,,! ,,viol9      ,,& ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,its
 ,,con/ruction4      ,a ,treatise on !  
,/radiv>ius ,viol9      by      ,,augu/ 
,,rie*]s1      ,b[ & ,viol9 ,mak]4      
,copyright ( ! ,g]man & ,engli%         
,editions4      ,) f\r li?ograph$       
plates4        ,,goett+54    ,,c>l      
,,spielmey]',s ,,na*folg]4    ,,franz   
,,wund]4    #ahie4      ,copyright ent]$
 at ,/ation]s ,hall1 ,london4           
,to 8 highly rev]$ ,fri5d & ,patron     
,,dr4 ,,joseph ,,joa*im      ?is "w is  
humbly d$icat$      by      ,,! ,,au?or4
          ,,preface4      ,! highly     
e/eem$ au?or ( ?is treatise1 a r5[n$    
viol9 mak]  & clev] repair]1 ( old      
in/rum5ts1 hav+ be5 d5i$ !  pleasure (  
publi%+ ! same himself1 dea? int]v5+ on 
,janu>y  #d?1 #ahic1 8 "w on ! viol9 & !
 art ( its con/ruction is  n[ publi%$1 9
 accordance ) 8 la/ wi%es4    ,?is      
treatise w1 no d\bt1 be all ! m welcome 
to pr(essionals  & amateurs alike1 z to 
my k no su* "w has yet be5  publi%$     
treat+ ! subject 9 su* an able & ?or\gh 

mann]4    ,may1 !re=e1 ! valuable lab\rs
 ( ! deceas$ au?or meet )  t univ]sal   
ackn[l$gm5t1 :i* 9 a v high degree !y   
des]ve4      ,gtt+51 ,april #ahie4      
,! ,editor4          ,index4            
,introduction                           
,page #g      ,i4 ,( ! ,wood            
0 #aj      ,,ii4 ,( ! ,con/ruction      
0 #aa      ,,iii4 ,! ,ribs              
0 #ab      ,,iv4 ,! ,back & ,edges      
0 #ab      ,v4 ,! ,belly                
0 #ac      ,,vi4 ,! ,ar*+               
0 #ac      ,,vii4 ,! ,purfl+            
0 #ad      ,,viii4 ,work+-out !         
,?icknesses ( ! ,belly & ,back        0 
#ae      ,,ix4 ,! ,f-holes              
0 #af      ,x4 ,! ,bass-b>              
0 #af      ,,xi4 ,! ,head or ,neck      
0 #ah      ,,xii4 ,! ,dim5sions1 ,l5g? (
 ,neck & ,body                   0 #ah  
,,xiii4 ,! ,f+]-bo>d & ,nut             
0 #ba      ,,xiv4 ,! ,position ( ! ,neck
                                  0 #ba 
,,xv4 ,! ,tail-piece                    
0 #bb      ,,xvi4 ,! ,pegs              

0 #bd      ,,xvii4 ,! ,bridge           
0 #bd      ,,xviii4 ,! ,s\nd-po/        
0 #be      ,,xix4 ,! ,/r+s              
0 #bg      ,,xx4 ,! ,v>ni%              
0 #bh      ,,xxi4 ,! ,clean+ & ,c>e ( ! 
,viol9                       0 #cb      
,,xxii4 ,! ,b[                          
0 #cb          ,,introduction4      ,9  
giv+ publicity to ?is treatise on !     
con/ruction ( ! viol91  ,i believe ,i am
 only meet+ ! wi%es ( _m1 bo?           
pr(essionals &  amateurs1 :o are desir\s
 ( le>n+ m p>ticul>s conc]n+ !          
con/ruction ( _! in/rum5ts1 b am also   
giv+ a few practical  h9ts to my y\ng]  
comrades 9 ! art ( viol9-mak+4 ,i hope  
also  to induce "s ( my old] colleagues 
to give =? o!r works ( !  same k9d1 :i* 
may s]ve to ennoble & promote our art4  
,times )\t numb] ,i h be5 ask$ by fri5ds
 ( ! viol91 dur+  my #dj ye>s' "w z a   
viol9 mak]1 to recomm5d books giv+ m    
exact in=mation on ! con/ruction ( t    
in/rum5t1 b ! only  answ] t ,i h be5    
able to give has be5 t ,g]man te*nical  

lit]ature on ! subject is v meagre1 & t 
in=mation f  =eign works is mo/ly       
impov]i%$ by feeble translations4    ,v 
few au?ors und]/& ! g5]al build ( !     
viol9 ?or\ghly1  !y pay mo/ att5tion to 
individual po9ts1 ^? mo/ calculat$  to  
attract ! att5tion ( amateurs2 =        
example1 ! proportions (  s+le p>ts1 _! 
size1 etc4 ,!re is only "o "w ,i c      
recomm5d  :i* =ms an exception to ?is   
rule & t is 8,! ,memoirs (  ,antonio    
,bagatella0 7,padua #aghf7 :i* has be5  
publi%$ 9 a ,g]man  translation by      
,franz ,wund] at ,gtt+54    ,x conta9s n
 only rules = ! con/ruction ( viol9s1   
violas1  viol9cellos & basses1 z well z 
di/9ct in/ructions = !  re/oration ( !  
outl9e ( ! belly & back ( ^! in/rum5ts1 
b also ent]s into p>ticul>s conc]n+ !   
adju/m5t &  r5ovation ( ! same4    ,j z 
! celebrat$ viol9 mak]s ( ! la/ c5tury  
took !  "w ( ,amati z _! model1 ,i h    
f\nd my ma/]1 to :om ,i1 9  common ) all
 my colleagues1 look up ) admiration1   
recognis+ 9  him n only ! gift$ arti/1 b

 also ! indu/ri\s workman &  f>-sight$  
obs]v]--,i mean ,antonio ,/radiv>ius4   
,ev5 z a boy ,i 0  v fond ( li/5+ to !  
tales told me by my fa!r1 :o 0 a        
musician 9 ,hanov] & z an autodidact    
occupi$ himself ) viol9  "w1 tales 9 :i*
 he describ$ to me ! wond]ful           
productions  ( ! old ,italian ma/]s & m 
p>ticul>ly ^? ( ,amati1  ,/radiv>ius1 & 
,gu>n]ius4 ,he reg>d$ x z a great       
di/9ction  %ewn to him1 & (t5 ref]r$ to 
! fact1 t he 0 all[$  to op5 & repair ! 
,gu>n]ius viol9 ( ,pagan9i4 ,aft] a "t1 
h[ev]1 he alt]$ 8 tone & curs$ !        
,italian z well z 8  viol91 = ! great   
arti/1 al?\gh he prais$ my fa!r's "w &  
express$ himself p]fectly satisfi$ ) x1 
object$ to ! paym5t  ( ?ree ,?al]s = !  
repairs1 consid]+ x an exorbitant *>ge1 
& ?is1 c\pl$ ) simil> exp]i5ces at ! h&s
 ( o!rs1 s  inc5s$ my fa!r t he w\ld n  
give 8 cons5t to my e>ne/  wi% to ent] !
 viol9 factory2 consequ5tly ,i 0        
appr5tic$ at !  age ( #ac ye>s to a     
pian(orte manufactur] ) :om ,i rema9$ = 

two ye>s1 9 spite ( hav+ %[n aptitude 9 
! o!r direction by  con/ruct+ a viol9 ) 
my own h&s at ! age ( #ab ye>s4    ,be+ 
releas$ f my appr5tice%ip at ! beg9n+ ( 
my fifte5?  ye>1 ,i w&]$ away to        
,m>kneukir*51 !re to /udy viol9-mak+  "u
 ,hans ,fick]2 lat] on ,i 0 occupi$ = a 
long] p]iod z  assi/ant to ,ludwig      
,baus*1 s5ior1 9 ,leipsic1 to :om ,i owe
 a great  deal1 = he /r5g!n$ me 9 my    
love ( ! art & settl$ my  belief 9 !    
unequall$ excell5ce ( ,/radiv>ius4 ,my  
admiration =  ?is great ma/] increas$   
ev5 m & m1 & 9 my fifte5?  ye>1 :5 ,i   
began to "w = myself 9 ,hanov]1 ,i le>n$
 ev5  m ( 8 works & _h ! happ9ess to f9d
 t my rev]5ce  = him 0 %>$ by my fri5d &
 patron ,dr4 ,joseph ,joa*im4 ,t5  ye>s 
lat]1 ! latt] ex*ang$ ,hanov] = ,b]l91 &
 z ,i 0  no long] cont5t$ 9 ! =m] t[n   
aft] 8 dep>ture 9 #ahgb1  ,i gladly     
respond$ to a call f him to prosecute my
 "w 9 !  ,prussian capital & to cont9ue 
to /udy ! works ( ,/radiv>ius1  9 ord]  
to h&le !m m wor?ily & to infuse 8 ideas

