,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,italic text is    
enclos$ 9 und]scores2  boldface text is 
enclos$ 9 equals signs4                 
,,riv]side ,,essays      ,,edit$ ,,by   
,,ada ,l4 ,f4 ,,snell      ,,associate  
,,pr(essor ,,( ,,engli%    ,,m\nt       
,,holyoke ,,college          ,riv]side  
,essays    ,edit$ by ,ada ,l4 ,f4 ,snell
        ,,! ,,am]ican ,,m9d ,,&         
,,am]ican ,,idealism4 ,by ,bliss ,p]ry4 
#ce       c5ts4      ,,univ]sity        
,,subjects4 ,by ,john ,h5ry ,newman4 #ce
 c5ts4      ,,/udies ,,9 ,,nature ,,&   
,,lit]ature4 ,by ,john ,burr\ghs4 #ce   
c5ts4      ,,promot+ ,,good ,,citiz5%ip4
 ,by ,james ,bryce4 #ce c5ts4           
,prices are net1 po/paid    ,o!r titles 
9 prep>ation      ,,h\ghton ,,miffl9    
,,company    ,,bo/on      ,,new ,,york  
,,*icago            ,! ,riv]side        
,lit]ature ,s]ies      ,,promot+        
,,good ,,citiz5%ip      ,,by    ,,james 
,,bryce      ,illu/ration        ,,bo/on
      ,,new ,,york      ,,*icago        
,,h\ghton ,,miffl9 ,,company    ,!      

,riv]side ,press ,cambridge             
,,copyright1 #aiji1 ,,by ,,yale         
,,univ]sity ,,press    ,,copyright1     
#aiac1 ,,by ,,ada ,l4 ,f4 ,,snell       
,,all ,,rights ,,res]v$      ,r4 ,l4 ,s4
 #bbg        ,! ,riv]side ,press        
,,cambridge 4 ,,massa*usetts    ,u 4 ,s 
4 ,a          ,,cont5ts                 
,,introduction      vii      ,,indol5ce 
#a      ,,h[ ,,to ,,ov]come ,,!         
,,ob/acles ,,to ,,good    ,,citiz5%ip   
#bf        ,! two essays by ,mr4 ,james 
,bryce includ$ 9 ?is volume are         
repr9t$ by p]mission ( ,yale ,univ]sity 
f ,mr4 ,bryce's      lectures on !      
,dodge ,f\ndation1 publi%$ 9 book =m by 
!      ,yale ,univ]sity ,press "u !     
title ( ,! ,h9drances to ,good          
,citiz5%ip4          ,,introduction     
,mr4 ,bryce has = a long "t be5 a man ( 
int]national prom95ce4  ,8 wide influ5ce
 is und\bt$ly due to _m causes1 b x may1
 9  g5]al1 be trac$ to two *>act]i/ics3 
,mr4 ,bryce is a humani/  :o            
sympa!tically wat*es ! progress (       

nations & ! guid+  ( gov]nm5ts2 he is   
also a hi/orian4 ,9 8 biographical /udy 
(  ,john ,ri*>d ,gre5 he has skillfully 
analyz$ ! aptitudes ( !  hi/orian1 & 9 s
 do+ has po9t$ly1 if unwitt+ly1 describ$
  himself4 ,accuracy1 he says1--a desire
 = ! exact tru?1--ke5  obs]vation1 s\nd 
judgm5t1 imag9ation1 &1 foll[+          
inevitably  f ^!1 comm& ( lit]>y        
exposition1 are ! p[]s :i* a  hi/orian  
ne$s4 ,ea* ( ^! qualities ,mr4 ,bryce   
himself possesses  9 l>ge measure4 ,x is
 8 hi/orical p[]1 enabl+ him to obs]ve  
& record ! significant phases & ev5ts ( 
human life1 plus 8  sympa!tic int]e/ 9  
its pres5t-day manife/ations :i* expla91
  9 "s degree1 8 s+ul>ly em95t position 
z an au?ority on  matt]s p]ta9+ to human
 in/itutions 9 v>i\s c\ntries4    ,mr4  
,bryce 0 born 9 nor!rn ,irel& 9 #ahch1 (
 ,scot*-,iri%  p>5ts2 & he comb9es 9 8  
nature ! /alw>t intellectual            
prop5sities ( ! ,scot & ! arti/ic       
attributes ( ! ,celt4 ,he  0 educat$ at 
! ,univ]sity ( ,glasg[1 & lat] w5t to   

,ox=d  :]e he won _m honors4 ,aft] f9i%+
 8 collegiate "w he 0  admitt$ to ! b> &
 practic$ law 9 ,london until #ahhb4 ,at
 !  age ( ?irty-two he 0 appo9t$ ,regius
 ,pr(essor ( ,civil ,law at  ,ox=d4 ,up 
to ?is po9t 8 life _h be5 almo/         
exclusively t (  a /ud5t & a s*ol>2 &   
already at ?is "t he 0 recogniz$ z  a   
man ( rem>kable hi/orical ability4 ,!   
ye> #ahhj m>k$ a *ange  9 8 life4 ,he   
pres5t$ himself to ! work+m5 ( ,t[]     
,hamlets1  ,london1 z a c&idate = a seat
 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons4 ,mr4 ,/ead  tells
 u t ,mr4 ,bryce1 9 ?is fir/ campaign1  
address$ 8 op5-air  audi5ces some:at    
aft] ! mann] ( a pr(essor lectur+ 9 a   
classroom2 he succe$$1 nev]!less1 9     
gett+ himself elect$1  & = ov]          
tw5ty-five ye>s !reaft] 0 a memb] (     
,p>liam5t4  ,dur+ ^! ye>s he held v>i\s 
responsible (fices hav+ to d  ) home &  
=eign adm9i/rative "w4 ,! practical     
results ( 8  political influ5ce 7       
advancem5t 9 public education1 ! secur+ 
( m ext5sive p>ks & op5 c\ntry spaces = 

! pleasure ( !  poor] classes1 & !      
fur!rance ( int]national peace4 ,9      
#aijg1  ,mr4 ,bryce 0 appo9t$ ambassador
 to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :i* (fice  he      
resign$ 9 #aiac to c>ry on lit]>y "w4   
,mr4 ,bryce's k is ! result n only (    
univ]sity tra9+ &  exp]i5ce 9 public    
life1 b also ( v>i$ read+4 ,he has read 
art1  sci5ce1 hi/ory1 & has always be5  
an int]e/$ /ud5t ( poetry4  ,9 speak+   
once to ,am]icans ( ,sw9burne1 he       
sudd5ly paus$ &  ask$1 8,:o are writ+   
y\r songs & /irr+ y\r he>t1--or isn't   
y\r he>t be+ /irr$8 ,no?+ is m important
 ?an t ea*  g5]ation & ea* l& %\ld h its
 poets4 ,ea* oncom+ tide (  life1 ea*   
age1 requires & ne$s m5 ( l(ty ?\ght :o 
%all dream  & s+ = x1 :o %all ga!r up   
its t5d5cies & =mulate its  ideals &    
voice its _s1 proclaim+ its duties &    
awak5+ its  en?usiasm1 ?r\gh ! high     
au?ority ( ! poet & ! art ( 8  v]se40   
,h[ ext5sively ,mr4 ,bryce has read !   
poets1 bo? anci5t &  mod]n1 "o p]ceives 
f ! ref]5ces & allusions 9 8 ,/udies  9 

,contempor>y ,biography4    ,! mo/      
important s\rce ( ,mr4 ,bryce's k1 ! "o 
:i*  has furni%$ ! mat]ial = ne>ly all 8
 books1 has be5 8  fir/-h& obs]vation & 
/udy ( _m c\ntries4 ,:5 /ill a  "y man  
he w&]$ alone ov] ,m\nt ,ar>at1 s9ce !  
native  guides refus$ to foll[ him to ! 
unkn[n wilds ( t lonely  peak4 ,he      
visit$ ! ,ottoman ,empire 9 #ahgf1 &1 z 
a result ( 8  inve/igations !re1 became 
an advocate ( ! ,bulg>ian cause2 9  fact
 x 0 8 spee*es on ! ,ea/]n ,"q :i* fir/ 
made him  prom95t politically4 ,mr4     
,bryce has travel$ also 9 ,icel&2 he 0  
9 ,africa j previ\s to ! ,bo] ,w>2 he   
has be5 all ov] ,s\?  ,am]ica2 & he kn[s
 ! ,unit$ ,/ates z few ,am]icans "k x4  
,he  has /udi$ ^! c\ntries ) great      
fai?fulness1 obs]v+ ke5ly  e phase ( !  
political & social life4 ,an int]e/+    
sample (  8 me?od ( ga!r+ in=mation is  
f\nd 9 ! *apt] on 8,!  ,position (      
,wom50 9 ,! ,am]ican ,commonweal?4 ,:5  
travel+ 9  ! ,we/ he notic$ t all ( !   
wom5 seem$ s v well dress$  t app>5tly  

none c\ld be ! wife or daught] ( a      
work+man2  b close obs]vation dispell$  
?is illusion4 ,idl+ 9 a book/ore  "o day
 9 ,oregon1 he notic$ a woman :o 0 ask+ 
= a c]ta9  magaz9e4 ,aft] h] dep>ture he
 ask$ ! salesman :o %e 01 &  f\nd t %e 0
 ! wife ( a workman1 & ! magaz9e a ,p>is
  fa%ion j\rnal4 8,?is10 says ,mr4      
,bryce1 8set me to obs]v+ female  dress 
m closely1 & x turn$ out to be p]fectly 
true t !  wom5 9 ^! little t[ns 7 foll[+
 ! ,p>isian fa%ions v  closely1 & 71 9  
fact1 ahead ( ! majority ( ,engli%      
ladies  belong+ to ! pr(essional &      
m]cantile classes40 ,?us no detail1     
h[ev] trivial1 escapes him2 ! pleasant &
 unpleasant phases (  our ,am]ican life1
 our mann]s1 clo!s1 sc5]y h all be5 not$
  & reckon$ ) 9 ! /atem5t ( t5d5cies &  
conclusions4    ,z a p>liam5t>ian ,mr4  
,bryce is said to h be5 direct1 hone/1  
& always illum9at+4 ,8 ability to comm& 
att5tion 0 due n  to any great          
oratorical gift1 b r to 8 s*ol>ly view (
 any  matt] "u debate4 ,mr4 ,ju/9       

,mc,carthy reports t ! memb]s  ( ! ,h\se
 :o might be d9+1 smok+1 or read+ 9 !   
rooms  assign$ = ^! purposes1 w\ld1 :5 !
 news 0 pass$ ar\nd  t ,mr4 ,bryce 0    
speak+1 leave ^! pleasant div]sions1 &  
betake !mselves ) great spe$ to ! debat+
 *amb]4 8,i h  _m a "t10 he says1 8he>d 
,cons]vative memb]s murmur1 9 tones  n  
altoge!r express+ absolute satisfaction 
at ! di/urb+  in=mation1 #8,bryce is    
up--,i mu/ g 9 & he> :at he has to say4'
  444 ,ev]ybody kn[s t :5 he speaks x is
 because he has some?+  to say :i* ought
 to be spok5 & !re=e ought to be he>d40 
,mr4  ,bryce 0 able to comm& att5tion   
also because ( 8 reputation z  a        
c\rage\s nonp>tisan4 ,he nev] advocat$ a
 measure or policy =  m]e p>ty reasons  
or = p]sonal aggr&izem5t4 ,n infrequ5tly
  he has f\ght bravely ) ! m9ority ( 8  
own p>ty1 & has at  times suff]$ bitt]  
attacks1 z :5 he rema9$ resolutely      
pro-,bo]  dur+ ! rampant j+oism ( ! ,s\?
 ,african ,w>4 ,b h[ev]  widely         
political enemies might diff] f him1 !y 

respect$ 8  s9c]ity & 8 lum9\s view (   
gov]nm5tal problems4 ,x is fur!r        
*>act]i/ic ( ,mr4 ,bryce's public life t
 he nev]1 9 8 desire  = ! welf>e ( 8 own
 c\ntry1 lo/ sight ( :at is due o!r     
nations4 ,9 practice z well z 9 precept 
he upheld ! doctr9e t  8patriotism      
consi/s n 9 wav+ a flag1 b 9 /riv+ t our
  c\ntry %all be righte\s z well z      
/rong40    ,mr4 ,bryce's books deal1 = !
 mo/ "p1 ) hi/orical subjects &         
pres5t-day gov]nm5ts4 ,! ,holy ,roman   
,empire1 writt5 :5 he 0  only tw5ty-f\r 
ye>s old1 is /ill reg>d$ by able        
hi/orians z  an accurate & au?oritative 
"w2 &1 9 ! judgm5t ( lit]>y  critics1 x 
is writt5 ) s mu* *>m ( /yle t x is     
de/9$  to become an ,engli% classic4    
,all ( ! books :i* h to d )  =eign      
nations are *>act]iz$ by a tactful1     
fai?ful1 & above all  a tru?ful1 h&l+4  
,x 0 ,! ,am]ican ,commonweal? :i* made  
! citiz5s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates reg>d ,mr4  
,bryce z a fri5d ( !  ,republic2 b he is
 n s reg>d$ because he has always /rok$ 

