ory ( an electric *>ge1 !n !  
analysis ( its ?ree rles /ill rema9s2   
except t ! possibility  embodi$ 9 ! ?ird
 rle is n[ trans=m$ into an actuality4  
,9 ?is  replacem5t ( possibility by     
actuality1 we obta9 ! di/9ction  betwe5 
empty & occupi$ ev5ts4    ,recurr+ to ! 
empty ev5ts1 we note ! defici5cy 9 !m ( 
individuality ( intr9sic cont5t4        
,consid]+ ! fir/ rle ( an  empty ev5t1 z
 be+ a habitat ( en]gy1 we note t !re is
 no  individual discrim9ation ( an      
individual bit ( en]gy1 ei!r z          

/atically locat$1 or z an elem5t 9 !    
/ream4 ,!re is simply a  quantitative   
det]m9ation ( activity1 )\t             
individualisation ( !  activity 9       
itself4 ,?is lack ( individualisation is
 /ill m evid5t  9 ! second & ?ird rles4 
,an empty ev5t is some?+ 9 itself1  b x 
fails to realise a /able individuality (
 cont5t4 ,s f> z its  cont5t is conc]n$1
 ! empty ev5t is "o realis$ elem5t 9 a  
g5]al s*eme ( organis$ activity4    ,"s 
qualification is requir$ :5 ! empty ev5t
 is ! sc5e ( !  transmission ( a def9ite
 tra9 ( recurr5t wave-=ms4 ,!re is n[ a 
def9ite patt]n :i* rema9s p]man5t 9 !   
ev5t4 ,we f9d "h !  fir/ fa9t trace (   
endur+ individuality4 ,b x is           
individuality  )\t ! fa9te/ capture (   
orig9ality3 = x is m]ely a  p]man5ce    
aris+ solely f ! implication ( ! ev5t 9 
a l>g]  s*eme ( patt]n+4    ,turn+ n[ to
 ! exam9ation ( an occupi$ ev5t1 !      
electron has a  det]m9ate individuality4
 ,x c be trac$ ?r\gh\t its life-hi/ory  
?r\gh a v>iety ( ev5ts4 ,a collection ( 

electrons1 toge!r )  ! analog\s atomic  
*>ges ( positive electricity1 =ms a body
 su*  z we ord9>ily p]ceive4 ,! simple/ 
body ( ?is k9d is a molecule1  & a set (
 molecules =ms a lump ( ord9>y matt]1   
su* z a *air1  or a /one4 ,?us a *>ge ( 
electricity is ! m>k ( individuality (  
cont5t1 z additional to ! individuality 
( an ev5t 9 itself4 ,?is  individuality 
( cont5t is ! /rong po9t ( ! mat]iali/ic
  doctr9e4    ,x c1 h[ev]1 be equally   
well expla9$ on ! !ory ( organism4  ,:5 
we look into ! function ( ! electric    
*>ge1 we note t its  rle is to m>k !    
orig9ation ( a patt]n :i* is transmitt$ 
?r\gh space & "t4 ,x is ! key ( "s      
p>ticul> patt]n4 ,=  example1 ! field ( 
=ce 9 any ev5t is to be con/ruct$ by    
att5tion to ! adv5tures ( electrons &   
protons1 & s also are  ! /reams &       
di/ributions ( en]gy4 ,fur!r1 ! electric
 waves  f9d _! orig9 9 ! vibratory      
adv5tures ( ^! *>ges4 ,?us !  transmitt$
 patt]n is to be conceiv$ z ! flux (    
aspects ?r\gh\t  space & "t d]iv$ f !   

life hi/ory ( ! atomic *>ge4 ,!         
individualisation ( ! *>ge arises by a  
conjunction ( two  *>act]s1 9 ! fir/    
place by ! cont9u$ id5tity ( its mode ( 
function+ z a key = ! det]m9ation ( a   
diffusion ( patt]n2  &1 9 ! second      
place1 by ! unity & cont9uity ( its life
  hi/ory4    ,we may conclude1 !re=e1 t 
! organic !ory repres5ts directly  :at  
physics actually does assume respect+   
its ultimate entities4 ,we  also notice 
! complete futility ( ^! entities1 if !y
 are  conceiv$ z fully concrete         
individuals4 ,s f> z physics is conc]n$1
  !y are :olly occupi$ 9 mov+ ea* o!r   
ab\t1 & !y h no  reality outside ?is    
function4 ,9 p>ticul> = physics1 !re is 
no  intr9sic reality4    ,x is obvi\s t 
! bas+ ( philosophy ^u ! presupposition 
(  organism mu/ be trac$ back to        
,leibniz4#ae ,8 monads are = him !      
ultimately real entities4 ,b he reta9$ !
 ,c>tesian sub/ances )  _! qualify+     
passions1 z also equally express+ = him 
! f9al  *>act]isation ( real ?+s4       

,accord+ly = him !re 0 no  concrete     
reality ( int]nal relations4 ,he _h     
!re=e on 8 h&s  two di/9ct po9ts ( view4
 ,"o 0 t ! f9al real entity is an       
organis+ activity1 fus+ +r$i5ts into a  
unity1 s t ?is unity  is ! reality4 ,!  
o!r po9t ( view is t ! f9al real        
entities  are sub/ances support+        
qualities4 ,! fir/ po9t ( view dep5ds   
^u ! acceptance ( int]nal relations b9d+
 toge!r all reality4  ,! latt] is       
inconsi/5t ) ! reality ( su* relations4 
,to  comb9e ^! two po9ts ( view1 8      
monads 7 !re=e w9d[less2  & _! passions 
m]ely mirror$ ! univ]se by ! div9e      
arrangem5t ( a pre/abli%$ h>mony4 ,?is  
sy/em ?us presuppos$ an  aggregate (    
indep5d5t entities4 ,he did n           
discrim9ate ! ev5t1 z  ! unit (         
exp]i5ce1 f ! endur+ organism z its     
/abilisation  into importance1 & f !    
cognitive organism z express+ an        
increas$ complet5ess (                  
individualisation4 ,nor did he admit !  
_m-t]m$ relations1 relat+ s5se-data to  

v>i\s ev5ts 9 div]se  ways4 ,^! _m-t]m$ 
relations are 9 fact ! p]spectives :i*  
,leibniz does admit1 b only on !        
condition t !y are purely  qualities ( !
 organis+ monads4 ,! difficulty really  
arises f  ! unque/ion$ acceptance ( !   
notion ( simple location z  fundam5tal =
 space & "t1 & f ! acceptance ( ! notion
 (  indep5d5t individual sub/ance z     
fundam5tal = a real entity4 ,!  only    
road op5 to ,leibniz 0 ?us ! same z t   
lat] tak5 by  ,b]keley 9 a preval5t     
int]pretation ( 8 mean+1 namely an      
appeal to a ,deux ex ma*9 :o 0 capable (
 ris+ sup]ior to !  difficulties (      
metaphysics4    ,footnote #ae3      ,cf4
 ,b]tr& ,russell1 ,! ,philosophy (      
,leibniz1 = !    sugge/ion ( ?is l9e (  
?\ght4    ,9 ! same way z ,desc>tes     
introduc$ ! tradition ( ?\ght :i*  kept 
subsequ5t philosophy 9 "s measure (     
contact ) !  sci5tific movem5t1 s       
,leibniz introduc$ ! alt]native         
tradition  t ! entities1 :i* are !      
ultimate actual ?+s1 are 9 "s  s5se     

proc$ures ( organisation4 ,?is tradition
 has be5 ! f\ndation  ( ! great         
a*ievem5ts ( ,g]man philosophy4 ,kant   
reflect$ ! two  traditions1 "o ^u ! o!r4
 ,kant 0 a sci5ti/1 b ! s*ools          
d]ivative f ,kant h _h b slight effect  
on ! m5tality ( !  sci5tific _w4 ,x %\ld
 be ! task ( ! philosophical s*ools (   
?is c5tury to br+ toge!r ! two /reams   
into an expression ( !  _w-picture d]iv$
 f sci5ce1 & !reby end ! divorce (      
sci5ce f ! affirmations ( our ae/hetic &
 e?ical exp]i5ces4                      
,,*apt] ,x                              
,,ab/raction      ,9 ! previ\s *apt]s ,i
 h be5 exam9+ ! reactions ( !  sci5tific
 movem5t ^u ! deep] issues :i* h occupi$
 mod]n  ?9k]s4 ,no "o man1 no limit$    
society ( m51 & no "o epo* c  ?9k (     
ev]y?+ at once4 ,accord+ly = ! sake (   
elicit+ !  v>i\s impacts ( sci5ce ^u    
?\ght1 ! topic has be5 treat$           
hi/orically4 ,9 ?is retrospect ,i h kept
 9 m9d t ! ultimate  issue ( ! :ole /ory
 is ! pat5t dissolution ( ! com=table   

s*eme ( sci5tific mat]ialism :i* has    
dom9at$ ! ?ree c5turies  "u review4     
,accord+ly v>i\s s*ools ( criticism ( ! 
dom9ant  op9ions h be5 /ress$2 & ,i h   
endeav\r$ to outl9e an  alt]native      
cosmological doctr9e1 :i* %all be wide  
en\gh to include  :at is fundam5tal bo? 
= sci5ce & = its critics4 ,9 ?is        
alt]native s*eme1 ! notion ( mat]ial1 z 
fundam5tal1 has be5  replac$ by t (     
organic syn!sis4 ,b ! approa* has always
 be5  f ! consid]ation ( ! actual       
intricacies ( sci5tific ?\ght1  & ( !   
peculi> p]plexities :i* x sugge/s4    ,9
 ! pres5t *apt]1 & 9 ! imm$iately       
succe$+ *apt]1 we  w =get ! peculi>     
problems ( mod]n sci5ce1 & w put        
ourselves at ! /&po9t ( a dispassionate 
consid]ation ( !  nature ( ?+s1         
antec$5tly to any special inve/igation  
into _!  details4 ,su* a /&po9t is t]m$ 
#8metaphysical4' ,accord+ly ^?  read]s  
:o f9d metaphysics1 ev5 9 two slight    
*apt]s1 irksome1 w  d well to proce$ at 
once to ! ,*apt] on #8,religion &       

,sci5ce1'  :i* resumes ! topic ( !      
impact ( sci5ce on mod]n ?\ght4    ,^!  
metaphysical *apt]s are purely          
descriptive4 ,_! ju/ification  is to be 
s\ght1 7i7 9 our direct k ( ! actual    
occasions  :i* compose our imm$iate     
exp]i5ce1 & 7ii7 9 _! success z  =m+ a  
basis = h>monis+ our sy/ematis$ acc\nts 
( v>i\s  types ( exp]i5ce1 & 7iii7 9 _! 
success z provid+ !  concepts 9 t]ms (  
:i* an epi/emology c be fram$4 ,by 7iii7
 ,i  mean t an acc\nt ( ! g5]al "* ( :at
 we "k mu/  enable u to frame an acc\nt 
( h[ k is possible z an adjunct  )9 ?+s 
kn[n4    ,9 any occasion ( cognition1 t 
:i* is kn[n is an actual occasion  (    
exp]i5ce1 z div]sifi$#af by ref]5ce to a
 realm ( entities  :i* transc5d t       
imm$iate occasion 9 t !y h analog\s or  
diff]5t connections ) o!r occasions (   
exp]i5ce4 ,= example a  def9ite %ade (  
r$ may1 9 ! imm$iate occasion1 be       
implicat$ )  ! %ape ( sph]icity 9 "s    
def9ite way4 ,b t %ade ( r$1 &  t       
sph]ical %ape1 exhibit !mselves z       

transc5d+ t occasion1  9 t ei!r ( !m has
 o!r relation%ips to o!r occasions4     
,also1  ap>t f ! actual occurr5ce ( !   
same ?+s 9 o!r occasions1  e actual     
occasion is set )9 a realm ( alt]native 
int]connect$ entities4 ,?is realm is    
disclos$ by all ! untrue  propositions  
:i* c be pr$icat$ significantly ( t     
occasion4 ,x  is ! realm ( alt]native   
sugge/ions1 ^: foo?old 9 actuality      
transc5ds ea* actual occasion4 ,! real  
relevance ( untrue  propositions = ea*  
actual occasion is disclos$ by art1     
romance1 &  by criticism 9 ref]5ce to   
ideals4 ,x is ! f\ndation ( !           
metaphysical position :i* ,i am ma9ta9+ 
t ! und]/&+ (  actuality requires a     
ref]5ce to ideality4 ,! two realms are  
intr9sically inh]5t 9 ! total           
metaphysical situation4 ,! tru?  t "s   
proposition respect+ an actual occasion 
is untrue may  express ! vital tru? z to
 ! ae/hetic a*ievem5t4 ,x expresses  !  
#8great refusal' :i* is its prim>y      
*>act]i/ic4 ,an ev5t is  decisive 9     

proportion to ! importance 7= x7 ( its  
untrue  propositions3 _! relevance to ! 
ev5t _c be dissociat$ f  :at ! ev5t is 9
 itself by way ( a*ievem5t4 ,^!         
transc5d5t  entities h be5 t]m$         
#8univ]sals4' ,i pref] to use ! t]m     
#8et]nal objects1' 9 ord] to dis5gage   
myself f presuppositions  :i* cl+ to !  
=m] t]m ow+ to its prolong$             
philosophical  hi/ory4 ,et]nal objects  
are ?us1 9 _! nature1 ab/ract4 ,by      
#8ab/ract' ,i mean t :at an et]nal      
object is 9 itself--t is to  say1 its   
ess5ce--is compreh5sible )\t ref]5ce to 
"s "o  p>ticul> occasion ( exp]i5ce4 ,to
 be ab/ract is to transc5d  p>ticul>    
concrete occasions ( actual happ5+4 ,b  
to transc5d an  actual occasion does n  
mean be+ disconnect$ f x4 ,on !         
contr>y1 ,i hold t ea* et]nal object has
 its own prop] connection  ) ea* su*    
occasion1 :i* ,i t]m its mode ( +ression
 into t  occasion4 ,?us an et]nal object
 is to be compreh5d$ by acqua9tance  )  
7i7 its p>ticul> individuality1 7ii7 its

 g5]al relation%ips to  o!r et]nal      
objects z apt = realisation 9 actual    
occasions1 &  7iii7 ! g5]al pr9ciple :i*
 expresses its +ression 9 p>ticul>      
actual occasions4    ,footnote #af3     
,cf4 my ,pr9ciples ( ,natural ,k1 ,*4   
,v1 ,sec4 #ac4    ,^! ?ree head+s       
express two pr9ciples4 ,! fir/ pr9ciple 
is t  ea* et]nal object is an individual
 :i*1 9 its own peculi> fa%ion1  is :at 
x is4 ,?is p>ticul> individuality is !  
individual ess5ce  ( ! object1 & _c be  
describ$ o!rwise ?an z be+ itself4  ,?us
 ! individual ess5ce is m]ely ! ess5ce  
consid]$ 9 respect  to its uniqu5ess4   
,fur!r1 ! ess5ce ( an et]nal object is  
m]ely  ! et]nal object consid]$ z add+  
its own unique contribution to  ea*     
actual occasion4 ,?is unique            
contribution is id5tical = all su*      
occasions 9 respect to ! fact t ! object
 9 all modes (  +ression is j its       
id5tical self4 ,b x v>ies f "o occasion 
to ano!r 9 respect to ! diff]5ces ( its 
modes ( +ression4  ,?us ! metaphysical  

/atus ( an et]nal object is t ( a       
possibility = an actuality4 ,e actual   
occasion is def9$ z to its  "* by h[ ^! 
possibilities are actualis$ = t         
occasion4  ,?us actualisation is a      
selection among possibilities4 ,m       
accurately1  x is a selection issu+ 9 a 
gradation ( possibilities 9 respect to  
_! realisation 9 t occasion4 ,?is       
conclusion br+s u to !  second          
metaphysical pr9ciple3 ,an et]nal       
object1 consid]$ z an  ab/ract entity1  
_c be divorc$ f its ref]5ce to o!r      
et]nal  objects1 & f its ref]5ce to     
actuality g5]ally2 ?\gh x is            
disconnect$ f its actual modes (        
+ression into def9itive actual          
occasions4 ,?is pr9ciple is express$ by 
! /atem5t t ea*  et]nal object has a    
#8relational ess5ce4' ,?is relational   
ess5ce  det]m9es h[ x is possible = !   
object to h +ression into  actual       
occasions4    ,9 o!r words3 ,if ,a be an
 et]nal object1 !n :at ,a is 9 itself   
involves ,a's /atus 9 ! univ]se1 & ,a _c

 be divorc$ f  ?is /atus4 ,9 ! ess5ce ( 
,a !re /&s a det]m9at5ess z to  !       
relation%ips ( ,a to o!r et]nal objects1
 & an  indet]m9at5ess z to !            
relation%ips ( ,a to actual occasions4  
,s9ce ! relation%ips ( ,a to o!r et]nal 
objects /&  det]m9ately 9 ! ess5ce ( ,a1
 x foll[s t !y are int]nal  relations4  
,i mean by ?is t ^! relation%ips are    
con/itutive (  ,a2 = an entity :i* /&s 9
 int]nal relations has no be+ z an      
entity n 9 ^! relations4 ,9 o!r words1  
once ) int]nal  relations1 always )     
int]nal relations4 ,! int]nal           
relation%ips (  ,a conjo9tly =m its     
significance4    ,aga9 an entity _c /& 9
 ext]nal relations unless 9 its ess5ce  
!re /&s an indet]m9at5ess :i* is its    
pati5ce = su*  ext]nal relations4 ,!    
mean+ ( ! t]m #8possibility' z appli$ to
  ,a is simply t !re /&s 9 ! ess5ce ( ,a
 a pati5ce =  relation%ips to actual    
occasions4 ,! relation%ips ( ,a to an   
actual  occasion are simply h[ ! et]nal 
relation%ips ( ,a to o!r  et]nal objects

 are grad$ z to _! realisation 9 t      
occasion4    ,?us ! g5]al pr9ciple :i*  
expresses ,a's +ression 9 !  p>ticul>   
actual occasion  is ! indet]m9at5ess :i*
 /&s 9  ! ess5ce ( ,a z to its +ression 
into 1 & is !  det]m9at5ess :i* /&s 9 ! 
ess5ce (  z to ! +ression (   into 4    
,?us ! syn!tic preh5sion1 :i* is 1 is ! 
solution  ( ! indet]m9at5ess (  into !  
det]m9at5ess ( 4  ,accord+ly !          
relation%ip betwe5  &  is ext]nal z     
reg>ds  1 & is int]nal z reg>ds 4 ,e    
actual occasion  is !  solution ( all   
modalities into actual categorical      
+ressions3 tru?  & falsehood take !     
place ( possibility4 ,! complete        
+ression (   into  is express$ by all ! 
true propositions :i* are ab\t  bo?  & 1
 & also--x may be--ab\t o!r ?+s4    ,!  
det]m9ate relat$ness ( ! et]nal object  
to e o!r  et]nal object is h[  is       
sy/ematically & by ! necessity ( its    
nature relat$ to e o!r et]nal object4   
,su* relat$ness  repres5ts a possibility
 = realisation4 ,b a relation%ip is a   

fact  :i* conc]ns all ! implicat$       
relata1 & _c be isolat$ z if  involv+   
only "o ( ! relata4 ,accord+ly !re is a 
g5]al fact (  sy/ematic mutual          
relat$ness :i* is inh]5t 9 ! "* (       
possibility4 ,! realm ( et]nal objects  
is prop]ly describ$ z a  #8realm1'      
because ea* et]nal object has its /atus 
9 ?is g5]al  sy/ematic complex ( mutual 
relat$ness4    ,9 respect to ! +ression 
(  into an actual occasion 1 !  mutual  
relation%ips (  to o!r et]nal objects1 z
 ?us grad$ 9  realisation1 require = _! 
expression a ref]5ce to ! /atus (   & ( 
! o!r et]nal objects 9 ! spatio-temporal
  relation%ip4 ,also ?is /atus is n     
expressible 7= ?is purpose7  )\t a      
ref]5ce to ! /atus (  & ( o!r actual    
occasions 9  ! same spatio-temporal     
relation%ip4 ,accord+ly !               
spatio-temporal  relation%ip1 9 t]ms (  
:i* ! actual c\rse ( ev5ts is to be     
express$1 is no?+ else ?an a selective  
limitation )9 !  g5]al sy/ematic        
relation%ips among et]nal objects4 ,by  

#8limitation1'  z appli$ to !           
spatio-temporal cont9uum1 ,i mean ^?    
matt]-(-fact  det]m9ations--su* z ! ?ree
 dim5sions ( space1 & ! f\r  dim5sions (
 ! spatio-temporal cont9uum--:i* are    
inh]5t 9 !  actual c\rse ( ev5ts1 b :i* 
pres5t !mselves z arbitr>y 9  respect to
 a m ab/ract possibility4 ,!            
consid]ation ( ^!  g5]al limitations at 
! base ( actual ?+s1 z di/9ct f !       
limitations peculi> to ea* actual       
occasion1 w be m fully resum$  9 ! *apt]
 on #8,god4'    ,fur!r1 ! /atus ( all   
possibility 9 ref]5ce to actuality      
requires a ref]5ce to ?is               
spatio-temporal cont9uum4 ,9 any        
p>ticul> consid]ation ( a possibility we
 may conceive ?is cont9uum  to be       
transc5d$4 ,b 9 s f> z !re is any       
def9ite ref]5ce to  actuality1 ! def9ite
 h[ ( transc5d5ce ( t spatio-temporal   
cont9uum is requir$4 ,?us prim>ily !    
spatio-temporal cont9uum is a  locus (  
relational possibility1 select$ f ! m   
g5]al realm (  sy/ematic relation%ip4   