 into my  own productions4 ,i v5ture to 
hope t ,i h succe$$ 9 ! fir/  "p ( my   
und]tak+1 =1 a great numb] ( in/rum5ts h
 pass$  ?r\gh my h&s 9 ! c\rse ( ye>s1  
includ+ ! incomp>able  viol9s belong+ to
 ,dr4 ,joa*im4 ,! second "p ( my task ,i
 d  n consid] accompli%$4 ,i am ev] tak+
 m & m tr\ble 9  work+1 9 ! hope ( br++ 
my attempt ne>] & ne>] to !  hi!rto     
unatta9$ excell5ce ( ,/radiv>ius4 ,i    
!re=e beg my  read]s to reg>d ! foll[+  
*apt]s ) a fav\rable eye &  to accept !m
 9 a fri5dly _s z ! result ( long ye>s (
  exp]i5ce1 ! confirmation or           
rectification ( :i* ,i %all accept  )   
joy4          ,i4 ,,( ,,! ,,wood4       
,!re c be no d\bt :atev] t a correct k &
 *oice (  ! wood = ! con/ruction (      
viol9s is ( ! utmo/ importance4  ,bo? ^!
 qualifications1 h[ev]1 c only be ga9$  
by exp]i5ce1  s9ce t alone c prove :i*  
k9d ( wood is ! mo/ suitable &  produces
 ! be/ results4    ,! back1 ! ribs1 !   
neck1 & ! head %\ld be ( maple1 &  nei!r
 too h>d1 nor too s(t1 nor yet too      

deeply gra9$4 ,9 e  case light wood %\ld
 be select$1 & ,i consid] ,hung>ian     
maple !  be/ = ! purpose4 ,= ! belly1 ! 
s-call$ :ite fir or p9e  %\ld be us$1 z 
bo? k9ds ( wood possess suffici5t       
resonance1 &  are easily manipulat$4 ,^!
 woods too mu/ be z light z possible1  &
 %\ld h nei!r v n>r[ nor v broad1 b     
regul> &  well-=m$ conc5tric circles4 ,!
 ,tyrol & ! neighb\r+ cantons  (        
,switz]l& produce ! be/ wood = ?is      
purpose4 ,x is to be  obs]v$ t ! pieces 
us$ mu/ be split & n cut4    ,9 my      
op9ion1 ! mu* prais$ ,am]ican p9e is too
 s(t &  res9\s1 & nei!r d ,i consid] !  
,am]ican maple qualifi$ =  ! con/ruction
 ( viol9s4 ,! wood us$ by myself is     
obta9$ f  ,s*o5ba*1 ne> ,eg]1 9         
,bohemia1 :]e l>ge supplies = ! ne$s  ( 
in/rum5t mak]s are always on h& to be   
select$ f4 ,! age  ( ! wood ,i consid] (
 only v small importance2 if x has be5  
lay+ by = five ye>s1 ready cut or split1
 z ! case may be1 =  ! con/ruction ( a  
viol91 x w !n be suffici5tly dry & w    

ne$ no fur!r prep>ation4 ,i h exactly   
asc]ta9$ ! weight  ( wood :i* _h be5    
laid by = dry+ = five ye>s1 & !n1  hav+ 
weigh$ x aga9 at ! end ( tw5ty ye>s1 h  
f\nd x _h  n become p]ceptibly light]4  
,all ! viol9s made by me1 "s #afjj      
in/rum5ts1 h always weigh$ f #bfj to    
#bge grammes1 )\t !  pegs1 f+]-bo>d1 &  
tail-piece1 a weight :i* ,i h g5]ally   
f\nd to be t ( ! viol9s con/ruct$ by    
,/radiv>ius4          ,,ii4 ,,( ,,!     
,,con/ruction4      ,= ! space ( ?irty  
ye>s ,i h work$ ^u ! plan (  ,/radiv>ius
 solely1 = ,i consid] t 8 in/rum5ts & _!
  proportions are ! mo/ p]fect t c be   
f\nd4 ,:y1 !re=e1  %\ld ,i h tak5 any   
o!r z my model8 ,i h repair$ at lea/    
?ree hundr$ und\bt$ly g5u9e viol9s      
con/ruct$ by ?is great  ma/]1 besides   
hav+ se5 & h&l$ _m o!rs1 & consequ5tly  
h _h frequ5t opportunities ( ?or\ghly   
/udy+ 8 "w1 & (  gaug+ & copy+ 8 mo/    
beautiful in/rum5ts4 ,z ! creations  (  
?is incomp>able mak] seem p]fect 9 e    
detail1 ,i h nev]  attempt$ to make any 

additions ( my own1 b h /rictly adh]$ to
  specim5s produc$ by him 9 8 prime     
7#agjj to #agbj7 z my models1 &  h f\nd 
t !y diff] b v slightly f "o ano!r4 ,9  
,fig4  #a41 ,i h giv5 ! outl9es ( a     
viol9 ( ?is p]iod 7#agac7 )  ! blocks4  
,,iii4 ,,! ,,ribs 7,fig4 #a4 a74      ,!
 ribs %\ld be #a m_/m4 ?ick1 & v neatly 
& ev5ly plan$2  ! height %\ld be ab\t   
#cj m_/m4 at fir/4 ,! ribs are curv$ to 
_! correct =m by means ( a hot b5d+     
iron1 or /ill bett] by  a copp] clew1 & 
!n glu$ to ! blocks4 ,aft] ?is1 ! ribs  
next  to ! back are to be made true to  
receive ! l9+s4 ,! latt] mu/  be #h     
m_/m4 high1 #b m_/m4 ?ick1 & mu/ be made
 ( lime-wood4 ,!  middle l9+s are to be 
let into ! blocks1 s t !y _c break      
loose4 ,! blocks mu/ also be made (     
lime-wood4 ,! edges ( ! ribs  & !       
surface ( ! rim1 be=e be+ glu$ on to !  
prep>$ back1  mu/ aga9 be v c>efully    
adju/$1 s t !y appe> l "o  ev5 surface4 
,?is be+ done1 ! sup]flu\s wood ( !     
blocks mu/  be cut away to ! %ape ( !   

m\ld 7see ,fig4 #e74 ,! ribs f !  bottom
 block to ! side blocks are !n regulat$ 
to a height ( ab\t  #cj m_/m41 & f !    
side blocks to ! top block 7,fig4 #c7 !y
 are  gradually decreas$ by #b m_/m41 t 
is1 until #bg m_/m4 is rea*$4  ,?is     
dim9ution 9 ! height is mo/ practically 
?\ght out &  execut$ by ,/radiv>ius1 !  
belly obta9+ !reby a t5sion :i*  (f]s ! 
necess>y resi/ance to ! neck4 ,! upp]   
l9+s mu/ be  adju/$ to ! ribs 9 ! same  
way1 & z a matt] ( c\rse1 !y  mu/ be    
curv$ to ! %ape ( ! ribs4 ,! sup]flu\s  
wood ( !  blocks be+ cut away1 ! m\ld is
 remov$4          ,,iv4 ,,! ,,back ,,&  
,,edges4      ,x is n ( importance :e!r 
! back be made 9 "o or two pieces2      
nev]!less1 ,/radiv>ius seems to h giv5 !
 pref]5ce to a  divid$ back4 ,i also    
consid] x m advantage\s1 z1 be+ jo9$1  x
 (f]s great] resi/ance1 & is n s easily 
press$ outw>ds on  ! s\nd-po/ side1 z is
 ! case ) viol9s hav+ ! back cut 9  "o  
piece4 ,! edges ( ! mid-rib & corn]s    
%\ld be #d m_/m4 ?ick1  :]eas ! upp] &  

