,transcrib]'s ,notes ,obvi\s typographical errors h be5 sil5tly correct$4 ,v>iations 9 hyph5ation h be5 /&>dis$ b all o!r spell+1 punctuation & acc5ts rema9s un*ang$4 ,italics are repres5t$ ?us italic1 bold ?us bold4 ,a ref]5ce to ,monism z 8de/ructive ( culture1 etc40 9 ! index to page #dej1 :i* does n exi/1 has be5 *ang$ to #cej4 ,! repetition ( section titles on consecutive pages has be5 remov$4 ,,! ,,case ,,aga9/ ,,evolution publi%]'s monogram ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company ,,new ,,york ,,bo/on ,,*icago ,,dallas ,,atlanta ,,san ,,francisco ,,macmillan ,,co41 ,,limit$ ,,london ,,bombay ,,calcutta ,,melb\rne ,,! ,,macmillan ,,co4 ,,( ,,canada1 ,,ltd4 ,,toronto ,,! ,,case ,,aga9/ ,,evolution ,,by ,,george ,,b>ry ,o',,toole1 ,,ph4 ,d41 ,s4,t4,d4 ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,!ology ,,& ,,pr(essor ,,em]itus ,,( ,,philosophy1 ,,/4 ,,v9c5t ,,ar*abbey2 ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,animal ,,biology1 ,,seton ,,hill ,,college ,new ,york ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company #aibf ,all rights res]v$ ,,copyright1 #aibe1 ,,by ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company4 ,set up & electrotyp$4 ,publi%$ ,april1 #aibe4 ,repr9t$ ,febru>y1 #aibf4 ,pr9t$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica by ,j4 ,j4 ,,little ,,& ,,ives ,,company1 ,,new ,,york ,,to ,,my ,,"m ,,add5da ,,note ,,to ,,page #bc4-- ,z a result ( rec5t inve/igations on ! sex *romosomes & *romosome numb]s 9 mammals1 ,!ophilus ,s4 ,pa9t] rea*es ! conclusions t polyploidy _c be invok$ to expla9 evolution )9 ?is class4 ,aft] giv+ a table ( *romosome numb]s = #g out ( ! #i eu!rian ord]s1 ,pa9t] concludes3 8,! facts record$ above are ( especial int]e/ 9 t !y indicate a unity ( *romosome composition above ! m>supial level & effectively dispose ( ! sugge/ion t ext5sive polyploidy may h occurr$ )9 ?is subclass4 8,9 ! m>supials ! *romosome numb] is a l[ "o & 9 ! opossum is #bb4 ,at fir/ sight x might appe> t ! eu!rian condition might h aris5 f ?is by tetraploidy4 ,!re are two objections1 h[ev]4 ,9 ! fir/ place ! bulk ( ! *romat9 9 m>supials is ab\t ! same z 9 ! eu!ria1 us+ ! sex *romosome z our measure4 ,9 ! second place1 polyploidy c\ld sc>cely occur successfully 9 animals ) ,x-,y sex *romosomes1 z mo/ mammals possess1 because ( ! complication occurr+ 9 ! sex *romosome balance0 7,sci5ce1 ,april #ag1 #aibe1 p4 #dbd74 ,z ! ,x-,y type ( sex *romosomes occurs widely n only among v]tebrates1 b also among insects1 nematodes1 & e*9od]ms1 ,pa9t]'s latt] objection excludes evolution by polyploidy f a l>ge portion ( ! animal k+dom4 ,,note ,,to ,,page #ij4-- ,especially repreh5sible1 9 ?is respect1 are ! recon/ructions ( ! ,pi!can?ropus1 ! ,eoan?ropus1 & o!r alleg$ pi!co-human l9ks model$ by ,mc,gregor & o!rs4 ,^! imag9ative productions1 9 :i* cranial fragm5ts are arbitr>ily complet$ & fancifully ov]lay$ ) a v5e]+ ( human features1 h no sci5tific value or ju/ification4 ,x is consol+1 !re=e1 to note t ! great ,fr5* palontologi/1 ,m>cel9 ,b\le1 9 8 rec5t book 8,les ,hommes ,fossiles0 7,p>is1 #aiba71 has ent]$ a timely prote/ aga9/ ! appe>ance ( su* recon/ructions 9 s]i\s sci5tific works4 8,dubois & ,man\vri]10 he says1 8h giv5 recon/ructions ( ! skull & ev5 ( ! head 7( ! ,pi!can?ropus74 ,^! attempts made by m$ical m51 are mu* too hypo!tical1 because we d n possess a s+le elem5t = ! recon/ruction ( ! basis ( ! bra9 case1 or ( ! jawbones4 ,we are surpris$ to see t a great palontologi/1 ,osborn1 publi%es ef=ts ( ?is k9d4 ,dubois proce$$ /ill f>!r 9 ! realm ( imag9ation :5 he exhibit$ at ! univ]sal exposition ( ,p>is a pla/ic & pa9t$ reproduction ( ! ,pi!can?ropus0 7op4 cit41 p4 #aje74 ,& else:]e he rem>ks3 8,"s true savants h publi%$ portraits1 cov]$ ) fle% & hair1 n only ( ! ,ne&]tal ,man1 ^: skeleton is kn[n well en\gh today1 b also ( ! ,man ( ,piltd[n1 ^: remnants are s fragm5t>y2 ( ! ,man ( ,heidelb]g1 ( :om we h only ! l[] jawbone2 ( ! ,pi!can?ropus1 ( :om !re exi/s only a piece ( ! cranium & 444 two tee?4 ,su* reproductions may h _! place 9 works ( ! l[e/ popul>ization4 ,b !y v mu* deface ! books1 ?\gh o!rwise valuable1 into :i* !y are introduc$40 444 8,m5 ( sci5ce--& ( consci5ce--"k ! difficulties ( su* attempts too well to reg>d !m z any?+ m ?an a pa/ime0 7op4 cit41 p4 #bbg74 ,,note ,,to ,,page #cdb4-- ,a f\r? possibility is sugge/$ by ! case ( ! s-call$ skull ( ! ,galley ,hill ,man1 ( ^: importance z a prehi/oric l9k ,sir ,ar?ur ,kei? held a v high op9ion1 b :i* has s9ce turn$ out to be no skull at all1 b m]ely an odd-%ap$ piece ( /one4 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,=eword xi ,,"p ,i--,,evolution ,,9 ,,g5]al ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,pres5t ,,crisis ,,9 ,,evolution>y ,,?\ght #a ,,ii ,,homology ,,& ,,its ,,evolution>y ,,int]pretation #ca ,,iii ,,fossil ,,p$igrees #ff ,,"p ,,ii--,,! ,,problem ,,( ,,orig9s ,i ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,life #aca ,,ii ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,human ,,s\l #ahi ,,iii ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,human ,,body #bfh ,,aft]word #cdi ,,gloss>y ,,index ,,to ,,au?ors ,,index ,,( ,,subjects ,,=eword ,! lit]ature on ! subject ( evolution has already atta9$ su* va/ dim5sions t any attempt to add to x has ! appe>ance ( be+ bo? sup]flu\s & presumptu\s4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 9 ! fact t ! g5]ality ( mod]n works are frankly p>tisan 9 _! treatm5t ( ?is !me t ! publication ( ! pres5t "w f9ds ju/ification4 ,= ! philosoph]s & sci5ti/s ( ! day evolution is evid5tly some?+ :i* admits ( no debate & :i* mu/ be ma9ta9$ at all co/s4 ,^! ?9k]s are too int5t ^u mak+ out a plausible case = ! !ory to take any?+ m ?an ! milde/ int]e/ 9 ! facts oppos$ to x4 ,if !y adv]t to !m at all1 x is always to m9imize1 & nev] to acc5tuate1 _! antagoni/ic =ce4 ,= ! mom5t1 at any rate1 ! m9ds ( sci5tific writ]s are clos$ to unfavorable1 & op5 only to favorable1 evid5ce1 s t "o mu/ look else:]e ?an 9 _! pages = adequate pres5tation ( ! case aga9/ evolution4 ,! pres5t "w aims at sett+ =? ! side ( ! "q :i* x is n[ ! fa%ion to suppress4 ,x refuses to be b\nd by ! conv5tion :i* prescribes t evolution %all be l5i5tly criticiz$4 ,x proce$s1 9 fact1 ^u ! opposite assumption1 namely1 t a g5u9ely sci5tific !ory ought n to /& 9 ne$ ( indulg5ce1 b %\ld be able1 on ! contr>y1 to endure ! acid te/ ( m]ciless criticism4 ,evolution has be5 t]m$ a 8necess>y hypo!sis40 ,we h no qu>rel ) ! phrase1 provid$ x really means evolution z an hypo!sis1 & n evolution z a dogma4 ,=1 obvi\sly1 ! problem ( a gradual diff]5tiation ( organic species _c ev5 be inve/igat$ ^u ! fixi/ic assumption1 inasmu* z ?is assumption de/roys ! problem at ! v outset4 ,unless we assume ! possibility1 at lea/1 t mod]n species ( plants & animals may h be5 ! product ( a gradual process1 !re is no problem to inve/igate4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 a f> cry f ! possibility to ! actuality2 & ! m]e fact t an hypo!sis is necess>y z an inc5tive to inve/igation does n by any means imply t ! result ( ! inve/igation w be ! v9dication ( its inspirational hypo!sis4 ,on ! contr>y1 rese>* (t5 results 9 ! ov]?r[ ( ! v hypo!sis :i* l$ to its inception4 ,we c1 !re=e1 q readily admit ! necessity ( evolution z an hypo!sis1 :ile reject+ its necessity z a dogma4 ,ass5t to evolution z a dogma is advocat$ n only by mat]iali/s1 :o see 9 evolution>y cosmogony pro( positive ( _! monism & ! complete ov]?r[ ( ! idea ( ,creation1 b also by c]ta9 ,ca?olic sci5ti/s1 :o seem to fe> t religion may become involv$ 9 ! anticipat$ ru9 ( fixism4 ,?us all resi/ance to ! !ory ( evolution is deprecat$ by ,fa!r ,wasmann & ,canon ,dorlodot on ! assumption t ! ultimate triumph ( ?is !ory is inevitable1 & t failure to make provision = ?is ev5tuality w lead to j su* ano!r blund] z !ologians ( ! sixte5? c5tury made 9 connection ) ! ,cop]nican !ory4 ,recollection ( ! ,galileo incid5t is1 d\btless1 salut>y1 9 s f> z x sugge/s ! wisdom ( caution & ! imp]ative necessity ( close contact ) asc]ta9$ facts1 b a consid]ation ( ?is sort is no w>rant :atev] = an uncritical acceptance ( :at /ill rema9s unv]ifi$4 ,hi/ory te/ifies t v]ification foll[$ close ^u ! heels ( ! initial proposal ( ! helioc5tric !ory1 b ! :ole tr5d ( sci5tific discov]y has be5 to de/roy1 r ?an to confirm1 all def9ite =mulations ( ! evolutional !ory1 9 spite ( ! imm5se erudition exp5d$ 9 revis+ !m4 ,!re is1 9 brief1 no p>ity at all betwe5 ,trans=mism & ! ,cop]nican !ory4 ,among o!r po9ts ( diff]5ce1 ,tuccimei notes especially ! foll[+3 8,! ,cop]nican sy/em10 he rem>ks1 8expla9s t :i* is1 :]eas evolution attempts to expla9 t :i* 02 x ent]s1 9 o!r words1 into ! problem ( orig9s1 an insoluble problem 9 ! e/imation ( _m illu/ri\s evolutioni/s1 accord+ to :om no exp]im5tal v]ification is possible1 giv5 ! processes & factors 9 conjunction ) :i* ! !ory 0 propos$4 ,b :at is ( /ill great] significance = ^? :o desire to see a p>allelism betwe5 ! two !ories is ! fact t ! ,cop]nican sy/em became1 ) ! discov]ies ( ,newton1 a demon/rat$ !sis1 sc>cely fifty ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ,galileo2 ! !ory ( evolution1 on ! o!r h&1 is at ! pres5t day no long] able to hold its own ev5 z an hypo!sis1 s num]\s are its incoh]5cies & ! objections to x rais$ by its own p>tisans40 78,la ,decad5za di una ,teoria10 #aijh1 p4 #aa47 ,! prospect1 !n1 ( a r5ewal ( ! ,galileo episode is exce$+ly remote4 ,f> m imm95t to ! writ] seems ! dang] t ! well-int5tion$ rescu]s ( religion may be oblig$ to p]=m a mo/ humiliat+ volte face1 aft] hav+ accept$ all too ha/ily a doctr9e favor$ only = ! "t be+ 9 sci5tific circles4 ,x is1 9 fact1 by no means inconceivable t ! sci5tific _w w ev5tually disc>d ! n[ preval5t dogma ( evolution4 ,9 t case ^? :o h se5 fit to reconcile religion ) evolution w h ! que/ionable pleasure ( unreconcil+ x 9 response to ?is rev]sal ( sci5tific op9ion4 ,on ! :ole1 ! safe/ attitude t[>d evolution is ! agno/ic "o4 ,x commits u to no unc]ta9 position4 ,x does n compromise our intellectual s9c]ity by requir+ u to accept ! dogmatism ( sci5tific or?odoxy z a sub/itute = objective evid5ce4 ,x precludes ! possible emb>rassm5t ( hav+ to unsay :at we =m]ly said4 ,& la/1 b n lea/1 x is ! attitude ( simple tru?2 = ! true/ ?+ t ,sci5ce is1 or ev] w be1 able to say conc]n+ ! problem ( organic orig9s is t %e kn[s no?+ ab\t x4 ,9 ! pres5t "w1 we %all endeavor to %[ t ,evolution has long s9ce deg5]at$ into a dogma1 :i* is believ$ 9 spite ( ! facts1 & n on acc\nt ( !m4 ,! fir/ ?ree *apt]s deal ) ! !ory 9 g5]al1 discuss+ 9 turn its g5etical1 morphological1 & geological aspects4 ,! la/ ?ree *apt]s are devot$ to ! problem ( orig9s1 & treat ( ! g5esis ( life1 ( ! human s\l1 & ( ! human body1 respectively4 ,:ile ?is book is 9 no s5se a "w ( 8popul> sci5ce10 ,i h s\ght to broad5 its scope & int]e/ by comb9+ ! sci5tific ) ! philosophic viewpo9t4 ,c]ta9 portions ( ! text are unavoidably te*nical1 b !re is mu*1 besides1 t ! g5]al read] w be able to foll[ )\t difficulty4 ,/ud5ts1 especially ( biology1 geology1 & exp]im5tal psy*ology1 may use x to advantage z supplem5t>y read+ 9 connection ) _! textbooks4 ,i wi% to ackn[l$ge h]e) my indebt$ness to ! ,editor ( ! ,ca?olic ,educational ,review1 ,rev4 ,george ,johnson1 ,ph4 ,d41 to ^: sugge/ion & enc\ragem5t ! inception ( ?is "w 0 l>gely due4 ,i desire also to express my s9c]e appreciation ( ! s]vices r5d]$ 9 ! revision ( ! manuscript by ! ,rev4 ,edw>d ,w5/rup1 ,o4,s4,b41 ,pr(essor ( ,zology1 ,/4 ,v9c5t ,college1 ,p5nsylvania4 ,,b>ry ,o',,toole4 ,,/4 ,,v9c5t ,,ar*abbey1 ,janu>y #cj1 #aibe4 ,,"p ,i ,,evolution ,,9 ,,g5]al ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,pres5t ,,crisis ,,9 ,,evolution>y ,,?\ght ,?ree prom95t m51 a sci5ti/1 a publici/1 & an orator1 h rec5tly made pron\ncem5ts on ! !ory ( ,evolution4 ,! trio1 ( c\rse1 to :om allusion is made1 are ,bateson1 ,wells1 & ,bryan4 ,z a result ( _! utt]ances1 !re has be5 a g5]al reawak5+ ( int]e/ 9 ! problem to :i* !y drew att5tion4 ,aga9 & aga91 9 popul> z well z sci5tific publications1 m5 are rais+ & answ]+ ! "q3 8,is ,d>w9ism dead80 ,manifold & v>i\s are ! answ]s giv51 b none ( !m appe>s to take ! =m ( an unqualifi$ affirmation or negation4 ,"s reply by draw+ a di/9ction betwe5 ,d>w9ism1 z a synonym = ! !ory ( evolution 9 g5]al1 & ,d>w9ism1 9 ! s5se ( ! p>ticul> =m ( t !ory :i* _h ,d>w9 = its au?or4 ,mod]n rese>*1 !y assure u1 has n affect$ ! =m]1 b has necessitat$ a revision ( ideas ) respect to ! latt]4 ,!re are o!r =ms ( evolution besides ,d>w9ism1 &1 z a matt] ( fact1 n ,d>w91 b ,lam>ck 0 ! orig9ator ( ! sci5tific !ory ( evolution4 ,o!rs1 ?\gh imitat+ ! prud5ce ( ! fir/ gr\p 9 _! avoidance ( a categorical answ]1 pref] to reply by means ( a di/9ction bas$ ^u _! int]pretation ( ! realities ( ! problem r ?an ^u any m]e t]m9ological consid]ation4 ,( ! second gr\p1 "s1 l ,osborn1 di/+ui% betwe5 ! law ( evolution & ! !oretical explanations ( ?is law propos$ by individual sci5ti/s4 ,! exi/5ce ( ! law itself1 !y insi/1 is n op5 to "q2 x is only ) respect to hypo!ses explanatory ( ! a=esaid law t d\bt & disagreem5t exi/4 ,! obvi\s objection to su* a solution is t1 if evolution is really a law ( nature1 x ought to be r$ucible to "s cle>-cut ma!matical =mula comp>able to ! =mulations ( ! laws ( con/ant1 multiple1 & reciprocal proportion 9 *emi/ry1 or ( ! laws ( segregation1 assortm5t1 & l9kage 9 g5etics4 ,assum+1 !n1 t x is a g5u9e law1 h[ is x t today no "o v5tures to =mulate ?is evolutional law 9 def9ite & quantitative t]ms8 ,o!rs1 compris+1 p]haps1 a majority1 pref] to di/+ui% betwe5 ! fact & ! causes ( evolution4 ,practically all sci5ti/s1 !y av]1 agree 9 accept+ evolution z an e/abli%$ fact2 x is only ) ref]5ce to ! ag5cies ( evolution t controv]sy & unc]ta9ty are p]missible4 ,to ?is cont5tion "o may ju/ly reply t1 by all ! canons ( l+ui/ic usage1 a fact is an obs]v$ or exp]i5c$ ev5t1 & t hi!rto no "o 9 ! pa/ or pres5t has ev] be5 privileg$ to witness ) 8 s5ses ev5 s elem5tal a ph5om5on 9 ! evolution>y process z ! actual orig9 ( a new & g5u9e organic species4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! admission be made t ! t]m 8fact0 is "h us$ 9 an unte*nical s5se to d5ote an inf]r$ ev5t po/ulat$ = ! purpose ( int]pret+ c]ta9 natural ph5om5a1 !n ! /atem5t t ! majority ( mod]n sci5ti/s agree z to ! 8fact0 ( evolution may be all[$ to /&1 ) no fur!r comm5t ?an to note t ! =midable numb] & pre/ige ( ! advocates fail to intimidate u4 ,consid]ations ( ?is sort are :olly irrelevant1 = 9 sci5ce no less ?an 9 philosophy au?ority is wor? z mu* z its argum5ts & no m4 ,! limit$ k ( ! facts possess$ by ! biologi/s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury left _! imag9ations p]il\sly unfett]$ & p]mitt$ !m to indulge 9 a v]itable orgy ( !oriz+4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 t ! trail blaz$ by ! great ,augu/9ian ,abbot1 ,m5del1 has be5 r$iscov]$1 "w ( real value is be+ done ) ! se$ pan1 ! incubator1 ! microtome1 etc41 & ! w+s ( irresponsible speculation are clipp$4 ,rec5t advances 9 ?is new field ( ,m5delian g5etics h made x possible to subject to critical exam9ation all t =m]ly w5t "u ! "n ( 8exp]im5tal evid5ce0 ( evolution4 ,ev5 ) respect to ! inf]5tial or circum/antial evid5ce f palontology1 ! enorm\s deluge ( fossils une>!d by ! tireless zeal ( mod]n inve/igators has annihilat$1 by its %e] complexity1 ! ha/y g5]alizations & facile simplifications ( a g5]ation ago1 =c+ ! adoption ( a m critical attitude4 ,=m]ly1 a grad$ s]ies ( fossil g5]a suffic$ = ! con/ruction ( a 8palontological p$igree02 n[1 ! work] 9 ?is field dem&s t ! *a9 ( desc5t %all be con/ruct$ ) species1 in/ead ( g5]a1 = l9ks--8,n till we h l9k$ species into l9eages1 c we gr\p !m into g5]a40 7,f4 ,a4 ,ba!r1 ,sci5ce1 ,sept4 #ag1 #aibj1 p4 #bfd47 ,?is rem>kable progress 9 sci5tific /udies has t5d$ to precipitate ! crisis 9 evolution>y ?\ght1 :i* we propose to consid] 9 ! pres5t *apt]4 ,be=e do+ s1 h[ev]1 x w be ( advantage to =mulate a cle> /atem5t ( ! problem at issue4 ,evolution1 or trans=mism1 z x is m prop]ly call$1 may be def9$ z ! !ory :i* reg>ds ! pres5t species ( plants & animals z modifi$ desc5dants ( e>li] =ms ( life4 ,n[adays1 !re=e1 ! pr9cipal use ( ! t]m evolution is to d5ote ! developm5tal !ory ( organic species4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 a ^w ( _m s5ses4 ,9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 = example1 x 0 employ$ 9 a s5se at v>iance ) ! pres5t usage1 t is1 to designate ! non-developm5tal !ory ( embryological encasem5t or pre=mation z oppos$ to ! developm5tal !ory ( epig5esis4 ,accord+ to ! !ory ( encasem5t1 ! adult organism did n arise by ! g5]ation ( new p>ts 7epig5esis71 b by a m]e 8unfold+0 7evolutio7 ( prexi/5t p>ts4 ,at pres5t1 h[ev]1 evolution is us$ z a synonym = trans=mism1 ?\gh x has o!r mean+s1 besides1 be+ sometimes us$ to signify ! =mation ( inorganic nature z well z ! trans=mation ( organic species4 ,evolution1 9 ! s5se ( trans=mism1 is oppos$ to fixism1 ! old] !ory ( ,l9n1 accord+ to :om no specific *ange is possible 9 plants & animals1 all organisms be+ assum$ to h p]si/$ 9 ess5tial sam5ess ( type f ! dawn ( organic life d[n to ! pres5t day4 ,! latt] !ory admits ! possibility ( environm5tally-induc$ modifications1 :i* are non-g]m9al & !re=e non-inh]itable4 ,x also admits ! possibility ( g]m9al *anges ( ! v>ietal1 z oppos$ to ! specific1 ord]1 b x ma9ta9s t all su* *anges are conf9$ )9 ! limits ( ! species1 & t ! b\nd>ies ( an organic species are impassable4 ,trans=mism1 on ! contr>y1 affirms ! possibility ( specific *ange1 & assumes t ! b\nd>ies ( organic species h actually be5 trav]s$4 ,:at1 !n1 is an organic species8 ,x may be def9$ z a gr\p ( organisms end[$ ) ! h>dihood necess>y to survive & propagate !mselves "u natural conditions 7i4e4 9 ! wild /ate71 exhibit+ a common inh]itable type1 diff]+ f "o ano!r by no major g]m9al diff]5ce1 p]fectly int]f]tile ) "o ano!r1 b sexually incompatible ) memb]s ( an ali5 specific gr\p1 9 su* wise t !y produce hybrids :olly1 or p>tially1 /]ile1 :5 cross$ ) organisms outside _! own specific gr\p4 ,david ,/>r ,jordan has wisely call$ att5tion to ! requisite ( viability & survival "u natural conditions4 8,a species10 he says1 8is n m]ely a =m or gr\p ( individuals di/+ui%$ f o!r gr\ps by def9able features4 ,a complete def9ition involves longevity4 ,a species is a k9d ( animal or plant :i* has run ! gauntlet ( ! ages & p]si/$4444 ,a =m is n a species until x has #8/ood4'0 7,sci5ce1 ,oct4 #bj1 #aibb1 p4 #ddh47 ,sexual 7gametic7 incompatibility z a crit]ion ( specific di/9ction1 presupposes ! bisexual or bip>5tal mode ( reproduction1 namely1 syngamy1 & is !re=e *iefly applicable to ! meti/a1 al?\gh1 if ! view t5tatively propos$ by ! protozologi/1 ,e4 ,a4 ,m9*91 be correct1 x w\ld also be applicable to ! proti/a4 ,accord+ to ?is view1 no proti/ type is a true species1 unless x is ma9ta9$ by syngamy 7i4e4 bisexual reproduction7--8,n until syngamy 0 acquir$10 says ,m9*91 8c\ld true species exi/ among ! ,proti/a40 78,an ,introduction to ! ,/udy ( ! ,protozoa10 p4 #ada47 ,to return1 h[ev]1 to ! meti/a1 ! horse 7,equus caballus7 & ! ass 7,equus as9us7 repres5t two di/9ct species "u a common g5us4 ,?is is indicat$ by ! fact t ! mule1 :i* is ! hybrid (fspr+ ( _! cross1 is entirely /]ile1 produc+ no (fspr+ :atev]1 :5 mat$ ) ass1 horse1 or mule4 ,su* total /]ility1 h[ev]1 is n ess5tial to ! pro( ( specific diff]5tiation2 x suffices t ! hybrid be less f]tile ?an its p>5ts4 ,z e>ly z #afhf1 /]ility 7total or p>tial7 ( ! hybrid 0 laid d[n by ,john ,ray z ! fundam5tal crit]ion ( specific di/9ction4 ,h5ce ,bateson compla9s t ,d>w9ian philosophy flagrantly 8ignor$ ! *ief attribute ( species fir/ po9t$ out by ,john ,ray t ! product ( _! crosses is frequ5tly /]ile 9 a great] or less] degree40 7,sci5ce1 ,jan4 #bj1 #aibb1 p4 #eh47 ,accord+ly1 ! sam5ess ( type requir$ 9 memb]s ( ! same species ref]s r to ! g5otype1 t is1 ! sum-total ( int]nal h]$it>y factors lat5t 9 ! g]m1 ?an to ! ph5otype1 t is1 ! express$ somatic *>act]s1 viz4 ! color1 /ructure1 size1 weight1 & all o!r p]ceptible prop]ties1 9 t]ms ( :i* a giv5 plant or animal is describ$4 ,?us x sometimes happ5s t two di/9ct species1 l ! pe>-tree & ! apple-tree1 resemble ea* o!r m closely1 z reg>ds _! ext]nal or somatic *>act]s1 ?an two v>ieties belong+ to "o & ! same species4 ,nev]!less1 ! pe>-tree & ! apple-tree are s unlike 9 _! g]m9al 7g5etic7 composition t !y _c ev5 be cross$4 ,accord+ to all !ories ( trans=mism1 new species arise ?r\gh ! trans=mation ( old species1 & h5ce evolutioni/s are at "o 9 affirm+ ! occurr5ce ( specific *ange4 ,:5 x comes1 h[ev]1 to assign+ ! ag5cies or factors1 :i* are suppos$ to h br\ght ab\t ?is transmutation ( organic species1 !re is a wide div]g5ce ( op9ion4 ,! old] sy/ems ( trans=mism1 namely1 ,lam>ckism & ,d>w9ism1 ascrib$ ! modification ( organic species to ! op]ation ( ! ext]nal factors ( ! environm5t1 :ile ! lat] s*ool ( or?og5esis attribut$ x to ! exclusive op]ation ( factors resid+ )9 ! organism itself4 ,lam>ckism1 = example1 made ! =mation ( organs a response to ext]nal conditions impos$ by ! environm5t4 ,! elephant1 accord+ to ?is view1 be+ maladju/$ to its environm5t by reason ( its clumsy bulk1 develop$ a trunk by us+ its nose to comp5sate = its lack ( pliancy & agility4 ,"h ! use or function prec$es ! organ & molds ! latt] to its ne$4 ,d>w9ism agrees ) ,lam>ckism 9 mak+ ! environm5t ! *ief arbit] ( modification4 ,its explanation ( ! elephant's trunk1 h[ev]1 is negative r ?an positive4 ,?is animal1 x tells u1 develop$ a trunk1 because failure to v>y 9 t useful direction w\ld h be5 p5aliz$ by ext]m9ation4 ,wilson pres5ts1 9 a v graphic mann]1 ! appall+ problem :i* confronts evolutioni/s :o seek to expla9 ! adaptations ( organisms by means ( environm5tal factors4 ,ref]r+1 app>5tly1 to ,h5d]son's 8,fitness ( ! ,environm5t10 he says3 8,x has be5 urg$ 9 a rec5t valuable "w 444 t fitness is a reciprocal relation1 involv+ ! environm5t no less ?an ! organism4 ,?is is bo? a true & sugge/ive ?\ght2 b does x n leave ! naturali/ fl\nd]+ amid ! same old quicks&s8 ,! hi/orical problem ) :i* he has to deal mu/ be grappl$ at clos] qu>t]s4 ,he is ev]y:]e confront$ ) specific devices 9 ! organism t mu/ h aris5 long aft] ! conditions ( environm5t to :i* !y are adju/$4 ,animals t live 9 wat] are provid$ ) gills4 ,7 ?is all1 we c\ld probably muddle along ) ! notion t gills are no m ?an lucky accid5ts4 ,b we enc\nt] a /ick+ po9t 9 ! fact t gills are s (t5 accompani$ by a v>iety ( +5i\s devices1 su* z res]voirs1 tubes1 valves1 pumps1 /ra9]s1 scrubb+ bru%es1 & ! l1 t are obvi\sly tribut>y to ! ma9 function ( brea?+4 ,giv5 wat]1 asks ! naturali/1 h[ has all ?is come into exi/5ce & be5 p]fect$8 ,! "q is an inevitable product ( our common s5se40 7,smi?son4 ,in/4 ,rpt4 = #aiae1 p4 #dje47 ,impress$ ) ! difficulty ( acc\nt+ = ! ph5om5a ( organic adaptation by means ( ! f> too g5]al & unspecific influ5ce ( ! environm5t1 ! or?og5etic s*ool ( trans=mism inaugurat$ by ,ngeli1 ,eim]1 & ,kllik] repudiat$ ?is explanation1 & s\ght to expla9 organic evolution on ! sole basis ( int]nal factors1 su* z 8directive pr9ciples10 or g]m9al det]m9ants4 ,accord+ to ?is conception1 ! elephant fir/ develop$ 8 trunk "u ! drive ( "s int]nal ag5cy1 & aft]w>ds s\ght out an environm5t 9 :i* ! newly-develop$ trunk w\ld be useful4 ,9 o!r words1 or?og5esis makes ! organ prec$e ! function1 & is !re=e ! exact rev]se ( ,lam>ckism4 ,evolutioni/s 9 g5]al1 z we h said1 reg>d our pres5t plants & animals z ! modifi$ prog5y ( e>li] =ms1 und]/&+ by 8modifi$0 t :i* is ! product ( a trans-specific1 z di/+ui%$ f a v>ietal or intra-specific1 *ange4 ,to sub/antiate ! claim t *anges ( specific magnitude h actually tak5 place1 !y appeal to two pr9cipal k9ds ( evid5ce1 namely3 7a7 empirical evid5ce bas$ on su* v>iations z are n[ obs]v$ to occur among liv+ organisms2 7b7 inf]5tial evid5ce1 :i* apo/]iori/ically d$uces ! common ance/ry ( alli$ organic types f _! resemblances & _! sequ5ce 9 geological "t4 ,h5ce1 if we omit z negligible c]ta9 subsidi>y argum5ts1 ! :ole evid5ce = organic evolution may be summ$ up "u ?ree heads3 7#a7 ! g5etic evid5ce gr\nd$ on ! facts ( v>iation2 7#b7 ! zological evid5ce bas$ on homology1 t is1 on /ructural resemblance toge!r ) all fur!r resemblances 7physiological & embryological71 :i* su* simil>ity entails2 7#c7 ! palontological evid5ce :i* re/s on ! gradual approximation ( fossil types to mod]n types1 :5 ! =m] are rang$ 9 a s]ies correspond+ to ! alleg$ *ronological ord] ( _! occurr5ce 9 ! geological /rata4 ,x is ! be>+ ( rec5t g5etical rese>* ^u ! fir/ ( ^! ?ree l9es ( evid5ce t we propose to exam9e 9 ! pres5t *apt]1 an objective to :i* a brief & r eclectic hi/orical survey ( evolution>y ?\ght appe>s to (f] ! easie/ av5ue ( approa*4 ,:ile _m biz>re speculations on ! subject ( trans=mism _h be5 haz>d$ 9 c5turies prior to ! n9ete5?1 ! hi/ory ( ?is conception1 z a sci5tific hypo!sis1 dates f ! publication ( ,lam>ck's 8,philosophie ,zoologique0 9 #ahji4 ,accord+ to ,lam>ck1 organic species are *ang$ z a result ( ! indirect influ5ce ( ! ext]nal conditions ( life4 ,a *ange 9 environm5t =ces a *ange ( habit on ! "p ( ! animal4 ,a *ange 9 ! animal's habits results 9 adaptation1 t is1 9 ! developm5t or suppression ( organs ?r\gh use or disuse4 ,! adaptation1 !re=e1 ?us acquir$ 0 n directly impos$ by ! environm5t1 b only indirectly--t is1 ?r\gh ! m$iation ( habit4 ,once acquir$ by ! individual animal1 h[ev]1 ! adaptation 01 s ,lam>ck ?\ght1 tak5 up by ! process ( inh]itance & p]petuat$ by be+ transmitt$ to ! animal's (fspr+4 ,! net result w\ld be a progressive diff]5tiation ( species due to ?is indirect influ5ce ( a v>y+ environm5t4 ,su* 0 ! !ory ( ,lam>ck1 & x is s\nd & plausible 9 all respects save "o1 namely1 ! unw>rant$ assumption t acquir$ adaptations are inh]itable1 s9ce ^!1 to quote ! words ( ! ,h>v>d zologi/1 ,g4 ,h4 ,p>k]1 8are z a matt] ( fact j ! class ( *anges 9 favor ( ! inh]itance ( :i* !re is ! lea/ evid5ce40 78,biology & ,social ,problems10 #aiad1 p4 #ajc47 ,! next contribution to ! philosophy ( trans=mism 0 made by ,*>les ,d>w91 :51 9 ! ye> #ahei1 he publi%$ 8 celebrat$ 8,orig9 ( ,species40 ,9 ?is "w1 ! ,engli% naturali/ bases ! evolution ( organic species ^u ! assum$ spontane\s t5d5cy ( organisms to v>y m9utely f _! normal type 9 e possible direction4 ,?is spontane\s v>iability gives rise to slight v>iations1 "s ( :i* are advantage\s1 o!rs disadvantage\s to ! organism4 ,! enorm\s fecundity ( organisms multiplies !m 9 excess ( ! available food supply1 & m1 accord+ly1 are born ?an c possibly survive4 ,9 ! ensu+ competition or /ruggle = exi/5ce1 individuals favorably modifi$ survive & propagate _! k9d1 ^? unfavorably modifi$ p]i% )\t prog5y4 ,?is process ( elim9ation ,d>w9 t]m$ natural selection4 ,only individuals favor$ by x 7 privileg$ to propagate _! k9d1 & ?us x happ5$ t ^! m9ute v>iations ( a useful "* 7 seiz$ ^u & p]petuat$ 8by ! /rong pr9ciple ( inh]itance40 ,9 ?is way1 ^! slight b useful modifications w\ld t5d gradually to accumulate f g5]ation to g5]ation 9 ! direction favor$ by 8natural selection10 until1 by ! ensu+ summation ( innum]able m9or diff]5ces v]g+ 9 ! same direction1 a major diff]5ce w\ld be produc$4 ,! end-result w\ld be a progressive div]g5ce ( po/]ity f ! common ance/ral type1 :5ce !y orig9ally sprang1 end+ 9 a multiplicity ( new =ms or species1 all diff]+ to a great] or less] ext5t f ! primitive type4 ,! contr>y hypo!sis ( a possible conv]g5ce ( two orig9ally div]se types t[>ds ev5tual simil>ity ,d>w9 reject$ z an extremely improbable explanation ( ! obs]v$ resemblance ( organic =ms1 :i*1 n )\t reason1 he ?\ght x m cr$ible to ascribe to _! assum$ div]g5ce f a common ance/ral type4 ,su* 0 ! s*eme ( evolution elaborat$ by ,*>les ,d>w94 ,8 hypo!sis leaves ! orig9 ( v>iations an unsolv$ my/]y4 ,x assumes :at has nev] be5 prov$1 namely1 ! efficacy ( 8natural selection40 ,x re/s on :at has be5 def9itely disprov$ by factual evid5ce1 namely1 ! inh]itability ( ! slight v>iations1 n[ call$ fluctuations1 :i*1 n be+ transmitt$ ev51 by ! h]$it>y process1 _c possibly accumulate f g5]ation to g5]ation1 z ,d>w9 imag9$4 ,moreov]1 fluctuations owe _! orig9 to v>iability 9 ! ext]nal conditions ( life 7e4g4 9 temp]ature1 moi/ure1 altitude1 exposure1 soil1 food1 etc471 be+ due to ! direct influ5ce or pressure ( ! environm5t1 & n to any spontane\s t5d5cy )9 ! organism itself4 ,h5ce ,d>w9 err$ no less ) respect to ! spontaneity1 ?an ) respect to ! inh]itability & summation1 ( 8 8slight v>iations40 ,! subsequ5t hi/ory ( ,lam>ckian & ,d>w9ian ,trans=mism is briefly told4 ,t bo? %\ld pass into ! disc>d 0 inevitable1 b1 ?anks to repeat$ revisions und]tak5 by loyal adh]5ts1 _! demise 0 some:at ret>d$4 ,9 va91 h[ev]1 did ! ,neo-,d>w9ians attempt to d = ,d>w9ism :at ! ,neo-,lam>ckians _h z futilely /riv5 to d = ,lam>ckism4 ,! revis]s succe$$ only 9 precipitat+ a le?al duel betwe5 ^! two rival sy/ems1 :i* has prov$ disa/r\s to bo?4 ,! controv]sy begun 9 #ahia betwe5 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] & ,augu/ ,weismann m>k$ ! climax ( ?is fatal conflict4 ,sp5c] refus$ to see any value :atev] 9 ,d>w9's pr9ciple ( natural selection1 :ile o!r ,neo-,lam>ckians1 less extreme1 7 cont5t to relegate x to ! /atus ( a subord9ate factor 9 evolution4 ,d>w9 _h consid]$ x 8! mo/ important means ( modification10 b x is safe to say t no mod]n biologi/ atta*es v mu* importance to natural selection z a means ( acc\nt+ = ! diff]5ces :i* m>k (f "o species f ano!r4 ,9 fact1 if natural selection has enjoy$1 or /ill cont9ues to enjoy1 any vogue at all1 x is n due to its value 9 natural sci5ce 7:i*1 = all practical int5ts & purposes1 is nil71 b solely to its appeal z 8me*ani/ic solution02 = no?+ fur!r is ne$$ to comm5d x to mod]n ?9k]s infect$ ) :at ,wasmann calls ,!ophobia4 ,natural selection1 9 mak+ ! organism a product ( ! concurr5ce ( bl9d =ces unguid$ by ,div9e intellig5ce1 a m]e =tuit\s result1 & n ! realization ( purpose1 has furni%$ ! agno/ic ) a mis]able pretext = omitt+ ,god f 8 attempt$ explanation ( ! univ]se4 8,"h is ! knot10 exclaims ,du ,bois-,reymond1 8"h ! great difficulty t tortures ! intellect :i* w\ld und]/& ! _w4 ,:oev] does n place all activity :olesale "u ! sway ( ,epicurean *ance1 :oev] gives only 8 little f+] to teleology1 w inevitably arrive at ,paley's disc>d$ #8,natural ,!ology1' & s mu* ! m necess>ily1 ! m cle>ly he ?9ks & ! m indep5d5t 8 judgm5t4444 ,! possibility1 ev] s di/ant1 ( bani%+ f nature its seem+ purpose1 & putt+ a bl9d necessity ev]y:]e 9 ! place ( f9al causes1 appe>s1 !re=e1 z "o ( ! greate/ advances 9 ! _w ( ?\ght1 f :i* a new era w be dat$ 9 ! treatm5t ( ^! problems4 ,to h some:at eas$ ! torture ( ! intellect :i* pond]s ov] ! _w-problem w1 z long z philosophical naturali/s exi/1 be ,*>les ,d>w9's greate/ title to glory40 7,d>w9 v]sus ,galiani1 8,r$510 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #baa47 ,b h[ev] indisp5sable ! selection pr9ciple may be to a philosophy :i* proposes to bani% ! ,creator f creation1 its sci5tific insolv5cy has become s pa9fully app>5t t biologi/s h lo/ all confid5ce 9 its p[] to solve ! problem ( organic orig9s4 ,x is recogniz$1 = example1 t natural selection w\ld suppress1 r ?an promote1 developm5t1 see+ t organs h utility only 9 ! /ate ( p]fection & are de/itute ( selection-value :ile 9 ! imp]fect /ate ( transition4 ,aga91 ! specific diff]5ces t div]sify ! v>i\s types ( plants & animals are notori\sly defici5t 9 selection-value1 & !re=e ! pres5t diff]5tiation ( species _c be acc\nt$ = by means ( ! pr9ciple ( natural selection4 ,f9ally1 unless "o is prep>$ to make ! prepo/]\s assumption t ! environm5t is a telic me*anism expressly design$ = %ap+ organisms1 he is "u logical necessity ( admitt+ t ! influ5ce ( natural selection _c be any?+ else ?an purely de/ructive4 ,!re is1 z ,wilson po9ts out1 no apriori/ic gr\nd = suppos+ t natural selection c\ld d any?+ m ?an ma9ta9 ! /atus quo1 & z = factual pro(s ( its effectiv5ess 9 a positive s5se1 !y are :olly want+4 ,pr(essor ,caull]y ( ! ,sorbonne1 9 8 ,h>v>d lecture ( ,feb4 #bd1 #aiaf1 assures u t1 8s9ce ! "t ( ,d>w91 natural selection has rema9$ a purely speculative idea & t no "o has be5 able to %[ its efficacy 9 concrete indisputable examples40 ,consid]ations ( ?is sort induc$ n only ,neo-,lam>ckians1 b _m non-p>tisans z well1 to take ! field aga9/ ! ,d>w9ian ,selection ,pr9ciple4 ,?us ,sp5c]'s cau/ic attack became a =]unn] ( o!rs1 & em95t biologi/s1 l ,fleis*mann1 ,dries*1 ,t4 ,h4 ,morgan1 & ,bateson1 h 9 turn p\r$ ! vials ( _! satire ^u ! attempts ( ,neo-,d>w9ians to rehabilitate ! philosophy ( natural selection4 ,wm4 ,bateson w>ns ^?1 :o p]si/ 9 _! cr$ulity ) ref]5ce to ! ,d>w9ian acc\nt ( organic teleology1 t !y 8w be wise h5ce=? to base ?is fai? frankly on ! impregnable rock ( sup]/ition & to ab/a9 f direct appeals to natural fact40 ,?is admonition =ms ! conclusion ( a sca?+ criticism ( :at he /yles ! 8fu/ian ( ,victorian philosophy40 8,9 ! face ( :at we "k10 x runs1 8( ! di/ribution ( v>iability 9 nature1 ! scope claim$ = natural selection mu/ be greatly r$uc$4 ,! doctr9e ( ! survival ( ! fitte/ is und5iable s long z x is appli$ to ! organism z a :ole1 b to attempt by ?is pr9ciple to f9d value 9 all def9it5ess ( p>ts & functions1 & 9 ! "n ( sci5ce to see fitness ev]y:]e1 is m]e eighte5? c5tury optimism4 ,yet x 0 9 its application to ! p>ts1 to ! details ( specific diff]5ce1 to ! spots on ! peacock's tail1 to ! color+ ( an or*id fl[]1 & ho/s ( su* examples1 t ! pot5cy ( natural selection 0 urg$ ) greate/ emphasis4 ,%orn ( ^! pret5sions ! doctr9e ( ! survival ( favor$ races is a truism1 help+ sc>cely at all to acc\nt = ! div]sity ( species4 ,tol]ance plays almo/ z consid]able a "p4 ,by ^! admissions ! la/ %r$ ( t teleological fu/ian ) :i* ,victorian philosophy lov$ to clo! ! !ory ( evolution is de/roy$40 7,h]$ity1 8,presid5tial ,address to ,brit4 ,ass'n4 = ,advanc4 ( ,sci5ce10 ,aug4 #ad1 #aiad47 ,nor is ?is all4 ,! ,d>w9ian ,selection ,pr9ciple is reproa*$ ) hav+ ret>d$ ! progress ( sci5ce4 ,x is ju/ly accus$ ( hav+ disc\rag$ pr(\nd & pa9/ak+ analysis by putt+ into curr5cy its %all[ & spuri\s solution ( biological problems4 8,too (t5 9 ! pa/10 says ,edmund ,wilson1 8! facile =mulas ( natural selection h be5 made use ( to c>ry u lightly ov] ! surface ( unsuspect$ dep?s t w\ld h ri*ly repaid s]i\s exploration40 7,smi?son4 ,in/4 ,rpt4 = #aiae1 p4 #djf47 ,9 retaliation = ! de/ructive criticism ( natural selection1 ! ,neo-,d>w9ians h proce$$ to pulv]ize ! ,lam>ckian t5et conc]n+ ! inh]itability ( acquir$ adaptations4 ,weismann1 hav+ laid d[n 8 classic di/9ction betwe5 ! soma 7compris+ ! vegetative or tissue cells 9 contact ) ! environm5t7 & ! g]m 7i4e4 ! seque/]$ reproductive cells or gametes1 :i* are %elt]$ f environm5tal vicissitudes71 %[$ t ! ,lam>ckian assumption t a *ange 9 ! somatic cells 7:i* con/itute ! organism ( ! individual7 is regi/]$ 9 ! g]m cells 7:i* con/itute ! vehicle ( racial inh]itance71 is support$ nei!r by a priori probability nor by any facts ( obs]vation4 ,g]m cells give rise by division to somatic or tissue cells1 b ! conv]se is n true2 =1 once a cell has become diff]5tiat$ & specializ$ into a tissue cell1 x c nev] aga9 give rise by division to g]m cells1 b only to o!r tissue cells ( its own k9d4 ,h5ce ! possibility ( a *ange 9 ! tissue be+ transmitt$ to ! g]m has no antec$5t probability 9 its favor4 ,nei!r is x gr\nd$ on ! facts ( obs]vation4 ,bodily mutilations ( ! p>5t are n transmitt$ to ! (fspr+4 ,! *ild ( a blacksmi? is n born ) a m develop$ "r arm ?an t ( a tailor's *ild4 ,:5 ! ov>ies f a :ite rabbit are graft$ into a black rabbit1 ^: own ov>ies h be5 previ\sly remov$1 ! latt]1 if mat$ to a :ite male1 w produce spotlessly :ite "y4 ,h5ce ! (fspr+ inh]it ! *>act]s ( ! g]m track ( ! :ite female1 :5ce ! ov>ies 7 d]iv$1 )\t be+ influ5c$ 9 ! lea/ by ! pigm5t$ somatic cells ( ! nurse-body 7i4e4 ! black female71 into :i* ! ov>ies 7 graft$4 ,kamm]]'s exp]im5ts1 9 :i* "y salam&]s 7 f\nd to exhibit at bir? ! coloration1 :i* _! p>5ts _h acquir$ ?r\gh ! action ( sunlight1 fail to conv9ce1 because1 9 ?is case1 ! bodies ( ! p>5ts are n suffici5tly imp]vi\s to light to preclude its direct action ^u ! gametes :ile 9 ! reproductive organs ( ! p>5ts4 ,h5ce we _c be sure b t ! coloration ( ! (fspr+ d]iv$ f ^! gametes is due to ! direct ag5cy ( sunlight r ?an to ! int]m$iate influ5ce ( ! modifi$ somatic cells ^u ! g]m plasm4 ,! same objection holds true ( ! rec5t exp]im5ts1 9 :i* ! g]m cells h be5 modifi$ by modify+ ! int]ior m$ium or int]nal environm5t by means ( antibodies & hormones4 ,no "o d\bts ! possibility ( influ5c+ h]$ity by a direct modification ( ! g]m cells1 especially :51 z is always ! case 9 ^! exp]im5ts1 ! modification produc$ is de/ructive r ?an con/ructive4 ,! exp]im5ts1 !re=e1 ( ,pr(4 ,m4 ,f4 ,guy] ( ,wiscons9 ,univ]sity1 9 :i* a g]m9ally-transmitt$ eye defect 0 produc$ by inject+ pregnant female rabbits ) an antil5s s]um d]iv$ f f[ls immuniz$ to ! cry/all9e l5s ( rabbits z antig51 are beside ! m>k4 ,to demon/rate ! ,lam>ckian !sis "o mu/ furni% evid5ce ( a con/ructive addition to inh]itance by means ( prior somatic acquisition4 ,! transmission ( defects artificially produc$ is n s mu* a process ( inh]itance 7transmission ( type7 z r "o ( deg5]acy 7failure to equate ! p>5tal type74#a ,comm5t+ on ,guy]'s sugge/ion t an organism capable ( produc+ antibodies t are g]m9ally-de/ructive1 may also be able to produce con/ructive bodies1 ,pr(4 ,edw9 ,s4 ,goodri* says3 8,! real weakness ( ! !ory is t x does n escape f ! fundam5tal objections we h already put =w>d z fatal to ,lam>ckism4 ,if an effect has be5 produc$1 ei!r ! suppos$ con/ructive sub/ance 0 pres5t f ! fir/1 z an ord9>y int]nal environm5tal condition necess>y = ! normal developm5t ( ! "*1 or x mu/ h be5 introduc$ f )\t by ! application ( a new /imulus4 ,! same objection does n apply to ! de/ructive effect4 ,no "o d\bts t if a factor c\ld be de/roy$ by a hot ne$le or pick$ out ) a f9e =ceps ! effect ( ! op]ation w\ld p]si/ ?r\gh\t subsequ5t g5]ations40 7,sci5ce1 ,dec4 #b1 #aiba1 p4 #ece47 #a ,a good def9ition ( deg5]acy is t ( ,a4 ,f4 ,tr$gold1 :o says3 8,i v5ture to def9e deg5]acy z #8a retrograde condition ( ! individual result+ f a pa?ological v>iation ( ! g]m cell4'0 7,smi?son4 ,in/4 ,rpt4 = #aiah1 p4 #edh47 ,b 9 demon/rat+ aga9/ ! ,neo-,lam>ckians t somatic modifications unrepres5t$ 9 ! g]m plasm c\ld h no significance 9 ! process ( racial evolution1 ,weismann _h prov$ too mu*4 ,8 argum5t 0 no less tell+ aga9/ ,d>w9ism ?an x 0 aga9/ ,lam>ckism4 ,d>w9's 8individual diff]5ces0 or 8slight v>iations10 n[ spok5 ( z fluctuations1 7 q z unrepres5t$ & unrecord$ 9 ! g]m cells z ,lam>ck's 8acquir$ adaptations40 ,!re c be no 8summation ( individual diff]5ces0 = ! simple reason t fluctuations h no g]m9al basis & are !re=e un9h]itable--8,we mu/ be> 9 m9d ! fact10 says ,pr(4 ,edmund ,wilson1 8t ,d>w9 (t5 fail$ to di/+ui% betwe5 non-inh]itable fluctuations & h]$it>y mutations ( small degree40 7,smi?son4 ,in/4 ,rpt4 = #aiae1 p4 #djf47 ,fluctuations1 z we h se51 are due to v>iability 9 ! environm5tal conditions1 e4g4 9 access to soil nutri5ts1 etc4 ,z an in/ance ( fluctuational v>iation ! se$s ( ! ragwe$ may be cit$4 ,normally ^! se$s h six sp9es1 b ar\nd ?is av]age !re is consid]able fluctuation 9 individual se$s1 "s hav+ z _m z n9e sp9es & o!rs no m ?an "o4 ,yet ! plants re>$ f n9e-sp9e se$s1 ev5 :5 simil>ly mat$1 %[ no great] t5d5cy to produce n9e-sp9e se$s ?an d plants re>$ f "o-sp9e se$s4 ,to meet ! difficulty pres5t$ by ! non-inh]itability ( ! ,lam>ckian adaptation & ! ,d>w9ian fluctuation1 ,de ,vries sub/itut$ = !m ^? r>e & abruptly-appe>+ inh]itable v>iations1 :i* he call$ mutations#b & reg>d$ z elem5t>y /eps 9 ! evolution>y process4 ,?is new v]sion ( trans=mism 0 ann\nc$ by ,de ,vries 9 #aija1 & m fully expla9$ 9 8 8,die ,mutations-,!orie0 7,leipzig1 #aijb-aijc74 ,r5n] has %[n t ,de ,vries' new =ms ( no!ra 7 cases ( complex hybridization r ?an real mutants1 z ! =ms produc$ by mutation are n[ call$4 ,nev]!less1 ! "w ( ,morgan1 ,bateson1 & o!rs leaves little d\bt z to ! actual occurr5ce ( factorial mutants1 :ile ,dr4 ,alb]t ,f4 ,blakeslee has demon/rat$ ! exi/5ce ( *romosomal mutants4 ,:5 unqualifi$1 ! t]m mutant usually d5otes ! factorial mutant1 :i* arises f a *ange 9 "o or m ( ! concat5at$ g5es 7h]$it>y factors7 ( a s+le *romosome 7nucle> ?read7 9 ! g]m9al 7i4e4 gametic7 complex4 ,all su* *anges are call$ factorial mutations4 ,!y are h]$it>ily transmissible1 & affect ! somatic *>act]s ( ! race p]man5tly1 al?\gh1 9 r>e cases1 su* z t ( ! b>-ey$ ,drosophila mutant1 ! ph5om5on ( rev]sion has be5 obs]v$4 ,! *romosomal mutant1 on ! contr>y1 is n due to *anges 9 ! s+le factors or g5es1 b to duplication ( "o or m entire *romosomes 7l9kage-gr\ps7 9 ! gametic complex4 ,l ! factorial mutant1 x produces a p]man5t & h]itable modification4 ,! increase 9 nucle> mat]ial involv$ 9 *romosomal mutation 7i4e4 duplication7 seems to cause a proportionate increase 9 ! cytoplasmic mass ( ! s+le somatic cells1 :i* manife/s itself 9 ! ph5otype z giantism4 ,de ,vries' no!ra gigas is a *romosomal mutant illu/rative ( ?is ph5om5on4 ,besides ! =ego+1 !re is ! pseudomutant produc$ by ! factorial recomb9ation1 :i* results f a crossov]1 i4e4 an ex*ange ( g5es or factors betwe5 two g]m9al *romosomes ( ! same synaptic pair4 ,?is reciprocal transf] ( g5es f "o homolog\s *romosome to ano!r happ5s1 9 a c]ta9 p]c5tage ( cases1 dur+ synapsis4 ,! p]c5tage c be artificially increas$ by expos+ "y female hybrids to special conditions ( temp]ature4 #b ,! t]m mutation _h be5 us$ long be=e & 9 a simil> s5se by ! ,g]man palontologi/ ,waag51 :o employ$ x to designate ! v>iations ( a specific type t succe$ "o ano!r 9 successive /rata1 a ?+ :i* r>ely occurs4 7,cf4 ,waag5's ,die ,=m5reihe des ,ammonites subradiatus1 ,geogno/4 palont4 ,beitr41 ,b]l91 #ahfi47 ,if ^! new mutant =ms c\ld be reg>d$ z g5u9e new species1 !n ! fact t su* v>iations are h]itable & come )9 ! range ( actual obs]vation1 w\ld con/itute ! long-s\ght empirical pro( ( ! reality ( evolution4 ,consci\sly or subconsci\sly1 h[ev]1 ,de ,vries recogniz$ t ?is 0 n ! case2 = he ref]s to mutants z 8elem5t>y species10 & does n v5ture to pres5t !m z au!ntic organic species4 ,! factorial mutant answ]s nei!r ! endurance te/ nor ! int]/]ility te/ ( a g5u9e species4 ,x w\ld1 d\btless1 be go+ too f> to reg>d all su* mutant =ms z examples ( g]m9al deg5]acy1 b x _c be d5i$ t all ( !m1 :5 comp>$ to ! wild type1 are 9 ! direction ( unfitness1 none ( !m be+ viable & prosp]\s "u ! sev]e conditions obta9+ 9 ! wild /ate4 ,bateson1 :o seems to reg>d all mutant *>act]s z recessive & due to g]m9al loss1 decl>es3 8,ev5 9 ,drosophila1 :]e hundr$s ( g5etically di/9ct factors h be5 id5tifi$1 v few new dom9ants1 t is to say positive additions1 h be5 se51 & ,i am assur$ t none ( !m are ( a class :i* c\ld be expect$ to be viable "u natural conditions4 ,i und]/& ev5 t none are c]ta9ly viable 9 ! homozyg\s /ate40 7,toronto ,address1 ,sci5ce1 ,jan4 #bj1 #aibb1 p4 #ei47 8,g>d5 or gre5h\se products10 says ,d4 ,s4 ,jordan1 8are imm5sely int]e/+ & in/ructive1 b !y ?r[ little light on ! orig9 ( species4 ,to call !m species is l call+ dress-p>ade cadets #8soldi]s4' ,i h he>d ?is def9ition ( a soldi]1 #8"o t has /ood4' ,x is easy to trick out a gr\p ( boys to look l soldi]s1 b y c n def9e !m z su* until !y h #8/ood4'0 7,sci5ce1 ,oct4 #bj1 #aibb47 ,9 a ^w1 factorial mutants1 ow+1 z !y d1 _! survival exclusively to ! protection ( artificial conditions1 c\ld nev] become ! h>dy pione]s ( new species4 ,bateson insi/s t ! mutational v>iation repres5ts a *ange ( loss4 8,almo/ all t we h se510 he says1 8are v>iations 9 :i* we recognize t elem5ts h be5 lo/40 7,sci5ce1 ,jan4 #bj1 #aibb1 p4 #ei47 ,9 8 ,address to ! ,briti% ,association 7#aiad71 he cites num]\s examples t5d+ to %[ t mutant *>act]s are b dim9utions or int5sifications ( *>act]s pre-exi/5t 9 ! wild or normal /ock1 all ( :i* are explicable z effects ( ! loss 7total or p>tial7 ( ei!r positive1 or inhibitive 7epi/atic7 h]$it>y factors 7g5es74 ,"o ( ^! in/ances illu/rat+ ! subtractive nature ( ! factorial mutation is t ( ! ,primula 8,coral ,k+10 a salmon-color$ mutant1 :i* 0 sudd5ly giv5 (f by a r$ v>iety ( ,primula call$ 8,crimson ,k+40 ,su* a mutation is obvi\sly bas$ on ! loss ( a g]m9al factor = color4 ,! loss1 h[ev]1 is sometimes p>tial r ?an total1 z in/anc$ 9 ! case ( ! purple-edg$ ,picotee sweet pea1 :i* arose f ! :olly purple wild v>iety by fractionation ( ! g5etic factor = purple pigm5t4 ,ev5 :]e ! mutational v>iation appe>s to be "o ( ga91 z happ5s :5 a positive "* appe>s de novo 9 ! ph5otype1 or :5 a dilute p>5tal "* is int5sifi$ 9 ! (fspr+1 x is1 nev]!less1 int]pretable z a result ( g]m9al loss1 ! loss1 namely1 total or p>tial1 ( a g5etic inhibitor4 ,su* inhibitive g5es or factors are kn[n to exi/4 ,bateson has %[n1 = example1 t ! :it5ess ( ,:ite ,leghorn *ick5s is due1 n to ! abs5ce ( color-factors1 b to ! pres5ce ( a g5etic inhibitor--8,! :ite ( ,:ite ,leghorns10 he says1 8is n1 z :ite 9 nature (t5 is1 due to ! loss ( ! color elem5ts1 b to ! action ( some?+ :i* inhibits _! expression40 7,address to ! ,brit4 ,ass'n41 ,smi?son4 ,in/4 ,rpt4 = #aiae1 p4 #cfh47 ,?us ! sudd5 appe>ance 9 ! (fspr+ ( a "* n visibly repres5t$ 9 ! p>5ts may be due1 n to g]m9al acquisition1 b ! loss ( an inhibitory g5e1 ^: elim9ation all[s ! somatic "* previ\sly suppress$ by x to appe>4 ,h5ce ,bateson concludes3 8,9 spite ( seem+ p]v]sity1 !re=e1 we h to admit t !re is no evolution>y *ange :i* 9 ! pres5t /ate ( our k we c positively decl>e to be n due to loss40 7,loc4 cit41 p4 #cge47 ,ano!r consid]ation1 :i* disqualifies ! factorial mutant = ! rle ( a new species1 is its failure to pass ! te/ ( int]specific /]ility4 ,:5 individuals f two di/9ct species are cross$1 ! (fspr+ ( ! cross is ei!r completely /]ile1 z in/anc$ 9 ! mule1 or at lea/ p>tially s4 ,b :51 = example1 ! sepia-ey$ mutant ( ! v9eg> fly is back-cross$ ) ! r$-ey$ wild type1 :5ce x orig9ally sprang1 ! product ( ! cross is a r$-ey$ hybrid1 :i* is p]fectly f]tile ) o!r sepia-wild hybrids1 ) wild flies1 & ) sepia mutants4 ,?is proves t ! sepia-ey$ mutant has dep>t$1 s to speak1 only a v>ietal1 & n a specific1 di/ance away f ! p>5t /ock4 ,ord9>y or factorial mutation does n1 !re=e1 z ,de ,vries imag9$1 produce new species4 ,^! mutants d1 inde$1 meet ! requirem5t ( p]man5t transmissibility1 = _! di/9ctive *>act]s _c be oblit]at$ by any am\nt ( cross+4 ,nev]!less1 ! factorial mutation falls %ort ( be+ an empirical pro( ( evolution1 because x is a v>ietal1 & n a specific1 *ange4 ,9 o!r words1 factorial mutants are new v>ieties & n new species4 ,only a h]itable *ange bas$ on g]m9al acquisition ( suffici5t magnitude to produce gametic incompatibility betwe5 ! v>iant & ! p>5t type w\ld con/itute direct evid5ce ( ! transmutation ( species1 provid$1 ( c\rse1 t ! v>iant 7 also capable ( survival "u ! natural conditions ( ! wild /ate4 ,9 8 ,toronto address ( ,decemb] #bh1 #aiba1 ,wm4 ,bateson ann\nc$ ! failure ( ,de ,vries' ,mutation ,!ory1 :5 he said3 8,b t p>ticul> & ess5tial bit ( ! !ory ( evolution1 :i* is conc]n$ ) ! orig9 & nature ( species rema9s utt]ly my/]i\s4 ,we no long] feel z we us$ to d1 t ! process ( v>iation1 n[ contemporane\sly occurr+1 is ! beg9n+ ( a "w :i* ne$s m]ely ! elem5t ( "t = its completion2 = ev5 "t _c complete t :i* has n yet begun4 ,! conclusion 9 :i* we 7 br\ght up t species are a product ( a summation ( v>iations ignor$ ! *ief attribute ( species fir/ po9t$ out by ,john ,ray t ! product ( _! crosses is frequ5tly /]ile 9 great] or less degree4 ,huxley1 v e>ly 9 ! debate1 po9t$ out ?is grave defect 9 ! evid5ce1 b be=e bre$+ rese>*es _h be5 made on a l>ge scale no "o felt ! objection to be s]i\s4 ,ext5d$ "w might be tru/$ to supply ! defici5cy4 ,x has n done s1 & ! significance ( ! negative evid5ce c no long] be d5i$4444 8,if species h a common orig9 :]e did !y pick up ! +r$i5ts :i* produce ?is sexual incompatibility8 ,almo/ c]ta9ly x is a v>iation 9 :i* some?+ has be5 add$4 ,we h come to see t v>iations c v commonly--,i d n say always--be di/+ui%$ z positive & negative4444 ,n[ we h no difficulty 9 f9d+ evid5ce ( v>iation by loss1 b v>iations by addition are r>ities1 ev5 if !re are any su* :i* mu/ be s acc\nt$4 ,! v>iations to :i* int]specific /]ility is due are obvi\sly v>iations 9 :i* some?+ is app>5tly add$ to ! /ock ( +r$i5ts4 ,x is "o ( ! common exp]i5ces ( ! bre$] t :5 a hybrid is p>tially /]ile1 & f x any f]tile (fspr+ c be obta9$1 ! /]ility1 once lo/1 disappe>s4 ,?is has be5 ! hi/ory ( _m1 p]haps mo/1 ( our cultivat$ plants ( hybrid orig94 8,! production ( an indubitably /]ile hybrid f completely f]tile p>5ts :i* has aris5 "u critical obs]vation is ! ev5t = :i* we wait4 ,until ?is ev5t is witness$1 our k ( evolution is incomplete 9 a vital respect4 ,f "t to "t su* an obs]vation is publi%$1 b none has yet surviv$ criticism40 7,sci5ce1 ,jan4 #bj1 #aibb1 pp4 #eh1 #ei47 ,b :at ( ! *romosomal mutant8 ,= our k ( ?is type ( mutation we are l>gely indebt$ to ,blakeslee's rese>*es & exp]im5ts on ! ,jimson we$ 7,datura /ramonium74 ,accord+ to ,blakeslee1 *romosomal mutants result f duplication1 or f r$uction1 ( ! *romosomes1 & !y are classifi$ z balanc$ or unbalanc$ types accord+ z all1 or only "s1 ( ! *romosomal l9kage-gr\ps are simil>ly d\bl$ or r$uc$4 ,if only "o ( ! homolog\s *romosomes ( a synaptic pair is d\bl$1 ! mutant is t]m$ a triploid =m4 ,x is balanc$ :5 "o homolog\s *romosome is d\bl$ 9 e synaptic pair1 b if "o or m *romosomes be add$ to1 or subtract$ f1 ?is balanc$ triploid complex1 ! mutant is t]m$ an unbalanc$ triploid4 ,:5 all ! *romosomes ( ! normal diploid complex are uni=mly d\bl$1 we h a balanc$ tetraploid race4 ,! subtraction or addition ( "o or m *romosomes 9 ! case ( a balanc$ tetraploid complex r5d]s x an unbalanc$ tetraploid mutant4 ,! ret5tion 9 somatic cells ( ! haploid numb] ( *romosomes *>act]i/ic ( gametes & gametophytes gives a balanc$ haploid mutant1 f :i* hi!rto no unbalanc$ haploids h be5 obta9$4 ,! normal diploid type & ! balanc$ tetraploid type are said to con/itute an ev5 balance1 :ile balanc$ triploids & haploids con/itute an odd balance4 ,! odd balances & all ! unbalanc$ mutants are l>gely /]ile4 ,?us1 = example1 m ?an #hj ( ! poll5 ( ! haploid mutant is bad4 8,! normal ,jimson ,we$10 says ,blakeslee1 8is diploid 7#bn7 ) a total ( #bd *romosomes 9 somatic cells4 ,9 previ\s pap]s ! f9d+ ( tetraploids 7#dn7 ) #dh *romosomes & triploids 7#cn7 ) #cf 0 report$1 z well z unbalanc$ mutants ) #be *romosomes repres5t$ by ! =mula 7#bn #a74 ,! f9d+ ( two haploid or #an plants1 :i* we are n[ able to report1 adds a new *romosomal type to ! balanc$ s]ies ( mutants 9 ,datura4 ,?is s]ies n[ /&s3 #an1 #bn1 #cn1 #dn4 ,s9ce a s]ies ( unbalanc$ mutants has be5 obta9$ f ea* ( ! o!r balanc$ types by ! addition or subtraction ( "o or m *romosomes1 x is possible t a simil> s]ies ( unbalanc$ mutants may be obta9able f our new haploid plants1 despite ! great unbalance :i* w\ld !reby result40 7,sci5ce1 ,june #af1 #aibc1 p4 #fdf47 ,! haploid mutant1 ( :i* ,blakeslee speaks1 has1 ( c\rse1 #ab unpair$ *romosomes 9 its somatic cells4 ,! balanc$ triploid is1 l ! haploid mutant1 l>gely /]ile1 & is only obta9able by cross+ ! tetraploid race ) ! normal diploid plant4 ,s9ce1 !n1 ! product ( ! cross ( ! diploid & tetraploid races is /]ile1 ! tetraploid race fulfills ! /]ility te/ ( a di/9ct species4 ,:e!r or n x fulfills ! endurance te/ ( survival "u natural condition is d\btful1 inasmu* z diploid ,daturas are ab\t ?ree times z prolific z ! tetraploid race4 ,moreov]1 z ,blakeslee himself confess$ 9 a lecture at ,woods ,hole att5d$ by ! pres5t writ] 9 ! summ] ( #aibc1 ! orig9 ( a balanc$ tetraploid =m f ! normal diploid type by simultane\s duplication ( all ! *romosomes 9 ! diploid complex1 is an ev5t t has yet to be witness$4 ,nor is any gradual transition f ! diploid to ! tetraploid race1 by way ( unbalanc$ types & triploids1 conceivable1 see+ t su* =ms are too /]ile to ma9ta9 !mselves1 & are1 9 fact1 incapable ( transmitt+ _! own type 9 ! abs5ce ( artificial int]v5tion4 ,!re are1 x is true1 "s in/ances1 9 :i* diploid & tetraploid races & species occur toge!r 9 cultivation & 9 nature4 ,9 c]ta9 cases1 ?is tetraploidy is m]ely app>5t1 be+ due to fragm5tation ( ! *romosomes2 9 o!r cases1 x is really due to *romosomal duplication1 giv+ rise to g5u9e tetraploid =ms4 ,! "q is (t5 h>d to decide1 ! m]e numb] ( ! *romosomes be+ n1 9 itself1 a safe crit]ion4 ,( ! actual orig91 h[ev]1 ( tetraploid f diploid races we h z yet no obs]vational evid5ce4 ,h5ce ,blakeslee's rese>*es on ! *romosomal mutant h s f> fail$ to furni% exp]im5tal pro( ( ! orig9 ( a g5u9e new species4 ,besides1 waiv+ all o!r consid]ations1 ! limits )9 :i* *romosomal duplication is possible are ( necessity s n>r[1 t1 at be/1 ?is ph5om5on c only be invok$ to expla9 a v small range ( v>iation4 ,9 fact1 x is d\btful :e!r haploidy1 triploidy1 & tetraploidy h any important be>+ :atev] ^u ! problem ( ! orig9 ( species4 7,see ,add5da47 ,! mutation1 !n1 9 s f> z we h exp]im5tal k ( x1 does n fulfill requirem5ts ( a specific *ange4 ,x _c ev5 be reg>d$ z an elem5t>y /ep 9 ! direction ( su* a *ange4 ,) ?is admission1 ,de-,vriesianism becomes obsolete1 desc5d+ l its pr$ecessors1 ,lam>ckism & ,d>w9ism1 into ! *>nel-h\se ( disc>d$ sy/ems ^: value is hi/oric1 b no long] sci5tific4 ,:5 we enquire into ! reason ( ?is common demise ( all ! classic sy/ems ( trans=mism1 we f9d x to reside 9 ! progress ( ! new sci5ce ( ,m5delian g5etics1 ^: f\ndations 7 laid by an ,augu/9ian monk ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,six ye>s aft] ! appe>ance ( ,d>w9's 8,orig9 ( ,species10 ,gregor ,johann ,m5del publi%$ a %ort pap] entitl$ 8,v]su*e b] ,pflanz5-hybrid510 :i*1 unnotic$ at ! "t by a sci5tific _w preoccupi$ ) ,d>w9ian fantasies1 0 de/9$1 on its com+ to light at ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury1 to adm9i/] ! f9al c\p de grace to all ! elaborate s*emes ( evolution t _h prec$$ or foll[$ its initial publication4 ,x took half a c5tury1 h[ev]1 be=e ! du/ ( ,d>w9ian s5sationalism subsid$ suffici5tly1 to p]mit ! 8r$iscov]y0 ( ,m5del's solid & g5u9e contribution to biological sci5ce4 ,b ! ,prlat ( ! abbey at ,brnn nev] liv$ to see ! day ( 8 triumph4 ,! true g5ius ( 8 c5tury1 he di$ unhonor$ & unsung1 a pret5d] be+ cr[n$ 9 8 /ead4 ,= ,c\lt] says ( ,d>w93 8,he di$ ,april #ai1 #ahhb1 probably ! mo/ honor$ sci5tific man 9 ! _w40 7,evolution1 #aiaf1 p4 #ce47 ,)9 ! small dim5sions ( ! pap]1 ( :i* we h spok51 ,m5del _h compress$ ! results ( ye>s ( c>efully conceiv$ & accurately execut$ exp]im5tation r$uc$ to precise /ati/ical =m & int]pret$ ) a p5etrat+ sagacity ( ! highe/ ord]4 ,x is no exagg]ation to say t 8 discov]y has revolutioniz$ ! sci5ce ( biology1 giv+ x1 = ! fir/ "t1 ma!matical =mulas comp>able to ^? ( *emi/ry4 ,8 two laws ( inh]itance1 namely1 ! law ( segregation & ! law ( indep5d5t assortm5t ( *>act]s1 h1 z previ\sly intimat$1 become ! basis ( ! new sci5ce ( ,g5etics4 ,8 analysis ( bip>5tal reproduction has int]pret$ = u ! cytological ph5om5a ( synapsis1 meiosis1 & syngamy1 has expla9$ = u ! in/ability ( hybrids1 has plac$ ,weismann's speculations conc]n+ ! autonomy & cont9uity ( ! g]m plasm on a firm basis ( exp]im5tal fact1 has cl>ifi$ all our notions respect+ ! mode & range ( h]$it>y transmission1 & has1 9 a ^w1 op5$ our eyes to t new & hi!rto unexplor$ realm ( nature :i* ,bateson calls 8! _w ( gametes40 ,ef=ts h be5 made to con/ruct sy/ems ( trans=mism along ,m5delian l9es1 b none ( !m has met ) notable success4 ,lotsy1 = example1 s\ght to expla9 all v>iation on ! basis ( ! re>rangem5t ( prexi/5t g5etic factors br\ght ab\t by cross+4 ,b su* a solution ( ! problem is v unsatisfactory4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! g5]ality ( hybrid 7het]ozyg\s7 =ms are rul$ out on ! score ( in/ability4 ,! ph5otype ( hybrids is directly dep5d5t1 n on ! g5es !mselves1 b on ! diploid comb9ation ( g5es conta9$ 9 ! zygote4 ,?is comb9ation1 h[ev]1 is always dissolv$ 9 ! process ( gamete-=mation1 by ! segregative r$uction division :i* occurs 9 ! reproductive organs ( ! hybrid4 ,hybrids1 !re=e1 d n bre$ true1 if propagat$ by sexual reproduction4 ,to ma9ta9 con/ancy ( type 9 hybrids1 "o mu/ resort to somatog5ic reproduction 7i4e4 vegetative gr[? f /ems1 etc474 ,c]ta9 violets1 9 fact1 z well z blackb]ries1 are ma9ta9$ 9 a /ate ( con/ant hybridism by means ( ?is sort ( reproduction1 ev5 9 nature4 ,9 ! case ( balanc$ le?als 7i4e4 factors caus+ dea? 9 ! pure or homozyg\s /ate71 ! hybrid ph5otype may be ma9ta9$ ev5 by sexual reproduction1 inasmu* z all ! pure 7homozyg\s7 (fspr+ are non-viable4 ,two le?als are said to be balanc$1 :5 !y occur1 ! fir/ 9 "o & ! second 9 ! o!r homolog\s *romosome ( ! same synaptic pair4 8,su* a factorial situation w\ld ma9ta9 a /ate ( con/ant het]ozygosis1 ! fix$ hybridism ( an impure species 444 ! hybrid w bre$ true until ! relative position ( ! le?als are *ang$ by a crossov]1 or ! g5etical con/itution 9 ^! respects is alt]$ by a mutation40 7,davis1 ,sci5ce1 ,feb4 #c1 #aibb1 p4 #aaa47 ,z is evid5t1 h[ev]1 ! condition ( balanc$ le?als involves a consid]able r$uction 9 f]tility4 ,hybridization1 moreov]1 is successful betwe5 v>ieties ( ! same species r ?an betwe5 di/9ct species4 ,int]specific crosses are 9 "s cases entirely unproductive1 9 o!r cases productive ( :olly-/]ile1 hybrids1 & 9 /ill o!r cases productive ( semi/]ile hybrids4 ,:5 semi/]ile hybrids are obta9able f an int]specific cross1 ! ph5otype c be kept con/ant by somatog5ic reproduction1 b1 z we %all see 9 a lat] *apt]1 ?is k9d ( reproduction does n c\nt]act s5esc5ce1 & /ock ?us propagat$ usually plays out )9 a det]m9ate p]iod4 ,f9ally1 ! mixture ( incompatible g]m9al elem5ts involv$ 9 an int]specific cross t5ds to produce =ms1 :i* are subnormal 9 _! viability & vitality4 ,! conclusions ( ,goodspe$ & ,claus5 are ! foll[+3 87#a7 ,z a consequ5ce ( mod]n ,m5delian developm5ts1 ! ,m5delian factors may be consid]$ z mak+ up a reaction sy/em1 ! elem5ts ( :i* exhibit m or less specific relations to "o ano!r2 7#b7 /rictly ,m5delian results are to be expect$ only :5 ! contra/ is betwe5 factor diff]5ces )9 a common ,m5delian reaction sy/em z is ord9>ily ! case 9 v>ietal hybrids2 7#c7 :5 di/9ct reaction sy/ems are involv$1 z 9 species crosses1 ! ph5om5a mu/ be view$ 9 ! light ( a contra/ betwe5 sy/ems r ?an betwe5 specific factor diff]5ces1 & ! results w dep5d ^u ! degree ( mutual compatibility display$ betwe5 ! specific elem5ts ( ! two sy/ems40 7,am]4 ,nat41 #ea 7#aiag71 p4 #ii47 ,to ^! conclusions may be add$ ! p]t95t obs]vation ( ,bradley ,moore ,davis3 8,( p>ticul> import10 he says1 8is ! expectation t le?als mo/ frequ5tly owe _! pres5ce to ! het]ozyg\s condition s9ce ! mix+ ( div]se g]m plasms seems likely to lead to ! break+ d[n ( delicate & vital adju/m5ts 9 proportion relative to ! degree ( protoplasmic confusion1 & ?is means *emical & physical di/urbance40 7,sci5ce1 ,feb4 #c1 #aibc1 p4 #aaa47 ,b cross+ produces1 9 ! second filial g5]ation 7,f71 pure 7homozyg\s7 z well z hybrid 7het]ozyg\s7 =ms4 ,9 "s cases ^! pure =ms are new1 ! ph5otype be+ diff]5t f t ( ei!r pure gr&p>5t4 ,su* a result is produc$ by r&om assortm5t ( ! *romosomes 9 gamete & zygote =mation1 & occurs :5 ! g5es = two or m pairs ( contra/$ *>act]s are locat$ 9 diff]5t *romosome pairs4 ,! ph5om5on is =mulat$ 9 ,m5del's ,second ,law1 ! law ( indep5d5t assortm5t4 ,! novelty1 h[ev]1 ( ! true-bre$+ =ms ?us produc$ is n absolute1 b relative4 ,!re is no orig9ation ( new h]$it>y factors4 ,x is simply a recomb9ation ( ! old g5es ( diff]5t /ocks1 ! g5es !mselves und]go+ no intr9sic alt]ation4 ,! comb9ation is new1 b n ! elem5ts comb9$4 ,9 addition to *romosomal recomb9ation1 we h factorial recomb9ation by means ( crossov]s4 ,?is1 too1 c produce new & true-bre$+ =ms ( a fix$ nature1 b "h1 likewise1 x is ! comb9ation1 & n ! elem5ts comb9$1 :i* is new4 ,! 8new0 =ms ?us produc$ are call$1 z we h se51 pseudomutants4 ,:5 pseudomutations1 t is1 crossov]s1 occur 9 conjunction ) ! condition ( balanc$ le?als1 !y closely simulate g5u9e factorial mutations4 ,?is is exemplifi$ 9 ! case ( ,de ,vries' no!ra ,lam>ckiana1 :i* is ! product ( a crossov] sup]v5+ ^u a situation ( balanc$ le?als4 ,9 cases ( ?is k9d1 ! crossov] releases hi!rto suppress$ recessive *>act]s1 giv+ ! appe>ance ( real mutation4 8,! work]s ) ,drosophila10 says ,davis1 8seem incl9$ to believe t mu* ( ! ph5om5a simulat+ mutation 9 _! mat]ial is 9 reality ! appe>ance ( *>act]s set free by ! break+ ( le?al adju/m5ts :i* held ! *>act]s lat5t4 ,well-kn[n work]s h arriv$ at simil> conclusions = no!ra mat]ial & are n cont5t to accept z evid5ce ( mutations ! behavior ( ,lam>ckiana & "s o!r =ms :5 !y ?r[ _! m>k$ v>iants40 7,sci5ce1 ,feb4 #c1 #aibb1 p4 #aaa47 ,! new =ms1 h[ev]1 result+ f r&om assortm5t & crossov]s _c be reg>d$ z new species4 8,analysis10 says ,bateson1 8has reveal$ ho/s ( transf]able *>act]s4 ,_! comb9ations suffice to supply 9 abundance s]ies ( types :i* might pass = new species1 & c]ta9ly w\ld be s class$ if !y 7 met ) 9 nature4 ,yet critically te/$1 we f9d t !y are n di/9ct species & we h no reason to suppose any accumulation ( *>act]s ( ! same ord] w\ld culm9ate 9 ! production ( di/9ct species4 ,specific diff]5ce !re=e mu/ be reg>d$ z probably atta*+ to ! base ^u :i* ^! transf]ables are implant$1 ( :i* we "k absolutely no?+ at all4 ,no?+ t we h witness$ 9 ! contempor>y _w c colorably be int]pret$ z provid+ ! sort ( evid5ce requir$40 7,sci5ce1 ,jan4 #bj1 #aibb1 pp4 #ei1 #fj47 ,anyone ?or\ghly acqua9t$ ) ! results ( g5etical analysis & rese>* w f9d x impossible to escape ! conviction t !re is no su* ?+ z exp]im5tal evid5ce = evolution4 ,9 spite ( ! enorm\s advances made 9 ! fields ( g5etics & cytology1 ! problem ( ! orig9 ( species is1 sci5tifically speak+1 z my/]i\s z ev]4 ,no v>iation ( :i* we h exp]i5ce is int]pretable z ! transmutation ( a specific type1 & ,david ,/>r ,jordan voices an inevitable conclusion :5 he says3 8,none ( ! creat$ #8new species' ( plant or animal ,i "k ( w\ld la/ five ye>s 9 ! op51 nor is !re ! slighte/ evid5ce t any new species ( field or =e/ or ocean ev] orig9at$ f mutation1 discont9u\s v>iation1 or hybridization40 7,sci5ce1 ,oct4 #bj1 #aibb1 p4 #ddh47 8,9 any case10 z ,pr(essor ,caull]y tells u 9 8 ,h>v>d lecture on ! 8,problem ( ,evolution10 8we d n see 9 ! facts em]g+ f ,m5delism1 h[ evolution1 9 ! s5se t morphology sugge/s1 c h come ab\t4 ,& x comes to pass t "s ( ! biologi/s ( greate/ au?ority 9 ! /udy ( ,m5delian h]$ity are l$1 ) reg>d to evolution1 ei!r to a m or less complete agno/icism1 or to ! expression ( ideas q oppos$ to ^? ( ! prec$+ g5]ation2 ideas :i* w\ld almo/ take u back to creationism40 7,smi?son4 ,in/4 ,rpt4 = #aiaf1 p4 #ccd47 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 impossible )9 ! limits ( a s+le *apt] to convey any adequate impression ( all t ,m5del's epo*-mak+ a*ievem5t port5ds1 b :at has be5 said is suffici5t to give "s idea ( ! acut5ess ( ! crisis ?r\gh :i* ! !ory ( organic evolution is pass+ z a result ( 8 discov]y4 ,9 its classic =ms ( ,lam>ckism1 ,d>w9ism & ,de-,vriesianism1 ! survival ( ! !ory is out ( ! "q4 ,:e!r or n x c be rehabilitat$ 9 any =m :atev] is a matt] op5 to d\bt4 ,transfix$ by ! innum]able spe>s ( mod]n objections1 its extremity calls to m9d ! plight ( ! ,lion ( ,luc]ne4 ,possibly1 x is de/9$ to f9d a rescu] 9 "s great g5ius ( ! future1 b ( "o ?+1 at lea/1 we may be p]fectly c]ta91 namely1 t1 ev5 if rejuv5at$1 x w nev] aga9 resume ! l9eam5ts trac$ by ,*>les ,d>w94 ,9 ! face ( ?is c]ta9ty1 x is almo/ pitiful to he> ! die-h>ds ( ,d>w9ism bol/]+ up a lo/ cause ) ! wret*$ quibble t1 ?\gh natural selection has be5 discr$it$ z an explanation ( ! diff]5tiation ( species1 ,d>w9ism 89 its ess5tials0 survives intact4 ,=1 if !re is any feature :i*1 beyond all else1 des]ves to be call$ an ess5tial ( ,d>w9's sy/em1 surely x is natural selection4 ,= ,d>w9 x 0 8! mo/ important0 ag5cy ( trans=mation 7cf4 8,orig9 ( ,species10 #f? ed41 p4 #e74 ,ap>t f 8 hypo!sis ( ! summation ?r\gh inh]itance ( slight v>iations 78fluctuations071 n[ completely demoli%$ by ! new sci5ce ( g5etics1 x repres5t$ 8 sole contribution to ! philosophy ( trans=mism4 ,x alone di/+ui%es ,d>w9ism f ,lam>ckism1 its prototype4 ,)\t x ! 8,orig9 ( ,species0 w\ld be ,hamlet )\t ! ,pr9ce ( ,d5m>k4 ,) x ,d>w9's fame %\ld /& or fall4 ,!re=e1 s9ce ,d>w9 err$ 9 mak+ x 8! mo/ important means ( modification10 ,d>w9ism is dead1 & no grief ( m\rn]s c resuscitate ! corpse4 8,?r\gh ! la/ fifty ye>s10 says ,bateson1 8?is !me ( ! natural selection ( favor$ races has be5 develop$ & exp\nd$ 9 writ+s innum]able4 ,favor$ races c]ta9ly c replace o!rs4 ,! argum5t is s\nd1 b we are d\btful ( its value4 ,= u t debate /&s adj\rn$4 ,we g to ,d>w9 = 8 incomp>able collection ( facts4 ,we w\ld fa9 emulate 8 s*ol>%ip1 8 wid?1 & 8 p[] ( exposition1 b to u he speaks no m ) philosophical au?ority4 ,we read 8 s*eme ( evolution z we w\ld ^? ( ,lucretius or ( ,lam>ck1 delight+ 9 _! simplicity & _! c\rage40 7,h]$ity1 ,presid4 ,add4 to ,briti% ,assoc4 = ,advanc4 ( ,sci5ce1 ,smi?4 ,in/4 ,rpt4 = #aiae1 p4 #cfe47 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,homology ,,& ,,its ,,evolution>y ,,int]pretation ,! rec5t revival ( int]e/ 9 ! problem ( evolution seems to h call$ =? two v opposite expressions ( op9ion f ^? :o pr(ess to repres5t ,ca?olic ?\ght on ?is subject4 ,m4 ,h5ri de ,dorlodot1 9 8 8,le ,d>w9isme10 appe>s 9 ! rle ( an ard5t admir] ( ,d>w9 & an en?usia/ic advocate ( ! doctr9e ( ,trans=mism4 ,! contr>y attitude is adopt$ by ,mr4 ,alfr$ ,mc,cann1 ^: 8,god--or ,gorilla0 is bitt]ly antagoni/ic n only to ,d>w9ism b to any =m :atev] ( ! !ory ( ,trans=mism4 ,bo? ( ^! works possess m]its :i* x w\ld be unju/ to ov]look4 ,dorlodot des]ves cr$it = hav+ %[n conclusively t !re is absolutely no?+ 9 ! ,scriptures1 or 9 ,patri/ic tradition1 or 9 ,ca?olic !ology1 or 9 ! philosophy ( ! ,s*ools1 :i* conflicts ) our acceptance ( organic evolution z an hypo!sis explanatory ( c]ta9 biological facts4 ,9 l mann]1 x mu/ be ackn[l$g$ t1 ev5 aft] a lib]al disc\nt has be5 made 9 p5alty ( its bias & sci5tific inaccuracy1 ,mr4 ,mc,cann's book /ill conta9s a =midable residue ( s]i\s objections1 :i* ! fri5ds ( evolution w probably f9d x m conv5i5t to side/ep ?an to answ]4 ,un=tunately1 h[ev]1 nei!r ( ^! writ]s ma9ta9s t balanc$ m5tal poise :i* "o likes to see 9 ! def5d]s ( ,ca?olic tru?4 ,dorlodot seems too pr(\ndly impress$ ) ! desirability ( occupy+ a popul> position to d imp>tial ju/ice to ! problem at issue1 & 8 anxiety to keep 9 /ep ) ! majority bl9ds him app>5tly to ! flaws ( t 8,d>w9ism0 :i* he praises4 ,_h he be5 cont5t ) a simple dem>cation ( negative limits1 !re w\ld be no gr\nd = compla9t4 ,b1 :5 he goes s f> z to be/[ unm]it$ praise ^u ! au?or ( ! me*ani/ic 8,orig9 ( ,species0 & ! mat]iali/ic 8,desc5t ( ,man02 :51 by conf\nd+ ,d>w9ism ) evolution1 he cons5ts to t hi/orical inju/ice :i* all[s ,d>w9 to play ,jacob to ,lam>ck's ,esau1 & :i* leaves ! orig9al g5ius ( ,m5del 9 obscurity :ile x accords ! limelight ( fame to ! unorig9al exp\nd] ( a borr[$ conception2 :51 by means ( ! sophi/ry ( ana*ronism1 he speci\sly endeavors to br+ ! speculations ( an ,augu/9e or an ,aqu9as into alignm5t ) ^? ( ! ex-div9ity /ud5t ( ,cambridge2 :5 he assumes t ,fixism is s evid5tly wrong t its claims are unwor?y ( consid]ation1 :]eas ,trans=mism is s evid5tly "r t we c disp5se ) ! =mality ( exam9+ its cr$5tials2 :51 9 a ^w1 he expresses himself n m]ely 9 ! s5se1 b 9 ! v /]eotyp$ cant phrases ( a dead philosophy1 we realize1 ) regret1 t 8 conclusions are bas$1 n on any reason$ analysis ( ! evid5ce1 b solely ^u ! dogmatism ( sci5tific or?odoxy1 t 8 ?\ght is ca/ 9 antiquat$ molds1 & t = him1 app>5tly1 ! sixty-five ye>s ( discov]y & disillusionm5t1 :i* h int]v5$ s9ce ! publication ( ! 8,orig9 ( ,species10 h pass$ 9 va94 ,b1 if ,dorlodot repres5ts ! extreme ( uncritical approval1 ,mr4 ,mc,cann repres5ts ! opposite1 & no less repreh5sible1 extreme ( bias$ antagonism1 t is nei!r fair 9 me?od nor conciliatory 9 tone4 ,in/ead ( adh]+ to ! "t-honor$ practice ( ,ca?olic controv]siali/s1 :i* is r to ov]/ate ?an to und]/ate ! argum5t ( an adv]s>y1 ,mr4 ,mc,cann t5ds1 at times1 to m9imize1 9 8 re/atem5t1 ! =ce ( an oppon5t's reason+4 ,he frequ5tly belittles ) m]e flippant sne]1 & is only too ready to "q ! good fai? ( ^? :o d n %>e 8 convictions4 ,?us1 :5 ,mc,cann ridicules ,wells & accuses him ( pure romanc+1 because ! latt] speaks ( c]ta9 hairy 8wild wom50 ( ! ,caves1 he himself seems to be ignorant ( ! fact t a paloli?ic et*+ has be5 f\nd repres5t+ a woman s cov]$ ) hair t %e _h no ne$ ( o!r app>el 7! bas-relief f ,laug]ie-,basse c>v$ on re9de] palm--cf4 ,smi?son4 ,in/4 ,rpt4 = #aiji1 p4 #edj & ,plate #b74 ,mr4 ,mc,cann may object1 ) tru?1 t ?is is f> f be+ a pro( t ! primitive repres5tatives ( ! human race 7 hairy individuals1 b ! fact suffices1 at lea/1 to acquit ,mr4 ,wells ( ! *>ge ( unscrupul\s inv5tion4 ,h5ce1 :ile we h no wi% to excuse ! lam5table lack ( sci5tific consci5ti\sness s manife/ly app>5t 9 ! writ+s ( popul>iz]s ( evolution1 l ,wells1 ,osborn1 & ,haeckel1 nev]!less common ju/ice1 n to speak ( *>ity1 con/ra9s u to presume t1 occasionally at lea/1 _! dep>tures f ! norm ( objective fact 7 due to ord9>y human fallibility or to ! m5tal bl9dness induc$ by preconceptions1 r ?an to any delib]ate int5t to deceive4 ,& we feel ourselves impell$ to make ?is all[ance = unconsci\s inaccuracy all ! m readily t we are confront$ ) ! necessity ( ext5d+ ! selfsame indulg5ce to ,mr4 ,mc,cann himself4 ,?us we f9d t ! sev5? illu/ration 9 8,god--or ,gorilla0 7opposite p4 #ef7 be>s ! leg5d3 8,skeletons ( man & *impanzee comp>$10 :51 9 po9t ( fact1 ! ape skeleton 9 "q is n t ( a *impanzee 7,troglodytes nig]7 at all1 b ( an ,orang-utan 7,simia satyrus71 z ! read] may v]ify = himself by consult+ ,plate ,,vi ( ! ,engli% v]sion ( ,wasmann's 8,mod]n ,biology10 :]e ! id5tical illu/ration appe>s above its prop] title3 8,skeleton ( an adult ,orang-utan40 ,s9ce ! error is repeat$ 9 ! index ( illu/rations & 9 ! leg5d ( ! ?ird illu/ration ( ! app5dix1 x is impossible1 9 ?is in/ance1 to %ift ! responsibility f ,mr4 ,mc,cann to ! pr9t]4 ,9 any case1 x is s9c]ely to be hop$ t ?is1 & sev]al o!r infelicit\s errors w be rectifi$ 9 ! next edition ( 8,god--or ,gorilla40 ,9 ! next *apt] we %all h occasion to ref] aga9 to ,dorlodot's book4 ,= ! pres5t1 h[ev]1 8 "w ne$ n conc]n u1 :ile 9 t ( ,mr4 ,mc,cann we s+le out b "o po9t z g]mane to our subject1 namely1 ! latt]'s inadequate rebuttal ( ! evolution>y argum5t f homology4 ,! futility ( 8 me?od1 :i* consi/s 9 mat*+ insignificant diff]5ces aga9/ prepond]ant resemblances1 & 9 exclaim+ ) ironic incr$ulity3 8,note extraord9>y resemblances60 becomes pa9fully evid5t1 s soon z prop] pres5tation enables u to appreciate ! true =ce ( ! argum5t he is /riv+ to refute4 ,functionally ! foot ( a ,troglodyte ape may be a 8h&10 b /ructurally x is ! homologue ( ! human foot1 & n ( ! human h&2 nor is ?is homology effectually dispos$ ( by /ress+ ! dissimil>ity ( ! hallux1 :il/ "o rema9s discreetly retic5t conc]n+ ! simil>ity ( ! calcaneum4 ,= two reasons1 !re=e1 ! irrelevance ( ,mr4 ,mc,cann's reply is ( special int]e/ "h3 7#a7 because x illu/rates concretely ! dang] ( r5d]+ a refutation inconsequ5tial & inept by fail+ to plumb ! full dep? ( ! difficulty "o is seek+ to solve2 7#b7 because x %[s t x is va9 to attempt to remove man's body f ! scope ( ?is argum5t by cit+ ! inconsid]able /ructural diff]5ces :i* di/+ui% him f ! ape1 s t1 unless ! argum5t f homology proves ^u clos] scrut9y to be inh]5tly inconclusive1 its applicability to ! human body is a =egone conclusion1 & implies ) irresi/ible logic ! common ance/ry ( m5 & apes4 ,su* are ! reflections sugge/$ by ! meag] measure ( ju/ice :i* ,mr4 ,mc,cann accords to ! /ronge/ zological evid5ce 9 favor ( evolution1 & !y conta9 9 g]m a feasible program = ! pres5t *apt]1 :i*1 accord+ly1 w address itself3 fir/1 to ! task ( asc]ta9+ ! true significance ( homology 9 ! ab/ract z well z ! full ext5t ( its application 9 ! concrete2 second1 to t ( det]m9+ ) critical precision its intr9sic value z an argum5t = ! !ory ( transmutation4 ,homology is a te*nical t]m us$ by ! sy/emati/s ( botany1 zology & comp>ative anatomy to signify basic /ructural simil>ity z di/+ui%$ f sup]ficial functional simil>ity1 ! latt] be+ t]m$ analogy4 ,organisms are said to exemplify ! ph5om5on ( homology :51 b5ea? a c]ta9 am\nt ( ext]nal div]sity1 !y possess 9 common a gr\p ( correlat$ int]nal resemblances ( su* a nature t ! organisms possess+ !m appe> to be con/ruct$ ^u ! same fundam5tal plan4 ,9 cases ( ?is k9d1 ! basic simil>ity is frequ5tly mask$ by a v5e] ( unlik5ess1 & x is only bel[ ?is %all[ surface ( div]g5ce t we f9d evid5ces ( ! id5tical /ructure or common type4 ,?us organs ( diff]5t animals are said to be homolog\s :5 !y are compos$ ( l p>ts arrang$ 9 simil> relation to "o ano!r4 ,homolog\s organs correspond bone = bone & tissue = tissue1 s t ea* compon5t ( ! "o f9ds its respective c\nt]p>t 9 ! o!r4 ,! organs 9 "q may be functionally specializ$ & ext]nally diff]5tiat$ = q diff]5t purposes1 b ! sup]ficial div]sity s]ves only to emphasize1 by contra/1 ! und]ly+ id5tity ( /ructure :i* p]si/s intact b5ea? x4 ,?us1 = example1 ! w+ ( a pigeon1 ! flipp] ( a :ale1 ! =eleg ( a cat1 & ! arm ( a man are organs diff]+ widely 9 function z well z outw>d appe>ance1 b !y are call$ homolog\s1 none ! less1 because !y all exhibit ! same basic plan1 be+ compos$ ( simil> bones simil>ly dispos$ ) respect to "o ano!r4 ,organs1 on ! o!r h&1 are call$ analog\s :i*1 ?\gh fundam5tally unlike 9 /ructure1 are1 nev]!less1 sup]ficially modifi$ & specializ$ = "o & ! same function4 ,! w+ ( a bird & ! w+ ( an insect furni% a trite in/ance ( su* analogy4 ,functionally !y subs]ve ! same purpose1 b /ructurally !y be> no relation to ea* o!r4 ,9 l mann]1 ?\gh bo? are devot$ to ! same function1 !re exi/s betwe5 ! leg ( a man & ! leg ( a spid] a fundam5tal disp>ity 9 /ructure4 ,at times1 specialization = ! selfsame function involves ! em]g5ce ( a simil> modification or uni=m /ructural adaptation f a sub/rate ( basic dissimil>ity4 ,9 ^! in/ances ( p>allel modifications appe>+ on ! surface ( div]g5t types1 we h some?+ m ?an m]e functional resemblance4 ,/ructure is likewise involv$1 albeit sup]ficially1 9 ! modification :i* br+s ab\t ?is ext]nal uni=mity4 ,9 su* cases1 analogy is spok5 ( z conv]g5ce1 a ph5om5on ( :i* ! mole & ! mole-cricket con/itute a typical example4 ,! burr[+ legs ( ! insect are1 s f> z outw>d appe>ance goes1 ! exact replica on a small] scale ( ^? ( ! mole1 ?\gh1 fundam5tally1 _! /ructure is q unlike1 ! mole be+ built on ! endoskeletal plan ( ! v]tebrates1 :]eas ! mole-cricket is con/ruct$ on ! exoskeletal plan *>act]i/ic ( ! ar?ropods4 ,speak+ ( ! fir/ pair ( legs ( ! mole-cricket1 ,?omas ,hunt ,morgan says3 8,by _! use ! mole-cricket makes a burr[ ne> ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 simil> to1 b ( c\rse mu* small] ?an1 t made by ! mole4 ,9 bo? ( ^! cases ! adaptation is ! m obvi\s1 because1 :ile ! leg ( ! mole is =m$ on ! same g5]al plan z t ( o!r v]tebrates1 & ! leg ( ! mole-cricket has ! same fundam5tal /ructure z t ( o!r insects1 yet 9 bo? cases ! details ( /ructure & ! g5]al proportions h be5 s alt]$ t ! leg is fitt$ = entirely diff]5t purposes f ^? to :i* ! legs ( o!r v]tebrates & o!r insects are put40 7,quot$ by ,dwight 9 8,?\ghts ( a ,ca?olic ,anatomi/10 p4 #bce47 ,9 ! analogies ( conv]g5ce1 !re=e1 we h ! exact conv]se ( ! ph5om5on s (t5 enc\nt]$ 9 connection ) homology4 ,! latt] exhibits a contra/ betwe5 basic id5tity & sup]ficial div]sity1 ! =m] a contra/ betwe5 sup]ficial conv]g5ce & fundam5tal div]g5ce4 ,n[ ! extreme importance ( homology is manife/ f ! fact t ! taxonomi/s ( zology & botany h f\nd x to be ! mo/ satisfactory basis = a sci5tific classification ( animals & plants4 ,9 bo? ( ^! sci5ces1 organisms are arrang$ 9 gr\ps accord+ z !y possess 9 common c]ta9 po9ts ( resemblance :]eby !y may be ref]r$ to ?is1 or t1 g5]al type4 ,! resemblance is mo/ complete betwe5 memb]s ( ! same species1 :i* d n diff] f "o ano!r by any major diff]5ce1 ?\gh !y may exhibit c]ta9 m9or diff]5ces ju/ify+ _! subdivision into v>ieties or races4 ,^! morphological consid]ations1 h[ev]1 mu/1 9 ! case ( an organic species1 be supplem5t$ by ! additional physiological crit]ia ( p]fect sexual compatibility & normal viability1 z we h already _h occasion to note 9 ! previ\s *apt]4 ,:5 organisms1 ?\gh di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r by "s major diff]5ce1 agree1 not)/&+1 9 ! ma9 elem5ts ( /ructure1 ! sev]al species to :i* !y belong are gr\p$ "u a common g5us1 & simil>ly g5]a are gr\p$ into families4 ,a relative major diff]5ce1 su* z a diff]5ce 9 ! size ( ! tee?1 suffices = ! segregation ( a new species1 :ile an absolute diff]5ce1 su* z a diff]5ce 9 ! numb] ( tee? or ! possession ( an additional organ1 suffices = ! segregation ( a new g5us4 ,9 practice1 h[ev]1 ! classifications ( sy/emati/s are (t5 v arbitr>y1 & we f9d ! latt] divid$ into two factions1 ! 8lump]s0 :o wi% to r$uce ! numb] ( sy/ematic gr\ps & ! 8splitt]s0 :o h a passion = break+ up l>g] gr\ps into small] ones on ! basis ( t5u\s diff]5ces4 ,above ! families are ! ord]s1 & !y1 9 turn1 are assembl$ 9 /ill l>g] gr\ps call$ classes1 until f9ally we rea* ! phyla or bran*es1 :i* are ! supreme categories into :i* ! plant & animal k+doms are divid$4 ,z we asc5d ! scale ( classification1 ! po9ts ( resemblance betwe5 ! organisms classifi$ are con/antly decreas+ 9 numb]1 :ile ! po9ts ( diff]5ce increase apace4 ,h5ce1 :]eas memb]s ( ! same species h v mu* 9 common1 memb]s ( ! same phylum h v little 9 common1 & memb]s ( diff]5t phyla %[ su* /ructural disp>ity t fur!r correlation on ! basis ( simil>ities becomes impossible 79 ! s5se1 at lea/1 ( a reliable & consi/5t s*eme ( classification71 all ef=ts to relate ! prim>y phyla to "o ano!r 9 a satisfactory mann] hav+ prov$ abortive4 ,)9 ! conf9es ( ea* phylum1 h[ev]1 homology is ! basic pr9ciple ( classification4 ,b ! sci5ti/ is n cont5t to note ! b>e fact ( its exi/5ce4 ,he seeks an explanation1 he wi%es to "k ! raison d'tre ( homology4 ,innum]able ?reads ( simil>ity run ?r\gh ! wo( ( div]g5ce1 & ! "q arises3 ,h[ c we acc\nt = ! coxi/5ce ( ?is wo( ( div]sity ) a w>p ( simil>ity8 ,c]ta9ly1 if call$ ^u to expla9 ! simil>ity exi/5t betwe5 memb]s ( "o & ! same species1 ev5 ! man 9 ! /reet w\ld resort in/9ctively to ! pr9ciple ( inh]itance & ! assumption ( common ance/ry1 exclaim+3 8,l sire1 l son60 ,x is a notori\s fact t *ildr5 resemble _! p>5ts1 & s9ce memb]s ( ! same species are sexually compatible & p]fectly int]f]tile1 !re is no difficulty :atev] 9 ! way ( accept+ ! presumption ( desc5t f common ance/ral /ock z a satisfactory solution ( ! problem ( specific resemblance4 ,n[1 x is precisely ?is selfsame pr9ciple ( h]$ity :i* ! ,trans=mi/ invokes to acc\nt = g5]ic1 no less ?an = specific1 simil>ity4 ,9 fact1 he presses x fur!r /ill1 & pr(esses to see !re9 ! explanation ( ! resemblances obs]v$ betwe5 memb]s ( ! diff]5t families1 ord]s1 & classes1 :i* sy/emati/s gr\p "u a common phylum4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 am\nts to a bold ext5sion ( ! pr9ciple ( inh]itance f> beyond ! b>ri]s ( int]specific /]ility to remote applications t exce$ all possibility ( exp]im5tal v]ification4 ,trans=mi/s answ] ?is difficulty1 h[ev]1 by cont5d+ t ! p]iod1 dur+ :i* ! human race has exi/$1 has be51 geologically speak+1 all too brief1 & *>act]iz$ by environm5tal conditions mu* too uni=m1 to af=d u a favorable opportunity = asc]ta9+ ! extreme limits to :i* ! g5etic process may possibly ext5d2 &1 ev5 ap>t f ?is consid]ation1 !y say1 racial developm5t 7phylog5y7 may be1 l embryological developm5t 7ontog5y7 an irrev]sible process1 9 :i* case no recurr5ce :atev] ( its pa/ ph5om5a are to be expect$ 9 our times4 ,be t z x may1 ! evolutioni/ int]prets ! resemblances ( homology z surviv+ ve/iges ( an anci5t ance/ral type1 :i* h manag$ to p]si/ 9 ! desc5dants not)/&+ ! trans=mations wr\ght 9 ! latt] by ! process ( progressive div]g5ce4 ,moreov]1 j z ! exi/5ce ( a common ance/or is inf]r$ f ! fact ( resemblance1 s ! relative position 9 "t ( ! common ance/or is inf]r$ f ! degree ( resemblance4 ,! common ance/or ( =ms closely alli$ is assum$ to h be5 proximate1 t ( =ms b di/antly resembl+ ea* o!r is ?\ght to h be5 remote4 ,?us ! common ance/or ( species gr\p$ "u ! same g5us is suppos$ to h be5 less remote ?an ! common ance/or ( all ! g5]a gr\p$ "u "o family4 ,! same reason+ is appli$1 mutatis mut&is1 to ! ance/ry ( families1 ord]s & classes4 ,! logic ( su* inf]5ces may be que/ion$1 b !re is no bl9k+ ! fact t1 9 practice1 ! g5etic explanation ( homology is assum$ by sci5ti/s to be ! only reasonable "o possible4 ,9 fact1 s /rong is _! confid5ce 9 ! necessity ( admitt+ a solution ( ?is k9d1 t !y d n hesitate to make x "p & p>cel ( ! def9ition ( homology itself4 ,= in/ance1 on page #acj ( ,woodruff's 8,f\ndations ( ,biology0 7#aibb71 we are in=m$ t homology signifies 8a fundam5tal simil>ity ( /ructure bas$ on desc5t f a common antec$5t =m40 ,! ,yale pr(essor1 h[ev]1 has be5 outdone 9 ?is respect by ,pr(essor ,calk9s ( ,columbia1 :o disc>ds ! anatomical def9ition altoge!r & sub/itutes1 9 lieu !re(1 its evolution>y int]pretation4 8,:5 organs h ! same ance/ry10 he says1 8t is1 :5 !y come f "s common "p ( an ance/ral type1 !y are said to be homolog\s40 78,biology10 p4 #afe47 ,9 %ort1 ,f4 ,a4 ,ba!r is us+ a consecrat$ =mula cull$ f ! mod]n biological cre$ :5 he says3 8,! old =m ( diagnosis 0 p] g5us et diff]5tiam4 ,! new =m is p] proavum et modificationem40 7,sci5ce1 ,sept4 #ag1 #aibj1 p4 #bei47 ,a mom5t's reflection1 h[ev]1 w make x cle> t1 9 ?us conf\nd+ ! def9ition prop] ) its !oretical int]pretation1 ! mod]n biologi/ is guilty ( a logical atrocity4 ,homology1 aft] all1 is a simple anatomical fact1 :i* c be q adequately def9$ 9 t]ms ( obs]vation2 nor is ! def9ition improv$ 9 ! lea/ by hav+ its factual elem5ts dilut$ ) explanatory !ory4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! def9ition is decid$ly weak5$ by su* r$undancy4 ,& z = ^? :o insi/ on def9+ homology 9 t]ms ( atavi/ic assumption in/ead ( /ructural aff9ity1 _! proc$ure is tantam\nt to def9+ ! cle> by means ( ! obscure1 an actual effect by means ( a possible cause4 ,moreov]1 ?is attempt to load ! dice 9 favor ( ,trans=mism by tamp]+ ) ! def9ition ( homology ends by defeat+ its own purpose4 ,=1 if homology is to s]ve z a legitimate argum5t = evolution1 !n obvi\sly evolution mu/ n be includ$ 9 its def9ition2 o!rwise1 ! conclusion is anticipat$ 9 ! premise1 ! "q is begg$1 & ! argum5t itself r5d]$ a vici\s circle4 ,hav+ =m$ a suffici5tly cle> conception ( homology z a /atic fact1 we are n[ 9 a position to consid] ! problem ( its causality ) ref]5ce to ! solution propos$ by evolutioni/s4 ,transmutation1 !y tell u1 results f ! int]action ( a tw(old process1 namely1 ! cons]vative & similify+ process call$ inh]itance1 & progressive & div]sify+ process kn[n z v>iation4 ,inh]itance by transmitt+ ! ance/ral lik5ess t5ds to br+ ab\t uni=mity4 ,v>iation by div]t+ old curr5ts into new *annels adju/ organisms to new situations & br+s ab\t modification4 ,homology1 !re=e1 is ! effect ( inh]itance1 :ile adapt$ness or modification is ! product ( v>iation4 ,z "h us$1 ! t]m inh]itance d5otes some?+ m ?an a m]e recurr5ce ( p>5tal *>act]s 9 ! (fspr+4 ,x signifies a process ( g5u9e transmission f g5]ation to g5]ation4 ,/rictly speak+1 x is n ! *>act]s1 su* z coloration1 %ape1 size1 *emical composition1 /ructural type1 & functional specificity1 t are 8inh]it$10 b r ! h]$it>y factors or *romosomal g5es1 :i* are actually transmitt$1 & ( :i* ! *>act]s are b an ext]nal expression or manife/ation4 ,h5ce1 x is sc>cely accurate to speak ( 8inh]it$10 z di/+ui%$ f 8acquir$10 *>act]s4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 all somatic *>act]s are jo9t products ( ! int]action ( g]m9al & environm5tal factors4 ,consequ5tly1 ! ext]nal "* w\ld be affect$ no less by a *ange 9 ! environm5tal factors ?an by a *ange 9 ! g]m9al factors4 ,9 a ^w1 somatic *>act]s are n ! exclusive expression ( ! g5etic factors1 b are equally dep5d5t ^u environm5tal influ5ce1 & h5ce x is only to ! ext5t t ^! *>act]s are indicative ( ! specific con/itution ( ! g]m plasm t we may speak ( !m z 8inh]it$10 rememb]+ t :at is really transmitt$ to ! (fspr+ is a complex ( g5es or g]m9al factors1 & n ! *>act]s !mselves4 ,! s5se is1 !re=e1 t 8inh]it$0 *>act]s are manife/ative ( :at is conta9$ 9 ! g]m plasm1 :]eas 8acquir$0 *>act]s h no specific g]m9al basis1 b are a resultant ( ! int]action betwe5 ! somatic cells & ! environm5t4 ,9 mod]n t]m9ology1 z we h se51 ! aggregate ( g]m9al factors transmitt$ 9 ! process ( reproduction is call$ ! g5otype1 :ile ! aggregate ( somatic *>act]s :i* manife/ ^! g]m9al factors ext]nally is spok5 ( z ! ph5otype4 ,only ! g5otype is transmitt$1 ! ph5otype be+ ! subsequ5t product ( ! int]play ( g5etic factors & environm5tal /imuli1 dep5d5t ^u1 & expressive (1 bo?4 ,v>iation1 !re=e1 may be bas$ ^u a *ange 9 ! g]m plasm1 or 9 ! environm5t1 or 9 bo?4 ,if x re/s exclusively ^u an extraord9>y *ange 9 ! environm5tal conditions1 ! result+ modification is non-inh]itable1 & w disappe> s soon z ! exceptional environm5tal /imulus t evok$ x is )drawn4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 x is bas$ ^u a g]m9al *ange1 x w manife/ itself1 ev5 "u ord9>y1 i4e4 un*ang$ or uni=m environm5tal influ5ce4 ,9 ?is case1 ! modification is inh]itable 9 ! s5se t x is ! specific effect ( a transmissible g]m9al factor1 :i* has und]gone alt]ation4 ,z we h se5 9 ! =ego+ *apt]1 !re are ?ree k9ds ( g]m9al *ange :i* result 9 8inh]itable0 modifications4 ,! fir/ is call$ factorial mutation1 & is initiat$ by an alt]ation occurr+ 9 "o or m ( ! *romosomal g5es4 ,! second is call$ *romosomal mutation1 & is caus$ by duplication 7or r$uction7 ( ! *romosomes4 ,! ?ird may be t]m$ recomb9ation1 "o type ( :i* results f ! crossov] or ex*ange ( g5es betwe5 pair+ *romosomes 78pseudomutation071 ! o!r f r&om assortm5t 9 accordance ) ! ,m5delian law ( ! indep5d5ce ( allelomorphic pairs4 ,?is s-call$ 8r&om assortm5t ( ! *romosomes0 is ! result ( ! %uffl+ & free deals ( ! *romosomal c>ds ( h]$ity :i* take place twice 9 ! life-cycle ( organisms3 viz4 fir/1 9 ! process ( gametic r$uction 7meiosis72 second1 9 ! *ance meet+ ( v>i\sly-con/itut$ sp]ms & eggs 9 f]tilization4 ,a mis*ance ( ! fir/ ( ^! 8free deals0 is bewail$ 9 ! foll[+ snat* f a p>ody belong+ to ! ,woods ,hole an?ology4 8,oh *romosomes1 my *romosomes1 ,h[ sad is my condition6 ,my gr&sire's gift = writ+ well ,has gone to "s lo/ pol> cell ,& s ,i write ?is dogg]el1 ,i _c d mu* bett]40 ,^! k9ds ( v>iation1 h[ev]1 9 s f> z !y fall )9 ! range ( actual obs]vation1 are conf9$ )9 ! limits ( ! organic species4 ,intra-specific v>iation1 h[ev]1 w n suffice4 ,to acc\nt = ! adaptive modifications sup]impos$ ^u und]ly+ /ructural id5tity1 ,trans=mism is oblig$ to assume ! possibility ( trans-specific v>iation4 ,yet 9 none ( ! =ego+ processes ( v>iation d we f9d a valid factual basis = ?is assumption4 ,factorial mutation1 = in/ance1 waiv+ its failure to produce naturally-viable =ms1 or to meet ! physiological /]ility te/ ( a new species1 admits ( int]pretation z a *ange ( loss due to ! 8dropp+ out0 ( a g5e f ! g]m9al complex4 ,bateson's conception ( evolution z a process consi/+ 9 ! gradual loss ( inhibitive g5es1 ^: elim9ation releases suppress$ pot5tialities1 seems r incr$ible4 ,_m w be incl9$ to see 9 ,ca/le's faceti\s epigram a r$uctio ad absurdum ( ,bateson's sugge/ion2 =1 accord+ to ! latt]'s view1 z ! ,h>v>d pr(essor rem>ks1 we %\ld h to reg>d man z a simplifi$ amba4 ,c]ta9ly1 x seems no?+ %ort ( a contradiction to ascribe ! progressive complication ( ! ph5otype to a simplification ( ! g5otype by loss4 ,on ! o!r h&1 n only is !re no exp]im5tal evid5ce ( a g]m9al *ange by positive acquisition1 t is1 by ! addition ( g5es1 b x is h>d to conceive h[ su* a *ange c\ld come ab\t4 8,at fir/10 admits ,bateson1 8x may seem rank absurdity to suppose t ! primordial =m or =ms ( protoplasm c\ld h conta9$ complexity en\gh to produce ! div]s types ( life40 8,b10 he asks1 8is x easi] to imag9e t ^! p[]s c\ld h be5 convey$ by extr9sic addition8 ,( :at nature c\ld ^! additions be8 ,additions ( mat]ial c n surely be 9 "q4 ,we are told t salts ( iron 9 ! soil may turn a p9k hydrangea blue4 ,! iron _c be pass$ on to ! next g5]ation4 ,h[ c iron multiply itself8 ,! p[] to assimilate iron is all t c be transmitt$4 ,a disease-produc+ organism l ! pebr9e ( silkworms c 9 a v few cases be pass$ on ?r\gh ! g]m cells4 ,b x does n become "p ( ! invad$ ho/1 & we c n conceive x tak+ "p 9 ! geometrically ord]$ processes ( segregation4 ,^! illu/rations may seem too gross2 b :at ref9em5t w meet ! requirem5ts ( ! problem1 t ! ?+ introduc$ mu/ be1 z ! liv+ organism itself is1 capable ( multiplication & ( subord9at+ itself 9 a def9ite sy/em ( segregation80 7,h]$ity1 ,smi?son4 ,in/4 ,rpt4 = #aiae1 p4 #cgc47 ,nor c we agree ) ,pr(4 ,t4 ,h4 ,morgan's cont5tion t ! =ego+ difficulty ( ,bateson has be5 solv$ by ! discov]y ( ! *romosomal mutation4 ,all unbalanc$ *romosomal mutants are subnormal 9 _! viability & vitality1 n to speak ( _! m>k$ /]ility4 ,haploidy repres5ts a regressive1 r ?an a progressive1 /ep4 ,! triploid mutant is /]ile4 ,! tetraploid race ( ,daturas is inf]ior 9 f]tility to ! normal diploid plant4 ,! orig9 ( balanc$ tetraploidy f diploidy mu/ be presum$1 s9ce x has nev] be5 obs]v$4 ,moreov]1 tetraploidy repres5ts only quantitative1 & n qualitative1 progress4 ,! increas$ mass ( ! nucleus produces an enl>gem5t ( ! cytoplasm1 ! result ( :i* is giantism4 ,?is effect1 h[ev]1 is n specific2 = giant & normal races possess+ ea* ! same numb] ( *romosomes are kn[n to exi/ 9 nature4 ,h5ce giantism may be due to o!r causes besides *romosomal duplication4 ,! only effect ( ?is d\bl+ is a re9=cem5t & int5sification ( ! =m] effect ( ! g5etic factors1 _! specificity rema9+ un*ang$4 ,d\ble doses are sub/itut$ = s+le doses ( ! factors1 b no?+ really new is add$4 ,morgan himself recognizes t ?is m]e repetition ( id5tical g5es is insuffici5t1 & t _! multiplication mu/ be qualitative z well z num]ical1 to answ] ! specifications ( a progressive /ep 9 evolution4 ,h5ce he sugge/s t ! *romosomal mutation is subsequ5tly supplem5t$ by appropriate factorial mutation4 ,once ?is supposition is made1 h[ev]1 all ! objections we h m5tion$ 9 connection ) factorial mutation 7e4g4 ! subnormality ( its products1 its intra-specific nature1 etc47 return to plague ! speculator1 &1 9 addition to ^!1 he is confront$ ) ! new difficulty ( expla9+ h[ ! r$undance ( duplicate g5es c be remov$ & replac$ by cord9ate diff]5tiation 9 _! respective specificities4 ,n[ we h no factual evid5ce :atev] ( su* a solid>ic r$iff]5tiation ( ! g]m9al factors1 t w\ld modify h>moni\sly ! composition & rle ( ea* & e g5e 9 ! factorial complex4 ,nor is !re any possibility :atev] ( acc\nt+ = ?is telic sup]regulation ( ! g]m9al regulators ^u a purely me*ani/ic basis4 ,h[ c ! ultimate *emical det]m9ants ( h]$ity be ?us r$et]m9$8 ,consequ5tly1 al?\gh !re is gametic incompatibility betwe5 diploid races & ! tetraploid races1 :i* are said to h aris5 f ! =m]1 we are n1 nev]!less1 w>rant$1 by :at has be5 exp]im5tally v]ifi$1 9 reg>d+ tetraploid races z new species1 or z progressive /eps 9 ! process ( organic evolution4 ,to conclude1 !re=e1 we h exp]im5tal v]ification ( ! efficacy ( ! similify+ process said to h be5 at "w 9 evolution1 namely1 inh]itance4 ,! same1 h[ev]1 _c be said ( ! correlative div]sify+ process ( trans-specific v>iation1 :i* is said to h sup]ficially modifi$ old /ructures into new species4 ,! latt] process1 accord+ly1 is b a pure po/ulate ( sci5ce kn[n to u only ?r\gh ! effect hypo!tically assign$ to x1 namely1 ! adaptive modification4 ,! adaptation1 h[ev]1 ( :i* !re is "q "h is n to be conf\nd$ ) ! 8acquir$ adaptation0 ( ,lam>ckian fame2 =1 unlike ! latt]1 x is an inh]itable modification root$ 9 ! g]m plasm4 ,adaptations ( ?is sort d1 inde$1 adju/ ! organism to its ext]nal environm5t1 b !y are innate & n acquir$4 ,h5ce !y are (t5 spok5 ( z preadaptations2 = !y prec$e1 9 a s5se1 ! organism's contact ) ! environ+ elem5t to :i* !y adju/ x4 ,!y may possibly1 x is true1 h be5 acquir$ 9 ! di/ant pa/1 b !y h n[ a specific g]m9al f\ndation1 & no "o 0 ev] privileg$ to witness _! initial production de novo4 ,! :ale1 = example1 ?\gh fundam5tally a w>m-blood$ mammal1 is sup]ficially a fi%1 by reason ( su* a preadaptation to its m>9e environm5t4 ,preadaptation is ( common occurr5ce1 especially among p>asites1 symbiotes1 comm5sals1 & inquil9es4 ,wasmann cites innum]able in/ances ( beetles & flies s pr(\ndly modifi$1 9 accommodation to _! mode ( life z gue/s 9 t]mite ne/s1 t ! sy/emati/ hesitates to classify !m "u any ( ! accept$ ord]s ( insects4 ,"h ! adaptive modification s di/urbs ! und]ly+ homology z to make ( ^! creatures taxonomical ambiguities4 ,9 ! case ( ,t]mitomyia1 he tells u1 8! :ole developm5t ( ! individual has be5 s modifi$ t x resembles t ( a vivip>\s mammal r ?an t ( a fly40 78,! ,problem ( ,evolution10 pp4 #ad1 #ae47 ,su* modifications1 h[ev]1 am\nt to major1 & n m]ely m9or1 diff]5ces4 ,we are n deal+1 !re=e1 ) v>ietal di/9ctions "h1 b ) specific1 g5]ic1 & ev5 ord9al diff]5ces4 ,) ref]5ce to ! ph5om5on ( adaptive modification1#c ?ree ?+s1 consequ5tly1 are wor?y ( note3 7#a7 x has ! semblance ( be+ adv5titi\s to ! und]ly+ /ructural uni=mity2 7#b7 x is ( su* magnitude t x _c be ascrib$ to v>iation )9 ! species2 7#c7 x has be5 appropriat$ by ! h]$it>y process1 9 ! s5se t x is n[ an 8inh]it$0 "* bas$ on ! transmission ( specific g]m9al factors4 #c ,x may be rem>k$1 9 pass+1 t exp]im5tal g5etics & mutation furni% no clue to ! orig9 ( adaptive *>act]s4 ,! ,lam>ckian idea alone gives promise 9 ?is direction4 ,or?og5esis leaves unsolv$ ! my/]y ( preadaptation2 yet only or?og5etic sy/ems ( evolution c be con/ruct$ on ! basis ( g5etical facts4 8,mutations & ,m5delism10 says ,kellogg1 8may expla9 ! orig9 ( new species 9 "s measure1 b !y d n expla9 adaptation 9 ! slighte/ degree40 7,atlantic ,mon?ly1 ,april1 #aibd1 pp4 #dhh1 #dhi47 ,we h se5 9 ! previ\s *apt] t !y are impot5t to expla9 9 any measure ! orig9 ( new species4 ,n[ x is claim$ t = ! occurr5ce ( ?is k9d ( modification 9 conjunction ) homology only "o rational explanation is possible1 & t explanation is evolution4 ,if ?is cont5tion be a s\nd "o1 & ,dorlodot1 :o claims c]titude = ! evolution>y solution1 insi/s t x is su*1 !n1 9 ! "n ( %e] logical consi/5cy1 b "o c\rse lies op5 to u4 ,we _c /op at ,wasmann's comma1#d we mu/ press on to ! v end ( ! evolution>y s5t5ce & s+ ) ! *ori/]s ( ,woods ,hole3 #d ,rev4 ,eri* ,wasmann1 ,s4 ,j41 accepts ! evolution>y inf]5ce f homology z reg>ds plants & animals4 ,:5 x comes to man1 h[ev]1 he attempts to draw ! l9e1 & argues pa9/ak+ly aga9/ ! assumption ( a be/ial orig9 ( ! human body4 8,x's a long way f ,amphioxus1 ,x's a long way to u2 ,x's a long way f ,amphioxus1 ,to ! meane/ human cuss4 ,good-bye f9s & gill slits2 ,welcome sk9 & hair4 ,x's a long1 long way f ,amphioxus1 ,b we came f !re40 ,9 ?is pr$icam5t x w n d1 z we %all see pres5tly1 to adopt ,mr4 ,mc,cann's exp$i5t ( balanc+ anatomical diff]5ces aga9/ anatomical resemblances4 ,to d s is to c\rt c]ta9 & ignom9i\s defeat4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 exam9e ! argum5t dispassionately4 ,if x be solid1 we mu/ accept x & give x g5]al application4 ,if x be uns\nd1 we mu/ detect its flaws & expose !m4 ,intellectual hone/y all[s u no alt]native6 ,moreov]1 9 weigh+ ! argum5t f organic homology we mu/ n lose sight ( ! two important consid]ations previ\sly /ress$3 7#a7 t ! inf]5ce ( common ance/ry 9 ! case ( homolog\s =ms is bas$1 n ^u ?is or t p>ticul> lik5ess1 b ^u an entire gr\p ( cord9at$ resemblances2 7#b7 t ! resemblances involv$ are n ext]ior simil>ities1 b deep-seat$ /ructural uni=mities p]fectly compatible ) div]sities ( a sup]ficial & functional "*4 8,no?