,?is limit$ locus ( relational          
possibility  expresses "o limitation (  
possibility inh]5t 9 ! g5]al sy/em  ( ! 
process ( realisation4 ,:atev]          
possibility is g5]ally  coh]5t ) t sy/em
 falls )9 ?is limitation4 ,also :atev]  
is  ab/ract$ly possible 9 relation to ! 
g5]al c\rse ( ev5ts--z  di/9ct f !      
p>ticul> limitations introduc$ by       
p>ticul>  occasions--p]vades !          
spatio-temporal cont9uum 9 e alt]native 
spatial situation & at all alt]native   
times4    ,fundam5tally1 !              
spatio-temporal cont9uum is ! g5]al     
sy/em (  relat$ness ( all possibilities1
 9 s f> z t sy/em is limit$ by  its     
relevance to ! g5]al fact ( actuality4  
,also x is inh]5t 9  ! nature (         
possibility t x %\ld include ?is        
relevance to  actuality4 ,= possibility 
is t 9 :i* !re /&s a*ievability1        
ab/ract$ f a*ievem5t4    ,x has already 
be5 emphasis$ t an actual occasion is to
 be  conceiv$ z a limitation2 & t ?is   
process ( limitation c be  /ill fur!r   

*>act]is$ z a gradation4 ,?is *>act]i/ic
 ( an  actual occasion 71 say7 requires 
fur!r elucidation3 ,an  indet]m9at5ess  
/&s 9 ! ess5ce ( any et]nal object 71   
say74 ,! actual occasion  syn!sises 9   
itself e et]nal object2  &1 9 s do+1 x  
includes ! complete det]m9ate relat$ness
 (   to e o!r et]nal object1 or set (   
et]nal objects4 ,?is  syn!sis is a      
limitation ( realisation b n ( cont5t4  
,ea*  relation%ip pres]ves its inh]5t   
self-id5tity4 ,b grades ( entry  into   
?is syn!sis are inh]5t 9 ea* actual     
occasion1 su* z 4  ,^! grades c be      
express$ only z relevance ( value4 ,?is 
relevance  ( value v>ies--z comp>+      
diff]5t occasions--9 grade f !          
inclusion ( ! individual ess5ce (  z an 
elem5t 9 !  ae/hetic syn!sis 79 "s grade
 ( inclusion7 to ! l[e/ grade  :i* is ! 
exclusion ( ! individual ess5ce (  z an 
elem5t 9  ! ae/hetic syn!sis4 ,9 s f> z 
x /&s 9 ?is l[e/ grade1  e det]m9ate    
relation%ip (  is m]ely +r$i5t 9 !      
occasion 9 respect to ! det]m9ate h[ ?is

 relation%ip is an  unfulfill$          
alt]native1 n contribut+ any ae/hetic   
value1 except z  =m+ an elem5t 9 !      
sy/ematic sub/ratum ( unfulfill$ cont5t4
  ,9 a high] grade1 x may rema9         
unfulfill$1 b be ae/hetically  relevant4
    ,?us ,a1 conceiv$ m]ely 9 respect to
 its relation%ips to o!r  et]nal        
objects1 is #8,a conceiv$ z n-be+'2 :]e 
#8n-be+'  means #8ab/ract$ f ! det]m9ate
 fact ( inclusions 91 &  exclusions f1  
actual ev5ts4' ,also #8,a z n-be+ 9     
respect to  a def9ite occasion ' means t
 ,a 9 all its det]m9ate  relation%ips is
 exclud$ f 4 ,aga9 #8,a z be+ 9 respect 
to '  means t ,a 9 "s ( its det]m9ate   
relation%ips is includ$ 9  4 ,b !re c be
 no occasion :i* includes ,a 9 all its  
det]m9ate relation%ips2 = "s ( ^!       
relation%ips are  contr>ies4 ,?us1 9    
reg>d to exclud$ relation%ips1 ,a w be  
n-be+ 9 1 ev5 :5 9 reg>d to o!r         
relation%ips ,a w be  be+ 9 4 ,9 ?is    
s5se1 e occasion is a syn!sis ( be+  &  
n-be+4 ,fur!rmore1 ?\gh "s et]nal       

objects are  syn!sis$ 9 an occasion     
m]ely qu n-be+1 ea* et]nal object  :i*  
is syn!sis$ qu be+ is also syn!sis$ qu  
n-be+4  #8,be+' "h means #8individually 
effective 9 ! ae/hetic  syn!sis4' ,also 
! #8ae/hetic syn!sis' is ! #8exp]i5t    
syn!sis'  view$ z self-creative1 "u !   
limitations laid ^u x by its  int]nal   
relat$ness to all o!r actual occasions4 
,we ?us  conclude--:at has already be5  
/at$ above--t ! g5]al fact ( !  syn!tic 
preh5sion ( all et]nal objects into e   
occasion we>s  ! d\ble aspect ( !       
indet]m9ate relat$ness ( ea* et]nal     
object to occasions g5]ally1 & ( its    
det]m9ate relat$ness to  ea* p>ticul>   
occasion4 ,?is /atem5t summ>ises !      
acc\nt ( h[  ext]nal relations are      
possible4 ,b ! acc\nt dep5ds ^u         
dis5gag+ ! spatio-temporal cont9uum f   
its m]e implication 9  actual           
occasions--accord+ to ! usual           
explanation--& ^u exhibit+  x 9 its     
orig9 f ! g5]al nature ( ab/ract        
possibility1 z  limit$ by ! g5]al "* ( !

 actual c\rse ( ev5ts4    ,! difficulty 
:i* arises 9 respect to int]nal         
relations is to  expla9 h[ any p>ticul> 
tru? is possible4 ,9 s f> z !re are     
int]nal relations1 ev]y?+ mu/ dep5d ^u  
ev]y?+ else4 ,b if  ?is be ! case1 we _c
 "k ab\t any?+ till we equally "k       
ev]y?+ else4 ,app>5tly1 !re=e1 we are "u
 ! necessity (  say+ ev]y?+ at once4    
,?is suppos$ necessity is palpably      
untrue4  ,accord+ly x is incumb5t on u  
to expla9 h[ !re c be int]nal           
relations1 see+ t we admit f9ite tru?s4 
,s9ce actual occasions are selections f 
! realm ( possibilities1  ! ultimate    
explanation ( h[ actual occasions h !   
g5]al  "* :i* !y d h1 mu/ lie 9 an      
analysis ( ! g5]al  "* ( ! realm (      
possibility4    ,! analytical "* ( !    
realm ( et]nal objects is !  prim>y     
metaphysical tru? conc]n+ x4 ,by ?is "* 
x is meant  t ! /atus ( any et]nal      
object ,a 9 ?is realm is capable (      
analysis into an indef9ite numb] (      
subord9ate relation%ips (  limit$ scope4

 ,= example if ,b & ,c are two o!r      
et]nal objects1  !n !re is "s p]fectly  
def9ite relation%ip ,r7,a1 ,b1 ,c7 :i*  
involves ,a1 ,b1 ,c only1 z to require !
 m5tion ( no o!r def9ite  et]nal objects
 9 ! capacity ( relata4 ,( c\rse1 !     
relation%ip  ,r7,a1 ,b1 ,c7 may involve 
subord9ate relation%ips :i* are !mselves
  et]nal objects1 & ,r7,a1 ,b1 ,c7 is   
also itself an et]nal object4 ,also  !re
 w be o!r relation%ips :i* 9 ! same s5se
 involve only  ,a1 ,b1 ,c4 ,we h n[ to  
exam9e h[1 hav+ reg>d to ! int]nal      
relat$ness ( et]nal objects1 ?is limit$ 
relation%ip ,r7,a1 ,b1 ,c7  is possible4
    ,! reason = ! exi/5ce ( f9ite       
relation%ips 9 ! realm (  et]nal objects
 is t relation%ips ( ^! objects among   
!mselves  are entirely unselective1 &   
are sy/ematically complete4 ,we are     
discuss+ possibility2 s t e relation%ip 
:i* is possible is  !reby 9 ! realm (   
possibility4 ,e su* relation%ip ( ea*   
et]nal object is f\nd$ ^u ! p]fectly    
def9ite /atus ( t  object z a relatum 9 

! g5]al s*eme ( relation%ips4 ,?is      
def9ite /atus is :at ,i h t]m$ !        
#8relational ess5ce' ( !  object4 ,?is  
relational ess5ce is det]m9able by      
ref]5ce to t  object alone1 & does n    
require ref]5ce to any o!r objects1     
except ^? :i* are specifically involv$ 9
 its individual ess5ce  :5 t ess5ce is  
complex 7z w be expla9$ imm$iately74 ,! 
mean+ ( ! words #8any' & #8"s' spr+s f  
?is pr9ciple--t  is to say1 ! mean+ ( ! 
#8v>iable' 9 logic4 ,! :ole pr9ciple  is
 t a p>ticul> det]m9ation c be made ( ! 
h[ ( "s  def9ite relation%ip ( a def9ite
 et]nal object ,a to a def9ite  f9ite   
numb] n ( o!r et]nal objects1 )\t any   
det]m9ation  ( ! o!r n objects1 ,x#a1   
,x#b1 444 ,xn1 except t !y h1 ea* (  !m1
 ! requisite /atus to play _! respective
 p>ts 9 t  multiple relation%ip4 ,?is   
pr9ciple dep5ds on ! fact t !           
relational ess5ce ( an et]nal object is 
n unique to t object4  ,! m]e relational
 ess5ce ( ea* et]nal object det]m9es !  
complete uni=m s*eme ( relational       

ess5ces1 s9ce ea* object /&s  int]nally 
9 all its possible relation%ips4 ,?us ! 
realm (  possibility provides a uni=m   
s*eme ( relation%ips among f9ite sets  (
 et]nal objects2 & all et]nal objects /&
 9 all su*  relation%ips1 s f> z ! /atus
 ( ea* p]mits4    ,accord+ly !          
relation%ips 7z 9 possibility7 d n      
involve !  individual ess5ces ( ! et]nal
 objects2 !y involve any et]nal  objects
 z relata1 subject to ! proviso t ^!    
relata h !  requisite relational        
ess5ces4 ,x is ?is proviso :i*1         
automatically  & by ! nature ( ! case1  
limits ! #8any' ( ! phrase #8any  et]nal
 objects4' ,?is pr9ciple is ! pr9ciple (
 ! ,isolation (  ,et]nal ,objects 9 !   
realm ( possibility4 ,! et]nal objects  
are  isolat$1 because _! relation%ips z 
possibilities are expressible  )\t      
ref]5ce to _! respective individual     
ess5ces4 ,9 contra/  to ! realm (       
possibility1 ! inclusion ( et]nal       
objects )9 an  actual occasion means t 9
 respect to "s ( _! possible            

relation%ips !re is a toge!rness ( _!   
individual ess5ces4 ,?is  realis$       
toge!rness is ! a*ievem5t ( an em]g5t   
value  def9$--or1 %ap$--by ! def9ite    
et]nal relat$ness 9 respect to  :i* !   
real toge!rness is a*iev$4 ,?us ! et]nal
 relat$ness is  ! =m--! --2 ! em]g5t    
actual occasion is ! sup]ject (  in=m$  
value2 value1 z ab/ract$ f any p>ticul> 
sup]ject1 is  ! ab/ract matt]--! --:i*  
is common to all actual occasions2 &  ! 
syn!tic activity :i* preh5ds valueless  
possibility into  sup]jici5t in=m$ value
 is ! sub/antial activity4 ,?is         
sub/antial activity is t :i* is omitt$ 9
 any analysis ( !  /atic factors 9 !    
metaphysical situation4 ,! analys$      
elem5ts (  ! situation are ! attributes 
( ! sub/antial activity4    ,!          
difficulty inh]5t 9 ! concept ( f9ite   
int]nal relations  among et]nal objects 
is ?us evad$ by two metaphysical        
pr9ciples1 7i7  t ! relation%ips ( any  
et]nal object ,a1 consid]$ z            
con/itutive ( ,a1 m]ely involve o!r     

et]nal objects z b>e relata  )\t ref]5ce
 to _! individual ess5ces1 & 7ii7 t !   
divisibility ( ! g5]al relation%ip ( ,a 
into a multiplicity (  f9ite            
relation%ips ( ,a /&s !re=e 9 ! ess5ce (
 t  et]nal object4 ,! second pr9ciple   
obvi\sly dep5ds ^u ! fir/4  ,to und]/&  
,a is to und]/& ! h[ ( a g5]al s*eme (  
relation%ip4 ,?is s*eme ( relation%ip   
does n require !  individual uniqu5ess (
 ! o!r relata = its compreh5sion4 ,?is  
s*eme also discloses itself z be+       
analysable into a multiplicity (  limit$
 relation%ips :i* h _! own individuality
 & yet at !  same "t presupposes ! total
 relation%ip )9 possibility4 ,9  respect
 to actuality !re is fir/ ! g5]al       
limitation (  relation%ips1 :i* r$uces  
?is g5]al unlimit$ s*eme to ! f\r       
dim5sional spatio-temporal s*eme4 ,?is  
spatio-temporal s*eme is1 s  to speak1 !
 greate/ common measure ( ! s*emes (    
relation%ip 7z  limit$ by actuality7    
inh]5t 9 all ! et]nal objects4 ,by ?is x
 is  meant t1 h[ select relation%ips (  

an et]nal object 7,a7 are  realis$ 9 any
 actual occasion1 is always explicable  
by express+ !  /atus ( ,a 9 respect to  
?is spatio-temporal s*eme1 & by         
express+ 9 ?is s*eme ! relation%ip ( !  
actual occasion to  o!r actual          
occasions4 ,a def9ite f9ite relation%ip 
involv+ !  def9ite et]nal objects ( a   
limit$ set ( su* objects is itself an   
et]nal object3 x is ^? et]nal objects z 
9 t relation%ip4 ,i  w call su* an      
et]nal object #8complex4' ,! et]nal     
objects :i*  are ! relata 9 a complex   
et]nal object w be call$ !  #8compon5ts'
 ( t et]nal object4 ,also if any ( ^!   
relata are  !mselves complex1 _!        
compon5ts w be call$ #8d]ivative        
compon5ts' ( ! orig9al complex object4  
,also ! compon5ts (  d]ivative compon5ts
 w also be call$ d]ivative compon5ts ( !
  orig9al object4 ,?us ! complexity ( an
 et]nal object means its  analysability 
into a relation%ip ( compon5t et]nal    
objects4 ,also !  analysis ( ! g5]al    
s*eme ( relat$ness ( et]nal objects     

means  its exhibition z a multiplicity (
 complex et]nal objects4 ,an et]nal     
object1 su* z a def9ite %ade ( gre51 :i*
 _c be analys$ into  a relation%ip (    
compon5ts1 w be call$ #8simple4'    ,we 
c n[ expla9 h[ ! analytical "* ( ! realm
 ( et]nal  objects all[s ( an analysis (
 t realm into grades4    ,9 ! l[e/ grade
 ( et]nal objects are to be plac$ ^?    
objects  ^: individual ess5ces are      
simple4 ,?is is ! grade ( z]o           
complexity4 ,next consid] any set ( su* 
objects1 f9ite or inf9ite z  to ! numb] 
( its memb]s4 ,= example1 consid] ! set 
( ?ree  et]nal objects ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ( :i*
 none is complex4 ,let u write ,r7,a1   
,b1 ,c7 = "s def9ite possible relat$ness
 ( ,a1 ,b1 ,c4 ,to take a  simple       
example1 ,a1 ,b1 ,c may be ?ree def9ite 
col\rs ) !  spatio-temporal relat$ness  
to ea* o!r ( ?ree faces ( a regul>      
tetrah$ron1 any:]e at any "t4 ,!n ,r7,a1
 ,b1 ,c7 is ano!r et]nal  object ( !    
l[e/ complex grade4 ,analog\sly !re are 
et]nal  objects ( successively high]    

grades4 ,9 respect to any complex et]nal
  object1 ,s7,d#a1 ,d#b1 444 ,dn71 !    
et]nal objects ,d#a1 444 ,dn1 ^:        
individual ess5ces are con/itutive ( !  
individual ess5ce ( ,s7,d#a1  444 ,dn71 
are call$ ! compon5ts ( ,s7,d#a1 444    
,dn74 ,x is obvi\s  t ! grade (         
complexity to be ascrib$ to ,s7,d#a1 444
 ,dn7 is to be  tak5 z "o above ! highe/
 grade ( complexity to be f\nd among its
  compon5ts4    ,!re is ?us an analysis 
( ! realm ( possibility into simple     
et]nal objects1 & into v>i\s grades (   
complex et]nal objects4 ,a  complex     
et]nal object is an ab/ract situation4  
,!re is a d\ble s5se  ( #8ab/raction1' 9
 reg>d to ! ab/raction ( def9ite et]nal 
objects1 i4e41 non-ma!matical           
ab/raction4 ,!re is ab/raction f        
actuality1 & ab/raction f possibility4  
,= example1 ,a & ,r7,a1  ,b1 ,c7 are bo?
 ab/ractions f ! realm ( possibility4   
,note t  ,a mu/ mean ,a 9 all its       
possible relation%ips1 & among !m       
,r7,a1 ,b1 ,c74 ,also ,r7,a1 ,b1 ,c7    

means ,r7,a1 ,b1 ,c7 9 all its          
relation%ips4 ,b ?is mean+ ( ,r7,a1 ,b1 
,c7 excludes o!r  relation%ips into :i* 
,a c ent]4 ,h5ce ,a z 9 ,r7,a1 ,b1 ,c7  
is  m ab/ract ?an ,a simplicit]4 ,?us z 
we pass f ! grade (  simple et]nal      
objects to high] & high] grades (       
complexity1 we are  indulg+ 9 high]     
grades ( ab/raction f ! realm (         
possibility4    ,we c n[ conceive !     
successive /ages ( a def9ite progress   
t[>ds  "s assign$ mode ( ab/raction f ! 
realm ( possibility1  involv+ a progress
 79 ?\ght7 ?r\gh successive grades (    
increas+ complexity4 ,i w call any su*  
r\te ( progress #8an  ab/ractive        
hi]>*y4' ,any ab/ractive hi]>*y1 f9ite  
or inf9ite1  is bas$ ^u "s def9ite gr\p 
( simple et]nal objects4 ,?is gr\p  w be
 call$ ! #8base' ( ! hi]>*y4 ,?us ! base
 ( an  ab/ractive hi]>*y is a set (     
objects ( z]o complexity4 ,! =mal       
def9ition ( an ab/ractive hi]>*y is z   
foll[s3    ,an #8ab/ractive hi]>*y bas$ 
^u g1' :]e g is a gr\p (  simple et]nal 

objects1 is a set ( et]nal objects :i*  
satisfy !  foll[+ conditions1    7i7 !  
memb]s ( g belong to x1 & are ! only    
simple et]nal  objects 9 ! hi]>*y1      
7ii7 ! compon5ts ( any complex et]nal   
object 9 ! hi]>*y are  also memb]s ( !  
hi]>*y1 &    7iii7 any set ( et]nal     
objects belong+ to ! hi]>*y1 :e!r all  (
 ! same grade or :e!r diff]+ among      
!mselves z to grade1 are  jo9tly among !
 compon5ts or d]ivative compon5ts ( at  
lea/ "o  et]nal object :i* also belongs 
to ! hi]>*y4    ,x is to be notic$ t !  
compon5ts ( an et]nal object are        
necess>ily ( a l[] grade ( complexity   
?an itself4 ,accord+ly any  memb] ( su* 
a hi]>*y1 :i* is ( ! fir/ grade (       
complexity1  c h z compon5ts only memb]s
 ( ! gr\p g2 & any memb] (  ! second    
grade c h z compon5ts only memb]s ( !   
fir/ grade1  & memb]s ( g2 & s on = !   
high] grades4    ,! ?ird condition to be
 satisfi$ by an ab/ractive hi]>*y w be  
call$ ! condition ( connexity4 ,?us an  
ab/ractive hi]>*y spr+s  f its base2 x  

includes e successive grade f its base  
ei!r  indef9itely onw>ds1 or to its     
maximum grade2 & x is #8connect$' by  ! 
reappe>ance 79 a high] grade7 ( any set 
( its memb]s belong+  to l[] grades1 9 !
 function ( a set ( compon5ts or        
d]ivative  compon5ts ( at lea/ "o memb] 
( ! hi]>*y4    ,an ab/ractive hi]>*y is 
call$ #8f9ite' if x /ops at a f9ite     
grade ( complexity4 ,x is call$         
#8inf9ite' if x includes memb]s  belong+
 respectively to all degrees (          
complexity4    ,x is to be not$ t ! base
 ( an ab/ractive hi]>*y may conta9  any 
numb] ( memb]s1 f9ite or inf9ite4       
,fur!r1 ! inf9ity ( !  numb] ( ! memb]s 
( ! base has no?+ to d ) ! "q z  to :e!r
 ! hi]>*y be f9ite or inf9ite4    ,a    
f9ite ab/ractive hi]>*y w1 by def9ition1
 possess a grade (  maximum complexity4 
,x is *>act]i/ic ( ?is grade t a memb] (
  x is a compon5t ( no o!r et]nal object
 belong+ to any grade (  ! hi]>*y4 ,also
 x is evid5t t ?is grade ( maximum      
complexity  mu/ possess only "o memb]2 =

 o!rwise ! condition ( connexity  w\ld n
 be satisfi$4 ,conv]sely any complex    
et]nal object def9es a  f9ite ab/ractive
 hi]>*y to be discov]$ by a process (   
analysis4  ,?is complex et]nal object f 
:i* we />t w be call$ !  #8v]tex' ( !   
ab/ractive hi]>*y3 x is ! sole memb] ( !
  grade ( maximum complexity4 ,9 ! fir/ 
/age ( ! analysis we  obta9 ! compon5ts 
( ! v]tex4 ,^! compon5ts may be ( v>y+  
complexity2 b !re mu/ be among !m at    
lea/ "o memb] ^:  complexity is ( a     
grade "o l[] ?an t ( ! v]tex4 ,a grade  
:i* is "o l[] ?an t ( a giv5 et]nal     
object w be call$  ! #8proximate grade' 
= t object4 ,we take !n ^? compon5ts (  
! v]tex :i* belong to its proximate     
grade2 & z ! second /age  we analyse !m 
into _! compon5ts4 ,among ^! compon5ts  
!re mu/  be "s belong+ to ! proximate   
grade = ! objects ?us analys$4  ,add to 
!m ! compon5ts ( ! v]tex :i* also belong
 to ?is grade  ( #8second proximation' f
 ! v]tex2 &1 at ! ?ird /age analyse  z  
be=e4 ,we ?us f9d objects belong+ to !  