l[] edges ( ! back 7,fig4 #a ee_/ee71   
gradually  decreas+ f ! corn]s1 become  
#a m_/m4 ?9n]4          ,v4 ,,! ,,belly4
      ,! belly mu/ be compos$ ( two     
p>ts1 & has to be jo9$ toge!r  s exactly
 t ! n>r[ ye>-r+s are 9 ! middle ( !    
same2  ! out] r+ :i* %\ld n be m ?an #b 
m_/m4 broad & v  equally dispos$1 may   
run t[>ds ! edges4 ,! edges mu/ be ( !  
same ?ickness z ^? ( ! back4            
,,vi4 ,,! ,,ar*+4      ,x does n seem to
 me probable t ,/radiv>ius act$ )\t     
mature delib]ation 9 mak+ ! ar* ( ! back
 & belly1 tak5  toge!r1 ( ! same height 
z ! ribs1 viz43 #cj m_/m42 ( c\rse1  ,i 
am speak+ n[ ( ! viol9s made dur+ 8     
prime4 ,if ! back  & belly are plac$ "o 
^u ! o!r1 ! height w am\nt to #cj       
m_/m41 ! entire ext]nal diamet]1 !re=e1 
mu/ be #fj m_/m41 s9ce  ! ribs1 z       
already /at$1 h a height ( #cj m_/m4 ,i 
am c]ta9ly  ( ! op9ion1 t ,/radiv>ius   
sub/antiat$ ^! proportions  by          
exp]im5ts4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 exceptions2 
! greate/ ( !  deviations f ?is rule :i*

 has come "u my notice1 consi/$ 9  !    
middle l9e measur+ #gj m_/m41 reckon+ f 
! upp] edge ( !  belly to ! l[] edge ( !
 back4 ,no d\bt1 ?is viol91 made 9      
#agaj1 0 an exp]im5t1 ! av]age          
measurem5t be+ consid]$ to  be f #eh to 
#fb m_/m4 ,n[ & aga91 ,/radiv>ius made !
 ar* l[]1  :e!r int5tionally or f want (
 wood1 ,i am n 9 a position to  say4 ,9 
?is case he makes ! ribs correspond+ly  
high]1 s t  ! above-m5tion$ measurem5t  
may /ill be #fj m_/m4 ,/radiv>ius has   
also occasionally made ! ar* ( ! back   
less ?an #ae m_/m41 & by  way (         
comp5sation1 9 ?is case1 has increas$ ! 
ar* ( ! belly4  ,i am ( op9ion1 h[ev]1 t
 ^! deviations are to be ascrib$  m to  
exp]im5t ?an to accid5t4 ,he nev] tru/$ 
to *ance 9  8 "w1 b 9 ! mo/ c>eful way  
reflect$ ^u x & took into  consid]ation 
all circum/ances 9 connection ) x4 ,!   
ar* giv5  z an example 9 ,fig4 #f1 is   
tak5 f a ,/radiv>ius viol9 ( !  ye>     
#agac1 & z ! belly & back are bo? (     
equal height1 viz43 #ae  m_/m41 ! entire

 height am\nts to #fj m_/m4             
,,vii4 ,,! ,,purfl+4      ,! purfl+ is  
always plac$ #d m_/m4 f ! edge & is #a  
m_/m4  wide4 ,x consi/s ( ?ree p>ts1 !  
two out]mo/ ( :i* are  prep>$ f maple & 
/a9$ black1 :ile ! middle "p is made (  
! same k9d ( wood1 b un/a9$4 ,x is ( !  
utmo/ importance  t ! purfl+ %\ld only  
be ins]t$ to ! dep? ( "o-?ird  ( !      
?ickness ( ! edges1 o!rwise ! edge w v  
easily  break (f4 ,9 ! "w ( ,/radiv>ius1
 "o f9ds cont9ually on !  back1 bo?     
above & bel[1 a peg ( maple-wood1 by    
means ( :i* he  fa/5$ ! back to ! block1
 & ! half ( ?is peg is ins]t$  9 !      
purfl+4 ,9 viol9s hav+ a divid$ back1 "o
 f9ds ano!r  purfl+ on ! bottom block1  
along ! jo9t ( ! ribs1 b )  backs made 9
 "o piece x sc>cely ev] occurs1 because 
!n ! "u  ribs1 z f> z ! middle rib1 are 
prep>$ 9 "o piece4 ,! purfl+  is n to be
 reg>d$ z an embelli%m5t1 z _m suppose x
 is4 ,x  consid]ably /r5g!ns ! back & ! 
belly t[>ds ! edges1 &  at ! same "t    
(f]s a protection1 especially = ! belly1

 aga9/  cracks1 if ! in/rum5t1 =        
example1 %\ld be op5$ = repairs  by an  
inexp]i5c$ workman4 ,i w ev5 g s f> z to
 ass]t t  if ! purfl+ 7 n employ$1 old  
viol9s c\ld n exi/ )\t  numb]less       
cracks1 = any viol5t bl[ w\ld cause     
cracks1 )\t  ! additional /r5g? giv5 by 
! purfl+1 & ! great] numb]  ( old &     
co/ly viol9s w\ld come d[n to u spoilt1 
or at lea/  damag$4    ,! purfl+ also   
has ?is advantage t if p]*ance ! edges  
get  brok5 (f1 !y c easily be replac$ & 
! good appe>ance ( !  in/rum5t re/or$   
)\t mu* tr\ble4          ,,viii4        
,,work+-,,out ,,! ,,?icknesses ,,( ,,!  
,,belly ,,& ,,back4      ,! ?ickness ( !
 brea/ 9 ! back am\nts to #d m_/m4 at ! 
spot  :]e ! s\nd-po/ /&s & rema9s ! same
 to a di/ance ( #ej  m_/m4 t[>ds !      
bottom block1 & #fj m_/m4 t[>ds ! upp]  
block1  :ile x decreases to #c m_/m4    
t[>ds ! middle rib4 ,! *eeks mu/  be #a 
to #b m_/m4 ?ick4 ,i h assur$ myself by 
numb]less measurem5ts  t ,/radiv>ius (t5
 *ang$ ! ?ickness ( ! back2 & has ev5   

gone s f> z to make x #f m_/m41 :ile !  
belly :i* he made f  ! s\nde/ & mo/     
p]fect wood1 ) v ev5ly dispos$ gra91    
measur$ always exactly #b m_/m4         
,,ix4 ,,! ,f-,,holes4      ,a well-=m$ &
 proportion$ ,f has a great deal to d ) 
enhanc+  ! appe>ance ( a viol94 ,! ,f   
repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #g is a mo/  p]fect   
specim5 ( :at x %\ld be4 ,anyone wi%+ to
 cut !  ,f-holes 9 ! belly1 %\ld take   
,fig4 #g & place x 9 su* a way  t ! l9e 
a_/a be exactly #aie m_/m4 f ! out] &   
upp] edge1  & b b almo/ ^u ! po9t ( !   
belly4 ,?is w give ! "r  position ( !   
,f-holes & at ! same "t ! measurem5t ( !
  body4 ,! greate/ wid? ( ! op5+ ( !    
,f-holes mu/ be #f m_/m4  ,! wid? ( !   
brea/ betwe5 ! two upp] excisions mu/   
nev] be  n>r[] ?an ! wid? ( ! bridge4 ,9
 ! accompany+ illu/ration  ^! are v wide
 ap>t & might )\t disadvantage be plac$ 
#b  m_/m4 ne>] toge!r4 ,on viol9s :]e   
?is di/ance ( ! ,f-holes  is less ?an   
#dj m_/m41 ei!r a n>r[] bridge mu/ be   
us$ or !  bass-b> mu/ be cut out a      

little1 s t ! latt] may lie close  on to
 ! upp] ,f-hole4 ,! l[] lobes ( !       
,f-holes are always  slant$ outw>ds by  
,/radiv>ius1 ?us pres5t+ a m symmetrical
  appe>ance4 ,bo? incisions are small1 b
 cle>ly cut4          ,x4 ,,!           
,,bass-,,b>4      ,aft] ! ,f-holes h be5
 cut out1 ! bass-b> c be fix$4 ,x is    
made ( p9e & %\ld be prep>$ 9 su* a way 
t ! ye>-r+s  lie p]p5dicul>ly to !      
belly4 ,! height ( ! bass-b> "u !       
bridge is #aj m_/m4 & at ! two ends #d  
m_/m4 ,! bass-b> mu/ be #f  m_/m4 ?ick 9
 ! middle1 decreas+ 9 ?ickness by #a    
m_/m4 t[>ds  ! ends4 ,! l5g? %\ld be    
#bhj m_/m4 ,! bass-b> mu/ be glu$  on s 
t x lies #ce m_/m4 f ! bottom edge & #dj
 m_/m4 f !  upp] "o4 ,9 ord] to det]m9e 
exactly ! position ( ! beam1  ! wid? ( !
 bridge %\ld be precisely m>k$ z #dj    
m_/m4 on !  inside ( ! belly & ! bass-b>
 %\ld !n be plac$ to co9cide  exactly ) 
! ,g-foot ( ! bridge1 giv+ x at ! same  
"t su*  a slant+ position z to br+ its  
upp] end )9 #d or #f m_/m4 ( !  middle  