!  gleam+ p9ions ( ! ,am]ican eagle4    
,al?\gh he does seem to %>e  ! hope     
univ]sally *]i%$ by ,am]icans t we %all1
 9 spite  ( grave national defects1 8w9 
out0 9 ! end1 he has nev]!less1  9      
direct & unadorn$ /atem5ts1 po9t$ out   
our faults4 ,z an  example ( 8          
*>act]i/ic /raight=w>dness ( spee*1 take
 !  foll[+ s5t5ce3 8,am]ica has little  
occasion to ?9k ( =eign  affairs1 b "s (
 h] dome/ic difficulties are su* z to   
dem&  t c>eful obs]vation & unbrok5     
reflection :i* nei!r h]  executive      
magi/rates1 nor h] legislatures1 nor any
 lead+ class  among h] p n[ give40 ,mr4 
,bryce has nev] ceas$ to insi/ t        
,am]ica suff]s f lack ( hone/1 c\rage\s 
lead]%ip 9 deal+  ) su* problems z      
municipal evils & ! insidi\s influ5ce ( 
8ve/$ int]e/s40 ,our he$lessness &      
indiff]5ce to public matt]s  is our     
national s91 b ,mr4 ,bryce =esees a cure
 = our defects  9 ! increas+ zeal ) :i* 
! y\ng] g5]ation is assum+  ! public    
burd52 b h[ great mu/ be its zeal & h[  

/eady its  purpose if any?+ is to be    
accompli%$1 "o is made poignantly  aw>e 
by read+ ! acc\nt ( ! ,tammany ,r+ 9 ,! 
,am]ican  ,commonweal?4    ,:5 a man (  
,mr4 ,bryce's ability & exp]i5ce po9ts  
out def9itely  ! *ief ob/acles to good  
citiz5%ip & fur!rmore indicates  ! means
 by :i* ^! may be ov]come1 "o may be z  
sure t he  w say some?+ :i* %\ld be he$$
 z 7 ! memb]s ( !  ,h\se :5 he 0 a      
p>liam5t>ian4 ,9 #aiji1 ,mr4 ,bryce gave
 at ,yale  ,univ]sity a s]ies ( lectures
 :i* 7 lat] publi%$ by ! ,yale          
,univ]sity ,press "u ! title ,h9drances 
to ,good ,citiz5%ip4 ,!  ma9 ob/acles to
 good citiz5%ip are def9$ z indol5ce1   
private  self-int]e/1 & p>ty _s4    ,!  
fir/ lecture1 8,indol5ce10 br+s to m9d !
 *apt] 9 ,!  ,am]ican ,commonweal? on   
8,! ,w> ,aga9/ ,bossdom10 ) its vigor\s 
conclud+ words1 8,9 ,am]ica1 z ev]y:]e  
else 9 ! _w1 !  commonweal? suff]s m (t5
 f apa?y or %ortsight$ness 9 !  upp]    
classes1 :o ought to lead1 ?an f        
ignorance or recklessness  9 ! humbl]   

classes1 :o g5]ally are ready to foll[  
:5 wisely  l$40    ,9 ! second lecture1 
8,private ,self-,int]e/10 ,mr4 ,bryce   
/ates !  causes :i* produce a body (    
citiz5s :o c>e m ab\t _! own  advancem5t
 ?an ab\t ! welf>e ( ! c\ntry4 ,! mo/   
important  ( ^! causes are t>iff issues1
 appropriations ( public money =  local 
int]e/s1 gov]nm5tal contracts1 public   
(ficehold+1--all  repres5t+ 8! insidi\s 
p[] ( money :i* kn[s h[ to play ^u  !   
self-int]e/ ( vot]s & legislators1      
pollut+ at its s\rce  ! spr+ ( ,civic   
,duty40    ,! ?ird lecture consid]s p>ty
 _s z a h9drance to  citiz5%ip4 ,mr4    
,bryce ackn[l$ges ! practical necessity 
= p>ties  9 ! managem5t ( popul>        
gov]nm5ts1 & also ! p]plex+             
difficulties ( a p>ty lead] :o mu/      
decide betwe5 consci5ce &  p>ty4 ,!re is
 nev]!less b "o c\rse op5 to him3 he mu/
 foll[  8 consci5ce2 only he mu/        
c>efully di/+ui% betwe5 consci5ce  &    
angul> indep5d5ce :i* is lack+ 9 common 
s5se & 9  will+ness to def] to o!rs 9   

unimportant matt]s4 ,= ! av]age  man !  
"q is a simple "o2 reliev$ ( ! burd5s ( 
p>ty  lead]%ip1 he %\ld foll[ 8         
intellig5ce r ?an 8 p>ty4 ,a  l>ge numb]
 ( indep5d5t vot]s secures mo/          
effectively ! "r  adm9i/ration ( public 
bus9ess4    ,! la/ lecture 9 ! s]ies1   
8,h[ to ,ov]come ! ,ob/acles to ,good   
,citiz5%ip10 sugge/s v>i\s means by :i* 
a m satisfactory  body ( citiz5s may be 
secur$4 ,9 me?od & /yle ?is lecture is  
illu/rative ( ! au?or's peculi> /r5g? 9 
exposition4    ,mr4 ,bryce's writ+s are 
rem>kable = ! lucid organization ( a    
weal? ( detail into significant         
pr9ciples & s\nd conclusions2 =         
vividness 9 ! pres5tation ( :atev]      
p]ta9s to humanity1 &  = graci\s1 w9n+  
,engli%4 ,"o f9ds always 9 8 "w         
simplicity  9 ! unfold+ ( mat]ial :i*   
has be5 c>efully ga!r$ &  calmly judg$4 
,!re is p]fect cl>ity 9 ! h&l+ ( a mass 
(  detail1 & su* skillful subord9ation (
 x & ma/]ly emphasis (  important       
pr9ciples t ! read] easily cat*es ! be>+

 on !  c5tral ?\ght ( e illu/ration or  
description4 ,!re is also 9  ! writ+ a  
solidity & firmness1 a brac+            
/alw>tness--qualities  :i* are ! result 
( ! writ]'s own /urdy nature4 ,b ?is is 
n all4 ,! au?or's almo/ noveli/ic p[] ( 
see+ p]sons &  ?+s makes 8 writ+ z vivid
 z a /ory2 ev5 8 mo/ ab/ract            
propositions are tangible & real4 ,& !  
mat]ial is1 moreov]1 s  sympa!tically & 
e>ne/ly treat$ t x is at times lift$    
above  m]e p$e/rian exposition & becomes
 w>m ) ! feel+ ( !  writ]4 ,! ev]yday   
words & unadorn$ s5t5ces1 infus$ ) !  _s
 ( ! "o :o writes1 become pot5t to /ir  
slumb]+ ideals4  ,sudd5ly ov] ! level   
way ( m]e intellectual matt]s falls a   
dreamy  light1 a ,celtic graci\sness (  
mann]2 & ! read] no long]  j\rneys along
 a m]e br[n pa?1 b sees ! famili> sc5es 
( !  way idealiz$ by ! t\* ( poetry4 ,! 
value ( skillful exposition  z an asset 
= lead]%ip1 or = ! accompli%m5t ( any   
o!r  purpose1 ,mr4 ,bryce fully         
appreciates4 ,a comm& ( language is a   

p[]  possess$ by ne>ly e "o ( ! m51     
em95t 9 ! n9ete5?  c5tury1 :om ,mr4     
,bryce describes 9 8 ,/udies 9          
,contempor>y  ,biography4 ,by means ( x 
,mr4 ,john ,ri*>d ,gre5 wrote ! mo/     
brilliant hi/ory ( mod]n times2 ?r\gh ! 
/irr+ editorials (  ! ,nation1 ,mr4     
,godk9 0 able to ar\se an indiff]5t     
,am]ican  public to a m e>ne/           
consid]ation ( ! national welf>e2 &  x 0
 ,mr4 ,glad/one's gift ( 8noble         
utt]ance0 :i* m ?an any  o!r tal5t      
enabl$ him = _m ye>s to hold an         
au?oritative  political position4 ,mr4  
,bryce's own r>e p[] z a writ] (        
vigor\s1  p]suasive ,engli% is "o ( !   
qualities :i* has made him 9  a c]ta9   
s5se a citiz5 ( ! _w ) an almo/ _w-wide 
influ5ce4    ,h[ev] helpful ,mr4        
,bryce's me?od may be = ! /ud5t :o is   
attempt+ to und]/& & ma/] ! te*nique (  
successful  ,engli%1 x is !             
subject-matt] :i* is prim>ily (         
importance4  ,x is valuable = ! /ud5t   
s9ce x may s]ve to /imulate !           

inve/igation & expression ( c]ta9       
que/ions connect$ ) !  adm9i/ration (   
public matt]s 9 8 own t[n or city2 & x  
may  also sugge/ ! explanation & judgm5t
 ( measures propos$ to  secure bett]    
gov]nm5t1 su* z ! ,ref]5dum4 ,b !       
ess5tial  wor? ( ! mat]ial lies 9 ! fact
 t x is a tonic = relax$  vigilance 9   
public affairs4 ,x w\ld be well to      
require e  citiz5 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates to  
read 9 s*ool days ,! ,am]ican           
,commonweal?2 "o v5tures to say t !re   
w\ld be1 z a result1  a /eady advancem5t
 9 ! "r und]/&+ & fulfillm5t (  civic   
duties2 b ev5 a limit$ acqua9tance )    
,mr4 ,bryce %\ld  s]ve to def9e 9 cle>] 
t]ms ! elem5ts ( a sane & effective     
patriotism4 ,& ,mr4 ,bryce's own life1  
unfalt]+ly & resolutely  devot$ to a j  
adm9i/ration ( gov]nm5ts1 toge!r ) its  
unfail+ graci\sness 9 ! mo/ try+        
situations1 furni%es an  invigorat+     
example ( ! truly successful /atesman4  
,,ada ,l4 ,f4 ,,snell4          ,promot+
 ,good ,citiz5%ip          ,,indol5ce   

,dr4 ,samuel ,johnson1 be+ once ask$ h[ 
he came to h made a blund]  9 8 fam\s   
,engli% ,diction>y1 is report$ to h     
answ]$1  8,ignorance1 ,sir1 %e]         
ignorance40 ,:oev] has gr[n old en\gh to
 look  back ov] ! wa/$ opportunities (  
life--& we all ( u wa/e  m opportunities
 ?an we use--w be apt to ascribe mo/ ( 8
  blund]s to %e] indol5ce4 ,sometimes "o
 has omitt$ to le>n :at  x 0 ne$ful to  
le>n 9 ord] to proce$ to action2        
sometimes "o  has %runk f ! pa9ful ef=t 
requir$ to reflect & decide on  "o's    
c\rse1 leav+ x to ,=tune to settle :at  
,w ought to h  settl$2 sometimes "o has1
 f m]e self-indulg5t sluggi%ness1 let  !
 happy mom5t slip4    ,! diff]5ce betwe5
 m5 :o succe$ & m5 :o fail is n s mu*  z
 we commonly suppose due to diff]5ces 9 
intellectual capacity4  ,! diff]5ce :i* 
c\nts = mo/ is t betwe5 activity &      
slackness2 betwe5 ! man :o1 obs]v+      
al]tly & reflect+  incessantly1         
anticipates cont+5cies be=e !y occur1 & 
!  lazy1 easy-go+1 sl[ly-mov+ man :o is 

r\s$ ) difficulty1  w n tr\ble himself  
to look ahead1 & s be+ tak5 unprep>$    
loses or misuses ! opportunities t lead 
to =tune4 ,if x be true  t ev]y:]e1 ?\gh
 p]haps less "h ?an 9 ,european         
c\ntries1  en]gy is ! exception r ?an ! 
rule1 we ne$ n wond] t  m5 %[ 9 !       
dis*>ge ( civic duty ! defects :i* !y %[
 9  _! own affairs4 ,no d\bt public     
affairs dem& only a small "p  ( _! "t4  
,b ! spr+ ( self-int]e/ is n /rong :]e  
public affairs are conc]n$4 ,! ne$ =    
activity is n cont9u\sly  pres5t4 ,a    
duty %>$ ) _m o!rs seems less ( a       
p]sonal duty4  ,if a hundr$1 a ?\s&1 t5 
?\s& o!r citiz5s are z mu* b\nd  to     
speak1 vote1 or act z ea* "o ( u is1 !  
s5se ( obligation  becomes to ea* ( u   
weak4 ,/ill weak] does x become :5 "o   
p]ceives ! neglect ( o!rs to d _! duty4 
,! ne$ = !  good citiz5's action1 no    
d\bt1 becomes !n all ! great]4 ,b  x is 
only ! be/ sort ( citiz5 t feels x to be
 great]4 ,!  ,av]age ,man judges himself
 by ! av]age /&>d & does n see :y  he   