grade ( ?ird  proximation f ! v]tex2 &  
we add to !m ! compon5ts belong+  to ?is
 grade1 :i* h be5 left ov] f ! prec$+   
/ages (  ! analysis4 ,we proce$ 9 ?is   
way ?r\gh successive /ages1 till we     
rea* ! grade ( simple objects4 ,?is     
grade =ms ! base ( !  hi]>*y4    ,x is  
to be not$ t 9 deal+ ) hi]>*ies we are  
entirely  )9 ! realm ( possibility4     
,accord+ly ! et]nal objects are  devoid 
( real toge!rness3 !y rema9 )9 _!       
#8isolation4'    ,! logical in/rum5t :i*
 ,ari/otle us$ = ! analysis ( actual    
fact into m ab/ract elem5ts 0 t (       
classification into species  & g5]a4    
,?is in/rum5t has its ov]:elm+ly        
important application  = sci5ce 9 its   
prep>atory /ages4 ,b its use 9          
metaphysical  description di/orts ! true
 vision ( ! metaphysical situation4 ,!  
use ( ! t]m #8univ]sal' is intimately   
connect$ ) ?is  ,ari/otelian analysis3 !
 t]m has be5 broad5$ ( late2 b /ill x   
sugge/s t classificatory analysis4 ,=   
?is reason ,i h avoid$  x4    ,9 any    

actual occasion 1 !re w be a gr\p g (   
simple et]nal  objects :i* are +r$i5t 9 
t gr\p 9 ! mo/ concrete mode4  ,?is     
complete +r$i5ce 9 an occasion1 s z to  
yield ! mo/  complete fusion (          
individual ess5ce ) o!r et]nal objects 9
 !  =mation ( ! individual em]g5t       
occasion1 is evid5tly ( its own  k9d &  
_c be def9$ 9 t]ms ( any?+ else4 ,b x   
has a  peculi> *>act]i/ic :i* necess>ily
 atta*es to x4 ,?is  *>act]i/ic is t !re
 is an inf9ite ab/ractive hi]>*y  bas$  
^u g :i* is su* t all its memb]s are    
equally involv$  9 ?is complete         
inclusion 9 4    ,! exi/5ce ( su* an    
inf9ite ab/ractive hi]>*y is :at is     
meant  by ! /atem5t t x is impossible to
 complete ! description ( an  actual    
occasion by means ( concepts4 ,i w call 
?is inf9ite  ab/ractive hi]>*y :i* is   
associat$ )  #8! associat$  hi]>*y ( 4' 
,x is also :at is meant by ! notion ( ! 
connect$ness ( an actual occasion4 ,?is 
connect$ness ( an occasion  is necess>y 
= its syn!tic unity & = its             

intelligibility4 ,!re  is a connect$    
hi]>*y ( concepts applicable to !       
occasion1  includ+ concepts ( all       
degrees ( complexity4 ,also 9 ! actual  
occasion1 ! individual ess5ces ( !      
et]nal objects involv$ 9  ^! complex    
concepts a*ieve an ae/hetic syn!sis1    
productive ( !  occasion z an exp]i5ce =
 its own sake4 ,?is associat$ hi]>*y is 
! %ape1 or patt]n1 or =m1 ( ! occasion 9
 s f> z !  occasion is con/itut$ ( :at  
ent]s into its full realisation4    ,"s 
confusion ( ?\ght has be5 caus$ by !    
fact t ab/raction  f possibility runs 9 
! opposite direction to an ab/raction f 
actuality1 s f> z degree ( ab/ractness  
is conc]n$4 ,= evid5tly  9 describ+ an  
actual occasion 1 we are ne>] to ! total
 concrete  fact :5 we describe  by      
pr$icat+ ( x "s memb] ( its  associat$  
hi]>*y1 :i* is ( a high grade (         
complexity4 ,we h  !n said m ab\t 4     
,?us1 ) a high grade ( complexity we ga9
 9  approa* to ! full concret5ess ( 1 & 
) a l[ grade we lose 9  ?is approa*4    

,accord+ly ! simple et]nal objects      
repres5t !  extreme ( ab/raction f an   
actual occasion2 :]eas simple et]nal    
objects repres5t ! m9imum ( ab/raction f
 ! realm (  possibility4 ,x w1 ,i ?9k1  
be f\nd t1 :5 a high degree (           
ab/raction is spok5 (1 ab/raction f !   
realm ( possibility is  :at is usually  
meant--9 o!r words1 an elaborate logical
 con/ruction4    ,s f> ,i h m]ely be5   
consid]+ an actual occasion on ! side ( 
its full concret5ess4 ,x is ?is side ( !
 occasion 9 virtue (  :i* x is an ev5t 9
 nature4 ,b a natural ev5t1 9 ?is s5se (
  ! t]m1 is only an ab/raction f a      
complete actual occasion4 ,a  complete  
occasion includes t :i* 9 cognitive     
exp]i5ce takes !  =m ( memory1          
anticipation1 imag9ation1 & ?\ght4 ,^!  
elem5ts  9 an exp]i5t occasion are also 
modes ( inclusion ( complex et]nal      
objects 9 ! syn!tic preh5sion1 z elem5ts
 9 ! em]g5t value4  ,!y diff] f !       
concret5ess ( full inclusion4 ,9 a s5se 
?is  diff]5ce is inexplicable2 = ea*    

mode ( inclusion is ( its own  k9d1 n to
 be expla9$ 9 t]ms ( any?+ else4 ,b !re 
is a  common diff]5ce :i* discrim9ates  
^! modes ( inclusion f !  full concrete 
+ression :i* has be5 discuss$4 ,?is     
diff]5tia is  abruptness4 ,by           
#8abruptness' ,i mean t :at is rememb]$1
 or  anticipat$1 or imag9$1 or ?\ght1 is
 exhau/$ by a f9ite complex  concept4 ,9
 ea* case !re is "o f9ite et]nal object 
preh5d$  )9 ! occasion z ! v]tex ( a    
f9ite hi]>*y4 ,?is break+  (f f an      
actual illimitability is :at 9 any      
occasion m>ks (f t  :i* is t]m$ m5tal f 
t :i* belongs to ! physical ev5t to  :i*
 ! m5tal function+ is ref]r$4    ,9     
g5]al !re seems to be "s loss (         
vividness 9 ! appreh5sion  ( ! et]nal   
objects conc]n$3 = example1 ,hume speaks
 ( #8fa9t  copies4' ,b ?is fa9tness     
seems to be a v unsafe gr\nd =          
diff]5tiation4 ,(t5 ?+s realis$ 9 ?\ght 
are m vivid ?an  ! same ?+s 9 inatt5tive
 physical exp]i5ce4 ,b ! ?+s  appreh5d$ 
z m5tal are always subject to !         

condition t we come  to a /op :5 we     
attempt to explore ev] high] grades (   
complexity 9  _! realis$ relation%ips4  
,we always f9d t we h ?\ght (  j        
?is--:atev] x may be--& ( no m4 ,!re is 
a limitation :i*  breaks (f ! f9ite     
concept f ! high] grades ( illimitable  
complexity4    ,?us an actual occasion  
is a preh5sion ( "o inf9ite hi]>*y 7its 
associat$ hi]>*y7 toge!r ) v>i\s f9ite  
hi]>*ies4 ,!  syn!sis into ! occasion ( 
! inf9ite hi]>*y is accord+ to  its     
specific mode ( realisation1 & t ( !    
f9ite hi]>*ies is  accord+ to v>i\s o!r 
specific modes ( realisation4 ,!re is "o
  metaphysical pr9ciple :i* is ess5tial 
= ! rational coh]5ce (  ?is acc\nt ( !  
g5]al "* ( an exp]i5t occasion4 ,i call 
?is pr9ciple1 #8,! ,transluc5cy (       
,realisation4' ,by ?is ,i mean t  any   
et]nal object is j itself 9 :atev] mode 
( realisation x is  involv$4 ,!re c be  
no di/ortion ( ! individual ess5ce )\t  
!reby produc+ a diff]5t et]nal object4  
,9 ! ess5ce ( ea*  et]nal object !re /&s

 an indet]m9at5ess :i* expresses its    
indiff]5t pati5ce = any mode ( +ression 
into any actual  occasion4 ,?us 9       
cognitive exp]i5ce1 !re c be ! cognition
 (  ! same et]nal object z 9 ! same     
occasion hav+ +ression )  implication 9 
m ?an "o grade ( realisation4 ,?us !    
transluc5cy  ( realisation1 & ! possible
 multiplicity ( modes ( +ression  into !
 same occasion1 toge!r =m ! f\ndation = 
!  correspond5ce !ory ( tru?4    ,9 ?is 
acc\nt ( an actual occasion 9 t]ms ( its
 connection )  ! realm ( et]nal objects1
 we h gone back to ! tra9 ( ?\ght  9 our
 second *apt]1 :]e ! nature ( ma!matics 
0 discuss$4  ,! idea1 ascrib$ to        
,py?agoras1 has be5 amplifi$1 & put =w>d
 z  ! fir/ *apt] 9 metaphysics4 ,! next 
*apt] is conc]n$ ) !  puzzl+ fact t !re 
is an actual c\rse ( ev5ts :i* is 9     
itself a limit$ fact1 9 t metaphysically
 speak+ x might h  be5 o!rwise4 ,b o!r  
metaphysical inve/igations are omitt$2 =
  example1 epi/emology1 & !             
classification ( "s elem5ts 9 !         

unfa?omable weal? ( ! field (           
possibility4 ,?is la/ topic br+s        
metaphysics 9 sight ( ! special topics (
 ! v>i\s sci5ces4                       
,,*apt] ,,xi                            
,,god      ,ari/otle f\nd x necess>y to 
complete 8 metaphysics by !             
introduction ( a ,prime ,mov]--,god4    
,?is1 = two reasons1 is an  important   
fact 9 ! hi/ory ( metaphysics4 ,9 ! fir/
 place if we  are to accord to anyone ! 
position ( ! greate/ metaphysician1     
hav+ reg>d to g5ius ( insight1 to g5]al 
equipm5t 9 k1  & to ! /imulus ( 8       
metaphysical ance/ry1 we mu/ *oose      
,ari/otle4 ,secondly1 9 8 consid]ation (
 ?is metaphysical "q  he 0 entirely     
dispassionate2 & he is ! la/ ,european  
metaphysician  ( fir/ rate importance = 
:om ?is claim c be made4 ,aft]          
,ari/otle1 e?ical & religi\s int]e/s    
began to influ5ce  metaphysical         
conclusions4 ,! ,jews disp]s$1 fir/     
will+ly & !n  =cibly1 & !               
,judaic-,alex&rian s*ool arose4 ,!n     

,*ri/ianity  closely foll[$ by          
,mahometanism1 int]v5$4 ,! ,greek gods  
:o  surr\nd$ ,ari/otle 7 subord9ate     
metaphysical entities1 well )9  nature4 
,accord+ly on ! subject ( 8 ,prime      
,mov]1 he w\ld h no  motive1 except to  
foll[ 8 metaphysical tra9 ( ?\ght       
:i!rsoev]  x l$ him4 ,x did n lead him v
 f> t[>ds ! production ( a ,god         
available = religi\s purposes4 ,x may be
 d\bt$ :e!r any prop]ly  g5]al          
metaphysics c ev]1 )\t ! illicit        
introduction ( o!r  consid]ations1 get  
mu* fur!r ?an ,ari/otle4 ,b 8 conclusion
 does  repres5t a fir/ /ep )\t :i* no   
evid5ce on a n>r[]  exp]i5tial basis c  
be ( mu* avail 9 %ap+ ! conception4 ,=  
no?+1 )9 any limit$ type ( exp]i5ce1 c  
give intellig5ce to  %ape our ideas (   
any entity at ! base ( all actual ?+s1  
unless  ! g5]al "* ( ?+s requires t !re 
be su* an entity4    ,! phrase1 ,prime  
,mov]1 w>ns u t ,ari/otle's ?\ght 0     
enme%$  9 ! details ( an errone\s       
physics & an errone\s cosmology4 ,9     

,ari/otle's physics special causes 7    
requir$ to su/a9 ! motions  ( mat]ial   
?+s4 ,^! c\ld easily be fitt$ into 8    
sy/em1  provid$ t ! g5]al cosmic motions
 c\ld be su/a9$4 ,= !n 9  relation to ! 
g5]al work+ sy/em1 ea* ?+ c\ld be       
provid$  ) its true end4 ,h5ce !        
necessity = a ,prime ,mov] :o su/a9s  ! 
motions ( ! sph]es on :i* dep5d !       
adju/m5t ( ?+s4  ,to-day we repudiate ! 
,ari/otelian physics & ! ,ari/otelian   
cosmology1 s t ! exact =m ( ! above     
argum5t manife/ly  fails4 ,b if our     
g5]al metaphysics is 9 any way simil> to
 t  outl9$ 9 ! previ\s *apt]1 an        
analog\s metaphysical problem  arises   
:i* c be solv$ only 9 an analog\s       
fa%ion4 ,9 ! place (  ,ari/otle's ,god z
 ,prime ,mov]1 we require ,god z !      
,pr9ciple (  ,concretion4 ,?is position 
c be sub/antiat$ only by ! discussion ( 
! g5]al implication ( ! c\rse ( actual  
occasions1--t is to  say1 ( ! process ( 
realisation4    ,we conceive actuality z
 9 ess5tial relation to an unfa?omable  

possibility4 ,et]nal objects in=m actual
 occasions ) hi]>*ic  patt]ns1 includ$ &
 exclud$ 9 e v>iety ( discrim9ation4    
,ano!r view ( ! same tru? is t e actual 
occasion is a  limitation impos$ on     
possibility1 & t by virtue ( ?is        
limitation ! p>ticul> value ( t %ap$    
toge!rness ( ?+s  em]ges4 ,9 ?is way we 
express h[ a s+le occasion is to be     
view$  9 t]ms ( possibility1 & h[       
possibility is to be view$ 9 t]ms  ( a  
s+le actual occasion4 ,b !re are no s+le
 occasions1 9 !  s5se ( isolat$         
occasions4 ,actuality is ?r\gh & ?r\gh  
toge!rness--toge!rness ( o!rwise isolat$
 et]nal objects1 &  toge!rness ( all    
actual occasions4 ,x is my task 9 ?is   
*apt] to  describe ! unity ( actual     
occasions4 ,! previ\s *apt] c5t]$  its  
int]e/ 9 ! ab/ract3 ! pres5t *apt] deals
 ) !  concrete1 i4e41 t :i* has gr[n    
toge!r4    ,consid] an occasion 3--we h 
to enum]ate h[ o!r actual occasions  are
 9 1 9 ! s5se t _! relation%ips )  are  
con/itutive  ( ! ess5ce ( 4 ,:at  is 9  

itself1 is t x is a unit (  realis$     
exp]i5ce2 accord+ly we ask h[ o!r       
occasions are 9 !  exp]i5ce :i* is 4    
,also = ! pres5t ,i am exclud+ cognitive
  exp]i5ce4 ,! complete answ] to ?is "q 
is1 t !  relation%ips among actual      
occasions are z unfa?omable 9 _!  v>iety
 ( type z are ^? among et]nal objects 9 
! realm (  ab/raction4 ,b !re are       
fundam5tal types ( su* relation%ips 9   
t]ms ( :i* ! :ole complex v>iety c f9d  
its description4    ,a prelim9>y = !    
und]/&+ ( ^! types ( entry 7( "o        
occasion into ! ess5ce ( ano!r7 is to   
note t !y are involv$  9 ! modes (      
realisation ( ab/ractive hi]>*ies1      
discuss$ 9 !  previ\s *apt]4 ,!         
spatio-temporal relation%ips1 involv$ 9 
^?  hi]>*ies z realis$ 9 1 h all a      
def9ition 9 t]ms (  & (  ! occasions    
entrant 9 4 ,?us ! entrant occasions l5d
 _!  aspects to ! hi]>*ies1 & !reby     
conv]t spatio-temporal  modalities into 
categorical det]m9ations2 & ! hi]>*ies  
l5d  _! =ms to ! occasions & !reby limit

 ! entrant occasions to  be+ entrant    
only "u ^? =ms4 ,?us 9 ! same way 7z se5
 9  ! previ\s *apt]7 t e occasion is a  
syn!sis ( all et]nal  objects "u !      
limitation ( gradations ( actuality1 s e
  occasion is a syn!sis ( all occasions 
"u ! limitation (  gradations ( types ( 
entry4 ,ea* occasion syn!sises !        
totality (  cont5t "u its own           
limitations ( mode4    ,9 respect to ^! 
types ( int]nal relation%ip betwe5  &   
o!r  occasions1 ^! o!r occasions 7z     
con/itutive ( 7 c be  classifi$ 9 _m    
alt]native ways4 ,^! are all conc]n$ )  
diff]5t def9itions ( pa/1 pres5t1 &     
future4 ,x has be5 usual 9  philosophy  
to assume t ^! v>i\s def9itions mu/     
necess>ily be  equival5t4 ,! pres5t /ate
 ( op9ion 9 physical sci5ce             
conclusively %[s t ?is assumption is )\t
 metaphysical  ju/ification1 ev5 ?\gh   
any su* discrim9ation may be f\nd to be 
unnecess>y = physical sci5ce4 ,?is "q   
has already be5 dealt  ) 9 ! *apt] on   
,relativity4 ,b ! physical !ory (       

relativity  t\*es only ! fr+e ( ! v>i\s 
!ories :i* are metaphysically  t5able4  
,x is important = my argum5t to insi/ ^u
 ! unb\nd$  fre$om )9 :i* ! actual is a 
unique categorical det]m9ation4    ,e   
actual occasion exhibits itself z a     
process3 x is a  becom+ness4 ,9 s       
disclos+ itself1 x places itself z "o   
among a  multiplicity ( o!r occasions1  
)\t :i* x c\ld n be itself4  ,x also    
def9es itself z a p>ticul> individual   
a*ievem5t1 focuss+  9 its limit$ way an 
unb\nd$ realm ( et]nal objects4    ,any 
"o occasion  issues f o!r occasions :i* 
collectively =m  its pa/4 ,x displays = 
itself o!r occasions :i* collectively   
=m its pres5t4 ,x is 9 respect to its   
associat$ hi]>*y1 z  display$ 9 ?is     
imm$iate pres5t1 t an occasion f9ds its 
own  orig9ality4 ,x is t display :i* is 
its own contribution to !  output (     
actuality4 ,x may be condition$1 & ev5  
completely  det]m9$ by ! pa/ f :i* x    
issues4 ,b its display 9 !  pres5t "u ^?
 conditions is :at directly em]ges f its

  preh5sive activity4 ,! occasion  also 
holds )9 itself an  indet]m9ation 9 ! =m
 ( a future1 :i* has p>tial det]m9ation 
by reason ( its inclusion 9  & also has 
det]m9ate spatio-temporal  relat$ness to
  & to actual occasions ( ! pa/ f  & ( !
  pres5t = 4    ,?is future is a syn!sis
 9  ( et]nal objects z n-be+ & z        
requir+ ! passage f  to o!r             
individualisations 7)  det]m9ate        
spatio-temporal relations to 7 9 :i*    
n-be+ becomes  be+4    ,!re is also 9   
:at1 9 ! previ\s *apt]1 ,i h t]m$ !     
#8abrupt' realisation ( f9ite et]nal    
objects4 ,?is abrupt realisation        
requires ei!r a ref]5ce ( ! basic       
objects ( ! f9ite  hi]>*y to det]m9ate  
occasions o!r ?an  7z _! situations71  9
 pa/1 pres5t1 future2 or requires a     
realisation ( ^! et]nal  objects 9      
det]m9ate relation%ips1 b "u ! aspect ( 
exemption  f inclusion 9 !              
spatio-temporal s*eme ( relat$ness      
betwe5  actual occasions4 ,?is abrupt   
syn!sis ( et]nal objects 9 ea*  occasion

 is ! inclusion 9 actuality ( !         
analytical "* (  ! realm ( et]nality4   
,?is inclusion has ^? limit$ gradations 
(  actuality :i* *>act]ise e occasion by
 reason ( its ess5tial  limitation4 ,x  
is ?is realis$ ext5sion ( et]nal        
relat$ness beyond  ! mutual relat$ness (
 ! actual occasions1 :i* preh5ds into   
ea*  occasion ! full sweep ( et]nal     
relat$ness4 ,i t]m ?is abrupt           
realisation ! #8grad$ envisagem5t' :i*  
ea* occasion preh5ds into  its syn!sis4 
,?is grad$ envisagem5t is h[ ! actual   
includes :at  79 "o s5se7 is n-be+ z a  
positive factor 9 its own a*ievem5t4  ,x
 is ! s\rce ( error1 ( tru?1 ( art1 (   
e?ics1 & ( religion4  ,by x1 fact is    
confront$ ) alt]natives4    ,?is g5]al  
concept1 ( an ev5t z a process ^:       
outcome is a unit  ( exp]i5ce1 po9ts to 
! analysis ( an ev5t into 7i7 sub/antial
  activity1 7ii7 condition$             
pot5tialities :i* are !re = syn!sis1  & 
7iii7 ! a*iev$ outcome ( ! syn!sis4 ,!  
unity ( all actual  occasions =bids !   