l9e ( ! belly1 :ile its l[] end %\ld1 on
 ! contr>y1  be purposely plac$ f>!r    
away f x4 7,see illu/ration74    ,9 ord]
 t ! bass-b> may obta9 ! "r t5sion1 !   
side (  x ly+ next ! belly mu/ be       
slightly curv$1 suffici5tly s =  bo?    
ends1 be=e !y are glu$1 to /& away ab\t 
#b m_/m4 ,9 !  process ( glue+1 ! ends  
mu/ be firmly press$ d[n4 ,! height  ( !
 bass-b> "u ! bridge %\ld be #h m_/m41  
:ile at ! ends  ! measurem5t %\ld am\nt 
to #d m_/m4 ,x is sc>cely necess>y to   
rem>k t ! proportions ( ! bass-b> v>y 9 
diff]5t viol9s1  accord+ z !y are small]
 or l>g]1 high or flat1 /rong or weak4  
,a few examples are giv5 "h4 ,9 a viol9 
( ! ord9>y type1 no  matt] :e!r x be    
l>ge or small1 ! proportions w be f\nd  
to  co9cide ) ! above /atem5t1 :ile a   
highly ar*$ viol9 has  a less slant+ &  
less tight5$ beam ?an ! latt]4 ,9 ! case
  ( wood ( a ?ickness less ?an #a m_/m41
 ! beam %\ld be #a to #b  m_/m4 m t[>ds 
! int]ior1 & also be plac$ f #c to #e   
m_/m4  m slant+1 & mu/ 9 t case also be 

f #a to #b m_/m4 ?ick]4  ,a bass-b> "u  
/rong t5sion gives a %>p & cle> tone1   
:ile  "o ( less t5sion gives a full] &  
s(t] "o4 ,) bass-b>s (  ! height ( #ab &
 ev5 #ae m_/m4 7s-call$ ac\/ic          
bass-b>s71 x  is n possible to a*ieve   
any success4 ,! fix+ ( ! bass-b>        
completes ! int]ior con/ruction ( !     
viol91 & consequ5tly !  glue+-on ( !    
belly c n[ be proce$$ )4          ,,xi4 
,,! ,,head ,,or ,,neck4      ,9 ,fig4 #h
 we h a v beautiful model1 repres5t+ z x
 does a  p]fect specim5 ( ,/radiv>ius4  
,its =m c be obta9$ by exactly  copy+ ! 
ext]nal outl9e & ! measurem5ts ,i-,,xv4 
,! inn]  curve ( ! head mu/ be work$ out
 z %ewn 9 ,fig4 #h b4 ,! back  at ! head
 7,fig4 #h c7 %\ld be #d m_/m4 ?ick on !
 upp] side &  gradually increase by #c  
m_/m4 t[>ds ! "u side1 s t at ?is  po9t 
x rea*es a ?ickness ( #g m_/m4 ,!       
peg-holes mu/ be plac$  exactly z %ewn 9
 ! model4 ,if !y h %ort heads1 !y c be  
plac$ a few millimetres ne>] toge!r f ,a
 to ,g )\t de/roy+  ! appe>ance ( !     

in/rum5t4 ,! wood = ! head & neck mu/   
always be s *os5 t ! gra9 & surface lie 
horizontally4          ,,xii4 ,,!       
,,dim5sions1 ,,l5g? ,,( ,,neck ,,&      
,,body4      ,none ( ! old viol9 mak]s h
 atta*$ m importance to !  "r position (
 ! ,f-holes ?an ,/radiv>ius2 h5ce we    
ga!r t  he fully recognis$ ! importance 
( ! dim5sions ( ! body1 &  9 8 viol9s we
 always f9d t ! same measurem5t is      
reta9$  betwe5 ! int]ior incision ( !   
,f-holes & ! upp] edge4 ,we  %all see   
lat] on ! great advantages t w\ld accrue
 to !  musician1 if all viol9 mak]s w\ld
 obs]ve ! same rules 9 !  adju/m5t ( !  
dim5sions4 ,i repeat$ly h cut (f ! necks
  ( hundr$s ( viol9s1 & by correct+ !   
proportions h made  ! possessors ( !m   
entirely cont5t$4 ,h[ _m a /ud5t has    
drudg$ on ?r\gh life ) a badly          
proportion$ in/rum5t1 & 9  consequ5ce   
has nev] succe$$ 9 obta9+ t c]ta9ty on 8
  in/rum5t aft] :i* he has dilig5tly    
/riv54 ,we mu/ n[1 h[ev]1  ent] r m into
 p>ticul>s4    ,i hope t :at is to      

foll[1 may enable ev]yone to judge &    
prove  = himself1 :e!r 8 viol9 has !    
correct dim5sions or n4 ,we  w adh]e to 
! measurem5t accept$ by ,/radiv>ius 7see
 ,fig4 #a  a a a71 :i* is exactly #aie  
m_/m4 f ! upp] edge to ! incision  ( !  
,f-hole1 & call x ! normal measurem5t4  
,f ?is we le>n  t ! l5g? ( ! neck1 t is 
to say1 ! di/ance f !  l[] edge ( ! nut 
7! po9t :]e ! f+]-bo>d beg9s7 to !  upp]
 edge ( ! belly 7b b7 %\ld be exactly   
#acj m_/m41 & !  :ole l5g? ( ! body %\ld
 be> ! same proportion to ! l5g?  ( !   
neck1 z #aie m_/m4 be>s to #acj m_/m41  
or to put x /ill m  pla9ly1 if we take !
 total ( ! two l5g?s1 namely #cbe m_/m41
 &  divide x by five1 ! l5g? ( ! body   
%\ld be equal to ?ree  ( ^! p>ts & t ( !
 neck to two ( !m4 ,%\ld a viol9  h a   
long] or %ort] body measure ?an t giv5  
above1 ! neck  mu/ /ill be 9 proportion 
) x ( two to ?ree1 t is to say1  if !   
:ole measure be divid$ into five p>ts1  
two ( su* p>ts  w give ! l5g? ( ! neck4 
,by ^! means1 correct dim5sions  w be   

obta9$1 & a p]=m] w easily accu/om      
himself to !  proportionate position ( !
 neck1 & =?) obta9 c]ta9ty (  execution4
 ,if only ! proportion ( ! neck to !    
body be correct1  a p]=m] w sc>cely     
notice1 :e!r ! :ole measure f !  bridge 
to ! upp] nut is #e to #aj m_/m4 long]  
or %ort]4 ,great c>e  mu/ be tak5 9     
plac+ ! upp] end ( ! f+]-bo>d2 x %\ld   
be plac$ exactly at "r angles ) ! "u    
curve ( ! head  7a71 a po9t :i* is (t5  
paid v little att5tion to1 & yet is  "o 
:i* is ( ! utmo/ importance4 ,= in/ance1
 if ! upp] nut  be plac$ too f> beyond !
 angle 7a71 ! h& mu/ ( necessity  be    
/ret*$ backw>ds 9 an uncom=table        
position1 or ! f+]s  w fall too high ^u 
! /r+s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! nut be  plac$
 too l[1 ! h& has no c]ta9 position ^u !
 curve ( !  neck1 & consequ5tly w play  
flat 9 ! fir/ position & %>p  9 ! ?ird4 
,x has (t5 be5 said to me by musicians1 
& especially  amateurs1 t _! viol9s     
play$ %>p 9 ! fir/ position &  flat 9 ! 
high] ones1 & ! contr>y also has (t5    

come "u my  notice4 ,! sole cause ( ^!  
imp]fections is ! disproportionate      
relation 9 ! l5g? ( ! body & ! neck1 =  
:atev] may be  ! di/ance betwe5 ! bridge
 & ! nut1 :e!r long or %ort1 !  position
 ( ! diff]5t tones !mselves is exactly  
det]m9$ by  ! laws ( ac\/ics1 & always  
rema9s 9 ! same relation to !  vibrat+  
/r+4    ,i h giv5 9 ,fig4 #ab ! exact   
position ( ! tones on !  ,a-/r+1 accord+
 to ! normal measurem5t ( #cbe m_/m4    
giv5 above4  ,! fir/ tone play$ 7,b     
flat7 is always exactly ! eighte5? "p ( 
! :ole l5g? ( ! /r+ f ! nut to ! bridge2
 ! second  tone is ! eighte5? "p f !    
fir/ tone1 & s on4 ,if !  f+]-bo>d is   
#bfh m_/m4 long1 ! high ,e on ! ,a-/r+ w
 co9cide  ) ! l[] end ( ! same4 ,!      
above-m5tion$ imp]fection is  also caus$
 by ! neck be+ ei!r too long or too     
%ort2 9 !  fir/ case a p]=m] w\ld play  
too %>p 9 ! ?ird position1 &  too flat 9
 ! second2 9 ! high] positions also1 he 
w\ld h  difficulty 9 f9d+ ! correct     
place = ! f+]s4          ,,xiii4 ,,!    