+10 says ,dr4 ,w4 ,w4 ,ke51 8c\ld be m unlike ext]nally ?an ! flipp] ( a :ale & ! arm ( a man4 ,yet y f9d 9 ! flipp] ! %\ld]blade1 hum]us1 radius1 ulna1 & a h& ) ! bones ( f\r f+]s mask$ 9 a mitt5 ( sk940 7,sci5ce1 ,june #i1 #aibb1 p4 #fje47 ,9 fact1 ! resemblances may1 9 c]ta9 in/ances1 be s deeply subm]g$ t !y no long] appe> 9 ! adult organism at all & are only 9 evid5ce dur+ a transitory phase ( ! embryological process4 ,9 su* cases1 ! embryo or l>va exhibits1 at a p>ticul> /age1 traces ( a uni=mity completely oblit]at$ f ! adult =m4 ,9 %ort1 ?\gh frequ5tly pres5t$ z a di/9ct argum5t1 embryological simil>ity1 toge!r ) all else ( value t c /ill be salvag$ f ! wreck ( ! ,mll]-,haeckel ,law ( ,embryonic ,recapitulation1 is1 at bottom1 id5tical ) ! g5]al evolution>y argum5t f homology4 ,9 ! latt] argum5t we are direct$ to look b5ea? ! modifi$ surface ( ! adult organism = surviv+ ve/iges ( ! ance/ral type4 ,9 ! =m]1 we are bidd5 to g deep] /ill1 to ! ext5t1 t is1 ( desc5d+ into ! v embryological process itself1 9 ord] to discov] l+]+ traces ( ! ance/ral lik5ess1 :i*1 ?\gh n[ utt]ly delet$ f ! trans=m$ adult1 are yet p>tially p]si/5t 9 c]ta9 embryonic phases4 ,9 section+ a l>val specim5 ( ! fly-l t]mite-gue/ kn[n z ,t]mitox5ia ,heimi1 ,fa!r ,wasmann came across a typical exemplification ( ?is embryological atavism4 ,9 ! adult insect1 a pair ( o>-l app5dages replace ! w+s *>act]i/ic ( ! ,dipt]a 7flies74 ,^! app5dages are organs ( exudation1 :i* elaborate a secretion :]e( ! t]mites are v fond1 & !reby r5d] _! possessors welcome gue/s 9 ! ne/s ( _! ho/s4 ,! app5dages1 !re=e1 ?\gh n[ und\bt$ly inh]it$ *>act]s1 are ! specific means by :i* ^! inquil9es are adapt$ to _! peculi> environm5t & mode ( life among ! t]mites4 ,moreov]1 ! organs 9 "q n only diff] f w+s functionally1 b1 9 ! adult1 !y be> no /ructural resemblance :atev] to ! w+s ( flies4 ,nev]!less1 on exam9+ 8 sections ( ! above-m5tion$ specim51 ,wasmann f\nd a developm5tal /age ( brief duration dur+ :i* w+ ve9s appe>$ 9 ! po/]ior bran*es ( ! embryonic app5dages4 ,n[1 assum+ t ,wasmann's te*nique 0 faultless1 8 specim5 normal1 & 8 int]pretation correct1 x is r difficult to avoid 8 conclusion t we h "h1 9 ?is transitory l>val phase1 ! la/ surviv+ ve/ige ( ance/ral w+s n[ :olly oblit]at$ f ! adult type1 t1 consequ5tly1 ?is w+less t]mite gue/ is g5etically relat$ to ! w+$ ,dipt]a1 & t we mu/ see 9 ! app5dages aborig9al w+s div]t$ f _! primitive function & respecializ$ = ! q diff]5t purpose ( s]v+ z organs ( exudation1 7cf4 8,mod]n ,biology10 p4 #che47 ,inde$1 ph5om5a ( ?is k9d seem to admit ( no o!r explanation ?an ! atavi/ic "o4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t ,wasmann does n appe> to h v]ifi$ ! obs]vation 9 m ?an "o specim51 & t a l>g] numb] ( repres5tative specim5s w\ld h to be accurately section$1 /ra9$1 exam9$ & int]pret$1 be=e any reliable conclusion c\ld be drawn4#e #e ,?is transitory lymphatic1 or tra*eal v5ation appe>+ 9 ! app5dages at ! /5oga/ric /age may n h ! p>ticul> significance t ,fa!r ,wasmann assigns4 ,su* v5ation1 ev5 if ve/igial & abort$1 ne$ n necess>ily be a ve/ige ( =m] w+ v5ation4 ,to demon/rate ! validity ( ! atavi/ic int]pretation1 all o!r possible int]pretations w\ld h to be def9itively exclud$4 ,su*1 9 its mo/ g5]al aspect1 is ! atavi/ic solution ( ! problem pres5t$ by ! homology ( types4 ,9 x1 simil>ity & div]sity are h>moni\sly reconcil$1 9 ! s5se t !y affect1 respectively1 diff]5t /ructural1 or diff]5t developm5tal1 levels4 ,x is futile1 !re=e1 to look = contradictions :]e !y d n exi/4 ,9 a ^w1 ! attempt to create opposition betwe5 a gr\p ( basic & correlat$ uni=mities1 on ! "o h&1 & "s p>ticul> ext]nal diff]5ce1 on ! o!r1 is n only abortive1 b absolutely irrelevant z well4 ,! reason is obvi\s4 ,only :5 lik5ess is associat$ ) unlik5ess is x an argum5t = ,transmutation4 ,lik5ess alone w\ld demon/rate ,immutability by indicat+ a process ( pure inh]itance z di/+ui%$ f ! process ( v>iation4 ,h5ce evolutioni/s d n m]ely conc$e ! coxi/5ce ( div]sity ) simil>ity1 !y gladly welcome ?is fact z vitally necess>y to _! cont5tion4 ,n[ x is precisely ?is po9t :i* ,mr4 ,mc,cann1 l _m o!r critics ( evolution1 fails utt]ly to appreh5d4 ,consequ5tly1 8 ef=ts to extricate ! human foot f ! toils ( simian homology are entirely unavail+4 ,to (fset ! =ce ( ! argum5t 9 "q1 x is by no means suffici5t1 z he app>5tly imag9es1 to po9t to ! fact t1 unlike ! hallux ( ! ape1 ! great toe 9 man is non-opposable 7cf4 8,god--or ,gorilla10 pp4 #ahc1 #ahd1 & leg5ds "u cuts opposite pp4 #ahd & #cah74 ,! evolutioni/ w reply at once t ! non-opposability ( man's great toe is correlat$ ) ! specialization ( ! human foot = progression only1 z di/+ui%$ f preh5sion2 :ile1 9 ! ape1 ^: foot has reta9$ bo? ! progressive & ! preh5sile function1 ! hallux is naturally opposable 9 adaptation to ! animal's arboreal habits4 ,he w !n call att5tion to ! und5iable fact t1 despite ^! adaptational diff]5ces1 ! bones 9 ! foot ( a ,troglodyte ape are1 bone = bone1 ! c\nt]p>ts ( ! bones 9 ! human foot & n ( ^? 9 ! human h&4 ,he w readily conc$e1 t1 s f> z function & adapt$ness g1 ?is simian foot is a 8h&10 b he w n fail to po9t out t x is1 at ! same "t1 a heel$ h& equipp$ ) a calcaneum1 a talus1 a navicul>1 a cuboid1 & all o!r /ructural elem5ts requisite to ally x to ! human foot & di/+ui% x f ! human h&4 ,9 fact1 ,mr4 ,mc,cann's own photographs ( ! gorilla skeleton %[ ^! features q di/9ctly1 ?\gh he himself1 = "s reason or o!r1 fails to speak ( !m4 ,x is to be fe>$1 h[ev]1 t 8 adv]s>ies may n take a *>itable view ( 8 retic5ce conc]n+ ! simian heel1 b may be incl9$ to *>act]ize 8 sil5ce z 8discreet10 all ! m s1 t he himself has uncomplim5t>ily cr$it$ !m ) simil> discretions 9 _! treatm5t ( unmanageable facts4 ,9 %ort1 ,mr4 ,mc,cann's case aga9/ homology resembles ! ,hom]ic h]o1 ,a*illes1 9 be+ vuln]able at ! 8heel40 ,at all ev5ts1 ! homology itself is an und5iable fact1 & x is va9 to tilt aga9/ ?is fact 9 ! "n ( adaptational adju/m5ts l 8opposability0 & 8non-opposability40 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 our au?or has fail$ to prove t ?is feature is too radical to be class$ z an adaptive modification1 our only hope ( exempt+ ! human skeleton f ! application ( ! argum5t 9 "q is to %[ t argum5t itself is inconsequ5tial4 ,mr4 ,mc,cann's pr$icam5t resembles t ( ! unlucky disputant1 :o hav+ all[$ a que/ionable major to pass un*all5g$1 /rives to retrieve 8 mi/ake by pick+ flaws 9 a flawless m9or4 ,z ,dwight has well said ( ! human body1 8x diff]s 9 degree only f t ( apes & monkeys10 & 8if we comp>e ! individual bones ) ^? ( apes we _c fail to see ! correspond5ce40 78,?\ghts ( a ,ca?olic ,anatomi/10 p4 #adi47 ,9 %ort1 !re exi/s no valid anatomical consid]ation :atev] to ju/ify u 9 subtract+ ! human frame f ! ext5sion ( ! g5]al conclusion d$uc$ f homology4 ,:osoev]1 !re=e1 sees 9 ! homology ( organic =ms conclusive evid5ce ( desc5t f a common ance/or1 _c1 )\t grave inconsi/5cy1 reject ! doctr9e ( ! be/ial orig9 ( man4 ,he may /ill1 x is true1 exclude ! human m9d or s\l f ! evolution>y acc\nt ( orig9s1 b1 if homology is1 9 any s5se1 a s\nd argum5t = common desc5t1 ! evolution>y orig9 ( ! human body is a =egone conclusion1 & none ( ! anatomical 8diff]5ces 9 degree0 w avail to sp>e u ! humiliation ( %>+ ) ! ape a common family-tree4 ,x rema9s = u1 !n1 to rexam9e ! argum5t critically = ! purpose ( det]m9+ z precisely z possible its adequacy z a g5u9e demon/ration4 ,to beg9 )1 x mu/ be frankly ackn[l$g$ t "h ! !ory ( trans=mism is1 to all appe>ances1 ^u v /rong gr\nd4 ,its fir/ /rategic advantage ov] ! !ory ( immutability consi/s 9 ! fact t1 unlike ! latt]1 its attitude t[>ds ! problem is positive & n negative4 ,:5 *all5g$ to expla9 ! /ructural uni=mities obs]v$ 9 organic ,nature1 ! !ory ( immutability is mute1 because x kn[s ( no second causes or natural ag5cies adequate to acc\nt = ! facts4 ,x c only acc\nt = homology by ascrib+ ! ph5om5on exclusively to ! unity ( ! ,fir/ ,cause1 &1 :ile ?is may1 ( c\rse1 be ! true & sole explanation1 to assume x is tantam\nt to remov+ ! problem altoge!r f ! prov9ce ( natural sci5ce4 ,h5ce x is n to be wond]$ at t sci5ti/s pref] ! !ory ( trans=mism1 :i* by assign+ int]m$iate causes betwe5 ! ,fir/ ,cause & ! ultimate effects1 v9dicates ! problem ( organic orig9s = natural sci5ce1 9 assum+ ! ph5om5a to be proximately explicable by means ( natural ag5cies4 ,ask$ :e!r he believes t ,god creat$ ! n[ exclusively arboreal ,slo? 7,bradypus7 9 a tree1 ! mo/ uncompromis+ def5d] ( fixism w hesitate to reply 9 ! affirmative4 ,yet1 9 ?is case1 :at is n[adays1 at lea/1 an inh]it$ preadaptation1 d$icates ! animal irrevocably to tree-life1 & makes its survival ^u ! gr\nd impossible4 ,analog\s preadaptations occur 9 conjunction ) ! ph5om5a ( p>asitism1 symbiosis & comm5salism1 all ( :i* (f] in/ances ( o!rwise disp>ate & unrelat$ organisms t are insep>ably b\nd toge!r1 9 "s app>5tly caprici\s & =tuit\s respect1 by a preadaptation ( ! "o to ! o!r4 ,p>asites1 gue/s1 or symbiotes1 z ! case may be1 !y are n[ indissolubly w$d$ to "s det]m9ate species ( ho/ by reason ( an appropriate & cong5ital adju/m5t4 ,= all t1 h[ev]1 ! association seems to be a cont+5t "o1 & x appe>s incr$ible t ! associates 7 always unit$1 z at pres5t1 by bonds ( reciprocal advantage1 mutual dep5d5ce1 or "o-sid$ exploitation4 ,yet ! basis ( ! relation%ip is 9 ea* case a n[ inh]it$ adaptation1 :i*1 if x does n repres5t ! primitive condition ( ! race1 mu/ at "s "t h be5 acquir$4 ,= ph5om5a su* z ^!1 or?og5esis1 :i* makes an organ ! exclusive product ( int]nal factors1 conceiv+ x z a pre=m$ me*anism t subsequ5tly selects a suitable function1 has no satisfactory explanation4 ,lam>ckism1 :i* ass]ts ! priority ( function & makes ! environm5t mold ! organ1 is equally inacceptable1 9 t x fl\ts exp]i5ce & ignores ! n[ demon/rat$ exi/5ce ( int]nal h]$it>y factors4 ,b1 if betwe5 ^! two extremes "s evolution>y via m$ia c\ld be f\nd1 "o mu/ confess t x w\ld (f] ! only conceivable 8natural explanation0 ( preadaptation4#f ,all ?is1 ( c\rse1 is pure speculation1 b x s]ves to %[ t "h1 at any rate1 ! !ory ( ,trans=mism occupies a position f :i* x _c easily be dislodg$4 #f ,v]non ,kellogg has express$ ?is same view 9 a rec5t article1 ?\gh he frankly admits t x is an z yet unrealiz$ desid]atum4 8,altoge!r10 he says1 8x mu/ be fairly confess$ t evolutioni/s w\ld welcome ! discov]y ( ! actual possibility & ! me*anism ( transf]r+ into ! h]$ity ( organisms su* adaptive *anges z c be acquir$ by individuals 9 _! lifetime4 ,x w\ld give !m an explanation ( evolution1 especially ( adaptation1 mu* m satisfactory ?an any o!r explanation at pres5t claim+ ! acceptance ( biologi/s40 7,atlantic ,mon?ly1 ,april1 #aibd1 p4 #dhh47 ,b1 besides ! advantage ( be+ able to (f] a 8natural explanation0 ( ! association ( homology ) adaptation1 ,trans=mism enjoys ! additional advantage ( be+ able to make ! imag9ation its p>tisan by means ( a visual appeal4 ,su* an appeal is always m pot5t ?an t ( pure logic /ripp$ ( s5su\s imag]y4 ,:5 x comes to vividness & p]suasiv5ess1 ! syllogism is no mat* = ! object-lesson4 ,ret9al impressions h a hypnotic influ5ce t is n readily exorcis$ by consid]ations ( an ab/ract ord]--8,segnius irritant demissa p] aurem1 ,quam quae sunt oculis subjecta fidelibus10 says ,horace1 9 ! 8,ars ,poetica40 ,philosoph]s may di/+ui% betwe5 ! magnetic appeal ( a graphic pres5tation & ! logical cog5cy ( ! doctr9e s pres5t$1 b !re is no d5y+ t1 9 practice1 imag9ation is (t5 mi/ak5 = reason & p]suasion = conviction4 ,be t z x may1 ! ord9>y me?od ( br++ home to ! /ud5t ! evolution>y significance ( homology is c]ta9ly "o t utilizes to ! full all ! advantages ( visual pres5tation4 ,giv5 a class ( impressionable prem$ics & co$s2 giv5 an in/ructor's table ) skeletons ( a man1 a flam+o1 an ape & a dog hi]>*ically arrang$ !reon2 giv5 an in/ructor suffici5tly v]s$ 9 comp>ative o/eology to direct att5tion to ! po9ts 9 :i* ! skeletons concur3 & !re c be no d\bt :atev] z to ! psy*ological result4 ,! /ud5t =ms spontane\sly ! notion ( a common v]tebrate type1 & ! in/ructor assures him t ?is 8g5]al type0 is n1 z x w\ld be ) respect to o!r subject matt]1 a m]e univ]sal idea ) no =mal exi/5ce outside ! m9d1 b r a v5]able family lik5ess1 pos$ = orig9ally by a s+le pair ( ance/ors 7or c\ld x possibly h be51 by "o self-f]tiliz+ h]maphrodite87 & recopi$ f g5]ation to g5]ation1 ) c]ta9 v>iations on ! orig9al !me1 by ! h& ( an arti/ call$ ,h]$ity4 ,?is explanation may be true1 b logically consequ5tial x is n4 ,h[ev]1 if ! dialectic is poor1 ! p$agogy is beyond reproa*1 & ! solution propos$ has 9 its favor ! fact t x accords well ) ! /ud5t's limit$ exp]i5ce4 ,he is aw>e ( ! truism t *ildr5 resemble _! p>5ts4 ,:y look = m recondite explanations :5 "o s obvi\s is at h&8 ,! atavi/ic !ory gratifies 8 in/9ct = simplification1 &1 if he be ( a me*ani/ic turn ( m9d1 ! alt]native conception ( creationism is q intol]able4 ,nev]!less1 x goes )\t say+ t ! 8inf]5ce0 ( common desc5t f ! data ( homology is n a ratioc9ation at all1 x is only a simple appreh5sion1 a m]e ab/raction ( simil>ity f simil>s--8,unde quaecumque inv5iuntur conv5ire 9 aliqua int5tione intellecta10 says ,aqu9as1 8volu]unt quod conv5ir5t 9 una re40 7,9 lib4 ,,ii s5t41 di/4 #ag1 q4 ,i1 a4 #a7 ,philosophy tells u t ! on5ess ( ! univ]sal is conceptual & n at all extram5tal or real1 b ! trans=mi/ insi/s t ! univ]sal types ( ,zology & ,botany are end[$ ) real z well z logical unity1 t real unity be+ ! unity ( ! common ance/or4 ,c]ta9ly1 f ! /&po9t ( practical effectiv5ess1 ! evolution>y argum5t leaves little to be desir$4 ,! pres5tation is graphic & ! solution simple4 ,b = ! critic1 to :om logical sequ5ce is ( m mom5t ?an psy*ological appeal1 ?is is n en\gh4 ,to )/& ! gnaw+ too? ( ,"t & ! remorseless prob+ ( corrosive human reason1 !ories mu/ re/ on some?+ s\nd] ?an a mirage ( visual imag]y6 ,tell me :]e is fancy br$1 ,or 9 ! he>t or 9 ! head8 ,h[ begot1 h[ n\ri%$8 ,reply1 reply4 ,x is eng5d]$ 9 ! eyes1 ,) gaz+ f$2 & fancy dies ,9 ! cradle :]e x lies4 ,b is x fair ?us to *>act]ize ! 8common ance/ors0 ( ,trans=mism z figm5ts :i*1 l all o!r ab/ractions1 h no extram5tal exi/5ce ap>t f ! concrete objects :5ce !y 7 conceiv$8 ,to be sure1 _! claim to be real entities _c be sub/antiat$ by direct obs]vation or exp]im5t1 & s a factual pro( is out ( ! "q4 ,man1 ! late-com]1 n hav+ be5 pres5t at ! bir? ( organic =ms1 c give no reliable te/imony reg>d+ _! p>5tage4 ,9 l mann]1 no a priori pro( f ! process ( inh]itance is available1 because h]$ity1 z reveal$ to u by ! exp]im5tal sci5ce ( ,g5etics1 c acc\nt = specific resemblances only1 & _c be invok$1 at pres5t1 z an empirically te/$ explanation = g5]ic1 ord9al1 or phyletic resemblances4 ,x has /ill to be demon/rat$ exp]im5tally t ! h]$it>y process is transc5d5tal to limits impos$ by specific diff]5tiation4 ,!re rema9s1 h[ev]1 ! a po/]iori argum5t1 :i* int]prets homology & adaptation z univocal effects ascribable to no o!r ag5cy ?an ! dual process ( inh]itance & v>iation4 ,:at are we to ?9k ( ?is argum5t8 ,does x g5]ate c]ta9ty 9 ! m9d1 or m]ely probability8 ,a mom5t's reflection w br+ to light ! prelim9>y flaw ( incomplete enum]ation ( possibilities4 ,to suppose t inh]itance alone c acc\nt = /ructural resemblance is an unw>rant$ assumption4 ,)\t a d\bt1 !re are o!r similify+ influ5ces at "w 9 ,nature besides inh]itance4 ,true1 inh]itance is "o possible explanation ( ! simil>ity ( organisms1 b x is n ! only "o4 ,ev5 among ! *emical elem5ts ( inorganic nature we f9d analog\s uni=mities or 8family traits10 :i*1 9 ! abs5ce ( any reproductive process :atev]1 we _c possibly attribute to inh]itance4 ,m5deleff's discov]y ( ! p]iodicity ( ! elem5ts1 arrang$ 9 ! ord] ( _! atomic weights1 is well-kn[n4 ,at ea* int]val ( an octave1 a succession ( *emical types1 simil> to ^? ( ! prec$+ octave1 recur4 ,h5ce elem5ts appe>+ 9 ! same v]tical column ( ! ,p]iodic ,table h _m prop]ties 9 common & exhibit :at may be call$ a family resemblance4 ,n[1 we h 9 ! process ( atomic dis9tegration1 z obs]v$ 9 radioactive elem5ts & int]pret$ by ! electronic !ory ( atomic /ructure1 a reasonably satisfactory basis ^u :i* to acc\nt = ! exi/5ce ( ^! inorganic uni=mities4 ,"h analog\s *emical con/itution1 produc$ 9 accordance ) a g5]al law1 results 9 uni=mity t implies a simil>1 r ?an an id5tical1 cause4 ,! hypo!sis ( p>alleli/ic d]ivation f simil> indep5d5t orig9s acc\nts q z well = ! obs]v$ uni=mities z does ! hypo!sis ( div]g5t d]ivation f a s+le common orig94 ,:y1 !n1 %\ld we lean s heavily on ! already ov]tax$ pr9ciple ( inh]itance1 :5 p>allelism is z mu* a possibility 9 ! organic _w z x is an actuality 9 ! inorganic _w8 ,z to ! contra/ "h drawn betwe5 inh]itance & o!r similify+ factors1 x is h>dly necess>y to rem>k t we are speak+ ( inh]itance z def9$ 9 t]ms ( ,m5delian exp]im5t & cytological obs]vation4 ,9 ! s-call$ *emical !ory ( inh]itance1 ! di/9ction w\ld be mean+less & ! contra/ w\ld n exi/4 ,ehrli*'s disciple1 ,adami1 sets aside all self-propagat+ g]m9al det]m9ants1 l ! *romom]es1 9 favor ( a hypo!tical 8biophoric molecule10 :i* is to be conceiv$ z a b5z9e-l r+ bri/l+ ) side*a9s4 ,ar\nd ?is det]m9+ core ! future organism is built up 9 def9ite specificity1 z an ar* is con/ruct$ ab\t a template4 ,adami has m]ely appli$ ,paul ,ehrli*'s ideas conc]n+ metabolism & immunity to ! "q ( h]$ity1 comm&e]+ = ?is purpose ! latt]'s entire toolkit ( receptors1 haptophores1 amboceptors1 etc41 z ?\gh ?is grotesque p>aph]nalia ( crude & clumsy me*anical symbols 7:i* look = all ! _w l ! wr5*es ( a ma*9i/1 or ! lift]s us$ by ! cook to remove hot lids f ! kit*5 range7 c\ld ?r[ any valuable light :atsoev] on ! exce$+ly complex1 & manife/ly vital1 ph5om5on ( inh]itance4 ,x does n ev5 des]ve to be call$ a *emical !ory1 =1 z ,/>l+ correctly rem>ks conc]n+ ,ehrli*'s conception1 8?\gh *emical 9 =m10 x is n s 9 reality1 because 8x does n expla9 ! ph5om5on by ref]5ce to ! kn[n laws ( *emi/ry40 7,cf4 ,physiology1 ed4 ( #aibj1 p4 #ajhd47 ,9 a ^w1 ! !ory ( h]$ity1 :i* seeks to /rip inh]itance ( its uniqu5ess z a vital process by id5tify+ x ) ! m g5]al physico*emical processes occurr+ 9 ! organism1 is a gr\ndless speculation1 t1 f> f expla9+1 fl\ts ! v obs]vational data :i* x pret5ds to elucidate4 ,kurz und gut6 to requite ! me*ani/1 ,s*f]1 ) 8 own ,danielesque phrase1 "h1 z else:]e1 ! me*ani/s h succe$$ 9 extract+ f ! facts1 n :at ! facts !mselves proclaim1 b :at prexi/$ 9 _! own highly-cultur$ imag9ations s well-/ock$ ) cogs1 cranks1 ball be>+s1 & o!r /hetic imag]y emanat+ f polyte*nic s*ools & factories4 ,b 9 argu+ f ! exi/5ce ( p>allelism 9 ! inorganic _w to its possibility 9 ! organic _w1 we are less liable to displease ! me*ani/s ?an ^? o!r extremi/s1 ! neo-vitali/s1 :o w be prone to d5y all p>ity betwe5 liv+1 & inanimate1 matt]4 ,=tunately1 we are 9 a position to appease ! scruples ( ! latt] by ref]r+ to ! facts ( conv]g5ce z univ]sally accept$ evid5ce t ! ph5om5on ( p>allelism occurs 9 animate1 no less ?an inanimate1 nature4 ,admitt+1 !re=e1 t ! laws ( organic morphology are ( a high] ord] ?an ^? :i* regulate atomic1 molecul>1 & multimolecul> /ructure1 ^! facts atte/1 nev]!less1 t p>allelisms arise 9 organisms ( sep>ate ance/ry :i* are due1 n to h]$ity1 b to ! uni=m action ( univ]sal morphog5etic =ces4 ,h5ce g5]al laws c be invok$ to acc\nt = organic uni=mities ) ! same "r t !y are invok$ to acc\nt = resemblances exi/+ betwe5 ! v>i\s memb]s ( a *emical 8family0 l ! ,halog5s4 ,& :y %\ld ?is n be s8 ,organisms h mu* 9 common t transc5ds any possible s*eme ( evolution & t _c be br\ght into alignm5t ) ! position arbitr>ily assign$ !m 9 ! evolution>y family-tree4 ,!y all orig9ate z s+le cells4 ,_! common means ( gr[? & reproduction is mitotic cell division4 ,?is leads to ! production ( a somatella1 among ! proti/a1 & ( a soma diff]5tiat$ by hi/og5esis into two or ?ree prim>y tissues1 among ! meti/a4 ,all ^! fundam5tal processes are /rik+ly uni=m ?r\gh\t ! entire plant & animal _w4 ,9 ^! univ]sal prop]ties ( liv+ matt]1 !re=e1 we h a common basis = g5]al /ructural & organizational laws1 :i*1 ?\gh irr$ucible to ! 8common ance/ors0 ( ,trans=mism1 is q adequate to acc\nt = bo? ! homologies & analogies ( liv+ matt]4 ,accept ?is basis ( g5]al laws regulat+ ! developm5t ( liv+ matt]1 & !re is no difficulty 9 see+ :y ! problems pos$ by exposure to analog\s environm5tal conditions are solv$ 9 p>allel fa%ion by organisms1 irrespective ( :e!r !y are ne>ly1 or di/antly1 relat$ 9 ! s5se ( morphology4 ,trans=mism1 on ! o!r h&1 c only acc\nt = homology at ! exp5se ( conv]g5ce1 & = conv]g5ce at ! exp5se ( homology4 ,s f> z a common ance/ral basis is conc]n$1 ! two k9ds ( resemblance are1 f ! v nature ( ! case1 irr$ucible ph5om5a4 ,x is only1 9 fact1 by surr5d]+ ! pr9ciple t simil>ity entails community ( orig91 & by fall+ back on ! sugge/$ common basis ( g5]al laws1 t ,trans=mism makes room 9 its sy/em = ! tr\blesome facts ( conv]g5ce4 8,x might be reit]at$ 9 pass+10 says ,dwight1 8t ?is #8conv]g5ce' bus9ess is a v tickli% "o4 ,we h be5 taught almo/ ^w = ^w t resemblance implies relation%ip1 or almo/ pr$icates x2 b accord+ to ?is doctr9e x has no?+ to d ) x :atev]40 78,?\ghts ( a ,ca?4 ,anat410 p4 #aij47 ,& 9 a subsequ5t *apt] he says3 8,no v deep k ( comp>ative anatomy is ne$$ = u to "k t v simil> adaptations = p>ticul> purposes are f\nd 9 v div]se animals4 ,! curi\s l[ grade mammal1 ! ,orni?orhyn*us1 ) a hairy coat & ! bill ( a duck1 is a famili> in/ance4 ,we all "k t ! :ales h ! g5]al =m ( ! fi%1 al?\gh !y are mammals1 & go+ m into details we "k t ! :ale's flipp] is on ! same g5]al plan z t ( ! anci5t saurians4444 ,! orig9 ( ! eye1 accord+ to evolution>y doctr9es1 has be5 a v difficult problem1 :i* gets worse r ?an bett] ! m y d = x4 ,ev5 if we c\ld p]suade ourselves t c]ta9 cells blund]$ along by ! lucky mat+ ( individuals 9 :om !y 7 a bit bett] develop$ ?an 9 ! o!rs till !y came to =m a mo/ complicat$ organ ( sight1 x w\ld be a suffici5t tax on our cr$ulity to believe t ?is c\ld come (f successfully 9 "s extraord9>y lucky species2 b t x %\ld h turn$ out s well ) all k9ds ( v]tebrates is really too mu* to ask u to swall[4 ,b ?is is n all3 eyes are v widely spread among diff]5t classes ( inv]tebrates4 ,m wond]ful /ill1 ! eyes ( c]ta9 molluscs & cru/acea are on /alks1 & ?is is f\nd also 9 v>i\s & v diff]5t families ( fi%es4 ,h[ did ?is happ58 ,0 x by way ( desc5t f ! molluscs or ! cru/acea8 ,if n1 h[ c\ld *ance h br\ght ab\t su* a simil> result 9 div]se =ms80 7,op4 cit41 pp4 #bcc-bcf47 ,x may be object$ t ! resemblances ( conv]g5ce are sup]ficial analogies1 n to be conf\nd$ ) fundam5tal homologies4 ,?is cont5tion may be disput$2 =1 z we %all see 9 ! next *apt]1 !re are cases :]e ! conv]g5ce is admitt$ly radical1 & n m]ely sup]ficial4 ,! di/9ction1 moreov]1 betwe5 %all[ & basic *>act]s is some:at arbitr>y1 & its validity is (t5 que/ionable4 ,:5 ! skeletal homology t relates ! amphibia to ! mammals1 = in/ance1 is trac$ to ! root ( ! v]tebrate family tree1 we f9d x all b disappe>+ 9 a primitive ,amphioxus-l *ordate1 ^: s-call$ skeleton conta9s no trace ( bone or c>tilage4 ,h5ce1 if we g back f> en\gh1 ! homologies ( today become ! conv]g5ces ( a geological ye/]day1 & we f9d ! v]tebrate type ( skeleton aris+ indep5d5tly 9 reptiles1 mammals1 amphibia1 & fi%es4 ,aga91 !re are times :5 conv]g5t analogies appe> to be m repres5tative ( ! common racial h]itage ?an ! und]ly+ /ructure itself1 tempt+ ! evolutioni/ to fly 9 ! face ( ! or?odox int]pretation1 :i* rigidly rules out analogy 9 favor ( homology1 & refuses to accept ! eloqu5t te/imony ( a rem>kable resemblance m]ely because ( a slight te*nical discrepancy 9 ! /ructural sub/rate4 ,a l>ge p9*+ claw1 or *ela1 = example1 occurs 9 two organisms belong+ to ! phylum ( ! ar?ropods1 namely1 ! lob/] & ! ,african scorpion4 ,bo? *el are practically id5tical 9 /ructure1 b1 un=tunately1 ! *ela ( ! lob/] arises f a diff]5t app5dage ?an t f :i* ! scorpion's *ela em]ges4 ,if !y arose f correspond+ app5dages1 !y w\ld be pron\nc$ 8homolog\s organs0 & acclaim$1 )\t hesitation1 z /rong evid5ce 9 favor ( ! common orig9 ( all ! ar?ropods4 ,9 pro( ( ?is1 we call att5tion to ! importance atta*$ to ! adaptations affect+ homolog\s bones 9 fossil 8horses40 ,z x is1 h[ev]1 ! two *el are analog\s1 & n homolog\s1 organs4 ,h5ce1 te*nically speak+1 ! two *el are utt]ly unrelat$ /ructures4 ,to ! eye ( common s5se1 h[ev]1 ! lik5ess appe>s to be f> m important ?an ! diff]5ce1 & ! av]age p]son w be incl9$ to view ! resemblance z evid5ce ( a community ( type4 ,9 fact1 ! t5d5cy to disc>d sup]ficial1 & to reta9 only fundam5tal1 uni=mities1 is dang]\s to ! !ory ( ,trans=mism4 ,:5 we conf9e our att5tion to :at is really basic1 we f9d t ! resemblances become s g5]aliz$ & widespread t specific conclusions z to desc5t become impossible1 & we lose all s5se ( direction 9 a clueless labyr9? ( innum]able1 yet mutually contradictory1 possibilities4 ,f9ally1 x may be not$ 9 pass+ t1 ?\gh x is cu/om>y ) evolutioni/s to reg>d homolog\s *>act]s z ! t5aci\sly p]si/5t h]itage ( primeval days1 & to look ^u adaptational *>act]s z adv5titi\s & accessory to ! a=esaid primitive h]itage1 ! suppos$ly old] & m fundam5tal *>act]s fail to give1 by ! manife/ation ( great] fixity1 any empirical evid5ce :atev] ( _! be+ m deeply or firmly root$ 9 ! h]$it>y process ?an ! presumably new] adaptational *>act]s4 ,we h1 !re=e1 no exp]im5tal w>rant = appropriat+ homolog\s1 r ?an adaptational1 *>act]s to ! process ( inh]itance4 8,x is sometimes ass]t$10 says ,goodri*1 8t old-e/abli%$ *>act]s are inh]it$1 & t newly begott5 ones are n1 or are less con/ant1 9 _! reappe>ance4 ,?is /atem5t w n be> critical exam9ation4 ,=1 on ! "o h&1 x has be5 conclusively %[n by exp]im5tal bre$+ t ! newe/ *>act]s may be inh]it$ z con/antly z ! mo/ anci5t4444 ,:ile1 on ! o!r h&1 few *>act]s 9 plants c be old] ?an ! gre5 color due to *lorophyll1 yet x is suffici5t to cut (f ! light f a g]m9at+ se$ = ! gre5ness to fail to appe>4 ,aga91 ev] s9ce ,devonian times v]tebrates h inh]it$ pair$ eyes2 yet1 z ,pr(essor ,/ock>d has %[n1 if a little magnesium *loride is add$ to ! sea wat] 9 :i* ! eggs ( ! fi% ,fundulus are develop+1 !y w give rise to embryos ) "o m$ian cyclopean eye6 ,nor is ! sugge/ion any happi] t !1 s to speak1 m deep-seat$ & fundam5tal *>act]s are m con/antly inh]it$ ?an ! trivial or sup]ficial4 ,a glance at ! organisms ar\nd u1 or ! slighte/ exp]im5tal trial1 soon conv9ces u t ! app>5tly lea/ important "* may reappe> z con/antly z ! mo/ fundam5tal4 ,b :ile an organism may live )\t "s trivial "*1 x c r>ely d s :5 a fundam5tal "* is abs5t1 h5ce su* incomplete individuals are seldom met 9 ,nature40 7,sci5ce1 ,dec4 #b1 #aiba1 p4 #ecj47 ,b1 :e!r x be ^u1 or b5ea?1 ! surface1 similitude ( any k9d suffices to e/abli% our cont5tion t inh]itance is n ! only similify+ influ5ce pres5t 9 organisms1 & t resemblance is p]fectly compatible ) indep5d5ce ( ance/ry4 ,we h1 !re=e1 an alt]native = inh]itance 9 ! explanation ( organic uni=mities1 & by ! admission ( ?is alt]native1 :i*1 = ! re/1 is factually atte/$ by ! univ]sally ackn[l$g$ ph5om5a ( conv]g5ce1 ! inf]5ce ( common desc5t f /ructural resemblance is %orn ( ! la/ remnant ( its demon/rative =ce1 z an a po/]iori argum5t4 ,b a /ill m s]i\s objection to ! evolution>y int]pretation ( homology & preadaptation arises f its intr9sic incoh]5cy4 ,evolution1 z previ\sly /at$1 is assum$ to be ! resultant ( a tw(old process1 namely1 inh]itance & v>iation4 ,! fir/ is a cons]vative & similify+ process1 :i* transmits4 ,! second is a progressive & div]sify+ process1 :i* div]ts4 ,to ! =m] process are due ! uni=mities ( homology1 to ! latt] ! deviations ( adaptation4 ,^u ! admission ( evolutioni/s !mselves1 h[ev]1 nei!r ( ^! processes behaves 9 a mann] consi/5t ) its g5]al nature1 & bo? ( !m are flagrantly unfai?ful to ! pr9cipal rles assign$ to !m4 ,n[adays ! h]$it>y process transmits adaptational1 z well z homolog\s1 *>act]s4 ,if1 !n1 adaptational *>act]s are m rec5t ?an homolog\s *>act]s1 !re mu/ h be5 a "t :5 inh]itance ceas$ to similify & become a div]sify+ process by transmitt+ :at x did n receive f ! previ\s g5]ation4 ,!re 7 times :51 n cont5t ) simply reit]at+ ! pa/1 x began to div]t =m] t5d5cies into novel *annels4 ,9 o!r words1 inh]itance becomes dualiz$ into a p>adoxical process1 :i* bo? p]petuates ! old & appropriates ! new4 ,! same inconsi/5cy is manife/ 9 ! process ( v>iation1 :i* caprici\sly produces conv]g5t1 no less ?an div]g5t1 adaptations4 ,9 two fundam5tally id5tical /ructures1 l ! w+ ( a bird & ! =eleg ( a cat1 v>iation is said to h produc$ div]se adaptations4 ,9 two fundam5tally div]se /ructures1 l ! head ( an octopus & ! head ( a frog1 v>iation is said to h produc$ an id5tical adaptation1 namely1 ! v]tebrate type ( eye4 ,x appe>s1 !re=e1 t ! ess5tially div]sify+ process ( v>iation c become1 on occasion1 a simplify+ process1 :i*1 in/ead ( solv+ environm5tal problems 9 an orig9al mann]1 pref]s to employ uni=m & /&>diz$ solutions1 & to cl+ to its old /]eotyp$ me?ods4 ,inh]itance similifies & div]sifies1 v>iation conv]ges & div]ges4 ,x is futile to attempt to r$uce ei!r ( ^! protean processes to a condition t ev5 approximates consi/5cy4 ,! evolutioni/ bl[s hot & cold ) ! same brea?4 ,v]ily1 8 god is ,proteus1 or ! d\ble-head$ ,janus6 ,summa summ>um3 ,! evolution>y argum5t f homology is defective 9 ?ree important respects3 7#a7 9 its lack ( exp]im5tal confirmation2 7#b7 9 its incomplete enum]ation ( ! disjunctive possibilities2 7#c7 9 its inability to con/ruct a s*eme ( transmutation t syn!sizes inh]itance & v>iation 9 a logically coh]5t1 & factually sub/antiat$ =mula4 ,! fir/ two defects are n necess>ily fatal to ! argum5t z su*4 ,?\gh !y de/roy its pret5sions to conclusiv5ess1 !y d n preclude ! fulfilm5t ( ! mod]ate claim made 9 its behalf by ,pr(4 ,t4 ,h4 ,morgan1 :o says3 8,9 ?is s5se 7i4e41 z previ\sly /at$7 ! argum5t f comp>ative anatomy1 :ile n a demon/ration1 c>ries ) x1 ,i ?9k1 a high degree ( probability40 78,a ,critique ( ! ,!ory ( ,evolution10 p4 #ad47 ,! ?ird defect is m s]i\s4 ,! app>5tly irr$ucible antagonism :i* ! evolution>y assumption introduces betwe5 inh]itance & v>iation has be5 s5s$ ev5 by ! adh]5ts ( trans=mism !mselves1 & !y h se>*$ 9 va9 = a =mula1 :i*1 )\t sacrific+ ! facts1 w\ld br+ into concord ! respective rles ( ^! discordant factors4 8,x foll[s10 says ,osborn1 8z an unprejudic$ conclusion f our pres5t evid5ce t ^u ,weismann's pr9ciple we c expla9 inh]itance b n evolution1 :ile ) ,lam>ck's pr9ciple & ,d>w9's selection pr9ciple we c expla9 evolution1 b n1 at pres5t1 inh]itance4 ,disprove ,lam>ck's pr9ciple & we mu/ assume t !re is "s ?ird factor 9 evolution ( :i* we are ignorant40 7,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly1 ,jan41 #aije47 ,! po9t is well tak51 & unless1 z ,osborn sugge/s1 !re is a t]tium quid by means ( :i* ! discord c be resolv$ into ultimate h>mony1 we see no way ( lib]at+ ! !ory ( ,transmutation f ?is emb>rass+ dilemma4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,fossil ,,p$igrees 8,by d9t ( su* great ef=ts we succe$$ only 9 piec+ toge!r g5ial romances m or less hi/orical40--,b4 ,grassi1 ,pr(4 ( ,comp>ative ,anatomy1 ,univ4 ( ,rome1 8,la vita0 7#aijf71 p4 #bbg4 #a4 ,! ,argum5t 9 ! ,ab/ract ,! palontological argum5t = evolution is bas$ ^u ! obs]v$ gradual approximation 9 type ( ! e>li] =ms ( life1 z repres5t$ by ! fossils /ill pres]v$ 9 successive geological /rata1 to ! lat] =ms ( life1 z repres5t$ by ! contempor>y species con/itut+ our pres5t flora & fauna4 ,"h ! obs]v$ di/ribution 9 "t supplem5ts & confirms ! argum5t drawn f m]e /ructural aff9ity4 ,"h we are no long] deal+ ) ! spatial gradation ( contempor>y =ms1 arrang$ on a basis ( great] or less] simil>ity 7! gradation :5ce ! zologi/ d]ives 8 argum5t = evolution71 b ) a temporal gradation1 :i* is simultane\sly a morphological s]ies & an hi/orical record4 ,! l[] s$im5t>y rocks conta9 specim5s ( organic life v unlike mod]n species1 b1 ! high] we asc5d 9 ! geological /rata1 ! m closely d ! fossil =ms resemble our pres5t organisms4 ,9 fact1 ! clos5ess ( resemblance is directly proportional to ! proximity 9 "t1 & ?is seems to create a presumption t ! lat] =ms ( life are ! modifi$ desc5dants ( ! e>li] =ms4 ,consid]$ 9 ! ab/ract1 at lea/1 su* an argum5t is obvi\sly m =midable ?an ! purely anatomical argum5t bas$ on ! degrees ( /ructural aff9ity obs]vable 9 contempor>y =ms4 ,x ought1 !re=e1 to be extremely p]suasive1 provid$1 ( c\rse1 x proce$s 9 rigor\s accord ) indubitably e/abli%$ facts & rules out rel5tlessly ! alloy ( uncritical assumptions4 ,"h1 likewise1 we f9d ! !ory ( trans=mism ass]t+ its sup]iority ov] ! !ory ( immutability1 on ! gr\nd t evolutionism c furni% a natural explanation = ! gradational di/ribution ( fossil types 9 ! geological /rata1 :]eas ! !ory ( p]man5ce resorts1 x is said1 to a sup]naturalism ( reit]at$ 8new creations0 alt]nat+ ) 8cata/rophic ext]m9ations40 ,n[1 if ?is claim is valid1 & x c be %[n conclusively t fixism is inevitably committ$ to a po/ulate ( sup]flu\sly num]\s 8creations10 !n ! latt] !ory is %orn ( all "r to consid]ation by ,occam's ,razor3 ,entia non sunt multiplic&a s9e ratione4 ,x is r difficult to conceive ( ! ,creator z cont9ually blott+ out1 & rewrit+1 ! hi/ory ( creation1 z ru?lessly ext]m9at+ ! organisms ( "o age1 only to repopulate ! e>? subsequ5tly ) species diff]+ b little f _! ext9ct pr$ecessors--ad quid p]ditio haec8 ,su* proc$ure h>dly comports ) ! cont9uity1 regul>ity & irrevisable p]fection to be expect$ 9 ! works ( t ,div9e ,wisdom1 :i* 8rea*e? 444 f end to end mightily & dispose? all ?+s sweetly0 7,wisdom1 viii2 #a71 :i* 8ord]e? all ?+s 9 measure1 & numb] & weight40 7,wis4 xi2 #ba47 ,foll[+ ! lead ( o!r evolutioni/s1 ,wasmann has /riv5 to saddle fixism ) ! fatuity ( p]iodic cata/rophism & 8creation on ! in/allm5t plan40 ,b ev5 ,cuvi]1 :o is cr$it$ ) hav+ orig9at$ ! !ory ( cata/rophism1 did n g to ! absurd extreme ( hypo!cat+ reit]at$ creations1 b s\ght to expla9 ! repopulation ( ! e>? aft] ea* cata/rophe by means ( migrations f di/ant regions unaffect$ by ! cata/rophe4 ,hi/orically1 too1 fixism has _h its uni=mit>ian1 z well z its cata/rophic1 v]sions4 ,9 fact1 ,huxley classifies bo? uni=mit>ianism & cata/rophism z fixi/ic sy/ems1 :5 he says3 8,i f9d ?ree m or less contradictory sy/ems ( geologic ?\ght 444 /&+ side by side 9 ,brita94 ,i %all call "o ( !m ,cata/rophism1 ano!r ,uni=mit>ianism1 ! ?ird ,evolutionism40 78,lay ,s]mons10 p4 #bbi47 ,obvi\sly1 !n1 fixism is sep>able f ! hypo!sis ( repeat$ cata/rophes alt]nat+ ) repeat$ 8creations40 ,/at$ 9 prop] t]ms1 x is at "o ) evolutionism 9 reject+ z undemon/rat$ & improbable ! po/ulate ( reit]at$ cataclysms4 ,x freely ackn[l$ges t1 9 ! abs5ce ( positive evid5ce ( _! occurr5ce1 ! presumption is aga9/ extraord9>y ev5ts1 l :olesale cata/rophes4 ,x sanctions ! uni=mit>ian t5et t ord9>y cosmic processes are to be pref]r$ to exceptional ones z a basis ( geological explanation1 & x repudiates z unsci5tific any rec\rse to ! unusual or ! miracul\s 9 acc\nt+ = natural ph5om5a4 ,its sole po9t ( disagreem5t ) evolutionism is its refusal to admit organic *anges ( specific magnitude4 ,x does1 h[ev]1 admit g]m9al *anges ( v>ietal magnitude4 ,x also recognizes t ! ext]nal *>act]s ( ! ph5otype are ! jo9t product ( g]m9al factors & environm5tal /imuli1 & admits1 9 consequ5ce1 ! possibility ( purely somatic *anges ( consid]able pr(undity be+ induc$ by widespread & p]si/5t alt]ations 9 environm5tal conditions4 ,l ,d>w91 ! uni=mit>ian fixi/ ascribes ! orig9ation ( organic life to a s+le vivify+ act on ! "p ( ! ,creator1 an act1 h[ev]1 t 0 =mative r ?an creative1 because ! primal =ms ( life1 :e!r few or _m1 7 all evolv$ ?r\gh ,div9e influ5ce f prexi/5t inorganic matt]4 ,unlike ,d>w91 he ascribes ! cont9uation ( organic life to g5]ative processes t 7 univocal 7g5]ationes univocae71 & n gradually-equivocal 7g5]ationes paulatim aequivocae74 ,9 ! next *apt]1 we %all see t1 9 attribut+ ! initial =mation ( species to a ,div9e act1 nei!r ,d>w9 nor ! creationi/s expos$ !mselves to ! *>ge ( expla9+ ! 8natural0 by means ( ! 8miracul\s40 ,&1 z = ! process by :i* liv+ =ms 7 cont9u$ ^u e>?1 ! univocal reproductive process upheld by fixism is m manife/ly a natural process ?an ! gradually-equivocal g5]ation ( v>iable inh]itance hypo!cat$ by ! !ory ( transmutation4 ,! sole matt] ( dispute betwe5 ! two views is :e!r ! life-cycles ( organisms are circles or spirals4 ,b all ?is1 x w be said1 is purely negative4 ,m]ely to refra9 f any rec\rse to ! extraord9>y or ! sup]natural is by no means suffici5t4 8,natural explanations0 mu/ be explanatory z well z natural4 ,unless !re be a simplification1 a r$uction ( plurality to unity1 a resolution ( _m p>ticul> problems into a common g5]al problem1 we h no explanation wor?y ( ! "n4 ,grant+1 !re=e1 t uni=mit>ian fixism does n recur to ! anomal\s or ! miracul\s1 x /ill lies op5 to ! *>ge ( fail+ 9 its function z an explanation1 because x multiplies orig9s 9 bo? space & "t4 ,trans=mism1 on ! contr>y1 is said to elucidate matt]s1 inasmu* z x unifies orig9s spatially & temporally4 ,t trans=mism successfully plausibleizes a unification ( orig9s 9 space1 is true only 9 a limit$ & relative s5se4 ,! mo/ t c be said = ! assumption1 t resemblances re/ on ! pr9ciple ( common inh]itance1 is t x p]mits ( a num]ical r$uction ( orig9s1 b ?is num]ical r$uction w1 by an intr9sic necessity1 always fall %ort ( absolute unification4 ,! monophyletic d]ivation ( all organic =ms f "o primordial cell or protobla/ is a fanta/ic dream1 = :i*1 f ! v nature ( ?+s1 natural sci5ce does n1 & c n1 furni% ev5 ! semblance ( an objective basis4 ,! gr\nd is cut f "u our feet1 ! mom5t we attempt to ext5d ! pr9ciple ( desc5t outside ! limits ( an organic phylum4 ,! sole basis ( inf]5ce is a gr\p ( uni=mities1 &1 unless ^! uni=mities pr$om9ate ov] ! div]sities1 !re c be no rational application ( ! pr9ciple ( trans=mism4 ,h5ce1 ! hypo!sis1 t organisms are consangu9e\s not)/&+ _! diff]5ces1 loses all value z a solution at ! po9t :]e resemblances are outweigh$ by div]sities4 ,! transmutation assum$ to h tak5 place mu/ be nev] s complete z to h oblit]at$ all recognizable ve/iges ( ! common ance/ral type4 8,:5ev]10 says ,dries*1 8! !ory t1 9 spite ( _! div]sities1 ! organisms are relat$ by blood1 is to be really useful = explanation1 x mu/ necess>ily be assum$ 9 e case t ! /eps ( *ange1 :i* h l$ ! specific =m ,a to become ! specific =m ,b1 h be5 su* z only to *ange 9 "p t orig9al =m ,a4 ,t is to say3 ! simil>ities betwe5 ,a & ,b mu/ nev] be ov]%ad[$ by _! div]sities40 78,sci5ce & ,philosophy ( ! ,organism10 v4 ,i1 p4 #bed47 ,:51 !re=e1 ! rev]se is true & div]sities are preval5t ov] uni=mities1 we are left )\t clue or compass 9 ! mid/ ( a labyr9? ( innum]able possibilities4 ,su* are ! limits impos$ by ! v nature ( ! evid5ce itself1 & ! sci5ti/s1 :o transgress ^! limits1 by attempt+ to correlate ! prim>y phyla1 are on a p> ) ^? unconv9cible g5iuses1 :o cont9ually besiege ! ,pat5t ,(fice ) s*emes ev] new & weird = realiz+ ! *im]a ( 8p]petual motion40 ,?us sci5tific trans=mism is unable to simplify ! problem beyond a c]ta9 irr$ucible plurality ( =ms1 less] only 9 degree ?an ! plurality po/ulat$ by fixism4 ,?is be+ ! case1 ! attempts ( ,wasmann & ,dorlodot to prune ! works ( ,creation ) ,occam's ,razor are n only presumptu\s1 b prec>i\s z well4 ,qui nimis probat1 nihil probat6 ,if x be unwor?y ( ,god to multiply organic orig9s 9 space1 !n monophyletic desc5t is ! only possible alt]native1 & polyphyletic trans=mism falls "u ! same condemnation z fixism4 ,yet ! polyphyletic !ory ( desc5t is t to :i* bo? ,wasmann & ,dorlodot subscribe1 z x is1 likewise1 ! only k9d ( trans=mism :i* sci5ce c ev] hope to plausibleize4 ,besides1 too close a %ave ) ,occam's ,razor w\ld elim9ate creation altoge!r1 s9ce all !ologians *e]fully admit t x 0 ! result ( a free & unnecess>y act on ! "p ( ,god4 ,:5 we apply our rationes conv5i5tiae to ! ,div9e op]ations1 we mu/ n make ! mi/ake ( apply+ !m to ! ,div9e action itself in/ead ( ! creat$ effects ( t action4 ,we may be compet5t to disc]n disord] & irregul>ity 9 f9ite ?+s1 b we are :olly incompet5t to prescribe rules = ,div9e conduct4 ,to say t ,god is con/ra9$ by ,8 inf9ite ,wisdom to indirect1 r ?an direct1 production1 or t ,he mu/ evolve a v>iety ( =ms out ( liv+1 r ?an non-liv+1 matt]1 is to be guilty ( ridicul\s an?ropomorphism4 ,!re is no a priori reason1 f\nd$ ^u ! ,div9e attributes1 :i* re/ricts ,god's creative action to ! production ( ?is1 or t1 numb] ( primordial organisms1 or :i* obliges him to end[ primitive organisms ) ! p[] ( transmutation4 ,b ! fact t ^! rationes conv5i5tiae fail to e/abli% ! a priori necessity ( a unification ( organic orig9s 9 space1 does n imply t !y are )\t value 9 sugge/+ ! unification ( organic orig9s 9 "t4 ,ord] & regul>ity are n exclud$ by spatial multiplicity1 b !y may easily be exclud$ by ! incongruities ( an irregul> succession ( ev5ts4 ,indet]m9ism & *ance are1 inde$1 insep>able f ! c\rse ( ,nature4 ,!re is 9 matt] an unlimit$ pot5tiality1 incomm5surate ) ! limit$ efficacy ( natural ag5cies4 ,h5ce x evades ! absolute control ( all f9ite factors & =ces4 ,b ! anomalies & irregul>ities1 :i* are cont+5t ^u ! limitation or fru/ration ( second causes unable to impose an iron necessity ^u evasive matt]1 are n ref]able to ! ,fir/ ,cause1 b r to ! f9ite efficacy ( second causes4 ,su* anomalies 9 natural processes1 consequ5tly1 are n inconsi/5t ) inf9ite wisdom & p[] on ! "p ( ! ,creator4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 ! anomaly occurs1 n 9 ! =m ( an accid5tal fru/ration ( a natural ag5cy1 b 9 ! =m ( an intrusive 8new creation10 ! irregul>ity 9 "q w\ld !n be ref]able to ! ,creator ,himself1 & su* d]ogations ( ord] are inadmissible1 except z manife/ations ( ! sup]natural4 ,9 fact1 ! abrupt & caprici\s ins]tion ( a 8new creation0 into an ord] already con/itut$1 say1 = in/ance1 ! sudd5 introduction ( ,angiosp]ms 9 ! ,coman*ian p]iod1 or ( mammals 9 ! ,t]ti>y1 w\ld be out ( h>mony ) bo? reason & revelation4 ,unless !re is a positive reason = suppos+ ! contr>y1 we mu/ presume t1 subsequ5t to ! primordial con/itution ( ?+s1 ! ,div9e influ5ce ^u ! _w has be5 concurr5t r ?an revolutioniz+4 ,h5ce a !ory ( orig9s1 compatible ) ! simultane\s 8creation0 ( primal organisms1 is decid$ly pref]able to a !ory1 :i* involves successive 8creations0 at r&om4 ,t trans=mism disp5ses ) ! ne$ ( assum+ a succession ( 8creative0 acts1 is p]fectly obvi\s1 &1 unless fixism c emulate its rival sy/em 9 ?is respect1 x _c expect to receive s]i\s att5tion4 ,b once fixism assumes ! simultane\sness ( organic orig9s1 x enc\nt]s1 9 ! abs5ce ( mod]n organic types f anci5t geological /rata1 a new & =midable difficulty4 ,cuvi]'s !ory ( num]\s cata/rophes foll[$ by :olesale migrations ( ! =ms1 :i* _h escap$ ext9ction1 is tantam\nt to an appeal to ! extraord9>y & ! improbable = purposes ( explanation1 & ?is1 z we h se51 is an exp$i5t1 :i* natural sci5ce is ju/ifi$ 9 refus+ to sanction4 ,nor does ! appeal to ! incomplet5ess ( ! geological record (f] a m satisfactory solution4 ,x is tax en\gh1 z we %all see1 ^u our cr$ulity1 :5 ! trans=mi/ seeks to acc\nt !reby = ! abs5ce ( int]m$iate types1 b to acc\nt 9 ?is fa%ion = ! abs5ce ( palozoic ,angiosp]ms & mammals is ask+ u to believe ! all-b-incr$ible4 ,x w\ld n1 !re=e1 be advisable = ! fixi/ to appropriate ! l9e ( def5se sugge/$ = him by ,bateson--8,x has be5 ask$ h[ d y "k = in/ance t !re 7 no mammals 9 ,palozoic times8 ,may !re n h be5 mammals some:]e on ! e>? ?\gh no ve/ige ( !m has come d[n to u8 ,we may feel confid5t !re 7 no mammals !n1 b are we sure8 ,9 v anci5t rocks mo/ ( ! great ord]s ( animals are repres5t$4 ,! abs5ce ( ! o!rs might by no great /ress ( imag9ation be ascrib$ to accid5tal circum/ances40 ,b ! sudd5 rise ( ! ,angiosp]ms 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! ,mesozoic era is an in/ance ( de novo orig9 t is n s easily expla9$ away4 ,h5ce ,bateson cont9ues3 8,happily1 h[ev]1 !re is "o example ( :i* we c be sure4 ,!re 7 no ,angiosp]ms--t is to say #8high] plants' ) protect$ se$s--9 ! c>bonif]\s epo*4 ,( t age we h abundant rema9s ( a worldwide & ri* flora4 ,! ,angiosp]ms are cosmopolitan4 ,by _! means ( disp]sal !y mu/ imm$iately h become s4 ,_! rema9s are v readily pres]v$4 ,if !y _h be5 9 exi/5ce on ! e>? 9 c>bonif]\s times !y mu/ h be5 pres5t ) ! c>bonif]\s plants1 & mu/ h be5 pres]v$ ) !m4 ,h5ce we may be sure t !y did appe> on e>? s9ce ^? times4 ,we are n c]ta91 us+ c]ta9 9 ! /rict s5se1 t ,angiosp]ms are ! l9eal desc5dants ( ! c>bonif]\s plants1 b x is mu* easi] to believe t !y are ?an t !y are n40 7,sci5ce1 ,jan4 #bj1 #aibb1 p4 #eh47 ,x w\ld ?us appe>1 t n all ! organic types ( ei!r ! plant1 or ! animal1 k+dom are ( equal antiquity1 & t ! belat$ rise ( unprec$5t$ =ms has ! /atus ( an approximate c]ta9ty1 :]e) e !ory ( orig9s mu/ inevitably reckon4 ,h[1 !n1 is ! fixi/ to reconcile ?is successive appe>ance ( organisms ) ! simultane\s 8creation0 advocat$ by ,/4 ,augu/9e & ,/4 ,?omas ( ,aqu98 ,unless !re be "s o!r gradual process besides transmutation1 to bridge ! int]val betwe5 ! creative fiat & ! ev5tual appe>ance ( mod]n types1 !re seems to be no escape f ! dilemma4 ,?is br+s u to ,/4 ,augu/9e's !ory ( ! evolution ( organic life f inorganic matt]1 :i* ,dorlodot sophi/ically con/rues z support+ ! !ory ( desc5t4 ,accord+ to ,/4 ,augu/9e1 = ^: view ! ,angelic ,doctor express$ a delib]ate pref]5ce1 ! creation ( ! corporeal _w 0 ! result ( a s+le creative act1 hav+ an imm$iate effect 9 ! case ( m9]als1 & a remote or po/pon$ effect 9 ! case ( plants & animals 7cf4 8,de ,g5esi ad litt]am10 lib4 ,v1 c4 #e74 ,liv+ be+s1 !re=e1 7 creat$1 n 9 actuality1 b 9 g]m4 ,god imp>t$ to ! elem5ts ! p[] ( produc+ ! v>i\s plants & animals 9 _! prop] "t & place4 ,h5ce liv+ be+s 7 creat$ causally r ?an =mally1 by ! e/abli%m5t ( causal me*anisms or natural ag5cies especially orda9$ to br+ ab\t ! initial =mation ( ! ance/ral =ms ( life4 ,! ,div9e act initiat+ ^! 8natural processes0 7rationes sem9ales1 rationes causales7 9 inorganic1 & n 9 liv+1 matt]1 0 in/antane\s1 b ! processes1 :i* t]m9at$ 9 ! =mation ( plants & animals1 9 _! appo9t$ "t & place1 7 9 !mselves gradual & successive4 ,?us by an influx ( ,div9e p[] ! e>? 0 made pregnant ) ! promise ( e =m ( life--8,sicut matres gravidae sunt foetibus1 sic ipse mundus e/ gravidus causis nasc5tium40 7,augu/9e1 lib4 ,,iii1 8de ,tr9itate10 c4 #i47 ,by reason ( ?is doctr9e1 ! ,l\va9 pr(essor claims t ,/4 ,augu/9e 0 an evolutioni/1 & s1 inde$1 he 01 if by evolution is meant a gradual production ( organisms f inorganic matt]4 ,b if1 on ! contr>y1 by evolution is meant a progressive diff]5tiation & multiplication ( organic species by transmutation ( prexi/5t =ms ( life1 or1 9 o!r words1 if evolution is tak5 9 its usual s5se z synonym = trans=mism1 !n no?+ c\ld be m absurdly ana*roni/ic ?an to ascribe ! doctr9e to ,/4 ,augu/9e4 ,! subject ( ! gradual process po/ulat$ by ! latt] 01 n liv+1 b inorganic1 matt]1 & ! process 0 conceiv$ z lead+ to ! =mation1 & n ! trans=mation1 ( species4 ,! idea ( v>iable inh]itance did n occur to ,/4 ,augu/9e1 & he conceiv$ organisms1 once !y 7 9 exi/5ce1 z be+ propagat$ exclusively by univocal reproduction 7g5]atio univoca74 ,x is ! fixi/1 !re=e1 r ?an ! trans=mi/1 :o is entitl$ to exploit ! ,augu/9ian hypo!sis4 ,9 fact1 x is only ! vici\s ambiguity & unlimit$ ela/icity ( ! t]m evolution1 :i* avail to ext5uate ! a/\nd+ confusion ( ideas & total lack ( hi/oric s5se1 t c bracket toge!r "u a common t]m ! ideology ( ,d>w9 & ! view ( ,/4 ,augu/9e4 #b4 ,! ,argum5t 9 ! ,concrete ,b x is our task to criticize ! !ory ( trans=mism1 & n to ?r[ a life-l9e to fixism1 by advocat+ gradual =mation ( species z ! only feasible alt]native to gradual trans=mation ( species4 ,p]haps1 ?is p>ticul> life-l9e w n be appreciat$ any way2 = ! fixi/ may1 n )\t reason1 pref] to re/ 8 case on ! cont5tion t ! intr9sic "t-value ( geological =mations is f> too problematic = c]ta9 conclusions ( any sort4 ,9 ma9ta9+ ?is position1 he w h ! support ( "s pres5t-day geologi/s1 & c po9t1 z we %all see1 to facts t seem to be> out 8 cont5tion4 ,9 fact1 ! cog5cy ( ! palontological argum5t appe>s to be at its maximum 9 ! ab/ract1 & to evaporate ! mom5t we c>ry x into ! concrete4 ,! lute seems p]fect1 until we beg9 to play !reon1 & !n we discov] c]ta9 rifts t m> ! effect4 ,x is to ^! rifts t our att5tion mu/ n[ be turn$4 ,! fir/ & mo/ obvi\s flaw1 9 ! evolution>y int]pretation ( fossil s]ies1 is ! conf\nd+ ( succession ) filiation4 ,?9k]s1 f "t immemorial1 h comm5t$ on ! deep *asm ( di/9ction1 :i* divides hi/orical f causal sequ5ce1 & philosoph]s h nev] ceas$ to inveigh aga9/ ! sophi/ical sn>e (3 ,po/ hoc1 ergo propt] hoc4 ,t "o =m ( life has be5 subsequ5t 9 "t to ano!r =m ( life is1 9 itself1 no pro( ( desc5t4 8,let u suppose10 says ,ba!r1 8all writt5 records to be swept away1 & an attempt made to recon/ruct ,engli% hi/ory f co9s4 ,we c\ld set out our mon>*s 9 true ord]1 & we might suspect t ! ?rone 0 h]$it>y2 b if on t assumption we 7 to make ,james ,i1 ! son ( ,elizabe?--well1 b t's j :at palontologi/s are con/antly do+4 ,! fam\s diagram ( ! ,evolution ( ! ,horse :i* ,huxley us$ 9 8 ,am]ican lectures has _h to be correct$ 9 ! light ( ! full] evid5ce rec5tly tabulat$ 9 a h&some volume by ,pr(4 ,h4 ,f4 ,osborn & 8 coadjutors4 ,palo!rium1 :i* ,huxley reg>d$ z a direct ance/or ( ! horse1 is n[ held to be only a collat]al1 z ! la/ ( ! ,tudors 7 collat]al ance/ors ( ! ,/u>ts4 ,! lat] ,anci!rium mu/ be elim9at$ f ! true l9e z a side bran*--a ,"y ,pret5d]4 ,sometimes an app>5t succession is due to immigration ( a di/ant relative f "s o!r region--#8,! glori\s ,h\se ( ,hanov] & ,prote/ant ,succession4' ,x 01 y w rememb]1 by su* migrations t ,cuvi] expla9$ ! r5ewal ( life :5 a previ\s fauna _h become ext9ct4 ,he admitt$ succession b n desc5t40 7,sci5ce1 ,sept4 #ag1 #aibj1 p4 #bfa47 ,b1 if succession does n imply desc5t1 desc5t1 at lea/1 implies succession1 & ! fact t succession is ! necess>y coroll>y ( desc5t1 may be us$ z a corrective = ! errone\s allocations made by neontologi/s on ! basis ( purely morphological consid]ations4 ,! priority ( a type is ! s9e qua non condition ( its be+ accept$ z ance/ral4 ,x is always emb>rass+ :51 z sometimes happ5s1 a 8desc5dant0 turns out to be old] ?an1 or ev5 coval )1 8 8ance/or40 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! hi/orical position ( a =m c be made to co9cide ) its anatomical pret5sions to ance/ry1 !n ! inf]5ce ( desc5t atta9s to a degree ( logical respectability t is impossible 9 ! case ( purely zological evid5ce4 ,rec5t ye>s h witness$ a m dra/ic application ( ! hi/orical te/ to morphological speculations1 & ! result has be5 a :olesale revision ( =m] notions conc]n+ phylog5y4 8,i c\ld easily10 says ,ba!r1 8occupy ! re/ ( ?is h\r by discuss+ ! pr(\nd *anges wr\ght by ?is conception on our classification4 ,x is n t ord]s & classes hi!rto unkn[n h be5 discov]$1 n t "s errone\s allocations h be5 correct$1 b ! :ole basis ( our sy/em is be+ %ift$4 ,s long z we 7 deal+ ) a horizontal section across ! tree ( life--t is to say1 ) an assemblage ( approximately contemporane\s =ms--or ev5 ) a numb] ( su* horizontal sections1 s long 7 we conf9$ to simple description4 ,any attempt to frame a causal connection 0 b\nd to be speculative40 7,ibidem1 p4 #beh47 ,:e!r zologi/s w take k9dly to ?is 8%ift+ ( ! :ole basis0 ( classification1 rema9s to be se54 ,p]sonally1 we ?9k !y w\ld be v ill-advis$ to ex*ange ! solid obs]vational basis ( homology = ! scanty facts & fanciful int]pretations ( palontologi/s4 ,! second /umbl+ block 9 ! pa? ( ,trans=mism is ! occurr5ce ( conv]g5ce4 ,we h se5 t1 9 ! palontological argum5t1 desc5t is inf]r$ conjo9tly f simil>ity & succession1 & t1 9 ! ab/ract1 ?is argum5t is v p]suasive4 ,"o ( ! concrete ph5om5a1 h[ev]1 t t5d to make x inconsequ5tial1 is ! und\bt$ occurr5ce ( conv]g5ce4 ,pr(4 ,h4 ,woods ( ,cambridge1 9 ! ,introduction to ! #e? edition ( 8 8,palontology0 7#aiai71 speaks ( ?ree k9ds ( conv]g5ce 7cf41 pp4 #ad1 #ae1 #af71 :i*1 z a matt] ( conv5i5ce1 we may t]m ! p>alleli/ic1 ! radical1 & ! adaptational1 types ( conv]g5ce4 ,a brief description ( ea* type w s]ve to elucidate its nature & its significance3 7#a7 ,p>alleli/ic conv]g5ce implies ! appe>ance ( p>allel modifications 9 ! homolog\s p>ts ( organisms reg>d$ z div]g+ f common /ock 9 two di/9ct collat]al l9es1 t 7 indep5d5t at ! "t ( ! appe>ance 9 bo? ( ! said p>allel modifications4 ,speak+ ( ! fossil cl5t]ates kn[n z ,graptolites1 ,pr(essor ,woods says3 8,9 "s g5]a ! hydro!c ( diff]5t species %[ great v>iety ( =m1 ^? ( "o species be+ (t5 mu* m l ^? ( a species belong+ to ano!r g5us ?an to o!r species ( ! same g5us40 78,palontology10 #e? ed41 #aiai1 p4 #fi47 ,z ano!r in/ance ( ?is ph5om5on1 ! case ( ! fossil ungulates ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 spok5 ( z ,litopt]na1 may be cit$1 & ! case is peculi>ly int]e/+ because ( its be>+ on t pice de rsi/ance ( palontological evid5ce1 ! ,p$igree ( ! ,horse4 8,! second family ( ,litopt]na10 says ,wm4 ,b4 ,scott1 8! ,prot]o!riid1 7 rem>kable = _! _m deceptive resemblances to horses4 ,ev5 ?\gh ^? :o cont5d t ! ,litopt]na %\ld be includ$ 9 ! ,p]issodactyla %\ld prove to be 9 ! "r1 !re c be no d\bt t ! prot]o!res 7 n closely relat$ to ! horses1 b =m$ a mo/ /rik+ illu/ration ( ! indep5d5t acquisition ( simil> *>act]s ?r\gh p>allel or conv]g5t developm5t4 ,! family 0 n repres5t$ 9 ! ,plei/oc5e1 hav+ di$ out be=e t epo*1 & ! late/ kn[n memb]s ( x liv$ 9 ! upp] ,plioc5e4444 ,n t ?is rem>kable "* 0 due to grotesque proportions2 on ! contr>y1 !y look$ f> m l ! ord9>y ungulates ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e ?an did any ( _! ,s\? ,am]ican contempor>ies2 x is precisely ?is resemblance t is s notable4444 ,! feet 7 ?ree-to$1 except 9 "o g5us 7,?oa!rium7 9 :i* !y 7 s+le-to$1 & ne>ly or q ! :ole weight 0 c>ri$ ^u ! m$ian digit1 ! lat]als be+ m]e dew-claws4 ,! %ape ( ! ho(s & ! :ole appe>ance ( ! foot 0 surpris+ly l ^? ( ! ?ree-to$ horses1 b !re 7 c]ta9 /ructural diff]5ces ( su* great importance1 9 my judgm5t1 z to =bid ! ref]5ce ( ^! animals1 n m]ely to ! horses1 b ev5 to ! p]issodactyls40 78,a ,hi/ory ( ,l& ,mammals 9 ! ,we/]n ,hemisph]e10 p4 #dii47 ,= ?is sort ( p>allelism1 ! ,lam>ckian & ,d>w9ian types ( evolution by addition c (f] no rational explanation4 ,x c\ld1 p]haps1 be acc\nt$ = ^u ! ,batesonian hypo!sis ( evolution by loss ( inhibition1 t is to say1 ! co9cid5t appe>ance ( conv]g5t *>act]s 9 collat]al l9es might be int]pret$ z be+ due to a p>allel loss 9 bo? l9es ( ! inhibitive g5es1 :i* _h suppress$ ! conv]g5t feature 9 ! primitive or common /ock4 ,we say t ! conv]g5ce might be s int]pret$1 because ! int]pretation 9 "q w\ld1 at be/1 be m]ely optional & n at all necess>y2 = 9 ! ?ird1 or adaptational1 type ( conv]g5ce1 we %all see in/ances ( p>allel modifications occurr+ 9 completely indep5d5t races1 ^: morphology & hi/ory alike exclude all possibility ( h]$it>y connection betwe5 !m4 ,h5ce1 ev5 9 ! pres5t case1 no?+ con/ra9s u to accept ! g5etic int]pretation4 7#b7 ,radical conv]g5ce1 :i* ,woods /yles het]og5etic homomorphy1 is describ$ by him z foll[s3 8,sometimes two gr\ps ( individuals resemble ea* o!r s closely t !y might be reg>d$ z belong+ to ! same g5us or ev5 to ! same species 7italics m9e71 b !y h desc5d$ f diff]5t ance/ors s9ce !y are f\nd to diff] 9 developm5t 7ontog5y7 or 9 _! palontological hi/ory2 ?is ph5om5on1 ( =ms belong+ to diff]5t /ocks approa*+ "o ano!r 9 "*1 is kn[n z conv]g5ce or het]og5etic homomorphy1 & may occur at ! same geological p]iod or at widely sep>at$ int]vals4 ,?us ! =m ( oy/] kn[n z ,gryphaea has orig9at$ indep5d5tly f oy/]s ( ! ord9>y type 9 ! ,lias1 9 ! ,olites1 & aga9 9 ! ,*alk2 ^! =ms f\nd at diff]5t horizons closely resemble "o ano!r & h usually be5 reg>d$ z belong+ to "o g5us 7,gryphaea71 b !y h no direct g5etic connection ) "o ano!r40 78,palontology10 #e? ed41 #aiai1 p4 #ae47 ,comm5t is almo/ sup]flu\s4 ,if ev5 specific resemblance is no pro( ( common orig91 !n :at "r h we to int]pret any resemblance :atev] 9 ?is s5se8 ,) su* an admission1 ! :ole bottom drops out ( ! evolution>y argum5t4 ,:5 ! !ory ( desc5t is =c$ to acc\nt = het]og5etic resemblance at exp5se ( all likelihood & consi/5cy1 :5 x _c save itself except by bl[+ hot & cold ) "o brea?1 "o is tempt$ to exclaim3 8,oh1 :y bo!r ) x60 7#c7 ,adaptational conv]g5ce is ! occurr5ce ( p>allel modifications due to analog\s specialization 9 unrelat$ =ms1 ^: phylog5y has be5 obvi\sly div]se4 8,also1 animals belong+ to q di/9ct gr\ps10 says ,woods1 8may1 :5 liv+ "u simil> conditions1 come to resemble "o ano!r ow+ to ! developm5t ( adaptive modifications1 ?\gh !y d n really approa* "o ano!r 9 ess5tial *>act]s2 ?us analog\s or p>allel modifications may occur 9 indep5d5t gr\ps--su* are ! resemblances betwe5 fly+ reptiles 7,orni?osaurs7 & birds1 & betwe5 %>ks1 ic?yosaurs & dolph9s40 7,op4 cit41 p4 #af47 ,z ?is type ( conv]g5ce has be5 discuss$ 9 a previ\s article1 ) ref]5ce to ! mole & mole-cricket1 x ne$ n deta9 u fur!r4 ,all ^! types ( conv]g5ce1 b especially ! second type1 are factual evid5ce ( ! compatibility ( resemblance ) indep5d5t orig91 & ! fact ( _! occurr5ce t5ds to und]m9e ! c]ta9ty ( ! phylog5etic inf]5ces bas$ on fossil evid5ce2 all ! m s1 t1 ?anks to its bad /ate ( pres]vation1 & ! impossibility ( dissection1 ev5 sup]ficial resemblances may give rise to false int]pretations4 ,&1 z = ! cases ( radical conv]g5ce1 !re is no d5y+ t !y /rike at ! v he>t ( ! !ory ( desc5t4 ,! ?ird difficulty = ,trans=mism arises f ! discont9uity ( ! geological record4 ,x 0 "o ( ! v fir/ discrepancies to be discov]$ betwe5 evolution>y expectation & ! actual results ( rese>*4 ,! e>lie/ explorations reveal$ a /ate ( affairs1 t subsequ5t inve/igations h fail$ to rem$y3 on ! "o h&1 namely1 a notable abs5ce ( int]m$iate species to bridge ! gaps betwe5 ! fossil g5]a1 & on ! o!r h&1 ! sudd5 & simultane\s appe>ance ( num]\s new & alli$ types unh]ald$ by transitional =ms4 ,s9ce ,d>w9 _h /ress$ ! gradualness ( transmutation1 ! inve/igators expect$ to f9d ! transitional means m num]\s ?an ! t]m9al extremes1 & 7 surpris$ to f9d1 9 ! real record ( ! pa/1 ! exact rev]se ( _! anticipation4 ,!y f\nd t ! classes & families ( animals & plants _h always be5 z widely sep>at$ & z %>ply diff]5tiat$ z !y are today1 & t !y _h always =m$ di/9ct sy/ems1 unconnect$ by transitional l9ks4 ,! hypo!tical 8g5]aliz$ types10 suppos$ to comb9e ! features ( two or ?ree families1 h nev] be5 f\nd1 & mo/ probably nev] w be2 = x is all b c]ta9 t !y nev] exi/$4 ,occasionally1 x is true1 palontologi/s h discov]$ isolat$ types1 :i* !y int]pret$ z annectant =ms1 b a s+le pi] does n make a bridge1 & only too (t5 x *anc$ t ! s-call$ annectant type1 ?\gh satisfactory f ! morphological /&po9t1 0 m rec5t ?an ! two gr\ps1 to :i* x 0 suppos$ to be ance/ral4 ,b x w make matt]s pla9]1 if we illu/rate :at is meant by ! discont9uity or incomplet5ess ( ! fossil record1 by ref]5ce to "s concrete s]ies1 su* z ! s-call$ ,p$igree ( ! ,horse4 ,:5ev] a s]ies ( fossils1 arrang$ 9 ! ord] ( _! hi/orical sequ5ce1 exhibits a gradation ( increas+ resemblance to ! late/ =m1 ) :i* ! s]ies t]m9ates1 su* a s]ies is call$ a palontological p$igree1 & is said to repres5t s _m /ages 9 ! racial developm5t or phylog5y ( ! respective mod]n type4 ,! classical example ( ?is sort ( 8p$igree0 is t ( ! ,horse4 ,x is1 p]haps1 "o ( ! mo/ complete among fossil 8g5ealogies10 & yet1 z has be5 frequ5tly po9t$ out1 x is1 z x /&s1 extremely incomplete4 ,mod]n repres5tatives ( ! ,equidae1 namely1 ! horse1 ! ass & ! zebra1 belong to a common g5us1 & are sep>at$ f "o ano!r by diff]5ces :i* are m]ely specific1 b ! diff]5ces :i* sep>ate ! v>i\s =ms1 t compose ! 8p$igree ( ! ,horse10 are g5]ic4 ,we h1 to borr[ ,g]>d's simile1 no?+ m ?an ! pi]s ( ! evolution>y bridge1 )\t ! ar*es1 & we d n "k :e!r !re ev] 7 any ar*es4 ,!re is1 inde$1 a sort ( progression1 e4g41 f ! f\r-to$ to a "o-to$ type1 s t ! morphological gradation does1 9 "s degree1 co9cide ) temporal succession4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! fossil =ms1 int]pret$ z /ages 9 ! phylog5y ( ! ,horse1 are sep>at$ f "o ano!r by gaps s enorm\s1 t1 9 ! abs5ce ( int]m$iate species to bridge ! int]vals1 x is practically impossible1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! light ( our exp]im5tal k ( ,g5etics1 to conceive ( any transition betwe5 !m4 ,nor is ?is all4 ,! difficulty is increas$ t5fold1 :5 we attempt to relate ! ,equidae to o!r mammalian gr\ps4 ,fossil ungulates appe> sudd5ly & contemporane\sly 9 ! ,t]ti>y ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 ,s\? ,am]ica & ,europe1 )\t any transitional precursors1 to connect !m ) ! hypo!tical proto-mammalian /ock1 & to sub/antiate _! collat]ality ) o!r mammalian /ocks4 ,to all su* difficulties ! evolutioni/ replies by alleg+ ! incomplet5ess ( ! geological record1 & mod]n h&books on palontology devote _m pages to ! task ( expla9+ :y incomplet5ess ( ! fossil record is j :at we %\ld expect1 especially 9 ! case ( t]re/rial animals4 ,! reasons :i* !y assign are conv9c+1 b ?is p>ticul> mode ( solv+ ! difficulty is a r prec>i\s "o4 ,evolutioni/s %\ld n =get t1 9 sacrific+ ! sub/antial complet5ess ( ! record to acc\nt = ! abs5ce ( int]m$iate species1 !y are simultane\sly de/roy+ its value z a pro( ( ! relative position ( organic types 9 "t4 ,yet ?is1 z we h se51 is precisely ! feature ( greate/ /rategic value 9 ! palontological 8evid5ce0 = evolution4 ,we mu/ h absolute c]ta9ty t ! reput$ 8ance/or0 0 9 exi/5ce prior to ! appe>ance ( ! alleg$ 8desc5dant10 or ! peculi> =ce ( ! palontological argum5t is lo/4 ,x w\ld be prepo/]\s = ! prog5y to be prior to1 or ev5 coval )1 ! prog5itor1 & s we mu/ be q sure t :at we call 8po/]ity0 is really po/]ior 9 "t4 ,n[ ! sole argum5t t palontology c adduce = ! po/]iority ( "o organic type z comp>$ ) ano!r is ! negative evid5ce ( its non-occurr5ce1 or r ( its non-discov]y1 9 an e>li] geological =mation4 ,! l[] /rata d n1 s f> z is kn[n1 conta9 ! type 9 "q1 & s x is conclud$ t ?is p>ticul> =m _h no e>li] hi/ory4 ,su* an inf]5ce1 z is cle>1 is n only liable to be upset by lat] discov]ies1 b has ! additional disadvantage ( implicitly assum+ ! sub/antial complet5ess ( ! fossil record1 :]eas ! abs5ce ( int]m$iate species is only explicable by means ( ! assum$ incomplet5ess ( ! selfsame record4 ,! evolutioni/ is ?us plac$ 9 ! dilemma ( *oos+ betwe5 a sub/antially complete1 & a sub/antially incomplete1 record4 ,:i* ( ! alt]natives1 he elects1 matt]s v little2 b he mu/ abide by ! consequ5ces ( 8 decision1 he _c eat 8 cake & h x4 ,:5 ! evolutioni/ appeals to ! facts ( palontology1 x goes )\t say+ t he does s 9 ! hope ( %[+ t ! diff]5ces1 :i* divide mod]n species ( plants & animals1 dim9i% z we g backw>d 9 "t1 until ! /age ( id5tity is rea*$ 9 ! unity ( a common ance/ral type4 ,h5ce f ! v nature ( ! argum5t1 :i* he is engag$ 9 con/ruct+1 he is compell$ to resort to int]m$iate types z evid5ce ( ! cont9uity ( alli$ species ) ! hypo!tical ance/or1 or common type1 :5ce !y are said to h div]g$4 ,n[1 ev5 suppos+ t 8 ef=ts 9 ?is direction 7 att5d$ ) a complete measure ( success1 evid5ce ( ?is k9d w\ld n ( itself1 z we %all see1 suffice to demon/rate ! common orig9 ( ! extremes1 betwe5 :i* a p]fect s]ies ( int]grad5t types c be %[n to m$iate4 ,unque/ionably1 h[ev]1 unless su* a s]ies ( int]grad5t fossil species c be adduc$ z evid5ce ( ! assum$ transition1 ! presumption is totally aga9/ ! hypo!sis ( trans=mism4 ,n[1 z a matt] ( fact1 ! geological record r>ely (f]s any evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce 9 ! pa/ ( int]m$iate species4 ,= ^?1 :o h implicit confid5ce 9 ! "t-value ( geological 8=mations10 !re are indications ( a g5]al advance f l[] to high] =ms1 b1 ev5 s1 !re is little to %[ t ?is seem+ progress is to be int]pret$ z an increas+ div]g5ce f common ance/ral types4 ,) b few exceptions1 ! fossil record fails to %[ any trace ( transitional l9ks4 ,yet p$igrees made up ( div]se g5]a are poor evid5ce = filiation or g5etic cont9uity1 s long z no int]m$iate species c be f\nd to bridge ! *asm ( g5]ic diff]5ce4 ,by int]m$iate species1 we d n mean ! fabul\s 8g5]aliz$ type40 ,annectants ( ?is k9d are m]e ab/ractions1 :i* h nev] exi/$1 & nev] c\ld h exi/$4 ,we ref] r to actual fossil types sep>at$ f "o ano!r by diff]5ces n great] ?an specific2 = 8n until we h l9k$ species into l9eages10 c fossil p$igrees lay claim to s]i\s att5tion4 ,b let u suppose ! case = evolution to be ideally favorable1 & assume t 9 e in/ance we possess$ a p]fect gradation ( =ms betwe5 two extremes1 su*1 = example1 z occurs 9 ! ,ammonite s]ies1 ev5 !n we w\ld be f> f hav+ a true demon/ration ( ! po9t at issue4 ,bateson has call$ our att5tion to ! dang] ( conf\nd+ /]ile & in/able hybrids ) int]grad5t species4 8,exam9e10 he says1 8any two ?or\ghly di/9ct species :i* meet ea* o!r 9 _! di/ribution1 z = in/ance1 ,ly*nis diurna & vesp]t9a d4 ,9 areas ( ov]lap are _m int]m$iate =ms4 ,^! us$ to be tak5 to be transitional /eps1 & ! specific di/9ctness ( vesp]t9a & diurna 0 on t acc\nt que/ion$4 ,once x is kn[n t ^! suppos$ int]grades are m]ely mongrels betwe5 ! two species ! transition f "o to ! o!r is practically beyond our p[]s ( imag9ation to conceive4 ,if bo? ^! c survive1 :y has _! common p>5t p]i%$8 ,:y1 :5 !y cross1 d !y n recon/ruct x in/ead ( produc+ p>tially /]ile hybrids8 ,i take ?is example to %[ h[ entirely ! facts 7 =m]ly misrepres5t$40 7,h]$ity1 ,smi?son4 ,in/4 ,rpt4 = #aiae1 p4 #cfi47 ,simil>ly1 ,t4 ,h4 ,morgan has %[n1 ) ref]5ce to mutants1 ! fallacy ( inf]r+ common desc5t f ! ph5om5on ( int]grad5ce1 & :at holds true = a s]ies ( int]grad5t mutants w\ld presumably also hold true ( a s]ies ( int]grad5t species1 c\ld su* a s]ies be f\nd & critically di/+ui%$ f hybrid & mutational int]m$iates4 ,9 %ort1 ! ,d>w9ian d$uction ( common orig9 f ! exi/5ce ( int]grad5ce mu/ n[ be reg>d$ z a ?or\ghly discr$it$ argum5t4 8,because we c (t5 arrange ! s]ies ( /ructures 9 a l9e ext5d+ f ! v simple to ! m complex1 we are apt to become unduly impress$ by ?is fact & conclude t if we f\nd ! complete s]ies we %\ld f9d all ! int]m$iate /eps & t !y h aris5 9 ! ord] ( _! complexity4 ,?is conclusion is n necess>ily correct40 78,a ,critique ( ! ,!ory ( ,evolution10 p4 #i47 ,hav+ cit$ su* a s]ies ( gradational mutations rang+ betwe5 ! long-w+$1 & completely w+less condition1 9 ! case ( ! ,v9eg> ,fly 7,drosophila melanoga/]71 z well z two simil> grad$ s]ies bas$ on pigm5tation & eye color1 he concludes3 8,^! types1 ) ! fluctuations t occur )9 ea* type1 furni% a complete s]ies ( gradations2 yet hi/orically !y h aris5 indep5d5tly ( ea* o!r4 ,_m *anges 9 eye color h appe>$4 ,z _m z ?irty or m races diff]+ 9 eye color are n[ ma9ta9$ 9 our cultures4 ,"s ( !m are s simil> t !y c sc>cely be sep>at$ f ea* o!r4 ,x is easily possible beg9n+ ) ! d>ke/ eye color1 sepia1 :i* is a deep br[n1 to pick out a p]fectly grad$ s]ies end+ ) pure :ite eyes4 ,b su* a s]ial arrangem5t w\ld give a totally false idea ( ! way ! diff]5t types h aris52 & any conclusion bas$ on ! exi/5ce ( su* a s]ies might v well be entirely errone\s1 = ! fact t su* a s]ies exi/s be>s no relation to ! ord] 9 :i* its memb]s h appe>$40 7,op4 cit41 pp4 #ab1 #ac47 ,su* facts mu/ give u pause 9 atta*+ undue importance to ph5om5a l ! occurr5ce ( a gradual complication ( sutures 9 ! ,*alk ,ammonites1 p>ticul>ly z p>allel s]ies ( p]fectly simil> sutures occurs 8by conv]g5ce0 9 ! fossil ,c]atites1 :i* h no g5etic connection ) ! ,ammonites4 7,cf4 ,woods' 8,palontology10 #e? ed41 p4 #af47 ,b1 if ev5 mutational & specific int]grad5ts are n suffici5t evid5ce ( common ance/ry1 :at %all we say ( a discont9u\s s]ies1 ^: l9ks are sep>ate g5]a1 ord]s1 or ev5 classes1 in/ead ( species4 ,ev5 ! mo/ en?usia/ic trans=mi/ is =c$ to admit ! ju/ice ( our insi/5ce t ! gaps :i* sep>ate ! memb]s ( a s]ies mu/ be r$uc$ f diff]5ces ( ! g5]ic1 to diff]5ces ( ! specific1 ord]1 be=e t s]ies c comm& any respect z hypo!tical 8g5ealogy40 8,y w h obs]v$10 says ,f4 ,a4 ,ba!r1 8t ! precise me?ods ( ! mod]n palontologi/1 on :i* ?is pro( is bas$1 are v diff]5t f ! slap-da% conclusions ( =ty ye>s ago4 ,! discov]y ( ,ar*opt]yx1 = in/ance1 0 ?\ght to prove ! evolution ( birds f reptiles4 ,no d\bt x r5d]$ t conclusion extremely probable1 especially if ! major promise--t evolution 0 ! me?od--7 assum$4 ,b ! fact ( evolution is precisely :at m5 7 !n try+ to prove4 ,^! jump+s f class to class or f era to era1 by aid ( a few isolat$ /epp+-/ones1 7 :at ,bacon calls anticipations 8ha/y & premature b v effective1 because z !y are collect$ f a few in/ances1 & mo/ly f ^? :i* are ( famili> occurr5ce1 !y imm$iately dazzle ! intellect & fill ! imag9ation40 7,nov4 ,org41 ,i1 #bh47 ,no secure /ep 0 tak5 until ! mod]n palontologi/ began to affiliate mutation ) mutation & species ) species1 work+ 8 way back1 lit]ally in* by in*1 ?r\gh a s+le small gr\p ( /rata4 ,only ?us c\ld he base on ! labori\sly collect$ facts a s+le true int]pretation2 & to ^? :o pref]r$ ! broad pa? ( g5]ality 8 int]pretations seem$1 z ,bacon says !y always 8mu/ seem1 h>% & discordant--almo/ l my/]ies ( fai?40 444 ,?us by degrees we reject ! old slipp]y /epp+-/ones t s (t5 toppl$ u into ! /ream1 &1 foot by foot1 we build a secure bridge ov] ! wat]s ( ignorance40 7,sci5ce1 ,sept4 #ag1 #aibj1 pp4 #bfc1 #bfd47 ,we _c %>e ,ba!r's confid5ce 9 ! security ( a bridge compos$ ( ev5 l9k$ species4 ,let su* a s]ies be nev] s p]fect1 let ! gradation be nev] s m9ute1 z x might conceivably be made1 :5 n m]ely di/9ct species1 b also hybrids1 mutants & fluctuants are available z /opgaps1 ! b>e fact ( su* int]gradation tells no?+ :atev] conc]n+ ! problem ( g5etical orig9 & specific relation%ip4 ,! species-by-species me?od does1 h[ev]1 repres5t ! v m9imum ( requirem5t impos$ ^u ! palontologi/1 :o pr(esses to con/ruct a fossil p$igree4 ,b1 :5 all is said & done1 su* a me?od1 ev5 at its be/1 falls consid]ably %ort ( ! m>k4 ,h[ev] p]fectly int]grad5t a s]ies ( fossils may be1 ! fact rema9s t ^! petrifi$ remnants ( =m] life _c be subject$ to bre$+ te/s1 & t1 9 ! consequ5t abs5ce ( g5etical exp]im5tation1 we h no means ( det]m9+ ! real be>+ ( ^! facts ^u ! problem ( int]specific relation%ip4 ,only ! somatic *>act]s ( ext9ct floras & faunas h be5 cons]v$ 9 ! rock record ( ! pa/1 & ev5 ^! are (t5 r5d]$ dubi\s1 z we %all see pres5tly1 by _! imp]fect /ate ( pres]vation4 ,n[1 x is solely 9 conjunction ) bre$+ exp]im5ts1 t somatic *>act]s c give u any insight into ! nature ( ! g]m9al con/itution ( an organism1 :i*1 aft] all1 is ! c>d9al consid]ation ^u :i* ! :ole "q ( int]specific relation%ip h+es4 ,all inf]5ces1 !re=e1 reg>d+ ! desc5t ( fossil =ms are irrem$iably speculative & conjectural4 ,:5 we are deal+ ) liv+ =ms1 we c always *eck up ! inf]5ces bas$ on somatic *>act]i/ics by means ( g5etical exp]im5ts1 & 9 s do+ we h f\nd t x is z unsafe to judge ( an organism f ! exclusive /&po9t ( its ext]nal *>act]s z x is to judge ( a book by ! cov]2 =1 ap>t f ! *eck ( bre$+ te/s1 x is impossible to say j :i* somatic *>act]s are g5etically significant1 & :i* are n4 ,=ms ext]nally alike may be s unlike 9 g]m9al con/itution z to be sexually incompatible2 =ms ext]nally unlike may be readily cross$ )\t any disc]nible dim9ution ( f]tility4 8,:o c\ld h =ese510 exclaims ,bateson1 8t ! apple & ! pe>--s l ea* o!r t _! botanical diff]5ces are evasive--c\ld n be cross$ toge!r1 ?\gh species ( ,antirrh9um 7,snapdragon7 s totally unlike ea* o!r z majus & molle c be hybridiz$1 z ,baur has %[n1 )\t a sign ( impair$ f]tility80 7,h]$ity1 ,smi?son4 ,in/4 ,rpt4 = #aiae1 p4 #cgj47 ,we _c di/+ui% betwe5 alleg$ specific1 & m]ely mutational 7v>ietal71 *ange1 nor betwe5 hybridizations & factorial1 *romosomal1 or pseudo-1 mutations1 solely on ! basis ( su* ext]nal *>act]s z are pres]v$ = u 9 fossils4 ,x is impossible1 !re=e1 to demon/rate trans-specific v>iation by any evid5ce t ,palontology c supply4 ,! palontologi/ 7pace ,osborn7 is utt]ly incompet5t to pass judgm5t on ! problem ( int]specific relation%ip4 ,z ,bateson rem>ks3 8,9 discuss+ ! physiological problem ( int]specific relation%ip evid5ce ( a m /r+5t "* is n[ requir$2 & a naturali/ acqua9t$ ) g5etical discov]ies w\ld be z reluctant to draw conclusions z to ! specific relation%ip ( a s]ies ( fossils z a *emi/ w\ld be to pron\nce on ! nature ( a s]ies ( unkn[n comp\nds f an inspection ( !m 9 a r[ ( bottles40 7,sci5ce1 ,april #ag1 #aibb1 p4 #cgc47 8,:5 ! mod]n /ud5t ( v>iation & h]$ity10 says ,t4 ,h4 ,morgan1 8looks ov] ! diff]5t #8cont9u\s' s]ies1 f :i* c]ta9 #8laws' & #8pr9ciples' h be5 d$uc$1 he is /ruck by two facts3 t ! gaps1 9 "s cases1 are enorm\s z comp>$ ) ! s+le *anges ) :i* he is famili>1 & 7:at is m important7 t !y involve num]\s p>ts 9 _m ways4 ,! g5etici/ says to ! palontologi/1 s9ce y d n "k1 & f ! nature ( y\r case c nev] "k1 :e!r y\r diff]5ces are due to "o *ange or to a ?\s&1 y _c ) c]ta9ty tell u any?+ ab\t ! h]$it>y units :i* h made ! process ( evolution possible40 7,op4 cit41 pp4 #bf1 #bg47 ,& )\t accurate k on ?is subject1 we may add1 !re is no possibility ( demon/rat+ specific *ange or g5etic relation%ip 9 ! case ( any giv5 fossil4 ,9 our discussion ( ! ?ird defect 9 ! fossil 8evid5ce10 allusion 0 made to a f\r?1 namely1 its imp]fect /ate ( pres]vation4 ,! /one record ( bygone days has be5 s defac$ by ! metamorphism ( rocks1 by ! solv5t action ( p]colat+ wat]s1 by erosion1 wea!r+ & o!r factors ( de/ruction1 t1 l a fad$ manuscript1 x becomes1 ev5 ap>t f its actual lacunae1 exce$+ly difficult to deciph]4 ,s unsatisfactory1 inde$1 is ! condition ( ! p>tially oblit]at$ facts t human curiosity1 piqu$ at _! baffl+ ambiguity1 calls ^u human imag9ation to supply :at obs]vation itself fails to reveal4 ,nor does ! invitation rema9 unhe$$4 ,romance ha/5s to ! rescue ( unc]ta9 ,sci5ce1 ) an impressive display ( 8recon/ruct$ fossils10 & ! hesitation ( critical caution is sup]s$$ by ! dogmatism ( arbitr>y assumption4 ,scatt]$ fragm5ts ( fossiliz$ bones are integrat$ into skeletons & clo!d by ! magic ( creative fancy ) an appropriate musculature & fle%1 renact+ = u ! m>vel\s vision ( ,ezekiel3 8,& ! bones came toge!r1 ea* "o to its jo9t4 ,& ,i beheld &1 lo1 !re 7 s9ews ^u !m1 & ! fle% came ^u !m3 & ! sk9 0 /ret*$ ov] !m40 7,*ap4 ,,xxxvii1 #g1 #h47 8,x is also true10 says ,osborn 7:o1 l ,haeckel1 ev9ces a v]itable mania = 8ret\*+0 incomplete facts71 8t we "k ! mode ( orig9 ( ! human species2 our k ( human evolution has rea*$ a po9t n only :]e a numb] ( l9ks are ?or\ghly kn[n b ! *>act]s ( ! miss+ l9ks c be v cle>ly pr$icat$40 7,sci5ce1 ,feb4 #bd1 #aibb47 ,we w n dispute 8 cont5tion2 = x is p]fectly true1 t1 9 ea* & e case1 all ! miss+ details c be s exactly pr$icat$ t ! result+ description might well put to %ame ! acc\nt ( a contempor>y eyewitness4 ,! only difficulty is t su* pr$ication is ! fruit ( pure imag9ation4 ,sci5tific recon/ructions1 :e!r 9 ! lit]>y1 pla/ic1 or pictorial1 =m1 are no m sci5tific ?an hi/orical novels are hi/orical4 ,bo? are ! outcome ( a psy*ological weakness 9 ! human makeup1 namely1 its crav+ = a 8f9i%$ picture0--a crav+1 h[ev]1 t is nev] gratifi$ save at ! exp5se ( ! fragm5t>y basis ( objective fact4#g #g ,see ,add5da4 ,9 call+ into "q1 h[ev]1 ! sci5tific value ( ! s-call$ 8sci5tific recon/ruction10 s f> z its pret5sions to precision & f9ality are conc]n$1 x is n our int5tion to discr$it ^? t5tative re/orations bas$ ^u ,cuvi]'s ,law ( ,correlation1 provid$ !y pr(ess to be no m ?an provisional approximations4 ,_m ( ! /ructural features ( organisms are physiologically int]dep5d5t1 & !re is frequ5tly a close correlation among organs & organ-sy/ems1 betwe5 :i* no causal connection or direct physiological dep5d5ce is demon/rable4 ,9 virtue ( ?is pr9ciple1 "o /ructural feature may connote ano!r1 9 :i* case x w\ld be legitimate to supply by inf]5ce any miss+ /ructure impli$ 9 ! actual exi/5ce ( its respective correlative4 ,b if any "o imag9es t ! law ( correlation enables a sci5ti/ to re/ore ! lo/ integrity ( fossil types ) any consid]able degree ( accuracy & f9ality1 he greatly ov]e/imates ! scope ( ! pr9ciple 9 "q4 ,at be/ x is no?+ m ?an an empirical g5]alization1 :i* mu/ n be press$ to an ext5t unw>rant$ by ! inductive process1 t fir/ e/abli%$ x4 8,c]ta9 relations ( /ructure10 says ,ba!r1 8z ( clov5 ho(s & horns ) a rum9ant /oma*1 7 obs]v$1 b z ,cuvi] himself insi/$1 ! laws bas$ on su* facts 7 purely empirical40 7,sci5ce1 ,sept4 #ag1 #aibj1 p4 #beh47 ,! palontologi/1 !n1 is ju/ifi$ 9 mak+ use ( correlation = ! purpose ( recon/ruct+ a :ole animal out ( a few fragm5t>y rema9s1 b to look = any?+ l photographic precision 9 su* 8re/orations0 ( ext9ct =ms is to manife/ a m or less complete ignorance ( ! nature & scope ( ! empirical laws1 ^u :i* !y are bas$4 ,! imprud5ce ( tak+ ^! 8recon/ructions0 ( ext9ct =ms too s]i\sly1 h[ev]1 is inculcat$ n m]ely by !oretical consid]ations1 b by exp]i5ce z well4 ,ev5 9 ! case ( ! mammo?1 a comp>atively rec5t =m1 ^: skeletal rema9s _h be5 pres]v$ m completely & p]fectly ?an ^? ( o!r fossil types1 ! discov]y ( a complete c>cass buri$ 9 ! ice ( ! ,sib]ian 8taiga0 on ! ,b]esovka riv] %[$ ! exi/+ re/orations to be false 9 important respects4 ,all1 )\t exception1 /ood 9 ne$ ( revision1 prov+1 once & = all1 ! inadequacy ( fossil rema9s z a basis = exact recon/ruction4 ,e4 ,pfiz5may]1 a memb] ( ! inve/igat+ exp$ition1 comm5ts on ! fact z foll[s3 8,9 ! light ( our pres5t k ( ! mammo?1 & especially ( its ext]ior1 ! v>i\s exi/+ attempts at a re/oration ne$ important corrections4 ,ap>t f ! _m fanciful sket*es int5d$ to portray ! ext]ior ( ! animal1 all ! m c>efully made re/orations %[ ! faults ( ! skeleton1 hi!rto reg>d$ z typical1 on :i* !y are bas$1 especially ! p[]ful semicircul> & upw>d-curv$ tusks1 ! long tail1 etc4 8,z ^! false conceptions ( ! ext]ior ( ! mammo?1 bo? writt5 & 9 ! =m ( pictures1 are conta9$ 9 all zological & palontological textbooks1 & ev5 9 sci5tific monographs1 x seems necess>y to con/ruct a m ne>ly correct picture1 bas$ on our pres5t k4 ,i h v5tur$ on ?is task1 because z a memb] ( ! late/ exp$ition = mammo? rema9s1 ,i 0 p]mitt$ n only to become acqua9t$ ) ?is newe/ f9d :ile /ill 9 its place ( deposit & to take "p 9 exhum+ x1 b also to visit ! zological museum ( ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 :i* is s ri* 9 mammo? rema9s1 = ! purpose ( /udy+ ! animal m 9 detail40 7,smi?son4 ,in/4 ,rpt4 = #aijf1 pp4 #cba1 #cbb47 ,! example is b "o ( _m1 :i* s]ve to emphasize n m]ely ! inadequacy ( ! g5]ality ( palontological re/orations1 b also ! extreme difficulty :i* ! palontologi/ exp]i5ces 9 int]pret+ aright ! p>tially effac$ record ( a vani%$ pa/4 ,! fif? & mo/ critical flaw 9 ! fossil 8evid5ce0 = evolution is to be f\nd 9 ! anomalies ( ! actual di/ribution ( fossils 9 "t4 ,x is ! boa/ ( evolution>y ,palontology t x is able to enhance ! cog5cy ( ! argum5t f m]e /ructural resemblance by %[+1 t1 ( two /ructurally alli$ =ms1 "o is m anci5t ?an ! o!r1 & may1 !re=e1 be presum$ to be ance/ral to ! lat] =m4 ,antec$5ce 9 "t is ! s9e qua non qualification ( a cr$ible ance/or1 &1 unless ! relative priority ( c]ta9 organic types1 z comp>$ ) o!rs1 c be e/abli%$ ) absolute c]ta9ty1 ! :ole palontological argum5t collapses1 & ! boa/ ( evolution>y geology becomes an empty vaunt4 ,:5ev] ! appe>ance ( a s-call$ annectant type is ant$at$ by t ( ! two =ms1 :i* x is suppos$ to connect1 ?is fact is1 naturally1 a dea?bl[ to its claim ( be+ ! 8common ance/or10 ev5 ?\gh1 f a purely morphological /&po9t1 x %\ld possess all ! requisites ( an ance/ral type4 ,comm5t+ ^u ! /atem5t t a c]ta9 g5us 8is a truly annectant =m unit+ ! ,melocr9idae & ! ,platycr9idae10 ,ba!r takes exception z foll[s3 8,! g5us 9 "q appe>$1 s f> z we "k1 r late 9 ! ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s1 :]eas bo? ,platycr9idae & ,melocr9idae 7 already e/abli%$ 9 ,middle ,silurian "t4 ,h[ is x possible t ! f> lat] =m %\ld unite ^! two anci5t families8 ,ev5 a msalliance is inconceivable40 7,sci5ce1 ,sept4 #ag1 #aibj1 p4 #bfj47 ,c]ta9ty1 !re=e1 ) respect to ! comp>ative antiquity ( ! fossilif]\s /rata is ! indisp5sable presupposition ( any palontological argum5t attempt+ to %[ t !re is a gradual approximation ( anci5t1 to mod]n1 types4 ,yet1 ( all sci5tific me?ods ( reckon+1 none is less calculat$ to inspire confid5ce1 none less safegu>d$ f ! abuses ( subjectivism & arbitr>y int]pretation1 ?an t by :i* ! relative age ( ! s$im5t>y rocks is det]m9$6 ,9 ord] to date ! /rata ( any giv5 s]ies ) ref]5ce to "o ano!r1 ! palontologi/ />ts ) ! pr9ciple t1 9 an undi/urb$ area1 ! deep] s$im5ts h be5 deposit$ at an e>li] p]iod ?an ! ov]ly+ /rata4 ,su* a crit]ion1 h[ev]1 is obvi\sly re/rict$ 9 its application to local areas1 & is available only at regions ( outcrop1 :]e a v]tical section ( ! /rata is visibly expos$4 ,to trace ! physical cont9uity1 h[ev]1 ( ! /rata 7if su* cont9uity !re be7 f "o cont95t to ano!r1 or ev5 across a s+le cont95t1 is evid5tly out ( ! "q4 ,h5ce1 to correlate ! s$im5t>y rocks ( a giv5 region ) ^? ( ano!r region f> di/ant f ! =m]1 "s crit]ion o!r ?an /ratigraphy is requir$4 ,to supply ?is want1 rec\rse has be5 _h to index fossils1 :i* h n[ come into g5]al use z age-m>k]s & means ( /ratigraphical correlation1 :]e ! crit]ion ( sup]position is ei!r abs5t or inapplicable4 ,c]ta9 fossil types are assum$ to be infallibly indicative ( c]ta9 /ratigraphical horizons4 ,9 fact1 :5 x comes to a decision z to ! priority or po/]iority ( a giv5 geological =mation1 index fossils con/itute ! c\rt ( la/ appeal1 & ev5 ! evid5ces ( actual /ratigraphical sequ5ce & ( physical texture itself are always disc\nt$ & expla9$ away1 :5ev] !y *ance to conflict ) ! presumption t c]ta9 fossil =ms are typical ( c]ta9 geological p]iods4 ,if1 = example1 ! sup]pos$ rock conta9s fossils alleg$ to be typical ( an 8e>li]0 /ratigraphic horizon ?an t to :i* ! fossils ( ! subjac5t rock belong1 ! =m] is pron\nc$ to be 8old]10 despite ! fact t ! actual /ratigraphic ord] conveys ! opposite impression4 8,we /ill reg>d fossils10 says ,j4 ,w4 ,judd1 8z ! #8m$als ( creation1' & c]ta9 types ( life we take to be z truly *>act]i/ic ( def9ite p]iods z ! co9s :i* be> ! image & sup]scription ( a ,roman emp]or or ( a ,saxon k+40 7,cf4 ,smi?son4 ,in/4 ,rpt4 = #aiab1 p4 #cef47 ,?us x comes to pass1 9 ! la/ analysis1 t fossils1 on ! "o h&1 are dat$ accord+ to ! consecutive /rata1 9 :i* !y occur1 & /rata1 on ! o!r h&1 are dat$ accord+ to ! fossils :i* !y conta94 ,su* proc$ure1 if n actually tantam\nt to a vici\s circle1 is1 to say ! lea/1 9 imm95t dang] ( becom+ s4 ,=1 ev5 assum+ ! s-call$ empirical g5]alization1 t makes c]ta9 fossils typical ( c]ta9 def9itely-ag$ geological 8=mations10 to be bas$ ^u induction suffici5tly complete & analytic to insure c]ta9ty1 at lea/1 9 ! majority ( in/ances1 & tak+ x = grant$ t we are deal+ ) a case1 :]e ! actual evid5ce ( /ratigraphy is n 9 op5 conflict ) t ( ! index fossils1 :o does n see t su* a sy/em ( *ronology l5ds itself only too readily to manipulation ( ! mo/ arbitr>y k9d1 :5ev] ! pet preconceptions ( ! evolution>y *ronologi/ are at /ake8 ,h[1 !n1 c we be sure1 9 a giv5 case1 t a v]dict bas$ exclusively on ! 8evid5ce0 ( index fossils w be reliably objective8 ,x is to be expect$ t ! evolutioni/ w refra9 f ! temptation to give himself ! b5efit ( e d\bt8 ,w !re n be an almo/ irresi/ible t5d5cy on ! "p ( ! conv9c$ trans=mi/ to revise ! age ( any deposit1 :i* happ5s to conta9 fossils t1 accord+ to 8 !ory1 ought n to occur at ! "t hi!rto assign$8 ,! citation ( a concrete example w s]ve to make our mean+ cle>4 ,a s]ies ( fre%-wat] /rata occur 9 ,india kn[n z ! ,siwalik b$s4 ,! =mation 9 "q 0 orig9ally class$ z ,mioc5e4 ,lat] on1 h[ev]1 z a result1 presumably1 ( ! emb>rass+ discov]y ( ! g5us ,equus among ! fossils ( ! ,upp] ,siwalik b$s1 ,wm4 ,blan=d saw fit to m5d matt]s by di/+ui%+ ! ,upp]1 f ! ,l[]1 b$s & assign+ ! =m] 7:i* conta9 fossil horses7 to ! ,plioc5e p]iod4 ,! title ,mioc5e be+ re/rict$ by ?is +5i\s /ep to b$s de/itute ( equ9e rema9s1 namely ! ,nahun1 or ,l[] ,siwalik1 deposits1 all dang] ( ! horse prov+ to be old] ?an 8 ance/ors 0 happily av]t$4 ,a m]e %ift+ ( ! conv5tional labels1 app>5tly1 0 amply suffici5t to r5d] gr\ndless ! fe>1 to :i* ,pr(essor ,a4 ,s$gwick _h giv5 expression 9 ! foll[+ t]ms3 8,! g5us ,equus appe>s 9 ! upp] ,siwalik b$s1 :i* h be5 ascrib$ to ! ,mioc5e age4444 ,if ,equus really exi/$ 9 ! ,upp] ,mioc5e1 x 0 antec$5t to "s ( its suppos$ ance/ors40 78,/ud5ts' ,textbook ( ,zology10 p4 #eii47 ,evid5tly1 ! ,horse mu/ reconcile himself p]=ce to ! p$igree assign$ to him by ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory2 = he is to be giv5 b scant opportunity ( escap+ x4 ,?is classic g5ealogy has already entail$ f> too great an exp5diture ( "t1 money & erudition to p]mit ( any reconsid]ation2 & %\ld x *ance1 9 ! ironic p]v]sity ( ?+s1 t ! ,horse has be5 s inconsid]ate z to leave indubitable traces ( himself 9 any =mation e>li] ?an ! ,plioc5e1 x goes )\t say+ t ! =mation 9 "q w at once be dat$ ahead1 9 ord] to secure = ! 8ance/ors0 t priority :i* is _! due4 ,an ela/ic crit]ion l ! index fossil is admirably adapt$ = readju/m5ts ( ?is sort1 & ! evolutioni/ :o uses x ne$ nev] fe> defeat4 ,! game he plays c nev] be a los+ "o1 because he gives no o!r t]ms ?an3 ,heads ,i w91 tails y lose4 ,9 sett+ =? ! =ego+ difficulties1 we h purposely refra9$ f *all5g+ ! c>d9al dogma ( or?odox palontology conc]n+ ! unimpea*able "t-value ( index fossils z age-m>k]s4 ,! =ce ( ^! consid]ations1 !re=e1 mu/ be ackn[l$g$ ev5 by ! mo/ fanatical adh]5ts ( ! a=esaid dogma4 ,our =be>ance 9 ?is in/ance1 h[ev]1 mu/ n be con/ru$ z a confession t ! dogma 9 "q is really unassailable4 ,on ! contr>y1 n only is x n invuln]able1 b !re are _m & weighty reasons = reject+ x lock1 /ock1 & b>rel4 ,! palontological dogma1 to :i* we ref]1 is r$ucible to ! foll[+ t5ets3 7#a7 ,! e>? is swa!d ) fossilif]\s /rata1 9 mu* ! same fa%ion t an onion is cov]$ ) a succession ( coats1 & ^! /rata are univ]sal ov] ! :ole globe1 occurr+ always 9 ! same inv>iable ord] & *>act]iz$ n by any peculi> uni=mity ( ext]nal appe>ance1 physical texture1 or m9]al composition1 b solely by peculi> gr\ps ( fossil types1 :i* enable u to di/+ui% betwe5 /rata ( diff]5t ages & to correlate ! /rata ( "o cont95t ) _! c\nt]p>ts 9 ano!r cont95t--8,ev5 ! m9ut] divisions10 says ,scott1 8! sub/ages & zones ( ! ,european ,jura1 are applicable to ! classification ( ! ,s\? ,am]ican b$s40 78,introduction to ,geology10 p4 #fha47 7#b7 ,9 det]m9+ ! relative age ( a giv5 geological =mation1 its *>act]i/ic fossils =m ! exclusive basis ( decision1 & all o!r consid]ations1 :e!r li?ological or /ratigraphic1 are subord9at$ to ?is--8,! "* ( ! rocks10 says ,h4 ,s4 ,williams1 8_! composition or _! m9]al cont5ts h no?+ to d ) settl+ ! "q z to ! p>ticul> sy/em to :i* ! new rocks belong4 ,! fossils alone are ! means ( correlation40 78,geological ,biology10 pp4 #cg1 #ch47 ,to ^? habituat$ to ! common notion t /ratigraphical sequ5ce is ! =emo/ consid]ation 9 decid+ ! comp>ative age ( rocks1 ! foll[+ /atem5t ( ,sir ,ar*ibald ,geikie w come z a di/9ct %ock3 8,we may ev5 demon/rate10 he av]s1 8t 9 "s m\nta9\s gr\nd ! /rata h be5 turn$ completely upside d[n1 if we c %[ t ! fossils 9 :at are n[ ! upp]mo/ lay]s ought prop]ly to lie und]nea? ^? 9 ! b$s bel[ !m40 78,textbook10 ed4 ( #aijc1 p4 #hcg47 ,9 fact1 ! palontologi/1 ,h4 ,a4 ,ni*olson1 lays x d[n z a g5]al pr9ciple t1 :]ev] ! physical evid5ce 7f\nd$ on /ratigraphy & li?ology7 is at v>iance ) ! biological evid5ce 7f\nd$ on ! pres5ce ( typical fossil organisms71 ! latt] mu/ prevail & ! =m] mu/ be ignor$3 8,x may ev5 be said10 he tells u1 8t 9 any case :]e !re %\ld appe> to be a cle> & decisive discordance betwe5 ! physical & ! palontological evid5ce z to ! age ( a giv5 s]ies ( b$s1 x is ! =m] t is to be di/ru/$ r ?an ! latt]40 78,anci5t ,life ,hi/ory ( ! ,e>?10 p4 #dj47 ,george ,mc,cready ,price1 ,pr(essor ( ,geology at a d5om9ational college 9 ,kansas1 devotes m ?an fifty pages ( 8 rec5t "w1 8,! ,new ,geology0 7#aibc71 to an int5sely de/ructive criticism ( ?is dogma ( ! supremacy ( fossil evid5ce z a means ( det]m9+ ! relative age ( /rata4 ,to cite ,price z an 8au?ority0 w\ld1 ( c\rse1 be futile4 ,all or?odox geologi/s h long s9ce ana!matiz$ him1 & outlaw$ him f respectable geological society4 ,*>les ,s*u*]t ( ,yale ref]s to him z 8a fundam5tali/ h>bor+ a geological nightm>e40 7,sci5ce1 ,may #cj1 #aibd1 p4 #dhg47 ,ar?ur ,m4 ,mill] ( ,k5tucky ,univ]sity speaks ( him z 8! man :o1 :ile a memb] ( no sci5tific body & absolutely unkn[n 9 sci5tific circles1 has 444 _h ! effront]y to /yle himself a #8geologi/4'0 7,sci5ce1 ,june #cj1 #aibb1 pp4 #gjb1 #gjc47 ,mill]1 h[ev]1 is j en\gh to admit t he is well-in=m$ on 8 subject1 & t he possesses ! gift ( p]suasive pres5tation4 8,he %[s10 says ,mill]1 8a wide famili>ity ) geological lit]ature1 quot+ l>gely f ! mo/ em95t au?orities 9 ?is c\ntry & 9 ,europe4 ,any "o read+ ^! writ+s ( ,price1 :i* possess a c]ta9 *>m ( lit]>y /yle1 & indicate on ! "p ( ! au?or a gift ( popul> pres5tation :i* makes "o regret t x _h n be5 devot$ to a m laudable purpose1 mu/ con/antly m>vel at ! "* ( m9d ( ! man :o c s g into ! lit]ature ( ! subject & /ill cont9ue to hold su* prepo/]\s op9ions40 7,loc4 cit41 p4 #gjb47 ,9 ! pres5t in/ance1 h[ev]1 our int]e/ c5t]s1 n on ! unimportant "q ( 8 (ficial /atus 9 geological circles1 b exclusively on ! objective validity ( 8 argum5t aga9/ ! *ronometric value ( ! index fossil4 ,all citations1 !re=e1 f 8 "w w be support$1 9 ! sequel1 by collat]al te/imony f o!r au?ors ( recogniz$ /&+4 ,x is possible1 ( c\rse1 to inject irrelevant issues4 ,price1 = example1 foll[s ,sir ,h5ry ,h[or? 9 8 endeavor to sub/itute an aque\s cata/rophe = ! glaciation ( ! ,quat]n>y ,ice ,age1 & he adduces _m int]e/+ facts to ju/ify 8 pref]5ce = a deluge4 ,b ?is is nei!r "h nor !re2 = we are n conc]n$ ) ! m]its ( 8 8new cata/rophism40 ,x is 8 opportune revival 9 mod]n =m ( ! =gott51 b extremely effective1 objection rais$ by ,huxley & ,sp5c] aga9/ ! alleg$ univ]sality ( syn*ron\sly deposit$ fossilif]\s s$im5ts1 t con/itutes our sole preoccupation "h4 ,x is ,price's m]it to h %[n t1 9 ! light ( rec5tly discov]$ facts1 su* z 8deceptive con=mities0 & 8ov]?ru/s10 ?is objection is f> grav] ?an x 0 :5 fir/ =mulat$ by ! au?ors 9 "q4 ,m]e snobb]y & abuse is n a suffici5t answ] to a difficulty ( ?is nature1 & we regret t m51 l ,s*u*]t1 h repli$ ) m ang] ?an logic4 ,! or?odox geologi/ seems unnecess>ily petulant1 :5ev] he is call$ ^u to v]ify or sub/antiate ! f\ndational pr9ciples ( li?ic *ronology4 ,"o frequ5tly he>s him make ! excuse t 8geology has its own peculi> me?od ( pro(40 ,to claim exemption1 h[ev]1 f ! univ]sal crit]ions ( criticism & logic is a subt]fuge :olly unwor?y ( a g5u9e sci5ce1 &1 if ,price insi/s on discuss+ a subject1 :i* ! or?odox geologi/ pref]s to suppress1 x is ! latt]1 & n ! =m]1 :o is really reaction>y4 ,price beg9s by /at+ ! issue 9 ! =m ( a tw(old "q3 7#a7 ,h[ c we be sure1 ) respect to a giv5 fauna 7or flora71 say ! ,cambrian1 t at "o "t x monopoliz$ our globe to ! complete exclusion ( all o!r typical faunas 7or floras71 say ! ,devonian1 or ! ,t]ti>y1 ( :i* x is assum$ t !y c\ld n1 by any /ret* ( imag9ation1 h be5 contemporane\s1 on ei!r l& or sea1 ) ! a=esaid 8old]0 fauna 7or flora78 7#b7 ,d ! =mations 7rocks conta9+ fossils7 univ]sally occur 9 su* a rigidly inv>iable ord] ( sequ5ce ) respect to "o ano!r1 z to w>rant our be+ sure ( ! />t+-po9t 9 ! "t-scale1 or to ju/ify u 9 project+ any giv5 local ord] ( succession into di/ant localities1 = purposes ( *ronological correlation8 ,8 response to ! fir/ ( ^! que/ions con/itutes :at may be call$ an apriori/ic refutation ( ! or?odox view1 by plac+ ! evolution>y palontologi/ 9 ! trilemma3 7a7 ( mak+ ! awkw>d confession t1 except )9 limit$ local areas1 he has no means :atev] ( di/+ui%+ betwe5 a geographical di/ribution ( coval fossil =ms among v>i\s habitats & a *ronological di/ribution ( fossils among s$im5ts deposit$ at diff]5t times2 7b7 or ( d5y+ ! possibility ( geographical di/ribution 9 ! pa/1 by claim+ dogmatically t ! _w dur+ ,cambrian times1 = example1 0 totally unlike ! mod]n _w1 ( :i* alone we h exp]im5tal k1 inasmu* z x 0 !n de/itute ( zological prov9ces1 di/ricts1 zones1 & o!r habitats peculi> to v>i\s types ( fauna1 s t ! :ole _w =m$ b "o gr& habitat1 ext5d+ ov] l& & sea1 = a limit$ gr\p ( organisms made up exclusively ( ! l[] types ( life2 7c7 or ( reviv+ ! discr$it$ onion-coat !ory ( ,abraham ,w]n] "u a revis$ biological =m1 :i* ass]ts t ! :ole globe is envelop$ ) fossilif]\s r ?an m9]al /rata1 ^: ord] ( succession be+ ev]y:]e ! same enables u to discrim9ate ) precision & c]ta9ty betwe5 cases ( di/ribution 9 "t & cases ( di/ribution 9 space4 ,9 8 response to ! second "q1 ,pr(essor ,price adduces num]\s factual argum5ts1 :i* %[ t ! inv>iable ord] ( sequ5ce po/ulat$ by ! !ory ( ! "t-value ( index fossils1 n only f9ds no confirmation 9 ! actual or concrete sequ5ces ( fossilif]\s rocks1 b is (t5 directly contradict$ !reby4 8,old]0 rocks may occur above 8y\ng]0 rocks1 ! 8y\nge/0 may occur 9 imm$iate succession to ! 8olde/10 ,t]ti>y rocks may be cry/all9e1 consolidat$1 & 8old 9 appe>ance10 :ile ,cambrian & ev5 pre-,cambrian rocks sometimes occur 9 a s(t1 incoh]5t condition1 t gives !m ! physical appe>ance ( be+ z "y z ,plei/oc5e =mations4 ,^! exceptions & objections to ! 8inv>iable ord]0 ( ! fossilif]\s /rata accumulate f day to day1 & x is only by means ( ,procru/ean tactics ( ! mo/ dra/ic sort t ! facts c be br\ght into any semblance ( h>mony ) ! curr5t dogmas1 :i* base geology ^u evolution r ?an evolution ^u geology4 ,price1 !n1 proposes = s]i\s consid]ation ! possibility t ,cretace\s d9osaurs & ev5 ,t]ti>y mammals may h be5 liv+ on ! l& at ! same "t t ! ,cambrian graptolites & trilobites 7 liv+ 9 ! seas4 8,:o10 he exclaims1 8w h ! h>dihood1 ! real dogmatism to affirm 9 a s]i\s way t ,cambrian animals & seawe$s 7 = a long "t ! only =ms ( life exi/+ any:]e on e>?80 ,%\ld we1 nev]!less1 make bold en\gh to av] t = c\ntless c5turies a m]e few ( ! l[] =ms ( life monopoliz$ our globe1 z "o univ]sal habitat unp>tition$ into p>ticul> biological prov9ces or zones1 we are !reupon confront$ ) two equally unwelcome alt]natives4 ,we mu/ ei!r fly 9 ! face ( exp]i5ce & legitimate induction by d5y+ ! exi/5ce 9 ! pa/ ( any?