analysis ( sub/antial activities into   
indep5d5t entities4 ,ea* individual     
activity is no?+ b ! mode  9 :i* ! g5]al
 activity is individualis$ by ! impos$  
conditions4 ,! envisagem5t :i* ent]s    
into ! syn!sis is also a  "* :i*        
conditions ! syn!sis+ activity4 ,! g5]al
  activity is n an entity 9 ! s5se 9 :i*
 occasions or et]nal  objects are       
entities4 ,x is a g5]al metaphysical "* 
:i*  und]lies all occasions1 9 a        
p>ticul> mode = ea* occasion4 ,!re  is  
no?+ ) :i* to comp>e x3 x is ,sp9oza's  
"o inf9ite  sub/ance4 ,its attributes   
are its "* ( individualisation into a   
multiplicity ( modes1 & ! realm ( et]nal
 objects :i* are  v>i\sly syn!sis$ 9 ^! 
modes4 ,?us et]nal possibility & modal  
diff]5tiation into individual           
multiplicity are ! attributes ( !  "o   
sub/ance4 ,9 fact ea* g5]al elem5t ( !  
metaphysical  situation is an attribute 
( ! sub/antial activity4    ,yet ano!r  
elem5t 9 ! metaphysical situation is    
disclos$ by !  consid]ation t ! g5]al   

attribute ( modality is limit$4 ,?is    
elem5t mu/ rank z an attribute ( !      
sub/antial activity4 ,9 its  nature ea* 
mode is limit$1 s z n to be o!r modes4  
,b1 beyond  ^! limitations ( p>ticul>s1 
! g5]al modal individualisation is      
limit$ 9 two ways3 ,9 ! fir/ place x is 
an actual c\rse (  ev5ts1 :i* might be  
o!rwise s f> z conc]ns et]nal           
possibility1  b is t c\rse4 ,?is        
limitation takes ?ree =ms1 7i7 ! special
  logical relations :i* all ev5ts mu/   
con=m to1 7ii7 ! selection  (           
relation%ips to :i* ! ev5ts d con=m1 &  
7iii7 !  p>ticul>ity :i* infects ! c\rse
 ev5 )9 ^? g5]al  relation%ips ( logic &
 causation4 ,?us ?is fir/ limitation is 
a  limitation ( antec$5t selection4 ,s  
f> z ! g5]al metaphysical  situation is 
conc]n$1 !re might h be5 an             
indiscrim9ate modal  pluralism ap>t f   
logical or o!r limitation4 ,b !re c\ld n
  !n h be5 ^! modes1 = ea* mode         
repres5ts a syn!sis (  actualities :i*  
are limit$ to con=m to a /&>d4 ,we "h   

come to  ! second way ( limitation4     
,re/riction is ! price ( value4 ,!re  _c
 be value )\t antec$5t /&>ds ( value1 to
 discrim9ate  ! acceptance or rejection 
( :at is be=e ! envisag+ mode (         
activity4 ,?us !re is an antec$5t       
limitation among values1  introduc+     
contr>ies1 grades1 & oppositions4       
,accord+ to ?is argum5t ! fact t !re is 
a process ( actual  occasions1 & ! fact 
t ! occasions are ! em]g5ce ( values    
:i* require su* limitation1 bo? require 
t ! c\rse ( ev5ts  %\ld h develop$ amid 
an antec$5t limitation compos$ (        
conditions1 p>ticul>isation1 & /&>ds (  
value4    ,?us z a fur!r elem5t 9 !     
metaphysical situation1 !re is  requir$ 
a pr9ciple ( limitation4 ,"s p>ticul> h[
 is necess>y1  & "s p>ticul>isation 9 ! 
:at ( matt] ( fact is necess>y4  ,! only
 alt]native to ?is admission1 is to d5y 
! reality ( actual  occasions4 ,_!      
app>5t irrational limitation mu/ be tak5
 z a pro(  ( illusion & we mu/ look =   
reality beh9d ! sc5e4 ,if we reject  ?is

 alt]native beh9d ! sc5e1 we mu/ provide
 a gr\nd =  limitation :i* /&s among !  
attributes ( ! sub/antial  activity4    
,?is attribute provides ! limitation =  
:i* no reason c  be giv53 = all reason  
fl[s f x4 ,god is ! ultimate limitation1
  & ,8 exi/5ce is ! ultimate            
irrationality4 ,= no reason c be  giv5 =
 j t limitation :i* x /&s 9 ,8 nature to
 impose4  ,god is n concrete1 b ,he is !
 gr\nd = concrete actuality4 ,no  reason
 c be giv5 = ! nature ( ,god1 because t 
nature is !  gr\nd ( rationality4    ,9 
?is argum5t ! po9t to notice is1 t :at  
is metaphysically  indet]m9ate has      
nev]!less to be categorically det]m9ate4
 ,we h  come to ! limit ( rationality4  
,= !re is a categorical limitation  :i* 
does n spr+ f any metaphysical reason4  
,!re is a  metaphysical ne$ = a pr9ciple
 ( det]m9ation1 b !re c be no           
metaphysical reason = :at is det]m9$4   
,if !re 7 su* a reason1  !re w\ld be no 
ne$ = any fur!r pr9ciple3 = metaphysics 
w\ld  already h provid$ ! det]m9ation4  

,! g5]al pr9ciple (  empiricism dep5ds  
^u ! doctr9e t !re is a pr9ciple (      
concretion :i* is n discov]able by      
ab/ract reason4 ,:at fur!r  c be kn[n   
ab\t ,god mu/ be s\ght 9 ! region (     
p>ticul>  exp]i5ces1 & !re=e re/s on an 
empirical basis4 ,9 respect to  !       
int]pretation ( ^! exp]i5ces1 mank9d h  
diff]$  pr(\ndly4 ,he has be5 nam$      
respectively1 ,jehovah1 ,allah1 ,brahma1
  ,fa!r 9 ,heav51 ,ord] ( ,heav51 ,fir/ 
,cause1 ,supreme ,be+1 ,*ance4  ,ea* "n 
corresponds to a sy/em ( ?\ght d]iv$ f !
  exp]i5ces ( ^? :o h us$ x4    ,among  
m$ieval & mod]n philosoph]s1 anxi\s to  
e/abli% !  religi\s significance ( ,god1
 an un=tunate habit has prevail$ (  pay+
 to ,him metaphysical complim5ts4 ,he   
has be5 conceiv$ z !  f\ndation ( !     
metaphysical situation ) its ultimate   
activity4 ,if  ?is conception be adh]$  
to1 !re c be no alt]native except to    
disc]n 9 ,him ! orig9 ( all evil z well 
z ( all good4 ,he is !n  ! supreme au?or
 ( ! play1 & to ,him mu/ !re=e be       

ascrib$  its %ortcom+s z well z its     
success4 ,if ,he be conceiv$ z !        
supreme gr\nd = limitation1 x /&s 9 ,8 v
 nature to divide  ! ,good f ! ,evil1 & 
to e/abli% ,reason #8)9 h] dom9ions     
supreme4'                               
,,*apt] ,,xii                           
,,religion ,,& ,,sci5ce      ,!         
difficulty 9 approa*+ ! "q ( ! relations
 betwe5  ,religion & ,sci5ce is1 t its  
elucidation requires t we h 9  our m9ds 
"s cle> idea ( :at we mean by ei!r ( !  
t]ms1  #8religion' & #8sci5ce4' ,also ,i
 wi% to speak 9 ! mo/ g5]al way         
possible1 & to keep 9 ! backgr\nd any   
comp>ison ( p>ticul>  cre$s1 sci5tific  
or religi\s4 ,we h got to und]/& ! type 
(  connection :i* exi/s betwe5 ! two    
sph]es1 & !n to draw "s  def9ite        
conclusions respect+ ! exi/+ situation  
:i* at pres5t  confronts ! _w4    ,!    
conflict betwe5 religion & sci5ce is :at
 naturally occurs to  our m9ds :5 we ?9k
 ( ?is subject4 ,x seems z ?\gh1 dur+ ! 
la/ half-c5tury1 ! results ( sci5ce & ! 

beliefs ( religion  _h come into a      
position ( frank disagreem5t1 f :i* !re 
c be  no escape1 except by ab&on+ ei!r !
 cle> tea*+ ( sci5ce1 or  ! cle> tea*+ (
 religion4 ,?is conclusion has be5 urg$ 
by  controv]siali/s on ei!r side4 ,n by 
all controv]siali/s1 (  c\rse1 b by ^?  
tr5*ant intellects :i* e controv]sy     
calls  out into ! op54    ,! di/ress (  
s5sitive m9ds1 & ! zeal = tru?1 & ! s5se
  ( ! importance ( ! issues1 mu/ comm&  
our s9c]e/ sympa?y4  ,:5 we consid] :at 
religion is = mank9d1 & :at sci5ce is1 x
  is no exagg]ation to say t ! future   
c\rse ( hi/ory dep5ds ^u  ! decision (  
?is g5]ation z to ! relations betwe5 !m4
 ,we  h "h ! two /ronge/ g5]al =ces     
7ap>t f ! m]e impulse  ( ! v>i\s s5ses7 
:i* influ5ce m51 & !y seem to be set "o 
aga9/ ! o!r--! =ce ( our religi\s       
intuitions1 & ! =ce  ( our impulse to   
accurate obs]vation & logical d$uction4 
,a great ,engli% /atesman once advis$ 8 
c\ntrym5 to use l>ge-scale  maps1 z a   
pres]vative aga9/ al>ms1 panics1 & g5]al

  misund]/&+ ( ! true relations betwe5  
nations4 ,9 ! same way  9 deal+ ) ! cla%
 betwe5 p]man5t elem5ts ( human nature1 
x  is well to map our hi/ory on a l>ge  
scale1 & to dis5gage ourselves  f our   
imm$iate absorption 9 ! pres5t          
conflicts4 ,:5 we d ?is1  we imm$iately 
discov] two great facts4 ,9 ! fir/      
place1 !re has  always be5 a conflict   
betwe5 religion & sci5ce2 & 9 ! second  
place1 bo? religion & sci5ce h always   
be5 9 a /ate (  cont9ual developm5t4 ,9 
! e>ly days ( ,*ri/ianity1 !re 0 a      
g5]al belief among ,*ri/ians t ! _w 0   
com+ to an end 9  ! lifetime ( p !n     
liv+4 ,we c make only indirect inf]5ces 
z to h[ f> ?is belief 0 au?oritatively  
proclaim$2 b x is  c]ta9 t x 0 widely   
held1 & t x =m$ an impressive "p  ( !   
popul> religi\s doctr9e4 ,! belief prov$
 itself to be  mi/ak51 & ,*ri/ian       
doctr9e adju/$ itself to ! *ange4 ,aga9 
9  ! e>ly ,*ur* individual !ologians v  
confid5tly d$uc$ f  ! ,bible op9ions    
conc]n+ ! nature ( ! physical univ]se4  

,9  ! ye> ,a4 ,d4 #ece1 a monk nam$     
,cosmas#ag wrote a book :i* he  entitl$1
 ,*ri/ian ,topography4 ,he 0 a travell$ 
man :o _h visit$  ,india & ,e?iopia2 &  
f9ally he liv$ 9 a mona/]y at ,alex&ria1
  :i* 0 !n a great c5tre ( culture4 ,9  
?is book1 bas+ himself  ^u ! direct     
mean+ ( ,biblical texts z con/ru$ by him
 9 a  lit]al fa%ion1 he d5i$ ! exi/5ce (
 ! antipodes1 & ass]t$  t ! _w is a flat
 p>allelogram ^: l5g? is d\ble its      
bread?4    ,footnote #ag3      ,cf4     
,lecky's ,! ,rise & ,influ5ce (         
,rationalism 9 ,europe1 ,*4    ,,iii4   
,9 ! sev5te5? c5tury ! doctr9e ( !      
motion ( ! e>? 0  condemn$ by a ,ca?olic
 tribunal4 ,a hundr$ ye>s ago ! ext5sion
 (  "t dem&$ by geological sci5ce       
di/ress$ religi\s p1  ,prote/ant &      
,ca?olic4 ,& to-day ! doctr9e (         
evolution is an  equal /umbl+-block4 ,^!
 are only a few in/ances illu/rat+ a    
g5]al fact4    ,b all our ideas w be 9 a
 wrong p]spective if we ?9k t ?is       
recurr+ p]plexity 0 conf9$ to           

contradictions betwe5 religion &        
sci5ce2 & t 9 ^! controv]sies religion 0
 always wrong1 &  t sci5ce 0 always "r4 
,! true facts ( ! case are v mu*  m     
complex1 & refuse to be summ>is$ 9 ^!   
simple t]ms4    ,!ology itself exhibits 
exactly ! same "* ( gradual  developm5t1
 aris+ f an aspect ( conflict betwe5 its
 own prop]  ideas4 ,?is fact is a       
commonplace to !ologians1 b is (t5      
obscur$  9 ! /ress ( controv]sy4 ,i d n 
wi% to ov]/ate my case2 s ,i  w conf9e  
myself to ,roman ,ca?olic writ]s4 ,9 !  
sev5te5?  c5tury a le>n$ ,jesuit1 ,fa!r 
,petavius1 %[$ t ! !ologians  ( ! fir/  
?ree c5turies ( ,*ri/ianity made use (  
phrases &  /atem5ts :i* s9ce ! fif?     
c5tury w\ld be condemn$ z  h]etical4    
,also ,c>d9al ,newman devot$ a treatise 
to ! discussion (  ! developm5t (       
doctr9e4 ,he wrote x be=e he became a   
great ,roman  ,ca?olic ecclesia/ic2 b   
?r\gh\t 8 life1 x 0 nev] retract$  &    
cont9ually reissu$4    ,sci5ce is ev5 m 
*angeable ?an !ology4 ,no man ( sci5ce  

c\ld  subscribe )\t qualification to    
,galileo's beliefs1 or to ,newton's     
beliefs1 or to all 8 own sci5tific      
beliefs ( t5 ye>s ago4    ,9 bo? regions
 ( ?\ght1 additions1 di/9ctions1 &      
modifications  h be5 introduc$4 ,s t n[1
 ev5 :5 ! same ass]tion is made  to-day 
z 0 made a ?\s&1 or fifte5 hundr$ ye>s  
ago1 x is made  subject to limitations  
or expansions ( mean+1 :i* 7 n          
contemplat$ at ! e>li] epo*4 ,we are    
told by logicians t a  proposition mu/  
be ei!r true or false1 & t !re is no    
middle  t]m4 ,b 9 practice1 we may "k t 
a proposition expresses an  important   
tru?1 b t x is subject to limitations & 
qualifications :i* at pres5t rema9      
undiscov]$4 ,x is a g5]al  feature ( our
 k1 t we are insi/5tly aw>e ( important 
tru?s2 & yet t ! only =mulations ( ^!   
tru?s :i* we are  able to make          
presuppose a g5]al /&po9t ( conceptions 
:i* may  h to be modifi$4 ,i w give y   
two illu/rations1 bo? f  sci5ce3        
,galileo said t ! e>? moves & t ! sun is

 fix$2  ! ,inquisition said t ! e>? is  
fix$ & ! sun moves2 &  ,newtonian       
a/ronom]s1 adopt+ an absolute !ory (    
space1 said t  bo? ! sun & ! e>? move4  
,b n[ we say t any "o ( ^!  ?ree        
/atem5ts is equally true1 provid$ t y h 
fix$ y\r  s5se ( #8re/' & #8motion' 9 ! 
way requir$ by ! /atem5t  adopt$4 ,at ! 
date ( ,galileo's controv]sy ) !        
,inquisition1  ,galileo's way ( /at+ !  
facts 01 beyond "q1 ! fruitful  proc$ure
 = ! sake ( sci5tific rese>*4 ,b 9      
itself x 0 n  m true ?an ! =mulation ( !
 ,inquisition4 ,b at t "t !  mod]n      
concepts ( relative motion 7 9 nobody's 
m9d2 s t !  /atem5ts 7 made 9 ignorance 
( ! qualifications requir$ =  _! m      
p]fect tru?4 ,yet ?is "q ( ! motions ( !
 e>?  & ! sun expresses a real fact 9 ! 
univ]se2 & all sides _h got  hold (     
important tru?s conc]n+ x4 ,b ) ! k ( ^?
  times1 ! tru?s appe>$ to be           
inconsi/5t4    ,aga9 ,i w give y ano!r  
example tak5 f ! /ate ( mod]n  physical 
sci5ce4 ,s9ce ! "t ( ,newton & ,huygh5s 

9 !  sev5te5? c5tury !re h be5 two      
!ories z to ! physical  nature ( light4 
,newton's !ory 0 t a beam ( light       
consi/s ( a  /ream ( v m9ute p>ticles1  
or corpuscles1 & t we h !  s5sation (   
light :5 ^! corpuscles /rike ! ret9as ( 
our eyes4  ,huygh5s' !ory 0 t light     
consi/s ( v m9ute waves (  trembl+ 9 an 
all-p]vad+ e!r1 & t ^! waves are        
travell+  along a beam ( light4 ,! two  
!ories are contradictory4 ,9 !  eighte5?
 c5tury ,newton's !ory 0 believ$1 9 !   
n9ete5?  c5tury ,huygh5s' !ory 0        
believ$4 ,to-day !re is "o l>ge gr\p  ( 
ph5om5a :i* c be expla9$ only on ! wave 
!ory1 & ano!r  l>ge gr\p :i* c be       
expla9$ only on ! corpuscul> !ory4      
,sci5ti/s h to leave x at t1 & wait = ! 
future1 9 !  hope ( atta9+ "s wid]      
vision :i* reconciles bo?4    ,we %\ld  
apply ^! same pr9ciples to ! que/ions 9 
:i* !re is  a v>iance betwe5 sci5ce &   
religion4 ,we w\ld believe no?+ 9  ei!r 
sph]e ( ?\ght :i* does n appe> to u to  
be c]tifi$ by  solid reasons bas$ ^u !  

critical rese>* ei!r ( ourselves or (   
compet5t au?orities4 ,b grant+ t we h   
hone/ly tak5 ?is  precaution1 a cla%    
betwe5 ! two on po9ts ( detail :]e !y   
ov]lap %\ld n lead u ha/ily to ab&on    
doctr9es = :i* we  h solid evid5ce4 ,x  
may be t we are m int]e/$ 9 "o set (    
doctr9es ?an 9 ! o!r4 ,b1 if we h any   
s5se ( p]spective  & ( ! hi/ory ( ?\ght1
 we %all wait & refra9 f mutual         
ana!mas4    ,we %\ld wait3 b we %\ld n  
wait passively1 or 9 despair4 ,!  cla%  
is a sign t !re are wid] tru?s & f9]    
p]spectives  )9 :i* a reconciliation ( a
 deep] religion & a m subtle  sci5ce w  
be f\nd4    ,9 "o s5se1 !re=e1 !        
conflict betwe5 sci5ce & religion is a  
slight matt] :i* has be5 unduly         
emphasis$4 ,a m]e logical  contradiction
 _c 9 itself po9t to m ?an ! necessity (
 "s  readju/m5ts1 possibly ( a v m9or "*
 on bo? sides4  ,rememb] ! widely       
diff]5t aspects ( ev5ts :i* are dealt ) 
9  sci5ce & 9 religion respectively4    
,sci5ce is conc]n$ ) !  g5]al conditions

 :i* are obs]v$ to regulate physical    
ph5om5a2  :]eas religion is :olly wrapp$
 up 9 ! contemplation ( moral &         
ae/hetic values4 ,on ! "o side !re is ! 
law ( gravitation1 &  on ! o!r !        
contemplation ( ! beauty ( hol9ess4 ,:at
 "o side  sees1 ! o!r misses2 & vice    
v]sa4    ,consid]1 = example1 ! lives ( 
,john ,wesley & ( ,sa9t ,francis (      
,assisi4 ,= physical sci5ce y h 9 ^!    
lives m]ely ord9>y  examples ( !        
op]ation ( ! pr9ciples ( physiological  
*emi/ry1  & ( ! dynamics ( n]v\s        
reactions3 = religion y h lives (  ! mo/
 pr(\nd significance 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w4 
,c y be  surpris$ t1 9 ! abs5ce ( a     
p]fect & complete phras+ ( !  pr9ciples 
( sci5ce & ( ! pr9ciples ( religion :i* 
apply to  ^! specific cases1 ! acc\nts (
 ^! lives f ^! div]g5t  /&po9ts %\ld    
involve discrepancies8 ,x w\ld be a     
miracle if x  7 n s4    ,x w\ld1 h[ev]1 
be miss+ ! po9t to ?9k t we ne$ n       
tr\ble ourselves ab\t ! conflict betwe5 
sci5ce & religion4 ,9 an  intellectual  

age !re c be no active int]e/ :i* puts  
aside all  hope ( a vision ( ! h>mony ( 
tru?4 ,to acquiesce 9 discrepancy is    
de/ructive ( c&\r1 & ( moral cleanl9ess4
 ,x belongs to !  self-respect (        
intellect to pursue e tangle ( ?\ght to 
its f9al  unravelm5t4 ,if y *eck t      
impulse1 y w get no religion & no       
sci5ce f an awak5$ ?\ghtfulness4 ,!     
important "q is1 ,9  :at _s are we go+  
to face ! issue8 ,!re we come to some?+ 
absolutely vital4    ,a cla% ( doctr9es 
is n a disa/]--x is an opportunity4 ,i w
  expla9 my mean+ by "s illu/rations f  
sci5ce4 ,! weight ( an  atom ( nitrog5 0
 well kn[n4 ,also x 0 an e/abli%$       
sci5tific  doctr9e t ! av]age weight (  
su* atoms 9 any consid]able mass  w be  
always ! same4 ,two exp]im5t]s1 ! late  
,"l ,rayleigh &  ! late ,sir ,william   
,ramsay1 f\nd t if !y obta9$ nitrog5 by 
two  diff]5t me?ods1 ea* equally        
effective = t purpose1 !y always  obs]v$
 a p]si/5t slight diff]5ce betwe5 !     
av]age weights (  ! atoms 9 ! two cases4