,,f+]-,,bo>d ,,& ,,nut4      ,bo? ^!    
portions ( ! in/rum5t mu/ be made (     
ebony 7,fig4 #ab74  ,be=e ! f+]-bo>d is 
glu$1 ! surfaces to be jo9$ mu/ be  made
 p>ticul>ly smoo?4 ,! l5g? is #bfh m_/m4
 9 an in/rum5t (  normal size1 & 9 ^?   
:i* are long] & %ort]1 ! necess>y       
proportion is easily det]m9$4 ,! wid? ( 
! upp] end1 ne> !  nut1 is #bd m_/m41   
:ile at ! l[] end x measures #de m_/m4  
,! curve at ! nut %\ld be ! same z !    
curve ( ! bridge1 !  ?ickness be+ f #d  
to #e m_/m4 ,:il/ ! c5tre ( ! f+]-bo>d  
%\ld =m a /raight l9e l5g?ways1 x mu/ be
 holl[$ out "u  ! ,e-/r+ equally to !   
dep? ( #a m_/m41 & "u ! ,g-/r+ to  #a   
m_/m41 9 ord] to prev5t ! j>r+ & rattl+ 
( ! /r+s4  ,! ?ickness ( ! nut mu/ be #e
 m_/m4 on ! "u side & #d m_/m4 on  !    
upp]4 ,! di/ance betwe5 ! two out]      
/r+-grooves mu/ be  f #af to #ah m_/m4  
,! /r+s lie at ! nut 7a7 9 ! case ( ,e1 
,a1 & ,d-/r+s at a di/ance (  m_/m4 f ! 
f+]-bo>d1 !  ,g-/r+ #a m_/m4 ,! ?ickness
 ( ! neck1 includ+ ! f+]-bo>d1  is #ah  

m_/m4 at ! upp] curve 7,fig4 #h;b ,i47 =
 a h& ( ord9>y  size1 & #bd m_/m4 at !  
l[] curve 7,fig4 #h;b ,,ii72 b ?is      
?ickness  c be alt]$ accord+ to ! wi% ( 
! p]=m]4          ,,xiv4 ,,! ,,position 
,,( ,,! ,,neck4      ,! neck ( ! viol9  
mu/ be regulat$ accord+ to ! wid? (  !  
f+]-bo>d4 ,x mu/ be cut ab\t #g m_/m4   
long] ?an ! l5g?  requir$1 :5 9         
position1 9 ord] to all[ = its ins]tion 
9 !  block2 ! entire l5g? ( ! neck f !  
nut to ! end %\ld  measure #ace m_/m4   
,:5 ?is has be5 duly arrang$1 ! neck c  
be  fitt$ into ! block4 ,! small        
semi-circul> elongation ( ! back  ( !   
viol91 9 common ) ! upp] block1 s]ves   
pr9cipally to  support ! neck & keep x 9
 position1 at ! same "t giv+ !  p]=m] a 
correct hold4    ,! f+]-bo>d hav+ be5   
glu$ to ! neck1 x is ( ! utmo/          
importance t ! latt] %\ld be fitt$ 9 v  
c>efully1 s t  x protrude #e m_/m4 f !  
belly 7,fig4 #h;e74    ,if ! gauge be   
plac$ on ! c5tre ( ! f+]-bo>d 9 ! l9e  a
 a 7,fig4 ,i & ,,ii71 ! end a 7,fig4 #i1

 ?ird plate7 %\ld fall  exactly on ! l9e
 ( connection betwe5 ! inn]mo/ excisions
 (  ! ,f-holes1 hav+ its c5tre "u !     
place :]e ! bridge /&s1  s t ! f+]-bo>d 
may exactly co9cide ) ! measure4    ,?is
 arrangem5t gives u n only ! correct    
position ( !  f+]-bo>d1 b also1 z we    
%all see lat] on1 ! "r height (  !      
bridge1 #ce m_/m41 & also ! suitable    
position ( ! /r+s  accord+ to _! height4
 ,! measurem5t m>k$ ^u ! gauge 7,fig4   
#i71 viz43 f a 7beg9n+ ( ! nut7 z f> z !
 upp] edge  ( ! belly b 7end ( ! neck7 &
 !nce to a 7place ( !  bridge7 mu/ be 9 
su* proportion to "o ano!r z to give !  
viol9  practical dim5sions & height (   
bridge4          ,,xv4 ,,!              
,,tail-,,piece 7,fig4 #aa74      ,?is "p
 ( ! in/rum5t ex]cises a great influ5ce 
on ! tone1  al?\gh ! fact is d\bt$ by a 
great _m p]=m]s4 ,i w  endeav\r to      
briefly demon/rate my idea ^u ! subject4
 ,9 !  fir/ place1 ,i w\ld rem>k 9      
ref]5ce to ! %ape & size ( !  tail-piece
 t ! upp] curve mu/ resemble ! curve ( !

 bridge4    ,! semi-circul> ridge at !  
upp] end is call$ ! saddle &  mu/       
project ab\t #a m_/m4 ,! upp] & movable 
end ( ! tail-piece  is n arrang$ at "r  
angles ) ! middle l9e ( ! same1  b      
incl9es ab\t #a m_/m4 t[>ds ! ,g-/r+4   
,?is is done 9  ord] to balance1 s to   
speak1 ! crook$ position ( ! tail-piece 
:i* has be5 occasion$ by ! great] t5sion
 ( ! ,e-/r+ 9  comp>ison ) ! ,g-/r+1 &  
also to keep ! upp] edge ( !  tail-piece
 p>allel ) ! upp] edge ( ! bridge1 :i*  
is v  necess>y to ! elegant appe>ance ( 
! l[] portion ( ! viol94  ,! space      
betwe5 ! incisions = ,g & ,e-/r+s %\ld  
be #cj m_/m4  ,! l5g? ( ! /r+s bel[ !   
bridge f ! upp] edge ( !  same to !     
saddle on ! tail-piece %\ld be #ee      
m_/m41 & !n !  ,a-/r+ beh9d ! bridge w  
give ! high ,e4 ,if ! proportion (  !   
tail-piece to ! bridge be *ang$1 t is to
 say1 l5g!n$ or  %ort5$ by ! use ( a    
l>g] or small] tail-piece ) ! same  l5g?
 ( ! tail-piece fa/5]1 ! t5sion ( ! /r+s
 also  becomes alt]$1 & ! tone &        

vibrations are !reby affect$4    ,if1 = 
in/ance1 ! tail-piece is s con/ruct$ t !
 portion (  ! ,a-/r+ beh9d ! bridge     
gives ,f1 ! o!r /r+s mu/ also be        
correspond+ly slack5$1 = ! t5sion ( a   
/r+ rea*es n only  f ! bridge to ! nut z
 _m suppose1 b f ! tail-piece  to ! peg4
 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is1 ! pressure ( !    
/r+s on  ! in/rum5t c be increas$ or    
less5$ by means ( a long] or  %ort]     
tail-piece1 :]eby ! tone is             
correspond+ly modifi$4  ,! gut = !      
tail-piece %\ld be f #a to #b m_/m4     
?ick4  ,! be=e-m5tion$ v>iations ( tone 
c also be obta9$ by !  l5g!n+ or %ort5+ 
( ! gut ( ! tail-piece4    ,! re/1 ov]  
:i* ! gut passes1 mu/ be made ( ebony & 
be #dj  m_/m4 long by #e m_/m4 wide1 &  
mu/ rise #c m_/m4 f ! belly4 ,!  button1
 r\nd :i* ! gut passes1 mu/ also be made
 ( ebony1 & has  to be ins]t$ into !    
c5tre ( ! l[] block4          ,,xvi4 ,,!
 ,,pegs4      ,^! are g5]ally made (    
ebony1 & c>e mu/ be tak5 t !y are       
ins]t$ exactly 9 ! places m>k$ 9 ,fig4  