%\ld take m tr\ble ?an 8 neighb\rs4 ,?us
 we arrive at a  result summ$ up 9 !    
t]rible dictum1 :i* reveals ! basic     
fault  ( democracy1 8,:at is ,ev]ybody's
 bus9ess is ,nobody's bus9ess40    ,(   
indol5ce1 indiff]5ce1 apa?y1 9 g5]al1 no
 m ne$ be said4  ,x is a s9 t easily    
besets u all4 ,we might suppose t :]e   
public affairs are conc]n$ x w\ld       
decrease "u ! influ5ce (  education & ! 
press4 ,b sev]al g5]al causes h t5d$ to 
increase x 9 our own g5]ation1 despite !
 increas+ /r5g? (  ! appeal :i* civic   
duty makes to m5 :o are1 or if !y c>$   
might be1 bett] in=m$ ab\t public       
affairs ?an 7 _! fa!rs4    ,! fir/ ( ^! 
causes is t mann]s h gr[n g5tl] &       
passions less angry4 ,a *ief duty ( !   
good citiz5 is to be angry  :5 ang] is  
call$ =1 & to express 8 ang] by de$s1 to
  attack ! bad citiz5 9 (fice1 or       
o!rwise 9 p[]1 to expose 8  di%one/y1 to
 eject him f (fice1 to br& him ) an     
ignom9y  :i* w prev5t 8 return+ to any  
po/ ( tru/4 ,9 =m]  days indignation    

flam$ high]1 & !re 0 little t5d]ness =  
(f5d]s4 ,jehu smote ! prophets ( ,baal4 
,bad m9i/]s--& no  d\bt sometimes good  
m9i/]s also--7 9 ,engl& behead$ on ,t[] 
,hill4 ,ev]y:]e puni%m5t came quick] & 0
 m sev]e1 ?\gh  to be sure x 0 (t5 too  
h>%4 ,n[adays ! arm ( ju/ice is  (t5    
arre/$ by an indulg5ce :i* =gets t !    
true aim (  puni%m5t is ! protection ( !
 community4 ,! v safegu>ds  ) :i* our   
sl[] & m c>eful proc$ure has surr\nd$   
trials  & inve/igations1 prop] z su*    
safegu>ds are = ! security (  ! innoc5t1
 h (t5 s delay$ ! m>* ( ju/ice t :5  a  
conviction has at la/ be5 obta9$1 !     
(f5ce has begun to be  =gott5 & ! (f5d] 
escapes ) a trifl+ p5alty1 or )  none4  
,?is is an illu/ration ( ! pr9ciple t z 
righte\s  indignation is a valuable     
motive p[] 9 politics1 ! decl9e 9 x     
means a decl9e ei!r 9 ! /&>d ( virtue or
 9 ! /&>d (  zeal1 possibly 9 bo?4      
,ano!r cause may be f\nd 9 ! fact t !   
enorm\s gr[? (  mod]n /ates has made !  
%>e 9 gov]nm5t ( ! individual  citiz5   

seem inf9itesimally small4 ,9 an av]age 
,greek republic1  he 0 "o ( f two to t5 
?\s& vot]s4 ,9 ,engl& or ,france  to-day
 he is "o ( _m millions4 ,! *ance t 8   
vote w make  any diff]5ce to ! result is
 s sl5d] t x appe>s to him  negligible4 
,we are pr\d1 & ju/ly pr\d1 ( hav+      
adapt$ free  gov]nm5t to areas f> va/]  
?an 7 =m]ly ?\ght capable (  receiv+    
free in/itutions4 ,x 0 hop$ t !         
patriotism ( !  citiz5 w\ld exp& ) !    
magnitude ( ! ,/ate4 ,b ?is did n  happ5
 9 ,rome1 ! greate/ ( anci5t republics4 
,c we say t x  has happ5$ 9 ! mod]n _w8 
,few ( u realize t ?\gh our own  %>e may
 be small] our responsibility increases 
) ! p[] our  ,/ate ex]ts4 ,! late       
,pr(essor ,h5ry ,sidgwick once travell$ 
f  ,davos 9 ! ea/]nmo/ corn] ( ,switz]l&
 to ! t[n ( ,cambridge  9 ,engl& & back 
aga9 to deliv] 8 vote aga9/ ,home ,rule 
at !  g5]al election ( #ahhf1 ?\gh he   
knew t 8 own side w\ld h a  majority 9 !
 con/itu5cy4 ,^? :o knew applaud$1 8    
oppon5ts  includ$1 b ,i fe> t few ( u   

foll[$ ?is %9+ example (  civic virtue4 
,?irdly1 ! highe/1 because ! mo/        
difficult1 duty ( a citiz5  is to fight 
valiantly = 8 convictions :5 he is 9 a  
m9ority4  ,! small] ! m9ority1 & ! m    
unpopul> x is1 & ! m  viol5t are !      
attacks ^u x1 s mu* ! l\d] is ! call (  
duty to def5d "o's op9ions4 ,to )/& !   
8ardor civium prava  iub5tium0--to face 
8! multitude ha/+ to d evil0--?is is !  
note & ! te/ ( g5u9e virtue & c\rage4   
,n[ ?is is1 or seems  to be1 a m        
=midable task ! va/] ! community        
becomes4 ,x is  h>d] to make y\r voice  
he>d aga9/ ! ro> ( ocean ?an aga9/  !   
:i/l+ squall t sweeps d[n ov] a m\nta9  
lake4    ,la/ly1 !re has be5 )9 ! la/   
c5tury a great accession to our  k (    
nature1 a m widely diffus$ & develop$   
int]e/ 9  lit]ature & art z well z 9    
sci5ce4 ,?is developm5t1 9 itself       
fraught ) laudable means ( enjoym5t1 has
 _h ! un=ese5 yet  natural result (     
r$uc+ ! int]e/ 9 public affairs among ! 
educat$ classes1 :ile ! ard\r ) :i*     

competitions 9 physical  /r5g? & skill  
are foll[$ has 9 l mann] div]t$ !       
?\ghts & att5tion ( ! less educat$--&   
inde$1 n ( !m  alone b ( _m also 9 a    
class f :om bett] ?+s might h  be5      
expect$4 ,politics1 9 fact1 h n[adays to
 /rive aga9/ m  rival subjects attract+ 
m5's eyes & m9ds ?an !y _h be=e         
sci5tific discov]y & art1 & above all1  
a?letic sports1 came to  fill newspap]s 
& magaz9es4    ,b s f> f be+ less       
important ?an !y 71 politics are  gr[+ 9
 e c\ntry m important ! wid] ! sph]e (  
gov]nm5tal action becomes4 ,nev]!less1  
ev5 9 ,engl&1 :i* is  p]haps slightly   
less addict$ to ?is new passion = look+ 
on at  & read+ ab\t a?letic competitions
 ?an are ,nor? ,am]ica &  ,au/ralia1 a  
cricket or football mat* or a horse-race
 seems1 if "o  may judge by ! eag]      
?rongs t snat* ! ev5+ newspap]s1 to     
excite m int]e/ 9 ! middle z well z 9 ! 
ri*] & 9 !  upp] section ( ! poor]      
classes ?an does any political ev5t4    
,h[ to ov]come ^! adv]se t5d5cies is a  

"q :i* ,i res]ve  till ! la/ ( ^!       
lectures4 ,meantime1 let u look at "s ( 
!  =ms 9 :i* indiff]5ce to ! obligations
 ( citiz5%ip reveals  itself4    ,! fir/
 duty ( ! citiz5 us$ to be to fight1 &  
to fight  n m]ely aga9/ foes f ano!r    
,/ate1 b aga9/ ^? also  :o1 )9 8 own    
,/ate1 7 try+ to ov]turn ! ,con/itution 
or resi/ ! laws4 ,x is a duty /ill      
incumb5t on u all1 ?\gh  ! exi/5ce (    
soldi]s & a police =ce calls u to x less
  frequ5tly4 ,! omission to take up arms
 9 a civil /rife 0 a grave  (f5ce 9 !   
republics ( antiquity1 :]e revolutions 7
 frequ5t1  z !y are to-day 9 "s ( !     
/ates ( ,lat9 ,am]ica4 ,:5  respectable 
p /ay$ at home in/ead ( tak+ sword &    
spe> to  drive out ! adh]5ts ( an       
adv5tur] try+ to make himself ,tyrant1  
!y gave ! adv5tur] 8 *ance3 & 9 any case
 _! ab/5tion  t5d$ to prolong a civil w>
 :i* w\ld end soon] :5 x 0 se5  :i* way 
! bulk ( ! p incl9$4 ,!re 0 accord+ly a 
law 9 "s ( ! ,greek republics t e citiz5
 mu/ take "o  side or ! o!r 9 an        

insurrection4 ,if he did n1 he 0 liable 
to puni%m5t4 ,i h n he>d ( any "o be+   
indict$ 9 ,engl&  or ! ,unit$ ,/ates =  
fail+ to dis*>ge 8 legal duty to jo9  9 
! hue & cry aft] a ?ief1 or to rally to 
! %]iff :5 he  calls ^u ! posse         
comitatus to support him 9 ma9ta9+ law &
  ord]4 ,b possibly an indictm5t w\ld   
/ill lie2 & 9 ,engl& we  h )9 rec5t     
times enroll$ bodies ( special con/ables
 f !  civil population to aid 9 ma9ta9+ 
public tranquillity4    ,m peaceful     
times h sub/itut$ = ! duty ( fight+ !   
duty ( vot+4 ,b ev5 9 small communities 
! latt] duty has  be5 (t5 neglect$4 ,9  
,a!ns ! magi/rates us$ to s5d r\nd  !   
,scy?ian b[m51 :o act$ z _! police1 to  
sc\r ! /reets  ) a rope col\r$ )        
v]milion1 & drag t[>ds ! ,pnyx 7!  place
 ( assembly71 citiz5s :o pref]r$ to     
l\nge or to m9d :at  !y call$ _! own    
bus9ess1 z if rul+ ! ,/ate 0 n _!       
bus9ess4 ,s 9 mod]n ,switz]l& "s cantons
 h enact$ laws  f9+ ^? :o1 )\t          
reasonable excuse1 neglect to vote4#a   

,?is  is ! m rem>kable because ! ,swiss 
h a good record 9 !  matt] ( vot+1      
bett]1 ,i ?9k1 ?an any o!r ,european p4 
,su*  a law witnesses n to exceptional  
neglig5ce b to an exceptionally  high   
/&>d ( duty4 ,9 ,brita9 we sometimes br+
 to ! polls at a  p>liam5t>y election   
eighty1 or ev5 m ?an eighty1 p] c5t (   
our regi/]$ electors1 :i* is pretty good
 :5 x is rememb]$  t ! regi/] may h be5 
made up elev5 mon?s e>li]1 s  t _m      
electors are sure to h mov$ else:]e4 ,at
 elections =  local au?orities a mu*    
small] proportion vote2 & ,i fancy1 ?\gh
  ,i h no figures at h&1 t 9 ,france1   
,belgium1 & /ill m  9 ,italy ! p]c5tage 
vot+ at all sorts ( elections is less   
?an  9 ,switz]l& or 9 ,brita94 ,! numb] 
:o vote does n p]fectly  measure !      
p]sonal s5se ( duty among electors1     
because an effici5t  p>ty organization  
may1 l ! ,scy?ian b[m51 sweep vot]s :o  
d n c>e b :o c be ei!r driv5 to ! polls 
or paid to g4  ,unless x is money t     
takes ! vot]s !re1 x is well t !y  %\ld 

g2 = x helps to =m ! habit4        #a   
,?is example has1 ,i believe1 be5 foll[$
 9 ,belgium4    ,ano!r =m ( civic apa?y 
is ! reluctance to und]take civic       
functions4 ,9 ,engl& ?is is n           
discov]able 9 any want (  c&idates =    
,p>liam5t4 ,!y ab\nd1 ?\gh sometimes !  
fitte/  m5 pref] ease or bus9ess success
 to public life4 ,b seats ^u  local     
au?orities & especially ^u municipal    
c\ncils & di/rict  c\ncils1 seldom      
attract ! be/ ability ( ! local         
community4 ,9  ,engli% & ,scotti% cities
 ! lead+ comm]cial1 f9ancial1 &         
pr(essional m5 d n (t5 appe> z c&idates1
 leav+ ! "w  to p]sons :o are n inde$   
incompet5t1 be+ usually intellig5t      
bus9ess m51 b ^: education & tal5ts are 
sometimes bel[ !  level ( ! functions   
:i* ^! bodies dis*>ge4 ,no great h>m    
has foll[$1 because our city c\ncillors 
are almo/ always hone/4  ,local public  
op9ion is vigilant & exact+1 s a high   
/&>d (  probity is ma9ta9$4 ,b          
municipalities h latt]ly emb>k$ on s  _m