+ analog\s to our pres5t-day geographical di/ribution ( plants & animals into v>i\s biological prov9ces1 or be prep>$ to %[ by :at infallible crit]ion we are enabl$ to di/+ui% betwe5 syn*ron\sly deposit$ =mations indicative ( a geographical di/ribution accord+ to regional div]sity1 & consecutively deposit$ =mations indicative ( comp>ative antiquity4 ,! =m] alt]native does n m]it any consid]ation :atev]4 ,! latt]1 z we %all pres5tly see1 involves u 9 an assumption1 = :i* no def5se ei!r apriori/ic or factual is available4 ,we c1 inde$1 di/+ui% betwe5 spatial1 & temporal1 di/ribution )9 ! n>r[ limits ( a s+le locality by us+ ! crit]ion ( sup]position2 = 9 regions ( outcrop1 :]e "o s$im5t>y rock ov]lies ano!r1 ! obvi\s presumption is t ! upp] rock 0 deposit$ at a lat] date ?an ! l[] rock4 ,b ! crit]ion ( sup]position is n available = ! correlation ( /rata 9 localities s di/ant f ea* o!r t no physical evid5ce ( /ratigraphic cont9uity is disc]nible4 ,moreov] ! induction1 :i* projects any local ord] ( /ratigraphical sequ5ce into f> di/ant localities on ! sole basis ( fossil taxonomy1 is logically uns\nd & leads to conclusions at v>iance ) ! actual facts4 ,h5ce ! alleg$ "t-value ( index fossils becomes ess5tially problematic1 & af=ds no basis :atev] = sci5tific c]ta9ty4 ,z previ\sly /at$1 ! sequ5ce ( /rata is visible only 9 regions ( outcrop1 & n[h]e are we able to see m ?an m]e p>ts ( two or1 at mo/1 ?ree sy/ems associat$ toge!r 9 a s+le locality4 ,moreov]1 ea* set ( b$s is ( limit$ areal ext5t1 & ! limits are frequ5tly visible to ! eye ( ! obs]v]4 ,9 any case1 _! visible ext5t is necess>ily limit$4 ,x is impossible1 !re=e1 to correlate ! /rata ( "o cont95t ) ^? ( ano!r cont95t by trac+ /ratigraphic cont9uity4 ,h5ce1 9 comp>+ p>ticul> horizons ( v>i\s ages & 9 di/+ui%+ !m f o!r horizons ov] l>ge areas1 we are oblig$ to sub/itute induction = direct obs]vation4 ,sci5tific induction1 h[ev]1 is only valid :5 x re/s ^u "s univ]sal uni=mity or inv>iable sequ5ce ( nature4 ,h5ce1 to be specific1 ! assumption t ! "t-scale bas$ on ! ,european classification ( fossilif]\s /rata is applicable to ! entire globe z a :ole1 is bas$ on ! fur!r assumption t we are sure ( ! univ]sality ( fossilif]\s /ratification ov] ! face ( ! e>?1 & t1 z a matt] ( fact1 fossils are always & ev]y:]e f\nd 9 ! same ord] ( inv>iable sequ5ce4 ,b ?is is tantam\nt to reviv+1 "u :at ,sp5c] calls 8a transc5d5tal =m10 ! explod$ 8onion-coat0 hypo!sis ( ,w]n] 7#agdi-ahag74 ,w]n] conceiv$ ! t]re/rial globe z encircl$ ) successive m9]al envelopes1 bas+ 8 s*eme ( univ]sal /ratification ^u t ord] ( sequ5ce among rocks1 :i* he _h obs]v$ )9 ! n>r[ conf9es ( 8 native di/rict 9 ,g]many4 ,8 hypo!sis1 aft] lead+ _m sci5ti/s a/ray1 0 ultimately discr$it$ & laugh$ out ( exi/5ce4 ,= x f9ally became evid5t to all obs]v]s t ,w]n]'s s*eme did n fit ! facts1 & m5 7 able to witness ) _! own eyes ! simultane\s deposition1 9 sep>ate localities1 ( s$im5ts :i* diff]$ radically 9 _! m9]al cont5ts & texture4 ,?us x came to pass t ?is classification ( /rata accord+ to _! m9]al nature & physical appe>ance lo/ all value z an absolute "t-scale1 :ile ! !ory itself 0 relegat$ to ! /atus ( a curi\s & amus+ episode 9 ! hi/ory ( sci5tific fiascos4 ,?anks1 h[ev]1 to ,wm4 ,smi? & to ,cuvi]1 ! disc>d$ onion-coat hypo!sis did n p]i% utt]ly1 b 0 rehabilitat$ & bequea!d to u 9 a new & m subtle =m4 ,w]n]'s fundam5tal idea ( ! univ]sality ( a giv5 k9d ( deposit 0 reta9$1 b 8 m9]al /rata 7 replac$ by fossilif]\s /rata1 ! li?ological onion-coats ( ,w]n] be+ sup]s$$ by ! biological onion-coats ( our mod]n !ory4 ,! geologi/ ( today disc\nts physical appe>ance1 & classifies /rata accord+ to _! fossil1 r ?an _! m9]al1 cont5ts1 b he /&s committ$ to ! same old po/ulate ( univ]sal deposits4 ,he has no hesitation 9 syn*roniz+ su* widely-scatt]$ =mations z ! ,devonian deposits ( ,new ,york ,/ate1 ,engl&1 ,g]many1 & ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,he pieces !m all toge!r z p>ts ( a s+le sy/em ( rocks4 ,he has no misgiv+ z to ! univ]sal applicability ( ! ,european s*eme ( /ratigraphic classification1 b assures u1 9 ! words ( ! geologi/1 ,wm4 ,b4 ,scott1 t3 8,ev5 ! m9ut] divisions1 ! subdivisions & zones ( ! ,european ,jura1 are applicable to ! classification ( ! ,s\? ,am]ican b$s40 78,introduction to ,geology10 p4 #fha;f47 ,! lime/one & s&/one /rata ( ,w]n] are n[ ?+s ( ! pa/1 b1 9 _! /ead1 we h1 to quote ! criticism ( ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 8gr\ps ( =mations :i* ev]y:]e succe$ ea* o!r 9 a giv5 ord]1 & are sev]ally ev]y:]e ( ! same age4 ,?\gh x may n be ass]t$ t ^! successive sy/ems are univ]sal1 yet x seems to be tacitly assum$ t !y are s4444 ,?\gh probably no compet5t geologi/ w\ld cont5d t ! ,european classification ( /rata is applicable to ! globe z a :ole1 yet mo/1 if n all geologi/s1 write z ?\gh x 7 s4444 ,mu/ we n say t ?\gh ! onion-coat hypo!sis is dead1 its _s is traceable1 "u a transc5d5tal =m1 ev5 9 ! conclusions ( its antagoni/s40 78,illu/rations ( ,univ]sal ,progress10 pp4 #cbi-chj1 ed4 ( #ahij47 ,b ov]look+1 = ! mom5t1 ! me*anical absurdity involv$ 9 ! notion ( a regul> succession ( univ]sal lay]s ( s$im5t1 & conc$+1 = ! sake ( argum5t1 t ! sub/itution ( fossilif]\s1 = li?ological1 /rata may conceivably h rem$i$ ! defects ( ,w]n]'s geological "t-scale1 let u conf9e ourselves to ! "o "q1 :i*1 aft] all1 is ( prime importance1 :e!r1 namely1 )\t ! aid ( ,procru/ean tactics1 ! actual facts ( geology c be br\ght into alignm5t ) ! doctr9e ( an inv>iable ord] ( succession among fossil types1 & its sequel1 ! intr9sic "t-value ( index fossils4 ,! "q1 9 o!r words1 is :e!r or n a reliable "t-scale c be bas$ on ! facts ( fossilif]\s /ratification z !y are obs]v$ to exi/ 9 ! concrete4 ,price's answ] is negative1 & he =mulates sev]al empirical laws to express ! concrete facts1 on :i* he bases 8 cont5tion4 ,! laws & facts to :i* he appeals may be summ>iz$ z foll[s3 #a4 ,! concrete facts ( geology d n w>rant our s+l+ out any fossilif]\s deposit z unque/ionably ! olde/1 & h5ce we h no reliable />t+-po9t = our "t-scale1 because3 7a7 ,we may lay x d[n z an empirical law t 8any k9d ( fossilif]\s rock 7ev5 ! #8y\nge/'71 t is1 /rata belong+ to any ( ! sy/ems or o!r subdivisions1 may re/ directly ^u ! ,ar*an or primitive cry/all9e rocks1 )\t any o!r s-call$ #8y\ng]' /rata int]v5+2 also ^! rocks1 ,p]mian1 ,cretace\s1 ,t]ti>y1 or :atev] ?us repos+ directly on ! ,ar*an may be !mselves cry/all9e or :olly metamorphic 9 texture4 ,& ?is applies n alone to small po9ts ( contact1 b to l>ge areas40 7b7 ,conv]sely3 any k9d ( fossilif]\s /rata 7ev5 ! 8olde/07 may n only con/itute ! surface rocks ov] wide areas1#h b may consi/ ( loose1 unconsolidat$ mat]ials1 ?us 9 bo? position & texture resembl+ ! 8late0 ,t]ti>ies or ! ,plei/oc5e--8,9 "s regions1 notably 9 ! ,baltic prov9ce & 9 p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates10 says ,john ,all5 ,h[e1 allud+ to ! ,cambrian rocks ar\nd ! ,baltic ,sea & 9 ,wiscons91 8! rocks /ill reta9 _! orig9al horizontality ( deposition1 ! muds are sc>cely indurat$1 & ! s&s are incoh]5t40 7,encycl4 ,brit41 vol4 ,v1 p4 #hf47 #h 8,x is a common occurr5ce10 says ,*>les ,s*u*]t1 8on ! ,canadian ,%ield to f9d ! ,ar*ozoic =mations ov]la9 by ! mo/ rec5t ,plei/oc5e glacial deposits1 & ev5 ^! may be abs5t4 ,x appe>s z if 9 su* places no rocks _h be5 deposit$1 ei!r by ! sea or by ! =ces ( ! l&1 s9ce ,ar*ozoic "t1 & yet geologi/s "k t ! %ield has be5 v>i\sly cov]$ by %eets ( s$im5ts =m$ at sundry times 9 ! ,prot]ozoic1 ,palozoic1 &1 to a m limit$ ext5t1 9 ! ,mesozoic40 78,textbook ( ,geology10 ed4 ( #aibj1 ,,ii1 p4 #efi47 ,x may be rem>k$ t1 :5 geologi/s 8"k0 su* ?+s1 !y "k !m 9 spite ( ! facts6 ,a l>ge numb] ( /rik+ in/ances are cit$ by ,price to sub/antiate ! =ego+ rule & its conv]se4 ,! impression left is t n only is ! />t+-po9t ( ! "t-scale 9 d\bt1 b t1 if we 7 to judge ! age ( ! rocks by _! physical appe>ance & position1 we c\ld n accept ! conv5tional v]dicts ( mod]n geology1 :i* makes fossil evid5ce prevail ov] e o!r consid]ation4 #b4 ,:5 two contigu\s /rata are p>allel to ea* o!r1 & !re is no indication ( di/urbance 9 ! l[] b$1 nor any evid5ce ( erosion along ! plane ( contact1 ! two b$s are said to exhibit con=mity1 & ?is is ord9>ily int]pret$ by geologi/s z a sign t ! upp] b$ has be5 laid d[n 9 imm$iate sequ5ce to ! l[]1 & t !re has be5 a sub/antial cont9uity ( deposition1 ) no long int]val dur+ :i* ! l[] b$ 0 expos$ z surface to ! ag5ts ( erosion4 ,:5 su* a con=mity exi/s1 z x frequ5tly does1 betwe5 a 8rec5t0 /ratum1 above1 & :at is said 7accord+ to ! te/imony ( ! fossils7 to be a v 8anci5t0 /ratum1 bel[1 & ?\gh ! two are s alike li?ologically z to be mi/ak5 = "o & ! same =mation1 nev]!less1 su* a con=mity is t]m$ a 8non-evid5t discon=mity10 or 8deceptive con=mity10 imply+ t1 inasmu* z ! 8lo/ int]val10 repres5t+1 p]haps1 a lapse ( 8sev]al million ye>s10 is entirely unrecord$ by any int]v5+ deposition1 or any erosion1 or any di/urbance ( ! l[] b$1 we %\ld n h suspect$ t s great a hiatus _h int]v5$1 7 x n = ! te/imony ( ! fossils4 ,price cites innum]able examples1 & sums !m up 9 ! g5]al t]ms ( ! foll[+ empirical law3 8,any sort ( fossilif]\s =mation may occur on top ( any o!r #8old]' fossilif]\s =mation1 ) all ! physical evid5ces ( p]fect con=mity1 j z if ^! alleg$ incongru\s or mismat$ =mations _h 9 reality foll[$ "o ano!r 9 quick succession40 ,a quotation f ,s*u*]t's 8,textbook ( ,geology10 7#aibj71 may be giv5 by way ( illu/ration3 8,! imp]fection10 we read1 8( ! geologic column is greate/ 9 ! int]ior ( ,nor? ,am]ica & m s 9 ! nor? ?an 9 ! s\?4 ,?is imp]fection is 9 _m places v m>k$1 s9ce an entire p]iod or sev]al p]iods may be abs5t4 ,) su* great breaks 9 ! local sections ! natural assumption is t ^! gaps are easily se5 9 ! sequ5ce ( ! /rata1 b 9 _m places ! b$s lie 9 su* p]fect con=mity ^u "o ano!r t ! breaks are n noticeable by ! eye & c be prov$ to exi/ only by ! entomb$ fossils on ea* side ( a giv5 b$d+ plane4444 ,/ratigraph]s are1 z a rule1 n[ fully aw>e ( ! imp]fections 9 ! geologic record1 b ! rocks ( two unrelat$ =mations may re/ ^u ea* o!r ) su* absolute con=mability z to be completely deceptive4 ,= in/ance1 9 ! ,be> ,grass qu>ries at ,l\isville1 ,ky41 a face ( lime/one is expos$ 9 :i* ! absolute con=mability ( ! b$s c be trac$ = ne>ly a mile1 & yet )9 #e feet ( v]tical ?ickness is f\nd a ,middle ,silurian coral b$ ov]la9 by ano!r coral zone ( ,middle ,devonian4 ,! p>t+ betwe5 ^! two zones is l t betwe5 any two lime/one b$s1 b ?is insignificant l9e repres5ts a /ratigraphic hiatus ! equival5t ( ! la/ ?ird ( ,silurian & ! fir/ ( ,devonian "t4 ,b su* discon=mities are by no means r>e1 9 fact are v common ?r\gh\t ! wide c5tral bas9 area ( ,nor? ,am]ica40 7,op4 cit41 ,,ii1 pp4 #ehf-ehh47 ,9 su* cases1 ! /ratigraphical relations give no h9t ( any enorm\s gap at ! l9e ( contact4 ,on ! contr>y1 !re is e evid5ce ( unbrok5 sequ5ce1 & ! physical appe>ances are z if ^! suppos$ 8geological epo*s0 _h nev] occurr$ 9 ! localities1 ( :i* !re is "q4 ,ev]y?+ po9ts to ! conclusion t ! alleg$ long int]vals ( "t betwe5 su* p]fectly con=mable1 &1 (t51 li?ologically id5tical1 =mations are a pure fiction elaborat$ = ! purpose ( bol/]+ up ! dogma ( ! univ]sal applicability ( ! ,european classification ( fossilif]\s rocks4 ,:y n take ! facts z we f9d !m8 ,:y resort to tortu\s explanations = ! m]e purpose ( sav+ an arbitr>y "t-scale8 ,:y insi/ on a def9ite "t-value = fossils1 :5 x drives u to ! extremity ( discr$it+ ! objective evid5ce ( physical facts 9 def]5ce to ! preconceptions ( or?odox geology8 ,7 x n = !oretical consid]ations1 ^! /ratigraphic facts w\ld be tak5 at _! face value1 & ! ne$ ( sav+ ! reputation ( ! fossil z an infallible "t index is n suffici5tly imp]ative to w>rant s dra/ic a revision ( ! physical evid5ce4 #c4 ,! ?ird class ( facts militat+ aga9/ ! "t-value ( index fossils1 are :at ,price describes z 8deceptive con=mities turn$ upside d[n10 & :at or?odox geology tries to expla9 away z 8?ru/s10 8?ru/ faults10 8ov]?ru/s10 8l[-angle fault+10 etc4#i ,9 in/ances ( ?is k9d we f9d ! accept$ ord] ( ! fossilif]\s /rata rev]s$ 9 su* a way t ! 8y\ng]0 /rata are con=mably ov]la9 by 8old]0 /rata1 & ! 8old]0 /rata are sometimes int]b$d$ betwe5 8y\ng]0 /rata4 8,9 _m places all ov] ! _w10 says ,price1 8fossils h be5 f\nd 9 a relative ord] :i* 0 =m]ly ?\ght to be utt]ly impossible4 ,t is1 ! fossils h be5 f\nd 9 ! #8wrong' ord]1 & on su* a scale t !re c be no mi/ake ab\t x4 ,= :5 an area #ejj miles long & f #bj to #ej miles wide is f\nd ) ,palozoic rocks on top1 or compos+ ! m\nta9s1 & ) ,cretace\s b$s und]nea?1 or compos+ ! valleys1 & runn+ "u ^! m\nta9s all ar\nd1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,glaci] ,national ,p>k & ! s\!rn "p ( ,alb]ta1 ! old notion ab\t ! exact & inv>iable ord] ( ! fossils has to be giv5 up entirely40 #i ,?us1 to expla9 away 8wrong sequ5ces0 ( fossils1 ,heim & ,ro?pletz po/ulate ! great ,glaurus ov]?ru/ 9 ! ,alps1 ,geikie ! great ov]?ru/ 9 ,scotl&1 ,mc,connell1 ,campbell1 & ,willis a great ov]?ru/ along ! ea/]n front ( ! ,rockies 9 ,montana & ,alb]ta1 :ile ,hayes recognizes num]\s ov]?ru/s 9 ! s\!rn ,appala*ians4 8,! deciph]+ ( su* great displacem5ts10 says ,pirrson1 speak+ ( ?ru/ faults1 8is "o ( ! greate/ triumphs ( mod]n geological rese>*40 78,textbook ( ,geology10 #aibj1 ,i1 p4 #cfg47 ,desp]ate measures are evid5tly ju/ifiable1 :5 x is a "q ( sav+ ! "t-value ( fossils6 ,price =mulates 8 ?ird law z foll[s3 8,any fossilif]\s =mation1 #8old' or #8"y1' may occur con=mably on any o!r fossilif]\s =mation1 #8y\ng]' or #8old]4'0 ,! coroll>y ( ?is empirical law is t we are no long] ju/ifi$ 9 reg>d+ any fossils z intr9sically old] ?an o!r fossils1 & t our pres5t classification ( fossilif]\s /rata has a taxonomic1 r ?an a hi/orical1 value4 ,l[-angle fault+ is ! ph5om5on devis$ by geologi/s to meet ! difficulty ( 8inv]t$ sequ5ce10 :5 all o!r explanations fail4 ,imm5se m\nta9 masses are said to h be5 deta*$ f _! roots & pu%$ horizontally ov] ! surface 7)\t di/urb+ x 9 ! lea/71 until !y came f9ally to re/ 9 p]fect con=mity ^u 8y\ng]0 /rata1 s t ! plane ( slippage end$ by be+ indi/+ui%able f an ord9>y horizontal b$d+ plane4 ,^! gigantic 8ov]?ru/s0 or 8?ru/ faults0 are a r unique ph5om5on4 ,normal fault+ is always at a high angle closely approa*+ ! v]tical1 b 8?ru/ faults0 are at a l[ angle closely approximat+ ! horizontal1 & !re is enorm\s displacem5t along ! plane ( slippage4 ,! huge m\nta9 masses are said to h be5 fir/ lift$ up & !n ?ru/ horizontally = va/ di/ances1 sometimes = hundr$s ( miles1 ov] ! face ( ! l&1 be+ ?us pu%$ ov] on top ( 8y\ng]0 rocks1 s z to repose ^u ! latt] 9 a relation ( p]fectly con=mable sup]position4 ,r4 ,g4 ,mc,connell1 ( ! ,canadian ,survey1 comm5ts on ! rem>kable simil>ity betwe5 ^! alleg$ 8?ru/ planes0 & ord9>y /ratification planes1 & he is at a loss to "k :y ! surface soil 0 n di/urb$ by ! huge rock masses :i* slid ov] x = su* great di/ances4 ,speak+ ( ! ,b[ ,riv] ,gap1 he says3 8,! fault plane "h is ne>ly horizontal1 & ! two =mations1 view$ f ! valley appe> to succe$ "o ano!r con=mably10 & !n hav+ not$ t ! und]ly+ ,cretace\s %ales are 8v s(t10 he adds t !y 8h suff]$ little by ! slid+ ( ! lime/ones ov] !m40 7,an4 ,rpt4 #ahhf1 "p ,d41 pp4 #cc1 #cd1 #hd47 ,cr$at ,iudaeus ,apella1 non ego6 ,s*u*]t describes ! ,alp9e ov]?ru/ z foll[s3 8,! movem5t 0 bo? v]tical & ?ru/+ f ! s\? & s\!a/1 f ! s\!rn portion ( ,te?ys1 elevat+ & fold+ ! ,t]ti>y & old] /rata ( ! nor!rn areas ( ?is m$it]ranean into ov]turn$1 recumb5t1 & ne>ly horizontal folds1 & pu%+ ! s\!rn or ,lepont9e ,alps ab\t #fj miles to ! nor?w>d into ! ,helvetic region4 ,erosion has s9ce c>v$ up ^! ov]?ru/ %eets1 leav+ remnants ly+ on f\ndations :i* belong to a m nor!rn portion ( ! anci5t sea4 ,mo/ not$ ( ^! residuals ( ov]?ru/ masses is ! ,matt]horn1 a mighty m\nta9 )\t roots1 a /rang] 9 a =eign geologic environm5t10 7,pirsson ,s*u*]t's 8,textbook ( ,geology10 #aibj1 ,,ii1 p4 #ibd47 ,) su* a conv5i5t device z ! 8ov]?ru/0 at 8 disposal1 x is h>d to see h[ any possible concrete sequ5ce ( fossilif]\s /rata c\ld contradict ! preconceptions ( an evolution>y geologi/4 ,! hypo!ses & assumptions involv$1 h[ev]1 are s tortu\s & incr$ible1 t no?+ %ort ( fanatical devotion to ! !ory ( trans=mism c r5d] !m acceptable4 8,examples10 says ,price1 8( /rata 9 ! #8wrong' ord] 7 fir/ report$ f ! ,alps ne>ly half a c5tury ago4 ,s9ce t "t1 :ole armfuls ( le>n$ treatises 9 ,g]man1 9 ,fr5*1 & 9 ,engli% h be5 writt5 to expla9 ! wond]ful conditions !re f\nd4 ,! diagrams t h be5 drawn to acc\nt = ! /range ord] ( ! /rata are wor?y to rank ) ! simil> ones by ! ,ptolemaic a/ronom]s pictur+ ! cycles & epicycles requir$ to expla9 ! peculi> behavior ( ! heav5ly bodies 9 accordance ) ! geoc5tric !ory ( ! univ]se !n prevail+4444 ,9 ,sc&9avia1 a di/rict "s #a1abj miles long by #hj miles wide is alleg$ to h be5 pu%$ horizontally ea/w>d #8at lea/ #hf miles4' 7,s*u*]t47 ,9 ,nor!rn ,*9a1 "o ( ^! upside d[n areas is report$ by ! ,c>negie ,rese>* ,exp$ition to be #ejj miles long40 78,! ,new ,geology10 #aibc1 pp4 #fcc1 #fcd47 ,nor are ! epicyclic subt]fuges ( ! evolution>y geologi/ conf9$ to 8deceptive con=mities0 & 8ov]?ru/s40 ,8 inv5tive g5ius has hit ^u o!r me?ods ( expla9+ away inconv5i5t facts4 ,:51 = example1 8y\ng]0 fossils are f\nd int]b$d$ ) 8old]0 fossils1 & ! discrepancy 9 "t is n too great1 he rids himself ( ! difficulty ( _! premature appe>ance by call+ !m a 8pione] colony40 ,simil>ly1 :5 a gr\p ( 8*>act]i/ic0 fossils occur 9 "o age1 skip ano!r 8age10 & recur 9 a ?ird1 he recognizes ! possibility ( 8recurr5t faunas10 "s ( ^! faunas hav+ z _m z five successive 8recurr5ces40 ,cle>ly1 ! assumption ( gradual approximation & ! dogma t ! l[] prec$$ ! high] =ms ( life are ?+s to be sav$ at all co/s1 & x is a =egone conclusion t no facts w be suff]$ to conflict ) ^! irrevisable articles ( evolution>y fai?4 8,:at is ! use10 exclaims ,price1 8( pret5d+ t we are inve/igat+ a problem ( natural sci5ce1 if we already "k be=eh& t ! l[] & m g5]aliz$ =ms ( animals & plants came into exi/5ce fir/1 & ! high] & ! m specializ$ came only long aft]w>ds1 & t specim5s ( all ^! successive types h be5 pigeonhol$ 9 ! rocks 9 ord] to help u illu/rate ?is wond]ful tru?80 7,op4 cit41 pp4 #ffg1 #ffh47 ,! pr$om9ance ( ext9ct species 9 c]ta9 =mations is said to be an indep5d5t argum5t ( _! great age4 ,mo/ ( ! species ( organisms f\nd z fossils 9 ,cambrian1 ,ordovician1 & ,silurian rocks are ext9ct1 :]eas mod]n types ab\nd 9 ,cretace\s & ,t]ti>y rocks4 ,h5ce x is claim$ t ! =m] mu/ be va/ly old] ?an ! latt]4 ,b ?is argum5t gratuit\sly assumes ! sub/antial p]fection ( ! /one record ( anci5t life & unw>rant$ly excludes ! possibility ( a sudd5 impov]i%m5t ( ! _w's flora & fauna z ! result ( a sweep+ cata/rophe1 ( :i* our pres5t species are ! =tunate survivors4 ,n[ ! fact t c]ta9 floras & faunas skip entire sy/ems ( rocks to reappe> only 9 lat] =mations is pro( positive t ! record ( anci5t life is f> f be+ complete1 & we h 9 ! abundant fossil rema9s ( tropical plants & animals1 f\nd 9 :at are n[ ! froz5 arctic regions1 unmi/akable evid5ce ( a sudd5 cata/rophic *ange by :i* a once g5ial climate 80 abruptly t]m9at$4 ,= c>casses ( ! ,sib]ian elephants 7 froz5 s sudd5ly & s completely t ! fle% has rema9$ unta9t$40 7,dana47 ,aga91 ! m]e fact ( ext9ction tells u no?+ ab\t ! "t ( ! ext9ction4 ,= ?is we are oblig$ to fall back on ! index fossil ^: inh]5t "t-value is bas$ on ! !ory ( evolution & n on /ratigraphy4 ,h5ce ! argum5t f ext9ct species is n an indep5d5t argum5t4 ,to sum up1 !re=e1 ! apriori/ic evolutional s]ies ( fossils is n a g5u9e "t-scale4 ,! only safe crit]ion ( comp>ative age is t ( /ratigraphic sup]position1 & ?is is inapplicable outside ( limit$ local areas4#aj ,! index fossil is a reliable basis = ! *ronological correlation ( b$s only 9 case "o is already conv9c$ on o!r gr\nds ( ! actuality ( evolution1 b = ! unbias$ inquir] x is de/itute ( any inh]5t "t-value4 ,9 o!r words1 we c no long] be sure t a giv5 =mation is old m]ely because x happ5s to conta9 ,cambrian fossils1 nor t a rock is "y m]ely because x *ances to conta9 ,t]ti>y fossils4 ,our pres5t classification ( rocks accord+ to _! fossil cont5ts is purely arbitr>y & artificial1 be+ tantam\nt to no?+ m ?an a m]e taxonomical classification ( ! =ms ( anci5t life on our globe1 irrespective ( _! comp>ative antiquity4 ,?is s*eme ( classification is1 inde$1 univ]sally applicable1 & places c usually be f\nd 9 x = new fossilif]\s /rata1 :5ev] & :]ev] discov]$4 ,its univ]sal applicability1 h[ev]1 is due n to any preval5t ord] ( inv>iable sequ5ce among fossilif]\s /rata1 b solely to ! fact t ! laws ( biological taxonomy & ecology are univ]sal laws :i* transc5d spatial & temporal limitation4 ,if a s*eme ( taxonomy is truly sci5tific1 all =ms ( life1 :e!r extant or ext9ct1 w fit into x q readily4 #aj 8,all t geology c prove10 says ,huxley1 8is local ord] ( succession40 78,disc\rses ,biological & ,geological10 pp4 #bgi-bhh47 ,! anomalies ( spatial di/ribution con/itute a six? difficulty = trans=mi/ic palontology4 ,9 con/ruct+ a phylog5y ! mo/ div]se & widely-sep>at$ regions are put "u tribute to furni% ! requisite fossils1 no he$ be+ paid to :at are n[ at any rate impassable geographical b>ri]s1 n to speak ( ! climatic & environm5tal limitations :i* re/rict ! migrations ( non-cosmopolitan species )9 ! b\nd>ies ( n>r[ habitats4 ,hypo!tical l9eages ( a mod]n =m ( life are frequ5tly con/ruct$ f fossil rema9s f\nd 9 two or m cont95ts sep>at$ f "o ano!r by imm5se di/ances & va/ oceanic expanses4 ,:5 tax$ ) failure to plausibleize ?is proc$ure1 ! evolutioni/ meets ! difficulty by hypo!cat+ :olesale & devi\s migrations to & fro1 & by rais+ up alleg$ l& bridges to accommodate plants & animals 9 _! suppositional migrations f "o cont95t to ano!r1 etc4 ,! ,european horse1 ) 8 s-call$ ance/ry int]r$1 p>tly 9 ! ,t]ti>y deposits ( ,europe1 b mo/ly 9 ^? ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 is a typical in/ance ( ^! anomalies 9 geographical di/ribution4 ,x w\ld1 ( c\rse1 be prepo/]\s to suppose t two indep5d5t l9es ( desc5t c\ld h =tuit\sly t]m9at$ 9 ! production ( "o & ! same type1 namely1 ! g5us ,equus4 ,moreov]1 to admit = a mom5t t ! ext9ct ,am]ican ,equus & ! extant ,european ,equus _h conv]g$ by simil> /ages f di/9ct orig9s w\ld be equival5t1 z we h se51 to a surr5d] ( ! basic po/ulate t /ructural simil>ity re/s on ! pr9ciple ( inh]itance4 ,no?+ rema9s1 !re=e1 b to hypo!cate a ,t]ti>y l& bridge betwe5 ,europe & ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,mod]n geologi/s1 h[ev]1 are beg9n+ to res5t ^! arbitr>y int]f]5ces ) _! sci5ce 9 ! int]e/ ( biological !ories4 ,l& bridges1 !y rightly insi/1 %\ld be demon/rat$ by means ( positive geological evid5ce & n by ! m]e exig5cies ( a hypo!tical g5ealogy4 ,:osoev] po/ulates a l& bridge betwe5 cont95ts %\ld be able to adduce solid reasons1 & to assign a me*anism capable ( accompli%+ ! five-mile uplift necess>y to br+ a deep-sea bottom to ! surface ( ! hydrosph]e4 ,su* an idea is extravagant & n to be easily ent]ta9$ 9 our day1 :5 geologi/s are beg9n+ to und]/& ! pr9ciple ( iso/asy4 ,to-day1 ! cru/ ( ! e>?1 t is1 ! entire surface ( ! li?osph]e1 is conceiv$ z be+ con/itut$ ( e>? columns1 all ( :i* re/ ) equal weight ^u ! level ( complete comp5sation1 :i* exi/s at a dep? ( "s #gf miles bel[ l& surfaces4 ,at ?is dep? visc\s fl[s & und]t[s ( ! e>? take place1 comp5sat+ all diff]5ces ( gravitational /ress4 ,h5ce ! mat]ials con/itut+ a m\nta9 column are ?\ght to be less d5se ?an ^? con/itut+ ! surr\nd+ l[l& columns1 & = ?is reason ! m\nta9s are buoy$ up above ! surr\nd+ l&scape4 ,! columns "u ocean bottoms1 on ! contr>y1 are ?\ght to consi/ ( heavy mat]ials l basalt1 :i* t5d to depress ! column4 ,to raise a sea floor1 !re=e1 "s means ( produc+ a dilatation ( ^! mat]ials w\ld h to be available4 ,ar?ur ,b4 ,coleman call$ att5tion to ?is difficulty 9 8 ,presid5tial ,address to ! ,geological ,society ( ,am]ica 7,decemb] #bi1 #aiae71 & we _c d bett] ?an quote 8 own /atem5t ( ! matt] "h3 8,admitt+10 he says1 8t 9 ! beg9n+ ! li?osph]e bulg$ up 9 places1 s z to =m cont95ts1 & sagg$ 9 o!r places1 s z to =m ocean b$s1 !re are int]e/+ problems pres5t$ z to ! p]man5ce ( l& & seas4 ,all w admit m>g9al *anges affect+ l>ge areas1 b ^! encroa*m5ts ( ! sea on ! cont95ts & ! lat] retreats may be ( q a subord9ate k9d1 n imply+ an int]*ange ( deep-sea bottoms & l& surfaces4 ,! ess5tial p]man5ce ( cont95ts & oceans has be5 firmly held by _m geologi/s1 notably ,dana among ! old] ones1 & seems reasonable2 b !re are geologi/s1 especially palontologi/s1 :o display great recklessness 9 re>rang+ l& & sea4 ,! tr5d ( a m\nta9 range1 or ! conv5i5ce ( a runn+ bird1 or a m>supial afraid to wet 8 feet seems suffici5t w>rant = hoi/+ up any sea bottom to connect cont95t ) cont95t4 ,a ,gondwana ,l& arises 9 place ( an ,indian ,ocean & sweeps across to ,s\? ,am]ica1 s t a spore-be>+ plant c foll[ up an ice age2 or an ,atlantis ties ,new ,engl& to ,old ,engl& to help out ! migrations ( a %all[-wat] fauna2 or a #8,lo/ ,l& ( ,agulhas' jo9s ,s\? ,africa & ,india4 8,x is curi\s to f9d ^! revolution>y sugge/ions made at a "t :5 geodesi/s are demon/rat+ t ! e>?'s cru/ ov] l>ge areas1 & p]haps ev]y:]e1 approa*es a /ate ( iso/atic equilibrium1 & t iso/atic comp5sation is probably complete at a dep? ( only #gf miles0 444 & 7hav+ not$ ! diff]5ce ( d5sity t mu/ exi/ betwe5 ! cont95tal1 & subm>9e1 e>? columns7 ,coleman w\ld h u be> 9 m9d 8t to trans=m great areas ( sea bottom into l& x w\ld be necess>y ei!r to exp& ! rock b5ea? by sev]al p] c5t or to replace heavy rock1 su* z basalt1 by light] mat]ials1 su* z granite4 ,!re is no obvi\s way 9 :i* ! rock b5ea? a sea bottom c be exp&$ en\gh to lift x #bj1jjj feet1 z w\ld be necess>y 9 p>ts ( ! ,indian ,ocean1 to =m a ,gondwana l&2 s "o mu/ assume t light rocks replace heavy ones b5ea? a million squ>e miles ( ocean floor4 ,ev5 ) unlimit$ "t1 x is h>d to imag9e a me*anism t c\ld d ! "w1 & no conv9c+ geological evid5ce c be br\ght =w>d to %[ t su* a ?+ ev] took place4444 ,! di/ribution ( plants & animals %\ld be arrang$ = by o!r means ?an by ! :olesale elevation ( ocean b$s to make dry l& bridges = !m40 7,smi?son4 ,in/4 ,rpt4 = #aiaf1 pp4 #bfi-bga47 ,a sev5? anomaly ( palontological phylog5y is :at may be describ$ z contr>iety ( direction4 ,we are ask$ to believe1 = example1 t 9 mammals racial developm5t result$ 9 dim5sional increase4 ,! primitive ance/or ( mammo?s1 ma/odons1 & elephants is alleg$ to h be5 ! ,mo]i!rium1 8a small tapirlike =m1 f ! ,middle ,eoc5e ,qasr-el-,sagha b$s ( ! ,faym 9 ,egypt4444 ,mo]i!rium measur$ ab\t #c feet 9 height40 7,lull3 ,smi?son4 ,in/4 ,rpt4 = #aijh1 pp4 #fee1 #fef47 ,! ance/or ( ! mod]n horse1 we are told1 0 8a little animal less ?an a foot 9 height1 kn[n z ,eohippus1 f ! rocks ( ! ,eoc5e age40 7,woodruff3 8,f\ndations ( ,biology10 p4 #cfa47 ,9 ! case ( insects1 on ! o!r h&1 we are ask$ to believe ! exact rev]se1 namely1 t racial developm5t br\ght ab\t dim5sional r$uction4 8,9 ! middle ( ! ,upp] ,c>bonif]\s p]iods10 says ,anton ,h&lirs*1 8! =e/ swamps 7 populat$ ) cockroa*es ab\t z long z a f+]1 dragonfly-l creatures ) a w+ spread ( ab\t #b feet1 :ile insects t resemble our ,may flies 7 z big z a h&40 78,die fossil5 ,insekt51 und die ,phylog5ie d] rec5t5 ,=m510 #aijh1 ,l4 c41 p4 #aaej47 ,contra/+ "o ( ^! giant palozoic dragonflies1 ,meganeura monyi ,brongn41 ) ! l>ge/ ( mod]n dragonflies1 ,aes*na gr&is ,l41 ,*etv]ikov exclaims ) ref]5ce to ! latt]3 8,:at a pitiful pigmy x is & its specific "n 7gr&is7 s\nds l su* a mock]y40 7,smi?son4 ,in/4 ,rpt4 = #aiah1 p4 #ddf47 ,*etv]ikov1 x is true1 proposes a teleological reason = ?is progressive dim9ution1 b ! fact rema9s t = dy/eleological evolutionism1 :i* disp5ses ) ! po/ulate ( a ,provid5tial cord9ation & regulation ( natural ag5cies1 ?is dim9u5do ( ! 8evolv+0 insects /&s 9 irreconcilable opposition to ! cresc5do ( ! 8evolv+0 mammals1 & con/itutes a difficulty :i* a purely me*ani/ic philosophy c nev] surm\nt4 ,n to prolong excessively ?is already protract$ enum]ation ( discrepancies betwe5 fossil fact & evolution>y assumption1 we %all m5tion1 z an eigh? & f9al difficulty1 ! indubitable p]si/5ce ( un*ang$ organic types f ! e>lie/ geological epo*s d[n to ! pres5t "t4 ,?is ph5om5on is all ! m wond]ful 9 view ( ! fact t ! decision z to :i* are to be ! 8old]0 & :i* ! 8y\ng]0 /rata re/s ) ! evolution>y geologi/1 :o is naturally dis9cl9$ to admit ! antiquity ( /rata conta9+ mod]n types1 & ^: position z arbit] enables him to date =mations apriori/ically1 accord+ to ! exig5cies ( ! trans=mi/ic !ory4 ,us+1 z he does1 ! abs5ce ( mod]n types z an express crit]ion ( age1 & hav+1 z x 71 8 pick among ! v>i\s fossilif]\s deposits1 "o w\ld expect him to be em95tly successful 9 elim9at+ f ! /ratigraphic gr\ps select$ = s5ior honors all /rata conta9+ fossil types id5tical ) mod]n =ms4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 ev5 ! mo/ +5i\s sort ( geological g]rym&]+ fails to make ?is elim9ation complete1 we mu/ conclude t ! evid5ce = p]si/5ce ( type is inescapable & valid "u any assumption4 ,:5 we speak ( p]si/5t types1 we mean g5]ic & specific1 r ?an phyletic1 types1 al?\gh x is assur$ly true t ! p]si/5ce ( ! great phyla1 f _! abrupt & contemporane\s appe>ance 9 ,cambrian & pre-,cambrian rocks d[n to ! pres5t day1 con/itutes a grave difficulty = progressive evolution 9 g5]al & monophyletic evolution 9 p>ticul>4 ,all ! great inv]tebrate types1 su* z ! protozoa1 ! annelida1 ! bra*iopoda1 & l>ge cru/aceans call$ eurypt]ids1 are f\nd 9 rocks ( ! ,prot]ozoic gr\p1 despite ! damag$ condition ( ! ,ar*an record1 :ile 9 ! ,cambrian !y are repres5t$ by a great pr(usion ( =ms4 8,! ,l[] ,cambrian species10 says ,dana1 8h n ! simplicity ( /ructure t w\ld naturally be look$ = 9 ! e>lie/ ,palozoic life4 ,!y are p]fect ( _! k9d & highly specializ$ /ructures4 ,no /eps f simple k9ds lead+ up to !m h be5 discov]$2 no l9e f ! protozoans up to corals1 e*9od]ms1 or worms1 or f ei!r ( ^! gr\ps up to bra*iopods1 mollusks1 trilobites1 or o!r cru/aceans4 ,?is appe>ance ( abruptness 9 ! introduction ( ,cambrian life is "o ( ! /rik+ facts made kn[n by geology40 78,manual10 p4 #dhg47 ,?us1 z we g backw>d 9 "t1 we f9d ! great organic phyla reta9+ _! id5tity & %[+ no t5d5cy to conv]ge t[>ds a common orig9 9 "o or a few ance/ral types4 ,= ?is reason1 z we %all see pres5tly1 geologi/s are beg9n+ to relegate ! evolution>y process to unkn[n dep?s bel[ ! explor$ portion ( ! 8geological column40 ,:at may lurk 9 ^! unfa?om$ pr(undities1 x is1 ( c\rse1 impossible to say1 b1 if we are to judge by t "p ( ! column :i* is actually expos$ to view1 !re is no indication :atev] ( a /eady progression f l[]1 to high]1 degrees ( organization1 & x takes all ! imp]turbable idealism ( a sci5tific doctr9aire to disc]n 9 su* r&om1 abrupt1 & unrelat$ 8orig9s0 any evid5ce ( :at ,blackweld] /yles 8a sl[ b /eady increase 9 complexity ( /ructure & 9 function40 7,sci5ce1 ,jan4 #bg1 #aibb1 p4 #ij47 ,b1 :ile ! p]man5ce ( phyletic types excludes progress1 t ( g5]ic & specific types excludes *ange1 & h5ce x is 9 ! latt] ph5om5on1 especially1 t ! !ory ( trans=mism enc\nt]s a =midable difficulty4 ,palobotany furni%es num]\s examples ( ! p]si/5ce ( un*ang$ plant =ms4 ,f]ns id5tical ) ! mod]n g5us ,m>attia occur 9 rocks ( ! ,palozoic gr\p4 ,cycads indi/+ui%able f ! extant g5]a ,zamia & ,cycas are f\nd 9 /rata belong+ to ! ,triassic sy/em1 etc41 etc4 ,! same is true ( animal types4 ,9 all ! phyla "s g5]a & ev5 species h p]si/$ un*ang$ f ! olde/ /rata d[n to ! pres5t day4 ,among ! ,protozoa1 = example1 we h ! g5us ,globig]9a 7"o ( ! ,=am9if]a71 "s mod]n species ( :i* are id5tical ) ^? f\nd 9 ! ,cretace\s4 ,to quote ! words ( ! ,protozoologi/1 ,*>les ,a4 ,k(oid3 8,! ,protozoa are f\nd 9 ! olde/ fossilif]\s rocks & ! g5]a ( ,radiol>ia !re9 con=m r closely to g5]a liv+ today1 :ile ! fossil ,d9(lagellata ( ! fl9ts ( ,delitzs* are sc>cely di/+ui%able f species liv+ 9 ! mod]n seas4 ,! /rik+ simil>ities ( ! mo/ anci5t fossil ,protozoa to rec5t ones af=d "s gr\nd = ! inf]5ce t ! ,protozoa liv+ today diff] b little f ^? :5 life 0 "y40 7,sci5ce1 ,april #f1 #aibc1 p4 #cig47 ,! ,metazoa (f] simil> examples ( p]si/5ce4 ,among ! ,cl5t]ata1 we h ! g5us ,spr+opora1 ^: repres5tatives f ! ,c>bonif]\s lime/ones closely resemble "s ( ! pres5t-day reef build]s ( ! ,ea/ ,indies4 ,species ( ! bra*iopod g5]a ,l+ula & ,crania occurr+ 9 ! ,cambrian rocks are indi/+ui%able f species liv+ today1 :ile two o!r mod]n g5]a ( ! ,bra*iopoda1 namely1 ,rhyn*onella & ,disc9a1 are repres5t$ among ! fossils f\nd 9 ,mesozoic =mations4 ,t]ebratul9a /riata1 a fossil species ( bra*iopod occurr+ 9 ! rocks belong+ to ! ,cretace\s sy/em1 is id5tical ) our mod]n species ,t]ebratul9a caput s]p5tis4 ,among ! ,mollusca su* g5]a z ,arca1 ,nucula1 ,luc9a1 ,a/>te1 & ,nautilus h _h a cont9u\s exi/5ce s9ce ! ,silurian1 :ile ! g5]a ,lima & ,pect5 c be trac$ to ! ,p]mian4 ,"o g5us ,pleurotom>ia goes back to pre-,cambrian times4 ,z to ,t]ti>y fossils1 ,woods in=ms u t 89 "s ( ! lat] ,ca9ozoic =mations z _m z #ij p] c5t ( ! species ( mollusks are /ill liv+40 78,palontology10 #a/ ed41 p4 #b47 ,among ! ,e*9od]mata1 two g5]a1 ,cid>is 7a sea ur*97 & ,p5tacr9us 7a cr9oid7 may be m5tion$ z be+ p]si/5t s9ce ! ,triassic 78olde/0 sy/em ( ! ,mesozoic gr\p74 ,among ! ,ar?ropoda1 ! horse%oe crab ,limulus polyphemus has _h a cont9u\s exi/5ce s9ce ! ,lias 7i4e4 ! l[e/ s]ies ( ! ,jurassic sy/em74 ,ev5 among ! ,v]tebrata we h in/ances ( p]si/5ce4 ,! extant ,au/ralian g5us ,c]atodus1 a ,dipnoan1 has be5 9 exi/5ce s9ce ! ,triassic4 ,among ! fossils ( ! ,jurassic 7middle sy/em ( ! ,mesozoic gr\p71 ,%>ks1 ,rays1 & ,*ima]oids occur 9 practically mod]n =ms1 :ile "s ( ! s-call$ 8ganoids0 are extremely simil> to our pres5t /urgeons & g> pikes--8,"s ( ! ,jurassic fi%es approximate ! teleo/s s closely t x seems arbitr>y to call !m ganoids40 7,scott47 ,! in/ances ( p]si/5ce enum]at$ above are ^? ackn[l$g$ by evolution>y palontologi/s !mselves4 ,?is li/ c\ld be ext5d$ some:at by ! addition ( sev]al o!r examples1 b ev5 s1 x w\ld /ill be small & insuffici5t to tip ! scales decisively 9 favor ( fixism4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we mu/ n =get t ! paucity ( ?is li/ is due 9 l>ge measure to ! fact t our pres5t me?od ( classify+ fossilif]\s /rata 0 delib]ately fram$ ) a view to exclud+ =mations conta9+ mod]n types f ! category ( 8anci5t0 b$s4 ,moreov]1 or?odox palontology has m9imiz$ ! facts ( p]si/5ce to an ext5t unw>rant$ ev5 by its own premises4 ,z ! foll[+ consid]ations indicate1 ! actual numb] ( p]si/5t types is f> great]1 ev5 accord+ to ! evolution>y "t-scale1 ?an ! figure commonly assign$4 ,fir/ ( all1 we mu/ take into acc\nt ! deplorable1 if n absolutely di%one/1 practice1 :i* is 9 vogue1 ( inv5t+ new names = ! fossil duplicates ( mod]n species1 9 ord] to mask or obscure an id5tity :i* conflicts ) evolution>y preconceptions4 ,:5 a giv5 =mation fails to fit into ! accept$ s*eme by reason ( its fossil ana*ronisms1 or :51 to quote ! words ( ,price1 8species are f\nd 9 k9ds ( rock :]e !y are n at all expect$1 & :]e1 accord+ to ! prevail+ !ories1 x is q incr$ible t !y %\ld be f\nd 444 ! n v honorable exp$i5t is resort$ to ( inv5t+ a new "n1 specific or ev5 g5]ic1 to disguise & gloss ov] ! /range simil>ity betwe5 !m & ! o!rs :i* h already be5 assign$ to :olly diff]5t =mations40 78,! ,new ,geology10 p4 #bia47 ,! same obs]vation is made by ,heilpr94 8,x is practically c]ta910 says ! latt]1 8t num]\s =ms ( life1 exhibit+ no di/9ctive *>act]s ( _! own1 are con/itut$ into di/9ct species = no o!r reason ?an t !y occur 9 =mations widely sep>at$ f ^? hold+ _! ne>e/ k940 78,geographical & ,geological ,di/ribution ( ,animals10 pp4 #ahc1 #ahd47 ,an in/ance ( ?is practice occurs 9 ! =ego+ li/1 :]e a fossil bra*iopod id5tical ) a mod]n species receives ! new specific "n 8/riata40 ,its influ5ce is also manife/ 9 ! previ\sly quot$ apology ( ,scott = call+ teleo/-l fi% 8ganoids40 ,we mu/ also take into acc\nt ! imp]fection ( ! fossil record1 :i* is prov$ by ! fact t mo/ ( ! ackn[l$g$ 8p]si/5t types0 li/$ above 8skip0 :ole sy/ems & ev5 gr\ps ( 8lat]0 rocks 7:i* are said to repres5t enorm\s int]vals ( "t71 only to reappe>1 at la/1 9 mod]n times4 ,x is evid5t t _! exi/5ce has be5 cont9u\s1 & yet !y are n repres5t$ 9 ! int]v5+ /rata4 ,cle>ly1 !n1 ! fossil record is imp]fect1 & we mu/ conclude t _m ( our mod]n types actually did exi/ 9 ! remote pa/1 )\t1 h[ev]1 leav+ beh9d any ve/ige ( _! =m] pres5ce4 ,aga91 we mu/ frankly confess our pr(\nd ignorance ) respect to ! total numb] & k9ds ( species liv+ 9 our mod]n seas4 ,h5ce our conv5tional di/9ction betwe5 8ext9ct0 & 8extant0 species has only a provisory value4 ,future discov]ies w unque/ionably =ce u to admit t _m ( ! species n[ class$ z 8ext9ct0 are 9 reality liv+ =ms1 :i* mu/ be add$ to our li/ ( 8p]si/5t types40 8,x is by no means improbable10 says ,heilpr91 8t _m ( ! old] g5]a1 n[ recogniz$ z di/9ct by reason ( our imp]fect k conc]n+ _! true relation%ips1 h 9 reality repres5tatives 9 ! mod]n sea40 7,op4 cit4 pp4 #bjc1 #bjd47 ,f9ally1 ! :ole ( our pres5t taxonomy ( plants & animals1 bo? liv+ & fossil1 /&s badly 9 ne$ ( revision4 ,sy/emati/s1 z we h se5 9 ! second *apt]1 base _! classifications ma9ly on :at !y reg>d z basic or homolog\s /ructures1 9 contradi/9ction to sup]ficial or adaptive *>act]s4 ,bo? k9ds ( /ructure1 h[ev]1 are purely somatic1 & somatic *>act]s1 z previ\sly obs]v$1 are n1 by !mselves1 a safe crit]ion = discrim9at+ betwe5 v>ieties & species4 ,9 ! light ( rec5t g5etical rese>*1 we _c avoid recogniz+ t !re has be5 f> too mu* 8splitt+0 ( organic gr\ps on ! basis ( diff]5ces t are purely fluctuational1 or1 at mo/1 mutational4 ,moreov]1 ! di/9ction betwe5 homolog\s & adaptive /ructures is (t5 arbitr>y & l>gely a matt] ( p]sonal op9ion1 especially :5 num]\s specim5s are n available4 ,:at ! 8,cambridge ,natural ,hi/ory0 says 9 allusion to ! ,a/]oidea is ( g5]al application4 8,:ile !re is consid]able agreem5t10 we read1 8among/ au?orities z to ! numb] ( families1 or m9or divisions ( unequivocal relation%ip1 to be f\nd 9 ! class ,a/]oidea1 !re has be5 great unc]ta9ty bo? z to ! numb] & limits ( ! ord]s into :i* ! class %\ld be divid$1 & also z to ! limits ( ! v>i\s species4 ,! difficulty ab\t ! species is by no means conf9$ to ! gr\p ,e*9od]mata2 9 all cases :]e ! attempt is made to det]m9e species by an exam9ation ( a few specim5s ( unkn[n age !re is b\nd to be unc]ta9ty2 ! m s1 z x becomes increas+ly evid5t t !re is no %>p l9e to be drawn betwe5 local v>ieties & species4 ,9 ,e*9od]mata1 h[ev]1 !re is ! additional difficulty t ! acquisition ( ripe g5ital cells does n necess>ily m>k ! t]m9ation ( gr[?2 ! animals c cont9ue to gr[ & at ! same "t slightly alt] _! *>act]s4 ,= ?is reason _m ( ! species describ$ may be m]ely immature =ms4444 8,! disputes1 h[ev]1 z to ! numb] ( ord]s includ$ 9 ! ,a/]oidea proce$ f a diff]5t cause4 ,! attempt to con/ruct detail$ phylog5ies involves ! assumption t "o set ( /ructures1 :i* we take z ! m>k ( ! class1 has rema9$ con/ant1 :il/ ! o!rs :i* are reg>d$ z adaptive1 may h develop$ twice or ?rice4 ,z ! two sets ( /ructures are ab\t ( equal importance x w be se5 to :at an enorm\s ext5t ! p]sonal equation ent]s 9 ! det]m9ation ( ^! que/ions40 7,op4 cit41 vol4 ,i1 pp4 #dei1 #dfj47 ,9 deal+ ) fossil =ms1 ^! difficulties ( ! taxonomi/ are int5sifi$3 7#a7 by ! sp>se1 badly-pres]v$1 & fragm5t>y "* ( fossil rema9s2 7#b7 by ! fact t "h bre$+ exp]im5ts are impossible1 & h5ce ! diagnosis bas$ on ext]nal *>act]s _c be supplem5t$ by a diagnosis ( ! g]m9al factors4 ,fossil taxonomy is1 9 consequ5ce1 extremely arbitr>y & unreliable4 ,_m fossil =ms class$ z di/9ct species1 or ev5 z di/9ct g5]a1 may be no?+ m ?an fluctuants1 mutants1 hybrids1 or immature /ages ( well-kn[n species liv+ today4 ,aga91 _m fossils mi/ak5 = di/9ct species are b diff]5t /ages 9 ! life-hi/ory ( a s+le species1 a mi/ake1 :i* is unavoidable1 :5 specim5s are few & ! age ( ! specim5s unkn[n4 ,! great confusion eng5d]$ 9 ! classification ( ! hydrozoa by n9ete5?-c5tury ignorance ( ! alt]nation ( hydroid & m$usoid g5]ations is a /&+ example ( ! dang] ( classify+ =ms )\t a complete k ( ! entire life-cycle4 ,:5 due all[ance is made = mutation1 hybridization1 metag5esis1 polymorphism1 age & metamorphosis1 ! numb] ( di/9ct fossil species w und]go consid]able %r9kage4 ,nor mu/ we ov]look ! possibility ( environm5tally-induc$ modifications4 ,_m organisms1 su* z mollusks1 und]go pr(\nd alt]ation z a result ( "s important1 &1 p]haps1 relatively p]man5t1 *ange 9 _! environm5tal conditions1 ?\gh su* alt]ations affect only ! ph5otype1 & d n involve a correspond+ *ange 9 ! specific g5otype1 i4e4 ! g]m9al con/itution ( ! race4 ,9 ! degree t ^! consid]ations are tak5 into acc\nt ! numb] ( 8ext9ct0 fossil species w dim9i% & ! numb] ( 8p]si/5t0 species w increase4 ,?is is a consummation dev\tly to be wi%$ =1 b x means t hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( describ$ species mu/ ne$s be review$ = ! purpose ( we$+ out ! duplicates1 & :o w h ! k1 ! c\rage1 or ev5 ! span ( life1 necess>y to accompli% s gigantic a task8 ,b s f> z ! practical purposes ( our argum5t are conc]n$1 ! accept$ li/ ( p]si/5t types ne$s no amplification4 ,x suffices1 z x /&s1 to e/abli% ! c5tral fact 7:i*1 = ! re/1 is admitt$ by ev]yone7 t "s g5]ic & ev5 specific types h rema9$ un*ang$ ?r\gh\t ! enorm\s lapse ( "t :i* has int]v5$ betwe5 ! deposition ( ! olde/ /rata & ! adv5t ( ! pres5t age4 ,our curr5t !ories1 f> f dim9i%+ ! significance ( ?is fact1 t5d to int5sify x by comput+ ! duration ( su* p]si/5ce 9 millions1 r ?an 9 ?\s&s1 ( ye>s4 ,n[1 :atev] "o's views may be on ! subject ( trans=mism1 ?is prolong$ p]man5ce ( c]ta9 g5]a & species is an indubitable fact1 :i* is utt]ly irreconcilable ) a univ]sal law ( organic evolution4 ,! !ory ( trans=mism is impot5t to expla9 an exception s palpable z ?is2 = p]si/5ce & transmutation _c be subsum$ "u "o & ! same pr9ciple4 ,t :i* acc\nts = *ange _c acc\nt = un*ange4 ,yet un*ange is an obs]v$ fact1 :ile ! *ange1 9 ?is case1 is an inf]r$ hypo!sis4 ,h5ce1 ev5 if we accept ! pr9ciple ( trans=mism1 !re w always be scope = ! pr9ciple ( p]man5ce4 ,! extraord9>y t5acity ( type manife/$ by p]si/5t g5]a & species is a ph5om5on des]v+ ( f> m c>eful /udy & inve/igation ?an ! evolutionally-m9d$ sci5ti/ ( today deigns to be/[ ^u x4 ,to ! latt] x may seem ( little consequ5ce1 b1 to ! g5u9e sci5ti/1 ! actual p]si/5ce ( types %\ld be ( no less int]e/ ?an _! possible v>iability4 ,) ^! reflections1 our criticism ( ! palontological argum5t t]m9ates4 ,! enum]ation ( its v>i\s defici5cies 0 n int5d$ z a refutation4 ,to disprove ! !ory ( organic evolution is a feat beyond our p[] to accompli%4 ,we c only adduce negative evid5ce1 ^: scope is to %[ t ! v>i\s evolution>y argum5ts are inconsequ5tial or inconclusive4 ,we _c rob ! !ory ( its intr9sic possibility1 & %e] ju/ice compels u to confess t c]ta9 facts1 l ^? ( symbiotic preadaptation1 l5d !mselves m readily to a trans=mi/ic1 ?an to a fixi/ic1 int]pretation4 ,on ! o!r h&1 no?+ is ga9$ by ignor+ flaws s obvi\s & gl>+ z ^? :i* m> ! cog5cy ( palontological 8evid5ce40 ,! man :o w\ld gloss !m ov] is no true fri5d ei!r ( ,sci5ce or ( ! sci5tific !ory ( ,evolution6 ,!y repres5t s _m real problems to be frankly fac$ & fully solv$1 be=e ! palontological argum5t c become a g5u9e demon/ration4 ,b until su* "t z a demon/ration ( ?is sort is =?com+1 ! evolutioni/ mu/ n presume to cram 8 unsub/antiat$ !ory d[n our reasonably reluctant ?roats4 ,to accept z c]ta9 :at rema9s unprov$1 is to compromise our intellectual s9c]ity4 ,true c]ta9ty1 :i* re/s on ! recognition ( objective necessity1 w nev] be atta9able s long z difficulties t sap ! v base ( evolution>y argum5tation are left unansw]$2 &1 z = ^? :o1 9 ! tee? ( discordant factual evid5ce1 pr(ess1 nev]!less1 to h c]ta9ty reg>d+ ! 8fact0 ( evolution1 we c only say t su* p]sons _c h a v high or exact+ conception ( :at sci5tific c]ta9ty really means4 ,= ! re/1 x _c ev5 be said t ! palontological record furni%es good circum/antial evid5ce t our globe has be5 ! sc5e ( a process ( organic evolution4 ,9 fact1 s utt]ly at v>iance ) ?is view is ! total impression convey$ by ! visible portion ( ! geological column1 t ! mod]n geologi/ proposes1 z we h se51 to probe dep?s b5ea? its l[e/ /rata = traces ( t alleg$ transmutation1 :i* high] horizons d n reveal4 ,!re are six to eight ?ick t]ranes bel[ ! ,cambrian1 we are told1 & igne\s masses t 7 =m]ly suppos$ to be basal h turn$ out to be intrusions into s$im5t>y accumulations1 all ( :i*1 ( c\rse1 is =tunate = ! !ory ( organic evolution1 z furni%+ x ) a sadly ne$$ new c\rt ( appeal4 ,! bottom1 s to speak1 has dropp$ out ( ! geological column1 & ,pr(4 ,t4 ,c4 ,*amb]l9 ann\nces ! fact z foll[s3 8,! %>p division into two p>ts1 a lifeless igne\s base & a s$im5t>y fossilif]\s sup]/ructure1 has giv5 place to ! g5]al concept ( cont9uity ) m]ely m9or oscillations 9 times & regions ( major activity4 ,life has be5 trac$ mu* bel[ ! ,cambrian1 b its record is v imp]fect4 ,! rec5t discov]ies ( m ample & v>i$ life 9 ! l[] ,palozoic1 p>ticul>ly ! ,cambrian1 implies1 "u curr5t evolutional philosophy1 a v great d[nw>d ext5sion ( life4 ,9 ! judgm5t ( "s biologi/s & geologi/s1 ?is ext5sion probably rea*es bel[ all ! pre-,cambrian t]ranes z yet recogniz$1 ?\gh ?is pre-,cambrian ext5sion is great4 ,! #8,azoic' bottom has retir$ to dep?s unkn[n4 ,?is pr(\ndly *anges ! life aspect ( ! #8column4'0 7,sci5ce1 ,feb4 #h1 #aibd1 p4 #abh47 ,all ?is is d\btless true1 b su* an appeal1 f ! kn[n to ! unkn[n1 f ! actual to ! possible1 is n f>-remov$ f a confession ( sci5tific insolv5cy4 ,life mu/1 ( c\rse1 h _h an e>li] hi/ory ?an t record$ 9 ! pre-,cambrian rocks4 ,b ev5 suppos+ t "s portion ( an e>li] record %\ld become accessible to u1 x c\ld n be expect$ to ?r[ mu* light on ! problem ( organic orig9s4 ,mo/ ( ! primordial s$im5ts h long s9ce be5 sapp$ & engulf$ by fi]y magmas1 :ile t]ranes less deep h1 9 all probability1 be5 s metamorphos$ t e trace ( _! fossil cont5ts has p]i%$4 ,! sub-,ar*an beg9n+s ( life w ?us rema9 %r\d$ =ev] 9 a my/]y1 :i* we h no prospect ( p5etrat+4 ,h5ce x is ! expos$ portion ( ! geological column :i* cont9ues & w cont9ue to be our sole s\rce ( in=mation1 & x is prem95tly on ?is basis t ! evolution>y issue w h to be decid$4 ,yet :at c\ld be m enigmatic ?an ! rock record z x /&s8 ,= 9 nature x possesses none ( t idealiz$ integrity & coh]5ce1 ) :i* geology has inve/$ x = ! purpose ( mak+ x und]/&able4 ,r x is a mighty *aos ( scatt]$ & fragm5t>y fossilif]\s =mations1 ^: baffl+ complexity1 discont9uity1 & ambiguity tax ! +5uity ( ! mo/ sagaci\s int]pret]s4 ,trans=mism is ! key to "o possible syn!sis1 :i* might s]ve to unify t intricate mass ( facts1 b x is idle to pret5d t ?is !ory is ! unique & necess>y coroll>y ( ! facts z we f9d !m4 ,! palontological argum5t is simply a !oretical con/ruction :i* presupposes evolution in/ead ( prov+ x4 ,its classic p$igrees ( ! horse1 ! camel1 & ! elephant are only cr$ible :5 we h assum$ ! 8fact0 ( evolution1 & ev5 !n1 solely ^u condition t !y claim to approximate1 r ?an assign1 ! actual ance/ry ( ! animals 9 "q4 ,9 palontology1 z 9 ! field ( zology1 evolution is n a conclusion1 b an int]pretation4 ,9 palontology1 o!rwise ?an 9 ! field ( g5etics1 evolution is n am5able to ! *eck ( exp]im5tal te/s1 because "h x deals n ) t :i* is1 b ) t :i* 04 ,"h ! sole objective basis is ! mutilat$ & p>tially oblit]at$ record ( a m>* ( ev5ts1 :i* no "o has obs]v$ & :i* w nev] be repeat$4 ,^! obscure & fragm5t>y ve/iges ( a vani%$ pa/1 by reason ( _! v incomplet5ess1 l5d !mselves q readily to all sorts ( !ories & all sorts ( speculations4 ,( ! 8,/one ,book ( ! ,univ]se0 we may say ) tru? t :i* ,oliv] ,w5dell ,holmes says ( ! privately-int]pret$ ,bible1 namely1 t its read]s take f x ! same views :i* !y _h previ\sly br\ght to x4 8,i am1 h[ev]1 ?or\ghly p]suad$10 say ! late ,yves ,delage1 8t "o is or is n a trans=mi/1 n s mu* = reasons d$uc$ f natural hi/ory1 z = motives bas$ on p]sonal philosophic op9ions4 ,if !re exi/$ "s o!r sci5tific hypo!sis besides t ( desc5t to expla9 ! orig9 ( species1 _m trans=mi/s w\ld ab&on _! pres5t op9ion z n be+ suffici5tly demon/rat$4444 ,if "o takes 8 /& ^u ! exclusive gr\nd ( ! facts1 x mu/ be ackn[l$g$ t ! =mation ( "o species f ano!r species has n be5 demon/rat$ at all40 78,l'h]dit et les gr&s problmes de la biologie gnrale10 ,p>is1 #aijc1 pp4 #bjd1 #cbb47 ,,ii ,,! ,,problem ,,( ,,orig9s ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,life #a4 ,! ,!ory ( ,spontane\s ,g5]ation ,/rictly speak+1 ! !ory ( ,trans=mism is n conc]n$ ) ! initial production ( organic species1 b r ) ! subsequ5t diff]5tiation & multiplication ( su* species by transmutation ( ! orig9al =ms4 ,?is te*nical s5se1 h[ev]1 is embalm$ only 9 ! t]m trans=mism & n 9 its synonym evolution4 ,! signification ( ! latt] t]m is less def9ite4 ,x may be us$ to d5ote any sort ( developm5t or orig9ation ( "o ?+ f ano!r4 ,h5ce ! problem ( ! =mation ( organic species is frequ5tly m]g$ ) ! problem ( ! trans=mation ( species "u ! common title ( evolution4 ,?is ext5sion ( ! evolution>y concept1 9 its wide/ s5se1 to ! problem ( ! orig9 ( life on our globe is kn[n z ! hypo!sis ( abiog5esis or spontane\s g5]ation4 ,x reg>ds inorganic matt] z ! s\rce ( organic life n m]ely 9 ! s5se ( a passive cause1 out ( :i* ! primordial =ms ( life 7 produc$1 b 9 ! s5se ( an active cause inasmu* z x ascribes ! orig9 ( life to ! exclusive ag5cy ( dynamic pr9ciples inh]5t 9 inorganic matt]1 namely1 ! physico*emical en]gies t are native to m9]al matt]4 ,life1 9 o!r words1 is assum$ to h aris5 spontane\sly1 t is1 by means ( a syn!sis & conv]g5ce ( =ces resid5t 9 inorganic matt]1 & n ?r\gh ! int]v5tion ( any ext]ior ag5cy4 ,! protagoni/s ( spontane\s g5]ation1 !re=e1 ass]t n m]ely a passive1 b an active1 evolution ( liv+1 f lifeless matt]4 ,z to ! fact ( ! orig9 ( ! primal organisms f inorganic matt]1 !re is no controv]sy :atev]4 ,all agree t1 at "s "t or o!r1 ! primordial plants & animals emanat$ f inorganic matt]4 ,! sole po9t ( dispute is :e!r !y arose f inorganic matt] by active evolution or simply by passive evolution4 ,! passive evolution ( m9]al matt] into plants & animals is an ev]yday occurr5ce4 ,! grass assimilates ! nitrates ( ! soil1 & is1 9 turn1 assimilat$ by ! %eep1 ^: fle% becomes ! food ( man1 & m9]al sub/ance is ?us f9ally trans=m$ into human sub/ance4 ,9 ! c\rse ( metabolic processes1 ! inorganic molecule may d(f its m9]al type & don1 9 succession1 ! specificities ( plant1 animal1 & human protoplasm2 & ?is transition f l[] to high] degrees ( p]fection may be t]m$ an evolution4 ,x is an asc5t ( matt] f ! l[]mo/ grade ( an in]t sub/ance1 ?r\gh ! int]m$iate grades ( vegetative & animal life1 up to ! culm9at+ & ultimate t]m ( mat]ial p]fection1 9 ! p>tial con/itution ( a human nature & p]sonality1 9 ! concurr5ce z a coag5t 9 vegetative & s5sile functions1 & 9 ! indirect p>ticipation1 z in/rum5t1 9 ! high] psy*ic functions ( rational ?\ght & volition4 ,at ! pres5t "t1 ! inorganic _w is cle>ly ! exclusive s\rce ( all ! matt] f\nd 9 liv+ be+s4 ,all liv+ be+s con/ruct _! bodies out ( inorganic sub/ances 9 ! process ( nutrition1 & r5d] back to ! inorganic _w1 by dissimilation & dea?1 :atev] !y h tak5 f x4 ,we mu/ conclude1 !re=e1 ! matt] ( ! primordial organisms 0 likewise d]iv$ f ! inorganic _w4 ,b we are n w>rant$ 9 conclud+ t ?is process ( d]ivation 0 an active evolution4 ,on ! contr>y1 all evid5ce is aga9/ ! supposition t brute matt] is able to evolve ( itself into liv+ matt]4 ,x c1 inde$1 be trans=m$ into plants1 animals1 & m5 ?r\gh ! action ( an appropriate ext]nal ag5t 7i4e4 solely ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ! liv+ organism71 b x _c acquire ! p]fections ( liv+ matt] by means ( its own inh]5t p[]s4 ,x _c vitalize1 or s5sitize1 itself ?r\gh ! unaid$ activity ( its own physico*emical en]gies4 ,only :5 x comes "u ! sup]ior influ5ce ( prexi/5t life c x asc5d to high] degrees ( entitive p]fection4 ,x does n become ( itself life1 s5sibility1 & intellig5ce4 ,x mu/ fir/ be drawn into communion ) :at is already alive1 be=e x c acquire life & s5sibility1 or %>e indirectly 9 ! honors ( intellig5ce 7z ! sub/rate ( ! c]ebral imag]y :5ce ! human m9d ab/racts its conceptual ?\ght74 ,ap>t f ?is unique influ5ce1 inorganic matt] is impot5t to raise itself 9 ! scale ( exi/5ce1 b1 if captur$1 mold$1 & transmut$ by a liv+ be+1 x may progress to ! po9t ( =m+ ) ! human s\l "o s+le nature1 "o s+le sub/ance1 "o s+le p]son4 ,! evolution ( matt] exemplifi$ 9 organic metabolism is obvi\sly passive1 & su* an evolution ( ! primal organisms out ( non-liv+ matt] ev5 ! oppon5ts ( ! hypo!sis ( spontane\s g5]ation conc$e4 ,b spontane\s g5]ation implies an active evolution ( ! liv+ f ! lifeless1 & ?is is ! po9t ar\nd :i* ! controv]sy wages4 ,x w\ld1 ( c\rse1 be utt]ly irrational to d5y to ! ,supreme ,"l & ,au?or ( ,life ! p[] ( vivify+ matt] previ\sly inanimate & in]t1 & h5ce ! orig9 ( organic life f inorganic matt] by a =mative 7n creative7 act ( ! ,creator is ! conclusion to :i* ! d5ial ( abiog5esis logically leads4 ,! hypo!sis ( spontane\s g5]ation is f> old] ?an ! !ory ( trans=mism4 ,x goes back to ! ,greek pr$ecessors ( ,ari/otle1 at lea/1 & may be ( f> great] antiquity4 ,x 0 bas$1 z is well kn[n1 ^u an errone\s int]pretation ( natural facts1 :i* 0 univ]sally accept$ up to ! close ( ! #ag? c5tury4 ,z we c d no m ?an rec\nt a few out/&+ incid5ts ( its long & int]e/+ hi/ory "h1 ! read] is ref]r$ to ! ,,vii *apt] ( ,wasmann's 8,mod]n ,biology0 & ! ,,viii *apt] ( ,w9dle's 8,vitalism & ,s*ola/icism0 = ! details :i* we are oblig$ to omit4 #b4 ,! ,law ( ,g5etic ,cont9uity-- ,f "t immemorial ! sudd5 appe>ance ( maggots 9 putresc5t meat _h be5 a matt] ( common k1 & ! anci5ts 7 misl$ into reg>d+ ! ph5om5on z an in/ance ( a de novo orig9 ( life f dead matt]4 ,! error 9 "q p]si/$ until ! ye> #afih1 :5 x 0 decisively disprov$ by a simple exp]im5t ( ! ,italian physician ,francesco ,r$i4 ,he protect$ ! meat f flies by means ( gauze4 ,"u ^! conditions1 no maggots appe>$ 9 ! meat1 :ile ! flies1 unable to rea* ! meat1 deposit$ _! eggs on ! gauze4 ,?us x became app>5t t ! maggots 7 l>val flies1 :i* em]g$ f f]tiliz$ eggs previ\sly deposit$ 9 decay+ meat by female flies4 ,antonio ,vallisni]i1 ano!r ,italian1 %[$ t ! fruit-fly _h a simil> life-hi/ory4 ,z a result ( ^! discov]ies1 ,r$i reject$ ! !ory ( spontane\s g5]ation & =mulat$ ! fir/ article ( ! ,law ( ,g5etic ,vital ,cont9uity3 ,omne vivum ex vivo4 ,mean:ile1 ! fir/ rese>*es conduct$ by means ( ! newly inv5t$ comp\nd microscope disclos$ :at appe>$ to be fre% evid5ce 9 favor ( ! disc>d$ hypo!sis4 ,! unicellul> organisms kn[n z infusoria 7 f\nd to appe> sudd5ly 9 hay infusions1 & _! abrupt appe>ance 0 ascrib$ to spontane\s g5]ation4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! #ah? c5tury1 h[ev]1 a ,ca?olic prie/ nam$ ,lazz>o ,spallanzani refut$ ?is new argum5t by /]iliz+ ! infusions ) heat & by seal+ ! conta9]s z protection aga9/ contam9ation by float+ spores or cy/s4 ,aft] ! infusions _h be5 boil$ = a suffici5t "t & !n seal$1 no organisms c\ld be f\nd 9 !m1 no matt] h[ long !y 7 kept4 ,we n[ "k t protozoa & protophytes d n orig9ate de novo 9 infusions4 ,_! sudd5 appe>ance 9 cultures is due to ! deposition ( spores or cy/s f ! air1 etc4 ,! possibility t ! non-g]m9ation ( life 9 /]iliz$ infusions kept 9 seal$ conta9]s might be due to ! abs5ce ( oxyg51 remov$ by boil+ & exclud$ by seal+1 left op5 a s+le loophole1 ( :i* ! #ai? c5tury def5d]s ( abiog5esis proce$$ to avail !mselves4 ,pa/eur1 h[ev]1 by employ+ /]iliz$ cultures1 :i* he a]at$ ) filt]$ air exclusively1 succe$$ 9 depriv+ 8 oppon5ts ( ?is f9al refuge1 & !reby completely demoli%$ ! la/ piece ( evid5ce 9 favor ( spontane\s g5]ation4 ,pr(4 ,wm4 ,sydney ,?ay]1 9 an address deliv]$ at ! ,sorbonne1 ,may #bb1 #aibc1 gives ! foll[+ acc\nt ( ,pa/eur's exp]im5ts 9 ?is field3 8,!n1 naturally 7#ahfj-ahgf7 came ! fam\s /udies on spontane\s g5]ation und]tak5 aga9/ ! advice ( 8 d\bt+ ma/]s1 ,biot & ,dumas4 ,on ! basis ( c>eful & well-conceiv$ exp]im5ts he demon/rat$ ! univ]sal pres5ce ( bact]ia 9 air1 wat]1 du/2 he %[$ ! v>iation 9 diff]5t regions ( ! bact]ial cont5t ( ! air2 he demon/rat$ ! p]man5t /]ility ( m$ia protect$ f contam9ation1 & he insi/$ on ! inevitable d]ivation ( e liv+ organism f "o ( its k9d4 #8,no1' he said1 #8!re is no circum/ance kn[n today :i* ju/ifies u 9 affirm+ t microscopic organisms h come into ! _w1 )\t p>5ts l !mselves4 ,^? :o made ?is ass]tion h be5 ! play?+s ( illusions or ill-made exp]im5ts invalidat$ by errors :i* !y h n be5 able to appreciate or to avoid4' ,9 ! c\rse ( ^! exp]im5ts he demon/rat$ ! necessity ( reliable me?ods ( /]ilization = in/rum5ts or culture m$ia1 ( exposure = half an h\r to moi/ heat at #abj or to dry air at #ahj4 ,& behold6 our mod]n proc$ures ( /]ilization & ! basis ( antiseptic surg]y40 7,sci5ce1 ,dec4 #ad1 #aibc1 p4 #dgg47 ,pa/eur br\ght to a successful completion ! "w ( ,r$i & ,spallanzani4 ,h5ce=? spontane\s g5]ation 0 depriv$ ( all c\nt5ance 9 ! realm ( biological fact4 ,mean:ile1 ! cytologi/s & embryologi/s ( ! la/ c5tury 7 add+ article aft] article to ! law ( g5etic cellul> cont9uity1 ?us =g+ l9k by l9k ! fatal *a9 ( sev]ance t inexorably deb>s abiog5esis f ! doma9 ( natural sci5ce4 ,) ! =mulation ( ! great ,cell ,!ory by ,s*leid5 & ,s*wann 7#ahch-ahci71 x became cle> t ! cell is ! fundam5tal unit ( organization 9 ! _w ( liv+ matt]4 ,x has prov$ to be1 at once1 ! simple/ organism capable ( indep5d5t exi/5ce & ! basic unit ( /ructure & function 9 all ! m complex =ms ( life4 ,! proti/s 7unicellul> protozoans & protophytes7 consi/ ea* ( a s+le cell1 & no simpl] type ( organism is kn[n to sci5ce4 ,! cell is ! build+ brick out ( :i* ! high] organisms or meti/s 7i4e4 ! multicellul> & tissu$ metazoans & metaphytes7 are con/ruct$1 & all multicellul> organisms are1 at "o "t or o!r 9 _! c>e]1 r$uc$ to ! simplicity ( a s+le cell 7v4g4 9 ! zygote & spore /ages74 ,! somatic or tissue cells1 :i* are associat$ 9 ! meti/s to =m "o organic :ole1 are ( ! same ess5tial type z g]m cells & unicellul> organisms1 al?\gh ! p>allelism is m close betwe5 ! unicellul> organism & ! g]m cell4 ,! g]m cell1 l ! proti/1 is equipp$ ) all ! pot5tialities ( life1 :]eas tissue cells are specializ$ = "o function r ?an ano!r4 ,! proti/ is a g5]aliz$ & physiologically-balanc$ cell1 "o :i* p]=ms all ! vital functions1 & 9 :i* ! suppression ( "o function leads to ! de/ruction ( all ! re/2 :ile ! tissue cell is a specializ$ & physiologically-unbalanc$ cell limit$ to a s+le function1 ) ! o!r vital functions 9 abeyance 7?\gh capable ( manife/+ !mselves "u c]ta9 circum/ances74 ,normally1 !re=e1 ! tissue cell is functionally incomplete1 a "p & n a :ole1 :]eas ! proti/ is an indep5d5t individual1 be+1 at once1 ! highe/ type ( cell & ! l[e/ type ( organism4 ,accord+ to ! classic def9ition ( ,franz ,leydig & ,max ,s*ultze1 ! cell is a mass ( protoplasm conta9+ a nucleus1 bo? protoplasm & nucleus aris+ ?r\gh division ( ! correspond+ elem5ts ( a prexi/5t cell4 ,9 ?is =m ! def9ition is q g5]al & applies to all cells1 :e!r tissue cells1 g]m cells1 or unicellul> organisms4 ,moreov]1 x embodies two pr9ciples :i* /ill fur!r det]m9e ! law ( g5etic cellul> cont9uity1 namely3 ,omnis cellula ex cellula1 enunciat$ by ,vir*[ 9 #ahee1 & ,flemm+'s pr9ciple3 ,omnis nucleus ex nucleo1 proclaim$ 9 #ahhb4 ,9 ?is way1 ,cytology supplem5t$ ,r$i's =mula t e liv+ be+ is f a prexi/5t liv+ be+1 by add+ two m articles1 namely1 t e liv+ cell is f a prexi/5t cell1 & e new cellul> nucleus is d]iv$ by division f a prexi/5t cellul> nucleus4 ,n[ nei!r ! nucleus nor ! cell-body 7! cytoplasm or extranucle> area ( ! cell7 is capable ( an indep5d5t exi/5ce4 ,! cytoplasm ( ! sev]$ n]ve fibre1 :5 x fails to re/abli% its connection ) ! neuron nucleus1 deg5]ates4 ,! enucleat$ amba1 ?\gh capable ( su* vital functions z dep5d ^u de/ructive metabolism1 c d no?+ :i* involves con/ructive metabolism1 & is1 !re=e1 doom$ to p]i%4 ,! sp]m cell1 :i* is a nucleus t has sl\gh$ (f mo/ ( its cytoplasm1 dis9tegrates1 unless x rega9s a hav5 9 ! cytoplasm ( ! egg4 ,life1 accord+ly1 _c subsi/ 9 a unit m simply organiz$ ?an ! cell4 ,no organism lives :i* is simpl] ?an ! cell1 & ! orig9 ( all high] =ms ( life is r$ucible1 z we %all see1 to ! orig9 ( ! cell4 ,consequ5tly1 new life c orig9ate 9 no o!r way ?an by a process ( cell-division4 ,all g5]ation or reproduction ( new life is dep5d5t ^u ! division ( ! cell-body & nucleus ( a prexi/5t liv+ cell4 ,haeckel1 x is true1 has attempt$ to "q ! /atus ( ! cell z ! simple/ ( organisms1 by alleg+ ! exi/5ce ( cytodes 7non-nucleat$ cells7 among ! bact]ia & ! blue-gre5 alg4 ,fur!r /udy1 h[ev]1 has %[n t bact]ia & blue-gre5 alg h a di/ribut$ nucleus1 l t ( c]ta9 ciliates1 su* z ,dileptus gigas & ,tra*eloc]ca4 ,9 su* =ms ! entire cell body is fill$ ) scatt]$ granules ( *romat9 call$ *romioles1 & ?is diffuse type ( nucleus seems to be ! c\nt]p>t ( ! conc5trat$ nuclei f\nd 9 ! g5]ality ( cells4 ,at any rate1 !re is a tempor>y aggregation ( ! *romioles at critical /ages 9 ! life-cycle 7su* z cell-division71 & ^! scatt]$ *romat9 granules und]go division1 al?\gh _! di/ribution to ! daught]-cells is n z regul> z t obta9+ 9 mitosis4 ,all ?is is /rongly sugge/ive ( _! nucle> nature1 & cells ) di/ribut$ nuclei _c1 !re=e1 be classifi$ z cytodes4 ,9 fact1 ! polynucle> condition is by no means uncommon4 ,p>amcium aurelia1 = example1 has a macronucleus & a micronucleus1 & ! ,uroleptus mobilis has eight macronuclei & f two to f\r micronuclei4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! polynucle> & diffuse condition seems to be relatively unimportant4 ,9 fact1 ! di/ribut$ nucleus diff]s f ! morphological nucleus ma9ly 9 ! abs5ce ( a conf9+ membrane4 ,f ! functional /&po9t1 ! two /ructures are id5tical4 ,h5ce ! possession ( a nucleus or its equival5t is1 to all appe>ances1 a univ]sal *>act]i/ic ( cells4 ,haeckel's 8cytodes0 h prov$ to be purely imag9>y entities4 ,! v]dict ( mod]n cytologi/s is t ,%ultze's def9ition ( ! cell mu/ /&1 & t ! /atus ( ! cell z ! simple/ ( organic units capable ( indep5d5t exi/5ce is e/abli%$ beyond ! possibility ( prud5t d\bt4 ,) ! progressive ref9em5t ( microscopic te*nique1 x has become app>5t t ! law ( g5etic cont9uity applies n m]ely to ! cell z a :ole & to its major p>ts1 ! nucleus & ! cell-body1 b also to ! m9or compon5ts or organelles1 :i* are se5 to be individually self-p]petuat+ by means ( gr[? & division4 ,! typical cell nucleus1 z is well kn[n1 is a sph]ical vesicle conta9+ a semisolid1 diphasic network ( basi*romat9 7=m]ly 8*romat907 & oxy*romat9 7l997 susp5d$ 9 m fluid m$ium or gr\nd call$ nucle> sap4 ,:5 ! cell is ab\t to divide1 ! basi*romat9 resolves itself into a def9ite numb] ( %ort ?reads call$ *romosomes4 ,n[1 ,bov]i f\nd t1 9 ! normal process ( cell-division kn[n z mitosis1 ^! nucle> ?reads or *romosomes are ea* split l5g?wise & divid$ into two exactly equival5t halves1 ! result+ halves be+ di/ribut$ 9 equal numb] to ! two daught]-cells produc$ by ! division ( ! orig9al cell4 ,h5ce1 9 ! ye> #aijc1 ,bov]i add$ a f\r? article to ! law ( g5etic vital cont9uity1 namely3 ,omne *romosoma ex *romosomate4 ,b ! law 9 "q applies to cytoplasmic z well z nucle> compon5ts4 ,9 physical appe>ance1 ! cell-body or cytoplasm resembles an emulsion ) a cle> semiliquid ext]nal phase call$ hyaloplasm & an int]nal phase consi/+ ma9ly ( l>ge sph]es call$ macrosomes & m9ute p>ticles call$ microsomes1 all ( :i*1 toge!r ) num]\s o!r =m$ bodies1 are susp5d$ 9 ! cle> hyaloplasm 7hyal9e gr\nd-sub/ance74 ,n[ c]ta9 ( ^! cytoplasmic compon5ts h long be5 kn[n to be self-p]petuat+ by means ( gr[? & division1 ma9ta9+ _! cont9uity f cell to cell4 ,! pla/ids ( plant cells1 = example1 divide at ! "t ( cell-division1 al?\gh _! di/ribution to ! daught]-cells does n appe> to be z def9ite & regul> z t :i* obta9s 9 ! case ( ! *romosomes4 ,simil>ly1 ! c5trioles or division-foci ( animal cells are self-propagat+ by division1 b "h ! di/ribution to ! daught]-cells is exactly equival5t & n at r&om z 9 ! case ( pla/ids4 ,9 ! light ( rec5t rese>* x looks z ?\gh two o!r types ( cytoplasmic organelles mu/ be add$ to ! li/ ( cellul> compon5ts1 :i* are individually self-p]petuat+ by gr[? & division1 namely1 ! *ondriosomes & ! ,golgi bodies--8bo? mito*ondria & ,golgi bodies are able to assimilate1 gr[1 & divide 9 ! cytoplasm40 7,gat5by47 ,wilson is ( op9ion t ! law ( g5etic cont9uity may h to be ext5d$ ev5 to ^? m9ute granules & p>ticles ( ! cytosome1 :i* 7 =m]ly ?\ght to arise de novo 9 ! app>5tly /ructureless hyaloplasm4 ,speak+ ( ! emulsifi$ appe>ance ( ! />fi% & sea ur*9 eggs1 he tells u t _! protoplasm %[s 8a /ructure some:at l t ( an emulsion1 consi/+ ( innum]able sph]oidal bodies susp5d$ 9 a cle> cont9u\s basis or hyaloplasm4 ,^! bodies are ( two g5]al ord]s ( magnitude1 namely3 l>g] sph]es or macrosomes r closely cr[d$ & fairly uni=m 9 size1 & mu* small] microsomes irregul>ly scatt]$ betwe5 ! macrosomes1 & among ^! are /ill small] granules t graduate 9 size d[n to ! limit ( vision ) any p[] 7i4e4 ( microscope7 we may employ40 7,sci5ce1 ,m>* #i1 #aibc1 p4 #bhb47 ,n[1 ! limit ( microscopic vision by ! use ( ! highe/-p[] oil-imm]sion objectives is "o-half ! l5g? ( ! %orte/ waves ( visible light1 t is1 ab\t #bjj submicrons 7! submicron be+ "o million? ( a millimet]74 ,p>ticles ^: diamet] is less ?an ?is _c reflect a wave ( light1 & are1 !re=e1 invisible s f> z ! microscope is conc]n$4 ,by ! aid ( ! ultramicroscope1 h[ev]1 we are enabl$ to see ! halos =m$ by p>ticles n m ?an f\r submicrons 9 diamet]1 :i*1 h[ev]1 repres5ts ! limit ( ! ultramicroscope1 & is ! diamet] hypo!tically assign$ to ! prote9 multimolecule4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 we f9d ! p>ticles 9 ! protoplasm ( ! cell body graduat+ all ! way d[n to ! limit ( ?is latt] in/rum5t1 & s9ce on ! v limit ( microscopic vision we f9d su* m9ute p>ticles z ! c5trioles 8capable ( self-p]petuation by gr[? & division1 & ( enl>gem5t to =m mu* l>g] bodies10 we _c ignore ! possibility t ! ultramicroscopic p>ticles may h ! same p[]s & may be ! s\rces or 8=mative foci0 ( ! l>g] =m$ bodies1 :i* 7 hi!rto ?\ght to arise de novo4 ,c]ta9ly1 pa?ology1 z we %all see1 tells u ( ultramicroscopic disease-g]ms1 :i* are capable ( reproduction & ma9t5ance ( a specific type1 & exp]im5tal g5etics makes u aw>e ( a l9e> alignm5t ( submicroscopic g5es 9 ! nucle> *romosomes1 ea* g5e und]go+ p]iodic division & p]petual transmission f g5]ation to g5]ation4 ,! cytologi/1 !re=e1 to quote ! words ( ,wilson1 8_c resi/ ! evid5ce t ! appe>ance ( a simple homog5e\s colloidal sub/ance is deceptive2 t x is 9 reality a complex1 het]og5e\s1 or polyphasic sy/em4 ,he f9ds x difficult to escape ! conclusion1 !re=e1 t ! visible & ! invisible compon5ts ( ! protoplasmic sy/em diff] only 9 _! size & degree ( disp]sion2 t !y belong to a s+le cont9u\s s]ies1 & t ! visible /ructure ( protoplasm may give u a r\gh magnifi$ picture ( ! invisible40 7,ibidem1 p4 #bhc47 ,x w\ld seem1 !re=e1 t we mu/ re/ore to honor1 z ! fif? article ( ! law ( cellul> cont9uity1 ! =mula1 :i* ,ri*>d ,altmann enunciat$ on purely speculative gr\nds 9 #ahib1 b :i* ! late/ rese>* is beg9n+ to place on a solid factual basis1 namely3 ,omne granulum ex granulo4 8,= my "p10 says ! great cytologi/1 ,wilson1 8,i am dispos$ to accept ! probability t _m ( ^! p>ticles1 z if !y 7 submicroscopical pla/ids1 may h a p]si/5t id5tity1 p]petuat+ !mselves by gr[? & multiplication )\t loss ( _! specific individual type40 ,& he adds t ! facts reveal$ by exp]im5tal embryology 7e4g41 ! exi/5ce ( diff]5tiat$ zones ( specific composition 9 ! cytoplasm ( c]ta9 eggs7 8drive u to ! conclusion t ! submicroscopical compon5ts ( ! hyaloplasm are segregat$ & di/ribut$ accord+ to an ord]$ sy/em40 7,ibidem1 p4 #bhc47 ,! /ructure ( ! cell has (t5 be5 lik5$ to a het]og5e\s solution1 t is1 to a complex polyphasic colloidal sy/em1 b ?is p[] ( p]petual division & ord]ly assortm5t possess$ by ! cell z a :ole & by its s+le compon5ts is ! unique prop]ty ( ! liv+ protoplasmic sy/em1 & is nev] f\nd 9 any ( ! colloidal sy/ems kn[n to physical *emi/ry1 be !y organic or inorganic4 ,cells1 !n1 orig9ate solely by division ( prexi/5t cells & ev5 ! m9or compon5ts ( ! cellul> sy/em orig9ate 9 l fa%ion1 namely3 by division ( _! respective c\nt]p>ts 9 ! prexi/5t liv+ cell4 ,"h we h ! sum & sub/ance ( ! fivefold law ( g5etic cont9uity1 ^: promulgation has relegat$ ! hypo!sis ( spontane\s g5]ation to ! realms ( empty speculation4 ,waiv+ ! possibility ( an a priori argum5t1 by :i* abiog5esis might be positively exclud$1 !re rema9s ?is "o consid]ation1 :i* alone is sci5tifically significant1 t1 s f> z obs]vation goes & induction c c>ry u1 ! liv+ cell has absolute ne$ ( a vital orig9 & c nev] orig9ate by ! exclusive ag5cy ( ! physico*emical =ces native to inorganic matt]4 ,if organic life exi/s 9 simpl] t]ms ?an ! cell1 sci5ce kn[s no?+ ( x1 & no obs]v$ process1 simple or complicat$1 ( inorganic nature1 nor any artificial syn!sis ( ! laboratory1 h[ev] +5i\s1 has ev] succe$$ 9 duplicat+ ! wond]s ( ! simple/ liv+ cell4 #c4 ,*emical ,!ories ( ! ,orig9 ( ,life ,9 fact1 ! v notion ( a *emical syn!sis ( liv+ matt] is f\nd$ on a misconception4 ,x w\ld1 inde$1 be ra% to set limits to ! *emi/'s p[] ( syn!siz+ organic comp\nds1 b liv+ protoplasm is n a s+le *emical comp\nd4 ,r x is a complex sy/em ( comp\nds1 enzymes & organelles1 cord9at$ & integrat$ into an organiz$ :ole by a p]si/5t pr9ciple ( unity & f9ality4 ,organic life1 to say no?+ at all ( its unique dynamics1 is a morphological z well z a *emical problem2 &1 :ile x is conceivable t ! *emi/ might syn!size all ! comp\nds f\nd 9 dead protoplasm1 to reproduce a s+le detail ( ! ultramicroscopic /ructure ( a liv+ cell lies :olly beyond 8 p[] & prov9ce4 8,long ago10 says ,wilson 79 ! already quot$ address on ! 8,physical ,basis ( ,life071 8x became p]fectly pla9 t :at we call protoplasm is n *emically a s+le sub/ance4 ,x is a mixture ( _m sub/ances1 a mixture 9 high degree complex1 ! seat ( v>i$ & incessant trans=mations1 yet "o :i* someh[ holds fa/ = c\ntless g5]ations to its own specific type4 ,! evid5ce f e s\rce demon/rates t ! cell is a complex organism1 a microcosm1 a liv+ sy/em40 7,sci5ce1 ,m>* #i1 #aibc1 p4 #bgh47 ,) ! *emi/1 analysis mu/ prec$e syn!sis1 & x is only aft] a /ructural =mula has be5 det]m9$ by means ( quantitative analysis supplem5t$ by analogy & comp>ison1 t a giv5 comp\nd c be successfully syn!siz$4 ,b liv+ protoplasm & its /ructures elude su* analysis4 ,intravit\s /a9+ is inadequate ev5 z a means ( qualitative analysis1 & te/s ( a m dra/ic nature de/roy ! life & organization1 :i* !y seek to analyze4 8,) "o span10 says ,am ,pictet1 ,pr(essor ( ,*emi/ry at ! ,univ]sity ( ,g5eva1 8we w n[ bridge ! entire di/ance sep>at+ ! fir/ products ( plant assimilation f its f9al product1 namely1 liv+ matt]4 ,& x %\ld be und]/ood at ! outset t ,i employ ?is t]m #8liv+ matt]' only z an abbreviation1 & to avoid long circumlocution4 ,y %\ld n1 9 reality1 attribute life to matt] itself2 x has n1 x _c h bo? liv+ molecules & dead molecules4 ,life requires an organization1 :i* is t ( cellul> /ructure1 b x rema9s1 9 contradi/9ction to x1 outside ! doma9 ( /rict *emi/ry4 ,x is none ! less true t ! cont5t ( a liv+ cell mu/ diff] 9 its *emical nature f ! cont5t ( a dead cell4 ,x is entirely f ?is po9t ( view t ! ph5om5on ( life p]ta9s to my subject4444 ,a liv+ cell1 bo? 9 its *emical composition & 9 its morphological /ructure1 is an organism ( extraord9>y complexity4 ,! protoplasm t x incloses is a mixture ( v div]se sub/ances4 ,b if !re be set aside on ! "o h& ^? sub/ances :i* are 9 ! process ( assimilation & on ! o!r ^? :i* are ! by-products ( nutrition1 & :i* are 9 ! process ( elim9ation1 !re rema9 ! prote9 or album9\s sub/ances1 & ^! mu/ be consid]$1 if n ! ess5tial factor ( life1 at lea/ ! !at] ( its manife/ations4444 ,*emi/ry1 h[ev]1 is totally ignorant1 or ne>ly s1 ( ! con/itution ( liv+ album51 = *emical me?ods ( inve/igation at ! v outset kill ! liv+ cell4 ,! slighte/ rise 9 temp]ature1 contact ) ! solv5t1 ! v p[]ful effect ( ev5 ! milde/ reactions cause ! trans=mation t ne$s to be prev5t$1 & ! *emi/ has no?+ left b dead album540 7,smi?son4 ,in/4 ,rpt4 = #aiaf1 pp4 #bjh1 #bji47 ,*emical analysis associat$ ) physical analysis by means ( ! pol>iscope1 spectroscope1 x-rays1 ultramicroscope1 etc4 is extremely useful 9 det]m9+ ! /ructure ( inorganic units l ! atom & ! molecule4 ,bo?1 too1 ?r[ valuable light on ! problem ( ! /ructure ( non-liv+ multimolecules su* z ! cry/al units ( cry/alloids & ! ultramicrons ( colloids1 b !y furni% no clue to ! submicroscopical morphology ( ! liv+ cell4 ,su* me?ods d n enable u to exam9e any?+ m ?an ! 8physical sub/rate0 ( life1 & t1 only aft] x has be5 radically alt]$2 = x is n ! same aft] life has fl[n4 ,at all ev5ts1 ! integrat+ pr9ciple1 ! =mative det]m9ant1 :i* b9ds ! compon5ts ( liv+ protoplasm into a unit>y sy/em1 :i* makes ( !m a s+le totality in/ead ( a m]e sum or =tuit\s aggregate ( disp>ate & uncord9at$ factors1 & :i* gives to !m a det]m9ate & p]si/5t specificity t c hold its own amid a p]petual fluxion ( matt] & cont9ual fl[ ( en]gy1 ?is is =ev] inaccessible to ! *emi/1 & con/itutes a ph5om5on ( :i* ! inorganic _w af=ds no p>allel4 ,) ^! facts 9 m9d1 we c h>dly fail to be amus$ :5ev] c]ta9 simple *emical reactions obta9$ 9 vitro are hail$ z 8clue to ! orig9 ( life40 ,:5 x 0 f\nd1 = in/ance1 t1 "u c]ta9 conditions1 an aldehyde 7probably =maldehyde7 is =m$ 9 a colloidal solution ( *lorophyll 9 wat]1 if expos$ to sunlight1 ! discov]y gave rise to ,ba*'s =maldehyde-hypo!sis2 = ,alexis ,ba* saw 9 ?is reaction 8a fir/ /ep 9 ! orig9 ( life40 ,z =maldehyde readily und]goes aldol cond5sation into a syrupy fluid call$ =mose1 :5 a dilute aque\s solution ( =maldehyde is saturat$ ) calcium hydroxide & all[$ to /& = sev]al days1 !re 0 no difficulty 9 conceiv+ ! transition f =maldehyde to ! c>bohydrates2 = =mose is a mixture conta9+ sev]al hexose sug>s1 & ,fis*] has succe$$ 9 isolat+ !refrom acrose1 a simple sug> hav+ ! same =mula z glucose1 namely3 ,c,h,o4 ,glyc]aldehyde und]goes a simil> cond5sation4 ,9 view ( ^! facts1 c>bohydrate-production 9 gre5 plants 0 int]pret$ z a photosyn!sis ( ^! sub/ances f wat] & c>bon dioxide1 ) *lorophyll act+ a s5sitiz] to absorb ! radiant en]gy necess>y = ! reaction4 ,! fir/ /ep 9 ! process 0 ?\ght to be a r$uction ( c>bonic acid to =mic acid & !n to =maldehyde1 ! latt] be+ at once cond5s$ into glucose1 :i* 9 turn 0 suppos$ to be dehydrat$ & polym]iz$ into />*4 ,f ! c>bohydrates ?us =m$ & ! nitrates ( ! soil ! plant c\ld !n syn!size prote9s1 :ile oxidation ( ! c>bohydrates into fatty acids w\ld lead to ! =mation ( fats4 ,h5ce ,ba* reg>d$ ! =mation ( =maldehyde 9 ! pres5ce ( wat]1 c>bon dioxide1 *lorophyll1 & sunlight z ! 8fir/ /ep 9 ! production ( life40 ,bateson1 h[ev]1 does n f9d ! sugge/ion a v helpful "o1 & evaluates x at its true wor? 9 ! foll[+ contemptu\s aside3 8,we %\ld be greatly help$10 he says1 8by "s indication z to :e!r ! orig9 ( life has be5 s+le or multiple40 ,mod]n op9ion is1 p]haps1 incl9$ to ! multiple !ory1 b we h no real evid5ce4 ,inde$1 ! problem /ill /&s outside ! range ( sci5tific inve/igation1 & :5 we he> ! spontane\s =mation ( =maldehyde m5tion$ z a possible fir/ /ep 9 ! orig9 ( life1 we ?9k ( ,h>ry ,laud] 9 ! "* ( a ,glasg[ s*oolboy pull+ out 8 treasures f 8 pocket--8,t's a was%]--= makk9' motor c>s40 78,presid5tial ,address10 cf4 ,smi?son4 ,in/4 ,rpt4 = #aiae1 p4 #cge47 ,ba*1 moreov]1 takes x = grant$ t ! =mation ( =maldehyde is really ! fir/ /ep 9 ! syn!sis p]=m$ by ! gre5 plant1 & he claims t =maldehyde is =m$ :5 c>bon dioxide is pass$ ?r\gh a solution ( a salt ( uranium 9 ! pres5ce ( sunlight4 ,f5ton makes a simil> claim 9 ! case ( magnesium1 ass]t+ t traces ( =maldehyde are disc]nible :5 metallic magnesium is imm]s$ 9 wat] saturat$ ) c>bon dioxide4 ,b at pres5t x beg9s to look z ?\gh ! spontane\s =mation & cond5sation ( =maldehyde _h no?+ to d ) ! process t actually occurs 9 gre5 plants4 ,c]ta9 *emi/s1 :ile admitt+ t an aldehyde is =m$ :5 *lorophyll1 wat]1 & air are br\ght toge!r 9 ! pres5ce ( sunlight1 d5y t ! aldehyde 9 "q is =maldehyde1 & !y also draw att5tion to ! fact t ?is aldehyde may be =m$ 9 an atmosph]e entirely de/itute ( c>bon dioxide4 ,9 fact1 ! rese>*es conduct$ by ,will/tt] & ,/oll1 & lat] 79 #aiaf7 by ,jrg5s5 & ,kidd t5d to discr$it ! common notion t c>bohydrate-production 9 plants is ! result ( a direct union ( wat] & c>bon dioxide4 ,botany textbooks /ill cont9ue to p>rot ! traditional view4 ,we _c any long]1 h[ev]1 be sure b t ! t]m photosyn!sis may be a misnom]4 ,c>bohydrate-=mation 9 plants seems to be m analog\s to c>bohydrate-=mation 9 animals ?an 0 =m]ly ?\ght to be ! case4 ,9 animals1 z is well kn[n1 glycog5 or animal />* is =m$ n by direct syn!sis1 b by dem9ation & r$uction ( prote9s4 ,9 a simil> way1 x is ?\ght t ! production ( c>bohydrates 9 plants may be due to a break+ d[n ( ! phytyl e/] 9 *lorophyll1 ! *romog5 gr\p function+ 7"u ! action ( light7 alt]nately z a dissociat+ enzyme 9 ! =mation ( sug>s & a syn!siz+ enzyme 9 ! recon/ruction ( *lorophyll4 ,phytol is an unsaturat$ alcohol obta9$ :5 *lorophyll is saponifi$ by means ( cau/ic alkalis4 ,its =mula is ,c,h,,oh1 & *lorophyll consi/s ( a *romog5 gr\p conta9+ magnesium 7,mg,n,c,h,o7 unit$ to a die/] ( phytyl & me?yl alcohols4 ,exp]im5tal results are at v>iance ) ! !ory t *lorophyll acts z a s5sitiz] 9 br++ ab\t a r$uction ( c>bonic acid1 aft] ! analogy ( eos91 :i* 9 ! pres5ce ( light accel]ates ! decomposition ( silv] salts on photographic plates4 ,will/tt] f\nd t1 :5 a colloidal solution ( ! pure extract ( *lorophyll 9 wat] is expos$ to sunlight & an atmosph]e consi/+ ( c>bon dioxide exclusively1 no =maldehyde is =m$1 b ! *lorophyll is *ang$ into yell[ phophyt9 ow+ to ! removal ( ! magnesium f ! *romog5 gr\p by ! action ( ! c>bonic acid4 ,jrg5s51 on ! o!r h&1 discov]$ t 9 an atmosph]e ( pure oxyg51 =maldehyde is =m$1 app>5tly by ! splitt+ (f & r$uction ( ! phytyl e/] ( *lorophyll4 ,soon1 h[ev]1 ! =maldehyde is oxidiz$ to =mic acid1 :i* replaces ! *lorophyllic magnesium ) hydrog51 ?us caus+ ! gre5 *lorophyll to deg5]ate into yell[ phophyt9 & f9ally to lose its color altoge!r4 ,! dissociation ( ! *romog5 gr\p may be due to ! fact t ! reaction takes place 9 vitro1 & may n occur 9 ! liv+ plant4 ,at all ev5ts1 x w\ld seem t plants1 l animals1 manufacture c>bohydrates by a de/ructive r ?an a con/ructive process1 & t wat] & c>bon dioxide s]ve r z mat]ials = ! reg5]ation ( *lorophyll ?an z mat]ials out ( :i* sug>s are directly syn!siz$4 ,a new !ory has be5 propos$ by ,dr4 ,osk> ,baudis*1 :o seems to h s5s$ ! irrelevance ( ! =maldehyde hypo!sis1 & to h s\ght ano!r solution 9 connection ) ! *romog5 gr\p ( *lorophyll4 ,he f9ds a m promis+ />t+-po9t 9 =maldoxime1 :i*1 he claims1 readily unites ) su* metals z magnesium & iron & ) =maldehyde1 9 ! pres5ce ( light conta9+ ultra-violet rays1 to =m organic comp\nds analog\s to ! *romog5 complexes 9 *lorophyll & hmoglob94 ,oximes are comp\nds =m$ by ! cond5sation ( "o molecule ( an aldehyde ) "o molecule ( hydroxylam9e 7,,nh,,oh7 & ! elim9ation ( a molecule ( wat]4 ,h5ce ,dr4 ,baudis* imag9es t1 giv5 =maldoxime 7,h,c3,n,,oh71 magnesium1 & ultra-violet rays1 we might expect a spontane\s =mation ( *lorophyll lead+ ev5tually to ! production ( organic life4 8,x is 8 !ory t life may h be5 caus$ ?r\gh ! direct action ( sunlight ^u wat]1 air1 & c>bon dioxide 9 ! anci5t geologic pa/ :51 he believes1 sunlight 0 m int5se & conta9$ m ultra-violet light & ! air conta9$ m wat] vapor & c>bon dioxide ?an at ! pres5t "t40 7,sci5ce1 ,april #f1 #aibc1 ,supplem5t ,,xii47 ,?is is ! old ,sp5c]ian evasion1 ! fatu\s appeal to 8conditions unlike ^? we "k10 ! unv]ifi$ & unv]ifiable assumption t an unkn[n pa/ mu/ h be5 m favorable to spontane\s g5]ation ?an ! kn[n pres5t4 ,9 ar*ozoic times1 ! temp]ature 0 high]1 ! p>tial pressure ( atmosph]ic c>bon dioxide great]1 ! p]c5tage ( ultra-violet rays 9 sunlight l>g]4 ,su* cont5tions are int]e/+1 if true1 b1 = all t1 !y may1 8l ! fl[]s t bloom 9 ! spr+10 h no?+ to d ) ! case4 ,nature does n1 & ! laboratory _c1 reproduce ! conditions :i* are said to h br\ght ab\t ! spontane\s g5]ation ( =maldoxime & its progressive transmutation into phycocyan91 *lorophyll & ! blue-gre5 alg4 ,:at value1 !n1 h ^! conjectures8 ,if x be ! function ( natural sci5ce to disc\nt actualities 9 favor ( possibilities1 to draw argum5ts f ignorance1 & to accept ! abs5ce ( dispro( z a sub/itute = demon/ration1 !n ! exp$i5t ( invok+ ! unkn[n 9 support ( a speculation is sci5tifically legitimate4 ,b1 if ! me?ods ( sci5ce are obs]vation & induction1 if x proce$s accord+ to ! pr9ciple ( ! uni=mity ( nature1 & does n utt]ly belie its claim ( re/+ ^u factual realities r ?an ! figm5ts ( fancy1 !n all ?is hypo!cation1 :i* is s flagrantly at v>iance ) ! actual data ( exp]i5ce & ! unmi/akable tr5d ( inductive reason+1 is n sci5ce at all1 b %e] cr$ulity & sup]/ition4 ,:5 we ask by :at "r m5 ( sci5ce presume to lift ! veil ( my/]y f a remote pa/1 :i* no "o has obs]v$1 we are told t ! ju/ification ( ?is proc$ure is ! pr9ciple ( ! uni=mity ( nature or ! inv>iability ( natural laws4 ,nature's laws are ! same ye/]day1 today1 & =ev]4 ,h5ce ! sci5ti/1 :o wi%es to p5etrate into ! unkn[n pa/1 has only to 8prolong ! me?ods ( nature f ! pres5t into ! pa/40 7,tyndall47 ,if we reject ! s\ndness ( ?is pr9ciple1 we automatically cut ourselves (f f all c]ta9ty reg>d+ t "p ( ! _w's hi/ory :i* antec$es human obs]vation4 ,ei!r nature's laws *ange1 or !y d n4 ,if !y nev] *ange1 !n ,spontane\s ,g5]ation is q z mu* exclud$ f ! pa/ z x is f ! pres5t4 ,if1 h[ev]1 z ,hamann & ,fe*n] explicitly ma9ta91 nature's laws d *ange1 !n1 obvi\sly1 no k :atev] is possible respect+ ! pa/1 s9ce x is solely ^u ! assumption ( ! immutable con/ancy ( su* laws t we c v5ture to recon/ruct prehi/ory4 ,! pu]ile notion t ! syn!sis ( organic sub/ances 9 ! laboratory furni%es a clue to ! orig9 ( organic life on e>? is due to a confusion ( organic1 ) liv+ & organiz$1 sub/ances4 ,x is only 9 ! production ( organic sub/ances t ! *emi/ c vie ) ! plant or animal4 ,^! are lifeless & unorganiz$ c>bon comp\nds1 :i* are t]m$ organic because !y are elaborat$ by liv+ organisms z a metapla/ic by-product ( _! metabolism4 ,su* sub/ances1 h[ev]1 are n to be conf\nd$ ) animate matt]1 e4g4 a liv+ cell & its organelles1 or ev5 ) organiz$ matt]1 e4g4 dead protoplasm4 ,^! ! *emi/ _c duplicate2 = vitality & organization1 z we h se51 are ?+s t elude bo? 8 analysis & 8 syn!sis4 ,ev5 ) respect to ! production ( organic sub/ances1 ! p>allelism betwe5 ! liv+ cell & ! *emical laboratory is f> f be+ a p]fect "o4 ,speak+ ( ! metapla/ic or organic products ( cells1 ,b5jam9 ,moore says3 8,mo/ ( ^! are s complex t !y h n yet be5 syn!siz$ by ! organic *emi/2 nay1 ev5 ( ^? t h be5 syn!siz$1 x may be rem>k$ t all pro( is want+ t ! syn!ses h be5 c>ri$ out 9 id5tically ! same fa%ion & by ! employm5t ( ! same =ms ( en]gy 9 ! case ( ! cell z 9 ! *emi/'s laboratory4 ,! conditions 9 ! cell are widely diff]5t1 & at ! temp]ature ( ! cell & ) su* *emical mat]ials z are at h& 9 ! cell no su* organic syn!ses h be5 artificially c>ri$ out by ! =ms ( en]gy extrane\s to liv+ tissue40 78,rec5t ,advances 9 ,physiology & ,bio-,*emi/ry10 p4 #aj47 ,be t z x may1 h[ev]1 ! prospect ( a laboratory syn!sis ( an organic sub/ance l *lorophyll af=ds no gr\nd :atev] = expect+ a *emical syn!sis ( liv+ matt]4 ,! *lorophyllic tail is inadequate to ! task ( wagg+ ! dog ( organic life4 ,9 ?is connection1 ,yves ,delage's s>ca/ic comm5t on ,s*aaffhaus5's !ory is wor?y ( recall4 ,! latt] _h sugge/$ 79 #ahib7 t life 0 initiat$ by a *emical reaction1 9 :i* wat]1 air1 & m9]al salts unit$ "u ! influ5ce ( light & heat to produce a colorless ,protococcus1 :i* subsequ5tly acquir$ *lorophyll & became a ,protococcus viridis4 8,if ! affair is s simple10 writes ,delage1 8:y does n ! au?or produce a few specim5s ( ?is protococcus 9 8 laboratory8 ,we w gladly supply him ) ! necess>y *lorophyll40 78,la /ructure du protoplasma et les ?ories sur l'hrdit10 p4 #djb47 ,ano!r consid]ation1 :i* nev] appe>s to tr\ble ! vision>ies :o prop\nd !ories ( ?is sort1 is ! fact t ! in]t elem5ts & bl9d =ces ( inorganic nature are1 if left to !mselves1 utt]ly impot5t to duplicate ev5 s mu* z ! feats ( ! *emical laboratory1 to say no?+ at all ( ! m wond]ful a*ievem5ts possible only to liv+ organisms4 ,9 ! laboratory1 ! physico*emical =ces ( ! m9]al _w are cord9at$1 regulat$1 & direct$ by ! guid+ intellig5ce ( ! *emi/4 ,9 t het]og5e\s conglom]ate1 :i* we call brute matt]1 no su* guid+ pr9ciple exi/s1 & ! only possible automatic results are ^? :i* ! =tuit\s concurr5ce ( bl9d factors avails to produce4 ,*ance ( ?is k9d may vie ) art 9 ! production ( relatively simple comb9ations or sy/ems1 b :]e ! conditions are z complex z ^?1 :i* ! syn!sis ( *lorophyll presupposes1 *ance is impot5t & regulation absolutely imp]ative4 ,h[ mu* m is ?is true1 :5 !re is "q ( ! production ( an effect s complicat$ly telic z ! liv+ organism6 8,i v5ture to ?9k10 says ,sir ,william ,tild51 9 a lett] to ! ,london ,times 7,sept4 #aj1 #aiab71 8t no *emi/ w be prep>$ to sugge/ a process by :i*1 f ! int]action ( su* mat]ials 7viz41 inorganic sub/ances71 any?+ approa*+ a sub/ance ( ! nature ( a proteid c\ld be =m$ or1 if by a complex s]ies ( *anges a comp\nd ( ?is k9d 7 conceivably produc$1 t x w\ld pres5t ! *>act]s ( liv+ protoplasm40 ,9 ! conclud+ s5t5ce ( 8 lett]1 ! great *emi/ seems to deprecate ev5 ! discussion ( a *emical syn!sis ( liv+ matt]1 :e!r spontane\s or artificial4 8,f> be x f any man ( sci5ce10 he says1 8to affirm t any giv5 set ( ph5om5a is n a fit subject ( inquiry & t !re is any limit to :at may be reveal$ 9 answ] to sy/ematic & well-direct$ inve/igation4 ,9 ! pres5t in/ance1 h[ev]1 x appe>s to me t ?is is n a field = ! *emi/ nor "o 9 :i* *emi/ry is likely to af=d any assi/ance :atev]40 ,9 any case1 ! idea t a *aos ( unassort$ elem5ts & undirect$ =ces c\ld succe$ :]e ! skill ( ! *emi/ fails is prepo/]\s4 ,no kn[n or conceivable process1 or gr\p ( processes1 at "w 9 inorganic nature1 is equal to ! task4 ,*ance is an explanation only = m9ds ins5sible to ! beauty & ord] ( organic life4 ,d>w9 inoculat$ biological sci5ce ) ?is ,epicurean metaphysics1 :51 9 8 8,orig9 ( ,species10 he ascrib$ discrim9at+ & selective p[]s ( great delicacy & precision to ! bl9d factors ( a het]og5e\s & v>iable environm5t4 ,he comp>$ natural selection to artificial selection1 & 9 s do+1 he 0 l$ a/ray by a false implication ( 8 own analogy--8,i h call$ ?is pr9ciple10 he says1 8by :i* ea* slight v>iation1 if useful1 is pres]v$1 by ! t]m natural selection1 9 ord] to m>k its relation to man's p[] ( selection40 78,orig9 ( ,species10 #f? ed41 c4 ,,iii1 p4 #eh47 ,hav+ lik5$ ! un9tellig5t & =tuit\s selection & elim9ation ex]cis$ by ! environm5t to ! intellig5t & purposive selection & elim9ation practic$ by animal bre$]s & horticulturi/s1 he press$ ! analogy to ! unw>rant$ ext5t ( attribut+ to a bl9d1 lifeless1 & imp]sonal aggregate ( m9]als1 liquids1 & gases sup]human p[]s ( discretion4 ,to pres]ve ev5 ! semblance ( p>ity1 he ought fir/ to h expurgat$ ! process ( artificial selection by gett+ rid ( ! elem5t ( human intellig5ce1 :i* lurks !re91 & vitiates its p>allelism ) ! unconsci\s & purposeless havoc wr\ght at r&om by ! bl9d & uncord9at$ ag5cies ( ! environm5t4 ,if inorganic nature 7 a va/ & multif>i\s mold1 a pre=m$ sieve ) holes ( diff]5t sizes1 a sep>ator = sort+ co9s ( v>i\s d5om9ations1 ,d>w9's idea w\ld be1 9 "s degree1 def5sible1 b ?is w\ld only transf] ! problem ( cosmic ord] & intellig5ce f ! organism to ! environm5t4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! me*anism ( ! environm5t is f> too simple 9 its /ructure & too g5]al 9 its influ5ce to acc\nt = ! complexities & specificities ( organisms1 t is1 = ! morphology & specific diff]5ces ( plants & animals4 ,h5ce ! selective "w ( ! environm5t is negligible 9 ! positive s5se1 & consi/s1 = ! mo/ "p1 9 a t5d5cy to elim9ate ! abnormal & ! subnormal4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! environm5t z well z ! organism is fundam5tally teleological1 & ! environm5tal me*anism1 ?\gh simple & g5]al1 is nev]!less expressly preadapt$ = ! ma9t5ance ( organic life4 ,h5d]son1 ! bio-*emi/ ( ,h>v>d1 has %[n conclusively1 9 8 8,fitness ( ! ,environm5t0 7#aiac71 t ! environm5t itself has be5 expressly select$ ) ?is f9ality 9 view1 & t ! inorganic _w1 :ile n ! active cause1 is1 nev]!less1 ! prerda9$ complem5t ( organic life4 ,simple con/ructions may1 inde$1 be due to pure accid5t z well z delib]ate art1 inasmu* z !y presuppose b few & easy conditions4 ,complex con/ructions1 on ! contr>y1 provid$ !y be sy/ematic & n *aotic1 are n producible by accid5t1 b only by art1 because !y require num]\s & complicat$ conditions4 ,op]at+ individually1 ! unconsci\s factors ( inorganic nature c produce simple & homog5e\s con/ructions su* z cry/als4 ,op]at+ 9 uncord9at$ concurr5ce ) "o ano!r1 ^! bl9d & unrelat$ ag5cies produce complex *aotic =mations su* z m\nta9s & isl&s1 m]e het]og5e\s conglom]ates1 de/itute ( any det]m9ate size1 %ape1 or symmetry1 con/ructions 9 :i* e s+le item & detail is ! result ( factors ea* ( :i* is indep5d5t ( ! o!r4 ,9 %ort1 ! efficacy ( ! unconsci\s & uncoord9at$ physico*emical factors ( inorganic nature is limit$ to =tuit\s results1 :i* s]ve no purpose1 embody no intelligible law1 convey no mean+ nor idea1 & af=d no /hetic satisfaction1 be+ m]e aggregates or sums r ?an natural units & real totalities4 ,b x does n ext5d to ! production ( complex sy/ematic =mations su* z liv+ organisms or human artefacts4 ,left to itself1 !re=e1 inorganic nature might conceivably duplicate ! simple/ artefacts su* z ! *ipp$ fl9ts ( ! savage1 & x might also con/ruct a complex het]og5e\s *aos ( driftwood1 mud1 & s& l ! ,great ,raft ( ! ,r$ ,riv]1 b x w\ld be utt]ly impot5t to con/ruct a complicat$ telic sy/em comp>able to an animal1 a clock1 or ev5 an organic comp\nd1 l *lorophyll4 ,9 ?is connection1 x is curi\s to note h[ extremely myopic ! sci5tific mat]iali/ c be1 :5 !re is "q ( recogniz+ a manife/ation ( ,div9e intellig5ce 9 ! /up5d\s teleology ( ! liv+ organism1 & h[ incr$ibly lynx-ey$ he becomes1 :5 !re is "q ( detect+ evid5ces ( human intellig5ce 9 ! eoli?s alleg$ to h be5 ! implem5ts ( a 8,t]ti>y ,man40 ,9 ! latt] case1 he is nev] at a loss to det]m9e ! precise degree ( *ipp+1 at :i* an eoli? ceases to be int]pretable z ! =tuit\s product ( unconsci\s processes1 & po9ts infallibly to ! intellig5t au?or%ip ( man1 b he gr[s /rangely obtuse to ! psy*ic implications ( teleology1 :5 x comes to expla9+ ! symmetry ( a />fi% or ! beauty ( a ,bird ( ,p>adise4 ,9 conclusion1 x is cle> t ! hypo!sis ( a spontane\s orig9 ( organic life f inorganic matt] has 9 its favor nei!r factual evid5ce nor apriori/ic probability1 b is1 on ! contr>y1 rul$ out ( c\rt by ! :ole =ce ( ! sci5tific pr9ciple ( induction4 ,to recapitulate1 !re are no subcellul> organisms1 & all cellul> organisms 7:i* is ! same z say+1 all organisms71 be !y unicellul> or multicellul>1 orig9ate exclusively by reproduction1 t is1 by g5]ation f liv+ p>5ts ( ! same organic type or species4 ,?is is ! law ( g5etic vital cont9uity1 :i*1 by ! way1 ,ari/otle _h =mulat$ long be=e ,h>vey1 :5 he said3 8,x appe>s t all liv+ be+s come f a g]m1 & ! g]m f p>5ts40 78,de ,g5]atione ,animalium10 lib4 ,i1 cap4 #ag47 ,all reproduction1 h[ev]1 is r$ucible to a process ( cell-division4 ,t su* is ! case ) unicellul> organisms is evid5t f ! v def9ition ( a cell4 ,t x is also true ( multicellul> organisms c be %[n by a review ( ! v>i\s =ms ( reproduction occurr+ among plants & animals4 #d4 ,reproduction & ,rejuv5ation ,reproduction1 ! sole means by :i* ! tor* ( life is relay$ f g5]ation to g5]ation1 ! exclusive process by :i* liv+ individuals arise & races are p]petuat$1 consi/s 9 ! sep>ation ( a g]m f ! p>5t organism z a physical basis = ! developm5t ( a new organism4 ,! g]m ?us sep>at$ may be _m-cell$ or "o-cell$1 z we %all see pres5tly1 b ! sep>at$ cells1 be !y "o or _m1 h _! common & exclusive s\rce 9 ! process ( mitotic cell-division4 ,9 a few cases1 ?is divisional p[] or en]gy ( ! cell seems to be p]5nial by virtue ( an inh]5t inexhau/ibility4 ,9 mo/ cases1 h[ev]1 x is p]5nial by virtue ( a re/orative process involv+ nucle> reorganization4 ,9 ! =m] cases1 :i* are exceptional1 ! cellul> /ream ( life appe>s to fl[ onw>d =ev] ) /eady curr5t1 b z a g5]al rule x ebbs & fl[s 9 cycles1 :i* involve a p]iodic rise & fall ( divisional en]gy4 ,! ph5om5a ( ! life-cycle are *>act]i/ic ( mo/1 p]haps all1 organisms4 ,! complete life-cycle consi/s ( ?ree phases or p]iods1 namely3 an adolesc5t p]iod ( high vitality1 a mature p]iod ( balanc$ metabolism1 & a s5esc5t p]iod ( decl9e4 ,ea* life-cycle beg9s ) ! g]m9ation ( ! new organism & t]m9ates ) its dea?1 & x is reproduction :i* con/itutes ! connect+ l9k betwe5 "o life-cycle & ano!r4 ,reproduction1 z previ\sly intimat$1 is ma9ly ( two k9ds1 namely3 somatog5ic reproduction1 :i* is less g5]al & conf9$ to ! meti/s1 & cytog5ic reproduction1 :i* is common to meti/s & proti/s1 & :i* is ! ord9>y me?od by :i* new organisms orig9ate4 ,reproduction is t]m$ somatog5ic1 :5 ! g]m sep>at$ f ! body ( ! p>5t consi/s ( a :ole mass ( somatic or tissue cells n expressly set aside & specializ$ = reproductive purposes4 ,reproduction is t]m$ cytog5ic1 :5 ! g]m sep>at$ f ! p>5t or p>5ts consi/s ( a s+le cell 7e4g4 a spore1 gamete1 or zygote7 d$icat$ especially to reproductive purposes4 ,cytog5ic reproduction may be ei!r nonsexual 7agamic7 or sexual1 accord+ z ! cell :i* con/itutes ! g]m is an agamete or a gamete4 ,an agamete is a g]m cell n specializ$ = union ) ano!r complem5t>y cell1 or1 9 o!r words1 x is a reproductive cell incapable ( syngamy1 e4g4 a spore4 ,a gamete1 on ! o!r h&1 is a reproductive cell 7g]m cell7 specializ$ = ! production ( a zygote 7a syn!tic or diploid g]m cell7 by union ) a complem5t>y cell1 e4g4 an egg1 or a sp]m4 ,nonsexual cytog5ic reproduction is ( ?ree k9ds1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! agamete4 ,:5 a unicellul> organism gives rise to two new individuals by simple cell-division1 we h fissip>ation or b9>y fission4 ,:5 a small cell or bud is =m$ & sep>at$ by division f a l>g] p>5t cell1 we h budd+ 7gemmation7 or unequal fission4 ,:5 ! nucleus ( ! p>5t cell divides _m times to =m a numb] ( daught]-nuclei1 :i* !n p>tition ! cytoplasm ( ! p>5t cell among !mselves s z to =m a l>ge numb] ( reproductive cells call$ spores1 we h :at is kn[n z sporulation or multiple fission4 ,! fir/ & second k9d ( nonsexual reproduction are conf9$ to ! proti/s1 b ! ?ird k9d 7sporulation7 also occurs among ! meti/s4 ,sexual cytog5ic reproduction is bas$ ^u gametes or mat+ g]m cells4 ,s9ce complem5t>y gametes are specializ$ = union ) ea* o!r to =m a s+le syn!tic cell1 ! zygote1 ! numb] ( _! nucle> ?reads or *romosomes is r$uc$ to "o half 7! haploid numb]7 at ! "t ( maturation1 s t ! somatic or tissue cells ( ! p>5t organism h d\ble ! numb] 7! diploid numb]7 ( *romosomes pres5t 9 ! r$uc$ or mature gametes4 ,h5ce1 :5 ! gametes unite to =m a zygote1 summation is prev5t$ & ! diploid numb] ( *romosomes *>act]i/ic ( ! giv5 species ( plant or animal is simply re/or$ by ! process ( syngamy or union4 ,! process by :i* ! numb] ( *romosomes is r$uc$ 9 gametes is call$ meiosis1 &1 among ! meti/s1 x is di/9ct f syngamy1 :i*1 9 _! case1 is a sep>ate process call$ f]tilization4 ,among ! proti/s1 we h1 besides f]tilization1 ano!r type ( syngamy call$ conjugation1 :i* comb9es meiosis ) f]tilization4 ,9 sexual reproduction1 we h ?ree k9ds ( gametes1 namely3 isogametes1 anisogametes1 & het]ogametes4 ,9 ! type ( sexual reproduction kn[n z isogamy1 ! complem5t>y gametes are exactly alike bo? 9 size & %ape4 ,!re is no division ( labor betwe5 !m4 ,ea* ( ! fus+ gametes is equally fitt$ = ! d\ble function :i* !y mu/ p]=m1 namely1 ! k9etic function1 :i* enables !m to rea* ea* o!r & unite by means ( movem5t1 & ! trophic function :i* consi/s 9 lay+ up a /ore ( food = ! su/5ance ( ! develop+ embryo4 ,9 anisogamy1 ! complem5t>y gametes are alike 9 %ape1 b unlike 9 size1 & "h we h ! beg9n+ ( t division ( labor1 ^u :i* ! diff]5ce ( g5d] or sex is bas$4 ,! l>g] or female gamete is call$ a macrogamete4 ,x is specializ$ = ! trophic r ?an ! k9etic function1 be+ r5d]$ m in]t by hav+ a l>ge am\nt ( yolk or nutri5t mat]ial /or$ up )9 x4 ,! small] or male gamete is call$ a microgamete4 ,x is specializ$ = ! k9etic function1 s9ce x conta9s less yolk & is ! m agile ( ! two4 ,9 anisogamy1 h[ev]1 ! division ( labor is n complete1 because bo? functions are /ill reta9$ by ei!r gamete1 albeit 9 diff]+ measure4 ,9 ! het]ogamy1 ! diff]5tiation betwe5 ! male & female gametes is complete1 & !y diff] f ea* o!r 9 /ructure z well z size4 ,! l>g] or female gamete has no motor app>atus & reta9s only ! trophic function4 ,! k9etic function is sacrific$ to ! task ( /or+ up a food supply = ! embryo4 ,su* a gamete is call$ a hyp]gamete or egg4 ,! small] or male gamete is kn[n1 9 ?is case1 z a hypogamete or sp]m4 ,x has a motor app>atus1 b no /or$-up nutri5ts1 & has ev5 sl\gh$ (f mo/ ( its cytoplasm1 9 its exclusive specialization = ! motor function4 ,9 het]ogamy1 accord+ly1 ! division ( labor is complete4 ,we may di/+ui% two pr9cipal k9ds ( sexual reproduction1 namely3 unisexual reproduction & bisexual reproduction4 ,:5 a s+le gamete su* z an unf]tiliz$ egg gives rise 7)1 or )\t1 *romosomal r$uction7 to a new organism1 we h unisexual reproduction or p>!nog5esis4 ,p>!nog5esis f a r$uc$ egg gives rise to an organism hav+ only ! haploid numb] ( *romosomes1 z is ! case ) ! drone or male bee1 b unr$uc$ eggs give rise to organisms hav+ ! diploid numb] ( *romosomes4 ,p>!nog5esis1 z we %all see pres5tly1 c1 9 "s cases1 be induc$ by artificial means4 ,:5 reproduction takes place f a zygote or diploid g]m cell =m$ by ! union ( two gametes1 we h :at is kn[n z bisexual reproduction or syngamy4 ,x is1 p]haps1 p]missible to di/+ui% a ?ird or int]m$iate k9d ( sexual reproduction1 = :i* we might co9 ! t]m autosexual4 ,:at we ref] to z autosexual reproduction is usually kn[n z autogamy1 & occurs :5 a diploid nucleus is =m$ 9 a g]m cell by ! union 7or1 we might say1 reunion7 ( two daught]-nuclei d]iv$ f ! same "m-nucleus4 ,autogamy occurs n only among ! proti/s 7e4 g4 ,amba albida71 b also among ! meti/s1 z is ! case ) ! br9e %rimp1 ,artemia sal9a1 9 :i* ! diploid numb] ( *romosomes is re/or$ aft] r$uction by a reunion ( ! nucleus ( ! second pol> body ) ! r$uc$ nucleus ( ! egg4 ,autogamy is some:at ak9 to klei/ogamy1 :i* occurs among h]maphroditic meti/s ( bo? ! plant & animal k+doms4 ,! violet is a well-kn[n example4 ,9 klei/ogamy or self-f]tilization1 ! zygote is =m$ by ! union ( two gametes d]iv$ f ! same p>5t organism4 ,/rictly speak+1 h[ev]1 klei/ogamy is n autogamy1 b syngamy1 & mu/1 !re=e1 be class$ z bisexual reproduction4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 necess>ily conf9$ to h]maphrodites4 ,loeb's exp]im5ts 9 artificial p>!nog5esis h be5 s5sationally mis9t]pret$ by "s z an artificial production ( life4 ,:at ,jacques ,loeb really did 0 to initiate developm5t 9 an unf]tiliz$ egg by ! use ( *emical & physical excitants4 ,! writ] has repeat$ ^! exp]im5ts ) ! unf]tiliz$ eggs ( ! common sea ur*91 ,arbacia punctulata1 us+ v dilute butyric acid & hyp]tonic sea wat] z /imulants4 ,cleavage _h />t$ )9 an h\r & a half aft] ! completion ( ! a=esaid treatm5t1 & ! eggs 7 9 ! ga/rula /age by ! foll[+ morn+ 7#i h\rs lat]74 ,9 ?ree days1 good specim5s ( ! l>val /age kn[n z ! pluteus c\ld be f\nd swimm+ 9 ! normal sea wat] to :i* ! eggs _h be5 transf]r$ f ! hyp]tonic solution4 ,s9ce mature sea ur*9 eggs und]go r$uction be=e insem9ation takes place1 ! l>val sea ur*9s aris+ f ^! artificially activat$ eggs _h ! r$uc$ or haploid numb] ( *romosomes in/ead ( ! diploid numb] possess$ by normal l>v aris+ f eggs activat$ by ! sp]m4 ,=1 9 f]tilization1 ! sp]m n only activates ! egg1 b is also ! means ( secur+ bip>5tal inh]itance1 by contribut+ its quota ( *romosomes to ! zygotic complex4 ,h5ce1 x is only 9 ! =m] function1 i4 e4 ( initiat+ cleavage 9 ! egg1 t a *emical excitant c replace ! sp]m4 ,9 any case1 x is evid5t t ^! exp]im5ts d n con/itute an exception to ! law ( g5etic cellul> cont9uity4 ,! artificially activat$ egg comes f ! ov>ies ( a liv+ female sea ur*91 & 9 ?is !re is small consolation = ! expon5t ( abiog5esis4 ,! t]se comm5t ( an old ,iri% ,jesuit sizes up ! situation v aptly3 8,! ,blue ,flame ,factory10 he said1 8has ann\nc$ ano!r discov]y ( ! secret ( life4 ,a sci5ti/ made an egg & hat*$ an egg4 ,! only un=tunate ?