 ,n[ ,i ask y1 w\ld x h be5 rational  ( 
^! m5 to h despair$ because ( ?is       
conflict betwe5 *emical  !ory &         
sci5tific obs]vation8 ,suppose t = "s   
reason !  *emical doctr9e _h be5 highly 
priz$ ?r\gh\t "s di/rict z !  f\ndation 
( its social ord]3--w\ld x h be5 wise1  
w\ld x h  be5 c&id1 w\ld x h be5 moral1 
to =bid ! disclosure ( !  fact t !      
exp]im5ts produc$ discordant results8   
,or1 on ! o!r  h&1 %\ld ,sir ,william   
,ramsay & ,"l ,rayleigh h proclaim$ t   
*emical !ory 0 n[ a detect$ delusion8   
,we see at once t ei!r  ( ^! ways w\ld h
 be5 a me?od ( fac+ ! issue 9 an        
entirely wrong _s4 ,:at ,rayleigh &     
,ramsay did d 0 ?is3 ,!y at  once       
p]ceiv$ t !y _h hit ^u a l9e (          
inve/igation :i*  w\ld disclose "s      
subtlety ( *emical !ory t _h hi!rto     
elud$  obs]vation4 ,! discrepancy 0 n a 
disa/]3 x 0 an opportunity  to increase 
! sweep ( *emical k4 ,y all "k ! end ( !
  /ory3 f9ally argon 0 discov]$1 a new  
*emical elem5t :i* _h  lurk$ undetect$1 

mix$ ) ! nitrog54 ,b ! /ory has a sequel
  :i* =ms my second illu/ration4 ,?is   
discov]y drew att5tion to !  importance 
( obs]v+ accurately m9ute diff]5ces 9   
*emical  sub/ances z obta9$ by diff]5t  
me?ods4 ,fur!r rese>*es ( !  mo/ c>eful 
accuracy 7 und]tak54 ,f9ally ano!r      
physici/1 ,f4 ,w4  ,a/on1 work+ 9 !     
,cav5di% ,laboratory at ,cambridge 9    
,engl&1  discov]$ t ev5 ! same elem5t   
might assume two or m di/9ct  =ms1 t]m$ 
isotopes1 & t ! law ( ! con/ancy (      
av]age  atomic weight holds = ea* ( ^!  
=ms1 b z betwe5 !  diff]5t isotopes     
diff]s slightly4 ,! rese>* has effect$ a
 great  /ride 9 ! p[] ( *emical !ory1 f>
 transc5d+ 9 importance  ! discov]y (   
argon f :i* x orig9at$4 ,! moral ( ^!   
/ories lies on ! surface1 & ,i w leave  
to y _! application  to ! case (        
religion & sci5ce4    ,9 =mal logic1 a  
contradiction is ! signal ( a defeat3 b 
9 !  evolution ( real k x m>ks ! fir/   
/ep 9 progress t[>ds  a victory4 ,?is is
 "o great reason = ! utmo/ tol]ation (  

v>iety  ( op9ion4 ,once & =ev]1 ?is duty
 ( tol]ation has be5 summ$ up  9 !      
words1 #8,let bo? gr[ toge!r until !    
h>ve/4' ,! failure (  ,*ri/ians to act  
up to ?is precept1 ( ! highe/ au?ority1 
is "o  ( ! curiosities ( religi\s       
hi/ory4 ,b we h n yet exhau/$  !        
discussion ( ! moral temp] requir$ = !  
pursuit ( tru?4  ,!re are %ort cuts     
lead+ m]ely to an illusory success4 ,x  
is easy  en\gh to f9d a !ory1 logically 
h>moni\s & ) important  applications 9 !
 region ( fact1 provid$ t y are cont5t  
to  disreg>d half y\r evid5ce4 ,e age   
produces p ) cle>  logical intellects1 &
 ) ! mo/ praisewor?y grasp ( !          
importance ( "s sph]e ( human exp]i5ce1 
:o h elaborat$1 or  inh]it$1 a s*eme (  
?\ght :i* exactly fits ^? exp]i5ces  :i*
 claim _! int]e/4 ,su* p are apt        
resolutely to ignore1 or  to expla9     
away1 all evid5ce :i* confuses _! s*eme 
)  contradictory in/ances4 ,:at !y _c   
fit 9 is = !m nons5se4  ,an unfl9*+     
det]m9ation to take ! :ole evid5ce into 

acc\nt is  ! only me?od ( pres]vation   
aga9/ ! fluctuat+ extremes (  fa%ionable
 op9ion4 ,?is advice seems s easy1 & is 
9 fact s  difficult to foll[4    ,"o    
reason = ?is difficulty is t we _c ?9k  
fir/ & act  aft]w>ds4 ,f ! mom5t ( bir? 
we are imm]s$ 9 action1 & c  only       
fitfully guide x by tak+ ?\ght4 ,we h1  
!re=e1 9 v>i\s  sph]es ( exp]i5ce to    
adopt ^? ideas :i* seem to "w )9  ^?    
sph]es4 ,x is absolutely necess>y to    
tru/ to ideas :i* are  g5]ally adequate1
 ev5 ?\gh we "k t !re are subtleties &  
di/9ctions beyond our k54 ,also ap>t f !
 necessities ( action1  we _c ev5 keep  
be=e our m9ds ! :ole evid5ce except "u !
  guise ( doctr9es :i* are incompletely 
h>monis$4 ,we _c ?9k 9  t]ms ( an       
indef9ite multiplicity ( detail2 our    
evid5ce c acquire  its prop] importance 
only if x comes be=e u m>%all$ by g5]al 
ideas4 ,^! ideas we inh]it--!y =m !     
tradition ( our  civilisation4 ,su*     
traditional ideas are nev] /atic4 ,!y   
are ei!r  fad+ into mean+less =mulae1 or

 are ga9+ p[] by ! new lights  ?r[n by a
 m delicate appreh5sion4 ,!y are        
trans=m$ by ! urge  ( critical reason1  
by ! vivid evid5ce ( emotional exp]i5ce1
 &  by ! cold c]ta9ties ( sci5tific     
p]ception4 ,"o fact is c]ta91  y _c keep
 !m /ill4 ,no g5]ation c m]ely reproduce
 its  ance/ors4 ,y may pres]ve ! life 9 
a flux ( =m1 or pres]ve !  =m amid an   
ebb ( life4 ,b y _c p]man5tly enclose ! 
same  life 9 ! same m\ld4    ,! pres5t  
/ate ( religion among ! ,european races 
illu/rates !  /atem5ts :i* ,i h be5     
mak+4 ,! ph5om5a are mix$4 ,!re h  be5  
reactions & revivals4 ,b on ! :ole1 dur+
 _m g5]ations1  !re has be5 a gradual   
decay ( religi\s influ5ce 9 ,european   
civilisation4 ,ea* revival t\*es a l[]  
peak ?an its pr$ecessor1  & ea* p]iod ( 
slackness a l[] dep?4 ,! av]age curve   
m>ks a  /eady fall 9 religi\s tone4 ,9  
"s c\ntries ! int]e/ 9  religion is     
high] ?an 9 o!rs4 ,b 9 ^? c\ntries :]e !
  int]e/ is relatively high1 x /ill     
falls z ! g5]ations pass4  ,religion is 

t5d+ to deg5]ate into a dec5t =mula :]e)
 to  embelli% a com=table life4 ,a great
 hi/orical movem5t on ?is scale  results
 f ! conv]g5ce ( _m causes4 ,i wi% to   
sugge/ two (  !m :i* lie )9 ! scope (   
?is *apt] = consid]ation4    ,9 ! fir/  
place = ov] two c5turies religion has   
be5 on !  def5sive1 & on a weak         
def5sive4 ,! p]iod has be5 "o (         
unprec$5t$ intellectual progress4 ,9 ?is
 way a s]ies ( novel  situations h be5  
produc$ = ?\ght4 ,ea* su* occasion has  
f\nd  ! religi\s ?9k]s unprep>$4        
,some?+1 :i* has be5 proclaim$  to be   
vital1 has f9ally1 aft] /ruggle1        
di/ress1 & ana!ma1 be5  modifi$ &       
o!rwise int]pret$4 ,! next g5]ation (   
religi\s  apologi/s !n congratulates !  
religi\s _w on ! deep] insight  :i* has 
be5 ga9$4 ,! result ( ! cont9u$         
repetition ( ?is  undignifi$ retreat1   
dur+ _m g5]ations1 has at la/ almo/     
entirely de/roy$ ! intellectual au?ority
 ( religi\s ?9k]s4  ,consid] ?is        
contra/3 :5 ,d>w9 or ,e9/e9 proclaim    

!ories :i*  modify our ideas1 x is a    
triumph = sci5ce4 ,we d n g ab\t say+  t
 !re is ano!r defeat = sci5ce1 because  
its old ideas h  be5 ab&on$4 ,we "k t   
ano!r /ep ( sci5tific insight has be5   
ga9$4    ,religion w n rega9 its old p[]
 until x c face *ange 9 !  same _s z    
does sci5ce4 ,its pr9ciples may be      
et]nal1 b !  expression ( ^? pr9ciples  
requires cont9ual developm5t4 ,?is      
evolution ( religion is 9 ! ma9 a       
dis5gagem5t ( its own prop]  ideas f !  
adv5titi\s notions :i* h crept into x by
 reason  ( ! expression ( its own ideas 
9 t]ms ( ! imag9ative picture  ( ! _w   
ent]ta9$ 9 previ\s ages4 ,su* a release 
( religion  f ! bonds ( imp]fect sci5ce 
is all to ! good4 ,x /resses its  own   
g5u9e message4 ,! great po9t to be kept 
9 m9d is t normally  an advance 9 sci5ce
 w %[ t /atem5ts ( v>i\s religi\s       
beliefs require "s sort ( modification4 
,x may be t !y h to  be exp&$ or        
expla9$1 or inde$ entirely re/at$4 ,if !
 religion  is a s\nd expression ( tru?1 

?is modification w only exhibit m       
adequately ! exact po9t :i* is (        
importance4 ,?is process is a  ga94 ,9 s
 f>1 !re=e1 z any religion has any      
contact )  physical facts1 x is to be   
expect$ t ! po9t ( view ( ^?  facts mu/ 
be cont9ually modifi$ z sci5tific k     
advances4 ,9  ?is way1 ! exact relevance
 ( ^! facts = religi\s ?\ght w  gr[ m & 
m cle>4 ,! progress ( sci5ce mu/ result 
9 !  unceas+ modification ( religi\s    
?\ght1 to ! great advantage (  religion4
    ,! religi\s controv]sies ( ! sixte5?
 & sev5te5? c5turies  put !ologians into
 a mo/ un=tunate /ate ( m9d4 ,!y 7      
always  attack+ & def5d+4 ,!y pictur$   
!mselves z ! g>rison ( a  =t surr\nd$ by
 ho/ile =ces4 ,all su* pictures express 
half-tru?s4 ,t is :y !y are s popul>4 ,b
 !y are dang]\s4  ,?is p>ticul> picture 
fo/]$ a pugnaci\s p>ty _s :i* really    
expresses an ultimate lack ( fai?4 ,!y  
d>$ n modify1 because !y  %irk$ ! task (
 dis5gag+ _! spiritual message f !      
associations ( a p>ticul> imag]y4       

,let me expla9 myself by an example4 ,9 
! e>ly m$ieval times1 ,heav5  0 9 ! sky1
 & ,hell 0 und]gr\nd2 volcanoes 7 ! jaws
 (  ,hell4 ,i d n ass]t t ^! beliefs    
ent]$ into ! (ficial  =mulations3 b !y  
did ent] into ! popul> und]/&+ ( !      
g5]al doctr9es ( ,heav5 & ,hell4 ,^!    
notions 7 :at ev]yone  ?\ght to be      
impli$ by ! doctr9e ( ! future /ate4 ,!y
 ent]$  into ! explanations ( ! mo/     
influ5tial expon5ts ( ,*ri/ian  belief4 
,= example1 !y occur 9 ! ,dialogues (   
,pope ,gregory1#ah  ! ,great1 a man ^:  
high (ficial position is surpass$ only  
by !  magnitude ( 8 s]vices to humanity4
 ,i am n say+ :at we ought to  believe  
ab\t ! future /ate4 ,b :atev] be ! "r   
doctr9e1 9  ?is in/ance ! cla% betwe5   
religion & sci5ce1 :i* has  relegat$ !  
e>? to ! position ( a second-rate planet
 atta*$ to  a second-rate sun1 has be5  
greatly to ! b5efit ( ! spirituality  ( 
religion by disp]s+ ^! m$ieval fancies4 
,footnote #ah3      ,cf4 ,gregorovius'  
,hi/ory ( ,rome 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 ,book

 ,,iii1 ,*4    ,,iii1 ,vol4 ,,ii1       
,engli% ,trans4    ,ano!r way ( look+ at
 ?is "q ( ! evolution ( religi\s  ?\ght 
is to note t any v]bal =m ( /atem5t :i* 
has be5  be=e ! _w = "s "t discloses    
ambiguities2 & t (t5  su* ambiguities   
/rike at ! v he>t ( ! mean+4 ,!         
effective  s5se 9 :i* a doctr9e has be5 
held 9 ! pa/ _c be det]m9$  by ! m]e    
logical analysis ( v]bal /atem5ts1 made 
9 ignorance (  ! logical trap4 ,y h to  
take into acc\nt ! :ole reaction (      
human nature to ! s*eme ( ?\ght4 ,?is   
reaction is ( a mix$  "*1 includ+       
elem5ts ( emotion d]iv$ f our l[]       
natures4  ,x is "h t ! imp]sonal        
criticism ( sci5ce & ( philosophy  comes
 to ! aid ( religi\s evolution4 ,example
 aft] example c be  giv5 ( ?is motive   
=ce 9 developm5t4 ,= example1 ! logical 
difficulties inh]5t 9 ! doctr9e ( !     
moral cleans+ ( human  nature by ! p[] (
 religion r5t ,*ri/ianity 9 ! days (    
,pelagius & ,augu/9e--t is to say1 at ! 
beg9n+ ( ! fif?  c5tury4 ,e*oes ( t     

controv]sy /ill l+] 9 !ology4    ,s f>1 
my po9t has be5 ?is3 t religion is !    
expression ( "o  type ( fundam5tal      
exp]i5ces ( mank9d3 t religi\s ?\ght    
develops into an increas+ accuracy (    
expression1 dis5gag$ f  adv5titi\s      
imag]y3 t ! int]action betwe5 religion &
 sci5ce  is "o great factor 9 promot+   
?is developm5t4    ,i n[ come to my     
second reason = ! mod]n fad+ ( int]e/ 9 
religion4 ,?is involves ! ultimate "q   
:i* ,i /at$ 9 my  op5+ s5t5ces4 ,we h to
 "k :at we mean by religion4 ,!  *ur*es1
 9 _! pres5tation ( _! answ]s to ?is    
qu]y1 h put  =w>d aspects ( religion :i*
 are express$ 9 t]ms ei!r suit$  to !   
emotional reactions ( bygone times or   
direct$ to excite mod]n  emotional      
int]e/s ( a nonreligi\s "*4 ,:at ,i mean
 "u !  fir/ head+ is t religi\s appeal  
is direct$ p>tly to excite t  in/9ctive 
fe> ( ! wra? ( a tyrant :i* 0 inbr$ 9 ! 
unhappy populations ( ! arbitr>y empires
 ( ! anci5t _w1 &  9 p>ticul> to excite 
t fe> ( an all-p[]ful arbitr>y tyrant   

beh9d ! unkn[n =ces ( nature4 ,?is      
appeal to ! ready in/9ct  ( brute fe> is
 los+ its =ce4 ,x lacks any directness (
 response1  because mod]n sci5ce & mod]n
 conditions ( life h taught u to  meet  
occasions ( appreh5sion by a critical   
analysis ( _! causes  & conditions4     
,religion is ! reaction ( human nature  
to its se>*  = ,god4 ,! pres5tation (   
,god "u ! aspect ( p[] awak5s e  mod]n  
in/9ct ( critical reaction4 ,?is is     
fatal2 = religion  collapses unless its 
ma9 positions comm& imm$iacy ( ass5t4 ,9
 ?is  respect ! old phraseology is at   
v>iance ) ! psy*ology ( mod]n           
civilisations4 ,?is *ange 9 psy*ology is
 l>gely due to sci5ce1 &  is "o ( ! *ief
 ways 9 :i* ! advance ( sci5ce has      
weak5$  ! hold ( ! old religi\s =ms (   
expression4 ,! nonreligi\s  motive :i*  
has ent]$ into mod]n religi\s ?\ght is !
 desire =  a com=table organisation (   
mod]n society4 ,religion has be5        
pres5t$ z valuable = ! ord]+ ( life4    
,its claims h be5  re/$ ^u its function 

z a sanction to "r conduct4 ,also !     
purpose ( "r conduct quickly deg5]ates  
into ! =mation (  pleas+ social         
relations4 ,we h "h a subtle degradation
 (  religi\s ideas1 foll[+ ^u _! gradual
 purification "u !  influ5ce ( ke5]     
e?ical intuitions4 ,conduct is a        
by-product (  religion--an inevitable   
by-product1 b n ! ma9 po9t4 ,e great    
religi\s tea*] has revolt$ aga9/ !      
pres5tation ( religion z a  m]e sanction
 ( rules ( conduct4 ,sa9t ,paul d5\nc$ !
 ,law1 &  ,puritan div9es spoke ( !     
fil?y rags ( righte\sness4 ,!  insi/5ce 
^u rules ( conduct m>ks ! ebb ( religi\s
 f]v\r4  ,above & beyond all ?+s1 !     
religi\s life is n a rese>* aft]  com=t4
 ,i mu/ n[ /ate1 9 all diffid5ce1 :at ,i
 conceive to be !  ess5tial "* ( !      
religi\s _s4    ,religion is ! vision ( 
some?+ :i* /&s beyond1 beh9d1 &  )91 !  
pass+ flux ( imm$iate ?+s2 some?+ :i* is
 real1  & yet wait+ to be realis$2      
some?+ :i* is a remote possibility1  &  
yet ! greate/ ( pres5t facts2 some?+ t  

gives mean+ to  all t passes1 & yet     
eludes appreh5sion2 some?+ ^: possession
  is ! f9al good1 & yet is beyond all   
rea*2 some?+ :i* is !  ultimate ideal1 &
 ! hopeless que/4    ,! imm$iate        
reaction ( human nature to ! religi\s   
vision is  wor%ip4 ,religion has em]g$  
into human exp]i5ce mix$ ) !  crude/    
fancies ( b>b>ic imag9ation4 ,gradually1
 sl[ly1 /eadily !  vision recurs 9      
hi/ory "u nobl] =m & ) cle>] expression4
  ,x is ! "o elem5t 9 human exp]i5ce :i*
 p]si/5tly %[s an  upw>d tr5d4 ,x fades 
& !n recurs4 ,b :5 x r5ews its =ce1 x   
recurs ) an add$ ri*ness & purity (     
cont5t4 ,! fact ( !  religi\s vision1 & 
its hi/ory ( p]si/5t expansion1 is our  
"o  gr\nd = optimism4 ,ap>t f x1 human  
life is a fla% ( occasional  enjoym5ts  
light+ up a mass ( pa9 & mis]y1 a       
bagatelle (  transi5t exp]i5ce4    ,!   
vision claims no?+ b wor%ip2 & wor%ip is
 a surr5d] to !  claim = assimilation1  
urg$ ) ! motive =ce ( mutual love4 ,!   
vision nev] ov]rules4 ,x is always !re1 

& x has ! p[] ( love  pres5t+ ! "o      
purpose ^: fulfilm5t is et]nal h>mony4  
,su*  ord] z we f9d 9 nature is nev]    
=ce--x pres5ts itself z ! "o  h>moni\s  
adju/m5t ( complex detail4 ,evil is !   
brute motive =ce  ( fragm5t>y purpose1  
disreg>d+ ! et]nal vision4 ,evil is     
ov]rul+1 ret>d+1 hurt+4 ,! p[] ( ,god is
 ! wor%ip ,he  inspires4 ,t religion is 
/rong :i* 9 its ritual & its modes (    
?\ght evokes an appreh5sion ( ! comm&+  
vision4 ,! wor%ip (  ,god is n a rule ( 
safety--x is an adv5ture ( ! _s1 a      
flight  aft] ! unatta9able4 ,! dea? (   
religion comes ) ! repression  ( ! high 
hope ( adv5ture4                        
,,*apt] ,,xiii                          
,,requisites ,,= ,,social ,,progress    
,x has be5 ! purpose ( ^! lectures to   
analyse ! reactions (  sci5ce 9 =m+ t   
backgr\nd ( in/9ctive ideas :i* control 
! activities ( successive g5]ations4    
,su* a backgr\nd takes !  =m ( a c]ta9  
vague philosophy z to ! la/ ^w ab\t ?+s1
  :5 all is said4 ,! ?ree c5turies1 :i* 