 k9ds ( new "w1 & ! rev5ues ( ! great]  
cities h s  gr[n1 t n m]ely bus9ess     
capacity & exp]i5ce1 b a l>ge  grasp (  
economic pr9ciples is requir$4 ,?is is  
no less true "h 9  ,am]ica1 yet ,i ga!r 
t "h x is f\nd ev5 m difficult ?an 9    
,europe to secure ! pres5ce ( able      
adm9i/rators 9 city c\ncils4    ,a man  
engag$ 9 a l>ge bus9ess :o takes up     
municipal "w may  d\btless f9d t he is  
mak+ a pecuni>y sacrifice4 ,b if he has 
already an income suffici5t = 8 com=t1  
may x n be 8 be/  way ( s]v+ 8 fell[-m58
    ,_m su* m5 d s]ve z gov]nors or     
tru/ees ( educational or o!r  public    
in/itutions :i* make ne>ly z great a    
dem& on _! "t  z ! memb]%ip ( a public  
body w\ld4 ,o!rs1 9 ,europe1 if less    
frequ5tly "h1 give to amusem5t mu* m (  
_! leisure ?an !  ne$s ( recreation &   
heal? require4 ,?is is (t5 due r to     
?\ghtlessness ?an to a consci\s         
indiff]5ce to ! call ( duty4    ,"s (   
y\r political re=m]s h dwelt on !       
difficulties :i*  p>ty organizations1   

specially p[]ful 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1     
place 9  ! way ( educat$ &              
public-spirit$ m5 seek+ to ent]         
politics4  ,!re may be tru? 9 ?is z     
reg>ds ! l[] di/ricts ( ! l>g]  cities1 
b "o c sc>cely ?9k x g5]ally true ev5 ( 
!  cities4 ,m frequ5tly x is alleg$ t ! 
"w ( local politics  is disagreeable1   
br++ a man into contact ) vulg> p &     
expos+ him to misrepres5tation & abuse4 
,?is is an excuse = ab/5tion :i* ought  
nev] to be he>d 9 a  democratic c\ntry4 
,if politics are any:]e vulg>1 !y ought 
n  to be suff]$ to rema9 vulg>1 z !y w  
rema9 if ! bett]  educat$ citiz5s keep  
alo(4 ,!y involve ! highe/ int]e/s  ( ! 
nation or ! city4 ,! way 9 :i* !y are   
h&l$ is a  lesson to ! p ei!r 9 hone/y  
or 9 knav]y4 ,! be/ elem5t  9 a         
community _c af=d to let its int]e/s be 
! sport (  self-seek]s or rogues4       
,moreov]1 ! loss by maladm9i/ration or  
robb]y1 l>ge z x may sometimes be1 is a 
less s]i\s evil ?an is  ! damage to     
public morals4 ,if ^? :o h ! mann]s &   

speak  ! language ( educat$ m5 refuse to
 ent] practical politics1 !y  mu/ cease 
to compla9 ( a want ( ref9em5t 9        
politics4 ,9 reality1  good mann]s are !
 be/ way 9 :i* to meet rud5ess2 & he :o 
is too ?9-sk9n$ to disreg>d abuse       
confesses 8 own want (  manl9ess4 ,!    
mass ( ! p1 ev5 ^? :o are nei!r educat$ 
nor fa/idi\s1 "k hone/y :5 !y see x1 &  
disc\nt su* abuse4  ,:5 a man is firm & 
upright1 no?+ bett] braces him up & fits
  him to s]ve 8 c\ntry ?an to be attack$
 on ! plat=m or 9 !  press = faults he  
has n committ$4 ,x puts him on 8 mettle4
 ,x  t\gh5s 8 fibre4 ,x gives him       
self-control & tea*es him h[ to  d "r 9 
! way :i* is lea/ expos$ to             
misrepres5tation4 ,x  n]ves 8 c\rage = !
 f> m difficult trials :i* come :5      
fri5ds z well z oppon5ts c5sure him     
because hon\r & ob$i5ce  to 8 consci5ce 
h requir$ him to take an unpopul> l9e & 
speak  unwelcome tru?s4 ,a little       
p]secution = righte\sness' sake is a    
:olesome ?+4    ,! defici5t s5se ( civic

 duty1 ?\gh mo/ frequ5tly not$ 9 !  =m (
 a neglect to vote1 is really m g5]al & 
s]i\s 9 !  neglect to ?9k4 ,7 x possible
 to h /ati/ics to %[ :at  p]c5tage ( ^? 
:o vote reflect ^u ! vote !y h to give1 
!re w\ld 9 no c\ntry be f\nd a l>ge     
p]c5tage4 ,yet :at is !  wor? ( a vote  
except z ! expression ( a consid]$      
op9ion8 ,!  act ( m>k+ a ballot is no?+ 
unless ! m>k c>ries ) x a  judgm5t1 !   
pref]5ce ( a good c&idate to a bad "o1 !
 approval  ( "o policy (f]$ ! p1 !      
rejection ( ano!r4 ,!  citiz5 owes x to 
! community to in=m himself ab\t !      
que/ions  submitt$ = 8 decision1 & weigh
 ! argum5ts on ea* side2 or if  ! issue 
be "o r ( p]sons ?an ( policies1 to le>n
 all he  c reg>d+ ! m]its ( ! c&idates  
(f]$ to 8 *oice4    ,h[ _m vot]s really 
tr\ble !mselves to d ?is8 ,"o 9 five8   
,"o  9 t58 ,"o 9 tw5ty8    ,x may be    
ask$1 ,h[ c !y d x8 ,:at means h !y (   
/udy+  public que/ions & rea*+ j        
conclusions8 ,if ! means are  want+1 c  
we blame !m if !y d n ?9k8 ,if !y feel  

!y  d n und]/&1 c we blame !m if !y d n 
vote8 ,9 e  free c\ntry ! suffrage is n[
 s wide t ! great majority (  ! vot]s h 
to lab\r = _! daily bread4 ,9 mo/       
,european  c\ntries _m are imp]fectly   
educat$4 ,9 ! rural di/ricts !y  read ) 
difficulty1 see ei!r no newspap] or "o  
:i* helps !m  b little1 lead isolat$    
lives 9 :i* !re are scanty opportunities
  = le>n+ :at passes1 s t ! be/ !y c d  
seems to be to  ask advice f ! prie/1 or
 ! village s*oolma/]1 or take advice  f 
_! l&lord or _! employ]4 ,9 ! nor!rn    
p>ts ( !  ,unit$ ,/ates & also 9        
,canada1 ! native population has inde$  
receiv$ a fair in/ruction1 & reads      
newspap]s2 b ! mass (  vot]s is swell$  
by a cr[d ( rec5t immigrants1 mo/ ( :om 
_c  read ,engli% & "k no?+ ( y\r        
in/itutions4    ,broadly speak+1 9 mod]n
 c\ntries rul$ by univ]sal suffrage  !  
,av]age ,citiz5 has n ! means (         
adequately dis*>g+  ! function :i* !    
con/itution ?r[s ^u him ( foll[+1       
exam9+1 & judg+ ^? problems (           

/atesman%ip :i* !  ev]-gr[+ range (     
gov]nm5t adm9i/ration & ! ev]-increas+  
complexity ( our civilization set be=e  
him z a vot] to :om issues  ( policy are
 submitt$4    ,z ?+s /&1 he votes1 :5 he
 votes1 n f k1 b z  8 p>ty or 8 fav\rite
 newspap] bids him1 or accord+ to 8     
pr$ilection = "s p>ticul> lead]4 ,unless
 x be held t e  man has a natural &     
indefeasible "r to a %>e 9 ! gov]nm5t  (
 ! c\ntry 9 :i* he resides1 ! gr\nd =   
giv+ t %>e  w\ld seem to be ! compet5ce 
( ! recipi5t & ! belief t  8 %>+ w      
promote ! g5]al welf>e4 ,s "o may almo/ 
say  t ! !ory ( univ]sal suffrage       
assumes t ! ,av]age ,citiz5  is an      
active1 in/ruct$1 intellig5t rul] ( 8   
c\ntry4#b ,!  facts contradict ?is      
assumption4        #b ,x may no d\bt be 
argu$ t ev5 if he is n compet5t1        
x is bett] he %\ld be )9 ?an )\t ! vot+ 
class4 ,b ?is 0 n ! gr\nd g5]ally tak5  
by ^?          :o br\ght 9 univ]sal     
suffrage4    ,does ?is mean t widely    
ext5d$ suffrage is a failure1 & t !     

,av]age ,man is n a compet5t citiz5 9 a 
democracy8    ,?is "q br+s u to reflect 
on ano!r bran* ( civic duty n  yet      
m5tion$4 ,besides ! civic duties already
 describ$ ( ,fight+1  ,vot+1 & ,?9k+1   
!re is ano!r duty4 ,x is ! duty (       
,mutual  ,help1 ! duty incumb5t on ^? :o
 possess1 ?r\gh _! k  & intellig5ce1 !  
capacity ( ,in/ruction & ,p]suasion to  
advise  & to guide _! less compet5t     
fell[-citiz5s4 ,no s5sible man  ought   
ev] to h suppos$ t "u su* conditions z  
l>ge mod]n  communities pres5t1 ! bulk (
 ! citiz5s c\ld vote wisely f  _! own   
private k & intellig5ce4 ,ev5 9 small   
cities1  su* z 0 ,sicyon 9 ! days (     
,aratus1 or ,bo/on 9 ! days (  ,james   
,otis1 ! ,av]age ,man ne$$ ! help ( 8 m 
educat$ &  wis] neighb\rs4 ,:ile        
communities rema9$ small1 x 0 easy to   
get ?is help4 ,b n[ ! swift & va/ gr[? (
 /ates & cities  has *ang$ ev]y?+4      
,private talk c\nts = less :5 ! ri*]    
citiz5s dwell ap>t f ! poor]2 _!        
opportunities ( meet+  are few]1 & !re  

is less fri5dl9ess1 if also less        
dep5d5ce1 9  ! relation ( ! employ$ to !
 employ]4 ,public meet+s d n  give ne>ly
 all t ! ,av]age ,man ne$s1 n to add t  
be+ got  toge!r to pres5t "o set ( facts
 & argum5ts & delib]ately  to ignore !  
o!r1 !y d n put him 9 a fair position to
 judge4  ,besides1 ! m5 :o mo/ ne$      
in/ruction are usually ^? :o lea/  come 
to meet+s to receive x4    ,to fill ?is 
void ! newspap]s h aris51--organs       
purport+ to  supply ! mat]ials requir$ =
 ! =mation ( political op9ion4  ,:atev] 
! s]vices ( ! newspap] 9 o!r respects1 x
 has !  inevitable defect ( sup]s$+1 )  
mo/ ( ^? :o read x1 !  ex]cise (        
indep5d5t ?\ght4 ,! newspap]--,i speak  
g5]ally1 =  !re are "s brilliant        
exceptions--is1 9 ,europe ev5 m ?an "h1 
almo/ always p>tisan 9 its views1 (t5   
p>tisan 9 its selection  ( facts or at  
lea/ 9 its way ( /at+ !m4 ,pres5t+ "o   
side  ( a case1 address+ *iefly ^? :o   
are already adh]5ts ( t  side1 putt+ a  
col\r on ! ev5ts x reports1--x s]ves up 

to !  read] ideas1 p]haps only m]e      
phrases or cat*words1 :i* confirm  him 9
 8 prepossessions1 & by its daily       
it]ation makes him take  !m = tru?s4    
,seldom has he ! leisure1 /ill m seldom 
!  impulse or ! pati5ce1 to scrut9ize ^!
 ideas = himself &  =m 8 own judgm5t4   
,he is glad to be reliev$ ( ! necessity 
=  ?9k+1 because ?9k+ is h>d "w4        
,indol5ce aga96 ,! habit (  m9d t is =m$
 by ha/y read+1 & especially by ! read+ 
(  newspap]s & magaz9es 9 :i* ! matt]1  
excell5t z p>ts ( x  (t5 are1 is s      
multif>i\s t "o topic div]ts att5tion f 
!  o!rs1 t5ds to a g5]al dissipation &  
di/raction ( ?\ght4 ,x  is a habit :i*  
tells ^u u all & makes cont9u\s         
reflection &  a critical or logical     
treatm5t ( ! subjects des]v+ reflection 
m irksome to u 9 ! full sunlight (      
to-day ?an x 0 to ^?  :om we call our   
b5ight$ ance/ors4    ,?is is only "o =m 
( t sup]session ( ! practice ( ?9k+  by 
! vice commonly call$ 8! read+ habit0   
:i* is pr(\ndly  affect+ ! intellectual 

life ( our "t4 ,yet z /eady ?9k+  0 nev]
 really common ev5 among ! educat$1 !   
diff]5ce f  e>li] days is n s correctly 
describ$ by say+ t p ?9k  less ?an      
=m]ly1 z by not+ t :ile p read m1 &     
:ile f> m p read1 ! ratio ( ?9k+ to     
read+ does n  increase ei!r 9 !         
individual or 9 ! mass1 & may possibly  
be  decreas+4 ,intellig5ce & indep5d5ce 
( ?\ght h n gr[n 9  proportion to !     
diffusion ( k4 ,! numb] ( p]sons :o  bo?
 read & vote is 9 ,engl& & ,france m ?an
 tw5ty times z  great z x 0 sev5ty ye>s 
ago4 ,! p]c5tage ( ^? :o reflect  be=e  
!y vote has n kept pace ei!r ) popul>   
education or  ) ! ext5sion ( ! suffrage4
    ,! p]sons :o con/itute t p]c5tage   
are1 & mu/ = !  reasons already giv5    
cont9ue = "s "t to be1 only a fraction1 
9 "s c\ntries a small fraction1 ( ! vot+
 population4 ,b !  fraction might be    
made mu* l>g] ?an x is4 ,! citiz5s :o /&
  above _! fell[s 9 k & m5tal p[] ought 
to set an  example1 n only by !mselves  
?9k+ m & ?9k+ h>d] ab\t  public affairs 