+ 0 t ! egg he hat*$ 0 n ! egg he made40 ,h[ an exp]im5t ( ?is sort c\ld be int]pret$ z an artificial production ( life is a my/]y4 ,! only plausible explanation is t giv5 by ,pr(essor ,wilson1 :o traces x to ! popul> sup]/ition t ! egg is a lifeless sub/rate1 :i* is animat$ by ! sp]m4 ,! idea owes its orig9 to ! sp]mi/s ( ! #ag? c5tury1 :o def5d$ ?is doctr9e aga9/ ! old] s*ool ( pre=mationi/s kn[n z ovi/s4 ,x is n[1 h[ev]1 an embryological commonplace t egg & sp]m are bo? equally cellul>1 equally protoplasmic1 & equally vital4 ,! ph5om5a ( ! life-cycle 9 organisms f9d _! explanation 9 :at1 p]haps1 is inh]5t 9 all liv+ matt]1 namely1 a t5d5cy to involution & s5esc5ce4 ,?is t5d5cy1 9 ! abs5ce ( a rem$ial process ( rejuv5ation1 leads inevitably to dea?4 ,liv+ matt] seems to 8run d[n0 l a clock1 & to /& 9 simil> ne$ ( a p]iodic 8rew9d+40 ,?is re9vigoration ( protoplasm is accompli%$ by means ( sev]al diff]5t types ( nucle> reorganization4 ,s9ce no nucle> reorganization occurs 9 somatog5ic reproduction1 !re seem to be limits to ?is type ( propagation4 ,plants1 l ! potato & ! apple1 _c be propagat$ indef9itely by means ( tub]s1 %oots1 /ems1 etc4 ,! /ock plays out 9 "t1 &1 ev] & anon1 rec\rse mu/ be _h to se$l+s4 ,h5ce a process ( nucle> reorganization seems1 9 mo/ cases1 at lea/1 to be ess5tial = ! re/oration ( vitality & ! cont9uance ( life4 ,:e!r ?is ne$ ( p]iodic r5ewal is absolutely univ]sal1 we _c say4 ,! banana has be5 propagat$ = ov] a c5tury by ! somatog5ic me?od1 & !re are a few o!r in/ances 9 :i* !re appe>s to be no limit to ?is type ( reproduction4 ,nev]!less1 ! t5d5cy to decl9e is s common among liv+ be+s t ! r>e exceptions s]ve only to confirm 7if !y d n foll[7 ! g5]al rule4 ,9 cytog5ic reproduction ?ree k9ds ( rejuv5ation by means ( nucle> reorganization are kn[n3 7#a7 amphimixis or syngamy2 7#b7 automixis or autogamy2 7#c7 endomixis4 ,9 amphimixis or syngamy1 two gametic 7haploid7 nuclei ( diff]5t p>5tal l9eage are comm+l$ to =m ! diploid nucleus ( ! zygote1 :i* is consequ5tly ( bip>5tal orig94 ,9 automixis or autogamy1 two r$uc$ or haploid nuclei ( ! same p>5tal l9eage unite to =m a diploid nucleus1 ! unit+ nuclei be+ daught]-nuclei d]iv$ f a common p>5t nucleus4 ,9 endomixis1 ! nucleus ( ! exhau/$ cell dis9tegrates & fuses ) ! cytoplasm1 out ( :i* x is re=m$ or recon/ruct$ z ! g]m9al nucleus ( a rejuv5at$ cellul> s]ies4 ,endomixis occurs z a p]iodic ph5om5on among ! proti/s1 & x appe>s to be homolog\s ) p>!nog5esis among meti/s4 ,9 c]ta9 ciliates1 l ! ,p>amcium1 endomixis & syngamy are facultative me?ods ( rejuv5ation4 ,?is has be5 prov$ mo/ conclusively by ,pr(essor ,calk9s' "w on ,uroleptus mobilis1 an organism 9 :i* bo? endomixis & conjugation are am5able to exp]im5tal control4 ,nonsexual reproduction 9 ?is protozoan 7by b9>y fission7 is att5d$ ) a gradual weak5+ ( metabolic activity1 :i* increases ) ea* successive g5]ation4 ,! initial rate ( division & metabolic en]gy c1 h[ev]1 be re/or$ ei!r by conjugation 7( two individuals71 or by endomixis1 :i* takes place 79 a s+le individual7 dur+ ency/m5t4 ,! race1 h[ev]1 inevitably dies out1 if bo? ency/m5t & conjugation are prev5t$4 ,ev5 9 su* proti/s z d n exhibit ! ph5om5on ( nucle> reorganization ?r\gh sexual reproduction1 ,k(oid po9ts to ! ph5om5on ( alt]nat+ p]iods ( re/ & rapid cell-division z evid5ce t "s process ( p]iodically-recurr5t nucle> organization mu/ exi/ 9 ! organisms1 :i* d n conjugate4 ,?is process ( nucle> reorganization manife/$ by p]iodic spurts ( r5ew$ divisional en]gy is1 accord+ to ,k(oid1 a m primitive mode ( rejuv5ation ?an endomixis4 8,! ph5om5on ( endomixis10 he says1 8appe>s to be some:at m l t ( p>!nog5esis ?an a m primitive =m ( nucle> reorganization40 7,sci5ce1 ,april #f1 #aibc1 p4 #djc47 ,at all ev5ts1 x seems safe to conclude t ! t5d5cy to s5esc5ce is pretty g5]al among liv+ organisms1 & t ?is t5d5cy1 unless c\nt]act$ by a p]iodic reorganization ( ! nucle> g5es1 results inevitably 9 ! det]ioration & f9al ext9ction ( ! race4 ,9 ?is inexhau/ible p[] ( self-r5ewal inh]5t 9 all =ms ( organic life1 ! me*ani/ & ! uphold] ( abiog5esis enc\nt] an insup]able difficulty4 ,9 inorganic nature1 :]e ! p]petual-motion device is a *im]a1 & ! law ( entropy reigns 9 un*all5g$ supremacy1 no?+ analog\s to x c be f\nd4 ,! activity ( all non-liv+ units ( nature1 f ! hydrog5 atom to ! prote9 multimolecule1 is rigidly det]m9$ by ! pr9ciple ( ! degradation ( en]gy4 ,! inorganic unit _c op]ate o!rwise ?an by ext]naliz+ & dissipat+ irrep>ably its own en]gy-cont5t4 ,nor is its recon/ruction & repl5i%m5t ) en]gy ev] aga9 possible except ?r\gh ! wa/eful exp5diture ( en]gy borr[$ f "s m ri*ly end[$ inorganic unit4 ,9 ord] to pay ,paul a little1 ,pet] mu/ be robb$ ( mu*4 ,:]esoev] atoms are built up into complex endo!rmic molecules1 ! con/ructive process is rigidly dep5d5t ^u ! adm9i/ration !reto ( ext]nal en]gy1 :i* 9 ! process ( absorption mu/ ( necessity fall f a high] level ( int5sity4 ,& :5 ! en]gy ?us absorb$ by ! complex molecule is aga9 set free by combu/ion1 x is degrad$ to a /ill l[] pot5tial1 f :i*1 )\t ext]nal int]v5tion1 x c nev] rise aga9 to its =m] plane ( int5sity4 ,! ph5om5a ( radioactivity tell ! same tale4 ,all ! heavi] atoms1 at lea/1 are con/antly dis9tegrat+ ) a concomitant dis*>ge ( en]gy4 ,!re is no comp5sat+ process1 h[ev]1 enabl+ su* an atom to re-integrate & re*>ge itself at /at$ int]vals2 &1 once x has brok5 d[n into its compon5t protons & electrons1 8n all ! k+'s horses nor all ! k+'s m5 c ev] put ,humpty-,dumpty toge!r aga940 ,9 a ^w1 none ( ! inorganic units ( ! m9]al _w exhibits t wond]ful p[] ( autonom\s recup]ation :i* a unicellul> ciliate manife/s :5 x rejuv5ates itself by means ( endomixis4 ,! inorganic _w kn[s ( no con/ructive process comp>able to ?is4 ,x is only 9 liv+ be+s t we f9d :at ,james ,w>d describes z ! 8t5d5cy to di/urb exi/+ equilibria1 to rev]se ! dissipative processes :i* prevail ?r\gh\t ! inanimate _w1 to /ore & build up :]e !y are ev] scatt]+ & pull+ d[n1 ! t5d5cy to cons]ve individual exi/5ce aga9/ antagoni/ic =ces1 to gr[ & to progress1 n in]tly tak+ ! easi] way b seem+ly /riv+ = ! be/1 reta9+ e vantage secur$1 & work+ = new ones40 78,on ! ,cons]vation ( ,en]gy10 ,i1 p4 #bhe47 ,summ+ up1 !n1 we h se5 t ! reproductive process1 :]eby ! meti/s or multicellul> organism orig9ate1 resolves itself ultimately into a process ( cell-division4 ,! same is true ( ! proti/s or unicellul> organisms4 ,= all cells1 :e!r !y be proti/s1 g]m cells1 or somatic cells1 orig9ate 9 b "o way1 & t is1 f a prexi/5t liv+ cell by means ( cell-division4 ,nei!r exp]im5tation nor obs]vation has succe$$ 9 reveal+ s mu* z a s+le exception to ! univ]sal law ( g5etic cellul> cont9uity1 & ! hypo!sis ( spontog5esis is outlaw$1 9 consequ5ce1 by ! logic ( sci5tific induction4 ,ev5 ! hope t future rese>* may br+ ab\t an amelioration ( its pres5t /atus is entirely unw>rant$ 9 view ( ! manife/ dynamic sup]iority ( ! liv+ organism z comp>$ ) any ( ! in]t units ( ! inorganic _w4 8,:atev] position we take on ?is "q10 says ,edmund ,b4 ,wilson1 9 ! conclusion ( 8 "w on ! ,cell1 8! same difficulty is enc\nt]$2 namely1 ! orig9 ( t cord9at$ fitness1 t p[] ( active adju/m5t betwe5 int]nal & ext]nal relations1 :i*1 z s _m em95t biological ?9k]s h insi/$1 ov]%ad[s e manife/ation ( life4 ,! nature & orig9 ( ?is p[] is ! fundam5tal problem ( biology4 ,:51 aft] remov+ ! l5s ( ! eye 9 ! l>val salam&]1 we see x re/or$ 9 p]fect & typical =m by reg5]ation f ! po/]ior lay] ( ! iris1 we behold an adaptive response to *ang$ conditions ( :i* ! organism c h no antec$5t exp]i5ce ei!r ontog5etic or phylog5etic1 & "o ( s m>vel\s a "* t we are made to realize1 z by a fla% h[ f> we /ill are f a solution ( ?is problem40 ,!n1 aft] discuss+ ! attempt ( evolutioni/s to bridge ! enorm\s gap t sep>ates liv+1 f lifeless nature1 he cont9ues3 8,b :5 all ^! admissions are made1 & :5 ! cons]v+ action 7sic7 ( natural selection is 9 ! fulle/ degree recogniz$1 we _c close our eyes to two facts3 fir/1 t we are utt]ly ignorant ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! idioplasm ( ! g]m cell c s respond to ! influ5ce ( ! environm5t z to call =? an adaptive v>iation2 & second1 t ! /udy ( ! cell has on ! :ole seem$ to wid5 r ?an to n>r[ ! enorm\s gap t sep>ates ev5 ! l[e/ =ms ( life f ! inorganic _w40 78,! ,cell10 #bnd edit41 pp4 #dcc1 #dcd47 #e4 ,a 8,new0 ,!ory ( ,abiog5esis ,s9ce true sci5ce is out ( sympa?y ) baseless conjectures & gratuit\s assumptions1 "o w\ld sc>cely expect to f9d sci5ti/s oppos+ ! inductive tr5d ( ! kn[n facts by pref]r+ m]e possibilities 7if !y are ev5 su*7 to solid actualities4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 h[ev]1 !re are n a few :o ob/9ately refuse to ab&on preconceptions = :i* !y c f9d no factual ju/ification4 ,! bio-*emi/1 ,b5jam9 ,moore1 :ile conc$+ ! bankruptcy ( ! old !ory ( spontane\s g5]ation1 :i* look$ = a de novo orig9 ( liv+ cells 9 /]iliz$ cultures1 has1 nev]!less1 ! h>dihood to propose :at he is pleas$ to t]m a new "o4 ,impress$ by ! cr$ulity ( ,*>lton ,ba/ian & ! autocratic tone ( ,s*f]1 he sets out to def5d z plausible ! hypo!sis t ! orig9ation ( life f in]t matt] may be a contemporane\s1 p]haps1 daily1 ph5om5on1 go+ on cont9ually1 b invisible to u1 because its initial /ages take place 9 ! submicroscopic _w4 ,by ! "t life has em]g$ into ! visible _w1 x has already rea*$ ! /age at :i* ! law ( g5etic cont9uity prevails1 b at /ages ( organization1 :i* lie bel[ ! limit ( ! microscope1 x is n impossible1 he ?9ks1 t abiog5esis may occur4 ,to plausibleize ?is conjecture1 he notes t ! cell is a natural unit compos$ ( molecules z a molecule is a natural unit compos$ ( atoms4 ,he fur!r notes1 t1 9 addition to ! cell1 !re is 9 nature ano!r unit high] ?an ! monomolecule1 namely1 ! multimolecule occurr+ 9 bo? cry/alloids & colloids4 ,! monomolecule consi/s ( atoms held toge!r by atomic val5ce1 :]eas ! multimolecule consi/s ( molecules ^: atomic val5ce is completely saturat$1 & :i* are1 consequ5tly1 held toge!r by :at is n[ kn[n z molecul> or residual val5ce4 ,moore cites ! cry/al units ( sodium bromide & sodium iodide z in/ances ( multimolecules4 ,! cry/al unit ( ord9>y salt1 sodium *loride1 is an ord9>y monomolecule1 ) ! =mula ,na,cl4 ,9 ! case ( ! =m] salts ! cry/al units consi/ ( multimolecules ( ! =mula ,na,b7,h,o7 & ,na,i7,h,o71 ! wat] ( cry/allization n be+ me*anically conf9$ 9 ! cry/als1 b comb9$ ) ! respective salt 9 ! exact ratio ( two molecules ( wat] to "o ( ! salt4 ,judg$ by all *emical te/s1 su* z heat ( =mation1 ! law ( comb9ation 9 fix$ ratios1 ! manife/ation ( selective aff9ity1 etc41 ! multimolecule is q z mu* entitl$ to be consid]$ a natural unit z is ! monomolecule4 ,b x is n 9 ! cry/alloidal multimolecule1 b 9 ! l>g] & m complex multimolecule ( colloids 7viscid sub/ances l gum arabic1 gelat9e1 ag>-ag>1 :ite ( egg1 etc471 t ,moore pr(esses to see a sort ( int]m$iate betwe5 ! cell & inorganic units4 ,su* colloids =m ) a disp]s+ m$ium 7l wat]7 an emulsion1 9 :i* ! disp]s$ p>ticles1 kn[n z ultramicrons or 8solution aggregates10 are l>g] ?an monomolecules4 ,x is among ^! multimolecules ( colloids t ,moore w\ld h u se>* = a transitional l9k connect+ ! cell ) ! inorganic _w4 ,borr[+ ,h]b]t ,sp5c]'s dogma ( ! complication ( homog5eity into het]og5eity1 he ass]ts t su* colloidal multimolecules w\ld t5d to become m & m complex1 & consequ5tly m & m in/able1 s t _! in/ability w\ld gradually approa* ! *ronic in/ability or con/ant /ate ( metabolic fluxion manife/ 9 liv+ organisms4 ,! end-result w\ld be a liv+ unit m simply organiz$ ?an ! cell1 & evolution seiz+ ^u ?is submicroscopic unit w\ld1 9 due "t1 trans=m x into cellul> life ( e v>iety & k9d4 ,ce n'e/ que le premi] pas qui cote6 ,x %\ld be not$ t ?is s-call$ law is a m]e vague =mula l ! 8law0 ( natural selection & ! 8law0 ( evolution4 ,! facts :i* x is alleg$ to express are n cit$1 & its t]ms are f> f be+ quantitative4 ,x is c]ta9ly n a law 9 ! s5se ( ,arrhnius1 :o says3 8,quantitative =mulation1 t is1 ! e/abli%+ ( a connection1 express$ by a =mula1 betwe5 diff]5t quantitatively measurable magnitudes1 is ! peculi> feature ( a law40 78,!ories ( ,*emi/ry10 ,price's translation1 p4 #c47 ,n[1 *emi/ry1 z an exact sci5ce1 has no lack ( laws ( ?is k9d1 b no bran* ( *emi/ry1 :e!r physical1 organic1 or inorganic1 kn[s ( any law ( complexity1 t c be /at$ 9 ei!r quantitative1 or descriptive1 t]ms4 ,we w1 h[ev]1 let ,moore speak = himself3 8,x may !n be summ$ up z a g5]al law univ]sal 9 its application to all matt]1 444 a law :i* might be call$ ! ,law ( ,complexity1 t matt] s f> z its en]gy environm5t w p]mit t5ds to assume m & m complex =ms 9 labile equilibrium4 ,atoms1 molecules1 colloids1 & liv+ organisms1 arise z a result ( ! op]ations ( ?is law1 & 9 ! high] regions ( complexity x induces organic evolution & all ! _m ?\s&s ( liv+ =ms4444 8,9 ?is mann] we c conceive t ! hiatus betwe5 non-liv+ & liv+ ?+s c be bridg$ ov]1 & !re awak5s 9 our m9ds ! conception ( a k9d ( spontane\s production ( life ( a diff]5t ord] f ! old4 ,! t]ritory ( ?is spontane\s g5]ation ( life lies n at ! level ( bact]ia1 or animalcul1 spr++ =? into life f dead organic matt]1 b at a level ( life ly+ deep] ?an any?+ ! microscope c reveal1 & possess+ a l[] unit ?an ! liv+ cell1 z we =m our concept ( x f ! tissues ( high] animals & plants4 8,9 ! future1 ! /age at :i* colloids beg9 to be able to deal ) ext]nal en]gy =ms1 su* z light1 & build up 9 *emical complexity1 w yield a new unit ( life op5+ a vi/a ( possibilities z magnific5t z t :i* ! e/abli%m5t ( ! cell z a unit gave1 ) ! developm5t ( ! microscope1 ab\t a c5tury ago40 78,orig9 & ,nature ( ,life10 pp4 #ahh-aij47 ,hav+ he>d out a rhapsody ( ?is sort1 "o may be p>don$ a little impati5ce at su* a trave/y on sci5ce4 ,aga9 we h ! appeal f realities to fancies1 f ! se5 to unse54 ,moore sees no reason to d\bt & is !re=e q sure t an unv]ifi$ occurr5ce is tak+ place 8at a level ( life ly+ deep] ?an any?+ ! microscope c reveal40 ,! unkn[n is a v]itable p>adise = irresponsible speculation & phantasy4 ,x is well1 h[ev]1 to keep "o's feet on ! t]ra firma ( asc]ta9$ facts & to make "o's ignorance a motive = caution r ?an an inc5tive to reckless dogmatiz+4 ,to beg9 )1 x is n to a s+le disp]s$ p>ticle or ultramicron t protoplasm has be5 lik5$1 b to an emulsion1 compris+ bo? ! disp]s$ p>ticles & ! disp]s+ m$ium1 or1 9 o!r words1 to ! colloidal sy/em z a :ole4 ,moreov]1 ev5 !re ! analogy is f> f be+ p]fect1 & is conf9$ exclusively1 z ,wilson has po9t$ out1 to a r\gh simil>ity ( /ructure & appe>ance4 ,! colloidal sy/em is obvi\sly a m]e aggregate & n a natural unit l ! cell1 & its disp]s$ p>ticles 7ultramicrons7 d n multiply & p]petuate !mselves by gr[? & division z d ! liv+ compon5ts or =m$ bodies ( ! cell4 ,z = ! s+le ultramicron or multimolecule ( a colloidal solution1 x may1 inde$1 be a natural unit1 b x only resembles ! cell 9 ! s5se t1 l ! latt]1 x is a complex ( con/itu5t molecules4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 all resemblance ceases2 = ! ultramicron does n display ! typically vital p[] ( self-p]petuation by gr[? & division1 :i*1 z we h se51 is *>act]i/ic n only ( ! cell z a :ole1 b ( its s+le compon5ts or organelles4 ,c]ta9ly1 ! di/9ctive ph5om5a ( colloidal sy/ems _c be int]pret$ z processes ( multiplication4 ,!re is no?+ sugge/ive ( ?is vital ph5om5on 9 ! rev]sal ( phase1 :i* is caus$ by ! addition ( electrolytes to oil emulsions1 or 9 gelation1 :i* is caus$ by a *ange ( temp]ature 9 c]ta9 hydrophilic colloids4 ,?us ! addition ( ! salt ( a bival5t cation 7e4g4 ,ca,cl or ,ba,cl7 to an oil-9-wat] emulsion 7if soap is us$ z ! emulsifi]7 w cause ! ext]nal or cont9u\s phase 7wat]7 to become ! int]nal or discont9u\s phase4 ,vice v]sa1 a wat]-9-oil emulsion c be rev]s$ into an oil-9-wat] emulsion1 "u ! same conditions1 by ! addition ( ! salt ( a monoval5t cation 7e4 g4 ,na,o,h74 ,solutions ( hydrophilic colloids1 l gelat9e or ag>-ag>1 c be made to 8set0 f ! semifluid /ate ( a hydrosol into ! semisolid /ate ( a hydrogel1 by l[]+ ! temp]ature1 aft] :i* ! opposite effect c be br\ght ab\t by aga9 rais+ ! temp]ature4 ,9 :ite ( egg1 h[ev]1 once gelation has tak5 place1 ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( heat1 x is impossible to reconv]t ! 8gel0 into a 8sol0 7solution74 ,9 su* ph5om5a1 x is1 p]haps1 possible to see a c]ta9 p>allelism ) "s processes tak+ place 9 ! cell1 e4 g4 ! osmotic processes ( absorption & excretion1 b to con/rue !m z evid5ce ( propagation by gr[? & division w\ld be prepo/]\s4 ,nor is ! subt]fuge ( relegat+ ! "q to ! obscurity ( ! submicroscopic _w ( any avail2 =1 z a matt] ( fact1 submicroscopic organisms actually d exi/1 & manage1 precisely by virtue ( ?is uniquely vital p[] ( multiplication or reproductivity1 to give indirect te/imony ( _! invisible exi/5ce4 ,! microrganisms1 = example1 :i* cause ! disease kn[n z ,measles are s m9ute t !y pass ?r\gh ! pores ( a porcela9 filt]1 & are invisible to ! highe/ p[]s ( ! microscope4 ,nev]!less1 !y c be br$ 9 ! te/ tube cultures ( ! bact]iologi/1 :]e !y propagate !mselves = g5]ations )\t los+ ! def9ite specificity1 :i* make !m capable ( produc+ di/9ctive pa?ological effects 9 ! organisms ( high] animals1 includ+ man4 ,ea* ( ^! invisible disease g]ms communicates b "o disease1 ) symptoms t are p]fectly *>act]i/ic & def9ite4 ,moreov]1 !y are specific 9 _! *oice ( a ho/1 & w n infect any & e organism promiscu\sly4 ,f9ally1 !y nev] arise de novo 9 a heal?y ho/1 b mu/ always be transmitt$ f a diseas$ to a heal?y individual4 ,! microscopi/ is tantaliz$1 to quote ! words ( ,wilson1 8) visions ( disease g]ms :i* no eye has yet se51 s m9ute z to pass ?r\gh a f9e filt]1 yet beyond a d\bt self-p]petuat+ & ( specific type40 7,sci5ce1 ,m>* #i1 #aibc1 p4 #bhc47 ,submicroscopic dim5sions1 !re=e1 are no ob/acle to ! manife/ation ( su* vital prop]ties z reproduction1 g5etic cont9uity1 & typical specificity2 & we mu/ conclude t1 if any ( ! ultramicrons ( colloids possess$ !m1 _! m9ute size w\ld n deb> !m f manife/+ ! fact4 ,z x is1 !y fail to %[ any vital quality1 :]eas ! submicroscopic disease g]ms give evid5ce ( possess+ all ! *>act]i/ics ( visible cells4 ,9 f9e1 ! radical diff]5ce betwe5 inorganic units1 l atoms1 molecules1 & multimolecules1 & liv+ units1 l protozoans & metazoans1 is s obvi\s t x is univ]sally admitt$4 ,n all1 h[ev]1 are 9 accord :5 x comes to assign+ ! fundam5tal reason = ! diff]5ce 9 "q4 ,b5jam9 ,moore po/ulates a unique physical en]gy1 peculi> to liv+ organisms & responsible = all di/9ctively vital manife/ations4 ,?is unique =m ( en]gy1 unlike all o!r =ms1 he calls 8biotic en]gy10 d5y+ at ! same "t t x is a vital =ce4 7,cf4 op4 cit41 pp4 #bbd-bbf47 ,moore seems to be desir\s ( dress+ up vitalism 9 ! v]bal ve/ure ( me*anism4 ,he wants ! game1 )\t ! "n4 ,b1 if 8 8biotic en]gy0 is unlike all o!r =ms ( en]gy1 x ought n to p>ade "u ! same "n1 b %\ld frankly call itself a 8vital =ce40 ,some:at simil> 9 nature is ,osborn's sugge/ion t ! peculi> prop]ties ( liv+ protoplasm may be due to ! pres5ce ( a unique *emical elem5t call$ ,bion4 7,cf4 8,! ,orig9 & ,evolution ( ,life10 #aiag1 p4 #f47 ,n[1 a *emical elem5t unlike o!r *emical elem5ts is n a *emical elem5t at all4 ,osborn's ,bion1 l ,moore's biotic en]gy1 ought1 by all means1 to make up its m9d def9itely on ,hamlet's "q ( 8to be1 or n to be40 ,! policy ( 8,x is1 & x is n10 is n likely to w9 ! approval ( ei!r me*ani/s or vitali/s4 #f4 ,hylomorphism v]sus ,me*anism & ,neo-vitalism ,me*anism & ,neo-vitalism repres5t two extreme solutions ( ?is problem ( acc\nt+ = ! diff]5ce betwe5 liv+ & lifeless matt]4 ,/rictly speak+1 x is an abuse ( language to ref] to me*anism z a solution at all4 ,its fir/ pret5se at solv+ ! problem is to d5y t !re is any problem4 ,b facts are facts & _c be dispos$ ( 9 ?is summ>y fa%ion4 ,=c$1 !re=e1 to face ! actual fact ( ! uniqu5ess ( liv+ matt]1 me*ani/s conc$e ! inadequacy ( _! physico*emical analogies1 b ob/9ately refuse to admit ! legitimacy ( any o!r k9d ( explanation4 ,confront$ ) realities1 :i* simply mu/ h "s explanation1 !y pref] to leave !m unexpla9$ by _! own !ory ?an h !m expla9$ by any o!r4 ,!y recognize ! diff]5ce betwe5 a liv+ animal & a dead animal 7small cr$it to !m = _! p]spicacity671 b d5y t !re is any?+ pres5t 9 ! =m] :i* is n pres5t 9 ! latt]4 ,neo-vitalism1 on ! o!r h&1 is1 at lea/1 an attempt at solv+ ! problem 9 ! positive s5se4 ,x ascribes ! unique activities ( liv+ organisms to ! op]ation ( a sup]physical & sup]*emical en]gy or =ce resid5t 9 liv+ matt]4 ,?is unique dynamic pr9ciple is t]m$ vital =ce4 ,x is n an entitive nor a /atic pr9ciple1 b belongs to ! category ( effici5t or active causes1 be+ v>i\sly describ$ z an ag5t1 en]gy1 or =ce4 ,to speak precisely1 ! t]m ag5t d5otes an active be+ or sub/ance2 ! t]m en]gy d5otes ! proximate gr\nd 9 ! ag5t ( a specific activity2 :ile ! t]m =ce d5otes ! activity or free1 k9etic1 or activat$ phase ( a giv5 en]gy4 ,9 practice1 h[ev]1 ^! t]ms are (t5 us$ int]*angeably4 ,?us ,dries*1 :o1 l all o!r ,neo-vitali/s1 makes ! vital pr9ciple a dynamic factor r ?an an entitive pr9ciple1 ref]s to ! vital pr9ciple z a 8non-mat]ial10 8non-spatial0 ag5t1 ?\gh ! t]m en]gy w\ld be m precise4 ,to ?is active or dynamic vital pr9ciple ,dries* gives a "n1 :i* he borr[$ f ,ari/otle1 t is1 entele*y4 ,9 s do+1 h[ev]1 he p]v]t$1 z he himself confesses1 ! true ,ari/otelian s5se ( ! t]m 9 "q3 8,! t]m10 he says1 8444 is n "h us$ 9 ! prop] ,ari/otelian s5se40 78,hi/ory & ,!ory ( ,vitalism10 p4 #bjc47 ,8 admission is q correct4 ,at ! critical po9t1 ,dries*1 = all 8 praise ( ,ari/otle1 des]ts ! ,/agirite & goes ov] to ! camp ( ,plato1 ,desc>tes1 & ! ,neo-vitali/s6 ,dries*'s def9ition is z foll[s3 8,entele*y is an ag5t sui g5]is1 non-mat]ial & non-spatial1 b act+ #8into' space40 7,op4 cit41 p4 #bjd47 ,ari/otle's use ( ! t]m 9 ?is connection is q diff]5t4 ,he uses x1 = example1 9 a /atic1 r ?an a dynamic1 s5se3 8,! t]m #8entele*y1'0 he says1 8is us$ 9 two s5ses2 9 "o x answ]s to k1 9 ! o!r to ! ex]cise ( k4 ,cle>ly 9 ?is case x is analog\s to k40 78,p]i ,psy*es10 ,bk4 ,,ii1 c4 #a47 ,k1 h[ev]1 is only a second or /atic entele*y4 ,h5ce1 9 ord] to n>r[ ! s5se /ill fur!r ,ari/otle ref]s to ! s\l z a fir/ entele*y1 by :i* he designates a purely entitive pr9ciple1 t is1 a con/itu5t ( be+ or sub/ance 7cf4 op4 cit4 ibidem74 ,! fir/1 or entitive1 entele*y1 !re=e1 is to be di/+ui%$ f all second>y entele*ies1 :e!r ( ! dynamic ord] correspond+ to k9etic en]gy or =ce1 or ( ! /atic ord] correspond+ to pot5tial en]gy4 ,nei!r is x an ag5t1 because x is only a p>tial con/itu5t ( ! total ag5t1 t is1 ( ! total active be+ or sub/ance4 ,h5ce1 g5]ally speak+1 t :i* acts 7! ag5t7 is n entele*y1 b ! total composite ( entele*y & matt]1 fir/ entele*y be+ consub/antial ) matt] & n a sep>ate exi/5t or be+4 ,9 f9e1 accord+ to ,ari/otelian philosophy1 entele*y 7t is1 8fir/0 or 8prime0 entele*y7 is n an ag5t nor an en]gy nor a =ce4 ,9 o!r words1 x is totally remov$ f ! category ( effici5t or active causes4 ,! second diff]5ce betwe5 ,dries* & ,ari/otle ) respect to ! use ( ! t]m entele*y lies 9 ! fact t ,dries* uses x z a synonym = ! s\l or vital pr9ciple1 :]eas1 accord+ to ,ari/otle1 entele*y is common to ! non-liv+ units ( inorganic nature z well z ! liv+ units 7organisms7 ( ! organic _w4 ,all vital pr9ciples or s\ls are entele*ies1 b n all entele*ies are vital pr9ciples4 ,all mat]ial be+s or sub/ances1 :e!r liv+ or lifeless1 are r$ucible1 9 ! la/ analysis1 to two consub/antial pr9ciples or complem5t>y con/itu5ts1 namely1 entele*y & matt]4 ,entele*y is ! b9d+1 type-det]m9+ pr9ciple1 ! s\rce ( unification & specification1 :i* makes ( a giv5 natural unit 7su* z a molecule or a protozoan7 a s+le & det]m9ate :ole4 ,matt] is ! det]m9able & pot5tially-multiple elem5t1 ! pr9ciple ( divisibility & quantification1 :i* c ent] indiff]5tly into ! composition ( ?is or t natural unit1 & :i* owes its actual unity & specificity to ! entele*y :i* "h & n[ in=ms x4 ,x is entele*y :i* makes a *emical elem5t di/9ct f its isob>e1 a *emical comp\nd di/9ct f its isom]1 a p>amcium di/9ct f an amba1 a maple di/9ct f an oak1 & a be> di/9ct f a tig]4 ,! molecul> entele*y f9ds expression 9 :at ! organic *emi/ & ! /]eo*emi/ und]/& by val5ce1 t is1 ! /atic aspect ( val5ce consid]$ z ! /ructural pr9ciple ( a molecule4 ,h5ce x is entele*y :i* makes a molecule ( urea ,o3,c37,,nh7 an entirely diff]5t sub/ance f its isom] ammonium cyanate ,,nh,o,c3,n1 al?\gh ! mat]ial sub/rate ( ea* ( ^! molecul> units consi/s ( precisely ! same numb] & k9ds ( atoms4 ,simil>ly1 x is ! atomic entele*y :i* gives to ! isotopes ( ,/rontium *emical prop]ties diff]5t f ^? ( ! isotopes ( ,rubidium1 al?\gh ! mass & corpuscul> 7electronic & protonic7 composition ( _! respective atoms are id5tical4 ,x is ! vital entele*y or s\l1 :i* causes a fragm5t cut f a ,/5tor to reg5]ate its specific protoplasmic ar*itecture in/ead ( ! type :i* w\ld be reg5]at$ f a simil> fragm5t cut f ano!r ciliate su* z ,dileptus4 ,9 all ! tridim5sional units ( nature1 bo? liv+ & non-liv+1 ! hylomorphic analysis ( ,ari/otle recognizes an ess5tial dualism ( matt] & entele*y4 ,h5ce x is n 9 ! pres5ce & abs5ce ( an entele*y 7z ,dries* cont5ds7 t liv+ organisms diff] f inorganic units4 ,! sole diff]5ce betwe5 ^! two classes ( units is "o ( autonomy & in]tia4 ,! inorganic unit is in]t1 n 9 ! s5se t x is de/itute ( en]gy1 b 9 ! s5se t x is incapable ( self-regulation & rigidly dep5d5t ^u ext]nal factors = ! utilization ( its own en]gy-cont5t4 ,! liv+ unit1 on ! o!r h&1 is end[$ ) dynamic autonomy4 ,?\gh dep5d5t1 9 a g5]al way1 ^u environm5tal factors = ! en]gy :i* x utilizes1 nev]!less ! det]m9ate =m & direction ( its activity is n impos$ 9 all its specificity by ! a=esaid environm5tal factors4 ,! liv+ be+ possesses a c]ta9 degree ( indep5d5ce ) respect to ^! ext]nal =ces4 ,x is autonom\s ) a special law ( imman5t f9ality or reflexive ori5tation1 by :i* all ! elem5ts & en]gies ( ! liv+ unit are made to conv]ge ^u "o & ! same c5tral result1 namely1 ! ma9t5ance & developm5t ( ! organism bo? 9 its capacity z an individual & 9 its capacity z ! g5]ative s\rce ( its racial type4 ,! entele*ies ( ! in]t units ( inorganic nature turn ! =ces ( ^! units 9 an outw>d direction1 s t !y are incapable ( op]at+ ^u !mselves1 ( modify+ !mselves1 or ( regulat+ !mselves4 ,!y are only capable ( op]at+ ^u o!r units outside !mselves1 & 9 s do+ !y irrep>ably ext]nalize _! en]gy-cont5ts4 ,all physico*emical action is transitive or communicable 9 "*1 :]eas vital action is ( ! reflexive or imman5t type4 ,me*anical action1 = example1 is int]mol> 7i4e4 an ex*ange betwe5 l>ge masses ( inorganic matt]72 physical action is int]molecul>2 *emical action is int]atomic2 :ile 9 radioactive & electrical ph5om5a we h int]corpuscul> action4 ,h5ce all ! =ms ( activity native to ! inorganic _w are r$ucible to int]action betwe5 discont9u\s & unequally en]giz$ masses or p>ticles4 ,always x is a case ( "o mass or p>ticle op]at+ ^u ano!r mass or p>ticle di/9ct f1 & spatially ext]nal to1 itself4 ,! effect or positive *ange produc$ by ! action is receiv$ into ano!r unit di/9ct f ! ag5t or active unit1 :i* c nev] become ! receptive subject ( ! effect g5]at$ by its own activity4 ,! liv+ be+1 on ! contr>y1 is capable ( op]at+ ^u itself1 s t :at is modifi$ by ! action is n outside ! ag5t b )9 x4 ,! read] does n modify ! book1 b modifies himself by 8 read+4 ,! blade ( grass c n\ri% n only a horse1 b its v self1 :]eas a molecule ( sodium nitrate is impot5t to n\ri% itself1 & c only n\ri% a subject o!r ?an itself1 su* z ! blade ( grass4 ,"h ! active s\rce & receptive subject ( ! action is "o & ! same unit1 namely1 ! liv+ organism1 :i* c op]ate ^u itself 9 ! int]e/ ( its own p]fection4 ,9 *emical syn!sis two sub/ances int]act to produce a ?ird1 b 9 vital assimilation "o sub/ance is incorporat$ into ano!r )\t ! production ( a ?ird4 ,?us hydrog5 unites ) oxyg5 to produce wat]4 ,b 9 ! case ( assimilation ! reaction may be express$ ?us3 ,liv+ protoplasm plus ext]nal nutrim5t equals liv+ protoplasm increas$ 9 quantity b un*ang$ 9 specificity4 ,addition or subtraction alt]s ! nature ( ! inorganic unit1 b does n *ange ! nature ( ! liv+ unit4 ,9 *emical *ange1 entele*y is ! v>iant & matt] is ! con/ant1 b 9 metabolic *ange1 matt] is ! v>iant & entele*y ! con/ant4 8,liv+ be+s10 says ,h5d]son1 8pres]ve1 or t5d to pres]ve1 an ideal =m1 :ile ?r\gh !m fl[s a /eady /ream ( en]gy & matt] :i* is ev] *ang+1 yet mom5t>ily mold$ by life2 organiz$1 9 %ort40 78,fitness ( ! ,environm5t10 #aiac1 pp4 #bc1 #bd47 ,! liv+ unit ma9ta9s its own specific type amid a con/ant flux ( matt] & fl[ ( en]gy4 ,x subjugates ! ali5 sub/ances ( ! inorganic _w1 elim9ates _! m9]al entele*ies & utilizes _! compon5ts & en]gies = its own purposes4 ,! s\l or vital entele*y1 !re=e1 is m p[]ful ?an ! entele*ies ( inorganic units :i* x supplants4 ,x turns ! =ces ( liv+ matt] inw>d1 s t ! liv+ organism becomes capable ( self-regulation & ( /riv+ = ! atta9m5t ( self-p]fection4 ,x is ?is reflexive ori5tation ( all en]gies t[>ds self-p]fection t is ! unique *>act]i/ic ( ! liv+ be+1 & n ! nature ( ! en]gies !mselves4 ,! en]gies by :i* vital functions are execut$ are ! ord9>y physico*emical en]gies1 b x is ! vital entele*y or s\l :i* elevates !m to a high] plane ( effici5cy & r5d]s !m capable ( reflexive or vital action4 ,!re is1 9 %ort1 no su* ?+ z a special vital =ce4 ,! radical diff]5ce betwe5 liv+ & non-liv+ units does n consi/ 9 ! possession or non-possession ( an entele*y1 nor yet 9 ! peculi> nature ( ! =ces display$ 9 ! execution ( vital functions1 b solely 9 ! ori5tation ( ^! =ces t[>ds an inn] f9ality4 #g4 ,! ,def9ition ( ,life ,life1 !n1 may be def9$ z ! capacity ( reflexive or self-p]fective action4 ,9 any action1 we may di/+ui% f\r ?+s3 7#a7 ! ag5t1 or s\rce ( ! action2 7#b7 ! activity or int]nal det]m9ation diff]5tiat+ ! ag5t 9 ! active /ate f ! selfsame ag5t 9 ! inactive /ate2 7#c7 ! pati5t or receptive subject2 7#d7 ! effect or *ange produc$ 9 ! pati5t by ! ag5t4 ,let u suppose t a boy nam$ ,tom kicks a door4 ,"h ,tom is ! ag5t1 ! muscul> contraction 9 8 leg is ! activity1 ! door is ! pati5t or recipi5t1 :ile ! d5t produc$ 9 ! door is ! effect or *ange ( :i* ! action is a production4 ,9 ?is action1 ! effect is produc$ n 9 ! cause or ag5t1 b 9 a pati5t outside (1 & di/9ct f1 ! ag5t1 & ! o!rness ( cause & effect is consequ5tly complete4 ,su* an action is t]m$ transitive1 :i* is ! *>act]i/ic type ( physico*emical action4 ,9 ano!r class ( actions1 h[ev]1 7^?1 namely1 t are peculi> to liv+ be+s7 ! o!rness ( cause & effect is only p>tial & relative4 ,:5 ! ag5t becomes ultimately ! recipi5t ( ! effect or modification wr\ght by its own activity1 t is1 :5 ! positive *ange produc$ by ! action rema9s )9 ! ag5t itself1 ! action is call$ imman5t or reflexive action4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 action & passion are opposites1 !y c coxi/ 9 ! same subject only ^u condition t said subject is diff]5tiat$ into p>tial o!rness1 t is1 organiz$ into a plurality ( di/9ct & dissimil> p>ts or compon5ts1 "o ( :i* may act ^u ano!r4 ,h5ce only ! organiz$ unit or organism1 :i* comb9es unity or cont9uity ( sub/ance ) multiplicity & dissimil>ity ( p>ts is capable ( imman5t action4 ,! inorganic unit is capable only ( transitive action1 ^: effect is produc$ 9 an ext]ior subject really di/9ct f ! ag5t4 ,! liv+ unit or organism1 h[ev]1 is capable ( bo? transitive action & imman5t 7reflexive7 action4 ,9 su* functions z ?\ght & s5sation1 ! liv+ ag5t modifies itself & n an ext]ior pati5t4 ,9 ! nutritive or metabolic function ! liv+ be+ p]fects itself by assimilat+ ext]nal sub/ances to itself4 ,x develops1 organizes1 repairs1 & multiplies itself1 hold+ its own & p]petuat+ its type f g5]ation to g5]ation4 ,life1 accord+ly1 is ! capacity ( t5d+ ?r\gh any =m ( reflexive action to an ult]ior p]fection ( ! ag5t itself4 ,?is capacity ( an ag5t to op]ate (1 & ^u1 itself = ! acquisition ( "s p]fection exce$+ its natural equilibrial /ate is ! di/9ctive attribute ( ! liv+ be+4 ,left to itself1 ! inorganic unit t5ds exclusively to cons]vation or to loss1 nev] to positive acquisition 9 excess ( equilibrial exig5cies2 :at x acquires x owes exclusively to ! action ( ext]nal factors4 ,! liv+ unit1 on ! contr>y1 /rives 9 its vital op]ations to acquire some?+ = itself1 s t :at x gets x owes to itself & n 7except 9 a v g5]al s5se7 to ! action ( ext]nal factors4 ,all ! actions ( ! liv+ unit1 bo? ^u itself & ^u ext]nal matt]1 result soon] or lat] 9 ! acquisition on ! "p ( ! ag5t ( a positive p]fection exce$+ & transc5d+ ! m]e exig5cies ( equilibration4 ,! inorganic ag5t1 on ! contr>y1 :5 9 ! /ate ( t5sion1 t5ds only to return to ! equilibrial /ate by ali5ation or exp5diture ( its en]gy2 o!rwise1 x t5ds m]ely to cons]ve1 by virtue ( in]tia1 ! /ate ( re/ or motion impress$ ^u x f )\t4 ,9 ! *emical *anges ( inorganic units1 ! t5d5cy to loss is ev5 m 9 evid5ce4 ,su* *anges disrupt ! integrity ( ! inorganic unit & dissipate its en]gy-cont5t1 & ! unit _c be recon/ruct$ & re*>g$1 except at ! exp5se ( a m ri*ly end[$ inorganic unit4 ,! liv+ organism1 h[ev]1 z we see 9 ! case ( ! p>amcium und]go+ endomixis1 is capable ( c\nt]act+ exhau/ion by re*>g+ itself4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 transitive & reflexive action is n an accid5tal diff]5ce ( degree1 b an ess5tial diff]5ce ( k9d4 ,9 reflexive actions1 ! s\rce ( ! action & ! recipi5t ( ! effect or modification produc$ by x are "o & ! same sub/antial unit or be+4 ,9 transitive actions1 ! receptive subject ( ! positive *ange is an ali5 unit di/9ct f ! unit1 :i* puts =? ! action4 ,h5ce a reflexive action is n an action :i* is less transitive2 x is an action :i* is n at all transitive1 b intransitive4 ,! diff]5ce1 !re=e1 betwe5 ! liv+ organism1 :i* is capable ( bo? reflexive & transitive action1 & ! inorganic unit1 :i* is only capable ( transitive action1 is radical & ess5tial4 ,?is be+ ! case1 an evolution>y transition f an in]t multimolecule to a reflexively-op]at+ cell or cytode1 becomes inconceivable4 ,evolution might1 at ! v mo/1 br+ ab\t int5sifications & comb9ations ( ! transitive ag5cies ( ! physico*emical _w1 b nev] ! volte face1 :i* w\ld be necess>y to rev]se ! c5trifugal ori5tation ( =ces *>act]i/ic ( ! inorganic unit into ! c5tripetal ori5tation ( =ces :i* makes ! liv+ unit capable ( self-p]fective action1 self-regulation1 & self-r5ewal4 ,! idea1 !re=e1 ( a spontane\s d]ivation ( liv+ units f lifeless colloidal multimolecules mu/ be reject$1 n m]ely because x f9ds no support 9 ! facts ( exp]i5ce1 b also because x is exclud$ by apriori/ic consid]ations4 #h4 ,an ,inevitable ,coroll>y ,b1 if inorganic matt] is impot5t to vitalize itself by means ( its native physico*emical =ces1 ! inevitable alt]native is t ! initial production ( organisms f inorganic matt] 0 due to ! action ( "s sup]mat]ial ag5cy4 ,c]ta9 sci5ti/s1 l ,h5d]son ( ,h>v>d1 :ile admitt+ ! incr$ibility ( abiog5esis1 pref] to avoid op5 conflict ) me*anism & mat]ialism by decl>+ _! neutrality4 8,b :ile biophysici/s l ,pr(essor ,s*f]10 says ,h5d]son1 8foll[ ,sp5c] 9 assum+ a gradual evolution ( ! organic f ! inorganic1 bio*emi/s are m ?an ev] unable to p]ceive h[ su* a process is possible1 & )\t tak+ any f9al /& pref] to let ! riddle re/40 78,fitness ( ! ,environm5t10 p4 #caj1 footnote47 ,n to take a decisive /& on ?is "q1 h[ev]1 is tantam\nt to mak+ a compromise ) :at is illogical & unsci5tific2 = bo? logic & ! inductive tr5d ( biological facts are array$ aga9/ ! hypo!sis ( spontane\s g5]ation4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is manife/ t organic life is nei!r self-explanatory nor et]nal4 ,h5ce x mu/ h _h its orig9 9 ! action ( "s ext]nal ag5cy4 ,life z x exi/s today dep5ds ^u ! prec$5ce ( num]\s unbrok5 *a9s ( consecutive cells t ext5d backw>d into a remote pa/4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 a logical necessity to put an end to ?is retrogradation ( ! antec$5ts ^u :i* ! actual exi/5ce ( our pres5t organisms dep5ds4 ,! inf9ite _c be spann$ by f9ite /eps2 ! p]iodic life-process c\ld n be relay$ ?r\gh an unlimit$ temporal di/ance2 & a cellul> s]ies :i* nev] />t$ w\ld nev] arrive4 ,moreov]1 we d n acc\nt = ! exi/5ce ( life by ext5d+ ! cellul> s]ies int]m9ably backw>d4 ,ea* cell 9 su* a s]ies is d]iv$ f a pr$ecessor1 &1 consequ5tly1 no cell 9 ! s]ies is self-explanatory4 ,:5 x comes to acc\nt+ = its own exi/5ce1 ea* cell is a z]o 9 ! way ( explanation1 & add+ z]os toge!r indef9itely w nev] give u a positive total4 ,ea* cell ref]s u to its pr$ecessor = ! explanation ( :y x exi/s1 & none conta9s )9 itself ! suffici5t explanation ( its own exi/5ce4 ,h5ce increas+ ev5 to inf9ity ! numb] ( ^! cells 7:i* fail to expla9 !mselves7 w give u no?+ else b a z]o 9 ! way ( explanation4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! primordial cause f :i* ^! cellul> *a9s are susp5d$ is n ! ag5cy ( ! physico*emical =ces ( inorganic nature1 x foll[s t ! fir/ active cause ( life mu/ h be5 a sup]mat]ial & extramundane ag5cy1 namely1 ! ,liv+ ,god & ,au?or ( ,life4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 no "o d5ies t life has _h a beg9n+ on our globe4 ,! physici/ tea*es t a beg9n+ ( our entire sol> sy/em is impli$ 9 ! law ( ! degradation ( en]gy1 & v>i\s attempts h be5 made to det]m9e ! "t ( ?is beg9n+4 ,! old] calculations 7 bas$ on ! rate ( sol> radiation2 ! m rec5t ones1 h[ev]1 are bas$ on quantitative e/imates ( ! dis9tegration products ( radioactive elem5ts4 ,simil>ly1 ! geologi/ & ! a/ronom] prop\nd !ories ( a gradual con/itution ( ! cosmic environm5t1 :i* organic life requires = its support1 & all su* !ories imply a de novo orig9 or beg9n+ ( life 9 ! univ]se4 ,?us ! old nebul> hypo!sis ( ,laplace po/ulat$ a hot orig9 ( our sol> sy/em incompatible ) ! coxi/5ce ( organic life1 :i*1 z ! exp]im5ts ( ,pa/eur & o!rs h %[n1 is de/roy$1 9 all cases1 at a temp]ature j above #de ,c5tigrade 7#aac ,fahr5heit74 ,ev5 ! enzymes or organic cataly/s1 :i* are ess5tial = bio-*emical processes1 are de/roy$ at a temp]ature betwe5 #fj & #gj ,c5tigrade4 ,?is excludes ! possibility ( ! contemporane\sness ( protoplasm & inorganic matt]1 & po9ts to a beg9n+ ( life 9 our sol> sy/em4 ,moreov]1 indep5d5tly ( ?is !ory1 ! geologi/ sees 9 ! primitive cry/all9e rocks 7granites1 diorites1 basalts1 etc47 & 9 ! extant magmas ( volcanoes evid5ces ( an azoic age1 dur+ :i* temp]atures incompatible ) ! survival ( ev5 ! blue-gre5 alg or ! mo/ resi/5t bact]ial spores mu/ h prevail$ ov] ! surface ( ! globe4 ,9 fact1 x is g5]ally recogniz$ by geologi/s t ! igne\s or pyrog5ic rocks1 :i* conta9 no fossils1 prec$$ ! s$im5t>y or fossilif]\s rocks4 ,! new planetesimal hypo!sis1 x is true1 is said to be compatible ) a cold orig9 ( ! univ]se4 ,nev]!less1 ?is !ory assumes a v gradual cond5sation ( our cosmos out ( disp]s$ gases & /> du/1 :]eas life dem&s z ! s9e qua non condition ( its exi/5ce a diff]5tiat$ environm5t consi/+ ( a li?osph]e1 a hydrosph]e1 & an atmosph]e4 ,h5ce1 x is cle> t life did n orig9ate until su* an appropriate environm5t 0 an accompli%$ fact4 ,all !ories ( cosmogony1 !re=e1 po9t to a beg9n+ ( life subsequ5t to ! con/itution ( ! inorganic _w4 ,n[1 x is impossible = organic life to antec$e itself4 ,if1 !re=e1 x has _h a beg9n+ 9 ! _w1 x mu/ h _h a fir/ active cause di/9ct f itself2 & ! active cause1 9 "q1 mu/1 consequ5tly1 h be5 ei!r some?+ intr9sic1 or some?+ extr9sic1 to inorganic matt]4 ,! hypo!sis1 h[ev]1 ( a spontane\s orig9 ( life ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( =ces intr9sic to inorganic matt] is sci5tifically unt5able4 ,h5ce x foll[s t life orig9at$ ?r\gh ! action ( an immat]ial or spiritual ag5t1 namely1 ,god1 see+ t !re is no o!r assignable ag5cy capable ( br++ ab\t ! initial production ( life f lifeless matt]4 #i4 ,futile ,evasions ,_m & v>i\s are ! ef=ts made to escape ?is issue4 ,"o gr\p ( sci5ti/s1 = example1 attempt to rid !mselves ( ! difficulty by div]t+ our att5tion f ! problem ( a beg9n+ ( organic life 9 ! univ]se to ! problem ( its translation to a new habitat4 ,?is leg]dema9 has result$ 9 ! !ories ( cosmozoa or pansp]mia1 accord+ to :i* life orig9ates 9 a favorable environm5t1 n by reason ( spontane\s g5]ation1 b by reason ( importation f o!r worlds4 ,?is view has be5 pres5t$ 9 two =ms3 7#a7 ! 8meteorite0 !ory1 :i* repres5ts ! old] view held by ,?omson & ,helmholtz2 7#b7 ! m rec5t !ory ( 8cosmic pansp]mia0 advocat$ by ,svante ,arrhnius1 ) ,h4 ,e4 ,ri*t] & ,f4 ,j4 ,cohn z precursors4 ,sir ,wm4 ,?ompson sugge/$ t life might h be5 salvag$ f ! ru9s ( o!r worlds & c>ri$ to our own by means ( meteorites or fragm5ts ?r[n (f f life-be>+ planets t _h be5 de/roy$ by a cata/rophic collision4 ,^! meteorites dis*>g$ f bur/+ planets might c>ry g]ms to di/ant planets l ! e>?1 caus+ !m to become cov]$ ) vegetation4 ,aga9/ ?is !ory /&s ! fatal objection t ! transit ( a meteorite f ! ne>e/ /ell> sy/em to our own w\ld require an int]val ( #fj1jjj1jjj ye>s4 ,x is incr$ible t life c\ld be ma9ta9$ ?r\gh su* an enorm\s lapse ( "t4 ,ev5 f ! ne>e/ planet to our e>? ! duration ( ! j\rney w\ld be #aej ye>s4 ,besides1 meteorites are heat$ to inc&esc5ce :ile pass+ ?r\gh ! atmosph]e1 & any se$s !y might conta9 w\ld p]i% by reason ( ! heat ?us g5]at$1 n to speak ( ! t]rific impact1 :i* t]m9ates ! voyage ( a meteorite4 ,arrhnius sugge/s a me?od by :i* microrganisms might be convey$ ?r\gh int]sid]eal space ) f> great] dispat* & )\t any m9]al vehicle su* z a meteorite4 ,he notes t p>ticles ( cosmic du/ leave ! sun z a coronal atmosph]e & are propell$ ?r\gh int]v5+ space by ! pressure ( radiation until !y rea* ! high] atmosph]e ( ! e>? 7viz4 at a height ( #ajj kilomet]s f ! surface ( ! latt]71 :]e !y become ! electrically *>g$ du/ p>ticles ( pol> auroras 7v4g4 ! aurora borealis74 ,! motor =ce1 9 ?is case1 is ! same z t :i* moves ! vanes ( a ,crookes' radiomet]4 ,leb$eff has v]ifi$ ,cl]k-,maxwell's conceptions ( ?is =ce & has demon/rat$ its reality by exp]im5ts4 ,x is calculat$ t 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( a lum9\s surface l t ( ! sun ! pressure ex]t$ by radiation ^u an expos$ surface w\ld be ne>ly two milligrams p] squ>e c5timet]4 ,on a nontransp>5t p>ticle hav+ a diamet] ( #a4e microns1 ! pressure ( radiation w\ld j c\nt]balance ! =ce ( univ]sal gravitation1 :ile on p>ticles ^: diamet] 0 #j4af ( a micron1 ! pressure ( radiation w\ld be t5 times z great z ! pull ( gravitation4 ,n[ bact]ial spores hav+ a diamet] ( ,o4#c to ,o4#b ( a micron are kn[n to bact]iologi/s1 & ! ultramicroscope reveals ! pres5ce ( g]ms n m ?an ,o4#a ( a micron 9 size4#aa ,h5ce x is conceivable t g]ms ( su* dim5sions might be waft$ to limits ( our atmosph]e1 & might !n be transport$ by ! pressure ( radiation to di/ant planets or /ell> sy/ems1 provid$1 ( c\rse1 !y c\ld escape ! g]micidal action ( oxidation1 desiccation1 ultra-violet rays1 etc4 ,arrhnius calculates t _! j\rney f ! e>? to ,m>s w\ld1 "u su* circum/ances1 occupy a p]iod ( only #bj days4 ,)9 #hj days !y c\ld rea* ,jupit]1 & !y might arrive at ,neptune on ! conf9es ( our sol> sy/em aft] an int]val ( #c weeks4 ,! transit to ! con/ellation ( ! ,c5taur1 :i* conta9s ! sol> sy/em ne>e/ to our own 7! "o1 namely1 ^: c5tral sun is ! /> ,alpha71 w\ld require #i1jjj ye>s4 #aa ,rec5tly1 by means ( photography ) %ort-l5g? light waves1 ! bact]ia ( 8,foot-&-m\? disease10 invisible to ! highe/ p[] microscope1 h be5 reveal$ z rods ab\t #ajj submicrons 7i4e4 ,o4#a micron1 or ,o4#jjja millimet]7 9 l5g?4 7cf4 ,sci5ce1 ,may #cj1 #aibd1 ,supplem5t ,x47 ,g]ms ( ?is dim5sion c\ld be z easily transport$ by radiation z ! alleg$ electrically *>g$ />du/ 9 ! aurora borealis4 ,x may be ( int]e/1 h[ev]1 to note1 9 ?is connection1 t ! mo/ rec5t !ory ( ! aurora borealis disc>ds />du/ 9 favor ( nitrog5 sn[4 ,l>s ,veg>d1 a ,norwegian pr(essor1 ascribes ! peculi> gre5i% t9t 9 ! ,nor!rn ,lights to ! action ( sol> radiations on nitrog5 sn[1 :i* he assumes to exi/ at an altitude ( m ?an #fj miles above ! e>?4 ,:5 he cond5s$ cry/als ( solid nitrog5 on a copp] plate by freez+ ) liquid hydrog51 he f\nd t ^! cry/als1 aft] bomb>dm5t ) ca?ode rays1 emit a light ( gre5 color1 :i* gives ! same /rong gre5 spectrum l9e z ! spectrum ( ! aurora4 ,z ! solid nitrog5 evaporates1 x beg9s to emit ! r$di% light *>act]i/ic ( nitrog5 gas4 ,?is ph5om5on w\ld expla9 ! *anges ( color t occur 9 ! aurora borealis4 7cf4 ,sci5ce1 ,april #ah1 #aibd1 ,suppl4 ,x47 ,arrhnius' !ory1 h[ev]1 t 8life is an et]nal rebeg9n+0 expla9s no?+ & leaves u precisely :]e we 74 ,9 ! metaphysical z well z ! sci5tific s5se1 x is an evasion & n a solution4 ,to ! logical necessity ( putt+ an end to ! retrogradation ( ! subalt]nate conditions1 ^u :i* ! realities ( ! pres5t dep5d = _! actual exi/5ce1 we h already adv]t$4 ,moreov]1 ! reasons :i* induce ! sci5ti/ to po/ulate a beg9n+ ( life 9 our _w are n bas$ on any di/9ctive peculi>ity ( t _w1 b are univ]sally applicable1 x be+ e/abli%$ by ! te/imony ( ! spectroscope t o!r worlds are n diff]5tly con/itut$ ?an our own4 ,h5ce ,s*f] voices ! g5]al attitude ( sci5tific m5 :5 he says3 8,b ! acceptance ( su* !ories ( ! arrival ( life on e>? does n br+ u any ne>] to a conception ( its actual mode ( orig92 on ! contr>y1 x m]ely s]ves to bani% ! inve/igation ( ! "q to "s conv5i5tly inaccessible corn] ( ! univ]se & leaves u 9 ! unsatisfactory condition ( affirm+ n only t we h no k z to ! mode ( orig9 ( life--:i* is un=tunately true--b t we nev] c acquire su* k--:i* x is to be hop$ is n true4 ,kn[+ :at we "k1 & believ+ :at we believe1 444 we are1 ,i ?9k 7)\t d5y+ ! possibility ( ! exi/5ce ( life 9 o!r p>ts ( ! univ]se71 ju/ifi$ 9 reg>d+ ^! cosmic !ories z inh]5tly improbable40 7,dundee ,address ( #aiab1 cf4 ,smi?son4 ,in/4 ,rpt4 = #aiab1 p4 #ejc47 ,dismiss+1 !re=e1 all evasions ( ?is sort1 we may reg>d z sci5tifically e/abli%$ ! conclusion t1 s f> z our k goes1 inorganic nature lacks ! means ( self-vivification1 & t no inanimate matt] c become liv+ matt] )\t fir/ com+ "u ! influ5ce ( matt] previ\sly alive4 ,giv51 !re=e1 t ! conditions favorable to life did n always prevail 9 our cosmos1 x foll[s t life _h a beg9n+1 = :i* we are oblig$ to acc\nt by "s po/ulate o!r ?an abiog5esis4 ,?is conclusion seems inescapable = ^? :o conc$e ! sci5tific absurdity ( spontane\s g5]ation1 b1 by "s weird freak ( logic1 n only is x escap$1 b ! v opposite conclusion is rea*$ ?r\gh reason+1 :i* ! expon5ts are pleas$ to t]m philosophical1 z di/+ui%$ f sci5tific1 argum5tation4 ,! plight ( ^! 8h>d-head$ wor%ipp]s ( fact10 :o plume !mselves on _! contempt = 8metaphysics10 is sad inde$4 ,wor/$ 9 ! exp]im5tal field1 !y appeal ! case f ! c\rt ( facts to t apriori/ic philosophy4 8,physic ( metaphysic begs def5ce1 & metaphysic calls = aid on s5se60 ,life1 !y cont5d1 ei!r _h no beg9n+ or x mu/ h begun 9 our _w z ! product ( spontane\s g5]ation4 ,b all ! sci5tific !ories ( cosmogony exclude ! =m] alt]native4 ,consequ5tly1 n only is x n absurd to admit spontane\s g5]ation1 b1 on ! contr>y1 x is absurd n to admit x4 ,x is 9 ?is frame ( m9d t ,augu/ ,weismann is induc$ to confide to u 8t spontane\s g5]ation1 9 spite ( all ! va9 attempts to demon/rate x1 rema9s = me a logical necessity40 78,essays10 p4 #cd1 ,p\lton's ,transl47 ,! presupposition lat5t 9 all su* logic is1 ( c\rse1 ! assumption t no?+ b matt] exi/s2 =1 if ! possibility ( ! exi/5ce ( a sup]mat]ial ag5cy is conc$$1 !n obvi\sly we are n compell$ by logical necessity to ascribe ! initial production ( organic life to ! exclusive ag5cy ( ! physico*emical en]gies inh]5t 9 inorganic matt]4 ,weismann %\ld demon/rate 8 suppress$ premise t matt] co9cides ) reality & t spiritual is a synonym = nonexi/5t4 ,until su* "t z ?is unv]ifi$ & unv]ifiable affirmation is sub/antiat$1 ! philosophical pro( = abiog5esis is n an argum5t at all1 x is dogmatism pure & simple4 ,b1 !y prote/1 8,to d5y spontane\s g5]ation is to proclaim a miracle0 7,ngeli71 & natural sci5ce _c h rec\rse to 8miracles0 9 expla9+ natural ph5om5a4 ,= ! 8sci5ti/10 miracles are always absurd z contradict+ ! uni=mity ( nature1 & to recur to !m = ! solution ( a sci5tific problem is1 to put x mildly1 di/9ctly out ( ! "q4 ,h5ce ,haeckel reg>ds spontane\s g5]ation z m ?an demon/rat$ by ! b>e consid]ation t no alt]native rema9s except ! unspeakable sci5tific blasphemy impli$ 9 sup]/iti\s t]ms l 8miracle10 8creation10 & 8sup]natural40 ,= a 8?9k+ man10 ! m]e m5tion ( ^! abhorr5t words is1 or ought to be1 argum5t en\gh4 8,if we d n accept ! hypo!sis ( spontane\s g5]ation10 ,haeckel expo/ulates1 8we mu/ h rec\rse to ! miracle ( a sup]natural creation40 7,italics 8--8,hi/ory ( ,creation10 ,i1 p4 #cdh1 ,lanke/]'s ,transl47 ,x w\ld be a difficult matt]1 inde$1 to cram m blund]s into "o %ort s5t5ce6 ,we w n1 & ne$ n1 und]take to def5d ! sup]natural "h4 ,suffice x to say1 t ! initiation ( life 9 inorganic matt] by ! ,au?or ( ,life w\ld n be a creation1 nor a miracle1 nor a ph5om5on p]ta9+ to ! sup]natural ord]4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! m9imum =bids u to po/ulate ! sup]flu\s1 & a creative act w\ld be sup]flu\s 9 ! production ( ! fir/ organisms4 ,inorganic nature conta9s all ! mat]ial elem5ts f\nd 9 liv+ organisms1 & all organisms1 9 fact1 d]ive _! matt] f ! inorganic _w4 ,if1 !re=e1 !y are ?us dep5d5t 9 _! cont9uance ^u a supply ( matt] adm9i/]$ by ! inorganic _w1 x is to be presum$ t !y 7 likewise dep5d5t on t s\rce ( matt] 9 _! fir/ orig94 ,9 o!r words1 ! mat]ial sub/rata ( ! fir/ organisms 7 n produc$ anew1 b d]iv$ f ! elem5ts ( ! inorganic _w4 ,h5ce !y 7 n creat$1 b =m$ out ( prexi/5t matt]4 ,a creative act w\ld involve total production1 & exclude ! prexi/5ce ( ! con/itu5t mat]ial "u a diff]5t =m4 ,a =mative act1 on ! contr>y1 is a p>tial production1 :i* presupposes ! mat]ial out ( :i* a giv5 ?+ is to be made4 ,h5ce ! ,div9e act1 :]eby organic life 0 fir/ educ$ f ! passive pot5tiality ( inorganic matt]1 0 =mative & n creative4 ,elem5ts prexi/5t 9 ! inorganic _w 7 comb9$ & intr9sically modifi$ by impress+ ^u !m a new specification1 :i* rais$ !m 9 ! entitive & dynamic scale1 & integrat$ !m into units capable ( self-regulation & reflexive action4 ,?is modification1 h[ev]1 0 intr9sic to ! matt] involv$ & no?+ 0 inject$ into matt] f )\t4 ,obvi\sly1 !re=e1 ! production ( ! fir/ organisms 0 n a creation1 b a =mation4 ,/ill less 0 x a miracle2 = a miracle is a visible int]position 9 ! c\rse ( nature by a p[] sup]ior to ! p[]s ( nature4 ,a giv5 effect1 !re=e1 is t]m$ miracul\s ) express ref]5ce to "s exi/+ natural ag5cy1 ^: efficacy x1 9 "s way1 exce$s4 ,if !re exi/$ 9 inorganic nature "s natural process ( self-vivification1 !n any ,div9e int]position to produce life indep5d5tly ( ?is natural ag5cy1 w\ld be a miracul\s int]v5tion4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 h[ev]1 inorganic nature is de/itute ( ?is p[] ( self-vitalization1 & consequ5tly no natural ag5cy 0 sup]s$$ or ov]ridd5 by ! initial imp>t+ ( life to lifeless matt]4 ,life 0 n orda9$ to orig9ate 9 any o!r way4 ,giv51 !re=e1 ?is impot5ce ( inorganic nature1 x foll[s t an initial vivification ( matt] by ,div9e p[] 0 dem&$ by ! v nature ( ?+s4 ,! ,div9e action did n come into competition1 z x 71 ) exi/+ natural ag5cies1 b 0 put =? 9 response to ! exig5cies ( nature itself4 ,x _c1 !re=e1 be reg>d$ z miracul\s4 ,nor1 f9ally1 is !re any w>rant = reg>d+ su* an initial vivification ( matt] z sup]natural4 ,only t is sup]natural :i* transc5ds ! nature1 p[]s1 & exig5cies ( all ?+s creat$ or creatable4 ,b1 z we h se51 if life 0 to exi/ at all1 a primal animation ( inanimate matt] by ,div9e p[] 0 dem&$ by ! v nature ( ?+s4 ,"h ! ,div9e action put =? 9 response to an exig5cy ( nature & t]m9at$ 9 ! con/itution ( liv+ nature itself4 ,n[1 ! effect ( a ,div9e action1 by :i* ! natures ( ?+s are initially con/itut$1 pla9ly p]ta9s to ! ord] ( nature1 & has no?+ to d ) ! sup]natural4 ,h5ce ! primordial con/itution by ,div9e p[] ( liv+ nature 0 n a sup]natural1 b a purely natural1 ev5t4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,human ,,s\l #a4 ,matt] & ,_s ,we live 9 an age 9 :i* sci5tific specialization is /ress$ z ! mo/ important means ( advanc+ ! int]e/s ( human k2 & specialism1 by reason ( its _m triumphs1 seems to h des]v$1 9 l>ge measure1 ! pre/ige :i* x n[ enjoys4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 ! di/9ct disadvantage ( fo/]+ prov9cialism & sep>atism4 ,?is lopsid$ le>n+ ( ! s+le track m9d is a condition t v]ges on p>anoia1 leads to nave contempt = all k n r$ucible to its own set ( =mul1 & port5ds1 9 ! ne> future1 a ,babel-l confusion ( tongues4 ,9 fact1 ! ne$ ( a corrective is beg9n+ to be felt 9 _m qu>t]s4 ,?is corrective c be none o!r ?an ! g5]al & syn!tic sci5ce ( philosophy2 x is philosophy alone t c furni% a common gr\nd & break d[n ! b>ri]s ( exclusiv5ess :i* immure ! special sci5ces )9 ! m9ds ( exp]ts4 ,sci5ti/s readily admit ! advantage ( philosophy 9 !ory1 b 9 practice _! approval is f> f be+ unqualifi$4 ,a subs]vi5t philosophy1 :i* accepts )\t hesitation all ! curr5t dogmas ( contempor>y sci5ce1 is "o ?+1 & a critical philosophy v5tur+ to apply ! canons ( logic to s-call$ sci5tific pro( is q ano!r4 ,philosophy ( ! latt] type is promptly in=m$ t x has no "r to any op9ion :atev]1 & t only ! sci5tific speciali/ is qualifi$ to speak on su* subjects4 ,b ! disqualification1 :i* is suppos$ to arise f lack ( special k1 is j z promptly =gott51 :5 !re is "q ( philosophy 9 ! rle ( a pliant sycophant1 & ! works ( a ,wells or a van ,loon are laud$ to ! skies1 despite ! gl>+ examples ( sci5tific inaccuracy & ignorance1 9 :i* !y ab\nd4 ,?is p>tiality is sometimes c>ri$ to a degree t makes x p]fectly prepo/]\s4 ,?us x is by no means an infrequ5t ?+ to f9d sci5ti/s dismiss+1 z unwor?y ( a he>+1 a philosoph] l ,hans ,dries*1 :o sp5t ! major portion ( 8 life 9 biological rese>*1 & comb9$ ! te*nical discipl9e ( a sci5ti/ ) ! m5tal discipl9e ( a logician4 ,! *emi/1 ,h4 ,e4 ,arm/rong1 = in/ance1 sees 9 ! m]e label 8philosoph]0 a suffici5t reason = b>r+ 8 te/imony4 8,philosoph]s10 je]s ! *emi/1 ) flippant irrelevance1 8mu/ g to s*ool & /udy 9 ! purlieus ( exp]im5tal sci5ce1 if !y desire to speak ) au?ority on ^! matt]s40 7,smi?son4 ,in/4 ,rpt4 = #aiab1 p4 #ebh47 ,su* is 8 comm5t on ,dries*1 yet ,dries* did no?+ at all1 if he did n d f> m ?an ,arm/rong prescribes z a pr]equisite = au?oritative speak+4 ,9 ,james ,h>vey ,rob9son1 on ! contr>y1 we h an example ( ! t5d5cy ( sci5ti/s to coddle philosoph]s :o assume a docile1 def]5tial1 & submissive attitude t[>ds e g5]alization prop\nd$ 9 ! "n ( natural sci5ce4 ,9 %e] gratitude = 8 uncritical acquiesc5ce1 8 incapacitation z a nonspeciali/ is consid]ately ov]look$1 & he c confess1 )\t ! slighte/ dang] ( discr$it+ 8 own utt]ances3 8,i am n 444 a biologi/ or palontologi/4 ,b ,i h _h ! privilege ( consort+ famili>ly ) "s ( ! v be/ repres5tatives ( ^? :o h devot$ _! lives to ! pati5t /udy ( ! matt]s involv$ 9 ?is controv]sy4 ,i ?9k ,i q und]/& _! attitude40 7,h>p]'s ,magaz9e1 ,june1 #aibb1 p4 #fh47 ,by 8 own te/imony he is a sci5tific amateur1 b ?is does n1 9 ! lea/1 prev5t him f 8speak+ ) au?ority0 or f be+ lioniz$ 9 sci5tific circles z an evolution>y 8def5d] ( ! fai?40 ,cle>ly1 x is ! nature ( _! respective views1 & n ! possession or abs5ce ( te*nical k1 :i* makes ,rob9son a favorite1 & ,dries* a p]sona non grata1 ) 8! v be/ repres5tatives0 ( contempor>y sci5ce4 8,sci5ce10 says a writ] 9 ! ,atlantic ,mon?ly 7,oct41 #aiae71 8has turn$ all philosophy out ( doors except t :i* cl+s to its skirts2 x has ?r[n contempt on all le>n+ t does n dep5d ^u x2 & x has brib$ ! sket*es by giv+ u imm5se mat]ial com=ts40 ,"h1 h[ev]1 we are conc]n$ ) ! fact1 r ?an ! ju/ice1 ( ?is discrim9ation :i* ! sci5tific _w makes betwe5 philosoph] & philosoph]4 ,c]ta9 x is t ,rob9son has receiv$ no end ( encomiums f sci5ti/s1 :o app>5tly lack ! lit]>y gifts to exp\nd _! own philosophy1 & t 8 claim to repres5t ! views ( a l>ge & influ5tial section ( ! sci5tific _w is1 9 all probability1 entirely correct4 ,x is ?is manife/ approval ( sci5tific m5 :i* l5ds especial int]e/ to ! rem>ks ( ?is sci5tific dilettante1 & we %all quote !m z express+ ! preval5t sci5tific view on ! orig9 ( man1 a view :i*1 ) b slight v>iations1 has p]si/$ f ! "t ( ,d>w9 d[n to ! pres5t day4 8,! recognition10 says ,rob9son1 8t mank9d is a species ( animal1 is1 l o!r important discov]ies1 illum9at+40 7,sci5ce1 ,july #bh1 #aibb1 p4 #gd47 ,to ref] to ! recognition ( man's animality z a discov]y is a conceit too /upid = m]e words to ca/igate4 ,surely1 !re 0 no ne$ ( ! pr(\nd rese>* or delicate precision ( mod]n sci5ce to detect ! all too obvi\s simil>ity exi/+ betwe5 man & bea/4 ,mank9d did n h to await ! adv5t ( an 8enlight5$0 n9ete5?1 or tw5tie? c5tury to be assur$ ( ! tru? ( a commonplace s trite & palpable4 ,ev5 ! 8b5ight$0 s*ola/ics ( m$ieval infamy _h wit en\gh to def9e man z a rational animal4 ,inde$1 x w\ld be a libel on human intellig5ce to suppose t anyone1 9 ! :ole hi/ory ( human ?\ght1 0 ev] suffici5tly fatu\s to dispute ! pat5t fact t man is a s5ti5t organism comp\nd$ ( fle%1 blood1 bone1 & s9ew l ! brute4 ,! 8discov]y0 t man is a species ( animal dates f ! ye> "o ( human exi/5ce1 & x is n[ high "t = ! novelty ( ?is discov]y to be worn (f4 ,ev5 z a difficulty aga9/ human sup]iority & immortality1 ! 8recognition0 is by no means rec5t4 ,we f9d x squ>ely fac$ 9 a book ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ! entire book be+ devot$ to ! solution ( ! difficulty 9 "q4 8,i said 9 my he>t conc]n+ ! e/ate ( ! sons ( m5 444 t !y might see !y are !mselves bea/s4 ,= t :i* befalle? ! sons ( m5 befalle? bea/s2 ev5 "o ?+ befalle? !m2 z ! "o die? s die? ! o!r2 yea1 !y h all "o brea?2 s t man ha? no preem95ce above a bea/2 = all is vanity4 ,all g unto "o place2 all are ( ! du/1 & all return to du/4 ,:o kn[e? ! _s ( man :e!r x goe? upw>d1 & ! _s ( ! bea/ :e!r x goe? d[nw>d to ! e>?80 7,ecclesia/es1 ,,iii3 #ah-ba47 ,! sacr$ writ] insi/s t1 s f> z ! body is conc]n$1 man & ! brute /& on ! same level2 b :at ( ! human s\l8 ,is x1 he asks1 resolvable into matt] l ! s\l ( a bea/1 or is x a sup]mat]ial pr9ciple de/9$1 n = "t1 b = et]nity8 ,at ! close ( ! book1 ! conclusion is rea*$ t ! latt] alt]native is ! true solution ( ! riddle ( human nature--8! du/ returne? to ! e>? :5ce x 01 & ! _s returne? to ,god :o gave x40 7,*4 ,,xii1 v4 #g47 ,c5turies1 !re=e1 be=e ! ,*ri/ian era1 ?is problem 0 =mulat$ by ,ecclesia/es1 ! ,jew1 & also1 z we %all pres5tly see1 by ,ari/otle1 ! coryphu ( ,greek philosophy4 ,nay1 f "t immemorial man1 contra/+ 8 aspirations aft] immortality ) ! spectacle ( corporal dea?1 has appreciat$ to ! full ! significance ( 8 own animality4 ,nev] 0 !re "q ( :e!r man is1 or is n1 j z ?or\ghly an animal z any bea/1 b r ( :e!r1 8 animal nature be+ unhesitat+ly conc$$1 we are n1 none ! less1 =c$ to recognize 9 him1 ov] & above ?is1 ! exi/5ce ( a spiritual m9d or s\l1 diff]5tiat+ him f ! brute & con/itut+ him a be+ unique1 despite ! unmi/akable homologies disc]nible betwe5 be/ial organisms & ! human body4 ,ev]y:]e & always mank9d z a :ole h manife/$1 by ! univ]sal & uniquely human practice ( bury+ ! dead1 _! unsw]v+ & indomitable conviction t man is _s z well z fle%1 an animal1 inde$1 yet animat$ by some?+ n pres5t 9 ! animal1 namely1 a spiritual s\l1 dea?less & inde/ructible1 capable ( surviv+ ! decay ( ! organism & ( p]si/+ ?r\gh\t et]nity4 ,b1 if ! human m9d or s\l is spiritual1 x is cle> t x _c be a product ( organic evolution1 any m ?an x c be a product ( p>5tal g5]ation4 ,on ! contr>y1 ea* & e human s\l mu/ be an imm$iate creation ( ! ,au?or ( ,nature1 n evolv$ f ! int]nal pot5tiality ( matt]1 b infus$ into matt] f )\t4 ,! human s\l is creat$ 9 organiz$ matt]1 b n f x4 ,nor c ! ,div9e action1 9 ?is case1 be reg>d$ z a sup]natural int]position2 = x supplem5ts1 r ?an sup]s$es1 ! natural process ( reproduction2 &1 s9ce x is n 9 matt] to produce _s1 a creative act is dem&$ by ! v nature ( ?+s4 ,evolution is no?+ m nor less ?an a transmutation ( matt]1 & a transmutation ( matt] _c t]m9ate 9 ! annihilation ( matt] & ! con/itution ( non-matt] or _s4 ,if no?+ ( ! t]m9us a quo p]si/s 9 ! f9al product1 we h sub/itution1 & n transmutation4 ,! evolution ( matt]1 !re=e1 _c progress to a po9t :]e all mat]iality is elim9at$4 ,h5ce1 :atev] proce$s f matt]1 ei!r z an emanation or an action1 w1 ( necessity1 be mat]ial4 ,x %\ld be not$1 h[ev]1 t by mat]ial we d n mean corporeal2 = mat]ial d5otes n m]ely matt] itself1 b ev]y?+ t intr9sically dep5ds on matt]4 ,! t]m1 !re=e1 is wid] 9 its s5se ?an corporeal1 because x comprises1 besides matt]1 all ! prop]ties1 en]gies1 & activities ( matt]4 ,h5ce :atev] is incapable ( exi/5ce & activity ap>t f matt] 7:e!r pond]able or impond]able7 belongs to ! mat]ial1 z di/+ui%$ f ! spiritual1 ord] ( ?+s4 ,! s\l ( a brute1 = example1 is n matt]1 b x is mat]ial1 nev]!less1 because x is totally dep5d5t on ! matt] ( ! organism1 ap>t f :i* x has nei!r exi/5ce nor activity ( its own4 ,9 ! con/itution ( ! s5ti5t or animal s\l1 matt] rea*es ! culm9ation ( its passive evolution4 ,true1 its inh]5t physico*emical =ces d n suffice to br+ ab\t ?is consummation1 :]e) its int]nal pot5tiality is exhau/$4 ,nev]!less1 ! em]g5ce ( an animal s\l f matt] is conceivable1 giv5 an ag5cy compet5t to educe x f ! intr9sic pot5tiality ( matt]2 =1 9 ! la/ analysis1 ! animal s\l is simply an int]nal modification ( matt] itself4 ,b1 if _s is t :i* exi/s1 or is1 at lea/1 capable ( exi/5ce1 ap>t f matt]1 x goes )\t say+ t _s is nei!r d]ivable f1 nor resolvable into1 matt] ( any k9d4 ,consequ5tly1 x _c be evolv$ f matt]1 b mu/ be produc$ 9 matt] by creation 7i4e4 total production74 ,to make ! human m9d or s\l a product ( evolution is equival5t to a d5ial ( its spirituality1 because x implies t ! human s\l l t ( ! brute1 is inh]5t 9 ! pot5tiality ( matt]1 & is !re=e a purely mat]ial pr9ciple1 totally dep5d5t on ! matt]1 ( :i* x is a p]fection4 ,betwe5 su* a s\l & ! s5ti5t pr9ciple pres5t 9 ! bea/1 !re w\ld be no ess5tial diff]5ce ( k9d1 b only an accid5tal diff]5ce ( degree2 & ?is is precisely :at ,d>w9 & 8 successors h sp>$ no ef=t to demon/rate4 ,james ,h>vey ,rob9son is refre%+ly frank on ?is subject1 & we w !re=e let him be spokesman = ^? :o are m retic5t3 8,x is ! extraord9>ily illum9at+ discov]y 7sic7 ( man's animalhood r ?an evolution 9 g5]al t tr\bles ! r\t9e m9d4 ,_m are will+ to admit t x looks z if life _h develop$ on ! e>? sl[ly1 9 successive /ages2 ?is !y c reg>d z a m]ely curi\s fact & ( no great mom5t if only man c be def5d$ z an honorable exception4 ,! fact t we h an animal body may also be conc$$1 b surely man mu/ h a s\l & a m9d altoge!r di/9ct & unique f ! v beg9n+ be/[$ on him by ! ,creator & sett+ him (f an immeasurable di/ance f any m]e animal4 ,b :atev] may be ! religi\s & poetic significance ( ?is compromise x is becom+ less & less t5able z a sci5tific & hi/oric tru?4 ,! facts indicate t man's m9d is q z cle>ly ( animal extraction z 8 body40 7,sci5ce1 ,july #bh1 #aibb1 p4 #ie--;italics 847 ,?is language has1 at lea/1 ! m]it ( be+ unambigu\s1 & leaves u 9 no unc]ta9ty z to :]e ! writ] /&s4 ,x discloses1 likewise1 ! animus :i* motivates 8 peculi> int]e/ 9 trans=mi/ic !ories4 ,if evolution 7 incapable ( be+ exploit$ 9 behalf ( mat]iali/ic philosophy1 ,mr4 ,rob9son1 we may be sure1 w\ld soon lose int]e/ 9 ! !ory1 & w\ld once m align himself ) ! company1 :i* he has s inappropriately des]t$1 namely1 8! r\t9e m9ds0 t reg>d evolution 8z a m]ely curi\s fact ( no great mom5t40 ,be t z x may1 8 f9al appeal is to ! 8facts10 & x is to ! facts1 accord+ly1 t we %all g2 b !y w n be ! irrelevant 8facts0 ( anatomy1 physiology1 & palontology4 ,sci5ces su* z ^! conf9e _! att5tion to ! ext]nal manife/ations ( human life1 & c tell u no?+ ( man's inn] consci\sness4 ,x does n1 !re=e1 devolve ^u !m to pron\nce f9al judgm5t ^u ! orig9 ( man4 ,= t :i* is ! di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ic ( man is n 8 animal nature1 t he %>es 9 common ) ! brute1 b 8 rational nature1 :i* alone diff]5tiates him f 8a bea/ t wants disc\rse ( reason40 ,we _c settle ! "q z to :e!r or n man's m9d is 8( animal extraction0 by comp>+ 8 body ) ! bodies ( irrational v]tebrates4 ,to in/itute ! requisite comp>ison betwe5 ! rational m5tality ( man & ! purely s5ti5t consci\sness ( irrational animals falls )9 ! exclusive compet5ce ( psy*ology1 :i* /udies ! int]nal manife/ations ( life z !y are pres5t$ to ! intuition ( consci\sness1 r ?an biology1 :i* /udies life accord+ to su* ( its manife/ations z are p]ceptible to ! ext]nal s5ses4 ,h5ce x is )9 ! doma9 ( psy*ology alone1 t man c be /udi$ on 8 di/9ctively human1 or rational1 side1 & x is to ?is sci5ce1 accord+ly1 t we mu/ turn 9 our se>* = facts t are g]mane to ! problem ( ! orig9 ( man & ! g5esis ( ! human m9d4 ,h[ little1 inde$1 does he "k ( human nature1 ^: k ( x is conf9$ to man's insignificant anatomy & biology1 & :o kn[s no?+ ( ! triumphs ( human g5ius 9 lit]ature1 art1 sci5ce1 ar*itecture1 music1 & a ?\s& o!r fields6 ,psy*ology alone c evaluate ^! m>vels1 & no o!r sci5ce c be ( l assi/ance 9 solv+ ! problem ( :e!r man is1 or is n1 unique among all 8 fell[s ( ! animal k+dom4 #b4 ,! ,sci5ce ( ! ,s\l ,z a di/9ct sci5ce1 psy*ology owes its orig9 to ,ari/otle1 ^: 8,p]i ,psy*es0 is1 9 all probability1 ! fir/ =mal treatise on ! subject4 ,?r\gh 8 fa!r1 ,ni*oma*us1 :o 0 c\rt physician to ,philip ( ,mac$on1 he became acqua9t$1 at an e>ly age1 ) biological lore 9 ! =m ( su* m$ical botany1 anatomy1 & physiology z 7 commonly kn[n 9 presci5tific days4 ,subsequ5tly1 8 celebrat$ pupil1 ,alex&] ! ,great1 plac$ at 8 disposal a va/ libr>y1 toge!r ) ext5sive opportunities = biological rese>*4 ,?is enabl$ ! philosoph] to criticize & summ>ize ! obs]vations & speculations ( 8 pr$ecessors 9 ! field1 & to improve ^u !m by means ( p]sonal reflection & rese>*4 ,9 writ+ 8 psy*ology1 he 0 naturally =c$ to proce$ on ! basis ( ! facts discov]able by int]nal exp]i5ce 7introspection7 & unaid$ ext]nal obs]vation4 ,( su* facts z are only accessible by means ( in/rum5tation & sy/ematic exp]im5tation1 he c\ld1 ( c\rse1 "k no?+1 s9ce _! exploration await$ ! adv5t ( mod]n me*anical & optical inv5tions4 ,b ! factual f\ndation ( 8 treatise1 ?\gh n ext5sive1 0 solid1 s f> z x w5t1 & 8 selection1 analysis1 & evaluation ( ! mat]ials at h& 0 s accurate & judici\s1 t ! broad outl9es ( 8 sy/em h be5 v9dicat$ by ! te/ ( "t1 & all ! results ( mod]n exp]im5tal rese>* fit1 ) surpris+ facility1 into ! framework ( 8 g5]alizations1 revision be+ n[h]e necess>y save 9 noness5tials & m9or details4 ,wilhelm ,wundt1 ! ,fa!r ( ,exp]im5tal ,psy*ology1 pays him ! foll[+ tribute3 8,! results ( my labors d n squ>e ) ! mat]iali/ic hypo!sis1 nor d !y ) ! dualism ( ,plato or ,desc>tes4 ,x is only ! animism ( ,ari/otle :i*1 by comb9+ psy*ology ) biology1 results z a plausible metaphysical conclusion f ,exp]im5tal ,psy*ology40 78,grundzge d] physiologis*5 ,psy*ologie10 #dte ,auflage1 ,,ii1 ,c4 #bc1 ,s4 #fcc47 ,lit]ally translat$1 ! title ( ,ari/otle's "w signifies a treatise conc]n+ ! s\l4 ,x set a prec$5t = ! s*ola/ic doctors ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 & de anima became ) !m a te*nical designation = all works deal+ ) ?is !me4 ,9 ! sixte5? c5tury ! selfsame usage 0 embalm$ 9 ! ,greek t]m psy*ology1 :i* 0 co9$ ) a view to r5d]+ ! elliptic ,lat9 title by means ( a s+le ^w4 ,melan*?on is cr$it$ ) hav+ orig9at$ ! t]m1 :i*1 9 its orig9al use z well z its etymology1 d5ot$ a sci5ce ( ! psy*e or s\l4 ,t[>ds ! close ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 h[ev]1 ! mean+ ( ! t]m 9 "q began to und]go a m>vel\s evolution1 ( :i* ! end is n yet4 ,! process 0 initiat$ by ,desc>tes1 "u ^: auspices psy*ology 0 *ang$ f a sci5ce ( ! s\l into a sci5ce ( ! m9d4 ,!n1 "u ! influ5ce ( ,hume & ,kant1 ! n\m5al m9d disappe>$1 leav+ only ph5om5al consci\sness4 ,rec5tly1 ) ! adv5t ( ,watson1 ev5 consci\sness itself has be5 disc>d$ & psy*ology has become a sci5ce ( behavior4 ,& "h1 = ! "t be+1 at any rate1 ! process has come to a /op1 j "o /ep %ort ( complete nihilism4 ,woodwor? quotes ! foll[+ waggi% comm5t3 8,fir/ psy*ology lo/ its s\l1 !n x lo/ its m9d1 !n x lo/ consci\sness2 x /ill has behavior ( a k9d40 78,psy*ology1 ! ,sci5ce ( ,m5tal ,life10 p4 #b1 footnote47 ,?is gradual deg5]ation ( psy*ology f animism into behaviorism is "o ( ! greate/ ironies 9 ! hi/ory ( human ?\ght4 ,all ( ?is1 h[ev]1 0 lat5t 9 ! corrosive ,c>tesian pr9ciple ( 8sci5tific d\bt40 ,facilis desc5sus ,av]ni6 ,x is easy to "q ! validity ( ?is or t k9d ( human k1 b difficult to arre/1 or ev5 =esee1 ! consequ5ces :i* ! remorseless logic ( scepticism port5ds4 ,dis9tegration set 91 z has be5 said1 :5 ,desc>tes sub/itut$ 8 psy*ophysical dualism ( m9d & matt] = ,ari/otle's hylomorphic dualism ( s\l & body4 ,! ,fr5* philosoph]1 9 an app5dix to 8 8,m$itations10 :i* dates f #afgj1 expressly rejects ! ,ari/otelian t]m ( s\l or psy*e1 & ann\nces 8 pref]5ce = m9d or _s1 9 ! foll[+ words3 8,! sub/ance 9 :i* ?\ght imm$iately resides is "h call$ m9d 7m5s1 esprit74 ,i "h speak1 h[ev]1 ( m5s 7m9d7 r ?an anima 7s\l71 = ! latt] is equivocal1 be+ frequ5tly appli$ to d5ote :at is mat]ial0 78,reply to ! ,second ,objections10 p4 #hf74 ,h5ce=? psy*ology ceas$ to be a sci5ce ( ! s\l1 & became1 in/ead1 a sci5ce ( ! m9d4 ,desc>tes1 "o mu/ be> 9 m9d1 divid$ ! univ]se into two great realms ( be+1 namely3 ! consci\s & ! unconsci\s1 ! psy*ic _w ( m9d & ! physical _w ( matt]1 unext5d$ sub/ance :i* ?9ks & ext5d$ sub/ance :i* moves4 ,9 man ^! two sub/antial pr9ciples 7 conceiv$ z be+ unit$ by ! t5u\s l9k ( m]e contact1 ! _s or m9d rema9+ sep>ate f1 & unm+l$ )1 its mat]ial p>tn]1 ! body4 ,! ma9 tr\ble ) ?is dualism is t x draws ! l9e ( dem>cation at ! wrong place4 ,reason & s5se-consci\sness are bracket$ toge!r above ! l9e z be+ equally spiritual2 physiological processes & processes purely physico*emical are c\pl$ bel[ ! l9e z be+ equally me*anical4 ,n[1 :5 a bra9-function su* z s5se-p]ception is introduc$1 l ano!r ,trojan ,horse1 into ! citadel ( spiritualism1 x is a comp>atively easy task = mat]ialism to /orm & sack t citadel by demon/rat+ ) a ?\s& neuro-physiological facts t all s5sory functions are rigidly correlat$ ) neurological processes1 t !y are1 9 %ort1 functions ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 & !re=e purely mat]ial 9 nature4 ,on ! o!r h&1 once we retreat f ! tr5* ( di/9ction betwe5 ! processes ( unconsci\s or vegetative life & ! physico*emical processes ( ! inorganic _w1 t mom5t we h lo/ ! /rategic position 9 ! conflict ) me*anism1 & no?+ avails to /ay its triumphant onru%4 ,h5ce1 f fir/ to la/1 x is p]fectly cle> t ! trea*]\s psy*ophysical dualism ( ,desc>tes has done f> m h>m to ! cause ( spiritualism ?an all ! assaults ( mat]ialism4 ,!re is a ,lat9 maxim :i* says3 ,extrema sese tangunt--8,extremes come 9 contact ) ea* o!r40 ,! ultraspiritualism ( ,desc>tes by conf\nd+ spiritual1 ) organic consci\sness1 leads by ! mo/ direct r\te to ! opposite extreme ( crass mat]ialism4 ,ari/otle's dualism ( matt] & =m1 :i* is b a physical application ( 8 transc5d5tal dualism ( pot5cy 7dynamis7 & act 7entele*y71 is v diff]5t f ! ,c>tesian dualism ( ! physical & ! psy*ic4 ,accord+ to ! ,ari/otelian view1 z we h se5 9 ! la/ *apt]1 all ! physical entities or sub/antial units ( nature 7bo? liv+ & inorganic7 are fundam5tally dual 9 _! ess5ce1 ea* consi/+ ( a def9itive pr9ciple call$ entele*y & a pla/ic pr9ciple call$ matt]4 ,entele*y is ! integrat+ det]m9ant1 ! s\rce ( ! unit's coh]5ce & ( its diff]5tiation f units ( ano!r type4 ,matt] is ! det]m9able & quantify+ factor1 9 virtue ( :i* ! unit is pot5tially-multiple & end[$ ) mass4 ,9 ! electro-*emical reactions ( non-liv+ sub/ances 7syn!sis1 analysis1 & transmutation71 entele*y is ! v>iant & matt] is ! con/ant2 9 ! metabolic activities ( liv+ sub/ances 7assimilation & dissimilation71 matt] is ! v>iant & entele*y is ! con/ant4 ,?is p]si/5t entele*y ( ! liv+ unit or organism is :at ,ari/otle t]ms ! psy*e or s\l4 ,! latt]1 !re=e1 may be def9$ z ! vital pr9ciple or prim>y s\rce ( life 9 ! organism4 ,b 9 us+ su* t]ms z 8s\l0 & 8vital pr9ciple0 we are employ+ expressions aga9/ :i* n m]ely rabid me*ani/s1 b _m cons]vative biologi/s z well1 see fit to prote/4 ,! opposition ( ! latt]1 h[ev]1 is f\nd on clos] scrut9y to be nom9al r ?an real4 ,x is ! "n :i* (f5ds2 !y h no objection to ! ?+ signifi$4 ,wilson1 to cite a p]t95t example1 rejects z mean+less all su* t]ms z 8vital pr9ciple10 8s\l10 etc4 8,!y are words10 he av]s1 8t h be5 writt5 into c]ta9 spaces t are o!rwise blank 9 our record ( k1 & z f> z ,i c see no m ?an ?is40 78,biology10 p4 #bc1 #aijh47 ,yet he himself affirms aga9 & aga9 ! exi/5ce ( ! reality :i* ^! t]ms 7und]/ood 9 _! ,ari/otelian s5se7 d5ote4 ,9 discuss+ ! relation ( ! tissue cell to ! multicellul> body1 = in/ance1 he speaks ( 8a =mative p[] p]vad+ ! gr[+ mass z a :ole40 78,! ,cell10 #bnd ed41 p4 #ei71 &1 9 8 rec5t lecture on ! 8,physical ,basis ( ,life10 he makes allusion to 8! integrat+ & unify+ pr9ciple 9 ! vital processes40 7,sci5ce1 ,m>* #i1 #aibc1 p4 #bhd47 ,x w\ld seem1 !re=e1 t ,wilson's av]sion to su* t]ms z s\l & vital pr9ciple is bas$ on ! dynamic s5se assign$ to !m by ! neo-vitali/s1 :o1 z we h se51 reg>d ! vital pr9ciple z a =ce sui g5]is or a unique ag5t1 :i* op]ates intrusively among physico*emical factors 9 ! rle ( an active or effici5t cause ( vital functions4 ,t su* is really ! case1 appe>s f 8 rhetorical "q3 8,%all we !n jo9 h&s ) ! neo-vitali/s 9 ref]r+ ! unify+ & regulatory pr9ciple to ! op]ation ( an unkn[n p[]1 a directive =ce1 an ar*u1 an entele*y or a s\l80 7,loc4 cit41 p4 #bhe--;italics m9e47 ,! objection1 h[ev]1 does n apply to ^! t]ms us$ 9 _! ,ari/otelian s5se4 ,9 ! philosophy ( ! ,/agirite1 ! s\l1 l all o!r entele*ies1 is a cause 9 ! entitive1 b n 9 ! dynamic1 ord] ( ?+s4 ,its efficacy is =mal1 n effici5t4 ,x is n an ag5t1 b a specify+ type4 ,! organism mu/ be integrat$1 specifi$1 & exi/5t be=e x c op]ate1 & h5ce its integration & specification by ! s\l is prior to all vital activity4 ,! s\l is a con/itu5t ( be+ & n an imm$iate pr9ciple ( action4 ,! s\l is n ev5 an entity 79 ! s5se ( a complete & sep>ate be+71 b r an incomplete entity or con/itu5t ( an entity4 ,x takes a complete entity to be an ag5t1 & ! s\l or vital entele*y is n an indep5d5t exi/5t1 :i* is someh[ ins]t$ into ! organism1 b an incomplete be+ :i* has no exi/5ce ( its own1 b only coexi/5ce1 9 ! composite t x =ms ) ! organism4 ,nor is !re any su* ?+ z a special vital =ce resid5t 9 ! organism4 ,! executive factors 9 all vital op]ations ( ! organic ord] are ! physico*emical en]gies1 :i* are native to matt] 9 g5]al4 ,^! =ces1 z we h se51 receive a reflexive ori5tation & are elevat$ to a high] plane ( effici5cy by reason ( _! association ) an entele*y sup]ior to ! b9d+ & type-det]m9+ pr9ciples pres5t 9 inorganic units1 b !y are n supplant$ or sup]s$$ by a new executive =ce4 ,wilson's fe>1 !re=e1 t ! exp]im5tal analysis ( life is disc\rag$ by vitalism1 inasmu* z ?is conception subtracts some?+ f ! effici5cy ( ! physico*emical =ces1 is gr\ndless 9 ! case ( hylomorphic vitalism1 b is well-f\nd$ 9 ! case ( su* sy/ems z ! neo-vitalism ( ,dries* & ! spiritualism ( ,desc>tes4 ,summ+ up1 !re=e1 we may say t ! s\l1 l o!r entele*ies1 is consub/antial ) its mat]ial sub/rate1 ! body4 ,true x is m autonom\s ?an are ! inflexible entele*ies ( inorganic nature1 inasmu* z x is indep5d5t ( any giv5 atom1 molecule1 or cell 9 ! organic aggregate4 ,su* a degree ( fre$om1 = example1 is n possess$ by ! mo/ complex molecules1 :i* %[ no o!r flexibility ?an tautom]ism1 ev5 ?is small readju/m5t involv+ a *ange 9 _! specificity4 ,b ?is autonomy does n preclude ! ess5tial dep5d5ce ( ! s\l ^u ! body4 ,g5]ally speak+1 ! s\l is incapable ( exi/5ce ap>t f its total sub/rate1 ! organism4 ,we say1 g5]ally speak+1 because1 z previ\sly intimat$1 an exception mu/ be made 9 ! case ( ! human s\l1 :i*1 be+1 z we %all see1 a self-subsi/5t & spiritual entele*y1 is by itself1 ap>t f its mat]ial sub/rate1 a suffici5t subject ( exi/5ce1 & is !re=e capable ( surviv+ ! dissolution ( its complem5t>y pr9ciple1 ! organism4 ,nev]!less1 ev5 9 man1 ! s\l =ms "o sub/ance ) ! organism1 & ! organism p>ticipates z a coffici5t factor 9 all 8 vital functions1 bo? physiological & psy*ic1 exclud+ only ! sup]organic or spiritual functions ( rational ?\ght & volition1 ^: ag5t & recipi5t is ! s\l alone4 ,9 man1 !n1 s\l & body unite to =m a s+le sub/ance1 a s+le nature1 & a s+le p]son4 ,ap>t f ! body1 ! human s\l is1 inde$1 a complete entity1 9 ! s5se t x is capable ( subsi/5ce 7indep5d5t exi/5ce71 b1 9 ano!r s5se1 x is n a complete entity1 because ap>t f ! body x _c con/itute a complete nature or complete p]sonality4 ,x is ?is ess5tial incomplet5ess ( ! disc>nate human s\l t =ms ! natural basis ( ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e ( ! ,resurrection ( ! ,dead4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 x is important to note ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! hylomorphic spiritualism ( ,ari/otle & ! psy*ophysical spiritualism ( ,desc>tes4 ,by ! latt] all consci\s or physic functions are reg>d$ z spiritual4 ,! =m]1 h[ev]1 recognizes ! fundam5tal diff]5ce :i* exi/s betwe5 ! l[] or animal1 & ! high] or rational functions ( our consci\s life4 ,s5se-p]ception & s5sual emotion belong to ! =m] class1 & mu/ be reg>d$ z organic functions1 ^: ag5t & subject is nei!r ! s\l alone nor ! organism alone1 b ! s\l-in=m$ organism or sub/antial composite ( body & s\l4 ,rational ?9k+ & will+1 on ! contr>y1 are classifi$ z sup]organic or spiritual functions1 inasmu* z !y exclude ! cog5cy ( ! organism & h ! s\l alone = _! active cause & receptive subject4 ,! s\l1 9 f9e1 is ! =mal pr9ciple or prim>y s\rce ( ! ?reefold life 9 man1 namely1 ! metabolic life1 :i* man %>es ) plants1 ! s5ti5t life1 :i* he %>es ) animals1 & ! rational life1 :i* is uniquely human4 ,! human s\l is (t5 spok5 ( z ! m9d4 ,9 _! diction>y s5se1 bo? t]ms d5ote "o & ! same reality1 namely1 ! human entele*y or vital pr9ciple 9 man1 b ! connotation ( ^! t]ms is diff]5t4 ,! t]m s\l signifies ! vital pr9ciple 9 s f> z x is ! prim>y s\rce ( e k9d ( life 9 man1 t is1 vegetative1 s5ti5t1 & rational4 ,! t]m m9d1 h[ev]1 connot+ consci\s r ?an unconsci\s life1 signifies ! vital pr9ciple 9 s f> z x is ! root & gr\nd ( our consci\s life 7bo? s5ti5t & rational74 ,"h1 h[ev]1 ! di/9ction is ( no great mom5t1 & ! t]ms may be reg>d$ z synonym\s4 ,! def9itions :i* we h giv5 are1 ( c\rse1 blasphem\s 9 ! e>s ( our mod]n neo-,kantian ph5om5ali/s1 ^: pref]5ce is = a functional1 r ?an a sub/antial1 m9d or s\l2 b we w pay our respects to !m lat]4 ,x is cle>1 h[ev]1 f :at has be5 said1 t1 = evid5ces ( ! sup]iority & spirituality ( ! human s\l1 we mu/ recur1 n to ! ext]nal manife/ations ( our nutritive life1 b to ! int]nal manife/ations ( our consci\s life4 ,! latt] are :olly inaccessible to ! ext]nal s5ses & p]ceptible only to ! intuition ( consci\sness1 introspection1 or int]nal exp]i5ce1 z x is v>i\sly call$4 ,all our self-k re/s on ! basis ( introspection1 & )\t x ! sci5ce ( psy*ology w\ld be impossible4 ,9 fact1 n only psy*ology1 b ! physical sci5ces z well1 dep5d = _! validity on ! te/imony ( consci\sness2 = ! ext]nal _w is only kn[able to ! ext5t t x ent]s ! doma9 ( our consci\sness4 ,rec5tly1 z we h se51 a t5d5cy to discr$it int]nal exp]i5ce has aris5 among mat]iali/ic extremi/s4 ,?is 8t5d5cy10 to quote ! words ( ,keys]1 8mo/ notably repres5t$ by ! behaviori/ s*ool ( psy*ologi/s 7l ,pr(essor ,watson1 = example71 is manife/ 9 ! di/ru/ ( introspections z a means ( k ( m5tal ph5om5a & 9 ! gr[+ dep5d5ce ( psy*ology ^u ext]nal obs]vation ( animal & human behavior & ^u physiological exp]im5t1 z if matt] 7 reg>d$ #8z some?+ mu* m solid & indubitable ?an m9d' 7,b]tr& ,russell740--,c4 ,j4 ,keys]1 ,sci5ce1 ,nov4 #be1 #aiba1 p4 #ebj4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 all our k dep5ds on ! validity ( consci\sness1 su* a t5d5cy is suicidal & de/ructive ( all sci5ce1 :e!r physical or psy*ological4 ,! attempts1 !re=e1 ( me*ani/s1 l ,loeb1 & behaviori/s1 l ,watson1 to disp5se ) consci\sness ov]rea* !mselves4 ,= h[ c ! me*ani/s "k t !re are su* ?+s z tropisms1 tactisms1 or reaction-sy/ems1 h[ c ! behaviori/ /udy su* ?+s z 8situations10 8adju/m5ts10 & ,s-,r-bonds1 h[ c ! mat]iali/ become aw>e ( ! exi/5ce ( molecules & atoms1 except ?r\gh ! m$ium ( _! own consci\s or psy*ic /ates8 ,/ates ( matt] c be kn[n only by means ( /ates ( m9d1 & ! =m]1 !re=e1 _c be any m real ?an ! latt]4 8,:at1 aft] all10 asks ,c>d9al ,m]ci]1 8is a fact ( nature if ! m9d has n seiz$1 exam9$1 & assimilat$ x8 ,true1 ! in=mation ( consci\sness is (t5 prec>i\s4 ,= ?is reason we d well to aid & control x by sci5tific app>atus4 ,^! app>atus1 h[ev]1 c only aid1 nev] supplant1 introspection4 ,! telescope does n replace ! eye1 b ext5ds its vision40 78,relation ( ,exp4 ,psy*4 to ,philosophy10 pp4 #dj1 #da--,trans4 ( ,wir?47 #c4 ,! ,nature ( ! ,human ,s\l ,n[ our inn] consci\sness be>s unmi/akable witness to ! exi/5ce )9 u ( an abid+ subject ( our ?\ghts1 feel+s1 & desires4 ,9 biology1 ! s\l is reveal$ to u z a b9d+-pr9ciple1 t ob/ructs dissolution ( ! organism1 & a p]si/5t type t ma9ta9s its id5tity amid an incessant flux ( matt] & fl[ ( en]gy4 ,cle>] /ill is te/imony ( introspective psy*ology1 :i* reveals all our psy*ic activities & /ates z successive modifications ( ?is p]man5t 8,i10 8self10 8p]sonality10 or 8m9d10 accord+ z we *oose to express x4 ,human language proves ?is mo/ =cibly2 = ! intram5tal facts & data ( our consci\s life simply _c be s mu* z intelligibly express$1 mu* less1 def9$1 or diff]5tiat$ f ! extram5tal facts ( ! physical _w1 )\t us+ t]ms t include a ref]5ce to ?is selfsame p]si/5t subject ( ?\ght1 feel+1 & volition4 ,ev5 invet]ate ph5om5ali/s1 l ,wundt1 ,james1 & ,tit*5]1 are oblig$ to submit to ?is inexorable l+ui/ic law1 9 common ) _! unsci5tific bre?r51 ! g5]ality ( mank9d1 al?\gh !y d s only aft] futile attempts at a 8sci5tific revision0 ( gramm>1 & ) mu* grumbl+ ov] ! 8b>b>\s conceptions0 ( ! gross-head$ aborig9es :o inv5t$ human language4 ,be t z x may1 no =mulation ( m5tal facts is possible except 9 t]ms t ei!r d5ote or connote ?is p]man5t s\rce & gr\nd ( human ?\ght & feel+1 z is app>5t1 = example1 f su* phrases z3 8,i ?9k10 8,i wi%10 8,i he>02 8m5tal /ates0 7i4 e4 ( ! m9d72 psy*ic functions 7i4 e4 ( ! psy*e72 subjective idealism 7i4 e4 ( ! subject72 a consci\s act 7f con-scire3 8to "k along )10 because 9 consci\s acts ! subject is kn[n along ) ! object74 ,! ph5om5ali/s occasionally succe$1 9 _! 8mo/ precise0 passages1 9 omitt+ to m5tion ! p]son1 kn[]1 or ?9k] beh9d ?\ght1 b !y d s only at ! co/ ( sub/itut+ p]sonal pron\ns1 & ( ?us br++ back ?r\gh ! w9d[ :at !y h j eject$ by way ( ! door4 ,our consci\sness1 !re=e1 makes u inv9cibly aw>e ( ! exi/5ce ( a sup]ficially v>iable1 b radically un*angeable1 subject ( our m5tal life4 ,x does n1 h[ev]1 tell u any?+ conc]n+ ! nature ( ?is prim>y gr\nd ( ?\ght1 :e!r1 = example1 x is id5tical ) ! c]ebral cortex1 or some?+ di/9ct !refrom1 :e!r x is ph5om5al or sub/antial1 dynamic or entitive1 spiritual or mat]ial4 ,to decide ^! que/ions ! unanalyz$ factual data ( int]nal exp]i5ce d n suffice1 b !y d suffice to e/abli% ! reality ( ! ego or subject ( ?\ght4 ,lat] we %all see t ! analysis ( ^! data1 :5 tak5 9 conjunction ) o!r facts1 =ces u to pr$icate ( ! s\l su* attributes z sub/antiality1 simplicity1 & spirituality1 b "h !y are cit$ solely = _! factual =ce & n = _! logical implications4 ,! ph5om5ali/ic s*ools ( ,int]actionism & ,psy*ophysical ,p>allelism d5y ! sub/antiality ( ! s\l1 & seek to resolve x into s\rceless & subjectless processes4 ,a ph5om5al m9d or s\l1 h[ev]1 c\ld n be ! prim>y gr\nd ( m5tal life1 = ! simple reason t ph5om5a presuppose a support+ m$ium 7o!rwise !y w\ld be self-ma9ta9+1 & !re=e1 sub/antial74 ,n[ t :i* presupposes _c be a prim>y pr9ciple1 b only a second>y1 or t]ti>y pr9ciple4 ,consequ5tly1 a functional m9d c\ld n be ! prim>y & irr$ucible gr\nd ( m5tal life1 b only t ( :i* x is a function1 :e!r t some?+ is a mat]ial1 or a spiritual sub/ance4 ,= ! pres5t1 we are n int]e/$ 9 ! nature ( ?is ultimate sub/rate1 we are cont5t ) ! fact t x really exi/s4 ,ph5om5ali/s 7l ,wundt1 ,pauls51 & ,james7 are v inconsi/5t :5 !y admit mat]ial molecules z ! ext5d$ sub/rate ( extram5tal or physical ph5om5a1 :ile d5y+ ! exi/5ce ( ! m9d or ego z ! inext5d$ sub/rate ( intram5tal or psy*ic ph5om5a4 ,all sub/ance1 :e!r mat]ial or spiritual1 is inaccessible to ! s5ses4 ,ev5 mat]ial sub/rates are manife/$ only by _! ph5om5a1 be+ 9 !mselves sup]s5sible & 8metaphysical40 ,if1 !n1 ! human und]/&+ is in]rant 9 ascrib+ a mat]ial sub/rate to extram5tal ph5om5a1 !n x is equally in]rant 9 attribut+ to intram5tal ph5om5a ! intimate sub/rate call$ m9d1 :e!r ?is sub/rate be a spiritual sub/ance1 or a mat]ial sub/ance l ! sub/rate ( physical ph5om5a & t ( organic life4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! ,psy*ophysical ,p>alleli/s actually d r$uce m5tal ph5om5a to a mat]ial sub/rate 7viz4 ! c]ebral cortex74 ,_! ph5om5alism1 :i* we w refute pres5tly1 is b a dis+5u\s attempt to gloss ov] _! fundam5tal mat]ialism4 ,at all ev5ts1 !y are will+ to admit an ultimate sub/antial gr\nd ( ?\ght & volition1 provid$ x is n claim$ t ?is sub/rate is ( a spiritual nature4 ,! b>e exi/5ce ( "s sub/rate1 h[ev]1 is all t we ass]t1 = ! pres5t4 ,be=e leav+ ?is topic1 we wi% to call att5tion to ! fact t ! subject ( ?\ght & desire is active z well z passive4 ,m9d1 9 o!r words1 is n m]ely a p]si/5t m$ium :]e9 passive m5tal /ates are ma9ta9$1 b an active & syn!tic pr9ciple z well4 ,m5tal processes1 l ^? ( judgm5t1 reason+1 & recognition1 require a unit>y & unify+ pr9ciple1 :i* actively exam9es & comp>es our impressions & ?\ghts1 9 ord] to disc]n _! relations to "o ano!r & to itself4 ,mat]iali/ic psy*ology1 9 spite ( ! pla9 te/imony ( consci\sness1 is all = ignor+ ! m9d 9 its active rle z ! p]cipi5t ( ! id5tities & discrepancies ( ?\ght1 & = reg>d+ m9d z a m]e complex ( m5tal /ates or transi5t flux ( fleet+ imag]y4 ,x is well1 !n1 to be> 9 m9d ! indubitable facts ( int]nal exp]i5ce1 to :i* ,c>d9al ,m]ci] calls att5tion4 8,engli% psy*ology10 he obs]ves1 8_h attempt$ a k9d ( anatomy ( consci\sness4 ,x made all consi/ 9 passive s5sations or impressions4 ,^! impressions came toge!r1 fus$1 dissociat$ "u ! guidance ( c]ta9 laws1 pr9cipally ^? ( simil>ity & dissimil>ity4 ,! :ole process 0 entirely passive )\t ! int]v5tion ( any active subject4 ,x 0 psy*ology )\t a s\l4 ,n[ t ?+s are be+ exam9$ a little m closely1 psy*ologi/s f9d t !re are a lot ( consci\s /ates t are )\t ! slighte/ d\bt active on ! "p ( ! subject4 ,!re are a numb] ( m5tal /ates ^u :i* ! subject br+s 8 att5tion to be>1 & att5tion 7f ad-t5d]e7 means activity4 ,ord9>ily we d n "k ! int5sity ( a s5sation )\t comp>+ x ) ano!r prec$+ "o4 ,?is "w ( comp>ison1 or1 z ! ,engli% call x1 discrim9ation1 is necess>ily activity4 ,! ,associationi/s _h conf\nd$ ! fact ( coxi/5ce ) ! p]ception ( simil>ity or dissimil>ity4 ,suppos+ ev5 t ! coxi/5ce ( two m5tal /ates 7 entirely passive1 x /ill rema9s true t ! notion ( _! simil>ity or dissimil>ity requires an act ( p]ception4 ,x is absolutely impossible to conceive psy*ical life )\t an active subject :i* p]ceives itself z liv+1 notes ! impressions x receives1 comp>es its acts1 associates & dissociates !m2 9 a ^w1 !re c be no psy*ology )\t a p]ceiv+ subject :i* psy*ologi/s call esprit1 or ) ! ,engli%1 #8m9d4'0 7,op4 cit41 pp4 #eb-ed--;italics 847 ,! conflict betwe5 ph5om5alism & ! cle> te/imony ( consci\sness is summ$ up 9 ! foll[+ words ( ,t4 ,fonta9e3 8,if all ?+s are ph5om5a1 !n we ourselves c be no?+ m ?an ev5ts unkn[n to "o ano!r2 9 ord]1 !n1 t su* ev5ts may appe> to u unit$1 s t we may be able to decl>e _! succession )9 u1 x is necess>y t some?+ else besides !m %\ld exi/2 & ?is some?+ else1 ?is l9k t b9ds !m toge!r1 ?is pr9ciple t is consci\s ( _! succession1 c be no?+ else ?an a non-ev5t or non-ph5om5on1 namely1 a sub/ance1 an ego sub/antially di/9ct f s5sations40 78,la s5sation et la p5se10 p4 #bc47 ,= ! ph5om5ali/s1 m9d is b a collective t]m = ! ph5om5al s]ies ( our transitory ?\ghts & feel+s4 ,) ,wundt1 !y disc>d ! sub/antial or entitive s\l = a dynamic or functional "o1 8die aktuelle ,seele40 7,cf4 ,grundz4 d] ,phys4 ,psy*41 ed4 #e?1 ,,iii1 p4 #geh et seq47 ,?\ght antec$es itself by becom+ its own ?9k]2 = ,tit*5] tells u3 8,! pass+ ?\ght w\ld seem to be ! ?9k]40 78,pr4 ( ,psy*410 ,i1 p4 #cdb47 ,we d n ?9k1 b ?\ght ?9ks2 ,john does n walk1 b walk+ walks2 a]oplanes d n fly1 b flight flies2 air does n vibrate1 b vibration vibrates4 ,! ph5om5ali/ objectivates 8 subjective ab/ractions1 divorces processes f _! ag5ts1 & sub/antializes ph5om5a4 ,! s\rce ( 8 error is a confusion ( ! ideal1 ) ! real1 ord] ( ?+s4 ,because x is possible = u to consid] a ?\ght ap>t f any det]m9ate ?9k]1 by means ( a m5tal ab/raction1 he v falsely concludes t x is possible = a ?\ght to exi/ )\t a concrete ?9k]4 ,x w\ld be obvi\sly absurd to suppose t ! s-call$ ,grign>d reaction c\ld occur )\t def9ite reactants1 m]ely because we c ?9k ( x )\t specify+ any p>ticul> k9d ( alkyl halide2 x w\ld be prepo/]\s to inf]1 f ! fact t vibration c be consid]$ indep5d5tly ( any concrete m$ium su* z air1 wat]1 or e!r1 t !re=e a pure vibration c exi/ )\t any vibrat+ m$ium2 & x is equally absurd to project an ab/raction l subjectless ?\ght into ! realm ( exi/5t reality4 ,ab/ractions are ideal entities ( ! m9d2 !y c h no real exi/5ce outside ! doma9 ( ?\ght4 ,h5ce to assign a real or extralogical exi/5ce to actions1 modalities1 & prop]ties1 9 isolation f ! concrete subjects1 to :i* !y belong1 is a proc$ure t is n legitimate 9 any o!r _w ?an ,alice's ,wond]l&1 :]e1 we are told1 ! ,*e%ire ,cat left beh9d 8 notori\s gr9 long aft] 8 b5ign c\nt5ance _h fad$ f view4 ,8 faceless gr9 is a fitt+ comm5t on ! neo-,kantian folly ( ^? :o1 z ,l4 ,*iesa says1 8speak ( ph5om5a )\t sub/ance1 ( s5sations )\t subject1 ( ?\ghts )\t ! ,ego1 to :i* !y belong1 imitat+ 9 ?is way ! poets1 :o p]sonify honor1 virtue1 beauty1 etc4 ,n[ all ?is proce$s exclusively f a confusion ( ! subjective ab/raction ) ! reality1 & f ! assumption t ! ph5om5on1 = example1 exi/s )\t sub/ance1 because we are able 7by means ( ab/raction7 to consid] ! =m] indep5d5tly ( ! latt]40 78,la ,base del ,realismo10 p4 #ci47 ,9 o!r words1 ! m9d is capable ( sep>at+ 7repres5tatively1 ( c\rse1 & n physically7 its own ph5om5a f itself1 b ?is is no w>rant = transf]r+ ! ab/ractions ?us =m$ f ! ideal1 to ! real1 ord] ( ?+s4 ,s mu* = ! s\l's sub/antiality1 b x is a simple1 z well z a sub/antial1 pr9ciple1 t is to say1 x is inext5d$1 uncomp\nd$1 incorporeal1 & n disp]s$ into quantitative p>ts or p>ticles4 ,9 o!r words1 x is n a composite ( con/itu5t elem5ts or complex ( integral p>ts1 b some?