#h4 ,! di/ance ( !  pegs f ! upp] edge (
 ! out] side ( ! viol9 head %\ld  n be m
 ?an #aj m_/m4 ,! holes 9 ! pegs1 ?r\gh 
:i* !  /r+s pass1 %\ld be #b m_/m4 f !  
inside ( ! head4 ,! out]  ends ( ! pegs 
%\ld be level ) ! sides ( ! head & be   
slightly r\nd$ (f4          ,,xvii4 ,,! 
,,bridge 7,fig4 #aj74      ,! bridge is 
made ( maple & %\ld be #dj m_/m4 wide & 
#ce m_/m4  high1 at ! bottom x %\ld be  
#d m_/m4 ?ick1 on ! top #a m_/m4 ,!     
wid? ( ! feet is n to exce$ #i m_/m4    
7,fig4 #aj a74    ,! feet mu/ be fitt$  
exactly to ! belly & t[>ds ! back  %\ld 
be slop$ suffici5tly1 s t on ! l[] side 
( ! bridge  !y =m an exact "r-angle ) ! 
c5tre l9e ( ! belly4    ,x is advisable 
to p[d] ! feet a little ) *alk to prev5t
 !  bridge f be+ s easily displac$ z    
w\ld o!rwise be ! case4    ,! feet ( !  
bridge %\ld /& exactly on ! l9e (       
connection  betwe5 ! not*es ( ! ,f-holes
 7,fig4 #g a a7 & at an equal  di/ance f
 !m on ei!r side4 ,! not*es on ! bridge 
= ! ,e  & ,g-/r+s are to be #cd m_/m4   

ap>t4    ,! l[] end ( ! ,e-/r+ %\ld n be
 m ?an #d m_/m4 f !  f+]-bo>d at ! v    
mo/1 t ( ! ,g-/r+ ab\t #f m_/m41 b  nev]
 m4 ,! height ( ! /r+s is1 h[ev]1 v (t5 
adju/$  to ! wi% ( ! p]=m]4 ,h]r        
,joa*im1 ! great viol9i/1 always  adopts
 ! above measurem5ts on 8 viol9s4    ,a 
highly ar*$ viol9 does n require s high 
a bridge z a flatt]  "o1 :il/ an        
in/rum5t ) a ?9 belly ne$s a ?ick]      
bridge  ?an "o ( /rong] make4 ,^!       
proportions mu/ be c>ri$ out v          
precisely1 z well z ! measurem5ts )     
reg>d to ! h>dness or  s(tness ( ! wood 
& ! /r5g? or weakness ( ! bridge4    ,if
 ! bridge be ?ick bel[ & ?9 above1 !    
tone w be cle>]  ?an x w\ld be if ^!    
conditions 7 rev]s$4 ,if ! he>t 9 !     
bridge be cut r small & high up1 ! tone 
is r5d]$ h>d]1  a l>ge he>t cut 9 !     
surface ( ! bridge w make ! tone  full]4
 ,! use ( h>d wood = ! belly            
necessitates s(t wood =  ! bridge1 &    
loosely gra9$ & s(t wood ne$s a h>d wood
 = !  latt]4          ,,xviii4 ,,!      

,,s\nd-,,po/4      ,! s\nd-po/ mu/ be   
made ( p9e2 9 a viol9 ) a belly ( normal
  ?ickness its diamet] %\ld be #f m_/m4 
& %[ by its ye>-r+s an  age f #aj to #ab
 ye>s4 ,) a ?ick] belly x %\ld be made  
ab\t  #a m_/m4 less 9 diamet]4 ,x mu/   
also be %ap$ s t bo? ends  exactly fit !
 ar* ( ! viol94 ,:5 ! s\nd-po/ has be5  
plac$  9 position1 its ye>-r+s %\ld be  
at "r angles ) ^? ( !  belly1 &         
fur!rmore1 x %\ld be ( su* a height z to
 raise !  belly  m_/m4    ,! s\nd-po/   
mu/ be plac$ ^u ! belly "u ! out] edge (
  ! ,e-/r+ foot ( ! bridge1 b x %\ld re/
 ^u ! back f  #b to #d m_/m4 ne>] !     
c5tre4 ,9 its normal position ! s\nd-po/
  mu/ be plac$ ne>] to ! tail-piece ?an 
! bridge by ab\t #b  m_/m41 t is to say1
 by ab\t ! ?ickness ( ! belly4    ,if "o
 wi%es to procure any o!r tone ?an t    
obta9$ by !  above-m5tion$ position1 !  
latt] %\ld n be alt]$1 at mo/1  by m ?an
 #a to #b m_/m4 ,a s\nd-po/ only  m_/m4 
long]1 r5d]s  ! tone %>p] & ?9n]1 :ile  
if x be approa*$ ne>] !  bridge1 ! tone 

becomes cle>] & m acute4 ,if ! s\nd-po/ 
be  mov$ m t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! in/rum5t1 !
 ,g-/r+ s\nds  cle>] & firm]1 b ! ,e-/r+
 on ! o!r h& gr[s slack]  & s(t]2 if !  
s\nd-po/ be mov$ f its normal position  
ab\t #a  m_/m4 fur!r bel[ ! bridge1 !   
tone w be s(t]1 b at ! same  "t m       
muffl$4    ,i %\ld l to w>n v /rongly   
all p]=m]s1 :e!r  pr(essionals or       
amateurs1 aga9/ attempt+ to alt] !      
position (  ei!r ! s\nd-po/ or ! bridge 
!mselves1 = su* attempts w  9 mo/ cases 
be endless1 & v seldom lead to ! desir$ 
end4 ,i  c\ld adduce pro(s ( ?is 9 _m   
cases1 b ,i w give only "o  "h by way ( 
example4 ,! celebrat$ viol9i/ ,ole ,bull
 :o1 aft]  ! loss ( all 8 prop]ty 9     
,am]ica 9 ! ye> #ahfj1 took up 8        
resid5ce ) me 9 ,hanov]1 c\ld n play =  
an h\r toge!r1  )\t exp]im5t+ ) 8 viol91
 x hav+ become a p]fect  passion ) him  
to be always alt]+ ! position ( ! bridge
 &  ! s\nd-po/4 ,inde$1 ^! exp]im5ts (t5
 la/$ until q a  %ort "t be=e ! beg9n+ (
 a conc]t1 & usually end$ )  a          

mal$iction on himself & 8 o!rwise       
preci\s 8,josephi0 7,joseph  ,gu>n]ius  
del ,ges74    ,/ill1 ,i mu/ confess t ,i
 le>n$ a great deal f 8 _m  rese>*es by 
d9t ( obs]vation4 ,:5 ,ole ,bull 0 play+
 at !  ,!atre 9 ,hanov] 9 cold wea!r1 he
 always brea!d a few times into  !      
,f-holes ( 8 viol9 be=e ! curta9 rose1 9
 ord] to w>m !  air 9 ! int]ior ( !     
in/rum5t1 z he 0 ( op9ion t 9           
consequ5ce ! viol9 spoke bett]4 ,he may 
h be5 "r4 ,he also  c>ri$ ,e-/r+s 9 8   
wai/-coat pocket dur+ wet wea!r1 because
  he ma9ta9$1 & p]haps ju/ly1 t !y !n   
la/$ bett]4          ,,xix4 ,,! ,,/r+s4 
,x is v difficult to decide on ! quality
 ( ! /r+s2 _!  be+ light or d>k-col\r$  
has no influ5ce on _! durability4 ,!    
natural col\r ( ! /r+s is d>k1 ^? ( a   
light] %ade hav+  be5 sulphur$ to r5d]  
!m s4 ,! ,italian /r+s are at pres5t    
unrivall$1 b c>e %\ld be tak5 t !y d n  
feel too h>d4  ,! *oice ( /r+s accord+  
to _! ?ickness really dep5ds on  p]sonal
 pref]5ce1 b z a rule ^? only ( m$ium   

size %\ld be  *os51 :i* accord+ to !    
,fr5* measurem5t ( /r+s w\ld be  #ad    
degrees = ! ,g-/r+1 #bc = ! ,d-/r+1 #ad 
= ! ,a-/r+  & #ab = ! ,e-/r+4    ,! l>g]
 ! viol9 is1 ! weak] %\ld be ! /r+s4 ,! 
notion  t a half-siz$ viol9 %\ld be     
?9-/r+$1 is q errone\s1  x %\ld1 on !   
contr>y1 h /r+s z /rong z a full-siz$   
viol91 = ow+ to ! %ort] l5g?1 ! /r+s1 if
 !y be a  weak set1 become too loose & d
 n give a true s\nd1 & (f]  insuffici5t 
resi/ance "u ! pressure ( ! b[4         
,,xx4 ,,! ,,v>ni%4      ,!re has be5 =  
_m ye>s a w>m & to a c]ta9 ext5t        
undecid$  discussion go+ on1 z to :e!r !
 v>ni%es us$ by ,italian  viol9 mak]s 7 
oily & sl[-dry+ ones or _s v>ni%es4 ,to 
inve/igate ?is matt] /ill fur!r1 & to   
arrive at a correct  decision1 w h to be
 left to ! future4    ,i am1 h[ev]1 ( ! 
op9ion t ! old ma/]s made use ( _s  or  
turp5t9e-oil until ! middle ( la/       
c5tury1 b nev] (  l9se$-oil or          
turp5t9e-oil v>ni%1 z has be5 (t5       
ass]t$4    ,my op9ion is support$ by !  