?an mo/ ( !m d1 b also by ex]t+ !mselves
 to  /imulate & aid _! less in/ruct$ or 
m li/less neighb\rs4  ,! vot]1 x is     
said1 %\ld be indep5d5t4 ,yes4 ,b       
indep5d5ce  does n mean isolation4 ,he  
mu/ n commit 8 p]sonal responsibility   
to ! keep+ ( ano!r4 ,yes4 ,b p]sonal    
responsibility does n  mean ! va9       
conceit ( k & judgm5t :]e k is  want+ & 
judgm5t is untra9$4    ,j z 8 religion  
?r[s ^u e ,*ri/ian ! duty ( lov+  8     
neighb\r & giv+ practical expression to 
8 love by help+  8 neighb\r1 succ\r+ him
 9 ! h\r ( ne$1 try+ to rescue  him f   
s91 seek+ to guide 8 /eps into ! way (  
peace1 s  civic duty requires ea* ( u to
 raise ! level ( citiz5%ip n  m]ely by  
ourselves vot+ & be>+ a %>e 9 political 
agitation1  b by try+ to diffuse among  
our fell[-citiz5s ^: opportunities  h   
be5 less fav\rable1 ! k & ! fairness (  
m9d &  ! habit ( grappl+ ) political    
que/ions :i* a democratic  gov]nm5t mu/ 
dem& ev5 f ! ,av]age ,man4 ,democracy1  
!y say1  is bas$ on ,equality4 ,b 9 no  

=m ( gov]nm5t is lead]%ip s  ess5tial4  
,a multitude )\t intellig5t1 responsible
 lead]s :om  x respects & foll[s is a   
cr[d ready to become ! prey ( any       
self-seek+ knave4 ,nor is x true t      
because m5 value equality !y  reject    
em95ce4 ,!y are always glad to be l$ if 
"s "o1 es*ew+  pret5sion & condesc5sion1
 speak+ to !m ) respect1 b also  ) t    
au?ority :i* k & capacity imply1 w po9t 
out ! pa? & give !m ! lead = :i* !y are 
look+4 ,to d  ?is has n[1 9 our great   
cities1 become m difficult ?an x us$  to
 be1 because m5 ( diff]5t classes &     
diff]5t occupations d  n "k "o ano!r z  
well z !y once did1 & economic conflicts
  h made work+m5 suspici\s4 ,b !re are  
^? 9 our ,engli% &  ,scotti% cities :o d
 x successfully1 & ,i h nev] he>d t  x  
is res5t$4 ,x is l>gely a matt] ( tact1 
& ( kn[+ h[ to  express t g5u9e s5se (  
human fell[%ip :i* is common] 9 !  ri*] 
class ?an ! con/ra9t & %yness t are     
suppos$ to beset  ,engli%m5 sometimes   
all[ to appe>4    ,if y & we1 bo? "h & 9

 ,brita91 are less active ?an we %\ld   
be 9 ?is & o!r =ms ( civic "w1 ! fault  
lies 9 our n  c>+ en\gh = our c\ntry4 ,x
 is easy to wave a flag1 to *e]  an     
em95t /atesman1 to exult 9 "s a*ievem5t 
by l& or sea4  ,b our imag9ations are   
too dull to realize ei!r ! gr&eur (  !  
,/ate 9 its spl5did opportunities =     
promot+ ! welf>e (  ! masses1 or ! fact 
t ! nobility ( ! ,/ate lies 9 its  be+ !
 true *ild1 ! true expon5t1 ( !         
enlight5$ w ( a  "r-m9d$ & law-abid+ p4 
,absorb$ 9 bus9ess or pleasure1  we ?9k 
too little ( :at our memb]%ip 9 a free  
nation means =  ! happ9ess ( our poor]  
fell[-citiz5s4 ,! eloqu5t voice ( a     
patriotic re=m] sometimes breaks our    
slumb]4 ,b ! daily r\nd  ( bus9ess &    
pleasure soon aga9 fills ! m9d1 & public
 duty  fades into ! backgr\nd ( life4   
,?is dulness ( imag9ation & !  m]e      
indol5ce :i* makes u neglect to /op &   
?9k1 are a *ief  cause ( t indiff]5ce   
:i* *okes ! gr[? ( civic duty4 ,x is    
because a great ,univ]sity l ?is is !   

place :]e ! imag9ation  ( "y m5 may be/ 
be quick5$ by ! div9e fire1 because !   
sons ( a great ,univ]sity are ^? :o may 
be/ c>ry ) !m into  aft] life !         
inspiration :i* hi/ory & philosophy &   
poetry h  k9dl$ )9 its v5]able walls1 t 
,i h v5tur$ to dwell "h  on ! special   
duty :i* ^? :o enjoy ^! privileges owe  
to _!  bre?r51 p>tn]s 9 ! citiz5%ip ( a 
great republic4          ,,h[ ,,to      
,,ov]come ,,! ,,ob/acles ,,to ,,good    
,,citiz5%ip      ,9 ! prec$+ ?ree       
lectures#c ! *ief h9drances to !        
dis*>ge ( civic duty h be5 consid]$4    
,let u n[ g on to  inquire :at c be done
 to remove ^! h9drances by grappl+ )  ^?
 faults or weaknesses 9 ! citiz5 to :i* 
!y are due4 ,:5  symptoms h be5 exam9$1 
"o looks ab\t = rem$ies4        #c ,!   
two lectures repr9t$ 9 ?is volume are ! 
fir/          & la/ ( a s]ies ( f\r giv5
 by ,mr4 ,bryce at ,yale                
,univ]sity4    ,we h se5 t ( ! ?ree     
causes assign$1 ,indol5ce1 ,selfi%      
,p]sonal ,int]e/1 & ,p>ty ,_s1 ! fir/ is

 ! mo/ common1 !  second ! mo/ noxi\s1 !
 ?ird ! mo/ excusable1 yet also !  mo/  
subtle1 & p]haps ! mo/ likely to affect 
! class :i*  takes ! lead 9 politics &  
is incessantly employ$ ^u its daily  "w4
 ,:e!r ! influ5ce ( ^! causes1 or ( any 
( !m1 is  increas+ ) t m complete       
democratization ( gov]nm5t :i*  we see  
go+ on 9 ,europe1 is a "q t _c yet be   
answ]$4  ,fifty ye>s may be ne$$ be=e x 
c be answ]$1 = new t5d5cies  bo? = good 
& = evil are con/antly em]g+ & affect+  
"o  ano!r 9 unpr$ictable ways4    ,!    
rem$ies t may be appli$ to any defects 9
 ! work+ (  gov]nm5ts are "s ( !m       
,me*anical1 "s ( !m ,e?ical4 ,by        
,me*anical rem$ies ,i und]/& ^? :i*     
consi/ 9 improv+ !  /ructure or ! cu/oms
 & work+ devices ( gov]nm5t1 i4 e41  !  
laws & ! in/itutions or political       
me?ods1 by ,e?ical ^?  :i* affect ! "* &
 _s ( ! p4 ,if y want to  get m "w &    
bett] "w done 9 any indu/ry1 y may ei!r 
improve ! ma*9]y1 or ! implem5ts1 by :i*
 ! "w is done1 or  else improve ! /r5g? 

& skill ( ! m5 :o run ! ma*9]y  & use ! 
tools4 ,9 do+ ! =m]1 y sometimes d !    
latt]  also1 = :5 ! workman has f9]     
tools1 he is l$ on to attempt  m        
difficult "w1 & ?us n only does 8 own   
skill become m  p]fect1 b 8 int]e/ 9 !  
"w is likely to be increas$4    ,al?\gh 
9 politics by f> ! mo/ real & la/+      
progress may be  expect$ f rais+ !      
intellig5ce & virtue ( ! citiz5s1  /ill 
improvem5ts 9 ! ma*9]y ( gov]nm5t mu/ n 
be  und]valu$4 ,to take away f bad m5 ! 
means & opportunities  by :i* !y may "w 
evil1 to furni% good m5 ) means &       
opportunities :i* make x easi] = !m to  
prev5t or ov]come  evil1 is to r5d] a   
great s]vice4 ,& z laws :i* brea! a high
  _s help to educate ! :ole community1 s
 does ! pres5ce (  opportunities = re=m 
/imulate & invigorate ! be/ citiz5s 9   
_! ef=ts aft] bett] ?+s4    ,i w        
enum]ate briefly "s ( ! rem$ies t may be
 class$ z  ,me*anical because !y consi/ 
9 alt]ations ( in/itutions or  me?ods4  
,two ( ^! ne$ only a few pass+ words1   

because !y are s  sweep+ z to involve ! 
:ole fabric ( gov]nm5t1 & !re=e  too    
l>ge to be discuss$ "h4    ,"o is       
prop\nd$ by ^? ?9k]s :om1 to di/+ui% !m 
f !  p]sons :o ann\nce !mselves z       
enemies ( all society1 we may call  !   
,philosophical ,an>*i/s1 ?9k]s :o are   
entitl$ to respectful  consid]ation     
because _! doctr9e repres5ts a prote/ t 
ne$s  to be made aga9/ ! conception ( an
 all-engulf+ ,/ate 9 :i*  individual    
initiative & self-guid$ developm5t might
 be m]g$ &  lo/4 ,!y desire to get rid (
 ! defects ( gov]nm5t by gett+  rid (   
gov]nm5t itself2 t is to say1 by leav+  
m5 entirely  alone )\t any co]cive      
control1 tru/+ to _! natural good       
impulses to re/ra9 !m f h>m+ "o ano!r4  
,9 su* a /ate  ( ?+s !re w\ld be no     
,citiz5%ip1 prop]ly s call$1 b only  !  
isolation ( families1 or p]haps (       
individuals--= x is n  q cle> h[ f> !   
family is expect$ to rema9 9 ! ,an>*i/  
p>adise--an isolation m or less qualifi$
 by bro!rly love4 ,we are  s f> at      

pres5t f a prospect ( rea*+ ! conditions
 ne$$ =  su* an amelioration t x is     
en\gh to note ?is view & pass on4    ,a 
second & diametrically opposite cure = !
 evils ( exi/+  society comes f ^? :o   
are commonly t]m$ ,sociali/s or         
,collectivi/s4 ,x consi/s 9 s widely    
enl>g+ ! functions (  gov]nm5t z to     
commit to x n m]ely all ! "w x n[ p]=ms 
( def5d+ ! c\ntry1 ma9ta9+ ord]1 enact+ 
laws1 &  en=c+ ju/ice betwe5 man & man1 
b also ! fur!r "w (  produc+ & di/ribut+
 all commodities1 allott+ to ea* man 8  
prop] lab\r & prop] remun]ation1 or     
possibly1 in/ead ( giv+  any pecuni>y   
remun]ation1 provid+ ea* man ) :at he   
ne$s =  life4 ,"u ?is rgime two ( !     
h9drances to good citiz5%ip w\ld  be mu*
 r$uc$4 ,!re ought to be less indiff]5ce
 to politics :5  ev]ybody's int]e/ 9 !  
managem5t ( public conc]ns _h be5       
imm5sely increas$ by ! fact t he f\nd   
himself dep5d5t on  ! public (ficials = 
ev]y?+4 ,nobody c\ld plead t he 0       
occupi$ by 8 own private bus9ess1       