+ really di/9ct f ! body & p]ta9+ to a diff]5t ord] ( reality ?an matt]4 ,?is1 z we h se51 does n necess>ily mean t x is immat]ial1 9 ! s5se ( be+ intr9sically indep5d5t ( matt]4 ,9 a ^w1 simplicity does n involve spirituality 7absolute immat]iality74 ,n only plant & animal s\ls1 b ev5 m9]al entele*ies1 are simple1 9 ! negative s5se ( exclud+ ext5sion1 corporeality & disp]sal into quantitative p>ts1 b !y are1 none ! less1 intr9sically dep5d5t on matt] & are !re=e mat]ial pr9ciples4 ,t ! s\l or vital entele*y is really di/9ct f its mat]ial sub/rate is app>5t f ! p]5nial process ( metabolism enact$ 9 ! liv+ organism4 ,9 ?is process1 matt] is ! v>iant & entele*y or specific type is ! con/ant4 ,h5ce ! two pr9ciples are n only di/9ct1 b sep>able4 ,moreov]1 ! s\l's rle z a b9d+-pr9ciple t ob/ructs dissolution is incompatible ) its disp]sal into quantitative p>ts2 = su* a pr9ciple1 f> f be+ able to b9d1 w\ld require b9d+ itself1 & c\ld n1 !re=e1 be ! prim>y s\rce ( unification 9 ! organism4 ,f9ally1 ! s\l mu/ be incorporeal2 s9ce1 if x 7 a corporeal mass1 x c\ld n be 8a =mative p[] p]vad+ ! gr[+ mass z a :ole0 7,wilson72 = ?is w\ld involve ! p5etration ( "o body by ano!r4 ,consequ5tly1 ! s\l is a simple1 inext5d$1 incorporeal reality undisp]s$ into quantitative p>ts4 ,introspective psy*ology be>s witness to ! same tru?2 = consci\sness re9=c$ by memory atte/s ! sub/antial p]man5ce ( our p]sonal id5tity4 ,we bo? ?9k & regulate our practical conduct 9 accordance ) ?is s5se ( un*ang+ p]sonal id5tity4 ,all recognition ( ! pa/ means simply ?is1 t we p]ceive ! sub/antial id5tity ( our pres5t1 ) our pa/1 selves ?r\gh\t all ! exp]i5ces & vicissitudes ( life4 ,!re is an inmo/ core ( our be+ :i* is un*ang+ & :i* rema9s always id5tical ) itself1 9 spite ( ! fl[ ( ?\ght & ! metabolic *anges ( ! life-cycle4 ,x is ?is t gives u ! s5se ( be+ always id5tically ! same p]son1 f infancy to maturity1 & f maturity to old age4 ,x is ?is t con/itutes ! ?read ( cont9uity :i* l9ks our ye/]days ) today1 & makes u morally responsible = all ! delib]ate de$s ( a lifetime4 ,c\rts ( law d n acquit a crim9al because he is 9 a diff]5t frame ( m9d f t :i* induc$ him to commit murd]1 nor d !y excuse him on ! score t metabolism has made him a diff]5t mass ( fle% f t :i* p]petrat$ ! crime4 ,su* philosophies z ph5om5alism & mat]ialism are purely academic4 ,ev5 _! advocates d>e n r$uce !m to consi/5t practice 9 ev]yday life4 ,nor c ! cases ( alt]nat+ p]sonalities be adduc$ z c\nt]evid5ce4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ^! cases are psy*opa?ic & n normal4 ,9 ! second1 !y are due1 n to a modification ( p]sonality itself1 b to a modification 9 ! p]ception ( p]sonality4 ,s9ce ?is p]ception is1 z we %all see1 extr9sically dep5d5t on c]ebral imag]y1 any neuropa?ic affection is liable to modify ! p]ception ( p]sonality by s]i\sly di/urb+ ! imag]y1 on :i* x dep5ds4 ,b 7pace ,wundt & ,james7 ! p]ception ( p]sonality is "o ?+1 & p]sonality itself q ano!r4 ,p]ception does n produce its objects1 b presupposes !m1 & self-p]ception is no exception to ?is rule4 ,introspection1 !re=e1 does n create our p]sonality1 b reveals & repres5ts x4 ,if !n to ! intuition ( consci\sness our p]sonality appe>s z an un*ang+ pr9ciple t rema9s always sub/antially id5tical ) itself1 x foll[s t ?is p]ception mu/ be t]m9at$ by some?+ m durable ?an a flux ( transi5t molecules or a /ream ( fleet+ ?\ght4 ,unless ?is p]ceptive act has = its object "s unit>y & uni=mly p]si/5t reality di/9ct f our composite1 corruptible bodies1 & n id5tifi$ ) our transitory ?\ghts1 ?is s5se ( p]man5t p]sonal id5tity w\ld be utt]ly impossible4 ,mat]ialism1 :i* recognizes no?+ m 9 man ?an a decay+ organism1 a m]e vortex ( flu5t molecules1 is at a loss to acc\nt = our consci\sness ( be+ always ! same p]son4 ,ph5om5alism1 :i* id5tifies m9d or self ) ! 8?\ght-/ream10 is equally impot5t to acc\nt = ?is s5se ( our abid+ sam5ess4 ,james' attempt at a ph5om5ali/ic explanation ( ! p]si/5t cont9uity ( self1 on ! assumption t ea* pass+ ?\ght kn[s its rec$+ pr$ecessor & becomes kn[n1 9 turn1 by its successor1 is pu]ile4 ,to pass ov] o!r flaws1 ?is absurd !ory enc\nt]s an insup]able difficulty 9 sleep1 :i* int]rupts1 = a consid]able int]val1 ! fl[ ( consci\s ?\ght4 ,?\ght is a transi5t reality1 :i* passes1 s f> z its actuality is conc]n$1 & c only rema9 9 ! =m ( a p]man5t effect4 ,unless1 !re=e1 !re 7 "s p]si/5t m$ium 9 :i* ! la/ wak+ ?\ght c\ld leave a p]man5t ve/ige ( itself1 ! process ( relay+ ! pa/ c\ld nev] be resum$1 & we w\ld lose our p]sonal id5tity e tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,! m9d1 or subject ( ?\ght1 !n1 mu/ be an abid+ & unit>y pr9ciple di/9ct f our composite bodies1 & f our manifold & fleet+ ?\ghts4 ,f9ally1 to ! two =ego+ attributes ( ! human s\l 7sub/antiality & simplicity71 we mu/ add a ?ird & cr[n+ attribute1 namely1 spirituality4 ,x is ?is1 & ?is alone1 t diff]5tiates ! human f ! be/ial s\l1 :i* latt] is b an incomplete complem5t ( matt]1 incapable ( exi/5ce ap>t f matt]1 & doom$ to p]i% ) ! dissolution ( ! organism1 z ! cyl9drical =m ( a c&le p]i%es ) ! consumption ( ! wax by ! flame4 ,all ! psy*ic activities ( ! brute1 su* z s5sation1 object-p]ception1 imag9ation1 associative memory1 s5sual emotion1 etc41 are organic functions ( ! s5sitivo-n]v\s type4 ,9 all ( !m ! ag5t & recipi5t is n ! s\l alone1 b ! psy*o-organic composite ( s\l & organism1 t is1 ! s\l-in=m$ s5sory & c5tral neurons ( ! c]ebrosp9al sy/em4 ,! s5sory neurons are n]ve cells t transmit c5t]w>d ! excitations ( physical /imuli receiv$ by ! ext]nal s5se organs or receptors1 9 :i* _! axon-fib]s t]m9ate4 ,^! receptors & s5sory neurons are ext5d$ mat]ial organs proportion$ & specializ$ = receiv+ physical impressions f ext]nal bodies1 ei!r directly ?r\gh surface-contact ) ! bodies !mselves or _! d]ivative p>ticles 7e4g4 9 t\*1 ta/e & smell71 or indirectly ?r\gh surface-contact ) an ext5d$ vibrant m$ium su* z air1 wat]1 or e!r 7e4g4 9 he>+ & sight74 ,! c5tral neurons ( ! c]ebral cortex are1 z x 71 ! tablets1 ^u :i* ! excitations transmitt$ ?i!r by ! s5sory neurons1 record ! ext5d$ neurograms t con/itute ! physical basis ( ! concrete imag]y ( memory & imag9ation4 ,int]ior s5ses1 !n1 l memory & imag9ation1 m]ely cont9ue & comb9e :at 0 prexi/5t 9 ! ext]ior s5ses4 ,_! composite imag]y is rigidly proportion$ to ! ext5d$ neurograms impr9t$ on ! c]ebral neurons1 & ^! neurograms1 9 turn1 are det]m9$ bo? qualitatively & quantitatively by ! physical impressions receiv$ by ! receptors1 & ^! impressions1 f9ally1 are exactly proportion$ to ! action ( ! mat]ial /imuli 9 contact ) ! receptors4 ,?us ! composite images ( imag9ation z well z ^? ( direct p]ception are proportion$ to ! und]ly+ neurograms ( ! cortex & correspond exactly1 z reg>ds quality1 int5sity1 & ext5sity1 to ! orig9al /imulus affect+ ! ext]nal receptors4 ,h5ce m5 born bl9d c nev] imag9e color1 nor c m5 born deaf ev] imag9e s\nd4 ,an inext5d$ pr9ciple1 su* z ! disc>nate s\l1 _c receive or record impressions f ext5d$ vibrant m$ia1 or f ext5d$ corporeal masses4 ,= ?is ! s\l requires ! intr9sic cop]ation ( mat]ial receptors4 ,n[1 ! highe/ cognitive & appetitive functions ( ! brute 7e4g4 s5se-p]ception & emotion7 are1 z has be5 /at$1 ( ! s5sitivo-n]v\s or psy*o-organic type1 t is1 !y are functions 9 :i* ! mat]ial organism intimately cop]ates2 brute animals give no indication ( hav+ s mu* z a s+le function1 :i* proce$s f ! s\l alone & :i* is n communicat$ to ! organism4 ,h5ce ! be/ial s\l is 8totally imm]s$0 9 matt]2 z reg>ds bo? op]ation & exi/5ce1 x is 8intr9sically dep5d5t0 ^u its mat]ial complem5t1 ! organism4 ,x nev] op]ates save 9 conjunction ) ! latt]1 & its sole reason = exi/5ce is adequately summ$ up 9 say+ t x exi/s1 n = its own sake1 b m]ely to vivify & s5sitize ! organism4 ,consequ5tly1 ! brute s\l1 ?\gh inext5d$ & incorporeal1 belongs1 n to ! spiritual1 b to ! mat]ial1 ord] ( ?+s4 ,is ! human s\l equally mat]ial 9 nature1 or does x belong to ! spiritual category ( be+8 ,! /ate ( ! "q has long s9ce be5 =mulat$ = u by ,ari/otle3 8,a fur!r difficulty10 he says1 8arises z to :e!r all attributes ( ! s\l are also %>$ by t :i* has ! s\l or :e!r any ( !m are peculi> to ! s\l itself3 a problem :i* x is imp]ative1 & yet by no means easy1 to solve4 ,x w\ld appe> t 9 mo/ cases x nei!r acts nor is act$ ^u ap>t f ! body3 z1 e4g41 9 ang]1 c\rage1 desire1 & s5sation 9 g5]al4 ,?\ght1 if any?+1 w\ld seem to be peculi> to ! s\l4 ,yet if ?\ght is a sort ( imag9ation1 or some?+ n indep5d5t ( imag9ation1 x w foll[ t n ev5 ?\ght is indep5d5t ( ! body4 ,if1 !n1 !re be any functions or affections ( ! s\l t are peculi> to x1 x w be possible = ! s\l to be sep>at$ f ! body3 if1 on ! o!r h&1 !re is no?+ peculi> to x1 ! s\l w n be capable ( sep>ate exi/5ce40 78,p]i ,psy*es10 ,bk4 ,i1 *ap4 ,i1 #i47 ,we %all see t ! human s\l has c]ta9 op]ations :i* x dis*>ges indep5d5tly ( ! intr9sic cog5cy ( ! organism1 e4g41 ab/ract ?\ght 7n to be conf\nd$ ) ! concrete imag]y ( ! imag9ation7 & delib]ate volition 7to be di/+ui%$ f ! urge ( ! s5sual appetite74 ,h5ce1 ov] & above ! organic functions1 :i* x dis*>ges 9 conjunction ) ! mat]ial organism1 ! human s\l has sup]organic functions1 ( :i* x is itself1 9 its own "r1 ! exclusive ag5t & recipi5t4 ,9 o!r words1 x exi/s = its own sake & n m]ely to p]fect ! body4 ,! ,ari/otelian argum5t = ! spirituality ( ! human s\l consi/s 9 ! application ( a self-evid5t pr9ciple or axiom to c]ta9 facts ( int]nal exp]i5ce4 ,! axiom 9 "q is ! foll[+3 8,! nature ( an ag5t is reveal$ by its action02 or1 to phrase x some:at diff]5tly3 8,e be+ op]ates aft] ! same mann] t x exi/s40 ,! factual data1 to :i* ref]5ce is made1 are man's high] psy*ic functions1 9 :i* ! s\l alone is ! active cause & receptive subject1 namely3 ! rational or sup]organic functions ( ?9k+ & will+4 ,! argum5t may be =mulat$ ?us3 ,e ag5t exi/s aft] ! same mann] t x op]ates4 ,b 9 rational cognition & volition ! s\l acts )\t ! co-ag5cy ( ! mat]ial organism4 ,!re=e ! human s\l c exi/ )\t ! coexi/5ce ( ! mat]ial organism4 ,b ?is is tantam\nt to say+ t x is a spiritual reality irr$ucible to matt] & incapable ( d]ivation f matt]4 ,= we def9e t z spiritual1 :i* exi/s1 or is1 at lea/1 capable ( exi/+1 )\t matt]4 ,consequ5tly1 ! human s\l is a sup]mat]ial & immortal pr9ciple1 :i* does n ne$ ! body to ma9ta9 itself 9 exi/5ce1 & c1 on t acc\nt1 survive ! dea? & dissolution ( its mat]ial complem5t1 ! organism4 ,su* a reality1 z we h se51 _c be a product ( evolution1 b c only come into exi/5ce by way ( creation4 ,! axiom1 t activity is ! expression or manife/ation ( ! entity :i* und]lies x1 ne$s b little elucidation4 ,9 ! g5esis ( human k1 ! dynamic is prior to bo? ! /atic & ! entitive4 ,we d$uce ! nature ( ! cause f ! *anges or effects t x produces4 ,action1 9 %ort1 is ! prim>y datum ^u :i* our k ( be+ re/s4 ,x is ! spectrum ( sol> light emitt$ by !m1 :i* enables u to det]m9e ! nature ( ! *emical elem5ts pres5t 9 ! di/ant ,sun4 ,x is ! reaction ( an unkn[n comp\nd ) a te/ reag5t t furni%es ! *emi/ ) a clue to its composition & /ructure4 ,x is ! special type ( tissue deg5]ation caus$ by ! specific tox9 eng5d]$ by an invisible disease g]m t enables ! pa?ologi/s to id5tify ! latt]1 etc41 etc4 ,s mu* = ! axiom4 ,reg>d+ ! psy*ological facts1 a m l5g?y exposition is requir$4 ,to beg9 )1 !re is prima facie evid5ce aga9/ ! cont5tion t ! high] psy*ic functions 9 man are indep5d5t ( ! organism4 ,injury & deg5]ation ( ! c]ebral cortex result 7v (t51 at lea/7 9 insanity & idiocy4 ,reason1 !re=e1 is 9 "s way dep5d5t ^u ! organism4 ,babies1 too1 are incapable ( rational ?\ght until su* a "t z ! n]v\s sy/em is fully develop$4 ,obvi\sly1 !n1 rational functions _c be spiritual1 inasmu* z !y are n indep5d5t ( ! organism4 ,?is "t-honor$ objection ( mat]iali/s is bas$ on a misappreh5sion4 ,x falsely assumes t spirituality excludes e k9d ( dep5d5ce ^u a mat]ial organism1 & t our ass]tion ( ! s\l's indep5d5ce ( matt] is an unqualifi$ ass]tion4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is f> f be+ ! case4 ,x is only intr9sic 7subjective71 & n extr9sic 7objective71 indep5d5ce ( ! organism :i* is "h affirm$4 ,an analogy f ! s5se ( sight w s]ve to make cle> ! mean+ ( ?is di/9ction4 ,9 ! act ( see+ a tree1 = example1 our sight is dep5d5t ^u a tw(old corporeal elem5t1 namely1 ! eye & ! tree4 ,x is dep5d5t ^u ! eye z ^u a corporeal elem5t intr9sic to ! visual s5se1 ! eye be+ a con/itu5t "p ( ! ag5t & subject ( vision2 = x is n ! s\l alone :i* sees1 b r ! s\l-in=m$ ret9a & neurons ( ! psy*o-organic composite4 ,! eye ent]s z an ess5tial +r$i5t into ! intimate con/itution ( ! visual s5se4 ,x is a con/itu5t "p ( ! specific cause ( vision1 & x c !re=e be said ) p]fect propriety t ! eye sees4 ,su* dep5d5ce ^u a mat]ial elem5t is call$ intr9sic or subjective dep5d5ce1 & is utt]ly incompatible ) spirituality on ! "p ( t :i* is ?us dep5d5t4 ,b ! dep5d5ce ( sight ^u an ext]nal corporeal factor1 l a tree or any o!r visible object1 is ( q a diff]5t nature4 ,"h ! corporeal elem5t is outside ( ! see+ subject & does n ent] z an +r$i5t into ! composition ( ! pr9cipal & specific ag5t ( vision4 ,true ! tree1 :i* is se51 is con/rum5tal z a provok+ /imulus & an objective exempl>1 b its concurr5ce is ( an extr9sic nature1 n to be conf\nd$ ) ! intr9sic co-ag5cy ( ! eye 9 ! act ( vision4 ,h5ce1 9 no s5se :atev] c ! tree be said to see2 = ! tree is m]ely an object1 n ! pr9cipal & specific cause1 ( vision4 ,:5 ! dep5d5ce ( an ag5t ^u a corporeal elem5t is ( ?is sort1 x is t]m$ extr9sic or objective dep5d5ce4 ,su* dep5d5ce ^u a mat]ial elem5t is p]fectly compatible ) spirituality1 :i* does1 inde$1 exclude all mat]iality f ! specific ag5t & subject ( a psy*ic act1 b does n necess>ily exclude mat]iality f ! object contemplat$ 9 su* an act4 ,h5ce ! fact t ! ?9k+ s\l mu/ ab/ract its rational concepts f ! concrete imag]y ( a c]ebral s5se1 l ! imag9ation1 9 no wise detracts f its spirituality1 because ! dep5d5ce ( ab/ract ?\ght ^u su* imag]y is objective or extr9sic1 & n subjective or intr9sic4 ,psy*ologi/s ( ! s5sationali/ s*ool h /riv5 to obscure ! fundam5tal di/9ction :i* exi/s betwe5 rational ?\ght & ! concomitant c]ebral imag]y4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 f> too manife/ to escape att5tion1 z ! heal?y reaction ( ! mod]n s*ool ( ,wrzburg indicates4 8,x co/ me great resolution10 says ,dr4 ,f4 ,e4 ,s*ultze1 a memb] ( ?is s*ool1 8to say1 t1 on ! basis ( imm$iate exp]im5t1 appe>ances & s5sible appreh5sions are n ! only ?+s t c be exp]i5c$4 ,b f9ally ,i _h to resign myself to my fate40 78,beitrag zur ,psy*ologie des ,zeitbewus/se9s10 p4 #bgg47 ,b ?\ght is n only di/9ct f imag]y1 (t5 !re is m>k$ contra/ betwe5 ! two1 bo? z reg>ds subjective1 & objective1 *>act]s4 ,?us our ?\ght may be p]fectly cle>1 precise1 & p]t95t1 :ile ! accompany+ imag]y is obscure1 fragm5t>y1 & irrelevant4 8,:at ent]s into consci\sness s fragm5t>ily1 s sporadically1 s v accid5tally z our m5tal images10 exclaims ,k>l ,bhl] 7also ( ,wrzburg71 8c n be look$ ^u z ! well-knitt$1 cont9u\s cont5t ( our ?9k+40 7,ar*iv4 fr die ges4 ,psy*ol41 #i1 #aijg1 p4 #cag47 ,! same contra/ exi/s ) respect to _! objective *>act]s4 ,imag9ation repres5ts by means ( "o & ! same image :at reason repres5ts by means ( two di/9ct concepts1 e4g4 an oasis & a mirage2 &1 vice v]sa1 reason repres5ts "u ! s+le g5]al concept ( a rose objects t imag9ation is =c$ to repres5t by means ( two di/9ct images1 e4g41 a yell[1 & a :ite rose4 ,imag]y depicts only ! sup]ficial or ext]ior prop]ties ( an object1 :]eas ?\ght p5etrates b5ea? ! ph5om5al surface to int]ior prop]ties & sup]s5sible relation%ips4 ,! s5sory p]cept appreh5ds ! exi/5ce ( a fact1 :ile ! rational concept analyzes its nature4 ,h5ce s5se-p]ception is conc]n$ ) ! reality ( exi/5ce1 :ile ?\ght is conc]n$ ) ! reality ( ess5ce4 ,c]ta9 ,am]ican psy*ologi/s employ ! t]m imageless ?\ght to designate ab/ract concepts4 ,! expression is liable to be misund]/ood4 ,x %\ld n be con/ru$ z exclud+ all concomitance & concurr5ce ( s5sible imag]y1 9 relation to ! process ( ?\ght4 ,:at is really meant is t s5sible appe>ances d n make up ! sum-total ( our int]nal exp]i5ces1 b t we are also aw>e ( m5tal acts & /ates :i* are n r$ucible to imag]y4 ,9 o!r words1 we exp]i5ce ?\ght2 & ?\ght & imag]y1 ?\gh concomitant1 are n comm5surable4 ,! cl>ity & coh]5ce ( ?\ght does n dep5d on ! cl>ity or g]man5ess ( ! accompany+ imag]y1 nor is x ev] adequately translatable into t]ms ( t imag]y4 ,?us ! univ]sal triangle ( geometry1 :i* is n "r1 nor oblique1 nor isosceles1 nei!r scal5e nor equilat]al1 nei!r l>ge nor small1 nei!r "h nor !re1 nei!r n[ nor !n1 is n visualizable 9 t]ms ( concrete imag]y1 al?\gh we are cle>ly consci\s ( its significance 9 geometrical demon/rations4 ,imag]y diff]s accord+ to ! p]son1 "o man be+ a visuali/1 ano!r an audi/1 ano!r a tactuali/1 ano!r a motor-v]bali/1 etc4 ,b ?\ght is ! same 9 all1 & consequ5tly x is ?\ght1 & n imag]y1 :i* we convey by means ( spee*4 ,hel5 ,kell]1 ^: imag]y is ma9ly motor & tactile1 c ex*ange views ) an audi/ or visuali/ on ! subject ( geometry1 ev5 ?\gh ! am\nt ( imag]y :i* %e has 9 common ) su* p]sons is negligible4 8,e9e ,b$eutung10 says ,bhl]1 8kann man b]haupt ni*t vor/ell51 sond]n nur wiss510 & ,b9et1 9 ! la/ s5t5ce ( 8 8,l'tude exprim5tale de l'intellig5ce10 =mulates ! foll[+ conclusion3 8,f9ally--& ?is is ! ma9 fact1 fruitful 9 consequ5ces = ! philosoph]s--! entire logic ( ?\ght escapes our imag]y40 ,nev]!less1 ?\ght does n orig9ate 9 ! total abs5ce ( imag]y1 b requires a m9imal sub/rate ( s5sible images1 ^u :i* x is objectively1 if n subjectively1 dep5d5t4 ,! nature ( ?is objective dep5d5ce is expla9$ by ! ,s*ola/ic !ory conc]n+ ! orig9 ( concepts4 ,accord+ to ?is !ory1 ! g5esis ( our g5]al & ab/ract k is z foll[s3 7#a7 ,we beg9 ) s5se-p]ception1 say ( boats diff]+ 9 %ape1 size1 color1 mat]ial1 location1 etc4 7#b7 ,imag9ation & s5se-memory reta9 ! composite & concrete imag]y syn!siz$ or integrat$ f ! impressions ( ! sep>ate ext]nal s5ses & repres5t+ ! boats 9 all _! factual p>ticul>ity1 individuality1 & mat]iality1 z exi/5t "h & n[1 or !re & !n1 z con/ruct$ ( su* & su* mat]ial 7e4g41 ( wood1 or /eel1 or iron1 or concrete71 z hav+ det]m9ate sizes1 %apes1 & tonnages1 z pa9t$ :ite1 or gray1 or gre51 z propell$ by o>1 or sail1 or turb9e1 etc4 7#c7 ,!n ! active intellect ex]ts its ab/ractive influ5ce ^u ?is concrete imag]y1 acc5tuat+ ! ess5tial features :i* are common to all1 & suppress+ ! individuat+ features :i* are peculi> to ?is or t boat1 s t ! ess5ce ( a boat may appe> to ! cognitive intellect )\t its concomitant individuation--! ess5ce ( a boat be+1 9 ?is way1 isolat$ f ! peculi>ities !re( & its v>i\s qualities f _! subject 7repres5tatively1 ( c\rse1 & n physically74 7#d7 ,! imag]y ?us pr$ispos$1 be+ no long] imm]s$ 9 matt]1 b demat]ializ$ by ! dispositive action ( ! active intellect1 becomes con/rum5tal ) ! latt] 9 produc+ a det]m9ation 9 ! cognitive intellect4 7#e7 ,^u receiv+ ?is det]m9ation1 ! cognitive intellect1 :i* has hi!rto be51 z x 71 a blank tablet ) no?+ writt5 ^u x1 reacts to express ! ess5ce or nature ( a boat by means ( a spiritual repres5tation or concept--! ab/ractive act ( ! active intellect is dispositive1 inasmu* z x pres5ts :at is common to all ! boats p]ceiv$ )\t _! diff]5tiat+ peculi>ities2 ! ab/ractive act ( ! cognitive intellect1 h[ev]1 is cognitive1 inasmu* z x consid]s ! ess5ce ( a boat )\t consid]+ its individuation4 ,su* is ! ab/ractive process by :i* our g5]al & ab/ract concepts are =m$4 ,f a comp>ison ( two concepts ( ?is sort ! process ( judgm5t arises1 & f ! comp>ison ( two concepts ) a ?ird arises ! process ( m$iate inf]5ce or reason+4 ,volition1 too1 is consequ5t ^u conception1 & h5ce an act ( ! w 7our rational appetite71 su* z ! desire ( sail+ 9 a boat1 entails ! prexi/5ce ( "s conceptual k ( ! nature ( a boat4 ,volition1 !re=e1 presupposes ?\ght1 & ?\ght presupposes imag9ation1 :i* supplies ! s5sible imag]y t und]goes ! a=esaid process ( analysis or ab/raction4 ,su* imag]y1 h[ev]1 is a function ( ! c]ebral cortex1 &1 = ?is reason1 ! normal ex]cise ( ! imag9ation presupposes ! c]ebral cortex 9 a normal physiological condition2 & any?+ t di/urbs ?is normal condition ( ! cortex w directly di/urb ! imag]y ( ! imag9ation1 & !re=e indirectly imp$e ! normal ex]cise ( conceptual ?\ght1 :i* is ab/ract$ f su* imag]y4 ,h5ce x is cle> t ! activity ( bo? ! intellect & ! w is objectively dep5d5t ^u ! organic activity ( ! imag9ation1 &1 9 consequ5ce1 indirectly dep5d5t ^u ! physiological condition ( ! c]ebral cortex1 :i* is ! organ ( ! imag9ation4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 ?is dep5d5ce is objective r ?an subjective1 x does n1 z we h se51 conflict ) ! spirituality ( rational ?\ght4 ,! nature ( conceptual ?\ght is su* z to exclude ! p>ticipation ( matt] z a con/itu5t ( its specific ag5t & receptive subject4 ,! objects ( a c]ebral s5se l ! imag9ation are end[$ ) ext5sion1 color1 %ape1 volume1 mass1 temp]ature1 & o!r physical prop]ties1 9 virtue ( :i* !y c set up vibrations 9 an ext5d$ m$ium or modify an ext5d$ organ by imm$iate physical contact4 ,b1 :ile imag9ation makes u consci\s ( objects capable ( /imulat+ ext5d$ mat]ial organs1 ! objects1 ( :i* we are consci\s 9 ab/ract ?9k+1 are dive/$ ( all ! s5sible prop]ties1 ext5sion1 & specific en]gies1 :i* w\ld enable !m to modify a mat]ial neuron1 or produce a physical impression ^u a mat]ial receptor ( any k9d :atev]4 ,betwe5 an ext5d$ mat]ial receptor1 l a s5se-organ or a c]ebral neuron1 & ! nondim5sional1 demat]ializ$ object or cont5t ( an ab/ract ?\ght1 l sci5ce1 h]oism1 or morality1 !re is no conceivable proportion4 ,h[ c a mat]ial organ be affect$ by :at is sup]s5sible1 unext5d$1 impond]able1 invisible1 intangible1 & uncircumscrib$ by ! limitations ( space & "t8 ,ext5d$ receptors are necess>y = pick+ up ! vibrations ( a tridim5sional m$ium 7l air or e!r71 & !y are1 likewise1 ess5tial = ! reception ( impressions produc$ by surface-contact ) an ext]ior corporeal mass4 ,9 %ort1 s5sory neurons are ne$$ to receive & transmit inw>d ! quantitative & measurable excitations ( ! mat]ial /imuli ( ! ext]nal _w1 & c5tral neurons are requir$ z tablets ^u :i* ^! incom+ excitations may impr9t ext5d$ neurograms1 t are proportionate 9 int5sity & ext5sity to ! ext]nal /imulus appreh5d$1 & t und]lie & det]m9e ! concrete imag]y 7( :i* !y are ! physical basis74 ,b :5 x comes to p]ceiv+ & repres5t+ ! mean+ ( duty1 tru?1 error1 cause1 effect1 psy*ology1 means1 end1 entity1 log>i?ms1 etc41 our m9d c d]ive no b5efit f ! cop]ation ( a mat]ial organ4 ,9 su* ?9k+ we are consci\s ( t :i* c\ld n make an impression nor leave a record ^u mat]ial receptors l neurons4 ,to employ a mat]ial organ = ! purpose ( p]ceiv+ ab/ract ess5ces & qualities w\ld be z futile & po9tless z an attempt to /op a nondim5sional1 unext5d$1 intangible baseball ) a cat*]'s glove4 ,h5ce ! s]vices ( mat]ial c5t]s & receptors may be disp5s$ )1 s f> z rational ?\ght is conc]n$4 ,rational ?\ght _c utilize ! intr9sic cog5cy ( ! organism1 & x is !re=e a sup]organic or spiritual function4 ,t conceptual ?\ght is 9 no wise communicat$ to ! organism1 b subject$ 9 ! spiritual s\l alone1 is likewise app>5t f ! data furni%$ by introspection4 ,! conceiv+ m9d appreh5ds ev5 mat]ial objects accord+ to an ab/ract or spiritualiz$ mode ( repres5tation4 ,9 o!r words1 9 conceiv+ mat]ial objects we expurgate !m ( _! mat]iality & mat]ial conditions1 end[+ !m ) a demat]ializ$ mode ( m5tal exi/5ce :i* !y c\ld nev] h1 if subject$ 9 _! own physical matt]1 or 9 ! organiz$ matt] ( ! c]ebral cortex4 ,?us1 9 =m+ our concept ( a mat]ial object l a boat1 we spiritualize ! boat by sep>at+ 7repres5tatively1 ( c\rse1 & n physically7 its nature or ess5ce f ! det]m9ate matt] 7e4g41 wood1 or /eel7 ( :i* x is made1 & by dive/+ x ( ! mat]ial & concrete conditions :i* def9e n only its physical exi/5ce outside ( u1 b also its imag9al exi/5ce )9 u z a concrete image 9 our imag9ation4 ,9 o!r words1 we isolate ! type or =m ( a giv5 object f its mat]ial sub/rate & lib]ate x f ! limit+ mat]ial & concrete individuation1 :i* conf9e x to a s+le mat]ial subject & localize x def9itely 9 space & "t4 ,n[1 x is axiomatic t :atev] is receiv$ is receiv$ accord+ to ! nature ( ! receiv]4 ,wat]1 = example1 assumes ! =m ( ! receptacle into :i* x is p\r$1 & a picture pa9t$ ^u canvas is necess>ily ext5d$ accord+ to ! ext5sion ( ! canvas4 ,if1 !re=e1 our intellect end[s ev5 ! mat]ial objects1 :i* x p]ceives1 ) a demat]ializ$ or spiritualiz$ mode ( repres5tation1 x foll[s t ! intellect itself is a spiritual p[] & n an organic s5se imm]s$ 9 concretify+ & individualiz+ matt]4 ,c]ta9ly1 ?is ideal or spiritualiz$ mode ( exi/5ce does n emanate f ! mat]ial object )\t nor yet f its vic>i\s mat]ial image 9 our organic imag9ation 7:i*1 9 po9t ( fact1 is absolutely impot5t to imag9e any?+ except concrete1 s+ul> ?+s 9 all _! det]m9ate individuation & quantification74 ,?\ght1 !n1 ) its ab/ract mode ( pres5tation1 _c1 l imag]y1 be subject$ 9 ! animat$ or s\l-in=m$ cortex1 b mu/ h ! spiritual m9d alone z its receptive subject4 ,our ab/ract or demat]ializ$ mode ( conceiv+ mat]ial objects is a subjective "* ( ?\ght1 proce$+ f1 & manife/+1 ! spirituality ( ! human m9d1 :i* repres5ts ev5 mat]ial objects 9 a mann] t accords ) its own spiritual nature4 ,b x is n only 9 ! process ( ab/raction1 b also 9 t ( reflection1 t rational ?\ght manife/s its sup]organic or spiritual "*4 ,! human m9d kn[s t x kn[s & und]/&s t x und]/&s1 ?9ks ( its own ?\ghts & ( itself z ! ag5t & subject ( its ?9k+4 ,x is consci\s ( its own consci\s acts1 t is to say1 x reflects ^u itself & its own acts1 becom+ an object to itself4 ,! ?9k+ ego becomes an object ( obs]vation on ! "p ( ! ?9k+ ego1 :i* acquires self-k by ?is process ( reflective ?\ght4 ,9 introspection1 t :i* obs]ves is id5tical ) t :i* is obs]v$4 ,n[ su* a capacity ( self-obs]vation _c reside 9 matt]1 _c be spatially comm5surate ) a mat]ial organ nor insep>ably atta*$ !reto4 ,x is possible only to an immat]ial or spiritual pr9ciple1 devoid ( mass & ext5sion1 & n subject to ! law ( ! imp5etrability ( matt]4 ,9 virtue ( ! law ( imp5etrability1 no two mat]ial p>ticles1 no two bodies1 no two integral p>ts ( ! same body1 c occupy "o & ! same place4 ,"o "p ( a body c1 inde$1 act on ano!r "p extr9sic to itself2 b "o & ! same "p or p>ticle _c act ^u itself4 ,to become at once obs]v$ & obs]v]1 a mat]ial organ w\ld h to split itself 9 two1 s t ! "p wat*$ c\ld be di/9ct f1 & spatially ext]nal to1 ! "p wat*+4 ,! p[] ( p]fect reflection1 !re=e1 mu/ reside 9 ! spiritual s\l1 & _c be b\nd to1 & coxt5sive )1 a mat]ial organ4 ,only 9 ?is supposition c !re be a return ( ! subject ^u & into itself1 only 9 ?is supposition c !re be t id5tification ( obs]v$ & obs]v] impli$ by ! process ( reflection4 ,h4 ,grnd]1 9 8 8,psy*ology )\t a ,s\l10 gives a graphic r$uctio ad absurdum ( ! contr>y assumption3 8,a fairy tale10 he says1 8tells ( a knight :o 0 behead$ by 8 victori\s foe4 ,b1 /range to relate1 ! vanqui%$ knight rose to 8 feet1 seiz$ 8 sev]$ head & bore x (f1 z 9 triumph4 ,! mo/ rem>kable "p1 h[ev]1 ( ! /ory is t ) a la/ ef=t ( gallantry he took 8 own head1 &--kiss$ its br[4 ,! climax ( ?is fairy tale is no m absurd ?an ! assumption t a mat]ial organ c "k itself & philosophize on itself4 ,only if we admit ) ! s*ola/ics a simple s\l intr9sically indep5d5t ( any bodily organism1 c we expla9 ! possibility ( p]fect psy*ological reflexion40 7,cf4 pp4 #aic1 #aid47 ,= ! re/ ! impossibility ( introspection on ! "p ( a mat]ial organ is s evid5t t ! mat]iali/s !mselves freely conc$e x1 & be+ unwill+ to admit ! spirituality ( ! human intellect1 !y are =c$ to resort to ! dis+5u\s exp$i5t ( d5y+ ! fact ( reflection on ! "p ( ! human m9d4 8,x is obvi\s10 says ,augu/e ,comte1 8t by an inv9cible necessity ! human m9d c obs]ve directly all ph5om5a except its own4 ,we und]/& t a man c obs]ve himself z a moral ag5t1 because 9 t case he c wat* himself "u ! action ( ! passions :i* animate him1 precisely because ! organs t are ! seat ( ^? passions are di/9ct f ^? t are de/9$ = ! functions ( obs]vation4444 ,b x is manife/ly impossible to obs]ve intellectual ph5om5a :il/ !y are be+ produc$4 ,! individual ?9k+ _c divide himself 9 two1 s t "o half may ?9k & ! o!r wat* ! process4 ,s9ce ! organ obs]v+ & ! "o to be obs]v$ are id5tical1 !re c be no self-obs]vation40 78,c\rs de philosophie positive10 lire leon47 ,b an argum5t is ( no avail aga9/ a fact1 &1 z a matt] ( fact1 we d reflect4 ,x is by introspection or reflective ?\ght t we discrim9ate betwe5 our pres5t & our pa/ ?\ghts1 & become consci\s ( our own consci\sness4 ,our intellect ev5 reflects ^u its own act ( reflection1 & s on indef9itely1 s t1 unless we are prep>$ to accept ! absurd alt]native ( an inf9ite s]ies ( ?9k]s1 we h no *oice b to id5tify ! subject kn[+ ) ! subject kn[n4 ,t our intellect is consci\s ( its own op]ations & att5tive to its own ?\ghts1 is an evid5t fact ( int]nal exp]i5ce1 & x is prepo/]\s to tilt aga9/ facts by means ( syllogisms4 ,:5 ,z5o concoct$ 8 apriori/ic 8pro(0 ( ! impossibility ( translatory movem5t1 8 sophism 0 refut$ by ! simple process ( walk+--solvitur ambul&o4 ,9 l mann]1 ! ,comtean sophism conc]n+ ! impossibility ( reflection is refut$ by ! simple act ( m5tal reflection--solvitur reflect5do4 ,= ! re/1 we readily conc$e ,comte's cont5tion t an organ is incapable ( reflection or self-obs]vation1 b we d5y 8 tacit assumption t our cognitive p[]s are all ( ! organic type4 ,our intellect1 :i* att5ds to its own ph5om5a1 ?9ks ( its own ?\ght & reasons ^u its own reason+1 _c be b\nd to1 or coext5sive )1 a mat]ial organ1 b mu/ be free f any corporeal organ & root$ 9 a spiritual pr9ciple4 ,9 a ^w1 reflective ?\ght is a sup]organic function express+ ! spiritual nature ( ! human m9d4 ,ano!r pro( ( ! sup]organic nature ( ! human intellect z comp>$ ) s5ti5cy1 bo? ext]ior & int]ior1 is "o adduc$ by ,ari/otle himself3 8,b t ! impassivity ( ! s5se10 he says1 8is diff]5t f t ( intellect is cle> if we look at ! s5se organs & at s5se4 ,! s5se loses its p[] to p]ceive1 if ! s5sible object has be5 too int5se2 ?us x _c he> s\nd aft] v l\d noises1 & aft] too p[]ful colors or odors x c nei!r see nor smell4 ,b ! intellect1 :5 x has be5 ?9k+ on an object ( int5se ?\ght1 is n less1 b ev5 m1 able to ?9k ( inf]ior objects4 ,= s5se-p]ception is n indep5d5t ( ! body1 :]eas ! intellect is40 78,p]i ,psy*es10 ,bk4 ,,iii1 ,*4 iv1 #e47 ,?is tempor>y incapacitation ( ! s5ses consequ5t ^u p[]ful /imulation is a common exp]i5ce embalm$ 9 su* popul> expressions z 8a deaf5+ noise10 8a bl9d+ fla%10 8a dazzl+ light10 8a numb+ pa910 etc4 ,web]'s law ( ! diff]5tial ?re%old tells u t ! int5sity ( s5sation does n increase 9 ! same proportion z t ( ! /imulus4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! m int5se ! previ\s /imulus has be51 ! great] mu/ be ! increm5t add$ to ! subsequ5t /imulus be=e x c produce a p]ceptible increase 9 ! int5sity ( s5sation4 ,9 %ort1 /imulation ( ! s5ses tempor>ily decreases _! s5sitivity ) ref]5ce to sup]v5+ /imuli4 ,! reason = ?is mom5t>y loss ( ! p[] to react normally is evid5tly due to ! organic nature ( ! s5ses4 ,_! activity entails a def9ite & rigidly proportionate process ( de/ructive metabolism 9 _! bodily sub/rate1 ! organism4 ,9 o!r words1 ! ex]cise ( s5se-p]ception involves a comm5surate process ( decomposition 9 ! neural tissue1 :i* mu/ aft]w>ds be comp5sat$ by a correspond+ assimilation ( nutri5t mat]ial1 be=e ! s5se c aga9 react ) its pri/9e vigor4 ,?is process ( recup]ation requires "t & tempor>ily inhibits ! reactive p[] ( ! s5se 9 "q1 ! duration ( ?is repair "w be+ det]m9$ by ! am\nt ( neural decomposition caus$ by ! reaction ( ! s5se to ! previ\s /imulus4 ,:51 !re=e1 a weak] /imulus sup]v5es 9 imm$iate succession to a /rong] "o1 ! s5se is incapable ( p]ceiv+ x4 ,all organic activity1 9 %ort1 su* z s5se-p]ception & imag9ation1 is rigidly regulat$ by ! metabolic law ( wa/e & repair4 ,) ! intellect1 h[ev]1 ! case is q diff]5t4 ,! intellect is nei!r debilitat$ nor /upefi$ by ! discov]y ( tru?s t are exceptionally pr(\nd1 or unusually ab/ruse1 or /rik+ly evid5t2 nor is x tempor>ily incapacitat$ !reby f und]/&+ simpl]1 easi]1 or less evid5t tru?s4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! m compreh5sive1 ! m p5etrat+1 ! m p]spicu\s1 ! m sublime our intellectual vision is1 s mu* ! m is our intellect invigorat$ & en?us$ 9 its pursuit ( tru?1 & its k ( ! highe/ tru?s r5d]s x n less1 b m1 apt = ! und]/&+ ( simple & ord9>y tru?s4 ,obvi\sly1 !n1 ! intellect is n b\nd to a corruptible organ l ! s5ses1 b has = its subject a spiritual pr9ciple t is intr9sically indep5d5t ( ! organism4 ,9 opposition to ?is cont5tion1 x may be urg$ t a prolong$ ex]cise ( intellectual activity results 9 ! condition commonly kn[n z bra9-fag4 ,b ?is fatigue ( ! bra9 is n1 z a matt] ( fact1 ! direct effect ( intellectual activity2 r x is ! direct effect ( ! activity ( ! imag9ation1 & only indirectly ! effect ( intellectual ?\ght4 ,! intellect1 z we h se51 requires a con/ant fl[ ( associat$ & aptly cord9at$ imag]y z ! sub/rate ( its contemplation4 ,n[1 ! imag9ation1 :i* supplies ?is imag]y1 is a c]ebral s5se1 ^: activity is directly proportionate to1 & comm5surate )1 ! metabolic processes at "w 9 ! cortical cells4 ,its ex]cise is directly dep5d5t ^u ! en]gy releas$ by ! decomposition ( ! c]ebral sub/ance4 ,prolong$ activity ( ! imag9ation1 !re=e1 involves ! de/ruction ( a consid]able am\nt ( ! cortical sub/ance1 & results 9 tempor>y incapacitation or p>alysis ( ! imag9ation1 :i* mu/ !n be comp5sat$ by a process ( repair 9 ! cortical neurons1 be=e ! imag9ation c resume its normal mode ( function+4 ,bra9-fag1 !n1 is due to ! activity ( ! imag9ation r ?an t ( ! intellect4 ,t su* is ! case appe>s f ! fact t aft] ! initial ex]tion1 :i* results f ! imag9ation be+ =c$ to assemble an appropriate & sy/ematiz$ display ( illu/rative imag]y z subject-matt] = ! contemplation ( ! intellect1 ! latt] is h5ce=? enabl$ to proce$ ) ease along ! pa? ( a giv5 sci5ce1 its fur!r progress be+ smoo? & unhamp]$4 ,once ! prelim9>y "w impos$ ^u ! imag9ation is f9i%$1 ! s5se ( ef=t ceases & intellectual inve/igation & /udy may subsequ5tly rea* ! highe/ degrees ( conc5tration & int5sity1 )\t involv+ correspond+ degrees ( fatigue or depression on ! "p ( ! c]ebral imag9ation1 j z1 conv]sely speak+1 ! activity ( ! c]ebral imag9ation may rea* degrees ( int5sity extreme en\gh to induce bra9-fag 9 psy*ic op]ations :]e9 ! concomitant intellectual activity is r$uc$ to a m9imum1 e4 g41 9 ! task ( memoriz+ a poem1 or recitation4 ,"h1 9 ! all b complete abs5ce ( intellectual activity1 ! same fatigue results z t induc$ by a prolong$ p]iod ( analytic /udy or inve/igation1 9 :i* imag9ative activity & rational ?9k+ are concomitant4 ,! po9t to be not$1 9 ?is latt] case1 is t ! intellect does n %[ ! same dep5d5ce ^u ! physiological vicissitudes z ! imag9ation4 ,! imag]y ( our imag9ation1 be+ rigidly correlat$ ) ! metabolic processes ( wa/e & repair at "w 9 ! c]ebral cortex1 manife/s correspond+ly v>iable degrees ( int5sity & integrity1 b ! int5sity ( ?\ght is n dep5d5t ^u ?is alt]nation ( excitation & inhibition 9 ! cortex4 ,h5ce1 :ile ! concomitant imag]y is fitful1 sporadic1 & fragm5t>y1 intellectual ?\ght itself is /eady1 lucid1 & cont9u\s4 ,! int5sity ( ?\ght does n v>y ) ! fluctuations ( neural metabolism1 & may rea* a maximum )\t involv+ correspond+ fatigue 9 ! bra94 ,! bra9-fag1 !re=e1 :i* results f /udy does n correspond to ! height ( our intellectual vision1 b is due to ! int5sity ( ! concomitant imag9ative process4 ,! intellect1 !re=e1 is n subject to ! metabolic laws :i* rigidly regulate organic functions l s5se-p]ception & imag9ation4 ,man's capacity = logical ?\ght is frequ5tly unaffect$ by ! decl9e ( ! organism :i* sets 9 aft] maturity4 ,all organic functions1 h[ev]1 su* z sight1 he>+1 s5se-memory1 are impair$ 9 exact proportion to ! det]ioration ( ! organism1 :i* is ! inevitable sequel ( old age4 ,! intellectual p[]s1 on ! contr>y1 rema9 unimpair$1 s long z ! cortex is s\nd en\gh to furni% ! requir$ m9imum ( imag]y1 ^u :i* intellectual activity is objectively dep5d5t4 ,!re are1 9 fact1 _m cases on record :]e m5 h rema9$ p]fectly sane & rational1 despite ! fact t notable portions ( ! c]ebral cortex _h be5 de/roy$ by accid5t or disease 7e4 g41 tumors74 ,intellectual ?\ght1 !re=e1 is a sup]organic function1 hav+ its s\rce 9 a spiritual pr9ciple & n 9 a corruptible organ4 ,su* is ! spiritualism ( ,ari/otle4 ,t ?is conception diff]s pr(\ndly f ! ultraspiritualism ( ,desc>tes1 x is sc>cely necess>y to rem>k4 ,! position assum$ by ! latt] 0 always unt5able1 b x is n[1 m ?an ev]1 indef5sible 9 ! face ( t ov]:elm+ avalan*e ( facts :]eby mod]n physiological psy*ology demon/rates ! close int]dep5d5ce & correlation exi/5t betwe5 psy*ic & organic /ates4 ,su* facts are exploit$ by mat]iali/s z argum5ts aga9/ spiritualism1 ?\gh x is evid5t t !y h =ce only aga9/ ,c>tesian spiritualism1 & are b]eft ( all relevance ) respect to ,ari/otelian spiritualism1 :i* !y leave utt]ly intact & unsca!d4 ,9 ! latt] sy/em1 s5se-p]ception1 imag9ation1 & emotion are ackn[l$g$ to be directly dep5d5t on ! organism4 ,aga91 spiritual functions l ?9k+ & will+ are reg>d$ z objectively or extr9sically dep5d5t ^u ! imag9ation1 :i*1 9 turn1 is directly dep5d5t on a mat]ial organ1 namely3 ! bra94 ,h5ce ev5 ! rational op]ations ( ! m9d are indirectly dep5d5t ^u ! c]ebral cortex4 ,! spiritualism ( ,ari/otle1 !re=e1 by reason ( its doctr9e conc]n+ ! direct dep5d5ce ( ! l[]1 & ! indirect dep5d5ce ( ! high]1 psy*ic functions ^u ! mat]ial organism1 is able to absorb into its own sy/em all ! suppos$ly ho/ile facts amass$ by ,mat]ialism1 !reby r5d]+ !m futile & inconsequ5tial z argum5ts aga9/ ! spirituality ( ! human s\l4 ,9 confront+ ?is philosophy1 ! mat]iali/ic sci5ti/ f9ds himself dis>m$ & impot5t1 & x is n to be wond]$ at1 t1 aft] indulg+ 9 c]ta9 abusive epi!ts & a few cant phrases1 su* z 8metaphysics0 or 8m$ieval0 7invaluable words671 he prud5tly retires f ! li/s )\t v5tur+ to s mu* z break a lance 9 def5se ( 8 favorite dogma1 t no?+ is spiritual1 because all is matt]4 ,9 ?is pr$icam5t1 ! ,c>tesian c>icature proves a boon to ! mat]iali/1 z furni%+ him ) ! adv]s>y he pref]s1 a man ( /raw1 & enabl+ him to demon/rate 8 paltry t9-sword pr[ess4 ,( a tru?1 ,desc>tes p]=m$ an ine/imable s]vice = ^! mod]n 8assass9s ( ! s\l10 :5 he reliev$ !m ( ! necessity ( cross+ swords ) ! hylomorphic dualism ( ,ari/otle by ! sub/itution ( a f> less =midable antagoni/1 namely1 ! psy*ophysical dualism ( m9d & matt]4 ,! pro(s advanc$1 9 ! previ\s pages1 = ! spirituality ( ! human s\l are bas$ ^u ! sup]organic function ( rational ?\ght4 ,a p>allel s]ies ( argum5ts c be drawn f ! sup]organic function ( rational volition4 ,! cognitive intellect has = its necess>y sequel ! appetitive w1 :i* may be def9$ z spiritual t5d5cy incl9+ u t[>d t :i* ! intellect appreh5ds z good4 ,! objects ( su* volition are frequ5tly ab/ract & immat]ial ideals transc5d5t to ! sph]e ( concrete & mat]ial goods1 e4 g41 virtue1 glory1 religion1 etc4 ,! w ( man1 moreov]1 is free1 9 ! s5se t x c *oose among v>i\s motives1 & is n compell$ to foll[ ! l9e ( lea/ resi/ance1 z is ! electric curr5t :5 pass+ ?r\gh a %unt ( /eel & copp] wire4 ,l ! self-kn[+ intellect1 ! self-det]m9+ w is capable ( reflective action1 t is1 x c w to w4 ,hav+ its own actions )9 its own control1 x is itself ! pr9cipal cause ( its own decisions1 & ?us becomes responsible = its conduct1 :]ev] its *oice has be5 consci\s & delib]ate4 ,ext]nal actions1 :i* escape ! control ( ! w1 & ev5 int]nal actions ( ! w itself1 :i* are indelib]ate1 are n free & d n entail responsibility4 ,our c\rts ( law & our :ole legal sy/em re/s on ! recognition ( man's full responsibility = 8 delib]ate volunt>y acts4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 prem$itat$ murd]1 :i* is puni%$1 & unprem$itat$ homicide1 :i* is n1 is purely moral1 & n physical1 dep5d+ = its validity ^u ! fact ( human fre$om4 ,x is ?is exemption f physical det]m9ism1 t makes man a moral ag5t1 subject to duties1 am5able to moral suasion1 & capable ( m]it or dem]it4 ,f9ally1 ! w ( man is insatiable1 inv9cible1 & inexhau/ible4 ,! aspirations ( ! w are b\ndless1 :]eas our animal appetites are easily cloy$ by gratification4 ,!re is no freez+ po9t = human c\rage4 ,! animal or s5sual appetites we> out & decl9e ) old age1 b virtue & w-p[] d n necess>ily dim9i% ) ! gradual det]ioration ( ! mat]ial organism4 ,will+1 !re=e1 is a sup]organic or spiritual function4 ,activity :i* is b\nd to a mat]ial organ _c t5d t[>ds sup]s5sible ideals1 _c escape physical det]m9ism1 _c a*ieve ! reflective feat ( spurr+ itself to action1 _c avoid exhau/ion1 _c elude rigid regulation by ! laws ( organic metabolism4 ,= ?is reason1 ! brute1 ^: psy*ic functions are ( ! organic type exclusively1 is de/itute ( fre$om1 morality1 & responsibility4 ,delib]ate volition1 !re=e1 l conceptual ?\ght1 has its s\rce & subject 9 man's spiritual s\l1 & is n a function ( ! mat]ial organism4#ab #ab ,to develop ! argum5t drawn f rational volition = ! spirituality ( ! human s\l w\ld c>ry u too f> afield4 ,^? :o wi% to pursue ! subject fur!r may consult ,*apt] ,,viii ( ,grnd]'s monograph entitl$ 8,psy*ology )\t a ,s\l10 also 8 monograph on 8,free ,w40 ,g4 ,h4 ,p>k] ( ,h>v>d1 ?\gh admitt+ ! fact ( human fre$om1 tries to expla9 x away 9 t]ms ( mat]ialism4 ,! foll[+ is ! description :i* he gives ( 8 !ory3 8,x is a mat]iali/ view :i*1 h[ev]1 recognizes 9 c]ta9 types ( organiz$ matt] a degree ( free action consi/5t ) human behavior & ! resultant responsibility40 7,sci5ce1 ,june #ac1 #aibd1 p4 #ebj47 ,fre$om1 9 o!r words1 8em]ges0 f matt] hav+ a peculi> 8type ( organization40 ,?is view mu/ be int]pret$ 9 ! light ( ! philosophy ( 8,em]g5t ,evolution10 :i* ,p>k] holds 9 common ) ,c4 ,lloyd ,morgan & ,r4 ,w4 ,sell>s4 ,! philosophy 9 "q recognizes 9 nature an asc5d+ scale ( m & m complexly organiz$ units1 />t+ ) protons & electrons1 at ! bottom1 & culm9at+ 9 ! human organism1 at ! top4 ,at ea* high] level ( ?is cosmic scale we f9d high] units =m$ by coalesc5ce ( ! simpl] units ( a l[] level4 ,^! high] units1 h[ev]1 are some?+ m ?an a m]e summation ( ! l[] units2 =1 9 addition to additive prop]ties t c be pr$ict$ f a k ( ! compon5ts1 !y exhibit g5u9ely new prop]ties :i*1 n be+ m]e sums ( ! prop]ties ( ! compon5t units1 are unpr$ictable on t basis4 ,giv51 = example1 ! weight ( two volumes ( hydrog5 & "o volume ( oxyg51 we c\ld pr$ict an additive prop]ty su* z ! weight ( ! comp\nd1 i4e4 ! wat]1 =m$ by _! comb9ation4 ,o!r prop]ties1 ( ! comp\nd1 h[ev]1 su* z liquidity1 are n =e%ad[$ by ! prop]ties ( ! compon5t gases4 ,simil>ly1 ! weight ( c>bon disulphid 7,,cs7 is an additive function ( ! comb9+ weights ( sulphur & c>bon1 b ! o!r prop]ties ( ?is mobile liquid are n pr$ictable on ! basis ( ! prop]ties ( sulphur & c>bon4 ,h5ce two k9ds ( prop]ties are di/+ui%$3 7#a7 additive 7quantitative7 prop]ties call$ resultants1 :i* are pr$ictable2 7#b7 specificative 7qualitative7 prop]ties call$ em]g5ts1 :i* are unprec$5t$ & unpr$ictable4 ,fre$om & intellig5ce1 accord+ly1 are pron\nc$ to be em]g5ts ( matt] organiz$ to t degree ( complexity :i* we f9d 9 man4 ,?is dualism ( resultance & em]g5ce is m]ely a new v]bal ve/ure = ! hylomorphic dualism ( ,ari/otle4 ,! additive prop]ties 7resultants7 are bas$ on matt]1 :i* is ! pr9ciple ( cont9uity4 ,! specificative 7con/ituitive or qualitative7 prop]ties call$ em]g5ts are root$ 9 entele*y 7=m71 :i* is ! pr9ciple ( novelty4 ,9 fact1 entele*y 7=m7 itself is an em]g5t ( matt] j z ! specificative prop]ties are em]g5ts ( matt]1 ) ! sole diff]5ce t entele*y is ! prim>y em]g5t ( matt]1 :]eas ! specificative or qualitative prop]ties are second>y em]g5ts4 ,= 9 ,ari/otelian philosophy1 entele*y is n1 z x is 9 ,neo-vitalism1 8an ali5 pr9ciple ins]t$ into matt]0 abruptly & caprici\sly 8at ! level ( life10 b a prim>y em]g5t & con/itu5t ( matt] bo? liv+ & non-liv+4 ,9 f9e1 entele*y is an em]g5t ( matt] 9 all ! units ( nature f ! simple/ atom to ! mo/ complex plant or animal organism4 ,! only entele*y1 :i* is n an em]g5t1 b an ins]t into matt]1 is ! spiritual human s\l4 ,nei!r ! human s\l nor ! sup]organic functions root$ 9 x1 namely1 ab/raction1 reflection1 & election1 are em]g5ts4 ,"h we h novelty )\t cont9uity1 & !re=e n em]g5ce 7eduction71 b ins]tion 7infusion74 ,9 8 8,em]g5t ,evolution10 #aibc1 ,lloyd ,morgan lays x d[n z axiomatic t em]g5ce involves cont9uity--8,!re may (t5 be resultants10 he says1 8)\t em]g5ce2 b !re are no em]g5ts t d n involve resultant effects also4 ,resultants give quantitative cont9uity :i* und]lies new con/itutive /eps 9 em]g5ce40 7,op4 cit41 p4 #e47 ,n[ our pro(s = human spirituality consi/ precisely 9 ! complete exclusion ( quantitative cont9uity betwe5 organic functions 7e4 g4 s5sation7 & sup]organic functions 7e4 g4 conceptual ?\ght & free volition74 ,h5ce1 by ! v axiom :i* ,morgan himself =mulates1 ! human s\l & its sup]organic functions are exclud$ f ! category ( mat]ial em]g5ts4 ,if !re c be no em]g5ce )\t quantitative cont9uity1 !n ! human s\l is n an em]g5t f1 b an ins]t into1 matt]4 ,free *oice1 too1 x is ne$less to say1 is n an em]g5t ( matt]1 b an expression ( ! sup]mat]ial nature ( ! human s\l4 ,s mu* = ! new-old dualism ( em]g5ce & resultance4 ,two additional facts may be cit$ z br++ into /rong relief ! basic contra/ exi/+ betwe5 ! high] or rational1 & ! l[] or animal psy*osis 9 man4 ,! fir/ is ! occurr5ce ( irreconcilable opposition or conflict4 ,! imag9ation1 = example1 antagonizes ! intellect by visualiz+ z an ext5d$ speck ( *alk or *>coal ! ma!matical po9t1 :i* ! intellect conceives z de/itute ( ext5sion & e o!r prop]ty except position4 ,simil>ly1 ! ef=t ( our rational w to be fai?ful to duty & to uphold ideals is antagoniz$ by ! s5sual impulses ( ! animal appetite1 :i* seek imm$iate gratification at ! exp5se ( remote consid]ations t are high]4 ,su* antagonism is incompatible ) any id5tification ( ! w>r+ factors1 t is1 ( our rational1 ) our s5ti5t1 functions2 =1 :]ev] opposition is 9 evid5ce1 !re a =tiori a real di/9ction mu/ be recogniz$4 ,! und]/&+ & ! w1 !re=e1 diff] radically f s5se & s5sual appetite4 ,! second significant fact is ! dom9ation ex]t$ by reason & w ov] ! cognitive & appetitive functions ( ! organic or s5ti5t ord]4 ,our intellect criticizes1 evaluates & corrects ! data ( s5se-p]ception1 x discrim9ates betwe5 objective p]cepts & illusions & halluc9ations1 x di/+ui%es dreams f realities1 x associates & dissociates imag]y = purposes ( comp>ison1 contra/1 illu/ration1 or analysis4 ,moreov]1 x n only %[s its sup]iority to s5se by sup]vis+1 revis+1 & apprais+ ! data ( s5ti5t exp]i5ce1 b x manife/s its discont5t at ! inaccuracy & limitation ( s5se by ! inv5tion & use ( in/rum5tation 7e4 g4 e> trumpets1 spectacles1 microscopes1 telescopes1 spectroscopes1 pol>iscopes1 p]iscopes1 etc47 to rem$y ! defects or increase ! range ( s5se-p]ception1 etc4 ,?is ph5om5on is )\t p>allel among brute animals1 & is a pat5t manife/ation ( ! sup]iority ( human psy*ology4 ,9 l mann]1 ! w demon/rates its preem95ce ov] ! organic or animal appetite1 by ex]t+ supreme control ov] ! passions & impulses ( our l[] nature4 ,9 fact1 x is able to bridle & repress ! impulses ( s5suality ev5 9 ! imm$iate pres5ce ( s5sible /imuli t w\ld irresi/ibly det]m9e ! brute to a gratification ( its animal lu/s2 & x c =ce ! /ruggl+ & reluctant fle% to und]go a crucifixion = sup]s5sible motives t make no appeal to ! bea/4 ,! und]/&+ & ! w1 !re=e1 are ess5tially sup]ior to ! organic psy*osis t !y control1 namely1 ! s5ti5t consci\sness & s5sual appetite1 :i* we %>e 9 common ) ! brute1 b :i*1 9 ! latt]1 give no evid5ce :atev] ( rational or moral control4 #d4 ,d>w9ian ,an?ropomorphism ,! spiritual m9d ( man repres5ts an em95ce to :i* evolv+ matt] c nev] atta94 ,?is1 !n1 is ! hill t mu/ ne$s be laid l[1 if ! pa? ( ,d>w9ian mat]ialism is to be a smoo? "o4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 no?+ v surpris+ 9 ! fact t ,d>w9 & 8 foll[]s1 f ,huxley d[n to ,rob9son1 h done all 9 _! p[] to obscure & belittle ! psy*ological diff]5ces betwe5 man & ! brute4 ,! objective ( _! /rategy is tw(old1 namely1 ! brutalization ( man & its conv]se1 ! humanization ( ! brute4 ,! asc5t w be easi] to imag9e1 if man c be depress$1 & ! brute rais$1 to levels t are n f> ap>t4 ,to ?is end1 ! ,d>w9ian zealots h1 on ! "o h&1 sp>$ no pa9s to m9imize ! sup]iority & dignity ( human reason by ! dissem9ation ( s5si/ic associationism1 psy*ophysical p>allelism1 & v>i\s o!r =ms ( 8psy*ology )\t a s\l02 & !y h /riv51 on ! o!r h&1 to exalt to ! utmo/ ! psy*ic p[]s ( ! brute by means ( a crude & cr$ul\s an?ropomorphism1 :i*1 = all its sci5tific pret5sions1 is q indi/+ui%able f ! navet ( ! au?or ( 8,black ,beauty0#ac & ! s5tim5tality ( ,s4 ,p4 ,c4 ,a4 fanatics1 veget>ians1 anti-vivisectioni/s1 etc4 ,! fir/ ( ^! t5d5cies we h already discuss$1 ! second rema9s to be consid]$4 #ac ,title ( a horse's autobiography by ,anna ,sewall1 ! horse's alt] ego4 ,:5 x comes to an?ropomorphiz+ ! brute1 ,d>w9 has n be5 outdi/anc$ by ! mo/ reckless ( 8 disciples4 ,?ree entire *apt]s ( ! 8,desc5t ( ,man0 are fill$ ) ?is 8vulg> psy*ology0 7z ,wundt s aptly /yles x74 ,x is ! sum & sub/ance ( ! entire fabric ( argum5tation1 :i* he erects 9 support ( 8 !sis t 8! diff]5ce 9 m9d betwe5 man & ! high] animals is c]ta9ly "o ( degree & n ( k9d40 7,cf4 op4 cit41 *s4 ,,iii-,v47 ,haeckel1 ,huxley1 & ,clif=d atta9$ to equal pr(ici5cy 9 ! sport4 ,subsequ5t philosoph]s p>rot$ _! bold metaphors & sm>t aphorisms1 & ! game w5t on m]rily till ! close ( ! c5tury4 ,!n a badly ne$$ reaction set 9 "u ! auspices ( ,wundt1 ,lloyd ,morgan1 & ,?orndike1 :o insi/$ on ab&on+ ?is nave impressionism 9 favor ( m critical me?ods4 ,9 8 8,vorlesung5 b] die ,m5s*5 und ,ti]seele0 7cf4 #bnd ed41 p4 #cgj71 ,wundt proclaims 8 rupture ) ! impressioni/ic s*ool 9 ! foll[+ t]ms3 8,! "o great defect ( ?is popul> psy*ology is t x does n take m5tal processes = :at !y %[ !mselves to be to a direct & unprejudic$ view1 b imports into !m ! reflections ( ! obs]v] ab\t !m4 ,! necess>y consequ5ce = animal psy*ology is t ! m5tal actions ( animals1 f ! l[e/ to ! highe/1 are int]pret$ z acts ( ! und]/&+4 ,if any vital manife/ation ( ! organism is capable ( possible d]ivation f a s]ies ( reflections & inf]5ces1 t is tak5 z suffici5t pro( t ^! reflections & inf]5ces actually l$ up to x4 ,&1 inde$1 9 ! abs5ce ( a c>eful analysis ( our subjective p]ceptions we c h>dly avoid ?is conclusion4 ,logical reflection is ! logical process mo/ famili> to u1 because we discov] its pres5ce :5 we ?9k ab\t any object :atsoev]4 ,s t = popul> psy*ology m5tal life 9 g5]al is dissolv$ 9 ! m$ium ( logical reflection4 ,! "q :e!r !re are n p]haps o!r m5tal processes ( a simpl] nature is n ask$ at all1 = ! "o reason t :5ev] self-obs]vation is requir$1 x discov]s ?is reflective process 9 ! human consci\sness4 ,! same idea is appli$ to feel+s1 impulses1 & volunt>y actions :i* are reg>d$1 if n z acts ( intellig5ce1 /ill z effective /ates :i* belong to ! intellectual sph]e4 8,?is mi/ake1 !n1 spr+s f ignorance ( exact psy*ological me?ods4 ,x is un=tunately r5d]$ worse by ! incl9ation ( animal psy*ologi/s to see ! intellectual a*ievem5ts ( animals 9 ! mo/ brilliant light4444 ,unbridl$ by sci5tific criticism ! imag9ation ( ! obs]v] ascribes phnom5a 9 p]fectly good fai? to motives :i* are entirely ( its own inv5tion4 ,! facts report$ may be :olly true2 ! int]pretation ( ! psy*ologi/1 innoc5tly wov5 9 ) 8 acc\nt ( !m1 puts !m f fir/ to la/ 9 a totally wrong light4 ,y w f9d a pro( ( ?is on ne>ly e page ( ! works on animal psy*ology40 7,engli% ,translation by ,creighton ,tit*5]1 p4 #cda47 ,wundt's w>n+ aga9/ tak+ at _! face value popul>1 or ev5 s-call$ sci5tific1 acc\nts ( wond]ful feats p]=m$ by animals is v salut>y4 ,! dang] ( subjective humanization ( be/ial conduct is always imm95t4 ,we are unavoidably oblig$ to employ ! analogy ( our own animal nature & s5ti5t consci\sness z our pr9cipal clue to an und]/&+ ( brute psy*ology1 b we mu/ bew>e ( press+ ?is analogy bas$ on our own consci\sness to ! uncritical extreme ( int]pret+ 9 t]ms ( our highe/ psy*ic op]ations animal behavior t1 9 itself1 admits ( a f> simpl] explanation4 ,accord+ to ! pr9ciple ( ! m9imum1 x is unsci5tific to assume 9 a giv5 ag5t ! pres5ce ( any?+ t is n rigidly requir$ = ! explanation ( its obs]v$ ph5om5a4 ,we mu/ refra91 !re=e1 f read+ into ! consci\sness ( an animal :at is n really !re4 ,we mu/ ab/a9 f transport+ our own viewpo9t & p]sonality into a brute1 by imag9+1 ) ,d>w91 t we disc]n a 8s5se ( humor10 or a 8high degree ( self-complac5cy0 9 "s pet animal1 l a dog4 ,9 g5]al1 we c re/ assur$ t animals are q innoc5t ( ! motivation we ascribe to !m4 ,all _! manife/ations ( ! psy*ic ord] are adequately explicable 9 t]ms ( s5sory exp]i5ce1 associative memory1 in/9ct1 & ! v>i\s automatisms ( _! innate & condition$ reflexes4 ,!re is no gr\nd :atev] = suppos+ ! brute to possess ! sup]organic p[] ( und]/&+ commonly kn[n z intellig5ce4 ,etymologically speak+1 ! ab/ract t]m 8intellig5ce10 toge!r ) ! correspond+ concrete t]m 8intellect10 is d]iv$ f ! ,lat93 intus-leg]e1 signify+ to 8read )910 ! fitness ( ! t]m be+ bas$ ^u ! fact t ! intellect c p5etrate b5ea? ! out] appe>ances ( ?+s to inn] aspects & relations1 :i* are hidd5 f ! s5ses4 ,9 its prop] & mo/ g5]al usage1 intellig5ce d5otes a cognoscitive p[] ( ab/raction & g5]alization1 :i*1 by means ( conceptual comp>ison1 discov]s ! sup]s5sible relation%ips exi/5t betwe5 ! realities conceiv$1 9 su* wise z to appreh5d sub/ances b5ea? ph5om5a1 causes beh9d effects1 & remote ends beyond proximate means4 ,c]ta9 animal psy*ologi/s1 h[ev]1 refuse to res]ve ! pr]ogative ( intellig5ce = man4 ,b\vi]'s 8,la ,vie ,psy*ique des ,insectes0 7#aiah71 = example1 conta9s ! foll[+ /atem5t3 8,*oice ( a rem>kably intellectual nature1 is ev5 m noticeable 9 ! in/9ctive manife/ations ( individual memory4 ,! animal1 end[$ ) well-develop$ s5ses & n]v\s sy/em1 n only reacts to new necessities by new acts1 b associates ! /or$ up impressions ( new s5sations & !reby appropriately directs its fur!r activities4 ,?us1 by an intellig5t process1 new habits are e/abli%$1 :i* by h]$ity become "p ( ! patrimony ( in/9ct1 modify+ ! latt] & con/itut+ elem5ts ess5tial to its evolution4 ,( ^! in/9cts acquir$ ?r\gh an intellig5t appr5tice%ip ,=el 0 l$ to say t !y are reason+ made automatic1 & x is to !m p>ticul>ly t we may apply ! idea ( c]ta9 biologi/s t in/9cts are habits :i* h become h]$it>y & automatic40 7,smi?son4 ,in/4 ,rpt4 = #aiah1 p4 #ded47 ,x is extremely d\btful1 h[ev]1 :e!r ,b\vi] is "h us+ ! t]m intellig5ce 9 its prop] s5se4 ,inde$1 8 words convey ! impression t :at he means by intellig5ce is an ability to pr(it by exp]i5ce4 ,n[1 ability to pr(it by exp]i5ce may1 "u "o set ( circum/ances1 involve ! p[] ( logical reflection & inf]5ce1 :ile1 "u ano!r set ( circum/ances1 x may imply no?+ m ?an ! p[] ( associative memory4 ,9 ! latt] case1 ! facts are explicable )\t any rec\rse to psy*ic p[]s ( a sup]organic nature1 &1 9 po9t ( fact1 x (t5 happ5s t ! v zopsy*ologi/s1 :o insi/ on attribut+ ?is sort ( 8intellig5ce0 to brutes1 are mo/ emphatic 9 d5y+ t brutes are end[$ ) reason4 ,9 any case1 x is un=tunate t ! ^w intellig5ce is n[ us$ 9 two entirely diff]5t s5ses4 ,?is new & improp] s5se1 be+ unrelat$ to ! etymology1 & out ( h>mony ) ! accept$ use ( ! t]m1 s]ves only to eng5d] a confusion ( ideas4 ,x %\ld be suppress$1 9 ord] to avoid misund]/&+s4 ,t m5 %\ld be delud$1 h[ev]1 into cr$it+ animals ) 8intellig5ce0 7prop]ly s-call$7 is n at all surpris+1 :5 we reflect on ! s\rce ( ?is misappreh5sion2 = we f9d comb9$ 9 ! animal two important factors1 ^: association closely simulates intellig5ce1 namely1 s5ti5t consci\sness & unconsci\s teleology4 ,n[ teleology is n inh]5t or subjective intellig5ce1 b r an objective expression & product ( intellig5ce4 ,x exi/s 9 unconsci\s me*anisms l phonographs & add+ ma*9es1 & x is1 likewise1 manife/ 9 unconsci\s organisms l plants4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 !re is no dang] ( conf\nd+ x ) consci\s intellig5ce1 because ma*9es & plants d n possess consci\sness 9 any =m :atev]4 ,b 9 animals1 on ! contr>y1 teleology is intimately associat$ ) s5ti5t consci\sness4 ,"h ! teleological automatisms ( in/9ct are n :olly bl9d & me*anical1 b are guid$ by s5se-p]ception & associative memory4 ,x is ?is comb9ation ( teleology ) s5ti5t 8disc]nm5t0 7z ,fabre /yles x7 t conveys ! illusory impression ( a consci\s intellig5ce4 ,c>eful analysis1 h[ev]1 ( ! facts1 9 conjunction ) judici\s exp]im5ts1 w1 9 e in/ance1 enable ! obs]v] to di/+ui% betwe5 ?is deceptive semblance ( intellig5ce & t inh]5t rational p[] ( ab/raction1 classification1 & inf]5ce :i* is ! unique pr]ogative ( ! human be+4 ,a g5u9e intellig5ce ( ?is sort ne$ n be invok$ to expla9 any ( ! ph5om5a ( brute psy*ology4 ,all ( !m1 f ! highe/ to ! l[e/1 are explicable 9 t]ms ( ! s5sitivo-n]v\s functions4 ,to illu/rate ! tru? ( ?is /atem5t let u cite a few typical examples ( animal behavior1 t are sometimes reg>d$ z manife/ations ( intellig5t or rational consci\sness on ! "p ( ! brute4 ,animals1 x is po9t$ out1 le>n by exp]i5ce4 ,! t9y *ick t has be5 /ung by a wasp1 = in/ance1 le>ns to avoid su* noxi\s creatures = ! future4 ,?is is1 inde$1 8le>n+ by exp]i5ce40 ,obvi\sly1 h[ev]1 x does n consi/ 9 an inf]5ce ( a new tru? f an old tru?4 ,on ! contr>y1 x am\nts to no?+ m ?an a m]e association ( imag]y1 =m$ 9 accordance ) ! law ( contiguity 9 "t1 sanction$ by ! animal's s5sual appetite1 & p]si/5tly cons]v$ 9 its s5ti5t memory4 ,a bond ( association is =m$ betwe5 ! visual image ( ! wasp & ! imm$iately ensu+ s5sation ( pa94 ,!reaft] ! wasp & ! pa9 are associat$ 9 a s+le complex1 :i* ! s5sile memory ( ! animal p]man5tly reta9s4 ,we are deal+ ) a m]e association ( contiguity1 & no?+ fur!r is requir$ to expla9 ! future avoidance ( wasps by ! *ick4 ,! abilities acquir$ by animals ?r\gh ! trial & error me?od are to be expla9$ 9 ! same way4 ,a horse conf9$ )9 an enclosure1 = example1 seeks egress to ! fre% grass ( ! pa/ure4 ,! fact t repeat$ exits ?r\gh ! gate ( ! enclosure h associat$ ! image ( its own access to ! pa/ure ) ! p>ticul> spot :]e ! gate is locat$ induces x to approa* ! gate4 ,its que/1 h[ev]1 is balk$ by ! fact t ! gate is clos$ & lat*$4 ,!reupon1 x beg9s to *afe "u ! urge ( fru/rat$ appetite4 ,c]ta9 actions ensue1 "s spontane\s & o!rs m]ely reflex movem5ts4 ,x paws ! gr\nd1 prances ab\t1 & rubs its nose aga9/ ! gate4 ,its futile ef=ts to pass ?r\gh ! clos$ gate cont9ue indef9itely & aimlessly1 until1 by "s lucky accid5t1 its nose happ5s to /rike aga9/ ! lat* & lift x suffici5tly to release ! gate4 ,?is causes ! gate to sw+ aj>1 & ! horse ru%es out to food & fre$om4 ,by ! law ( contiguity1 ! vision ( free egress ?r\gh ! gate is !reaft] firmly associat$ 9 ! horse's s5se-memory ) ! f9al s5sation exp]i5c$ 9 its nose j prior to ! adv5t ( ! agreeable ev5tuation ( its prolong$ ef=ts4 ,h5ce=? ! animal w be able to release itself f ! enclosure by repeat+ ! concat5at$ s]ies ( acts t memory associates ) ! pleasurable result4 ,on ! second occasion1 h[ev]1 ! m remote ( its futile acts w h be5 =gott51 & ! process ( op5+ ! gate w occupy less "t1 ?\gh probably a c]ta9 am\nt ( useless paw+ & rubb+ w /ill p]si/4 ,gradually1 h[ev]1 ! numb] ( inefficaci\s actions w dim9i%1 until1 aft] _m repetitions ( ! exp]i5ce1 only ^? actions :i* directly issue 9 ! desirable result w rema9 9 ! *a9 ( impressions reta9$ by memory1 all o!rs be+ elim9at$4 ,=1 by a teleological law1 mak+ = economy ( ef=t1 all impressions n imm$iately & con/antly connect$ ) ! gratification ( animal appetites t5d to be inhibit$4 ,pawl['s exp]im5ts on dogs %[ t impressions :i* co9cide 9 "t ) su* gratification t5d to be recall$ by a return ( ! appetitive impulse1 b are soon disconnect$ f su* association & inhibit$1 if !y recur indep5d5tly ( ! recurr5ce ( gratification4 ,= ?is reason1 ! horse t5ds to rememb] m vividly ^? actions :i* are m closely connect$ ) ! pleasurable result1 &1 z its sup]flu\s actions are gradually suppress$ by a protective process ( inhibition1 x gradually comes to run ?r\gh ! s]ies ( actions necess>y to op5 ! gate ) consid]able accuracy & dispat*4 ,! po9t to be not$1 h[ev]1 is t ! horse does n discursively analyze ?is concat5at$ s]ies ( associat$ /imulators & actions2 =1 let ! concrete circum/ances be *ang$ nev] s little1 ! horse w at once lose its labori\sly acquir$ ability to op5 ! gate4 ,su*1 = example1 w be ! result1 if ! position ( ! gate be transf]r$ to ano!r "p ( ! enclosure4 ,! horse1 !re=e1 is incapable ( adapt+ its acquir$ ability to new conditions4 ,x c only rehe>se ! orig9al s]ies 9 all its initial concret5ess & /]eotyp$ specificity2 & x mu/1 :5ev] ! circum/ances are *ang$1 beg9 once m at ! beg9n+1 & re>rive by trial & error at its =m] solution ( ! problem4 ,! reason is t ! horse m]ely s5ses1 b does n und]/&1 its own solution ( ! problem4 ,! s5se1 h[ev]1 _c ab/ract f ! "h & n[4 ,consequ5tly1 ! human infant ( two summ]s is enabl$ by its dawn+ intellig5ce to adapt old means to new ends1 b ! t5-ye>-old horse _c adju/ its abilities to ! slighte/ *ange 9 ! concrete conditions surr\nd+ ! orig9al acquisition ( a useful habit4 ,! cognitive p[]s ( an animal are conf9$ to ! sph]e ( concrete s+ul>ity1 x has no p[] to ab/ract or g5]alize4 ,! selfsame obs]vation applies to ! tricks :i* animals 8le>n0 ?r\gh human tra9+4 ,_! s5sitive memory is v receptive & ret5tive4 ,h5ce1 by means ( a judici\s alt]nation ( 8rew>ds0 & 8p5alties0 7e4g4 ( sug> & ! :ip71 a man c1 z x 71 inscribe 8 own ?\ghts on ! tablets ( ! brute's memory1 9 su* a way z to =ce ! latt] to =m habits t appe> to re/ ^u a basis ( intellig5ce4 ,& s1 inde$1 !y d1 b ! intellig5ce is t ( ! tra9] & n t ( ! animal1 :i* is z de/itute ( intr9sic intellig5ce z is a talk+ phonograph1 ^u ^: records a man c inscribe 8 ?\ghts f> m effici5tly ?an he c write !m 9 t]ms ( ! neurographic imag]y ( ! can9e1 equ9e1 or simian memory4 ,! tra9$ monkey always r5d]s back )\t *ange ! orig9al lesson imp>t$ by its human tra9]4 ,! lesson z fir/ receiv$ becomes an immutable reaction-basis = ! future4 ,) a s*ool *ild1 h[ev]1 ! case is q diff]5t4 ,x does1 inde$1 receive 8an hi/orical basis ( reaction10 :5 ! tea*] illu/rates ! process ( multiplication by means ( an example on ! blackbo>d4 ,b x does n receive ?is in=mation passively & r5d] x back 9 ! orig9al /]eotyp$ =m4 ,on ! contr>y1 x analyzes ! in=mation receiv$1 & is able !reaft] to reapply ! analyz$ in=mation to new problems diff]+ 9 specificity f ! problem t ! tea*] orig9ally work$ out on ! blackbo>d4 ,! human pupil does n1 l ! monkey or ! phonograph1 r5d] back :at x has receiv$ 9 unalt]$ specificity4 ,8 reaction diff]s f its orig9al passive basis4 ,to borr[ ! words ( ,dries*1 he 8uses ?is basis1 b he is n b\nd to x z x is4 ,he dissolves ! comb9$ specificities t h creat$ ! basis40 78,! ,problem ( ,individuality10 pp4 #bg1 #bh47 ,! brute1 !re=e1 _c 8le>n10 or 8be taught0 9 ! s5se ( intellectual compreh5sion & enlight5m5t4 8,we see10 says ,john ,burr\ghs some:]e1 8t ! cag$ bird or bea/ does n reason because no /r5g? ( b> or wall c conv9ce x t x _c escape4 ,x _c be conv9c$ because x has no faculties t are conv9c$ by evid5ce4 ,x cont9ues to da% itself aga9/ ! b>s n until x is conv9c$1 b until x is exhau/$4 ,!n sl[ly a new habit is =m$1 ! cage habit4 ,:5 we tra9 an animal to d /unts1 we d n tea* x or enlight5 x 9 any prop] s5se1 b we compel x to =m new habits40 ,human be+s1 h[ev]1 c be taught & enlight5$ "u ! mo/ adv]se circum/ances4 ,ev5 ^? un=tunates are susceptible to x1 :o1 l ,laura ,bridgman1 ,hel5 ,kell]1 ,m>?a ,obre*t1 ,m>ie ,heurt91 & o!rs1 h be5 bl9d & deaf & dumb f infancy or bir?4 ,) ne>ly all ! light ( s5sibility ext+ui%$1 !re 01 nev]!less1 lat5t )9 !m some?+ ( :i* a p]fectly normal ape1 = all ! integrity ( its s5ses1 is ess5tially de/itute1 namely1 ! sup]organic p[] ( reason4 ,reason1 h[ev]1 is extr9sically dep5d5t on organic s5sibility1 &1 consequ5tly1 8! gates ( _! s\ls0 7 clos$ to human conv]se1 until su* a "t z ! pati5t k9dness & +5uity ( _! educators devis$ means ( reciprocal communication on a basis ( tactile signals4 ,!reupon !y reveal$ an intellig5ce p]fectly ak9 to t ( _! rescu]s4 ,ye>s ( simil> education1 h[ev]1 w\ld be futile 9 ! case ( an ape4 ,! 8gates ( ! s\l0 w\ld nev] op51 because ! ape has no rational s\l1 to :i* ! mo/ +5i\s tra9] might ga9 access1 9 :i* respect x diff]s fundam5tally f ev5 ! l[e/ savage4 ,a be+ t lacks reason may be tra9$ by means ( in/ruction1 b x c nev] be enlight5$ by x4 ,ano!r consid]ation1 t is occasionally urg$ 9 pro( ( be/ial intellig5ce1 is ! fact t birds1 mammals1 & ev5 insects communicate ) "o ano!r by means ( s\nds or equival5t signals1 :i* are sometimes rem>kably div]sifi$ 9 quality & consequ5t efficacy4 8,s9ce f[ls10 writes ,d>w91 8give di/9ct w>n+s = dang] on ! gr\nd1 or 9 ! sky1 f hawks 4441 may n "s unusually wise ape-l animal h imitat$ ! gr[l ( a bea/ ( prey1 & ?us told 8 fell[ monkeys ! nature ( ! expect$ dang]8 ,?is w\ld h be5 a fir/ /ep 9 ! =mation ( a language40 78,desc5t ( ,man10 #bnd ed41 *4 ,,iii1 pp4 #abb1 #abc47 ,?is is saltatory logic ) a v5geance6 ,d>w9 leaps at "o b\nd across ! entire *asm betwe5 irrationality & rationality1 )\t paus+ to build ev5 ! semblance ( a bridge4 ,giv5 an animal ) ! =esight & inv5tiv5ess requisite to employ onomatopia = ! purpose ( specify+ ! nature ( an expect$ dang]1 9 ! int]e/ ( its fell[s1 & we ne$ n tr\ble ourselves fur!r ab\t plausibleiz+ any transition2 = s 8unusually wise0 an ape is already well across ! gap t sep>ates reason f unreason1 & f> on its way t[>ds ! p]=mance ( all ! feats ( :i* reason is capable4 ,aft] swall[+ ! camel ( s mu* progress1 x w\ld be /ra9+ at a gnat to d5y su* a p>agon ( simian g5ius ! m]e p[] ( articulate spee*4 ,( c\rse1 if imag9ation r ?an logic1 is to be ! dom9ant consid]ation 9 sci5ce1 !re is no difficulty 9 imag9+ animals to be capable ( ?9k+ or do+ any?+ we *oose to ascribe to !m1 z witness sop's ,fables4 ,b1 if sob] & critical judgm5t be 9 ord]1 !n1 evid5tly1 f ! simple fact t an animal has div]sifi$ cries manife/ative ( diff]5t emotions or degrees ( emotion 7e4g4 ( fe> or rage7 & capable ( ar\s+ simil> emotions 9 o!r animals ( ! same species1 x by no means foll[s t su* an irrational animal c adapt a means to an end by us+ mimicry 9 ord] to give notification ( approa*+ dang]1 & to specify ! nature ( ! dang] 9 "q4 ,?is /upid an?ropomorphism arises f ,d>w9's failure to appreciate ! fundam5tal di/9ction t exi/s betwe5 ! 8language0 ( animals1 :i* is indicative1 emotional1 & in>ticulate1 & human language1 :i* is descriptive1 conceptual1 & articulate4 ,brute animals1 "u ! /ress ( a det]m9ate passion or emotion1 give v5t impulsively & unprem$itat$ly to in/9ctive cries indicative ( _! peculi> emotional /ate4 ,moreov]1 ^! emotionaliz$ s\nds are capable ( ar\s+ k9dr$ emotions 9 ! brea/s ( o!r animals ( ! same species1 s9ce organisms ( ! same species are syntonic ) 7i4e4 attun$ to7 "o ano!r4 ,h5ce ^! reflex or in/9ctive cries h1 no d\bt1 a teleological value1 inasmu* z !y s]ve to protect ! race by incit+ a peculi> flight-reaction 9 ^? t are n 9 imm$iate contact ) ! fe>-inspir+ object4 ,?is s-call$ w>n+1 h[ev]1 is giv5 )\t reflection or int5tion on ! "p ( ! fright5$ animal1 & is simply s5s$1 b n int]pret$1 by ! o!r animals t receive x4 ,?is premis$1 x is easy to discrim9ate betwe5 be/ial & human language4 ,! =m] is n articulate1 t is to say1 ! s\nds ( :i* x is compos$ h n be5 elaborat$ by analysis & syn!sis into phonetic elem5ts & grammatical =ms4 ,9 ! second place1 x is emotional & n conceptual1 because x is manife/ative ( ! emotions or passions 7:i* are functions ( ! organic or s5sual appetite71 & n ( rational concepts4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 x is indicative1 t is1 x m]ely signalizes a det]m9ate emotional /ate1 z a !rmomet] indicates ! temp]ature1 or a b>omet] ! atmosph]ic pressure4 ,x is n1 !re=e1 descriptive1 9 ! s5se ( be+ select$ & arrang$ 9 syntactic sequ5ce = ! express purpose ( mak+ o!rs realize "o's own exp]i5ces4 ,! rational language ( man1 on ! contr>y1 is n emotional4 ,only a negligible portion ( ! human vocabul>y is made up ( emotional int]jections4 ,x consi/s1 = ! mo/ "p1 ( s\nds descriptive ( ?\ght1 to express :i* an elaborate sy/em ( v[els & consonants are discrim9at$ & articulat$ on ! basis ( social agreem5t1 ! result be+ a conv5tional vocal code inv5t$ & us$ = ! express purpose ( convey+1 n emotions or imag]y1 b g5]al & ab/ract concepts4 #e4 ,! ,true ,significance ( ,in/9ct ,a ?ird class ( facts commonly cit$ z evid5ce ( be/ial intellig5ce are ! rem>kable ph5om5a ( in/9ct4#ad ,! beav] acts z ?\gh x 7 acqua9t$ ) ! pr9ciples ( hydraulics & eng9e]+1 :5 x ma9ta9s ! wat] at ! height requisite to subm]ge ! entrance to its dwell+ by build+ a dam ( mud1 logs1 & /icks across ! /ream at a po9t bel[ ! site ( its habitation4 ,! pr$atory wasp ,pompilius is end[$ ) surgical art1 t sugge/s a k ( anatomy1 inasmu* z x fir/ dis>ms & aft]w>ds p>alyzes its =midable prey1 ! ,lycosa or black ,t>antula4 ,ano!r pr$atory wasp1 ! ,/izus ruficornis1 disables ,mantids 9 a simil> fa%ion4 ,"o ( ! ,am]ican ,pompilids1 ! black wasp ,priocnemis flavicornis1 is an adept 9 ! art ( navigation1 s9ce x adopts ! pr9ciple ( ! ,fr5* hydroglissia 7an air-driv5 boat :i* skims ! wat] "u ! propulsion ( an a]oplane propell]74 ,?is insect t[s a huge black spid] sev]al times its own size & too heavy to be c>ri$1 propell+ its prey ) buzz+ w+s along ! op5 wat]way1 & leav+ beh9d a m9iature wake l t ( a /eam]4 ,x ?us avoids ! ob/acles ( ! d5se vegetation1 & saves "t & en]gy 9 transport+ ! huge c>cass ( its p>alyz$ qu>ry to ! hav5 ( its di/ant burr[4 ,spid]s l ! ,epeira1 = example1 are end[$ ) ! ma!matical ability ( con/ruct+ _! webs on ! patt]ns ( ! log>i?mic spiral ( ,jacques ,b]n\illi 7#afed-agje71 a curve :i* x took man c5turies to discov]4 ,! dog infe/$ ) p>asitic tapeworms 7,ta5ia7 ev9ces a seem+ k ( ph>maceutics1 see+ t x w avidly dev\r ,common ,wormwood 7,artemisia absyn?ium71 an h]b :i* x nev] t\*es o!rwise4 #ad ,j4 ,h5ri ,fabre & ,eri* ,wasmann1 ,s4,j41 h =mulat$ v s\nd & critical views on ! subject ( in/9ct4 ,! works ( ^! au?ors are n[ available 9 ,engli%4 7,cf4 de ,mattos' translation ( ! ,s\v5irs etymologiques3 8,! ,mason ,bees10 ,*4 ,,vii2 8,! ,bramble ,bees10 ,*4 ,,vi2 8,! ,hunt+ ,wasps10 ,*s4 ,,ix1 ,x1 ,,xx2 cf4 also ,wasmann's ,in/9ct & ,intellig5ce1 & ,psy*ology ( ,ants & ( ,high] ,animals1 ,engl4 translation by ,gumm]sba*47 ,9 all ^! cases1 h[ev]1 z we h previ\sly rem>k$1 ! illusion ( intellig5ce is due to ! comb9ation ( teleology or objective purposiv5ess ) s5ti5t consci\sness4 ,b teleology is no?+ m ?an a mat]ial expression ( intellig5ce1 n to be conf\nd$ ) subjective intellig5ce1 :i* is its causal pr9ciple4 ,:5 ! cells ( ! iris ( ! eye ( a l>val salam&] reg5]ate ! l5s 9 its typical p]fection1 aft] ! latt] has be5 exp]im5tally de/roy$1 we behold a process t is objectively1 b n subjectively1 intellig5t4 ,9 l mann] ! in/9ctive acts ( an animal are teleological or objectively purposive1 b d n proce$ f an intellig5ce inh]5t 9 ! animal1 any m ?an ! intellig5t soliloquy deliv]$ by a phonograph proce$s f a consci\s intellig5ce inh]5t 9 ! disc4 ,9 ! animal1 s5ti5t consci\sness is associat$ ) ?is teleology or objective purposiv5ess1 b su* consci\sness is only aw>e ( :at c be s5s$1 & is1 !re=e1 unconsci\s ( purpose1 t is1 ( ! sup]s5sible l9k1 :i* connects a means ) an end4 8,in/9ct10 to cite ! words ( ,wm4 ,james1 8is usually def9$ z ! faculty ( act+ 9 su* a way z to produce c]ta9 ends1 )\t =esight ( ! ends1 & )\t previ\s education 9 ! p]=mance40 78,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology10 vol4 ,,ii1 c4 xxiv1 p4 #chc47 ,h5ce ! unconsci\s & objective purposiv5ess1 :i* ! human m9d disc]ns 9 ! in/9ctive behavior ( brutes1 is manife/ative1 n ( an intellig5ce )9 ! animal itself1 b only ( ! inf9ite intellig5ce ( ! ,fir/ ,cause or ,creator1 ,:o impos$ ^! laws replete ) wisdom ^u ! animal k+dom1 & ( ! f9ite intellig5ce ( man1 :o is capable ( recogniz+ ! ,div9e purpose express$1 n only 9 ! in/9cts ( animals1 b 9 all ! telic ph5om5a ( nature4 ,su* m>vels are n ! =tuit\s result ( uncord9at$ cont+5cies4 ,beh9d ^! correlat$ teleologies ( ! visible univ]se !re is a ,supreme ,intellig5ce1 :i* has 8ord]$ all ?+s 9 measure1 & numb]1 & weight40 7,wisdom3 ,,xi1 #ba47 8,& ?is univ]sal geometry10 says ,fabre1 9 allusion to ! ma!matics ( ! ,epeira's web1 8tells ( an ,univ]sal ,geometrician1 ^: div9e compass has measur$ all ?+s4 ,i pref] t1 z an explanation ( ! log>i?mic curve ( ! ,ammonite & ! ,epeira1 to ! ,worm screw+ up ! tip ( its tail4 ,x may n p]haps be 9 accordance ) latt]-day tea*+1 b x takes a l(ti] flight40 78,life ( ! ,spid]10 p4 #djj47 ,b1 ?\gh ! teleology ( in/9ct is wond]ful 9 ! extreme1 ! elem5t ( psy*ic regulation is s subord9ate & re/rict$1 t1 f> f po/ulat+ intellig5t control1 c]ta9 sci5ti/s g s f> z to d5y ev5 s5ti5t control1 9 ! case ( in/9ctive behavior4 ,animals1 9 _! op9ion1 are no?+ m ?an 8reflex ma*9es10 a view :i* co9cides ) t ( ,desc>tes1 :o reg>d$ animals z unconsci\s automatons4 8,! in/9cts10 says ,pawl[1 8are also reflexes b m complex40 7,sci5ce1 ,nov4 #i1 #aibc1 p4 #cei47 ,! late ,jacques ,loeb 0 a protagoni/ ( ! view t in/9cts are simply meta*ronic *a9-reflexes1 9 :i* "o elem5t>y process releases ano!r1 ea* prec$+ phase t]m9at+ 9 ! production ( ! succe$+ phase1 until ! entire gamut ( concat5at$ arcs has be5 trav]s$4 ,h5ce1 ,john ,b4 ,watson1 ! ,behaviori/ disciple ( ,loeb1 def9es in/9ct z 8a comb9ation ( cong5ital responses unfold+ s]ially "u appropriate /imulation40 ,b1 if ,d>w9ian an?ropomorphism s9s by excess1 ,loeb's me*anism s9s by defect1 & fails to acc\nt = ! indubitable v>iability ( in/9ctive behavior4 ,=1 h[ev] fix$ & /]eotyp$ su* behavior may be1 x manife/s unmi/akable adaptation to ext]nal circum/ances & em]g5cies1 z well z subord9ation to ! g5]al physiological condition ( ! organism1 ph5om5a t exclude ! idea ( fatal pr$et]m9ation accord+ to ! fix$ patt]n ( a det]m9ate s]ies ( reflex arcs4 ,z ,j5n+s has %[n1 synaptic cord9ation 9 ! neural me*anism _c be m ?an a p>tial factor 9 det]m9+ s]ial responses4 ,! /ate ( ! organism z a :ole mu/ also be tak5 into acc\nt4 7,cf4 8,behavior ( ! ,l[] ,organisms10 p4 #bea47 ,?us an e>?worm may turn to ! "r simply because x has j turn$ to ! left1 b ?is s-call$ 8*a9-reflex0 does n involve an inv>iable & inevitable sequ5ce ( ev5ts1 s9ce ! e>?worm may turn twice or ?rice to ! left1 be=e ! second reaction ( turn+ to ! "r comes into play4 ,any animal1 :5 sat$1 w react diff]5tly to a food /imulus ?an x w :5 x is />v$1 by reason ( its alt]$ organic condition4 ,we h some?+ m1 !re=e1 to reckon ) ?an a m]e sy/em ( reflexes releas$ by a simple physical /imulus4 ,! second type ( v>iability manife/$ by in/9ct is its capacity = complex & cont9u\s adju/m5t to v>iable environm5tal circum/ances4 ,?us pr$atory animals1 su* z wasps1 crabs1 spid]s1 & c>nivor\s mammals1 accommodate !mselves appropriately & un9t]rupt$ly to ! *ang+ & un=eseeable movem5ts ( ! prey !y are engag$ 9 /alk+1 giv+ evid5ce 9 ?is way ( ! regulation ( _! hunt+ in/9cts by s5sory impressions4 ,:e!r ?is elem5t ( psy*ic control is bas$ ^u object-p]ception1 or simple s5sation1 & :e!r x involves a s5sual impulse1 or is m]ely s5sori-motor1 we h1 naturally1 no direct means ( asc]ta9+4 ,b ! pres5ce ( "s sort ( s5sory regulation is evid5t en\gh1 e4g4 9 ! prompt & un]r+ flight ( vultures to di/ant c>rion4 ,moreov]1 !re is a close analogy betwe5 our s5se organs & ^? ( an animal4 ,p>ticul>ly1 9 ! case ( ! high] animals1 ! resemblance ( ! s5se organs & n]v\s sy/em to our own is extremely close1 s mu* s t ev5 ! localization ( s5sory & motor c5t]s 9 ! bra9 is practically id5tical 9 dogs1 apes1 & m54 ,moreov]1 ! animals make analog\s use ( _! s5se organs1 ori5tat+ !m & accommodat+ !m = p]ception1 & us+ !m to inspect /range objects1 etc41 e4g4 !y turn _! eyes1 prick up _! e>s1 snuff ! w9d1 etc4 ,aga91 analog\s motor & emotional effects result f ! /imulation ( _! s5se organs1 & brutes make emotional displays ( ang]1 exultation1 fe>1 etc41 simil> to our own4 ,h5ce x is to be presum$ t !y h simil> s5su\s exp]i5ces4 ,! analogy1 h[ev]1 mu/ n be press$ fur!r ?an ! ext]nal manife/ations w>rant4 ,) brute animals1 ! manife/ations 9 "q are conf9$ exclusively to ph5om5a ( ! s5su\s ord]4 ,ano!r indication ( s5sory control is f\nd 9 ! repair-"w p]=m$ by animals end[$ ) ! con/ructive in/9ct4 ,c4 ,f4 ,s*ro$]1 = in/ance1 exp]im5t+ on c]ta9 cat]pill>s1 f\nd t !y repair$ _! weav+1 :5ev] x 0 di/urb$ by ! exp]im5t]4 ,fabre1 too1 discov]$ t a ,mason-bee w\ld pla/] up holes or clefts m>r+ ! integrity ( its cell1 provid$ t ! bee 0 actually engag$ 9 ! process ( pla/]+ at ! "t1 & provid$ t ! exp]im5t] inflict$ ! damage at ! level1 & )9 ! area1 ( ! con/ruction "w on :i* ! bee 0 !n engag$4 ,9 a ^w1 if ! damage inflict$ c\ld be repair$ by a simple cont9uation or ext5sion ( its actual "w ( ! mom5t1 ! bee 0 able to cope ) ! em]g5cy4 ,!re are o!r ways1 too1 9 :i* ! animal adapts its con/ructive in/9cts to ext]nal circum/ance4 ,fabre tells u t ! ,bramble-bee ,osmia1 :i* builds a tra9 ( p>tition$ cells 9 snail %ells or 9 holl[ re$s1 w victual fir/ & !n pla/] 9 a p>tition1 if ! re$ be n>r[1 b w fir/ pla/] a p>tition1 & !n introduce honey & poll5 ?r\gh a hole left unclos$ 9 ! p>tition1 :5ev] ! re$ is ( great] diamet]4 ,?is rev]sal ( ! proc$ure accord+ to ! exig5cies ( ! ext]nal situation does n sugge/ ! *a9-reflex ( ,loeb4 7,cf4 8,! ,bramble-,bee10 pp4 #bad-bag47 ,ano!r k9d ( adaptation ( in/9ct to ext]nal circum/ances consi/s 9 ! economical omission ( ! initial /ep ( a s]ial con/ruction1 9 cases :]e ! environm5tal conditions provide a ready-made equival5t4 8,! silkworm10 says ,dries*1 8is said n to =m its web ( silk if x is cultivat$ 9 a box conta9+ tulle1 & "s species ( bees :i* normally con/ruct tunnels d n d s if !y f9d "o ready made 9 ! gr\nd1 !y !n only p]=m _! second in/9ctive act3 sep>at+ ! tunnel into s+le cells40 78,sci5ce ,phil4 ( ! ,organism10 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #dg47 ,dries*'s analysis ( ! con/ructive in/9ct %[s t ^! facts ( adaptation or regulation fit 9 ) ! idea ( s5sory control r ?an ) t ( a *a9-reflex4 ,9 ! supposition t ! successive /ages ( in/9ctive con/ruction are due to a *a9-reflex1 consi/+ ( a s]ies ( elem5t>y motor reactions a1 b1 c1 etc41 9 :i* a produces ! ext]nal "w ,a &1 on t]m9at+1 releases b1 :i*1 9 turn1 produces ext]nal "w ,b & releases c1 etc41 cle>ly b c\ld nev] appe> be=e a1 & ! sight ( ,a ready-made w\ld n inhibit a1 nor w\ld ! removal ( ,a def] ! adv5t ( b4 ,9 o!r words1 regulation w\ld be impossible4 ,b1 if we suppose t n ! elem5tal act a1 b r ! s5sory p]ception ( ,a1 ! fir/ /ate ( ! ext]nal con/ruction1 is ! /imulus to b &1 consequ5tly1 to ! production ( ! second /ate ( con/ruction ,b1 !n we und]/& :y b is releas$ indep5d5tly ( a1 :51 = example1 an insect discov]s a ready-made sub/itute = ,a1 ! initial /ep 9 its con/ruction1 & we also und]/& :y1 9 cases ( accid5tal damage result+ 9 ! total or p>tial removal ( ,a1 ! reaction b is def]r$ & ! reaction a prolong$1 until ! repair or recon/ruction ( ,a is complete2 =1 9 ?is supposition1 ! addition ( ,a w inhibit a & release b1 :]eas ! subtraction ( ,a w inhibit ! appe>ance ( b & consequ5tly def] ,b1 until ! /ate ( con/ruction ,a1 ! sight ( :i* is ! /imulus to b1 is complete4 ,! fact ( regulation1 !re=e1 entails s5sory control ( ! s]ial responses involv$ 9 ! con/ructive in/9ct4 ,h5ce1 z ,h4 ,p4 ,weld ( ,cornell expresses x3 8,we may safely assume t ev5 9 ! l[e/ =ms ( animal life "s sort ( s5sory exp]i5ce releases ! 7in/9ctive7 disposition & to an ext5t det]m9es ! subsequ5t c\rse ( action40 7,encycl4 ,am41 v4 #ae1 p4 #afh47 ,b x w\ld be go+ to ! opposite extreme to int]pret ^! adju/m5ts ( in/9ct to ext]nal cont+5cies z evid5ce ( intellig5t regulation4 ,! animal's ability1 = example1 to repair accid5tal damage to a con/ruction1 :i* in/9ct impels x to build1 is rigidly limit$ to repairs t c be accompli%$ by a simple cont9uation ( ! actual & normal occupation ( ! mom5t4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! damage affects an already complet$ portion ( ! in/9ctive /ructure1 & its pres5t occupation is capable ( cont9uance1 ! animal is impot5t to rel9qui% ?is actual occupation ( ! mom5t1 9 ord] to cope ) ! em]g5cy4 ,suppose1 = illu/ration1 t ! in/9ctive op]ations a & b are f9i%$ & ! animal is 9 ! c-/age ( its in/9ctive p]=mance1 !n1 if ! damage is inflict$ 9 ! ,a-portion ( ! /ructure1 & c c be cont9u$ indep5d5tly ( ,a1 ! animal _c rel9qui% c & return to a1 9 ord] to re/ore ! m>r$ integrity ( ,a4 ,?is %[s t ! animal is guid$1 9 its repair-"w1 by s5se1 :i* is b\nd to ! "h & n[1 & n by intellig5ce1 :i* is an ab/ractive faculty t emancipates f ! actual & concrete pres5t1 & enables ! possessor to h>k back to ! pa/ ( its p]=mance1 %\ld necessity require4 ,?us ,fabre f\nd t ! ,mason-bee1 aft] x _h turn$ f build+ to ! =ag+ ( honey & poll51 w\ld no long] repair holes prick$ 9 its cell1 b suff]$ ! latt] to become a v]itable vessel ( ! ,danades1 :i* x va9ly /rove to fill ) its liquid prov5d]4 ,?\gh ! holes affect$ portions extremely close to ! topmo/ lay] ( masonry1 & al?\gh x frequ5tly s\nd$ & explor$ ^! unaccu/om$ holes ) its ant5n1 x took no /eps to *eck ! escape ( ! honey & poll5 by recurr+ to its mason craft ( e>li] /ages4 ,&1 f9ally1 :5 x did resume ! pla/]]'s trade 9 con/ruct+ a lid = ! cell1 x w\ld sp>e no mort> to plug ! gap+ brea*es 9 ! walls ( its cell1 b deposit$ its egg 9 a *amb] dra9$ ( honey1 & !n proce$$ to p]=m ! useless "w ( clos+ ) futile dilig5ce only ! topmo/ ap]ture 9 ?is mu* p]=at$ dwell+4 ,obvi\sly1 !re=e1 ! bee fail$ to p]ceive ! connection :i* exi/$ betwe5 ^! brea*es & ! escape ( ! honey1 & x 0 unable to apply its in/9ctive build+ skill to new uses by ab/raction f ! def9ite connection1 9 :i* ! latt] is normally op]ative4 ,s5se1 !re=e1 & n intellig5ce1 is ! regulatory pr9ciple ( in/9ct4 ,to recognize causal & telic relation%ips is ! pr]ogative ( a sup]organic intellig5ce4 ,! transc5d5tal l9k by :i* a useful means is ref]r$ to an ult]ior end is some?+ t _c be s5s$1 b only und]/ood4 ,an animal1 !re=e1 acts t[>d an end1 n on acc\nt ( an end4 ,nature1 h[ev]1 has comp5sat$ = ?is ignorance by implant+ 9 ea* species ( animal a special teleological disposition1 by reason ( :i* objects & actions1 :i* are1 "u normal conditions1 objectively useful to ! individual1 or ! species1 become inve/$ = ! animal ) a subjective aspect ( agreeabl5ess1 :ile objects & actions1 :i* are normally h>mful1 are inve/$ ) a subjective aspect ( repulsiv5ess4 ,! qualities ( s]viceabl5ess & pleasantness happ51 s f> z ! animal is conc]n$1 to be unit$ 9 "o & ! same concrete object or action1 b ! animal is only aw>e ( ! pleasantness1 :i* appeals to its s5ses1 & n ( ! s]viceabl5ess1 :i* does n4 ,?us1 9 ! example already cit$1 ! dog suff]+ f tapeworms eats ! h]b kn[n z ,common ,wormwood1 n because x is aw>e ( ! rem$ial efficacy ( ! h]b1 b simply because ! odor & flavor ( ! plant appeal to ! animal 9 its actual morbid condition1 ceas+ to d s1 h[ev]1 :5 ! latt] rega9s ! /ate ( heal?4 ,h[ diff]5t is ! action ( ! man ^: blood is infect$ ) mal>ial p>asites & :o takes qu99e1 n because ! bitt] ta/e ( ! alkaloid appeals to 8 palate1 b solely because he has 8 future cure explicitly 9 view6 8,f9ally10 says ,weld1 8! m we le>n ab\t in/9cts ! m app>5t x becomes t ! situations f :i* !y proce$ are mean+ful1 b we ne$ n suppose t ! organism is aw>e ( ! mean+4 ,! *ick 9 ! egg feels 7we may only guess z to its nature7 a vague discom=t1 & ! complicat$ reaction by :i* x makes its egress f ! %ell is releas$40 7,encycl4 ,am41 v4 #ae1 p4 #afi47 ,recapitulat+1 !n1 we may def9e in/9ct z a psy*o-organic prop5sity1 n acquir$ by education or exp]i5ce1 b cong5ital by inh]itance & id5tical 9 all memb]s ( ! same zological species1 hav+ z its physical basis ! specific n]v\s organization ( ! animal & z its psy*ic basis a teleological cord9ation ( ! cognitive1 emotional1 & motor functions1 9 virtue ( :i*1 giv5 ! prop] physiological /ate ( ! organism & ! pres5ce ( an appropriate environm5tal /imulus1 an animal1 )\t consci\sness ( purpose1 is impell$ to ! inception1 & regulat$ 9 ! p]=mance1 ( complicat$ behavior :i* is s5sually gratify+ &1 "u normal circum/ances1 simultane\sly b5eficial to ! individual1 or ! race4 ,in/9ctive acts are p]=m$ )\t previ\s exp]i5ce or tra9+ on ! "p ( ! animal1 & are1 nev]!less1 at lea/ 9 ! majority ( cases1 p]fect 9 _! fir/ p]=mance4 ,a few1 l ! peck+-in/9ct ( "y *ick5s1 are slightly improvable ?r\gh s5ti5t exp]i5ce1 e4g4 ! "y *ick1 at fir/ undiscrim9at+ 9 ! *oice ( ! p>ticles :i* x picks up1 le>ns lat] by associative memory to di/+ui% :at is ta/y & edible f :at is disagreeable & in$ible1 b1 = ! mo/ "p1 ! p]fection ( in/9ctive acts is indep5d5t ( prior exp]i5ce4 ,h5ce in/9ct is entirely diff]5t f human reason1 :i*1 9 ! solution ( problems1 is compell$ to beg9 ) reflection ^u ! data furni%$ by previ\s exp]i5ce1 or education4 ,! animal1 h[ev]1 9 its in/9ctive op]ations1 )\t paus+ to inve/igate1 delib]ate1 or calculate1 proce$s unhesitat+ly on ! v fir/ occasion to a prompt & p]fect solution ( its problems4 ,h5ce1 )\t /udy1 consultation1 plann+1 or previ\s appr5tice%ip ( any sort1 & 9 ! complete abs5ce ( exp]im5tal k1 t might s]ve z matt] = reflection or z a basis = inf]5ce1 ! animal is able to solve intricate problems 9 eng9e]+1 geometry1 anatomy1 ph>maceutics1 etc41 :i* ! comb9$ intellig5ce ( mank9d requir$ c5turies ^u c5turies ( s*ool+1 rese>*1 & reflection 9 ord] to solve4 ,( two ?+s1 !re=e1 "o3 ei!r ^! actions d n proce$ f an intellig5t pr9ciple inh]5t 9 ! animal2 or !y d1 & 9 t case we are compell$ to recognize 9 brute animals an intellig5ce sup]ior to our own1 because !y accompli% deftly & )\t ef=t +5i\s feats t human reason _c duplicate1 save clumsily & at ! price ( prolong$ discipl9e & incessant drudg]y4 8,p]haps ! /ronge/ reason10 says an anonym\s writ]1 8= n reg>d+ ! activities ( in/9ct z intellig5t is t 9 su* enorm\sly complex sequ5ces ( action z1 = in/ance1 ! emp]or mo? c>ries out 9 ! prep>+ ( an escape-op5+ = itself on its complet+ ! l>val & pass+ into ! imago /ate1 ! intellig5ce ne$$ w\ld be s great t x c\ld n be limit$ to ?is s+le activity1 & yet x is s limit$40#ae #ae ,cf4 ,nelson's ,encyclop$ia1 v4 #f1 p4 #deb4 ,intellig5ce is ess5tially a g5]aliz+ & ab/ract+ p[]2 h5ce1 f its v nature1 x c\ld n be limit$ to a s+le activity4 ,be/ial in/9cts1 h[ev]1 ?\gh frequ5tly s amaz+ly complex & +5i\sly purposive z to seem ! fruit ( pr(\nd m$itation1 are1 nev]!less1 conf9$ exclusively to ?is or t det]m9ate ability4 ,!y op]ate )9 n>r[ & pre/abli%$ grooves1 f :i* !y nev] sw]ve to any appreciable degree1 be+ b little modifiable or p]fectible by exp]i5ce4 ,bees always con/ruct hexagonal cells1 spid]s /ick to ! log>i?mic spiral1 & beav]s nev] attempt to put _! eng9e]+ skill to new uses4 ,in/9cts h b little pliancy1 _! regul>ity & uni=mity be+ su* z to make ! in/9ctive abilities def9itely pr$ictable 9 ! case ( any giv5 species ( animal4 ,n[1 ! di/9ctive m>k ( intellig5ce is v]satility1 t is1 aptitude = _m ?+s )\t det]m9ate re/riction to ?is or t4 ,a man :o is exp]t 9 "o art may1 by reason ( 8 intellig5ce1 be equally pr(ici5t 9 a doz5 o!rs4 ,! biologi/ may be a compet5t *emi/1 & ! a/ronom] an excell5t physici/4 ,mi*el ,angelo 0 a sculptor1 a fresco]1 a pa9t]1 an anatomi/1 an eng9e]1 & an ar*itect1 :ile ,leon>do da ,v9ci _h ev5 m arts to 8 cr$it4 ,to pr$ict be=e bir? ! precise =m t a man's ability w take is an impossibility4 ,c]ta9 aptitudes1 su* z a musical gift1 are no d\bt inh]it$1 b x is an inh]itance :i* imposes no rigid necessity ^u inh]it]2 s9ce he is free to neglect ?is native tal5t1 & to develop o!rs = :i* he has no special innate aptitude4 ,) man1 ! fa%ion 9 clo?+ & ! /yles ( ar*itecture v>y f day to day4 ,! brute1 h[ev]1 nev] em]ges f ! rut ( in/9ct1 & ea* g5]ation ( a giv5 animal species monoton\sly reproduces ! hi/ory ( ! previ\s g5]ation4 ,man1 on ! contr>y1 is capable ( indef9ite progress1 z ! m>* ( human cultures & civilizations %[s4 ,greg>i\s animals are re/rict$ by _! in/9cts to det]m9ate types ( aggregation1 z we see 9 ! case ( ants & bees4 ,h5ce ^! insect communities are unacqua9t$ ) our sangu9>y revolutions :i* ov]turn mon>*ies 9 favor ( republics1 or set up dictator%ips 9 place ( democracies2 =1 =tunately or un=tunately1 z "o may *oose to reg>d x1 man is n limit$ to "o =m ( gov]nm5t r ?an ano!r4 ,animals1 !n1 not)/&+ _! wond]ful in/9cts1 are defici5t 9 precisely t quality :i* is ! unique crit]ion ( intellig5ce1 namely1 v]satility4 ,ea* species has b "o /]eotyp$ ability1 outside ( :i* x is woefully /upid & ineffici5t4 8,s long10 says ,fabre1 8z its circum/ances are normal ! insect's actions are calculat$ mo/ rationally 9 view ( ! object to be atta9$0 78,! ,mason-,bees10 p4 #afg71 b let ! circum/ances cease to be normal1 let !m v>y nev] s little f ^? :i* ord9>ily obta91 & ! animal is helpless1 :ile its in/9ctive pr$isposition becomes1 n m]ely futile1 b (t5 positively detrim5tal4 ,?us ! in/9ct1 :i* %\ld1 9 ! normal c\rse ( ev5ts1 guide night-fly+ mo?s to ! :ite fl[]s t conta9 ! life-su/a9+ nect> ( _! nocturnal banquets1 proves _! undo+1 :5 !y come into contact ) ! :ite lights ( artificial illum9ation4 ,9 fact1 ! fatal fondness ( ! mo? = ! c&le flame has become 9 all languages a prov]b = ! folly ( c\rt+ "o's own de/ruction4 ,! animal may employ an exquisitely effici5t me?od 9 accompli%+ its in/9ctive "w1 b is absolutely impot5t to apply ?is +5i\s me?od to m ?an "o det]m9ate purpose4 ,man1 h[ev]1 is n s re/rict$4 ,he v>ies at w bo? 8 aims & 8 me?ods4 ,he c adapt ! same means 7a pocketknife1 = in/ance7 to diff]5t ends1 &1 conv]sely1 he c obta9 ! same end by ! use ( diff]5t means 7e4g4 communicate by mail1 or telegraph1 or radio74 ,man1 9 a ^w1 is emancipat$ f limitation to ! s+ul> & ! concrete by virtue ( 8 unique pr]ogative1 reason1 or intellig5ce1 ! p[] t enables him to g5]alize f ! p>ticul> & to ab/ract f ! concrete4 ,?is is ! secret ( 8 unlimit$ v]satility4 ,?is is ! basis ( 8 capacity = progress4 ,?is is ! root ( 8 fre$om2 = 8 w seeks happ9ess 9 g5]al1 happ9ess 9 ! ab/ract1 & is n1 !re=e1 compell$ to *oose any p>ticul> =m or concrete embodim5t ( happ9ess1 su* z ?is or t /yle ( ar*itecture1 ?is or t =m ( gov]nm5t1 ?is or t k9d ( clo?+1 etc41 etc4 ,teleology is b a mat]ial expression ( intellig5ce1 & may1 !re=e1 occur 9 ?+s de/itute ( intellig5ce1 b v]satility is ! insep>able concomitant & infallible sign ( an inh]5t & autonom\s intellig5ce4 ,lack+ ?is quality1 in/9ct1 h[ev] telic1 is obvi\sly n intellig5ce4 ,ano!r indication ( ! fact t no intellig5ce lies beh9d ! in/9ctive behavior ( brutes is manife/ f _! evid5t unconsci\sness ( purpose4 ,t ! animal is ignorant ( ! purpose impli$ 9 its own in/9ctive actions appe>s f ! fact t x w c>ry out ^! op]ations ) futile dilig5ce & exactitude1 ev5 :51 ?r\gh accid5t1 ! purpose is conspicu\sly abs5t4 ,?us ! h5 depriv$ ( h] eggs w1 nev]!less1 cont9ue ! n[ futile process ( incubation = tw5ty-"o days1 or long]1 despite ! fact t h] ob/9acy 9 ma9ta9+ ! /raw ( ! empty ne/ at a temp]ature ( #ajd ,f4 s]ves no useful purpose :atev]4 ,%e _c b s5se ! abs5ce ( ! eggs2 %e has n1 h[ev]1 ! intellig5ce to realize t incubation )\t eggs is va94 ,! connection betwe5 ! latt] & ! =m] is some?+ t m]e s5se _c appreh5d4 ,h5ce ! h5 is n tr\bl$ by ! purposelessness ( h] p]=mance4 ,fabre gives _m examples ( ?is futile p]si/5ce 9 in/9ctive op]ations1 despite _! complete fru/ration4 ,allud+ to ! outcome ( 8 exp]im5ts on ! ,mason-wasp ,pelapaeus1 he says3 8,! ,mason bees1 ! ,cat]pill> ( ! ,great ,peacock ,mo?1 & _m o!rs1 :5 subject$ to simil> te/s1 are guilty ( ! same illogical behavi\r3 !y cont9ue1 9 ! normal ord]1 _! s]ies ( indu/ri\s actions1 ?\gh accid5t has n[ r5d]$ !m all useless4 ,j l mill/ones unable to cease revolv+ ?\gh !re be no corn left to gr9d1 let !m once be giv5 ! compell+ p[] & !y w cont9ue to p]=m _! task despite its futility40 78,bramble ,bees10 pp4 #aib1 #aic47 ,! in/ance cit$ by ,dr4 ,h4 ,d4 ,s*midt is an excell5t illu/ration ( ?is inability ( an animal to appreciate ei!r ! utility or futility ( its in/9ctive behavior4 ,hav+ describ$ ! in/9ct ( squirrels to bury nuts by ramm+ !m into ! gr\nd ) _! tee?1 & !n us+ _! paws to cov] !m ) e>?1 he cont9ues z foll[s3 8,n[1 z reg>ds ! "y squirrel1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 nev] _h be5 pres5t at ! burial ( a nut1 ,i obs]v$ t1 aft] hav+ eat5 a numb] ( hickory nuts to appease its appetite1 x w\ld take "o betwe5 its tee?1 !n sit upright & li/5 9 all directions4 ,f9d+ all "r1 x w\ld scrat* ^u ! smoo? blanket on :i* ,i 0 play+ ) x z if to make a hole1 !n hamm] ) ! nut betwe5 its tee? ^u ! blanket1 & f9ally p]=m all ! motions requir$ to fill up a hole--9 ! air2 aft] :i* x w\ld jump away1 leav+ ! nut1 ( c\rse1 uncov]$40 7,transactions ( ! ,am4 ,neurological ,ass'n1 #ahge1 vol4 ,i1 p4 #abi--;italics 847 ,?is :ole pantomime ( purposeless ge/iculations1 f ! useless 8,/op1 look & li/560 d[n to ! f9al des]tion ( ! uncov]$ nut1 is ov]:elm+ evid5ce ( ! fact t ! brute is de/itute ( any rational faculty capable ( recogniz+ ! telic aspect ( its own in/9ctive conduct4 ,! claim is sometimes made t c]ta9 =ms ( animal behavior are n unconsci\sly1 b consci\sly1 telic4 ,b\vi]1 = example1 claims t 9 ! r>e cases ( ! use ( tools among ! ,ar?ropoda1 we h evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( intellig5t inv5tiv5ess ( a rudim5t>y k9d4 ,?us ! crab ,melia c>ries a sea-anemone 9 its *ela z a weapon :]e) to /+ its prey into a condition ( p>alysis4 ,! leaf-cutt+ ants ( ,india & ,brazil use _! own ?read-sp9n+ l>v z tools = cem5t+ toge!r ! mat]ials out ( :i* _! ne/s are con/ruct$4 ,! pr$atory wasp ,ammophila urn>ia uses a pebble to tamp ! fill+ ( its burr[4 ,accord+ to ! ,:eel]s 7cf4 ,sci5ce1 ,may #cj1 #aibd1 p4 #dhf71 ! hunt+ wasp ,sphex 7,ammophila7 gryphus 7,sm47 makes simil> use ( a pebble4 ,z ,b\vi] notes1 h[ev]1 ?is use ( tools appe>s 8to be r exceptional 4441 %[+ itself only 9 ! primitive /ate consi/+ ( ! use ( =eign bodies z implem5ts40 7,smi?son4 ,in/4 ,rpt4 = #aiah1 p4 #def47 ,moreov]1 ! animals 9 "q are limit$ to a concretely det]m9ate k9d ( tool1 :i* _! environm5t supplies ready-made4 ,su* a use ( implem5ts does n presuppose any p[] ( ab/raction & g5]alization4 ,9 fact1 ! pres5ce ( su* a p[] is expressly exclud$ by ! consid]ation t ! animal's s-call$ 8inv5tiv5ess0 is conf9$ exclusively to "o p>ticul>iz$ manife/ation4 ,at times ! behavior ( animals s closely simulates ! consci\sly telic or intellig5t conduct ( m51 t only sev]ely critical me?ods enable u to discrim9ate betwe5 !m4 ,an exp]im5t1 :i* ,eri* ,wasmann1 ,s4,j41 p]=m$ ^u ants w s]ve to illu/rate ?is po9t4 ,9 "o ( 8 glass ne/s1 ,fa!r ,wasmann con/ruct$ an isl& ( s& surr\nd$ by a moat fill$ ) wat]4 ,he !n remov$ f _! 8nurs]y0 a c]ta9 numb] ( ! ant l>v & plac$ !m on ! isl&4 ,!reupon ! ants 7 obs]v$ to build a bridge ( s& across ! moat 8= ! purpose10 app>5tly1 ( rescu+ ! m>oon$ l>v4 ,su* behavior seem$ to imply an intellig5t ord9ation ( a means to an end4 ,wasmann's second exp]im5t1 h[ev]1 prov$ ?is inf]5ce to be :olly unw>rant$2 =1 :5 he excavat$ a hole 9 ! s& ( ! ne/ & fill$ x ) wat]1 ! ants1 /imulat$ by :at to !m 0 ! disagreeable dampness ( ! m>g9al s&1 7 impell$ to p]=m ! reflex act ( kick+ ab\t 9 ! s&4 ,?is impulse p]si/$ until all traces ( ! hole1 ! dampness & ! wat] _h be5 buri$ "u a c>pet ( dri] s&4 ,!n1 & !n only1 0 ! a=esaid impulse inhibit$4 ,apply+ ^! results to ! int]pretation ( ! fir/ exp]im5t1 we see t ! 