foll[+ fact4 ,9 ! ye> #ahfj ,i _h  !    
good =tune to buy a real ,nicolas ,amati
 lute :i*1 al?\gh v  mu* knock$ ab\t1   
/ill reta9$ a ?ick v>ni% ( a mo/        
beautiful  gold col\r4 ,= my in=mation  
,i took ! v>ni% (f1 9 ord] to  submit x 
to ! analysis ( a clev] *emi/ :o1 be+ a 
tal5t$  amateur viol9i/ & also a pupil (
 ,spohr1 %[$ great int]e/ 9  ! matt] &  
communicat$ to me1 z ! result ( 8       
inve/igations1  ?is fact t among !      
quantity ( v>ni% :i* ,i _h plac$ at  8  
comm&1 !re 0 n a trace ( evid5ce :i*    
c\ld lead to  ! conclusion t l9se$-oil  
v>ni% _h be5 employ$4 ,9 my own         
rese>*es ,i f\nd t ! v>ni% 0 imm$iately 
dissolv$ 9 _s  ( only #ij p] c5t41 :ile 
9 oil ( turp5t9e & l9se$-oil x 0        
sc>cely affect$1 & by boil+ only a small
 portion 0 remov$4  ,aga91 x is n       
probable t ,/radiv>ius1 9 ^: work%ops   
ab\t  #cjjj viol9s 7 con/ruct$1 w\ld h  
employ$ l9se$-oil v>ni%1  see+ t x w\ld 
h requir$1 9 ea* case1 six mon?s = !    
viol9 to get ?or\ghly dry4    ,!re are  

_m res9s :i* c be dissolv$ 9 _s or oil (
  turp5t9e & us$ z a v>ni%1 b ! pref]5ce
 is g5]ally  giv5 to _s-v>ni%1 z x dries
 m quickly4 ,if ! _s or  turp5t9e-oil   
has evaporat$1 only ! res9 rema9s4    ,!
 greate/ att5tion mu/ be paid to !      
relative h>dness ( !  res9 & ! wood1 =  
bo? %\ld be ( equal d5sity4 ,h>d res9   
h9d]s ! vibration ( ! wood1 &           
consequ5tly ! quality ( tone  suff]s4   
,9 my op9ion %ellac is q useless =      
v>ni%+1 x be+ mu*  too h>d1 b nev]!less 
x has be5 employ$ f #aggj until !       
pres5t day1 9 spite ( ! fact t ! be/    
,italian in/rum5t  might be completely  
ru9$ by be+ v>ni%$ ) x4 ,9 all  ,italian
 in/rum5ts ! old v>ni% is always v por\s
 & s(t1  & c easily be dissolv$ by !    
application ( _s1 :ile1  on ! contr>y1 x
 requires great lab\r to effect ! same )
  turp5t9e-oil4    ,_m p affirm t ! art 
( mix+ ! old ,italian v>ni% :i*  s *>ms 
u ) its brilliancy & transp>5cy1 is no  
long] kn[n1  9 fact t x is = ev] lo/4 ,i
 am1 h[ev]1 ( a diff]5t op9ion  & ma9ta9

 t our mod]n v>ni%es are q equal to !   
old1 b  :at we h until n[ be5 unable to 
produce sci5tifically1 is !  gold5-br[n 
und]gr\nd :i* ! wood ( old] viol9s has  
acquir$  ?r\gh age & o!r influ5ces4 ,!  
pro( ( ?is ,i h practically  demon/rat$ 
by v>ni%+ old in/rum5ts ) new v>ni%1 9  
imitation1 ) su* success z to ar\se !   
wond] ( connoisseurs1  ! v>ni% be+ q z  
transp>5t & brilliant-col\r$ z t  us$ = 
viol9s 9 ! la/ c5tury4    ,to "o o!r    
po9t ,i %\ld l to call ! att5tion ( !   
read]4  ,9 repair+ old in/rum5ts ( ! "t 
( ,/radiv>ius1 ,i h f\nd  t an          
extraord9>y cleanl9ess & lu/re is obta9$
 by rubb+  !m ) f9e glass-pap]1 :i* is n
 ! case ) ,tyrolean &  ,g]man viol9s ( !
 same p]iod4 ,at a lat] p]iod ?is       
peculi>ity  0 n met ) s frequ5tly & f ! 
ye> #agej n at all4  ,?is fact ,i       
prim>ily attribute to ! action ( ! res9 
on !  wood1 be+ also ( op9ion t ! f9e   
du/ ( ! same gets firmly  emb$d$ 9 !    
pores ( ! wood1 & 9 ?is way1 9 c\rse (  
"t1  a m or less ?ick coat+ is =m$4     

,= "o ( ^! practical exp]im5ts ,i took a
 viol9 :i* ,i _h  made myself & ! tone (
 :i*1 ?r\gh ye>s ( con/ant use1  0 !re=e
 q famili> to me1 & gave x a coat+ (    
melt$  res9 on ! inside4 ,aft] ?is 0    
?or\ghly dry & h>d5$1 ,i  poli%$ !      
int]ior & rem>k$ ! be=e-m5tion$         
smoo?ness  & brilliancy1 ! obta9+ ( :i* 
firmly conv9c$ me t ,i _h  discov]$ !   
tru? ( ! matt]4 ,al?\gh1 aft] ! glue+-on
 (  ! belly1 all ! =m] conditions ( !   
viol9 rema9$ un*ang$1  yet ,i 0 a/oni%$ 
to f9d :at a common-place squeak+ tone !
  in/rum5t _h acquir$1 ?us prov+ to me t
 ) ! melt$ res9  ,i _h obta9$ 9 ! end   
exactly ! opposite effect to t :i*  ,i  
_h hop$ =4 ,i 0 oblig$ to re/ cont5t$ ) 
my failure =  a long "t1 :5 a lucky     
*ance came to my help4 ,x 0 ?is4 ,i     
receiv$ a real ,casp> da ,salo          
violoncello to repair1 :i* _h nev]  be5 
op5$ & seem$ to h be5 v little play$ ^u1
 = on x  ,i f\nd an old bridge :i* ,i   
kept z an ornam5t & curiosity1 &  :i*1  
on clos] exam9ation1 ,i f\nd 0 v>ni%$4  

,:5 ,i op5$ ! cello1 x 0 prov$ )\t a    
d\bt t !  int]ior _h also receiv$ a     
coat+1 probably to protect x f du/1     
etc4 ,! celebrat$ old viol9 mak]s1 9 s  
do+1 h pursu$ !  "r c\rse4 ,?is discov]y
 also corroborat$ my own supposition1  t
 ! old ma/]s v>ni%$ bo? ! int]ior &     
bridge ( !  in/rum5ts !y made4    ,n[1 9
 ord] to obta9 a gr\nd-prim+1 ,i pa9t ! 
viol91 :5  ! wood ( :i* x is con/ruct$  
is 9 its natural /ate1 ?ree  times )    
pyroligne\s acid1 ) :i* a gold5-br[n    
und]gr\nd  is obta9$1 !n foll[s a s+le  
coat+ ( _s & balsam (  ,p]u 9 equal     
proportions1 & aft] ?is "o or two coats 
( a weak  solution ( gamboge or anotta1 
& f9ally1 ov] all ?is ,i lay on #bj  or 
#cj coats ( v>ni%1 accord+ to ! ?ickness
 requir$1 & :i*  ,i prep>e z foll[s3--  
,dissolve ?ree p>ts ( s&>ac & "o ( ma/ic
 9 _s1 & 9  ord] t x may be laid on m   
easily1 add to ea* half a litre#a  (    
v>ni%1 t5 drops ( oil ( turp5t9e4 ,!    
col\r+ ( !  v>ni% ,i obta9 f turm]ic &  
bright r$ s&al-wood by means  ( _s1 us+ 