=m ! epo* ( mod]n  sci5ce1 h revolv$    
r\nd ! ideas ( ,god1 m9d1 matt]1 &  also
 ( space & "t 9 _! *>act]s ( express+   
simple  location = matt]4 ,philosophy   
has on ! :ole emphasis$ m9d1 &  has ?us 
be5 out ( t\* ) sci5ce dur+ ! two latt] 
c5turies4  ,b x is creep+ back into its 
old importance ow+ to ! rise (          
psy*ology & its alliance ) physiology4  
,also1 ?is rehabilitation  ( philosophy 
has be5 facilitat$ by ! rec5t breakd[n (
 !  sev5te5? c5tury settlem5t ( !       
pr9ciples ( physical sci5ce4  ,b1 until 
t collapse1 sci5ce seat$ itself securely
 ^u !  concepts ( matt]1 space1 "t1 &   
latt]ly1 ( en]gy4 ,also !re  7 arbitr>y 
laws ( nature det]m9+ locomotion4 ,!y 7 
empirically obs]v$1 b = "s obscure      
reason 7 kn[n to be  univ]sal4 ,anyone  
:o 9 practice or !ory disreg>d$ !m 0    
d5\nc$ ) unsp>+ vig\r4 ,?is position on 
! "p ( sci5ti/s  0 pure bluff1 if "o may
 cr$it !m ) believ+ _! own  /atem5ts4 ,=
 _! curr5t philosophy completely fail$  
to ju/ify  ! assumption t ! imm$iate k  

inh]5t 9 any pres5t  occasion ?r[s any  
light ei!r on its pa/1 or its future4   
,i h also sket*$ an alt]native          
philosophy ( sci5ce 9 :i*  organism     
takes ! place ( matt]4 ,= ?is purpose1 !
 m9d  involv$ 9 ! mat]iali/ !ory        
dissolves into a function (  organism4  
,! psy*ological field !n exhibits :at an
 ev5t is 9  itself4 ,our bodily ev5t is 
an unusually complex type ( organism &  
consequ5tly includes cognition4 ,fur!r1 
space & "t1 9 _! mo/  concrete          
signification1 become ! locus ( ev5ts4  
,an organism is !  realisation ( a      
def9ite %ape ( value4 ,! em]g5ce ( "s   
actual  value dep5ds on limitation :i*  
excludes neutralis+ cross-lights4  ,?us 
an ev5t is a matt] ( fact :i* by reason 
( its limitation is a  value = itself2 b
 by reason ( its v nature x also        
requires !  :ole univ]se 9 ord] to be   
itself4    ,importance dep5ds on        
endurance4 ,endurance is ! ret5tion     
?r\gh "t  ( an a*ievem5t ( value4 ,:at  
endures is id5tity ( patt]n1            

self-inh]it$4 ,endurance requires !     
fav\rable environm5t4 ,! :ole  ( sci5ce 
revolves r\nd ?is "q ( endur+ organisms4
    ,! g5]al influ5ce ( sci5ce at !     
pres5t mom5t c be analys$  "u ! head+s3 
,g5]al ,conceptions ,respect+ !         
,univ]se1  ,te*nological ,applications1 
,pr(essionalism 9 ,k1 ,influ5ce (       
,biological ,doctr9es on ! ,motives (   
,conduct4 ,i h endeav\r$ 9  ! prec$+    
lectures to give a glimpse ( ^! po9ts4  
,x lies )9  ! scope ( ?is conclud+      
lecture to consid] ! reaction ( sci5ce  
^u "s problems confront+ civilis$       
societies4    ,! g5]al conceptions      
introduc$ by sci5ce into mod]n ?\ght _c 
be sep>at$ f ! philosophical situation z
 express$ by ,desc>tes4  ,i mean !      
assumption ( bodies & m9ds z indep5d5t  
individual  sub/ances1 ea* exi/+ 9 its  
own "r ap>t f any necess>y  ref]5ce to  
ea* o!r4 ,su* a conception 0 v          
concordant ) !  individualism :i* _h    
issu$ f ! moral discipl9e ( ! ,middle   
,ages4 ,b1 ?\gh ! easy reception ( !    

idea is ?us expla9$1 !  d]ivation 9     
itself re/s ^u a confusion1 v natural b 
none !  less un=tunate4 ,! moral        
discipl9e _h emphasiz$ ! intr9sic  value
 ( ! individual entity4 ,?is emphasis _h
 put ! notions ( !  individual & ( its  
exp]i5ces into ! =egr\nd ( ?\ght4 ,at   
?is po9t ! confusion comm5ces4 ,! em]g5t
 individual value (  ea* entity is      
trans=m$ into ! indep5d5t sub/antial    
exi/5ce (  ea* entity1 :i* is a v       
diff]5t notion4    ,i d n mean to say t 
,desc>tes made ?is logical1 or r        
illogical1 transition1 9 ! =m ( explicit
 reason+4 ,f> f x4  ,:at he did1 0 fir/ 
to conc5trate ^u 8 own consci\s         
exp]i5ces1 z be+ facts )9 ! indep5d5t _w
 ( 8 own  m5tality4 ,he 0 l$ to         
speculate 9 ?is way by ! curr5t emphasis
  ^u ! individual value ( 8 total self4 
,he implicitly trans=m$  ?is em]g5t     
individual value1 inh]5t 9 ! v fact ( 8 
own  reality1 into a private _w (       
passions1 or modes1 ( indep5d5t         
sub/ance4    ,also ! indep5d5ce ascrib$ 

to bodily sub/ances c>ri$ !m away  f !  
realm ( values altoge!r4 ,!y deg5]at$   
into a me*anism  entirely valueless1    
except z sugge/ive ( an ext]nal +5uity4 
,!  heav5s _h lo/ ! glory ( ,god4 ,?is  
/ate ( m9d is illu/rat$ 9  ! recoil (   
,prote/antism f ae/hetic effects dep5d5t
 ^u a  mat]ial m$ium4 ,x 0 tak5 to lead 
to an ascription ( value to :at  is 9   
itself valueless4 ,?is recoil 0 already 
9 full /r5g?  antec$5tly to ,desc>tes4  
,accord+ly1 ! ,c>tesian sci5tific       
doctr9e ( bits ( matt]1 b>e ( intr9sic  
value1 0 m]ely a  =mulation1 9 explicit 
t]ms1 ( a doctr9e :i* 0 curr5t be=e  its
 entrance into sci5tific ?\ght or       
,c>tesian philosophy4 ,probably  ?is    
doctr9e 0 lat5t 9 ! s*ola/ic philosophy1
 b x did n  lead to its consequ5ces till
 x met ) ! m5tality ( nor!rn  ,europe 9 
! sixte5? c5tury4 ,b sci5ce1 z equipp$  
by ,desc>tes1  gave /ability &          
intellectual /atus to a po9t ( view :i* 
has _h  v mix$ effects ^u ! moral       
presuppositions ( mod]n communities4    

,its good effects arose f its effici5cy 
z a me?od = sci5tific  rese>*es )9 ^?   
limit$ regions :i* 7 !n be/ suit$ =     
exploration4 ,! result 0 a g5]al cle>+ (
 ! ,european m9d away  f ! /a9s left ^u 
x by ! hy/]ia ( remote b>b>ic ages4     
,?is 0 all to ! good1 & 0 mo/ completely
 exemplifi$ 9 !  eighte5? c5tury4    ,b 
9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 :5 society 0 und]go+
  trans=mation into ! manufactur+ sy/em1
 ! bad effects ( ^!  doctr9es h be5 v   
fatal4 ,! doctr9e ( m9ds1 z indep5d5t   
sub/ances1 leads directly n m]ely to    
private worlds ( exp]i5ce1  b also to   
private worlds ( morals4 ,! moral       
intuitions c be held  to apply only to !
 /rictly private _w ( psy*ological      
exp]i5ce4  ,accord+ly1 self-respect1 & !
 mak+ ! mo/ ( y\r own  individual       
opportunities1 toge!r con/itut$ !       
effici5t morality (  ! lead]s among !   
indu/riali/s ( t p]iod4 ,! we/]n _w  is 
n[ suff]+ f ! limit$ moral outlook ( !  
?ree previ\s  g5]ations4    ,also !     
assumption ( ! b>e valuelessness ( m]e  

matt] l$ to a  lack ( rev]5ce 9 !       
treatm5t ( natural or arti/ic beauty4 ,j
  :5 ! urbanisation ( ! we/]n _w 0 ent]+
 ^u its /ate  ( rapid developm5t1 & :5 !
 mo/ delicate1 anxi\s consid]ation  ( ! 
ae/hetic qualities ( ! new mat]ial      
environm5t 0  requisite1 ! doctr9e ( !  
irrelevance ( su* ideas 0 at its        
height4 ,9 ! mo/ advanc$ indu/rial      
c\ntries1 art 0 treat$ z a  frivolity4  
,a /rik+ example ( ?is /ate ( m9d 9 !   
middle ( !  n9ete5? c5tury is to be se5 
9 ,london :]e ! m>vell\s beauty  ( !    
e/u>y ( ! ,?ames1 z x curves ?r\gh !    
city1 is wantonly  defac$ by ! ,*>+     
,cross railway bridge1 con/ruct$ ap>t f 
any  ref]5ce to ae/hetic values4    ,!  
two evils are3 "o1 ! ignoration ( ! true
 relation ( ea*  organism to its        
environm5t2 & ! o!r1 ! habit ( ignor+ ! 
intr9sic wor? ( ! environm5t :i* mu/ be 
all[$ its weight 9  any consid]ation (  
f9al ends4    ,ano!r great fact         
confront+ ! mod]n _w is ! discov]y ( !  
me?od ( tra9+ pr(essionals1 :o          

specialise 9 p>ticul> regions  ( ?\ght &
 !reby progressively add to ! sum ( k )9
  _! respective limitations ( subject4  
,9 consequ5ce ( ! success  ( ?is        
pr(essionalis+ ( k1 !re are two po9ts to
 be kept  9 m9d1 :i* diff]5tiate our    
pres5t age f ! pa/4 ,9 ! fir/  place1 ! 
rate ( progress is su* t an individual  
human be+1 (  ord9>y l5g? ( life1 w be  
call$ ^u to face novel situations  :i*  
f9d no p>allel 9 8 pa/4 ,! fix$ p]son = 
! fix$  duties1 :o 9 old] societies 0   
su* a gods5d1 9 ! future w be  a public 
dang]4 ,9 ! second place1 ! mod]n       
pr(essionalism 9  k works 9 ! opposite  
direction s f> z ! intellectual  sph]e  
is conc]n$4 ,! mod]n *emi/ is likely to 
be weak 9 zoology1  weak] /ill 9 8 g5]al
 k ( ! ,elizabe?an drama1 &  completely 
ignorant ( ! pr9ciples ( rhy?m 9 ,engli%
  v]sification4 ,x is probably safe to  
ignore 8 k ( anci5t  hi/ory4 ,( c\rse ,i
 am speak+ ( g5]al t5d5cies2 = *emi/s   
are  no worse ?an eng9e]s1 or           
ma!maticians1 or classical s*ol>s4      

,effective k is pr(essionalis$ k1       
support$ by a  re/rict$ acqua9tance )   
useful subjects subs]vi5t to x4    ,?is 
situation has its dang]s4 ,x produces   
m9ds 9 a groove4 ,ea*  pr(ession makes  
progress1 b x is progress 9 its own     
groove4 ,n[ to  be m5tally 9 a groove is
 to live 9 contemplat+ a giv5 set (     
ab/ractions4 ,! groove prev5ts /ray+    
across c\ntry1 & !  ab/raction ab/racts 
f some?+ to :i* no fur!r att5tion is    
paid4 ,b !re is no groove ( ab/ractions 
:i* is adequate = !  compreh5sion (     
human life4 ,?us 9 ! mod]n _w1 !        
celibacy (  ! m$ieval le>n$ class has   
be5 replac$ by a celibacy ( !  intellect
 :i* is divorc$ f ! concrete            
contemplation ( !  complete facts4 ,(   
c\rse1 no "o is m]ely a ma!matician1 or 
m]ely a  lawy]4 ,p h lives outside _!   
pr(essions or _! bus9esses4  ,b ! po9t  
is ! re/ra9t ( s]i\s ?\ght )9 a groove4 
,!  rema9d] ( life is treat$            
sup]ficially1 ) ! imp]fect  categories (
 ?\ght d]iv$ f "o pr(ession4    ,!      

dang]s aris+ f ?is aspect (             
pr(essionalism are great1  p>ticul>ly 9 
our democratic societies4 ,! directive  
=ce ( reason  is weak5$4 ,! lead+       
intellects lack balance4 ,!y see ?is set
 (  circum/ances1 or t set2 b n bo? sets
 toge!r4 ,! task (  cord9ation is left  
to ^? :o lack ei!r ! =ce or ! "*  to    
succe$ 9 "s def9ite c>e]4 ,9 %ort1 !    
specialis$ functions  ( ! community are 
p]=m$ bett] & m progressively1 b !      
g5]alis$ direction lacks vision4 ,!     
progressiv5ess 9 detail only  adds to ! 
dang] produc$ by ! feebl5ess (          
cord9ation4    ,?is criticism ( mod]n   
life applies ?r\gh\t1 9 :atev] s5se y   
con/rue ! mean+ ( a community4 ,x holds 
if y apply x to a  nation1 a city1 a    
di/rict1 an in/itution1 a family1 or ev5
 to an  individual4 ,!re is a developm5t
 ( p>ticul> ab/ractions1 & a            
contraction ( concrete appreciation4 ,! 
:ole is lo/ 9 "o ( its  aspects4 ,x is n
 necess>y = my po9t t ,i %\ld ma9ta9 t  
our directive wisdom1 ei!r z individuals

 or z communities1 is less  n[ ?an 9 !  
pa/4 ,p]haps x has slightly improv$4 ,b 
! novel  pace ( progress requires a     
great] =ce ( direction if disa/]s are   
to be avoid$4 ,! po9t is t ! discov]ies 
( ! n9ete5?  c5tury 7 9 ! direction (   
pr(essionalism1 s t we are left  ) no   
expansion ( wisdom & ) great] ne$ ( x4  
,wisdom is ! fruit ( a balanc$          
developm5t4 ,x is ?is balanc$  gr[? (   
individuality :i* x %\ld be ! aim (     
education to  secure4 ,! mo/ useful     
discov]ies = ! imm$iate future w\ld     
conc]n ! fur!rance ( ?is aim )\t        
detrim5t to ! necess>y  intellectual    
pr(essionalism4    ,my own criticism (  
our traditional educational me?ods is t 
!y are  f> too mu* occupi$ )            
intellectual analysis1 & ) !  acquirem5t
 ( =mul>is$ in=mation4 ,:at ,i mean is1 
t we neglect  to /r5g!n habits (        
concrete appreciation ( ! individual    
facts 9  _! full int]play ( em]g5t      
values1 & t we m]ely emphasise  ab/ract 
=mulations :i* ignore ?is aspect ( !    

int]play (  div]se values4    ,9 e      
c\ntry ! problem ( ! balance ( ! g5]al &
  speciali/ education is "u             
consid]ation4 ,i _c speak )  fir/-h& k (
 any c\ntry b my own4 ,i "k t !re1 among
  practical educationali/s1 !re is      
consid]able dissatisfaction )  ! exi/+  
practice4 ,also1 ! adaptation ( ! :ole  
sy/em to !  ne$s ( a democratic         
community is v f> f be+ solv$4 ,i d n   
?9k t ! secret ( ! solution lies 9 t]ms 
( ! anti!sis  betwe5 ?or\ghness 9       
special k & g5]al k ( a  slight] "*4 ,! 
make-weight :i* balances ! ?or\ghness ( 
! speciali/ intellectual tra9+ %\ld be (
 a radically diff]5t  k9d f purely      
intellectual analytical k4 ,at pres5t   
our  education comb9es a ?or\gh /udy ( a
 few ab/ractions1 ) a  slight] /udy ( a 
l>g] numb] ( ab/ractions4 ,we are too   
exclusively booki% 9 our s*ola/ic r\t9e4
 ,! g5]al tra9+  %\ld aim at elicit+ our
 concrete appreh5sions1 & %\ld satisfy  
! it* ( y\? to be do+ some?+4 ,!re %\ld 
be "s analysis  ev5 "h1 b only j en\gh  

to illu/rate ! ways ( ?9k+ 9  div]se    
sph]es4 ,9 ! ,g>d5 ( ,ed5 ,adam saw !   
animals be=e he  nam$ !m3 9 !           
traditional sy/em1 *ildr5 nam$ ! animals
 be=e  !y saw !m4    ,!re is no easy    
s+le solution ( ! practical difficulties
 (  education4 ,we c1 h[ev]1 guide      
ourselves by a c]ta9 simplicity 9  its  
g5]al !ory4 ,! /ud5t %\ld conc5trate )9 
a limit$  field4 ,su* conc5tration %\ld 
include all practical & intellectual    
acquirem5ts requisite = t conc5tration4 
,?is is ! ord9>y  proc$ure2 &1 9 respect
 to x1 ,i %\ld be incl9$ ev5 to increase
  ! facilities = conc5tration r ?an to  
dim9i% !m4 ,) !  conc5tration !re are   
associat$ c]ta9 subsidi>y /udies1 su* z 
languages = sci5ce4 ,su* a s*eme (      
pr(essional tra9+ %\ld be  direct$ to a 
cle> end cong5ial to ! /ud5t4 ,x is n   
necess>y to  elaborate ! qualifications 
( ^! /atem5ts4 ,su* a tra9+ mu/1  (     
c\rse1 h ! wid? requisite = its end4 ,b 
its design %\ld  n be complicat$ by !   
consid]ation ( o!r ends4 ,?is           

pr(essional  tra9+ c only t\* "o side ( 
education4 ,its c5tre ( gravity  lies 9 
! intellect1 & its *ief tool is ! pr9t$ 
book4 ,!  c5tre ( gravity ( ! o!r side (
 tra9+ %\ld lie 9 intuition  )\t an     
analytical divorce f ! total environm5t4
 ,its object is  imm$iate appreh5sion ) 
! m9imum ( evisc]at+ analysis4 ,!  type 
( g5]ality1 :i* above all is want$1 is !
 appreciation (  v>iety ( value4 ,i mean
 an ae/hetic gr[?4 ,!re is some?+ betwe5
  ! gross specialis$ values ( ! m]e     
practical man1 & ! ?9  specialis$ values
 ( ! m]e s*ol>4 ,bo? types h miss$      
some?+2 & if y add toge!r ! two sets (  
values1 y d n  obta9 ! miss+ elem5ts4   
,:at is want$ is an appreciation ( !    
inf9ite v>iety ( vivid values a*iev$ by 
an organism 9 its prop]  environm5t4 ,:5
 y und]/& all ab\t ! sun & all ab\t !   
atmosph]e & all ab\t ! rotation ( ! e>?1
 y may /ill miss  ! radiance ( ! sunset4
 ,!re is no sub/itute = ! direct        
p]ception ( ! concrete a*ievem5t ( a ?+ 
9 its actuality4 ,we  want concrete fact

 ) a high light ?r[n on :at is relevant 
to its  preci\sness4    ,:at ,i mean is 
art & ae/hetic education4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 
art 9 su*  a g5]al s5se ( ! t]m t ,i    
h>dly l to call x by t "n4  ,art is a   
special example4 ,:at we want is to draw
 out habits (  ae/hetic appreh5sion4    
,accord+ to ! metaphysical doctr9e :i*  
,i  h be5 develop+1 to d s is to        
increase ! dep? (  individuality4 ,!    
analysis ( reality indicates ! two      
factors1  activity em]g+ into           
individualis$ ae/hetic value4 ,also !   
em]g5t  value is ! measure ( !          
individualisation ( ! activity4 ,we mu/ 
fo/] ! creative initiative t[>ds !      
ma9t5ance ( objective  values4 ,y w n   
obta9 ! appreh5sion )\t ! initiative1 or
  ! initiative )\t ! appreh5sion4 ,z    
soon z y get t[>ds !  concrete1 y _c    
exclude action4 ,s5sitiv5ess )\t impulse
  spells decad5ce1 & impulse )\t        
s5sitiv5ess spells brutality4 ,i  am us+
 ! ^w 8s5sitiv5ess0 9 its mo/ g5]al     
signification1 s  z to include          

appreh5sion ( :at lies beyond oneself2 t
 is to say1  s5sitiv5ess to all ! facts 
( ! case4 ,?us 8art0 9 ! g5]al  s5se :i*
 ,i require is any selection by :i* !   
concrete facts are  s arrang$ z to      
elicit att5tion to p>ticul> values :i*  
are  realisable by !m4 ,= example1 ! m]e
 dispos+ ( ! human body  & ! eyesight s 
z to get a good view ( a sunset is a    
simple =m  ( arti/ic selection4 ,! habit
 ( art is ! habit ( enjoy+ vivid        
values4    ,b1 9 ?is s5se1 art conc]ns m
 ?an sunsets4 ,a factory1 ) its  ma*9]y1
 its community ( op]atives1 its social  
s]vice to !  g5]al population1 its      
dep5d5ce ^u organis+ & design+ g5ius1   
its pot5tialities z a s\rce ( weal? to !
 hold]s ( its /ock is  an organism      
exhibit+ a v>iety ( vivid values4 ,:at  
we want to tra9  is ! habit ( appreh5d+ 
su* an organism 9 its complet5ess4 ,x is
  v arguable t ! sci5ce ( political     
economy1 z /udi$ 9 its  fir/ p]iod aft] 
! dea? ( ,adam ,smi? 7#agij71 did m h>m 
?an  good4 ,x de/roy$ _m economic       

fallacies1 & taught h[ to ?9k  ab\t !   
economic revolution !n 9 progress4 ,b x 
rivet$ on m5 a  c]ta9 set ( ab/ractions 
:i* 7 disa/r\s 9 _! influ5ce on  mod]n  
m5tality4 ,x de-humanis$ indu/ry4 ,?is  
is only "o example (  a g5]al dang]     
inh]5t 9 mod]n sci5ce4 ,its             
me?odological  proc$ure is exclusive &  
intol]ant1 & rightly s4 ,x fixes        
att5tion on a def9ite gr\p (            
ab/ractions1 neglects ev]y?+ else1  &   
elicits e scrap ( in=mation & !ory :i*  
is relevant to  :at x has reta9$4 ,?is  
me?od is triumphant1 provid$ t !        
ab/ractions are judici\s4 ,b1 h[ev]     
triumphant1 ! triumph is  )9 limits4 ,! 
neglect ( ^! limits leads to disa/r\s   
ov]sights4 ,! anti-rationalism ( sci5ce 
is p>tly ju/ifi$1 z a  pres]vation ( its
 useful me?odology2 x is p>tly m]e      
irrational  prejudice4 ,mod]n           
pr(essionalism is ! tra9+ ( m9ds to     
con=m to  ! me?odology4 ,! hi/orical    
revolt ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 &  ! e>li]  
reaction t[>ds naturalism1 7 examples ( 