8build+ ( a bridge0 9 ! fir/ exp]im5t 0 n int5tional1 b m]ely an accid5tal result ( a kick+-reflex1 ) damp s& act+ z a /imulator4 ,once ! moat 0 bridg$1 h[ev]1 ! ants happ5$ to f9d ! l>v1 & 7 !n impell$ by in/9ct to c>ry ! l>v to _! prop] place 9 ! ne/4 ,to see 9 su* an incid5t a plann$ & prem$itat$ rescue ( ! m>oon$ l>v w\ld be grossly an?ropomorphic4 ,nev]!less1 _h only ! fir/ exp]im5t be5 p]=m$1 su* an an?ropomorphic int]pretation w\ld h seem$ fully ju/ifi$1 & x 0 only by an appropriate v>iation ( ! conditions ( ! orig9al exp]im5t t ?is false int]pretation c\ld be def9itively exclud$4 ,consci\sly telic behavior is di/+ui%able f unconsci\sly telic conduct only to ! ext5t t x implies an ag5t end[$ ) ! p[] ( ab/raction4 ,unless an ag5t c v>y radically ! specificity ( ! proc$ure1 :]eby x atta9s a giv5 end1 ! purposiv5ess ( its behavior is no evid5ce ( its intellig5ce4 8,among animals10 says ,b]gson1 8inv5tion is nev] m ?an a v>iation on ! !me ( r\t9e4 ,lock$ up z x is )9 ! habits ( its species1 ! animal succe$s no d\bt 9 broad5+ ^! by individual initiative2 b its escape f automatism is mom5t>y only1 j long en\gh to create a new automatism2 ! gates ( its prison close z soon z !y are op5$2 dragg+ ! *a9 m]ely l5g!ns x4 ,only ) man does consci\sness break ! *a940 7,cf4 ,smi?son4 ,in/4 ,rpt4 = #aiah1 p4 #deg47 ,9 va91 !n1 d our ,d>w9ian humaniz]s ( ! brute exalt in/9ct at ! exp5se ( intellig5ce4 ,_! attempt to r$uce to a diff]5ce ( degree ! diff]5ce ( k9d t sep>ates ! irrational f ! rational1 fails all along ! l9e4 ,inde$1 f> f be+ able to acc\nt = ! appe>ance ( intellig5ce 9 ! _w1 trans=mi/ic !ories are impot5t to acc\nt = s mu* z ! developm5t ( in/9ct1 all =ms ( ! evolution>y !ory1 ! ,lam>ckian1 ! ,d>w9ian1 ! ,de-,vriesian1 etc41 be+ equally inadequate to ! task ( expla9+ ! orig9 ( animal in/9cts4 ,! complex in/9ctive behavior ( pr$atory wasps1 = example1 is absolutely ess5tial = ! pres]vation ( _! respective races1 & yet ^! indisp5sable in/9cts are completely useless 9 any o!r ?an ! p]fect /ate4 ,f _! v nature1 !re=e1 !y d n admit ( gradual developm5t4 ,! law ( all1 or none1 holds "h4 8,in/9ct develop$ by degrees10 says ,fabre1 8is flagrantly impossible4 ,! art ( prep>+ ! l>va's provisions all[s none b ma/]s1 & suff]s no appr5tices2 ! ,wasp mu/ excel 9 x f ! outset or leave ! ?+ alone40 78,! ,hunt+ ,wasps10 p4 #djc47 ,to be useful at all1 ! in/9ctive op]ation mu/ possess an indivisible p]fection1 :i* _c be p>tition$ into degrees4 ,! ,pompilius 7,calicurgus71 = in/ance1 mu/1 "u p5alty ( in/ant dea?1 take ! prelim9>y precaution to /+ into inaction ! ganglion t controls ! poison =ceps ( h] =midable prey1 ! ,black ,t>antula 7,lycosa71 be=e %e proce$s to p>alyze x by /abb+ its ?oracic ganglion4 ,! slighte/ imp]fection or %ortcom+ 9 h] surg]y w\ld be irretrievably disa/r\s4 ,su* an in/9ct nev] exi/$ 9 an imp]fect =m4 ,! fir/ wasp to possess x mu/ h be5 an exp]t1 or %e w\ld nev] h liv$ to s]ve ! limp body ( ! huge spid] z liv+ prov5d] = h] t9y grub4 8,! fir/ to come to grips ) ! ,t>antula10 says ,fabre1 8_h an un]r+ k ( h] dang]\s surg]y4 ,! lea/ hesitation1 ! slighte/ speculation1 & %e 0 lo/4 ,! fir/ tea*] w\ld also h be5 ! la/1 ) no disciples to take up h] art & p]fect x40 78,bramble ,bees10 p4 #ced47 ,ano!r hunt+ wasp1 ! ,hairy ,ammophila1 subdues a l>ge cat]pill> into a /ate ( coma by prick+ ) its /+ n9e ( ! v5tral ganglia1 :ile x sp>es ! c]vical ganglion1 m]ely compress+ ! latt] ) its m&ibles1 s z n to de/roy life altoge!r4 ,?is nice discrim9ation rules out ,loeb's hypo!sis ( a s-call$ 8*emotaxis40 ,z a result ( ?is elaborate surgical op]ation1 ! p[] ( movem5t is suppress$ 9 e segm5t1 & ! t9y l>va ( ! wasp em]g+ f ! egg laid on ! v5tral surface ( ! cat]pill> c dev\r ?is huge liv+1 b motionless1 victim 9 peace & safety4 ,dead meat w\ld n agree ) ! l>va1 & any movem5t ( ! cat]pill> w\ld be fatal to ! delicate grub4 ,to elim9ate ^! cont+5cies1 ! ,wasp's surg]y mu/ be p]fect f ! v outset4 8,!re is10 says ,fabre1 8no via m$ia1 no half success4 ,ei!r ! cat]pill> is treat$ accord+ to rule & ! ,wasp & its family is p]petuat$2 or else ! victim is only p>tially p>alyz$ & ! ,wasp's (fspr+ dies 9 ! egg4 ,yield+ to ! inexorable logic ( ?+s1 we w h to admit t ! fir/ ,hairy ,ammophila1 aft] captur+ a ,grey ,worm to fe$ h] l>va1 op]at$ on ! pati5t by ! exact me?od 9 use today40 78,! ,hunt+ ,wasps10 pp4 #djc1 #djd47 ,c]ta9 meticul\s critics ( our day cite ! fact ( ! diffusion ( ! poison z indicat+ t ! surg]y ( ! hunt+ wasps ne$ n be s p]fectly accommodat$ to ! n]v\s sy/em ( _! prey1 & !y attempt 9 ?is way to discr$it ,fabre z hav+ fail$ to take ! occurr5ce ( diffusion into acc\nt4 ,a c>eful read+ ( 8 works1 h[ev]1 w s]ve to v9dicate him 9 ?is respect4 ,9 a *apt] on ! poison ( ! bee1 = in/ance1 we read3 8,! local effect is diffus$4 ,?is diffusion1 :i* might well take place 9 ! victims ( ! pr$atory insects1 plays no "p 9 ! latt]'s me?od ( op]ation4 ,! egg1 :i* w be laid imm$iately aft]w>ds1 dem&s ! complete in]tia ( ! prey f ! outset4 ,h5ce all ! n]ve-c5t]s t gov]n locomotion mu/ be numb$ in/antane\sly by ! virus40 78,bramble ,bees10 p4 #cdg47 ,b\vi]1 !re=e1 v ju/ly rem>ks3 8,aft] all1 :5 ,fabre's "w is exam9$ !re is no tr\ble 9 see+ t none ( ^! details escap$ him4 ,he nev] disput$ ! p>alytic action ( ! poison inoculat$ by ! insect1 & ! wond]ful rese>*es by ! ,peckhams on ! ,pompilids1 :i* hunt ,lycosids1 h cle>ly e/abli%$ ! fact t ! ?ru/s ( ! /+ giv5 by ! pr$atory insect produce two diff]5t k9ds ( p>alysis1 "o functional1 & (t5 tempor>y1 result+ f ! action ( ! v5om1 ! o!r /ructural & p]si/5t1 produc$ by ! d>t :i* m or less injures ! n]v\s c5t]s40 7,smi?son4 ,in/4 ,rpt4 = #aiaf1 p4 #eid47 ,9 ! case ( pr$atory insects1 !re=e1 ! in/9ct mu/ be p]fect at ! outset1 or survival is impossible4 ,= ! orig9 ( su* in/9cts1 ,d>w9ism1 :i* /resses ! gradualness ( evolution>y progress1 has no explanation t w hold wat]4 ,lam>ckism1 :i* sees 9 acquir$ habits transmitt$ by inh]itance1 ! orig9 ( in/9ct1 ! 8memory ( ! race10 is equally at a loss to acc\nt = ^! in/9cts4 ,! =mation ( habits requires practice & repetition4 ,! pr$atory insect mu/ be p]fect at ! />t1 & yet x only ex]cises its rem>kable in/9ct once a ye>4 ,:]e is ! practice & reit]ation requisite = canaliz+ its n]v\s sy/em into ! conduction-pa?s ( habit8 ,h[ did "o p>ticul> set ( r>ely p]=m$ acts happ5 to ga9 prec$5ce ov] all o!rs1 & to be alone successful 9 /amp+ !mselves indelibly ^u ! n]ve plasm z habits1 & ^u ! g]m plasm z in/9cts8 ,de-,vriesianism1 :i* w\ld make ! acquisition & p]fect+ ( in/9ct dep5d5t ^u ! r>e & accid5tal cont+5cy ( a =tuit\s mutation1 is ev5 m objectionable4 ,^! in/9cts are vital to ! insect4 ,if _! acquisition & improvem5t dep5d ^u ! lucky *ance ( a s]ies ( favorable mutations1 its prospects ( survival are nil2 = x _c af=d to wait at all4 8,9 ord] to live10 says ,fabre1 8we all require ! conditions t enable u to live3 ?is is a tru? wor?y ( ! fam\s axioms ( ,la ,palice4 ,! pr$atory insects live by _! tal5t4 ,if !y d n possess x to p]fection1 _! race is lo/40 78,bramble ,bees10 p4 #cfd47 ,rec5tly1 !re has be5 a revival ( ,lam>ckism hi!rto reg>d$ z defunct4 ,guy]1 ,kamm]]1 & ,pawl[ pr(ess to f9d factual ju/ification = x1 & ,b\vi] adopts x 9 8 8,la vie psy*ique des insectes0 7#aiah71 to acc\nt = ! orig9 ( in/9ct4 ,( ! alleg$ facts ( ,kamm]] & ,guy]1 we h spok5 9 a previ\s *apt]4 ,"h we %all cont5t ourselves ) few rem>ks on ! exp]im5ts ( ,ivan ,pawl[1 z be+ especially relevant to ! subject "u consid]ation4 ,! ,russian physiologi/ has exp]im5t$ on :ite mice1 & claims t ! mice ( ! fif? g5]ation le>n$ to answ] a d9n] bell 9 ! space ( five lessons1 :]eas _! ance/ors ( ! fir/ g5]ation _h requir$ a hundr$ lessons to answ] ! same signal4 ,h5ce he concludes3 8,! late/ exp]im5ts 444 %[ t condition$ reflexes1 i4e41 ! highe/ n]v\s activity1 are inh]it$40 7,sci5ce1 ,nov4 #i1 #aibc1 p4 #cfj47 ,8 results1 h[ev]1 d n tally ) ^? rec5tly obta9$ by ,e4 ,c4 ,mac,dowell ( ! ,c>negie ,in/itution1 by ,h4 ,g4 ,bragg1 & by ,e4 ,m4 ,vic>i ( ,columbia4 ,mac,dowell f\nd t :ite rats tra9$ 9 a circul> maze did n improve 9 _! susceptibility to tra9+ f g5]ation to g5]ation4 8,*ildr5 f tra9$ p>5ts10 he says1 8or f tra9$ p>5ts & gr&p>5ts1 take z long to le>n ! maze habit z ! fir/ g5]ation us$40 7,sci5ce1 ,m>* #bh1 #aibd1 p4 #cjc47 ,hav+ cit$ ! simil> results ( ,bragg1 :o exp]im5t$ ) :ite mice1 he concludes3 8,! results are 9 full accord ) ^? giv5 above2 !y indicate t ! tra9+ ( ! ance/ors did n facilitate ! le>n+ ( ! desc5dants40 7,ibidem47 ,e4 ,m4 ,vic>i1 us+ a simple maze & :ite rats1 obta9$ ! same results4 8,x seems cle>10 %e says1 8t ! latt] g5]ations h n be5 aid$ by ! tra9+ ( _! ance/ors40 7,ibidem47 ,b\vi]'s conception1 !n1 t ! automatisms ( in/9ct orig9ate z automatisms ( acquir$ habit1 ! latt] be+ appropriat$ by inh]itance1 /ill /&s 9 ne$ ( reliable exp]im5tal confirmation4 ,moreov]1 a !ory ( ?is sort c\ld nev] acc\nt1 z ,weismann po9ts out1 = su* ph5om5a z ! specific in/9cts ( work] bees1 :i* are exclud$ f propagation4 ,nor c ! !ory expla91 z orig9at+ 9 acquir$ habit1 ^? in/9ctive op]ations ( enorm\s complexity1 l ! complicat$ me?od ( em]g5ce employ$ by ! l>va ( ! emp]or mo?1 :i* only occur once 9 a lifetime1 & c\ld n1 !re=e1 fa/5 !mselves on ! organism z a habit4 ,an evolution>y orig9 ( in/9ct1 h[ev]1 ?\gh extremely improbable1 is1 at any rate1 n absolutely inconceivable4 ,its teleology1 z we h se51 does n imply inh]5t intellig5ce1 b is explicable z an innate law involv+ appropriate cord9ation ( ! s5sory1 emotional1 & motor functions1 all ( :i* are intr9sically dep5d5t on ! organism4 ,b intellig5ce1 z we h se51 is a sup]organic p[]1 hav+ its s\rce 9 a spiritual pr9ciple1 t1 f ! v nature ( ?+s1 _c be evolv$ f matt]4 ,human reason1 !re=e1 owes its orig91 n to any evolution ( ! human body1 b to ! creation ( ! human s\l1 :i* is ! s\rce & subject ( t unique pr]ogative ( man1 namely3 ! p[] ( ab/ract ?\ght4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,human ,,body ,9 an article publi%$ ,augu/ #ca1 #ahie1 9 ! ,new ,york ,freeman's ,j\rnal1 ! late ,rev4 ,j4 ,a4 ,zahm gave expression to ! foll[+ op9ion3 8,! evolution ( ! body ( man f "s inf]ior animal & its subsequ5t end[m5t 9 ?is body by ,god ( a rational s\l is antagoni/ic to no dogma ( fai? & may be %[n to be 9 h>mony ) ! tea*+s ( ,/4 ,?omas40 ,! scriptural & !ological aspect ( ?is view ne$ n conc]n u "h1 our sole purpose be+ to evaluate x f a purely sci5tific /&po9t4 ,once evolution>y ?\ght takes cognizance ( ! fact t ! human s\l is a spiritual pr9ciple und]ivable f m]e matt]1 once x ackn[l$ges ! imm$iate creation ( ! human s\l1 & pr(esses to d no m ?an acc\nt = ! orig9 ( man's animal body1 t mom5t is x %orn ( its mat]iali/ic implications2 b :at1 we may ask1 are ! f\ndations ( su* an hypo!sis 9 ! realm ( sci5tific fact8 ,! writ] mu/ confess t he _c fa?om ! m5tality ( ^? :o accept ! evolution>y explanation1 s f> z plant & animal organisms are conc]n$1 b proce$ to draw ! l9e :5 x comes to apply+ x to ! human body4 ,= if "o 7to borr[ ,du ,bois-,reymond's expression7 8gives s mu* z 8 little f+] to0 ! evolutional argum5t f organic homology1 he mu/ end1 9 s f> z he is consi/5t1 9 ackn[l$g+ z inconte/able its obvi\s application to man4 ,! only *oice :i* s\nd logic c sanction is betwe5 fixism & a ?or\ghgo+ sy/em ( trans=mism1 :i* does n exempt ! human body f ! scope ( ! evolution>y explanation4 ,inde$1 ! !ory ( evolution itself /&s or falls ^u ?is issue2 =1 if /ructures s /rik+ly simil> z ! skeletons ( a man & an ape1 respectively1 h orig9at$ f two di/9ct ance/ral /ocks1 !n 9 no case at all is ! inf]5ce ( common desc5t f /ructural resemblance a legitimate proc$ure4 ,9 o!r words1 if ! homologies exi/5t betwe5 ! human & simian organisms are explicable on "s o!r basis ?an t ( common ance/ry1 !n all organic homologies are s explicable1 & ! :ole evolution>y argum5t collapses4 #a4 ,two ,!ories ( ,desc5t ,two !ories h be5 =mulat$ reg>d+ ! alleg$ be/ial orig9 ( ! human body3 7#a7 ! !ory ( l9eal desc5t f "s kn[n species 7liv+ or fossil7 ( ape or monkey2 7#b7 ! !ory ( collat]al desc5t f a hypo!tical be/ial ance/or common to apes & m54 ,! !ory ( l9eal desc5t is t to :i* ,d>w9 himself /&s committ$4 ,?is !ory1 h[ev]1 soon fell into disrepute among sci5ti/s1 :o came to pref] ! !ory ( collat]al desc5t1 al?\gh signs ( a return to ! old] !ory are n want+ 9 our day4 ,at all ev5ts1 ,d>w9 came out flatly 9 favor ( ! monkey orig9 ( man4 ,?is1 x is true1 has be5 indignantly d5i$ by loyal p>tisans anxi\s to exon]ate _! idol f ! reproa* ( hav+ advanc$ a crude & n[ obsolete !ory ( human desc5t4 ,b ,d>w9's own words speak = !mselves3 8,! ,simiadae10 he says1 8!n bran*$ (f into two great /ems1 ! ,new ,_w & ,old ,_w monkeys2 & f ! latt]1 at a remote p]iod ( "t1 ,man1 ! wond] & glory ( ! ,univ]se1 proce$$40 78,desc5t ( ,man10 #bnd ed41 *4 ,,vi1 pp4 #bbj1 #bba47 ,note t he does n say 8probably02 8 language is n ! language ( hypo!sis1 b ( categorical affirmation4 ,! !ory1 h[ev]1 :i* is mo/ g5]ally favor$ at ! pres5t "t holds t1 assum+ ! univ]sality ( ! evolution>y process1 all exi/+ types mu/ be ( equal antiquity1 & none prior or ance/ral to any o!r4 ,h5ce x reg>ds man1 n z ! direct desc5dant ( any kn[n type ( ape1 b z ! (fspr+ ( an z yet undiscov]$ ,t]ti>y ance/or1 f :i* m5 & apes h div]g$ 9 two di/9ct l9es ( desc5t4 8,monkeys1 apes1 & m510 says ,conkl91 8h desc5d$ f "s common b at pres5t ext9ct ance/or4 ,exi/+ apes & monkeys are collat]al relatives ( man b n 8 ance/ors2 8 c\s9s b n 8 p>5ts4444 ,! human bran* div]g$ f ! an?ropoid /ock n less ?an two million ye>s ago1 & s9ce t "t man has be5 evolv+ 9 ! direction repres5t$ by exi/+ human races1 :ile ! apes h be5 evolv+ 9 ! direction repres5t$ by exi/+ an?ropoids4 ,dur+ all ?is "t m5 & apes h be5 gr[+ m & m unlike & conv]sely ! f>!r back we g1 ! m we %\ld f9d !m conv]g+ until !y meet 9 a common /ock :i* %\ld be int]m$iate betwe5 ^! two /ocks40 78,evolution & ! ,bible10 pp4 #ab1 #ac--;italics 847 ,b>num ,br[n's rec5t discov]y ( ?ree jaws ( ! fossil ape ,dryopi!cus 9 ! ,siwalik ,hills ( ,india has1 z previ\sly intimat$1 result$ 9 a return on ! "p ( c]ta9 sci5ti/s1 e4g4 ,wm4 ,k4 ,gregory & ,dudley ,j4 ,morton1 to views t m ne>ly approximate ^? ( ,*>les ,d>w94 ,accord+ to ^! m51 ! fossil an?ropoid ,dryopi!cus is to be reg>d$ z ! common ance/or ( m51 *impanzees1 & gorillas4 7,cf4 ,sci5ce1 ,april #be1 #aibd1 ,suppl4 ,,xii47 ,_m consid]ations1 h[ev]1 militate aga9/ ! direct d]ivation ( man's bodily frame f any kn[n species ( ape1 :e!r liv+ or fossil4 ,dana has po9t$ out t1 z reg>ds ! me*anism ( locomotion1 man belongs to a m primitive type ?an ! ape4 ,! e>lie/ & l[e/ type ( v]tebrates are ! fi%1 & ^!1 accord+ to ! above-m5tion$ au?or1 are uro/h5ic 7tail-/rong71 inasmu* z !y propel !mselves by means ( _! tails4 ,next 9 po9t ( organization & "t came ! m]o/h5ic v]tebrates1 :i* h _! /r5g? conc5trat$ 9 ! h9d-limbs1 e4g4 reptiles l ! d9osaurs4 ,9 ! la/ place come ! pro/h5ic v]tebrates1 ^: /r5g? is conc5trat$ 9 ! =e-limbs1 e4g4 ! c>nivora & apes4 ,n[ man belongs to ! m]o/h5ic type1 & 8 mode ( progression1 !re=e1 is m primitive ?an t ( apes1 :i* are pro/h5ic1 all an?ropoid apes1 su* z ! gorilla1 ! *impanzee1 ! orang-utan & ! gibbon hav+ long] =e-limbs ?an h9d-limbs4 ,! /rik+ anatomical diff]5ces betwe5 apes & m51 ?\gh n ( suffici5t importance to exclude ! possibility ( collat]al relation%ip1 are s _m solid argum5ts aga9/ ! !ory ( direct desc5t4 ,we w cont5t ourselves ) a m]e enum]ation ( ^! diff]5ces4 ,9 ! ape1 ! cranium has a protrud+ muzzle & p[]ful jaws equipp$ ) project+ can9e tee?1 b ! bra9-case is comp>atively small2 9 man1 on ! contr>y1 ! facial developm5t is insignificant & ! tee? are small & v]tical1 :ile ! bra9-case is enorm\s 9 size1 hav+ at lea/ twice ! capacity ( t ( an ape4 8,! face ( man10 to quote ,ranke1 8slides1 z x 71 d[n f ! =ehead & appe>s z an app5dix to ! front half ( ! skull4 ,b ! gorilla's face1 on ! contr>y1 protrudes f ! skull1 :i* 9 turn slides almo/ entirely backw>d f ! face4 ,by a cross-cut "o may sev] ! :ole face f ! skull1 except a v small "p ne> ! sockets1 )\t be+ =c$ to op5 up ! int]ior ( ! skull4 ,x is only on acc\nt ( its protrud+1 /rongly develop$ l[] p>ts t ! skull-cap ( ! animal c simulate a k9d ( human face40 78,d] ,m5s*10 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #dja47 ,^! diff]5ces may be summ>iz$ by say+ t ! head ( ! ape is specializ$ = ma/ication & def5se1 :]eas ! head ( man is specializ$ = psy*ic functions4 ,aga91 z we h se51 ! =e-limbs ( ! ape are long1 & its h9d-limbs %ort1 ! extremities ( bo? ! latt] & ! =m] be+ specializ$ prim>ily = preh5sion & only second>ily = progression4 ,?is is due to ! ape's adaptation to arboreal life4 ,9 man1 h[ev]1 ! arms are %ort & specializ$ = preh5sion alone1 :ile ! legs are long & t]m9ate 9 broad plantigrade feet specializ$ = progression alone4 ,man1 consequ5tly1 is n adapt$ to arboreal life4 ,9 ! ape1 ! sp9e has a s+le curve1 & ! occipital =am5 7! ap]ture ?r\gh :i* ! sp9al cord ent]s ! bra9-case7 is ecc5trically locat$ 9 ! floor ( ! cranial box2 9 man1 ! sp9e has a d\ble curve1 & ! occipital =am5 is c5trally locat$1 bo? features be+ 9 adaptation to ! upright po/ure peculi> to man--8die z5tralle ,lage dies] ,oeffnung10 says ,ranke allud+ to ! occipital =am5 ( man1 89 d] ,s*delbasis i/ fr d5 ,m5s*5s*del im ,unt]s*i$ geg5 d5 ,ti]s*del e9e 9 hohem ,masse typis*e40 78,d] ,m5s*10 vol4 ,i1 p4 #cgh47 ,9 ! ape1 !re=e1 ! v]tebr h an adaptation produc+ convexity ( ! back1 preclud+ a normal upright po/ure1 & en=c+ progression on all f\rs4 ,x has1 moreov]1 p[]ful muscles at ! back ( ! neck to c>ry ! head 9 ! horizontal position necessitat$ by ?is mode ( progression4 ,9 man 8! skull has ! occipital condyles plac$ )9 ! middle fif?1 9 adaptation to ! v]tical position ( ! sp9e0 7,ni*olson71 ! sp9al cord ent]s ! cranial box at a p]p5dicul>1 & ! head balances on ! sp9al column z on a pivot1 all ( :i* ensures ! erect po/ure & bip$al progression 9 man4 ,!re are1 moreov]1 no neck muscles to support ! head 9 any o!r ?an ! v]tical position4 ,!re are _m o!r diff]5ces1 besides3 ! ape1 = example1 has no *91 :ile 9 man !re is a m>k$ m5tal protub]ance2 man has a sl5d] wai/1 b ! ape has a b>rel-l torso )\t any wai/2 ! ape has huge bony ridges = ! atta*m5t ( muscles1 e4g4 ! sagittal cre/1 ! sup]cili>y ridges1 etc41 :ile 9 man su* features are practically abs5t4 ,ranke has giv5 a v good summ>y ( ! *ief anatomical diff]5ces betwe5 man & ! an?ropoid apes3 8,! gorilla's head lean+ =w>d1 hangs d[n f ! sp9al column1 & 8 *9less sn\t1 equipp$ ) p[]ful tee?1 t\*es ! brea/bone4 ,man's head is r\nd1 & re/+ on a free neck1 balances unre/ra9$ ^u ! sp9al column4 ,! gorilla's body1 )\t a wai/1 swells out b>rel-%ap$1 & :5 /raight5$ up f9ds no suffici5t support on ! pelvis2 ! back-bone1 tailless z 9 man1 b almo/ /raight1 loses itself )\t nape or neck =mation prop]ly s-call$ 9 ! re> "p ( ! head & )\t protub]ance ( ! gluteal region 9 ! flat ?ighs4 ,man's body is slightly mold$1 l an h\r-glass1 ! *e/ & abdom5 meet+ to =m a wai/ :]e !y are n>r[e/2 ! abdom9al visc]a are p]fectly support$ 9 ! pelvis z 9 a plate2 & elegance is decid$ly ga9$ by ! d\ble ,s-l9e1 :i*1 curv+ alt]nately convex & concave1 passes f ! cr[n ?r\gh ! neck & nape1 d[n ! back to ! base ( ! sp9e & ! gluteal region4 ,! normal position ( ! gorilla %[s u a plump1 be>-l trunk1 c>ri$ by %ort1 crook$ legs & by arms :i* s]ve z crut*es & t\* ! gr\nd ) ! knuckles ( ! turn$-9 f+]s4 ,! po/ure ( ! body is p]fectly /raight 9 man1 x re/s on ! legs z on columns :5 he /&s upright1 & 8 h&s hang d[n on bo? sides always ready = use4 ,! gorilla is ?ickly cov]$ ) hair1 :ile man's body on ! :ole is nak$40 7,op4 cit41 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bac47 ,9 conclusion1 we may say t1 :ile !re is a g5]al resemblance betwe5 ! human body & t ( an an?ropoid ape1 !re is1 likewise1 a p>ticul> div]g5ce--8!re is no bone1 be x ev] s small1 nay1 n ev5 ! smalle/ p>ticle ( a bone1 9 :i* ! g5]al agreem5t 9 /ructure & function w\ld pass ov] into real id5tity40 7,ranke1 op4 cit41 vol4 ,i1 p4 #dcg47 ,h5ce ,vir*[ decl>es t 8! diff]5ces betwe5 man & monkey are s wide t almo/ any fragm5t is suffici5t to diagnose !m40 7,smi?son4 ,in/4 ,rpt4 = #ahhi1 p4 #eff47 ,^! diff]5ces are s consid]able z to preclude ! possibility ( a direct g5ealogical connection betwe5 man & any kn[n type ( ape or monkey--8,! te/imony ( comp>ative anatomy10 to quote ,bumll]1 8is decid$ly aga9/ ! !ory ( man's desc5t f ! ape40 78,m5s* od] ,affe80 p4 #ei47 ,ranke has some:]e call$ man a bra9-animal1 & ?is sums up ! *ief diff]5ce1 :i* m>ks (f ! human body f all be/ial organisms4 ,9 ! ape ! bra9 weighs only #ajj? "p ( ! weight ( its body1 :]eas 9 man ! bra9 has a weight equival5t to ! #cg? "p ( ! weight ( ! human body4 ,! cranial capacity ( ! l>ge/ apes ranges f #ejj to #fjj c4cm41 :ile ! av]age cranial capacity 9 man is #aejj c4cm4 ,moreov]1 ! human bra9 is f> m ext5sively convolut$ )9 ! bra9-case ?an t ( an ape1 s mu* s t ! surface or cortical area ( ! human bra9 is f\r times z great z t ( ! ape's bra94 ,?us ,wundt1 9 8 8,grundzge d] physiologis*5 ,psy*ologie10 cites ,h4 ,wagn] z assign+ to man a bra9 surface ( f #b1aif to #a1hgg sq4 cm41 b a cortical area ( only #ece sq4 cm4 9 ! case ( an orang-outang4 7,cf4 ,engli% ,translation by ,tit*5]1 vol4 ,i1 p4 #bhf47 ,ano!r difficulty 9 ! way ( ! ,d>w9ian !ory ( direct desc5t is ! fact t ! be/ c\nt]p>ts ( human anatomy are n f\nd unit$ 9 any "o species ( ape or monkey1 b are scatt]$ ?r\gh\t a l>ge numb] ( species4 8,return+ to ! old discussion10 says ,?omas ,dwight1 8z to :i* ape c boa/ ( ! close/ resemblance to man1 ,kohlbrugge br+s be=e u ,aeby's =gott5 book on ! skull ( man & apes4 ,8 measurem5ts %[ t ! =m ne>e/ to man among apes is ! gibbon1 or long-arm$ ape1 b t ! ,s\? ,am]ican monkey ,cryso?rix is ne>] /ill4 ,aeby recogniz$ :at mod]n anatomi/s h =gott5 or wilfully ignor$3 t any sy/em ( desc5t is inadequate :i* does n recognize t ! type ( man is n 9 any "o organ1 b 9 all ! physical & psy*ological features4 ,he decl>$ t :ile we are f> f hav+ ?is univ]sal k1 we h le>n$ en\gh ab\t ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! body to make x impossible = u to sket* any plan ( desc5t4 #8,x almo/ seems z if e "p _h its own l9e ( desc5t1 diff]5t f t ( o!rs4' 444 ,kohlbrugge n[ introduces ,haacke1 :o d5ies any relation%ip betwe5 man & apes1 ! latt] be+ in/ances ( "o-sid$ developm5t4 ,he ev5 d>es to decl>e anyone :o speaks ( an int]m$iate =m betwe5 man & apes to be ignorant ( ! laws ( developm5t gov]n+ ! race hi/ory ( mammals4 ,he believes man came f "s lemuroid =m1 :i* may h desc5d$ f ! insectivora40 78,?\ghts ( a ,ca?olic ,anatomi/10 pp4 #ahh-aij47 ,all kn[n types1 !n1 ( apes & monkeys are too specializ$ to h be5 9 ! direct l9e ( human desc5t4 ,man1 z ,kohlbrugge ironically rem>ks1 appe>s to h come f an ance/or mu* m l himself ?an any species ( ape we "k (4 ,moreov]1 no species ( apes or monkeys monopolizes ! honors ( close/ resemblance to man4 ,9 _m po9ts1 ! ,s\? ,am]ican monkeys1 ?\gh m primitive ?an ! an?ropoid apes1 are m simil> to man ?an ! latt]4 #b4 ,embryological ,resemblances ,mu* has be5 made ( ! s-call$ biog5etic law z an argum5t = ! be/ial orig9 ( mank9d4 ,?is !ory ( ! embryological recapitulation ( racial hi/ory 0 fir/ =mulat$ by ,fritz ,mll]4 ,haeckel1 h[ev]1 0 ! "o :o exploit$ x mo/ ext5sively1 & :o exalt$ x to ! /atus ( 8! fundam5tal law ( biog5esis40#af ,! latt]'s /atem5t ( ! pr9ciple is z foll[s3 8,die ,ontog5esis i/ die ,pal+5esis d] ,phylog5esis40--,ontog5y 7! developm5t ( ! individual7 is a recapitulation ( phylog5y 7! developm5t ( ! race74 ,= a long "t ?is law 0 receiv$ ) uncritical cr$ulity by ! sci5tific _w1 b en?usiasm dim9i%$ :5 m c>eful /udies made x cle> t ! l9e ( desc5t sugge/$ by embryology did n agree ) :at 0 inf]r$ f comp>ative anatomy & ! sequ5ce ( fossil =ms4 ,besides1 x 0 manife/ t c]ta9 organs 9 embryos 7 di/9ctively embryonic & c\ld nev] h function$ 9 adult =ms1 e4g4 ! yolk sac & ! amnion4 8,x 0 recogniz$10 says ,t4 ,h4 ,morgan1 8t _m embryonic /ages c\ld n possibly repres5t ance/ral animals4 ,a "y fi% ) a huge yolk sac atta*$ c\ld sc>cely ev] h l$ a happy1 free life z an adult individual4 ,su* /ages 7 int]pret$1 h[ev]1 z embryonic additions to ! orig9al ance/ral type4 ,! embryo _h done some?+ on its own acc\nt4 ,9 "s animals ! "y h /ructures t atta* !m to ! "m1 z does ! plac5ta ( mammals4 ,9 o!r cases ! "y develop membranes ab\t !mselves--l ! amnion ( ! *ick & ! mammal--t w\ld h %ut (f an adult animal f all int]c\rse ) ! outside _w4 ,hundr$s ( su* embryonic /ructures are kn[n to embryologi/s4 ,^! 7 expla9$ z adaptations & z falsifications ( ! ance/ral records40 78,critique ( ! ,!ory ( ,evolution10 pp4 #af1 #ag47 #af ,haeckel's 8,biog5etis*es ,grundgesetz10 :i* he =mulates ?us3 8,die ,ontog5ie 7,keimesges*i*te7 i/ e9e kurze ,wi$]holung d] ,phylog5ie 7,/ammesges*i*te710 #ahgd4 ,! result has be5 t ?is s-call$ law has fall5 into g5]al disrepute among sci5ti/s1 especially z a means ( recon/ruct+ ! phylog5y ( mod]n organisms4 ,x is recogniz$1 ( c\rse1 t comp>ative embryology c furni% embryological homologies analog\s to ! homologies ( comp>ative anatomy1 b x is n[ g5]ally ackn[l$g$ t ! view1 :i* reg>ds ! embryological process z an abridg$ repetition ( ! v>i\s /ates ?r\gh :i* ! species has pass$ 9 its evolution>y c>e] mu/ be def9itively ab&on$1 & t1 z a g5]al law ( organic developm5t1 ! biog5etic pr9ciple has be5 ?or\ghly discr$it$4 8,?is law10 says ,k>l ,vogt ( ,g5eva1 8:i* ,i long held z well-f\nd$1 is absolutely & radically false4 ,att5tive /udy ( embryology %[s u1 9 fact1 t embryos h _! own conditions suitable to !mselves1 & v diff]5t f ^? ( adults40 7,quot$ by ,quatrefages ,de ,breau1 9 8 8,les ,emules de ,d>w910 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #ac47 8,!re c no long] be "q10 says ,pr(4 ,m4 ,caull]y ( ! ,sorbonne1 8( sy/ematically reg>d+ individual developm5t z a repetition ( ! hi/ory ( ! /ock4 ,?is conclusion results f ! v progress made "u ! inspiration receiv$ f ?is imag9>y law1 ! law ( biog5esis40 7,smi?son4 ,in/4 ,rpt4 = #aiaf1 p4 #cbe47 ,?is collapse ( ! biog5etic law has tumbl$ into ru9s ! elaborate sup]/ructure ( g5ealogy :i* ,haeckel _h re>$ ^u x4 ,8 s]ies ( ?irty /ages ext5d+ f ! fictiti\s 8cytodes0 up to man1 inclusively1 is ev5 m wor?less today ?an x 0 :5 ,du ,bois-,reymond made 8 ironic comm5t3 8,man's p$igree1 z drawn up by ,haeckel1 is wor? ab\t z mu* z is t ( ,hom]'s h]oes = critical hi/orians40 7,revue ,sci5tifique1 #ahgg1 ,i1 p4 #aaja47 ,haeckel tri$ 9 va9 to save 8 discr$it$ law by means ( ! exp$i5t ( cnog5esis1 t is1 8! falsification ( ! ance/ral record 7pal+5esis740 ,t ,nature %\ld be guilty ( 8falsification0 is an hypo!sis n to be lightly ent]ta9$1 & x is m cr$ible1 z ,wasmann rem>ks1 to assume t ,haeckel1 & n ,nature1 is ! real falsifi]1 inasmu* z he has misrepres5t$ ,nature 9 8 8fundam5tal biog5etic law40 ,cnog5esis is a v conv5i5t device4 ,"o c alt]nate at w betwe5 cnog5esis & pal+5esis1 j z1 9 comp>ative anatomy1 "o c alt]nate caprici\sly betwe5 conv]g5ce & homology1 on ! g5]al und]/&+ ( its be+ a case (3 8,heads1 ,i w92 tails1 y lose0--c]ta9ly1 !re is no objective consid]ation to re/ra9 u 9 su* proc$ure4 8,su* weapons z ,cnog5esis & ,conv]g5ce10 says ,kohlbrugge 79 8 8,die ,morphologis*e ,ab/ammung des ,m5s*510 #aijh7 8are un=tunately s %ap$ t anyone c use !m :5 !y suit him1 or ?r[ !m aside :5 !y d n4 ,!y %[1 !re=e1 9 ! prettie/ way ! unc]ta9ty ev5 n[ ( ! con/ruction ( ! !ory ( desc5t4 ,z soon z we g into details x leaves u 9 ! lur*2 x 0 only :ile our k 0 small t ev]y?+ seem$ to fit toge!r 9 mo/ beautiful ord]40 7,quot$ by ,dwight 9 8,?\ghts ( a ,ca?olic ,anatomi/10 p4 #ahg47 ,x is und5iable1 inde$1 t 9 _m cases ! "y ( high] animals pass ?r\gh /ages 9 :i* !y be> at lea/ a sup]ficial resemblance to adult /ages 9 inf]ior & less complex organisms4 ,obvi\sly1 h[ev]1 !re _c be any direct d]ivation ( ! embryonic features ( "o organism f ! adult *>act]s ( ano!r organism4 ,?is prepo/]\s implication ( ! ,mll]-,haeckel ,law mu/1 z ,morgan po9ts out1 be entirely elim9at$1 be=e x c m]it s]i\s consid]ation4 ,ref]r+ to ! spiral cleavage exhibit$ by annelid1 plan>ian & molluscan eggs1 ,morgan says3 8,x has be5 f\nd t ! cleavage patt]n has ! same g5]al arrangem5t 9 ! e>ly /ages ( flat worms1 annelids & molluscs4 ,obvi\sly ^! /ages h nev] be5 adult ance/ors1 & obvi\sly if _! resemblance has any mean+ at all1 x is t ea* gr\p has reta9$ ! same g5]al plan ( cleavage possess$ by _! common ance/or4444 ,p]haps someone w say1 #8,well6 is n ?is all t we h cont5d$ =6 ,h y n rea*$ ! old conclusion 9 a r\ndab\t way8' ,i ?9k n4 ,to my m9d !re is a wide diff]5ce betwe5 ! old /atem5t t ! high] animals liv+ today h ! orig9al adult /ages telescop$ into _! embryos1 & ! /atem5t t ! resemblance betwe5 c]ta9 *>act]s 9 ! embryos ( high] animals & correspond+ /ages 9 ! embryos ( l[] animals is mo/ plausibly expla9$ by ! assumption t !y h desc5d$ f ! same ance/ors1 & t _! common /ructures are embryonic survivals40 7,op4 cit41 pp4 #bb1 #bc47 ,aft] ?is admission1 h[ev]1 no?+ rema9s ( ! law ( 8recapitulation0 except simple embryological homology comp>able1 9 e s5se1 to adult homology1 & add+ no?+ ess5tially new to ! latt] argum5t = evolution4 ,x is1 !re=e1 ridicul\s = evolutioni/s to speak ( bran*ial 7gill7 ar*es & clefts 9 man4 ,! visc]al or ph>yngeal ar*es & grooves appe>+ 9 ! human embryo are unque/ionably homolog\s ) ! g5u9e bran*ial ar*es & clefts 9 a fi% embryo4 ,9 ! latt]1 h[ev]1 ! grooves become real clefts ?r\gh p]=ation1 :ile ! ar*es become ! lamell ( ! p]man5t gills1 ?us adapt+ ! animal to aquatic respiration4 ,x is1 accord+ly1 p]fectly legitimate to ref] to ^! embryonic /ructures 9 ! "y fi% z gill ar*es & gill clefts4 ,9 man1 h[ev]1 ! correspond+ embryonic /ructures develop into ! oral cavity1 auditory meatus1 ossicles ( ! e>1 ! m&ible1 ! l[] lip1 ! tongue1 ! *eek1 ! hyoid bone1 ! /yloid process1 ! ?ymus1 ! ?yroid & tra*eal c>tilages1 etc4 ,!re is no p]=ation ( ! grooves1 & ! ar*es develop into some?+ q diff]5t ?an bran*ial lamell4 ,h5ce ! correct "n = ^! /ructures 9 ! human embryo is ph>yngeal 7visc]al7 ar*es & grooves1 _! sup]ficial resemblance to ! embryonic /ructures 9 ! fi% embryo be+ no ju/ification = call+ !m bran*ial4 ,9 %ort1 ! m]e fact t c]ta9 embryonic /ructures 9 ! "y fi% 7homolog\s to ! ph>yngeal ar*es & grooves 9 ! human embryo7 develop into ! p]man5t gills ( ! adult fi%1 is no m significant ?an ! association ( homology ) div]g5t preadaptations1 :i* is ( q g5]al occurr5ce among adult v]tebrate types4 ,9 all su* cases1 we h in/ances ( fundam5tally id5tical /ructures1 div]t$1 z x 71 to entirely diff]5t purposes or functions 7e4g4 ! arm ( a man & ! flipp] ( a :ale74 ,h5ce ! argum5t drawn f embryological homology is no m cog5t ?an ! argum5t drawn f ! homologies ( comp>ative anatomy1 :i* we h already discuss$ 9 a previ\s *apt]4 ,! misuse ( ! t]m bran*ial1 to prejudge matt]s 9 _! own favor1 is 9 keep+ ) ! cu/om>y policy ( evolutioni/s4 ,x is int5d$1 naturally1 to convey ! impression t man1 9 ! c\rse ( 8 evolution1 has pass$ ?r\gh a fi%-l /age4 ,at bottom1 h[ev]1 x is no?+ m ?an a v]bal subt]fuge1 t ne$ n deta9 u fur!r4 ,! !ory ( embryological recapitulation is (t5 appli$ to man1 ) a view to e/abli%+ ! doctr9e ( 8 be/ial ance/ry4 ,we h se5 "o in/ance ( ?is application1 & we %all consid] "o o!r1 = ! purpose ( illu/rat+ m fully ! pr9ciples involv$4 ,! claim is made by evolutioni/s1 t man mu/ h pass$ ?r\gh a fi% or amphibian /age1 because1 9 common ) all o!r mammals1 he exhibits1 dur+ 8 embryological developm5t1 a typical fi% 7or1 if y pref]1 amphibian7 kidney1 :i* subsequ5tly atrophies1 only to be replac$ by ! *>act]i/ic mammalian kidney4 ,! human embryo1 !re=e1 repeats ! hi/ory ( our race1 :i* mu/ h pass$ ?r\gh a fi%-l /age 9 ! remote pa/4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is ph5om5on1 !re=e1 x is inf]r$ t man mu/ h _h fi%-l ance/ors4 ,let u pause1 h[ev]1 to analyze ! facts ^u :i* ?is inf]5ce is bas$4 ,9 annelids1 l ! e>?worm1 ! nephridia or excretory tubules are arrang$ segm5tally1 "o pair to ea* somite4 ,9 v]tebrates1 h[ev]1 ! nephridial tubules1 in/ead ( develop+ 9 regul> sequ5ce f be=e backw>ds1 develop 9 ?ree bat*es1 "o beh9d ! o!r1 ! ant]ior bat* be+ call$ ! pronephros1 ! middle "o1 ! mesonephros & ! po/]ior "o1 ! metanephros4 ,?is1 accord+ to ,j4 ,graham ,k]r1 holds true n only ( ! amniotic v]tebrates 7reptiles1 birds1 & mammals7 b also1 ) a c]ta9 res]vation1 ( ! anamniotic v]tebrates 7fi%es & amphibians74 8,9 _m ( ! l[] ,v]tebrates10 says ?is au?or1 8!re is no sep>ation betwe5 ! mesonephros & metanephros1 ! two =m+ "o cont9u\s /ructure :i* acts z ! functional kidney4 ,su* a type ( r5al organ consi/+ ( ! s]ies ( tubules correspond+ to mesonephros toge!r ) metanephros may conv5i5tly be t]m$ ! opi/honephros40 78,textbook ( ,embryology10 ,,ii--,v]tebrata1 p4 #bba47 ,if we accept ?is view1 x is n q accurate to reg>d ! mesonephros 9 man z a homologue ( ! opi/honephros ( a fi%1 see+ t ! latt] is compos$ n only ( mesonephridia 7mesonephric tubules71 b also ( metanephridia 7metanephric tubules74 ,a brief description ( ! ?ree nephridial sy/ems ( v]tebrate embryos w s]ve to fur!r cl>ify _! int]relation%ip4 7#a7 ,! pronephric sy/em3 ,?is consi/s ( a collection ( tubules call$ ! pronephros1 & a pronephric duct lead+ to ! cloaca1 or t]m9al portion ( ! alim5t>y canal4 ,! pronephros is a functional organ 9 ! frog tadpole & o!r l>val amphibia4 ,x is also f\nd 9 a few teleo/s1 :]e x is said to p]si/ z a functional organ 9 ! adult4 ,9 o!r fi%es1 h[ev]1 & 9 all high] =ms ! pronephros atrophies & becomes r$uc$ to a few rudim5ts4#ag #ag ,! objection may be rais$ t a purely embryonic organ l ! pronephros1 :i* is functional 9 b few v]tebrate adults & :i* orig9ates 9 v]tebrate embryos only to und]go atrophy1 c h no o!r explanation ?an t ( 8recapitulation40 ,! objection1 h[ev]1 fails to take into acc\nt ! possibility ( ! organ be+ s]viceable to ! embryo1 9 :i* x may be a provisory solution ( ! excretory problem & n a ve/ige ( pa/ ance/ry4 7#b7 ,! mesonephric sy/em3 ,?is consi/s ( a collection ( nephridial tubules call$ ! mesonephros 7,wolffian body74 ,! tubules ( ! mesonephros d n develop any duct ( _! own1 b utilize ! po/]ior portion ( ! pronephric duct1 ! said tubules becom+ second>ily connect$ ) ?is duct 9 a region po/]ior to ! pronephridia 7tubules ( ! pronephros74 ,! pronephric tubules toge!r ) ! ant]ior portion ( ! pronephric duct !n atrophy1 :ile ! p]si/+ po/]ior portion ( ?is duct receives ! "n ( mesonephric or ,wolffian duct4 ,! duct 9 "q /ill t]m9ates 9 ! cloaca1 & s]ves1 9 ! male1 ! comb9$ function ( a ur9>y & sp]matic duct2 b1 9 ! female1 a special oviduct 7! ,mll]ian duct7 is sup]add$ because ( ! l>ge size ( ! eggs to be transmitt$1 ! ,wolffian or mesonephric duct subs]v+ only ! ur9>y function4 ,! mesonephros is functional 9 mammalian embryos1 b atrophies & disappe>s co9cid5tly ) ! developm5t ( ! p]man5t kidney4 ,! same is true ( amniotic v]tebrates g5]ally1 except t 9 ! case ( reptiles ! mesonephros p]si/s = a few mon?s aft] hat*+ 9 ! adult1 ! def9itive kidney ( ! adult be+ re9=c$ dur+ t int]val by ! /ill functional mesonephros4 ,9 anamniotic v]tebrates1 h[ev]1 no sep>ation exi/s betwe5 ! mesonephros & ! metanephros1 ! two =m+ "o cont9u\s /ructure1 ! opi/honephros1 :i* acts z ! functional kidney ( ! adult4 7#c7 ,! metanephric sy/em3 ,9 ! amniotic v]tebrates ! mesonephros & metanephros are di/9ct1 ! =m] be+ functional 9 embryos & 9 adult reptiles 7= a few mon?s aft] hat*+71 :ile ! metanephros becomes ! def9itive kidney ( ! adult4 ,! metanephros is a collection ( nephridial tubules provid$ ) a special ur9>y duct call$ ! uret]1 :i* empties into ! bladd] 7n ! cloaca74 ,! ,wolffian or mesonephric duct is reta9$ z a sp]m duct 9 ! male 7( amniotic v]tebrates71 b becomes ve/igial 9 ! female4 ,only a c]ta9 numb] ( ! nephridial tubules ( ! embryonic metanephros are tak5 ov] to =m "p ( ! p]man5t or adult kidney 79 mammals1 birds1 & reptiles74 ,if1 !n1 z we h previ\sly obs]v$1 we foll[ ,k]r 9 reg>d+ ! fi% kidney1 n z a simple mesonephros1 b z an opi/honephros 7i4e4 a comb9ation ( mesonephros & metanephros71 !re is no w>rant = int]pret+ ! embryonic mesonephros ( man & mammals g5]ally z ! fi%-kidney /age4 ,b waiv+ ?is consid]ation1 & assum+1 = ! sake ( argum5t1 t ! fi% kidney is a p]fect homologue ( ! human mesonephros1 ! m]e fact ( ! adoption by ! human embryo ( a tempor>y solution ( its excretory problem simil> to ! p]man5t solution ( t problem adopt$ by ! fi%1 w\ld n1 ( itself1 imply ! common ance/ry ( m5 & fi%es4 ,su* a co9cid5ce w\ld be fully explicable z a case ( conv]g5t adaptation occurr+ 9 ! int]e/ ( embryonic economy4 ,x is1 inde$1 a well-kn[n fact t l>val & embryonic organisms are (t5 oblig$ to def] tempor>ily ! con/ruction ( ! m complex /ructures ( adult life1 & to improvise simpl] sub/itutes = use until su* a "t z !y h accumulat$ a suffici5t res]ve ( en]gy & mat]ials to complete ! "w ( _! m elaborate adult organization4 ,! "y />fi%1 = example1 aris+ z x does f an egg b scantily suppli$ ) yolk1 is =c$1 f ! v outset1 to %ift = itself1 9 cop+ ) ! food-gett+ problem4 ,"u /ress ( ?is necessity1 x economizes its sl5d] res\rces by con/ruct+ ! extremely simple dige/ive & motor app>atus *>act]i/ic ( ! l>va 9 its bilat]ally-symmetrical ,bip9n>ia /age1 & po/pon+ ! developm5t ( ! radially-symmetrical /ructure *>act]i/ic ( ! adult /age1 until x has /or$ up ! :]e)al to complete its metamorphosis4 ,f ?is viewpo9t1 !re is no difficulty 9 und]/&+ :y tempor>y solutions ( ! excretory problem %\ld prec$e ! def9itive solution ( ?is problem 9 mammalian embryos4 ,! problem ( excretion is urg5t f ! outset1 & its dem&s increase ) ! gr[? ( ! embryo4 ,x is only natural1 !n1 t a s]ies ( improvis$ /ructures %\ld be resort$ to1 9 a case ( ?is k9d2 &1 s9ce ^! tempor>y solutions ( ! excretory problem mu/1 ( necessity1 be z simple z possible1 x %\ld n be 9 ! lea/ surpris+ to f9d !m co9cid+ ) ! p]man5t solutions adopt$ by inf]ior organisms less complexly organiz$ ?an ! mammals4 ,h5ce ! b>e fact ( resemblance betwe5 ! transitory embryonic kidney ( a mammal & ! p]man5t adult kidney ( a fi% w\ld h no atavi/ic significance4 ,we "k ( innum]able cases 9 :i* an id5tical adaptation occurs 9 g5etically unrelat$ organisms4 ,! cephalopod mollusc ,nautilus1 = example1 solves ! problem ( light-p]ception 9 ! id5tical mann] 9 :i* x is solv$ by ! v]tebrates4 ,?is mollusc has ! p]fect v]tebrate type ( eye1 includ+ ! l5s & all o!r p>ts d[n to ! m9ute/ detail4 ,! fact1 h[ev]1 t ! mollusc solves its problem by us+ ! /]eotyp$ solution f\nd 9 v]tebrates r ?an by develop+ a comp\nd eye analog\s to ! type f\nd among ar?ropods1 is :olly de/itute ( g5etic significance4 ,9 fact1 ! g5etic int]pretation is positively reject$ by ! evolutioni/s1 :o int]pret ! occurr5ce ( simil> eyes 9 molluscs & v]tebrates z an in/ance ( 8accid5tal conv]g5ce40 ,ev5 assum+1 !n1 :at ,k]r d5ies1 namely1 a p]fect p>allelism betwe5 ! mesonephros ( ! human embryo & ! p]man5t kidney ( an adult fi%1 ! alleg$ fact t ! human embryo tempor>ily adopts ! same type ( solution = its excretory problem z ! "o p]man5tly employ$ by ! fi% w\ld n 9 itself be a pro( ( our desc5t f a fi%-l ance/or4 ,9 fact1 n only is embryological homology ( no great] value ?an adult homology z an argum5t = evolution1 b x is1 on ! contr>y1 consid]ably inf]ior to ! latt]1 z reg>ds cog5cy4 ,diff]5tiation p]ta9s to ! f9al or adult /age ( organisms4 ,embryonic /ructures1 inasmu* z !y are undevelop$ & undiff]5tiat$1 pres5t = t v reason an appe>ance ( crude & sup]ficial simil>ity4 8,mo/ ( :at is g5]ally ascrib$ to ! action ( ! s-call$ biog5etic law10 says ,t4 ,g>b[ski1 8is errone\sly ascrib$ to x1 s9ce all ?+s t are undevelop$ & incomplete mu/ be m or less alike40 78,morphog5etis*e ,/udi510 ,j5a1 #aijc47 ,:5 we consid] ! fact t ! metazoa h all a simil> unicellul> orig91 are subject to uni=m morphog5etic laws1 & are frequ5tly expos$ to analog\s environm5tal conditions dem&+ simil> adaptations1 x is n at all surpris+ t !y %\ld pres5t _m po9ts ( resemblance 7bo? 9 _! embryonic & _! adult morphology7 :i* are n ref]able to any p>ticul> l9e ( desc5t4 ,at all ev5ts1 ^! resemblances are f> too g5]al 9 _! ext5sion to enable u to specify ! type ( ance/or responsible !re=4 ,m especially is ?is true ( embryological homologies1 :i* are practically valueless z basis = recon/ruct+ ! phylog5y ( any type4 8,t c]ta9 ph5om5a10 says ,osk> ,h]twig1 8recur ) great regul>ity & uni=mity 9 ! developm5t ( diff]5t species ( animals1 is due *iefly to ! fact t "u all circum/ances !y supply ! necess>y condition "u :i* alone ! next high] /age 9 ontog5y 7embryological developm5t7 c be produc$40 78,allgeme9e ,biologie10 #aijf1 p4 #eie47 ,! same au?or1 !re=e1 proposes to revamp ,haeckel's 8biog5etis*es ,grundgesetz0 z foll[s3 8,we mu/ leave out ! words #8recapitulation ( =ms ( ext9ct ance/ors' & sub/itute = !m #8repetition ( =ms regul>ly occurr+ 9 organic developm5t1 & advanc+ f ! simple to ! m complex4'0 7,op4 cit41 p4 #eic47 ,f9ally1 :5 appli$ to ! problem ( man's alleg$ g5etic connection ) ! ape1 ! biog5etic pr9ciple proves ! exact rev]se ( :at ! ,d>w9ians desire2 = z a matt] ( fact ! "y apes resemble man mu* m closely 9 ! %ape ( ! skull & facial features ?an d ! adult animals4 ,inasmu*1 !re=e1 z ! ape1 9 its e>li] developm5t1 reveals a m m>k$ resemblance to man ?an is pres5t 9 its lat] /ages1 x foll[s1 accord+ to ! 8biog5etic law10 t man is ! ance/or ( ! ape4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is inadmissible1 see+ t ! ape is by no means a m rec5t type ?an man4 ,consequ5tly1 z appli$ to man1 ! ,haeckelian pr9ciple leads to a prepo/]\s conclusion1 & !reby manife/s its wor?lessness z a clue to phylog5y4 ,julius ,kollmann1 x is true1 gives s]i\s att5tion to ?is lik5ess betwe5 "y apes & m51 & makes x ! basis ( 8 s*eme ( human evolution4 8,kollmann10 says ,dwight1 8/>ts f ! fact t ! head ( a "y ape is v mu* m l t ( a *ild ?an ! head ( an old ape is l t ( a man4 ,he holds t ! lik5ess ( ! skull ( a v "y ape is s great t !re mu/ be a family relation%ip4 ,he believes t "s diff]5tiation1 "s favorable v>iation1 mu/ occur 9 ! body ( ! "m & s a some:at high] skull is transmitt$ to ! (fspr+ & is p]petuat$4 ,conc]n+ :i* ,kohlbrugge rem>ks t #8?us ! fir/ m5 7 develop$1 n f ! adult1 b f ! embryonic =ms ( ! an?ropoids ^: m favorable =m ( skull !y manag$ to pres]ve 9 fur!r gr[?4' 444 ,s*walbe makes ! tell+ criticism ( ^! views ( ,kollmann t mu* ! same ?+ might be said ( ! heads ( embryonic animals 9 g5]al t is said ( ^? ( apes1 & t ?us mammals might be said to h come f a m man-l ance/or40 7,op4 cit41 pp4 #ahf1 #ahg47 ,all ( :i* goes to %[ t ! 8biog5etic law0 is m mislead+ ?an helpful 9 settl+ ! "q ( human phylog5y4 #c4 ,rudim5t>y ,organs ,d>w9 atta*$ great importance to ! exi/5ce 9 man ( s-call$ rudim5t>y organs1 :i* he reg>d$ z conv9c+ evid5ce ( man's desc5t f ! l[] =ms ( animal life4 ,n9ete5? c5tury sci5ce1 be+ ignorant ( ! functional purpose s]v$ by _m organs1 arbitr>ily pron\nc$ !m to be useless organs1 & *ose1 9 consequ5ce1 to reg>d !m all z ! atrophi$ & 7:olly or p>tially7 functionless remnants ( organs t 7 =m]ly develop$ & fully functional 9 remote ance/ors ( ! race4 ,d>w9 borr[$ ?is argum5t f ,lam>ck4 ,x may be /at$ ?us3 ,undevelop$ & functionless organs are atrophi$ organs4 ,b atrophy is ! result ( disuse4 ,n[ disuse presupposes =m] use4 ,consequ5tly1 rudim5t>y organs 7 at "o "t develop$ & function+1 viz4 9 ! remote ance/ors ( ! race4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 ^! selfsame organs are develop$ & functional 9 ! l[] =ms ( life1 x foll[s t ! high] =ms1 9 :i* ^! organs are r$uc$ & functionless1 are desc5d$ f =ms simil> to ^? 9 :i* said organs are develop$ & fully functional4 ,?is argum5t1 h[ev]1 fairly bri/les ) assumptions t are n only :olly unw>rant$1 b utt]ly at v>iance ) actual facts4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x wrongly assumes t all r$uc$ organs are functionless1 &1 conv]sely1 t all functionless organs are atrophi$ or r$uc$4 ,facts1 h[ev]1 prove ! contr>y2 = we f9d frequ5t in/ances ( r$uc$ organs :i* function1 &1 vice v]sa1 ( well-develop$ organs :i* are functionless4 ,! tail1 = example1 9 cats1 dogs1 & c]ta9 ,cat>rh9e monkeys1 ?\gh x dis*>ges nei!r ! preh5sile function t makes x useful 9 ! ,platyrrh9e monkey1 nor ! protective function t makes x useful to horses & cattle 9 w>d+ (f flies1 is1 nev]!less1 despite its inutility or abs5ce ( function1 a q fully develop$ organ4 ,conv]sely1 ! r$uc$ or undevelop$ f9-l w+s ( ! p5gu9 are by no means functionless1 s9ce !y enable ?is bird to swim ?r\gh ! wat] ) great facility4 ,to save 8 argum5t f ?is antagonism ( ! facts1 ,d>w9 resorts to ! +5i\s exp$i5t ( di/+ui%+ betwe5 rudim5t>y organs & nasc5t organs4 ,rudim5t>y organs are undevelop$ organs1 :i* are :olly1 or p>tially1 useless4 ,!y h _h a pa/1 b h no future4 ,nasc5t organs1 on ! contr>y1 are undevelop$ organs1 :i* 8are ( high s]vice to _! possessors0 78,desc5t ( ,man10 *4 ,i1 p4 #bh1 #bnd ed474 ,!y 8are capable ( fur!r developm5t0 7ibidem71 & h1 !re=e1 a future be=e !m4 ,he gives ! foll[+ examples ( rudim5t>y organs3 8,rudim5t>y organs 444 are ei!r q useless1 su* z tee? :i* nev] cut ?r\gh ! gums1 or almo/ useless1 su* z ! w+s ( an o/ri*1 :i* s]ve m]ely z sails40 78,orig9 ( ,species10 #f? ed41 *4 ,,xiv1 p4 #dfi47 ,z an example ( a nasc5t organ1 he gives ! mamm>y gl&s ( ! ovip>\s ,duckbill3 8,! mamm>y gl&s ( ! ,orni?orhyn*us may be consid]$1 9 comp>ison ) ! udd]s ( a c[1 z 9 a nasc5t condition40 7,op4 cit41 *4 ,,xiv1 p4 #dgj47 ,d>w9 admits t x is h>d to apply ?is di/9ction 9 ! concrete3 8,x is1 h[ev]1 (t5 difficult to di/+ui% betwe5 rudim5t>y & nasc5t organs2 = we c judge only by analogy :e!r a "p is capable ( fur!r developm5t1 9 :i* case alone x des]ves to be call$ nasc5t40 7,op4 cit41 *4 ,,xiv1 p4 #dfi47 ,= ,d>w9 8judg+ by analogy0 meant judg+ on ! assumption t evolution has really tak5 place2 = he describes rudim5t>y organs z be+ 8( su* slight s]vice t we c h>dly suppose t !y 7 develop$ "u ! conditions :i* n[ exi/40 78,desc5t ( ,man10 *4 ,i1 p4 #bi47 ,he is some:at p]plex$ ab\t apply+ ?is di/9ction to ! p5gu93 8,! w+ ( ! p5gu910 he admits1 8is ( high s]vice1 act+ z a f92 x may1 !re=e1 repres5t ! nasc5t /ate3 n t ,i believe ?is to be ! case2 x is m probably a r$uc$ organ1 modifi$ = a new function40 78,orig9 ( ,species10 #f? ed41 *4 ,,xiv1 pp4 #dfi1 #dgj47 ,9 o!r words1 !re is sc>cely any objective consid]ation by :i* ! validity ( ?is di/9ction c be *eck$ up 9 practice4 ,l homology & conv]g5ce1 l pal+5esis & cnog5sis1 ! di/9ction betwe5 rudim5t>y & nasc5t organs is a conv5i5t device1 :i* c be arbitr>ily manipulat$ accord+ to ! necessities ( a preconceiv$ !ory4 ,x is 8sci5tific0 sanction = ! privilege ( bl[+ hot & cold ) ! same brea?4 ,! assumption t atrophy & r$uction are ! inevitable consequ5ce ( disuse1 or dim9ution ( use1 9 s f> z ?is decreases ! fl[ ( n\ri%+ blood to unex]cis$ p>ts1 is c]ta9ly errone\s4 ,yet ,d>w9 made x ! premise ( 8 argum5t f s-call$ rudim5t>y organs4 8,! t]m #8disuse' does n relate10 he in=ms u1 8m]ely to less5$ action ( muscles1 b includes a dim9i%$ fl[ ( blood to ! "p or organ1 f be+ subject$ to few] alt]nations ( pressure1 or f be+ 9 any way less habitually active40 78,orig9 ( ,species10 #f? ed41 p4 #dfi47 ,z a matt] ( fact1 h[ev]1 we h _m in/ances 9 :i* use has fail$ to develop & disuse to r$uce organs 9 c]ta9 types ( animals4 ,z an example 9 po9t1 we may cite ! case ( "r-h&$ness among human be+s4 ,f "t immemorial1 ! g5]ality ( mank9d h consi/5tly us$ ! "r h& 9 pref]5ce to ! left1 )\t any atrophy or r$uction ( ! left h&1 or ov]-developm5t ( ! "r h&1 result+ f ?is racial practice4 8,! sup]iority ( "o h&10 says ,g4 ,elliot ,smi?1 8is z old z mank9d40 7,smi?son4 ,in/4 ,rpt4 = #aiab1 p4 #egj47 ,x is true t only ab\t #f1jjj ye>s ( human exi/5ce are kn[n to hi/ory1 b1 if "o accepts ! mo/ cons]vative e/imates ( glaciologi/s1 man has _h a mu* long] prehi/ory1 ! l[e/ e/imates = ! age ( man be+ approximately #cj1jjj ye>s4 ,?us ,w4 ,j4 ,sollas tells u t ! ,glacial p]iod1 9 :i* man fir/ appe>$1 came to an end ab\t #g1jjj ye>s ago1 & t ! m5 buri$ at ,*apelle-aux-,sa9ts 9 ,france liv$ ab\t #be1jjj ye>s ago4 ,8 figures agree ) ^? ( ,c4 ,f4 ,wright1 :o bases 8 calculations on ! ,niag>a ,gorge4 ,! ,niag>a ,riv] is "o ( ! po/glacial /reams1 & ! "t requir$ to cut its gorge has be5 calculat$ z #g1jjj ye>s4 ,g]>d ,de ,ge]1 ! ,sw$i% sci5ti/1 gives #bj1jjj ye>s ago z ! end ( glacial & ! comm5cem5t ( rec5t or po/glacial "t4 ,he bases 8 e/imates on ! s$im5ts ( ! ,yoldia ,sea 9 ,sw$54 ,8 me?od consi/s 9 ! actual c\nt+ ( c]ta9 seasonally-lam9at$ clay lay]s1 presumably left beh9d by ! rec$+ ice %eet ( ! cont95tal glaci]4 ,! melt+ is regi/]$ by annual deposition1 9 :i* ! ?9n] lay]s ( f9] s& f ! w9t] fl[s alt]nate ) ?ick] lay]s ( co>s] mat]ial f ! summ] fl[s4 ,9 w>m ye>s1 ! lay]s are ?ick]1 9 cold] ye>s !y are ?9n]1 s t ^! lam9at$ ,plei/oc5e clays con/itute a !rmographic z well z a *ronological record4 ,de ,ge] began 8 /udy ( ,plei/oc5e clays 9 #ahgh1 & 9 #aibj he l$ an exp$ition to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 = ! purpose ( ext5d+ 8 rese>*es4 7,cf4 ,sci5ce1 ,sept4 #bd1 #aibj1 pp4 #bhd-bhf47 ,at t "t1 he claim$ to h work$ out ! *ronology ( ! pa/ #ab1jjj ye>s4 ,8 figure ( #bj1jjj ye>s = po/glacial "t1 :ile v displeas+ to t reckless foe ( sci5tific caution & cons]vatism1 ,h5ry ,fairfield ,osborn1 tallies v well ) ! e/imates ( ,sollas & ,wright4 ,h4 ,ob]mai]1 bas+ 8 computation on ,croll's !ory t glaciation is caus$ by v>iations 9 ! ecc5tricity ( ! e>?'s orbit ab\t ! sun1 :i* w\ld br+ ab\t protract$ w9t]s 9 ! hemisph]e hav+ w9t]1 :5 ! e>? 0 f>!/ f ! sun 7) consequ5t accumulation ( ice71 gives #cj1jjj ye>s ago z ! date ( ! fir/ appe>ance ( man on e>?4 ,fa!r ,hugues ,ob]mai]1 x may be not$1 l ,abb ,h5ri ,breuil1 is "o ( ! =emo/ au?orities on ! subject ( prehi/oric ,man4 ,bo? are ,ca?olic prie/s4 ,all su* computations ( ! age ( man are1 ( c\rse1 unc]ta9 & !oretical4 ,evolutioni/s calculate x 9 hundr$s ( ?\s&s1 & ev5 millions1 ( ye>s4 ,aft] giv+ su* a table ( recklessly trem5d\s figures1 ,osborn has ! hypocritical meticulosity to add t1 = ! sake ( precision 7save ! m>k67 ! n9ete5 hundr$ & "s odd ye>s ( ! ,*ri/ian era %\ld be add$ to 8 figures4 ,b1 ev5 accord+ to ! mo/ cons]vative sci5tific e/imates1 z we h se51 man is said to h be5 9 exi/5ce = #cj1jjj ye>s1 & ! preval5ce ( "r-h&$ness among m5 is z old z ! human race4 ,"o w\ld expect1 !n1 to f9d mod]n man equipp$ ) a gigantic "r arm & a dw>f$ left arm4 ,9 o!r words1 man %\ld exhibit a condition comp>able to t ( a lob/]1 :i* has "o l>ge & "o small *ela4 ,yet1 9 spite ( ! fact t ! comp>ative inaction ( ! human left h& is suppos$ to h endur$ ?r\gh\t a p]iod (1 at lea/1 #cj1jjj ye>s1 ?is /ate ( affairs has n result$ 9 ! fa9te/ trace ( atrophy or retrogression4 ,bones1 muscles1 t5dons1 ligam5ts1 n]ves1 blood vessels1 & all p>ts are ( equal size 9 bo? arms & bo? h&s4 ,excessive ex]cise may ov]develop ! musculature ( ! "r arm1 b ?is is an individual & acquir$ adaptation1 :i* is nev] transmitt$ to ! (fspr+1 e4g4 ! *ild ( a blacksmi? does n inh]it ! muscul> hyp]trophy ( 8 fa!r4 ,disuse1 !re=e1 has n ! efficacy :i* ,lam>ck & ,d>w9 ascrib$ to x4 ,9 f9e1 x mu/ be recogniz$1 once = all1 t organisms are n-mold$ on a ,lam>ckian basis ( use1 nor yet on a ,d>w9ian basis ( select$ utility4 ,exp$i5cy1 9 o!r words1 is n ! sole gov]n+ pr9ciple ( ! organic _w4 ,nei!r in/9ctive habitude nor ! /ruggle = exi/5ce succe$s 9 =c+ /ructural adaptation ( a pr$ictable nature4 ,animals ) diff]5t organic /ructure h ! same in/9cts1 e4g4 monkeys )1 & )\t1 preh5sile tails alike dwell 9 trees2 :ile animals hav+ ! same organic /ructure may h diff]5t in/9cts1 e4g4 ! rabbit1 :i* burr[s1 & ! h>e1 :i* does n1 are practically id5tical 9 anatomical /ructure4 ,aga91 "s animals are highly specializ$ = a function1 :i* o!r animals p]=m )\t specializ$ organs1 z is in/anc$ 9 ! case ( moles1 :i* possess a special burr[+ app>atus1 & prairie-dogs1 :i* burr[ )\t a specializ$ app>atus4 ,any sy/em ( evolution1 :i* ignores ! int]nal or h]$it>y factors ( organic life & /rives to expla9 all 9 t]ms ( ! environm5tal factors1 enc\nt]s an insup]able ob/acle 9 ?is remorseless resi/ance ( conflict+ facts4 ,ano!r flaw 9 ! ,d>w9ian argum5t f rudim5t>y organs is t x conf\nds1 9 _m cases1 app>5t1 ) real inutility 7or abs5ce ( function74 ,d>w9 & 8 foll[]s frequ5tly argu$ out ( _! ignorance1 & falsely conclud$ t an organ 0 de/itute ( a function1 m]ely because !y _h fail$ to discov] its utility4 ,l>ge numb]s1 accord+ly1 ( highly s]viceable organs 7 catalogu$ z ve/igial or rudim5t>y1 simply because n9ete5? c5tury sci5ce did n compreh5d _! indubitable utility4 ,) ! advance ( pres5t-day physiology1 ?is li/ ( 8useless organs0 is be+ rapidly deplet$1 s t ! sci5tific days ( ! rudim5t>y organ appe> to be numb]$4 ,at any rate1 9 arbitr>ily pron\nc+ _m important & function+ organs to be useless ve/iges ( a =m] /age 9 ! hi/ory ( ! race1 ! ,d>w9ians 7 n ! fri5ds ( ,sci5ce1 b r its reaction>y enemies1 inasmu* z !y s\ght to disc\rage fur!r inve/igation by _! dogmatic decision t !re 0 no function to be f\nd4 ,9 s do+1 h[ev]1 !y 7 m]ely exploit+ ! ignorance ( _! times 9 ! int]e/ ( a preconceiv$ !ory1 :i* :ett$ _! appetite = discov]+1 at all co/s1 ! pres5ce 9 man ( functionless organs4 ,_! anxiety 9 ?is direction l$ !m to consid] ! :ole gr\p ( organs con/itut+ a mo/ important regulatory & cord9ative sy/em 9 man & o!r v]tebrates z s _m useless ve/igial organs4 ,?is sy/em is call$ ! cryptorhetic sy/em & is made ( int]nally-secret+1 ductless gl&s1 n[ call$ endocr9e gl&s4 ,^! gl&s g5]ate & in/ill into ! blood /ream c]ta9 *emical sub/ances call$ hormones1 :i*1 diffus+ 9 ! blood1 produce imm$iate /imulatory1 & remote metabolic effects on special organs di/ant f ! endocr9e gl&1 9 :i* ! p>ticul> hormone is elaborat$4 ,z examples ( su* endocr9e gl&s1 we may m5tion ! p9eal gl& 7epiphysis71 ! pituit>y body 7hypophysis71 ! ?yroid gl&s1 ! p>a?yroids1 ! islelets ( ,lang]hans1 ! adr5al bodies 7supr>5al capsules71 & ! int]/itial cells ( ! gonads4 ,! importance ( ^! alleg$ useless organs is n[ kn[n to be p>am\nt4 ,dea?1 = in/ance1 w imm$iately ensue 9 man & o!r animals1 ^u extirpation ( ! adr5al bodies4 ,! late ,rob]t ,wi$]%eim1 x w be rememb]$1 decl>$ ! p9eal gl& or epiphysis to be ! surviv+ ve/ige ( a 8?ird eye0 inh]it$ f a =m] ance/or1 9 :om x op5$ betwe5 ! p>ietal bones ( ! skull1 l ! m$ian or p9eal eye ( c]ta9 liz>ds1 ! socket ( :i* is ! p>ietal =am5 =m$ 9 ! int]p>ietal suture4 ,if ! argum5t is bas$ on homology alone1 !n ! co9cid5ce 9 position betwe5 ! human epiphysis & ! m$ian optic n]ve ( ! liz>ds 9 "q has ! ord9>y =ce ( ! evolution>y argum5t f homology4 ,b :5 "o attempts to r$uce ! epiphysis to ! /atus ( a useless ve/igial rudim5t1 he is 9 op5 conflict ) facts2 = ! p9eal body is1 9 reality1 an endocr9e gl& g5]at+ & disp]s+ a hormone1 :i* is v important = ! regulation ( gr[? 9 g5]al & ( sexual developm5t 9 p>ticul>4 ,h5ce ?is t9y organ 9 ! di5cephalic ro(1 no l>g] ?an a gra9 ( :eat1 is n a functionless rudim5t1 b an important function+ organ ( ! cryptorhetic sy/em4 ,we h no gr\nd1 !re=e1 on ?is score = inf]r+ t our p9eal gl& function$ 9 =m] ance/ors z a m$ian eye comp>able to t ( ! cyclops ,polyphemus ( ,hom]ic fame4 ,9 l mann]1 ! pituit>y body or hypophysis1 :i* 9 man is a small organ ab\t ! size ( a *]ry1 situat$ at ! base ( ! bra91 buri$ 9 ! floor ( ! skull1 & ly+ j beh9d ! optic *iasma1 0 =m]ly rat$ z a rudim5t>y organ4 ,x 01 9 fact1 reg>d$ z ! ve/igial remnant ( a =m] connection betwe5 ! neural & alim5t>y canals1 rem9isc5t ( ! inv]tebrate /age4 8,! phylog5etic explanation ( ?is organ g5]ally accept$10 says ,alb]t ,p4 ,ma!ws1 8is t =m]ly ! neural canal connect$ at ?is po9t ) ! alim5t>y canal4 ,a probable & almo/ ! only explanation ( ?is1 ?\gh an explanation almo/ univ]sally reject$ by zologi/s1 is t ( ,gaskell1 :o has ma9ta9$ t ! v]tebrate alim5t>y canal is a new /ructure1 & t ! old inv]tebrate canal is ! pres5t neural canal4 ,! infundibulum1 on ?is view1 w\ld correspond to ! old inv]tebrate sophagus1 ! v5tricle ( ! ?alamus to ! inv]tebrate /oma*1 & ! canal orig9ally connect$ po/]iorly ) ! anus4 ,! ant]ior lobe ( ! pituit>y body c\ld !n correspond to "s gl&ul> adjunct ( ! inv]tebrate canal1 & ! n]v\s "p to a portion ( ! orig9al circumsophageal n]v\s r+ ( ! inv]tebrates40 78,physiological ,*emi/ry10 #bnd ed41 #aiaf1 pp4 #fda1 #fdb47 ,?is elaborate piece ( evolution>y contortion calls = no comm5t "h4 ,we are only int]e/$ 9 ! fact t ?is wild & weird speculation 0 orig9ally inspir$ by ! false assumption t ! hypophysis 0 a functionless organ4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 x is ! s\rce ( two important hormones4 ,! "o g5]at$ 9 its ant]ior lobe is te!l91 a metabolic hormone1 :i* promotes ! gr[? ( ! body 9 g5]al & ( ! bony tissue 9 p>ticul>4 ,hyp]trophy & ov]function ( ?is gl& produces giantism1 or acromegaly 7enl>gem5t ( h&s1 feet1 & skull71 :ile atrophy & und]function ( ! ant]ior lobe results 9 infantilism1 acromikria 7dim9ution ( extremities1 i4 e4 h&s1 feet1 head71 obesity1 & g5ital dy/rophy 7i4 e4 suppression ( second>y sexual *>act]s74 ,! po/]ior lobe ( ! pituit>y body con/itutes1 ) ! p>s int]m$ia1 a second endocr9e gl&1 :i* g5]ates a /imulatory hormone call$ pituitr94 ,?is hormone /imulates un/riat$ muscle to contract1 & !reby regulates ! dis*>ge ( secretions f v>i\s gl&s ( ! body1 e4 g4 ! mamm>y gl&s1 bladd]1 etc4 ,h5ce ! hypophysis1 f> f be+ a useless organ1 is an indisp5sable "o4 ,moreov]1 x is an integral & important "p ( ! cryptorhetic sy/em4 ,! same /ory may be repeat$ ( ! ?yroid gl&s4 ,^! consi/ ( two lobes locat$ on ei!r side ( ! w9dpipe1 j bel[ ! l>ynx 7,adam's apple71 & jo9$ toge!r across ! w9dpipe by a n>r[ b& or i/hmus ( _! own sub/ance4 ,gaskell homologiz$ !m ) a gl& 9 scorpions1 & ,ma!w says t1 if 8 surmise is correct1 8! ?yroid repres5ts an accessory sexual organ ( ! inv]tebrate40 7,op4 cit41 p4 #fed47 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 endocr9e gl&s1 t g5]ate a hormone kn[n z ?yrox91 :i* regulates ! body-temp]ature1 gr[? ( ! body 9 g5]al1 & ( ! n]v\s sy/em 9 p>ticul>1 etc41 etc4 ,atrophy or extirpation ( ^! gl&s causes cret9ism 9 ! "y & myxo$ema 9 adults4 ,)\t a suffici5t supply ( ?is hormone1 ! normal ex]cise ( m5tal p[]s 9 human be+s is impossible4 ,! organ1 !re=e1 is f> f be+ a useless ve/ige ( :at 0 =m]ly useful4 ,george ,h[>d ,p>k]1 ! ,zologi/ ( ,h>v>d1 sums up ! case aga9/ ! ,d>w9ian int]pretation ( ! endocr9e gl&s z foll[s3 8,! ext5t to :i* hormones control ! body is only j beg9n+ to be appreciat$4 ,= a long "t anatomi/s h recogniz$ 9 ! high] animals1 includ+ man1 a numb] ( s-call$ ductless gl&s1 su* z ! ?yroid gl&1 ! p9eal gl&1 ! hypophysis1 ! adr5al bodies1 & s =?4 ,^! h (t5 be5 pass$ ov] z unimportant functionless organs ^: pres5ce 0 to be expla9$ z an inh]itance f "s remote ance/or4 ,b su* a conception is f> f correct4 ,if ! ?yroids are remov$ f a dog1 dea? foll[s 9 f "o to f\r weeks4 ,if ! adr5al bodies are excis$1 ! animal dies 9 f two to ?ree days4 ,su* results %[ beyond d\bt t at lea/ "s ( ^! organs are ( vital importance1 & m rec5t /udies h demon/rat$ t mo/ ( !m produce sub/ances :i* h all ! prop]ties ( hormones40 78,biology & ,social ,problems10 #aiad1 pp4 #dc1 #dd47 ,ev5 ! v]mi=m app5dix ( ! ccum1 :i* s9ce ,d>w9's "t has s]v$ z a classic example ( a rudim5t>y organ 9 man1 is1 9 reality1 n a functionless organ4 ,d>w91 h[ev]1 0 ( op9ion t x 0 n only useless1 b positively h>mful4 8,) respect to ! alim5t>y canal10 he says1 8,i h met ) an acc\nt ( only a s+le rudim5t1 namely1 ! v]mi=m app5dage ( ! ccum4 444 ,n only is x useless1 b x is sometimes ! cause ( dea?1 ( :i* fact ,i h lately he>d two in/ances4 ,?is is due to small h>d bodies1 su* z se$s1 ent]+ ! passage & caus+ inflammation40 78,desc5t ( ,man10 #bnd ed41 *4 ,i1 pp4 #ci1 #dj47 ,! idea t se$s cause app5dicitis is1 ( c\rse1 an explod$ sup]/ition1 ! h>d bodies sometimes f\nd 9 ! app5dix be+ fecal concretions & n se$s--8,! old idea10 says ,dr4 ,john ,b4 ,deav]1 8t =eign bodies1 su* z grape se$s1 are ! cause ( ! disease1 has be5 disprov$40 7,encycl4 ,am]icana1 vol4 #b1 p4 #gf47 ,:at is m g]mane to ! po9t at issue1 h[ev]1 is t ,d>w9 err$ 9 d5y+ ! utility ( ! v]mi=m app5dix4 ,=1 al?\gh ?is organ does n dis*>ge 9 man ! important function :i* its homologue dis*>ges 9 gra9-eat+ birds & also 9 h]bivor\s mammals1 x subs]ves ! second>y function ( lubricat+ ! inte/9es by means ( a secretion f its mucip>\s gl&s4 ,d>w9 gives ! semilun> fold z ano!r in/ance ( a ve/igial organ1 claim+ t x is a p]si/5t rudim5t ( a =m] ?ird eyelid or membrana nictitans1 su* z we f9d 9 birds4 8,! nictitat+ membrane1 or ?ird eyelid10 he says1 8) its accessory muscles & o!r /ructures1 is especially well develop$ 9 birds1 & is ( mu* functional importance to !m1 z x c be rapidly drawn across ! :ole eyeball4 ,x is f\nd 9 "s reptiles & amphibians1 & 9 c]ta9 fi%es z 9 %>ks4 ,x is fairly well develop$ 9 ! two l[] divisions ( ! mammalian s]ies1 namely1 9 ! monotremata & m>supials1 & 9 "s high] mammals1 z 9 ! walrus4 ,b 9 man1 ! quadrumana1 & mo/ o!r mammals1 x exi/s1 z is admitt$ by all anatomi/s1 z a m]e rudim5t1 call$ ! semilun> fold40 7,op4 cit41 *4 ,i1 pp4 #ce1 #cf47 ,"h ,d>w9 is c]ta9ly wrong ab\t 8 facts2 = ! s-call$ ?ird eyelid is n well develop$ 9 ! two l[] divisions ( ! mammalian s]ies 7i4e4 ! monotremes & ! m>supials7 nor 9 any o!r mammalian type4 8,) b few exceptions10 says ,remy ,p]ri]1 8! ?ird eyelid is n s complete z among ! birds2 79 ! mammals7 x nev] cov]s ! entire eye4 ,= ! re/1 x is n really p]ceptible except 9 c]ta9 types1 l ! dog1 ! rum9ants1 &1 /ill m s1 ! horse4 ,9 ! re/ 7( ! mammals7 x is less develop$40 78,elem5ts d'anatomie comp>e10 ,p>is1 #ahic1 p4 #aacg47 ,moreov]1 ,d>w9's sugge/ion leaves u at sea z to ! ance/or1 f :om our 8rudim5t>y ?ird eyelid0 has be5 inh]it$4 ,8 m5tion ( birds z hav+ a well develop$ ?ird eyelid is n v helpful1 because all evolutioni/s agree 9 exclud+ ! birds f our l9e ( desc5t4 ,! reptiles are m promis+ c&idates = ! position ( ance/ors1 b1 z no trace ( a ?ird eyelid c\ld possibly be left beh9d 9 ! imp]fect record ( ! fossilif]\s rocks 7s(t p>ts l ?is hav+ b slight *ance ( pres]vation71 we d n really "k :e!r ! palozoic reptiles possess$ ?is p>ticul> feature1 or n4 ,nor c we argue f analogy & induction1 because n all mod]n reptiles are equipp$ ) ?ird eyelids4 ,h5ce ! p>ticul> gr\p ( palozoic reptiles1 :i* are suppos$ to h be5 our prog5itors1 may n h possess$ any ?ird eyelid to bequea? to u 9 ! r$uc$ & rudim5t>y =m ( ! plica semilun>is4 ,if x be repli$1 t !y mu/ h _h ?is feature1 because o!rwise we w\ld h no ance/or f :om we c\ld inh]it our semilun> fold1 x is obvi\s t su* argum5tation assumes ! v po9t :i* x ought to prove1 namely3 ! actuality ( evolution4 ,rudim5ts are suppos$ to be a pro( = evolution1 & n1 vice v]sa1 evolution a pro( = rudim5ts4 ,f9ally1 ! basic assumption ( ,d>w9 t ! semilun> fold is de/itute ( function is incorrect2 = ?is cresc5t-%ap$ fold situat$ 9 ! inn] or nasal corn] ( ! eye ( man & o!r mammals s]ves to regulate ! fl[ ( ! lubricat+ lacrimal fluid 7:i* we call te>s74 ,true ?is function is second>y comp>$ ) ! m important function dis*>g$ by ! nictitat+ membrane 9 birds4 ,9 ! latt]1 ! ?ird eyelid is a pe>ly-:ite 7sometimes transp>5t7 membrane plac$ int]nal to ! real eyelids1 on ! inn] side ( ! eye1 ov] ^: surface x c be drawn l a curta9 to %ield ! organ f excessive light1 or irritat+ du/2 nev]!less1 ! regulation ( ! fl[ ( lacrimal humor is a real function1 & x is !re=e entirely false to speak ( ! semilun> fold z a functionless rudim5t4 ,! coccyx is likewise cit$ by ,d>w9 z an example ( an inh]it$ rudim5t 9 man4 8,9 man10 he says1 8! os coccyx1 toge!r ) c]ta9 o!r v]tebr h]eaft] to be describ$1 ?\gh functionless z a tail1 pla9ly repres5ts ?is "p 9 o!r v]tebrate animals40 7,op4 cit41 *4 ,i1 p4 #db47 ,t x s]ves no purpose z a tail1 may be readily admitt$1 b t x s]ves no purpose :atev]1 is q ano!r matt]4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 x s]ves = ! atta*m5t ( sev]al small muscles1 ^: function+ w\ld be impossible 9 ! abs5ce ( ?is bone4 ,d>w9 himself conc$es ?is2 = he confesses t ! f\r v]tebr ( ! coccyx 8are furni%$ ) "s small muscles40 7,ibidem47 ,we may1 !re=e1 admit ! homology betwe5 ! human coccyx & ! tails ( o!r v]tebrates1 )\t be+ =c$ to reg>d ! latt] z a useless ve/igial organ4 ,x may be object$ t ! atta*m5t ( ^! muscles might h be5 provid$ = 9 a mann] m 9 h>mony ) our ideas ( symmetry4 ,to ?is we reply t ,helmholtz criticiz$ ! human eye = simil> reasons1 :5 he said t he w\ld rem& to 8 work%op = correction an optical in/rum5t s flaw$ ) defects z ! human eye4 ,b1 aft] all1 x 0 by ! use ( ^! selfsame imp]fect eyes t ,helmholtz 0 enabl$ to detect ! flaws ( :i* he compla9$4 ,:5 man %all h fully fa?om$ ! difficulties & ob/ructions ) :i* organic morphog5y has to cont5d 9 p]=m+ its wond]ful "w1 & %all h arriv$ at an elem5t>y k ( ! g5]al laws ( morphog5etic me*anics1 he w be m incl9$ to admire ?an to criticize4 ,x is a mi/ake to imag9e t ! f9ite works ( ! ,creator mu/ be p]fect f e viewpo9t4 ,x suffices t !y are p]fect ) respect to ! p>ticul> purpose :i* !y s]ve1 & ?is purpose mu/ n be n>r[ly e/imat$ f ! /&po9t ( ! creat$ "w itself1 b f t ( its position 9 ! univ]sal s*eme ( creation4 ,all su* p>tial views z ! ,helmholtzian "o are false views4 ,ano!r consid]ation :i* ,d>w9 & 8 p>tisans h fail$ to take into acc\nt is ! possibility ( an ontog5etic1 z well z a phylog5etic1 explanation ( rudim5t>y organs4 ,t is to say1 rudim5t>y organs might1 s f> z a priori reasons are conc]n$1 be ! n[ useless ve/iges ( organs =m]ly develop$ & functional 9 ! ftus1 & ne$ n necess>ily be int]pret$ z traces ( organs t function$ =m]ly 9 remote racial ance/ors4 ,t !re %\ld be su* ?+s z special ftal organs1 :i* atrophy 9 lat] adult life1 is a possibility t ought n to excite surprise4 ,dur+ its ut]9e exi/5ce1 ! ftus is subject to peculi> conditions ( life1 v diff]5t f ^? :i* prevail 9 ! case ( adult organisms--e4g4 respiration & ! dige/ive process are susp5d$1 & !re is a totally diff]5t k9d ( circulation4 ,:at1 !n1 m natural ?an t ! ftus %\ld require special organs to adapt x to ^! special conditions ( ut]9e life8 ,su* organs1 :ile useful & functional 9 ! e>li] /ages ( embryonic developm5t1 w1 s soon z bir? & maturity introduce new conditions ( life1 become sup]flu\s1 & !re=e doom$1 9 ! int]e/ ( organic economy1 to ultimate atrophy & deg5]ation1 until no?+ is left ( !m b ve/igial remnants4 ,! ?ymus may be cit$ z a probable in/ance ( su* an organ4 ,?is organ1 :i* is locat$ 9 front ( ! he>t & beh9d ! brea/bone1 9 ! region betwe5 ! two lungs1 consi/s1 at ! p]iod ( its greate/ developm5t 9 man1 ( a two-lob$ /ructure1 #e cm4 long & #d cm4 wide1 ) a ?ickness ( #f mm4 & a maximum weight ( #ce grams4 ,x is suppli$ ) num]\s lymphoid cells1 :i* are aggregat$ to =m lymphoid follicles 7cf4 ,gray's 8,anatomy10 #bj? ed41 #aiah1 pp4 #abgc1 #abgd2 ,burton-,opitz' 8,physiology10 #aibj1 p4 #ifd74 ,?is organ is a transitory "o1 well develop$ at bir?1 b deg5]at+1 accord+ to "s au?ors1 aft] ! second ye> ( life 7cf4 ,/>l+'s 8,physiology10 #crd ed41 #aibj1 p4 #abde72 accord+ to o!rs1 h[ev]1 n until ! p]iod ( full maturity1 namely1 pub]ty4 7,cf4 ,gray's 8,anatomy10 loc4 cit47 ,w4 ,h4 ,h[ell cites bo? op9ions1 )\t v5tur+ to decide ! matt] 7cf4 8 8,physiology10 #h? ed41 #aiba1 pp4 #hfi1 #hgj74 ,x 0 at "o "t classifi$ z a rudim5t>y or functionless organ4 ,lat] on1 h[ev]1 x 0 ?\ght by c]ta9 obs]v]s to be an endocr9e gl&1 yield+ a secretion important = ! gr[? ( "y mammals4 ,?is took x out ( ! class ( useless ve/igial organs1 b ! rec5t discov]y t x is indisp5sable to birds z furni%+ a secretion necess>y = ! =mation ( ! t]ti>y envelopes 7egg membrane & %ell7 ( _! eggs1 has t5d$ to revive ! idea ( its be+ a ve/igial organ inh]it$ f ! l[] v]tebrates4 ,?us ,dr4 ,osc> ,riddle1 :ile admitt+ t ! ?ymus gl& 9 man has "s influ5ce on ! gr[? ( ! bones1 cont5ds t ! newly-discov]$ function ( ?is gl& 9 birds is mu* m important1 s9ce )\t x none ( ! v]tebrates1 except+ mammals1 c\ld reproduce _! "y4 8,x ?us becomes cle>10 he says1 8t ?\gh ! ?ymus is almo/ )\t use 9 ! human be+1 x is 9 fact a sort ( #8"m ( ! race4' ,! high] animals c\ld n h come into exi/5ce )\t x4 ,= ev5 :ile our ance/ors liv$ 9 ! wat]1 x 0 ! ?ymus ( ^! ance/ors :i* made possible ! production ( ! egg-envelopes )9 :i* ! "y 7 cradl$ & protect$ until !y 7 ready = an indep5d5t life40 7,sci5ce1 ,dec4 #bh1 #aibc1 ,suppl4 ,,xiii1 ,,xiv47 ,?is conclusion1 h[ev]1 is f> too ha/y4 ,=1 ev5 if we disreg>d z negligible ! m9or function1 t ,riddle assigns to ! ?ymus 9 man1 !re rema9s ano!r possibility1 :i* ,h4 ,h4 ,wild] takes into acc\nt1 namely1 t ! ?ymus may1 9 c]ta9 cases1 be a tempor>y sub/itute = ! lymphatic vessels4 ,hav+ call$ att5tion to c]ta9 det]m9ate *annels f\nd 9 "s ( ! l[] v]tebrates1 he tells u t ^! 8c well be utiliz$ z adjuncts ( ! lymphatic sy/em until _! function c be suppli$ by def9ite lymphatic vessels40 ,he !n resumes 8 discussion ( ! lymph nodules 9 mammals z foll[s3 8,aside f ! solit>y & aggregat$ nodules1 bo? ( :i* appe> to be c5t]s ( orig9 ( lymphocytes1 !re are num]\s o!r places 9 :i* ! cellul> con/itu5ts ( ! blood are develop$4 ,_m ( ^!1 z 9 ! case ( ! aggregat$ nodules ( ! inte/9es1 are develop$ )9 ! wall ( ! alim5t>y canal & are !re=e endod]mic 9 orig94 ,^! include ! tonsils1 ! ?ymus1 & ?yroid gl&s1 ! associat$ epi!lial bodies1 &1 p]haps1 ! sple54444 ,9 _! function z =mative nidi = ! cellul> elem5ts ( ! blood ^! organs =m physiologically important auxili>ies to ! vascul> sy/em z a :ole1 b belong else:]e 9 _! anatomical developm5tal aff9ities40 78,hi/ory ( ! ,human ,body10 #bnd ed41 #aibc1 p4 #cie--;italics m9e47 ,?is be+ ! case1 x is mu* m reasonable to int]pret ! ?ymus z an ontog5etic 7embryonic71 r ?an a phylog5etic 7racial7 rudim5t4 ,x has be5 obs]v$ t1 9 ! case ( reptiles :i* lack def9ite lymphatic gl&s 7:i* function 9 man z =mative c5t]s ( lymphocytes or :ite blood corpuscles71 ! ?ymus is extraord9>ily develop$ & ab\nds 9 lymphoid cells4 ,x has also be5 obs]v$ t ! =mation ( lymphocytes 9 ! lymphatic gl&s is regulat$ by ! dige/ive process2 =1 aft] dige/ion1 ! activity ( ^! gl&s increases & ! =mation ( leucocytes is accel]at$4 ,s9ce1 !n1 ! lymphatic gl&s appe> to require ! /imulus ( ! dige/ive process to incite !m to action1 x is cle> t 9 ! ftus1 :i* lacks ! dige/ive process1 ! lymphatic gl&s w n be /imulat$ to action1 & t ! task ( furni%+ lymphocytes w devolve ^u ! ?ymus4 ,aft] bir?1 ! dige/ive process comm5ces & ! lymphatic gl&s become active 9 response to ?is /imulus4 ,z ! function ( =m+ lymphocytes is transf]r$ f ! ?ymus to ! lymphatic gl&s1 ! =m] is gradually depriv$ ( its importance1 &1 9 ! int]e/ ( organic economy1 x beg9s to atrophy1 until1 at ! end ( ! *ild's second ye>1 or1 at late/1 :5 ! *ild has rea*$ sexual maturity1 no?+ b a r$uc$ ve/ige rema9s ( ?is once functional organ4 8,! ?ymus10 says ,/>l+1 8=ms two l>ge masses 9 ! ant]ior m$ia/9um :i* 9 man gr[ up to ! second ye> ( life & !n rapidly dim9i%1 s t only traces are to be f\nd at pub]ty4 ,x conta9s a l>ge am\nt ( lymphatic tissue & is !re=e (t5 associat$ ) ! lymphatic gl&s z ! seat ( ! =mation ( lymph corpuscles4444 ,9 c]ta9 cases ( arre/$ developm5t or ( g5]al weakness 9 "y p1 ! ?ymus has be5 f\nd to be p]si/5t40 78,physiology10 #crd ed41 #aibj1 p4 #abde47 ,9 ! light ( ^! facts1 x is utt]ly unreasonable to reg>d ! ?ymus z a practically useless rudim5t inh]it$ f ! l[] v]tebrates4 8,t !y h an important function 9 ! "y animal10 says ,alb]t ,ma!ws1 8c h>dly be d\bt$40 78,physiological ,*emi/ry10 #aiaf1 p4 #fge47 ,9 fact1 ! peculi> nature ( _! developm5t 9 ! "y & _! atrophy 9 ! adult =ces su* a conclusion ^u u4 ,! ?ymus1 !re=e1 is1 9 all probability1 an ontog5etic1 & n a phylog5etic1 rudim5t4 ,x might conceivably be exploit$ z a biog5etic recapitulation ( a reptilian /age 9 man1 j z ! s-call$ fi%-kidney ( ! human embryo is exploit$ = evolution>y int]pretation4 ,! pr9ciples by :i* su* a view may be refut$ h be5 giv5 previ\sly4 ,b1 9 any case1 x is folly to int]pret ! ?ymus z a rudim5t 9 ! racial1 r ?an embryonic s5se4 ,moreov]1 ! possibility ( an ontog5etic int]pretation ( rudim5ts mu/ n be re/rict$ to ! ?ymus1 b mu/ be accept$ z a g5]al & legitimate alt]native = ! phylog5etic int]pretation4 ,9 ! la/ place1 x rema9s = u to consid] ! ,d>w9ian argum5t1 bas$ ^u s-call$ rudim5t>y organs1 f ! /&po9t ( ! sci5ce ( g5etics4 ,d>w91 z we h rem>k$ else:]e1 0 ignorant ( ! non-inh]itability ( ^? incon/ant individual v>iations n[ kn[n z fluctuations4 ,he 0 some:at p]plex$1 :5 ,pr(essor ,l4 ,mey] po9t$ out ! extreme v>iability 9 position ( ! 8project+ po9t0 on ! m>g9 ( ! human e>1 b he /ill clung to 8 orig9al cont5tion t ?is 8blunt po9t0 0 a surviv+ ve/ige ( ! apex ( ! po9t$ e>s f\nd 9 donkeys & horses1 etc4 8,nev]!less10 he says1 89 "s cases my orig9al view1 t ! po9ts are ve/iges ( ! tips ( =m]ly erect & po9t$ e>s1 /ill seems to be probable40 78,desc5t ( ,man10 #bnd ed41 *4 ,i1 p4 #cd47 ,d>w91 z ,ranke po9ts out1 0 mi/ak5 9 homologiz+ 8 fam\s 8tub]cule0 ) ! apex ( be/ial e>s4 8,! acute extremity ( ! po9t$ animal e>10 says ?is au?or1 8does n correspond to ?is prom95ce designat$ by ,d>w91 b to ! v]tex ( ! helix40 78,d] ,m5s*10 ,,ii1 p4 #ci47 ,! feature 9 "q is1 moreov]1 a m]e fluctuation due to ! degree ( developm5t atta9$ by ! c>tilage3 h5ce its v>iability 9 diff]5t human be+s4 ,9 v extreme cases1 fluctuations ( ?is sort1 may be important en\gh to con/itute an anomaly1 &1 z anomalies are (t5 int]pret$ z atavisms & rev]sions to a primitive type1 x may be well to adv]t to ?is subject "h4 ,dwight has an excell5t *apt] on anatomical v>iations & anomalies4 7,cf4 8,?\ghts ( a ,ca?olic ,anatomi/10 #aiaa1 *4 ,,ix47 ,he tells u t 8a ?igh bone a little m b5t1 an e> a little m po9t$1 a nose a little m project+ 444 a little m or a little less ( any?+ y please--?is is v>iation40 8,an anatomical anomaly10 he says1 8is "s peculi>ity ( any "p ( ! body :i* _c be express$ 9 t]ms ( m or less1 b is di/9ctly new40 ,he divides ! latt] into two classes1 namely3 ^? :i* consi/ 9 ! repetition ( "o or m elem5ts 9 a s]ies1 e4g4 ! occurr5ce ( sup]num]>y legs 9 an insect1 & ^? :i* consi/ 9 ! suppression ( "o or m elem5ts 9 a s]ies1 e4g4 ! occurr5ce ( elev5 pairs ( ribs 9 a man4 ,v>iations & anomalies are fluctuational or mutational1 accord+ z !y are bas$ on *anges 9 ! soma alone1 or on *anges 9 ! g]m plasm4 ,v>iations1 h[ev]1 are m likely to be non-inh]itable fluctuations1 & anomalies to be inh]itable mutations4 ,we %all speak ( ! latt] pres5tly4 ,9 ! meantime we may note t ! ma9 tr\ble ) int]pret+ ^! anatomical irregul>ities z 8rev]sive0 or 8atavi/ic0 is t !y w\ld connect man ) all sorts ( q impossible l9es ( desc5t4 8,9 my e>ly days ( anatomy10 says ,dwight1 8,i ?\ght t ,i mu/ be v ignorant1 because ,i c\ld n und]/& h[ ! occasional appe>ance 9 man ( a peculi>ity ( "s animal outside ( any conceivable l9e ( desc5t c\ld be call$ a rev]sion1 z x soon became ! cu/om to call x4444 ,x 0 only lat] t ,i grasp$ ! fact t ! reason ,i c\ld n und]/& ^! ?+s 0 t !re 0 no?+ to und]/&4 ,x 0 %am sci5ce f beg9n+ to end40 7,op4 cit41 p4 #bji47 ,by way ( anomaly1 almo/ any human peculi>ity c occur 9 animals1 &1 conv]sely1 any be/ial peculi>ity 9 man1 b ! resemblance to man ( an animal outside ( ! alleg$ l9e ( human desc5t repres5ts a grave difficulty = ! !ory ( evolution1 & n an argum5t 9 its favor4 ,! human body is c]ta9ly n a mosaic ( het]og5etic organs1 i4e4 a complex ( /ructures inh]it$ f any & e sort ( animal1 :e!r extant or ext9ct2 = su* a va/ numb] & v>iety ( ance/ors c\ld n possibly h cop]at$ to produce man4 ,pr(4 ,d4 ,c>azzi1 9 8 ,address ( ,inauguration 9 ! ,*air ( ,zology & ,comp>ative ,anatomy at ! ,univ]sity ( ,padua1 ,jan4 #bj1 #aijf1 excoriat$ ) sca?+ irony ! %am ,d>w9ian sci5ce1 ( :i* ,dwight compla9s4 8,b ev5 9 ! s]i\s works ( pure sci5ce10 says ! ,italian zologi/1 8we read1 = example1 t ! ov]-developm5t ( ! po/auricul> muscles sometimes obs]v$ 9 man is an atavi/ic rem9isc5ce ( ! muscles ( ! helix ( ! e> ( ! horse & ! ass4 ,& s f> s good1 because x gives evid5ce ( great mode/y 9 recogniz+ z our ance/ors ^? well-des]v+ & long-e>$ quadrup$s4 ,b ?is is n all2 !re appe> at times 9 a woman "o or m anomal\s mamm>y gl&s bel[ ! pectoral ones2 & "h1 too1 !y insi/ on expla9+ ! anomaly z a rev]sion to type1 t is1 z an atavi/ic rem9isc5ce ( ! num]\s mamm>y gl&s possess$ by diff]5t l[] mammals2 ! bit*1 = example4444 8,b ! sup]num]>y mamm>y gl&s are n a rev]sion to type2 anomal\s mamm>y gl&s may appe> ^u ! m$ian l9e1 ^u ! deltoid1 & ev5 ^u ! knee1 regions f>-di/ant f ! #8milk-l9e4' ,s ) reg>d to ! po/auricul> muscles we mu/ say t accord+ to ! laws ( ,d>w9ism ! cases ( anomal\s developm5t are n int]pretable z rev]sions to type4 ,all ^! features are n phylog5etic rem9isc5ces1 b anomalies ( developm5t1 ( su* a nature t1 if we %\ld wi% to make use ( !m = e/abli%+ ! l9e ( human desc5t1 we w\ld h to say t man desc5ds f ! sw9e1 f ! solip$s & ev5 f ! cetaceans1 return+1 namely1 to ! old conception ( l9eal desc5t1 t is1 to ,buffon's idea ( ! concat5ation ( creatures40 78,teorie e criti*e nella mod]na biologia10 #aijf47 ,d>w9's doctr9e1 h[ev]1 on ! orig9 & significance ( rudim5t>y organs has be5 damag$ by g5etic analysis 9 a yet m s]i\s fa%ion4 ,9 fact1 ) ! discov]y t anomal\s suppression & anomal\s duplication ( organs may result f factorial mutation1 ?is ,d>w9ian conception receiv$ :at is tantam\nt to its dea?bl[4 ,d>w91 x w be rememb]$1 0 conv9c$ t ! regression ( organs 0 br\ght ab\t by 8increas$ disuse controll$ by natural selection40 7,cf4 8,orig9 ( ,species10 #f? ed41 *4 ,v47 ,su* ph5om5a1 he ?\ght1 z ! suppression ( w+s 9 ! ,apt]yx & ! r$uction ( w+s 9 runn+ birds1 arose f _! 8inhabit+ ocean isl&s10 :]e !y 8h n be5 expos$ to ! attacks ( bea/s1 & consequ5tly lo/ ! p[] ( us+ _! w+s = flight40 78,desc5t ( ,man10 #f? ed41 *4 ,i1 p4 #cb47 ,9 "s cases1 he believ$ t disuse & natural selection _h cop]at$ ex aequo to produce results ( ?is nature1 e4g4 ! r$uction ( ! eyes 9 ! mole & 9 ,ct5omys2 = ?is r$uction1 he claims1 has "s selection-value1 inasmu* z r$uction ( ! eyes1 adhesion ( ! lids1 & cov]+ ) hair t5ds to protect ! unus$ & useless eye aga9/ inflammation4 ,9 o!r cases1 h[ev]1 he is incl9$ to disc\nt ! idea t suppression ( organs is an 8effect ( long-cont9u$ disuse10 & to reg>d ! ph5om5on z 8:olly1 or ma9ly1 due to natural selection10 e4g4 9 ! case ( ! w+less beetles ( ! isl& ( ,madeira4 8,= dur+ successive g5]ations10 he reasons1 8ea* individual beetle :i* flew lea/1 ei!r f its w+s hav+ be5 ev] s little less develop$ or f indol5t habit1 w h _h ! be/ *ance ( surviv+ f n be+ bl[n out to sea2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 ^? beetles :i* mo/ readily took to flight w\ld (t5e/ h be5 bl[n to sea1 & ?us de/roy$40 ,9 a ?ird class ( in/ances1 h[ev]1 he assigns ! pr9cipal rle to disuse1 e4g4 9 ! case ( ! bl9d animals 8:i* inhabit ! caves ( ,c>niola & ,k5tucky1 because10 z he tells u1 8x is difficult to imag9e t eyes1 ?\gh useless1 c\ld be injuri\s to animals liv+ 9 d>kness40 ,h5ce he concludes t1 z ! oblit]ation ( eyes has no selection-value1 "u ! circum/ances prevail+ 9 d>k caves1 8_! loss may be attribut$ to disuse40 7,cf4 8,orig9 ( ,species10 #f? ed41 *4 ,v1 pp4 #abh-acc47 ,morgan's comm5t on ^! elaborate speculations ( ,d>w9 is v cau/ic & concise4 ,ref]r+ to factorial mutations1 :i* give rise to races ( flies hav+ sup]num]>y & ve/igial organs1 he says3 8,9 contra/ to ! la/ case1 :]e a "* is d\bl$1 is ! next "o 9 :i* ! eyes are lo/4 ,?is *ange took place at a s+le /ep4 ,all ! flies ( ?is /ock1 h[ev]1 _c be said to be eyeless1 s9ce _m ( !m %[ pieces ( eye--inde$ ! v>iation is s wide t ! eye may ev5 appe> l a normal eye unless c>efully exam9$4 ,=m]ly we 7 taught t eyeless animals arose 9 caves4 ,?is case %[s t !y may also arise sudd5ly 9 glass milk bottles1 by a *ange 9 a s+le factor4 8,i may recall 9 ?is connection t w+less flies also arose 9 our cultures by a s+le mutation4 ,we us$ to be told t w+less insects occurr$ on des]t isl&s because ^? insects t _h ! be/ develop$ w+s 7 bl[n out to sea4 ,:e!r ?is is true or n1 ,i w n pret5d to say1 b at any rate w+less insects may also arise1 n ?r\gh a sl[ process ( elim9ation1 b at a s+le /ep40 78,a ,critique ( ! ,!ory ( ,evolution10 #aiaf1 pp4 #ff1 #fg47 ,9 direct+ att5tion to ! fact t a p]man5t & inh]itable r$uction ( organs to ! ve/igial /ate c result f mutation1 we d n1 ( c\rse1 int5d to exclude ! possible occurr5ce ( somatic atrophy due to lack ( ex]cise r ?an to g]m9al *ange4 ,?us ! bl9d species ( animals 9 caves may1 9 "s in/ances1 be p]si/5tly bl9d1 because ( ! p]si/5t d>kness ( ! environm5t 9 :i* !y live1 & n by reason ( any inh]it$ factor = bl9dness4 ,d>w9 gives "o su* in/ance1 namely1 t ( ! cave rat ,neotoma4 ,to te/ su* cases1 ! bl9d animals w\ld h to be br$ 9 an illum9at$ environm5t4 ,if1 "u ?is condition1 !y fail$ to develop normal eyes1 ! bl9dness w\ld be due to a g]m9al factor1 & w\ld be inh]it$ 9 an illum9$1 no less ?an a d>k1 environm5t4 ,9 any case1 a mutation :i* suppresses a "* is n1 z we h se51 a specific *ange1 b m]ely "o ( ! v>ietal ord]1 :i* does n result 9 ! production ( a g5u9e new species4 ,! factorial mutant ) a ve/igial w+ or eye belongs to ! same species z its wild or normal p>5t /ock4 ,moreov]1 nei!r disuse nor natural selection has ! slighte/ p[] to induce mutations ( ?is k9d4 ,if mutation be ! cause ( ! bl9dness ( cave animals1 !n _! pres5ce 9 su* caves mu/ be acc\nt$ = by suppos+ t !y migrat$ ?i!r because !y f\nd 9 ! cave a mo/ suitable environm5t = safety1 =ag+1 etc4 ,d>kness alone1 h[ev]1 c\ld nev] induce g]m9al1 b1 at mo/1 m]ely somatic bl9dness4 ,! ,lam>ckian factor ( disuse & ! ,d>w9ian factor ( selection h be5 def9itely discr$it$ z ag5ts :i* c\ld br+ ab\t h]$it>ily-transmissible modifications4 #d4 ,fossil ,l9ks ,all ef=ts1 !n1 to e/abli%1 by means ( anatomical & embryological homologies1 ! l9eal desc5t ( man f any kn[n type ( monkey or ape h end$ 9 ignom9i\s failure4 ,comp>ative anatomy & embryology c1 at mo/1 only furni% gr\nds = extremely vague & indef9ite speculations reg>d+ ! desc5t ( man1 b !y c nev] become a basis = specific conclusions ) respect to ! phylog5y ( ,homo sapi5s4 ,e kn[n =m ( ape1 :e!r extant or ext9ct1 is1 z we h se51 f> too specializ$ 9 its adaptation to arboreal life to pass mu/] z a feasible ance/or4 ,! only conceivable mann] 9 :i* ! human body c\ld be relat$ to simian /ock is by way ( collat]al desc5t1 & ! only means ( prov+ su* desc5t is to adduce a s]ies ( int]m$iate fossil types connect+ mod]n m5 & mod]n apes ) ?is alleg$ common ance/or ( bo?4 8,! asc5t 7sic7 ( man z "o ( ! ,primates10 says ,h5ry ,fairfield ,osborn1 80 p>allel ) t ( ! families ( apes4 ,man has a long l9e ( ance/ry ( 8 own1 p]haps two million or m ye>s 9 l5g?4 ,he is n desc5d$ f any kn[n =m ( ape ei!r liv+ or fossil40 7,! ,ill4 ,london ,news1 ,jan4 #h1 #aiba1 p4 #dj47 ,?is !ory ( a hypo!tical primate ance/or ( man1 :i* is suppos$ to h inhabit$ ! e>? dur+ ! e>li] "p ( ! ,t]ti>y p]iod1 & to h pres5t$ a m man-l appe>ance ?an any kn[n type ( ape1 0 fir/ prop\nd$ by ,k>l ,snell 9 #ahfc4 ,x 0 popul>iz$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury by ,klaats*1 :o saw 9 x a means ( escape f ! absurdities & p]plexities ( ! !ory ( l9eal desc5t--8! less10 says ! latt]1 8an ape has *ang$ f its orig9al =m1 j s mu* ! m human x appe>s40 ,?is say+ is revamp$ by ,kohlbrugge to read3 8,man comes f an orig9al =m mu* m l himself ?an any exi/+ ape40 ,kohlbrugge's comm5t is z foll[s3 8,! l9e ( desc5t ( man ?us receives on ! side ( ! primates a q diff]5t =m f its previ\s-"o4 ,su* new hypo!ses z ^? ( ,hubre*t & ,klaats* seem1 !re=e1 =tunate = nature-philosoph]s1 because evolution always fail$ u :5 we comp>$ kn[n =ms 9 _! details1 & l$ u only to confusion4 ,b if "o works ) su* di/ant hypo!tical ance/ors1 "o escapes mu* disillusion+40 7,quot$ by ,dwight1 op4 cit41 p4 #aie47 ,"o ?+1 at any rate1 is c]ta91 namely3 t we d n possess any fossils ( ?is primitive 8l>ge bra9$1 erectly walk+ primate10 :o is alleg$ to h roam$ ! e>? dur+ ! eoc5e or oligoc5e epo*4 ,! ,foxhall ,man1 ^: culture ,osborn ascribes to ! ,upp] ,plioc5e1 is f> too rec5t1 &1 :at is worse1 f> too intellig5t1 to be ?is ,t]ti>y ,ance/or4 ,! ,pi!can?ropus erectus1 likewise1 is exclud$ = reasons :i* we %all pres5tly consid]4 ,mean:ile1 let x be not$1 t we h ,osborn's assurance = ! fact t we are desc5d$ f a bra9y & upright oligoc5e ance/or1 z yet1 h[ev]1 undiscov]$4 ,b ! situation is m hopeful1 if we h>k back to a /ill m remote p]iod1 ^: rema9s are s sc>ce & fragm5t>y1 z to elim9ate ! possibility ( emb>rassm5t aris+ f intractable details4 8,back ( ?is10 says ,osborn1 8 444 0 a prehuman arboreal /age40 7,loc4 cit47 ,"h1 !n1 we are back aga9 9 ! same old rut ( tree-climb+ simian ance/ry1 :5ce we ?\ght to h escap$ by ab&on+ ! !ory ( l9eal desc5t2 &1 be=e we h "t to speculate ^u h[ we got !re1 ,pr(4 ,wm4 ,gregory ( ! ,am]ican ,museum is summon$ by ,osborn to pres5t u ) specim5s ( ?is prehuman arboreal /age4 ,?is exp]t1 x w\ld seem1 favor$ up till ! ye> #aibc ! fossil jaw ( ! ,propliopi!cus z repres5t+ ! common root1 :5ce ! human race div]g$1 on "o side1 & ! races ( an?ropoid apes1 on ! o!r4 7,cf4 ,osborn's ,museum-leaflet ( #aibc on 8,! ,hall ( ! ,age ( ,man10 p4 #bi47 ,on ,april #ad1 #aibc1 h[ev]1 ,gregory ann\nc$ ! deposition ( ,propliopi!cus & ! en?ronem5t ( ! jaw ( ,dryopi!cus4 ,?is sudd5 accession ( ,dryopi!cus to ! po/ ( common ance/or ( apes & m5 0 due to ! discov]y by ,dr4 ,b>num ,br[n ( ?ree fossil jaws ( ,dryopi!cus 9 ! ,mioc5e deposits ( ! ,siwalik b$s 9 nor!rn ,india4 ,by "s raptur\s co9cid5ce1 ! ?ree jaws 9 "q happ5 to come f ?ree successive 8horizons10 & to be repres5tative ( j ?ree diff]5t /ages 9 ! evolution ( ,dryopi!cus4 ,doctor ,gregory f9ds1 moreov]1 t ! patt]ns ( ! m9ute cracks & furr[s on ! surviv+ mol> tee? correspond to ^? on ! surface ( ! enamels ( mod]n ape & human tee?4 ,h5ce1 ) t ephem]al infallibility1 :i* is *>act]i/ic ( au?orities l ,doctor ,gregory1 & :i* is pro( aga9/ all disc\ragem5t by reason ( pa/ blund]s1 ! "o :o told u b a ye> ago t ! cusps ( all ! tee? ( ,propliopi!cus 8are exactly su* z w\ld be expect$ 9 ! common />t+ po9t = ! div]g5t l9es lead+ to ! gibbons1 to ! high] apes1 & to man0 7loc4 cit471 n[ tells u t bo? we & ! apes h inh]it$ our tee? f ,dryopi!cus1 :o _h h]et(ore rema9$ neglect$ on ! side-l9es4 ,9 #aibc1 app>5tly1 ,dr4 ,gregory 0 unimpress$ ) ! cr[n patt]ns ( ,dryopi!cus1 ^: jaw he !n exclud$ f ! direct human l9e4 7,cf4 ,museum-leaflet1 p4 #e47 ,n[1 h[ev]1 t ! new discov]ies h br\ght ,dryopi!cus into ! limelight1 &1 p>ticul>ly because ^! jaws 7 f\nd 9 ,mioc5e deposits1 ,gregory has %ift$ 8 favor f ,propliopi!cus to ,dryopi!cus4 7,cf4 ,sci5ce1 ,april #be1 #aibd1 suppl4 ,,xiii47 ,:5 palontologi/s are oblig$ to d a volte face ( ?is sort1 "o ought n to sc(f4 ,"o ought to be an optimi/1 & es*ew above all ! _s ( ! ,engli% /atesman1 :o1 on he>+ a le>n$ lecture by ,pe>son on ! "q ( :e!r ,man 0 desc5d$ f hylobatic1 or troglodytic /ock1 0 guilty ( ! foll[+ piece ( impati5ce3 8,i am n p>ticul>ly int]e/$ 9 ! desc5t ( man 444 ?is sci5tific pursuit ( ! dead bones ( ! pa/ does n seem to me a v useful way ( sp5d+ life4 ,i am accu/om$ to ?is mode ( /udy2 le>n$ volumes h be5 writt5 9 ,sanscrit to expla9 ! conjunction ( ! two v[els #8a' & #8u'4 ,x is v le>n$1 v +5i\s1 b n v helpful4444 ,i am n conc]n$ ) my g5ealogy s mu* z ) my future4 ,our intellects c be m advantage\sly employ$ ?an 9 f9d+ our div]sity f ! ape4444 ,!re may be no _s1 no s\l2 !re is no pro( ( _! exi/5ce4 ,if t is s1 let u d away ) %ams & live l animals4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 !re is a s\l to be look$ aft]1 let u all /ra9 our n]ves to ! task2 !re is no use 9 digg+ into ! s&s ( "t = ! skeletons ( ! pa/2 build y\r man = ! future40 7,smi?son4 ,in/4 ,rpt4 = #aiba1 pp4 #dcb1 #dcc47 ,x is to be hop$1 h[ev]1 t ?is reaction>y _s is conf9$ to ! few1 & t ! accession ( ?is new primitive ance/or w be hail$ ) g5]al satisfaction4 ,at any rate1 we c wi% him well1 & tru/ t ! fossiliz$ jaw ( ,dryopi!cus w n lose ca/e s spe$ily z t ( ,propliopi!cus4 ,propliopi!cus1 or ,dryopi!cus8 ,hylobatic1 or troglodytic aff9ities8 ,su* que/ions are sc>cely ! pivots on :i* ! _w is turn$6 ,nev]!less1 we rejoice t ,doctor ,gregory has aga9 settl$ ! =m] problem 7provisorily1 at lea/7 to 8 own satisfaction4 ,m important1 h[ev]1 ?an t ( ! d5tition ( ,dryopi!cus1 is ! crucial "q ( :e!r or n ,palontology is able to furni% evid5ce ( man's g5etic cont9uity ) ?is primitive pi!coid root4 ,c]ta9ly1 no ef=t has be5 sp>$ to procure ! mu* desir$ pro(s ( our reput$ be/ial ance/ry4 ,! ,t]ti>y deposits ( ,europe1 ,asia1 ,africa1 ,am]ica1 & ! oceanic isl&s h be5 dilig5tly ransack$ = fossil facts t w\ld be susceptible to an evolution>y int]pretation4 ,! apriori/ic crit]ion t all l>ge-bra9$ m5 are rec5t1 & all small-bra9$ m5 ) recessive *9s are necess>ily anci5t1 has always be5 employ$ 9 evaluat+ ! fossil evid5ce4 ,not)/&+ all endeavors1 h[ev]1 to br+ ab\t ! consummation s dev\tly desir$1 ! facts discov]$ n only fail to support ! !ory ( collat]al desc5t1 b actually militate aga9/ x4 ,= assum+ t man & ! an?ropoid apes con/itute two di/9ct l9es ( evolution bran*+ out f common ,t]ti>y or pre-,t]ti>y /ock1 palontology %\ld be able to %[ num]\s int]m$iate fossil =ms1 n alone = ! lat]al bran* ( ! apes1 b also1 & especially1 = ! lat]al l9e connect+ mod]n m5 ) ! common root ( ! primate tree4 ,b x is precisely 9 ?is latt] respect t ! fossil evid5ce = collat]al desc5t fails mo/ egregi\sly4 ,palontology kn[s ( _m fossil g5]a & species ( apes & lemurs1 t might conceivably repres5t l9ks 9 a g5etic *a9 connect+ mod]n monkeys ) ,t]ti>y /ock1 b x has yet to discov] s mu* z a s+le fossil species1 mu* less a fossil g5us1 int]m$iate betwe5 man1 z we "k him1 & ?is alleg$ ,t]ti>y ance/or common to apes & m54 ,n ev5 cata/rophism c be invok$ to save ?is irrem$iable situation2 = any cata/rophe t w\ld h swept away ! human l9ks w\ld likewise h swept away ! ape l9ks4 ,! pres5ce ( _m g5]a & species ( fossil apes1 9 contra/ to ! abs5ce ( any fossil g5us or species ( man di/9ct f ,homo sapi5s1 is irreconcilable ) ! !ory ( collat]al desc5t4 ,su* is ! dilemma propos$ to ! uphold]s ( ?is !ory by ,wasmann1 9 ! #aj? *apt] ( 8 8,die ,mod]ne ,biologie0 7#crd edition1 #aijf71 a dilemma1 f :i*1 z we %all see1 _! e attempt to extricate !mselves has fail$ mo/ signally4 8,b :at10 ask$ ,wasmann1 8has palontology to say conc]n+ ?is "q8 ,x tells u t1 up to ! pres5t1 no connect+ l9k betwe5 man & ! ape has be5 f\nd2 &1 inde$1 accord+ to ! !ory ( ,klaats*1 x is absurd to speak ( a l9k ( direct connection betwe5 ^! two =ms1 b x tells u mu* m ?an ?is4 ,x %[s u1 on ! basis ( ! results ( ! mo/ rec5t rese>*1 t we "k ! g5ealogical tree ( ! v>i\s apes1 a tree v ri* 9 species1 :i* ext5ds f ! pres5t z f> back z ! hypo!tical primitive =m assign$ to ! e>lie/ "p ( ! ,t]ti>y p]iod2 &1 9 fact1 9 ,zittel's "w1 8,grundzge d] ,palontologie0 7#ahie71 n less ?an ?irty g5]a ( fossil ,pro-simi & eighte5 g5]a ( g5u9e fossil apes are enum]at$1 ! :i* h be5 entomb$ 9 ^? /rata ( ! e>? t int]v5e betwe5 ! ,l[] ,eoc5e & ! ,alluvial epo*1 b betwe5 ?is hypo!tical primitive =m & man ( ! pres5t "t we d n f9d a s+le connect+ l9k4 ,! entire g5ealogical tree ( man does n %[ s mu* z "o fossil g5us1 or ev5 "o fossil species40 7,op4 cit41 italics 847 ,a brief consid]ation ( ! pr9cipal fossil rema9s1 9 :i* c]ta9 palontologi/s pr(ess to see evid5ce ( a transition betwe5 man & ! primitive pi!coid /ock1 w s]ve to v]ify ,wasmann's /atem5t1 & w reveal ! fact t all ! alleg$ connect+ l9ks are di/9ctly human1 or purely simian1 or m]ely mismat$ comb9ations ( human & simian rema9s4 7#a7 ,pi!can?ropus erectus3 ,9 #ahia ,eugne ,dubois1 a ,dut* army surgeon1 discov]$ 9 ,java1 at ,tr9il1 9 ! ,ngawa di/rict ( ! ,madiun ,resid5cy1 a calv>ium 7skull-cap71 #b upp] mol>s & a femur1 9 ! c5tral "p ( an old riv] b$4 ,! f\r fragm5ts1 h[ev]1 7 n all f\nd 9 ! same ye>1 because ! adv5t ( ! ra9y season compell$ him to susp5d ! "w ( excavation4 8,! tee?10 to quote ,dubois himself1 87 di/ant f ! skull f "o to1 at mo/1 ?ree met]s2 ! femur 0 fifte5 met]s 7#ej feet7 away40 7,smi?son4 ,in/4 ,rpt4 = #ahih1 p4 #ddg47 ,dubois judg$ ! lapilli /ratum1 9 :i* ! bones 7 f\nd1 to be old] ?an ! ,plei/oc5e1 & old]1 p]haps1 ?an ! mo/ rec5t zones ( ! ,plioc5e s]ies4 8,! ,tr9il ape-man10 says ,osborn1 8 444 is ! fir/ ( ! conundrums ( human ance/ry4 ,is ! ,tr9il race prehuman or n80 7,loc4 cit41 p4 #dj47 ,c]ta9ly1 ,l[] ,plei/oc5e1 or ,upp] ,plioc5e repres5ts too late a "t = ! appe>ance ( ! upright primate1 :5ce we are said to h sprung4 ,ev5 ,mioc5e w\ld be too late a date = our alleg$ div]g5ce f ! primitive arboreal /ock4 ,( ! capacity ( ! calv>ium1 ,dubois says3 8,i f\nd ! above-m5tion$ cavity measur$ #eej c4cm4 ,! ca/ ( ! cavity ( ! ,ne&]?al skull tak5 to ! same plane measures #gej c4cm40 7,loc4 cit41 p4 #dej1 footnote47 ,8 fir/ e/imate ( ! total cranial capacity ( ,pi!can?ropus 0 #ajjj c4cm41 b1 lat] on1 :5 he decid$ to recon/ruct ! skull on ! basis ( ! cranium ( a gibbon 7,hylobates agilis7 r ?an t ( a *impanzee 7,troglodytes nig]71 he r$uc$ 8 e/imate ( ! cranial capacity to #ijj c4cm4 ,rec5tly1 x is rumor$1 he has increas$ ! latt] e/imate1 z a sequel to 8 hav+ remov$ by means ( a d5ti/'s tool all ! silice\s matt] adh]+ to ! skull-cap4 ,z reg>ds %ape1 ! calv>ium seems to resemble mo/ closely ! cranial vault ( gibbon4 ,?is simil>ity1 z we h se51 l$ ,dubois to recon/ruct ! skull on hylobatic l9es--8! skull ( ,hylobates agilis10 says ,dubois1 8 444 /rik+ly resembles t ( ,pi!can?ropus40 7,loc4 cit41 p4 #dej1 footnote47 ,! craniologi/ ,macnam>a1 x is true1 claims t ! skull-cap mo/ closely approximates ! ,troglodyte type4 ,speak+ ( ! calv>ium ( ,pi!can?ropus1 ! latt] says3 8,! cranium ( an av]age adult male *impanzee & ! ,java cranium are s closely relat$ t ,i believe !m to belong to ! same family ( animals--i4e4 to ! true apes40 7,ar*iv4 fr ,an?ropologie1 ,,xxviii1 #aijc1 pp4 #cdi-cfj47 ,! l>ge cranial capacity1 h[ev]1 w\ld seem to favor ,dubois' int]pretation1 see+ t gibbons h1 9 proportion to _! bodies1 twice z l>ge a bra9 z ! huge ,troglodyte apes1 namely1 ! *impanzee & ! gorilla4 ,! maximum cranial capacity = any ape is f #ejj to #fjj c4cm4 ,h5ce1 ) #ijj c4cm4 ( cranial capacity e/imat$ by ,dubois1 ! ,pi!can?ropus /&s midway betwe5 ! ape & ! ,ne&]?al ,man1 a human dw>f1 ^: cranial capacity ,huxley e/imat$ at #a1bcf c4cm4 ,?is consid]ation1 h[ev]1 does n ( itself entitle ! ,pi!can?ropus to be reg>d$ z a connect+ l9k betwe5 man & ! an?ropoid apes4 ,9 all su* comp>isons1 x is ! relative1 & n ! absolute1 size ( ! bra91 :i* is important4 ,! elephant = example1 has z l>ge a bra9 z a man1 b ! elephant's bra9 is small1 9 comp>ison to its huge body4 ,! bra9 ( a m\se is insignificant1 z reg>ds absolute size1 b1 consid]$ 9 relation to ! size ( ! m\se's body1 x is z l>ge z1 if n l>g] ?an1 t ( an elephant1 & h5ce ! elephant1 = all ! absolute magnitude ( its bra91 is no m 8intellig5t0 ?an a m\se4 ,z we h already se51 man's bra9 is unique1 n = its absolute size1 b = its weight & enorm\s cortical surface1 consid]$ ) ref]5ce to ! comp>atively small organism controll$ by ! bra9 9 "q4 ,x is ?is excess 9 size :i* manife/s ! specialization ( ! human bra9 = psy*ic functions4 ,! ,w$das1 a dw>f race ( ,ceylon1 h a f> small] cranial capacity ?an ! ,ne&]?al ,man1 _! av]age cranial capacity be+ #ifj c4cm41 b !y are human pigmies1 :]eas ! ,pi!can?ropus1 accord+ to ,ri*>d ,h]twig1 0 a giant ape4 8,! fragm5ts10 says ,h]twig1 87 reg>d$ by "s z belong+ to a connect+ l9k betwe5 apes & man1 ,pi!can?ropus erectus ,dubois2 by o!rs !y 7 ?