because 8 private bus9ess  w\ld h       
vani%$4 ,s also selfi% p]sonal int]e/ 9 
mak+ ga9s  out ( gov]nm5t mu/ ne$s      
disappe> :5 private prop]ty itself  _h  
ceas$ to exi/4 ,:e!r1 h[ev]1 self-int]e/
 might n /ill  f9d means ( influ5c+     
public adm9i/ration 9 ways b5eficial to 
individual cupidity1 & :e!r p]sonal     
selfi%ness might n be ev5  m dang]\s1 "u
 su* conditions1 9 proportion to !      
ext5d$  range & p[] ( gov]nm5t1--?is is 
ano!r "q :i* _c  be discuss$ till "s    
def9ite s*eme = ! allotm5t ( "w & (     
remun]ation 7if any7 %all h be5         
prop\nd$4 ,p>ty ,_s w\ld  evid5tly1 9 a 
,collectivi/ic ,/ate1 pass into new =ms4
 ,x might1  h[ev]1 become m pot5t ?an   
ev] be=e4 ,b t aga9 w\ld  dep5d on ! k9d
 ( s*eme = ! re%ap+ ( economic society t
  _h be5 adopt$4    ,we may pass f ^!   
sugge/ions = ! ext9ction1 or            
recon/ruction on new l9es1 ( ! exi/+    
social & political  sy/em to c]ta9 m9or 
devices = improv+ ! /ructure & me?ods  (
 gov]nm5t :i* h be5 put =w>d z likely to

 help ! citiz5  to dis*>ge 8 duties m   
effici5tly4    ,"o ( ^! is ! sy/em (    
,proportional ,repres5tation4 ,x is     
argu$  t if electoral areas 7 creat$ ) m
 ?an two memb]s  ea*1 & if ea* elector 0
 ei!r all[$ to vote = a numb]  (        
c&idates less ?an ! numb] to be *os51 or
 0 all[$ to  conc5trate all 8 votes ^u  
"o c&idate1 or m1 accord+ to !  numb] to
 be *os51 two good results w\ld foll[4  
,! w ( !  electors w\ld be m adequately 
& exactly express$1 because !  m9ority1 
or possibly m ?an "o m9ority1 z well z !
 majority1  w\ld h ev]y:]e its          
repres5tative4 ,! zeal ( ! electors     
w\ld be /imulat$1 because 9 ea* di/rict 
a section ( op9ion n  l>ge en\gh to h a 
*ance ( w9n+ an election1 if !re 7  b "o
 memb]1 & accord+ly n[ apa!tic1 because 
)\t hope1  w\ld !n be r\s$ to organize  
itself & to take a w>m] int]e/  9 public
 affairs4 ,! ,proportional sy/em is1    
!re=e1 advocat$  z "o ( ^? improvem5ts 9
 ma*9]y :i* w\ld react ^u !  p by       
quick5+ ! pulses ( public life4 ,"s     

exp]im5ts h  already be5 made 9 ?is     
direction4 ,^? tri$ 9 ,engl& did n  w9  
g5]al approval & h be5 dropp$4 ,t :i* is
 /ill 9  op]ation 9 ! ,/ate ( ,ill9ois  
has n1 if my in=mants are "r1  giv5 mu* 
satisfaction4 ,b ! plan is said to "w   
well bo? 9  ,belgium & 9 "s ( ! cantons 
( ,switz]l&2 s "o may hope t  fur!r     
exp]im5ts w be attempt$4 ,x des]ves y\r 
c>eful /udy1  b x is too complicat$ &   
op5s too _m side issues to be fur!r     
discuss$ n[ & "h4#d        #d ,s9ce !   
above 0 writt5 a ,royal ,commission has 
be5          appo9t$ 9 ,brita9 to exam9e
 div]s que/ions relat+          to      
elections1 & is inve/igat+ ?is1 among   
o!r plans4    ,attempts h be5 made 9 "s 
places to ov]come ! indiff]5ce (        
citiz5s to _! duty by f9+ ^? :o1 )\t    
suffici5t excuse1  fail to vote4 ,?is   
plan ( ,obligatory ,vot+1 z x is call$1 
f9ds  fav\r 9 "s ,swiss cantons & 9     
,belgium1 b is too uncong5ial to  !     
habits ( ,engl& or ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates to 
be wor? consid]+  z a practical measure 

9 ei!r c\ntry4 ,moreov]1 ! neglect to   
vote  is no v s]i\s evil 9 ei!r c\ntry1 
at lea/ z reg>ds ! m  important         
elections4 ,swiss legislation on !      
subject is evid5ce n  s mu* ( indiff]5ce
 among ! citiz5s ( t c\ntry z ( !  high 
/&>d ( public duty !y are expect$ to    
rea*4    ,:5 we come to ! proposals made
 bo? "h & 9 ,engl& = !  ref]5ce (       
proposals to a direct popul> vote1 we   
come to a "q  ( real practical          
importance4 ,i wi% t ,i _h "t to /ate to
  y & to exam9e ! argum5ts bo? = & aga9/
 ?is mode (  legislation1 :i* has be5   
practis$ = _m ye>s 9 ,switz]l&  ) a     
virtually unanim\s approval1 & has be5  
appli$ pretty freely  9 "s ( y\r ,/ates4
 ,x has tak5 two =ms4 ,"o is ! s-call$  
,initiative1 "u :i* a section ( !       
electors 7be+ a numb]1  or a proportion1
 prescrib$ by law7 may propose a law ^u 
:i* !  p vote4 ,?is is be+ tri$ 9       
,switz]l&1 b s f> z ,i h  be5 able to   
ga!r1 has n yet prov$ its utility4 ,!   
balance (  skill$ op9ion seems to incl9e

 aga9/ x4 ,! o!r is call$ !  ,ref]5dum1 
& consi/s 9 ! submission to popul> vote 
( measures  already pass$ by !          
legislative body4 ,9 ?is =m ! ref]5ce ( 
laws to ! p und\bt$ly %>p5s ! int]e/ ( !
 ord9>y  citiz5 9 ! conduct ( public    
affairs4 ,! ,swiss vot]s1 at any  rate1 
take pa9s to in=m !mselves on ! m]its ( 
! measures  submitt$ to !m4 ,^! are     
widely & acutely canvass$ at public     
meet+s1 & 9 ! press4 ,a l>ge vote is    
usually ca/1 & all1  :e!r or no !y      
approve ! result1 agree t x is an       
intellig5t1  n a he$less1 vote4 ,!      
,swiss d n seem to ?9k t ! p[] &        
dignity ( ! legislature is weak5$1 z "s 
might expect x to be1  :5 _! f9al voice 
is ?us sup]s$$ by t ( ! p4 ,all ,i  ne$ 
n[ ask y to note & rememb] is t !       
practice ( br++  political issues       
directly be=e ! p1 :atev] its drawbacks1
  does t5d to dim9i% bo? t indol5ce &   
indiff]5ce :i* is  pretty common among  
,european vot]s4 ,x requires e citiz5 to
 ?9k  = himself & deliv] 8 vote ^u all !

 m important measures1  & x also r$uces 
! p[] ( t ,p>ty ,_s :i* ev]y:]e         
di/racts m5's m9ds f ! real m]its ( !   
que/ions be=e  ! c\ntry4 ,:5 a law is   
submitt$ to ! ,swiss p = _!  judgm5t1 _!
 decision n[ise affects ei!r !          
,executive or !  ,legislature4 ,! law   
may be reject$ by ! p1 b ! (ficials  :o 
draft$ ! law cont9ue to hold (fice4 ,!  
p>ty :i* br\ght x  9 & c>ri$ x ?r\gh !  
,legislature is n deem$ to h be5  c5sur$
 or weak5$ by ! fact ( its ultimate     
rejection4 ,t p>ty  _s is less /rong 9  
,switz]l& ?an 9 any o!r free c\ntry     
7except p]haps ,norway7 may be l>gely   
attribut$ to ?is disjunction  ( ! decid+
 voice 9 legislation f ^? gov]nm5tal    
organs  :i* e political p>ty seeks to   
control4 ,! ,swiss vot] is to-day  an   
exceptionally intellig5t & patriotic    
citiz51 fitt] to ex]cise  ! function (  
direct legislation ?an p]haps any o!r   
citiz5 9  ,europe1 & ! practice (       
directly legislat+ has d\btless help$   
to tra9 him = ! function4    ,x mu/1    

h[ev]1 be admitt$ t ! circum/ances ( t  
little  republic & its cantons are too  
peculi> to make x safe to draw  inf]5ces
 f ,swiss exp]i5ce to l>ge c\ntries l   
,brita9 &  ,france1 ! political life (  
:i* is highly c5traliz$4 ,! ,/ates  (   
y\r ,union may appe> to (f] a bett]     
field1 & ! results  ( ! v>i\s exp]im5ts 
:i* "s ( !m 7su* z ,oklahoma7 are  try+ 
w be wat*$ ) int]e/ by ,europeans4    ,9
 consid]+ ! h>m done to civic duty by   
selfi% p]sonal  int]e/s we 7 l$ to      
obs]ve t ! few] po9ts ( contact  betwe5 
gov]nm5t & ! pecuni>y int]e/s ( private 
citiz5s1  ! bett] bo? = ! purity (      
gov]nm5t & = ! consci5ce (  ! private   
citiz54 ,h[ f> gov]nm5t ought to include
 )9 its  functions s*emes = increas+    
national weal?1 o!rwise ?an by  su*     
means 7be+ means :i* a gov]nm5t alone c 
employ because  to be effective !y mu/  
be done on a great scale7 z ! improv+  (
 education1 ! diffus+ ( k1 ! provid+    
means (  transportation1 ! cons]vation (
 natural res\rces1 & s =?1  may be matt]

 = debate4 ,b at any rate gov]nm5t ought
 to avoid  measures t5d+ to enri* any "o
 p]son or gr\p ( p]sons at !  exp5se ( !
 citiz5s g5]ally4 ,common ju/ice        
requires t4  ,accord+ly1 all contracts  
%\ld be made on ! t]ms be/ = !  public1 
& if possible by op5 bidd+4 ,fran*ises1 
if n res]v$  by ! public au?ority =     
itself1 %\ld be grant$ only = limit$    
times & s z to secure ! int]e/s ( !     
community1 :e!r by  way ( a r5t payable 
to ! city or c\nty treasury or o!rwise4 
,public employees %\ld n be made into a 
privileg$ class1 to  :i* !re is giv5    
l>g] pay ?an o!r work]s ( ! same class  
& capacity receive4 ,all bills promot$  
by a private p]son1 firm1  or company   
look+ to 8 or _! pecuni>y advantage     
ought to be  closely scrut9iz$ by "s    
responsible public au?ority4 ,9 ,engl&  
we draw a %>p di/9ction betwe5 su* bills
 & g5]al public  legislation1 & we      
submit ! =m] to a quasi-judicial        
exam9ation  by a ,p>liam5t>y committee 9
 ord] to avoid possible jobs or  sc&als 

or losses to ! public4 ,z respects g5]al
 legislation1  i4 e41 t :i* is n 9 its  
t]ms local or p]sonal1 x may be         
difficult or impossible to prev5t a law 
f incid5tally b5efit+  "o gr\p or class 
( m5 & injur+ ano!r4 ,b ev]y?+ t  c be  
done ought to be done to prev5t any set 
( m5 f abus+  legislation to s]ve _! own
 int]e/4 ,if !re be tru? 9 :at  "o he>s 
ab\t ! gr\ps :i* 9 ,france1 ,belgium1 & 
,g]many h1  ?r\gh political pressure1   
obta9$ by law b\nties b5efit+ _!        
indu/ries1 or t>iffs specially fav\rable
 to _! own comm]cial  ent]prises1 !     
dang] t ! g5]al taxpay]1 or ! consum]1  
may  be sacrific$ to ^! private int]e/s1
 is a real dang]4 ,to remove  ! occasion
 & ! opportunities = ! ex]cise ( su*    
pressure1  :i* is likely to be (t5 ex]t$
 9 a cov]t way & to w>p or  p]v]t !     
legislator's m9d1 is to dim9i% a        
temptation & to  remove a /umbl+ block t
 lies 9 ! pa? ( civic duty4 ,:e!r  a man
 be 9 !ory a ,protectioni/ or a ,free   
,trad]1 :e!r or n he  desires to        

nationalize public utilities1 he mu/    
recognize ! dang]s  incid5t to ! pass+ (
 laws :i* influ5tial gr\ps ( weal?y  m5 
may h a p]sonal int]e/ 9 promot+ or     
resi/+1 because  !y (f] a prospect ( ga9
 suffici5tly l>ge to make x wor? :ile   
to 8get at0 legislatures & (ficials4    
,su* dang]s arise 9 all  gov]nm5ts4 ,t  
:i* makes !m =midable 9 democracies is !
  fact t ! int]e/ ( ea* individual      
citiz5 9 protect+ himself  & ! public   
aga9/ ! selfi% gr\ps may be s small an  
int]e/  t ev]ybody neglects x1 & ! gr\ps
 get _! way4    ,z we h be5 consid]+    
improvem5ts 9 ! ma*9]y (  gov]nm5t1 ?is 
w\ld be a fitt+ place = a discussion (  
:at y  call ,prim>y ,election ,laws1 :i*
 are int5d$ bo? to r$uce ! p[]  ( p>ty  
organizations & to /imulate ! p]sonal   
zeal ( ! vot]  by mak+ x easi] = him to 
influ5ce ! selection ( a c&idate4  ,we  
h1 h[ev]1 9 ,europe1 no?+ correspond+ to
 ! ,prim>y  ,laws ( ,am]ican ,/ates1    
no?+ :i* recognizes a political p>ty  z 
a concrete body1 no?+ :i* deals ) ! mode