transc5d+  ! ab/ractions :i* fasc9at$   
educat$ society 9 ! ,middle ,ages4  ,^! 
e>ly ages _h an ideal ( rationalism1 b  
!y fail$ 9 its  pursuit4 ,= !y neglect$ 
to note t ! me?odology ( reason+        
requires ! limitations involv$ 9 !      
ab/ract4 ,accord+ly1 ! true  rationalism
 mu/ always transc5d itself by recurr5ce
 to ! concrete  9 se>* ( inspiration4 ,a
 self-satisfi$ rationalism is 9 effect a
  =m ( anti-rationalism4 ,x means an    
arbitr>y halt at a p>ticul> set  (      
ab/ractions4 ,?is 0 ! case ) sci5ce4    
,!re are two pr9ciples inh]5t 9 ! v     
nature ( ?+s1  recurr+ 9 "s p>ticul>    
embodim5ts :atev] field we explore--!   
_s ( *ange1 & ! _s ( cons]vation4 ,!re c
 be no?+  real )\t bo?4 ,m]e *ange )\t  
cons]vation is a passage f  no?+ to     
no?+4 ,its f9al integration yields m]e  
transi5t  non-entity4 ,m]e cons]vation  
)\t *ange _c cons]ve4 ,= aft]  all1 !re 
is a flux ( circum/ance1 & ! fre%ness ( 
be+  evaporates "u m]e repetition4 ,! "*
 ( exi/5t reality is  compos$ (         

organisms endur+ ?r\gh ! flux ( ?+s4 ,! 
l[ type  ( organisms h a*iev$ a         
self-id5tity dom9at+ _! :ole  physical  
life4 ,electrons1 molecules1 cry/als1   
belong to ?is type4 ,!y  exhibit a      
massive & complete sam5ess4 ,9 ! high]  
types1 :]e life  appe>s1 !re is great]  
complexity4 ,?us1 ?\gh !re is a complex1
  endur+ patt]n1 x has retreat$ into    
deep] recesses ( ! total  fact4 ,9 a    
s5se1 ! self-id5tity ( a human be+ is m 
ab/ract  ?an t ( a cry/al4 ,x is ! life 
( ! _s4 ,x relates r  to !              
individualisation ( ! creative activity2
 s t ! *ang+  circum/ances receiv$ f !  
environm5t1 are diff]5tiat$ f !  liv+   
p]sonality1 & are ?\ght ( z =m+ its     
p]ceiv$ field4  ,9 tru?1 ! field (      
p]ception & ! p]ceiv+ m9d are           
ab/ractions :i*1 9 ! concrete1 comb9e   
into ! successive bodily  ev5ts4 ,!     
psy*ological field1 z re/rict$ to       
s5se-objects &  pass+ emotions1 is !    
m9or p]man5ce1 b>ely rescu$ f !         
non5tity ( m]e *ange2 & ! m9d is ! major

 p]man5ce1  p]meat+ t complete field1 ^:
 endurance is ! liv+ s\l4 ,b  ! s\l w\ld
 )] )\t f]tilisation f its transi5t     
exp]i5ces4 ,! secret ( ! high] organisms
 lies 9 _! two grades  ( p]man5ces4 ,by 
?is means ! fre%ness ( ! environm5t is  
absorb$ into ! p]man5ce ( ! s\l4 ,!     
*ang+ environm5t is no  long]1 by reason
 ( its v>iety1 an enemy to ! endurance (
 !  organism4 ,! patt]n ( ! high]       
organism has retreat$ into !  recesses (
 ! individualis$ activity4 ,x has become
 a uni=m way (  deal+ ) circum/ances2 & 
?is way is only /r5g!n$ by hav+  a prop]
 v>iety ( circum/ances to deal )4       
,?is f]tilisation ( ! s\l is ! reason = 
! necessity ( art4 ,a  /atic value1     
h[ev] s]i\s & important1 becomes        
un5durable by its  appall+ monotony (   
endurance4 ,! s\l cries al\d = release  
into  *ange4 ,x suff]s ! agonies (      
clau/rophobia4 ,! transitions (  hum\r1 
wit1 irrev]5ce1 play1 sleep1 &--above   
all--( art are  necess>y = x4 ,great art
 is ! arrangem5t ( ! environm5t s z  to 

provide = ! s\l vivid1 b transi5t1      
values4 ,human be+s  require some?+ :i* 
absorbs !m = a "t1 some?+ out ( !  r\t9e
 :i* !y c />e at4 ,b y _c subdivide     
life1 except  9 ! ab/ract analysis (    
?\ght4 ,accord+ly1 ! great art is m  ?an
 a transi5t refre%m5t4 ,x is some?+ :i* 
adds to !  p]man5t ri*ness ( ! s\l's    
self-atta9m5t4 ,x ju/ifies itself  bo?  
by its imm$iate enjoym5t1 & also by its 
discipl9e ( !  inmo/ be+4 ,its discipl9e
 is n di/9ct f enjoym5t1 b by  reason ( 
x4 ,x trans=ms ! s\l into ! p]man5t     
realisation (  values ext5d+ beyond its 
=m] self4 ,?is elem5t ( transition 9    
art is %[n by ! re/lessness exhibit$ 9  
its hi/ory4 ,an epo* gets  saturat$ by !
 ma/]pieces ( any "o /yle4 ,some?+ new  
mu/ be  discov]$4 ,! human be+ w&]s on4 
,yet !re is a balance 9  ?+s4 ,m]e *ange
 be=e ! atta9m5t ( adequacy ( a*ievem5t1
  ei!r 9 quality or output1 is          
de/ructive ( greatness4 ,b !  importance
 ( a liv+ art1 :i* moves on & yet leaves
 its p]man5t  m>k1 c h>dly be exagg]at$4

    ,9 reg>d to ! ae/hetic ne$s (       
civilis$ society ! reactions (  sci5ce h
 s f> be5 un=tunate4 ,its mat]iali/ic   
basis has  direct$ att5tion to ?+s z    
oppos$ to values4 ,! anti!sis is  a     
false "o1 if tak5 9 a concrete s5se4 ,b 
x is valid at !  ab/ract level ( ord9>y 
?\ght4 ,?is misplac$ emphasis coalesc$  
) ! ab/ractions ( political economy1 :i*
 are 9 fact !  ab/ractions 9 t]ms ( :i* 
comm]cial affairs are c>ri$ on4 ,?us    
all ?\ght conc]n$ ) social organisation 
express$ itself 9 t]ms  ( mat]ial ?+s & 
( capital4 ,ultimate values 7 exclud$4  
,!y  7 politely b[$ to1 & !n h&$ ov] to 
! cl]gy to be kept  = ,sundays4 ,a cre$ 
( competitive bus9ess morality 0 evolv$1
 9  "s respects curi\sly high2 b        
entirely devoid ( consid]ation =  !     
value ( human life4 ,! workm5 7 conceiv$
 z m]e h&s1 drawn  f ! pool ( lab\r4 ,to
 ,god's "q1 m5 gave ! answ] (           
,ca9--8,am ,i my bro!r's keep]802 & !y  
incurr$ ,ca9's guilt4 ,?is  0 !         
atmosph]e 9 :i* ! indu/rial revolution 0

 accompli%$  9 ,engl&1 & to a l>ge ext5t
 else:]e4 ,! int]nal hi/ory (  ,engl&   
dur+ ! la/ half c5tury has be5 an       
endeav\r sl[ly &  pa9fully to undo !    
evils wr\ght 9 ! fir/ /age ( ! new epo*4
  ,x may be t civilisation w nev] recov]
 f ! bad climate  :i* envelop$ !        
introduction ( ma*9]y4 ,?is climate     
p]vad$ !  :ole comm]cial sy/em ( !      
progressive nor!rn ,european races4 ,x  
0 p>tly ! result ( ! ae/hetic errors (  
,prote/antism &  p>tly ! result (       
sci5tific mat]ialism1 & p>tly ! result (
  ! natural gre$ ( mank9d1 & p>tly !    
result ( ! ab/ractions  ( political     
economy4 ,an illu/ration ( my po9t is to
 be f\nd 9  ,macaulay's ,essay criticis+
 ,s\!y's ,colloquies on ,society4 ,x 0  
writt5 9 #ahcj4 ,n[ ,macaulay 0 a v     
fav\rable example ( m5  liv+ at t date1 
or at any date4 ,he _h g5ius2 he 0      
k9d-he>t$1  hon\rable1 & a re=m]4 ,?is  
is ! extract3--8,we are told1 t our  age
 has inv5t$ atrocities beyond !         
imag9ation ( our fa!rs2 t  society has  

be5 br\ght into a /ate comp>$ ) :i*     
ext]m9ation  w\ld be a bless+2 & all    
because ! dwell+s ( cotton-sp9n]s  are  
nak$ & rectangul>4 ,mr4 ,s\!y has f\nd  
out a way he tells u1  9 :i* ! effects (
 manufactures & agriculture may be      
comp>$4  ,& :at is ?is way8 ,to /& on a 
hill1 to look at a cottage & a  factory1
 & to see :i* is ! pretti]40    ,s\!y   
seems to h said _m silly ?+s 9 8 book2  
b1 s f> z  ?is extract is conc]n$1 he   
c\ld make a good case = himself if he   
return$ to e>? aft] ! lapse ( ne>ly a   
c5tury4 ,! evils ( !  e>ly indu/rial    
sy/em are n[ a commonplace ( k4 ,! po9t 
:i* ,i am insi/+ on is ! /one-bl9d eye )
 :i* ev5 ! be/  m5 ( t "t reg>d$ !      
importance ( ae/hetics 9 a nation's     
life4 ,i d n believe t we h z yet ne>ly 
a*iev$ ! "r  e/imate4 ,a contributory   
cause1 ( sub/antial efficacy to produce 
?is  disa/r\s error1 0 ! sci5tific cre$ 
t matt] 9 motion is !  "o concrete      
reality 9 nature2 s t ae/hetic values =m
 an  adv5titi\s1 irrelevant addition4   

,!re is ano!r side to ?is picture ( !   
possibilities ( decad5ce4  ,at ! pres5t 
mom5t a discussion is rag+ z to ! future
 (  civilisation 9 ! novel circum/ances 
( rapid sci5tific &  te*nological       
advance4 ,! evils ( ! future h be5      
diagnos$ 9  v>i\s ways1 ! loss (        
religi\s fai?1 ! malignant use ( mat]ial
  p[]1 ! degradation att5d+ a diff]5tial
 bir? rate fav\r+ !  l[] types (        
humanity1 ! suppression ( ae/hetic      
creativ5ess4  ,)\t d\bt1 ^! are all     
evils1 dang]\s & ?reat5+4 ,b !y  are n  
new4 ,f ! dawn ( hi/ory1 mank9d has     
always be5 los+  its religi\s fai?1 has 
always suff]$ f ! malignant use (       
mat]ial p[]1 has always suff]$ f !      
inf]tility ( its be/  intellectual      
types1 has always witness$ ! p]iodical  
decad5ce (  art4 ,9 ! reign ( !         
,egyptian k+1 ,tutankham51 !re 0 rag+ a 
desp]ate religi\s /ruggle betwe5        
,mod]ni/s & ,fundam5tali/s2 !  cave     
pictures exhibit a phase ( delicate     
ae/hetic a*ievem5t z  sup]s$$ by a p]iod

 ( comp>ative vulg>ity2 ! religi\s      
lead]s1  ! great ?9k]s1 ! great poets & 
au?ors1 ! :ole cl]ical  ca/e 9 ! ,middle
 ,ages1 h be5 notably inf]tile2 f9ally1 
if we  att5d to :at actually has happ5$ 
9 ! pa/1 & disreg>d romantic  visions ( 
democracies1 ari/ocracies1 k+s1 g5]als1 
armies1 &  m]*ants1 mat]ial p[] has     
g5]ally be5 wield$ ) bl9dness1  ob/9acy 
& selfi%ness1 (t5 ) brutal malignancy4  
,& yet1  mank9d has progress$4 ,ev5 if y
 take a t9y oasis ( peculi>  excell5ce1 
! type ( mod]n man :o w\ld h mo/ *ance (
  happ9ess 9 anci5t ,greece at its be/  
p]iod is probably 7z n[7 an  av]age     
pr(essional heavy-weight box]1 & n an   
av]age ,greek  s*ol> f ,ox=d or ,g]many4
 ,inde$1 ! ma9 use ( ! ,ox=d  s*ol> w\ld
 h be5 8 capability ( writ+ an ode 9    
glorification ( ! box]4 ,no?+ does m h>m
 9 unn]v+ m5 =  _! duties 9 ! pres5t1   
?an ! att5tion devot$ to ! po9ts (      
excell5ce 9 ! pa/ z comp>$ ) ! av]age   
failure ( !  pres5t day4    ,b1 aft]    
all1 !re h be5 real p]iods ( decad5ce2 &

 at !  pres5t "t1 z at o!r epo*s1       
society is decay+1 & !re is ne$  =      
pres]vative action4 ,pr(essionals are n 
new to ! _w4 ,b 9  ! pa/1 pr(essionals h
 =m$ unprogressive ca/es4 ,! po9t is  t 
pr(essionalism has n[ be5 mat$ )        
progress4 ,! _w is n[  fac$ ) a         
self-evolv+ sy/em1 :i* x _c /op4 ,!re   
are  dang]s & advantages 9 ?is          
situation4 ,x is obvi\s t ! ga9 9       
mat]ial p[] af=ds opportunity = social  
bett]m5t4 ,if mank9d c  rise to !       
occasion1 !re lies 9 front a gold5 age (
 b5efic5t  creativ5ess4 ,b mat]ial p[] 9
 itself is e?ically neutral4 ,x c       
equally well "w 9 ! wrong direction4 ,! 
problem is n h[ to  produce great m51 b 
h[ to produce great societies4 ,! great 
society  w put up ! m5 = ! occasions4 ,!
 mat]iali/ic philosophy  emphasis$ !    
giv5 quantity ( mat]ial1 & !nce         
d]ivatively !  giv5 nature ( !          
environm5t4 ,x ?us op]at$ mo/           
un=tunately  ^u ! social consci5ce (    
mank9d4 ,= x direct$ almo/ exclusive    

att5tion to ! aspect ( /ruggle = exi/5ce
 9 a fix$  environm5t4 ,to a l>ge ext5t 
! environm5t is fix$1 & to ?is  ext5t   
!re is a /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,x is folly 
to look at !  univ]se ?r\gh rose-t9t$   
spectacles4 ,we mu/ admit ! /ruggle4 ,! 
"q is1 :o is to be elim9at$4 ,9 s f> z  
we are educators1 we  h to h cle> ideas 
^u t po9t2 = x settles ! type to be     
produc$ & ! practical e?ics to be       
inculcat$4    ,b dur+ ! la/ ?ree        
g5]ations1 ! exclusive direction (      
att5tion to ?is aspect ( ?+s has be5 a  
disa/] ( ! fir/  magnitude4 ,! wat*words
 ( ! n9ete5? c5tury h be51 /ruggle  =   
exi/5ce1 competition1 class w>f>e1      
comm]cial antagonism betwe5  nations1   
milit>y w>f>e4 ,! /ruggle = exi/5ce has 
be5 con/ru$  into ! gospel ( hate4 ,!   
full conclusion to be drawn f a         
philosophy ( evolution is =tunately ( a 
m balanc$ "*4  ,successful organisms    
modify _! environm5t4 ,^? organisms are 
successful :i* modify _! environm5ts s z
 to assi/ ea* o!r4  ,?is law is         

exemplifi$ 9 nature on a va/ scale4 ,=  
example1 !  ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians     
accept$ _! environm5t1 ) ! result t  a  
scanty population b>ely succe$$ 9       
ma9ta9+ !mselves ov] !  :ole cont95t4 ,!
 ,european races :5 !y arriv$ 9 ! same  
cont95t pursu$ an opposite policy4 ,!y  
at once cop]at$ 9  modify+ _!           
environm5t4 ,! result is t a population 
m ?an  tw5ty times t ( ! ,indian        
population n[ occupies ! same  t]ritory1
 & ! cont95t is n yet full4 ,aga91 !re  
are  associations ( diff]5t species :i* 
mutually cop]ate4 ,?is  diff]5tiation ( 
species is exhibit$ 9 ! simple/ physical
  entities1 su* z ! association betwe5  
electrons & positive nuclei1  & 9 ! :ole
 realm ( animate nature4 ,! trees 9 a   
,brazilian  =e/ dep5d ^u ! association (
 v>i\s species ( organisms1 ea*  ( :i*  
is mutually dep5d5t on ! o!r species4 ,a
 s+le tree by  itself is dep5d5t ^u all 
! adv]se *ances ( %ift+  circum/ances4  
,! w9d /unts x3 ! v>iations 9 temp]ature
 *eck  its foliage3 ! ra9s d5ude its    

soil3 its leaves are bl[n away &  are   
lo/ = ! purpose ( f]tilisation4 ,y may  
obta9 individual  specim5s ( f9e trees  
ei!r 9 exceptional circum/ances1 or :]e 
human cultivation has int]v5$4 ,b 9     
nature ! normal way 9 :i*  trees fl\ri% 
is by _! association 9 a =e/4 ,ea* tree 
may lose  some?+ ( its individual       
p]fection ( gr[?1 b !y mutually  assi/  
ea* o!r 9 pres]v+ ! conditions =        
survival4 ,! soil is  pres]v$ & %ad$2 & 
! microbes necess>y = its f]tility are  
nei!r scor*$1 nor froz51 nor wa%$ away4 
,a =e/ is ! triumph  ( ! organisation ( 
mutually dep5d5t species4 ,fur!r a      
species (  microbes :i* kills ! =e/1    
also ext]m9ates itself4 ,aga9 ! two     
sexes exhibit ! same advantage (        
diff]5tiation4 ,9 ! hi/ory (  ! _w1 !   
prize has n gone to ^? species :i*      
specialis$ 9  me?ods ( viol5ce1 or ev5 9
 def5sive arm\r4 ,9 fact1 nature began  
) produc+ animals encas$ 9 h>d %ells =  
def5ce aga9/ !  ills ( life4 ,x also    
exp]im5t$ 9 size4 ,b small] animals1 )\t

  ext]nal arm\r1 w>m-blood$1 s5sitive1 &
 al]t1 h cle>$ ^!  mon/]s (f ! face ( ! 
e>?4 ,also1 ! lions & tig]s are n  !    
successful species4 ,!re is some?+ 9 !  
ready use ( =ce  :i* defeats its own    
object4 ,its ma9 defect is t x b>s      
cop]ation4 ,e organism requires an      
environm5t ( fri5ds1 p>tly  to %ield x f
 viol5t *anges1 & p>tly to supply x )   
its  wants4 ,! ,gospel ( ,=ce is        
incompatible ) a social life4 ,by  =ce1 
,i mean antagonism 9 its mo/ g5]al s5se4
    ,almo/ equally dang]\s is ! ,gospel 
( ,uni=mity4 ,! diff]5ces  betwe5 !     
nations & races ( mank9d are requir$ to 
pres]ve !  conditions "u :i* high]      
developm5t is possible4 ,"o ma9 factor  
9 ! upw>d tr5d ( animal life has be5 !  
p[] ( w&]+4  ,p]haps ?is is :y !        
arm\r-plat$ mon/]s f>$ badly4 ,!y c\ld  
n w&]4 ,animals w&] into new conditions4
 ,!y h to adapt  !mselves or die4       
,mank9d has w&]$ f ! trees to ! pla9s1  
f ! pla9s to ! seacoa/1 f climate to    
climate1 f cont95t  to cont95t1 & f     

habit ( life to habit ( life4 ,:5 man   
ceases  to w&]1 he w cease to asc5d 9 ! 
scale ( be+4 ,physical  w&]+ is /ill    
important1 b great] /ill is ! p[] (     
man's  spiritual adv5tures--adv5tures ( 
?\ght1 adv5tures ( passionate  feel+1   
adv5tures ( ae/hetic exp]i5ce4 ,a       
div]sification among  human communities 
is ess5tial = ! provision ( ! inc5tive &
  mat]ial = ! ,odyssey ( ! human _s4    
,o!r nations ( diff]5t  habits are n    
enemies3 !y are gods5ds4 ,m5 require (  
_!  neighb\rs some?+ suffici5tly ak9 to 
be und]/ood1 some?+  suffici5tly diff]5t
 to provoke att5tion1 & some?+ great    
en\gh  to comm& admiration4 ,we mu/ n   
expect1 h[ev]1 all ! virtues4 ,we  %\ld 
ev5 be satisfi$ if !re is some?+ odd    
en\gh to be  int]e/+4    ,mod]n sci5ce  
has impos$ on humanity ! necessity =    
w&]+4 ,its  progressive ?\ght & its     
progressive te*nology make ! transition 
?r\gh "t1 f g5]ation to g5]ation1 a true
 migration into  un*>t$ seas ( adv5ture4
 ,! v b5efit ( w&]+ is t x is  dang]\s &

 ne$s skill to av]t evils4 ,we mu/      
expect1 !re=e1  t ! future w disclose   
dang]s4 ,x is ! bus9ess ( ! future  to  
be dang]\s2 & x is among ! m]its (      
sci5ce t x equips  ! future = its       
duties4 ,! prosp]\s middle classes1 :o  
rul$ !  n9ete5? c5tury1 plac$ an        
excessive value ^u placidity (  exi/5ce4
 ,!y refus$ to face ! necessities =     
social re=m  impos$ by ! new indu/rial  
sy/em1 & !y are n[ refus+ to face  !    
necessities = intellectual re=m impos$  
by ! new k4  ,! middle class pessimism  
ov] ! future ( ! _w comes f a  confusion
 betwe5 civilisation & security4 ,9 !   
imm$iate future  !re w be less security 
?an 9 ! imm$iate pa/1 less /ability4  ,x
 mu/ be admitt$ t !re is a degree (     
in/ability :i* is  inconsi/5t )         
civilisation4 ,b1 on ! :ole1 ! great    
ages h  be5 un/able ages4    ,i h       
endeav\r$ 9 ^! lectures to give a record
 ( a great  adv5ture 9 ! region ( ?\ght4
 ,x 0 %>$ 9 by all ! races (  we/]n     
,europe4 ,x develop$ ) ! sl[ness ( a    

mass movem5t4 ,half  a c5tury is its    
unit ( "t4 ,! tale is ! epic ( an       
episode 9 !  manife/ation ( reason4 ,x  
tells h[ a p>ticul> direction ( reason  
em]ges 9 a race by ! long prep>ation (  
antec$5t epo*s1 h[  aft] its bir? its   
subject-matt] gradually unfolds itself1 
h[ x  atta9s its triumphs1 h[ its       
influ5ce m\lds ! v spr+s (  action (    
mank9d1 & f9ally h[ at its mom5t (      
supreme success its  limitations        
disclose !mselves & call = a r5ew$      
ex]cise ( !  creative imag9ation4 ,!    
moral ( ! tale is ! p[] ( reason1 its   
decisive influ5ce on ! life ( humanity4 
,! great conqu]ors1 f  ,alex&] to       
,caes>1 & f ,caes> to ,napoleon1        
influ5c$ pr(\ndly  ! lives ( subsequ5t  
g5]ations4 ,b ! total effect ( ?is      
influ5ce %r9ks to insignificance1 if    
comp>$ to ! entire  trans=mation ( human
 habits & human m5tality produc$ by !   
long  l9e ( m5 ( ?\ght f ,?ales to !    
pres5t day1 m5 individually  p[]less1 b 
ultimately ! rul]s ( ! _w4              