\ght to be ! rema9s ( g5u9e apes1 & by o!rs ^? ( g5u9e m54 ,! op9ion t is mo/ probably correct is t ! fragm5ts belong$ to an an?ropoid ape ( extraord9>y size & enorm\s cranial capacity40 78,lehrbu* d] ,zoologie10 #g? ed47 ,pr(4 ,j4 ,h4 ,mc,gregor essays to make a gradational s]ies out ( conjectural bra9 ca/s ( a l>ge ape1 ! ,pi!can?ropus & ! ,ne&]?al ,man1 9 ! ratio ( #f3 #i3 #ab1 ?is ratio be+ bas$ ^u ! e/imat$ cranial capacities ( ! skulls 9 "q4 ,9 a previ\s *apt]1 we h se5 t su* symmetrically grad$ s]ies h little =ce z an argum5t = common desc5t4 ,9 ! pres5t in/ance1 h[ev]1 ! gradation gives a wrong impression ( ! real /ate ( affairs4 ,if ,doctor ,mc,gregor _h tak5 into acc\nt ! all-important consid]ation ( relative size1 he w\ld n h be5 able to con/ruct ?is mislead+ s]ies4 ,?is consid]ation1 h[ev]1 did n escape ,dubois himself1 & 9 8 pap] ( ,dec4 #ad1 #ahif1 be=e ! ,b]l9 ,an?ropological ,society1 he confess$ t a gigantic ape ( hylobatic type w\ld h a cranial capacity close to t ( ,pi!can?ropus1 ev5 if we suppose x to h be5 no tall] ?an a man4 7,cf4 ,smi?son4 ,in/4 ,rpt4 = #ahih1 p4 #cej47 ,! admission is all ! m significant 9 view ( ! fact t ,dubois 0 !n endeavor+ to exclude ! possibility ( reg>d+ ,pi!can?ropus z an an?ropoid ape4 ,! tee?1 accord+ to ,dubois1 are unlike ! tee? ( ei!r m5 or apes1 b accord+ to ,vir*[ & ,hrdlika1 !y are m ape-l ?an human4 ,! femur1 ?\gh unque/ionably man-l1 might conceivably belong to an ape ( ! gibbon type1 inasmu* z ! upright po/ure is m normal to ! long-arm$ gibbon ?an to any o!r an?ropoid ape1 & its ?ighbone1 = ?is reason1 be>s ! close/ resemblance to t ( man4 ,accord+ to ! 8,text-,book ( ,zology0 by ,p>k] & ,haswell1 ! gibbon is ! only ape t c walk erectly1 :i* x does1 n l o!r apes1 ) ! =e-limbs us$ z crut*es1 b balanc$ exclusively ^u its h9d-limbs1 ) its long arms dangl+ to ! gr\nd--8,! ,gibbons c walk 9 an upright position )\t ! assi/ance ( ! =e-limbs2 9 ! o!rs1 ?\gh1 9 progression on ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 ! body may be held 9 a semi-erect position ) ! weight re/+ on ! h9d-limbs1 yet ! assi/ance ( ! long =e-limbs act+ z crut*es is necess>y to enable ! animal to sw+ itself along40 7,op4 cit41 #crd ed41 #aiba1 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #did47 ,! ,javanese femur is r\nd] ?an 9 man1 & is1 9 ?is1 z well z o!r respects1 m ak9 to ! ?ighbone ( ! gibbon4 8,aft] exam9+ hundr$s ( human femora10 says ,dubois1 8,man\vri] c\ld f9d only two t _h a some:at simil> %ape4 ,x is !re=e a v r>e =m 9 man4 ,) ! gibbon a simil> =m normally occurs40 7,loc4 cit41 pp4 #def1 #deg47 ,:e!r ! ?ighbone really belong$ to an erectly walk+ animal has n yet be5 def9itely settl$4 ,to decide ?is matt]1 x w\ld be necess>y to apply ! ,walkh(f x-ray me?od1 :i* det]m9es ! mode ( progression f ! arrangem5t ( ! bone fib]s 9 frontal1 or o!r1 sections f ! femur4 ,?is te/1 h[ev]1 has n hi!rto be5 made4 ,nor %\ld ! significance ( ! fact t ! ?ighbone 0 f\nd at a di/ance ( "s fifty feet away f ! skull-cap be ov]look$1 see+ t ?is fact de/roys1 once & = all1 any possibility ( c]ta9ty t bo? belong$ to ! same animal4 ,9 conclusion1 !re=e1 we may say t ! rema9s ( ,pi!can?ropus are s scanty1 fragm5t>y1 & d\btful1 z to preclude a reliable v]dict on _! true significance4 ,z ,vir*[ po9t$ out1 ! det]m9ation ( _! correct taxonomic position is impossible1 9 ! abs5ce ( a complete skeleton4 ,mean:ile1 ! mo/ probable op9ion is t !y repres5t ! rema9s ( a giant ape ( ! hylobatic type4 ,9 o!r words1 ! ,pi!can?ropus belongs to ! g5ealogical tree ( ! apes1 & n to t ( man4 ,9 fact1 he has be5 exclud$ f ! direct l9e ( human desc5t by ,s*walbe1 ,alsb]g1 ,kollmann1 ,haacke1 ,hubre*t1 ,klaats*1 & all ! =emo/ protagoni/s ( ! !ory ( collat]al desc5t4 7,cf4 ,dwight1 op4 cit41 *4 ,,viii47 ,pr(essor ,mc,gregor's s]ies consi/+ ( an ape1 ! ,pi!can?ropus1 ,homo ne&]?al5sis1 & ! ,cr-,magnon ,man fails z an argum5t1 n only = ! g5]al reason we h discuss$ 9 our ?ird *apt]1 b also = two special reasons1 namely3 7#a7 t he completely ignores ! *ronological "q ( ! comp>ative age ( ! fossils 9 8 s]ies1 & 7#b7 t he has neglect$ to take into acc\nt ! consid]ation ( ! body-bra9 ratio4 ,= z ,pr(4 ,g4 ,grant ,mac,curdy puts x1 8,we mu/ di/+ui% betwe5 relative 7cranial7 capacity & absolute capacity40 7,smi?son4 ,in/4 ,rpt4 = #aiji1 p4 #ege47 ,9 ju/ice to ,pr(essor ,mc,gregor1 h[ev]1 x %\ld be not$ t he proposes 8 int]pretation 9 a purely provisory & t5tative s5se1 & does n dogmatize aft] ! fa%ion ( ,osborn & ,gregory4 ,aft] ! ye> #ahif1 ,dubois appe>s to h )drawn ! relics ( ,pi!can?ropus f fur!r inspection on ! "p ( sci5tific m51 & to h kept !m securely lock$ up 9 8 safe at ,ha>lem1 ,holl&4 7,cf4 ,sci5ce1 ,june #ae1 #aibc1 suppl4 ,,viii47 ,s9ce all exi/+ ca/s ( ! skull-cap ( ,pi!can?ropus are inaccurate1 accord+ to ! measurem5ts orig9ally giv5 by ,dubois1 an?ropologi/s 7 anxi\s to h access to bones1 9 ord] to v]ify 8 figures & to obta9 bett] ca/s4 7,cf4 ,hrdlika1 ,smi?son4 ,in/4 ,rpt4 = #aiac1 p4 #dih47 ,8 ob/9ate refusal1 !re=e1 to place ! ,javanese rema9s at ! disposal ( sci5ti/s 0 bitt]ly res5t$ by ! latt]4 ,"s ( !m accus$ him ( hav+ become 8reaction>y0 & 8or?odox0 9 8 lat] ye>s1 & o!rs w5t s f> z to impugn 8 good fai? 9 ! matt] ( ! discov]y4 7,cf4 ,w4 ,h4 ,ball\'s article1 ,nor? ,am]ican ,review1 ,april1 #aibb47 ,a writ] 9 ,sci5ce says3 8,x has be5 rumor$ t he 0 influ5c$ by religi\s bigotry0 & ref]s to ! bones z a 8skeleton 9 ! closet40 7,cf4 loc4 cit47 ,dubois' own explanation1 h[ev]1 0 t he wi%$ to publi% 8 own f9ds fir/4 ,rec5tly1 he seems to h yield$ to pressure 9 ! matt]1 s9ce he p]mitt$ ,hrdlika1 ,mc,gregor1 & o!rs to exam9e ! fragm5ts ( ,pi!can?ropus4 7,cf4 ,sci5ce1 ,aug4 #ag1 #aibc1 ,suppl4 ,,viii47 ,mean:ile1 too1 8 op9ion has *ang$ ) ref]5ce to ^! bones1 :i* he n[ reg>ds z ! rema9s ( a l>ge ape ( ! hylobatic type1 & n ( a =m int]m$iate betwe5 m5 & apes4 ,?is op9ion is1 9 all likelihood1 ! correct "o4 7#b7 ,! ,heidelb]g ,man3 ,9 a qu>ry ne> ,mau] 9 ! ,els5z ,valley1 ,g]many1 on ,oct4 #ba1 #aijg1 a workman engag$ 9 excavat+ drove 8 %ovel into a fossiliz$ human jaw1 sev]+ x into two pieces4 ,h]r ,joseph ,rs*1 ! own] ( ! qu>ry1 imm$iately telegraph$ ! news ( ! f9d to ,pr(4 ,otto ,s*oet5sack ( ! neighbor+ ,univ]sity ( ,heidelb]g4 ,! ,pr(essor arriv$ on ! sc5e ! foll[+ day1 & 8once he got hold ( ! specim51 he w\ld no m let x out ( 8 possession40 7,cf4 ,smi?son4 ,in/4 ,rpt4 = #aiac1 p4 #eaj47 ,he took x back ) him to ,heidelb]g1 :]e he clean$ & repair$ x4 ,! cr[ns ( f\r ( ! tee? brok5 by ! workman's %ovel 7 nev] recov]$4 ,! ,heidelb]g jaw 0 f\nd at a dep? ( ab\t #gi feet bel[ ! surface 7#bd4a met]s74 ,fossil bones ( ,elephas antiquus1 ,rh9oc]os etruscus1 ,felis leo fossilis1 etc41 are said to h be5 discov]$ at ! same level4 ,! lay] 9 :i* x 0 f\nd has be5 class$ by "s z ,middle ,plei/oc5e1 by o!rs z ,e>ly ,quat]n>y2 = 8!re seems to be "s unc]ta9ty z to ! exact subdivision ( ! p]iod to :i* x %\ld be attribut$40 7,hrdlika1 loc4 cit41 p4 #eaf47 ,no o!r "p ( ! skeleton except ! jaw 0 discov]$4 ,! tee? are ( ! normal human patt]n1 be+ small & v]tical4 ,pr(4 ,ar?ur ,kei? says !y h ! same %ape z ^? ( ! specim5 f\nd at ,spy4 ,! jaw has an ape-l appe>ance1 due to ! extreme recessiv5ess ( ! *94 ,x is also rem>kable = its massiv5ess & ! broadness ( ! asc5d+ rami4 ,its anomal\s "* is indicat$ by ! manife/ disproportion betwe5 ! p[]ful jaw & ! insignificant tee?4 8,"o is impress$10 says ,pr(4 ,george ,grant ,mac,curdy ( ,yale1 8by ! relative smallness ( ! tee? z comp>$ ) ! massive jaw 9 ! case ( ,homo heidelb]g5sis40 7,smi?son4 ,in/4 ,rpt4 = #aiji1 p4 #egj47 8,:y s massive a jaw10 says ! late ,pr(essor ,dwight1 =m] anatomi/ at ,h>v>d1 8%\ld h su* ineffici5t tee? is h>d to expla91 = ! v /r5g? ( ! jaw implies ! fitness ( correspond+ tee?4 ,ei!r x is an anomaly or ! jaw ( "s ab]rant species ( ape40 7,op4 cit41 p4 #afd47 ,?is fact alone de/roys its evid5tial =ce2 =1 by way ( anomaly1 almo/ any sort ( feature c appe> 9 apes & m51 t is1 human *>act]s 9 apes & simian *>act]s 9 man4 8,?us x is c]ta910 says ,dwight1 8t animal features ( ! mo/ div]se k9ds appe> 9 man app>5tly )\t rhyme or reason1 & also t !y appe> 9 precisely ! same way 9 animals f> remov$ f ^? 9 :i* !y are normal4 ,x is hopeless to try to acc\nt = !m by inh]itance2 & to call !m in/ances ( conv]g5ce does n help matt]s40 7,op4 cit41 pp4 #bcj1 #bca47 ,kramb]g]1 h[ev]1 claims t1 ) ! exception ( ! extremely recessive *91 ! features ( ! ,heidelb]g jaw are approximat$ by ^? :i* are normal 9 ! mod]n ,eskimo skull4 7,cf4 ,sitzungb]i*t d] ,preuss4 ,akad4 d] ,wiss5s*aft51 #aiji47 ,pr(4 ,j4 ,h4 ,mc,gregor holds simil> views4 ,he claims t ! great] use ( ! jaw 9 unciviliz$ peoples1 :o mu/ ma/icate t\gh foods1 t5ds to acc5tuate & increase ! recessiv5ess ( ! *94 ,x is also possible t ! backw>d slop+ ( ! *9 may h be5 int5sifi$ 9 c]ta9 primitive races or v>ieties ( ! human species z a result ( factorial mutation4 ,we w\ld n1 h[ev]1 be ju/ifi$ 9 segregat+ a di/9ct human species on ! basis ( m9or diff]5ces1 su* z ! protub]ance or recessiv5ess ( *9s4 ,on ! :ole1 we are hopelessly at sea ) ref]5ce to ! significance ( ! ,heidelb]g m&ible4 ,taxonomic allocation mu/ be gr\nd$ on some?+ m ?an a jaw1 o!rwise x am\nts to no?+ m ?an a piece ( caprici\s speculation4 7#c7 ,eoan?ropus ,dawsoni3 ,dec4 #ah1 #aiab1 is memorable ) evolution>y an?ropologi/s z ! day on :i* ,*>les ,dawson ann\nc$ 8 discov]y ( ! fam\s ,dawn ,man4 ,! p]iod ( discov]y ext5d$ f ! ye>s prior to #aiaa up to ,aug4 #cj1 #aiac1 :5 ! can9e too? 0 f\nd by ,fa!r ,teilh>d de ,*>d94 ,! locality 0 ,piltd[n ,common1 ,sussex1 9 ,engl&4 ,! fragm5ts recov]$ 7 an imp]fect cranium1 "p ( ! m&ible1 & ! above-m5tion$ can9e too?4 ,! /ratifi$ ,piltd[n gravel1 :i* ,dawson assigns to ! ,l[] ,plei/oc5e or ,glacial epo*1 _h be5 mu* di/urb$ by workm51 8:o 7 digg+ ! gravel = small repairs40 7,dawson47 ,! discov]] fir/ f\nd a fragm5t ( a p>ietal bone4 ,!n sev]al ye>s lat]1 aft] ! gravels _h be5 consid]ably ra9wa%$1 he recov]$ o!r fragm5ts ( ! skull4 ,all p>ts ( ! skeletal rema9s are said to h be5 f\nd )9 a radius ( sev]al y>ds f ! site ( ! initial discov]y4 ,! skull 0 recon/ruct$ by ,dr4 ,a4 ,smi? ,woodw>d & deposit$ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory at ,s\? ,k5s+ton4 ,eoli?s 7 f\nd 9 ! same gravel z ! skull4 ,( ! skull1 accord+ to ,woodw>d1 f\r p>ts rema91 :i*1 h[ev]1 7 integrat$ f n9e fragm5ts ( bone4 8,! human rema9s10 he says1 8comprise ! great] "p ( a bra9-case & "o ramus ( ! m&ible1 ) two l[] mol>s40 ,( ,woodw>d's recon/ruction1 ,kei? tells u t 8an approa* to symmetry & a correct adju/m5t ( p>ts came only aft] _m exp]im5tal recon/ructions0 7cf4 8,antiquity ( ,man10 p4 #cfd71 & he also rem>ks t1 :5 ,woodw>d und]took to 8replace ! miss+ po9ts ( ! jaws1 ! incisor & can9e tee?1 he foll[$ simian r ?an human l9es40 7,op4 cit41 p4 #cbd47 ,"h we may be p]mitt$ to obs]ve t1 ev5 ap>t f ! di/ort+ influ5ce ( preconceiv$ !ories1 ?is bus9ess ( recon/ruction is a r dubi\s proc$ure4 ,! abs5ce ( p>ts & ! inevitable modification introduc$ by ! use ( cem5t employ$ to make ! fragm5ts coh]e make accurate recon/ruction an impossibility4 ,! fact t ,woodw>d assign$ to ! l[] jaw a too? :i* ,g]rit ,mill] ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,museum assigns to ! upp] jaw1 may well give pause to ^? cr$ul\s p]sons1 :o believe t palontologi/s c reliably recon/ruct a :ole cranium or skeleton f ! m9ute/ fragm5ts4 ,sometimes1 app>5tly1 ! 8exp]ts0 are at sea ev5 ov] s simple a "q z ! prop] allocation ( a too?4 ,woodw>d1 h[ev]1 0 fully satisfi$ ) 8 own arti/ic "w on ,eoan?ropus2 = he says3 8,:ile ! skull1 inde$1 is evid5tly human1 only approa*+ a l[] grade 9 c]ta9 *>act]s ( ! bra91 9 ! atta*m5t = ! neck1 ! ext5t ( ! temporal muscles & 9 ! probable size ( ! face1 ! m&ible appe>s to be almo/ precisely t ( an ape1 ) no?+ human except ! mol> tee?40 7,cf4 ,smi?son4 ,in/4 ,rpt4 = #aiac1 pp4 #eje1 #ejf47 ,( ! cranial capacity ,woodw>d gives ! foll[+ e/imate3 8,! capacity ( ! bra9-case _c1 ( c\rse1 be exactly det]m9$2 b measurem5ts bo? by millet se$ & wat] %[ t x mu/ h be5 at lea/ #a1jgj cc41 :ile a consid]ation ( ! miss+ p>ts sugge/s t x may h be5 a little m 7note ! p>simoni\sness ( ?is concession674 ,x !re=e agrees closely ) ! capacity ( ! ,gibralt> skull1 z det]m9$ by ,pr(essor ,kei?1 & equals t ( ! l[e/ skulls ( ! exi/+ ,au/ralians4 ,x is mu* bel[ ! ,m\/]ian skulls f ,spy & ,la ,*apelle-aux-,sa9ts40 7,loc4 cit41 p4 #eje47 ,:]e ,doctor ,woodw>d came to grief1 h[ev]1 0 9 8 failure to disc]n ! obvi\s disproportion betwe5 ! mismat$ cranium & m&ible4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! m&ible is old] ?an ! skull & belongs to a fossil ape1 :]eas ! cranium is m rec5t & is conspicu\sly human4 ,woodw>d1 h[ev]1 0 blissfully unconsci\s ( ?is msalliance4 ,:at !re is ( ! l[] jaw1 he assures u1 8%[s ! same m9]aliz$ condition z ! skull0 & 8corresponds suffici5tly well 9 size to be ref]r$ to ! same individual )\t any hesitation40 7,loc4 cit41 p4 #ejf47 ,= ?is he 0 r\ndly tak5 to task by ,pr(4 ,david ,wat]/on 9 an address deliv]$ by ! latt] be=e ! ,london ,geological ,society1 ,dec41 #aiab4 ,nature1 ! ,engli% sci5tific weekly1 reports ?is criticism z foll[s3 8,to ref] ! m&ible & ! cranium to ! same individual w\ld be equival5t to articulat+ a *impanzee foot ) ! bones ( a human ?igh & leg40 ,pr(4 ,j4 ,h4 ,mc,gregor ( ,columbia1 ?\gh he foll[$ ,woodw>d 9 model+ ! head ( ,eoan?ropus n[ exhibit$ 9 8,! ,hall ( ! ,age ( ,man10 told ! writ] t he believ$ ! jaw & ! skull to be misfits4 ,rec5tly1 ,hrdlika has come out /rongly = ! sep>ation ( ! m&ible f ! cranium1 insi/+ t ! =m] is old] & on ! ord] ( ! jaw ( ! fossil ape ,dryopi!cus1 :ile ! skull is less antique & indubitably human4 ,! foll[+ ab/ract ( ,hrdlika's view is giv5 9 ,sci5ce1 ,may #d1 #aibc3 8,dr4 ,hrdlika10 we read1 8holds t ! ,piltd[n jaw is mu* old] ?an ! skull f\nd ne> x & to :i* x _h be5 suppos$ to belong40 7,cf4 suppl4 ,x47 ,hrdlika ass]ts t1 f ! /&po9t ( d5tition1 !re is a /rik+ resemblance betwe5 ! ,piltd[n jaw & t ( ! ext9ct ape ,dryopi!cus rh5anus4 ,he comm5ts1 9 fact1 on 8! close relation ( ! ,piltd[n mol>s to "s ( ! ,mioc5e or e>ly ,plioc5e human-l tee? ( ?is fossil ape40 7,ibidem47 ,/ill o!r au?orities1 h[ev]1 h claim$ t ! jaw 0 t ( a *impanzee4 ,to conclude1 !re=e1 ! ,eoan?ropus ,dawsoni is an inv5tion1 & n a discov]y1 an arti/ic creation1 n a specim54 ,anyone c comb9e a simian m&ible ) a human cranium1 &1 if ! discov]y ( a connect+ l9k entails no m ?an ?is1 !n !re is no reason :y evid5ce ( human evolution %\ld n be turn$ out :olesale4 7#d7 ,! ,ne&]?al ,man 7,no4 #a73 ,! rema9s ( ! fam\s ,ne&]?al ,man 7 f\nd 9 ,augu/1 #ahef1 by two labor]s at "w 9 ! ,feldh(] ,grotte1 a small cave ab\t #ajj feet f ! ,dssel riv]1 ne> ,ho*dal 9 ,g]many4 ,?is cave is locat$ at ! entrance ( ! ,ne&]?al gorge 9 ,we/phalia1 at a height ( #fj feet above ! bottom ( ! valley4 ,no compet5t sci5ti/1 h[ev]1 saw ! bones 9 situ4 ,bo? ! bones & ! loam1 9 :i* !y 7 entomb$1 _h be5 ?r[n out ( ! cave & p>tly precipitat$ into ! rav9e1 long be=e ! sci5ti/s arriv$4 ,inde$1 ! sci5tific discov]]1 ,dr4 ,c4 ,fuhlrott1 did n come ^u ! sc5e until sev]al weeks lat]4 ,x 0 !n too late to det]m9e ! age ( ! bones geologically & /ratigraphically1 & no petrigraphic exam9ation ( ! loam 0 made4 ,! cave1 :i* is ab\t #be met]s above ! level ( ! riv]1 communicates by crevices ) ! surface1 s t x is possible t ! bones & ! loam1 :i* cov]$ ! floor ( ! cave1 may h be5 wa%$ 9 f )\t4 ,fuhlrott recov]$ a skull-cap1 two femurs1 bo? hum]i1 bo? uln 7almo/ complete71 ! "r radius1 ! left pelvic bone1 a fragm5t ( ! "r scapula1 five pieces ( rib1 & ! "r clavicle4 7,cf4 ,hugues ,ob]mai]'s article1 ,smi?son4 ,in/4 ,rpt4 = #aijf1 pp4 #cid1 #cie47 8,:e!r !y 7! bones7 7 really 9 ! ,alluvial loam10 says ,vir*[1 8no "o saw4444 ,! :ole importance ( ! ,ne&]?al skull consi/s 9 ! honor ascrib$ to x f ! v beg9n+1 ( hav+ re/$ 9 ! ,alluvial loam1 :i* 0 =m$ at ! "t ( ! e>ly mammals40 7,quot$ by ,ranke1 8,d] ,m5s*10 ,,ii1 p4 #dhe47 ,we "k no?+1 !re=e1 reg>d+ ! age ( ! fragm5t>y skeleton2 =1 z ,ob]mai] says3 8,x is c]ta9 t its exact age is 9 no way def9$1 ei!r geologically or /ratigraphically40 7,loc4 cit41 p4 #cie47 ,! rema9s are no less enigmatic f ! an?ropological /&po9t4 ,= :ile no d\bt has be5 rais$ z to _! human "*1 !y h giv5 rise to at lea/ a doz5 conflict+ op9ions4 ,?us ,pr(essor ,clemont ( ,bonn pron\nc$ ! rema9s 9 "q to be ^? ( a ,mongolian ,cossack %ot by snip]s 9 #ahad1 & ca/ by 8 slay]s into ! ,feldh(] ,grotte4 ,! same v]dict _h be5 giv5 by ,l4 ,mey] 9 #ahfd4 ,c4 ,c>t] ,blake 7#ahfd7 & ,k>l ,vogt 7#ahfc7 decl>$ ! skull to be t ( an idiot4 ,j4 ,b>n>d ,davis 7#ahfd7 claim$ t x _h be5 artificially de=m$ by e>ly oblit]ation ( ! cranial sutures4 ,prun]-,bey 7#ahfc7 said t x 0 ! skull ( an anci5t ,celt or ,g]man2 ,r4 ,wagn] 7#ahfd71 t x belong$ to an anci5t ,holl&]2 ,rudolf ,vir*[1 t ! rema9s 7 ^? ( a primitive ,friesl&]4 ,pr(4 ,g4 ,s*walbe ( ,/rassburg erect$ x into a new g5us ( ! ,an?ropid 9 #aija4 ,9 #aijd1 h[ev]1 he rep5t$ ( 8 ra%ness & cont5t$ himself ) call+ x a di/9ct human species1 namely1 ,homo primig5ius1 9 contradi/9ction to ,homo sapi5s 7mod]n man74 ,z we %all see pres5tly1 h[ev]1 x is n a di/9ct species1 b1 at mo/1 an anci5t v>iety or subspecies 7race7 ( ! species ,homo sapi5s1 diff]+ f mod]n ,europeans only 9 ! degree t ,polynesians1 ,mongolians1 & ,hott5tots diff] f !m1 t is1 )9 ! limits ( ! "o & only human species4 ,o!r op9ions might be cit$ 7cf4 ,hrdlika1 ,smi?son4 ,in/4 ,rpt4 = #aiac1 p4 #eah1 & ,h4 ,muck]mann's 8,d>w9ism & ,evolution10 #aijf1 pp4 #fc1 #fd71 b ! numb] & v>iety ( ! =ego+ be> ample te/imony to ! unc]ta9 & ambigu\s "* ( ! rema9s4 ,! skull is t ( a l[1 p]haps1 deg5]ate1 type ( humanity4 ,! facial & basal p>ts ( ! skull are miss+4 ,h5ce we are n sure ( ! progna?ism %[n 9 ,mc,gregor's recon/ruction4 ,! skull has1 h[ev]1 a retreat+ =ehead1 prom95t br[ ridges & a slop+ occiput4 ,yet1 9 spite ( ! fact t x is ( a v l[ type1 x is indubitably human4 8,9 no s5se10 says ,huxley1 8c ! ,ne&]?al bones be reg>d$ z ! rema9s ( a human be+ int]m$iate betwe5 m5 & apes40 78,evid5ce ( ,man's ,place 9 ,nature10 ,humb4 ed41 p4 #bec47 ,d4 ,s*aaffhaus5 makes ! same confession--8,9 mak+ ?is discov]y10 he owns1 8we h n f\nd ! miss+ l9k40 78,d] ,ne&]?al] ,fund10 p4 #di47 ,! cranial capacity ( ! ,ne&]?al skull1 z we h se51 is #a1bcf c4cm41 :i* is practically ! same z t ( ! av]age ,european woman ( today4 ,9 size x exce$s1 b 9 %ape x resembles1 ! doli*ocephalic skull ( ! mod]n ,au/ralian1 be+ itself a doli*ocephalic cranium4 ,huxley call$ att5tion to ?is resemblance1 & ,macnam>a1 aft] comp>+ x ) a l>ge numb] ( su* skulls1 rea*es ?is conclusion3 8,! av]age cranial capacity ( ^! select$ #cf skulls 7namely1 ( ,au/ralian & ,tasmanian blacks7 is ev5 less ?an t ( ! ,ne&]?al gr\p1 b 9 %ape "s ( ^! two gr\ps are closely relat$40 7,ar*iv4 fr ,an?ropologie1 ,,xxviii1 #aijc1 p4 #ceh47 ,s*walbe's op9ion t ! ,ne&]?al ,man con/itutes a di/9ct species1 ?\gh its au?or has s9ce ab&on$ x 7cf4 ,wasmann's 8,mod]n ,biology10 ,eng4 ed41 #aiaj1 p4 #ejf71 w be consid]$ lat]1 viz4 aft] we h discuss$ ! ,m5 ( ,spy1 ,krap9a & ,le ,m\/i]1 all ( :om h be5 assign$ to ! ,ne&]?al gr\p4 7#e7 ,ne&]?al ,man 7,no4 #b73 ,?is specim5 is said to be m rec5t ?an ,no4 #a4 ,its discov]]s 7 ,raut]t1 ,klaats*1 & ,ko554 ,x consi/s ( a human skeleton )\t a skull4 ,x 0 f\nd buri$ 9 ! loess at a dep? ( #ej c5timet]s4 ,?is loess _h be5 wa%$ into ! ru9$ cave1 :]e ! relics 7 f\nd1 subsequ5tly to its deposition on ! plateau above4 ,! bones 7 mo/ probably wa%$ into ! cave along ) ! loess1 :i* fills ! remnant ( ! de/roy$ cave4 ,! upp] plateau ( ! region is cov]$ ) ! same loess4 ,! site ( ! second discov]y 0 #bjj met]s to ! we/ ( ! ,ne&]?al ,cave 7i4e4 ! ,feldh(] ,grotte74 ,! bones 7 ei!r wa%$ into ! brok5 cave1 or buri$ !re lat]4 ,we h no indication :atev] ( _! age4 7#f7 ,! ,man ( ,la ,naulette3 ,9 #ahff1 ,&r ,dupont f\nd 9 ! cav]n ( ,la ,naulette1 valley ( ! ,lesse1 ,belgium1 a fossil l[] jaw1 or r1 ! fragm5t ( a l[] jaw1 associat$ ) rema9s ( ! mammo? & rh9oc]os4 ,! fragm5t 0 suffici5t to %[ ! d5tition1 & to indicate ! abs5ce ( a *94 8,its k9%ip ) ! man ( ,ne&]?al10 rem>ks ,pr(essor ,mac,curdy v navely1 8^: l[] jaw c\ld n be f\nd1 0 evid5t4 ,x t5d$ to legitimatize ! latt]1 :i* hi!rto _h fail$ ( g5]al recognition40 7,smi?son4 ,in/4 ,rpt4 = #aiji1 p4 #egb47 7#g7 ,! ,m5 ( ,spy3 ,9 ,june ( #ahhf two ne>ly complete skeletons1 probably ( a woman & a man1 7 discov]$ by ,messrs4 ,m>cel de ,puydt & ,maxim9 ,lohe/ 9 a t]race front+ a cave at ,spy 9 ! ,prov9ce ( ,namur1 ,belgium1 #dg feet above ! %all[ b$ ( ! /ream ,orneau4 ,! bones 7 f\nd at a dep? ( #ac feet bel[ ! surface ( ! t]race4 ,! rema9s 7 associat$ ) bones ( ! rh9oc]os 7,rh9oc]os ti*orh9us71 ! mammo? 7,elephas primig5ius71 & ! great be> 7,ursus spelaeus74 ,!re 7 also /one implem5ts indicat+ ,m\/]ian indu/ry1 & ! position ( "o ( ! skeletons %[s t ! bodies 7 buri$ by fri5ds4 ,! pres5t valley ( ! ,orneau 0 almo/ completely =m$ at ! "t ( ! burial4 ,! exact age ( ! bones _c be det]m9$ nor c ^! cave deposits be correlat$ ) ! riv] drift & ! loess4 ,! cultural evid5ces are said to be ,m\/]ian1 & ,m\/]ian culture is assign$ by ,ob]mai] to ! ,f\r?1 or la/1 ,glacial p]iod4 ,pr(4 ,juli5 ,fraipont ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,lige ann\nc$ ! discov]y ( ^! paloli?ic skeletons ,aug4 #af1 #ahhf4 ,skeleton ,no4 #a has weak] bones & is ?\ght to be t ( a woman2 ,no4 #b %[s signs ( /rong musculature & is evid5tly t ( a man4 ,( ,no4 #a we h ! cranial vault1 two portions ( ! upp] jaw 7) five mol>s & f\r o!r tee?71 a ne>ly complete m&ible ) all ! tee?1 a left clavicle1 a "r hum]us1 ! %aft ( ! left hum]us1 a left radius1 ! heads ( two uln1 a ne>ly complete "r femur1 a complete left tibia1 & ! "r os calcis4 ,( ,no4 #b we h ! vault ( ! skull1 two portions ( ! maxilla ) tee?1 loose tee? belong+ to l[] jaw1 fragm5ts ( ! scapul1 ! left clavicle1 imp]fect hum]i1 ! %aft ( ! "r radius1 a left femur1 ! left os calcis1 & ! left a/ragalus4 ,! sep>ation ( ! bones1 h[ev]1 is n yet satisfactory4 ,! jaw ( ,no4 #a is well-pres]v$1 except 9 ! region ( ! coronoids & condyles1 :i* makes any position we may give x m or less arbitr>y4 ,! skull ( ?is specim5 is almo/ ! replica ( ! ,ne&]?al skull1 except t ! =ehead is l[] & m slop+4 ,b ,no4 #a has a trace ( *9 prom95ce & 9 ?is x resembles mod]n skulls4 ,no4 #b has a high] =ehead & ! cranial vault is high] & m spaci\s4 ,9 bo? skeletons ! radius & femur %[ a peculi> curvature1 & 9 bo?1 too1 ! arms & legs mu/ h be5 v %ort4 ,h5ce ! m5 ( ,spy are describ$ z hav+ be5 only p>tially erect1 & z hav+ _h b[$ ?ighs & b5t knees4 ,! s\rce ( ?is modification1 h[ev]1 is n a surviv+ pi!coid atavism1 b a non-inh]itable adaptation acquir$ ?r\gh ! habitual attitude or po/ure ma9ta9$ 9 /alk+ game--8,n[ we "k10 says ,dwight1 8t ?is feature1 :i* is c]ta9ly an ape-l "o1 implies simply t ! race 0 "o ( ^? ) ! habit ( #8squatt+1' :i* implies t ! body hangs f ! knees1 n t\*+ ! gr\nd = h\rs toge!r4 ,z a matt] ( c\rse we look = ?is 9 savage tribes40 78,?\ghts ( a ,ca?olic ,anatomi/10 p4 #afh47 ,! same may be said ( ! rec$+ *91 :i*1 z we h se51 is also an acquir$ adaptation4 ,! same1 f9ally1 is true ( ! prom95t br[ ridges1 :i* are n pi!coid1 b are1 z ,klaats* has po9t$ out1 relat$ to ! size ( ! eye sockets1 & consequ5tly ! result ( an adaptation ( e>ly paloli?ic man to ! life ( a hunt]1 a natural sequel ( ! v m>k$ developm5t ( 8 s5se ( sight4 ,simil> br[ ridges1 ?\gh n q s prom95t1 occur among mod]n ,au/ralian blacks4 ,nor are ! rema9s z typically ,ne&]?aloid z ,kei? & o!rs 7:o wi% to see 9 paloli?ic m5 a di/9ct human species7 c\ld desire4 ,no4 #a1 z we h se51 ?\gh almo/ a replica ( ! ,ne&]?al skull-cap1 has a trace ( *9 prom95ce 9 ! m&ible4 ,no4 #b1 ?\gh ! *9 is recessive1 has a high] =ehead & high] & m spaci\s cranial vault ?an ! ,ne&]?al ,man4 8,on ! :ole10 says ,hrdlika1 8x may be said t ,no4 #b1 :ile 9 "s respects /ill v primitive1 repres5ts morphologically a decid$ /ep f ! ,ne&]?aloid to ! pres5t-day type ( ! human cranium40 7,smi?son4 ,in/4 ,rpt4 = #aiac1 p4 #ebe47 7#h7 ,! ,m5 ( ,krap9a3 ,9 ! cave1 or r rock %elt]1 ( ,krap9a1 9 nor!rn ,croatia1 beside ! small /ream ,kapr9ica :i* n[ fl[s #hb feet bel[ ! cave1 ,k4 ,gorjanovi-,kramb]g]1 ,pr(essor ( geology & palontology at ! ,univ]sity ( ,zagreb1 f\nd1 9 ! ye> #ahii1 t5 or twelve skulls 9 fragm5ts1 a l>ge numb] ( tee?1 & _m o!r defective p>ts ( skeletons4 ,all told1 !y repres5t at lea/ f\rte5 diff]5t individuals4 ,! bones are 9 a bad /ate ( pres]vation1 & %[ traces ( burn+1 "s ( !m be+ calc9$4 ,! bones 7 associat$ ) objects ( ,m\/]ian indu/ry1 & bones ( ext9ct animals su* z ,rh9oc]os m]ckii1 ,ursus spelaeus1 ,bos primig5ius1 etc4 ,! a=esaid ,rh9oc]os is an old] type ?an ! ,rh9oc]os ti*orh9us associat$ ) ! m5 ( ,spy1 & implies a hot climate1 :]e9 ! ,rh9oc]os m]ckii manag$ to p]si/ = a long] "t ?an 9 ! nor?4 ,h5ce ! rema9s are ?\ght to belong to ! la/ ,int]glacial p]iod4 ,9 g5]al1 ! bones %[ ! same racial *>act]i/ics z ^? ( ,ne&]?al & ,spy1 ?\gh !y are said to be ( a p]ceptibly m mod]n type ?an ! latt]4 ,!y 7 m5 ( %ort /ature & /rong muscul> developm5t4 8,! crania10 says ,hrdlika1 87 ( good size ext]nally1 b ! bra9 cavities 7 probably bel[ ! pres5t av]age4 ,! vault ( ! skull 0 ( good l5g? & at ! same "t fairly broad1 s t ! cephalic index1 at lea/ 9 "s ( ! individuals1 0 m elevat$ ?an usual 9 ! crania ( e>ly man40 7,loc4 cit41 pp4 #ecj1 #eca47 ,! read] mu/ take ,hrdlika's use ( ! ^w 8usual0 ) 8! gra9 ( salt0 necessitat$ 9 view ( ! scanty numb] ( specim5s :5ce su* inductive g5]alizations are d]iv$4 ,! pron\nc$ & complete supraorbital arcs *>act]i/ic ( ! ,ne&]?aloid type occur 9 ?is gr\p also1 ?\gh 9 a less m>k$ mann]4 ,! /one implem5ts are evid5ce ( ! intellig5ce ( ^! m54 7#i7 ,! ,le ,m\/i] ,man3 ,?is specim51 ,homo m\/]i5sis ,haus]i1 0 f\nd by ,pr(4 ,o4 ,haus] 9 ! 8l[] ,m\/i] ,cave0 at ,le ,m\/i] 9 ! valley ( ! ,vzre1 ,dep>tm5t ( ,dordogne 9 ,france1 dur+ ! ,m>* ( #aijh4 ,x consi/s ( ! complete skull & o!r skeletal p>ts ( a y\? ( ab\t #ae ye>s4 ,at ?is age1 ! sex _c be det]m9$ f ! bones alone4 ,ob]mai] assigns ^! bones to ! ,f\r? ,glacial p]iod4 ,pr(4 ,george ,grant ,mac,curdy's an?ropological evaluation is ! foll[+3 8,! race *>act]s 444 are n s di/9ct 7i4e4 at ! age ( #ae ye>s7 z !y w\ld be at full maturity2 b !y po9t unmi/akably to ! type ( ,ne&]?al1 ,spy1 & ,krap9a--! s-call$ ,homo primig5ius :i* n[ also becomes ,homo m\/]i5sis4 ,x 0 a r /ocky type1 robu/ & ( a l[ /ature4 ,! arms & legs 7 relatively %ort1 especially ! =e>m & f ! knee d[n1 z is ! case among ! ,eskimo4 ,ape-l *>act]s are noticeable 9 ! curvature ( ! radius & ( ! femur1 ! latt] be+ also r\nd] 9 section ?an is ! case ) ,homo sapi5s4 ,9 ! retreat+ =ehead1 prom95t br[ ridges1 & progna?ism 7i4e4 projection ( ! jaws7 x is approa*$ to "s ext5t by ! mod]n ,au/ralian4 ,! indu/ry associat$ ) ?is skeleton is t typical ( ! ,m\/]ian epo*40 7,loc4 cit41 p4 #egc47 ,z we h already se51 ! s-call$ ape-l features are simply acquir$ adaptations to ! hunt]'s life1 &1 if inh]itable *>act]s1 !y d n exce$ ! limits ( a v>ietal mutation4 ,t ! ,m\/]ian m5 7 end[$ ) ! same intellig5ce z ourselves1 appe>s f ! evid5ces ( solemn burial :i* surr\nd ! rema9s ( ?is y\? ( #ae ye>s1 & prove1 z ,klaats* po9ts out1 t ^! m5 ( ! ,glacial p]iod 7 p]suad$ ( _! own immortality4 ,! head recl9$ on a pill[ ( e>?1 :i* /ill reta9s ! impression ( ! y\?'s *eek1 ! body hav+ be5 laid on its side4 ,ar\nd ! corpse are ! be/ examples ( ! /one implem5ts ( ! p]iod1 ! p>5ts hav+ buri$ _! *oice/ possession ) ! corpse ( _! son4 7#aj7 ,! ,la ,*apelle ,man3 ,on ,augu/ #c1 #aijh1 ! ,abbs ,j4 & ,a4 ,b\yssonie & ,l4 ,b>don1 assi/$ by ,paul ,b\yssonie 7a y\ng] bro!r ( ! fir/ two71 discov]$ paloli?ic human rema9s1 :i* are also assign$ to ! ,ne&]?al gr\p4 ,! locality ( ! discov]y 0 ! village ( ,la ,*apelle-aux-,sa9ts1 #bb kilomet]s s\? ( ! t[n ( ,brive1 9 ! dep>tm5t ( ,corrze1 9 s\!rn ,france4 ,9 ! side ( a mod]ate elevation1 #bjj y>ds s\? ( ! a=esaid village1 & beyond ! left bank ( a small /ream1 ! ,s\rdoire1 !re is a cave n[ kn[n z ! ,cave ( ,la ,*apelle-aux-,sa9ts4 ,x 0 "h1 on ! above-m5tion$ date1 t ! prie/s discov]$ ! bones ( a human skeleton surr\nd$ by unmi/akable evid5ces ( solemn burial4 8,! body lay on its back1 ) ! head to ! we/w>d1 ! latt] be+ surr\nd$ by /ones4444 ,ab\t ! body 7 _m flakes ( qu>tz & fl9t1 "s fragm5ts ( o*re1 brok5 animal bones1 etc40 7,hrdlika47 ,ano!r tok5 ( burial is ! rectangul> pit1 9 :i* ! rema9s 7 f\nd4 ,x is sunk to a dep? ( #cj to #dj c5timet]s 9 ! floor ( ! cav]n4 8,!y 7! rema9s7 7 cov]$10 says ,pr(4 ,g4 ,g4 ,mac,curdy1 8by a deposit intact #cj to #dj c5timet]s ?ick1 consi/+ ( a magma ( bone1 ( /one implem5ts1 & ( clay4 ,! /one implem5ts belong to a pure ,m\/]ian indu/ry4 ,:ile "s pieces sugge/ a vague survival ( ,a*eulian implem5ts 7i4e4 f ! cool latt] half ( ! ,?ird ,int]glacial p]iod71 o!rs presage ! com+ ( ! ,aurignacian 7close ( la/ ,glacial p]iod74 ,directly ov] ! human skull 7 ! foot bones1 /ill 9 connection1 ( a bison--pro( t ! piece _h be5 plac$ !re ) ! fle% /ill on1 & pro(1 too1 t ! deposit _h n be5 di/urb$4 ,two he>?s 7 not$ also1 & ! fact t !re 7 no implem5ts ( bone1 ! indu/ry diff]+ 9 ?is respect f t ( ,la ,qu9a & ,petit-,puymoy5 7,*>5te71 z well z at ,wildkir*li1 ,switz]l&4 8,! human bones include ! cranium & l[] jaw 7brok51 b ! pieces ne>ly all pres5t & easily replac$ 9 exact position71 a few v]tebr & long bones1 sev]al ribs1 phalanges1 & metac>pals1 clavicle1 a/ragalus1 calcaneum1 p>ts ( scaphoid1 ilium1 & sacrum4 ,! ensemble d5otes an individual ( ! male sex ^: height 0 ab\t #a4fj met]s4 ,! condition ( ! sutures & ( ! jaws proves ! skull to be t ( an old man4 ,! cranium is doli*ocephalic1 ) an index ( #ge4 ,x is said to be flatt] 9 ! frontal region ?an ^? ( ,ne&]?al & ,spy40 7,loc4 cit41 p4 #egd47 ,! associat$ rema9s ( fossil animals comprise ! horse1 re9de]1 bison1 ,rh9oc]os ti*or9us1 etc41 &1 accord+ to ,hrdlika1 8indicate t ! deposits date f some:]e ne> ! middle ( ! glacial epo*40 7,loc4 cit41 p4 #eci47 ,! discov]]s turn$ ov] ! skeleton to ,m>cell9 ,b\le ( ! ,p>is ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory = clean+ & recon/ruction4 ,x is ! fir/ in/ance ( a paloli?ic man1 9 :i* ! basal p>ts ( ! skull1 includ+ ! =am5 magnum1 7 recov]$4 ,pr(essor ,b\le e/imates ! cranial capacity z be+ some?+ betwe5 #a1fjj & #a1fbj c4cm4 ,he f\nd ! l[] "p ( ! face to be progna?ic1 b n excessively s1 ! vault l ! ,ne&]?al cranium1 b l>g]1 ! occiput broad & protrud+1 ! supraorbital ar* prom95t & complete1 ! nasal process broad1 ! =ehead l[1 & ! m&ible /\t & *9less1 ?\gh n slop+ backw>d at ! symphysis4 ,allud+ to ! rectangul> burial pit 9 ! cave1 ,hrdlika rem>ks3 8,! depression 0 cle>ly made by ! primitive inhabitants or visitors ( ! cave = ! body & ! :ole repres5ts v pla9ly a regul> burial1 ! mo/ anci5t int5tional burial ?us f> discov]$40 7,smi?son4 ,in/4 ,rpt4 = #aiac1 p4 #eci47 ,! specim5s ( ,ne&]?al1 ,spy1 ,la ,naulette1 ,krap9a1 ,le ,m\/i] & ,la ,*apelle1 z we h se51 are ! pr9cipal rema9s said to repres5t ! ,ne&]?al type1 :i*1 accord+ to ,kei? & o!rs1 is a di/9ct human species4 ,z ,aurignacian ,man 7assign$ to ! close ( ! 8,old ,/one ,age10 or ,glacial epo*71 includ+ ! ,grimaldi or ,negroid z well z ! ,cr-,magnon type1 are univ]sally ackn[l$g$ to belong to ! species ,homo sapi5s1 we ne$ n discuss !m "h4 ,! same holds true1 a =tiori1 ( ,neoli?ic races su* z ! ,solutreans & ! ,magdal5ians4 ,! ma9 issue = ! pres5t is :e!r or n ! ,ne&]?al type repres5ts a di/9ct species ( human be+4 ,an5t ?is "q1 ,pr(essor ,mac,curdy has ! foll[+3 8,b\le e/imat$ ! capacity ( ! ,*apelle-aux-,sa9ts skull accord+ to ! =mul ( ,man\vri]1 ( ,lee1 & ( ,b$doe1 obta9+ results t v>i$ betwe5 #a1egj & #a1gej cubic c5timet]s4 ,by ! use ( millet & ( %ot an av]age capacity ( #a1fbf 0 obta9$4 ,judg+ f ^! figures ! capacity ( ! crania ( ,ne&]?al & ,spy has be5 und]e/imat$ by ,s*aaffhaus51 ,huxley1 & ,s*walbe4 ,by its cranial capacity1 !re=e1 ! ,ne&]?al race belongs easily 9 ! class ( ,homo sapi5s4 ,b we mu/ di/+ui% betwe5 relative capacity & absolute capacity4 ,9 mod]n man1 :]e ! transv]se & ant]o-po/]ior diamet]s are ! same z 9 ! skull ( ,la ,*apelle-aux-,sa9ts1 ! v]tical diamet] w\ld be mu* great]1 :i* w\ld increase ! capacity to #a1hjj cubic c5timet]s & ev5 to #a1ijj cubic c5timet]s4 ,su* volum9\s mod]n crania are v r>e4 ,?us ,bism>ck1 ) horizontal cranial diamet]s sc>cely great] ?an 9 ! man ( ,la ,*apelle-aux-,sa9ts1 is said to h _h a cranial capacity ( #a1ife cubic c5timet]s40 7,smi?son4 ,in/4 ,rpt4 = #aiji1 p4 #ege47 ,z = ! /ructural features :i* are alleg$ to con/itute a specific diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,ne&]?al type & mod]n man1 v4g4 ! prom95t br[ ridges1 progna?ism1 retreat+ =ehead1 rec$+ *91 etc41 all ( ^! occur1 albeit 9 a less] degree1 9 mod]n ,au/ralian blacks1 :o are univ]sally ackn[l$g$ to belong to ! species ,homo sapi5s4 ,moreov]1 !re is mu* fluctuation1 z ,kramb]g] has %[n f ! exam9ation ( an enorm\s numb] ( mod]n & fossil skulls1 9 bo? ! ,ne&]?al & ! mod]n type2 t is to say1 ,ne&]?aloid features occur 9 mod]n skulls &1 conv]sely1 mod]n features occur 9 ! skulls ( ,homo ne&]?al5sis 7cf4 8,biolog4 ,z5tralblatt10 #aije1 p4 #haj2 & ,wasmann's 8,mod]n ,biology10 ,eng4 ed41 pp4 #dgb1 #dgc74 ,all ! diff]5ces betwe5 mod]n & paloli?ic man are explicable1 p>tly ^u ! basis ( acquir$ adaptation1 inasmu* z ! primitive mode ( life pursu$ by ! latt] entail$ ! =mation ( body-modify+ habits v diff]5t f our pres5t cu/oms & habits 7viz4 ^? ( our mod]n civiliz$ life74 ,b ^! modifications1 n be+ inh]itable1 pass$ away ) ! pass+ ( ! habits t gave rise to !m4 ,9 "p1 h[ev]1 ! diff]5ces may be due to h]itable mutations1 :i* gave rise to new races or v>ieties or subspecies1 su* z ,indo-,europeans1 ,mongolians1 & ,negroes4 ,&1 if ! evolution>y palontologi/ insi/s on magnify+ *>act]s t are well )9 ! scope ( m]e factorial mutation into a specific diff]5ce1 we %all reply1 ) ,bateson & ,morgan1 by d5y+ 8 compet5ce to pron\nce on taxonomic que/ions1 )\t consult+ ! v]dict ( ! g5etici/4 ,)\t bre$+ te/s1 ! crit]ions ( int]/]ility & longevity _c be appli$1 & bre$+ te/s are impossible 9 ! case ( fossils4 ,z = an a priori v]dict1 no mod]n g5etici/1 if call$ ^u to give 8 op9ion1 w\ld conc$e t ! diff]5ces :i* divide ! mod]n & ! ,ne&]?al types ( m5 exce$ ! limits ( factorial mutations1 or ( natural v>ieties )9 ! same species4 ,"h1 !n1 x is a case ( ! wi% be+ fa!r to ! ?\ght4 ,s anxi\s are ! mat]iali/ic evolutioni/s to secure evid5ce ( a connection betwe5 man & ! brute1 t no pretext is too insignificant to s]ve z w>rant = recogniz+ an 8int]m$iate species40 ,ev5 waiv+ ?is po9t1 h[ev]1 !re is no evid5ce at all t ! ,ne&]?al type is ance/ral to ! ,cr-,magnon type4 ,bo? ( ^! races mu/ h migrat$ into ,europe f ! ea/ or ! s\?1 & we h no pro( :atev] ( g5etic relation%ip betwe5 !m4 ,true1 attempts h be5 made to capitalize ! fact t ! ,ne&]?al race 0 repres5t$ by specim5s discov]$ 9 :at 7 alleg$ to be ! old] deposits ( ! ,glacial epo*1 b we h se5 t ! evid5ces ( antiquity are v prec>i\s 9 ! case ( ^! ,ne&]?aloid skeletons4 ,"t-scales bas$ on ext9ct species & *>act]i/ic /one implem5ts1 etc41 are always satisfactory to evolutioni/s1 because !y c date _! fossils & ar*ological cultures accord+ to ! !ory ( evolution1 b1 = "o ^: confid5ce 9 ! 8reality0 ( evolution is n s great1 ^! palontological *ronomet]s are op5 to grave suspicion4 ,if ! horizon levels are n too f9ely grad$1 ! difficulty ( accept+ su* a "t-scale is n excessive4 ,h5ce we might be prep>$ to accept ! *ronometric value ( ! division ( fossilif]\s rocks into ,gr\ps1 su* z ! ,palozoic1 ! ,mesozoic1 & ! ,cnozoic1 ev5 ?\gh we are assur$ by ,grabau t ?is "t-scale is 8bas$ on ! *anges ( life1 ) ! result t fossils alone det]m9e :e!r a =mation belongs to "o or ! o!r ( ^! great divisions0 78,pr9ciples ( ,/ratigraphy10 p4 #aajc71 b :5 x comes to project+ an elaborate s*eme ( levels or horizons into ,plei/oc5e deposits on ! dubi\s basis ( index fossils & 8indu/ries10 our cr$ulity is n equal to ! dem&s t are made ^u x4 ,& ?is is p>ticul>ly true ) ref]5ce to fossil m54 ,man has ! geologically un=tunate habit ( bury+ 8 dead4 ,o!r fossils h be5 entomb$ on ! spot :]e !y di$1 & !re=e belong :]e we f9d !m4 ,b x is o!rwise ) man4 ,9 ,hilo1 ,hawaii1 ! writ] he>d ( a ,kanaka1 :o 0 buri$ to a dep? ( #hj feet1 hav+ /ipulat$ ?is sort ( burial ?r\gh a special disposition 9 8 w4 ,8 purpose1 9 s do+1 0 to preclude ! possibility ( 8 bones ev] be+ di/urb$ by a pl\gh or o!r in/rum5t4 ,nor h we any "r to assume t indications ( burial w always be pres5t 9 a case ( ?is nature4 ,we may1 on ! contr>y1 assume x z a g5]al rule t human rema9s are always m rec5t ?an ! =mations 9 :i* !y are f\nd4 ,be t z x may1 ! evid5ces = ! antiquity ( ! ,ne&]?aloid man prove1 at mo/1 t he 0 prior to ! ,cr-,magnon man 9 ,europe1 b !y d n prove t ! =m] 0 prior to ! latt] absolutely4 ,?+s may1 = all we "k1 h be5 j ! rev]se 9 ,asia4 ,h5ce we h no gr\nd = reg>d+ ! ,man ( ,ne&]?al z ance/ral to ! race ( arti/s1 :o fresco$ ! caves ( ,france & ,spa94 ,9 fact1 to ! unprejudic$ m9d ! ,ne&]?al type conveys ! impression ( a race on ! d[nw>d pa? ( deg5]ation r ?an an embodim5t ( ! promise ( bett] ?+s4 8,!re is ano!r view10 says ,dwight1 8 444 ?\gh x is s at v>iance ) ! ,zeitgei/ t little is he>d ( x4 ,may x n be t _m l[ =ms ( man1 ar*aic z well z contempor>y1 are deg5]ate races8 ,we are told ev]y?+ ab\t progress2 b decl9e is put aside4 ,x is impossible to con/ruct a tol]able s*eme ( asc5t among ! races ( man2 b _c d>k po9ts be made light by ?is !ory ( deg5]ation8 ,"o ( ! mo/ obscure1 & to me mo/ attractive ( que/ions1 is ! wip+ out ( old civilizations4 ,t x has occurr$ repeat$ly1 & on v ext5sive scales1 is z c]ta9 z any fact 9 hi/ory4 ,:y is x n reasonable to believe t bodily deg5]ation took place 9 ^? fall5 f a high] e/ate1 :o1 half-/>v$ & degrad$1 return$ to savag]y8 ,moreov]1 ! work+s ( ! s\l w\ld be hamp]$ by a deg5]at+ bra94 ,= my "p ,i believe ! ,ne&]?al man to be a specim5 ( a race1 n arre/$ 9 its upw>d climb1 b ?r[n d[n f a high] position40 7,op4 cit41 pp4 #afi1 #agj47 ,! view1 h[ev]1 t ! ,ne&]?aloid type _h deg5]at$ f a previ\s high] human type 0 n at all 9 accord ) ! !n preval5t op9ion t ?is type 0 f> m anci5t ?an any o!r4 ,& ,dwight himself admitt$ ! =ce ( ! 8objection 444 t ! ,ne&]?al race 0 an excessively old "o & t skeletons ( ! high] race :i*1 accord+ to ! view :i* ,i h (f]$1 mu/ h exi/$ at ! same "t z ! deg5]ate ones1 are /ill to be discov]$40 7,op4 cit41 p4 #agj47 ,9 fact1 ! ,ne&]?al ance/ry ( ! pres5t human race 0 s g5]ally accept$ t1 9 ! v ye> 9 :i* ,dwight's book appe>$1 ,sir ,ar?ur ,kei? decl>$3 8,! ,ne&]?al type repres5ts ! /ock f :i* all mod]n races h aris540 ,"t1 h[ev]1 z ,dr4 ,james ,wal% rem>k$ 7,am]ica1 ,dec4 #ae1 #aiag1 pp4 #bcj1 #bca71 has triumphantly v9dicat$ ! expectations ( ,pr(essor ,dwight4 ,= 9 8 late/ book1 8,! ,antiquity ( ,man0 7#aiaf71 ,sir ,ar?ur ,kei? has a *apt] ( ,conclusions1 9 :i* ! foll[+ recantation appe>s3 8,we 7 compell$ to admit10 he owns1 8t m5 ( ! mod]n type _h be5 9 exi/5ce long be=e ! ,ne&]?al type40 ,b1 ev5 if x 7 true t savag]y prec$$ civilization 9 ,europe1 su* c\ld n h be5 ! case ev]y:]e2 = x is c]ta9 t civilization & culture ( a comp>atively high ord] 7 import$ into ,europe be=e ! close ( ! ,old ,/one ,age4 ,! ,hung>ian ,lake-dwell+s %[ t culture ( a high type exi/$ 9 ! ,new ,/one ,age4 ,^! two ages are reg>d$ z prehi/oric 9 ,europe1 ?\gh 9 ,am]ica ! ,/one ,age belongs to hi/ory4 ,x is also possible t 9 ,europe mu* ( ! ,/one ,age 0 coval ) ! hi/ory ( civiliz$ nations1 & t x may be co9cid5t )1 in/ead ( prior to1 ! ,bronze ,age1 :i* seems to h begun 9 ,egypt1 & :i* belongs unque/ionably to hi/ory4 ,& "h we may be p]mitt$ to rem>k t hi/ory gives ! lie to ! evolution>y conceit t civiliz$ man has aris5 f a primitive /ate ( b>b>ism4 ,hi/ory beg9s almo/ contemporane\sly 9 _m diff]5t c5t]s1 su* z ,egypt1 ,babylonia1 ,*aldea1 ,*9a1 & ,crete1 ab\t #e1jjj or #f1jjj ye>s ago1 &1 z f> back z hi/ory goes1 we f9d ! record ( high civilizations exi/+ side by side ) a coval b>b>ism4 ,b>b>ism is hi/orically a /ate ( deg5]ation & /agnation1 & hi/ory kn[s ( no in/ance ( a p sunk 9 b>b>ism elevat+ itself by its own ef=ts to high] /ages ( civilization4 ,always civilization has be5 impos$ ^u b>b>ians f )\t4 ,savages1 s f> z hi/ory kn[s !m1 h nev] become civiliz$1 save ?r\gh ! int]v5tion ( "s contempor>y civiliz$ nation4 ,hi/ory is "o long refutation ( ! ,d>w9ian !ory ( con/ant & inevitable progress4 ,! progress ( civilization is n subsequ5t1 b prior1 or p>allel1 to ! retrogression ( b>b>ism4 ,t savag]y & b>b>ism repres5t a deg5]ate1 r ?an a primitive1 /ate1 is prov$ by ! fact t savage tribes1 9 g5]al1 despite _! bruti% degradation1 possess languages too p]fectly elaborat$ & sy/ematiz$ to be acc\nt$ = by ! m5tal atta9m5ts ( ! m5 :o n[ use !m1 languages :i* te/ify unmi/akably to ! sup]ior intellectual & cultural level ( _! civiliz$ ance/ors1 to :om ! initial con/ruction ( su* m>vel\s means ( communication 0 due4 8,x is inde$ "o ( ! p>adoxes ( l+ui/ic sci5ce10 says ,dr4 ,edw9 ,sapir1 9 a lecture deliv]$ ,april #a1 #aiaa1 at ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania1 8t "s ( ! mo/ complexly organiz$ languages are spok5 by s-call$ primitive peoples1 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 n a few languages ( relatively simple /ructure are f\nd among peoples ( consid]able advance 9 culture4 ,relatively to ! mod]n inhabitants ( ,engl&1 to cite b "o in/ance out ( an indef9itely l>ge numb]1 ! ,eskimos mu/ be consid]$ z r limit$ 9 cultural developm5t4 ,yet !re is j z little d\bt t 9 complexity ( =m ! ,eskimo language goes f> beyond ,engli%4 ,i wi% m]ely to indicate t1 h[ev] we may indulge 9 speak+ ( primitive man1 ( a primitive language 9 ! true s5se ( ! ^w we f9d n[h]e a trace40 7,smi?son4 ,in/4 ,rpt4 = #aiab1 p4 #egc47 ,pi]re ,duponceau makes a simil> obs]vation ) ref]5ce to ! logical & ord]ly organization ( ! ,indian languages3 8,! dialects ( ! ,indian tribes10 he says1 8appe> to be ! "w ( philosoph]s r ?an ( savages40 7,cit$ by ,f4 ,a4 ,?oluck1 8,v]m4 ,s*r410 ii1 p4 #bfj47 ,x 0 consid]ations ( ?is sort :i* l$ ! great philologi/ ,max ,mll] to ridicule ,d>w9's conception ( primitive man z a savage4 8,z f> z we c trace ! foot/eps ( man10 he writes1 8ev5 on ! l[e/ /rata ( hi/ory1 we see t ! ,div9e gift ( a s\nd & sob] intellect belong$ to him f ! v fir/2 & ! idea ( humanity em]g+ sl[ly f ! dep?s ( an animal brutality c nev] be ma9ta9$ aga9 9 our c5tury4 ,! e>lie/ "w ( art wr\ght by ! human m9d--m anci5t ?an any lit]>y docum5t1 & prior ev5 to ! fir/ :isp]+s ( tradition--! human language1 =ms "o un9t]rupt$ *a91 f ! fir/ dawn ( hi/ory d[n to our own times4 ,we /ill speak ! language ( ! fir/ ance/ors ( our race2 & ?is language ) its wond]ful /ructures1 be>s witness aga9/ su* gratuit\s !ories4 ,! =mation ( language1 ! composition ( roots1 ! gradual discrim9ation ( mean+s1 ! sy/ematic elaboration ( grammatic =ms--all ?is work+ :i* we c see "u ! surface ( our own spee* atte/s f ! v fir/ ! pres5ce ( a rational m9d1 ( an arti/ z great at lea/ z 8 "w40 78,essays10 vol4 ,i1 p4 #cjf47 ,hi/ory & philology are f> m solid & c]ta9 z a basis = inf]5ce ?an are 8index fossils0 & prehi/oric ar*ology2 & ! lesson taught by hi/ory & philology is t primitive man 0 n a savage1 b a cultur$ be+ end[$ ) an intellect equal1 if n sup]ior1 to our own4 ,b1 ev5 if we grant ! priority1 :i* evolutioni/s claim = ! ,old ,/one ,age1 !re are n abs5t ev5 f t cultural level evid5t tok5s ( arti/ic g5ius & high intellectual gifts4 ,speak+ ( ! pictures 9 ! caves ( ,altamira1 ( ,m>s\las 9 ! ,haute ,g>onne1 & ( ,fonte de ,gaume 9 ! ,dordogne1 ! ar*ologi/ ,sir ,ar?ur ,evans says3 8,^! primeval frescoes display n only consummate ma/]y ( natural design1 b an extraord9>y te*nical res\rce4 ,ap>t f ! *>coal us$ 9 c]ta9 outl9es1 ! *ief color+ matt] 0 r$ & yell[ o*re1 mort>s & palettes = ! prep>ation ( :i* h come to light4 ,9 s+le animals ! t9ts v>i$ f black to d>k & ruddy br[n or brilliant orange1 & s1 by f9e gradations1 to pal] nuances1 obta9$ by scrap+ & wa%+4 ,outl9es & details are br\ght out by :ite incis$ l9es1 & ! arti/s avail$ !mselves ) great skill ( ! reliefs af=d$ by convexities ( ! rock surface4 ,b ! greate/ m>vel ( all is t su* poly*rome ma/]pieces z ! bisons1 /&+ & c\*ant1 or ) limbs huddl$ toge!r1 ( ! ,altamira ,cave1 7 execut$ on ! ceil+s ( inn] vaults & gall]ies :]e ! light ( day has nev] p5etrat$4 ,n[h]e is !re any trace ( smoke1 & x is cle> t great progress 9 ! art ( artificial illum9ation _h already be5 made4 ,we "k t /one lamps1 decorat$ 9 "o case ) ! engrav$ head ( an ibex1 7 already 9 exi/5ce4 ,su* 0 ! level ( arti/ic atta9m5t 9 s\?we/]n ,europe1 at a mode/ e/imate1 "s #aj1jjj ye>s e>li] ?an ! mo/ anci5t monum5ts ( ,egypt or ,*alda60 7,smi?son4 ,in/4 ,rpt4 = #aiaf1 pp4 #dbi1 #dcj47 ,:ile reaffirm+ our di/ru/ ( ! undocum5t$ *ronology ( 8prehi/ory10 we cite ^! examples ( paloli?ic art z a pro( ( ! fact t ev]y:]e ! manife/ation ( man's physical pres5ce co9cides ) ! manife/ation ( 8 intellig5ce1 & t nei!r 9 hi/ory nor 9 prehi/ory h we any evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( a be/ial or irrational man prec$+ ,homo sapi5s1 z we "k him today4 ,x is int]e/+ to note 9 ?is connection t a c]ta9 ,j4 ,taylor claims to h f\nd a prehi/oric engrav+ ( a ma/odon on a bone f\nd 9 a rock %elt] kn[n z ,jacobs' ,cav]n 9 ,miss\ri 7cf4 ,sci5ce1 ,oct4 #ad1 #aiba1 p4 #ceg74 ,incid5ts ( ?is sort mu/ ne$s damp5 ! en?usiasm ( ^? :o are ov]eag] to believe 9 ! enorm\s antiquity ( ! ,old ,/one ,age 9 ,europe4 7#aa7 ,! ,rhodesian ,man3 ,9 #aiba a human skull 0 f\nd by m9]s 9 ! 8,bone ,cave0 ( ! ,brok5 ,hill ,m9e 9 s\!rn ,rhodesia4 ,x 0 associat$ ) human & animal bones1 z well z v crude in/rum5ts 7knives & scrap]s7 9 fl9t & qu>tz4 ,x 0 f\nd at a dep? ( #fj feet bel[ ! surface4 ,! l[] jaw 0 miss+1 & has n be5 recov]$4 ,x 0 s5t to ! ,briti% ,museum1 ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 :]e x is n[ pres]v$4 ,doctor ,smi?-,woodw>d has exam9$ & describ$ x4 8,! skull is 9 "s features ! mo/ primitive "o t has ev] be5 f\nd2 at ! same "t x has _m po9ts ( resemblance to 7or ev5 id5tity )7 t ( mod]n man40 7,sci5ce1 ,feb4 #c1 #aibb1 p4 #abi47 ,! face is intact4 ,! =ehead is l[1 & ! br[ ridges are m pron\nc$ ?an 9 any kn[n fossil human skull4 ,! progna?ism ( ! upp] jaw is v acc5tuat$4 ,! cranium is v flat on top & broad 9 ! back4 8,its total capacity is surpris+ly l>ge4 ,at lea/ "o prom95t au?ority ?9ks t ?is man _h q z mu* gray matt] z ! av]age mod]n man40 7,loc4 cit41 pp4 #abi1 #acj47 ,woodw>d1 h[ev]1 e/imates ! cranial capacity ( ?is skull z #abhj c4cm4 ,! neck mu/ h _h p[]ful muscles4 ,! nasal bone is prom95t & ,ne&]?aloid 9 "*4 8,! wisdom too? is r$uc$ 9 size--ano!r po9t 9 common ) mod]n man & nev] f\nd be=e 9 a fossil skull40 7,ibidem47 ,! palate & ! tee? 9 g5]al are l ^? ( exi/+ m54 ,! femur is n curv$ l t ( ! ,ne&]?al man--8,9 contra/ to ! ,ne&]?al man :o is suppos$ to h walk$ 9 a cr\*+ position 7because ( ! r curv$ femur & o!r bits ( evid5ce71 ?is man is believ$ to h ma9ta9$ ! upright position1 because ! femur is relatively /raight & :5 fitt$ to ! tibia 7:i* 0 also f\nd7 pres5ts a p]fectly good1 /raight leg40 7,ibidem47 ,accord+ to ! writ] we h quot$1 ,dr4 ,elliot ,smi? ent]ta9$ hopes t ! ,rhodesian man might repres5t ! 8miss+ l9k0 9 man's ance/ry1 leav+ ! ,ne&]?al man z an (f%oot f ! ma9 ance/ral trunk4 ,no comm5t is necess>y4 ,! skull may be a pa?ological specim51 b1 9 any case1 x is evid5tly human z reg>ds its cranial capacity4 ,! rema9s1 moreov]1 s]ve to emphasize ! fluctuational "* ( ! s-call$ ,homo primig5ius type1 be+ a mixture ( mod]n & ,ne&]?aloid features4 ,!y are n fossiliz$ & pres5t a rec5t appe>ance4 ,h5ce1 z ,b4 ,w9dle sugge/s1 !y may h fall5 into ! cave ?r\gh a crack1 & may be mod]n r ?an prehi/oric4 7#ab7 ,! ,foxhall ,man3 ,?is is ! e>lie/ kn[n prehi/oric man4 ,he is kn[n to u1 h[ev]1 only ?r\gh 88 fl9t in/rum5ts p>tly burn$ ) fire1 f\nd ne> ! little hamlet ( ,foxhall1 ne> ,norwi*1 on ! ea/ coa/ ( ,engl&4 ,^! fl9ts1 discov]$ 9 #aiba1 con/itute ! fir/ pro(s t man ( suffici5t intellig5ce to make a v>iety ( fl9t implem5ts & to use fire exi/$ 9 ,brita9 at ! close ( ! ,age ( ,mammals2 ?is is ! fir/ true ,t]ti>y man ev] f\nd40 7,osborn3 ,guide-leaflet to 8,! ,hall ( ! ,age ( ,man10 #bnd ed41 #aibc1 p4 #i47 ,osborn assigns ! twelve k9ds ( fl9t in/rum5ts typical ( ! ,foxhallian culture to ! ,upp] ,plioc5e epo*4 ,r4 ,a4 ,macali/]1 h[ev]1 d5ies t ! deposits are ,t]ti>y4 ,abb ,h5ri ,breuil's v]dict 0 undecid$4 ,9 any case1 ! ,foxhallian culture proves t ! e>lie/ ( prehi/oric m5 7 intellig5t l ourselves4 ,summa summ>um3 ,s f> z sci5ce kn[s1 only "o human species has ev] exi/$ on ! e>?1 & t is ,homo sapi5s4 ,all ! alleg$ connect+ l9ks betwe5 m5 & apes are f\nd1 on c>eful exam9ation1 to be illusory4 ,:5 n :olly ambigu\s 9 view ( _! inadequate pres]vation & fragm5t>y "*1 !y are 7z reg>ds bo? m9d & body7 di/9ctly human1 l ! ,ne&]?al man1 or !y are purely simian1 l ! ,pi!can?ropus1 or !y are het]og5e\s comb9ations ( human & simian bones1 l ! ,eoan?ropus ,dawsoni4#ah 8,) absolute c]ta9ty10 says ,hugues ,ob]mai]1 8we c only say t man ( ! ,quat]n>y p]iod diff]$ 9 no ess5tial respect f man ( ! pres5t day4 ,9 no way did he g beyond ! limits ( v>iation ( ! normal human body40 78,! ,olde/ ,rema9s ( ! ,human ,body1 etc410 ,vi5na1 #aije47 ,! s-call$ ,homo primig5ius1 !re=e1 is n a di/9ct species ( human be+1 b m]ely an anci5t race t is1 at mo/1 a di/9ct v>iety or subspecies ( man4 ,9 spite ( tireless se>*+1 no traces ( a be/ial1 irrational man h be5 discov]$4 ,inde$1 man :om nature has left nak$1 def5seless1 un>m$ ) natural weapons1 & defici5t 9 in/9ct1 has no o!r res\rce ?an 8 reason & c\ld nev] h surviv$ )\t x4 ,to imag9e primitive man 9 a condition analog\s to t ( ! idiot is prepo/]\s4 8,= o!r animals10 says ,/4 ,?omas ( ,aqu91 8nature has prep>$ food1 g>m5ts ( fur1 means ( def5se1 su* z tee?1 horns1 & ho(s1 or at lea/ swiftness 9 flight4 ,b man is s con/itut$ t1 none ( ^! ?+s hav+ be5 prep>$ = him by nature1 reason is giv5 him 9 _! /ead1 reason by :i* ?r\gh 8 h&iwork he is enabl$ to prep>e all ^! ?+s4444 ,moreov]1 9 o!r animals !re is inborn a c]ta9 natural economy respect+ ^? ?+s :i* are useful or hurtful1 z ! lamb by nature kn[s ! wolf to be its enemy4 ,"s animals also by natural in/9ct are aw>e ( ! m$ic9al prop]ties ( h]bs & ( o!r ?+s :i* are necess>y = life4 ,man1 h[ev]1 has a natural k ( ^! ?+s :i* are necess>y = life only 9 g5]al1 z be+ able to arrive at ! k ( ! p>ticul> necessities ( human life by way ( inf]5ce f g5]al pr9ciples40 78,de regim4 pr9c410 l4 ,i1 c4 ,i47 ,z a matt] ( fact1 man is nev] f\nd ap>t f evid5ces ( 8 intellig5ce4 ,! ,ne&]?aloid race1 ) _! solemn burials & implem5ts ( bone & /one1 exemplify ?is tru? no less ?an ! paloli?ic arti/s ( ! ,cave ( ,altamira4 #ah ,see ,add5da4 #e4 ,! ,edict ( ! ,am]ican ,association ,9 ! ,c9c9nati meet+ 7#aibc-aibd7 ( ! ,am]ican ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce1 a numb] ( resolutions 7 pass$ reg>d+ ! subject ( evolution4 ,true1 ! session 9 :i* ^! resolutions 7 pass$ 0 b sp>sely att5d$1 & pack$1 = ! mo/ "p1 ) ! ultra-p>tisans ( trans=mism4 ,nev]!less1 x is to be regrett$ t ! dignity ( ?is em95t & di/+ui%$ body 0 s unfitt+ly compromis$ by ! fulm9ation ( rhetorical ana!mas aga9/ ,w4 ,j4 ,bryan & 8 ,r\nd ,head adh]5ts4 ,among ! resolutions1 ( :i* we h spok51 ! foll[+ dictatorial proclamation occurs3 8,! evid5ces 9 favor ( ! evolution ( man are suffici5t to conv9ce e sci5ti/ 9 ! _w40 ,?is au?oritative decree is bo? ra% & intol]ant4 ,! resolution-committee ( ! ,am]ican ,association is by no means infallible1 &1 9 ! abs5ce ( infallibility1 no gr\p ( m5 %\ld be s unm9dful ( _! own limitations z to /rive to make _! subjective views b9d+ ^u o!rs4 ,sci5tific que/ions are n settl$ by au?ority1 b exclusively by means ( irresi/ible evid5ce1 :i* is c]ta9ly abs5t 9 ! pres5t case4 ,moreov]1 ! decl>ation 9 "q is untrue2 = _m ( ! =emo/ palontologi/s & an?ropologi/s ( ! day confess _! complete ignorance1 z sci5ti/s1 ) respect to ! orig9 ( man4 ,dr4 ,cl>k ,wissl]1 = example1 :o is ! ,curator-9-,*ief ( ! ,an?ropological section ( ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory 9 ,new ,york ,city1 made1 9 ! c\rse ( an int]view publi%$ 9 ! ,new ,york ,am]ican ( ,april #b1 #aiah1 ! foll[+ /atem5t3 8,man1 l ! horse or elephant1 j happ5$ anyh[1 s f> z has be5 discov]$ yet4 ,z f> z sci5ce has discov]$1 !re always 0 a man--"s n s develop$1 b /ill human be+s 9 all _! functions1 mu* z we are today40 ,ask$ by ! report]1 :e!r ?is did n favor ! idea ( an abrupt1 unh]ald$ appe>ance ( man on e>?1 ,doctor ,wissl] repli$3 8,man came out ( a blue sky z f> z we h be5 able to delve back40 ,fe>+ le/ ! report] might h s5sationaliz$ 8 words1 ! writ] took occasion to "q ! le>n$ an?ropologi/ on ! subject dur+ ! ,pan ,pacific ,conf]5ce held at ,honolulu1 ,hawaii 7,aug4 #b-bj1 #aibj74 ,8 answ] 0 t ! =ego+ citations 7 sub/antially correct4 ,! same v]dict is giv5 by ! great palontologi/1 ,pr(4 ,w4 ,branco1 ,director ( ! ,in/itute ( ,geology & ,palontology at ! ,univ]sity ( ,b]l94 ,9 8 disc\rse on 8,fossil ,man0 deliv]$ ,augu/ #af1 #aija1 be=e ! ,fif? ,int]national ,zological ,congress at ,b]l91 ,branco said1 ) ref]5ce to ! orig9 ( man3 8,palontology tells u no?+ on ! subject--x kn[s no ance/ors ( man40 ,! well-kn[n palontologi/ ,k>l ,a4 von ,zittel rea*$ ! same conclusion4 ,he says some:]e 7probably 9 8 8,grundzge d] ,palontologie073 8,su* mat]ial z ?is 7! discov]$ rema9s ( fossil m57 ?r[s no light ^u ! "q ( race & desc5t4 ,all ! human bones ( det]m9able age t h come d[n to u f ! ,european ,diluvium1 z well z all ! skulls discov]$ 9 caves1 are id5tifi$ by _! size1 %ape1 & capacity z belong+ to ,homo sapi5s1 & are f9e specim5s ( _! k9d4 ,!y d n by any means fill up ! gap betwe5 man & ! ape40 ,joseph ,le ,conte repeats ! id5tical refra94 ,9 ! revis$ ,fair*ild edition 7#aijc7 ( 8 8,elem5ts ( ,geology0 we read3 8,! e>lie/ m5 yet f\nd are 9 no s5se connect+ l9ks betwe5 man & ape4 ,!y are di/9ctly human40 7,*4 ,,vi1 p4 #fch47 ,reply+ to ,haeckel1 :o 9 8 8,weltrtsel0 proclaims man's desc5t f pi!coid primates to be an hi/orical fact1 ,j4 ,re9ke1 ! biologi/ ( ,kiel1 decl>es3 8,we are m]ely hav+ du/ ?r[n 9 our eyes :5 we read 9 a widely circulat$ book by ,ern/ ,haeckel ! foll[+ words3 #8,t man is imm$iately desc5d$ f apes1 & m remotely f a long l9e ( l[] v]tebrates1 rema9s e/abli%$ z an indubitable hi/oric fact1 fraught ) important consequ5ces4' ,x is absurd to speak ( any?+ z a fact :5 exp]i5ce l5ds x no support40 78,haeckel's ,monism & ,its ,support]s10 ,leipzig1 #aijg1 p4 #f47 ,! sum-total1 9 fact1 ( sci5tific k conc]n+ ! orig9 ( ! human body is conta9$ 9 ! say+ ( ! geologi/1 ,sir ,wm4 ,dawson1 ,presid5t ( ,mc,gill ,univ]sity3 8,i "k no?+ ab\t ! orig9 ( man1 except :at ,i am told 9 ! ,scripture--t ,god creat$ him4 ,i d n "k any?+ m ?an t1 & ,i d n "k ( anyone :o does40 ,9 view ( ?is unc]ta9ty & ignorance reg>d+ ! orig9 ( ! human body1 x is extremely une?ical to /rive to impose ! !ory ( man's be/ial orig9 by ! %e] weight ( sci5tific au?ority & pre/ige4 ,consci5ti\s sci5ti/s w\ld nev] v5ture to abuse 9 su* a fa%ion ! confid5ce :i* ! p at l>ge place 9 _! assurances4 ,h5ce ^? :o respect _! honor & dignity z sci5ti/s %\ld refra9 f dogmatiz+ on ! undemon/rat$ animal orig9 ( man1 h[ev] mu* !y may p]sonally fancy ?is !ory4 8,we _c tea*10 says ,vir*[1 8nor c we reg>d z "o ( ! results ( sci5tific rese>*1 ! doctr9e t man is desc5d$ f ! ape or f any o!r animal40 78,! ,lib]ty ( ,sci5ce10 p4 #cj1 et seq47 ,& ,pr(essor ,re9ke ( ,kiel concludes3 8,! only /atem5t consi/5t ) h] dignity1 t ,sci5ce c make1 is to say t %e kn[s no?+ ab\t ! orig9 ( man40 7,d] ,trm]1 ,v1 ,oct41 #aijb1 ,"p ,i1 p4 #ac47 ,a slave1 we are told 7,t]tul41 ,apolog4 #cc71 rode 9 ! triumphal *>iot ( ! ,roman conqu]or1 to :isp] ev] & anon 9 8 e>3 ,hom9em mem5to te6--8,rememb] t ?\ art a man60 ,x is un=tunate t no simil> w>n+ is s\nd$ :5 ! tone ( sci5tific individuals or organizations ?reat5s to become unduly imp]i\s & intol]ant4 ,?is t5d5cy1 h[ev]1 to =get limitations & to usurp ! pr]ogative ( infallibility is sometimes rebuk$ by o!r rem9d]s4 ,! writ] recalls an in/ance1 :i* happ5$ 9 connection ) ! ,pan ,pacific ,conf]5ce at ,honolulu dur+ ! ,augu/ ( #aibj4 ,! ,conf]5ce 0 att5d$ by illu/ri\s sci5ti/s f e l& bord]+ ^u ! ,pacific4 ,aft] ! prelim9>y sessions1 ! delegates paid a visit to ! fam\s volcano ( ,kilauea4 ,doctor ,t4 ,a4 ,jagg>1 ,jr41 vulcanologi/ & ,director ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,obs]vatory at ,kilauea1 act$ z guide1 ! writ] himself be+ "o ( ! p>ty4 ,9 ! c\rse ( our t\r ( inspection1 we came to ! ext9ct volcano ( ,k5akakoe4 ,!re a numb] ( volcanic bombs1 "s %att]$ & "s intact1 7 po9t$ out to u4 ,= ! b5efit ( read]s1 :o may n "k1 ,i may /ate t a volcanic bomb orig9ates z a fragm5t ( =eign mat]ial1 e4g4 a /one1 :i*1 fall+ into a volcano1 becomes coat$ ) an ext]nal %ell ( lava4 ,9 addition to ! bombs1 c]ta9 holes 9 ! soil 7 %[n to u1 :i* ,doctor ,jagg>1 evid5tly "u ! influ5ce ( milit>y imag]y sugge/$ by ! !n rec5t ,european ,w>1 describ$ z 8%ell-crat]s0 dug by ! a=esaid volcanic bombs4 ,doctor ,jagg> acc\nt$ = ! bombs & crat]s by a v +5i\s !ory4 ,9 #agij1 he said1 ! ye> 9 :i* ,kamehameha ,i 0 cont5d+ ) ,ke\a = ! ma/]y ( ! l>ge isl& ( ,hawaii1 ! only explosive eruption ( ,kilauea kn[n to hi/ory occurr$1 & x 0 dur+ ?is eruption 7:i* de/roy$ "p ( ,ke\a's army7 t ! bombs f\nd at ,k5akakoe 7 eject$ f ! above-m5tion$ volcano4 ,x 0 !n1 we 7 in=m$1 t ^! bombs hurtl+ ?r\gh ! air 9 giant trajectories f ,kilauea /ruck ! gr\nd & scoop$ out ! 8%ell-crat]s0 at ,k5akakoe4 ,"s ( !m1 x appe>$1 did n rema9 9 ! crat]s1 b reb\nd$ to /rike aga9 on ! rocks beyond4 ,( ! latt]1 "p 7 %att]$1 :ile o!rs )/ood ! =ce ( ! second impact4 ,! :ole p>ty 0 mu* impress$ by ! gr&eur ( ?is vivid description1 & "s ( ! sci5ti/s 7 at great pa9s to photograph ! crat]s z awe-inspir+ ve/iges ( ! mighty bomb>dm5t wr\ght 9 times pa/ by ,nature's volcanic artill]y4 ,:5 ,i return$ to ,hilo1 ,i happ5$ to m5tion to ,bro!r ,mat?ias ,newell "s misgiv+s :i* ,i _h felt conc]n+ ! size & appe>ance ( ! s-call$ 8%ell-crat]s40 ,bro!r ,newell1 a memb] ( ! ,m>i/ ,congregation & q a sci5ti/ 9 8 way1 is fam\s 9 ! ,isl&s z ! discov]] ( a fungus1 by :i* ! ,japanese ,beetle1 a local pe/1 has be5 l>gely ext]m9at$4 ,= sev]al ye>s1 prior to ! adv5t ( ,doctor ,jagg> & ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,obs]vatory1 he _h /udi$ ext5sively ! fam\s volcano on ! slopes ( ,mauna ,loa4 ,on he>+ my n>rative ( ! =ego+ incid5t1 ,bro!r ,newell 0 curi\s to "k ! exact locality1 & bur/ into a he>ty laugh z soon z ,i m5tion$ ,k5akakoe4 ,he himself1 he told me1 9 company ) ,bro!r ,h5ry1 _h frequ5tly dug = bombs at ,k5akakoe4 ,:5 successful 9 _! que/1 ! two 7 wont to c>ry ! volcanic bomb to ! rocks1 & to break x op5 = ! purpose ( exam9+ ! inn] core4 ,"s ( ! bombs1 h[ev]1 escap$ ?is fate ?r\gh be+ too resi/5t to ! hamm]4 ,! holes1 ne$less to say1 7 n 8%ell-crat]s0 scoop$ by volcanic bombs1 b ord9>y excavations dug by prosaic spades4 ,su* 0 ! simple basis ( fact ^u :i* ! elaborate sup]/ructure ( ,jagg>'s !ory _h be5 re>$6 ,?\gh ,jagg> 01 9 a s5se1 entirely blameless1 8 !ory 0 pure fiction f />t to f9i%4 ,no sci5ti/ pres5t1 h[ev]1 took exception to x4 ,on ! contr>y1 all ( !m appe>$ p]fectly satisfi$ ) 8 pseudosci5tific explanation4 ,if ! =ego+ incid5t conveys any lesson1 x is ?is1 t nei!r s+ly nor collectively are sci5ti/s exempt f error1 especially :5 !y deal ) a remote pa/1 :i* no "o has obs]v$4 ,! attempt to recon/ruct ! pa/ by means ( inf]5ce alone produces1 n hi/ory1 b romance4 ,doctor ,gregory's g5ealogy ( ,man display$ 9 ! ,am]ican ,museum is q z mu* ! fruit ( imag9ation z ,jagg>'s ,kilauean fantasy4 ,! %am p$igree be>s l witness to ! +5uity ( ! human m9d1 b1 if anyone is tempt$ by its false %[ ( sci5ce to take x s]i\sly1 let him ?9k ( ! bombs ( ,k5akakoe4 ,,aft]word ,) ! close ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ! h\r h& ( biological sci5ce _h complet$ ano!r revolution4 ,"o aft] ano!r1 ! classic sy/ems ( evolution _h pass$ into ! disc>d1 z its remorseless progress regi/]$ _! doom4 ,! la/ ( ^! sy/ems1 ,de-,vriesianism1 enjoy$ a meteoric vogue 9 ! fir/ ye>s ( ! pres5t c5tury1 b x1 too1 has gone into eclipse ) ! rise ( r$iscov]$ ,m5delism4 ,not)/&+ all ^! rev]ses1 h[ev]1 ! evolution>y !ory /ill cont9ues to numb] a ho/ ( /eadfa/ adh]5ts4 ,"s ( its p>tisans uphold x ^u antiquat$ gr\nds4 ,culturally speak+1 su* m5 /ill live 9 ! days ( ,d>w91 & fail to realize t mu* wat] has pass$ "u ! bridge s9ce !n4 ,x has o!r protagoni/s1 h[ev]1 :o are ?or\ghly conv]sant ) mod]n data1 & fully aw>e1 9 consequ5ce1 ( ! inadequacy ( all exi/5t =mulations ( ! evolutional hypo!sis4 ,m9ds ( ! latt] type are pro(1 app>5tly1 aga9/ any sort ( disillusionm5t1 & x is manife/ t _! attitude is det]m9$ by "s consid]ation o!r ?an ! actual results ( rese>*4 ,?is o!r consid]ation is moni/ic metaphysics4 ,9 defect ( factual confirmation1 evolution is demon/rat$ apriori/ically f ! pr9ciple ( ! m9imum4 ,! scope ( ?is me?odological pr9ciple is to simplify or unify causation by disp5s+ ) all t is sup]flu\s 9 ! way ( explanation4 ,9 old5 days1 x w5t by ! "n ( ,occam's ,razor & 0 word$ ?us3 ,entia non sunt multiplic&a praet] necessitatem--8,?+s are n to be multipli$ )\t necessity40 ,evolution meets ! requirem5ts ( ?is pr9ciple4 ,x simplifies ! problem ( organic orig9s by r$uc+ ! numb] ( ance/ors to a m9imum4 ,!re=e1 argues ! evolutioni/1 evolution mu/ be true4 ,z an empirical rule1 ! pr9ciple ( ! m9imum is1 no d\bt1 ess5tial to ! sci5tific me?od4 ,to erect x into a metaphysical axiom1 h[ev]1 is prepo/]\s2 = simple explanations are n necess>ily true explanations4 ,9 ! rle ( apriori/ic metaphysics1 ! pr9ciple ( cont9uity is de/ructive1 & t5ds to plane d[n ev]y?+ to ! dead level ( mat]iali/ic monism4 ,= ^? :o transc5d5talize x1 x becomes ! pr9ciple 8t ev]y?+ is #8no?+ b' some?+ else1 probably inf]ior to x40 7,santayana47 ,to ass]t cont9uity1 !y are driv5 to d5y1 or1 at lea/1 to leave unexpla9$ & inexplicable1 ! obvi\s novelty t em]ges at ea* high] level ( ! cosmic scale4 ,& ?us x comes to pass t intellig5ce is pron\nc$ to be no?+ b s5se1 & s5se to be no?+ b physiology1 & physiology to be no?+ b *emi/ry1 & *emi/ry to be no?+ b me*anics1 until ?is philosophical nihilism weeps at la/ = want ( fur!r opportunities ( deva/ation4 ,its expon5ts h an int5se horror = abrupt transitions1 & res5t ! discov]y ( any?+ t defies resolution into t]ms ( mass & motion4 ,evolution smoo?s ! pa? = monism ( ?is type by trans=m+ nature's /aircase into an incl9$ plane ( imp]ceptible asc5t4 ,h5ce ,dewey ref]s to evolution z a 8cl9*+ pro(0 ( ! cont9uity hypo!cat$ by ! moni/4 ,= ! latt]1 !re is no hi]>*y ( values1 & all ess5tial di/9ctions are aboli%$2 = him no?+ is unique & ev]y?+ is equally important4 ,he affirms ! democracy ( facts & is bl9d to all p]spective 9 nature4 ,he is1 9 %ort1 ! enemy ( all beauty1 all spirituality1 all culture1 all morality1 & all religion4 ,he sub/itutes neurons = ! s\l1 & en?rones ,natural ,selection 9 ! place ( ! ,creator4 ,he sets up1 9 a ^w1 ! ideal ( 8an animali/ic man & a me*ani/ic univ]se10 & (f]s u evolution z a demon/ration ( ?is 8ideal40 ,v]non ,kellogg objects to our indictm5t4 8,! evolutioni/10 he says1 8does n l be+ call$ a bad man4 ,he does n l be+ po/$ z an enemy ( poetry & fai? & religion4 ,he does n l be+ def9$ z crassly mat]iali/1 a man exclusively ( ! e>? e>?y40 7,atlantic ,mon?ly1 ,april #bd1 #aibd1 p4 #dij47 ,ap>t f _! object1 ! likes or dislikes ( an evolutioni/ are a matt] ( indiff]5ce4 ,:at we want to "k is :e!r 8 dislike is m]ely = ! names1 or :e!r x ext5ds to ! reality d5ot$ by ^! names4 ,human nature has a weakness = euphemisms4 ,m5 may 8want ! game )\t ! "n10 p>ticul>ly :51 des]v$ly or undes]v$ly1 ! "n happ5s to h an (f5sive connotation4 ,!re are1 no d\bt1 evolutioni/s :o m+le en\gh dualism ) _! philosophy to mitigate ! mo/ objectionable aspects ( its basic monism4 ,9 s do+1 h[ev]1 !y are gov]n$ by consid]ations t are :olly extrane\s to evolution>y ?\ght4 ,inde$1 if we take ,kellogg's words at _! face value 7t is1 9 a s5se :i* he w\ld probably disclaim71 x is 9 spite ( 8 philosophy t ! evolutioni/ is a spirituali/4 8,& j z religion & *eat+10 reasons ,kellogg1 8c app>5tly be compass$ 9 "o man1 s c "o man be bo? evolutioni/ & ideali/40 7,loc4 cit41 p4 #dij47 ,if ?is comp>ison holds true1 ! evolutioni/ c be an ideali/ only to ! ext5t t he is inconsi/5t or hypocritical1 s9ce "u no o!r supposition c\ld piety & crime coxi/ 9 "o & ! same p]son4 ,be t z x may1 ! majority ( evolutioni/s are av[$ me*ani/s & mat]iali/s1 9 all t conc]ns ! explanation ( natural ph5om5a4 8,t !re may be ,god :o has put 8 ,_s into m50 7,kellogg1 ibid41 p4 #dia71 !y are condesc5d+ly will+ to conc$e4 ,& small cr$it to !m = ?is2 = :o c disprove ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 or ! spirituality ( ! human s\l8 ,nev]!less1 x is impossible1 !y ma9ta91 to be c]ta9 on ^! subjects4 ,natural sci5ce is 9 _! eyes ! only =m ( human k t has any objective validity4 ,pro(s ( human spirituality !y d5\nce z metaphysical1 & metaphysics is = !m synonym\s ) 8su* /uff z dreams are made (10 unwor?y to be m5tion$ 9 ! same brea? ) physical sci5ce--8,es gibt fr uns ke9 &]es ,erk5n5 als das me*anis*e1 444 ,nur me*anis* begreif5 i/ ,wiss5s*aft40 7,du ,bois-,reymond47 ,9 practice1 !re=e1 if n 9 !ory1 ! t5d5cy ( evolution has be5 to unspiritualize & d]eligionize ! philosophy ( its adh]5ts1 a t5d5cy :i* is /rik+ly exemplifi$ 9 "o ( its greate/ expon5ts1 ,*>les ,d>w9 himself4 ,! ,engli% naturali/ began 8 sci5tific c>e] z a !i/ & a spirituali/4 ,he end$ x z an agno/ic & a mat]iali/4 ,8 evolution>y philosophy 01 by 8 own confession1 responsible = ! trans=mation4 8,:5 ?us reflect+10 he says1 8,i feel compell$ to look to a fir/ cause hav+ an intellig5t m9d 9 "s degree analog\s to t ( man1 & ,i des]ve to be call$ a ,!i/4 ,?is conclusion 0 /rong 9 my m9d ab\t ! "t1 z f> z ,i rememb]1 :5 ,i wrote ! #8,orig9 ( ,species'2 & x is s9ce t "t t x has v gradually1 ) _m fluctuations1 become weak]4 ,b !n arises ! d\bt1 c ! m9d ( man1 :i* has1 z ,i fully believe1 be5 develop$ f a m9d z l[ z t possess$ by ! l[e/ animals1 be tru/$ :5 x draws su* gr& conclusions8 ,i c n pret5d to ?r[ ! lea/ light on su* ab/ruse problems4 ,! my/]y ( ! beg9n+ ( all ?+s is insoluble by u2 & ,i1 = "o1 mu/ be cont5t to rema9 an ,agno/ic40 78,! ,life & ,lett]s ( ,*>les ,d>w910 edit$ by ,francis ,d>w91 #ahhg1 vol4 ,i1 p4 #bhb47 ,d>w9 likewise exemplifies 9 8 own p]son ! de/ructive influ5ce ex]cis$ ^u ! /hetic s5se by exclusive adh]5ce to ! moni/ic viewpo9t4 ,hav+ allud$ 9 8 autobiography to 8 =m] pr$ilection = poetry1 music1 & ! beauties ( nature1 he cont9ues z foll[s3 8,b n[ = _m ye>s ,i _c endure to read a l9e ( poetry3 ,i h tri$ lately to read ,%akespe>e1 & f\nd t x nauseat$ me4 ,i h also lo/ my ta/e = pictures & music4444 ,i reta9 "s ta/e = f9e sc5]y1 b x does n cause me ! exquisite delight :i* x =m]ly did4444 ,my m9d seems to h become a k9d ( ma*9e = gr9d+ g5]al laws out ( l>ge collections ( facts2 444 if ,i _h to live my life aga91 ,i w\ld h made x a rule to read "s poetry & li/5 to "s music at lea/ e week2 = p]haps ! p>ts ( my bra9 n[ atrophi$ w\ld h be5 kept alive ?r\gh use4 ,! loss ( ^! ta/es is a loss ( happ9ess1 & may possibly be injuri\s to ! intellect1 & m probably to ! moral "* by enfeebl+ ! emotional "p ( our nature40 7,op4 cit41 vol4 ,i1 pp4 #ha1 #hb47 ,evolution1 we repeat1 has br\ght u mat]iali/ic monism1 9 ^: b>r5 soil nor fai?1 nor idealism1 nor morality1 nor poesy1 nor art1 nor any ( ! f9] ?+s ( life c ?rive4 ,to its dy/elic & atomi/ic view1 ,nature has ceas$ to be ! vic> ( ,god1 & mat]ial ?+s are no long] sacram5tal symbols ( et]nal v]ities4 ,x d5ies all design 9 ,nature1 & dismemb]s all beauty into mean+less fragm5ts4 ,x is s deeply engross$ 9 ! contemplation ( p>ts1 t x has =gott5 t !re is any su* ?+ z a :ole4 ,! rose & ! bird-(-p>adise are n ineffable messages f ,god to man2 !y are b accid5tal aggregates ( colloidal molecules =tuit\sly assembl$ 9 ! p]petual1 yet aimless1 flux ( evolv+ matt]4 ,f ! /&po9t ( ! moral & sociological consequ5ces1 h[ev]1 ! grave/ c\nt aga9/ evolution is ! seem+ support :i* ?is !ory has giv5 to ! moni/ic conception ( an animali/ic man4 ,d>w9's doctr9e on ! be/ial orig9 ( man br\ght no o!r ga9 to natural sci5ce ?an ! addition ( "o m unv]ifi$ & unv]ifiable hypo!sis to its already ext5sive /ock ( unf\nd$ speculations4 ,x did1 h[ev]1 "w irrep>able h>m to millions ( unle>n$ & cr$ul\s p]sons1 ^: *ildlike confid5ce ! unscrupul\s exp\nd]s ( ?is doctr9e h n hesitat$ to abuse4 ,! exagg]ations & misrepres5tations ( ! latt] met ) an all too ready cr$5ce on ! "p ( ^? :o 7 n compet5t to discrim9ate betwe5 !ory & fact4 ,! sequel has be5 a :olesale ab&onm5t ( religi\s & moral convictions1 :i* has ru9$ ! lives & blight$ ! happ9ess ( c\ntless victims4 ,has x be5 wor? :ile1 we may well ask ( ! prop\nd]s ( ?is !ory1 to sacrifice s mu* 9 ex*ange = s little8 ,! solid ga9 to natural sci5ce has be5 negligible1 b ! consequ5ces ( ! bl[ unfairly dealt to morals & religion are incalculable & beyond ! possibility ( repair4 8,morals & ,religion10 says ,newman1 8are n repres5t$ to ! intellig5ce ( ! _w by intimations & notices /rong & obvi\s su* z ^? :i* are ! f\ndation ( physical sci5ce4444 ,in/ead ( be+ obtrud$ on our notice1 s t we _c possibly ov]look !m1 !y are ! dictates ei!r ( ,consci5ce or ( ,fai?4 ,!y are fa9t %ad[s & trac+s1 c]ta9 inde$1 b delicate1 fragile1 & almo/ evanesc5t1 :i* ! m9d recognizes at "o "t1 n at ano!r1 disc]ns :5 x is calm1 loses :5 x is 9 agitation4 ,! reflection ( sky & m\nta9s 9 ! lake is pro( t sky & m\nta9s are ar\nd x1 b ! twilight or ! mi/ or ! sudd5 ?und]/orm hurries away ! beautiful image1 :i* leaves beh9d x no memorial ( :at x 04444 ,h[ easily c we be talk$ out ( our cle>e/ views ( duty2 h[ does ?is or t moral precept crumble into no?+ :5 we rudely h&le x6 ,h[ does ! fe> ( s9 pass (f f u1 z quickly z ! gl[ ( mode/y dies away f ! c\nt5ance6 & !n we say #8,x is all sup]/ition4' ,h[ev]1 aft] a "t1 we look ar\nd1 & !n to our surprise we see1 z be=e1 ! same law ( duty1 ! same moral precepts1 ! same prote/ aga9/ s91 appe>+ ov] aga9/ u1 9 _! old places1 z if !y _h nev] be5 bru%$ away1 l ! ,div9e h&writ+ ^u ! wall at ! banquet40 78,idea ( a ,univ]sity10 pp4 #eac-eae47 ,_h evolution>y en?usia/s adh]$ m /rictly to ! facts1 _h !y proce$$ 9 ! _s ( sci5tific caution1 _h !y %[n1 9 fact1 ev5 s mu* z a common reg>d = ! simple tru?1 ! 8progress ( sci5ce0 w\ld n h be5 a*iev$ at ! exp5se ( morals & religion4 ,z x is1 ?is s-call$ progress has left beh9d a wake ( de/ruction 9 ! %ape ( und]m9$ convictions1 bla/$ lives1 crimes1 mis]y1 despair1 & suicide4 ,x has1 9 %ort1 contribut$ l>gely to ! pres5t s9i/] & undes]v$ triumph ( ,mat]ialism1 ,agno/icism1 & ,pessimism1 :i* ,john ,talbot ,smi? has s fitt+ly *>act]iz$ z ! ?ree ,d's ( dirt1 d\bt1 & despair4 ,a little less s5sationalism1 a little m consci5ti\sness1 a little m ( t admirable quality1 sci5tific caution1 & ! concord ( fai? & reason w\ld h become a truism in/ead ( a problem4 ,b su* regrets are va94 ,! evil effects are "h to /ay1 & no?+ c undo ! pa/4 ,if man is b a high] k9d ( brute1 if he has no unique1 immortal pr9ciple )9 him1 if 8 free w is an illusion1 if 8 conduct is ! necess>y resultant ( *emical reactions occurr+ 9 8 protoplasm1 if he is no?+ m ?an an automaton ( fle%1 a m]e decay+ organism :i* is ! sport ( all ! bl9d physical =ces & /imuli play+ ^u x1 if he has no prospect ( a future life ( retribution1 if he is unacc\ntable to any high] au?ority1 ,div9e or human1 !n morality ceases to h a mean+1 "r & wrong lose _! significance1 virtue & vice are all ! same4 ,! con/ancy ( ! m>tyr & ! patriotism ( ! fall5 soldi] become un9telligible folly1 :ile a he>tless & infam\s s5sualism prey+ vulturelike ^u ! c>rion ( human mis]y & corruption is to be reckon$ ! highe/ expression ( wisdom & effici5cy4 ,! gr&e/ ideals t h inspir$ en?usiasm & devotion 9 human brea/s are b idle dreams & wor?less delusions4 ,f a _w :i* accepts ?is degrad$ view ( human nature all h]oism & *ivalry mu/ vani% utt]ly2 = x w recognize no l(ti] inc5tives to action ?an pleasure & love ( self4 ,su* doctr9es1 too1 are ess5tially antisocial4 ,!y de/roy ! v f\ndation ( altruism4 ,to seek immortality 9 ! effects ( "o's unselfi% de$s becomes ridicul\s4 ,= :at assurance c we h t ! fruits ( our sacrifice w be acceptable to a progressive po/]ity1 or :at diff]5ce w our self-d5ial make1 :5 ! :ole human species %all h become ext9ct on ! desolate surface ( a dy+ _w8 ,)\t an adequate motivation = altruism1 h[ev]1 ! exi/5ce ( society becomes impossible1 s9ce self-int]e/ is n a feasible sub/itute4 ,to urge ! obs]vance ( social laws on ! gr\nd t !y protect p]son1 life1 & prop]ty1 w h>dly appeal to m5 :o h no possessions to be protect$ nor a com=table life to be prolong$4 ,yet ! major portion ( mank9d are 9 ?is category4 ,= su* ! laws c mean no?+ m ?an artificial corruptions1 ( ! natural & primitive ord] ( ?+s introduc$ = ! special b5efit ( ! ri* & p[]ful4 ,"u circum/ances ( ?is sort1 no plea avails to sil5ce ! h]alds ( revolt4 ,if !re is no future life = ! right+ ( pres5t inju/ices1 !n naught rema9s b to t]m9ate ! prosp]ity ( ! wick$ "h & n[4 ,if !re is no heav5 = man beyond ! grave1 !n x behooves ev]yone to get all ! enjoym5t he c out ( ! pres5t life4 ,x is high "t1 !re=e1 t ?is e>?ly heav5 ( mank9d %\ld cease to be monopoliz$ by a few c\pon-hold+ capitali/s & become1 in/ead1 ! prop]ty ( ! expropriat$ prolet>iat4 ,an>*y & ,socialism are ! consequ5ces :i* ! logic ( ! situation inexorably port5ds4 ,! />v+ sw9e mu/ hurl _! bloat$ bre?r5 f ! tr\gh t ! latt] h h]et(ore res]v$ = !mselves4 ,! sequel1 ( c\rse1 c be none o!r ?an ! complete dis9tegration ( civilization & its ultimate disappe>ance 9 a hide\s vortex ( c>nage1 rap9e1 & b>b>ity4 ,nor is ?is prognosis bas$ on pure conjecture4 ,9 proportion z ^! p]nici\s doctr9es h ga9$ gr\nd1 mod]n society has become infect$ ) ! virus ( animalism1 egoism1 & p]fidy2 exp$i5cy has be5 sub/itut$ = honor2 & purity has be5 replac$ by prophylaxis4 ,"o c\ld n1 ( c\rse1 expect to see a univ]sal & ?or\ghgo+ application ( ^! pr9ciples 9 ! concrete4 ,! mat]iali/ic view ( human nature is horribly unnatural1 &1 9 practice1 w\ld be q unbe>able4 ,natural human goodness & ev5 ! m]e in/9ct ( self-pres]vation militate aga9/ a r$uction to ! concrete ( ?is inhuman conception1 & ^! t5d1 9 real life1 to mitigate ! evil effects ( its acceptance4 ,nev]!less1 ! actual consequ5ces result+ f ! spread ( evolution>y pr9ciples are s conspicu\s & appall+ z to leave no d\bt :atev] ( ! deadly nature ( ?is philosophy4 ,m>xian ,socialism has be5 call$ 8sci5tific0 = no o!r reason ?an t x is bas$ ^u mat]iali/ic evolution1 & ?is sci5tific socialism has br\ght ^u mod]n ,russia a reign ( t]ror1 :i* eclipses t ( ,france 9 ! bloodie/ days ( ! ,revolution4 ,eleanor ,m>x1 x w be rememb]$1 aft] fall+ a victim to h] fa!r's tea*+s reg>d+ 8free love10 committ$ suicide4 ,! same confession ( failure has be5 made by two rec5t editors ( ! sociali/ ,appeal to ,reason 7,j4 ,w4 ,wayl& & ,j4 ,o4 ,welday71 bo? ( :om committ$ suicide4 ,^! are b a few ( ! _m in/ances t might be cit$ to %[ t ! life philosophy inculcat$ by mat]iali/ic evolution is s intol]ably unnatural & revolt+ t nei!r society nor ! individual c survive )9 ! le?al %ad[ ( its baleful influ5ce4 ,b may n ! extreme mat]ialism & pessimism ( ?is view be peculi> to ! sordid & joyless outlook ( ! social malcont5t8 ,does n evolution>y ?\ght conduce to some?+ f9] & m hopeful 9 ! case ( ! progressive & optimi/ic lib]al8 ,va9 hope6 ,we _c console ourselves ) any delusions on ?is score4 ,lib]alism proclaims ! emancipation ( humanity f all au?ority1 & ! rejection ( a future life ( retribution is ! indisp5sable premise ( ! doctr9e t makes man a law unto himself4 ,h5ce1 :]ev] ,lib]alism controls ! tongues ( educators1 ! human s\l becomes a my?1 religion a sup]/ition1 & immortality an anodyne = m5tal weakl+s4 ,/rong-m9d$ tru?-seek]s are advis$ to ab&on ^! irrational beliefs1 & to adopt ! 8,new ,religion10 :i* disp5ses once = all ) ,god & ! h]eaft]4 8,! new religion10 says ,*>les ,eliot1 ex-,presid5t ( ,h>v>d1 8w n attempt to reconcile p to pres5t ills by ! promise ( future comp5sation4 ,i believe t ! adv5t ( j fre$om has be5 delay$ = c5turies by su* promises4 ,prev5tion w be ! wat*word ( ! new religion1 & a skillful surgeon w be "o ( its m9i/]s4 ,x _c supply consolation z (f]$ by old religions1 b x w r$uce ! ne$ ( consolation40 78,! ,new ,religion407 ,aga91 x may be object$ t evolutioni/s1 = all _! agno/icism & mat]ialism1 frequ5tly put ,*ri/ians to %ame by _! irreproa*ably upright & moral lives4 ,t !y sometimes succe$ 9 do+ ?is _c be ga9said4 ,b !y d s because !y borr[ _! moral /&>ds f ,*ri/ianity1 & d n foll[ ! logical consequ5ces ( _! own pr9ciples4 ,_! morality1 !re=e1 is p>asitic1 z ,balf\r has wisely obs]v$1 & x w soon die out :5 ! social environm5t %all h be5 suffici5tly de-,*ri/ianiz$4 8,eat1 dr9k1 & be m]ry1 = tomorr[ we die10 is _! prop] philosophy ( life1 only !y h n ! c\rage ( _! convictions4 ,= ! re/1 _! philosophical convictions h no?+ 9 common ) ! moral /&>ds :i* !y actually obs]ve4 ,9 fact1 n only does ! monism ( evolution>y sci5ce fail to motivate ! ,*ri/ian code ( morals1 b x is radically & irreconcilably oppos$ to all t ,*ri/ianity /&s =4 ,h>tmann1 a mod]n philosoph]1 notes ) grim satisfaction ! cla% ( ! two viewpo9ts1 & pr$icts 7) :at1 p]haps1 is premature assurance7 ! ultimate triumph ( 8mod]n progress40 8,_m !re are10 he tells u1 8:o speak & write ( ! /ruggle ( civilization1 b few !re are :o realize t ?is /ruggle is ! la/ desp]ate /& ( ! ,*ri/ian ideal be=e its f9al disappe>ance f ! _w1 & t mod]n civilization is prep>$ to resort to any means r ?an rel9qui% ^? ?+s1 :i* x has won at ! co/ ( su* great toil4 ,= mod]n civilization & ,*ri/ianity are antagoni/ic to ea* o!r1 & x is !re=e inevitable t "o give place to ! o!r4 ,mod]n progress c ackn[l$ge no ,god save "o imman5t to ! _w & oppos$ to ! transc5d5t ,god ( ,*ri/ian revelation1 nor o!r morality save only t true k9d ^: s\rce is ! human w det]m9+ itself by itself & becom+ a law unto itself40 78,religion de l'av]nir407 ,! ,_w ,w> has done mu* to damp5 ! ardor ( ^? :o look$ =w>d ) en?usiasm to ! mill5nium ( a purely sci5tific religion4 ,9 ?is spectacul> lesson !y h le>n$ t sci5ce c de/roy z well z build4 ,!y h come to see t biology1 physics1 & *emi/ry are morally colorless1 & t we mu/ g outside ! realm ( natural sci5ce :5 we are 9 que/ ( t :i* c give mean+ to our lives & noble inspiration to our conduct4 ,:5 sci5ce sup]s$es religion1 ! result is always disillusionm5t foll[+ 9 ! wreck-/rewn wake ( moral & physical disa/]4 ,grave little manik9s digg+ 9 ! slime ,int5t ^u ! old game ( #8,once-^u-a-"t4' ,o!r little manik9s engag$ ) ?+s-to-come1 ,build+ up ! s&-heap call$ ,mill5nium4 7,!odore ,mac,manus7 ,rec5tly1 ! *ancellor ( a great univ]sity has se5 fit publicly to disclaim1 9 ! "n ( 8 in/itution1 all responsibility = a crime committ$ by two memb]s ( ! /ud5t body4 ,! "y m5 involv$ 9 ?is affair _h p]=m$ an exp]im5tal murd]4 ,! exp]im5t]s1 x w\ld seem1 7 unable to discrim9ate betwe5 man & bea/4 ,!y _h be5 taught by _! pr(essors t sci5tific psy*ology disp5ses ) ! s\l1 & t ! diff]5ce betwe5 m5 & brutes is "o ( degree only1 & n ( k9d4 ,ev5 t negligible di/9ction1 !y 7 told1 _h be5 bridg$ by evolution4 ,9 ! sequel1 ! "y m5 fail$1 app>5tly1 to see :y vivisection1 :i* 0 "r 9 ! case ( animals1 %\ld be wrong 9 ! case ( human be+s4 ,_! a/\nd+ obtus5ess on ?is p>ticul> po9t 01 ( c\rse1 exce$+ly regrettable & h>d to und]/&4 ,yet1 someh[1 "o _c help ?9k+ b t _! education 0 l>gely responsible = x4 ,9 ! />tl+ crime ( ^! /ud5ts1 mod]n educators w f9d mu* food = s]i\s ?\ght4 ,x %\ld give pause to ^?1 especially1 :o h be5 ov]zeal\s 9 popul>iz+ ! ,d>w9ian conception ( human nature4 ,let m5 ( ?is type reflect ^u :at sl5d] gr\nds _! dogmatism re/s1 & let !m !n weigh well ! gravity ( ! responsibility1 :i* !y incur4 ,tuccimei summ>izes = !m1 9 ! foll[+ t]ms1 ! nature & ext5t ( _! acc\ntability3 8,?is p]v]se det]m9ation to place man & brutes 9 ! same category1 int]e/s me n s mu* f ! scriptural /&po9t z = reasons moral & social4 ,sci5ce1 z ! m mod]ate ( our adv]s>ies h told u (t5 en\gh1 does n assail religion1 b proce$s on its way reg>dless ( ! consequ5ces4 ,& ! consequ5ces we see only too pla9ly1 n[ t ! evolution>y philosophy has invad$ e bran* ( k & walk ( life1 & has seep$ d[n among ! ignorant & turbul5t masses4 ,^! consequ5ces are kn[n z socialism & an>*y4 ,! protagoni/s ( ! new philosophy /rove to repudiate !m at fir/3 b n[ _m ( _! numb] h laid aside ev5 ?is pret5se4 ,sociali/ic doctr9es are bas$ exclusively ^u our assum$ k9%ip ) ! brutes1 & ! lead]s ( militant socialism h inscrib$ on ! frontispieces ( _! books ! *a9 fatally logical & t]ribly true ( ?ree names1 ,d>w91 ,sp5c]1 ,m>x4 8,9 tru?1 our common orig9 ) ! brutes be+ tak5 = grant$1 :y %\ld we n enjoy 9 common ) !m ! "r to gratify e in/9ct8 ,social inequalities are ! product ( laws & conv5tionalities will$ by ! ri* & p[]ful4 ,9 ! natural & primitive /ate ( ?+s !y did n exi/2 :y n proce$ !n to a g5]al level+ ( ! exi/+ social ord]8 8,su* an orig9 ( ! human race be+ assum$1 ! exi/5ce ( ! s\l & a future life becomes a my? inv5t$ by ! prie/s ( ! v>i\s religions4 ,) ?is inconv5i5t re/ra9t remov$1 !re rema9s no alt]native save to aspire to ! acquisition ( all ! pleasures ( life2 & = him :o lacks ! :]e)al to procure !m = himself !re rema9s no o!r rec\rse ?an to seek !m by means ( viol5ce or /rategy4 ,h5ce an>*y4 ,9 ?is supposition1 morality no long] possesses t sole1 true1 & efficaci\s sanction :i* religion alone c furni%2 x am\nts to no?+ m ?an ! resultant ( ! evolution ( ! individual's p]fections & _! cord9ation to ! well-be+ ( 8 race & ( society4 ,b if1 by reason ( ret>d$ evolution1 ! social in/9cts h n progress$ to ! po9t ( repress+ ! individual or egoi/ic in/9cts1 :at guilt w !re be 9 ! del9qu5t :o lapses into ! mo/ atroci\s crimes8 ,h5ce free w is ano!r my? t positive psy*ology & ! sci5ce ( moral /ati/ics h already be5 at pa9s to explode4 8,& behold ! suff]+1 ! un=tunate1 & ! dy+ depriv$ ( _! sole consolation1 ! la/ hope :i* fai? held out to !m1 & society r$uc$ to an inf]no ( desp]adoes & suicides6 ,i c\ld g on %[+ 9 ?is way1 to :at a pass ! evolutioni/ic !ories br+ society & ! individual40 78,la teoria dell' evoluzione e le sue applicazioni10 p4 #df47 ,,gloss>y ,abiog5esis3 ,! discr$it$ hypo!sis t life may orig9ate spontane\sly 9 lifeless matt]1 i4e41 ap>t f ! influ5ce ( liv+ matt]4 ,adaptation3 7#a7 ,! reciprocal aptitude ( organism & environm5t = ea* o!r2 7#b7 a /ructure1 modification ( /ructure1 or behaviori/ic response enabl+ ! organism to solve a special problem impos$ by ! environm5t2 7#c7 ! process by :i* ! organism's adju/m5t to ! environm5t is br\ght ab\t4 ,allelomorphs3 ,g5es locat$ opposite ea* o!r on homolog\s *romosomes & repres5t+ contra/+ *>act]s2 !y are sep>at$ dur+ meiosis accord+ to ! ,m5delian law ( segregation1 e4g4 ! g5es = r$ & :ite 9 ,f\r o'clocks :i* :5 unit$ give rise to p9k1 & :5 segregat$1 to r$ & :ite fl[]s respectively1 are allelomorphs ( ea* o!r4 ,alluvial3 ,p]ta9+ to ! ,alluvium1 :i* consi/s ( fre%-wat] deposits ( ! ,plei/oc5e & ,rec5t s]ies1 to be di/+ui%$ f ! ,diluvium :i* consi/s ( old] ,plei/oc5e =mations4 ,am9o-acids3 ,! *emical build+-/ones ( ! prote9s--organic acids conta9+ "o or m am9o-gr\ps 7--,,nh7 9 place ( hydrog51 e4g41 am9o-acetic acid1 ,,*,,nh,,cooh4 ,amnion3 ,a membran\s bag :i* encloses ! embryo 9 high] v]tebrates4 ,! l[] v]tebrates1 namely1 fi%es & amphibia1 h no amnion & are t]m$ 8anamniotic40 ,! reptiles1 birds1 & mammals :i* possess x are t]m$ amniotic v]tebrates4 ,amphioxus3 ,! mo/ simply organiz$ animal hav+ a dorsal noto*ord4 ,x is classifi$ among ! ,acrania 9 contradi/9ction to ! craniate ,*ordates :i* make up ! bulk ( ! v]tebrates4 ,angiosp]ms3 ,! high] plants1 :i* h _! se$s enclos$ 9 se$-vessels4 ,an?ropoid ,apes3 ,apes ( ! family ,,simiid1 :i* approa* man mo/ closely 9 _! organization1 namely1 ! *impanzee1 ! gorilla1 ! gibbon1 & orang-utan4 ,antibody3 ,*emical sub/ances produc$ 9 ! blood 9 reaction to ! injection ( antig5s or toxic sub/ances & capable ( c\nt]act+ or neutraliz+ said sub/ance4 ,su* antibodies are specific = det]m9ate antig5s4 ,antig53 ,any sub/ance t causes ! production ( special antibodies 9 ! blood ( susceptible animals1 aft] "o or sev]al injections4 ,ar?ropods3 ,! phylum ( exoskeletal inv]tebrates compris+ cru/aceans1 ara*nida1 insects1 etc4 ,atavism3 ,! resemblance to an ance/or m di/ant ?an ! p>5ts4 ,automatism3 ,a spontane\s action1 n 9 response to recognizable /imuli4 ,basi*romat93 ,t portion ( a cell's nucle> network :i* conta9s nucle9 & is deeply /a9$ by basic dyes4 ,bip>5tal3 ,d]iv$ f two prog5itors1 i4e41 a fa!r & "m4 ,bra*iopods3 ,inv]tebrate animals be>+ a sup]ficial resemblance to bivalve molluscs1 b belong+ to a totally diff]5t gr\p--lamp %ells4 ,cambrian3 ,! 8olde/0 sy/em ( ! ,palozoic gr\p ( fossilif]\s rocks4 ,c>bohydrates3 ,! sug>s1 />*es1 etc41--polyhydric alcohols ) aldehydic or ketonic gr\ps1 & acetals ( same1 etc4 ,cataly/3 ,a sub/ance :i* accel]ates a *emical reaction )\t p]man5tly p>ticipat+ 9 x1 be+ left ov] un*ang$ at ! end ( ! process4 ,c5triole3 ,! c5trioles or c5tral bodies are ! foci ( mitotic division 9 animal cells1 z well z ! s\rce ( ! k9etic elem5ts develop$ by su* cells4 ,!y are m9ute bodies usually locat$ )9 a l>g] sph]e kn[n z ! c5trosome or c5trosph]e4 ,!y d n occur 9 ! cells ( ! high] plants4 ,cephalopods3 ,a class ( molluscs 9 :i* ! foot is develop$ into a headlike /ructure ) eyes & a circle ( arms1 e4g41 ! octopus1 ! cuttlefi%1 ! squid1 & ! nautilus4 ,c]atites3 ,a g5us ( ext9ct cephalopods hav+ a coil$ %ell & crook$ sutures4 ,"*3 ,an ext]nal feature or s5sible prop]ty ( an organism4 ,x is ! jo9t product ( g]m9al factors 7g5es7 & environm5tal influ5ces4 ,*lorophyll3 ,! gre5 pigm5t =m$ 9 ! *loropla/s 7gre5 pla/ids7 ( plant cells4 ,x is a die/] ( phytyl & me?yl alcohols ) ! tribasic acid1 *lorophyll91 "o ( ^: c>boxyls is e/]ifi$ ) me?yl alcohol1 a second ) phytol1 :ile ! ?ird is o!rwise engag$4 ,*lorophyll9 is a tribasic acid consi/+ ( ! *lorophyllic *romog5 gr\p 7conta9+ magnesium7 jo9$ to ?ree c>boxyl gr\ps4 ,*ondriosomes3 ,cytoplasmic granules rodlike1 ?readlike1 or sph]ical 9 =m1 :i* (t5 appe> to divide on ! mitotic sp9dle1 & are !re=e cr$it$ ) ! p[] ( indep5d5t gr[? & division4 ,! *ondriosomes ( embryonic tissues are ?\ght to be ! orig9al s\rces ( ! pla/ids1 ! fibrill1 & c]ta9 metapla/ic granules4 ,*ordates3 ,! phylum ( animals ^: prim>y axial skeleton consi/s tempor>ily or p]man5tly ( a noto*ord4 ,*romat93 ,same z basi*romat94 ,*romosomes3 ,! %ort ?reads or rodlike bodies into :i* ! basi*romat9 ( ! cell-nucleus is aggregat$ dur+ mitosis--ea* *romosome is segm5t$ into granules call$ *romom]es--9 its submicroscopic /ructure x consi/s ( *a9 or l9e> s]ies ( g5es 7h]$it>y factors7 repres5t+ *>act]s l9k$ toge!r 9 h]$ity1 ea* s+le *romosome be+ t]m$1 on ?is acc\nt1 a 8l9kage-gr\p0 by g5etici/s4 ,ciliate3 ,a protozoan ^: motor-app>atus consi/s ( cilia1 i4 e41 hairlike protoplasmic projections capable ( rapid & cord9at$ vibratile movem5t4 ,cloaca3 ,a common passageway ?r\gh :i* ! inte/9e1 kidneys1 & sex organs dis*>ge _! products1--x occurs 9 c]ta9 fi%es1 9 amphibia1 reptiles1 & birds1 & 9 a few mammals4 ,coccyx3 ,l[] extremity ( ! v]tebral column 9 man4 ,colloids3 ,insoluble gumlike sub/ances1 :i* w n diffuse ?r\gh organic membranes4 ,comm5salism3 ,! h>moni\s cohabitation ( two organisms belong+ to diff]5t species1 :]e ! relation is n necess>ily b5eficial nor necess>ily h>mful to ei!r4 ,crossov]3 ,! ex*ange or reciprocal transf] ( :ole blocks ( g5es f "o homolog\s *romosome to ! o!r1 :i* sometimes occurs 9 synapsis1 probably at ! /reps9ema-/age4 ,cry/alloids3 ,soluble sub/ances1 :i* usually =m cry/als & readily diffuse ?r\gh organic membranes4 ,cy/3 ,a protective envelope =m$ ar\nd an organism dur+ p]iod ( re/4 ,cytode3 ,! non-nucleat$ cell hypo!cat$ by ,haeckel4 ,cyptoplasm3 ,! cell-body or extranucle> protoplasm ( a cell4 ,endomixis3 ,a process ( nucle> reorganization among ! protozoa1 :i* does n require ! cop]ation ( two cells z 9 conjugation 7amphimixis74 ,endoskeleton3 ,an int]nal liv+ skeleton provid+ support & protection 7z well z organs ( movem5t1 9 ! bone-lev]s to :i* ! muscles are atta*$7--x is *>act]i/ic ( ! v]tebrates4 ,enzymes3 ,organic cataly/s1 i4 e41 complex *emical sub/ances =m$ by organisms & s]v+ to accel]ate *emical processes tak+ place 9 said organisms1 e4 g41 ! dige/ive enzymes1 :i* accel]ate ! hydrolysis ( />*es1 fats1 & prote9s4 ,epig5esis3 ,developm5t ( ! embryo by diff]5tiation ( previ\sly undiff]5tiat$ protoplasm4 ,fats3 ,e/]s ( ! high] fatty or organic acids 7su* z /e>ic1 palmitic1 & oleic7 e/]ifi$ ) ! trihydric alcohol glyc]9e 7glyc]ol74 ,gamete3 ,a reproductive cell specializ$ = syngamy1 i4e41 = union ) a complem5t>y g]m cell1 _! union giv+ rise to a syn!tic cell kn[n z a zygote4 ,ganglion3 ,an aggregate ( n]ve-cells consi/+ ma9ly ( neural cell-bodies toge!r ) support+ cells4 ,ganoids3 ,fi%es cov]$ ) enamel$ bony scales1 & n[1 = ! mo/ "p1 ext9ct4 ,g5e3 ,a factor or inf9itesimal elem5t 9 a nucle> ?read or *romosome1 ! latt] be+ a l9e> aggregate ( su* factors1 ea* hav+ def9ite specificity & manife/+ itself 9 ! ext]nal "* :i* develops f x4 ,g5otype3 ,! total assemblage ( g]m9al factors transmitt$ by a giv5 species ( organism1 t is1 ! complete complex ( g5es syn!siz$ 9 ! zygote & p]petuat$ by equation-divisions 9 ! somatic cells4 ,h5ce ! basic g]m9al or h]$it>y con/itution ( an organism or gr\p ( organisms4 ,g]m ,cells3 ,cells specializ$ = reproduction z contra/$ ) o!r vital functions1 e4g41 spores & gametes4 ,g]m-plasm3 ,! mat]ial basis ( inh]itance4 ,glacial ,epo*3 ,aft] ! close ( ! ,t]ti>y p]iod1 ,europe & ,nor? ,am]ica are said to h be5 cov]$ ) va/ ice %eets kn[n z cont95tal glaci]s 7! result ( great climatic *anges 9 ! ,nor!rn hemisph]e74 ,z ! wea!r v>i$ ^! ice %eets advanc$ & retreat$1 ! retreats correspond+ to ! s-call$ ,int]glacial int]vals4 ,f\r ,glacial & ?ree ,int]glacial /ages are di/+ui%$1 & x 0 dur+ ! ,second & ,?ird ( ^! ,int]glacial /ages t ,paloli?ic ,man is alleg$ to h ent]$ ,europe4 ,golgi ,bodies3 ,a cytoplasmic app>atus consi/+1 9 its localiz$ =m1 ( a network1 &1 9 its disp]s$ =m1 ( scatt]$ granules4 ,x appe>s to divide on ! mitotic sp9dle1 & seems to h "s important function connect$ ) secretion4 ,habitat3 ,! locality 9 :i* a giv5 animal or plant normally lives4 ,hallux3 ,! great toe1 opposable 9 ! ape1 b n 9 man4 ,h]$ity3 8,! appe>ance 9 (fspr+ ( *>act]s ^: diff]5tial causes are 9 ! g]m cells0 7,conkl974 ,het]ozyg\s3 ,hybrid1--! condition 9 :i* ! *romosomal g5es pair$ by syngamy 9 ! zygote are unlike4 ,homolog\s ,*romosomes3 ,correspond+ *romosomes ( ! same synaptic pair1 be+ ( pat]nal & mat]nal orig9 respectively4 ,homozyg\s3 ,pure1--! condition 9 :i* ! *romosomal g5es pair$ 9 ! zygote by syngamy are alike4 ,hormone3 ,an int]nal secretion elaborat$ 9 ! endocr9e or ductless gl&s & diffus$ 9 ! blood /ream = ! purpose ( influ5c+ ! activities or metabolism ( p>ts ( ! organism at a di/ance f ! s\rce ( ! hormone1 e4 g41 secret91 ga/r91 adr5al91 etc4 ,hydro!ca3 ,! cuplike ext5sion ( ! p]is>c 7skeletal %ea?7 surr\nd+ ! hypo/ome 7oral cone7 & t5tacles ( c]ta9 polyps4 ,hyloblatic3 ,resembl+ ! gibbon4 ,lemurs3 ,f\r-h&$ animals alli$ to ! ,insectivora1 ) curv$ no/rils & a claw in/ead ( a nail on ! fir/ f+] ( ! re> h&s4 ,le?als3 ,a g5etical t]m = h]$it>y factors 7g5es7 :i* cause ! dea? ( ! gametes or ! zygotes t conta9 !m4 ,9 ! case ( zygotes1 dea? results f ! homozyg\s1 b n f ! het]zyg\s1 condition4 ,l993 ,same z oxy*romat94 ,litopt]na3 ,a subord] ( ext9ct ungulate mammals f ! ,mioc5e & ,plioc5e ( ,s\? ,am]ica resembl+ horses or llamas4 ,mammals3 ,v]tebrate animals :i* suckle _! "y aft] bir?4 ,meiosis3 ,! process :]eby ! *romosomes ( synaptic pairs 79 ! prim>y ocyte or sp]matocyte7 are sep>at$ 9 su* a way t ! result+ gametes 7eggs1 or sp]ms7 receive a haploid 7halv$7 numb] ( unpair$ *romosomes1 in/ead ( ! diploid 7d\ble7 numb] ( pair$ *romosomes *>act]i/ic ( ! zygote & ! somatic cells ( ! species4 ,meti/a3 ,animals & plants normally multicellul> & hav+ _! cells diff]5tiat$ into at lea/ two di/9ct lay]s or tissues--! ,metazoans & ,metaphytes4 ,mitosis3 ,typical cell-division1 ^: me*anism consi/s ( ! sp9dle-fib]s1 & ^: scope is to secure an exactly equal p>tition ( ! s+le compon5ts ( ! nucleus ( ! divid+ cell betwe5 ! two resultant daught]-cells4 ,monism3 ,a sy/em ( ?