 ( select+  c&idates2 & _m ( y d\btless 
"k bett] ?an ,i d :at has  be5 ! effect 
( ^! ,am]ican enactm5ts & :e!r !y h     
really r\s$ ! ord9>y citiz5 to be/ir    
himself & to ass]t  8 indep5d5ce ( su*  
p>ty organizations z may h h]et(ore     
int]f]$ ) x4 ,europeans d n take k9dly  
to ! notion (  giv+ /atutory recognition
 to a ,p>ty1 & !y d\bt :e!r !  a/ut5ess 
( ^? :om y call 8ma*9e politicians0 may 
n succe$  9 gett+ hold ( ! new /atutory 
,prim>ies z !y did ( ! old  ones4 ,be ! 
m]its ( ! new legislation :at !y may1 "o
 mu/ hope  t its exi/5ce w n induce !   
fri5ds ( re=m to relax _!  ef=ts to     
r$uce 9 o!r ways ! p[] ( political      
8,ma*9es40    ,"o obvi\s exp$i5t to :i* 
good citiz5s may resort = keep+  o!r    
citiz5s up to ! m>k is to be f\nd 9 !   
enactm5t &  en=cem5t ( /r+5t laws aga9/ 
brea*es ( public tru/4 ,i  took         
occasion1 9 ref]r+ to ! practices (     
brib]y & treat+  at elections1 to note !
 :olesome effect ( ! /atute pass$ 9     
,engl& 9 #ahhc = repress+ ^? (f5ces4    

,al?\gh ,/4 ,paul has  told u t he :o is
 "u grace does n ne$ to be "u !  law1   
,*ri/ianity has n yet gone f> en\gh to  
enable any ( u to  disp5se ) ! moral =ce
 law c ex]t1 bo? directly ?r\gh  !      
p5alties x imposes & indirectly ?r\gh ! 
type ( conduct  :i* x exhorts !         
community to ma9ta94 ,laws may d mu* to 
raise  & su/a9 ! tone ( all ! p]sons    
engag$ 9 public affairs z  (ficials or z
 legislators1 n only by appeal+ to _!   
consci5ce1  b by giv+ !m a quick & easy 
reply to ^? :o seek improp]  fav\rs f   
!m4 ,a /atute may express ! be/         
consci5ce ( !  :ole p & set ! /&>d !y   
approve1 ev5 :]e ! practice  ( mo/      
individuals falls %ort ( ! /&>d4 ,if !  
prosecut+  au?orities & ! c\rts d _!    
duty unfl9*+ly1 )\t reg>d  to ! social  
position ( ! (f5d]1 a /atute may br+ !  
practice ( ord9>y m5 up to ! level ( t  
collective consci5ce  ( ! nation :i* x  
embodies4    ,9 e walk ( life a class ( 
p]sons con/antly subject to a  p>ticul> 
set ( temptations is apt to =m habits1  

due to !  pressure ( ^? temptations1 :i*
 are bel[ :at ! consci5ce  ( ! bett] m5 
9 ! community approves4 ,! aim (        
legislation1  z express+ t be/ consci5ce
 ( ! :ole community1 ought to  be to    
correct or extirpate ^? habits & make   
ea* p>ticul>  class und]/& t x is n to  
be excus$ because x has special         
temptations & ?9ks its own s9s v5ial4   
,ev5 ! m5 :o yield  to ! temptations    
peculi> to _! own class are will+ to jo9
  9 condemn+ ^? :o yield to "s o!r k9d (
 temptation4 ,?us  ! 8bett] consci5ce0  
may succe$ 9 screw+ up "o class aft]    
ano!r to a high] level4 ,b ! enactm5t ( 
a law is n en\gh4  ,x mu/ be /rictly    
en=c$4 ,proc$ure mu/ be prompt4 ,juries 
mu/  be firm4 ,te*nicalities mu/ n be   
suff]$ to ob/ruct ! m>* (  ju/ice4      
,s5t5ces mu/ be c>ri$ out1 else ! /atute
 w become1  z /atutes (t5 h become1 a   
record ( aspiration r ?an (             
accompli%m5t4    ,to contrive plans by  
:i* ! int]e/ ( ! citiz5 9 public        
affairs %all be ar\s$ & su/a9$1 is f>   

easi] ?an to induce  ! citiz5 to use &  
to g on us+1 ye> 9 & ye> out1 !         
contrivances & opportunities provid$ = 8
 b5efit4 ,yet x is  f ! he>t & w ( !    
citiz5 t all real & la/+  improvem5ts   
mu/ proce$4 ,9 ! words ( ! ,gospel1 x is
 ! inside  ( ! cup & platt] t mu/ be    
made clean4 ,! c5tral problem (  civic  
duty is ! e?ical problem4 ,indiff]5ce1  
selfi% int]e/s1 !  excesses ( p>ty _s1 w
 all beg9 to disappe> z civic life is   
lift$ on to a high] plane1 & z ! numb] (
 ^? :o1 /&+  on t high] plane1 w apply a
 /rict te/ to _! own conduct &  to t (  
_! lead]s1 realiz+ & /riv+ to dis*>ge _!
  responsibilities1 goes on /eadily     
increas+ until !y come to =m  ! majority
 ( ! p4 ,:at we h call$ 8! bett]        
consci5ce0  mu/ be graft$ on to ! 8wild 
/ock0 ( ! natural ,av]age ,man4    ,h[  
is ?is to be done8 ,! difficulty is !   
same z t :i* meets  ! social re=m] or ! 
prea*] ( religion4    ,"o mu/ try to    
rea* ! ,w ?r\gh ! ,s\l4 ,! mo/ obvi\s   
way  to beg9 is ?r\gh ! education ( ^?  

:o are to be citiz5s1  moral education  
comb9$ ) & made ! f\ndation = in/ruction
  9 civic duty4 ,?is is a task :i* !    
,swiss alone among ,european  nations   
seem to h s]i\sly und]tak54 ,"h 9       
,am]ica x has  become d\bly important   
?r\gh ! rec5t entrance into y\r         
community ( a va/ mass ( immigrants1 mo/
 ( !m ignorant ( our  language1 /ill m (
 !m ignorant1 n only ( y\r in/itutions1 
b ( ! g5]al pr9ciples & habits ( free   
gov]nm5t4 ,mo/ (  !m d\btless belong to 
races ( high natural intellig5ce1 & _m  
( !m h ! simple virtues ( ! peasant4 ,y 
are provid+  = all ( !m good s*ools1 &  
_! *ildr5 w soon become  ,am]icans 9    
spee* & habits1 q patriotic en\gh s f> z
  flag-wav+ goes4 ,b !y w n s soon or s 
completely acquire  y\r intellectual &  
moral /&>d1 or imbibe y\r hi/orical &   
religi\s traditions4 ,!re is no fe> b   
:at !y w quickly le>n  to vote4 ,to "s  
,europeans y seem to h be5 ov]confid5t 9
  intru/+ !m ) a p[] :i* mo/ ( !m _c yet
 h le>n$  to use wisely4 ,t h[ev] y h   

done1 & z y hold t x  _c n[ be undone1  
y\r task mu/ n[ be to tea* !m1 if y c1  
to und]/& y\r in/itutions1 to ?9k ab\t !
 vote !y h to  give1 & to realize !     
responsibilities :i* ! suffrage implies 
z ^! 7 realiz$ by y\r ,new ,engl&       
=efa!rs :5 !y  plant$ free commonweal?s 
9 ! wild]ness ne>ly ?ree c5turies ago4  
,valuable z in/ruction may be 9 fitt+ ! 
citiz5 to compreh5d &  judge ^u ! issues
 :i* 8 vote det]m9es1 !re mu/ also be ! 
w to apply 8 k = ! public good4 ,:at    
appeal %all be  made to him8    ,we--,i 
say 8we0 because ?is is our task 9      
,europe no less ?an x is  y\rs "h--we   
may appeal to 8 enlight5$ self-int]e/1  
mak+  self-int]e/ s enlight5$ t x loses 
its selfi% quality4 ,we c  rem9d him (  
all ! useful "w :i* gov]nm5ts may       
accompli% :5  !y are conduct$ by ! "r m5
 9 ! "r _s4 ,take1 =  in/ance1 ! "w to  
be p]=m$ 9 ^? cities :]e9 s l>ge &      
increas+ a "p ( ! population n[ dwell4  
,h[ mu* rema9s to be  done to make      
cities heal?i]1 to secure bett] dwell+s 

= ! poor1  to root out ne/s ( crime1 to 
remove ! temptations to intemp]ance  &  
gambl+1 to br+ )9 ! rea* ( ! poore/ all 
possible  facilities bo? = intellectual 
progress & = enjoy+ !  pleasures ( art &
 music6 ,h[ mu* may we d s to adorn !   
city  ) p>ks & public build+s z to make 
its ext]nal aspect in/il  ! s5se (      
beauty into its inhabitants & give !m a 
f9e pride  9 x6 ,^! are "s ( ! tasks :i*
 _c safely be intru/$  to a municipality
 unless its gov]nm5t is above suspicion1
 unless  m5 ( probity & capacity are    
plac$ 9 p[]1 unless ! :ole  community   
ext5ds its sympa?y to ! "w & keeps a    
vigilant eye  ^u all ! (ficials4        
,municipal gov]nm5ts _c be enc\rag$ to  
own public utilities s long z !re is a  
risk t somebody may own  municipal      
gov]nm5ts4 ,h we n "h a /rong motive =  
secur+  purity & effici5cy 9 city       
adm9i/ration8 ,is x n ! p]sonal  int]e/ 
( e "o ( u t ! city we dwell 9 %\ld be  
su*  z ,i h s\ght to describe8 ,no?+    
makes m = happ9ess ?an to  see o!rs     

ar\nd "o happy4 ,! ri* resid5ts ne$ n   
grudge--nor  inde$ w\ld y\r ri* resid5ts
 grudge1 = !re is less grumbl+  among ! 
ri* tax pay]s "h ?an 9 ,europe--taxation
 :i* !y  c\ld see 0 be+ hone/ly sp5t = !
 b5efit ( ! city4 ,!  int]e/ ea* "o ( u 
has z a memb] ( a city or a nation 9    
see+  our fell[-citiz5s heal?y1         
peaceful1 & happy is a great] int]e/1   
if x be measur$ 9 t]ms ( our own real   
enjoym5t ( life1 ?an is  t int]e/1 ( :i*
 we s con/antly are rem9d$1 :i* we h  9 
mak+ ! ,/ate ei!r weal?y by ! developm5t
 ( trade1 or  =midable to =eign c\ntries
 by its armam5ts4    ,we may also appeal
 to e citiz5's s5se ( dignity &         
self-respect4 ,we may bid him recollect 
t he is ! heir ( rights  & privileges   
:i* y & our ance/ors f\ght =1 & :i*     
place him1 :atev] 8 bir? or =tune1 among
 ! rul]s ( 8  c\ntry4 ,he is unwor?y (  
himself1 unm9dful ( :at he owes to !    
,con/itution t has giv5 him ^!          
functions1 if he does n try to  dis*>ge 
!m wor?ily4 ,^! consid]ations are no    

d\bt famili> to  u ,engli%m5 &          
,am]icans1 ?\gh we may n always feel _! 
=ce  z deeply z we ought4 ,to ! new     
immigrants ( :om ,i h already  spok5 !y 
are unfamili>2 yet to ! be/ among ^!    
also !y h  sometimes p[]fully appeal$4  
,y _h1 9 ! la/ g5]ation1 no m  high-m9d$
 & patriotic citiz5 ?an ! ,g]man exile (
 #ahdi1 !  late ,mr4 ,c>l ,s*urz4    ,:5
 e motive has be5 invok$1 & e exp$i5t   
appli$ t  c /imulate ! s5se ( civic     
duty1 "o nev] c feel sure t  ! desir$   
result w foll[4 ,! moral re=m] & !      
prea*]  ( religion h ! same exp]i5ce4 ,!
 ebbs & fl[s ( e?ical  life are beyond !
 rea* ( sci5tific pr$iction4 ,!re are   
times  ( awak5+1 8times ( refre%+ f !   
pres5ce ( ! ,"l10 z  y\r ,puritan       
ance/ors said1 b we d n "k :5 !y w come 
nor  c we expla9 :y !y come j :5 !y d4  
,e man c recall  mom5ts 9 8 own life :5 
! sky seem$ to op5 above him1 & :5  8   
vision 0 s quick5$ t all ?+s /ood       
transfigur$ 9 a  pur] & bright]         
radiance1 :5 duty1 & ev5 toil done = !  