,,index    ,! numb]s ref] to pages2 &   
#8e4s4' /&s = #8et seqq4'1 :]e  !       
ref]5ce is to ! succe$+ pages ( ! *apt] 
9 "q4     ,abruptness 79 ,+ression71    
#bci4   ,absolute1 ,!1 #abi4   ,ab/ract1
 #bba4   ,ab/raction1 #bcc1 e4s4        
,ab/raction 79 ,ma!matics71 #bh1 e4s4   
,ab/ractive ,hi]>*y1 #bcd1 e4s4         
,accel]ation1 #ff4   ,actualisation1    
#bbb4   ,adam ,smi?1 #bhj4   ,aes*ylus1 
#ad4   ,alex&]1 ,s41 preface4           
,algebra1 #db1 #dd4   ,alva1 #b4        
,ampre1 #aci4   ,analytical ,"* 7,et]nal
 ,objects71 #bbh4   ,anselm1 ,/41 #hj4  
#8,any1' #bbi4   ,aqu9as1 ,?omas1 #ab1  
#ac1 #bje4   ,arabic ,ari?metical       
,notation1 #db4   ,ar*im$es1 #g1 #h1 #i1
 #aj4   ,argum5ts 7( functions71 #dd4   
,ari/otle1 #g1 e4s42 #da1 #db2 #fd1     
e4s42 #ahj1 #ahg2 #bcf1 e4s4   ,arnold1 
,mat!w1 #aae4   ,art1 #bgi1 e4s4   ,art1
 ,m$ieval1 #ah1 e4s4   ,aspect1 #ih2    
#adf1 e4s4   ,associat$ ,hi]>*y1 #bcg4  
,a/on1 ,f4 ,w41 #bfj4   ,atom1 #adj1    
#add4   ,augu/9e1 ,sa9t1 #bff4          

,bacon1 ,francis1 #aa2 #ef1 e4s42 #ib1  
#acf4   ,bacon1 ,rog]1 #g4   ,base (    
,ab/ractive ,hi]>*y1 #bce4   ,be+1 #bbg4
   ,belis>ius1 #ai4   ,b5$ict1 ,sa9t1   
#ba4   ,b]gson1 #gb2 #bjb1 e4s4         
,b]keley1 ,george1 #ic1 e4s42 #aje1     
#abj1 #aih4   ,bi*t1 #ada4   ,biology1  
#eh1 #hh1 #add4   ,bonav5ture1 ,sa9t1   
#ab4   ,boyle1 ,rob]t1 #eg4   ,br[n     
,univ]sity1 ,preface4   ,bruno1         
,giordano1 #a4   ,byzant9e ,empire1 #ai4
     ,c>lyle1 #he4   ,c]vantes1 #ef4    
,*ange1 #aba4   ,*auc]1 #bb4   ,*9a1 #h1
 #ajf4   ,clairaut1 #he1 #aic4          
,classification1 #da1 e4s4   ,cl\gh1 ,a4
 ,h41 #aae4   ,cognition1 #ig4          
,col]idge1 #aae1 #aaf4   ,columbus1 #bb1
 #di4   ,complex ,et]nal ,objects1 #bcb4
   ,compon5ts1 #bcb4   ,conic ,sections1
 #db4   ,connexity 7( a ,hi]>*y71 #bce4 
,connect$ness 7( an occasion71 #bcg4    
,cons]vation ( ,en]gy1 #adb1 e4s4       
,cont9uity1 #adj4   ,cop]nicus1 #a1 #bb1
 #ef1 #ahd4   ,cosmas1 #bed4            
,cromwell1 ,oliv]1 #bc4     ,d',alemb]t1

 #hj1 #he4   ,dalton1 ,john1 #adj1 #ada4
   ,da ,v9ci1 ,leon>do1 #fj4   ,d>w91   
#bfc4   ,democritus1 #adj4   ,demos1    
,r41 ,preface4   ,d5sity1 #gj1 #ahi4    
,des>gues1 #gh4   ,desc>tes1 #be2 #dc1  
e4s42 #ef1 #eg2 #ajd2 #aae2 #aie1 e4s42 
#bgb4   ,det]m9ism1 #aaj4   ,diff]5tial 
,calculus1 #gh4   ,discont9u\s ,exi/5ce1
 #ea2 #aij1 e4s4   ,di/ance1 #agc4      
,div9ity1 ,s*ola/ic1 #ag4               
,divisibility1 #agg4     ,education1    
#bgg1 e4s4   ,egyptians1 #bj1 #dc4      
,e9/e91 #ad1 #da1 #hf1 #hh2 #agc1 e4s42 
#bfc4   ,electron1 #ej1 e4s42 #aaa1     
e4s42 #ahe1 e4s4   ,empty ,ev5ts1 #bad4 
,endurance1 #aba2 #adg1 e4s42 #afi1     
e4s42 #ahf1 e4s42 #bab4   ,endurance1   
,vibratory1 #ea4   ,en]gy1 ,physical1   
#ea1 e4s4   ,environm5t1 #aee1 e4s4     
,envisagem5t1 #adh1 e4s4   ,epo*s1 #agg4
   ,epo*al ,durations1 #aib4   ,ess5ce1 
#age4   ,et]nal ,objects1 #aba1 e4s42   
#adf1 e4s42 #bba1 e4s4   ,e!r1 #ahd4    
,euripides1 #ad4   ,ev5t1 #ajb2 #afh1   
e4s4   ,evolution1 #acj2 #adb1 e4s4     

,exhau/ion1 ,me?od (1 #db4   ,ext5sion1 
#agg4   ,ext5sive ,quantity1 #agh4      
,ext]nal ,relations1 #bbc1 e4s4         
,extr9sic ,reality1 #adf4     ,fallacy (
 ,misplac$ ,concret5ess1 #gb1 e4s42 #hb4
   ,f>aday1 #aci4   ,fate1 #ad4         
,f]mat1 #gh4   ,f9ite ,ab/ractive       
,hi]>*y1 #bce4   ,=m1 #bcj4   ,=ce1 #fd1
 e4s4   ,f\ri]1 #he4   ,francis (       
,assisi1 #beh4   ,fr$]ick1 ! ,great1    
#hi4   ,frequ5cy1 #aha1 e4s4   ,fresnel1
 #aci4   ,fro/1 ,rob]t1 #bb4   ,future1 
#bde1 e4s4     ,galileo1 #b1 e4s42 #dc1 
#de2 #ef1 e4s42 #hh1 #afb1 #ahg2 #bee1  
e4s4   ,galvani1 #hh4   ,gauss1 #hf1    
#hh4   ,geometry1 #ca1 e4s4   ,george   
,,ii1 #ic4   ,g]many1 #eg4   ,gibson1   
#bjf4   ,god1 #ag1 #hf1 #abi2 #bdb1 e4s4
   ,gradation ( ,envisagem5t1 #bdg4     
,gravitation1 #fe1 #agb4   ,greece1 #h1 
e4s4   ,gregorovius1 #bfe4   ,giotto1   
#bb4   ,gregory1 ,! ,great1 #ba1 #bfe4  
,h>vey1 #ef1 #eg4   ,hea?1 ,sir ,t4 ,l41
 #ahj4   ,hegel1 #dj4   ,h]z1 #hf1 #hh4 
,hi/orical ,revolt1 #aa1 e4s42 #ee1     

#aej4   ,hook]1 ,ri*>d1 #ac4   ,hume1   
#e1 #dg1 #fa1 #gc2 #hj1 e4s42 #ajg1     
#aih4   ,huygh5s1 #de2 #eg1 e4s42 #bef4 
,idealism1 #hi2 #abg1 e4s4   ,imm$iate  
,occasion1 #cf1 e4s42 #fb4   ,individual
 ,ess5ce1 #bbb1 e4s4   ,induction1 #cd2 
#fj1 e4s4   ,inf9ite ,ab/ractive        
,hi]>*y1 #bce4   ,+ression1 #ii1 e4s42  
#bbb4   ,integral ,calculus1 #db4       
,int]nal ,relations1 #age2 #bbc1 e4s4   
,intr9sic ,reality1 #adf4   ,inv5tion1  
#acf1 e4s4   ,ionian ,philosoph]s1 #i4  
,irresi/ible ,grace1 #aje4   ,isolat$   
,sy/ems1 #ff4   ,isolation ( ,et]nal    
,objects1 #bcj4   ,isotopes1 #bfj4      
,italy1 #eg4     ,james1 ,h5ry1 #c4     
,james1 ,william1 #c2 #aii1 e4s4        
,joseph1 ,hapsburgh ,emp]or1 #hi4       
,ju/9ian1 #ai1 #bj4     ,kant1 #dg2 #ic1
 e4s42 #aaf1 #adb1 #agh2 #aic1 e4s4     
,kepl]1 #i1 #de1 #eg1 #fg4              
,lagrange1 #hd1 e4s4   ,laplace1 #he1   
#adb4   ,lavoisi]1 #hd1 #adf4   ,law1   
,roman1 #af4   ,laws ( ,nature1 #de1    
#aej4   ,lea/ ,action1 #hg1 #aej4       

,lecky1 #ae1 #af1 #bed4   ,leibniz1 #dc1
 #dd1 #dh1 #eg1 #ib1 #aae2 #aih1 e4s4   
,life1 #eh4   ,limitation1 #bbe1 e4s4   
,lloyd ,morgan1 ,preface4   ,location1  
,simple1 #fi1 e4s42 #ha1 e4s42 #ie4     
,locke1 ,john1 #dc1 #dg2 #eg1 e4s42 #hi1
 #id1 #aae1 #aih4   ,locomotion1        
,vibratory1 #ahd1 e4s4   ,logic1        
,ab/ract1 #cg1 e4s4   ,logic1 ,s*ola/ic1
 #ag4   ,lucretius1 #adj4     ,macaulay1
 #bhe4   ,milton1 #ajh1 e4s4   ,m9d1    
#gi4   ,mass1 #fd1 e4s42 #add4          
,ma!matics1 #aj1 #bc2 #bh1 e4s4         
,ma!matics1 ,appli$1 #cd1 e4s4   ,matt]1
 #bd1 #id1 #eh1 #add4   ,matt]          
7philosophical71 #bca4   ,maup]tuis1    
#he1 e4s4   ,max ,mll]1 #agh4           
,maxwell1 ,cl]k1 #he1 e4s42 #aci1 e4s42 
#afa4   ,me*anical ,explanation1 #bc4   
,me*anism1 #ajg1 e4s4   ,me*ani/ic      
,!ory1 #ga4   ,memory1 #gc4   ,m]s5ne1  
#df4   ,mi*elson1 #afb1 e4s4   ,mill1   
,john ,/u>t1 #aaj4   ,modal ,"* (       
,space1 #ij1 e4s4   ,modal ,limitation1 
#bdh1 e4s4   ,mode1 #ii4   ,moral       

,responsibility1 #aji1 e4s4   ,motion1  
,laws (1 #fe1 e4s4   ,mll]1 ,johannes1  
#ada4     ,n>ses1 #ai4   ,natural       
,selection1 #aeh4   ,naturalism 9 ,art1 
#bb4   ,newman1 ,john ,h5ry1 #aae1 #bee4
   ,newton1 #h1 #i1 #ae2 #dc1 e4s42 #eh1
 e4s42 #hd1 e4s42 #afa2 #bee1 e4s4      
,n-,be+1 #bbg4     ,objectivism1 #abd1  
e4s4   ,occasions1 ,community (1 #fc4   
,occupi$ ,ev5ts1 #bae4   ,o]/$1 #aci4   
,ord] ( ,nature1 #e1 e4s42 #ci1 e4s42   
#ee4   ,organic ,me*anism1 #aab1 #aea4  
,organism1 #ea1 e4s42 #eh1 #ij2 #aje1   
e4s42 #aaa1 e4s42 #ade2 #ahe1      e4s42
 #bji4     ,padua1 ,univ]sity (1 #eg1   
#eh4   ,paley1 #ajg4   ,papacy1 #ac1    
#bj4   ,pascal1 #eg1 #gh4   ,pa/1 #bde1 
e4s4   ,pa/eur1 ,l\is1 #ada1 e4s4       
,pelagius1 #bff4   ,p]ception1 #aja4    
,p]iodic ,law 7,m5delef71 #ada4         
,p]iodicity1 #de1 e4s4   ,p]spective1   
#ih4   ,petavius1 #bee4   ,philosophy1  
#abb4   ,physical ,field1 #ach4         
,physics1 #eg4   ,plato1 #aj2 #da1 e4s42
 #ahj4   ,pope1 ,alex&]1 #ajh1 e4s4     

,possibility1 #bbc4   ,preh5sion1 #ig1  
e4s42 #bjg4   ,preh5sive ,"* ( ,space1  
#ij1 e4s4   ,pres5t1 #bde1 e4s4         
,prim>y ,qualities1 #gf4   ,primate1    
#ahe1 e4s4   ,prime ,mov]1 #bdb1 e4s4   
,primordial ,elem5t1 #ea1 e4s4          
,process1 #ajb4   ,pr(essionalism1 #bga1
 e4s4   ,proton1 #ea1 e4s42 #ahe1 e4s4  
,psy*ology1 #hh1 #ajc4   ,pusey1 #aae4  
,py?agoras1 #ci1 e4s42 #bdj4            
,quality1 #gc1 e4s4   ,quantum ,!ory1   
#ej2 #aha1 e4s4     ,rationalism1 #ab1  
e4s42 #ee4   ,ramsay1 ,sir ,william1    
#bei4   ,rawley1 ,dr41 #eh4   ,rayleigh1
 ,"l1 #bei4   ,realism1 #abg1 e4s4      
,re=mation1 #aa4   ,reit]ation1 #adg2   
#ahf1 e4s4   ,relational ,ess5ce1 #bbc1 
e4s4   ,relativity1 #fh2 #afe1 e4s4     
,ret5tion1 #adg4   ,riemann1 #hf1 #hh4  
,romans1 #h4   ,roman ,law1 #bj4        
,rome1 #ba4   ,r\sseau1 #ej1 #ic1 #ace4 
,royal ,society1 #dc1 #gc4   ,russell1  
,b]tr&1 #baf4     ,s>pi1 ,paul1 #ab1    
#bf4   ,s*leid51 #ada4   ,s*wann1 #ada4 
,sci5tific ,mat]ialism1 #bd1 #be4       

,sci5tific ,movem5t1 #aa4   ,second>y   
,qualities1 #gf1 #abg4   ,s5eca1 #ae4   
,s5se-,object1 #ii4   ,sep>ative ,"* (  
,space1 #ij1 e4s4   ,%akespe>e1 #ef4    
,%ape1 #ib4   ,%elley1 #aaf1 e4s4       
,sidgwick1 ,h5ry1 #aig4   ,simple       
,et]nal ,objects1 #bcb4   ,simple       
,location1 #fi1 e4s42 #ha1 e4s42 #ie2   
#abg1 e4s42 #bag4   ,simultaneity1 #agd4
   #8,"s1' #bbi4   ,s\!y1 #bhe4         
,space1 ,physical1 #cb4                 
,spatialisation1 #gb1 #age1 #bjf4       
,speci\s ,pres5t1 #adh4   ,sp9oza1 #dc1 
#eg1 #ii1 #aae1 #aaf1 #age1 #aih1 #bdh4 
,sophocles1 #ad4   ,/&po9t1 #ii1 e4s4   
,/oicism1 #af4   ,/ruggle = ,exi/5ce1   
#aeh4   ,subjectivism1 #abc1 e4s4       
,sub/ance1 #gc1 e4s42 #age4             
,sub/antial ,activity1 #aeb1 #agd1 #bca4
   ,sup]ject1 #bcj4   ,syn!tic          
,preh5sion1 #bbd1 e4s4     ,te*nology1  
#ace1 e4s4   ,temporalisation1 #agi4    
,t5nyson1 #ajh1 e4s4   ,"t1 #afi1 e4s4  
,trag$y1 #ae4   ,transluc5cy (          
,realisation1 #bdj4   ,tr5t1 ,c\ncil (1 

#ab4   ,trigonometry1 #db4   ,true      
,propositions1 #bbd4     ,unkn[ns 79    
,ma!matics71 #dd4   ,univ]sals1 #bba4   
,untrue ,propositions1 #bba4     ,value1
 #abc1 e4s42 #bbf1 #bdi4   ,v>iable1 ,!1
 #cg1 e4s42 #bbi4   ,vasco da ,gama1    
#bb4   ,velocity1 #fd1 e4s42 #afe1 e4s4 
,v]tex ( ,ab/ractive ,hi]>*y1 #bcf4     
,vesalius1 #a4   ,vibration1 #ahf1 e4s4 
,vibratory ,organic ,de=mation1 #ahd1   
e4s4   ,virtual ,"w1 #hh4   ,vitalism1  
#aaa1 e4s42 #ade4   ,volta1 #hh4        
,voltaire1 #eg2 #hj1 e4s42 #adc4        
,walpole1 #hi4   ,wa%+ton1 ,george1 #hi4
   ,watt1 ,james1 #ace4   ,wesley1      
,john1 #ic4   ,:itman1 ,walt1 #bb4      
,wordswor?1 #bb2 #ajh1 e4s4     ,"y1    
,?omas1 #aci4     ,z5o1 #agh1 #agi1     
#aib4                                   
----------------------------------------
--------------------------------        
,transcrib]'s ,note    ,! pr9t] employ$ 
! dia]esis 9 words l #8cord9ation' or   
#8cop]ation'4 ,on p4 #aeg1 ! fir/       
syllable ( #8cop]at+' fell on  ! l9e    

break1 & ! ^w 0 hyph5at$ z #8co-op]at+'1
 s9ce !  dia]esis 0 n ne$$4 ,! ^w has   
be5 jo9$ "h & !  dia]esis employ$ z     
#8cop]at+'4    ,! foll[+ words appe> bo?
 ) & )\t a hyph53 to-day1  non-entity1  
half-way1 int]-connect$1 non-entity4    
,errors deem$ mo/ likely to be ! pr9t]'s
 h be5 correct$1 &  are not$ "h4 ,!     
ref]5ces are to ! page & l9e 9 !        
orig9al4     #bj4aj  re/ra9+            
gi_/ov]nm5t4                            
,replac$4   #ba4ca  is kept 9 contact   
wti_/xh                                 
,transpos$4   #eg4cj  ,n[ ! sci5tific   
philosophy                    ,ins]t$4  
#fi4i   no o!r way ( putt+s ?+s         
,remov$4   #gg4f   ^! relation%ips      
con/itutes nature4          ,add$4      
#aeg4bj societies ( co-_/p]at+          
organisms4            ,replac$4   #afj4h
  ,^! divisions are                     
,ins]t$4   #agf4c  ext5ds beyonds !     
spatio-temporal cont9uum    ,remov$4    
#agg4f  by ! realiz_/sation ( patt]n    
,consi/5cy4   #agg4be "* (              

spatio-temporal ( ext5sion              
,remov$4   #ahc4e  radiate its en]gy    
is_/n an integral numb]       ,replac$4 
#aie4d  hi/ory ( ! ,*ri/io_/an ,*ur*    
,replac$4   #aie4g  apocalyptic =eca/es 
,remov$4   #bjb4ba ,?is division (      
t]ritory                       ,ins]t$4 
#bac4aj :at any?+ is 9 itself4          
,ins]t$4   #bde4bg ev5 al?\gh any su*   
discrim9ation            ,remov$4       
#bgd4ad its /ak_/te ( rapid developm5t  
,replac$4   #bgf4ag ,! task ( cord9ation
 is left                 ,ins]t$4       
#bgi4bb ,:at ,i mean is art 7& ae/hetic 
education4     ,remov$4   #bhh4cc       
mutually coop]ate4                      
,remov$4   #bij4c  x b>s coop]ation4    
,remov$4