\ght :i* holds t !re is b "o sub/ance1 ei!r m9d 7ideali/ic subjectivism71 or matt] 7objectivi/ic mat]ialism71--or else a sub/ance t is nei!r m9d nor matt]1 b is ! sub/antial gr\nd ( bo?4 ,ideali/ic monism reg>ds m9d z ! sole reality & matt] z its product4 ,mat]iali/ic monism reg>ds matt] z ! sole reality & m9d z its product4 ,neoli?ic3 ,p]ta9+ to ! ,"y-,/one ,age1 t is1 to prehi/oric man ( ,po/-glacial "t4 ,! implem5ts ( ! latt] are ( poli%$ /one4 ,! ,"y-,/one ,age is said to h begun ab\t #g1jjj ye>s ,b4,c41 & to h end$ ) ! ,copp] ,culture ab\t #b1jjj ,b4,c4 ,! ,bronze ,age1 :i* foll[$ x1 belongs to hi/ory4 ,neurone3 ,! n]ve-cell ) all its processes1 consi/+1 !re=e1 ( ! nucleat$ cell-body1 ! axone or dis*>g+ fib]1 & ! d5trites or receiv+ fib]s4 ,olites3 ,an ,engli% t]m = ! ,jurassic1 or middle sy/em ( ! ,mesozoic gr\p ( fossilif]\s rocks4 ,ontog5y3 ,! embryological developm5t ( ! individual4 ,opposable3 ,a t]m appli$ to ! ?umb or great toe :5 !y are capable ( be+ plac$ ) _! tips opposite to ^? ( ! o!r digits4 ,organelle3 ,lit]ally1 a 8m9iature organ10 i4e41 "o ( ! liv+ compon5ts ( a cell z di/+ui%$ f ! metapla/ic or non-liv+ inclusions4 ,oxy*romat93 ,t portion ( ! nucle> network :i* /a9s ) acidic dyes1 ! f9] nucle> reticulum 9 :i* ! co>s] /r&s ( basi*romat9 appe> to be susp5d$4 ,paloli?ic3 ,belong+ to ! ,old-,/one ,age1 :i* corresponds to ! latt] half ( ! ,glacial or ,plei/oc5e epo*4 ,x is alleg$ to be ! second p]iod ( prehi/oric man 7foll[+ ! ,eoli?ic7 & is *>act]iz$ by implem5ts ( unpoli%$ /one %ap$ f fl9t by ! *ipp+ (f ( flakes ( ! latt] sub/ance4 ,palontology3 ,! sci5ce ( fossil organisms4 ,palozoic3 ,a t]m appli$ to ! second gr\p ( fossilif]\s rocks1 foll[+ ! e>lie/1 or ,prot]ozoic1 gr\p1 & prec$+ ! ,mesozoic gr\p4 ,x comprises ! ,cambrian1 ,ordovician1 ,devonian1 ,silurian1 & ,c>bonif]\s sy/ems1 & its s$im5ts are ! fir/ t conta9 well-pres]v$ fossils4 ,p>asitism3 ,a condition 9 :i* "o organism 7! p>asite7 resid+ 91 or ^u1 ano!r species ( organism 7! ho/7 lives at its exp5se1 ! relation be+ detrim5tal to ! latt]4 ,p>!nog5esis3 ,! production ( (fspr+ f unf]tiliz$ eggs4 ,ph5otype3 ,! sum-total ( ext]nal *>act]s by ^: enum]ation an organism is describ$--! somatic or express$ *>act]s ( an organism 7or gr\p ( organisms7 z di/+ui%$ f ^? t are m]ely pot5tial 9 ! g]m cells4 ,phylog5y3 ,developm5tal hi/ory ( ! race1 ! hypo!tical evolution>y hi/ory ( ! race1 9 contradi/9ction to ! embryological developm5t ( ! individual 7ontog5y74 ,phylum3 ,a t]m us$ 9 classification to d5ote any prim>y gr\p ( ! plant or animal k+dom4 ,plantigrade3 ,walk+ on ! :ole sole ( ! foot1 l be>s4 ,pla/ids3 ,p]man5t organelles or liv+ compon5ts ( ! cellul> cytoplasm1 e4g41 *loropla/s1 leucopla/s1 etc4 ,plei/oc5e3 ,! l[] s]ies ( ! ,quat]n>y sy/em ( fossilif]\s rocks4 ,x corresponds to ! s-call$ ,glacial epo*1 & ext5ds f ! close ( ! ,t]ti>y p]iod 7sy/em7 to ! dawn ( ! ,rec5t or ,hi/orical epo*4 ,pol> ,cell3 ,a synonym = pol> body1 or policyte4 ,! pol> bodies are m9ute abortive cells giv5 (f by ! egg und]go+ meiosis4 ,into !m are %unt$ ! *romosomes :i* ! egg disc>ds 9 its process ( nucle> r$uction 7maturation74 ,pr=mation3 ,!ory t ! egg conta9s a complete m9iature ( ! organism into :i* x develops4 ,preh5sion3 ,grasp+1 cat*+ hold4 ,progression3 ,advanc+ movem5t1 locomotion4 ,pro-simi3 ,! lemurs z di/+ui%$ f g5u9e apes 7,simi74 ,proti/a3 ,animals or plants :i* are normally unicellul> & :i* :5 multicellul> %[ no diff]5tiation into tissues--! ,protozoans & ,protophytes4 ,protoplasm3 ,liv+ matt]4 ,receptor3 ,an organ specializ$ to receive /imuli1 e4g41 a s5se-organ4 ,s$im5t>y3 ,a t]m appli$ to rocks :i* orig9at$ z s$im5ts deposit$ "u wat]4 ,s]um3 ,wat]y portion ( ! blood1 ! plasma4 ,somatic ,cells3 ,vegetative cells n especially set aside by ! organism = reproductive purposes1 e4g41 tissue-cells4 ,somite3 ,"o ( ! uni=m segm5ts ( ! longitud9al s]ies into :i* a metam]ic organism 7su* z an e>?worm7 is p>tition$4 ,sp]mati/3 ,an old t]m appli$ to "o :o held t ! animal embryo 0 produc$ entirely by ! male p>5t4 ,spore3 ,a s+le cell1 incapable ( syngamy1 b capable ( giv+ rise to a new individual )\t ! sexual process4 ,symbiosis3 ,! obligatory association ( two organisms ( diff]5t species = mutual b5efit4 ,synapsis3 ,union 9 pairs ( correspond+ 7homolog\s7 *romosomes ( opposite p>5tal orig9 z a prelim9>y to _! sep>ation 9 meiosis4 ,sy/emati/3 ,an exp]t 9 classification 7sy/ematics71 i4 e41 a taxonomi/4 ,taxonomy3 ,! sci5ce ( classification4 ,t]ti>y ,p]iod3 ,a geological "t-division correspond+ to ! rock-sy/em t comprises ! great] "p ( ! ,c5ozoic gr\p4 ,x is made up ( f\r s]ies1 namely1 ! ,eoc5e1 ,oligoc5e1 ,mioc5e1 & ,plioc5e4 ,its close m>ks ! beg9n+ ( ! ,glacial or ,plei/oc5e epo*4 ,tissue3 ,a lay] ( uni=m cells specializ$ = ! same function4 ,tissue ,cell3 ,"o ( ! somatic cells ( :i* a tissue is compos$4 ,troglodytic3 ,resembl+ ! *impanzee & ! gorilla4 ,woods ,hole3 ,! seat ( ! ,m>9e ,biological ,laboratory4 ,x is a wat]+-place on ! ,new ,engl& coa/ opposite ,m>?a's ,v9ey>d4 ,zygote3 ,! syn!tic cell =m$ by ! union ( two gametes & giv+ rise by division ei!r to a new multicellul> organism1 or to a rejuv5at$ cycle ( unicellul> =ms4 ,,index ,,to ,,au?ors ,adami1 ,j4 ,g41 #eg4 ,aeby1 ,*ri/oph ,!od41 #bgd4 sop1 #bdf4 ,alsb]g1 ,moritz1 #cag4 ,altman1 ,ri*>d1 #ada4 ,aqu9as1 ,/4 ,?omas1 #cb1 #gc1 #bfh1 #cdc4 ,ari/otle1 #acc1 #aee1 #agb1 #agd1 #aib1 #aif1 #aig1 #bjj1 #bjb1 #bad1 #bae1 #bbg1 #bcj4 ,arm/rong1 ,h4 ,e41 #aij4 ,arrhnius1 ,svante1 #aff1 #afg1 #ahb1 #ahc1 #ahd4 ,augu/9e1 ,/41 #cb1 #gc1 #gd1 #ge4 ,ba*1 ,alexis1 #ade1 #adf4 ,bacon1 ,francis1 #hf1 #hg4 ,bagg1 ,h4 ,j41 #bff4 ,balf\r1 ,ar?ur ,james1 #ceh4 ,ball\1 ,w4 ,h41 #cah4 ,b>don1 ,l41 #ccj4 ,ba/ian1 ,*>lton1 #afe4 ,bateson1 ,wm41 #a1 #e1 #ab1 #ac1 #af1 #ag1 #ah1 #bj1 #ba1 #be1 #bh1 #cj1 #dc1 #dd1 #gc1 #hd1 #he1 #hh1 #ade1 #adf1 #ccd4 ,ba!r1 ,f4 ,a41 #c1 #dj1 #gf1 #gg1 #hf1 #hg1 #ij1 #ia1 #ib1 #ic4 ,baudlis*1 ,osc>1 #adh4 ,baur1 ,e41 #hh4 ,b$doe1 #ccc4 ,b]gson1 ,h5ri1 #bfb4 ,b]n\illi1 ,jacques1 #bdh4 ,bey1 ,prun]-1 #cbd4 ,b9et1 ,alfr$1 #bbj4 ,biot1 ,jean ,bapti/e1 #ace4 ,blackweld]1 ,eliot1 #aag4 ,blake1 ,c4 ,c>t]1 #cbd4 ,blakeslee1 ,alb]t ,f41 #ag1 #ba1 #bb1 #bc4 ,blan=d1 ,wm4 ,?omas1 #ie4 ,b\le1 ,m>cell91 #ccb4 ,b\vi]1 ,e4 ,l41 #bci1 #bfj1 #bfa1 #bfe4 ,b\yssonie1 ,a4 ,j4 ,p41 #ccj4 ,bov]i1 ,?41 #aci4 ,branco1 ,w41 #cdd4 ,breuil1 ,abb ,h5ri1 #bij1 #cdb4 ,br[n1 ,b>num1 #bgj1 #caj4 ,bryan1 ,wm4 ,j5n+s1 #a1 #cdc4 ,buffon1 ,c4 ,l41 #cje4 ,bhl]1 ,k>l1 #bah1 #bbj4 ,bumll]1 ,j41 #bgc1 #bgd4 ,burr\ghs1 ,john1 #bdd4 ,burton-,opitz1 ,russel1 #bii4 ,calk9s1 ,g>y ,n41 #ci1 #dj1 #afa4 ,campbell1 ,m>ius ,rob9son1 #ajg note ,c>azzi1 ,d41 #cjd4 ,ca/le1 ,w4 ,e41 #dc4 ,caull]y1 ,maurice1 #ab1 #bh1 #bi1 #bgg4 ,*amb]la91 ,t4 ,c41 #abe4 ,*etv]ikov1 ,s4 ,s41 #aae1 #aaf4 ,*iesa1 ,luigi1 #baj4 ,claus51 ,roy ,elwood1 #bf4 ,clemont1 #cbd4 ,clif=d1 ,wm4 ,k+don1 #bcg4 ,cohn1 ,f]d4 ,jul41 #ahb4 ,coleman1 ,ar?ur ,p41 #aac1 #aad1 #aae4 ,comte1 7,isidore7 ,augu/e1 #bbe1 #bbf4 ,conkl91 ,e4 ,g41 #bgj4 ,cop]nicus1 ,ni*olas1 ,,xii1 ,,xiii4 ,c\lt]1 ,john ,m]le1 #bd4 ,creighton1 ,j4 ,e41 #bch4 ,croll1 ,james1 #bij4 ,crookes1 ,sir ,wm41 #ahc4 ,cuvi]1 ,georges1 #fg1 #gb1 #gf1 #ij1 #ia1 #ajb4 ,dana1 ,james ,dwight1 #aaa1 #aad1 #aag1 #bgj4 ,d>w91 ,*>les1 #i1 #aj1 #aa1 #ab1 #af1 #bd1 #cj1 #cb1 #fe1 #fh1 #ge1 #ha1 #aeb1 #aia1 #aid1 #bcf1 #bch1 #bde1 #bdf1 #bfi1 #bgg1 #bhf1 #bhg1 #bhh1 #bij1 #bie1 #bif1 #big1 #bih1 #cjb1 #cje1 #cjg1 #cch1 #cdi1 #ceb1 #cec1 #cfj4 ,da ,v9ci1 ,leon>do1 #beg4 ,davis1 ,bradley ,moore1 #be1 #bf1 #bg1 #bh4 ,davis1 ,j4 ,b>n>d1 #cbd4 ,dawson1 ,sir ,john ,william1 #cde4 ,dawson1 ,*>les1 #cbj4 ,deav]1 ,j4 ,b41 #bie4 ,de ,*>d91 ,teilh>d1 #cbj4 ,de ,ge]1 ,g]>d1 #bhi4 ,delage1 ,yves1 #abg1 #aej1 #aea4 ,de ,mattos1 ,alex&] ,teixeira1 #bdg note4 ,de ,puydt1 ,m>cel1 #cbf4 ,desc>tes1 ,r51 #agb1 #aig1 #aih1 #bjb1 #bca1 #bdi4 ,de ,vires1 ,hugo1 #af1 #ag1 #bj4 ,dewey1 ,john1 #cej4 ,dorlodot1 ,canon ,h5ri de1 ,,xii1 #ca1 #cd1 #dg1 #gj1 #gd4 ,dreis*1 ,hans1 #ab1 #gj1 #agb1 #agd1 #aij1 #bjb1 #bdd1 #beb4 ,dubois1 ,eugne1 #cac1 #cad1 #caf1 #cah4 ,du ,bois-,reymond1 ,emil1 #aa1 #bfh1 #bgg1 #ceb4 ,dumas1 ,jean ,bapti/e1 #ace4 ,duponceau1 ,pi]re ti5ne1 #cch4 ,dupont1 ,&r ,hub]t1 #cbf4 ,dwight1 ,?omas1 #cf1 #ea1 #ei1 #bgd1 #bge1 #bgh1 #bhe1 #cjc1 #cjd1 #cji1 #cai1 #cbj1 #cbh1 #ccf1 #ccg4 ,ecclesia/es1 #aib4 ,ehrli*1 ,paul1 #eg4 ,eim]1 ,?41 #g4 ,eliot1 ,*>les ,w41 #ceh4 ,evans1 ,sir ,ar?ur1 #cci4 ,ezekiel1 #hi4 ,fabre1 ,j4 ,h41 #bdj1 #bdg note1 #bdi1 #bea1 #beb1 #bed1 #beh1 #bfj1 #bfc1 #bfd1 #bfe1 #bff4 ,fe*n]1 ,gu/av ,!odor1 #adi4 ,f5ton1 ,h5ry ,john ,h41 #adf4 ,fis*]1 ,emil1 #ade4 ,fleis*mann1 ,alb]t1 #ab4 ,flemm+1 ,w41 #acg4 ,fonta9e1 ,t41 #bjh4 ,fraipont1 ,juli51 #cbg4 ,fuhlrott1 ,c41 #cbc4 ,galiani1 #aa4 ,galilei1 ,galileo1 ,,xii1 ,,xiii4 ,g>b[ski1 ,?ad41 #bhd4 ,gaskell1 ,walt] ,holbrook1 #bic1 #bid4 ,gat5by1 ,j4 ,b41 #adj4 ,geikie1 ,sir ,ar*ibald1 #if1 #ig1 #ajg note4 ,g]>d1 ,john1 ,s4,j41 #hb4 ,goodri*1 ,edw9 ,s41 #ae1 #fb4 ,goodspe$1 ,t4 ,h41 #bf4 ,grabau1 ,amadeus1 ,wm41 #cce4 ,grassi1 ,b41 #ff4 ,gray1 ,h5ry1 #bii4 ,gregory1 ,w4 ,k41 #bgj1 #cji1 #caj1 #caa1 #cah1 #cdh4 ,grign>d1 ,victor1 #bji4 ,gru5d]1 ,hub]t1 #bcc note4 ,gumm]sba*1 ,joseph1 #bdg note4 ,guy]1 ,m4 ,f41 #ae1 #bff4 ,haacke1 ,joh4 ,wilh41 #bge1 #cag4 ,haeckel1 ,erne/1 #cc1 #dh1 #hi1 #ach1 #ahf1 #bcg1 #bge1 #bgg1 #bgh1 #cde4 ,hamann1 ,joh4 ,georg1 #adi4 ,h&lirs*1 ,anton1 #aae4 ,h>tmann1 ,k>l ,rob]t ,edu>d von1 #ceh4 ,h>vey1 ,william1 #aee4 ,haswell1 ,wm4 ,a41 #caf1 #cag4 ,haus]1 ,o41 #cbi4 ,hayes1 ,*>les ,will>d1 #ajg note4 ,heilpr91 ,angelo1 #abj1 #aba4 ,heim1 ,alb]t1 #ajg note4 ,helmholtz1 ,h]man von1 #ahb1 #bih4 ,h5d]son1 ,lawr5ce ,j41 #f1 #aec1 #age1 #agf1 #agi4 ,h]twig1 ,osk>1 #bhd4 ,h]twig1 ,ri*>d1 #cae4 ,holmes1 ,oliv] ,w5dell1 #abg4 ,holwor?1 ,sir ,h5ry1 #ih4 ,horace1 #ed1 #aji4 ,h[e1 ,john ,all51 #ajd1 #aje4 ,h[ell1 ,wm4 ,h4 #bii4 ,hrdlika1 ,a41 #caf1 #cah1 #cai1 #cbb1 #cbc1 #cbe1 #cbh1 #cbi1 #cca1 #ccb4 ,hubre*t1 ,ambrosius ,arnold ,william1 #cji1 #cag4 ,hume1 ,david1 #aih4 ,huxley1 ,?omas ,h41 #bj1 #fg1 #gf1 #ih1 #aaa note1 #bcf1 #bcg1 #cad1 #cbe1 #ccc4 ,jagg>1 ,t4 ,a41 ,jr41 #cdf1 #cdg1 #cdh4 ,james1 ,william1 #bje1 #bjf1 #bab1 #bdi4 ,j5n+s1 ,h4 ,s41 #bej4 ,johnson1 ,dr4 ,george1 ,,xvi4 ,jordan1 ,david ,/>r1 #d1 #ah1 #bh4 ,jrg5s51 ,j41 #adf1 #adg4 ,judd1 ,j4 ,w41 #id4 ,kamm]]1 ,paul1 #ad1 #bff4 ,kant1 ,immanuel1 #aih4 ,ke51 ,w4 ,w41 #dh4 ,kei?1 ,ar?ur1 #cai1 #cbb1 #cbh1 #ccb1 #ccf1 #ccg4 ,kellogg1 ,v]non ,i41 #df note1 #ec note1 #cej1 #cea4 ,k]r1 ,j4 ,graham1 #bhj1 #bhb1 #bhd4 ,keys]1 ,c4 ,j41 #bjd4 ,kidd1 ,f41 #adf4 ,klaats*1 ,a41 #cjh1 #cji1 #cab1 #cag1 #cbf1 #cbh1 #ccj4 ,ko551 ,c41 #cbf4 ,k(oid1 ,*>les ,a41 #aah1 #afb4 ,kohlbrugge1 ,j4 ,h4 ,f41 #bgd1 #bge1 #bgg1 #bhe1 #cjh4 ,kllik]1 ,rudolph ,alb]t1 #g4 ,kollman1 ,julius1 #bhe1 #bhf1 #cag4 ,kramb]g]1 ,k4 ,gorjanovi1 #cbj1 #ccc4 ,lam>ck1 ,jean ,bapti/e1 #h1 #i1 #af1 #cj1 #cb1 #fe1 #bhf1 #bij4 ,lanke/]1 ,e4 ,ray1 #ahf4 ,laplace1 ,pi]re ,simon1 #aha4 ,leb$eff1 #ahc4 ,le ,conte1 ,joseph ,n41 #cde4 ,lee1 #ccc4 ,leydig1 ,franz1 #acg4 ,l9n1 ,c>l von1 #d4 ,loeb1 ,jacques1 #aei1 #bdi1 #bej1 #beb1 #bfd4 ,lohe/1 ,maxim91 #cbf4 ,lotsy1 ,j4 ,p41 #be4 ,lucretius1 #cj4 ,lull1 ,ri*>d ,s41 #aae4 ,macali/]1 ,r4 ,a4 ,s41 #cdb4 ,mac,curdy1 ,george ,grant1 #cag1 #cbf1 #cbi1 #cca1 #ccb4 ,mac,dowell1 ,e4 ,c41 #bff4 ,mac,manus1 ,t41 #cei4 ,macnam>a1 ,n4 ,c41 #cad1 #cbe4 ,man\vri]1 ,l41 #caf1 #ccc4 ,m>x1 ,k>l1 #cfj4 ,ma!ws1 ,alb]t1 #bic1 #bid1 #cjb4 ,maxwell1 ,j4 ,cl]k1 #ahc4 ,mc,cann1 ,alfr$ ,w41 #ca1 #cb1 #cc1 #cd1 #dg1 #ej1 #ea4 ,mc,connell1 ,r4 ,g41 #ajg1 note1 #aji4 ,mc,gregor1 ,j4 ,h41 #cae1 #caf1 #cag1 #cbj1 #cbb4 ,melan*?on1 ,phillip1 #aig4 ,m5del1 ,gregor ,johann1 #c1 #bd1 #bg1 #bh1 #cb4 ,m5delef1 ,dimitri ,ivanovit*1 #ef4 ,m]ci]1 ,dsir ,c>d9al1 #bjd1 #bje1 #bjh4 ,mey]1 ,ludwig1 #cjb1 #cbd4 ,mi*ael ,angelo1 #beg4 ,mill]1 ,ar?ur ,m41 #ig1 #ih4 ,mill]1 ,g]rit1 #cba4 ,m9*91 ,e4 ,a41 #e4 ,moore1 ,b5jam9 ,f41 #aej1 #afe1 #aff1 #afg1 #afh1 #agj4 ,morgan1 ,c4 ,lloyd1 #bcc note1 #bcd note1 #bcg4 ,morgan1 ,?omas ,hunt1 #ab1 #af1 #cf1 #dd1 #fd1 #he1 #hf1 #hh1 #hi1 #bgf1 #bgh1 #cjf1 #ccd4 ,morton1 ,dudley ,j41 #bgj4 ,muck]mann1 ,h41 ,s4,j41 #cbe4 ,mll]1 ,fritz1 #dh1 #bge1 #bgh4 ,mll]1 ,max1 #cch4 ,ngeli1 ,k>l ,wilhelm1 #g1 #ahf4 ,newman1 ,john ,h5ry1 #ced4 ,newell1 ,bro4 ,mat?ias1 #cdg4 ,newton1 ,sir ,isaac1 ,,xiii4 ,ni*olson1 ,h5ry ,alleyne1 #ig1 #bgb4 ,nicoma*us1 #aif4 ,ob]mai]1 ,hugues1 #bhi1 #bij1 #cbd1 #cbg1 #cbi1 #cdb4 ,occam1 ,william (1 #fg1 #cdi4 ,osborn1 ,h5ry ,fairfield1 #b1 #cc1 #fe1 #gj1 #gf1 #hh1 #hi1 #ij1 #agj1 #bhi1 #bij1 #cji1 #cah1 #cdb4 ,paley1 ,william1 #aa4 ,p>k]1 ,g4 ,h41 #i1 #bcc note1 #bie4 ,p>k]1 ,t4 ,jeff]y1 #caf1 #cag4 ,pa/eur1 ,l\is1 #ace1 #aha4 ,pauls51 ,fri$]i*1 #bjf4 ,pawl[1 ,ivan1 #bdb1 #bdi1 #bff4 ,pe>son1 ,k>l1 #caj4 ,peckham1 ,geo4 ,w4 & ,eliz4 ,g41 #bfe4 ,p]ri]1 ,remy1 #bif4 ,pfiz5may]1 ,e41 #ia1 #ib4 ,pictet1 ,am1 #adc4 ,pirrson1 ,l4 ,v41 #ajg note1 #aji4 ,plato1 #agb1 #aig4 ,p\lton1 ,edw>d ,b41 #ahf4 ,price1 ,george ,mc,cready1 #ig1 #ih1 #ii1 #ajj1 #ajd1 #aje1 #ajg1 #aji1 #aaj1 #abj4 ,price1 ,t4 ,s41 #afg4 ,quatrefages ,de ,breau1 ,jean ,l\is ,arm& de1 #bgf4 ,ranke1 ,j41 #bga1 #bgb1 #bgc1 #bgd1 #cbd4 ,raut]t1 #cbf4 ,ray1 ,john1 #e1 #bj4 ,r$i1 ,francesco1 #acd1 #acf1 #acg4 ,re9ke1 ,j41 #cde1 #cdf4 ,r5n]1 ,o41 #af4 ,ri*t]1 ,h]m4 ,eb]h41 #ahb4 ,riddle1 ,osc>1 #cjj4 ,rob9son1 ,james ,h>vey1 #aij1 #aid1 #aie1 #bcf4 ,rs*1 ,joseph1 #cah4 ,ro?pletz1 ,aug41 #ajg note4 ,russell1 ,b]tr&1 #bjd4 ,santayana1 ,george1 #cej4 ,sapir1 ,edw>d1 #cch4 ,s*aaffhaus51 ,d41 #aej1 #cbe1 #ccc4 ,s*f]1 ,e4 ,a41 #eh1 #afe1 #agi1 #ahd1 #ahe4 ,s*leid51 ,mat?ias ,j41 #acf4 ,s*midt1 ,h4 ,d41 #bfj4 ,s*oet5sack1 ,otto1 #cah1 #cai4 ,s*ro$]1 ,*4 ,f41 #bea4 ,s*u*]t1 ,*>les1 #ig1 #ih1 #ajd note1 #ajf1 #aji1 #aaj4 ,s*ultze1 ,f4 ,e41 #bah4 ,s*ultze1 ,max1 #acg1 #ach4 ,s*walbe1 ,gu/4 ,alb41 #bhf1 #cag1 #cbd1 #cbe1 #ccc4 ,s*wann1 ,!odor1 #acf4 ,scott1 ,wm4 ,b41 #gh1 #if1 #ajc1 #aai1 #abj4 ,s$gwick1 ,a41 #ie4 ,sell>s1 ,r4 ,w41 #bcc note4 ,sewall1 ,anna1 #bcf4 ,smi?1 ,g4 ,elliot1 #bhi1 #cda4 ,smi?1 ,john ,talbot1 #cee4 ,smi?1 ,william1 #ajb4 ,snell1 ,k>l1 #cjh4 ,sollas1 ,w4 ,j41 #bhi4 ,spallanzani1 ,lazz>o1 #acd1 #acf4 ,sp5c]1 ,h]b]t1 #aj1 #ab1 #ih1 #ajb1 #ajc1 #adh1 #aff1 #agi1 #cfj4 ,/>l+1 ,erne/ ,h41 #eg1 #bii1 #cja4 ,/ock>d1 ,*>les ,r41 #fb4 ,/oll1 ,a41 #adf4 ,taylor1 ,j41 #cdj4 ,t]tullian1 #cdf4 ,?ay]1 ,wm4 ,sydney1 #ace4 ,?oluck1 ,fri$4 ,aug41 #cch4 ,?ompson1 ,sir ,wm41 #ahb4 ,?orndyke1 ,edw>d ,l41 #bcg4 ,tild51 ,sir ,wm41 #aea1 #aib4 ,tit*5]1 ,edw>d ,brad=d1 #bje1 #bji1 #bgd4 ,tr$gold1 ,a4 ,f41 #ae note4 ,tuccimei1 ,giuseppe1 ,,xiii1 #cfj1 #cfa4 ,tyndall1 ,john1 #adi4 ,vallisni]i1 ,antonio1 #acd4 ,van ,loon1 ,h5drick ,willem1 #aij4 ,veg>d1 ,l>s1 #ahc note4 ,vic>i1 ,e4 ,m41 #bff1 #bfg4 ,vir*[1 ,rudolph1 #acg1 #bgc1 #caf1 #cag1 #cbd1 #cdf4 ,vogt1 ,c>l1 #bgf1 #cbd4 ,waag51 ,w41 #af note4 ,w>n]1 ,h41 #bgd4 ,walkh(f1 ,o41 #cag4 ,wal%1 ,james ,j41 #ccf4 ,w>d1 ,james1 #afc4 ,wasmann1 ,eri*1 ,s4,j41 ,,xii1 #aa1 #cc1 #df1 #dg1 #dh1 #di1 #di note1 #fg1 #gj1 #acd1 #bdg note1 #bfa1 #bfb1 #bgg1 #cab1 #cac1 #cbe1 #ccc4 ,wat]/on1 ,david1 #cbb4 ,watson1 ,john ,b41 #aih1 #bjd1 #bej4 ,wayl&1 ,john ,walt]1 #ceg4 ,weismann1 ,augu/1 #aj1 #ac1 #af1 #be1 #fe1 #ahf1 #bfg4 ,web]1 ,erne/ ,he9ri*1 #bbg4 ,weld1 ,h4 ,p41 #bec1 #bee4 ,welday1 ,j4 ,o41 #ceg4 ,wells1 ,h4 ,g41 #a1 #cc1 #aij4 ,w5/rup1 ,edw>d1 ,o4,s4,b41 ,,xvi4 ,w]n]1 ,abraham ,gottlob1 #ii1 #ajb1 #ajc4 ,:eel]1 ,geo4 ,c4 & ,e/h] ,h41 #bfa4 ,wi$]%eim1 ,rob]t1 #bib4 ,wild]1 ,h>ris ,haw?orne1 #cjj1 #cja4 ,williams1 ,h4 ,s41 #if4 ,willis1 ,bailey1 #ajg note4 ,will/tt]1 ,r41 #adf1 #adg4 ,wilson1 ,edmund ,b41 #f1 #ab1 #ac1 #adj1 #ada1 #adc1 #afj1 #afd1 #afh1 #agj1 #bjj1 #bja1 #baa4 ,w9dle1 ,b]tram ,c4 ,a41 #acd1 #cda4 ,wir?1 ,edmund ,j41 #bje4 ,wissl]1 ,cl>k1 #cdd4 ,woodruff1 ,lor&e ,loss1 #ci1 #aae4 ,woods1 ,h5ry1 #gg1 #gh1 #gi1 #hj1 #hf1 #aah1 #aai4 ,woodw>d1 ,a4 ,smi?1 #cba1 #cbb1 #cdj1 #cda4 ,woodwor?1 ,rob]t ,s41 #aih4 ,wright1 ,c4 ,f41 #bhi4 ,wundt1 ,wilhelm1 #aig1 #bje1 #bjf1 #bji1 #bab1 #bcf1 #bcg1 #bch4 ,zahm1 ,j4 ,a41 #bfh4 ,z5o1 #bbf4 ,zittel1 ,k>l ,a4 von1 #cac1 #cde4 ,,index ,,( ,,subjects ,abiog5esis1 #aca1 #ace1 #acf1 #adb1 #afj1 #afe1 #afg1 #agi1 #ahc1 #ahf2 8new !ory0 (1 #afe2 8old !ory0 (1 #afe2 8philosophical0 pro( (1 #ahf ,abs5ce ( function1 real1 #bia2 app>5t1 #bia ,ab/ract concept1 #bai ,ab/raction1 #bba1 #bbd1 #bed1 #bfa1 #bfb2 ( active intellect pr$ispositive1 #bba2 ( intellect1 pot5tial1 cognitive1 #bba2 p[] (1 #bfa1 #bfb2 process (1 #bba1 #bbd ,ab/ract ?\ght1 #bae1 #bfg2 has s\l z its exclusive ag5t & subject1 #bae2 n same z imag]y1 #bae2 unique pr]ogative ( man1 #bfg ,acids1 butyric1 #aei2 c>bonic1 #ade2 fatty1 #ade2 =mic1 #ade ,acromegaly1 #bid ,acromikria1 #bid ,act1 #aii ,action1 #agd1 #age1 #agf1 #agg1 #bae1 #baf2 ag5t (1 #agf2 an expression ( entity1 #abe1 #baf2 *emical1 #age2 effect (1 #agf1 #agg2 electrical1 #agf2 en]gy-cont5t (1 #agd2 imman5t1 def9$1 #agg2 me*anical1 #age2 physical1 #age2 reflexive1 #agg2 subject (1 #agf2 transitive1 #agd1 #agg2 def9$1 #agg2 vital1 #age ,active intellect1 #bbj1 #bba ,activity1 organic _c escape physical det]m9ism1 #bcb ,adaptation1 #g1 #h1 #i1 #af1 #de1 #df1 #dg1 #eb1 #ec1 #fc1 #abd1 #bej1 #bij1 #bia1 #cbh2 acquir$1 #h1 #i1 #af1 #de1 #bij1 #cbh1 #ccc --n inh]itable1 #i2 innate 7inh]it$71 #de1 #df1 #dg1 #eb1 #ec1 #fc1 #abd2 ( in/9ctive behavior to em]g5cies1 #bej2 /ructural1 #bia ,additive prop]ties1 #bcc note ,adju/m5ts1 #bjd ,adolesc5ce1 #aee ,adr5al bodies1 #bib1 #bie ,adults1 #bgf ,aes*na gr&is ,l41 #aae ,aft]ma? ( evolution>y propag&a1 #cfj ,agametes1 #aef ,agamic1 #aef ,ag5t1 #aga1 #agg ,age ( ,man1 #bhi1 #bij ,agno/icism1 #ceb1 #cee1 #ceh2 p>asitic1 #ceh ,agulhas1 ,lo/ ,l& (1 #aad ,alb]ta1 #ajh ,album51 liv+ & dead1 #add ,alcohol1 me?yl1 #adg2 phytyl1 #adg ,aldehyde1 #ade1 #adh ,aldol cond5sation1 #ade ,allelomorphic1 #db ,allocation1 taxonomic1 #cbj ,alluvial epo*1 #cac2 loam1 #cbd ,alpha ,c5tauri1 #ahd ,alps1 #aji ,altamira1 caves (1 #cci1 #cdj1 #cdc ,alt]nat+ p]sonalities1 #baa2 psy*opa?ic condition1 #baa ,altruism1 #cee1 #cef2 )\t adequate motivation1 #cef ,amboceptors1 #eg ,am]ican ,association = ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce1 #cdc1 #cdd2 ,edict (1 #cdc ,ammonites1 #hd1 #hf1 #bdi2 int]grad5ce 91 #hd ,ammonium cyanate1 #agc ,ammophila1 #bfd ,ammophila gryphus1 #bfa ,ammophila urn>ia1 #bfa ,amnion1 #bgf ,amba albida1 #aei ,amphibia1 #fa1 #bha1 #bif ,amphioxus1 #fj1 #afa ,analog\s organs1 #ce1 #cf1 #fa ,analogy1 #ce1 #ei1 #fj2 conv]g5t1 #fa ,analysis1 #add2 *emical1 #add2 physical1 #add ,an>*y1 #cee1 #cfj ,anatomi/s1 #bif ,anatomy1 #aif1 #bjh1 #bgf1 #bgg1 #cjc1 #cjh2 comp>ative1 #bgf1 #bgg1 #cjh2 ( consci\sness1 attempt$ by ,associationi/s1 #bjh ,ance/ors1 #ee1 #ei1 #gf1 #hb1 #hc1 #ib1 #ie1 #aae1 #bgj1 #bhj1 #bif1 #cjd1 #cjh1 #cji1 #cag1 #cdi2 collat]al1 #gf2 common1 #ee1 #ei1 #hc1 #ib1 #bfi1 #bgj1 #bgh1 #cjh2 direct1 #gf2 hypo!tical1 #cjh1 #cji1 #cag2 necess>y priority (1 #hb1 #hc2 ( man1 #bih --alleg$ to be fi%-l1 #bhj2 t]ti>y1 #bgj ,ance/ry1 #ib1 #bhj2 entails antec$5ce 9 "t1 #ib2 ( man1 #bhj ,anci!rium1 #gf ,angiosp]ms1 #gb1 #gc ,animal1 #bdb1 #bdi1 #cjg2 appetite1 gratification (1 #bdb2 z 8reflex ma*9es10 #bdi2 cave1 #cjg ,animalism1 #cfe ,animali/ic man1 #cej1 #ceb ,animality ( man1 n a mod]n discov]y1 #aia1 #aib ,animism1 #aig1 #aih ,anisogametes1 #aeg1 #aeh ,anisogamy1 #aeg1 #aeh ,annelida1 #aag1 #bgh1 #bhj ,anomalies1 #aab1 #cjc1 #cje1 #cai1 #cbj2 anatomical1 fluctuational1 #cjc2 mutational1 #cjc2 ( spatial di/ributions1 #aab ,antagonism1 #ceh2 betwe5 mod]n progress & ,*ri/ian ideal1 #ceh ,an?ropomorphism1 #bcf1 #bdf1 #bej1 #bfb2 ,d>w9ian1 #bcf1 #bej ,an?ropologi/s1 #cah1 #cdd2 =emo/ ones confess _! ignorance reg>d+ orig9 ( man1 #cdd ,antibodies1 #ad1 #ae ,antig51 #ae ,antirrh9um1 majus & molle1 #hh ,anti-vivisectioni/s1 #bcf ,ants1 #bfa1 #bfb2 leaf-cutt+1 #bfa ,ape1 #bde1 #bgj1 #bgb1 #bge1 #bhe1 #cjh1 #cji1 #caa1 #cad1 #cae1 #caf1 #cag1 #cde2 an?ropoid1 #bgj1 #bga1 #bgb1 #bge1 #cji1 #cae1 #cag2 cranial capacity1 #cad2 desc5d$ f man-l ance/or1 #bhe2 desc5t f1 n a doctr9e ( sci5ce1 #cde2 embryonic skull (1 #bhe2 foot (1 #ej1 #ea --a h& functionally b n /ructurally1 #ej1 #ea2 fossil1 #cjh1 #cac2 giant1 g5eological tree (1 #cae2 high]1 #caa2 its cranium1 #bga2 l>ge1 #cae2 liv+1 #cjh ,ape-l features1 acquir$ adaptation1 #ccj ,appala*ians1 #ajg ,appetite1 #bba1 #bce1 #bda2 rational1 #bba2 s5sual1 #bce1 #bda ,app5dicitis1 #bie ,app5dix1 v]mi=m1 #bie1 #bif2 useful1 #bif ,apple-tree1 #f1 #hh1 #afa ,apt]ix1 #cje ,arbacia punctulata1 #aei ,arboreal life1 #bga1 #cjh ,arca1 #aah ,ar*an1 #ajd1 #aag2 record1 damag$ condition (1 #aag ,ar*ology1 prehi/oric1 #cci ,ar*opt]yx1 #hf ,ar*ozoic1 #ajd1 #adh2 times alleg$ to h be5 m favorable to orig9 ( life1 #adh ,argum5t1 #bbf2 no avail aga9/ fact1 #bbf ,art1 paloli?ic1 #cdj ,artefacts1 #aed ,artemia sal9a1 #aei ,artemisia absyn?ium1 #bdh ,ar?ropoda1 #fa1 #aai1 #bfa1 #bhd ,artificial illum9ation1 #cdj ,arti/ic atta9m5t1 high level (1 #cdj ,arti/s1 paloli?ic1 #cce ,asia1 #cce ,ass1 #e1 #ha1 #cjd ,assimilation1 #adc ,association1 #bjh1 #bce1 #bda1 #bdb ,associationi/s1 #bjh1 #bcf ,a/>te1 #aah ,a/]oidea1 #aba1 #abb ,atavism1 #cjc1 #cjd ,atlantis1 #aad ,atmosph]e1 #adh1 #aha1 #ahc2 coronal ( sun1 #ahc2 =m]ly ri*] 9 c>bon dioxide1 #adh2 ( e>?1 #ahc ,atoms1 #eh1 #add1 #afb1 #afe1 #afg1 #agj1 #bjb2 /ructure (1 #eh ,atrophy1 #bhe1 #bhf1 #bhh1 #bid1 #bii1 #cja1 #cjb1 #cjg2 due to misuse1 #bhh2 somatic1 #cjg ,att5tion1 #bjh ,audi/1 #bai ,aurignacian ,man1 #ccb ,aurora borealis1 #ahc1 #ahc note1 #ahd note ,au/ralian1 #cba1 #cbe1 #cbh1 #ccj1 #ccc2 blacks1 #cbe1 #ccc --mod]n1 h br[ ridges1 #cbh2 mod]n1 #cbe1 #ccj2 skull (1 #cba ,au?or ( ,nature1 #aic ,autogamy1 #aeh1 #aei1 #afa ,automatisms1 #bch1 #bdj1 #bfb2 teleological1 #bdj ,automixis1 #afa ,autonomy1 #agd1 #bjb2 dynamic1 #agd2 vital1 #bjb ,axiom1 #bbc1 #bbd2 ( reception1 #bbc1 #bbd ,axon1 #bac ,azoic bottom1 #abe ,babylonia1 #ccg ,bact]ia1 #ace1 #ach1 #ahc1 #ahc note ,b>b>ism1 #ccg2 hi/orically a /ate ( deg5]ation & /agnation1 #ccg2 n a primitive condition1 #ccg2 no in/ance ( spontane\s em]g5ce f1 #ccg ,bact]iologi/s1 #ahc ,baltic ,sea1 #ajd1 #aje ,banana1 #afb ,basi*romat91 #aci ,be> ,grass qu>ries1 #ajf ,beav]1 #bdg1 #beg ,b$d+ plane1 #ajf ,bees1 #beg ,beetles1 w+less1 #cjf ,behavior1 #bdi1 #bed1 #bee1 #bfj1 #bfa1 #bfb1 #bfc2 in/9ctive1 #bdi1 #bed1 #bee1 #bfj --objectively useful1 #bed1 #bee --subjectively agreeable1 #bed1 #bee2 concursively telic1 #bfj-bfb2 consci\sly telic1 i4 e41 intellig5t #bfb2 unconcursively telic1 #bfb2 mu/ be p]fect f out/>t1 #bfc ,behaviorism1 deg5]ation ( psy*ology into1 #aih ,behaviori/s1 #bjd1 #bej ,be/ial man1 #cdj1 #cdb2 impossible1 #cdj2 no traces (1 #cdb ,be/ial orig91 #cde1 #ceb2 ( man1 #ceb2 ( man1 !ory (1 #cde ,be/ial s\l1 #aad1 #aid1 #bac1 #bad1 #bcd2 an em]g5t ( matt]1 #aid1 #bcd note --n a product ( physico*emical action1 #aid2 exi/s 9 ! int]e/ ( ! organism1 #bad2 incomplete complem5t ( matt]1 #bac2 mat]ial b n corporeal1 #aid1 #bad2 op]ates only 9 conjunction ) organism1 #bac2 p]i%es ) dissolution ( organism1 #bac ,bible1 #abg ,bio*emi/s1 #agi ,biog5etic ,law1 #dh1 #bge1 #bgf1 #bgg1 #bgh1 #bhc1 #bhe ,biologi/s1 #b1 #c1 #aa1 #ai1 #bi1 #ec note1 #aij1 #bjj1 #beg ,biology1 xiv1 #bd1 #aif1 #aig1 #bje ,bion1 #agj1 #aga ,biophysici/s1 #agi ,bip9n>ia1 #bhc 8,biotic en]gy10 #agj ,bird ( ,p>adise1 #aed1 #cec ,birds1 #bhb1 #bif1 #big ,bison1 #cca1 #ccb 8,black ,beauty10 #bcf ,blackb]ries1 #be ,bl9dness1 g]m9al & somatic1 #cjf ,blue-gre5 ,alg1 #ach1 #adi1 #aha ,body1 #aih ,bone cave1 #cdj ,bone fibres1 #cag ,bos primig5ius1 #cbi ,botany1 #ca1 #ee ,bra*iopoda1 #aag1 #aah1 #abj ,bradypus1 #eb ,bra91 #bgd1 #cae1 #caf2 human1 #bgd --convolutions (1 #bgd2 relative & absolute size (1 #cae2 relative size (1 #caf2 simian1 #bgd ,bra9 case1 #bgb ,bra9 cavities1 bel[ mod]n av]age1 #cbi ,bra9-fag1 due to imag9ative1 n to intellectual activity1 #bbh1 #bbi1 #bcj2 foll[s m]e memoriz+1 #bbi ,bran*ial ar*es & clefts1 #bgh1 #bgi ,bran*ial lamell1 #bgi ,brea/s1 sup]num]>y1 #cjd ,brok5 ,hill ,m9e1 #cdj ,bronze ,age1 hi/oric1 #ccg ,br[ ridges1 #cbh1 #ccj1 #ccc1 #cda2 mo/ pron\nc$ ( any human specim51 #cda ,brute1 #bac1 #bcc1 #bce1 #bcf1 #cfj2 de/itute ( fre$om1 morality1 responsibility1 #bcc2 its psy*ic functions1 all organic1 #bac2 lum9ation (1 #bcf2 our common orig9 )1 #cfj ,budd+1 #aef ,burial1 #ccj1 #cce2 deep1 #cce2 makes age ( bones unc]ta91 #cce2 solemn1 indicates belief 9 immortality1 #ccj ,butyric acid1 #aei ,ccum1 #bie ,cnog5esis1 #bgg1 #bhh ,cnozoic1 #aah1 #aai1 #cce ,calcium hydroxide1 #ade ,calicurgus1 #bfc ,cambrian1 #ii1 #ajj1 #ajd1 #aje1 #aaj1 #aaf1 #aag1 #aah1 #abe2 ,l[]1 #aag2 t]ranes bel[1 #abe2 y\?ful appe>ance (1 #ajd1 #aje ,canadian ,%ield1 #ajd note ,canadian survey1 #ajh ,canal1 alim5t>y1 #bic1 #bie1 #cja2 neural1 #bic ,canalization1 #bfe ,c>bohydrates1 #ade1 #adh2 production (1 by plants1 #ade-adh--n a syn!sis1 #adf-adh--;analog\s to process 9 animals1 #adf1 #adg ,c>bon dioxide1 #ade-adg ,c>bonif]\s1 #gc1 #ib1 #aae1 #aah2 ,l[]1 #ib2 ,upp]1 #aae ,c>nivora1 #bga ,cat>rh9e monkeys1 #bhg ,cata/rophes1 #gb1 #ahb2 cosmic1 #ahb ,cata/ophism1 #fg1 #fh1 #ih1 #cab2 new1 #ih ,cat]pill>1 #bfj1 #bfd ,cats1 #bhd ,causation1 active & effici5t1 #aga1 #agb ,cave rat1 #cjg ,caves1 #cce1 #ccf2 ( ,france & ,spa91 #cce1 #ccf2 ( ,spa91 #ccf ,cell-division1 #ei1 #acg1 #ach1 #aci1 #aee1 #afb1 #afc ,cell1 #acf1 #acg1 #ach1 #ada1 #adb1 #aee1 #afe1 #afh1 #bjb1 #cja2 def9ition (1 #acg2 a multimolecule1 #afe2 _c orig9ate ?r\gh exclusive ag5cy ( physico*emical en]gies1 #adb2 fundam5tal unit ( organization1 #acf2 g]m1 #aef2 simple/ ( organic units capable ( indep5d5t exi/5ce1 #ach2 simple/ ( organisms1 #adg2 somatic1 #aef2 submicroscopical compon5ts (1 #ada2 simple/ =m ( organic life1 #adb2 vital1 #adb2 sp]m1 #acg ,cell ,!ory1 #acf ,cellul> cont9uity1 #acg1 #ada2 ,fif? article (1 #ada2 ,law (1 #ada ,c5taur1 con/ellation (1 #ahd ,c5t]s1 s5sory & motor1 #bea ,c5tral neurones1 #bac1 #bbb2 purpose (1 #bbb ,c5trioles1 #adj ,cephalic index1 #cbi ,c]atites1 #hf ,c]atodus1 #aai ,c]ebral cortex1 #bjf1 #bac1 #bba1 #bbb ,c]ebral neurones1 #bbb2 an ext5d$ receptor n proportion$ to demat]ializ$ ab/ract objects1 #bbb ,c]ebrosp9al sy/em1 #bac ,c]ta9ty1 #abd1 #abe2 bas$ on objective necessity1 #abd2 sci5tific1 #abe ,ceylon1 #cae ,*a9-reflex1 #bej1 #beb ,*aldea1 #ccg1 #cdj ,*alk1 #gi1 #hf ,*ance1 #aa1 #aea-aed2 impot5t to produce effect s complicat$ly telic z an organism1 #aea2 its efficacy & impot5ce1 #aea-aed ,*ange1 adaptive1 #ec note2 g]m9al1 #db1 #dc1 #fh1 #cjg2 k9ds (1 #db2 somatic1 #fh2 specific1 #g1 #bc1 #fh1 #hh1 #hi1 #cjg2 v>ietal1 #g1 #fh1 #hh ,*>act]s 7somatic or ext]nal71 #e1 #f1 #ag1 #ah1 #da1 #fb1 #fc1 #hg1 #hh1 #aba1 #abb1 #bgh1 #cjf1 #ccd2 def9ition (1 #da2 duplication & suppression (1 #cjf2 embryonic n d]iv$ f adult1 #bgh2 homolog\s & adaptational1 #fb1 #fc1 #aba --di/9ction has no exp]im5tal basis1 #fb2 8inh]it$0 & 8acquir$10 #da ,*apelle-aux-,sa9tes1 #bhh1 #cca2 ,cave (1 rema9s1 #cca2 rema9s1 #bbh ,*ela1 #fa1 #bfa2 ( lob/] & ,african scorpion1 #fa ,*emical analysis1 #adc1 #add1 #baf2 de/roys life1 #adc1 #add ,*emical syn!sis ( liv+ matt] possible1 #adb1 #add ,*emi/1 #aea2 guid+ intellig5ce ( ne$ 9 syn!sis ( organic comp\nds1 #aea2 necessity ( regulation1 #aea ,*emi/ry1 #adb1 #cej2 physical1 #adb ,*emotaxis1 #bfd ,*ick1 #bee ,*ima]oids1 #aai ,*impanzee1 #cc1 #bgj1 #cad1 #cbc ,*91 #cai1 #cbj1 #cbh2 may be acc5tuat$ by a mutation1 #cbj2 prom95ce 9 ,spy ,no4 #a1 #cbh2 recessive1 #cbj2 recessiv5ess ( !1 #cai2 recessiv5ess & protub]ance (1 #cbj2 recessiv5ess1 an acquir$ adaptation1 #cbj2 rec$+1 acquir$1 #cbh ,*9a1 #aaj1 #ccg ,*9less m&ible1 n slop+ backw>d1 #ccb ,*lorophyll1 #fb1 #ade1 #adg1 #adh1 #adi1 #aea1 #aed2 *romog5 gr\p (1 #adh2 *romog5 complex1 #adh2 colloidal solution (1 #ade2 n a 8s5sitiz]0 l ,eos91 #adg1 #adh2 reg5]at$ f ,h,o & ,,co1 #adg1 #adh2 8s5sitiz]10 #ade ,*ondriosomes1 #adj ,*ri/ianity1 #cei ,*romat91 #ach1 #aci ,*romiole1 #ach ,*romosomes1 #ag1 #ba1 #bg1 #dd1 #de1 #aci1 #ada1 #aeg1 #aeh1 #aei2 diploid numb] normal1 #aei2 diploid numb] (1 #aeg1 #aeh1 #aei2 duplication (1 #ag1 #ba1 #dd1 #de2 haploid numb] (1 #aeg1 #aeh1 #aei2 homolog\s1 #ag1 #ba2 r&om assortm5t (1 #bg ,*ronology1 #ih2 li?ic1 #ih2 pr9ciples (1 #ih ,*ronomet]1 palontological1 #ace ,*ryso?rix1 #bgd ,cid>is1 #aai ,ciliate1 #afc ,circum/ances1 environm5tal1 #bej-beb ,civilization1 old1 de/ruction (1 #ccf ,classes1 #cg ,classification1 taxonomic1 n hi/orical1 #aab ,clays1 ,plei/oc5e1 #bhi ,cleavage1 #aed1 #aei ,cloaca1 #bha ,coccyx1 alleg$ rudim5t ( =m] tail1 #big2 s]ves purpose1 #bih ,cockroa*es1 #aae ,coel5t]ates1 #gh1 #aah ,coexi/5ce ( impressions1 n a companion ( !m1 #bjh ,cognitive intellect1 #bbj1 #bba ,colloid sy/ems1 aggregates1 n units1 #afh ,colloidal1 #ada1 #agj2 sub/ances1 #ada2 sy/ems n analog\s to organisms1 #agj ,colloids1 #aff-afi2 hydrophilic1 #afh1 #afi ,columns1 cont95tal & subm>9e1 #aad ,comman*ian p]iod1 #gb ,comm5sal1 #df ,comm5salism1 #eb ,common /ock1 #ci ,comp>ative anatomy1 #bgi1 #cjd ,complexity1 8,law0 (1 #aff1 #afg ,compon5ts1 #ach1 #aci1 #ada1 #adb1 #afh2 cytoplasmic & nucle>1 #ach1 #aci2 ( cell1 #ada --self-p]petuat+1 #afh2 ( protoplasmic sy/em1 #ada ,comp\nds1 organic1 #adb ,concepts1 #bai1 #bbj1 #bba1 #bdg2 ab/ract & g5]al1 #bbj1 #bdg2 rational1 #bdg ,conceptual ?\ght1 #bai1 #bbb1 #bbc2 conc]n$ ) ! reality ( ess5ce1 #bai2 excludes mat]iality f its specific ag5t & receptive subject1 #bbb2 n communicat$ to organism1 #bbc2 subject 9 s\l alone1 #bbc ,conduction pa?1 #bfe ,condyles1 occipital1 #bgb ,con=mity1 #aje1 #ajg1 #aaj2 8deceptive10 #aje1 #aaj2 normal significance (1 #aje2 8upside-d[n10 #ajg ,conjugation1 #aeg1 #afa ,consci\sness1 #aih1 #bjc1 #bjd1 #bje1 #bjf1 #bjh1 #baa1 #bce1 #bch1 #bdj1 #bdh1 #bfb2 & unconsci\sness1 #aih2 atte/s exi/5ce sup]ficially v>iable b radically un*angeable subject ( m5tal life1 #bjf2 atte/s p]si/5ce ( our p]sonal id5tity1 #baa2 dep5d5ce ( all sci5ce ^u1 #bjd2 etymology (1 #bje1 #bjf2 its te/imony to ! reality ( ! ego1 #bje2 organic & spiritual1 #aii2 ph5om5al1 #aih2 s5ti5t1 #bce1 #bch1 #bdj1 #bdh2 te/imony (1 #bjh ,con/ructions1 complex & sy/ematic1 n producible by accid5t1 #ec1 #aed ,consolation1 #ceh1 #cfa2 de/roy$1 #cfa2 elim9at$1 #ceh ,contam9ation ( m$ia1 #ace ,contiguity1 #bda1 #bdb2 association (1 #bda2 law (1 #bda1 #bdb ,cont95ts1 #aac1 #aad2 p]man5ce (1 #aad ,cont9uity1 #cej2 de/ructive z metaphysics1 #cej2 leads to mat]iali/ic monism1 #cej2 pr9ciples (1 #cej2 nucle>1 #acg ,control1 #bcf1 #bea-bec2 intellig5t1 #bec2 psy*ic1 #bea2 rational & moral1 #bcf2 s5sory1 #bea-bec ,consequ5ces--socialism1 an>*y1 despair1 #cfj ,conv]g5ce1 #aj1 #cf1 #eh1 #ei1 #fa1 #fc1 #gg1 #gh1 #gi1 #hj1 #bgg1 #bhc1 #bhd1 #bhg2 k9ds ( #gg ,corpuscul>1 #agd ,correlation1 #ij1 #ia1 #ic1 #ii1 #aja1 #aaa2 ,cuvi]'s ,law (1 #ij1 #ia2 /ratigraphic1 #ic1 #if1 #ii1 #aja1 #aaa ,cortical1 #bid1 #cae2 area1 #bgd2 surface1 #cae ,cosmic scale1 #cej2 ,cosmogony1 #aha1 #ahe ,cosmopolitan species1 #gc ,cosmozoa1 #ahb ,cranial box1 #bgb ,cranial capacity1 #bgd1 #cae1 #cag1 #cbb1 #cbe1 #ccb1 #cda2 absolute1 #ccb2 human1 #cda2 l>ge1 #cda2 ( man & ape comp>$1 #bgd2 relative1 #cag1 #ccb ,cranial vault1 m spaci\s 9 ,spy ,no4 #b1 #cbg ,cranium1 #aah1 #bga1 #cba1 #cbe1 #cbh1 #cbi1 #cca1 #ccc1 #ccg1 #cda2 doli*ocephalic1 #cbe1 #cca2 flat on top1 broad 9 back1 #cda2 mod]n1 #ccc2 human1 #cbh2 ( ape1 #bga2 ( man1 #bga2 n subsequ5t to b>b>ism1 #ccg2 ,spy1 #cca ,creation1 #fg1 #gb1 #ahf1 #ahg2 def9$1 #ahg2 new1 #fg1 #gb2 simultane\s or recessive1 #gb ,creationism1 #ee ,creator1 #gb1 #bdi1 #bih1 #cej ,cr$ul\s p]sons misl$1 #cec ,cretace\s1 #ajj1 #ajd1 #ajh1 #aji1 #aaa1 #aah2 %ales1 #aji ,crete1 #ccg ,cret9ism1 #bid ,cries1 #bdf2 emotional1 #bdf2 in/9ctive1 #bdf ,cr9oids1 #aai ,cross+1 #d1 #e1 #ai-ba1 #be-bh1 #hh2 int]specific1 #ai-ba1 #bf1 #bg2 int]v>ietal1 #ai1 #bj1 #bg1 #bh2 does n produce 8new species10 #be-bh ,crossov]1 #ag1 #bf1 #db ,cru/1 t]re/rial1 #aac ,cru/aceans1 #aag ,cryptorhetic sy/em1 #bib-bid ,cry/alloids1 #add ,cry/als1 #aec ,cry/al units1 #add1 #afe ,ct5omys1 #cje ,cultures1 #ace1 #cji1 #cag2 /]iliz$ & arat$1 #ace ,curv$ femur1 acquir$ adaptation1 #cbh ,cycads1 #aah ,cycas1 #aah ,cy/s1 #acd ,cytodes1 #ach1 #agi1 #bjg ,cytologi/1 #acf1 #ada ,cytology1 #acg ,cytoplasm1 #acg-aci1 #ada2 ( eggs diff]5tiat$1 #ada ,cytoplasmic compon5ts self-p]petuat+1 #aci ,cytosome1 #adj ,d>w9ism1 #a1 #e1 #f1 #af1 #bd1 #bi1 #cj1 #cb1 #gh1 #gi1 #he1 #bfc1 #bfe1 #bhe1 #bia1 #cbe2 contradict$ by hi/ory1 #ccg2 obsolete !ory1 #bi1 #cj1 #cdi ,datura /ramonium1 #ba1 #bb1 #bc ,dea?1 #aef ,deceptive con=mities1 #ih ,deep sea bottoms1 #aac ,deg5]acy1 #ae1 #ae note1 #ah1 #ccf ,degradation ( en]gy1 #afb1 #afc1 #ahj2 implies beg9n+ ( life1 #ahj2 law (1 #afb1 #afc ,delitz*1 #aah ,dep5d5ce1 #bag1 #bah1 #bba1 #bca2 direct1 ( psy*o-organic functions on organism1 #bca2 incompatible ) spirituality1 #bah2 intr9sic on matt]1 #bah2 objective1 n subjective1 #bba ,desc5t1 #fg1 #hj1 #hg1 #hh1 #bfg1 #bfi1 #bgd1 #bgg1 #bhd1 #cje1 #cjh1 #caj1 #cab1 #cae1 #cag1 #cde2 collat]al1 #bfi1 #cjh1 #cab1 #cag --( man1 #cjh1 #cag --!ory (1 #bfi1 #cab2 common1 #bfi1 #cae --ref]5ce (1 #bfi2 direct1 ,d>w9's !ory (1 #bgd2 f ape1 !ory (1 #bgd2 human1 #cag1 #cde --f pi!coid primates1 n a hi/orical fact1 #cde --!ory (1 #bfi2 l9eal1 #bfi1 #cje1 #cjh1 #cji1 #cag --a *a9 ( creatures1 #cje --f ape1 !ory (1 #bfi --upheld by ,d>w91 #bfi2 ( man1 #cjh1 #caj2 !ory (1 #hj1 #bgg ,det]ioration ( organism does n always involve det]ioration ( sup]organic p[]s1 #bcj ,devonian1 #fb1 #ii1 #ajc1 #ajf2 ,middle1 #ajf ,de-,vriesianism1 #bc1 #bd1 #bi1 #bfc1 #bfe1 #bff1 #cdi ,die/]1 phytyl-me?yl1 #adg ,diff]5ces1 #i1 #ab1 #ac1 #af1 #bh1 #cg1 #df1 #ha1 #hb1 #hd1 #hf1 #hi1 #aba1 #aga1 #bcf1 #bcg1 #bga1 #bgb1 #bgc1 #cbj1 #cca1 #ccc1 #ccd1 #cei2 anatomical1 betwe5 ,homo primig5ius & ,homo sapi5s1 #cca1 #ccd --betwe5 man & ape1 #bga-bgc2 betwe5 liv+ & lifeless1 #aga2 fluctuational1 #aba2 g5]ic1 #cg1 #df1 #hb1 #hd1 #hf2 individual1 #af --alleg$ summation (1 #i1 #bj1 #bi2 major1 #i1 #cg1 #df1 #cbj --relative & absolute1 #cg2 m9or1 #i1 #cg1 #df1 #cbj2 mutational1 #aba1 #ccd2 ord9al1 #df2 psy*ological1 betwe5 man & brute1 #bcf1 #bcg1 #cei1 #cfj --am\nt to a di/9ction ( k9d1 #bcf1 #bcg1 #cei1 #cfj2 specific1 #ab1 #ac1 #bh1 #cg1 #df1 #ha1 #hd1 #hf1 #ccc1 #ccd2 v>ietal1 #df ,diff]5tial ?re%old1 law (1 #bbg ,diff]5tiation1 #bhd ,diffusion ( v5om1 #bfd1 #bfe ,dige/ion1 /imulates lymphatic gl&s1 #cja ,dileptus gigas1 #ach1 #agd ,diluvium1 ,european1 #cde ,d9(lagellata1 #aah ,d9osaurs1 #ajj1 #bga ,diphasic1 #acd ,diploid =ms1 #dd1 #de1 #dg ,dipnoan1 #aai ,dipt]a1 #dh1 #di ,disc]nm5t1 #bdj ,disc9a1 #aah ,discon=mity1 non-evid5t1 #aje ,discrim9ation1 #bjh ,discursive analysis1 #bdc1 #bdd ,disease g]ms1 #ada1 #afi1 #agj1 #baf2 invisible1 id5tifi$ by ! pa?ological effects1 #baf2 submicroscopic1 #ada1 #afi1 #agj ,dis9tegration1 atomic1 #afc ,disp]s+ m$ium1 #afh ,dissociation1 #bce1 #bdb ,di/ribut$ nucleus1 #ach ,di/ribution1 #ib1 #ii1 #ajj1 #aab1 #aac1 #aae2 *ronological1 #ib2 geographical1 h>d to di/+ui% f *ronological1 #ii1 #ajj2 ( plants & animals1 #aae2 spatial1 anomalies (1 #aab1 #aac ,disuse1 #bhf1 #bhh1 #bij1 #cje1 #cjf2 effects1 alleg$ (1 #bhh ,div]g5ce1 #i1 #cf1 #ci1 #eg ,div9e action1 vivify+ matt]1 n a miracle1 #ahg1 #ahh ,dog1 #bdh1 #bee1 #bhg ,dogmatism1 evolution>y1 #cfj ,dolph9s1 #hj ,dom9ation ( intellect & w ov] organic p[]s1 #bce ,d\bt1 8sci5tific10 #aih ,dragonflies1 #aae ,drone1 #aeh ,drosophila1 #ag1 #ah1 #ai1 #bg1 #he1 #hf2 melanoga/]1 #he1 #hf --gradations 9 eye-color1 w+-l5g? & pigm5tation (1 #he1 #hf ,dryopi!cus1 #bgj1 #caj1 #caa1 #cbc1 #cde2 d5tition (1 #caa1 rh5anus1 tee?1 human-l1 #cbc ,dualism1 #agd1 #aih1 #aii1 #bca1 #bcc1 #bcd1 #cea2 consci\s & unconsci\s1 ( ,desc>tes1 #aih2 hylomorphic1 #agd1 #aih1 #bca2 ( em]g5ce & resi/ance1 #bcc1 #bcd note2 ( pot5cy & act1 #aii2 psy*ic & physical1 ( ,desc>tes1 #aih2 psy*ophysical1 #aih1 #bca ,duckbill1 #bhg ,duplication1 #dd1 #de1 #cje2 *romosomal1 #dd1 #de2 ( organs1 #cje ,dynamic1 #bjf ,e>1 #cjb1 #cjd2 helix (1 #cjd ,e>? columns1 #aac ,e>?worm1 #bej1 #bhj ,ea/ ,indies1 #aah ,e*9od]mata1 #aai1 #aba1 #abb ,education1 #bde1 #bef1 #cfj2 responsible1 #cfj ,educator1 mod]n1 #cfj ,effect1 #agf1 #agg ,eggs1 #acd1 #aef1 #aeh1 #aei1 #afj1 #bee1 #bei1 #bgh1 #bhc2 ( sea ur*91 #aei1 #afj2 unf]tiliz$1 #aeh2 r$uc$1 #aeh2 unr$uc$1 #aeh ,ego1 #bji1 #baj1 #bbd2 !1 #bji1 #baj2 ! ?9k+1 #bbd ,egoism1 #bef ,egypt1 #aae1 #ccg1 #cdj ,electrolytes1 #afh ,electronic !ory1 #ef ,electrons1 #afc1 #agd ,elem5ts1 radioactive1 #ahj ,elephants1 #aaa1 #aae1 #cae2 bra9 (1 #cae2 ,sib]ian1 sudd5 ext9ction (1 #aaa ,elephas3 antiquus1 #cag2 primig5ius1 #cbf ,embryologi/s1 #acf ,embryology1 #ada1 #bge1 #bgf1 #cjh2 comp>ative1 #bgf2 exp]im5tal1 #ada ,embryonic additions1 #bgf ,embryos1 #bgf1 #bgh1 #bgi1 #bhj1 #bha2 alleg$ fi%-l /age (1 #bgi1 #bhj2 human1 #bgh1 #bhj1 #bhc2 mammalian1 #bha1 #bhc2 v]tebrate1 #bha ,em]g5ts1 #bcc note1 #bcd note ,en]gy-cont5t1 #agd ,emotion1 #bad1 #bca1 #bdf1 #bdg2 functions ( s5sual appetite1 #bdg2 a psy*o-organic function1 #bad2 organic function1 #bca ,emp]or mo?1 #bfg ,emulsifi]1 #afi ,emulsion1 #aci1 #afh ,encasem5t1 #c1 #d ,ency/m5t1 #afb ,end1 #bed1 #bei ,endocr9e gl&s1 #bib-bie1 #bih2 n functionless1 #bie ,endomixis1 #afa1 #afb1 #afc1 #agh ,endoskeletal1 #cf ,en]gy1 #agb1 #agd2 cont5t1 #agd2 def9$1 #agb2 k9etic & pot5tial1 #agb ,en]gy-environm5t1 #afh ,enlight5m5t1 #bdd1 #bde ,entele*y1 #agb-age1 #aii1 #bjj1 #bjb1 #baj2 def9ition (1 #bjj2 ,ari/otelian s5se p]v]t$ by ,dries*1 #agb2 a con/ant 9 liv+ units1 a v>iant 9 inorganic units1 #age1 #bjj1 #bjb1 #baj2 common to inorganic units & liv+ organisms1 #agc1 #agd2 consub/antial ) matt]1 #bjb2 entitive1 n dynamic1 #agb1 #bja2 equival5t to /atic aff9ity or /ructural val5ce1 #agc2 inorganic1 #agd2 n an ag5t b a specify+ type1 #bja ,entitive1 #bjf ,environm5t1 #f-i1 #ab-ae1 #db1 #df1 #aeb1 #aec1 #agd1 #ahj-ahb1 #bfa1 #cjg2 cosmic1 ( life1 #ahj1 #aha2 int]nal1 #ad1 #ae2 n a me*anism = mold+ organisms1 #aeb1 #aec ,environm5tal conditions1 #ae1 #af1 #fh1 #abc1 #bhd ,environm5tal /imulus1 #bee ,enzymes1 #adc ,eoan?ropus1 #cbj1 #cbb1 #cbc1 #cdb2 a comb9ation ( simian & human rema9s1 #cdb2 ,dawsoni1 #cbj-cbc1 #cdb2 jaw old] ?an cranium1 #cbb ,eoc5e1 #aae1 #cji1 #cac1 #cag2 ,l[]1 #cac2 ,middle1 #aae ,eoli?s1 #aed1 #cba ,eos91 a s5sitiz]1 #adg ,epeira1 #bdh1 #bdi ,epicyclic subt]fuges1 #aaj ,epig5esis1 #c1 #d ,epiphysis1 #bib ,equus1 #e1 #ie1 #aac2 ,am]ican & ,european1 #aac2 as9us1 #e2 caballus1 #e ,erosion1 #aje1 #aji ,eskimo1 #ccj1 #cch2 language m complex ?an ,engli%1 #cch ,euphemisms1 #cea ,europe1 #aab1 #aac1 #cce ,eurypt]ids1 #aag ,ev5ts1 #bjh ,evolution 7active & passive7 ( life f inorganic matt]1 #acb1 #acc ,evolution 7alleg$7 ( human s\l1 #aid1 #aie1 #bfh1 #ceb ,evolution 7alleg$7 ( human body1 #bfh1 #cji1 #cdc ,evolution1 xi-xiv1 #b1 #c1 #f1 #g1 #h1 #ag1 #ai1 #bj1 #ba1 #bh1 #bi1 #ca1 #cb1 #cd1 #dc1 #dd1 #de1 #fc1 #ff1 #gj1 #gd1 #ge1 #gf1 #gh1 #gi1 #hj1 #hc1 #hf1 #ij1 #ib1 #ig1 #aje1 #aaf1 #aag1 #abc1 #abd1 #abe1 #aca1 #aic1 #aid1 #bfg1 #bfh1 #bia1 #big1 #cjd1 #cji1 #cbe1 #cce1 #cci1 #cdi-cfa2 aspects1 moral & social1 (1 #cec-cfa2 causes (1 #b1 #f2 evid5ce =1 exp]im5tal1 #c1 #g1 #h1 #ag1 #bh --inf]5tial or circum/antial1 #c1 #h1 #abe --g5etical1 #h1 #ah1 #bh1 #bi --zoological1 #h1 #cd1 #ff1 #gf --palontological1 #c1 #h1 #ff1 #gd-gf1 #gh1 #gi1 #hj1 #hc1 #ib1 #ig1 #aje1 #abf2 fact (1 #b1 #hf1 #abd1 #abf2 helioc5tric !ory n on a p> )1 xii1 xiii1 law (1 #a1 #abc2 moni/ic basis (1 #cdi-cec2 necess>y z hypo!sis1 n z dogma1 xi2 s5ses (1 #b1 #gd1 #ge1 #aca2 _s n a product (1 #aic1 #aid1 #bfh2 sy/ems (1 #a1 #bi1 #ca1 #cdi2 ,augu/9ian1 #cb1 #gd1 #ge2 ,batesonian1 #ah-ba1 #dc1 #dd1 #gi2 monophyletic1 #fi1 #gj1 #aaf1 #aag2 polyphyletic1 #gj2 progressive1 #dd1 #de1 #aaf ,evolution>y ?\ght1 crisis 91 #c1 #bi ,evolutioni/s1 #bgi ,exoskeletal1 #cf ,exp$i5cy1 #bia ,exp]i5ce1 #bch1 #bda1 #bec1 #bef2 le>n+ by1 #bda2 s5sory1 #bch1 #bec ,exp]im5tation1 #aig ,eye1 #fj1 #bje1 #bag1 #bhc1 #bih2 a corporal elem5t intr9sic to ! visual s5se1 #bag2 an example ( conv]g5ce1 #fj2 con/itu5t "p ( ag5t & subject ( vision1 #bag2 human1 defective1 #bih2 n replac$ by telescope1 #bje2 v]tebrate type (1 #bhc ,factorial1 complex1 #de ,factors1 g]m9al 7g5etic1 h]$it>y71 #e1 #f1 #ae1 #ag1 #ah1 #ai1 #da1 #db1 #dd1 #de1 #fh1 #abb1 #aea1 #aeb1 #agd1 #bjg1 #bia --diagnosis (1 #abb --fractionation (1 #ai --positive & inhibitive1 #ai2 environm5tal1 #f1 #da1 #db1 #fh1 #aea1 #aeb1 #agd1 #bjg1 #bia --bl9d1 #aea1 #aeb --( disuse & selection1 #bjg ,facts1 #bje2 =m] _c be =mulat$ except ) ref]5ce to ego1 #bje2 9 t]ms d5ot+ or connot+ ego1 #bje2 intram5tal & extram5tal1 #bje 8,falsifications0 ( ance/ral records1 #bgf ,families1 #cg1 #eh2 *emical1 #eh ,family-tree1 evolution>y1 #eh ,fats1 #ade ,fault+1 #ajg1 #ajh2 horizontal & v]tical1 #ajh2 8,l[ angle10 #ajg1 #ajh2 normal1 #ajh ,faym1 !1 #aae ,feldh(] ,grotte1 #cbc1 #cbd1 #cbf ,felis leo fossilis1 #cai ,femur1 #cac1 #caf1 #cag1 #cbd1 #cbg1 #ccj1 #cda2 n curv$ z 9 ,ne&]?al type1 #cda2 %[s curvature1 #cbg1 #ccj ,f]ns1 #aah ,f]tilization1 #db1 #aeg1 #aei1 #afj ,filiation1 #ge ,f9ality1 imman5t law (1 #agd ,fir/ causes1 #eb1 #ga1 #bdi ,fi%es1 #fa1 #bgj1 #bgf1 #bgi1 #bhc1 #bif2 adult1 #bgi1 #bhc2 embryo (1 #bgi ,fi%-kidney1 #cjb ,fission1 b9>y1 #aef1 #afa2 unequal1 #aef2 multiple1 #aef ,fixism1 #d1 #cb1 #eb1 #fi1 #gj1 #gb1 #ge1 #aai1 #abd1 #bfh2 unable to furni% 8natural0 explanation ( homology1 #eb2 uni=mit>ian1 #fi ,flat worms1 #bgh ,flies1 #acd ,fluctuants1 #hg ,fluctuations1 #aj1 #af1 #bi1 #cjb1 #ccc2 cause (1 #aj1 #af2 in/ance (1 #af2 non-inh]itable1 #aj1 #af ,ftal life1 special conditions (1 #bii ,ftus1 #cja ,fonte de ,gaume1 #cci ,foot-&-m\? disease1 g]m (1 #ahc note ,=amnif]a1 #aah ,=ce1 #agb1 #agf2 def9$1 #agb2 no special vital1 #agf ,=ehead1 #cbh1 #ccj1 #cda2 high]1 #cbh2 l[1 #cda2 retreat+1 #ccj ,=maldehyde1 #ade-adh2 n fir/ /ep 9 orig9 ( life nor 9 photosyn!sis1 #ade-adg ,=maldehyde-hypo!sis1 #ade-adh ,=maldoxime1 #adh ,=mations1 fossilif]\s1 #aje ,=mations1 geological1 #ge1 #hd1 #ic1 #ie1 #ii1 #ajj1 #ajc1 #aje1 #ajh1 #aah1 #aai1 #abf2 "t-value (1 #hd ,=m$ bodies ( cell1 self-p]petuat+1 #afh ,=mose1 #ade ,=ms1 #bdf1 #bge1 #bgf1 #cab2 fossil1 sequ5ce (1 #bgf --int]m$iate1 #cab2 grammatical1 #bdf2 int]m$iate1 none betwe5 man & apes1 #bge ,=tuit\s result1 #bdi ,fossil bones1 #cai ,fossil facts1 #caa ,fossilif]\s /ratification1 univ]sality (1 #ajb ,fossil rema9s1 human1 #bac ,fossils1 #c1 #ha1 #hg1 #hh1 #id1 #ie1 #if1 #ii1 #ajj1 #aja1 #ajb1 #ajd1 #ajg1 #aaj1 #aaa1 #aab1 #aah1 #cji1 #cag1 #ccd1 #cce2 dat$ by !ory ( desc5t1 #ccd2 evade exp]im5tal bre$+ te/s1 #hg1 #hh1 #ccd2 no inv>iable sequ5ce (1 #ii1 #ajb2 recon/ruct$1 #hh2 /ill 8m$als ( ,creation10 #id2 "t-value problematic1 #ih1 #ajj1 #aja1 #ajg1 #aaj1 #aaa1 #aab1 #cce ,foxhall ,man1 #cji1 #cda1 #cdb2 alleg$ to be ,t]ti>y1 #cji1 #cda1 #cdb2 fl9t implem5ts prove intellig5ce (1 #cdb2 no fossils (1 #cdb ,fre$om1 human1 #bcb2 ( w1 #bcb ,free w1 a my?1 #cfj1 #cfa ,frescoes1 #cci1 #cdj2 poly*rome1 #cdj2 primeval1 #cci1 #cdj ,frog1 #fd1 #bha2 tadpole1 #bha ,fruit-flies1 eyeless1 #cjf2 ve/igial1 #cjf2 w+less1 #cjf ,functions1 #bae1 #baf1 #bda1 #bgf2 extr9sically dep5d5t on organism1 #bae1 #baf2 s5sitivo-n]v\s1 #bda2 sup]organic1 #bae ,fundulus1 #fb ,future life1 #ced1 #cfa2 a my?1 #cfa2 ( retribution1 #ced ,gametes1 #ac1 #ad1 #be1 #aef1 #aeg1 #aeh1 #aei2 production (1 #be2 specialization (1 = k9etic & trophic functions1 #aeg1 #aeh ,ganoids1 #aai1 #abj ,g> pike1 #aai ,ga/rula1 #aei ,gelation1 #afh ,gemmation1 #aef ,g5eology1 #ie1 #aac1 #cdh2 hypo!tical1 #aac2 ( horse1 #ie2 ( man1 #cdh ,g5eological tree ( man1 #cdh ,g5]a1 #c1 #d1 #cg1 #gh1 #hj1 #ha1 #hf1 #ib1 #aai1 #cab1 #cac2 fossil1 #c1 #d1 #gh1 #hj1 #ha1 #hf1 #cab1 #cac ,g5]alization1 p[] (1 #bfa ,g5]ation1 univocal & equivocal1 #fh1 #fi ,g5es1 #ag1 #ah1 #ai1 #be1 #bg1 #db1 #dc1 #dd1 #de1 #gi1 #ada1 #afb2 inhibitive1 #ah1 #ai1 #db1 #gi1 #afb ,g5etic cellul> cont9uity1 law (1 no exception to1 #afc1 #afd ,g5etic cont9uity1 #adb1 #afj1 #afe1 #caa2 fivefold law (1 #adb2 law (1 #acf1 #afj --may n prevail 9 submicroscopic _w1 #afe ,g5etici/s1 #hi1 #ccd ,g5etics1 #b1 #c1 #bd1 #cf1 #df note1 #ef1 #hb1 #hh1 #hi1 #aba1 #abf1 #ada1 #cjb1 #cje1 #ccd ,g5ital di/rophy1 #bid ,g5otype1 #e1 #da1 #dc1 #abc ,geodesi/s1 #aad ,geological column1 #ajf1 #aag1 #abe1 #abf ,geological record1 #gb1 #hj-hd1 #ib1 #ajf1 #aaa1 #abj1 #abe1 #abf1 #abg1 #big2 damag$1 #ib2 enigmatic1 #abf1 #abg2 incomplete1 #gb1 #hj1 #ajf2 incomplet5ess assum$ to expla9 abs5ce ( int]m$iates1 #hc2 "t-value presupposes its complet5ess1 #hb1 #hc1 #aaa ,geologi/s1 #ajj1 #ajb1 #aac1 #aad1 #aag1 #abe1 #aha ,geology1 xiv1 #ih1 #ajg1 #aaa1 #aag2 c only prove local ord] ( succession1 #aaa ,g]m1 #ac1 #aee1 #aef1 #ahb2 multicellul> & unicellul>1 #aee1 #aef ,g]m cells1 #ac1 #ad1 #af1 #aef1 #aeg1 #afc ,g]m plasm1 #ad1 #be1 #bf1 #da1 #db1 #de1 #bfe1 #cjc ,g]m tract1 #ad ,g]m9al con/itution1 #hg1 #abc ,g]rym&]+1 geological1 #aaf ,giantism1 #dd1 #bid ,gibbon1 #bga1 #bgd1 #caj1 #cad1 #caf ,gibralt> skull1 #cbb ,gill ar*es & clefts1 #bgh1 #bgi ,gills1 #gj1 #bgi2 p]man5t1 #bgi ,glacial1 #ajd note1 #bhi1 #cbj1 #cbg1 #cbi1 #ccj1 #cca1 #ccb1 #ccd2 deposits1 #ajd note2 epo*1 #cbj1 #ccb1 #ccd --middle (1 #ccb --close (1 #ccb2 p]iod1 #bhi1 #cbg1 #cbi1 #ccj1 #cca --f\r? or la/1 #cbg1 #cbi --close (1 #cca ,glaciation1 #bij ,glaci]1 cont95tal1 #bhg1 #bhi ,glaci] ,national ,p>k1 #ajh ,glaciologi/s1 #bhi ,gl&s1 #bif1 #cjd2 mucip>\s1 #bif2 sup]num]>y mamm>y1 #cjd ,glaurus ov]?ru/1 #ajg ,globig]9a1 #aah ,glucose1 #ade ,gluteal region1 #bgc ,glyc]aldehyde1 #ade ,god1 #ahj1 #cea2 admitt$ z hypo!tical1 #cea2 ,au?or ( ,life1 #ahj2 impossible to prove exi/5ce (1 #cea ,golgi bodies1 #adj ,gonads1 int]/itial cells (1 #bib ,gondwana ,l&1 #aad1 #aae ,gorilla1 #ea1 #bgj1 #bga1 #bgb1 #bgc1 #cad2 face (1 #bga2 skull (1 #bga ,gradation1 #hb1 #hg1 #cae2 morphological1 #hb2 ( =ms1 #hg2 s]ies1 #cae2 temporal succession1 #hb ,gradual approximation1 dogma (1 #aaj ,gramm>1 8sci5tific0 revision (1 #bje ,graptolites1 #gh1 #ajj ,great ,peacock ,mo?1 #bfj ,grey ,worm1 #bdf ,grign>d reaction1 #bji ,gr\ps1 #cce ,gryphaea1 #gi ,gue/1 #di1 #ec ,habit1 #h1 #bfe1 #bff1 #bfg1 #bia1 #cbh1 #ccc1 #ccd2 automatisms (1 alleg$ to be s\rce ( in/9ct1 #bfg2 body-modify+1 #ccc --( squatt+1 #cbh2 mod]n1 #ccd ,habitat1 #ii1 #aab1 #ahb ,hmoglob91 #adh ,halluc9ations1 #bce ,hallux1 human1 #ej2 simian1 #ej ,halog5s1 #eh ,haptophores1 #eg ,heidelb]g ,man1 #cah1 #cai1 #cbj2 jaw anomal\s1 #cai1 #cbj ,h51 #bei1 #bfj ,h]$ity1 #e1 #ci1 #ed1 #hh2 alleg$ cause ( homology1 #ci2 bip>5tal1 #e ,het]ogametes1 #aeh ,h]]ogamy1 #aeh ,h]]ozyg\s1 #be1 #bf1 #bg ,hi/og5esis1 #ei ,hi/ory1 #ccg1 #cch1 #cci2 contradicts evolution>y assumption1 #ccg1 #cch2 dawn (1 #ccg2 proves primitive man to h be5 civiliz$1 n b>b>ic1 #cci ,homomorphy1 het]og5etic1 #gi ,homology1 #h1 #cd1 #ce1 #cf1 #ci1 #dj1 #df1 #dg1 #dh1 #ea1 #ed1 #ei1 #fj1 #fa1 #fc1 #fd1 #fe1 #gg1 #bfh1 #bgf1 #bgg1 #bgh1 #bgi1 #bhd1 #bhg1 #bib1 #bih1 #cjh2 def9ition (1 #ce2 anatomical1 #bgf1 #bgi1 #bhd1 #cjh2 application to man1 #cd1 #ea1 #bfh2 disguis$ by ext]nal div]sity1 #dh2 embryological1 #dh1 #bgh1 #bgi1 #bhd1 #cjh2 evolution>y argum5t f1 #cd1 #dg note1 #dh1 #ed1 #fc1 #fd1 #fe1 #bfh1 #bib2 g5etic explanation (1 #ci1 #dj1 #dg ,homolog\s organs1 #ce1 #fa ,homo ne&]?al5sis1 #ccc ,homo primig5ius1 #cbc1 #ccj1 #ccc1 #ccd1 #cda1 #cdb2 a v>iety1 n a di/9ct species1 #cdb2 same z ,homo ,m\/]i5sis1 #ccj2 type1 fluctional nature (1 #cda ,homo sapi5s1 #cbe1 #ccj1 #ccb1 #ccc1 #cdj1 #cdb1 #cde2 only human species1 #cdb ,homozyg\s1 #be1 #bg ,horizon1 #ic1 #id1 #abe1 #caj1 #cce2 level1 #cce2 /ratigraphical1 #ic1 #id2 /ratigraphic1 #abe1 #caj1 #cce ,hormones #ad1 #bib1 #bid1 #bie ,horse1 #e1 #gh1 #ha1 #hb1 #cjd1 #ccb ,ho/1 #di1 #ec ,hott5tots1 #cbe ,human1 #bbd1 #bbg1 #bef1 #cce1 #cda1 #cdb1 #cde1 #ceb2 fossils all belong to ! species1 ,homo sapi5s1 #cde2 m9d --alleg$ to be ( animal extraction1 #ceb --reflects1 #bbd --spiritual1 #bbg2 reason1 #bef2 rema9s m anci5t ?an =mations 9 :i* !y are f\nd1 #cce ,human body1 #bfg1 #cjd1 #cde2 evolution (1 #bfg2 ignorance & unc]ta9ty reg>d+ orig91 #cde2 n a mosaic ( het]og5etic organs1 #cjd2 orig9 (1 #cde ,humanization ( brute1 subjective1 #bch ,humaniz]s ( brute1 ,d>w9ian1 #bfc ,human language atte/s reality ( ego1 #bje ,human nature1 #cfj2 ,d>w9ian conception (1 #cfj --evils ( popul>iz+ x1 #cfj ,human ,s\l1 #aic1 #aid1 #bjb1 #bjc1 #baj1 #bac1 #bad1 #bae1 #baf1 #bbe1 #bca1 #bcb1 #bcc1 #bfg1 #bfh2 c\ld only orig9ate by creation1 #bfg2 creation (1 #aic1 #bfg2 disc>nate1 #bjb1 #bad --n a complete p]son or nature1 #bjb2 exi/s = its own sake1 #bae2 immortal1 #aic2 intr9sically indep5d5t ( organism1 #bjb1 #bae1 #bbe2 n an em]g5t ( matt]1 #aid --alone active 9 sup]organic functions1 #bjb1 #bad1 #baf2 same z m9d1 #bjc2 simplicity (1 #baj --n to be conf\nd$ ) spirituality (1 #baj2 spirituality (1 #aic1 #bjc1 #bad1 #bae1 #baf1 #bca1 #bcb1 #bcc1 #bcc note1 #bfh --pro(s (1 #bad1 #bae1 #baf1 #bca --f rational ?\ght & volition1 #bca1 #bcb1 #bcc1 #bcc note2 sub/antiality (1 #baj2 und]ivable f matt]1 #bfh ,hunt]1 life (1 #cbh1 #ccj ,hyaloplasm1 #aci1 #ada ,hybridism1 con/ant1 #be ,hybridization1 #af1 #bf1 #hh2 int]specific & int]v>ietal1 #bf ,hybrids1 #d1 #e1 #ag1 #be1 #bf1 #bg1 #bh1 #hd1 #he1 #hg2 int]specific1 /]ile1 #d1 #e1 #bf1 #bg2 inv>ietal1 #ai1 #bj1 #bg1 #bh2 z int]m$iates1 #hd1 #he ,hydrang1 #dd ,hydrog51 #age2 liquid1 #ahd note ,hydroglissia1 #bdh ,hydrosol1 #afi ,hydrosph]e1 #aac1 #aha ,hydro!ca1 #gh ,hydroxylam9e1 #adh ,hyrozoa errone\sly classifi$1 #abb ,hylobatic1 #cad1 #caf1 #cag1 #cah2 type1 #cah ,hylomorphic dualism1 #aih ,hylomorphic vitalism1 does n disc\rage exp]im5tal analysis ( life1 #bja ,hylomorphism1 #agd ,hypogamete1 #aeh ,hyp]trophy1 #bhi1 #bij1 #bid2 due to use1 #bhi ,hypophysis1 #bib1 #bic1 #bid1 #bie2 n functionless1 #bid ,ice ,age1 #ih ,i*?yosaurs1 #hj ,igne\s masses1 n basal1 #abe ,illusions1 #bce ,imageless ?\ght1 s5se ( t]m1 #bai ,imag]y1 #bad1 #bae1 #bah1 #bai1 #bbj1 #bba1 #bbh1 #bbi1 #bda1 #bdc2 a function ( ! liv+ c]ebral cortex1 #bba2 association (1 #bda2 c]ebral1 #bah2 concrete1 #bbj1 #bba2 diff]5t 9 diff]5t p]sons1 #bai2 di/ribut$ by abnormal /ate ( cortex1 #bba2 motor1 #bad2 neurographic1 #bdc2 repres5ts only sup]ficial & ext]ior prop]ties1 #bai2 rigid1 correlat$ ) metabolic process at "w 9 c]ebral cortex1 #bbh1 #bbi2 rigidly proportion$ und]ly+ neurogram1 #bae2 s5sible1 presuppos$ by ?\ght & volition1 #bba2 %[s correspond+ degrees ( integrity & int5sity1 #bbi2 sporadic & fragm5t>y1 #bbi2 tactile1 #bad ,imag9ation1 #bac1 #bba1 #bbb1 #bbh1 #bbi1 #bca2 c]ebral s5se1 #bbb1 #bbh1 #bbi2 its normal ex]cise dep5ds on physiological normality ( c]ebral cortex1 #bba2 organic function1 #bca ,imag9ative activity1 #bbi ,immortality1 consid]$ an anodyne1 #ceh ,immunity1 #eg ,immutibility1 #ej1 #eb ,imp5etrability1 #bbe2 ( matt]1 law (1 #bbe2 reflection oppos$ to1 #bbe ,improvis$ /ructures1 #bha note1 #bhc ,incubation1 purposeless1 #bei ,indep5d5t ,assortm5t1 ,law (1 #bg ,index fossils1 #ic1 #id1 #if1 #ig1 #ajj1 #ajd1 #ajg1 #ajh1 #aji1 #aaj1 #aaa1 #aab1 #cce1 #cci2 basis ( /ratigraphic correlation1 #ic1 #id2 an arbitr>y & ela/ic crit]ion1 #id1 #ie2 f9al c\rt ( appeal1 #ic1 #if1 #ig1 #cce2 9 conflict ) physical & /ratigraphic evid5ce1 #ajj1 #ajd-aab ,india1 #aad ,indian dialects1 "w ( philosoph]s1 #cch ,indian ,ocean1 #aad1 #aae ,individuation1 #bbj1 #bbd2 concrete1 #bbd ,indo-,europeans1 #ccd ,indu/ry1 ,m\/]ian1 #cbf1 #cbg1 #cbi1 #ccj1 #cca2 ,a*eulean1 #cca2 ,aurignacian1 #cca ,in]tia1 def9$1 #agd ,infusion1 #aic2 n sup]natural1 #aic2 ( _s into matt]1 n a miracle1 #aic ,infantilism1 #bid ,inf]5ce1 #bba1 #bdj2 m$iate1 #bba ,infundibulum1 #bic ,infusoria1 suppos$ abiog5etic orig9 (1 #acd ,inh]itance1 #b1 #h1 #i1 #bd1 #bg1 #ch1 #dj1 #da1 #db1 #de1 #ef1 #eg1 #fb1 #fc1 #fd1 #ge1 #afj1 #bid1 #cbj2 def9ition (1 #da2 bip>5tal1 #afj2 *emical !ory (1 #eg2 laws (1 #b1 #bd1 #bg1 #db2 similify+ process1 #dj1 #de --n only "o1 #ef --also said to div]sify1 #fc1 #fd2 v>iable1 #ge ,inhibition1 #bdb1 #beb ,initial vivification1 #acc2 act1 #acc2 ( matt] requir$ a =mative1 #acc2 r ?an creative1 #acc ,inquil9es1 #df ,insectivora1 #bge ,insects1 #bbe1 #cjg2 evolution>y dim9u5do (1 #aaf2 w+less1 #cjg ,in/9ct1 #bch1 #bdj1 #bdg1 #bdi1 #bej1 #bea1 #beb1 #bed1 #bef1 #beg1 #bei1 #bfc1 #bfd1 #bfe1 #bfg1 #bia1 #cdc1 #cfa2 def9$1 #bee1 #bef2 ,james' def9ition (1 #bdi2 accord+ to ext]nal circum/ances1 #bej-beb2 accord+ to physiological /ate ( organism1 #bej2 adju/m5t (1 #bej1 #beb2 con/ructive1 #bea2 effective only "u normal circum/ances #beh2 evolution>y orig9 (1 #bfg --improbable1 #bfg2 fixity (1 #beh2 improbability (1 #bfg2 its regulatory pr9cipal s5se1 #bed2 n gradually acquir$1 #bfc1 #bfd2 n intellig5ce1 #bed2 only slightly undefiable1 #bef2 orig9 (1 #bfc2 psy*ic regulation (1 #bdi2 requires no appr5tice%ip1 #bef2 teleology (1 #bdi2 telic1 #bei2 v>iability (1 #bej ,in/9ctive acts1 #bef ,in/ruction1 #bdd1 #bde ,in/rum5tation1 #aig ,intellect1 #bbj1 #bba1 #bbd1 #bbf-bcj1 #cci2 active1 #bbj1 #bba2 activity (1 #bba2 cognitive1 #bbj1 #bba2 consci\s ( its own op]ations1 #bbf1 #bbg2 indirectly dep5d5t on physiological condition ( cortex1 #bba2 its immat]ial nature1 #bbd2 objectively dep5d5t on organic activity ( imag9ation1 #bba2 n b\nd to mat]ial organ1 #bbf2 n debilitat$ by int5se ?9k+1 #bbg1 #bbh2 n incapacitat$ b invigorat$ by int5se ?9k+1 #bbh2 n regulat$ by physiological vicissitude1 #bbi2 n subject to metabolic laws1 #bcj2 root$ 9 a spiritual pr9ciple1 #bbg2 sup]organic nature (1 #bbg ,intellectual1 #bbh1 #bbi1 #bcj2 activity may rea* highe/ po9ts ( conc5tration & int5sity )\t involv+ comm5surate fatigue on "p ( organism1 #bbh ,intellig5ce1 #bci-bda1 #bdc1 #bde1 #bdg1 #bdh1 #bdi1 #bed1 #bef1 #beg1 #bei1 #bfb1 #bfc1 #bfg1 #cbi1 #ccj1 #cdj1 #cdc1 #cej2 def9ition (1 #bci2 autonom\s1 #bei2 a g5]aliz+ & ab/ract+ p[]1 #beg2 8be/ial10 #bde1 #bdg1 #beg2 consci\s1 #bdj2 deceptive semblance (1 #bdj1 #bda2 ,div9e1 #bdi2 etymology (1 #bci2 f9ite1 #bdi2 g5u9e1 #bdj1 #bda2 inf9ite1 #bdh1 #bdi2 incapable ( be+ evolv$ f matt]1 #bfg2 inh]5t1 #bdi1 #bef1 #bei1 #bfg2 ( work] bees1 #bfg2 subjective or inh]5t1 #bdh1 #bdi2 us$ to d5ote p[] ( pr(it+ by exp]i5ce1 #bci1 #bdj ,int5sity1 #bbg1 #bcj2 does n increase 9 same proportion z int5sity ( /imulus1 #bbg2 may rea* maximum ) involv+ correspond+ fatigue1 #bcj2 ( ?\ght does n foll[ fluctuations ( neural metabolism1 #bcj ,int]actionism1 #bjf ,int]action1 ?ree types (1 #age ,int]glacial p]iod1 #cbi2 la/1 #cbi ,int]gradation1 #hg ,int]grad5ce1 #hd-hg2 may indicate hybridism1 #hd1 #he2 no argum5t = common ance/ry1 #hd-hf2 ( mutants g5etically indep5d5t1 #he1 #hf ,int]grad5ts1 #he1 #hf2 hybrid1 #he1 #hf2 mutational1 #he1 #hf2 specific1 #he1 #hf ,int]jections1 negligible "p ( human language1 #bdg ,int]pretation1 ontog5etic1 an alt]native = phylog5etic1 #cjb ,int]vals1 #aje2 lo/1 unrepres5t$ by deposition1 erosion or di/urbance1 #aje ,intravit\s /a9+1 #adc ,introspection1 #bjd1 #bje1 #bab1 #bbe2 does n create p]sonality1 #bab2 impossible to a mat]ial organ1 #bbe ,intrusions1 igne\s1 #abe ,inv]tebrate1 #bic1 #bid2 /age1 #bic1 #bid ,involution1 #afj ,iron1 #adh ,irrational man unkn[n ei!r to hi/ory or prehi/ory1 #cdj ,isl&s1 #aec ,islets ( ,lang]hans1 #bib ,isob>es1 #agb ,isogametes1 #aeg ,isogamy1 #aeg ,isom]s1 #agc ,iso/acy1 #aac1 #aad ,iso/atic equilibrium1 #aad ,jacob's ,cav]n1 9 ,miss\ri1 #cdj ,java1 #cac ,jaw1 #cca1 #cdj2 l[]1 #cca2 l[] miss+1 #cdj ,jimson ,we$1 #ba1 #bb ,judgm5t1 #bjg1 #bbj ,jupit]1 #ahd ,jura1 #ajc ,jura1 ,european1 #if1 #ajf ,jurassic1 #aag ,k5a ,kakoe1 #cdf-cdh2 ext9ct volcano1 #cdf ,kidney1 #bhj-bhc2 adult1 #bhb2 embryonic1 #bhc2 fi%1 #bhj1 #bhb2 mammalian1 #bhj2 p]man5t1 #bha1 #bhd ,kiluea1 obs]vatory at volcano (1 #cdf ,k+dom1 animal1 #bdi ,klei/ogamy1 #aei ,k1 #aij1 #aia1 #bba1 #bef2 conceptional1 #bba2 exp]im5tal1 #bef2 te*nical1 abs5ce (1 does n always disqualify1 #aij1 #aia ,krap9a1 #ccj1 #ccb2 type (1 #ccj ,laboratory syn!ses diff] f ^? occurr+ 9 organism1 #aej ,la ,*apelle-aux-,sa9ts rema9s1 #bcb1 #ccj-ccc ,lam>ckism1 #f1 #g1 #ac1 #ae1 #af1 #bd1 #bi1 #df note1 #ec1 #fg1 #gh1 #gi1 #bfc1 #bfe1 #bff1 #bia2 rec5t revival (1 #bff ,lamps1 #cdj ,la ,naulette rema9s1 #cbf1 #ccb2 alleg$ to be di/9ct species1 #ccb2 abs5ce ( *91 #cbf2 alli$ to ,ne&]?al type1 #cbf ,l& bridges1 #aab ,language1 #bde1 #bdf1 #bdg1 #ccj1 #cch1 #cci2 descriptive1 conceptual & articulate1 #bdf1 #bdg2 fir/ /ep 9 =mation (1 #bde2 =mation (1 presupposes an arti/ z great z 8 works1 #cci2 human1 #bdf1 #bdg2 indicative1 emotional & articulate1 #bdg1 #bef2 ( animals1 #bde1 #bdf1 #bdg2 ( savage races po9t to =m] civilization1 #ccj ,la ,qu9a1 indu/ry (1 #cca ,law1 def9ition (1 #aff1 #afg ,law ( ,web]1 #bbg 8,le>n+0 ( animals1 #bdc ,le ,m\/i]1 #cbi1 #ccb2 rema9s1 #cbb1 #cbf1 #cbi1 #ccj ,lemuroids1 #bge ,lemurs1 #cab ,lepont9e ,alps1 #aji ,le?als1 balanc$1 #be-bh ,lias1 #aai ,lib]alism1 #beg ,life1 #acc1 #adb1 #add1 #ade1 #aed1 #afe1 #agf1 #agg1 #aha1 #ahb1 #ahf1 #ahg1 #ahh1 #bjc2 organic1 def9ition (1 #agf1 #agg2 active cause ( extramundane1 #aha1 #ahb2 alleges submicroscopical units (1 #afe2 ,au?or (1 #ahf1 #ahg2 consci\s1 #bjc2 initiation (1 n a creation1 #ahf1 #ahg --n a miracle1 #ahg1 #ahh --n sup]natural1 #ahg1 #ahh2 integrat+ & =mative pr9ciple (1 #add2 metabolic1 s5ti5t & rational1 #bjc2 m ?an a *emical problem1 #adb2 orig9 (1 #acc *emical hypo!sis1 #ade --n a problem ( translation1 #ahb2 spontane\s orig9 (1 #aed ,life-cycle1 #fi1 #aab1 #ach1 #aee1 #aef1 #afj ,lima1 #aah ,limit ( microscopic vision1 #adj ,limulus polyphemus1 #aai ,l+ula1 #aah ,l991 #aci ,l9ks1 #hd1 #hf1 #cab1 #cac1 #cae1 #cbc1 #cda1 #cdb2 connect+1 #cae1 #cbc --betwe5 m5 & apes1 #cab2 connect+1 s call$ are 7a7 human1 7b7 simian1 7c7 mix$ rema9s1 #cdb2 g5]ic & ord9al1 insuffici5t1 #hf2 8miss+10 #cda2 specific1 m9imum1 #hf2 transitional1 #hd --none betwe5 man & apes1 #cac ,l9kage gr\ps1 #ag ,li?osph]e1 #aac1 #aad1 #aha ,litopt]na1 #gh ,liv+ be+s d]ive _! matt] f inorganic _w1 #abc ,liv+ matt]1 #adc1 #aga2 its uniqu5ess1 a simple fact1 #aga2 ma9ta9s its specific type1 #adc ,liz>ds1 #bib ,loess1 #cbf1 #cbg ,log>i?mic spiral1 #bdh ,locomotion1 me*anism (1 #bgj ,logic1 #aih1 #bbj1 #bde2 ( scepticism1 #aih2 ( ?\ght1 escapes our imag]y1 #bbj2 saltatory1 #bde ,loss1 #ceb1 #cec2 ( arti/ic ta/e by ,d>w91 #ceb1 #cec ,luc9a1 #aah ,lump]s1 #cg ,lump+1 #aba ,ly*nis diurna & vesp]t9a1 #hd ,lycosa1 #bdg1 #bfc ,lycosids1 #bdg1 #bfc-bfe ,lymphatic gl&s1 /imulat$ by dige/ive process1 #cja ,lymphatic sy/em1 adjuncts (1 #cjj ,lymphatic vessels1 #cjj ,lymph nodules1 #cjj ,lymphocytes1 #cjj1 #cja ,lymphoid cells1 follicle1 #bii ,macrogamete1 #aeg1 #aeh ,macrosomes1 #aci ,madeira1 #cjf ,magal5ians1 #ccb ,maggots1 #acd ,magnesium1 #adf1 #adg1 #adh ,mammal1 #df1 #ei1 #fj1 #gb1 #gc1 #ajj1 #aae1 #aaf1 #bge1 #bhj1 #bhb1 #bhc1 #bif1 #cjd1 #cbd1 #cdb2 age (1 #cdb2 e>ly1 #cbd2 evolution>y 8cresc5do0 (1 #aaf ,mammalian /ock1 #hb ,mammo?1 #ia1 #aae1 #cbf ,man1 #aib1 #aic1 #bab1 #bcf1 #bga1 #bij1 #cdj1 #cda1 #cdc2 be/ial1 #cdj2 brutalization (1 #bcf2 de/itute ( in/9cts1 #cdc2 face (1 #bg2 indications ( 8 physical pres5ce always accompli%$ by signs ( intellig5ce1 #cdj2 left def5celess by nature1 #cdc2 mod]n1 #cda2 m ?an a decay+ organism1 #bab2 nev] f\nd ap>t f evid5ce ( 8 intellig5ce1 #cdc2 physically helpless1 #cdc2 skull (1 #bga2 unique 9 8 s\l1 n 9 8 body1 #aib1 #aic ,mantids1 #bdg ,m>attia1 #aah ,m>s1 #ahd ,m>s\las1 caves (1 #cci ,m>supial1 #aad1 #bif ,mason bee1 #bea1 #bed1 #bfj ,ma/odons1 #aae1 #cdj2 8prehi/oric10 engrav+ (1 #cdj ,mat]ial1 #aic1 #aid1 #bjg1 #bad2 functions1 #bad2 organism cop]ates intr9sically 9 organic sub/rate1 #bbd2 s5se ( t]m1 #aic1 #aid2 sub/ance1 inaccessible to s5ses1 #bjg ,mat]ialism1 #agh1 #aii1 #bab1 #bad1 #bcf1 #ceb1 #cee1 #ceg1 #ceh1 #cfa2 a purely academic philosophy1 #baa2 attempt to gloss ov]1 #bjg2 ,d>w9ian1 #bcf2 evolution>y1 #cfj1 #cfa2 its de/ructive effect on religion1 ideals & morality1 #cfa2 p>asitic1 #ceh ,mat]iali/ic1 #bjg1 #cea-cef1 #ceg2 philosophy ignores active rle ( m9d1 #bjg2 view ( human nature unnatural & intol]able--complete & consi/5t application impossible1 #ceg2 view make morality un?9kable--antisocial1 #cea-cef ,mat]ial organ _c be effect$ by ! sup]s5sible1 #bbb ,matt]horn1 #aji ,mat]iali/1 #bcj ,mat]iali/s1 _m evolutioni/s are av[$1 #cea ,matt]1 #ga1 #agc1 #agd1 #agi1 #aha1 #ahf1 #aid1 #aii1 #bjj1 #bjd1 #baj2 a con/ant 9 inorganic units1 #age2 a s\rce ( indet]m9ism1 #ga2 a v>iant 9 liv+ organisms1 #age2 con/ant 9 *emical reactions1 v>iant 9 metabolism1 #aii1 #bjj1 #baj2 does n co9cide ) sum total ( reality1 #ahf2 initial vivification (1 due to sup]mat]ial ag5cy1 #agi2 inorganic1 #aha2 n m real ?an m9d1 #bjd2 notions (1 #bjj2 pond]able & impond]able1 #aid ,maturity1 #aee ,mau]1 #cah ,mayflies1 #aae ,means1 #bed1 #bei ,measles1 invisible g]m (1 #afi ,me*anics1 #cej ,me*anism1 #aec1 #aed1 #aga1 #agi1 #bej2 environm5tal1 #aec2 teleological b simple1 #aec1 #aed ,me*ani/1 #eh1 #bjj1 #bjd1 #cea2 _m evolutioni/s are av[$1 #cea ,me*ani/ic univ]se1 #cej ,m$ia1 #acf ,m$ium1 vibrant1 #bac ,meganeura monyi ,brogn1 #aae ,meiosis1 #be1 #db1 #aeg ,melia1 #bfa ,melocr9idae1 #ib ,membrana nictitans1 #bif1 #big2 n functionless1 #big ,memory1 #bac1 #bch1 #bdb1 #bdc2 associative1 #bch2 s5sitive1 #bdb1 #bdc2 s5tim5t1 #bch1 #bdb ,m51 #cah1 #cbe1 #cbh1 #cbi2 & apes1 l9k betwe51 #cah --int]m$iate betwe51 #cah2 fossil1 #cbe2 ( ,krap9a1 #cbe1 #cbh1 #cbi ,m5delism1 #c1 #bd1 #be1 #bf1 #bh1 #db1 #df1 note1 #eg1 #cdi ,m5tal protub]ance1 #bgb ,m5tal /ates1 #bje ,m]o/h5ic1 #bgj ,mesonephric duct1 #bha1 #bhb ,mesonephros1 #bhj1 #bha1 #bhb1 #bhd ,mesozoic1 #gc1 #ajd note1 #aah1 #aai1 #cce2 l[e/ s]ies (1 #aai2 middle sy/em (1 #aai ,metabolism1 #eg1 #aci1 #baj1 #baa1 #bbg1 #bbh2 de/ructive & con/ructive1 #acg ,metag5esis1 #abb ,metamorphosis1 #abc1 #bhc ,metamorphism1 #hi1 #abf2 ( rocks1 #abf ,metanephros1 #bhj1 #bhb ,metaphysical1 #cea ,metaphysics1 #aeb1 #ahe1 #bca1 #cdi1 #cej1 #cea1 #ceb2 ,epicurian1 #aeb2 moni/ic1 #cdi2 vs4 physical sci5ce1 #ceb ,metaphytes1 #acf ,metazoa1 #aah ,metazoans1 #acf1 #agj1 #bhd ,meteorites1 #ahb1 #ahc ,meti/a1 #e1 #ei1 #acf1 #aef1 #aeg1 #aei1 #afc ,microgamete1 #aeh ,microns1 #ahc ,microrganism1 #afi1 #ahc ,microsomes1 #aci ,migrations1 #gb1 #gf1 #aab ,mill5nium1 #ceh ,mimicry1 #bdf ,m9d1 #aie1 #aif1 #aih1 #bjc1 #bjd1 #bje1 #bjg1 #bjh1 #bji1 #baa1 #bbb1 #bbc1 #bdi2 active & passive1 #bjg2 appreh5ds mat]ial objects "u demat]ializ$ =m1 #bbc2 a sub/ance1 #bjg2 connotation (1 #bjc2 _c utilize cop]ation ( mat]ial organ 9 ab/ract conceptions1 #bbc2 frame (1 #baa2 human1 #bdi2 ( man alleg$ to be ( animal extraction1 #aie1 #aif2 ph5om5ali/ic notion (1 #bji2 sci5ce (1 #aig2 /ates (1 n less real ?an /ates ( matt]1 #bjd2 n\m5al1 #aih ,m9imum1 #bch1 #cdi1 #cej2 an empirical rule1 n an axiom1 #cej2 pr9ciple (1 #bch1 #cdi1 #cej ,mioc5e1 #ie1 #caj1 #cbc2 ,upp]1 #ie ,miracle1 def9ition (1 #ahg ,miracul\s1 #fi1 #cea-cef1 #ceg ,mita*ondria1 #adj ,mitosis1 #ei1 #ach1 #aci1 #aee ,modification1 #g1 #da1 #db1 #de1 #df1 #ea1 #gg1 #hj1 #abc1 #cjg1 #cbg1 #ccd2 adaptive1 #de1 #df1 #ea1 #hj2 environm5tally-induc$1 #abc2 h]itable1 #db1 #de1 #cjg2 non-inh]itable1 #ccd2 p>allel1 #gg1 #hj2 product ( v>iation1 #da2 ( specific magnitude1 #g2 ( v>ietal magnitude1 #g ,mo]i!rium1 #aae ,mol>s1 #cac1 #cbb2 tee?1 #cbb ,mole1 #cf1 #hj1 #bia1 #cje ,mole-cricket1 #cf1 #hj ,molecule1 #eg1 #eh1 #adc1 #add1 #afb1 #afg1 #agj1 #age1 #bjb1 #bjc2 biophoric1 #eg2 complex1 #bjb2 complex endo!rmic1 #afb2 liv+ & dead1 #adc2 /ructure (1 #eh ,molluscs1 #aag1 #aah1 #aai1 #abc1 #bgh1 #bhc ,mongolian1 #cbd1 #cbe1 #ccd2 cossack1 #cbd ,monism1 #cej1 #cea1 #ceb1 #cei2 de/ructive ( culture1 spirituality1 morality1 #cej2 fail to motivate ,*ri/ian morality1 #ceh2 makes ,god imman5t 9 _w1 #cei2 makes w law unto itself1 #cei2 mat]iali/ic1 #cej1 #ceb ,moni/1 #cej ,moni/ic view vitiates arti/ic ta/e1 #ceb ,monkey1 #bgj1 #bge ,monomolecules1 #afe2 are n units1 #afe ,monotremeta1 #bif ,montana1 #ajg note ,moral consequ5ces ( failure to discrim9ate1 #cfj ,morality1 #ced1 #cfj2 evolution>y conception (1 #cfj ,motor-v]bali/1 #bai ,morphog5etic =ces1 #eh1 #bhd2 ,laws1 uni=m1 #bhd ,morphog5y1 organic1 #bih ,morphology1 embryonic & adult1 #bhd ,m\nta9 columns1 #aac ,m\nta9s1 #aac1 #aec ,m\se1 bra9 (1 #cae ,m\/i] ,cave1 #cbi ,movem5ts1 #bda1 #bdb2 reflex1 #bdb2 spontane\s1 #bda1 #bdb4 ,mule1 #e ,mll]ian duct1 #bha ,multimolecule1 #eh1 #add1 #afb1 #afe1 #aff1 #afh1 #agj1 #agi2 are n units1 #afe2 colloidal1 #aff2 cry/alloidal1 #afe1 #aff2 n a l9k betwe5 molecules & cells1 #agi2 /ructure (1 #eh ,murd]1 z an exp]im5t1 #cei ,muscles1 #bih ,mutants1 #af1 #ag1 #ah1 #ai1 #bj1 #ba1 #bb1 #bc1 #bg1 #hg2 *romosomal1 #ag1 #ba1 #bb1 #bc --balanc$ & unbalanc$1 #ba1 #bb --balance1 odd & ev51 #bb --/atus z 8new species0 n e/abli%$1 #bc2 factorial1 #ag1 #ah1 #ai1 #bj2 pseudo1 #ag1 #bg ,mutation1 #af1 #af note1 #bf1 #db1 #hf1 #hh1 #abb1 #bfe1 #cjc1 #cje1 #cjg1 #ccd2 *anges ( loss1 #ah1 #dc2 *romosomal1 #ag1 #db1 #dd1 #de1 #hh2 factorial1 #ai1 #bj1 #db1 #dd1 #de1 #hh1 #cje1 #ccd --a v>ietal1 n a specific *ange2 =tuit\s1 #bfe2 h]itable1 #af1 #cjc1 #ccd2 pseudo1 #ag1 #db1 #hh ,mutation1 #af1 #bj1 #df2 ,!ory1 #af1 #bj ,myxdema1 #bid ,nahun b$s1 #ie ,natural explanations1 #fi1 #gj ,naturalism borr[s moral /&>ds1 #ceh ,natural process1 #fi1 #gd ,natural sci5ce1 #ahf ,natural ,selection1 #i1 #aa1 #ab1 #ac1 #bi1 #cj1 #aeb1 #aec1 #cje1 #cjf1 #cej2 a !ory ( *ance1 #aa1 #cej2 has no positive efficacy1 #aec2 !ory has imp$$ progress ( sci5ce1 #ac ,nature1 #aea1 #ahe2 inorganic impot5t to duplicate ev5 laboratory syn!sis1 n to speak ( vital ph5om5a1 #aea --lacks means ( self-vivification1 #ahe2 n automatic1 #aea ,nautilus1 #aah1 #bhc ,ne&]?al1 #cad1 #cae1 #cag1 #cbe1 #cbf1 #cbi1 #ccj1 #cca1 #ccb1 #ccc1 #cce1 #ccg1 #cdb2 bone1 %[ "s racial *>act]i/ics1 #cbi2 cranium1 #cca1 #ccb --capacity und]e/imat$1 #ccc1 n ance/ral to ,cro-,magnon type1 #cce2 n m anci5t ?an mod]n type1 #ccg2 rema9s1 #cbe1 #ccb --human1 #cbe2 skull1 cranial capacity (1 #cad1 #cbe2 type (1 #ccj1 #ccb ,ne&]?al ,man1 #cad1 #cae1 #cag1 #cbc1 #cbf1 #cda1 #cdb2 di/9ctly human1 #cdb2 a dw>f1 #cad2 ,no4 #a1 #cbc1 #cbf2 divid$ op9ion on1 #cbd2 ,no4 #b1 skeleton1 #cbf --skull miss+1 #cbf ,ne&]?al type1 #cbf1 #ccj1 #ccb1 #ccc1 #ccd1 #ccf2 alleg$ to be di/9ct species1 #ccb2 alleg$ to be m anci5t1 #ccd2 deg5]ate1 #ccf2 diff]5ces1 #ccd2 race1 #ccd2 no long] consid]$ olde/ type1 #ccf ,ne&]?aloid1 #cbh1 #ccc1 #cda1 #cdc2 *>act]i/ics occur 9 mod]n skulls1 #ccc2 race1 #cdc2 skulls1 mod]n features occur 91 #ccc ,nebul>1 hypo!sis1 #aha ,negroes1 #ccd ,neo-,d>w9ism1 #aj ,neo-,kantian1 #bjc1 #bai2 ph5om5ali/1 #bjc ,neo-,lam>kism1 #aj1 #ab1 #ae ,neoli?ic1 #ccb ,neontologi/s1 #gf ,neotoma1 #cjg ,neo-vitalism1 #aga1 #bja1 #bjb2 po/ulates a unique =ce1 an ag5t 8sui g5]is10 #aga ,neo-vitali/s1 #eh1 #bjj1 #bja2 reg>d vital pr9ciple z =ce 8sui g5]is10 a unique ag5t1 #bjj1 #bja ,nephridia1 #bhj ,neptune1 #ahd ,n]ve plasm1 #bfe ,neurograms1 #bac1 #bad1 #bbb2 ext5d$1 #bbb2 impr9t$ on neurons1 #bac1 #bad2 objects capable ( /imulat+ an ext5d$ organ1 #bbb2 objects (1 end[$ ) concrete prop]ties1 #bbb2 proportion$ to /imuli1 #bbb2 physical basis ( imag]y1 #bad1 #bbb ,neurons1 #bac1 #bbb1 #cej2 s5sory & c5tral1 #bac2 utility ( s5sory1 #bbb ,new names = fossil duplicates ( mod]n species1 #aai1 #abj ,new ,/one ,age1 prehi/oric1 #ccg ,nihilism1 philosophical1 #cej ,nitrog5 sn[1 #ahc note2 r$di% light (1 #ahd note ,non-cosmopolitan species1 #bhc ,non-en5ts1 #cji ,non-opposability ( human hallux1 #ej ,non-ph5om5on or sub/ance1 #bji ,non-speciali/1 :5 disqualifi$ & :5 n1 #ahi-aia ,non-viable1 #be ,novelty1 em]g5t1 #cej ,nucle> compon5ts1 self-p]petuat+1 #aci ,nucle> reorganization1 #aee1 #afj1 #afa1 #afb2 a re/orative process1 #aee1 #afa2 means ( rejuv5ation1 #afa2 none 9 somatog5ic reproduction1 #afj2 p]iodic1 #afb2 primitive1 #afb ,nucle> sap1 #aci ,nucleus1 #acg1 #ach1 #afa2 cellul>1 #ach2 daught]1 #afa2 di/ribut$1 #ach2 g]m9al1 #afa2 p>5t1 #afa ,nucula1 #aah ,nutrition1 a reflexive activity1 #age ,object1 #bag1 #bbc1 #bbd2 concurr5ce (1 extr9sic1 #bag2 indicat$ spiritual nature ( m9d1 #bbd2 7mat]ial7 ab/ract1 made ( repres5tation1 #bbd2 ( ab/ract ?\ght1 incapable ( mak+ impressions or leav+ records on mat]ial receptors1 #bbc ,occipital =am51 #bgb ,occiput1 broad1 #ccb ,ocean b$s1 elevation (1 #aad1 #aae ,ocean bottoms1 #aac-aae ,ocean floor1 #aae ,octopus1 #fd no!ra1 #af1 #ag1 #bg1 #bh2 gigas1 #ag2 ,lam>kiana1 #bg1 #bh sophagus1 inv]tebrate1 #bic ,old ,/one ,age1 #ccb1 #ccg1 #cci1 #cdj2 class (1 #ccb2 prehi/oric1 #ccg ,oligoc5e1 #cji1 #cag ,onion-coat1 #ii1 #ajb1 #ajc1 #aji2 a conv5i5t device1 #aji2 ,alp9e1 #aji2 hypo!sis (1 #ajb1 #ajc --8transc5d5tal =m (10 #ajb2 li?ological & biological1 #ajb2 m9]al envelopes1 #ajb2 !ory1 #ii ,ontog5y1 #ci1 #gi1 #bge1 #bhe ,olites1 #gi ,opi/honephros1 #bhj1 #bhb ,opposability ( simian hallux1 #ej ,opposition1 #bah1 #bai1 #bcd1 #bce2 betwe5 imag]y & ?\ght1 #bah1 #bai2 betwe5 psy*o-organic & spiritual activity1 #bcd1 #bce2 entails di/9ction1 #bce ,orang-utan1 #cc1 #bga ,ord]s1 #cg ,organ1 #bbb1 #bbf1 #bgf1 #bhf1 #bhg1 #bhh1 #bib1 #bih1 #cjj1 #cjc2 embryonic1 #bgf2 functionless1 #bhf1 #bhg1 #bib2 incapable ( reflection1 #bbf2 mat]ial1 _c be effect$ by ! sup]s5sible1 #bbb2 nasc5t & rudim5t>y1 #bhg1 #bhh2 di/9ction1 arbitr>y1 #bhh2 r$uc$1 #bhf1 #bhg2 ve/igial1 #bib1 #cjj1 #cjc2 useless1 #bhf ,organelles1 #aci ,organic activity1 rigidly regulat$ by metabolism1 #bbh ,organic functions1 #bjc1 #bac1 #bae2 ag5t & subject (1 n s\l alone1 #bjc2 n only functions 9 man1 #bae ,organic sub/ances1 #adi1 #aej2 laboratory syn!sis (1 #adi1 #aej2 n to conf\nd$ ) liv+ or organiz$ sub/ances1 #aej ,organisms1 #aed1 #aee1 #afc1 #bja1 #bjb1 #bjc1 #bdf2 a product ( ! law ( ,complexity1 #afg2 multicellul>1 #aee2 none subcellul>1 #aed2 ( "s species1 syntonic1 #bdf2 p>ticipates z coeffici5t factor 9 physiological & s5sory functions1 #bjc2 s\l-in=m$1 #bjc2 unicellul>1 #aed1 #afc ,organization1 #adc1 #aej2 elude art ( *emi/1 #aej ,ord]1 #bji2 ideal1 ph5om5ali/s confuse x ) real ord] ( ?+s1 #bji2 real1 ( ?+s1 #bji ,ordivician1 #aaa ,ori5tation ( =ces1 c5trifugal & c5tripetal1 #agi ,orig9s1 #ga1 #hc1 #afa1 #bbj1 #bba1 #cfj2 bip>5tal1 #afa2 common1 #ha --( man & brute1 #cfj2 organic1 ne$ n be unifi$ 9 space b %\ld be 9 "t1 #ga2 ( concepts1 #bbj1 #bba ,orneau1 riv]1 #cbf2 valley1 #cbg ,orni?orhyn*us1 #ei1 #bhg ,orni?osaurs1 #hj ,or?og5esis1 #f1 #g1 #df note1 #ec2 _c expla9 adaptation1 #ec ,osmia1 #beb ,outcrop1 #ic ,ov]?ru/1 #ih1 #ajg1 #aaj2 a triumph ( mod]n rese>*1 #ajg ,ovi/s1 #afj ,oximes1 #adh ,oxy*romat91 #aci ,oy/]s1 #gi ,palobotany1 #aag ,paloli?ic1 #cbg1 #cbh1 #ccj1 #ccc1 #cdc2 arti/s1 #cdc2 human rema9s1 #ccj2 man1 #cbh1 #ccc ,palontological argum5t1 #ff-abg2 defects 91 #ge1 #abd2 9 ab/ract1 #ff-ge2 9 concrete1 #ge-abg2 a !oretical con/ruction1 #abf ,palontological evid5ce1 #c1 #h1 #ff1 #gd-hj1 #hc1 #hi1 #ig1 #aje1 #ajg1 #abd1 #caa1 #cab2 imp]fection (1 #hi2 rat$ z outweigh+ physical evid5ce1 #ig1 #ajg ,palontological p$igrees1 #c1 #gf1 #gh1 #ha1 #hb1 #hd1 #abf2 def9ition (1 #ha2 ( horse1 #gf1 #gh1 #ha1 #hb1 #abf2 camel1 #abf1 & elephant1 #abf ,palontologi/s1 #gf1 #hf1 #hg1 #hh1 #ia1 #aai1 #aij1 #caj1 #cac1 #cba1 #ccd1 #cdd2 incompet5t to decide que/ions ( specific orig9 or di/9ction1 #hg1 #hh1 #hi1 #ccd ,palontology1 #c1 #hb1 #hc1 #hh1 #ib1 #ie1 #if1 #aad1 #aai1 #abf1 #aie1 #caa1 #cab1 #cac1 #cdd2 facts (1 #hc1 #aie2 ignorant conc]n+ orig9 ( man1 #cdd2 or?odox1 #ie1 #if1 #aai ,palo!rium1 #gf ,palozoic1 #gc1 #ajh1 #aag1 #aah1 #abd note1 #abe1 #cce ,pal+5esis1 #bgg1 #bhh ,pan-,pacific ,conf]5ces1 #cdd1 #cdf ,pansp]mia1 #ahb ,p>allelism1 #eg1 #eh2 vs4 div]g5ce1 #eg ,p>amcium1 #ach1 #afa1 #agh2 aurelia1 #ach ,p>asites1 #df1 #ec ,p>asitism1 #eb ,p>a?yroids1 #bib ,p>5t cell1 #aef ,p>!nog5esis1 #aeh1 #aei1 #afj1 #afb2 artificial1 #aei1 #afj --n violation ( law ( g5etic cont9uity1 #aei1 #afj ,pa?ology1 #ada ,pati5t1 #agf1 #agg ,pe>-tree1 #f1 #hh ,pebr9e1 #dd ,peck+ in/9ct ( *icks1 #bef ,pect51 #aah ,p$igrees1 ( g5]a1 #hd ,pelopu1 #bfj ,p5gu91 w+s (1 #bhg ,p5tacr9us1 #aai ,p]ception1 #bjh1 #bab1 #bec2 an act (1 #bjh2 ( p]sonality1 n p]sonality1 #bab2 s5sory1 #bec ,p]cepts1 objective1 #bce2 s5sory1 #bai ,p]iodicity1 #ef2 ( elem5ts1 #ef2 families ( elem5ts1 #ef ,p]i ,psy*es1 ,ari/otle's1 #aif1 #aig1 #bae ,p]issodactyla1 #gh ,p]mian1 #ajd1 #aah ,p]si/5ce1 #aaf1 #aai1 #abc2 _c be subsum$ "u same pr9ciples z transmutations1 #abc2 its significance int5sifi$ by curr5t !ories1 #abc2 ( types1 #aai2 ( un*ang$ types1 #aaf ,p]si/5t types1 g5]ic & specific1 #abc ,p]sonal id5tity1 s5se (1 #bab ,p]sonality1 #bje1 #baa1 #bab1 #bch2 a unit>y & uni=m reality1 #bab2 alt]nat+1 #baa2 bas$ on un*ang+ pr9ciple1 #bab2 p]ception (1 #bab ,pessimism1 #cee1 #ceg ,petit-,puymoy51 indu/ry (1 #cca ,phophyt91 #adg ,ph>yngeal ar*es & clefts1 #bgh1 #bgi ,phase1 rev]sal (1 #afh1 #afi ,ph5om5a1 #bjh1 #bji2 ph5om5ali/s' sub/antialization (1 #bji ,ph5om5alism1 #bjg1 #bjh1 #baa1 #bab2 a purely academic philosophy1 #baa2 id5tifies m9d ) 8?\ght /ream10 #bab ,ph5om5ali/ic s*ool1 #bjf ,ph5om5ali/s1 #bjc1 #bje1 #bjf1 #bjg2 inconsi/5tly admit ( physical ph5om5a :ile d5y+ subject ( psy*ic ph5om5a1 #bjf1 #bjg ,ph5otype1 #e1 #ai1 #be1 #bg1 #da1 #dc1 #fh1 #abc ,philology1 #cci2 proves primitive man to h be5 civiliz$1 n b>b>ic1 #cci ,philosoph]s1 #bbj ,philosophy1 #ahi1 #aij1 #aie2 9 rle ( critic1 #ahi2 9 rle ( sycophant1 #aij2 mat]iali/ic1 #aie2 relation to sci5ce1 #ahi ,phonetic elem5ts1 #bdf ,photosyn!sis1 #adf ,phycocyan91 #adi ,phylog5y1 #ci1 #hj1 #abb1 #bge1 #bgf1 #bhd1 #bhe1 #cjh2 human1 #bhe1 #cjh2 palontological1 #aae ,phylum1 #cg1 #ch1 #fi1 #aaf ,physical impressions1 #bac ,physical sci5ce1 #ceb1 #ced ,physico*emical action1 r$ucible to int]action betwe5 unequally en]giz$ masses & p>ticles1 #age ,physico*emical =ces1 executive factors 9 vital op]ations1 #bja ,physiology1 #cej ,phytol1 #adg ,picotee sweet pea1 #ai ,piltd[n skull1 #cbj ,p9eal eye1 #bib ,p9eal gl&1 #bib1 #bic1 #bie2 n functionless1 #bic ,pione] colonies1 #aaj ,pi!can?ropus1 di/9ctly simian1 #cdb ,pi!can?ropus erectus1 #cji1 #cac-cah1 #cdb2 cranial capacity (1 #cad2 a giant ape1 #cae2 exi/+ ca/s inaccurate1 #cah ,pituit>y body1 #bib1 #bic ,pituitr91 #bid ,plac5ta1 #bgf ,plan>ian1 #bgh ,planetesimal1 hypo!sis1 #aha ,plantigrade1 #bgb ,pla/ids1 #aci1 #ada ,platycr9idae1 #ib ,platyrh9e monkeys1 #bhg ,plei/oc5e1 #gh1 #ajj1 #ajd1 #cac1 #cai1 #cbj1 #cbe2 ,l[]1 #cac1 #cbj2 ,middle1 #cai ,pleurotom>ia1 #aah ,plica1 semilun>is1 #big ,plioc5e1 #gh1 #ie1 #cji1 #cac1 #cag1 #cbc2 ,upp]1 #cji1 #cac1 #cag ,pluteus1 #aei ,pol> body1 second1 #aei ,pol>iscope1 #add ,polymorphism1 #abb ,polynesians1 #cbe ,polynucle> condition1 #ach ,polyphemus1 ! ,cyclops1 #bic ,pompilids1 #bdg1 #bdh1 #bfc1 #bfd ,pompilius1 #bdg1 #bfa ,popul> tru/ n to be abus$1 #cde1 #cdf ,po/auricul> muscles1 #cjd1 #cje ,po/-glacial "t1 #bhi ,preadaptations1 #df1 #dg1 #eb1 #ec1 #fc1 #abd1 #bgi2 adv5titi\s appe>ance (1 #df1 #dg2 div]g5t1 #bgi2 entail modifications ( specific magnitude1 #dg2 evolution z 8natural explanation0 (1 #ec2 inh]it$1 #dg ,pre-,cambrian1 #ajj1 #aaf1 #aah1 #abe2 t]ranes1 #abe --ext5sion great1 #abe ,pre=mation1 #c1 #afj ,preh5sion1 #ej1 #bga1 #bgb ,prehi/oric1 #ccg ,prehuman1 arboreal /age1 #cji1 #bag ,presupposition1 lat5t 9 mat]iali/ic logic1 #ahf ,pre-t]ti>y1 #cab ,primates1 #cjh ,primitive man1 #cch1 #cdb1 #cdc2 n irrational1 #cdb1 #cdc2 n a savage1 #cch ,primula1 #ai ,pr9ciples1 #aga1 #agb2 entitive & dynamic1 #aga1 #agb ,priocnemis1 flavicornis1 #bdh ,priority1 #gf2 a 8s9e qua non0 condition ( ance/ry1 #gf ,process1 #bjf1 #bji1 #bbe2 divorc$ f ag5ts1 #bji2 ( reflection entails id5tity ( obs]v] & obs]v$1 #bbe2 subjectless & s\rceless1 ( ph5om5ali/s1 #bjf ,progna?ic face1 #ccb ,progna?ism1 #cbe1 #ccj1 #ccc1 #cda2 ( upp] jaw acc5tuat$1 #cda 8,progress10 #cee1 #cei2 mod]n1 #cei2 ( sci5ce1 #cee ,progression1 #ej1 #bga1 #bgb1 #cag2 bip$al1 #bgb2 modes (1 #bga1 #cag ,prehi/ory1 undocum5t$1 unreliable1 #cdj ,pronephric duct1 #bha ,pronephros1 #bhj1 #bha note ,prophylaxis1 #cef ,propliopi!cus1 #cji1 #caa ,pro/h5ic1 #bga ,prote91 #adj1 #add1 #ade1 #adg1 #aea2 multimolecule (1 #adj ,prot]o!res1 #gh ,prot]o!riid1 #gh ,prot]ozoic1 #ajd note1 #aag ,proti/a1 #e1 #ei1 #acf1 #ach1 #aef1 #aeg1 #afc2 polynucle> condition n r>e among1 #ach ,protoplasm1 #ada1 #adc1 #add1 #aea1 #afj1 #afa1 #age1 #aha2 dead1 #adc2 h[ re9vigorat$1 #afj1 #afa2 invisible /ructure1 #ada2 n a *emical comp\nd b a complex sy/em1 #adb1 #adc2 p]si/5t specificity (1 #add2 ultramicroscopic /ructure (1 #adc2 visible1 a picture (1 #ada ,protococcus1 #aea2 viridis1 #aea ,protons1 #ajc1 #agd ,protophytes1 #ace1 #acf ,protoplasmic ar*itecture1 #agd ,protozoa1 #aag1 #aah1 #ace1 #acf1 #agj ,psy*e1 #agi1 #bjj ,psy*ic1 #aih1 #bje1 #bcj1 #bcc2 & physical dualism ( ,desc>tes1 #aih2 functions1 #bje1 #bcc --( organic type1 #bcc2 /ates1 correlat$ ) organic /ates1 #bcj ,psy*ology1 #aif1 #aig1 #aih1 #bjd1 #bje1 #bjh1 #baa1 #bce1 #bcf1 #cfa2 alone compet5t to pron\nce orig9 ( man1 #aif2 z sci5ce ( behavior1 #aih2 human1 #bce2 positive1 #cfa2 reveals psy*ic activities z modification ( abid+ ego1 #bje2 sole sci5ce t /udies man on 8 di/9ctively human side1 #aif2 vulg>1 #bcf2 )\t a s\l1 #bjh1 #bcf ,psy*ophysical1 #aih1 #bjf1 #bcf2 dualism1 #aih2 p>allelism1 #bjf1 #bcf ,psy*osis1 #bac1 #bce1 #bee1 organic1 #bac1 #bce --has = ag5t & recipi5t ! psy*o-organic composite1 #bac2 psy*o-organic1 #bee ,physiological process n r$ucible to m]e physico*emical reaction1 #aii ,pot5cy1 #aii ,purpose1 #aa1 #bdi1 #bee1 #beh1 #bei1 #bih2 ,div9e1 #bdi2 unconsci\s (1 #bee1 #bei ,purposiv5ess1 #bdh1 #bdi1 #bfb2 no intellig5ce1 #bfb2 objective1 #bdh1 #bdi2 unconsci\s1 #bdh ,quadrumana1 #bif ,qasr-el-,sagha1 #aae ,quat]n>y1 #ih1 #cai2 ,e>ly1 #cai ,races1 #ccd1 #cdb ,radiation1 pressure (1 #ahc ,radioactive elem5ts1 #ef ,radio-activity1 #aah ,radiol>ia1 #aah ,radiomet]1 #ahc ,radius1 %[s curvature1 #cbg ,ragwe$1 #af ,raft ( ,r$ ,riv]1 #aed ,r&om ,assortm5t1 #bg1 #db2 ( *romosomes1 #bg ,ratio1 body-bra91 #cag ,rays1 #aai ,reactants1 #bji ,reaction1 #bdc1 #beb2 elem5t>y1 motor1 #beb2 hi/orical basis ( #bdc ,reaction-sy/ems1 #bf1 #bjd ,reason1 #bce1 #bdj1 #bdd1 #bde1 #bei1 #bfg1 #cdc2 n evolv$1 #bfg2 sole means ( human pres]vation1 #cdc2 sup]organic p[] (1 #bdd1 #bde ,reason+1 #bjg1 #bbj ,recapitulation1 #dh1 #bge1 #bgh1 #bgi1 #bhe2 embryonic1 #dh1 #bge1 #bgh1 #bgi ,receptors1 #eg1 #bac1 #bbb2 ext5d$1 necess>y to p]ceive mat]ial /imuli1 #bbb ,recessive *91 #caa ,recognition1 #bjg ,recomb9ation1 #bg1 #db2 *romosomal1 #bg2 factorial1 #bg ,recon/ructions1 #hi1 #ij1 #ib1 #cba2 ( fossil skulls1 #cba2 psy*ological motivation (1 #hi1 #ij2 sci5tific1 #hi1 #ij1 #ib ,recup]ation1 autonom\s1 #afc 8,recurr5t faunas10 #aaj ,r$uction1 #db1 #aeg ,reflection1 #bbd1 #bbe1 #bbf1 #bdj1 #bef2 a fact1 #bbe1 #bbf2 alleg$ impossibility (1 #bbe2 only possible to spiritual ag5t1 #bbd2 und5iable fact (1 #bbe ,reflexes1 innate & condition$1 #bch ,reflexion1 #bbe ,reflexive ori5tation1 #agd1 #agf2 ( en]gies1 no liv+ be+1 #agf2 ( =ces 9 liv+ organism1 #agd2 9 liv+ be+1 #bja ,regression ( organ1 #cje ,regulation1 #bec2 intellig5t1 #bec2 s5sory1 #bec ,rejuv5ation1 #aee1 #afa1 #afc2 ?ree k9ds (1 #afa ,rejuv5esc5ce1 #afj1 #afa1 #afb ,reign ( ,t]ror1 #ceg2 ,fr5*1 #ceg2 ,russian1 #ceg ,re9de]1 #ccb ,re-integration ( atoms1 impossible1 #afc ,relation%ips1 #bed2 causal & telic1 #bed2 sup]s5sible1 #bed ,religion1 #ced1 #cfa2 only sanction ( morality1 #cfa ,rema9s1 ,javanese1 #cah ,repair-"w1 #bea1 #beb ,reproduction1 #e1 #bd1 #be1 #bf1 #ef1 #fh1 #fi1 #acg1 #ada1 #aef1 #aeg1 #aeh1 #aei1 #afa2 bip>5tal 7bisexual71 #bd1 #aeh2 cytog5ic1 #aef1 #aeg1 #aeh1 #aei1 #afa2 l9k betwe5 life-cycles1 #aef2 nonsexual1 #aef--?ree k9ds (1 #aef1 #aeg2 r$ucible to cell-division1 #afc2 sexual1 #be1 #aef1 #aeg --autosexual1 #aeh1 #aei --bisexual1 #aeh --unisexual1 #aeh somatog5ic1 #aef1 #aeg1 #aeh1 #aei1 #afj1 #afa --limit$1 #afa --no rejuv5ation 91 #afa ,reptiles1 #fa1 #hj1 #bha1 #bhb1 #bif1 #cja2 fly+1 #hj2 palozoic & mod]n1 #bif ,resemblance1 #ch1 #ed1 #eh1 #fc1 #gi1 #hj1 #bhd1 #cdj1 #cda2 compatible ) sep>ate ance/ry1 #fc1 #hj --ev5 specific1 does n entail common orig91 #gi1 #hj2 family1 #ed1 #ef2 g5]ic1 #ch1 #ef2 het]og5etic1 #hj2 ord9al1 #ef2 phyletic1 #ef2 specific1 #ch1 #ef1 #gi2 to mod]n man1 #cdj1 #cda ,responsibility1 #bcb1 #cfj1 #cfa2 h>mful consequ5ces1 #cfj2 implies ma/]y ( w ov] its own actions1 #bcb2 ( evolution>y propag&i/s1 #cfj1 #cfa ,resultants1 #bcc note1 #bcd note ,resurrection1 natural basis (1 #bjb ,rev]sion1 #ag1 #cjc1 #cjd1 #cje2 to type1 #cje ,rh9oc]os etruscus1 #cai2 m]ckii1 #cbi2 ti*orh9us1 #cbf1 #cbi1 #ccb ,rhodesian ,man1 #cdj1 #cda2 may be mod]n1 #cda ,rhyn*onella1 #aah ,"r-h&$ness1 human1 #bhh2 duration (1 #bij ,riv] drift1 #cbg ,rocks1 #ff1 #ic1 #if1 #ajc1 #ajd1 #ajg1 #aah1 #abj1 #aha1 #big1 #cce2 composition & m9]al cont5ts disreg>d$ 9 classification1 #if2 cry/all9e1 #ajd1 #aha2 fossilif]\s1 #ajd1 #ajg1 #aah1 #aha1 #bgi1 #cce2 ,european classification (1 #ajg2 gr\ps (1 #abj2 igne\s1 #aha2 metamorphic1 #ajd2 s$im5t>y1 #ff1 #ic1 #if1 #ajg1 #aha2 sy/ems (1 #ajc ,rubidium1 isotopes (1 #agc ,rudim5t1 #bic1 #big1 #cja1 #cjb2 ontog5etic1 #cja1 #cjb2 phylog5etic1 #cja1 #cjb ,rudim5t>y1 #bii ,rudim5t>y organs1 #bhf1 #bia1 #bic1 #bih1 #cje2 criticism (1 #bhf2 evolution>y argum5t f1 #bhf2 ontog5etic explanation (1 #bih2 phylog5etic1 #bih --explanation (1 #bhf ,runn+ birds1 #aad1 #cje ,s-,r bonds1 #bjd ,salam&]1 #bdh ,saurians1 #fj ,savag]y1 n prior to civilization1 #ccg ,savages1 desc5d$ f civiliz$ ance/ry n vice v]sa1 #cch ,sc&9avia1 #aaj ,scepticism1 #aih logic (1 #aih ,s*ola/ics1 #aia1 #bbe ,s*ola/ic1 !ory ( orig9 ( concepts1 #bbj ,sci5ce1 #ahh1 #cjd1 #cei2 z religion1 #cei2 gives no he$ to consequ5ces1 #cfj2 its attitude t[>ds philosophy1 #ahh2 %am1 #cjd ,sci5ti/s1 #cdd1 #cdh2 _m n satisfi$ ) 8evid5ce0 = human evolution1 #cdd2 fallibility (1 #cdh ,sci5tific que/ions1 decid$ by evid5ce1 n by au?ority1 #cdd ,scotl&1 #ajg ,sea-anemone1 #bfa ,sea floor1 #aac ,sea-ur*91 #aai1 #adj2 egg (1 #adj ,second causes1 #eb1 #ga2 efficacy f9ite1 #ga ,s$im5t1 #ic1 #ajc1 #abe2 primordial1 #abe2 univ]sal lay] (1 #ajc ,se$l+s1 #afa ,segregation1 #be ,selection1 #aa1 #ab1 #ac1 #fe1 #aeb1 #aec1 #cjf2 artificial1 #aeb --n on a p> ) natural selection1 #aeb2 intellig5t & =tuit\s1 #aeb1 #aec2 pr9ciple1 #aa1 #ab1 #ac1 #fe2 values1 #cjf ,self1 #bje ,self-f]tilization1 #aei ,self-obs]vation1 #bbd1 #bbe2 impossible = an organ1 #bbf2 p[] (1 _c reside 9 mat]ial organ1 #bbd1 #bbe2 requires a spiritual pr9ciple1 #bbe ,self-regulation1 #agd1 #agf1 #agi ,self-sacrifice1 r5d]$ mean+less1 #cef ,semilun> fold1 #bif1 #big ,s5esc5ce1 #bf1 #aeg1 #afj1 #afb2 an inh]5t t5d5cy ( liv+ matt]1 #afj2 t5d5cy practically if n actually univ]sal1 #afb ,s5sationi/s1 #bah ,s5sations1 #bji1 #bbg1 #bdb2 int5sity (1 #bbg ,s5se1 #bjd1 #bbg1 #bbh1 #bce1 #bed1 #cej2 debilitat$ by p[]ful /imulus1 #bbg2 ext]nal1 #bjd2 organic nature (1 #bbg2 _! p[] ( reaction tempor>ily inhibit$ by process ( repair1 #bbg1 #bbh ,s5se organs1 #bac1 #bea ,s5se-p]ception1 #aii1 #bjc1 #bad1 #bai1 #bbj1 #bbg1 #bca1 #bce2 a bra9 function #aii2 a psy*o-organic function1 #bad2 conc]n$ ) factual reality ( exi/5ce1 #bai2 involves a decomposition ( neural tissue1 #bbg2 n indep5d5t ( body1 #bbg2 organic function1 #bjc ,s5sibility1 organic1 #bdd1 #bde ,s5sori-motor1 #bea ,s5sory functions ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 #aii ,s5sual appetites1 exhau/ible1 #bcb ,s5sual emotion1 organic function1 #bjc ,sequ5ce1 #ajj1 #ajg1 #ajh2 inv]t$ or 8wrong10 #ajg1 #ajh2 no inv>iable ord] (1 #ajj2 ( fossilif]\s /rata1 #ajj2 8wrong10 #ajg1 #ajg note ,s]um1 #ae ,sexual 7gametic7 incompatibility1 #d1 #e1 #ai1 #bj1 #ba ,%>ks1 #hj1 #aai1 #bif 8,%ell-crat]s10 #cdg ,%oots1 #afj ,sight1 #bag2 intr9sic dep5d5ce on eye1 #bag2 extr9sic dep5d5ce on object1 #bag ,silurian1 #ib1 #ajf1 #aaa1 #aah2 ,middle1 #ib1 #ajf ,simia satyrus1 #cb ,simple explanations n necess>ily true1 #cej ,siwalik b$s1 #ie1 #caj ,skeleton1 #fj1 #fa1 #cca2 human1 #cca ,skulls1 #cbh1 #cbi1 #cca1 #ccc1 #cdj1 #cda2 fossil1 #cc1 #cda2 human1 #cca ,skull cap1 #bga1 #cac1 #cad1 #cbd1 #cbh ,sleep1 w\ld int]rupt process ( relay+ consci\sness f ?\ght to ?\ght1 #bab1 #bac ,slo?1 #eb ,snapdragon1 #hh ,social inequalities1 artificial laws = b5efit ( ri*1 #cfa ,socialism1 #ceg1 #cfj2 ,m>xian1 #ceg2 ,sci5tific1 #ceg ,sodium1 #afe1 #aff2 bromide1 #afe2 *loride1 #afe1 #aff2 iodide1 #afe ,solemn burial1 #cca1 #ccb1 #cdc2 mo/ anci5t in/ances1 #ccb ,solutreans1 #ccc ,soma1 #ac1 #ei1 #cjc ,somatella1 #ei ,somatic cells1 #ac1 #ad1 #ag1 #acf1 #aef1 #afc ,somites1 #bhj ,sophism1 ,comte's l t ( ,z5o1 #bbf ,s\l1 #agb1 #agi1 #aic1 #aid1 #aig1 #aih1 #bjj1 #bja1 #bjb1 #bjc1 #bje1 #bjf1 #bji1 #baj1 #baa1 #baf1 #bfh1 #caa1 #cej1 #cfa2 def9ition (1 #bjj2 a 8=mative p[]0 & 8integrat+0 & unify+ pr9ciple1 #bjj1 #baa2 a vital entele*y1 #baj2 z reveal$ 9 biology & psy*ology1 #bje2 consub/antial ) matt]1 #bjb2 diff]s 9 k9d1 n m]ely 9 degree f be/ial s\l1 #aid2 disc>d$ by ,desc>tes1 #aig2 disc>d$ by sci5tific psy*ology1 #cei2 =mal pr9ciple ( life1 #bjc2 functional1 #bjc1 #bjf1 #bji --_c be prim>y pr9ciple ( life1 #bjf2 "n1 n reality (1 reject$1 #bjj2 n a complete entity1 #bja2 prim>y gr\nd ( life1 #bjf2 reject$ 9 dynamic1 n 9 entitive s5se1 #bjj1 #bja2 spiritual1 n a product ( evolution1 #aic1 #baf1 #bfh --orig9ates by a creative act1 #aic1 #bfh2 subject ( psy*ology1 #aig2 subsi/5t 9 man1 #bjb2 sub/antial1 #bjc1 #bji2 t]m alleg$ to be mean+less1 #bjj ,specialism1 advantages & disadvantages (1 #ahi ,species1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f1 #ag1 #ai1 #bf1 #cg1 #ch1 #gd1 #ge1 #gh1 #hj1 #hc1 #hd1 #hf1 #hg1 #aaj1 #aaa1 #aab1 #aai1 #abj-abc1 #aca1 #aeg1 #bef1 #beg1 #cab1 #cac1 #cbj1 #ccd1 #cdb2 def9ition (1 #d2 *ange (1 #d1 #f2 diff]5tiation & multiplication (1 #aca2 difficulty ( di/+ui%+1 #abj-abc2 elem5t>y1 #ag2 ext9ct & extant1 #abj-abc1 #ccd2 ext9ct1 prec>i\s basis = "t-scale1 #ccd2 =mation z contra/$ ) trans=mation (1 #gd1 #ge1 #aca2 fossil1 #c1 #d1 #hc1 #ib1 #abj1 #abb1 #cab1 #cac2 int]m$iate1 abs5ce (1 #hj1 #hc1 #hd1 #ccd2 int]/]ility (1 #d1 #e1 #bf1 #ch2 only "o human1 #cdb2 p]si/5t1 #abc2 syngamy1 an ess5tial requisite (1 #e ,species-by-species me?od1 #hg ,spectral analysis ( con/itution ( sun1 #baf ,spectroscope1 #add ,spee*1 be/ial1 #bde1 #bdf ,sp]m1 #aef1 #aeh1 #aei1 #afj2 activation by means (1 #aei ,sp]mi/s1 #afj ,sphex gryphus 7,sm71 #bfa ,spid]s1 #beg ,spiral cleavage1 #bgh ,_s1 #aid1 #caa2 def9ition (1 #aid ,spiritual1 #bjf ,spiritualism1 #bjb1 #bcj1 #bca2 ,ari/otelian1 #bcj1 #bca --admits direct dep5d5ce ( l[] psy*ic functions on organism1 #bcj --admits indirect dep5d5ce ( high] psy*ic functions ^u organism1 #bca2 ,c>tesian1 #bcj2 de/roy$ by facts ( physiological psy*ology1 #bcj2 hylomorphic1 #bjb2 ( ,ari/otle1 #bjb2 psy*ophysical ( ,desc>tes1 #bjb1 #bjc ,spirituality1 #bjc1 #cea2 excludes co-ag5cy ( organism1 #bjc2 ( human s\l1 #cea ,spiritual repres5tations1 #bba ,sple51 #cja ,splitt]s1 #cg ,splitt+1 #aba ,spontane\s g5]ation1 #aca1 #acb1 #acc1 #acf1 #adb1 #adh1 #adi1 #afg1 #agi1 #ahb1 #ahe1 #ahf2 def9$1 #aca-acc2 antiquity (1 #acc2 old & new exception (1 #afg2 philosophical 8pro(0 (1 #ahe ,spontog5esis1 an outlaw$ hypo!sis1 #afd ,spores1 #acd1 #acf1 #aef1 #aha2 bact]ial1 #aha ,sporulation1 #aef1 #aeg ,spr+opora1 #aah ,spy1 #cbi1 #ccj1 #ccc2 bones1 #cbi2 crania1 capacity und]e/imat$1 #ccj ,spy rema9s1 #cai1 #cbe1 #cbf1 #cbg1 #cbi1 #ccj1 #ccb2 skeletons ( ,no4 #a & ,no4 #b1 #cbg ,squatt+1 a habit ( savage races1 #cbh ,squirrel1 #bfj ,/>fi%1 #adj1 #aed1 #chb2 egg (1 #adj2 symmetry (1 #aed ,/ates1 #bjc1 #bjh2 consci\s or psy*ic1 #bjc1 #bjh2 m5tal1 active & passive1 #bjh2 ( matt]1 n m real1 #bjc ,/ati/ics1 moral1 #cfa ,/ems1 #afj ,/5tor1 #agd ,/]ility1 int]specific1 #e1 #ba1 #ch ,/]ilization1 #acd1 #ace ,/imulators1 #bdc ,/imulus1 #bbg1 #bbh ,/izus ruficornis1 #bdg ,/ock1 #caj1 #caa2 hylobatic & troglodyte1 #caj1 #caa2 pi!coid1 #caa ,/one implem5ts1 #cbi1 #cca1 #ccd1 #cdj1 #cdb2 *>act]i/ic1 unsafe basis = "t-scale1 #ccd ,/ratification1 #ajb2 s*eme (1 univ]sal1 #ajb2 syn*ron\s deposition (1 diff]5t 9 m9]al cont5t1 #ajb ,/ratigraph]s1 #ajf ,/ratigraphic1 #aja1 #ajb1 #ajg2 cont9uity1 #aja2 facts1 #ajg2 horizons1 #aja2 sequ5ce1 #aja --inv>iable ord] (1 #ajb ,/ratigraphy1 #ic ,/rata1 #ff1 #hc1 #hg1 #ib-if1 #ajb1 #ajc1ajh1 #aji1 #aaf1 #aai1 #abj1 #abe2 classification (1 #ajc2 concrete sequ5ce (1 #aji2 dat$ by fossils & fossils by /rata1 #id2 fossilif]\s1 #ib1 #if1 #ajb1 #aji1 #aaf1 #aai --classification (1 #aai --,european classification (1 #ajb2 h[ *>act]iz$1 #if2 int]v5+1 skipp$1 #abj2 m9]al1 #ajb2 sub/itution ( fossilif]\s = li?ological1 #ajc2 sub/itution ( fossilif]\s = m9]al1 #ajc2 wrong ord] (1 #ajh2 8y\ng]0 & 8old]10 #ajh1 #aaf ,/rontium1 isotopes (1 #agc ,/ructures1 #abb1 #bhd2 con/ant & adaptive1 #abb2 di/9ction influ5c$ by p]sonal equation1 #abb2 embryonic1 undiff]5tiat$1 #bhd2 homolog\s & adaptive1 #abb ,/ruggles = exi/5ce1 #bia ,/urgeons1 #aai ,sub-ar*an beg9n+s ( life imp5etrable1 #abf ,subject1 #bje1 #bjg1 #bjh2 abid+1 ( our ?\ghts1 feel+s & desires1 #bje2 active1 #bjh2 ( ?\ght1 active1 #bjg ,subjective ab/ractions1 ph5om5ali/ objectivation (1 #bji ,subjectless ?\ght1 an ab/raction1 #bji ,submicron1 #adj1 #ahc note ,submicroscopic dim5sions1 no ob/acle to manife/ation ( vital ph5om5a1 #agj ,submicroscopic organisms %[ g5etic cont9uity1 reproductiv5ess & typical vital p[]1 #afi1 #agj ,subspecies1 #ccd1 #cdb ,sub/ages1 #if1 #ajc ,sub/ance1 #bji ,sub/antial composite ( body & s\l1 #bjc ,succession1 #ge1 #gf2 to be di/+ui%$ f filiation1 #ge2 n desc5t1 #ge1 #gf ,sunlight1 once ri*] 9 act9ic rays1 #adh ,sup]cili>y ridges1 #bgb ,sup]organic1 #bdj ,sup]organic functions1 #bad1 #bbg2 h s\l z _! exclusive ag5t & recipi5t1 #bad ,sup]organic functions1 s\l alone active cause & receptive subject1 #bjc ,sup]natural1 #ahf1 #ahg2 def9$1 #ahg ,sup]num]>y1 #cjc1 #cjd1 #cjf2 mamm>y gl&s1 #cjd2 organs1 #cjc1 #cjd ,sup]position1 #ic1 #aja1 #aaa2 z a crit]ion ( comp>ative antiquity1 #ic2 crit]ion (1 conf9$ to local areas1 #aja --n available = correlation ( /rata 9 diff]5t localities1 #aja2 only safe means ( di/+ui%+ betwe5 spatial & *ronological di/ribution1 #aja1 #aaa2 re/rict$ to local areas1 #ic ,suppression ( organs1 #cje ,sw$51 #bhi ,syllogisms1 ( no avail aga9/ facts1 #bbf ,symbiosis1 #eb1 #abd ,symbiotes1 #df1 #ec ,synapsis1 #ag1 #be ,syngamy1 #e1 #be1 #aef1 #aeg-afa2 ess5tial to bip>5tal inh]itance1 #afj2 means ( rejuv5ation1 #afa2 qualification ( a true species1 #e ,syn!sis1 *emical1 spontane\s & artificial1 #aea1 #aeb ,sy/ems1 #if1 #aja1 #ada1 #adb1 #aea2 colloidal1 #adb2 complete polyphasic1 #adb2 h[ det]m9$1 #if2 ( rocks1 #if2 ( /rata1 #aja2 polyphasic1 #ada2 protoplasmic1 #ada1 #adb2 simple1 #aea ,sy/emati/1 #df1 #aba ,tactisms1 #bjd ,tactuali/1 #bai ,ta5ia1 #bdh ,taiga1 #ia ,t>antula1 #bdg1 #bfc ,tasmanian blacks1 #cbe ,tautom]ism1 #bjb ,taxonomic que/ions1 #ccd ,taxonomi/1 #abh ,taxonomy1 #cf1 #cg1 #ch1 #gg1 #aja1 #aba1 #abb1 #abc1 #cbj2 fossil1 #aja1 #abb --basis ( correlation1 #aja --arbitr>y & unreliable1 #abb2 homology1 basis (1 #cf2 influ5ce ( palontology1 #gg2 ne$ ( revision 91 #aba1 #abc ,teleological1 #bbe ,teleology1 #aed1 #bdj1 #bdh1 #bdi1 #bei1 #bfg2 a mat]ial expression ( intellig5ce1 #bei2 does n entail vibrant intellig5ce1 #bei2 its comb9ation ) s5ti5t consci\sness1 #bdj2 ( organisms1 #aed2 ( artefacts1 #aed2 psy*ic implication (1 #aed2 unconsci\s1 #bdj ,teleo/s1 #abj ,telic1 #aej1 #bdi2 ph5om5a ( nature1 #bdi ,t]ebratul9a1 /riata1 #aah1 #abj2 caput s]p5tis1 #aah ,t]mitomyia1 #df ,t]mitox5ia ,heimi1 #dh ,t]ti>y1 #gb1 #hb1 #ii1 #ajj1 #ajd1 #aji1 #aaa1 #aab1 #aac1 #aah1 #aed1 #bgj1 #cjh1 #caa2 ance/or1 #cab2 ,man1 #aed ,t]ti>y envelopes ( eggs1 #cjj ,te!l91 #bid ,te?ys1 #aji ,tetraploid race1 #bc1 #de2 orig9 (1 n yet obs]v$1 #bc ,tetraploidy1 #bb1 #bc1 #dd ,?igh1 bone1 #caf1 #cag ,?ird eyelid1 #bif1 #big ,?ird ,int]glacial ,p]iod1 latt] half (1 #cca ,?oa!rium1 #gh ,?\ght1 #bah-bbb1 #bbg1 #bbi1 #bcj1 #bcc2 & imag]y1 concomitant b incomm5surable1 #bai2 digs bel[ ph5om5al surface1 #bai2 di/+ui%$ f imag]y1 #bah1 #bai2 intellectual1 /eady1 lucid & cont9u\s1 #bbi2 n function ( mat]ial organism1 #bcc2 p[] does n always deg5]ate ) old age1 #bcj2 presupposes imag]y1 #bba2 proce$s ) complete ease aft] initial ex]tion ( imag9ation1 #bbi2 rational1 #bbb1 #bbd1 #bca1 #bcc --has spiritual s\l = s\rce & subject1 #bcc --reflective1 #bbd --spiritual1 #bbb --sup]organic function (1 #bca2 reflective1 a sup]organic function1 #bbg2 requires sub/rate ( s5sible images1 #bbj --on :i* x is objectively dep5d5t1 #bbb2 "s 9 all individuals1 #bai2 spiritual1 #bbb2 untranslatable into adequate imag]y1 #bai ,?ru/ faults1 #ajg ,?ru/ planes l b$d+ planes1 #ajh ,?ymus1 #bii1 #cjj1 #cja1 #cjb2 an ontog5etic rudim5t1 #cja1 #cjb ,?yroid gl&s1 #bib1 #bid1 #bie1 #cja ,?yrox91 #bid ,"t-value1 #ge1 #hb1 #hc1 #hd1 #ie1 #if1 #aja2 ( geological =mations1 dubi\s1 #ge2 ( index fossils1 #ie1 #if --af=ds no basis = sci5tific c]ta9ty1 #aja ,tissue1 lymphatic1 #cja ,tissue cells1 #ac1 #ad1 #acf1 #aef ,tonsils1 #cja ,tools1 use (1 by animals1 #bfa ,tra*eloc]ca1 #ach ,tra9+1 #bdd1 #bde1 #bef ,trans=mism1 #c1 #d1 #f1 #af1 #bd1 #be1 #cb1 #dj1 #dc1 #eb1 #ec1 #ee1 #ef1 #ei1 #fa1 #fg1 #fi-gb1 #ge1 #hj1 #hd1 #aji1 #aag1 #abc1 #abd1 #abf1 #abg1 #aca1 #bfc1 #bfh1 #cdc2 def9ition (1 #c2 impot5t to expla9 orig9 ( intellig5ce1 #baf1 #bcc note1 #bfc2 int]pretation1 n coroll>y1 ( fossil facts1 #abf2 monophyletic1 #fi1 #gj2 8natural0 explanation ( homology1 #eb2 pro(s =1 empirical1 aphori/ic1 & apo/]iori/ic1 #ee1 #ef2 re/s on p]sonal belief r ?an on facts1 #abg2 ultra-p>tisans (1 #cdc2 unconc]n$ ) orig9 ( life1 #aca2 unifies orig9s 9 "t1 b n 9 space1 #fi ,trans=mi/1 #ch ,transmutation1 #f1 #bh1 #ce1 #dj1 #ej1 #fe1 #fi1 #gj1 #ga1 #gc1 #abc1 #aic ,trial & error1 #bda1 #bdc ,triassic1 #aah1 #aai ,trilobites1 #ajj1 #aag ,triploidy1 #ba1 #bb ,troglodyte1 #cd1 #ej1 #cad1 type1 #cad ,troglodytes nig]1 #cc1 #cad ,tropisms1 #bjd ,tub]cule ( ,d>w91 n homolog\s ) apex ( horse's e>1 #cjc ,tub]s1 #afj ,tubules1 nephridial or excretory1 #bhj ,types1 #ed1 #ee1 #ff1 #hc1 #hd1 #ib1 #aaf-abj1 #abc1 #abd1 #ada1 #cbh1 #cbi1 #ccd1 #cce1 #ccf2 ,ance/ral1 #ib1 #aag1 #bgf2 annectant1 #ib2 approximation 91 #ff2 common ance/ral1 #hc2 ,cr-,magnon1 #ccb1 #ccd1 #cce2 no evid5ce ( its desc5t f ,ne&]?al type1 #ccd2 g5]aliz$1 #ed1 #ee1 #ha1 #hd2 are ab/ractions1 #ed1 #ee2 g5]ic1 #aaf1 #aag2 p]si/5ce (1 #aah1 #abc2 ,grimaldi1 #ccb2 int]grad5t1 #hc2 inv]tebrate1 #aag2 mod]n1 #aaf1 #abj1 #ccd2 ,ne&]?aloid1 #cbi1 #cce2 p]si/5t1 #aaf2 p]si/5ce (1 #aai2 phyletic1 #aaf1 #aag2 p]man5ce (1 #aah2 specific1 #aaf1 #ada --p]si/5ce (1 #aah1 #abc2 fossil doctr9e ( _! inv>iable sequ5ce1 #ajd1 #cab ,ultramicron1 #add1 #afh2 de/itute ( reproductive p[]1 #afh2 may n be natural unit1 #afh2 ( colloidal solutions1 #afh ,ultramicroscope1 #adj1 #add2 limit (1 #adj ,ultraspiritualism ( ,desc>tes1 #aii1 #bjb ,ultra-violet rays1 #adh1 #ahd ,un*ange1 n expla9$ by !ory ( ex*ange1 #abc ,und]/&+1 #bce ,ungulates1 #gh1 #hb2 fossil1 #hb ,uni=mit>ianism1 #fg1 #fh ,uni=mity ( nature1 #adi1 #ahf2 only ju/ification = recon/ruction ( ! pa/1 #adi2 pr9ciple (1 #afi ,union ( s\l & body1 accord+ to ,desc>tes1 #aih1 #aii ,units1 #add1 #afb1 #afc1 #aff1 #afg1 #afh1 #agj1 #agd-agg1 #aii-bja2 diff]5ce betwe51 #agj2 inorganic1 #add1 #afc1 #aff1 #agj1 #agd1 #age1 #agf1 #agg1 #bja --& liv+1 #agj1 #age-agg --incapable ( o!r ?an transitive action1 #agd1 #agg2 liv+ & non-liv+1 #aii1 #bjj2 natural1 #afh2 new1 ( life to be discov]$1 #afg2 ( nature1 non-liv+1 #afb1 #afc ,univ]se1 ,/one ,book (1 #abg ,uranium1 #adf ,urea1 #agc ,uret]1 #bhb ,uroleptus mobilis1 #ach1 #afa ,uro/h5ic1 #bgj ,ursus spelaeus1 #cbf1 #cbi ,use1 #bia ,utility1 #bia ,val5ce1 #afe2 atomic1 #afe2 molecul> 7residual71 #afe ,v>iation1 #i1 #ah1 #dj1 #da1 #db1 #de1 #fc1 #fd1 #hh1 #cjc2 ag5cies (1 #db2 cause ( modification1 #da2 conv]ges & div]ges1 #fc1 #fd2 fluctuational1 #i1 #cjc2 h]itable1 #db2 intra-specific1 #dc2 mutational1 a *ange ( loss1 #ah2 non-inh]itable1 #db2 process ( div]sify+1 #dj1 #de2 trans-specific1 #dc1 #hh --no exp]im5tal evid5ce (1 #de ,v>ieties1 #ccd1 #cdb ,vault1 #cbi1 #ccb ,veget>ians1 #bcf ,v]satility1 #beg1 #beh1 #bei2 di/9ctive m>k ( intellig5ce1 #beg1 #beh ,v]tebr1 #bgi ,v]tebrate1 #fj ,v]tebrata1 #aai1 #bgj1 #bga1 #bgi-bhd1 #bib1 #big1 #cjj1 #cjb2 amniotic1 #bhj-bhb2 anamniotic1 #bhj1 #bhb ,ve/igial remnants1 #bii ,viability1 #d1 #e1 #be1 #bf1 #dc1 #dd ,vibration1 #bji2 pure1 #bji2 )\t vibrant m$ium1 #bji ,v9eg> fly1 #ai1 #he ,violet1 #be1 #aei ,visc]al ar*es & clefts1 #bgh1 #bgi ,visuali/1 #bai ,vital activity1 #bja ,vital cont9uity1 #acd1 #aci1 #aee2 g5etic1 fir/ article (1 #acd2 law (1 #acd1 #aee2 law (1 #aci2 its f\r? article1 #aci ,vital =ce1 no special1 #bja ,vitality1 #aej2 eludes art ( *emi/1 #aej ,vital pr9ciple1 #agb1 #bjj1 #bjc2 z def9$ by ,neo-,vitali/s1 #agb2 entitive1 n dynamic1 #agb2 t]m alleg$ to be mean+less1 #bjj2 t]m 9 disfavor1 #bjj ,vivisection1 #cfj ,volcanic bombs1 #cdf-cdh ,volition1 #bba1 #bca1 #bcc2 n function ( ! mat]ial organism1 #bcc2 presupposes conception1 #bba2 rational1 has spiritual s\l = s\rce & subject1 #bcc2 rational1 sup]organic1 #bca ,walrus1 #bif ,wasp1 pr$atory1 #bdg1 #bfc ,w$das1 cranial capacity (1 #cae ,weight1 #cae ,:ale1 #ce1 #df1 #fj1 #bgi2 flipp] (1 #ce1 #fj1 #bgi ,:ite ,leghorns1 #ai ,wild ,kir*li1 indu/ry (1 #cca ,w1 #bba1 #bcb1 #bce2 insatiable1 #bcb2 ( man1 free1 #bcb2 self-det]m9+ or reflexive1 #bcb2 sup]ior to s5sual appetite1 #bce ,w+ v5ation1 #di note1 #di ,wiscons91 ,cambrian s$im5ts (1 #aje ,wolffian duct1 #bha1 #bhb ,woods ,hole1 #bc1 #db1 #dg ,_w ,w>1 #cei ,worm1 #bdi ,wormwood1 #bdh1 #bee2 common1 #bee ,wrtzburg1 ,s*ool (1 #bai ,x-rays1 #add1 #cag ,yoldia ,sea1 #bhi ,yolk-sac1 #bgf ,zamia1 #aah ,zebra1 #ha ,zones1 /ratigraphic1 #if1 #ajc1 #ajf2 zogeographical1 #ii ,zologi/s1 #ff1 #gg ,zology1 #ce1 #cg1 #ee1 #abf1 #cjd ,zopsy*ologi/s1 #bdj ,zygote1 #be1 #acf1 #aef-aeh