sake  ( duty1 seem$ beautiful & full (  
joy4    ,y rememb] ,wordswor?'s l9es--  
8,h5ce1 9 a season ( fair wea!r1        
,?\gh inl& f> we be1        ,our s\ls h 
sight ( t cele/ial sea        ,t br\ght 
u hi!r40    ,if we survey ! wide field (
 ,european hi/ory1 we %all f9d t  some?+
 l ?is happ5s ) nations also4 ,!y1 too1 
h mom5ts  ( exaltation1 mom5ts (        
depression4 ,_! ideals rise & fall4 ,!y 
are = a "t fill$ ) a _s :i* seeks tru?1 
:i* loves  hon\r1 :i* is ready =        
self-sacrifice2 & aft] a "t ! light     
beg9s to fade f ! hills & ?is _s l+]s   
only among !  be/ s\ls4    ,su* a _s is 
sometimes evok$ by a great national     
crisis :i*  ?rills all he>ts4 ,?is      
happ5$ to ,engl& or at lea/ to a l>ge   
"p ( ! p ( ,engl&1 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury4 
,x happ5$  to ,g]many 9 ! days ( ! ,w> (
 ,lib]ation1 & to ,italy :5  %e 0 /riv+ 
to expel ! ,au/rians & ! petty pr9ces :o
  rul$ by ,au/ria's help4 ,y "h felt x  
dur+ ! ,w> ( ,secession4  ,sometimes1 & 
usually at "o ( ^! crises1 a great man  

/&s out  :o helps to raise ! feel+ ( 8 p
 & inspire !m ) 8  own l(ty ?\ghts &    
aims4 ,su* a man 0 ,mazz9i1 sev5ty ye>s 
ago 9 ,italy4 ,su* 7 ,wa%+ton & ,l9coln1
 ! =m] m by 8  example ?an by 8 words1 !
 latt] by bo?1 yet mo/ by ! quiet       
pati5ce1 dignity1 & hopefulness :i* he  
%[$ 9 ! d>ke/  h\rs4 ,nations respond to
 ! appeal :i* su* a man makes to _!  be/
 in/9cts4 ,he typifies = ! mom5t :atev] 
is highe/ 9 !m4    ,unhappily1 ) nations
 z ) individuals1 !re is apt to be a    
relapse f ^! l(ti] moods into ! old     
common ways :5 selfi%  int]e/ & trivial 
pleasures resume _! sway4 ,!re comes a  
sort  ( reaction f ! /ress ( virtue &   
/r5u\s high-so>+  ef=t4 ,ev]y?+ looks   
gray & dull4 ,! div9e light has di$ out 
( ! sky4 ,?is1 too1 is an (t-repeat$    
lesson ( ,european hi/ory4  ,yet !      
reaction & decl9e are n inevitable4 ,:5 
an individual  man has be5 rais$ above  
himself by "s spiritual impulse1 he is  
sometimes able to hold ! gr\nd he has   
won4 ,8 w may h be5  /r5g!n$4 ,he has   

le>nt to control ! mean] desires4 ,!    
impulse  t /irr$ him is n :olly sp5t1   
because ! nobl] ?\ghts &  acts :i* x    
prompt$ h become a habit ) him4 ,s1 too1
 )  a nation4 ,:at habits are to !      
individual man1 t1 to a nation1  are its
 ,traditions4 ,!y are ! memories ( !    
,pa/ turn$ into  ! /&>ds ( ! ,pres5t4   
,high traditions g to =m a code (       
hon\r1 :i* speaks ) au?ority to ! s5se (
 hon\r4 ,:oev]  transgresses t code is  
felt to be unwor?y ( ! nation1 unfit to 
hold t place 9 its respect & confid5ce  
:i* ! great ones  ( ! days ( old h held4
 ,pride 9 ! glori\s =etime ( !  race & 9
 its h]oes su/a9s 9 ! individual man :o 
is call$  to public duty1 ! p]sonal     
pride :i* makes him feel t all 8        
affections & all 8 emotions /& root$ 9 !
 s5se ( hon\r1  :i* is1 = ! man & = !   
nation1 ! f\ndation ( all virtue4    ,we
 h se5 9 our own "t1 9 ! p ( ,japan1 a  
/rik+  example ( :at ! passionate       
atta*m5t to a national ideal c d  9 w>  
to int5sify ! s5se ( duty &             

self-sacrifice4 ,a simil>  example is   
held up to u by ^? :o h record$ ! e>li] 
annals  ( ,rome4 ,! deepe/ moral !y tea*
 is ! spl5did p[] :i* !  love ( ,rome & 
! idea ( :at h] *ildr5 ow$ to h] ex]cis$
  ov] h] great citiz5s1 enabl+ !m to set
 %9+ examples (  devotion to ! city :i* 
! _w has admir$ ev] s9ce4 ,ea*  example 
evok$ lat] examples 9 lat] g5]ations1   
till at la/ 9  a *ang$ community1 its   
upp] class demoraliz$ by weal? & p[]    
ev5 m ?an x 0 torn by discord1 its l[]  
classes corrupt$  by ! upp] & look+ on  
_! suffrage z a means ( ga91 !  anci5t  
traditions di$ out4 ,:oev]1 /udy+ !     
conditions ( mod]n  ,european           
democracies1 sees ! inf9ite fatalities  
:i* popul>  gov]nm5t 9 l>ge c\ntries    
full ( ri* m5 & ( opportunities =       
acquir+ ri*es1 (f]s = ! p]v]sion (      
gov]nm5t to private  selfi% ends1 w (t5 
feel t ^? ,european ,/ates :i* h        
ma9ta9$ ! highe/ /&>d ( civic purity h  
done x 9 respect  ( _! ,traditions4 ,7  
^! to be weak5$1 ! fabric might  crumble

 into du/4    ,e new g5]ation z x comes 
up c make ! traditions :i* x  f9ds bett]
 or worse4 ,if its imag9ation is t\*$ & 
its emotions  /irr$ by all t is f9e/ 9 !
 hi/ory ( its c\ntry1 x le>ns  to live  
up to ! ideals set be=e x1 & ?us x      
/r5g!ns !  be/ /&>ds ( conduct x has    
inh]it$ & prolongs ! rev]5ce  felt = !m4
    ,! responsibility = =m+ ideals &    
fix+ /&>ds does n  belong to /atesm5    
alone4 ,x belongs1 & n[ p]haps m l>gely 
?an ev] be=e1 to ! intellectual lead]s (
 ! nation1 &  especially to ^? :o       
address ! p 9 ! univ]sities &  ?r\gh !  
press4 ,tea*]s1 writ]s1 j\rnali/s1 are  
=m+ !  m9d ( mod]n nations to an ext5t  
previ\sly unkn[n4 ,"h !y  h             
opportunities su* z h exi/$ nev] be=e1  
nor 9 any  o!r c\ntry1 = try+ to inspire
 ! nation ) a love ( tru?  & hon\r1 ) a 
s5se ( ! high obligations ( citiz5%ip1 &
  especially ( ^? :o hold public (fice4 
,( ! p[] :i* ! daily press ex]ts ^u !   
?\ght & !  ta/es ( ! p ?r\gh ! matt] x  
scatt]s among !m1 &  ( ! grave import ( 

! *oice x has always & ev]y:]e to make  
betwe5 ! s]i\s treatm5t ( public issues 
& t *eap cynicism  :i* s _m read]s f9d  
amus+1 !re is no ne$ to speak "h4 ,y  "k
 bett] ?an ,i d h[ f> ^? :o direct !    
press realize &  try to dis*>ge !       
responsibilities :i* atta* to _! p[]4   
,! obs]v] :o seeks to disc]n & e/imate !
 =ces work+ =  good or evil t m>k ! _s &
 t5d5cies ( an age1 f9ds x  easie/ to d 
?is by not+ ! *anges :i* h occurr$ )9  8
 own memory4 ,to-day ev]yone seems to   
dwell ^u ! gr[? n  only ( luxury1 b ( ! 
passion = amusem5t1 & mo/ ( ^?  :o c    
look back ?irty or =ty ye>s f9d 9 ?is   
gr[? gr\nds  = disc\ragem5t4 ,i d5y     
nei!r ! fact nor ! significance (  !    
auguries t x sugge/s4 ,b let u also note
 a hopeful sign  manife/ dur+ ! la/     
tw5ty ye>s bo? "h & 9 ,engl&4 ,x  is !  
diffusion among ! educat$ & ri*] classes
 ( a w>m]  feel+ ( sympa?y & a /rong]   
feel+ ( responsibility = !  less =tunate
 sections ( ! community4 ,!re is m ( a  
s5se  ( bro!rhood1 m ( a desire to help1

 m ( a discont5t )  ^? arrangem5ts (    
society :i* press h>dly on ! common man 
?an !re 0 =ty ye>s ago4 ,?is altrui/ic  
_s :i* is n[  ev]y:]e visible 9 ! field 
( private philan?ropic "w1 seems  likely
 to spread into ! field ( civic action  
also1 & may !re  become a new motive    
p[]4 ,x has already become a m effici5t 
=ce  9 legislation ?an x ev] 0 be=e4 ,we
 may well hope t x w  draw m & m ( ^? :o
 love & seek to help _! fell[-m5  into t
 legislative & adm9i/rative "w ^:       
opportunities =  grappl+ ) economic &   
social problems become e day great]4    
,"h 9 ,am]ica ,i am told 9 ne>ly e city 
,i visit t ! "y  m5 are m & m c>+ = &   
be/irr+ !mselves to dis*>ge  _! civic   
duties4 ,t is ! be/ news "o c he>4      
,surely no  c\ntry makes s cle> a call  
^u h] citiz5s to "w = h] z  y\rs does4  
,?9k ( ! wide-spread+ results :i* good  
solid "w  produces on s va/ a community1
 :]e ev]y?+ a*iev$ = good  9 "o place is
 quickly kn[n & may be quickly imitat$ 9
 ano!r4  ,?9k ( ! advantages = !        

developm5t ( ! highe/ civilization  :i* 
! b\ndless res\rces ( y\r t]ritory      
provide4 ,?9k ( t  pr9ciple ( !         
,sov]eignty ( ! ,p :i* y h c>ri$  fur!r 
?an x 0 ev] c>ri$ be=e & :i* requires & 
inspires  &1 inde$1 compels y to        
endeav\r to make ! :ole p fit to  be> a 
weight & dis*>ge a task su* z no o!r    
multitude ( m5  ev] yet und]took4 ,?9k (
 ! s5se ( frat]nity1 also )\t  prec$5t 9
 any o!r great nation1 :i* b9ds all     
,am]icans toge!r  & makes x easi] "h ?an
 else:]e = ea* citiz5 to meet e  o!r    
citiz5 z an equal ^u a common gr\nd4 ,"o
 :o1 com+ f  ! ,old ,_w1 rememb]s !     
great] difficulties ! ,old ,_w has  to  
face1 rejoices to ?9k h[ mu*1 ) all ^!  
advantages1 !  y\? ( ,am]ica1 su* y\? z 
,i see "h to-night 9 ?is v5]able        
univ]sity1 may accompli% = ! future (   
y\r c\ntry4 ,nature  has done h] be/ to 
provide a f\ndation :]eon ! fabric ( an 
enlight5$ & /eadily advanc+ civilization
 may be re>$4 ,x is  = y to build ^u t  
f\ndation4 ,free f _m ( ! dang]s  t     

surr\nd ! ,/ates ( ,europe1 y h         
unequall$ opportunities  = %[+ :at a    
high _s ( citiz5%ip--zeal\s1 intellig5t1
  dis9t]e/$--may d = ! happ9ess &       
dignity ( a mighty nation1  enabl+ x to 
become :at its f\nd]s hop$ x might be--a
 model =  o!r peoples m lately em]g$    
into ! sunlight ( fre$om4               
,transcrib]'s ,note      ,page #dh3     
8,am]icans0 0 pr9t$ z 8,am]itans01 &    
*ang$ "h1  presum+ x 0 a typographical  
error4