m or less ( x1 accord+ z to ! light] or 
d>k] tone requir$2 if a br[n v>ni% is   
requir$1 "s soot f  turp5t9e-oil mu/ be 
add$ to ! _s4    ,i h made innum]able   
exp]im5ts ) o!r res9s & col\r+  matt]s1 
b 9 ! end ,i always return to ^? m5tion$
 above z !  be/ to be us$4              
,dragon's-blood mu/ n be employ$1 !     
col\r n  be+ fa/4    ,:5 ! v>ni% is dry1
 x mu/ be v c>efully poli%$ ) f9ely     
p[d]$ pumice-/one & l9se$-oil1 appli$ ) 
a piece ( felt4    #a ,half a litre is v
 little less ?an a p9t4          ,,xxi4 
,,! ,,clean+ ,,& ,,c>e ,,( ,,! ,,viol94 
,! in/rum5t mu/ always be kept ?or\ghly 
clean & aft] use  %\ld be c>efully wip$ 
) a silk5 du/]4 ,if any dirt %\ld  adh]e
 to x 9 spite ( ?is precaution1 x c be  
easily remov$ by  g5tly rubb+ x ) a     
piece ( l951 moi/5$ ) wat]1 &  aft]w>ds 
wip+ x ov] ) oil ( turp5t9e4 ,! res9 :i*
  accumulates on ! f+]-bo>d & /r+s c 9  
case ( necessity be  remov$ by !        
application ( a little _s1 or bett]     
/ill1 by t  ( ,eau de ,cologne1 b great 

c>e mu/ be tak5 9 ! application1 s  t ! 
_s does n t\* ! v>ni% ( ! belly4 ,_s w  
also clean ! /r+s & remove f !m ! effect
 ( p]spiration2  ! bridge may also be   
clean$ ) x f "t to "t1 b z /at$  be=e1 x
 mu/ be done cauti\sly1 especially 9 !  
case ( old &  valuable in/rum5ts ( ! "t 
( ,/radiv>ius4 ,! m rec5tly  con/ruct$  
viol9s are mo/ly v>ni%$ ) %ellac1 &     
consequ5tly  are n at all or1 at mo/1 v 
little affect$ by ! application (  _s4  
,! int]ior ( a viol9 %\ld also sometimes
 be clean$2 ?is c be  done by putt+     
?r\gh ! ,f-holes two or ?ree h&sfull (  
co>se  kit*5 salt2 ^! %\ld !n be cov]$ )
 a clo? & ! salt  well %ak5 ab\t1 z x w 
?us collect all ! du/1 res9 &  o!r dirt 
:i* may be 9 ! viol91 & :5 %ak5 out w   
c>ry  all ^! impurities ) x4 ,! /r+s ne$
 n be tak5 (f 9  ord] to effect ?is4    
,,xxii4 ,,! ,,b[4      ,! rank (        
,franois ,t\rte among viol9-b[ mak]s is 
z prom95t a  "o z t ( ,/radiv>ius among 
viol9 mak]s4 ,ea* has supplem5t$  ! o!r4
 ,t\rte di$ 9 ,p>is 9 ! ye> #ahce at !  

age ( #hh1  aft] a life ( usefulness    
almo/ z long z t ( ,/radiv>ius4 ,he     
br\ght ! mak+ ( b[s = /r+$ in/rum5ts to 
su* p]fection1  t ^? b[ mak]s :o h      
succe$$ him1 h nev] deviat$ v  f> f !   
models he left4    ,i %all "h make a few
 obs]vations on ! *>act]i/ics ( real    
,t\rte b[s :i* h cross$ my pa?4    ,!   
quality1 z well z money value1 ( a b[   
seems entirely to dep5d  ^u its %ape1   
:e!r ! /ick is r\nd or angul>4 ,! :ole  
l5g?  ( ! b[ f ! po9t to ! end ( ! nut  
%\ld be #gc to #gd  c5timetres4 ,! l5g? 
( ! hair f ! l[] "p ( ! head to  ! nut  
%\ld measure #fc to #fd c5timetres2 !   
height ( ! head1  includ+ ! /ick &      
little plate1 %\ld be #bc m_/m42 !      
height (  ! nut ) ! /em to ! out] r+ :]e
 ! hair beg9s #bf m_/m42  ! bread? ( !  
hair on ! nut %\ld be #aa m_/m4 & on !  
head #aj  m_/m4 ,t\rte us$ f #hj to #ajj
 hairs = ea* b[1 b n[ f #aej to  #afj   
are tak54    ,! /ick is made (          
p]nambuco-wood & ! nut ( ebony2 tortoise
  %ell is h[ev] sometimes us$ = ! latt]4

 ,! decoration may  be 9 ,g]man silv]1  
silv] or gold1 accord+ to ! ta/e ( !    
possessor4    ,! /ick mu/ be cut /raight
 & l5g?wise ) ! ye>-r+s1 &  is          
manipulat$ 9 su* a way t ! side-view ( !
 b[ %[s !  horizontal l9es4 ,9 ?is      
condition ! prep>$ /ick mu/ be held  ov]
 a *>coal fire1 be gradually & equally  
heat$1 until x c be  sc>cely reta9$ 9 ! 
h&1 & !n x mu/ imm$iately be b5t  across
 ! knee to su* a degree1 z to all[ !    
hair ( ! f9i%$  b[ to lie ^u ! /ick4 ,to
 accompli% ?is successfully1 a c]ta9    
am\nt ( practice & caution is requir$4  
,! weight ( a b[ :5  f9i%$ %\ld n exce$ 
#ed to #eg grammes4    ,t\rte nev]      
poli%$ nor v>ni%$ 8 b[s1 b only rubb$ !m
  smoo? ) pumice-/one & l9se$-oil4 ,if  
v>ni% or poli% ( any  k9d is ev] f\nd on
 "o ( 8 b[s1 x has be5 put !re by o!r   
h&s ?an 84    ,x has (t5 be5 ass]t$ t   
,t\rte only left ! b[s unpoli%$  &      
unv>ni%$ f indiff]5ce1 & ,i mu/ confess 
t ,i also 0  once incl9$ to ?is op9ion  
until exp]i5ce taught me bett]4 ,ab\t   

#cj ye>s ago ,i b\ght a beautiful ,t\rte
 b[ :i* ,i h&$ to ,h]r  ,joa*im to te/4 
,x seem$ to him a little too heavy & ,i1
 9 my want ( exp]i5ce1  imag9$ t ,i c\ld
 easily meet ! wi% = dim9i%$ weight by  
a little "w4 ,i !re=e comm5c$ to "w ) a 
file ^u ?is  ma/]-piece1 b ,i f\nd !    
out] lay] ( ! wood z h>d z iron1  s t ,i
 _h a great deal ( tr\ble to less5 !    
circumf]5ce (  ! /ick4 ,?is circum/ance 
surpris$ me at ! outset ( ! "w1  z 9 !  
mak+ ( new b[s x nev] occurr$ to me     
be=e4 ,i 0 9  great fe>1 h[ev]1 at !    
conclusion ( my tr\blesome "w1 = ,i     
f\nd t ! b[ _h lo/ all ela/icity & p[]4 
,lat] on1 ! opportunity pres5t$ itself  
to me ( prov+ t  p]nambuco-wood :5      
expos$ to ! air h>d5s v rapidly1 & ,i   
am !re=e conv9c$ t ?is fact 0 kn[n to   
,t\rte & t  consequ5tly he only rubb$ 8 
b[s ) l9se$-oil1 9 ord] to  leave !m op5
 to ! influ5ce ( ! air1 s t ! /icks     
might  become h>d5$ & /r5g!n$4    ,if an
 old b[ has become slightly twi/$1 :i*  
may happ5 ) b[s  ( ! be/ make1 ?is fault

 c be rectifi$ by cauti\sly b5d+  x back
 to its orig9al =m ov] a *>coal fire1 & 
! b[ w  rega9 its =m] ela/icity4    ,if 
any ( my read]s desire to /udy m closely
 ! hi/ory (  /r+$ in/rum5ts1 ,i c       
recomm5d to !m v highly ! "w ^u  !      
subject f ! p5 ( ,julius ,rhlmann4      
,gtt+51 ,druck d] ,diet]i*'s*5          
,univ4-,bu*druck]ei von ,w4 ,fr4  ,k/n]4
          ,transcrib]'s ,notes    ,!    
figures ref]5c$ ?r\gh\t ! text are n    
pres5t 9 !  orig9al ,engli% edition4 ,y 
c f9d !m 9 ! orig9al ,g]man ,die  ,geige
 und ihr ,bau on ,google ,books4    ,!  
numb]+ ( ! *apt] on ! back & edges 0    
correct$ to ,,iv4  in/ead ( ,,vi4 9 !   
table ( cont5ts4    ,page #aj3          
8intsrum5t mak]s0 *ang$ to 8in/rum5t    
mak]s0    ,page #bh3 8,my op99on0 *ang$ 
to 8,my op9ion0    ,page #cd3 8opon ?is 
ma/]-piece0 *ang$ to 8^u ?is ma/]-piece0